Tirthankar Buddha aur Avtar

Author(s): Rameshchandra Gupta
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002127/1

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sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina 3934 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA 42 L tIrthaMkara buddha aura avatAra DA. rameza candra gupta pArzvanAtha dyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArAgara www.jainelibrary.or

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pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA - 41 tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana DaoN0 ramezacandra gupta ZOADRUMS 40 1464-402 pradhAna sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina VARANASI 5 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI - 5

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prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANasI-5 phona : 66762 saMskaraNa : prathama 1988 mUlya : ru0 50.00 Tirthankara, Buddha aur Avatara : Eka Adhyayana By Dr. Ramesh Chandra Gupta Price Rs. 50.00 First Edition 1988 mudraka : varddhamAna mudraNAlaya javAharanagara kAlonI, vArANasI

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prakAzakIya pratyeka dharma meM AsthA ke kendra, upAsya aura Adarza ke rUpa meM kisI mahAn vyaktitva ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| aise mahanIya vyaktitva ko hindu paramparA meM IzvarAvatAra ke rUpa meM, bauddha paramparA meM baddha ke rUpa meM evaM jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra tIrthaMkara, buddha evaM IzvarAvatAra kI avadhAraNAe kramazaH jaina, bauddha evaM hindU dharma kA AdhAra haiN| bhAratIya dharmoM kI isa triveNI ke upAsya ke rUpa meM svIkRta tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana para AdhArita isa zodha-prabandha ko prakAzita karate hue Aja hameM atyanta prasannatA ho rahI hai / yaha grantha bhArata kI ina prAcIna tInoM dharmoM/paramparAoM para tulanAtmaka daSTi se vicAra karate hue unameM nihita samanvayAtmaka sUtroM ko khojane kA prayatna hai| DA. ramezacandra gupta ne pAzrvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke zodhachAtra ke rUpa meM isa zodha-prabandha ko taiyAra kiyA thA jisa para unheM san 1986 meM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ne pI.-eca. DI. kI upAdhi pradAna kI thii| isa zodha prabandha ke parIkSaka paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI anuzaMsA para isake prakAzana kA nizcaya kiyA gyaa| hama grantha ke lekhaka DA. ramezacandra gupta ke to AbhArI haiM hI, isake sAtha hI sAtha zodha-prabandha ke viSayacayana se lekara usake prakAzana taka ke samasta prayAsoM ke lie saMsthAna ke nidezaka DA0 sAgaramala jaina kA bhI AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| yaha unake hI prayatnoM kA suphala hai ki saMsthAna meM bhAratIya dharma aura darzanoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI pravRtti vikasita ho rahI hai| isa grantha ke prakAzana ke lie hameM DA. ramaNalAla zAha kI preraNA se jaina yuvaka maNDala, bambaI ke dvArA dasa hajAra rupaye kA anudAna prApta huA, ataH hama maNDala ke nyAsiyoM ke prati bhI apanA hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karate haiN| sAtha hI grantha ke prapha saMzodhana ke lie hama zodha sahAyaka DA0 ziva prasAda, zrI azoka kumAra siMha evaM prakAzana sahAyaka zrI maheza kumAra ke bhI AbhArI haiN| isI prakAra isake sundara va satvara mudraNa ke lie varddhamAna presa kA bhI AbhArI huuN|

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yaha grantha bhAratIya dharma darzana meM tulanAtmaka evaM samanvayAtmaka adhyayana kI pravRtti ko vikasita karane meM kitanA sahAyaka hogA, isakA nirNaya to isa grantha ke prabuddha pAThaka hI batA sakeMge, kintu tulanAtmaka evaM samanvayAtmaka adhyayana kI jisa pravRtti ko saMsthAna ne AdhAra banAyA hai vaha bhaviSya meM adhika vikasita hokara vibhinna dharmoM ke logoM ke bIca sauhArda va samanvaya kA prasAra kara sake, yahI hamArI apekSA hai / bhUpendranAtha jaina mantrI zrI sohanalAla jaina vidyA prasAra samiti amRtasara

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prAkkathana bhAratIya dharmoM meM avatAra, buddha aura tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNAe~ apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI haiM / jahA~ hindU dharma meM upAsya ke rUpa meM avatAra ko sthAna milA hai, vahAM bauddha dharma evaM jaina dharma meM kramazaH buddha aura tIrthaMkara ko upAsya mAnA gayA hai / ye tInoM avadhAraNAeM bhAratIya darzana kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga haiM / 1 prastuta zodha-prabandha cha : adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyAya paricayAtmaka hai / isameM yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki jaina, bauddha evaM hindU dharma meM kramazaH tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA kyA sthAna hai| sAtha hI isa avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kI aitihAsika samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| prastuta adhyAya meM hI jarathustra, yahUdI, IsAI evaM islAma meM avatAravAda ke anurUpa ho jina avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA, unakA bhI saMkSipta vivecana hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina dharma meM vikasita hue tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA ke vividha pakSoM para vistArapUrvaka carcA kI gaI hai / tIrthaMkara zabda ke vibhinna artha, tIrthaMkaroM ke viziSTa guNa; bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyakA - lona tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA aura unake nAma tathA tIrthaMkara pada kI prApti vyakti kI kisa prakAra kI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA pariNAma haiina praznoM para AlocanAtmaka DhaMga se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI tIrthaMkara kA kyA svarUpa hai tathA tIrthaMkara kA arihanta, pratyekabuddha evaM sAmAnya- kevalI se kyA antara hai, isa prazna para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isI adhyAya meM jaina dharma meM bhakti aura karuNA kA kyA sthAna ho sakatA hai, isakI carcA bhI kI gaI hai / tRtIya adhyAya meM bauddha dharma meM buddha kI avadhAraNA ke vividha pakSoM para carcA kI gaI hai / boddha dharma meM buddha kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI, isameM karuNA aura bhakti kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa meM kina kArakoM kA yogadAna thA, isa para vizad rUpa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / caturtha adhyAya meM hindU dharma meM vikasita hue avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI carcA hai / isameM avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke mukhya

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- 6 - prayojana ke sAtha hI isake aitihAsika kramika vikAsa kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| paMcama adhyAya tIrthakara, buddha evam avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM ke tulanAtmaka vivecana ke rUpa meM hai| isameM vistAra se batAyA gayA hai ki ina sabhI avadhAraNAoM ke vikAsa kA mukhya lakSya kyA thaa| sAtha hI isa bAta kI bhI vivecanA kI gaI hai ki lagabhaga samAna kAla evaM samAna vAtAvaraNa meM vikasita huI ina pramukha avadhAraNAoM meM pArasparika kyA samAnatAe evaM antara the| SaSTha evam antima adhyAya upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM haiM / isa zodha prabandha ke praNayana meM maiM sarvaprathama gurudvaya DA0 sAgaramala jana evaM DA0 rAma zaMkara mizra ke prati zraddhAvanata hU~, jinake sasneha mArgadarzana evaM Aloka se saMbala prApta kara maiM isa kArya ko pUrNa kara skaa| ataH maiM punazca apane parama zraddheya gurUdvaya ke prati hArdika kRtajJatA arpita karatA huuN| __ maiM apane vibhAgIya gurujanoM pro0 lakSmI nidhi zarmA, vibhAgAdhyakSa, DaoN. ena. esa. esa. ramana, DaoN. revatI ramaNa pANDeya, DaoN. nambUdarI jI, DaoN. bI. ena. siMha, DaoN. gaMgAdhara jI evaM anya samasta gurujanoM ke prati bhI hArdika kRtajJa hU~, jinhoMne samaya-samaya para snehapUrvaka mujhe sAhasa evaM utsAha pradAna kiyA aura preraNA dete rahe / darzana vibhAga ke granthAlayAdhyakSa, kendrIya granthAlayAdhyakSa evaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna granthAlayAdhyakSa tathA anyAnya adhikAriyoM ke prati bhI maiM apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~ jinake sahayoga ke kAraNa vibhinna pustakoM se jJAna prApta karane kA avasara maiM prApta kara skaa| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama parivAra ke sarvazrI DaoN. aruNa pratApa siMha, DaoN. ravizaMkara mizra, zrImatI kamala prabhA jaina evaM gurupatnI pUjanIyA zrImatI kamalA jaina evaM anya samasta karmacArIgaNoM kA abhArI haiM, jinase isa kArya ko mUrtarUpa dene meM satata preraNA evaM sahAyatA prApta hotI rahI hai| maiM DIre0kA0 ke adhikArI varga sarvazrI satyendra prakAza kelA, pratApa zrIvAstava, Izvara candra jAyasavAla, bAlakRSNa zarmA, kuladIpa siMha, satIza candra gupta, e0 minja evaM kAlindI prasAda zrIvAstava ke prati bhI hArdika

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- 7 - kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~ jinhoMne adhyayana kI anumati dekara vidyA kI upAsanA kA avasara pradAna kiyaa| zraddheya zrI divAkara pAThaka, pitA tulya zrI prema nArAyaNa zrIvAstava ke prati bhI kRtajJa hU~ jinakI preraNA evaM AzIrvacana kA sambala pAkara maiM yaha mahAn kArya pUrNa kara skaa| ____ maiM paramapUjya pitA zrI zrIrAma jI, mAtu zrImatI camelI devo, bhAI zrI maheza candra gupta, zrI nareza candra gupta, AdaraNIya mAmA DaoN0 esa0bI0 ela0 gupta evaM svajana Ara0 sI0 guptA, DaoN0 zyAma sundara, DaoN0 nizA agravAla kA bhI AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne mujhe vidyA ke adhyayana ke lie satat protsAhita kiyaa| anta meM patnI zrImatI saralA guptA, putra ci0 rAjIva, ci0 saMjIva tathA putrI ku0 aMjuma kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne mujhe pArivArika kAryoM se mukta rakhakara vidyA kI upAsanA kA avasara diyaa| anta meM, eka bAra punaH una samasta mahAnubhAvoM ke upakAra ko smaraNa kara AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~, jinase maiM lAbhAnvita huA huuN| dinAMka 1-1-1988 rameza candra gupta sahAyaka karmazAlA adhIkSaka DIjala rela iMjana kArakhAnA vArANasI-221004

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viSayAnukramaNikA prAkkathana prathama adhyAya : viSaya praveza 1. bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUla utsa 2. zramaNadhArA kA udbhava 3. Astika evaM nAstika darzana 4. jaina aura bauddha dharmoM kI samAnatA 5. tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA prayojana 6. jaina dharma aura tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA 7. jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA aitihAsika vikAsa-va -krama 8. bauddha dharma aura buddha 9. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa 10. hindU dharma aura avatAra 11. pArasI dharma aura devadUta jarathustra 12. yahUdI dharma aura paigambara mojeja 13. IsAI dharma aura prabhu IsAmasIha 14. islAma dharma aura paigambara dvitIya adhyAya : tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA 1. jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara kA sthAna 2. tIrthaMkara zabda kA artha aura itihAsa 3. tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA 4. tIrthaMkara aura arihanta 5. tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara aura sAmAnya kevalI kA antara 6. sAmAnya- kevalI aura pratyeka buddha 7. tothaMkara ko alaukikatA a - tIrthaMkaroM ke paMcakalyANaka ba - atizaya sa- vacanAtizaya 1 4 4 5 6 a m 2 2 w & & & 11 13 15 15 16 19 20 22 26 27 30 31 32 33 35 37 38 43

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- 10 - 8. toyaMkara-nirdoSa vyaktitva 9. tIrthaMkara banane kI yogyatA 10. tIrthaMkaroM se sambandhita vivaraNa kA vikAsa tIrthaMkaroM kI saMkhyA-vartamAna, atIta aura anAgata kAla ke tIrthaGkara 1. RSabhadeva 60; 2. ajita 67; 3. saMbhava68; 4. abhinandana 68; 5. sumati 69; 6. padmaprabha 69; 7. supArzva 70; 8. candraprabha 70; 9. suvidhi yA puSpadanta 71; 10.zItala 72; 11. zreyAMsa72; 12. vAsupUjya 73; 13. vimala 73; 14. ananta 74; 15. dharma 74; 16. zAnti 75; 17. kunthu 77; 18. aranAtha 77; 19. malli 79; 20. munisuvrata 80; 21. nami 81; 22. ariSTanemi 81; 23. pArzvanAtha 83; 24. vardhamAna-mahAvIra 89 11. tIrthakara aura loka kalyANa 12. jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 13. zraddhA banAma jJAna 14. tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA dArzanika avadAna tRtIya adhyAya : buddhatva kI avadhAraNA 1. buddha zabda kA artha 2. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA kA artha 3. bauddha dharma meM buddha kA sthAna 4. hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM buddha kI avadhAraNA (a) hInayAna meM buddha 108, (A) buddha ke janma sambandhI vilakSaNatAeM 108, (i) buddha ke zarIra ke 32 lakSaNa 110, (I) dharma-cakra pravartana ke lie brahmA dvArA prArthanA karanA 111, (u) buddha kA sazarIra devaloka gamana 111, (U) prAtihArya 112

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11 5. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA hInayAna se mahAyAna kI yAtrA (ka) sarvAstivAda meM buddha 114, (kha) mahAsAMghika mata meM buddha 114, (ga) mahAyAna meM buddha 115 Inlo 116 119 6. mahAyAna meM trikAyavAda kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa 7. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA meM alaukikatA kA praveza 8. hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM buddha kI avadhAraNA kA antara 122 9. buddhatva kA adhikArI kauna ? nidAna kathA ke anusAra buddhatva ke lakSaNa saMyutta nikAya ke anusAra buddhatva ke lakSaNa 10. arhattva evaM buddhatva kI prApti ke upAya (a) arhat pada prApta karane ke cAra caraNa (ba) buddhatva kI prApti ke dasa caraNa ( dasa bhUmiyA~) 11. buddhatva kI prApti kA mUlabhUta AdhAra bodhicitta kA utpAda 12. arhata, pratyeka-buddha aura buddha ke Adarza (ka) arhat 141 (kha) pratyeka buddha 142 ( ga ) samyak sambuddha yA buddha 142, (gha) tulanA 143 13. buddhoM ke prakAra- atItabuddha, vartamAnabuddha aura anAgatabuddha yA bhAvI buddha (ka) dharmatA buddha, niSyandabuddha aura nirmANabuddha 145, (kha) paMca tathAgata yA paMcadhyAnI buddha 145, (ga) mAnuSI buddha 146 14. buddhoM kI saMkhyA (1) dIpaMkara buddha 149; (2) bhagavAn kauNDinya 150; (3) bhagavAn maMgala 150 ; ( 4 ) bhagavAn sumana 151; (5) bhagavAn revata 151; (6) bhagavAn zobhita 152 ; ( 7 ) bhagavAn anomadarzI 153; (8) bhagavAn padma 153; ( 9 ) bhagavAn nArada 154; (10) bhagavAn padmottara 154; (11) bhagavAn sumedha 155; (12) bhagavAn sujAta 156; (13) bhagavAn priyadarzI 156; (14) bhaga 113 128 128 133 133 134 136 139 141 143

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165 168 vAn arthadarzI 157; (15) bhagavAn dharmadarzI 157; (16) bhagavAn siddhattha 158; (17) bhagavAn tiSya 159; (18) bhagavAn puSya 159; (19) bhagavAn vipazyI 160; (20) bhagavAn zikho 161; (21) bhagavAn vizvabhU 161; (22) bhagavAn kakusandha 162; (23) bhagavAn koNAgamana 162; (24) bhagavAn kAzyapa 163 15. parinirvANa ke bAda buddha kI sthiti 16. bauddha dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 17. buddha aura loka kalyANa 18. bauddha dharma meM kRpA aura puruSArtha 19. amAtmavAda aura buddhatva kI avadhAraNA caturtha adhyAya : avatAra kI avadhAraNA 1. avatAra zabda kI vyAkhyA 2. avatAra zabda kA sAmAnya tAtparyaH viSNu ke avatAra 3. viSNu zabda kI vyAkhyA 4. viSNu aura sUrya 5. ziva purANa ke anusAra viSNu kI utpatti 6. avatAra evaM unakA prayojana (ka) vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 185; (kha) mahAbhArata 186; (ga) gItA 188; (gha) viSNupurANa 190 7. avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa daza avatAroM kI vizad vyAkhyA 8. avatAroM ke vibhinna prakAra 9. avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM ainIbeseMTa ke vicAra 10. rAdhAsvAmI mata meM dasa avatAra kI avadhAraNA 11. pArasiyoM meM dasa avatAra kI avadhAraNA 12. avatAroM kI caubIsa saMkhyA kI avadhAraNA 1. sanatkumAra 214; 2. varAha 215; 3. nArada 215; 4. nara-nArAyaNa 216; 174 177 178 180 183 192 208 211 212 211

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13 . 6. dattAtreya 219; 5. kapila 218; 7. yajJapuruSa 220; 8. RSabha 221; 9. pRthu 222; 10. matsya 223; 11. kacchapa ( kUrma ) 223; 12. dhanvantari 223; 13. mohinI 224; 14. narasiMha 225; 15. vAmana 225; 16. parazurAma 225; 17. vyAsa 225; 18. rAma 226; 19. balarAma 226; 20. zrIkRSNa 226; 21. buddha 226; 22. kalki 226; 23. haMsa 226, 24. hayagrIva 228; anya avatAra : manu 229; gajendra hari 230 13. avatAravAda ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 14. avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa 15. avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa 16. paurANika sRSTi aura avatAra 17. paurANika pratIka aura vikAsavAdI upAdAna 18. avatAra - pratIka sandhi yuga ke dyotaka 19. avatAravAda kA darzana 20. avatAra kA prayojana 21. avatAra kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika upAdeyatA 22. avatAra aura loka kalyANa 23. avatAravAda meM bhaktitatva yA zraddhA kA prAdhAnya 24. avatAravAda ke sandarbha meM niyati aura puruSArtha paMcama adhyAya : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. avatAra tothaMkara aura buddha kI avadhAraNAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 2. tIrthaMkara aura buddha : dArzanika dRSTi se samAnatA aura antara (a) tIrthaMkara aura buddha kI anya samAnatAe~ (ba) torthaMkara evaM buddha kA antara 232 232 235 237 240 240 242 245 248 249 250 252 255 255 258 259 262

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- 14 - 263 264 264 266 267 272 274 277 277 3. buddha aura tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA meM ___ alaukikatA kA samAna vikAsa 4. tIrthaMkara evaM buddha ke uddezya kI samAnatA 5. mahAvidaha, sukhAvatI evaM goloka kI kalpanA 6. pUrva buddhoM evaM pUrva tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA ___ kA samasAmayika vikAsa 7. avatAroM, tIrthaMkaroM aura buddhoM kI saMkhyA ___ sambandhI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa 8. tIrthaMkara aura avatAra 9. avatAravAda evaM tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : vyakti svatantratA ke sandarbha meM 10. tIrthaMkara evaM avatAra meM samAnatA 11. tIrthaGkara aura avatAra kA antara 12. buddha aura avatAra 13. uttarakAlIna buddha kI avadhAraNA aura avatAravAda se usakI samAnatA 14. avatAravAda aura paigambaravAda 15. buddha evaM paigambaravAda upasaMhAra sAriNI pariziSTa 1. islAma dharma grantha : kuni zarIpha meM upalabdha paigambaroM ke nAma 2. tIrthaMkara vivaraNa tAlikA 3 bauddha dharma ke caubIsa buddhoM kI vivaraNa tAlikA 4. bhAgavata purANa meM avatAra ko upalabdha sUciyA~ 5. purANoM meM dasAvatAra kI sUcI sahAyaka grantha sUcikA 279 280 282 284 294 296 311 314 317

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/ / / / / / A0 ni0 u. utta* ni0 u0 pu. chA0 u0 ti0pa0 prava. vAlmIki rA0 -- bhA0 ma. sA0 a0 -- vi. A. bhA0vi0 pu0 - za0 brA0 - sama0 - hari0 pu0 - saMketa sUcI Avazyakaniyukti uttarAdhyayanasUtra uttarAdhyayana niyukti uttarapurANa chAMdogya upaniSad tiloyapaNNattI pravacanasAroddhAra vAlmIki rAmAyaNa bhAgavata madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda vizeSAvazyakabhASya viSNu purANa zatapathabrAhmaNa samavAyAGga harivaMzapurANa

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prathama adhyAya viSaya praveza 1. bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUla utsa bhAratIya saMskRti pavitra gaMgA nadI ke samAna hai, jisameM aneka dhArAe~ vilIna hotI haiM aura prAdurbhUta hotI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti samanvaya ko saMskRti hai / usameM vividhatA meM bhI ekatA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRtijaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM kA triveNI saMgama hai, isameM bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparAeM zramaNa dhArA kI, aura hindU paramparA vaidika dhArA ko pratinidhi haiM / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki cAhe apane mUla utsa nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga kI dRSTi se hama zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ko alaga-alaga bhale hI kareM kintu donoM hI paramparAoM ne eka dUsare ko itanA prabhAvita kiyA hai ki Aja zramaNa dhArA aura vaidika dhArA ko mUla svarUpa meM khoja pAnA atyanta hI kaThina hai / zramaNoM ne vaidikoM se aura vaidikoM ne zramaNoM se bahuta kucha lekara AtmasAt kara liyA hai| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM kA hindU dharma para vizeSa rUpa se vaiSNava dharma para aura vaiSNava dharma kA jaina aura bauddha dharmoM para kAphI prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai / prastuta tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ina dhArAoM kI pArasparika nikaTatA aura dUrI ko samajhane kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti zUnya se paidA nahIM hotI, vaha apane deza, kAla aura paristhiti kI upaja hotI hai / ataH samAna deza, kAla aura paristhiti meM utpanna vicAradhArAe~ dArzanika dRSTi se kucha bhinnatA rakhate hue bhI vyAvahArika kSetra meM vastutaH bhinna nahIM hotIM / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAe~ vizAla bhAratIya paramparA ke vibhinna aMgoM ke rUpa meM vikasita huI haiM, ataH unake bIca vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI kahIM samanvaya ke sUtra nihita haiM / unhIM ke sandarbha meM inakI dArzanika aura dhArmika avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai / vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya dharmoM ko mukhya rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - 1. pravartaka dharma aura 2 nivartaka dharma / jahA~ jaina aura bauddha dharma nivartaka dhArA se sambandhita haiM vahA~ vaidika dharma pravartaka dhArA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / pravartaka dharma mukhya rUpa se samAjonmukha hai aura

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2 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana unameM jaivika mUlyoM ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai jabaki nivartaka dharma mukhyataH saMnyAsamArgI aura jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedhaka rahe haiN| yahA~ hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vartamAna meM na to jaina yA bauddha pUrNataH nivartaka hai aura na hindU dharma pUrNatayA pravartaka, balki donoM hI paramparAoM meM eka dUsare ke tattva samAviSTa ho cuke haiN| phira bhI aitihAsika aura manovaijJAnika pariprekSya meM inake mUla meM nihita vibhinnatA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai / DA0 sAgaramala jaina apanI pustaka 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanAmArga' kI bhUmikA meM ina donoM hI prakAra ke dharmoM kI samIkSAtmaka vivecanA karate hue likhate haiM ki 'pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara hI adhika mukhara hue haiM, udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rUpa apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alApA / unako dRSTi se zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara / unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma-santoSa hI sarvocca jIvanamUlya haiN| ___ nivartaka aura pravartaka dharmoM ke uparokta lakSaNoM ko saiddhAntika dRSTi se hama svIkAra kara sakate haiM, kintu Aja koI bhI dharma na to zuddha rUpa se nivartaka hai aura na to zuddha rUpa se pravartaka hii| phira bhI manovaijJAnika aura aitihAsika pariprekSya meM ina do paramparAoM kA alaga-alaga rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai| donoM paramparAoM ke antara ko spaSTa karate hae DA0 jaina pUnaH likhate haiM ki- "eka ora jaivika mUlyoM ko pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mAMgoM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura dehadaNDana ho tapa-tyAga aura adhyAtma ke pratIka bana gye| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala dete haiM ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se ve samAjagAmI bane 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga-prastAvika, pR0 9

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viSaya praveza : 3 kyoMki jaivika AvazyakatA ko pUrNa santuSTi to samAja jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana gaye / yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the / kintu jaba manuSya ne dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke lie usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda bhI unakI prApti yA aprApti kinhIM alaukika zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha devavAdI yA IzvaravAdI bana gayA / vizva vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tatva ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devatAoM aura Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA ko AkAMkSA karane lagA / isake viparIta nivartaka dharmaM vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hote hue bhI karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ataH nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lage / anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karma siddhAnta unake pramukha tattva bana gae / sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM ko prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya vidhi-vidhAnoM (yAga - yajJa) kA vikAsa huA; vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne bAhya karmakANDa ko anAvazyaka mAnakara cittazuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA hai / "" vastutaH pravartaka vaidikadhArA aura nivartaka zramaNadhArA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika aura dArzanika pradeyoM ko alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara ve donoM eka dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rahI haiM / unameM pratyeka ne eka dUsare ko prabhAvita kiyA hai / yadi hama vaidika dhArA ko eka "vAda" ( Thesis ) mAneM to zramaNadhArA ko usakA "prativAda" (Anti- Thesis) kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparAe~ vAda aura prativAda ke samanvaya ( Synthesis) kI paricAyaka haiM / yaha Synthesis eka hI prakAra kA nahIM hai / jahA~ jaina dhArA meM nivartaka dharmoM ke lakSaNa adhika rUpa meM jIvita evaM vikasita hue, vahA~ bauddha dhArA vizeSarUpa se paravartI mahAyAna bauddha dharma ne nivRtti aura pravRtti - donoM meM santulana banAne kA prayAsa kiyA jabaki vaidika dhArA se vikasita hindU dharma meM nivartaka paramparA ke aneka tattvoM ke praviSTa hone ke bAvajUda pradhAnatA pravartaka dhArA kI rahI hai / " 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga - prAstAvika pU0 9-10

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4 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 2. ghamaNadhArA kA udbhava paramparAgata vaidika dharma kI sahajatA ko jaba svArthI purohita varga ne jaTila aura saMkIrNa banA diyA tathA kaThora varNavyavasthA aura karmakANDa ne usakI sarvajanagrAhyatA ko naSTa kara diyA, taba usake virodha meM jina pragatizIla cintakoM ne AvAja uThAyI, ve hI zramaNa dhArA ke pratinidhi the| isI zramaNa paramparA meM Age calakara jaina aura bauddha dharmoM kA vikAsa huA / dArzanika matabheda ke hote hue bhI donoM ke dhArmika evaM naitika dRSTikoNa prAyaH samAna hI pratIta hote haiN| karmakANDa aura purohitavAda kA spaSTa virodha na kevala jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM meM apitu upaniSadoM meM bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| vastutaH I0 pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM yaha virodha AlocanAtmaka bhAvanA ke rUpa meM samagna bhAratIya cintana meM prakaTa huA hai| bhArata meM yaha yuga dArzanika cintana ke jAgaraNa kA yuga thaa| vedoM aura upaniSadoM kI vicAradhArAoM ke sAtha usa samaya svatantra cintana ko aneka vicAradhArAeM pracalita thiiN| mAnava-kalyANa evaM duHkha mukti kI samasyAoM ko lekara vibhinna vicAraka apane-apane siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kara rahe the| isI krama meM jaina aura bauddha tathA anyAnya dhArmika sampradAyoM kA janma huaa| upaniSad eka ora to vaidika dhArA ke samarthaka the aura dUsarI ora ve brAhmaNa-graMthoM kI bhogavAdI aura karmakANDIya vicAradhArA ke kaTTara virodhI bhI the / karmakANDa aura yajJayAga kA Alocaka evaM adhyAtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa upaniSadoM kA cintana jaina-bauddha dharmoM ke adhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM ke RSi vedanindaka nahIM haiM kintu ve vaidika karmakANDa ke pakSapAtI bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| vedoM ke samarthana ke sAtha-sAtha unhoMne vaidika karmakANDa kA virodha kiyA, ataH ve Astika mAne jAte rahe, jabaki jainoM aura bauddhoM ne khulakara vedoM aura vaidika karmakANDa kI AlocanA kI ataH ve nAstika khlaaye| 3. Astika evaM nAstika darzana ___ jaina aura bauddha dharma ke pravartaka mahAvIra aura buddha ne cArvAkoM ke samAna ho vaidika karmakANDa kA virodha to kiyA, yadyapi unhoMne unakI bhogavAdI nIti kA samarthana nahIM kiyaa| phira bhI unheM cArvAkoM ke sAtha nAstika ko koTi meM hI rakhA gyaa| aupaniSadika dhArA ne bhI adhyAtmavAda kA samarthana aura bhautikavAda kA virodha kiyA hai kintu vaha vedoM kI .

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viSaya praveza : 5 samarthaka banI rahI ataH vaha Astika kahalAI / jaina darzana Astika darzanoM ke karmakANDIya pakSa kA evaM IzvaravAda kA khaNDana karatA hai jabaki bauddha darzana AstikoM ke karmakANDa aura IzvaravAda ke sAtha-sAtha AtmavAda kA bhI khaNDana karatA hai / yadyapi vaidika paramparA jaina aura bauddha donoM ko nAstika kahatI hai, kintu ve apane ko nAstika nahIM mAnate haiM / nAstikavAda ke pravartaka bRhaspati ne karmakANDa aura IzvaravAda ke khaNDana ke lie jina yuktiyoM ko prastuta kiyA hai, ThIka unhIM yuktiyoM ko jena aura bauddha dArzanikoM ne bhI prastuta kiyA hai / phira bhI karma siddhAnta aura sadAcAra ke prati AsthAvAn hone ke kAraNa ve apane ko nAstika nahIM mAnate haiM / jaina aura bauddha dArzanikoM ne nAstikavAda kI vyAkhyA paraloka, dharmAdharma aura kartavyAkartavya ke virodhI siddhAnta ke rUpa meM kI hai / Astika darzanoM meM paraloka, dharma-AcaraNa aura kartavyoM ke sambandha meM jo mAnyatAyeM prApta hotI haiM, unhIM mAnyatAoM ko prakArAntara se jaina aura bauddha darzanoM ne bhI apanAyA hai / jaina aura bauddha darzanoM ko nAstika kahane kA ekamAtra kAraNa unakA vedanindaka honA hI pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki manusmRti meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai - " nAstikyaM vedanindAM / " Astika darzana vedavAkyoM ko pramANa mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina, bauddha aura bRhaspati - tInoM hI vedoM ko apramANa mAnate haiM, isI kAraNa ve nAstika kahe gaye haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina aura bauddha darzana Astika aura nAstika vicAradhArAoM ke bIca ke darzana pratIta hote haiM / 4. jaina aura bauddha dharmoM kI samAnatA jaina aura bauddha donoM darzana eka kUTastha - nitya AtmA ke sthAna para pariNAmI caitanya ko svIkAra karate haiM, donoM hI ahiMsA ke pakSapAtI haiM aura donoM hI veda vAkyoM ko pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / AtmA aura anya dravyoM kI sattA ke prazna ko chor3akara donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai / vyavahAra aura nIti kI dRSTi se jaina darzana meM jahA~ samyakjJAna, samyaka darzana aura samyak cAritra ko mokSa kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai, vahIM bauddha darzana meM prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi ko nirvANa kA sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| gItA meM bhI jJAnamArga, bhaktimArga aura karmamArga kA 1. manusmRti 4 / 163.

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6 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana pratipAdana huaa| jaina sAdhanA, boddha sAdhanA, aura hindU sAdhanA eka dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa haiM / maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA sambandhI cAra bhAvanAoM ko jaina darzana, bauddha darzana aura yoga darzana meM samAna rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra sAdhanA paddhati kI dRSTi se jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM bAhya vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI mUlataH samarUpatA hai / mAnavIya jJAna, mAnavIya zraddhA aura mAnavIya AcaraNa kI samyak dizA meM niyojita karanA tInoM kA lakSya hai / tInoM hI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mUlabhUta lakSya manuSya ke rAga bhAva, tRSNA yA Asakti ko samApta karanA hai / jahA~ jaina dharma ne vItarAgatA ko jIvana kA carama sAdhya batAyA vahIM bauddha dharma meM vItatRSNa honA hI sAdhanA kA carama lakSya mAnA gayA aura hindU dharma meM - vizeSa rUpa se gItA meM sampUrNa zikSA kA sAra Asakti ke prahANa ko mAnA gayA / vIta - rAga, vItatRSNa yA anAsakta jIvanazailI kA nirmANa hI tInoM paramparAoM kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| jisa prakAra jaina dharma kA antima Adarza vItarAga avasthA ko prApta karanA hai, usI prakAra bauddha dharma kA antima Adarza vItatRSNa honA yA arhat avasthA ko prApta karanA hai, hindU dharma meM bhI sthitaprajJa hone ko jIvana kA carama Adarza kahA jA sakatA hai / kiMtu sthitaprajJa hone kA artha anAsakta, vItarAga yA vItatRSNa honA hI hai' | aisA vyaktitva hI ina tInoM dharmoM meM sAdhanA kA parama Adarza rahA hai aura use hI dharmamArga ke pravartaka rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 5. tIrthaGkara, buddha yA avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA prayojana saMsAra ke pratyeka dharma yA sAdhanA paddhati kA koI na koI pravartaka avazya hotA hai / koI bhI dharma kisI dharma pravartaka ke dvArA hI astitva meM AtA hai / dharma pravartaka prathama to svayaM satya kI anubhUti karatA hai aura phira usa anubhUta satya ko upadezoM ke mAdhyama se jana sAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAtA hai / pratyeka dharma pravartaka vyakti, jIvana aura jagat ke sambandha meM apanA darzana prastuta karatA hai aura vaha yaha batAtA hai ki jIvana kyA hai, jagat kyA hai aura jIvana kA antima uddezya kyA hai tathA vyakti ko kyA karanA cAhie, kyA nahIM karanA caahie| isa prakAra pratyeka dharma meM dharmapravartaka apanA darzana, apanI sAdhanA paddhati, apanI samAja vyavasthA aura 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR0 503 /

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viSaya praveza : 7 AcAra paddhati prastuta karatA hai / vaha dhArmika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA saMsthApaka bhI hotA hai / pratyeka dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie unake dharma - pravartaka ke vacana pramANa rUpa hote haiM aura ve yaha mAnate haiM ki dharma-pravartaka ke upadeza aura Adeza ke anusAra jIvana vyatIta karane meM hI hamArA kalyANa hai / isa prakAra pratyeka dharma ke lie tIna vastue~ Avazyaka hotI haiM-dharma pravartaka, dharmaM pustaka aura dharma saMgha yA samAja / dharmapustaka ke upadezaka yA racayitA ke rUpa meM tathA dharmasaMgha ke Adarza yA niyAmaka ke rUpa meM dharmapravartaka kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / ataH dharmapravartaka vaha kendra hai jisa para kisI bhI dharma kA vRtta sthita hotA hai / binA dharmapravartaka ke koI bhI dharma astitva meM hI nahIM A sakatA hai / dharmapravartaka dharma ko astitva meM lAne vAlA, use jIvana dene vAlA aura usakA niyAmaka hotA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki saMsAra ke pratyeka dharma meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM dharma pravartaka ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainoM ne apane dharmapravartaka ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkara ko svIkAra kiyA to bauddhoM ne buddha ko / jahA~ hindU dharma meM avatAra ko dharmapravartaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ IsAI dharma meM Izvara ke putra ko aura islAma meM paigambara ko dharmapravartaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / saMkalita kara dhArmika jainoM ne tIrthaMkara ke ina dharmapravartakoM ke upadezoM ko dharmagranthoM meM aura sAmAjika jIvana kA niyAmaka mAnA gyaa| vacanoM kA saMkalana AgamoM ke rUpa meM kiyA, to bauddhoM ne buddha vacanoM ko tripiTaka meM saMkalita kiyA / isI prakAra hindU dharma meM RSiyoM aura avatAroM ke vacanoM ko veda, upaniSad, bhagavadgItA Adi aneka granthoM meM saMkalita kiyA gayA / yadyapi hindU dharma meM kevala mImAMsaka eka aisA sampradAya hai jo vedoM ko upadiSTa nahIM mAnatA, vaha unheM nitya mAnatA hai aura isa prakAra usameM dharma-zAstra ko hI sarvopari mAnA gayA hai / jaba ki vizva ke anya sabhI dharmoM meM dharmazAstra kI prAmANikatA ke lie dharmopadeSTA yA dharmapravartakoM ko hI prAthamikatA dI gaI / ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dharmapravartaka ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkara, buddha yA avatAra kI avadhAraNAyeM Avazyaka rahI haiM / tIrthaMkara, buddha yA Izvara dhArmika jIvana kI sAdhanA ke carama Adarza haiM / pratyeka dharma meM dhArmika jIvana kA eka sAdhya hotA hai, jisakI

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8 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana upalabdhi ke lie usa dharma ke anuyAyI jIvana bhara prayatnazIla rahate haiN| sAtha hI vyakti kA dhArmika jIvana kaisA ho, isakA eka mAnadaNDa yA Adarza honA bhI Avazyaka hai| sabhI dharmoM meM apane dharmapravartaka ke jIvana ko dhArmika sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra jainadharma meM vyakti ke jIvana kA carama sAdhya jinatva ko prApta karanA hai| usI prakAra bauddha dharma meM jIvana kA carama sAdhya baddhatva kI prApti yA bodhisattva honA mAnA gayA hai| hindU dharma meM yadyapi sAdhanA ke lakSya ke rUpa meM Izvara kA sAnnidhya yA Izvara kI prApti ho mukhya hai kintu usa Izvara kA jagat meM yathArtha pratinidhi to avatArI puruSa ke jIvana kA Adarza ho hotA hai| isI prakAra IsAI aura islAma dharmoM meM bhI Izvara kI prApti ko ho sAdhanA kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai kintu Izvara ke sAnnidhya ko prApta karane ke lie donoM dharma kramazaH IzvarapUtra yA paigambara ke samAna jIvana zailI ko apanAnA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| isa prakAra tIrthaMkara, buddha, avatAra, Izvaraputra yA paigambara kA jIvana una-una dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie Adarza evaM anukaraNIya jIvana hotA hai / jIvana ke isa Adarza kI yathArtha prastuti ke lie pratyeka dharma meM kisI na kisI mArgapravartaka ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ taka IzvaravAdI dharmoM kA sambandha hai unhoMne jIvana kA carama sAdhya Izvara ke sAnnidhya ko prApta karanA svIkAra kiyA hai unameM avatArI puruSoM ke jIvana ko eka Adarza jIvana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki una avatArI puruSoM ke anurUpa jIvana jIkara yA unake upadezoM kA pAlana karake Izvara ke sAnnidhya ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka anozvaravAdo dharmoM kA prazna hai ve to spaSTa rUpa se apane dharma pravartaka ko hI apanI sAdhanA ke uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, ina dharmoM meM usa Adarza yA U~cAI taka pahu~cane ke lie dharma sAdhanA ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| tIrthaMkara aura buddha na kevala dharmapravartaka haiM apitu dhArmika sAdhanA ke carama Adarza yA sAdhya haiM, unheM sAdhya isa artha meM kahA jAtA hai ki ina dharmo meM pratyeka vyakti ko jinaboja yA buddha-bIja mAnA jAtA hai aura vyakti se yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai ki sAdhanA ke dvArA apane prasupta buddhatva yA jinatva ko upalabdha kare / ina dharmoM meM tIrthaMkara yA buddha kI upAsanA unake sAnnidhya lAbha ke lie nahIM apitu unake jaisA banane ke lie kI jAtI hai / isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki pratyeka dharma ke lie tIrthaMkara, buddha,

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viSaya praveza :9 avatAra yA paigambara kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki binA kisI dharmapravartaka aura dhArmika jIvana ke Adarza ko svIkAra kie binA koI bhI dharma apanA astitva nahIM rakha sktaa| 6. jainadharma aura tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA jainadharma zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai| yaha nivRtti pradhAna hai / isa dharma meM saMsAra ko duHkhamaya mAnA gayA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki janma duHkha hai, vRddhAvasthA duHkha hai, rogotpatti aura mRtyu bhI duHkha hai, adhika kyA yaha sampUrNa saMsAra hI duHkha rUpa hai, jisameM pratyeka prANI pIr3ita ho rahA hai| saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha-sAtha jainadharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki vyakti apanI sAdhanA ke bala para isa duHkhamaya saMsAra se mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| sAMsArika duHkhoM aura janma, jarA, mRtyu ke cakra se chuTakArA pAnA hI mukti hai kintu jainadharma meM mukti kA kevala yaha niSedhAtmaka rUpa hI mAnya nahIM hai| jainoM ne mukti ko eka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA hai, yaha AdhyAtmika pUrNatA taba prApta hotI hai jaba AtmA karmoM ke AvaraNa ko samApta kara apane anantacatuSTaya arthAt anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantazakti aura anantasukha ko prApta kara letA hai| karmoM ke AvaraNa ko naSTa karane ke lie tathA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta karane ke lie jainadharma meM samyak jJAna, samyak darzana aura samyak cAritra ko mokSa mArga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka bhavya AtmA samyak-darzana, samyak-jJAna aura samyak-cAritra kI sAdhanA ke dvArA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se jainadharma pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA svIkAra karatA hai tathA yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka jIvAtmA 1. "jammaM dukkhaM jarA dukkhaM, rogA ya maraNANi ya / aho dukkho hu saMsAro, jattha kIsanti jantavo // " -uttarAdhyayanasUtra 19 / 16 2. vijjadi kevalaNANaM, kevalasokla, ca kevalaM viriyaM / kevaladiTThi amuttaM, atthitta sappadesattauM |-niymsaar-181 3. nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva, caritta ca tavo tahA / __eyaM maggamaNuppattA, jIvA gacchanti soggii|| -uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28 / 3

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10 : torthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana meM paramAtmA banane kI sAmathyaM hai / jainadharma meM AtmA kI nimna sthitiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM- ' 1 - bahirAtmA 2- antarAtmA 3- paramAtmA saMsAra ke viSaya vAsanAoM kI ora unmukha huA vyakti bahirAtmA hai / kintu bhogavAdI jIvana dRSTi se virakta hokara jo sAdhaka Atma saMyama aura AtmAnubhUti kI dizA meM agrasara hotA hai, vaha antarAtmA hai / jaba yaha antarAtmA apanI sAdhanA ke uccatama Adarza vItarAga dazA ko prApta kara letA hai, to vaha paramAtmA bana jAtA hai / isa paramAtma- dazA ko prApta kara lenA hI jainadharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA sAratatva hai| jainadharma AtmA ko paramAtmA ke rUpa meM vikasita karane ko eka kalA hai, paramAtmadazA kI prApti hI jaina sAdhanA kA eka mAtra lakSya hai| jainadharma meM isa paramAtmadazA yA AtmA kI pUrNatA kI sthiti ko mukhyatayA do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai, jo sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta kara apane zarIra kA tyAga kara cuke haiM ve siddha kahalAte haiM, yadyapi siddhAvasthA kI prApti hI jainadharma kA lakSya hai, phira bhI isake pUrva vyakti ko arhatAvasthA ko prApta karanA hotA hai / jainoM kI yaha arhatAvasthA jIvana - mukti kI avasthA hai / jainadharma meM isa arhatAvasthA ko bho tIna rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai - tIrthaMkara, pratyekabuddha aura sAmAnya kevalI / hama ina sabakI carcA agale adhyAya meM vistAra ke sAtha kareMge / yahA~ kevala itanA batA denA hI paryApta hogA ki sAmAnya- kevalI aura pratyekabuddha kI apekSA jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara na kevala apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai apitu, vaha dharmamArga ke upadeSTA aura dharmasaMgha ke niyAmaka ke rUpa meM jana-jana ko usa AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti ke lie prerita karatA hai / isake sAthasAtha jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara meM viziSTa zaktiyA~ bhI mAnI gaI haiM jo ki pratyekabuddha aura sAmAnyakevalI meM nahIM hotI hai, isa prakAra tIrthaMkara jainadharmaM aura jenasAdhanA kA prANa hai / 1. jIvA havaMti tivihA, bahirappA taha ya aMtarappA ya / paramappA vi yaduvihA, arahaMtA taha ya siddhAya / / kArtikeya anuprekSA - 192 2. akkhANi bahirappA, aMtarappA hu appasaMkappI / kamma kalaMka - vibhukko, paramappA bhaNNae devo // - mokkha pAhuDa-5

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viSaya praveza : 11 jenadharma kA yaha sAmAnya vizvAsa hai ki pratyeka kAlacakra meM aura pratyeka kSetra meM eka nizcita saMkhyA meM kramazaH tIrthaMkaroM kA AvirbhAva hotA hai aura ve dharmamArga kA pravartana karate haiM / sAmAnyatayA yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki pratyeka tIrthaMkara kA dharmopadeza samAna hotA hai; yadyapi jainAcAryoM ne prathama aura antima tIrthaMkaroM ke dharmopadeza aura dharmavyavasthA meM madhya ke 22 tIrthaMkaroM kI apekSA kucha antara bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki prathama aura antima tIrthaMkara paMca mahAvratoM kA upadeza dete haiM, jabaki madhya ke 22 tIrthakara cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza dete haiN| isI prakAra prathama aura antima tIrthakara chedopasthApanIya cAritra aura sapratikramaNa dharma kA upadeza karate haiM jabaki madhyavartI tIrthaMkara kevala sAmAyikacAritra kA upadeza karate haiN|' yadyapi ina antaroM ke bAvajUda bhI sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dharmacakra pravartana kA mUlabhUta uddezya vyakti ko usakI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko ora le jAnA hai| 7. jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama yadyapi jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI yaha avadhAraNA paryApta prAcIna hai, phira bhI prAcIna jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki isakA eka kramika vikAsa huA hai| AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise jainoM ke prAcInatama granthoM meM hameM tIrthaMkara zabda hI nahIM milatA hai| yadyapi usameM arahanta ( arhat ) zabda upasthita hai| eka sthAna para usameM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhUtakAla meM arahanta ho cuke haiM, vartamAna meM arahanta haiM aura bhaviSya meM arahanta hoMge, ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANI, bhUta, jIva yA satva kI hiMsA mata karo, use pIr3A na pahucAo, yahI 1. paDhamassa bArasaMga sesANikkArasaMga suylNbho| paMca jamA paDhamaMtimajiNANa sesANa cattAri // paccakkhANamiNaM saMjamo a paDhamaMtimANa duvigappo / sesANaM sAmaio sattarasaMgo a sanvesi / / -Avazyakaniyukti 236-237 2. je aIyA je ya paDuppannA je ya AgamessA arahaMtA bhagavato te savve evamAi khaMti'. "savve pANA savve bhUtA save jIvA savve sattA Na haMtanvA-esa dhamme suddha Niie sAsae sAmicca loyaM kheyaNNehi paveie // -AcArAMga, 1 / 4 / 1 / 1-2

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12 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ekamAtra zuddha aura zAzvata dharma hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya kAla ke arahantoM ko avadhAraNA jainoM meM ati prAcIna kAla se upasthita rahI hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki arahanta kI avadhAraNA se hI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi paTanA jile ke lohAnIpura se tIrthaMkara kI mauryakAlIna pratimA upalabdha huI hai, kintu vaha tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA ke vikasita svarUpa kA pramANa nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| kyoMki mathurA ke abhilekhoM ( I0 pU0 prathama zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka ) meM bhI tIrthaMkara ke sthAna para arhat zabda kA hI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM meM sabase pahale uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 23veM adhyAya meM mahAvIra aura pArzva ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM 'dharma tIrthaMkara jina' zabda prayukta huA hai| DA0 sAgaramala jaina kI mAnyatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM prAcIna zabda arhat hI thA, tIrthakara zabda kA prayoga paravartI kAla kA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAtkAlIna AgamoM-AcArAMga dvitIyazrutaskaMdha, bhagavatI, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga evaM kalpasUtra meM tIrthaMkara zabda kA prayoga hameM milatA hai| jainoM meM arhat, jina, saMbuddha aura dharmatIrthaMkara zabda paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| jJAtavya hai bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM 'nigaNThanATaputta' ( ninanthajJAtaputra) arthAt mahAvIra, maMkhaligozAla, saMjayavelaThThiputra Adi ko tIrthakara kahA gayA hai / bhagavatI meM gozAlaka apane ko tIrthaMkara kahatA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM arhat, buddha, jina, tIrthaMkara Adi zramaNa paramparA ke sarvasAmAnya zabda the / kintu Aja tothaMkara zabda jaina paramparA kA aura buddha bauddha paramparA kA viziSTa zabda bana gayA hai| jainoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI eka nizcita saMkhyA, unakA krama, unake jIvanavRtta Adi kA eka suvyavasthita rUpa meM pratipAdana IsApUrva kI pahalI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI pahalI-dUsarI zatAbdI ke bIca hI huA hai| kyoMki isa kAla ke racita grantha kalpasUtra evaM samavAyAMga meM sabase pahale hameM tIrthaMkaroM se sambandhita vivaraNa milate haiN| jainoM kI tIrthaMkara kI yaha avadhAraNA kisa prakAra vikasita huI, tIrthaMkara ke jIvana vRttoM ko kisa prakAra alaukika evaM camatkArapUrNa banAyA gyaa| isa sabakI carcA hamane agrima adhyAya meM kI hai| yahAM to hamArA prayojana mAtra itanA batA denA hai ki tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA jainadharma kA kendrIya tattva hai| hama yaha 1. uttarAdhyayana 23 / 1; 23 / 5

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viSaya praveza : 13 bhI mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA eka kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra bauddhadharma meM buddhoM kI avadhAraNA aura hindU dharma meM avatAroM kI avadhAraNA kA kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| 8. bauddhadharma aura buddha ___ jainadharma ke samAna ho bauddhadharma bho zramaNa paramparA kA eka nivRttimArgI dharma hai / sAmAnyatayA isa dharma ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM gautama buddha ko mAnA jAtA hai / gautama buddha jainadharma ke antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samakAlona haiM / gautama buddha ne bhI saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA anubhava kiyA aura kahA ki yaha saMsAra duHkhamaya hai| saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kI anubhUti ho bauddha dharma kA prANa hai| gautama buddha ne svayaM jina cAra AryasatyoM kA upadeza diyA thA, unake mUla meM duHkha kI avadhAraNA hai / unake ye cAra Aryasatya nimna haiM 1-duHkh| 2-duHkha samudaya yA duHkha kA kAraNa / 3-duHkha nirodha / 4-duHkha nirodha kA mArga / ' yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki buddha aura mahAvIra donoM saMsAra ko duHkhamayatA ko citrita karate haiM, kintu ve donoM nirAzAvAdI nahIM haiN| donoM yaha mAnate haiM ki saMsAra kI isa duHkhamayatA se vyakti kA uddhAra sambhava hai| duHkha aura duHkha ke kAraNoM ko jAnakara unakA uccheda kara dene para duHkha kA anta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha dharma meM baddha kA mukhya lakSya saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko duHkha se mukta karAnA hI hai| saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko duHkha se mukta karane ke lie ho ve dharmacakra kA pravartana karate haiM tathA jana-jana ke kalyANa ke lie na kevala svayaM prayatnazIla hote 1. [a] idaM dukkhaM ti kho, poTTapAda, mayA byAkata'; ayaM dukkhasamudayo ti kho poTThapAda, mayA byAkataM; ayaM dukkhanirodho ti kho poTThapAda, mayA byAkataM; ayaM dukkhanirodhagAminI paTipadA ti kho, poTThapAda, mayA . byAkataM' ti / -dIghanikAya, poTTapAdasutta 1.9.3, pR0 157 / [ba] bauddhadarzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, upAdhyAya bharatasiMha, pR0 156-57

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14 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana haiM, apitu apane bhi saMgha ko isa mahAna kArya ke lie prerita karate haiN|' bauddhadharma ke anusAra yadi vyakti buddha dvArA upadiSTa aSTAMga AryamArga kA samyaka prakAra se pAlana karatA hai to vaha janma, jarA aura mRtyu ke cakra se mukta hokara nirvANa kA lAbha kara sakatA hai| yadyapi sAmAnyatayA bauddha dharma ko gautama baddha ke dvArA upadiSTa aura prasArita mAnA jAtA hai kintu jainoM ke samAna bauddhoM meM bhI yaha avadhAraNA pAI jAtI hai ki gautama buddha ke pUrva bhI aneka buddha ho cuke haiM aura unhoMne dharmacakra kA pravartana kiyA hai| bauddha dharma meM buddha, pratyekabuddha aura ahaMta kI avadhAraNAyeM upasthita haiN| jo vyakti buddha dvArA upadiSTa hokara nirvANa kA lAbha karate haiM ve ahaMta aura jo svayaM bodhi ko prApta karate haiM, ve pratyekabuddha kahe jAte haiM kintu arhat aura pratyeka buddha ke ina AdarzoM kI apekSA buddhatva kA Adarza ucca mAnA gayA hai kyoMki buddha na kevala apanI duHkha-vimukti kI cintA karate haiM apitu ve saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM kI duHkha vimukti kI cintA karate haiN| mahAyAna sampradAya to yahAM taka mAnatA hai ki dUsaroM ko duHkha-vimukti ke lie ve apane parinirvANa kI bhI cintA nahIM krte| isa prakAra buddha na kevala AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke pratIka haiM apitu ve jana-jana ke kalyANa karane vAle bhI haiN| apano isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa ve bauddha dharma ke AdhAra stambha haiN| 1. 'caratha bhikkhave, cArikaM bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamanussAna' -(a) mahAvagga (1.10.32) pR0 32 -(ba) dIghanikAya bhAga-2 mahApadAnasutta (1.6.65) pR0 37 tulanIya buddhe parinivvuDe care, gAmagae nagare va saMjae / saMtimaggaM ca bUhae, samayaM goyama / mA pmaaye| -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 10 // 36 2. [a] kiM me ekena tiNNena purisena thAmadassinA sabba taM pApuNitvA santAressaM sadevaka |-jaatktttthkthaa-nidaankthaa / bauddhadarzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, bharata siMha upAdhyAya, pR0 610 se uddhRta / [ba] mucca mAneSu sattveSu ye te prAmodayasAgarAH / taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kim // -bodhicaryAvatAra 8/108; [sa] bhaveyamupajIvyo'haM yAvatsarve na niva'tAH |-bodhicryaavtaar 1/20-21 /

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viSaya praveza : 15 ve dharmamArga ke upadeSTA dharmasaMgha ke niyAmaka tathA anya sAdhakoM ke lie Adarza rUpa haiM / 9. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa jisa prakAra jainadharmaM meM aitihAsika dRSTi se tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa huA usI prakAra bauddhadharma meM bhI buddhatva ko avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa huA hai / sarvaprathama zAkyaputra gautama ko buddha mAnane ke sAtha-sAtha atIta aura anAgata buddhoM ko kalpanA vikasita huI, phira kramazaH atIta aura anAgata buddhoM kI saMkhyA unake jIvanavRtta Adi kA bhI vikAsa huaa| ina saba kI carcA hamane buddhatva kI avadhAraNA nAmaka agale adhyAya meM kI hai, vahA~ hamane yaha bhI batAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra jainoM meM tIrthaMkara ke jIvanavRtta ke sAtha rofeera aura camatkArapUrNa bAteM jur3atI gaI vaisA hI bauddhadharma meM buddha ke sAtha bhI huA hai / yahA~ to hamArA uddezya kevala yaha sUcita karanA hai ki buddhatva evaM bodhisatva kI avadhAraNAe~ bauddhadharma kA prANa hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para isa dharma kI mUlyavattA evaM sAmAjika upayogitA ko siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / 10. hindU dharma aura avatAra jisa prakAra jainadharma ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM mahAvIra aura bauddha dharma ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM buddha ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra hindU dharma ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM kisI vyakti vizeSa ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai / yadyapi yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bauddhoM ne aura jainoM ne bhI paramparAgata rUpa meM mahAvIra athavA buddha ko apane dharmasaMgha kA eka mAtra pravartaka nahIM mAnA hai / dhArmika dRSTi se unakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki isa saMsAra cakra meM anAdi kAla se samaya-samaya para tIrthaMkara aura buddha hote haiM aura ve dharmamArga kA pravartana karate haiM / phira bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se 'buddha aura mahAvIra ko kramazaH bauddha aura jaina dharma kA pravartaka mAnA jAtA hai kintu hindU dharma meM aise kisI dharma pravartaka ko khoja lenA kaThina hai / vastutaH hindUdharma eka dharma na hokara dharma-samUha hai / ataH na to isakA koI eka dharmaM pravartaka mAnA jA sakatA hai aura na koI eka nizcita darzana yA dharmazAstra hI hai / hindU dharma meM Aja bhI prakRti pUjA se lekara vedAnta kI AdhyAtmika U~cAI ko sparza karane vAle aneka stara yA rUpa haiM /

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16 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ataH usameM kisI eka sAmAnya tatva ko khoja pAnA kaThina hai / vaha aneka RSi-maharSiyoM ke dvArA aneka rUpoM meM pravartita hotA rahA hai usameM yadi sAmAnya tattva hai to mAtra yahI ki usameM eka Izvara kI vividha rUpoM meM abhivyakti ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| eka Izvara kI vividha rUpoM meM yaha abhivyakti hI avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA prANa hai| aura vibhinna avatAroM ko kalpanA ke mAdhyama se hindU dharma ke ina vividha rUpoM ko eka sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai| hamArI dRSTi meM avatAra kI avadhAraNA hI eka aisA sAmAnya tatva hai jo hindU dharma ko vividhatA meM anusyUta ekatA ko pratibimbita karatA hai| hindU dharma mUlataH eka bahudevavAdI dharma hai, usameM aneka devatAoM kI kalpanA hai| ina aneka devatAoM ko eka deva ke adhIna karane kI pravRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa usameM ekezvaravAda kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI aura ekezvaravAda aura bahudevavAda ke bIca saMgati baiThAne ke lie hI avatAra kI kalpanA vikasita huii| sarvaprathama yaha mAnA gayA ki vibhinna devatA usI eka parama deva kI vividha abhivyaktiyA~ haiM, jinakA isa saMsAra meM apanA prayojana aura kArya hai| yadyapi hindU dharma ke prAcIna granthoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka zatAbdiyoM taka yaha vivAda calatA rahA ki ina vividha devoM meM pradhAna deva kauna hai ? kabhI viSNu ko, to kabhI ziva ko pradhAna deva mAnA gayA / yadyapi Age calakara ziva kI apekSA viSNu kA prabhAva bar3hA aura anya samasta devoM ko unakI hI abhivyakti mAnA gayA aura isa prakAra avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA astitva meM aaii| tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra ke samarUpa hI kucha avadhAraNAeM pArasI, yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharma meM bhI milatI hai jinakI carcA Age kareMge / 11. pArasI dharma aura devadUta jarathustra IsA se kaI zatAbdI pUrva jarathustra kA AvirbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi inake janma-samaya aura sthAna ke bAre meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / -gItA 108 1. ahaM sarvasya prabhavo mattaH sarva pravartate / iti matvA bhajante mAM budhA bhAvasamanvitAH // ahamAtmA guDAkeza sarvabhUtAzayasthitaH / ahamAdizca madhyaM ca bhUtAnAmanta eva ca // -vahI 20

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viSaya praveza : 17 grIka loga inheM "nAjarita" kahate the / " nAjarita" zabda " nAjAra" yA " nAjira " zabda se AvirbhUta huA hai / IsA se pUrva pazcimI eziyA meM " nAjAra" nAmaka eka prAcIna jAti thI jo rahasyamaya evaM camatkArapUrNa DhaMga se rogiyoM kA upacAra karatI thI / ' paurANika kathAoM meM jarathustra kA AvirbhAva daivI yoga se mAnA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki unake garbha meM Ane para mAtA ke cAroM ora AdhyAtmika jyoti kA prakAza ho gayA thA aura janmoparAnta samasta loka Alokita ho uThA thA / anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra buddha aura mahAvIra ke janma ke samaya bhI yaha camatkAra ghaTita huA thA / janma ke bAda zizu jarathustra ne jo hAsya kiyA usase samasta zubha sRSTi prasanna ho uThI, parantu azubha apane vinAza kI cintA se cintita ho gayA / plinI kA kahanA hai ki jarathustra ke janma ke pazcAt unake mastiSka ke kampana itane tIvra the ki use sthira karane ke lie unake sira para hAtha rakhanA par3A thA / 4 kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra jarathustra kA janma miDiyA ke 'rAdhA' nAmaka sthAna meM huA thA inake pitA kA nAma 'pauruSASpA' aura mAtA kA nAma 'dudhadevA' thA / jarathustra ko 'spitamA' kahA jAtA hai jo unakI vaMza paramparA kA nAma thA / grIka aura leTina meM inheM ' joroAsTara' aura inake dvArA pravartita dharma ko 'joroAsTriyAnijma' kahate haiM / jarathA zabda kA artha 'pIlA' aura 'uztra' zabda kA artha 'U~Ta' hotA hai arthAt pIlA U~Ta rakhane 1. Olcott, H, S.; Adyar Pamphlets No. 23, p. 8 (Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar, Madras, 1913 draSTavya : pArasI dharmaM evaM semiTika dharmoM meM mokSa kI dhAraNA, pR0 24 2. "Hail born for us is the priest, Spitama Zarathushtra". Yt. 13, 93, 94 : Dr. Dhalla's Translation draSTavya : vahI 3. "He alone who forces me to quit who is Spitama Zarathushtra." Yt 17, 19, 20 : Dr. Dhalla's Translation. draSTavya : vahI 4. "Pliny adds the vibrations of the childs brain were so fierce as to repel the hand laid upon it." Dastur and Nanavutty : Songs of Zarathushtra, p. 18. draSTavya : vahI 2

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18 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana vAlA vyakti / parantu kucha vidvAn 'jarathA' kA artha 'sunaharAprakAza ' batAte haiM arthAt 'sunahare prakAza' vAlA vyakti / unake isa nAma kA eka artha sAdhaka yA pujArI bhI samajhA jAtA hai / yaha nAma unako sambhavataH apanI sAdhanA ke bala para usI prakAra prApta huA hogA, jisa prakAra bauddha dharma meM rAjakumAra siddhArtha jJAna prApta karane ke uparAnta 'buddha' aura IsA ko 'krAisTa' kahA jAne lagA / ' ataH unake lie prakAza kA vAcaka jarathustra zabda ucita hI hai kyoMki unhoMne samasta jagat ko prakAza kA mArga dikhAyA | pandraha varSa kI avasthA meM jarathustra ke pitA kI sampatti kA baMTavArA huA to unhoMne kevala pavitra 'garDala ' ( sUtra ) hI liyA / isa prakAra unhoMne sAMsArika sukha bhoga kI apekSA dhArmika jIvana meM ruci prakaTa kI / ve atyanta dayAlu prakRti ke the / 20 varSa kI avasthA meM unhoMne gRha tyAgakara parvatoM para rahate hue naitika bhalAI ke lie tAttvika praznoM para vicAra karanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| vaha prakAzamAna Izvara ahuramaz2adA ke anveSaka the / 'vaha pavitroM meM bhI pavitra the' phira bhI unhoMne svayaM ko kabhI bhI Izvara yA IzvarIya guNasampanna nahIM kahA / ekAnta sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha jarathustra meM sAMsArika jIvana kI vizuddhatA kI bhI parAkASThA thii| dUsaroM kI sevA hI unakI dRSTi meM uccatama AdhyAtmika jIvana kA dhyeya thA / unhoMne kahA ki AdhyAtmika pavitratA evaM naitika-sadAcaraNa ke dvArA mokSa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / Izvara kI khoja meM lIna jarathustra ko azubhadeva aMgramainyU se yuddha karanA par3A / jisa prakAra mahAvIra ko saMgama ne, gautama (siddhArtha) ko mAra ne tathA IsA ko "zaitAna" ( ibalisa) ne pralobhana diyA thA, usI prakAra azubha ne jarathustra ko saMsAra kA adhIzvara banA dene kA pralobhana diyA, jise unhoMne pUrNatayA asvIkAra kara diyA hai / " 1. The Religion of Zarathushtra, p. 23 by I. J. S. Taraporewala. uddhRta - pArasI dharma evaM semeTika dharmoM meM mokSa kI dhAraNA, pR0 24 2. 'No, I shall not renounce that Good Religion of worshi* ppers of Mazda, not though life and limb and soul should part as under." - Jackson Zoroaster, draSTavya vahI, pR0 25

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viSaya praveza : 19 isa parIkSA ke bAda azubha nirAza hokara calA jAtA hai| jJAna kA pUrNa prakAza prApta kara jarathustra ne navIna dharma kA pravartana kiyA / jarathustra ko apane janmasthAna ke nikaTa darAgA nadI ke samIpa sthita "yuzIDArinA parvata" para 'avestA' kA IzvarIya prakAza prApta huA thaa| 12. yahUdI dharma aura paigambara mojeja yahUdI dharma ke prAdurbhAva ke pUrva hibrU jAti ke loga anekezvaravAda meM vizvAsa kiyA karate the, prAcIna hinduoM ke samAna hI ve pahAr3a, nadI, jharanA, AkAza Adi ko apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra Izvara mAnate the| kahA jAtA hai ki jalaplAvana ke pazcAt yahUdI misra meM jA base, bahuta dinoM taka inakA sambandha cAlDI sabhyatA se rhaa| kAlAntara meM misra kA rAjA pharAo yahUdiyoM se asantuSTa ho gayA aura yahUdiyoM para atyAcAra karane lgaa| isa anyAya ko sahana na kara sakane ke kAraNa yahUdiyoM ne mukti ke lie Izvara ko pukArA / unakA vizvAsa hai ki paramezvara ne unakI pukAra sunakara kahA ki maiM apane dUta ko bhejatA hU~ jo tumhArA mArgadarzana kregaa| isa prakAra paramezvara yAhaveha ne mojeja ko apane pratinidhi ke rUpa meM iz2arAyala ke logoM ko ucita mArgadarzana ke lie bhejA / kahate haiM ki paramezvara ne horeva nAma parvata ke pAsa jalatI huI kaTIlI jhAr3I ke bIca mojeja ko darzana diyA thaa| Izvara ne usake samakSa apanA nAma prakAzita kiyA tathA upadeza diyA evaM use camatkArika zakti dii| isa prakAra mojeja ne yahUdI dharma kA pravartana IzvarIya Adeza ke AdhAra para kiyA aura ekamAtra Izvara yahovA ke prati AsthAvAn hone ko kahA / mojeja yahadiyoM ko misra se nikAlakara lAla sAgara ke pUrva kI ora le ge| yahA~ sinAI parvata para mojeja ko yAhaveha dvArA nyAya aura kartavya sambandhI 10 AjJAyeM prApta huii| tadanusAra mojeja ne una AjJAoM kA pracAra . 1. dekheM-pArasI dharma evaM semeTika dharmoM meM mokSa kI dhAraNA, pR0 25 / 2. eksoDasa 3:16 uddhRta-pArasI dharma evaM semiTika dharmoM meM mokSa kI dhAraNA, pR0 115 3. vahI 3:13-14 uddhRta-vahI 4. vahI 4:2-4 uddhRta-vahI 5, Ten Commandments uddhRta-vahI, pR0 116

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20 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kiyA evaM unakI upAsanA ke lie mandira kI nirmANa vidhi ko prastuta kiyaa| mojeja ne yaha bhI kahA ki mujhe Izvara ne dharmasthApanA ke hetu AjJA dI hai| ataH jo Izvara kI vANI ko mAnane se inakAra karegA, vaha doSI ThaharAyA jaavegaa| isa prakAra yahadI dharma meM mojeja Izvara ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM dharmasaMsthApanA karate haiN| dharmasaMsthApanA ke rUpa meM IzvarIya pratinidhi kI yaha avadhAraNA avatAra se kiJcit bhinna hokara bhI bahuta kucha samAnatA rakhatI hai| 13. IsAI dharma aura prabhu IsAmasIha IsAmasIha ko IsAI dharma kA dharmapravartaka mAnA jAtA hai / IsA kA janma Aja se lagabhaga do hajAra varSa pUrva yahUdiyoM ke baitalahama nAmaka nagara meM huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma mariyama thaa| yUsupha ne jaba mariyama se vivAha kiyA to svargadUta ne usase svapna meM kahA ki "mariyama putra ko janma degI, tU usakA nAma IsA rakhanA, kyoMki vaha apane logoM kA unake pApoM se uddhAra kregaa|"1 IsA ke janma ke tatkAla bAda pUrva se kaI jyotiSI vaitalahama pahu~ce aura unhoMne rAjA herodesa se pUchA, "yahUdiyoM kA rAjA, jisakA janma huA hai, kahA~ hai ? kyoMki hamane pUrva meM usakA tArA dekhA hai aura hama usako praNAma karane Aye haiM / "2 yaha sunakara svArthI aura krara herodesa bahuta ghabarA gayA aura usane sabhI baccoM ko mAra DAlane kA Adeza diyA tAki usakA zatru bar3A hone se pahale hI samApta ho jaaye| yUsupha apane putra IsA ko lekara misra cale gye| herodesa kI matyu ke bAda IsA nAsarata meM basa gye| IsAiyoM kA vizvAsa hai ki IsA ko yUhannA ne yaradana nadI meM bapatismA diyA, bapatismA ke bAda IsA ne paramezvara kI AtmA ko kabUtara kI bhA~ti apane Upara Ate 1. IsAmasIha kI vANI, pR0 1 2. vahI, pR0 1 3. IsA kI janma kathA kI bahuta kucha sAmyatA kRSNa kI janma kathA meM khojI jA sakatI hai-jisa prakAra krUra herodesa baccoM ke vinAza kA Adeza detA hai usI prakAra kaMsa bhI devakI ke sabhI putroM ko mAra denA cAhatA hai / jisa prakAra yUsupha apane putra ko lekara misra cale jAte haiM vaise hI kRSNa ko gokula bheja diyA jAtA hai|

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viSaya praveza : 21 dekhA aura tabhI yaha AkAzavANI huI, "yaha merA putra hai, jisase maiM atyadhika prasanna huuN| usI samaya se IsA "Izvara-putra" kahe jAne lge| IsAI dharma meM IsA ke sAdhanAkAlIna jIvana ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu yaha mAnA gayA hai ki ve bapatismA dene ke bAda 40 dinoM taka adRzya rahe aura unheM ibalisa (zaitAna ) ne aneka prakAra ke pralobhana die, kintu ve cira jAgaruka aura satarka the / ataH ibalisa yA zaitAna unakA kucha bhI nahIM bigAr3a skaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM-tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura gautama buddha ke sAdhanAkAlIna jIvana ke sambandha meM bhI kramazaH saMgamadeva aura mAra ke dvArA die gaye pralobhanoM aura kaSToM kA ullekha hai| vastutaH aisA lagatA hai ki jaba mAnavIya jIvana AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora Age bar3hanA cAhatA hai to pAzavika zaktiyA~ use dabocanA cAhatI haiN| mahAvIra, buddha aura IsA ke jIvana ke yaha saMgharSa vastutaH AdhyAtmika sadguNoM aura pAzavika vRttiyoM ke bIca ke saMgharSa haiN| zaitAna, saMgamadeva yA mAra vastutaH manuSya ko durvAsanAoM ke hI pratIka haiM / hamAre sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika jagat meM utthAna-patana kA krama calatA rahatA hai / ataH vizva ke prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie Adarza puruSa samaya-samaya para janma lete haiM / IsA kA janma bhI aise hI yuga meM huA thA jisa samaya yahUdI jAti patana kI ora jA rahI thii| isa prakAra sabhI mahApuruSa apane yuga kI mAMga haiM, unakI jAti kA atIta hI unakA nirmANa karatA hai / IsA bhI isI ke pratoka haiN| mahApuruSa IsA ne kahA thA ki "yaha jIvana (saba)kucha nahIM hai, isase bhI ucca kucha aura hai / "2 IsA dharma ke kSetra meM atyanta vyAvahArika the| unheM isa nazvara evaM kSaNabhaMgura jagat ke aizvarya meM vizvAsa nahIM thA / ve kahate the ki yadi hama Adarza kA anugamana nahIM kara sakate, to kama se kama hameM apanI durbalatA ko avazya svIkAra kara lenA caahie|" eka zreSTha dharmAcArya ke jIvana aura upadezoM kI sarvazreSTha vyAkhyA usakA svayaM kA jIvana hI hotA hai| IsA ne svayaM apane viSaya meM kahA hai-"lomar3iyoM aura zRgAloM ke eka-eka mAda hotI hai, nabhacArI khaga- . 1. IsAmasIha kI vANI, pR0 2 2. IzadUta IsA, pR0 11 3. vahI, pR0 13

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22 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kula apane nIDa meM nivAsa karate haiM, para mAnava puMja ( IsA ) ke pAsa apanA sira TikAne taka ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai" / isase hama dekhate haiM ki IsA svayaM tyAgI aura verAgyavAn the, isalie unhoMne yahI zikSA dI ki vairAgya aura tyAga hI mukti kA ekameva mArga hai| isake atirikta mukti kA koI aura patha nahIM hai| IsA ne apanI adbhuta divya dRSTi se jAna liyA thA ki sabhI naranArI, cAhe ve yahUdI hoM yA kisI anya jAti ke hoM, daridra hoM yA dhanavAn, sAdhu hoM yA pApAtmA; sabhI meM unake hI samAna avinAzI AtmA vidyamAna hai| unake jIvana kA uddezya sampUrNa mAnava jAti kA kalyANa hai / ve kahate haiM- "yaha kusaMskAramaya mithyA bhAvanA chor3a do ki hama dIna haiM / yaha na soco ki tuma para gulAmoM ke samAna atyAcAra kiyA jA rahA hai, tuma pairoM tale rauMde jA rahe ho, kyoMki tuma meM eka aisA tatva vidyamAna hai, jise pada-dalita yA pIr3ita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jisakA vinAza nahIM ho sktaa|" tuma saba Izvara ke putra ho, amara aura anAdi ho| isa prakAra IsA ne apanI vANI se ghoSaNA kI2-- "duniyA ke logoM, isa bAta ko bhalIbhA~ti jAna lo ki svarga kA rAjya tumhAre abhyantara meM avasthita hai"| "maiM aura mere pitA abhinna haiN|" IsA kA eka mAtra uddezya samagra jagat ko parama jyotirmaya paramezvara ke nikaTa pahu~cane taka agrasara karate rahanA thA / IzvarIya putra ke rUpa meM IsA Izvara ke aMzAvatAra to kahe hI jA sakate haiN| 14. islAma dharma aura paigambara islAma kA zAbdika artha "Izvara ke prati praNati (Submission to God)" hai / yaha dharma mukhya rUpa se AtmasamarpaNa kI zikSA detA hai islAma dharma anekezvaravAda evaM mUrti pUjA kA kaTTara virodhI hai / yaha ekezvaravAda ko mAnatA hai / islAma dharma ke saMsthApaka hajarata muhammada sAhaba the / muhammada sAhaba jisa samaya paidA huye the usa samaya araba meM naitika aura AdhyAtmika Adarza prAyaH naSTa ho cuke the tathA cAroM ora pApAcAra kA bolabAlA thaa| yaha jana vizvAsa hai ki jaba-jaba dharma kI hAni hotI hai aura adharma 1. IzadUta IzA, pR0 14 2. vahI, pR0 15 3. muhammada paigambara kI vANI, pR0 3

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viSaya praveza : 23 kA bolabAlA hotA hai, to paramAtmA kI ora se dharma kI sthApanA ke lie devIyazakti se yukta mahApuruSa kA janma hotA hai / isa artha meM muhammada sAhaba ko bhI daivIya zakti sampanna puruSa yA IzvarIya dUta kahA jA sakatA hai / islAma meM muhammada sAhaba ko 'khudA kA paigambara arthAt Izvara kA sandeza sunAne vAlA kahA jAtA hai / muhammada sAhaba ke upadeza hI islAmadharma ke AdhAra stambha haiM / muhammada sAhaba kA janma makkA meM san 570 I0 meM huA thA / inake janma ke pUrva hI inake pitA kA svargavAsa ho cukA thA aura inakI mAtA bhI inheM 6 varSa kA chor3akara cala bsiiN| inakA pAlana-poSaNa inake cAcA abUtAliba ne kiyA thA / muhammada sAhaba ke janma ke samaya araba meM dhArmika azAnti kI sthiti thI / vahA~ kI khAnAbadoza mUla jAtiyA~ prAyaH mUrtipUjaka thI, ve tAroM, pattharoM aura bhUta-pretoM kI pUjA kiyA karatI thIM / " muhammada ko apane cAcA abUtAliba ke prayAsoM se eka dhanI vidhavA mahilA khadIjA ke yahA~ OMTavAna kI naukarI mila gaI / vyApAra ke silasile meM ve sIriyA bhI gae unakI kArya kuzalatA se prasanna hokara khadIjA ne unase vivAha kara liyA / cAlIsa varSa kI avasthA meM muhammada ko makkA kI pahAr3I guphA meM pahalI bAra IzvarAnubhUti huI aura unhoMne mahasUsa kiyA ki mere janma kA uddezya logoM ko naitika patana se Upara uThAnA evaM andhavizvAsa se mukta karAnA hai / unhoMne ghoSaNA kI ki 'allAha ne mAnava jAti ke kalyANa ke lie mujhe rasUla (dUta) banAkara bhejA hai / 3 unhoMne apane sambandhiyoM evaM eka ImAnadAra dosta abUbakra ko apanI IzvarAnubhUti ke bAre meM batAyA / ve bahuta dinoM taka apanI nubUvata (divyAnubhUti) meM nimagna rahe / unake mitroM evaM unakI patnI ne unakA hausalA bar3hAyA ki unheM isa mahAn kArya ko sampanna karanA hai| unhoMne mUrtipUjA ko kar3I AlocanA kI, isa para unheM makkAvAsiyoM ke AropoM evaM apamAna ko sahanA par3A / phira bhI unhoMne apanA pracAra kArya banda nahIM kiyA / unake cAcA ne jaba unheM manA kiyA, to muhammada ne kahA- 'bhale hI loga mere dAhine hAtha meM sUraja aura bAe~ hAtha meM cA~da ko rakha de tAki maiM apanA kAma 1. muhammada paigambara kI vANI, pR0 2 2. vahI, pR0 3 3. vahI, pR0 4

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24 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana chor3a dU~, phira bhI maiM taba taka nahIM rukU~gA, jaba taka maiM aisA karate hue mara nahIM jAtA hU~ / " dhIre-dhIre logoM ne islAma ko grahaNa kiyA / makkA meM virodha ke kAraNa unhoMne madIne kI yAtrA (hijarata) kI aura vahA~ aneka logoM ko islAma meM dIkSita kiyA / isI ghaTanA se musalamAnI san yA hijarI san kI zuruAta huI / dhIre-dhIre muhammada ke anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI / anta meM unhoMne makkA para vijaya prApta kI / khaibara meM eka yahUdI strI dvArA viSa diye jAne se unakI mRtyu ho gaI / unake antima zabda the - " pratyeka manuSya ko apanI mukti ke lie sAdhanA karanI cAhiye / " isa prakAra hajarata muhammada sAhaba ne allAha ke dvArA prApta upadezoM ko mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa ke lie kahA / islAma meM saMyama, AjJApAlana evaM prArthanA para jora diyA gayA hai| islAma dharmaM kI eka pustaka 'hadIsa', jisameM paigambara muhammada sAhaba ke vacana haiM, kahA gayA hai ki vizva meM mAnava kalyANa ko lekara aba taka lagabhaga 1 lAkha 24 hajAra paigambara ho cuke haiM / kintu inakA vistRta vivaraNa kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / islAma dharma ke dharmagrantha 'kuana zarIpha' ke vibhinna pAroM meM muhammada sAhaba ke pUrva 22 paigambaroM ke nAma milate haiM / jinheM eka tAlikA dvArA pariziSTa meM darzAyA gayA hai / vastutaH hindU, jaina, bauddha, pArasI, yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma sabhI dharmoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki manuSya ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie aura paramAtmA se jur3ane ke lie, mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM eka mahAn vyaktitva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / rAma, kRSNa, buddha, mahAvIra, IsA aura muhammada sabhI aise mahAn vyaktitva haiM jo jana kalyANa ke lie samaya samaya para prakaTa hote haiM / jaina aura bauddha dharma Izvara kI avadhAraNA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate haiM, parantu ve bhI itanA to avazya mAnate haiM ki manuSya ke mArgadarzana ke lie samaya samaya para kucha mahAn vyaktitvoM kA janma hotA rahatA hai / jaina, bauddha Adi zramaNa paramparAeM yaha mAnatI haiM ki kucha aise vyaktitva hote haiM, jo apanI AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura naitika sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se 1. muhammada paigambara kI vANI pR0 4 2. vahI, pR0 3. dekheM- pariziSTa 'ka'

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viSaya praveza : 25 vaha yogyatA arjita kara lete haiM, jisake dvArA ve saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA mArgadarzana kara sakeM / jabaki IzvaravAdI dharmaM yaha mAnakara calate haiM ki daivIzakti mAnavIya kalyANa ke lie apane Apako prakaTa karatI hai aura manuSya kA mArgadarzana karatI hai / cAhe koI IzvaravAdI dharma ho yA anIzvaravAdI; kintu itanA to sabhI mAnate haiM ki mAnava samAja ko adhyAtma aura naitikatA ke kSetra meM mArgadarzana ke lie samaya-samaya para mahAn vyaktitvoM kI apekSA hotI hai aura ve mahAna vyaktitva jana sAdhAraNa kI isa apekSA kI pUrti karake saMsAra meM dharma mArga kI saMsthApanA karate haiM /

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dvitIya adhyAya tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA 1. jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kA sthAna jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara ko dharmatIrtha kA saMsthApaka kahA gayA hai| "namotthuNaM' nAmaka prAcIna prAkRta stotra meM tIrthaMkara ko dharma kI Adi karane vAlA, dharma tothaM kI sthApanA karane vAlA, dharma kA pradAtA, dharma kA upadezaka, dharma kA netA, dharma mArga kA sArathI aura dharma cakravartI kahA gayA hai|' jainAcAryoM ne ekamata se yaha mAnA hai ki samaya-samaya para dharmacakra pravartana hetu torthaMkaroM kA janma hotA rahatA hai / jaina dharma kA tIrthaMkara gItA ke avatAra ke samAna dharma kA saMsthApaka to hai kintu duSToM kA damana evaM sajjanoM kI rakSA karane vAlA nahIM hai / jaina dharma meM tIrthakara lokakalyANa ke lie mAtra dharmamArga kA pravartana karate haiM, kintu apanI vItarAgatA, karma siddhAnta ko sarvoparitA evaM ahiMsaka sAdhanA ko pramukhatA ke kAraNa hindU dharma ke avatAra ko bhAMti ve apane bhaktoM ke kaSToM ko dUra karane hetu duSToM kA damana nahIM karate haiN| __ jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara kA kArya hai-svayaM satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA aura lokamaMgala ke lie usa satyamArga yA samyak mArga kA pravartana karanA hai / ve dharma-mArga ke upadeSTA aura dharma-mArga para calane vAloM ke mArgadarzaka haiN| unake jIvana kA lakSya hotA hai svayaM ko saMsAra cakra se mukta karanA, AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta karanA aura dUsare prANiyoM ko bhI isa mukti aura AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke lie prerita karanA aura unakI sAdhanA meM sahayoga pradAna karanA / tIrthaMkara ko saMsAra samudra se pAra hone vAlA aura dUsaroM ko pAra karAne vAlA kahA gayA hai / ' ve puruSottama haiM / unheM siMha ke samAna zUravIra, puNDaroka kamala ke samAna vareNya aura gandhahastI ke samAna zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| ve loka meM uttama, loka ke nAtha, 1. namotthuNaM arihaMtANaM bhagavaMtANaM AigarANaM, titthagarANaM, sayaMsaMbuddhANaM""""" dhammadayANaM, dhammadesayANaM, dhammanAyagANaM, dhammasArahINaM, dhammavara cAuraMtacakkavaTTINa jiNANaM jAvayANaM, tinnANaM tArayANaM, buddhANaM bohayANaM muttANaM moyagANaM / -kalpasUtra 16 ( prAkRta bhAratI jayapura)

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 27 loka ke hitakartA, dIpaka ke samAna loka ko prakAzita karane vAle kahe gaye haiN| 2. tIrthaMkara zabda kA artha aura itihAsa dharmaM pravartaka ke lie jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA arahaMta, jina tIrthaMkara - ina zabdoM kA prayoga hotA rahA hai / jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara zabda kaba astitva meM AyA yaha kahanA to kaThina hai, kintu niHsandeha yaha aitihAsika kAla meM pracalita thA / bauddha sAhitya meM aneka sthAnoM para "tIrthaMkara" zabda prayukta huA hai, dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasutta meM chaH anya tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai / " jainAgamoM meM uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI meM tIrthaMkara zabda kA prayoga huA hai / saMskRta meM tIrtha zabda ghATa yA nadI ke tIra kA sUcaka hai| vastutaH jo kinAre se lagAye vaha tIrthaM hai / dhArmika jagat meM bhavasAgara se kinAre lagAne vAlA yA pAra karAne vAlA tIrtha kahA jAtA hai / tIrthaM zabda kA eka artha dharmazAsana hai / isI AdhAra para saMsAra samudra se pAra karAne vAle evaM dharmaMtIrtha ( dharmazAsana ) kI sthApanA karane vAle ko tIrthaMkara kahate haiM | bhagavatIsUtra evaM sthAnAMga meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha dharmoM ke pAlana karane vAle sAdhakoM ke cAra prakAra batAye gae haiM purisavara gaMdhahatyINaM / loguttamANaM, loganAhANaM, loga hiyANaM, loka-paIvANaM, logapajjoyagarAMNaM / --kalpasUtra 16 1. purisuttamANaM, purisasIhANaM purisavarapuMDarIyAgaM 2. dIghanikAya, pR0 17-18 ( hindI anuvAda) meM chaH tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai - 1. pUrNa kAzyapa, 2. maMkkhali gozAla, 3. ajitakeza kambala, 4 prabuddha kAtyAyana, 5. saMjayabelaTThaputta, 6. nigaNTha nAtaputta / 3. ( a ) uttarAdhyayana 23 / 2,23/4 (ba) AcArAMga dvitIyazrutaskandha - 15 / 11, 15 / 26/6 (sa) sthAnAMga - 9 / 12 / 1, 1/249-50, 2/438-445 3/535, 5/234; (da) samavAyAMga - 1/2; 19/5; 23 / 3 - 4; 25 / 1; 34/4; 54|1 (i) bhagavatI - 9 / 145

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28 : tothaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 1 - zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka aura zrAvikA / ina catuvidha saMgha ko bhI tIrthaM kahA jAtA hai tathA isa caturvidha saMgha ke saMsthApaka ko tIrthaMkara kahate haiM / ' vaise jaina sAhitya meM tIrthaMkara kA paryAyavAcI prAcIna zabda "arahaMta " ( arhat ) hai / prAcInatama jainAgama AcArAMga meM isI zabda kA prayoga huA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM tIrthaM kI vyAkhyA karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki "jisake dvArA pAra huA jAtA hai, usako tIrtha kahate haiM / " isa AdhAra para jina - pravacana ko tathA jJAna aura cAritra se sampanna saMgha ko bhI tIrtha kahA gayA hai / punaH tIrtha ke 4 vibhAga kiye gaye haiM 1. nAma tIrtha 2. sthApanA tIrtha 3. dravya tIrtha 4. bhAva tIrtha / tIrtha nAma se sambodhita kiye jAne vAle sthAna Adi nAma tIrtha kahe jAte haiN| jina sthAnoM para bhavya AtmAoM kA janma, mukti Adi hotI hai aura unakI smRti meM mandira, pratimA Adi sthApita kiye jAte haiM ve sthApanA tIrtha kahalAte haiM / jala meM DUbate hue vyakti ko pAra karAne vAle, manuSya kI pipAsA ko zAnta karane vAle aura manuSya zarIra ke mala ko dUra karane vAle dravya tIrtha kahalAte haiM, jinake dvArA manuSya ke krodha Adi mAnasika vikAra dUra hote haiM tathA vyakti bhavasAgara se pAra hotA hai, vaha nirgrantha pravacana bhAvatIrtha kahA jAtA hai / bhAvatIrtha pUrva saMcita karmoM ko dUra kara tapa, saMyama Adi ke dvArA AtmA kI zuddhi karane vAlA hotA hai / tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA sthApita catuvidha saMgha bhI saMsArarUpI samudra se pAra karAne vAlA hone se bhAvatIrtha kahA jAtA hai / isa bhAvatIrtha ke saMsthApaka hI tIrthaMkara kahe jAte haiM / tIrthaMkara zabda kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmaM 1. "tithyaM puNa cAuvanne samaNasaMdhe samaNIo, samaNA, sAvayA sAviyAo / " -- bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 20 u0 8 sUtra 74 "titthaMti puvvabhaNiyaM saMgho jo nANacaraNasaMghAo / iha pavayaNaM pi titthaM tatto'NatyaMtaraM jeNa // - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, / 1380

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 29 kathA, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkasUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai, kintu kAlakrama kI dRSTi se ye sabhI Agama paravartI mAne gaye haiN| prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM AcArAMga I, sUtrakRtAMga I, uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika aura RSibhASita Ate haiM kintu ina Agama granthoM meM kevala uttarAdhyayana meM hI 'titthayara' zabda milatA hai| anya kisI bhI prAcIna stara ke grantha meM yaha zabda upalabdha nahIM hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana meM arahanta zabda kA prayoga hI adhika huA hai| tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa mukhya rUpa se arahanta ko avadhAraNA se huA hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM bhUtakAla aura bhaviSyakAla ke arhantoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai / kintu isase yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA hai ki bhUtakAla meM kauna arhanta ho cuke haiM aura vartamAna meM kauna arhanta haiM aura bhaviSyakAla ke kauna arhanta hoNge| phira bhI isa ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM yaha vicAra dRr3ha ho gayA thA ki bhUtakAla meM kucha ahaMt ho cuke haiM, vartamAna meM kucha arhat haiM aura bhaviSyakAla meM kucha arhat hoMge / sambhavataH yahI vartamAna, bhUta aura bhAvI tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA AdhAra rahA hogaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI hameM 'araha' zabda milatA hai| tIrthaMkara zabda nahIM miltaa| prAcona graMthoM meM sabase pahale hameM uttarAdhyayana meM 'titthayara' zabda milatA hai| isake 23 veM adhyAya meM arhat pArzva aura bhagavAn vardhamAna ko dharma tIrthaMkara (dhamma"titthayare') yaha vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke isI 23 veM adhyAya kI 26vIM evaM 27vIM gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki pahale (tIrthaMkara) ke sAdhu Rju jar3a arthAt sarala citta aura mUrkha (jar3a) hote haiM aura antima (torthakara) ke vakra jar3a hote haiM jabaki madhyama ke Rju aura prAjJa hote haiM / isa gAthA se aisA lagatA hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyAya ke racanA kAla taka tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA bana cukI hogii| isa gAthA se itanA avazya phalita hotA hai ki usa yuga taka mahAvIra ko antima tathA pArzva ko unakA pUrvavartI tIrthakara aura RSabha ko prathama tIrthaMkara mAnA jAne lagA hogaa| vaise tIrthaMkara kI vikasita avadhAraNA hameM mAtra samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI meM ho milatI hai| samavAyAMga meM bhI yaha sArI carcA usake anta meM jor3o gaI hai| isase . 1. AcArAMga 1 / 4 / 11 2. purimA ujjujaDA u, vaMkajaDA yA pacchimA / majjhimA ujjapannA ya, teNa dhamme duhA kae // -uttarAdhyayana 23 / 26

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30 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isakI parivartitA nizcita rUpa se siddha hotI hai| nandI meM samavAyAMga kI viSayavastu kI carcA meM prakIrNaka samavAya kA ullekha hI nahIM hai| sambhavataH AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ko racanAkAla taka na to tIrthaMkaroM kI 24 kI saMkhyA nizcita huI aura na yaha nizcita huA thA ki ye tIrthaMkara kauna-kauna haiN| sthAnAMga meM RSabha, pArzva aura vardhamAna ke atirikta vAriSeNa kA ullekha huA hai kintu vartamAna meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA meM vArisena kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| sambhAvanA hai ki Age vAriSeNa ke sthAna para ariSTanemi ko samAhita kiyA gayA hogA / kyoMki mathurA meM jo mUrtiyA~ milI haiM, unameM RSabha, ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra kA ullekha hai| pArva aura mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA to sunizcita hI hai| ariSTanemi aura RSabha kI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM bhI kucha AdhAra mila sakate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ariSTanemi ko bhagavAna, lokanAtha aura damIzvara ko upAdhi dI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke sAhitya meM jina Agamika granthoM ko dvitIya stara kA mAnA gayA hai, unameM hI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA kA vikasita rUpa dekhA jAtA hai| sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika AdhAroM se jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA sunizcita ho gaI thii| 3. tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA pUrvakAla meM tIrthaMkara kA jIva bhI hamArI taraha hI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, indriya-sukha Adi jAgatika pralobhanoM meM phaMsA huA thA / pUrva janmoM meM mahApuruSoM ke satsaMga se usake jJAna-netra khulate haiM vaha sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pragati karatA hai aura tIrthaMkara nAma-karma kA upArjana kara tIrthaMkara banane kI yogyatA prApta kara letA hai / antima jIvana (bhava) meM svayaM satya kA anAvaraNa kara kevalajJAna prApta karatA hai| jaina dharma meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki koI bhI bhavya jIva tapa aura sAdhanA ke dvArA tIrthaMkara 1. sthAnAMga 4 / 339 2. bhagavaM ariTThanemi ti loganAhe damIsare / -uttarAdhyayana 22 / 4 3. 'imehi ya' NaM vIsAe NaM kAraNehiM Aseviya-bahulIkaehi titthayaranAmagoyaM kammaM nivvattiMsu, taM jhaa-| -jJAtAdharmakathA 8 / 18

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- tothaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 31 nAmakarma kA upArjana kara sakatA hai aura jisa bhava (janma) meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma upArjana karatA hai usake tRtIya bhava meM vaha niyamataH tIrthaMkara banatA hai / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra pUrva bhava meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma upArjana karane vAlI AtmA jaba vartamAna bhava meM sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura aMtarAya karma naSTa karake kevala-jJAna aura kevala darzana ko prApta karatI hai aura sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA rUpa dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA karatI hai, taba vaha vastutaH tIrthaMkara kahalAtI hai| tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA vaidika avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA se bilkula bhinna hai| hindU dharma meM Izvara mAnava ke rUpa meM avatarita hotA hai yA janma letA hai / hindU dharma ke dRSTikoNa meM Izvara mAnava rUpa grahaNa kara sakatA hai kintu mAnava Izvara nahIM bana sakatA, kyoMki vaha to usakA aMza yA sevaka mAnA gayA hai| jabaki jainadharma ke anusAra koI bhI AtmA apanI AdhyAtmika U~cAI para car3hate hue tIrthaMkara pada ko prApta kara sakatI hai| eka AtmA eka hI bAra tIrthaMkara padako prApta karatI hai aura phira mukta ho jAtI hai| tIrthaMkara bana jAne ke pazcAt vaha dUsarA janma grahaNa nahIM krtii| jainoM ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthakara eka svatantra AtmA hotA hai| jIvAtmA tIrthaMkara banatA hai, kintu tIrthaMkara punaH jIvAtmA nahIM bntaa| vaha siddhAvasthA prApta karane para punaH saMsAra meM nahIM lauTatA hai| tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA uttaraNa kI avadhAraNA hai| uttaraNa meM mAnava tapa evaM sAdhanA ke dvArA apanI rAga-dveSa evaM mithyAtva avasthA se Upara uThakara vItarAga avasthA ko prApta karatA hai aura anta meM karmoM se pUrNatayA mukta hokara siddha avasthA prApta karatA hai| siddha avasthA prApti ke bAda jIva punaH saMsAra meM nahIM aataa| isa prakAra uttAravAda meM mAnava apane vikArI jIvana se Upara uThakara paramAtmatattva ko prApta karatA hai| ataH jainoM meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA hai vaha uttAravAda kI avadhAraNA hai, avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA nahIM hai / tIrthaMkaratva kI prApti eka vikAsa-prakriyA kA pariNAma hai, vaha avataraNa nahIM hai / 4. tIrthaMkara aura arihaMta yadyapi prAcIna AgamoM meM arihaMta aura tIrthaMkara paryAyavAcI rahe haiM, 1. pAraddhatitthayaranAmabaMdhabhavAo tadiyabhavaye titthayarasaMtakammiyajIvANaM mokkhgmnnnniymaado| dhavalA 833, 381751

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32 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka avadhAraNA parantu paravartI jaina vidvAnoM ne unameM antara kiyA hai| unhoMne zarIra sahita mukta avasthA ke do bheda kiye haiM / "ve arihaMta jinake vizeSa puNya ke kAraNa kalyANaka mahotsava manAye jAte haiM, tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiM / zeSa sAmAnya arhanta kahalAte haiM / kevalajJAna arthAt sarvajJatva se yukta hone ke kAraNa inheM kevalI bhI kahate haiM / " " upAdhyAya amaramunijI tIrthaMkara aura arhat kA bheda spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'aneka lokopakArI siddhiyoM ke svAmI tIrthaMkara hote haiM, jabaki dUsare mukta hone vAle AtmA aise nahIM hote arthAt na to ve tIrthaM - kara jaise mahAn dharma pracAraka hI hote haiM aura na itanI alaukika yogasiddhiyoM ke svAmI hI / sAdhAraNa mukta jIva apanA Atmika vikAsa kA lakSya avazya prApta kara lete haiM, parantu janatA para apanA cirasthAyI evaM akSuNNa AdhyAtmika prabhutva nahIM jamA pAte / yahI eka vizeSatA hai jo tIrthaMkara aura anya mukta - AtmAoM meM bheda karatI hai / 2 astu arhat ( sAmAnya kevalI ) aura tIrthaMkaroM meM antara kevala itanA hI hai ki arhat svayaM apanI mukti kI kAmanA karate haiM aura tIrthaMkara saMsAra-sAgara se svayaM pAra hone ke sAtha-sAtha dUsaroM ko bhI pAra karAte haiM / isI vizeSa guNa ke kAraNa ve tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiM / 5. tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara aura sAmAnya kevalI kA antara tIrthaMkara aura sAmAnya kevalI ke AdarzoM ke isa dvividha vargIkaraNa ke atirikta AcArya haribhadra ne apane grantha yogabindu meM svahita aura lokahita ke AdarzoM ke AdhAra para eka trividha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA hai ---- tIrthaMkara - jo karuNA se yukta hai aura sadaiva parArthaM ko hI apane jIvana kA lakSya banAtA hai, satvoM ke kalyANa kI kAmanA hI jisakA ekamAtra kartavya hai, jo apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta karane ke pazcAt hI satvahita ke lie dharma - tIrtha kI sthApanA karatA hai, tIrthaMkara kahalAtA hai| 1. jainendra siddhAntakoza bhAga 1, pR0 140, bhAga 2, pR0 157 2. jainatva ko jhAMkI, ( upAdhyAya amaramunijI ) pR0 53 3. karuNAdiguNopetaH, parArthavyasanI sadA / tathaiva ceSTate dhImAn, vardhamAn mahodayaH / tattatkalyANayoMgena, kurvansatvArthameva saH / tIrthaMkRtvamavApnoti paraM satvArthasAdhanam // 1 --yogavindu 287-288

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 33 gaNadhara-ve sAdhaka jo sahavargIya hita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kArya karate haiM aura apane sahavargIya-hita aura kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla hote haiM gaNadhara kahe jAte haiN| samUhahita yA gaNakalyANa hI unake ( gaNadhara ke ) jIvana kA Adarza hotA hai|' sAmAnya kevalI-jo sAdhaka Atma-kalyANa ko hI apanA lakSya banAtA hai aura isI AdhAra para sAdhanA karate hue AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai, vaha sAmAnya kevalo kahA jAtA hai| jainoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM use muNDakevalI bhI kahate haiN| yadyapi AdhyAtmika pUrNatA aura sarvajJatA kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara aura sAmAnya kevalo samAna hI hote haiM, kintu lokahita ke uddezya ko lekara ina tInoM meM bhinnatA hoto hai| tIrthakara lokahita ke mahAn uddezya se prerita hotA hai jabaki gaNadhara kA parahita kSetra sImita hotA hai aura sAmAnya kevalI kA uddezya to mAtra AtmakalyANa hotA hai| 6. sAmAnya kevalI aura pratyekabuddha kaivalya ko prApta karane ko vidhi kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para sAmAnyakevalI varga ke bhI do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM 1. pratyekabuddha 2. buddhabodhita pratyekabuddha-jainAgamoM meM samavAyAMga meM pratyekabuddha zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM varNita karakaNDU, durmukha, nami aura naggati 1. cintayatyevamevaitat svajanAdigataM tu yaH / tathAnuSThAnataH so'pi dhImAn gaNadharo bhavet // . -yogabindu, 289 2. saMvigno bhava nirvedAdAtmaniHsaraNaM tu yH| AtmArtha sampravRtto'so sadA syAnmuNDakevalI // -vaho, 290 3. paNhAvAgaraNadasAsU NaM sasamaya parasamaya paNNavaya-patteyabuddha / -samavAyAMga, ( saM0 madhukaramuni ) 547

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34 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ko pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra isibhAsiyAI ke nimna 45 RSiyoM ko bhI pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai 1-devanArada, 2-vajjiyaputta, 3-asita devala, 4-aMgirasa bhAradvAja, 5-pupphasAlaputta, 6-vAgalacIrI, 7-kummAputta, 8-ketalIputta, 9-mahAkAsava, 10-tettaliputta, 11-maMkhalIputta, 12-jaNNavakka, ( yAjJavalkya ) 13-bhayAlI metejja, 14-bAhuka, 15-madhurAyaNa, 16-soriyAyaNa, 17-vidura, 18-varisava kaNha ( vAriSeNakRSNa ), 19-AriyAyaNa, 20ukkala, 21-gAhAvatiputta taruNa, 22-dagabhAla, 23-rAmaputta, 24-harigiri, 25-aMbaDa, 26-mAtaMga, 27-vArattae, 28-addaeNa, 29-vaddhamANa, 30-vAyu,31-pAsa, 32-piga, 33-mahAsAlaputtaaruNa, 34-isigirimAhaNa, 35-addAlaa, 36-tArAyaNa, 37-sirigirimAhaNaparivvAya, 38-sAtiputtabuddha, 39-saMjae, 40-dIvAyaNaM, 41-iMdanAga, 42-soma, 43-jama, 44-varuNa, 45-vesamaNa / jaina paramparA ke anusAra ve sAdhaka jo kaivalya yA vItarAga dazA kI upalabdhi ke lie na to anya kisI ke upadeza kI apekSA rakhate haiM aura na saMghIya jIvana meM rahakara sAdhanA karate haiM ve pratyekabuddha kahalAte haiM / pratyekabuddha kisI nimitta ko pAkara svayaM hI bodha ko prApta hotA hai tathA akelA hI pravajita hokara sAdhanA karatA hai / vItarAga avasthA aura 1. uttarAdhyayana cUrNI 1816 2. patteya buddha misiNo vIsaM titthe ariTThaNemissa / pAsasya ya paNNarasa vIrassa vilINamohassa // 1 // NArada-vajjiya-putte asite aMgarisi-pupphasAle ya / vakkalakummA kevali kAsava taha tetalisUtte ya // 2 // maMkhalI jaNNabhayAli bAhuya mahu soriyANa vidUviMpU / varisakaNhe Ariya ukkalavAdo ya taruNe ya // 3 // gaddabha rAme ya tahA harigiri ambaDa mayaMga vaarttaa|| taMso ya adda ya vaddha mANe vA tIsa tIme // 4 // pAse piMge aruNe isigiri addAlae ya vitteya / sirigiri sAtiyaputta saMjaya dIvAyaNe ceva / / 5 // tatto ya iMdaNAge soma yame ceva hoi varuNe ya / vesamaNe ya mahappA cattA paMceva akkhAe // 6 // -isibhAsiyAI saMgahiNI gAthA pariziSTa 1, pR0 297

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 35 kaivalya prApta karake bhI ekAkI hI rahatA hai| aisA ekAkI AtmaniSTha sAdhaka pratyekabuddha kahA jAtA hai / pratyekabuddha aura tIrthaMkara donoM ko hI apane antima bhava meM kisI anya se bodha prApta karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, ve svayaM hI sambuddha hote haiM / yadyapi jainAcAryoM ke anusAra jahA~ tIrthaMkara ko bodha hetu kisI bAhya nimitta kI apekSA nahIM hotI hai vahA~ pratyekabuddha ko bAhya nimitta kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / yadyapi jaina kathA sAhitya meM aise bhI ullekha haiM jahA~ tIrthaGkaroM ko bhI bAhya nimitta se prerita hokara virakta hote dikhAyA gayA hai, yathA- RSabha kA nIlAJjanA nAmaka nRtakI kI mRtyu se virakta honA / pratyekabuddha kisI bhI sAmAnya ghaTanA se bodha ko prApta kara pravrajita ho jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita meM pratyekabuddhoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, kintu ina granthoM meM pratyekabuddha zabda nahIM milatA hai / pratyekabuddha zabda kA sarvaprathama ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI meM milatA hai / yadyapi yaha tInoM hI Agama grantha paravartI kAla ke hI mAne jAte haiM / aisA lagatA hai ki jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM pratyekabuddhoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa paravartI kAla meM hI huA hai / vastutaH una vicArakoM aura AdhyAtmika sAdhakoM ko jo ina paramparAoM se sIdhe rUpa se jur3e hue nahIM the kintu unheM svIkAra kara liyA gayA thA, pratyekabuddha kahA gayA / buddhabodhita - buddhabodhita ve sAdhaka haiM, jo apane antima janma meM bhI kisI anya se upadeza yA bodha ko prApta kara pravrajita hote haiM aura sAdhanA karate haiM, buddhabodhita kahe jAte haiM / sAmAnya sAdhaka buddhabodhita hote haiM / jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara ko gaNadhara, pratyekabuddha aura sAmAnyakevalI se pRthak karake eka alaukika puruSa 'ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura usakI aneka vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaGkara kI ina alokikatAoM meM paMcakalyANaka, cauMtIsa atizaya, paiMtIsa vacanAtizaya Adi mahattvapUrNa haiM, hama agale pRSThoM meM kramazaH inakI carcA kareMge / 7. tIrthaMkara ko alaukikatA jainaparamparA meM yadyapi tIrthaMkara ko eka mAnavIya vyaktitva ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA, phira bhI unake jIvana ke sAtha kramazaH ratfreeaAoM ko jor3A jAtA rahA hai| jenaparamparA ke prAcInatama grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke

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36 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana sambandha meM kucha ullekha milatA hai, kintu usameM unheM eka ugra tapasvI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura unake jIvana ke sAtha kisI alaukikatA ko nahIM jor3A gayA, kintu usI grantha ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM aura kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha aneka alaukikatAe~ jor3I gaI haiN| tIrthakara kI mAtA unakI garbhAvakrAnti ke samaya zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra 14 aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 16 zabha svapna dekhatI hai| AcArAMga meM tIrthaMkara ke garbha-kalyANaka kA ullekha milatA hai, phira bhI vaha kisa prakAra manAyA jAtA hai isakA vizeSa vivaraNa to TIkAgranthoM evaM paravartIsAhitya meM hI upalabdha hotA hai| yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki tIrthIkara mAtA kI jisa yoni meM vikasita hote haiM vaha yoni azubha padArthoM se rahita hotI hai / ve azuci se rahita nirmala rUpa se hI janma lete haiM tathA devatA unakA janmotsava manAte haiN| tIrthaMkara ke janma ke samaya pariveza zAnta rahatA hai, sugandhita vAyu bahane lagatI hai, pakSIgaNa kalarava karate haiM, unake janma ke sAtha hI samasta loka meM eka prakAza vyApta ho jAtA hai Adi / yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ke dIkSA mahotsava aura kaivalya mahotsava kA sampAdana bhI devatA karate haiN| unake dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pUrva devatA apAra dhanarAzi unake koSAgAra meM DAla dete haiM aura ve pratidina eka karor3a bAvana lAkha svarNa mudrAoM kA dAna karate haiN| sarvajJatA kI prApti ke pazcAt devatA unake lie eka viziSTa samavasaraNa ( dharmasabhA-sthala ) banAte haiM, jisameM baiThakara ve loka-kalyANa hetu dharmamArga kA pravartana karate haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ati prAcIna jaina granthoM yathA-AcArAMga ke prathama zrata skandha meM mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sambaMdha meM kinhIM alaukikatAoM kI carcA nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga kI vIra-stuti meM bhI mAtra unako kucha vizeSatAoM kA citraNa hai kintu unheM alaukika nahIM banAyA gayA hai| kintu AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM aura kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra evaM kucha anya tIrthaMkaroM ke janmakalyANaka Adi kI kucha alaukikatAoM ke sambandha meM sUcanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| phira paravartI Agama sAhitya tathA kathA sAhitya meM to tIrthaMkara ko pUrNatayA lokottara vyakti banA diyA gayA hai, jisako hama kramazaH carcA kreNge| 1. sUtrakRtAMga 16 2. dekheM-AcArAMga dvitIya zruta skandha adhyayana 15 meM varNita mahAvIra caritra 3. dekheM-kalpasUtra meM varNita mahAvIra caritra

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 37 (a) tIrthaMkaroM ke paMcakalyANaka tIrthakara aura sAmAnyakevalI meM jainaparamparA jisa AdhAra para antara karatI hai, vaha paMcakalyANaka kI avadhAraNA hai / jahA~ tIrthaMkara ke paMcakalyANaka mahotsava hote haiM vahA~ sAmAnyakevalI ke paMcakalyANaka mahotsava nahIM hote| tIrthaMkaroM ke paMcakalyANaka nimna haiM 1. garbhakalyANaka-tIrthaMkara jaba bhI mAtA ke garbha meM avatarita hote haiM taba zvetAmbara paraMparA ke anusAra mAtA 14 aura digambara paraMparA ke anusAra 16 svapna dekhatI hai tathA devatA aura manuSya milakara unake garbhAvataraNa kA mahotsava manAte haiM / 2 / 2. janmakalyANaka-jaina mAnyatAnusAra jaba tIrthakara kA janma hotA hai, taba svarga ke deva aura indra pRthvI para Akara tIrthaMkara kA janmakalyANaka mahotsava manAte haiM aura meru parvata para le jAkara vahA~ unakA janmAbhiSeka karate haiN| 3. dIkSAkalyANaka-tIrthaMkara ke dIkSAkAla ke upasthita hone ke pUrva lokAntika deva unase pravrajyA lene kI prArthanA karate haiN| ve eka varSa taka karor3oM svarNa mudrAoM kA dAna karate haiN| dIkSA tithi ke dina devendra apane devamaMDala ke sAtha Akara unakA abhiniSkramaNa mahotsava manAte haiN| ve bizeSa pAlakI meM ArUr3ha hokara vanakhaNDa kI ora jAte haiM jahA~ apane vastrAbhUSaNa kA tyAgakara tathA paMcamaSThiloca kara dIkSita ho jAte haiN| niyama yaha hai ki tIrthaMkara svayaM hI dIkSita hotA hai kisI guru ke samIpa nhiiN| 4. kaivalyakalyANaka-tIrthaMkara jaba apanI sAdhanA dvArA kaivalya jJAna prApta karate haiM usa samaya bhI svarga se indra aura devamaMDala Akara 1. (a) paMca mahAkallANA savvesi jiNANa havaMti niyameNa / --paMcAsaka (haribhadra) 424 (ba) "jassa kammamudaeNa jIvo paMcamahAkallANANi pAvidUNa tittha duvAlasaMgaM kuNadi taM titthayaraNAma / -dhavalA 1315, 10113667 -gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, TIkA 38116 2. kalpasUtra 15-71 3. vahI 96; AcArAMga 2 / 15 / 11, 2 / 15 / 26-29 4. vahI 110-114; AcArAMga 2 / 15 / 1-6

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38 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kaivalya mahotsava manAte haiN| usa samaya devatA tIrthakara kI dharma sabhA ke lie samavasaraNa kI racanA karate haiN|' 5. nirvANakalyANaka-tIrthaMkara ke parinirvANa prApta hone para bhI devoM dvArA unakA dAha saMskAra kara parinirvANotsava manAyA jAtA hai| ___ isa prakAra jainaparamparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke uparyukta paMcakalyANaka mAne gaye haiN| (ba) atizaya sAmAnyatayA jainAcAryoM ne tIrthaMkaroM ke cAra atizayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1-jJAnAtizaya 2-vacanAtizaya 3-apAyApagamAtizaya 4-pUjAtizaya 1. jJAnAtizaya kevalajJAna athavA sarvajJatA kI upalabdhi hI tIrthakara kA jJAnAtizaya mAnA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM tIrthaMkara sarvajJa hotA hai vaha sabhI dravyoM kI bhUtakAlika, vartamAnakAlika tathA bhAvI paryAyoM kA jJAtA hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM vaha trikAlajJa hotA hai / tIrthaMkara kA anantajJAna se yukta honA hI jJAnAtizaya hai / 2. vacanAtizaya-abAdhita aura akhaNDanIya siddhAnta kA pratipAdana tIrthaGkara kA vacanAtizaya kahA gayA hai| prakArAntara se ina vacanAtizaya ke 35 upavibhAga kiye gaye haiN| 3. apAyApagamAtizaya-samasta maloM evaM doSoM se rahita honA apAyApagamAtizaya hai| tIrthaGkara ko rAgadveSAdi 18 doSoM se rahita mAnA gayA hai| 4. pUjAtizaya-deva aura manuSyoM dvArA pUjita honA tIrthaMkara kA pUjAtizaya hai| jainaparamparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara ko devoM evaM indroM dvArA pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai| 1. dekhe-AcArAMga 2015 / 140-42, kalpasUtra 211 2. kalpasUtra 124 3. "anantavijJAnamatItadoSamabAdhyasiddhAntamamartyapUjyam // " -anyayogavyavacchedikA 1 ( hemacandra ) /

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 39 tIrthaMkaroM ke atizayoM ko jainAcAryoM ne nimna tIna bhAgoM meM bhI vibhAjita kiyA hai ka-sahaja atizaya kha-karmakSayaja atizaya ga-devakRta atizaya ukta tIna atizayoM ke cauMtIsa uttarabheda kiye gaye haiN| zvetAmbaraparamparA meM sahaja atizaya ke cAra, karmakSayaja atizaya ke gyAraha aura devakRta atizaya ke unnIsa bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| (ka) sahaja atizaya 1-sundara rUpa, sugandhita, niroga, pasInA evaM malarahita zarIra / 2-kamala ke samAna sugandhita zvAsochvAsa / 3-gau ke dugdha ke samAna svaccha, durgandha rahita mAMsa aura rudhira / 4-carmacakSuoM se AhAra aura nIhAra kA na dikhanA / (kha) karmakSayaja atizaya 1. yojana mAtra samavasaraNa meM kroDAkroDI manuSya, deva aura tiyaMcoM kA samA jaanaa| 2. eka yojana taka phailane vAlI bhagavAn kI ardhamAgadhI vANI ko manuSya, tiryaMca aura devatAoM dvArA apanI-apanI bhASA meM samajha lenaa| 3. sUrya prabhA se bhI teja sira ke pIche prabhAmaMDala kA honA / 4. sau yojana taka roga kA na rhnaa| 5. vaira kA na rhnaa| 6. Iti arthAt dhAnya Adi ko nAza karane vAle cUhoM Adi kA abhAva / 7. mahAmArI Adi kA na honA / 8. ativRSTi na honaa| 9. anAvRSTi na honaa| 10. durbhikSa na pdd'naa| 11. svacakra aura paracakra kA bhaya na honA / (ga) devakRta atizaya 1. AkAza meM dharmacakra kA honA / 2. AkAza meM camaroM kA honA / 3. AkAza meM pAdapITha sahita ujjvala siMhAsana / 4. AkAza meM tIna chtr|

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40 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 5. AkAza meM ratnamaya dharmadhvaja / 6. suvarNa kamaloM para clnaa| 7. samavasaraNa meM ratna, suvarNa aura cA~dI ke tIna parakoTe / 8. caturmukha upadeza / 9. cetya vRkss| 10. kaNTakoM kA adhomukha honA / 11. vRkSoM kA jhuknaa| 12. dundubhi bjnaa| 13. anukUla vAyu / 14. pakSiyoM kA pradakSiNA denA / 15. gandhodaka kI vRSTi / 16. pA~ca vargoM ke puSpoM kI vRSTi / 17. nakha aura kezoM kA nahIM bar3hanA / 18. kama se kama eka koTi devoM kA pAsa meM rahanA / 19. RtuoM kA anukUla honA / digambara paramparAnusAra 10 sahaja atizaya, 10 karmakSayaja atizaya aura 14 devakRta atizaya mAne gaye haiN| samavAyAMgasUtra meM buddha ( tIrthakara ) ke nimna caubIsa atizaya yA viziSTa guNa mAne gaye haiN| samavAyAMga ke TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri ne buddha 1. cottIsaM buddhAisesA pnnnntaa| taM jahA-avaTThie kesa-maMsu-roma-nahe 1, nirAmayA niruvalevA gAyalaTThI 2, gokkhIrapaMDure maMsasoNie 3, paumuppalagaMdhie ussAsanissAse 4, pacchanne AhAra-nIhAre adisse maMsacakkhuNA 5, AgAsagayaM cakkaM 6, AgAsagayaM chattaM 7, AgAsagayAo seyavaracAmarAo 8, AgAsaphAliAmayaM sapAyapIDhaM sIhAsaNaM 9, AgAsagao kuDabhIsahassaparimaMDiAbhirAo iMdajjhao purao gacchai 10, jattha jattha vi ya NaM arahatA bhagavaMto ciTThati vA nisIyaMti vA tattha tattha vi ya NaM jakkhA devA saMchannapattapuppha-pallavasamAulo sacchatto sajjhao saghaMTo sapaDAgo asogavarapAyavo abhisaMjAyai 11, Isi piTThao mauDaThANaMmi teyamaMDalaM abhisaMjAi, aMdhakAre vi ya NaM dasa disAo pabhAsei 12, bahusamaramaNijje bhUmibhAge 13, ahosirA kaMTayA bhavaMti 14, uuvivarIyA suhaphAsA bhavaMti 15, sIyaleNaM suhaphAseNaM surabhiNA mArueNaM joyaNaparimaMDalaM savvao samaMtAsaMpamajjijjai 16,juttaphusieNaM meheNa ya nihayarayareNUyaM kijjai.17, jala-thalayabhAsurapabhUteNaM viTaTThAiNA

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 41 zabda kA artha tIrthaMkara kiyA hai / ' samavAyAMga kI isa sUcI meM pUrvokta vividha vargIkaraNoM ke upa-prakAra samAhita haiN| 1. tIrthaMkaroM ke sira ke bAla, dAr3hI tathA mUMcha evaM roma aura nakha baDhate nahIM haiM, hamezA eka hI sthiti meM rahate haiN| 2. unakA zarIra hamezA roga tathA mala se rahita hotA hai / 3. unakA mAMsa tathA khUna gAya ke dUdha ke samAna zveta varNa kA hotA hai| 4. unakA zvAsocchvAsa kamala ke samAna sugandhita hotA hai| 5. unakA AhAra aura nohAra (mUtrapurISotsarga ) dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| 6. ve dharma-cakra kA pravartana karate haiM / 7. unake Upara tIna chatra laTakate rahate haiM / 8. unake donoM ora cAmara laTakate haiM / dasavaNNeNaM kusumeNaM jANussehappamANamitte pupphovayAre kijjai 18, amaguNNANaM sadda-pharisa-rasa-rUva-gaMdhANaM avakariso bhavai 19, maNuNNANaM sadapharisa-rasa-rUva-gaMdhANaM pAunbhAvo bhavai 20, paccAharao vi ya NaM hiyayagamaNIo joyaNanIhArI saro 21, bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhammamAikkhai 22, sA vi ya NaM addhamAgahI bhAsA bhAsijjamANI tesi savvesi AriyamaNAriyANaM duppaya-cauppaa-miya-pasu-pakkhi-sarIsivANaM appaNo hiyasiva-suhaya-bhAsattAe pariNamai 23, punvabaddhaverA vi ya NaM devAsura-nAga-suvaNNajakkha-rakkhasa-kiMnara-kiMpurisa-garula-gaMdhavva-mahoragA arahao pAyamUle pasaMtacittamANasA dhamma nisAmaMti 24, aNNautthiyapAvayaNiyA vi ya NaM AgayA vaMdaMti 25, AgayA samANA arahao pAyamale nippalivayaNA havaMti 26. jao jao vi ya NaM arahaMto bhagavaMto viharaMti tao tao vi ya NaM joyaNapaNavIsAeNaM ItI na bhavai 27, mArI na bhavai 28, sacakkaM na bhavai 29, paracakkaM na bhavai 30, aivuTThI na bhavai 31, aNAvuTThI na bhavai 32, dubhikkhaM na bhavai 33, punvuppaNNA vi ya NaM uppAiyA vAhIo khippameva uvasaMmati 34 / -samavAyAMga sUtra ( saM. madhukara muni) samavAya 34 1. samavAyAMga TIkA abhayadeva sUri, pR0 35

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42 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 9. sphaTikamaNi ke bane hue pAdapITha sahita unakA svaccha siMhAsana hotA hai| 10. unake Age hamezA aneka laghupatAkAoM se veSThita eka indradhvaja patAkA calatI hai| 11. jahA~-jahA~ arihanta bhagavAn Thaharate haiM athavA baiThate haiM vahA~-vahA~ yakSa deva sachatra, saghaTa, sapatAka tathA patra-puSpoM se vyApta azoka vRkSa kA nirmANa karate haiN| 12. unake mastaka ke pIche dazoM dizAoM ko prakAzita karane vAlA teja prabhAmaMDala hotA hai| sAtha hI jahA~ bhagavAn kA gamana hotA hai, vahA~ nimnalikhita parivartana ho jAte haiM13. bhUmibhAga samAna tathA sundara ho jAtA hai| 14. kaNTaka adhomukha ho jAte haiN| 15. Rtue~ sukhasparza vAlI ho jAtI haiN| 16. samavartaka vAyu ke dvArA eka yojana taka ke kSetra kI zuddhi ho jAtI hai / 17. megha dvArA upacita bindupAta se raja aura reNu kA nAza ho jAtA hai / 18. paMcavarNavAlA sundara puSpa-samudAya prakaTa ho jAtA hai| 19. (a) bhagavAn ke AsapAsa kA pariveza aneka prakAra kI dhUpa ke dhuMe se sugandhita ho jAtA hai| (ba) amanojJa zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa aura gandha kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| 20. (a) bhagavAn ke donoM ora AbhUSaNoM se susajjita yakSa camara DulAte haiN| (ba) manojJa zabdAdi kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| 21. upadeza karane ke lie arihanta bhagavAn ke mukha se eka yojana ko ullaMghana karane vAlA hRdayaMgama svara nikalatA hai| 22. bhagavAn kA bhASaNa addhamAgadhI bhASA meM hotA hai / 23. bhagavAn dvArA prayukta bhASA, Arya, anArya, dvipada, catuSpada Adi samasta prANivarga kI bhASA ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| 24. baddha-vaira vAle deva, asura, nAga, suparNa, yakSa, gaMdharva Adi bhagavAn ke pAdamUla meM prazAntacitta hokara dharma-zravaNa karate haiN| 25. anya tIrtha vAle prAvacanika (vidvAn ) bhI bhagavAn ko namaskAra karate haiN|

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tIrthakara ko avadhAraNA : 43 26. anya tIrthavAle vidvAn bhagavAn ke pAdamUla meM Akara niruttara ho jAte haiN| sAtha hI jahA~ bhagavAn kA vihAra hotA hai, vahA~ paccIsa yojana taka nimna bAteM nahIM hotI27. Iti arthAt dhAnya ko naSTa karane vAle cUhe Adi prANiyoM kI utpatti nahIM hotii| 28. mahAmArI ( saMkrAmaka bImArI ) nahIM hotii| 29. apanI senA upadrava nahIM krtii|| 30. dUsare rAjA ko senA upadrava nahIM krtii| 31. ativRSTi nahIM hotii| 32. anAvRSTi nahIM hotii| 33. durbhikSa nahIM hotaa| 34. bhagavAn ke vihAra se pUrva utpanna huI vyAdhiyAM bhI zIghra hI zAnta ___ ho jAtI haiM aura rudhira vRSTi tathA jvarAdi kA prakopa nahIM hotaa| (sa) vacanAtizya jaina AgamoM meM paiMtIsa vacanAtizayoM ke ullekha milate hai| saMskRta TokAkAroM ne prakArAntara se granthoM meM pratipAdita vacana ke paiMtIsa guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| yahI paiMtIsa vacanAtizaya kahalAte haiM jo nimna haiM1. saMskAratva :-vacanoM kA vyAkaraNa-sammata honaa| 2. udAttatva :-ucca svara se paripUrNa honaa| 3. upacAropetatva :-grAmINatA se rahita honaa| 4. gambhIrazabdatva :-megha ke samAna gambhIra zabdoM se yukta honA / 5. anunAditva :-pratyeka zabda kA yathArtha uccAraNa se yukta honaa| 6. dakSiNatva :-vacanoM kA saralatA se yukta honA / 7. upanItarAgatva :-yathocit rAga-rAgiNI se yukta honA / uparokta atizaya zabda-saundarya kI apekSA se jAne jAte haiM evaM zeSa atizaya artha-gaurava kI apekSA se jAne jAte haiM / 8. mahArthatva :-vacanoM kA mahAn artha honaa| 9. avyAhatapaurvAparyatva :-pUrvApara avirodhI vAkya vAlA honA / 10. ziSTava :-vaktA kI ziSTatA kA sUcaka honaa| 1. paNItIsaM saccavayaNAisesAM paNNatA -samavAyAMga sUtra, samavAya 35 /

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44 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 11. asandigdhatva :- sandeha-rahita nizcita artha kA pratipAdaka honA / 12. apahRtAnyottaratva :- anya puruSoM ke doSoM ko dUra karane vAlA honA / 13. hRdayagrAhitva :- zrotAoM ke hRdaya ko AkRSTa karane vAle vacana vAlA honA / 14. deza kAlAvyayItatva :- deza - kAla ke anukUla vacana honA / 15. tatvAnurUpatva :- vivakSita vastu svarUpa ke anurUpa vacana honA / 16. aprakIrNa prasRtatva :- nirarthaka vistAra se rahita susambaddha vacana honA / 17. anyonya pragRhIta :- paraspara apekSA rakhane vAle padoM evaM vAkyoM se yukta honA / 18. abhijAtatva :- vaktA ko kulInatA aura zAlInatA ke sUcaka honA / 19. atisnigdha madhuratva :- atyanta sneha evaM madhuratA se yukta honA / 20. aparamamavedhitva : - marmavedhI na honA / 21. arthadharmAbhyAsAnapetatva :- artha aura dharma ke anukUla honA / 22. udAratva :- tucchatA rahita aura udAratA yukta honA / 23. paranindAtmotkarSaviprayuktatva :- parAI nindA aura apanI prazaMsA se rahita honA / 24. upagatazlAghatva :- jinheM sunakara loga prazaMsA kareM, aise vacana honA / 25. anapanItatva :-kAla, kAraka, liMga vyatyaya Adi vyAkaraNa ke doSoM se rahita honA / 26. utpAditAcchinna kautUhalatva :- apane viSaya meM zrotAjanoM ko lagAtAra kautUhala utpanna karane vAlA honA / 27. adbhutatva :- Azcaryajanaka adbhuta navInatA pradarzaka vacana honA / 28. anativilambitva :- ativilamba se rahita dhArApravAha se bolanA | 29. vibhrama, vikSepa kilikiJcitAdi vimuktatva :- mana kI bhrAnti, vikSepa aura roSa, bhayAdi se rahita vacana honA / 30. aneka jAtisaMzrayAdvicitratva :- aneka prakAra se varNanIya vastu svarUpa ke varNana karanevAle vacana honA / 31. Ahita vizeSatva :- sAmAnya vacanoM se kucha vizeSatAyukta vacana honA | 32. sAkAratva :-pRthak pRthak varNa, pada, vAkya ke AkAra se yukta vacana honA / 33. satvaparigRhItatva :- sAhasa se paripUrNa vacana honA / 34. aparikheditva :- kheda - khinnatA se rahita vacana honA / 35. avyuccheditva :- vivakSita artha kI samyak siddhi vAle vacana honA /

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 45 8. tIthaMGkara - nirdoSa vyaktitva 4 - bhogAntarAya, jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ko nimna 18 doSoM se rahita mAnA gayA hai' - 1 - dAnAntarAya, 2 - lAbhAntarAya, 3 - vIryAntarAya, 5 - upabhogAntarAya, 6 - mithyAtva, 7- ajJAna, 8-avirati 10 - hAsya, 11 - rati, 12 - arati, 13 - zoka, 14 - bhaya, 16 - rAga, 17 - dveSa aura 18 - nidrA / 9 - kAmecchA, zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakArAntara se unheM nimna 18 doSoM se bhI rahita kahA gayA hai / 2 1. hiMsA, 2. mRSAvAda, 3. corI, 4. kAmakrIr3A, 5. hAsya, 6. rati, 7. arati, 8. zoka, 9. bhaya, 10. krodha, 11. mAMna, 12. mAyA, 13. lobha, 14. maMda, 15. matsara, 16 ajJAna, 17. nidrA aura 18. prema / digambara paramparA ke grantha niyamasAra meM tIrthaMkara ko nimna 18 doSoM se rahita kahA gayA hai| 1. kSudhA, 2. tRSA, 3. bhaya, 4. roSa (krodha), 5. rAga, 6. moha, 7. cintA, 8. jarA, 9. roga 10. mRtyu, 11. sveda, 12. kheda, 13. mada, 14. rati, 15. vismaya, 16. nidrA, 17. janma, 18. udvega ( arati) | zvetAmbara aura digambara parAmparAoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ko jina doSoM se rahita mAnA gayA hai usameM mUlabhUta antara yaha hai ki jahA~ digambara paramparA tIrthaMkara meM kSudhA aura tRSA kA abhAva mAnatI hai vahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA tIrthaMkara meM inakA abhAva nahIM mAnatI hai / kyoMki zvetAmbara paramparA meM kevalI kA kavalAhAra ( bhojana grahaNa ) mAnA gayA hai jabaki 1. paMceva aMtarAyA, micchattamanANamaviraI kAmo / hAsachaga rAgadosA, niddATThArasa ime dosA // / 192 // 15 - jugupsA, A. 2. " hiMsA''itigaM kIlA, hAsA''ipaMcagaM ca caukasAyA / mayamacchara annANA, niddA pimmaM ia va dosA / / 193 / / - rAjendra abhidhAnakoza, pR0 2248 3. "chuhataNhabhIruroso rAgo, moho citAjarA rujAmiccU / svedaM khedaM mado rai vihiyANiddA jaNuvvego / " - rAjendra abhidhAnakoza, pR0 2248 - niyamasAra, 6

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46 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana digambara paramparA ise svIkAra nahIM karatI, unake anusAra kevalI bhojana grahaNa nahIM karatA hai / zeSa bAtoM meM donoM meM samAnatA hai / 9. tIrthaMkara banane kI yogyatA tIrthaMkara pada kI prApti ke lie jova ko pUrva janmoM meM viziSTa sAdhanA karanI hotI hai / jainadharma meM isa hetu jina viziSTa sAdhanAoM ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai unakI saMkhyA ko lekara jainadharma ke sampradAyoM meM matabheda hai| tattvArthasUtra kI paramparA ke AdhAra digambara sampradAya tIrthakara nAmakarma upArjana hetu nimna solaha bAtoM kI sAdhanA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai1. darzana vizuddhi :-votarAga kathita tatvoM meM nirmala aura dRr3ha ruci / 2. vinayasampannatA :-mokSamArga aura usake sAdhakoM ke prati samucita aadrbhaav| 3. zIlanatAnaticAra :-ahiMsA, satyAdi mUlavata tathA unake pAlana meM upayogI abhigraha Adi dUsare niyamoM kA pramAda rahita hokara pAlana krnaa| 4. abhIkSNajJAnopayoga :-tatvaviSayaka jJAna prApti se sadaiva prayatnazIla rhnaa| 5. abhIkSNa saMvegaH-sAMsArika bhogoM se jo vAstava meM sukha ke sthAna para duHkha ke hI sAdhana banate haiM, Darate rhnaa| 6. yathAzakti kA tyAga :-apanI zaktyAnurUpa AhAradAna, abhayadAna, jJAnadAna Adi vivekapUrvaka karate rhnaa| 7. yathAzakti tapa :-zaktyAnurUpa vivekapUrvaka tapa sAdhanA karanA / 8. saMgha sAdhu samAdhikaraNa :-caturvidhasaMgha aura vizeSakara sAdhuoM ko samAdhi-sukha pahu~cAnA arthAt aisA vyavahAra karanA, jisase unheM mAnasika evaM zArIrika pIr3A na phuNce| 9. vaiyAkRtyakaraNa :-guNIjanoM athavA aise logoM, jinheM sahAyatA kI apekSA hai, kI sevA krnaa| 10-13. catuHbhakti :-arihaMta, AcArya, bahuzruta aura zAstra ina cAroM meM zuddha niSThApUrvaka anurAga rakhanA / 14. AvazyakAparihANa :-sAmAyika Adi SaDAvazyakoM ke anuSThAna sadaiva karate rhnaa| 1. tattvArthasUtra, 6-23, pR0 162

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tothaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 47 15. mokSamArga prabhAvanA :-abhimAna ko tyAgakara mokSamArga kI sAdhanA karanA tathA dUsaroM ko usa mArga kA upadeza denaa| 16. pravacanavAtsalya :-jaise gAya bachar3e para sneha rakhatI hai, vaise hI saha dharmiyoM para niSkAma sneha rkhnaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM jJAtAdharmakathA ke AdhAra para tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ke upArjana hetu nimna (20) bIsa sAdhanAoM ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai1-7. arihaMta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthavira, bahuzruta evaM tapasvI ina sAtoM ke prati vAtsalya-bhAva rkhnaa| 8. anavarata jJAnAbhyAsa karanA / 9. jIvAdi padArthoM ke prati yathArtha zraddhArUpa zuddha samyaktva kA honaa| 10. gurujanoM kA Adara krnaa| 11. prAyazcitta evaM pratikramaNa dvArA apane aparAdhoM kI kSamAyAcanA krnaa| 12. ahiMsAdi vratoM kA aticAra rahita yogya rIti se pAlana karanA / 13. pApoM kI upekSA karate hae vairAgyabhAva dhAraNa karanA / 14. bAhya evaM Abhyantara tapa karanA / 15. yathAzakti tyAgavatti ko apnaanaa| 16. sAdhujanoM ko sevA krnaa| 17. samatA bhAva rkhnaa| 18. jJAna-zakti ko nirantara bar3hAte rahanA / 19 AgamoM meM zraddhA krnaa| 20. jina pravacana kA prakAza rakhanA / 10. tIrthaGkaroM se sambandhita vivaraNa kA vikAsa tIrthaMkaroM kI saMkhyA evaM unake jIvanavRtta Adi ko lekara sAmAnyatayA jenasAhitya meM bahuta kucha likhA gayA kintu yadi hama granthoM para kAlakrama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMga meM mahAvora ke saMkSipta jIvanavRtta ko chor3akara hameM anya tIrthaMkaroM ke saMdarbha meM koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| yadyapi AcArAMga sAmAnyarUpa se bhUtakAlika, vartamAnakAlika aura bhaviSyakAlika arahaMtoM kA binA kisI nAma ke nirdeza avazya karatA hai| racanAkAla ko dRSTi se isake pazcAt kalpasUtra kA krama AtA hai usameM mahAvIra ke jovanavRtta ke sAtha-sAtha pArzva, ariSTa 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1 / 8 / 18

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48 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana nemi aura RSabhadeva ke sambandha meM bhI kiMcit vivaraNa milatA hai, zeSa tIrthaMkaroM kA kevala nAmanirdeza hI hai / isake pazcAt tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM jAnakArI dene vAle granthoM meM samavAyAMga aura Avazyaka niyukti kA kAla AtA hai / samavAyAMga aura Avazyakaniyukti saMkSipta zailI meM hI sahI, kintu vartamAna bhUtakAlika aura bhaviSyakAlika tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI pradAna karate haiM / digambaraparamparA meM aisA hI vivaraNa yativRSabha kI tiloyapaNNatti meM milatA hai / zvetAmbara Agama grantha jambUdvIpaprajJapti RSabha ke sambandha meM aura jJAtAdharmakathA malli ke sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| tiloyapaNNatike bAda digambara paramparA meM purANoM kA krama AtA hai| purANoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM vipula sAmagrI upalabdha hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, kalpasUtra, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, Avazyakaniyukti, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, AvazyakacUrNa, caupannamahApurisacariyaM evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra aura kalpasUtra para likho gaI paravartI TIkAe~ tIrthaMkaroM kA vivaraNa dene vAle mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM / 1 samavAyAMga meM upalabdha vivaraNa aisA lagatA hai ki tIrthaGkara sambandhI vivaraNoM meM samaya-samaya para vRddhi hotI raho hai / hamArI jAnakArI meM 24 tIrthaGkaroM kI avadhAraNA aura tatsambandhI vivaraNa sarvaprathama zvetAmbara paramparA meM samavAyAMga aura vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM meM prApta hotA hai / yadyapi sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga kI gaNanA aMga AgamoM meM kI jAtI hai, kintu samavAyAMga meM 24 tIrthaGkaroM sambandhI jo vivaraNa hai vaha usake pariziSTa ke rUpa meM hai aura aisA lagatA hai ki bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isa prakIrNaka samavAya meM tIrthaGkaroM ke pitA, unakI mAtA, unake pUrvabhava, unakI zivikAoM ke nAma, unake janma evaM dIkSA nagara kA ullekha milatA hai| mAnyatA yaha hai ki RSabha aura ariSTanemi ko chor3akara sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ne apanI janmabhUmi meM dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| sabhI tIrthaGkara eka devaduSya vastra lekara dIkSita hue| isake sAtha-sAtha pratyeka tIrthaGkara ne kitane vyaktiyoM ko sAtha lekara dIkSA lI, isakA bhI ullekha isameM milatA hai / isI krama meM samavAyAMga meM dIkSA lete samaya ke vrata, prathama bhikSAdAtA, prathama bhikSA kaba milI isakA bhI ullekha hai / isameM tIthaMGkaroM ke prathama ziSya aura ziSyAoM kA bhI ullekha hai / samavAyAMga meM sarvaprathama 24 tIrthaMGkaroM ke caityavRkSoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai /

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 49 bhagavatI aMga AgamoM ke krama kI dRSTi se samavAyAMga ke pazcAt bhagavatI sUtra kA krama AtA hai, yadyapi smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki vidvAnoM dvArA racanAkAla kI dRSTi se bhagavatI ko samavAyAMga kI apekSA pUrvavartI mAnA gayA hai / bhagavatIsUtra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sambandha meM samavAyAMga kI apekSA adhika jAnakArI prastuta karatA hai / isameM devAnandA ko mahAvIra kI mAtA kahA gayA hai / mahAvIra aura gozAlaka ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara isameM vistAra ke sAtha carcA huI hai tathApi vidvAnoM ne isa aMza ko paravartI aura prakSipta mAnA hai / bhagavatI meM mahAvIra aura jAmAli ke vivAda ko bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI isameM mahAvIra ke atirikta anya tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM nAmoM ke ullekha ke atirikta hameM vistAra se koI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hotI hai / mahAvIra se pArzvApatyoM (pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM) ke milane evaM carcA karane kA ullekha to isameM hai kintu pAravaM ke jIvanavRtta kA bhI abhAva hI hai| isase nizcita hI aisA lagatA hai ki samavAyAMga ke tIrthaMkara sambandhI vivaraNa bhagavatI kI apekSA paravartI kAla ke haiM / jJAtAdharmakathA jJAtA kathA yadyapi anya tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM to vizeSa sUcanAe~ nahIM detA hai, kintu 12 veM tIrthaMkara malli ke sambandha meM isameM vistAra se vivaraNa upalabdha hai / sambhavataH itanA vistRta vivaraNa anya kisI tIrthaMkara ke sambandha meM aMga AgamoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai / vidvAnoM ne jJAtAdharmakathA ke isa malli nAmaka adhyAya ko apekSAkRta paravartI kAla kA mAnA hai / isameM malliko strI- torthaMkara mAnakara zvetAmbara paramparA kI strImukti kI avadhAraNA ko puSTa kiyA gayA hai / isI AdhAra para kucha digambara vidvAn ise zvetAmbara - digambara paramparA ke vibhAjana ke pazcAt kA mAnate haiM / isake malli nAmaka adhyAya meM hI tIrthaMkara nAma gotra-karma upArjana kI sAdhanA vidhi kA ullekha hai / malla sambandhI yaha vivaraNa nizcita ho samavAyAMga ke samakAlIna yA apekSAkRta kucha paravartI hai / anya aMga Agama jahAM taka upAsakadazA kA prazna hai isameM mahAvIra ke kAla ke 10 bhAvakoM kA vivaraNa hai, isI prasaMga meM mahAvIra ke kucha upadeza bhI isameM upalabdha ho jAte haiM, kintu isameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA kA spaSTa 4

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50 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana rUpa se koI saMketa nahIM hai| isI prakAra aMtakaddazA meM yadyapi mahAvIra aura ariSTanemi ke kAla ke kucha sAdhakoM ke vivaraNa milate haiN| kintu isameM ariSTanemi aura kRSNa sambandhI jo vivaraNa die gaye haiM, ve lagabhaga 5vIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt ke hI haiM, kyoMki aMtakaddazA kI prAcIna viSayavastu, jisakA vivaraNa sthAnAMga meM hai, kRSNa se sambandhita kisI vivaraNa kA koI saMketa nahIM detI hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna viSayavastu lagabhaga 7vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI hai / yadyapi isameM tothaMkaroM ke pravacana Adi kA ullekha hai, kintu spaSTa rUpa se tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM koI bhI vivaraNa prastuta nahIM karatA hai| yahI sthiti aupapAtika aura vipAkasUtra kI bhI hai| upAMga Agama sAhitya upAMga sAhitya meM rAjapraznIyasUtra meM pArvApatya kezI kA ullekha hai, kintu isameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA ko lekara vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hotI hai / tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta ko dRSTi se upAMga sAhitya ke jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isameM avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI ke kAlacakra kA vivecana karate hue, usameM hone vAle tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM dvitIya aura tRtIya vakSaskAra arthAt adhyAya meM kramazaH RSabhadeva evaM bharata ke jovanavRtta kA bhI vistRta ullekha milatA hai| isameM RSabha ke eka varSa taka cIvaradhAro aura bAda meM nagna hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai| ___upAMga sAhitya ke 'vRSNIdazA' meM kRSNa ke parijanoM se sambandhita ullekha haiN| kintu tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA aura tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRttoM kA isameM bhI abhAva hai| mUla Agama grantha __mUlasUtroM meM uttarAdhyayana apekSAkRta prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai, isameM kevala pArzva, mahAvIra, ariSTanemi aura nami ke sambandha meM ullekha milate haiM / yadyapi ina ullekhoM meM unake jIvanavRttoM kI apekSA unake upadezoM aura mAnyatAoM para ho adhika bala diyA gayA hai, tathApi itanA nizcita hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke ye ullekha samavAyAMga kI apekSA prAcIna hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 22 veM aura 23 veM adhyAya meM kramazaH ariSTanemi Ara pArzva ke sambandha meM jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana kA 22vAM rathanemi nAmaka adhyAya yadyapi malataH rathanemi aura rAjImatI (rAjula) ke

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 51 ghaTanA-prasaMga ko lekara likhA gayA hai| kintu isa adhyAya meM ariSTanemi ke vivAha-prasaMga kA bhI ullekha hai| 23veM adhyAya meM mukhya rUpa se tIrthaMkara pAzvaM aura mahAvIra kI AcAra sambandhI vibhinnatAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| kiMtu uttarAdhyayana meM kisI tIrthaMkara kA jIvanavRtta nahIM diyA gayA hai| dazavekAlika, anuyogadvAra aura nandI meM bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta nahIM haiN| kalpasUtra tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta ko sUcita karane vAle Agamika granthoM meM kalpasUtra mahattvapUrNa hai / kalpasUtra apane Apa meM koI svatantra grantha nahIM hai| yaha dazAzrutaskandha nAmaka chedasUtra kA aSTama adhyAya hI hai| kintu isake jinacaritra nAmaka khaMDa meM mahAvIra ke sAtha-sAtha pArzva, ariSTanemi aura RSabha ke jIvanavRttoM kA bhI saMkSipta vivaraNa milatA hai| ariSTanemi se lekara RSabha taka ke bIca ke tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma evaM unake bIca kI kAlAvadhi kA bhI isameM ullekha hai| niyukti evaM bhASya zvetAmbara paramparA ke ina Agamika granthoM ke atirikta Avazyakaniyukti evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM aura unake mAtA, pitA Adi ke bAre meM sUcanAe~ milatI haiN| ____ Avazyakaniyukti meM tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrvabhava kA bhI sAMketika ullekha huA hai / Avazyakaniyukti tIrthaMkaroM kI janma tithi kA bhI nirdeza karatI hai| isameM tIrthaMkaroM ke varSIdAna kA ullekha hai sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kisa tIrthaMkara ne kaumArya avasthA meM dIkSA lI aura kisane bAda meM / isameM tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANa tapa tathA nirvANa tithiyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke zarIra kI U~cAI Adi kA ullekha sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga meM bhI upalabdha hai, kintu vaha ekIkRta rUpa meM na hokara bikharA huA hai jaba ki Avazyakaniyukti meM use ekIkRta rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yathA-Avazyakaniyukti ke anusAra sabhI tIrthaMkara svayaM hI bodha prApta karate haiM, lokAntika deva to unheM vyavahAra ke kAraNa pratibodhita karate haiM, sabhI tIrthaMkara eka varSa taka dAna dekara pravrajita hote haiM / mahAvIra, ariSTanemi, pArzva, malli aura vAsupUjya ko chor3a anya sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ne rAjyalakSmo kA bhoga karane ke pazcAt hI dIkSA lI thI, jabaki avaziSTa pAMca kaumArya avasthA meM dIkSita hue the / zAnti, kuMthu aura ara ye tIna tIrthaMkara cakravartI the zeSa sAmAnya raajaa| mahAvIra akele,

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52 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana pArzva aura malli 300 vyaktiyoM, vAsupUjya-600 vyaktiyoM, RSabha-4000 vyaktiyoM evaM zeSa sabhI 1000 vyaktiyoM ke sAtha dIkSita hue the| sumati ne binA kisI vrata ke sAtha dokSA grahaNa kI, vAsupUjya ne upavAsa ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kI, pArzva aura malli ne 3 upavAsa ke sAtha dIkSA lI aura zeSa sabhI ne 2 dina ke upavAsa ke sAtha dIkSA lI / RSabha vanitA se, ariSTanemi dvArakA se aura anya apanI-apano janmabhUmi meM dIkSita hue the| RSabha ne siddhArthavana meM, vAsupUjya ne vihAragRha (vana) meM, dharmanAtha ne vappagrAma meM, muni sumati ne nIlaguphA meM, pAzrva ne Amravana meM, mahAvIra ne jJAtRvana meM tathA zeSa sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ne sahasraAmravana meM dIkSA grahaNa kii| pArzva, ariSTanemi, zreyAMsa, sumati aura malli pUrvAhna meM dIkSita hue| RSabha, nemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ne anArya bhUmi meM bhI vihAra kiyA, zeSa sabhI ne magadha, rAjagRha Adi Arya-bhUmi meM ho vihAra kiyA / prathama tIrthaMkara ko 12 aMga aura zeSa ko 11 aMga kA zrutalAbha rhaa| prathama aura antima tIrthaMkara ne paMcayAma kA aura zeSa ne cAturyAma kA upadeza diyaa| prathama aura antima tIrthaMkara meM sAmAyika aura chedosthApanIya aise do cAritroM kA vikalpa hotA hai jabaki zeSa meM sAmAyika cAritra hI hotA hai| isameM 24 torthaMkaroM ke kevalajJAna kI tithiyoM, nakSatroM evaM sthaloM ko bhI diyA gayA hai / 23 tIrthaMkaroM ko pUrvAhna meM aura mahAvIra ko aparANa meM jJAna prApta huaa| RSabha ko pUrimatAla meM, mahAvIra ko RjapAlikA nadI ke kinAre aura zeSa ne jisa udyAna meM dIkSA lI, usI meM kevala jJAna prApta kiyA / pArva, malli aura ariSTanemi ko tIna upavAsa kI tapasyA meM, vAsupUjya ko eka upavAsa meM aura zeSa tIrthaMkaroM ko do upavAsa meM jJAna prApta huaa| mahAvIra ne dUsare samavasaraNa meM tIrtha kI sthApanA ko, jabaki zeSa tIrthaMkaroM ne prathama samavasaraNa meM tIrtha kI sthApanA kii| 24 tIrthaMkaroM meM se 23 tIrthaMkaroM ke, jitane gaNa the utane hI gaNadhara bhI the, parantu mahAvIra ke gaNoM kI saMkhyA 9 evaM gaNadharoM kI saMkhyA 11 thii| isake atirikta Avazyakaniryakti meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtA-pitA ke nAma, janmabhUmi, varNa, prathama zikSA dAtA, prathama bhikSA sthala, chadmastha kAla, zrAvaka saMkhyA, kumAra kAla, zarIra kI U~cAI, evaM Ayu pramANa Adi kA bhI vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AvazyakacUrNi meM niyukti vivaraNoM ke atirikta mahAvIra aura RSabha kA jIvanavRtta bho vistAra se varNita hai| Agametara kathA sAhitya zvetAmbara paramparA meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 53 pradAna karane vAle Agametara granthoM meM vasudevahiNDI, vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM, zIlAMka kA uppannamahApurisacariyaM aura hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra ullekhanIya hai / inameM vasudevahiNDI aura paumacariyaM kA mukhya viSaya tIrthaMkara caritra nahIM hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta kA vistRta vivecana karane vAle granthoM meM caupannamahApurisacariyaM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / zIlAMka kI yaha kRti lagabhaga IsA kI navIM zatAbdI meM likhI gaI hai / sambhavataH zve0 jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM kA vistRta vivaraNa dene vAlA yaha prathama grantha hai / yadyapi isameM bhI mukhya rUpa se to RSabha, zAnti, malli, ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ke kathAnaka vistAra se varNita haiM, zeSa tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta to sAmAnyatayA eka do pRSThoM meM hI samApta ho jAte haiM / isake pazcAt tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta kA vivaraNa dene vAle granthoM meM hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai / cauppannamahApurisacariyaM evaM triSaSTizalA kApuruSacaritra ke pazcAt tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta para svatantra rUpa se aneka carita kAvya likhe gae haiM jinakI carcA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai / digambara Agama grantha digambara paramparA ke Agama sAhitya meM SaTkhaMDAgama, kaSAyapAhur3a, mUlAcAra, bhagavato ArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti evaM AcArya kuMdakuMda ke grantha samAhita haiN| inameM mukhya rUpa se mUlAcAra aura bhagavatoArAdhanA yathAprasaMga tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM kucha sUcanAeM dete haiM, kintu inameM suvyavasthita rUpa se tIrthaMkaroM se sambandhita vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM haiM / sarvaprathama hameM tiloyapaNNatti meM tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA evaM jIvana sambandhI sUcanAeM milatI haiM / tiloyapaNNatti meM tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma, cyavana sthala, pUrvabhava, mAtA-pitA kA nAma, janmatithi aura nakSatra, kula nAma (dharmanAtha, arahanAtha aura kuthuMnAtha -- kuruvaMza meM, pArzvanAtha - ugravaMza meM, mahAvIra - jJAtR vaMza meM, munisumati, evaM neminAtha - yAdavavaMza meM aura zeSa ikSvAku vaMza meM hue haiM) janma- kAla, Ayu, kumAra kAla, zarIra kI U~cAI, varNa, rAjya kAla, cihna, vairAgya ke kAraNa, dIkSAsthala, ( neminAtha dvArakA aura zeSa apane janma sthAna ), dIkSA tithi, dIkSA kAla, dIkSA tapa, prathama bhikSA meM mile padArtha, chadmastha kAla, kevala jJAna ( tithi, nakSatra aura sthala ), samavasaraNa kA racanA vinyAsa, kisI vRkSa ke nIce huA kevala jJAna, utpanna yakSa-yakSiNI, kaivalya kAla, gaNadharoM kI

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54 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana saMkhyA, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI saMkhyA, avadhijJAnI, kevalajJAnI aura vaikriya RddhidhAraka, evaM vAdiyoM kI saMkhyA, pramukha AryikAe~, nirvANatithi, nakSatra, sthala, tIrthaMkaroM kA zAsanakAla, tIrthaMkaroM kA antarAla Adi kA vivaraNa suvyavasthita rUpa se upalabdha hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para tiloyapaNNatti kI vivaraNazailI Avazyakaniyukti ke samAna hai / isameM Avazyakaniyukti ke samAna hI tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtA-pitA Adi kA vivaraNa milatA hai / yadyapi yaha Avazyakaniyukti kI apekSA paravartI hai / purANa sAhitya yadyapi digambara paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta ko batAne vAle Agamika sAhitya kA abhAva hai, kintu usameM purANoM ke rUpa meM aneka grantha likhe gae haiM / inameM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta vistAra se varNita haiN| ina purANoM meM jinasena aura guNabhadra kI kRti mahApurANa prasiddha hai| isakA pUrva bhAga AdipurANa aura zeSa bhAga uttarapurANa ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| AdipurANa meM RSabha kA aura uttarapurANa meM zeSa sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kA varNana hai| digambara AcAryoM dvArA racita purANa grantha aneka haiM yahA~ kintu una saba kI carcA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| jainasAhitya meM upalabdha tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA kA sarvekSaNa tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI taka aisA koI bhI sAhitya hameM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai ki jisameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA kA vikasita rUpa upalabdha hotA ho / sambhavataH sarvaprathama IsA pUrva tIsarI, dUsarI zatAbdI se hameM tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA meM alaukikatA sambandhI kucha vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, kintu vyavasthita rUpa se 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI kalpanA kA koI bhI aitihAsika pramANa hameM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI suvyavasthita avadhAraNA aura unakA nAmakaraNa IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hI huA hogA, yadyapi 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmollekha karane vAle vivaraNa bhagavatI, samavAyAMga Adi meM upalabdha haiM, kintu vidvAn inheM IsA kI prathama zatAbdI yA inake paravartI kAla kA hI mAnate haiN| yadi hama anya tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRttoM ko eka ora rakha deM to bhI svayaM mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta meM eka vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai / AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke upadhAna nAmaka 9veM adhyAya meM varNita mahAvIra kA

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 55 caritra, sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke vIrastava nAmaka SaSTham adhyAya meM kucha vikasita huA hai / phira vaha kalpasUtra meM hameM adhika vikasita rUpa meM milatA hai / kalpasUtra kI apekSA bhI AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke 15 veM adhyAya meM varNita mahAvIracaritra adhika vikasita hai, aisI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI mAnyatA hai / unakI mAnyatA kA AdhAra kalpasUtra kI apekSA AcArAMga ke mahAvIracaritra meM adhika alaukika tattvoM kA samAveza hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ke jovanavRtta se sambandhita kucha ghaTanAe~; ullikhita haiM yathA - devAnandA, jAmAli tathA gozAlaka sambandhI ghaTanAe~ usameM gozAlaka sambandhI vivaraNa ko jaina vidvAnoM ne prakSipta evaM paravartI mAnA hai / Avazyaka niryukti yadyapi kalpasUtra kI apekSA mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta vistAra se ullikhita nahIM karatI hai, phira bhI 24 tIrthaMkaroM sambandhI suvyavasthita jo varNana usameM milatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki isakI racanA kalpasUtra kI apekSA paravartI kAla kI hai| itanA nizcita hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI suvyavasthita avadhAraNA upalabdha hone lagatI hai / yadyapi tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRttoM kA vikAsa bAda meM bhI huA / sambhavataH IsA kI 7vIM zatAbdI meM sarvaprathama tIrthaMkaroM ke suvyavasthita jIvanavRtta likhane ke prayatna kie gae, saMbhava hai tatsambandhita kucha avadhAraNAe~ pUrva meM bhI pracalita rahI hoM / AvazyakacUrNi (7vIM zatI) mahAvIra aura RSabha kA vistRta vivaraNa detI hai / digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparAoM meM lagabhaga IsA kI 9vIM zatAbdI se hI hameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke suvyavasthita jIvanavRtta milane lagate haiM / yadyapi isa kAla ke lekhakoM ke sAmane kucha pUrva paramparAe~ avazya rahI hoMgI, jisa AdhAra para unhoMne ina caritroM kA vikAsa kiyA / vastutaH IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se 9 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca kA kAla hI aisA hai jisameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM sambandhI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa huA / Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki bauddha paramparA meM 24 buddhoM aura hindU paramparA meM 24 avatAroM aura unake jIvanavRttoM ko bhI suvyavasthita rUpa isI kAla meM diyA gayA hai jo tulanAtmaka dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai / hindU paramparA meM avatAra kI suvyavasthita avadhAraNA hameM bhAgavatapurANa meM milatI hai / itihAsavidoM ne bhAgavatapurANa kA kAla lagabhaga 9 vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai, yahI kAla zIlAMka ke caupannamahApurisacariyaM evaM digambara paramparA ke mahApurANa Adi kA hai / yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki 24 tIrthaMkaroM, 24 buddhoM aura 24 avatAroM kI avadhAraNA kAlakrama meM

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56 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana vikasita hokara sunizcita huI hai / isI prasaMga meM atIta evaM anAgata tIrthakaroM aura buddhoM kI kalpanA vikasita huI jo tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai / aba hama grantha kI sImA ko dekhate hue bhUtakAlIna aura AgAmI tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma nirdeza ke sAtha vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM saMkSipta rUpa se prakAza ddaaleNge| tIrthaMkaroM kI saMkhyA-vartamAna, atIta aura anAgata kAla ke tIrthaGkara yadyapi bhAgavata meM viSNu ke ananta avatAra batAye gaye haiM phira bhI vaiSNavoM meM caubIsa avatAra kI avadhAraNA prasiddha hai| uso prakAra jaina grantha mahApurANa meM yadyapi bhUta aura bhaviSya kI ananta caubIsiyoM ke AdhAra para ananta jinoM ko kalpanA kI gaI hai| phira bhI jainoM meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA hI adhika pracalita rahI hai tathA vividha kSetroM aura kAloM ko apekSA se ananta caubIsiyoM kI kalpanA kI gaI / jambUdvIpa ke bhAratavarSa meM vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara isa prakAra haiM 1. RSabha, 2. ajita, 3. saMbhava, 4. abhinandana, 5. sumati, 6. padmaprabha, 7. supArzva, 8. candraprabha, 9. suvidhi-puSpadanta, 10. zItala, 11. zreyAMsa, 12. vAsupUjya, 13. vimala, 14. ananta, 15. dharma, 16. zAnti, 17. kunthu, 18. ara, 19. mallo, 20. munisuvrata, 21. nami, 22. nemi, 23. pAzrva aura 24. vardhamAna / 1. bhAgavata 1 / 2 / 5; 2 / 6 / 41-45 2. NAi Nantu bhAviNihi Nirutau, ehau vIrajiNidevutau / par3hatu samAsami kAlu aNAiu, so aNantu jiNaNANi jAiu // __-mahApurANa 2 / 4 3. jabuddIve NaM dIve bhArahe vAse imIse osappiNIe cauvIsaM titthagarA hotthA / taM jahA-usabhe 1, ajiye 2, saMbhave 3, abhiNaMdaNe 4, sumaI 5, paumappahe 6, supAse 7, caMdappabhe 8, suvihi-puSpadaMte 9, sIyale 10, sijjase 11, vAsupujje 12, vimale 13, aNaMte 14, dhamme 15, saMtI 16, kuMthU 17, are 18, mallI 19, maNisuvvae 20, NamI 21, mI 22, pAse 23, vaDDhamANo 24 / -samavAyAMga, zrI madhukara muni, prakIrNaka samavAya 635 /

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 57 jambUdvIpa ke airAvata kSetra ke vartamAna avasarpiNo kAla meM nimna caubosa tIrthakara hue haiM 1. sucandra, 2. agnisena, 3. nandisena, 4. RSidatta, 5. somacandra, 6. yuktisena, 7. ajitasena, 8. zivasena, 9. buddha, 10. devazarma, 11. nikSiptazastra-(zreyAMsa), 12. asaMjvala, 13. jinavRSabha, 14. amitajJAnI ananta, 15. upazAnta, 16. gaptisena, 17. atipAvaM, 18. sUpAzva, 19. marudeva, 20. dhara, 21. zyAmakoSTha, 22. agnisena, 23. agniputra, 24. vAriSeNa / samavAyAMga meM to jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM utsarpiNI kAla ke atIta tIrthaMkaroM kA vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai parantu pravacanasAroddhAra meM nimna 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai - 1. kevalajJAnI, 2. nirvANI, 3. sAgarajina, 4. mahAyaza, 5. vimala, 6. nAthasuteja (sarvAnubhUti), 7. zrIdhara, 8. datta, 9. dAmodara, 10. suteja, 11. svAmijina, 12. zivAzI (manisuvrata), 13. sumati, 14. zivagati, 15. avAdha (astAga), 16. nAthanemIzvara, 17. anila, 18. yazodhara 19. jinakRtArtha, 20. dharmIzvara (jinezvara), 21. zuddhamati, 22. zivakarajina, 23. syandana, 24. sampratijina / 1. jaMbuddIve [ NaM dIve ] eravae vAse imIse osappiNIe cauvvIsaM titthayarA hotthA / taM jahA caMdANaNaM sUcaMdaM aggIseNaM ca naMdiseNa ca / isidiNNaM vayahAri vaMdimo somacaMdaM ca / / vaMdAmi juttiseNaM ajiyaseNaM taheva sivaseNaM / buddhaM ca devasamma sayayaM nikkhittasatthaM ca // asaMjalaM jiNavasahaM vaMde ya aNaMtayaM amiyaNANi / uvasaMtaM ca dhuyarayaM vaMde khalu guttiseNaM ca // atipAsaM ca supAsaM devesaravaMdiyaM ca marudevaM / nivvANagayaM ca dharaM khINaduhaM sAmakoTTaM ca // jiyarAgamaggiseNaM vaMde khINarayamaggiuttaM ca / vokkasiyapijjadosaM vAriseNaM gayaM siddhiM // -samavAyAMga (saM. zrI madhukara muni) prakIrNaka samavAya 664 2. pravacanasAroddhAra 7 gA0 288-290

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58 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana digambara grantha jayasenapratiSThApATha ke nAmoM meM kucha bhinnatA hai usameM nimna 24 tothaMkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai-1 1. nirvANa, 2. sAgara, 3. mahAsAdhu, 4. vimalaprabha, 5. zuddhAbhadeva, 6. zrIdhara, 7. zrIdatta, 8. siddhAbhadeva, 9. amalaprabha, 10. uddhAradeva, 11. agnideva, 12. saMyama, 13. ziva, 14. puSpAMjali, 15. utsAha, 16. paramezvara, 17. jJAnezvara, 18. vimalezvara, 19. yazodhara, 20. kRSNamati, 21. jJAnamati, 22. zuddhamati, 23. zrIbhadra, 24. anantavIrya / zvetAmbaragrantha pravacanasAroddhAra aura digambaragrantha jayasenapratiSThApATha meM bharatakSetra ke utsarpiNI kAla ke atIta tIrthaMkaroM-nirvANa, sAgara jina, vimala, zrIdhara, datta, zivati, zuddhamati ke nAmoM meM samAnatA dikhAyI detI hai evaM anya tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM meM donoM granthoM meM bhinnatA hai| airAvata kSetra ke avasarpiNI kAla ke atIta tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM ho sakI hai| ____ jambUdvIpa ke bhAratavarSa meM AgAmI utsarpiNI kAla meM hone vAle caubIsa tIrthakara nimna haiM 1- mahApadma, 2- sUradeva, 3-supAva, 4- svayaMprabha, 5- sarvAnubhUti, 6- devazruta. 7- udaya, 8-peDhAlaputra, 9- proSThila, 10- zatakIrti, 11-munisuvrata, 12-sarvabhAvavit, 13-amama, 14-niSkaSAya, 151. jayasenapratiSThApATha, 470-493 2. jaMbuddIve NaM dIve bhArahe vAse AgamissAe ussappiNIe cauvIsaM titthagarA bhavissaMti / taM jahA-- mahApaume sUradeve sUpAse ya sayaMpabhe / saNvANubhUI arahA devassue ya hokkhai // udae peDhAlaputte ya poTTile sattakitti ya / muNisuvvae ya arahA savvabhAvaviU jiNe // amame NikkasAe ya nippulAe ya nimmame / cittautte samAhI ya AgamisseNa hokkhai / / saMvare aNiyaTTI ya vijae vimale ti ya / devovavAe arahA aNaMtavijae i y| ee vuttA caunvIsaM bharahe vAsammi kevalI / AgamisseNaM hokkhaMti dhammatitthassa desagA // -samavAyAMga (saM0 zrI madhukara muni) prakIrNaka samavAya 667 /

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- tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 59 niSpulAka, 16-nirmama, 17-citragupta, 18-samAdhigupta, 19-saMvara, 20-anivRtti, 21-vijaya, 22-vimala, 23-devopapAta aura 24-ananta vijy| uparokta tIrthaMkara AgAmI utsarpiNI kAla meM bharata kSetra meM dharma tIrtha kI dezanA kreNge| jambUdvIpa ke airAvata kSetra meM AgAmI utsarpiNI kAla meM caubIsa tIrthakara hoMge' 1-sumaMgala, 2-siddhArtha, 3-nirvANa, 4-mahAyaza, 5-dharmadhvaja, 6-zrIcandra, 7-pUSpaketu, 8-mahAcandra kevalI, 9-sutasAgara ahana, 10siddhArtha, 11-cUrNaghoSa, 12-mahAghoSa kevalI, 13-satyasena arhan, 14sUrasena arhan, 15-mahAsena kevalI, 16-sarvAnanda, 17-devaputra arhan, 18-supArzva, 19-suvrata arhan, 20-sukozala arhan, 21-anantavijaya arhana, 22-vimala arhan, 23-mahAbala arhana aura 24-devAnanda arhan / ___ uparokta caubIsa tIrthaMkara airAvata kSetra meM AgAmo utsarpiNI kAla meM dharmatIrtha kI dezanA karane vAle hoNge| 1. jaMbuddIve [ NaM dIve ] eravae vAse AgamissAe ussappiNIe cauvvIsaM titthakarA bhavissaMti / taM jahA sumaMgale ya siddhatthe NivANe ya mahAjase / dhammajjhae ya arahA AgamissANa hokkhaI // siricaMde pupphakeU mahAcaMde ya kevlii| suyasAgare ya arahA AgamissANa hokkhaI // siddhatthe puNNaghose ya mahAghose ya kevalI / saccaseNe ya arahA AgamissANa hokkhaI / / sUraseNe ya arahA mahAseNe ya kevalI / savvANaMde ya arahA devautte ya hokkhaI // supAse suvvae arahA arahe ya sukosale / arahA aNaMtavijae AgamissANa hokkhaI // vimale uttare arahA arahA ya mahAbale / devANaMde ya arahA AgamissANa hokkhaI // ee vuttA cauvvIsaM eravayammi kevalI / AgamissANa hokkhaMti dhammatitthassa desgaa|| -samavAyAMga (saM0 zrI madhukaramuni) prakIrNaka samavAya 674 / /

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60 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana jisa prakAra bauddhoM meM sukhAvatIvyUha meM sadaiva buddhoM kI upasthiti mAnI gaI hai usI prakAra jainoM ne mahAvideha kSetra meM sadaiva bIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI upasthiti mAnI hai| yadyapi inameM se pratyeka tIrthaMkara apanI Ayu maryAdA pUrNa hone para siddha ho jAtA hai arthAt nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai kintu jisa samaya vaha nirvANa prApta karatA hai, usI samaya usI nAma kA dUsarA tIrthaMkara kaivalya prAptakara tIrthaMkara pada prApta kara letA hai, isa prakAra krama sadA calatA rahatA hai| mahAvideha kSetra ke bIsa tIrthaMkara nimna haiN|' 1. somandha ra, 2. yugamandhara, 3. bAhu, 4. subAhu, 5. saMjAta, 6. svayaMprabha, 7. RSabhAnana, 8. anantavIrya, 9. sUriprabha, 10. vizAlaprabha, 11. vajradhara, 12. candrAnana, 13. candrabAhu, 14. bhujaMgama, 15. Izvara, 16. nemiprabhu, 17. vIrasena, 18. mahAbhadra, 19. devayaza, 20. ajitavIrya / jainoM kI kalpanA hai ki samasta manuSyaloka (aDhAI dvIpa) ke vibhinna kSetroM meM eka sAtha adhikatama 170 aura nyUnatama 20 tIrthakara sadaiva vartamAna rahate haiM / isa nyUnatama aura adhikatama saMkhyA kA atikramaNa nahIM hotA, phira bhI eka tIrthaMkara kA dUsare tIrthaMkara se kabhI milApa nahIM hotaa| 1. RSabhadeva ___RSabhadeva vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke prathama tIrthaMkara mAne jAte haiM / inake pitA nAbhi aura inakI mAtA marudevI thiiN| ye ikSvAku kula ke kAzyapa gotra meM utpanna hue the| inakA janmasthAna kozala janapada ke ayodhyA nagara meM mAnA jAtA hai| inakI do patniyA~ thIM-sunandA aura sumNglaa| bharata, bAhubali Adi unake 100 putra aura brAhmI-sundarI do putriyA~ thiiN| __RSabhadeva usa kAla meM utpanna hue the, jaba manuSya prAkRtika jIvana se nikala kara grAmINa evaM nagarIya jIvana meM praveza kara rahA thaa| mAnA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne puruSa ko 72 aura striyoM ko 64 kalAoM kI 1. jayasenapratiSThApATha, 545-64 / 2. "vIsaM vi sayale khette sattarisayaM vrdo|"-triloksaar-681 / 3. kalpasUtra, 210 / 4. vahI, 205-81; Avazyakaniyukti 170, 385, 387; samavAyAMga 157 / 5. kalpasUtravRtti 236, 231 (vinaya-vijaya); AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 152-3 /

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 61 zikSA dI thI, unhoMne apanI putrI brAhmI ko lipijJAna tathA sundarI ko gaNita viSaya meM pAraMgata banAyA thaa| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra asi ( sainyaka), masi (vANijya) aura kRSi ko vyavasthita rUpa dene kA zreya bhI RSabhadeva ko hai / isa prakAra inheM bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA Adi puruSa mAnA jAtA hai / yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki inhoMne sAmAjika jIvana meM sarvaprathama yogalika paramparA ko samApta kara vivAha kI paramparA sthApita kI thI / paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra inake zarIra kI U~cAI 500 dhanuSa aura Ayu 84 lAkha pUrva varSa mAnI gaI hai / ye 83 lAkha pUrva varSa sAMsArika avasthA meM rahe aura inhoMne 1/2 lAkha pUrva varSa taka saMyama kA pAlana kiyaa| apane jIvana kI saMdhyAvelA meM inhoMne cAra hajAra logoM ke sAtha saMnyAsa liyA / inheM eka varSa ke kaThora tapa sAdhanA ke pazcAt purimatAla udyAna meM bodhi prApta huI thii| jainoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki RSabhadeva ke sAtha saMnyAsa dharma ko aMgIkAra karane vAle adhikAMza vyakti unake samAna kaThora AcaraNa kA pAlana na kara pAye aura pariNAmasvarUpa apanI-apanI suvidhAoM ke anusAra vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ko janma diyA / unake pautra mAroci dvArA tridaMDI saMnyAsiyoM kI paramparA prArambha huii| jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki RSabhadeva ke saMgha meM 84 gaNoM meM vibhakta 84 gaNadharoM ke adhIna 84 hajAra zramaNa the, brAhmI pramukha tIna lAkha AryikAyeM thI / tIna lAkha pacAsa hajAra zrAvaka aura pAMca lAkha cauvana hajAra zrAvikAe~ thIM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM RSabhadeva ke 12 pUrva bhavoM kA ullekha hai / isake sAtha hI sAtha usameM unake janma mahotsava, nAmakaraNa, rUpa-yauvana, vivAha, gRhasthajIvana, santAnotpatti, rAjyAbhiSeka, kalAoM kI zikSA, verAgya, gRhatyAga aura dIkSA, sAdhanAkAla ke upasarga, ikSurasa se pAraNa, kevalajJAna, samavasaraNa, saMgha sthApanA aura upadeza Adi kA vistAra se varNana hai / RSabhadeva kA ullekha anya paramparAoM meM bhI milatA hai / vaidika paramparA meM vedoM se lekara purANoM taka inake nAma kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| Rgveda meM aneka rUpoM meM inakI stuti kI gaI hai / yadyapi Aja yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki Rgveda meM varNita RSabhadeva vahI haiM jo jainoM ke prathama 1. " evA babhro vRSabha cekitAna yathA deva na hRNISe na haMsi / " - Rgveda 2 / 33 / 15.

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62 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tIrthakara haiM, kyoMki inake pakSa evaM vipakSa meM vidvAnoM ne apane tarka diye haiM / tANDaya brAhmaNa aura zatapatha brAhmaNa meM nAbhi putra RSabha aura RSabha ke putra bharata kA ullekha hai|' uttarakAlIna hindU paramparA ke granthoM zrImadbhAgavata, mArkaNDeyapurANa, kUrmapurANa, agnipurANa, vAyupurANa, garur3apurANa, viSNupurANa aura skandhapurANa meM bhI RSabhadeva ke ullekha milate haiN| zrImadbhAgavata aura paravartI purANoM meM se adhikAMza meM RSabhadeva kA varNana upalabdha hai, jo jaina paramparA se bahuta sAmya rakhatA hai| Rgveda ke 10 veM maMDala ke sUtra 136/2 meM vAtarazanA zabda kA prayoga huA hai,3 vyutpatti kI dRSTi se vAtarazana zabda ke do artha ho sakate haiM-(1) vAta + azana arthAt vAyu hI jinakA bhojana hai, unheM vAtarazana kahA jA sakatA hai (2) vAta + razana hai, razana veSThana kA paricAyaka vAyu hI jinakA vastra hai arthAt isa dRSTi se yaha nagna muni kA paricAyaka ho sakatA hai| taittirIya AraNyaka ke anusAra vAtarazanA kA artha nagna hotA hai| jainAcArya jinasena ne vAtarazanA kA artha digambara kiyA hai aura use RSabhadeva kA vizeSaNa batAyA hai / sAyaNa ne vAtarazanA kA artha vAtarazana kA putra kiyA hai, kintu usakA artha vAtarazana ke anuyAyI karanA adhika ucita hai kyoMki zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva ne vAtarazanA zramaNoM ke dharma kA upadeza diyA / jaina purANa aura zrImadbhAgavata meM vAtarazanA ko jo RSabhadeva ke sAtha 1. (a) "RSabho vA pshunaamdhipti"| --tANDya braahmnn--14|2|5 / (ba) RSabho vA pazUnAM prajApatiH" --zatapatha braahmnn-5|2|5|10 / 2. aSTame merudevyAM tu nAbherjAtaM urukramaH / / darzayan vartma dhIrANAM sarvAzramanamaskRtam / / -bhAgavata 1 / 3 / 13 nAbherasAvRSabha Asa sudevisUnuryo vai cacAra samadag jaDayogacaryAm / yat pAramahaMsyamRSayaH padamAmananti svasthaH prazAntakaraNaH primuktsnggH|| -bhAgavata 2 / 7 / 10 dekheM-mArkaNDeyapurANa adhyAya 50 39-42; kUrmapurANa adhyAya 41, 3738, agnipurANa, 10, 10-11, vAyupurANa 33 / 50-52 garuDapurANa 1, brahmANDapurANa 14, 61 viSNupurANa 2 / 1 / 27, skandhapurANa kumArakhaNDa, 3757 / 3. munayo vAtarazanAH pizaGgA vasate malA / vAtasyAnu dhrAji yanti yaddevAso avikSata //

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- tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 63 jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, samucita to pratIta hotA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI sUcita karatA hai ki Rgvaidika kAla meM RSabha kI paramparA pracalita thii| Rgveda meM 'ziznadevA' zabda AyA hai| "ziznadeva' ke Rgveda meM do ullekha haiM-prathama (7 / 21 / 5) meM to kahA gayA hai ki ve hamAre yajJa meM vighna na DAleM aura dUsare (10 / 99 / 3) meM indra dvArA ziznadevoM ko mArakara zatadvAroM vAle durga kI nidhi para kabjA karane kA ullekha hai| isase yaha spaSTa siddha ho jAtA hai ki ziznadeva (nagna deva) ke pUjaka vaidika paramparA ke virodhI aura Arthika dRSTi se sampanna the| ziznadevA ke do artha ho sakate haiM / isakA eka artha hai zizna ko devatA mAnane vAle, dUsarA zizna yukta arthAt nagna devatA ko pUjane vaale| ina donoM arthoM meM se yadi kisI bhI artha ko grahaNa kareM, kintu isase itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM eka paramparA thI jo nagna devatAoM kI pUjA karatI thI aura yaha bhI satya hai RSabha kI paramparA nagna zramaNoM kI paramparA thii| Rgveda meM kezo kI stuti kiye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha kezI sAdhanAyukta kahe gae haiM aura agni, jala, pRthvo aura svarga ko dhAraNa karate haiN| sAtha hI sampUrNa vizva ke tattvoM kA darzana karate haiM aura unakI jJAnajyoti mAtra jJAnarUpa hI hai|' Rgveda meM eka anya sthala para kezI aura RSabha kA eka sAtha varNana huA hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ke kezadhArI avadhUta ke rUpa meM paribhramaNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai / jenamUrtikalA meM bhI RSabhadeva ke vakrakezoM kI paramparA atyanta prAcInakAla se pAyI jAtI hai| tIrthaMkaroM meM mAtra RSabhadeva kI mUrti ke sira para ho kuTila (vakra) keza dekhane ko milate haiM, jo ki unakA eka lakSaNa mAnA jAtA hai| padmapurANa evaM harivaMzapurANa' meM bhI unakI lambI jaTAoM ke ullekha pAe jAte haiN| ataH uparokta sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki RSabhadeva kA hI dUsarA nAma "kezo" rahA hogaa| 1. Rgveda 101136 / 1 / 2. Rgveda 10 / 102 / 6 / 3. zrImadbhAgavata 5 / 5 / 28-31 / 4. padmapurANa, 3 / 288 / 5. harivaMzapurANa, 9 / 204 /

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64 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana purAtAttvika srotoM se bhI RSabhadeva ke bAre meM sUcanAe~ prApta huI haiN| DaoN0 rAkhaladAsa banarjI dvArA sindhughATI kI sabhyatA kI khoja meM prApta sIla (mahara) naM0 449 para citra lipi meM kucha likhA haA hai| ise zrI prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra ne jinezvaraH "jina-i-i-saraH' par3hA hai| rAmabahAdura candA kA kahanA hai ki sindhu ghATI se prApta muharoM meM eka mUrti mathurA ke RSabhadeva kI khaDgAsana mUrti ke samAna tyAga aura vairAgya ke bhAva prazita karatI hai / isa sIla meM jA mUrti utkIrNa hai, usameM vairAgya bhAva to spaSTa hai hI, sAtha hI sAtha usake nIce ke bhAga meM RSabhadeva ke. pratIka baila kA sadbhAva bhI hai|' DaoN0 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ne sindhu-sabhyatA kA adhyayana karate hue likhA ki phalaka 12 aura 118 AkRti 7 (mArzala kRta mohana-jo-dar3o) kAya tsarga mudrA meM khaDgAsana meM khar3e hue devatAoM ko sUcita karatI hai| yaha mudrA jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM se vizeSa rUpa se milatI hai| jaisemathuga se prApta tIrthaMkara RSabha kI mUrti / mahara saMkhyA epha0 jI0 eca0 phalaka do para aMkita devamUrti / eka baila hI banA hai| sambhava hai ki yaha RSabha kA pratIka rUpa ho / yadi aisA ho, to zeva-dharma kI taraha jaina dharma kA mUla bhI tAmrayugIna sindhu sabhyatA taka calA jAtA hai| ___ DaoN. visenTa e0 smitha kA kathana hai ki mathurA sambandhI khojoM se yaha phalata hotA hai ki jaina dharma kI tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA I0 san ke pUrva meM vidyamAna thii| RSabhAdi 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI mAnyatA sudUra prAcIna kAla meM pUrNatayA pracalita thii| isa prakAra RSabhadeva ko prAcInatA itihAsa ke sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika donoM sAkSyoM se siddha hai| DaoN0 ena0 ena0 basu kA mantavya hai ki brAhmI lipi kA prathama AviSkAra sambhavataH RSabhadava na hI kiyA thaa| apanI putrI ke nAma para isakA brAhmI nAma rakhA / * gavata meM ve viSNu ke aSTama avatAra ke rUpa meM prakhyAta hue haiN| RSabha aura ziva sindhu ghATI meM milI mUrtiyoM aura sIloM kI deva mUrti kA samIkaraNa 1. DaoN0 nemicandrazAstrI, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA (sAgara, 1974), pR014| 2. hindU sabhyatA (naI dillI, 1958) pR0 23 / 3. da jaina stUpa--mathurA, prastAvanA, pR0 6 / 4. hindUvizvakoza, jilda 1, pR0 64 tathA jilda 3, pR0 444 /

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tIrthaMkara ko avadhAraNA : 65 cAhe hama ziva se kareM yA RSabha se kareM bahuta antara nahIM hai| RSabha aura ziva ke saMdarbha meM jo kathAe~ milatI haiM usase itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki donoM vaidika karma-kANDa ke virodhI the / digambara vidvAn paM0 kailAzacandra jI ne ziva aura RSabha meM samokaraNa khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI mahAdeva ke nAmoM meM ziva aura RSabha donoM kA ullekha huA hai| atharvaveda ke 15 veM vrAtya nAmaka kANDa meM eka-vrAtya ko mahAdeva bhI kahA gayA hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki vrAtyoM, vAtarazanA muniyoM aura ziznadevoM kI koI eka paramparA thI, jo vaidika kAla meM bhI pracalita thI aura yaha paramparA nizcita ho veda-virodhI zramaNa dhArA ko tho| vrAtya zabda kA artha bho vratoM kA pAlana karane vAlA, tyAgI yA ghumakkar3a hotA hai / ye sabhI bAteM zramaNoM meM pAI jAtI haiM / punaH atharvaveda meM vAtyoM ko mAgadha kahA gayA hai, isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve zramaNa paramparA ke hI loga the / yaha sunizcita satya hai ki magadha zramaNoM kA kendra sthala thaa| ina saba AdhAroM para aisA lagatA hai ki zramaNoM kI yahI paramparA vikasita hokara hindU dharma meM zaivoM arthAt ziva ke upAsakoM ke rUpa meM aura zramaNa paramparA meM RSabha ke anuyAyiyoM ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| hindU purANoM meM mArkaNDeya purANa, kUrma purANa, agni purANa, vAyu purANa, garur3a purANa, brahmANDa purANa, viSNu purANa, skandha purANa aura zrImadbhAgavata meM jo RSabhadeva kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai usase itanA to nizcita ho siddha ho jAtA hai ki RSabha nizcita hI eka aitihAsika puruSa rahe haiN| __ jaina paramparA meM RSabhadeva kI mUrtiyA~ tathA pUjA ke pramANa hameM IsA-pUrva kI prathama zatAbdI se milane lagate haiN| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki IsavI pUrva meM bhI RSabhadeva jaina paramparA ke tIrthaMkara mAne jAte the| jaina aura vaidika paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se hI unakI upasthiti kA jo saMketa milatA hai, vaha isa bAta kA bhI sUcaka hai ki ve eka aitihAsika vyakti the aura mahAvIra tathA pAzrva ke pUrva unako zramaNa paramparA jIvita thI / sambhava hai ki mahAvIra ke sammukha RSabha aura pArzva donoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI ho; mahAvIra ne pAvaM kI paramparA kI apekSA RSabha kI paramparA ko adhika mahattva diyA ho / Aja hamAre pAsa AjIvaka sampradAya kA koI grantha upalabdha nahIM hai

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66 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki AjIvakoM kI paramparA mahAvIra aura gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI pracalita thI, sambhava hai ki AjIvakoM kI yaha paramparA RSabha kI paramparA rahI ho / paravartI jaina granthoM meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki prathama aura antima tIrthaMkara ke dharma meM samAnatA hotI hai, vaha Akasmika nahIM hai / tArkika AdhAra para hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki mahAvIra ne pArzva kI paramparA kI apekSA AjIvakoM ke rUpa meM jIvita RSabha kI nagnatAvAdI paramparA ko hI prAthamikatA dI aura svIkAra kiyA / jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM, paM0 kailAzacandra jI Adi kucha jaina vidvAnoM ne ina saba ullekhoM ke AdhAra para RSabha ko eka aiti hAsika vyakti siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura unakI samarUpatA ziva ke sAtha bhI sthApita kI gaI hai| jisake AdhAra nimna haiM / prathama to RSabha aura ziva donoM hI digambara haiN| ziva kA vAhana nandI ( vRSabha ) hai to RSabha kA lAMchana bhI vRSabha hai| donoM dhyAna, sAdhanA aura yoga ke pravartaka mAne jAte haiM jahA~ ziva ko kailAzavAsI mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ RSabha kA nirvANa bhI kailAza parvata (aSTApada) para batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra donoM vaidika karmakANDa ke virodhI, nivRttimArgI aura dhyAna evaM yoga ke prastotA haiM / yadyapi donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatAe~ khojI jA sakatI haiM, phira bhI paravartI sAhitya meM varNita donoM ke jIvanavRttoM ke AdhAra para Aja yaha kahanA kaThina hI hai ki ve abhinna vyakti haiM yA alaga-alaga vyakti haiM; parantu isa samagra carcA se itanA niSkarSa avazya nikalatA hai ki RSabha ko bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti meM eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki hindU paramparA unheM bhagavAn ke caubIsa avatAroM meM prathama mAnavIya avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai / bauddha sAhitya meM dhammapada meM "usabhaM pavaraM vIraM" (422) ke rUpa meM RSabha kA ullekha haiM, yadyapi yaha zabda brAhmaNa kA eka vizeSaNa hai athavA RSabha nAmaka tIrthaMkara ko sUcita karatA hai, yaha vivAdAspada hI hai / 1. " bhagavAna RSabhadevo yogezvaraH / " bhAgavata 5 / 5 / 9 / "nAnAyogacaryAcaraNo bhagavAn kaivalyapati RSabhaH / " "yogikalpataruM naumi devadevaM vRSadhvajam / " vahI 515135 - jJAnArNava 12

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 67 maJjuzrImUlakalpa meM bhI nAbhi putra RSabha aura unake putra bharata kA ullekha upalabdha hai / ' 2. ajita 4 ajita jaina paramparA ke dUsare torthaMkara mAne jAte haiM / inake pitA kA nAma jitazatru aura mAtA kA nAma vijayA thA tathA inakA janmasthAna ayodhyA mAnA gayA hai / inakA zarIra 400 dhanuSa U~cA aura kAMcana varNa batAyA gayA hai| inhoMne bhI apane jovana ke antima caraNa meM saMnyAsa - grahaNa kara 12 varSa taka kaThina tapasyA kI, tatpazcAt sarvajJa bane / " apanI 72 lAkha pUrva varSa kI sarva Ayu meM inhoMne 71 lAkha pUrva varSa gRhastha dharma aura 1 lAkha pUrva varSa saMnyAsa dharma kA pAlana kiyA / inake saMgha meM 1 lAkha muni aura 3 lAkha 30 hajAra sAdhviyA~ thIM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake pUrvabhavoM kA ullekha hai aura inheM sagara cakravartI kA cacerA bhAI batAyA gayA hai / bauddha paramparA meM ajita thera kA nAma milatA hai kintu inakI torthaMkara ajita se koI samAnatA parilakSita nahIM hotI hai / isI prakAra buddha ke samakAlIna tIrthaMkara kahe jAne vAle 6 vyaktiyoM meM eka ajitakezakambala bhI haiM kintu ye mahAvIra ke samakAlIna haiM jabaki dUsare tIrthaMkara ajita mahAvIra ke bahuta pahale ho cuke haiN| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan kI sUcanAnusAra Rgveda meM bhI ajita kA nAma AtA hai-ye prAcIna haiM ataH inakI tIrthaMkara ajita se ekarUpatA kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / kintu yahA~ bhI mAtra nAma kI ekarUpatA ke atirikta anya koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| 1. " prajApateH sutonAbhi tasyApi Agamucyati / nAbhino RSabha putro vai siddha karma dRDhavrataH // " -- AryamaJjuzrImUlakalpa, 390 2. nandIsUtra 18 3. sama0 157; Avazyaka niyukti 323, 385, 387 / 4. samavAyAMga, gAthA 107; Avazyakani0 378, 376 / 5. AvazyakavRtti 205-7 / 6. Avazyakaniyukti 272, 278, 303 / 7. vahI, 256, 260 /

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68 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 3. saMbhava varSa inhoMne saMbhava vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke tIsare tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiM / ' inake pitA kA nAma jitAri evaM mAtA kA nAma senAdevI thA tathA inakA janma-sthAna zrAvastI nagara mAnA gayA hai / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 400 dhanuSa, varNa kAMcana aura Ayu 60 lAkha pUrvaM mAnI gaI hai / bhI apane jovana kI saMdhyA velA meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA aura 194 varSa kI kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt sAla vRkSa ke nIce inheM kevalajJAna prApta huA | inhoMne sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyA / " inakI ziSyasampadA meM 2 lAkha bhikSu aura 3 lAkha 36 hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thIM / anya paramparAoM me inakA ullekha hameM kahIM nahIM milatA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM kA ullekha hai / 4. abhinandana 1 abhinandana jaina paramparA ke cauthe tIrthaMkara mAne jAte haiM / inake pitA kA nAma saMvara evaM mAtA kA nAma siddhArthA thA tathA inakA janma sthAna ayodhyA mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 350 dhanuSa aura varNa sunahalA batAyA gayA hai / ' inhoMne jIvana ke antima caraNa meM 1000 manuSyoM ke sAtha saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA aura kaThina tapasyA ke bAda sammetaparvata para nirvANa prApta kiyA / inhoMne apanI 50 lAkha pUrva varSa kI Ayu meM sAr3he bAraha lAkha pUrva varSa kumAra avasthA meM sAr3he chattIsa lAkha pUrva varSa gRhastha jIvana meM aura eka lAkha pUrva varSa meM saMnyAsa dharma pAlana kiyA / inako priaMka vRkSa ke nIce kaivalya prApta huA thA / T inake 3 lAkha muni aura 30 hajAra sAdhviyA~ thIM / 1deg triSaSTizalAkA 1. samAvAyAMga gA0 157; nandIsUtra, 18; vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1758 2 . vahI, 157; Avazyaka niyukti 385 / 3. vahI, 106, 59; Avazyaka niyukti 378, 376, 278 / 4. vahI, 157; Avazyaka niyukti 254, 302 / 5. kalpasUtra, 202; Avazyaka niyukti 303, 307, 311 / 6. samavAyAMga gA0 157; Avazyakaniyukti, 256, 260 / 7. vahI, 157; Avazyaka niyukti, 382 / 8. Avazyaka niyukti, 376 / 9. vahI, 225, 280, 303 / 10. vahI, 256, 260 //

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tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 69 puruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-mahAbala rAjA aura anuttara svarga ke deva kA ullekha huA hai| 5. sumati sumati vartamAna avasarpiNo kAla ke pA~caveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiN|' inake pitA kA nAma megha evaM mAtA kA nAma maMgalA tathA inakA janma sthAna vinaya nagara mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 300 dhanuSa aura varNa kAMcana mAnA gayA hai| inhoMne jIvana kI antima sandhyA velA meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA thA aura 12 varSa kI kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt priyaMgu vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta kiyA thaa| inhoMne apanI 40 lAkha pUrva varSa ko sarva Ayu meM 10 lAkha pUrva varSa kumArAvasthA aura 29 lAkha pUrva varSa gRhastha jIvana aura 1 lAkha pUrva varSa saMnyAsa dharma kA pAlana kiyaa| inakI ziSyasampadA meM 3 lAkha 20 hajAra bhikSu aura 5 lAkha 30 hajAra bhikSuNiyAM thiiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-puruSasiMha rAjakumAra aura RddhizAlI deva kA ullekha huA hai| anya paramparAoM meM hameM inakA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| 6. padmaprabha jaina paramparA meM padmaprabha chaThaveM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAne jAte haiN|' inake pitA kA nAma dhara evaM mAtA kA nAma susImA thA tathA inakA janma sthAna kauzAmbI nagara mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 250 dhanuSa evaM varNa lAla batAyA gayA hai| inhoMne kaThina tapazcaraNa kara chatrAMga vRkSa ke nIce kevala jJAna prApta kiyA thaa| inhoMne apanI 30 lAkha pUrva varSa 1. samavAyAMga gA0 157; vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1664, 1758 / 2. vahI, 104, 157; Avazyakaniyukti 383, 385, 387 / 3. Avazyakaniyukti 376, 378 / 4. samavAyAMga gA0 157 / 5. Avazyakaniyukti 303, 307, 311, 272-305 / 6. kalpasUtra, 199; Avazyakaniyukti, 1089 / 7. samavAyAMga gA0 157; Avazyakaniyukti, 382-387 8. vaho, 103; Avazyaka niyukti, 376, 378 / 9. vahI, 157 /

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70 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kI Ayu meM sAr3he ikkIsa lAkha pUrva varSa gRhastha dharma aura eka lAkha pUrvaM varSa taka muni dharmaM kA pAlana kiyA / " thIM / inake saMgha meM 3 lAkha 30 hajAra muni evaM 4 lAkha 20 hajAra sAdhviyA~ anya paramparAoM meM inakA bhI koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai / vaise padma rAma kA eka nAma hai kintu inakI rAma se koI samarUpatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM- aparAjita mahArAjA aura graiveyaka deva kA ullekha huA hai / 7. supArzva supArzva vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke sAtaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiM / inakA janma vArANasI ke rAjA pratiSTha kI rAnI pRthvI kI kukSi se mAnA gayA hai / inake zarIra ko U~cAI 200 dhanuSa aura varNa svarNima mAnA gayA hai / " inheM 9 mAha kI kaThina tapasyA ke pazcAt zirISa vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta huA aura 20 lAkha pUrva varSa kI Ayu pUrNa karane ke pazcAt sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta huA / inake saMgha meM 3 lAkha muni aura 4 lAkha 30 triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM ahamindra deva kA ullekha huA hai / 8. candraprabha jaina paramparA meM vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke AThaveM tIrthaMkara candraprabha mAne jAte haiM / inake pitA kA nAma mahAsena aura mAtA kA nAma lakSaNA 19 hajAra sAdhviyA~ thIM / " nandisena rAjA aura 1. Avazyakaniyukti 302-306 / 2. vahI, 256-266, 272- 305 / 3. samavAyAMga gA0 157; vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1758; Avazyakaniyukti, 5090 / 4. vahI, 157; Avazyakaniyukti 382, 385, 387 // 5. vahI, 101; Avazyaka niyukti 376 / 6. samavAyAMga gAthA 157 / 7. Avazyaka niyukti, 303, 307, 309 // 8. vahI, 257, 261 // 9. kalpasUtra, 197; Avazyakaniyukti 1090 / 445

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 71 thA tathA inakA janmasthAna candrapura thaa|' inake zarIra kI U~cAI 150 dhanuSa mAnI gaI hai| inake zarIra kA varNa candramA ke samAna zveta batAyA gayA hai / inako nAgavRkSa ke nIce bodhijJAna prApta huA thaa| inako ziSya sampadA meM DhAI lAkha bhikSu aura 3 lAkha 80 hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thiiN| trizaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM--padma rAjA aura ahamindra deva kA ullekha milatA hai / anya paramparAoM meM inakA kahIM bhI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai / 9. suvidhi yA puSpadanta suvidhinAtha jaina paramparA ke naveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiM / inakA janma kAkando nagarI ke rAjA sugrova ke yahA~ huA thA aura inakI mAtA kA nAma rAmA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 100 dhanuSa batAI gayI hai| inake zarIra kA varNa camakate haye candramA ke samAna batAyA gayA hai| inako kAkandI nagarI ke bAhara udyAna meM mallikA vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta haA thA tathA 2 lAkha pUrva varSa Ayu vyatIta karane ke pazcAta nirvANa lAbha huA thaa| inake saMgha meM 2 lAkha sAdhu evaM 3 lAkha sAdhviyAM thiiN|2 anya paramparAoM meM inakA bhI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-mahApadma rAjA aura ahamindra deva kA varNana huA hai| 1. samavAyAMga gAthA 157; Avazyakaniyukti, 382, 385, 387 / 2. vahI gA0 101; Avazyakaniyukti, 378 / 3. Avazyakaniyukti, 376 / 4. samavAyAMga gA0 157; sthAnAMga, 735; Avazyakaniyukti, 272-307 / 5. vahI, gA0 93; Avazyakaniyukti 257, 266 / 6. kalpasUtra, 196; Avazyakaniyukti 1091 / 7. samavAyAMga gA0 157; Avazyakaniyukti, 385, 388 / 8. vahI, gA0 100; Avazyakaniyukti, 385, 388 / 9. Avazyaka niyukti, 376 / 10. samavAyAMga gAthA 157 / 11. Avazyakaniyukti, 303, 307 / 12. vahI, 257, 261 /

Page #89
72 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 10. zotala zItala vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke dasaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiN|' inake pitA kA nAma dRr3haratha aura mAtA kA nAma nandA thA tathA inakA janmasthAna bhahilapura mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 90 dhanuSa aura varNa svarNima batAyA gayA hai / inhoMne bhI apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kara 3 mAha kI kaThina tapasyA ke pazcAt pIpala vRkSa ke nIce bodhi-jJAna prApta kiyA tathA sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyA / 6 inakI ziSya sampadA meM eka lAkha sAdhu aura eka lAkha 20 hajAra sAdhviyA~ thiiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM--padmottara rAjA aura prANata svarga meM bIsa sAgara ko sthiti vAle deva ke rUpa meM janma grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai|| inakA bhI ullekha anya paramparAoM meM dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai / 11. zreyAMsa jainaparamparA meM zreyAMsa ko gyArahaveM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| inakA janma siMhapura ke rAjA viSNu ke yahA~ huA batAyA jAtA hai| inakI mAtA viSNu devI thiiN| inake zarIra ko U~cAI 80 dhanuSa tathA varNa svarNima batAyA gayA hai| inhoMne 2 mAha ko kaThina tapasyA ke bAda tinduka vRkSa ke nIce bodhi-jJAna prApta kiyA thaa|11 inako bhI sammeta 1. samavAyAMga gA0 157, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1758; 1091, 1112; - ___Avazyakaniyukti, 370 / 2. samavAyAMga gA0 157; Avazyakaniyukti, 383, 385 388 / 3. vahI, gA0 90; Avazyakaniyukti, 379 / 4. Avazyakaniyukti, 376 / 5. samavAyAMga, gA0 157 / 6. Avazyakaniyukti, 307 / 2. vahI, 257, 261 / 8. samavAyAMga gA0 157; vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1751, 1669, 1758; Avazyakaniyukti, 370, 420, 1092 / 9. samavAyAMga gA0 157; Avazyakani0, 383, 385, 388 / 10. vahI, gA0 80; A0 ni0 379, 376 / 11. vahI, gA0 157 /

Page #90
- tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 73 zikhara para nirvANa prApta huA thaa| inake saMgha meM 84 hajAra bhikSu aura 1 lAkha 6 hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thiiN|2 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-nalinIgulma rAjA aura RddhimAna deva kA ullekha huA hai| anya paramparAoM meM inakA bhI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| 12. vAsupUjya vAsupUjya vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke bArahaveM tIrthakara mAne jAte haiN| inake pitA kA nAma vasupUjya evaM mAtA kA nAma jayA thA tathA inakA janmasthAna campA mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 70 dhanuSa batAI gaI hai| inake zarIra kA varNa lAla batAyA gayA hai| inhoMne bhI tapazcaraNa kara pATalA vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta kiyA thaa| inakI ziSya sampadA meM 72 hajAra bhikSu aura eka lAkha 3 hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thiiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-padmottara rAjA aura RddhimAna deva kA ullekha milatA hai / anya paramparAoM meM inakA bhI ullekha nahIM milatA hai / 13. vimala __ jaina paramparA meM vimala ko terahavA~ tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai| inake pitA kA nAma kRtavarmA evaM mAtA kA nAma zyAmA aura janmasthAna kAmpilyapura mAnA gayA hai / 1deg inake zarIra kI U~cAI sATha dhanuSa aura raMga kAMcana batAyA gayA hai / 1 inhoMne bhI apane jIvana ke antima caraNa 1. Avazyakaniyukti, 304, 307 / 2. vahI, 257, 261 / 3. samavAyAMga, gA0 157; vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1657, 1758; A0 ni0, 370, 1092 / 4. vahI, 157; Avazyakani0 383, 385, 388 / 5. vahI, gA0 70; A0 ni0 379 / 6. Avazyakaniyukti, 377 / 7. samAvAyAMga, gA0 157 / 8. vahI, 157; Avazyakani0 257, 261 / 9. samavAyAMga, gA0 157; vi0 A0 bhA0 1758; A0 ni0 371, 1093 / 10. vaho, 157; A0 ni0 382, 388 / 11. vahI, 60; A0 ni0 379, 376 /

Page #91
74 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana meM kaThina tapasyA ko aura jambU vRkSa ke nIce jJAna prApta kiyaa|' apanI sATha lAkha varSa kI Ayu pUrNa kara anta meM sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyaa| inake saMgha meM 68 hajAra sAdha evaM eka lAkha eka sau ATha sAdhviyoM ke hone kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-padmasena rAjA aura RddhimAna deva kA ullekha huA hai| inakA bhI ullekha anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai| 14. ananta ananta jaina paramparA ke caudahaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiN| inake pitA kA nAma siMhasena evaM mAtA kA nAma suyazA aura janmasthAna ayodhyA mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 50 dhanuSa aura varNa kAMcana batAyA gayA hai| inako azoka vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta huA thaa| inhoMne 30 lAkha varSa kI Ayu pUrNa kara nirvANa lAbha kiyA / inakI ziSya sampadA meM 66 hajAra bhikSu aura eka lAkha ATha sau bhikSuNiyoM ke hone kA ullekha hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-padmaratha rAjA aura puSpottara vimAna meM bIsa sAgaropama kI sthiti vAle deva kA ullekha hai| inakA ullekha hameM anya paramparAoM meM nahIM milatA hai / 15. dharma dharma vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke pandrahaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gae haiM / inake pitA kA nAma bhAnu evaM mAtA kA nAma suvratA aura janmasthAna ratnapura mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra ko U~cAI 45 dhanuSa aura varNa 1. samavAyAMga, gA0 157 / 2. kalpasUtra, 192, A0 ni0 272-325, 326 / 3. samavAyAMga, gA0 157 / 4. vahI, 157, vizeSAvazyakabhA0 1758 / 5. vahI, 157; A0 ni0 386, 388 / 6. vahI, 50, A0 ni0 379, 377 / 7. vahI, 157 / 8. Avazyakaniyukti, 272-305 / 9. vahI, 256 / 10. samavAyAMga, gA0 157, vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1759, A0 ni0 1094 / / 11. vahI, 157, A0 ni0 383, 386 388 /

Page #92
tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 75. svarNima batAyA gayA hai / ' inhoMne jIvana kI sAndhya velA meM kaThina tapasyA kara dadhiparNa vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta kiyA / inhoMne eka lAkha pUrva varSa kI Ayu pUrNa kara nirvANa prApta kiyA / jaina granthoM ke anusAra inake saMgha meM 64 hajAra sAdhu evaM 62 hajAra 4 sau sAdhviyA~ thIM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrva bhavoM - dRDharatha rAjA aura ahamindradeva kA varNana upalabdha hai | anya paramparAoM meM inakA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai / 16. zAnti jaina paramparA meM zAntinAtha ko solahavA~ tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai / inake pitA kA nAma vizvasena evaM mAtA kA nAma acirA aura janmasthAna hastinApura mAnA gayA hai / " inake zarIra kI U~cAI 40 dhanuSa aura varNa svarNima kahA gayA hai / inhoMne eka varSa ko kaThina tapasyA ke bAda nandI vRkSa ke nIce bodhijJAna yA kevalajJAna prApta kiyA / apanI eka lAkha varSa kI Ayu pUrNa karane ke pazcAt inhoMne sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyA / ' inakI ziSya sampadA meM 62 hajAra bhikSu aura 61 hajAra 6 sau bhikSuNiyA~ thI, aisA ullekha prApta hotA hai / " triSaSTizalAkA puruSa - caritra meM inake do pUrva bhavoM - megharatha rAjA aura sarvArthasiddhi vimAna meM deva banane kA ullekha huA hai / yadyapi zAntinAtha kA ullekha bauddha evaM vaidika paramparAoM meM nahIM milatA hai, kintu " megharatha" ke rUpa meM inake pUrvabhava kI kathA hindU purANoM meM mahArAjA zivi ke rUpa meM milatI hai / bhagavAn zAnti apane pUrvabhava meM rAjA megharatha the / usa samaya jaba ve dhyAna cintana meM lIna the, eka bhayAtura kapota unako goda meM girakara 1. vahI, 45, A0 ni0 377, 379 / 2. vahI, 157 / 3. A0 ni0, 256 / 4. samavAyAMga, gA0 157 uttarAdhyayana 18 / 33, vi0 bhA0 1759 / 5. vahI, 158, A0 ni0 383, 398, 399 // 6. vahI, 40, A0 ni0 377, 392, 379 / 7. vahI, 157 / 8. kalpasUtra, A ni0 272 - 304, 307, 309 // 9. samavAyAMga, gA0 157, A0 ni0 258, 260, 262 //

Page #93
76 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana unase apane prANoM kI rakSA ke lie prArthanA karatA hai / jaise hI rAjA ne use abhayadAna diyA, usI samaya eka bAja upasthita hotA hai aura rAjA se prArthanA karatA hai ki kapota merA bhojya hai, ise chor3a deveM, kyoMki maiM bahuta bhUkhA hU~ / rAjA usa bAja se kahate haiM ki udara pUrti ke lie hiMsA karanA ghora pApa hai, ataH tumheM isa pApa se virata rahanA cAhie / zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA merA dharma hai, ataH tumheM bhI isa pApa se dUra rahanA cAhie, kintu bAja para isa upadeza kA koI asara na huA / anta meM bAja kabUtara ke barAbara mAMsa milane para kabUtara ko chor3a dene para rAz2I ho gayA / rAjA megharatha ne tarAjU ke eka palar3e meM kabUtara ko aura dUsare palar3e meM apane zarIra se mAMsa ke Tukar3oM ko rakhanA zurU kara diyA / parantu kabUtara vAlA palar3A bhArI par3atA rahA, anta meM jyoM hI rAjA usa palar3e meM baiThane ko tatpara hue usI samaya eka deva prakaTa huA aura unakI prANirakSA kI vRtti kI prazaMsA kI / kabUtara evaM bAja adRzya ho gae / rAjA pahale kI taraha - svastha ho gae / isI taraha kI kathA mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM rAjA zivi kI ullikhita hai / rAjA zivi apane divya- siMhAsana para baiThe hue the, eka kabUtara unakI goda meM giratA hai aura apane prANoM kI rakSA ke lie prArthanA karatA hai-- mahArAja, bAja merA pIchA kara rahA hai, maiM ApakI zaraNa meM AyA hU~ / itane meM bAja bhI upasthita ho jAtA hai aura kahatA hai ki mahArAja, kapota merA bhojya hai, ise Apa mujhe de deM / rAjA ne kapota dene se manA kara diyA aura badale meM apanA mAMsa denA svIkAra kiyA / tarAjU ke eka palar3e meM kapota aura dUsare meM rAjA zivi apane dAyIM jAMgha se mAMsa kATa-kATakara rakhane lage, phira bhI kapota vAlA palar3A bhArI ho par3atA rahA / ataH svayaM rAjA tarAjU ke palar3e para car3ha ge| aisA karane para tanika bhI unheM kleza nahIM huA / yaha dekhakara bAja bola uThA - ' ho gayI kabUtara kI rakSA', aura vaha antardhAna ho gayA / aba rAjA zivi ne kabUtara se pUchA ki vaha bAja kauna thA, to kabUtara kahA ki vaha bAja sAkSAt indra the aura maiM agni hU~ / rAjan ! hama donoM ApakI sAdhutA dekhane ke lie yahA~ Aye the / ina donoM hI kathAoM kA jaba tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to dikhAyI detA hai ki donoM meM ho jIva hiMsA ko pApa batAyA gayA hai aura ahiMsA ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai / yadyapi ina donoM kathAoM meM kathA /

Page #94
tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 77 nAyaka rAjA megharatha aura rAjA zivi ke nAmoM meM bhinnatA hai / kintu kathA kI viSayavastu aura prayojana arthAt prANI rakSA donoM meM samAna hai / 17. kunthu kunthunAtha ko jaina paramparA meM satrahavA~ tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai / inake pitA kA nAma sUrya evaM mAtA kA nAma zrI aura janmasthAna gajapura arthAt hastinApura mAnA gayA hai / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 35 dhanuSa aura varNa kAMcana batAyA gayA hai / inako tilaka vRkSa ke nIce kaThina tapasyA ke pazcAt kevalajJAna prApta huA thA / apanI 95 hajAra varSa kI Ayu pUrNa karane ke bAda inhoMne bho sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyA / 5 inake saMgha meM 60 hajAra sAdhu evaM 60 hajAra 6 sau sAdhviyoM ke hone kA ullekha hai / ' triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM - siMhAvaha rAjA aura ahamindra deva kA ullekha hai / inake viSaya meM anya paramparAoM meM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai / 18. aranAtha aranAtha vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke aTThArahaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiM / inake pitA kA nAma sudarzana evaM mAtA kA nAma zrIdevI aura janmasthAna hastinApura mAnA gayA hai|' inake zarIra kI U~cAI 30 dhanuSa aura raMga svarNima batAyA gayA hai / " inhoMne jIvana ke antima caraNa meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kara tIna varSa taka kaThora tapasyA kI, tatpazcAt sarvajJa bane / 1deg inako 1. samavAyAMga gA0 157, 158, A0 ni0 371, 374, 384, 398, 399, 418, vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1759 / 2. samavAyAMga, 158 / 3. vahI, 35, A0 ni0 380, 377 / 4. vahI, 157 / 5. vahI, 95, A0 ni0 272-305, 307 / 6. A0 ni0 258 / 7. samavAyAMga, 157, sthAnAMga, 411 vi0 bhA0 1759, A0 ni0, 371, 418, 421, 1095 / 8. samavAyAMga, gA0 157-158, A0 ni0 383, 398-99 / 9. vahI, 30 A0ni0 380, 393 / " 10. Avazyakaniyukti 224, 238 /

Page #95
78 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kevala jJAna Amra ke vRkSa ke nIce prApta huA / ' apanI 84 hajAra varSa kI Ayu pUrNa kara inhoMne bhI sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyaa| inakI ziSya sampadA meM 50 hajAra sAdhu eva 60 hajAra sAdhviyA~ thIM aisA ullekha hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-dhanapati rAjA aura mahaddhika deva kA ullekha huA hai| paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ne 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa' ko bhUmikA meM ara ko bauddhaparamparA ke araka buddha se samAnatA dikhAI hai / bauddha paramparA meM araka nAmaka buddha kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne pUrvakAla meM hone vAle sAta zAstA vItarAga tIrthaMkaroM kI bAta kahI hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki usameM bho inheM tIrthaMkara (titthakara) kahA gayA hai| isI prasaMga meM bhagavAna buddha ne araka kA upadeza kaisA thA varNana kiyA hai| unakA upadeza thA ki sUrya ke nikalane para jaise ghAsa para sthita osa bindu tatkAla vinaSTa ho jAte haiM, vaise hI manuSya kA yaha jIvana bhI maraNazIla hotA hai isa prakAra osa bindu ko upamA dekara jIvana kI kSaNikatA" batAI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI eka gAthA isI taraha ko upalabdha hai "kusage jaha osa bindue thovaM ciTThai laMbamANae / evaM maNuyANa jIviyaM samayaM goyama mA pamAyae / " isameM bhI jIvana kI kSaNikatA ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai| ataH bhagavAn buddha dvArA vaNita araka kA hama jaina paramparA ke aThArahameM tIrthakara ara ke sAtha kucha mela baiThA sakate haiM yA nahIM yaha vicAraNIya hai| jainazAstroM ke AdhAra se ara ko Ayu 84000 varSa mAnI gaI hai aura unake 1. samavAyAMga, gA0 157 / 2. kalpasUtra 187, A0 ni0 258-263, 305, 307 / 3. Avazyakaniyukti, 258 / 4. "bhUpapuvvaM bhikkhave sunetto nAma satthA ahosititthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo.... mugapakkha ...aranemi....kuddAlaka ...hatthipAla....jotipAla....arako nAma satthA ahosi titthakaro kAmesu viitraago| arakassa sopana, bhikkhave satthuno anekAni sAvakasatAni ahetu / " -aMguttara nikAya bhA0 3, pR0 256-257 5. aMguttara nikAya, bhAga 3, arakasutta, pR0 257-58 / 6. uttarAdhyayana a010| .

Page #96
tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 79 bAda hone vAle malli tIrthakara kI Ayu 55 hajAra varSa hai| ataeva paurANika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to araka kA samaya ara aura malli ke bIca ThaharatA hai| isa Ayu ke bheda ko na mAnA jAya to itanA kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki ara yA araka nAmaka koI mahAn vyakti prAcIna purANakAla meM huA thA jinheM bauddha aura jaina donoM ne tIrthaMkara kA pada diyA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki isa araka se bhI pahale buddha ke mata se aranemi nAmaka eka tIrthakara hue haiN| bauddha paramparA meM batAye gaye aranemi aura jaina tIrthaMkara ara kA bhI koI sambandha ho sakatA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai nAmasAmya to AMzika rUpa se hai hI aura donoM kI paurANikatA bhI mAnya hai| hamArI dRSTi meM araka kA sambandha ara se aura aranemi kA sambandha ariSTanemi se jor3A jA sakatA hai / boddha paramparA meM araka kA jo ullekha hameM prApta hotA hai use hama jaina paramparA ke ara-tIrthaGkara ke kAphI samIpa pAte haiN| 19. malli ___ "malli" ko isa avasarpiNI kAla kA 19 vAM tIrthakara mAnA gayA hai|' inake pitA kA nAma kuMbha aura mAtA kA nAma prabhAvatI thaa| mahila kI janmabhUmi videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilA mAnI gayI hai / 2 inake zarAra kI U~cAI 25 dhanuSa aura raMga sAMvalA mAnA gayA hai / sambhavataH jaina paramparA ke aMga sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke bAda yadi kisI kA vistRta ullekha milatA hai to vaha mahila kA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli ke jIvanavRtta kA vistAra se ullekha upalabdha hai| jainadharma kI zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAe~ malli ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM vizeSa taura se isa bAta ko lekara ki ve puruSa the yA strI matabheda rakhatI haiN| digambara paramparA kI mAnyatA hai ki malli puruSa the, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA unheM strI mAnatI hai / sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki puruSa hI torthaMkara hotA hai kintu zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki isa kAla cakra meM jo vizeSa Azcaryajanaka 10 ghaTanAe~ huI unameM mahAvIra kA garbhApaharaNa aura malli kA strIrUpa meM tIrthaMkara honA vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| ___zvetAmbara Agama jJAtAdharmakathA ke anusAra malli ke saundarya para 1. samavAyAMga, 157, vizeSa0 bhA0 1759 / 2. samavAyAMga, 157, A0 ni0 386 / 3. samavAyAMga, gA0 25, 55, Avazyakaniyukti, 377, 380 /

Page #97
80 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana mohita hokara sAketa ke rAjA pratibuddha, campA ke rAjA candrachAga, kuNAla ke rAjA rukmi, vArANasI ke rAjA zaMkha, hastinApura ke rAjA adInazatru aura kampilapura ke rAjA jitazatru inase vivAha karanA cAhate the, kintu inhoMne apane yukti bala se chahoM ko samajhAkara vairAgya ke mArga para lagA dilaa| ina sabhI ne mahila ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| mahila ne jisa dina saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA usI dina unheM kevala jJAna utpanna ho gyaa| malli ke 40 hajAra zramaNa, 50 hajAra zramaNiyA~ aura 1 lAkha 84 hajAra gRhastha upAsaka tathA 3 lAkha 65 hajAra gRhastha upAsikAyaM thiiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra inhoMne sammetazikhara para nirvANa prApta kiyaa|2 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-mahAbala rAjA aura ahamindra deva kA ullekha huA hai| 20. munisuvrata jaina paramparA meM bIsaveM tIrthaMkara muni suvrata mAne gae haiM / inake pitA kA nAma sumitra evaM mAtA kA nAma padmAvatI aura janmasthAna rAjagRha mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 20 dhanuSa aura varNa gaharA nIlA mAnA gayA hai| inhoMne jIvana kI saMdhyAvelA meM campaka vRkSa ke nIce kaThora tapasyA kara kevalajJAna prApta kiyA aura apanI 30 hajAra varSa kI Ayu pUrNa kara nirvANa ko prApta kiyaa| inake saMgha meM 30 hajAra muniyoM evaM 50 hajAra sAdhviyoM ke hone kA ullekha hai|' triSaSTi galAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM-surazreSTha rAjA aura ahamindra deva kA ullekha hai / ___ inake viSaya meM anya paramparAoM meM koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| 1. Avazyakaniyukti, 258 / 2. vahI, 272-305, 307 / 3. samavAyAMga, gA0 157, sthAnAMga 411, vi0 A0 bhA0 1759 / 4. vaho, 157, A0 ni0 383 / 5. vahI, 20, Avazyakaniyukti 277, 379 / 6. vahI, 157 / 7. vahI, 305, 325 / 8. vahI, 259, 278, samavAyAMga, gA0 50 /

Page #98
tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 81 21. nami-tIrthakara naminAtha vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gaye haiN|' inakA janma mithilA ke rAjA vijaya kI rAnI vaprA kI kukSi se mAnA gayA hai / 2 inake zarIra kI U~cAI 15 dhanuSa aura varNa kAMcana mAnA gayA hai| inhoMne vorasalI vRkSa ke nIce kaThina tapasyA kara kevala jJAna prApta kiyaa| apanI 10 hajAra varSa kI Ayu vyatIta kara inhoMne nirvANa prApta kiyA / 5 inakI ziSya sampadA meM 20 hajAra bhikSa aura 41 hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thIM aisA ullekha hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake do pUrvabhavoM kA ullekha hai-siddhArtha rAjA aura aparAjita vimAna meM 33 sAgara kI Ayu vAle deva / bauddha evaM hindU paramparAoM meM inakA ullekha upalabdha hai| bauddha paramparA meM nami nAmaka pratyekabuddha kA aura hindU paramparA meM mithilA ke rAjA ke rUpa meM nami kA ullekha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 9 veM adhyAya "nami pravrajyA" meM nami ke upadeza vistAra se saMkalita haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM anya paramparA ke RSiyoM ke rUpa meM tathA uttarAdhyayana ke 18 veM adhyayana meM pratyekabuddha ke rUpa meM bhI nami kA ullekha hai / yadyapi tIrthakara nami aura ina granthoM meM varNita nami eka ho haiM yaha vivAdAspada hai| jainAcArya inheM bhinna-bhinna vyakti mAnate haiM-kintu hamArI dRSTi meM ve eka hI vyakti haiM vastutaH nami kI carcA usa yuga meM sarvasAmAnya thI-ataH jainoM ne unheM Age calakara tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyaa| uttarAdhyayana ke 'nami' tIrthakara nami hI haiM, kyoMki donoM kA janma sthAna bhI mithilA hI hai / 22. ariSTanemi-tIrthakara ariSTanemi vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara mAne gae haiN| 1. samavAyAMga, 30, 41, 158, kalpasUtra 184, sthA0 411, A0 ni0 371, 419 vi0 A0 bhA0 1759 / 2. samavAyAMga 157, A0 ni0 386, 389 / 3. vahI, 157, A0 ni0 380 377 / 4. vahI, 157 / 5. sthAnAMga 735, A0 ni0 272-305 / 6. Avazyakaniyukti, 258 / 7. samavAyAMga, gA0 157, utta0 ni0, pR0 496 /

Page #99
82 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana yaha pArzva ke pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara tathA kRSNa ke samakAlIna mAne gae haiM / inake pitA kA nAma samudravijaya aura mAtA kA nAma zivA devI kahA jAtA hai| inakA janma sthAna zaurIpura mAnA gayA hai| inakI UMcAI 10 dhanuSa aura varNa sAMvalA thaa|2 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake nau pUrvabhavoM kA ullekha huA hai-dhanakumAra, aparAjita aadi| inake eka bhAI rathanemi the jinakA vizeSa ullekha uttarAdhyayana ke 22veM adhyAya meM upalabdha hotA hai| rAjImatI ke sAtha inakA vivAha nizcita ho gayA thA kintu vivAha ke samaya jAte hue inhoMne mArga meM aneka pazu-pakSiyoM ko eka bAr3e meM banda dekhA to inhoMne apane sArathi se jAnakArI prApta kI, ki yaha saba pazu-pakSo kisalie bAr3e meM banda kara die gae haiN| sArathi ne batAyA ki yaha Apake vivAhotsava ke bhoja meM mAre jAne ke lie isa bAr3e meM banda kie gae haiN| ariSTanemi ko yaha jAnakara bahuta dhakkA lagA ki mere vivAha ke nimitta itane pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha hogA, ataH ve bArAta se binA vivAha kie hI vApasa lauTa Ae tathA virakta hokara kucha samaya ke pazcAt saMnyAsa le liyaa| inako saMnyAsa grahaNa karane ke 54 dina pazcAt kevalajJAna prApta huaa| rAjImatI, jisase unakA vivAha-sambandha taya ho gayA thA, ne bhI unakA anusaraNa karate hue saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyaa| ariSTanemi ke 18 hajAra bhikSu aura 40 hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thiiN| inako nirvANalAbha urjayanta zikhara para haA thaa|" ariSTanemi mahAbhArata ke kAla meM hue the| mahAbhArata kA kAla I0 pU0 1000 ke lagabhaga kahA jAtA hai| mahAbhArata ke kAla ke sambandha meM matabheda ho sakatA hai kintu yaha satya hai ki kRSNa mahAbhArata kAla meM hae the aura ariSTanemi yA neminAtha unake cacere bhAI the| DaoN0 phaharara (Fuhrer) ne jainoM ke 22 veM tIrthakara neminAtha ko aitihAsika vyakti mAnA hai| anya vidvAnoM ne bhI neminAma ko aitihAsika puruSa mAnA hai| pro0 prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra ne 1. uttarAdhyayana a0 22, samavAyAMga 157, A0 ni0 386 / 2. samavAyAMga, gA0 10, A0 ni0, gA0 380, 377 / 3. (a) uttarAdhyayana adhyAya 22, (ba) uttarAdhyayana niyukti, pR0 496, (sa) dazavakAlikacUrNi, pR0 87 / 4. Avazyakaniyukti, 258 / / 5. tiloyapaNNatti, 4 / 1185-1208 / 6. epigrAphikA iNDikA, jilda 1 pR0 389 /

Page #100
- tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 83 kAThiyAvAr3a meM prabhAsapaTTana nAmaka sthAna se prApta eka tAmrapatra ko par3hakara batAyA hai ki vaha bAbala deza (Babylonia) ke samrAT nebuzadanejara ne utkIrNa karAyA thA, jinake pUrvaja revAnagara ke rAjyAdhikArI bhAratIya the| samrATa nebazadanejara ne bhArata meM Akara giranAra parvata para neminAtha bhagavAn kI vandanA kI thii| isase neminAtha kI aitihAsikatA spaSTarUpa se siddha ho jAtI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra ariSTanemi kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| aMtakRtdazAMga ke anusAra kRSNa ke aneka putroM aura patniyoM ne ariSTanemi ke samIpa saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA thaa| jaina AcAryoM ne inake jIvanavRtta ke sAtha-sAtha kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta kA bhI kAphI vistAra ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai| jaina harivaMzapurANa meM tathA uttarapurANa meM inake aura zrIkRSNa ke jIvanavRtta vistAra ke sAtha ullikhita haiN| Rgveda meM ariSTanemi ke nAma kA ullekha hai| kintu nAma ullekha mAtra se yaha nirNaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai ki vedoM meM ullikhita ariSTanemi jainoM ke 22veM tIrthakara haiM yA koI aur| jainaparamparA ariSTanemi ko zrIkRSNa kA guru mAnatI hai| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM meM chAndogya upaniSad meM devakI putra kRSNa ke guru ghora aMgirasa ke sAtha ariSTanemi kI sAmyatA batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| dharmAnanda kozAmbI kA mantavya hai ki aMgirasa bhagavAn neminAtha kA hI nAma thaa| yaha nizcita hI satya hai ki ariSTanemi aura ghora aMgirasa donoM hI ahiMsA ke prabala samarthaka haiM kintu isa upadeza sAmyatA ke AdhAra para donoM ko eka mAna lenA kaThina hai| ariSTanemi kI nAma sAmyatA bauddhaparamparA ke aranemi baddha se bhI dekhI jAtI hai jo vicAraNIya hai / 23. pAzvanAtha-tIrthakara pArzva ko vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla kA teIsavA~ tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke atirikta jaina tIrthaMkaroM meM pAzrva hI eka aise vyakti haiM jinako asandigdharUpa se aitihAsika vyakti mAnA jA sakatA hai| inake 1. Rgveda 1314 / 89 / 6, 1 / 24 / 180 / 10, 3 // 453 // 17, 10 / 12 / 178 / 1 / 2. chAndogyopaniSad, 3 / 17 / 4-6 / 3. samavAyAMga, gAthA 24 /

Page #101
84 : torthaka ra, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana pitA kA nAma azvasena, mAtA kA nAma vAmA aura janmasthAna vArANasI mAnA gayA hai| inake zarIra kI U~cAI nau ratni arthAta nau hAtha tathA varNa zyAma mAnA gayA hai| inake pitA vArANasI ke rAjA the / jaina kathA sAhitya meM hameM unake do nAma upalabdha hote haiM-azvasena aura hayasena / mahAbhArata meM vArANasI ke jina rAjAoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai unameM se eka nAma haryaazva hI hai, sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki haryaazva aura azvasena eka hI vyakti rahe hoN| pArzva kI aitihAsikatA-DA0 sAgaramala jaina ke anusAra kisI bhI vyakti kI aitihAsikatA siddha karane ke lie abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika sAkSyoM ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| pArzva kI aitihAsikatA ke viSaya meM abhI taka IsApUrva kA koI abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha nahIM huA hai| bhArata meM prApta abhI taka par3he jA sakane vAle prAcInatama abhilekha mauryakAla se adhika prAcIna nahIM haiM / mauryakAlIna abhilekhoM meM nirgranthoM kA to ullekha hai kintu pArzva kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para pAzvanAtha mauryakAla se 400 varSa pUrva hue haiM, kintu inake sambandha meM abhilekhIya sAkSya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI kA upalabdha hai| mathurA ke abhilekha saMkhyA 83 meM sthAnIya kula ke gaNi uggahIniya ke ziSya vAcaka ghoSa dvArA ahaMt pArzvanAtha kI eka pratimA ko sthApita karane kA ullekha hai|' DA0 jaikobI ne bauddha sAhitya ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para nirgrantha sampradAya kA astitva pramANita karate hue likhA hai ki "bauddha nirgrantha sampradAya ko eka pramukha sampradAya mAnate the, kintu nigrantha apane pratidvandvI arthAt bauddhoM kI upekSA karate the| isase hama isa nirNaya para pahuMcate hai ki buddha ke samaya nirgrantha-sampradAya koI navIna sthApita sampradAya nahIM thA / yahI mata piTakoM kA bhI jAna par3atA hai|"5 DA. hIrAlAla jaina ne likhA hai-"bauddha grantha 'aMguttaranikAya' 'cattu. kkanipAta' (vagga 5) aura usakI 'aTThakathA' meM ullekha hai ki gautama buddha 1. kalpasUtra, 150, samavAyAMga, gA0 157, Avazyakaniyukti, gA0 384-89 / 2. samavAyAMga, gA0 9, Avazyakaniyukti, gA0 380, 377 / 3. arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA, pR0 1 / 4. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 3, lekha saMkhyA 83 / 5. Indian Antiquary, Vol. 9th, Page 160.

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 85 kA cAcA (vappa zAkya) nirgrantha zrAvaka thaa|' aba yahA~ yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki ye nirgrantha kauna the? yaha mahAvIra ke anuyAyI to ho nahIM sakate kyoMki mahAvIra buddha ke samasAmayika haiN| isase isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha se pahale nirgranthoM kI koI paramparA avazya rahI hogI, jisakA anuyAyI baddha kA cAcA thA / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke pUrva pAzrvApatyoM kI paramparA rahI hogii| pAlitripiTaka sAhitya meM pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA eka aura pramANa yaha hai ki saccaka kA pitA nigrantha zrAvaka thaa| saccaka dvArA mahAvIra ko parAsta karane kA AkhyAna bhI milatA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki saccaka aura mahAvIra samakAlIna the| astu saccaka ke pitA kA nigrantha zrAvaka honA yaha siddha karatA hai ki mahAvIra ke pUrva bhI koI nigrantha paramparA thI, jo pArzvanAtha kI hI paramparA rahI hogI ? majjhimanikAya ke 'mahAsiMhanAdasutta' meM buddha ne apane prArambhika kaThora tapasvI jIvana kA varNana karate hue tapa ke cAra prakAra batalAe haiMtapasvitA, rUkSatA, jugupsA aura pravivikRtA / jinakA unhoMne svayaM pAlana kiyA aura pIche unakA parityAga kara diyA thaa| ina cAroM tapoM kA mahAvIra evaM unake anuyAyiyoM ne pAlana kiyA thA / buddha ke dIkSA lene ke samaya taka mahAvIra ke nigrantha sampradAya kA pravartana nahIM huA thaa| ataH yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha nigrantha sampradAya avazya hI mahAvIra ke pUrvaja pArzvanAtha kA rahA hogaa| yaha sambhava hai ki prathama mahAvIra ne pApityoM kI paramparA kA anusaraNa kara eka vastra grahaNa kiyA ho, kintu Age calakara AjIvaka paramparA ke anurUpa acelatA kA anugamana kara liyA ho / uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se mahAvIra ko acela dharma aura pArzvanAtha ko sacelaka dharma kA pratipAdaka kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi meM milane vAle pAzrvApatyoM ke ullekhoM se aura unake dvArA mahAvIra kI paramparA svIkAra karane sambandhI vivaraNoM se nirvivAda rUpa se yaha siddha ". bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, madhyapradeza zAsana-sAhitya pariSad, bhopAla, san 1962, pR0 21 / 2. arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA pR0 4 / 3. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR0 212-213 / 4. uttarAdhyayana 23 / 25-30 /

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86 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hotA hai ki pArzvanAtha eka etihAsika vyakti the, kAlpanika nahIM / pAva evaM unakI paramparA kI aitihAsikatA tathA unakI dArzanika aura dhArmika mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM paMDita sukhalAlajI ne apane grantha cAra tIrthaMkara meM, paMDita dalasukhabhAI ne jainasatyaprakAza meM prakAzita pArzva para likhe apane zodha lekha meM, zrI devendramuni zAstrI ne apane grantha bhagavAn pAvaM, eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana meM aura DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne apane grantha arhata pAva aura unakI paramparA para paryApta rUpa se prakAza DAlA hai vidvAn pAThakagaNa use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki hindU aura bauddha sAhitya meM kahIM bhI pArzva ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM hai jabAka prAcIna jaina Agama sAhitya ke aneka grantha yathA RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI, uttarAdhyayana kalpasUtra Adi meM pArzva aura unake anuyAyiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM / RSibhASita Adi to IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA hai usameM inakA ullekha inakI aitihAsikatA ko pramANita karatA hai| bauddha pAli tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhI jina cAturyAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai unakA sambandha pArzvanAtha ko paramparA se hai| pArzvanAtha ne vizeSarUpa se deha-daMDana kI prakriyA kI AlocanA kI tathA jJAna sambandhI aura vivekayukta tapa ko ho zreSTha btaayaa| jainaparamparA meM puruSAdAnIya ke rUpa meM inakA bar3e Adara ke sAtha ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jainaparamparA meM pArzva ko mahAvIra se bhI adhika mahattva prApta hai| unheM vighna-haraNa karanevAlA batalAyA gayA hai| unake yakSa kA nAma pArzva batalAyA gayA hai aura usakI AkRti hindU paramparA ke gaNeza ke samAna mAnI gaI hai jo ki vighnahArI devatA haiN| pArzvanAtha kA vihAra-kSetra amalakappA, zrAvastI, campA, nAgapura, sAketa, ahicchatra, mathurA, kAmpilya, rAjagRhI, kauzAmbI, hastinApura Adi rahA hai / jainamAnyatA ke anusAra inhoMne sammeta zikhara parvata para sau varSa kI Ayu meM parinirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| Aja bhI sammetazikhara pAzvaMnAtha pahAr3a ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| pAzvanAtha ke solaha hajAra bhikSa aura atisa hajAra bhikSuNiyA~ thii| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM inake 10 pUrva bhavoM kA ullekha hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ko mAnyatAoM ko deza aura kAla ke anusAra saMzodhita kara nae rUpa se prastuta kiyA / prAcIna jaina sAhitya ko dekhane para yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha meM pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kI paramparA meM

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 87 matabheda rahA kintu Age calakara pArzvanAtha kI paramparA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna ho gii| pArzva kA avadAna bhAratIya saMskRti meM zramaNa dhArA kA Avazyaka ghaTaka tapa evaM tyAga ko mAnA gayA hai aura yahI isakI pratiSThA kA kAraNa rahA hai / pAzvanAtha isI zramaNa paramparA ke pratipAdaka haiM / bhAratIya saMskRti ko pArzva ke avadAna kI carcA karate hue DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM ki yadyapi zramaNoM ne vaidikoM ke hiMsaka yajJa-yajJoM kA virodha kiyA hI sAtha hI unake kamaM. kANDIya prathA kA bhI bahiSkAra kiyA thaa| phira bhI zramaNa dhArA meM karmakANDa praviSTa kara hI gayA thA, kyoMki unake tapa aura tyAga viveka pradhAna na rahakara rUr3hivAdI karma-kANDIya prathA ke anurUpa bana gae the| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pArzvanAtha ke yuga meM zramaNa dhArAnrtagata tapa aura tyAga ke sAtha karma-kANDa pUrI taraha jur3a gayA thA aura tapa dehadaNDana aura bAhyADambara mAtra raha gyaa| kaThoratama dehadaNDana dvArA loka meM pratiSThA pAnA zramaNoM aura saMnyAsiyoM kA ekamAtra uddezya bana gayA thaa| sambhavataH upaniSadoM ko jJAnamArgI dhArA abhI pUrNatayA vikasita nahIM ho pAyI thI, tadartha pArzvanAtha ne dehadaNDana aura karmakANDa donoM kA virodha kiyA / kamaTha tApasa ke dehadaNDana kI AlocanA karate hue unhoMne kahA ki tumhArI isa sAdhanA meM AdhyAtmika AnandAnubhUti kahA~ hai ? isameM na to svahita hI hai aura na parahita athavA lokahita hI / eka ora to tuma svayaM agni dvArA apane zarIra ko jhalasA rahe ho to dUsarI ora aneka choTe-bar3e jIva-jantuoM ko bhI jalA rahe ho, mAtra yahI nahIM isa lakkar3a ke Tukar3e meM nAga-yugala bhI jala rahA hai| unakI isa bAta kI puSTi hetu lakkar3a ko cIrakara nAga-yugala ke prANoM kI rakSA kI gii| isase yaha bodha hotA hai ki pArzva ke anusAra vaha sAdhanA jo Atma-pIr3ana aura parapIr3ana se jur3I ho sacce arthoM meM sAdhanA nahIM kahI jA sktii| sAdhanA meM jJAna aura viveka kA honA Avazyaka hai| deha-daNDana jisameM jJAna aura viveka ke tattva nahIM haiM Atma-pIr3ana se adhika kucha nahIM hai| deha ko pIr3A denA sAdhanA nahIM hai| sAdhanA se to manovikAroM meM nirmalatA AtI hai evaM AtmA meM sahaja Ananda kI anubhUti hotI hai| pArzvanAtha kI yaha zikSA, ho sakatA hai ki kamaTha jaise tApasoM ko acchI nahIM lagI ho, kintu isameM eka satya nihita hai| dharma sAdhanA ko na to AtmapIr3ana ke sAtha

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88 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana jor3anA cAhie aura na para-pIr3ana ke sAtha / vAsanA evaM vikAroM se mukti hI vAstavika artha meM mukti hai / " aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pArzvanAtha ne apane yuga meM eka mahattvapUrNa krAnti ke dvArA sAdhanA ko sahaja banAkara jJAna aura viveka ke tattva ko pratiSThita kiyA hogA / isa prakAra pArzva ne dharma aura sAdhanA ko parapIr3ana aura Atma-pIr3ana se mukta karake Atma zodhana yA nirvikAratA kI sAdhanA ke sAtha jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura unakI yahI zikSA bhAratIya saMskRti aura zramaNa paramparA ko sabase bar3A avadAna kahA jA sakatA hai / pArzva kA dharma evaM darzana 1 RSibhASita ( I0 pU0 tIsarI cauthI zatI) meM pArzva ke dArzanika mAnyatAoM aura dhArmika upadezoM kA ullekha upalabdha ho jAtA hai / hama usI adhyAya ke AdhAra para unake dharma evaM darzana ko saMkSepa meM prastuta kara rahe haiM- pArzva ne loka ko pArimANika nitya mAnA hai / unake anusAra loka anAdi kAla se hai, yadyapi usameM parivartana hote rahate haiM / unake anusAra jIva aura pudgala donoM hI parivartanazIla haiM / pudgala meM parivartana svAbhAvika hote haiM jabaki jova meM parivartana karma janya hote haiM / ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki vyakti hiMsA, asatya Adi pApa karmoM ke mAdhyama se aSTa prakAra kI karma granthiyoM kA sRjana karatA hai / isake viparIta jo vyakti cAturyAma dharma kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha aSTa prakAra kI karma-granthi kA sRjana nahIM karatA hai aura phalataH nAraka, deva, manuSya aura pazu gati ko prApta nahIM hotA hai / RSibhASita meM upalabdha pArzva ke upadezoM se aisA lagatA hai ki jaina darzana ko paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA, aSTakarma kA siddhAnta aura cAturyAma dharma kA pAlana ye pArzva kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAyeM thIM / pArzva ke darzana aura cintana ke kucha rUpa hameM pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ko mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ke sAtha huI paricarcA se prApta ho jAte haiM / bhagavatI, uttarAdhyayana Adi meM upalabdha pArzva kI paramparA ke cintana ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki pArzva kI paramparA meM tapa, saMyama, Asrava aura nirjarA kI suvyavasthita avadhAraNA thI / pArzva kI anya 1. arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA - pR0 21 /

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 89 samasta avadhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne apane grantha arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA meM vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM ki "sat kA utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka honA, paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA, aSTa prakAra kI karma granthiyA~, zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha vipAka, karma vipAka ke kAraNa cAroM gatiyoM meM paribhramaNa tathA sAmAyika, saMvara, pratyAkhyAna, nirjarA, vyutsarga Adi sambandhI avadhAraNAyeM pAzrvApatya paramparA meM spaSTa rUpa se upasthita thii|" 24. vardhamAna mahAvIra mahAvIra vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke caubIsaveM aura aMtima tIrthaMkara mAne jAte haiN| inake pitA kA nAma siddhArtha aura mAtA kA nAma trizalA kahA jAtA hai, inakA janmasthAna kuNDapura grAma batAyA gayA hai / mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ko lekara jainoM kI zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM aneka bAtoM meM matabheda haiM / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra kA jIva sarvaprathama brAhmaNI devAnandA ke garbha meM AyA thA aura usake pazcAt indra ke dvArA unakA garbhApaharaNa karAkara unheM siddhArtha ko patnI trizalA kI kukSi meM pratisthApita kiyA gyaa| digambara paramparA isa kalpanA ko satya nahIM mAnatI hai / mahAvora ke vivAha prasaMga ko lekara bhI zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM matabheda haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra kA vivAha huA thA / unako putrI priyadarzanA thI, jisakA vivAha jAmAli se huA thaa| __donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra unake zarIra kI U~cAI sAta hAtha tathA varNa svarNa ke samAna mAnA gayA hai| donoM paraMparAe~ isa bAta meM bhI sahamata haiM ki mahAvIra ne tIsa varSa kI Ayu meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA thA, yadyapi unake saMnyAsa grahaNa karate samaya unake mAtA-pitA jIvita the yA mRtyu kA prApta ho gae the, isa bAta ko lekara punaH matabheda hai, zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra ne garbhasthakAla meM kI gaI apanI pratijJA ke anusAra apane mAtA-pitA ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt hI apane bhAI nandI se 1. isibhAsiyAI adhyAya 31 / 2. samavAyAMga, mA0 24, 157 / 3. kalpasUtra 21 / 4. vahI, 21-26 / 5. samavAyAMga gA0 7, Avazyakaniyukti, 377 /

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90 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana AjJA lekara saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA / ' parantu digambara parampara ke anusAra mahAvIra ne apane mAtA-pitA kI AjJA se saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA thaa| mahAvIra kA sAdhanA kAla atyanta dIrgha rahA, unhoMne bAraha varSa chaH mAha tapasyA karake vaizAkha zukla dazamI ko bayAlisa varSa kI avasthA meM kaivalyajJAna prApta kiyA thaa| ve kaivalya prApti ke pazcAt lagabhaga 30 varSa taka apanA dharmopadeza dete rahe aura anta meM 72 varSa kI avasthA meM madhyama-pAvA meM nirvANa ko prApta hue| unake saMgha meM 14000 zramaNa 3600 zramaNiyA~ thiiN| ____ mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta sambandho prAcInatama ullekha hameM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke upadhAna sUtra nAmaka naveM adhyAya meM tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha ke bhAvanA nAmaka adhyayana meM milatA hai / punaH mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta kA vistRta ullekha kalpasUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai| isake pazcAt AvazyakaNi aura paravartI mahAvIra caritroM meM milatA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvanavRttoM ko hama kAla krama meM dekheM to aisA lagatA hai ki prAcIna graMthoM meM unake jIvana ke sAtha bahuta adhika alaukikatAe~ nahIM jur3I huI haiM, kintu kramazaH unake jIvanavRtta meM alaukikatAoM kA praveza hotA gayA / jisako carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA ____ mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA nirvivAda hai| mahAvIra ke janmasthala kuNDagrAma ko Ajakala vasukuNDa kahate haiM jo ki Aja bhI gaNDaka nadI ke pUrva meM sthita hai| basAr3ha kI khudAI se prApta sikke aura miTTI kI sIleM IsApUrva lagabhaga tosarI zatAbdI kI kahI jAtI haiN| sikkoM para aMkita-vasukuNDe janme vaizAliye mahAvIra' se mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA siddha hotI hai / vardhamAna mahAvIra ko bauddha piTaka granthoM meM 'nigaMTha-nAtaputta' kahA gayA hai| nirgrantha paramparA kA hone ke kAraNa 1. kalpasUtra, 110, 112, AvazyakacUNi prathama bhAga, pR0 249, A0 ni0 gA0 299 / 2. kalpasUtra, 120 / 3. vahI, 134-147 / / 4. (a) saMyutta nikAya, nAnAtisthiya sutta, 2 / 3 / 10, (ba) saMyuttanikAya, saMkhasutta 4018,

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 91 sambhavataH mahAvIra ko nigaMTha (nirgrantha) jJAtRvaMzIya kSatrIya hone ke kAraNa nAtaputta kahA gayA ho / digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparAoM ne mahAvIra ko kuNDagrAma ke rAjA siddhArtha kA putra mAnA hai / digambara granthoM tiloyapaNNatti, dazabhakti aura jayadhavalA meM siddhArtha ko 'NAha vaMza yA nAtha vaMza kA kSatriya kahA gayA hai' aura zvetAmbara grantha sUtrakRtAMga meM 'NAya' kula kA ullekha hai / isI kAraNa se mahAvIra ko nAya kula canda aura NAya putta kahA gayA hai / NAha, NAya, NAta zabda eka hI artha ke vAcaka pratIta hote haiM / isIlie 'buddhacaryA' meM zrI rAhula jI ne nATaputta kA artha - jJAtRputra aura nAtha putra donoM kiyA hai / astu yaha nirvivAda siddha ho jAtA hai ki bauddha granthoM ke nigaMtha 'nATaputta' koI aura na hokara mahAvIra hI the / jisa prakAra zAkya vaMza meM janma hone ke kAraNa buddha ke anuyAyI 'zAkyaputrIya zramaNa' kahe jAte the / isa taraha mahAvIra ke anuyAyo 'jJAtRputrIya nirgrantha' kahe jAte the / zrI buhalara ne apanI pustaka 'iNDiyana sekTa Apha dI jainAs' meM isa viSaya para prakAza DAlate hue likhA hai - "bauddha piTakoM kA siMhalI saMskaraNa sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai / IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM usako antima rUpa diyA gayA aisA vidvAnoM kA mata hai / usameM buddha ke virodhI rUpa meM nigaMThoM kA ullekha hai / saMskRta meM likhe gae uttarakAlIna bauddha sAhitya meM bhI nirgranthoM ko buddha kA pratidvandvI batalAyA gayA hai / (sa) aMguttara nikAya, paMcakanipAta 5|28|8|17 / (da) majjhimanikAya, upAtisutta 2 / 1 / 6 / 1. (a) kuNDapuravarissarasiddhatthakkhattiyasya NAha kule / tisilAe devIe devIsadasevamANAe // 23 // - jayadhavalA, bhA0 1, 5078 / ( ba ) 'NAhoggavaMsesu vi vIra pAsA' // 550 // tiloyapaNNatta, a0 4 / (sa) 'ugranAthau pArzva vIrau ' -- dazabhakti pR0 48 | 2. 'NAtapute mahAvIre evamAha jiNuttame -- sUtrakRtAMga 1 zru0, a0, 1 u0 / 3. buddhacaryA pR0 551 / 4. vahI pR0 481 /

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92 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana una nigaMThoM yA nigranthoM ke pramukha ko pAli meM nATaputta aura saMskRta meM jJAtRputra kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki nATapatta yA jJAtRputra jaina sampradAya ke antima tIrthaMkara vardhamAna eka hI vyakti haiN| bauddha tripiTaka aura anya bauddha sAhitya se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha ke pratidvandvI vardhamAna (nATaputta) bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI the aura unakA dharma kAphI phaila cukA thaa| mahAvIra yuga kI dhArmika mAnyatAeM IsA pUrva ko chaThI-pA~cavI zatAbdI dhArmika Andolana kA yuga thaa| usa samaya bhArata meM hI nahIM sampUrNa eziyA meM purAnI dhArmika mAnyatAyeM khaNDita ho rahI thI aura nae-nae matoM yA sampradAyoM kA udaya ho rahA thaa| cIna meM lAotse aura kanphyUsiyasa, grIsa meM pAithAgorasa, sukarAta aura pleTo tathA IrAna aura parasiyA meM jarathustra Adi apanI naI-naI dArzanika vicAra-dhArAyeM prastuta kara rahe the| aise samaya meM jabaki pratyeka mata 'sayaM sayaM pasaMsattA garahaMtA paraM vayaM' arthAt apane pantha evaM mAnyatAoM ko zreSTha batAkara dUsaroM kI nindA kara rahA thA, usa samaya vibhinna matoM ke ApasI vaimanasya ko dUra karane ke lie vardhamAna mahAvIra ne anekAnta darzana kI vicAradhArA prastuta kI thii| bauddha grantha suttanipAta meM ullekha hai ki usa samaya 63 zramaNasampradAya vidyamAna the| jaina grantha sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga aura bhagavatI meM bhI usa yuga ke dhArmika matavAdoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM una sabhI vAdoM kA vargIkaraNa nimna cAra prakAra ke samavasaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai 1. inDiyana sekTa Apha dI jainAs, pR0 29 / 2. vahI, pR0 36 / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 1 / 2 / 23 / 4. yAni ca tINi yAni ca saTTi / suttanipAta, samiyasutta / 5. (a) sthAnAMga 4 / 4 / 345 / (ba) bhagavatI 30 / 11824 / 6. kiriyaM akiriyaM viNiyaMti taiyaM annaNAmahaMsu ca utthameva / sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 12 / 1 /

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 93 1- kriyAvAda, 2 - akriyAvAda, 3 - vinayavAda, 4 - ajJAnavAda | kriyAvAda - kriyAvAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki AtmA pApa-puNya Adi kAkartA hai| akriyAvAda - sUtrakRtAMga meM anAtmavAda, AtmA ke akartRtvavAda, mAyAvAda, aura niyatavAda ko akriyAvAda kahA gayA hai / ' vinayavAda - vinayavAdI binA bhedabhAva ke sabake sAtha vinayapUrvaka vyavahAra karatA hai arthAt sabakA vinaya karanA hI unakA siddhAnta hai / ajJAnavAda - ajJAnavAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki pUrNa jJAna kisI ko hotA nahIM hai aura apUrNa jJAna ho bhinna matoM kI jananI hai arthAt jJAnopArjana vyartha hai aura ajJAna meM hI jagat kA kalyANa hai / sUtakRtAMga ke anusAra ajJAnavAdI tarka karane meM kuzala hone para bhI asaMbaddha-bhASI haiM / kyoMki ve svayaM sandeha se pare nahIM ho sake haiM / 3 1 jaina Agama grantha uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki kriyAvAda hI saccA puruSArthavAda hai, vahI dhIra puruSa hai jo kriyAvAda meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai aura akriyAvAda kA varNana karatA hai / jaina darzana ko samyak kriyAvAdI isalie kahA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha ekAnta dRSTi nahIM rakhatA hai / AtmA Adi tattvoM meM vizvAsa karane vAlA hI kriyAvAda (astitvavAda ) kA nirUpaNa kara sakatA hai / 4 AcArAMga meM bhI mahAvIra ke samakAlIna cAra vAdoM kA ullekha bhinna prakAra se upalabdha hai-- 'AyAvAdI, loyAvAdI, kammAvAdI aura kiriyAdAdI / " nizothacUrNi meM mahAvIra ke yuga ke nimna darzana evaM dArzanikoM kA ullekha hai - 1 - AjIvaka, 2 - Isaramata, 3 - ulUga, 4 - kapilamata, 5 -kavila, 6 - kAvAla, 7 - kAvAliya, 8 - caraga, 9 - taccanniya, 10 - parivvAyaga, 11 - paMDuraMga, 12 - bor3ita 13 - bhicchuga, 14 - bhikkhU, 16 - veda, 1. sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 12 / 4-8 / 2 . vahI, 1 / 12 / 2 / 3. uttarAdhyayana 18 / 33 / 4. sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 10 / 17 / 5. AcArAMga saTIka zru0 1, a0 1, udde0 1, patra 20 / 6. nizIthasUtra sabhASya, cUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 15 /

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94 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 17 - sakka, 18 - sarakkha, 19 - sutivAdI, 20 - seyavar3a, 21 - seyabhikkhU, 22 - zAkyamata, 23 - hadusarakha / bauddha sampradAya meM buddha ke samakAlIna nimna chaha zramaNa sampradAyoM evaM unake pratipAdaka AcAryoM kA ullekha hai / " 1. akriyAvAda -- pUraNakAzyapa 2. niyativAda - makkhaligozAlaka 3. ucchedavAda -- ajita kezakaMbali 4. anyonyavAda --- prakudhakAtyAyana 5. cAturyAmasaMvaravAda - - nirgrantha jJAtRputra 6. vikSepavAda - saMjaya belaTThiputra ala sAhitya meM aMkita uparokta 6 AcAryoM ko tIrthaMkara vahA gayA hai / inakI eka nigaNThanATaputta svayaM mahAvIra hI haiM / 2 mahAvIra ke upadeza aura unakA vaiziSTya jainoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne kisI naye darzana yA dharma kI sthApanA nahIM kI, apitu pArzvanAtha kI nirgrantha paramparA meM pracalita dArzanika mAnyatAoM aura AcAra sambandhI vyavasthAoM ko kiJcit saMzodhita kara pracArita kiyaa| vidvAnoM ko yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM dharma aura darzana sambandhI vicAra jahA~ pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se gRhIta hue, vahIM AcAra aura sAdhanA vidhi ko mukhyatayA AjIvaka paramparA se gRhIta kiyA gayA / jaina granthoM se yaha bAta bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha kI AcAra paramparA meM kaI sazodhana kie the / sarvaprathama unhoMne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma meM brahmacarya ko jor3akara paMca mahAvratoM yA paMcayAma dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA / pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM strI ko parigraha mAnakara parigraha ke tyAga meM hI strI kA tyAga bhI samAhita mAna liyA jAtA thA / kintu Age calakara pArzvanAtha ko paramparA ke zramaNoM ne usakI galata DhaMga se vyAkhyA karanA zurU kiyA aura kahA ki parigraha ke tyAga meM strI kA tyAga to ho jAtA hai kintu binA vivAha ke bandhana meM badhe strI kA bhoga to kiyA jA sakatA hai aura usameM koI doSa nahIM hai / ataH mahAvIra ne strI ke bhoga ke niSedha ke lie brahmacarya kI svatantra vyavasthA kI / mahAvIra ne pArzva kI para 1 1. dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasutta / 2. vahI ( hindI anuvAda), pR0 21 kA sAra /

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- tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 95 mparAoM meM aneka sudhAra kie jaise unhoMne muni ko nagnatA para bala diyA, durAcaraNa ke parizodhana ke lie prAtaHkAlona aura sAyaMkAlona pratikramaNa kI vyavasthA kii| unhoMne kahA cAhe aparAdha huA ho yA na huA ho pratidina prAtaHkAla aura sAyaMkAla apane doSoM ko samIkSA to karanI caahie| isI prakAra auddezika AhAra kA niSedha, cAturmAsika vyavasthA aura navakalpa vihAra Adi aise prazna the, jinheM mahAvIra kI paramparA meM Avazyaka rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha kI hI paramparA ko saMzodhita kiyA thaa| mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI viziSTatA yahI hai ki unhoMne jJAnavAda kI apekSA bhI AcAra-zuddhi para adhika bala diyA aura kisI naye dharma yA sampradAya kI sthApanA ke sthAna para pUrva pracalita nimrantha paramparA ko hI deza aura kAla ke anusAra saMzodhanoM ke sAtha svIkAra kara liyaa| mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM ratnatraya kI sAdhanA meM paMcamahAvratoM kA pAlana, pratikramaNa, parigraha kA sarvathA tyAga, kaThora tapa sAdhanA Adi kucha aisI bAteM jo nigrantha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke yogadAna ko sUcita karatI haiN| isa prakAra mahAvIra pAva kI nintha paramparA meM deza aura kAla ke anusAra navIna saMzodhana karane vAle kahe jA sakate haiN| ve kisI navIna dharma ke saMsthApaka nahIM apitu pUrva pracalita nigrantha paramparA ke saMzodhaka yA sudhAraka haiN| 11. tIrthakara aura loka kalyANa jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara ke lie lokanAtha, lokahitakArI, lokapradIpa, abhayadAtA Adi vizeSaNa prayukta hue haiM / jainAcAryoM ne spaSTarUpa se yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki samaya-samaya para dharma cakra kA pravartana karane heta tIrthaMkaroM kA janma hotA rahatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga TIkA meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kA pravacana evaM dharma pravartana prANiyoM ke anugraha ke lie hotA hai, pUjA evaM satkAra ke lie nahIM / jainadharma meM yadyapi tIrthaMkara ko lokahita karane vAlA batAyA gayA hai, phira bhI unakA uddezya sajjanoM kA saMrakSaNa evaM duSToM kA vinAza nahIM hai| kyoMki yadi ve duSToM kA vinAza karate haiM to unake dvArA pradarzita ahiMsA kA caramAdarza khaNDita hotA hai, sAtha hI sajjanoM kI rakSA evaM duSToM kA vinAza ke prayatna nivRttimArgI sAdhanApaddhati ke anukUla nahIM hai| loka paritrANa athavA lokakalyANa tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana kA lakSya avazya rahA 1. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 1 / 6 / 4 /

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96 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hai, kintu mAtra sanmArga ke upadeza ke dvArA, na ki bhaktoM ke maMgala hetu durjanoM kA vinAza karake / tIrthaMkara dharma saMsthApaka hote hue bhI sAmAjika kalyANa ke sakriya bhAgIdAra nahIM haiN| ve sAmAjika ghaTanAoM ke mAtra mUkadarzaka hI haiN| yadyapi AcArAMga meM tIrthaMkaroM ne "ANAye mAmagaM dhamma" kahakara apanI AjJA pAlana meM hI dharma kI udghoSaNA kI hai phira bhI unakA dharma zAsana balAt kisI para thopA nahIM jAtA hai, AjJA pAlana aicchika hai| jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara ko sabhI pApoM kA nAza karane vAlA bhI kahA gayA hai| eka. gujarAtI jaina kavi ne kahA hai ki "cAhe pApa kA paJja meru ke AkAra ke samAna hI kyoM na ho, prabhu ke nAma rUpo agni se yaha sahaja hI vinaSTa ho jAtA hai|" isa prakAra jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara ke nAma-smaraNa evaM upAsanA se koTi janmoM ke pApoM kA prakSAlana sambhava mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI jainatIrthakara apanI ora se aisA koI AzvAsana nahIM detA, ki tuma merI bhakti karo maiM tumhArA kalyANa karU~gA / vaha to spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kRtakoM ke phala bhoga ke binA mukti nahIM hotI hai| pratyeka vyakti ko apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA lekhA-jokhA svayaM hI pUrA karanA hai| cAhe tIrthaMkara ke nAma rUpI agni se pApoM kA prakSAlana hotA ho, kintu tIrthaGkara meM aisI koI zakti nahIM hai ki vaha apane bhakta ko pIr3AoM se ubAra sake, usake duHkha kama kara sake, usako pApoM se mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra tIrthaMkara apane bhakta kA trAtA nahIM hai| vaha svayaM niSkriya hokara bhakta ko preraNA detA hai ki tU sakriya ho, terA utthAna evaM patana mere hAtha meM nahIM, tere hI hAtha meM nihita hai / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki tIrthakara lokakalyANa yA lokahita kI kAmanA ko lekara mAtra dharma pravacana karatA hai tAki vyakti una dharmAcaraNoM para calakara apane caritra kA nirmANa kre| kyoMki mAnava kA naitika caritra hI usakA 1. pApa parAla ko puJja vaNyo, mAno meru AkAro / te tuma nAma hutAzana tesI sahaja hI prajalata saaro|| 2. "kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi"| -uttarAdhyayana, 4 / 3 / 3. "purisA ! tumameva tuma mittaM, kiM bahiyA mittamicchasi ?" -AcArAMga 1 / 3 / 3 / "pusi ! attANameva abhi Nigijjha, evaM dukkhA pasuccasi / -vahI, 1 / 3 / 3 /

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. tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA : 97 samuddhAraka hai, anya koI nahIM / pApa se vimukti kI zakti tIrthakara ke nAma meM na hokara usake nimitta se bhakta ko, jo Atmavizuddhi hotI hai, usameM hai| 12. jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna jainadharma meM bhakti kA atyadhika mAhAtmya hai evaM pratyeka jaina sAdhaka kA yaha parama kartavya hai ki vaha Adarza puruSa ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kare / bhaktimArga kI nAmasmaraNa yA japasAdhanA se jainoM ko stuti kA svarUpa bahuta hada taka milatA hai| sAdhaka stuti athavA upAsanA ke dvArA apane ahaMkAra kA vinAza kara sadguNoM ke prati anurAga kI vRddhi karatA hai| yadyapi hameM yaha bAta spaSTarUpa se jAna lenI cAhie ki jaina sAdhanA meM jina mahApuruSoM kI stuti kI jAtI hai unase kisI prakAra ke lAbha kI AzA karanA vyartha hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkara kisI ko kucha nahIM de sakate / ve to mAtra sAdhanA yA upAsanA ke Adarza haiN| tIrthaMkara na to kisI ko saMsAra-sAgara se pAra karate haiM aura na kisI prakAra kI bhautika upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hI hote haiN| mAtra stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka ko unake guNoM ke prati zraddhA dRr3habhUta hotI hai, sAdhaka ke samakSa unakA mahAn Adarza mUrtarUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra sAdhaka tIrthaMkaroM ke smaraNa se apane antara meM AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA ke bhAvoM kI jyoti prajjvalita karatA hai aura vicAra karatA hai ki merI AtmA bhI tIrthaMkaroM kI AtmA ke samAna hai; maiM bhI yadi vaisI hI sAdhanA karU~ to tIrthaMkara bana sakatA huuN| mujhe apane puruSArtha se tIrthaMkara banane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / yadyapi gItA' ke kRSNa kI taraha tIrthaMkara koI udghoSaNA nahIM karatA ki tuma merI bhakti karo, maiM tumheM sarva pApoM se mukta kara duuNgaa| phira bhI AcArAMga "ANAye mAmagaM dhamma" arthAt mero AjJA ke pAlana meM dharma hai yaha kahakara unake AdezoM ke anupAlana kA nirdeza avazya karatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI mahAvIra ko bhaya se rakSA karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| phira bhI jaina tIrthaMkara pratyakSa rUpa se apane bhakta ko kisI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka nahIM hote hai| 1 gItA 18/66 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1/66

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98 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana - yadyapi jaina tIrthaMkara dharma pAlana kA nirdeza detA hai kintu gItA ke kRSNa kI bhA~ti apane upAsaka yA bhakta ko pApa paMka se ubAra lene kA AzvAsana nahIM detA hai, kyoMki vaha to niSkriya vyakti hai / vaha to spaSTa zabdoM meM kahatA hai ki manuSya ko apane kRta karmoM ke bhoga ke binA mukti nahIM mila sktii| pratyeka vyakti ko apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA lekhAjokhA svayaM hI pUrA karanA hai| bhale hI tIrthakara nAma japa se pApoM kA prakSAlana hotA ho kintu tIrthaMkara meM aiso koI zakti nahIM ki vaha apane bhakta ko pIr3AoM se ubAra sake, usake duHkha kama karake usako pApoM se mukti dilA sake / jainadharma kA tIrthaMkara, hindUdharma ke avatAra ke artha meM apane bhakta kA trAtA nahIM hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha bAta kahI thI ki hama tIrthakara kI stuti isalie nahIM karate ki usako stuti karane yA nahIM karane se vaha koI hita yA ahita karegA / ve kahate haiM "na pUjayArthastvayi vItarAge, na nindayA nAtha vivAnta vereH / tathApi te puNyaguNasmRtirnaH punAtu cete duritAMjanebhyaH // 1 arthAt he prabhu ! terI prazaMsA karane se bhI koI lAbha nahIM, kyoMki tU vItarAga hai, ataH stuti karane para prasanna nahIM hogaa| terI nindA karane meM bhI koI bhaya nahIM hai, kyoMki tU to vivAnta vaira hai, ataH nindA karane para nArAja nahIM hogaa| phira bhI hama terI stuti isalie karate haiM ki tere puNya guNoM ke smaraNa ke dvArA hamArA citta durguNoM se pavitra ho jAtA hai| isa tathya ko aura spaSTa karate hae zrImat devacandra ne kahA hai-"jisa prakAra bher3oM ke samUha meM palA huA siMha-zAvaka, siMha ko dekhakara apane vAstavika svarUpa ko pahacAna letA hai usI prakAra bhakta AtmA bhI prabhu kI bhakti ke dvArA apane AtmasvarUpa ko pahacAna letA hai / isakA bodha to svayaM bhakta ko karanA hai upAsya to vahA~ nimitta mAtra hai|" isa prakAra jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara to mAtra Adarza yA nimitta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki stavana (bhakti) se vyakti kI darzana1. svayambhUstotra 2. "aja kula-gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atamazakti saMbhAla // -ajita jinastavana

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tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : 99 vizuddhi hotI hai / ' AcArya bhadrabAhu ne spaSTarUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki nAma-smaraNa ke dvArA pApoM kA puMja naSTa ho jAtA hai / yadyapi isakA kAraNa paramAtmA ko kRpA na hokara vyakti ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi hI hai / isa prakAra jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA ekamAtra uddezya AtmasvarUpa kA bodha yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra karanA hai / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki nirvANAbhibhukha hone kA satata prayatna hI bhakti hai| nirvANa prApta mahApuruSoM ke guNoM kA japa yA smaraNa karanA vyAvahArika bhakti hai, rAga-dveSa evaM vikalpoM ko chor3akara vizuddha Atmatattva se jur3a jAnA vAstavika bhakti hai | niyamasAra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ne isI bhakti ke dvArA parama pada prApta kiyA hai / isa prakAra jainadharma meM bhakti yA stavana mUlataH Atmabhakti yA Atmastavana ho hai / 13. zraddhA banAma jJAna jainadharma meM zraddhA kA atyadhika mAhAtmya hai / kabhI to aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha gItA ke samAna hI zraddhA ko prathama sthAna para aura jJAna ko dvitIya sthAna para rakhatA hai arthAt yaha mAnatA hai ki zraddhA ke samyaka hone para jJAna bhI samyak ho jAtA hai / phira bhI jenadharma meM zraddhA jJAna se Upara apanA sthAna prApta nahIM kara sako / jainadharma meM bhI cAritra ko apekSA jJAna evaM darzana (zraddhA) ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai, kintu darzana aura jJAna kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara jainAcAryoM meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai / kucha AcArya darzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM to kucha jJAna ko, kucha donoM ko samAnAntara mAnate haiM / yadyapi jJAnamImAMsA ke dRSTikoNa se darzana kI prAthamikatA hI prabala ThaharatI hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA / kintu yahA~ darzana anubhUti ke artha meM hai / anubhUti ke artha meM darzana ko jJAna kI apekSA prAthamikatA dI gaI hai / yadyapi darzana ke zraddhAparaka artha ke saMdarbha meM bhI umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM darzana ko jJAna aura cAritra 1. cauvvI sattha eNaM daMsaNa visohiM jaNayai // uttarAdhyayana, 29 / 10 / 2. Avazyakaniyukti, gA0 1076 / 3. nAdaMsaNissa nANaM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28 / 30

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100 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kI apekSA prathama sthAna diyA hai / ' AcArya kundakunda ne bhI darzanaprAbhRta meM 'daMsaNamUlo dhammo" arthAt dharma ko darzana pradhAna kahA hai|' lekina kucha aise bhI sandarbha milate haiM jinameM jJAna ko prAthamika mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM mokSamArga ko vivecanA ke prasaMga meM jJAna ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai / jJAna aura darzana meM se sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi se kise prAthamikatA deM, isakA nirNaya karanA sahaja nahIM hai| isa vivAda ke mukhya mUla kAraNa yaha haiM ki zraddhAvAdI loga samyak darzana kI aura jJAnavAdI loga samyak jJAna kI prAthamikatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina isa vivAda meM ekapakSIya nirNaya lenA ucita nahIM hogA, balki samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa hI susaMgata hogA / navatattvaprakaraNa meM aisA hI samanvayavAdo dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai, jahA~ donoM ko eka dUsare kA pUrvApara batAyA hai, kahA gayA hai ki jo jovAdi nava padArthoM ko yathArtharUpa se jAnatA hai use samyaktva hotA hai| isa prakAra jJAna ko darzana ke pUrva batAyA gayA hai lekina agalI hI paMkti se jJAnAbhAva meM kevala zraddhA se hI samyaktva kI prApti mAna lI gaI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vastu tattva ko svataH nahIM jAnatA huA bhI usake prati bhAva se zraddhA karatA hai use samyaktva prApta ho jAtA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne apane grantha 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana'5 meM jJAna evaM darzana meM se kise prathama sthAna deM, isakA tArkika vivecana kiyA hai-"darzana zabda ke do artha haiM1. yathArtha dRSTikoNa, 2. zraddhA / yadi hama darzana kA yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha lete haiM to hameM sAdhanAmArga kI dRSTi se use prathama sthAna denA caahie| kyoMki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa hI mithyA hai, ayathArtha hai, to na to usakA jJAna samyak (yathArtha) hogA aura na cAritra hii| yathArtha dRSTi 1. tattvArthasUtra, 1/1 2. darzanapAhuDa 2 3. nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva carittaM ca tavo thaa| esa maggo tti pannatto, jiNehi varadaMsihi // uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28/2 4. navatattvaprakaraNa 1, uddhRta-jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tula nAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR0 24 5. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR0 24

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tIrthakara ko avadhAraNA : 101 ke abhAva meM yadi jJAna aura cAritra samyak pratIta bhI ho, to bho ve samyaka nahIM kahe jA sake / vaha to sAMyogika prasaMga mAtra hai| aisA sAdhaka digbhrAnta bhI ho sakatA hai| jisakI dRSTi hI dUSita hai, vaha kya. satva ko jAnegA aura usakA AcaraNa karegA? dUsarI ora yadi hama samyak darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha lete haiM to usakA sthAna jJAna ke pazcAt ho hAgA, kyoMki avicala zraddhA to jJAna ke bAda hI utpanna ho sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha karate samaya use jJAnake bAda ho sthAna diyA gayA hai| granthakAra kahate haiM ki jJAna se padArtha (tattva) svarUpa ko jAne aura darzana ke dvArA usa para zraddhA kre|' vyakti ke svAnubhava (jJAna) ke pazcAt hI zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, usameM jo sthAyitva hotA hai vaha jJAnAbhAva meM prApta huI zraddhA se nahIM ho sktaa| jJAnAbhAva meM jo zraddhA hotI hai usameM saMzaya hone ko sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| aisI zraddhA yathArtha zraddhA nahIM varan andha zraddhA hI ho sakato hai| jina praNIta tattvoM meM bhI yathArtha zraddhA to unake svAnubhava evaM tArkika parIkSaNa ke pazcAt hI ho sakatI hai| yadyapi sAdhanA ke lie, AcaraNa ke lie zraddhA anivArya tattva hai lekina vaha jJAna prasUta honI caahie| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki dharma kI samIkSA prajJA ke dvArA kareM, tarka se tattva kA vizleSaNa kreN| ataH ve mAnate haiM ki yathArtha daSTiparaka artha meM samyaka darzana ko jJAna ke pUrva lenA cAhie, jabaki zraddhAparaka artha meM use jJAna ke pazcAt sthAna denA caahie| DaoN. jaina ke anusAra jainadharma meM zraddhA kA sthAna jJAna ke pazcAta hI hai| jainadharma gItA ke samAna yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki zraddhAvAna jJAna ko prApta hotA hai apitu vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jJAna se zraddhA hoto hai" yadyapi jahA~ taka AcaraNa kA prazna hai jainadharma yaha mAnatA hai ki samyak zraddhA samyak AcaraNa ke lie Avazyaka hai / 14. tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA kA dArzanika avadAna jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA prastuta kI gaI hai, usake dArzanika avadAna kA mUlyAMkana nimnarUpa se kiyA jA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama 1. "nANeNa jANaI bhAve daMsaNeya saddahe / / uttarAdhyayana, 28/35 2. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanAmArga, pR0 27 3. "natthi caritaM sammattavihUNaM"-vahI 28/29

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102 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana to tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki pratyeka bhavya AtmA meM tIrthaMkara banane kI kSamatA upasthita hai / pratyeka jIva jina pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai / isa avadhAraNA kA phalita yaha hai ki isase vyakti kI garimA puSTa hotI hai aura vaha yaha mAnane lagatA hai ki vaha anantazakti athavA paramAtmazakti se yukta hai / isase usake jIvana meM nirAzA dara hokara AsthA kA saMcAra hotA hai| dUsare tIrthaMkara banAyA nahIM jAtA apitu banatA hai / yaha siddhAnta puruSArthavAda kA poSaNa karatA hai / jainaparamparA yaha mAnatI hai ki koI bhI vyakti apane puruSArtha ke bala se ho to torthaMkara pada ko prApta karatA hai| tIrthaMkaratva eka yAcita upalabdhi nahIM hai apitu sva- puruSArthaM se upArjita upalabdhi hai / isa prakAra tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA daivavAda, bhAgyavAda aura kRpA ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kA samarthana karatI hai| jainaparamparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM eka kathA AtI hai / kathA ke anusAra mahAvIra ke sAdhanA karate samaya anArya janoM ke dvArA aneka kaSTa diye jAte haiM / mahAvIra ko diye jAne vAle ina kaSToM ko dekhakara, indra mahAvAra se prArthanA karatA hai ki apane sAdhanAkAla meM mujhe apane sAtha rakhane kI anumati dIjiye tAki sAdhanAkAla ke kaSToM ko dUra kara sakU~ / usa samaya mahAvIra ne indra se kahA ki tIrthaMkara svavIrya arthAt svapuruSArtha se hI paramajJAna aura paramasAdhya ko prApta karate haiM, kisI kI kRpA yA sahayoga se nahIM / yahI eka aisA tathya hai jo puruSArthavAda aura vyakti kI garimA ko puSTa karatA hai / avatAravAda meM Izvara svAmI hotA hai aura vyakti usakA dAsa hotA hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA meM vyakti svayaM svAmI hone kA sAmarthya rakhatA hai aura hotA hai / dUsare avatAravAda meM kRpA kA tatva pradhAna hotA hai / IzvarIya karuNA aura kRpA hI avatAravAda ke mUlatattva haiM, jabaki tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA meM puruSArtha pradhAna hotA hai / saMkSepa meM vyakti kI sarvoparitA aura puruSArthavAda ke siddhAnta tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA ke mahattvapUrNa dArzanika avadAna haiM /

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tRtIya adhyAya buddhatva kI avadhAraNA 1. buddha zabda kA artha buddha zabda kI utpatti budha zabda meM kta pratyaya ( budh + kta) lagAne se huI hai| budha kA artha hotA hai jAnanA, pratyakSa karanA, jAganA / isa prakAra buddha zabda kA zAbdika artha hotA hai-jJAta samajhA huA, pratyakSa kiyA huA, jAgA huA, jAgarUka dekhA huA / " buddha kA zAbdika artha hotA hai jJAna sampanna (prabuddha) aura jAgrata ( Enlightened and Awakened) | zAkyamuni gautama yA siddhArtha ko unake anuyAyiyoM ne buddha nAma diyA thA / vastutaH buddha jAti-vAcaka nAma hai, vyaktivAcaka nAma nahIM / yaha vizeSaNa unako diyA jAtA hai, jinhoMne bodha yA jJAna prApta kara liyA hai / vyakti "buddha" isa vizeSaNa ko saMsAra ke sabhI mAnavoM evaM devI prANiyoM ke bIca apane satya jJAna yA dharma ke dvArA arjita karatA hai / 'buddha' - yaha nAma mAtA-pitA, bhAI- bAndhavoM Adi ke dvArA diyA huA nAma nahIM hai / khuddakanikAya ke antargata mahAniddesa meM isa sambandha meM eka sUtra upalabdha hotA hai / 'buddha' - yaha nAma, mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, mitra, saMbaMdhI, zramaNa, brAhmaNa evaM devatAoM dvArA diyA huA nahIM hai, varan bodhimUla meM vimokSa-purassara sarvajJatA ke adhigama ke sAtha upalabdha eka prajJapti hai / yahI bAta cullaniddesa meM bhI kahI gaI hai| vastutaH vaha puruSa jisane cAra AryasatyoM ko jAna liyA hai, sarvajJatA prApta kara lI hai, rAga, dveSa, moha, 1. saMskRta - hindI koza (vAmana zivarAma ApTe), pR0 718 / 2. pAli - iMgliza DikzanarI, pR0 111 / 3. 'buddho ti netaM mAtarA kataM, na pitarA kataM, na bhAtarA kataM na bhaginiyA kataM, namittAmaccehi kataM, na vAtisAlohitehi kataM, na samaNabrAhmaNehi kataM, na devatAhitaM / vimokkhantikametaM buddhAnaM bhagavantAnaM bo dhiyA mUle saha sambajJataJjaNassa paTilAbhA sacchikA paJJatti yadidaM buddhoti taM buddhaM / ' - khuddakanikAya bhAga 4 (1), mahAnidesa // 16 / :92, pR0 399 / 4. cullaniddesa, pR0 209 /

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104 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana Asrava tathA anyAnya klezoM se pUrNataH vimukta ho parama-sambodhi ko prApta kara liyA hai, jo saba padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnane ke bAda prajA ko upadeza detA hai, aisA abuddhi vihata tathA buddhi pratilAbhI puruSa hI buddha kahalAtA hai / vaise buddha aura jina zabda aise haiM jinheM jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM samAnarUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ke lie buddha aura jina zabdoM kA prayoga prAcIna AgamoM meM bahutAyata se milatA hai isI prakAra bauddhasAhitya meM buddha ko jina aura jinaputra kahA gayA hai / 2. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA kA artha chaThIM zatAbdI IsA pUrva meM gautama ne 'buddha' nAma arjita kiyA thA / 'buddha' yaha nAma unako apanI mAtA mahAmAyA evaM pitA zuddhodhana se prApta nahIM huA thA, apitu bodhi-vRkSa ke nIce jJAnaprApta karane para prApta huA thaa| mahAniddesa evaM visuddhimagga meM ullekha hai ki gautama ne bodhi vRkSa ke nIce anuttara saMgrAma meM vijaya prApta karate hue, advitIya puruSArtha ke dvArA yaha nAma arjita kiyA thA / 2 pratyeka prANA buddhatva kI kSamatA se yukta hai / buddha - bIja pratyeka meM vidya mAna hai| pratyeka prANI voyaM, prajJA evaM puruSArtha dvArA buddhatva kI prApti kara sakatA hai / gautama apane puruSArtha se samyak jJAna prApta karane ke kAraNa 'samyak sambuddha' kahalAye / apano isa brAhmI sthiti ke kAraNa loka meM 'bhagavAn buddha' yA 'samyak sambuddha' nAma se prasiddha hue haiM / 1. 'buddho ti kenaTThena buddho ? bujjhitA saccAnI ti buddho, bodhetA pajAyA ti buddhI sabbaJjatA buddha, sabbadassAvitAya buddho, abhijJayyatAya buddho, vikasitAya buddho vINAsakhasa khAtena buddho, nirupakkilesasaGkhAtena buddho, ekatavItarAgoti buddho, ekantavItadoso ti buddho, ekantavItamoho ti buddho, ekatanikleiso ti buddhI, ekAyanamaggaM gato vi buddho, eko anuttaraM sammAsambodhi abhisambuddhIti buddho, abuddhi vihatatA, buddhipaTilAbhA ti buddho / ' - khuddakanikAya bhAga 4 (2), cullaniddesa, pR0 208-209 // 2. (ka) mahAniddesa, pR0 120 (kha) visuddhimagga 7 / 55, mR0 42 / 3. ' sammA sAmaJca sabbadhammAnaM buddhatA pana sammA sambuddho / ' * - visuddhimagga 7 / 26, pR0 136 |

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 105 majjhimanikAya ke sela-sutta ke anusAra 'buddha' zramaNa gautama kA eka guNavAcaka nAma hai, vyaktivAcaka nAma nhiiN| usameM bhagavAn buddha apanI vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI svayaM ko buddha kahate haiM ki 'maiM dharma rAjA hU~, dharmacakra calA rahA hU~, isa dharmacakra ko tathAgata kA anujAta (pIcheutpanna) sAriputra anucAlita kara rahA hai| bhAvanoya kI bhAvanA kara lI, parityAjya ko chor3a diyaa| ataH he brAhmaNa maiM "buddha' huuN|"1 isa prakAra jJAnavAna yA jAgrata puruSa 'buddha' nAma se abhihita hAtA hai jisane bodha ko prApta kara liyA hai| 'pratibuddha' ko kalpanA pUrNa jJAnI ke artha meM prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM bho vidyamAna hai / 2 buddha kA AvirbhAva bodhi yA jJAna se hotA hai, mAtA ke garbha se nhiiN| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki buddha kA AvirbhAva loka meM durlabha hai / buddha kA nAma sunanA bhI loka meM durlabha hai| baddha puruSa andhakAra se grasita loka ke lie dIpaka ke samAna hotA hai / vaha saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie dharma kA upa 1. 'rAjAhamasmi selA ti, dhammarAjA anuttro| dhammena cakkaM vattemi, cakkaM appaTivattiyaM / ' 'sambuddho paTijAnAsi, dhammarAjA anuttro| dhammena cakkaM vattemi, iti bhAsasi gotama // ' 'ko nu senApati bhoto, sAvako satthuranvayo / ko te tamanuvatteti, dhammacakkaM pavattitaM / ' 'mayA pavattitaM cakkaM, (selA ti bhagavA) dhammacakkaM anuttaraM / sAriputto anuvatteti, anujAto tathAgataM / ' 'abhiJjayyaM abhijAtaM bhAvetabbaM ca bhAvitaM / pahAtabbaM pahInaM me, tasmA buddhosmi brAhmaNa // ' -majjhimanikAya bhAga 2, selasutta (42 / 3 / 4), pR0 400 2. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 14/7/2-17 / 3. kiccho buddhAnamuppAdo |'-khuddknikaay bhAga 1 / dhammapada 14/182, pR0 34 'buddho have kappatehi dullabho |'-diighnikaay, mahAparinibbANasutta . 4. 'ghoso pi kho eso dullabho lokasmi-yadidaM 'buddho' ti|' -majjhima nikAya bhAga 2, selasutta (4223), pR0 398 /

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106 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana deza detA hai, bahujana ke hita ko sarvopari mAnatA hai| isalie dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai _ 'sukho buddhAnamuppAdo' buddhoM kA utpanna honA sukhakArI hai|' buddha ne jIvana evaM jagat ke pratyeka pahalU kA sAkSAtkAra kara mAnava kalyANa ke lie upadeza diyA thA / buddha ne satya kA darzana evaM anubhava kiyA thA, isIliye unheM 'tathAgata' bhI kahA jAtA hai| cAra AryasatyoM kA svayaM bodha prApta kara dUsaroM ko unakA bodha karAyA, isalie 'buddha' khlaaye| 3. bauddha dharma meM buddha kA sthAna ___ bauddha dharma meM buddha ko dharmacakra kA pravartaka tathA dharmasaMgha kA zAstA mAnA gayA hai / majjhimanikAya, saMyuttanikAya evaM kathAvatthu meM buddha ko anutpanna mArga kA pravartaka, mArgadraSTA evaM mArga ko jAnane vAlA kahA gayA hai / ___ "bhagavA anuppannassa maggassa uppAdetA, asaJAtassa maggassa saJcanetA, anakkhAtassa maggassa akkhAtA, magannU, magagAvid, mggkovido|" prArambha meM buddha ko jJAna evaM sadAcaraNa se samanvita dharmopadeSTA mAnA gayA, kintu kramazaH unake sAtha dUsare vizeSaNa bhI jur3ate gaye / aMguttara nikAya meM buddha ko zramaNa, brAhmaNa, vedajJa, bhiSak, nirmala, vimala, jJAnI, vimukta Adi nAmoM se pukArA gayA hai| buddhaghoSa ne aMguttaranikAya kI 1. dhammapada 14/194, pR0 35 / 2. 'bujjhitA saccAnI ti buddho, bodhetA pajAyA ti buddho |'-khuddknikaay bhAga 4 (1), mahAnidesa 1 / 16 / 192, pR0 399 visuddhimagga, 7/52 / 'imesaM sI bhikkhave catunnaM ariyasaccAnaM yathAbhUtaM / abhisambuddhattA tathAgato arahaM sammAsambuddho ti vuccatIti / ' -visuddhimagga 16/21 / 3. majjhimanikAya bhAga 3 ( 8.1.1 ), pR0 68; saMyuttanikAya bhAga 2 __(22-58-61), pR0 295; kathAvatthu (3-22(1).1), pR0 2.7 / 4. "yaM samaNena pattabbaM brAhmaNena vusiimtaa| __ yaM vedagunA pattabba, bhisakkena anuttaraM // "

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 107 ant sumaMgalavilAsinI meM buddha ko tathAgata kahA hai / " buddha ke anuyAyI unako "bhagavA" kahakara pukArate the, dUsare loga unako gautama nAma se hI jAnate the / anyatra unheM yakSa, zAkya, brahmA evaM mahAmuni " Adi nAmoM se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / dIghanikAya, aMguttaranikAya aura vizuddhimagga meM buddha ke nimna vizeSaNa upalabdha hote haiM "bhagavA, arahaM sammAsambuddho, vijjAcaraNasampanno, sugato, lokavidu, anuttaro purisa dhammasArathi, satthA deva manussAnaM, buddho bhagavA / "* arthAt bhagavAn buddha, arhat samyak jJAna sampanna, vidyA evaM AcaraNa se yukta, sadgati ko prApta karane vAle, loka- jJAtA, anupama, zreSTha manuSyoM dharma ke nAyaka, devatA evaM manuSyoM ke zAstA the / sumaMgalavilAsinI meM buddha ko aparimitavarNa se yukta kahA gayA hai. " jo unake viziSTa vyaktitva kA paricAyaka hai / mahAyAna grantha saddharmaM puNDarIka meM buddha ko svayaMbhU, vijetA, vaidya, AtmadIpta, vizva kA adhiSThAtA pApa rahita, prakAza dene vAlA, sabhI padArthoM meM uttama, mitabhASI evaM devAdhideva Adi nAmoM se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / ina vizeSaNoM meM vizva kA adhiSThAtA evaM devAdhideva aise vizeSaNa haiM jo "buddha" ko eka lokottara vyaktitva vAlA banA dete haiM / yahIM buddhatva kI avadhAraNA meM Izvaratva kA AropaNa hotA hai / "yaM nimmalena pattabbaM, vimalena sacImatA / nANinA ca pattabbaM vimuttena anuttaraM // " " sohaM vijitasaGgAmo, mutto mocemi bandhanA / nAgomhi paramadanto, aseso parinibbuto " ti / / " > - aMguttaranikAya bhAga 3 (8 / 9 / 5), pR0 422 1. sumaMgalavilAsinI bhAga 1, pR0 59 / 2. majjhimanikAya bhAga 2 (6.21), pR0 60 / 5. khuddaka nikAya bhAga 1, pR0 318 / 3. suttanipAta, pR0 91; suttanipAta kamenTarI bhAga 2, pR0 418 / 4. buddhavaMza kamenTarI, pR0 38 / 5. sumaMgalavilAsanI - I -315 6. saddharmapuNDarIka (228.4,229.1, 296.6)

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108 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 4. hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM buddha kI avadhAraNA " (a) hInayAna meM buddha hInayAna meM buddha ko loka jyeSTha evaM zreSTha tathA parama bodhi ko prApta kahA gayA hai| ve sAmAnya manuSya kI taraha mAtA ke garbha se janma lete haiN| unakA vikAsa bhI anya jarAyuja prANiyoM ke samAna hI hotA hai| janma sambandhI kucha vizeSatAoM ko chor3akara ve bhI sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI taraha bAla evaM kaumArya avasthAoM ko prApta karate haiM tathA unakA bhautika zarIra bhI jarAmaraNa kI vyAdhi se yukta hotA hai| hInayAna ke anusAra buddha bhI apane rAgAdi maloM kA uccheda kara, kleza bandhana se vimukta ho arhat-pada ko prApta karate haiM, unakA citta saMsAra se vimukta hotA hai aura mana viSayoM se chuTakArA prApta kara letA hai kintu isake lie anekAneka pUrva janmoM meM zIla evaM brahmacarya kI sAdhanA karano hotI hai, pUrva janmoM ke sAdhanA ke dvArA ajita puNya ke phalasvarUpa ve apane antima janma meM eka viziSTa vyaktitva ko prApta karate haiM isa janma meM bhI ve sAdhanA karate haiM tathA anta meM arhat pada ko prApta kara lete haiN| ahaMt pada ko prApta karane kI unakI yaha yAtrA ahaMta pada prApta karane vAle dUsare sAdhakoM se bahuta bhinna nahIM hotii| kevala antara yaha hotA hai, jahA~ arhat pada ko prApta sAmAnya sAdhaka use prApta kara loka-pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke lie prayatnazIla nahIM hotA, vahA~ baddha apane pUrva janmoM kI sAdhanA ke vaiziSTya ke kAraNa jisa satya ko udghATita karatA hai use apane taka sImita na rakhakara jana-jana ko usakA upadeza detA hai / jisase saMsAra ke loga apanI duHkha-vimukti ke lie prayatnazIla ho sakate haiN| janma sambandhI kucha vizeSatAoM ko chor3akara dharma cakra kA pravartana hI eka aisI vizeSatA hai jo buddha ko eka sAmAnya arhat se bhinna karato hai / pAli tripiTaka ke anusAra sAmAnya ahaMta kI apekSA buddha meM nimna vilakSaNatAe~ pAI jAto haiM(A) buddha ke janma sambandhI vilakSaNatAe~ dIghanikAya ke mahApadAna sutta meM baddha ke janma ke sambandha meM nimna alaukikatAoM kA varNana hameM milatA hai|' 1. dIghanikAya bhAga 2, mahApadAnasutta (1.3.17), pR0 16-14

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buddha ko avadhAraNA : 109 1. bodhisatva tuSita devaloka se cyuta ho smRtimAna jAgrata hokara mAtA ke udara meM praveza karate haiN| 2. bodhisatva jaba tuSita devaloka se cyuta hokara mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karate haiM taba samasta loka meM vipUla prakAza tathA lokadhAtu (brahmANDa) meM kampana hotA hai| 3. bodhisatva ke mAtA kI kukSi meM praveza karane ke pazcAt sadaiva cAra devaputra cAroM dizAoM meM mAtA kI rakSA ke lie rahate haiM, tAki unakI mAtA ko koI manuSya yA amanuSya kaSTa na de ske| 6. bodhisatva jaba mAtA kI kukSi meM praveza karate haiM, taba se unakI mAtA zIlavatI hotI hai, vaha hiMsA, corI, durAcAra, mithyAbhASaNa tathA mAdaka vastuoM ke sevana se virata rahatI hai| 5. bodhisatva kI mAtA kA citta puruSa kI ora AkRSTa nahIM hotA / kAmavAsanA ke lie unakI mAtA puruSa ke rAga se jIto nahIM jA sktii| 6. jaba se bodhisatva mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karate haiM, taba se mAtA ko sabhI prakAra sukhopabhoga upalabdha rahate haiN| 7. bodhisatva ke mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karane ke pazcAt unakI mAtA ko ___ koI vyAdhi nahIM hotI tathA bodhisatva kI mAtA unako apane udara meM spaSTa dekhatI hai| 8. bodhisatva kI mAtA unake janma ke sAta dina bAda marakara tuSita devaloka meM utpanna hotI hai| 9. bodhisatva kI mAtA bodhisatva ko pUre dasa mAha kukSi meM rakhakara prasava karatI hai / vaha dasa mAha pUrNa hone ke pahale prasava nahIM karatI hai| 10. bodhisatva kI mAtA bodhisatva ko khar3e-khar3e prasava karatI hai| 11. bodhisatva mAtA kI kukSi se nikalakara pRthvI para girane bhI nahIM pAte ki cAra devaputra unheM lekara mAtA ke sammukha rahate haiM / 12. bodhisatva jaba mAtA kI kukSi se nikalate haiM taba bilkula kapha, ____ rudhira Adi maloM se alipta hI nikalate haiN| 13. bodhisatva jaba mAtA kI kukSi se bAhara Ate haiM, to AkAza se zIta ___ aura uSNa jala ko do dhArAyeM bahatI haiM, unase bodhisatva aura unakI mAtA kA prakSAlana hotA hai|

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110 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 14. bodhisatva jaba mAtA kI kukSi se utpanna hote haiM taba ve pairoM para khar3e hokara uttara kI ora muMha karake sAta kadama calate haiM, zveta chatra ke nIce sabhI dizAoM ko dekhate haiM aura ghoSita karate haiM ki isa loka meM maiM zreSTha hU~, maiM agra hU~, maiM jyeSTha huuN| yaha merA antima janma hai phira janma nahIM hogaa| 15. bodhisatva jaba mAtA ko kukSi se nikalate haiM taba sampUrNa loka meM prakAza hotA hai tathA kucha samaya ke lie saMsAra kI burAiyA~ dUra ho jAtI haiN| (i) buddha ke zarIra ke 32 lakSaNa dIghanikAya ke mahApadAnasutta meM buddha ke zarIra ko nimna 32 lakSaNoM se yukta batAyA gayA hai1. ve supratiSThinapAda hote haiM / 2. unake pAdatala meM sarvAkAra paripUrNa cakra hote haiN| 3. unako er3iyA~ U~cI hotI haiM / 4. unakI u~galiyA~ lambI hotI haiN| 5. unake hAtha-paira madra tathA komala hote haiN| 5. unake hAtha aura paira ko u~galiyoM ke bIca cheda nahIM hote / 7. unake pAvoM ke Takhane zaMkU ke samAna valAkAra hote haiN| 8. unakI jA~ghe hiranI ke jA~ghoM ke samAna hotI haiN| 9. unake hAtha itane lambe hote haiM ki ve binA jhuke apanI hatheliyoM se apane ghuTanoM kA sparza kara sakate haiN| 10. unakI jananendriya camar3e se DhakI huI hoto hai| 11. unake zarIra kA varNa svarNa ke samAna hotA hai| 12. unake zarIra para dhUla nahIM jamato hai| 13. unake pratyeka roma-kUpa meM eka hI bAla hotA hai| 14. unake bAla aMjana ke samAna nIlo kAnti yukta tathA kuMDalita (dhuMdha rAle) hote haiN| 15. ve lambe akuTila zarIra vAle hote haiN| 16. unake zarIra ke sAta bhAga Thosa hote haiN| 97. unakA zarIra siMha-pUrvAddhaM kAya arthAt unakI chAtI uThI huI hotI hai| 1. dIghanikAya bhAga 2, mahApadAnasutta (1-4.20), pR0 15-16 /

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 111 18 unake donoM kandhoM ke Upara kA bhAga Thosa hotA hai| 19. unakA zarIra vatulAkAra hAtA hai arthAt pAlathI mArakara baiThane para unake zarIra kI lambAI-caur3AI barAbara hotI hai / 20. unake donoM kandhe samAna parimANa ke hote haiN| 21. unakI zirAe~ (nAr3iyA~) sundara hotI haiN| 22. unakI ThoDI siMha ke samAna hotI hai / 23. unake mukha meM 44 dA~ta hote haiN| 24. unake dA~ta sama hote haiM / 25. unakI daMtapaMkti cheda rahita hotI hai / 26. unakI daMtapaMkti zubhra hotI hai| 27. unakI jihvA lambo hotI hai / 28. unakA svara madhura hotA hai| 29. unakI A~kheM alasI ke puSpa ke samAna nIlI hotI haiN| 30. unakI palakeM gAya ke samAna hotI haiN| 31. unakI bhauhoM ko roma-rAjI atyanta komala aura zubhra hotI haiM / 32 unakA zira (mastaka) uSNoSAkAra arthAt bIcameM se kucha U~cA hotA hai| (I) dharmacakra pravartana ke lie brahmA dvArA prArthanA karanA yaha mAnyatA hai ki "arhat" samyak sambuddha hone ke bAda buddha ke mana meM prathama yaha vicAra AtA hai ki loka mere upadeza ko grahaNa nahIM kara pAyegA / usI samaya mahAbrahmA Akara dharmopadeza dene kI prArthanA karatA hai ki bhagavAn dharma kA upadeza kareM kyoMki dharma ko jAnane vAle haiN|'' (u) buddha kA sazarIra devaloka gamana pAli tripiTaka meM eka ullekha yaha milatA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne apanI mAtA ko dharmopadeza dene ke lie eka varSAvAsa tuSita loka meM vyatIta kiyA / dIghanikAya ke mahApadAnasutta meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki bhagavAn buddha 1. dIghanikAya bhAga 2, mahApadAnasutta (1.6.62 64) pR0 36 2. bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 118

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112 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana eka bAra zaddhAvAsa devaloka meM gaye / jahA~ pUrva 6 baddhoM tathA unake kAla meM jina vyaktiyoM ne pravrajyA dhAraNa kara sAdhanA kI thI, unameM se aneka loga isa devaloka meM devatA ke rUpa meM janme the, una sabhI ne Akara buddha ko apanA paricaya diyA aura batAyA ki ve kisa baddha ke zAsana kAla meM pravajita hokara isa devaloka meM janme haiN|' (U) prAtihArya ___ avadAna ke prAtihArya sUtra meM yaha kathA varNita hai, ki pUraNa-kazyapa Adi cha: tIrthikoM ne rAjagRha meM ekatra hokara vicAra kiyA ki zramaNa gautama ke loka meM upasthiti ke kAraNa hama logoM kA mAna-sammAna dina para dina kama hotA jA rahA hai jabaki hama loga RddhimAna evaM jJAnavAna haiM, zramaNa gautama ke Rddhi-prAtihArya (camatkAra) jAnane hetu una torthikoM ne zrAvastI ke rAjA prasenajita prArthanA kI, ki Apa zramaNa gautama se camatkAra dikhAne ko kaheM / rAjA ne zramaNa gautama se camatkAra dikhAne kA Agraha kiyaa| baddha ne kahA ki merA to vicAra hai ki manuSya ko apane guNa chipAne cAhie aura avaguNoM ko prakaTa karanA cAhie / punaH rAjA ne kahA ki Apa dUsaroM ke saMzaya evaM bhrama ko dUra karane hetu prAtihArya dikhAveM / tadanantara zrAvastI ke jetavana meM eka maNDapa banAyA gayA / sabhI tIrthikoM, zrAvakoM ne dekhA ki bhagavAn ke zarIra se nisRta svarNima razmiyoM se samasta loka AbhAsita ho gyaa| brahmA Adi devatA bhagavAn kI tIna bAra pradakSiNA kara dAhinI ora baiTha gaye aura zakrAdi devatA bAMI ora baiTha gye| nanda, upananda aura nAga rAjAoM ne bhagavAn ke baiThane ke lie zakaTa-cakra ke parimANa ke barAbara sahasra paMkhur3iyoM vAlA svarNa-kamala nirmita kiyA / bhagavAna usa para virAjamAna ho gaye / eka padma ke Upara dUsare padma para bhI bhagavAn baiThe dikhAI par3ane lge| isa prakAra bhagavAn ne aneka buddha-piNDI nirmita kI jisameM kucha buddha zayyAsIna , kucha khar3e haiM, kucha camatkAra dikhAte haiM aura kucha prazna pUchate dikhAI diye| isa kathA ke anusAra jJAta hotA hai ki buddha prAtihArya dvArA aneka buddhoM kI sRSTi karate the| 1. dIghanikAya bhAga 2, mahApadAna sutta (16.72-74), pR0 39-43 2. avadAna uddhRta-bauddha dharma darzana, (AcArya narendra deva), pR0 118

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 113 5. buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : hInayAna se mahAyAna ko yAtrA buddhatva kI avadhAraNA kA carama vikAsa hameM mahAyAna paramparA meM dikhAI detA hai| bauddha dharma ke lokopakArI vikasita rUpa ko mahAyAna kahate haiM; kintu isake mUla bIja prAraMbhika bauddha dharma meM bhI upalabdha haiN| mahAyAna kA aisA koI siddhAnta nahIM hai jisake mUla bIja ko prAraMbhika bauddha dharma meM khojA na jA sake / udAharaNArtha mAdhyamikoM kA zUnyavAda prAraMbhika bauddha dharma ke anitya, duHkha aura anAtma kA hI vikapita tAttvika rUpa hai| mahAyAna meM vizva ke kalyANa ko jo kalpanA vizeSa rUpa se dRSTigata hotI hai vaha bhagavAn buddha ke prathama upadeza meM nihita hai "caratha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamanussAnaM / "1 mahAyAna meM karuNA kI bhAvanA ne jo carama vikAsa prApta kiyA. vaha bhI prArambhika bauddha dharma ke cAra brahma vihAroM-maitrI, karuNA, pramoda evaM mAdhyastha kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| mahAyAna darzana kA kendra bindu bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA hai, vaha bhI pAli nikAya meM yatra-tatra pAI jAtI hai| pAli nikAya ke kaI sUtroM meM buddha ke ye vAkya milate haiM"buddha hone ke pUrva maiM bodhisatva ho thA / " bodhisatva kA artha hotA hai bodhi ke lie prayatnazIla praannii| bhagavAn apane pUrva janmoM meM, jaba ve buddhatva kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA kara rahe the, bodhisatva ho the| jAtakoM meM jo buddha ke pUrva janmoM kI aneka kahAniyA~ upalabdha haiM vAstava meM ve bodhisatva kI hI kahAniyA~ haiN| isa prakAra pAli sAhitya meM bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA bhI spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hai, phira bhI itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki mahAyAna meM ise eka nizcita evaM vyavasthita siddhAnta ke rUpa meM vikasita kiyA gayA hai| bodhisatva ke rUpa meM buddha ke parama kAruNika svarUpa kA vikAsa nizcaya hI mahAyAna kI dena hai| buddhatva kI avadhAraNA kI hInayAna se mahAyAna kI ora jo yAtrA huI vaha vibhinna caraNoM meM sampanna huI hai usameM saMkramaNa kAlIna bauddha sampradAya sarvAstivAda aura mahAsAMghikoM kA bhI apanA yogadAna hai / ataH 1. (a) mahAvagga (1 / 10 / 32), pR0 23 (ba) dIghanikAya bhAga 2, mahApadAnasutta (1|6|65),pR0 37 / 2. bauddha dharma aura anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 604 (bharatasiMha upAdhyAya)

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114 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana mahAyAna meM buddha kI avadhAraNA kI carcA ke pUrva ina donoM kI buddha saMbaMdhI avadhAraNA para vicAra kreNge| (ka) sarvAstivAda meM buddha sarvAstivAda hInayAna sampradAya kA hI eka rUpa hai, isameM buddha ko jarAyuja mAnA gayA hai| sarvAstivAda ke grantha divyAvadAna meM buddha ke rUpa kAya aura dharmakAya aise do bhedoM kA ullekha hai| usameM buddha ke rUpakAya ko anitya mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi use mRgmayo deva-pratimA ke samAna pUjanIya bhI batAyA gayA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ pAli tripiTaka' meM svayaM buddha vacana ke dvArA jisa rUpakAya ko "kiM te pratikAyena dichaina" kahakara mahattvahIna kahA gayA thA aura dharma zAsana yA dharmakAya ko mahattvapUrNa batAyA gayA thA, vahA~ sarvAstivAdI buddha ke isa rUpakAya ko anitya mAnate hue bhI pUjanIya mAnate the| abhidharmakoza meM, jo sarvAstivAdI vicAroM kA eka pramukha grantha hai, buddha kI eka pramukha vizeSatA unakI sarvajJatA hai| unake anusAra pratyeka buddha zrAvaka, (arhat) kliSTa-sammoha se mukta hote hue bhI akliSTa sammoha se pUrNatayA mukta nahIM hote haiM, ataH ve sarvajJa nahIM hote haiM / sarvajJa to kevala buddha hI hote haiN| isa prakAra sarvAstivAdI buddha kI sarvajJatA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| jabaki pAli tripiTaka meM isa sarvajJatA ko koI mahattva nahIM diyA gayA, ve yaha mAnate haiM ki isa asAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA buddha hI saba jIvoM ke kalyANa ko jAna sakate haiM aura jagat ke duHkha ko dUra kara sakate haiN| sarvAstivAdo buddha ke rUpakAya ko vipAkaja mAnate the arthAt vaha zAkya muni ke pUrva karma ke vipAka ke rUpa meM upalabdha huI thI iso vipAkaja kAya ke kAraNa zAkya muni ko roga, kSati Adi utpanna hue the| sarvAstivAda meM buddha ke zarIra ko aneka lakSaNoM aura anuvyaMjanoM se tathA razmi prabhA se yukta batAyA gayA hai| isa mata meM buddha adbhuta zaktizAlI aura vilakSaNa puruSa haiM, jinakA deha to bhautika kintu citta sarvajJa hai| (kha) mahAsAMdhika mata meM buddha mahAsAMdhika mahAyAna kA ho pUrva rUpa hai / mahAsAMdhika mata meM buddha evaM bodhisatva ko aupapAduka mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra unakA mata hInayA 1. saMyuttanikAya (nA0) bhAga 2, pR0 341 : . . .

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 115 niyoM aura sarvAstivAdiyoM se bhinna hai kyoMki ve donoM buddha ko jarAyuja mAnate the| isa mata meM ve prANI aupapAduka kahe jAte haiM, jinakI iMdriyAM avikala aura pUrNa hotI haiM / jinake zarIra zukra-zoNita Adi upAdAnoM se rahita hote haiM, sarva aMga-pratyaMga se pUrNa hote haiN| deva, nAraka aura antarAbhava aise hI aupapAduka prANI haiM / mahAsAMghika mata meM buddha ko lokottaratA para bala diyA gayA hai kyoMki ve anAzrava aura amara hai / mahAsAMdhika buddha ke rUpakAya ko vipAkaja nahIM mAnate apitu nirmANakAya mAnate haiN| unake mata meM buddha kA rUpakAya ananta aura anAzrava hai| buddha ke rUpa ko anantatA tIna prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai-AkAra, saMkhyA aura hetu kRta / buddha choTe-bar3e AkAroM ko dhAraNa kara sakate haiN| ve yatheSTa saMkhyA meM zarIra nirmANa kara sakate haiN| inake anusAra loka meM dRzya kAya, unakI vAstavika kAya na hokara nirmANakAya hai| vAstavika-kAya to amara aura ananta hai aura isa prakAra buddha kI Ayu bhI ananta hai| mahAsAMghika bhI buddha kI sarvajJatA ko svIkAra karate haiM tathA yaha mAnate haiM ki buddha nitya samAdhistha haiM aura unakA citta eka hI kSaNa meM saba kucha jAna sakatA hai| mahAsAMghika mata meM buddha kI rUpakAya pUrva puNyoM kA pariNAma, ananta vizuddha, ananta prabhAmaya tathA AdhiSThAnika Rddhi ke dvArA yatheSTa sthAna para ratheSTa-rUpa dhAraNa karane meM samartha mAnI gaI hai| hameM yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki mahAsAMghikoM ko yahI rUpakAya mahAyAniyoM kI sambhogakAya bana gayI hai| (ga) mahAyAna meM buddha mahAyAna ke anusAra buddha apane pUrva jIvana meM bodhisattva ke rUpa meM 10 pAramitAoM ko pUrNa karane ke bAda buddhatva ko prApta karate haiN| ina pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA meM pUrNatA kI prApti eka janma meM na hokara aneka sahastra kalpoM meM hotI hai| jAtaka aTThakathA se jJAta hotA hai gautamabuddha ne bhI 550 bAra vividha yoniyoM meM janma lekara ina pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA kI aura anta meM inameM pUrNatA prApta kii| mahAyAna sAhitya meM pAli tripiTaka ko apekSA bhI buddha ko eka vilakSaNa vyaktitva ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isake anusAra buddha lokottara vyaktitva se yukta haiN| ve zveta gaja ke rUpa meM mAtA kI kukSi meM praveza karate haiM kintu jarAyujoM kI

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116 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana taraha garbha meM unakA vikAsa nahIM hotA / ve pUrNendriya hI mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karake dakSiNa kukSi se utpanna ho jAte haiM / mahAyAna meM unake zarIra ko aupapAduka kahA gayA hai / ve mAtra lokAnuvartana ke lie hI mAnava rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiM / mahAyAna ko eka zAkhA vaitulyakoM kA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai ki tuSita loka se mahAmAyA ke garbha meM eka nirmANa-kAya kA avataraNa hotA hai / " buddha ke janma se lekara unake bAda kA jIvana mahAyAna meM lokottara ho mAnA gayA haiM / mahAyAna ko yaha mAnyatA hai ki buddha kI sAdhanA to apane pUrva bodhisattra ke jIvanoM meM hI pUrNa ho cukI hotI hai / yahA~ to ve mAtra lokAnuvartana ke lie hI sAdhanA karate haiM aura saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI duHkha vimukti ke lie dharma cakra kA pravartana karate haiM / " 6. mahAyAna meM trikAyavAda kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAya ke prArambhika granthoM meM hameM buddha ke rUpakAya aura dharmakAya -- ina do kAyoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai / rUpakAya kA tAtparya prArambha meM, bhagavAn buddha ke bhautika zarIra se thA; isI ke prakAra unakA dharmakAya unake upadezoM kA sUcaka thA / kramazaH buddha rUpakAya arthAt bhautika deha ko sAmAnya logoM kI bhautika deha kI apekSA viziSTa mAnA jAne lagA sAmAnyatayA buddha ke isa rUpakAya ko anitya evaM vinAzazIla mAnA gayA thA, kintu dhIre-dhIre usameM bhI alaukikatAoM kA praveza hotA gayA / yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki yaha rUpakAya na kevala mahApuruSoM ke lakSaNoM se yukta hai apitu use eka viziSTa prakAra kI saMra1. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 357 ( DaoN0 govindacandra pANDeya ) 2. vahI, pR0 357 3. ( a ) visuddhimaggo, saddhammasaMgaho tulanIya datta, mahAyAna, pR0 101-2 (ba) zroNakoTi karNa kI ukti hai - " dRSTomayopAdhyAyAnubhAvena sa bhagavAn dharmakAyena, notu rUpakAyena " - divyAvadAna, pR0 11 (sa) sthavira kI ukti bhI aisI hI hai - " yadahaM varSazataparinirvRte bhagavati pravrajitaH, taddharmakAyo mayA tasya dRSTAH / trailokyanAthasya kAJcanAdrinibhastasya na dRSTo rUpakAyo me" - divyAvadAna, pR0 225 uddhRta - bauddha dharma kA itihAsa, pR0 341-344 4. 'alaM vakkali kiM te pUtikAyena diTThena / yo kho vakkali dhammaM passati somaM pasati / yo maM pasati so dhammaM passati / saMyuttanikAya, vakkalisutta (22.86.94), pR0 341

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 117 canA mAnA gyaa| unakA kAya bala vipula mAnA gayA / mahAsAMghikoM ne buddha ke rUpakAya ko ananta aura anAzrava mAnA tathA yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA ki buddha meM aneka zarIroM ke nirmANa kI sAmarthya hotI hai|' Age calakara yaha kahA gayA ki loka meM dRzya unakI kAya vAstavika na hokara nirmANakAya hai| kAlAntara ke granthoM meM buddha ke rUpakAya ko aura unakI Ayu ko ananta mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra rUpakAya kI avadhAraNA se hI nirmANakAya ko avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huaa| trikAyavAda ke siddhAnta meM dharmakAya, sambhogakAya aura nirmANakAya aise tIna kAya mAne gaye / buddha ko rUpakAya hI mahAyAna meM do rUpoM meM vibhAjita ho gaIsambhogakAya aura nirmANakAya / mAtra yahI do nahIM apitu rUpakAya ke artha aura svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM eka antara dRSTigocara hotA hai| sarvAstivAdI baddha ke zarIra ko jarAyuja rUpa meM utpanna tathA asthi, mAMsa Adi se yukta mAnate the| sarvAstivAdiyoM ke anusAra yadyapi caramabhavika bodhisatva utpatti vazitva ko prApta hote haiM ataH ve aupapAdUka zarIra bho dhAraNa kara sakate haiM jaise ki devatA aura nArada / 2 kintu phira bhI ve jarAyuja utpatti ko hI pasanda karate haiM, kyoMki prathama to unakI isa jarAyuja utpatti se anya manuSyoM kA utsAha bar3hatA hai aura ve vizvAsa kara sakate haiM ki hama bhI buddhatva ko prApta kara sakate haiN| yadi buddha kI utpatti jarAyuja na hokara aupapAduka ho to sAmAnya vyakti unheM mAyAvo yA deva yA pizAca ke rUpa meM hI dekheMge aura unake prati unameM zraddhA kA AvirbhAva nahIM hogA / jarAyuja utpatti kA eka dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI hai, tAki unake nirvANa ke anantara manuSya unako zarIra dhAtu kA avasthApana kara sakeM evaM pUjA kara skeN| yadi buddha kI utpatti aupapAduka hotI to aupapAduka zaktiyoM ke samAna unakA zarIra bhI mRtyu ke pazcAt nirvizeSa lupta ho jaataa| sarvAstivAdiyoM kI isa avadhAraNA ke viparIta mahAsAMghika buddhazarIra ko sarvathA lokottara, aupapAduka aura adhiSThAna samRddhi-sampanna 1. uddhRta-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 348 2. abhidharmakoza bhAga 3, pR0 27-28; uddhRta-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa , pR0 349-350

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118 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana mAnate haiN|' mahAsAMghika kI rUpakAya vastutaH mahAyAnikoM ke sambhogakAya ke samAna ananta aura amara hai| mahAsAMghikoM kA kahanA hai ki bhagavAn kA rUpakAya pUrva puNyoM kA pariNAma atyanta vizuddha, ananta prabhAmaya aura yatheSTa sthAna para yatheSTa rUpa dhAraNa karane kI sAmarthya hai| isa prakAra sarvAstivAdiyoM meM jo rUpakAya ko avadhAraNA hai vaha mahAsAMghikoM meM atyanta vilakSaNa bana gii| isI se Age calakara mahAyAna sampradAya meM sambhogakAya kA vikAsa huaa| buddha kA dharmakAya prArambha meM unakA upadiSTa dharma hI thA kintu Age calakara usameM zIla, samAdhi, prajJA, vimukti-jJAna aura vimukti-darzana ina pA~ca skandhoM kA samAveza kiyA gyaa| buddha ko dharmakAya kA mahAyAna sampradAya meM dharma ke rUpa meM pUnaH vivecana haA aura yaha dharmakAya hI Age calakara paramArtha yA svAbhAvikakAya mAna liyA gyaa| saddharmapuNDarIka aura svarNaprabhAsasUtra meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jinake anusAra yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki buddha kI Ayu aparimita hai aura unhoMne abhI bhI parinirvANa meM praveza nahIM kiyA hai apitu ve nAnA rUpoM meM prakaTa hokara lokahita ke lie upadeza karate rahate haiN| buddha kA kevala dharmakAya ho vAstavika kAya hai aura loka samakSa unakA zarIra nirmANakAya hai kintu yaha nirmANakAya mAnava deha se bilkula bhinna hai unake zarIra se arcA ke lie sarasoM bhara bhI dhAtu prApta nahIM ho sakatI hai ataH unakA zarIra pUrNatayA abhautika hai aura unake saMkalpa se nirmita hai| __ maitreyanAtha ne 'abhisamayAlaMkArAloka' meM cAra kAyoM kA vivecana kiyA hai-prathama svAbhAvika kAya ko pAramArthika batAyA hai / buddha ne svayaM ke kAya ko dharmakAya kahA hai| buddha bodhisatvoM ko apane sambhoga ke dvArA upadeza dete haiM tathA zrAvakoM ko upadeza dene ke lie ve apane nirmANakAya kA upayoga karate haiN| vaise bAdhisatvoM ko samasta kriyAyeM nirmANakAya ke dvArA ho sampanna hoto haiM / nirmANakAya ko dharmakAya ke ho sadRza mAnA gayA hai| 1. abhidharmakoza bhAga 3, pR0 27-28 ; uddhRta bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pR0 349 2. uddhRta bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 350 3. vahI, pR0 351 4. vahI, pR0 352

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. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 119 * mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkArameM bhI buddhakAya kI trividha vyAkhyA ko gayo haisvAbhAvikakAya, sAmbhogikakAya ora nairmANikakAya / svAbhAvikakAya Azraya parAvRtti ke lakSaNa se yukta hotA hai| sAmbhogikakAya svArtha aura nairmANikakAya parArtha lakSaNa se yukta hote haiN| svAbhAvikakAya sabhI buddhoM meM samAna hotI hai| sAmbhogikakAya ke dvArA buddha dharma kA upadeza dete haiM tathA nirmANakAya ke dvArA dUsaroM kI sevA karate haiN| inhIM tInoM kAyoM se samanvita hone ke kAraNa tathAgata nityakAya kahalAte haiM / 7. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA meM alaukikatA kA praveza hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM baddhatva kI avadhAraNA ke uparyukta adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bhAvAn buddha ko unake samakAlIna vyakti eka maraNazIla manuSya hI mAnate the / yadyapi usa yuga meM bhI buddha ke anuyAyiyoM ne unheM bodhi-sampanna mahApuruSa mAna liyA thA, phira bhI dehika stara para ve unake lie bhI sAmAnya mAnavoM se bhinna nahIM the| ve unheM janma, zaizava, jarA-maraNa se yukta eka manuSya ke rUpa meM hI dekhate the| unako dRSTi meM bhI buddha eka aise vyakti the jisane mA~ ko kukSi se janma lekara zaizava evaM yauvana kI sthitiyoM kA anubhava karate hue anta meM pravajita ho apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA buddhatva ko prApta kiyA, ve jJAna aura prajJA ke kSetra meM alaukika hote hue bhI zArIrika dharmoM kI dRSTi se anya manuSyoM ke samAna hI mAne jAte the| kintu dhIre-dhIre buddha ke vyaktitva meM alaukikatA kA praveza hotA gyaa| sarvaprathama yaha mAnA gayA. ki apane antima janma meM unheM mahApuruSoM ke 32 lakSaNoM se yukta evaM sAdhanA ke yogya eka viziSTa zarIra prApta huA thaa| isa prakAra unheM manuSyoM meM bhI eka viziSTa manuSya ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA gayA thaa| kintu kramazaH unake vyaktitva meM anya alaukikatAoM ko praveza milatA gayA aura ve eka sAmAnya mAnava se bilkula bhinna eka alaukika vyakti mAne jAne lge| ___ doghanikAya meM "buddha" ko eka sarvazreSTha mAnava ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usameM spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki ve arthAt samyak jJAna sampanna, vidyA aura AcaraNa se yukta sadgati ko prApta karane vAle lokajJAtA, zreSTha, manuSyoM ke dharmanAyaka, devatA aura manuSyoM ke zAstA 1. uddhRta-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 333-54 /

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120 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isase spaSTa hotA hai ki buddha viziSTa yadyapi usake mahApadAna kintu ye lakSaNa mAtra unheM alaukika nahIM jJAna sampanna tathA bhagavAn the / pratibhA sampanna zreSTha mAnava evaM dharma pravartaka the / sutta meM buddha ko 32 lakSaNoM se yukta kahA gayA hai unake zarIra kI viziSTatAoM ke hI paricAyaka haiM, banAte haiM / isa grantha meM buddha kI alaukikatA kI carcA mAtra unakI garbhAvakrAnti evaM janma ko lekara hI hai| isa prakAra yahA~ buddha ko eka maraNazIla vyakti se adhika nahIM mAnA gayA / buddha ne mRtyu se pUrva Ananda se kahA hai ki maiMne dharma evaM vinaya kA jo upadeza diyA hai mRtyu ke bAda vahI tumhArA mArga darzaka hogA / punaH majjhimanikAya evaM saMyuttanikAya meM bhagavAn buddha apane ko usI prakAra dharma kA putra kahate haiM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa apane ko brahmA kA putra kahate haiM / kintu isake sAtha hI ve apane ko prANiyoM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane vAlA avazya mAnate haiM / saMyuttanikAya meM ve kahate haiM ki jo jIva mujhe kalyANa mitra ko zaraNa meM A jAte haiM vaha janma ke bandhana se mukta ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra ve duHkhoM se trANa dene vAle aura lokauddhAraka haiM / buddha eka ora loka uddhAraka bane to dUsarI ora dharma-putra kahe jAne lage / dharma kI zreSThatA svIkAra karate hue buddha kA dharma ke sAtha tAdAtmya 1. " bhagavA arahaM sammAsambuddho vijjAcaraNasampanno sugato lokavidU anuttaro purisadambhasArathi satthA devamanussAnaM buddho bhagavA" / -dIghanikAya, bhAga 1, ambaTThasutta (3 / 7 / 26), pR0 87 / 2. "yo, vo, Ananda, mayA dhammo ca vinayo ca desito paJJatto, so vo mamaccayena satthA" / - dIghanikAya bhAga 2, mahAparinibbAnasutta ( 3 / 23 / 71), pR0 118 / 3. " brahmamano puttA orasA mukhato jAtA brahmajA brahmanimmitA brahmadAyAdA / " - majjhimanikAya bhAga 2, 3411), pR0 310 / tulanIya - "bhagavato putto oraso mukhato jAto dhammajo dhammanimmato dhammadAyAdo / ' - majjhimanikAya bhAga 3 (1125), pR0 92 / - saMyuttanikAya bhAga 2 ( 16 / 11 / 11), pR0 185 / 4. majjhimanikAya 26 / 5 20, pR0 22 /

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 121 sthApita kiyA gayA / yadyapi prArambha meM unheM dharma-putra aura dharma-dAyAda kahA gayA kintu kAlAntara meM unakA dharma ke sAtha tAdAtmya mAna liyA gayA / saMyuttanikAya meM bhagavAn buddha ne svayaM vakkali se kahA thA ki mere bhautika zarIra ko dekhane se koI lAbha nahIM hai vastutaH jo dharma ko dekhatA aura jo mujhe dekhatA hai tAdAtmya dikhAyA gayA hai / ra hai vaha mujhe dekhatA hai yahA~ buddha kA dharma se vaha dharma ko dekhatA hai / yahI bAta milindaprazna ( paJho) meM bhI kahI gayI hai, usameM nAgasena kahate haiM dharma bhagavAn ke dvArA dezita hai jo dharma ko dekhatA hai vahI bhagavAn ko dekhatA hai / buddha kA dharma se yaha tAdAtmya ho mahAyAna ke trikAyavAda meM "dharmakAya" kA AdhAra banA hai aura yaha dharmakAya hI buddha kA svAbhAvikakAya mAna liyA gayA / yadyapi buddha ko prajJAvAn mAnA gayA thA kintu Age calakara unakI isa prajJA ko sarvajJatA meM badala diyA gayA / majjhimanikAya meM buddha svayaM sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA kA khaMDana karate haiM aura apane Apa ko sarvajJa nahIM - kahate haiM kintu Age calakara unheM sarvajJa kahA jAne lagA / 1 isa prakAra buddha ke sAtha dhIre-dhIre alaukikatA jur3atI hI gaI / sarvaprathama unheM 32 lakSaNoM se yukta eka viziSTa puruSa mAnA gayA unake janma aura karma donoM hI divya banAye gaye / buddha ke janma ke sAtha aneka alaukikatAoM ko jor3A gayA jaise- jaba buddha kA janma hotA hai to sukha-dAyaka pavana bahane lagatA hai, loka meM zAnti ho jAtI hai / mAtra yaha hI nahIM, yaha bhI mAnA gayA ki buddha janma lete ho pRthvI para sAta kadama calate haiM vahA~ devatA kamala kI racanA kara dete haiM Adi Adi / aMguttaranikAya meM droNa brAhmaNa bhagavAn buddha ke pairoM meM cakra ke cihna ko dekhakara unase pUchatA hai ki Apa deva, gandharva, yakSa yA eka maraNa dharmA jIva haiM ? buddha isake prati uttara meM kahate haiM ki eka deva, gandharva, yakSa evaM maraNa dharmA jI nahIM hU~ kyoMki yaha saba AsravoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa badhya hote haiM jabaki 'buddha AzravoM se rahita hone ke kAraNa abadhya hote haiM / 3 1. dIghanikAya bhAga 3, aggajasutta ( 4128), pR0 66 | 2. "alaM vakkali ki te iminA pUtikAyena diTThena ? yo so, vakkali, dhammaM pasati somaM pasati, yo maM passati so dhammaM parasati / " - saMyuttanikAya bhAga 2, vakkalita ( 22|86194), pR0 34 / "yesaM kho ahaM, brAhmaNa, AsavAnaM appahInattA gandhabbo bhaveyyaM kkho bhaveyyaM "manusso bhaveyyaM, te me AsavA pahInA ucchinna-mUlA 8

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122 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM dekhA ki pAli sAhitya meM unake sazarIra tuSita deva loka jAne kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jo ki unakI alaukikatA kA paricAyaka hai / yadyapi bauddha paramparA meM yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra paMka se utpanna kamala paMka aura jala se nirlipta rahatA hai usI prakAra buddha sAMsArika vAsanAoM se nirlipta rahate haiM / ' na kevala unakI daihika zakti viziSTa hotI hai balki unakI AdhyAtmika zakti bhI viziSTa hotI hai / 8. hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM buddha kI avadhAraNA kA antara hInayAna meM vyakti kA carama lakSya arhat-pada kI prApti karanA mAnA gayA hai jabaki mahAyAna ke antargata vyakti kA carama lakSya buddhatva ko prApta karanA hotA hai / hInayAna aura mahAyAna ke buddhatva ke AdarzoM meM mahattvapUrNa antara pAyA jAtA hai / aSTa- sAhastrikA prajJApAramitA meM kahA gayA hai ki hInayAniyoM ke uddezya haiM- AtmA kA damana karanA, zama upalabdha karanA tathA anta meM nirvANa lAbha karanA, jabaki mahAyAniyoM kA uddezya hai - buddhatva prApta karanA / arhat apane klezoM se mukti pAkara apane ko kRtakRtya samajhane lagatA hai, use isa bAta kI kucha bhI cintA nahIM hotI ki saMsAra ke koTi-koTi prANI klezoM se kaSTa bhoga rahe haiM. jabaki mahAyAna meM bodhisatva kA uddezya hotA hai saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko klezoM se mukta karanA / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki saMsAra meM asaMkhya prANI kaSTa bhoga rahe haiM to mere lie nirvANa kA kyA lAbha ? vaha to saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke nirvANa lAbha ke bAda hI svayaM kA nirvANa cAhatA hai / laMkAvatAra sUtra meM isI taraha kA eka AkhyAna milatA hai / isa 3 tAlAvatthukatA anabhAvaGkatA Ayati anuppAdadhammA / seyyathApi, brAhmaNa, uppalaM vA padumaM vA puMDarIkaM vA udake jAtaM udake savaDhaM udakA accuggamma tiTThati anupalittaM udakena; evameva kho ahaM, brAhmaNa, loke jAto loke ias lokaM abhibhUyya viharAmi anupalitto lokena / buddho ti maM brAhmaNa, dhArehIti / " -- aMguttaranikAya bhAga 2, doNasuttaM ( 414 / 6), pR0 41 / 1. aMguttara nikAya bhAga 2, catukkanipAta, cakka vagga, pR0 38 / 2. aSTasAhastrikA prajJApAramitA ( ekAdaza parivartya ) -- uddhava bauddha darzana, pR0 146 ( paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya) 3. laMkAvatAra sUtra 66 / 6 /

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 123 prakAra bodhisatva kA hRdaya karuNA se otaprota hotA hai| usakA kathana hotA hai ki jaba saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko duHkha evaM bhaya samAna hote haiM to mujhameM kyA vizeSatA hai ki dUsaroM kI rakSA na kara svayaM apanI hI rakSA karU~ / ' bodhisatva kA hRdaya to karuNA se itanA adhIra rahatA hai, ve kahate haiM ki jaba taka saMsAra ke sabhI prANI duHkha se nivRtta nahIM ho ...jAte taba taka maiM mukti nahIM cAhatA / AcArya zAntideva ne: bodhicaryAva-- dvAra meM isa sthiti kA bar3e sundara DhaMga se citraNa kiyA hai-"saugatamArga / ke anuSThAna se jisa puNya kA maiMne arjana kiyA hai usake phalasvarUpa mero .. yahI kAmanA hai ki pratyeka prANI ke duHkha zAnta ho jaayeN| mukta puruSoM ke hRdaya meM jo Ananda kA samudra hilore mArane lagatA hai, vahI mere jIvana . ko sukhI banAne ke lie paryApta hai, rasahIna sUkhe mokSa ko lekara mujhe ...kyA karanA / : : . ..... .. isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAniyoM kA antima lakSya svavimukti kI bhAvanA hotA hai jabaki mahAyAniyoM kA uddezya vistIrNa evaM parArtha kI bhAvanA se otaprota hotA hai| yadyapi jahA~ taka "buddha" kA prazna hai donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki buddha sva-duHkha vimukti ke sAtha loka kI duHkha-vimukti ke hetu prayatnazIla hote haiN| hInayAna ke anusAra buddha apane jIvana paryanta apane upadezoM ke mAdhyama se lokamaMgala karate hue anta meM nirvANa meM praveza kara jAte haiM unake parinirvANa ke pazcAt mAtra unakA "dharma" hI loka kA mArgadarzaka hotA hai, jabaki mahAyAna ke anusAra ve koTibandha taka apanI trikAyoM dvArA loka ko duHkha vimukti ke liye prayatnazIla rahate haiM aura nirvANa meM praveza nahIM karate haiM / hInayAna meM buddhatva kI prApti ne liye chaH pAramitAoM ko pUrA karanA hotA hai jabaki mahAyAna meM dasa pAramitAoM ko pUrA karanA hotA hai| 1. "yadA mama pareSAM ca bhayaM duHkhaM ca na priyam / tadAtmanaH ko vizeSo yattaM rakSAmi netaram / / " -zikSAsamuccaya, pR0 1 / 2. "evaM sarvamidaM kRtvA yanmayAsAditaM zubhaM / tena syAM sarvasatvAnAM sarvaduHkhaprazAntikRt ||"--bodhicryaavtaar 3/6 / "mucyamAneSu satveSu ye te prAmodyasAgarAH / taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kiM // " --vahI, 8/108 / /

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124 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hInayAna meM dhyAna sAdhanA kI pradhAnatA hotI hai jabaki mahAyAna meM mahAkaruNA ko sAdhanA kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| bodhisatva kA lakSya kevala apanA buddhatva prApta na kara sahastroM prANiyoM ko buddhatva prApta karAnA hotA hai isIlie mahAyAna meM asaMkhya baddhoM aura bodhisatvoM ko kalpanA kI gaI hai| bodhicitta utpAda ke lie mahAyAna meM dasa bhUmiyoM-muditA, vimalA, prabhAkarI, aciSmatI, sudurjayA, abhimukti, dUraGgamA, acalA, sAdhumatI aura dharmamegha ko pAra karanA hotA hai jabaki hInayAna meM cAra bhUmiyoM-srotApanna, sakRdAgAmI, anAgAmI aura arhat kA hI ullekha hai| hInayAna aura mahAyAna ke buddhatva kI avadhAraNA meM pArasparika bheda kA mukhya kAraNa trikAyavAda kA siddhAnta hai| hInayAna sampradAya meM sthaviravAdiyoM ne trikAya ke viSaya meM kucha spaSTa ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| mahAyAniyoM ne trikAyavAda ke antargata buddha ke tInoM kAyoM-nirmANakAya, sambhogakAya aura dharmakAya ko AdhyAtmika rIti se vivecanA kI hai| isakI carcA hama Age kareMge / buddhoM kI nimna vizeSatAe~ haiM / yathAdasabala' 1. tathAgata sthAna ko sthAna ke rUpa meM, asthAna ko asthAna ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM arthAt unheM pratyeka paristhiti meM kyA ucita hai aura kyA anucita hai, isakA viveka hotA hai| 2. tathAgata atIta, anAgata aura vartamAna meM kie gaye sattvoM ke karmoM ke vipAka-sthAna aura vipAka-hetu ko jAnate haiN| 3. tathAgata sarvatragAminI pratipadA ko jAnate haiM arthAt unheM nirmANamArga kA yathArtha jJAna hotA hai| 4. tathAgata samasta loka yA brahmANDa ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnate haiN| 5. tathAgata vividha svabhAva vAle satvoM arthAt prANiyoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnate haiN| 6. tathAgata sabhI prANiyoM kI indriyoM kI sAmarthya aura asAmarthya ko jAnate haiN| 7. tathAgata dhyAna, vimokSa, samAdhi aura samApatti ke bAdhaka (maloM) aura sahayogI kArakoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnate haiN| 1. majjhimanikAya bhAga 1, mahAsIhanAdasutta (12 / 2), pR0 98-101

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 125 (. tathAgata aneka prakAra ke pUrva nivAsoM arthAt pUrvajanmoM kA smaraNa kara sakate haiM arthAt unheM aneka pUrva janmoM kA jJAna hotA hai| 9. tathAgata apane vizuddha evaM divya cakSu se kauna prANI marakara kahA~ utpanna hogA aura kahA~ se marakara yahA~ utpanna huA hai, ise jAnate haiN| 10. tathAgata AsravoM kA kSaya ho jAne ke kAraNa citta kI vimukti aura prajJA kI vimukti ko isI janma meM prApta kara loka meM vicaraNa karate haiN| cAra vaizAra 1. tathAgata sabhI tathyoM ke jJAtA hote haiM ataH unheM prAznikoM se koI bhaya nahIM hotA, dUsare zabdoM meM unakI prajJA vizAla hotI hai / 2. tathAgata kSINAsrava (nirmala caritra) hote haiM, unheM isa bAta kA koI bhaya nahIM hotA ki unake nirmala caritra para koI AkSepa A ske| 3. tathAgata ko koI vighna yA bAdhA nahIM rhtii| ataH unheM dUsaroM se kisI prakAra kA koI bhaya bhI nahIM rahatA hai| 4. tathAgata ko apane dvArA upadiSTa dharmamArga ke sambandha meM aisA koI saMzaya yA vicAra nahIM hotA ki yaha samyak prakAra se duHkha kSaya kI ora nahIM le jAtA hai| __apane inhIM dasabaloM aura cAra vaizAradyoM ke kAraNa tathAgata pariSad meM siMhanAda karate haiM aura dharma cakra kA pravartana karate haiN| apane battIsa mahA puruSa lakSaNa, assI anuvyaMjana, aSTAdaza AveNika dharma yadyapi hInayAna meM upalabdha haiM tathApi mahAyAna meM inakA vizad vivaraNa milatA hai / mahAyAna meM buddhatva ke lie prajJApAramitA kI prApti ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ mahAyAna meM "pratyeka baddha", "zrAvaka" aura "arhata" ko samAna evaM "buddha" se nimna mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ hInayAna meM "arhat-pada" ko sarvocca evaM gauravapUrNa kahA gayA hai, svayaM bhagavAna buddha bhI "arhat" kahe gaye haiN| ___ mahAyAna svahita ko chor3akara parArtha kI prApti ke lie preraNA detA hai| mahAyAna meM buddhoM kI pUjA athavA upAsanA para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA hai jabaki hInayAna meM dhyAna Adi sAdhanAoM para jora diyA jAtA hai| 1. majjhimanikAya, mahAsIhanAdasutta bhAga 1 (12/3), pR0 101-102 2. uddhRta-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 345 /

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126 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hInayAna kA sAdhaka nirvANa-prApti se santuSTa ho jAtA hai jabaki mahAyAna kA sAdhaka sarvajJatA, anuttara jJAna yA "sambodhi" jise "tathatA' bhI kahate haiM, usake lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| hInayAna kA paramArtha mahAyAna ke lie saMvRni-satya hai / mahAyAna kA paramArtha tattva yA pariniSpanna satya to kevala dharmazanyatA hai / mahAyAna meM dhIre-dhIre mantroM aura dhAraNAoM kA prabhutva bar3hatA gayA jabaki honayAna inase mukta rahA / honayAna zIla aura samAdhi pradhAna hai jabAka mahAyAna karuNA aura prajJA se otaprota hai| asaMga ne apane mahAyAnAbhidharmasaGgItizAstra' meM mahAyAna kI sAta vizeSatAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isI AdhAra para honeyAna aura mahAyAna ke bheda ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| 1. vyApakatA hInayAna kA dRSTikoNa sImita hai, jabaki mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa vyApaka hai| 2. prANimAtra ke lie karuNA honahAna kA lakSya vyakti kA nirvANa mAya hai, jabaki mahAyAna sabhI prANiyoM ke nirvANa ke lie prayatnazIla hai / usake anusAra arhat kA pada, nirvANa aura tajjanya sukha to mAra kA pralobhana mAtra hai| 3. pudgalanairAtmya aura dharma-nairAtmya bInayAM na kevala pudgala-nairAtmya meM vizvAsa karatA hai| usake anusAra AtmA mAdIkI koI cIja nahIM hai| kintu mahAyAna pudgala-nairAtmya aura dharma-nairAtmya donoM meM vizvAsa karatA hai / usake anusAra AtmA aura dharma kucha bhI nahIM hai| 4. adbhuta AdhyAtmika zakti __ bodhisatva prANiyoM ke nirvANa ke lie prayatna karate samaya kabhI bhI thakAvaTa aura nirAzA kA anubhava nahIM karatA, bhale hI use isa lakSya kI 1. AuTalAinsa Apha mahAyAna buddhijma, pR0 62-65 2. uddhRta-bhAratIya darzana, pR0 179-180 ( DaoN0 nanda kizora devarAja) 3. aSTasAhastrikA prajJApAramitA, 11; uddhRta-iNDiyana philAsaphI bhAga 1, pR0 601

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 127 prApti meM ananta kAla laga jAyeM / jaba ki hInayAna meM arhat apane hI nirvANa taka sImita rahatA hai / 5. upAya - kozala afra kA lakSya prANimAtra ko nirvANa ke zAzvata Ananda kI anubhUti karAnA hai / isa lakSya kI prApti ke lie vaha asaMkhya upAyoM kA prayoga karatA hai / vaha pratyeka vyakti ke nirvANa ke lie usI upAya ko kAma meM lAtA hai jo usakI paristhiti aura bauddhika kSamatA ke sabase adhika anukUla hotA hai / arhatu aisA koI upAya nahIM karate haiM / 6. uccatara AdhyAtmika upalabdhi hInayAna meM sAdhaka kI sarvocca upalabdhi arhatu kA pada hai / kintu mahAyAna meM sAdhaka buddhatva ko prApta karatA hai / buddha kI samasta AdhyAtmika zaktiyA~ use upalabdha ho jAtI haiM / 7. vRhattara kriyA buddhatva ko avasthA prApta karane para bodhisatva brahmANDa kI dasoM dizAoM meM pratyeka sthala para apane ko prakaTa kara sakatA hai| vaha prANiyoM kI AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara unheM nirvANa kA amRta pada prApta karAtA hai / jabaki hInayAna meM aisA koI dAvA nahIM kiyA jAtA hai / buddhatva ke sambandha meM hInayAna tathA mahAyAna kA antara prophesara bI0 ela0 sujukI ne hInayAna aura mahAyAna kA antara isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai / ' ka. buddhatva ko vyAkhyA meM ve eka hInayAna meM buddha eka aitihAsika vyakti haiM, kintu mahAyAna tAtvika aura AdhyAtmika sattA haiM / saMsAra meM aba taka asaMkhya buddha ho cuke haiM aura asaMkhya hoMge / zAkya muni buddha unhIM meM se eka haiM / paramatatva dharmakAya hai, vahI prANiyoM ke uddhAra ke lie buddha ke rUpa meM avatAra letA hai aura avatAra ke pUrva tuSita loka meM vihAra karatA hai / dharmakAya ke ina rUpoM ko kramazaH nirmANakAya aura sambhogakAya kahate haiM / kha. buddhatva kI prApti mahAyAna meM pratyeka vyakti buddhatva kI prApti kA adhikArI hai kyoMki 1. uddhRta bhAratIya darzana, pR0 180-181 ( DaoN0 nanda kizora devarAja )

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128 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana sabhI meM buddhatva sahajarUpa se vidyamAna hai aura sabhI meM bodhi-prApti ko utkaNThA hai / kintu hInayAna ke anusAra buddhatva sabameM nahIM hai| aSTAMgamArga kI sAdhanA kara loga ise ajita kara sakate haiN| ga. sAmAnya vyakti ko sthiti hInayAna meM gRhasya aura bhikSu meM kAko antara hai kintu mahAyAna meM yaha antara kAphI kama ho gayA hai / gha. nirvANa ke artha meM bheda hInayAna ke anusAra nirvANa zAnti yA pUrNa virAma kI avasthA hai / yaha eka guNa hai jisakI aSTAMga mArga dvArA prApti hotI hai| mahAyAna ke anusAra saMsAra aura nirvANa meM kucha bhI antara nahIM hai / Ga. karma tathA parivarta kA siddhAMta hInayAna meM pratyeka vyakti ko apane zubha-azubha karmoM kA phala bhoganA par3egA / usase koI bacA nahIM raha sakatA, kintu mahAyAna meM buddha karuNA karake duHkha-santapta vyakti ko apane zubha karmoM kA phala pradAna kara duHkha se mukta kara sakate haiN| ___ saMkSepa meM hInayAna kA buddha kalyANa mArga kA upadeSTA hai jabaki mahAyAna kA buddha parama kAruNika hai vaha apanA puNya sambhAra dUsaroM ko dekara unheM duHkha se trANa detA hai| 9. buddhatva kA adhikArI kauna ? (a) nidAna kathA ke anusAra buddhatva ke lakSaNa nidAnakathA ke anusAra ATha lakSaNoM se yukta ko ho buddhatva prApta ho sakatA hai'-manuSyayoni, puruSaliMgo, hetu (buddha bIja), zAstA kA darzana, pravajita honA (pravrajyA), guNa-samprApti, adhikAra tathA chandatA / 1. manuSya yoni bauddha dharma meM buddhatva prApti ke lie manuSyayoni meM janma lenA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai, pazu, pakSI, devatA Adi koI bhI inakA adhikArI 1. manussattaM liMgasampatti hetu satthAradassanaM / pabbajjA guNasampatti, adhikArI ca chandatA ||--nidaankthaa 34 / -uddhava nidAnakathA-bhUmikA, pR0 38 (haridAsasaMskRta granthamAlA)

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 129 nahIM batAyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM bhI tIrthakaratva ko prApta karane ke lie manuSya janma grahaNa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI mAnate haiM ki kevala manuSya hI tIrthaMkara athavA buddhatva pada kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| jahA~ taka hindU dharma kA prazna hai isameM bhI mokSa kI prApti ke lie manuSya janma Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai kintu bhagavAn ke avatAra grahaNa karane ke lie kisI bhI yoni kA bandhana nhiiN| ve manuSya, pazu, ardhamanuSya, ardha-pazu athavA deva kisI rUpa meM bhI avatarita ho sakate haiN| 2. puruSa-liMgI bauddha dharma meM buddhatva ko prApta karane ke lie manuSya janma ke sAthasAtha puruSaliMga arthAt puruSa ke rUpa meM janma grahaNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / bauddha dharma ke anusAra napuMsaka yA striyA~ buddhatva kI adhikArI nahIM / isa sambandha meM digambara jaina sampradAya aura bauddha donoM samAna mata rakhate haiM / jainoM ke digambara sampradAya ke anusAra kevala puruSa hI tIrthaGkara pada kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA na kevala striyoM aura napuMsakoM ko mukti kA adhikArI mAnatI hai apitu yaha.bhI mAnatI hai ki strI tIrthakara pada kI adhikArI ho sakatI hai| unake anusAra 19 veM tIrthaGkara malli strI the / inakA vistRta vivaraNa jJAtAdharmakathA meM milatA hai| 3. hetu (buddha-bIja) hetu se yahA~ abhiprAya buddha-bIja se hai, kyoMki manuSya yoni meM utpanna hone se hI sabhI loga buddha nahIM ho sakate / kevala buddha-jIva se yukta puruSa hI buddha ho sakatA hai| tapasvI sumedha ke bAre meM nidAnakathA meM kahA gayA hai ki ve buddha-bIja se grahIta hone ke kAraNa hI buddha hue|' buddha-bIja kI isa avadhAraNA ko jainoM ke tIrthaGkara ke nAmakarma se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai / jainoM ke anusAra jisa vyakti ne tIrthaGkara-nAmakarma kA upArjana kiyA ho vahI vyakti tIrthaMkara ho sakatA hai| 4. zAstA kA darzana bauddha dharma ke anusAra buddhatva prApta karane vAle vyakti ke lie zAstA arthAt buddha kA darzana honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM isa 1. "sumedhatApa so kira buddhabIjaM buddhNkuro|"--nidaankthaa 40 / uddhRta-nidAnakathA-bhUmikA, pR0 39 (haridAsa saMskRta graMthamAlA)

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130 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana prakAra kA koI ullekha nahIM hai jisameM tIrthaGkara nAmakarma upArjana ke lie kisI anya tIrthaGkara kA darzana Avazyaka ho / yadyapi tIrthaGkara nAmakarma upArjana ke lie jina 20 boloM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, unameM arihanta kI bhakti ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| hindU paramparA meM isa prakAra kI koI avadhAraNA hameM jJAta nahIM hai| 5. pravajita honA ____bauddha dharma meM buddhatva kI prApti ke lie saMnyAsI yA pranajita honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| saMnyAsI yA gahatyAgI hokara hI buddhatva ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke lie dIkSA yA saMnyAsa lenA Avazyaka hai / tIrthaGkaroM ke paMca kalyANakoM meM eka kalyANaka dIkSA-kalyANaka hai| sabhI tIrthaGkara, tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM janma lene ke pUrva evaM apane antima jIvana meM saMnyAsa grahaNa karate haiM / jahA~ taka hindU paramparA kA prazna hai, vahA~ avatAra ke lie saMnyAsI honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| rAma-kRSNa Adi yAvajjIvana gRhastha rahe / kucha aise avatAra bhI hae haiM jinhoMne yAvajjIvana brahmacarya vrata kA pAlana kiyA, jaise parazurAma, vAmana, nArada Adi / hindU-paramparA ke anusAra avatAra saMnyAsI bhI ho sakatA hai aura gRhastha bhI / 6. guNasamprApti guNasamprApti se abhiprAya pA~ca abhijJA tathA ATha samApatti se hai|' DaoN0 maheza tivArI ne nidAnakathA ke pAribhASika zabda vivaraNa adhyAya meM abhijJA tathA aTusamApatti kI vizada carcA kI hai| abhijJA (abhijJA)-samAdhijanita vizeSa prajJA kA nAma abhijJA hai| rUpa-samAdhi meM paMcama jJAna kI pUrNataH paripakvatA hone para kucha mAnasika zaktiyoM kA udaya hotA hai / isameM citta ke atyadhika sUkSma evaM ekAgra hone para AdhyAtmika jJAnavizeSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai| yaha pA~ca prakAra kI kahI jAtI hai / yathA___"iddhividhaM dibbasotaM, paricittavijAnanaM / .. pubbenivAsAnussati, dibbacakkhU ti paJcadhA // " eka se aneka honA, aneka se punaH eka honA, jala meM calanA, pRthvo meM jala kI bhA~ti gotA lagAnA, AkAza meM ur3anA Adi Azcaryajanaka 1. uddhRta-nidAnakathA (haridAsa saMskRta graMthamAlA), pR0 237-239 /

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 131 kArya iddhividha kahalAte haiM, isI ko iddhi bhI kahate haiM / divyazrotra se use eka aisI zravaNa zakti kI prApti hotI hai, jisake sahAre divya tathA mAnuSika samasta prakAra ke nikaTa evaM dUravartI zabdoM ko suna letA hai| paracittavijAnanazakti ke mAdhyama se anya manuSyoM ke citta ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| pubbenivAsAnussati ke sahAre vaha apane aneka pUrva janmoM kA pUrNa vivaraNa jAna letA hai / isI prakAra divya cakSu se vaha vibhinna sattvoM meM karmAnusAra hIna yA praNIta gati tathA yoni meM utpanna hote evaM mRtyu ko prApta hote dekhatA hai / samApatti samAdhi viSayaka ATha prakAra kI upalabdhiyoM ko aTTha-samApatti kahate haiM / citta kA vibhinna viSayoM se haTakara eka viSaya para ekAgra honA ho samAdhi kI avasthA kahalAtI hai| ise kuzala citta kI ekAgratA yA citta caitasikoM kA kisI eka Alambana para AdhAna bhI kahA gayA hai-"kusala cittekaggatA samAdhi / ekArammaNe cittacetasikAnaM samaM sammA ca AdhAnaM ThapanaM ti vuttaM / "2 paTisambhidAmagga meM ise ekAgratA, avikSepa, aniJjana samyak eSaNA Adi arthoM meM batalAyA gayA hai / samAdhi do prakAra kI hotI hai-rUpasamAdhi tathA arUpasamAdhi / rUpasamAdhi meM Alambana kA viSaya rUpa hotA hai| parantu arUpasamAdhi meM rUparahita viSaya hotA hai| rUpasamAdhi kI cAra avasthAyeM-prathama dhyAna, dvitIya ghyAna, tRtIya dhyAna tathA caturtha dhyAna hotI haiN| prathama dhyAna meM pA~coM dhyAnAMga-vitarka vicAra, prIti, sukha evaM ekAgratA bane rahate haiN| dvitIya dhyAna meM vitarka evaM vicAra anupasthita ho jAte haiM-kevala tIna dhyAnAMga raha jAte haiN| tRtIya dhyAna meM prItidhyAnAMga bhI haTa jAtA hai| kevala sukha evaM ekAgratA ke sAtha isa dhyAna kI prApti hotI hai| caturtha dhyAna meM sUkha ke sthAna para upekSA A jAtI hai tathA upekSA evaM ekAgratA nAmaka do dhyAnAMgoM se yukta isa dhyAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai| rUpa-samAdhi meM ina cAroM dhyAnoM 1. abhidhammatthasaGgaho 166-67, uddhRta-nidAnakathA (DaoN0 maheza tivArI) pR0 239 / 2. visuddhimagga-57, uddhRta vahI, pR0 237 / 3. paTisambhidAmagga-55, uddhRta vahI, pR0 237 /

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132 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kA Alambana eka rahatA hai, kevala dhyAnAMgoM kA hI samatikramaNa hotA hai| abhidharma ke anusAra pA~ca rUpAvacara dhyAna kahe gaye haiM / arUpa - samAdhi kI bhI cAra avasthAyeM hotI haiM, jinheM cAra arUpA - vacara dhyAna kahA jAtA hai - AkAzAnantyAyatana, vijJAnAnantyAyatana, AkiJcanyAyatana evaM nevasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana / dhyAna kI ina cAroM avasthAoM meM upekSA tathA ekAgratA nAmaka do dhyAnAMga rahate haiM / isa kAraNa arUpAvacara ke sabhI dhyAna paMcama dhyAna kahe jAte haiM / yahA~ pratyeka dhyAna kA Alambana bhinna-bhinna rahatA hai| prathama dhyAna meM ananta AkAza viSaya rahatA hai / dvitIya dhyAna kA lAbha ananta - vijJAna para hotA hai| AkiMcanya hI tRtIya dhyAna kA Alambana hai tathA isI viSaya ko zAnta rUpa meM karate hue caturtha dhyAna kA lAbha hotA hai / manana astu cAra rUpa dhyAna tathA cAra arUpa dhyAna ko aTTha-samApatti kahate haiM / 7. adhikAra 1 adhikAra zabda se tAtparya zakti yA bala hai / yaha mAnA gayA hai ki buddha vahI vyakti ho sakatA hai jisameM apAra zakti yA bala ho / jaina paraMparA meM bhI tIrthaGkara ko apAra zakti se yukta mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi yahA~ zakti Antarika yA caitasika zakti kA hI paricAyaka hai, phira bhI donoM paramparAe~ yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki buddha yA tIrthaGkara apane zarIra kI zakti se ananta balI hote haiN| hindU paramparA meM bhI avatAra ko, cU~ki vaha Izvara kA hI rUpa hai, isalie ananta zakti se sampanna mAnA jAtA hai / 8. chandatA buddhatva prApti kI sAdhanA meM lage vyakti kI usake sAdhanoM ke prati prabala icchA, utsAha, anavarata prayatna Adi ko chandatA kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / chandatA kA arthaM icchA svAtantrya bhI kara sakate haiM / jaina aura bauddha donoM paraMparAyeM yaha mAnatI haiM ki tIrthaGkara aura buddha niyati ke dAsa nahIM hote / unameM svataMtra saMkalpa zakti hotI hai / yadyapi jainaparamparA meM AyuSya karma ke sambandha meM tIrthaGkara ko bhI parivartana karane meM akSama mAnA gayA hai / uparokta ATha mUlabhUta dharma buddhatva prApti ke Avazyaka aMga haiM / bauddha

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granthoM ke anusAra sumedha tapasvI ne ina sabhI dharmoM kA pAlana kara buddhatva prApta kiyA thA * " sumedhatApaso pana ime aTTha dhamme samodhAnetvA buddhabhAvAya abhinIhAraM katvA nipajji / " chaH adhyAzaya nekkha majjhAya buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 133 saMyuttanikAya aTThakathA' meM kahA gayA hai ki bodhisatva ko ATha dharmoM ke atirikta cAra buddha-bhUmiyoM tathA cha: adhyAzayoM ko prApta karanA bhI Avazyaka hai / 9. cAra bhUmiyA~ "ussAha, ummagga, avatthAna tathA hitacariyA" ko kramazaH vIrya, prajJA, adhiSThAna tathA maitrI bhAvanA bhI kaha sakate haiM | pavivekajjhAsaya alobhajjhAsaya ratejjhAya amohajjhAsaya nissaraNa jhAsaya (niSkrama adhyAzaya) ( praviveka adhyAzaya) (alobha adhyAzaya) ( adveSa adhyAzaya) ( amoha adhyAzaya) (niHsaraNa adhyAzaya) jAtaka meM buddhatva prApti ke lie bodhisatva ke lie tIna caryAoM ( jAtattha, lokattha, bhUtattha ) tathA strI, putra, rAjya, aMga, jIvana - parityAga viSayaka pA~ca mahAtyAga bhI Avazyaka batAye gaye haiM / isa prakAra buddhatva prApta karane ke lie uparokta guNoM kA honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / 10. arhasva evaM buddhatva kI prApti ke upAya bauddha paramparA meM arhatva evaM buddhatva ko prApta karane ke lie sAdhaka ko kucha avasthAoM yA sopAnoM se gujaranA par3atA hai / AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ina avasthAoM ko bauddha dharma meM bhUmiyA~ kahA gayA hai| ina bhUmiyoM kI mAnyatA ko lekara bauddha dharma ke sampradAyoM meM mata vaibhinnya hai / 1. saMyutta nikAya aTThakathA 1 - 50, uddhRta - nidAnakathA, bhUmikA pR0 39 / 2. jAtaka saM0 552, uddhRta -- nidAnakathA ( DaoN0 maheza tivArI ) -- bhUmikA, pR0 40 1,

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134 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana zrAvakayAna athavA honayAna sampradAya jisakA carama lakSya arhat pada athavA vyaktigata nirvANa lAbha karanA hai , AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI cAra bhUmiyoM ko mAnatA hai, jabaki mahAyAna sampradAya, jisakA carama lakSya buddhatva ko prApta kara lokamaMgala ke lie kArya karanA hai, AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dasa bhUmiyoM ko mAnatA hai / aba hama yahA~ para donoM sampradAyoM ke vicAroM ko dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| (a) ahaMta-pada prApta karane ke cAra-caraNa prArambhika bauddha dharma meM bhI jaina dharma ke samAna saMsArI prANiyoM kI do zreNiyA~ kahI gaI haiM, 1-pRthakjana yA mithyAdRSTi, 2-Arya yA samyakadRSTi / prANI ke AdhyAtmika avikAsa ke kAla ko pathakajana kI avasthA kahA jAtA hai aura vikAsa ke kAla ko Arya kahA jAtA hai| vikAsa ke kAla kA zubhArambha tabhI hotA hai jaba prANI yA sAdhaka samyakadRSTi ke dvArA nirvANa ke mArga kI ora unmukha ho jAtA hai / phira bhI yaha satya hai ki sabhI pRthakjana prANI eka samAna nahIM hote| kucha pRthakjana prANI aise bhI hote haiM ki jinakA AcaraNa kucha samyak prakAra kA hotA hai arthAt ve samyakdRSTi yA yathArthadRSTi ke sannikaTa hote haiN| ataH pRthakUjana bhUmi ko andhapRthakjana aura kalyANapRthakjana ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| andhapRthakjana mithyAtva kI tIvratA ke kAraNa nirvANa mArga kI ora unmukha ho nahIM hotA hai, parantu kalyANapRthakjana nirvANa mArga kI ora abhimukha to hotA hai parantu use abhI prApta nahIM hotA hai| majjhimanikAya meM isa avasthA yA bhUmi ko dharmAnusArI yA zraddhAnusArI bhUmi kahA gayA hai / hInayAna sampradAya ke anusAra samyakadRSTi se yukta nirvANa mArga ke sAdhaka ko arhat pada prApta karane ke lie cAra avasthAoM yA bhUmiyoM ko pAra karanA hotA hai 1-srotApanna bhUmi 2-sakRdAgAmI bhUmi 3--anAgAmI bhUmi 4--arhat bhUmi 1. srotApanna bhUmi 'srotApanna' kA zAbdika artha hai dhArA meM par3ane vAlA, arthAt jaba 1. majjhimanikAya, prathama bhAga 6. 1. 3. pR0 45 2. uddhRta-bauddha darzana, pR0 140 (paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya )

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. buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 135 sAdhaka nirvANa mArga ke pravAha meM pravAhita hone lagatA hai taba vaha srotApanna kahalAtA hai / bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra isa avasthA meM sAdhaka nimna tIna saMyojanoM arthAt bandhanoM kA kSaya kara detA hai 1--satkAya dRSTi--dehAtma buddhi arthAt nazvara zarIra ko AtmA mAnakara usake prati mamatva rkhnaa| 2--vicikitsA-sandehAtmakatA / 3-zIlavrata parAmarza-vrata-upavAsa Adi bAhya karmakANDoM ke prati ruci rkhnaa| ___ isa prakAra sAdhaka dArzanika mithyAdRSTi aura karmakANDIya zIlavrata parAmarza kA tyAga kara tathA saba prakAra kI sandehAtmaka avasthAoM ko pAra kara srotApanna bhUmi meM avasthita ho jAtA hai| dArzanika evaM karmakANDIya mithyAdaSTikoNoM evaM sandehAtmakatA kI sthiti ke naSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa isa srotApanna bhUmi se patana kI ora jAne kI sambhAvanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai aura sAdhaka nirvANAbhimukha ho AdhyAtmika dizA meM pragati karatA hai| srotApanna sAdhaka nimna cAra aMgoM se yukta hotA hai 1-buddhAnusmRti-sAdhaka buddha meM nirmala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai| 2-dharmAnusmRti-sAdhaka dharma meM nirmala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai| 3-saMghAnasmati-sAdhaka saMgha meM nirmala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai| 4-sAdhaka zIla aura samAdhi se yukta hotA hai| arthAt sAdhaka ke hRdayapaTala meM buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke prati aTUTa zraddhA hotI hai| isa srotApanna avasthA ko prApta sAdhaka kA AcAra aura vicAra vizuddha hotA hai aura vaha adhika se adhika sAta janmoM meM nirvANa lAbha prApta kara letA hai| 2. sakRdAgAmI bhUmi isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka kA mukhya lakSya AsravoM ( rAga-dveSa evaM moha) kA kSaya karanA hotA hai, kyoMki srotApanna kI avasthA meM sAdhaka kAma cho 1. dIghanikAya, pR0 57-58 ( uddhRta-bauddha darzana paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, . pR0 241) 2. dIghanikAya, pR0 288, uddhRta-vahI, pR0 241 / 3. uddhRta-bauddha darzana, pR0 241 /

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136 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana rAga ( indriyalipsA ) aura pratigha ( dUsare ke aniSTa kI bhAvanA ) azubha pravRttiyoM ke kSaya kA prayatna avazya karatA hai parantu usameM rAgadveSa evaM moha rUpI Asrava zeSa raha jAte haiM / inake kSaya karane kA prayatna hI sadAgAmI bhUmi hai / AsravoM ke vinaSTa hote hI sAdhaka anAgAmI bhUmi meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai / 3. anAgAmI bhUmi sAdhaka pUrva kI donoM bhUmiyoM ke antargata satkAyadRSTi, vicikitsA, zIlavrata parAmarza, kAma - rAga aura pratigha- ina pA~coM saMyojanoM ko naSTa kara detA hai taba vaha anAgAmI bhUmi ko prApta kara letA hai / isa avasthA ko prApta kara lene ke pazcAt yadi sAdhaka Age sAdhanAtma vikAsa nahIM karatA hai to vaha maraNoparAnta ( mAnavadeha kA tyAgakarake ) brahmaloka meM janma lekara zeSa pAMca saMyojanoM ko naSTa karake anta meM usI sthAna se sIdhe nirvANa ko prApta karatA hai / 4. arhat-bhUmi yA arhatAvasthA jaba sAdhaka satkaya dRSTi, vicikitsA, zIlavrata - parAmarza, kAmarAga, pratigha, rUparAga, arUparAga, mAna, auddhatya aura avidyA- ina dasoM bandhanoM ko naSTa kara letA hai to arhat bhUmi meM praviSTa hotA hai arthAt arhat avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra sampUrNa saMyojanoM ke samApta hone para vaha kRta kArya ho jAtA hai arthAt use apane lie karane ko kucha bhI zeSa nahIM raha jAtA, tathApi vaha saMgha kI sevA ke lie kriyAe~ karatA hai / (ba) buddhatva kI prApti ke dasa caraNa (dasa bhUmiyA~) saMkramaNa kAla kI dasa bhUmiyA~ - hInayAna se mahAyAna kI ora saMkramaNakAla meM likhe gaye grantha mahAvastu meM nimna 10 bhUmiyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 1. durArohA, 2. baddhamAnA, 3. puSpamaNDitA, 4. rucirA, 5. cittavistarA 6. rUpavatI, 7. durjayA, 8. janmanideza, 9. yauvarAjya, 10. abhiSeka | mahAyAna kI dasa bhUmiyoM se yaha bhinna hai, yadyapi mahAyAna kI nimnoka dasa bhUmiyoM kA siddhAnta isI mUlabhUta dhAraNA para AdhArita 1. uddhata - bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pU0 359

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 137 hai / mahAyAna sampradAya ke grantha "dasabhUmizAstra" meM buddhatva ko prApta karane kI nimna dasa avasthAyeM (bhUmiyA~) batalAI gaI haiM' - 1- pramuditA, 2 - vimalA, 3 - prabhAkarI, 4- arciSmatI, 5 - sudurjayA, 6 - abhimukti, 7- dUraMgamA, 8 - acalA, 9 - sAdhumatI, 10 - dharmamedhA / asaMga ke mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra aura laMkAvatAra meM 11 bhUmiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra aura laMkAvatAra meM adhimukti caryAbhUmi ko prathama bhUmi kI saMjJA do gaI hai usake bAda pramuditA bhUmi antima dharmamedhA yA buddha bhUmi taka ko parigaNanA se 11 bhUmiyoM kI saMkhyA pUrNa kI gaI hai / isI prakAra laMkAvatArasUtra meM dharmamedhA aura tathAgata ( buddha ) bhUmiyoM ko alaga-alaga mAnA gayA hai / adhimuktacaryA bhUmi asaMga kA kathana hai ki adhimuktacaryAbhUmi meM sAdhaka ko pudgala nairAtmya aura dharma nairAtmya kA yathArtha jJAna hotA hai aura yaha avasthA vizuddhi kI avasthA kahI jAtI hai / bauddha dharma meM ise bodhipraNidhicitta kI avasthA bhI kahA jAtA hai / isI bhUmi meM bodhisatva dAna- pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai / yaha buddhatva kI dizA meM sAdhanA kA pUrva caraNa hai / isake Age nimna dasa bhUmiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM 1. pramuditA isameM zola kI zikSA hotI hai / arthAt yaha zIla vizuddhi ke prayAsa kI avasthA hai / bodhisattva isa bhUmi meM lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA karatA hai aura yaha avasthA bodhiprasthAnacitta kI avasthA kahI jA sakatI hai / - bodhipraNidhicitta meM mArga kA bodha hotA hai to bodhiprasthAnacitta meM mArga meM gamana kI prakriyA kA / isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka zIla- pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai aura apane zIla ko vizuddha kara sUkSma se sUkSma aparAdha karane se virata rahatA hai / isa prakAra pUrNa zIla vizuddhi kI avasthA prApta kara agrima vimalA bhUmi meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai / 2. vimalA isa avasthA meM sAdhaka anaitika AcaraNa se pUrNatayA mukta ho jAtA hai / isameM vikAra pUrNarUpeNa vinaSTa ho jAte haiM, isI kAraNa isako vimalA kahate haiM / yaha avasthA AcaraNa ke pUrNa zuddhi kI avasthA kahalAtI hai aura 1. uddhata - bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 360-362

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138 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isI bhUmi meM bodhisattva zAnti pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai / yaha adhi-citta zikSA hai / isa bhUmi kA lakSaNa dhyAna kI prApti hai| isase acyuta samAdhi kA lAbha hotA hai / 3. prabhAkarI isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka samAdhi ke dvArA anekAneka dharmoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara lokahita ke lie bodhi-pakSIya dharmoM kI pariNAmanA karatA hai arthAt vaha buddha kA jJAnarUpI prakAza loka meM phailAtA hai isI kAraNa isa bhUmi ko prabhAkarI kahA gayA hai / 4. arciSmatI isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa kA vinAza karatA hai aura vIrya pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai / 5. sudurjayA isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka dUsaroM ke dhArmika vicAroM ko puSTa karatA hai aura svacitta kI rakSA ke lie duHkha para vijaya prApta karatA hai / yaha kArya ati duSkara hai isI se isa bhUmi ko "durjayA " kahA gayA hai| isa bhUmi meM pratItyasamutpAda ke sAkSAtkAra ke kAraNa bhavApatti (UrdhvalokoM meM utpatti ko AkAMkSA) viSayaka saMklezoM se rakSA ho jAtI hai / isa bhUmi meM bodhisattva dhyAna - pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai | 6. abhimukhI isa bhUmi meM bodhisattva yA sAdhaka prajJA pAramitA ke Azraya se saMsAra aura nirvANa- donoM ke prati abhimukha rahatA hai / usameM yathArtha prajJA kA udaya hotA hai aura usake lie saMsAra aura nirvANa meM koI antara nahIM rahatA / aba saMsAra usake lie bandhaka nahIM rahatA / isameM sAdhaka nirvANa kI dizA meM abhimukha hotA hai isI se isa avasthA ko abhimukhI bhUmi kahA jAtA hai / cauthI aura pA~cavIM bhUmi meM vaha prajJA kA abhyAsa karatA hai kintu isa bhUmi meM prajJA ko pUrNatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai / 7. dUraMgamA bodhisatva isa bhUmi meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda arthAt ekAMtika mArga se bahuta dUra calA jAtA hai aura bodhisattva kI sAdhanA pUrNa kara nirvANa lAbha ke yogya ho jAtA hai| isa bhUmi meM bodhisattva saMsAra ke.

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 139. anya prANiyoM ko nirvANa mArga kI ora abhimukha karatA hai aura isa avasthA meM svayaM sabhI pAramitAoM kA pAlana karatA hai evaM vizeSarUpa se upAya kauzalya- pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai / 8. acalA isa bhUmi meM saMkalpazUnyatA evaM viSayarahita animitta-vihArI samAdhi kI upalabdhi hotI hai isalie yaha bhUmi acala kahI gaI hai, viSayoM ke na rahane se citta saMkalpa zUnya ho jAtA hai aura saMkalpa zUnya hone se citta avicala ho jAtA hai kyoMki citta kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa vicAra evaM viSaya hI hote haiM jabaki isa avasthA meM unakA pUrNarUpeNa abhAva rahatA hai / citta ke saMkalpazUnya hone se isa avasthA meM tattva kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| 9. sAdhumatI isa bhUmi meM bodhisattva ke hRdaya meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati dayAbhAva evaM zubha bhAvanAoM kA udaya hotA hai aura vaha prANiyoM ke bodhibIja ko paripuSTa karatA hai / samAdhi kI vizuddhatA evaM pratisaMvinmati ( vizleSaNAtmaka anubhava karane vAlI buddhi) isa bhUmi kI pradhAnatA hai / bodhisattva ko isa avasthA meM dUsare prANiyoM ke manogata yA Antarika bhAvoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA utpanna ho jAtI hai / 10. dharmamedhA jisa prakAra ananta AkAza ko megha vyApta kara letA hai usI prakAra isa bhUmi meM dharmAkAza ko samAdhi vyApta kara letI hai / isa bhUmi meM bodhisattva divya bhavya zarIra prApta kara kamala para virAjamAna dRSTigocara hote haiM / vastutaH yaha buddhatva kI pUrNa prApti kI avasthA hai / yahA~ bodhisattva buddha bana jAtA hai | buddhatva kI prApti kA mUlabhUta AdhAra - bodhicitta kA utpAda mAnava janma ke dvArA hI buddhatva kI prApti ho sakatI hai parantu buddhatva kI prApti ke lie bodhicitta kA utpAda anivArya hai / parantu aisA dekhane meM AtA hai ki adhikAMzataH manuSya kI buddhi zubha karmoM meM pravRtta na hokara azubha karmoM meM lipta hotI hai / kyoMki sabhI kAloM meM puNya ko durbala

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140 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana aura pApa ko prabala mAnA gayA hai| isI kAraNa mAnava pApoM meM phasa jAtA hai / hA~ kevala bhagavAn buddha hI jaba karuNAzIla ho eka ghar3I ke lie logoM ko zubha karmoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tabhI bodhicitta kA utpAda hotA hai / jisa prakAra bAdaloM se ghire AkAza maMDala meM kucha bhI dRzya nahIM hotA, parantu jyoMhI kSaNamAtra ke lie vidyuta prakAzayAna hotI hai to usase hameM vastuoM kA jJAna ho jAtA hai / usI prakAra isa andhakArayukta jagat meM kevala buddha kI preraNA se hI manuSya zubha karmoM kI ora prerita hotA hai|" mAnava mana meM isI zubha pravRtti ke udaya ko hama bodhicitta utpAda kahate haiM / yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki phira bodhicitta kise kahate haiM ? mAnava mana meM dUsaroM ke uddhAra ke lie jo bhAva uThate haiM vahI bodhicitta hai / jaba citta ko samAhita kara apane ko samyak sambodhi meM kara letA hai to usa sthiti ko bodhicitta kahate haiM / isI bodhicitta th kAruNika bhAva ke dvArA vaha buddhatva ko prApta hotA hai / isI bodhicitta ke udaya se vaha mAnava buddha-putra kahalAne lagatA hai / bodhicitta vaha rasa hai jisake rasAsvAdana se vaha buddhatva evaM buddha ke kAruNika svarUpa ko prApta kara letA hai / isI bodhicitta ke kAraNa vaha apane pUrva saMcita pApoM ko jJAna ke prakAza se usI prakAra naSTa kara detA hai jisa prakAra prakAza kI eka kiraNa guphA ke yugoM ke andhakAra ko dUra kara detI hai / ise usa vRkSa ke samAna mAnA gayA hai jo sadA phalate rahane para bhI kabhI kSINa nahIM hotA hai / 3 1. rAtrau yathA meghaghanAMdhakAre vidyut kSaNaM darzayati prakAzaM / buddhAnubhAvena tathA kadAcit lokasya puNyeSu matiH kSaNaM syAt // pApasya mahatsughoraM / yadi nAma na syAt // -- bodhicaryAvatAra, 1 / 5-6 2. azuci pratimAmimAM gRhItvA jinaratnapratimAM karotyanarghA / rasajAtamatIva vedhanIyaM sudRDha gRhNata bodhicittasaMjJaM // tasmAcchubhaM durbalameva nityaM balaM tu tajjIyate nyena zubhena kena saMbodhicittaM - vahI, 1/10 3. kadalIva phalaM vihAya yAti kSayamanyat kuzalaM hi sarvameva satataM phalati kSayaM na yAti prasavatyeva tu bodhicitta vRkSaH / vahI, 1/12

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 141 zAntideva ke anusAra bodhicitta ke utpAda ke lie buddha, saddharma tathA bodhisatva kI ArAdhanA Avazyaka hai / ' bodhicitta hI saba pApoM ko samUla naSTa karane kA eka AdhAra hai / yaha usa kalpavRkSa ke samAna hai jo manovAMchita phala dene meM sakSama hotA hai / AryagaNDavyUhasUtra meM bhagavAn. ajita ne kahA hai ki bodhicitta hI saba buddha dharmoM kA bIja hai / "bodhicittaM hi kulaputra bIjabhUtaM sarvabuddhadharmANAm / " ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya meM buddhatva kI prApti kA mUlAdhAra bodhicitta hai| kyoMki bodhicitta kA udaya hote hI prANI ke andara karuNAbhAva kI anubhUti hone lagatI hai / yahI karuNAbhAva buddhatva prApti kA Avazyaka tattva hai, isa taraha bodhicitta kA utpAda hI bodhisatva hone athavA buddhatva ko prApta karane kA mUlAdhAra hai / arhat, pratyeka-buddha aura buddha ke Adarza bauddha dharma meM sAdhaka jIvana ke tIna Adarza hote haiM - arhat, pratyekabuddha aura samyak sambuddha yA buddha / yahA~ hama alaga-alaga tInoM AdarzoM ke bAre meM vicAra kareMge / boddha dharma meM pUrvApekSayA parapada zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / ina tInoM hI AdarzoM kA mukhya dhyeya duHkha se nivRtta hokara nirvANa lAbha prApta karanA rahA hai| ( ka ) arhat ve sAdhaka jinake hRdaya meM apanI duHkha-vimukti ke lie svayaM jJAna yA bodha kA udaya nahIM hotA hai balki buddhAdi zAstAoM ke upadezoM se jJAna prApta hotA hai / ve buddha ke upadezoM se prerita hokara sAdhanA karate haiM aura tRSNA kA ucchedakara duHkha-vimukta ho arhata pada prApta karate haiM aura anta meM nirvANa prApta karate haiM / arhat pada ke sAdhaka kA lakSya svayaM kI mukti prApta karanA hotA hai, dUsare prANiyoM ke duHkha dUra karane ke lie vaha koI bhI prayatna nahIM karatA hai aura na hI loka-kalyANa ke lie upadeza hI detA hai / arhat avasthA ko prApta karane ke bAda bhI sAdhaka 1. apuNyavAnasmi mahAdaridraH pUjArthamanyanmama nAsti kiJcit / ato mamArthAya parArthaMcittA gRhantu nAthA idamAtmazaktyA // - bodhicaryAvatAra, 2/7

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142 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana saMgha meM hI rahatA hai aura saMghIya anuzAsana meM rahakara sAdhanA karate hue anta meM nirvANa prApta karatA hai / (kha) pratyeka buddha pratyeka buddha ko mauna buddha kI saMjJA bhI dI jA sakatI hai kyoMki cullanideza meM kahA gayA hai ki aise buddha anAcaryaka bhAva se pratyeka sambodhi ko prApta karane ke bAda bhI dharmopadeza nahIM karate haiM / " ve svayaM mukta hote haiM para janasamUha kI mukti ke lie dharmazAsana kI sthApanA nahIM karate haiM tathA vimukti sukha meM rahakara ekAnta vihAra karate haiM / kalyANa ke lie aura arhatu meM samyak dRSTi yA bodha ko ve puruSa jo apanA hI kalyANa karate haiM dUsaroM ke prayatna nahIM karate pratyeka buddha kahalAte haiM / pratyeka buddha antara yaha hotA hai ki arhat buddhAdi zAstA ke upadeza se ko prApta karatA hai, vahA~ pratyeka buddha svayaM hI samyaka dRSTi prApta karate haiM / pratyeka buddha kA Adarza arhat ke Adarza se zreSTha hotA hai kyoMki pratyeka-buddha pratItyasamutpAda kI sAdhanA ke dvArA svayaM buddhatva ko prApta kara letA hai / vaha apanA duHkha svayaM dUra kara letA hai parantu vaha dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra karane kA prayatna nahIM karatA hai / ataH usakA Adarza arhat ke Adarza se zreSTha hote hue bhI buddha ke Adarza se bhinna hotA hai / (ga) samyak - sambuddha yA buddha arhat aura pratyeka buddha kI apekSA buddha yA samyaka sambuddha kA Adarza zreSTha hotA hai kyoMki ve anuttara samyak - - sambodhi prApta kara vizva kalyANa kI bhAvanA rakhate haiM / gopInAtha kavirAja kA kahanA hai ki ( mAtra ) valezAvaraNa tathA jJeyAvaraNa ke nivRtta hone se buddhatva lAbha nahIM hotA hai | zrAvaka (arhat ) aura pratyeka buddha kA bhI pUrA dvaitabhAva samApta nahIM hotA hai| kevala samyak - sambuddha hI dvaitabhAva se nivRtta hotA hai / kyoMki buddha meM apane aura parAye kA bhAva nahIM hotA hai / ve ananta jJAna aura karuNA ke bhaNDAra haiM / samyak - sambuddha yA bodhisatva kA lakSya svaduHkha kI nivRtti na hokara parArtha bhAvanA yA nirantara jIva sevA karanA 1. " evaM so pacceka -sambuddho eko anuttaraM pacceka - sambodhi abhisambuddho vi eko / " - khuddakanikAya bhAga 4 (2), culla nideza, (3.8.1), pR0 246 2. bauddha dharma darzana - bhUmikA, pR0 24

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 143 hai, usakI isa lokAnukampA kI bhAvanA kA ullekha hameM pAlinikAya se lekara paravartI mahAyAna sAhitya taka sabhI meM milatA hai|' (gha) tulanA upayukta tInoM AdarzoM meM eka antara sthApita kiyA gayA hai / yadi hama lokamaMgala kI dRSTi se dekheM, jahA~ buddha aura bodhisatva kA lakSya apanI duHkha-vimukti ke sAtha hI sAtha saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI duHkha vimukti bhI hai vahA~ arhat aura pratyeka-buddha mAtra apanI duHkha-vimukti kA prayatna karate haiM / yadyapi uparokta dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para arhat aura pratyeka-baddha donoM hI samAna pratIta hote haiM kintu ina donoM meM eka mahatvapUrNa antara bhI rahA hai| arhat patha kA sAdhaka buddha ke upadezoM se prerita hokara sva-duHkha vimukti aura nirvANa lAbha ko prApta karatA hai jaba ki pratyeka-baddha svayaM hI apanI sAdhanA dvArA bodhi ko prApta karate haiN| isa prakAra jo buddha ke upadeza se bodhi ko prApta hotA hai vaha aIt kahalAtA hai aura jo svayaM hI bodhi ko prApta hote haiM, ve pratyekabaddha kahalAte haiM / punaH arhat saMgha ke anuzAsanoM meM rahakara hI sAdhanA karatA hai, aura bodhi lAbha prApta karatA hai tathA arhat avasthA prApta karane ke bAda bhI saMgha jIvana meM rahatA hai jabaki pratyeka-baddha kA saMgha-vyavasthA evaM saMghIya jIvana se koI sambandha nahIM hotA hai| vaha ekAkI hI sAdhanA karatA hai aura svayaM bodhi lAbha prApta karake bhI ekAkI jIvana jItA hai| jainaparamparA meM bhI ina tInoM ke samAna svayaM-sambuddha, pratyeka buddha aura buddha-bodhita aise tIna stara mAne gaye haiM, jisakA tulanAtmaka vivecana hama agale adhyAyoM meM kareMge / buddhoM ke prakAra--atItabuddha, vartamAnabuddha aura anAgata yA bhAvIbuddha bauddha sAhitya meM 24 buddhoM kI avadhAraNA ko buddhavaMza meM atIta buddha kahA gayA hai| buddhavaMza meM pUrvavartI 24 buddhoM kI jIvanI paurANika DhaMga se 1. (a) mahAvagga, (1.10.32), pR0 23 (ba) saddharmapuNDarIka, pR0 19; uddhRta-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda pR0 28 2. mahAyAna, pRSTha 19

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144 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ullikhita kI gaI hai|' bhagavAn buddha ko ina 24 buddhoM ke sAtha sambaddha karane ke lie yaha dhAraNA apanAI gaI ki pUrvajanma meM zAkyamuni buddha ne ina pUrvavartI buddhoM kI sevA kI thI / zAkyamuni buddha ko 25 veM buddha ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gayA / isa prakAra buddhavaMza ke anusAra 24 buddha to atItabuddha kahalAye aura zAkyamuni gotama vartamAna buddha hue| isa prakAra atIta aura vartamAna buddha kI avadhAraNA se bhI bauddha AcArya santuSTa na hue aura unhoMne anAgatavaMza arthAt bhAvI buddha ko kalpanA kara maitreya buddha ko 26- buddha ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyaa| anAgatavaMza meM maitreya sahita 10 bhAvI buddhoM ke nAma haiM jinake bAre meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ye sabhI gautama buddha se mile the aura gautama buddha ne unake bhAvI buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| ye dasa buddha nimna haiM maitreya, uttama, rAma, prasenajitkauzala, abhidhU, dIrghasoNI, saMkasya, subha (zubha), todeyya aura nAlAgiripalleyya / ___kramika adhyayana se pratIta hotA hai ki buddhavaMza meM atIta buddhoM kI kalpanA ke kAraNa hI bhAvI buddhoM ko kalpanA bhI AI hogii| phalasvarUpa aitihAsika buddha zAkya muni vartamAna buddha aura maitreya Adi bhAvI buddha mAne gye| isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki pahale atIta, vartamAna aura anAgata buddhoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hogA, phira atIta buddhoM kI saMkhyA kA prazna AyA, pAli tripiTaka meM vaha zAkya muni ko milAkara sAta mAnI gaI, phira laMkAvatAra meM caubIsa buddhoM kI avadhAraNA AI / bhAvI buddhoM kI kalpanA ke sAtha yaha saMkhyA sthira na raha skii| anta meM mahAyAna sAhitya meM ananta buddhoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| 1. buddhavaMza (devanAgarI saMskaraNa bhikSu uttama dvArA prakAzita) 2. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 585 3. metteyyo uttamo rAmo, pasenadikosalobhibhU / dIghasoNi ca saMkacco, subho todeyyabrAhmaNo / nAlAgiripalleyyo, bodhisattA ime dasa / anukkamena sambodhi, pApuNissanti nAgate / . -pAli prApara nemsa, bhAga 2, pR0 295,

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baddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 145 (ka) dharmatAbuddha, niSyaMdabuddha aura nirmANabuddha laMkAvatArasUtra meM hameM trikAya kI avadhAraNA ke sthAna para tribuddhoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai; usameM nimna tIna prakAra ke buddhoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai'-dharmatAbuddha, niSyaMdabuddha aura nirmANabuddha / laMkAvatAra kI yaha tribuddhoM kI kalpanA aura trikAya ko avadhAraNA paraspara sambandhita hI haiN| dharmatAbaddha dharmakAya haiM, niSyaMdabaddha sambhogakAya haiM aura nirmANabuddha nirmANakAya haiN| jisa prakAra dharmakAya, sambhogakAya aura nirmANakAya buddhatva kI tIna sthitiyA~ haiM usI prakAra dharmatAbuddha niSyaMdabuddha aura nirmANabuddha buddhatva ke triprakAra haiM / 2 / / trikAyavAda kI avadhAraNA aura trizuddhoM kI avadhAraNA meM hameM tattvataH koI vizeSa antara najara nahIM AtA hai| DaoN. kapiladeva pANDeya kI mAnyatA hai ki bauddha dharma meM "jina trikAyoM (dharmakAya, saMbhogakAya aura nirmANakAya) kA adhika pracAra rahA hai, ve prArambha meM buddha ke viziSTa rUpoM se hI sambaddha rahe haiM ina kAryoM ko hI pUrvavartI sAhitya meM kramazaH dharmatAbuddha, niSyandabuddha aura nirmANabuddha kahA jAtA thA / "3 laMkAvatArasUtra kA sandarbha dete hue unhoMne isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki dharmatAbuddha se niSyandabuddha aura niSyandabuddha se nirmANabuddha utpanna hue| isa prakAra ina tInoM meM paraspara kArya-kAraNa bhAva bhI hai| dharmatAbuddha hI vAstavika buddha haiM aura anya buddha unake nirmita rUpa haiN| buddha ke ina tInoM rUpoM kI carcA ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jisa prakAra viSNu ke avatAra hote haiM usI prakAra dharmatAbuddha, niSyandabuddha aura nirmANabuddha hote haiN| (kha) paMca tathAgata yA paMca dhyAnIbuddha paMca tathAgata yA paMcadhyAnI buddhoM kA ullekha "laMkAvatArasUtra" aura "saddharmapuNDarIka" meM sphuTa rUpa se milatA hai / "laMkAvatArasUtra" meM "paMcanirmitA buddha" kA mAtra ullekha hai|4 "saddharmapuNDarIka" meM paMcabuddhoM 1. uddhata-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 29 2. vahI, pR0 29 3. vahI, pR0 29 4. vahI, pR0 42

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146 : torthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana meM parigaNita amitAya yA amitAbha saddharma kI sthApanA ke nimitta bhaviSya meM utpanna hone vAle kahe gaye haiM / ' bauddha tantra aura vajrayAnI siddhoM meM isa avadhAraNA kA pracAra adhika huA hai / prArambhika tantra grantha tathAgataguhyaka meM paMca-dhyAnI buddhoM ke upAsya evaM avatArI rUpoM kA bRhad vivaraNa milatA hai / " gRhasamAja" ke anusAra buddha ke razmimedha vyUha nAma kI samAdhi se pA~ca razmiyA~ nisRta huiiN| inhIM paMca razmiyoM se pA~ca buddhoM ke udbhava kA AbhAsa hotA hai / "advayavajra " ke anusAra buddha ke dhyAna karane se vairocana, ratnasaMbhava, amitAbha, amoghasiddhi, akSobhya paMca dhyAnI buddha paMca skandhoM ke pratIka rUpa AvirbhUta hote haiM / * tathAgata guhyasamAja ke anusAra tathAgata vibhinna jJAnoM ke AvirbhAva ke kAraNa pA~ca buddhoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM / boddha dharma meM Age calakara ina baddhoM kI strI zaktiyoM kA bhI udaya hotA hai / " (ga) mAnuSI buddha paravartI bauddha dharmaM meM nirmANa buddhoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai kintu prArambha meM sAta mAnuSI buddha hI nirmANakAya kahe jAte the / ve hI samayasamaya para dharma kI pratiSThA ke lie janma lete haiM / ' pAli tripiTaka meM aneka sthAnoM para sAta buddhoM kA ullekha hai / isake bAda meM 24 buddhoM kI kalpanA kI gaI / mahAyAna meM 32 buddhoM kI eka sUcI bhI milatI hai usameM antima sAta buddhoM ko mAnuSI buddha kahA gayA hai / " buddhacaryA meM sAta " mAnuSI buddhoM" meM se vipazcI, zikho, vizvabhU, krakuchanda, konAgamana, kassapa ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai / laMkAvatArasUtra meM bhI kazyapa, krakuchanda aura kanakamuni ina tIna kA ullekha milatA hai / " isase hameM mAnuSI buddhoM kI 1. uddhRta - madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda (DaoN0 kapiladeva pANDeya) pR0 42 2. vahI, pR0 42 3. vahI, pR0 42 4. vahI, pR0 42 5. vahI, pR0 42 6. vahI, pR0 30 7. vahI, pR0 30 8. vahI, pR0 30 9. vahI, pR0 30 10. vahI, pR0 30

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 147 saMkhyA ke vikAsa krama kI eka jhalaka dekhane ko milatI hai / isa bhadra kalpa meM sAta mAnuSI buddhoM ko kalpanA kI gaI hai jisameM chaH pUrva ke tathA sAtaveM zAkyamuni gautama ko liyA gayA hai / isa prakAra sAta mAnuSI buddhoM meM vipazcena, zikhI, vizvabhU, kazyapa, krakuchanda, kanakamuni ( konAgamana ) evaM zAkya siddha gautama vikhyAta haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki inhIM sAta mAnuSI buddhoM dvArA bodhisatva apanA kArya sampAdana karate haiN| Age calakara bauddha tantra granthoM meM mAnuSI buddhoM se buddha zaktiyoM aura bodhisatvoM ke nirmANa kI bAta kahI gaI hai, inameM yazodharA aura Ananda hI aitihAsika pratIta hote haiM / buddhoM kI saMkhyA jisa prakAra hindU evaM jaina paramparA meM kramazaH avatAroM evaM tIrthaM - karoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi hotI rahI hai usI prakAra bauddha paramparA meM buddhoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi hotI rahI hai / sarvaprathama dIghanikAya meM gautama buddha ke pUrva chaH buddhoM kA ullekha hai' aura gotama buddha ko sAtavA~ buddha kahA gayA hai 1. vipassI 2. sikhI 3. vessabhU 4. kakusandha 5. koNAgamana 6. kassapa ( kAzyapa ) 7. zAkya putra gautama dIghanikAya meM mahArAja vaizravaNa ko bhikSuoM kI rakSA evam unake kaSTa dUra karane ke lie inhIM sAta buddhoM se prArthanA karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai / vinayapiTaka, saMyuttanikAya, jAtaka aura therIgAthA' meM inhIM sAta buddhoM kA ullekha milatA hai / ina sAta buddhoM ko mAnuSI buddha bhI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki yahI samaya-samaya para dharma kI pratiSThA ke lie Ate haiM / 3 1. dIghanikAya, mahApadAnasutta (1.2.5), pR0 4 2. pAli prApara nemsa, bhAga 2, pR0 295 3. bauddha dharma darzana ( AcArya narendradeva ) pU0 121, 122

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148 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana Age calakara jAtaka nidAnakathA meM bhagavAn dIpaMkara se gautama buddha taka paccIsa buddhoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| isake pUrva buddhavaMza meM gautamabuddha sahita paccIsa buddhoM ke nAma prApta hote haiM / bhagavAn dIpaMkara se buddhoM kI paramparA kA zubhArambha hone ke kAraNa unheM Adi buddha se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / jisa kalpa meM bhagavAn dIpaMkara dasa bala prApta kara buddha hue the, usI rUpa meM anya tIna buddha - taNhaMkara, meghaMkara tathA saraNakara bhI utpanna hue the / parantu una tInoM buddhoM ne bodhisattva ke buddha banane ke bAre meM koI bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI thI / " jabaki anya buddhoM ne bodhisattva ke bhaviSya meM buddha hone ke bAre meM kahA thA / ataH ina tIna buddhoM ke nAma nidAnakathA meM siddhArtha gautama ke pUrva cobIsa buddhoM kI avadhAraNA meM jor3e nahIM jAte haiM / dIpaMkara ke kalpa meM utpanna hue ina tIna buddhoM ko jor3ane se buddhoM kI saMkhyA 27 ho jAtI hai / 2 siddhArtha gautama ke pUrva hue 24 buddhoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1. dIpaMkara 2. kauNDinya 3. maMgala 4. sumana 5. revata 6. zobhita 7. anomadarzI 8. padma 9. nArada 10. padmottara 11. sumedha 12. sujAta 13. priyadarzI 14. arthadarzI 15. dharmadarzI 16. siddhArtha 17. tiSya 18. puSya 19. vipazyI 20. zikhI 21. vessabhU 22. kakusandha 23. 24. kAzyapa buddhoM kI saMkhyA ko lekara bauddha sAhitya meM vibhinna mata dekhe jAte haiM / sarvaprathama zAkyamuni gautama ho buddha mAne gaye - phira atIta buddhoM ko koNAgamana 1. " yasmi pana kappe dIpaMkaradasabalo udapAdi, tasmi aJJe pitayo buddhA mahesuM / santikA bodhisattasya vyAkaraNaM natthi / tasmA te idha dassitA / " - nidAnakathA, pR0 108 2. vahI, pR0 108

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 149 kalpanA aaii| pAli sAhitya meM hameM sAta atIta buddhoM kA ullekha milatA hai| phira yA to jenoM kI 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para yA phira svatantrarUpa se 24 atIta buddhoM kI kalpanA bauddha dharma meM aaii| ___ laMkAvatArasUtra meM ATha kalpa evaM do prakAra ke baddha putroM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM 24 buddhoM kA ullekha huA hai / ' isase vidita hotA hai ki yA to bauddha sAhitya meM 24 buddhoM kI koI paramparA rahI hogI yA phira use anya paraMparA se liyA gayA hogaa| laMkAvatArasUtra ke prArambhika adhyAya 1-2 meM laMkA meM atIta buddhoM ke nivAsa kI carcA bhI milatI hai| kintu yahA~ para unakI spaSTa saMkhyA kA ullekha nahIM hai| punaH chaThe adhyAya meM atIta vartamAna, anAgata asaMkhya buddhoM kI carcA kI gaI,3 tathA eka anya sthala para inakI saMkhyA 36 kahI gaI hai| DaoN. maheza tivArI ne apanI pustaka nidAnakathA meM kahA hai ki paravartI grantha lalitavistara meM buddhoM kI saMkhyA 54 aura mahAvastu meM sau se adhika pAI jAtI hai| (1) dIpaMkara buddha bauddha paramparA meM dopaMkara ko prathama buddha mAnA gayA hai| inake pitA kA nAma sudeva aura mAtA kA nAma sumedhA tathA janmasthAna ramyavatI nagara mAnA gayA hai| .. unhoMne prathama, dvitIya aura tRtIya abhisamaya (sammelana) meM kramazaH1 araba, 10 kharaba manuSyoM aura devaloka meM 9 kharaba devatAoM ko bodha kraayaa| inake pradhAna ziSya sumaMgala aura tiSya tathA paricAraka sAgata the, inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ nandA evaM sunandA thiiN| inhoMne pIpala vRkSa ke 1. "skandhabhedAzcaturviMzadrUpaM cASTavidhaM bhavet / . buddhA bhaveccaturvizadvividhAzca jinaursaaH|| -laMkAvatArasUtra 10/316 2. vahI, pR0 5 3. vahI, pR0 198 4. vahI, pa0 256 5. nidAna kathA pR0 72 6. nagaraM ramyavatI nAma, sudevo nAma khattiyo / __ sumedhA nAma janikA, dIpaMkarasya satthuno // -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA pR0 196

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150 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana nIce bodhilAbha prApta kiyA thaa| inake zarIra kI UMcAI 80 hAtha tathA Ayu 1 lAkha varSa mAnI jAtI hai / isa prakAra bhagavAn dIpaMkara ne saddhamaM kA upadeza dekara jana samUha ko saMsAra sAgara se pAra utArA aura anta meM nirvANa prApta kiyA / (2) bhagavAn kauNDinya bauddha paramparA meM bhagavAn dIpaMkara ke bAda ananta teja, amita yaza evaM anupama kauNDinya nAmaka buddha hue / inake pitA kA nAma sunanda aura mAtA kA nAma sujAtA tathA janmasthAna ramyavatI nagara mAnA gayA hai / inhoMne bhI apane tIna dharma sammelanoM meM kramazaH 10 kharaba, 10 araba evaM 90 karor3a bhikSuoM ko dharma kA upadeza diyA thA / bodhisatva vijitAvI cakravartI ne zAstA kauNDinya evaM unake saMgha ko bhojana karAyA, tatpazcAt zAstA ne bhaviSya meM unake buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thI / inake pradhAna ziSya bhadra aura subhadra tathA paricAraka anuruddha the / inakI pradhAna ziSyAyeM tiSyA aura upatiSyA thiiN| inako zAla vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI UMcAI 88 hAtha aura Ayu 1 lAkha varSaM mAnI jAtI hai / (3) bhagavAn maMgala bauddha paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn kauNDinya ke bAda andhakAra ko naSTa kara dharma ko dhAraNa karane vAle tIsare buddha ke rUpa meM maGgala kA janma huA / inake pitA kA nAma uttara evaM mAtA kA nAma uttarA devI tathA janmasthAna uttara nagara mAnA gayA hai / inake pradhAna ziSya sudeva aura dharmasena tathA paricAlaka pAlita the, inakI pradhAna ziSyAyeM sIvalI aura azokA thIM / 1. dIpaMkarassa aparena, koNDaJJo nAma nAyako / anantatejo amitayaso, appameyyo durAsado || ----buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 204. 2. " koNDaJcassa aparena, maMgalo nAma nAyano / tamaM loke nihantvAna, dhammokkamabhidhArayi // " buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 218

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 151 inhoMne bhI dharmopadeza dene ke lie tIna goSThiyAM kI, jinameM kramazaH 10 kharaba, 10 araba evaM 90 karor3a bhikSuoM ne upadeza lAbha prApta kiyaa| bodhisatva suruci nAmaka brAhmaNa ne zAstA maMgala evaM saMgha ko "gavapAna" nAmaka dAna diyA thA, taduparAnta zAstA ne bhaviSya meM unake buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| bhagavAna maMgala ne nAga vRkSa ke nIce jJAna (bodha) prApta kiyaa| inake zarora kI UcAI 88 hAtha evaM Ayu 90 hajAra varSa kahI jAtI hai / (4) bhagavAn sumana bhagavAn maMgala ke nirvANa prApta hone ke bAda sumana nAmaka zAstA kA janma kSemanagara meM huaa| inake pitA kA nAma sudatta aura mAtA kA nAma siriyA thaa| ___ inhoMne apane tIna dharma sammelanoM meM kramazaH 10 araba, 9 kharaba aura 8 araba bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA thaa| mahAsatva atula nAgarAja ne bhagavAna sUmana evaM unake saMgha ko bhojana, vastrAdi pradAna kiye the taba zAstA ne bhaviSya meM unake buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| inake ziSya zaraNa evaM bhAvitAtmA aura paricAraka udena the, inakI pradhAna ziSyAyeM soNA aura upasoNA thiiN| inhoMne bhI nAga vRkSa ke noce bodhi prApta kI thii| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 90 hAtha evaM inakI Ayu 90 hajAra varSa mAnI gayI hai| (5) bhagavAn revata ___ bhagavAn sumana ke nirvANoparAnta bauddha paramparA meM pAMcaveM buddha revata mAne gae haiM / ve anupama, advitIya, atula tathA uttama jina the| inake pitA 1. "maMgalassa aparena, sumano nAma naayko| sabbadhammehi asamo, sabbasattAnamuttamo // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 232 . 2. "sumanassa aparena, revato nAma nAyako / anupamo asadiso, atulo uttamo jino // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 241

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152 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kA nAma vipula evaM mAtA kA nAma vipulA tathA janma sthAna dhAnyavatI nagara batAyA gayA hai| ___inhoMne bhI apane tIna dharma sammelanoM meM upadeza diyA thA, prathama sammelana ko gaNanA upalabdha nahIM hai; dvitIya evaM tRtIya meM unake anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA 10 kharaba batAyI jAtI hai| atideva brAhmaNa ne bhagavAn revata evaM saMgha kA Atithya satkAra kiyA thA, taba zAstA ne bhaviSya meM unake buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| ___ inake do pradhAna ziSya varuNa tathA brahmadeva aura paricAraka sambhava the, inako pradhAna ziSyAe~ bhadrA aura subhadrA thiiN| ___ inhoMne nAga vRkSa ke nIce bodhi lAbha prApta kiyA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 80 hAtha evaM inakI Ayu 60 hajAra varSa mAnI jAtI hai / (6) bhagavAn zobhita bauddha paramparA meM bhagavAn revata ke bAda chaThaveM buddha bhagavAn zobhita mAne gae haiM, ve zAnta, atulanIya evaM puruSoM meM advitIya mAne gae haiN|' inake pitA kA nAma sudharma evaM mAtA kA nAma sudharmA tathA janma sthAna sudharma kahA gayA hai| ___ bhagavAn ne tIna bAra dharmacakra kA pravartana kiyA, usameM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH eka araba, nabbe karor3a evaM assI karor3a thii| __inake pradhAna ziSya asama evaM sunetra aura paricAraka anoma the, inako pradhAna ziSyAe~ nakulA evaM sujAtA thiiN| bodhisatva ajita brAhmaNa ne bhagavAn ko bhojana pradAna kiyA, taduparAnta zAstA ne bhaviSya meM unake buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| bhagavAn zobhita ne nAga vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha prApta kiyA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 58 hAtha aura Ayu 90 hajAra varSa kahI gaI hai| 1. "revatassa aparena, sobhito nAma nAyako / samAhito santacitto, asamo appaTipuggalo // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 250 /

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ko avadhAraNA : 153 (7) bhagavAn anomadarzI bauddha paramparA meM bhagavAn zobhita ke bAda sAtaveM buddha bhagavAn anomadarzI mAne gae haiN| ye apAra yazasvI, tejasvI tathA durjeya the|' inakA janma candravato nagara ke rAjA yazavAna ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma yazodharA thaa| inake tIna dharma sammelanoM meM upasthita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 8 lAkha, 7 lAkha aura 6 lAkha thii| usa samaya ke yakSoM ke svAmI ne bhagavAn anomadarzI evaM unake samasta bhikSuoM ko bhojana pradAna kiyA thA taba zAstA ne yakSoM ke svAmI ko kahA ki Apa bhI bhaviSya meM buddha hoNge| - bhagavAn anomadarzI ke do pradhAna ziSya nisabha evaM anobha tathA paricAraka varuNa the| inakI do pradhAna ziSyAe~ sundarI evaM sumanA thiiN| inhoMne arjuna vRkSa ke nIce bodhi lAbha prApta kiyA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 58 hAtha aura Ayu 1 lAkha varSa mAnI gaI hai| (8) bhagavAn padma - bhagavAn anomadarzI ke pazcAt narazreSTha padma nAmaka buddha hue, jo anupama evaM advitIya the| inake pitA kA nAma asama evaM mAtA kA nAma asamA aura janma sthAna campaka nagara mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAn padma ne tona dharma sammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA, jinameM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 10 kharaba, 3 lAkha tathA 2 lAkha thii| bhagavAn ke tIsare dharma sammelana ko dekhakara eka siMha ne jIvana ke prati moha kA tyAga kara diyaa| usane apano kSadhA kI tapti ke lie zikAra kA tyAga kara zAstA evaM saMgha ke prati zraddhA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| / 1. "sobhitassa aparena, sambuddho dvipduttmo| anomadassI amitayaso, tejassI duratikkamo // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 257 / 2. "anomadassissa aparena, sambuddho dvipaduttamo / padumo nAma nAmena, asamo appa Tipuggalo // " -buddhavaMsa akayA, pR0 265 /

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154 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana zAstA ne mana meM vicAra kara kahA ki yaha siMha bhaviSya meM avazya hI buddha hogA / bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya sAla tathA upasAla aura paricAraka varuNa the tathA rAmA aura surAmA do pradhAna ziSyAe~ thIM / inako soNa vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 58 hAtha aura Ayu 1 lAkha varSa kahI gaI hai / (9) bhagavAn nArada bhagavAn padma ke bAda anupama evaM advitIya nArada nAmaka buddha hue / bhagavAn nArada kA janma dhAnyavatI nagara ke rAjA sudeva ke yahA~ huA thA aura inakI mAtA kA nAma anomA thA / bhagavAn nArada ne bhI tIna dharmopadeza diye the / una tInoM dharma sammelanoM meM ekatrita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 10 kharaba 9 araba tathA 8 kharaba thI / usa samaya ke bodhisatva RSi ne zAstA evaM unake saMgha ko AhAra pradAna kiyA thA taba zAstA ne bhaviSya meM unake buddha hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thI / bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya bhadrazAla evaM jitamitra the aura paricAraka vaziSTha the / inakI do pradhAna ziSyAe~ uttarA evaM phAlguNI thIM / inako mahAsoNa vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 88 hAtha aura inakI Ayu 90 hajAra varSa thI / (10) bhagavAn padmottara bhagavAn nArada ke bAda puruSoM meM zreSTha evaM samudra ke samAna zAnta padmottara nAmaka buddha hue / 1. " padumassa aparena sambuddho dvipaduttamo | nArada nAma nAmena, asamo appaTi puggalo ||" -- buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 272: 2. " nAradassa aparena sambuddho dvipaduttamo / padumuttaro nAma jino akkhobho sAgarUpamo / / " vahI - pR0 282

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 155. bhagavAn padmottara kA janma haMsavatI nagara ke kSatriya rAjA Ananda ke yahA~ huA thA aura inakI mAtA kA nAma sujAtA thA / bhagavAn padmottara ne tIna dharma sammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA, jinameM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 10 kharaba 9 kharaba tathA 8 kharaba thI / tatkAlIna bodhisatva jaTila ne zAstA padmottara evaM unake saMgha ko tIna cIvara ( antaravAsaka, uttarAsaMga ora saMghATI ) pradAna kiye / taduparAnta zAstA ne unase kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoMge / bhagavAn padmottara ke do pradhAna ziSya devala evaM sujAta the aura paricAraka sumana the / inakI do pradhAna ziSyAe~ amitA aura asamA thIM / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 88 hAtha thI aura inakI Ayu 1 lAkha varSa thI / bhagavAn ke zarIra se vilakSaNa AbhA prasphuTita hokara cAroM dizAoM ko 12 yojana taka prakAzita karatI thI / 1 (11) bhagavAn samedha bhagavAn padmottara ke bAda ugra-tejasvI, nara zreSTha muni sumedha nAmaka buddha hue / ' bhagavAn sumedha kA janma sudarzana nagara meM huA thA / inake pitA kA nAma sudatta evaM mAtA kA nAma sudarzanA thA / bhagavAn sumedha ne apane tIna ziSya sammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA thA / inake ziSya sammelanoM meM ekatrita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 1 araba, 90 karor3a tathA 80 karor3a thI / usa samaya ke bodhisatva uttara ne zAstA sumedha evaM saMgha ko bhojana pradAna kiyA thA / taduparAnta zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoMge / bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya zaraNa evaM sarvakAma the aura upacAraka sAgara the / inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ rAmA evaM surAmA thiiN| inako kadamba vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 88 hAtha aura inako Ayu 90 hajAra varSa thI / 1. " padumuttarassa aparena, sumedho nAma nAyako / durAsado uggatejA, sabbalo kutamo muni // " - buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 292

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156 tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana (12) bhagavAn sujAta bhagavAn sumedha ke pazcAt maNDakalpa meM sujAta nAma ke loka nAyaka buddha hue| ve siMha ke samAna majabUta jabar3oM vAle, vRSabha ke samAna dRr3ha skandha vAle, aprameya evaM durAkramaNIya the|' bhagavAn sujAta kA janma sumaMgala nagara ke rAjA uggrata ke yahA~ huA thA tathA inakI mAtA kA nAma prabhAvatI thaa| bhagavAn ne apane tIna ziSya sammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA thA, jinameM kramazaH 60 hajAra, 50 hajAra evaM 40 hajAra bhikSu sammilita hue the| usa samaya ke bodhisatva cakravartI rAjA ne zAstA sujAta evaM unake saMgha ko sAta ratna evaM 4 mahAdvIpa tathA bhojana dAna diyA thaa| taduparAnta zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoNge| bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya sudarzana evaM deva the tathA nArada upacAraka the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ nAgA aura nAgasamAlA thiiN| inako mahAveNu vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 50 hAtha aura inakI Ayu 90 hajAra varSa thii| (13) bhagavAn priyadarzI bhagavAn sujAta ke pazcAt lokanAyaka priyadarzI nAmaka buddha hue, ve svayaMbhU, durAkramaNIya, anupama aura mahAyazasvI the / bhagavAn sujAta ke bAda 18 sau kalpa bItane para eka ho kalpa meM tIna buddha-priyadarzI, arthadarzI aura dharmadarzI hue| bhagavAn priyadarzI kA janma anoma nagara ke rAjA sudinna ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma candrA thA / bhagavAna ne apane tona dharma sammelanoM meM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM ko dharmopadeza diyA, jinakI saMkhyA 10 kharaba, 90 karor3a tathA 80 karor3a thii| 1. "tattheva maNDakappamhi, sujAto nAma nAyako / __ sIhahanasabhaksandho, appameyyo durAsado // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 299 2. "sajAtassa aparena, sayambhU loka nAyako / durAsado asamasamo, piyadassI mahAyaso // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 311

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 157 usa samaya tInoM vedoM ke pAraMgata bodhisatva kAzyapa ne zAstA kA dharmopadeza sunA, jisase prabhAvita hokara kAzyapa ne eka saMghArAma (vihAra) banavAyA aura svayaM triratnoM kI zaraNa meM Azraya grahaNa kiyA / tatpazcAt zAstA ne kahA ki 18 sau kalpoM ke vyatIta hone ke bAda Apa 'buddha' hoMge | bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya pAlita aura sarvadarzI the aura paricAraka zobhita the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ sujAtA evaM dharmadinnA thiiN| inako priyaMgu vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 80 hAtha tathA inakI Ayu 90 hajAra varSa thI / (14) bhagavAn arthadarzI bhagavAn priyadarzI ke bAda manuSyoM meM zreSTha arthadarzI hue, jinhoMne usa maNDakalpa meM ghora andhakAra ko vinaSTa kara sambodhi ( buddhatva ) pada ko prApta kiyA / " bhagavAn arthadarzI kA janma zobhita nagara ke rAjA sAgara ke yahA~ huA thaa| inakI mAtA kA nAma sudarzanA thA / bhagavAn ne tIna dharma sammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA, jinameM ekatrita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 98 lAkha, 88 lAkha evaM 88. lAkha thI / 'usa samaya bodhisatva susIma nAma ke Rddhisampanna tapasvI ne devaloka se maMdAra puSpa lAkara zAstA arthadarzI kI pUjA-arcanA ko / taduparAnta zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM 'buddha' hoMge / bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya zAnta evaM upazAnta the tathA paricAraka abhaya the / inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ dharmA evaM sudharmA thiiN| inako campaka 1 vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 80 hAtha aura Ayu eka lAkha varSa thI / (15) bhagavAn dharmadarzI bhagavAn arthadarzI ke pazcAt usI kalpa meM dharmadarzI nAmaka zAstA 1. " tatyeva maNDakappa mhi, atyadassI mahAyaso | mahAtamaM nihantvAna, patto sambodhimuttamaM // " - buddhasaaTThakathA, pR0 316

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-158 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hue, ve andhakAra ko vinaSTa kara devatAoM sahita loka meM prakAzita hue / ' bhagavAn dharmadarzI kA janma zaraNa nagara ke rAjA zaraNa ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma sunandA thA / bhagavAn dharmadarzI ne tIna dharma sammelanoM meM bhikSuoM ko dharmopadeza diyA / ina tIna sammelanoM meM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH eka araba 70 karor3a, 80 karor3a thI / 1 usa samaya ke bodhisatva devatAoM ke rAjA zakra ne gandha, puSpa evaM vAdyoM se zAstA dharmadarzI kI pUjA arcanA kI / taduparAnta zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM 'buddha' hoMge / bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya padma tathA sparzadeva the tathA paricAraka sunetra the / inakI pradhAna ziSyAyeM kSemA tathA sarvanAmA thiiN| inako rakrakurabaka vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI UcAI 80 hAtha aura inakI Ayu eka lAkha varSa thI / (16) bhagavAn siddhattha jisa prakAra sUrya ke nikalane se andhakAra naSTa ho jAtA hai usI -prakAra bhagavAn dharmadarzI ke bAda saMsAra meM duHkharUpI andhakAra ko dUra karane ke lie siddhattha nAmaka buddha utpanna hue / bhagavAn siddhattha kA janma vaibhAra nagara ke rAjA jayasena ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma susparzA thA / bhagavAn siddhattha ne bhI tIna dharma sammelanoM meM bhikSuoM ko dharmopadeza diyA / una sammelanoM meM ekatrita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 10 araba, 9 kharaba tathA 8 kharaba thI / usa samaya ke bodhisatva maMgala nAmaka tapasvI ne tathAgata siddhattha ko jambuphala pradAna kiye / tatkacAt tathAgata ne kahA ki Apa 94 kalpa bItane ke bAda buddha hoMge / bhagavAn ke saMgha meM do pradhAna ziSya sambahula tathA sumitra the tathA paricAraka revata the / inakI pradhAna ziSyAyeM sIvalI tathA surAmA thIM / 1. " tattheva maNDakappamhi, dhammadassI mahAyaso / tamandhakAraM vighamitvA, atirocati sadevake // " -- buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 322 " dhammadassissa aparena, siddhatyo loka nAyako / nihanitvA tamaM sabbaM suriyo vabbhuggato yathA" - buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 327

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 159 ina karNikAra vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 60 hAtha tathA inakI Ayu 1 lAkha varSa thI / (17) bhagavAn tiSya bhagavAn siddhattha ke bAda ananta zola-sampanna, amita yaza vAle, anupama, advitoya tiSya nAmaka buddha hue / bhagavAn tiSya kA janma kSema nagara ke janasandha nAmaka kSatriya ke yahA~ huA thA inakI mAtA kA nAma padmA thA / usa samaya ke bodhisatva mahAaizvarya sampanna sujAta nAmaka kSatriya ne mandAra, padma tathA pArijAta puSpoM se cAroM pariSadoM ke bIca zAstA kI pUjA kI tathA AkAza meM phUloM kI cA~danI lagavA dI / taduparAnta zAstA ne kahA ki Apa isa kalpa se 92 kalpa bItane para 'buddha' hoMge / bhagavAn tiSya ne bhI tIna dharma sammelanoM meM bhikSuoM ko dharmopadeza diyA / una sammelanoM meM ekatrita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 1 araba 90 karor3a tathA 80 karor3a thI / " bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya brahmadeva aura udaya the aura paricAraka sambhava the / inako pradhAna ziSyAyeM phussa aura sudattA thiiN| inako asama vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha prApta huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 60 hAtha evaM inakI Ayu 1 lAkha varSa thI / (18) bhagavAn puSya bhagavAn tiSya ke pazcAt anupama, alaukika, advitIya lokanAyaka puSya nAmaka buddha hue / bhagavAn puSya kA janma kAzI nagarI ke rAjA jayasena ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma sirimA thA / 1. " siddhatthassa aparena, asamo appaTipuggalo / anantatejo amitayaso, tisso lokagganAyako / / " - buddhavaMsa aTThakathA; pR0 334 2. " tattheva maNDakappamhi, Ahu satthA anuttaro / anupamo asamasamo, phusso lokagganAyako // " buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 340

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160 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana bhagavAn puSya ne bhI tIna dharmasammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyaa| una tIna dharmasammelanoM meM ekatra hone vAle bhikSuoM ko saMkhyA kramazaH 60 lAkha, 50 lAkha tathA 32 lAkha thii| usa samaya ke bodhisatva kSatriya rAjA vijitAvI ne vizAla rAjya kA parityAga kara, tripiTakoM kA adhyayana kiyA evaM zIla pAramitAoM ko pUrA kara zramaNa dharma meM pravajita ho ge| tatpazcAt zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoNge| __ bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya surakSita evaM dharmasena the aura paricAraka sabhiya the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ cAlA evaM upacAlA thiiN| inako Amalaka (A~valA) vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 58 hAtha tathA unakI Ayu 90 hajAra varSa thii| (19) bhagavAn vipazyI bhagavAn puSya ke pazcAt manuSyoM meM zreSTha, cakSumAna, lokanAyaka, vipazyI nAmaka buddha hue| bhagavAn vipazyI kA janma bandhumatI nagara ke rAjA bandhumAna ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma bandhumatI thaa| bhagavAn vipazyI ne bhI tIna dharmasammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyaa| una tIna dharmasammelanoM meM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 68 lAkha, 1 lAkha tathA 80 hajAra thii| usa samaya ke bodhisatva mahApratApI rAjA nAga ne sAta ratnoM se susajjita siMhAsana zAstA ko bheMTa kiyaa| zAstA ne kahA ki Apa isa kalpa se 91 kalpa ke bAda buddha hoNge| bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya khaNDa tathA tiSya the aura pAricAraka azoka the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAeM candrA tathA candramitrA thiiN| inako pATali vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thaa| inake 80 hAtha UMcAI vAle zarIra kI AbhA sadaiva sAta yojana taka vyApta rahatI thI aura unakI Ayu 80 hajAra varSa thii| 1. "phussassa aparena, sambuddho dvipaduttamo / vipassI nAma nAnena, loke uppajji cakkhumA // " -vahI, pR. 346

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 161 (20) bhagavAn zikhI bhagavAn vipazyo ke bAda anupama, advitIya, narazreSTha zikhI nAmaka buddha hue|' bhagavAn zikhI kA janma aruNavatI nagara ke rAjA aruNa ke yahAM huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma prabhAvatI thaa| bhagavAn zikhI ne bhI tIna dharmasammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA thA, una tInoM dharmasammelanoM meM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 1 lAkha, 80 hajAra tathA 70 hajAra thii| tatkAlIna bodhisatva rAjA arindama ne zAstA evaM saMgha ko cIvara, bhojana, hastiratna evaM anyAnya amUlya vastue~ pradAna kii| zAstA ne kahA ki Apa isa kalpa se 31 kalpa ke bAda buddha hoNge| ___ bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya abhibhU evaM saMbhava the aura inake paricAraka kSemaMkara the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ makhilA aura padmA thiiN| inako puNDarIka vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha haA thaa| inake 37 hAtha U~cAI vAle zarIra kA prabhAva 3 yojana taka prasphuTita hotA thA tathA inakI Ayu 37 hajAra varSa thii| (21) bhagavAna vizvabhU bhagavAn zikhI ke pazcAt usI kalpa meM atulanIya evaM loka meM advitIya vizvabhU nAmaka buddha hue|2|| bhagavAn vizvabhU kA janma anupama nagara ke rAjA supratIta ke yahAM huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma yazavatI thA / bhagavAn vizvabhU ne bhI tIna dharmasammelanoM meM dharmopadeza diyA thA, una tInoM sammelanoM meM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 80 lAkha, 70 hajAra tathA 60 hajAra thii| 1. "vipassissa aparena, sambuddho dvipaduttamo / sikhivhayo Asi jino, asamo appttipugglo||" -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 355 2. "tattheva maNDakappamhi, asamo appttipugglo|| vessama nAma nAmena, loke uppajji nAyako // " -vahI, pR. 312

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162 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tatkAlIna bodhisatva rAjA sudarzana ne zAstA evaM unake saMgha ko cIvara evaM bhojana pradAna kiyA thA / zAstA ne kahA ki Apa isa kalpa se 31 kalpa pUrNa hone para buddha hoNge| __ bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya soNa evaM uttara the aura inake paricAraka upazAnta the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ dAmA tathA samAlA thiiN| inako zAla vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thaa| inake zarIra kI U~cAI 60 hAtha aura Ayu 60 hajAra varSa thii| (22) bhagavAn kakusandha bhagavAn vizvabhU ke bAda puruSoM meM zreSTha evaM aprameya kakusandha nAmaka buddha hue|' bhagavAn kakusandha kA janma kSemanagara ke agnidatta nAmaka brAhmaNa ke yahA~ haA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma vizAkhA thaa| bhagavAn kakusandha ne eka hI bAra dharmopadeza diyA, usa dharmasammelana meM ekatra hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA 40 hajAra thii| usa samaya ke bodhisatva rAjA kSema ne zAstA evaM unake saMgha ko cIvara, pAtra aura bhojana pradAna kiyaa| zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoNge| bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya vidhura evaM saMjIva the aura inake paricAraka buddhija the| inakI pradhAna ziSyAe~ zyAmA evaM campakA thiiN| mahAzirISa vRkSa inakA bodhi vRkSa thaa| inake zarIra kI lambAI 40 hAtha evaM Ayu 40 hajAra varSa thii| (23) bhagavAn koNAgamana bhagavAn kakusandha ke bAda narazreSTha koNAgamana nAmaka buddha hue| 1. "vessabhussa aparena, sambuddho dvipaduttamo / kakusandho nAma nAmena, appameyyo durAsado // " -buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pR0 370 2. "kakusandhassa aparena, sambuddho dvipduttmo| koNAgamano nAma jino, lokajeTTho narAsabho // " -vahI, pR0 376

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buddhatva kI avadhAraNA : 163 bhagavAn koNAgamana kA janma zobhAvatI nagara meM brAhmaNa yajJadatta ke yahA~ huA thA, inakI mAtA kA nAma uttarA thA / bhagavAn koNAgamana ne bhI eka hI bAra dharmopadeza diyA aura usameM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA 30 hajAra thI / usa samaya ke bodhisatva parvata nAmaka rAjA ne zAstA se dharmopadeza zravaNa kara pravrajyA grahaNa kii| unhoMne zAstA evaM unake saMgha ko bhojana, vastra, kambala tathA svarNa Adi pradAna kiyA / tatpazcAt zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoMge / bhagavAn ke do pradhAna ziSya bhoyasa evaM uttara the aura pAricAraka svasti the / inakI do pradhAna ziSyAe~ subhadrA tathA uttarA thiiN| inako udumbara vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 30 hAtha tathA Ayu 30 hajAra varSa thI / (24) bhagavAn kAzyapa bhagavAn koNAgamana ke bAda manuSyoM meM zreSTha, dharmarAja prabhaMkara 'kAzyapa' nAmaka buddha hue / ' bhagavAn kAzyapa kA janma vArANasI nagarI meM brAhmaNa brahmadatta ke yahA~ huA thaa| inakI mAtA kA nAma dhanavatI thA / bhagavAn kAzyapa ne bhI eka hI bAra dharmopadeza diyA usameM sammilita hone vAle bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA 20 hajAra thI / usa samaya vedoM ke pAraMgata brAhmaNa jyotipAla ne zAstA se dharmopadeza zravaNa kara pravrajyA grahaNa kI, tripiTakoM kA adhyayana kiyA tathA buddha zAsana meM rahe / zAstA ne kahA ki Apa bhaviSya meM buddha hoMge / 1 bhagavAn kAzyapa ke do pradhAna ziSya tiSya aura bhAradvAja the evaM paricAraka sarva mitra the / unakI do pradhAna ziSyAe~ anulA aura uruvelA thIM / inako nyagrodha vRkSa ke nIce bodhilAbha huA thA / inake zarIra kI U~cAI 20 hAtha tathA Ayu 20 hajAra varSa thI / 1. " koNAgamanassa aparena, sambuddho dvipaduttamo / kassapo nAma so jino dhammarAjA pabhaGkaro | " - buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, pU0 386

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164 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 15. parinirvANa ke bAda buddha kI sthiti bauddha darzana meM yaha prazna bhI sadaiva uThatA rahA hai ki jina paMca skandhoM se vyaktitva banatA hai, ataH nirvANa kI avasthA meM unakA atyanta nirodha hone para kyA zeSa rahatA hai ? tathAgata ne ucchedavAda kA spaSTa nirodha kiyA hai, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki kucha zeSa avazya rahatA hai| yadyapi buddha ne isa prazna ko ki "tathAgata kA parinirvANa ke bAda kyA hotA hai"- avyAkRta koTi meM ho rakhA thA, kintu bauddha paramparA meM parinirvANa ke anantara tathAgata kI anirvacanIya sattA ko svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| sarvAstivAdI paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki buddha kA bhautika (sambhoga) kAya to nazvara hai kintu unakA dharmarUpI zarIra anazvara hai| mahAyAna meM buddha ko aparimita Aya vAlA mAnakara unako pAramAthika sattA ko usI prakAra anirvacanIya mAna liyA gayA, jisa prakAra upaniSadoM meM brahma ko anirvacanIya mAnA gayA thA, sAtha hI unakA tAdAtmya dharmakAya yA svabhAvakAya kara diyA aura mAnuSI buddha ko nirmANakAya kahakara nazvara kahA gyaa| 16. bauddha dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna __bauddha dharma meM bhakti kA udaya bhAgavat dharma ke prabhAva se pratiphalita pratIta hotA hai / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI meM vAsudeva kI bhakti kA ullekha dekhane ko milatA hai| usakA kAla I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM vaiSNava dharma kA udaya ho cukA thaa|2 pAli nikAya ke prAcIna granthoM meM "saddhA" zabda milatA hai, pAli nikAya ke prAcInatama bhAga kA samaya I0 pU0 5vIM zatI mAnA gayA hai| pAli nikAya meM sarvaprathama bhakti zabda kA ullekha therIgAthA meM milatA hai| therIgAthA kA racanA kAla vidvAnoM ne I0pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha sAhitya meM "bhakti" kI avadhAraNA kA udaya bhAgavat dharma ke udaya ke samakAlIna hai / yahA~ yaha prazna uThanA 1. pANini aSTAdhyAyI ( 4,3,98,4,3,99,4,1,114) 2. bhAgavata sampradAya, pR0 92 3. therIgAthA, gAthA 413

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 165 svAbhAvika ho hai ki agara bauddhoM meM bhAgavatoM ko "bhakti" ko avadhAraNA ko apanAyA to unake devatAoM ko kyoM nahIM apanAyA ? bauddha dharma meM bodhisatva kI kalpanA unakI apanI kalpanA hai| phira bhI itanA to spaSTa hotA hI hai ki bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA eka prakAra se avatAravAda kA bauddhadharmIya saMskaraNa hI hai / isa saMdarbha meM bho bauddha dharma para bhAgavata dharma kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai|' __zrI gokula dAsa De ne apanI pustaka 'signiphikeMsa eNDa imporTensa Apha jAtakAja' ke antima adhyAya meM bauddhoM aura bhAgavatoM ke sambandha ko jAtakoM ke vaijJAnika adhyayana ke AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM-"pUrvavartI bauddha dharma jAtakoM ke AdhAra para bhAgavata dharma se prabhAvita rahA hai, kyoM ki bhAgavata dharma kA mUla AdhAra bhaktitattva jAtakoM evaM mahAyAna granthoM meM sarvatra vyApta hai| gRhasthoM ke lie svarga ( sagga ) aura saMnyAsiyoM ke lie mokSa bho donoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se mAnya hai|"2 ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma para bhAgavata dharma kA prabhAva par3A hogaa| 17. buddha aura loka kalyANa nivRtti pradhAna bauddha-darzana meM loka kalyANa kI utkRSTa bhAvanA ke darzana hote haiM, jisakA caramotkarSa 'bodhicaryAvatAra' nAmaka prasiddha grantha meM parilakSita hotA hai / svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne bodhi prApta karane ke bAda samAdhi sukha kA parityAga kara lokahitArtha evaM loka kalyANa ke lie kArya karanA ho zreyaskara samajhA aura unhoMne apane bhikSuoM ko lokahita kA hI sandeza diyaa| ve kahate haiM-"caratha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujanahitAya bahujana-sukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamanussAna" arthAt he bhikSuoM, 'bahujanoM ke hita ke lie, bahujanoM ke sukha ke lie, loka anukampA ke lie, deva aura manuSyoM ke sukha aura hita ke lie paricAraNa karate rho|"3 1. dI bodhisatva DAkTrina, pR0 32 : uddhRta-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAra vAda, pR0 5 2. signiphikesa aiNDa imporTensa Apha jAtakAja, pR0 156-159 : uddhRta vahI, pR06 3. mahAvagga 1/10/32, pR0 23

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166 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kA sAdhaka to apane nirvANa sukha kI bhI upekSA kara loka kalyANa ke Adarza ko zreSTha mAnatA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha mukta karAne meM jo Ananda milatA hai vahI paryApta hai apane lie nirvANa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenA denA / ' laMkAvatArasUtra meM bodhisatva yahA~ taka kahate haiM ki maiM taba taka parinirvANa meM praveza nahIM karU~gA jaba taka vizva ke sabhI prANI nirvANa prApta na kara leM / yahA~ para sAdhaka para - duHkha - vimukti se milane vAle Ananda ko sva-nirvANa ke Ananda se zreSTha samajhakara apane nirvANa kA tyAga kara detA hai / AcArya zAntideva ne apane grantha zikSA - samuccaya aura bodhicaryAvatAra meM buddha kI ka-hitakArI dRSTi kA anUThe DhaMga se varNana kiyA hai / bodhicaryAvatAra meM bodhisatva loka sevA kI bhAvanA se anuprANita hokara kahate haiM-" -" maiM vyAdhi dUra hone taka rogiyoM ke lie auSadhi banU~gA, vaidya banU~gA aura paricAraka bhI banU~gA, anna-pAna kI varSA se bhUkha aura pyAsa se hone vAlI vyathA miTAU~gA tathA durbhikSAntara kalpoM meM bhojana-pAna banUMgA, daridra prANiyoM ke lie akSaya nidhi banU~gA aura nAnA prakAra ke upakaraNoM se unake sAmane upasthita rahU~gA / " Age vaha kahate haiM- " maiM anAthoM kA nAtha, yAtriyoM kA sArthavAha, pAra jAne kI icchA vAloM ke nAva, setu aura ber3A banU~gA / dIpaka cAhane vAloM ke lie dIpaka, zayyA cAhane vAloM ke lie zayyA, jinake lie dAsa kI AvazyakatA hai unake liye dAsa banU~gA, isa prakAra jagata ke sabhI prANiyoM kI sevA karU~gA / ,4 "jisa prakAra pRthvI, jala, agni Adi bhautika vastuyeM sampUrNa AkAza ( vizva maNDala ) meM base sabhI prANiyoM ke sukha kA kAraNa hotI haiM; usI prakAra AkAza ke nIce rahane vAle sabhI prANiyoM kA upajIvya banakara taba taka rahanA cAhatA hU~, jaba taka sabhI prANI mukti prApta na kara leM / "" isa prakAra vyaktigata sukha kI upekSA kara dUsare ke duHkha ko dUra karanA hI bodhisatva kA carama lakSya rahA hai aura ve kahate haiM ki - " apane sukha 1. bodhicaryAvatAra, 81108 2. laMkAvatArasUtra, 66 6 3. bodhicaryAvatAra, 3 /7-9 4. vahI, 3/17-8 5. vahI, 3 /20-21

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 167 ko alaga rakha aura dUsaroM ke duHkha ( dUra karane ) meM laga, dUsaroM kA sevaka banakara isa kAyA meM jo kucha vastu dekha, usase dUsaroM kA hita kara / "" phira vaha kahate haiM - ' dUsare ke duHkha se apane sukha ko binA badale buddhatva kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI, phira saMsAra meM sukha hai hI kahA~ ? yadi eka ke duHkha uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha calA jAya to apane aura parAye para kRpA karake vaha duHkha uThAnA hI cAhie / bodhicaryAvatAra meM niHsvArtha hokara karma karane kI avadhAraNA para bala diyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra ki zarIra ke avayava paira meM kA~TA lagane para hAtha usako nikAlakara duHkha dUra karatA hai jabaki hAtha ko paira kA duHkha nahIM hotA / usI prakAra sabhI prANiyoM ko dUsaroM ko duHkha se bacAne kA prayatna karanA cAhie, kyoMki paropakAra karake hama apane samAja rUpI zarIra kI ho santuSTi karate haiM / "jisa prakAra svayaM ko bhojana karAkara phala kI AzA nahIM hotI hai usI prakAra parArtha karake na garva ho sakatI hai, na vismaya / " "isalie ekamAtra paropakAra kI abhilASA se paropakAra karake bhI na gavaM karanA cAhie aura na vismaya aura na vipAka phala kI icchA hI / " 6 bodhisatvaka lokakalyANakArI abhilASA itanI mahAna hai ki unake roma-roma se uccarita hotA hai ki saMsAra kA koI prANI duHkhI na ho, pApI na ho, rogI na ho, hIna na ho, tiraskRta aura jagata kA jo duHkha hai vaha saba meM bhoga aura mere sukhI ho / " duSTa citta na ho / saba puNyoM se jagata yahI loka maMgala kA utkRSTa rUpa hai jahA~ dUsare ke hita ke lie apane hita kA bhI tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai / 1. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8 / 161, 159 2 . vahI, 8 / 132 3. vahI, 8/105 4. vahI, 8/99 5. vahI, 8 / 116 6. vahI, 8/109 7. vahI, 10/45 8. vahI, 10/56

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168 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 18. bauddha dharma meM kRpA aura puruSArtha jaba hama kRpA aura puruSArtha ke pratyayoM kI bAta karate haiM to hamArI mUla samasyA yaha hotI hai ki manuSya ke duHkha aura pIr3Ae~ usake apane prayatnoM se dUra hotI haiM yA kisI devI zakti kI kRpA se ! sAmAnyatayA IzvaravAdI darzanoM meM IzvarIya kRpA ko hI duHkha vimukti kA ekamAtra AdhAra mAnA gayA hai, unameM vyakti ke prayatna yA puruSArtha kA koI sthAna ho sakatA hai to mAtra itanA hI ki vaha apane ko IzvarIya yA devI kRpA prApta karane kA pAtra banA sake / isake viparIta anIzvaravAdI dharmoM meM vizeSa rUpa se bauddha aura jaina dharma meM IzvarIya kRpA ko asvIkAra hI kiyA gayA hai / prArambhika boddha dharma meM hama spaSTa rUpa se puruSArthavAda kA hI samarthana pAte haiM / yadyapi bauddha dharma meM buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai kintu yaha vidhAna kisI kRpA ko prApta karane ke lie nahIM hai balki sAdhana ke kSetra meM manobala se Age bar3hane ke lie hai / mahAparinibbAnasutta meM buddha spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki he Ananda, tuma apanI zaraNa grahaNa karo, Atma-dIpa hokara ke vicaraNa karo / ' tathAgata to kevala mArga-darzana karAne vAle haiM, kArya to tumheM svayaM karanA hogA / buddha yahA~ koI aisA spaSTa AzvAsana nahIM dete hai ki tuma merI zaraNa grahaNa karo, maiM apanI kRpA se tumhAre saba duHkha dUra kara dUMgA / bauddha dharma ke anusAra satvazuddhi kA jo paripAka honA hai vaha apane svayaM ke prayatnoM se hI honA hai, usameM dUsarA koI sahAyaka nahIM ho sakatA / kintu yadi hama isa avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kara lete haiM to phira karuNA kA kyA sthAna rahegA ? prArambhika bauddha dharma buddha aura tIrthaMkara ko parama kAruNika kahA gayA hai, ve karuNA ke avatAra haiM / tIrthaMkara samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, usI prakAra buddha bhI prANiyoM ke duHkha ko dUra karane ke lie dharma cakra kA pravartana karate haiM / bauddha dharma meM buddha kI aura jaina dharma meM bhI bodhilAbha karane ke pazcAt svayaM buddha ke mana meM bhI yaha vicAra AyA 1. " AnandA atta dIpA viharaNa attasaraNA" -- dIghanikAya, mahAparinibbAnasuta, pU0 111 - dhammapada 20/4 2. " tumhe hi kiccaM AtAM akkhAtArA tathAgatA / "

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* buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 169 thA ki maiM samAdhilAbha prApta karake Atma viharaNa kruuN| kintu loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara ho ve dharma-cakra pravartana ke lie samudyata he| unhoMne apane bhikSuoM ko bhI yaha upadeza diyA ki he bhikSuoM, bahujanoM ke hita ke lie, bahujanoM ke sukha ke lie, loka kI anukampA ke lie, deva aura manuSya ke sukha aura hita ke lie paricAraNa kro|' kintu buddha kI yaha karuNA sAdhaka ke lie kRpA kA varadAna lekara AtI hai| kyA buddha kI kAruNika dRSTimAtra se binA puruSArtha ke duHkha vimukti sambhava hai ? yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki prArambhika bauddha dharma meM yaha kalyANa-bhAvanA IzvarIya kRpA kA pratIka nahIM kahI jA sakatI, usameM satvazuddhi to vyakti ke apane puruSArtha kA hI phala kahI gaI hai| kintu dhIredhIre bauddha dharma meM buddha kI yaha karuNA kRpA kA yaha rUpa lene lagatI hai| sarvaprathama to bauddha dharma meM yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane kuzala yA puNya kA dAna dUsare ke hita ke lie kara sakatA hai aura isase ve loga lAbhAnvita bhI hote haiN| bodhicaryAvatAra meM hama dekhate hai ki bodhisatva apane zubha kriyAoM (kRtyoM) ko prANiyoM ke hita ke lie prastuta kara detA hai aura yaha kAmanA karatA hai ki mere puNya ke bala para yaha prANI duHkhoM se mukta ho jAve / yadi bodhisatva yA buddha apanI puNya pariNAmanA ke dvArA loka maMgala kara sakate haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki bauddha dharma meM kisI sImA taka kRpA kA praveza ho gayA hai / 19. anAtmavAda aura buddhatva ko avadhAraNA buddhatva ko avadhAraNA meM sabase mahatvapUrNa asaMgati bauddha dharma kA anAtmavAda kA siddhAnta kahA jAtA hai / buddha ne tRSNA ke samagra uccheda ke lie anAtmavAda kA upadeza diyaa| yaha bAta prathama dRSTi meM ThIka to lagatI hai, kintu AlocakoM kA kathana hai ki yadi bauddha darzana Izvara evaM AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA to phira usameM baddhatva aura bodhisatva kI avadhAraNAyeM kisa prakAra se saMgatipUrNa ho sakatI haiM ? jaba taka kisI 1. "caratha bhiksave cArikaM bahujanahitAya, bahujanasukhAya lokAnukampAya atyAya hitAya sukhAya devamanussAna" -mahAvagga, (1/10/32), pR0 23 2. "yatkiJcijjagato duHkhaM tatsarva mayi pacyatAM / bodhisatvazubhaiH sarvejagat sakhitamastu ca // " -bodhicaryAvatAra 10/56

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170 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana nitya Atma sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA taba taka hama yaha kaise kaha sakate haiM ki koI vyakti bodhisatva ho sakatA hai, buddhatva ko prApta ho sakatA hai ? yadi AtmA nahIM hai to phira bodhicitta kA utpAda kauna prApta karegA? punaH eka ora bauddha darzana yaha mAnakara bhI calatA hai ki pratyeka satva buddha-bIja hai kintu yadi koI nitya astitva hI nahIM hai to phira vaha buddha bIja kaise hogA aura kaise vaha bodhisatva hokara vibhinna janmoM meM pAramitAoM ko pAra karatA huA buddhatva ko prApta karegA? mahAsAMghikoM ne buddha ke rUpakAya ko amara aura unakI Ayu ko ananta mAnA hai|' saddharmapuNDarIka.2 meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki buddha kI Ayu aparimita hai| yadi buddha kA rUpakAya ananta, amara evaM aparimita hai to phira kSaNikavAda kI avadhAraNA kaise susaMgata siddha hogI ? punaH jaba yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki buddha nirmANakAya ke dvArA nAnA rUpoM meM prakaTa hokara loka hita ke lie upadeza karate haiM, to phira yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se hI utpanna hotA hai ki kisI nitya tatva ko mAne binA yaha nirmANakAya ko racanA kauna karatA hai ! eka bAra sAmAnya vyakti ke sandarbha meM yaha bAta bodhagamya ho sakatI hai ki vaha kSaNa-kSaNa parivartanazIla hai, kintu baddha kI parivartanazIlatA kisa AdhAra para siddha hogI? isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki anAtmavAdo aura kSaNikavAdI dArzanika DhA~ce meM buddhatva aura bodhisatva kI avadhAraNAyeM susaMgata nahIM lagatI haiM, yadi hama vizuddhimagga kI bhASA meM kaheM ki kriyA to hai kartA nahIM, mArga to hai calane vAlA nahIM, to phira mArga kA upadezaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? vaha kauna-sA satva yA citta hai jo buddhatva ko prApta karatA hai aura parama kAruNika hokara jana-jana ke kalyANa ke lie yuga-yuga taka prayatnazIla banA rahatA hai ? mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki buddha ke tInoM kAya Azaya, Azraya aura karma se nivizeSa haiM, ataH tInoM kAyoM meM tIna prakAra kI nityatA samajhanI cAhie jisake kAraNa tathAgata nitya kahalAte haiN| svAbhAvikakAya kI svabhAva se nitya hone ke kAraNa prakRti se nityatA hai sAmbhaugikakAya kA dharma sambhoga ke aviccheda ke kAraNa apresanataH (acyutitaH) nityatA hai, nairmANika ko antarvyaya meM punaH-punaH nirmita draSTa hone ke . 1. uddhata-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 349 2. saddharmapuNDarIka, pR0 206-207 : draSTavya-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 351 /

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- buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 171 kAraNa prabandha nityatA hai / ' prazna yaha hotA hai ki ekAnta rUpa se kSaNikavAdI darzana meM buddha ke trikAyoM kI tIna nityatAyeM kaise sambhava ho sakatI haiM ? inameM cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM nityatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAye, nizcita hI hameM kSaNikavAda se pIche haTanA hogA / jaba koI Atma-sattA hI nahIM hai to phira bodhisatva kauna banegA aura buddhatva ko kauna prApta karegA aura kauna dasa pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA karegA ? yadi vaha citta jisane bodhi ko prApta kiyA, jisane vibhinna pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA kI aura jo anta meM baddhatva ko prApta karatA hai, yadi kisI prakAra ke ekatva se rahita hai arthAt srotApanna hokara vibhinna pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA karate hue buddhatva ko prApta karane vAlA "vahI" nahIM hai to phira buddhatva kA sArA darzana caramarA jaayegaa| ___ merI dRSTi meM bauddha darzana kI ora se uparokta asaMgatiyoM kA yadi koI pratyuttara ho sakatA hai to vaha yahAM hogA ki ina sabakI saMgatipUrNa vivecanA citta saMtati yA citta dhArA ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai / phira bhI isa citta dhArA meM bhI koI eka aisA yojaka sUtra avazya mAnanA hogA jisake AdhAra para ve cittakSaNa eka dUsare se pRthak hokara bho pRthak nahIM rahate haiN| ___ upayukta praznoM ko lekara hamane bauddha dharma aura darzana ke variSTha vidvAn sva. paM. jagannAtha jI upAdhyAya se carcA kI thI, isa sambandha meM unake jo pratyuttara the unheM hama apane zabdoM meM prastuta kara rahe haiN| unakA kahanA thA ki buddha ke sambandha meM jo trikAyoM kI avadhAraNA hai usakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki koI nitya AtmasattA hai, jo kAyoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai| vastutaH ye kAya parArtha ke upAya yA sAdhana mAne gaye haiN| jisa citta dhArA se bodhicitta kA utpAda hotA hai| vaha bodhicitta ina kAyoM ke mAdhyama se parArtha karatA hai, isalie buddhatva koI eka vyakti nahIM hai, apitu eka prakriyA hai| jaba hama dharmakAya kI nityatA mAnate haiM, to vaha vyakti kI nityatA nahIM, prakriyA kI nityatA hai| dharma ko nityatA mArga nityatA hai / dharmakAya nitya hai isakA tAtparya hai ki dharma yA parinirvANa ke upAya nitya haiM / ataH ina kAyoM kI avadhAraNA ko hameM na to koI nitya AtmA ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie aura na ye kisI aise tatva ke rUpa meM jo 1. sUtrAlaMkAra, pR0 45 46 : draSTavya-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0

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172 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana zAzvata hai apitu inheM parArtha kriyAkAritva ke upAyoM ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie aura yaha parArtha kriyAkAritva hI buddhatva hai| buddhatva ke nitya hone kA artha itanA hI hai ki parArtha kriyA sadaiva-sadaiva calatI rahatI hai / vaha citta jisane loka maMgala kA saMkalpa le rakhA hai, jaba taka vaha saMkalpa pUrNa nahIM hotA hai apane isa saMkalpa kI kriyAnviti ke rUpa meM parArtha kriyA karatA rahatA hai aura vaha saMkalpa lene vAlA citta ApakI, hamArI yA kisI kI bhI citta dhArA kI santAna ho sakatA hai| usakA yaha saMkalpa ki jaba taka samasta prANI nirvANa lAbha na kara leM yA duHkha se mukta nahIM hA jAte, taba taka loka maMgala ke lie prayatnazIla rahU~gA, apanI citta-santati-dhArA ko pravAha rUpa se banAe bhI rakhatA hai| ___ isa prakAra anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana meM buddhatva kI yahI avadhAraNA adhika samIcIna aura tarkasaMgata ho sakatI hai ki hama buddha ko vyakti na mAneM, apitu parArtha kriyAkAritva kI eka prakriyA maaneN| buddha nitya vyaktitva nahIM apitu prakriyA haiM aura jo buddha ke tIna yA cAra kAya mAne gaye haiM ve isa prakriyA ke upAya yA sAdhana haiN| dharmakAya kI nityatA ko jo bAta kahI jAto hai vaha bhI sthitigata nityatA nahIM apitu prakriyAgata nityatA hai / jisa prakAra nadI kA pravAha yugoM-yugoM taka calatA rahatA hai yadyapi usameM kSaNa-kSaNa parivartanazIlatA aura navInatA hotI hai, usI prakAra buddhatva yA bodhimantra bhI eka cittadhArA hai, jo kAyoM arthAt upAyoM ke mAdhyama se sadaiva parArtha meM lagI rahatI hai| punaH buddha na to nirvANa meM sthita haiM aura na saMsAra meM / mahAyAna meM buddha ke do pramukha lakSaNa prajJA ora karuNA kahe gaye haiN| prajJA ke kAraNa ve saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM haiM aura karuNA ke kAraNa nirvANa meM pratiSThita nahI haiM, arthAt karuNA unheM nirvANa meM pratiSThita nahIM hone detI aura prajJA unheM saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hone detii| ataH ve donoM meM apratiSThita hokara kArya karate haiN| ___ mahAyAna meM jo ananta buddhoM kI kalpanA hai vaha kalpanA bhI prakriyA kI kalpanA hai kyoMki yadi prakriyA ko satata calanA hai to hameM ananta buddhoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki pratyeka citta se bodhicitta kA utpAda ho sakatA hai aura aisI sthiti meM buddha eka nahIM ananta ho sakate haiN| prakriyA ke rUpa meM ekatva haiM, prakriyA ke ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM anekatva haiM / buddha aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hote haiM isakA tAtparya yaha

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. buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 173 nahIM hai ki koI eka vyakti aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, apitu eka prakriyA hai jo aneka rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotI hai| ise hama loka maMgalakArI citta dhArA kaha sakate haiM jo aneka rUpoM meM abhivyakta hokara aneka prakAroM se loka-maMgala karatI hai| baddha ke dvArA aneka sambhogakAya ke dhAraNa karane kA matalaba ( abhiprAya ) yaha hai ki baddhatva kI prakriyA yA bodhi-citta-dhArA ke anekAneka citta-kSaNa anekAneka kAyoM arthAt upAyoM se loka kA hita sAdhana karate haiN| punaH jisa prakAra paMcarAtra aura vaiSNava darzana meM viSNu ke vyahoM kI kalpanA hai usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM kAyoM kI kalpanA hai| jisa prakAra viSNu apane vyUhoM ke mAdhyama se lokamaMgala karate haiM usI prakAra buddha bhI apane kAyoM ke mAdhyama se lokamaMgala karate haiN| phira bhI jahA~ viSNu aura usake vyUhoM meM aMza-aMzI bhAva hai vahA~ buddha aura unake kAyoM meM aisA koI sambandha nahIM hai| kAya to bodhicitta ke dvArA kie jAne vAle parArtha ke upAya yA sAdhana mAtra haiM astitva nahIM / avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ke mUla meM AtmavAda yA kisI nitya tattva kI avadhAraNA rahatI hai, bauddha darzana ke mUla meM AtmavAda aisA koI nitya tattva nahIM hai / yahI donoM kA mUlabhUta antara hai|

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caturtha adhyAya avatAra kI avadhAraNA 1. avatAra zabda kI vyAkhyA prAcInakAla se hI bhAratIya sAhitya meM avatAra zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai / "avatAra' zabda ava + tR + ghara se banA hai "ave tRstroghaJ" isa sUtra se niSpanna avatAra zabda kA artha hotA hai ki kisI ucca sthala se nIce utaranA arthAt kisI daivIya zakti kA divya loka se bhUtala para utaranA / sAmAnyatayA "avatAra" zabda kA prayoga sAmAnya vyakti ke janma lene ke artha meM na hokara Izvara ke zarIra dhAraNa karane ke artha meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| __ bhAratIya sAhitya ke prAcIna grantha Rgveda, yajurveda aura atharvaveda meM 'avatAra' zabda ke sthAna para avatR se banane vAle 'avatArI' aura 'avattara' zabdoM kA prayoga hai| sAyaNa ke anusAra Rgveda meM prayakta "avatArI" zabda kA artha saMkaTa dUra karanA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki he indra ! tuma hamAro stutiyoM se, zatra senAoM ko naSTa karane vAlI hamArI senA kI rakSA karate hue saMgrAma meM vidyamAna zatru ke kopa ko naSTa kro| yajJAdi kArya karane vAle yajamAna ke lie tuma unake kAryoM ko vinaSTa karane vAlI sampUrNa prajAoM ko stutiyoM dvArA vinaSTa karo / ' avatArI ke anantara 'avatR" se banane vAlA 'avatta' zabda atharvaveda meM milatA hai| sAyaNa ne kahA hai ki jisameM rakSaNa kA sArabhUta aMza vidyamAna ho vahI "avattara" hai / "avata" zabda punaH yajurveda meM utarane ke 1. "AbhiH spRdho mithatIrariSaNyanna mitrasya vyathayA manyumindra AbhivizvA abhiyujo viSUcIrAryAya'vizo vatArI sIH / " -Rgveda, 6/3/25/2 2, "upadyAmupa vetasamavattaro nadInAm / agre pittamapAmasi / / " / - atharvaveda, 18/3/5

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 175 artha meM prayukta huA hai / " yajurveda ke aMgrejI TIkAkAra griphitha ne avatara kA arthaM 'descend' arthAt utaranA kiyA hai / " taittirIya brAhmaNa' meM 'avatArI' zabda kA prayoga Rgveda ke samAna ho rakSA karane ke artha meM hI huA hai, usameM mantra kI samAnatA ke kAraNa artha vaiSamya kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / isI prakAra zatapathabrAhmaNa" tathA maitrAyaNI saMhitA meM prayukta avatara zabda yajurveda meM prayukta "avattara" zabda ke samAna hI artha rakhate haiM / pANini ne "avatAra" zabda kA prayoga nIce utarane ke artha meM kiyA hai-- "ave tRstrorghatra, avatAraH kUpAdiH, avastAro javanikA / " gItA meM "avatAra" kI apekSA " Atma sRjana aura "divya janma " kA prayoga huA hai / " vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura viSNupurANa ke avatAra sambandhI ullekha meM viSNu ke zarIra dhAraNa karane yA bhUtala para avatIrNa hone se adhika sambandhita hai / " zrImadbhAgavata meM "avatAra" zabda ke sthAna para " sRjana", "sRSTi" aura "jAyamAna" zabda vyavahRta hue haiM / 1deg 10 isa prakAra avatAra zabda sRjana, jAyamAna, prabhRti, utpatti sUcaka 1. " upajmantupa vetase'vatara nadISvA / agre pittamapAmasi maNDUkitA mirAgahi semaM no yajJaM pAvaka varNaM bhUzivaM kRSi || --yajurveda 15 / 6 2. "Descend upon the earth, the road, rivers, Thou art the gall, O Agni of the waters." 3. taittirIya brAhmaNa 2/8/3/3 4. Rgveda 6 / 3 / 25 / 2 5. zatapathabrAhmaNa 9/1/2/27 6. maitrAyaNI saMhitA 2/10/1 7. yajurveda 17/6 8. gItA, 4/6 - 9 9. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1 / 16 / 3; mahAbhArata 1 / 64 / 54; viSNupurANa 5 / 2 / 60 - 65 10. " yasyAMzAMzena sRjyante devatiryaG narAdayaH // " "nizIthe tamaudbhUte jAyamAne janArdane / " aSTAdhyAyI 3.3.120 - bhAgavata 1/3/5 - bhAgavata 10/3/8

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176 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana zabdoM kA hI paryAyavAcI hai / phira bhI sAmAnyatayA viSNu yA Izvara ke janma lene ko hI avatAra kahA gayA hai / avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM yaha siddhAnta nihita hai ki Izvara bhUtala para zarIradhArI banakara janma letA hai / bauddha aura jaina dharmoM ke anozvaravAdI hone ke kAraNa unameM avatAra kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTarUpa se svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai phira bhI kucha aise zabda ke prayoga milate haiM jo isa avadhAraNA se sambandhita pratIta hote haiM / mahAyAnI bauddha sAhitya ke vikhyAta grantha "saddharmapuNDarIka" meM kramazaH avatIyaM, avatAritA, jAtaH, utpanna, prAdurbhAva zabda prayukta hue haiM / " inameM prAdurbhAva zabda sarvAdhika pracalita hai / " tathAgata - guhyaka' meM nirmANa, niSkrAnta, kAyadhAraNa tathA avadhAraNa jese zabda milate haiM / " "maMjUzrImUlakalpa" meM avatArayet, avatArArtha ke atirikta samAgata aura AviSTa zabda prayukta huye haiM / " "bauddhagAnaodohA " meM avatarita, nirmANakAya, jAte Adi zabda prayukta hue haiN| bauddha dharma kA nirmANakAya zabda avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke nikaTa hai| siddha-sarahapAda ke dohAkoza meM "viziSTa nirmANakAyo ca jAyate" jaise zabda prayukta hue haiM / isI grantha meM eka jagaha "Nia-pahudhara- vesa" (nija- prabhudhara - veza) kA vyavahAra huA hai / " dohAkoza meM "bodhisatva akampita avatare", "kAyadhAraNa" aura " saguNapahase" jaise avatAra kI avadhAraNA ko sUcita karane vAle zabda milate haiM / yadyapi ye zabda buddha ke avataraNa yA zarIra dhAraNa se sambandhita haiM phira bhI inakA vaha artha nahIM hai jo hindU paramparA meM Izvara ke avataraNa kA hai / 1. saddharmapuNDarIka, pR0 136, 301, 128, 125, 240; draSTavya madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pIThikA, pR0 7 ( DaoN0 kapila deva pANDeya ) 2. tathAgataguhyaka, pR0 2,59, 108 : draSTavya- - vahI 3. maMjUzrImUlakalpa, pR0 502, 202, 216, 236, 237 : draSTavya -- 4. bauddhagAnaodohA, pR0 112, 91, 93 : draSTavya - vahI 5. dohAkoza, pR0 94, 96, 159: vAda pIThikA, pR0 8 6. dohAkoza (siddhasarahapAtra), pR00 237, 099, 33 : draSTavya- vahI draSTavya- madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAra -

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 177 jaina sAhitya meM "avatAra" zabda ke hI prAkRta evaM apabhraMza rUpa pracalita rahe haiM / jaina granthoM meM avaiNNu ( avatIrNa hue ) evaM "payaMDagau" (prakaTa zarIrA) zabda prayukta hae haiN| yahA~ ina zabdoM kA artha janma grahaNa athavA svarga se avataraNa se hai, kintu inheM 'avatAra' kA paryAyavAcI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki jaina darzana Izvara ke avataraNa ke artha meM avatAravAda nahIM mAnatA hai| 2. avatAra zabda kA sAmAnya tAtparya viSNu ke avatAra enIbesenTa, aravinda, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan Adi ne avatAravAda para vicAra karate huye avatAra kA zAbdika artha Izvara ke avataraNa se hI mAnA hai| hindU paramparA meM isa avataraNa kA artha kisI sAmAnya vyakti ke avataraNa yA janma se na hokara viSNu arthAt Izvara ke avataraNa se hai| jabaki jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM avataraNa zabda vyakti ke bodhisatva, buddha yA tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM janma lene ko sUcita karatA hai, yahA~ avataraNa zabda bhI vikAsa kA hI sUcaka hai| mUlataH jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM avatAravAda ke sthAna para uttAravAda kI sUcaka haiM, jabaki vaidika paramparA vizeSa rUpa meM avatAravAda kI sUcaka hai| viSNu ke janma lene kA vivaraNa vaidika sAhitya meM virala yA nagaNya hI hai, kintu jina upAdAnoM se paurANika viSNu evaM unake avatAroM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA unameM se adhikAMza kA sambandha viSNu kI apekSA indra aura prajApati se adhika rahA hai| kAlAntara meM sarvazreSTha hone para una sabhI ko viSNu para Aropita kiyA gayA / vaidika viSNu prArambha meM anya devoM ke samatulya the, phira ve kucha vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa mahAn evaM sarvazreSTha bana gaye aura avataraNa kI sArI kathAyeM unake sAtha jor3I jAne lagI / isa prakAra avatAra zabda viSNu ke avatAra kA paryAyavAcI bana gyaa| ataH avatAra kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karate samaya hameM viSNu kI avadhAraNA ko bhI samajha lenA hogaa| 1. paumacariu (svayaMbhU), bhAga 1,-1 / 16 / 5; harivaMzapurANa 9213 2. dI maiseja Apha gotA, pR0 70, avatAra, pR0 9, di bhagavadgItA, (DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan) pR0 34 12

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178 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 3. viSNu zabda kI vyAkhyA viSNu zabda kI vyutpatti viz praveza karanA athavA azvyApta karanA dhAtu se kI gaI hai-"viSNurvizatarvA vyaznotarvA / " viSNupurANa meM bhI 'viz' dhAtu kA artha praveza karanA hai, sampUrNa vizva usa paramAtmA meM vyApta hai|' Rgveda meM viSNu ko saura devatA kahA hai aura ve sarya ke rUpa haiN| AcArya yAska ke anusAra razmiyoM dvArA samagra saMsAra ko vyApta karane ke kAraNa sUrya hI viSNu nAma se abhihita huye haiN| Rgveda meM "syandantAM kulyAH viSitAH purastAt" kahakara viSNu kI indra se tulanA kI gaI hai| Rgveda meM viSNu indra ke sahAyaka devatA haiM vahA~ unheM vRtravadha meM indra kI sahAyatA karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| sAtha hI ve jala ko pRthvI kI ora pravAhita karane tathA balapUrvaka bandI banAI gayI gAyoM ko mukta karane meM bhI indra kI sahAyatA karate hue varNita haiN| kaThopaniSad meM viSNu ko vyApaka yA vyApanazIla kahA gayA hai| viSNu zabda kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI apane mata vyakta kiye haiN| blmaphIlDa kA mata hai ki viSNu yaugika zabda "vi+ snu" se banA hai| 'snu' zabda kA artha hai zikhara yA UparI dharAtala 'vi' upasarga "se hokara" (aMgrejI kA zabda Through) kA bhAva vyakta karatA hai, isa prakAra isa zabda kA artha huA ki vaha devatA jo pRthvI ke pRSThabhAga yA dharAtala se hokara jAtA hai / olDenavarga ne bhI isa vyutpatti ke anusAra viSNu kA artha 'vistRta kSetroM kA adhipati' ( Herr der weiten Flachen ) athavA 'bhUmi ke vistIrNa kSetra ko pAra karane vAlA' mAnA hai| isI prakAra eka anya jarmana vidvAn gyunTarTa ne viSNu zabda kA bhAva 1. yaslAdviSTamidaM vizvaM tasya zaktyA mahAtmanaH / tasmAtsa protyate viSNuvizerSAtoH pravezanAt // -viSNupurANa 3 / 1145 2. Rgveda 5 / 838 3. "avyaktAtu paraH puruSo vyApako liGga eva ca / -kaThopaniSad 2/3/8 4. olDenavarga, rilIgiyona Dera veda, pR0 210

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 179 pRthvI ko capaTA kara phailAne vAle ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai (Wer die Flache auseinander gebeitet ) 19 thaoNmasa blAka tathA johAnsana ne viSNu zabda meM " jiSNu" (vijayI) zabda kI bhA~ti "stu" pratyaya ko upasthiti mAnI hai, "ji" kI bhA~ti mUla " vi" koI dhAtu nahIM hai / ina vidvAnoM ne 'vi' zabda ke 'pakSI' artha ke anusAra yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki viSNu zabda mUlataH 'zreSTha pakSI' kA artha rakhatA hai aura isa rUpa meM sUrya ko darzAtA hogA / Rgveda meM prAtaH sUryaM ko suparNa yA garutmat kahA gayA hai| 2 johAnsana ne isakI grIka zabda 'auisnasa " ( Oisnos ) arthAt " bar3A pakSI" se tulanA kI hai / "" hue haoNpakinsa ne viSNu ke gati se vizeSa sambandha ko dhyAna meM rakhate kavi athavA vI se isakI vyutpatti mAnane kA Agraha kiyA hai / " maikaDAnala ne kahA hai ki gamana karane yA ' tredhA vicakramaNa' ke kAraNa Rgveda meM viSNu kA vizeSa mahatva hai ataH viSNu zabda avazya hI gatyaka dhAtu se sambaddha rahA hogA / isa sambandha meM usane krayAdigaNa kI 'viSa' (viprayoge dhAtupATha 1527) dhAtu kA sujhAva diyA hai| Rgveda meM yaha dhAtu paryApta sthAnoM para prayukta huI hai aura pITarsabarga ke koza ke anusAra isakA mUla artha kriyAzIla yA gatimAna honA hai / 4 kucha bhASA vaijJAnikoM kA yaha mata hai ki viSNu zabda mUlataH Arya bhASA kA na hokara dravir3a bhASA se liyA gayA hai, mahArASTra ke prasiddha devatA kA nAma viThovA yA viTThala hai jo dhvani parivartanoM ke bAda Arya bhASA saMskRta meM apanA liyA gayA, kyoMki viSNu saMskRta zabda-saMpadA kA zabda nahIM hai / epha. DablyU 0 thAmasa kA mata hai ki jisa prakAra kRSNa zabda kA tamila rUpa Aja ( krusTanA yA krisTanA) hai / usI prakAra viSNu 1. Deura Arize velTakyonikh unTa hAilaSTa, pR0 306 2. Rgveda 1/47/3 3. jarnala Apha amerikana oriyanTala sosAiTI, bhAga 6, pR0 264 ( vI gativyApti prajanakAntyasanakhAdaneSu, dhAtupATha - 1048 ) 4. ' Aktadyu kAMgre aitaranAsiyonAla dej oriyantalista * ( aSTAdaza adhivezana 1931), pR0 154 'AravI va oriyanTAlanI, bhAga 4 (1932), 10 231

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180 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kA 'mUlarUpa' vizTanu (visTanu) rahA hogA, jisakA saMskRtIkaraNa 'viSNu' ke rUpa meM kara liyA gyaa|' viSNu kI AdityagaNa meM gaNanA kiye jAne se inakA mUlarUpa meM sUrya se kisI na kisI prakAra se sambandha avazya thA / prakRti kI pratyeka vastu prakAza se AvRta dikhAI par3atI hai / sUkSma se sUkSma tatva meM bhI sUrya kI sarvatragAminI kiraNeM praviSTa rahatI haiN| isa kAraNa hI vaidika maharSiyoM ko dRSTi isa ora gii| 4. viSNu aura sUrya viSNu kA sUrya se sambandha aneka vaidika tathA avaidika dRSTAntoM se spaSTa hotA hai| jisa prakAra sUrya deva ne apanI zakti se samasta pArthiva loka ko nApA, usI prakAra viSNu ne pRthvImaMDala ko nApa liyA thaa| viSNu kI yahI vizeSatA nizcita rUpa se sUrya ke pRthvImaMDala ke cAroM ora paribhramaNa ko saMketita karatI hai / viSNu kA tApa se vizeSa sambandha batAyA gayA hai| ___ "viSNuryanaktu bahudhA tapAMsi" / ' varSa, mAsa aura RtuoM kA niyAmaka sUrya hI hai, isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai ki viSNu apane 90 azvoM ko eka cakra kI bhAMti ghumAte haiN| prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM prAyaH 4 RtuoM kA ullekha hai, pratyeka Rtu ke 3 mAsa ke 90 dinoM ko ye 90 azva pradarzita karate haiN| zrImadabhAgavat meM varSa kA kAlacakra ke rUpa meM atIva sundara varNana upalabdha hai| viSNu se sUrya kI utpatti ke bAre meM zatapathabrAhmaNa, taittirIya Ara 1. "etA bhagavato viSNorAdityasya vibhUtayaH" -bhAgavatapurANa, 12/11/45 2. atharvaveda 5/26/7 3. catubhiH sAkaM navati ca nAmabhiH cakraM na vRtaM vyatIraMvIviyat / bRhaccharIro vimimAna trakvabhiyuvAkumAraH pratyetyAhavam / / 4. zrImadbhAgavat 5/21/13 5. zatapathabrAhmaNa 14/1/1 -

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 181 jyaka' aura paMcavizabrAhmaNa meM eka vicitra kathAnaka hai ki eka bAra viSNu apane dhanuSa para sira rakhakara nidrA meM nimagna the, dImakoM ne dhanuSa kI DorI kATa dI jisake kAraNa dhanuSa vega se uchalA aura viSNu kA sira kaTakara AkAza meM jAkara sthita hA gyaa| paravartI sAhitya meM viSNu ke vAhana garur3a ko garutmata tathA suparNa bhI kahA gayA hai| ye donoM vizeSaNa sUrya ke lie prayukta kiye gaye haiM aura use eka zIghragAmI pakSI ke rUpa meM citrita bhI kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva meM viSNu ke jina sahasranAmoM kA ullekha hai unameM sahasrAMzu-hajAroM kiraNoM vAle sUryarUpa, garbhastinemi-kiraNoM ke bIca meM sUryarUpa meM sthita; vihAyasagati-AkAza meM gamana karane vAle ravi-samasta rasoM kA zoSaNa karane vAle sUrya; virocana-vividha prakAra ke prakAza phailAne vAle; sUrya-zobhA ko prakaTa karane vAle; savitA-samasta jagat ko prasava yAnI utpanna karane vAle Adi vizeSaNa nizcita rUpa se viSNu kA sUrya se sambandha darzAte haiM / viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki viSNu jyotipiNDoM ke adhipati haiN| sUrya hI viSNu aura unakI AbhA lakSmI haiN| ___ brahmapurANa sazakta zabdoM meM kahatA hai ki sUrya hI viSNu haiM aura viSNu hI sUrya haiN| eka hI tatva Adhibhautika dRSTi se sUrya aura Adidaivika dRSTi se viSNu haiN| 1. taittirIyaAraNyaka 5/1/1 2. paMcavizabrAhmaNa 7/5/6-16 3. ukSA samudro aruSaH suparNa pUrvasya yoni piturA viveza / madhye divo nihitaH pRzni razmA viyakrame rajasaspAtyantau / / -Rgveda 1/47/3 4. mahAbhArata-anuzAsana parva, viSNusahasranAma, pR0 1487-1500 5. sAdridvIpasamudrAzca sajyotirlokasaMgrahaH / -viSNupurANa 1/2/58 6. yazca sUryaH sa vai viSNuH yazcaviSNuH sa bhAskaraH / -brahmapurANa 158/24 7. padmapurANa-sRSTi khaNDa 20/173

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182 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana - matsyapurANa ke anusAra bhagavAn nArAyaNa hI satvaguNa se sUrya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara jala kA zoSaNa karate haiN| zrImadbhAgavat meM sUrya ko viSNu ke pratyakSa rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| loka kalyANa ke lie sRSTi ko dhAraNa karanevAle Adi-puruSa nArAyaNa kA sAkSAta svarUpa RtuoM kA vibhAjana karane vAle sUrya ko batAyA gayA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki veda aura vidvAn loga jinakI gati ko jAnane ke lie utsuka rahate haiM ve sAkSAt Adi puruSa bhagavAn nArAyaNa hI lokoM ke kalyANa aura karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie apane vedamaya vigraha kAla ko bAraha mAsoM meM vibhakta kara vasantAdi 6 RtuoM meM unake guNoM kA vidhAna karate haiN| vedokta yajJa-yAgAdi kriyAoM ke AdhAra para sUrya aura viSNu meM koI antara nahIM hai parantu RSiyoM ne vaidika kriyAoM ke anusAra sUrya kA vibhinna rUpoM meM varNana kiyA hai| isa prakAra viSNu kI kalpanA sarya ke prakAza rUpa se na karake tIvra gati se vicarate sUrya bimba se kI gii| AkAza meM pUrva se pazcima tIvra gati se jAne ke kAraNa hI viSNu ko urUgAya tathA urUkrama nAma se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / tIvra gati ke kAraNa eSa, evayA tathA evayAvAn Adi unake vizeSaNa kahe gaye haiN| - daityoM ke vinAza ke lie hI ugra tapasyA kara viSNu ne ziva se sudarzana nAmaka cakra ko prApta kiyaa| viSNu ko unakI zaiva bhakti ke kAraNa zaivarATa ko saMjJA se bhI alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| 1. bhUtvA nArAyaNo yogI satvamUrtivibhAvasuH / ___gabhastibhiH pradIptAbhiH saMzoSayati sAgarAn // -matsyapurANa 166/1 2. pratnasya viSNo rUpaM yatsatyasyatasya brhmnnH| amRtasya ca mRtyozca sUryamAtmAnamImahIti // -bhAgavat 5/20/5 3. sa eSa bhagavAnAdipuruSa evaM sAkSAnnArAyaNo lokAnAM svastya AtmAnaM trayI- mayaM karmavizuddhinimittaM kavibhirapi ca vedena vijijJAsyamAno dvAdazavA vibhajya SaTsu vasantAviSvRtuSu yathopajoSamRtuguNAn vidadhAti / / -bhAgavat 5/223 4. eka eva hi lokAnAM sUrya aatmaa''dikRtriH| sarvavedakriyAmUlamRSibhirbahudhoditaH // -vahI, 12/11/30 5. vaidika mAitholojI, pR0 39 6. vahI, pR0 38

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 183 vedoM se prArambha hokara brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM viSNu kI mahattA evaM loka khyAti usI prakAra vRddhigata hotI rahI hai, jisa prakAra gaMgA kA jala samudra taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate vRddhi ko hI prApta hotA rahatA hai / brahmA kA mahatva vaidika sAhitya meM prajApati ke rUpa meM suvikhyAta thA kintu kAlAntara meM vaha hrAsa ko prApta ho gayA / vaidika sAhitya meM rudra vizeSa khyAti prApta devatA nahIM rahe, kintu viSNu loka - kalyANakArI devatA ke rUpa meM vizeSa khyAti ko prApta hote rahe haiM / viSNu ko loka kI vipatti meM sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai / isI virAT bhAvanA ke kAraNa zaiva purANoM meM bho viSNu kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / prArambha meM viSNu indra tathA prajApati ke samakakSa devatA rahe, kintu kAlAntara meM viSNu kA mahatva bar3ha jAne ke kAraNa indra tathA prajApati bhI unhIM meM aMgIbhUta ho gaye / 5. zivapurANa ke anusAra viSNu ko utpatti zivamahApurANa ke anusAra viSNu kA AvirbhAva ( utpatti ) isa prakAra hai - kahA jAtA ki mahApralaya ke samaya cAroM ora andhakAra hI andhakAra vyApta thA, usa samaya ekamAtra 'tatsad brahma' hI zeSa thA / kucha kAloparAnta usake mana meM eka se do hone kI icchA jAgRta huI' aura usa nirAkAra paramAtmA ne lIlA zakti se apane lie eka mUrti yA AkAra kI kalpanA kI / vaha mUrti sarvaguNasampanna, sarvajJa evaM zubhasvarUpA thI / isI ko sadAziva yA paramAtma-ziva kahA gayA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki usa samaya ekAkI evaM svecchA vihAra karane vAle paramAtmAziva ne apane vigraha se svayaM hI eka svarUpabhUtA zakti kI sRSTi kI aura punaH usa zakti ke sAtha sadAziva yA paramAtma- ziva ne "zivaloka" kA nirmANa kiyA jo ki 'kAzI' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai / isa athavA mokSa kA dhAma kahA gayA hai sAtha hI isako kAzI ko nirvANa sabake Upara virAja 1. "kriyatA caiva kAlena dvitIyecchA'bhavat kisa / " 2. amRrtena svamUrtizca tenAkalpi svalIlayA / sarvezvaryaguNopetA sarvajJAnamayI zubhA // -- zivapurANa 2/2/6/14 - zivapurANa, 2/2/6/15

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184 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana mAna batAyA gayA hai / " kAzI kSetra Ananda ko pradAna karane vAlA hai isa kAraNa dhanuSadhArI ziva ne pahale isakA nAma "Anandavana" rakhA thA usake bAda isakA nAma 'avimukta' par3A / eka samaya Anandavana meM ramaNa karane vAle ziva evaM zakti ke mana meM yaha vicAra AyA ki kisI dUsare puruSa ko utpanna karanA cAhie, tAki isa sRSTi ke saMcAlana kA mahAn bhAra usa para chor3akara hama donoM kAzI meM icchAnusAra vicaraNa kareM aura nirvANa dhAraNa kareM / ataH vahI puruSa hamAre anugraha se sRSTi utpanna kare, usakA pAlana kare aura anta meM usakA saMhAra kare / isa prakAra nizcaya karake sarvavyApI paramezvara ziva ne apane vAmabhAga ke dasaveM aMga para amRta malA to vahA~ se tInoM lokoM meM ati sundara puruSa prakaTa ho gayA / isa prakAra usa divya, sarvaguNasampanna, pItAmbaradhArI puruSa ne apane nAma aura kArya ke viSaya meM bhagavAn zaMkara se jijJAsA prakaTa kI, to paramAtma ziva arthAt bhagavAn zaMkara ne uttara diyA- 'vyApaka hone ke kAraNa tumhArA "viSNu" nAma vikhyAta hogA, isake atirikta aura bhI vibhinna nAma hoNge| tuma susthira hokara tapa karo kyoMki vahI samasta kAryoM kA sAdhaka 5 1. yugapacca tathA zaktyAsAkaM kAlasvarUpiNA / zivalokAbhighaM kSetra nirmitaM tena brahmaNA // sadeva kAziketyetatprIcyate kSetramuttamam / paraM nirvANa saMkhyAnaM sarvopari virAjitam / / - zivapurANa 2 / 2 / 6 / 27 - 28 2. athAnandavane tasmiJchavayo ramamANayo / icchetyabhUt surarSehi sRjyaH ko'pyUparaH kila // yasminnayasya mahAbhAramAvAM svasvairacAriNI / nirvANadhAraNaM kurvaH kevalaM kAzizAyino / / 3. sa eva sarva kurutAM sa eva paripAtu ca / sa eva saMvRNotvante madanugrahatA sadA // 4. saMpradhAryeti sa vibhustayA zaktyA paramezvaraH / savye vyApArayAMcakre dazameM'ze sudhAsavam // pumAnAvirAsI dekastralokyasundaraH / / viSviti vyApakatvAtte nAma khyAtaM bhaviSyati / tataH -- vahI 2/1/6/33 vahI 2/1/6/34 vahI 2/2/6/37 -- vahI 2/1/6/38 vahI 2/2/6/43

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 185 hai|' aisA kahakara bhagavAn ziva ne zvAsa mArga se, viSNu ko vedoM kA jJAna pradAna kiyA / ' tadantara viSNu ne tapa kiyaa| tapa ke prabhAva se bhagavAn viSNu ke aMga se jala kI dhArAyeM prakaTa huiiN| vaha jala sampUrNa zUnyAkAza meM vyApta ho gayA / vaha jala samagra pApoM kA nAza karane vAlA siddha huaa| nAra arthAt jala meM zayana karane ke kAraNa ve 'nArAyaNa' nAma se abhihita hue| 6. avatAra evaM unakA prayojana (ka) vAlmIkirAmAyaNa vAlmIkirAmAyaNa ke anusAra viSNu deva-zatruoM ke vinAza ke lie hI avatarita hue the| rAkSasarAja rAvaNa ke atyAcAroM se ghabarAkara devatA brahmA ke pAsa jAte haiN| usI samaya zaMkha, cakra, gadA aura padma se vibhUSita evaM pItAmbara dhAraNa karane vAle viSNu upasthita hote haiM / sabhI devatA milakara viSNu se manuSya loka meM avatAra lene kA anurodha karate haiN| vAlmIkirAmAyaNa ke anusAra rAma, viSNu ke avatAra nahIM hai, kintu viSNu ke samAna vIryavAna haiN| yadyapi viSNu ke samAna parAkramI hone kA eka artha viSNu kA avatAra ho sakatA hai, kyoMki avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA meM sadaiva vIrya (pauruSa) mahatvapUrNa hai| apanI parAkramazIlatA ke kAraNa hI viSNu vaidikakAla se hI vikhyAta rahe haiM / vAlmIkirAmAyaNa meM parazurAma ke avatAratva-zakti se hIna hone ke prasaMga meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki rAma ke dhanuSa car3hAne ke pazcAt parazurAma teja aura vIrya se hIna hokara jar3a ke samAna ho gaye / " isase spaSTa hotA hai ki teja aura vIrya hI avatAra ke pramukha lakSaNa haiN| 1. ityuktvA zvAsamArgeNa dadau ca nigamaM ttH| -zivapurANa 2/1/6/44 2. suSvApa paramaprIto bahukAla vimAhitaH / nArAyaNeti nAmApi tasyAsIcchra tisammatam // -vahI 2/1/6/53-54 3. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/15/14-22 4. "viSNunA sadRzo vIrye |"--vhii 1/1/18 5. "tejobhirgata vIryatvAjjAmadagnyo jaDIkRtaH |"--vhii 1/76/12

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186 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana yaha bhI sambhava hai ki prArambha meM rAma viSNu ke samAna teja evaM vIryaM se yukta mAne gaye hoM, aura kAlAntara meM inhIM guNoM ke kAraNa unameM avatAratva kA AropaNa kara diyA ho / viSNu ke sadRza rAma ne bhI avatAra ke rUpa meM devatAoM kI sahAyatA kii| vedoM meM jisa prakAra indra evaM viSNu kA ApasI sahayoga rahA hai usI prakAra vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhI indra rAma ko viSNu-dhanuSa pradAna kara sahayoga karate haiM / jisa prakAra zatapathabrAhmaNa meM viSNu apane tIna padoM dvArA sabhI vaidika devatAoM kI zakti prAptakara zreSTha bana jAte haiM usI prakAra rAmAyaNa meM bhI rAma agni, indra, soma, yama aura varuNa -- ina pA~ca devatAoM ke guNa, pratApa, parAkrama, saumya, daMDa evaM prasannatA ko prAptakara zreSThatA prApta karate haiM / vAlmIkirAmAyaNa meM rAma ke janma kA mukhya prayojana asuroM kA vinAza hai aura isI kAraNa unheM viSNu kA avatAra kahA gayA / vAlmIkirAmAyaNa meM viSNu ke avatAra ke sAtha anya devatAoM ke sAmUhika avataraNa kI bAta bhI kahI gaI hai| isameM rAma kA mukhya prayojana devazatruoM kA vinAza karanA hI hai / (kha) mahAbhArata vAlmIkirAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata donoM mahAkAvyoM meM avatAra kA mukhya uddezya daivI zakti ko vijayo banAnA hai / mahAbhArata ke " aMzAvataraNa-parva" se vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya sabhI deva aura dAnava manuSya aura rAkSasa rUpa meM avatarita hue / viSNu yA nArAyaNa zrIkRSNa ke rUpa meM aura indra arjuna ke rUpa meM avatarita hue / yahA~ para zrIkRSNa arjuna ke sakhA haiM / Rgveda meM bhI viSNu ko indra kA sakhA yA mitra kahA gayA hai / viSNu aura indra kisI samaya samazreNI ke devatA the kintu mahAbhArata kAla meM viSNu (kRSNa) pramukha sthAna grahaNa kara cuke the / zatapathabrAhmaNa meM bhI kurukSetra meM tapasyA ke kAraNa viSNu ko zreSTha kahA gayA hai / " kenopa 1. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 3 / 12 / 33 2. zatapathabrAhmaNa 1/9/3/9 3. vAsmIki rAmAyaNa 1 / 17 / 1 - 23; 6 / 30/20-33 4. Rgveda 1/22/19 5. zatapathabrAhmaNa 14/1/1-5

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 187 niSad ke tRtIya evaM caturtha khaNDa ko yakSakathA meM devatAoM meM zreSTha indra ekezvaravAdI brahma kI tulanA meM gauNa vidita hote haiM kintu mahAbhArata kAla taka Ate-Ate devAdhipati indra viSNu kI apekSA bhI gauNa ho jAte haiM / mahAbhArata ke zrIkRSNa viSNu yA nArAyaNa ke avatAra kahe gaye haiM aura jahA~ kahIM bhI unake avatAratva meM sandeha kiyA gayA, vahA~ unhoMne apane virATa rUpa kA pradarzana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM viSNu ko zrIkRSNa ke rUpa meM avatAra lekara raNabhUmi meM dAnavoM aura daityoM kA saMhAra karate hue prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM unake avatAra kA prayojana daityoM kA saMhAra hai| draupadI ke kathanAnusAra viSNu (zrIkRSNa) indra ko sarvezvara pada pradAna kara manuSya rUpa meM prakaTa hue haiM, sAtha hI isI prasaMga meM inake prAcInatama avatAra Aditya rUpa kI carcA huI hai| jo aditi ke aizvaramaya kuNDala ke lie narakAsura kA vadha karate haiM / Aditya avatAra se viSNu kI prAcIna avatAra paramparA kA patA calatA hai| isa prakAra viSNu ke avatAra kA mukhya prayojana indra aura devatAoM kI sahAyatA evaM unake utthAna ke lie asuroM kA vinAza hI rahA hai, kyoMki mahAbhArata meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki Apane sahasroM bAra avatAra dhAraNa kara adharma meM ruci rakhane vAle asuroM kA vadha kiyA hai| usake anusAra paramAtmA jisa-jisa zarIra ko dhAraNa karanA cAhatA hai usa-usa zarIra meM apanI AtmA nive. 1. kRtvA tatkarma lokAnAmRSabhaH sarvalokajit / avadhIstvaM raNe sarvAnsametAndaityadAnavAn // tataH sarvezvaratvaM ca saMpradAya zacIpateH / mAnuSeSu mahAvAhoprAdurbhUtoSi kezava // -mahAbhArata, vanaparva 12/18-19 2. vahI 12/20 3. nihatya narakaM bhaumamAhRtyamaNikuNDale / prathamotpAditaM kRSNamedhyamazvamavAsRjaH / / -vAhI 12/18. 4. pAdurbhavasahastreSu teSu teSu tvayA vibho / adharmarucayaH kRSNa nihataH zatazo surAH / / -vahI 12/28

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188 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana zita kara' pApiyoM ko daMDa dene, satpuruSoM para anugraha karane tathA AkrAnta pRthvI kA bhAra haraNa karane ke lie nAnA prakAra ke avatAra grahaNa karatA hai| mahAbhArata kI mAnyatA hai ki dharma kI rakSA evaM sthApanA ke lie Izvara vividha yoniyoM meM avatAra grahaNa karate haiN| mahAbhArata meM zrIkRSNa ne svayaM ko viSNu. brahmA, indra, sraSTA evaM saMhartA kahA hai / ve hI yugayuga meM vibhinna yoniyoM meM prakaTa hokara dharma-setu kA nirmANa karate haiM" evaM deva, gandharva, nAga, yakSa, rAkSasa aura manuSya yoni meM janma lekara usI ke anurUpa vyavasthA karate haiN| isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM viSNu ke avatAra kA mukhya prayojana samaya-samaya para AsurI zaktiyoM kA vinAza, sAdhujanoM kI rakSA evaM dharma ko saMsthApanA hai / (ga) gItA ___ gItA ke caturtha adhyAya meM avatAravAda ke tatva milate haiN| gItA meM punarjanma aura sAdhAraNa janma se bhinna Izvara kI utpatti ke vaiziSTya ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| kRSNa svayaM arjuna se kahate haiM ki "mere aura tere aneka janma ho cuke haiM kintu maiM unako jAnatA hU~ aura tU unheM nahIM jaantaa| maiM aja, avyayAtmA aura bhUtoM kA Izvara hote hue bhI apanI 1. yAM yAmicchettanu devaH kartuM kAryavidhIkvacit / ___tAM tAM kuryAdvikurvANaH svayAmAtmAnamAtmanA / / -mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 347/79 2. tatra nyAyyamidaM kartuM bhArAvataraNaM mayA / athanAnA samudbhUtairvasudhAyAM yathAkramam / / nigraheNa ca pApAnAM sAdhUnAM pragraheNa ca / iyaM tapasvinI satyA dhArayiSyati medinI / / --vahI, 249/33-34 3. bahvIH saMsAramANo vai yonIrvAmi sattam / dharmasaMrakSaNArthAya dharmasaMsthApanAya ca // -~mahAbhArata Azvamedhikaparva 54/13 . 4. taistairveSaizca rUpaizca triSu lokeSu bhArgava / ahaM viSNurahaM brahmA zakro'tha prabhavApyayaH / / -vahI 54/14 5. dharmasya setu badhnAmi calite calite yuge / tAstA yonIH pravizyAhaM prajAnAM hitakAmyayA / -vahI 54/16

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 189 prakRti meM sthita rahakara apanI mAyA se utpanna hotA huuN"|' yahA~ para Izvara aura manuSya ke janma meM paryApta antara dikhAI par3atA hai / manuSya ko apekSA Izvara apane Izvara rUpa meM rahakara mAyA se utpanna hotA hai, vaha apane aneka janmoM ke bAre meM jAnatA hai jabaki manuSya nahIM / gItA meM bhI Izvara ke avatAra kA prayojana yA mukhya uddezya dharma kI sthApanA, sAdhuoM kI rakSA aura duSToM kA vinAza kahA gayA hai aura usake janma aura karma donoM ko divya yA manuSyettara kahA gayA hai / bhagavAn hI saMsAra kI saba vastuoM kA ekamAtra avalambana hai| unameM saba kucha piroyA huA hai-"mayi sarvamidaM protam / " unhIM meM saba kucha pravartita hotA hai-"mattaH sarvam prvrtte|" gItA ke vibhinna adhyAyoM meM bhagavAn zrIkRSNa svayaM apanI vibhUtiyoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM-maiM "pRthvI meM gandha hai, sUrya tathA candramA meM prakAza hU~, saba bhUtoM kA jIvana hU~ aura tapasviyoM kA tapa huuN| maiM hI kratu hU~, maiM hI yajJa hU~, maiM svadhA hU~, maiM auSadhiyA~ hU~, mantra, ghRta, agni aura havya padArtha maiM hI huuN| saMsAra kI gati, bhartA, prabhu, sAkSI, nivAsasthAna, suhRd, utpatti, pralaya, AdhAra aura avinAzI bIja maiM hI huuN| maiM saba bhUtoM ke bhItara sthita hU~ maiM unakA Adi, anta aura sAdhya huuN| AdityoM meM maiM viSNu, jyotiyoM meM sUrya, marudgaNoM meM marIci aura nakSatroM ---gItA 4/5 1. bahUni me vyatItAni janmAni tava cArjuna / tAnyahaM veda sarvANi na tvaM vettha paraMtapa // 2. yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata / abhyutthAnamadharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjAmyaham // paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca duSkRtAm / dharmasaMsthApanArthAya saMbhavAmi yuge yuge / / 3. puNyo gandhaH pRthivyAM ca tejazcAsmi vibhAvaso / jIvanaM sarvabhUteSu tapazcAsmi tapasviSu / 4. ahaM kraturahaM yajJaH svadhAhamahamauSadham / mantro'hamahamevAjyamahamagnirahaM hutam / / gatirbhartA prabhuH sAkSI nivAsaH zaraNaM suhRt / prabhavaH pralayaH sthAnaM niSAnaM bIjamavyayam / / -vahI 4/7-8 -gotA 7/9 . -vahI9/16 -vahI 9/18

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190 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana meM candramA huuN| maiM akSaroM meM "akAra" tathA samAsoM meM dvandva samAsa huuN| maiM akSaya kAla hU~, maiM sabako dhAraNa karane vAlA vizvatomukha huuN| sabakA haraNa karane vAlI mRtyu bhI maiM hI huuN| maiM bhaviSya ke padArthoM kI utpattisthala hU~, tathA striyoM kI kIrti, zrI, vANI, smRti, buddhi, dhairya aura sahanazolatA hU~" / ' gyArahaveM adhyAya meM vizvarUpa dikhalAkara bhagavAn ne arjuna ko apanI vibhUtiyoM aura saMsAra kA apane Upara avalambita hone kA pratyakSa anubhava karA diyaa| isa prakAra gItA ke virAT svarUpa darzana meM sAMkhyoM ke prakRtivAda, upaniSadoM ke brahmavAda aura bhAgavatoM ke IzvaravAda tInoM kA samanvaya hai| (gha) viSNupurANa ___ viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki viSNu ke avatArI rUpa kI indra evaM devagaNa upAsanA karate haiM, unake parama-tatva rUpa ko koI nahIM jAnatA hai / isa prakAra viSNu ke para rUpa se vyakta sabhI avatAra pUjya mAne gaye haiN| parabrahma viSNu ke svarUpagata bheda dRSTi se puruSa evaM prakRti' ye do abhivyakta rUpa mAne gaye haiN| isa prakAra sabhI rUpoM ko dhAraNakartA brahma vyakta aura avyakta evaM samaSTi aura vyaSTi rUpa hai / yaha sarvajJa, sarvasAkSI, sarvazaktimAna evaM samasta aizvarya se yukta hai / parabrahma akAraNa zarIra grahaNa nahIM karate, apitu dharma kI rakSA ke lie zarIra grahaNa karate haiN| viSNu ke puruSa evaM prakRti rUpoM ko unakI krIr3A yA lIlA kahate haiM / ___ uparokta tathyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki eka ora to parabrahma viSNu dharmArtha prayojana ke nimitta satvAMza se prakaTa hote haiM / yaha inakA paramparA rUpa vidita hotA hai / dUsarA inakA eka puruSa-prakRti ke rUpa meM abhivyakta rUpa hai jisake dvArA niSprayojana lolA ke nimitta krIr3A karate haiN| bhAgavat meM viSNu ke lIlAvatAra kA hI sarvAdhika vivaraNa milatA hai| 1. gItA 10/20-21, 34, 38 2. viSNupurANa 5/7/67 3. vahI, 1/4/17 4. vahI, 1/2/23 5. vahI, 5/1/50 6. vahI, 1/2/18 7. vahI, 5/1/22

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 191 avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ke antargata sarvaprathama viSNupurANa meM viSNu-lakSmI ke yugala avatAroM kI carcA huI hai', deva, tiryak aura manuSya meM puruSa rUpa bhagavAn hari aura strI rUpa lakSmI haiN| jaba-jaba viSNu ne avatAra dhAraNa kiyA hai lakSmI bhI unake sAtha avatarita huI haiN| hari-padmA, parazurAma-pRthvI, rAma-sItA aura kRSNa-rukmiNI Adi rUpoM meM bhagavAn deva aura lakSmI devI rUpa meM avatarita hue haiN| viSNupurANa meM aneka aMzAvatAroM ke atirikta harivaMza ko paramparA meM kRSNa evaM unake sahayogI gopa-gopiyoM, devatA-deviyoM ke aMzAvataraNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|" isa prakAra yahA~ avatAra kA mukhya prayojana bhUbhAra haraNa hai| 7. avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa yadyapi vartamAna meM hama avatAra se tAtparya viSNu ke avatAra se hI lete haiM kintu prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM sarvaprathama hameM indra tathA prajApati ke avatarita hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| kAlAntara meM jaba viSNu mahatvapUrNa devatA bana gaye to avataraNa kI yaha kalpanA unake sAtha jor3a dI gii| vaidika sAhitya meM viSNu indra ke samakakSa hI eka devatA rahe haiM, unheM indra kA sakhA kahA gayA hai aura vibhinna RcAoM meM unakI stuti bhI kI gaI hai, kintu dhIre-dhIre vaidika indra kA sthAna devamaMDala meM kSINa hotA gayA aura unake sthAna para viSNu pramukha banate gaye aura pariNAmasvarUpa viSNu ke avataraNa ko hI mukhya mAnA gyaa| yadyapi Age calakara viSNu ke sAtha-sAtha anya devatAoM ke avataraNa kI kalpanA bhI AI, kintu unheM viSNu ke adhIna hI mAnA gayA / viSNu ke avatAra kA prArambhika paricaya hameM mahAbhArata aura purANa sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai| sarvaprathama mahAbhArata meM pahale viSNu ke chaH avatAroM kI carcA huI hai-varAha, 1. viSNupurANa 1/8/17-33 2. vahI, 1/8/34-35 3. vahI, 1/9/142 4. vahI, 1/9/143-144 5. vahI, 5/7/38, 40

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192 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana narasiMha, vAmana, parazurAma, rAma aura kRSNa' / punaH mahAbhArata ke agale adhyAya meM chaH avatAroM ke sAtha cAra avatAra-haMsa, kUrma, matsya aura kalki ko milAkara dasa kI saMkhyA pUrI kI gaI hai| yadyapi avataraNa kA sambandha viSNu se jor3A gayA hai, kintu Azcarya yaha hai ki paurANika sAhitya viSNupurANa meM viSNu ke dazAvatAroM kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai jabaki anya purANoM meM viSNu ke avatAroM kA ullekha hai, kintu agni, varAha Adi paravartI purANoM meM matsya, kUrma, varAha, narasiMha vAmana, parazurAma, rAma, kRSNa, buddha aura kalki yaha krama milatA hai| vibhinna purANoM meM viSNu ke dasa avatAroM kI sUciyA~ kucha antara ke sAtha milatI haiM, jinheM agralikhita sAraNI meM darzAyA gayA hai / tAlikA sAriNI pariziSTa meM dekheN| aba hama dasa-avatAroM ko vizada vyAkhyA kareMge-- (1) matsya avatAra : matsya avatAra ko prAyaH viSNu kA prathama avatAra mAnA gayA hai, parantu zatapathabrAhmaNa meM inako prajApati kA avatAra kahA gayA hai|' inake avatAra ke sambandha meM eka kathAnaka isa prakAra hai ki manu mahArAja eka dina prAtaHkAla Acamana kara rahe the to unake hAtha meM eka machalI A gaI aura usane kahA, "mahArAja, merI rakSA kareM, mahAjala plAvana ke samaya maiM ApakI rakSA kruuNgii|" manu ne use eka pAtra meM rakha diyA, jyoM-jyoM vaha bar3hatI gaI use kramazaH bar3e pAtroM meM rakhate gaye, anta meM mahA-samudra meM DAla diyaa| pralaya hone ke pUrva manu ne sabhI saSTi bIjoM ko ekatra kiyA aura apanI nAva ko usI matsya ke sIMga meM bAMdha diyA jisase pralayakAla meM ve surakSita raha sakeM aura pralaya ke anta meM punaH sRSTi kA vikAsa prArambha kiyaa| mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM punaH matsyAvatAra kI eka anya kathA varNita hai| vahA~ matsya svayaM ko prajApati batAte hue manu ko manuSya, asura, devatA tathA sampUrNa jagata kI sRSTi kA Adeza detA hai| isa prakAra hama 1. mahAbhArata-zAntiparva (339/77-98) 2. vahI, (340/3-4) 3. zatapathabrAhmaNa 1/8/1 4. mahAbhArata-vanaparva, pR. 304-305

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 193 dekhate haiM ki mahAbhArata ke kAla taka matsyAvatAra kA sambandha viSNu kI apekSA prajApati se adhika pratIta hotA hai| viSNupurANa' meM matsya, kUrma evaM varAha kA zarIra dhAraNa karanA prajApati ke dvArA batAyA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki pUrAtana sAhitya meM matsyAvatAra kA sambandha prajApati se rahA hai| Age calakara bhAgavata meM cAkSuSa manvantara ke anta meM jala plAvana ke samaya zrIhari dvArA avatAra ke rUpa meM matsya kA rUpa grahaNa kara vaivasvata manu ke rakSA kI kathA milatI hai / punaH bhAgavata kI dUsarI sUcI meM matsyAvatAra se lekara cAkSuSamanvantara ke anta meM satyavrata manu kI rakSA ke sAtha-sAtha vedoM kI rakSA kA bhI prasaMga milatA hai| antara kevala itanA hai, prathama sUcI ke vaivasvata manu ke sthAna para dvitIya sUcI meM satyavrata kA nAma hai| bhAgavata kI tIsarI sUcI meM bhagavAn dvArA pralaya ke samaya matsyAvatAra lekara bhAvI manu satyavrata, pRthvI, auSadhi evaM dhAnyAdi kI rakSA karane kA ullekha milatA hai| bhAgavata ke AThaveM skandha ke 24veM adhyAya meM matsyAvatAra kA vistAra se ullekha milatA hai usameM bhI satyavata manu evaM pralaya kathA kA varNana hai| matsyapurANa meM bhI bhagavAn hari dvArA matsyAvatAra lene kA ullekha milatA hai, vahA~ matsya rUpa bhagavAn manu se pralaya ke anantara sRSTi racanA evaM vedoM ke pravartana kI bAta kahate haiN|" ___ agnipurANa meM bhI manu kI rakSA evaM hayagrIva-vadha kI kathA milatI hai| skandhapurANa meM viSNu dvArA matsyarUpa lekara vedoM ke uddhAra ke lie zaMkhAsura kA vadha karane kA varNana milatA hai kintu padmapurANa meM viSNu ke matsyAvatAra kA prayojana hayagrIva ke sthAna para madhukaiTabha kA vadha karanA batAyA gayA hai| 1. viSNupurANa 1/4/7-8 2. bhAgavata 1/3/15 3. vahI, 2/7/12 4. vahI, 11/4/18 5. matsyapurANa 2/3-16 6. agnipurANa-adhyAya 2 7. skandhapurANa-uttarakhaNDa 92/9

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194 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki matsyAvatAra kA prayojana mukhyataH manu kI rakSA se sambandhita hai| (2) kUrma avatAra kUrmAvatAra meM viSNu kA prayojana anya avatAroM ko taraha rAkSasa vadha evaM pRthvI kA uddhAra na hokara prajA kI sRSTi karanA rahA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa' evaM jaiminibrAhmaNa meM prajApati ke dvArA kUrma rUpa dhAraNa kara prajA kI sRSTi karane kA ullekha milatA hai| je0 goda ne apanI pustaka 'AspaikTsa Apha vaiSNavijma' meM kUrma ko jala devatA varuNa se sambandhita kiyA hai| unhoMne viSNu evaM varuNa donoM ko pRthvI kA pati mAnA hai| isa kAraNa se kUrma kA viSNu se sambandha hone kI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI hai|3 isa prakAra vaidika granthoM meM matsya, varAha evaM kUrma kA sambandha prajApati se rahA hai| viSNupurANa meM bhI matsya, varAha evaM kUrma ko prajApati kA rUpa kahA gayA hai| ___aitareyabrAhmaNa"5 meM devoM evaM asuroM ke dvArA samudra-manthana kA prakaraNa milatA hai, parantu mahAbhArata meM devatAoM ke dvArA samudra manthana ke lie kUrma se apanI pITha para mandarAcala ko dhAraNa karane ke Agraha kA ullekha hai| lekina yahA~ kUrma kA sambandha prajApati yA viSNu se nahIM batAyA gayA hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhagavAn ke kUrma rUpa dhAraNa evaM samudra-manthana ko kathA kA prasaMga milatA hai| punaH viSNupurANa meM bhagavAn ke karmarUpa dhAraNa evaM kSIrasAgara meM mandarAcala ko dhAraNa karane kI kathA milatI 1. zatapathabrAhmaNa 7/9/1/5 2. jaiminibrAhmaNa 3/272 3. AspaikTsa Apha vaiSNavijma, pR0 127 : dRSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 419 4. viSNupurANa 1/47-8 5. aitareyabrAhmaNa 5/2/10 6. mahAbhArata-Adiparva 1/18/11-12 7. bAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1.45.29 8. viSNupurANa 1.9.88

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* avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 195 hai / bhAgavat', agnipurANa, padmapurANa meM kUrma rUpa meM viSNu ke avatAra kA prayojana samudra manthana ke samaya mandarAcala ko dhAraNa karane kA AdhAra rahA hai| isa prakAra kUrmAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana deva aura asuroM ke madhya samudra-manthana ke samaya mandarAcala parvata ko AdhAra pradAna karanA thA tAki vaha parvata mathAnI ke rUpa meM kArya kara sake / (3) varAha : avatAra __ avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa jantu, pazu, pazu-mAnava evaM mAnava ina cAra zreNiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| isameM varAha ko pazu avatAra kahA gayA hai| Rgveda meM vibhinna sthAnoM para varAha kA ullekha milatA hai| usameM indra dvArA varAha ke vadha kA varNana hai / indra "emuSa" nAmaka varAha ko mArate haiN| Age calakara Rgveda meM indra evaM varAha kA sambandha batAyA gayA hai| sambhavataH Rgveda kA varAha aura kAlAntara meM vikasita varAhAvatAra do bhinna-bhinna kathAeM haiM; kyoMki avatAra kA vadha kisI bhI dazA meM sambhava nhiiN| yadyapi pAzcAtya dArzanika maikDonala ne apanI pustaka epika mAitholojI meM "Rgveda" ke emuSa nAma ke varAha se varAhAvatAra ke bIja kA anumAna kiyA hai| parantu kItha ne varAha-kathA ko vRtravadha kI kathA kA rUpAntara kahA hai| atharvaveda meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha pRthvI, jo bar3e-bar3e padArthoM, zatruoM evaM pApa-puNya ke karane vAloM ke zava ko sahana karatI hai, varAha ko prApta 1. bhAgavata 1.3.16; 2.7.13; 11.4.18 2. agnipurANa adhyAya 3 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 420 3. padmapurANa, uttara khaNDa adhyAya 260 : draSTavya-vahI, pR0 420 4. Rgveda 1.61.7 5. vahI, 8.77.10 6. vahI, 10.86.4 7. epika mAitholAjI, pR0 41 8. rIlijana eNDa philosophI Apha Rgveda eNDa upaniSad, bhUmikA, pR0 3

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196 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana huii|' vikasita varAhAvatAra kI kathA kA bIja isameM DhUMDhA jA sakatA haiN| varAha kA avatAra lene kA mukhya uddezya hI pRthvI ko mukta karanA thaa| taittirIya saMhitA meM varAha kA sambandha prajApati se batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA ki vizva meM sarvatra jala hI jala thA, eka kamala patra ko jala meM dekha prajApati brahmA ne vicAra kiyA ki avazya hI isakA koI AdhAra hogA, usI samaya brahmA kI nAsikA se varAharUpa jIva nikalA aura jala meM praviSTa ho gayA aura usa varAha ne jala ke nIce dabI huI pRthvI ko tor3akara, eka khaMDa ko Upara lAkara phailAyA isI se isakA nAma pRthvI par3a gyaa| eka kRSNavarAha ne apanI zata-bAhuoM dvArA pRthvI ko Upara uThAyA, aisA AkhyAna taittirIya AraNyaka meM milatA hai|" "zatapatha brAhmaNa" meM "emuSa" nAmaka varAha dvArA prajApati kI pRthvI ko Upara uThAne kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, isase varAha kA prajApati se sambandha dyotita hotA hai|5 mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM viSNu dvArA varAha rUpa dhAraNa karane kI kathA milatI hai| pRthvI jaba prANiyoM ke bhAra se dabane ke kAraNa saikar3oM yojana nIce calI gaI to bhagavAn nArAyaNa se vaha apane uddhAra ke lie vinatI karato hai taba bhagavAn viSNu ne eka dA~ta vAle varAha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara pRthvI ko sau yojana Upara uThA diyaa| mahAbhArata meM varAhAvatAra dhAraNa karane kA prayojana pRthvI ko jala se Upara lAne kA hai| parantu nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna meM varAhAvatAra kA uddezya pRthvI ko Upara uThAne tathA hiraNyAkSa vadha kI bhI carcA milatI hai| 1. malvaM vibhratI gurubhUda bhadrapApasya nidhanaM titikSaH / varAheNa pRthivI saMvidAnA sUkarAya vijihIte mRgAya // -atharvaveda 12.1.48 2. taittirIya saMhitA 7.1.5.1 3. vahI, 1.1.3.5 4. uddhRtA'si barAheNa kRSNena zata bAhunA / bhUmirdhenurgharaNI loka dhAriNI, iti |-vhii 10.1.8 5. zatapatha brAhmaNa 14.1.2.11 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pu0413 6. mahAbhArata, vanaparva 239.76-78

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 197 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM varAha kA sambandha viSNu yA rAma se batAyA gayA hai| viSNupurANakAra ne varAha ko prajApati kA avatAra kahA hai| bhAgavata meM varAhAvatAra kA prayojana jala meM DUbI huI pRthvI ko Upara lAnA batAyA gayA hai, parantu anyatra usameM lIlAvatAroM ke prasaMga meM varAhAvatAra kA hiraNyAkSa vadha se sambandha batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki varAhAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana jala meM DUbI huI pRthvI ko Upara lAnA tathA usakA uddhAra karanA hai| (4) nRsiMha avatAra nasiMha nAma se hI paza evaM mAnava ke sammilita rUpa kA AbhAsa milatA hai| bhagavAn viSNu ne apane bhakta prahalAda kI rakSA evaM usake duSTa pitA hiraNyakazpa kA vadha karane ke lie pazu-mAnava ke saMyukta nRsiMha rUpa meM avatAra dhAraNa kiyA thaa| vaise bhAropIya dezoM meM pazu evaM mAnava ke saMyukta rUpa meM devatAoM kA ullekha aprApya nahIM hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM devatAoM ko bala evaM zaurya kI tulanA ke lie siMha, vyAghra Adi nAma vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayoga kiye gaye haiN| kItha ne apanI pustaka meM yajurveda tathA zatapatha brAhmaNa meM prayukta "puruSa vyAghrAya' ko nRsiMhAvatAra kA bIja mAnA hai| mahAbhArata meM viSNu ke lie "puruSa vyAghra" kA vizeSaNa prayukta huA hai| Rgveda evaM yajurveda 1. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 6.120.22 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAra vAda, pR0 415 2. viSNupurANa 1.4.7 3. bhAgavata 1.3.7; 11.4.18 4. vahI 2.7.1 5. prAimara Apha hindUijma meM phakuhara ne IjipTa, asIriyA Adi dezoM meM maina loaina, maina-varDa aura maina phiza Adi rUpoM meM upalabdha devatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / draSTavya vahI, pR0 422 6. zukla yajurveda 19/91-92 meM indra kI siMha Adi se tulanA ko gaI hai| 7. relijana eNDa philosophI Apha dI atharvaveda eNDa upaniSad, pR0 193 tathA yajurveda 29/8 : zatapatha brAhmaNa 13/2/4/2 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya avatAravAda pR0 423 8. mahAbhArata vanaparva 188/18 /

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198 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ke eka kathAnaka meM namucI indra se prArthanA karatA hai ki ve use aisA varadAna deM jisase vaha na vajra se mare, na sUkhe sthAna, na gIle sthAna meM, na rAta, na dina meM mre|' sambhavataH Rgveda kA uparyukta kathAnaka hI nRsiMhAvatAra kI pRSThabhUmi bnaa| bhAgavata meM indra dvArA namucI ke vadha kI kathA hai| jisameM indra sUkhI va gIlI vastu se na mArakara phena dvArA mArate haiM jo na sUkhA hotA hai, na gIlA hotA hai / hiraNyakazyapa ke vadha kI kathA isase prabhAvita hotI hai| __mahAbhArata meM bhI nRsiMha dvArA hiraNyakazyapa ke vadha kI kathA milatI hai| viSNupurANa meM bhI prahalAda ke nimitta viSNu dvArA hiraNyakazyapa vadha kI kathA hai / ' bhAgavata meM vibhinna sthaloM para bhI nRsiMha-hiraNyakazyapa kathA sUkSma antara se parilakSita hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki viSNu ke nRsiMhAvatAra ko kathA kA mukhya prayojana apane bhakta kA uddhAra evaM duSTa kA vadha rahA hai / (5) vAmana avatAra: vAmana evaM viSNu kA sambandha unake nAma ko apekSA unake "tIna pagoM" ke parAkrama se adhika sambaddha pratIta hotA hai| vAmana kA "trivikrama" aura viSNu kA "urukrama" unake tIna pagoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM / Rgveda meM viSNu dvArA tIna pagoM se sampUrNa pRthvI ko nApane kA ullekha hai| unake tona pagoM ke bIca sampUrNa vizva nivAsa karatA hai ve tInoM lokoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle haiM / ___ yajurveda evaM atharvaveda meM viSNu ke tIna pagoM ke sambandha meM RcAyeM milatI haiN| ina RcAoM meM prayukta tIna padAkrama kA bhAva niruktakAra ne pathvI, AkAza, svarga se, durgAcArya ne se agni, vAyu aura sUrya aura aruNAbha ne sUrya ke udaya-madhya aura asta se liyA hai / kintu bhASya 1. Rgveda 8/14/13 : yajurveda 19/71; bhAgavat 8/11/32-40 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 339/78 3. viSNupurANa 1/16-20 4. bhAgavata 1/318; 2/7/1; 11/4/19 5. Rgveda 1/22/16-19, 1/154/1, 3, 4 6. yajurveda 3/1, 34/43; atharvaveda 7/26/4

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 199 kAra sAyaNa ne inheM viSNu se vAmanAvatAra ke tIna paga mAne haiM / ' taittirIya saMhitA meM indra dvArA lomar3I kA rUpa dhAraNa kara tIna pagoM meM sArI pRthvI ko nApakara devatAoM ko de dene kA ullekha hai| isI meM eka anya sthala para tIna paga se viSNu dvArA vAmana rUpa dhAraNa kara tInoM lokoM ko jIta lene kA ullekha hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM devAsura saMgrAma meM asura viSNu ke zarIra ke barAbara bhAga dene ko taiyAra hue to viSNu ne sArI pRthvI nApa lI, aisA kathAnaka prApta hotA hai| viSNupurANa evaM bhAgavata meM vAmana dvArA bali se tona paga bhUmi mAMgane kA kathAnaka milatA hai|" isa prakAra paurANika vAmana kI apekSA vaidika vAmana kA sambandha viSNu yA sUrya se adhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| mahAbhArata ke "nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna" meM viSNu kA sambandha aditi aura AdityoM se batAyA gayA hai to dUsarI ora devatAoM kA kArya karane ke lie bali ko pAtAla bhejane kA ullekha milatA hai| isa prakAra vAmanAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana devatAoM kI sahAyatA karanA rahA hai| 6. parazurAma avatAra dazAvatAroM ke vikAsa krama meM pAMca paurANika avatAroM ke atirikta parazurAma, rAma, kRSNa, buddha aura kalki ko aitihAsika mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai| inakA vikAsa krama paurANika avatAroM kI apekSA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai / aitihAsika mahApuruSoM ke vikAsa meM unake vyaktigata caritra evaM guNa kA vizeSa yoga rahatA hai / avatAravAda ke vikAsa krama meM sAdhu evaM dharma kI rakSA tathA duSToM kA nAza karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| Rgveda meM jAmadagneya rAma kA ullekha milatA hai| punaH isameM jo ikSvAkU 1. madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 427 2. taittirIya saMhitA 6/2/4, 1/8/1 3. vahI, 11/1/3/1; draSTavya-ma0 sA0 avatAravAda, pR0 428 4. zatapatha brAhmaNa 1/2/5/5; 5. bhA0 11/4/20; 2/7/17; 1/3/19 6. viSNupurANa 3/1/42-43 7. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 339/81-83

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200 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana yA pRthuvaMzI rAma kA ullekha milatA hai sambhavataH vaha jAmadagneya rAma hI rahe hoNge|' zrI ke0 ema0 muMzI ne 'atharvaveda" ke eka uddharaNa ke AdhAra para parazurAma ke avatAra kA eka prayojana bhRgu aura haihayavaMzI logoM ke sAtha saMgharSa tathA gorakSA batAyA hai| avatAratva kA vikAsa parazurAma ko bhI rAma-kRSNa kI taraha viSNu kA aMzAvatAra kahA gayA hai| kAlAntara meM rAma-kRSNa to pUrNAvatAra kahalAye, parantu vahI teja evaM vIrya jaba rAma ke parAkrama ke dvArA kSINa ho jAtA hai to ve avatAratva se cyuta ho jAte haiM / zrI zukathaMkara evaM ke0 ema0 muMzI kA kahanA hai ki gItA meM jisa rAma ko vibhUtiyoM meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai ve "bhArgava rAma" haiN| isase unake viSNu ke avatAra hone meM sahAyatA milatI hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM ve rAma kI parIkSA lete dekhe gaye haiN|" mahAbhArata ke eka kathAnaka ke anusAra indra kArtavIrya ke parAkrama se ghabarAkara viSNu se usake vadha kI prArthanA karate haiN| punaH haihayarAja ke indra para AkramaNa ke kAraNa indra viSNu se mantraNA karate haiM tathA avatAra ke nimitta badarikAzrama kI yAtrA karate haiN| mahAbhArata ke 'nArAyaNIyo pAkhyAna' meM viSNu se svayaM kahalavAyA gayA hai ki maiM tretA meM bhRgakula meM parazurAma rUpa meM utpanna hokara kSatriyoM kA saMhAra kruuNgaa| viSNupurANa meM parazurAma ko kArtavIryArjuna kA vadha karane vAlA nArAyaNa kA aMzAvatAra kahA gayA hai| Age calakara bhAgavata meM viSNu ke 1. Rgveda 10/110; 10/13/14 2. nyu iNDiyana enTIkvero jI0 6, pR0 220 : aura do arlI Ayansa ina gujarAta, pR0 59 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 433 3. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/76/11-12 4. madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 433 5. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/76/12 6. mahAbhArata, vanaparva 115/15-18 7. vahI, zAntiparva 339/17 8. viSNupurANa 4/7/36

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 201 aMzAvatAra parazurAma ko haihayavaMza evaM duSTa kSatriyoM kA nAza karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki parazurAmAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana bhUtala para duSTa kSatriyoM kA nAza karanA kahA gayA hai| 7. rAma avatAra vaidika sAhitya Rgveda meM yajamAna rAma, aitereya brAhmaNa meM bhArgaveya rAma, zatapatha brAhmaNa meM tapasvanI rAma, jeminI u0 brAhmaNa" meM kranujAteya rAma, atharvasaMhitA' aura taittirIya brAhmaNa meM rAma-kRSNa kA eka sAtha ullekha huA hai / hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika sAhitya meM rAma kA bahuzaH ullekha huA parantu kAlAntara meM vikasita rAmAvatAra kI kathA kA vaidika rAma se koI sambandha hai yA nahIM, yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai| zrI jaukobI ne 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' kI samIkSA kara rAma kA indra se sambandha sthApita kiyA hai|' rAma kI kathA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata donoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| ina donoM meM kauna sA prAcInatama AkhyAna hai usake bAre meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / 'mahAbhArata' ke nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna meM 6 evaM 10 avatAroM kI sUcI meM rAma kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM rAma ko viSNu ke sadRza vIryavAna kahA gayA hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke prathama khaNDa meM rAma ko viSNu kA aMzA 1. bhAgavata 9/15/15; 1/3/20; 2/7/22; 11/4/21 2. Rgveda 10/63/14 3. aitareya brAhmaNa 7/27/34 4. zatapatha brAhmaNa 4/61/7 5. jaiminI u0 brAhmaNa 6. atharvaveda saMhitA 1/13/1 7. taittirIya brAhmaNa 2/4/4/1 8. hisTrI Apha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara, pR0 13 9. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 339/70-90, 103-104 10. "viSNunA sadRzovIrye / " -vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/1/18

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202 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana vatAra kahA gayA hai|' punaH chaThe adhyAya meM unake pUrNAvatAra kA bhAna hotA hai / viSNupurANa meM rAma ko aMzAvatAra kahA gayA hai|3|| pAli sAhitya meM buddha ko rAma kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai tathA jainoM ne bhI rAma ko AThaveM baladeva ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| avatAra kA hetu Rgveda meM viSNu ko jagat kA rakSaka evaM samasta dharmoM kA dhAraka kahA gayA hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura adhyAtma rAmAyaNa meM deva zatruoM arthAt asuroM kA vadha viSNu ke avatAra kA mukhya prayojana mAnA gayA hai|" gItA meM bhI avatAravAda kA mukhya prayojana dharma rakSA hI pratIta hotA hai arthAt jaba dharma kA patana tathA asuroM kI vRddhi hotI hai to avatAra kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / "gItA" kahatI hai ki jaba-jaba dharma kI hAni hotI hai taba-taba sAdhuoM kA duHkha dUra karane evaM duSToM kA vinAza karane tathA dharma ko sthApanA ke lie bhagavAn avatAra grahaNa karate haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki rAma ke avatAra kA mukhya prayojana duSTa vyaktiyoM yA asuroM kA vadha karanA rahA hai / 8. kRSNa avatAra __ vaidika sAhitya se lekara bhAgavata taka vibhinna granthoM meM zrIkRSNa ke vibhinna rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| Rgveda meM kRSNa AMgirasa RSi kA 1. "tataH padmapalAsAkSaH kRtvA''tmAnaM caturvidham / ___ pitaraM rocayAmAsa tadA dazarathaM nRpam // " -vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/15/31 2. vahI 6/120 3. "tasyApi bhagavAnaSyanAbho jagataH sthityarthamAtmAzena / rAmalakSmaNabharatazatrughnarUpeNa caturddhA putratvamAyAsIt // " -viSNupurANa 4/487 4. Rgveda 1/22/18 5. "vadhAya devazatrUNAM nRNAM loke manaH kuru / evaM stutastu devezo viSNustridazapuMgavaH // -vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/15/76 mAnuSeNa mRtistasya mayA kalyANa kalpitA / atastvaM mAnuSo bhUtvA jahi devaripuprabhI ||-adhyaatm rAmAyaNa 1/2/24 6. gItA 4/7-8

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 203 nAma sUkta ke kartA ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai|' kRSNa AGgirasa kA nAma "kauSIka brAhmaNa' meM bhI prApya hai / 2 "chAndogyopaniSad" meM devakI ke putra evaM AMgirasa ke ziSya ke rUpa meM kRSNa kA ullekha milatA hai| chAndogyopaniSad kI yaha kathA kAlAntara meM vikasita kRSNAvatAra kI kathA kA mUla bIja pratIta hoto hai / kyoMki avatArI kRSNa devakI ke putra ke rUpa meM hI vikhyAta huye haiN| "pANinike aSTAdhyAyI" meM bhI kRSNa kA nAma AyA hai| Rgveda meM indra aura kRSNa nAma ke asura ke saMgharSa kA ullekha milatA hai|' DA. rAdhAkRSNan ne kRSNa ko usa dala kA devIkRta vIra puruSa mAnA hai| viSNupurANa meM indra kRSNa yuddha aura bhAgavata meM kRSNa dvArA indra kI pUjA kA virodha karane kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki Rgveda ke kRSNa kI purANoM ke kRSNa se sambandha sthApita karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai| mahAbhArata meM kRSNa kA arjuna se sambandha batAyA gayA hai| Rgveda meM kRSNa aura arjuna tathA atharvaveda meM rAma aura kRSNa kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| __isa prakAra vaidika sAhitya ke anuzIlana se hameM kRSNa nAma ke vyakti kA astitva niHsaMdigdha spaSTa hotA hai| upayukta tathyoM ke adhyayana se tIna prakAra ke kRSNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai : prathama AMgirasa kRSNa, dvitIya Aryattara saMskRti se sambaddha kRSNAsura, tRtIya mahAbhArata ke kRSNa / "chAndogyopaniSada" ke kRSNa kA sambandha gItA ke kRSNa se hai kyoMki chAndogyopaniSad ke bahuta se upadeza gItA ke zlokoM se sAmya rakhate haiN| 1. Rgveda 8/85-87 2. kauSItaki brAhmaNa 30/9 3. chAndogyopaniSad 3/17/6 4. pANini aSTAdhyAyI 54/1/99 5. Rgveda 1/130/8; 2/20/7; 8/25/13 6. iNDiyana philosophI : rAdhAkRSNan bhAga 1, pR0 87 7. viSNupurANa 5/30/95 : bhAgavata 10/25 8. "ahazca kRSNamaharajunaM ca vivartate rajasI vedyAbhiH / " Rgveda 6/9/1 "navataM jAtAsyoSadhe rAme kRSNe asikni ca / atharvaveda ddhaM0 1/23/1

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204 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana uparokta tInoM kRSNoM ke varNana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAlAntara meM paurANikoM ne vaidika kRSNa kA kRSNAvatAra se ekIkaraNa kA prayatna kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM sAmUhika avatAroM ke prakaraNa meM zrIkRSNa ko nArAyaNa kA aMzAvatAra kahA gayA hai / ' paramezvara ke kAle aura sapheda do keza kRSNa aura balarAma ke rUpa meM avatIrNa hue aura ve paramezvara ke aMza kahalAte haiN|2 bhAgavata meM pRthvI kA bhAra utArane ke lie bhagavAn ke apane zveta evaM kAle bAloM se balarAma aura kRSNa ke rUpa meM aMzAvatAra lene kA prakaraNa milatA hai| bhAgavata ke dazama skandha meM bhI balarAma aura kRSNa ke rUpa meM aMzAvatAra kA varNana milatA hai| yahA~ para bhI kRSNAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana asura-saMhAra hI rahA hai| 9. buddha-avatAra buddha aitihAsika mahApuruSa haiM jinakI aitihAsikatA siddha kI jA cukI hai| itihAsakAra inakA janma I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM mAnate haiM / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tInoM dharmoM kA eka dUsare para atyadhika prabhAva dikhAI detA hai, jisake kAraNa vaiSNava avatAravAda kA vikAsa kucha loga chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva ke bhAgavata dharma kI apekSA bauddha dharma se mAnate haiN| zrI gokula De bauddhoM meM bhakti ke prAdurbhAva ko bhAgavat mAnate haiM / vaiSNava dharma meM buddha ke gRhIta hone ke pUrva hI buddha ke avatAra, avatArI aura upAsya tInoM rUpoM kI pUjA kA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavAna buddha kI pUjA unake jIvanakAla meM bhI pracalita ho gaI thii| bauddha dharma meM bhAgavata dharma ke prasiddha SaDguNa ke sadRza chaH pAramitAoMdAna, zIla, zAnti, vIrya, dhyAna evaM prajJA ko sAdhanA dvArA hI buddha ne 1. mahAbhArata : Adiparva 67/151 2. "paraM jyotiracintyaM yattadazaH paramezvaraH |-vissnnupuraann 5/1/60,64,76 3. bhAgavata 2/7/25 : 4. bhAgavata 10/1/2 5. dI bodhisatva DAkTarIna, pU0 31-32 : uddha ta-ma0sA0 avatAravAda, pR0 437 6. madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 437 7. do vaidika eja, bhAga 1, pR0 450

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 205 buddhatva prApta kiyA thA / isI sAdhanA ke bala para buddha siddha hue aura unhIM zaktiyoM ke kAraNa logoM ne buddha ko lokottara aura siddha mAnA evaM parinirvANa ke bAda aneka lokottara evaM camatkArapUrNa bAteM unake jIvana se jur3a gaIM / sambhavataH Age calakara bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA ke kAraNa buddha bodhisatva mAne jAne lage, jaba buddha ko viSNu kA avatAra svIkAra kara liyA gayA, taba viSNu ke aneka guNoM kA buddha meM samAveza kara diyA gayA / viSNu ke nivAsa " nityaloka" ke samAna buddha kA nivAsa " tuSitaloka" mAnA gayA jahA~ sahasroM deva-dAsiyA~ inakI sevA karatI haiM / buddhoM ke janmoM ke pUrva unakI mAtAyeM pratIkAtmaka svapna dekhatI haiM, jisa prakAra tIrthaMkaroM ke janma ke pUrva inakI mAtAyeM dekhatI haiM / jisa prakAra viSNu ke avatAroM kI saMkhyA meM kamazaH vRddhi hotI gaI, usI prakAra bauddhoM meM bhI buddhoM evaM bodhisatvoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi hotI gaI / eka buddha se caubIsa buddha aura phira viSNu ke ananta avatAroM ke sadRza buddhoM kI saMkhyA bhI ananta hotI gaI / * buddhavaMsa meM gautama buddha ke pUrva caubIsa buddhoM kA varNana hai aura gautama buddha ko 25 veM sthAna para rakhA gayA hai tathA 26 veM buddha ke rUpa meM maitreya mAne gaye haiM / " yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata" kI bhAvanA ke sadRza hI buddha pRthvI ke kSatriyAkrAnta hone para kSatriya kula meM evaM brAhmaNAkrAnta hone para brAhmaNa kula meM janma lete haiM / buddha jo pahale arhat mAtra kahalAte the, vaiSNava avatAravAda ke prabhAva se svayaMbhU, sarvazaktimAna evaM brahmA, viSNu, Izvara aura sUrya-candra ke rUpa kahalAne lage / kucha loga RSiyoM kA avatAra, dazabala, rAma, indra tathA varuNa kahate haiM aura kucha loga buddha ko dharmakAya, nirmANakAya Adi zAzvata rUpoM meM bhI dekhate haiM / " baladeva upAdhyAya buddha ke dharmaMkAya kI 1. bauddha darzana, pR0 128 2. mahAyAna, pR0 60 3. madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pu0 438 4. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 585 5. buddhiSTa bAibila (goDArDa, pR0 158 ) : draSTavya-ma0sA0 avatAravAda, pR0 439

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206 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tulanA vedAnta ke brahma evaM sambhogakAya kI Izvara se karate haiN|' parantu bhadanta zAntibhikSu ke anusAra dharmakAya aura nirmANakAya sAdhanA evaM vikAsa kI avasthAyeM haiM / buddha kA nirmANakAya nArAyaNa ke ananta avatAroM ke sadRza hai / aitihAsika buddha ko zakyasiMha kA avatAra yA nirmANakAya kahA hai, jo dharmakAya kA avatarita rUpa hai| dIpaMkara, kazyapa, gautama buddha, maitreya aura anya mAnuSI buddha nirmANakArya ke rUpa haiN|" sambhogakAya ke rUpa meM buddha bodhisatvoM ko upadeza dete haiM / __ bauddha jAtakoM meM upalabdha rAma kathAoM meM buddha ko rAma kA punarAvatAra mAnA gayA hai| kAmila bulke ne apanI pustaka rAmakathA meM buddha ko rAma kA avatAra mAnA hai / bhadanta zAntibhikSu buddha ko viSNu kA nidoSa rUpa kahate haiM / viSNu ke samAna baddha ke virATa rUpa kA ullekha "karaNDa vyUha" meM milatA hai| inako sahasrabAhu kahA gayA hai| inake netroM ko sUrya evaM candra kahA gayA hai, brahmA aura anya devatA inake kandhe aura nArAyaNa inake hRdaya haiN| dAMtoM ko sarasvatI evaM inake ananta romoM se ananta buddhoM kI saMjJA do gaI hai| isa prakAra buddha ko viSNu ke sadaza mAnA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke dazAvatAroM meM buddha kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu bhAgavata kI tInoM sUciyoM meM buddha kA nAma milatA hai| isameM buddha ko asuroM ko mohita karane evaM unheM veda ke viruddha karanevAlA kahA gayA 1. bauddha darzana (paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya), pR0165 2. mahAyAna, pR0 73 3. bauddha darzana, pR0 162 4. inTroDaksana TU tAMtrika buddhijma, pR0 12-13 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 440 5. mahAyAna, pR0 74 6. bauddha darzana, pR0 154-165 7. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa; pR0 293 meM uddhRta-dazaratha jAtaka 461 aura vevadhamna jAtaka 513 8. rAmakathA (bulke) pR0 104 9. dI bodhisatva DAkTarona, 49 aura karaNDavyUha, pR0 62

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buddhatva ko avadhAraNA : 207 hai|' arthAt asuroM ke yajJa meM vighna DAlane hetu viSNu, buddha rUpa meM avatAra lete haiN|2 10. kalki avatAra dazAvatAroM meM kalki ke avatAra ke bhaviSya meM hone vAle avatAra haiM, isa kAraNa unakA aitihAsika rUpa aspaSTa hai| phira bhI sAhityika sAkSyoM meM kalki se sambandhita rAjAoM ke nAma milate haiN| jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM bhI kalki kA ullekha huA hai| zrI ke0 vI0 pAThaka ne jaina granthoM ke AdhAra para kalki ko atyAcArI kahA hai kyoMki isane jainoM para kara lagAyA thaa| isako "caturmukha kalki" evaM 'kalkirAja" ke nAma se pukArA gayA hai|3 bauddha sAhitya meM honasAMga ne bauddha bhikSuoM para miharakUla ke atyAcAroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| isa prakAra jainoM evaM bauddhoM para atyAcArI ke rUpa meM kalki yA miharakula kA ullekha 520 I0 meM milatA hai| "sekodyezaTIkA" meM kalka (pApa) kA sambandha maitreya se mAnate hue brAhmaNa varNa ke kalka (pApa) kA nivAraNa maitreya dvArA karAyA gayA hai| 12. tataH kalo sampravRtte sammohAya suradviSAm / buddho nAmnAjanasutaH kIkaTeSubhaviSyati // -bhAgavat 1/3/24 devadviSAM nigamavatmani niSThitAnA pUmimayena dihitaabhirdRshytuubhiH| lokAnA 'natA matirvimohamalipralobhaM veSaM vidhAya bahu bhASyata aupadharmyam // -vahI, 2/7/37 bhUme rAvataraNAya yaduSvajanmA jAtaH kariSyati surairapi duSkarANi / vArimohayati yajJa kRto'tadarhAn zudrAn kalo kSitibhujo'nyahaniSyadante // -vahI, 11/4/22 3. madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0446 4. inDiyana eMTIkverI ji047 ( 1918), pR0 18-19 urddha'ta-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 446 5. brahmaNAdivarNanAmekakalkatvAbhiprAyeNamukavajra iti nAmakaraNAnmaivyAdicatu brahmavihAra paripUrtyA sarvakAlaM rAgadvaSAdiviziddhinivAraNatveneti nAmAbhiSekaH SaSThaH / -sekodyazaTIkA, pR0 21 uddhRta vahI, pR0 448

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208 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana jaina granthoM meM kalkAcAryaM nAma ke eka brAhmaNa kA ullekha milatA hai jisakA paurANika kalki se kucha sAmya dRSTigata hotA hai / kalkAcAryaM buddhi se brAhmaNa, parAkrama se kSatriya kahe gaye haiM, inakA janma madhya pradeza ke dhArAnagarI meM huA batAte haiM; jabaki paurANika kalki kA janma sambhala grAma, jo ki madhya pradeza damoha meM batAyA gayA hai / 2 isa prakAra prabhAvakacarita kI guNoM ke kAraNa paurANika kalki ke paurANika kalki kA vivarAsa prabhAvaka caritra kalki kathA caritra aura vyaktigata adhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai aura mAnA jA sakatA hai / ukta rUpoM ke alAvA kalki kA eka paurANika rUpa mahAbhArata se lekara kalki purANa taka lagabhaga eka sA hI pratIta hotA hai / mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba kaliyuga meM pApoM kI atyadhika vRddhi ho jAyagI to eka mahAn zaktizAlI bAlaka brAhmaNa parivAra meM paidA hogA, jo "viSNuyazA kalki" kahalAyegA / jo svecchayA astra-zastra prApta karake duSToM kA nAza evaM dharma kI sthApanA karegA / 3 viSNupurANa bhaviSya meM janma lene vAle sambhala nivAsI viSNuyaza ke putra ko vAsudeva kA aMzAvatAra rUpa kalki mAnatA hai jo duSToM kA nAza karane ke lie avatarita hoMge / 4 bhAgavata kI sabhI sUciyoM meM viSNuyaza ke putra ko kalki kA avatAra kahA gayA hai evaM unakA prayojana duSToM kA nAza kara dharma kI sthApanA karanA batAyA gayA hai / 5 8. avatAroM ke vibhinna prakAra yahAM para avatAroM ke vibhinna prakAra se tAtparya Izvara ne kina-kina rUpoM athavA yoniyoM meM janma liyA usase hai / mukhyatayA Izvara ne cAra yoniyoM meM avatAra grahaNa kiyA hai, dazAvatAra kI avadhAraNAnusAra 1 - jantu : matsya, kUrma 2 --- pazu : vArAha 1. prabhAvakacarita, kAlakasUricarita0, pR0 22-27 2. nyU iNDiyana enTIkverI, ji0 / pR0463 3. mahAbhArata - vanaparva 190 / 93-94 : 96/97 : zAMtiparva 349 /- 38 4. viSNupurANa 4 / 24 / 98 5. bhAgavata 1/3/25, 2/7/38; 11 / 4 / 22; 12 / 2 / 18-23

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 209 3-mAnava-pazu : narasiMha 4-mAnava rUpa : vAmana, parazurArAma, rAma, kRSNa, buddha aura kalki parantu bhAgavat ke 24 avatAra kI avadhAraNAnusAra nimna yoniyoM yA koTiyoM meM Izvara ne avatAra grahaNa kiyA hai 1-jantu : matsya, kUrma 2-pazu : vArAha 3-pakSI : haMsa 4-mAnava-pazu : narasiMha, hayagrIva 5-mAnavarUpa : sanakAdi, nArada, nara-nArAyaNa, kapila, dattAtreya, yajJa, RSabhadeva, rAjA pRthu, dhanvantari, mohinI, vAmana, parazurAma, vyAsa, rAma, balarAma, zrIkRSNa, buddha, aura kalki / 9. avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM enIbeseMTa ke vicAra DaoN0 enIveseMTa ne apanI pustaka 'avatAra' meM avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa meM satva, raja aura tama guNoM ko mahatvapUrNa batalAyA hai, kyoMki prakRti meM tInoM guNoM kA santulita honA Avazyaka hotA hai| jaise ki rajo guNa aura tamo guNa kA prabhAva adhika ho jAtA hai to ina donoM ke mizrita prabhAva se satoguNa kA hrAsa hone lagatA hai jisase sat guNa se sambandhita sukha evaM zAnti kSINa hone lagatI hai| isa prakAra prakRti meM asantulana kI avasthA ke kAraNa anyAya, atyAcAra, anAcAra Adi guNoM kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| isI asantulana kI avasthA ko santulita karane ke lie Izvara avatAra letA hai| ___ khanija, vanaspati evaM pazu Adi ke apane-apane vikAsa ke niyama hote haiN| niyama eka prakAra kA bala hotA hai jisase sabhI vastuoM para niyantraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura apane ko surakSita rakhA jA sakatA hai| manuSya ke vikAsa ke mArga ko prazasta karane ke lie Izvara svayaM manuSya rUpa meM avatarita ho manuSyocita vyavahAra karate hue apane jIvana ko ucca Adarza kI ora le jAte haiN| jisase ki manuSya unakA anusaraNa karake apane jIvana ko Adarza banA sakatA hai| avatAroM ke nimna krama se 'Evolution Theory' arthAt vikAsavAda kI jhalaka dikhAI par3atI hai| prathama matsya avatAra jala meM rahane vAlA, kUrma avatAra jala evaM thala meM rahane vAlA yA calane vAlA, usake bAda pUrNa pazu avatAra varAha kA huA, usake pazcAt AdhA pazu aura AdhA mAnava

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210 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana mizrita narasiMha kA avatAra huaa| tatpazcAt pUrNa puruSa kA baunA rUpa vAmanAvatAra hotA hai| parazurAma puruSa ke vikasita rUpa to hue parantu svabhAva se pazuoM kI taraha hiMsaka vRtti ke the| unake bAda dhanuSa-bANa se svarya evaM para kI rakSA karane vAle rAma kA avatAra hotA hai, jinhoMne anyAya kA pratikAra karane ke lie rAvaNa ke viruddha bANa calAye tathA maryAdApUrvaka rAjya kA saMcAlana kiyA, isI se rAma ko maryAdA puruSottama kahA jAtA hai| phira AThaveM avatAra ke rUpa meM zrIkRSNa hue haiM jinhoMne apane vAtsalya se sabhI ko apane vaza meM kara liyA tathA yuddha meM pANDavoM kI sahAyatA kii| kAkA kAlelakara ne enIbeseMTa ke uparokta lekha ke AdhAra para yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki isake bAda hindU dharma kA vikAsa krama ruka gyaa| lekhaka ke mata evaM bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke vicAra kA yaha pariNAma rahA ki tathAgata buddha ko naveM avatAra ke rUpa meM apanA liyA, jinhoMne thor3I ahiMsA calAI / kAkA sAhaba ne mata vyakta kiyA ki isake bAda pUrNa ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA ke lihAja se bhagavAn mahAvIra ko 10veM avatAra meM honA cAhie, parantu hindU dharma ne kalki ko 10vAM sthAna de diyA / tAtparya yaha hai ki vikAsa kA jo krama avatAravAda meM thA vaha TUTa gyaa| isameM mAnava ke vikAsa kI kathA rUpaka aura alaMkAra ke zabda meM prastuta huI, isameM zaMkA nahIM hai| khojA sampradAya ke pIra sadAaladIna ne apanI pustaka meM 10vAM avatAra alI ko batAyA hai| isa prakAra khojA sampradAya meM bhI viSNu ke dazAvatAra paramparA ko mAnyatA dI gayI hai| ____ jo kamiyA~ haiM, ve vAstava meM hamAre vikAsa meM preraNA kA kArya karatI hai| manuSyoM kI icchAyeM bhinna-bhinna hotI haiM aura ve icchAyeM una mAnavoM ko avanati kI ora le jAtI haiN| isI ko ThIka karane ke lie Izvara ke avatAra kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / yoM to sabhI prANI Izvara kI abhivyaktiyA~ haiM parantu una sabhI abhivyaktiyoM ko na lekara kucha vizeSa guNoM se yukta abhivyaktiyoM ko hama lete haiM aura unheM hama avatAra kahate haiN| mukhya dasa avatAra mAne gaye haiM kyoMki yaha jIvana ke vikAsa ke rAste dikhAte haiM / 1. prIciMga Apha islAma : draSTavya abhinandana grantha (zrI puSkara muni upAdhyAya) 50 323 /

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 211 10. rAdhAsvAmI mata meM dasa avatAra kI avadhAraNA rAdhAsvAmI matAvalambiyoM ne bhI dazAvatAra ke bAre meM likhA hai / rAdhAsvAmI mata ke anuyAyI bAbUjI mahArAja ne kahA hai ki hindU zAstroM ke anusAra pahale maccha, kaccha aura vArAha avatAra hue| phira narasiMha avatAra huaa| pahale tIna pazu rUpa meM the / cauthA avatAra nara ora pazu sandhi kA thA aura isake bAda nara rUpa meM avatAra hue / anta meM zrIkRSNa mahArAja brahma ke pUrNa avatAra hue / brahma aura brahmANDa deza ke avatAra jaba khatma ho cuke taba isa samaya kaliyuga meM nirmala caitanya deza ke santa avatAra hue / bAbUjI mahArAja kA kahanA hai ki piNDa ( zarIra ) meM cha: cakra haiM, brahmANDa meM cha: kamala haiM aura dayAla deza ( nirmala caitanya deza ) meM chaH padma haiM / dasoM avatAra jo jagat meM Aye brahma hI ke avatAra the, magara pahale tIna avatAra maccha, kaccha, vArAha pazupata ke the aura unakA tAlluka nIce ke tIna cakroM se thA jisameM haivAnI tAkatoM kA jora bahuta jyAdA hai / maccha avatAra gudA cakra kA, kaccha avatAra indriya (jananendriya) cakra kA, vArAha avatAra nAbhi cakra kA zUkara rUpa meM thA / hRdaya cakra pazu aura nara kA sandhi sthala hai / hRdaya cakra para simaTa kara Ane se pazuoM kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai aura agara vahA~ baiThakara bahoza kAryavAhI (apramattabhAva se karma ) kara sake to nara nara-zreNI meM A jAtA hai / nRsiMha yAnI nara aura pazu kA avatAra hRdaya cakra kA thA / isake bAda Upara ke cakroM aura kamaloM ke avatAra Aye aura sabase Akhira meM zrIkRSNa mahArAja brahma ke pUrNa avatAra hue| satayuga se lekara dvApara ke anta taka piNDa deza aura brahmANDa deza ke avatAra ho cuke, taba kaliyuga brahmANDa ke Upara nirmala caitanya deza aura dayAla deza ke santa avatAra hone kA samaya AyA / isase pahale santoM ko avatAra lekara Ane kI jarUrata nahIM thI, kyoMki jIvoM kA adhikAra nahIM thA, usI kAyade se jisase ki satayuga aura tretAyuga meM kRSNa nahIM A sakate the / isa prakAra rAdhAsvAmI mata ke anuyAyI bhI Izvara ke dasa avatAroM meM vizvAsa karate haiM mAtra antara yaha hai ki unhoMne kaliyuga meM kalki avatAra kI jagaha santa avatAra kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI hai| 1. bacana bAbUjI mahArAja - bhAga 1, pR0 357, bacana 74, 8.12.40 2. vahI, pR0 369, bacana 77, 12. 12.40

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212 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 11. pArasiyoM meM dasa avatAra kI avadhAraNA pArasiyoM ke dharmagrantha 'jendAvestA', jise IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai, meM verethrughna ( vRtrahan = indra ) ke dasa avatAroM kA varNana milatA hai - 1. vAyu, 2. RSabha yA vRSabha, 3. azva, 4. U~Ta, 5. varAha, 6. kumAra, 7. kauA, meSa, 9. mRga, 10. puruSa / ina avatAroM meM se kucha kA varNana prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM AyA hai - dAyu, vRSabha yA RSabha, azva yA 'hayagrIva', varAha, kumAra yA 'vAmana' aura puruSa / 'sahi pratyakSaM varuNasya pamuryanmeSaH / 2 'vAruNI ca hi tvASTI cAviH / 3 varuNa aura tvaSTA donoM indra ( vRtrahan ), prajApati aura viSNu se abhinna kahe gaye haiM / ataH 'jendAvestA' ke samAna 'meSa' kA viziSTa sambandha vere ghna ( vRtrahan = indra ) ke sAtha prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM bhI pratipAdita hai / bhAgavatapurANa meM varAha, vAmana, puruSa, vRSabha aura hyagrIva kA varNana milatA hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki pArasI aura bhAratIya AryoM kI mUla paramparA eka hI thI, kintu kAlAntara meM alaga-alaga dezoM meM vikasita hone ke kAraNa unameM paraspara bheda ho gayA / jendaavestA meM indra ke jina dasa avatAroM kA varNana milatA hai unameM RSabha, azva, hayagrIva, varAha, kumAra yA vAmana puruSa aise nAma haiM, jo vaiSNava paramparA meM viSNu ke, jina caubIsa avatAroM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, unase milate haiN| inheM indra kA avatAra mAnane se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki prArambha meM indra hI mahatvapUrNa devatA the kintu kAlAntara meM jaba viSNu mahatvapUrNa devatA bana gae aura anya sabhI devatAoM ko unake adhIna mAna liyA gayA taba avatAroM kI yaha kalpanA bhI unake sAtha jor3a dI gaI / vaise jenda avestA meM ullikhita ina avatAroM meM parazurAma, rAma, kRSNa, buddha Adi ke nAma nahIM milate haiM, isase aisA lagatA hai ki ye sabhI AryoM ke 1. baharAmayasta 1/27, DArmesTeTara kRta aMgrejI anuvAda 2. zatapathabrAhmaNa 2/5/2/16 3. vahI, 7/5/2/20 4. bhAgavatapurANa 1 / 3 / 1-26 : 2/6/41-42 : 11 / 4 / 3 : 10 / 12 / 20

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 213 bhArata nivAsa ke bAda avatAra rUpa meM kalpita kie gae, yadyapi isase eka bAta to sunizcita rUpa se siddha ho jAtI hai ki avatAroM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa AryoM ke bhArata meM Ane ke pUrva ho cukA thaa| yadi hama RSabha ke avatAra kI avadhAraNA ko leM, to hama pAte haiM ki RSabha ko vedoM meM to sthAna milA hI hai kintu unheM jaina paramparA meM prathama tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura isa prakAra unheM sampUrNa Arya saMskRti kA Adi purUSa mAnA jA sakatA haiN| niSkarSa rUpa meM mAtra hama itanA hI kahanA cAheMge ki avatAravAda ko isa avadhAraNA ke bIja bhArata ke bAhara bhI atyanta prAcInakAla meM upasthita the| 12. avatAroM ko caubIsa saMkhyA kI avadhAraNA purANoM meM sarvAdhika pracalita dazAvatAroM ke atirikta 'bhAgavatapurANa' meM bhagavAn ke asaMkhya avatAra batAye gaye haiN| kabhI inakI saMkhyA 'bAisa', 'caubIsa' aura kabhI solahara batAI gaI hai| bhAgavata ke dazama skandha ke dvitIya adhyAya meM dasa aura cAlIsaveM adhyAya meM buddha ko jor3akara gyAraha avatAra batAye haiN|3|| __ bhAgavata ke AdhAra para likhe gaye eka anya grantha "laghubhAgavatAmata" meM avatAroM kI saMkhyA paccIsa mAnI gayI hai| sAtvata tantra to isase bhI Age bar3hakara lagabhaga ikatAlisa avatAroM kI sUcI prastuta karatA hai|' bhAgavata meM dazAvatAroM kI avadhAraNA ke atirikta caubIsa avatAroM ko avadhAraNA bhI pracalita rahI hai| bhAgavata ko caubIsa avatAroM kI isa kalpanA ko itihAsakAroM ne bauddhoM aura jainoM se prabhAvita mAnA hai| zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA kA kathana hai-buddha evaM RSabha ko hinduoM ke avatAra meM sthAna dene se pratIta hotA hai ki bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA prabhAva hindu dharma para par3A thA isalie unake pravartakoM ko viSNu ke avatAroM meM sammilita kara liyA gyaa| isake caubIsa avatAroM ko yaha 1. zrImadbhAgavata 1/3/1-26 2. vahI 11/4/6; 11/4/17-22 3. vahI 10/2/40; 10/40/17-22 4. laghubhAgavatAmRta pR070, zloka 32 5. sAtvata tantra dvitIya paTala

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214 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kalpanA bhI bauddhoM ke caubIsa aura jainoM ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para huI hai', aisA pratIta hAtA hai / avatAra caubIsa hI kyoM? avatAroM kI saMkhyA caubIsa mAnane ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM aneka kalpanAe haiM unameM kucha kalpanAe~ atyanta rocaka hone se nIce dI jA rahI haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM viSNu ko sUrya bhI kahA gayA hai, sUrya kA saMvatsara se ghaniSTa sambandha hai / "saMvatsara" ke caubIsa aMza (arddhamAsa) arthAt pakSa hote haiM / inhIM ko viSNu ke caubIsa aMzAvatAra kahate haiN| ___'araNi' jo ki yajJa meM atyanta upayukta haiM vaha viSNu/yajJa kI patnI kahI gaI hai| usakA pariNAma caubIsa aMguli mAnA gayA hai, isakA caubIsa akSaroM vAlI gAyatrI se bhI ghaniSTa sambandha hai / patnI-pati kA arddha bhAga hone se "araNi" yajJa rUpI viSNu kA rUpa hI hai / yahI viSNu ke caubIsa aMza yA avatAra haiN| viSNu nArAyaNa-amarakoSa meM yajJa, saMvatsara aura gAyatrI kA puruSa se ghaniSTa sambandha kahA gayA hai| puruSa ke zarIra ke caubIsa bhAga kahe gaye haiN| aba hama caubIsa avatAroM kI vizada vyAkhyA zrImadbhAgavata ke prathama skandha, adhyAya 3 ke anusAra kreNge| 1. sanatkumAra-avatAra sanaka, sanandana, sanAtana aura sanatkumAra-ina cAroM kI gaNanA viSNu ke caubIsa avatAroM meM ko gaI hai| Rgveda saMhitA meM cAroM nAma dRSTigocara nahIM hote haiM, parantu "kumAra" eka vizeSa varga ke tapasviyoM ke nAma ke sAtha jur3A dikhAI par3atA hai| Rgveda meM Agneya kumAra, Atreya kumAra, yAmAyana kumAra Adi nAma ke tapasviyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| vRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke "yAjJavalkIya kANDa" meM san, sanAtana aura sanaga kA ullekha milatA hai| 'chAndogyopaniSad meM sanatkumAra nArada ko brahma1. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti (1951), pR0 13 2. amarakoza 1/1/18; draSTavya-vedavANI, varSa 14, aMka 5, pR0 10 3. Rgveda 5/2; 7/101; 10/905; uddhRta, ma0 sA0 a0, pR0 489 4. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2/6/3; draSTavya vahI, pR0 489

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* avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 215 vidyA kA upadeza dete hue prastuta kiye gaye haiM / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM san, sanatsujAta, sananda, sanandana, kapila, sanAtana, sanatkumAra brahmA ke sAta mAnasa putra kahe gaye haiM / inheM nivRtti dharmapAlaka, yoga, sAMkhya, dharma ke AcArya, mokSAbhilASI evaM pazusiMha kA virodhI batAyA gayA hai / viSNupurANa meM eka "kaumAra sarga" kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / * bhAgavata purANa meM bhagavAn cAra brAhmaNa- sanaka, sanandana, sanAtana aura sanatkumAra ke rUpa meM avatarita hokara brahmacarya kA pAlana karate haiM / " bhagavAn ke tapa arthavAle "sana" nAma se yukta sanaka, sanandana, sanAtana aura sanatkumAra rUpoM meM avatarita hokara kSatriyoM ko upadeza dene kA ullekha hai / punaH 1& bhAgavata meM viSNu ke haMsa, dattAtreya, sanaka, sanandana, sanAtana, sanatkumAra aura RSabha kalAvatAroM kA ullekha milatA hai| bhAgavata kI paramparA meM inheM viSNu ke caubIsa avatAroM meM sthAna prApta huA hai / sanakAdi AtmajJAniyoM kI apekSA viSNu ke bhakta avatAra vidita hote haiN| 2. varAha avatAra varAhAvatAra kI vizada vyAkhyA hama pahale kara cuke haiM / 3. nArada-avatAra vaidika aura paurANika sAhitya meM vibhinna sthAnoM para nArada kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / Rgveda aura atharvaveda ke kucha sUktoM ke racayitA "nArada pavaMta" evaM "nArada kaNva" nAma ke RSi kahe gaye haiN| nArada ke nAma kA paricaya sAmavedIya paramparA meM bhI milatA hai / " chAndogyo 1. chAndogyopaniSad 7/1/1 : draSTavya- ma0sa0a0, pR0 489 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 340 / 72-82 3. vahI, zAntiparva 340 / 72-82 4. viSNupurANa 2/1/25 5. bhAgavata 1/3/6 6. vahI 2/7/5 7. vahI 19/4/17 8. Rgveda 8/13, 9/104 - 105 atharvaveda 5/19/1; 12/4/16 uddhata - madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 491 9. draSTavya - vahI, pR0 491

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216 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana paniSad meM nArada ko aneka vidyAoM kA jJAtA kahA gayA hai| mahAbhArata zAntiparva meM nArada parvata RSi ke mAmA kahe gaye haiM / mahAbhArata ke isI 13 parva meM nArada tapasyA ke phalasvarUpa viSNudarzana prApta karate haiM / tathA nArAyaNa RSi se " ekAntika mata" kA jJAna prApta karane kA ullekha hai / isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM viSNu aura nArAyaNa bhakta ke rUpa meM nArada kA caritra citraNa kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM devarSi nArada kA ullekha divya vibhUtiyoM meM hai / " vaiSNava evaM anya dharmoM ke pravartakoM ke avatArIkaraNa ke sAtha bhAgavata meM devarSi nArada kA tIsarA avatAra RSiyoM kI sRSTi meM mAnA gayA hai / kAlAntara meM jaba vaiSNava evaM anya dharmoM meM avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI, taba devarSi nArada ko bhI Izvara kA avatAra mAna liyA gayA / isa avatAra meM nArada ke avatAra kA mukhya prayojana sAtvata tantra athavA nArada pAMcarAtra kA upadeza denA batAyA gayA hai, parantu caubIsa lIlAvatAroM meM nArada kA nAmollekha nahIM hai / 7 bhAgavata meM ve dAsI ke putra batAye gaye haiM parantu vahIM prathama skandha meM inakA sambandha premA-bhakti se parilakSita hotA hai / ' bhaktoM evaM pravartakoM kI paramparA meM hI nArada ko viSNu kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai / anya avatAroM kI apekSA nAradAvatAra kI avadhAraNA adhika prasiddhi ko nahIM prApta huI / 4. nara-nArAyaNa-avatAra bhAgavata kI tInoM sUciyoM meM nara-nArAyaNa ko utpatti dharma kI patnI dakSa prajApati kI kanyA mUrti ke garbha se batAyI gaI hai / " nara-nArAyaNa ne avatAra lekara RSi rUpa meM rahakara mana evaM indriyoM para saMyama prApta 1. chAndogyopaniSad 7 /1/1 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 28 3. vahI, zAntiparva 190 4. vahI, 234 /4- 33 5. gItA 10/26 6. bhAgavata 1/3/8 7. vahI, 2/7 8. vahI, 1/5/23, 38-39 9. vahI, 1/3/9; 2/7/6; 11/4/16 FA

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 217 karane ke liye kaThina tapa kiyA / Rgveda ke "puruSa sUkta" ke racanAkAra nArAyaNa RSi kahe gaye haiM / ' zatapatha brAhmaNa meM puruSa se svarUpita "puruSa nArAyaNa" pAMcarAtra yajJa ke kartA evaM sabakA atikramaNa karane vAle sarvavyApI aura sarvAtmA kahe gaye haiM / " tettirIya AraNyaka meM nArAyaNa ko viSNu evaM vAsudeva se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM arjuna evaM kRSNa ko nara evaM nArAyaNa kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI arjuna nara ke atirikta indra ke bho avatAra kahe gaye haiM / mahAbhArata meM eka anya sthala para nara ke arjunarUpa meM indra ke aMza se utpanna hone kA AkhyAna upalabdha hai, vahA~ ve nArAyaNa ke sakhA evaM pANDu putra kahe gaye haiM / " yahA~ para hameM nara, indra evaM arjuna kA abhinna sambandha pratIta hotA hai / Rgveda kI kucha RcAyoM meM indra evaM nara kI ekarUpatA spaSTa hotI hai / ina tathyoM ke avalokana se nara-nArAyaNa aura indra- viSNu ina donoM zabdoM ke yoga kA paraspara sambandha spaSTatayA svarUpita hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM indra viSNu kI apekSA nara-nArAyaNa kA sambandha utanA spaSTa nahIM hai / yadi inako prAcIna vaidika RSi mAneM to inakA astitva bhinna pratIta hotA hai / kAlAntara meM indra aura nara tathA viSNu aura nArAyaNa ke ekIkaraNa ke bAda indra evaM viSNu ke sthAna para nara-nArAyaNa zabdoM kA saMyukta rUpa pracalita huA / isako aMzataH puSTi mahAbhArata se hotI hai / " 1. Rgveda 10/90/8 : uddhRta - madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 476 2. "puruSo ha nArAyaNo'kAmayat" ' - zatapatha brAhmaNa 13/6/1/1 3. " nArAyaNAya vidmahe vAsudevAya dhImahi, tanno viSNuH pracodayAt, - taittirIya AraNyaka 10/1/5 4. " bhImasenaM tu vAtasya devarAjasyacArjunam " 5. " aindrirnarastu bhavitA yasya nArAyaNaH sakhAH / so'rjunetyabhivikhyAtaH pANDoH putraH pratApavAna || 6. mahAbhArata Adiparva 67 /111 7. mahAbhArata, Adiparva 67 /117 "indravo naraH sakhyAya sepurmaho yantaH subhataye cakAnAH / indraM naraH stuvanto brahmakArA // " - mahAbhArata, Adiparva 67 /116 - Rgveda 6 / 29/1,4

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218 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isa prakAra donoM tathyoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki caubIsa avatAroM meM nara-nArAyaNa vaidika sAhitya meM ullikhita naranArAyaNa kI apekSA nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna meM ullikhita nara-nArAyaNa ke adhika nikaTa pratIta hote haiN| yahI nara-nArAyaNa apanI tapasyA ke bala para viSNu ke 24 avatAroM meM mAnya huye / 5. kapila-avatAra Rgveda saMhitA meM kapila varNa ke RSi kA ullekha milatA hai|' zvetAzvaraupaniSad meM bhI kapila ke rUpa meM kapila RSi kA sandarbha milatA hai / punaH isa upaniSad meM kapila ko hiraNyagarbha kA paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| bAlmokirAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata ke "vanaparva' meM 60000 putroM ko kapila ke dvArA bhasma karane kI kathA hai| mahAbhArata meM hI unako vAsudeva se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke "zAntiparva" meM brahmA ke sAta mAnasa putroM meM kapila kA bhI nAma vidyamAna hai| gItA evaM bhAgavata meM kapila ko siddha kahA gayA hai / " "viSNusahasranAma" zAMkarabhASya meM maharSi kapila ko vedoM kA jJAtA evaM unako sAMkhyavettA bhI kahA gayA hai| sUrya-nivAsa ke kAraNa ye agni ke svarUpa kahe gaye haiN| 1. "dazAnAmeka kapilaM samAnaM taM hinvanti Rtave pAryAya / " --Rgveda 10/27/16 2. "RSi prasUtaM kapilaM yastumane jJAne virbhAti jAyamAna ca pazyeta" --zvetAzvataropaniSad 5/2 3. vahI, 3/4/4; 12/6/18 : uddhRta-ma0 sA0 a0, pR0 485 4. bAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/40; mahAbhArata, vanaparva 3/107 5. "dadRzuH kapilaM tatra vAsudevaM sanAtanam / " -bAlmIki rA0 1/40/25 vahI, 1/40/2; mahAbhArata vanaparva 107/12 6. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 340/72-84 7. gItA 10/26 8. viSNusahasranAma zAMkarabhASya, pR0 177 zloka 70 9. bhAgavata 1/3/10; 2/7/3; 2/21/32; 3/24/30

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 219 isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM kapila ke jo vividha rUpa hameM dikhAI dete haiM unase yaha nizcita kara pAnA kaThina hai ki sAMkhyavettA Agneya evaM sagara-putroM ko bhasma karane vAle kapila eka hI haiM yA bhinna-bhinna, kyoMki viSNupurANa evaM bhAgavata meM inake pRthak-pRthak rUpoM kA varNana upalabdha hai, viSNupurANa meM kardama prajApati ke "zaMkhapAda" nAma ke putra kA ullekha milatA hai| isase sAMkhyavettA kapila kA AbhAsa hotA hai kyoMki bahata sambhava hai ki sAMkhya kA vikRta rUpa zaMkha ho gayA ho| punaH viSNupurANa meM puruSottama ke aMza rUpa kapila kA sagara ke putroM ko bhasma karane kA AkhyAna milatA hai| vahA~ unake sAMkhyavettA hone kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| bhAgavata meM eka anya sthala para siddhoM ke svAmI kapila dvArA Asuri ko upadeza dene kA ullekha milatA hai| bhAgavata meM kardama prajApati ke yahA~ kapilarUpa ke avatAra grahaNa karane, sAMkhya mata kA upadeza tathA sAMkhya zAstra kI racanA karane kA ullekha hai| bhAgavata meM sagara ke putroM ko bhasma karane vAle kapila ko bhagavAn kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra bhAgavata ke ina rUpoM meM koI sAmya nahIM hai| hama dekhate haiM ki mahAkAvyoM evaM purANoM meM kapila ko kathA kA vikAsa pRthak-pRthak hai, parantu caubIsa avatAroM meM kardama putra evaM sAMkhyavettA kapila ko hI sthAna prApta huA hai| bhAgavata ke vivaraNoM se sAMkhya pravartaka kapila ko hI avatAra mAnA gayA hai|' 6. dattAteya-avatAra aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se dattAtreya avatAra kI avadhAraNA nara-nArAyaNa kI apekSA adhika paravartI pratota hotI hai / vaidika sAhitya evaM vaiSNava mahAkAvyoM meM inakA ullekha nahIM huA hai| gItA evaM viSNusahastranAma meM bhI inakA ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai| bhAgavata ko sabhI sUciyoM meM 1. viSNupurANa 1/22/12 2. viSNupurANa 4/4/12-16 3. bhAgavata 1/3/10 4. vahI, 2/7/3; 3/12/3; 3/24/30 5. vahI, 9/8 6. vahI, 1/2/10; 2/7/3

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120 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana dattAtreya anusuiyA ke vara mA~gane para usake garbha se utpanna hue / ' alarka evaM prahalAda ko inhoMne brahma jJAna kA upadeza diyA / rAjA yadu aura sahastrArjuna donoM ne dattAtreya se yoga evaM mokSa kI siddhiyA~ prApta kI / bhAgavata ke anusAra dattAtreya ne viSNu ke anya kalAvatAra haMsa, sanatkumAra RSabha rUpa meM avatIrNa hokara AtmasAkSAtkAra kA upadeza diyA / isa prakAra dattAtreya ko purANoM meM tapasvI kahA gayA hai / saMkSepataH paurANika AkhyAnoM ke anusAra dattAtreya viSNu ke avatAra haiM / 7. yajJa-puruSa avatAra Rgveda saMhitA meM yajJarUpa viSNu kA ullekha milatA hai tathA taittirIya saMhitA evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa ke mantroM se viSNu aura yajJa kI ekarUpatA spaSTa hotI hai / 3 "yajJoveviSNu" viSNupurANa meM 'Adya yajJa puruSa" aura " yajJamUrtidhara" nAma viSNu ke lie prayukta hue haiM / * viSNusahasranAma meM bhI viSNu ko yajJa zabda meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| matsyapurANa meM "vedamaya puruSa" kA nivAsa yajJoM meM batAyA gayA hai / " parantu bhAgavata ke yajJAvatAra kA sambandha svAyambhuva manvantara meM ruciprajApati - AkRti se utpanna yajJa puruSa se hai aura inhIM yajJa ko caubIsa avatAroM meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / ' isa prakAra purANoM meM jo yajJa ke vibhinna upAdAna prApta haiM unhIM se yajJAvatAra kA vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai / avatAroM kI koTi meM Ane se pUrva yajJa puruSa rUpa ke parivartana se mAnavIkaraNa kA saMketa milatA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM bhI devoM ke AMzika evaM pUrNa prakRti rUpoM kA darzana hotA hai / bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad evaM chAndoyopaniSad ne "Ahuti' se 1. bhAgavata 1 / 3 / 11 ; 2/7/4; 11/4/17 2. vahI 1/3/11 3. Rgveda 1/56/3; taittirIya saMhitA 1/7/4; za0 brA0 1/2/13 4. 'Adyo yajJapumAnoyaH', 'yajJamUtti gharAvyaya' - vi0 pu0 1/9/61-62 5. viSNusahasranAma zAMkarabhASya, pR0 259 - 263; matsyapurANa a0 156 6. bhAgavata 1 / 2 12; 2/7/2; 8/1/6

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. avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 221 'yajJaviSNu', 'yajJapuruSa' aura 'garbha' evaM puruSa kI utpatti kA ullekha milatA hai|' __upayukta tathyoM ke AdhAra para yajJa ke mAnavIkRta rUpa kA vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai| kAlAntara meM isI ko purANakAroM ne viSNu kA rUpa mAnA / bhAgavata meM viSNu ke yajJa-puruSAvatAra kA ullekha huA hai isa rUpa meM ve yajJa kI saphalatA ke pratIka hI nahIM balki upAsya viSNu se bhI sambaddha pratIta hote haiN| 8. RSabha-avatAra ___ bhAgavata meM rAjA nAbhi evaM rAnI mahAdevI ke putra RSabha ko viSNu kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| isa avatAra meM RSabha deva ne indriya nigraha evaM yogacaryA dvArA parama haMsoM ke mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA, aisA ullekha hai| viSNupurANa meM nAbhiputra RSabha kA ullekha milatA hai| mahAbhArata meM 'RSabha gItA' nAma ke prakAza meM RSabha RSi kA ullekha to milatA hai, kintu unake avatArI hone kA koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| ___ isa prakAra RSabha ke avatArI hone ke bAre meM kucha nizcita kahanA kaThina hai| pharkuhara ne bhAgavata kA racanAkAla 900 I0 mAnA hai| samakAlIna jaina sAhitya meM RSabha ke divya janma kA ullekha milatA hai isase hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAgavata meM RSabha kA avatAra rUpa grahIta hone ke pUrva ho jaina sAhitya ne RSabha ke divya janma kA vivaraNa upalabdha thaa| isa sanbandha meM jaina granthoM kA prabhAva bhAgavata para spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai kyoMki bhAgavata meM kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva digambara 1. vRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6/2/12-13; chA0 u0 5/8/9-2; draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 469 2. bhAgavata 4/7/18 3. vahI, 8/13/20 4. vahI, 1/3/13; 2/7/10 5. viSNupurANa 2/1/27 6. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 125-128 7, phakuhara, pR0 232; draSTavya ma0 sa0 a0, pR0 470

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222 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana sanyAsI evaM urdhvaretA muniyoM ko dharma kA upadeza dene ke lie prakaTa hue the| __ bhAgavata ke caubIsa avatAroM kI sUcI meM viziSTa vibhUtiyoM-dharmapravartaka, anveSaka, Adarza-rAjA, vicAraka, tapasvI kA samAveza huA hai| digambara muniyoM ke dharmapravartaka RSabha ko bhI isI prayojana se 24 avatAroM meM gRhIta kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra bhAgavata meM unake avatAra kA prayojana spaSTa rUpa se lakSita hotA hai| RSabhadeva ke apane viziSTi AcaraNa evaM mahApuruSoM ke lakSaNoM se yukta zarIra ke kAraNa vaiSNavoM ne unheM viSNu ke avatAra-rUpa meM sthAna diyaa| 9. pRthu avatAra Rgveda meM rAjA pRthu kA ullekha milatA hai| viSNupurANa meM pRthu ko viSNu kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI vibhinna purANoM-viSNupurANa, vAyupurANa, agnipurANa, brahmapurANa aura matsyapurANa meM pRthu kI utpatti atyAcArI vena kI bhujA se batAI gaI hai| rAjA pRthu ke dAhine hAtha meM vidyamAna cakra ke AdhAra para unheM viSNu kA aMzAvatAra kahA gayA hai|" rAma-kRSNa avatAroM meM duSTa vyaktiyoM kA saMhAra hI mukhya prayojana rahA hai, isake piparIta pRthu avatAra meM ve pRthvI ko bhayabhIta kara usase auSadhi kA dohana karate haiN| isa pratIkAtmaka kathA se rAjA pRthu kA kRSi evaM khanija kA Adi pravartaka honA siddha hotA hai| bhAgavatapurANa meM vibhinna sthaloM para unake rUpoM evaM kathAoM kA eka sA vivaraNa milatA hai| parantu bhAgavata ke cauthe skandha meM vena kI bhujAoM se utpanna strI-puruSa 1. bhAgavata 5/3/20 2. Rgveda 10/148 3. viSNupurANa 4/24/138 4. viSNupurANa 1/13; vAyupurANa a0 62-63; agnipurANa a0 18; brahmapurANa a0 4; matsyapurANa a0 10 5. viSNupurANa 1/13/45 6. vahI, 1/13/87-88 7. bhAgavata 1/3/14; 2/7/9; 4/14-16

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 223 ke jor3e ko viSNu evaM lakSmI kA aMzAvatAra mAnA hai|' pRthu kI utpatti kA saMketa hameM kevala viSNupurANa meM hI parilakSita hotA hai| sabhI avatAroM ke avatArIkaraNa yA avataraNa kA kucha na kucha prayojana avazya hotA hai / rAmakRSNa, parazurAma, buddha Adi avatAroM kA mukhya uddezya dharma kI sthApanA karanA thaa| isI prakAra rAjA pRthu ko bhI kRSi evaM khanija ke mahatvapUrNa anusandhAna ke kAraNa avatAra kahA gyaa| bhAgavata meM pRthu ko viSNu kI bhuvana-pAlinI kalA kA evaM unakI patnI aci ko lakSmI kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra yugala AvirbhAva ke kAraNa caubIsa avatAroM meM patha kA avatAra apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| 10. matsya-avatAra / ina donoM kA vistRta vivaraNa hama 11. kacchapa ( kUrma ) avatAra dasAvatAroM ke antargata de cuke haiN| 12. dhanvantari avatAra vAlmIki rAmAyaNa evaM viSNupurANa meM unake Ayurveda ke jJAna zveta vastradhArI dhanvantari ke rUpa meM prakaTa hone kA ullekha hai| yahA~ unheM viSNu se sambaddha nahIM kahA gayA hai / matsyapurANa meM bhagavAn dhanvantari ko Ayurveda kA prajApati kahA gayA hai|" __bhAgavata meM samudramanthana kI kathA meM bhagavAn dvArA dhanvantari ke rUpa meM amRta lekara samudra se prakaTa hone kA ullekha hai|' punaH bhAgavat meM bhagavAn dvArA dhanvantari rUpa meM avatarita hokara devatAoM ko amRta pilAkara amara karane kA ullekha hai sAtha hI daityoM se unake yajJabhAga ko 1. bhAgavata 4/15/1-3 2. viSNupurANa 1/13/38-39 3. bhAgavata 4/15/3 4. 'tato dhanvantaridevaH zvetAmbaradharassayam / vibhratkamaNDalu pUrNamamRtasya samutthita // ' -viSNupurANa 1/9/98 'atha varSasahastreNa AyurvedamayaH pumAn / pUrva dhanvantari ma apsarAzca suvarcasaH // -vAlmIki rA0 1/45/31-33 5. matsyapurANa 250/1 6, 'ghAnvantaraM dvAdazavaM trayodazameva ca' -bhAgavata 1/3/17

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224 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana dilAne kA varNana hai|' isI avatAra meM unhoMne Ayurveda kA pravartana kiyaa| bhAgavata ke ekAdaza skandha meM auSadhiyoM kI rakSA ke nimitta dhanvantari avatAra kA ullekha na kara matsyAvatAra batAyA hai| yahA~ para yaha kahanA to sambhava nahIM hai ki donoM dhanvantari kA pRthakapRthaka astitva rahA hai athavA eka / parantu itanA to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki paurANika samudra-manthana se utpanna dhanvantari ko aitihAsika kAzirAja ke putra dhanvantari se sambaddha kara diyA gayA hogaa| ataH dhanvantari ko avatAravAdI dRSTikoNa se viSNu ke caubIsa avatAroM meM gRhIta kiyA gyaa| yahA~ para unake avataraNa kA mukhya prayojana sAMsArika prANiyoM ko dukha-darda evaM roga se vimukti dilAnA rahA hai| 13. mohinI avatAra bhagavAn ke mohino rUpa meM avatarita hone kA vivaraNa devAsura-saMgrAma ke anantara mamudra-manthana kI kathA se sambaddha hai| samudra-manthana se upalabdha ratnoM meM lakSmI aura amata kI prApti ke lie deva-dAnavoM meM punaH saMgharSa kI sthiti hone para nArAyaNa ke mohinI-mAyA dvArA sundara rUpa banAkara dAnavoM ko chalane kA ullekha hai| viSNupurANa meM bhI mohinI kA yahI rUpa hai| bhAgavata meM mohinI ko 13veM avatAra ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai evaM unakA mukhya prayojana daityoM ko mohita kara devatAoM ko amRta pilAnA rahA hai|" isa prakAra mohinI avatAra kA mukhya prayojana devatAoM ko amRta pradAna kara asuroM para vijaya prApta karAnA rahA hai| 1. dhanvantarizca bhagavAn svayameva kIrtirnAmnA nRNAM pururujAM ruja Azu hanti / yajJe ca bhAgamamRtAyuravAvarundha Ayuzca vedamanuzAstyavatIrya loke // -bhAgavata 27/21 2. bhAgavata 11/4/18 3. 'tato nArAyaNI mAyAM mohinI samupAzrita / ___strIrUpamadbhutaM kRtvAdAnavAnamisaMzritaH // ____-mahAbhArata, Adiparva 18/45 4. viSNupurANa 1/9/107-109 5. bhAgavata 1/3/17

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14. narasiMha avatAra 15. vAmana avatAra avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 225 ina sabhI kI vizada carcA pahale kI jA cukI hai| 16. parazurAma avatAra 17. vyAsa avatAra avatAroM kI koTi meM jina vibhUti sampanna vyaktiyoM ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, unameM kRSNadvaipAyana vyAsa bhI eka haiN| vaise to vyAsa zabda bhAratIya sAhitya meM eka samudAya vizeSa kA bodha karAtA hai, parantu yahAM vyAsa se tAtparya kRSNadvaipAyana vyAsa se hai / atharvaveda saMhitA evaM brahmasUtra ke racayitA vAdarAyaNa ko paurANika vedavyAsa se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / ' taittirIya AraNyaka meM vyAsa pArAzarya kA ullekha milatA hai / DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ne apanI pustaka hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philosophI meM kahA hai ki " bhAratIya paramparA meM zaMkara, govindAnanda vAcaspati, Anandagiri Adi ne brahmasUtra ke kartA vAdarAyaNa aura vyAsa ko eka hI mAnA hai tathA rAmAnuja, mAdhava, vallabha aura baladeva ne bhI ukta kathAnaka kA samarthana kiyA hai / 1 isa prakAra vibhinna vyAsoM kA bhAna hotA hai, parantu avatAravAda ke vikAsa krama meM kisa vyAsa ko 24 avatAroM kI zrRMkhalA meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, kahanA kaThina hai / mahAbhArata ke racayitA vyAsa mAne gaye haiM, vyAsa ko bhAgavata evaM viSNu purANa meM avatAra mAnA gayA hai / viSNupurANa meM 28 vyAsoM kI eka paramparA milatI hai| gItA meM avatAravAda kI dRSTi se muniyoM meM vyAsa ko vibhUti kahA gayA hai / viSNupurANa ke anusAra bhagavAn pratyeka dvApara meM vedoM ke vibhAjana karane ke liye vyAsa rUpa meM avatIrNa hote haiM evaM bhAgavata meM vyAsa ko yogI tathA bhagavAn kA kalAvatAra kahA gayA hai / " puna: bhAgavata meM bhagavAn ke vyAsAvatAra rUpoM kA varNana milatA hai / ' 1. atharvaveda saMhitA 4/4/7/61 tathA 7/39 : uddhata -ma0 sA0 a0, pR0 2. taittirIya AraNyaka 1/9/2 : uddhata - vahI 3. hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philosophI, ji0 2, saM0 1927, pR0 433 4. mahAbhArata, Adiparva 36 / 68, viSNupurANa 3/3/8-20; gItA 10 / 37 5. viSNupurANa 3/3/5 6. bhAgavata 1 / 3 / 21; 2/7/36 15 454

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226 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isa prakAra vedoM ke vibhAjana ke nimitta hI vyAsa kA avatAra honA pratIta hotA hai| veda-vyAsa, kRSNadvaipAyana-vyAsa evaM bhAgavatakAra vyAsa sabhI ke samanvita rUpa paurANika vyAsa parilakSita hote haiN| 18. rAma avatAra rAmAvatAra kI vizada carcA pahale kI jA cukI hai| 19. balarAma-avatAra / __ bhAgavata meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba pRthvI daityoM se bhArAkrAnta hotI hai aura jaba detya pRthvI ko raudate haiM taba bhagavAn kRSNa evaM balarAma ke kalAvatAra rUpa grahaNa karate haiN|' punaH bhAgavat meM balarAma ke yaduvaMza meM avatAroM kA prasaMga milatA hai| isa prakAra balarAma ke avatAra kA prayojana zrIkRSNa ko mAtra sahAyatA pahu~cAnA hI mukhyarUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai / 20. zrIkRSNa-avatAra ) ( ina sabhI kI vizada carcA pahale kI jA 21. buddha avatAra cukI hai| 22. kalki avatAra 23. haMsa avatAra sAmAnyatayA sabhI paurANika avatAroM ke rUpoM meM bhinnatA pAI jAtI hai| haMsAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana upadeza denA batAyA gayA hai| unake haMsa rUpa dhAraNa karane meM bhinnatA hai kahIM to ve Aditya, kahIM prajApati, kahIM viSNu aura kRSNa se abhihita kiye gaye haiN| atharvaveda saMhitA meM haMsa ko pakSI, jIvAtmA evaM Aditya ke pratoka rUpoM meM darzAyA gayA hai| haMsa rUpa meM ve satya ko brahma ke tRtIya pAda kA upadeza dete haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne haMsa 1. bhUmeH suretaravasthaviditAyAH klezavyayAya kalayA sitakRSNakezaH / jAtaH kariSyati janAnupalakSyamArgaH karmANi cAtmamahimopanibandhanAni / / -bhAgavata 2/7/26. 2 ekonaviMze viMza tame vRSNiSu prApya janmanI / rAmakRSNAviti bhuvA bhagavAnaharadvabharam // -vahI 1/3/23 3. athavaveda saMhitA 8/7/24; 10/8/17; 10/8/18 4. chAna:ogyopaniSad 4/7/2-4

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 227 kI zvetatA evaM ur3ane kI zakti ke kAraNa Aditya kA pratIka kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM prajApati ke avatAra rUpa haMsa sAdhuoM ko upadeza dete haiN|' chAndogyopaniSad meM sAdhuoM kA sambandha brahmA se batAyA gayA hai| viSNu sahasranAma meM viSNu ke lie prayukta haMsa zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue zaMkara kahate haiM ki 'haMsa' tAdAtmya bhAvanA se saMsAra kA bhaya naSTa karate haiM, isalie haMsa haiM athavA AkAza meM calane vAle sUrya ke sadRza sabhI zarIroM meM vyApta ho jAte haiM isalie haMsa haiN| isa vyAkhyA se haMsa kA viSNu se AtmarUpAtmaka sambandha parilakSita hotA hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM sabhI sthaloM para haMsAvatAra kA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI haMsAvatAra aura haMsaupAsya donoM kA ullekha hameM milatA hai| bhAgavata ke dvitIya skandha meM bhagavAn nArada ko upadeza dene ke lie haMsa rUpa meM AvirbhUta hote haiN| bhAgavata ke dUsare sthala para brahmA dvArA nArada ko upadeza dene kA AkhyAna upalabdha hotA hai / ' punaH 'ekAdaza skandha' meM zrIkRSNa ke dvArA brahmA jI ko paramatatva kA upadeza dene kA ullekha milatA hai / / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 'mahAbhArata' ke atirikta bhAgavata meM bhI haMsa kA brahmA se kisI na kisI rUpa meM sambandha lakSita hotA hai / bhAgavata ke anusAra satyayuga ke manuSya kA sambhavataH vaidikakAlIna puruSa, haMsa, supaNaM, vaikuNTha, paramapada, dharma, yogezvara, amala, Izvara, puruSa, avyakta aura paramAtmA Adi nAmoM se upAsya kA lolAgAna karate haiN| ataeva upAsya 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 296 / 3-4 2. chAndogyopaniSad 3/10/1-3 3. marIcidamano haMsaH suparNobhujagottamaH / hiraNyanAmaH sutapAH padmanAbhaH prajApatiH // -viSNusahasranAmastotram-34 4. tubhyaM ca nArada bhRzaM bhagavAn vivRddhabhAvena sAdhu parituSTa uvAca yogam / jJAnaM ca bhAgavatamAtmasatatvadIpaM yadvAsudevazaraNA viduraJjasaiva / / -bhA0 2/7/19 5. vahI, 2/:0/42-43 6. sa ma macintayad devaH praznapAratitIrSayA / __tasyAhaM haMsarUpeNa sakAzamagamaM tadA / / -vahI, 11/13/19 7. haMsaH suparNo vaikuNTho dharmo yogezvaromalaH / IzvaraH puruSovyaktaH paramAtmeti gIyate / / -vahI, 11/5/23

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228 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana viSNu ko haMsa nAma se abhihita kara haMsAvatAra kI kalpanA asambhAvya nahIM jAna pdd'tii| 24. hayagrIva avatAra dazAvatAroM meM viSNu ke hayagrIvAvatAra kA ullekha nahIM milatA, parantu Age calakara 24 avatAroM kI avadhAraNA meM hayagrIva kA nAmollekha prApta hotA hai / yadyapi viSNupurANa meM matsya, varAha, kUrma ke sAtha hayagrIva kA varNana hai / paurANika hayagrIva vaidika sAhitya meM ullikhita hayagrIva kA vikasita rUpa pratIta hotA hai / Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM 'haryazva' zabda kA prayoga vibhinna arthoM meM huA hai / " azvamedha kA vaidika yajJoM meM pramukha sthAna rahA hai / 'vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad' meM yajJa kI azvarUpAtmaka kalpanA spaSTa dikhAI detI hai jahA~ azva kI hinahinAhaTa ko vANI se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / sAtha hI haya se devatAoM, bAjo hokara gandharvoM, arvA hokara asuroM evaM azvarUpa se manuSyoM ko vahana karane kA prasaMga milatA hai / samudra ko hayagrIva kA bandhu evaM udgama sthAna kahA gayA hai| ataH samudra se hayagrIvAvatAra ke bIja lakSita hote haiM / mahAbhArata Adiparva meM garur3a kI stuti karate samaya unheM prajApati, ziva, viSNu evaM hayamukha kahA gayA hai / eka anya sthala para svayaM bhagavAn kahate haiM 'svara aura varNoM kA uccAraNa' evaM varadAna dene vAle hayagrIva merA hI avatAra haiM aura usI vedoM kI rakSA kI / 5 vedoM ke uddhAra kA avatAra rUpa meM maiMne madhu-kaiTabha asuroM ko mAra kara mahAbhArata meM nArAyaNa dvArA hayazira rUpa dhAraNa kara ullekha milatA hai / uparyukta uddharaNoM meM hayagrIva kA sambandha yajJa, prajApati evaM vedoccAraNa se spaSTatayA parilakSita hotA hai aura sambhava hai ki inhIM upadAnoM 1. Rgveda 7/31/1 : 8/21/10 atharvaveda 20/14/4 : 20/62/4 2. vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 1 / 2 / 1 : uddhRta - ma0 sa0a0, pR0 452 3. vahI 1 / 2 / 2 : uddhRta vahI, pR0 452 4. mahAbhArata Adiparva 23/16 5. vahI, zAntiparva 342/96-102 6. vahI, zAntiparva 347/19-71 -

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 229 ke AdhAra para paurANika kathAnaka kA rUpa diyA gayA ho / bhAgavata meM brahmA dvArA hayagrIva avatAra grahaNa karane kA bhAgavata meM hayagrIvAvatAra dvArA madhu-kaiTabha ko karanA mukhya prayojana batAyA gayA hai / " ullekha milatA hai / punaH mArakara vedoM kA uddhAra isa prakAra 24 avatAroM kI avadhAraNA meM hayagrIvAvatAra kA mukhya prayojana duSToM kA nAzakara pRthvI para dharma kI sthApanA karanA hai / astu hayagrIvAvatAra meM bhI bhagavAn ke avataraNa kA prayojana anya avatAroM kI taraha dharma kA nAza kara dharma kI rakSA karanA rahA hai / 1 punaH bhAgavata ke dvitIya skandha adhyAya 7 meM bhI bhagavAn ke caubIsa lIlA - avatAroM kI kathA kucha antara ke sAtha varNita hai, mAtra antara itanA hai ki prathama skandha, adhyAya - 3 meM varNita caubIsa avatAroM meM se nArada evaM mohinI avatAroM ke sthAna para manu evaM cakrapANi ( gajendra- hari) avatAroM ko liyA gayA hai / ataH yahAM para donoM avatAroM kI vizada carcA karanA upayukta hogA / manu avatAra bhAgavata ke 24 avatAroM meM manu ko bhI avatAra gayA hai / bhAgavata meM manu kA avatAra do rUpoM meM vyaktigata rUpa meM viSNu ke avatAra kahe gaye haiM, vibhinna manvantara meM vibhinna avatAra mAne gaye haiM / rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA milatA hai, eka to to vahIM dUsarI ora paurANika manuoM kA ullekha Rgveda saMhitA meM 'manu vaivasvata', 'manu saMvaraNa', 'manu Apsava' aura 'cAkSuSa manu' ke nAma se milatA hai, jinheM sUktoM kA racayitA kahA gayA hai / 4 zatapatha brAhmaNa aura chAndogyopaniSad meM bhI manu kA nAma milatA hai / gItA ke jJAna prApti ke prasaMga meM manu kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / * bhAratIya sAhitya meM "manusmRti" kI racanA kA sambandha manu se batAyA gayA hai / phakura ne isakA racanAkAla 200 I. pU. se 200 I. taka mAnA 1. bhAgavata 7/9 / 36-37; 2/7/11 2. Rgveda 8/27 2 / 13, 9/106, 1/106; draSTavya ma0 sA0 a0, pR0 466 3. chAndogyopaniSad 6 / 11 / 4; zatapatha brAhmaNa 1/8/1/1; draSTavya vahI 4. imaM vivasvate yoga proktavAnahamavyayam / vivasvAnmanave prAha manurikSyAkave'bravIt // - gItA 4 / 1

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230 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hai|' mahAbhArata meM manu ko vivasvAn kA putra kahA gayA hai| inhIM ke dvArA sUryavaMza yA manuvaMza kA udgama evaM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra varNoM kA vargIkaraNa huA; aisA kahA gayA hai / 2 gItA meM cAra manu Izvara kI vibhUti mAne gaye haiN| viSNupurANa meM sabhI rAjA viSNu ke aMzAvatAra evaM manuvaMzI kahe gaye haiN| bhAgavata meM avatAroM kI avadhAraNA kI carcA meM RSiyoM aura devatAoM ke sAtha manu evaM manuputroM ko bhI viSNu kA kalAvatAra kahA gayA hai|" upayukta AkhyAnoM se itanA to spaSTa lakSita hotA hai ki caubIsa avatAroM kI avadhAraNA meM gRhIta hone se pUrva manu evaM manuvaMziyoM ko Izvara ko vibhUti, aMza evaM kalAvatAra mAnA jA cukA thaa| bhAgavata ke 24 avatAroM meM inake avatAravAdI rUpa ke sAtha inakA upAsya-lIlAvatAra rUpa bhI spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| kyoMki isameM ve svAyambhuva Adi manvantaroM meM manuvaMza hI rakSA karate haiM evaM sAtha hI duSTa rAjAoM kA saMhAra karate hue prastuta kiye gaye haiN| gajendra hari avatAra sabhI avatAroM kA avazya hI kucha na kucha prayojana hotA hai / gajendrahari avatAra meM bhI bhaktoddhAra kI bhAvanA ke tattva spaSTa dikhAI dete haiN| yahA~ para hameM viSNu yA hari ke upAsya evaM vigraha rUpa ke darzana hote haiN| mahAbhArata meM viSNu ke "hari" avatAra ke sAtha hI anya sthala para kRSNa ke dvArA hari avatAra lene kA vivaraNa milatA hai| dharma ke cAra 1. phakuhara pR0 81; uddhRta ma0 sA0 a0, pR0 466 2. mahAbhArata, nAdiparva 75/13-14 3. maharSayaH saptapUrve catvAro mnvstthaa| madbhAva mAnasA jAtA yeSA loka imAH prajA / / -gItA 10/6 4. ityeSa kathitaH samyaGga gAnovaMzo mayA tava / yatra sthitipravRttasya viSNoraMzAMzakA nRpAH / / -viSNupu0 4 / 24 / 138 5. bhAgavata 1 / 3 / 27 6. vahI, 2 / 6 / 45 7. vahI, 2 / 7 / 20 8. mahAbhArata, vanaparva 12/21.

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 231 putroM meM "hari" nAma ke putra kA vivaraNa " nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna" meM milatA hai / ' hare raMga ke kAraNa nArAyaNa ko hari kahA jAtA hai| gItA meM hari zabda vizva rUpa meM prayukta huA hai / viSNu jaba avidyA aura ajJAna ko dUra karate haiM taba hari kahalAte haiM / viSNupurANa meM hari kA avataraNa haryA ke garbha se batAyA gayA hai / " uparokta tathyoM se hari avatAra kA gaja-grAha kI kathA se koI sambandha parilakSita nahIM hotA hai / parantu bhAgavata ke caubIsa avatAroM kI avadhAraNA meM gaja-grAha se sambaddha hari garur3a para car3hakara hAtha meM cakra lie gaja kI rakSA karate pratIta hote haiM / isa prakAra eka ora to hari kI hariNI - garbha se utpatti batAI gaI hai to dUsarI ora hari ke upAsya evaM vigraha rUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / gajendra hari avatAra meM eka vizeSatA yaha parilakSita hotI hai ki anya avatAroM meM to viSNu go, devatA evaM pRthvI kI pukAra para vibhinna rUpoM meM prakaTa hokara rakSA karate haiM para gajendra-hari meM sAkSAt hari eka pazu kI prArthanA para prakaTa hokara usakA uddhAra karate haiM / 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 334/8-9 2 . vahI, zAntiparva 342/68 3. evamuktvA tato rAjanmahAyogezvaro hari: / darzayAmAsa pArthAya paramaM rUpamaizvaram // tacca saMsmRtya saMsmRtya rUpamatyadbhutaM hareH / vismayome mahAn rAjanhRSyAmi ca punaH punaH // 4. kAlaneminihA vIraH zauriH zUrajanezvaraH / trilokAtmA trilokezaH kezavaH kezihA hariH // - viSNusahasranAmastotram saMkhyA 82 - viSNupurANa 3 / 1 / 39 5. sAmasasyAnatare caivasamprApte punareSahi / haryAyAM haribhissArdhaM harireva babhUtava ha / / 6. antaH sarasyurubalena pade gatahIto grAheNa yUthapatirambujahasta ArtaH / AhedamAdipuruSAkhilalokanAtha tIrthazravaH zravaNamaGa galanAmadheya zrutvA haristamaraNArthinamaprameyazcakAyudhaH patagarAjabhujAdhirUDhaH / cakreNa nakravadanaM vinipAdya tasmAddhaste pragRhya bhagavAn kRpayojahAra // - bhAgavata 2 / 7 / 15-16 -- gItA 11 / 9 - vahI 18/77

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232 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 13. avatAravAda ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra manuSya purAtana kAla se hI sRSTi ke mUla meM eka ajJAta zakti kA darzana karatA rahA hai aura use sRSTi kA mUlAdhAra mAnatA rahA hai| vaha sRSTi ke sRjana ( racanA) aura saMhAra kI prakriyA ko bhI usI ajJAta zakti ke dvArA ghaTita mAnatA hai, kAlAntara meM yahI ajJAta zakti Izvara kahI jAne lgii| manuSya kA yaha svabhAva hai ki vaha duHkha, pIr3A aura atyAcAra ke kSaNoM meM kisI uddhAraka kI zaraNa meM jAnA cAhatA hai| vaha AtmasurakSA ke lie sabala zaraNa kI khoja prANIya svabhAva hai, apane se sabala kI zaraNa kI khoja kI yaha prakriyA taba taka calatI rahatI hai, jaba taka ki eka aisI sabala sattA ko nahIM khoja liyA jAtA hai, jisase Upara anya koI na ho aura jise koI bhI parAjita nahIM kara sakatA, manuSya ne yaha mAnA ki aiso sabase sabala zakti Izvara hI ho sakatA hai, ataH uso kI zaraNa grahaNa karanI cAhie / sabala ke zaraNa kI yaha khoja hI avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra hai| manuSya yaha mAnane lagatA hai ki jaba bhI vaha atyanta duHkha, pIr3A aura atyAcAra ke kSaNoM meM hogA usakA uddhAraka Akara usakI rakSA karegA, avatAra ko, jo duSToM kA saMhAraka aura sajjanoM kA rakSaka kahA gayA hai, usake pIche mUlabhUta bhAvanA vyakti ke Atma-saMrakSaNa ko hai manuSya ne jaba apane Apako AtmasaMrakSaNa meM akSama pAyA to usane eka trAtA ke rUpa daivIya zakti Izvara ko khoja kI aura yaha mAna liyA ki vaha devIyazakti yA sarvazaktimAna Izvara apane bhaktoM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke lie uccatama loka se mAnava bhUmi para avatarita hokara usakI rakSA karatA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se Izvara hamArI AsthA aura bhAvanA kA kendra hotA hai| vaha manuSya ko usameM nihita bhaya ko mUla pravRtti se chuTakArA dilAkara sAhasa pradAna karatA hai, Izvara ke pratyaya kA yahI manovaijJAnika mUlya hai / anubhava ke kSetra meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki saMkaTa ke kSaNoM meM athavA bhayAvaha sthitiyoM meM Izvara ke prati vyakti kA yaha aTUTa vizvAsa hI use una kaSToM se ubAra lenA hai| manuSya ke mana meM eka aisA Atma vizvAsa jAgRta ho jAtA hai ki vaha ina kaThina paristhitiyoM se jarA bhI nahIM ghabarAtA hai| jisa prakAra eka bAlaka apane mAtA-pitA kI upasthiti kA anubhava kara sAhasa ke sAtha saMgharSa karatA hai, usI prakAra vyakti bhI Izvara ke prati apanI dRr3ha AsthA ke kAraNa saMkaTa ke kSaNoM meM usakI upasthiti kA

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' avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 233 anubhava kara apane sAhasa ke dvArA unapara vijaya prApta kara letA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki manuSya ko bhaya se vimukti dilAne ke lie, usameM sAhasa kA saMcAra karane ke lie tathA usakI bhAvanAoM ko carama abhi. vyakti dene ke lie Izvara kI avadhAraNA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| 14. avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa manuSya ke mana kA naitika dvandva bhI use Izvara meM AsthA rakhane ke lie prerita karatA hai| yaha naitikatA ke jIvanta Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara ko grahIta karatA hai | isa prakAra zivatva rUpa Izvara meM vizvAsa naitika Adarza kI anubhUti kA yuktikaraNa ( Intellectualisation ) hai| kabhI-kabhI manuSya yaha anubhava karatA hai ki jaba taka Izvara meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, usake AdezoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa nahIM karatA, taba taka usakA kalyANa nahIM ho sktaa| yahI vizvAsa naitika caritra ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| isI ko manovaijJAnika 'icchA-pUrti' (wishfulfilment) kI prakriyA mAnate haiM / dhArmika bhAvanAtmaka anubhUti kA eka aMga bhI hai / rAbarTa eca0 thAulesa ne AsthA, vizvAsa, bhAvanA evaM saMvega ke dvArA Izvara ke pratyaya kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / usane dhArmika anubhUti ke tIna rUpa mAne haiN|' 1. pApa se kSamya hone ko bhAvanA / 2. pratyakSa anubhati / 3. vizvAsa ko nishcytaa| (1) pApa se kSamya hone kI bhAvanA ___manuSya meM nihita pazutva athavA usakI vAsanAyeM use apanI yena-kenaprakAreNa pUrti ke lie vivaza karatI haiN| vAsanAmaya jIvana meM hI pApa kI avadhAraNA kA janma hotA hai| manuSya kI yaha vivazatA hai ki kitanA bhI prayatna kare, kintu vAsanAmaya jIvana se ekadama Upara nahIM uTha sktaa| kintu vAsanAoM ko pUrti usake mana meM yaha bhAva bhI jAgRta karatI hai ki vaha pApI hai, isa sthiti meM vaha eka aisI sattA kI khoja karatA hai jo niSkapaTa hRdaya se usake sAmane prastuta hone para, usake pApoM ko kSamA kara sake / pApa karanA mAnavIya prakRti kI vyavasthA hai, kintu vaha usase mukta . honA bho cAhatA hai aura yahIM vaha eka aise Izvara ko sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai jo usake pApoM ko kSamAkara, usakA uddhAra kara ske| 1. sAikaoNlAjI eNDa rilIjana ( yuga ), pR0 40

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234 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana (2) pratyakSa anubhUti mAnava meM apane saMrakSaka Izvara ke prati jaba dRr3ha AsthA jAgRta ho jAtI hai to vaha mAnasika dharAtala para usakI pratyakSa anubhUti karatA hai, jaisA ki hama mIrA Adi anya rahasyavAdI santoM ke jIvana meM dekhate haiN| cAhe isa pratyakSa anubhUti ko hama manovijJAna kI bhASA meM Hellus ination hI kaheM kintu vaiyaktika anubhUti ke kSetra meM bahuta bar3A mahatva hotA hai aura isake kAraNa vyakti kA jIvana aura vyaktitva hI badala jAtA hai / (3) vizvAsa ko nizcayatA jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki Izvara vyakti kI AsthA kA kendra hotA hai, vyakti kI Izvara ke prati AsthA jaise-jaise sabala aura dRr3ha hotI jAtI hai usameM eka vizeSa prakAra kA vizvAsa jAgRta hotA hai / jAgatika duHkha aura saMkaTa ke kSaNoM meM bhI eka dRr3ha nizcaya kA paricaya detA hai| ___ maikaDUgala ne pApa kI bhAvanA ko niSedhAtmaka svAnubhUti ( Negative self feeling ) kahA hai| manovaijJAnika phrAyaDa ne mana ke sUkSmatama staroM kA vizleSaNa karate hue dhArmika Izvara ( The Religious God ) para Adarza-ahaM (Super ego) kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai| upake anusAra 'Adarza ahaM (Super ego)' vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) meM samAhita aneka prabandhoM, varjanAoM aura pUrva damita icchAoM kA hI eka rUpa hai| isa 'Adarza ahaM ( Super ego)' kA janma vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) kI prathama viSaya-vastu ( Object cathexes ) arthAt oDIpasa granthi se hotA hai / isa prakAra manuSya kA 'Adarza-ahaM' jisa vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) se utpanna hotA hai| usameM vyaktigata, sAmUhika aura paramparAgata tInoM ahaM-tatva vidyamAna rahate haiM / manovijJAna kI dRSTi se Izvara kI avadhAraNA vastutaH manuSya ke 'AdarzaahaM' kI hI dena hai / yadyapi phAyaDa apane manovijJAna meM Izvara kI koI yukti-saMgata rUparekhA prastuta nahIM kara skaa| aneka pAzcAtya manovaijJAnikoM ne prAyaH mAnasika vyApAra ke dvArA 1. sA re0 pR0 67 2. The ego and the id, p. 69

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 235 hI Izvara ko avadhAraNA kI vyAkhyA kI hai| jisake pariNAmasvarUpa unake Izvara sambandhI dRSTikoNoM aura vicAroM meM bahuta vibhinnatA rahI hai| phrAyaDa svayaM Izvara meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai| phira bhI vaha prAcInatama Izvara kI avadhAraNA se avazya prabhAvita huA hai|' dhArmika manovRtti ko eDalara ne eka prakAra kI kAyaratA kahA hai; kyoMki kucha loga apane duHkha ko Izvara ke Upara pheMkanA cAhate haiM, isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve use atyadhika vizvAsa evaM zraddhA se pUjate haiM tathA usase vyaktigata evaM pArivArika sambandha bhI jor3ate haiN| dharma evaM Izvara ke prati avizvAsa rakhane vAle ina manovaijJAnikoM ke alAvA yuga aura maikDUgala ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM jinakI dharma aura Izvara ke prati AsthA rahI hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se IzvarIya avataraNa kI avadhAraNA kaThinAI ke kSaNoM meM manuSya meM eka AtmavizvAsa utpanna karatI hai tathA yaha vizvAsa dilAtI hai ki vaha nitAnta ekAkI nahIM hai koI adRzya zakti usakI sahAyaka hai, jo usake uddhAra hetu prayatnazIla hai tathA vizva ko duSToM se trANa dilAtI hai| isa prakAra manovaijJAnika dRSTi se avatAravAda kA mUlya yahI hai ki vaha manuSyoM meM eka aisA vizvAsa jAgRta karatA hai, jisake kAraNa manuSya kaThinatA ke kSaNoM evaM pIr3A tathA atyAcAra kI dazA meM ati nirAza nahIM hotA hai / 15. avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa Adhunika yuga meM jJAna-vijJAna ke vikAsa ke phalasvarUpa tathyoM kA adhyayana vaijJAnika evaM manovaijJAnika praNAlI meM kiyA jAne lagA hai, yoM to vijJAna evaM manovijJAna donoM kA kSetra pathak-pRthak hai phira bhI adhyayana vidhi kI dRSTi se donoM kA eka dUsare para prabhAva par3A hai| avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA sAhitya, darzana, jaivavijJAna, manovijJAna kalA Adi jJAna-vijJAna kI vividha zAkhAoM se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa apanA atazAstrIya mahatva rakhatI hai| Aja manovijJAna meM manuSya kI acetana aura avacetana prakRtiyoM kA vyApaka adhyayana ho rahA hai / aneka manuSyoM kI damita kuThAoM, vAsanAoM 1. mojeja mono, pR0 204 2. anDara hyU0 naicara, pR0 263

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236 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tathA atRpta icchAoM ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiye jA rahe haiN| dhArmikoM, bhaktoM evaM kaviyoM kI manovaijJAnika vRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa hone lagA hai| isI krama meM una saMskAragata mAnava-prakRtiyoM kA adhyayana bhI Avazyaka ho jAtA hai jisane vizva-sAhitya meM eka bar3o paurANika paramparA (Mythic-Tradition) khar3I kara dI hai| jisa prakAra manuSya kI avacetana pravRtiyoM ko prabhAvita karane meM kevala usakI apanI damita icchAyeM hI nahIM, apitu usakA sAMskRtika pariveza evaM paramparAgata avadhAraNAe~ bhI kArya karato haiN| bhAratIya paurANika sAhitya mAtra kucha vyaktiyoM kI icchA kA pratiphala na hokara mAnavIya saMskRti kI eka ikAI meM nihita pAramparika AsthA, vizvAsa, saMkalpa, samAja-cetanA, rAjabhakti Adi kA eka sammilita rUpa hai| yaga ne use 'sAmahika-cetana' (C..llective Consciousness) ko saMjJA pradAna kii|' avacetana mana meM ina sabhI kI ekatrita avasthA ko 'sAmUhika avacetana' bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| __ isa dRSTi se yadi paurANika sAhitya para vicAra kiyA jAya to yaha pratIta hogA ki paurANika sAhitya ke upAdAna bhI mana ke "sAmUhikacetana" aura "sAmUhika avacetana" kI taraha vibhinna yugoM ke AvaraNoM meM AveSThita usa sAmUhika cintana dhArA ko vyakta karate haiM, jisameM avacetana mana ke vicAroM ko taraha zRkhalAbaddha yA vizRkhala donoM prakAra ko paramparAgata avadhAraNAyeM sannihita haiM aura jo bhAratIya sAhitya, darzana, vijJAna, manovijJAna aura kalA meM pRthak yA mizrita sabhI rUpoM meM vyakta huI hai| ataH avacetana kA rahasyodghATana karane ke liye jina manovaijJAnika vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA jA rahA hai, unhIM vidhiyoM kA prayoga paurANika tathyoM ke udghATana ke liye bhI samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| nizcaya ho ina paurANika upAdAnoM kA vaijJAnika samAdhAna khojane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho sakatI haiM / ataH vijJAna yA darzana ke kSetra meM jina vicAradhArAoM ko lete haiM, unameM se adhikAMza kA vizleSaNa aura adhyayana manovaijJAnika dRSTi se Avazyaka hai| avatAravAdI dhAraNA meM kucha aise tathya milate haiM jinakA mAnavazAstrIya DhaMga se adhyayana karanA anucita nahIM hogaa| yadyapi bAhyataH mAnavazAstra aura avatAravAda meM koI vaijJAnika sambandha pratIta nahIM 1. yuga sAikolojI eNDa iTsa sozala mIniMga, pR0 53-54

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 237 hotA hai kintu paurANika rUr3hiyoM aura dhAraNAoM ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa ke liye donoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| avatAravAdI dhAraNAoM ke prasaMga meM Ane vAle katipaya ghaTanAtmaka kArya vyApAra jaise, bandaroM dvArA nirmita pattharoM kA pula, jaMgala meM nivAsa kI paramparA, vastroM ke rUpa meM vRkSoM kI chAla evaM mRgachAlA, varAha dvArA dAMta kA prayoga, nasiMha dvArA nakha kA prayoga, vAmana ke hAtha meM DaMDA, parazurAma dvArA parazu ( pharasA ) kA upayoga, rAma dvArA dhanuSabANa dhAraNa Adi upakaraNa mAnavazAstrIya dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa tathyoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| mAnavazAstra kI taraha avatAravAda kI dhAraNA meM bhI vikAsa pravRttiyA~ pAI jAtI haiM aura isase mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa krama kA patA calatA hai| mAnavazAstra evaM avatAravAda meM antara kevala itanA hai ki Aja mAnavazAstra ke upakaraNa bhUbhautika, padArthagata tathA jovoM se sambaddha haiM; jabaki avatAra meM apane yuga kI vizeSatAoM se yukta pratinidhika upAdAna haiN| 16. paurANika sRSTi aura avatAra purANoM meM jo sRSTi kA krama pAyA jAtA hai usameM tatvajJAna manovijJAna aura jIvavijJAna sabhI kA samanvita rUpa hai| paurANika suSTikrama kI carcA meM, mahAbhArata meM bhautika, vAnaspatika, jaivika, mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika sRSTiyoM ke uddharaNa milate haiN| bhautika sRSTi kA vikAsa kazyapa evaM aditi se soma ( candra ), anila, anala, pratyUSa, prabhAsa se mAnA gayA hai / ' vAnaspatika sRSTikrama meM baragada, pIpala Adi vRkSoM ko rakhate haiN| mahAbhArata meM jaivika saSTi ke pratIka pUlaha se zarabha, siMha, kimpuruSa, vyAghra. rIcha, IhAmRga Adi pAye jAte haiN| mAnasika sRSTi ke pratIka rUpa meM kIrti, medhA, zraddhA, lajjA, mati, zAnta, zama, kAma aura harSa-tatva mahAbhArata meM upalabdha haiM / anta meM hama viSNu se hiraNyagarbha kI utpatti ko AdhyAtmika saSTi kA vikAsa kaha sakate haiN| zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI saSTi ke vikAsakrama ko uparokta sabhI vizeSatAyeM pAI jAto haiM / bhAgavata meM kahA gayA hai ki sRSTi ke pUrva samasta bhUmaNDala jala meM vyApta thaa| mAtra viSNu hI sabhI prANiyoM ke 1. mahAbhArata 1/66/17-18 2. vaho, 1/66/8 __3. vahI, 1/66/15; 1/66/23; 1/66/32

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238 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana sUkSma zarIra sahita jala meM nimagna the| aise samaya meM kAla zakti ne viSNu ko prerita kiyA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa aNDarUpa hiraNyamaya virATa-puruSa kA AvirbhAva huA aura vaha virATa puruSa ananta varSoM taka sampUrNa jIvoM ko sAtha lekara rahA / ___ isa prakAra hama viSNu ko vibhutva kA to hiraNyagarbha ko aNutva kA dyotaka kaha sakate haiN| hiraNyagarbha meM aNutva ke dyotaka ke rUpa meM ekakozIya (Nicellar) prANo se anantakozIya prANI ke rUpa meM vikasita hone kI sambhAvanAyeM lakSita haiN| bhAgavata meM kramazaH mukha, nAka, A~kha, kAna, tvacA evaM roma rUpa tanu koSa dvArA hiraNyamaya puruSa ke zArIrika vikAsa krama ko batAyA gayA hai, jisameM kramazaH liMga, vIrya, gudA, hAtha, caraNa Adi bho utpanna huye, tathA buddhi, ahaMkAra dvArA usake mAnasika vikAsa ko parilakSita kiyA gayA hai / mahAbhArata kI taraha bhAgavata meM bhI sRSTi ke vikAsa krama ko nimna rUpoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai 1. mahat ) 3. bhUta yaha AdhyAtmika sRSTi ke tatva haiM / " 4. indriyA~ 5. sAtvika ahaMkAra (mana) 6. avidyA, tama, moha, Adi se jIvoM ke mAnasika vikAsa para prabhAva par3atA hai| 7. vRkSoM evaM latAoM se vAnaspatika vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai / 8. pazu-pakSiyoM ke vikAsa ko jaivika sRSTi kaha sakate haiM / 9. manuSyoM 1. bhAgavata 3/9/10 2. vahI, 3/6/8 3. vahI 3/6/6 4. vahI 3/6/18-21 5. vahI, 3/10/14-16 6. vahI, 3/10/17 7. vahI, 3/10/218-22

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 239 10. isa sRSTi meM devatA, pitara, asura, gandharva, apsarA, yakSa, rAkSasa, siddha, cAraNa, vidyAdhara, bhUta-preta, pizAca, kinnara (hayamukha), kimpuruSa (tuccha mAnava) Adi se mAnI gaI hai| uparokta sRSTi krama se eka bAta to spaSTa najara AtI hai ki isa sRSTi krama se yuga krama kA bodha spaSTa nahIM hotA, kintu vanaspatiyoM evaM pazaoM ke anantara azva-mukha "kinnara" tathA vikRta mAnava "kimpuruSa" hameM kramazaH enthopvAyaDa aura hyamanoAyaDa yuga kA bhAna karAte haiN| inase Adima ke vikAsa krama ko jAna sakate haiN| pazuoM kI apekSA manuSyoM meM zabdoM evaM bhASAoM ko abhivyakta karane kI kSamatA hai| isase sRSTi vikAsa kA koI krama spaSTa nahIM pratIta hotA, kintu paurANika avatAra, sRSTi prakriyA aura vikAsa ke yuga krama kA dyotana karate haiM / viduSI enI beseMTa ne apanI avatAra nAmaka pustaka meM avatAroM kA nimna krama meM yuga vibhAjana kiyA hai 1. matsyayuga (Silurian Age) 2. kUrmayuga (Amphibian Age) 3. varAhayuga (Mammalian Age) 4. nRsiMha yuga (Lemurian Age) isI prakAra unhoMne vAmana Adi mAnava avatAroM ko vibhinna vikAsa yugoM ke paricAyaka rUpoM meM siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| prasiddha jIvazAstrI zrImAnI ne apanI pustaka Introduction to Zoology meM pracalita pratyeka avatAra ko apane yuga vizeSa kA dyotaka kahA hai|' inake matAnusAra kUrma sarIsRpa (Reptile-reMgane vAle) yuga, vAmana-Pigmy anthropoids parazarAma-Primitive man or hunter rAma-dhanuSadhArI yA Marked man etc. tathA kRSNa aura buddha pariSkRta mAnava ke sUcaka haiN| mAnavazAstrI zrI satyavrata ne apanI pustaka "mAnavazAstra" meM bhI avatAravAdI krama prastuta kiyA hai| inake matAnusAra prathama jalajIva matsya, jala-thala meM rahane vAlA jIva kUrma, jalapriya pazuvarAha, paza-mAnava mizrita rUpa-nRsiMha, vaunA mAnavarUpa-vAmana, pUrNa mAnava pratyaya rAma aura kRSNa batAye gaye haiN| isa prakAra upayukta vibhAjanoM meM avatAravAdI vikAsa krama darzAyA gayA hai| 1. Introduction to Zoology, p. 709. 2. mAnavazAstra, pR0 48

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240 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 17. paurANika pratIka aura vikAsavAdI upAdAna prAkRtika vijJAnoM ke vikAsa aura avatAravAdI vikAsavAda meM pramukha samya yaha hai ki donoM meM sUrya se pRthvI kA avataraNa aura pRthvI para jala-jovoM kA AvirbhAva, jala-jIvoM meM jala pazu, jala-pazu se jala-sthala ubhaya pazu, ubhaya pazu se sarosapa pazu-pakSI, sarIsRpa se pazu, pazu se paza-mAnava, pazumAnava se mAnava, mAnava se medhAvo mAnava ke AvirbhAva kA krama milatA hai| donoM adhyayana-paddhatiyoM meM antara yaha hai ki prAkRta vijJAna vettA evaM mAnavazAstrI jahA~ bhUgarbhazAstra ke dvArA vastuniSTha bhautika padArthoM yA sthUla zArIrika pakSoM ke vizleSaNa dvArA sRSTi yA mAnava sabhyatA kA vikAsa nirdhArita karate haiM / vahAM vaijJAnika dRSTi se paurANika kathAoM ke adhyayana-kartAoM, vibhinna yugoM ke avatAroM ke pratinidhi pratIkoM ke dvArA athavA unakI zArIrika saMracanA aura Atmika zaktiyoM ke AdhAra para unake vikAsa krama kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM / prAkRtika vijJAna se prANI- vijJAna tathA prANI-vijJAna se mAnavavijJAna yA mAnavazAstra kA vikAsa huA hai| prANI vikAsa ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kA AdhAra ve phAsilsa (asthi kaMkAla) haiM jo caTTAnoM meM dabe hue milate haiN| inhIM asthi avazeSoM ke adhyayana se prANIya vikAsa ke adhyayana meM sahAyatA milatI hai| isa prakAra vikAsavAdo adhyayana ke lie pAI gaI pazuoM, bAnaroM, banamAnuSoM aura manuSyoM ko ve haDDiyA~ aura khopar3iyA~ haiM, jinake AkAra, prakAra, kaThoratA Adi ke AdhAra para vejJAnikoM ne prANiyoM kA vikAsa krama nirdhArita kiyA hai| Age calakara unakI AdatoM, kAryoM, svanirmita AyadhoM, saMgaThanoM rIti-rivAjoM, dharma, kalA, evaM vijJAna Adi ke AdhAra para vikAsa krama ko jAnA gayA hai| 18. avatAra-pratIka sandhiyuga ke dyotaka avatAravAdI paramparA meM jo pratIka hue haiM, ve jIva yuga ke vizeSa pratinidhi hone kI apekSA do yA do se adhika bhUgarbhIya yugoM ke sandhikAla ke pratinidhi adhika dikhAI dete haiN| jisa prakAra laghurUpa matsya kA bar3hate-bar3hate vRhadAkAra "yaka zRMgatanu" rUpa honA do bhUgarbhIya sandhikAla kA dyotaka pratIka hotA hai| isa vRhadAkAra matsya meM matsya pUrva aura matsya yuga donoM kI vizeSatAyeM vidyamAna haiN| isI prakAra kUrma bhI matsya yuga aura sarIsRpa yuga ke bIca kA pratinidhi pratIta hotA hai

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 241 kyoMki usameM donoM yugoM ko vizeSatAe~ maujUda haiM arthAt vaha jala evaM sthala donoM jagaha raha sakatA hai / varAha meM bhI sarIsRpa ( reMgane vAle ) yuga ke antima avasthA ke guNa- peTa kA bar3A honA, mu~ha kA lambA honA tathA "maiM miliyana' yuga ke pAvoM se daur3anA tathA dugdhapAna karAnA Adi guNa "repiTiliyana" aura " maimiliyana" yugoM ke sandhikAla ke dyotaka pratIta hote haiM / isI prakAra "nRsiMha" meM "maimiliyana" aura "ainthropoAyaDa" yuga ke sandhikAla ke guNa arddha - pazu aura arddha - mAnava pratIta hote haiM / 'vAmana' 'ainthropoAyaDa' prANI ke AkAra kA laghumAnava rUpa kA dyotaka hai / prAgaitihAsika purAtatva vijJAnavettA pUrvapASANa yuga aura navapASANa yuga ke bIca meM eka sandhi pASANa yuga ( Mesolithic Period) mAnate haiM / ' isa yuga taka mAnava zikArI avasthA ke pazcAt pazu-pAlana evaM AMzika kRSi avasthA taka pahu~ca cukA thA / parazurAma isI yuga ke pratIka the / gAdhi ko RcIka dvArA diye azva tathA kAmadhenu ko lekara parazurAmasahasrabAhu yuddha pazu-pAlana ko dyotita karate haiM / rAma yuga meM jana jAti parAkrama ke vikasita aura avikasita aise do rUpa milate haiM jinameM paraspara saMgharSa hote rahate the / isa yuga meM ina do saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya se Adarza rAjatantra kI sthApanA huI / isa prakAra rAma pazupAlana yuga aura kRSi pradhAna rAjatantrIya samAja vyavasthA ke sandhi kAla ke pratIka kahe jA sakate haiN| rAma kA kAla Arya aura dravir3a saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kA kAla bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| kRSNa ke yuga taka rAjatantra kA bahuta hI vikAsa evaM prasAra ho cukA thA tathA janatantra kA prArambha ho gayA thA / kRSNa kA avataraNa aneka rAjyoM ke svArthaparaka saMgharSoM ke kAla meM hotA hai / isa prakAra kRSNa sAmantavAda evaM sAmrAjyavAda ke sandhi yuga ke pratIka vidita hote haiM / jaba mAnavIya bhoga-lipsA evaM bhautika upabhogya sAmagriyoM kI pracuratA ne mAnava kI tRSNA ko apanI carama sImA para pahu~cA diyA, taba usa sampRkta bindu para pahu~ca kara bhogAsakta mAnava meM ahiMsA aura anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya huA, buddha isI avasthA ke pratIka haiM / isa yuga ke paricAyaka mahAvIra, kanphyUsiyasa, IsA, jarathusya ityAdi bhI kahe gaye haiM / 1. mAnavazAstra, pR0 100 16

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242 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana vartamAna yuga meM anaitika evaM bhautika kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie vyaktigata evaM sAmUhika prayatna ho rahe haiN| ina svArthoM ke pIche ANavika yuddha ke bIja chipe haiM aura mAnava jAti kA saMhAra avazyambhAvI pratIta hotA hai| sambhava hai ki yuddha ke samApti para kalki kA avatAra saMskRti evaM sabhyatA meM nayI pravRttiyoM kI cetanA kA udaya kre| isa prakAra vibhinna avatAra yuga parivartana kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke dyotaka haiM / yadi hama avatAroM kI avadhAraNA ko jaivika vikAsa ke AdhAra para spaSTa karanA cAheM to hameM usake pUrva saSTi ke vikAsa kI prakriyA ko kiso sImA taka samajhanA hogaa| kyoMki sRSTi vikAsa kI isa prakriyA meM bhautika evaM vAnaspatika vikAsa ke pazcAt ho jevika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA krama AtA hai| 19, avatAravAda kA darzana avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kI tAtvika pUrva mAnyatA ( Postulate ) yaha hai ki paramasat cetana hai, kyoMki eka cetana sattA hI vizva ke prANiyoM ke prati karuNAzIla hokara unake uddhAra ke lie prayatnazIla ho sakatI hai / sAtha hI usa paramasattA kA "pariNAmI" honA Avazyaka hai kyoMki yadi paramatattva caitanya hote hue bhI nirvikAra aura kUTastha hogA to bhI 'avatAra kI avadhAraNA' sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki aisI apariNAmo zuddha cetana sattA kA zarIra dhAraNa karanA sambhava nahIM hai| zarIra dhAraNa karanA aura vizva ke prANiyoM ke sukha-duHkha se prabhAvita hokara unake prati karuNAzIla honA kisI pariNAmI cetana sattA ke tAtvika avadhAraNA meM hI yuktisaMgata ho sakatA hai| nirvikAra cetana tattva karuNA, saMkalpa yA icchA se bhI rahita hotA hai aura binA icchA ke usakA avataraNa aura zarIra dhAraNa sambhava nahIM hogA / ataH avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA yaha anivArya phalita hai ki paramatattva-parama kAruNika cetana evaM pariNAmI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki avatAravAda ko dhAraNA rAmAnuja, vallabha, madhva Adi ke darzanoM meM hI yuktisaMgata siddha hai| zaMkara ke anusAra paramasattA caitanya to hai kintu vaha nirvikAra hai ataH usameM avataraNa jo ki svataH hI eka parivartana hai sambhava nahIM hotA / zaMkara ke nirapekSa advaitavAdI dArzanika caukhaTe meM avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ko susaMgata banAne ke lie avatAra ko mAyA se yukta mAtra vyAvahArika sattA mAnanA hogA / avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki paramatattva yA Izvara saguNa evaM sAkAra bhI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki paravartI nirguNadhArA ke santo ne avatAravAda kI samA

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 243 locanAyeM kI haiM / avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA usI darzana meM adhika susaMgata bana par3atI hai jahAM paramatattva ko caitanya bheda yukta ( cAhe vaha svagata bheda hI kyoM na ho) tathA karuNAzIla, saguNa aura sAkAra mAnA jAtA hai| punaH avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ( Teleological Creation ) ke siddhAnta prayojanazIla sRSTi meM susaMgata ho sakatI hai| bhautikavAda meM athavA una darzanoM meM jahA~ sRSTi ko niSprayojana evaM svAbhAvika (Natural) mAnA gayA hai, avatAravAda ko avadhAraNA samIcIna siddha nahIM hotI hai kyoMki paramasattA athavA Izvara kA avataraNa kisI prayojana vizeSa ko lekara ho hotA hai| sRSTi kI racanA, pAlana aura saMhAra tathA samaya-samaya para avatAra lekara usako duSToM evaM darjanoM ke atyAcAra se mukta karanA tathA dharma kI saMsthApanA karanA yaha sabhI usa paramatattva kI yA Izvara ke prayojanazIlatA para hI nirbhara karate haiN| avatAravAda kA darzana paramatattva Izvara meM aura usakI sRSTi meM eka kisI viziSTa prayojana ko dekhatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki sRSTi meM sraSTA kA koI prayojana nihita hai / sraSTA aura usakI sRSTi uddezyahIna andha prakriyA nahIM hai apitu sraSTA aura usakI sRSTi donoM hI saprayojana haiM yadyapi dArzanika dRSTi se isa sandarbha meM yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi sRSTi kI prakriyA meM sraSTA kI icchA yA saMkalpa hai to vaha pUrNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu yahA~ hama isa AkSepa ke pakSa aura vipakSa ke tarkoM kI samIkSA nahIM karate hue mAtra itanA hI kahanA cAheMge ki jaba bhI hama avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karake caleMge to hameM nizcita hI sRSTi prakriyA aura usake pAlana meM kisI prayojanazIlatA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, cAhe use hama Izvara kI lIlA hI kyoM na maaneN| saMkSepa meM, avatAravAda kA darzana paramasattA ko caitanya pariNAmo, karuNAzIla, saguNa aura sAkAra mAnakara calatA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki vizva kI sRSTi meM sraSTA kA prayojana nihita hai| ___ dUsare avatAravAda ke darzana meM kisI sImA taka niyativAda ke tattva samAviSTa hote haiM kyoMki avatAravAdI darzana Izvara ko vizva kA niyAmaka aura saMcAlaka mAnatA hai / yadi Izvara vizva kA niyAmaka hai to hameM vizva ghaTanAkrama meM kisI sImA taka niyati kA tattva mAnanA hogaa| gItA' meM zrIkRSNa svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki maiM isa vizva ko ThIka usI prakAra calA rahA 1. gItA, adhyAya 18

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244 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana jaise ki kaThaputalI kI gatividhiyAM usake cAlaka dvArA saMcAlita hotI rAmacaritamAnasa meM aneka sthAnoM para isa prakAra se niyativAda ke darzana hote haiM / usameM kahA gayA hai ki| umA dAru yoSita kI nAI, sabahi nacAvata rAma gosAI / athavA hoI haiM vahI jo rAma raci rAkhA, ko kara taraka bar3Avahi sAkhA / avatAravAdI darzana meM kabhI-kabhI to yaha niyativAda kA pakSa itanA prabala ho jAtA hai ki svayaM avatAravAda bhI niyati kA eka ghaTanAkrama bana jAtA hai tathA sarvasamartha paramatatva bhI unhIM sthitiyoM se gujaratA hai jinase eka sAmAnya mAnava ko gujaranA hotA hai / avatAravAdI vicArakoM ne rAma kRSNa Adi ke jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA tarkasaMgata samAdhAna antataH niyati ko avadhAraNA meM khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / avatAravAda ke darzana meM puruSArtha kA tattva kama hokara niyati ko pradhAnatA isalie bhI ho jAtI hai ki manuSya kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai jo karuNAzIla hokara use duHkha, pIr3A aura atyAcAra se mukta karAvegA / avatAravAdI darzana manuSya ko Izvara kA Azrita banAtA hai aura use pUrNatayA Izvara ke prati samarpita hone kI bAta kahatA hai / AzritatA aura samarpaNa ko isa bhAvanA meM puruSArtha kA tatva pradhAna nahIM bana pAtA / yadyapi gItA meM hameM AtmA dvArA AtmA ke uddhAra kA saMketa milatA hai kintu usase Age bar3hakara gItA meM svayaM kRSNa yaha kahate haiM ki manmanA bhava madbhakto madyAjI mAM namaskuru / mAmevaiSyasi yuktvevamAtmAnaM matparAyaNaH || 1 taba hama puruSArtha kI pradhAnatA nahIM dekhate / avatAravAda kA darzana kevala hameM itanA hI sikhAtA hai ki hameM IzvarIya icchA kA eka yantra banakara kArya karanA hai / punaH avatAravAda ko avadhAraNA meM jJAna, bhakti aura karma meM bhakti hI pradhAna sthAna ko prApta karatI hai| yadi jJAna aura karma ke mahattva ko svIkAra bhI kareM, phira bhI hameM itanA to mAnanA hogA ki usameM bhakti 1. gItA, 9 / 34

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 245 kA tatva pradhAna hotA hai / usameM jJAna aura karma donoM hI bhakti ke AdhIna hote haiM / ataH yaha mAnane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM honA cAhie ki avatAravAda kA darzana mukhyataH bhaktimArga kA darzana hai / usameM bhakti kA svara hI pramukha hai; vahA~ jJAna kI prApti bhI IzvarIya karuNA para nirbhara hai / avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA meM vyakti kA kArya to kevala itanA hI hai ki vaha IzvarIya lIlA meM usakI icchA ke anurUpa usa lIlA kA pAtra bane aura IzvarIya icchA ke anusAra apane dAyitvoM kA nirvAha kare / vyakti ke svatantra icchA evaM svatantra vyaktitva praNAlI kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM / yadyapi isa kamI ke bAvajUda avatAravAda ke darzana kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha duHkha, pIr3A aura atyAcAra kI dazA meM bhI sAhasa aura saMbala pradAna karatA hai evaM use nirAza hone se bacAtA hai / jo sAdhaka avatAra ke isa siddhAnta meM nizcala dhAraNA rakhatA hai, vaha nirAza nahIM hotA hai / vaha yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki IzvarI sattA usake sAtha hai aura vaha nizcaya hI usakA uddhAra karegI / ataH hameM itanA to avazya mAnanA hogA ki avatAravAda eka nirAzAvAdI darzana na hokara eka AzAvAdI darzana hai | 20. avatAra kA prayojana prArambha se hI avatAravAda prayojana se nihita rahA hai / bhagavAn ne apanI icchA se zarIra dhAraNa kara vibhinna lIlAe~ kI haiM aura unake vibhinna zarIra dhAraNa kA samasta kArya-kAla kisI na kisI prayojana se sambaddha rahA hai / gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI ne prAyaH unake sabhI prayojanoM samAviSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / sarvaprathama vaidika viSNu aura indra Adi devatAoM ke prAcIna kArya kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai, avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM inako viSNu ke avatAroM evaM unake sahAyakoM para Aropita kiyA gayA / vizeSakara bhakta, bhUmi, bhUsura ( brAhmaNa), surabhi (gAya) aura sura' Adi zabdoM se vaidikakAla meM viSNu ke sambandha meM kahe gaye kucha mantroM se sAmya pratIta hotA hai / 1. bhagata bhUmi bhUsura, surahita lAgi kRpAla / karata carita dhari manuja-tanu, sunata miTahi jaMjAla // -- tulasodAsa, granthAvalI, pR0 95, do0 123

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246 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana Rgveda meM bhU zabda se viSNu ke tIna pAdoM kA krama milatA hai jisake kAraNa unako trivikrama kahA gayA hai| kucha mantroM meM viSNu ko jagat kA rakSaka evaM samasta dharmoM kA dhAraka kahA gayA hai / viSNu ke kAryoM ke bala para hI yajamAna apane vratoM kA anuSThAna karate haiM, ve indra ke sakhA kahe gae haiM / stuti karane vAle aura medhAvo manuSya viSNu ke usa parama pada se apane hRdaya ko prakAzita karate haiN| eka mantra meM viSNu se unmatta zRMgavAlI aura zIghragAmI gAyoM ke sthAna meM jAne ke lie prArthanA kI gii| isI prakAra eka mantra meM devatAoM ko viSNa kA aMza kahA gayA hai| indra jaba zambarAsura ko 99 dRr3ha puriyoM ko naSTa karate haiM taba viSNu, unakI sahAyatA karate haiN|' mahAkAvya kAla meM viSNu ke avataraNa kA mukhya prayojana deva-zatru kA vadha karanA hai| kintu gosvAmI jI ke anusAra viSNu ke avatAra rAma kA mukhya prayojana vipra, dhenu, sura, santa Adi sabhI ke nimitta asuroM kA 1. atodevA avantu no yato viSNu vicakrame / pRthivyAH sapta dhAmAbhiH -Rgveda 1/22/16 2. trINi padA vipakrame viSNurgopA adAmyaH / ato dharmANi dhArayan -vahI, 1/22/18 3. viSNoH karmANi pazcata ya to pratAni casparza indrasya yujyaH sakhAH / -vahI, 1/22/29 4. tad viprAto vipanyavo jAgRvaMzasaH saminyate / viSNoryatparamaM padam // -vahI, 1/22/21 5. tA vAM vAstUnyuzAsi gamadhya yatra gAvau bhUri RGgA ayAsaH / ____ atrAha tadurugAyasya vRSNaH paramaM padamava bhAti bhUri / / -vahI, 1/15/46 6. asya devasya mIDa huSo vayA viSNoreSaSya prmRyehvibhiH|| videhi rUdrIM rudriyaM mahityaM yAsihaM vattirazvinAvirAvat // -vahI, 1/40/5 7. Rgveda, 9/99/5 8. 'vadhAya deva zatraNAM nRNAM loke manaH karu / - eva muktastu devezo viSNustridazapuMgavaH / / ' -vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 1/15/25

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 247 vadha karanA hai|' gItA meM dharma ke patana kA kAraNa asuroM kA utthAna kahA gayA hai aura dharma kI rakSA hI mukhya prayojana hai| isa prakAra gItA meM dharmotthAna ke lie avatAra ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / 2 gItA aura rAmacaritamAnasa meM punaH sAdhaoM ke paritrANa, duSToM ke vinAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA ko yuga-yuga meM Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| vaidika, mahAkAvya aura gotA tInoM meM hI asuroM kA vinAza mUlarUpa meM unake avatAra kA prayojana rahA hai, phira bhI ina para samaya-samaya para sampradAya vizeSa kA spaSTa prabhAva pradarzita hotA hai / vaidika kAla meM viSNu pahale mahAn devatA ke rUpa meM the anta meM ve upAsya rUpa meM grahIta hote gae aura inakA sambandha bhakti, bhakta aura bhAva se hotA gayA, jisake phalasvarUpa viSNu yA unake avatAra kA mukhya prayojana ahetuka athavA bhaktoM ke premavaza" yA bhaktivaza pratIta hotA hai| isa prakAra avatAravAda aura bhakti kA samanvaya purANoM meM jagaha-jagaha dekhane ko milatA hai | bhakta ke nimitta avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA yadyapi adhika pracalita huI phira bhI purANoM meM veda, brAhmaNa, devatA, pRthvo aura gorakSA ko bhAvanA vidyamAna rahI hai / 1. "vipra dhenu surasaMta hita lInha manuja avatAra / asura mAri thApahi suranha rAkhahi nija zruti setu // " jagavistArahi vipada jasa rAma janmakara hetu // " -rAmacaritamAnasa / "yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata / abhyutthAnamadharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjAmyahaM // " -gItA, 4/7 3. "paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca duSkRtAm / dharma saMsthApanArthAya sambhavAmi yuge yuge // " -vahI, 4/8 "jaba jaba hoI dharama kI hAnI / bADhahiM asura avama abhimaanii| karahi anIti jAi nahi brnii| sIdahiM vipra dhenu suta gharanI / taba taba prabhu dhari vividha sarIrA / harahiM kRpAnidhi sajjana pIrA // " -rAmacaritamAnasa / 4. hetu rahita jaga jagu upakArI / tumha tumhAra sevaka asurArI / -vahI 5. hari vyApaka sarvatra samAnA / prema teM prakaTa hohiM maiM jaanaa| 6. vyApaka vizva rUpa bhagavAnA / tehi dhari deha carita kRta nAnA / so kevala bhagatana hita lAgI / parama kRpAla pramata anurAgI // -vahI

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248 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki eka ora avatAravAda meM bhakti kA prAdhAnya rahA hai to dUsarI ora viSNu aura unake rAmakRSNAdi upAsya rUpoM kA bhI pracalana rahA hai / isa parivartana ke phalasvarUpa eka ora viSNu asuroM kA saMhAra kiyA to dUsarI ora jaya-vijaya rAkSasa viSNu- pArSada evaM dvArapAloM ke avatAra mAne gaye / " bhAgavata" kI eka kathA ke anusAra sanakAdi ke zApa ke kAraNa unakA avatAra huA / " isa prakAra avatAra kA mukhya prayojana asuroM kA vinAza evaM dharma kI saMsthApanA karanA rahA hai / 21. avatAra ko dhArmika evaM sAmAjika upAdeyatA 1. kisI vyakti ko IzvarIya avatAra athavA IzvarIya aMza mAnakara usake uddezyoM evaM tArkika siddhAntoM kI pramANikatA dI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki Izvara kA avatAra hone se usake vacana pramANa hoMge / 2. kisI vyakti ko Izvara kA avatAra mAnakara usake prati dhArmika AsthA ko balavatI banAyA jA sakatA hai | 3. kisI sampradAya yA dhArmika paramparA meM dhArmika vizvAsoM evaM mAnyatAoM ko usake AdhAra para puSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA manuSya ko usake prati adhika zraddhAlu banAkara kisI dhArmika sampradAya ko jIvita yA khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai / 4. kisI vyakti ke IzvarAvatAra hone para usake AsapAsa upAsakoM evaM bhaktoM kA aisA samUha khar3A ho jAtA hai, jo una bhaktoM meM eka vizeSa prakAra kI sAmAjika cetanA ko jAgRta karatA hai, usake prati AsthAvAna vyakti Apasa meM eka dUsare ke prati bhAI-cAre kA vyavahAra karate haiM aura isa prakAra eka samAja sRjita hotA hai / 5. manuSya svabhAvataH jaba bhI kaThinAI, pIr3A yA atyAcAra kA zikAra hotA hai to kisI Azraya yA sahAre kI khoja karatA hai aura Izvara kI ora vizeSa rUpa se; aisI sthiti meM Izvara kI avadhAraNA use manovaijJAnika saMbala pradAna karatI hai / use yaha vizvAsa hotA hai ki koI aisI zakti hai jo usake athavA mAnava samAja ke uddhAra hetu pRthvI para avatarita hogI / 1. bhAgavata 3 / 15

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avatAra ko avadhAraNA : 249 22. avatAra aura loka kalyANa hindU paramparA, vizeSa rUpa se gItA meM IzvarIya avatAra kA prayojana -loka kalyANa mAnA gayA hai| gItA meM isa loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA ko loka saMgraha zabda dvArA abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa svayaM apane avatAra kA prayojana batAte hue vahate haiM ki "he arjuna ! jaba jaba saMsAra meM dharma kI hAni aura adharma ko vRddhi hotI hai, taba-taba maiM avatAra grahaNa karatA hU~, maiM sAdhu puruSoM ke uddhAra ke lie, duSTa janoM ke vinAza ke lie, yuga-yuga meM prakaTa hotA rahatA hU~" uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki avatAra kA mUlabhUta prayojana sat puruSoM kA kalyANa karanA hI hai, duSToM kA vinAza aura dharma kI sthApanA bhI sajjanoM ke kalyANa ke lie hI kI jAtI hai| gItA ke anusAra loka kalyANa ke lie karma karanA bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai / zrIkRSNa lokahita ke lie arjuna ko karma karane kI preraNA dete hue kahate haiM, he pArtha, mujhe tInoM -lokoM meM kucha bhI karanA zeSa nahIM hai kiMcit bhI prApta hone yogya vastu aprApta nahIM hai to bhI maiM karma karatA rahatA hU~ kyoMki yadi meM sAvadhAna hokara kadAcit karma na karU to merA anusaraNa karake prajA bhI merA anu-saraNa karegI, arthAt niSkriya ho jAyegI / yadi maiM karma na karU~ to loka kI sArI vyavasthA naSTa ho jAvegI aura maiM varNasaMkara karane vAlA tathA isa samasta prajA kA hanana karane vAlA bnuuNgaa| kyoMki zreSTha puruSa jisa prakAra kA AcaraNa karatA hai anya jana bhI usI kA anusaraNa karate haiN| zreSTha puruSa dvArA kiyA gayA kArya loka meM pramANabhUta hotA hai aura dUsare loga usakA anuvartana karate haiM / isa dRSTi se binA kisI AkAMkSA aura apekSA, lokamaMgala ke lie karma karanA Avazyaka hai / isI 1. " yadyadAcarati zreSThastattadevetaro janaH / sa yatpramANaM kurute lokastadanuvartate // " - gItA, 3 / 21 2. " na me pArthAsti kartavyaM triSu lokeSu kiMcana / nAnavAptamavAptavyaM varta eva ca karmaNi // " - vahI, 3 / 22 3. "yadi hyahaM na varteyaM jAtu karmaNyatandritaH / mama vartmAnuvartante manuSyAH pArtha sarvazaH // " - vahI, 3 / 23 4. "utsIdeyurime lokA na kuryA karma cedaham / saMkarasya ca kartA syAmupahanyAmimAH prajAH // " - vaho, 3 / 24

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250 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tathya ko aura spaSTa karate hue zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra karma meM Asakta hue saMsAro, ajJAnI jana jaise karma karate haiM usI prakAra vidvAn ko bhI loka kalyANa ke lie anAsaktabhAva se karma karanA caahie|' gItA spaSTarUpa se isa bAta kA bho pratidina karato hai ki lokakalyANa ke lie jJAnI puruSa ko cAhie ki vaha logoM ko karma se vimukha na kare apitu unheM yogya vidhi se karma karane hetu prerita kare / isa prakAra sAmAnya rUpa se samagra hindu dharma kA vizeSa rUpa se gItA kA yaha saMketa hai ki loka maMgala ke lie karma karanA Izvara kA aura jJAnI janoM kA anivArya kartavya hai / yadyapi vyakti lokamaMgala ke lie karma nahIM karatA hai to vaha loka kA vinAza karane vAlA mAnA jAtA hai| Izvara bhI lokamaMgala ke lie samaya-samaya para avatAra lekara loka ke hita kA sAdhana karate haiN| usake bhI mUlabhUta do uddezya haiM prathama to loka kA kalyANa karanA aura dUsarA sasAra ke mammukha eka Adarza sthApita karanA jisase loga lokakalyANa se vimukha na bneN| zrIkRSNa kA yaha kahanA ki yadi lokamaMgala ke lie kArya na karUM to loka kA vinAza karane vAlA banUM, bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa saMketa detA hai / vaha eka ora svayaM lokamaMgala ko sAdhatA hai to dUsarI ora apane jIvana meM logoM ke sAmane eka aisA Adarza upasthita kara detA hai jisase anya janoM ke lie bhI lokamaMgala kI preraNA mile| 23. avatAravAda meM bhaktitattva yA zraddhA kA prAdhAnya gItA meM zraddhA yA bhakti ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kA kathana hai ki zraddhAvAna hI jJAna prApta karatA hai athavA jJAna kA adhikArI hai| yadyapi jJAna kI mahimA kA vizad vivaraNa gItA meM 1. "saktAH karmaNyavidvAMso yathA kurvanti bhArata kuryAdvidvAMstathAsaktazcikIrSurlokasaMgraham ||"-giitaa, 3/25 2. "na buddhibhedaM janayedajJAnAM karmasaGginAm / ___joSayetsarvakarmANi vidvAnyuktaH samAcaran ||"-vhii, 3/26 3. "karmaNaiva hi saMsiddhimAsthitA janakAdayaH / / lokasaMgrahamevApi saMpazyankartumarhasi ||"-vhii 3/20 4. "teSAM satatayuktAnAM bhajatAM prItipUrvakam / dadAmi buddhiyoga taM yena mAmupayAnti te ||"-vhii, 10/10

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avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 251 upalabdha hai phira bhI jJAna zraddhA se Upara apanA sthAna prApta nahIM kara sakA balki zraddhA para Azrita mAnA gayA, zraddhAzIla ko hI jJAna kI prApti hotI hai / zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki nirantara mere dhyAna meM lIna aura prItipUrvaka bhajane vAle logoM ko maiM buddhiyoga pradAna karatA hU~ jisase ve mujhako prApta kara lete haiM / " isa prakAra hama jJAna ko zraddhA kA pratiphala kaha sakate haiM / ataH gItA kA mantavya hai ki yadi sAdhaka zraddhA yA bhakti kA sambala lekara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3he to use IzvarIya dayA ke rUpa meM jJAna prApta ho jAtA hai / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki zraddhAyukta bhaktajanoM para kRpA karane ke lie maiM svayaM unake antaHkaraNa meM praveza kara jJAnarUpI prakAza se ajJAnajanya andhakAra ko naSTa kara detA hU~ / " bhakti se hI jJAna prApta hotA hai aura bhakti yA samarpaNa bhAva se kiyA gayA karma bhI bandhana nahIM hotA hai / niSkAma karma vastuta: samarpaNa yA bhakti se niHsRta karma hai | vastutaH gItA meM karma aura jJAna ko bhakti se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karmaphala ko Izvara ko arpita karate hue jIva ko karma karanA cAhie / " svakarmaNA tamabhyarcya siddhi vindati mAnavaH / 3 "sve sve karmaNyabhirataH saMsiddhi labhate naraH / "4 apane-apane karma meM lagA huA manuSya siddhi yA mukti ko prApta karatA hai / karma karate samaya usakI bhAvanA yaha honI cAhie ki vaha apane karmoM 1 dvArA bhagavAn kI arcanA ( pUjA ) kara rahA hai athavA devI Adeza ke rUpa meM karma kara rahA hai / isI meM karmamArga aura bhaktimArga kA samanvaya hai / gItA meM svayaM zrIkRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki mere lie hI karma karane vAlA, AsaktihIna, saba prANiyoM meM vaira-rahita merA bhakta mujhe hI prApta 1. gItA, 10/10 2. " teSAmevAnukampArthamahamajJAnajaM tamaH / nAzayAmyAtmabhAvasthA jJAnadIpena bhAsvatA / " - vahI, 10/11 3. vahI, 18/46 4. vahI, 18/45

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252 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hotA hai|' ataH "tU mere meM mana lagA aura mere meM hI buddhi ko lagA, isake uparAnta tU mere meM hI nivAsa karegA arthAt mere ko hI prApta hogA, isameM kucha bhI saMzaya nahIM hai / "2 merA Azraya lene vAlA puruSa sAre karmoM ko karatA haA bhI mere anugraha se zAzvata pada ko prApta hotA hai| he arjuna, tuma saba dharmoM arthAt varNAzrama dharmoM ko tyAgakara sirpha merI zaraNa meM Ao, maiM tumheM sAre pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, tuma soca mata kro| yahA~ hameM bhakti kI pradhAnatA spaSTarUpa se dRSTigata hotI hai / 24. avatAravAda ke sandarbha meM niyati aura puruSArtha dArzanika dRSTi se avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha niyati aura puruSArtha kA prazna bhI jur3A huA hai| avatAravAda meM sAmAnyatayA Izvara ko vizva kA saMcAlaka aura niyAmaka mAna liyA jAtA hai| jaba Izvara vizva kA niyAmaka aura saMcAlaka hai sAtha hI sarvazaktimAna bhI hai to phira svAbhAvika rUpa se vizva ke sAre kriyA-kalApa usI kI icchA yA lolA ke pariNAma haiN| gItA meM zrIkRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki he arjuna, Izvara sabhI prANiyoM ke hRdaya meM sthita hokara sabhI prANiyoM ko usI prakAra bhramaNa karAtA hai jisa prakAra yantra para ArUr3ha kaThaputalI bhramaNa karatI hai, isI bAta ko tulasIkRta rAmacaritamAnasa meM nimna zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai___ umA dAru joSita ko nAI / sabahi nacAvata rAmu gosAI / hama upayukta siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake yaha mAna lete haiM ki samagra vizva IzvarIya icchA se saMcAlita hai to hameM anivArya rUpa se isa bAta ko bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki vyakti ko koI svatantratA nahIM hai / 1. gItA, 11/55 2. "mayyeva mana Adhatsva mayi buddhiM nivezaya / nivasiSyasi mayyeva ata udhvaM na saMzayaH / / " vahI 3. "sarvakarmANyapi sadA kurvANo madvayapAzrayaH / __matprasAdAdavApnoti zAzvataM padamavyayam ||"-giitaa, 18/56 4. "sarvadharmAnparityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vraja / / ahaM tvA sarvapApebhyo mokSayiSyAmi mA zucaH ||"-vho, 18/66 "5. "IzvaraH sarvabhUtAnAM hRddeze'rjuna tiSThati / bhrAmayansarvabhUtAni yantrArUDhAni mAyayA ||"-vhii, 18/61

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-avatAra kI avadhAraNA : 253: gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para arjuna ko yaha samajhAyA gayA hai ki IzvarIya icchA, kAla athavA prakRti ke kAraNa avazya haiM, use to apane ko IzvarIya icchA kA nimitta mAtra banakara kArya karanA hai, kintu yadi vyakti kI apanI koI svatantra icchA nahIM hai aura vaha svatantra rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kara sakatA hai, to aisI sthiti meM hama use apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI bhI nahIM banA sakate haiM, pariNAmasvarUpa karmasiddhAnta aura IzvarIya daMDa vyavasthA nirarthaka ho jAtI hai / yadi Izvara apanI icchA svayaM ko zubhAzubha karmoM meM niyojita karatA hai to vyakti apane zubhAzubha ke lie uttaradAyI kaise ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra IzvaravAda, niyativAda kA paryAyavAcI bana jAtA hai / jaina aura bauddhoM ne IzvaravAda para niyativAda ke Aropa lagAye haiM / yaha nizcita hI kisI sImA taka satya hai ki IzvaravAda meM puruSArtha kA mUlyAMkana samyak prakAra se nahIM ho pAtA hai, kyoMki puruSArtha kI avadhAraNA svatantra prakRti kI kSamatA para ho vikasita hotI hai| punaH avatAravAda meM IzvarIya kRpA ko bahuta mahattva diyA jAtA hai / sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki IzvarIya kRpA se vyakti ke sabhI kAma sahaja ho jAte haiM / yaha bAta bhI satya hai ki kRpA kI avadhAraNA meM puruSArthaM kA mahattva kama ho jAtA hai prabhu kI jisa para kRpA ho jAtI hai vaha aprayAsa hI saba kucha pA letA hai| rAmacaritamAnasa meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki / " mUka hoi bAcAla paMgu car3hai girivara gahana / " sUradAsa ne bhI apane padoM meM IzvarIya kRpA ke bAre meM kahA hai" jAkI kRpA paMgu giri laMghe, andhe ko saba kucha darzAyI / " isa prakAra avatAravAda meM Izvara ko niyAmakatA aura IzvarIya kRpA hI aise tattva haiM jo puruSArtha ko avadhAraNA ko kuMThita karate haiM aura vyaktiko bhAgyavAdI yA niyativAdI banAte haiM, kintu yaha mAnanA ki avatAravAda yA IzvaravAda niyativAda kA samarthaka hai tathA puruSArtha kI avadhAraNA ko kuNThita karatA hai, samucita nahIM hai / yaha sahI hai ki avatAravAda meM Izvara vizva kA niyAmaka aura kRpAlu hai kintu usakI niyAmakatA kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki manuSya ko koI svatantratA hI nahIM hai, Izvara manuSya ko sImita svatantratA pradAna kI hai aura vaha apanI isa sImita svatantratA kA samyak upayoga karate hue pUrNa svatantra bhI ho sakatA hai / ne

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254 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana gotA meM zrIkRSNa arjuna ko saba kucha samajhAne ke bAda anta meM kahate haiM ki "yathecchasi tathA kuru // 1 jaisI terI icchA ho vaisA kara / arjuna ko dI gaI yaha svatantratA sabhI manuSyoM ke lie hai aura isI AdhAra para use puruSArtha ko preraNA bhI do gaI hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne gotA kI vyAkhyA meM manuSya para niyati kA kitanA zAsana hai aura usameM kitanI svatantratA hai usako spaSTa karane ke lie tAza ke khela kA udAharaNa diyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki patte hameM bA~Ta die gae haiM yahA~ taka hama para niyati kA zAsana hai kintu jo patte hameM mile haiM unake dvArA khela khelane ko hameM svatantratA hai, eka acchA khilAr3I kharAba pattoM dvArA bho khela ko jota ko ora le jAtA hai to eka acche patte pAne vAlA khilAr3o kharAba khela ke kAraNa jIto huI bAjI hAra jAtA hai| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki IzvaravAda vyakti kI sampUrNa svatantratA ko kuNThita nahIM karatA apitu vyakti ko sImita svatantratA dekara use pUrNa svatantratA kI dizA meM svayaM ke puruSArtha se bar3hane kI preraNA detA hai / IzvarIya kRpA bhI puruSArtha kI virodhI nahIM hai| IzvarIya kRpA akAraNa hI kisI vyakti para nahIM ba~TatI hai| yaha to vyakti kA apanA puruSArtha hotA hai ki vaha usa kRpA ko ajita kara letA hai| IzvarIya kRpA ko arjita karanA, yahI vyakti kA puruSArtha hai| ataH IzvaravAda yA avatAravAda na to ekAnta rUpa se niyativAda kA samarthaka hai aura na puruSArthavAda kA hI virodhI hai| eka kahAvata hai ki Izvara unhIM ko madada karatA hai jo apanI madada karate haiM-arthAt jo svayaM prayatna karatA hai / "God helps those, who help themselves." 1. gotA, 18/63

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paMcama adhyAya tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. avatAra, tIrthaMkara aura buddha kI avadhAraNAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana bhAratIya sAhitya kA prAcInatama bhAga veda hai / / / hai ki vedoM kA kAla lagabhaga 1000 I0 pU0 taka hai yuga hai / vedoM meM yadyapi hameM viSNu kA nAma milatA hai indra, prajApati Adi ke samAna eka devatA mAtra haiM manuSya jAti kI rakSA aura kalyANa ke liye vibhinna devatAoM kI upAsanA kI jAtI thI / Age calakara aneka devatAoM meM eka deva pramukha nA aura vahI paravartI yuga meM Akara avatAravAda kA AdhAra banA / prArambha meM indra aura prajApati ko mahattva milA, kintu Age calakara viSNu pradhAna deva bana gaye aura vibhinna avatArI rUpoM kA sambandha unase jor3A gayA / viSNu ke jina vibhinna avatAroM kI carcA hameM upalabdha hotI hai, unameM varAha avatAra aura unake pRthvI ke uddhAra sambandhI kathAnaka kA sandarbha hameM atharvaveda meM milatA hai / matsya, kUrma aura vAmana ke AkhyAna taittirIya saMhitA aura brAhmaNoM meM bhI milate haiM, yadyapi inameM matsya, kUrma aura vAmana kA sambandha viSNu kI apekSA prajApati se jor3A gayA hai / Rgveda aura bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM indra ke dvArA mAyA rUpa grahaNa karane kI carcA bhI huI hai / sambhavataH isI AdhAra para Age calakara avatAroM kI kalpanA vikasita huI hogI / aupaniSadika sAhitya meM yadyapi spaSTarUpa se hameM avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA prApta nahIM hotI, kintu kenopaniSad meM brahma ke yakSa rUpa meM prakaTa hone kA hameM ullekha milatA hai / vastutaH avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhAgavata dharma ke sAtha hI huA, cAhe usake bIja vaidika aura aupaniSadika sAhitya meM yatra-tatra bikhare hue rahe hoM / aitihAsika dRSTi se avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara tIsarI zatAbdI ke bIca hI huA hai / yahI kAla jainoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA aura bauddhoM meM buddha aura bodhisatva ko avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA hai / ve sabhI sAhitya yaha sunizcita satya yaha bahudevavAda kA kintu vaidika viSNu vaidika kAla meM bhI

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256 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana jinameM avatAra, tIrthaMkara aura buddha ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiM aura unake jIvana vRttoM kA varNana milatA hai isI avadhi ke bIca racA gayA / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, harivaMzapurANa aura viSNupurANa kA yahI kAla hai aura isI prakAra jenaparamparA ke AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutraskandha, kalpasUtra tathA samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI ke kucha aMza jisameM tIrthakara sambandhI avadhAraNAoM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai isI kAla kI racanAyeM haiM / bauddha paramparA meM dIghanikAya, mahAyAnasUtra, laMkAvatArasUtra bhI isI kAla kI racanAyeM haiN| hindU paramparA meM 24 avatAroM, bauddhoM meM 24 buddhoM tathA jainaparamparA meM 24 tothaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA kA jo vikAsa hameM upalabdha hotA hai vaha kisa paramparA ne kisase grahaNa kiyA yaha batA pAnA to atyanta kaThina hai kintu yaha sunizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha sabhI dhAraNAyeM lagabhaga sAtha-sAya vikasita hAto raho haiM / yadyapi sambhAvanA yahI adhika hai ki avatAravAdI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI vibhinna kAlakramoM meM jainoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke hone aura bauddha paramparA meM buddhoM ke hone kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| ___ vastutaH hindU paramparA kI avatAravAdI avadhAraNA ko hI jainoM ne tIrthaMkara ke rUpa, bauddhoM ne buddha aura bodhisatva ke rUpa meM apane-apane dArzanika vicAroM ke AdhAra para vikasita kiyA hai| kyoMki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke prAcInatama sAhitya meM buddha aura mahAvIra kA mAnavIya rUpa ho adhika spaSTa hotA hai aura jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya ke gambhIra aura aitihAsika pariprekSya meM kiyA gayA adhyayana bahuta spaSTarUpa se hamAre sAmane yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki unameM tIrthaMkara aura baddha kI lokottaratA kI avadhAraNA kA praveza kAlakrama meM dhIre-dhIre huA hai| jaina aura bauddha dharmo meM bhakti ko avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhI paravartI hI pratIta hotA hai aura yaha mAnane meM bhI hameM koI saMkoca nahIM honA cAhie, isa sambandha meM una para bhAgavata dharma kA prabhAva hai| isI prakAra tIrthaMkaroM aura buddhoM tathA bodhisatvoM ke jIvana meM jina alaukika tattvoM kA praveza huA usa para bhI hameM bhAgavata dharma ke prabhAva kI sambhAvanA hai| kyoMki jaina aura bauddha donoM ho dharma mUlataH saMnyAsa-mArgI aura mAnavatAvAdI rahe haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki bauddha dharma meM prajJA ko aura jaina dharma meM tapasyA ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai kintu bhakti kI avadhAraNA,

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 257 buddhoM evaM tIrthaMkaroM kA daivokaraNa tathA ina paramparAoM meM vibhinna devIdevatAoM kA praveza yaha saba hindU paramparA kA hI ina para prabhAva hai / yadyapi isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina aura bauddha zramaNa paramparA kA bhAgavata dharma para koI prabhAva na par3A ho / hindU dharma aura vizeSa rUpa se bhAgavata dharma meM karmakANDa aura yajJavAda kA virodha, ahiMsA evaM tapa tathA tyAga kI avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa yaha saba jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prabhAva hai| vastuta: bhAgavata dharma, vaidika aura zramaNa dharmoM ke samanvaya se hI vikasita huA hai, jisameM bhakti kI dhArA aura devavAda vaidika paramparA se tathA ahiMsA aura sAdhanA zramaNa paramparAoM se AI hai / vaiSNava dharma meM zUdroM ke prati jo thor3I-bahuta udAratA AI aura unheM Izvara bhakti kA jo adhikAra milA vaha bhI zramaNa paramparA kA prabhAva hai| jaina paramparA ke RSabhadeva aura bauddha paramparA ke buddha kA jo avatAroM kI sUcI meM praveza huA hai, vaha kevala inakI lokapriyatA aura prabhAva ko lekara hI huA hai / vastutaH isI bahAne jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke logoM ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA / yadyapi RSabhadeva aura buddha sambandhI bhAgavata ke vivaraNoM ke mUla meM dharma samabhAva ke sthAna para sAmpradAyika durAgraha hI adhika hai, kyoMki zrImadbhAgavata meM jahA~ RSabhadeva aura buddha ke jIvana-vRttoM kA ullekha hai vahIM unake tapa tyAga pradhAna aura prajJA pradhAna kA svarUpa prakaTa nahIM huA hai, kintu usake sAtha yaha kahakara ki ye avatAra mUlataH logoM ko vAstavika dharma se cyuta karane ke liye hI hue haiM, inakI chavi ko dhUmila kiyA gayA hai / yaha kArya yadyapi ekapakSIya nahIM jaina aura bauddhoM ne bhI rAma aura kRSNa ko apane mahApuruSoM kI zreNI meM rakhakara bhI unheM tIrthaMkara yA buddha se nimna stara kA hI mAnA hai / jenakathA sAhitya meM eka ora kRSNa ko ariSTanemi kA upAsaka batAyA aura use tIsare narka taka bheja diyA, to dUsarI ora use vAsudeva aura bhAvI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM bhI mAnya kiyA / jahA~ taka rAma ke jIvanavRtta kA prazna hai, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne sadaiva hI use sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA hai phira bhI itanA to avazya hai ki unheM tIrthaMkara athavA buddha kA darjA nahIM diyA gyaa| jaina paramparA ne hindU paramparA ke caubIsa avatAroM meM se kucha ko apanI paramparA meM svIkRta kara liyA hai| rAma aura kRSNa ko to 8veM baladeva aura veM vAsudeva ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM AtmasAt kiyA hI gayA hai, sAtha hI sAtha hai, 17

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258 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana "isibhA siyAI" meM nArAyaNa, nArada, indra tathA uttarAdhyayana meM sanatkumAra, kapila Adi kI gaNanA bhI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM kara lI gaI / bauddha paramparA meM dazaratha jAtaka ( 461), devatrammajAtaka ( 516 ), jJApitajAtaka (513 ), sAmajAtaka ( 540 ) meM rAmakathA kA bauddharUpa dRSTigata hotA hai' aura kuNAlajAtaka ( 536 ), ghaTajAtaka ( 355 ) meM kRSNa sambandhI vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM / lalitavistara meM viSNu aura nArAyaNa ke ullekha milate haiM isake atirikta sukhAvatI vyUha, karaNDavyUha Adi meM bhI hameM nArAyaNa ke ullekha milate haiM / 4 isa prakAra tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM meM paraspara eka dUsare kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai / 2. tIrthaMkara aura buddha - dArzanika dRSTi se samAnatA aura antara buddha kI avadhAraNA avatAravAda se bhinna hai, yadyapi vaha kisI sImA taka tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA ke adhika nikaTa baiThatI hai / phira bhI hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki torthaMkara aura buddha ko avadhAraNAe~ bhI bilkula samAna nahIM haiM, unameM yahA~ taka to samAnatA hai ki pratyeka tIrthaMkara aura pratyeka buddha kA bhinna aura svatantra vyaktitva hotA hai, phira bhI bauddha darzana kA anAtmavAda aura kSaNikavAda jaina darzana ke pariNAmI nityavAda se bhinna hone ke kAraNa donoM avadhAraNAoM meM bhI bhinnatA A jAtI hai / jahA~ jaina darzana meM koI eka AtmA apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mAdhyama setorthaMkaratva kI U~cAI taka pahu~catI hai, vahA~ boddha darzana meM citta santati kI eka dhArA AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM kI ora agrasara hote hue buddhatva ko prApta karatI hai / tIrthaMkara evaM buddha ko avadhAraNAoM meM mUlabhUta antara unake AtmavAda sambandho avadhAraNAoM para hai / jaina dharma ke anusAra koI eka AtmA kisI janma meM samyaktva kA bodha pAkara apanI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA dvArA tIrthaMkara nAmagotra kA bandha karatI hai, phira 1. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 293-294 2. vahI, pR0 294 3. lalitavistara, pR0 4. sukhAvatI vyUha, pR0 AdhAra para 126, mUla 7, 6 aura 7, 14, pR0 165, mU07 17,25; bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 150; karaNDavyUha ke

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 259 vaha tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM janma letI hai aura anta meM apanI sAdhanA dvArA mukti ko prApta karatI hai / yadyapi bauddha darzana bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki bodhi-bIja rUpa koI citta santati apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karate hue aura vividha janmoM meM vividha pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA karate hue buddhatva kI prApti karatI hai / phira bhI bauddha darzana kI bhASA meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki jisa citta ne bodhisatva kA utpAda kiyA vahI citta parinirvANa kA lAbha karatA hai / punaH jaina darzana meM tIrthaMkara apane parinirvANa ke bAda bhI apanA astitva rakhate haiM, vahA~ bauddha darzana meM yaha prazna avyAkRta karake hI chor3a diyA hai ki parinirvANa ke bAda buddha kA kyA hotA hai / yadyapi bauddha dharma meM jo trikAyavAda kA siddhAnta hai usake AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki parinirvANa ke bAda buddha kA sambhogakAya samApta ho jAtA hai, phira unakA dharmakAya aura svabhAvakAya aviziSTa rahatA hai yadyapi yaha prazna bhI ulajhana bharA hai ki dharmakAya se unakA kyA tAtparya hai / dharmakA se unakA tAtparya yadi unake dharma ke astitva se hai to yaha bAta hameM kisI sImA taka jaina dharma meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtI hai jena dharma ke anusAra bhI tIrthaMkara ke parinirvANa ke bAda unakA dharmasaMgha banA rahatA hai, yadyapi jaina dharma meM dharmasaMgha yA dharma dezanA kA astitva vyakti ke astitva se bhinna hai / (a) tIrthaMkara evaM buddha kI anya samAnatA ke uccAra-prasrAva ( mala-mUtra ) kA gandha anya gandhoM se paramparA jainaparamparA meM bhI hai, jahA~ yaha mAnA gayA hai uccAra-prasrAva eka viziSTa gandhavAlA hotA hai / 1. kucha andhaka aura uttarApathaka bauddhoM kI mAnyatA hai ki bhagavAn viziSTa hai aisI ki tIrthaMkaroM kA 2. kathAvatthu ke 18veM varga ke anusAra bhagavAn buddha ne eka zabda bhI nahIM kahA, yaha mata yA isa mata ko mAnane vAle bauddha-lokottaravAdI kahalAte haiM / jainoM ke digambara sampradAyoM kI bhI mAnyatA thI ki tIrthaMkara kaivalya kI prApti ke pazcAt bolatA nahIM mAtra bhASA vargaNA ke pudgala virate haiM jisase eka viziSTa prakAra kI dhvani niHsRta hotI hai / samavazaraNa ( pravacana sabhA) meM upasthita sabhI prANI apanI-apanI bhASA meM usakA artha grahaNa kara lete haiM / 3. bauddhoM kI mAnyatA hai ki carama bhavika ( antima janmavAlA ) bodhisatva tuSita devaloka se buddha hone ke lie manuSya loka meM avatIrNa

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260 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hotA hai| jainoM kI bhI yaha kalpanA hai ki jisa AtmA ne tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA bandha kiyA hotA hai vaha devaloka se calakara manuSya loka meM janma grahaNa karatI hai, yadyapi jaina paramparA meM yaha Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara kI AtmA devaloka se hI avatIrNa hotI hai vaha narakaloka se bhI manuSyaloka meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM avatoNaM ho sakatI hai| ___pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI meM kucha bauddhoM ne yaha kalpanA bhI ko, koI Adibuddha ( Adikalpika buddha ) hotA hai, jinase anya buddhoM kA prAdurbhAva ho sakatA hai| yadyapi isa vicAra dhArA ko tairthika arthAta Heretic vicAra kahA gayA, kintu aisA lagatA hai ki yaha dhAraNA mukhyatayA avatAravAda kI dhAraNA ke nikaTa hai aura zAyada avatAra kI dhAraNA ke anusAra ho yaha Adi buddha kA vicAra bauddha dharma meM AyA ho / 4. bauddha dharma meM yaha avadhAraNA hai ki bhAvI buddha pUrvabuddha ke sammukha yaha praNidhAna karatA hai ki "maiM buddha hoU~gA" aura phira anya janmoM meM dasa pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA karatA huA anta meM baddha rUpa meM janma letA hai| jaina paramparA meM thor3I bhinnatA ke sAtha isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| usameM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki bhaviSya meM tIrthaMkara hone vAlI AtmA prathama kiso tIrthakara athavA prabuddha AcArya Adi se pratibodhita ho samatva ko prApta karatI hai aura usake bAda aneka janmoM meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ke upArjana ke 16 athavA 20 bAtoM kI sAdhanA karate hue anta meM tIrthaMkara nAma gotra karma kA upArjana karatA hai aura usake bAda tIsare janma meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM janma letA hai / 5. buddha aura tIrthaMkara meM sAmAnya mAnavoM kI apekSA kucha viziSTa lakSaNoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| dIghanikAya meM hI yaha kalpanA kara lI gaI hai ki bodhisatva jaba tUSita devaloka se cyuta ho mAtA ke garbha meM Ate haiM to eka viziSTa prakAra kA prakAza samasta loka ko abhibhUta kara detA hai| manuSya aura amanuSya usa samaya hiMsA kA bhAva nahIM rakhate haiN| yahI bAta jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara ko lekara kahI gaI hai, vahIM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jaba tIrthaMkara kA janma hotA hai taba samasta vizva prakAza se abhibhUta ho jAtA hai, yahA~ taka ki naraka kSetra meM jahA~ gahana andhakAra hai vahA~ bhI eka kSaNa ke lie prakAza udbhASita ho jAtA hai tathA sabhI prANI vairabhAvako chor3a dete haiN|

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tIrthaMkara; buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 251 6. buddha ke garbhAvakrAnti, samyak sambodhi aura nirvANa ke kAla ko pAli-tripiTaka meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| jainaparamparA meM tIrthaMkara kI garbhAvakrAnti, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya prApti aura parinirvANa ko usI prakAra se kalyANaka rUpa meM pratiSThApita kiyA gayA hai / ___7. jisa prakAra pAlinikAya meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha jAgRta hI mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karate haiM, usI prakAra jainaparamparA meM bhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki tIrthakara jaba mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karate haiM to ve avadhi-jJAna se sahita hote haiM ve yaha jAnate haiM ki maiM devaloka se cyata hokara mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karU~gA, ve yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki maiMne devaloka se cyuta hokara mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyA, kintu atyanta sakSma hone ke kAraNa ve cyuta-kAla ko nahIM jAna pAte haiN| isa prakAra donoM hI paramparAyeM itanA to mAnatI haiM ki buddha aura tIrthaMkara apane garbhakAla evaM janmoM ke samaya jAgRta prajJA ( avadhijJAna ) vAle hote haiN| 8. bauddha paramparA meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha ko mAtA buddha ke garbha meM praveza ke pUrva ardha svapnila avasthA meM eka zveta hasti ko apanI kukSi meM praveza karate dekhatI haiN| jainaparamparA ke anusAra tIrthakara ke garbha meM Ane ke samaya mAtA hasti, siMha, vRSabha Adi 14 athavA 16 svapna dekhatI haiN| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki ve svapna meM dekhe jAne vAle prANI yA vastue~ svarga se utara kara mAtA ke muMha meM praveza karatI haiN| 9. jaina aura bauddha donoM ho paramparAe~ isa bAta ko bhI svIkAra karatI haiM ki garbhakAla meM tIrthaMkara kI mAtA ko koI kaSTa na ho isake lie deva unakI rakSA karate haiN| yadyapi cAroM dizAoM meM cAra deva putroM ke rakSA karane kI bAta jaina Agama sAhitya meM hameM kahIM dekhane ko nahIM miltii| phira bhI bauddha paramparA ke sAtha jainaparamparA bhI yaha mAnatI hai ki tIrthaMkara kI garbhAvakrAnti ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara kI mAtA buddha kI mAtA ke samAna sadAcArI aura zIlavAna hoto hai| 10. donoM paramparAoM meM yaha bAta bhI sAmAnyatayA svIkRta hai ki tIrthaMkara garbhAvAsa meM mAtA kI jisa kukSi meM nivAsa karate haiM vaha zleSmA rudhira Adi gandagiyoM se rahita hotI hai| 11. thor3e bahuta antara se donoM paramparAyeM isa bAta ko bhI svIkAra karatI haiM ki tIrthakara aura buddha ke garbhAvakrAnti ke pazcAt unakA parivAra dhana-dhAnya se samRddha ho jAtA hai|

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262 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 12. buddha ke sambandha meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jaba ve mAtA kI kukSi se bAhara nikalate haiM to unheM pRthvI para Ane se pUrva hI deva putra le lete haiM aura devaloka se do udaka dhArAyeM unakA aura unakI mAtA kA abhiSeka karatI haiM / jaina paramparA meM yadyapi yaha bAta kucha prakArAntara se svIkAra kI gaI hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara kA janma hone para indra evaM devagaNa unheM meru parvata para le jAkara unakA abhiSeka karate haiM / (ba) tIrthaMkara evaM buddha kA antara anya samAnatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI donoM paramparAoM meM kucha mahatvapUrNa antara bhI dikhAI dete haiM, jina bAtoM ko lekara jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM antara hai, ve nimna haiM 1. jahA~ bauddha paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki bodhisatva kI mAtA bodhisatva ko janma dekara sAtaveM dina svargavAsI ho jAtI hai, jaina paramparA ko yaha svIkAra nahIM / 2. bauddha paramparA meM yaha ullikhita hai ki bodhisatva kI mAtA khar3ekhar3e prasava karatI hai, vahA~ jaina paramparA meM aise kisI niyama kA ullekha nahIM hai / 3. jahA~ bauddha paramparA ke anusAra bodhisatva apane janma ke sAtha hI sAta kadama uttara dizA kI ora calatA hai aura loka meM apane zreSThatA kA udghoSa karatA hai, aisA ullekha jaina paramparA meM hameM kahIM dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai / 4. janma ke atirikta anya kucha prasaMga bhI aise haiM jinameM donoM paramparAoM meM kucha samAnatA aura kucha bheda haiM / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaGkara ke abhiniSkramaNa ke pUrvaM devatA Akara unase loka kalyANa ke lie pravrajita hone kI prArthanA karate haiM jabaki bauddha mAnyatA meM buddha kI pravrajyA ke samaya nahIM apitu unake arhat banane ke bAda mahAbrahmA lokamaMgala ke lie unase dharmacakra pravartana ke hetu prArthanA karate haiM / 5. bauddha paramparA meM jahA~ buddha ke sazarIra tuSita devaloka aura zuddhAvAsa devaloka meM jAne kA ullekha hai, vahA~ jaina paramparA meM aisA ullekha nahIM milatA hai ki tIrthaGkara sazarIra devaloka ko jAtA hai| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki tIrthaGkara ke pravacana ko sunane

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 263 ke lie tathA unakI pravacana sabhA ko racanA karane ke lie deva svarga se bhatala para Ate haiN| bauddhoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki buddha ne java zrAvastI meM prAtihArya dikhAye to unakA eka prAtihArya aisA bhI thA jisameM devagaga unakI sabhA meM upasthita hote haiM / 6. jahA~ bauddha paramparA meM pUraNa kAzyapa Adi tIthikoM ke Agraha para buddha dvArA svayaM prAtihArya dikhAne kI bAta kahI gaI, vahA~ jaina paramparA meM svayaM tIrthaGkara dvArA kisI prAtihArya kA dikhAne kI koI carcA nahIM . hai| smaraNIya hai ki vaise bauddha paramparA meM bhI bhikSu ke lie camatkAra dikhAnA niSiddha hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA yaha mAnatI hai-tIrthaGkara kI . mahattA ko sthApita karane ke lie devagaNa prAtihArya dikhAte haiN| 3. buddha aura tIrthaMkara ko avadhAraNA meM alaukikatA kA samAna vikAsa pAli-tripiTaka kI apekSA bhI paravartI mahAyAna sAhitya meM buddha ke sambandha meM aneka alaukikatAoM kA praveza ho gayA hai| buddha aura tIrthakara kI alaukikatA kI carcA ke prasaMga meM hama dekhate haiM ki donoM paramparAoM meM inakA kramika vikAsa huA hai / pAli-tripiTaka ke prAcInatama aMza suttanipAta Adi meM buddha ke jIvana kI carcA kA kucha ullekha hote hue vahA~ unake sambandha meM kinhIM alaukikatAoM ko koI vizeSa carcA nahIM hai| pAli-tripiTaka ke prAcInatama aza buddha ko eka tapasvI sAdhaka ke rUpa meM hI prastuta karate haiM, jo apano sAdhanA ke dvArA anta meM jJAna ko prApta karatA hai / jaina Agama sAhitya ke prAconatama aMza AcArAMga meM hama yahI bAta dekhate haiM ki usake prathama zrutaskandha meM mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke kucha aMzoM kA ullekha hai parantu vahA~ unakI alaukikatA kI koI carcA nahIM hai, usameM ve kaThora sAdhaka yA mahAn tapasvI ke rUpa meM hI prastuta haiM kintu isI meM jor3A gayA paravartI aMza jo AcAracUlA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, meM mahAvIra ke jIvana caritra meM aneka alaukikatAe~ A giiN| usI prakAra kalpasUtra meM bhI unake jIvana ke sambandha meM kucha alaukikatAoM kA ullekha hai / kramazaH jaina evaM bauddha donoM ke paravartI sAhityika granthoM, donoM meM buddha aura tIrthaGkara ko pUre taura se alaukika banA diyA gyaa|

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264 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 4. tIrthaMkara evaM buddha ke uddezya kI samAnatA __ yadi hama tIrthaGkara aura buddha ke prayojana yA uddezya kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to donoM ke uddezya samAna haiN| donoM apanI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti ke sAtha-sAtha loka kalyANa ke samAna uddezya ko lekara calate haiN| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaGkara kA pravacana loka pIr3A ko dUra karane ke lie hI hotA hai, isI prakAra buddha kA uddezya bhI prANiyoM ke duHkha ko dUra karanA hai / isa uddezyagata samAnatA ke sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki baddha aura tIrthaMkara kI yaha loka kalyANa ko bhAvanA niSedhAtmaka yA niSkriya hI hai kyoMki ve mAtra mArga ke prastotA haiN| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAyeM isa bAta ko svIkAra karake calatI haiM ki vyakti kA utthAna aura patana evaM kalyANa yA akalyANa apane prayatnoM se hotA hai, buddha aura tIrthaGkara to mAtra upadezaka haiM / isa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to avatAra kI avadhAraNA tIrthaGkara aura buddha kI avadhAraNA se thor3I bhinna hai kyoMki avatAra kevala sanmArga kA upadeza hI nahIM detA balki apane bhakta kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke lie tathA duSToM ke vinAza ke lie sakriya kArya karatA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra jIvanaparyanta logoM ko sanmArga kA upadeza dete rahe lekina ve rAma aura kRSNa kI taraha atyAcAriyoM ke damana ke lie sakriya hokara sAmane nahIM Ae, kyoMki yaha bAta unake ahiMsAvAdI darzana aura nivRttimArga ke DhAMce ke anurUpa nahIM thI, phira bhI isa sandarbha meM tIrthaGkara aura bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA meM eka spaSTa antara hai| tIthaGkara apane pUrva jIvana meM bhI mukhyarUpa se nivRttimArgI sAdhanA ko apanAne ke kAraNa sakriya hokara duSToM ke yA atyAcAriyoM ke damana ke lie kArya nahIM karatA, yadyapi jAtaka kathAoM se hameM yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bodhisatva bhI duSToM ke yA atyAcAriyoM ke damana kA kArya to nahIM karatA, kintu jana-jana ke sevA kA Adarza aura kRtya hai ataH use niSkriya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 5. mahAvideha, sukhAvatI evaM goloka ko kalpanA yadyapi jaina evaM bauddha donoM ne yaha mAnA ki bharatakSetra meM alaga-alaga samaya meM eka kAla-cakra meM 24 tIrthaGkara yA 24 buddha hote haiM kintu isake sAtha hI donoM paramparAoM meM manuSya ne kucha aise kSetroM ko mAna liyA hai

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 265 jahA~ sadeva tIrthaGkara evaM buddha vidyamAna rahate haiM / bauddhoM kA sukhAvatI aura jainoM kA mahAvideha kSetra apane varNana kI dRSTi se bahuta kucha samAnatA rakhatA hai / jisa prakAra bauddhoM kI yaha kalpanA hai ki sukhAvatI vyUha meM duHkha kA lavaleza nahIM hotA tathA sadaiva buddha kA sAnnidhya upalabdha rahatA hai / usI prakAra jainoM kI bhI kalpanA hai ki mahAvideha kSetra meM sadaiva hI caturtha ArA vartamAna rahatA hai tathA sadaiva tIrthaMkaroM kA sAnnidhya upalabdha rahatA hai / buddha kSetra ke rUpa meM jo sukhAvatI vyUha kI kalpanA hai yA jaina meM mahAvideha kI kalpanA hai usI prakAra hindU paramparA meM viSNu-loka kI kalpanA hai / yadyapi sukhAvatI vyUha kI mahAvideha kI apekSA viSNu loka se adhika nikaTatA hai yahA~ yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki jo amitAbha buddha kA bhakta hotA hai aura usakA nAma letA hai vaha sukhAvatI - vyUha meM janma letA hai / yaha paramparA ThIka vaisI hai jaise ki hindU paramparA meM viSNu kA nAma lene vAlA viSNu loka meM janma letA hai / 6. pUrva buddhoM evaM pUrva tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA kA samasAmayika vikAsa buddhoM aura torthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM eka bAta hameM jaina aura bauddha donoM meM samAna rUpa se milatI hai ki jaina paramparA meM kalpasUtra aura bauddha paramparA meM dIghanikAya ke mahApadAnasutta meM pUrva- tIrthaGkaroM evaM pUrva buddhoM kA ullekha hai / yadyapi kalpasUtra meM 24 tArthaMkaroM kA nAmollekha A gayA hai phira bhI vahA~ mukhyarUpa se 4 tIrthaMkaroM kA hI jIvanavRtta varNita hai / mahApadAnasutta meM bhI kevala 7 mAnuSI buddhoM kA ullekha milatA hai / donoM hI paramparAoM meM tIrthaMkaroM evaM buddhoM ke jIvana-vRtta Adi donoM kI varNana zailI meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| donoM hI paramparAoM meM tIrthaMkaroM evaM buddhoM ke vaMza, mAtA-pitA, pramukha bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke nAma, bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA, pramukha upAsaka - upAsikAoM ke nAmoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai / isase aisA lagatA hai ki donoM hI paramparAoM meM pUrva buddha aura pUrva tIrthaMkaroM kI kalpanA kA eka samasAmayika vikAsa huA hai / isa prasaMga meM donoM hI paramparAoM meM eka dUsare kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai /

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266 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 7. avatAroM, tIrthaMkaroM aura buddhoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa avatAroM, tIrthaGkaroM aura buddhoM kI saMkhyA ke prazna ke sandarbha meM hameM hindU, jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke granthoM ke adhyayana se tathA unake aitihAsika krama ke adhyayana se suspaSTa ho jAtA hai ki inakI saMkhyA meM kramazaH vRddhi hotI rahI hai / hindU paramparA meM vedoM meM varAha, azvino kumAra aura viSNu ke ullekha prApta hote haiM, taittirIyasaMhitA meM inake sAtha hI sAtha matsya, kUrma, narasiMha aura vAmana kA ullekha bhI prApta ho jAtA hai / upaniSad yuga meM unameM kapila kA nAma jur3a gayA aura mahAkAvya meM rAma aura kRSNa ke nAma bhI jur3a jAte haiM / prArambha meM inakI saMkhyA 10, . phira 22,24,39 aura Age calakara anekAneka avatAroM kI kalpanA hai / isI prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke prAcInatama grantha AcArAMga (I0pU0 4 zatI) meM kevala mahAvIra kA ullekha hameM milatA hai dUsare prAcIna grantha RSibhASita ( I0 pU0 2 zatI) meM tathA uttarAdhyayana ( I0pU0 prathama zatAbdI) meM mahAvIra aura pArzva ke ullekha haiM / phira kalpasUtra meM 24 tIrthaGkaroM ke nAmollekha ke sAtha hI sAtha RSabha ariSTanemi, pArzva evaM mahAvIra ke kathAnaka upalabdha hote haiM / isameM bhI mAtra mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta hI vistAra ke sAtha upalabdha hai / paravartI sAhitya meM sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke jIvanavRtta bho ullikhita haiM / samavAyAMga ke paravartI aMza meM bhUta aura bhAvo tIrthaGkaroM ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM eka sAtha adhika se adhika 170 kama se kama bIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke hone kA ullekha upalabdha hai / Age calakara manuSya loka ke vibhinna kSetroM ke bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya kAla ke asaMkhya tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA hamAre sAmane AtI hai / bauddha paramparA meM bhI prathama zAkya muni buddha kA ullekha usake bAda piTaka sAhitya ke mahatvapUrNa grantha dIghanikAya aura saMyuttanikAya meM 7 pUrvavartI buddhoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / laMkAvatArasUtra meM 24 buddhoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai, kintu usameM Age calakara yaha mAna liyA gayA ki jisa prakAra gaMgA ke bAlU kaNoM kI gaNanA asambhava hai usI prakAra buddhoM kI saMkhyA kI gaNanA karanA asambhava hai / anta meM yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki buddha bhI ananta haiM /

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 267. isa prakAra tInoM hI paramparAoM meM kramazaH avatAra, tIrthaMkara aura buddha ke saMkhyA ke sandarbha meM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai / 8. tIrthaMkara aura avatAra hindU paramparA meM jo sthAna Izvara ke avatAroM kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkaroM kA hai| phira bhI hameM spaSTatayA samajha lenA hogA ki tIrthaGkaroM kI avadhAraNA aura avatAroM kI avadhAraNA meM aneka samAnatAoM ke hote hue mUlabhUta vibhinnatAe~ haiM / 1. dharma saMsthApaka hindU paramparA meM aura vizeSarUpa se gItA meM IzvarIya avatAra ko dharma kA saMsthApaka kahA gayA hai|' isI prakAra jainadharma meM bhI torthaGkara ko dharmatIrtha kA saMsthApaka kahA gayA hai| zakrastava ( devindathuI ) meM tIrthaGkara ko dharma kA Adi karane vAlA, dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA karane vAlA, dharma kA dAtA, dharma kA netA aura dharma kA sArathi kahA gayA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki samaya-samaya para dharma kI sthApanA ke hetu tIrthaGkaroM kA janma hotA rahatA hai| dharma kI saMsthApanA kA kArya avatAra aura tIrthaMkara donoM hI samAna rUpa se karate haiN| yadyapi yahA~ donoM meM eka mahatvapUrNa antara bhI dikhAI detA hai| jahA~ gItA meM kRSNa apane ko dharma kA saMsthApaka kahate haiM, vahIM ve apane ko duSToM kA damana karane vAlA bhI kahate haiM, na kevala kRSNa apitu rAma Adi sabhI avatAroM ke sandarbho meM dharma kI saMsthApanA ke sAtha-sAtha duSTa janoM kA saMhAra aura go, brAhmaNa Adi kA saMrakSaNa bhI Avazyaka mAna liyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara mAtra dharma kA saMsthApaka hai, duSToM kA vinAza evaM parAbhava usakA kArya nahIM hai| hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jainadharma meM tIrtha kara ke sAtha durjanoM ke 1. gItA 4/5-9 1. "namotthuNa arihaMtANaM, bhagavaMtANaM / AigarANaM, titthayarANaM, sayaMsubuddhANaM // dhammadayANaM, dhammadesayANaM, dhammanAyayANaM, dhamma-sArahINaM, dhammavara-cAuraMta-cakkavahINaM // " -sAmAyika sUtra-zakrastaka

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-268 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana binAza kI bAta isalie nahIM jor3I gaI ki usake ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para sambhavataH kharoMca AtI pratIta huI hogii| use dharmamArga kA upadezaka to batAyA kintu na to use sajjanoM kA saMrakSaka, na durjanoM kA vinAzaka / sajjanoM kI rakSA aura durjanoM kA vinAza usake nivRtti mArga ke caukhaTe meM upayukta nahIM the ataH usane tIrthaMkara ko mAtra dharma kA saMsthApaka mAnA, na ki duSToM kA vinAzaka aura sajjanoM kA rakSaka / loka paritrAMta tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana kA lakSya avazya rahA hai mAtra sanmArga ke upadeza ke dvArA na ki bhaktoM ke maMgala hetu durjanoM kA vinAza karanA | tIrthaMkara dharma kA saMsthApaka hote hue bhI sAmAjika dRSTi se sakriya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM jo sakriyatA hameM parilakSita hotI hai, vaha sakriyatA tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA meM nahIM hai / vaha sAmAjika durghaTanAoM kA mUka darzaka ke rUpa meM hI dharmamArga kA upadezaka hai / ataH vaha "paritrANAya sAdhunAma" kI bAta nahIM kahatA / 2. bhaktoM kA upAsya jisa prakAra hindU dharma meM avatAra upAsya ke rUpa meM pUjita haiM usI prakAra jaina dharma meM bhI tIrthaMkara ko upAsya mAnA gayA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM 18/65 " manmanA bhava madbhakto madyAjI mAM namaskuru / mAmevaiSyasi satyaM te pratijAne priyo'si me || arthAt tU mere meM mana lagA, mujhe hI namaskAra kara, maiM tujhe sarva pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA / AcArAMga meM yahI bAta " ANAya mAmagama dhammaM " kahakara apanI AjJA ke pAlana meM hI dharma kI udghoSaNA kI gaI hai / jisa prakAra gItA meM zrIkRSNa bhakta ke sabhI pApoM ko naSTa karane vAle kahe gaye haiM, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ko sabhI pApoM kA nAza - karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| eka gujarAtI jaina kavi ne kahA hai "pApa parAla ko puMja vaNyo atimAno meru AkAro / tuma nAma hutAsana setI, sahaja hI prajalata sAro / / " arthAt pApa cAhe meru kA AkAra samUha hI kyoM na ho, prabhu ke nAma rUpI agni se sahaja hI vinaSTa ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra donoM hI paramparAyeM use upAsya ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatI haiM aura yaha mAnatI haiM ki usakA nAma hamAre koTi janmoM ke pApoM kA

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tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 269 prakSAlana kara sakatA hai| donoM paramparAoM meM use upAsya mAnate hue bhI aura usake nAma meM pApa prakSAlana kI sattA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI mUlabhUta dRSTi se antara hai| hindU paramparA meM avatAra eka sakriya vyakti hai, vaha khule dila se apane bhakta ko AzvAsana detA hai ki tU mere prati samarpita ho jA / maiM tere sampUrNa pApoM se mukti dilA duuNgaa| jabaki jenaparamparA meM tIrthakara eka niSkriya vyakti hai| vaha apanI ora se koI AzvAsana nahIM detA, vaha to spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kRta karmoM ke phala bhoga ke binA mukti nahIM hai| pratyeka vyakti ko apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA lekhA-jokhA svayaM hI pUrA karanA hai| cAhe tIrthaMkara ke nAma rUpI agni se pApoM kA prakSAlana hotA ho kintu tIrthaMkara meM aisI koI zakti nahIM hai ki vaha apane bhakta ko pIr3AoM se ubAra sake, usake duHkha kama kara sake, usako pApoM se mukti dilA ske| jabaki hindu paramparA meM unheM upAsya ke rUpa meM to svIkAra karatI hai, kintu jainadharma kA tIrthakara usa artha meM apane bhakta kA trAtA nahIM hai, jisa artha meM hindU dharma kA avatAra hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne bahuta spaSTa rUpa meM isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA thA ki hama terI stuti isalie nahIM karate ki usa stuti ke karane yA nahIM karane se tU koI hita yA ahita karegA / ve kahate haiM "na pUjayArthastvayi vItarAge, na nindayA nAtha vivAntavere / sathApi te puNya guNa-smRtina! punAtu ceto duritAMjanebhyaH / / ' arthAt tero prazaMsA karane se bhI koI lAbha nahIM kyoMki tU vItarAga hai| ataH stuti karane para prasanna nahIM hogaa| terI nindA karane meM bhI koI bhaya nahIM hai kyoMki tU to vivAntavere hai| ataH nindA karane para nArAja nahIM hogA / phira hama terI stuti kisa liye kreN| kavi kahatA hai ki tere puNya guNoM kA eka hI lAbha hai ki una guNoM ke smaraNa ke dvArA hamArA citta durguNoM se pavitra ho jAtA hai| isa tathya ko aura spaSTa karate hue zrImad devacandra ne kahA hai 1. svayambhUstotra

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270 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana "aja-kula-gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhubhakti bhavi lahere, Atama zakti saMbhAla / / arthAt jisa prakAra bher3oM ke samUha meM palA huA siMha-zAvaka vAstava meM siMha ko dekhakara apane svarUpa ko pahacAna letA hai, usI prakAra bhaktaAtmA bhI prabhu kI bhakti dvArA apane AtmasvarUpa ko pahacAna letA hai| yaha bodha to svayaM bhakta ko karanA hai, upAsya vahA~ nimitta mAtra hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki donoM hI paramparAoM meM kramazaH avatAra evaM tIrthaMkara ko upAsya mAnate hue bhI unake upAsanA kI phalazruti meM hI antara hai| hindUdharma kA avatAra apane bhakta kI pIr3A dUra karane meM samartha hai, jabaki jainadharma kA tIrtha kara apane bhakta ke uddhAra meM pUrNatayA asamartha hai| eka aura ullekhanIya bAta jo hameM milatI hai, vaha yaha hai ki jahA~ hindUdharma meM Izvara yA avatAra sakriya hai aura vaha bhakta ko niSkriya hone kA upadeza detA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki tU saba kucha mujha para chor3a de maiM tujhe saba pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, tU citta yajJa kara, tU merI icchA kA nimitta mAtra bana jaa|' vahA~ jainadharma kA tIrtha kara svayaM niSkriya hokara bhakta ko preraNA detA hai ki tU sakriya ho, terA utthAna aura patana mere hAtha meM nahIM, tere hI hAtha meM nihita hai| isa prakAra donoM dharmoM meM avatAra evaM tIrthakara ke prati upAsyabhAva hote hue bhI mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa bhinna-bhinna haiN| yadyapi paravartI jaina sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para isa prakAra ke udgAroM ko jisameM bhakta bhagavAn ( tIrthaMkara ) se duHkhoM ko mukta karane evaM sukha-zAnti dene kI yAcanA karatA hai| prAcInatama jaina stotra uvasaggahara evaM mAnatuGga ke bhaktAmarastotra meM tIrtha kara ke nAma ko sarva ApadAoM kA zAmaka batalAyA gayA hai| cAhe yaha stutiyA~ yA udgAra eka bhAvuka mana ko santoSa dete hoM, kintu jainadharma kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI kasauTI para khare nahIM utarate haiN| 1. "sarvadharmAnparityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vraja / ahaM tvA sarvapApebhyo mokSayiSyami mA zucaH // -gItA 18/66

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tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 271 3. avatAravAda banAma uttAravAda yadyapi donoM hI dharmoM meM avatAra evaM tIrthaGkara ke samaya-samaya para janma grahaNa karane kI bAta kahI gaI hai aura prathamataH isa AdhAra para unameM eka samAnatA mAnI jA sakatI hai kintu avatAra ke punaH punaH janma grahaNa yA punaH punaH zarIra dhAraNa karane kI avadhAraNA aura tIrthaGkaroM ke kAla krama meM punaH utpanna hone kI avadhAraNAeM mUlataH bhinna nahIM haiM / avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA meM Izvara lokamaMgala ke lie punaH punaH zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai, jabaki tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA meM vahI AtmA punaH janma dhAraNa nahIM karatI / torthaGkara kI avadhAraNA meM samaya-samaya para eka bhinna AtmA paramAtmA zakti se yukta ho lokamaMgala hetu mArga nirdezana karatI hai| avatAravAda eka hI sattA ke avataraNa kA siddhAnta hai jabaki tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA kisI AtmA ke paramAtma tatva ke rUpa meM vikasita hone kA siddhAnta hai / jainadharma ko mAnyatA yaha hai ki sAmAnya AtmAoM meM se hI koI eka apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko kramika yAtrA ko karate hue, tIrthaGkara ke garimAmaya pada ko prApta kara lokamaMgala hetu apane jIvana ko samarpita karatA huA nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| isa prakAra tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA meM pratyeka tIrthaGkara kI AtmA bhinna-bhinna hai| siddhAvasthA meM bhI pratyeka tIrthaGkara apanA bhinna astitva rakhatA hai| usakA apane pUrvagAmI yA pazcagAmI tIrthaMkara se koI sambandha nahIM hotA hai| unase mAtra samarUpatA hai ve samAna ucca guNoM ke sAdhaka haiN| yogyatA ko dRSTi se samAna hote hue bhI ve bhinna vyakti haiN| avatAravAda meM AtmA yA paramAtmA Upara se nIce jAtA hai jabaki tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA meM koI paramAtmatatva kI U~cAiyoM ko prApta kara letA hai / eka meM avataraNa hai to dUsare meM unnayana hai ataH donoM avadhAraNAeM bAhyataH samAna hone para bhI mUlataH bhinnabhinna haiN| 4. "ayaM AtmA brahma" athavA "ahaM brahmAsmi" ____ kahakara hindU dharma meM jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke madhya aikya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| usI prakAra jainadharma meM 'appA so paramappA" kahakara AtmA aura paramAtmA ke bIca ekatva sthApita kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI zAbdika bAhya samAnatA ke AdhAra para isa bhrama meM nahIM rahanA cAhie ki donoM kA dRSTikoNa eka hai kyoMki hindU dharma meM "ayaM AtmA brahma"

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272 : sIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIvAtmAyeM mRtyuloka meM usI paramAtmA kA AMzika prakaTana haiM / " hindU dharma meM vizeSarUpa se advaita vedAnta meM apane jAgatika astitva ke pUrva evaM nirvANa pazcAt sAmAnya vaiyaktika AtmA kI koI svatantra sattA nahIM hai / yadyapi kucha hindU darzanoM meM pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra bhI kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI use paramAtmA se bhinna koTi kA evaM usake sevaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / hindU dharma meM jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA hai yA pratyeka AtmA brahma hai / jIva aura brahma kI samarUpatA kA sUcaka nahIM hai / jIva to usakI abhivyakti kA eka aMza hai aura kathamapi usake samakakSa nahIM hai / jabaki jainadharma meM "appA so paramappA" kI bAta jo kahI gaI hai usakA Azaya kucha bhinna ho hai / vahA~ pratyeka AtmA apanI kSamatA kI dRSTi se paramAtma svarUpa hI hai, dUsare zabdoM meM pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA bIja hai / jainadharmaM yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka AtmA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karate hue paramAtma svarUpa ko prApta kara letA hai / pratyeka AtmA sattA kI dRSTi se paramAtmA hai / ataH jahA~ hindU dharma meM pratyeka jIvAtmA paramAtmA kI abhivyakti hai vahIM jainadharma meM pratyeka AtmA svayaM paramAtmA hai / jainadharmaM ke anusAra pratyeka mukta AtmA paramAtmA hai aura vaha svatantra rUpa se apanA astitva rakhatA hai, isI prakAra jahA~ hindU dharma meM eka paramAtmA hai, vahA~ jainadharma meM eka hI nahIM apitu aneka paramAtmA haiM / isa prakAra donoM avadhAraNAyeM bAhyataH samAnatAyeM rakhate hue mUlataH bhinna-bhinna haiM / 9. avatAravAda evaM tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA : vyakti svatantratA ke sandarbha yadyapi avatAra aura tIrthaGkara donoM ko hI vyakti kI apekSA zreSTha aura uccatama mAnA gayA hai phira bhI donoM ke darzana meM eka mUlabhUta antara yaha bhI hai ki jahA~ avatAravAda vyakti kI svatantratA ko kuMThita karatA hai, vahA~ tIrthaGkaratva kI avadhAraNA vyakti kI svatantratA ko kuMThita nahIM karatI / apitu vaha kahatI hai ki tU apane bandhana ke lie svayaM uttara 1. " mamaivAMzo jIva loke jIvabhUtaH sanAtanaH / mana. SaSThAnIndriyANi prakRtisthAni karSati // - gItA 15/7

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 273 dAyI hai, tu apane bandhanoM ko toDa aura hamAre samAna ho jaa| avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA manuSya ko IzvarIya icchA yA IzvarIya lIlA ke eka pAtra se adhika kucha nahIM rahane detI, usake anusAra vyakti kA uddhAra kevala IzvarIya kRpA para nirbhara hai| vaha svayaM IzvarIya icchA kA eka yantra hai jaisA ki rAmacaritamAnasa meM kahA gayA hai "hoI haiM vahI jo rAmaraci rAkhA / ko kari taraka bar3hAve sAkhA / / " athavA "umA dAru yozita kI naahiiN| ___ sabahi nacAvata rAma gosaaiiN|" arthAt jo bhI kucha honA hai vaha IzvarIya icchA ke adhIna hai / vyakti kA kArya kevala usakI bhakti karanA hai| IzvaravAda yA avatAravAda meM vyakti sadaiva hI bhakta banA rahegA, vaha bhagavAn kA darjA kabhI prApta nahIM kara sktaa| avatAra bhakta ko yaha sAntvanA detA hai ki maiM tujhe sarva pApoM se mukta kara duuNgaa| kintu vaha vyakti ko kabhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki maiM tujhe apane samAna bnaauuNgaa| avatAravAda meM upAsyaupAsaka, svAmI-sevaka kA bhAva sadaiva banA rahatA hai, cAhe vaha mukti kI dazA hI kyoM na ho / jabaki tIrthaGkara yA buddha kI avadhAraNA isase bhinna hai| tIrthaGkara kA sandeza hotA hai ki tuma meM bhI vahI paramAtma tattva athavA jinatva soyA par3A hai, uTho, prayatna karo aura yadi tumhAre prayatna samyag dizA meM hoMge, to tuma eka dina svayaM hamAre samAna bana jAoge / tIrthaGkaratva kI avadhAraNA meM vyakti kI svatantratA kuThita nahIM hotI balki svatantra hone ke lie AhvAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra mukti kI avasthA meM mahAvIra kI AtmA aura eka sAmAnya sAdhaka kI AtmA meM koI antara nahIM hotaa| sabhI mukta jIva samakakSa haiM unameM na koI choTA na bar3A, na koI svAmI na sevaka / avatAravAda kI zikSA meM dInatA kI zikSA hai, vahA~ yAcakatA kA bhAva hai jabaki tIrthakaratva kI zikSA vIratva kI zikSA hai, vaha yAcanA nahIM balki adhikAra kI bAta kahatI hai / vaha mAMgane se bhI nahIM milatI, use svayaM ke puruSArtha ke dvArA pAnA hotA hai| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki avatAravAda kA darzana paratantratA kA darzana hai| avatAravAda AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM para bhI eka rAjatantra kI kalpanA karatA hai jabaki tIrthaMkaratva kA darzana eka prajAtantra kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karatA hai| tIrthaGkaratva ke 18

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274 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana darzana meM sabhI rAjA haiM, sabhI samAna haiM, unameM rAjA-prajA, svAmI-sevaka, guru-ziSya aisA koI bhI vaita nahIM hai / "10. tIrthaMkara evaM avatAra kI samAnatA __ jaina sAhitya meM tIrthakara apane upAsya rUpa meM adhika grAhya hone ke kAraNa apane sampradAya meM devAdhideva paramAtmA ke rUpa meM grahIta hue| jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara ke sahasra vibhinna nAmoM kA ullekha viSNu ke sahasra nAma ke samAna huA hai| puSpadanta ne apane mahApurANa meM inheM aneka sthaloM para paurANika devoM kI apekSA viSNu se abhihita kiyA hai| mahApurANa meM RSabha ko prArthanA karate hue unheM Adi varAha ke rUpa meM pRthvI kA uddhAraka kahA gayA hai / isI prakAra viSNu ke varAhAvatAra meM unase pRthvI ke uddhAra kI prArthanA kI gaI hai / madhu aura mAdhava ko mArane vAle ve tonoM lokoM ke svAmI madhusadana kahe gae haiN| isI prakAra viSNu ko bhI madhusUdana kahA gayA hai| RSabha ko govardhanadhArI, paramahaMsa aura kezava' kahA gayA hai| ajitanAtha tIrthaGkara ko (vasuvaI) zrI aura (vasumaI) pRthvI kA pati kahA gayA hai / ' avatAra paramparA meM donoM viSNu kI patniyA~ mAnI gaI haiN| eka tIrthaGkara ko gopAla (govAlu) nAma se alaMkRta kiyA gayA / 1. "vaiyagaMvavAI jayakamala joNi AIvarAha uddhariya ravoNi"-mahApurANa jI0, 1.10. 5.10 2. "jayamAhava tihuvaNamAhavesa; mahusUyaNa Dasiya mahu~ visesa / vahI, jI0 1.10.5.14 3. "govaddhaNa" kA artha zrI vaidya ne jJAnavardhana kiyA hai, kintu anya sthaloM para kRSNa se sambandhita govarddhana ke lie bhI 'govaddhaNa' kA prayoga huA hai| jaise mahApurANa jI0 3.85.16 draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 91 'giri goddhaNau govaddhaNeNa uccAiu' / 4. 'jayAloaNi oiya paramahaMsa yovaddhaNa kesava paramahaMsa / ' vahI, pR0 1.10.4.15 5. 'vasuvaivasumaI katAkate |'-vhii, 2.38.18.10 6. "jaI tuhuM govAlu NiyAricaMDu to kAI Nasthi kari tujjha dNddu|" -mahApurANa, pR0 2.48.10.2 uddhRta-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 92

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tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 275 kRSNa kathA ke prasaMga meM kaMsa ko jaba patA calatA hai ki yaha zeSazayyA para sone vAlA, zaMkha bajAne vAlA tathA dhanuSa dhAraNa karane vAlA unakA zatra hai|' to kaMsa inhIM pratijJAoM ke dhAraNa karane vAle se apanI kanyA ke vivAha kI ghoSaNA karatA hai| yahA~ para kRSNa ne una pratijJAoM kA pAlana kiyA hai| kintu satyabhAmA ke vyaMgAtmaka vacanoM ke phalasvarUpa tIrthaMkara neminAtha ne bhI ukta tInoM pratijJAoM kA pradarzana kiyaa| zeSazAyI, paMcajanya zaMkha evaM zAGgadhanuSa ina tInoM kA spaSTa sambandha vaiSNava paramparA meM viSNu se liyA jAtA hai / arthAt ina tathyoM ke AdhAra para hI mahApurANa meM tIrthaMkara ko viSNu ke sadRza yA tadrUpita kahA gayA hai| avatAra prayojana ___sAmAnyataH purANoM meM viSNu ke avatAra ke sAtha-sAtha unake avataraNa kA lakSya nihita hotA hai, isI lakSya ke phalasvarUpa sAdhAraNa janma aura avatAra meM antara hai, kintu siddhAntataH jaina paramparA meM uccakoTi ke avatAravAda ko mAnyatA nahIM hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki jainaparamparA meM avataraNa kI apekSA sAdhanAtmaka utkramaNa para bala diyA gayA hai| yadyapi jainaparamparA meM tIrthaGkaroM ke divya evaM avatArAnurUpa janmoM ke varNana meM prayojana vizeSa kA koI saMketa nahIM milatA hai phira bhI mahA1 "NAyo mijjaI visahara samaNe jo jalayaruAUrai vayaNe jo sAraMgakoThi guNa pAvaI, so tujjhu vi jamapuri pahu dAvai / " mahA0 purANa jI0 3.85.17.11-12 draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 92 2. "jo phaNi sayaNi suyaI ghaNu NAvai; saMkhu sasAsai pUrivi dAvai / tahuM pahu dei desu duhiyai sahuM, tA ghAiyau Nivahu saMi mahuM mahu~ / " vahI, jo0, pR. 85,18, 9-10 : draSTavya vahI, pR0 92 3. vahI, jI0 3, pR0 85, 22-24 4. "iya jaM sara dudhvayaNINaM hau taM laggau taha ahimANamau / NArAyaNaM paharaNaMsAla jahi paramesaru pattau zati tahiM / cappiu kupparehi phaNisayaNu SaNAviu vAma pAeNaM / ghaNu kari NihiMu saMsuAUriu jagu bahiriuM NiyAeNaM // " vahI, jI0 3, pR0 88, 19 do0 19 aura 20 -draSTavya : madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 1 2

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276 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana puruSoM ke janmoM ke sAtha kAlAntara meM unake dvArA samAja ke utthAna kA lakSya hI prayojana ke rUpa meM svAbhAvika DhaMga se Aropita ho jAte haiN| RSabha Adi tIrthaMkaroM ke janmoM ke sAtha bhI isa prakAra ke sAmpradAyika prayojanoM kA samAveza nihita hai| "bhAgavata" meM AditIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ko viSNu kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vahA~ ve muni dharma prakaTa karane evaM mokSamArga kI zikSA dene ke lie avatarita hae haiN| inhIM prayojanoM kA samAveza jaina dharma meM bhI milatA hai| prAyaH sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kA mukhya prayojana zramaNa dharma evaM mokSa kI zikSA rahA hai / "tiloyapaNNatti' meM sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ko mokSamArga kA netA kahA gayA hai| harivaMzapurANa meM RSabhadeva ko asi, masi evaM kRSi Adi samasta rItiyoM kA anveSaka evaM dharmatIrtha kA prathama pravartaka kahA gayA hai| mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva ne zramaNa dharma kA pravartana karane ke lie, unake darabAra meM indra kI nIlaMjanA nAma kI apsarA, jo nRtya karate hue mara jAtI hai, jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA ko batAyA hai| isa prakAra unakA avatAra prayojana spaSTa lakSita hotA hai / jIvana kI nazvaratA ke phalasvarUpa inake virakta hone para indra Adi devatA inako jaina dharma ke pravartana ke lie protsAhita karate haiM aura isake nimitta vaha digambara vRtti apanAkara jainadharma kA pracAra karate haiM / __ isase spaSTa hotA hai ki tIrthaGkaroM ke janma lene yA avatarita hone kA mukhya prayojana jaina muniyoM ke AcaraNa kA Adarza prastuta karanA, AcAra evaM niyama pAlana ko zikSA denA tathA jainadharma kA pracAra karanA rahA hai| 1. bhAgavata 5/3/20; 5/6/12 2. tiloyapaNNatti -4, 928 3. harivaMzapurANa pR0 116, 8/92 4. mahApurANa 6,4 5. "uThThiya deva mahAkula kalayali puNu vaMdAraehiM Niya Nahayali / calliu aNubhagno siya sevii NAhiNarAhiu saMhU maru evii / turiu calaMtu khalaMtu visaMThulu NIsasaMtu calabhokkalakAMtalu // " -mahApurANa, 7, 23-24 6. "moha jAlu jiha mellivi aMbaru jhati mahAmuNi havau diyaMvaru / " -vahI, 7.26.15

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 277 11. tIrthaMkara aura avatAra kA antara jaina sAhitya meM ullikhita tIrthaGkaroM kA AvirbhAva vaiSNava avatAravAda se kucha arthoM meM bhinna hai / vaiSNava avatAravAda meM viSNu svayaM bhavatAra dhAraNa karate haiM / unako yaha pada kisI sAdhanA ke bala para prApta nahIM huA hai, apitu ve svayaM brahma haiM, sraSTA, pAlaka evaM saMhAraka haiM / isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara pada sAdhanA dvArA prApta hotA hai aura koI anya vibhinna janmoM meM sAdhanA ke dvArA isa pada ko prApta karatA hai / "paramAtmaprakAza " ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA tattvataH paramAtmA hai kintu karma-bandhana ke kAraNa usakA paramAtmA svarUpa Avarita hai / karmabandhana se mukta hone se hI vaha paramAtmA bana jAtA hai / " " pravacanasAra" ke anusAra AtmA meM Izvara banane kI zakti hotI hai, jo karmakSINa hone para pUrNatA ko prApta hotI hai / 2 tIrthaGkara ke pUrva janmoM ko dekhane se unake kramika AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA bhAna hotA hai / jaise tIrthaGkara candraprabha pUrvajanma meM pahale zrI zarmA nAmaka rAjaputra the, dvitIya janma meM sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa zrIdhara nAmaka devatA bane aura tRtIya janma meM tapasyA ke phalasvarUpa ajitasena nAmaka cakravartI hue / isa prakAra anya tIrthaGkaroM ne bhI apanI vibhinna janmoM meM sAdhanA ke bala para tIrthaGkaratva prApta kiyA hai| isa AdhAra para inakI utkramaNazIla prakRti ke darzana hote haiM / tIrthaMkaratva mUlarUpa meM sAdhanA ke dvArA sAdhaka ke vikAsa kA sUcaka hai / 12. buddha aura avatAra bauddha dharma meM buddha kA vahI sthAna hai jo hindU dharmaM meM avatAra aura bauddha dharma meM aneka buddhoM kI kalpanA ThIka prakAra hindU dharma meM aneka avatAroM kI kI jainadharma meM torthaGkara kA hai usI prakAra kI gaI hai jisa / gaI hai| hindU dharma ke avatAravAda ke samAna hI bauddha dharma yaha mAnatA hai lie samaya-samaya para buddhoM ki jana-sAdhAraNa ko dharma kA upadeza dene ke kA AvirbhAva hotA rahA hai| phira bhI jaisA tIrthaGkara evaM avatAra kI tulanA karate samaya dekhA hai ki donoM isa bAta meM eka mata hote hue bhI kAlakrama meM tIrthaGkara aura avatAra hote rahate haiM, isa bAta meM yaha bheda rakhate haiM, jahA~ avatAra eka hI Izvara kA aneka bAra aneka rUpoM meM 1. paramAtmaprakAza, pR0 102 2. pravacanasAra mU0 92-93

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278 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana avataraNa hai, jabaki pratyeka tIrthaGkara evaM buddha bhinna-bhinna vyaktitva hote haiM, jo kucha pUrva kAla meM ho cukA hai vahI paravartI kAla athavA bhaviSya meM buddha nahIM hotaa| balki eka nayA vyaktitva buddhatva kI U~cAI para pahu~cakara nayA sanmArga detA hai| ____ lalitavistara meM buddhoM ke sambandha meM jo vivecana hai vaha avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ke kAphI nikaTa hai| jisa prakAra hindU paramparA meM avatarita hone vAle rUpa ko mAyika kahA gayA hai| usI prakAra lalitavistara ke anusAra buddha bhI nityaloka se avatarita honevAle mAyika rUpa haiN| jisa prakAra vaiSNava dharma meM viSNu ko bhI samasta devatAoM kA guru kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra lalitavistara meM samyaka sambuddha ko devatAoM kA guru evaM bhagavAn kahA gayA hai / jisa prakAra vaiSNava dharma meM devatA, brAhmaNa Adi viSNu se avatAra grahaNa karane kI prArthanA karate haiM usI prakAra lalitavistara meM bhI bhikSugaNa, manuSya aura devatA Adi sabhI buddha se avatarita hone kI prArthanA karate haiN| donoM meM hI avatAra kA prayojana bhI eka sA hI pratIta hotA hai| jisa prakAra gItA meM avatAra prayojana sAdhu janoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA vinAza aura dharma saMsthApanA hai usI prakAra bauddha dharma meM bhI devatA, buddha se prArthanA karate hue kahate haiM- "he buddha ! tuma triratna ke jJAtA aura mAra ke saMhAraka ho| tuma zIghra avatarita hokara jina aura mAra ko apane karatala se naSTa karo aura devatA aura brAhmaNoM para kRpA karane ke lie avatAra dhAraNa kareM / 3" / isase yaha spaTa lakSita hotA hai ki lalitavistara nAmaka bauddha grantha meM buddha ke avataraNa kI jo kalpanA hai usakA vaiSNava avatAravAda se bahuta sAmya hai| lalitavistara meM buddha ke 84 guNoM kA ullekha hai unameM katipaya guNa paurANika avatAroM kI koTi ke haiN| hindU paramparA meM jisa prakAra viSNu pratyeka yuga meM janma dhAraNa karate haiM usI prakAra buddha bhI pratyeka kalpa meM janma dhAraNa karate haiN| vaiSNava sAmUhika, avatAravAda ke sadRza bauddha sAhitya meM bhI yaha mAnyatA hai ki saikar3oM devaputra jambUdvIpa meM prakaTa hokara pratyeka buddhoM kI upAsanA . 1. gItA, 4/6-7 2. lalitavistara, pa023 3. vahI, pR0 24 4. vahI, pR0 25-28

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tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 271 karate haiM, jisa prakAra vaiSNava dharma meM viSNu avatIrNa hone ke pUrva devatAoM se parAmarza karate haiM usI prakAra buddha ke avatIrNa hone ke pUrva tuSita deva. loka meM deva, nAga, bodhisatva Adi ekatra hote haiN| - sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki avatAra devayoni, pazuyoni aura mAnavayoni kisI meM se bhI sambhava hai jaba ki buddha kevala manuSya yoni meM hI janma lete haiN| sAmAnyatayA avatAra ke lie koI jAtigata bandhana nahIM hai yadyapi avatAroM meM adhikAMzataH brAhmaNa aura kSatriyavaMza se sambandhita haiN| buddha bhI to brAhmaNa aura kSatriya vaMza meM janma lete haiN| isa prakAra isa sambandha meM avatAra aura buddha meM AMzika samAnatA mAno jA sakatI hai / lalitavistara meM yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki buddha jambUdvIpa ke madhyadeza meM yogya vaMza kA canAva kara hI janma lete haiN|2 yadyapi avatAra ke sambandha meM hameM aisA koI niyama dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai| ina saba AdhAroM para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM meM kAphI sAmya hai, ve eka dUsare se prabhAvita huI haiN| mahAyAna kI buddha sambandhI avadhAraNA to nizcaya hI vaiSNava dharma se prabhAvita hai| 13. uttarakAlona buddha ko avadhAraNA aura avatAravAda se usakI samAnatA jisa prakAra bauddha dharma meM buddha pada-cihnoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai. uso prakAra hindU paramparA meM viSNu pada ko pUjA kI jAtI hai| saddharmapuNDarIka meM tathAgata buddha ke lie sarvatra bhagavAn zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, kahIM-kahIM unheM puruSottama zabda se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| lalitavistara meM viSNu aura nArAyaNa zabda kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| usameM zakra, brahmA, mahezvara evaM sabhI devasamUhoM ko buddha kA upAsaka batAyA gayA hai tathA buddha ko nArAyaNa kahA gayA hai|' punaH 26veM adhyAya meM unheM mahAnArAyaNa bhI kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI unheM nArAyaNa ke sadRzya zakti 1 lalitavistara, pR0 37 2. vahI, pR0 75 3. saddharmapuNDaroka, pR0 16; 46 4. lalitavistara (anuvAda), pR0 100 5. vahI, pR0 104, 109, 140 6. vahI, pR0 56.

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280 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayaya yukta bhI mAnA gayA hai|' buddha nArAyaNa ke samAna acchedya aura abhedya kAya vAle haiN|2 23veM adhyAya meM unako bhagavat svarUpa kahA gayA hai|' Age calakara buddha ko sAkSAt nArAyaNa kA avatAra hI mAnA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki lalitavistara ke kAla taka buddha kA nArAyaNa ke sAtha tAdAtmya mAnA jAne lagA thaa| sAtha hI isa kAla ke mahAyAnI sAhitya para nArAyaNa kA yatheSTa prabhAva bhI parilakSita hotA hai / isase aisA lagatA hai ki prathama zatI pUrva kI racanA lalitavistara meM hI buddha ko hI nArAyaNa mAna liyA gayA thaa| sambhava hai ki isI AdhAra para vaiSNava purANoM meM Age calakara buddha ko viSNu yA nArAyaNa kA avatAra mAna liyA gayA ho, kyoMki baddha sAhitya meM ve bahata pahale se hI nArAyaNa nAma se abhihita kiye jA cuke the| vidita hotA hai ki bauddha grantha maJjuzrImUlakalpa meM buddha ko svayaM viSNu ke cihnoM se yukta kahA gayA hai / bauddha grantha lalitavistara meM nasiMha aura kRSNa, laMkAvatArasUtra meM rAma, tathAgata guhyaka meM hayagrIva aura maJjuzrImUlakalpa meM varAha kA ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ para ye sabhI viSNu ke avatAra kI apekSA buddha ke hI AvirbhAva mAne gaye haiN| laMkAvatArasUtra meM buddha ke bali ke rUpa meM AvibharbhAva kA ullekha milatA hai, jo sambhavataH vAmana avatAra kA hI parivartita rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| 14. avatAravAda aura paigambaravAda islAma dharma meM bhI hindU avatAravAda kI "sambhavAmi yuge yuge" ko avadhAraNA ke tattva vidyamAna haiM, kyoMki islAma dharma bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka yuga meM paigambara mAnava ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai yA janma letA hai / paigambara ke bhI janma lene yA prakaTa hone kA prayojana vahI hotA hai, 1. lalitavistara (mUla), pR0 124, 126, 147, 194 2. "nArAyaNasya yathA kAya acchedyabhedyA" -lalitavistara (mUla), pR0 392 3. vahI, pR0 473 4. "jAtaM lakSaNapuNyatejabharitaM nArAyaNasthAbhavat" -vahI, pa0 124/7 5. lalitavistara, pR0 539, 191; laMkAvatArasUtra, pR0 166; tathAgataguhyaka, pR0 71; "ghorarUpo mahAghoro varAhAkArasambhavaH"-maJjuzrImUlakalpa, pR0 153 draSTavyaH madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 12, 13 6. laMkAvatArasUtra, pR0 288 : draSTavya-vahI

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 281 jo hindU dharma kA avatAra kA prayojana hai, arthAt adharma kA nAza karanA aura dharma kI sthApanA krnaa|' islAma dharma meM paigambara ko paramparA kA kA zubhArambha muhammada se nahIM huA balki sarvaprathama khudA ne Adama ke naphs kA nirmANa kiyA tadanantara usI kI anukRti svarUpa mahammada ne naphs ko banAyA / isa prakAra islAma dharma meM bhI Adama se lekara muhammada taka paigambaroM kI eka lambI paramparA hai jo AMzika rUpa se hindU dharma kI avatAravAda kI paramparA ke anurUpa hai| hindU paramparA meM "gItA" ke kRSNa svayaM avatarita hokara dharma kI sthApanA evaM sAdhujanoM kI rakSA karate haiM usI prakAra islAma dharma meM kurAna ke anusAra allAha samayasamaya para paigambaroM ko bhejate haiM aura ve hara kauma ke logoM ko unake duSkRta karmoM ke pariNAmoM se DarAte haiM, hidAyata dete haiM aura sAre kauma ke lar3AI jhagar3oM kA phaisalA bhI karate haiN| isa prakAra sthAnagata aura saMskRtigata vaiSamya hote hue bhI Antarika ekatA lakSita hotI hai| isa samAnatA ke bAvajUda bhI islAma dharma meM paigambara ke avataraNa yA janma hindU paramparA ke avatAra se bhinna hai / hindU dharma kI avatAra kI avadhAraNA Izvara ke janma yA avataraNa ko mAnatI hai, jabaki islAma dharma meM paigambaravAda hulUla yA janma virodhI hone ke kAraNa allAha kA janma yA avataraNa svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| sambhavataH isIlie islAma dharma meM mahammada ko allAha kA avatAra na kahakara, unako paigambara kahA hai / lekina phira bhI avatAra se sAmya rakhanevAle "nirmANa", prAkaTya aura pratirUpa zabda islAmI sampradAyoM meM prayukta hue haiN| zekha zAhabuddIna ke anusAra allAha ne apane svarUpa se Adama kA nirmANa kiyaa| inhoMne Adama ko brahmA kA pratirUpa mAnA hai| isa pratirUpatA ke siddhAnta meM hindU avatAravAda meM gAthA ko jo kalpanA hai usI kA puTa hai muslima sUphI cintakoM ne pratirUpatA kI avadhAraNA ko apanAyA hai| ve bhI 1. sTaDIja ina islAmika misTI sijma, pR0 106 2. vahI, pa0 119 ku0 2, sU0 48 3. kunizarIpha, pa0 361 sUrA 10 Ayata 48 : 50 419, sU013 A0 9; pR0 723 sU0 35 A0 25 4 dI avAriphulAmA ripha pR0 125 : draSTavya-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR. 264

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2.2 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hindU darzana kI taraha 'ahaM brahmAsmi' kA udghoSa karate haiM / paigambara ko Izvara ke pratirUpa mAnane ke lie tArkika rUpa meM kahA gayA hai ki paigambara "mIma" akSara se yukta hone ke kAraNa ahamada (sasIma) hai aura "mIma" rahita hone para ahada (asIma) kahalAtA hai| yahA~ "moma" ko hama mAyA yA AvaraNa mAna sakate haiN| kucha hadIsoM ke AdhAra para islAma meM pUrNAvatAra ke sadRza pUrNa-AvirbhAva mAnA gayA hai; vahadata se lekara Ajama taka sabhI AvirbhAvoM meM vaha "khAtuma' yA 'khAsima" kahA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki islAma meM avatAra virodha kI bhAvanA hote hue. bho aise aneka tattva milate haiM, jinakA hindU avatAravAda se atyadhika sAmya hai| donoM vicAradhArAoM meM mUlabhUta antara kevala itanA ho hai ki jahA~ hindU paramparA svayaM Izvara ke avataraNa ko svIkAra karatI hai vahA~ islAma meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki allAha yA Izvara apane pratinidhi ke rUpa meM paigambara ko bhejatA hai, paigambara allAha kA pratinidhi hai, svayaM allAha nahIM / yahI paigambara aura avatAravAda kA mUlabhUta antara hai| 15. buddha evaM paigambaravAda ____bauddha dharma ke bodhisatva kI ananta karuNA islAma dharma meM bhI dikhAI detI hai| jisa prakAra mahAyAna meM buddha ko mahAkaruNA se yukta mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra islAma meM allAha ko bhI atyanta kSamAzIla evaM sRSTi ke prANiyoM ke prati karuNA se yukta kahA gayA hai| allAha ke karuNAmaya rUpa ko "alarahamAna" kahate haiN| apane isI rUpa meM vaha jIvoM para dayA karatA hai / karuNA ko dRSTi se donoM dharmoM ke upAsya buddha aura allAha meM sAmya daSTigata hotA hai| zekha zAhabadadIna apanI pustaka "di avAriphula mAripha' meM kahate haiM ki paigambara ve haiM jo mahAyAnI bodhi. satvoM ke sadRza nirvANa prApta karane yA siddha hone ke bAda janakalyANa 1. sikreTa Apha analahaka, pR0 73 : draSTavya-ma0sA0 a0, pR0 264 / 2. vahI, pR0 83 : draSTavya-vahI / 3. bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 106 / 4. sTaDIja ina islAmika misTIsijma, pR0 99 / uddhRtaH madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, pR0 265 /

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tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana : 283 ke lie pRthvI para bheje jAte haiN|' isa prakAra prayojana kI dRSTi se paigambara aura bodhisatva meM samAnatA hai| bauddha dharma meM jisa prakAra pratyeka buddha apane ho nirvANa kI cintA karate haiM, usI prakAra islAma dharma meM zekha bhI apane sAdhya kI siddhi ke bAda janakalyANa ke lie koI kArya nahIM karate haiN| isa prakAra bauddha dharma aura islAma meM kramazaH pratyeka baddha aura zekha "svAntaH sukhAya" kI sAdhanA karate haiM kintu bodhisatva aura paigambara siddha yA "inasAnulAmila" hone ke bAda bhI janakalyANa kiyA karate haiN| jisa prakAra bauddha dharma meM atota, anAgata aura vartamAna buddhoM kI sthiti mAnI gaI hai usI prakAra sUpho sAdhakoM ne paigambaroM kA traikAlika astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| punaH buddha ke samAna ho sabhI paigambaroM meM dharma sandeza yA dharma zikSA kI bhAvanA dikhAI detI hai / ataH buddha aura paigambaroM ke prayojanoM meM samAnatA hai / yadyapi buddha aura paigambara kI avadhAraNA meM kucha antara bhI haiM-jahA~ bauddha dharma anIzvaravAdI hai vahA~ islAma IzvaravAdI hai ataH paigambara Izvara ke pratinidhi haiM / buddha apanI svAnubhUti ke AdhAra para prApta satya kA sandeza dete haiM, jabaki paigambara Izvara ke sandezavAhaka haiM / buddha apanA sandeza sunAte haiM jabaki paigambara Izvara kA sandeza sunAte haiN| buddha svayaM kI sAdhanA ke bala para buddha ke rUpa meM utpanna hote haiM, jabaki paigamvara Izvara (allAha) ke dvArA utpanna hote haiM / buddha svayaM satya kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiM, jabaki paigambara ko satya kA darzana allAha karAtA hai / ataH baddha aura paigambara ko avadhAraNA meM kiMcit samAnatA aura kiMcit bheda hai| 1. di avAriphula mAripha, pR0 133 : uddhRta-madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAra-- vAda, pR0 265 / 2. sUphImata sAdhanA aura sAhitya, pR0 351 /

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upasaMhAra bhAratIya dharmoM meM avatAra, buddha aura tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNAe~ apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI haiM / jahA~ hindU dharma meM upAsya ke rUpa meM avatAra ko sthAna milA hai, vahA~ bauddha dharma evaM jaina dharma meM kramazaH buddha aura tIrthaMkara ko upAsya mAnA gayA hai / ye tInoM avadhAraNAe~ bhAratIya dharma darzana kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga haiN| pratyeka dharma ke lie do bAteM atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| sarvaprathama to usameM eka dharmapravartaka hotA hai, jo dharma-sAdhanA tathA AcAra kI paddhati nirdhArita karatA hai / isa prakAra dharma-pravartaka usa dharma ke dhArmika aura sAmAjika niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA saMsthApaka hotA hai| usa dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie usake vacana pramANa hote haiN| punaH sabhI dharmoM meM sAdhanA kA eka Adarza hotA hai, ise hama dhArmika jIvana kA sAdhya bhI kaha sakate haiN| saMsAra ke sabhI dharmoM meM yaha donoM tattva atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM / vastutaH jo dharma kA pravartaka hotA hai, vahI dhArmika sAdhanA kA Adarza aura sAdhya bhI hotA hai| IzvaravAdI dharmoM meM jahA~ eka ora Izvara ko avatAra ke rUpa meM dharma kA pravartaka kahA gayA hai, vahIM usakI prApti ko dhArmika jIvana kA sAdhya bhI mAna liyA gayA hai| anIzvaravAdI dharmoM meM bhI usake pravartaka ko na kevala dharma-pravartaka ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA, apitu use dhArmika sAdhanA ke uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA aura samagra dharma-sAdhanA ko usa Adarza yA U~cAI taka pahu~cane ke lie eka sAdhana mAnA gyaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM meM tIrthakara aura buddha dharma-pravartaka ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika sAdhanA ke Adarza bhI mAne gye| isa prakAra pratyeka dharma kA pravartaka dhArmika jIvana kA sAdhya bhI bana gyaa| jaina dharma meM yaha kendrIya tatva tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM, bauddha dharma meM baddha ke rUpa meM, hindU dharma meM avatAra ke rUpa meM, islAma meM paigambara ke rUpa meM tathA IsAI dharma meM Izvara-putra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara dharma saMsthApaka ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika sAdhanA kA Adarza bhI hai| "zakastava" nAmaka prAkRta stotra meM tIrthaMkara ko dharma kA Arambha karane vAlA, dharma kA dAtA, dharma kA upadezaka, dharma kA netA aura

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upasaMhAra : 285 dharma kA sArathI kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra jaina dharma meM sAdhanA kA kendra -- bindu tIrthaMkara hai| tIrthaMkara zabda "tIrtha" se banA hai| tIrtha zabda ke aneka artha haiM, yathA-ghATa yA nadI kA tIra, jaina dharma meM dharmazAsana evaM caturvidha saMgha ko bhI tIrtha kahA gayA hai / isI AdhAra para saMsArarUpI samudra se pAra karAne vAle, dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA karane vAle athavA zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA - isa caturvidha saMgha ke saMsthApaka ko tIrthaMkara kahA gayA hai / tIrthaMkaratva kI prApti vyakti kI ucca AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA pariNAma hai / samavAyAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki koI bhI jova tapa sAdhanA ke dvArA tIrthaMkara nAma-karma kA upArjana kara tIrthaMkara bana sakatA hai / sAmAnyatayA tIrthaMkara aura arihanta donoM ko eka hI mAnA jAtA hai, parantu kucha jainAcAryoM ne inameM antara kiyA hai| jaina dharma meM jIvana-mukta avasthA ke do bheda haiM- prathama ve, jinake vizeSa puNyodaya ke kAraNa garbha, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya evaM nirvANa kalyANaka (mahotsava) manAye jAte haiM, tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiM; dUsare ve, jinake aise mahotsava nahIM manAye jAte, arhat yA sAmAnya- kevalI kahe jAte haiM / arhat (sAmAnya - kevalI ) aura tIrthaMkara AdhyAtmika zreSThatA se samAna hote haiM, antara mAtra itanA hai ki sAmAnya- kevalI svayam apanI mukti kA lakSya lekara sAdhanA mArga meM praveza karatA hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara dharma-tIrtha kI sthApanA kA lakSya lekara Ate haiM aura saMsAra sAgara se svayaM pAra hone ke sAtha-sAtha dUsaroM ko bhI pAra karAte haiM / isa prakAra svahita aura lokahita kI dRSTi se hI inameM antara hai / sAmAnya kevalI kI apekSA tIrthaMkara AdhyAtmika pUrNatA prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI lokahita meM lagA rahatA hai| loka-kalyANa hI unake jIvana kA dhyeya bana jAtA hai| jaina dharma meM pratyeka buddha aura sAmAnya- kevalI donoM hI Atma-kalyANa kA Adarza lekara calate haiM, donoM meM mAtra antara yaha hai ki pratyeka buddha kisI nimitta se svayaM vairAgya ko prApta kara kaivalya aura nirvANa lAbha prApta karate haiM, jabaki sAmAnyakevalI kisI upadeza se sAdhanA mArga meM pravRtta hokara adhyAtma pUrNatA ko prApta hotA hai| eka svayaM sambuddha hai to dUsarA buddha-bodhita hai arthAt guru ke sahAre calane vAlA / " samavAyAMga" meM torthaMkara ke 34 viziSTa guNoM kA vivecana hai| zvetAMbara Agama " jJAtAdharmakathA" meM tIrthaMkaratva prApta karane ke bIsa kAraNa batalAye gaye haiM, jabaki digambara sAhitya meM 16 kAraNa batalAye gaye haiM / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra bharata aura airAvata kSetra meM pratyeka avasarpiNA aura utsarpiNI kAla meM 24-24 tIrthaMkara hote

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286 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana haiM, jaba ki videha kSetra meM sadaiva 20 tIrthakara rahate haiM / jaina dharma meM tIrthakara mAtra dharmamArga kA upadeSTA aura sAdhanA kA Adarza hai| vaha kevala mArga batAtA hai, preraNA detA hai, kintu sAdhanA to vyakti ko svayaM karanI hotI hai| jaina dharma kA tIrthaMkara kisI para kRpA nahIM kara sakatA vaha mArgopadeSTA hai, jo usake dvArA pratipAdita mArga para calegA vaha apane sAdhya ko prApta kregaa| AcArAMga ke "ANAye mAmagaM dhamma" arthAta merI AjJA meM dharma hai kA tAtparya kevala Adeza ke anusAra AcaraNa karane se hai| tIrtha* kara bhakta para kRpA nahIM karate, ve to mAtra mArgopadeSTA aura sAdhanA ke Adarza haiM / zrImad devacanda ne kahA hai aja kulagata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhaktI bhavI lahere, Atama zakti saMbhAla || __ arthAt jisa prakAra bher3oM ke samUha meM palA huA siMha-zAvaka siMha ko dekhakara apane svarUpa ko pahacAna letA hai, usI prakAra bhakta bhI prabhu kI bhakti ke dvArA apane AtmasvarUpa ko pahacAna letA hai / sva-svarUpa kA bodha to svayaM sAdhaka ko karanA hai, upAsya to vahA~ nimitta mAtra hai| jaina dharma meM kRpA ke sthAna para puruSArtha ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| usakA tIrthakara to vItarAga hai, ataH usake prasanna yA aprasanna hone kA koI prazna ho nahIM uThatA / isa prakAra jena dharma meM kRpA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| vyakti ko apane kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoga bhI avazya karanA hai aura apane puruSArtha se hI apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai| ataH kRpA nahIM, puruSArtha hI jainadharma kA mUla siddhAnta hai aura usakA tIthaMkara eka udAsIna mArgadarzaka mAtra hai, jo apane bhakta ke lie kucha nahIM krtaa| bauddha dharma meM buddha ko dharmacakra kA pravartaka tathA dharma kA zAstA kahA gayA hai / majjhimanikAya, saMyuttanikAya tathA kathAvatthu meM buddha ko anutpanna mArga kA pravartaka, mArga-draSTA evaM mArga ko jAnane vAlA kahA gayA hai / buddha ko zramaNa, bAhmaNa, vedajJa, bhiSaka, nirmala, vimala, jJAnI, vimukta Adi nAmoM se bhI pukArA gayA hai / buddha zabda kA artha hai-jAgRta / bauddha dharma meM bhI pratyeka prANo vorya, prajJA aura puruSArtha dvArA buddhatva ko prApta kara sakatA hai| pratyeka prANo buddha-bIja hai aura buddhatva ko kSamatA se yukta hai / . gautama bhI apane puruSArtha se ho samyak-jJAna prApta kara "bhagavAn buddha" .yA "samyaka saMbuddha" bane / theravAda ke anusAra ve jJAna aura prajJA ke kSetra

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upasaMhAra : 287 meM alaukika hote hue bhI zArIrika dharmoM kI dRSTi se anya manuSyoM ke samAna hI mAne gaye the, kintu kramazaH unake vyaktitva meM anya alaukikatAoM ko praveza milatA gayA / honayAna ke buddha kA lakSya apane klezoM se mukti, pAkara arhat pada prApta karanA hotA hai, jabaki mahAyAna kA buddha saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke nirvANa lAbha ke bAda ho svayaM kA nirvANa cAhatA hai / yadyapi bauddha dharma nitya Atmatattva ko mAnane se inkAra karatA hai, phira bhI usameM cittadhArA ko mAnakara bodhisatva aura buddha kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM cittadhArA eka aisA yojakasUtra hai, jisake cittakSaNa eka dUsare se pathak hokara bhI vyaktitva kI sarjanA kara dete haiM / bauddhadharma ke anusAra koI bhI vyakti 10 pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA ke dvArA buddhatva ko prApta kara sakatA hai| nidAnakathA ke anusAra nimna .8 guNoM se yukta vyakti buddhatva ko prApta ho sakatA hai-manuSya yoni, puruSa liMga, hetu (buddha-bojatva), zAstAdarzana, pravrajyA, gaNa-samprApti, adhikAra aura chndtaa| mahAyAna sampradAya meM baddhatva kI prApti kA mUlAdhAra bodhicitta kA utpAda hai, kyoMki bodhicitta kA udaya hote hI prANI ke andara karuNA bhAva kI anubhUti hone lagatI hai aura yahI karuNA bhAva buddhacitta kI prApti kA Avazyaka tattva hai| hInayAna aura mahAyAna ke prArambhika granthoM meM baddha ke rUpakAya aura dharmakAya ko carcA upalabdha hai, kintu Age calakara baddha ke rUpakAya ko anitya aura vinAzazIla mAnA gayA aura dharmakAya ko svAbhAvika aura nitya kahA gayA / mahAyAna meM buddha ke rUpakAya ko sambhogakAya aura nirmANakAya meM vibhAjita karake trikAyavAda kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huaa| jainadharma ke samAna bauddha dharma meM bhI ahaMt, pratyekabuddha aura buddha kI avadhAraNAe~ milatI haiN| arhat patha kA sAdhaka buddha ke upadezoM se prerita hokara sAdhanA ke dvArA duHkha-vimukti aura nirvANalAbha prApta karatA hai| kintu baddha aura bodhisatva kA sAdhya apanI duHkha-vimukti ke sAtha saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI duHkhamakti bhI hotI hai| bauddha dharma meM bhI prArambha meM 7, phira 24 baddhoM kI avadhAraNA pracalita huI / bauddha dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhAgavata dharma ke prabhAva kA hI pratiphala hai| yadyapi prArambhika pAli granthoM meM "saddhA" kA ullekha hai phira bhI bhakti-pradhAna nahIM hai, kintu Age calakara jAtakoM tathA mahAyAna granthoM meM sarvatra bhakti tattva vidyamAna haiN| loka-kalyANa hI buddhatva kA Adarza hai| buddha ne svayaM bodhi prApta kara

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288 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana loka-kalyANa ke lie kArya karanA zreyaskara samajhA aura sandeza diyA ki bhikSuoM ! bahujanoM ke hita ke lie, bahujanoM ke sukha ke lie, loka kI anukampA ke lie tathA deva aura manuSyoM ke sukha ke lie paricAraNa karate raho / jahA~ taka hindU dharma meM avatAra ko avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, avatAra zabda kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai-- nIce utarane vAlA | kintu prastuta sandarbha meM avatAra kA artha hai - daivIya zakti kA divya loka se bhUtala para utaranA / hindU dharma meM " avatAra " zabda kA prayoga AsurI zaktiyoM ke vinAza, sAdhujanoM ke rakSaNa evaM dharma sthApanArtha Izvara ke zarIra dhAraNa ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai / Rgveda meM prayukta "avatAra" zabda kA artha vinAza yA saMkaTa dUra karane vAlA hai / sAmAnyatayA avataraNa kA artha viSNu arthAt Izvara ke avataraNa se hai, kintu prArambha meM avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA tAtparya mukhyataH indra tathA prajApati ke avatAra se thA, kAlAntara meM vaha viSNu para Aropita ho gayA / avatAravAda kA prArambhika paricaya mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM milatA hai / mahAbhArata meM pahale viSNu ke 6 avatAra - vArAha, nRsiMha, vAmana, parazurAma, rAma aura kRSNa kI carcA huI hai / punaH agale adhyAya meM 6 ke sAtha 4 avatAra - haMsa, kUrma, matsya aura kalki ko milAkara 10 kI saMkhyA pUrI kI gayI hai / viSNupurANa meM dazAvatAra kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu agni, varAha, nRsiMha, devIbhAgavata, harivaMza, vAyu aura brahmapurANoM meM 10 avatAroM kI sUciyA~ kucha antara ke sAtha milatI haiM / bhAgavata meM viSNu ke avatAroM ko aneka sUciyA~ milatI haiM, jisameM 24 avatAroM kI avadhAraNA bhI hai / viSNu zabda ko vyutpatti viz arthAt praveza karanA athavA az arthAt vyApta karanA dhAtu se kI gayI 1 Rgveda meM viSNu ko saura devatA kahA gayA hai aura ve sUrya ke hI rUpa haiM / kaThopaniSad meM viSNu ko vyApaka yA vyAnazIla kahA gayA hai| AcArya yAska ke anusAra razmiyoM dvArA samagra saMsAra ko vyApta karane ke kAraNa sUrya hI viSNu nAma se abhihita hue haiM / mahAbhArata, matsya, brahma aura zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI sUrya hI viSNu ke pratyakSa rUpa mAne gaye haiM / isa virAT bhAvanA ke kAraNa purANoM meM viSNu kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| viSNu ke avatAra kI avadhAraNA ke prArambhika rUpa kA darzana hameM mahAbhArata aura vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM hotA hai / ina donoM mahAkAvyoM meM avatAra kI

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upasaMhAra : 289 avadhAraNA kA mUla uddezya AsurI zakti kA vinAza hI vidita hotA hai / avatAra kA mukhya uddezya yahA~ detyoM kA saMhAra hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM rAma ko daityoM ke saMhAra ke mukhya prayojana ke kAraNa viSNu kA avatAra kahA gayA hai / mahAbhArata ke anusAra bhI daityoM kA saMhAra karane ke lie viSNu ne zrIkRSNa ke rUpa meM aMzAvatAra grahaNa kiyA hai| gItA ke caturtha adhyAya meM bhI avatAra kI avadhAraNA milatI hai / vizeSatA yaha hai ki mahAbhArata kRSNa ko pUrNAvatAra na kahakara aMzAvatAra hI kahatI hai / gItA meM Izvara ke avatAra kA prayojana dharmaM kI sthApanA, sAdhuoM kI rakSA aura duSToM kA vinAza karanA kahA gayA hai / viSNupurANa evaM bhAgavata meM bhI avatAra kA prayojana dharma kI rakSA evaM bhUbhAra-haraNa hai / avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA kA manovaijJAnika pakSa yaha hai ki vaha manuSya ko AtmavizvAsa dilAtA hai ki vaha nitAnta ekAkI nahIM hai, koI adRzya zakti usakI sahAyaka hai aura use kaSToM se mukta karane meM prayatnazIla rahatI hai | manuSya meM yaha AsthA yA vizvAsa jAgRta karanA hI manovijJAna ke dRSTikoNa meM avatAravAda kA mUla utsa hai, kyoMki zrIkRSNa gItA meM arjuna se kahate haiM ki tU mere meM mana lagA, mujhe hI namaskAra kara, maiM tujhe sarvapApoM se mukta kara dUMgA / isa prakAra hindU dharma kA avatAra bhaktoM ke yogakSema kA vAhaka aura lokakalyANa kA kartA hai | saMkSepa meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra sabhI ke jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSya dharma kI saMsthApanA yA dharma kA pravartana hai / phira bhI tIrthaMkara aura buddha kI avadhAraNAoM se bhinna avatAra kI avadhAraNA kA lakSya na kevala dharma kI saMsthApanA hai apitu sAdhujanoM kI rakSA tathA duSToM kA vinAza bhI hai / isa prakAra jahA~ tIrthaGkara aura buddha mUlataH dharma saMsthApanA ke lakSya ko lekara calate haiM, vahA~ avatAra dharma saMsthApanA ke sAtha duSToM kA nAza aura sAdhujanoM kI rakSA kA lakSya bhI apane sAmane rakhatA hai / punaH tothaMGkara aura buddha mUlataH vyakti ke sarvocca AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke paricAyaka haiM / ina donoM avadhAraNAoM meM vyakti ko paramAtma svarUpa evaM buddha - bIja mAnA gayA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke dvArA use prApta bhI kara sakatA hai, jabaki hindU dharma meM vyakti ko Izvara kA aMza mAnA gayA hai aura usameM evaM Izvara meM eka antara yA dUrI mAna gaI hai / usakI bhaktimArgI paramparAe~ svAmI aura dAsa kI avadhAraNA 1 19

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290 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana se apane ko nahIM bacA sakI haiN| yadyapi upaniSadakAra aura zaMkara jaise vicAraka "ahaM brahmAsmi" kA ninAda bhI karate haiN| punaH hindU dharma meM jo dasa avatAroM kI kalpanA hai vaha kisI sImA taka jaivika-vikAsa kI paricAyaka to avazya hai, kintu avatAravAda mUlataH vikAsa kI avadhAraNA kA virodhI hI hai / tIrthaGkara aura buddha ko avadhAraNA meM vyakti noce se Upara AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM utkramaNa karatA hai, jabaki avatAra ko avadhAraNA meM pUrNa puruSa Upara se nIce kI ora AtA hai| isa prakAra uttaraNa evam avataraNa ke prazna ko lekara ye vicAradhArAyeM eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| tIrthaGkara aura buddha ko avadhAraNA vyakti ko yaha AzvAsana detI hai ki yadi vaha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke dvArA pragati kare to svayaM bhI tIrthakaratva yA buddhatva ko prApta kara sakatA hai / jabaki avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA meM vyakti apano sAdhanA ke dvArA cAhe Izvara kA sAnnidhya prApta kara le, parantu Izvara nahIM bana sktaa| avatAravAda ke anusAra upAsya aura upAsaka kA bheda sadA banA rahatA hai jabaki torthaGkara aura baddha ko avadhAraNAe~ isa dvaita ko samApta karane kI bAta karatI haiM, cAhe vaha bauddha dharma ho yA jena dharma, donoM ho vyakti ko samprabhutA ko svIkAra karake calate haiM, jabaki avatAravAda usa samprabhutA ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| punaH jahA~ tIrthaGkara aura buddha kI avadhAraNAe~ puruSArthavAda kA samarthana karatI haiM vahA~ avatAravAda meM kRpA aura niyati ke tattva pramukha bana jAte haiN| tIrthaGkara aura buddha donoM hI vyakti ko sandeza dete haiM ki tU apanA bhAgya kA nirmAtA hai, apane utthAna-patana ke lie svayaM hI jimmedAra hai, jabaki avatAra vyakti ko yaha AzvAsana detA hai ki tU mere prati pUrNarUpa se samarpita ho jA, phira tere kalyANa kA dAyitva merA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki tIrthaGkara, buddha aura avatAra tonoM ho lokamAla ke lakSya ko lekara Ate haiN| kintu yadi hama vicArapUrvaka dekheM to na to torthaGkara aura na buddha hI lokakalyANa meM sakriya bhAgodAra banate haiN| ve mAtra mArgaupadeSTA yA pathapradarzaka bana kara raha jAte haiN| ve apane upAsaka ko yaha AzvAsana nahIM de pAte ki tumhAre kalyANa kA sampUrNa dAyitva hamArA hai, jabaki avatAra lokakalyANa vizeSa rUpa se apane bhaktoM ke lokakalyANa kA sakriya bhAgIdAra hotA hai / vastutaH tIrthaMkara aura buddha ko avadhAraNAoM se avatAra kI avadhAraNA ko yaha bhinnatA, malataH una dharmoM ko nivRtti

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upasaMhAra : 291 mUlaka aura pravRttimUlaka dRSTi ke kAraNa hai / jaina aura bauddha dharma nivRttimUlaka haiN| isIlie ve tIrthaMkara aura buddha ko bhI lokamaMgala kA sakriya bhAgIdAra nahIM banA sake / yadyapi mahAyAna ne isa dizA meM eka kadama Age bar3hAyA hai, jabaki hindU dharma mUlataH pravRttimArgI hai ataH vaha apane Izvara yA avatAra ko lokakalyANa kA sakriya bhAgIdAra banA sakA hai| vaha bhakta ko pIr3A dUra karane hetu bhAgA calA jAtA hai / yadyapi tInoM hI dharmoM meM apane upAsya ke prati AsthA aura zraddhA ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma utane AsthA pradhAna aura bhakti pradhAna nahIM bana sake, jitanA ki hindU dharma / jahA~ bauddha dharma meM jJAna yA prajJA ko pradhAnatA milI, vahA~ jaina dharma cAritra yA sadAcaraNa pradhAna banA, jabaki hindU dharma aura vizeSa rUpa se vaiSNava dharma meM prArambha se anta taka zraddhA yA bhakti tatva hI pradhAna banA rahA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM bahata kucha samAnatA hote hue bhI maulika antara hai| hameM aisA lagatA hai ki avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI jaina aura bauddhadharma meM 24 tIrthaMkara yA 24 buddhoM kI kalpanA AI hogii| jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ke sAhitya kA avalokana karane para bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 24 tIrthaMkaroM aura 24 buddhoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM hI huA hai, yahI kAla pAMcarAtra sampradAya evaM vaiSNava dharma ke vikAsa kA bhI kAla hai / sambhavataH bauddha dharma meM jo mahAyAna kA vikAsa haA hai aura trikAyavAda kI avadhAraNA AI, vaha bho bahuta kucha vaiSNava dharma kA hI prabhAva rahA ho / yadyapi kucha loga yaha bhI kahane kA sAhasa kara sakate haiM ki mahAyAna kA vikAsa vaiSNava dharma ke vikAsa kA kAraNa banA ho, kintu jaina aura bauddha dharma kI mUlabhUta nivRttimArgI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue, hameM yahI kahanA par3egA ki unameM tIrthaMkaroM aura buddhoM kA daivIpakaraNa bahuta kucha hindU paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI huA hai / punaH tIrthakara aura buddha vItarAga aura vItatRSNa hone ke kAraNa ve apane bhaktoM ke kalyANa ke sakriya bhAgIdAra nahIM ho sakate, iso ko pUrti ke lie jahA~ jaina dharma meM zAsana rakSaka devatA ke rUpa meM padmAvatI, ambikA aura cakrezvarI tathA yakSa-yakSI kI kalpanA vikasita haI, vahIM bauddhadharma meM tArA Adi kI avadhAraNA vikasita haI / mAtra yahI nahIM, ina dharmo meM tIrthaGkara aura buddha ko atimAnavIya banAne ke lie indra aura devatAoM ko unakA

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292 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana upAsya bhI banA diyA gayA / jisa prakAra hindU dharma meM anya saba devatAoM ko Izvara ke adhIna karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA vaisA ho eka prayatna jena aura bauddha dharmoM meM bhI haA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa indra aura dUsare devatAoM ko tIrthaGkara aura buddha ke upAsya ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA / ___ vastutaH jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparAyeM eka hI pariveza meM vikasita huI haiM, ataH mUla dRSTikoNa meM antara hote hue bhI unhoMne eka dUsare se kAphI kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| unameM kisI bhI paramparA ko eka dUsare se pRthak karake nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| prastuta tulanAtmaka adhyayana yaha batAtA hai ki tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra ko avadhAraNAoM meM ina tonoM paramparAoM ne eka dUsare se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki dhArmika jovana ko sAdhanA ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkara, buddha, avatAra tathA paigambara kA avadhAraNA ko strokara karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki binA kiso dharmapravartaka aura dhArmika jovana ke yathArtha ko svIkAra kara koI bhI dharma apanA astitva nahIM rakha sktaa|

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pariziSTa ( tAlikA)

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islAma dharmagrantha : kuAna zarIpha meM upalabdha paigambaroM ke nAma krama saMkhyApArA 1, sUrA 2pA0 3, sU0 2,3pA0 5, sU04/pA0 7, sU0 6 |pA0 16, sU0 19 pA0 22, sU0 23 / pA0 28, pA06, sU05 pA0 4 , sU03 / sU0 61 pA0 26, sU0 45,49 * Adama ibrAhIma 2. Adama ibrAhIma yAkUba ismAIla isahAka ibrAhIma . yAkUba ismAIla ibrAhIma yAkUba ismAIla 294 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana * isahAka ibrAhIma yAkUba ismAIla isahAka mUsA IsA nUha ayUba yUnusa hArUna sulemAna dAUda * mUsA IsA nUha ayUba yUnusa hArUna sulemAna dAUda 1 / / / /

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islAma dharmagraMtha : kurbAna zarIpha meM upalabdha paigambaroM ke nAma : 295 || ||| | | || | | jakariyA yahiyA jakariyA yahiyA ilayAsa yasaa lUta idrIsa isarAIla ' muhammada ahamada |1 111 | | || | | | | | ............| | ||| ||| | | | I w 2 | 2 -- i m v

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zvetAmbara evaM digambara granthoM ke AdhAra para tIrthaGkara paricaya tAlikA kramasaMkhyA tIrthaMkara nAma pitA kA nAma mAtA kA nAma janmabhUmi cyavanasthala cyavananakSatra | 296 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana nAbhi jitazatru jitArI saMvara megha marudevo vijayA senA siddhArthA >> maMgalA RSabhadeva ajitanAtha saMbhavanAtha abhinandana sumatinAtha padmaprabha supArzvanAtha candraprabha suvidhinAtha zItalanAtha zreyAMsanAtha vAsupUjya dhara uttarASADhA rohiNI mRgazIrSa punarvasu maghA citrA vizAkhA anurAdhA pratiSTha ayodhyA ayodhyA zrAvasto ayodhyA ayodhyA kauzAmbI vArANasI candrapurI kAkando bhaddilapura siMhapura campA sarvArthasiddhi vijayavimAna satavAgrevecaka jayaMtavimAna jayaMtavimAna nauvAgreveyaka chaThAMgreveyaka vaijayanta anantasvarga prANatasvarga acyutasvarga prANatasvarga susImA pRthvI lakSmaNA rAmA nandA >> Goo mahAsena sugrIva dRr3haratha viSNu vasupUjya viSNu pUrvASAr3hA zravaNa zatabhiSA jayA

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kRtavarmA siMhasena bhAnu vizvasena vimalanAtha anantanAtha dharmanAtha zAntinAtha kuMthunAtha aranAtha mallinAtha munisuvrata naminAtha ariSTanemi pArzvanAtha mahAvIra sahasrArasvarga prANatasvarga vijaya sarvArthasiddhi sarvArthasiddhi sarvArthasiddhi sudarzana kuMbha sAmA kapilapura sujazA ayodhyA suvratA ratnapura acirA hastinApura zrI hastinApura devI hastinApura prabhAvatI mithilA padmAvatI rAjagRha vaprA mithilA zivA soriyapura soriyapura vAmA vArANasI trizalA kuMDapura uttarAbhAdrapadaM revatI puSya bharaNI kRttikA revato azvino zravaNa azvinI citrA vizAkhA uttarAphAlgunI jayaMta sumitra vijaya samudravijaya azvasena siddhArtha aparAjitavimAna prANatasvarga aparAjitavimAna prANatasvarga prANatasvarga tIrthakara paricaya tAlikA : 297 noTa :-tAlikA spaSTIkaraNa nirdeza agale pRSThoM para darzAyA gayA hai /

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kramasaMkhyA janma tithi janma nakSatra 10 kevalajJAna nakSatra nirvANa nakSatra dIkSA nakSatra uttarASAr3hA rohiNI abhijita uttarASAr3hA rohiNI mRgazIrSa mRgazIrSa * abhijita mRgazIrSa ArdrA puSya punarvasu citrA anurAdhA jyeSThA . caitra kR09 uttarASAr3hA mAgha su0 8,10 rohiNI mAgha su0 14 mRgazIrSa mAgha su0 2 puSya vaizAkha su0 8 maghA kArtika kR0 12 citrA jyeSTha zu0 12 vizAkhA pauSa kR0 12 anurAdhA mArgazIrSa kR0 5 mUla mAgha kR0 12 pUrvASAr3hA phAlguna kR0 11 zravaNa phAlguna kR0 14 zatabhiSA mAgha sU03 uttarAbhAdrapada vaizAkha kR0 13 revatI mAgha su0 3 puSya jyeSTha kR0 13 bharaNI abhijita maghA citrA vizAkhA anurAdhA 298: tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 12 caitya vRkSa nyagrodha zaktiparNa zAla piyaya priyaMgu chatrAbha siroza nAgavRkSa mAlI pilakkhu tinduka pATala jambU azvattha dadhipaNaM nandi vRkSa maghA citrA vizAkhA anurAdhA mUla pUrvASAr3hA zravaNa zatabhiSA uttarAbhAdrapada revatI puSya bharaNI pUrvASAr3hA zravaNa zatabhiSA uttarAbhAdrapada revatI pUrvASAr3hA dhaniSThA uttarAbhAdrapada revatI revatI puSya bharaNI puSya bharaNI .

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zravaNa vaizAkha kR0 14 kRttikA kRttikA mArgazIrSa su0 10 revatI revatI mArga su0 11 azvinI azvinI jyeSTha kR08 zravaNa zrAvaNa kR0 8 azvinI azvinI zrAvaNa zu0 5 citrA citrA pauSa 10 vizAkhA vizAkhA caitra zu0 13 uttarAphAlgunI uttarAphAlgunI kRttikA kRttikA revatI revatI azvinI bharaNI zravaNa zravaNa azvinI azvinI citrA citrA vizAkhA vizAkhA uttarAphAlganI svAti pilakkhu Amra azoka campaka bakula vetasa dhAtako sAla tIrthakara paricaya tAlikA : 299.

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13 krama saMkhyA varNa 1. 4. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. taptasvarNa taptasvarNa taptasvaNa taptasvaNa taptasvarNa lAla taptasvarNa zvetavarNa zvetavarNaM taptasvarNa taptasvarNa lAla taptasvarNa taptasvarNa taptasvarNa taptasvarNa 14 lAMchana vRSabha gaja azva vAnara krauMca (kuca) kamala svastika candra magara zrIvatsa gaiMDA mahiSi varAha zyena vajra hariNa 15 yakSa govadana mahAyajJa trimukha yakSezvara tumburava mAtaGga vijaya ajita brahma brahmezvara kumAra rAnmukha pAtAla kinnara kiMpuruSa garuDa 16 yakSiNI cakrezvarI rohiNI prajJapti 17 18 prathama gaNadhara prathama AryikA uSabhasena siMhasena cAru vaprazRkhala vajranAbha camara vajrAGkuzA apraticakrezvarI pradyota vidarbha dinna puruSadattA manovegA kAlI varAha jvAlAmAlinI prabhunanda mahAkAlI kaustubha gaurI subhIga gAndhArI mandara veroTI solasA mAnasI yaza ariSTha cakrAyudha brAhmI phalagU zyAmA AjItA kAsavI rati somA sumanA vAruNI sulasA dhAriNI dharaNI dharaNIdharA padmA zivA suyI (zrutI) 19 Ayu 84 lAkha 72 60 50 40 30 20 10 "1 30 10 1 11 11 "" " "" "1 11 1 11 84 lAkha varSa 72 "" 60 "" 11 "" 11 300 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana

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17. 18. 19. 21. 22. 23. 24. taptasvarNa taptasvarNa chAga nandyAvarta nIla (priyaMgu ) kalaza kAlA kUma taptasvarNa nIlotpala zyAmavarNa priyaMgu taptasvarNa S zaMkha sarpa siMha gandharva kuvera varuNa bhRkuTI gomedha pArzva mAtaGga guhyaka mahAmAnasI jayA vijayA aparAjitA bahurUpiNI kUSmANDI padmA siddhayinI saMva/sayaMbhU kumbha bhisaya mallI subha varadatta ajadina indrabhUti aMjuyA / bhAvitAtmA 95 hajAra rakhI 84 55 bandhumatI puSpavatI amilA jakSiNI puSpacUlA candanA 30 10 no 11 3:3 13 " " "" 100 varSa 72 varSa tIrthaMkara paricaya tAlikA : 301

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kramasaMkhyA 4. 8. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 20 sAdhu saM0 84 hajAra 1 lAkha 2 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 20 hajAra 3 lAkha 30 hajAra lAkha 2 lAkha 50 hajAra 2 lAkha 1 lAkha 84 hajAra 72 hajAra 68 hajAra 66 hajAra 64 hajAra 62 hajAra 21 sAdhvI saM0 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 30 hajAra 3 lAkha 36 hajAra 6 lAkha 30 hajAra 5 lAkha 30 hajAra 4 lAkha 20 hajAra 4 lAkha 30 hajAra 3 lAkha 80 hajAra 1 lAkha 20 hajAra 1 lAkha mAtra 6 1 lAkha 3 hajAra 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 8 sau 62 hajAra 62 hajAra 4 sau 61 hajAra 6 sau 22 zvetAmbara 3 lAkha 50 hajAra 2 lAkha 98 hajAra 2 lAkha 93 hajAra 2 lAkha 88 hajAra 2 lAkha 81 hajAra 2 lAkha 76 hajAra 2 lAkha 57 hajAra 2 lAkha 50 hajAra 2 lAkha 29 hajAra 2 lAkha 89 hajAra 2 lAkha 79 hajAra 2 lAkha 15 hajAra 2 lAkha 8 hajAra 2 lAkha 6 hajAra 2 lAkha 4 hajAra 2 lAkha 90 hajAra 23 digambara 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 2 lAkha 24 zvetAmbara 25 digambara 5 lAkha 54 hajAra 5 lAkha 5 lAkha 45 hajAra 5 lAkha 6 lAkha 36 hajAra 5 lAkha 5 lAkha 27 hajAra 5 lAkha 5 lAkha 16 hajAra 5 lAkha 5 lAkha 5 hajAra 5 lAkha 4 lAkha 93 hajAra 5 lAkha 4 lAkha 91 hajAra 5 lAkha 4 lAkha 71 hajAra 4 lAkha 4 lAkha 58 hajAra 4 lAkha 4 lAkha 48 hajAra 4 lAkha 4 lAkha 36 hajAra 4 lAkha 4 lAkha 24 hajAra 4 lAkha 4 lAkha 14 hajAra 4 lAkha 4 lAkha 13 hajAra 4 lAkha 3 lAkha 93 hajAra 4 lAkha 3 02 : torthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana

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60 hajAra 50 hajAra 40 hajAra 30 hajAra 20 hajAra 18 hajAra 16 hajAra 14 hajAra 60 hajAra 6 sau 60 hajAra 55 hajAra 50 hajAra 41 hajAra 40 hajAra 38 hajAra 36 hajAra 1 lAkha 79 hajAra 1 lAkha 84 hajAra 1 lAkha 83 hajAra 1 lAkha 72 hajAra 1 lAkha 70 hajAra 1 lAkha 71 hajAra 1 lAkha 64 hajAra 1 lAkha 59 hajAra 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 1 lAkha 3 lAkha 81 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 72 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 70 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 50 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 48 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 36 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 39 hajAra 3 lAkha 3 lAkha 18 hajAra 3 lAkha tIrthakara pariNaya tAlikA : 303

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304 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tIrthakara paricaya tAlikA nirdeza : upayukta grantha-zvetAmbara : samavAyAMga ( sama0 ); pravacanasAroddhAra (prava0); Avazyakaniyukti ( A0 ni0), sattarisayadvAra ( satta0 ), digambara : harivaMzapurANa (hari0 pu.), uttarapurANa (u0 pu0) tiloyapaNNatti (ti0p0)| paricaya tAlikA uparokta granthoM ke AdhAra para saMkalita kI gayI hai| jina granthoM meM nAma-sAmya meM vibheda haiM use adholikhita kiyA jA rahA hai tAlikA grantha kA tIrthaMkara kramAMka kyA kahA gayA hai ? kAlama naM. nAma m u0 pu0 u0 pu0 hari0 pu0 u0 pu0 diga0 gra0 dRr3harAjya jayarAmA zarmA jayazyAmA 0 mitrA somA u0 pu0 vinItA kosalapura nnn. 2 is m m m m m m x x x x x ooooom 16, 17, 18 diga0 gra0 priyakAriNI A0 ni0 A0 ni0 u0 pU0 bhadrapura satta0 A0 ni0 gajapurama u0 pu0 dvArAvatI u0 pU0 prathama aveyaka u0 pu0, ti0 pa0 Urdhva graiveyaka prANata svarga AraNa 15vA~ svarga puSpottara vimAna A0 ni0 zyAmA Tagg ' k k ky 2. digambara grantha-diga0 gra0, zvetAmbara grantha-zve0 gra0

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tIrtha kara paricaya tAlikA nirdeza : 305 - tIrthakara kramAMka tAlikA kAlama naM0 grantha kA nAma kyA kahA gayA hai ? | mr m>>>>>>>>>> u0 pu0 75577773 ur 111 u0 pu0 sunandA u0pU0, ti.pa. jayazyAmA di0 ga0 gra0 airA hari0 pu0 rakSitA brAhmo satta0, A0 ni0 ikSvAkubhUmi ti0 10 sAketapurI ti0 50 sAketapurI hari0 pu0 siMhanAdapura hari0 pu. kuzAgranagara ti0pa0 zauropura ti0 50 adhogreveyaka u0 pu0, ti0 pa0 madhya greveyaka ti0 pa0 AraNa yugala ti0pa0 AraNa yugala u0 pu0, ti0 pa0 mahAzukra vimAna ti0pa0 zatArakalpa u0 pu0, ti0 pa0 sarvArthasiddha ti0pa0 aparAjita u0 pu0 prANata u0 pu0 jaina diga0 gra0 revatI satta0 caitra kR08 hari0 pu0, ti0 10 mArga su0 15 diga0 gra0 mAgha su0 12 u0 pu0 caitra zu0 11 diga0 gra0 mArga kR0 1 diga0 pra0 mAgha zu0 14 diga0 gra0 mAgha zu0 13 diga0 gra0 vaizAkha zu0 1

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306 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tAlikA grantha kA tIthaMDUra kramAMka kAlama naM0 nAma 21 22 23 4 13 3 9 12 3 12 14 18 19, 21 20 24 Z z 22, 24 2 3 6 11 14 16 20 21 22 20 20 12 18 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 5 7 7 7 7 7 6 1 7 7 8 8 8 diga0 gra0 hari0 pu0, diga0 gra0 0 gra0 diga0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 hasta diga0 pra0 vizAkhA u0 pu0, ti0 pa0 puSpottaravimAna jayaMta u0 pu0 u0 pu0 ti0 pa0 aparAjitavimAna ti0 pa0 AnatavimAna u0 pu0, ti0 pa0 puSpottaravimAna diga0 gra0 hari0 pu0 satta0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 ti0 pa0 u0 pu0 kyA kahA gayA hai ? uttarASAr3hA mAgha su0 9 kArtika zu0 15 u0 pu0 hari0 pu0 ti0 pa0 zrAvaNa zu0 11 diga0 gra0 kArtika kR0 0 13 diga0 gra0 ASAr3ha kR0 10 0 13 ti0 pa0 vaizAkha zu0 pauSa kR0 11 punarvasu pUrvAbhAdrapada jyeSThA diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 anurAdhA vizAkhA jyeSThA phAlguna kR0 12 jyeSTha kR0 12 jyeSTha kR0 14 Azvina zu0 12 ASAr3ha zu0 10 zrAvaNa zu0 0 6 jyeSThA vizAkhA rohiNI

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jodhakara paricaya tAlikA nirdeza : 307 tIrthaMkara kramAMka tAlikA grantha kA nAma kAlama naM. kyA kahA gayA hai ? * * * * * : : : priyaMgu pIpala diga0 gra0 punarvasu diga0 gra0 mUla diga0 gra0 uttarA diga0 gra0 punarvasu diga0 gra0 uttarASAr3hA diga0 gra0 maghA diga0 gra0 uttarASAr3hA diga0 gra0 jyeSThA diga0 gra0 maghA diga0 gra0 pUrvabhAdrapada hari0 pra0 saptaparNa hari0 pu. hari0 pu. plakSa hari0 pu0 hari0 pu. ghava hari0, pU0, ti0 pa0 haritavarNa hari0 pu0 gaura zveta hari0 pu0 zaMkha ke samAna diga0 gra0 nIlavarNa ti0 pa0, u0 pu0 harita varNa ti0pa0 cakavA ti0pa0 arddhacandra ti0pa0 bhaiMsA ti0pa0 sehI satta0 pUNDarIka ti0 pa0 kesarIsena ti0 50 vajra satta0 sujja-sudyota hari0 balI hari0 pu0 13 12 14 17 17 datta ___

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- 308 : tIrthakara, buddha bora avatAra : eka adhyayana tIrthakara tAlikA grantha kA nAma kramAMka kAlama naM0 kyA kahA gayA hai? | " vaTa " zAlI 8, 9 " , vom.9 202 - hari0 pu. vidarbha diga0 gra. bharaNI diga0 pra0 punarvasu diga0 pra0 azvinI hari0 pu. hari0 pU0 sarala hari0 pu. hari0 pu. jAmuna hari0 pu0 meDhAsoMgI u0 pu0 candramA ke samAna u0 pu0 candramA ke samAna ti0pa0 kunda puSpa di0 gra0 svarNa hari0 pu. zyAmala ti0pa0 bela ti0pa0 nandyAvarta ti0pa0 svastika ti0pa0 sUkara ti0 50 tagara kusuma (matsya) hari0 pu0, ti0 pa0 vRSabhasena ti0 50 vajracamara sama0 suvrata hari0 pu0, ti0 pa0 vajracamara ti0 50 baladatta ti0 pa0 vaidarbha ti0pa0 nAga hari pu0 anagAra satta0 kucchubha ti0pa0 dharma ti0pa0 mandira 7 - 9 1 225 17

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tIrthakara paricaya tAlikA nirdeza : 309 tIrthakara kramAMka kyA kahA gayA hai? jaya indra kumbha tAlikA grantha kA nAma kAlama naM0 hari0 pu0 ti0 50 17 sama0 sama0 ti0pa0 hari0 pu0, ti0pa0 di0 gra0 diga0 pra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 pra0 hari0 pu0, ti0 pa0 hari0 pu0, ti0 50 hari0 pU0, ti0 pu0 diga0 gra0 hari0 pu0, u0 pu. hari pu0, ti0 pa0 ti0pa0 hari0 pu0 sama0, hari0 pu0 ti0 pa0 ti0 50 hari0 pu. hari0 pu0, ti0pa0 hari0 pu0 satta0 diga0 gra0 anantamatI diga0 gra0 suprabha svayaMbhU dharma zrI/dharmAyA varuNA dharaNA varasenA sarvazrI hariseNA kunthusenA madhusenA pUrvadattA mAgiNI yakSI sulokA kunthu kunthu sudharmA jaya ariSTha kunthu vizAkha zomaka AyaMdatta prakubjA anantamatI ghoSA

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310 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana tIrthaMkara kramAMka 11 13 15 17 18 19 20 22 22 23 1 3 5,7 11 13 16 21 24 3 4 9,10 ~ * * * * ove 12 14 17 23 4 11 tAlikA kAlama naM0 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 grantha kA mAma diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 prava0, satta0 u0 pu0 u0 pu0 u0 pu0 prava0, satta0 ti0 pa0 u0 pu0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 hari0 pu0 u0 pu0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 gra0 diga0 diga0 pra0 0 gra0 u0 pu0 hari0 pu0 ti0 pa0 kyA kahA gayA hai ? cAraNA padmA suvratA dAmiNI yakSilA bandhuSeNA puSpadantA jakkhadinnA yakSiNI sulocanA 3 lAkha 50 hajAra 3 lAkha 50 hajAra 3 lAkha 30 hajAra 1 lAkha 20 hajAra 1 lAkha 30 hajAra 60 hajAra 3 sau 45 hajAra 35 hajAra 3 lAkha 20 hajAra 3 lAkha 20 hajAra 3lA0 300 6sI 3 lAkha 80 hajAra 1 lAkha 6 hajAra 1 lAkha 8 hajAra 600 3sau pacAsa 36 hajAra 3 lAkha 30 hajAra 1 lAkha 30 hajAra

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buddha kA nAma janma sthAna pitA kA nAma mAtA kA nAma bodhivRkSa pradhAna - ziSya paricAraka pradhAna ziSyAyeM dIpaMkara ramyavatI U~cAI Ayu (varSa meM) sudeva sumedhA pippalI sumaMgala tiSya sAgata nandA sunandA dharma-sammelana upasthiti prathama dvitIya tRtIya bodhisatva 1 araba 10 kharaba 9 kharaba sumedha 80 hAtha 1 lAkha bauddha dharma ke caubIsa buddhoM kI vivaraNa tAlikA 4 sumana khema 3 kauNDiNya maMgala ramyavatI uttara Ananda uttara uttarA nAgavRkSa bhadra sudeva subhadra dharmasena aniruddha pAlita tiSyA zivalA upatiSyA azokA sujAtA azvattha 10 kharaba 10 kharaba 10 araba 10 araba 90 karor3a 90 karor3a vijitAvI- suruci brAhmaNa rAjA 88 hAtha 1 lAkha 88 hAtha 90 hajAra sudatta sirimA nAgavRkSa zaraNa varuNa bhAvitAtmA brahmadeva saMbhava bhadrA subhadrA udena soNA upasoNA 10 araba 9 kharaba 8 araba atula nAgarAja 5 revata dhanyavatI sudha vipula sudharma vipulA sudharmA nAgavRkSa nAgavakSa 90 hAtha 90 hajAra zobhita anupalabdha kharaba 10 kharaba atideva asama sunetra anoma nakulA sujAtA 7 anomadarzI candravatI sujAta brAhmaNa yazavAn yazodharA ajunavRkSa nisama anoma varuNa sundarI sumanA 1 araba 8 lAkha 90 karor3a 7 lAkha 80 karor3a 6 lAkha yakSa - senApati brAhmaNa 80 hAtha 58 hAtha 58 hAtha 60 hajAra 90 hajAra 1 lAkha 8 padma campaka asama asamA mahAsoNa sAla upasAla varuNa rAmA surAmA 10 kharaba 3 lAkha 2 lAkha siharAja 58 hAtha 1 lAkha bauddha dharma ke caubIsa buddhoM kI vivaraNa tAlikA : 311

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9 10 11 12 14 buddha kA nAma nArada padmottara sumedha sujAta priyadarzI arthadarzI janma sthAna dhanyavatI hasavatI sudarzana sumaMgala anoma zobhita pitA kA nAma sudeva Ananda sudatta ugrata sudatta sAgara mAtA kA nAma anomA sujAtA sudarzanA prabhAvato candA sudarzanA bodhivRkSa mahAsoNa sAlavRkSa mahAnIpa ___ mahAveNu piyaMgu campaka (kadamba) (kakudha) pradhAna-ziSya bhadrasAla devala zaraNa sadarzana pAlita zAnta jitamitra sujAta deva sarvadarzI upazAnta paricAraka vAziSTha sAgara nArada zobhita abhaya pradhAna-ziSyAyeM uttarA amitA rAmA nAgA sujAtA dharmA phAlgunI asamA surAmA nAgasamAlA dharmadattA sudharmA dharma-sammelana upasthiti prathama 10 kharaba 10 lAkha 1 araba 60 hajAra 10 kharaba 9 araba 9 araba 90 karor3a 50 hajAra 90 karoDa 88 lAkha tRtIya 8 kharaba 8 kharaba 80 karor3a 40 hajAra 80 karoDa 88 lAkha bodhisatva tapasvI jaTila uttaramANava cakravartI kAzyapa susIma (RSi) rAjA mANava tApasa UMcAI 88 hAtha 88 hAtha 88 hAtha 50 hAtha 80 hAtha 80 hAtha Ayu (varSa meM). 90 hajAra 1 lAkha 90 hajAra 90 hajAra 90 hajAra 1 lAkha 15 16 dharmadarzI siddhArtha zaraNa vaibhAra zaraNa jayasena sunandA susparzA bimbijAla karNikAra (raktakurabaka) padma sambala puSyadeva sumitra sunetta revata semA (khemA) sivalI sarvanAmA surAmA 312 : tIthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana dvitIya 1 araba 70 karor3a 80 karor3a zakra 10 kharaba 9kharaba 8 kharaba maMgala tApasa 60 hAtha 1 lAkha 80 hAtha 1 lAkha

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* prara buddha kA nAma tiSya janma sthAna kSema pitA kA nAma janasandha mAtA kA nAma padmA bodhivRkSa asanavRkSa pradhAna-ziSya brahmadeva udaya paricAraka saMbhava pradhAna-ziSyAyeM sparzA puSya vipazco kAzI bandhamatI jayasena bandhamAn sirimA bandhumatI Amalaka pATali surakSita khaNDa dharmasena tiSya sabhiya azoka cAlA candrA 20 zikhI vizvabhU kakusandha aruNavato anupama kSema aruNa supratIta agnidatta prabhAvatI yazavato vizAkhA pUNDaroka mahAsAla zirISa abhibhU soNa vidhura saMbhava uttara saMjIva kSemaMkara upazAnta buddhija makhilA domA zyAmA koNAgamana zobhAvatI yajJadatta uttarA udumbara bhoyasa uttarA svastija subhadrA kAzyapa vArANasA brahmadatta dhanavatI nyagrodha tiSya bhAradvAja sarvamitra anulA upacAlA candramitrA upacAlA candrAmatrA padmA sumAlA campakA uttarA uruvelA 30 hajAra 20 hajAra sudattA dharma-sammelana upasthiti prathama 1 araba dvitIya 90 karoDa tRtIya 80 karor3a bodhisatva sujAta kSatriya U~cAI 60 hAtha Ayu (varSa meM) 1 lAkha 60 lAkha 68 lAkha 50 lAkha 1 lAkha 32 lAkha 80 hajAra vijitAvo atula kSatriya nAgarAja 58 hAtha 80 hAtha 90 hajAra 80 hajAra 1 lAkha 80 lAkha 40 hajAra 80 hajAra 70 hajAra 70 hajAra 60 hajAra - arindama sudarzana kSemarAjA rAjA rAjA 37 hAtha 60 hAtha 40 hAtha 37 hajAra 60 hajAra 40 hajAra bauddha dharma ke caubIsa buddhoM kI vivaraNa tAlikA : 311 parvata nAmaka rAjA 30 hAya 30 hajAra jyotipAla mANava 20 hAtha . 20 hajAra -

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bhAgavata purANa meM avatAra kI sUciyA~ dvitIya skandha dazama skandha ' prathama skandha dazama skandha ekAdaza skandha adhyAya-4 adhyAya-3 adhyAya-7 adhyAya-2 adhyAya-40 varAha matsya suyajJa hayagrIva sanakAdi varAha nArada nara-nArAyaNa kacchapa nRsiMha nara-nArAyaNa haMsa dattAtreya sanakAdi RSabha hayagrIva matsya varAha 314 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kapila varAha matsya hayagrova kacchapa varAha nRsiMha vAmana parazurAma rAma kRSNa ; kapila dattAtreya sanakAdi nara-nArAyaNa rAjA pRthu RSabhadeva hayagrIva matsya kacchapa nRsiMha cakrapANi vAmana haMsa rAma parazurAma vAmana kRSNa kUrma dattAtreya yajJa RSabhadeva rAjA pRthu matsya kacchapa dhanvantari mohinI narasiMha vAmana parazurAma vyAsa .. kalki nRsiMha vAmana parazurAma rAma kRSNa manu kalki dhanvantari .

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bauddha dharma ke caubIsa buddhoM kI vivaraNa tAlikA : 315: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / parazurAma balarAma rAma 100 vyAsa kalki balarAma zrIkRSNa rAma buddha hayagrIva kalki haMsa

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harivaMzapurANa vAyu, brahmANDa bhAgavata krama saM0 agni, varAha zivapurANa 1. matsya purANa purANoM meM dasAvatAra kI sUcI mahAbhArata narasiMha devIbhAgavata purANa matsya dharma kUrma kUrma -- dattAtreya purANa matsya matsya dazam vainya (pRthu) kUrma kUrma dattAtreya varAha dattAtreya varAha varAha varAha varAha soma narasiMha narasiMha narasiMha narasiMha narasiMha vAmana vAmana avatAra : eka adhyayana vAmana mAndhAtA narasiMha vAmana parazurAma (jAmadagnya) vAmana parazurAma parazurAma narasiMha vAmana parazurAma (jAmadagnya) vAmana parazurAma parazurAma parazurAma rAma rAma kRSNa rAma rAma kRSNa kRSNa kRSNa kRSNa kRSNa hayagrIva / buddha haMsa arjuna 10. kalki vedavyAsa kalki vedavyAsa kalki kalki balarAma durvAsas

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sahAyaka grantha sUcikA mUla grantha AcArAMgasUtra (prathama : madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara zrutaskandha ) (rAjasthAna), hi0 zrutaskandha, 1980 Rgveda :paM0 rAmagovinda trivedI, iNDiyana presa li., prayAga, 1954 Rgveda saMhitA : saM0 1983 vi., ajamera vaidika yantrAlaya Rgveda saMhitA : epha0 maiksamUlara, bhAga 1,2,3,4, dI caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja Aphisa, vArANasI, 1966 Rgveda saMhitA (prathama, : vaidika yantrAlaya, ajamera, 1983 vi0 dvitIya ) Rgveda-hindI : rAmagovinda trivedI, iNDiyana presa (pablikezana) li0, prayAga, 1954 kalyANa 'agni-purANa'- : aMka varSa 44 saMkhyA 1, sampAdaka hanumAna prasAda garga-saMhitA poddAra, cimmanalAla gosvAmI, motIlAla jAlAna, gItA presa, gorakhapura / kalyANa 'agnipurANa'- : varSa 45, saMkhyA 1, saMpAdaka-hanumAna prasAda gargasaMhitA narasiMha poddAra, cimmanalAla gosvAmI, motIlAla purANa jAlAna, gItA presa, gorakhapura / kalyANa 'devIbhAgavata' : varSa 34, saMkhyA 1, janavarI 1960 kalyANa 'saMkSipta varAha : varSa 51, saMkhyA 1, saMpAdaka-hanumAna prasAda purANAGka' poddAra, motIlAla jAlAna, gItA presa, gorkhpur| kalyANa 'saMkSipta viSNu- : varSa 28, aMka 1, saMpAdaka-hanumAna prasAda purANAMka' poddAra, cimmanalAla gosvAmI, ghanazyAma jAlAna, gItA presa, gorkhpur| kalyANa saMkSipta brahma- : varSa 37, saMkhyA 1, saMpAdaka-hanumAna prasAda vaivartapurANAMka poddAra, gItA presa, gorakhapura / kuAna zarIpha : mutarjamaH varahAziyaH, kitAba ghara, lakhanaU sAtavA~ saMskaraNa, 1985 I.

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318 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana khuddakanikAya gItA jAtaka jinasahasranAma tatvArtha sUtra dhammapada buddhavaMsa-aTThakathA buddhavaMso bodhicaryAvatAra bhagavadgItA nandisUtram : saM0 munipuNyavijaya, prAkRta grantha pariSad, vArANasI - 5, ahamadAbAda - 9, 1966 padmapurANa : dolatarAma jI, vIrasevA mandira, dillI, prayAga, 1950 pANini aSTAdhyAyI : bhaMDArakara orieNTala risarca insTIcyUTa, pUnA, 1935 buddhacaryA bhAgavata (prathama bhAga, dvitIya bhAga) : bhikkhu jagadIza kAzyapa, vihAra rAjya pAli pablikezana borDa, prathama - 1959, dvitIya - 1959, caturtha bhAga - 1960, paMcama - 1960 : gItA presa, gorakhapura / : bhadanta Ananda, kausalyAyana, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, prathama - SaSTha, 1942, 1946, 1951, 1954, / : paMDita, AzAdhara bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, prathama saMskaraNa, pharavarI 1954 : saMpAdaka - DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA, zrI jamanalAla jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI - 5, 1976 : Ananda kosallAnena jagadIsakassapena, uttamabhikkhunA pakAsito, 2481 buddhavacchare : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, zivaprasAda gupta, sevA upavana, kAzI, vi0 1980 : saMzo0 - DaoN0 pArasapati nAtha siMha, navanAlandA mahAvihAra (vihAra), vi0 2033 : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, uttama bhikkhunApakA sito, 1937 : zAntideva, buddhavihAra, lakhanaU, prathama saM0 1955, : zAMkarabhASya, 14vA~ saMskaraNa, gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2042 paMcama saMskaraNa, gotA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2021

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" - sahAyaka grantha sUcikA : 319 matsyapurANa (uttarArdha) : varSa 59 kA kalyANa, gItApresa, gorakhapura, 1985 matsyapurANa (prathama : saM0 zrIrAma zarmA, AcArya saMskRta saMsthAna khaNDa, dvitIya khaNDa) (vedanagara) barelI, 1970 mahAbhAratam saM0 paM0 rAmacandra zAstrI prathama, 1930 I. san zaMkara narahara jozI, pUnA yajurveda-saMhitA : dAmodara bhaTTa, svAdhyAya maMDala, auMdha, saM0 1948 yajurveda-saMhitA :zrInivAsa mahArAja, zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara prakAzana, svAdhyAya maNDala, auMdha, 1948 vi0, 1849 liMgapurANa (prathama : saMpAdaka paM0 zrIrAma zarmA, AcArya saMskRta saMsthAna, khaNDa, dvitIya khaNDa) (vedanagara) barelI, 1969 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa : saM0-vAsudeva zAstrI, pAMDuraMga jAvAlI, bambaI caturtha, 1930 viSNupurANa : chaThA saMskaraNa, gItA presa, saM 2024 viSNupurANa : zrIrAma zarmA, AcArya saMskRta saMsthAna khvAjA (prathama, dvitIya khaMDa) kutuba barelI, dvitIya saMskaraNa-1969, caturtha saMskaraNa-1969 zatapathabrAhmaNa : paM0 candradhara zarmaNA, acyuta graMthamAlA kAryAlaya, (prathama, dvitoya bhAga) kAzI, saM0 1974, 1997 saMyuktanikAya bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa evaM dharmarakSita, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, prathama saMskaraNa, 1954 samavAyAMga : sampA0 yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni, anu0 paM0 hIrAlAla jo zAstrI, zrI Agama prakAzana samita byAvara, rAjasthAna, 1982 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra (prathama, : AtmajJAna poTha-mAnasA, 1979 dvitIya zrutaskandha) sUtrakRtAMga (prathama, : saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, rAjadvitIya zrutaskandha) sthAna, 1982 sthAnAMgasUtra : anu0 paM0 hIrAlAla zAstrI, zrI Agama prakAzana byAvara, rAjasthAna, 1981

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320 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana avatAra sahAyaka grantha : enIbeseNTa, thiyosAphikala pabliziMga hAusa, ADyAra, madrAsa, 1995 Avazyaka niyukti : haribhadrasUri, vi0 saM0 2038 (bhAga 1) IzadUta IsA svAmI vivekAnanda, zrIrAmakRSNa Azrama, nAgapura, mArca, 76 IsA masIha kI vANI : zrIrAmakRSNa Azrama, nAgapura, jUna, 79 RSabhadeva-eka : devendramuni zAstrI, tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, parizIlana udayapura, rAjasthAna, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1977 jIva se jina kI ora : harendra prasAda varmA, jJAnama-bhAgalapura, 1974 jaina aMgazAstra ke : DaoN0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2, anusAra mAnava prathama saM0, navambara, 1974 vyaktitva kA vikAsa jaina tarkabhASA (hindI : anu0 paM0 zobhA candra bhArilla, zrItriloka ratna anuvAda sahita) sthAnaka vAsI jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI, __ ahamadanagara jainatva ko jhAMkI : amaramuni, zrI sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, SaSThama saMskaraNa, 1979 jainadharma kA maulika : hastImala jI, jaina itihAsa samiti, jayapura (rAja itihAsa (prathama, sthAna) prathama saMskaraNa, 1974 dvitIya bhAga) jaina, bauddha aura gItA : DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jaya kA samAja darzana pura, 1982 jaina bauddha aura gItA : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, kA sAdhanAmArga jayapura (rAjasthAna), 1982 / / jainasiddhAnta paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, prathama saMskaraNa, 1983 dharma aura darzana : viSNudeva upAdhyAya, nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, prathama saMskaraNa 1978 nayA niyama arthAt prabhu : bAibila sosAyaTI Apha iNDiyA, baMgalaura, 1979 yIza kA susamAcAra .

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sahAyaka grantha sUcikA : 321 nidAnakathA ( hindI : maheza tivArI, caukhambA saMskRta sIroja Aphisa anuvAda sahita ) vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa, 1970 pArasI dharmaM evaM seme-: DaoN0 aruNa banarjI, Arya bhASA saMsthAna, vArANasI, Tika dharmoM meM prathama saM0 1982 mokSa kI dhAraNA pArasI dharma kyA kahatA hai ? bodhicaryAvatAra boddhadarzana bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana (dvitIya bhAga) bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa bauddhadhamaM darzana bRhadevatA ( prathama, dvitIya) 4 bhagavadgItA bhagavadgItA rahasya bhAratIya darzana (prathama bhAga, dvitIya bhAga) : zrIkRSNa datta bhaTTa, sarvasevA saMgha prakAzana rAjaghATa, vArANasI, pAMcavAM saMskaraNa, jUna 85 : zAnti deva, buddhavihAra, lakhanaU, prathama, 1955 : baladeva upAdhyAya, zAradA mandira, gaNeza dIkSita, vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa, 1946 : bharata siMha upAdhyAya, baMgAla hindI meMDala kalakattA, prathama saMskaraNa, vi0 saM0 2011 : DaoN0 govinda candra pANDeya, hindI samiti, sUcanA vibhAga, uttara pradeza, lakhanaU, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1976 I0 : A0 narendradeva, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, prathama saMskaraNa, I0 1956, vi0 2013 : e0 e0 maikDonela; hAravarDa yUnivarsiTI, prathama saMskaraNa, 1904 I0 bhagavatIsUtra para : sampAdaka paM0 - zobhAcandra jI bhArilla, hitecchu zrI javAhirAcArya zrAvaka maNDala, ratalAma vorAbda- 2471, ke vyAkhyAna vikramAbda - 2002 : rAdhAkRSNan, sarasvatI vihAra, dillI- 110032, sAtavAM saMskaraNa, 1980 I0 : bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, rAmacandra, balavanta tilaka, puNe, saptama saMskaraNa, 1933 I0 : DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa, , dillI - 6, prathama saMskaraNa (1966-69 )

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322 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana bhAratIya saMskRti meM : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana, sAhitya jainadharma kA pariSad, bhopAla, prathama saMskaraNa, 1962 I0 yogadAna madhyakAlIna sAhitya : kapiladeva pANDeya, caukhambA vidyA bhavana,vArANasI, meM avatAravAda prathama saMskaraNa-vi0 saM0 2020 muhammada paigambara ko : zrIrAmakRSNa Azrama, nAgapura, jUna, 78 I0 vANo yajurveda bhASAbhASya : zrI dayAnanda sarasvatI, vaidika yantrAlaya, ajamera, (dvitIya bhAga, caturtha saMskaraNa, vi0 saM0 1986 bhASAnuvAda) rAma-kathA : kAmila balke, hindI pariSada vizvavidyAlaya, prayAga, navambara, 1950 lalitavistara : anu0-zAnti bhikSu zAstrI, uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, prathama saMskaraNa, 1984 vacana bAbU jI : rAdhA svAmI TrasTa, AgarA, tIsarA saMskaraNa, mahArAja bhAga 1 1961 I0 vizuddhi mArga (prathama, : bhikSu dharma rakSita, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, dvitIya bhAga) vArANasI, 1957 vedavANo : sampAdaka-brahmadatta jijJAsu, vedavANI kAryAlaya, vArANasI, varSa 14, aMka 4-8 vaidika devatA, udbhava : DaoN0 gayAcaraNa tripAThI, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana aura vikAsa- dillI-vArANasI, prathama saMkaraNa, 1981 prathama khaNDa zivapurANa kI : DaoN. ramAzaMkara tripAThI, harizaMkara tripAThI, dArzanika tathA DumarAva kAlonI, assI, vArANasI, 1976 .. dhArmika samAlocanA zikSA samuccaya : lekhaka zrI parazarAma zarmA, dI mithilA insTIcyUTa Apha posTa grejueTa sTaDIja eNDa risarca ina saMskRta laniMga, darabhaMgA, 1961 harivaMzakathA : jinasena, ahiMsA mandira prakAzana dillI-6, prathama, 1970

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koza jainendra siddhAnta koza bhAga 1-4 saMskRta hindI koza DikzanarI Apha pAli prApara nemsa bhAga 1, e0 DI0 bhAga 2 pAli - iMgliza DikzanarI sahAyaka grantha sUcikA : 323 : kSu0 jinendra varNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, prathama saMskaraNa, 1971, 50 va0-1972, za0 ha0 1973 : bAmana zivarAma ApTe jI0 pI0 malAlazekara, landana, jaoNna mare, alabemaleM sTrITa, pablizDa phAra dI gavarnamenTa 1937, 1938 DablyU 0 AI0 Apha iNDiyA, : TI0 DablyU Ara eca vAI DeviDa eNDa viliyama sTIDe dI pAlI TeksTa sosAyaTI, landana /

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Page #342
zabdAnukramaNikA atizaya, 38 atIta-buddha, 15, 143, 144, 148, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, 34 aMguttara nikAya, 106, 107, 121 aMtakRtdazAMga, 83 aMtakRddazA, 50 akartRtvavAda, 93 akriyAvAda, 93, 94 aMgramainya , 18 ajJAnavAda, 93 agni, 76, 186, 192, 198 agnideva, 58 agniputra, 57 agnipurANa, 62, 65, 193, 195, 222, 288 agnisena, 57 acalA, 137, 139 adhiSmatI, 137, 138 acela-dharma, 85 acyutitaH, 170 akSobhya, 146 ajita, 56, 67, 142 ajitakezakambala, 67 ajitakezakambali, 94 ajitathera, 67 ajitanAtha, 274 ajitavIyaM, 60 ajitasena, 57 aTThakathA, 84 atipAva, 57 atharvaveda, 65, 174, 180, 195, 196, 198, 200, 203, 215, 225, 228, 255 atharvasaMhitA, 201, 226, aditi, 187, 199, 237 adInazatru, 80 advaitavAdI, 242 advayavaca, 146 adhikAra, 132, 287 adhimakticaryAbhUmi, 137 adhyAtma-rAmAyaNa, 202 adhyAtmavAda, 4 anantakozIya, 238 ananta, 56, 74 anantajJAna, 38 anantacatuSTaya, 9 ananta-jina, 56 anantavijaya, 59 anantavIrya, 58, 60 anala, 237 anAgata, 143 anAgata buddha, 15 anAgata-vaMza, 144 anAgAmI-bhUmi, 134, 136 anAtmavAda, 93, 169, 258 anAtmavAdI. 170, 172

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326 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana anAsakti, 6, 241 anAsaktavAda, 250 anila, 57, 237 anivRtti, 59 anIzvaravAda, 3, 8, 25, 168, 176, 283 anIzvaravAdI dharma, 284 anuyogadvAra, 51 anubhUtasatya, 6 anuzAsanaparva, 181 anomadarzI, 148, 153 antarAtmA, 10 antarAbhava, 115 antarAya, 31 andhapRthakajana, 134 anyonyavAda, 94 aparigraha, 27 apAyApagamAtizaya, 38 apsarA, 239 'appA so paramappA', 271, 272 abhayadevasUri, 40 amalaprabha, 58 abhidharmakoza, 114 abhidhU, 144 abhinandana, 56, 68 abhiniSkramaNa, 262 abhiniSkramaNa-mahotsava, 37 abhimukti, 137 abhimukhI, 138 abhiSeka, 136 abhisamayAlaMkArAloka, 118 abhijJA, 130 amarakoza, 214 amalakappA, 86 amitajJAnI (ananta), 57 amitAya, 146 amitAbha, 146 amitAbha buddha, 265 ambikA, 291 amoghasiddhi, 146 ayaM AtmA brahma, 271 ayodhyA, 60, 67, 68, 74 ara, 50, 56 araka, 78,79 araNi, 214 aranAtha, 77 aranemi, 79 aravinda, 177 araha, 29, 53 arahanta, 11, 27, 28, 31 ariSTanemi, 30, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 79, 81, 82, 83, 257, 266 arihanta, 32, 42, 130, 285 aruNAbha, 198 arUparAga, 136 arUpasamAdhi, 131, 132 arUpAvacara dhyAna, 132 arjuna, 186, 188, 190, 203, 217, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 289 arthadarzI, 148, 156, 157 arddha-pazu, 241 addha-mAnava, 241 ahaMnta, 32

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ahaMt, 32, 89, 107, 111, 114, 141, 142, 143, 205, 258, 285, 287 arhatpada, 108, 122, 125, 287 arhattva, 133 arhat-bhUmi, 134, 136 arhatAvasthA, 10, 136 alarahamAna, 282 alarka, 220 allAha, 23, 24, 281, 282, 283 alI, 210 avaiNNu, 177 avacetana mana, 236 avataraNa, 290 avatarita, 176 avatAra, 209, 288 avatArArthaM, 176 avatAravAda, 31, 100, 165, 173, 177, 185, 188, 191, 202, 205, 225, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 250, 252, 255, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 288, 289, 290, 291 avatArI, 174 avatAritA, 176 avatIrya, 176 avatta, 174 avattara, 174, 175 avata, 174 avadhAraNa, 176 avadhijJAna, 261 avadhijJAnI, 54 avasarpiNI kAla, 50, 56, 58, 68, 72, 285 Care ( astAga), 57 avidyA, 136 avimukta, 184 asta, 19 zabdAnudra maNikA : 327 avyAkRta, 164 asaMga, 126, 137 asama, 58 asaMjvala, 57 asrasanataH, 170 asitadevala, 34 asura, 192, 239 asura saMhAra, 204 asteya, 27 asthi-kaMkAla, 240 assI anuvyaMjana, 125 aSTa-sahasrikA prajJApAramitA, 122 aSTAMgamArga, 128 aSTAdhyAyI, 164, 175 aSTAdaza, 125 aMzAvatAra, 200, 201, 202, 204, 214, 230, 289 aMzAvataraNaparva, 186 azva, 212, 228, 241 azva-mukha, 239 azvamedha 227 azvasena, 84 azvinI kumAra, 266 " 1

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328 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana ahaM tattva, 234 Adama, 281 ahaM brahmAsmi, 271, 282, 290 Adarza - ahaM ( Super ego), 234 ahada (asIma ), 283 Adi kalpika buddha, 260 ahamada ( sasIma ), 282 ahicchatra, 86 ahiMsA, 27, 241, 257, 268 ahuramaz2adA, 18 AMgirasa, 203 AkUti, 220 Agneya, 219 A Agneya kumAra, 214 AcArya kuMdakuMda, 53, 99, 100 AcArya bhadrabAhu, 99 AcArya yAska, 178 AcArya samantabhadra, 98 AcArya haribhadra, 32 AcArAMga, 11, 12, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 47, 54, 55, 90, 93, 96, 97, 256, 263, 266, 268, 286 AjIvaka, 93 AjIvaka sampradAya, 65 'ANAye mAmagaM dhammaM', 97, 268, Ananda, 120, 147 Anandagiri, 225 Anandavana, 184 AyAvAdI, 93 Ayurveda, 224 AriyAyaNa, 34 AryagaNDavyUhasUtra, 141 Aryasatya, 13 Avazyaka cUrNa, 48, 52, 55, 90 AviSTa, 176 AveNika-dharmaM, 125 Asakti, 6 286 Avazyaka niyukti, 51, 52, 54, AsaktihIna, 251 55 Atreya kumAra, 214 AtmA, 2, 271, 272 AtmakalyANa, 33 AtmadIpa, 107 AtmavAda, 5, 173 Atma-sRjana, 175 Aditya, 226 AdityoM, 199 AdityagaNa, 180 Adidaivika dRSTi, 181 Adi buddha, 260 Adi-varAha, 274 AdyayajJa-puruSa, 220 Adhibhautika dRSTi, 181 AdhyAtmika, 237 AdhyAtmika vikAsa, 259 AsthA, 233 AspaikTsa Apha vaiSNavijma, 194 AzAvAdI darzana, 245 Ahuti, 220 olDenavarga, 178 oinasa 179 auddhatya, 136

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zabdAnukramaNikA : 329 aupapAtika, 50, 114, 115, 116, 253, 271, 283, 284, 288, 289, 292 Izvaratva, 107 icchApUrti (Wishrulfilment), 233 Izvara-putra, 7, 21, 284 ikSvAku, 199 IzvaravAda, 190, 253, 254, 273 ikSvAku kula 60 IzvaravAdI, 3, 8, 25, 283 ijarAyala, 19 IhAmRga, 237 inasAnulAmila, 283 inTroDaksana TU tAMtrika buddhijma, 206 / / uggahIniya, 84 inDiyana eMTIkverI, 207 uccatama loka, 232 inDiyana philosophI, 203 uccAra-prasrAva (mala-mUtra), 259 inDiyana sekTa Apha do janAsa, 91,92 ucchedavAda, 94, 138, 164 indra, 76, 89, 102, 177, 178, uttaraNa, 290 183, 186, 187, 188, uttarApathaka, 259 191, 195 198, 200, utpanna, 176 201, 203, 204, 212, uttama, 144 245, 246, 255, 258, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 9, 12, 27, 29, 276, 288, 291, 292, 30, 33, 50, 51, 78, 81, indra-viSNu, 217 85, 86, 88, 93, 98, 99, indriyalipsA, 136 100, 101, 258, 266 izi, 131 uttAravAda, 31, 177, 271 isibhAsiyAI, 34, 258 utsarpiNI, 50, 57, 58, 59, 285 islAma, 7, 16, 22, 24, 281, utsAha, 58 282 udaya, 58 islAma dharma, 280, 283 uddhAradeva, 58 upAya kauzala, 127 IrAna, 92 upAsakadazA, 49 Isaramata, 93 upAzAnta, 57 IsAI dharma, 7, 16, 20, 24 u0 brAhmaNa, 201 IsA (krAisTa), 17, 20, 241 umA dAru yoSita kI naaii| Izvara, 60, 102, 174, 176, sabahi nacAvata rAmu gosAI // ' 252 177, 205 210, 233, umAsvAti, 99 234, 235, 242, 248, urukrama, 182, 198

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330 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana urugAya, 182 ulUga, 93 uvasaggahara, 270 usa pavaraM vIraM, 66 U U~Ta, 212 R Rgaveda, 61, 62, 63, 67, 83, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 215, 217, 220, 228, 246, 255 Rgveda saMhitA, 214, 218, 220, 229 RcIka, 241 RSabha, 29, 30, 35, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 209, 212, 213, 215, 220, 221, 257, 266, 274, 276, 288 RSabha gItA, 221 RSabhAnana, 60 RSidatta, 57 RSibhASita, 29, 86, 88, 266 e 238 eka kozIya, ekAnta dRSTi, 93 ekAntika mata, 216 ekAntika mArga, 138 ekezvaravAda, 16, 22 ekezvaravAdI, 187 ena0 ena0 basu, 64 eDalara, 235 enIbesenTa, 177, 209, 210 enthropvAiDa, 239, 241 epika mAitholAjI, 195 179 epha0 DablyU 0 thAmasa, emuSa, 195, 196 evayA, 182 evayAvAn, 182 eSa, 182 ai aitareya brAhmaNa, 194, 201 airAvata kSetra, 57, 58, 59, 285 ka kaMsa, 275 kakusandha, 147, 148, 162 kaccha, 211 kacchapa, 223 kaThopaniSad, 178, 186, 255, 288 karaNDa - vyUha, 206, 258 karUNA, 126 kathAvatthu, 106, 259, 286 kardama- prajApati, 219 kanaka-muni, 146 kanphyUsiyasa, 92, 241 kapila, 209, 215, 218, 258, 266 kapiladeva pANDeya, 145 kapilamata, 93 karma, 128 karma kSaya atizaya, 39, 40 karma-kANDa, 3, 257 karma - bandhana, 277

Page #348
karma-mArga, 5 karma-siddhAnta, 253 kammAvAdI, 93 kampilapura, 80 kakuchanda, 146 kranujAteya rAma, 201 karakaNDU, 33 kalkAcArya, 208 kalA, 235, 236 kalAvatAra, 225, 226, 230 kalkirAja, 207 kaliyuga, 211 kalka (pApa), 207 kalki, 192, 199, 207, 209 211, 288 kalki avatAra, 226 kalki purANa, 208 kalyANa pRthakajana, 134 kalpasUtra, 12, 36, 48, 51, 55, 86, 90, 256, 263, 265 kavalAhAra, 45 kavila, 93 kaSAyapAhur3a, 53 kazyapa, 147, 206, 237 kassapa, 146, 147 kAkandI, 71 kAkA kAlelakara, 210 kAThiyAvAr3a,83 kArtavIryArjuna, 200 kAma, 237 kAmadhenu, 241 kAma-rAga, 136 zabdAnukramaNikA : 331 kAmila bulke, 206 kAmpilya, 86 kAmpilyapura; kAyadhAraNa, 176 kAyabala, 117 kAvAla, 93 kAvAliya, 93 kAzI, 183 kAzirAja, 224 kAzyapa, 147, 148, 263 kAzyapa gotra, 60 kinnara, 239 kimpuruSa, 237, 239 kiriyAvAdI, 93 kriyAkAritva, 172 kriyAvAda, 93 krisTanA, 179 kRpA, 168, 290 kRSNa, 24, 50, 82, 98, 130, 179, 191, 192, 199, 202 203, 204, 209, 212, 217, 226, 230, 239, 241, 244, 257 2.8, 264, 266, 267, 275, 280, 281, 288 kRSNa AMgirasa, 202 kRSNa dvaipAyana vyAsa, 225, 236 kRSNamati, 58 kRSNa-rukmiNI, 191 kRSNavarAha, 196 kRSNAsura, 203 kIrti, 237 kotha, 195, 197

Page #349
332 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana kuAna zarIpha, 24, 281 kauA, 212 kuNAla, 80 kauNDinya, 148, 150 kuNAla-jAtaka, 258 kaumAra-sarga, 215 kuNDapura, 89 kauzAmbI, 86 kuMthu, 51, 53, 56, 77 kauzAmbInagara, 69 kumAra, 210, 214 . kauSItaki brAhmaNa, 203 kummAputta, 34 klezAvaraNa, 142 kurAna, 281 kSaNikavAda, 170, 171, 258 kurukSetra, 196 kSaNikavAdI, 170 krusTanA, 179 kSaNikavAdI-darzana, 170 kUTasthanitya-AtmA, 5 kSatriya, 230 kUrma, 192, 193, 194, 195, 208, 209, 223, 228, 239, 240, 255, 266, 288 khAtuma, 282 kUrma-(sarIsRpa-Reptile), 239 khAsima, 281 kUrma-purANa, 62, 65 khuddakanikAya, 103, 105 kUrmayuga (Amphibian Age), 239 khojA sampradAya, 210 ke0 ema0 munzI, 200 ke0 vI0 pAThaka, 207 garDala (sUtra), 18 ketalIputta, 34 gaja-grAha, 231 kevala-darzana, 31 gajapura, 77 kevala-jJAna, 31, 68 gajendra-hari avatAra, 230 kevalajJAnI, 54, 57 gajendra-hari, 229, 231 kevalI, 32, 45 gaNadhara, 32, 33, 35 kezava, 274 gaNeza, 86 kezI, 63 gatyarthaka, 179 kailAza parvata (aSTApada), 66 gandharvo, 228 kailAzacandra, paM0, 66 gandharva, 121, 188, 239 kaivalya, 259, 261, 285 garbha, 221 kaivalya kalyANaka, 37 garbha-kalyANa, 36, 37 kaivalya mahotsava, 36, 38 garbhastinemi, 181 koNAgamana, 147, 148, 162 garbhApaharaNa, 79 konAgamana, 146 garbhAvakrAnti, 36, 261

Page #350
zabdAnukramaNikA : 333 garbhAvataraNa, 37 gautama, 103, 104, 105, 107, garur3a, 181, 231 144, 186 garur3a-purANa, 62, 65 gautama buddha, 13, 14, 21, 84, 115, 148, 205, 206 garutmata, 181 gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, 213 gyunTarTa, 178 gha gAdhi, 241 ghaTajAtaka, 258 gAyatrI, 214 ghora-aMgirasa, 83 griphitha, 175 gItA, 98, 101, 175, 188, caupannamahApurisacariyaM, 48, 53, 55 189, 190, 200, 202, cakrapANi, 229 203, 216, 218, 219, cakrezvarI, 291 229, 230, 231, 244, caturmukha kalki, 207 247, 249, 250, 251, caturvidha saMgha, 28, 285 252, 253, 254, 267, cattukkanipAta, 84 268, 270, 272, 278, candra, 237 281, 289 candrachAga, 80 grIka, 17, 179 candrapura, 71 grIsa, 92 candraprabha, 56, 70, 277 gRhastha, 130 candra bAhu, 60 guNabhadra, 54 candramA, 190 guNasamprApti, 130, 287 candrAnana, 60 guptisena, 57 campA, 73, 80, 86 gurutmat, 179 caraga, 93 guha-samAja, 146 carama-bhavika, 259 gokula dAsa De, 165, 204 cAkSuSa-manu, 229 gorakSA, 247 cAkSuSa-manvantara, 193 gopAla, 274 cAturyAma, 52 goloka, 264 cAturyAma-dharma, 88 govardhanadhArI, 274 cAturyAma saMvaravAda, 94 govAlu 264 cAra Aryasatya, 103, 106 govindAnanda vAcaspati, 225 cAraNa, 239 gozAlaka, 12, 49, 55, 66 cAra bhUmiyA~, 133 gosvAmI tulasIdAsa, 245, 246 cAra vaizArada,

Page #351
334 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana cAlDI sabhyatA, 19 citragupta, 59 cittadhArA, 171, 173 cittavijAnanazakti, 131 cittavistarA, 136 citta-saMtati, 171 cIna, 92 cullaniddesa, 103, 142 cauMtIsa atizaya, 35 cyavanasthala, 53 cha 133 chaH adhyAzaya, chandatA, 132, 287 chAndogya upaniSad, 83, 203, 214, 215, 220, 227, 229 cheda-sUtra, 51 chedopasthAnIya cAritra, 11 ja jagannAtha upAdhyAya, 171 jaNNavakka (yAjJavalkya), 34 jantu, 208, 209 janmakalyANaka, 37 janmanideza, 136 janmAbhiSeka, 37 jambUdvIpa, 56, 57, 59, 278, 279 jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 48, 50, 266 jayadhavalA, 91 jaya-vijaya, 248 jayasenapratiSThApATha, 58 jarathustra, 16, 17, 18, 92, 241 jarAyuja, 114, 115, 117 jala - pazu, 240 jala-sthala ubhaya pazu, 240 jAtaka, 147 jAtaH, 176 jAtatthaM, 133 jAmadagneya rAma, jAmAli, 49, 55, 89 jAyate, 176 199, 200 jAyamAna, 175 jitazatru, 67, 80 jina, 104 jina - i-i- saraH', 64 jina kRtArthaM, 57 jinacaritra, 51 jinatva, 8, 273 jina bIja, 8 jinavRSabha, 57 jinasena, 54,62 jinezvara, 64 jiSNu, 179 jIvavijJAna, 237 jIvAtmA, 271, 272 je0 goda, 194 jetavana, 112 jendAvestA, 212 jeminI, 201 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 100 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga, 2 jaina satya prakAza, 86 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, 78 jaiminibrAhmaNa, 194 jaiva vijJAna, 235

Page #352
zabdAnukramaNikA : 335 jaivika, 237 tapasvanI rAma, 201 joroAsTara, 17 tANDya brAhmaNa, 62 joroAsTriyAnijpa, 17 tAmrayugIna sindhu sabhyatA, 64 johAnsana, 179 tArA, 291 jaikobI, 201 titthayara, 29, 78 tiryaka, 191 tiloyapaNNatti, 48, 53, 54, 91, jJAtAdharmakathA, 29, 48, 49, 79 276 285 tiSya, 148, 159 jJAtRputra, 92 torthakaratva, 129, 272, 273, jJAna, 99, 251, 291 277, 285, 290, jJAnamati, 58 tIrthaMkara nAmakarma, 46, 47, 49 jJAnamArga, 5 jJAnamImAMsA, 99 tIrthakara-nirdoSa vyaktitva, 45 jJAna-vijJAna, 235 tIrtha, 285 jJAnAtizaya, 38 tuccha-mAnava, 239 jJAnAvaraNIya, 31 tulasIdAsa-granthAvalo, 245 jJAnI, 106 tuSita devaloka, 109, 259, 260, 262 jJAnezvara, 58 tuSitaloka, 205 jJApita jAtaka, 258 tettaliputta, 34 jJeyAvaraNa, 142 taittirIya AraNyaka, 62, 180, 181, 196, 217, 225 taccanniya, 93 taittirIya brAhmaNa, 175, 201 tahakara, 148 taittirIya saMhitA, 196, 199, 220, tattvajJAna, 237 255, 266 tattvArthasUtra, 46 tairthika, 260 tatsad-brahma, 183 todeyya, 144 tathatA, 126 trikAyavAda, 116, 121, 124, tathAgata, 106, 119, 124, 137, 145, 259, 287, 291 146, 164, 168, 170, 279 trikAlajJa, 38 tathAgataguhyaka, 146, 176, 280 tridaMDI, 61 tapa, 257 triratna, 278 tapasyA, 256 trivikrama, 198, 246

Page #353
336 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 48, 53, dazavaikAlika, 29, 51 61, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, dazAzrutaskandha, 51 73, 74, 75, 77, 78,80, dAna, 204 81, 82, 86 dAna pAramitA, 137 trizalA, 89 dAmodara, 57 tretAyuga, 211 di bhagavadgItA, 177 tredhA vicakramaNa, 179 divya janma, 175 tyAga, 257 divyAvadAna, 114 tvaSTA, 212 dI avAriphula mAripha, 281, 282, tRSNA, 169 283 dIkSA, 261 thaoNmasa blAka, 179 dIkSAkalyANaka, 37, 130 therIgAthA, 147, 165 dIkSA hotsava, 36 dIpaMkara, 148, 149, 206 dakSa-prajApati, 216 dI bodhisatva DAkTrina, 165, 206 datta, 57 dI maiseja Apha gItA, 177 dattAtreya, 209, 215, 219 dIrghasoNI, 144 dattAtreya anusuiyA, 220 dIghanikAya, 27, 105, 107, 108, damita kuMThAoM, 235 110, 111, 119, 147, damoha, 208 256, 260, 265, 266 dayAla deza, 211 dudhadevA, 17 darAgA nadI, 19 durArohA, 136 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA, 78, 86 durgAcArya, 198 dasaNamUlo dhammo, 100 durjayA, 136, 138 dasa avasthAyeM ( bhUmiyA~ ), 137 dubhikSAntara, 166 dasa bala, 124, 148, 205 durmukha, 33 dasa-caraNa, 136 dUraMgamA, 137, 138 dasa bhUmiyA~, 124, 136 deva, 115, 117, 121, 188, 191 dasa bhUmizAtra, 137 devakI, 203 darzanaprAbhRta, 100 devakRta atizaya, 39, 40 darzanAvaraNIya, 31 devatA, 117, 192, 239, 247, dazabhakti, 91 276 dazaratha jAtaka, 258 devadhamma jAtaka, 258

Page #354
zabdAnukramaNikA : 337 deva nArada, 34 164, 171, 205, 206, devaputra ahaMn, 59 259 devayaza, 60 dharmacakra, 111, 169 devayoni, 279 dharmatAbuddha, 145 devaloka, 111, 112, 260, 261, dharmatIrtha, 267 279 dharmadarzI, 148, 156, 157 devavAdI, 3 dharmadAyAda, 121 devavAda, 102 dharmadhvaja, 59 devazarma, 11 dharmanairAtmya, 126, 137 devazruta, 58 dharmapravartaka, 292 devAnandA ahaMn, 59 dharmapAlaka, 215 devAnandA, 49, 55, 89 dharmaputra, 121 devindathuI, 267 dharmamedhA, 137, 139 devIbhAgavata, 288 dharmasaMgha, 259 devendra, 37 dharma-sthApanA, 249 devendra muni zAstrI, 86 dharmAkAza, 139 devopapAta, 59 dharmAnanda kozAmbI, 83 dehadaNDana, 2, 86, 87 dharmAnusArI bhUmi, 134 devIyakaraNa, 291 dharmAnusmRti, 135 dohakAza, 176 dharmIzvara (jinezvara), 57 dravir3a, 241 dharmopadeSTA, 7 droNa brAhmaNa, 121 dhArAnagarI, 208 draupadI, 187 dhArmika Izvara ( The Religious dvanda, 190 God) 234 dhArmika manovRtti, 235 dvApara, 211, 225 dhenu, 246 dhanuSabANa, 237 dhyAna, 204 dhanvantari, 209, 223, 224 dhyAnapAramitA, 138 dhammapada, 66,105 dhara; 57 naggati, 33 dharma, 56, 74 nandI, 66, 89 dharmakAya, 114, 116, 117, 118, nandisena, 57 121, 124, 127, 145, naphs, 281

Page #355
338 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana nami, 33, 50, 56, 81 nArAyaNa, 182, 185, 186, 187, nami pravrajyA, 81 200, 204, 206, 217, namucI, 198 224, 228, 231, 258, namotthuNaM, 26 279, 280 narakaloka, 260 nArAyaNa-amarakoSa, 214 narakAsura, 187 nArAyaNaRSi, 216, 217 nara-nArAyaNa, 209, 216, 217, nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna, 196, 199, 218, 219 200, 201, 231 narasiMha avatAra, 225 nAlAgiripalleyya, 144 navatattvaprakaraNa, 100 nigaMTha, 92 navapASANa yuga, 241 nigaNThanATaputta (nirgranthajJAtRputra), 12 nazvara, 164 nigaMThanAtaputta, 90, 94 nAga, 188 nigaMTho, 92 nAmagotra, 258 nikSiptazastra (zreyAMsa), 57 nAgapura, 85, 86, 91 nija-prabhudhara-veza, 176 nAgasena, 121 nityakAya, 119 nAjAra yA nAjira, 17 nityaloka, 205, 278 nAjarita, 17 nityavAda, 258 nAthanemIzvara, 57 nidAnakathA, 129, 148, 149, 287 nAthasuteja (sarvAnubhUti), 57 niyativAda. 93, 94, 243, 244, nATaputra, 91, 92 253, 254 nAthaputra, 91 niyati, 252, 290 nAbhi, 60, 67, 221 niyamasAra, 45, 99 nAmakarma, 30, 31, 129, 130, nirAzAvAdI-darzana, 245 260, 285 nirgrantha jJAtRputra, 94 nAra, 185 nirgranthoM, 92 nAraka, 115 nirguNadhArA, 242 nArada, 117, 130, 148, 154, nirmama, 59 209, 214, 215, 216, nirmala, 106 227, 229, 258 nirmala caitanya deza, 211 nArada-kaNva, 215 nirmANakAya, 115, 117, 118, nArada pavaMta, 215, 216 124, 127, 145, 164, nArada-pAMcarAtra, 216 170, 176, 205, 206,287

Page #356
zabdAnukramaNikA : 339 nirmANa buddha, 145, 146 nirvANa, 58, 59 176 paMca kalyANaka, 35, 37, 38, 130 nirvANakalyANaka, 38, 285 paMcajanya zaMkha, 275 nirvANAbhimukha, 135 paMcadhyAnI buddha, 145, 146 nirvANI, 57 paMca mahAvrata, 11 nivartaka dharma, 1, 2, 3 paMcamuSTiloca, 37 nivRtti, 215 paMca-tathAgata, 145 nivRttimArgI 95 paMcanirmitA buddha, 145 nivRtti, mUlaka, 291 paMcayAma, 52 nizIthacUNi, 93 paMcarAtra, 173 niSedhAtmaka svAnubhUti, (Negative paMcaviMzabrAhmaNa, 182 self feeling) 234 paMca-skandha, 164 paMcAstikAya, 88 niSkaSAya, 58 paMDuraMga, 93 niSkrAMta, 176 paumacariyaM, 53, 54 niSkAmakarma, 251 pakSI, 209 niSpulAka 59 padmAvatI, 291 niSyaMdabuddha, 145 padmottara, 148, 154 nIlAJjanA, 35, 276 padma, 153, 184 nubUvata [divyAnubhUti) padmaprabha, 56, 59 nebuzadanez2ara, 83 padma-purANa, 63, 181, 193, 195 nemi, 52, 56 60 payaMDagau, 177 nemicandra zAstrI, 64 paratantratA kA darzana, 273 neminAtha, 82, 275 parabrahma, 190 naitika Adarza, 233 paramatatva, 127, 227, 242, 243 naitika caritra, 233 paramasat, 242 naitika dvanda, 233 paramAtmatatva, 272 narmANika kAya, 119 paramAtmaprakAza, 277 nRsiMha yuga (Lemurian Age), 239 paramAtmaziva, 183, 184 nRsiMha yA narasiMha, 192, 197 198, paramAtma svarUpa, 289 210, 211, 237, 239, paramAtmA, 10, 271, 272 241, 266, 280, 288 paramezvara, 58 nRsiMhapurANa 288 paraloka, 5

Page #357
340 : tIrthaMkara, vuddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana parazu ( pharasA ), 237 parazurAma, 130, 185, 192, 199, 200, 201, 209, 210, 212, 223, 237, 241, 288 239, parazurAma avatAra, 225. parazurAma - pRthvI, 191 pazu, 208, 209 pazu- mAnava, 240 pazuyoni, 279 parazurAma - sahasrabAhu, 241 parasiyA, 92 5 prabhAsa, 237 pariNAmI caitanya, 'paritrANAya sAdhunAma', 268 parinirvANa, 118, 164, 259, 261 pramuditA, 137 prabhAsa paTTana, 83 parivarta kA siddhAnta, 128 pravacanasAra, 277 parivvAyaga, 93 pariSkRta - mAnava, 239 pazupata, 211 pleTo, 92 plinI, 17 prakRti-pUjA, 15 prakRti mUlaka, prakRtivAda, 180 prakudhakAtyAyana, 94 prajAtantra, 273 prajApati, 177, 183, 191, 291 193, 194, 196, 197, 212 226, 227, 228, 255, 228 pratItyasamutpAda, 138, 142 pratyakSa anubhUti, 233, 234 pratigha, 136 pratibuddha, 80, 105 prativAda (Anti-Thersis), 3 pratyUSa, 237 pratyeka buddha, 10, 14, 33, 34, 35, 81, 114 125, 141, 142, 143, 258, 283 285, 287 praznavyAkaraNa 29, 50, 264 prasenajita, 112 prasenajit kauzala, 144 prastotA, 264 prahlAda, 197, 198, 220 prajJA, 5, 126, 204, 256, 291 prAkRta, 240 prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra, 64, 82 prANI- vijJAna, 240 pratihArya, 112, 263 prAdurbhAva, 176 priyadarzI, 148, 156 priyadarzanA, 89 pRthakjana, 134 pRthu, 222 prabhAkarI, 137, 138 prabhAvakacarita, 208 pravacanasAroddhAra, 57, 58 pravartaka dharma, 1, 2, 3 pravrajita, 130 pravrajyA, 37, 262, 287 pravandha-nityatA, 171

Page #358
pAMcarAtra, 291 pAithAgorasa, 92 pANini, 164, 175 pANini-aSTAdhyAyI, 203 pApa, 234 pAramitA, 115, 123, 170, 171, 204, 260 pArasI, 212 pArasI - dharma, 16, 24 pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, 206, 258 pArzva, 29, 30, 47, 50, 51, 52, 63, 56, 65, 82, 84, 89, 266 pArzvanAtha, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 94, 95 pArzvapatya, 49, 50, 85 pASANa yuga (Mesolithic Period), 241 pitara, 239 pizAca, 117, 239 pITarsabarga 179 pItAmbaradhArI 184 pIpala, 237 pIra sadAaladIna, 210 pudgala, 259 pudgala nairAtmya, 126, 127 pupphasAlaputta, 34 purAtatva - vijJAnavettA, 241 puruSa, 212 puruSaliMga, 287 puruSa - vyAghra, puruSa - vyAghrANa, 197 197 zabdAnukramaNikA : 341 puruSArtha, 168, 169, 252 puruSArthavAda, 3, 93, 102, 290 puruSottama, 279 puruSa sUkta, 217 pulaha, 237 puSpaketu, 59 puSpadanta, 71, 274 puSpamaNDitA, 136 puSpAMjali, 58 puSya, 148, 159 pUjAtizaya, 38 pUraNa kAzyapa, 94, 263 pUrNaghoSa, 59 pUrNAvatAra, 289 pUrvapASANa yuga, 241 pUrva - buddha, 260 pRthuvaMzI rAma, 200 pRthvI, 240, 247, 274 per3hAlaputra, 58 paigambara, 7, 9, 22, 248, 280, 281, 282, 283 paigambaravAda, 280, 281, 282 paiMtIsa vacanAtizaya, 35 paurANika - paramparA, (Mythicon Tradition) 236 paurANika sRSTi, 237 pauruSApA, 17 proSThila, 58 pha phArAho, 19 phAsilsa (asthi kaMkAla ), 1240

Page #359
342 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana phuharara, 82, 221, 229, 230 buddha avatAra, 226 phrAyaDa, 234 buddhaghoSa, 106 buddhacaryA, 91, 146 bar3A pakSI 179 buddhatva, 8, 15, 113, 115, 119, battIsa mahApuruSa lakSaNa, 125 122, 128, 133, 136, badarikAzrama, 200 139, 167, 205, 258, baddhamAnA, 136 278, 287, 290 banamAnuSa, 240 buddha padacihna, 279 bapatismA, 20, 21 buddha putra, 140 baragada, 237 baddha-bIja, 8, 129, 170, 286, baladeva, 202, 225, 257 287, 289 baladeva upAdhyAya, 205 buddha-bodhita, 33, 35, 143, 285 balarAma, 204, 209 buddhavaMza, 143, 144, 205 balarAma avatAra, 226 buddhavaMsa aTThakathA, 149,150, 151, bali, 199 152, 153, 154, 155, baharAma yasta, 212 156, 157, 158, 159, bahirAtmA, 10 160, 161, 162, 163 bahudevavAda, 16, 255 buddhAnusmRti, 135 bahudevavAdI dharma, 16 buddhiyoga, 251 bAnara, 240 buhalara, 91 bAbula, 83 baitalahama, 20 bAbUjI mahArAja, 211 boDita, 93 bAhu, 60 bodhagamya, 170 bAhuka, 34 bodhicaryAvatAra, 123, 140, 165, bAhubali, 60 166, 167, 169 bI0 ela0 sujukI, 127 bodhicitta, 139, 140, 141, bIsa-bola, 130 173, 287 buddha, 4, 12, 13, 14, 17 18, bodhicitta utpAda, 124, 170 21, 24, 57, 103, 125, bodhi-pakSIya, 138 192, 199, 204, 206, bodhi praNidhicitta, 137 207, 209, 210, 212, bodhimantra, 172 / / 213, 223, 239, 241, bodhisatva, 8, 15, 109, 113, 256, 257, 259 114, 115, 123, 124,

Page #360
127, 133, 137, 138, 142, 143, 165, 166, 170, 171, 177, 205, 256, 259, 260, 262, 264, 279, 282, 283, 287 'bodhisatva akampita avatare, 176 bauddhagAnaodohA, 176 bauddha darzana ( paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya), 206 bauddhadharma, 291 bauddha dharma darzana, 258 brahma-jJAna, 220 brahmacaryaM 27,130 brahmapurANa, 181, 222, 288 brahma-vidyA, 215 brahmasUtra, 225 -brahmA, 107, 112, 120, 183, 185, 188, 196, 205, 206, 215 218, 227, 229, 279, 281 brahmANDa, 211 brahmANDa purANa, 65 brAhmI, 60, 61, 64 bhadanta zAnti bhikSu, 206 blUmaphIlDa, 178 bhayAlI metejja, 34 brahma, 164, 187, 206, 211, bharata, 50, 60, 62, 67 226, 272, 277 brAhmaNa, 106, 203, 247, 286 bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 214, 220, 221, 228, 255 bha zabdAnukramaNikA : 343 bhaktitattva, 250 bhaktimArga, 5 bhagavA 107 bhagavAna buddha, 104, 107, 116, 286 bhagavatI, 12, 27, 28, 29, 35, 49, 54, 85, 86, 88, 92, 256 bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhaddilapura, 72 bharatakSetra, 57, 58, 59, 264, 285 bhAgavata, 55, 56, 64, 164, 165, 190, 193, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 229, 230, 238, 248, 256, 278, 287, 288, 289 222, 226, bhAgavata dharma, 257 bhAgyavAda, 102 bhAgyavAdI, 253 bhArgavarAma, 200 bhakta, 245 bhaktAmara stotra, 270 bhakti, 97, 164, 165, 245, bhikkU, 93 250, 251, 291 bhicchA, 93 53 bhArgaveya rAma, bhAvanA, 233 bhAvI buddha, 143, 144, 260 201

Page #361
344 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana bhiSaka, 106, 286 bhujaMgama, 60 bhU, 246 bhUgarbha zAstra, 240 bhUtattha, 133 bhUta-preta 239 bhUbhAra haraNa, 191 bhUmi, 245 bhUsura ( brAhmaNa), 245 bhogalipsA, 241 bhogAsakta, 241 bhautikakAya, 164 bhautikavAda, 4 bhautika dRSTi, 237 bhRgu, 200 ma maMkhaligozAla, 12, 94 maMkhalIputta, 34 maMgala, 148, 150 magadha, 52 maccha, 211 machalI, 192 maJjuzrImUlakalpa, 67, 176, 280 majjhimanikAya, 85, 105, 106, 120, 121, 134, 286 mati, 237 'mattaH sarvam pravartate', 198 matsya, 192, 193, 194, 208, 209, 223, 228, 239, 240, 255, 266, 288 matsya purANa, 182, 193, 220, 223, 228 matsya yuga ( Silurian Age), 239 matsyAvatAra, 224 mathurA, 12, 30, 64, 84, 86 mahAkaruNA 282, madhukaiTabha, 193, 228, 229 madhumAdhava, 274 madhurAyaNa, 34 madhusUdana, 274 madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM avatAravAda, 196, 207, 214 215, 217, 221, 274, 275 madhva, 242 mana, 234 manu, 192, 229, 230 manu - avatAra, 229 manu - Apsava, 229 manuvaMza, 230 manu-vaivasvata, 229 manuSya yoni 128, 287 manu-saMvaraNa, 229 manusmRti, 5, 229 manovijJAna, 234, 235, 236, 237 manovaijJAnika dRSTi, 233 manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa, 233, 236, 237 mandarAcala, 194, 195 manvantara, 229 manvataroM, 230 marudgaNoM, 189 marudevI, 57, 60 'mayi sarvamidaM protam', 189 maryAdA puruSottama, 210 malli, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 79 mahAkAsava, 34

Page #362
zabdAnukramaNikA : 345 mahAghoSa kevalI, 59 mahAyAnasUtra, 256 mahAcandra kevalI, 59 mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, 119, 137, mahAjala-plAvana, 192 170 mahAdeva, 65 mahAvastu, 136 . mahAdevI, 221 mahAvideha, 264, 265 mahAnArAyaNa, 279 mahAvideha kSetra 60 mahAniddesa, 103, 104 mahApadma, 58 mahAvIra, 4, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21 mahApadAnasutta, 110, 111, 120 24, 30, 35, 36, 47, 49, mahAparinibbAnasutta, 168 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, mahApurANa, 54, 55, 56, 274, 55, 64, 65, 66, 67, 79, 275, 276 83, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, mahApralaya, 183 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, mahAbala-ahaMn, 59 210, 241, 256, 263, mahAbrahmA, 111, 262 264, 266, 273 mahAbhadra, 60 mahAsAdhu, 58 mahAbhArata, 65, 76, 82, 175, mahAsAMghika, 113, 114, 115, 181, 186, 187, 188, 117, 118 191, 192, 193, 194, mahAsena kevalI, 59 196, 197, 198, 199 maheza tivArI, 149 200, 201, 203, 204, mahezvara, 279 206, 208, 215, 216, mAgadha, 65, 225 217, 218, 219, 221, mAdhyamika, 113 224, 225, 227, 228, mAna, 136 230, 237, 238, 256, mAnatuGga, 270 288, 289 mAnava, 240 mahAmAyA, 104 mAnavatAvAdI 256 mahAmuni, 107 mAnava pazu, 209 mahAyaza, 57, 59 mAnavayoni, 279 mahAyAna, 3, 107, 108, 113, mAnavarUpa, 209 115, 116, 122, 206, mAnavazAstra, 236, 237, 239, 241 263, 279, 291 mAnasika, 237 mahAyAnAbhidharmasaGgItizAstra, 126 mAnasa-putra, 215

Page #363
346 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana mAnuSI-buddha, 146, 147, 164, maitreyanAtha, 118, 205, 206, 207 206, 265 maitreya-buddha,144 mAyA, 189 maimiliyana, 241 mAyAvAda, 93 mokSa, 129, 165 mAyAvI, 117 mojez2a, 19, 20 mArIci, 61, 189 mohena-jo-dar3o, 64 mArkaNDeyapurANa, 62, 65 mohanIya, 31 mithilA, 79, 81 mohinI, 209, 224, 229 mithyAdaSTi, 134 maurya-kAla, 84 misra, 19 milindaprazna (paJho), 121 yakSa, 86, 107, 121, 188, 239 miharakula, 207 yakSakathA, 187 mIma, 282, yakSa-yakSiNI, 53 mImAMsaka, 7 yakSa-yakSI, 291 mIrA, 234 yajamAna rAma, 201 mRga, 212 yajurveda, 174, 175, 197, 198 mRgachAlA, 237 yativRSabha, 48 mRtyuloka, 272 yathArthadRSTi, 134 muNDakevalI, 33 yaduvaMza, 226 munisuvrata, 56, 58, 80 yama, 186 muhammada, 281 yazodhara, 57, 58 mUkadarzaka, 268 yazodharA, 147 'mUka hoi bAcAla paMgu car3hai girivara yahovA, 19 gahana', 253 yahUdI dharma, 16, 20, 24 mUrti, 216 yajJa, 209, 214, 220, 228 mUlAcAra, 53 yajJa-puruSa, 220, 221 meghaMkara, 148 yajJamUrtidhara, 220 megharatha, 75, 77 yajJavAda, 257 meghA, 237 yajJaviSNu, 221 meSa, 212 yajJAvatAra, 220 maikDAnala, 179, 195 yajJovaiviSNu, 220 maikaDUgala, 234, 235 yAga-yajJa, 3 maitrAyaNIsaMhitA, 175 yAhaveha, 19

Page #364
yAjJavalkIya kANDa, 214 yAmAyana kumAra, 214 yuMga, 235, 236 yuga sAikolojI eNDa iTsa sozalamIniMga, 236 yuktisena, 57 yuktikaraNa (Intellectualisation), 233 yugamandhara, 60 yuzIDArinA parvata, 19 yUhannA 20 yogavindu, 32 yogezvara, 227 yoga, 215 yauvarAjya, 136 ratnapura, 74 ratnasaMbhava, 146 rathanemi, 50, 82 ravi, 181 rahasyavAdI santa, 234 rAkhaladAsa banarjI, 64 rAkSasa, 188, 239 rAjagRha, 52, 80 rAjagRhI, 86 rAjatantra, 241, 273 rAjapraznIyasUtra, 50 rAjabhakti, 236 rAjA pRthu, 209 rAjA yadu, 220 rAjImatI ( rAjula ) 50, 82 rAdhA, 17 zabdAnudra maNikA : 347 rAdhAkRSNan, 67, 177, 203, 225, 254 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI, 64 rAdhA svAmI mata, 211 rAbarTa eca0 thAulesa, 233 rAma bahAdura candA, 64 rAma, 24, 70, 130, 144, 185, 186, 192, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 237, 241, 257, 264, 266, 267, 280, 288, 289 rAma avatAra, 226 rAma kathA, 206, 258 rAma-kRSNa, 200, 201, 222, 223, 244, 248 rAmacaritamAnasa, 244, 247, 252, 253, 273 rAma-dhanuSadhArI ( Marked Man ), 239 rAma-sItA, 191 rAmAnuja, 225, 242 rAmAyaNa, 256 rAvaNa, 185, 210 rIcha, 237 rIjinala eNDa philosophI Apha Rgveda eNDa upaniSad, 195, 197 repiTiliyana, 241 revAnagara, 83 rukmi, 80 ruci prajApati, 220

Page #365
ullit in 348 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana rucirA, 136 lokottara, 107 rudra, 183 lokottaratA, 256 rUpakAya, 114, 115, 116, 117, lokottaravAdI, 259 118, 136, 170 loyAvAdI, 93 rUpavatI, 136 lohAnIpura, 12 rUpasamAdhi, 131 va rUpAvacara, 132 vakkali, 121 vacanAtizaya, 38, 43 laMkAvatArasUtra, 122, 137, 144, vajradhara, 60 145, 146, 149, 156, 166, 280 vanaparva, 218 lakSmI, 181, 223, 224 varisavakaNha (vAriSeNa kRSNa), 34 laghubhAgavatAmRta, 213 varuNa, 186, 205, 212 lajjA, 237 varAha, 191, 192, 193, 194, lalitavistara, 149, 258, 278, 195, 196, 197, 208, 279, 280 209, 211, 212, 215, lAotse, 92 228, 237, 239, 241, lIlAvatAra, 190 255, 266, 280, 288 leTina, 17 varAhapurANa, 288 loka kalyANa, 36, 95, 165, 166, varAha yuga ( Mammalian Age ), 249, 250, 285, 287, 239 288, 290, 291 varNasaMkara, 249 lokatya, 133 vardhamAna, 29, 30, 56, 89, 92 lokapriyatA, 257 vallabha, 225, 242 lokamaMgala, 134, 137, 173, 250, vasudevahiNDI, 53 262, 271, 290, 291 vasumaI, 274 lokasaMgraha, 249 vAgalacIro, 34 lokahita, 33, 118, 138, 249, vAtarazana, 62 285 vAtarazanA, 65 lokahitArtha, 165 vAda, (Thesis), 3 lokAnuvartana, 116 vAdarAyaNa, 225 lokAntikadeva, 37 vAnaspatika, 237

Page #366
zabdAnukramaNikA : 349 vAmana, 130, 192, 198, 209, vinayapiTaka, 147 212, 230, 239, 241, vinayavAda, 93 255, 266, 280, 288 vipazyI, 146, 148, 160 vAmanAvatAra, 199, 210, 225 vipazyena 147 vipassI, 147 vAmA, 84 vipra, 246 vAyu, 198, 212 vipAkaja, 114, 115 vAyupurANa, 62, 65, 222, 288 vArANasI, 70,80, 84, 163 vipAkasUtra, 29, 50 vAriSeNa, 57 vimala, 56, 57, 59, 73, 106, 137 vArisena, 30 vimala ahaMn, 59 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 175, 185, vimalaprabha, 58 186, 194, 197, 200, vimalasUri, 48, 53 201, 202, 218, 223, vimalezvara, 58 246, 288, 289 vimukta, 106 vAsanA, 235 virATa puruSa, 238 vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id), 234 virecana, 181 vAsudeva, 164, 208, 217, 257 vivasvAna, 230 vAsupUjya, 51, 52, 56, 73 vivAntavaire, 269 vikAsavAda, 209 viza, 178 vikRtamAnava, 239 vizAlaprabha,60 vicikitsA, 135, 136 'viziSTa nirmANakAyo na jAyate', 176 vikSepavAda, 94 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 28, 48, 51 vijaya, 59 vizTanu, 180 vijayA, 67 vizvabhU, 146, 147, 161 vijetA, 107 vizvAsa kI nizcayatA, 234 viTThala, 179 viSa, 179 viThovA, 179 viSNu, 16, 56, 72, 145, 173, vidura, 34 175, 176, 177, 18, videha, 79 179, 180, 181, 182, videha kSetra, 276 183, 184, 185, 186, vidyAdhara, 239 187, 188, 190, 191, vinayanagara, 69 192, 193, 194, 195,

Page #367
350 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana 196, 197, 198, 199, vItatRSNa, 6, 291 200, 201, 205, 206, vItarAgatA, 6, 10, 26, 286 207, 210, 212, 214, 215, 217, 220, 221, vItarAga, 269, 291 223, 226, 228, 230, vIratva, 273 231, 237, 238, 245, vIrasena, 60 246, 247, 248, 255, vIrya, 204 258, 265, 266, 274, vIrya-pAramitA, 138 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 288, 289 veda, 93, 247 'viSNunA sadRzovIrye / ', 201 vedamaya-puruSa, 220 vedavANI, 214 viSNu-pada, 279 vedavyAsa, 225, 226 viSNu-pArSada, 248 vedajJa, 106 286 viSNupurANa, 62, 65, 175, 178, vena, 220 181, 190, 191, 192, 197, 198, 199, 200, verethradhna, 212 203, 208, 215, 219, vairocana, 146 221. 222, 223, 224, vessabhU, 147, 148 228, 230, 256, 288, vaikriya-RddhidhAraka, 54 289 'viSNuryanaktu bahudhA tapAMsi', 180 vaitulyaka, 116 vaidika-mAitholojI, 182 viSNu yaza, 208 vaidika paramparA, 177 viSNuyazA kalki, 208 vaidya, 107 viSNu-lakSmI, 181 viSNuloka, 265 vaivasvata manu, 193 'viSNurvizatarvA vyaznotarvA', 178 vaizravaNa, 147 vaizya, 230 viSNusahasranAma, 218, 220, 227, vaiSNava, 277 231 visuddhimagga, 104, 107, 170 vaiSNava-darzana, 173 visenTa e. smitha, 64 vaiSNava-dharma, 164, 204, 257, vihAyasagati, 182 291 vRtravadha, 178, 195 vyAghra, 237 vRtrahan, 212 vyApakatA, 126 vRSabha, 66, 212, 261 vyAsa, 209 vRSNIdazA, 50 vyAsa-avatAra, 225 vRhattarakriyA, 127 vyAsa-pArAzarya, 225 vRhaspati, 5 . vrAtya, 65

Page #368
za zaMkara, 225, 242, 290 zaMkarAcArya, 226 zakrAdi 112 zaMkha, 80 zaMkhapAda, 219 zaMkhAsura, 193 zatakIrti, 58 zatapathabrAhmaNa, 62, 105, 175, 180, 186, 192, 194, 196, 197, 199, 201, 212, 217, 220, 229 237 zam, zambarAsura, 246 zarabha, 237 zakra, 279 zakrastava, 267, 284 zAMkarabhASya, 217 zabdAnukramaNikA : 351: zivakarajina, 57 zivagati, 57 zivatva, 233 zivapurANa, 183, 184, 185 zivaloka, 183 zivasena, 57 zivAdevI, 82 zivAzI ( munisuvrata ), 57 zivi, 76, 77 ziznadeva, 63, 65 zikhI, 146, 147, 148, 161 zItala, 56, 72 zIla, 5, 126, 204 zIla pAramitA, 137, 138 zIlavrata - parAmarza, 135, 136 zIla ka, 53, 55 zukazaMkara, 200 zuddhamati, 57,58 zuddhAbhadeva, 58 zuddhAvAsa devaloka, 262 zuddhodhana, 104 zUdra, 230 zUnyavAda, 113 zUnyAkAza, 185 zekha zAhabuddIna, 281, 282 zreyAMsa, 52, 56, 72 zeSazayyA, 275 zAkya, 107 zAkyaputra gautama, 15, 147 zAkyamata, 94 zAkyamuni gautama, 147 zAkyamuni buddha, 114, 144, 266 zAGgadhanuSa, 275 zAnta, 237 zAnti, 51, 53, 56, 75, 204 zAntideva, 123, 141, 166 zAntiparva, 215 zAzvatavAda, 138 zAstA, 106, 119 zAstA darzana, 129, 287 zaivarATa, 182 ziva, 16, 58, 64, 65, 66, 182 zobhita, 148, 152 184, 185, 228 zyAmakoSTha, 57 zeSazAyI, 275 zaitAna ( ibalisa ), 18, 21

Page #369
352 : tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana zvetAzvatara upaniSad, 218 zvetahasti, 261 saMkasya, 144 zraddhA, 99, 237, 250, 251, 291 saMjayavelaThThiputta, 12, 94 zraddhAnusArIbhUmi, 134 / saMjAta, 60 zraddhAvAn, 250 saMghAnusmRti, 135 zraddhAzIla, 251 saMnyAsa, 130 zramaNa, 106, 286 saMnyAsamArgI, 256 zramaNa gautama, 112 saMbhava, 56, 58 zrAvaka, 125, 142 saMyama, 58 zrAvakayAna, 134 zrAvastI, 68, 86, 112, 263 saMyuttanikAya, 106, 120, 121, 147, 266, 268 zrI, 274 zrIkRSNa, 83, 186, 187, 188, saMyuttanikAya aTThakathA, 153 189, 209, 211, 227, saMvatsara, 214 243 saMvara, 59 saMvega, 233 zrIkRSNa avatAra, 226 saMhartA, 188 zrIcandra, 59 sakRdAgAmI bhUmi, 134, 135 zrIdatta, 58 sakka, 94 zrIdhara, 57, 58 zrImat devacandra, 98, 286 sagara-putra, 219 zrIbhadra, 58 saguNa, 242 zrImadbhAgavata, 62, 63, 65, 175, saguNapahase, 176 180, 182, 214, 227, sagga, 165 sacelaka dharma, 85 237, 288 satayuga, 211 zrImAnI, 239 satya, 27 zrIrAhula, 91 satkAyadRSTi, 135, 136 zrIzarmA, 277 satyabhAmA, 275 zrIhari, 193 satyavatamanu, 193 zreSThapakSI, 179 satyayuga, 227 zRMgavAlI, 246 satvazuddhi, 168, 169 satyasena arhan, 59 'SaTkhaMDAgama, 53 sadAziva, 183

Page #370
zabdAnukramaNikA : 353 samyaktva saddharmapuNDarIka, 107, 118, 145, sambhogakAya, 115, 117, 118, 170, 176, 279 124, 127, 145, 165, saddhA, 164, 287 173, 206, 259, 287 san, 214, 215 sambhala, 208 sanaka, 214, 215 sammetazikhara, 68, 70, 72, 74, sanakAdi,209 75, 77, 78, 80, 86 sanatkumAra, 214, 215, 220, 258 sanatsujAta, 215 samyak-jhAna, 5, 286 samyak-cAritra, 5 sanam, 214 samyak-darzana, 5 sananda, 215 sanandana, 214, 215 samyak-dRSTi, 134, 142 sanAtama, 214, 215 samyak sambuddha, 104, 111, 141,. 286 santa, 246 santa avatAra, 211 samyak-sambodhi, 261 sambhavAmi yuge yuge, 280 samavasaraNa, 36, 38, 52, 53, 92, sarakkha, 94 259 saraNaMkara, 148 samavAyAMga, 12, 27, 28, 29, 30, sarasvatI, 206 33, 35, 40, 48,49, 50, sarIsRpa, 240, 241 51, 54, 57, 256, 266, sarvabhAvavit, 58 sarvAnanda, 59 samAgata, 176 sarvAnubhUti, 58 samAja-cetanA, 236 sarvAstivAda, 113, 114 samAdhi, 5, 126, 131 sarvAstivAdI, 115, 117, 164 samAdhigupta, 59 savitA, 181 samApatti, 130, 131 sahaja atizaya, 39, 40 samudra-manthana, 194, 195, 224 sahasrabAhu, 206 samudra vijaya, 82 sahasrArjuna, 220 sampratijina, 57 sahasrAMzu, 181 sambuddha, 35 svAyambhuva manvantara, 220 sambodhi, 126 sAMkhya, 190, 215 285

Page #371
354 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana sAMkhya-vettA, 218 siddha, 239 sAMkhya vettA kapila, 219 siddhattha, 158 sAikaoNlAjI eNDa rilIjana (yuga), siddha-sarahapAda, 176 233, 234 siddhAbhadeva, 58 siddhArtha, 18, 59, 89, 10, 148 sAkAra, 242 siddhArtha gautama, 148 sAketa, 80,86 sAgara, 58 siddhAvasthA, 271 siMha, 237, 261 sAgarajina, 57 siMhapura, 72 sAgaramala jaina, 2, 55, 84, 86, sImandhara, 60 87, 89, 100 sukarAta, 92 sAtvatatantra, 213, 216 sukomala-ahaMn, 59 sAdhumatI, 137, 139 sukhalAlajI, 86 sAmajAtaka, 258 sukhavatIvyUha, 60, 258, 214, 265 sAmantavAda, 241 sucandra, 57 sAmavedIya paramparA, 215 sujAta, 148, 156 sAmAjika upAdeyatA, 248 sutasAgara arhana, 59 sAmAnyakevalI, 10, 32, 33, 35, sutivAdI, 94 285 suteja, 57 sAmAyika cAritra, 11 suttanipAta, 92, 263 sAmAyika sUtra, 267 sUtrakRtAMga, 11, 29, 36, 55, 81, sAmrAjyavAda, 241 85, 86, 91, 92, 95, 95, sAmUhika avacetana, 236 sudarzana, 182 sAmUhika cintana, 236 sudurjayA, 137, 138 ( Collective Consciousness ) sunandA, 60 sAmbhogikakAya, 119, 170 sundarI, 60, 61 sAyaNa, 62, 174, 199 suparNa, 179, 181, 227 sArathI, 267 supArzva, 56, 57, 58, 59, 70 sAriputra, 105 sUphImata sAdhanA aura sAhitya, 283 sikreTa Apha anahalaka, 282 subAhu, 60 signiphikeMsa eNDa imporTensa Apha subha ( zubha ), 144 jAtakAja, 165 . sumaMgala, 59 97

Page #372
zabdAnukramaNikA : 355 sumaMgalA, 60 sumaMgala vilAsinI, 107 sumati, 52, 56, 57, 69 sumedha, 148, 155 sumedha tapasvI, 133 sura, 245, 246 surabhi (gAya), 245 suvidhi, 72 suvidhi puSpadanta, 56 suvrata arhan, 59 sUradAsa, 253 sUradeva, 58 sUrasena arhan, 59 sUriprabha, 60 sUrya, 78, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 189, 214, 218, 227, 240 sUrya-candra, 205 sUryavaMza, 230 sRjana, 175 sRSTi, 175 sekoddezaTIkA, 207 seyabhikkhU, 94 seyavar3a, 94 soma, 186, 237 somacandra, 57 soriyAyaNa, 34 saugatamArga, 123 skandhapurANa, 62, 65, 193 sTaDIja ina islAmika misTImijma, 281, 282 syandana, 57 "syandantAM kulyAH viSitAH purastAta', 178 sthaviravAdI, 124 sthAnAMga, 12, 27, 28, 29, 35, 50, 51, 92 svabhAvakAya, 164, 259 svAbhAvikakAya, 119, 121, 170 svarNa, 165 svarNaprabhAsasUtra, 118 svayaMprabha, 58, 60 svayaMbhU, 107 svayaM-sambuddha, 143, 285 svayambhUstotra, 269 'svAntaH sukhAya', 283 svAmijina, 57 svAyambhuva, 230 svAhita, 125, 285 sthitaprajJa, 6 spitamA, 17 sraSTA, 188 srotApannabhUmi, 134 haMsa, 192, 209, 215, 220, 226, 228, 288 haMsa-avatAra, 226, 227 hajarata muhammada sAhaba, 22, 23, 24 hadIsa, 24 hadusarakha, 94 hayagrIva-avatAra, 228, 229 hayagrIva, 212, 229, 280 hayagrIva-vadha, 193 hayamukha, 228, 239 hayazira, 228 hayasena, 84 hari, 230, 231

Page #373
356 : tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra : eka adhyayana hariNI, 231 hari - padmA, 199 harivaMza, 199, 288 hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philosAphI, 225. harivaMza purANa, 63, 83, 177, 256, hInayAna, 108, 113, 114, 116, 278 122, 123, 124 azva, 84 haryazva, 228 haryA, 231 harSa-tatva, 237 hastinApura, 75, 77, 80, 86 hijarata, 24 hijarIsan, 24 hibrU jAti, 19 hiraNyakazyapa, 197, 198 hiraNyagarbha, 218, 237, 238 hiraNyamaya, 238 hiraNyAkSa, 196, 197 hisTrI Apha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara, 201 hIrAlAla jaina, 84 hula, 281 hetu, 129 hemacandra, 53 hvenasAMga, 207 haihayarAja, 200 haihayavaMzI, 200 hyayamanoAyaDa, 239 Evolution Theory, 209 Hellusination, 234 Introduction to Zoology, 239 Teleological Creation, 243 The ego and the id, 234

Page #374
azuddhi-prapatra pRSTha saMkhyA paMkti saMkhyA azuddha 94 inakI 16 104 105 125 prANA hAtA cAra vaizAra satkayadRSTi trizuddhoM zuddha inameM prANI hotA cAra vaizArada satkAyadRSTi tribuddhoM kAyoM guhyasamAja kAryoM gRhasamAja baddhoM vipazyI sakatA avattara 167 174 194 210 kUrmarUpa vipazcI sakatI avatta karmarUpa svarya pazupata dattAteya AkRti svayaM pazurUpa 211 dattAtreya AkUti 219 220 221 232 232 239 240 ki aura paza-mAnava pazu-mAnava sAmya 248 samya dA virate apanI 259 277 khirate apane

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DaoN0 ramezacandra gupta kA janma 13 janavarI, 1941 ko A~valA, ji0 barelI (u0 pra0) meM huA / 21 varSa kI avasthA meM hI Apa vArANasI sthita bhAratIya relave ke DIjala rela kArakhAnA meM vidyuta paryavekSaka ke pada para kArya meM saMlagna ho ge| naukarI ke sAtha-sAtha ApakA adhyayana bhI kucha vyavadhAnoM ke sAtha calatA rhaa| Apane iNTaramIDieTa, bI0e0, ela-elabI , ema0 e0, DiplomA (yoga) kI upAdhiyA~ prApta kii| Apane tIrthaGkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka viSaya para zodha nibandha likhakara pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi prApta kI hai| vartamAna meM Apa DIjala rela iMjana kArakhAnA vArANasI, meM sahAyaka karmazAlA adhIkSaka pada para kAryarata haiM / Apa a0 bhA0 darzana pariSad Adi aneka saMsthAoM ke sadasya haiN| Apa ke zodha nibandha vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hote rahe haiM / Apa apane vinamra vyavahAra evaM vidyA-prema ke kAraNa sadaiva hI sneha aura sammAna ke bhAjana rahe haiN| ApakI yaha kRti niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dizA meM eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi kahI jA sakatI hai| www.jaintan org