Sanskrit Sahitya Ka Itihas

Author(s): V Vardacharya
Publisher: Ramnarayanlal Beniprasad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032058/1

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*XXXXX. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa Xxxx mUla lekhaka ve0 varadAcArya, ema0 e0, pI0 eca-DI0 TRIORSHASHIE anuvAdaka kapiladeva dvivedI, ema0 e0, DI0 phil0 -XXXXXI

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa Hindi Version of V. Vardachary's History of Sanskrit Literature __ mUla lekhaka ve0 varadAcArya ema0 e0, pI0 eca-DI0 saMskRta-prAdhyApaka zrI veMkaTezvara vizvavidyAlaya kAleja tirupati . sadasya ema. e. pI. epalA anuvAdaka DA0 kapiladeva dvivedI ema0 e0, DI0 phil0 adhyakSa saMskRta-vibhAga gavarnameMTa kAleja, nainItAla saMzodhita tathA parivadhita saMskaraNa prakAzaka rAmanArAyaNalAla benIprasAda prakAzaka tathA pustaka-vikretA ilAhAbAda-2 mUlya 5 rupayA

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prakAzaka rAmanArAyaNalAla benIprasAda ilAhAbAda-2 3 ma 762 mudraka rAmabAbU agravAla jJAnodaya presa ilAhAbAda-2

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prAkkathana isa grantha meM prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki saMkSepa meM saMskRta sAhitya kA pUrA vivaraNa diyA jAe / yaha saMskaraNa mukhyarUpa se kAleja ke chAtroM kI etadviSayaka AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa viSaya para Ajakala jo pustakeM upalabdha haiM, unameM se adhikAMza pustakeM 13vIM yA 14vIM zatAbdI taka ke sAhitya kA hI paricaya detI haiM / vaidikakAla, zreNyakAla, nATaka aura darzanoM Adi kA pRthaka-pRthak pustakoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / abhI taka aisI koI pustaka nahIM likhI gaI hai, jisameM uparyukta sabhI viSayoM kA eka hI grantha meM vivecana huA ho| yaha grantha isa nyUnatA kI pUrti karatA hai / isameM vaidikakAla se lekara gata zatAbdI taka likhe gaye sampUrNa saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSepa meM vivecana hai| isa choTe se grantha meM yaha saMbhava nahIM hai ki isa grantha meM varNita sabhI viSayoM kA vistRta vivecana aura varNana ho sake / tathApi katipaya mahattvapUrNa praznoM para yathAsaMbhava vistRta prakAza DAlA gayA hai, jaise--vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa kA lekhaka kauna hai, kAlidAsa kA samaya, daNDI kA samaya, trivendram nATakoM kA lekhaka bhAsa ityaadi| saMgIta, jyotiSa, dharmazAstra, darzana Adi viSayoM para kevala lekhakoM aura unake mukhya granthoM ke nAma kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / viSaya-vivecana meM kucha parivartana bhI kie gae haiN| rAmAyaNa kA vivecana mahAbhArata se pUrva huA hai / terahaveM adhyAya meM kAvya kI paddhatiyoM para likhe gae aitihAsika kAvya kA bhI vivecana huA hai / gItikAvya kA varNana 14veM adhyAya meM huA hai / 16veM adhyAya meM subhASita-granthoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| unameM saMgRhIta zloka kAvya-granthoM se uddhRta kie gae haiM, ataH unakA pRthak-varNana hI ucita thA / adhyAya 17 aura 18

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( 2 ) meM gadyakAvya tathA campU-granthoM kA varNana huA hai / ye sAhitya ke do svatantra vibhinna rUpa haiM / adhyAya 16 paura 20 meM kathA-sAhitya aura nIti-kathAoM kA varNana hai| ye grantha-gadya aura padya donoM rUpa meM haiM / aitihAsika mahattva ke grantha kAvya, gadya aura nATaka ina tInoM rUpoM meM likhe gae haiM, ataH unakA varNana nATakoM ke bAda 24veM adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| Astika darzanoM aura dhArmika darzanoM kA varNana adhyAya 35 meM prA hai, kyoMki ye sabhI darzana Astika-dRSTikoNa ke haiM / . isa viSaya ko lekara likhe gaye granthoM meM katipaya truTiyoM kA dRSTigocara honA svAbhAvika hI hai / samaya-nirdhAraNa-sambandhI kaThinAiyoM ko pAra karanA prAyaH kaThina hI hai / isake atirikta pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne kucha asampuSTa siddhAntoM kA samarthana kiyA hai aura bahuta se bhAratIya vidvAn bhI una matoM kA samarthana karate haiM / isa grantha meM jina viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, AzA hai samAlocakavarga udAratApUrvaka una para vicAra kareMge / prastuta navasaMskaraNa kA saMzodhana aura parivardhana zrI devendra mizra ne kiyA hai / mUla lekhaka ke aMgrejI saMskaraNa meM aneka navIna aitihAsika vastue~ jor3a dI gaI haiM ataH hindI saMskaraNa meM bhI unako saMzodhita aura parivardhita karanA Avazyaka jAna par3A / aba taka kI khojapUrNa nayI aitihAsika sAmagriyoM ko prastuta karane ke kAraNa grantha kI upAdeyatA aura bhI bar3ha gaI hai| prAzA hai prastuta aitihAsika racanA sudhI pAThakajanoM kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara unakI jJAnavRddhi karegI aura unheM saMtoSa hogaa|

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pRSTha viSaya-sUcI adhyAya 1. bhUmikA saMskRta--vaidikakAla tathA zreNyakAla--bolacAla tathA sAhitya kI bhASA--prAkRtabhASA tathA usakI vibhASAeM--prAcIna bhArata meM lekhanakalA--saMskRta aura prAkRta sAhitya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ --pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI bhAratIya sAhitya ko dena / 2. veda 15-17 vaidika saMhitAoM kA vibhAjana-unake adhyayana ko vibhinna pddhtiyaaN| 3. veda aura pAzcAtya vidvAn 18-25 veda aura jendaavestA kI katipaya samAnatAe~--vedoM kA racanA sthAna--vedoM kA saMkalana-vedoM kI vyAkhyAe~--vaidika sabhyatA / 4. pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kI samIkSA 26-32 vedoM ke viSaya meM bhAratIyoM kA mata-vedoM ke racayitAoM ke viSaya meM dRSTikoNa--vadoM ke bhASyakAra-vedoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie Avazyaka sAdhana-vedoM kA racanAsthAna / 5. vaidika saMhitAe~, brAhmaNa-grantha aura prAraNyaka-grantha cAroM vedoM kI vibhinna shaakhaaeN| 6. upaniSad 36-43 mukhya tathA gauNa upaniSadeM-unakA vargIkaraNa / 7. vedAMga 44-51 6 vedAMga--zikSA, vyAkaraNa, chanda, nirukta, jyotiSa, kalpapratyeka vedAMga ke vibhinna grantha--vaidika anukrmnnikaaeN|

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( 2 ) adhyAya 8. aitihAsika mahAkAvya - - rAmAyaNa aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI vizeSatAe~ -- rAmAyaNa kA racayitA -- usakA racanAkAla -- usakI prasiddhi - - rAmAyaNa ke TIkAkAra / -- 6. mahAbhArata --- mahAbhArata ke vikAsa kI 3 avasthAe~ ---- jaya, bhArata aura mahAbhArata ---- racanAkAla -- mahattva -- harivaMzaparva- upAkhyAna -- TIkAkAra -- rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ko tulanA / pRSTha 52-72 12. kAvya - sAhitya -- kAlidAsa kAlidAsa kA samaya ---- unake grantha -- raghuvaMza aura kumArasambhava / 13. kAvya - sAhitya, kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 73-86 10. purANa purANa kA lakSaNa -- purANoM kA mahattva -- purANoM kA vargIkaraNa aura unake lekhaka -- purANoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa -- upapurANa | 11. kAvya - sAhitya kA kAla -- kAlidAsa se pUrva kA kAla mahAkAvya kI vizeSatAe~ -- kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI kavivAlmIki, pANini, vararuci aura piMgala / 87- 65 azvaghoSa --maiksamUlara kA punaruddhAravAda - - bhAravi, mAgha, Adikavi -- isa kAla ke kAvyoM kI vizeSatAe~ / 14. gItikAvya gItikAvya ko vizeSatAe~ --- gItikAvya ke do bheda -- zrRMgArika gItikAvya aura dhArmika gItikAvya | 66-68 6- 106 110-138 15. nIti-viSayaka aura upadezAtmaka kAvya isa kAvya ko vizeSatAe~ -- isa kAvya kI utpatti aura vikAsa -- anyokti kAvya / zrIharSa 136 - 153 154-160

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adhyAya 16. subhASita-grantha 161-164 subhASita-graMthoM kA mahattva-gAthAsaptazatI Adi grantha / 17. gadya-kAvya 165-176 . gadyakAvya kA lakSaNa-vizeSatAe~-do bheda, kathA aura pAkhyA yikA-utpatti--bANa, daNDI, subandhu Adi lekhaka / 18. campU 180-186 vizeSatAe~--utpatti aura vikAsa / 16. kathA-sAhitya 187-195 utpatti--vRhatkathA Adi grantha / 20. nIti-kathAe~ 196-201 vizeSatAeM--paMcatantra aura hitopadeza / 21. saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unako vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 202-217 nATakoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM paramparAgata mata-nATakoM kA prArambha-prArambhika grantha-saMskRta nATakoM ke yUnAnI udbhava para vivecana-saMskRta nATakoM kI vizeSatAe~--nATakoM ke bheda --upruupk| 22. saMskRta nATaka-kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI aura kAlidAsa ke samakAlIna 218-237 trivendram nATaka aura unakA lekhaka--bhAsa ke nATakakAlidAsa ke nATaka--kAlidAsa nATakakAra, kavi aura gItikAvya lekhaka ke rUpa meN|

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( 4 ) adhyAya 23. kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra mRcchakaTika kA lekhaka -- vizAkhadatta, harSa, bhaTTanArAyaNa, bhavabhUti Adi nATakakAra -- rUpakAtmaka nATaka -- chAyAnATaka - - saMskRta nATakoM kA hrAsa | pRSTha 238-272 24. itihAsa aitihAsika granthoM kA abhAva -- harSacarita aura rAjataraMgiNI Adi grantha / 25. kAvya aura nATyazAstra ke siddhAnta sAhitya, alaMkAra -- vibhinnavAda, rItivAda, rasavAda, alaMkAravAda, dhvanivAda, vakroktivAda, guNavAda, anamAnavAda aura aucityavAda -- rIti ke bheda, vaidarbhI, gauDI, pAMcAlI Adi -- rasoM kI saMkhyA -- zAntarasa -- dhvani - siddhAnta kAvyalekhana ke uddezya / 28. 273 - 278 276-301 26. zAstrIya grantha - - zAstrIya granthoM kI vizeSatAeM aura vyAkaraNa 302-316 zAstra kA lakSaNa --- zAstroM kI vizeSatAe~- --vyAkaraNa zAstra - pANini, pataMjali Adi -- --sphoTasiddhAnta - pANini ke pratirikta anya vyAkaraNa kI zAkhAe~ - prAkRta-vyAkaraNa / 27. chandaHzAstra aura kozagrantha chanda -- vRtta aura jAti - - kozagrantha -- samAnArthaka aura nAnA rbhaka / jyotiSa jyotiSa -- gaNita jyotiSa, phalita jyotiSa, gaNita, hastarekhA zAstra -- yUnAnI aura bhAratIya gaNita jyotiSa | 317-321 322-330

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pRSTha 26. dharmazAstra / 331-335 dharma--dharma kA kSetra--smRtigraMtha-smRtiyoM ke sAragrantha / . 30. upaveda--Ayurveda, gAndharvaveda, dhanurveda, arthazAstra aura sahAyaka zAstra ___336-353: Ayurveda--caraka, suzruta, vAgbhaTTa Adi--pazuoM, vRkSoM Adi ke rogoM para vaidyaka ke grantha--kAmazAstra--gAndharvaveda, nRtya aura saMgIta--dhanurveda--arthazAstra, kauTilya, kAmandaka Adi--anya zAstra--zilpakalA, citrakalA, ratnazAstra, cauravidyA, vanaspati vijJAna aura rasAyana-vijJAna / 31. bhAratIya darzana aura dharma--sAmAnya siddhAnta aura vibhinna darzana 354-358. darzana aura dharma--inakA paraspara sambandha--inakI vizeSatAe~ --darzanoM kA Astika aura nAstika do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana / 32. nAstika-darzana 356-371 cArvAk-darzana--bauddha-darzana--bauddhadharma kI cAra zAkhAe~--vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika--mahAyAna aura hInayAna--jainadharma--ratnatraya, syAdvAda--jainadharma kI do zAkhAe~--zvetAmbara aura digambara / 33. prAstika-darzana--nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura yoga 372-383 6 darzana--nyAya, baizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA aura vedAntanyAya aura vaizeSika-darzana-pramANavivecana aura paramANuvAdasAMkhya-darzana, satkAryavAda--yoga-darzana, aSTAMga, rAjayoga aura haThayoga /

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384-389 isa darzana kI vize tAeM--tIna zAkhAe~-kumArila, prabhAkara aura murArimizra / 35. prAstika-darzana aura dhArmika-darzana 390-415 vedAnta-darzana-AdhAra grantha, upaniSada, brahmasUtra aura bhagavadgItA aura Agama-dvaitamata--advaitamata-viziSTAdvaitamatazuddhAdvaitamata-nimbArkamata-- bhAskaramata- yAdavaprakAzamatacaitanyamata-zivAdvaitamata-zaivamata kI dhArmika zAkhAe~pAzupatamata, zaivamata, kazmIrI zaivamata aura zAktamata-dazanoM kA itihAsa / 36. upasaMhAra pariziSTa anukramaNikA

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa adhyAya 1 bhUmikA bhAratavarSa meM prAcInakAla se dhArmika aura laukika kAryoM ke lie jisa bhASA kA upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai, use saMskRta kahate haiN| isa bhASA kA yaha nAma lagabhaga 700 I0 pU0 meM par3A hai, jaba pramukha vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne isa bhASA ke niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyA / isa samaya se pUrva isako daivI vAka (devavANI) kahate the / yaha saMskRta nAma isa bAta ko spaSTa karatA hai ki yaha bhASA pariSkRta aura saMzodhita hai / isa bhASA kA upayoga bolacAla ke kAmoM meM bhI hotA thaa| isI bhASA meM bhAratIyoM kA samasta prAcIna vAGamaya likhita hai / bahuta bAda meM saMskRta aura prAkRta se nikalI huI bhASAoM kA upayoga sAhityika kAryoM ke lie huaa| isa kAla meM bhI saMskRta kA sthAna pramukha rhaa| isa bhASA ke vikAsa meM do avasthAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM / (1) vaidika kAla (2) zreNya kAla / inameM se pahalI avasthA meM bhASA sarala, svAbhAvika aura projayukta thii| vaidika kAla kA adhika sAhitya isI meM likhA gayA hai| dvitIya kAla kI bahuta sI vizeSatAe~ isa bhASA meM dikhAI detI haiM / isameM vyAkaraNa ke rUpoM kI vibhinnatA vizeSa rUpa se dikhAI detI hai / jaise, kriyA sambandhI rUpoM meM parasmaipada aura Atmanepada donoM kA hI abAdha prayoga aura donoM kA paraspara parivartana / tuman (ko, ke lie) ke artha meM kRdanta rUpoM meM se, tave, tavai Adi pratyaya, jinase vakSe, sUtave, mAdayitavai Adi rUpa banate haiN| isI prakAra tvA ( karake ) ke sthAna para tvAya pratyaya, jaise-gatvA ke sthAna para gatvAya / devAsaH, viprAsaH, karNebhiH, pUrvebhiH, devebhiH tathA anya isa prakAra ke prayoga zabdoM ke rUpoM kI vicitratA prakaTa karate haiM / isI prakAra

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa tumun ( ko, ke lie ) aura ktvA ( karake ) pratyaya ke vibhinna vicitra rUpa prApta hote haiM, jaise--parAdai, bhUve, samidham, saMdRzi tathA kA aura vaktvA / ye sabhI rUpa zrevya kAla meM sarvathA lupta ho gaye haiM / __ vaidika kAla meM yaha bhASA dhArmika aura bolacAla donoM kAryoM ke prayoga meM AtI thii| purohita Adi yajJa ke samaya isakA zuddha prayoga karate the, kintu bolacAla meM isameM ve azuddhiyA~ bhI kara dete the| bhASA kI isa avyavasthA ko niyamoM ke dvArA rokane ke liye kaI vaiyAkaraNoM ne vibhinna samayoM meM prayatna kie, kintu yaha uddezya sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM hI pUrNa huA, jaba pAni ne aSTAdhyAyI kI racanA dvArA isa bhASA ke nizcita niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyA / tatpazcAt pA~cavIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM kAtyAyana hue jinakA dUsarA nAma vararuci bhI hai| inhoMne aSTAdhyAyI para 'vArtika' likhe / ina vArtikoM meM pANini ke niyamoM kI samIkSA hai| dvitIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM pataMjali hue / inhoMne aSTAdhyAyI para mahAbhASya nAmaka grantha likhaa| ina donoM vaiyAkaraNoM ne pANini ke niyamoM kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI tathA Avazyaka saMzodhana aura parivartana bhI kie / ina vaiyAkaraNoM ne jo niyama banAe, unase yaha bhASA pUrNa huii| yahI avasara hai jaba isa bhASA ne saMskRta nAma prApta kiyA / kintu isakA yaha bhAva nahIM hai ki vaidika kAla kI samApti ke bAda hI zreNya bhASA kA prAdurbhAva huA / zreNya bhASA ke rUpoM kI sattA vaidika kAla kI samApti se pUrva bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai, jaisA ki pANini ke sUtroM se spaSTa hai / kyoMki unhoMne jo sUtra banAye haiM, unameM se kucha vaidika bhASA para lAgU hote haiM aura kucha zreNya bhASA pr| bAda kI bhASA ko pANini ne bhASA nAma diyA hai| yaha bhASA vaidika bhASA se kucha antara rakhatI thI aura vaidika kAla meM hI zreNya bhASA ke prAdurbhAva ko sUcita karatI hai / ___zreNya kAla meM saMskRta bhASA kI bahuta unnati huI / dhArmika aura laukika sabhI prakAra ke viSayoM kA isa bhASA meM vivecana huaa| kAvyakalA aura dArza

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bhUmikA 3 nika vicAroM kA isa bhASA meM sundara samanvaya dIkhatA hai / vastutaH aisA koI bhI viSaya nahIM hai, jisakA isa bhASA meM vivecana na huA ho / isa kAla ke vikAsa-krama meM pANini ke kaThora niyamoM ke hote hue bhI isa bhASA meM kucha navIna vizeSatAe~ praaii| pANini ke prabhAva ke kAraNa bhASA, jo ki vikAsa kI ora unmukha thI, isa kAla meM vikasita na ho sakI / jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki vibhASA-sambandhI vibhinnatAe~, jo ki vaidika kAla se calI A rahI thIM, na rahIM / pANini ke niyamoM ke viruddha dhAtu-rUpoM ke sthAna para kRdanta rUpoM kA vyavahAra hone lagA / aise vAkyoM kI racanA huI, jisameM kriyA kA abhAva thA aura usakA kevala adhyAhAra kiyA jAtA thaa| saMkSepa ke lie gauNa vAkyoM ke sthAna para lambe samAsoM ko sthAna diyA gayA / pANini ne bhUtakAla ke lakAroM ke viSaya meM jo vizeSa niyama banAe the, unakI upekSA kI gaI / udAtta Adi svara jo ki pANini ke matAnusAra saMgItAtmaka the, unake sthAna para balAghAta vAle svaroM ko sthAna milaa| 15 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda likhe gae vijJAna-sambandhI granthoM meM kriyAoM ke gaNoM vAle rUpoM kA prAyaH abhAva milatA hai| saMskRta bhASA ke vikAsa aura unnati ke sAtha-sAtha eka bhASA aura cAlU thI. jisako prAkRta kahate haiM / yaha janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA thii| prAkRta zabda prakRti zabda se nikalA hai jisakA artha hai janatA / (prakRtau bhavaM prAkRtam) / isa prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga ve vyakti karate the, jo bolacAla kI saMskRta ko ThIka samajha lete the, parantu apane bhAvoM ko prakaTa karane ke lie ise ThIka bola nahIM sakate the| yadyapi isakA svataMtra astitva thA, parantu saMskRta se bahuta milatI huI thI aura isa para saMskRta kA prabhAva bhI bahuta adhika thA / isa prAkRta kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM Atmanepada kA sarvathA abhAva hai| 1. kAvyAdarza 1.33

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yaha saMskRta, jisako pANini ne bhASA nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai, bolacAla ko bhASA thI / isake katipaya pramANa milate haiM / pANini ne vaidika aura laukika bhASA ke lie apane niyama banAe haiN| pataMjali kA kathana hai ki vyAkaraNa kA uddezya yaha nahIM hai ki nae zabdoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAya, apitu zabdoM ke zuddha prayoga kI zikSA denA vyAkaraNa kA uddezya hai| isa vaktavya se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vyAkaraNa se pahale bolacAla kI bhASA vidyamAna rahatI hai aura usI ke lie vaiyAkaraNa vyAkaraNa ke granthoM kA nirmANa karate haiM / pataMjali ne likhA hai ki bar3e-bar3e vidvAn RSi bhI 'yad vA naH, tad vA naH' isa zuddha prayoga ke sthAna para bolacAla meM yarvANaH, tarvANaH isa prakAra ke azuddha prayoga karate the, kintu yajJa Adi kAryoM meM ve kisI prakAra kA azuddha prayoga nahIM karate the / pataMjali kA kathana hai ki evaM hi zrUyate--yaNastarvANo nAma RSayo babhUvaH pratyakSadharmANaH parAvarajJA viditaveditavyA adhigatayAthAtathyAH / te tatra bhavanto yadvA nastadvA na iti prayoktavye yaNistarvANa iti prayuJjate / yAjJe punaH karmaNi nApabhASante / (mahAbhASya 1-1-1) isake atirikta pataMjali ne eka saMvAda kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jo ki sUta zabda kI vyutpatti para eka vaiyAkaraNa kA eka sArathi se huA thA / usameM dikhAyA gayA hai ki vaiyAkaraNa zabda ke zuddha prayoga ko ThIka nahIM jAnatA thA aura eka sAdhAraNa sArathi usake zuddha prayoga ko jAnatA thaa|' USa, tera, cakra, peca Adi jaise katipaya zabdoM kA vizeSa artha meM prayoga hotA thaa| pataMjali ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki usa samaya loga kucha zabdoM kA azuddha uccAraNa karate the, jaise--zaza ke sthAna para SaSa, palAza ke sthAna para palASa, maMcaka ke sthAna para maMjaka ityAdi / ' pANini aura pataMjali donoM 1. mahAbhASya-2-4-56 2. , -1-1-1 3. , -1-1-1

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bhUmikA saMskRta kI vibhASAoM kA bhI ullekha karate haiM, jisakA unhoMne apane granthoM meM varNana kiyA hai| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM bole jAne vAle prayogoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ___ zavatirgatikarmA kambojeSveva bhASito bhavati, vikAra enamAryA bhASante zava iti / hammatiH surASTreSu, raMhatiH prAcyamadhyameSu, gamimeva tvAryAH prayuJjate / dAtirlavanArthe prAcyeSu, dAtramudIcyeSu / mahAbhASya 1-1-1 / zabdoM ke anta meM lagane vAle pratyayoM meM se kucha pUrvIya logoM ko rucikara the, kucha utara vAloM ko aura kucha kamboja (hindukuza parvata ke pAsa rahane vAle) logoM ko / ' dakSiNa ke vyaktiyoM ko taddhita pratyaya vAle prayoga adhika rucikara the| priyataddhitA dAkSiNAtyAH / mahAbhASya 1-1-1 / pANini ne putrAdinI aura puttrAdinI ke arthoM meM antara kA ullekha kiyA hai ki isa prakAra inakA prayoga kreN| isameM se prathama zabda ghaNA-sUcaka hai aura dUsare kA artha hai vastutaH putra ko khAne vAlI, jaise sarpiNI / dUra se sambodhana meM vyakti ke nAma kA antima svara plata uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra pANini ne dyata ke pAribhASika zabdoM, gvAloM kI bolI aura svaroM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai / yadi saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA na hotI to ye sabhI niyama nirarthaka hote / nimnalikhita kAraNoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI / yuSmad zabda ke sthAna para bhavat zabda kA prayoga, dAsyAH putraH Adi nindArthaka zabda jinameM SaSThI kA aluka hai, anukaraNAtmaka * 1. aSTAdhyAyI 4-1-17, 7-3-46, 4-1-43 2. aSTAdhyAyI 8-4-48 8-2-84 3-3-70 4-2-36, 7-1-1,4-2-47 1-4-108 6-3-22, 6-3-21 * ;

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zabdoM kI racanA' enam, enena Adi anvAdeza vAle prayoga, namaH svasti Adi ke sAtha hone vAlI vizeSa vibhaktiyA~' / isake atirikta nATakoM meM ucca zreNI ke puruSa pAtroM ke dvArA saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga aura nimna zreNI ke puruSa pAtroM tathA striyoM ke dvArA prAkRta kA prayoga, isa bAta ke mAnane para hI ucita pratIta hotA hai ki nATakoM ke andara bhASAoM ke prayoga meM antara dainika vyAvahArika jIvana se hI liyA gayA hai / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM kI bhASA bhI isI nirNaya kI sUcaka hai| zreNyakAla meM saMskRta bolacAla aura sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM bahuta lokapriya huii| saMskRta meM sabhI viSayoM para grantha likhe gae / yaha rAjabhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huI / prAcIna samaya se lekara 16 vIM zatAbdI I0 taka zilAlekha, stambha-lekha, dAnapatra, rAjakIya zAsana-patra aura prazastiyA~ Adi prAyaH saMskRta meM hI likhI gaI / bauddha aura jaina, jo ki prAkRta kA prayoga adhika ucita mAnate the, unhoMne bhI IsavIya zatAbdI ke prArambha ke bAda sAhityika kAryoM ke lie saMskRta ko apanAyA / bauddha dArzanika azvaghoSa (prathama zatAbdI IsavIya) ne bauddha vicAroM ke pracArArtha saMskRta kA hI Azraya liyA / prasiddha vaidyarAja caraka ( prathama zatAbdI ) ne vaidyoM ke vArtAlApa meM saMskRta bhASA ke prayoga kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga ne bhArata bhramaNa ke samaya tatkAlIna bauddhoM ke dvArA saMskRta bhASA ke prayoga kA ullekha kiyA hai / 606 I0 meM jaina lekhaka siddharSi ne jaina bhAvoM ko lekara 'upamitibhAvaprapaMcakathA' nAmaka grantha saMskRta meM likhA / isa grantha meM usane prAkRta kI apekSA saMskRta bhASA ke prayoga ke lAbhoM kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai| 1. 2. 3. . " " " 1-3-60 2-4-32, 2-4-34 2-3-16, 2-3-17 :

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bhUmikA usakA kathana hai ki saMskRtA prAkRtA ceti bhASe prAdhAnyamarhataH, tatrApi saMskRtA tAvada durvidagdhahRdi sthitA // bAlAnAmapi sadbodhakAriNI karNapezalA, tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmapi bhAsate // upamitibhAvaprapaMcakathA 1-51, 52, kazmIrI kavi birahaNa (11 vIM zatAbdI I0) kA kathana hai ki kazmIrI striyA~ saMskRta, prAkRta aura kazmIra kI bhASA ko ThIka samajhatI thiiN| saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke granthoM ne isa bhASA ke durupayoga ko avazya rokA, parantu isake dvArA bhASA ko nizcala banA diyaa| isakA pariNAma yaha hamA ki pANini ke samaya meM saMskRta aura prAkRta meM jo antara thA, vaha dina pratidina bar3hatA gayA / kucha kAla pazcAt jaba vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se baddha kaviyoM ne isako kRtima rUpa denA prArambha kiyA aura apracalita prayogoM ko sthAna denA prArambha kiyA, tabase yaha antara aura bar3ha gyaa| jyoM-jyoM prAkRta bar3hatI gaI, bolacAla ke rUpa meM saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga kama hotA gayA aura dhIredhIre samAja para usakA prabhAva kama ho gyaa| sAhityikoM ne saMskRta bhASA kI isa avanati kI ora dhyAna diyA aura prayatna kiyA ki yaha punaH usI sthiti ko prApta ho| hitopadeza aura paMcataMtra isI prakAra ke prayatnoM ke pariNAma haiN| dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie choTe 'prayoga' nAmaka grantha bhI isI uddezya se likhe gae the| ina prayatnoM ke dvArA yadyapi pUrNa saphalatA nahIM milI, tathApi inake dvArA avanati kI gati kama avazya ho gii| ___ aAjakala saMskRta ko mAtRbhASA kahA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha saMpUrNa bhAratavarSa yA kisI eka pradeza kI dainika bolacAla kI bhASA nahIM thI aura isa artha meM kabhI bhI jIvita bhASA nahIM thI, apitu yaha ucca zreNI ke vyaktiyoM kI hI bolacAca kI bhASA thii| kisI bhI 1. vikramAMkadevacarita 18-6

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhASA ko mRta tabhI kahA jAtA hai, jaba vaha janatA para tathA anya bhASAoM para apanA prabhAva sarvathA chor3a de / jaba isa artha kI dRSTi se hama vicAra karate haiM to jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta mAtR-bhASA nahIM hai / yaha aba bhI bhAratavarSa ko vibhanna bhASAoM ko anuprANita aura saMpuSTa karatI hai tathA bhAratIya janatA ko eka sUtra meM bA~dhane ke lie ekamAtra sAdhana hai| isa dRSTi se yaha aba bhI jIvita bhASA hai / isake atirikta saMskRta vidvAnoM ke dvArA pahale kI taraha Aja bhI laukika aura dhArmika kAryoM ke lie prayoga meM lAI jAtI hai| prAkRta bhASA, jo ki janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA thI, sAhityika bhASA ho gaI aura IsavIya zatAbdI ke pahale se hI bolacAla kI bhASA rhii| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM gautama buddha aura mahAvIra ne prAkRta meM hI apane siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyaa| mahArAja azoka ke samaya meM prAkRta rAjabhASA huI / prAkRta meM hI zilAlekha Adi likhe gae / IsavIya zatAbdI ke prArambha ke samaya prAkRta sAhityika-bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita na raha sakI aura prAkRta ke samarthakoM ne bhI hinduoM ke sAtha vivAdoM aura zAstrArthoM meM saMskRta bhASA kA hI prayoga prArambha kiyA / isa samaya ke pazcAt bauddhoM aura jainoM ke lie bhI saMskRta hI sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM rahI / prAkRta ke prayoga kA sarvathA abhAva nahIM huA / vizeSarUpa se jaina lekhaka isakA prayoga karate the| ___ bolacAla kI bhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta kI kaI vibhASAe~ thiiN| unameM se mukhya haiM:--(1) mAgadhI, jisameM gautama buddha ne apane siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyA hai / (2) ardhamAgadhI, isake prAcIna rUpa meM mahAvIra ne apane siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyA hai / (3) zaurasenI / jina pradezoM meM ye bhASAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve krama se ye haiM :-(1) bihAra, (2) banArasa aura usake samIpa kA pradeza, (3) mathurA kA pradeza / marAThI aura baMgalA mAgadhI se nikalI haiM / pUrvI paMjAbI hindI aura gujarAtI zaurasenI se nikalI haiM / 400I0 ke lagabhaga prAkRta kI eka vibhASA huI, jisakA nAma apabhraMza par3A / sAhitya prAkRta aura Adhunika pracalita bhASAoM ke bIca meM isakI

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bhUmikA sthiti hai| isakA zabdakoSa sImita thA / yaha vartamAna bhASAoM kI utpatti meM mukhya kAraNa hai / isane pUrvapracalita vibhASAoM ko prabhAvita kiyA tathA kucha naI bhASAoM ko janma diyaa| apabhraMza ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI bihArI, ur3iyA aura anya bhASAoM kA janma huaa| bhAratavarSa meM prati pracIna samaya meM lekhana-kalA kA abhAva thA / maukhika hI zikSaNa Adi kArya hotA thaa| vedoM ke lie zruti zabda, dhArmika pustakoM ke liye smRti tathA sUkta, anuvAda ityAdi jo ki grantha ke vibhAgoM kA nirdeza karate haiM, isI kA samarthana karate haiN| anusvAra, visarga, jihvAmUlIya, upadhmAnIya ityAdi zabda isI kA samarthana karate haiN| vyAkaraNa ke granthoM tathA rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM lekhana-kalA kA nirdeza milatA hai| lipi zabda kA prayoga likhita varNamAlA ke artha meM huA hai| likha dhAtu kA prayoga vargoM ke vinyAsa yA patthara aura patra Adi para likhAI ke artha meM huA hai| ina ullekhoM ke sAtha hI azoka ke zilAlekhoM Adi se siddha hotA hai ki bhAratavarSa meM lekhana-kalA pracalita thI aura sambhavataH isakA pracalana 3000 I0 pU0 se hai / azoka ke zilAlekhoM se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki bhAratavarSa meM dvitIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM lekhanakalA bahuta unnata avasthA meM thii| likhane kI paddhati bAI ora se dAhinI ora kI thI / yadyapi eka mudrA aisI bhI prApta haI hai, jisameM dAI ora se bAI ora lekha hai / lekhana kArya ke lie vRkSoM kI chAla aura tAr3apatroM kA upayoga hotA thA / chAla Adi para akSaroM ke likhane ke lie nokIle lohe kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| syAhI ke lie masI zabda kA prayoga dvitIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM huaa| lekhana kArya ke upayoga meM Ane vAle tAr3apatroM ko kramabaddha karake eka dhAge se bA~dha diyA jAtA thA / isa kArya ke lie pattoM meM nizcita sthAna para cheda kiyA jAtA 1. kAlidAsa ke granthoM meM isa artha meM likh dhAtu kA prayoga milatA hai / abhijJAnazAkuntala aMka 3, raghuvaMza 3-28, kumArasaMbhava 1-7 /

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10 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa thaa| isIlie pustakoM Adi ko grantha kahA jAtA thA / pattoM ke sthAna para kAgaja kA prayoga 11 vIM zatAbdI I0 meM musalamAnoM ke bhArata meM Agamana ke pazcAt prArambha huaa| sabase pracIna hastalekha vAlA tAr3apatra jo prApta hotA hai, vaha 8vIM zatAbdI I0 kA hai aura saba se pracIna kAgaja para likhita hastalekha 1223 I0 kA hai / kAgaja kA vyavahAra prArambha hone ke pazcAt bhI dakSiNa bhArata meM tAr3apatroM kA prayoga pracalita rahA / uttarI bhArata meM devanAgarI lipi kA prayoga pracalita hai, parantu dakSiNa bhArata meM prAndhra, kannar3a, malayAlama aura anya lipiyoM kA prayoga hotA hai / saMskRta meM aura prAkRta meM prApta sAhitya meM kucha vizeSatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM-(1) kalAtmaka racanAoM aura naitika racanAmoM meM koI bheda nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kucha grantha jo ki sarvathA kalAtmaka haiM, unameM naitika vicAra vAle vaktavya bhI pAe jAte haiM aura jo naitika dRSTi se mahattva vAle grantha haiM, unameM kalAtmaka rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai / (2) racanA-sambandhI koI niyantraNa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| koI bhI racanA gadya yA padya meM ho sakatI hai, jaise vyAkaraNa, koza, vaidyaka, jyotiSa, darzana ityAdi gadya aura padya donoM rUpoM meM pAe jAte haiN| (3) bhAratIya lekhakoM kI pravRtti thI ki ve viSaya kA vivecana aura usakI mImAMsA bar3I sAvadhAnI se karate the| yaha pravRtti vaijJAnika viSayoM para likhane vAle lekhakoM se prArambha huii| kramazaH yaha pravRtti sabhI viSaya ke lekhakoM meM phaila gaI aura isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki vyAkaraNa, kAvya, rAjanIti, saMgIta, nATya-kalA Adi viSayoM kI isI prakAra vistRta vivecanA aura mImAMsA huI / (4) apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke granthoM kI vyAkhyA aura TIkA kI pravRti vidvAnoM meM huii| isI kAraNa prAmANika granthoM para TIkAe~ likhI gaI / bhAratavarSa ke pratyeka grantha para dharma kA prabhAva hai / __ bhAratIya sAhitya ke gaMbhIra aura AlocanAtmaka adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usameM katipaya nyUnatAe~ bhI haiN| lekhakoM aura unake granthoM ke viSaya meM koI nizcita sUcanA nahIM milatI hai / kavi aura lekhaka apanA paricaya

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bhUmikA dene ke viSaya meM sarvathA udAsIna haiM / isa viSaya meM anya kisI sthAna se bhI koI sUcanA nahIM milatI ataeva kisI bhI kavi kA pUrNa paricaya, usakI janmatithi, usakI racanAe, usake samakAlIna lekhakoM ke viSaya meM kucha paricaya nahIM miltaa| nizcita sUcanA ke abhAva meM katipaya viSayoM para saMdeha honA saMbhava hI hai / vAlmIki, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti, daNDI ityAdi nAma vyakti-vizeSa kI apekSA upAdhi-sUcaka zabda ke tulya pratIta hote haiM / kucha kaviyoM jaise bhaTTAraharicandra, meNTha ityAdi kA kevala nAmamAtra milatA hai aura unakI racanAe~ naSTa ho cukI haiN| eka nAma vAle kucha kaviyoM ke nAma se kucha granthoM kA nAmollekha kiyA jAtA hai, parantu ve vastutaH unake likhe hue nahIM hai / kintu yaha bhI nahIM kaha sakate ki unake likhe hue nahIM haiM, kyoMki isa prakAra ke niSedha kA koI AdhAra nahIM hai| ___ Upara jo kucha kahA gayA hai vaha kAlidAsa tathA anya bahuta se kaviyoM ke viSaya meM lAga hotA hai| bhavabhUti tathA anya kucha kaviyoM ne apane viSaya meM kucha upayogI sUcanAeM dI haiN| jo jitane prAcIna kavi haiM, unake viSaya meM paricaya pAne meM utanI hI kaThinAI par3atI hai / veda, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa tathA anya kucha grantha aise haiM, jinameM aitihAsika mahattva kI sAmagrI vastutaH upalabdha hotI hai / inameM se kucha meM rAjadvAra kA vizada citraNa tathA samasAmayika ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hai / ina nyUnatAoM ke sAtha mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA nAza bhI huA hai| yUnAnI aura musalamAna bahuta se aise aprApya grantha apane sAtha le gae, jo ki aba na unake pAsa haiM aura na bhAratavAsiyoM ke pAsa / hindU samAlocakoM se apanI rakSA ke lie bauddha apane bahumUlya granthoM ko tibbata aura cIna le gae aura vahA~ para tibmatIya aura cInI bhASA meM unakA anuvAda kiyaa| aMgreja aura jarmana vidvAn bhI bahuta se durlabha granthoM ko yahA~ se leM gae haiN| inameM se kucha granthoM ke prApta hone se bhI prAcIna bhArata ke sAhityika itihAsa para kucha prakAza par3a sakatA hai|

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12 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ___ saubhAgya se kucha cIjeM prApta haiM, jinakI sahAyatA se bhAratIya sAhitya ko samajha sakate haiM / 485 I0 pU0 meM gautama buddha kA svargavAsa huA / sikandara ne 326 I0 pU0 meM bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiyaa| maurya rAjA candragupta ne 320-268 I0 pU0 taka rAjya kiyaa| yaha samaya vizeSa mahattva kA hai, kyoMki yUnAnI dUta megasthanIja candragupta ke samaya meM thA aura usane candragupta ke rAjya kA vivaraNa apane bhArata-yAtrA ke vRttAnta meM diyA hai| azoka ne 266-232 I0 pU0 taka rAjya kiyaa| usake zilAlekha bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se tathA dhArmika aura rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiN| cInI yAtrI phAhyAna, hvenasAMga aura itsiga ne bhAratayAtrA kramazaH 366414, 626-645 tathA 672-675 I0 meM kii| inhoMne apane bhAratayAtrA ke mahattvapUrNa vRttAMta likhe haiM / alberunI 1030 I0 ke lagabhaga bhArata meM AyA thaa| usakA bhramaNavRttAnta bhI vizeSa mahatva kA hai| isake atirikta sikke, zilAlekha, staMbha lekha aura tAmrapatra vAle dAna, aitihAsika ghaTanAoM para prakAza DAlane meM paryApta sahAyatA karate haiN| racanAoM kI zailI bhI usake samaya-nirdhAraNa meM sahAyaka hotI hai| subhASita-saMgraha tathA sAhityazAstrIya granthoM se bhAratIya sAhitya ke samayakrama ke nirdhAraNa ke lie upayogI sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| saMskRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA aitihAsika adhyayana 16 vIM zatAbdI se prArambha hotA hai, jabaki yUropIya yAtrI aura miznarI yUropa se bhArata meM Ae / yUropa meM saMskRta ke sarva-prathama pahu~cane tathA yUropIya bhASAoM grIka, leTina Adi ke sAtha isakI vizeSa samatA ko dekhakara yUropIya vidvAnoM kI saMskRta bhASA ke adhyayana meM vizeSa abhiruci huI / tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kA janma jarmana vidvAn zlegala ke prayatnoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa huaa| usane 1808 I0 meM bhASA tathA bhAratIyoM kI buddhimattA para eka grantha likhA / ina vidvAnoM ne vedoM aura vaijJAnika granthoM ke adhyayana meM vizeSa abhiruci dikhaaii| aMgrejI vidvAnoM meM sara viliyama jonsa aura eca0 TI0 kolaka, jarmana

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bhUmikA vidvAnoM meM nyUlara, kolahAna, phrAMsisa baoNpa, grima, grAsamAna, yesparsana, vAkara nAgala, raoNTha, meksamUlara, vebara tathA anya vidvAn haiN| inhoMne bhAratIya sAhitya kI samRddhi meM bahumUlya dena dI haiN| inhoMne bhAratIya granthoM ke uttama saMskaraNa nikAle haiM aura sAtha ho yUropIya bhASAoM meM unakA anuvAda bhI kiyA hai / 1651 I0 meM abrAhama rogara ne Daca bhASA meM bhartRhari kI kavitAoM (bhata harizataka) kA anuvAda kiyaa| 1786 I0 meM sara vilimaya jonsa ne iMgliz meM abhijJAnazAkuntala kA anuvAda kiyA, jisakI prazaMsA herDara aura geTe ne kii| cArla sa vilkinsa ne 1785 I0 meM bhagavadgItA aura 1764 meM manusmRti prakAzita ko| maiksamUlara ne cAroM vedoM ko mUlaprati prakAzita kI aura Rgveda kA anuvAda bhI kiyaa| yUropIya vidvAnoM ne etihAsika adhyayana ke lie jina graMthoM kA Azraya liyA hai, unameM se kucha uparyukta haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya sAhitya ke AlocanAtmaka adhyayana kA prArambha kiyA aura usI mArga para calate hue bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI bhAratIya sAhitya ke vAstavika rUpa ko samajhane ke lie jo jIvanotsarga kiyA hai, usakA phala vibhinna rUpoM meM huA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne hI vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna kA dvAra kholA hai aura bhAratIyoM kA isa viSaya meM pathapradarzana kiyA hai| yUropIya vidvAnoM ne jo niSkarSa nikAle haiM, ve kucha sImA taka hI svIkAra karane yogya haiM / aitihAsika tathyoM ke anusaMdhAna meM pravRta ina vidvAnoM ne una paristhitiyoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA hai, jina paristhitiyoM meM bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne apane grantha likhe haiN| isa tathya para vicAra kie binA kisI bhI sAhityaka grantha kA niSpakSa mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya sAhitya meM prApya dhArmika-bhAvanA aura sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA ko vAstavika truTi mAnI hai aura isake dvArA kalAtmaka prabhAva aura sAhitya kI vAstavikatA kA abhAva mAnate haiM / unhoMne kucha siddhAnta prastuta kie haiM aura ve apane DhaMga se isa niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM / unake ye siddhAnta adhikatara vAsta

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14 ___ saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vikatA se sarvathA viparIta haiM. vizeSarUpa se katipaya granthoM ke lekhaka kA nirNaya, mUla-graMtha kA vAstavika svarUpa, kaviyoM kI janmatithi Adi para unake niSkarSa ekAMgI haiM, antima niSkarSa nahIM haiM / ataeva saMskRta-sAhitya kA adhyayana pAzcAtya AlocakoM kI paddhati para honA cAhiye / sAtha hI unakI paddhati meM jo truTiyA~ haiM, unakA parityAga karanA cAhiye / bhAratIya-sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke sanmukha aitihAsika tathyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa jo apUrNatA raha jAtI hai, usakA bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye aura unhIM ke prakAza meM apane niSkarSa nikAlane cAhie, tabhI saMskRta sAhitya ke vAstavika rUpa ko samajha sakate haiM /

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adhyAya 2 veda vaidika sAhitya meM veda aura unase saMbaddha sAhitya kI gaNanA hotI hai / veda zabda 'vid' dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai 'jaannaa'| ataH veda kA artha hai jisake dvArA jJAna prApta kiyA jAya / bhAratIya vedoM ko jJAna kA pavitra srota mAnate haiN| _ veda cAra haiM-Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda / Rgveda meM mantra haiM, jinako RcA kahate haiM / ye padya meM haiN| ye mantra prAyaH cAra paMkti ke haiN| kahIM-kahIM para tIna yA do paMkti vAle bhI haiM / gAyatrI, anuSTup, bRhatI, paMkti, triSTup, jagatI Adi prasiddha chanda haiM, jinameM mantroM kI racanA huI hai / ye mantra devatAoM kI prArthanA ke rUpa meM haiM / inameM se kucha yajJa-sambandhI tathA kucha dArzanika bhAva vAle haiN| yajurveda kA adhikAMza bhAga gadya meM likhA gayA hai / yajaSu zabda kA artha hai, prArthanA / isameM kucha Rgveda ke bhI mantra haiN| isa veda kA uddezya hai vibhinna yajJoM ke mahatva ko spaSTa karanA tathA usakA varNana karanA aura una yajJoM ke samaya Rgveda ke mantroM kA yathAsthAna pATha karanA / isa veda kI do zAkhAe~ haiM, zukla yajurveda aura kRSNa yajurveda / sAmaveda gAnayukta veda hai / sAman zabda kA artha hai, prasanna karanA / isameM adhika mantra Rgveda ke hI haiM / isa veda meM jo mantra Ae haiM ve gAna ke lie haiN| inake gAna ke do prakAra hai, Uha-gAna aura uhyagAna jinako kramazaH grAma-gAna aura prAraNya-gAna kahate hai / atharvaveda meM saMhArAtmaka aura rakSAtmaka mantra haiM, jinako ina avasaroM para par3hanA cAhie / isameM aise mantra haiM, jo AyuvRddhi ke lie, prAyazcitta ke lie tathA pArivArika ekatA ke lie haiN| duSTa pretAtmAoM ke nivAraNa ke lie tathA rAkSasoM ke zApa ke lie bhI isameM mantra die gae haiM / isameM prAdhyA

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16 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa tmika bhAva vAle mantra bhI haiM / isameM bhI Rgveda ke mantra haiN| yaha veda yajJoM ke sambandha meM vizeSa upayogI nahIM hai / ukta tInoM vedoM meM yajJoM kA varNana mukhyarUpa se hai, parantu isameM usakA abhAva hai| ataeva anya tInoM vedoM ke sAtha isakI gaNanA bahuta samaya taka nahIM kI gii| puruSa sUkta meM anya tInoM vedoM kA ullekha hai, parantu isakA ullekha nahIM hai / ' trayI zabda anya tInoM vedoM ke lie hI prayoga meM AtA hai| bAda ke samaya meM anya tIna vedoM ke sAtha usakI bhI gaNanA samAna rUpa se kI gaI aura isako cauthA veda mAnA gyaa| pratyeka veda cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, arthAt saMhitA, brAhmaNa, prAraNya ka aura upaniSad / saMhitA bhAga meM mantroM kA vaha bhAga hai, jisameM devastuti hai tathA jisako vibhinna yajJoM ke samaya par3hA jAtA thA / brAhmaNa granthoM meM vaha aMza hai, jo mantroM ke vidhibhAga kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / AraNyaka granthoM meM vaha aMza hai, jina vidhiyoM ko vAnaprastha kI avasthA meM manuSya ko vana meM karanA cAhie / upaniSadoM meM dArzanika siddhAnta haiM, jo ki yogya ziSyoM ko hI batAne yogya haiN| cAroM vedoM ke saMhitA bhAga, zukla yajurveda kA brAhmaNa grantha aura kRSNa yajurveda ke brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSad svara-cihnoM se yukta haiM / ina malagranthoM meM saMgItAtmaka svara haiM / svara tIna haiM-udAtta, anudAta aura svarita / udAtta kA artha hai uThI huI dhvani, , anudAtta kA artha hai nIcI dhvani aura svarita kA artha hai donoM kI mizrita dhvani / Rgveda meM udAtta varNa para koI cihna nahIM hai / anudAtta kA cihna varNa ke nIce sIdhI lakIra hai aura svarita kA cihna varNa ke Upara sIdhI khar3I lakIra hai / ina vedoM meM ina svaroM ke cihna vibhinna rUpa se lagAye gae haiN| / 1. Rgveda 10-60-6 (dekho aitareya brAhmaNa 5-32) / 2. muNDakopaniSad 1-1-5, gopatha brAhmaNa 2-16 /

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veda 17 ina mUlagranthoM kA sAdhAraNatayA pATha hotA thA aura guru-ziSya paraMparA dvArA viyoM kI par3hAyA jAtA thA / isa bAta para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA ki vidyArthI mUlagranthoM ko kaMThastha kareM aura usameM uccAraNa aura svara-sambandhI eka bhI truTi na hone pAve / isa paraMparA ke kAraNa hI vedoM ko zruti nAma diyA gayA hai / 1 vedoM meM kisI prakAra kI truTi na rahe, isake lie kaI upAya kie gae the ! ina upAyoM meM se pA~ca mukhya the / saMhitA pATha, padapATha, kramabATha, jaTApATha aura vanapATha / saMhitApATha meM veda kA mantra jaisA hai, usakA vaisA hI pATha kiyA jAtA hai / padapATha meM mantra ko vibhinna padoM meM vibhakta karake usakA pATha kiyA jAtA hai / yadi saMhitApATha ko pratIka rUpa se kakhaga kaheM to isakA padapATha hogA ka, kha, ga / jo pada pRthak kie gae haiM, unameM prArambha aura anta meM svara-sambandhI parivartanoM ke lie vibhinna niyama banAe gae aura unakA pAlana kiyA gayA / ina niyamoM kI sahAyatA se padapATha se saMhitApATha pUrNatayA zuddha rUpa meM banatA thA, jaisA ki mantra ko padapATha meM vibhakta karane se pahale thA / kramapATha meM padapATha ke zabdoM ko eka-eka bAra liyA jAtA thA aura pratyeka bAra pahale pada ke zabda ko bhI liyA jAtA thA aura agale pada ke zabda ko bhI / jaise kramapATha kA rUpa aisA hogA :- kakha, khaga, gagha / jaTApATha kramapATha ke tInoM mela ko milAne se hotA hai / jaise jaTApATha kA aisA rUpa hogA : - kakha, khaka, kakha, khaga, gakha, khaga, / ghanapATa uparyukta meloM ke milAne se pA~ca rUpa meM banatA hai / jaise ghanapATha kA rUpa isa prakAra hogA kakha, khaka, kakhaga, gakhaka aura kakhaga / ina upAyoM ke dvArA saMhitA pATha cAra prakAra ke vibhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA thA aura cAra pAThoM ke dvArA punaH saMhitA pATha banAyA jA sakatA thA / isa prakAra se vedoM ko itane varSoM taka pUrNatayA zuddha rUpa meM rakhA jA sakA hai / yadyapi ye veda maukhika rUpa se ziSya paraMparA ke dvArA ziSyoM ko die gae, tathApi inameM eka svara yA eka varNa kA bhI antara nahIM hone pAyA hai / :-- saM0 sA0 i0-2

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adhyAya 3 veda aura pAzcAtya vidvAn pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne vedoM ke AlocanAtmaka adhyayana ke samaya pArasiyoM kI dharmapustaka jevestA se inakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA aura unako veda tathA jendaavestA meM bahuta-sI samatAe~ dRSTigocara huI / kucha sthAnoM para donoM granthoM meM prApta hone vAle zabdoM ke artha aura rUpa meM samAnatA thI / jaise, veda meM 'mitra' jendaavestA meM 'mihira' zabda sUrya artha meM hai / veda meM 'vRtrahan' aura jendAvestA meM 'verethaghna' yuddha ke devatA ke lie haiM aura dhvani vicAra kI dRSTi se samAna haiM / veda kA 'asura' zabda jendAvestA ke 'ahura' zabda se dhvani- vicAra kI dRSTi se samAna haiM / kintu donoM ke artha meM antara hai / asura zabda kA artha hai 'rAkSasa' aura ahura kA artha hai devatA / veda meM 'soma' aura jendAvestA meM 'homa' donoM peya padArtha ke artha meM haiM / donoM dharmagranthoM meM upanayana saMskAra kA varNana hai / ina samAnatAoM ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki phArasa aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM jo loga rahate the, usakA eka bhAga pUrva kI ora calA aura vaha tIna hajAra I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga bhArata meM praviSTa huaa| ye Arya loga the / sarvaprathama ve paMjAba meM base aura vahA~ zAntipUrvaka jIvana vyatIta kiyA / isa prasannatA ke kRtajJatA svarUpa unhoMne prakRti kI upAsanA prArambha kI aura usako devatA kI zreNI meM lAe / ina'avaMsaroM para unhoMne jo prArthanAe~ banAIM, usameM phArasa aura unakI samIpavartI kSetra ke nivAsa ke samaya ke anubhavoM ko sthAna diyA / samaya ke prabhAva ke kAraNa unakI bhASA meM dhvani sambandhI kucha parivartana ho gae / ina prArthanAoM ke saMgraha ko Rgveda nAma diyA gayA / paMjAba meM nivAsa ke samaya Rgveda kA kucha bhAga hI banA thA, zeSa bhAga jaba ve pUrva kI ora pahu~ce taba banA / isameM gaMgA 18

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veda aura pAzcAtya vidvAn 16 nadI, zera aura cAvala ke ullekha kA abhAva hai, ataH uparyukta nirNaya kiyA gayA hai / bAda vAle aMza meM ina cIjoM kA ullekha milatA hai / ina pradezoM meM maMDala 2 se 7 bane the / zeSa maMDala 1, 8, 6, 10 bAda meM vibhinna sthAnoM para bane the / yajurveda aura sAmaveda yamunA nadI ke kinAre ke pradezoM meM bane haiM / veda AryoM ke baMgAla meM sthira hone ke bAda banA hai / Rgveda anya vedoM kI apekSA bahuta samaya pUrva banA thA, yaha isa bAta se siddha hotA hai ki Rgveda ke bahuta se mantra anya vedoM meM prApta hote haiM / na kevala ye veda vibhinna sthAnoM para bane haiM, apitu pratyeka ke vibhinna aMza bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para bane haiM / sarvaprathama Ane vAle AryoM ne Rgveda ke maMtroM ke rUpa meM jo devatAoM kI stuti kI hai, usake dvArA ve kaThinAiyoM ke samaya meM ina maMtroM ke pATha ke dvArA devatAoM kI sahAyatA cAhate the / kucha samaya pazcAt unhoMne anubhava kiyA ki kevala prArthanA ke dvArA kArya pUrNatayA siddha nahIM hogA aura devatAoM kI prasannatA ke lie prArthanA ke atirikta kucha aura karanA Avazyaka hai / isake lie unhoMne yajJa karanA Avazyaka samajhA / " eka samaya thA jaba manuSya ke hRdaya kI svataMtra icchA ke AdhAra para yajJoM kA prArambha huA / isake dvArA ve ajJAta devatA ko dhanyavAda denA cAhate the aura jIvana ke prArambha se ekatra hue RNa ko kRtajJatA ke bhAva se zabdoM aura kAryoM ke dvArA utAranA cAhate the / "" agni kI pUjA, somarasa kA pAna tathA anya vidhiyA~ ina yajJoM ke vizeSa ullekhanIya kArya the / yajJoM ke samaya Rgveda ke maMtroM kA pATha hotA thA / vaidika yajJoM kI vidhi ko zuddha rakhane ke lie veda ke kucha aMza ekatra kie gae, jinameM usa vidhi ke karane kA kucha saMketa prApta hotA thA aura unakI isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI gaI jisase unheM saralatApUrvaka vidhiyoM meM sthAna mila sake : inako usI prakAra ke maMtroM ke sAtha eka sthAna para saMgraha kiyA gayA, usI ko yajurveda kahA gayA / ina sabhI avasaroM para Rgveda ke maMtroM kA 1 History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature by Max Muller. Page 525.

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20 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pATha hotA thA aura ina maMtroM meM vizeSa prabhAva aura saMgIta-saMbaMdhI saphalatA ke lie sAmaveda kA nirmANa huA / isameM Rgveda ke maMtra haiM, sAtha hI saMgIta meM upayoga ke lie Avazyaka nirdeza diye gae haiN| jaba isa prakAra karmakANDa vAlA aMza unnati para thA, yajamAna kI zatrutroM se surakSA ke lie kucha kAryavAhI kI AvazyakatA thI / ye zatru ve the jo ki ina vidhiyoM ke lie sahayoga na dete the yA jo yajamAna ko dabA denA cAhate the / ye zatru vastutaH jaMgalI jAti ke vyakti the, jo bhAratabhUmi meM videziyoM ke nivAsa ko rokane kA prayatna karane vAle bhArata ke AdivAsI the / aise zatrutroM para AkramaNa aura unako vaza meM karane ke lie upAya kie ge| ina prayatnoM ne maMtra kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura vibhinna devatAoM se saMbaddha vibhinna vidhiyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / ina sabakA saMgraha zratharvaveda meM huA hai / jitane devatA the aura jitane uddezya the, utanI hI vidhiyA~ huIM / ina vidhiyoM kA jo bhAga vyAkhyAtmaka thA, usane brAhmaNa granthoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / pratyeka veda se maMtroM aura vidhiyoM kA sambandha Avazyaka samajhA gayA, ataeva pratyeka veda ke sAtha meM brAhmaNa granthoM kA bhI prAdurbhAva huA / ina vidhiyoM meM se adhikAMza vidhi eka vyakti apane parivAra ke logoM yA apanI jAti ke vyaktiyoM ke sAtha saMpanna karatA thA / eka vyakti jisane apane jIvana kA adhikAMza bhAga apane parivAra ke vyaktiyoM ke sAtha vyatIta kiyA hai, jaba vaha vAnaprastha kA jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhatA thA, taba yaha ucita samajhA gayA ki vaha sahasA ina vidhiyoM kA parityAga na kara de / vAnaprastha ke jIvana meM usake lie kucha vidhiyoM kA karanA Avazyaka samajhA gayA / isa prakAra vAnaprasthiyoM ke lie maMtra tathA vidhiyA~ AraNyaka granthoM meM dI gaIM / brAhmaNa granthoM ke tulya AraNyaka grantha bhI bahuta se haiM aura unakA sambandha pratyeka veda se hai / jo vyakti isa prakAra vAnaprastha kA jIvana vyatIta karane lage the, unakI icchA huI ki ina vaidika vidhiyoM ke kriyAkalApa kA AdhAra jAnanA cAhie /

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veda aura pAzcAtya vidvAn 21 kauna ina vidhiyoM ko kare, isakA svarUpa jAnanA cAhiye tathA jisa devatA ko prasanna karate haiM usakA svarUpa tathA anya vivaraNa bhI jAnanA cAhie / vyaktiyoM meM se kucha vaidika vidhiyoM ke kArya se Uba bhI gae hoMge, unhoMne prayatna kiyA hogA ki AtmA ke svarUpa ko jaaneN| ina viSayoM para isa kAla meM praznottara bhI hue hoMge / ina saba bAtoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA aura inako upaniSad nAma diyA gayA / ina upaniSadoM kI bhI gaNanA vaidika sAhitya meM kI jAtI hai aura ye AraNyaka granthoM ke antima bhAga haiM / inameM jo vicAra rakhe gae haiM usase prakaTa hotA hai ki unameM se kucha bahuta prAcIna haiM / yadyapi vedoM kA vibhAjana uparyukta rUpa se hai, tathApi yaha pragaTa hotA hai ki inameM se vibhinna bhAga vibhinna samayoM meM bane haiM / kRSNa yajurveda se bahuta samaya pUrva sAmaveda kI racanA ho cukI thI / Rgveda ke maMtra pRthak-pRthak tathA sAmUhika rUpa meM vibhinna RSiyoM ke nAma ke sAtha saMbaddha haiM / ina RSiyoM ko ina maMtroM kA racayitA kaha sakate haiM / kucha sthaloM para lekhaka kA nAma bhUla gayA hai / isa prakAra Rgveda kA sampUrNa mala-grantha vibhinna samaya meM vibhinna vyaktiyoM ke dvArA likhA gayA hai / yahI anya vedoM ke mUlagrantha ke viSaya meM kahA jA sakatA hai / Rgveda kA sabase purAnA aMza lagabhaga 3000 ( tIna sahasra ) I0 pU0 meM likhA gayA thA / saMpUrNa veda 600 I0 pU0 se pUrva prApta the, jaba ki gautama buddha ne vedoM kI sattA mAnakara unameM prApta katipaya siddhAntoM kA virodha kiyA aura apane siddhAnta kA pracAra kiyA / pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne jaba vedoM kA adhyayana prArambha kiyA to unhoMne bhAratIya vidvAnoM dvArA likhI gaI vedoM kI TIkAtroM kI sahAyatA lii| ina TIkA meM jo vyAkhyA dI gaI hai, unameM se kucha sthaloM kI vyAkhyA bhramAtmaka tathA asaMtoSajanaka hai / ataeva pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne yaha ucita samajhA ki mUla grantha kI vyAkhyA prakaraNa ke AdhAra para kI jAya / veda, vizeSarUpa se Rgveda, unako sAdhAraNa bhASA meM likhe hue pratIta hue| usameM unheM kaThina

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22 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yA pracalita zabda dikhAI nahIM par3e, jisake lie TIkAoM kI sahAyatA Avazyaka ho / yadyapi unhoMne ina TIkAtroM kI sahAyatA lI hai, parantu vedoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie unhoMne ina TIkAoM ko pUrNarUpa se AdhAra nahIM mAnA / jahA~ para kaThina yA vizeSa prakAra ke aMza mile, usake lie unhoMne grantha hI dvArA usakI vyAkhyA karanA ucita smjhaa| unhoMne vedoM ko ThIka samajhane ke lie tulanAtmaka paddhati kI sahAyatA lI / I unake matAnusAra vedoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke AdinivAsI carAgAha para AjIvikA - nirvAha karane vAle the / unake ghara lakar3I ke bane hue the / unake bhojana meM ghI, dUdha, anAja, sAga aura phala sammilita the / bartana dhAtu yA miTTI ke bane hue hote the / pIne ke bartana lakar3I ke bane hote the / madirApAna niyantrita thA / prArambhika samaya meM pazupAlana unakI mukhya AjIvikA thI / bAda meM kRSi aura mRgayA kA bhI unhoMne abhyAsa kiyA / zatruoM ke AkramaNa se apane bacAva ke lie unhoMne yuddhakalA kA abhyAsa kiyA / isa kArya ke lie dhanuSa aura bANa hathiyAra ke rUpa meM prayoga meM Ae / kavaca dhAtu kA banA huA hotA thA / nadiyoM ko pAra karane ke lie nAvoM kA upayoga hotA thA / eka vastu ke badale meM dUsarI vastu kA denA yahI AdAna-pradAna kI vidhi thI / dyUta pracalita thA / nRtya aura saMgIta bahuta ucca avasthA meM the / Dhola, bA~surI aura sitAra ye saMgIta ke lie vAdya the / gharelU pazuoM meM gAya kA sthAna mukhya thA / 'gAya kI aba taka kevala avaziSTa hI nahIM rahI hai, apitu bar3hatA hI gayA hai / ' 'anya kisI pazu kA manuSyamAtra ne itanA RNa nahIM mAnA hai / yaha RNa bhAratavarSa meM gopUjA ke dvArA acche prakAra se utArA gayA hai / yaha gopUjA anya dezoM meM pracalita nahIM hai / ' * pavitratA bhAratavarSa meM dhIre-dhIre usakA mahattva * A History of Sanskrit Literature by A. A. Macdonell pRSTha 110

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veda aura pAzcAtya vidvAn pArivArika paddhati meM pitA kI pradhAnatA hotI thI / purohita unake parivAra kA pathapradarzaka hotA thaa| vivAha kI prathA prAyaH aisI hI thI, jaisI ki Aja kala pracalita hai| parivAra meM striyoM kA sthAna ucca thaa| unako gRha-svAminI kahA jAtA thaa| putra kI utpatti zubha ghaTanA mAnI jAtI thI / jo santAna-hIna hote the, ve dUsare ke putra ko goda le lete the| ___ varga-vyavasthA ne isa samaya eka sthira rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / brAhmaNa purohita kA kArya karate the / kSatriya rAjya karate the| vaizya vyApAra karate the / zUdra uparyukta tInoM vargoM kI sevA kA kArya karate the| samAja ke ucca stara ko sthita rakhane ke lie yaha vyavasthA banAI gaI thii| yaha manuSyoM ke AjIvikA ke kAryoM ke AdhAra para sthita thI / lohAra, bar3haI, julAhe, rassI banAne vAle, munAra, abhinetA tathA anya kitane hI prakAra kI vibhinna AjIvikA vAle vyakti the| Arya kaI bhAgoM meM ba~Te / pratyeka zAkhA ne eka rAjanItika rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| rAjA zAsanakartA hotA thaa| rAjatva vaMza-paramparAgata hotA thA / janatA kI icchA ke anusAra rAjA kI zaktiyA~ niyantrita hotI thiiN| yuddha meM rathoM kA upayoga hotA thA / yadyapi veda ke prAcIna aMzoM meM ghor3e aura hAthiyoM kA ullekha hai, tathApi yuddha meM unakA upayoga prAyaH nahIM hotA thaa| ___ isa samaya naitika stara bahuta U~cA thA / parapuruSa-gamana tathA parastrI-gamana aura balAtkAra mahApApa samajhe jAte the / eka vivAha aura isakA mahattva pUrNa rUpa se mAnA jAtA thaa| tathApi bahuvivAha bhI kahIM-kahIM pracalita thA / ___zava ko jalAnA aura gAr3anA, ye donoM prathAe~ thIM / zava ko jalAnA adhika pracalita thA / zava ko gAr3anA, vizeSataH bAda ke kAla meM, kucha vizeSa vargoM ke lie hI niyantri tathA / Rgveda, yajurveda, aura sAmaveda ye tInoM veda AdinivAsiyoM ke dhArmika aura laukika kAryoM para prakAza DAlate haiM, kintu atharvaveda akelA hI laukika pakSa para bahuta adhika prakAza DAlatA hai / zatruoM aura rogoM ko dUra karane ke

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24 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa lie vibhinna prakAra ke mantra-tantra Adi pracalita the / yaha veda vaidyaka, gaNita jyotiSa aura phalita jyotiSa ke viSaya meM bhI praryApta sUcanA detA hai / isameM pArivArika aura vyApArika samRddhi ke lie mantrAdi die gae haiM / vedoM meM prArthanA aura vaidika karma-kANDa ke nirdezoM ke atirikta vivAha, antyeSTi tathA anya saMskAroM ke lie bhI mantra die gae haiM / sRSTiutpatti tathA nIti-sambandhI mantra bhI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM haiM / zunaHzepa, pururavA aura urvazI, yama yamI Adi ke jIvana se saMbaddha ghaTanAoM kA bhI isameM ullekha milatA hai / zaktiyoM kI pUjA karate the / prArambhika samaya meM Arya loga prAkRtika aura unakI zaktiyoM ko zArIki rUpa dete the veda meM mUrtiyoM kA varNana nahIM hai / devatAoM meM agni, varuNa aura indra mukhya the / varuNa nyAya kA rakSaka thA / jyoM-jyoM samaya bItatA gayA, vaha gauNa hotA gayA aura anta meM samudra kA devatA raha gyaa| indra ne bhI apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna chor3a diyA aura varSA ke adhiSThAtR devatA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna na rahA / vaha devatAoM ke rAjA ke rUpa meM raha gayA / indra ke pazcAt mahatva kI dRSTi se agni kA sthAna hai / usakA sthAna usI prakAra banA rahA, kyoMki vaidika karmakANDa se usakA vizeSa sambandha thA / savitA, sUrya, brahmA, viSNu, rudra Adi veda ke prAraMbhika aMgoM meM mukhya rUpa se haiM / ye vaidika kAla ke anta meM aura adhika pracalita hue / mitrAvaruNa, azvinI, vasu, Aditya Adi sAmUhika devatA haiM / rAtri, pRthivI, sarasvatI Adi strI devatA haiM / devatAoM ke samUha ko vizvedeva kahA jAtA thA / ye vaidika kAla ke madhya bhAga meM adhika pracalita hue| zraddhA, manyu, kAma, Adi guNoM ko devatA kA rUpa diyA gayA / eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki vizeSa prakaraNoM meM pratyeka ko hI sarvocca devatA mAnA gayA hai / maiksamUlara ne isa vizeSatA kI ora saMketa karate hue likhA hai ki " jaba yajJa ke devatA agni ko kavi sambodhana karatA hai to vaha usako sarvocca devatA kahatA hai / vaha indra se bhI nyUna nahIM hai / jaba agni ko sambodhana kiyA jAtA hai to

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veda aura pAzcAtya vidvAn 25 indra ko bhulA diyA jAtA hai / donoM meM kisI prakAra kI spardhA nahIM hai aura na unameM pratiyogitA hI hotI hai / vedokta dharma meM yaha bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai / " | vaidika sAhitya ke dArzanika dRSTikoNa ke do rUpa the / ekadevatAvAda aura bahudevatAvAda / bAda ke kAla meM Izvara ko vyakti aura sRSTikartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pUrvakAla ke bahudevatAvAda ne bAda meM ekadevatAvAda ko sthAna diyA / Izvara kI sarvavyApakatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vedoM meM AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM koI vicAra-vinimaya nahIM milatA hai / jIvAtmA bahuta samaya taka parIkSAoM ke bAda zAzvata mukti ke lie prayatna karatA rahA / ataeva vartamAna kI upekSA karake bhaviSya ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA / ataeva Adi nivAsiyoM ne mRtAtmAyoM ke lie do mArga svIkAra kie, arthAt devayAna aura pitRyANa / punarjanma meM dRr3ha vizvAsa hone ke kAraNa unhoMne jIvAtmA kI sattA para koI sandeha nahIM kiyA prataeva veda ke prAcIna aMza prAzAvAda se pUrNa haiM / isa prakAra ve siddha karate haiM ki prAdinivAsI mRtyu ke bAda ujjvala bhaviSya meM vizvAsa rakhate the / + History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature by Max Muller. pRSTha 546

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adhyAya 4 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kI samIkSA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vedoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para jo niSkarSa nikAle haiM, unakA saMkSipta vivaraNa pichale adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai / unhoMne vedoM ke sambandha meM jo kucha vicAra kiyA hai, usako bahuta spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa kara diyA gayA hai / isa viSaya meM bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI bhI sammati kA ullekha karanA ucita pratIta hotA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jo niSkarSa nikAle haiM, unakA parIkSaNa bhI yahA~ para karanA ucita hai / vaidika sAhitya ke viSaya meM hinduoM kI vicAra-dhArA pAzcAtyoM se bhinna hai / jo grantha iSTa-prApti aura aniSTa-nivAraNa kA alaukika upAya batAtA hai, use veda kahate hai / * dUsare zabdoM meM kaha sakate haiM ki acchA kyA hai aura burA kyA hai, yaha veda hI batAtA hai / ye uddezya pratyakSa aura anumAna ke dvArA prApta nahIM kie jA sakate the / ataH zabda pramANa veda kI AvazyakatA pratyakSeNAnumityA vA yastUpAyo na budhyate / enaM vidanti vedena tasmAd vedasya vedatA / / isa viSaya meM veda svataH pramANa haiM / ve hinduoM ke dharmagrantha haiN| vedoM ke do bhAga haiM-karmakANDa aura jJAnakANDa / karmakANDa meM saMhitA bhAga, brAhmaNa aura AraNyaka Ate haiM aura jJAnakANDa meM upaniSad / karmakANDa vaidika yajJoM ke karane se vizeSa sambandha rakhatA hai / ye yajJa cAra prakAra ke haiM--nitya ( pratidina kie jAne vAle ), naimittika (vizeSa nimitta se * iSTaprAptyaniSTaparihArayoralaukikamupAyaM yo grantho vedayati sa vedaH // taittirIya saMhitAbhASya kI bhUmikA meM sAyaNa kA kathana /

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pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kI samIkSA 27 kie jAne vAle ), kAmya ( kisI vizeSa kAmanA se kie jAne vAle ) aura niSiddha ( vajita kArya ) / upaniSadoM meM prakRti, jIva aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa tathA unake pArasparika sambandha kA varNana hai / brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSadoM ke lakSya aura uddezya ke viSaya meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI jo sammati hai, vahI bhAratIyoM kI bhI hai| prAcIna AryoM ne dharma ke viSaya meM jo ucca kArya kie haiM, unakA saMkalana vedoM meM hai / bhAratavarSa meM jIvana ke dhArmika aura laukika aMzoM ko pRthak nahIM kiyA gayA thA / veda pUrNatayA dhArmika bhAvanA se likhe gaye haiM, ataH unameM bhI kucha laukika viSaya A gae haiM / ataeva bhAratIya vicAroM ke anusAra vedoM ko AdinivAsiyoM ke laukika jIvana-vRtta kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___ vedoM ke kartRtva ke viSaya meM hindutroM meM tIna vicAra pracalita haiM / prathama vicAra hai ki vedoM kA kartA koI vyakti nahIM hai| saSTi ke Adi meM manuSyamAtra ke hita ke lie paramAtmA ne unakA prakAza kiyaa| ve kisI vyakti kI racanA nahIM haiM, ataH ve svataH pramANa haiN| yaha vicAra upaniSadoM ke mata ko mAnane vAle vedAntiyoM kA hai / dUsarA vicAra yaha hai ki yaha saMsAra na kabhI banA hai aura na kabhI naSTa huA hai / veda anAdikAla se isI rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM / ve nitya aura svataH pramANa jJAna ke grantha haiM / unakI prAmANikatA sarvocca hai / yaha vicAra veda ke karmakANDa bhAga ko mAnane vAle mImAMsakoM kA hai / tIsarA vicAra hai ki vedoM kA kartA paramAtmA hai / ve Izvarakataka hone ke kAraNa pramANa-svarUpa haiM / yaha vicAra nyAyazAstra ko mAnane vAle naiyAyikoM kA hai / vedoM meM jo vizvAmitra, gRtsamada, vasiSTha Adi nAma kucha sUktoM ke sAtha Ae haiM, unakA abhiprAya yaha samajhanA cAhie ki ye nAma una RSiyoM ke haiM, jinhoMne ina sUktoM kA vizeSa rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA aura vedokta dharma kA pracAra kiyA / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki hindU vedoM ko kisI vyakti kI racanA 1 Rgveda 10-6-6

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nahIM mAnate aura na vedoM ke vibhinna bhAgoM ko vibhinna samayoM meM likhA huA mAnate haiM / 28 samAkhyAnaM pravacanAd vAkyatvaM tu parAhRtam / tatkartranupalambhena syAt tatospauruSeyatA | jaiminIyanyAyamAlA 1-2-8 1 jahA~ taka vedoM kI vyAkhyA kA sambandha hai, yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki vedoM kI vyAkhyA kA paramparAgata rUpa avicchinna nahIM hai / kitane hI vidvAn hue haiM jinhoMne vedoM ke artha ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / yAska ( 800 I0 pU0 ) ne vaidika zabdoM ke nirvacana ke rUpa meM nirukta graMtha likhA hai / usakA kathana hai ki usase pUrva vedoM kI vyAkhyA karane vAle 17 vidvAn ho cuke haiM / inameM se koI bhI graMtha usako prApya nahIM the / vaidika zabdoM kI vyutpatti dete hue yAska ne katipaya sthAnoM para eka se adhika bhI vyutpatti dI hai aura isake dvArA vaidika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie usane apanA hArdika prayatna bhI prakAzita kiyA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki yAska paramparAgata vedoM kI vyAkhyA ke viSaya meM pUrNatayA ` asandigdha nahIM tha / yAska ke pazcAt vedoM ke kaI bhASyakAra hue haiM / Rgveda kA bhASya skandasvAmI (600 I0), mAdhava bhaTTa ( 8 vIM zatAbdI I0) veMkaTamAdhava ( 11 vIM zatAbdI I0) zrAnandatIrtha, sAyaNa, bhaTTa bhAskara, SaDguruziSya, svAmI dAnaMda Adi ne kiyA hai| zukla yajurveda kA bhASya sAtavIM zadAbdI meM harisvAmI ne navIM zatAbdI meM udaya ne 11 vIM zatAbdI meM ubbara ne, sAyaNa ne, mahIdhara ne, jisakA dUsarA nAma mahIdAsa hai tathA svAmI dayAnaMda Adi ne kiyA haiM / kRSNa yajurveda kA bhASya bhaTTa bhAskara aura sAyaNa Adi ne kiyA hai / sAmaveda kA bhASya sAyaNa, mAdhava, bharatasvAmI, Adi ne kiyA hai aura atharvaveda kA bhASya sAyaNa Adi ne kiyA hai / sAyaNa 14 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM huA thA / sAyaNa hI akelA aisA vidvAn hai, jisane cAroM vedoM kA bhASya kiyA hai / anya vidvAnoM ne eka veda kA yA vaidika sAhitya ke kisI eka aMza kA bhASya kiyA hai / sAyaNa kA likhA huA vedArthaprakAza nAmaka bhASya tathA kucha anya vidvAnoM ke likhe hue bhASya Ajakala pUrNatayA prApta haiM aura kucha apUrNa rUpa meM prApya haiM /

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pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kI samIkSA ina TIkAnoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki vedoM kI paramparAgata vyAkhyA kA krama avicchinna nahIM rahA hai| tathApi ina bhASyakAroM ne apanI pUrNa yogyatA ke anusAra vedoM ko vyAkhyA kA prayatna kiyA hai / jahA~ para ve apano vyAkhyA se saMtuSTa nahIM the, vahA~ para ve anya vyAkhyA bhI dete haiN| ye bhASyakAra una vaidika vidvAnoM ke vaMzaja haiM, jinhoMne vedoM kA adhyayana aura manana kiyA thA tathA vedokta paddhati se yajJoM ko karate the / ataeva vaidika zabdoM se pUrNatayA paricita the aura vaidika sAhitya ke vizeSajJa the / veda ke mantroM ke artha ThIka jAnane ke kAraNa ve veda ke bhASya ke pUrNa adhikArI the| ataeva ve vaidika paramparA ke vizvasanIya vyAkhyAtA haiM / udAharaNArtha-- sAyaNa ne vedabhASya ko bhUmikA meM vedoM aura unakI vyAkhyA ke saMbaMdha meM bahata-sI bahumalya bAteM batAI haiN| usane una samAlocakoM kI yuktiyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jo vedoM para vizvAsa nahIM rakhate the, ataeva veda ke bhASya ko bhI vyartha samajhate the| sAyaNa ne unakI yuktiyoM kA uttara bahuta hRdayaMgama rUpa se diyA hai aura anta meM vedoM ke adhyayana aura unakI vyAkhyA ke mahatva para bala diyA hai| vaidika mantroM kI vyAkhyA meM usane mImAMsA-darzana ke siddhAMtoM ke jJAna kA bhI pUrNa upayoga kiyA hai / vedoM ke artha ko ThIka jAnane ke lie ina siddhAntoM kA jAnanA Avazyaka hai / usane veda ke 6 aMgoM se bhI bahumUlya sahAyatA prApta kI hai / * anya bhASyakAroM ke bhASyoM meM bhI vaidika-sAhitya ke viSaya meM bahuta sI bahumUlya bAta prApta hotI haiN| ina bhASyoM ko sArahIna nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / ina bhASyoM kI sahAyatA ke binA pAzcAtya vidvAn bho vedoM ke artha tathA vaidika paramparA ko samajhane meM asamartha rhte| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vedoM kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai, usase lakSya kI siddhi nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki unhoMne vaidika paramparA kA ullekha karane vAle ina bhASyoM *--veda ke 6 aMga ye haiM--1. zikSA (dhvani-vijJAna), 2. vyAkaraNa, 3. chanda, 4. nirukta (vaidika zabdoM kA nirvacana), 5. jyotiSa, 6. kalpa (yajJoM kI vidhi)|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI ora pUrNa dhyAna nahIM diyA hai aura svatantra rUpa se mantroM kA artha kiyA hai / bhAratIya bhASyakAroM kI sahAyatA ke binA vedoM ke zabdoM kA vAstavika artha nahIM jAnA jA sakatA hai / saMskRta meM eka hI zabda vibhinna sthAnoM para eka se adhika arthoM meM prayoga meM AtA hai / ataH vaidika sAhitya ke vidyArthI ko paramparAgata vaidika vyAkhyA para nirbhara honA par3atA hai / vedoM ke adhyayana kI jo aitihAsika paddhati hai, vaha bhI pUrNa saMtoSajanaka nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bhAratIya bhASya kI vyAkhyAoM para pUrNa dhyAna nahIM detI hai / ataH veda ke mantroM kA jo vAstavika artha lenA cAhie, vaha nahIM liyA jAtA hai aura jo abhISTa artha nahIM hai vaha mAna liyA jAtA hai / isake atirikta pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM kI ora bhI pUrA dhyAna nahIM diyA hai aura inako kAlpanika kahakara chor3a diyA hai / vastutaH inake viSaya vedoM para AdhArita haiM / ye grantha vedoM ke sahAyaka grantha ke rUpa meM hai / ataeva ina sahAyaka granthoM kI sahAyatA ke binA vedoM kI vyAkhyA se vAstavika artha jJAta nahIM ho sakatA hai / vedoM ke adhyayana kI vahI aitihAsika paddhati vedArtha ko spaSTa kara sakatI hai, jisakA AdhAra sAyaNa ke bhASya, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa, 6 vedAMga tathA mImAMsA ke siddhAnta haiM / isa paddhati para kaI bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne vedoM kA adhyayana prArambha kiyA hai / 30 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vedoM kI utpatti tathA vaidika kAla ke vyaktiyoM ke mUla nivAsa sthAna ke viSaya meM jo niSkarSa nikAle haiM, ve bhI pUrNatayA ThIka nahIM haiM / unakA yaha kathana hai ki 3000 ( tIna sahasra ) I0 pU0 meM phArasa tathA usake samIpavartI pradezoM se kucha jAtiyA~ bhAratavarSa meM AIM aura isakA AdhAra unhoMne z2endapravestA aura veda meM prApya kucha samAna vAkya aura zabda mAne haiM, jo donoM sthAnoM para prAyaH eka artha meM haiM / sAdhAraNatayA kahA jA sakatA hai ki do bhinna bhASAoM meM pAe jAne vAle eka prakAra ke vAkya Adi isa bAta ko puSTa karate haiM ki ina donoM bhASAoMoM ko bolane vAle yA to eka hI * -- itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaM samupabRMhayet / mahAbhArata, Adiparva 1 - 263

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pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kI samIkSA 31 pradeza meM sAtha rahate the yA ve vibhinna pradezoM meM rahate the aura unakA paraspara sAMskRtika sambandha vidyamAna thA, jisake AdhAra para isa prakAra ke samAna artha vAle vAkya prApta hote haiM / isa bAta kA koI pramANa nahIM hai, jo yaha siddha kare ki jendavestA aura veda ko mAnane vAle eka hI jAti ke vyakti the aura ve phArasa tathA usake samIpavartI pradezoM meM rahate the / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA yaha mata kevala kAlpanika hI hai / yadi isa yukti ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jAtA hai ki Arya loga bAhara se bhAratavarSa meM Ae to isake viparIta isIyukti dvArA yaha siddha karanA saMbhava hai ki Arya loga bhAratavarSa se bAhara gae aura phArasa Adi meM basa ge| AryoM ke bhAratavarSa meM Ane ke samarthana meM jo yuktiyA~ dI gaI haiM, ve isa bAta kA samarthana karane ke lie paryApta haiM ki Arya loga bhAratavarSa se hI bAhara gae / AryoM ke bhAratavarSa meM prAgamana ke samarthana meM koI puSTa pramANa nahIM hai / ataH yaha adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai ki Arya loga bhAratavarSa ke hI nivAsI haiM / unakA sambandha phArasa ke logoM me bhI thA / isa sambandha ke kAraNa donoM sthAnoM ke nivAsiyoM meM bahuta se eka prakAra ke vAkya aura eka prakAra ke vyavahAra pAe jAte haiM / pratyeka rASTra kI unnati meM isa prakAra ke sambandha dRSTigocara hote haiM / yUropa ke dezoM ke saMparka kA prabhAva bhAratavAsiyoM ke veza bhUSA, bhASA vyavahAra tathA rIti Adi meM dikhAI detA hai / yadi isa vicAra ko nirAdhAra mAnA jAya to misra kI sabhyatA ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa uttara nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki unakI phArasI sabhyatA Arya aura tAmila sabhyatA se bahuta milatI huI hai / ataH yaha mAnanA adhika ucita hai ki AryoM kA mUladeza bhAratavarSa hI hai / vedoM ke racanA - sthAna ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / parantu veda, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM ke bhaugolika varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki jo vaidika paramparA ke anuyAyI the, ve bhAratavarSa ke pazcimI bhAga ke mUla nivAsI the, jinake pazcima meM sindha aura uttara meM kazmIra kA pradeza thA / yahA~ para yaha kathana asaMgata nahIM hogA ki pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne zrArya zabda kA prayoga bhAratavarSa meM sarvaprathama Akara basane vAloM ke lie kiyA hai /

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32 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa saMskRta bhASA meM Arya zabda kA artha hai, ucca prAcAra vAlA vyakti / Arya zabda kisI jAti yA deza kA vAcaka nahIM hai / pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne jisako Arya kahA hai, vaha yadi sadAcArahIna hogA to vaha Arya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki manuSyoM ke eka samUha ke lie Arya zabda kA prayoga pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko ho sRSTi hai| unhoMne Arya zabda kA jo prayoga kiyA hai, vaha azuddha artha meM prayoga kiyA hai / Arya zabda usa artha kA bodha nahIM karA sakatA hai| AryoM ke bAhara se bhAratavarSa meM Ane kA samarthana kiso puSTa pramANa se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH unake bhArata meM prAgamana ke samaya kA bho prazna nahIM uThatA hai / tathApi vedoM ke racanAkAla ke viSaya meM dhyAnapUrvaka vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / vedoM ke adhyayana se jo jJAna prApta hotA hai, usase yaha nizcaya karanA kaThina hai ki veda ko racanA kaba huii| anya sAdhanoM se kucha sUcanAe~ prApta hotI haiM, parantu ve nirNayAtmaka nahIM haiN| buddha ke upadeza vaidika granthoM ko sattA ko pUrNarUpa se svIkAra karate haiM / mahAbhArata kI racanA 3100 I0 pU0 meM huI hai aura vaha cAroM vedoM ko hI nahIM, apitu vedAMgoM kI sattA ko bhI svokAra karatA hai| mahAbhArata ke racayitA kA vyAsa nAma isIlie par3A ki unhoMne veda ko kramabaddha kiyA / mahAbhArata rAmAyaNa ko vAlmIki kI racanA batAtA hai / vyAsa ne vAlmoki ko eka prAcIna RSi kahA hai aura rAmAyaNa kA lekhaka kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata se bahuta samaya pUrva bana cukA thaa| rAmAyaNa vedoM ko katipaya zAkhAoM ko bahuta pracalita batAtA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki veda rAmAyaNa se bahuta pUrva bana cuke the| ataH vedoM ke viSaya meM koI nizcita samaya kA ullekha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / samprati itane se hI santuSTa rahanA ucita pratIta hotA hai ki veda bhAratavarSa ke sabase prAcIna grantha haiM / - - - -

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adhyAya 5 vaidika saMhitAeM, brAhmaNa-grantha aura prAraNyaka-grantha Rgveda meM 1017 sUkta haiM aura bAlakhilya sUkta ko lekara kula 1028 sUkta haiM / yaha dasa bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jinheM maNDala kahate haiN| isakA eka dUsarA vibhAjana pATha bhAgoM meM hai| inameM se pratyeka vibhAga ko aSTaka kahate haiM / inameM se aSTaka vAlA vibhAjana adhika pracalita hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki vibhinna samaya meM vibhinna RSiyoM ne RksaMhitA ko banAyA hai| dvitIya se lekara saptama taka 6 maNDala eka-eka RSi ke nAma se haiM / ina maMDaloM meM bAhya aura Antarika krama-baddhatA tathA samAnatA hai| ataH ye Rgveda ke AdhArabhUta aMza haiM / aSTama maNDala ke sUkta do RSiyoM ke nAma se haiM aura navama maNDala ke sUkta soma pavamAna ke nAma se haiN| anya maNDaloM ke sUkta vibhinna RSiyoM ke nAma se haiM / prathama aura antima tIna maNDala ye bAda meM vibhinna RSiyoM ne banAye hoMge aura mUla grantha ke sAtha jor3a diyA hogaa| ___ prArambha meM Rgveda kI pA~ca zAkhAeM thIM / unake nAma haiM-zAkala, bASkala, AzvalAyana, zAMkhyAyana aura maanndduukey| inameM se kevala prathama zAkhA prApya hai / dvitIya meM prathama se kevala ATha sUkta adhika haiM / zeSa tIna meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai aura unakA svatantra astitva bhI nahIM hai| Rgveda meM vibhinna devatAoM kI prazaMsA vAle sUkta, yajJiya kAryoM ke upayogI mantra, karmakANDa kI vidhi vAle mantra, upAsanA sUkta, dArzanika sUkta, vivAha-sambandhI svastivAcana tathA Arogya-kAraka mantra mAdi haiN| 33 saM0 sA0 i0-3

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34 ___ saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yajurveda meM Rgveda ke bahuta se mantra haiN| sAtha hI unakI vaidika yajJoM se saMbaddha vyAkhyA gadya meM hai / ataH yaha veda kucha padyAtmaka hai aura kucha gadya rUpa meM hai / pataMjali ne isakI 101 zAkhAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inameM se adhikAMza aba aprApya haiN| yajurveda kI do zAkhAe~ haiM -zukla yajurveda aura kRSNa yajurveda / prathama zAkhA ko zukla yajurveda isalie kahA gayA, kyoMki isameM mantra ThIka krama se rakhe gae haiN| isako zukla yajurveda isalie bhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki paramparA ke anusAra isako sUrya ne prakaTa kiyA hai| dUsarI zAkhA ko kRSNa yajurveda isalie kahate haiM, kyoMki isake mantrAdi ThIka kramabaddha nahIM haiN| zukla yajurveda meM vaidika yajJoM ke samaya bole jAne vAle mantra hI haiM, kintu kRSNa yajurveda meM mantroM ke sAtha hI yajJa-viSayaka vicAra-vinimaya bhI haiN| _zukla yajurveda-saMhitA ko vAjasaneyI-saMhitA bhI kahate haiN| isakI do zAkhAe~ prApta hotI haiM-kANva aura mAdhyandina / donoM meM bahuta thor3A antara hai| isameM 40 adhyAya haiN| inameM se 15 bAda meM sammilita kie gae mAne jAte haiN| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra 26 se 35 taka ke adhyAya khila adhyAya (bAda meM milAe gae) mAne jAte haiM / isa veda meM vAjapeya, rAjasUya, azvamedha, sarvamedha Adi pramukha yajJoM kA varNana hai / antima adhyAya meM IzopaniSad hai| - kRSNa yajurveda kI cAra zAkhAe~ haiN| 1. kAThakasaMhitA, 2. kApiSThala kaThasaMhitA, yaha apUrNa prApta hotI hai, 3. maitrAyaNI saMhitA, isakA dUsarA nAma kAlApa saMhitA hai, 4. taittirIya saMhitA, dakSiNa bhArata meM isake anayAyI 'adhika haiN| taittirIya saMhitA kI do zAkhAe~ haiM--prApastamba aura hiraNyakezI / ina donoM meM antara kevala yajJiya-vidhi sambandhI hai| prArambhika tIna zAkhAoM kA eka sAmUhika nAma 'caraka' hai / pataJjali ne prathama aura tatIya zAkhA ko pracalita batAyA hai / vAlmIki kA kathana hai ki ayodhyA meM inakA bahata Adara thA / tRtIya zAkhA meM cAra kANDa aura caturtha meM sAta kANDa haiN|

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vaidika saMhitAe~, brAhmaNa-grantha aura AraNyaka-grantha 35 sAmaveda saMhitA meM adhikAMza mantra Rgveda ke haiN| isa veda meM kevala 75 mantra apane haiM, zeSa saba mantra Rgveda ke haiN| isa veda meM 1,810 mantra haiM / inameM se bahuta se kaI bAra pAe haiM / ye do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM, (1) aAcika arthAt RcAoM kA saMgraha, ( 2 ) uttarAcika arthAt uttarArdha kI RcAoM kA saMgraha / punarAvRtti vAle mantroM ko chor3ane para pUrvArdha meM 585 mantra haiM aura uttarArdha meM 400 mantra / uttarArdha meM mantroM ke saMgraha meM isa bAta kA vyAna rakhA gayA hai ki eka chanda vAle mantra eka sthAna para raheM, eka devatA vAle mantra ekatra hoM, jisa yajJa meM jina mantroM kA gAna hotA hai, ve eka sthAna para hoN| isa saMhitA meM gAna-sambandhI bahuta-sI pustakeM haiM, inako gaNa kahate haiM / inameM mantroM ke gAna ke samaya mAtrAoM ko dIrgha yA pluta karanA, punarAvRtti yA anya parivartanoM ke lie niyama die gae haiM / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki prArambha meM isakI eka sahasra zAkhAe~ thiiN| isa samaya kevala tIna zAkhAe~ upalabdha haiN| unake nAma haiM--rANAyanIya, kauthuma aura jaiminIya, isakA dUsarA nAma talavakAra bhI hai| prathama aura tRtIya saMhitAe~ prApta hotI haiM parantu dvitIya kA kevala saptama adhyAya prApta hotA hai, zeSa aMza naSTa ho gayA hai / atharvaveda ko atharvAGgirA, bhRgvaGgirA aura brahmaveda bhI kahate haiM / pAzcAtya AlocakoM kA kathana hai ki atharvA zabda kA abhiprAya hai-mantra-prayoga jisake dvArA rogoM ko dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isa prakAra yaha zabda racanAtmaka uddezya ke lie hai / aMgirA zabda hAnikAraka aura vinAzAtmaka kAryoM ke lie hai / atharvA zabda kA artha hai purohita aura mantrAdi ke prayoga meM siddha vyakti / atharvaveda kI do zAkhAe~ prApta hotI haiM-zaunaka aura pappalAda / inameM se prathama adhika pracalita hai aura dUsare kI kevala eka hastalikhita prati prApta hotI hai / prathama meM 731 sUkta haiM aura 20 kANDa haiN| pUre grantha kA bhAga gadya meM hai|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa brAhmaNa-grantha brAhmaNa granthoM meM karmakANDa ke vibhinna mukhya praznoM para vaidika vidvAnoM ne jo apane vicAra prakaTa kie haiM, unakA saMkalana hai / karmakANDoM kI vibhinnatA ke anusAra una para pragaTa kie gae vicAroM meM vibhinnatA hai aura tadanusAra hI vibhinna brAhmaNa-grantha haiM / ye vivaraNa hI batAte haiM ki kisa yajJa meM kisa mantra kA viniyoga hai tathA mantroM aura yajJoM meM paraspara kyA sambandha hai / inameM yajJa kI vidhi ke sambandha meM bahuta vistAra aura sUkSmatA ke sAtha nirdeza die gae haiM, jaise -- yajJavedI ke kisa ora kauna purohita baiThe, kuzA kisa sthAna para rakkhI jAe, ityAdi / ina vivaraNoM aura nirdezoM ke samarthana meM ve katipaya kathAoM kA ullekha karate haiM / pratyeka yajJa ke lie cAra purohitoM kI prAvazyakatA hotI hai - - hotA, udgAtA, adhvaryu aura brahmA / ina purohitoM kA kramazaH Rgveda, sAmaveda, yajurveda aura atharvaveda se saMbaMdha hai / inameM se adhvaryu vastutaH yajJa karatA hai / hotA ucca aura spaSTa svara meM bahuta zuddhatA ke sAtha Rgveda ke mantroM kA pATha karatA hai / udgAtA gAna ke niyamoM ke anusAra sAmaveda ke mantroM kA gAna karatA hai / brahmA kA kArya yaha hai ki vaha anya purohitoM ke kAryoM kA nirIkSaNa kare aura jahA~ para koI truTi ho, use ThIka kare / brahmA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha cAroM vedoM kA pUrNa jJAtA ho aura vaidika yajJoM kA pUrNa vivaraNa vistAra ke sAtha jAnatA ho / 36 jisa prakAra vedoM kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ haiM, usa prakAra brAhmaNa granthoM kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ nahIM haiM / vedoM kI zAkhAoM aura yajJoM kI vibhinnatA ke anusAra brAhmaNa grantha kaI haiM / Rgveda ke do brAhmaNa grantha haiM - 1. aitareya brAhmaNa, isameM 40 adhyAya haiM, 2. kauSItaki brAhmaNa, isakA dUsarA nAma zAMkhyAyana brAhmaNa hai / isameM 30 adhyAya haiM / zukla yajurveda kA zatapatha brAhmaNa hai / isakI do zAkhAe~ haiM- --kANva aura mAdhyandina / isameM 14 kANDa aura 100 adhyAya haiM / zatapatha brAhmaNa ke prArambhika & kANDoM meM zukla yajurveda ke prArambhika 18

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vaidika saMhitAe~, brAhmaNa-grantha aura AraNyaka - grantha adhyAyoM kI vyAkhyA hai / isake racayitA yAjJavalkya RSi haiM / isakA antima bhAga bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad hai / isameM matsya, zakuntalA, purUravA aura urvazI Adi kI kathAe~ haiM / isakI kANva zAkhA meM 18 kANDa haiM / taittirIya brAhmaNa kRSNa yajurveda kI taittirIya zAkhA kA brAhmaNa hai aura yaha taittirIyasaMhitA kA hI Age cAlU rUpa hai / isa veda kI anya zAkhAoM kA koI brAhmaNa grantha nahIM hai / sAmaveda kI tANDya aura talavakAra zAkhA ke brAhmaNa grantha prApya haiM / kauthuma zAkhA kA koI brAhmaNa grantha nahIM hai / tANDya zAkhA ke do brAhmaNa grantha haiM--paMcaviMza brAhmaNa aura SavaMza brAhmaNa / paMcaviMza brAhmaNako tANDya brAhmaNa aura prauDhabrAhmaNa bhI kahate haiM / paMcaviMza brAhmaNa meM 25 adhyAya haiM, ataH usakA yaha nAma par3A hai / SaDviMza brAhmaNa meM paMcaviMza brAhmaNa se eka adhyAya adhika hai, ataH usakA yaha nAma par3A hai / SaDviMza brAhmaNa ke antima 6 adhyAyoM ko adbhuta brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai / isameM asAdhAraNa avasaroM para vighna rUpa meM upasthita hone vAle duSpariNAmoM ko dUra karane ke lie vidhiyA~ dI gaI haiN| talavakAra zAkhA kA talavakAra brAhmaNa hai / isameM 5 adhyAya haiM / inake caturtha adhyAya ko upaniSad brAhmaNa kahate haiM / isameM sAmaveda kI paramparA ke gurutroM kI do sUciyA~ haiM / isameM kenopaniSad bhI hai / antima adhyAya ko zrArSeya brAhmaNa kahate haiM / isameM sAmaveda ke vizeSa prakAra ke mantroM ke racayitAoM kI sUcI dI huI hai / sAmaveda kI tANDya zAkhA kA eka brAhmaNa chAndogya brAhmaNa hai, parantu isameM brAhmaNa granthoM ke tulya bAteM bahuta kama haiM / prArambhika aMza ko chor3akara yaha chAndogya upaniSad hI hai / isake atirikta sAmaveda ke tIna aura brAhmaNa haiM / ye tInoM kevala nAmamAtra se brAhmaNa haiM, inameM brAhmaNa granthoM kI bAta koI nahIM hai / inameM aura hI bAteM haiM / ina granthoM ke nAma haiM-- 1. vaMza brAhmaNa, isameM mAmaveda ke gurutroM kI sUcI dI huI hai, 2. sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa, isameM gAna kI vidhi hai, 3. devatAdhyAya brAhmaNa, isameM sAmaveda ke devatAoM kA varNana hai / tharvaveda kA gopatha brAhmaNa hai / yaha do bhAgoM meM hai / ina brAhmaNa granthoM meM taittirIya brAhmaNa hI kevala taittirIya saMhitA kA saMlagna bhAga hai / anya brAhmaNa 37

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38 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa grantha svatantra grantha haiM / taittirIya aura zatapatha brAhmaNoM meM svara-cihna haiM, anyoM meM svara-cihna nahIM haiM / AraNyaka grantha Rgveda ke do AraNyaka - grantha haiM -- 1. aitareyANyaka, isameM 18 adhyAya haiM / isake lekhaka zrAzvalAyana haiM / 2. kauSItakyAraNyaka, isameM 15 adhyAya haiM / zatapatha brAhmaNa ke 14 veM kANDa kA prArambhika bhAga zukla yajurveda kA AraNyaka hai / taittirIyAraNyaka taittirIya brAhmaNa kA hI saMlagna bhAga hai / isameM svara-cihna haiN| yaha kRSNa yajurveda kI taittirIya zAkhA kA AraNyaka hai / chAndogya upaniSad kA prathama adhyAya sAmaveda kI tANDya zAkhA kA prAraNyaka samajhanA caahiye| talavakAra zAkhA kA upaniSad brAhmaNa isa zAkhA kA AraNyaka hI samajhanA cAhie / atharvaveda kA koI AraNyaka nahIM hai / vedoM ke ye tInoM bhAga arthAt veda, brAhmaNa aura AraNyaka karmakANDa kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / ina tInoM bhAgoM meM jo sAhitya hai, vaha karmakANDa kI dRSTi se tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai, arthAt mantra, vidhi aura arthavAda / mantra bhAga meM yaha varNana kiyA jAtA hai ki kisa yajJa meM kauna se mantroM kA pATha hogA / vidhi bhAga meM yaha varNana kiyA jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra kauna sA yajJa karanA cAhiye, usameM kauna se kArya karane cAhie~ aura kauna se nahIM karane cAhie~ / arthavAda bhAga meM vedoM ke una sthaloM kA ullekha hotA hai jo vidhibhAga ke nirdezoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiM aura sAtha hI isa bhAga meM una kAryoM ke karane kA uddezya aura lAbha Adi kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / uparyukta vibhAjana se yaha jJAta hai ki vedoM kA saMhitA bhAga mantra bhAga hai / brAhmaNa grantha vidhi bhAga haiM aura AraNyaka - grantha arthavAda bhAga haiM / pAzcAtya vidvAn vedoM ke saMpUrNa karmakANDa- sAhitya ko racanA - kAlakrama kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita rUpa se sthAna dete haiM - Rgveda saMhitA, yajurveda saMhitA, paMcaviMza brAhmaNa, taittirIya brAhmaNa, jaiminIya brAhmaNa, kauSItaki brAhmaNa, aitareya brAhmaNa, zatapatha brAhmaNa aura gopatha brAhmaNa /

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adhyAya 6 upaniSad jo vyakti karmakANDa meM vaNita vidhiyoM ko karate haiM, ve svarga ko jAte haiM aura nizcita samaya ke pazcAt pRthivI para lauTa Ate haiN| svarga sthAyI Ananda kA sthAna nahIM hai / ataH jo zAzvata Ananda cAhate haiM unheM sAMsArika viSayoM se apane mana ko kramazaH haTAnA hotA hai / prAraNyaka-grantha zAzvata Ananda ke icchuka vyaktiyoM ke lie prArambhika zikSAe~ dete haiN| isake bAda agalI sthiti taba AtI hai, jaba vivekAtmaka jJAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jisake dvArA jJAna mArga ke prArambhika siddhAntoM kA mahattva jJAta ho ske| jJAna-mArga ke siddhAnta anya gauNa siddhAntoM se sarvathA bhinna haiM / manuSya-jIvana meM jJAna-mArga para pravRtti kA mahattva upaniSadoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / ve jJAnakANDa kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / mRtyu ke pazcAt jIvAtmA apane karmoM ke anusAra anya jIvana ko prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra ke jIvana kI paramparA jIvAtmA ko bandhana meM DAle rakhatI hai aura vaha agale jIvana meM bhI bhautika sukha ke lie nirantara karmarata rahatA hai| upaniSadoM meM ina bAtoM kA varNana hai aura ve bhautika vAda kI ora se apanI AtmA ko rokane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / ataH upaniSadoM meM jIvAtmA ke punarjanma ke siddhAnta kI utpatti aura vikAsa prApta hotA hai / "upaniSadoM meM do vibhinna siddhAntoM kA varNana mUrta udAharaNoM aura saiddhAntika nirdezoM ke sAtha diyA huA hai / jIvana kA eka mArga ajJAna, saMkIrNa bhAvanA aura svArtha se pUrNa hai, jisake dvArA manuSya asthAyI, apUrNa aura avAstavika Ananda ko cAhatA hai| dUsarA mArga vaha hai, jisake dvArA vaha paramAtmA se sambandha sthApita karatA hai aura sAmAnya jIvana ke dukhoM se mukta hokara ananta 36

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa Ananda ko prApta karatA hai / isa uddezya kI prApti ke lie upaniSadoM meM Izvara, jIva aura prakRti ke svarUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura unake pArasparika sambandha kA rUpa batAyA gayA hai| vyaktigata AtmA ko jIva aura AtmA kahA gayA hai| Izvara ko brahma aura paramAtmA nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / upaniSadoM meM karmakANDa kA khaNDana yA niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA hai / unakA mata hai ki Avazyaka yajJa Adi jJAna-prApti ke kevala sAdhana haiM / mokSa kI prApti kevala jJAna se hI hotI hai / aitareya upaniSad kA sambandha Rgveda se hai / isameM sRSTi kI utpatti kA varNana hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki tAttvika jJAna se hI jIvAtmA AvAgamana ke bandhana se mukta hokara mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai / koSotakyupaniSad kA bhI sambandha Rgveda se hai / isameM AtmajJAna kA varNana hai / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad kA sambandha zukla yajurveda se hai / isameM jIvAtmA ke jIvana ke prArambha ke viSaya meM vivecana hai aura jIva ke bhaya aura Ananda kA vistRta varNana hai| isameM Izvaracintana kI AvazyakatA para bahuta adhika bala diyA gayA hai / isameM AtmA ke svabhAva aura Atma-prApti ke sAdhana viSaya para RSi yAjJavalkya aura rAjA janaka Adi kA saMvAda bhI diyA huA hai| taittirIyopaniSad kA sambandha taittirIya saMhitA se hai / isameM varuNa aura usake putra bhRgu ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM brahma ke svabhAva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / mahAnArAyaNIyopaniSad kA dUsarA nAma yAjJikopaniSad hai / isakA sambandha kRSNa yajurveda kI taittirIya zAkhA se hai / kaThopaniSad aura zvetAzvataropaniSad kA bhI sambandha taittirIya zAkhA se hai| inameM se prathama meM do adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka meM tIna vallI (adhyAya) haiN| isameM yama aura naciketA kA saMvAda hai / yama ne naciketA ko brahma kA upadeza diyA hai / isameM jIvAtmA se vAstavika svarUpa, brahma-jJAna ke sAdhana aura donoM ke sambandha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jIvAtmA ajJAna ke kAraNa zarIra se 1. Preface VII. Translation of the Thirteen Principal Upanisads by Robert Ernest Hume.

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upaniSad 41 pRthak apanA astitva nahIM samajhatA hai / mRtyu ke svarUpa ko jAnakara manuSya jIvAtmA para adhikAra kara sakatA hai / Atmacintana brahma aura jIva ke vAstavika svabhAva ke anubhava meM sahAyaka hotA hai / zvetAzvataropaniSad meM RSi zvetAzvatara ne apane Azrama ke vyaktiyoM ko jo upadeza diyA hai, usakA varNana hai / isa upaniSad kA uddezya yaha hai ki sAMkhya yoga aura vedAnta ke siddhAntoM meM samanvaya sthApita kiyA jAya / isameM mAyA, jIvAtmA aura brahma ke pArasparika sambandha kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / maitrAyaNIyopaniSad kA sambandha kRSNa yajurveda kI maitrAyaNIya zAkhA se hai / IzopaniSad vAjasaneyIsaMhitA kA 80vA~ adhyAya hI hai / isakA kathana hai ki tattvajJAnI vyakti AtmA ko sarvatra dekhatA hai aura grAtmA meM saba kucha dekhatA hai / chAndogyopaniSad kA sambandha sAmaveda kI tANDya zAkhA se hai / yaha upadeza rUpa meM hai / isameM RSi uddAlaka aura unake putra zvetaketu ke kaI saMvAda haiM / isameM sarvavyApI paramAtmA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kenopaniSad kA sambandha sAmaveda kI talavakAra zAkhA se hai / isakA kathana hai brahma hI pUrNa hai / brahma hI saMsAra kI samasta zaktiyoM kA Adi srota hai / brahma kA svabhAva jJAta aura ajJAta sabhI vastuoM se sarvathA pRthak hai | muNDaka, prazna aura mANDUkya upaniSadoM kA sambandha atharvaveda se hai / vAstavika rUpa se ye tInoM upaniSadeM veda kI kimI zAkhA se sambaddha nahIM haiM / muNDaka kA kathana hai ki Izvara sAre jIvoM ke hRdaya meM virAjamAna rahatA hai / jJAna do prakAra kA hai, parA parA kA sambandha brahmajJAna se hai aura aparA kA sambandha vedoM ke praznopaniSad meM prazna aura uttara haiM / chaH vidyArthI pippalAda RSi se prazna karate haiM aura vaha unakA uttara dete haiM / isa upaniSad meM prakRti kI utpatti, prANa kI utpatti, jIvana kI tIna avasthAe~ -- jAgrat, svapna aura supupti; prom kA dhyAna Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / mANDUkya meM brahma aura aparA / jJAna se hai / nirvacanIyatA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / prAyaH sabhI upaniSad brAhmaNa aura prAraNyaka granthoM ke saMlagna rUpa meM haiM / taittirIya aura mahAnArAyaNIya upaniSad meM svara-cihna haiM / bRhadAraNyaka,

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa chAndogya, mANDUkya, taittirIya, aitareya, maitrAyaNIya aura kauNItaki upaniSadeM brAhmaNa granthoM ke tulya gadya meM haiM / Iza, kaTha, zvetAzvatara, muNDaka aura mahAnArAyaNIya upaniSadeM padya meM haiN| kaiMna aura prazna upaniSadoM kA kucha bhAga gadya meM hai aura kucha padya meM hai / 42. bhASA aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prazna maMtrAyaNIya aura mANDUkya upaniSadeM bAda kI racanA haiM aura aitareya, bRhadAraNyaka, chAMdogya, taittirIya, kauSItaki aura kena upaniSadeM sabase prAcIna kAla kI upaniSadeM haiM / ina 14 upaniSadoM ke atirikta aura bhI upaniSadeM haiM / unameM se kucha bahuta prAcIna aura kucha bahuta navIna haiM / vedAnta ke pramukha AcAryoM ne inameM kucha kI TIkA kI haiM tathA kucha ke uddharaNa apane granthoM meM die haiN| ina upaniSadoM meM se bahuta se dhArmika bhAvanA se yukta haiM / unameM dArzanika bhAva bahuta kama haiM / saba milAkara kula 108 upaniSadeM haiM / isa 108 meM uparyukta 14 upaniSadeM bhI haiM / viSaya kI dRSTi se ina upaniSadoM ko 6 bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM- (1) vedAnta ke siddhAntoM para nirbhara - 24, (2) yoga ke siddhAntoM para nirbhara -20, (3) sAMkhya ke siddhAntoM para nirbhara - - 17, (4) vaiSNavasiddhAtoM para nirbhara -- 14, (5) zaiva- siddhAntoM para nirbhara - 15 aura (6) zAkta tathA anya siddhAntoM para nirbhara -- 18 / vibhinna viSayoM para itanI choTI upaniSadoM ke udbhava kA kAraNa yaha hai ki sabhI dharmoM aura matoM ke anuyAyiyoM kA yaha prayatna rahA hai ki unake vicAroM kA pratinidhitva karane vAlI svatantra upaniSad honI cAhie / upaniSadoM kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM se adhikAMza kA sambandha kisI veda se hai / unameM se kucha kA sambandha kisI eka hI veda se hai / unameM se bahuta-sI upaniSadeM aisI bhI haiM, jinakA vedoM ke mantroM se koI sAkSAt sambandha nahIM hai / pratyeka upaniSad kA kisI veda se sambandha sthApita karane kA pariNAma yaha huA ki sabhI vedoM ke sAtha kucha upaniSadeM sambaddha kI gaI haiM /

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upaniSad 43 jaise -- Rgveda ke sAtha 10, zukla yajurveda ke sAtha 16, kRSNa yajurveda ke sAtha 32, sAmaveda ke sAtha 16 aura pratharvaveda ke sAtha 31 upaniSadeM sambaddha haiM / upaniSadoM ke viSaya adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki kucha bAtoM meM kisI eka veda se sambaddha hone ke atirikta unameM aisI koI vizeSa bAta prakaTa nahIM hotI ki unakA sambandha kisI eka veda se hI mAnA jaae| unake viSaya aura varNana kI paddhati meM aisI bAta nahIM hai ki kisI eka veda ke anuyAyI hI unameM varNita zikSAoM ko mAneM, anya nahIM / unake varNana sabhI vedAnuyAyiyoM ke lie samAnarUpa se mAnya haiM / vedAnta ke vibhinna sampradAyoM ke mAnane vAle ina upaniSadoM ko apane mata ke samarthana ke lie prAmANika grantha mAnate haiM / vedoM kA yaha jJAnakANDa vedoM ke karmakANDa bhAga se sarvathA pRthak hai / i sabhI matoM ke anuyAyI apane mata ke samarthana ke lie kevala sUcanAe~ hI nahIM prApta karate haiM, apitu sabhI matoM ke anuyAyI inako samAna rUpa se pramANa mAnate haiM / upaniSadoM ke kisI bhI uddharaNa ko isa AdhAra para koI amAnya nahIM kaha sakatA hai ki yaha kisI vizeSa mata kI upaniSad kA uddharaNa hai / ina upaniSadoM kI AdhArazilA para hI bhAratavarSa ke vibhinna dArzanika mata sthira haiM /

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adhyAya 7 vedAGga vedoM ke adhyayana, unakA artha ThIka jAnane aura unakI ThIka vyAkhyA karane ke lie tathA yajJAdi ke samaya unakA ThIka viniyoga ke lie veda ke sahAyaka granthoM kI AvazyakatA huI / inako vedAGga kahate haiM / ye 6 haiM -- 1. zikSA (dhvanivijJAna), 2. vyAkaraNa, 3. chanda, 4. nirukta ( vedoM kI nirvacanAtmaka vyAkhyA), 5. jyotiSa 6. kalpa ( karmakANDa kI vidhi ) / zikSA vyAkaraNaM chando nirUktaM jyotiSaM tathA / kalpazceti SaDaGgAni vedasyAhurmanISiNaH // ye vibhinna grantha nahIM haiM / ye kevala 6 viSayoM kA ullekha karate haiM, jinake jJAna se vedoM ke mantroM kA arthajJAna tathA vaidika paramparA kA jJAna hotA hai aura mantroM kA ucita viniyoga jJAta hotA hai / zikSA aura chanda vedoM ke 1 - adhyayana aura pATha meM sahAyaka hote haiM / vyAkaraNa aura nirukta unake arthajJAna meM sahAyaka haiM / jyotiSa aura kalpa vedoM ke dvArA prApta jJAna ko kriyAtmaka rUpa dene meM sahAyaka hote haiM / ina vedAMgoM kI utpatti vaidika granthoM meM hI prApta hotI hai / mukhyarUpa se brAhmaNa granthoM meM inakI utpatti dikhAI par3atI hai / zikSA kA vaidika saMhitAoM se ghaniSTha sambandha hai / isameM vaidika saMhitAoM ke zuddha uccAraNa aura unake svara-saMcAra ke lie niyama die hue haiM / isa viSaya kA vizeSa rUpa se varNana prAtizAkhya granthoM meM hai / jaisA ki inake nAma se prakaTa hotA hai ki ye veda kI vibhinna zAkhAoM ke sAtha saMbaddha haiM / ye sUtroM ke rUpa meM likhe hue haiM / vibhinna vedoM ke ye prAtizAkhya grantha haiM-- Rgveda kI zAkala zAkhA kA zaunakaraci? RkprAtizAkhya hai, zukla yajurveda kI mAdhyandina -zAkhA kA kAtyAyana-racita vAjasaneyI prAtizAkhyasUtra hai, kRSNa yajurveda kI taittarIya zAkhA kA taittirIya prAtizAkhya-sUtra hai / sAmaveda ke sAmaprAtizAkhya, 44

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vedAGga 45 puSpasUtra aura paMcavidhasUtra tathA atharvaveda kA prAtizAsyasUtra hai, isakA dUsarA nAma cAturadhyAyikA hai / inameM se kucha ke lekhaka ajJAta haiN| ina prAtizAkhyoM meM spaSTa saMketa hai ki kisa prakAra inase vyAkaraNa sambandhI adhyayana kA prArambha aura vikAsa huaa| ___ inake atirikta isa viSaya para choTe grantha haiM, jinako zikSA kahate haiM / inake lekhaka sAdhAraNatayA bharadvAja, vyAsa, vasiSTha, yAjJavalkya Adi haiN| inakA sambandha kisI vizeSa prAtizAkhya se hai / inameM se eka vyAsazikSA hai jisakA sambandha taittarIya prAtizAkhya se hai / ___ vyAkaraNa veda kA eka aMga hai. kyoMki vedoM ke zabdoM kA ThIka artha na jJAta hone para unakA ThIka adhyayana aura arthajJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai / apTAdhyAyI para apanI vyAkhyA karate hue vararuci ne eka vArtika likhA hai--'rakSohAgamalaghvasandehAH prayojanam' pataMjali ne isa vArtika kI vyAkhyA karate huye udAharaNoM ke sAtha vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke lAbha die haiN| vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana kA prArambha prAtizAkhyoM se hotA hai / prArambhika kAla meM saMjJAzabdoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vaiyAkaraNoM ke sarvathA viparIta do mantavya the| zAkaTAyana kA mata thA ki sabhI saMjJA-zabda dhAtuoM se bane haiN| yAska aura pANini isI mata ko mAnate haiM / gArya tathA kucha anya vaiyAkaraNoM kA mata hai ki sabhI saMjJA-zabda dhAtuoM se nahIM bane haiM, jinameM dhAtu aura pratyaya batAe jA sakate haiM, ve hI dhAtuja haiM / durbhAgyavaza ina lekhakoM ke grantha isa samaya prApya nahIM haiM / vyAkaraNa para sabase prAcIna grantha pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI hai / usane apane pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa puSkarasAdi, zAkaTAyana,' senaka, zAkalya' tathA anyoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| pANini ke isa grantha ke dvArA hI usase pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matoM kA jJAna hotA hai / pANini ne yaha vyAkaraNa vaidika bhASA aura apane samaya meM bolacAla meM pracalita 'bhASA' arthAt saMskRta bhASA 1. aSTAdhyAyI 8-4-50, 2. aSTAdhyAyI 5-4-112, 3. aSTAdhyAyI 8-4-51 /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ke lie likhA hai / ina vaiyAkaraNoM ne jo kArya kiyA hai, vaha bahuta ucca koTi kA hai / maikaDAnala kA kathana hai--"bhAratIya vaiyAkaraNoM ne hI vizva meM sarvaprathama zabdoM kA vivecana kiyA hai, prakRti aura pratyaya kA antara pahacAnA hai, pratyayoM ke kArya kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai, saba prakAra se paripUrNa aura ati vizuddha vyAkaraNa-paddhati ko janma diyA hai, jisakI tulanA vizva ke kisI deza meM prApya nahIM hai|"1 chanda kA sambandha vRtta se hai / vaidika mantroM meM prayukta chandoM ke viSaya meM isameM niyama diye hue haiN| nidAnasUtroM meM vaidika chandoM ke nAma aura unake lakSaNa die hue haiN| isameM 10 adhyAya haiM / isameM anta meM vaidika mantroM meM prayukta chandoM kI anukramaNikA dI huI hai / piMgala kA chandaHsUtra yadyapi prAcIna hai, parantu usameM vaidika chandoM kA varNana nahIM hai / nirukta meM vedoM kI vyAkhyA ke prathama prayAsa kA ullekha hai| sabase prAcIna nirukta yAska (800 I0 pU0 se pUrva) kA hI prApya hai / usane apane pUrvavartI 17 niruktakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, parantu unake grantha usako bhI upalabdha nahIM hue the| isameM vedoM se vyAkhyA ke lie jina zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai, ve tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hote haiM--1. naighaNTukakANDa, isameM paryAyavAcI zabdoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai / 2. naigamakANDa yA aikapadika, isameM veda ke kaThina aura aspaSTArthaka zabdoM kA saMgraha hai| daivatakANDa. isameM pRthvI, AkAza aura dhuloka ke devatAoM ke nAma kI sUcI dI gaI hai| yAska ko apane pUrva vidyamAna vaidika zabdoM kI eka sUcI upalabdha huI thI, jise nighaNTu kahate haiM / yAska ne usa para nirukta nAma kI TIkA kI hai| yajJoM kI vizeSa AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie jyotiSa kA janma hyaa| sUrya, candramA tathA anya grahoM aura nakSatroM kI gati kA nirIkSaNa karanA par3atA thA / unakI gati ke AdhAra para zubha muhUrta para yajJoM kA samaya nirdhArita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie unakI gati kI gaNanA Avazyaka 1. India's Past by A. A, Macdonell. pRSTha 136

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vedAGga 47 huI / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki cAndra gaNanA ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA thA / jyotiSa ke pramukha granthoM meM saura aura cAndra donoM prakAra kI gaNanA prApta hotI hai aura malamAsa kI bhI gaNanA prApta hotI hai / eka ajJAta lekhaka kA jyotiSavedAMga nAmaka graMtha prApta huA hai| isameM 43 zloka yajurveda se saMbaddha haiM aura 36 zloka Rgveda se saMbaddha haiN| ___ kalpasUtroM kI utpatti vedoM ke brAhmaNa granthoM se huI hai / kalpa kA artha hai ki isake dvArA yajJa ke prayogoM kA samarthana kiyA jAtA hai / kalpyate samarthate yAgaprayogo'tra iti vyutpatteH / (sAyaNa ke RgvedabhASya kI bhUmikA) isa viSaya se sambaddha grantha sUtrarUpa meM haiM / ina sUtroM kA artha vyAkhyAoM ke dvArA hI samajhA jA sakatA hai / brAhmaNa granthoM meM jo lambe aura kliSTa vivaraNa die gae haiM, ve yajJoM ke samaya pUrNarUpa se smaraNa nahIM raha sakate the / ata: isake lie sUtrarUpa ko apanAyA gayA / isa viSaya ko sthUla rUpa se cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai--auta, gahya, dharma aura zulva / zrIta sUtroM meM dakSiNa, pAhavanIya aura gArhapatya ina tIna agniyoM kI pUjA aura darzapUrNamAsa soma, Adi yajJoM ke karane kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / gahya sUtroM meM garbhAdhAna se lekara antyeSTi taka samasta saMskAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / sAtha hI samAja meM pracalita prathAoM Adi kA bhI varNana hai / mukhya saMskAroM meM ye haiM--jAtakarma (putrotpatti ke samaya ke kArya), upanayana aura vedArambha saMskAra, brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya ina tInoM vargoM ke brahmacarya aura gahastha samaya ke kartavya Adi, guru aura ziSya ke kartavya, vivAha-saMskAra, dainika kiye jAne vAle paMcayajJa,' gRha-nirmANa, pazupAlana, roganAzaka vidhiyA~, 1. paMca yajJa ye haiM--1--brahmayajJa, vedoM kA adhyayana aura adhyApana 2--pitRyajJa, pitaroM kI pUjA 3--devayajJa, devoM kI pUjA, yajJa Adi 4-- bhUtayajJa, sabhI prANiyoM ko annAdi denA 5--nRyajJa, atithiyoM kI pUjA / adhyApanaM brahmayajJaH pitRyajJastu tarpaNam / homo devo, balibhI to, nRyajJo'tithipUjanam / / manusmRti 3-70

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48 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa antyeSTi saMskAra Adi / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ina sUtroM meM gRhastha-jIvana se saMbaddha sabhI saMskAroM kA varNana hai, jo ki eka gRhastha ko karane cAhie~ / dharmasUtroM meM nIti, dharma, rIti aura prathAe~, cAroM varNoM aura AzramoM ke kartavyoM Adi kA varNana hai / zalvastroM meM yajJavedI ke nirmANa se saMbaddha nApa Adi kA tathA vedI ke banAne Adi ke niyamoM kA varNana hai| ye zrautasUtroM se sambaddha viSaya kA varNana karate haiN| ye bhAratIya jyAmiti kA prArambhika rUpa pradarzita karate haiM / zrauta aura gRhya sUtroM meM yajJoM kI vidhi ke niyama haiM / inameM yajJoM ke samaya prayukta hone vAle mantroM kA viniyoga bhI varNita hai / pratyeka kalpasUtra kA kisI eka veda se sambandha hai / kalpasUtroM ke sahAyaka graMtha ke rUpa meM mantrabrAhmaNa aura mantrapATha nAmaka do graMtha haiN| inameM mantroM kA saMgraha hai / ye donoM kramazaH gobhilagRhyasUtra aura ApastambagRhyasUtra ke anuyAyiyoM ke dvArA vizeSa uddezya ke lie upayoga meM lAe jAte haiN| ___ baudhAyana aura Apastamba 500 I0 pU0 se pUrva hue the| donoM apanI paramparA ke anusAra kalpasUtroM arthAt zrauta, gRhya, dharma aura zulva sUtroM ke racayitA haiN| ye sUtra kRSNa yajurveda kI taittirIya zAkhA se sambaddha haiM / satyASADha hiraNyakezI ke gRhya aura zrota sUtroM kA saMbandha taittirIya zAkhA kI eka zAkhA se hai / hiraNyakezI ke dharmasUtra prApastamba ke dharmasUtroM se bahuta adhika milate haiN| unameM antara nahIM ke barAbara hai / agnivezagRhyasUtra aura vAdUla tathA vaikhAnasoM ke kalpasUtroM kA sambandha taittirIya zAkhA se hai / kRSNa yajurveda kI maitrAyaNI zAkhA ke mAnavazrautasUtra, mAnavagRhyasUtra aura mAnavazulvasUtra haiM / kAThakagRhyasUtroM kA bhI sambandha mAnava zAkhA se hI hai / bharadvAja ke kalpasUtroM kA bhI sambandha kRSNa yajurveda se hI hai| anya vedoM ke zrauta, gRhya, dharma aura zulva sUtra bahuta kama hai| Rgveda ke sAtha saMbaddha prAzvalAyana aura zAMkhyAyana ke zrauta aura gRhyasUtra haiM tathA zAmbhabya aura zaunaka ke gRhyasUtra haiM / zukla yajurveda kI mAdhyandina zAkhA ke sAtha saMbaddha

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vedAGga 46 kAtyAyana ke zrauta aura zulva sUtra tathA pAraskara ke gRhyasUtra haiN| sAmaveda ko kauthuma zAkhA ke sAtha saMbaddha kAtyAyana ke zrautasUtra haiM / sAmaveda kI rANAyanIya zAkhA ke sAtha saMbaddha drAhmAyaNa ke zrautrasUtra haiN| ye donoM zrautasUtra tANDa yabrAhmaNa para nirbhara hai / jaimini ke gRhya aura zrautasUtra, gobhila ke gRhyasUtra aura khAdira ke gRhyasUtroM kA sambandha drAhmAyaNa zAkhA se hai aura ye rANAyanIya zAkhA meM bhI upayoga meM Ate haiN| isake atirikta isa veda se saMbaddha ye grantha haiM :-1 ArSeya kalpa, isakA dUsarA nAma mazakakalpasUtra hai| isameM tANDa ya zAkhA vAloM ke dvArA soma yajJa ke samaya gAe jAne vAle mantroM ko sUcI bhI hai / 2. anupasUtra, ye tANDayabrAhmaNa ko vyAkhyA karate haiM, 3. nidAnasUtra, inameM chandoM kA varNana hai, 4. upagranyasUtra, sAmaveda se saMbaddha yajJoM ko vidhi kA varNana karate haiM, 5. kSutrasUtra, sAmaveda kI vidhiyoM kA varNana karatA hai, 6. tANDalakSaNasUtra, 7. kalpAnupadasUtra, 8. anustotrasUtra, 6. drAhmAyaNa ke gRhyasUtra / atharvaveda se saMbaddha vaitAnazrotasUtra aura kauzikasUtra haiM / inameM gRhyasUtroM kA viSaya varNita hai / atharvaveda kA vaidika yajJoM se sAkSAt sambandha nahIM hai, ataH isake anya sUtra nahIM haiM / __ gRhyasUtroM ke pazcAt zrAddhakalpa aura pitRmedhasUtra pAte haiM / inameM pitaroM se saMbaddha zrAddha aura tarpaNa kA varNana hai / mAnavazrAddha kalpa, kAtyAyAnazrAddhakalpa bodhAyanapitRmedhasUtra Adi iso viSaya se saMbaddha haiM / kalpasUtra meM jina vidhiyoM kA varNana saMkSepa meM hai, unakA vistRta varNana 'pariziSTa' granthoM meM hai / kAtyAyana ke chAndogya aura atharva pariziSTa, RtusaMgraha, viniyogasaMgraha aura zaunaka kA caraNavyUha iso viSaya ke grantha hai| caraNavyUha meM vaidika zAkhAoM kA varNana hai / gAbhilaputra ke gRhyasaMgrahapariziSTa aura karmapradIpa kA sambandha gobhilagahyasUtra se hai / prAyazcittasUtroM kA sambandha atharvaveda ke vitAnasUtroM se hai / prayoga grantha, paddhatiyoM aura kArikAoM kA sambandha kalpasUtroM se hai / vedAMgoM kA mahattva nimnalikhita zloka meM acche prakAra se prakaTa kiyA gayA hai-- saM0 sA0 i0--4

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa chandaH pAdau tu vedasya hastau kalpo'tha paThyate / jyotiSAmayanaM cakSuniruktaM zrotramucyate // zikSA ghrANaM tu vedasya mukhaM vyAkaraNaM smRtam / tasmAt sAMgamadhItyaiva brahmaloke mahIyate // pANinIya zikSA 41-42 ina vedAMgoM ke atirikta anukramaNikAe~ haiN| inameM RSiyoM ke nAmoM ke sAtha vedoM kI pUrI viSayasUcI dI huI hai / vedoM ke mantroM ke devatAoM ke nAma tathA mantroM ke chandoM ke nAma bhI inameM diye hue haiN| zaunaka ne Rgveda se saMbaddha ye grantha likhe haiM-- 1. ArSAnukramaNI, RSiyoM kI sUcI, 2. chando'nukramaNI chandoM ko sUcI, 3. devatAnukramaNI, devatAoM kI sUcI, 4. sUktAnukramaNI, saktoM kI sUcI, 5. padAnukramaNI, padoM kI sUcI, 6. anuvAkAnukramaNI, anuvAkoM kI sUcI, 7. bRhadevatA, devatAoM kI sUcI tathA unase saMbaddha kathAe~, 8. RgvidhAna, kucha vizeSa sUktoM kA ullekha, jinake pATha se Azcaryajanaka lAbha hote haiM / ina anukramaNikAoM ke dvArA jJAta hotA hai ki Rgveda meM 1017 sUkta, 105803 mantra, 153826 zabda aura 432000 varNa haiM / pAzcAttya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki inameM se kucha zaunaka ke banAe hue nahIM hai / zaunaka ke ziSya kAtyAyana ne sarvAnukramaNI banAI hai| isameM ina sabakI anukramaNikA sUtra rUpa meM dI gaI hai| yaha sarvAnukramaNI Rgveda kI hai / zukla yajurveda kI mAdhyandina zAkhA kI yajurvedAnukramaNI kAtyAyana ne hI banAI hai / prAyazikSA aura cArAyaNoya kA sambandha kRSNa yajurveda kI taittirIya zAkhA se hai / caar| ya goya kA dUsarA nAma mantrarahasyAdhyAya hai / prAtreyazikSA taittirIya saMhitA, brAhmaNa aura prAraNyaka kI anukramaNikA hai / ArSeya brAhmaNa vastutaH sAmaveda ko anukramaNikA hI hai| vRhatsarvAnukramaNI atharvaveda kI anukramaNikA hai / isake atirikta pariziSTa nAmaka grantha hai| ye 21 haiM / ina sabakA sambandha sAmaveda se hai /

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vedAGga 6 vedAMgoM ke tulya hI purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA aura dharmazAstra bhI vedArthajJAna meM sahAyaka mAne gae haiN| puraannnyaaymiimaaNsaadhrmshaastraanggmishritaaH| vedAH sthAnani vidyAnAM dharmasya ca caturdaza / / yAjJavalkyasmRti 1-3

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adhyAya 8 aitihAsika mahAkAvya rAmAyaNa aitihAsika mahAkAvya-aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kA samaya vaidika aura zreNyakAla ke madhya meM par3atA hai / yaha bAta isa samaya ke sAhitya meM prApta katipaya vizeSatAoM se spaSTa hai / ina mahAkAvyoM meM zabdoM ke prAcIna rUpa, sarala bhASA, Atmanepada aura parasmaipada ko vibhaktiyoM se yukta dhAturUpoM kA svatantra prayoga tathA anya katipaya vizeSatAe~ prApta hotI haiM, jo zreNyakAla kI bhASA kI apekSA vaidika kAla kI bhASA se adhika samAnatA rakhatI haiN| aitihAsika mahAkAvya prAcIna hindunoM ke laukika jIvana ko prakaTa karate haiM / isa sAhitya kA prArambha baidika kAla meM hI ho cukA thaa| pAkhyAna, purANa, itihAsa zabda vaidika sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM / pururavA aura urvazI, zunaHzepa tathA anya kathAe~, jo vaidika sAhitya meM prApta hotI haiM, aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM ke prArambha ko sUcita karatI haiM / itihAsa zabda iti+ha + Asa se banA hai aura isakA artha hai ki aisA vastutaH huprA thA / ataH yaha zabda isa bAta ko sUcita karatA hai ki esI ghaTanA bahuta samaya pUrva ghaTita huI thii| ____ iti hetyavyayaM pAramparyopadezAbhidhAyi / tasyAsanam prAsaH avasthAnameteSviti itihAsAH purAvRttAni / itihAsa kA lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai ki jisameM prAcIna samaya kI kathAe~ hoM aura jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ke viSaya meM Avazyaka upadeza de| dharmArthakAmamokSANAmupadezasamanvitam / pUrvavRtta kathAyuktamitihAsaM pracakSate // 47

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya 53 ataH itihAsa ko prAcIna ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana samajhanA cAhie / ataeva inakI kathAe~ kAlpanika gAthAe~ nahIM mAnI jA sakatI haiM, jaisA ki pAzcAttya vidvAn mAnate haiM / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra veda zAzvata mAne jAte haiM yA ve sRSTi ke prArambha meM paramAtmA ke dvArA upadiSTa mAne jAte haiM / vaidika RSiyoM ne vedArtha kI puSTi ke lie kucha upAkhyAna race hoNge| ye upAkhyAna ho itihAsa, AkhyAna aura upAkhyAna kahe gae / aise upAkhyAnoM Adi kI saMkhyA bahuta rahI hogI / inameM se adhikAMza rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM sammilita kie gae / tatpazcAt ra mAyaNa aura mahAbhArata itihAsa kahe gae / inameM bahuta sA itihAsa bharA huA hai / ataeva aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kA samaya bahuta prAcIna samaya se mAnanA cAhie / ye mahAkAvya laukika bhAvoM se yukta hone para bhI aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa meM utpanna hue haiM / ye vaidika yajJAdi ke avasara para gAe jAte the / vaidika devatA savitA, agni, indra ityAdi kA, jinakA vaidika sAhitya meM makhya sthAna thA, ina mahAkAvyoM meM gauNa sthAna ho gayA hai| inameM bhI indra devoM kA rAjA hai / brahmA, viSNu aura rudra ina mahAkAvyoM meM mukhya hai / kubera, gaNeza, kAttikeya, lakSmI, pArvatI, nAga devatA tathA anya devatA kA, jinakA vaidika kAla meM gauNa sthAna thA, ina mahAkAvyoM meM mukhya haiM / sAhitya kA svarUpa badala gayA hai / vaidika kAla meM Rgveda saMhitA chandoM meM hai tathA anya gadya meM haiM / aitihAsika mahAkAvya padya meM hI haiM / AzAvAda kA bhAva, jo 1. dekho rAmAyaNa 6-120-32 / mahAbhArata-udyoga0 36-133 / droNa0 52 / zAnti0 103, 104, 111 / anuzAsana0 50 /

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5.4 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pUre vaidika sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai, ina mahAkAvyoM meM hIna rUpa meM prApta hotA hai | AzAvAda ke bhAva ko dabA kara cintA aura viSAda ke bhAva vRddhi para haiM / ina mahAkAvyoM meM RSiyoM kI jIvaniyoM tathA saphalatAoM kA bhI varNana hai / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ye donoM rASTrIya aitihAsika mahAkAvya haiM / inameM bahuta-sI kahAniyA~ haiM, isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki isase pUrva AkhyAna purANa aura itihAsa the / ina donoM mahAkAvyoM kI atyutkRSTatA ne isa prakAra ke saMpUrNa prAcIna sAhitya ko sarvathA samApta kara diyA / rAmAyaNa rAmAyaNa bhAratavarSa kA aitihAsika mahAkAvya hai / isameM 24 sahasra zloka haiM / yaha sAta kAMDoM meM vibhakta hai / isake racayitA vAlmIki RSi haiM / isameM rAma aura sItA kA jIvanacarita varNita hai / vAlmIki ne isako kAvya' AkhyAna,' gItA aura saMhitA' nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai / vAlmIki ko saptarSiyoM ne dhArmika jIvana kI dIkSA dI thI / unhoMne bahuta samaya taka nirantara samAdhi lagAI / jaba ve apanI samAdhi se uThe to unake cAroM ora dImakoM ne bamI banA lI thI aura ve usase bAhara nikale / ataeva unakA nAma vAlmIki par3A, kyoMki ye vAlmIki ( bamo ) se bAhara nikale the / ve ayodhyA ke samIpa hI gaMgA nadI ke kinAre rahate the / rAma apane vanavAsa ke samaya sarvaprathama unake hI Azrama para pahu~ce the / " unheM rAma ke jIvana kI vizeSa ghaTanAoM kA jJAna thA / ve unake udAtta guNoM se bahuta 1. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, 2-41, yuddhakANDa 128 - 105 / 2. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, 4-32, yuddhakANDa 128 118 / 3. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, 4-27 / 4. 5. rAmAyaNa, yuddhakANDa, 128 - 120 / rAmAyaNa, ayodhyAkANDa, sarga 56 /

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya 55 prabhAvita the / eka dina ve apane Azrama para Ae hue nArada RSi se mile aura unase eka Adarza puruSa kA jIvanacarita pUchA / uttara meM nArada ne rAma ke jovana kA varNana kiyaa| yaha jJAta hotA hai ki isake dvArA vAlmIki rAma ke jIvana ke viSaya meM prAmANika aura nizcita vivaraNa jJAta karanA cAhate the / nArada se milane ke bAda unakA dhyAna rAma kI ora hI kendrita ho gayA thA aura ve isI avasthA meM apane Azrama ke samIpa bahane vAlI tamasA nadI para pUjA ke lie gae / mArga meM unhoMne dekhA ki eka vyAdha ne krauMca pakSI ko mAra diyA hai / kauMcI apane pati evaM priya ke viyoga meM bahuta duHkhita hokara ro rahI thii| yaha dekhakara vAlmIki RSi kA hRdaya dravita ho gayA aura unhoMne vyAdha ko zApa diyA ki vaha bahuta kAla taka dukhI rahe / unakA yaha zApa padya rUpa meM pariNata hokara prakaTa huA, jo ki nimna rUpa meM hai : mA niSAda pratiSThAM tvamagamaH zAzvatI: samAH / yatkrauMcamithunAdekamavadhIH kAmamohitam // rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa 2-15 ve pUjA karake apane Azrama ko lauTe / tatpazcAt brahmA unake sAmane Ae / unhoMne AzIrvAda diyA aura Adeza bhI diyA ki ve rAma kA carita zApa vAle padya ke anusAra padyoM meM likheM / unhoMne vAlmIki ko zakti pradAna ko ki rAma ke vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSyat jIvana ko sAkSAt dekha skeNge| brahmA ke jAne ke pazcAt vAlmIki ne kAvya ko racanA prAraMbha kI, jisako rAmAyaNa nAma se pukArA gayA / yaha rAmAyaNa sAta kANDoM meM vibhakta hai :-- bAla, ayodhyA, araNya, kiSkindhA, sundara, yuddha aura uttarakAMDa / unhoMne apane Azrama meM nivAsa karane vAlI sItA ke putra kuza aura lava ko rAmAyaNa par3hAI, jo usa samaya unake Azrama meM apanI mAtA sItA ke sAtha rahate the / azvamedha yajJa ke samaya rAma ko upasthiti meM kuza aura lava ne rAmAyaNa kA gAna kiyA thaa|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pAzcAttya AlocakoM tathA unake anugAmI katipaya bhAratIyoM kA vicAra hai ki vAlmIki ne bAlakANDa ke uttarArdha yA kevala antima bhAga se lekara yuddhakANDa ke anta taka rAmAyaNa ko racanA kI hai / rAmAyaNa kA zeSa bhAga bAda ke kisI anya lekhaka ne likhA hai aura usako vAlmIki ke mala graMtha se milA diyA hai / isa nirNaya ke nimnalikhita AdhAra haiM :-- 1--vartamAna rAmAyaNa meM RSyazrRGga, vizvAmitra, ahalyA, rAvaNa, hanumAna gaMgAvataraNa Adi kI kathAe~ prApta hotI haiN| ina kathAoM kA mukhya kathA se sAkSAt koI sambandha nahIM hai / ye kathAe~ bAlakANDa aura uttarakANDa ke pUrvArdha meM prApta hotI haiN| isa prakAra kI kahAniyA~ ina kANDoM ke atirikta anya kANDoM meM nahIM prApta hotI haiM / ina kathAoM kA lekhaka vAlmIki ke atirikta anya koI vyakti honA cAhie, kyoMki vAlmIki rAma kI kathA likhate hue grantha ke mukhya bhAga meM inako sthAna na dete / ataeva rAmAyaNa ke ve bhAga jinameM ye kathAe~ haiM, anya kisI lekhaka kI racanA hai| 2---bAlakANDa meM do viSaya-sUciyA~ haiM, eka nArada dvArA varNita rAma kA jIvana aura dUsarI viSaya sUcI kisI anya ke dvArA likhita sarga 3 anta meM hai| nArada vAlI viSaya-sUcI saMkSepa-rAmAyaNa nAma se prasiddha hai / isameM uttarakANDa kI viSaya-sUcI sammilita nahIM hai / dUsarI sUcI meM uttarakANDa kA ullekha hai / nArada kI viSaya-sUcI ke AdhAra para vAlmIki ne yaddhakANDa ke anta taka racanA kI hogii| dUsarI viSayasUcI kisI anya lekhaka ne jor3I hai| usane saMkSeparAmAyaNa meM uttarakANDa kA ullekha na pAkara pUre rAmAyaNa kI viSaya-sUcI taiyAra kI hai| ina donoM viSaya-sUciyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vAlmIki ne kitanA aMza likhA hai / yuddhakANDa ke stuti-zloka bhI isI bAta kI puSTi karate haiM / isa prakAra yaha siddha karake ki vAlmIki ne pUrI rAmAyaNa nahIM likhI hai, pAlocakoM ne ina prakSepoM kA uddezya bhI batAyA hai| (1) unakA lakSya thA ki jisa prakAra mahAbhArata meM kathAe~ haiM, usI prakAra rAmAyaNa meM bhI RSyazrRGga Adi kI kathAe~ honI cAhie / uttarakANDa meM rAmAyaNa ke pAtroM ke jIvana

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya parita die gae haiN| (2) vAlmIki rAma ko manuSya ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM / jaba kRSNa avatAra ke rUpa meM mAne jAne lage to rAma ko bhI avatAra ke rUpa meM sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| isake lie rAma ko avatAra batAne vAle zloka bhI isameM sammilita kie gae / aise zloka bAlakANDa ke pUrvArdha aura uttarakANDa meM hI milate haiM, jo ki bAda meM sammilita kie gae haiN| (3) vAlmIki ne prathama zloka asahya duHkha ke Avega meM banAyA thaa| brahmA ne Adeza diyA thA ki usI Adarza para rAmAyaNa kI racanA karo / prathama zloka anuSTupa chanda meM hai| ataH vAlmIki ne saMpUrNa rAmAyaNa anuSTupa chanda meM hI likhA hogA / bAda meM jaba mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM meM yaha bhI nirdhArita kiyA gayA ki usake pratyeka sarga kA antima zloka sarga meM prayukta chanda kI apekSA anya chanda meM ho, taba usa samaya ke vidvAnoM ne rAmAyaNa ko bhI mahAkAvya nAma dene ko icchA ko hogii| isake lie katipaya sagaM aura zloka vibhinna chandoM meM banAe gae hoMge / bAda meM ye hI zloka rAmAyaNa meM yathAsthAna jor3a die gae hoMge / taba isakA nAma mahAkAvya par3A / vAlmIki ne anuSTupa chanda vAle ho zloka banAye haiM; ataH jo aMza Upara ullekha kie gae haiM, ve vAlmIki ke banAe hue nahIM haiM / AlocakoM kA yaha vicAra vicAraNIya hai / bAlakANDa aura uttarakANDa meM jo kathAe~ haiM ve adhikatara apane ucita sthAna para haiN| bAlakANDa meM jo kathAeM haiM ve ghaTanAoM kA vAstavika rUpa citrita karatI haiN| inameM se adhika kathAeM rAma aura lakSmaNa ko sunAI gaI haiM / ye kathAe~ isa prakaraNa meM vizeSa lakSya kI pUrti karatI haiN| koI bhI kathA kevala jor3ane kI dRSTi se nahIM rakhI gaI hai / vizvAmitra, rAvaNa, hanumAna Adi kI kathAe~ apane ucita sthAna para haiN| ye kathAe~ jina vyaktiyoM se saMbaddha haiM, unakA isa mahAkAvya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / vAlmIki ne mukhya bhAga meM inakA jIvanacarita nahIM likhA hai| ina kathAoM ke binA yaha mahAkavya pUrNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA thaa| rAmAyaNa ke mukhya aMza tathA ina kathAoM kI niSpakSa vivecanA se jJAta

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hotA hai ki ye ucita prasaMga meM hI rakhI gaI haiM aura inake samAveza se koI asvAbhAvikatA pratota nahIM hotI hai / mukhya aMza meM ye kathAe~ isalie nahIM rakhI gaI haiM, kyoMki vahA~ para inakI AvazyakatA nahI thI / isa viSaya meM yaha svIkAra karanA ucita hai ki rAmAyaNa meM prakSepa haiM aura vizeSa rUpa se uttarakANDa meM / isa kathana kI puSTi bhAratIya TIkAkAroM dvArA hotI hai / unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai ki kucha sarga prakSipta haiM / ataeva unhoMne unakI TIkA nahIM kI hai / dUsarI bAta ke viSaya meM yaha vaktavya hai ki saMkSepa rAmAyaNa meM utanA hI aMza hai, jitanA vAlmIki ne nArada se sunA hai / tRtIya sarga meM jo viSayamucI hai, vaha vAlmIki ke dvArA banAe hue pUre grantha kI viSayasUcI hai / isa vAta kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki vAlmIki ne rAmAyaNa kA utanA hI aMza banAyA hai, jitanA ki unhoMne nArada se sunA hai, aura usase adhika kucha nahIM / saMkSeparAmAyaNa meM 'rAma ke jIvana kI bhAvI ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha hai / imameM rAma ke dvArA kie gae azvamedha kA bhI ullekha hai / ataH bAlakANDa meM do viSayasUcI hone meM koI asaMgati nahIM hai / saMkSepa rAmAyaNa meM uttarakANDa ke viSayoM kA nirdeza mAtra hai aura dUsarI viSayasUcI meM uttarakANDa kI ghaTanAoM kA vistRta varNana hai / yuddhakANDa ke anta meM jo AzIrvAdAtmaka zloka haiM, ve vahA~ para isalie haiM ki jo vyakti rAmAyaNa kA dainika pArAyaNa laukika sukha-samRddhi ke lie karate haiM, ve yuddhANDa ke anta meM isa prakAra ke zloka cAhate haiM, kyoMki usakI samApti sukhAnta hai / uttarakANDa kA anta duHkhAnta hai, ataH koI bhI usake anta taka pArAyaNa karanA nahIM cAhatA hai / 58 rAmAyaNa ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki bAlakANDa ke prathama cAra sarga bhUmikA ke rUpa meM haiM / inakA kauna lekhaka hai, yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / inake lekhaka saMbhavataH eka se adhika vyakti haiM / vAlmIki ke ziSya, jo unake sAtha rahate the, ina sargoM ke lekhaka jJAta hote haiM / unhoMne 1. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, 1 - - 64, 65 /

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya 56 hI ina sargoM ko rAmAyaNa ke prArambha meM jor3a diyA hai / rAmAyaNa ke bhUmikAbhAga se jJAta hotA hai ki vAlmIki ne rAmAyaNa banAne ke pazcAt isake gAna ke lie kuza aura lavako cunA / aura unheM isakI zikSA dI / kuza aura lava usa samaya kucha bar3I Ayu ke rahe hoMge / ataeva sItA vAlmIki ke Azrama meM bahuta varSoM se rahatI rahI hoMgI / bhUmikA-bhAga se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nArada ke jAne ke pazcAt vAlmIki ne rAmAyaNa kI racanA eka varSa se kama samaya meM hI kI hai / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki rAma ke dvArA sItA kA nirvAsana aura unake zrAzrama meM Ane ke pazcAt vAlmIki ne rAma kA jIvanagrantha-rUpa meM nibaddha karane kA vicAra kiyA hogA / unhoMne isa kArya ke Arambha karane se pUrva nArada kI svIkRti lenI Avazyaka samajhI hogI / ataeva unhoMne nArada kI svIkRti lI / yadi vAlmIki ne uttarakANDa kI racanA nahIM kI hai to isake anya lekhaka ko rAma ke abhiSeka ke bAda kA vRttAnta kisa prakAra prApta huA ? vAlmIki kI racanA zoka se prArambha huI hai, ataH unhoMne use duHkhAnta rUpa meM samApta kiyA hogA / kaI kAraNoM se vAlmIki ko hI uttarakANDa kA bhI racayitA mAnanA ucita hai / isa kANDa ke abhAva meM bharata aura zatrughna kevala AjJAkArI bhAI ke rUpa meM hI prasiddha hote / ve yuddhoM meM vijayI ke rUpa meM prasiddha na hote / uttarakANDa meM ullekha hai ki bharata ne yuddha meM gandharvoM ko jItA aura zatrughna ne lavaNa rAkSasa ko mArA aura isa prakAra apanA nAma sArthaka kiyA / yadi vAlmIki ne yaha kANDa na likhA hotA to una para caritracitraNa meM akuzalatA kA doSa AtA / vAlmIki ne uttarakAMDa ko bhI banAyA hai, isa bAta ke sArthaka tIna pramANa hai / mahAbhArata ( 3000 I0 pU0 ) meM uttarakANDa kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / diGnAga kundamAlA nATaka ke apane nATaka meM isa bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai ki sotA ke nirvAsana taka rAmAyaNa kI racanA kI hai / zrAnandavardhana 1 kundamAlA, aMka 6. 14 / racayitA haiM / unhoMne vAlmIki ne rAma ke

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60 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ( 850 I0 ) ne spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai ki vAlmIki ne rAma aura sItA ke viyoga - paryanta rAmAyaNa ko racanA kA hai / ve likhate haiM ki- rAmAyaNe hi karuNa rasaH svayamAdikavinA sUtritaH / ' zokaH zloka tvamAgataH ' ityevaMvAdinA / nirvyUDhazca sa rAmasItAtyantaviyogaparyantameva svaprabandhamuparacayatA / dhvanyAloka, adhyAya 4 zrAnandavardhanAcArya ke kathana ko vizeSa rUpa se yuktiyukta mAnanA ucita hai, kyoMki ve ucca koTi ke Alocaka the / ve nirAdhAra paramparA ko pramANa rUpa meM na mAnate / ataeva vAlmIki ko saMpUrNa rAmAyaNa kA racayitA mAnanA ucita hai / pAzcAttya AlocakoM kA rAmAyaNa meM prakSipta aMza kA jo vicAra hai, usake viSaya meM yaha kathana hai ki jisa prakAra mahAbhArata meM kathAeM bAda meM mizrita kI gaI haiM, usa prakAra rAmAyaNa meM kathAe~ bAda meM mizrita nahIM kI gaI haiM, kyoMki rAmAyaNa meM kathAe~ apane ucita sthAna para haiM aura mahAbhArata meM isa prakAra ucita sthAna para nahIM haiM / vAlmIki rAma ko avatAra ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnate the, yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki bhAratavarSa meM kAvya kA janma dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM huA hai | AdikAla meM dhArmika bhAvanA aura devI paristhitiyoM ne bhAratIya kAvya ko eka viziSTa svarUpa diyA hai / rAmAyaNa ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki vAlmIki rAma ke avatAra hone meM vizvAsa rakhate the / yaha svIkAra karane para bhI ki rAmAyaNa ke mukhya bhAga meM rAma ko avatAra siddha karane vAle zloka upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, yaha svIkAra karanA asaMgata pratIta hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa kA eka vRhata bhAga prakSipta hai, kyoMki usameM kucha zloka rAma ko avatAra rUpa meM mAnane vAle haiM / aise zloka bahuta thor3e haiM / yaha saMbhava hai ki saMpUrNa rAmAyaNa ko rAma ke daivI svarUpa kA samarthaka siddha kiyA jAya / isakA nirNaya bahuta kucha pAThaka ke bhAvoM para nirbhara hai |

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya ___ yaha kayana ki rAmAyaNa ko mahAkAvya siddha karane ke lie bahuta kucha. graMza bAda meM jor3A gayA hai ucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai / pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne zloka zabda se jo artha nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaha saMbhava nahIM hai / vAlmIki kA zoka zloka rUpa meM prakaTa huA / ' pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne zloka zabda kA artha anuSTapa chanda mAtra liyA hai| yahA~ para zloka zabda kA artha padyamAtra lenA ucita hai| zloka zabda saMskRta meM padyamAtra ke artha meM prAtA hai / bhAratIya TIkAkAroM ne zloka zabda kA yaha artha nahIM liyA hai jo pAzcAttya vidvAn lenA cAhate haiM / yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki vAlmIki ne zloka anuSTup tathA anya chandoM meM bhI banAe haiM / yadi yaha nahIM mAneMge to vAlmIki ko una sabhI sundara padyoM kA racayitA nahIM mAna sakate jo vibhinna chandoM meM rAmAyaNa meM prApta hote haiN| yaha siddha karanA kisI bhI Alocaka ke lie prazaMsA kI bAta nahIM hai ki vaha vAlmIki jaise mahAn kavi ko kevala eka chanda ko racanA karane meM samartha sAdhAraNa kavi siddha kre| yaha saMbhava hai ki vAlmIki ke samaya meM mahAkAvya ke viSaya meM yaha niyama pracalita nahIM rahA hogA ki pratyeka sarga kA antima zloka anya chanda meM ho| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki pratyeka sarga ke antima zloka vibhinna chandoM meM bAda meM banAe gae hoM aura pratyeka sarga ke anta meM jor3a die gae hoN| kevala isa AdhAra para vAlmIki ko sabhI anya chandoM vAle zlokoM kA racayitA na mAnanA sarvathA anucita hai / isa prasaMga meM yaha ullekha kara denA upayukta hai ki bAlakANDa meM eka zloka AtA hai ki vAlmIki ne apanA yaha mahAkAvya 500 sargoM meM banAyA hai aura isameM 24 sahasra zloka haiM / 1. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa 2-40, zokaH zlokatvamAgataH / 2. zloka saMghAte dhAtu se zloka zabda banA hai arthAt padyAtmaka bandhana / 3. padye yazasi ca zlokaH / amarakoza, 3, nAnArthavarga 2 / 4. rAmAyaNa, bAlakAMDa, 4-2 /

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62 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa caturviMzatsahasrANi lokAnAmuktavAnRSiH / tathA sargazatAn paJca SaT kANDAni tathottaram / / rAmAyaNa 1-4-2 | jo grantha Ajakala prApta hotA hai, usameM lagabhaga 645 sarga aura 24 sahasra se kucha hI adhika zloka upalabdha hote haiM / vAlmIki ne mUlarUpa meM jo sarga likhe the, unameM kucha parivartana bhI huA hai / kucha sarga lupta ho gae haiM tathA kucha nae sarga bAda meM jor3e gae haiM / yahI bAta zlokoM ke viSaya meM bhI ghaTita huI hai / kucha zloka sthAnAntarita hue haiM / rAmAyaNa meM kucha sthala prakSipta haiM, yaha rAmAyaNa ke uttarIya, uttara-pazcimIya tathA bambaI ke saMskaraNoM meM sargoM aura zlokoM ke krama tathA saMkhyA meM vibhinnatA se spaSTa hai / kucha prakSipta sthala atyanta spaSTa haiM / vindhya parvata ke dakSiNI pradeza meM rAma ko koI sabhya vyakti nahIM mile, kintu rAmAyaNa meM pAMDya, cola, Andhra aura kola Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / aise zloka samaya ke prabhAva se naSTa hue rAmAyaNa ke zlokoM ke sthAna kI pUrti karane ke lie jor3a die gae haiM / vuddha -ke vidyAdhyayana aura hanumAna ke vyAkaraNa zAstra ke adhyayana ke prakaraNa meM una granthoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jo ki rAmAyaNa ke bAda bane haiM / ataH inheM prakSipta. hI samajhanA cAhie / rAmAyaNa sahasroM varSa pUrva banI hai aura maukhika paramparA ke anusAra jaba taka AI hai / usameM sargoM aura zlokoM kA prakSepa honA avazyaMbhAvI hai / kucha prakSipta zlokoM ko chor3akara saMpUrNa rAmAyaNa vAlmIki kI hI kRti hai, yaha mAnanA sarvathA ucita hai / rAmAyaNa kI kathA kI sArthakatA ke viSaya meM katipaya vicAradhArAe~ pAzcAttya vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki rAmAyaNa kalpita kathAoM para AvArita hai / manuSyoM aura rAkSasoM kA yuddha, hanumAna dvArA samudra kA pAra karanA Adi ghaTanAe~ vAstavika nahIM haiM / ye ghaTanAe~ kisI bhI deza meM kisI bhI

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63 aitihAsika mahAkAvya samaya ghaTita nahIM huI haiM / isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA ke kAraNa pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne rAmAyaNa ke viSaya meM aneka mantavya prastuta kie haiM / pro0 vebara ne apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA hai ki rAmAyaNa bauddha grantha dazarathajAtaka aura homara ke iliyaDa para AdhArita hai / unhoMne jo tathya isake samarthana ke lie prastuta kie haiM ve isa mantavya kA samarthana karane meM asamartha haiM / dazaratha jAtaka rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA hI bauddha rUpa hai / isameM rAvaNa ke vinAza ke kAraNoM kA nirdeza nahIM hai / isa jAtaka kA uddezya apane pitA kI mRtyu se duHkhita eka vyakti ko dhairya dhAraNa karAnA hai / isa jAtaka ke lekhaka ne varNana kiyA hai ki rAma apane pitA kI mRtyu ko sunakara duHkhita nahIM hue / jAtaka ke lekhaka ne yaha kathA yahIM samApta kara dI, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM isako Age bar3hAne kA koI lAbha nahIM thA / ataH yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki yaha jAtaka rAmAyaNa para nirbhara hai, na ki rAmAyaNa isa jAtaka para / rAmAyaNa ko iliyaDa para AdhArita mAnanA nirAdhAra hI hai / homara kA iliyaDa sikandara ke 326 I0 pU0 ke grAkramaNa ke bAda hI bhArata meM pracalita ho sakatA thA, kintu rAmAyaNa isake bahuta pUrva hI pracalita ho cukA thA / ataH yaha mantavya sarvathA nirAdhAra hI hai / pro0 yAkobI ne isa viSaya meM eka vicitra mantavya upasthita kiyA hai / unhoMne Rgveda meM prApta indra aura vRtra ko kathA tathA rAmAyaNa kI kathA meM samAnatA upasthita ko hai aura yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki vRtra kI kathA kAlpanika hai, ataH rAmAyaNa kI kathA bhI kAlpanika hai / vRtra eka rAjana thA / vaha indra kA zatru thA / usane indra kI gaue~ curAI aura unheM samudra ke pAra chipA diyA / indra ne saramA nAma kI eka kutiyA gAyoM kA patA lagAne ke lie bhejo| usane gAyoM kA patA lagAyA aura isakI sUcanA indra ko dI / indra ne marut devatAoM kI sahAyatA se vRtra para AkramaNa kiyA aura usakA vadha kiyA / yAkobI kA kathana hai ki rAmAyaNa kI kathA meM rAma indra ke lie hai / sotA jutI huI bhUmi ke lie hai / indra vaSTi kA devatA 1

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64 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai / vaha jutI huI bhUmi (sItA) para vizeSa kRpAzIla hai / prataeva indra ko rAma banAyA gayA hai aura vaha sItA kA pati hai / isa prasaMga meM rAvaNa ke putra kA nAma indrajit sArthaka hai, kyoMki vaha indra ke vijayI vRtra kA saMketa karatA hai / saramA ke sthAna para hanumAn haiM, ve sotA ko DhUMr3hane ke lie jAte haiM, hanumAn vAyu ke putra haiM, isakA saMketa mahat devatAoM se prApta hotA hai, unhoMne indra kI sahAyatA kI thI / do kathAyoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ isa bAta kA nirNaya nahIM kara sakatI haiM ki unameM se eka dUsarI kathA para nirbhara hai aura na isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki ve kathAe~ kAlpanika haiM / uparyukta donoM kathAoM meM samAnatA vizeSa rocaka hai / vRtra kA nAma indrajit thA, kintu yahA~ para rAvaNa kA putra indrajit hai / usako tulanA vRtra se nahIM kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki vRtra vAlo kathA meM indra kI gAyoM kA hartA vRtra hai, yahA~ para sItA kA hartA rAvaNa hai, na ki usakA putra indrajit / solA ko samatA kRSTa bhUmi se mAnya ho sakatA hai, parantu usake haraNa kI samatA gAyoM ke haraNa ke sAtha sthApita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai aura gAyoM kI samatA kRSTa bhUmi se nahIM ho sakatA hai / saramA aura marut devatA eka dUsare se pRthak haiN| hanumAn aura anya vAnara eka hI samUha ke prANo haiM / marut devatAoM ke lie prayukta marun zabda kA sambandha kevala hanumAn ke sAtha ho sakatA hai, anya vAnaroM ke sAtha nahIM, kyoMki ve vAyu ke putra nahIM hai / rAma ke sahAyaka anya sabhI vAnara haiM / jaisI samAnatA Upara dikhAI gaI hai, vaisI samAnatA kisI bhI sAhitya meM dikhAI jA sakatI hai / aisI samAnatAe~ Akasmika ho sakatI haiM / isase yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki aisI samAnatA rakhane vAlI kathAoM meM se donoM yA eka kAlpanika hai / vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa yaha jJAta hotA hai ki manuSyoM aura prakRti meM kucha asAdhAraNa rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiM / unakA kAraNa una vastuoM ke kucha asAdhAraNa tattva haiM / purAtattva ke anusaMdhAnoM se siddha

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya hotA hai ki bhAratavarSa kA atIta kevala gauravayukta hI nahIM thA, apitu isakA itihAsa asaMkhya zatAbdI purAnA hai| rAmAyaNa meM jina rAkSasoM kA ullekha hai, saMbhavataH unake zarIra meM kucha asAdhAraNa vRddhi thI yA mAyA ke dvArA unhoMne bhayaMkara zarIra banA liyA thA / yaha ucita nahIM hai ki unake svarUpa kI asAdhAraNatA ke AdhAra para unako sarvathA kAlpanika mAna liyA jAya / rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko do bhAgoM meM pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt dazaratha ke rAjagaha ayodhyA meM ghaTita ghaTanAe~ aura unake pariNAma / ayodhyA meM ghaTita ghaTanAe~ svAbhAvika haiM / jahA~ para bahuvivAha-prathAe~ haiM, vahA~ para isa prakAra kI ghaTanAeM honI svAbhAvika hai| yadi hama pUrva bhAga ko vAstavika mAnate haiM to uttarArdha bhI vAstavika siddha hotA hai / rAmAyaNa mahAkAvya hai, ataH usake varNana prAyaH kAvyAtmaka haiN| ataH rAmAyaNa ko vAstavika ghaTanAoM para AdhArita mahAkAvya mAnanA ucita hai| rAmAyaNa ke viSaya meM kucha mantavya aura haiM, jinakA ullekha yahA~ kiyA jA sakatA hai / TAlvvAyaja hvIlara kA kathana hai ki dakSiNa meM brAhmaNoM aura bauddhoM meM jo saMgharSa huA hai, usI kA padyAtmaka rUpa rAmAyaNa hai| isa mata kI ayuktisaMgati isa bAta se siddha hotI hai ki bauddha dharma kA pracAra rAmAyaNa ke bahuta bAda huaA hai / hvIlara kA hI kathana hai ki 13 vIM zatAbdI meM vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke saMsthApakoM dvArA dakSiNa bhArata ke vijaya para rAmAyaNa AdhArita hai / yaha mantavya sarvathA anargala pralApa hai, kyoMki rAmAyaNa kA samaya isase bahata prAcIna hai| laisena kA kathana hai ki rAmAyaNa Aryo ke dvArA dakSiNa bhArata ke vijaya ke prathama prayatna kA padyAtmaka rUpa hai| yaha mantavya rAmAyaNa ke apUrNa adhyayana kA pariNAma hai, kyoMki rAmAyaNa meM kahIM bhI rAma ke dvArA dakSiNa meM rAjya sthApita karane kA ullekha nahIM hai| eka mantavya aura hai ki rAmAyaNa AryoM ke kRSikarma kA madhya bhArata tathA dakSiNa bhArata ke vanoM aura parvatoM meM pracAra kA ullekha karatA hai tathA saM0 sA0 i0-5

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66 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kRSijIviyoM ko jo akRSijIviyoM ke dvArA vighna hote the, unakA bhI nirdeza karatA hai| rAmAyaNa meM kahIM bhI isa bAta kA ullekha nahIM hai ki rAma aura lakSmaNa kRSijIvI ke rUpa meM dakSiNa bhArata meM gae the| pro0 vebara ne yaha mantavya upasthita kiyA hai ki rAmAyaNa rUpaka ke rUpa meM prArya-saMskRti kA dakSiNa bhArata meM tathA vizeSa rUpa se laMkA meM prasAra kA varNana karatA hai / rAmAyaNa' meM kahIM bhI aisA varNana nahIM hai ki rAma ke dakSiNa meM jAne se vahA~ kI saMskRti meM koI parivartana huA hai, ataH yaha mata bhI prayukta hai| rAmAyaNa kA racanAkAla ___ bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra rAma tretAyuga meM hue the| tretAyuga IsA ke janma se 867100 varSa pUrva samApta huA thaa| vAlmIki rAma ke samakAlIna the| rAma jaba ayodhyA meM rAjya karate the, usa samaya vAlmIki ne rAmAyaNa banAI thii| ataH rAmAyaNa kA samaya dvApara yuga ke prArambha se pUrva arthAt IsA se 867100 varSa pUrva mAnanA ucita hai / pAzcAttya AlocakoM aura unake anuyAyI bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra rAmAyaNa kA itanA prAcIna samaya mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| AlocakoM kA kathana hai ki rAmAyaNa kA mukhya bhAga 500 I0 pU0 se nizcita rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / isa viSaya meM nimnalikhita yuktiyA~ dI gaI haiM :-(1) mahAbhArata IsavIya zatAbdI ke prArambha se kucha pUrva nizcita rUpa meM AyA thaa| isameM rAmAyaNa aura isake lekhaka kA ullekha hai / (2) rAmAyaNa meM ayodhyA se pUrvavartI kauzAmbI, kAnyakubja aura kAmpilya Adi nagaroM kA ullekha hai, parantu paTanA kA ullekha nahIM hai / isakI sthApanA kAlAzoka ne kI thI, jo ki 380 I0 pU0 meM huI dvitIya bauddha mahAsamiti kA sabhApati thaa| (3) rAmAyaNa meM mithilA aura vizAlA donoM svatantra rAjya ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa haiM / buddha ke samaya meM ye donoM rAjya vaizAlI nAma 1. Weber, History of Indian Literature. pRSTha 192 /

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya 67 se pracalita ho gae the aura isa para kucha viziSTa logoM kA rAjya thA / ( 4 ) bauddha dharma ke prasAra ke samaya sAketa zabda ayodhyA ke lie pracalita huA / vaha zabda rAmAyaNa ke mukhya bhAga meM prApta nahIM hotA hai / isI prakAra rAma ke putra lava kI rAjadhAnI zrAvastI kA nAma rAmAyaNa ke mukhya bhAga meM nahIM hai / yahI bauddha dharma ke prasAra ke bAda rAjadhAnI huI / (5) rAmAyaNa ke samaya meM rAjAoM kA adhikAra bahuta thor3e pradeza para thA, paraMtu mahAbhArata ke samaya meM unakA adhikAra bahuta bar3e pradeza para thA / ataeva rAmAyaNa kA maulika aMza usa samaya banA thA, jaba ki mahAbhArata prabho nirmANa kI avasthA meM thA / ' isa prakAra kI yuktiyA~ sarvathA avizvasanIya haiM / mahAbhArata 3100 I0 pU0 meM banA hai / isameM rAmAyaNa kA ullekha hai aura isake racayitA vAlmIki ko bahuta prAcIna kavi batAyA gayA hai / rAmAyaNa ke viSaya meM jo ullekha haiM, unameM katipaya RSiyoM kA nAma bhI likhA hai aura unameM se kucha ko rAmAyaNa kI kathA kahane vAlA bhI kahA gayA hai / ina kathAvAcakoM ko kathA jisa rUpa meM jJAta hogI, usI rUpa meM unhoMne yaha kathA apane ziSyAdi ko batAI hogI / isase jJAta hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa 3100 I0 pU0 se pUrva mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM pracalita thA / tathApi rAmAyaNa kA nizcita racanAkAla ThIka-ThIka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM rAmAyaNa tathA isakI lokapriyatA rAmAyaNa hinduoM kA lokapriya grantha hai / choTe, bar3e, rAjA, raMka, dhanI, kulIna, vyApArI, zilpI, rAniyA~ aura prazikSita striyA~, sabhI rAmAyaNa kI kathA prora usake pAtroM se paricita haiM / " yaha lokapriya sAhityika grantha hai / 1. A. A. Macdonell: History of Sanskrit Literature. pRSTha 302 / 2. M, Winternitz. A History of Indian Literature. bhAga 1 pRSTha 476-477 /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hindU isako pUjanIya grantha mAnate haiM / dhArmika vicAra vAle vyakti pratidina isakA pArAyaNa karate haiN| racanAkAla se hI isako asAdhAraNa yaza prApta huA hai| vAlmIki ne isake viSaya meM bhaviSyavANI kI thI ki jaba taka parvata aura nadiyA~ bhUtala para hai, taba taka rAmAyaNa kI kathA saMsAra meM vyApta rhegii| yAvat sthAsyanti girayaH saritazca mahItale / tAvad rAmAyaNakathA lokeSu pracariSyati / rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa 2-36-7 vAlmIki kI yaha bhaviSyavANI prAyaH pUrNa huI hai| rAmAyaNa ko AdikAvya tathA vAlmIki ko Adikavi kahA jAtA hai| rAmAyaNa kI yaha lokapriyatA usakI zailI, kavi kA caritra-citraNa aura varNana kI asAdhAraNa zakti tathA asaMkhya smaraNIya subhASitoM ke kAraNa hai / vAlmIki kI zailI sarala, utkRSTa, alaMkRta aura susaMskRta hai / isameM apracalita zabdoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai / zailI kI yaha saralatA atipracalita zabdoM ke prayoga ke kAraNa aura bar3ha gaI hai / saralatA ke sAtha hI isameM kAvyagaurava bhI paripUrNa hai / yaha alaMkAroM se bhI alaMkRta hai| vAlmIki ne upamA, svabhAvokti aura rUpaka kA atyuttama rIti se prayoga kiyA hai / yahI eka aisA mahAkAvya hai, jisameM sabhI rasoM kA samucita paripAka huA hai| isameM kucha aise rUpoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai, jo pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se asiddha haiM / isase jJAta hotA hai ki pANini se pUrva pracalita sAhityika bhASA kA vAlmIki ne prayoga kiyA hai| isakI bhASA kA zrotAoM para jo asAdhAraNa prabhAva hotA hai, vaha avarNanIya hai / ataeva rAmAyaNa Aja taka pracalita hai / vAlmIki ne apane pAtroM kA vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM jo sajIva caritracitraNa kiyA hai / usase unakI mAnavahRdaya ke kriyAkalApa ke prati asAdhAraNa antardRSTi parilakSita hotI hai| vAlmIki ko isa viSaya meM jo

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya 69 saphalatA prApta huI hai, usakA bahuta kucha aMza rAma ko apanA kathAnAyaka cunane ke kAraNa hai / rAma, lakSmaNa, bharata, zatrughna aura sItA ke udAtta guNoM kA yahA~ para ullekha anAvazyaka hai / isI prakAra laGkA aura kiSkindhA ke pramukha pAtroM kA ullekha bhI anAvazyaka hI hai / vAlmIki ne dazaratha kI tInoM rAniyoM ke manobhAvoM kA acchI prakAra adhyayana kiyA hai| usane tInoM ke svabhAva meM vaiSamya pradarzita kiyA hai / rAma ke vanavAsa ke samaya tathA dazaratha kI mRtyu ke samaya kauzalyA ke vicAra, svabhAva aura vyavahAra kA bahuta sundara varNana kiyA hai| rAma aura sItA ke sAtha lakSmaNa ko bhejate samaya sumitrA kA caritra-citraNa tathA dazaratha se varadAna mA~gate samaya aura usake bAda tathA bharata ke dvArA rAjya ko asvIkAra karane para kaikeyI ke duHkhita hone para usake vicAra aura vyavahAra kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai / vAlmIki meM varNana kI apUrva zakti hai| usane rAjaprAsAdoM', nAgarikajovana, upavanoM, parvatoM, candrodaya', nadiyoM, RtuoM--zarad, varSA , patajhar3a, vanapradezoM", AzramoM, senAoM aura yuddhoM12 tathA anya vastuoM kA asAdhAraNa varNana kiyA hai / prakRti ke varNana pAThakoM aura zrotAoM para asAdhAraNa prabhAva DAlate haiM / aisA gaMbhIra aura vAstavikatA se yukta prabhAvakArI varNana anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| rAmAyaNa meM asaMkhya subhASita haiM / kucha subhASita nimnalikhita haiM-- 1. bhayaM bhItAd hi jAyate / rAmAyaNa 2-8-5 2. samaddhiyuktA hi puruSA na sahante parastavam / rA0 2-26-25 1. rAmAyaNa 5-6, 6 / 2. rAmAyaNa 1-5 / 3. rAmAyaNa 5-14 / 4. rAmAyaNa 2-64 / 5. rAmAyaNa 5-5 / 6. rAmAyaNa 2-65, 3-75 / 7. rAmAyaNa 3-16 / 8. rAmAyaNa 4-28 / 1. rAmAyaNa 4-30 / 10. rAmAyaNa 1-24 / 11. rAmAyaNa 3-7,11 / / 12. rAmAyaNa 3-20-30 /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 3. anirvedaH zriyo mUlam anirvedaH paraM sukham / anido hi satataM sarvArtheSu pravartakaH / / rA0 5-12-10 4. sulabhAH puruSA rAjan satataM priyavAdinaH / apriyasya ca pathyasya vaktA zrotA ca durlabhaH // rA0 3-37-2 5. utsAhavantaH puruSA nAvasIdanti karmasu / rA0 4-1-122 ve manuSya ko bhautika aura AdhyAtmika unnati ke mArga kI zikSA dete haiN| atyadhika dhana-lipsA manuSya ke jIvana ko naSTa kara detI hai, yaha kaikeyo aura vAli ke jIvana se spaSTa hai| isI prakAra atyadhika kAmukatA bhI manuSya ko naSTa kara detI hai, yaha dazaratha aura rAvaNa ke jIvana se spaSTa hai / vAlmIki ne jIvana kI pavitratA para bahuta bala diyA hai / AcAra hI manuSya jIvana kA sarvottama guNa hai| kUlInamakalInaM vA vIraM puruSamAninam / cAritrameva vyAkhyAti zuciM vA yadi vA'zucim / / rAmAyaNa 1-106-4 vivAha eka pavitra bandhana hai, isako pavitratA siddha kI gaI hai| sabase mukhya rUpa se yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki kartavya-niSThA sarvottama guNa hai aura yahI manuSya ko gaurava se yukta karatA hai| rAmAyaNa prAcIna bhArata kI sAmAjika avasthA kA vizada varNana karatA hai / ayodhyA aura laMkA donoM sthAnoM para prajAtantra rAjya kI vyavasthA thii| rAjA usakA adhyakSa hotA thaa| rAjya kI nIti kA nirdhAraNa adhikatara prajA kI icchA ke anusAra hotA thaa| vyApAra meM anucita pratispardhA tathA sabaloM dvArA nirbaloM ke utpIr3ana ko rokane ke lie prayatna kiyA jAtA thA / vAstuvidyA sambandhI kauzala kA ullekha milatA hai| nirmANa kArya ke lie jina vRkSoM ko kATA jAtA thA, unheM yantroM kI sahAyatA se haTAyA jAtA thA / ayodhyA ke manuSya dhArmika vidhiyoM kA anuSThAna karate the / rAkSasa unakI ina vidhiyoM meM vighna DAlate the / AvazyakatA par3ane para ve hI

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya svArthasiddhi ke lie yajJAdi karate the / ' naitika niyamoM kA pAlana ayodhyA meM kaThoratA ke sAtha hotA thA aura kiSkindhA meM kucha zithilatA ke sAtha / rAmAyaNa meM mRta vyakti ke zava ko surakSita rakhane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / mRta vyakti kA zava tela se paripUrNa hauja meM rakkhA jAtA thA / isameM zalya-cikitsA aura katipaya anya cikitsAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| rAmAyaNa ne bhAratIya janatA ko bahuta adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai / zreNyakAla ke kaviyoM para bhI rAmAyaNa kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai| jIvana ke kartavyoM kI zikSA ke lie udAharaNasvarUpa ghaTanAe~ rAmAyaNa se lI gaI haiM / bhAratavarSa ke rASTrIya jIvana ke nirmANa meM rAmAyaNa kA bahuta bar3A hAtha rahA hai| rAmarAjya zabda pavitra evaM Adarza rAjya ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA hai / anUdita granthoM ke rUpa meM bhI rAmAyaNa kI kathA janapriya rahI hai / isakI janapriyatA rAmakathAoM meM upasthita hone vAlI bahusaMkhyaka janatA ke dvArA jJAta hotI hai| IsavIya san ke prArambha se rAmAyaNa zyAma, jAvA, sumAtrA, bAlI Adi videzoM meM bhI pracalita huI / ina sthAnoM meM upalabdha zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vahA~ para rAmAyaNa ke dainika pArAyaNa kI bhI vyavasthA kI gaI thii| bhAratavarSa ke saMskRta sAhitya para isakA sthAyI prabhAva par3A hai| zreNyakAla ke saMskRta kaviyoM ko isase preraNA prApta huI hai aura unhoMne apane granthoM ke lie isase bhAva lie haiM / isakA bhAratIya bhASAoM meM anuvAda bhI huA hai / hindI meM tulasIdAsa-viracita rAmacaritamAnasa (1574 I.) isake AdhAra para hI banA hai / tAmila meM kambana kRta (13 vIM zatAbdI I0) 'kamba rAmAyaNa' kA bhI AdhAra yahI hai / 1. rAmAyaNa, yuddhakANDa sarga 85 / 2. , ayodhyAkANDa sarga 66 / sundarakANDa sarga 28-6 / yuddhakANDa sarga 101-43 /

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72. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rAmAyaNa kI bahuta-sI TokAe~ prApta hotI haiM / inameM se adhika navIna TIkAe~ haiM / adhika mahattvapUrNa TIkAe~ ye haiM--mahezvaratIyakRta rAmAyaNatatvadIpikA, zrIrAmakRta amRtakaTaka, govindarAja (16vIM zatAbdI I0) kRta bhUSaNa aura ahobala (16vIM zatAbdI I0) kRta vAlmIki hRdaya / appayadIkSita (1600 I0) ne apane rAmAyaNatAparyasaMgraha meM tathA tryambaka makhina (1700I.) ne apane dharmAkUta meM rAmAyaNa kI vyAkhyA kI hai /

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adhyAya mahAbhArata mahAbhArata dUsarA bhAratIya aitihAsika mahAkAvya hai / isake racayitA vyAsa haiM / vizva - sAhitya ke itihAsa meM yaha sabase bar3A mahAkAvya hai / yaha IliyaDa aura oDisI ke saMyukta parimANa se ATha gunA hai / yaha 18 parvoM meM vibhakta hai / 18 parva ye haiM - - prAdi, sabhA, vana, virAT, udyoga, bhISma, droNa, karNa, zalya, sauptika, strI, zAnti, anuzAsana, prAzvamedhika, zrAzramavAsika, mausala, mahAprasthAnika aura svargArohaNa / inameM se 12vA~ zAntiparva sabase bar3A hai / isameM lagabhaga 14700 zloka haiM / 17vA~ mahAprasthAnikaparva sabase choTA hai / isameM kevala 312 zloka haiM / isakA eka pariziSTaparva harivaMza bhI hai / harivaMza ko sammilita karane para mahAbhArata meM eka lAkha zloka haiM / mahAbhArata meM pAMDavoM aura kauravoM kI kathA hai / yaha kathA ati pracalita hai; ataH isake varNana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isa kathA ke atirikta isameM devatAoM, rAjAoM aura RSiyoM ko kathAe~ haiM, jinakA mukhya kathA se sAkSAt koI sambandha nahIM hai / isameM sRSTi kI utpatti, devoM kI vaMzAvalI, dArzanika vivecana, nIti, dharma, varNoM aura AzramoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana bhI hai / yaha manuSya jIvana ke uddezya svarUpa dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa isa caturvaga kI prApti kI zikSA detA hai / isI AdhAra para isako paMcama veda kahA gayA hai / bhArata: paMcamo veda: / vyAsa harivaMza sahita mahAbhArata ke racayitA haiM / inakA prathama nAma kRSNa pAyathA, kyoMki ye eka dvIpa meM utpanna hue the aura inakA raMga kRSNa thA / ye parAzara RSi ke putra the / inhoMne hI vedoM ko Rg, yajuH, sAma aura atharva ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA thA / ataeva inakA nAma vyAsa par3A / 73

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vivyAsa vedAn yasmAt sa tasmAt vyAsa iti smRtaH / mahAbhArata, Adiparva 64- 130 ve kauravoM aura pAMDavoM ke samakAlIna the / donoM ke jIvana se saMbaddha ghaTanAoM se ve sAkSAt paricita the / unhoMne pAMDavoM aura kauravoM kA vAstavika aura sajIva varNana kiyA hai / aisA varNana sAkSAt draSTA vyakti hI kara sakatA hai / saMjaya Adi pAtroM ko binA kisI bhUmikA ke hI varNana meM sthAna diyA gayA hai, kyoMki ve sabhI suparicita vyakti the / isa prakAra mahAbhArata svapratyakSa para AdhArita hai / isakI bhASA gaMbhIra, sarala aura prabhAvotpAdaka hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki mahAbhArata ke samaya meM saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI / 74 isa samaya jo mahAbhArata prApta hai, usameM katipaya aMza ArSa gadya meM likhe hue haiM / unakI saMkhyA 20 hai / inameM se 3 Adiparva meM, 7 vanaparva meM, 7 zAntiparva meM aura '3 anuzAsanaparva meM haiM / inameM se adhikAMza upAkhyAna haiM aura maharSiyoM ke dvArA varNita haiM / pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne ina aMzoM kI A paddhati ke kAraNa mahAbhArata ko rAmAyaNa se prAcIna mAnA hai / mahAbhArata meM rAmAyaNa kI ghaTanAoM kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha hai / isase yaha mAnanA par3egA ki pUrvokta ArSa gadya ke aMza bahuta prAcIna samaya meM likhe gaye the aura unako vaizampAyana Adi isameM sammilita kara liyA thA / mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM nimnalikhita zloka prApta hote haiM / inakA ThIka artha bahuta se vidvAnoM ne nahIM samajhA hai / munigUDhaM kutUhalAt / munidvaipAyanastvadam // aSTau zlokazatAni ca / saMjayo vetti vA na vA // grathitaM sudRDhaM mune / gUDhatvAt prazritasya ca // granthagranthi tadA cakre yasmina pratijJayA prAha aSTau zlokasahasrANi ahaM vedmi zuko vetti tacchlokakUTamadyApi bhettuM na zakyate'rthasya mahAbhArata Adi0 1. 116-11

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75. mahAbhArata yahA~ para varNana hai ki vyAsa ne 8800 kUTa ( pahelI rUpI) zloka banAe. haiM / pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne yaha mAna liyA hai ki itane zloka vyAsa ne banAe haiN| mahAbhArata ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki kama se kama do vyaktiyoM ke dvArA isameM parivartana kie gae haiM / yaha bAta antaH sAkSya se siddha hai / mahAbhArata meM hI isake prArambha ke viSaya meM kaI matoM kA ullekha milatA hai / manvAdi bhArataM kecidAstikAdi tathApare / tathoparicarAdanye viprAH samyagadhIyire // mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 1-66 vyAsa ne pAMDavoM aura kauravoM kI kathA ke rUpa meM jo mahAkAvya banAyA,. usakA nAma 'jaya' mahAkAvya rakkhA / ve ise itihAsa kahate haiM / jayo nAmetihAso'yaM zrotavyo vijigISuNA / mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 62-22 unheM isa grantha kI racanA meM tIna varSa lage / unhoMne mahAbhArata saMbhavataH Adiparva ke 65veM adhyAya se prArambha kiyA hai, jisameM kSatriyoM kI utpatti kA varNana hai athavA 64veM adhyAya se, jisameM unakA hI jIvana-vRtta hai / bAda ke lekhakoM ne vyAsa kI racanA meM itanA adhika parivartana kara diyA hai ki vartamAna grantha meM vyAsa kI kitanI aura kauna-sI racanA hai, yaha batAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / grantha ko likhane kA kAma ziva ke putra gaNeza ne kiyA hai | pAMDavoM aura kauravoM kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vyAsa ne yaha grantha prakAzita kiyA thA / yaha pustaka kA prathama saMskaraNa thA / arjuna ke prapautra janamejaya ne sA~poM ko naSTa karane ke lie nAgayajJa kiyA thA, kyoMki usake pitA sA~pa ke kATane se mare the / vyAsa isa yajJa meM Ae the / janamejaya ne vyAsa se prArthanA kI ki ve pAMDavoM aura kauravoM ke yuddha 1 1. A History of sanskrit Literature, by A. A. Macdonell. 284 / pR0

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kA varNana sunAveM / isa para vyAsa ne apane ziSya vaizampAyana ko Adeza diyA ki vaha 'jaya' mahAkAvya sunAve / usane yaha mahAkAvya sunAyA / janamejaya ne vibhinna sthaloM para katipaya prazna kie / inakA uttara vaizampAyana ne diyA / ye uttara vAle sthala vyAsa-racita grantha meM sammilita nahIM the / saMbhavataH ye uttara vaizampAyana ke the yA usako ye uttara anya sthAna se prApta hue the / vyAsa ke mUla bhAga ko vaizampAyana vAle bhAga ke sAtha milAne para mahAbhArata kI dvitIya sthiti AtI hai / dvitIya sthiti meM mahAbhArata saMbhavataH Adiparva ke 61veM adhyAya se prArambha hotA hai / isa adhyAya meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai, jo vaizampAyana ne janamejaya ko sunAI thI / vaizampAyana vAle mahAbhArata ke svarUpa kA nAma bhAratasaMhitA par3A / isameM upAkhyAnoM ko chor3ane para 24 sahasra zloka the / isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA saMbhava hai ki vyAsa ne jo 'jaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya banAyA thA, usameM 24 sahasra zlokoM se kucha kama zloka rahe hoMge, kyoMki vaizampAyana ne saMbhavataH mUla grantha meM adhika zloka nahIM milAe hoMge / caturviMzatisAhasrI cakre bhAratasaMhitAm / upAkhyAnaivinA tAvad bhArataM procyate budhaiH / / mahAbhArata, Adi0 1-78 vyAsa ke cAra aura ziSya the, jaimini, paila, sumantu aura zuka / ina cAroM ne 'jaya' mahAkAvya ke pRthak saMskaraNa prakAzita kie / jaimini ke azvamedhaparva ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI saMskaraNa naSTa ho gae haiM / jaimini kA azvamedhaparva yudhiSThira dvArA kie gae azvamedha kA varNana karatA hai / __ janamejaya ke nAgayajJa ke kucha hI samaya pazcAt zaunaka RSi ne naimiSAraNya meM 12 varSa calane vAlA yajJa kiyaa| isameM bahuta se RSi upasthita hue the / unameM romaharSaNa RSi ke putra sauti RSi bhI the / sauti janamejaya ke nAgayajJa ke samaya upasthita the aura usa samaya vaizampAyana ne mahAbhArata kA jo pATha kiyA thA, vaha bhI usane sunA thaa| zaunaka kI prArthanA para sauti ne vaizampAyana

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mahAbhArata se jaisA pATha sunA thA, vaha mahAbhArata kA pATha upAkhyAnoM ke sahita sunAyA kathA ke varNana ke samaya sauti ne vibhinna sthaloM para apane vicAra aura bhAva abhivyakta kie / sauti kA yaha varNana mahAbhArata kI vRddhi kI tRtIya sthiti upasthita karatA hai / sauti ke isa varNana meM harivaMza bhI sammilita hai / sauti ke dvArA mahAbhArata eka lAkha zlokoM kA pUrNa huA / ' Adiparva ke prArambhika 60 adhyAya sauti ne sammilita kie haiM / jisa prakAra vartamAna pustakoM meM viSayasUcI Adi hotI hai, usI prakAra sauti ne mahAbhArata ke prArambha meM prAkkathana, bhUmikA aura viSayasUcI dI hai / mahAbhArata kA prathama saMskaraNa 100 parvoM meM vibhakta thA / sauti ne isakA vizeSa dhyAnapUrvaka vibhAjana kiyA aura isako 18 bar3e parvoM meM vibhakta kiyA / isa saMskaraNa meM pratyeka parva meM choTe vibhAga adhyAya nAma se kie ge| yaha saMskaraNa bahuta vizAla aura bhArI thA, ataH isakA nAma 'mahAbhArata' par3A / mahattvAd bhAravattvAcca mahAbhAratamucyate / mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 1 - 300 mahAbhArata kA vaizampAyana vAlA saMskaraNa, upAkhyAnoM ko chor3akara, 24 sahasra zlokoM se yukta thA / sauti ne vaizampAyana vAle saMskaraNa ke anusAra hI mahAbhArata kA pArAyaNa kiyA aura usameM upAkhyAnoM ko bhI sammilita kara diyA / usane apane zlokoM ko bhI isameM sthAna diyA / isa saMskaraNa meM eka lAkha zloka haiM' / vaizampAyana kA saMskaraNa, upAkhyAnoM ke sahita, sauti vAle saMskaraNa ke lagabhaga hI rahA hogA / 77 mahAbhArata ke itane vizAlakAya hone ke kaI kAraNa haiM / (1) yaha Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki isameM vizva ke sabhI viSayoM kA samAveza ho / yadihAsti tadanyatra yannehAsti na kutracit / mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 62-26 1. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 1 - 127 / 2. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 2-84-85 /

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(78 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa __ ataeva vibhinna viSayoM para prApta hone vAlI sabhI kathAe~ tathA zloka isameM sammilita kie gae / (2) ise nItizAstra aura AcArazAstra kA grantha banAne kI icchA kI gaI / ataeva isa viSaya se saMbaddha sabhI bAteM isameM saMgraha kI gaIM / (3) kaI kathAnoM kI punarukti huI hai| saMbhavataH samaya ke prabhAva se katipaya adhyAya aura zloka naSTa ho gae the / ataH prayatna kiyA gayA ki usa kSati kI pUrti nae adhyAyoM aura zlokoM ke dvArA kI jaae| inameM ve hI kathAe~ rakkhI gaIM jo pahale se isameM vidyamAna thIM / yayAti aura vatra Adi kI kathAnoM kA isa viSaya meM ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / (4) prakRti ke kAvyocita varNana aura striyoM ke vilApa meM vAlmIki kA kucha prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / saMbhavataH inameM se kucha varNana bAda meM sammilita kie gaye haiN| mahAbhArata kA racanAkAla , pANDavoM aura kauravoM kA yuddha kaliyuga ke prArambha se kucha hI pUrva huA thA / kaliyuga kA prArambha 3101 I0 pU0 meM huA thA / mahAbhArata isa yuddha ke kucha varSa bAda likhA gayA hogA / ataH jaya mahAkAvya kA samaya 3100 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhiye / jaya mahAkAvya arjuna ke prapautra janamejaya ke nAgayajJa meM par3hA gayA thA / janamejaya kA samaya 3000 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| ataH mahAbhArata ke dvitIya saMskaraNa kA samaya lagabhaga isI samaya mAnanA caahie| zaunaka ne janamejaya ke nAgayajJa ke kucha hI samaya pazcAt yajJa kiyA thA / ataH sauti kA mahAbhArata kA saMskaraNa lagabhaga usI samaya taiyAra huA hogA / antaHsAkSya ke AdhAra para jJAta hotA hai ki yahI samaya mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla kA hai / yuddha ke prArambha hone ke samaya sabhI graha azvinI nakSatra ke samIpa A gae the / gaNanAnusAra aisI sthiti hone kA samaya 3101 I0 pU0 meM thaa| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra mahAbhArata ke yuddha ke pazcAt kaliyuga prArambha huA / isakA samarthana bhAratIya jyotivid prAryabhaTTa bhI karate haiM, jinakA janma chaThI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM huA thA

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76 mahAbhArata ina sAkSyoM ke atirikta megasthanIja ne apane lekhoM meM herAkilsa arthAt kRSNa ko sandrakoTTasa arthAt mauryavaMzI candragupta se 138 pIr3hI pUrvavartI mAnA hai | candragupta maurya kA samaya 320 I0 pU0 hai / eka pIr3hI kA samaya sAdhAraNatayA 20 varSa mAnane para kRSNa kA samaya 3080 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga hotA hai / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra mahAbhArata kA yahI samaya hai / pAzcAttya vidvAn kisI bhI sAhityika grantha ko itanA prAcIna mAnane ke lie udyata nahIM hai / ve yaha siddha karane kA prayatna karate haiM ki mahAbhArata IsavIya san ke prArambha meM isa rUpa meM AyA / unakA kathana hai ki mahAbhArata kA prathama saMskaraNa 3000 I0 pU0 ke bAda hI likhA gayA hogA, kyoMki usI samaya Arya loga bhArata meM Ae / IsavIya san ke prArambha taka isameM katipaya aMza sammilita hote rahe / anyathA mahAbhArata meM prApta katipaya sthaloM ke lie koI uttara nahIM ho sakatA hai / udAharaNArtha - - mahAbhArata meM yavanoM aura mlecchoM arthAt yUnAniyoM kA ullekha hai / yaha ullekha 326 I0 pU0 ke bAda hI ho sakatA thA / mahAbhArata meM yavanoM dvArA sAketa para AkramaNa kA ullekha hai / yaha 145 I0 pU0 meM menAndara ke nirIkSaNa meM hue sAketa para yUnAnI AkramaNa kA nirdeza hai / yUnAnI lekhaka reTara Diyana krisosTama ( prathama zatAbdI I0 kA pUrvArdha) kA kathana hai ki usake samaya meM mahAbhArata eka lAkha zlokoM yukta 'dakSiNa bhArata meM supracalita thA / se pAzcAttya vidvAnoM kA yaha mata vizvAsa yogya nahIM hai, kyoMki yavana aura mleccha kauna the yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / yUnAniyoM ke Agamana se bahuta pUrva bhAratavarSa kA kitane hI videzI dezoM se sambandha vidyamAna thA / yavana aura mleccha zabda sAdhAraNatayA videziyoM ke lie prayukta hotA thA / mahAbhArata ke ye nirdeza yUnAniyoM ke atirikta anya videziyoM ke lie hoMge, jo 326 I0 pU0 se bahuta pUrva bhArata meM Ae the / anya nirdezoM ko 1. Weber----History of Indian Literature. pRSTha 186 /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bAda kI milAvaTa hI samajhanA cAhie / ina prakSipta aMzoM ko chor3akara 3000 I0 pU0 meM mahAbhArata upalabdha thA, yaha mAnanA cAhie / mahAbhArata kA yaha samaya mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hai / AlocanAtmaka dRSTi se mahAbhArata kA gaurava mahAbhArata padyoM meM likhA gayA hai / kucha sandarbha gadya meM bhI haiM aura zailI kI dRSTi se ve mahAbhArata se prAcIna jJAta hote haiM / mahAbhArata kI bhASA sarala hai aura usameM zabdoM ke prAcIna rUpa bahuta upalabdha hote haiM / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki yaha usa samaya kI bolacAla kI bhASA thI / isakI zailI eka prakAra kI nahIM hai, kyoMki isake lekhaka vyAsa, vaizampAyana, sauti tathA anya kaI kavi haiM, jo ki vibhinna samayoM meM hue haiM / isake zabdoM, lokoktiyoM aura varNanoM para vAlmIki kA vizeSa prabhAva lakSita hotA hai / 80 mahAbhArata kA adhikAMza bhAga saMvAdoM aura varNanoM meM pUrNa huA hai / isake saMvAda vicArapUrNa, pravAyukta tathA zaktizAlI haiM / ina saMvAdoM meM ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki inameM vaktA apane bhAvoM ko nirbhIkatA ke sAtha vyakta karatA hai / ye saMvAda spaSTa aura vAstavikatA se pUrNa haiM | pAMDavoM aura kauravoM kI dhanurvidyA kI parIkSA, vanavAsa ke samaya pAMDavoM kA vana kA jIvana, dyUtakrIr3A, zalya ke sAtha karNa kA yuddha ke lie prasthAna Adi varNanoM meM bahuta hI rucikara saMvAda haiM / isake varNana, vizeSakara yuddha ke varNana, bahuta hI vAstavikatA se yukta haiM, isake anya varNana bhI sundara haiM, parantu kAvya kI dRSTi se ve rAmAyaNa se hIna haiM / isakI kathA sArathi saMjaya dhRtarASTra ko sunAtA hai / bIca-bIca meM saMjaya uvAca (saMjaya ne kahA ), dhRtarASTra uvAca ( dhRtarASTra ne kahA ) Adi ke dvArA varNanoM kI arocakatA Adi ko dUra kiyA gayA hai / I vyAsa carita-citraNa meM bahuta hI kuzala aura samartha haiM | vyAsa ne apane pAtroM kA jaisA caritra-citraNa kiyA hai, usase unake pratyeka pAtra apanA svatantra astitva rakhate haiM / unhoMne pradarzita kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra kaThinAI ke samaya meM manuSya kA mastiSka kArya karatA hai / mahAbhArata ke sabhI mukhya pAtra yudhiSThira,

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mahAbhArata bhIma, arjuna, nakula, sahadeva, duryodhana, vidura, karNa Adi apane svabhAva aura vyavahAra ke kAraNa apanI vilakSaNatA rakhate haiN| duryodhana ke mAtA-pitA kA apane putroM ke prati putra-sneha tathA pIr3ita pANDavoM ke prati sahAnubhUti kA bhI sAtha hI sAtha adhyayana kiyA gayA hai aura usakA prabhAva bhI dikhAyA gayA hai| strI pAtroM meM kuntI aura draupadI kA sthAna mukhya hai / kuntI ne apane putroM ko praraNA dI thI ki ve rAjya meM apanA ucita adhikAra prApta kareM, kyoMki vaha unheM kisI prakAra bhI isa hIna avasthA meM nahIM dekha sakatI thI / yudhiSThira ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke bAda vaha dhRtarASTra aura gAndhArI ke sAtha vana ko calI gii| jaba yudhiSThira ne usase anurodha kiyA ki vaha usake sAtha rAjadhAnI meM rahe to usane apanA bhAva spaSTa kiyA ki kyoM usane unheM yuddha ke lie prerita kiyA thA / vaha apane putroM kA adhikAra chInA huA nahIM dekha sakatI thii| yudhiSThira ko rAjya milane se usakI icchA pUrNa ho gaI, ataH vaha aba apane putroM ke sAtha nahIM rahanA cAhatI, apitu vana meM jAnA cAhatI hai| __ mahAbhArata meM mukhya kathA ke atirikta nIti aura prAcAra sambandhI choTe upAkhyAna bhI haiM / ataeva isako dharmazAstra kahA gayA hai| isameM rAjAoM, cAroM varNoM aura AzramoM ke vyaktiyoM, dAtAoM, yatiyoM tathA mumukSutroM ke kartavyoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| agniparIkSA Adi ke avasaroM para kie jAne vAle kAryoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / aise varNana prAyaH sAre mahAbhArata meM phaile hue haiM, parantu mukhyarUpa se ye varNana zAntiparva aura anuzAsanaparva meM haiN| suprasiddha bhagavadgItA bhI isI meM sammilita hai, ataH isakA mahattva aura bar3ha jAtA hai / kRSNa ne yuddha bhUmi meM yuddha se pUrva arjuna ko dharma ke viSaya meM jo upadeza diyA hai, vahI bhagavadgItA ke 18 adhyAyoM meM hai / isameM jIvAtmA, paramAtmA aura prakRti ke svarUpa, manuSya ke kartavya, bhautika aura Atmika unnati ke mArga Adi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai / dharmazAstroM kI aitihAsika pragati meM mahAbhArata kA mukhya sthAna hai / yaha vaiSNavoM kI smRti mAnI jAtI hai / kyoMki (1) ise kRSNaveda kahate haiM arthAt kRSNa se sambaddha veda / (2) isake saM0 sA0 i0--6

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82 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa maMgalAcaraNa zloka meM viSNu ke avatAra kRSNa kI stuti kI gaI hai / ' (3) zAntiparva meM bhISma kA upadeza vaiSNavoM ke dhArmika vicAroM kA samarthana karatA hai / (4) pANDavoM ke sahAyaka kRSNa haiM, ataH ve yuddha meM vijayI hue| advaitavAda ke mukhya saMsthApaka zaMkarAcArya ne isako dharmazAstra mAnA hai / bhAratavarSa tathA isake bAhara bhI 5vIM zatAbdI I0 ke bAda meM likhe gae zilAlekhoM meM mahAbhArata ko dAtAoM kI samRddhi tathA pApiyoM ko daNDa dene ke viSaya meM prAmANika grantha mAnA gayA hai| zreNyakAla kA bhAratIya sAhitya mahAbhArata ke dvArA bahuta prabhAvita huA hai| mImAMsA zAstra ke vyAkhyAtAoM meM pramukha kumArila bhaTTa (600-660 I0) ne mahAbhArata kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isake kaI parvo se zloka bhI uddhRta kie haiM / saMskRta gadya ke pramukha lekhaka bANa bhaTTa (7vIM zatAbdI I0 ) tathA subandha (8vIM zatAbdI I0) ne mahAbhArata ke pAtroM aura upAkhyAnoM kI tulanA tathA anya alaMkAroM ke prayoga ke lie upayoga kiyA hai| bANa ne kAdambarI meM mahAbhArata ke pArAyaNa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / kamboja (kamboDiyA) ke 600 I0 ke zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mandiroM ko mahAbhArata kI do pratiyA~ dI gaI thIM aura yaha prabandha kiyA gayA thA ki vahA~ para isakA dainika pATha ho / isakA 666 I0 meM jAvA kI bhASA meM anuvAda huaa| mahAbhArata apane samaya ke sAmAjika jIvana para bahuta prakAza DAlatA hai| paitRka paramparA kA Adara hotA thA / brAhmaNoM ko AdaraNIya mAnA jAtA thaa| usa samaya taka guNoM ko hI gaurava kA cihna mAnA jAtA thA / vyAvahArika dRSTi se karNa sArathI kA putra thA, kintu jAtigata vicAra ke AdhAra para usakI dhanurvidyA kI vizeSajJatA ko nyUna nahIM kiyA gyaa| janma se jAti prathA ko pUrNatayA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| dAsI ke putra vidura usa samaya sammAnita rAjanItijJa the / droNa 1. nArAyaNaM namaskRtya naraM caiva narottamam / devI sarasvatIM caiva tato jayamudIrayeta / /

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mahAbhArata janma se brAhmaNa the, kintu karma se kSatriya the| dharmavyAdha aura tulAdhara brAhmaNa nahIM the, parantu dharmazAstra ke prAmANika AcArya the| yadyapi vairAgya bhAva aura paramAtmabhakti ko mukhyatA dI jA rahI thI tathA vaidika yajJoM kA mahattva kama ho rahA thA, tathApi vaidika yajJa aura tapasyA kA pracAra thA / janamejaya, drupada aura yadhiSThira Adi ke dvArA kie gae vaidika yajJa tathA arjuna kI tapasyA se yaha siddha hotA hai / rAjakumAroM ko dhanurvidyA kI zikSA dI jAtI thI / rAjatantra rAjakIya prathA thI / dyUta yadyapi durguNoM meM mAnA jAtA thA, parantu yaha pracalita thaa| svayamvara kI prathA thI / dhanurvidyA meM vizeSajJatA se vyakti yogya pati hotA thA / rAja-parivAroM meM bahuvivAha kI prathA thii| striyA~ pardA karatI thiiN| kucha striyA~ pati ke sAtha satI bhI hotI thiiN| mahAbhArata meM matiyoM aura mandiroM kA ullekha nahIM hai / vindhyaparvata ke dakSiNa meM cola, pANDya, cera, Andhra Adi zikSita jAtiyA~ rahatI thiiN| dakSiNa bhArata kI yAtrA ke samaya arjuna kAverI nadI ke kinAre manalUra nAmaka grAma meM pahu~ce aura vahA~ para pANDya rAjA kI putrI se vivAha kiyaa| mahAbhArata yuddha ke samaya eka pANDya rAjA pANDavoM kI ora se lar3A thA / yudhiSThira ne jo rAjasUya yajJa kiyA thA, usameM dakSiNa bhArata, cIna, fArasa tathA anya videzoM ke bhI rAjA Ae the / mahAbhArata ke yuddha meM bho yavanoM ne bhAga liyA thA / duryodhana ke Adeza para purocana nAmaka mleccha ne lAkSAgRha banAyA thA / isa prakAra mahAbhArata prAcIna bhAratavAsiyoM ke dhArmika aura laukika jIvana ke viSaya meM bahamUlya sUcanAoM se paripUrNa hai / yaha eka mahAkAvya hai, dharmazAstra hai aura mokSazAstra hai / harivaMza mahAbhArata kA hI pariziSTa hai / isake bhI racayitA vyAsa haiN| isameM 16400 zloka haiM / isake tIna bhAga haiM / unake nAma haiM--(1) harivaMzaparva, isameM kRSNa ke pUrvajoM kA varNana hai / (2) viSNuparva, isameM kRSNa aura unake jIvanacarita kA varNana hai / (3) bhaviSyaparva, isameM bhaviSya ke viSaya meM bhaviSya-vANiyA~ haiN|

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84 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa harivaMzastataH parva purANaM khilasaMjJitam / ... etatparvazataM pUrNaM vyAsenoktaM mahAtmanA / / mahAbhArata Adi 0 2,83-84 mahAbhArata meM upAkhyAna bahuta haiM / pUre mahAbhArata ke lagabhaga meM upAkhyAna haiM / inameM se kucha gadyameM haiM / unakI bhASA se jJAta hotA hai ki unameM se adhikAMza adhika prAcIna haiN| unameM se pramukha upAkhyAna ye haiM :- gaMgAvataraNa, RSyazrRMga parazurAma, cyavana, zibi, dazaratha ke putra rAma, sAvitrI, nahuSa, tripura-saMhAra, zakuntalA, nala, yayAti aura matsya kI kathAe~ / matsya vAlI kathA meM matsya apane Apa ko sRSTi kA karttA brahmA batAtA hai, na ki viSNu / isakI nimnalikhita TIkAe~ haiM -- ( 1 ) sabase prAcIna TIkA sarvajJa nArAyaNa kI hai / vaha 14vIM zatAbdI meM hue the / yaha TIkA apUrNa hai / (2) arjunamizra kI TIkA / isane sarvajJa nArAyaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai / 1875 I0 meM kalakattA saMskaraNa ke sAtha yaha prakAzita huI hai / ( 3 ) nIlakaMTha kI TIkA / yaha 16vIM zatAbdI meM hue haiM / yaha mahArASTra meM kUrpara sthAna ke rahane vAle the / inakI TIkA mudrita rUpa meM upalabdha hai / mahAbhArata kI anya bahuta-sI TIkAe~ haiM / bahuta se bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne isakI AlocanA bhI likhI hai / inameM se zrAnandatIrtha kA mahAbhAratatAtparyanirNaya aura appayadIkSita kA mahAbhAratatAtparyasaMgraha vizeSa prasiddha haiM / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI tulanA rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki kisa prakAra ye donoM kucha aMzoM meM bahuta samAna haiM aura kucha aMzoM meM bahuta viSama haiM / bhASA kI dRSTi se mahAbhArata prAcIna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki isake AkhyAnaka kucha kama saMskRta rUpa meM haiM / ye AkhyAnaka vyAsa ke racita nahIM haiM / inake racayitA koI prAcIna lekhaka haiM / vyAsa ko ye jisa rUpa meM usane unako rakha diyA hai / mahAbhArata ke parva 1 rUpa meM prApta hue, usI adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiM

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mahAbhArata 85 aura rAmAyaNa ke kANDa sargoM meM vibhakta haiM / apane pUrNa rUpa meM mahAbhArata vibhinna viSayoM kA saMgrahamAtra pratIta hotA hai aura rAmAyaNa eka susambaddha evaM pUrNa kathAnaka jJAta hotA hai / zailI kI dRSTi se mahAbhArata meM samAnatA nahIM hai, kintu saralatA, aoja aura prabhAvotpAdakatA hai / rAmAyaNa kI zailI sundara, spaSTa aura susaMskRta hai / isameM kAvyagaurava vidyamAna hai| rAmAyaNa meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai, parantu mahAbhArata meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA aura vAlmIki kA kaI sthAnoM para ullekha hai| isa para rAmAyaNa kA prabhAva bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata donoM ke varNana meM samAnatA hai / donoM kA prArambha rAja-sabhA se hotA hai aura usake bAda prAyaH samAna kAla ke lie vanavAsa kA varNana AtA hai / vanavAsa ke samaya donoM kI hI eka grAmINa mukhiyA se mitratA hotI hai / tatpazcAt donoM meM hI yuddha ke dRzya Ate haiM / ye donoM hI mahAkAvya duHkhAnta haiN| donoM kA uddezya eka hI hai--"adharma kucha samaya ke lie hI saphala ho sakatA hai, kintu antima vijaya dharma kI hI hogii|" ina donoM mahAkAvyoM ke racayitA donoM kAvyoM ke nAyakoM ke samakAlIna hai aura unakA unase sambandha bhI hai| ye donoM hI mahAkAvya donoM lekhakoM ke ziSyoM dvArA azvamedha aura rAjasUya yajJa ke samaya sunAe gae haiM / rAmAyaNa meM kevala eka nAyaka hai aura mahAbhArata meM kaI nAyaka haiM, jo ki mukhyatA kI dRSTi se samAna haiN| rAmAyaNa ke pAtra ucca AdarzoM ke pAlaka haiN| mahAbhArata ke pAtra pratikriyAvAdI haiN| unheM upadeza diyA jAtA hai ki ve ucca AdarzoM kA pAlana kareM, parantu ve pAlana nahIM karate / naitikatA kA jo ucca Adarza sItA kI agniparIkSA meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, vaha mahAbhArata meM kevala ullekha ke rUpa meM AtA hai| usakA prayoga nahIM dIkhatA hai| vAlmIki ke samaya meM jAti-prathA ke kaThora niyamoM kA pAlana hotA thA, parantu vyAsa ke samaya meM yaha prathA bahuta zithila ho gaI thii| rAmAyaNa meM jovana ke dArzanika aura dhArmika svarUpa para brAhmaNatva kI chApa hai aura rAma kI divyatA para bala

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa diyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM hindutva ke vibhinna rUpoM kA darzana hotA hai, jaise--ekezvaravAda, bahudevatAvAda, adhyAtmavAda aura bhautikavAda / / rAmAyaNa meM svayaMvara ke avasara para dhanurvidyA sambandhI parIkSaNa sarala hai, kintu mahAbhArata meM usameM vizeSa sudhAra kiyA gayA hai aura usameM navInatA lAI gaI hai| rAmAyaNa meM vAnara aura rAkSasa apanI mAyA-zakti kA prayoga karate hue yuddha karate haiM, kintu mahAbhArata meM ghaTotkaca ko chor3akara anya sabhI manuSya hI bhAga lete haiM / mahAbhArata meM prApta hone vAle yuddha ke vibhinna prakAra evaM krauMcavyUha, makaravyUha, zyenavyUha, padmavyUha Adi senA-saMcAlana ke DhaMga rAmAyaNa meM prApta nahIM hote / rAmAyaNa meM satI-prathA kA varNana nahIM hai, kintu mahAbhArata meM hai| rAmAyaNa ke kAla meM videziyoM kA prabhAva nahIM thA, kintu mahAbhArata ke kAla meM unakA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / rAmAyaNa meM laMkA ke atirikta anya kisI videza kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu mahAbhArata meM kaI anya dezoM kA ullekha hai / rAmAyaNa ke anusAra dakSiNa bhArata meM vanya pazu hI adhika rahate the tathA katipaya RSiyoM ke Azrama the, parantu mahAbhArata ke anusAra vahA~ para sabhya manuSya rahate the| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata donoM isI deza kI racanA haiN| donoM granthoM ne bhAratIyoM ko yugoM taka prabhAvita kiyA hai / zreNyakAla ke saMskRta kaviyoM ne inako cetanA prApti kA AdhAra-srota mAnA hai /

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adhyAya 10 purANa purANa zabda prAcIna kathAoM ke lie AtA hai / aisI kathAoM ke lie purANa zabda ke prayoga se jJAta hotA hai ki ye kathAe~ bahuta prAcIna hai / purANa zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra dI gaI haiyasmAt purA hi anati idaM purANam / - vAyupurANa 1-203 vaidika sAhitya meM purANa zabda itihAsa aura AkhyAna zabda ke sAtha AtA hai| vaidika kAla meM bhI sRSTi kI utpatti, vIroM, yoddhAoM aura muniyoM ke jIvana-caritra Adi likhe gae the / ye hI purANa nAma se pracalita hue / adhika granthoM meM lekhaka kA nAma-nirdeza nahIM hai| mahAbhArata meM purANoM kA ullekha hai / mahAbhArata ke antima parva meM purANoM kI saMkhyA bhI dI huI hai / harivaMza meM bhI purANoM kI saMkhyA kA ullekha hai / aisA kahA jAtA hai ki vyAsa ne purANoM kA adhyayana kiyA thA aura bAda meM jaya mahAkAvya banAyA / kucha purANa, jinameM aise upAkhyAna hai, mahAbhArata kA ullekha karate haiM / aise upAkhyAna mahAbhArata kI racanA ke bAda bane hoNge| mahAbhArata ke atirikta gautama aura Apastamba ke dharmasUtra bhI, jinakA samaya 500 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga hai, purANoM , kA ullekha karate haiN| purANoM kA samaya nizcayapUrvaka kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / ina purANoM ke kucha sthala bahuta prAcIna haiM aura kucha bahuta navIna hai / kucha purANoM meM rAjavaMzAvaliyA~ dI gaI haiM, unameM harSa aura 600 I0 ke bAda ke rAjAoM kA ullekha nahIM hai / ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki 5vIM zatAbdI se pUrva ye purANa nizcita rUpa dhAraNa kara cuke the| 87

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra purANa meM pA~ca bAteM honI cAhie, arthAt sRSTi kI utpatti, sRSTi kA saMhAra, devoM kI vaMzAvalI, manvantaroM kA varNana tathA sUryavaMzI aura candravaMzI rAjAoM kA varNana / sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi ca / sarveSveteSu kathyante vaMzAnucaritaM ca yat / / 85 viSNupurANa 3 - 6 - 24 yaha lakSaNa usa samaya banAyA gayA hogA, jaba usa samaya vidyamAna purANoM meM ye lakSaNa prApta hote hoMge / isa kAla ke pazcAt kucha aise bhI viSaya prAyaH sabhI purANoM meM milA die gae haiM, jinakA uparyukta viSayoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai / kevala viSNupurANa meM hI uparyukta saba lakSaNa ghaTate haiM / anya purANoM meM pRthivI, prArthanA, upavAsa, parva aura tIrthayAtrAoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai / kucha purANoM meM jyotiSa, zarIravijJAna, auSadhiyA~, vyAkaraNa aura zastroM ke prayoga Adi viSayoM kA bhI varNana hai / purANoM kI mukhya dena AstikavAda kA prabala samarthana hai / unameM bahuta se devatAoM kA varNana hai / ve ghoSita karate haiM ki sabhI devatA samAna haiM, parantu ve kisI eka devatA kA mahattva sthApita karate haiM / unameM kisI eka vizeSa devatA kI upAsanA batAI gaI hai, parantu anya devatA kI upAsanA kA niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra ve eka devatA kI upAsanA para bala dete haiM, parantu anya kI apekSA use mukhya mAnakara upAsanA kA niSedha karate haiM / purANoM kA dharma bahudevatAvAdI kahA jA sakatA hai, parantu vaha sarvadevatAvAdI hai / purANa aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiM, kyoMki unameM jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, usake dvArA prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / unameM zizunAga, nanda, maurya, zuMga, Andhra, gupta Adi pramukha rAjavaMzoM kA varNana milatA hai / inameM pratyeka rAjavaMza ke lie jitanA samaya diyA gayA hai, unake samaya meM samucita antara karane para yaha sambhava hai ki

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purANa .86 paryApta zuddhatA ke sAtha unake samaya Adi kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sake / purANoM meM jo rAjavaMzoM kA varNana hai, usa para abhI taka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ucita dhyAna nahIM diyA hai / unhoMne purANoM meM aitihAsika STi se usI aMza ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo unake lie rucikara hayA hai aura jo unake lie rucikara nahIM hai, usako kAlpanika kathAnaka mAnakara chor3a diyA hai / vAstavika dRSTi se purANoM meM jo kucha likhA hai, vaha aitihAsika satya mAnanA cAhie / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra jaya mahAkAvya ke racayitA vyAsa ke pitA parAzara ko viSNupurANa kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai aura zeSa 17 purANoM ke lekhaka vyAsa mAne jAte haiM / 18 purANa ye haiM :--(1) brahmANDa (2) brahmavaivarta (3) mArkaNDeya (4) bhaviSya (5) vAmana (6) brahma (7) viSNu (8) nArada (6) bhAgavata (10) garur3a (11) padma (12) varAha (13) matsya (14) kUrma (15) liMga (16) ziva (17) skandha (18) agni / purANoM meM hI purANoM ke ye 18 nAma diye hue haiM / kucha purANoM meM dI huI sUcI meM zivapurANa ke sthAna para vAyupurANa ke nAma kA nirdeza hai / purANoM meM lekhakoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vyAsa ke sAmane usase pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke likhe hue bahuta se purANa vidyamAna the / vyAsa ne unako prakAzita hI kiyA hai / eka dUsare purANa kA kathana hai ki vyAsa ne kevala eka brahmapurANa hI likhA hai, zeSa 17 purANa usake ziSyoM ne likhe haiM / yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vyAsa ne 18 purANoM kA saMkSipta aMza likhA hai / viSNupurANa ke anusAra vyAsa ne 18 purANoM kA saMkSipta rUpa purANasaMhitA likhI thii| AkhyAnaizcopAkhyAnairgAthAbhiH kalpazuddhibhiH / purANasaMhitAM cakre purANArthavizAradaH / / viSNupurANa 3-6-15 zivapurANa ke eka zloka kA kathana hai ki padma aura brahmapurANa brahmA ke likhe hue haiM, tathA zivapurANa zailAlI kA likhA huA hai

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8 . saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa brAhmaM tu brahmaNA proktaM pAnaM tenaiva zobhanam / parAzareNa kathitaM vaiSNavaM munipuMgavAH / zaivaM zailAlinA proktam / zivapurANa bhaviSyapurANa kA kathana hai ki saba purANoM meM kula milAkara 12 sahasra zloka the / yaha ucita hai ki vyAsa ko 18 purANoM kA racayitA mAnA jaae| ye 18 purANa vyAsa ke pUrvavartI 18 bRhat purANoM ke saMkSipta rUpa samajhane cAhie / vyAsa ke bAda purANoM ke DhaMga kA sAhitya, jisakA anyatra samAveza nahIM hotA thA, purANoM ke hI andara samAviSTa kiyA gayA / aise sthaloM ke samAveza ke samaya prakaraNa Adi kA bhI ucita dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| ataeva purANa jisa rUpa meM Aja prApta hote haiM, ve kisI viSaya para koI nizcita sUcanA nahIM dete haiN| isa prakaraNa meM yaha ullekha ucita hai ki zaMkarAcArya ne viSNupurANa ko chor3akara anya kisI bhI purANa se koI uddharaNa nahIM diyA hai / isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki 600 I0 se pUrva yadyapi anya purANa vidyamAna the, tathApi ve prAmANika granthoM meM nahIM mAne jAte the / rAmAnuja ke samaya ke bAda se hI ye purANa prAmANika mAne jAne lage haiN| purANa do yA adhika vyaktiyoM ke bIca meM vArtAlApa ke rUpa meM haiM aura isa rUpa meM ye mahAbhArata ke samAna haiN| purANa svarUpataH nIti grantha haiM aura lakSya kI dRSTi se sAmpradAyika haiN| inameM bahuta se atyupayogI nIti aura karttavya sambandhI upadeza hai / ye kartavya zikSA ke rUpa meM die haiN| ina upadezoM ke lakSya meM antara hai| ye dhArmika sampradAyoM ke kisI vizeSa varga ke mantavyoM ko upasthita karate haiM / isI vicAra se inako sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa tIna bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| viSNu kI bhakti se sambaddha viSNu, nArada, bhAgavata, garur3a, padma aura varAha ye 6 purANa sAtvika purANa mAne gae haiM / brahmA kI bhakti se sambaddha

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purANa 1 brahmANDa, brahmavaivarta, mArkaNDeya, bhaviSya, vAmana aura brahma ye 6 rAjasa purANa mAne gae haiM / ziva kI bhakti se sambaddha matsya, kUrma, liMga, ziva, skandha aura agni ye 6 tAmasa purANa mAne gae haiN| purANoM kA yaha vibhAjana isa bAta ko lakSya meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai ki hinduoM ke mukhya tInoM devatAoM ke nAma aura purANoM kI saMkhyA samAna ho / kucha purANa yadyapi kisI vizeSa devatA ko bhakti kA pratipAdana karate haiM, tathApi ve lakSya kI dRSTi se sAmpradAyika nahIM haiM / mArkaNDeya aura bhaviSyapurANa sarvathA sAmpradAyika nahIM haiM / brahmapurANa yadyapi brahmA kI bhakti kA pratipAdaka hai, tathApi usameM sUrya kI bhakti kA bhI varNana hai / ataeva uparyukta vibhAjana pUrNarUpa se ThIka nahIM hai / viSNupurANa ke racayitA parAzara haiN| yaha viSNu ko avatAra mAnatA hai aura unakI upAsanA kA varNana karatA hai / isameM vaiSNavoM dvArA kie jAne vAle upavAsa aura anya prAyojanoM kA varNana nahIM hai aura na viSNu ke mandira kA hI varNana hai | isameM mauryavaMzI rAjAoM kA varNana hai / yahI eka purANa hai jisameM purANa ke lakSaNoM kA pUrNatayA pAlana kiyA gayA hai / nAradapurANa ko bRhannAradIyapurANa bhI kahate haiM / isameM utsavoM aura parvoM Adi kA varNana hai / isa purANa ke anusAra mukti samAdhi aura Izvara bhakti se prApta hotI hai / bhAgavatapurANa meM kRSNa ke jIvana kA varNana hai / isameM 18 sahasra zloka haiM / yaha 12 skandhoM meM vibhAjita hai / inameM se dazama skandha bahuta pracalita hai / isameM kRSNa ke parAkramoM kA varNana hai / isa purANa ko bahuta-sI TIkAe~ huI haiM aura kaI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM isakA anuvAda bhI huA hai / isa purANa meM gautama buddha aura kapila muni ko viSNu kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai / isake adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha susambaddha racanA hai / isakI zailI kucha sthaloM para vaidika kAla kI zailI se samatA rakhatI hai aura kucha sthaloM para zreNya - kAla kI zailI se / purANoM meM yaha sabase adhika prasiddha hai / zaMkarAcArya aura rAmAnuja ne isa purANa se koI uddharaNa nahIM diyA hai / isa AdhAra para yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha purANa 700 I0 ke lagabhaga nahIM thA / viSNu

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2 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa purANa prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA thA, ataH zaMkara aura rAmAnuja ne viSNupurANa se hI uddharaNa die haiN| unakA kAma viSNupurANa se cala gayA hai, ataH unhoMne anya purANoM se uddharaNa lene kI AvazyakatA anubhava nahIM kI / AnandatIrthaM sarvaprathama lekhaka haiM, jinhoMne ina purANoM se uddharaNa die haiM aura bhAgavatapurANa kI TIkA bhI kI hai / vopadeva ( 13vIM zatAbdI I0 ) ne bhAgavata kA pariziSTa harilolA likhA hai / garur3a purANa meM gaNita aura phalita jyotiSa, prauSadhiyA~, vyAkaraNa, ratnoM ke prakAra aura mUlya tathA isa prakAra ke anya viSayoM kA varNana hai, jinakA purANa ke lakSya aura uddezya se koI sambandha nahIM hai / padmapurANa pA~ca khaMDoM meM vibhAjita hai / unake nAma ye haiM-- prAdikhaMDa, bhUmikhaMDa, pAtAlakhaMDa, sRSTikhaMDa aura uttarakhaMDa / isa purANa kA nAma padma zabda se par3A hai, jisase brahmA kI utpatti huI hai / isa purANa meM rAdhA ko kRSNa kI patnI hone kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / viSNu aura bhAgavatapurANa meM rAdhA ko kRSNa kI patnI hone kA ullekha nahIM hai / isameM anya kathAtroM ke sAtha hI zakuntalA aura rAma kI kathA bhI hai / isameM dI huI ye donoM kathAe~ kAlidAsa ke zAkuntala aura raghuvaMza meM do huI kathAoM se adhika milatI haiM / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM dI huI kathAoM se utanI nahIM milatI haiM / AlocakoM kA kathana hai ki ye sthala kAlidAsa ke bAda ke likhe hue haiM / varAhapurANa meM viSNu kA varAha ke rUpa meM avatAra hone kA varNana hai / isameM mAtRbhUmi ko devatA mAnakara usakI stuti bhI kI gaI hai / brahmANDapurANa upAkhyAnoM aura tIrtha- mAhAtmyoM Adi kA saMgrahamAtra hai / isameM purANoM meM varNana vAlI bAteM kama haiM / isameM sAta khaNDoM meM adhyAtmarAmAyaNa dI huI hai / yaha mahAbhArata Adi ke tulya ziva aura pArvatI ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai / isakA kathana hai ki advaita- buddhi aura rAmabhakti se mokSa prApta hotA hai / brahmavaivartapurANa kA mata hai ki sampUrNa sRSTi brahma kI mAyAmAtra hai / ataeva isakA nAma vaivarta rakkhA gayA hai / isake cAra

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13 purANa khaMDa haiM-brahmakhaMDa, prakRtikhaMDa, gaNezakhaMDa, aura kRSNajanmakhaMDa / kRSNa ke AdezAnusAra prakRti durgA, lakSmI, sarasvatI, sAvitrI aura rAdhA ke rUpa meM parivartita hotI hai| isameM ziva ke putra gaNeza ko kRSNa kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa meM indra, brahmA, agni aura sUrya ko mukhyatA dI gaI hai / isameM mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke AcAra-vicAra para kie gae praznoM kA uttara diyA gayA hai| isameM devI durgA kI prazaMsA meM devI-mAhAtmya diyA huA hai| bhaviSyapurANa meM bhaviSya ke viSaya meM bhaviSyavANiyA~ haiM / isameM cAroM varNoM ke kartavyoM aura sUrya, agni tathA nAgadevoM kI pUjA kA varNana hai| isI purANa kA pariziSTa bhaviSyottarapurANa hai, jisameM dhArmika kAryoM kI vidhi dI huI hai / vAmanapurANa viSNu ke vAmana rUpa meM avatAra kA varNana karatA hai / isameM liMga kI pUjA kA varNana hai / isameM ziva aura pArvatI ke vivAha kA bhI varNana hai / brahmapurANa kA dUsarA nAma AdipurANa hai| isakA lekhaka vyAsa ko mAnA jAtA hai / isameM ur3IsA ke tIrthoM kA mahattva varNita hai| isameM sUrya ko giva kahA gayA hai aura usakI mahattA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isakA eka pariziSTa bhI hai / use saurapurAga kahate haiM / isa purANa meM purI ke samIpa koNArka meM 1241 I0 ke bAda bane hue sUrya-mandira kA ullekha hai / matsyapurANa meM paryo, tIrthoM, zakuna, zaivoM aura vaiSNavoM ke dvArA mAne jAne vAlI vidhiyoM kA varNana hai| isameM dakSiNa bhArata, nATyazAstra, jainadharma, bauddhadharma, narasiMha Adi upapurANoM aura Andhra vaMzAvalI kA ullekha hai| isameM bhavana-nirmANa, dakSiNabhAratIya vAstukalA aura mUrtikalA kA varNana hai / kUrmapurANa kI pahale cAra saMhitAe~ thIM, parantu aba isameM kevala eka brAhmIsaMhitA hai / isameM 6 sahasra zloka haiM / isameM ziva ke avatAra kA varNana hai / isameM IzvaragItA aura vyAsagItA haiM / ina donoM gItAtroM ke anusAra samAdhi aura kartavya-pAlana jJAna-prApti ke sAdhana haiN| liMgapurANa ziva ke 28 avatAroM kA varNana karatA hai| isameM dhArmika vidhiyoM kA varNana hai| zivapurANa apane vizAla grantha vAyupurANa kA eka bhAga mAnA jAtA hai / isameM 12 sahasra zloka

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa haiM / mahAbhArata aura harivaMza meM isakA ullekha AtA hai / bANa (600 I0 ) ne apane grAma meM vAyupurANa ke pATha kA varNana kiyA hai / isameM bauddha aura jaina dharma kA ullekha nahIM hai / isameM gupta sAmrAjya kA ullekha hai / isameM eka adhyAya saMgIta viSaya para bhI hai / isa purANa kA adhikAMza bhAga 500 I0 pU0 se pUrva likhA huA mAnA jAtA hai / skandapurANa meM pA~ca saMhitAe~ haiM / unake nAma haiM -- sanatkumArIya, brAhmI, vaiSNavI, zaMkara yA agastya aura saura / inake atirikta kAzIkhaNDa nAmaka 50 choTe adhyAya haiM / inameM banArasa aura usake samIpavartI mandiroM kA varNana hai / inameM sUtasaMhitA bahuta prasiddha hai / isameM zivabhakti kA varNana hai / mAdhavAcArya ( 1350 I0 ) ne isa para tAtparyadIpikA nAma kI TIkA likhI hai / sampUrNa purANa meM 8 sahasra se adhika zloka haiM / agnipurANa kA varNana vizvakoza ke rUpa meM hai aura yaha agni ke dvArA vasiSTha ko batAyA gayA hai / 64 devIbhAgavata bhI ina purANoM meM se eka purANa mAnA jAtA hai / purANoM meM bhAgavata ke sthAna para isakA nAma AtA hai / yaha ziva kI priyA devI pArvatI kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA hai / yogavAsiSTha dArzanika grantha hai / yaha 6 prakaraNoM meM vibhakta hai / yaha bhI purANa ke tulya hai / uparyukta 18 purANoM ke atirikta 18 upapurANa bhI haiM / ina sabake lekhaka vyAsa mAne jAte haiM / inameM karmakANDa kI vidhiyA~ adhika haiM, kathA Adi kA aMza kama hai / inameM se adhika ke nAma vahI haiM, jo mukhya purANoM ke haiM / inameM se kAlikApurANa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / yaha kAlI kA vibhinna rUpoM meM varNana karatA hai aura kAlI ko samarpaNa kie jAne vAle jIvoM aura manuSyoM kI bali kA varNana karatA hai / inake atirikta aura bhI grantha haiM jo purANoM ke rUpa meM haiM, parantu unakI gaNanA purANoM meM nahIM hai / unameM se viSNudharmottara kAzmIrI vaiSNava dharma kA

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purANa 65 varNana karatA hai / nIlamatapurANa kAzmIrI nAgoM ke dhArmika netA rAjA nIla ke saiddhAntika upadezoM kA varNana karatA hai / isameM kAzmIra ke itihAsa kA bhI varNana hai bRhaddharmapurANa kA mata hai ki kapila, vAlmIki, vyAsa aura buddha ye viSNu ke avatAra haiM / nepAla kI rAjavaMzAvalI kA bhI varNana paurANika sAhitya prApta hotA hai /

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adhyAya 11 kAvya - sAhitya kA kAla kAlidAsa se pUrva kA kAla kAvya - sAhitya kA kAla rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke kAla se bahuta adhika milA huA hai / kAvya zabda kA artha hai kavi kI koI bhI racanA / ataH kAvya ke antargata padya, gadya, kathA, AkhyAyikA, gIti aura nATaka Adi sabhI haiM / yaha zabda yogarUr3hi ke AdhAra para kavitA kA artha bodhita karatA hai / anya arthoM meM isakA prayoga niSiddha nahIM hai / kaviyoM aura unake granthoM ke viSaya meM pUrNa sUcanA na prApta hone ke kAraNa unakA samaya Adi nizcita rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataeva yaha bhI saMbhava huA ki vibhinna kaviyoM ne apanI racanAe~ kisI vizeSa kavi ke nAma se prasiddha kara dIM aura apanA nAma nahIM diyA / isIlie eka kavi ke nAma se prApya granthoM kI zailI aura bhASA Adi meM mahAn antara prApta hotA hai / katipaya granthoM ke lekhaka kA nAma nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, isakA kAraNa batAnA sambhava hai / isa kAla meM koI bhI racanA tabhI mAnyatA prApta kara sakatI thI, jaba usa samaya ke prasiddha Alocaka usa racanA kA samarthana kara dete the / jina racanAoM kA ve Alocaka samarthana nahIM karate the, ve racanAe~ naSTa ho jAtI thIM yA bhulA dI jAtI thIM / ataH sAhitya ke pratyeka vibhAga meM jo utkRSTa racanA hotI thI, vahI zeSa rahane pAtI thI / isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki kucha racanAe~ naSTa ho gaIM / ataH sAdhAraNa koTi ke kaviyoM ne apanI racanA ko naSTa hone se bacAne kA yaha upAya nikAlA ki apanI racanA ko kisI zreSTha kavi ke nAma se pracalita kiyA aura isa prakAra AlocakoM kI ghora AlocanA se ve baca sake / 66

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purANa isa kAla meM jo kAvya likhe gae, unameM sAhityazAstriyoM dvArA nirdhArita katipaya niyamoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thA / mahAkAvya kA prArambha maMgalAcaraNa yA isI prakAra ke anya bhAva se honA cAhie / mahAkAvya sargoM meM vibhakta honA cAhie aura pratyeka sarga kA antima zloka sarga meM prayukta hue chanda se pRthak chanda meM honA cAhie / isameM nagaroM, samudroM, parvatoM, RtunoM, sUryodaya, sUryAsta, candrodaya, candrAsta, vivAha, yuddha, vipralambha zRGgAra tathA madirApAna prAdi kA varNana honA caahie| inameM se kavi koI bhI varNana apanA sakatA hai aura usakA sundara DhaMga se varNana kara sakatA hai / 67 : kAlidAsa se pUrva kA samaya andhakAramaya hai / kAlidAsa ne apane kAvyasaundarya ke lie vibhinna chandoM aura alaMkAroM kA jo bar3I caturatA se upayoga kiyA hai usase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa se pUrva kAvya - sAhitya bahuta unnata avasthA meM thA / kAlidAsa ke dvArA usako pUrNatA prApta huI hai / kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI kaviyoM meM vAlmIki haiM / unako Adi kavi kahanA upayukta hai / ve laukika kAvya ke janmadAtA haiM / unako racanA rAmAyaNa, jo ki Adi kAvya hai, grAja taka vidyamAna hai / yaha saMbhava jJAta hotA hai ki vAlmIki ko Adarza - mAnakara bAda kI racanAe~ huI haiM / mahAkAvya ke jo lakSaNa kie gae haiM, ve rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI vizeSatAoM ko AdhAra mAna kara hI kie gae haiN| subhASita granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki pANini ne pAtAlavijaya aura jAmbavatIvijaya nAmaka kAvya likhe haiM / pANini kA eka sundara zloka isa prakAra hai-gate'rdharAtre parimandamandaM garjanti yatprAvRSi kAlameghAH / apazyatI vatsamivendubimbaM tacchavarI gauriva huMkaroti // pataMjali ke mahAbhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki vararuci arthAt kAtyAyana ne bhI eka kAvya likhA thA / piMgala, jinakA dUsarA nAma piMgalanAga hai, ne chandazAstra para chandasUtra likhA hai / unakA samaya vaidika kAla ke bAda mAnanA saM0 sA0 i0 - 7

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa cAhie / unhoMne chandoM ke jo nAma rakkhe haiM, ve striyoM ke nAma ke samAna haiM / unhone chanda kA lakSaNa aura udAharaNa eka hI zloka meM diyA hai arthAt bahI zloka chanda kA lakSaNa hai aura vahI usakA udAharaNa bhI hai / unake die hue chandoM ke nAma haiM - caMcalAkSikA, kuTilagati Adi / isase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa se pUrva kAvya - sAhitya paryApta unnata avasthA meM thA / kAlidAsa ke kAvya-granthoM ke asAdhAraNa utkarSa aura manoramatA ne usase pUrvavartI kaviyoM kI racanAoM ko sarvathA samApta kara diyA hai / Rt

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adhyAya 12 kAvya-sAhitya kAlidAsa saMskRta-kavi-ziromaNi mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai / usake jIvana ke sambandha meM bahuta-sI kathAe~ pracalita haiM / eka kathA ke anusAra vaha mahAmUrkha thA / usakA vivAha eka suyogya kalApravINa rAjakumArI se harA / usake prabodhana para usane devI kAlI kI upAsanA kI aura usake varadAna se use kavitva-zakti prApta huii| tadanantara usane apane kAvyagranya bnaae| eka anya kathA usakA sambandha laMkA ke rAjA kumAradAsa (500 I0) se batAtI hai / kAlidAsa bhramaNArtha laMkA gae the / vahIM para unakA paricaya vahA~ ke rAjA se huaa| rAjA kAlidAsa kI kAvya-pratibhA se prasanna hokara unheM bahumUlya vastue~ pradAna karanA cAhate the| vahA~ kI eka vezyA una vastuoM ko rAjA se prApta karanA cAhatI thI, ataH dhana ke lobha meM usane kAlidAsa kI mRtyu karAI / isa prakAra kAlidAsa kA dehAnta laMkA meM huaa| anya paramparA ke anusAra vaha dhArA ke rAjA bhoja kA Azrita kavi thaa| ina saba kathAoM aura vicAroM ko satya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki aisA mAnane meM samaya-sambandhI kaThinAI mukhya rUpa se AtI hai| ye kathAe~ kAlidAsa ke samarthakoM aura prazaMsakoM dvArA banAI huI samajhanI cAhie / dhArA ke rAjA bhoja (1005-1054 I0) kA Azrita kavi parimala thA / isI kA dUsarA nAma padmagupta hai| usakI manohara zailI kAlidAsa kI zailI se milatI haI thii| ataH usako kAlidAsa yA parimala kAlidAsa kI upAdhi dI gaI thii| sambhavataH bhramavaza parimala ko hI vAstavika kAlidAsa samajha liyA gyaa| ataeva rAjA bhoja kA Azrita kavi kAlidAsa ko mAnA jAne lgaa| EE

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kAlidAsa kA samaya nizcita karane ke lie koI bhI vAhya yA anta:sAkSya nizcita rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hai / tathApi usakA samaya 472 I0 ke zilA lekha ke bAda nahIM hai / isa zilAlekha kA racayitA vatsabhaTTi hai / isakI kavitA para kAlidAsa ke meghadUta kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / (600 I0) ne kAlidAsa kA bahuta AdarapUrvaka ullekha kiyA hai / 634 I0 ke aihola ke zilAlekha meM kAlidAsa kA nAmollekha hai / ataH kAlidAsa kA samaya 400 I0 ke bAda nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai / bANa 100 bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra kAlidAsa rAjA vikramAditya kA prazrita kavi thA / yaha paramparA navIna jyotiSa ke grantha jyotirvidAbharaNa ke eka zloka ke AdhAra para hai / vaha zloka hai dhanvantarikSapaNakAmarasiMha - zaMkuH - vetAlabhaTTaghaTakarparakAlidAsAH / khyAto varAhamihiro nRpateH sabhAyAM ratnAni vai vararucirnava vikramasya / / / isa padya ke anusAra dhanvantari kSapaNaka, amarasiMha, zaMku, vetAlabhaTTa, ghaTakarpara, kAlidAsa, varAhamihira aura vararuci ye rAjA vikramAditya ke navaratna the / inameM se kSapaNaka, zaMku aura vetAlabhaTTa ye aba nAmamAtra hI haiM / dhanvantari, vararuci aura ghaTakarpara kauna haiM, isakA nizcaya nahIM huA hai / amarasiMha amarakoza ke racayitA ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / usakA samaya nizcita nahIM hai, parantu vaha 400 se 600 I0 ke bIca meM rahA hogA / varAhamihira eka jyotirvid haiM / inakA dehAnta 587 I0 meM huA hai / ataH isa zloka ke AdhAra para yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki uparyukta navoM vyakti samakAlIna haiN| isase kevala yahI siddha hotA hai ki kAlidAsa rAjA vikramAditya kA Azrita kavi thA / parantu vikramAditya kA samaya nizcaya karanA bahuta kaThina hai / jyotirvidAbharaNa ke isa zloka ke AdhAra para kAlidAsa ke samaya ke viSaya meM bahuta se mantavya upasthita kie gae haiM / yaha prayatna kiyA gayA ki

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- kAvya-sAhitya kAlidAsa kA sambandha aise rAjA se sthApita kiyA jAya, jisakI upAdhi vikramAditya ho| kama se kama aise cAra rAjA haiM, jinakI upAdhi vikramAditya hai / ve haiM-(1) ujjaina ke rAjA vikrAmAditya, jinhoMne 56 I0 pU0 meM vikrama saMvat kI sthApanA kI hai, (2) candragapta dvitIya (357-413 I0), (3) kumAragupta prathama (413-455 I0), (4) kazmIra kA vikramAditya (500 ii0)| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra kAlidAsa usa vikramAditya kA Azrita kavi thA; jo IsA se pUrva huA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn usa vikramAditya ko kAlpanika vyakti mAnate haiN| IsA se pUrva vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA kA honA niHsandigdha hai| prathama zatAbdI meM utpanna sAtavAhana ne apanI pustaka gAthAsaptazatI' meM vikrama rAjA kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA vikrama saMvat kI sthApanA se siddha hotA hai ki IsA se pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA huA hai / pAzcAttya vidvAn kAlidAsa kA sambandha gupta mahArAjA candragupta dvitIya aura kumAragupta prathama se sthApita karate haiM / isa prakAra kAlidAsa ke viSaya meM do pramukha mata haiN| kAlidAsa ke granthoM meM upalabdha katipaya tathyoM ke AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne kAlidAsa kA samaya 400 I0 yA 500 I0 nirdhArita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / ve meghadUta meM Ae hue 'diGa nAgAnAm" prayoga se bauddha-dArzanika diGa nAga (400 I0) kA ullekha samajhate haiN| unake matAnusAra diGa nAga kAlidAsa kA virodhI thaa| isI AdhAra para ve kAlidAsa kA samaya 400 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnate haiM / yaha yukti sarvathA ayukta hai| isakA koI prAdhAra yA pramANa prastuta nahIM kiyA gayA hai ki hindU kavi kAlidAsa aura bauddha-dArzanika diGa nAga meM vastutaH koI virodha thA / kucha bhAratIya vidvAna 'diGa nAgAnAm' se kundamAlA nATaka ke lekhaka hindU kavi diGa nAga kA ullekha samajhate haiM / kucha .... 1. sAtavAhana kRta gAthAsaptazatI 6-54 / 2. kAlidAsa--mevadUta, pUrva0 14 / / . . .

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102 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vyakti kundamAlA ke lekhaka kA nAma dhIranAga mAnate haiM / ataH isa nATaka ke lekhaka ke viSaya meM nirNaya karane meM kaThinAI upasthita hotI hai / isa nATaka ke lekhaka diGnAga ko kavi-pratibhA ke AdhAra para kAlidAsa kA pratidvandvI mAnA jAya to ucita pratIta hotA hai / isa zabda ke AdhAra para koI nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki ise vyaktivAcaka nahIM hai / isa zabda kA zloka meM vAstavika artha hai -- diggaja / mAnane kA koI pramANa kucha pAzcAttya vidvAn kAlidAsa ke dvArA prayukta 'jAmitra" zabda ke AdhAra para usakA samaya 500 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnate haiM / unakA mantavya hai ki sarvaprathama jyotiSa ke yUnAnI pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga AryabhaTTa ( 500 I0 ) ne kiyA hai aura yaha jAmitra zabda kAlidAsa ne AryabhaTTa se liyA hai / yaha zabda yUnAnI zabda DAemeTrana kA hI parivartita rUpa hai / yahA~ para yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki azvaghoSa ( 100 I0 ) ke kAvya meM bhI unheM isa prakAra ke yUnAnI zabdoM ke parivartita rUpa mile haiM, parantu ve isa AdhAra para usakA samaya bAda kA nahIM mAnate / usI prakAra ke zabda kAlidAsa ne prayukta kie haiM, parantu ve kAlidAsa kA samaya 500 I0 se pUrva rakhane ko udyata nahIM haiM / isase spaSTa hai ki unake nirNaya kitane pakSapAtapUrNa haiM / ina zabdoM kI utpatti aura prayoga ke viSaya meM yaha smaraNa rakhanA ucita hai ki bodhAyana (500 I0 pU0 ) ne apane gRhyasUtroM meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai aura ina zabdoM para yUnAnI zabdoM kA koI prabhAva nahIM hai / ataH kAlidAsa ke samaya ke nirdhAraNa meM uparyukta yukti prasAra hI hai / pAzcAttya AlocakoM ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki kAlidAsa vikramAditya upAdhidhArI kisI gupta mahArAjA kA prazrita kavi thA / zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ve vidyA ke unnatikartA the / unakA mata hai ki kumArasaMbhava aura vikramorvazIya meM kumAra aura vikrama zabda kumAragupta aura 1. kumArasambhava sarga 7 - 1 /

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kAvya-sAhitya 103 gupta mahArAjAoM kI upAdhi vikramAditya kI ora saMketa karate haiN| unakI yazovRddhi ke lie kAlidAsa ne graMtha-nAma meM unako sthAna diyA hai / kAlidAsa ne raghu ke digvijaya kA jo varNana kiyA hai vaha samudragupta (350 I0) ke digvijaya ko hI lakSya meM rakhakara kiyA hai / kAlidAsa ke samaya taka logoM ko samudragupta kI digvijaya kA pUrNa smaraNa rahA hogaa| raghu kA hUNoM ko harAne kA jo ullekha hai, vaha skandagupta (455 I0) ke hUNoM ke harAne ke AdhAra para hai| pAzcAttya AlocakoM ne kAlidAsa ko gupta rAjAoM ke sAtha sambaddha karane kA jo prayatna kiyA hai, vaha nirAdhAra hai / unakA mata hai ki saMskRta bhASA kI punaH unnati kA zreya gupta rAjAoM ko hai / unhoMne kaviyoM ko Azraya diyA / unakA samaya bhAratIya itihAsa meM svarNa-yuga hai / kintu yahA~ para yaha vicAraNIya hai ki vidyA-viSayaka unnati ke sambandha meM bhAratavarSa gupta rAjAoM ko smaraNa nahIM karatA hai / isa viSaya meM bhoja aura vikramAditya kA nAma hI mukhya rUpa se liyA jAtA hai / isa viSaya meM pAzcAttya AlocakoM kI apekSA bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI sammati adhika mAnya hai, kyoMki ve isa viSaya ko adhika ghaniSThatA ke sAtha jAnate haiM / yadi gupta rAjA vikramAditya aura bhoja ke tulya saMskRta ke unnAyaka hote to unakA bhI nAma usI Adara ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA jaataa| ataH kAlidAsa ke viSaya meM gupta rAjAoM kA jo mata pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne rakkhA hai, vaha unakA hI AviSkAra hai, isameM satyatA kucha nahIM hai| pAzcAttya pAlocakoM ne jo pramANa upasthita kiyA hai, usase yaha kadApi siddha nahIM hotA ki kAlidAsa gupta-kAla meM utpanna hue the| kumArasambhava aura vikramorvazIya nAmoM meM aisI koI apUrva bAta nahIM rakkhI gaI hai, jisase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jAya ki inameM gupta rAjAoM kA saMketa hai| kumAra zabda ziva ke putra kAttikeya ke artha meM atyanta prasiddha zabda hai / vikrama zabda kA artha hai parAkrama / vikramorvazIya kA artha hai ki jisa nATaka meM urvazI ko

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104 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rAjA purUravA ne apane parAkrama ke dvArA jItA hai| digvijaya-yAtrA ke samaya samudragupta ko kAverI nadI ke taTa para pANDya rAjA ne pIche haTA diyA thA, ataH samudragupta kI digvijaya-yAtrA raghu ko digvijaya-yAtrA ke lie Adarza nahIM ho sakatI hai / kAlidAsa ke anusAra raghu ne kAverI ke nIce bhI prAyaH saMpUrNa dakSiNa bhArata para vijaya prApta ko / hUNa 2ya zatAbdI I0 pU0 se bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM vidyamAna the, ataH raghuvaMza meM hUNa zabda ke prayoga se yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kAlidAsa gupta-kAla meM the / kAlidAsa ko prathama zatAbdI I0 se bahuta bAda kA siddha karane ke lie eka aura pramANa upasthita kiyA jAtA hai / bauddha dArzanika aura kavi azvaghoSa prathama zatAbdI I0 meM huA hai / isake donoM granthoM buddhacarita aura saundarananda ke kucha vAkya aura varNana kAlidAsa ke granthoM ke varNanoM se milate haiM / azvaghoSa ne buddha kA rAjamArga para nikalane kA jo varNana kiyA hai, vaha kAlidAsa ke kumArasambhava meM ziva ke aura raghuvaMza meM aja ke rAjamArga para nikalane ke varNana se bahuta aMzoM meM samAna hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa ne azvaghoSa se ye varNana lie haiM / yaha vicAra bhI mAnya nahIM hai / ina donoM kaviyoM ke granthoM meM samAnatA avazya hai / parantu isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki kAlidAsa ne uparyukta varNana azvaghoSa se liyA hai / gautama buddha dina meM sAdhAraNa rUpa meM rAjamArga para jA rahe haiN| isa prasaMga meM azvaghoSa ne likhA hai ki striyA~ apanI nIMda se uThIM aura apane kezAdi-prasAdhana kI ora dhyAna na dekara sahasA buddha ke darzanArtha khir3akI para jAtI haiM / yahA~ para isa prasaMga meM unakI nidrA, zRGgAra aura buddha-darzana kI abhilASA isa bAta ko prakaTa karatI hai ki yaha varNana aprAsaMgika hai aura anya kisI grantha se liyA gayA hai| kAlidAsa ke granthoM meM yaha varNana unhIM zabdoM meM duharAyA gayA hai| yadi kAlidAsa ne yaha varNana anya kisI grantha se uddhRta kiyA hotA to vaha isako do sthaloM para usI rUpa meM rakhane

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105 kA sAhasa na krtaa| koI bhI vyakti corI kI vastu kA pradarzana nahIM krtaa| isake atirikta katipaya apracalita vyAkaraNa sambandhI prayoga jo kalidAsa ke granthoM meM pAe haiM, unakA prayoga azvaghoSa ke granthoM meM bAra-bAra AyA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki azvaghoSa ne hI kAlidAsa se bhAva lie haiM, na ki kAlidAsa ne azvaghoSa se / / yadi azvaghoSa kAlidAsa se pUrvavartI pratiSThita kavi thA aura kAlidAsa ne usase bhAvAdi lie haiM to bAda ke kavi bhI usakA AdarapUrvaka ullekha krte| parantu kisI bhI kavi ne azvaghoSa kA na nAmollekha kiyA hai aura na usakI zailI kA anusaraNa hI kiyA hai / yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki kAlidAsa ne azvaghoSa kA anukaraNa kiyA aura usase adhika yogya ho gae, kyoMki yadi kAlidAsa ko parakAlIna mAnA jAya to usake lie vatsabhaTTi Adarza kavi ho sakatA thA / tathya yaha hai ki azvaghoSa mukhya rUpa se eka dArzanika thA aura gauNa rUpa se kavi / ataH usane apane kAvya ke lie eka prasiddha kavi ko Adarza rakkhA hogaa| usake kAvyoM ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki usakA Adarza kavi kAlidAsa hI hai / azvaghoSa kA samaya prathama zatAbdI I0 hai, ataH kAlidAsa kA samaya prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 mAnanA ucita hai / / kAlidAsa kA yaha samaya mAnane ke samarthana meM katipaya sAkSya usake granthoM se upalabdha hote haiM / usane dAzvAn, vizrAmahetoH, pelava, triyambaka, Asa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| kucha dhAtuoM ke liT lakAra ke pUrNa rUpa ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai / jaise-taM pAtayAM prathamamAsa papAta pazcAt / ' pANina ke vyAkaraNa ke anusAra yaha prayoga zuddha nahIM hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa usa samaya jIvita the, jaba pANini paura pataMjali ke niyama pUrNa rUpa se pratiSThita nahIM hue the / ataH kAlidAsa kA samaya prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 hI jJAta hotA hai| zAkuntala nATaka meM dhIvara ko corI ke aparAdha meM kaThora daNDa tathA uttarAdhikAra ke niyama kA jo rUpa prApta hotA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yaha IsA se pUrva kI kRti hai, jaba manu, vasiSTha aura Apastamba hI dharma ke viSaya meM pramANa mAne jAte the / zAkuntala kA varNana ina smatiyoM ke kathanoM se milatA huA hai / vRhaspati aura yAjJavalkya Adi ke anusAra corI Adi kA itanA kaThora daNDa nahIM hai ataH ina smRtiyoM se pUrvavartI kAlidAsa ko mAnanA caahie| kAlidAsa ne mAlavikAgnimitra ke bharatavAkya meM agnimitra zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa kA sambandha zuMgavaMzI rAjA agnimitra se thA / kAlidAsa ne apane anya do nATakoM meM jo bharatavAkya die hai, ve sAmAnya rUpa se sabakI samRddhi kI kAmanA karate haiM, parantu isameM agnimitra ke nAma se usake sAtha kucha sambandha jJAta hotA hai / isa nATaka meM rAjanItika mahattva kI jo ghaTanAe~ dI gaI haiM, unase jJAta hotA hai ki agnimitra ke jIvanakAla meM ghaTita ghaTanAoM ko kAlidAsa bhalI prakAra se jAnatA thA / ye ghaTanAe~ kAlidAsa ke isa nATaka ko chor3akara anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM prApta hotI haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa agnimitra kA samakAlIna thA yA vaha prathama zatAbdI meM huA thA, jaba janatA una ghaTanAoM ko ThIka DhaMga se jAnatI thI / agnimitra vidizA kA rAjA thA / kAlidAsa ne apane meghadUta meM vidizA ko eka samRddha pradeza mAnA hai / isase bhI uparyukta kathana kA samarthana hotA hai| ina pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki kAlidAsa prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM huA thA aura vaha vikramIya saMvat ke saMsthApaka vikramAditya kA samakAlIna thaa| ___ kAlidAsa ne do mahAkAvya raghuvaMza aura kumArasaMbhava, eka gItikAvya meghadUta aura tIna nATaka mAlavikAgnimitra, vikramorvazIya aura zAkuntala likhe haiN| kAlidAsa ke mahAkAvya kumArasaMbhava ATha sargoM kA mahAkAvya hai| isameM ziva aura pArvatI ke vivAha tathA kAttikeya kI utpatti kA varNana hai / tAraka nAmaka rAkSasa ke dvArA

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kAvya-sAhitya 107 pIr3ita devatA brahmA ke pAsa rakSArtha gae / brahmA ne Adeza diyA ki ve ziva aura pArvatI kA vivAha kraayeN| unakA jo putra hogA vaha tAraka rAkSasa kA nAza kregaa| kAmadeva ko yaha kArya diyA gayA ki vaha samAdhistha ziva ke hRdaya meM pArvatI ke prati prema-bhAva utpanna kare / kAmadeva ne apanA kArya kiyA / samAdhi-bhaMga se kruddha ziva ne kAmadeva ko bhasma kara diyaa| tadanantara ziva antardhAna ho jAte haiM / pArvatI ziva kI prApti ke lie tapasyA karatI haiM / ziva brahmacArI ke veSa meM vahA~ jAte haiM aura usakI tapasyA kI parIkSA karate hai| tatpazcAt usase vivAha kI pratijJA karate haiM / saptarSiyoM ne ziva aura pArvatI kA vivAha-sambandha nizcita kiyaa| vivAha-samAroha ke pazcAt antima sarga meM kAlidAsa ne donoM ke dAmpatya-jIvana kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha mahAkAvya isa sarga ke pazcAt samApta hotA hai / vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki kAlidAsa ke samakAlIna logoM ne devatAoM ke yugala ke dAmpatya-jIvana ke varNana kI kaTa AlocanA kI, prataH kAlidAsa ne aSTama sarga se Age racanA nahIM kii| ina sargoM se hI kumArasaMbhava nAma kI sArthakatA siddha ho jAtI hai, kyoMki inameM ziva aura pArvatI ke vivAha kA varNana A gayA hai, jisase kumAra kI utpatti haI / kAlidAsa ke pazcAt kisI eka kavi ne grantha ke nAma ko apUrNa dekhakara kumAra kI utpatti tathA tAraka-vijaya kA varNana karake ise pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / usane 6 sarga aura banAkara ise 17 sarga kA mahAkAvya banAyA hai / ina nae 6 sargoM meM kumAra kI utpatti aura tAraka kI vijaya kA varNana hai / kAlidAsa jina vAkyoM kA prayoga na karatA, ve prayoga isa aMza meM pAe jAte haiM / sAhityazAstriyoM ne isa aMza meM se eka bhI paMkti uddhata nahIM kI hai / kAlidAsa kI kRtiyoM ke prasiddha TIkAkAra mallinAtha ne ina sargoM kI TIkA nahIM kI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki ye antima 6 sarga kAlidAsa ke viracita mahIM haiN| raghuvaMza 16 sargoM kA mahAkAvya hai| isameM raghuvaMzI rAjAoM kA jIvanabarisa varNita hai / isameM kAvya rUpa meM rAjA dilIpa, raghu, praja, dazaratha, rAma,

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108 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kuza, lava aura usake uttarAdhikAriyoM kA varNana hai / isameM rAjA agnivarNa ke svargavAsa taka kA varNana hai / ___kAlidAsa ne kumArasambhava ke lie jo bhAva liyA hai, usake dvArA use 'himAlaya kA vizada aura vAstavika varNana karane kA tathA vasanta ke varNana kA avasara milA hai / ziva aura pArvatI ke vivAha ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa bhAratIya vaivAhika paramparAtroM ko kitanI sUkSmatA ke sAtha jAnatA 'thA / brahmacArI-veSadhArI ziva kA pArvatI ke sAtha vArtAlApa apane DhaMga kA anupama hai| raghuvaMza meM bhAva kI ekatA nahIM hai / kAlidAsa ne isa nyUnatA ko varNanoM aura saMvAdoM ke dvArA pUrNa kiyA hai / isameM mukhya saMvAda vAle dRzya haiMdilIpa aura siMha kA saMvAda, raghu aura indra kA saMvAda / mukhya varNanAtmaka dRzya ye haiM-- indumatI kA svayaMvara-vivAha, indumatI ke svargavAsa para aja kA vilApa, rAmAyaNa ke ayodhyA kANDa aura usake bAda ke cAra kANDoM kA sundara rUpa meM saMkSipta varNana aura raghu kI digvijy-yaatraa| isake 13 veM sarga kA varNana atyuttama hai / isameM kAlidAsa ne apanI kavi-pratibhA kA bahuta acchA paricaya diyA hai / 14vA~ sarga sarvottama hai / isameM kAlidAsa ne apanI vyaMjanA-zakti kA utkRSTa paricaya diyA hai| isake 6, 15, 17 Adi sarga uccakoTi ke nahIM haiN| navama sarga meM kAlidAsa ne yamaka alaMkAra ke prayoga meM nipuNatA kA paricaya diyA hai / isa AdhAra para kucha logoM kA vicAra hai ki kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza ke bhI kevala prArambhika pATha sarga likhe haiN| raghuvaMza meM isa prakAra kI asamatA kA kAraNa usako varNya-vastu hai / yadi kAlidAsa ko kevala ATha sargoM kA hI racayitA mAneMge to sarga 10, 13, 14, 16 Adi kA racayitA na mAnane para usakA mahattva bahuta kucha kama ho jAegA, kyoMki ye sarga isa kAvya meM bahuta uccakoTi ke haiN| inakA racayitA kAlidAsa hI honA caahie| ____ yaha nirNaya karanA sarala nahIM hai ki kauna-sA kAvya pahale kA hai aura kauna-sA bAda kaa| yadyapi raghuvaMza ko inameM se bAda kI racanA mAnanA ucita

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kAvya-sAhitya 106 pratIta hotA hai, tathApi zailI aura bhASA ke AdhAra para yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai ki yaha racanA pahalI hai aura yaha bAda kI hai| raghuvaMza ke prArambhika zlokoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha kAvya ke kSetra meM navAgantuka hI hai / isake AdhAra para raghuvaMza ko katipaya vidvAn pahalI racanA mAnate haiM / raghuvaMza kI kathA 16veM sarga para samApta ho gaI hai| isakA kAraNa kucha vidvAnoM ne batAyA hai ki kAlidAsa kI mRtyu ke kAraNa yaha grantha itane para hI adhUrA raha gayA hai| parantu yaha ucita pratIta hotA hai ki usa sarga ke bAda jo raghuvaMzI rAjA Aye haiM, unakI kIrti kSINa ho cukI thI, ataH kAlidAsa ne Age varNana nahIM kiyA / isa AdhAra para raghuvaMza ko bAda kI racanA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| kumArasaMbhava meM jo zRGgAra kA varNana huA hai, vaha raghuvaMza kI apekSA sundara aura unnata rUpa meM huA hai / isakA artha yaha kadApi nahIM hai ki raghuvaMza kA zRGgAra-varNana hIna hai / upayukta AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki kumArasaMbhava bAda kI racanA hai /

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adhyAya 13 kAvya-sAhitya, kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi kAlidAsa ke bAda ke lekhakoM meM, jisake viSaya meM nizcita sUcanA prApta hotI hai, azvaghoSa hai / yaha do mahAkAvyoM kA racayitA hai-saundarananda aura buddhacarita / saundarananda ke antima zloka se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha suvarNAkSI kA putra aura sAketa-nivAsI thaa| usakI upAdhiyA~ thIM--bhikSu, AcArya bhadanta, mahAkavi aura mahAvAdI / usake upadeza ko sunane ke lie ghor3e bhI apanA AhAra chor3a dete the / aisI usakI vAzakti thii| ataeva usakA nAma azvaghoSa par3A / vaha janma se brAhmaNa thaa| bAda meM usane bauddhadharma svIkAra kiyA thaa| cInI paramparA ke anusAra vaha prathama zatAbdI ke rAjA kaniSka kA samakAlIna yA guru thaa| azvaghoSa bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ke saMsthApakoM meM se eka thaa| usakA samaya prathama zatAbdI I0 hai| saundarananda mahAkAvya 18 sargoM meM hai / isameM varNana hai ki kisa prakAra gautamabuddha ne apane sautele bhAI nanda ko bauddha bhikSuka bnaayaa| nanda apanI patnI sundarI ke praNaya-pAza ko tor3anA nahIM cAhatA thA / buddha ke eka ziSya Ananda ne apane upadezoM ke dvArA nanda ko prerita kiyA ki vaha bhikSuka bane aura baddha ke nirIkSaNa meM kArya kre| buddhacarita meM gautamabuddha kA jIvana-carita hai / buddha kA jIvana-carita suprasiddha hai, ataH yahA~ dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isa mahAkAvya ke cInI aura tibbatI bhASA ke anuvAdoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isameM 28 sarga the| 19vIM zatAbdI meM amRtAnanda ne vidyamAna 13 sargoM meM apanI aora se 4 sarga aura jor3akara buddha ke kAzI meM prathamopadeza taka kI kathA pUrNa kI hai| isa prakAra mUla grantha ke kevala 13 sarga hI saMskRta meM upalabdha hote 110

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kAvya-sAhitya kAlidAsa, ke bAda ke kavi 111 haiM / isa mahAkAvya kA cInI anuvAda 414 se 421 I0 ke bIca meM huA hai aura tibbatI anuvAda sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 meM huA hai / / azvaghoSa kI zailI madhura nahIM hai / usake kAvya meM anuprAsa adhika hai / usane katipaya apracalita zabda-rUpa aura dhAtu-rUpoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| unameM kucha prayoga aise bhI haiM, jo saMskRta meM sarvathA apracalita haiN| jaise, 'kimata' ke sthAna para 'ki bata' kA prayoga kiyA hai aura 'cet' ke sthAna para 'sa cet' kA prayoga kiyA hai| azvaghoSa hI sarvaprathama bauddha kavi aura dArzanika hai, jisane prAkRta ko chor3akara saMskRta kA prayoga kiyA hai| azvaghoSa ke pazcAt lagabhaga tIna zatAbdI taka koI bhI prasiddha kavi nahIM huA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya sAhityika racanAe~ prAyaH nahIM huI / pro0 maiksamUlara ne saMskRta kA punaruddhAravAda pracalita kiyA hai / usameM unhoMne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki isa bIca saMskRta-sAhitya kI racanA kyoM nahIM huI hai| unakA mata hai ki prathama zatAbdI I0 meM videziyoM ne bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiyaa| unhoMne bhAratIyoM ko sAhityaka paramparA naSTa kara dI / unakA prabhAva 544 I0 taka rhaa| isa san meM ujjaina ke rAjA vikramAditya ne unako parAsta kiyA aura deza se nikaalaa| isa rAjA ne saMskRta kA punaruddhAra kiyA aura usake Azraya meM kaI prasiddha kavi hue / maiksamUlara ke mata ko svIkAra karane vAle katipaya vidvAnoM ne usa samaya ke bhAratIya sAhitya ke viSaya meM kucha bAteM kahI haiN| eka kA kathana hai ki "bhAratIya zreNya kAvya-sAhitya kA prArambha 7vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArdha se prArambha hotA hai| kisI bhI kAvya-grantha kA samaya isa kAla se pUrva nizcaya rUpa se nahIM rakkhA jA sakatA hai| maiksamUlara ke isa punaruddhAravAda kA khaNDana byUlara aura phlITa ke anusaMdhAnoM ne kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki zaka Adi videzI 1. A. A. Macdonell-History of Sanskrit Literature pRSTha 318

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112 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jAtiyA~ bhArata meM AIM aura ve bhAratIya ho giiN| unhoMne bhAratIya zikSA, kalA, sthApatya aura mUrtikalA Adi ko prazraya diyA / RSabhadatta, kaniSka aura rudradAmana Adi saMskRta ke AzrayadAtA hue haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki videzI AkramaNakAriyoM ne deza ke eka bhAga para hI adhikAra kara rakkhA thA / ve deza ke anya bhAga meM saMskRta ke pracAra aura prasAra ko nahIM roka sakate the / yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki 544 I0 meM yazovarman viSNuvardhana ne videziyoM ko padacyuta kiyA thA na ki vikramAditya ne / videziyoM ko bhArata se bAhara nikAlane kA kArya gupta rAjAoM ne 400 I0 pUrva se hI prArambha kara diyA thaa| isa bAta ke pramANa vidyamAna haiM ki isa kAla meM bhI sAhityika pragati sarvathA banda nahIM huI thI / jUnAgar3ha rAjya ke giranAra sthAna meM rudradAman kA 150 I0 ke lagabhaga kA eka zilAlekha prApta hotA hai / yaha zilAlekha sudarzana nAmaka jhIla ke punaruddhAra ke smRtyartha likhA gayA thaa| isa zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa zilAlekha kA lekhaka rudradAman zaka rAjA thaa| vaha sAhityazAstra ke niyamoM se samyaktayA paricita thA / sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM utpanna bANa kI gadyazailI kA prArambha isa zilAlekha meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / nAsika kA zilAlekha pratiSThAna ke zrI pulumAyI ke 16veM varSa meM prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai / isakA samaya 146 I0 hotA hai / yaha zilAlekha saMskRta kA prAkRta meM anuvAda pratIta hotA hai / usameM lambe samAsa haiN| zreNya saMskRta-sAhitya meM prApta hone vAle anuprAsa aura upamAoM kI jhar3I isameM prApta hotI hai| guptakAla ke do mukhya zilAlekha haiM / prathama zilAlekha samudragupta kI prazaMsA meM usake Azrita kavi hariSeNa ne likhA hai / yaha ilAhAbAda ke azokastambha para likhA huA hai / yaha 345 I0 kA likhA huA hai / yaha vaidarbhI rIti meM 1. A. A. Macdonell--History of Sanskrit Literature pRSTha 318 /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 113 likhA huA hai| isake prArambha meM 8 zloka haiM / usake bAda lambA gadya-bhAga hai aura anta meM eka zloka hai| isameM zleSa aura rUpaka alaMkAra kA bahuta prayoga huA hai| dUsare kA lekhaka candragupta dvitIya kA mantrI vIrasena hai / yaha candragupta kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA hai / isameM candragupta aura vIrasena donoM hI vidvAn batAe gae haiM / inake atirikta isa kAla meM bahata se zilAlekha likhe gae haiN| inameM se kucha prAkRta meM haiM aura zeSa saMskRta meM haiM / inase siddha hotA hai ki isa kAla meM sAhityika racanAe~ banda nahIM huI thiiN| inase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki saMskRta sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM pracalita thii| bAda ke saMskRta sAhitya meM jo zabdAlaMkAra aura arthAlaMkAra prApta hote haiM, ve ina zilAlekhoM meM pracura mAtrA meM prApta hote haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki isa kAla meM sAhityika kArya cala rahA thaa| isa samaya suyogya kavi hue hoMge, parantu unakI racanAe~ naSTa ho gaI haiM, aisA jJAta hotA hai / yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki isa samaya bAra-bAra rAjanItika AkramaNa ke kAraNa kaSiyoM ke AzrayadAtA rAjAroM ke lie yaha saMbhava nahIM rahA hogA ki ve kaviyoM ko Azraya deN| rAjAoM ke saMrakSaNa ke abhAva meM yogya kavi uttama granthoM kI racanA nahIM kara sake hoMge / jaba taka bhArata kA navIna rAjanItika itihAsa nahIM likhA jAtA, taba taka isa samaya kI vAstavika sthiti ke viSaya se kucha bhI nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / vAtsyAyana kA kAmasUtra isI samaya meM likhA gayA hai| yaha grantha ziSTa jana-samudAya kA citraNa karatA haiM / isameM nirdeza die gae haiM ki manuSya ko kisa prakAra vyavahAra karanA cAhie, kisa prakAra samaya-yApana karanA cAhie aura vaha kisa prakAra acche vyaktiyoM kI saMgati prApta kare / manuSya kisa prakAra kA 1. vaidarbhI aura gaur3I do mukhya rItiyA~ haiM / isake lie dekheM isI pustaka kA adhyAya 25 / saM0 sA0 i0-8

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114 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie kina sAdhanoM ko apanAve, ina bAtoM kA vistAra pUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| bAda ke lekhakoM para isakA sthAyI prabhAva par3A hai| unhoMne apane granthoM meM aisI ghaTanAe~ aura varNana die haiM, jisase kAmasUtra meM likhita varNanoM ke sAtha samatA prApta ho / vastutaH aise varNanoM kI prasaMgAnusAra AvazyakatA nahIM thii| kAmasUtra meM sAtavAhana yA prAndhrabhRtya vaMza ke eka rAjA kA ullekha AyA hai / yaha rAjA avazya hI IsvI san ke prArambha ke samaya rahA hogA / Andhra vaMza kA rAjya lagabhaga.218 I0 ke samApta huA hai / vAtsyAyana kA samaya isI kAla ke lagabhaga nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha sAhityika kAla vastutaH andhakAramaya nahIM rahA hai / gupta rAjAoM ko saMskRta kA punaruddhAraka mAnA jAtA hai, parantu yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai ki unake Azrita kaviyoM ke nAma kyoM nahIM ullikhita milate haiN| isa andhakAramaya kAla kI samApti para prathama kavi meNTha yA bhartR meNTha AtA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma hastipaka hai / yaha kazmIra ke rAjA mAtRgupta (430 I0 ke lagabhaga) kA Azrita kavi thA / isakA kAvya-grantha hayagrIvavadha naSTa ho gayA hai| isa grantha kA jJAna sAhityika granthoM meM isake uddharaNoM se hI hotA hai| vatsabhaTTi ne 472 I0 meM eka prazasti likhI hai / yaha mandasora ke pAsa eka stambha para likhI huI hai / lekhaka ne yaha prazasti usa sthAna ke rezamI vastroM ko banAne vAle julAhoM kI ora se likhI hai| prazasti gaur3I rIti meM likho gaI hai aura isa para meghadUta tathA RtusaMhAra kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| isameM vasanta aura varSA Rtu kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| ___ pravarasena ne setubandha nAmaka kAvya prAkRta meM likhA hai| isa kAvya ko rAvaNavadha aura dazamukhavadha bhI kahate haiN| isameM 15 AzvAsa (adhyAya) haiN| isameM lekhaka ne rAma ke laMkA-gamana se lekara ayodhyA meM rAjyAbhiSeka taka kI rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / prAzvAsa 7, 8 pula ke nirmANa kA

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 115 varNana karate haiM, 6 aAzvAsa meM suvela kA varNana hai tathA 11vA~ AzvAsa rAvaNa ke prema kaa| isa grantha meM lekhaka ne yamaka alaMkAra ke prayoga meM apanI kuzalatA dikhAI hai| kucha anya AlocakoM kA mata hai ki pravarasena kazmIra kA rAjA thA aura kAlidAsa usakA Azrita kavi thA, usane hI yaha setubandha likhA hai / yaha kathana asaMgata hai, kyoMki bANa, kAlidAsa aura pravarasena donoM ko jAnatA thA / usane kAlidAsa ko setubandha kA kartA nahIM mAnA hai| pravarasena kA samaya caturtha zatAbdI I0 mAnanA cAhiye / bANa aura daNDI ne isa setubandha kAvya kI prazaMsA kI hai / kItiH pravarasenasya prayAtA kumudojjvalA / sAgarasya paraM pAraM kapiseneva setunA / / --harSacarita prastAvanA 14 mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH / sAgaraH sUktiratnAnAM setubandhAdi yanmayam / / --kAvyAdarza 1134 buddhaghoSa ne dasa sargoM kA eka kAvya padyacUDAmaNi likhA hai / vaha janma se brAhmaNa thA, parantu bAda meM bauddha ho gayA thaa| isameM gautamabuddha ke jIvana kA varNana hai| isameM buddha ke jIvana kA jo varNana diyA gayA hai, vaha azvaghoSa ke varNana se kucha aMzoM meM bhinna hai / isa para kAlidAsa aura azvaghoSa kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai| isakI zailI sarala aura utkRSTa hai / bauddha granthoM ke anusAra vaha 387 I0 meM buddha ke tripiTaka kI pAlI bhASA meM kI gaI AlocanAoM ko lAne ke liye laMkA bhejA gayA thaa| usane bahuta se bauddha granthoM kI pratilipi kI hai tathA bahutoM kA anuvAda kiyA hai aura una para TIkA bhI likhI hai| usake eka grantha kA 488 I0 meM cInI bhASA meM anuvAda huA hai / ataH usakA samaya 400 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahiye| bhIma, jisako bhImaka bhI kahate haiM, ne 27 sargoM kA mahAkAvya rAvaNArjunIya yA arjunarAvaNIya likhA hai| isameM rAvaNa aura kArtavIrya arjuna ke

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116 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yuddha kA varNana hai / sAtha hI yaha grantha vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA udAharaNa rUpa meM spaSTIkaraNa bhI karatA hai / vyAkaraNa ke eka grantha kAzikAvRtti ( 600 I0 ke lagabhaga) meM bhIma kA uddharaNa bhI diyA gayA hai / ataH isakA samaya 500 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / bhaTTi kA rAvaNabadha aura hAlAyudha kA virahasya varNana kI dRSTi se isake samAna hai / kumAradAsa ne jAnakIharaNa kAvya likhA hai / isameM rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA varNana hai / yaha lekhaka laMkA kA rAjA kumAradAsa hai / isakA samaya 517 se 526 I0 hai / yaha grantha mUlarUpa meM naSTa ho gayA hai| isakA akSarazaH anuvAda laMkA kI bhASA meM prApya hai / isameM 25 sarga batAe jAte haiM / isake prArambhika 14 sarga tathA 15veM kA kucha aMza saMskRta meM upalabdha huA hai / isake mUlagrantha ke parimANa ke viSaya meM matabheda hai / isa mahAkAvya ko eka hastalikhita prati 20 sargoM kI hai / ' yaha prati pUrNa hai aura jo mudrita prati upalabdha hotI hai, usase ThIka milatI hai| kucha sthaloM para pAThabheda avazya hai / isa hastalikhita pratijJAta hotA hai ki isake lekhaka kumAradAsa ne apane do mamere cAcAoM kI sahAyatA se yaha grantha taiyAra kiyA thA / isake 17veM sarga meM yamaka alaMkAra bahuta adhikatA ke sAtha prApta hotA hai / lekhaka ne 18veM sarga meM zabdAlaMkAroM ke prayoga meM apanI caturatA dikhAI hai / isake 20 veM sarga meM rAma kA puSpaka vimAna dvArA prayodhyA lauTane kA varNana hai / isakA lekhaka kauna-sA kumAradAsa hai, yaha nizcayapUrvaka kahanA kaThina hai / yadi isakA lekhaka laMkA kA rAjA kumAradAsa hI hai to isa grantha kA racanAkAla 520 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie | kumAradAsa kAlidAsa kA vizeSa prazaMsaka jJAta hotA hai / isane kAlidAsa kA bahuta saphalatA ke sAtha anukaraNa kiyA hai / ataeva sAhityazAstrI rAjazekhara ( 600 I0 ) ne isakI prazaMsA meM nimnalikhita zloka kahA hai- 1. madrAsa gavarnameMTa lAibrerI / hastalikhita prati naM0 2635 /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 117 jAnakIharaNaM katu raghuvaMze sthite sati / kaviH kumAradAsazca rAvaNazca yadi kSamaH / / bhAravi ne kirAtArjunIya nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai| isameM 18 sarga haiM / yaha mahAbhArata kI kathA para AdhArita hai / vanavAsa-kAla meM arjuna vyAsa kI sammati se himAlaya para gayA aura ziva se divya astroM kI prApti ke lie usane tapasyA kI / arjuna kI bhakti kI parIkSA ke lie ziva kirAta ke veSa meM eka suara kA pIchA karate hue prakaTa hue / ziva aura arjuna donoM ne hI usa suara para bANa claae| suara mara gyaa| arjuna ne usa para apanA adhikAra batAyA / isa para ziva aura arjuna meM vivAda huA aura anta meM vaha yuddha rUpa meM pariNata huA / donoM ne donoM para prahAra kie| anta meM ziva kI vijaya huii| unhoMne arjuna kI vIratA para prasanna hokara use AzIrvAda diyA aura varadAna ke rUpa meM pAzupata astra diyaa| tatpazcAt arjuna apane bhAiyoM se milane ke lie lauttaa| yaha bhAva mahAbhArata se liyA gayA hai| isameM kucha parivartana bhI kiyA gayA hai| isake prathama sarga meM diyA gayA hai ki pANDavoM kA eka dUta duryodhana ke rAjya-prabandha kA vivaraNa jAnane ke lie gayA huA thA / vaha lauTakara AtA hai aura pANDavoM ko duryodhana ke uttama aura nyAyayukta rAjya-prabandha kI sUcanA detA hai| ataeva arjuna ko divya astra-prApti ke lie jAnA pdd'aa| anta meM arjuna kA skanda aura ziva ke sAtha yuddha tathA varadAna ke rUpa meM pAzupata astra kI prApti kA varNana hai| bhAravi ke kAvya meM aoja aura zakti hai / usake varNana bahuta hI vizada haiN| usakI zailI bahuta zaktizAlI aura arthagAmbhIrya se yukta hai| usameM mAdhurya kI nyUnatA hai| usane vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM ke pAlana meM vizeSa kuzalatA prakaTa kI hai| usane 15va sarga meM zabdAlaMkAroM aura citrAlaMkAroM ke prayoga meM apanI vizeSa yogyatA pradarzita ko hai| kucha aise zloka diye haiM, jo sIdhe aura 1. (ka) bhAraverarthagauravam / (kha) nArikelaphalasaMmitaM vaco bhAraveH / mallinAtha /

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118 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ulTe donoM rUpa meM par3hane para eka hI hote haiM aura artha bhI donoM rUpa meM eka hI hotA hai / kucha zlokoM meM kevala do hI vyaMjanoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / eka zloka aisA bhI hai, jisameM kevala eka hI vyaMjana hai / aisA kahA jAtA hai ki 'bAda ke kaviyoM meM bhAravi hI kaI prakAra se rItivAda kA janmadAtA hai / ' yadi bhAravi ko kumAradAsa se pUrvavartI kavi mAneM, tabhI uparyukta ukti kucha aMza taka ThIka mAnI jA sakatI hai / bhAravi rAjanIti sambandhI vivecana meM manu kAnuyAyI hai / pratyeka sarga ke antima zloka meM 'lakSmI' zabda kA prayoga hai / 634 I0 ke aihola ke zilAlekha meM bhAravi kA nAmollekha hai / ataH usakA samaya 600 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / ' bhakivi ne 22 sargoM meM rAvaNavadha nAmaka mahAkAvya banAyA hai / isameM rAma kI kathA kA varNana hai / usakA kathana hai ki zrIdharasena ke rAjyakAla meM valabhI meM usane yaha graMtha banAyA hai / ' valabhI meM zrIdharasena nAma ke cAra rAjA hue haiM / inameM se antima ne 644 I0 ke lagabhaga rAjya kiyA hai / antima rAjA vidvAnoM kA AzrayadAtA thA / ataH jJAta hotA hai ki kavi bhaTTi ne 644 I0 ke lagabhaga apanA mahAkAvya banAyA hogA / isa viSaya meM yaha ullekha karanA ucita hai ki valabhI vaMza ke dharasena caturtha ke eka zilAlekha para 326 saMvat likhA huA hai / 318 I0 meM valabhI saMvat sthApita huA thA / yaha saMvat usI kA ullekha pratIta hotA hai / 'bhaTTi' zabda saMskRta ke 'bhartR' zabda kA prAkRta rUpa hai / isa AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki vaiyAkaraNa bhartRhari aura kavi bhaTTi eka hI vyakti haiM / TIkAkAroM ne donoM vyaktiyoM kI ekatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| isa ekatA kA AdhAra yaha hai ki donoM hI vyAkaraNa ke vidvAn the / bhartRhari ne vyAkaraNa darzana para vAkya - padIya nAmaka grantha likhA hai aura bhaTTi ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko spaSTa karane 1. dekho adhyAya 17 meM daNDI ke varNana meM / 2. rAvaNavadha 22--35 / 3. The collected works of Bhandarkar bhAga 3 pRSTha 228 /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 116 ke liye rAvaNavadha kAvya likhA hai / donoM lekhakoM kA kAla bhinna hai, ataH yaha ekatA svIkAra nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| bhaTTi kA kAla lagabhaga 650 I0 hai tathA bhartRhari kA lagabhaga 400 I0 hai / yaha rAvaNavadha bhaktikAvya hone ke atirikta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM aura alaMkAroM kA udAharaNa bhI hai| isakA 13vA~ sarga isa rUpa meM likhA gayA hai ki vaha saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM rUpoM meM par3hA jA sakatA hai / bhaTTi kI zailI sarala hai| isameM lambe samAsa nahIM hai| yaha vaidarbhI rIti meM likhA gayA hai / isakA lekhaka ke nAma se hI pracalita nAma 'bhaTTikAvya' hai| isameM lekhaka ne 22 sargoM meM rAma kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / ___ mAgha rAjA zrIvarmala ke Azrita ucca rAjakarmacArI suprabhadeva kA pautra aura dattaka kA putra thaa| 625 I0 kA rAjA varmalAta kA eka zilAlekha prApta hotA hai / saMbhavataH varmalAta aura zrIvarmala eka hI vyakti haiN| Anandavardhana ( 850 I0 ) nRpatuMga ( 850 I0 ) aura rAjazekhara ( 600 I0 ) ne mAgha kA ullekha kiyA hai| mAgha ke grantha zizupAlavadha' meM kAzikAvRtti para jinendrabuddhikRta ( 700 I0 ) nyAsa nAmaka TIkA kA ullekha milatA hai| mAgha ke TIkAkAra mallinAtha isa bAta kA samarthana karate haiM / ataH usakA samaya 700 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| katipaya vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai ki vaha yA to vaizya thA yA bauddha / ___ mAgha ne 20 sargoM meM zizupAlavadha nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai / isameM yudhiSThira dvArA kie gae rAjasUya yajJa kA varNana hai aura zrIkRSNa ke dvArA zizupAla ke vadha kA varNana hai| yaha bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya ke anukaraNa para banAyA gayA hai / donoM kA prArambha zriyaH zabda ( arthAt zrI ) se hotA hai aura donoM meM maMgalAcaraNa kA zloka nahIM hai / rAjanItika vivAda, parvatIya dRzya, madirAseviyoM kA dala, raNa-dRzya Adi kA varNana donoM mahAkAvyoM meM eka hI krama se huA hai| bhAravi ke tulya hI mAgha ne bhI 1. zizapAlavadha 2--112 /

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120 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yuddha ke varNana meM zabdAlaMkAroM ke prayoga meM nipuNatA dikhAI hai| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki 19veM sarga meM zabdAlaMkAroM ke prayoga meM mAgha bhAravi se Age nikala gayA hai| eka zloka aisA hai, jisameM kevala eka hI vyaMjana kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| usakA vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM aura alaMkAroM para asAdhAraNa adhikAra hai / usakA bahuta vyApaka zabdAvalI para adhikAra hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mAgha ke 6 sarga bItane para koI nayA zabda zeSa nahIM raha jAtA hai| isake pratyeka sarga ke antima zloka meM zrI zabda kA prayoga milatA hai / mAgha ke viSaya meM atiprasiddha ukti hai ki mAva ke kAvya meM upamA, arthagaurava aura lAlitya ye tInoM guNa upalabdha hote haiM / ___vAkpati ne prAkRta meM gauDavaho nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM 1206 zloka haiN| isameM kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmA ke dvArA gauDa rAjakumAra ke vadha kA varNana hai| yazovarmA vAkpati kA AzrayadAtA hai / yaha kAvya apUrNa hai / isameM kazmIra ke rAjA lalitAditya se 733 I0 ke lagabhaga yazovarmA ke parAjita hone taka kA varNana hai| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki vAkpati ne yaha grantha 733 I0 ke bAda likhA / ataH isa kAvya kA samaya 740 I0 ke lagabhaga hotA hai / vAkpati yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki vaha prasiddha nATakakAra bhavabhUti kA RNI hai / usakA yaha bhI kathana hai ki bhavabhUti yazovarmA kA Azrita kavi thA / isa kAvya meM lambe samAsa bahuta haiM / isase zreNya saMskRta ke kAla meM prAkRta kA kyA sthAna thA, yaha jJAta hotA hai / lekhaka ne apane kAvya meM apane pUrva racita eka kAvya madhumathanavijaya kA ullekha kiyA hai, parantu vaha aba naSTa ho gayA hai| 1. tAvad bhA bhArave ti yAvan mAghasya nodayaH / udite tu punarmAghe bhAraverbhA ravariva / / 2. zizupAlavadha 16--114 / 3. navasargagate mAghe navazabdo na vidyate / 4. upamA kAlidAsasya bhAraverarthagauravam / - daNDinaH padalAlityaM mAghe santi trayo guNAH / /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 121 eka jaina lekhaka haricanda ne dharmazarmAbhyudaya nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai / isameM 21 sarga haiM / isameM eka jaina muni dharmanAtha kA jIvana-carati varNana kiyA gayA hai / usa para mAgha aura vAkpati kA prabhAva par3A hai / ataH usakA samaya 800 I0 ke bAda honA caahie| usakA paricaya prApta hai / nItivarmA ne kIcakavadha nAmaka eka kAvya likhA hai / isameM pA~ca sarga haiM | isameM bhIma ke dvArA kIcaka ke vadha kA varNana hai / isameM anuprAsa aura zleSa kA bahuta adhikatA ke sAtha prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa lekhaka ke kAla aura paricaya ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai / bhoja (1005 se 1054 I0) ne isake kAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya navIM zatAbdI mAnA hai / ratnAkara ne 50 sarga meM haravijaya nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai / vaha kazmIra ke jayAditya aura avantivarmA kA prazrita kavi thA / usakI upAdhiyA~ rAjAnaka, vAgIzvara aura vidyAdhipati thIM / ataH unakA samaya 850 I0 hai / isake kAvya meM cAra sahasra zloka haiM / isameM ziva ke dvArA andhaka nAmaka rAkSasa ke vadha kA varNana hai / andhaka rAkSasa janma se andhA thA / usane tapasyA kI aura asAdhAraNa zakti prApta karake saMsAra kA adhipati bana gayA / isase bhayabhIta hokara devatAoM ne ziva kI sahAyatA mA~gI / ziva ne svayaM jAkara usa rAkSasa kA vadha kiyA | isa grantha ke dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha sAhitya-zAstriyoM ke dvArA nirdhArita mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM ko pUrNatayA vargata karane ke lie hI likhA gayA hai / yaha asAdhAraNa rUpa se lambA hai / lekhaka ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki bANa kI gadya zailI kA anukaraNa karane kA usane prayatna kiyA hai / kAvya kI dRSTi se yaha uccakoTi kA grantha nahIM hai, tathApi nRtya ke siddhAntoM kA vistRta varNana hone ke kAraNa bahumUlya grantha hai / ratnAkara ke vasantatilakAchanda ke prayoga - kauzala ko kSemendra ne pramANita kiyA / bhaTTa zivasvAmI yA zivasvAmI ne 20 sargoM meM kappaNAbhyudaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / vaha kazmIra ke pravantivarmA ( 850 I0 ) kA Azrita kavi

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122 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa thA, ataH ratnAkara kA samAkAlIna thA / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra eka dakSiNa ke rAjA kappaNa ne zrAvastI ke rAjA prasenajit para AkramaNa kA prayatna kiyA aura kisa prakAra prasenajit se yuddha kiye binA hI anta meM vaha bauddha ho jAtA hai / kappaNa kI senA ke uttara kI ora prasthAna ke varNana se lekhaka ko avasara prApta huA hai ki vaha sUryodaya, sUryAsta aura sainikoM ke madirApAna Adi kA varNana kara sake / isakA bhAva bauddhoM ke avadAnazatakoM se liyA gayA hai / isa kAvya para mAgha aura bhAravi kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / abhinanda yA jinheM gauDAbhinanda kahate haiM, prasiddha naiyAyika jayanta bhaTTa (880 I0) kA putra thaa| vaha kAdambarIkathAsAra nAmaka kAvya kA lekhaka hai / isameM 8 sarga haiM / yaha bANakRta kAdambarI kI saMkSipta kathA hai| __ kazmIra ke zatAnanda ke putra abhinanda ne rAmacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| vaha prathama abhinanda se sarvathA bhinna hai| isameM rAma kI kathA kA varNana hai / bhoja (1000 I0) aura mahimabhaTTa (1025 I0) ne isakA nAmollekha kiyA hai / isakA samaya navama zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha haiM / isane 36 sarga likhe haiM / isa kAvya kI bhASA sarala aura uccakoTi kI hai| yaha apUrNa grantha thA / isako do pRthak lekhakoM ne cAra-cAra sarga likhakara pUrA kiyA hai| ina cAra sargoM ke donoM pATha prApta hote haiN| eka jaina kavi dhanaMjaya ne rAghavapANDavIya kAvya likhA hai| isameM usane zleSa kA Azraya lekara rAma aura pANDavoM kI kathA sAtha hI unhIM zlokoM meM likhI hai arthAt pratyeka zloka ke do artha haiM, eka rAma ke pakSa meM aura dUsarA pANDavoM ke pakSa meN| dvisandhAna (arthAt eka sAtha do artha ke bodhaka) paddhati para bAda meM kaI kAvya likhe gae haiM / isa prakAra ke kAvyoM ke lekhaka haiM--kavirAja (1200 I0), rAmacandra (1542 I0), cidambara (1600 I0), veMkaTAdhvarI (1650 I0), meghavijayagaNi (1670 I0), haradatta sUri (1700 I0 se pUrva) Adi / dhanaMjaya kA samaya dazama zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha hai /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 123 eka jaina muni kamakasena vAdirAja ( 650 I0) ne cAra sargoM meM yazodharAcarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isameM eka jaina rAjA yazodharA ke jIvanacarita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / halAyudha ne kavirahasya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM vyAkaraNa ke dhAtusambandhI niyamoM ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / dhAtuoM ke vartamAna kAla ke rUpa diye gaye haiN| lekhaka ne ina dhAturUpoM ke dvArA apane AzrayadAtA kRSNa kI prazaMsA kI hai / yaha rAjA kRSNa rASTrakUTa rAjA tRtIya (640-656 I0) hai / ataH halAyudha kA samaya dazama zatAbdI uttarArdha samajhanA caahiye| __padmagupta, jisakA dUsarA nAma parimala yA parimalakAlidAsa hai, ne 18 sargoM meM navasAhasAMkacarita nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai| isakA racanAkAla (1005 I0) hai| yaha rAjA muMja (670 I0) aura rAjA bhoja (10051054 I0) kA Azrita kavi thA / yaha kAlidAsa kA bahuta prazaMsaka thaa| isane jo kucha sAhityika racanA kI hai, vaha kAlidAsa kI racanA se bahuta milatI huI hai / saMbhavataH isIlie isakA nAma parimalakAlidAsa par3A hai| isa kAvya meM usane apane AzrayadAtA bhoja kA varNana kiyA hai| bhoja kI upAdhi navasAhasAMka thii| isameM usane bhoja kI mRgayA kA varNana kiyA hai aura usakA nAgavaMza kI rAjakumArI zaziprabhA se vivAha kA varNana bhI kiyA hai| kazmIra kA kSemendra, jisakA dUsarA nAma vyAsadAsa hai, abhinavagupta ( 1000 I0 ) kA ziSya thA / isako sAhityika racanA kA kAla 11vIM zatAbdI ke madhyakAla ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahiye| isane sAhitya ke kaI vibhAgoM para kaI grantha likhe haiM / isane mahAbhArata kA saMkSepa bhAratamaMjarI, rAmAyaNa kA saMkSepa rAmAyaNamaMjarI aura guNADhaya kI pustaka bRhatkathA kA saMkSepa bRhatkathAmaMjarI nAma se likhA hai / ye tInoM rAcanAe~ padya meM haiM / viSNu ke dasa avatAra para usakA kAvya dazAvatAracarita hai / bANa kI kAdambarI kA padyAnuvAda usane padyakAdambarI nAma se kiyA hai| usakI anya racanAe~ naSTa ho gaI haiM / usake aucityavicAracarcA tathA anya granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usane zazivaMzamahA

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124 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kAvya aura amatataraMgakAvya bhI likhe the / usake anya lupta granthoM ke sAtha ye bhI lupta ho cuke haiN| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata Adi ke saMkSipta varNanoM se usakI sAhityika yogyatA kA patA nahIM calatA hai| usake ye grantha purANoM aura rAmAyaNAdi kI zailI para sarala pravAhayukta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| bilhaNa kazmIra meM utpanna huA thA / vaha jyeSThakalaza kA putra thaa| vahA~ para adhyayana ke bAda usane 1050 ke lagabhaga kazmIra chor3a diyA / bahuta samaya taka idhara-udhara ghUmane ke vAda 1070 I0 ke lagabhaga anahilavAda ke cAlukya-rAjA lokyamalla ke rAjadvAra meM sthira huaa| kucha varSa bAda vahA~ se haTa kara vaha kalyANa ke vikramAditya caturtha ke Azrita rAjakavi huaaa| usane 1085 I0 ke lagabhaga 18 sagoM meM vikramAMkadevacarita nAmaka mahAkAvya likhaa| isameM usane apane AzrayadAtA kA tathA usake pUrvajoM kA jIvana-carita varNana kiyA hai| isameM usane apane AzrayadAtA kI mRgayA-yAtrA tathA usakA zIlahara kI rAnI kI putrI candralekhA ke sAtha vivAha kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| antima sarga meM usane apane bhramaNa kA vivaraNa diyA hai / bilhaNa vistRta varNana karane meM atyanta nipuNa hai| usakI zailI bahuta uttama hai aura usakA kAvya vaidarbhI rIti kA acchA udAharaNa hai| isa grantha meM usane apane eka anya grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo rAma ke jIvana ke viSaya meM thA, para vaha aprApya hai| kuSNalIlAzuka kA dUsarA nAma bilvamaMgala thA / vaha 12vIM zatAbdI meM mAlAbAra meM utpanna huA thaa| usane bahuta se grantha likhe haiM, jo ki kAvya, gItikAvya, darzana aura vyAkaraNa Adi viSayoM para haiM / usane 12 sargoM meM govindAbhiSeka nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA udAharaNa dvArA spaSTIkaraNa hai| isakA dUsarA nAma zrIcihnakAvya hai| usake kAvyoM meM yaha sabase adhika prasiddha kAvya hai / grantha meM sAtha hI usane apane iSTa deva zrIkRSNa kI prazaMsA bhI kI hai|

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 125 maMkha yA maMkhaka ne 25 sargoM meM zrIkaNThacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / . isameM ziva ke dvArA tripura - nAza kA varNana hai / isameM mahAkAvya kI bahuta-sI vizeSatAe~ haiM / antima sarga meM usane kazmIra ke rAjA jayasiMha (11261150 I0 ) ke mantrI tathA apane bhAI laMka yA alaMkAra ke sAtha rAjadvAra meM nivAsa kA varNana kiyA hai / usane rAjazekhara, murAri Adi kA ullekha pa pUrvavartI kavi ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / kalhaNa, bilhaNa aura jalhaNa usake samakAlIna / usane apane bhAI alaMkAra ke Azrita jina kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unake viSaya meM koI sUcanA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai / maMkha ke cAra bhAI the / sabhI rAjya meM ucca padoM para the aura sabhI vidvAn the / kalhaNa ne maMkha ko rAjya meM mantrI ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai / vaha sAhityazAstrI ruyyaka kA ziSya thA / usakA samaya 1150 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / kalhaNa ne kazmIra kA itihAsa padya meM rAjataraMgiNI nAma se likhA hai| isameM ATha adhyAya haiM / usane yaha grantha 1146 I0 meM likhanA prArambha kiyA thA / ataH usakA samaya 1150 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / usakA grantha jayasiMha ke rAjya ke varNana ke sAtha samApta hotA hai / yaha alaMkAroM se alaMkRta eka uttama sAhityika grantha hai / jalhaNa ne somapAlavilAsa nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM rAjA somapAla kA itihAsa varNita hai / somapAla rAjapurI kA rAjA thA / lhaNa usa Azrita kavi thA / maMkha ne usakA nAmollekha kiyA hai / ataH usakA samaya 1150 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / vAgbhaTTa ne eka jaina santa neminAtha kI prazaMsA meM neminirvANa nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / vAgbhaTTa 1150 I0 ke lagabhaga jIvita thA / isI samaya ke lagabhaga sandhyAkaranandI ne apane AzrayadAtA baMgAla ke rAjA rAmapAla ( 11041130 I0 ) kI prazaMsA meM rAmapAlacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM rAjA rAmapAla kA itihAsa varNita hai / sAtha hI rAma kI kathA bhI varNita hai / isa dRSTi se yaha dvisandhAnakAvya hai /

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126 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hemacandra ( 1088-1172 I0 ) ne kaI viSayoM para grantha likhe haiM / vaha jaina thA / vaha 12vIM zatAbdI meM anahilavAda ( gajarAta ) ke rAjA jayasiMha aura usake uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla kA Azrita kavi thA / hemacandra ke prayatna se hI kumArapAla jaina huaA aura rAjya kA dharma jaina dharma ghoSita huA / hemacandra ne triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita aura vyAzrayakAvya nAmaka do kAvya grantha likhe haiN| inameM se prathama pustaka dasa parvo meM hai / isameM jaina dharma ke 63 vyaktiyoM kA jIvana carita vaNita hai| dUsare meM kavi ne apane prAzrayadAtA kumArapAla ke itihAsa kA varNana kiyA hai / ataH isako kumArapAlacarita bhI kahate haiM / isameM bIsa sarga saMskRta meM aura ATha sarga prAkRta meM haiM / ataH isako vyAzrayakAvya kahate haiM / hemacandra ne saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA ke lie jo vyAkaraNa-niyama banAe haiM, unakA isameM udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| ina donoM kAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki lekhaka kAvya ke dvArA jaina dharma ko jana-priya banAnA cAhatA thaa| kavirAja kAdamba vaMza ke rAjA kAmadeva (1182-1117 I0) kA Azrita kavi thaa| ataH usakA samaya 1160 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| vaha apane Apako vakrokti kA AcArya mAnatA hai aura apanA sthAna bANa aura subandhu ke sAtha rakhavAnA cAhatA hai| usane rAghavapANDavIya aura pArijAtaharaNa nAmaka do kAvya likhe haiN| inameM se prathama dvisandhAna kAvya hai / isameM rAma aura pANDavoM kI kathA 13 sargoM meM varNita kI gaI hai / dUsare meM 10 sarga haiN| isameM kRSNa ke dvArA svarga se pArijAta ke lAne kA varNana hai| kavirAja dvisandhAna kAvya kI racanA meM pravINa haiM tathA usameM unakI pratibhA kA vikAsa huA hai / isake lie nimnalikhita do zlokoM kA pramANa paryApta hai-- tadvAkyAnte dattakarNAnumodaH putraprItyA jAtakRcchaH kumAram / dharmAtmAnaM preSayAmAsa dUram vizvAmitraprItaye bhUmipAlaH / / 176 / /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 127 mAtrA samaM sAvarajaH sa rAjJA prasthApito dhAma tapodhanAnAm / sthAnAntaraM vidviSatAM raNeSu samarthakodaNDadharaH pratasthe / / 177 / / vaha apane ko vakrokti kA prAcArya kahatA hai tathA vakrokti ke AcArya bANa aura subandhu kI koTi meM apane ko sthAna detA hai / subandhurbANabhaTTazca kavirAja iti trayam / vakroktimArganipuNAzcaturtho vidyate na vA / / zrIharSa ke pitA kA nAma hIra aura mAtA kA nAma mAmalladevI thA / vaha 12vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM kannauja ke rAjA vijayacandra aura jayacandra kA Azrita kavi thA / usane cintAmaNi mantra kA japa kiyA aura kaI vidyAoM meM vizeSa yogyatA prApta kI / usane kaI grantha likhe haiN| usake kAvya granthoM meM se kevala naiSadhIyacarita hI upalabdha hotA hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki usane yaha mahAkAvya sATha sargoM meM likhA thA / usameM se kevala 22 sarga aba prApya haiN| usane nala aura damayantI kI kathA isameM varNita kI hai / isake 22veM sarga meM yaha kathA apUrNa prApta hotI hai / yaha mahAkAvya hai| isameM rasa, alaMkAra Adi ke varNana meM lekhaka kI maulikatA parilakSita hotI hai| usane sAhitya-zAstriyoM ke mahAkAvya-viSayaka niyamoM kI upekSA kI hai / kalpanAoM kI U~cI ur3Ana meM vaha sabhI sImAoM ko pAra kara jAtA hai| usane alaMkAroM ke prayoga ke lie darzana aura vyAkaraNa se udAharaNa lekara apanI vizeSa yogyatA kA paricaya diyA hai / usake isa mahAkAvya ko zAstrakAvya kaha sakate haiM / usakI zailI bahuta kaThina hai aura koSagranthoM kI sahAyatA ke binA hama usakA artha nahIM samajha sakate haiN| ataH usake lie kahA jAtA hai-naiSadhaM vidvadauSadham / zrIharSa ne apane kalA-kauzala kI abhivyakti yamakAlaMkAra meM bhI kI hai, 1. naiSadhIyacarita, sarga 1--145 /

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128 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kintu bahuta hI kama / 13veM sarga ke 34veM zloka kI racanA isa DhaMga kI hai ki usakA artha agni, yama, varuNa, nala aura indra---hareka ke viSaya meM lagAyA jA sakatA hai / kAvya meM yatra-tatra rocaka vRttAnta bhI haiN| vivAhotsavoM meM vadhUpakSa hI vivAha kA sUtrapAta karatA hai / sAdhu jana apane nAma kA uccAraNa svayaM nahIM krte| vivAhotsava ke . avasara para bhavana kA pravezadvAra kadalIstambhoM se sajAyA jAtA hai / isake kaI sargoM ke antima zlokoM meM usane apanI racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / inameM se kucha ye haiM--khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya, gauDoUzakulaprazasti, arNavavarNana aura sAhasAMkacarita / inameM se kevala khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya prApya hai / zeSa aprApya haiN| caNDakavi ne pRthvIrAjavijaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isameM usane ajamera aura dillI ke rAjA pRthvIrAja kI 1161 I0 meM sultAna zAhabuddIna gaurI ke Upara vijaya kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha kAvya pATha sargoM se yukta mudrita huA hai / yaha apUrNa hai / lekhaka kA samaya 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / candrakavi ne hI yaha kAvya banAyA hai, isakA koI pramANa prApta nahIM hotA hai| purI ke kRSNAnanda ne 15 sargoM meM sahRdayAnanda nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / usane isameM nala kA jIvana-carita varNana kiyA hai| lekhaka vaidarbhI rIti kA vizeSa vidvAn hai / ataH usake kAvya meM saralatA aura manojJatA hai / saMskRta ke vizeSa rocaka kAvya granthoM meM yaha bhI eka hai / lekhaka kA samaya 13vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha ke lagabhaga hai / lagabhaga isI samaya kazmIra ke jayaratha ne haracaritacintAmaNi nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / yaha padyAtmaka 32 prakAzoM ( sarga ) meM likhA gayA hai| isameM ziva aura kazmIrI zaivoM ke parAkamoM kA varNana kiyA 1. naiSadhIyacarita 1--50 / 2. , 6-13 / 3. 16--18 /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 126 gayA hai / lagabhaga isI samaya eka jaina kavi abhayadeva huA hai / usane 1221 I0 meM 16 sargoM meM jayantavijaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM usane vikramasiMha ke parivAra ke eka rAjA jayanta ke jIvana kA varNana kiyA hai / arisiMha ne 1222 I0 meM 11 sargoM meM sukRtasaMkIrtana nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / yaha rAjA vIradhavala ( 1220 I0 ) ke mantrI vastupAla kA Azrita kavi thA / isameM usane vIradhavala kI vaMzAvalI aura vastupAla ke paropakAroM kA varNana kiyA hai / vastupAla ke prazaMsaka eka kavi bAlacandrasUri ne 1240 I0 meM 14 sargoM meM vasantavilAsa nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM vastupAla ke kAryoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / vastupAla kA mitra somezvaradeva vIradhavala kA Azrita kavi thA / vaha 13vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM huA thA / usane 15 sargoM meM surathotsava nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM usane caitra vaMza ke rAjA suratha kA suyaza - varNana kiyA hai / vastupAla ke prAzrita kaviyoM meM eka kavi zramaracandra ( 1250 I0) bhI thA / isane 44 sargoM meM bAlabhArata nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM mahAbhArata kI kathA varNita hai / zailI kI dRSTi se isameM kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza kI-sI manojJatA hai / devaprabhasUri ne 18 sargoM meM pANDavacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isakA samaya 1250 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / isameM pANDavoM ke jIvana kA varNana hai aura ucca guNoM ke AcaraNa para bala diyA gayA hai / candraprabhasUri ne 1878 I0 meM jaina santa prabhAvaka ke jIvana ke viSaya meM prabhAvakacarita kAvya likhA hai / vIranandI ne 13vIM zatAbdI meM candraprabhacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / yaha 18 sargoM meM hai / isameM rAjA kanakaprabha aura jaina muni candraprabha kA jIvanacarita varNita hai / sarvAnanda ne 1300 I0 ke lagabhaga 7 sargoM meM jagadUcarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / yaha 1256 I0 meM gujarAta meM par3e akAla ke samaya jagad nAmaka jaina muni ke dvArA kI gaI akAla pIr3itoM kI sahAyatA kA varNana karatA hai / nayacandra ne 1310 I0 ke lagabhaga 17 sargoM meM hammIramahAkAvya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM cauhAna vaMzI rAjA hammIra kA varNana kiyA gayA saM0sA0 i0-- 6

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130 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai ki kisa prakAra usane alAuddIna se eka musalamAna ko Azraya dekara bacAyA aura pariNAmasvarUpa alAuddIna ne usakI rAjadhAnI ko ghera liyA aura use mAra DAlA / * vAsudeva ke pitA kA nAma maharSi aura mAtA kA nAma gopAlikA thA / ve mAlAbAra ke vedAraNya sthAna ke nivAsI the / usane 21 kAvya-grantha likhe haiM / unameM se kucha yamaka alaMkAra se paripUrNa haiM / inameM se yudhiSThiravijaya aura noda do adhika prasiddha kAvya haiM / prathama meM yudhiSThira ke parAkramoM kA varNana ATha AzvAsoM meM hai / dUsare meM nala kI rAjya prApti ke bAda nala ke jIvana kA cAra AzvAsoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / prathama meM ullekha hai ki isa kAvya kI racanA ke samaya rAjA kulazekhara rAjya karate the aura dUsare meM rAjA rAma kA ullekha hai / ina donoM ullekhoM ke AdhAra para koI samaya kA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / mAlAbAra meM kaI rAjA hue haiM, jisakI upAdhi kulazekhara hai / vidvAnoM ne isa lekhaka kA samaya Adi nizcita nahIM kiyA hai / mAlAbAra meM kaI kaviyoM kA nAma vAsudeva hai / kucha AlocakoM kA mata hai ki yudhiSThiravijaya kAvya kA racayitA aura nalodaya kAvya ke racayitA do bhinna vAsudeva haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ne yudhiSThira vijaya ke kuzalazekhara ke AdhAra para lekhaka kA samaya 800 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA hai / unakA mata hai ki isa samaya kerala meM kulazekhara nAma kA eka rAjA rAjya karatA thA / kucha vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai / unake matAnusAra yaha vAsudeva hI nArAyaNIya kA lekhaka tathA nArAyaNa bhaTTa kA putra hai / nalodaya kA samaya 1566 I0 se pUrva honA cAhiye, kyoMki isakI sabase prAcIna hastalipi kA samaya yaha hai / uddaNDakavi (1400 I0) ne vAsudeva ke pitA kA nAma maharSi likhA hai / ' vAcaspati mizra ( 850 I0) ko nyAyakaNikA kI TIkA kavi vAsudeva ke bhatIje paramezvara ne kI hai / ataH lekhaka kA samaya 600 I0 se 1400 I0 1. dazama oriyanTala kAnphrensa ke vivaraNa meM yamaka kavi vAsudeva ke viSaya meM beMkaTarAma zarmA kA lekha /

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 131 ke bIca meM hai / nalodaya kA racayitA kAlidAsa ko kahanA bhUla hai / eka TIkAkAra ne isakA lekhaka ravidAsa likhA hai / agastya vAraMgala ke rAjA pratAparudradeva ( 1294 - 1325 I0 ) kA Azrita kavi thA / paramparA ke anusAra vaha 74 kAvyoM kA racayitA hai / inameM se kucha prApya haiM / isake AzrayadAtA ne isako vidyAnAtha kI upAdhi dI thI / usane pANDavoM ke jIvana ke viSaya meM 20 sargoM meM bAlabhArata kAvya likhA hai / isameM vaidarbhI zailI kI sundara manoramatA prApta hotI hai / vedAntadezika kA vAstavika nAma veMkaTanAtha thA / isakA samaya 12681266 I0 hai / vaha mahAn kavi aura dArzanika thA / usane saMskRta aura tAmila bhASA meM vibhinna viSayoM para lagabhaga 120 grantha likhe haiM / vaha kAMcI kA nivAsI thA aura rAmAnuja ke viziSTAdvaita kA anuyAyI thA / usane jIvana bhara athaka sAhityika kArya kiyA hai / usane yAdavAbhyudaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM 24 sarga haiM / isameM kRSNa kI kathA kA varNana hai / usane kRSNa ke jIvana kI pratyeka ghaTanA ko liyA hai aura usakI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi dete hue usako sAhityika saundarya pradAna kiyA hai ke dvArA narakAsura kA vadha tathA narakAsura kI jAne kA varNana hai / sAtha hI vimAna se bhUtala ke dRzyoM ke rUpa kA varNana hai / isake paSTha sarga meM bhAravi aura mAgha ke tulya zabdAlaMkAroM kA pradarzana hai / lekhaka ne vibhinna zailiyoM kA bhI pradarzana kiyA hai / usako usakI vidvattA ke AdhAra para vedAntAcArya, kavitArkikasiMha aura sarvatantrasvatantra upAdhiyA~ dI gaI thIM / usake isa kAvya kI TIkA appayadIkSita ( 1600 I0 ) ne kI hai / / isake 18veM sarga meM kRSNa rAjadhAnI se kRSNa ke dvArakA gaMgAdevI vijayanagara ke bukka prathama ( 1343 - 1376 I0 ) ke dvitIya putra kampana kI patnI thI / usane mathurAvijaya yA vIrakamparAyacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / yaha apUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha hai / usane apane pati ke parAkrama aura usake dakSiNa kI ora yAtrA kA varNana kiyA hai / kampana mathurA gayA aura vahA~ ke rAjA kA usane vadha kiyA / ataH usane mathurAvijaya nAma

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132 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rakkhA thaa| gaMgAdevI kA samaya 1380 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / lolambarAja vijaya nagara ke rAjA harihara kA Azrita kavi thA / usane 1400 I0 meM hari-vilAsa nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isameM 5 sarga haiM / isameM kRSNa aura unake parAkrama kA varNana hai / / vAmanabhaTTa bANa vatsagotra ke komaTi yajvan kA putra thA / vaha vidyAraNya kA ziSya thA / vaha adaMkI ke rAjA peddakomaTi vemabhUpAla (1403-1420 I0) kA Azrita kavi thaa| ataH usakA samaya 15vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM mAnanA caahie| usane rAma ke jIvana-carita ke viSaya meM 30 sargoM meM raghunAthacarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai aura nala ke viSaya meM 8 sargoM kA nalAbhyudaya kAvya likhA hai| kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI ko jonarAja ( 1450 I0 ) ne cAlU rakkhA / usane jayasiMha se lekara sultAna jaina-e-abidina taka kA varNana likhA hai| jonarAja ke ziSya zrIvara ne apane guru ke kArya ko apanI jainarAjataraMgiNI meM cAlU rakkhA hai / usane 1468 I0 taka ke rAjAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| eka bAda ke lekhaka prAjya bhaTTa ne rAjAvalipatAkA nAmaka grantha likhA hai aura 1468 I0 se lekara akabara ke dvArA kazmIra ko milAne ke samaya taka kA kazmIra kA itihAsa-varNana kiyA hai / mAlAbAra ke eka kavi sukumAra kavi (1450 I0) ne kRSNa ke parAkrama ke viSaya meM cAra sargoM meM kRSNavilAsa nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isakI zailI kI saralatA aura manoramatA ne isako mAlAbAra ke sabase prasiddha kaviyoM meM sthAna dilAyA hai| rAjanAtha dvitIya vijayanagara ke rAjAoM kA Azrita kavi thaa| isakI upAdhi DiNDima-kavisArvabhauma thii| vaha vijayanagara ke rAjAoM ke senApati sAlva narasiMha kA priya kavi thaa| usane 1430 I0 ke lagabhaga 13 sargoM meM sAluvAbhyudaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isameM usane sAlva narasiMha ke parAkrama tathA usake pUrvajoM kA varNana kiyA hai| usake pautra rAjanAtha tRtIya ne

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 133 1540 I0 ke lagabhaga 20 sargoM meM acyutarAyAbhyudaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai | isameM usane vijayanagara ke kRSNadevarAya ke bhAI rAjA acyutarAya (15301542 I0) ke parAkrama kA varNana kiyA hai / lakSmaNa bhaTTa ke putra rAmacandra ne 1542 I0 meM dvisandhAna paddhati para rasikaraMjana nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / eka ora se par3hane para yaha zRMgArika artha detA hai aura dUsarI ora se par3hane para vairAgya - sambandhI arthaM detA hai / mAlAbAra ke nivAsI utprekSAvallabha ne 36 paddhati ( adhyAya ) meM eka pUrNa bhikSATanakAvya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra ziva eka bhikSuka ke rUpa meM eka dAnI cola rAjA ke dAna kI parIkSA ke lie usake pAsa jAte haiM / lekhaka kA nAma graMtha meM nahIM diyA huA hai / isake kAvya meM zivabhaktadAsa zabda AtA hai / isake AdhAra para kucha vyakti isakA yahI nAma mAnate haiM, kintu yaha kevala kalpanA hI hai / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki usakI uttama utprekSAoM kI prazaMsA meM use utprekSAvallabha upAdhi dI gaI thI / isa grantha kA samaya ajJAta hai / Alocaka isakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnate haiM / rudrakavi ne 20 sargoM meM rASTrauDhavaMzamahAkAvya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai | isameM usane mayUragiri ke prathama rAjA rASTrauDha se lekara nArAyaNazAha taka ke parivAra kA varNana kiyA hai / yaha nArAyaNazAha kA Azrita kavi thA / isane yaha kAvya 1596 I0 meM likhA hai / cidambara ne 1600 I0 ke lagabhaga trisandhAna paddhati para rAghavapANDavayAdavIya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isake pratyeka zloka ke tIna artha haiM / isane eka sAtha unhIM zlokoM meM rAma, pAMDavoM aura kRSNa kA jIvana-carita varNana kiyA hai / yajJanArAyaNa tanjora ke nAyaka rAjA acyuta ( 1577-1614 I0 ) aura usake uttarAdhikArI raghunAtha ke pradhAna mantrI govinda dIkSita kA putra thA / yajJanArAyaNa raghunAtha kA Azrita kavi thA / usakA samaya 1600 I0

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134 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / usane 16 sargoM meM raghunAthabhUpavijaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma sAhityaratnAkara hai / isameM raghunAtha kA jIvanacarita hai| rAjacUr3AmaNi dIkSita appayadIkSita ke samakAlIna ratnakheTa zrInivAsa dIkSita kA putra thA / vaha tanjora ke rAjA raghunAtha kA Azrita kavi thA / vaha 1620 I0 ke lagabhaga thA / usane vibhinna viSayoM para kaI grantha likhe haiN| usane 10 sargoM meM rukmiNI-kalyANa nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isameM kRSNa kA rukmiNI ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana hai / isakI zalI sarala aura sundara hai / rAjA raghunAtha kI patnI rAnI rAmabhadrAmbA uccakoTi kI kaviyitrI thiiN| vaha apane pati ko zrIrAma kA avatAra mAnatI thii| usane apane pati ke parAkramoM kI prazaMsA meM 12 sargoM meM raghunAthAbhyudaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| raghunAtha svayaM bhI uccakoTi kA kavi thA / kahA jAtA hai ki usane bahuta se grantha likhe haiN| cakra kavi ne 8 sargoM meM jAnakIpariNaya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM rAma aura sItA ke vivAha kA varNana hai| vaha madurA ke tirumala nAyaka kA Azrita kavi thA / usakA samaya 1650 I0 hai / __ nIlakaNTha appayadIkSita ke bhAI kA pautra thaa| vaha 1613 I0 meM utpanna huA thA / vaha govinda dIkSita ke putra veMkaTezvara makhina kA ziSya thaa| vaha madurA ke tirumala nAyaka kA pradhAna mantrI thA / usake sAhityika kArya kA samaya 1650 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| usane ucca zailI meM kaI manohara graMtha likhe haiM / usane zivalIlArNava aura gaMgAvataraNa do kAvya grantha likhe haiN| pahale meM 22 sarga haiN| isameM hAlAsyanAtha kI 64 krIr3AoM kA varNana hai / madurA meM ziva kI hAlAsyanAtha nAma se hI pUjA hotI hai / gaMgAvataraNa meM 8 sarga haiN| isameM bhUtala para gaMgA ke avataraNa kA varNana hai| veMkaTAdhvarI kAMcI kA nivAsI thaa| vaha rAmAnuja ke sampradAya kA thaa| vaha eka mahAn kavi aura dArzanika thA / vaha 1650 I0 ke lagabhaga huA

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 135 thaa| usane yAdavarAghavIya nAmaka kAvya 30 zlokoM meM likhA hai aura usa para svayaM TIkA kI hai / yaha dvisandhAna paddhati para likhA gayA kAvya hai / lekhaka anuprAsa ke prayoga meM atyanta nipuNa hai / usane isameM anuprAsa ke samAveza ke kAraNa kAvya ko atyanta kaThina banA diyA hai| ___ eka jaina kavi meghavijayagaNi ne 1671 I0 meM 6 sargoM meM saptasandhAna-mahA kAvya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| isameM usane vRSabhanAtha, zAntinAtha, pArzvanAtha, neminAtha, mahAvIrasvAmI, kRSNa aura baladeva ke jIvana-carita kA varNana kiyA hai / isa kAvya ke pratyeka zloka ke sAta artha haiM / ataH pratyeka zloka meM sAtoM vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA varNana sAtha hI sAtha calatA hai| yaha kAvya dhanaMjaya, kavirAja Adi ke dvisandhAna kAvyoM kI paddhati para banAyA gayA hai| isa kAvya ke atirikta usane jaina muniyoM aura jaina darzana ke viSaya meM kaI grantha likhe haiN| ___ eka jaina kavi devavimalagaNi ne 17 sargoM meM hIrasaubhAgya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai aura usa para svayaM TIkA kI hai| usane isameM hIravijayasUri kA jIvanacarita varNana kiyA hai| akabara ne inheM jagadguru kI upAdhi dI thii| isakA racanAkAla 1700 I0 ke lagabhaga hai| rAmabhadra dIkSita ne 8 sargoM meM pataMjalicarita nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM usane vaiyAkaraNa pataMjali kA jIvana-carita varNana kiyA hai / vaha rAma kA kaTTara bhakta thA / vaha taMjora ke rAjA zAhajI ( 1684-1711 I0 ) kA Azrita kavi thA / ataH usakA samaya 1700 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / 18vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM haradatta sUri ne dvisandhAna paddhati kA rAghavanaiSadhIya nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM do sarga haiN| isameM rAma aura nala kA jIvana-caritra sAtha hI sAtha varNita hai| pUre kAvya sAhitya ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki isakA bahuta unnata rUpa se vikAsa huA hai / isake vikAsa meM tIna kAla-vibhAga dRSTigocara hote haiM,

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136 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa arthAt ( 1 ) kAlidAsa se pUrvavartI kavi, ( 2 ) kAlidAsa, ( 3 ) kAlidAsa ke paravartI kavi / kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI kAla kA pratinidhitva kevala vAlmIki kA rAmAyaNa karatA hai / kAlidAsa kI sAhityika yogyatA aura zreSThatA ke kAraNa usake pUrvavartI anya kaviyoM kA nAma aura unakI kRtiyA~ naSTa ho gaI haiM / isa samaya bhAva ko sarvocca sthAna diyA gayA thA aura kAvya kI zailI ko gauNa sthAna prApta thA / ataH kaviyoM ko apanI racanAtmaka zakti ko vikasita aura prakAzita karane kA acchA avasara prApta huA / kAlidAsa aura usake turanta bAda ke kavi dvitIya kAla vibhAga meM Ate haiM / isa samaya bhAva aura bhASA ko samAna evaM saMtulita rUpa diyA gayA jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki bhAva aura bhASA donoM saMtulita rUpa meM prakaTa hue / kaviyoM kI racanA - tmaka zakti aura AlaMkArika saundarya kavitA meM sAtha-sAtha calate rahe / isa kAla meM kavitA kA jo ucca rUpa kAlidAsa ne prastuta kiyA, vaha azvaghoSa ke kAvya se kucha avanata avasthA meM prApta hotA hai / tRtIya kAla - vibhAga kI katipaya pramukha vizeSatAe~ haiM / vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra ne tathA anya sAhitya - zAstriyoM ke zAstrIya granthoM ne kaviyoM ko itanA prabhAvita kara diyA hai ki unakI kavitA meM kRtrimatA aura pUrvAnukaraNa vizeSa rUpa se lakSita hotA hai / pratyeka kavi apane AzrayadAtA ko tathA vidvanmaMDalI ko santuSTa karanA cAhatA thA / usake kAvya ko AlocakoM kI parIkSA meM uttIrNa honA par3atA thA, tabhI vaha ucita sthAna pA sakatA thA / jo kavi aise vAtAvaraNa meM prasiddhi prApta karanA cAhate the, unake kAvyoM meM bhAvoM ke sthAna para bhAvukatA, pravAha ke sthAna para kalpanA, anubhUti ke sthAna para pANDitya-pradarzana dRSTigocara hotA hai / jaba racanAtmaka pravRtti kA mahattva kama huA, taba kAvya ke bAhya rUpa ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta huA aura pariNAmasvarUpa viSaya kA sthAna gauNa ho gayA / bhAvoM kI bali dekara hI aisA karanA saMbhava huA / kaviyoM ne kevala zAbdika - camatkAra - pradarzana meM apanI kuzalatA kA pradarzana prArambha kiyA aura isakI pratiyogitA prArambha ho gaI / mahA

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kAlidAsa ke bAda ke kavi 137 kAvya ke lie nirdhArita niyamoM ke pAlana ke lie katipaya ese varNanoM ko sthAna diyA gayA, jo vahA~ para vastutaH Avazyaka aura upayukta nahIM haiM / ratnAkara ke haravijaya, maMkha ke zrIkaNThacarita aura zivasvAmI ke kappayAbhyudaya Adi meM yaha pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai / kaviyoM ne zabdAlaMkAroM ke prayoga meM hI apanI maulikatA dikhAnI prArambha ko / isa viSaya meM bhAravi, mAgha, kumAradAsa, vAsudeva, zivasvAmI aura veMkaTAdhvarI vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / kucha kAvyoM meM vaiyAkaraNoM kA prabhAva vizeSarUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai / azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita aura bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya meM yaha pravRtti vizeSatayA dikhAI detI hai / bhaTTi, bhIma aura halAyudha ne apane kAvya kevala isalie banAe haiM ki unameM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke udAharaNa prastuta kie jAyeM / jyoM-jyoM kavitA bAhyarUpAtmaka adhika hotI gaI, zrIharSa jaise kucha kaviyoM ne apane kAvya meM kavitva ke atirikta anya viSayoM kA pANDitya pradarzita karanA prArambha kara diyA / eka naI pravRtti prArambha huI ki zleSa alaMkAra kA Azraya lekara eka se adhika bhAvoM ko eka sAtha prakAzita kiyA jAya / isa viSaya meM dhanaMjaya caura kavirAja ke rAghavapANDavIya kAvya Adi, jo ki dvisandhAna paddhati para likhe gae haiM, vizeSatathA ullekhanIya haiM / DA0 e0 bI0 kItha ne ThIka hI likhA hai ki "zleSa alaMkAra kA bhASA para bahuta ghAtaka prabhAva par3atA hai / yogyatama kavi ke lie asaMbhava hai ki vaha zleSa ke dvArA do artha eka sAtha prakaTa kare aura artha, racanA tathA anvaya meM kheMca na kare / isa prayatna kA prabhAva yaha hotA hai ki usa samaya ke vartamAna koSa -granthoM ko sUkSmatA ke sAtha dekhA jAtA hai aura aise zabda DhU~r3ha kara nikAle jAte haiM jo aneka arthoM kA bodha karA sakeM / pariNAmasvarUpa kavitva - sAdhanA ke sthAna para bauddhika parizrama hone lagatA hai aura vicAroM tathA bhAvoM ko sarvathA naSTa kiyA jAtA hai / "" isa kAla meM sAmpradAyika bhAvoM kA bahuta prAbalya rahA hai / bauddhoM aura jainoM ne kAvya - sAhitya ko bahuta de dI hai / isa dRSTi se azvaghoSa aura hemacandra uccakoTi ke 1. A. B. Keith; History of Sanskrit Literature. pRSTa 127

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138 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kAvya-lekhaka haiM / itihAsa bhI kAvya ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai / isa vibhAga ke kalhaNa aura vilhaNa Adi pramukha kavi haiN| prAkRta kA bhI kAvya-sAhitya ke lie prayoga hone lgaa| prAkRta meM likhe gae kAvyoM meM pravarasena kA setubandha mukhya hai| uttarI bhAratavarSa kaviyoM kA mukhya kendra rahA hai / dakSiNI bhArata kA mahattva AndhrabhRtya, valabhI Adi rAjavaMzoM ke Azrita kaviyoM ke dvArA huA hai / gujarAta meM dasavIM zatAbdI se lekara lagabhaga tIna zatAbdI bAda taka asaMkhya jaina kavi hue haiN| ina kaviyoM kA vizeSa jhukAva mahAbhArata kI kathAoM kI ora thA / chaThavIM zatAbdI taka dakSiNa meM saMskRta ke kavi nahIM hue the / isake pazcAt pallava, cAlukya, cera, cola, pANDya rAjAoM tathA vijayanagara, tanjaura aura madurA ke rAjAoM ne saMskRta kaviyoM ko protsAhana diyA / mAlAbAra ne AThavIM zatAbdI se lekara 16vIM zatAbdI taka asaMkhya kavi utpanna kie haiM / mAlAbAra, vijayanagara, tanjaura, kAMcI aura madurA meM isa kAla meM hue kaviyoM ke kAryoM ke vivaraNa ke lie eka svatantra grantha likhe jAne kI AvazyakatA hai / appaya dIkSita ke prasiddha vaMzajoM ne tathA usake parivAra se saMbaddha anya vyaktiyoM ne kAvya-sAhitya ko bahumUlya dena dI hai| isa kAla kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki isa samaya kaviyitriyA~ bhI huI haiM / aMgrejoM ke Agamana taka kavi rAjAoM ke Azrita hokara prasiddhi pAte rahe haiM / aMgrejoM ke zAsana ke prArambha hone ke samaya se rAjA naSTa hote gae aura sAhityikoM ko protsAhana dene vAlA koI bhI na rahA, ataH sAhityika kArya dhIre-dhIre avanata hote ge|

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adhyAya 14 gIti-kAvya gIti-kAvya kAvya kA vaha rUpa hai, jo vAdyoM ke sAtha saMgItAtmaka rUpa meM gAyA jA sakatA hai / gIti-kAvya prema, zoka yA bhakti ke bhAvoM, vicAroM yA anubhavoM kA prakAzana hai| yaha mAnava-hRdaya kA svAbhAvika pravAha hai| yaha hRdgata bhAvoM kA svataHsiddha prakAzana hai| yaha sAmAnya kavitA kI apekSA bhAvanAoM ko adhika prabhAvita karatA hai / saMskRta sAhitya meM gIti-kAvya adhika lambe nahIM haiN| parimANa meM yaha eka zloka se lekara kaI zlokoM taka kA hotA hai / gIti-kAvya meM jo kucha kahA jAtA hai, vaha svataH pUrNa hotA hai / bhAratIya gIti-kAvya meM jIvoM aura vRkSoM kA pramukha sthAna rahA hai / gIti-kAvya ke lekhakoM ne tulanA ke lie cakora, cakravAka, cAtaka, kamala, latA tathA anya vRkSoM ko liyA hai / gIti-kAvya ko khaNDa-kAvya kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki yaha padyarUpa meM hotA hai; parantu kAvya ke pUre lakSaNa isameM nahIM hote haiM / / saMskRta ke gIti-kAvyoM ne 19vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke jarmana kavi hInarica hIna ko prabhAvita kiyA / phalataH usane 'aAfa phlUgelna Desa jesenjesa' nAmaka gIti-kAvya kI racanA kii| __gItikAvyoM kA udgama vaidika-kAla se hI huA hai / zoka ke pravAha meM vAlmIki ke zlokAtmaka udgAra ko gItikAvya kaha sakate haiM / gItikAvya ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai--(1) zRMgArika (2) dhArmika / zRMgArika gItikAvya zRMgArika gItikAvya vibhinna rUpoM meM prApta hote haiM / inameM se dUta paddhati ke gItikAvya vizeSa pracalita haiN| aise gItikAvyoM meM viyogI premI apanI 136

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140 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa premikA ko praNaya-sandeza bhejatA hai / yaha sandeza kisI dUta ke dvArA bhejA jAtA hai / dUta kA nirNaya premI apanI icchAnusAra karatA hai / aise gItikAvyoM meM kucha aise bhI haiM, jinameM premikA apane priya ko sandeza bhejatI hai / ____gItikAvyoM meM, vizeSakara dUtakAvyoM meM, kAlidAsa kA meghadUta sarvazreSTha hai| isako meghasandeza bhI kahate haiN| yaha do bhAgoM meM hai, pUrvamegha aura uttaramegha / pUrvamegha meM kahA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra eka yakSa ko alakA meM sthita apanI premikA se viyukta hokara rAmagiri parvata para rahanA par3A / varSA Rtu ke prArambha meM usakI icchA huI ki apane viyoga meM duHkhita premikA ko sAntvanA kA sandeza bhejUM aura apanI avasthA kA bhI samAcAra bhejUM / usane samIpastha parvata kI coTI para lage hue eka megha ko dekhaa| usane megha se kahanA prArambha kiyaa| sarvaprathama megha kA svAgata karane ke bAda usane use alakA kA mArga batAyA / kavi ne mArga meM sthita sthAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai| uttaramegha meM usane alakA nagarI kA varNana kiyA hai aura vahA~ para apane gaha kI pahacAna batAI hai / tatpazcAt apanI premikA kI avasthA kA varNana karake usane vaha sandeza batAyA hai, jo use vahA~ jAkara sunAnA hai / kucha AlocakoM kA mata hai ki kAlidAsa ne apane vaiyaktika anubhavoM ko prakaTa karane ke lie isako banAyA hai / vikramAditya ne unheM kuntaleza kI rAjasabhA meM eka rAjadUta banAkara bhejA thA / isa kAvya ke mAdhyama se unhoMne apanI una vyaktigata anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti kI hai jo usa samaya unheM apane parivAra se vilaga hone kI avasthA meM huii| isameM satyatA hai yA nahIM, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| kintu yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki kAlidAsa ko isa kAvya kI racanA karane kI preraNA rAmAyaNa, nala-kathA tathA usa sandeza se prApta huI jise rukmiNo ne kRSNa ke pAsa eka brAhmaNa dvArA bhejA thA / kavi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana karane meM bar3A hI kuzala hai / isa kAvya meM usakI isa zakti kI spaSTa jhalaka milatI hai| usane mandAkrAntA chanda cunA jo isa viSaya ke lie upayukta kahA gayA hai / dekhie :--

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gIti-kAvya prAvRT pravAsavyasane mandAkrAntA virAjate / unhoMne isa chanda ko asAmAnya saundarya ke sAtha apanAyA hai / suvA kAlidAsasya mandAkrAntA pravalgati / / - suvRttatilaka 3 / 33 isa kAvya meM 115 zloka haiM / isa zloka - saMkhyA ke sambandha meM mataikya nahIM hai / ' kAlidAsa ne jo bhAva prakaTa kie haiM, usase usake mUla srota kA jJAna hotA hai / rAmAyaNa meM sugrIva kA vAnaroM ko laMkA kA mArga batAnA, laMkA kA varNana, sAyaMkAla ke samaya hanumAna kA laMkA meM praveza, azokavana meM sItA kA varNana aura agale dina prAtaHkAla hanumAna kA sItA se milanA Adi varNanoM kA prabhAva kAlidAsa ke isa kAvya para par3A hai / 1. mallinAtha 121 pUraNasarasvatI 110 dakSiNAvartanAtha 110 bharatasena 114 2. tulanA karo - meghadUta uttaramegha zloka 37 kAlidAsa ne apane isa kAvya ko hArdika bhAvoM se pUrNa kiyA hai / yakSa kI patnI kA varNana tathA usakI viyogAvasthA ke varNana se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki kisa prakAra kAlidAsa ne mAnava hRdaya ke bhAvoM kA gambhIratApUrvaka adhyayana kiyA hai, vizeSarUpa se vipatti ke kAla meM / usane manuSyoM ke tathA prakRti ke sukumAra evaM sundara svarUpa aura bhAvoM kA gambhIratA se nirIkSaNa kiyA hai / jisa prakAra manuSya apane bhAvoM ko prakaTa kara sakatA hai, usI prakAra : anya jIva aura vanaspati bhI apane hArdika bhAvoM ko prakaTa kara sakate haiM / ataeva kAlidAsa ne mAnava jagat ko prAkRtika jagat se sambaddha kiyA hai / yaha kAlidAsa ke megha ke varNana aura usakI yAtrA ke varNana se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai / usakI zailI pariSkRta, utkRSTa aura sundara hai / usane spaSTarUpa se prati tathA vallabhadeva 111 " " 36 aura 38 48 141 ---- 11 rAmAyaNa sundarakANDa sarga 22 ke zloka 17 aura 18: 53 kA zloka 2 38 kAkAsura vRttAnta 23

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142 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pAdita kiyA hai ki viraha-prema ke kaI lAbha haiM aura yaha puruSa tathA strI ke prema ko zuddha banAe rakhane ke lie anivArya bhI hai| kAlidAsa ne jo mArga batAyA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki use bhaugolika jJAna ThIka thA aura vaha vibhinna sthAnoM ke logoM ke jIvana aura vyavahAroM se samyaktayA paricita thaa| kAlidAsa ne isa kAvya ke lie mandAkrAntA chanda cunA hai aura saMpUrNa kAvya meM isakA saphalatA se prayoga kiyA hai / meghadUta ko sArvabhauma prazaMsA prApta huI hai| isane pAzcAtya kaviyoM ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai / jarmana kavi zolara (1800 I0) ne kAlidAsa ke isa gItikAvya ke Adarza para 'mAriyA sTuarTa' nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM eka bandI rAnI ne megha ko sandeza diyA hai ki vaha phrAMsa kI bhUmi kI badhAI vahA~ pahu~cAve jahA~ usane yuvAvasthA bitAI hai / bAda ke kaviyoM para meghadUta kA prabhAva bahuta adhika par3A hai / isI rUparekhA para anukaraNasvarUpa kAvya banAne ke liye yaha unakA Adarza rahA hai / anukaraNa vAle kAvyoM meM eka prakAra yaha bhI rahA hai ki usameM kAlidAsa ke meghadUta ke pratyeka zloka kI eka yA adhika paMkti ko apane zloka meM sammilita kara liyA gayA hai / isa prayatna kA suphala yaha huA hai ki meghadUta ke zloka surakSita raha gaye haiN| jinasena (814 I0 ke lagabhaga) ne pArvAbhyudaya nAmaka kAvya cAra sargoM meM likhA hai / isameM usane jaina muni pArzvanAtha kA jIvana-carita varNana kiyA hai / isameM meghadUta ke 120 zloka surakSita milate haiM / vikrama kavi (samaya ajJAta) ne nemidUta nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM usane jaina muni neminAtha kA jIvana-carita varNana kiyA hai / isake kAvya meM meghadUta ke 125 zloka surakSita milate haiN| isake dUsare prakAra ke anukaraNa vAle kAvya ve haiM, jinameM isI prakAra ke bhAva ke lie yA anya bhAva ke lie isake svarUpa ko apanAyA gayA hai| dhoyo kavi baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena (1166 I0) kA Azrita kavi thA / isane

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gIti-kAvya 143 meghadUta ke anukaraNa para pavanadUta nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM usane varNana kiyA hai ki eka gandharva kanyA ne kavi ke AzrayadAtA rAjA lakSmaNasena ke pAsa pavana ke dvArA apanA praNaya sandeza bhejA hai / vedAntadezika (1268 1369 I0 ) ne meghadUta ke anukaraNa para haMsasandeza nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / usane varNana kiyA hai ki jaba hanumAna ne sItA kA samAcAra lAkara diyA taba rAma ne haMsa ke dvArA laMkA meM sItA ko samAcAra bhejA / dUta ke rUpa meM haMsa ko bhejane kA bhAva kavi ko saMbhavataH nala-damayantI kI kathA meM haMsa kI sevA se prApta huA hai / prAyaH pratyeka pada para kAlidAsa kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / isa kAvya meM prema ke bhAva ke sAtha hI bhakti kA bhAva bhI sammilita hai / kavi ne bhaktibhAva ke mahattva ko batAne ke lie tAmila ke tIrtha-sthAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai / isa gItikAvya meM 110 zloka haiM / isameM kAlidAsa ke meghadUta kA prazaMsanIya rUpa se anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai / eka tAmila pradeza kA kavi uddaNDa ( 1400 I0 ) apanI AjIvikA ke lie mAlAbAra gayA aura vahA~ kAlIkaTa ke morina kA prazrita kavi ho gayA / usane meghadUta ke anukaraNa para kokilasandeza nAmaka gItikAvya likhA hai / isameM praNaya-sandeza kA varNana hai / yaha meghadUta kA sundara anukaraNa hai / vAmanabhaTTa bANa ( 1420 I0) ne meghadUta kA pUrNa anukaraNa karate hue haMsasandeza kAvya likhA hai / kRSNa caitanya ke ziSya rUpagosvAmI ( 1500 I0 ) ne haMsadUta aura uddhavasandeza nAmaka do dUtakAvya likhe haiM / donoM meM bhaktibhAva para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / maisUra ke rAma zAstrI ne 19vIM zatAbdI meM meghapratisandeza nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM yakSa kI premikA ne yakSa ke sandeza kA pratyuttara megha ke dvArA bhejA hai / inake atirikta nimnakoTi ke bahuta gItikAvya haiM / inameM se kucha kevala bhakti bhAva para bala dene ke lie hI likhe gae haiM / pUrNasarasvatI ( paricaya ajJAta) ne haMsasandeza nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM kA~co kI eka bhakta strI ne vRndAvana-vAsI kRSNa ko apanA sandeza bhejA hai / inameM se kucha meM 200 se adhika zloka haiM, jaise viSNutrAtA ( 16vIM zatAbdI I0 ) kA kokasandeza aura vAsudeva ( 17vIM zatAbdI I0 ) kA bhRGgasandeza / kucha gItikAvya

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144 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa mandAkrAntA ke atirikta anya chandoM meM bhI bane haiM, jaise vinayaprabha (1300 I0 se pUrva) kA candradUta mAlinI chanda meM likhA gayA hai, viSNudAsa (samaya ajJAta) kA manodUta vasantatilakA chanda meM hai aura rAmArAma (samaya ajJAta) kA manodUta zikhariNI chanda meM hai / ghaTakarpara ne ghaTakaparakAvya nAmaka gItikAvya 22 zlokoM meM likhA hai / isameM usane varNana kiyA hai ki eka navayuvatI patnI megha ke dvArA apane pati ko praNaya-sandeza bhejatI hai / yaha kAvya yamaka alaMkAra se paripUrNa hai / isa kAvya ke antima zloka meM kavi ne pratijJA kI hai ki jo kavi isase uttama zloka banA degA, usake lie vaha ghar3e ke karpara (Tukar3e) meM pAnI bhara kara lAegA / ataH usakA nAma ghaTakarpara par3A aura usake kAvya kA bhI nAma usake nAma para hI pdd'aa| navaratnoM meM usakA nAma hai, isake atirikta usake viSaya meM koI paricaya prApta nahIM hotA hai / isake TIkAkAra abhinavagupta (1000 I.) ne isa gItikAvya ko kAlidAsa kI racanA mAnI hai| dUtakAvyoM ke atirikta gItikAvyoM kA aura koI nizcita rUpa nahIM hai / RtusaMhAra gItikAvya hai / isameM 144 zloka haiM / isameM 6 sargoM meM varSa kI 6 RtuoM kA varNana hai| isake lekhaka ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / bhAratIya vidvAn yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki isakA racayitA kAlidAsa kahA jAtA hai, parantu ve ise kAlidAsa kI racanA nahIM mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki uccakoTi ke TIkAkAroM ne kAlidAsa ke anya granthoM kI TIkA kI hai, parantu unhoMne isakI TIkA nahIM kI hai / sAhityazAstrioM ne isakI eka bhI paMkti udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRta nahIM kI hai / ataH yaha kAlidAsa kI racanA nahIM hai / pAzcAtya vidvAn ise kAlidAsa kI racanA mAnate haiN| uparyukta ApattiyoM kA ve uttara dete haiM ki TIkAkAroM ne isakI TIkA isalie nahIM kI, kyoMki yaha kAlidAsa ke anya granthoM se apekSAkRta sarala hai, ataH unhoMne 1. abhinavagupta - A historical and philosophical study by K.C. Pandey. paSTha 65 /

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gIti-kAvya 145 TIkA kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI / sAhityazAstriyoM ne isase uddharaNa isalie nahIM diyA hai, kyoMki ve sarala granthoM se uddharaNa nahIM dete haiM / unakA kathana yaha bhI hai ki yadi isako kAlidAsa kI racanA nahIM mAneMge to usakI kIti ko bahuta kSati phNcegii| yaha satya hai ki isameM kucha aise cihna haiM, jinake AdhAra para yaha kAlidAsa kI kRti mAnI jA sakatI hai / aise kaI grantha haiM, jinameM isa prakAra ke cihna prApta hote haiM, parantu unake lekhaka nizcitarUpa se anya kavi jJAta haiM / isameM usane eka apracalita rUpa kA prayoga kiyA hai / kAlidAsa ke anya kAvyoM meM isa prakAra ke rUpoM kA sarvathA aprayoga hai, ataH inakA racayitA kAlidAsa ko mAnanA ucita nahIM hai / zRGgAratilaka 31 zlokoM kA gItikAvya hai| isameM zRGgAra ke vibhinna rUSo kA varNana hai| isI viSaya para 26 uttama zlokoM kA puSpabANavilAsa nAmaka gItikAvya hai / rAkSasa kAvya 20 zlokoM meM eka gItikAvya hai / isameM vata ke dRzya kA varNana hai, jahA~ para premI apanI premikA ke sAtha bhramaNa kara nahA hai / yaha anuprAsa se pUrNa hai / ye tInoM gItikAvya kAlidAsa kI kRti kaMTe jAte haiN| amaru yA amaruka ne 100 sundara ilokoM kA amarukazataka nAmaka gItikAya banAyA hai| isameM zRGgAra ke vibhinna rUpoM kA varNana hai / isake zRGgAra ke vibhinna rUpoM ke citraNa bahuta yathArtha tathA atyadhika kalpanAtmaka haiM / isave cAra saMskaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, inameM kevala 51 zloka samAna milate hai / vAmana (800 I0) aura Anandavardhana ( 850 I0 ) ne isake udAharaNa die haiM / ata: yaha 800 I0 se pUrva kA likhA huaA honA cAhie / isakA lekhaka advaita-bedAnta ke pracAraka zaMkara ko mAnanA bhrama hai / bhartahari ne zRGgArazataka banAyA hai| isameM zRGgAra sambandhI 100 zloka gItikAvya ke rUpa meM haiM / anya kaI lekhakoM ke tulya usane zRGgAra ko manuSya-jIvana kA antima lakSya nahIM mAnA hai / vaiyAkaraNa bhartRhari aura vikramAditya ke sautele 1. so'yaM vo viparItarItu vitanurbhadraM vasantAnvitaH / RtusaMhAra 6-28 saM0 sA0 i0-10

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146 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhAI bhartRhari tathA zRGgArazataka kA racayitA bhartRhari ye tInoM eka hI vyakti mAne jAte haiM / ye tInoM eka hI vyakti haiM, isakA koI pramANa nahIM hai / vikramAMkadevacarita ke racayitA bilhaNa ( 1080 I0 ) ne caurapaMcAzikA nAmaka gItikAvya 50 zlokoM meM likhA hai / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vaha apane AzrayadAtA kI kanyA para Asakta thA / jaba rAjA ko yaha jJAta huA to usane use phA~sI kI AjJA dI / jaba vaha phA~sI ke lie le jAyA jA rahA thA, usa samaya usane yaha gItikAvya banAyA thaa| usa samaya rAjA bhI vahA~ the aura unhoMne isa gItikAvya kI mArmikatA ko anubhava karake prAjJA dI ki kavi ko chor3a diyA jAya / isa gItikAgya meM premI apanI premikA ke sAtha anubhava kie hue Ananda ko smaraNa karatA hai / __ baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena (1166 I.) ne jina kaviyoM ko Azraya diyA thA, unameM eka jayadeva bhI thA / usake anya prAzrita kavi dhoyI, umApatidhara, zaraNa aura govardhana the| ata: jayadeva kA samaya 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / jayadeva ne 20 sargoM meM gItagovinda nAmaka gItikAvya banAyA hai / usakA janma ur3IsA ke kindubilva nAmaka sthAna meM huA thA / isakI sUcanA gItagovinda ke tRtIya adhyAya ke dasaveM zloka se milatI hai| adhyAyoM kA nAma nAyaka ke AcaraNoM ke anusAra rakhA gayA hai / jaise; aklezakezava, mugdhamadhusUdana, nAgaranArAyaNa, sAnandadAmodara Adi / isameM kRSNa. rAdhA aura rAdhA kI sakhiyoM ke madhya vArtAlApa ke rUpa meM kRSNa aura rAdhA ke prema kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / katipaya sthaloM para isameM eka vyakti kI hI gItAtmaka ukti hai| pratyeka gIta katipaya vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka vibhAga meM ATha pada haiN| ataeva isako aSTapadI bhI kahate haiM / pratyeka gIta ke lie laya die gae haiM / nadanasAra gIta ko gAyA jAtA hai / antarA ko sAtha hI gAyA jAtA hai / isameM bar3I caturatA ke sAtha saMgIta, gAna, varNana aura bhASaNa ko samanvita kiyA gayA hai / yaha saba sAbhiprAya kiyA gayA hai / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki yaha zuddha nATaka aura 1. Collected works of R. G. Bhandarkar Vol. II pRSTha, 346

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gIti-kAvya zuddha gItikAvya ke pArasparika parivartana kI avasthA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / isameM prema ke pratyeka padya ko liyA gayA hai / bhAratIya TIkAkAra isa gItikAvya ke prema kI rUpakAtmaka vyAkhyA karate haiM / isameM kRSNa brahma ke pratinidhi haiM aura rAdhA jIvAtmA kI / yaha gItikAvya brahma aura jIvAtmA nAyaka-nAyikA bhAva sambandha mAnatA hai / yaha gItikAvya yadyapi mUlata: zRGgArAtmaka hai, parantu pUrvokta prAdhyAtmika vyAkhyA ke kAraNa atyanta prasiddha ho gayA hai / samasta deza meM isake asaMkhya prazaMsaka haiM aura yaha pUjA ke avasaroM para gAyA jAtA hai / rAdhAkRSNa kI pUjA kI prasiddhi kA bahuta adhika zreya isa gItagovinda ko hai / yadyapi bhaktikAvya ke rUpa meM isakA mahattva kama nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai tathApi zRGgArAtmaka gItikAvya ke rUpa meM isakA mahatva adhika hai / isakI bahuta sI TIkAe~ haiM / rukerTa ne jarmana bhASA meM isakA anuvAda kiyA hai| rAyabhaTTa ( 1600 I0 pU0 ) kA zRGgArakallola viSaya aura racanA kI dRSTi se amaruzataka ke samAna hai / dhArmika gItikAvya 147 gItikAvya meM dhArmika gItikAvyoM kA bahuta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / sAhitya ke anya vibhAgoM kI apekSA ina bhaktikAvyoM ne janatA ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai / inake hI prabhAva ke kAraNa dhArmika bhAvanA kI agni zAnta nahIM hone pAI hai / bhArata meM vibhinna dharmoM ne jo AdhyAtmika unnati kI hai, usakA pramukha zreya inhIM ko hai / hindutroM ke dhArmika gItikAvyoM ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bauddhoM aura jainoM ne apane pRthak dhArmika gItikAvya likhe haiM / ina bhaktikAvyoM kA lakSya yaha rahA hai ki manuSya ke mana ko sAMsArika viSaya, sAMsArika sukha aura sAMsArika aizvarya kI ora se haTAkara use buddhimArga aura Izabhakti ke mArga para lagAve / dhArmika kAryoM kI AvazyakatA para jo bala diyA gayA, usake pariNAmasvarUpa dhArmika gItikAvyoM kA janma huA / ina gItikAvyoM kA dRSTikoNa dArzanika hai / ye paMcaka, aSTaka, dazaka, paMcAzata aura 1

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148 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zataka Adi ke rUpa meM hai arthAta kisI meM 5, 8, 10, 50 yA 100 Adi padya haiM / inameM se adhikAMza padyAtmaka haiM / kucha daNDaka haiM / ye gadya rUpa meM haiM / inakI racanA saMgItAtmaka rUpa hotI hai / inameM padoM ke tulya vibhAjana honA hai / kucha gadya rUpa meM haiM / inakA saMgIta ke rUpa meM pATha hotA hai / aise saMgItAtmaka gadyoM kI utpatti vaidika kAla tathA rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke kAla meM dikhAI detI hai / ye dhArmika gItikAvya asaMkhya haiM / inameM se adhikAMza ke lekhaka ajJAta haiM / kAlidAsa kucha dhArmika gItikAvyoM ke bho racayitA mAne jAte haiM / zyAmalAdaNDaka unakI kRti mAnI jAtI hai / buddhacarita aura saundarananda ke lekhaka azvaghoSa ( prathama zatAbdI I0 ) ne gANDistotragAthA nAmaka gItikAvya likhA hai / inameM dhArmika saMvAda hai / eka jaina kavi siddhasena divAkara (200 I0 ke lagabhaga ) ne jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI prazaMsA meM kalyANamandirastotra likhA hai / rAjA harSa ko suprabhAtastotra aura aSTamahAzrIcaMtyastotra kA racayitA kahA jAtA hai / ye donoM stotra bauddha dharma ke bhAvoM se yukta haiM / bANa (600 I0) ne caNDIzataka likhA hai / isameM ziva kI patnI caNDI ke viSaya meM 100 zloka haiM | mAnatuMga ko bhaktAmara stotra kA racayitA kahA jAtA hai / yaha devatAoM kI stuti ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai / vaha harSa kA samakAlIna thA. ataH usakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM mAnanA cAhie / mayUra ko vANa kA zvagura mAnA jAtA hai / vaha harSa kA Azrita kavi thA / usane sUrya kI stuti meM gaur3I rIti meM sUryazataka likhA hai / sarvajJamitra ne bauddhoM meM AstikavAdiyoM ke priya devatA tArA kI stuti meM sragdharAstotra banAyA hai / usakA samaya ajJAta hai / bhaktibhAvanA pradhAna katipaya dhArmika gItikAvya prasiddha advaitavAdI zaMkarAcArya (632 se 664 I0 ) kI kRti mAne jAte haiM / " nizcita sUcanA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa ina sabake lekhaka kA nirNaya nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kiyA 1. pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne zaMkarAcArya kA jo samaya 7880 se 800 I0

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gIti-kAvya 146 jA sakatA hai / kucha AlocakoM kA mata hai ki ye sabhI kAvya zaMkarAcArya kI racanA nahIM haiN| unakA kathana hai ki saundaryalaharI jaise gItikAvya zaMkarAcArya kI racanA nahIM ho sakate haiM. kyoMki ye gItikAvya zakti AgamoM ke anusAra zakti kI pUjA kA vidhAna karate haiM aura zaMkarAcArya ne apane brahmasUtrabhASya meM zakti prAgamoM kI prAmANikatA kA khaMDana kiyA hai / kintu bhAratIya paramparA saundaryalaharI kA lekhaka zaMkarAcArya ko mAnatI hai| ina gItikAvyoM ke lekhaka ke viSaya meM nizcayapUrvaka kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ina gItikAvyoM meM se kucha avazya ho zaMkarAcArya kI racanA haiM / zeSa maThoM ke adhyakSoM kI racanA hoNgii| inako bhI zaMkarAcArya kI upAdhi prApta thii| inameM se jo zaMkarAcArya kI nijI racanAe~ mAnI jAtI haiM, unameM se vizeSa ullekhanIya ye hai-- annapUrNAdazaka, annapUrNASTaka, kanakadhArAstava, dakSiNAmUrtyaSTaka, rAmabhujaMgastotra, lakSmInRsiMhastotra, viSNupAdAdikezAntavarNana, zivabhujaMgastotra, zivAnandalaharI aura saundaryalaharI / kerala ke rAjA kulazekhara ne viSNu kI stuti meM mukundamAlA gItikAvya banAyA hai / vaha aura vaiSNava santa kulazekhara alavara eka hI vyakti haiN| isa gItikAvya kI racanA kA samaya 700 I0 diyA gayA hai| isa gItikAvya meM bhaktibhAva ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| isakI zailI pariSkRta, spaSTa aura ati sarala hai| mUka kavi saMbhavataH zaMkarAcArya kA samakAlIna thaa| yaha janma se hI mUka thaa| kA~cI ko devo kAmAkSI kI kRpA se use bhASaNa kI zakti prApta huI thI / isa zakti kA usane devI kI pUjA meM sadupayoga kiyA aura pA~ca sau sundara geya padyoM se yukta makapaMcazatI nAmaka gItikAvya likhA / navama zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM kazmIra ke kavi puSpadanta ne ziva kI stuti meM mahimnastava kAvya nizcita kiyA hai, vaha truTipUrNa hai / zaMkarAcArya tathA unake samakAlIna vidvAnoM kA ThIka samaya mahAmahopAdhyAya esa0 kuppusvAmI ne maMDana mizra kI pustaka brahmasiddhi kI bhUmikA meM diyA hai|

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150 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa likhA / haravijaya kAvya ke lekhaka ratnAkara ne ziva aura pArvatI ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM 50 padyoM se yukta vakroktipaMcAzikA nAmaka gItikAvya likhA hai| yaha kAvya vakrokti se paripUrNa hai / isase lekhaka kI paTutA kA jJAna hotA hai / dekhie : tvaM hAlAhalabhRtkaroSi manaso marchA mamAliMgito hAlAM naiva bibharmi naiva halaM mugdhe kathaM hAlikaH / satyaM hAlikataiva te samucitA saktasya govAhane vakroktyeti jito himAdrisutayA smero haraH pAtu vaH / / zloka 2 kazmIra ke rAjA avantivarmA ( 850 I0 ke lagabhaga ) ke Azrita kavi Anandavardhana ne pArvatI kI stuti meM devIzataka kAvya likhA hai / isameM zabdAlaMkAroM ke hote hue bhI mAdhurya pUrNa rUpa se vidyamAna hai / abhinavagupta ke guru utpaladeva (625 I0) ne ziva kI stuti meM svaracita padyoM kA saMgraha stotrAvali nAma se svayaM likhA hai| rAmAnuja ke guru ke guru yAmuna the| vaha 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga hue haiN| unhoMne do gItikAvya catuzlokI aura stotraratna likhe haiN| inameM se prathama devI lakSmI kI stuti meM hai aura dUsarA viSNu kI stuti meM / prathama meM cAra zloka haiM aura dvitIya meM 65 / ye donoM gItikAvya bhAvoM aura anubhUta kI utkRSTatA ke liye prasiddha haiN| viziSTAdvaita ke sarvazreSTha AcArya rAmAnuja (1017-1125 I0) ne gadyarUpa meM tIna gItikAvya gadyatraya nAma se likhe haiN| isameM zaraNAgatigadya, vaikuNThagadya aura zrIraMgagadya ye tIna kAvya haiN| ye apanI hArdika prabhAvotpAdakatA ke lie prasiddha haiN| rAmAnuja ke pramukha ziSyoM meM zrIvatsAMka eka thaa| usane pA~ca stuti-grantha paMcastava nAma se likhe haiN| inake nAma haiM-zrIstava, atimAnuSastava, varadarAjastava, sundarabAhustava aura vaikuNThastava / inase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kavi ucca kalpanAzIla aura pariSkRta chanda-nirmAtA thaa| zrIvatsAMka kA suyogya putra parAzara bhaTTa thA / vaha 1100

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gIti kAvya 151 I0 ke lagabhaga huA thA / usake gItikAvyoM meM zrIraMgarAjastava aura zrIguNaratnakoza bahuta prasiddha haiM / * gItagovinda ke racayitA jayadeva ne gaMgAstava nAmaka dhArmika gItikAvya bhI likhA hai | jayadeva kA gItagovinda yadyapi mukhyarUpa se zrRMgArika hai tathApi usakI katipaya vidvAn bhaktikAvya mAnate haiM ! bilvamaMgala yA kRSNalIlAzuka ke kRSNakarNAmRta ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta hai / isake tIna vibhAgoM meM 310 padya haiM / isameM zRMgAra kA aMza utanA mukhya nahIM hai, jitanA gItagovinda meM / vaha mAlAbAra kA nivAsI mAnA jAtA hai / kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra yaha kavi aura dArzanika vidvAn 8vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM huA thA aura kucha ke matAnusAra vaha 12vIM zatAbdI meM huA thA / isake kAvya meM zrIkRSNa kI lIlAoM kA vistRta varNana hai / isa kAvya kI prasiddhi deza bhara meM cAroM ora phailI hai / baMgAla meM caitanya ke Andolana kI utpatti aura vistAra para isa kAvya kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai / dvaita mata ke pramukha AcArya zrAnaMdatIrtha, prasiddha nAma madhya, ( 11ee1277 I0 ) ne bahuta se grantha likhe haiM / inameM usakA dvAdazastotra prasiddha gItikAvya hai / vedAntadezika (1268-1366 I0) ne 25 gItikAvya likhe haiM / isase usakI svAbhAvika bhakti aura saMskRta bhASA para adhikAra kA jJAna hotA hai / zrIrAma kI pAdukAoM kI stuti meM eka sahasra padyoM se yukta pAdukA sahastra nAmaka gItikAvya usane likhA hai / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki apane eka pratispardhI kavi kI pratispardhA meM usane ye eka sahasra padya eka hI rAtri meM banAe haiM / yaha gItikAvya kavi kI ucca kalpanAzakti se samanvita sundara racanA hai / isane garur3a pakSI kI stuti meM garur3adaNDaka likhA hai / zrIrAma kI prazaMsA meM gadyarUpa meM raghuvIragadya likhA hai / ye donoM gItikAvya lekhaka kI vibhinna prakAra kI racanA kI yogyatA ko batAte haiM / usane viSNu kI stuti meM prAkRta meM 100 padyoM se yukta acyutazataka likhA hai / usake anya gItikAvya

Page #163
152 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa AkAra meM choTe haiM, parantu bhAva aura bhASA kI utkRSTatA kI dRSTi ne anya kAvyoM ke tulya hI mahattvapUrNa haiM / __appayadIkSita kA~cI ke nivAsI the| unakA janma 1554 I0 meM hatyA thA / usane vibhinna viSayoM para aneka grantha likhe haiN| usakA varadarAjaslava kA~cI ke devatA varadarAja kI stuti ke rUpa meM hai| isameM 100 padya haiM aura una para lekhaka kI TIkA bhI hai / isa gItikAvya se spaSTa rUpa se jJAta honA hai ki lekhaka maulikatA aura kalpanA kI dRSTi se pratibhAzAlI aura mahAna kavi hai| nArAyaNabhaTTa kerala ke meppatha sthAna kA nivAsI thA / vaha sahana kavi thaa| usakI pratibhA sarvatomukhI thii| usake aneka grantha haiM / unake gItikAvyoM meM nArAyaNIyama sarvottama hai| usane yaha 1585 I0 meM likhA hai, jaba vaha kerala ke guruvAyara sthAna meM kRSNa kI pUjA meM lIna thA aura sahasA usakA gaThiyA kA roga Azcaryajanaka rUpa se apane Apa ThIka ho gayA / nArAyaNIyam zrIkRSNa kI stuti ke rUpa meM hai / isameM bhAgavatapurANa kA saMkSepa hai| isameM 1036 padya haiN| ve 12 skandhoM meM ba~Te hue haiM / yaha grantha mAlAbAra meM bar3e Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai bhAgavata ke tulya yaha bhI dainika pArAyaNa ke kArya meM prAtA hai / / madhusUdana sarasvatI (1600 I0 ke lagabhaga) ne prAnandamandAkinI nAmaka gItikAvya likhA hai| isameM zrIkRSNa kA nakhazikha varNana hai| kRSNa caitanya ke ziSya rUpagosvAmI ne kaI grantha likhe haiM / usake gItikAvyoM meM gandharaprArthanASTaka aura mukundamuktAvalI adhika prasiddha haiN| jagannAtha paNDita bAdazAha zAhajahA~ kA Azrita kavi thA / usakA samaya 1560-1665 I0 hai / usane pA~ca gItikAvya likhe haiM--sudhAlaharI, amatalaharI, lakSmIlaharI, karuNAlaharI aura gaMgAlaharI / sudhAlaharI meM sUrya kI stuti meM 30 padya hai| amRtalaharI meM yamunA nadI kI stuti meM 10 padya haiM / lakSmIlaharI meM devo lakSmI kI stuti meM 41 padya haiM / karuNAlaharI kA dUsarA nAma viSNulaharI

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gItikAvya 152 hai / isameM viSNu kI stuti meM 43 padya haiM / gaMgAlaharI kA dUsarA nAma pIyupalaharI hai / isameM gaMgA nadI kI stuti meM 52 padya haiM / inameM se antima do bhAva aura bhASA kI dRSTi se sarvottama haiM / nIlakaNTha dIkSita ( 1650 I0 ) ne dI gItikAvya likhe haiM - AnandasAgarastava aura zivotkarSamaMjarI / prathama meM pArvatI kI bhakti se prApta grAnanda kA varNana hai aura dvitIya meM sarvazreSTha devatA ke rUpa meM ziva kA mahatva batAyA gayA hai | veMkaTAdhvarI ( 1650 I0 ) ne lakSmIsahasra nAmaka gItikAvya eka sahasra padyoM meM lakSmI aura viSNu kI stuti ke rUpa meM likhA hai / sabhI padya bahuta kaThina haiM aura lekhaka kI prayatnasAdhya zailI ko sUcita karate haiM / inameM kalpanA bahuta uccakoTi kI hai / rAmabhadra dIkSita ( 1700 I0) zrI rAma kI bhakti meM anupama hai| usane rAma kI stuti meM 10 gItikAvya likhe hai / inameM se eka rAma ke bANa kI stuti meM rAmabANastava hai | adbhutasItArAmastotra hai, isameM sItA aura rAmako stuti hai / eka saMnyAsI nArAyaNatIrtha ( 1700 I0 ) ne 12 taraMgoM meM kRSNalIlAtaraMgiNI nAmaka gItikAvya likhA hai / isameM zrIkRSNa kI lIlAoM kA varNana hai / ye padya vAdya kI sahAyatA se kaI laya meM gAe jA sakate haiM / tyAgarAja, zyAmazAstrI aura muThusvAmI dIkSita ye gata zatAbdI ke dakSiNa bhArata ke saMgItajJoM aura gItikAvyakAroM kI trayI haiM / ye apane bhAvoM kI gambhIratA, bhakti kI sAtvikatA aura bhASA kI madhuratA ke liye prasiddha haiM / 1

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adhyAya 15 nIti-viSayaka aura upadezAtmaka kAvya nIti-viSayaka sUktiyA~ anubhava ke AdhAra para siddha tathyoM para nirbhara hotI haiM / sAdhAraNatayA ve AcAra se sambaddha viSayoM kA varNana karatI haiM / upadezAtmaka kAvyoM kA lakSya upadeza denA hotA hai / nIti-viSayaka aura upadezAtmaka kAvyoM meM bheda pUrNarUpa se nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / upadezAtmaka kAvya meM nIti-viSayaka sUktiyA~ prApta ho sakatI haiM aura nItiviSayaka kAvya meM upadezAtmaka sUktiyA~ ho sakatI haiM ! isa prakAra kA kAvya bahuta prAcIna samaya se vidyamAna hai / isa prakAra ke kAvya ke vikAsa meM dharma aura darzanoM kA prabhAva bahuta spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detA hai| bAra-bAra janma aura maraNa se jIvAtmA kI mukti ke lie satya ke anveSaNa kI icchA prArambha huI / sukha - duHkha kA adhyayana kiyA gayA tathA unakA jIvana meM sthAna nizcita kiyA gayA / unnati ke mArga para calate hue. sadguNoM aura durguNoM kA mUlya nirdhArita kiyA gayA / jIvana kI bhalAI aura burAI tathA bhale aura bure vyaktiyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA, jo mAnava-jIvana ko bahuta kucha aMza meM prabhAvita karate haiM / ataH isake pariNAma - svarUpa udAharaNoM ke sAtha sadAcAra aura durAcAra ke niyama die gae / ataH ye kAvya sahanazIlatA aura bhrAtRbhAva ke vicAroM kA mahatva batAte haiM / manuSyoM ko pazuoM aura pakSiyoM ke sAtha bhI prema bhAva kA upadeza dete haiM / dekhie :nirguNeSvapi sanveSu dayAM kurvanti sAdhavaH / na hi saMharate jyotsnAM candrazcaNDAlavezmanaH // anAsakti aura saMnyAsa kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai / ina siddhAntoM ke samarthana ke lie mAnava aura pazu-jagata se niHsaMkoca udAharaNa lie gae haiN| isa prakAra 154

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ke kAvya-lekhakoM ne saccI mitratA, sadAcAriNI stro aura Atma-balidAna kI bahuta prazaMsA ko hai| dUsarI ora durguNoM ke sAdhanoM kI bahuta tIvra nindA kI gaI hai| sAdhAraNatayA striyoM kI nindA kI gaI hai / pANDitya-pradarzana aura avAstavika adhyayana kI nindA kI gaI hai| kRpaNatA aura dInatA kI truTiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai tathA inakA manuSyoM aura unake jIvana para kyA burA prabhAva par3atA hai, isakA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhAgya kI avazyaMbhAvitA kA udAharaNapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai, kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai ki manuSya ko apanA utsAha aura prayatna nahIM chor3anA cAhie aura avasara ke anukUla kArya karanA cAhie, kyoMki puruSArtha se hI bhAgya banatA hai| dekhie :-- udyamena hi sidhyanti kAryANi na manorathaiH / na hi suptasya siMhasya nipatanti mukhe mRgAH / / / ataH isa prakAra ke kAvya meM dharma, darzana, sadAcAra aura rAjanIti kA varNana hai / hindU, bauddha aura jainoM ne isa prakAra ke kAvya kI samRddhi ke lie pUrNa prayatna kiyA hai| isa prakAra kI kavitA ko nItikAvya kaha sakate haiN| gItikAvya ke tulya nItikAvya bhI vibhinna prakAra kA hai / nItikAvya padyabaddha haiN| parimANa meM ve eka zloka se lekara kaI zlokoM se yukta haiM / inakA vAstavika prabhAva DAlane ke lie inako kathAoM ke sAtha prastuta karate haiM / inameM se kucha aise zloka bhI haiM, jo kisI pustaka meM upalabdha nahIM hote hai, parantu paramparA ke anusAra prApta hue haiN| isa kAvya ke isa prakAra vikAsa kA prabhAva yaha huA ki jo zloka idhara-udhara prApta hote the, unako pustakoM meM sthAna dekara pustakAkAra banA diyA gyaa| ina zlokoM ke adhikAMza lekhaka ajJAta haiN| eka hI zloka vibhinna pustakoM meM prApta hotA hai / isa prakAra ke kAvya kA prArambha Rgveda aura aitareya brAhmaNa meM dikhAI detA hai / mahAbhArata isa prakAra ke zlokoM se paripUrNa hai / isa prakAra ke kAvya

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156 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kA sarvaprathama saMgraha cANakyazataka hai / isameM 340 zloka haiN| isameM sAdhAraNatayA AcAra-viSayaka bAtoM kA varNana hai / yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki arthazAstra kA lekhaka cANakya hI isakA lekhaka hai / rAjanItisamuccaya aura vaddha vANakya Adi grantha bhI isI prakAra ke haiN| bauddhoM ne bauddhadharmAvalambiyoM ke lie isa prakAra kA saMgraha dhammada nAmaka grantha ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / sundarapANDya kA nItidviSaSThikA hI sabase prAcIna grantha hai jisake viSaya meM nizcita sUcanA prApta hotI hai| isameM upadezAtmaka 116 zloka subhASita-granthakAroM ne isa grantha se bahuta se zloka uddhRta kie haiM, parantu unhoMne isa grantha kA nAmollekha nahIM kiyA hai / janAzraya (600 I0) ne isakI eka paMkti apane grantha chandovicita meM uddhRta kI hai / sundarapANDya ne anya granya bhI likhe the, parantu ve aba naSTa ho gae haiN| kumArila (650 I0) aura zaMkarAcArya ne unake anya granthoM ke bhI zloka uddhRta kie haiN| vaha madurA kA nivAsI thaa| usakA samaya (500 I0) ke lagabhaga hai / ' zAMtideva (600 I0 ke lagabhaga) ne bodhicaryAvatAra grantha likhA hai| inameM bodhisattva (jJAnaprApti ke icchaka) ke kartavyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| manuSyamAtra se prema karane ke mahattva para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI prasiddhi isa para prApta hone vAlI aneka TokAnoM se jJAta hotI hai / usane isI prakAra ke anya do grantha zikSAsamuccaya aura sUtrapsamuccaya liye haiN| ye donoM kama mahattva ke haiM / bhartRhari ne zRMgArazataka ke atirikta nItizataka aura vairAgyazataka bhI likhe haiM / inameM se prathama meM nItiviSayaka sau zloka haiM aura dUsare meM vairAgyasambandhI sau zloka haiM / pAzcAtya vihAna bhartRhari ko tInoM zatakoM kA lekhaka nahIM mAnate haiM / ina tInoM zatakoM kA Ajakala jo saMskaraNa milatA hai, usameM bahuta se prakSipta zloka milate haiN| sAhityika mahattva kI dRSTi se isa prakAra ke kAvya meM nItizataka sarvottama granthoM meM se eka hai / vairAgyazataka utkRSTa zailI meM likhA gayA hai| isameM una 1. ema0 Ara0 kavi likhita nItidviSaSThikA kI bhUmikA /

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nIti-viSayaka aura upadezAtmaka kAvya 157 bAta para bala diyA gayA hai ki manuSyoM meM sAdhAraNatayA prApta hone vAle durguNoM ko dUra kiyA jAya / sAtha hI isameM ziva kI bhakti para bala diyA gayA hai aura saMnyAsa kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai / mohamudgara, zaMkarAcArya kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| isameM sAMsArika viSayoM ko chor3ane aura mAyAjAla se mukta hone kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / isameM naitika aura dArzanika bhAva haiM / zaMkarAcArya ke kucha aura grantha isa prakAra ke mAne jAte haiM / unameM dArzanika bhAva haiM aura ve upadezAtmaka haiM / kazmIra ke rAjA jayApIDa ( 776 - 813 I0) ke prAzrita kavi dAmodaragupta ne kuTTinImata nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma zambhalImata hai / isameM 927 zloka haiM aura yaha apUrNa hai / ise vezyAoM kA zikSAgrantha kaha sakate haiM / isameM batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra vezyAe~ manuSyoM ko apane jAla meM pha~sAne aura unheM dhokhA deM / isa grantha kI prasiddhi isa bAta se jJAta hotI hai ki isake bahuta se zloka subhASitagranthakAroM ne apane granthoM meM uddhRta kie haiM / I eka jaina lekhaka zramitagati ne 994 I0 meM subhASitaratnasandoha aura 1014 I0 meM dharmaparIkSA nAmaka do grantha likhe haiM / inameM se prathama meM 32 adhyAya haiN| isameM jaina sAdhuyoM aura sAdhAraNa janoM ke lie prAcAraviSayaka niyama / isameM hinduoM ke devatAoM aura hinduoM ke vyavahAroM para bahuta kaTu AkSepa haiM / dUsare grantha meM hindU dharma kI apekSA jaina-dharma kI utkRSTatA batAI gaI hai / kSemendra ( 1050 I0) ne nItiviSayaka aura upadezAtmaka kaI grantha likhe haiM / isake grantha cArucaryA meM 100 zloka haiM / isameM lekhaka ne sundara vyavahAra ke lie Avazyaka niyamoM ko udAharaNa ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai / caturvargasaMgraha meM jIvana ke uddezyasvarUpa cAroM cIjeM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA bar3I sundaratA ke sAtha pratipAdana kiyA hai / sevyasevakopadeza meM 61 zloka haiM / isameM svAmI aura sevaka donoM ko vyaMgyAtmaka dhvani meM upadeza diyA gayA hai /

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158 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhUmizAyI nirAhAraH zItavAtAtapakSataH / munivrato'pi narakaklezamaznAti sevakaH / / samayamAtRkA meM ATha adhyAya haiM / isameM vezyAoM ke prapaMcoM kA varNana hai / kalAvilAsa meM 10 adhyAya haiN| isameM janatA ke apanAye gaye AjIvikA ke vibhinna sAdhanoM kA varNana hai / isameM janatA ke eka vibhAga ke dvArA prayoga kie jAne vAle chala-prapaMcoM aura dhUtatAoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / darpadalana meM sAta adhyAya haiM / isa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki darpa kisI bhI rUpa meM kyoM na ho, usakA nirAdara karanA cAhie aura isake samarthana meM kathAe~ bhI dI haiM / dekhie : kulaM vittaM zrutaM rUpaM zauryaM dAnaM tapastathA / prAdhAnyena manuSyANAM saptaite madahetavaH / / ___ jaina lekhaka hemacandra (1088-1172 I0) ne yogazAstra likhA hai / isameM jainoM ke kartavyoM kA tathA jaina sAdhuoM ke dvArA apanAye jAne vAle kaThora niyamoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / somapAlavilAsa ke lekhaka jalhaNa (1150 I0) ne mugdhopadeza grantha likhA hai / isameM usane vezyAoM ke chala-prapaMcoM se bacane kI zikSA dI hai / zilhaNa (1205 I0) ne zAntizataka likhA hai / sadukti karNAmRta (1205 I0) meM usake isa grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA hai / yaha bhartRhari ke nItizataka aura vairAgyazataka ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai / isameM lekhaka ne mAnasika zAnti kI prApti para vizeSa bala diyA hai aura ullekha kiyA hai ki pratyeka vyakti isakA abhyAsa kare / somaprabha ne 1276 I0 meM zRMgAravairAgyataraMgiNI likhA hai| isameM striyoM ke saMsarga se hAniyA~ aura vairAgya ke lAbhoM kA varNana hai| vedAntadezika (1268-1366 I.) ne subhASitanIvI grantha likhA hai / isameM 145 subhASita zlokoM kA saMgraha hai / ye zloka 12 paddhatiyoM (adhyAyoM) meM ba~Te hue haiM / yaha bhartRhari ke nItizataka ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai / usane eka dUsarA kAvya vairAgyapaMcaka likhA hai / isameM usane vairAgya kA varNana

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nIti-viSayaka aura upadezAtmaka kAvya kiyA hai, jisakA usane svayaM abhyAsa kiyA thA / kusumadeva ne dRSTAntazataka likhA hai / vallabhadeva ( 1500 I0 ) ne usakA ullekha kiyA hai / ataH vaha isa samaya se pUrva huA hai / usane isa grantha meM jIvana ke AdarzoM kA udAharaNoM ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai / dyAdviveda ne 1494 I0 meM nItimaMjarI grantha likhA hai / isameM usane nIti kI bAtoM kA varNana kiyA hai aura usake lie udAharaNa Rgveda, sAyaNa ke vedabhASya aura bRhaddevatA Adi se lie haiM / katipaya sthaloM para usane veda ke mantroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura unakI vyAkhyA bhI kI haiM / 156 jagannAtha paNDita ( 1560- 1665 I0 ) ne bhAminIvilAsa likhA hai / isameM cAra bhAga haiM / inameM kramazaH anyokti, zRGgAra, karuNa aura zAnta rasa kA varNana hai / inameM kramazaH 101, 100, 16 ra 32 zloka haiM / ye zloka bhAva aura oja se paripUrNa haiM / tRtIya bhAga meM karuNarasa kA pravAha hai / isa bhAga meM eka sthAna para bhAminI zabda kA prayoga AtA hai / isake AdhAra para yaha vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki saMbhavataH lekhaka kI patnI kA nAma bhAminI thA aura usake svargavAsa ke duHkha meM usane apane bhAva ina zlokoM meM prakaTa kie haiM / aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki usane isa grantha kA nAma usake AdhAra para hI bhAminIvilAsa rakkhA hai / antima bhAga meM lekhaka ne jIvAtmA se anurodha kiyA hai ki vaha zAnta rasa ko apanAve | isa bhAga ke dvArA jJAta hotA hai ki lekhaka kitanA uccakoTi kA bhAvuka kavi thA / nIlakaNTha dIkSita ( 1650 I0 ) ne cAra kAvyagrantha likhe haiM-- kaliviDa - mbana, sabhAraJjanazataka, zAntivilAsa aura vairAgyazataka / kaliviDambana kaliyuga kI ghaTanAoM para eka vyaMgyapradhAna kAvya hai / dekhie : yatra bhAryAgiro vedAH yatra dharmo'rthasAdhanam / yatra svapratibhA mAnaM tasmai zrIkalaye namaH // sabhAraMjanazataka meM batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra vidvanmaNDalI ko tathA rAjasabhA ke vyaktiyoM ko prasanna karanA cAhie / yaha vyaMgyoktiyoM se pUrNa hai / dekhie :

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160 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jAnAte yatra candrArko jAnate yatra yoginaH / jAnIte yanna bhargo'pi tajjAnAti kavi svayam / / zAntivilAsa meM 51 zloka haiM / isameM mAnasika zAnti ke lAbha batAe gae haiM / vairAgyazataka meM vairAgya kA jIvana bitAne ke lAbha bahuta bala ke sAtha batAe gae haiN| gumAni kavi ne upadezazataka likhA hai| isameM manapyoM ke liye upadezAtmaka 100 zloka haiN| veMkaTAdhvarI (1650 I0) kA subhASitakaustubha bhI isI prakAra ke varNana se yukta hai| ___anyokti yA anyApadeza usa kAvya ko kahate haiM, jisameM jIvana se saMbaddha kisI tathya kA varNana apratyakSa rUpa se kiyA gayA ho / usameM kisI vastu yA kisI kAlpanika vyakti kA nAma dekara varNana kiyA jAtA hai / vaha bAta sAmAnya rUpa se saba para lAgU ho sakatI hai| kazmIra ke rAjA zaMkaravA / 883-602 I0 ) ke Azrita kavi bhallaTa ne isa prakAra kA sarvaprathama kAvya likhA hai / bhallaTazataka kI bhASA sarala hai| ina ilokoM meM svataMtra vicAra kA bhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / subhASita granthoM meM isake zloka uddhata kie gae haiM / dekhie :-- __ antaricchadrANi bhUyAMsi kaNTakA bahavo bahiH / kathaM kamalanAlasya mA bhavan bhaMgurA guNAH / / kazmIra ke rAjA harSa (1089-1101 I0 ) ke Azrita kavi zambhu ne anyoktimuktAlatA nAmaka kAvya likhA hai / isameM anyokti kI paddhati ke 108 zloka hai| jagannAtha paNDita ke bhAminIvilAsa ke prathama bhAga ko anyApadezazataka bhI kahate haiM / nairguNya meva sAdhIyo dhigastu guNagauravam / zAkhino'nye virAjante khaNDyante candanadrumAH / / nIlakaNTha dIkSita kA anyoktizataka yA anyApadezazataka lekhaka kI ucca kalpanAzakti kA paricaya detA hai / yaha kAvya sarvazreSTha anyokti-kAvyoM meM se eka hai / vIrezvara ( samaya ajJAta ) kA anyoktizataka isI prakAra ke bhAva se yukta hai|

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adhyAya 16 subhASita-grantha mubhASita-grantha kaviyoM kA samaya-nirdhAraNa karane aura unake granthoM ke nirNaya karane meM bahuta sahAyaka hote haiN| ina granthoM meM vibhinna kaviyoM ke racita zloka viSayoM ke anusAra saMgraha kiye jAte haiM / ye zloka kAvyagranthoM, gItikAvyoM aura sAmAnya saMgrahoM se lie jAte haiN| kucha subhASita-granthoM meM lekhakoM ke nAma bhI die hue hote haiM ki yaha zloka amuka kavi kI racanA hai| ina granthoM meM jo zloka jisa kavi ke nAma se die hue haiM, unameM se kucha zloka Ajakala ke mudrita saMskaraNoM meM prApta nahIM hote haiM / ina subhASitagranthoM ke AdhAra para hI Ajakala prayatna kiyA jA rahA hai ki katipaya kaviyoM aura unake kAvyoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sake / ataH ye subhASitagrantha kaviyoM ke vaMzAnukrama aura kAla ke nirdhAraNa meM bahuta sahAyaka haiN| ___ isa prakAra ke zlokoM kA sabase prAcIna saMgraha gAthAsaptazatI hai / isameM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhita sAta sau zloka haiM / isameM zRMgAra-viSayaka prAcIna lekhakoM ke racita zloka saMgraha kie gae haiM / ina zlokoM meM se kucha pravarasena, mAyurAja, hAla Adi kI racanAe~ haiM / isa grantha meM isakA lekhaka hAla kavi batAyA gayA hai / bANa ne harSacarita meM isako sAtavAhana kI racanA mAnI hai|' sAtavAhana kA prAkRta rUpa zAlivAhana hai / yaha AndhrabhRtya rAjAoM kA pArivArika nAma thaa| sAtavAhana rAjAoM ne mahArASTra meM 73 I0 pU0 se lekara 218 I. taka rAjya kiyA hai| ina rAjAoM meM se 1. avinAzinamagrAmyamakarot sAtavAhanaH / vizuddhajAtibhiH kozaM ratnariva subhASitaiH / / harSacarita kI bhUmikA meM bANa, zloka 13 / 2. The Collected Works of Bhandarkar, bhAga 3, paSTha 51 aura 52 saM0 sA0 i0-11

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sAtavAhana vaMzI eka hAla nAmaka rAjA ne 78 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga rAjya kiyA hai / usane prAkRta meM gItarUpa meM kucha zloka banAe hoMge aura kucha aise zlokoM kA saMgraha kiyA hogA athavA apane Azrita kisI kavi ke dvArA apane se pUrva ke prApta zlokoM ko kramabaddha karAyA hogA aura usako apane pArivArika nAma sAtavAhana ke nAma se prasiddha kiyA hogA / grandhrabhRtya rAjA vidvAnoM ke AzrayadAtA the aura unhoMne prAkRta sAhitya ko bhI Azraya diyA thA / ataH gAthAsaptazatI kA samaya prathama zatAbdI I0 meM samajhanA cAhie / isa saptazatI meM zrRGgAra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA vistRta aura vAstavika rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / ina zlokoM meM komalatA aura bhAva-saundarya vidyamAna hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki isa saptazatI ke nirmANa ke bAda bahuta se parivartana hue haiM / 162 saMskRta zlokoM kA sarvaprathama subhASita-saMgraha 'kavIndravacanasamuccaya' hai / isa grantha kI nepAlI bhASA meM prApta hastalipi 12vIM zatAbdI I0 kI hai / isameM sabase bAda kA kavi rAjazekhara (600 I0) hai, jisakA uddharaNa diyA gayA hai / ataH isa grantha kA samaya 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / isameM prAcIna lekhakoM ke 525 zlokoM kA saMgraha hai / isake lekhaka kA nAma prApta nahIM hotA hai / cAlukya samrAT vikramAditya dvitIya ke putra somezvara ne 1131 I0 meM abhilaSitArtha cintAmaNi likhA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma mAnasollAsa bhI hai / isameM vibhinna viSayoM para bahuta sAmagrI prApta hotI hai / isameM pA~ca bhAga haiM / isameM rAjAoM ke rahane kI vidhi, unake manoraMjana kI vastuoM Adi kA varNana hai / isameM manoraMjana kI sabhI cIjoM kA varNana hai / "ina vipayoM ke sAtha hI saMskRta meM prApta jJAna aura kalA kAM aisA koI bhI vibhAga zeSa nahIM raha gayA hai, jisake pramukha siddhAntoM kA varNana isameM upalabdha na hotA ho| isameM rAjya vyavasthA, gaNita aura phalita jyotiSa, tarkazAstra,

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subhASita-grantha 163 sAhityazAstra, kAvya, saMgIta, citrakalA, vAstukalA, vaidyaka, ghor3e, hAthI aura kutte Adi kI zikSA ityAdi sabhI viSayoM kA varNana hai / " govardhana baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena (1166 I0) kA Azrita kavi thA / usane gAthAsaptazatI ke anukaraNa para saMskRta ke sAta sau zlokoM kA saMgraha kiyA aura unako akArAdi-anukrama se rakhA / ye sabhI zloka AryA chanda meM haiM aura inameM zRGgAra viSaya kA varNana hai| isakA nAma AryAsaptazatI hai| vaTudAsa ke putra zrIdharadAsa ne saduktikarNAmRta likhA hai| usane yaha grantha lakSmaNasena ke rAjyakAla meM likhA hai / usane apane isa grantha kA racanAkAla 1205 I0 diyA hai / usane 446 kaviyoM ke 2368 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| ina kaviyoM meM adhikAMza baMgAla ke haiM / yAdava rAjA kRSNa (1247-1260 I0) ke mantrI kavi jalhaNa ne 1257 I0 meM eka subhASita-grantha sUktimuktAvalI likhA hai / usane 243 kaviyoM ke 2760 zloka uddhRta kie haiM / bhUmikA meM usane grantha kI viSaya-sUcI bhI dI hai / jayavallabha kRta prAkRta va jAlaggama kI racanA usI samaya kI hai / / kaliGgarAyasUrya kA sUktiratnahAra 14vIM zatAbdI pUrvArdha kI racanA hai| sAyaNa vijayanagara rAjya ke cAra rAjAoM - kampasa, saMgama dvitIya, bakka prathama aura harihara dvitIya kA mantrI thA / usane vedoM kI TIkA likhI hai / vaha 1350 I0 ke lagabhaga jIvita thA / usane eka subhASita-grantha subhASitasudhAnidhi likhA hai| isameM usane prasiddha lekhakoM kI sUktiyoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai / apane bhAI bhoganAtha kI sUktiyoM kA bhI usane isameM saMgraha kiyA hai| dAmodara ke putra zArGgadhara ne 1363 I0 meM zArGgadharapaddhati likhI hai / isameM 163 vibhAgoM meM vibhakta 4689 zloka haiM / isane 264 kaviyoM ke 1. The Collected Works of R. G. Bhandarkar bhAga 3, paSTha 124 /

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164 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ganthoM se sUktiyA~ ekatra kI haiN| usane apanI bhI sUktiyA~ isameM dI haiM / ise usane 163 anubhAgoM meM kramabaddha kiyA hai| sakalakIrti kI likhI huI subhASitAvali kI eka hastalikhita prati prApta hotI hai| yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki yaha sakalakIti jaina vidvAna sakalakIrti hI hai, jo 1450 I0 ke lagabhaga jIvita thaa| potayArya ne 1466 I0 meM prasaMgaratnAvali likhI hai| yaha vibhinna viSayoM para zlokoM kA saMgraha hai / jonarAja ke ziSya zrIvara ne 1480 I0 ke lagabhaga subhASitAvali likhI hai| usane usameM 380 se adhika kaviyoM ke zloka uddhRta kie haiM / isI samaya ke lagabhaga vallabhadeva ne subhASitAvali likhI hai / yaha 101 bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM 3527 zloka haiM / ye 350 se adhika kaviyoM kI racanAoM se lie gae haiN| inameM se adhikAMza uttarI bhArata ke haiM / kRSNacaitanya ke ziSya rUpagosvAmI (1500 I0) ne padyAvalI grantha likhA hai / isameM 125 kaviyoM ke 386 zloka uddhRta haiN| isameM usane ve zloka rakhe haiM, jo zrIkRSNa kI pUjA kA mahattva batAte haiM peDDabhaTTa ne 1500 I0 ke lagabhaga sUktivAridhi likhA hai / harikavi ne subhASitahArAvali likhI hai / isameM usane pUrvavartI aura samakAlIna kaviyoM ke zloka uddhRta kie haiM / usane jagannAtha paNDita ke bhI zloka uddhRta kie haiM, ata: usakA samaya 1700 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| - zivAjI ke putra zambhu ne 1660 I0 ke lagabhaga budhabhUSaNa grantha likhA hai / isameM tIna bhAgoM meM 883 zloka haiM / DA0 bAlika ne 19vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM sampUrNa saMskRta sAhitya ke chaTe hue lagabhaga 8000 zloka ekatra kie aura unako AlocanAtmaka paddhati se saMkalana karake unakA jarmana bhASA meM gadya meM anuvAda kiyA / isa grantha kA nAma hai--iNDize skhe (bhAratIya suuktiyaaN)| haribhAskara kA saMgRhIta subhASita-grantha padyAmRtataraMgiNI hai / isakA samaya ajJAta hai / zivadatta ke kie hue subhASitasaMgraha kA nAma subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra hai|

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adhyAya 17 gadya-kAvya apadyabaddha racanA ko gadya kahate haiM / ' kRSNayajurveda, brAhmaNa grantha, AraNyaka Adi, vedAMga tathA prAcIna vijJAna-viSayaka grantha gadya meM hI haiM / vaidika-kAla ke bAda zreNyakAla meM gadya se pUrva padya kA samaya AtA hai / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANa padyarUpa meM haiM / padyabaddha racanA ko smaraNa karanA sarala hotA hai, gadya kI racanA ko nahIM / ataH zreNyakAla ke prArambhika kAla meM gadya ko sAhityika kAvya nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| isa samaya padyabaddha kAvyoM ko hI kAvya mAnA gayA thA / Alocaka padyAtmaka kAvyoM ko rucikara mAnate the, ata: unhoMne gadya-kAvya ko Adara nahIM diyA / ataH kaviyoM ke lie padya kI apekSA gadya kI racanA karanA adhika kaThina thA / gadya kI sundara racanA ke lie asAdhAraNa kauzala kI AvazyakatA thI / ataeva kahA gayA thA ki gadyaM kavInAM nikaSaM vadanti / arthAt gadya kaviyoM ke lie kasauTI hai / Alocaka yaha cAhate the ki gadya kA stara bahuta U~cA ho, ataH unako santuSTa karane ke lie gadya-lekhakoM ko yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve gadya meM kucha vizeSa bAtoM ko sthAna deN| isake lie lambe-lambe samAsa aura vizeSaNoM kI paramparA ko sthAna diyA gayA / varNanoM meM vAkya AvazyakatA se adhika lambe ho ge| pariNAma yaha huyA ki thor3I kathA, adhika varNana aura gatizIlatA kA abhAva gadya kI pramukha vizeSatA ho gii| ___ gadya-kAvya mukhya rUpa se do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai--kathA aura AkhyAyikA / kathA ko upavibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai, inheM lambaka kahate 1. apAdaH padasantAno gadyam / daNDI, kAvyAdarza 1. 23 / 165

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166 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa haiM / isameM AryA chanda meM padya hote haiM / prAkhyAyikA ko ucchravAsa nAmaka upavibhAgoM meM bA~Tate haiM / isameM vaktra aura apavaktra nAmaka chandoM meM zloka hote haiM / isameM kumAriyoM kA haraNa, yuddha Adi dRzya hote haiM / isameM lekhaka kucha aisA cihna rakhatA hai, jisase yaha pahacAnA jA sake ki yaha racanA amuka lekhaka kI hai / AkhyAyikA AtmakathA ke rUpa meM hotI hai aura kathA kA varNana karane vAlA lekhaka bhI ho sakatA hai tathA anya koI bhI ho sakatA hai / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki kaba yaha antara kiyA gayA thaa| sabase prAcIna Alocaka daNDI ( 700 I0 ) ne isa antara kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isa antara kI ha~sI ur3AI hai / usane yaha mata prakaTa kiyA hai ki kathA aura AkhyAyikA meM vAstavika koI antara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ye donoM hI gadya sAhitya ke eka vizeSa prakAra ke vibhinna nAma haiM / ina donoM meM jo antara kiyA gayA hai, usakA pAlana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / jo grantha aba taka prApta haiM, unake dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki isa antara kA pAlana nahIM ke barAbara huA hai / adhikAMza meM isa antara kI upekSA hI kI gaI hai / tathApi AlocakoM ne gadya ke uparyukta do vibhAga kie haiN| yaha prayana kiyA gayA ki ina donoM kA yaha antara mAnA jAya ki AkhyAyikA vAstavika ghaTanA para nirbhara ho aura kathA kA viSaya kAlpanika ho / gadya ke AkhyAna, parikathA, khaNDakathA Adi kaI bheda haiM / inameM bahuta thor3A antara hai / pataMjali ke mahAbhASya ( 150 I0 pU0 ), rudradAman ke zilAlekha ( 150 I0 ) aura hariSeNa ( 345 I0 ) ke zilAlekha Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki zreNyakAla ke bahuta prArambhika kAla se gadya kA prayoga hone lagA thA / rudradAman aura hariSeNa ke zilAlekha bahuta sundara aura alaMkRta bhASA meM likhe gae haiM / ina donoM zilAlekhoM kI zailI bANa Adi ( 7vIM zatAbdI I0) kI zailI se bahuta milatI hai / pataMjali ne mahAbhASya meM vAsavadattA, sumanottarA aura bhaimarathI, ina gadya-granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / inameM se prathama

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gadyakAmya 167 do AkhyAyikA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vararuci ne cArumatI nAmaka gadyagrantha likhA hai / rAmila aura saumila zUdrakakathA ke racayitA mAne jAte haiM / usI nAma ke eka anya grantha kA sambandha bhoja (1005-1054 I0) kRta paJcAzikA se lagAyA jAtA hai / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki yaha grantha, jisakA cihna 'Ananda' hai, dUsarI zUdrakakathA se abhinna hai yA nhiiN| zAtakarNIharaNa, manovatI aura taraMgavatI ye bhI gadya-grantha haiN| ye AndhrabhRtya rAjAoM ke nirIkSaNa meM likhe gae the / inameM se kucha prAkRta meM ho sakate haiM / bANa ne bhaTTAra haricandra aura prADhayarAja ko pramukha gadyalekhaka mAnA hai| ye saba grantha Ajakala prApya nahIM haiN| bANa hI sarvaprathama gadyalekhaka hai, jisake grantha aba taka prApya haiN| vaha harSacarita aura kAdambarI kA lekhaka hai| ukta prathama grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki vANa zrIvatsagotra meM utpanna citrabhAnu kA putra thaa| usakA vaMza vAtsyAyana vaMza hai / vaha sona nadI ke kinAre pRthukUTa nAmaka grAma kA vAsI thaa| vaha jaba bAlaka thA, tabhI usakI mAtA kA svargavAsa ho gayA thA aura jaba vaha caudaha varSa kA huA, taba usake pitA kA bhI svargavAsa ho gyaa| zikSA prApta karane ke bAda vaha sAre deza meM ghUmA / usake isa yAtrA ke sAthI sabhI prakAra ke vyakti the / vaha jaba ghara lauTA, taba vaha vidyA aura anubhava meM samRddha ho gayA thaa| eka dina use harSavardhana ke rAjadvAra meM pahu~cane kA nimantraNa milaa| tadanusAra vaha harSa ke rAjadvAra meM gayA aura vahA~ usakA sammAna huA aura vaha rAjakavi banA diyA gyaa| rAja-sammAna prApta karane ke kaI vaSa bAda vaha ghara lauTA aura sukhapUrvaka rahane lagA / bANa ne harSacarita meM apane viSaya meM ye bAteM likhI haiN| usake bAda ke jIvana ke viSaya meM aura kucha jJAta nahIM hai / harSa 606 I0 meM gaddI para baiThA / isa samaya ke bAda hI bANa rAjA harSa ke rAjadvAra meM Azrita kavi hunA hogA / ataH usakI racanAoM kA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 kA pUrvArdha mAnanA caahie| . 1. mahAbhASya 4-2-60 /

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168 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bANa ne ye grantha likhe haiM--do gadya-grantha--harSacarita aura kAdambarI, eka caNDIzataka nAmaka gItikAvya aura eka grantha mukuTatADitaka / mukuTatADitaka naSTa ho gayA hai, ataH isakA viSayAdi ajJAta hai| AlocakoM ne bANa ko ratnAvalI, priyadarzikA aura nAgAnanda ina tIna nATakoM kA bhI racayitA mAnA hai| tInoM nATaka rAjA harSa kI racanA mAne jAte haiM / bANa uccakoTi kA evaM pariSkRta gadya-lekhaka hai| usake padya saundarya aura kalpanA kI dRSTi se utane uccakoTi ke nahIM haiN| isakA samarthana caNDIzataka karatA hai| uparyukta tInoM nATakoM meM zloka apekSAkRta sarala aura alaMkRta haiN| ina para bANa kA prabhAva dikhAI nahIM detA hai / ataH ina tInoM nATakoM ko bANa kI racanA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| yaha kathana ki harSa ne bahuta dhana dekara apane nAma se ye grantha bANa se likhavAe haiM, sarvathA nirAdhAra hai / yadi bANa ne dhana ke lie grantharacanA kI hotI to vaha kAdambarI ko hI harSa ke nAma se likhatA aura isake dvArA bahuta dhanarAzi prApta krtaa| bANa ke do gadya-granthoM meM se harSacarita prArambhika racanA hai / isameM pATha ucchavAsa haiN| prathama do ucchavAsoM aura tRtIya ke kucha bhAga meM bANa ne AtmakathA dI hai / usane tRtIya ucchavAsa meM harSa ke vaMza ke AdipuruSa puSpabhUti kA ullekha kiyA hai / avaziSTa adhyAyoM meM usane prabhAkaravardhana kA jIvana, harSa aura usake bar3e bhAI rAjyavardhana aura usakI choTI bahana rAjyazrI kI utpatti aura vikAsa kA varNana kiyA hai| rAjyazrI kA vivAha maukharI rAjA grahavarmA ke sAtha huA thaa| prabhAkaravardhana ke svargavAsa ke bAda hI mAlavA ke rAjA ne grahavarmA kA vadha kara diyA thaa| rAjyavardhana ne mAlavA ke rAjA para AkramaNa kiyA aura usakA vadha kara diyA, kintu mArga meM hI gaur3a rAjA ne usake zivira meM hI usakA dhokhe se vadha kara diyaa| harSa ne gaur3a rAjA ke viruddha prasthAna kiyA, kintu mArga meM rAjyazrI ke ajJAta sthAna para cale jAne kA samAcAra sunakara usane usako DhUMDhA aura usako grahavarmA ke mitra eka bauddha saMnyAsI kI dekha-rekha meM rakhakara gaur3a rAjA kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| yaha kathA apUrNa rUpa se yahIM para bANa ne samApta kara dI hai /

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gadyakAvya 166 isa grantha ko yahIM para apUrNa rUpa meM samApta karane kA kAraNa ajJAta hai| isa viSaya meM yaha vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki harSa ne bauddhoM ko jo Adara diyA hai, usako bANa ne ucita nahIM samajhA / dUsarA vicAra yaha hai ki jaba vANa yaha grantha likha rahA thA, usa samaya pulakezI dvitIya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa usake AzrayadAtA harSa ko bahuta kSati pahuMcI thii| bANa ne apane prAzrayadAtA ke viSaya meM ina durghaTanAoM kA ullekha ucita nahIM samajhA hogA, ataH usane Age kI ghaTanAe~ nahIM likhIM / kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha vicAra prastuta kiyA hai ki bANa ke svargavAsa ke kAraNa vaha isako pUrNa nahIM kara sakA / uparyukta sabhI vicAra kevala kalpanAmAtra haiM, ataH vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya nahIM haiN| __ yaha grantha bANa ke pUrvavartI kaviyoM kA samaya-nirdhAraNa karane ke lie bahuta hI upayogI hai / usake prArambhika zlokoM meM nimnalikhita kaviyoM aura granthoM kA ullekha hai--vAsavadattA, bhaTTAra haricandra, sAtavAhana, pravarasena, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bRhatkathA aura pADhyarAja / ___ kAdambarI eka premAkhyAna hai / isameM kAdambarI aura candrApIDa tathA mahAzvetA aura puNDarIka ina donoM yugaloM ke prema kA varNana hai / bANa isa grantha ko apUrNa chor3akara divaMgata huA / zeSa aMza ko usake putra bhUSaNa bANa ne pUrva kiyaa| eka zApa ke kAraNa puNDarIka kA svargavAsa ho jAtA hai aura vaha vaizampAyana nAma se utpanna hotA hai tathA candrApIDa kA mitra hotA hai / daivagati se candrApIDa aura vaizampAyana kA svargavAsa hotA hai aura candrApIDa rAjA zudraka ke rUpa meM utpanna hotA hai tathA vaizampAyana tote ke rUpa meM utpanna hotA hai aura unakA nAma vahI rahatA hai / kAdambarI aura mahAzvetA sakhiyA~ haiM / kAdambarI kA candrAIDa se aura mahAzvetA kA puNDarIka se prema hotA hai / AkAzavANI hotI hai ki unakA apane premiyoM se punarmilana hogA / eka dina totA vaizampAyana rAjA zUdraka kI sabhA meM lAyA gayA aura usane pUrva janma kI sArI bAteM usako 1. kAdambarI uttara bhAga bhUmikA-zloka 4 /

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170 . saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa batAIM, jaisA ki jAvAli RSi ne use batAyA thA / jAbAli RSi kI kRpA se totA vaizampAyana ne apane pUrva janma kI sArI kathA kahI aura phira puNDarIka ho gayA / rAjA zudraka ne yaha kathA sunI aura vaha candrApIDa ho gayA / ye donoM apane priyAnoM se mile aura inakA vivAha-samAroha vizeSa Ayojana ke sAtha huaa| __ bANa ke svargavAsa ke kAraNa hI kAdambarI apUrNa raha gaI / kAdambarI avazya hI harSacarita ke bAda meM likhI gaI hai / donoM granthoM kI zailI kI tulanA se jJAta hotA hai ki kAdambarI kI zailI adhika paripkRta aura parimArjita hai| yadi kAdambarI pahalI racanA hotI to bANa ke lie yaha sambhava na hotA ki vaha kama pariSkRta zailI meM bAda ke grantha ko likhatA / ___ ye donoM grantha bhArata kI 7vIM zatAbdI I0 kI sAmAjika sthiti ke jJAna ke lie bahuta upayogI haiN| bANa ne apanI yAtrAoM ke dvArA jo jJAna prApta kiyA thA, usase vaha pratyeka sthAna kI rIti aura prathAoM ko bahuta sUkSmatA ke sAtha dekhatA thaa| usane una sabakA bahuta vistAra aura sUkSmatA ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai / ataH usake vanoM aura nagaroM ke dRzyoM ke varNana, rAjaprAsAdoM, senA-ziviroM, RSiyoM aura unake jIvana ke varNana bahuta vAstavika haiN| usane mAnava-hRdaya kI ceSTAnoM kA bahuta sUkSmatA se adhyayana kiyA thA / bANa kI isa pratibhA kA jJAna candrApIDa ko prathama bAra dekhakara kAdambarI ke hRdbhAvoM ke varNana, prabhAkaravardhana kA svargavAsa aura usakA harSavardhana para prabhAva, grahavarmA ke vadha para harSa kI pratikriyA Adi ke varNanoM se prApta hotA hai| sAhityika dRSTikoNa se kAdambarI harSacarita se utkRSTa hai / bANa ne vizeSa rUpa se kAdambarI para apanI nirIkSaNa-zakti kA sarvasva, kalpanA aura utprekSA kA sArA bhaNDAra aura sahAnubhUti kI sArI bhAvanA lagA dI hai| kAdambarI guNADha ya kI bRhatkathA para AdhArita pratIta hotI hai| isameM bANa ne apanI pratibhA ke prakAzana kA bahuta svAdhIna mArga apAnAyA hai| harSacarita

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171 vAstavika ghaTanAoM para Azrita hai, ataH usameM bANa ko apanI pratibhA ke prakAzana kA uttama avasara prApta nahIM huA hai / kAdambarI bhAva, bhASA aura zailI sabhI dRSTi se harSacarita se utkRSTa hai / ataeva yaha ucita hI kahA gayA hai ki ' kAdambarI ke rasajJoM ko bhojana bhI acchA nahIM lagatA' / kAdambarIrasajJAnAmAhAro'pi na rocate / / gadyakAvya bANa kI racanAe~ pAMcAlI rIti meM haiN| pAMcAlI rIti ke sarvazreSTha kaviyoM vANa aura kavayitrI zIlAbhaTTArikA kA nAma ullikhita hai / " zIlAbhaTTAfor kA koI grantha Ajakala prApta nahIM hai / bANa kI zailI kI kaI pramukha vizeSatAe~ haiM / usane samAsoM kA bahuta prayoga kiyA hai / samAsoM kA astitva gadyazailI kI pramukha vizeSatA mAnI gaI hai / bANa ne apane granthoM kI racanA sAhityikoM ke dvArA nirdhArita niyamoM kA pUrNatayA pAlana karate hue kI hai / zleSa aura virodhAbhAsa ke kaThina prayogoM ke hote hue bhI usakI kavitA kA mahatva nahIM ghaTA hai / yahA~ para yaha smaraNa rakhanA ucita hai ki saMskRta sAhitya ke AlocakoM ne bahuta se kaviyoM kI racanAoM kI bahuta kaTu samAlocanA kI hai, kintu bANa aura kucha thor3e se kavi aise haiM, jo una AlocakoM kI kaThoratama parIkSA meM saphala hue / bANa kA zabdakoSa asA - dhAraNa rUpa se vizAla hai / usane bahuta lambe vAkyoM ke pazcAt sahasA choTechoTe vAkya die haiN| usane varNanoM meM lambe samAsoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, parantu vArtAlApa meM aise lambe samAsoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai / ataeva usakI zailI santulita hai / vaha bhAva ke anusAra hI zailI ko apanAtA hai / usane kevala ati pracalita upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA Adi alaMkAroM kA hI prayoga 1. zabdArthayossamo gumphaH pAMcAlI rItiriSyate / zIlA bhaTTArikAvAci bANoktiSu ca sA yadi || jalhaNa kI sUktimuktAvalI / 2. projaH samAsabhUyastvametad gadyasya jIvitam // daNDI kA kAvyAdarza 1.80 /

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172 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nahIM kiyA hai, apitu apracalita virodhAbhAsa, AkSepa, parisaMkhyA, vakrokti Adi alaMkAroM kA bhI bar3I saphalatA ke sAtha prayoga kiyA hai / vebara ne bANa kI zailI kI AlocanA karate hue likhA hai ki - "yaha eka bhAratIya jaMgala hai / isameM yAtrI jaba taka apane lie svayaM jhAr3iyoM ko kATakara mArga na banAve, taba taka usake lie mArga milanA asambhava hai / isake bAda bhI apracalita zabdoM ke rUpa se bhayaMkara jaMgalI pazu usako bhAnvita karate hue prApta hote haiM / " yaha satya hai ki bANa ke dvArA prayukta zleSoM meM zabdoM kI khIMcAtAnI huI hai aura usane jina kathAnakoM kA saMketa kiyA hai, unameM se bahuta se pracalita haiM / bANa kI racanA unake lie hI bhayAvaha hai, jinhoMne saMskRta sAhitya kA samucita rUpa se adhyayana nahIM kiyA hai / ataH bANa ke granthoM kA rasAsvAda na lene meM pAThaka kI anabhijJatA hI kAraNa hai, na ka bANa kI racanA - zailI / bhAratIya lekhakoM ne bANa kI yogyatA aura usake guNoM kI bahuta bala ke sAtha prazaMsA kI hai / govardhana, trivikrama, dhanapAla, dharmadAsa, soDDhala, somezvara Adi ne samucita zabdoM meM bANa kI zailI kI prazaMsA kI hai / bANa ne gadya-kAvya ke lie jo ucca stara prastuta kiyA hai, usake kAraNa hI bANa ke pUrvavartI katipaya gadya sAhitya ke grantha lupta ho gae haiM / mahAn naiyAyika jayanta bhaTTa ( 880 I0 ) ne ina zabdoM meM bANa kI prazaMsA kI hai-'prakaTa rasAnuguNavikaTAkSararacanAcamatkAritasakalakavikulA bANasya vAcaH / -- nyAyamaJjarI pRSTha 1,215 bhUSaNabANa yogya pitA kA yogya putra thA / usane kAdambarI ko pUrNa kiyA hai / yadyapi bANa ke tulya usakI vizeSa prazaMsA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai, tathApi usameM kava-pratibhA thI / bANa ke bAda daNDI pramukha gadya lekhaka hai / usake jIvana carita Adi ke viSaya meM koI nizcita sUcanA prApta nahIM hotI hai / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki use 'daNDI' upAdhi prApta huI thI / usakA vAstavika nAma ajJAta hai / yaha nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai ki vaha kaba aura kahA~ utpanna huA thA / kaI AlocakoM ne usakA sambandha kAlidAsa ke sAtha sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / kucha

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gadyakAvya 173 samaya pUrva hI prApta hue daNDI ke grantha avantisundarIkathA meM varNita AtmakathA se jJAta hotA hai .ka vaha kirAtArjanIya kAvya ke lekhaka bhAravi kA prapautra thA / bhAravi kA vAstavika nAma dAmodara thaa| vaha pulakezI dvitIya ke choTe bhAI viSNuvardhana kA mitra thA / eka bAra vaha rAjakumAra ke sAtha mRgayA-yAtrA meM gayA / vahA~ kSudhA se atyanta pIr3ita hokara usane jIvana-rakSArtha mAMsa khA liyaa| vaha isa pApa ke kAraNa atilajjita hokara ghara nahIM lauTA aura jaMgala meM hI ghUmatA rahA / vahA~ para vaha gaMgA-vaMza ke nirvAsita rAjakumAra duvinIta kA mitra ho gayA / isa rAjakumAra ke vaMza kA kAMcI ke pallava rAjAoM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha thaa| isa rAjakumAra ke prayatna se bhAravi kAMcI ke rAjA siMhaviSNa kA Azrita kavi ho gayA / bhAravi kI Ayu usa samaya lagabhaga 20 varSa thii| usane kAMcI meM hI apanA nivAsa-sthAna banA liyaH / usakA eka putra manoratha nAma kA huA / manoratha kA caturtha putra vIradatta thaa| daMDI vIradatta kA putra thA / bAlyakAla meM hI usake mAtA-pitA kA svargavAsa ho gayA / eka cAlukya rAjA ne kAMcI nagara para AkramaNa kiyA aura nagara ko lUTa liyaa| apanI rakSA ke lie daMDI ko nagara chor3akara bAhara jAnA par3A / vaha bahuta samaya taka idhara-udhara ghUmA aura ucca zikSA prApta kii| jaba rAjA narasiMhavarmA prathama ne kAMcI ko punaH jIta liyA, taba daMDI punaH lauTa AyA aura kAMcI meM sthira rUpa se rahane lgaa| vahIM para usane gadya meM avantisunda kathA nAmaka premakathA likhii| isa grantha meM likhI huI ghaTanAe~ kahA~ taka satya haiM, yaha kahanA asaMbhava hai / isameM jo kucha ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki bhAravi 580 I0 ke lagabhaga kAMcI gayA hogaa| duvinIta nirvAsita jIvana vyatIta karane ke bAda 580 I0 ke lagabhaga apanI bhUmi kA rAjA ho gayA / siMhaviSNa ne 575 se 600 I0 ke bIca meM kAMcI para rAjya kiyA hai / aisA jJAta huA hai ki narasiMhavarmA prathama ne 655 I. ke lagabhaga kAMcI ko punaH jItA thA / yaha asaMbhava nahIM hai ki isa samaya taka bhAravi kA prapautra utpanna

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ho gayA thA / daMDI 655 I0 ke kucha samaya bAda kAMcI lauTA hogA / grataH vaha sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttarArdha meM rahA hogA / yadi avantisundarIkathA kA lekhaka daMDI hI kAvyAdarza kA lekhaka hai, taba yaha samaya ucita pratIta hotA hai / pulakezI dvitIya ke jyeSTha putra rAjA candrAditya kI dharmapatnI aura kavayitrI vijayA ne kAvyAdarza ke maMgalAcaraNa ke zloka ko uddhRta kiyA hai / candrAditya 642 I0 ke bAda eka prAnta kA rAjA thA / pallava rAjAoM aura cAlukya rAjAnoM meM paraspara sambandha thA / yaha saMbhava hai ki daMDI kA kAvyAdarza racanA ke bAda hI cAlukya rAjya meM pracalita ho gayA hogA / yahA~ para yaha kathana ucita hai ki avantisundarIkathA kI jo hastalikhita prati prApta huI hai, vaha apUrNa hai aura usakA pAThya bhI truTipUrNa hai / usameM daNDo ke samaya ke nirdhAraNa ke lie nizcita sUcanA prApta nahIM hotI hai / 174 avantisundarIkathA harSacarita ke anusAra hI katipaya zlokoM se prArambha hotI hai / usameM bahuta se kaviyoM ke nAma die hue haiM / vAlmIki, vyAsa, subandhu, guNADhya, zUdraka, bhAsa, pravarasena, kAlidAsa, nArAyaNa, vANa aura mayUra kA nAma spaSTa rUpa se likhA huA hai / kucha zlokoM meM bIca kA bhAga aprApya hai, ataH una zlokoM meM jina kaviyoM kA ullekha rahA hogA, unake viSaya meM kucha jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai / ina zlokoM ke pazcAt gadya meM kathA prArambha hotI hai / isameM kAMcI nagarI kA varNana hai aura daNDI AtmakathA likhI hai / isake bAda avantisundarIkathA kI kathA prArambha hotI hai / bhAva kI dRSTi se yaha dazakumAracarita kI pUrvapIThikA ke samAna hai / yaha prahAravarmA ke apane putroM ke viyoga ke varNana ke sAtha samApta hotI hai / isakI zailI kAdambarI kI zailI se bahuta milatI huI hai / daNDI ne kAMcI se bAhara rahane ke samaya bANa kI kAdambarI par3hI hogI / varNanoM meM bhI daNDI bANa kA bahuta RNI hai /

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gadyakAvya 175 uparyukta grantha ke atirikta yaha kathA padyAtmaka rUpa meM bhI prApta hotI hai| isa grantha kA nAma avantisundarIkathAsAra hai| yaha sAta pariccheda (adhyAyoM) meM hai / antima pariccheda apUrNa hai / prathama pariccheda meM daNDI kA jIvanacarita hai / zeSa 6 paricchedoM meM dazakumAracarita kI pUrvapIThikA meM jo kathA varNita hai, vahI kathA prApta hotI hai| pratyeka pariccheda ke antima zloka meM Ananda zabda AyA hai| isa grantha meM bANa kI kAdambarI kI kathA kA sArAza bhI diyA huA hai| isa grantha kA lekhaka ajJAta hai| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra daNDI dazakumAracarita aura kAvyAdarza kA lekhaka hai / dazakumAracarita meM tIna bhAga haiM-pUrvapIThikA, mukhya gadya bhAga tathA uttarapIThikA / inameM se prathama bhAga meM pA~ca ucchavAsa haiM, dvitIya meM pATha aura tRtIya meM koI vibhAjana nahIM hai| isameM rAjA mAnasAra ke dvArA magadha ke rAjA rAjahaMsa kI parAjaya kA varNana hai tathA usakA pravAsita hokara vana meM rahane kA varNana hai / vahIM para usakA putra rAjavAhana tathA usake 6 sAthI utpanna hue| ina 6 meM se kucha rAjakumAra the aura kucha mantriyoM ke putra the| ye dasoM kumAra arthopArjana ke lie nikale / ve saba pRthak ho gae aura kucha varSoM ke bAda punaH mile / pratyeka ne apane-apane bhramaNakA vRttAMta sunaayaa| ina sabane milakara rAjahaMsa ke zatru mAnasAra para AkramaNa kiyA aura magadha kA rAjya punaH prApta kiyaa| dazakumAracarita ke ye tInoM bhAga tIna vibhinna lekhakoM ke dvArA vibhinna samaya meM likhe hue pratIta hote haiN| zailI kI dRSTi se prathama aura antima bhAga madhya vAle bhAga se nissandeha nikRSTa hai| prathama aura dvitIya bhAga ke varNanoM ke vivaraNa meM pUrNatayA asAmaMjasya hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jisane prathama bhAga likhA hai, usane madhya ke mukhya bhAga kI ghaTanAoM ko ThIka nahIM samajhA hai| isake atirikta prathama aura antima bhAga ke kaI pATha-bheda milate haiM / isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki prathama aura antima bhAga kA kucha aMza naSTa ho gayA thA aura usa kSati-pUrti ke lie kucha prayatna kiyA gayA hogA,

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176 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa ye bhAga anya-likhita prApta hote haiN| yaha bhI sujhAva prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki isa grantha kA mUla nAma avantisundarIkathA thaa| jo bhAga naSTa nahIM huA thA, usakA nAma dazakumAracarita rakkhA gayA, kyoMki saMbhavataH mUla grantha kA nAma ajJAta ho gayA thA yA jo bhAga prApta huA thA, usakA nAma avantisundarIkathA rakhanA ucita nahIM samajhA gayA, kyoMki usameM avantisundarI kA vizeSa rUpa se varNana nahIM hai / isakA prArambhika bhAga jA naSTa ho gayA thA, vaha aba apUrNa rUpa meM prApta huA hai| isa sujhAva ko kevala kalpanAmAtra samajhanA caahie| ___ gadya-kAvya kI dRSTi se dazakumAracarita bahuta uccakoTi kA nahIM hai| isameM vyAkaraNa-sambandhI truTiyA~ haiM, vizeSa rUpa se pUrvapIThikA vAle bhAga meM / lambe samAsa jo ki gadya-kAvya kA jIvana mAnA jAtA hai, isameM prAyaH aprApta haiN| daNDI ne kAvyAdarza meM jisa bhAvAbhivyakti meM grAmyatA kI nindA kI hai, vaha isameM pracura mAtrA meM prApta hotI hai / isa AdhAra para AlocakoM kA mata hai ki kAvyAdarza kA racayitA daNDI isa dazakumAracarita kA kartA nahIM hai / kucha anya AlocakoM kA mata hai ki daNDI uccakoTi kA sAhityazAstrI thA, parantu vaha nimna koTi kA gadya-lekhaka thaa| yaha usake dazakumAracarita se prakaTa hotA hai / yaha bhI mata prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki daNDI ne pahale dazakumAracarita aura bAda meM kAvyAdarza likhA hai / puSTa pramANoM ke abhAva meM ye saba vicAra kevala kalpanAmAtra samajhane caahie| daNDI padalAlitya ke lie prasiddha hai / dazakumAra carita kucha aMza taka isa bAta kI puSTi karatA hai / parantu yadi avantisundarIkathA daNDI kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai to vaha isakA adhika acchA samarthana karatI hai / isakA lekhaka jo bhI koI ho, vaha saptama ucchavAsa ke lie vizeSa prazaMsA kA pAtra hai, kyoMki usameM usane aisI racanA kI hai ki sAre ucchavAsa meM eka bhI aoSThya varNa nahIM hai|

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177 rAjazekhara ( 600 I0) kA kathana hai ki daNDI ne tIna grantha likhe haiM / kAvyAdarza aura dazakumAracarita ye donoM usake grantha mAne jAte haiM / kucha samaya pUrva yaha vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA thA ki chandoviciti aura kalA - pariccheda usake zranya grantha haiM / parantu yaha vicAra nirarthaka thA / bhoja ( 1000 I0) ne apane zRGgAraprakAza meM ullekha kiyA hai ki daNDI kA eka dvisandhAna paddhati kA kAvya hai / yaha sambhava hai ki daNDI ne isa prakAra kA koI kAvya likhA ho, parantu vaha naSTa ho cukA hai / gadyakAvya subandhu ne vAsavadattA nAmaka gadyakAvya likhA hai / yaha mata bhramAtmaka hai ki bANa ne harSacarita meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai / bANa ne subandhu-racita vAsavadattA kA ullekha kiyA hai, parantu vaha subandhu pataMjali ( 150 I0 pU0 ) se pUrvavartI lekhaka hai / bANa kI kAdambarI kA isa para bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A hai, isake samarthana ke lie bahuta se pramANa isa grantha meM upalabdha hote haiM / gauDavo ke lekhaka vAkpati ( 720 I0 ) ne subandhu ke nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai | ataH subandhu kA samaya 700 I0 ke lagabhaga jJAta hotA hai aura vizeSa rUpa se sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM / subandhu ke samaya kA nirNaya isake grantha meM upalabdha do ullekhoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai -- ( 1 ) eka bauddha grantha kA ullekha, (2) prasiddha naiyAyika udyotakara kA nAmollekha / inameM se prathama ullekha aspaSTa hai, ataH usake AdhAra para koI nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / udyotakara kA samaya chaThIM zatAbdI hai, ataH subandhu kA samaya 700 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA ucita hai / eka bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra subandhu vararuci kA bhatIjA thA / parantu isa paramparA se koI sahAyatA prApta nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki vararuci kA samaya nizcita nahIM hai / vAsavadattA meM rAjakumArI vAsavadattA kI kathA hai / rAjakumAra kandarpaketu ne svapna meM usakA darzana kiyA aura vaha usase milane ke lie cala par3A / rAjakumArI ne kandarpaketu kA svapna meM darzana kiyA aura vaha usa para mugdha ho gaI / vAsavadattA ne apanI dAsI ko kandarpaketu kA patA lagAne ke lie saM0 sA0 i0 - - 12

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178 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhejaa| use kandarpaketu milA aura vaha vAsavadattA kI nagarI meM AyA tathA vAsavadattA ko bhagA le gyaa| vAsavadattA ke pitA kI senA ne donoM kA pIchA kiyA aura ve eka niSiddha upavana meM phuNce| vahA~ para vAsavadattA patthara ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gii| isa para kandarpaketu aAtmahatyA karane ke lie udyata ho gyaa| itane meM AkAzavANI huI aura usane kahA ki tumhArA milana phira apanI priyA se hogA, ataH AtmahatyA na karo / usane usI upavana meM duHkhamaya samaya bitaayaa| eka dina usane akasmAt usa patthara ko chapA aura usase vaha vAsavadattA jIvita ho utthii| taba donoM kA sukhamaya punarmilana hotA hai / lekhaka ne gaur3I rIti meM yaha grantha likhA hai / isameM sUkSma paurANika kathAoM ke saMketa haiM tathA vibhinna prakAra kA zabdakoSa prayoga kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne isa bAta kA bar3e gaurava ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai ki isa grantha ke pratyeka akSara meM zleSa alaMkAra hai| dekhie : sarasvatIdattavaraprasAdazcakre subandhuH sujanaikabandhuH / pratyakSarazleSamayaprapaMcavinyAsavaidagdhyanidhiM prabandham / / -vAsavadattA 296 dhanapAla ne 673 I0 ke lagabhaga tilakamaMjarI grantha likhA hai / isameM rAjakumArI tilakA aura rAjakumAra samaraketu ke prema kA varNana hai / yaha grantha kAdambarI ke pUrNa anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai / dhanapAla ne apane ko prasiddha vidvAn sarvadeva kA putra ullikhita kiyA hai / vaha dhArAnareza muMja kA Azrita thaa| bhUmikA-bhAga meM usane vAlmIki, vyAsa, pravarasena, jIvadeva. kAlidAsa, bANa, samarAditya, bhadrakorti, mAgha, bhAravi, bhavabhati, vAkpatirAja aura rAjazekhara kA ullekha kiyA hai / vahIM para bRhatkathA aura taraMgavatI ina do granthoM kA bhI ullekha hai| 1. tilakamaMjarI 52 / 2. tilakamaMjarI 53 /

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gadyakAvya 176 proDayadeva kI upAdhi vAdIbhasiMha thI / isane 11 lambakoM (adhyAyoM) meM gahAcintAmaNi grantha likhA hai / isameM eka rAjakumAra jIvandhara ke jIvanacarita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / vaha saMnyAsI ho gayA thaa| isameM jIvandhara ko jo upadeza diyA gayA hai, vaha kAdambarI meM zukanAsa ke dvArA candrApIDa ko diye gaye upadeza ke anukaraNa ke rUpa meM hai / usane kSatracUDAmaNi grantha bhI likhA hai, yaha tAmila bhASA ke grantha jIvakacintAmaNi kA saMskRta anuvAda hai / isakA samaya 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / ___ bAlabhArata ke lekhaka agastya (1320 I0) ne kRSNacarita grantha bhI likhA hai / raghunAthacarita aura nalAbhyudaya ke lekhaka vAmanabhaTTa bANa (1420 I0) ne vemabhUpAlacarita grantha bhI likhA hai / isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma vIranArAyaNacarita hai / isa grantha meM usane apane AzrayadAtA vemabhUpAla rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI cAra adhyAyoM meM dI hai / yaha kAlidAsa viracita raghuvaMza aura abhijJAnazAkuntala kI anukRti hai| isameM paga-paga para bANa kA prabhAva pAyA jAtA hai / vaha apanA sthAna bANa, subandhu aura kavirAja ke samakakSa mAnatA hai, parantu vaha isa yogya nahIM hai| anantazarmA (1650 I0) ne vizAkhadatta kI madrArAkSasa-kathA ke AdhAra para mudrArAkSasapUrvasaMkathAnaka nAmaka gadya kI racanA kI hai| isameM kAlI kI stuti daNDaka meM hai|

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adhyAya 18 campU gadya aura padyAtmaka do prakAra kI racanA ke atirikta eka tIsare prakAra kI racanA.hotI hai, use campU kahate haiM / gadya aura padya-mizrita racanA ko campU kahate haiM / isameM gadya aura padya ko prAyaH samAna sthAna diyA jAtA hai / varNana aura vivaraNa ke lie gadya kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai aura prabhAvotpAdaka tathA nizcita bAta ke kahane ke lie padya kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / sAdhAraNatayA gadya meM jo bAta vistAra ke sAtha kahI jAtI hai, usI ko padya meM saMkSipta rUpa meM kahA jAtA hai / gadya aura padya ke isa prakAra campU ke rUpa meM mizraNa kI vidvAnoM ne bahuta prazaMsA kI hai| ise maukhika aura vAdya saMgIta kA samanvaya tathA drAkSA aura madhu kA mizraNa batAyA hai / ' ___ isa prakAra kA kAvya IsvI san ke prArambha se pUrva hI prArambha ho cukA thA / guptakAla ke zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa prakAra kA kAvya caturtha zatAbdI I0 meM vidyamAna thA / isa prakAra se likhe hue granthoM ko campU kahate haiM, parantu katipaya granthoM ke nAma meM campU nAma nahIM hai / sabase prAcIna campU-kAvya nalacampU hai, isakA dUsarA nAma damayantIkamA hai / isake lekhaka trivikramabhaTTa haiM / usake pitA ghara se kahIM bAhara gaye hue the, usa samaya eka kavi ne Akara usake pitA ko yogyatA-pradarzanArtha AhvAna 1. gadya-padyamayI kAciccampUrityabhidhIyate / daNDI kA kAvyAdarza 1. 31 / 2. bhoja kA campUrAmAyaNa-bAlakANDa 3 / 3. veMkaTAdhvarI kA vizvaguNAdarza 4 /

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campU 181 kiyA, usake uttara meM trivikramabhaTTa ne yaha racanA kI / jaba usake pitA Aye, taba usane Age racanA banda kara dI aura grantha ko apUrNa chor3a diyA / isameM sAta ucchavAsa haiM aura nala tathA damayantI kI kathA varNita hai / pratyeka ucchvAsa ke antima zloka meM haracaraNasaroja zabda hai / isameM nala ke mantrI sAlaMkAyana ne nala ko jo upadeza diyA hai vaha kAdambarI meM candrApIDa ko diye vaizeSika Adi zukanAsa ke upadeza ke anukaraNa para hai / lekhaka ne nyAya, darzanoM se bhI udAharaNa liye haiM / prArambhika zlokoM meM lekhaka ne vAlmIki, vyAsa, bANa aura guNADhya kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa grantha kI zailI kliSTa hai / trivikramabhaTTa ne eka aura campU grantha madAlasAcampU likhA hai / rASTrakUTa rAjA indra tRtIya ke 915 I0 ke nausArI dAnapatra kA lekhaka trivikramabhaTTa hI hai / usake pitA kA nAma nemAditya thA / trivikramabhaTTa kA samaya 10 vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha hI mAnanA cAhiye / eka jaina lekhaka haricandra ne jaina muni jIvandhara ke jIvana ko lekara jIvandharacampU likhA hai / yaha grantha 850 I0 ke lagabhaga guNabhadra dvArA likhe gaye uttarapurANa para AdhArita hai / ataH lekhaka 600 I0 ke bAda huA hogA / usane mAgha aura vAkpati kA saphalatApUrvaka anukaraNa kiyA hai / yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki dharmazarmAbhyudaya kA lekhaka aura yaha eka hI vyakti haiM / nemideva ke ziSya somadeva ne 656 I0 meM yazastilaka likhA hai / isameM prazvAsa haiM / vaha rASTrakUTa rAjA kRSNa tRtIya, jisakA dUsarA nAma kRSNarAjadeva thA, kA Azrita kavi thA / usane rAjA mAridatta ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle yajJa kA varNana kiyA hai, jisameM vaha apane parivAra kI iSTadevI ko prasanna karane ke lie sabhI prANiyoM kA eka-eka jor3A bali dene ke lie taiyAra karatA hai / manuSyoM kA bhI eka jor3A bali ke lie taiyAra karatA hai / usane alpa Ayu ke eka bAlaka aura eka bAlikA ko, jo ki jur3avA utpanna hue the, bali ke lie taiyAra kiyA / unhoMne rAjA ko apane tathA usake

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182 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAe~ btaaii| eka sudattamuni ne rAjA ko isa prakAra ke yana ko nirarthakatA btaaii| vaha rAjA jaina ho gayA / isa grantha ke antima tona adhyAya jaina dharma kI prasiddha pustikA hai| kAdambarI kI taraha isameM bhI kathA meM kathA vaNita haiN| lekhaka ne prArambhika zlokoM meM bhAravi, bhavabhUni bhartRhari, meNTha, guNADhya, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bANa, mayUra, nArAyaNa, mAva rAjazekhara tathA bhAratapramitakAvyAdhyAya Adi kA nAmollekha kiyA hai / yaha campU yazodharmarAjacarita nAma se bhI vikhyAta hai / bhoja ne rAmAyaNacampU likhA hai / mudrita pustaka meM anta meM lekhaka kA nAma nahIM likhA hai, apitu lekhaka ko vidarbharAja kahA gayA hai / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra mAlavA meM sthita dhArA kA rAjA isakA lekhaka hai / vidarbha aura mAlavA do vibhinna sthAna haiM, ataH ina donoM sthAnoM ke rAjA bhI pathak vyakti hoNge| aba taka jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai, usake AdhAra para bhoja ko vidarbharAja kahanA saMbhava nahIM hai / bhoja ke rAjya kA samaya 1005 se 1054 I0 ke bIca meM hai, ata: isa grantha kA samaya 11vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha hotA hai / rAjA bhoja ne yaha campU sundarakANDa ke anta taka likhA hai, yuddhakANDa bAda meM lakSmaNa nAma ke kisI vyakti ne likhA hai / yaha campU vaidarbhI rIti meM likhA gayA hai| yaha sarvottama campUgranthoM meM se eka hai / varNanoM meM uccakoTi kI kalpanA hai| unameM anuprAsa aura citta ko barabasa khIMca lene vAlI upamAnoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / aisA jAna par3atA hai ki unameM se kucha varNanoM para kumAradAsa kA prabhAva par3A hai| abhinavakAlidAsa (1050 I0) ne bhAgavatacampU likhA hai| isameM : 1. rAmAyaNacampU bAlakANDa 41 / rAmAyaNacampU ayodhyAkANDa 70 / rAmAyaNacampU sundarakANDa 17, 20 / 2. ayodhyAkANDa 33 /

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campU 1983 stabakoM meM bhAgavata kI kathA hai / abhinavakAlidAsa nAma ke kaI kavi hue haiM / lekhaka kA vAstavika nAma ajJAta hai / eka kSatriya soDhala ne udayasundarIkathA likhI hai / yaha 11vIM zatAbdI I0 meM huA thA / yaha grantha gadya aura padya meM hai / isakI gaNanA campUgranthoM meM kI jA sakatI hai| isameM 6 ucchvAsoM meM nAga - rAjakumArI udayasundarI aura pratiSThAna ke rAjA malayavAhana ke vivAha kA varNana hai / yaha prazaMsanIya aura AkarSaka zailI meM likhA gayA hai / isakA prathama adhyAya AtmakathA ke rUpa meM hai / isakI kahAnI eka totA kahatA hai-- jaise kAdambarI meM / kadama-kadama para bANa kA prabhAva dRSTi meM AtA hai / sArasvatazrI isa campU kA lakSaNa hai / lekhaka ne kucha aise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai jo saMskRta bhASA ke lie videzI haiM, jaise - kSak, jhampaH ityAdi / bhUmikA - bhAga meM lekhaka ne cittarAja, nAgArjuna tathA mummunirAja, koGa khaNanarezoM aura vatsarAja kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / lATa ke rAjA cAlukya kA ullekha apane AzrayadAtA ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / vahIM para usane vAlmIki, vyAsa, vAkpatirAja, mAyurAja, vizAkhadeva, guNADhya, bhatRmeNTha, kAlidAsa, bANa, bhavabhUti, abhinanda, yAyAvara ( rAjazekhara), kumAradAsa tathA bhAsa kI bhI carcA kI hai / kahA jAtA hai ki mahArAja harSavardhana ne bANa ko saikar3oM karor3a kI sampatti se puraskRta kiyA / usane abhinanda, vAkpatirAja, kAlidAsa aura bANa kA jo ullekha kiyA hai vaha citrAtmaka hai / dekhie :-- vAgIzvaraM hanta bhaje'bhinandamarthezvaraM vAkpatirAjamIDe / rasezvaraM staumi ca kAlidAsaM bANaM tu sarvezvara mAnato'smi // udayasundarIkathA surathotsava kA lekhaka somezvaradeva ( 1240 I0) campU rIti meM likhe hue kIrtimudI grantha kA lekhaka hai / isameM vIradhavala ke mantrI vastupAla kA

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184 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jIvanacarita varNita hai / vAsudevaratha ne 1420 I0 ke lagabhaga campU rIti meM gaMgAvaMzAnucarita likhA hai / isameM kaliMga para rAjya karane vAle gaMgA vaMza kA itihAsa varNita hai / rAmAnujAcArya ( 1600 I0) ne rAmAnujacampU likhA hai / isakI zailI bar3I sundara aura sarala hai / isa campU meM viziSTAdvaita vedAnta ke pravartaka rAmAnuja ke jIvana kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / anantabhaTTa ne 12 stabakoM meM bhAratacampU likhA hai / grantha ke anta meM lekhaka ke viSaya meM ullekha milatA hai ki vaha eka yazasvI vyakti thA aura madhura kAvya kA praNetA thA; sambhava hai lekhaka ne svayaM aisA kiyA ho / nArAyaNabhaTTa ( 1602 I0 ) ne anantabhaTTa kA ullekha kiyA hai / ataH usakA samaya 1500 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA ucita hai | vijayanagara ke rAjA acyutarAya ( 1540 I0 ) kI dharmapatnI rAnI tirumalAmbA ne varadAmbikApariNayacampU likhA hai / isameM usane apane pati kA rAjakumArI varadAmbA ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana kiyA hai / isa campU kI racanA sundara aura AkarSaka zailI meM kI gaI hai / yaha sthAna-sthAna para bhaMgazleSa ke prayoga meM lekhikA ke kauzala ko vyakta karatA hai / isakA samaya 1550 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhiye / nArAyaNIya ke lekhaka nArAyaNabhaTTa ( 1600 I0) ne pAJcAlIsvayaMvaraca-pU likhA hai / isameM draupadI ke svayaMvara kA varNana hai / yaha sundara aura sarala zailI meM likhA gayA hai / yaha lambe samAsoM aura zleSoM se pUrNatayA mukna hai / lagabhaga usI samaya samarapuMgava dIkSita ne yAtrAbandha nAmaka likhA / isameM & AzvAsa haiM tathA uttara aura dakSiNa ke samasta tIrthasthAnoM kA varNana hai / nItigrantha voramitrodaya ke lekhaka mitra mizra ( 1620I0 ) ne zrIkRSNa ke bAla - jIvana para AnandakandacampU likhA hai / grantha bhaMgazleSa se gUMthA huA hai / rAghavapANDavayAdavIya ke lekhaka cidambara ( 1600 (0) ne bhAgavata kI kathA ke AdhAra para bhAgavatacampU likhA hai / zeSa kRSNA ( 1600 I0) ne pA~ca adhyAyoM meM pArijAtaharaNacampU likhA hai / isameM zrIkRSNa ke dvArA svarga se pArijAta ke lAne kA varNana hai / grantha

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campU 185 nIlakaNTha dIkSita (1650 I0) ne pA~ca adhyAyoM meM nIlakaNThavijayacampU likhA hai / usakA vakrokti alaMkAra para pUrNa adhikAra hai aura vaha bhAvoM kI sUkSmatA ko bahuta kuzalatA ke sAtha prakAzita kara sakatA hai, yaha usake grantha ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai / isameM usane ziva ke parAkramoM kA varNana kiyA hai / isa grantha kI racanA 1637 I0 meM huI hai| rAjacUr3AmaNi dIkSita (1600 I0) ne bhAratacampU likhA hai / cakrakavi (1650 I0) ne draupadopariNayacampU likhA hai| veMkaTAdhvarI (1650 I0) ne cAra campU grantha likhe haiM -vizvaguNAdarzacampU, varadAbhyudayacampU, uttaracampU aura zrInivAsacampU / vizvaguNAdarzacampU meM jIvana ke acche aura bure donoM pakSoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / apane samaya meM pracalita rItiyoM aura prathAnoM kI truTiyoM kA vizeSa rUpa se tAmila deza meM pracalita rItiyoM kI truTiyoM kA, usane bahuta mundaratA ke sAtha pratipAdana kiyA hai| usake AkramaNa ke viSaya purohita, saMgItajJa, jyotiSI, vaidya tathA anya vyavasAyoM ko karane vAle vyakti haiN| usane anuprAsa para apane pUrNa adhikAra kA samucita pradarzana kiyA hai / varadAbhyudaya kA dUsarA nAma hastigiracampU haiN| isameM kAMcI meM vidyamAna devatA kA mahattva varNana kiyA gayA hai / uttaracampU meM rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa kI kathA vaNita hai| zrInivAsacampU meM dasa adhyAyoM meM tirupati samIpa tirumalAi meM vidyamAna devatA kI prazasti varNita hai| ina cAroM granthoM meM se vizvaguNAdarza tAmila deza meM bahuta adhika pracalita hai / bANezvara ne citracampU likhA hai| yaha ardha-aitihAsika kAvya hai / yaha bardavAna parivAra ke rAjA citrasena ke jIvana kA varNana karatA hai, jinakA svargavAsa 1744 I0 meM huA hai / isa grantha kA samaya 18vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha samajhanA cAhiye / kRSNa kavi ne mandAramarandacampU likhA hai| isakA samaya ajJAta hai| isameM chandoM aura alaMkAroM Adi ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| 19vIM zatI pUrvArdha meM taMjora ke rAjA sarkojI dvitIya ne kAlidAsa ke kumArasambhava ke viSaya ko saMkSipta karate hue kumArasambhavacampU kI racanA kI hai / sarvadevavilAsa meM madrAsa nagara

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186 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ora vahA~ ke saudAgaroM kA varNana hai| isakA lekhaka ajJAta hai / yaha racanA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki yaha 1800 I0 ke Asa-pAsa ke samaya ke madrAsa ke vibhinna bhAgoM kA vistRta varNana prastuta karatI hai| isameM bahuta-se muhAvare haiM jinakA udgama tAmila se hai| isameM 6 pAzvAsa haiN| yaha apUrNa grantha hai|

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adhyAya 16 kathA - sAhitya prAcIna kAla se bhArata meM kahAniyA~ bahuta pracalita haiM / ye kahAniyA~ parAkramoM, samudrI yAtrAoM tathA anya ghaTanAoM para AdhArita haiM / kucha: kahAniyA~ lekhaka kI kalpanA para hI AdhArita haiM / ve adhikatara abhautika ghaTanAoM se sambaddha haiM, jaise-- AkAza meM aura parvatIya pradezoM meM prANiyoM kA saMcAra / kucha gandharvoM Adi kI kathA se sambaddha haiM | kathA - sAhitya ke abhyudaya ke samaya dhArmika bhAvanA ne isa para paryApta prabhAva DAlA hai / bauddhoM aura jainoM ne apane siddhAntoM ke pracArArtha kathA sAhitya kA Azraya liyA / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki kathA - sAhitya ke prArambha ke samaya kauna-sI bhASA aura kauna se rUpa kA Azraya liyA gayA thA / kathAe~ prArambha se janapriya rahI haiM, ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki prArambha meM kathAe~ prAkRta meM likhI gaI thIM / prAcIna kathA-granthoM ke abhAva meM isa viSaya para koI nizcita mata prastuta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / sabase prAcIna kathA - grantha guNADhya kI bRhatkathA hai / yaha grantha aba aprApya hai / guNADhya aura usake grantha ke viSaya meM ina pustakoM se kucha paricaya prApta hotA hai -- budhasvAmI kA bRhatkathAzlokasaMgraha, kSemendra kI bRhatkathAmaMjarI aura somadeva kA kathAsaritsAgara / ina tInoM granthoM ke lekhakoM kA kathana hai ki ye grantha bRhatkathA ke saMkSipta rUpa haiM / ziva pArvatI ko eka kathA sunA rahe the / vaha kathA unake eka sevaka puSpadanta ne suna lI / pArvatI ne usako zApa diyA / usakA bhAI mAlyavAn bIca meM apane bhAI kI ora se kucha kahane lagA, isa para pArvatI ne use bhI zApa diyA / puSpadanta ko yaha zApa diyA ki vaha manuSya ke rUpa meM utpanna hogA aura eka dAnava kANabhUti

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188 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ko yaha kathA sunAkara puna: apanI pUrvAvasthA ko prApta hogA / mAlyavAn ko zApa diyA ki vaha bhI manuSya ke rUpa meM utpanna hogA aura kANabhUti se yaha kathA sunakara apanI pUrvAvasthA ko prApta hogA / tadanusAra puSpadanta prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa evaM nandarAjAtroM ke mantrI vararuci ke rUpa meM utpanna huA / jIvana ke antima samaya meM vaha vindhyAcala ke vana meM gayA aura vahA~ kANabhUti ko yaha kathA sunAI tathA apanI pUrvAvasthA ko prApta huA / mAlyavAn guNAdya ke rUpa meM utpanna huA aura vaha pratiSThAna ke rAjA sAtavAhana kA mantrI huA / rAjA saMskRta nahIM jAnatA thA, ataH vaha grantaHpura meM striyoM meM jAne meM lajjita hotA thA, kyoMki unameM se kucha saMskRta acchI taraha jAnatI thIM / usane apane rAjadvAra ke vidvAnoM ko isalie Amantrita kiyA ki kyA vaha saMskRta kama se kama samaya meM aura kama se kama parizrama se sIkha sakatA hai / guNADhya ne rAjA ko saMskRta sIkhane ke lie kama se kama 6 varSa kA samaya batAyA / isa para eka dUsare vidvAn zarvavarmA ne kahA ki vaha rAjA ko 6 mAsa meM saMskRta sikhA sakatA hai / isa para guNADhya ne pratijJA kI ki vaha sAhityika kAryoM ke lie saMskRta kA prayoga nahIM karegA aura usane rAjadvAra chor3a diyA / vaha vana meM gayA aura vahA~ vaha kANabhUti se milA tathA usase vaha kathA sunI / usane vaha kathA paizAcI prAkRta meM likhI / guNADhya ke ziSyoM ne yaha grantha sAtavAhana ko dikhAyA, parantu usane ise dekhanA asvIkAra kiyA / isa para gaNADhya ne yaha grantha vana kI agni meM DAla diyA / usake ziSya grantha kA sAtavA~ bhAga bacA sake / saMkSepa meM guNADhya aura usake grantha kI yaha kathA hai / isa grantha ke saMkSipta granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mUlagrantha meM kauzAmbI ke rAjA udayana ke putra naravAhanadatta ke parAkramoM kA varNana thA / naravAhanadatta apane mitra gomukha ke sAtha parAkrama ke lie vana meM gayA / usane eka vidyAdhara rAjakumArI madanamaMjukA se vivAha kiyA / eka vidyAdhara mAnasavega madanamaMjukA ko bhagA le gayA / mAnasavega kI bahina vegavatI ne madanamaMjukA ke patA calAne meM nara

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kathA-sAhitya 186 vAhanadatta kI sahAyatA kI / naravAhanadatta madanamaMjukA kA patA lagAne meM saphala huA aura anta meM vidyAdharoM kA mahArAja ho gayA / isa mukhya kathA meM kaI anya kathAe~ sammilita kI gaI haiM / bANa, daNDI, subandhu, trivikramabhaTTa, dhanaMjaya Adi ne bRhatkathA kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina sabhI kaviyoM ko isa kathA kA mukhya bhAga jJAta thA / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki inameM se kisI ne bhI mUlagrantha ko dekhA hai yA nahIM / budhasvAmI ( vIM zatAbdI I0 ), kSemendra ( 1037 I0 ) aura somadeva ( 108 I0 ) kA kathana hai ki unhoMne mUla grantha ko dekhA hai aura unhoMne usakA saMkSipta rUpa prastuta kiyA hai / gaMgA vaMza ke rAjakumAra dUravinIta ( 600 I0) kirAtArjunIya kI jo TokA likhI hai, usameM 15veM sarga kI puSpikA meM likhA hai ki dUravinIta ne guNADhya kI bRhatkathA ko saMskRta meM rUpAntarita kiyA hai / uparyukta sAkSiyoM se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki chaThIM zatAbdI ke bAda bRhatkathA mUla rUpa meM sAdhAraNatayA prApya nahIM thI / yaha kazmIra aura nepAla meM tathA vindhya parvata ke kucha pradezoM meM, jahA~ guNADhya ne isakI racanA kI thI, surakSita rahI / yadi guNADhya ke viSaya meM kathAsaritsAgara ke lekha para vizvAsa kareM tA vararuci 320 I0 pU0 pUrva huA thA, jaba ki candragupta maurya gaddI para baiThA thA / guNADhya kA prAzrayadAtA sAtavAhana, AndhrabhRtya rAjAoM meM se eka hai / isa vaMza kA rAjyakAla 73 I0 pU0 se lekara 21= I0 taka hai / guNADhya isI samaya meM huA hogA / guNADhya ne bRhatkathA likhane ke lie jisa paizAcI prAkRta kA prayoga kiyA hai, vaha vindhya pradeza meM vyavahRta vibhASAoM meM se eka pratIta hotI hai / zrAntrabhRtya rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI godAvarI nadI ke kinAre pratiSThAna nagara meM thI / yaha sthAna vindhya parvata ke samIpa hI hai / rAjazekhara ne isa vicAra kA samarthana kiyA hai / DA0 jArja griyarsana ne liMgvisTika sarve Apha inDiyA meM apanA yaha mata prastuta kiyA hai ki paizAcI prAkRta bhAratavarSa ke pazcimottara

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160 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pradeza meM bolI jAtI thI / isa viSaya kA nirNaya isa AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya 11 bhASAe~ deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM bolI jAtI thiiN|' isase yaha mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM AtI hai ki vindhya pradeza paizAcI 'prAkRta kI janmabhUmi hai / guNADhya ne paizAcI prAkRta ko sAhityika svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| yaha daNDI ke kAvyAdarza ke lekha se siddha hotA hai-- ___ 'bhUtabhASAmayIM prAhuradbhutArthA bRhatkathAm' / kAvyAdarza 1-38 kamboDiyA ke 875 I0 ke zilAlekha meM yaha ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki guNADhya ne prAkRta ko kyoM apnaayaa| isase bhI bRhatkathA kA prAkRta meM honA jJAta hotA hai / yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki guNADhya ne yaha grantha gadya meM likhA thA yA padya meM / isake saMkSipta rUpa padya meM hai / daNDI ne isako kathA kahA hai, isake AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki yaha gadya meM rahA hogA / athavA kathA kA artha kevala kahAnI mAtra samajhanA caahie| paravartI lekhakoM meM bRhatkathA ne paryApta prazasti prApta kI aura unakI racanAoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| dekhie : samuddIpitakandarpA kRtagaurIprasAdhanA / haralIleva no kasya vismayAya bahatkathA / --harSacarita kI bhUmikA zloka 17 bANa, subandhu aura daNDI ne isakI khyAti kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMkSipta granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bRhatkathA kA AdhAra rAmAyaNa, bahuta prAcIna samaya se pracalita udayana aura vAsavadattA kI kathA, samudrI yAtrAe~, vyApAriyoM aura rAjakumAroM kI parAkrama-kathAe~ haiM / bAda ke lekhakoM para bRhatkathA kA bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A hai / bANa aura subandhu ko bRhatkathA kI kahAniyA~ jJAta thiiN| yazastilakacampU ke lekhaka somadeva, tilakamaMjarI ke 1--sadbhASAcandrikA pR0 4 /

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kathA-sAhitya 161 lekhaka dhanapAla aura dazakumAracarita ke lekhaka daNDI para bRhatkathA kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai / nepAla ke budhasvAmI ne ilokasaMgraha likhA hai / isI kA dUsarA nAma bRhatkathAzlokasaMgraha hai / isa grantha ke nAma se jJAta hotA hai ki mUla grantha padya meM thA / zlokasaMgraha meM 28 sarga tathA 4536 zloka haiM / yaha grantha apUrNa jJAta hotA hai / jitanA aMza prApya hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki budhasvAmI ne lagabhaga 25 sahasra zloka likhe hoMge / isa saMkSipta grantha meM kSemendra aura somadeva kI kathA se bheda hai / isameM varNanoM kA abhAva hai aura zabdoM ke prAkRta rUpoM kA prayoga hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha mUla grantha ke adhika samIpa hai / isakI hastalikhita prati nepAla se prApta huI hai, isake atirikta isako nepAla kI racanA mAnane kA aura koI AdhAra nahIM hai / AlocakoM kA kathana hai ki yaha hastalikhita prati kI prAcIna prati ke AdhAra para AThavIM yA navIM zatAbdI meM likhA gayA hai / kSemendra ne 1037 I0 meM bRhatkathA kA saMkSipta rUpa bRhatkathAmaMjarI likhA hai / isameM 16 adhyAya haiM aura 7500 zloka haiM / isa grantha kA zlokasaMgraha se jo bheda hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki isameM kucha aisI kathAe~ bhI sammilita kara dI gaI haiM, jo kazmIra meM pracalita thIM / jaise vikrama aura vetAla kI kathA isameM saMgrahIta hai / zlokasaMgraha apUrNa hai, ata: usake AdhAra para yaha nizcayarUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha kathA kazmIrI dena hai / kSemendra ne jo bahuta lambI kathA ko atisaMkSipta kiyA hai, usase vaha durbodha ho gayI hai / mUla grantha meM naravAhanadatta pramukha pAtra hai, parantu isameM vaha gauNa sthAna para hai / kazmIra ke rAma ke putra somadeva ne 1063 I0 aura 1081 I0 ke bIca meM kathAsaritsAgara likhA hai / yaha vastutaH bRhatkathAsaritsAgara hai / yaha 18 lambakoM meM vibhakta hai / inake upavibhAga 924 taraMgeM haiM / isameM 22 sahasra zloka haiM / kSemendra kI bRhatkathAmaMjarI kI taraha isameM bhI kazmIrI

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162 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kahAniyA~ haiM / saMkSipta saMskaraNa ke rUpa meM rocakatA aura pravAha Adi kI dRSTi se somadeva kA yaha grantha kSemendra kI bRhatkathAmaMjarI se bahuta adhika utkRSTa hai| isakI zailI AkarSaka aura sarala hai / avadAnazataka meM sau vIra-gAthAnoM kA saMkalana hai / ye kathAe~ bauddha vicAroM ke AdhAra para haiN| pratyeka avadAna meM eka prAcIna kathA kA varNana hai aura usase kucha naitika zikSA prastuta kI gayI hai| ina kathAoM se yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki manuSya pUrvajanma ke karmoM ke anusAra zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai / isake saMgrahakartA kA nAma ajJAta hai / ye kathAe~ bahuta prAcIna jJAta hotI haiN| tRtIya zatAbdI I0 meM isakA anuvAda cInI bhASA meM huA hai / ina kathAoM kA saMgraha saMbhavataH IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM huA hai / isI ke anukaraNa para eka bAda kA saMgraha grantha divyAvadAna hai / isa grantha kI eka kathA kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda 265 I0 meM huA hai| yaha saMgraha saMbhavata: avadAnazataka ke kucha hI samaya bAda kiyA gayA hai / ye donoM grantha saMskRta gadya meM haiN| inameM sthAna-sthAna para kucha zloka saMskRta yA prAkRta meM diye hue haiM / avadAnazataka meM kathAe~ ThIka DhaMga se kramabaddha kI gayI hai, parantu divyAvadAnazataka meM koI krama Adi nahIM hai / kSemendra (1050 I0) ne avadAnakalpalatA grantha likhA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma bodhisattvAvadAnakalpalatA hai / isameM 107 kathAe~ haiM, jo ki avadAnazataka tathA anya kathA-granthoM se lI gayI hai| Aryazara kI jAtakamAlA jAtaka-kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| inameM bodhisatva ke pUrvajanma kI kathAnoM kA varNana hai / ye kathAe~ kahAnI aura saMlApa ke rUpa meM haiN| ye gadya meM haiM, parantu bIca-bIca meM padya bhI haiN| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jAtaka-kathAoM kI saMkhyA pA~ca sau hai / inameM se kucha kathAe~ mUlataH bauddha dharma se saMbaddha nahIM ha / AryazUra saMbhavataH ina kathAoM kA kevala saMgrahakartA hai / isake saMgraha kA samaya nizcayapUrvaka kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu isake saMgraha kA samaya 400 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie, kyoMki 434 I0 meM isakA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda huA hai /

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kathA - sAhitya 163 jAtakoM aura avadAnoM kA gadya aura padya meM eka saMgraha sUtrAlaMkAra yA kalpanAmaNDita nAma se hai / isakI mUla prati khaNDita rUpa meM prApya hai / isakA lekhaka azvaghoSa samajhA jAtA thA, parantu kucha samaya pUrva jJAta huA hai ki isakA lekhaka azvaghoSa ke bAda kA eka lekhaka kumAralAta hai / vetAlapaMcavizatikA 25 kahAniyoM kA eka saMgraha hai| isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra rAjA vikramAditya eka vetAla ko pakar3anA cAhatA hai aura vaha use ye 25 kathAe~ sunAtA hai / ye kathAe~ bahuta prAcIna haiM / ye bRhatkathAmaMjarI aura kathAsaritsAgara donoM meM sammilita kI gaI haiM / inake atirikta ina kathAoM ko zivadAsa ne 12vIM zatAbdI I0 meM gadya aura padya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, jambhAladatta ne gadya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, vallbhadeva ne isakA eka saMkSipta rUpa prastuta kiyA hai aura eka ajJAta lekhaka kA saMskaraNa gadya meM hai / isa grantha kI prasiddhi isa bAta se jJAta hotI hai ki isakA anuvAda bahuta-sI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM huA hai / vikramAditya se saMbaddha vetAlapaMcaviMzatikA kI taraha kaI kathA - grantha haiM | siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA meM 32 kahAniyA~ haiM / vikramAditya ke siMhAsana kI 32 sIr3hI meM pratyeka meM eka putalI banI huI thI / unameM se pratyeka ne eka kahAnI kahI hai / putaliyoM ne yaha kahAniyA~ rAjA bhoja ko kahI haiM / jaba yaha siMhAsana milA, taba rAjA bhoja usa para baiThanA cAhatA thA / putaliyoM ne rAjA bhoja ko siMhAsana para baiThane se rokA aura eka-eka dina eka-eka putalI ne eka-eka kathA vikramAditya ke parAkrama kI use sunAI aura kahA ki yadi vaha ina guNoM se yukta ho to siMhAsana para baiThe, anyathA nahIM / isa prakAra putaliyoM ne use 32 dina roka kara rakkhA / isakA lekhaka aura isakA samaya ajJAta hai / isa grantha ke dUsare nAma dvAtriMsatputtalikA aura vikramArkacarita haiM / 14vIM zatAbdI I0 ke eka jaina lekhaka kSemaMkara ne gadya meM isakA jaina rUpAntara prastuta kiyA hai / isakA eka rUpAntara vararuci ke nAma se prasiddha baMgAla meM prApya hai / dakSiNa bhArata meM yaha vikramArkacarita ke nAma se prasiddha hai / yaha saM0 sA0 i0 - 13

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164 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa grantha bhI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM anUdita prApya hai / vikramAditya ke parAkrama kA varNana karane vAle anya grantha ye haiM--1. anantaracita vIracaritra, 2. eka ajJAta lekhaka kA vikramodaya, 3. eka jaina lekhaka kA cadaNDakSatrapravandha, 4. zivadAsa kI zAlivAhanakathA aura vetAlapaMcavizatikA aadi| zukasaptati 70 kahAniyoM kA saMgraha hai / isake lekhaka aura samaya kA patA nahIM hai| isameM eka totA apanI svAminI ko 70 rAta taka eka-eka kahAnI karake 70 kahAniyA~ sunAtA hai| usakI svAminI apane pati ke abhAva meM durAcAriNI honA cAhatI thii| totA pratidina rAta bhara eka kahAnI sunAtA thA, isa prakAra usane apanI svAminI ko durAcAriNI hone se bacAyA / yaha gadya meM hai| isakA phArasI meM anuvAda 14vIM zatAbdI I0 meM huA hai| hemacandra (1088-1172 I0) zukasaptati ko jAnatA thA / ataH isakA racanAkAla 1000 I0 se pUrva hai| ballAlasena ne 16vIM zatAbdI meM bhojaprabandha likhA hai / yaha adhikAMza padya meM hai, thor3A aMza gadya meM hai / isameM usane rAjA bhoja ke rAjadvAra kA vizada varNana kiyA hai| rAjA bhoja svayaM kavi thA aura kaviyoM kA AzrayadAtA thaa| rAjA bhoja rAjadvAra kI kavigoSThiyoM kA sabhApati hotA thaa| kavigoSThI meM bhAga lene vAle kAlidAsa, daNDI, bANa, mAgha, bhavabhUti Adi the| kavi-goSThiyoM ke kArya kA vivaraNa pratyutpanna matitva tathA hAsya se yukta hai| samasyApUraNa' yA samasyApUrti ke rUpa meM nimnalikhita zloka bhojarAjapariSad ke kriyA-kalApa para prakAza DAlatA hai-- bhoja:-paripatati payonidhau pataGgaH bANa:--sarasirahAmudareSu mattabhRGgaH / mahezvaraH-upavanatarukoTare vihaGgaH kAlidAsaH- yuvatijaneSu zanaiH zanairanaGgaH / / 1. usa zloka kI pUrti karanA jisakA eka aMza kisI ne pahale hI banA diyA hai- samasyApUraNa kahalAtA hai /

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kathA-sAhitya 165 isameM rAjA muMja ke bAda bhoja kisa prakAra siMhAsana para baiThA, isakA bhI varNana hai / isameM kAla- sambandhI truTiyA~ bahuta haiM / vetAlapaMcaviMzatikA ke lekhaka zivadAsa ne kathArNava likhA hai / isameM prasiddha 35 kahAniyA~ haiM / zrIvIrakavi ne 1451 I0 meM kathAkautuka likhA hai / yaha 15 adhyAyoM meM padya meM hai / yaha yUsupha aura julekA kI kathAoM para AdhArita hai / yaha jonarAja kA ziSya zrIvara hI hai / inake atirikta zrAnandakRta mAdhavAnalakathA aura vidyApati kRta puruSaparIkSA Adi pracalita grantha haiM |

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adhyAya 20 nIti-kathAe~ nIti kathAe~ bhAratIya sAhitya kI eka mukhya vizeSatA rahI haiM / I0 san se pUrva nIti- kathA - sAhitya kI sattA pataMjali ke eka kathana se jJAta hotI hai / " nIti - kathAe~ gadya meM likhI jAtI haiM aura unameM zloka bIca-bIca meM uddhRta hote haiM / ye zloka rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA anya nIti-granthoM se liye huehote haiM / ina zlokoM meM nIti-sambandhI koI zikSA hotI hai aura usake samarthana meM kathA dI jAtI hai / sAdhAraNatayA eka kahAnI ke andara dUsarI kahAnI jor3I huI hotI hai / isa prakAra eka kahAnI meM kaI kahAniyA~ ho jAtI haiM / ye kahAniyA~ nIti - zlokoM ke sAtha dI gaI haiM / pratyeka kahAnI ke anta meM padya meM nIti-sambandhI zikSA dI gaI hai aura unake sAtha hI naI kahAnI kA saMketa hotA hai / tatpazcAt naI kahAnI kahI jAtI hai / pratyeka kahAnI ke sAtha yaha hI krama hotA hai / kahAnI ke andara kahAnI rakhane kA krama bahuta pracalita huA aura isa paddhati ko videziyoM ne bhI apanAyA tathA arebiyana nAiTsa 'jaisI pustakeM prastuta kIM / ye nIti - kathAe~ saMskRta meM likhI gaI / ina kathAoMoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki inameM manuSya ke sthAna para pazu aura pakSI rakkhe gaye haiM / ve mAnavIya guNoM aura svabhAva se yukta hote haiM / pazu, pakSI aura vRkSa apane svabhAva aura vyavahAra ke dvArA manuSya ko bahuta kucha zikSA de sakate haiM / pazu, pakSI aura vRkSoM kI kathA ke dvArA jIvana ke acche aura bure donoM svarUpoM kA bahuta sundaratA ke sAtha pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / 1. pataMjali ne prajAkRpANIya aura kAkatAlIya Adi zabdoM kI vyutpatti dI hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki inakA sambandha kisI kahAnI se hai /

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nIti-kathAe~ 197 punarjanma ke siddhAnta se bhI isa bAta kA samarthana hotA hai / mahAbhArata meM bhI isa prakAra kI bAta kA ullekha milatA hai / vidura ne dhRtarASTra se kahA hai ki vaha pAMDavoM ko na mAre, nahIM to vaha sone kA aMDA dene vAle pakSI ko maaregaa| bauddha jAtakoM meM bhI aisI vizeSatA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra kA sAhitya I0 san se pUrva vidyamAna thA / ye kathAe~ manuSya ke rAjanItika jIvana tathA anya prakAra ke dainika jIvana kA varNana karatI haiM / Ajakala jo nIti-grantha prApta haiM, unase jJAta hotA hai ki ve rAjakumAroM ko rAjanIti sambandhI zikSA dene ke lie banAye gaye the / isa uddezya ke sAtha hI inameM jIvana ke bure pakSa kA bhI bhalI bhA~ti spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai--jaise, brAhmaNoM ke dvArA chala-prapaMca, kapaTa aura lobha kA vyavahAra, antaHpura ke chala-prapaMca aura striyoM kI durAcAravRttitA Adi / isI prakAra jIvana ke acche pakSa kA bhI varNana hai, jaise--brAhmaNoM kI pavitratA aura unakA gaurava, kSatriyoM ke lie Adeza ki ve apane kartavya kA tatparatA ke sAtha pAlana kareM, striyoM ke lie zikSA ki ve pativratA ho / durgaNoM ko sundara vyaMgya ke sAtha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / pracalita kahAniyA~ aura nIti-kathAoM ke svarUpa meM koI nizcita antara nahIM pratIta hotA hai / tathApi itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki pracalita kahAniyoM meM kahAnI ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA hai aura nIti-kathAnoM meM nIti-sambandhI viSaya ko| ___ nIti-kathA ke mukhya pratinidhi grantha paMcatantra aura hitopadeza haiM / paMcatantra ke bahuta se saMskaraNa haiM aura unameM thor3A antara hai / aisA saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotA hai ki ye sabhI saMskaraNa svatantra rUpa se utpanna hue haiM / ye sabhI grantha eka mUla-grantha se nikale haiM, jo ki Ajakala aprApya hai / kucha sAkSiyoM ke AdhAra para mUla-grantha ke svarUpa kA anumAna ho sakatA hai| paMcatantra kI eka saMskRta meM likhI mUla prati kA anuvAda phArasa ke bAdazAha nauzIravA~ ke lie usake hakIma bujoM ne pahalavI bhASA meM kiyA / isa pahalavI saMskaraNa kA

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168 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa anuvAda sIriyA kI bhASA meM eka buda nAmaka vyakti ne 570 I0 meM kiyA ! 750 I0 meM pahalavI saMskaraNa kA anuvAda arabI bhASA meM huA / yoronIya bhASAoM meM jo isake anya anuvAda hue haiM, ve arabI anuvAda para prAzrita haiM, jaise - 1100 I0 meM hibrU bhASA meM anuvAda, 1270 I0 meM leTina meM anuvAda, 1480 I0 meM jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda, 1552 I0 meM iTAliyana bhASA meM anuvAda, 1678 I0 meM phreMca bhASA meM anuvAda, 1080 I0 meM yUnAnI bhASA meM anuvAda, 12vIM zatAbdI meM phArasI bhASA meM anuvAda, isake bAda anya bhASAoM meM anuvAda hue | paMcatantra kA mUla saMskRta vAlA saMskaraNa tathA pahalavI vAlA saMskaraNa naSTa ho cukA hai / isase itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki pahalavI vAle saMskaraNa se bahuta samaya pUrva saMskRta vAlA saMskaraNa bana cukA thA / isa pahalavI vAle saMskaraNa kA 570 I0 meM sIriyA kI bhASA meM anuvAda huA hai / ataH mUla paMcatantra kI racanA kA kAla tRtIya zatAbdI I0 mAnanA ucita hai / isa samaya saMbhavataH bhAratIya kSatriyoM ne videziyoM ko haTAkara hindU sAmrAjya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura unheM isa prakAra ke grantha kI AvazyakatA par3I hogI / pAzcAtya vidvAn isakA saMbaMdha kazmIra yA magadha se jor3ate haiM / DA0 kItha ke matAnusAra isakA racayitA vaiSNava vidvAn thA | nizcita sUcanA ke prabhAva meM ina sabhI vicAroM ko kevala kalpanAmAtra samajhanA cAhie / bauddha dharma prAya: hiMdU dharma se samAnatA rakhatA ataH ina vicAroM ko koI mahattva nahIM diyA jAnA cAhie ki mUla paMcatantra para bauddha jAtaka-graMthoM kA prabhAva par3A hai / paMcatantra kA mUla nAma kyA thA, yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / pahalavI anuvAda meM kalilaMga aura damanaga nAma tathA arabI anuvAda meM kalilaha aura damanaha nAma se saMskRta karkaTaka aura damanaka kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / mUla grantha kA yaha nAma thA, yaha sandeha kI bAta hai, kyoMki karkaTaka aura damanaka paMcataMtra ke kevala prathama taMtra meM prApya haiM, anya taMtroM meM nahIM / yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pahalavI vAlA anuvAda kevala prathama tantra kA hI anuvAda thA / ataH mUlagraMtha kA vAstavika nAma anizcita hI hai / bAda ke bhAratIya saMskaraNoM

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nIti-kathAe~ 166 meM jo isake nAma ke sAtha taMtra zabda pAyA jAtA hai vaha svataMtra kalpanA nahIM pratIta hotI hai / yaha zabda mUla nAma meM rahA hogaa| mUla-grantha kA nAma paMcataMtra rahA hogaa| bAda ke saMskaraNoM meM tantroM ke krama meM antara hai tathA kahAniyoM ke krama meM aMtara hai / ataH mala-grantha meM kitanA aura kyA pAThya thA, yaha nizcaya karanA kaThina hai / sIriyA kI bhASA vAle anuvAda meM 10 khaNDa haiM aura arabI vAle anuvAda meM 22 khaNDa haiM / ____ isake tIna mukhya saMskaraNoM ke dvArA mUla grantha ke viSaya kA jJAna ho sakatA hai-1. tantrAkhyAyikA, 2. uttarI bhArata kA pracalita saMskaraNa paMcatantra, 3. bRhatkathAmaMjarI aura kathAsaritsAgara ke dvArA jJAta paMcatantra / isake nAma meM prayakta tantra zabda se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha grantha AcAra athavA nIti-viSayaka grantha hai / isakI racanA meM kAvya kI zailI ko apanAyA gayA hai aura gadya tathA padya donoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai / bAda ke saMskaraNoM meM isakA jo paMcatantra nAma rakkhA gayA hai, vaha pA~ca tantroM ke AdhAra para hai / ve pA~ca tantra ye haiM -mitrabheda, mitralAbha, vigraha, labdhapraNAza aura aparokSitakAraka / prathama tantra meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki bhedanIti kA prayoga karake kisa prakAra do gIdar3oM ne siMha aura baila meM yuddha karA diyA hai / dUsare tantra meM mitratA aura pArasparika sahayoga kA mahattva dikhAyA gayA hai / tIsare tantra meM yuddha, usake kAraNa aura sandhi kI upayogitA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / cauthe tantra meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra prApta vastu bhI asAvadhAnI se naSTa ho jAtI hai / pA~caveM tantra meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra binA vicAre kArya karane se nAza hotA hai / bAda ke saMskaraNoM meM ye pA~coM tantra isI prakAra haiM, parantu uparyukta lakSyoM kI pUrti ke lie jo kahAniyA~ dI gaI haiM, unameM paryApta antara hai| ____ mUla grantha ke do vibhinna saMskaraNa prApta haiM-tantrAkhyAyikA aura paMcatantra / inameM se prathama sIriyana saMskaraNa se adhika milatA hai aura mUla grantha ke adhika samIpa hai| isakI bhASA sarala aura parimArjita hai| saMbhavataH

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200 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yaha mUla grantha kA parimAjita aura saMzodhita rUpa hai / isake nAma meM prAkhyAyikA zabda se jJAta hotA hai ki mUla grantha ko kahAnI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha kazmIra meM prApta hotA hai / paMcatantra kaI saMskaraNoM meM prApta hotA hai / bRhatkathA aura kathAsaritsAgara ke anusAra paMcatantra kA svarUpa dusarA ho hai| paMcatantra kA eka jaina saMskaraNa 1100 I0 ke lagabhaga taiyAra huA hai / isameM mAgha ( 700 I0 ) aura rudrabhaTTa ( 600 I0 ) kA ullekha hai / isameM kahAniyoM meM parivartana kiyA gayA hai aura naI kahAniyA~ jor3I gaI haiM / 1166 I0 meM eka jaina pUrNabhadra ne paMcatantra kA eka navIna saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA / yaha tantrAkhyAyikA, paMcatantra ke jaina saMskaraNa tathA anya AdhAroM para avalambita hai / isa saMskaraNa meM gujarAtI aura prAkRta vAle prayoga bhI prApta hote haiM / isa saMskaraNa kA nAma paMcAkhyAnaka hai / eka jaina lekhaka meghavijaya ( 1660 I0 ) ne paMcAkhyAnodvAra grantha likhA hai / isameM bahuta-sI manoraMjaka kahAniyA~ hai / paMcatantra ke dakSiNa bhArata meM kaI saMskaraNa prApta hote haiM / isameM kAlidAna aura bhavabhUti kA ullekha hai / yaha grantha 600 I0 ke bAda banA hogA / paMcatantra kI eka nepAlI hastalikhita prati hai / isameM kevala zloka hI haiM, kevala eka saMdarbha gadya meM hai| yaha dakSiNa bhArata meM paMcatantra nAma se prasiddha hai aura uttara bhArata meM cAkhyAnaka nAma se / paMcatantra kA zukasaptati aura vaitAlapaMcaviMzatikA para bahuta prabhAva par3A hai| hitopadeza paMcatantra kA punanirmANa karane ke lie eka dUsarA prayatna hai / isameM nayA viSaya bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| paMcatantra kI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ isameM punaH dRSTigocara hotI haiM / kAmandaka ke nItisAra se isameM zloka saMgRhIta haiM / isake kevala cAra khaNDa haiM / unake nAma haiM-mitralAbha, suhRdbheda, vigraha aura sandhi / paMcatantra kA cauthA tantra isameM sarvathA chor3a diyA gayA hai / hitopadeza kA cauthA khaNDa lekhaka kI apanI kRti hai / isakA lekhaka nArAyaNa hai / yaha baMgAla ke eka dhavalacandra kA Azrita kavi hai / isakI sabase prAcIna hastalikhita prati 1373 I0 kI hai / yaha graMtha isa

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2.1 nIti-kathAe~ samaya se bahuta samaya pUrva likhA jA cukA hogA / isa graMtha kA uddezya, jaisA ki pustaka meM varNita hai, pATaliputra ke rAjA sudarzana ke putroM ko nItiviSayaka zikSA denA thaa| isa grantha kI zailI bahuta sarala aura prAkarSaka hai| yaha grantha bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI bahata pracalita hai| paMcatantra aura hitopadeza rAjanIti-zAstra kI zreNI meM Ate haiM / ina donoM granthoM ke atirikta isa viSaya ke aura bhI grantha rahe hoMge / inameM se kucha naSTa ho gaye hoMge aura kucha paMcatantra aura hitopadeza meM hI sammilita ho gaye hoNge| ___ bauddhoM aura jainoM ke nIti-kathA ke grantha apane haiN| eka jaina siddharSi ne 606 I0 meM upamitibhAvaprapaMcakathA grantha likhA hai / yaha gadya meM hai, bIca-bIca meM padya haiN| isameM bahuta-sI kathAe~ sammilita haiM / isameM bhAvajagata kI anekarUpatAe~ kahAniyoM ke dvArA prastuta kI gaI haiM / hemacandra ( 1088-1172 I0 ) ne apane grantha triSaSThizalAkApuruSacarita ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM pariziSTaparva likhA hai / isameM jaina muniyoM kI AtmakathAe~ haiM / sAtha hI isameM bahuta-sI pracalita kahAniyA~ bhI sammilita haiM /

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adhyAya 21 saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda saMskRta nATakoM kI utpatti bhAratIya paramparA saMskRta nATakoM kI utpatti daivI mAnatI hai / devatAoM ne brahmA se prArthanA kI ki vaha aisI vastu utpanna kareM jo jIvamAtra ke A~khoM aura kAnoM ko tRpta kara ske| unakI isa prArthanA para brahmA ne nATyaveda kI saSTi kI / brahmA ne isake lie Rgveda se pAThaya liyA, sAmaveda se gIta, yajurveda se abhinaya aura atharvaveda se rasoM ko liyA / ziva aura pArvatI ne isake lie kramazaH tANDava aura lAsya diye / viSNu ne isake lie cAra nATya-saMbaMdhI rItiyA~ diiN| ina rItiyoM ke nAma haiM - kaizikI, sAtvatI, ArabhaTI aura bhAratI / bharata muni ko adhikAra diyA gayA ki vaha isako saMsAra meM prakaTa kareM / bharata muni ne tadanusAra hI kArya kiyA / isa nATya veda ko paMcama veda kahA gyaa| ___ isa daivI utpatti ke atirikta nATakoM kI utpatti dhArmika aura laukika AdhAra para bhI mAnI jA sakatI hai / bahuta prAcIna samaya se saMgIta, nRtya aura nATya ina tInoM kA pArasparika sambandha rahA hai / saMgIta kA prAdurbhAva sAmaveda ke samaya se huA hai / nRtya aura abhinaya kA prAdurbhAva yajJoM ke kriyA-kalApa se huA hai / ina kAryoM kA sambandha yajurveda se hai / saMvAda kA tattva Rgveda ke saMvAdoM se liyA gayA hai, jaise-yama-yamI sUkta, purUravA-urvazI-sUkta Adi / vaidika-karmakANDa meM nATakoM ke lie upayogI sabhI tattva vidyamAna the tathApi 1-nATyazAstra 1-11 se 17 /

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 203 unhoMne nATakoM kI utpatti meM svayaM sAkSAt koI prabhAva nahIM DAlA / saMskRta nATakoM meM saMgIta kA tattva pramukha hotA hai / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura choTI kahAniyoM se saMgIta ke lie sAmagrI prApta huI / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kA yajJAdi ke avasara para pArAyaNa hotA thA / inake dvArA nATakoM ke lie pAThya kI sAmagrI prApta huI / nATakoM para rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kA prabhAva isa bAta se spaSTa hai ki nATakoM kI adhika sAmagrI rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata se lI gaI hai / vaidika karmakANDa kA prabhAva nATakoM para isa bAta se spaSTa hai ki inake pradarzana ke lie dhArmika utsava yA devapUjA Adi ke avasara rucikara samajhe gaye / nATakIya abhinayoM kI utpatti dainika saMketAdi ke anukaraNa se samajhanI cAhie, isakA pRthak zrAviSkAra mAnanA ucita nahIM hai / nATakoM meM puruSa pAtroM aura strI pAtroM kA vibhAjana hai / isI prakAra pAtroM ke dvArA prayukta bhASA meM bhI bheda hotA hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki nATakoM kI utpatti dhArmika aura laukika vAtAvaraNa meM huI hai / mAlavikAgnimitra kA nimnalikhita zloka isa bAta ko siddha karane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai - devAnAmidamAmananti munayaH kAntaM rudreNedamumAkRtavyatikare svAGge traiguNyodbhavamatra lokacaritaM nATyaM bhinnarucerjanasya bahudhApyekaM cAkSuSaM dvidhA / dRzyate samArAdhanam || -- mAlavikAgnimitra 1 - 4 vibhaktaM nAnArasaM vaidika kAla ke pazcAt jaba rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata likhe gaye haiM, usa samaya nATakoM kA janma huA hai / yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki kaba sabase prathama nATakIya grantha likhA gayA / tathApi katipaya pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM nATakIya grantha vidyamAna the / naTa, kuzIlava tathA anya nATakIya zabda prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa pANini ( 800 I0 pU0 ) ke grantha aSTAdhyAyI meM upabdha hote haiM / pataMjali ne kriyA kI vartamAnakAli -

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa katA kA udAharaNa dete hue batAyA hai ki koI bhI kriyA tIna prakAra se . vartamAna kAla kA bodha karAtI hai / abhinaya, citraNa aura pATha ke dvArA bhUtakAla kI kriyA bhI ThIka usI rUpa meM prastuta karane para vartamAnatA kA bodha karAtI hai / bhUtakAlika kriyA kA vartamAna kAla meM hone kA udAharaNa unhoMne kaMsavadha aura balibandha diyA hai / isa udAharaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki pataMjali (150 I0 pU0 ) ke samaya meM nATakIya abhinaya pracalita the / harivaMza meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke abhinaya kA ullekha AtA hai / usameM kRSNa ke putra ne rAma kA abhinaya kiyA thA / harivaMza kA hI kahanA hai ki indra kI upasthiti meM nArada ne kRSNa, balarAma, arjuna, satyabhAmA Adi ke hAva-bhAvoM kA anukaraNa karake dikhAyA / bauddhoM kI nATya kalA kI ora abhiruci thI / isase jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta - nATakoM kI utpatti kevala dhArmika AdhAra para hI nahIM hai / avadAnazatakoM meM nATya-kalA kA nirdeza hai / choTA nAgapura ke samIpa sItAbega guphA ke dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki vahA~ para nATakIya pradarzana hote the / isase siddha hotA hai ki 300 I0 pU0 se pUrva una sthAnoM para kavitA kA pATha hotA thA, praNaya gItoM kA gAna hotA thA aura nATakIya pradarzana hote the / ataH rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke samaya meM nATakoM kI utpatti mAnanI cAhiye / isa samaya ke nATakIya grantha upalabdha nahIM haiM / katipaya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne saMskRta nATakoM kI utpatti yUnAnI nATakoM se siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unakA mata hai ki sikandara ke AkramaNa ke pazcAt bhAratIya rAjadvAroM meM yUnAnI nATakoM kA abhinaya prArambha huA / isakI puSTi saMskRta aura yUnAnI nATakoM meM prApta hone vAlI samAnatA karatI hai / donoM sthAnoM ke nATaka aMkoM meM vibhAjita hote haiM / inameM sAdhAraNatayA pA~ca aMka hote haiM / pratyeka aMka ke anta meM abhinetA raMgamaMca se haTa jAte haiM / raMgamaMca para vidyamAna abhinetA Ane vAle abhinetA ke praveza kI sUcanA detA hai / donoM sthAnoM ke nATakoM meM prema-varNana samAna hai / donoM sthAnoM para pAtroM kA vibhAjana ucca, madhyama aura nimna ke rUpa meM hai / saMskRta nATakoM meM 204

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prayukta hone vAle yavanikA (pardA) zabda kA sambandha yavana zabda se hai / bhAratIya rAjA yavana - kumAriyoM ko aMgarakSaka ke rUpa meM niyukta karate the / uparyukta pramANoM se bhAratIya nATakoM kI utpatti yUnAnI nATakoM se nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai / bhArata aura yUnAna ke nATakoM ke pAribhASika aMza donoM sthAnoM para svatantra rUpa se prAdurbhUta hue hoMge / samaya aura sthAna kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra inakA vistAra bhI svatantra rUpa se huA hogA / donoM sthAnoM ke nATakoM meM bhAvoM kI samAnatA bhI svatantra hI samajhanI cAhiye / pAtroM kA vibhAjana dainika jIvana ke prayoga ke AdhAra para hai / yavanikA zabda phArasa ke bane parde ke kapar3e ke lie hai, jisase pardA banatA thA / isake atirikta anya kaI puSTa pramANa haiM, jinake AdhAra para bhAratIya nATakoM kI yUnAnI nATakoM se utpatti kA khaNDana kiyA jA sakatA hai / yunAno nATakoM meM saMkalanatraya arthAt kAla, sthAna aura kArya kI ekatA kA kaThoratA ke sAtha pAlana kiyA gayA hai, parantu bhAratIya nATakoM meM usake pAlana kA sarvazrA prabhAva hai / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRta nATakoM ko yUnAnI nATakoM kA jJAna nahIM thA / duHkhAnta nATakoM kA janma yUnAnI sAhitya kI dena hai, parantu saMskRta sAhitya meM isakA sarvathA abhAva hai / ataH yaha svIkAra karanA ucita hai ki saMskRta nATakoM kA janma aura vikAsa svatantra rUpa se bhArata meM hI huA hai / yaha saMbhava hai ki isa para yUnAniyoM yA anya videziyoM kA kucha prabhAva par3A ho / kucha logoM ne yaha vicAra prastuta kiyA hai ki bhAratavarSa meM nATakoM kA janma gur3iyoM ke khela se huA hai / isakA AdhAra ve sUtradhAra zabda batAte haiM / sUtradhAra zabda kA artha hai - raMgamaMca kA adhiSThAtA / una logoM ne isakA atha kiyA hai sUtra arthAt dhAgA pakar3ane vAlA aura isakA bhAvArtha kiyA hai ki gur3iyA nacAne vAlA sUtradhAra hotA thA / yahA~ para yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vAstavika nATakoM ke anukaraNa para hI gur3iyA kA khela calA hai / ye nATaka manuSya kI svAbhAvika pratibhA tathA kriyA para nirbhara haiM / sUtradhAra kA vAsta

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206 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vika artha haihai--nATaka ke kriyA-kalApa kA niyantA / sukhAnta nATaka manuSya ke prArambhika jIvana ke sukha ke anubhava kA abhivyaMjana hai / isameM hAsya aura cAturya kA saMmizraNa hotA hai / ataH nATaka kI utpatti gur3iyA ke khela aura chAyA - dRzya para nirbhara nahIM raha sakatI thI / vastutaH nATakoM kA janma inase bahuta pUrva ho cukA thA / saMskRta nATakoM kI vizeSatAe~ jIvana kI avasthAoM ke anukaraNa kA nAma nATya hai / bharata ne nimnalikhita zabdoM meM nATya kA uddezya batAyA haiuttamAdhamamadhyAnAM narANAM karmasaMzrayam / hitopadezajananaM dhRtikrIDAsukhAdikRt / duHkhArtAnAM samarthAnAM zokArtAnAM tapasvinAm / vizrAntijananaM kAle nATyametanmayA kRtam / nATyazAstra 1. 114- 115 / nATaka kA uddezya yaha hai ki vaha janamAtra ke lie Amoda, manoraMjana aura sukha dene vAlA ho / asthira citta manuSyoM ko ucita upadeza de / duHkhapIr3ita aura zokagrastoM ko zAnti pradAna kare / kArya karane meM samartha vyaktiyoM ko tathA tapasvivarga ko Avazyaka manoraMjana pradAna kare / nATakoM ke isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie una sabhI ghaTanAoM aura kAryoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA, jisase unakA yaha uddezya pUrNa ho / ataH nATakakAroM kA yaha karttavya ho gayA hai ki ve mAnava-jIvana kI sabhI ghaTanAoM ko subodha aura vizvasanIya DhaGga se prastuta kareM tathA racanA isa prakAra kI ho ki darzakoM ko Ananda pradAna kara sake / isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie nATakakAra ko mAnava-jIvana kI una avasthAnoM ko citrita karanA par3A, jinase nATaka vAstavika pratIta ho / sAtha hI jIvana kI kaThora vAstavikatAoM ko chor3anA par3A, kyoMki unase darzakoM ke mana para ThIka prabhAva nahIM par3atA aura unheM usameM Ananda prApta nahIM hotA / 1. avasthAnukRtirnATyam /

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpati, unako vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 207 ata: jIvana kI vAstavikatAoM ko kalAtmaka rUpa dekara prastuta karanA pdd'aa| ata: saMskRta nATakoM ko kevala AdarzavAdI nahIM kaha sakate haiM / saMskRta nATakoM kA uddezya prAnanda-pradAna karanA hai, ata: usameM duHkhada ghaTanAoM ke mizraNa ke lie sthAna nahIM hai / duHkhita aura zokArta vyakti zAnti cAhatA hai / duHkhAnta ghaTanAe~ usako aura duHkhita banAyeMgI / ataH saMskRta nATakakAroM ne aisI ghaTanAoM ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai / sAtha hI hindU prAcArazAstra kA siddhAnta hai ki dharma kI vijaya hotI hai aura adharma kI parAjaya hotI hai / ataH udAtta guNoM se yukta nAyaka kI parAjaya nahIM honI cAhie aura na pApI kI vijaya hI honI cAhie / pApI para jo vipatti yA mRtyu Adi grAtI hai, vaha karmaphala-siddhAnta ke niyamAnusAra usake kiye hue karmoM kA hI phala hai, ataH janatA kI usake prati sahAnubhUti nahIM hotI hai / isIlie pApI kA patana duHkhAnta ghaTanA nahIM hai / tathApi saMskRta nATakoM meM bahuta-sI ghaTanAeM aisI haiM, jo duHkhaprada aura karuNAjanaka haiN| uttararAmacarita, veNIsaMhAra aura nAgAnanda Adi meM isa prakAra ke dRzya haiN| isa prakAra ke dRzya rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA anya kathAnakoM meM haiM, jahA~ se inakI kathAe~ lI gaI haiN| unakA prabhAva nATakakAroM para avazya par3A hai / yadi nATakakAra apanI asAdhAraNa pratibhA se inako sukhAnta na banA dete to ye dRzya ina nATakoM ko duHkhAnta nATaka banA dete / isakA abhiprAya yaha nahIM hai ki pAzcAtya nATakoM kI taraha saMskRta nATaka pUrNatayA sukhAnta aura pUrNatayA duHkhAnta nATakoM ke rUpa meM vibhakta haiM / ina nATakoM meM sukha, duHkha tathA anya bhAva svatantra rUpa se mizrita haiM / ina nATakoM meM hAsya kA aMza vidUSaka upasthita karatA hai / saMskRta nATakoM meM kAla, sthAna aura kriyA sambandhI saMkalanatraya kA pUrNatayA pAlana nahIM huA hai / nATaka ke dRzyoM ke pradarzana meM utanA hI samaya laganA cAhie, jitanA ki vAstavika ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone meM lagatA hai / isa

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208 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa niyama kA saMskRta nATakoM meM ullaMghana huA hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki do aMkoM kI ghaTanAoM ke bIca meM eka rAtri kA kama se kama vyavadhAna honA cAhie / isa niyama kA bhI pAlana nahIM huA hai / katipaya nATakoM meM agalA aMka pUrva aMka se kramabaddha hai aura usameM samaya kA kucha bhI vyavadhAna nahIM hai / zAkuntala, vikramorvazIya, uttararAmacarita Adi nATakoM kI ghaTanAe~ kaI varSa kI ghaTanAe~ haiN| uttararAmacarita ke dvitIya aMka kI kathA prathama aMka ko kathA se 12 varSa bAda kI ghaTanA hai / sthAna kI ekatA kA bhI pAlana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / nATakoM ke lie jo bhAva liyA gayA hai, vaha vibhinna sthAnoM kA hai / sAtha hI yaha vizvAsa ki alaukika jIva bhI manuSya ke kAryoM meM hAtha DAlate haiM, dRzya ke sthAnaparivartana kA kAraNa ho jAtA hai / sthAnaparivartana ke binA ina dRzyoM kI vAstavikatA darzakoM ke sammukha upasthita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| vikramorvazIya aura zAkuntala ke dRzya kucha pRthivo para ghaTita hue haiM aura kucha svarga meM / kaI nATakoM meM eka hI aMka meM sthAnaparivartana ho gayA hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM kathAnaka kI ekatA ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / kathAnaka ko ekatA kA pUrNatayA nirvAha kAlidAsa, zadraka Adi nATakakAroM ne hI kiyA hai / bharata ke nATyazAstra kA yaha zloka nATya meM bhAva ke mahattva para prakAza DAlatA hai-- nAnAbhAvopasampannaM nAnAvasthAntarAlakam / lokavRttAnukaraNaM nATyametanmayA kRtam / / bharata ne yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki abhinaya kA uddezya logoM ko sadupadeza denA, Amoda aura vihAra Adi pradAna karanA hai, ataH abhinayadarzakoM ko isakA Ananda avazya lenA cAhie / Ananda vaiyaktika anubhUti meM hotA hai jo sukhada hai aura jisakI utpatti ghaTanAoM athavA dRzyoM se hotI hai / isa prakAra ke sukha kA AbhAra mAnasa anubhUtiyoM yA bhAvoM kA utkarSa hai / isIlie pratyeka abhinayadraSTA ko zAnti , Amoda , harSa aura viSAda kI

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAeM aura unake bheda 206 anubhUti pRthak-pRthak hotI hai / yaha usake hRdaya meM uThane vAle apane bhAvoM para nirbhara hai / isa prakAra ke bhAvoM ko jAgRta karane meM abhinaya ke do aGga sahAyaka hote haiM--pahalA hai nRtya jisameM bhAva kI pramukhatA rahatI hai aura dUsarA hai nRtta jisakA Azraya tAla aura laya hai| kintu nATaka kA pramukha Azraya rasa hotA hai / dekhie :-- dhIrodAttAdyavasthAnukRtirnATyaM rasAzrayam / bhAvAzrayaM tu nRtyaM syAnnRttaM tAlalayAzrayam / / pratAparudrIya-nATakaprakaraNa 1-2 saMskRta nATakoM meM aura bAtoM kI apekSA rasa-paripAka ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / zRGgAra aura vIra rasa mukhya rasa hote haiM, anya rasa usake sahAyaka hote haiM / jo nATakakAra rasa-paripAka ko lakSya meM rakhate haiM, ve unhIM bAtoM kA nATaka meM saMgraha karate haiM jo rasa kI puSTi meM sahAyaka hoN| jo bAteM usa rasa kI puSTi meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, unako chor3a dete haiM yA unheM gauNa sthAna dete haiN| rasa kI puSTi ke lie gadya kI apekSA padya adhika upayukta hotA hai / ataeva saMskRta nATakoM meM geya chandoM meM zloka paryApta saMkhyA meM haiM / zakuntalA nATaka meM 162 zloka haiM, vikramorvazIya meM 133, uttararAmacarita meM 255, mRcchakaTika meM 380, veNIsaMhAra meM 208 zloka haiM / ye zloka adhikAMza meM bhAvoM yA dRzyoM kA varNana karate haiN| nATakakAra rasoM ke paripAka ke lie prakRti kA varNana karate haiN| saMvAdoM ke lie gadya kA prayoga ucita rUpa se kiyA jA sakatA thA, parantu gadya ko ucita sthAna nahIM prApta huaA hai / kathAnaka ke vikAsa lie saMvAda sabase adhika upayukta hote haiM / saMskRta nATakoM meM kathAnaka kI pragati ko gauNa sthAna diyA gayA hai, ataH gadya aMza bahuta kama hai / tathApi kAlidAsa, zUdraka, bhaTTanArAyaNa, vizAkhadatta Adi ke nATakoM meM gadya aMza kA prayoga ucita mAtrA meM huA hai / rasa ko mukhyatA dI gayI hai, ataeva kathAnaka aura pAtroM ko gauNa sthAna diyA gayA hai, kyoMki yadi kathAnaka aura pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA to 10 sA0 i0--14

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210 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rasa ke paripAka meM vighna hotA / rasa-paripAka ke lie hI kaiziko, sAtvatI, ArabhaTI aura bhAratI ina cAra nATakIya vRttiyoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| alaMkAroM kA prayoga bhI rasa kI puSTi ke lie hI kiyA jAtA hai / rasaparipAka ko jo itanA mahattva diyA gayA hai, usase kucha aMza taka saMskRta nATaka AdarzavAdI ho gaye haiM / padyAMza kI adhikatA, gadyAMza kA kama prayoga, eka hI prakAra ke kathAnaka aura pAtra Adi ke kAraNa ina nATakoM kI vAstavikatA kama ho jAtI hai| ina bAtoM ke hote hue bhI bhAsa, kAlidAya, bhaTTanArAyaNa, zUdraka, vizAkhadatta Adi ke nATakoM meM vAstavikatA kI kamI nahIM hai / uparyukta bAtoM kA yaha prabhAva huA ki saMskRta ke nATaka adhikAMga meM pAThya-grantha hue, unakA abhinaya ThIka DhaMga se nahIM ho sakA / ina nATakoM ke kathAnaka rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata para yA upAkhyAnoM para AdhArita haiM athavA inakI kathAe~ kAlpanika haiM / bahata se nATakakAroM ne rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata se hI apane kathAnaka lie haiM / unhoMne kathAnaka meM koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM kiyA hai / kAlidAsa tathA bhavabhUti Adi katipaya kaviyoM ne mula kathAnaka meM kucha parivartana kiyA hai| bahuta kama kaviyoM ne navIna kathA kA AviSkAra kiyA hai aura saphalatApUrvaka usako prastuta kiyA hai / zUdraka hI akelA aisA kavi hai jo isa dRSTi se saphala huA hai| sAdhAraNatayA nATakoM kA viSaya prema-kathA hai / eka rAjakumAra, jisake kaI vivAha ho cuke haiM, rAnI kI sevikA ke rUpa meM niyukta ajJAta kula kI yuvatI strI se prema karane lagatA hai / rAnI naI sevikA para kaThora niyantraNa rakhatI hai ki vaha usake pati kA dhyAna AkRSTa na kare / parantu rAjakumAra vidUSaka kI sahAyatA se usa yuvatI se ekAnta meM milane kA prabandha kara letA hai / jaba yaha ghoSaNA ho jAtI hai ki donoM kA prema-prasaMga ho gayA hai to rAnI usa sevikA ko rAjakumAra ko arpaNa kara detI hai / sAdhAraNatayA isa prakAra ke kathAnaka haiM / kucha nATakoM meM kucha parivartana bhI haiM / zUdraka ke nATaka mRcchakaTika meM prema-kathA aura rAjanItika kathA mizrita hai| isa nATaka kA kathA-saMghaTana bahuta uttama hai / harSavardhana ke nAgAnanda kI kathA meM

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 211 ukta kathAoM se antara hai / vizAkhadatta ke mudrArAkSasa kI kathA rAjanItika viSaya para AdhArita hai / ___ ina nATakoM meM kathAnaka ke bAda mahattva kI dRSTi se pAtroM kA sthAna AtA hai / pAtroM ke puruSa aura strI rUpa meM vibhAjana se nATakoM meM vAstavikatA prA jAtI hai / "isa sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki bhAratIya nATakakAroM ne lagabhaga 13 sau varSa pUrva striyoM ko strIpAtroM kA abhinaya karane kI svIkRti dekara apanI dUradarzitA kA paricaya diyA hai / jisako aba pAzcAtya nATakakAroM ne apanAyA hai|"1 ye pAtra hI saMskRta kA prayoga kareM aura ye pAtra prAkRta kA prayoga kareM, isa niyantraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta nATaka kitane adhika vAstavika jIvana se sambaddha the| usa samaya jisa prakAra bhASA kA prayoga hotA thA, usI prakAra nATakoM meM bhI bhASA kA prayoga hai / puruSa pAtroM meM nAyaka, pratinAyaka, vidUSaka, bhRtya Adi ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta nATakoM meM nAyaka ko dabAkara pratinAyaka vijayI nahIM ho sakatA hai / nATakakAroM kA pahale se nirNaya ki nAyaka kA patana nahIM honA cAhie aura jaise bhI ho usakI vijaya-patAkA phaharAnI cAhie, isa nizcaya ke kAraNa pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa acchA nahIM ho pAyA hai| yahI avasthA strIpAtroM kI bhI hai / nAyaka cAra prakAra ke hote haiM--dhIrodAtta, dhIroddhata, dhIrazAnta aura dhIralalita / premI kI dRSTi se nAyaka cAra prakAra ke hote haiM - anukUla, dakSiNa, dhaSTa aura zaTha / nATaka ke anusAra nAyaka kisI eka vizeSa prakAra kA honA cAhie / vidUSaka koI brAhmaNa vyakti hI hotA hai / kAlidAsa ke mAlavikAgnimitra aura zUdraka ke macchakaTika ke atirikta sabhI nATakoM meM vidUSaka eka mUrkha vyakti hai / vaha premI aura premikA kA praNaya-sambandha karAne meM sahayoga detA hai aura anya sabhI pAtroM ke lie hAsya kA pAtra hotA hai / strIpAtroM meM mahArAnI kA sthAna U~cA hotA hai / adhikAMza nATakoM meM 1. C. E. M. Joad : The History of Indian Civilisation. pRSTha 65 /

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212 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nAyikA bhI hotI hai / kucha vizeSa prakAra ke nATakoM meM anya striyA~ bhI nAyikA ho sakatI haiM / premakathA vAle nATakoM meM sAdhAraNatayA do yA adhika pratidvandvI hote haiM / aise nATakoM meM nATakakAra ko avasara prApta hotA hai ki vaha do pratispardhI rAniyoM kI tulanA kare aura unakI viSamatAoM ko dikhAkara unakA caritra-citraNa kare / kAlidAsa kA mAlavikAgnimitra isakA sarvottama udAharaNa hai| ye strIpAtra prAkRta meM bAta karate haiM / mAlavikAgnimitra aura mAlatomAdhava meM saMnyAsinI kauzikI aura kAmandako donoM premiyoM kA sambandha karAne meM bahuta sahAyatA pradAna karatI haiN| ye donoM saMskRta meM vArtAlApa karatI haiM / yadyapi adhikAMza nATakoM meM caritracitraNa acchA nahIM huA hai, tathApi kAlidAsa, zUdraka aura bhaTTa nArAyaNa ke nATaka caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se bahuta uttama haiN| inameM pratyeka pAtra kA svatantra vyaktitva hai| pratyeka nATaka iSTadevatA ke stutipATha ke sAtha prArambha hotA hai / isako nAndIpATha kahate haiM / yaha isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki parde ke pIche hone vAle prArambhika mAMgalika kArya, jisako pUrvaraMga kahate haiM, samApta ho gaye haiN| nAndIpATha ke bAda sUtradhAra raMgamaMca para AtA hai / kucha nATakoM meM sUtradhAra hI raMgamaMca para Akara nAndIpATha karatA hai| sUtradhAra apanI patnI naTo yA apane sevaka mAriSa se nATaka, usake lekhaka aura usake abhinaya ke viSaya meM vArtAlApa karatA hai| isake pazcAt vaha inake sAtha raMgamaMca se calA jAtA hai| isa aMza ko prastAvanA, Amukha yA sthApanA kahate haiN| saMskRta nATya ke niyamAnusAra raMgamaMca para ina kAryoM kA dikhAnA sarvathA vajita hai-- mRtyu Adi duHkhada ghaTanAe~, yuddha, zApa denA, zayana, cumbana Adi / uparyukta dRzya tathA AkAza meM ur3anA Adi dRzya jo ki kaThinAI se dikhAye jA sakate the aura aise dRzya jinakA aMka ke mukhya bhAga meM dikhAnA Avazyaka nahIM thA, ina dRzyoM ko pA~ca prakAra se darzakoM ko batAyA jAtA thA-- viSkambhaka, pravezaka, culikA, aMkAvatAra aura aMkAsya / inameM se prathama do

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 213 vArtAlApa ke rUpa meM haiM, jinase darzakoM ko ghaTanA kA jJAna ho jAtA hai / viSkambhaka do prakAra kA hotA hai--1. zuddha viSkambhaka, jaba madhyama zreNI ke saMskRta meM vArtAlApa karane vAle pAtra isameM bhAga lete haiM / 2. mizra viSkambhaka jaba madhyama zreNI ke pAtra saMskRta meM vArtAlApa karate haiM aura nimna zreNI ke pAtra prAkRta meM vArtAlApa karate hue isameM bhAga lete haiN| isameM saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM ke prayoga karane vAle pAtra bhAga lete haiM / pravezaka meM kevala prAkRta bolane vAle nimna zreNI ke pAtra bhAga lete haiM / yaha prathama aMka ke prArambha meM nahIM AtA hai / cUlikA parde ke pIche se bhASaNa ke rUpa meM hotA hai / yaha bhASaNa do aMkoM kI kathA ko jor3atA hai / aMkAvatAra meM pahale aMka meM pAtra AgAmI aMka kI kathA kA nirdeza kara dete haiM aura agalA aMka pUrva aMka kA hI cAlU rUpa hotA hai / aMkAsya use kahate haiM jahA~ para eka hI aMka se AgAmI aMkoM kI kathA saMkSepa meM batA dI jAe / isake atirikta aura kucha nATakIya nirdeza haiM, jaise--apavArya, Atmagatam, janAntikam Adi / prAtmagatam arthAt pAtra mana meM koI bAta kahatA hai, jisako anya pAtra nahIM suna pAte haiN| zeSa do meM pAtra isa prakAra bAta karate haiM ki vaha anya pAtra na suna sake / yaha bAta darzaka hI suna pAte haiM / naye pAtra ke praveza kI sUcanA raMgamaMca para vidyamAna pAtra detA hai / kabhI-kabhI jaba kisI pAtra kA praveza atyAvazyaka hotA hai to vaha svayaM pardA haTAkara raMgamaMca para A jAtA hai| kathAnaka ko pragati dene ke lie katipaya upAya kie gaye haiM, jaise prema-patra kA likhanA, premI kA citra banAnA, nAcanA, eka khela meM hI dUsare khela kA prArambha karanA Adi / puruSa kA abhinaya strI aura strI kA abhinaya puruSa kare, isakI bhI svIkRti dI gayI hai jaisA ki mAlatImAdhava meM hai / nATaka kI sukhAnta samApti ke lie alaukika tattvoM kA bhI Azraya liyA jAtA hai, jaise zAkuntala, vikramorvazIya aura nAgAnanda Adi meM / kucha nATakoM meM daivI zakti vAle jIva bhI bhAga lete haiM / pratyeka nATaka bharatavAkya ke sAtha samApta hotA hai / bharata-vAkya stuti-vAkya ke rUpa meM hotA hai, yaha nAyaka yA anya koI mukhya pAtra kahatA hai /

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214 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pratyeka nATaka aMkoM meM vibhAjita hotA hai aura aMka dRzyoM meM / ye dRzya spaSTa rUpa se vibhakta nahIM hote haiM / aMka ke anta meM abhinetA raMgamaMca se cale jAte haiM / sAdhAraNatayA nATakoM meM pA~ca aMka hote haiM, parantu katipaya nATakoM meM eka se dasa taka graMka hai / mahAnATaka meM 14 aMka hai| pAtroM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM koI niyama nahIM hai / zAkuntala meM 30 pAtra haiM... veNIsaMhAra meM 32, mRcchakaTika meM 26, mudrArAkSasa meM 24, vikramorvazIya meM 18. mAlatImAdhava meM 13 aura uttararAmacarita meM 10 / pAzcAtya AlocakoM kA kathana hai ki bhArata meM raMgamaMca yA citrazAlA Adi nahIM the / unakA yaha kathana asatya hai, kyoMki nATakoM meM hI citrazAlA, saMgItazAlA aura prekSa-gRha Adi kA ullekha hai / nATyazAstra meM raMgamaMca, nepathya, darzakagRha Adi kI lambAI-caur3AI Adi kA vistRta varNana hai / zAradAtanaya ke bhAvaprakAzanam meM tIna prakAra kI nATyazAlAoM kA ullekha hai / ___ saMskRta-nATaka jIvana kI avasthA yA paristhiti kA anukaraNa prastuta karate haiM, jIvana ke kisI kArya vizeSa kA anukaraNa nahIM / ataeva inameM nATakIya nirdeza prAyaH prApta hotA hai ki nATayitvA arthAt isa prakAra kA nATya karake / manuSya vAstavika jIvana meM jisa prakAra kA kArya karatA hai, abhinetA usI kA anukaraNa karate haiM / ratha para car3hanA, per3oM ko pAnI denA yA zikAra khelanA Adi kAryoM kA nirdeza mAtra kiyA jAtA hai / darzaka usa kriyA ko svayaM samajha / raMgamaMca ke pIche jo pardA par3A rahatA hai, usa para prAkRtika dRzya bane hote haiN| vaha janatA ke lie prAkRtika zobhA prastuta karatA hai / zikSita janatA raMgamaMca para hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kI vAstavikatA ko anubhava karatI hai / raMgamaMca para dRzya-saMbaMdhI vistRta prabaMdha karane meM kucha kaThinAiyA~ haiM, ataH sAdhAraNa dRzyoM kA prabaMdha kiyA jAtA hai / zikSita janatA nATaka meM rasa kA uttama paripAka dekhanA

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 215 cAhatI hai, ataeva vaha prAkRtika dRzyoM ke pradarzana ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM detii| Alocaka nATaka ke andara kisI aisI cIja kA honA sahana nahIM kara sakate haiM, jo mana kI rasa-magnatA ko vikSubdha kare / yadi raMgamaMca para azlIla dRzya aura jIvana kI kaThora vAstavikatA kA hI pradarzana kiyA jAya to isase janatA kA mAnasika stara nikRSTa hogA / nATakoM kA uddezya mAnasika stara ko U~cA karanA hai / ataH nATakoM meM kucha aMza taka AdarzavAditA sahanIya hai / saMskRta nATakoM ke bheda saMskRta nATakoM ke jo aneka bheda upalabdha hote haiM, usase usake vistRta vikAsa kA patA calatA hai / nATakoM ko dRzyakAvya yA rUpaka kahate haiM / rUpaka kA abhiprAya hai kisI vastu yA kArya ko dRzya rUpa meM prastuta karanA / sampUrNa dRzyakAvya ko rUpaka aura uparUpaka ina do mukhya bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / rUpaka ke dasa bheda haiM-nATaka, prakaraNa, bhANa, prahasana, Dima, vyAyoga, samavakAra, vIthI, aMka aura IhAmRga / ina dasa vibhAgoM meM se nATaka sabase adhika pracalita hai| isake bAda prakaraNa aura tatpazcAt prahasana kA krama AtA hai / bahuta thor3e se dRzyakAvyoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI ina tIna bhedoM meM A jAte haiM / anya bhedoM ke dRzyakAvya bahuta thor3e haiN| nATaka sAdhAraNatayA prasiddha kathA para nirbhara hotA hai / isakA nAyaka rAjA hotA hai| isameM mukhya rasa zRGgAra, vIra yA karuNa hotA hai| jaisezAkuntala meM zRGgAra rasa hai, veNIsaMhAra meM vIra aura uttararAmacarita meM karuNa rasa hai / isameM aMkoM kI saMkhyA pA~ca se dasa taka hotI hai| prakaraNa kI kathA kAlpanika hotI hai / isa kathA kA janmadAtA nATakakAra hotA hai / rAjakumAra ke atirikta anya koI isakA nAyaka hotA hai / isameM koI bhI strI, vezyA bhI, nAyikA ho sakatI hai| isameM aMkoM kI saMkhyA 10 hotI hai / isa

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216 216 . saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prakAra ke rUpaka-grantha mRcchakaTika aura mAlatImAdhava haiM / bhANa ekAMkI rUpaka grantha hotA hai| isameM kisI dhUrta kA jIvana-carita hotA hai| isameM mukhya rasa zRGgAra yA vIra hotA hai| isameM eka hI pAtra hotA hai| vaha AkAzabhApita ke rUpa meM saba bAta kahatA hai / isameM saMgIta, nRtya Adi bhI sammilita hote haiM / vAmanabhaTTabANa kA zRGgArabhUSaNamANa isa prakAra kA rUpaka hai / prahasana ekAMkI nATaka hotA hai| isameM hAsya rasa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai / isameM hAsya-pradhAna dRzya hote haiM / mahendra vikAra kA bhattabilAsaprahasana isa prakAra kA rUpaka hai / Dima meM cAra aMka hote haiN| isameM mAyA, indrajAla Adi kA varNana hotA hai / isakI kathA prasiddha hotI hai| isameM devatA, rAkSasa, ardhadevatA, sarpa Adi pAtra hote haiN| isameM zRGgAra aura hAsya ko chor3akara anya kAI rasa pradhAna hotA hai / vatsarAja kA tripuravijaya isa prakAra kA rUpaka grantha hai| vyAyoga ekAMkI nATaka hotA hai / isameM prasiddha kathA hotI hai / isakA nAyaka dhIroddhata hotA hai| isameM yuddha kA dRzya hotA hai, parantu usa yuddha kA kAraNa koI strI nahIM honI caahie| zRMgAra aura hAsya ko chor3akara anya koI rasa isameM mukhya hotA hai / vizvanAtha kA saugandhikAharaNa isa prakAra kA rUpaka hai| samavakAra meM tIna aMka hote haiM / isakI kathA pracalita hotI hai| isameM yuddha ke dRzya hote haiN| isameM vIra rasa mukhya hotA hai / isameM devatA aura rAkSasa pAtra hote haiM / vatsarAja kA samudra prathana isa prakAra kA rUpaka hai / vIthI ekAMkI nATaka hotA hai / isameM do yA tIna pAtra hote haiN| isameM zRMgAra mukhya rasa hotA hai / ravipati kA premAbhirAma isa prakAra kA rUpaka hai| aMka ekAMko nATaka hotA hai| isameM karuNa rasa pradhAna hotA hai| isameM rone kA varNana hotA hai / bhAskara kA unmattarAghava isa prakAra kA rUpaka grantha hai / IhAmaga meM cAra aMka hote hai| isakA nAyaka devatA hotA hai / isameM balAt strI ke haraNa kA varNana hotA hai, parantu yuddha nahIM hotA / vatsarAja kA rukmiNoharaNa isa prakAra kA rUpaka grantha hai / __uparUpaka ke 18 bheda haiN| inameM se nATikA, saTTaka, troTaka aura prekSaNaka mukhya haiM / nATikA bahuta-sI bAtoM meM nATaka ke hI tulya hotI hai / isameM strIpAtra

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saMskRta nATaka, unakI utpatti, unakI vizeSatAe~ aura unake bheda 217 adhika hote haiM / isakA nAyaka dhIralalita hotA hai| isameM zRMgAra rasa mukhya hotA hai| isameM kevala cAra aMka hote haiN| ratnAvalI isa prakAra kA uparUpaka hai| saTTaka pUrA prAkRta bhASA meM hotA hai / bhASA ke atirikta anya sabhI bAtoM meM yaha nATikA ke hI tulya hotA hai / rAjazekhara ko karpUramaMjarI isa prakAra kA uparUpaka hai| troTaka meM pA~ca, sAta, pATha yA nava aMka hote haiM / isakA AdhAra daidI yA maraNazIla prANiyoM kA kriyA-kalApa hai| vidUSaka pratyeka aGka meM upasthita rahatA hai / isake udAharaNa meM kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya kA nAma liyA jAtA hai / yaha ajJAta hai ki ise troTaka kaise kahate haiM kyoMki isameM vidUSaka prathama aura caturtha aMka meM upasthita nahIM rahatA / prekSaNaka ekAMkI nATaka hai / isameM sUtradhAra nahIM hotA / yaha dvandvayuddha kA varNana karatA hai / kisI nIca nAyaka ke caritra kA varNana hotA hai| isameM pravezaka aura viSkambha nahIM hotA / bAlivadha isI prakAra kA eka nATaka hai / prAcIna samaya meM jo nATaka upalabdha the, unake AdhAra para hI rUpakoM mora uparUpakoM ke lakSaNa banAye gaye hoMge aura unakA ina do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA hogaa| inameM anya bhedoM kI apekSA nATaka, prakaraNa, prahasana, bhANa aura nATikA kahIM adhika vikhyAta hue| isa para bhI, kevala nATaka ne hI zrotAoM tathA AlocakoM ko apanI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki nATakoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika hai aura rUpaka yA uparUpaka ke anya bhedoM kI saMkhyA bahuta hI kama hai / parantu aisA jJAta hotA hai ki yaha bheda janatA ko priya nahIM hue, ataeva ina bhedoM aura upabhedoM ke AdhAra para Age adhika saMkhyA meM nATaka-grantha nahIM bane /

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adhyAya 22 saMskRta nATaka (kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI aura kAlidAsa ke samakAlIna) kAlidAsa ne apane nATakoM meM jo pUrNatA prApta kI hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa se pahale paryApta saMkhyA meM saMskRta-nATaka vidyamAna the aura kAlidAsa ne unako AdhAra mAnakara apane nATaka likhe haiN| kAlidAsa se pahale jo nATaka likhe gaye the, unameM se bhAsa aura zUdraka ke nATaka zeSa bace haiM, zeSa sabhI nATaka kAlidAsa ke nATakoM ke asAdhAraNa utkarSa ke kAraNa naSTa ho gaye haiN| saumilla aura kaviputra ke atirikta anya nATakakAroM kA nAma bhI pUrNatayA vismRta ho gayA hai / bhAsa kAlidAsa se pUrvavartI nATakakAra hai / kAlidAsa ne mAlavikAgnimitra kI prastAvanA meM usakA bahuta Adara ke sAtha nATakakAra ke rUpa meM nAmollekha kiyA hai| bhAsa ke nATakoM kA patA 1611 I0 taka nahIM thaa| isa varSa paM0 gaNapati zAstrI ne mAlAbAra se kucha nATakIya grantha prApta kiye aura nimnalikhita katipaya kAraNoM se unakA lekhaka bhAsa ko mAnA / (1) sabhI 13 nATakoM meM kucha vizeSatAe~ samAna haiM-(ka) inameM sUtradhAra nAndI kA pATha karatA hai / nAndI-pATha vAle zlokoM meM aprakaTa rUpa meM nATaka ke pAtroM ke nAma haiN| isa prakAra isameM mudrAlaGkAra hotA hai / dekhie-- udayanavendusavarNA vAsavadattAvalau balasya tvAm / padmAvatIrNapUrNI vasantakamrau bhujau pAtAm / / svapnavAsavadattam -- nAndI yahA~ udayana, vAsavadattA, padmAvatI aura vasantaka Adi pAtroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / (kha) prastAvanA ke lie 'sthApanA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA

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saMskRta nATaka . 216 gayA hai / isa prastAvanA meM na nATakakAra kA nAmollekha hai aura na nATaka kA hI nAma-nirdeza hai / ina sabhI nATakoM kI. prastAvanA prAyaH eka-sI hai| (ga) bharatavAkya adhikAMza nATakoM meM samAna hai aura usakI samApti prArthanA meM hotI hai--'rAjasiMhaH prazAstu naH' / (gha) pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se prasiddha prayoga prAyaH sabhI meM haiN| jaise-ApRcchAmi, upalapsyati, drakSyate, rakSate, kAzirAjJaH, sarvarAjJaH, alaM kartum ityAdi / ina kAraNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki inakA lekhaka eka hI vyakti hai / (2) sAhityazAstriyoM ne bhAsa aura usake nATaka svapnavAsavadattam kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai aura svapnavAsavadattam se uddharaNa bhI diye haiN| ina zlokoM meM se kucha zloka svapnavAsavadattam meM prApta hote haiM / ataH yaha svapnavAsavadattam mUla svapnavAsavadattam hI honA caahie| sAhityazAstriyoM ke dvArA uddhRta kucha zloka jo isameM prApta nahIM hote haiM, unakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki isake mUla grantha ke katipaya zloka naSTa ho gaye hoMge / sAhityazAstriyoM ne grantha-nirdeza Adi ke binA hI jo zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, unameM se bahuta se zloka inameM prApta hote haiM / sAhityazAstriyoM ne cArudatta nATaka kA nAmollekha kiyA hai aura usake lekhaka kA nAma-nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai, vaha bhAsa ke ina nATakoM meM se eka nATaka hai / ataH ina nATakoM kA racayitA eka hI vyakti honA cAhie aura vaha vyakti bhAsa hai / paravartI lekhaka bANa' aura daNDI Adi ne bhAsa ko kaI nATakoM kA racayitA mAnA hai| ye nATaka 12vIM yA 13vIM zatAbdI taka prApta rahe hoMge / isake bAda ke lekhakoM ne ina nATakoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / zrI gaNapati zAstrI ne 'trayodaza trivendramanATakAni' nAma se ina nATakoM kA saMpAdana kiyA hai| unake isa vicAra kA samarthana katipaya pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| jo unake isa vicAra kA samarthana 1. harSacarita bhUmikA zloka 15 2. avantisundarIkathA bhUmikA zloka 11 /

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220 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nahIM karate the, unhoMne nimnalikhita kAraNoM se ina nATakoM ke bhAsa kI racanA hone kA khaMDana kiyA hai.- (1) ina nATakoM meM jina katipaya nATakIya vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve vizeSatAe~ bhAsa ke atirikta anya nATakakAroM kI racanAoM mattavilAsa-prahasana Adi meM bhI prApta hotI haiN| ye vizeSatAe~ dakSiNa bhArata ke nATakoM meM upalabdha hotI haiM, ataH ina vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para ina sabako bhAsa kI racanA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai / ina nATakoM meM jo apANinIya prayoga prApta hote haiM, unako pratilipikartAoM kI bhUla samajhanI cAhie / (2) bhAsa ko svapnavAsavadattam nATaka kA racayitA hone kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAsa kaI nATakoM kA racayitA hai / svapnavAsavadattam ko chor3a kara anya bhAsa ke nATakoM kA nAma kisI ne ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / sAhityazAstriyoM ne svapnavAsavadattam ko hI bhAsa kI racanA batAyA hai, usake anya kisI nATaka kA unhoMne ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| Ajakala jo svapnavAsavadattam upalabdha hai, usameM ve sabhI zloka prApta nahIM hote haiM, jinako sAhityazAstriyoM ne bhAsa ke zloka kahakara ullekha kiyA hai / ata: isa svapnavAsavadattam ko bhI bhAsa kI racanA nahIM mAnanA caahie| kucha vidvAn jo madhyama mArga kA prAzraya lene vAle haiM, unakA mantavya hai ki trivendrama granthamAlA meM jo grantha prakAzita hae haiM, ve bhAsa ke mala granthoM ke saMkSipta saMskaraNa haiM / ye saMkSipta saMskaraNa raMgamaMca kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie banAye gaye th| kAlidAsa ne mAlavikAgnimitra meM bhAsa, saumilla aura kaviputra kA jo ullekha kiyA hai tathA unakI prasiddhi kA varNana kiyA hai, usako unako prazaMsA ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhanA cAhie, apitu kAlidAsa kA yaha kathana unakI truTiyoM ke pradarzana ke lie eka prayatna samajhanA cAhie / kAlidAsa ke nATakoM ke pazcAt bhAsa ke nATakoM ko vaha prasiddhi naSTa hotI gayI / bhAsa ke nATakoM kI AlocakoM ne kaThora parIkSA kI aura unameM se kevala svapnavAsavadattam hI usa parIkSA meM kharA utraa| rAjazekhara

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saMskRta nATaka . 221 aura vAkpati Adi ke granthoM meM svapnavAsavadattam kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| inameM bhAsa aura usake granthoM kA sambandha agni se batAyA gayA hai / AlocakoM kI parIkSA ke pazcAt svapnavAsavadattam ko chor3akara bhAsa ke anya nATaka prAyaH naSTa hote gaye / sambhavata: pallava rAjA narasiMhavarmA dvitIya ( 680-700 I0 ) ke Azrita katipaya abhinetAoM ne raMgamaMca ke lie inako apanAyA / isa rAjA kI upAdhi rAjasiMha hai| trivendramagranthamAlA meM jo ye nATaka prakAzita hue haiM, ye bhAsa ke nATakoM ke raMgamaMca ke upayogI saMskaraNa pratIta hote haiN| inameM adhikAMza nATakoM ke bharatavAkya meM rAjasiMha zabda kA prayoga prApta hotA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki ina nATakoM kA aura pallava rAjAoM kA kucha pArasparika sambandha hai / jaba pallava rAjya naSTa huA tava ye nATaka tathA anya kucha grantha, jo pallava rAjAoM ke Azraya meM bane the, mAlAbAra cale gye| ataeva yaha saMgata pratIta hotA hai ki bhAsa ke nATaka tathA pallava rAjAoM ke Azrita kavi daNDI kI avantisundarIkathA mAlAbAra meM prApta ho / yavanoM ke Agamana ke pazcAt hI saMskRta nATaka lupta ho gaye, yaha vicAra kevala kalpanAmAtra hai / trivendrama granthamAlA meM prakAzita ina nATakoM ko raMgamaMcopayogI saMskaraNa hI samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki bhAsa ke nAma se uddhRta jo zloka ina nATakoM meM nahIM milate haiM, ve mUla bRhat saMskaraNa meM rahe hoNge| ina nATakoM meM kucha aura aMza rahatA to ye pUrNa graMtha jJAta hote / ataH yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ye nATaka bhAsa ke mUla nATakoM ke raMgamaMcopayogI saMskaraNa haiM / inameM se kucha nATaka mUla rUpa meM avazya bhAsa ke likhe hae haiM, parantu saba usake hI likhe nahIM haiM / kucha dakSiNa bhArata ke kisI vidvAn ke dvArA banAye hue haiN| ataH bhAsa ko ina terahoM nATakoM kA racayitA nahIM mAnanA caahie| kAlidAsa ne bhAsa kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai, ataH bhAsa usase parvavartI honA cAhie / ataeva bhAsa kA samaya 300 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie|

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222 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa viSaya kI dRSTi se bhAsa ke nATakoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai / inameM se do rAmAyaNa para AdhArita hai, 6 mahAbhArata para, eka kRSNa ke jIvana para aura cAra kahAniyoM para Azrita hai / rAmAyaNa para AdhArita bhAsa ke nATaka (1) pratimAnATaka / isameM sAta aMka hai / isameM dazaratha kI mRtyu se lekara rAma ke rAjyAbhiSeka taka rAma kI kathA vaNita hai / dazaratha kI mRtyu ke bAda bharata jaba ayodhyA jAte haiM taba eka pratimAgRha meM apane mRta pUrvajoM kI pratimA ke sAtha dazaratha kI pratimA dekhakara unheM jJAta hotA hai ki unake pitA aba jIvita nahI haiM / ataeva isa nATaka kA nAma pratimAnATaka par3A hai / sotA ke apaharaNa ko sunakara bharata rAma kI sahAyatA ke lie senA bhejate haiM, parantu rAma taba taka rAvaNa ko jItakara lauTa rahe the aura ve senA ko mArga meM lauTate hae mile / (2) abhiSekanATaka / isameM 6 aMka haiN| isameM bAlI ke vadha se lekara ayodhyA meM rAma ke abhiSeka taka rAma kI kathA varNita hai| bhAsa ne raMgamaMca para bAlI kA vadha dikhAkara sAhityika paramparA kA ullaMghana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata para Azrita bhAsa ke nATaka (1) paMcarAtra / isameM tIna aMka haiM / yaha samavakAra rUpaka hai| droNAcArya ne eka yajJa kiyA / duryodhana ne pratijJA kI ki yajJa kI samApti para ve jo kucha mAgeMge, vaha dUMgA / droNa ne yajJa ke anta meM mA~ga kI ki vaha pANDavoM ko prAdhA rAjya de de| duryodhana ne kahA ki yadi pA~ca rAtri ke andara ve mila jAya~ge to maiM aisA kara dUMgA / kaurava virATa ke nagara se gAyoM ko bhagAkara lAne ke lie jAte haiM / pANDava vahA~ para gupta veSa meM rahate the / unhoMne kauravoM para AkramaNa kiyA aura unako parAjita kiyA / vahA~ para pANDavoM kA patA cala jAtA hai aura duryodhana unheM AdhA rAjya lauTA detA hai (2) dUtavAkya / isameM eka aMka hai / yaha vyAyoga rUpaka hai / isameM pANDavoM ke dUta ke

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saMskRta nATaka 223 rUpa meM kRSNa kA duryodhana ke pAsa jAne kA varNana hai / yahI akelA nATaka hai jisameM eka bhI prAkRta kA vAkya nahIM hai| (3) madhyamavyAyoga / yaha ekAMkI nATaka hai / yaha vyAyoga rUpaka hai| bhIma ke putra ghaTotkaca ne eka brAhmaNa ke putra para AkramaNa kiyA aura bhIma ne usako bacAyA / ghaTotkaca kI mAtA hiDambA ne usake pitA se usakA paricaya kraayaa| ghaTotkaca ne pratijJA kI ki vaha bhaviSya meM kisI brAhmaNa kI hatyA nahIM karegA (4) dUtaghaTotkaca / yaha ekAMkI nATaka hai / abhimanyu kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zrIkRSNa ghaTotkaca ko duryodhana ke pAsa bhejate haiM / duryodhana usakA apamAna karatA hai| usane arjuna ke dvArA kauravoM ke nAza ko bhaviSyavANI kI / (5) karNabhAra / yaha ekAMkI nATaka hai / isameM karNa kA brAhmaNa-veSadhArI indra ko kavaca aura kuNDala dAna meM dene kA varNana hai / isameM karNa kI zUravIratA kI bhAvanA kA sundara varNana hai / (6) UrubhaMga / yaha ekAMkI nATaka hai / isameM bhIma ke dvArA duryodhana kI jaMghA ko bhaMga karake usako mArane kA varNana hai| isameM nATakIya paramparA ke viruddha raMgamaMca para duryodhana kA vadha dikhAyA gayA hai / bAlacarita meM pA~ca aMka haiN| isameM zrIkRSNa ke janma aura unakI bAlakrIr3AnoM kA varNana hai| isameM kRSNa ke jIvana ke viSaya meM jina ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai, unakA ullekha bhAgavata, viSNupurANa aura harivaMza meM nahIM hai / isameM kRSNa ko vasudeva kA sAtavA~ putra batAyA gayA hai / bAda ke granthoM meM rAdhA kRSNa ko priyA ke rUpa meM varNita hai, parantu isameM rAdhA kA ullekha nahIM hai| kRSNajIvana se saMbaddha bAda ke granthoM meM jo zRGgAra aura azlIlatA prApta hotI hai, vaha isameM sarvathA nahIM hai / nATakIya paramparA ke viruddha bhAsa ne isa nATaka meM raMgamaMca para zrIkRSNa aura ariSTa nAmaka rAkSasa kA yuddha tathA kaMsa kI matya kA varNana kiyA hai / isake tRtIya aMka meM hallIza nRtya kA eka dRzya hai / kathAoM para Azrita bhAsa ke nATaka (1) pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa / isameM cAra aMka haiN| isameM ujjaina ke rAjA dyota ke dvArA rAjA udayana ke bandI kiye jAne kA varNana hai / rAjA

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224 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pradyota apanI putrI vAsavadattA kA udayana se vivAsa karanA cAhate the / udayana ke mantrI yaugandharAyaNa ne pratijJA ko ki vaha apane rAjA udayana ko vahA~ se chur3A kara lAyegA / ataH isa nATaka kA nAma pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa par3A hai / yaugandharAyaNa apane prayatna meM saphala hotA hai aura usakI pratijJA pUrNa hotI hai / bhAmaha ( 700 I0 ) ne isa nATaka ke kathAnaka kI bahuta kar3I AlocanA kI hai / prastAvanA meM yadyapi isako prakaraNa rUpaka batAyA gayA hai, parantu isameM kevala cAra aMka haiM / yaha saMbhava hai ki bhAsa ne jaba yaha nATaka likhanA prArambha kiyA hogA, taba usakA vicAra rahA hogA ki vaha isa nATaka aura svapnavAsavadattam ko eka meM hI rakkhegA / (2) svapnavAsavadattam / isameM 6 aMka haiM / vAsavadattA se vivAha ke bAda udayana apanI patnI meM itanA adhika Asakta ho gayA ki usane rAjya kI upekSA kara dI aura pariNAmasvarUpa usake rAjya kA adhikAMza bhAga naSTa ho gayA / usake maMtriyoM ne eka upAya socA ki isa prakAra naSTa huA rAjya punaH prApta ho sakatA hai / eka dina rAjA jaba apane par3Ava se zikAra khelane ke lie gayA huA thA, taba maMtriyoM ne jhUThI aphavAha ur3A dI ki vAsavadattA gA~va meM Aga lagane se jala gayI aura usake sAtha maMtrI yaugandharAyaNa bhI usako bacAtA huA jala gayA hai / yaugandharAyaNa vAsavadattA ko magadha-rAjakumArI padmAvatI ke pAsa le gayA aura usake pAsa dharohara ke rUpa meM rakha diyA / vaha cAhatA thA ki udayana kA vivAha padmAvatI ke sAtha ho jAya aura isa prakAra magadha - rAja kI sahAyatA prApta karake naSTa rAjya ko punaH prApta kiyA jAya / yaugandharAyaNa ne apane Apa ko vAsavadattA kA bhAI batAyA aura kahA ki isakA pati pravAsa meM gayA hai / vAsavadattA padmAvatI ke pAsa rahI / lauTakara Ane para udayana bahuta duHkhita huA aura apanI icchA ke viruddha padmAvatI se vivAha ke lie udyata ho gayA / vivAha ke pazcAt rugNa padmAvatI ko dekhane ke lie udayana samudragRha meM gayA aura vahA~ khAlI sthAna dekhakara so gayA / vAsavadattA padmAvatI kI sevA ke lie vahAM

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saMskRta nATaka 225 AI aura udayana ko padyAvatI samajhakara vahA~ so gaI / udayana ne nIMda meM vAsavadattA kA nAma lenA prArambha kiyA / vAsavadattA apanA bheda gupta rakhane ke lie vahA~ se zIghra hI calI gii| udhara magadha rAjA kI sahAyatA se kauzAmbI kA naSTa rAjya udayana ko punaH prApta ho gyaa| tatpazcAt vAsavadattA aura yaugandharAyaNa ne apanA bheda prakaTa kiyA / isa prakAra nATaka sukhAnta samApta hotA hai / yaha nATaka bhAsa ke nATakoM meM sabase adhika prasiddha hai aura sarvottama hai| nATakIya paramparA ke viruddha bhAsa ne isa nATaka meM ragamaMca para rAjA ke sone kA dRzya upasthita kiyA hai / ( 3 ) cArudatta / isameM cAra aMka haiN| isameM eka brAhmaNa cArudatta kA eka vezyA vasantasenA se prema kA varNana hai / vasantasenA bhI cArudatta se prema karatI hai / eka dina vasantasenA ne apane AbhUSaNa cArudatta ke pAsa rakhe ki rAtri meM cora use curAkara na le jAe~ / kucha samaya cArudatta ke sAtha rahakara vaha apane ghara jAtI hai / vilaka nAma kA eka cora cArudatta ke ghara meM rAtri meM seMdha lagAkara ghusatA hai aura vasantasenA ke AbhUSaNa curAkara le jAtA hai aura agale dina prAtaH jAkara vasantasenA ko detA hai ki vaha usakI premikA madanikA ko apanI sevA se mukta kara de / yaha nATaka yahA~ para samApta hotA hai| bhAsa ke samarthakoM kA kathana hai ki zUdraka ne isI nATaka ke AdhAra para apanA nATaka mRcchakaTika likhA hai| ( 4 ) avimAraka / isameM 6 aMka haiM / isameM rAjA kuntibhoja kI putrI kuraMgI aura rAjakumAra avimAraka ke gupta prema kA varNana hai / zApa ke kAraNa avimAraka kA rAjatva naSTa ho gayA thA / kuntibhoja ke ghara meM kisI ko bhI avimAraka kA paricaya jJAta nahIM thA, ataeva vaha guptarUpa se kuraMgI se milaa| anta meM nArada muni ne avimAraka kA paricaya batAyA aura donoM premiyoM kA vivAha ho gayA / kucha samaya huA eka nATaka yajJaphala nAma kA prApta huA hai| isa nATaka meM bhI bhAsa ke anya nATakoM vAlI vizeSatAyeM prApta hotI haiM, ataH isako saM0 sA0 i0--15

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226 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhI bhAsa kI racanA kahA jAtA hai / isameM 6 aMka haiM aura sAtaveM aMka kA nAma nirvahaNAMka hai / isameM putrotpatti ke lie rAjA dazaratha ke yajJa karane kA varNana hai| bhAsa kI nATayakalA kAlidAsa, bANa aura daNDI Adi ne bhAsa ko ucca koTi kA nATakakAra mAnA hai / bhASA aura nATyakalA kI dRSTi se vaha avazya hI kAlidAsa se hIna hai / usane teraha nATaka likhe haiM, isase hI jJAta hotA hai ki vaha ucca koTi kA nATakakAra thaa| usakI bhASA meM jo truTiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, ve bAda ke lipikartAoM ke kAraNa hI samajhanI caahie| jisa rUpa meM ye nATaka Ajakala prApta hote haiM usa rUpa meM bhAsa ne inako nahIM likhA hogA / ina nATakoM ko mUlarUpa meM likhane vAlA bhAsa avazya hI ucca koTi kA nATakakAra rahA hogA / bhAsa ke nATakoM kI saMkhyA, unake bhAva aura prakAra kI vibhinnatA se siddha hotA hai ki bhAsa ko saMskRta nATakakAroM meM jo ucca sthAna milA hai, vaha ucita hI hai / usane bahuta se nATaka likhe hoMge, parantu kula kitane nATaka usane likhe haiM, yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / usane nATakIya paramparAoM kA jo ullaMghana kiyA hai, vaha vAstavikatA ko AdhAra mAna kara hI kiyA hai| usane kathAnaka meM jo parivartana kie haiM, usase usakI maulikatA kA jJAna hotA hai / jaise--paMcarAtra meM duryodhana ke carita meM maulikatA hai / katipaya sthAnoM para pAtroM kA praveza aura prasthAna asvAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai / yaha kheda kI bAta hai ki usane kitane nATaka likhe haiM, yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai / jo nATaka prApta haiM, ve bhI mUla rUpa meM nahIM jJAta hote haiM / ___ ina teraha nATakoM ke kathAnaka aura nAndI-zlokoM se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki vaha viSNubhakta thaa| bhAsa ke prazaMsakoM meM bANa aura daNDI vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| dekhie :-- 1. pRthvIrAjavijaya 1-8 /

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saMskRta nATaka 227 sUtradhArakRtArambhaiH nATakairbahubhUmikaH / sapatAkairyazo lebhe bhAso devakulairiva / / harSacarita--prastAvanA zloka 15 'patAkA' zabda kisI pAtra kI usa bhayaMkara ghaTanA kI ora saMketa karatA hai jisakA sambandha usa pAtra se sIdhA nahIM hai / yahA~ bANa kA yaha kahanA hai ki bhAsa ke nATakoM meM patAkAsthAna" hai| daNDin kI kalpanA hai ki bhAsa apane nATakoM se Aja bhI jIvita hai / dekhie :-- suvibhaktamukhAghaGga rvyaktalakSaNavRttibhiH / pareto'pi sthito bhAsaH zarIrairiva nATakaiH / / avantisundarI--prastAvanA zloka 11 darbhAgyavaza na to bhAsa ke kisI bhI nATaka kI satyatA siddha ho sakI aura jo nATaka prApya haiM, na to unake lekhaka kA hI nirvirodha nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| unameM se katipaya prApya nATaka to unake ho sakate haiM, kucha, jo sacamuca unake haiM, aba taka prakAza meM nahIM aaye| aisI prasiddhi hai ki bhAsa ne nATyazAstra para eka grantha likhA thA, parantu vaha aprApya hai| ___ kAlidAsa ne mAlavikAgnimitra kI prastAvanA meM bhAsa ke sAtha hI saumilla aura kaviputra ina do aura prasiddha nATakakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kucha grantha meM ina donoM nAmoM ke sthAna para rAmila aura saumila nAma prApta hote haiM / ina donoM lekhakoM ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai / rAjazekhara ne rAmila aura saumila kI racanA zUdrakakathA nAmaka grantha mAnA hai / yaha grantha bhI aprApya hai / isake atirikta kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI nATakakAroM ke viSaya meM aura kucha jJAta nahIM hai / kAlidAsa kAlidAsa tIna nATakoM kA racayitA hai-mAlavikAgnimitra, vikramorvazIya aura zAkuntala / aisI prasiddhi hai ki ina nATakoM aura kAvyoM ke atirikta 1. paJcarAtram 2-6, abhiSekanATaka 5-11 /

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228 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa usane 'kuntalezvaradautya' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI / jJAta nahIM ki yaha kisa prakAra kI racanA hai kyoM ki Aja yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai / jisa krama meM ye nAma Upara diye gaye haiM, isI krama se usane ye nATaka likhe haiM ! mAlavikAgnimitra se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vaha bhAsa yAdi nATakakAroM kI samatA prApta karane ke lie prayatnazIla thA / vikramorvazIya se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha nATakakAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho calA thA aura usane yaha nATaka AlocakoM kI samIkSA ke lie prastuta kiyA thA zAkuntala se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha prasiddha nATakakAra ho gayA thA aura AlocakoM ke dvArA apane nATaka ke svIkRta hone kI pratIkSA meM thA / mAlavikAgnimitra meM pA~ca aMka haiM / isake pAtra aitihAsika vyakti haiM / mAlavA ke rAjakumAra mAdhavasena kI bahina mAlavikA kA vivAha vidizA ke rAjA agnimitra ke sAtha honA thA / mAdhavasena apanI bahina ke sAtha vidizA ko claa| mArga meM usake cacere bhAI yajJasena ne usa para AkramaNa kara diyA / vaha mAdhavasena se pahale se kruddha thA / yajJasena ne usako bandI banA liyA / mAdhavasena ke sAthI apane mArga para calate rahe / Age calakara una para DAkuoM ne AkramaNa kiyA aura mAlavikA mArga bhUla gayI / vaha vidizA ke sainikoM kI surakSA meM pahu~cI aura vahA~ se vaha agnimitra kI rAnI dhAriNI ke antaHpura meM pahu~cI / eka kalAkAra ke dvArA citrita mAlavikA kA citra dekhakara rAjA agnimitra usa para Asakta ho gayA / apane sAthI vidUSaka kI sahAyatA se usane mAlavikA se milane kA prabandha kara liyA / dhAriNI yaha prayatna karatI thI ki mAlavikA rAjA ke sAmane na Ane pAve | agnimitra kI eka choTI rAnI irAvatI ne sahasA vahA~ pahu~cakara agnimitra aura mAlavikA ke premAlApa ko bhaMga kara diyA / irAvatI ke vighna ke kAraNa donoM premiyoM ko bahuta burA lagA ! kucha samaya bAda mAdhavasena ke sAthI, jo mArga bhUla gaye the, agnimitra ke dvAra para pahu~ce / unhoMne mAlavikA kA paricaya diyA aura usa paricaya ke AdhAra para rAjA mAlavikA ke sAtha vivAha kara sakA / rAnI dhAriNI

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saMskRta nATaka 226 ne isa vivAha kI svIkRti dii| puSyamitra aura agnimitra donoM zuMga vaMza ke rAjA the| isa vaMza kA rAjya 183 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga prArambha huA thA / kucha rAjanItika ghaTanAmoM kA ullekha isa nATaka meM hI milatA hai, anyatra nahIM; jaise-mAdhavasena aura yajJasena kI zatratA / yaha nATaka agnimitra ke rAjadvAra meM ghaTita ghaTanAoM para Azrita jJAta hotA hai| yaha saMbhava pratIta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa agnimitra kA samakAlIna thA yA usakI sabhA meM eka kavi thA yA vaha agnimitra ke kucha hI samaya bAda huA thA, jaba janatA ko agnimitra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ pUrNatayA smaraNa thiiN| vikramorvazIya meM pA~ca aMka haiM / svargIya apsarA urvazI ko eka rAkSasa bhagAkara le jA rahA thaa| pratiSThAna ke rAjA purUravA ne usakI rakSA kI / vaha apane rakSaka se prema karane lagI aura purUravA bhI usake prema meM baddha ho gyaa| svarga ko jAne ke bAda eka bAra vaha gupta rUpa se purUravA se Akara milii| eka bAra devatAoM ke sAmane pradarzita kiye jAne vAle eka nATaka meM vaha eka vizeSa pAtra kA abhinaya kara rahI thI, parantu usakA mana purUravA kI aora lagA huA thA, ataH eka sthAna para jahA~ use viSNu kA nAma lenA cAhie thA, usane purUravA kA nAma le liyaa| bharata muni ne usako isa truTi ke lie doSI batAyA aura use zApa diyA ki jaba taka vaha apane premI se putra na prApta kara le taba taka svarga meM na rahe / vaha martyaloka meM AyI aura apane premI ke sAtha AnandapUrvaka dina vyatIta karane lgii| purUravA kI rAnI ne unakI yaha svatantratA nahIM rokii| eka dina urvazI IrSyA-bhAva se eka niSiddha vATikA meM gayI aura vahA~ vaha latA ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gyii| rAjA purUravA apanI priyA ko na pAkara pAgala ho gayA aura usako r3hatA hayA idhara-udhara phirane lgaa| eka dina sahasA usane vahI latA chaI, jisameM urvazI parivartita huI thii| vaha jIvitarUpa meM uThakara khar3I huI / mahala meM lauTakara Ane ke bAda usakA putra usake sAmane lAyA gyaa| usa putra kA lAlana-pAlana aba taka eka aura strI karatI thii| rAjA ne

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230 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa putra ko dekhA aura urvazI ne vicArA ki aba usakA svarga ko jAne kA samaya ho gayA hai / rAjA ne nizcaya kiyA ki vaha vana ko calA jAyegA / isI samaya nArada vahA~ Aye aura unhoMne indra kA Adeza sunAyA ki unhoMne svIkRti dI hai ki urvazI purUravA ke sAtha jIvana bhara rahe / kucha antara ke sAtha yaha kathA veda, padmapurANa, matsyapurANa, rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM milatI hai / isa nATaka ke uttara-bhAratIya saMskaraNa meM caturtha aMka meM kaI zloka apabhraMza meM diye gaye haiM / yaha spaSTa hai ki ye zloka bAda meM milAye gaye haiM; kyoMki kAlidAsa ke samaya meM apabhraMza vAle zloka pracalita nahIM the / isa nATaka ko troTaka nATaka mAnA jAtA hai / troTaka nATaka meM pA~ca, sAta, ATha yA nau aMka hote haiM / isameM mAnavIya aura divya ghanaTAe~ hotI haiM / isake pratyeka aMka meM vidUSaka rahatA hai / uparyukta lakSaNa ke AdhAra para vicAra karane se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha troTaka nATaka nahIM hai, kyoMki isake pratyeka aMka meM vidUSaka nahIM hai / isa nATaka kA nAma sArthaka hai / yaha nirdeza karatA hai ki urvazI ko purUravA ne apane vikrama se jItA hai / isakI ghaTanAe~ kucha mAnavIya tathA kucha svargIya haiM / isake caturtha aMka meM rAjA kI unmattAvasthA kA varNana nATakIya dRSTi se asaMgata sA hai, tathApi yaha anirvacanIya komala bhAvanAoM se pUrNa hai / isa nATaka ke kathAnaka ne avasara pradAna kiyA hai ki kAlidAsa prakRti ke varNana meM apanI yogyatA kA pUrNa pradarzana kara sake / zAkuntala nATaka meM sAta aMka haiM / isameM duSyanta aura zakuntalA ke prema kA varNana hai / isakI kathA mahAbhArata meM varNita zakuntalopAkhyAna ke AdhAra para hai / duSyanta kI a~gUThI aura durvAsA ke zApa kA ullekha kara kAlidAsa ne mUla kathA meM parivartana kara diyA hai / nAyaka dvArA nAyikA ko dI gaI abhijJAnasvarUpa a~gUThI ke kho jAne se nATaka sajIva sA ho jAtA hai tathA nAyaka aura nAyikA kA caritra adhika nikhara jAtA hai / nATaka ke 'abhijJAna

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saMskRta nATaka 231 zAkuntala' nAma par3ane kA kAraNa bhI yahI hai / duSyanta zikAra khelate hue kaNva RSi ke Azrama para pahu~cate haiM / kaNva bAhara gaye hue the| RSi kI poSya-putrI zakuntalA ne usakA Atithya kiyaa| donoM kA paraspara prema ho gayA aura donoM ne gAndharva vivAha kara liyaa| duSyanta kucha dina bAda apane rAjya ko lauTa AyA / usane zakuntalA ko AzvAsana diyA ki kucha dina meM hI vaha usako apanI rAjadhAnI meM bulA legaa| usane apanI a~gUThI zakuntalA ko dii| zakuntalA ne prema-magna hone ke kAraNa Ae hue durvAsA RSi kA svAgata nahIM kiyaa| isa para kruddha hokara durvAsA ne use zApa diyA ki usakA premI use bhUla jAegA aura koI pahacAna dikhAne para use smaraNa karegA / kaNva RSi ko Ane para saba samAcAra jJAta hyaa| unhoMne garbhavatI zakuntalA ko duSyanta ke pAsa bhejA / rAjA zApa ke kAraNa use pahacAna na sakA aura usane zakuntalA ko patnI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane se niSedha kara diyaa| mArga meM jAte samaya usa becArI zakuntalA ko a~gaThI eka tAlAba meM gira gaI thI, ataH vaha apane sambandha ke pramANasvarUpa kucha prastuta na kara skii| usakI mAtA menakA usa samaya prakaTa huI aura vaha usako svarga meM le gaI / isa prakAra samaya bItatA gayA / zakuntalA ke hAtha se jo a~gUThI jala meM gira gaI thI, use eka machalI ne nigala liyA thaa| vaha eka machue ke hAtha pdd'ii| vaha use becane ke lie bAjAra meM lAyA / vaha aMgaThI jaba rAjA ke sAmane lAI gaI taba use zakuntalA kA smaraNa huaa| usane bahuta duHkha ke sAtha kaI varSa bitAe / rAjA duSyanta ko indra ne rAkSasoM ke sAtha yuddha ke lie Amantrita kiyaa| usane saphalatA ke sAtha yuddha kiyA / lauTate samaya usane mArIcaM RSi ke Azrama meM, apanI strI zakuntalA aura apane putra bharata ko dekhaa| isa prakAra donoM kA sukhamaya sambandha ho gayA / sthira saundarya pUrNa dRzyoM kI racanA meM kAlidAsa atyanta uccakoTi kI kalA kA pradarzana karate haiN| mAlavikAgnimitra meM, kathAvastu ke vyApAra ko sugama banAne meM vidUSaka, paNDita, kauzikI aura bakulAvalikA bahuta

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232 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa adhika sahAyatA pradAna karate haiM / vikramorvazIya meM, premI kA milana aura urvazI ke lie rAjA kI khoja -- ina do dRzyoM para pUrNa vicAra kiyA gayA hai | abhijJAnazAkuntala meM eka bhI aisA dRzya nahIM hai jisameM saundarya aura AkarSaNa na ho / aisA kahA jAtA hai ki isa nATaka kA caturtha graGka bahuta hI ramya hai aura usameM cAra zloka sarvottama haiM / ' dekhie : --- kAvyeSu nATakaM ramyaM tatra ramyA zakuntalA / tatrApi ca caturtho'GkaH tatra zlokacatuSTayam / / kucha logoM ke anusAra caturtha aGka kI apekSA paMcama aGka adhika ramya hai / dekhie : zAkuntalacaturtho'GkaH sarvotkRSTa iti prathA / na sarvasammatA yasmAtpaMcamo'sti tato'dhikaH / / yaha nATaka kaI vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM prApta hotA hai| isakA nAma abhijJAnazAkuntala isalie par3A, kyoMki isameM a~gUThI dI thI aura bAda kI ghaTanAe~ isI ke mukhya rasa zrRGgAra hai parantu caturtha aMka se dhArA hai / rAjA ne pahacAna ke rUpa meM AdhAra para haiN| isa nATaka meM sAtha hI sAtha karuNa rasa kI bhI kAlidAsa ne nATaka ko sukhAnta banAne ke lie zAkuntala aura vikramovaMzIya meM daivI aMza ko bhI sthAna diyA hai / usane kathAnaka ke vikAsa ke lie mAlavikAgnimitra meM nRtya, vikramorvazIya meM nATakIya pradarzana aura zAkuntala meM gIta ko sthAna diyA hai / kAlidAsa nATakakAra, kavi aura gIti-kAvya lekhaka ke rUpa meM kAlidAsa ne apane nATakoM ke lie zRGgAra rasa ko apanAyA hai / usake pratyeka nATaka meM zrRGgAra aura caritra citraNa bahuta vyavasthita rUpa meM 1. abhijJAnazAkuntala 4 - 6, 9, 17 aura 18 /

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saMskRta nATaka 233 vikasita huA hai| agnimitra ne kaI vivAha kie the aura vaha mAlavikA se vivAha karanA cAhate the| yaha adhika ucita hotA yadi vaha mAlavikA ko apane putra vasumitra ke lie patnI rUpa meM caahtaa| usake prema kA sambandha do rAniyoM aura tIsarI mAlavikA se hai| tInoM ke svabhAva meM antara hai / nATakakAra ne agnimitra kI ghora kAmukatA ko bahuta spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa kiyA hai| kAlidAsa ne tInoM striyoM ko pratispardhI ke rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, ataeva mAlavikA aura agnimitra kA premI ke rUpa meM caritra-citraNa acchA nahIM ho pAyA hai| agnimitra kA rAjA ke rUpa meM citraNa avazya acchA huA hai| vikramorvazIya meM pratispardhI do hI striyA~ haiM / isameM rAnI kA svabhAva pUrva nATaka se adhika ucca koTi kA hai| tathApi urvazI meM mAtRprema kA abhAva hai| zAkuntala nATaka meM koI pratispardhI strI raMgamaMca para nahIM lAI gaI hai, kyoMki isase nAyaka aura nAyikA kI utkRSTatA nyUna ho jAtI / pratispardhI strI ke na hone ke kAraNa duSyanta aura zakuntalA kA caritra-citraNa bhI acchA ho sakA hai| kAlidAsa ne puruSa pAtroM kI apekSA strI pAtroM kA adhika acchA varNana kiyA hai / yaha bAta unake kAvya granthoM ke viSaya meM bhI satya hai| kAlidAsa ke sabhI strI pAtra niraparAdha hote hue bhI kaSTa kA anubhava karate haiN| kAlidAsa saMbhavataH yaha nirdeza karanA cAhate haiM ki striyA~ puruSoM ke prati apane kartavya kA pAlana na karane se duHkha prApta karatI haiN| kAlidAsa ke strI pAtra aneka prakAra ke haiN| strI pAtroM ke dvArA kAlidAsa puruSa pAtroM kI utkRSTatA prakaTa karatA hai / kAlidAsa ke puruSa pAtra kramazaH ucca hote gae haiM, kAmuka agnimitra se vIra purUravA ucca koTi kA hai aura duppanta usase bhI ucca koTi kA hai| kAlidAsa kA mantavya hai ki prema kA lakSya udAtta guNatA hai, na ki kAmukatA / prema duHkhoM ke sahana karane aura pApoM ke prAyazcitta se utkRSTa aura AdhyAtmika rUpa ko prApta karatA hai, kAma-bhAva kI vRddhi se nahIM /

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234 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa usane isa tathya ko yakSa kI strI, duSyanta, zakuntalA aura pArvatI ke caritra ke dvArA acche prakAra se spaSTa kiyA hai| isa prasaMga meM usane vidUSaka kA bhI ucita upayoga kiyA hai / vidUSaka nimnakoTi ke prema-prasaMgoM ko sulajhAne meM bahuta sahAyaka hotA hai / mAlavikAgnimitra meM vaha bahuta pramukha kAryakartA hai, parantu vikramorvazIya meM vaha kevala eka mUrkha kA kArya karatA hai / zAkuntala meM vidUSaka kevala nATakIya paramparA ke nirvAha ke lie hI rakkhA gayA pratIta hotA hai / usane zakuntalA ko eka bAra bhI nahIM dekhA hai / kAlidAsa ne gauNa pAtroM kA bhI citraNa usI sundaratA ke sAtha kiyA hai| jaise-dayAlu kaNva aura zakuntalA kI donoM sakhiyoM kA caritra-citraNa / kAlidAsa kI zailI sarala, pravAhayukta aura manorama hai| yaha pUrNatayA susaMskRta hai| isameM saMzodhana aura parivartana yA sudhAra kisI ke dvArA kiyA jAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / isameM adhikAMzataH zabda jana-sadhAraNa meM pracalita hI lie gae haiM / usakI bhASA saMkSipta aura dhvanyAtmaka hai / usake zlokoM meM lambe samAsa nahIM hai / usake nATakoM meM saMvAda saMkSipta aura sarala haiN| kAlidAsa vaidarbhI rIti ke AcArya haiM / dekhie : vAlmIkerajani prakAzitaguNA vyAsena liilaavtii| vaidarbhI kavitA svayaM vRtavatI zrIkAlidAsaM varam / / vaidarbhIrItisandarbha kAlidAsaH pragalbhate / vaha prakRti ke varNana meM bahuta paTu hai / vaha usako sajIva-sA varNana karatA hai / usameM yaha asAdhAraNa zakti hai ki vaha kaThinAI ke avasaroM para manapya ke hRdaya kI bhAvanAoM ko acchI prakAra samajhatA hai| usakA prema-varNana prazaMsanIya hai / dekhie : eko'pi jIyate hanta kAlidAso na kenacit / zrRGgAre lalitodgAre kAlidAsatrayI kimu / / usane upamA ke lie samucita samavastuoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai, ataeva vaha upamA ke lie sabase adhika prasiddha hai / isIlie kahA gayA hai--upamA

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saMskRta nATaka kAlidAsasya / vaha anya alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM bhI usI prakAra siddhahasta hai usakA uddezya hai ki vaha rasoM aura bhAvoM kA pUrNa citraNa kare / vaha yaha nahIM cAhatA hai ki rasoM aura bhAvoM ko kalpanA kI U~cI ur3Ana meM naSTa ho jAne de yA alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM hI apanI vidvattA pradarzita kare / ' bhAvoM kA sAmaJjasya kahIM para bhI anya virodhI bhAvoM ke dvArA naSTa nahIM hone pAyA hai / pratyeka Avega ko kRza banAe binA hI komala banAyA gayA hai / usake prema kA Aveza praucitya kI sImA kA kabhI bhI ullaMghana nahIM karatA hai / vaha premI ko kabhI bhI itanA unmatta nahIM banA detA hai ki vaha ghora IrSyA yA ghRNA meM parivartita ho jAe / ghora duHkha zanaiH-zanaiH viSAda ke rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA hai / kAlidAsa kI kavitA meM hI bhAratIya pratibhA kA utkRSTa rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai ki usake kAvya meM sAmaJjasya hai, jo ki anyatra dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai / ataeva vaha sthAyI saundarya vAle kAvya kI racanA kara sakA / " usane vaidika chanda meM bhI eka zloka banAyA hai / bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya sabhI vidvAn usako mahAkavi ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / usake viSaya meM jarmana mahAkavi geTe ne likhA hai 235. "kyA tUM udIyamAna varSa ke puSpa aura kSIyamANa varSa ke phala dekhanA cAhatA hai ? kyA tU vaha saba dekhanA cAhatA hai, jisase AtmA mantramugdha, moda-magna, harSAplAvita aura paritRpta ho jAtI hai ? kyA tU dyuloka aura pRthvIloka kA eka nAma meM anugata ho jAnA pasanda karegA ? are, taba maiM tere samakSa zakuntalA ko prastuta karatA hU~ aura basa saba kucha isameM A gayA / " bhAratIya kaviyoM meM bANa ne kAlidAsa ke viSaya meM kahA hai nirgatAsu na vA kasya kAlidAsasya sUktiSu / prItimadhurasAndrAsu maMjarISviva jAyate / / harSacarita, prastAvanA zloka 16 / 1. A History of Sanskirt Literature, by A. A. Macdonell. pRSTha 353 // 2. abhijJAnazAkuntala, aMka 4 zloka 8 /

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236 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa daNDI ne apanI pustaka avantisundarIkathA meM likhA hai-- liptA madhudraveNAsan yasya nivivazA giraH / tenedaM vartma vaidarbha kAlidAsena zodhitam / / prastAvanA, zloka 15 jayanta ne kavi kAlidAsa kI sUktiyoM ke viSaya meM apanI nyAyamaMjarI meM likhA hai-- amateneva saMsiktA: candaneneva cacitAH / candrAMzubhirivoddhRSTAH kAlidAsasya sUktayaH / / usakA nAma zAkuntala nATaka ke sAtha bahuta Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai|' zAkuntala nATaka ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki "yaha vizada aura manorama hai / isameM aoja ke sAtha hI manojJatA hai aura saMkSepa ke sAtha hI bhAva"prAMjalatA hai|" ___ usake granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha pUrNa zivabhakta thA aura hinduoM ke devatraya meM ekatA ko mAnatA thaa| vaha upaniSadoM aura bhagavadgItA kI zikSAoM para pUrNa vizvAsa karatA thA / vaha sAMkhya, yoga aura vedAnta darzana ke siddhAntoM se pUrNatayA paricita thA / usane saMbhavataH eka grantha kuntezvaradautya likhA thA, kSemendra (1050 I0) ne usase uddharaNa diyA hai, parantu vaha grantha naSTa ho gayA hai / vaha kaviyoM, gItikAvyakAroM aura nATakakAroM meM sarvazreSTha hai / 1. kAlidAsasya sarvasvamabhijJAnazakuntalam / tatrApi caturtho'GakaH yatra yAti zakuntalA / / 2. C. E. M. Joad : The History of Indian Civilization. pRSTa 67 / 3. kumArasaMbhava, sarga 6, zloka 44 /

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saMskRta nATaka 237 pAzcAtya pAlocakoM ne kAlidAsa para yaha doSAropaNa kiyA hai ki usane jIvana kI samasyAoM ko hala karane kA koI mArga yA sAdhana nahIM batAyA hai| unakA yaha doSAropaNa kAlidAsa ke granthoM ke adhyayana se sarvathA nirAdhAra siddha hotA hai / kAlidAsa kI paddhati yaha hai ki vaha kisI bAta ko kahatA nahIM hai, apitu usako vyaMjanA ke dvArA prakaTa karatA hai| usake granthoM meM aisI saikar3oM sUktiyA~ haiM jinase pratyeka vyakti apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra iSTasAdhana kara sakatA hai| usane jIvana kI samasyAoM ke hala ke lie svataMtra koI prabaMdha nahIM likhA hai, parantu usane pratyeka samasyA ke viSaya meM apane vicAra avasara ke anusAra vyakti kie hai; usane ina viSayoM para bahuta vistAra ke sAtha apane vicAra vyakta kie haiM--tyAga kA mahattva, atyadhika viSaya-liptatA ke doSa, prema ke daivI-svarUpa kA mahattva, rAjA Adi ke kartavyoM kA varNana / .

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adhyAya 23 kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAroM meM zUdraka sarvaprathama AtA hai / vaha eka aitihAsika mahApuruSa jAna par3atA hai / vaha indrANIgupta nAmaka brAhmaNa thA / brAhmaNa ke kartavyoM ko chor3akara rAjA ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha zUdraka kahA jAne lagA / usane AndhrajAtIya rAjakumAra svAti ko parAjita kiyA tathA ujjaina sAmrAjya para zAsana karane lagA / usane lagabhaga eka varSa taka zAsana kiyA / isakA ullekha daNDin kI avantisundarI kathA ( pR0200 - 201 ) aura avantisundarIkathAsAra ( 4-175 - 200 ) meM prApta hotA hai / usane mRcchakaTika nAmaka prakaraNa likhA hai / isameM dasa aMka haiM / usakA paricaya pUrNatayA nizcita nahIM ho pAyA hai / usakA nAma bahuta sI kathAoM meM nAyaka yA eka pAtra ke rUpa meM AtA hai / mRcchakaTika kI prastAvanA meM vaha eka kavi aura rAjA batAyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki apane bAda usane apane putra ko rAjagaddI para baiThAyA aura eka sau varSa ATha dina kI lambI Ayu bitAkara agni meM praviSTa ho gayA / AlocakoM ne isa ullekha ke AdhAra para isa nATaka kA racayitA zUdraka ko mAnanA asvIkAra kiyA hai, kyoMki apanI kI huI ghaTanA kA svayaM varNana nahIM kara sakatA thA / yadi prastAvanA ke isa ullekha ko bAda kI milAvaTa mAnI jAya to zUdraka ko isa nATaka kA racayitA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hotI hai / usakA samaya bhI saralatA se nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa nATaka: meM dAkSiNAtyoM, karNATa, drAvir3a, cola Adi ke ullekha haiM aura karNATaka kA auroM ke sAtha yuddha kA varNana hai / isa ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki nATakakAra yA to dAkSiNAtya thA yA dakSiNa pradeza ko acchI prakAra jAnatA thA /

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kAlidAsasa ke paravartI nATakakAra 236 usakI bhASA kI saralatA, prAkRta kI vibhinna-rUpatA Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha harSa aura bhavabhUti se bahuta pahale huA thA / bauddha pAtra kA svatantratA ke sAtha ghUmanA, rAjya karane vAle rAjA ke prati prakaTarUpa se asvAmibhakti, rAjanItika kucakroM ke dvArA rAjya karane vAle rAjA ko haTAnA, vezyA ko vaidha vivAhita patnI mAnanA, rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura Arthika sthiti kA asthira aura nimnakoTi kA honA ityAdi bAtoM se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha nATaka I0 san ke prArambha ke lagabhaga banA hai| bhAsa ke teraha nATakoM ke prakAzana ne isa nATaka ke lekhaka ke viSaya meM samasyA utpanna kara dI hai / ina teraha nATakoM meM se eka nATaka cArudatta kI kathA isa nATaka ke prathama cAra aGkoM kI kathA se sarvathA milatI hai| bhAsa ke samarthakoM kA kathana hai ki zUdraka ne bhAsa ke cAra aGkoM meM aura 6 nae aGka milA kara isako mRcchakaTika nAma diyA hai| isameM prArambhika cAra aGka bhAsa ke cArudatta ke hI apanAe gae haiM aura Age ke 6 aGka zudraka kI racanA hai| isa prakAra zUdraka ne apUrNa nATaka ko pUrNa kiyA hai aura pUre nATaka kA racayitA apane Apako likhaa| bhAsa ke samarthakoM kA yaha kathana hAsyAspada hai / mRcchakaTika meM antarkathA rAjanItika bhAva ko lekara hai / isa bAta kA zreya zUdraka ko hI hai ki usane eka rAjanItika kathAnaka ko premAkhyAna se bahuta kuzalatA ke sAtha saMbaddha kara diyA hai / zUdraka eka maulika lekhaka hai| vaha apanI racanA meM dUsare kI racanA ko sammilita karane kA sAhasa na karatA aura na usa grantha ko apanI racanA btaataa| yadi vaha aisA karatA to usakI pratiSThA ko A~ca pAtI / isakI apekSA vaha nayA nATaka taiyAra krtaa| isake atirikta kisI sAhitya zAstrI ne cArudatta ko bhAsa kI racanA hone kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / cArudatta ko mRcchakaTika kA hI saMkSipta saMskaraNa samajhanA caahie| sarvaprathama zUdraka kA nAmollekha karane vAlA aura mRcchakaTika se uddharaNa dene vAlA lekhaka vAmana ( 800 I0 ) hai / ataH zUdraka ko isakA lekhaka mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI caahie|

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240 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ___mRcchakaTika ke prathama cAra aGgoM kI kathA vahI hai jo bhAsa ke cArudatta kI hai| dUsare dina vasantasenA ne cArudatta ke ghara para rAta bitAI / usake dUsare dina prAtaHkAla cArudatta nagara ke upavana meM gayA aura usane vasantasenA se kahA ki vaha use vahA~ mile / cArudatta ke zizu rohasena ne dAI se kahA ki vaha miTTI kI gAr3I ke sthAna para khilaune vAlI gAr3I khelane ke lie de / vasantasenA ko usa ziza para dayA prAI aura usane usa zizu kI miTTI ko gAr3I apane AbhUSaNoM aura ratnoM se bhara dI aura usako prasanna kara diyA / usake ghara ke Age eka gAr3I rukI, usane bhramavaza yaha samajhA ki yaha gAr3I cArudatta ne usake lie bhejI hai, vaha usa para car3hakara udyAna ko cala dI / vastutaH vaha gAr3I vahA~ ke rAjA ke sAle saMsthAnaka kI thii| vaha eka durAcArI vyakti thaa| vasanta senA usase prema nahIM karanA cAhatI thI, parantu vaha usako phaMsAnA cAhatA thA / vasantasenA usa gAr3I meM upavana meM vahA~ pahu~cI jahA~ saMsthanAka usakI pratIkSA kara rahA thaa| vahA~ vasantasenA ne usase prema karane se niSedha kiyA / isa para usane kruddha hokara usakA galA dabA diyA aura vaha nizcepTa hokara gira gii| udhara nyAyAlaya meM jAkara usa saMsthAnaka ne cArudatta ke viruddha abhiyoga calAyA ki usane AbhUSaNoM ke lobha meM vasantasenA kA vadha kara diyA hai / dUsarI ora cArudatta ne vasantasenA ke lie jo gAr3I bhejI thI, usa para Aryaka nAma kA eka rAjanItika bandI kArAgRha se bhAgakara Azraya letA hai| cArudatta ne usako Azraya diyaa| Aryaka ne vartamAna rAjA ko padacyata karane ke lie zarvilaka Adi kA sAtha diyA / upavana meM vasantasenA ko na pAkara nirAza hokara vaha ghara AyA / vahA~ Ane para use nyAyAlaya meM upasthita hone kA Adeza milA aura vaha vahA~ gyaa| jaba abhiyoga cala rahA thA, taba cArudatta kA eka mitra vidUSaka cArudata kI strI ke AdezAnusAra vasantasenA ke AbhUSaNa usako lauTAne jA rahA thA / usane mArga meM jaba cArudatta ke Upara abhiyoga kI bAta sunI to vaha AbhaSaNoM ke sahita nyAyAlaya meM pahu~cA / cArudatta ke pAsa niraparAdha hone kA koI

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 241 pramANa nahIM thA / vaha vidUSaka ke dvArA lAe hue AbhUSaNoM ke AdhAra para aparAdhI ghoSita kiyA gayA aura use phA~sI kA Adeza diyA gayA / udhara vasantasenA eka bauddha bhikSuka kI sevA se kucha hoza meM AtI hai / cArudatta vadha ke lie vadhagRha meM lAyA gayA / udhara vasantasenA bhI usI sthAna para bauddha bhikSuka ke sAtha AtI hai / vasantasenA ke kathana para cArudatta mukta kiyA jAtA hai / jhUThA abhiyoga calAne ke aparAdha meM saMsthAnaka ko bandI banAyA jAtA hai / usane cArudatta se dayAbhAva kI prArthanA kI / cArudatta ne usako mukta kara diyA / isa nATaka kA AdhAra jJAta nahIM hai / isa nATaka ke kathAnaka meM vasantasenA ke dvArA miTTI kI gAr3I kA AbhUSaNoM se bharA jAnA vizeSa ullekhanIya ghaTanA hai, ataH nATaka kA nAma mRcchakaTika (miTTI kI gAr3I) ucita hI hai / isa nATaka meM junA khelanA, corI aura rAjasainika ke dvArA bhAge hue bandI ke lie gAr3I kI jA~ca karanA Adi dRzya bahuta vAstavikatA se yukta haiM / isa nATaka kA kathA-saMghaTana bahuta uttama hai / nATakakAra ko saMgIta, dyUta aura corI kA pUrNa jJAna thA / yaha dRzyoM meM sundaratA ke sAtha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / nATakakAra ne raMgamaMca para sonA aura hAthApAI kA dRzya upasthita karake nATakIya paramparA kA ullaMghana kiyA hai / zUdraka prabhAvotpAdaka caritra - citraNa meM bahuta paTu hai / isameM tIsa pAtra haiM / ye sabhI prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / isameM suzikSita nyAyAdhIza se lekara vadhika taka pAtra haiM / ataeva yaha nATaka sArvajanIna pratIta hotA hai / isake pAtra vyakti haiM / anya nATakoM ke tulya ve kisI zreNI ke pratinidhi nahIM haiM / isameM zRGgAra, hAsya aura karuNa rasa hai / inameM se zRGgAra isameM pramukha hai / isa nATaka kA nirNaya hai ki caritra manuSya ko ucca banAtA hai / isakI zailI sarala aura svAbhAvika hai, parantu kAlidAsa ke samAna pariSkRta nahIM hai / lekhaka ne vibhinna prakAra kI prAkRtoM ke prayoga meM apanI kuzalatA dikhAI hai / isake pAtroM meM se 6 saMskRta bolate haiM, 15 zaurasenI aura 7 mAgadhI / saM0 sA0 i0 -- 16 1

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242 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa isakI prAkRtoM meM vibhASA sambandhI antara bhI prApta hote haiM / isameM 377 zloka haiM, jinameM se 66 zloka prAkRta meM haiM / sUtradhAra pahale saMskRta meM bolatA hai, parantu bAda meM prAkRta meM bolane lagatA hai / vasantasenA saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM meM bolatI hai / pAtroM kA prabhAvotpAdaka caritra-citraNa, jayuktatA, sajIvatA aura gatimattA, ghaTanAoM kI adhikatA, aGka 5 ko chor3akara vistRta varNana kA abhAva, sarala aura spaSTa bhASA Adi ke dvArA yaha nATaka vAstavikatA se pUrNa jJAta hotA hai / yaha vAstavikatA anya saMskRta nATakoM meM prApya hai / zUdraka ko padmaprabhRtaka nAmaka bhAga-rUpaka kA racayitA bhI mAnate haiM / isameM coroM ke prAmANika prAcArya mUladeva kA devadatta ke sAtha prema kA varNana hai / isameM pANini ke pUrvavartI eka AcArya dattakalazi kA ullekha hai / isameM eka prakaraNa grantha kumudvatIprakaraNa aura eka prAkRta kAvya kAmadatta kA ullekha hai / ina donoM ke lekhakoM kA nAma ajJAta hai aura ye donoM grantha aprApya haiM / bhASA kI samatA ke AdhAra para isako zUdraka kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai / zUdraka ke bAda bauddha kavi azvaghoSa AtA hai, jisane saundarananda aura buddha-carita kAvya likhe haiN| usane eka prakaraNa-grantha likhA hai jisakA nAma hai - zAriputraprakaraNa yA zAradvatIputraprakaraNa / isameM 8 aGka haiM / isameM gautama buddha ke dvArA maudgalyAyana aura zAriputra ko bauddha dharma meM dIkSita karane kA varNana hai| isameM azvaghoSa ne sabhI nATakIya niyamoM kA kaThoratA ke sAtha pAlana kiyA hai / zAriputraprakaraNa kI hastalikhita prati ke sAtha hI do aura nATakoM kI pUrNa hastalikhita prati prApta hotI / ye donoM nATaka sambhavataH azvaghoSa kI racanA haiM / inake nAma ajJAta haiM / hai / dUsare meM pAtroM meM se eka pAtra eka vezyA eka upavana meM dikhAyA gayA hai / inameM se eka rUpakAtmaka magaghavatI hai / yaha nATaka isake atirikta kucha nATaka haiM, jinakA samaya ajJAta hai / kintu ve IsA kI prathama do zatAbdI meM rakkhe jA sakate haiM / vararuci ne eka bhAga

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 243 grantha ubhayAbhisArikA likhA hai / isameM kuberadatta aura nArAyaNadatta kA jIvana vaNita hai / vararuci kA pUrNa paricaya ajJAta hai / isameM nyAya aura sAMkhya siddhAntoM kA ullekha hai aura nRtyakalA kA bhI varNana hai / bhAsa ke nATakoM meM jo vizeSatAe~ prApta hotI haiM, ve isameM bhI dRSTigocara hotI haiN| Izvaradatta ne eka bhANa-grantha dhUrtaviTasaMvAda likhA hai / ise vezyA-kAryavarNana ko eka pustikA kaha sakate haiM / isameM nAndI nahIM hai| isameM kusumapura kA ullekha hai| isameM dattaka ko zRGgAra kA AcArya batAyA gayA hai| isameM kAmasUtra (250 I0) kA ullekha nahIM hai, ataH ise prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI I0 kI racanA mAna sakate haiN| isake lekhaka ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| bodhAyana ne eka prahasana grantha bhagavadajjuka likhA hai| isake lekhaka ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| isameM rUpaka ke dasa bhedoM ke jo nAma die gae haiM, ve anya granthoM meM upalabdha nAmoM se pRthaka haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha nATaka prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI I0 meM likhA gayA hai / pallava rAjA mahendravikramana ke 610 I0 ke eka zilAlekha meM mattavilAsaprahasana ke sAtha isa nATaka kA bhI ullekha hai / isa zilAlekha kA pAThya aspaSTa hai, ataH usake AdhAra para isa nATaka ke lekhaka ke viSaya meM koI nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kucha Alocaka isa zilAlekha ke AdhAra para isa nATaka kA racayitA mahendra-vikraman ko mAnate haiM / isameM varNana hai ki bhagavAn nAma kA eka yogI apanI yaugika zakti ke pradarzana ke lie ajjakA nAma kI eka vezyA ke zava meM praveza karatA hai / vaha zava jIvita ho jAtA hai aura saMnyAsa-dharma kA upadeza dene lagatA hai / yamarAja ne vezyA kI AtmA ko Adeza diyA ki vaha punaH saMsAra meM jAve / usake nirjIva zarIra ko yogI bhagavAn ne apanI icchAnusAra praveza ke lie apane pAsa surakSita

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244 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rakkhA thA / vezyA ko prAtmA ne usa zarIra meM praveza kiyA aura vaha sajIva ho gayA tathA prema-sambandhI viSayoM para upadeza dene lgaa| lekhaka ko dArzanika siddhAntoM kA acchA jJAna thA, yaha grantha ke par3hane se jJAta hotA hai| __ vINAvAsavadattam nAma kA cAra aGkoM kA eka apUrNa nATaka prApta hotA hai / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra pradyota ke dvArA udayana ko bandI banAe jAne se vAsavadattA ko yaha avakAza milA ki vaha udayana se vINA bajAnA sIkha sake / isa nATaka kA lekhaka ajJAta hai| isako zailI ke AdhAra para isako IsavIya san kI prArambhika zatAbdI meM rakhanA ucita hai / eka ajJAta lekhaka kA eka prahasana dAmaka hai| isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra karNa ne parazurAma se astrazikSA prApta kI / isa nATaka meM karNa kA eka mitra dAmaka vizeSa bhAga letA hai| bhAsa ke nATakoM meM jo vizeSatA prApta hotI hai, vaha isameM bhI prApta hotI hai / isakA samaya IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM samajhanA cAhie / diGanAga ne kundamAlA nATaka likhA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma dhIranAga bhI hai| isameM 6 aGka haiN| isakA AdhAra rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa kI kathA hai / isakA lekhaka bauddha naiyAyika diGa nAga se bhinna vyakti hai, kyoMki vaha hindU-vicAra vAlA nATaka na likhatA / bhASA kI saralatA se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha 200 I0 ke lagabhaga huA hogA / usakA prabhAva bhavabhUti ( 700 I0 ) ke uttararAmacarita para bhI par3A hai / usakI sarala zailI kI tulanA jaba bhavabhUti kI kliSTa aura kaThora zailI se kI jAtI hai, to jJAta hotA hai ki vaha. bhavabhUti se pUrvavartI hai / isake nATaka para bhAsa aura kAlidAsa kA prabhAva par3A hai / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki vaha kAlidAsa kA samakAlIna hai yA bAda kA / kucha hastalikhita pratiyoM meM usakA nAma dhIranAga diyA gayA hai / yaha nATaka sukhAnta hai / isameM anta meM rAma ke sammukha mAtA pRthvI ke dvArA sItA kI pavitratA siddha kI jAtI hai aura kuza tathA lava kramazaH rAjA aura

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 245 uparAjA banAe jAte haiN| yaha sabase pahalA nATaka hai, jisameM rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa kI kathA AI hai / isameM vidUSaka hai| vizAkhadatta rAjA pRthu ke mantrI bhAskaradatta kA putra thaa| usane mudrArAkSasa nATaka likhA hai| isameM sAta aGka haiN| isake bharatavAkya meM rAjA candragupta kA ullekha hai| isa candragupta ke sthAna para dantivarmA, rantivarmA aura avantivarmA pAThabheda haiN| bharatavAkya kA candragupta, maurya candragupta ke lie nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha isa nATaka kA nAyaka hai| vaha gupta samrATa candragupta ke lie ho sakatA hai / aisI avasthA meM lekhaka kA samaya 350 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / dantivarmA pATha mAnane para vaha rASTrakUTa rAjA dantivarmA (600 I0) yA lATa rAjA dantivarmA (850 I0) yA pallava rAjA dantivarmA (800 I0) ke lie ho sakatA hai| dantivarmA pATha bhramAtmaka jJAta hotA hai / avantivarmA pATha se lekhaka kA sambandha sthANvIzvara ke rAjA harSa kI bahina rAjyazrI ke zvazura maukharI vaMza ke rAjA avantivarmA se jJAta hotA hai| isake anusAra lekhaka kA samaya 600 I0 jJAta hotA hai aura vaha baMgAla ke samIpa kA rahane vAlA siddha hotA hai / maukharI rAjA ke sAtha usakA sambandha tathA 600 I0 ke lagabhaga usakA samaya ucita pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki lekhaka paTanA kI usa samaya kI sthiti se sarvathA abhijJa thaa| usane nATaka meM paTanA ko samRddha nagara batAyA hai / hvenasAMga kI yAtrA ke samaya yaha nagara naSTa ho gayA thA / ataH lekhaka kA samaya 500 I0 ke bAda tathA 600 I0 se pUrva samajhanA caahie| isa nATaka meM unhIM hUNoM kA ullekha samajhanA cAhie, jina para rAjyavardhana ne AkramaNa kiyA thaa| isa nATaka meM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki nanda rAjAoM ke mantrI rAkSasa ne yaha prayatna kiyA hai ki kisI prakAra rAjA candragupta ko gaddI se haTAyA jAya, kyoMki chalapUrvaka nandoM kA vadha karake candragupta ko gaddI para baiThAyA gayA thaa| rAkSasa ke sabhI prayatna kuTanItijJa brAhmaNa cANakya ke kAraNa viphala

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hitecchu thA / vaha cAhatA thA cANakya ne apane dUtoM ke ca prApta kara lI aura usa eka jAlI patra likhA rahe / cANakya candragupta kA candragupta kA maMtrI banAU~ / rAkSasa kI rAjakIya mudrA ( muhara ) lagAkara rAkSasa ke samarthakoM ke nAma para rAkSasa kI muhara thI, ataH usake dvArA rAkSasa aura usake sahAyakoM meM matabheda ho gayA / rAkSasa nirAzrita ho gayA / candragupta ke pradezAnusAra usakA eka priya mitra rAjadroha ke abhiyoga meM phA~sI para car3hAyA jA rahA thA / rAkSasa use bacAne ke lie daur3A / cANakya ne pratijJA kI ki vaha usake mitra ko phA~sI se chur3A degA, yadi rAkSasa candragupta kA maMtrA honA svIkAra kare / rAkSasa ke pAsa aura koI mArga nahIM thA / ataH usane vivaza hokara mantrI honA svIkAra kiyA / cANakya rAkSasa kI mudrA ke dvArA apane prayatna meM saphala huA, ataH isa nATaka kA nAma mudrArAkSasa par3A hai / isa nATaka para mRcchakaTika nATaka kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai / lekhaka gaNita aura phalita jyotiSa tathA nyAya zAstra se pUrNatayA paricita thA / yahI eka nATaka hai, jo pUrNatayA rAjanItika kathA se yukta hai / sUkSma kathA - saMghaTana tathA susaMbaddha dRzyoM ke kAraNa lekhaka kI caturatA spaSTa hai / isakI zailI sarala hai / isameM zakti aura pravAha hai / sAtha hI lambe samAsoM kA prabhAva hai / vizAkhadatta kA dUsarA nAma vizAkhadeva bhI hai / sAhityazAstriyoM ne jina graMthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki usane do nATaka aura likhe haiM - ( 1 ) devIcandragupta | yaha eka premAkhyAna vAlA nATaka hai / isakA sambandha candragupta se hai / (2) abhisArikAvaMcitaka yA abhisArikAbandhitaka / isameM udayana, vAsavadattA aura padmAvatI pAtra haiM / ye donoM nATaka lupta ho gae haiM / mudrArAkSasa ke bharatavAkya meM candragupta zabda se tathA devIcandragupta ke kathAnaka se jJAta hotA hai ki vizAkhadatta gupta rAjAoM ke darabAra meM rAjakavi rahA hogA / ataH usakA samaya 350 I0 ke lagabhaga siddha hotA hai / 246 / rAkSasa ko prayatna se muhara ko usa patra

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 247 kaumudImahotsava nATaka meM pA~ca aMka haiM / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra 340 I0 ke lagabhaga kalyANavarmA ne apanA magadha kA naSTa huA rAjya punaH prApta kiyA / jaba kalyANavarmA rAjA banA thA, taba isa nATaka kA abhinaya huA thA / isakA kathAnaka rAjanItika hai, parantu sAtha hI prema-kathA bhI varNita hai / isakA lekhaka ajJAta hai / isake lekhaka ke nAma vAlA zraMza lupta ho gayA hai / usakA aMtima bhAga hai "kayA" / isase jJAta hotA hai ki isakI lekhikA koI strI hai, * jisakA nAma ajJAta hai / isa nATaka para bhAsa aura kAlidAsa kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / isa nATaka kA samaya caturtha zatAbdI I0 mAnanA cAhie / pallava - rAjA siMhaviSNu ke putra mahendravikraman prathama ne eka prahasana nATaka mattavilAsaprahasana likhA hai / isakA samaya 610 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / isameM kA~cI ke nAgarika jIvana kA varNana hai / isameM cora - vidyA para eka grantha-lekhaka karpaTa batAyA gayA hai / isameM lekhaka ne dikhAyA hai ki kisa prakAra bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI tathA kApAlika aura pAzupata dharma ke anuyAyI madirApAnAdi durguNoM meM pha~se hue the / zyAmalaka ne eka bhANa-grantha pAdatADitaka likhA hai / usane eka kavi pArazava kA nAma likhA hai / bANa ne pArazava kA nAma likhA hai / isa nATaka meM bauddhoM, laMkAvAsiyoM, AndhroM aura koMkaNa Adi kA ullekha hai / isameM eka kavi zrArya kA ullekha hai, jo dakSiNa se prAyA thA / isameM vaktra aura apavaktra chandoM kA ullekha hai / isakI zailI bANa kI kAdambarI kI zailI se milatI hai / bANa ne apane eka mitra kA nAma somila likhA hai / isa nATaka kA lekhaka zyAmala aura somila saMbhavataH eka hI vyakti hai / isa prakAra isakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha hotA hai / isameM kAmazAstra para dattaka ko prAcArya mAnane aura vAtsyAyana ( 250 I0 ) ke kAmasUtra kA ullekha na karane se lekhaka kA yaha samaya ThIka pratIta nahIM hotA hai / viSNunAga nAma ke eka brAhmaNa ke zira para eka vezyA ne paira mArA / vaha isa viSaya ke

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248 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vidvAnoM se milA ki ve isakA prAyazcitta batAveM / unhoMne isakA prAyazcitta batAyA ki vaha vezyA ke dUsare paira se mAra khAve / saMbhavata: isa nAma ke AdhAra para hI bANa ne apane eka grantha kA nAma mukuTatADitaka rakkhA hai / harSavardhana, jisakA adhika pracalita nAma harSadeva hai, 606 se 648 I0 ke bIca meM sthANvIzvara kA rAjA thA / vaha svayaM kavi thA aura kaviyoM kA prAzrayadAtA thA / usake Azrita kaviyoM meM vizeSa ullekhanIya vANa, mayUra, mAtaMgadivAkara Adi the / harSa tIna nATakoM kA lekhaka hai - ratnAvalI, priyadarzikA aura nAgAnanda / pAzcAtya vidvAn harSa ko ina tIna nATakoM kA lekhaka nahIM mAnate haiM / unakA kathana hai ki ye nATaka bANa yA anya kisI usake prAzrita kavi ne likhe haiM / ina nATakoM kI bhASA se spaSTa hai ki bANa ina nATakoM kA lekhaka nahIM hai / harSa ko ina nATakoM kA lekhaka mAnane kI jo paramparA hai, usako nirAdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga ne ullekha kiyA hai ki harSa nAgAnanda nATaka kA lekhaka hai / ratnAvalI nATikA hai / isameM cAra aMka hai / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra kauzAmbI ke rAjA udayana ne laMkA kI rAjakumArI sAgarikA ( ratnAvalI) se vivAha kiyA hai / isakI pUrI kathA mAlavikAgnimitra kI kathA ke AdhAra para banAI gaI hai / vAsavadattA ne sAgarikA ko udayana se adhika samparka rakhane ke kAraNa bandI banAyA thA / udayana ne eka jAdUgara kI sahAyatA se sAgarikA ko mukta kiyA / laMkA ke rAjA ke yahA~ se yaha samAcAra prApta hone para ki sAgarikA usakI putrI hai, donoM premiyoM kA vivAha sambandha ho gayA / jAdUgara kA divya dRSTi prApta karanA aura sAgarikA kA bacakara nikalane ke lie rAnI kA veSa dhAraNa karanA, ye nATakakAra kI apanI kalpanAe~ haiM / priyadarzikA bhI nATikA hai / isameM cAra aMka haiM / isameM rAjA udayana aura rAjakumArI prAraNyikA ( priyadarzikA ) ke prema kA varNana hai / isakI kathA ratnAvalI aura mAlavikAgnimitra se milatI huI hai / isameM lekhaka ne ullekha

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 246 kiyA hai ki rAnI vAsavadattA ke sAmane eka nATaka khelA jAtA hai aura usameM udayana aura vAsavadattA kA vivAha dikhAyA jAtA hai| prAraNyikA vAsavadattA kA abhinaya karatI hai aura udayana kA abhinaya prAraNyikA kA eka mitra karatA hai / isa prakAra premAkhyAna vikAsa ko prApta hotA hai| udayana prAraNyikA ko sA~pa ke kATane se bacAtA hai / isa nATaka para zAkuntala aura mAlavikAgnimitra kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai / nAgAnanda nATaka meM pA~ca aGka haiM / isameM vidyAdharoM ke rAjakumAra jImUtavAhana ke prAtma-balidAna kA varNana hai| garur3a ke bhojana ke rUpa meM eka sA~pa zaMkhacar3a kI bArI thii| jImUtavAhana ne usake sthAna para apane Apa ko garur3a ke lie AhArarUpa meM bheMTa kiyA / rAjakumAra ke ucca vyavahAra ko jAnakara garur3a ko prAyazcitta huA aura usane aba taka jitane sA~pa mAre the, una sabhI ko jIvita kara diyA aura bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra usane pratijJA kI ki vaha Age kisI ko bhI nahIM mAregA / jImUtavAhana kA raMgamaMca para prANAnta ho gayA thaa| usako devI gaurI ne punarjIvita kiyA aura vidyAdharoM kA rAjA banA diyaa| isameM sAtha hI rAjakumAra kA eka siddha rAjakumArI malayavatI ke sAtha prema kA varNana hai / yaha nATaka eka bauddha jAtaka ke AdhAra para banA hai / usako lekhaka ne hindU rUpa de diyA hai / lekhaka ne hindUdharma aura bauddhadharma donoM ke prati sahiSNutA ke bhAva ko prakaTa karane ke lie sambhavataH aisA kiyA hai / harSa kathAnaka ke saMghaTana meM paTa nahIM hai / usane dUsare nATakakAroM se udhAra lene meM paryApta parizrama kiyA hai aura unako apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra usane parivartita kara liyA hai| inameM caritra-citraNa acchA nahIM huA hai / strI-pAtroM kA citraNa aura ghaTiyA huA hai / usake pAtra rAjA, nAyaka, rAnI Adi nAmoM se ullekha kie gae haiN| isakI zailI vaidarbhI hai / ratnAvalI aura priyadarzikA meM zRGgAra rasa mukhya hai aura nAgAnanda meM zAntarasa pradhAna hai / ratnAvalI aura priyadarzikA meM ratnAvalI rasa-paripAka kI dRSTi se adhika acchI hai / nAgAnanda nATaka ke rUpa meM bahuta ucca koTi kA nahIM hai|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa isameM anya rasoM kA samucita paripAka nahIM huA hai / lekhaka saGgIta aura jyotiSa kI sUkSmatAoM se samyaktayA paricita thaa| / bhaTTanArAyaNa ne veNIsaMhAra nATaka likhA hai / isameM 6 aGka haiN| isameM mahAbhArata ko ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai aura anta meM bhIma ke dvArA draupadI kI veNI ke bA~dhane kA varNana hai / bhaTTanArAyaNa ko baGgAla ke rAjA AdizUra ne durbhikSa ke kuprabhAva ko dUra karane ke lie eka yajJa karane ko bulAyA thA / yaha rAjA 650 I0 ke lagabhaga huA thA / sarvaprathama isake nATaka se uddharaNa sAhityazAstrI vAmana ( 800 I0) ne diyA hai / ataH isakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 kA uttarArddha mAnanA cAhie / bhaTTanArAyaNa ne mahAbhArata kI kathA meM eka navInatA prastuta kI hai ki dyUtakrIr3A ke samaya draupadI ne apanA apamAna hone para apane keza khola die aura pratijJA kI ki duryodhana ke prANAnta hone para hI vaha isa veNI ko bA~dhegI / duryodhana ke prANAnta hone para bhIma ne usakI veNI bA~dhI / ataH isa nATaka kA nAma veNIsaMhAra par3A / isa lakSya kI pUrti ke lie nATakakAra ne mUla kathA meM kaI parivartana kie haiN| isameM bhIma kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai, kyoMki vahI draupadI kI veNI bA~dhatA hai / duryodhana kI nyUnatAe~ vizeSa rUpa se dikhAI gaI haiN| isake lie nATakakAra ne duryodhana kI patnI bhAnumatI ko upasthita kiyA hai aura sampUrNa dvitIya gra ke dvArA yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki duryodhana bahuta hI kAmI vyakti thaa| karNa ko bhI ghaTiyA DhaMga se prastuta karake azvatthAmA ko utkRSTa siddha kiyA gayA hai / isa nATaka kI mukhya vizeSatA hai pAtroM kA svatantra-vyakti cha / kintu lekhaka ne kahIM para bhI yaha saMketa nahIM kiyA hai ki isa nATaka kA nAyaka kauna hai / isameM vIra rasa mukhya hai / yaha gaur3I rIti meM likhA gayA hai| isakI bhASA bahuta prabhAvazAlI aura projapUrNa hai| isa nATaka meM kaI dRzya bahuta sundara haiM, parantu ve asambaddha haiM / isa nATaka meM kathA-saMghaTana meM ekatA kA abhAva hai| zaktibhadra ne sAta aGkoM meM Azcaryacar3AmaNi nAmaka nATaka likhA hai| vaha zaGkarAcArya (632-664 I0) kA ziSya kahA jAtA hai / isa nATaka meM

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 251 bhAsa ke nATakoM kI bahuta sI samatA prApta hotI hai| isa nATaka se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM yaha nATaka sabase prathama likhA gayA hai| isakA samaya 700 I0 mAnanA ucita hai / rAma aura sItA ko AzramavAsiyoM ne eka Azcaryajanaka ratna diyA thA, usI se isakA nAma par3A hai / rAvaNa ne nakalI rAma, sItA aura lakSmaNa banAe the / isa ratna kI sahAyatA se rAma aura sItA usake chala se baca sake / adbhuta rasa isa nATaka kA pramukha tattva hai / isa nATaka kI prastAvanA se jJAta hotA hai ki usane eka aura nATaka unmAdavAsavadatta likhA hai / yaha nATaka aba naSTa ho gayA hai / kannauja kA rAjA yazovarmA svayaM kavi thA aura kaviyoM kA AzrayadAtA thA / nATakakAra bhavabhUti aura prAkRta-bhASA kA kavi vAkpati usake Azrita kavi the| lATAditya ne 733 I0 meM usako parAjita kiyA thaa| usane rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke AdhAra para 6 aGkoM meM rAmAbhyudaya nATaka likhA hai| sAhityazAstriyoM ke uddharaNoM se hI yaha jJAta huA hai / yaha naSTa ho gayA hai / bhavabhUti yazovarmA kA Azrita kavi thA / vaha vAkpati kA samakAlIna thaa| usakA samaya 700 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / usane tIna nATaka likhe haiM--mahAvIracarita, mAlatImAdhava aura uttararAmacarita / ina nATakoM kI prastAvanA se jJAta hotA hai ki usakA vAstavika nAma zrIkaNTha thA / ziva-bhakta hone ke kAraNa usakA nAma bhavabhUti par3A / usake pitA kA nAma nIlakaNTha aura mAtA kA nAma jatukarNI thA / bhadragopAla usake pitAmaha the / vaha kazyapa gotra kA thA tathA kRSNayajarveda ko taittirIya zAkhA kA thaa| vaha vidarbha meM padmapura kA nivAsI thaa| vaha vyAkaraNa, nyAya aura mImAMsA kA vizeSajJa thA / vaha sAhityazAstra, upaniSad, sAMkhya aura yoga kA bhI vizeSa vidvAn thA / jaba vaha yuvaka thA, taba vaha abhinetAoM ke sAtha bahuta prema se ghUmA karatA thA / ' 1. bhavabhUti ma kavinisargasauhRdena bharateSa vartamAnaH / mAlatImAdhava kI prstaavnaa|

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252 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa usake guru kA nAma jJAnanidhi thA / mAlatImAdhava kI eka hastalikhita prati meM ullekha hai ki kumArila bhaTTa ke ziSya uveka ne yaha nATaka likhA hai / isa AdhAra para eka vAda-vivAda prArambha ho gayA hai ki bhavabhUti aura uveka ( 640 - 725 I0 ) eka hI vyakti haiM / parantu yaha abhI taka siddha nahIM ho pAyA hai / mahAvIracarita bhavabhUti kI prathama racanA jJAta hotI hai / isameM sAta aGka haiM / isameM rAmAyaNa kI kathA rAma-sItA ke vivAha se lekara rAma ke rAjyAbhiSeka taka kI hai / rAvaNa sItA se vivAha karanA cAhatA hai, parantu dhanuSa bhaMga na kara sakane ke kAraNa dhanuSa ko bhaMga karane vAle rAma se parAjita hotA hai / rAvaNa ke mantrI mAlyavAn ne rAma se badalA lene kA nizcaya kiyA / zUrpaNakhA kaikeyI kI dAsI ke rUpa meM mithilA meM pragaTa hotI hai aura kaikeI ke dvArA pahale se mA~ge hue donoM vara dazaratha se ma~gavAtI hai / mAlyavAn ne hI bAli ko prerita kiyA thA ki vaha kiSkiMdhA meM jAne para rAma para AkramaNa kare / rAmAyaNa kI kathA meM bAli ke vadha ke lie jo kaThina samasyA upasthita huI hai, vaha isa prakAra nahIM upasthita hotI aura rAma ke dvArA bAli kA vadha ucita siddha hotA hai / yaha nATaka nATakIya dRSTi se acchA nahIM hai / isake do praGkoM meM rAma aura parazurAma kA maukhika vivAda hai / bAtacIta meM bahuta lambe vaktavyoM ke dvArA isa nATaka kA prabhAva mArA jAtA hai / yaha taka yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhavabhUti ne caturtha aMka ke 46 zloka grantha likhA hai, zeSa aMza eka vidvAn subrahmaNya ne likhA hai / koI bhI kAraNa paryApta nahIM hai ki caturtha aGka meM bhavabhUti sahasA ruka kyoM gaye ? mAlatImAdhava eka prakaraNa - nATaka hai / isameM dasa aGka haiM / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra vidarbha ke rAjA ke mantrI devarAta mAdhava kA vivAha padmAvatI ke rAjA ke mantrI bhUrivasu putra

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253 kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra ko putrI mAlatI se huA aura mAdhava ke mitra makaranda kA vivAha mAlatI kI eka sakhI madayantikA se hA / mAdhava padmAvatI meM par3hane ke lie AyA / mAdhava aura mAlatI donoM ke pitA kI eka sahapAThinI kAmandakI nAma kI strI saMnyAsinI ho gaI thii| vaha apane sahapAThiyoM ke ina baccoM kA sadA kuzala cAhatI thI / mAdhava ne eka dina mAlatI ko dekhA aura vaha usase prema karane lagA / mAlatI bhI mAdhava se prema karane lgii| parantu usake pitA para rAjA kI ora se yaha dabAva DAlA gayA ki vaha rAjA ke kRpA-pAtra aura madayantikA ke bhAI nandana se usakA vivAha kara de / isa prakAra vivAha kA Ayojana huaa| makaranda ne strI kA veSa banAyA aura usakA vivAha nandana se ho gayA / una donoM vivAhitoM meM vivAda prArambha huA aura strI makaranda ne nandana se apanA sambandha viccheda kara liyA / nandana kI bahina madayantikA ko eka dina makaranda ne eka bAgha se bacAyA aura vaha taba se usase prema karane lagA / mAlatI, jisakA vivAha nandana se honA thA, kAmandakI ke nirdezAnusAra eka maTha meM lAI gii| vahA~ eka pAzupata sampradAya ko stro kApAlikA use ziva ke Age bali dene ke lie le gii| mAdhava akasmAt vahA~ pahuMcA aura usane usa pAzupata strI se mAlatI kI rakSA kii| pratikAra kA bhAvanA se punaH pAzupata sampradAya ke vyaktiyoM ne mAlatI ko pakar3A, parantu kAmandakI ke eka sAthI ne use bacAyA / tatpazcAt mAlatI aura mAdhava kA vivAha sukhapUrvaka ho jAtA hai / isakI kathA kA saMgaThana acchA nahIM hai / isake navama aGka meM mAlatI ke adRzya hone para mAdhava ke duHkha kA jo varNana huA hai, vaha karuNa rasa kI dRSTi se kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya ke caturtha aGga ke varNana se acchA hai, parantu pariSkAra aura saundarya ko dRSTi se usase ghaTiyA hai / isa aGka meM mAdhava ne apanI adRzya priyA ke nAma megha ke dvArA sandeza bhejA hai| isa sandeza ke do zlokoM para kAlidAsa ke meghadUta kA prabhAva par3A hai / isa nATaka meM kaI bikhare hue sundara dRzya haiM /

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254 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa uttararAmacarita meM sAta aGka haiN| isameM rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa kI kathA vaNita hai| isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki lakSmaNa ke putra candraketu kI surakSA meM jAte hue azvamedha ke ghor3e ko lava aura kuza ne rokaa| isa prakAra rAma apane donoM putroM se mila sake / antima aGka meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA eka choTA sA dRzya upasthita karake rAma aura sItA kA zubha milana dikhAyA gayA hai / nATaka ke dRSTikoNa se uttararAmacarita bahuta uccakoTi kA siddha nahIM hotA hai / yaha nATaka kI apekSA eka nATakIya kAvya adhika hai / isameM vanoM kA varNana tathA rAma aura sItA ke viyoga kA varNana atyanta prazaMsanIya aura saMskRta sAhitya meM atulanIya hai / rAma kA sItA ke Azrama meM apane putroM aura sItA se milanA, isa varNana para kAlidAsa ke abhijJAnazAkuntala, diG nAga ke kundamAlA aura veNIsaMhAra kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| bhavabhati ke ye tInoM nATaka ujjaina meM kAlapriyAnAtha ke mahotsava para abhinIta kie gae the| mAlatImAdhava kA dRzya padmAvatI meM rakhA gayA hai / mAlatImAdhava kI kathA kavi kI apanI kalpanA hai, parantu anya donoM nATakoM kI kathA rAmAyaNa para Azrita hai| ukta tInoM nATakoM kA adhyayana karane se spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki bhavabhUti ke pAsa jo kucha bhI thA usase vaha santuSTa thA / bhautika vastuoM kI prApti ke lie saMsAra meM asamAna saMgharSoM kA varNana karane meM use vizvAsa nahIM thA / vaha eka Adarza gRhastha thaa| usake anusAra prema kevala eka bhAvAtmaka kArya nahIM balki AtmAoM kA Atmika saMyoga hai / isakI pUrNatA saMtati ke mAdhyama se hotI hai / ataH usane antaHpura ke vAtAvaraNa yA bahuta sI patniyoM ko rakhane vAle pAtroM ko apanI racanA kA viSaya nahIM banAyA / usane una paramparAoM meM apane ko nahIM bA~dhA jinakA anya nATakakAroM ne pAlana kiyA / yahI 1. uttararAmacarita 1-36 aura mAlatImAdhava 6-18 / 2. uttararAmacarita 3-17 /

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255 kAraNa hai ki usakI racanAoM meM koyala, AmramaJjarI, azoka aura bakula Adi vRkSoM kA ullekha nahIM haiM / vaha mAdhava se manuSya kA mAMsa becavAtA hai aura zmazAna kA varNana karatA hai / bhavabhUti ne kathA ke varNana meM koI vizeSa yogyatA pradarzita nahIM kI hai| usane apane nATakoM meM samaya kI ekatA kA bhI pAlana nahIM kiyA hai| usane caritra citraNa bahuta acchA kiyA hai, ataH usakA yaha doSa chipa jAtA hai / usake sabhI pAtra sajIva aura bhAvapUrNa haiM / usake nATakoM meM eka vizeSa ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki unameM vidUSaka kA sarvathA abhAva hai / usake nATakoM meM se mAlatImAdhava meM zRGgAra rasa mukhya hai, mahAvIracarita meM vIrarasa aura uttararAmacarita meM karuNa rasa mukhya hai / mAlatImAdhava Adi ke paThana se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha bhayAnaka vIbhatsa Adi rasoM ke varNana meM bhI usI prakAra dakSa hai, parantu karuNa rasa ke varNana meM anupama hai / ataeva kahA jAtA hai ki ' kAruNyaM bhavabhUtireva tanute' tathA 'uttare rAmacarite bhavabhUtirviziSyate' zRGgAra ke varNana meM usane viSaya-vAsanA vAle prema tathA antaHpura ke varNana ko nahIM liyA hai| usane strI aura puruSa ke Adarza prema kA hI varNana kiyA hai, jo prajanma pavitra jIvana bitAte haiM / usakI zailI gaur3I hai, vizeSa rUpa se. mahAvIracarita aura mAlatImAdhava meM / usakI zailI paripuSTa, utkRSTa, projasvinI aura sAmaMjasyayukta hai / uttararAmacarita ko chor3akara anya nATakoM meM usane jo gadyAMza die haiM, ve itane lambe aura kliSTa haiM ki unakA saundarya naSTa ho gayA hai / usakI paMktiyoM meM kavitva kI apekSA bhAva kI adhikatA hai| usane zikhariNI chanda kA bahuta kuzalatA ke sAtha prayoga kiyA hai / " mahattva aura khyAti kI dRSTi se nATakakAroM meM kAlidAsa ke bAda bhavabhUti kA hI sthAna hai / usane caritra citraNa aura zailI kA eka navIna mArga upasthita kiyA hai / kAlidAsa ne prakRti ke komala rUpa ko apanAyA 1. kSemendrakRta suvRttatilaka 3-33 /

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256 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai, kintu bhavabhUti ne usake unnata aura bhayaMkara rUpa ko apanAyA hai / kAlidAsa ne nATyazAstroM dvArA nirdhArita paramparAoM kA pAlana kiyA hai, ataH vaha nizcita sImA ke andara hI vicaraNa kara sakatA thA, parantu bhavabhUti ne una sImAoM kA ullaMghana kiyA hai aura apane kauzala ke pradarzana ke lie vistRta kSetra ko apanAyA hai| jaise mAlatImAdhava meM usane nATakIya paramparA ke viruddha raMgamaMca para vyAghra ko dikhAyA hai, zmazAna kA dRzya dikhAyA hai aura manuSya ke mAMsa kA becanA dikhAyA hai| usane bhayaMkara vanoM aura parvatIya adhityakAoM aura upatyakAnoM ke dRzyoM kA vAstavika citra upasthita kiyA hai / kAlidAsa bhavabhUti kI apekSA kalpanA aura bhAvoM meM bar3hA huA hai aura bhavabhUti gambhIra, projasvI aura bhAvapUrNa bhAvAbhivyakti meM sarvocca prAcArya hai| kAlidAsa jo bAta saMkSepa meM vyaMjanA ke dvArA abhivyakta karate haiM, bhavabhUti usako vyApaka aura projasvI rUpa meM prakaTa karate haiN| kAlidAsa pUrNatayA AzAvAdI the, ataH unake pAtra vAstavika hone kI apekSA adhika rasika evaM kAlpanika haiN| bhavabhUti ne saMsAra ke duHkhoM ko bhugatA thA aura nirAzA kA bhI anubhava kiyA thaa| unake pAtra kAlpanika na hokara adhika sAMsArika aura vAstavika hai| 'kisI bhI anya bhAratIya nATaka kI apekSA bhavabhUti ke nATaka meM prAyazcitta ke kAraNa pavitra rAma aura sItA ke komala prema kA adhika vAstavikatA ke sAtha varNana hai|' kAlidAsa ne apane pAtroM ke dvArA kucha sAmAnya upadezAtmaka sUktiyA~ kahavAI haiM, kintu bhavabhUti kI sUktiyA~ uccakoTi ko haiN| unake pAtra apane anubhava ko bAteM kahate haiN| jaise-karttavya-pAlana aura AtmabalidAna' 1. mAlatI mAdhava 1-8 / P. A. A. Macdonell : History of the Sanskrit literature, pRSTha 365 / 3. uttararAmacarita 1-12 /

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257 kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra saccI mitratA,' vAstavika prema, aura putra-vAtsalya Adi kI sUktiyA~ vAstavikatA kA pradarzana karAtI haiM / unake nATakoM meM hAsya nahIM hai, parantu patAkA-sthAna hai| unhoMne smRti, nItizAstra, kAmazAstra aura vedAnta meM apanI vizeSatA kA paricaya diyA hai / bhavabhUti zabdabrahmavit thaa| vaha bhASA para asAdhAraNa adhikAra rakhane kA dAvA karatA hai| usake isa dAve ko pramANita karane ke liye tilakamaMjarI ke lekhaka dhanapAla kI prazasti se pramANa prApta hotA hai / spaSTabhAvarasa citraiH padanyAsaiH pravartitA / nATakeSu naTastrIva bhAratI bhavabhUtinA / / anaMgaharSamAtrArAja ne 6 aMkoM meM tApasavatsarAja nATaka likhA hai| Anandavardhana (850 I0) ne usakA ullekha kiyA hai| usakA nizcita samaya ajJAta hai / vaha 850 I0 se pUrva huA hogaa| isameM nATaka-varNana kiyA gayA hai ki vAsavadattA ke svargavAsa kA jhUThA samAcAra sunakara udayana atyanta khinna huA aura vana meM idhara-udhara ghUmane lgaa| vaha jIvana se nispaha hokara saMnyAsI ho gayA / apane ko ati duHkhamaya dekhakara vaha apana Apako nado meM DAlakara naSTa karanA cAhatA thA / udhara vAsavadattA bhI apane jIvana se taMga Akara nadI meM DUbanA cAhatI thii| vaha bhI vahIM phuNcii| donoM eka dUsare ko pAkara prasanna ho jAte haiM aura jIvana-tyAga kA vicAra chor3a dete haiN| mAyurAja ne rAmAyaNa kI kathA para udAttarAghava nAmaka nATaka likhA hai / yaha grantha aba aprApya hai / rAjazekhara (600 I0) ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai / ataH lekhaka kA samaya 600 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / kucha AlocakoM ne anaMgaharSamAtrArAja aura mAyurAja ko eka hI vyakti mAnA 1. uttararAmacarita 4. 13-14 2. uttararAmacarita 1.36 3. uttararAmacarita 3. 18 4. uttararAmacarita 7/21 5. uttararAmacarita 1/2 saM0 sA0 i0-17

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258 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai / dAmodara gupta ne anaMgaharSa kA ullekha kiyA hai| dAmodara gupta kA samaya 800 I0 hai / yadi donoM vyakti eka ho haiM to tApasavatsarAja aura udAttarAghava ke lekhaka kA samaya 800 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / kerala ke eka rAjA kulazekharavarman ne do nATaka likhe haiM--subhadrAdhanaMjaya aura tptiisNvrnn| yaha rAjA 700 I0 meM kerala meM hue isI nAma ke rAjA se bhinna hai / isakA samaya 800 I0 hai / ___murAri zrIvardhamAnaka kA putra thA / usane apane Apako bAla vAlmIki likhA hai / ratnAkara (850 I0) ke haravijaya meM usakA ullekha hai| usane bhavabhUti (700 I0) ke uttararAmacarita se uddharaNa diyA hai / ataH usakA samaya 800 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| usane rAmAyaNa kI kathA para Azrita anargharAghava nATaka likhA hai| isameM sAta aGka haiM / kathA ke varNana meM usane bhavabhUti ke mahAvIracarita kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| usane antima aMka meM rAma ke lauTakara Ane ke varNana meM jo bhaugolika varNana kiyA hai, vaha bahata truTipUrNa hai| lekhaka meM maulikatA kA abhAva hai| paravartI sAhityazAstriyoM aura vaiyAkaraNoM ne usako alaMkRta bhASA aura pariSkRta zailo ke AdhAra para bahuta prazaMsA kI hai / maMkhaka ne murAri kI prazaMsA vakrokti ke eka prAcArya ke rUpa meM ko hai / 'katando' nAma kI eka racanA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jo rAvaNakRta 'vaizeSikasUtra' ko TIkA hai| murAri bhaTTanArAyaNa' aura bhavabhUti' se prabhAvita thaa| bahuta kucha sambhava hai ki 1. zrIkaNThacarita 25 2. tulanA kIjie-anargharAghava 4/46 ko veNIsaMhAra 1/12 se ___4/25 , , 3/23 se 1/56 ,, uttararAmacarita 6/12 se 2/4 se , 2/58 ,, , 1/10 se 4/26 ,, mahAvIracarita 2/36 se

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 25e usane nATaka kI racanA bhavabhUti kI spardhA meM kii| isakA nirdeza una vidvAnoM kI pracalita uktiyoM dvArA hI ho jAtA hai jinhoMne mAgha kI bhA~ti bhASA para adhikAra sambandhI usakI prazasti kI hai / bhavabhUtimanAdRtya nirvANamatinA mayA / murAripadacintAyAmidamAdhIyate manaH // murAripadacintAyAM bhavabhUtestu kA kathA / bhavabhUti parityajya murArimurarIkuru / / murAripadacintA cet tadA mAghe mati ( rati ) kuru / murAripadacintA cet tadA mAghe matiM kuru / / hanumAna ne rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke AdhAra para mahAnATaka yA hanumannATaka likhA hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAmAyaNa ke eka pAtra rAma ke Adarza bhakta hanumAna ne apane ArAdhya deva rAma kA jIvana nATaka ke rUpa meM likhA hai / use jaba yaha jJAta huA ki vAlmIki rAmAyaNa likha rahe haiM, taba usane yaha socA ki usakA yaha grantha vAlmIki ke grantha ke mahattva ko naSTa kara degA, ataH usane isa grantha ko samudra meM DAla diyA / dhArA ke rAjA bhoja (10051054 I0) kI preraNA se zilAoM para apUrNa rUpa meM likhA huA yaha nATaka saMgraha karake grantharUpa meM prakaTa kiyA gayA / isa paramparA ke anusAra isakA samaya 1050 I0 ke lagabhaga pratIta hotA hai | Anandavardhana ( 850 I0) ne isa nATaka kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH apUrNa rUpa meM yaha nATaka 850 I0 se pUrva avazya prApta rahA hogA / isa nATaka ke do saMskaraNa Ajakala prApta haiM -- (1) madhusUdana ne 9 aGkoM meM taiyAra kiyA hai / (2) dAmodara mizra ne 14 aGkoM meM taiyAra kiyA hai / isameM prAkRta kA eka bhI gadyAMza nahIM hai aura na vidUSaka hI hai / isameM gadyabhAga bahuta thor3A hai / vaha bhI varNanAtmaka hai / rAjazekhara ( 600 I0) ne bhImaTa ko pA~ca nATakoM kA lekhaka mAnA hai / ataH bhImaTa kA samaya 900 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / usake sabhI nATaka

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260 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa naSTa ho cuke haiM / usake nATakoM meM se nAma-mAtra se jJAta tIna nATakoM svapnadazAnana, pratijJAcANakya aura manoramAvatsarAja meM se svapnadazAnana nATaka sarvazreSTha mAnA jAtA hai| rAjazekhara yAyAvarIya vaMza meM utpanna huaA thA / vaha pratihAra rAjA nirbhaya (865 I0) kA guru thA / ataH usakA samaya 600 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / usane cahamAna vaMza kI eka sundara strI avantisundarI se vivAha kiyA thA / bAlarAmAyaNa kI prastAvanA se jJAta hotA hai ki usane 6 nATaka likhe haiM / unameM se kevala cAra prApta hote haiM-karpUramaMjarI, bAlarAmAyaNa, viddhasAlabhaMjikA aura bAlabhArata / ____ karpUramaMjarI usakA sarvaprathama nATaka hai / yaha saTTaka-nATaka hai / yaha usane apanI patnI kI prArthanA para banAyA thA / isameM rAjakumAra caNDapAla aura rAjakumArI karpUramaMjarI ke vivAha kA varNana hai / isameM dohada-varNana, rAnI ke dvArA rAjakumAra ke bandI banAye jAne Adi ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki isa para mAlavikAgnimitra aura ratnAvalI kA prabhAva par3A hai / isake aGkoM kA nAma javanikAntara hai| isakA dUsarA nATaka bAlarAmAyaNa hai / yaha usane rAjA nirbhaya ke lie likhA thaa| isake dasa aGkoM meM rAma-kathA kA varNana hai| isako mahAnATaka kahate haiM / isako prastAvanA nATaka ke eka aGka ke barAbara hai aura pratyeka aGka eka nATikA ke barAbara hai| rAvaNa sItA ke svayaMvara ke lie eka prArthI thA / svayaMvara meM nirAza hokara jAte samaya usane pratijJA kI ki jo bhI sItA se vivAha karegA, usakA meM vadha kruuNgaa| sItA kA vivAha laMkA meM usake sAmane abhinaya kiyA jAtA hai / vaha sItA kI lakar3I kI pratimA se prema karane lagatA hai / vikramorvazIya meM purUravA kI taraha vaha sItA ke viyoga ko sahana karane meM asamartha hokara vana meM ghUmane lagatA hai / isake antima aGka meM vimAna se rAma ke lauTane kA varNana hai / isa aGka ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki lekhaka kA bhaugolika jJAna apUrNa hai| isa nATaka meM rAvaNa ke prema ko mahattva diyA gayA hai / usakA tIsarA nATaka

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 261 viddhasAlabhaMjikA hai / isameM cAra aGka haiM / yaha eka nATikA hai / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki rAjakumAra vidyAdharamalla ne do rAjakumAriyoM mRgAMkAvalI aura kuvalayamala se vivAha kiyA / yaha nATikA mAlavikAgnimitra, ratnAvalI aura svapnavAsavadatta ke anukaraNa para likhI gaI hai / bAlabhArata kA dUsarA nAma pracaNDapANDava hai / isameM do aGka haiM / isameM dyUtakrIr3A taka pANDavoM ke jIvana kA varNana hai / isakA pA~cavA~ nATaka haravilAsa hai / yaha aprApya hai / bAda ke sAhityazAstriyoM ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai / isake SaSTha nATaka kA nAma ajJAta hai / - rAjazekhara ne apane Apako vAlmIki kA avatAra mAnA hai / vaha kathA kI racanA meM vizeSa nipuNa nahIM hai / vaha sundara aura pariSkRta zailI ke prayoga meM bahuta dakSa hai / usane eka pUrA nATaka prAkRta meM likhA hai / usane apane nATakoM meM una zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo usake samaya meM bolacAla meM pracalita the / kSemIzvara ne rAjazekhara ke AzrayadAtA kannauja ke rAjA mahIpAla ( 914 I0 ) ke lie caNDakauzika nAma kA eka nATaka likhA hai / ataH usakA samaya 900 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / isameM pA~ca aGka haiM / isameM vizvAmitra aura harizcandra kI kathA hai / isako naiSadhAnanda nATaka kA bhI lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / isake sAta akoM meM nala kA jIvana-carita varNita hai / inake atirikta cAra aura nATaka haiM, jo mUla rUpa meM aprApta haiM, kintu uddharaNoM ke dvArA jJAta haiM / ye haiM--taraMgadatta, puSpadUSitaka, pANDavAnanda aura calitarAma / dhanika ( 1000 I0) ne apane dazarUpAvaloka meM inake uddharaNa diye haiM / ina nATakoM kA nizcita samaya ajJAta hai, tathApi inakA samaya 1000 I0 ke pUrva samajhanA cAhie / ina cAroM nATakoM ke lekhakoM kA nAma bhI ajJAta hai / inameM se taraMgadatta aura puSpadUSitaka prakaraNa nATaka haiM / taraMgadatta meM eka vezyA nAyikA hai aura puSpadUSitaka meM eka kulIna strI

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262 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nAyikA hai / puSpadUSitaka meM mUladeva ke mitra samudradatta ke prema kA varNana hai / pANDavAnanda mahAbhArata para Azrita hai aura calitarAma rAmAyaNa para Azrita hai / kSemendra ( 1050 I0) ne bahuta se grantha likhe haiM / unameM se kucha nATaka haiM / inameM se adhikAMza naSTa ho cuke haiM / kSemendra ne sAhityazAstra para jo grantha likhe haiM, unameM usane ina nATakoM ke udAharaNa diye haiM, unase inakA nAmAdi jJAta hotA hai / usake nATakoM meM se citrabhArata aura kanakajAnakI do mukhya jJAta hote haiM / ye donoM nATaka kramazaH mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa para Azrita haiM / vilhaNa ( 1080 I0) ne eka karNa sundarI nAma kI nATikA likhI hai / isameM anahilavAda ke kAmadeva trailokyamalla kA bar3I prA meM karNATa kI rAjakumArI miyanalladevI ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana hai / zaMkhadhara kavirAja ne 12 vIM zatAbdI I0 ke prArambha meM eka prahasana laTakamelaka likhA hai / lagabhaga isI samaya padmacanda ke putra yazazcandra ne mudritakumudacandra nAmaka nATaka likhA hai / isameM usane eka zAstrArtha ko nATakIya rUpa diyA hai, jisameM zvetAmbara devasUri ne digambara kumudacandra ko parAsta kara diyA thA / yaha ghaTanA 1924 I0 meM ghaTita huI thI / isI zatAbdI meM kAMcanAcArya ne eka vyAyoga nATaka dhanaMjaya vijaya likhA hai / usakA dUsarA nAma kAMcanapaMDita thA / isameM virATa ke nagara se gAyoM ko curAne ke icchuka kauravoM para grarjuna kI vijaya kA varNana hai / rAmacandra jaina hemacandra ( 1088-1972 I0) kA kANA ziSya thA / usane lagabhaga eka sau grantha likhe haiM / usake nATakoM meM se ye prasiddha haiM-- (1) nalavilAsa / isameM sAta aGka haiM / isameM nala kA jIvana varNita hai / ( 2 ) nirbhayabhIma | isameM bhIma ke parAkramoM kA varNana hai / yaha vyAyoga nATaka hai / ( 3 ) satyaharizcandra / isameM harizcandra kI satya-pratijJA kA varNana hai / isameM 6 aGka haiM / ( 4 ) kaumudImitrAnanda | isameM dasa aGka haiM / yaha eka kahAnI para Azrita hai / rAmacandra pariSkRta aura projayukta varNana meM prAcArya hai /

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 263 vigraharAjadeva vizAladeva 12vIM zatAbdI I0 meM cahamAna vaMza kA eka rAjA thA / usane 1153 I0 meM harakelinATaka likhA hai / isameM kirAtaveSadhArI ziva aura arjuna ke yuddha kA varNana hai / yaha adhUrA ajamera meM eka zilA para khadA hA surakSita hai| lagabhaga isI samaya somadeva ne lalitavigraharAjanATaka nAmaka nATaka likhA hai / vaha vigraharAjadeva kA Azrita kavi thaa| isameM usane apane AzrayadAtA kA rAjakumArI dezAladevI ke sAtha prema kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha nATaka bhI ajamera meM apUrNa rUpa meM eka zilA para surakSita hai| __ vatsarAja kAlaMjara ke rAjA paramAdideva kA mantrI thA / paramAdideva ne 1163 se 1203 I0 taka rAjya kiyA hai| vatsarAja eka kavi thaa| usane 6 nATaka likhe haiN| unameM se pratyeka rUpaka ke apracalita bhedoM para hai / (1) kirAtArjunIya / yaha bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya para nirbhara hai / yaha vyAyoga nATaka hai / (2) karpUracarita / yaha bhANa nATaka hai / (3) hAsyacUr3AmaNi / yaha eka prahasana hai| (4) rukmiNIharaNa / yaha cAra aGkoM meM eka IhAmRga nATaka hai / isameM kRSNa ke dvArA rukmiNI ke haraNa kA varNana hai| (5) tripuradAha / yaha cAra aGkoM meM Dima nATaka hai / isameM ziva ke dvArA tripura ke dAha kA varNana hai / (6) samudramaMthana / yaha tIna aGkoM meM samavakAra nATaka hai / isameM samudra ke manthana kA varNana hai| ___ jayadeva mahAdeva aura sumitrA kA putra thA / vaha 13vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArddha meM huA thA / vaha mahAnaiyAyika, sAhityazAstrI aura nATakakAra thaa| usako 'pakSadharamitha' kI upAdhi nyAyazAstra kI vidvattA ke kAraNa milI thI aura prasannarAghava nATaka meM sundara gItAtmaka zlokoM ke kAraNa pIyUSavarSa kI upAdhi milI thii| prasannarAghava meM sAta aGka haiM / yaha rAmAyaNa kI kathA para Azrita hai / isameM rAvaNa aura eka dUsarA rAkSasa bANa sItA se vivAha ke lie pratidvandvI ke rUpa meM haiN| yaha pUrNatayA bhavabhUti ke mahAvIracarita ke anukaraNa para hai / isameM bahuta se sundara geya zloka hai| isake zloka adhikatara anATakIya haiN|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa madana nAma ke eka kavi ne eka nATikA pArijAtamaMjarI likhI hai / isakA dUsarA nAma vijayazrI hai| isameM cAra aGka haiM / usakI upAdhi bAla sarasvatI thI / vaha apane eka ziSya paramAra vaMza ke rAjA arjunavarmA kA prazrita kavi thA / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki arjunavarmA kI chAtI para eka mAlA giro aura vaha eka strI ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gaI aura usakA vivAha arjunavarmA se ho gayA / isa nATaka ke do aGka dhArA meM zilA para khude hue haiN| eka zvetAmbara jaina jayasiMha sUri ne 1230 I0 meM hammIramadamardana nAmaka nATaka likhA hai / isameM pA~ca aGka haiM / isameM dholaka ke rAjA vIradhavala ke dvArA gujarAta para AkramaNa karane vAle musalamAnoM ko parAsta karane kA varNana 264 prahlAdana paramAravaMzI dharAdhavala kA bhAI thA / vaha 1300 I0 ke lagabhaga apane bhAI ke nIce yuvarAja thA / usane pArthaparAkrama nAmaka vyAyoga likhA hai / isameM virATa rAjA ke yahA~ se gAyoM ko curAne vAle kauravoM ko arjuna ke dvArA harAne kA varNana hai / mokSAditya ne eka vyAyogaM bhIma-vikrama likhA hai / usameM bhIma ke parAkramoM kA varNana hai / isakI sabase prAcIna hastalikhita prati kA samaya 1328 I0 hai / ataH isakA lekhaka isase pUrvavartI honA cAhie / eka jaina muni tathA jayaprabhasUri ke ziSya rAmabhadramuni ne 1300 I0 ke lagabhaga 6 aGkoM meM prabuddharauhiNeya nAmaka nATaka likhA hai isameM DAkU rauhiNeya ke parAkramoM kA varNana hai / kerala ke eka rAjakumAra ravivarmA ne 1300 I0 ke lagabhaga pA~ca aGkoM meM pradyumnAbhyudaya nATaka likhA hai / isameM pA~ca aGka haiM / isameM vajrapura ke rAjA vajranAbha ke nAza kA varNana hai aura rAjakumAra pradyumna kA rAjakumArI prabhAvatI ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana hai / vidyAnAtha ( 1300 I0 ) ne pratAparudriyakalyANa nATaka pA~ca zraGkoM meM likhA hai / isameM varaMgala ke rAjA pratAparudra ( 1294 - 1325 I0 ) kA rAjagaddI para baiThane kA varNana hai / vaha nATaka lekhaka ke sAhitya - zAstra ke eka grantha pratAparudriyayazobhUSaNa meM hI sammilita hai / nATakakAra ne yaha

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 265 nATaka isalie likhA hai ki usane sAhityazAstra para jo grantha likhA hai, usameM nATyazAstra ke viSaya meM jo niyama diye haiM, unakA udAharaNa isameM prastuta kiyA jAya / narasiMha vidyAnAtha athavA agastya kA bhatIjA thA / usane 1350 I0 ke lagabhaga ATha aGkoM meM kAdambarIkalyANa nAma se kAdambarI kI kathA ko nATakIya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / narasiMha ke bhAI tathA mathurAvijaya kI lekhikA gaMgAdevI ke guru vizvanAtha ne 1350 I0 ke lagabhaga saugandhikAharaNa nAmaka vyAyoga rUpaka likhA hai / isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki draupadI ke kathana para bhIma saugandhikA kA phUla lAtA hai / jyotirIzvara ne eka prahasana dhUrtasamAgama likhA hai / usakI upAdhi kavizekhara thI / vaha 14vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArddha meM huA thA / bhAskara ne unmattarAghava nAma kA eka ekAMkI nATaka likhA hai / isameM sItA ke viyoga meM unmatta rAma kA varNana hai / isake lekhaka kA nirNayAtmaka paricaya ajJAta hai / yadi isa nATaka meM ullikhita vidyAraNya vijayanagara ke nivAsI prasiddha vidvAn vidyAraNya hI haiM, to isakA samaya 1350 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jA sakatA hai / sItA striyoM ke lie niSiddha eka upavana meM praveza karatI hai aura adRSTa ho jAtI hai | agastya RSi ne rAma para dayA kI aura rAma ko sItA prApta karA dI / yaha pUrA nATaka vikramorvazIya ke caturtha aGka para likhA gayA hai | vijayanagara ke harihara dvitIya ke putra virUpAkSa ne eka ekAMkI nATaka unmattarAghava likhA hai / isakA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha jJAta hotA hai / yaha prekSaNaka nATaka hai| sItA ke hartA rAvaNa para lakSmaNa ne AkramaNa kiyA aura usako mAra diyA / rAma usa samaya unmattAvasthA meM the / jaba lakSmaNa sItA ko le Aye taba rAma hoza meM Aye / isa para vikramorvazIya ke caturtha aGka kA prabhAva par3A hai / virUpAkSa kA hI dUsarA nATaka nArAyaNavilAsa hai / eka nepAlI kavi maNika ne 14vIM zatAbdI I0 ke antima bhAga meM bhairavAnanda nAmaka nATaka likhA hai / isameM bhairava kA eka svargIya strI madanavatI se premakA varNana hai / kokilasaMdeza ke lekhaka udaNDa ( 1400 I0 ) ne mallikAmaruta nAmaka eka dasa aGkoM meM anukaraNa

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266 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prakaraNa nATaka likhA hai| yaha mAlatImAdhava ke andhAnukaraNa para likhA gayA hai| kAzIpati kavirAja ne eka bhANa nATaka mukundAnanda likhA hai ! isakA samaya 13vIM zatAbdI I0 se pUrva kA nahIM hai / vAmanabhaTTa bANa ( 1420 I0 ) ne tIna nATaka likhe haiM--pArvatIpariNaya, kanakalekhAkalyANa aura zRGgArabhUSaNabhANa / pArvatIpariNaya meM pA~ca aGka haiM / isameM pArvatI ke ziva se vivAha kA varNana hai / yaha kumArasambhava para Azrita hai / kanakalekhAkalyANa eka nATikA hai| isameM cAra aMka haiM / zRGgArabhUSaNabhANa eka bhANa nATaka hai / gaMgAdhara ne gaMgAdAsapratApavilAsa nATaka likhA hai / isameM 1450 I0 meM hue rAjakumAra campAnIra aura gujarAta ke zAha ke yuddha kA varNana hai / harihara ne pA~ca aGgoM meM bhartaharinirveda nATaka likhA hai / isameM rAjA bhartRhari ke vairAgya kA varNana hai| isakA samaya 15vIM zatAbdI I0 pUrvArddha samajhanA cAhie / zrIkRSNa caitanya kA ziSya rUpagosvAmI ( 1500 I0 ) tIna nATakoM kA lekhaka mAnA mAtA hai--(1) vidagdhamAdhava / isameM sAta aGka haiM / (2) lalitamAdhava / isameM dasa aGka haiM / (3) dAnakelikaumudI / yaha bhANa nATaka hai| ye tInoM nATaka kRSNa ke stuti-rUpa meM likhe gaye haiN| isI samaya gokulanAtha ne sAta aGkoM meM muditamadAlasA nATaka likhA hai / zeSakRSNa ( 1600 I0 ) ne kaMsavadha nATaka likhA hai / isameM sAta aGka haiM / isameM kRSNa ke dvArA kaMsa ke vadha kA varNana hai aura kaMsa ke pitA ugrasena ko gaddI para baiThAne kA varNana hai| appayadIkSita se pUrvotpanna ratnakheTa zrInivAsa dIkSita ( 1570 I0 ) ne bhaimIpariNaya nATaka likhA hai| isameM damayantI ke nala se vivAha kA varNana hai| govinda dIkSita ke putra yajJanArAyaNa dIkSita ne raghunAthavilAsa nATaka likhA hai / isameM taMjaura ke rAjA raghanAtha nAyaka (1614-1632 I0) kA jIvana-carita varNita hai| isakA samaya 1630 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / isI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM nepAla ke eka Azrita rAjA jagajjyotirmalla ne haragaurIvivAha nATaka likhA hai / ise eka saMgItapradhAna nATaka kaha sakate haiM / gururAma ( 1630 I0 ) tIna nATakoM kA

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra . 267 lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / (1) madanagopAlavilAsa--yaha bhANa nATaka hai / subhadrAdhanaMjaya-- isameM pA~ca aMka haiN| (3) ratnezvaraprasAdana--isameM pA~ca aGka haiM / lagabhaga isI samaya rAjacar3AmaNi dIkSita ne tIna nATaka likhe haiMprAnandarAghava nATaka, kamalinIkalahaMsa nATaka aura zRMgArasarvasvabhANa / zivalIlArNava ke lekhaka nIlakaNTha dIkSita ( 1650 I0 ) ne nala kI kathA para Azrita nalacarita likhA hai / isameM 6 aGka haiM, parantu yaha apUrNa jJAta hotA hai| vizvaguNAdarza ke lekhaka veMkaTAdhvarI ( 1650 I0 ) ne pradyumnAnanda nATaka likhA hai| isameM 6 aGka haiN| isameM pradyumna kA rati ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana hai| isI samaya rudradAsa ne candralekhA nAmaka eka saTTaka nATaka likhA hai / isameM candralekhA aura mAnavedarAja ke vivAha kA varNana hai / mahAdeva ( 1650 I0 ) ne rAma kI kathA para Azrita dasa aGkoM meM adbhutadarpaNa nATaka likhA hai| isameM laMkA kI ghaTanAe~ eka adbhata darpaNa ke dvArA dikhAI gaI haiM / isameM vidUSaka hai| rAmabhadra dIkSita ( 1700 I0 ) ne jAnakIpariNaya nATaka likhA hai / isameM kaI avAstavika pAtra bhI diye gaye haiM / laMkA kA eka rAkSasa vidyujjihvA, rAvaNa, zaraNa aura tAr3akA kramazaH vizvAmitra, rAma, lakSmaNa aura sItA kA veSa dhAraNa karate haiN| ve isa veSa meM rAma, lakSmaNa aura sItA ko dhokhA dene ke lie vizvAmitra ke Azrama para Ate haiM / zUrpaNakhA eka saMnyAsinI ke veSa meM bharata ke pAsa jAtI hai aura prayatna karatI hai ki rAma kI mRtyu kA asatya samAcAra sunAkara bharata kA bhI zarIrAnta karA de / rAma vimAna se ayodhyA pahu~cate haiM aura rAkSasoM kA yaha prapaMca prakaTa ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra unakA prayatna niSphala rhaa| taba rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka hotA hai / isakA hI eka bhANa nATaka zRMgAratilaka hai| isa nATaka kA dUsarA nAma ayyAbhANa hai, kyoMki lekhaka kA dUsarA nAma athya thA / nallAkavi ( 1700 I0 ) subhadrApariNaya nATaka aura zRGgArasarvasva nAmaka bhANa kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / lagabhaga isI samaya ye nATaka bhI likhe gaye haiM--(1) kavitArkika kA kautukaratnAkara nAmaka prahasana, (2) sAmarAja dIkSita kA eka prahasana

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268 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa dhUrtanartaka aura pA~ca aGkoM meM eka nATaka zrIdAmacarita / zrIdAmacarita meM kucela kA jIvana-carita varNita hai / kucela kA vAstavika nAma zrIdAman yA sudAmana thA / 18vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM vizvezvara ne tIna grantha likhe haiM--eka nATaka rukmiNIpariNaya, eka nATikA navanATikA aura eka saTTaka zRMgAramaMjarI / devarAja ne bAlamArtaNDa-vijaya nATaka likhA hai / isakA samaya 18vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| isameM pA~ca aGkoM meM kavi ke AzrayadAtA TrAvanakora ke rAjA mArtaNDavarmana ke parAkramoM kA varNana hai| lagabhaga isI samaya varadAcArya ne vasantatilaka bhANa nATaka likhA hai / isa nATaka kA dUsarA nAma ammAbhANa bhI hai| isI samaya tanjaura ke rAjA tukojI kA maMtrI ghanazyAma thaa| usakI do suzikSita striyA~ thIM sundarI aura kmlaa| donoM ne rAjazekhara ke viddhazAlabhaMjikA kI TIkA likhI hai| ghanazyAma eka sau se adhika granthoM kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai| unameM se kucha saMskRta, prAkRta aura vibhASAmoM meM haiM / kucha prAcIna kaviyoM ke kAvyoM para TIkAe~ haiN| usake granthoM meM se mukhya nATaka ye haiM--eka bhANa grantha madanasaMjIvana, do saTTaka grantha navagrahacarita aura AnandasundarI tathA eka prahasana Damaruka / TrAvanakora ke yuvarAja rAmavarman ( 1757-1786 I0 ) ne do nATaka likhe haiM--rukmiNIpariNaya aura zRGgArasudhAkara / lagabhaga isI samaya harSa kI ratnAvalo ke anukaraNa para vizvanAtha ne mRgAMkalekhanATikA likhA hai / rAma ( 1820 I0 ) ne eka Dima nATaka manmathonmathana likhA hai| koTiliMgapura ( vartamAna caraMganaura ) ke eka rAjakumAra ne 1850 I0 ke lagabhaga kucha kAvya aura nATaka likhe haiM / unameM se mukhya rasasadanabhANa hai / ___ kucha pramukha nATaka jinakA samaya ajJAta hai, ye haiM-mathurAdAsa kI eka nATikA vRSabhAnujA, jagadIza kA eka prahasana hAsyArNava, gopInAtha cakravatI kA eka prahasana kautukasarvasva, nIlakaNTha kA kalyANasaugandhika, narasiMha kI dArzanika bhAvayukta nATikA zivanArAyaNabhaMja mahodaya, lokanAthabhaTTa kA kRSNAbhyudaya, kRSNAvadhUta ghaTikAzata kavi kA sarvavinoda

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 269 nATaka, kRSNamizra kA vIra-vijaya, zaMkara kA zAradAtilaka, rAmakRSNa kI gopAlakelikrIr3A aura mAdhava kA subhadrAharaNa / rUpakAtmaka nATaka saMskRta sAhitya ke prArambhika kAla se kaviyoM aura vidvAnoM meM yaha pravRtti rahI ki ve nirjIva vastuoM aura mAnavIya guNoM ko mUrta rUpa dekara varNana kreN| darzanoM kI utpatti aura vikAsa ne tathA naitika zikSAoM kI AvazyakatA ne isa prakAra ke mUrtIkaraNa ko bahuta sahAyatA aura bala pradAna kiyA hai / isa prakAra kI murtIkRta vastuoM Adi ko nATakoM meM bhI sthAna prApta hone lagA aura ve vyakti ke sthAna para Ane lge| dekhie na tacchAstraM na sA vidyA na tacchilpaM na tAH kalAH / ___ nAsau yogo na tadzAnaM nATake yanna dRzyate / / jina nATakoM meM aise mUrtIkRta pAtroM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, unameM se pramukha pAtra ye haiM-viveka, moha, kAma, dambha, ahaMkAra, zraddhA / isa paddhati para likhA huA sabase prAcIna nATaka azvaghoSa kA hai jo ki apUrNa rUpa meM prApta huA / isakA nAma ThIka jJAta nahIM hai / kRSNamitra ne 6 aMkoM meM eka rUpakAtmaka nATaka prabodhacandrodaya, kIrtivarmA ke Azrita eka vyakti gopAla ke lie likhA hai / kIrtivarmA kA eka zilAlekha 1068 I0 kA prApta huA hai| isameM viveka aura mahAmoha ke yuddha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isameM prabodha ( jJAna ) rUpI candra ke udaya kA varNana anta meM kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI racanA meM lekhaka kA uddezya advaita mata kA mahattva siddha karanA hai aura jIvana ke lakSya kI prApti ke lie viSNu kI bhakti para bala denA hai / isa nATaka meM jainoM, bauddhoM aura kApAlikoM ke jo saMvAda haiM ve bahuta rocaka haiN| eka jaina lekhaka yajJapAla ne 1226-1232 I0 ke bIca meM 5 aGkoM meM mohaparAjaya nATaka likhA hai / isameM anahilavAda ke kumArapAla ke dvArA jainamata

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270 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 1 svIkAra karane kA varNana hai / vedAntadezika ne 14vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArddha eka rUpakAtmaka nATaka saMkalpasUryodaya likhA hai / isameM saMkalparUpI sUrya ke udaya kA varNana hai / isameM dasa aGka haiM / isameM vedAnta ke viziSTAdvaita mata kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai / isameM lekhaka ne yaha mata prastuta kiyA hai ki zAnta ko bhI eka mukhya rasa mAnanA cAhie' / isameM chalI aura ahaMkArI vyaktiyoM kA jIvana tathA unakI kamiyoM kA bahuta vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai / tumburu aura nArada Adi muni raMgamaMca para Ate haiM / viSNubhakti ke dvArA sukhada anta hotA hai / gokulanAtha ne 16vIM zatAbdI meM amRtodaya nATaka likhA hai / isameM sAMsArika vipattiyoM aura kaSToM kA varNana hai tathA unake nivAraNa kA upAya batAyA gayA hai / isake pAtra AnvIkSikI, mImAMsA aura zruti zrAdi haiM / ratnakheTa zrInivAsa dIkSita ( 1570 I0) ne bhAvanApuruSottama nATaka likhA hai / lagabhaga isI samaya kavikarNapUra ne caitanya sampradAya kI dhArmika paramparAtroM ke AdhAra para caitanyacandrodaya nATaka likhA hai / vedakavi ( 1684- 1728 I0 ) ne sAta koM meM eka nATaka vidyApariNaya likhA hai / isameM vidyA kA jIvAtmA se vivAha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / vedakavi ne hI sAta praGkoM meM jIvAnandanam nATaka likhA hai / isameM Ayurveda aura vedAntadarzana kA mahattva varNana kiyA gayA hai / kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra vedakavi ke ye donoM nATaka tanjaura ke marAThA rAjA zAhajI (1684-1710 I0 ) ke mantrI AnandarAyamakhina kI racanA haiM | bhUdeva zukla kA dharmavijayanATaka 1737 I0 meM likhA gayA hai| isameM usa samaya kI dhArmika vidhiyoM kA vistRta varNana hai / chAyA nATaka chAyAnATaka Adhunika dena hai / prAcIna nATyazAstroM meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai / chAyA nATaka meM gatte ke bane hue citra parde para TAMga diye jAte haiM aura dhAge kI sahAyatA se unako calAyA jAtA hai / unake bIca kA saMvAda 1. saMkalpasUryodaya 1.16 /

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kAlidAsa ke paravartI nATakakAra 271. parde ke pIche khar3e hue vyakti bolate haiM / yaha vartamAna sinemoM kA prArambhika rUpa samajhanA caahie| prAcIna nATakoM meM isa prakAra ke nATakoM ke abhAva se jJAta hotA hai ki isa prakAra ke nATaka bAda kI racanA haiM / isa prakAra ke nATaka bhAratavarSa meM kaba se pracalita hue yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / abhinava gupta (1000 I0) kI abhinavabhAratI meM isa prakAra ke nATakoM kA aspaSTa ullekha hai| meghaprabhAcArya ke dharmAbhyudaya nATaka kI prastAvanA meM isa nATaka ko chAyAnATaka kahA gayA hai / isa grantha kA samaya ajJAta hai| subhaTa kA dUtAMgada nATaka 1243 I0 meM raMgamaMca para dikhAyA gayA thaa| isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai ki aMgada dUta ke rUpa meM rAvaNa ke pAsa jAtA hai| subhaTa 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga jIvita rahA hogA / vyAsa zrIrAmadeva ne tIna chAyA nATaka likhe haiM--subhadrApariNaya, rAmAbhyudaya aura pANDavAbhyudaya / vaha 15vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM huA thA / anya chAyA nATaka agaNya se haiN| saMskRta nATakoM kA hrAsa saMskRta nATakoM ke hrAsa ke kaI kAraNa haiM / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke prabhAva ne pratibhAzAlI nATakakAroM ko yaha avasara nahIM diyA ki ve apanI icchA ke anusAra nATakoM kI kathA rakhate / isakA prabhAva yaha huA ki kaI nATaka eka hI nAma ke likhe gaye aura kaI nATakoM ko kathA prAyaH eka hI rhii| jyoM-jyoM nATakoM kI saMkhyA bar3hatI gayI, tyoM-tyoM nATyazAstrIya niyama aura kaThora hote gaye / nATakakAroM ne yaha kaThinAI anubhava kI ki sabhI nATakIya niyamoM kA pAlana karanA bahuta kaThina hai, ataH ve eka prakAra ke hI nATaka banAte rahe / kaviyoM aura nATakakAroM ne apanI bhASA meM apracalita zabdoM aura bhAvoM ko sthAna denA prArambha kiyA / pariNAmasvarUpa unakI bhASA kRtrima ho gayo aura janasAmAnya kI samajha meM nahIM AtI thii| bAda ke nATakoM meM jo kRtrimatA dRSTigocara hotI hai, usakA uttaradAyitva usa suzikSita janatA para hai jo ki isa prakAra kI kRtrima zailI aura bhAvAbhi

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272 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vyakti ko rucikara mAnatI thii| ina saba kAraNoM ne navAbhyAsI ke lie nATaka kA likhanA prAyaH asambhava kara diyaa| bhAratavarSa meM jaba se musalamAnoM ne apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA, taba se bhAratIya nATaka sAhityika aura laukika jagat meM apanA mahattva khote rahe haiM / bhAratIya nATaka sabhI dRSTikoNa se hindU dharma se saMbaddha rahe haiM, isalie musalamAna inako protsAhita nahIM hone denA cAhate the / ve aisI kisI bhI cIja ko unnati kI ora agrasara hotA huA nahIM dekha sakate the, jo hindU dharma kI unnati meM sahAyaka ho| ina vighnoM ke hote hue bhI saMskRta nATaka likhe jAte rahe / jaba se aGgarejI rAjya prArambha huA, taba se kaviyoM aura vidvAnoM ko rAjAoM kA Azraya milanA banda ho gayA, kyoMki taba se rAjAoM kI sthiti dina-pratidina avanata hotI gayI / dUsarI ora suzikSita samAja kI yaha pravRtti ho gayI ki vaha aGgarejI rAjya kI prathA ke anusAra apane Apako zikSita aura dIkSita karanA cAhatA thA, ataH usane bhAratIya paramparA aura saMskRti ko chor3akara pAzcAtya paramparA ko apnaayaa| ataeva saMskRta nATakoM kA pratidina hrAsa hotA gyaa|

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adhyAya 24 itihAsa saMskRta meM sAhitya ke sabhI viSayoM kA vizada vivecana huA hai, parantu yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki viSaya ke rUpa meM itihAsa kA vivecana nahIM huA hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne isakA kAraNa yaha batAyA hai ki bhAratIya vicAradhArA itihAsa likhane ke viruddha rahI hai / unakA kathana hai ki bhAratIya bhAgyavAda, karma-siddhAnta, dainika jIvana meM daivI hastakSepa aura saMsAra kI anityatA meM vizvAsa rakhate haiN| baddhamUla ye vizvAsa unakI samakAlIna ghaTanAoM kI ora dhyAna dene se rokate haiN| manuSya svatantra nahIM hai ki vaha apanI icchA ke anusAra kArya kare yA dUsaroM kA patha-pradarzana kre| vaha karmaphala Adi ke hAtha meM eka prakAra se sAdhana hai / ataeva usakI unnati yA avanati usake puNya yA pApa kA phala hai, isIlie usakA ullekha karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| sAtha hI yaha nizcaya hai ki sasAra kI pratyeka vastu vinazvara hai, ataH sAMsArika ghaTanAmoM kA ullekha karane se koI vAstavika lAbha nahIM hogaa| isake atirikta bhAratIyoM ko prAcIna kAla ke vIra mahApuruSa rAma, kRSNa, arjuna, bhIma, karNa Adi bahuta samaya kA vyavadhAna hone para bhI mahApuruSa jJAta hote haiM / unakI tulanA meM samakAlIna vIra nahIM ke barAbara pratIta hote haiN| ataeva unhoMne samakAlIna vIroM tathA unake kAryoM kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA aura unako apane granthoM meM sthAna nahIM diyaa| isa prakAra ke kitane vidvAna pratyeka samaya meM rahe haiM, jinhoMne prAcIna vIroM kA guNAnuvAda kiyA hai aura unako prazaMsA meM kAvya banAye haiM tathA prAcIna kaviyoM kI kR yo kI TIkA prAdi kI hai| pAzcAtya vidva noM ke anusAra kazmIrI kavi kalhaNa bhI pUrNatayA itihAsa kA vidvAn nahI thA / usakA kArya saM0 sA0 i.--18

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274 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa eka itihAsa sambandhI prayatna samajhanA caahie| unake matAnusAra vaha bhI dekho ghaTanAoM para pUrNa vizvAsa rakhatA thA, ataeva aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA pUrNa tattva ThIka nahIM samajha sakatA thA / isIliye usane aitihAsika mahattva kI ghaTanAoM kA jo apane grantha meM ullekha kiyA hai, use atizayoktipUrNa varNana samajhanA caahie| satya kahA jAya to bhAratIyoM ne koI itihAsa kA grantha nahIM likhA hai / pAzcAtya vidvAn aitihAsika buddhi se jo artha samajhate haiM, usakA bhArata meM abhAva thA / bhAratIya vicAradhArA itihAsa likhane ke viruddha hai, yaha satya hai / tathApi isa prakAra ke prayatna avazya kie jAte rahe haiM ki itihAsa likhA jAya aura samakAlIna ghaTanAoM kA ullekha kiyA jAya, parantu ye saba kArya bhAratIya vicAradhArA ke anusAra hI kiye gaye haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jo aitihAsika grantha likhe haiM, unameM aitihAsika tathyoM ko vizeSa mukhyatA dI gaI hai, bhASA ko nahIM, parantu bhAratIyoM ne jo aitihAsika grantha likhe haiM, unameM bhASA hI ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai, aitihAsika tathyoM ko utanI pradhAnatA nahIM / unhoMne jo kucha bhI likhA hai, vaha gadyakAvya, padyakAvya, campU yA nATaka ke rUpa meM likhA hai| kAvya nATaka Adi ke sabhI niyamoM kA inameM pAlana kiyA gayA hai / itihAsa-sambandhI granthoM ke lekhaka kavi the / ve kisI rAjA ke Azrita the| ataH ve apane kAvyoM meM utanA hI aitihAsika tathya rakha sakate the, jitanA unake AzrayadAtAoM ko rucikara hotA thaa| vaha aMza bhI rAjAoM kI ruci ke anukUla rakhA jAtA thaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki aise granthoM se niSpakSa aitihAsika tathya kI prApti kI AzA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| tathApi kucha lekhakoM ne aitihAsika tathyoM kA satyatA ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai / ina lekhakoM ko isa AdhAra para tuccha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve kucha bAtoM para vizvAsa karate the / unake ye vizvAsa zatAbdiyoM ke anabhava para Azrita haiM / ataH unako aitihAsika-cetanA se hIna nahIM kaha sakate haiN| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIyoM ne itihAsa likhA hai, parantu vaisA nahIM jaisA pAzcAtya vidvAn cAhate haiM /

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itihAsa 275 itihAsa - sambandhI granthoM ke viSaya meM sabase bar3I kaThinAI yaha hai ki unameM eka prakAra ke varSa nahIM die hue haiM / bhAratavarSa meM kaI prakAra ke varSa cAlU the, jo ki kisI vaMza ke dvArA vaMza - nAma se calAye gaye the / prAyaH tithiyA~ usa artha ke bodhaka zabdoM ke dvArA batAyI gayI haiM / itihAsa kA vyApaka artha lene para saMskRta sAhitya meM itihAsa kaI rUpoM meM prApta hotA hai / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM aitihAsika mahattva kI sAmagrI vidyamAna hai / azvaghoSa, hemacandra Adi ne buddha aura jaina santoM ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI prastuta kI haiM / ye grantha, purANa tathA rudradAman Adi ke zilAlekha aitihAsika sAmagrI prastuta karate haiM / saba se prAcIna grantha, jisako aitihAsika grantha kaha sakate haiM, kaumudI - mahotsava hai / yaha gupta kAla ke rAjanItika kucakroM para prakAza DAlatA hai / kAMcI ke mahendravikraman ke mattavilAsaprahasana se jJAta hotA hai ki vibhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM meM kisa prakAra kI nAnA truTiyA~ A gayI thIM aura unakA patana prArambha ho gayA thA / bANa ke harSacarita meM bANa kI AtmakathA vidyamAna hai aura harSa kA jIvana-carita varNita hai / yaha aitihAsika grantha kI apekSA aitihAsika kAvya adhika hai / isameM usane jo aitihAsika tathya varNana kiye haiM, unako pUrNatayA spaSTa nahIM kiyA hai | rAjyazrI ke pati grahavarmA kA vadha kyoM huA ? gaur3a rAjA ne vastutaH kyA chala kiyA thA ? harSa ke zrita aura kauna se kavi the ? bANa ne ina viSayoM para koI sUcanA nahIM dI hai / usake prArambhika zlokoM se avazya yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usase pUrva kaunakauna vizeSa kavi hue the / usane anya aitihAsika tathyoM ko bhI kAvyAtmaka alaMkRta bhASA meM prastuta kiyA hai / tathApi harSacarita isa dRSTi se bahuta mahattva - pUrNa grantha haiM ki isake dvArA 7vIM zatAbdI ke bhAratIyoM ke rIti-rivAja kA acchA jJAna hotA hai / " bANa ne itihAsa ko yaha sAmagrI pradAna kI hai... senA kA vizada citraNa, rAjadvAra kA vistRta paricaya, vividha sampradAyoM ke anuyAyiyoM aura unakA bauddhoM ke sAtha vyavahAra kA varNana, brAhmaNoM ke vividha kArya 1

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276 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aura apane mitroM kA paricaya / " vAkpati kA gaur3araho bhI etihAsika grantha hai / isameM yazovarman kI parAjaya kA varSa nahIM diyA hai| kanakasenavAdirAjakA yazodharacarita aitihAsika aura dhArmika donoM dRSTi se mahattva kA hai / kalhaNa ke grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki zaMkuka ne eka kAvya bhuvanAbhyudaya likhA hai aura isameM usane 850 I0 meM hue mamma aura utpala ke yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai | yaha grantha naSTa ho gayA hai / padmagupta ke navasAhasAMkacarita meM kucha aitihAsika mahattva ke tathyoM kA ullekha hai / bilhaNa kA vikramAMkadevacarita aitihAsika mahattva kA grantha hai / usakA prAzrayadAtA vikramAMka yA vikramAditya ziva ke AdezAnusAra rAjA huA / usakA rAjya para adhikAra siddha karane ke lie ziva tIna bAra prakaTa hue usako apane bar3e bhAI somezvara aura choTe bhAI jayasiMha se nirantara yuddha karanA par3A / usane coloM ke viruddha vijaya yAtrA kI thI / isakA antima sarga AtmakathA ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa hai / isameM usane ghaTanAoM ke sAtha varSa nahIM die haiN| bilhaNa kI likhI eka nATikA karNasundarI hai / yadyapi vaha aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se nahIM likhI gaI hai tathApi usameM aitihAsika sAmagrI hai / usameM anahilavAda ke rAjA karNadeva trailokyamalla kA bar3I Ayu meM karNATaka kI rAjakumArI miyAnalladevI se vivAha kA ullekha hai / hemacandra kA vavyAzrayakAvya bhI isI prakAra kA hai yazazcandra kA mudritakumudacandra dhArmika dRSTikoNa se aitihAsika hai / zrIkaNThacarita ke antima sarga meM kazmIra ke rAjA jayasiMha ke mantrI alaMkAra ke darabAra meM rahane vAle kaviyoM kA varNana hai / jalhaNa ke somapAlavilAsa meM usake AzrayadAtA rAjapurI ke rAjA somapAla kA itihAsa varNita hai / kalhaNa ko bhAratavarSa kA sarvazreSTha aitihAsika vidvAn kaha sakate haiM / usane likhA hai ki rAjataraMgiNI ko likhane se pUrva usane 11 aitihAsika granthoM aura nIlamatapurANa ko dekhakara grantha likhA hai / usane rAjA gonanda se lekara rAjA jayasiMha ke gaddI para baiThane taka kA kazmIra ke rAjAtroM kA varNana kiyA hai / usane apanA grantha apUrNa hI chor3a diyA hai / kazmIrI

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itihAsa 277 hote hue bhI usane kazmIra ke rAjanItika kucakroM kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| usane nirarthaka bAtoM kA tyAga kiyA hai| usane katipaya rAjAoM ko doSI batAyA hai ki unhoMne apana zatruoM ke SaDyantroM ke viruddha sAvadhAnI se kAma nahIM liyaa| usake samaya meM sainika aura bhRtya rAjabhakta nahIM rahe the / ve apane rAjAoM ko dhokhA dete the aura zatrupakSa se mila jAte the / kalhaNa ne yaha antara dikhAyA hai ki kisa prakAra rAjapUta aura videzI apane rAjAoM ko dhokhA nahIM dete haiM, kintu kazmIrI dhokhA dete haiN| rAjya ke karmacArI bhI lobhI, janapIDaka aura arAjabhakta the / usane dikhAyA hai ki rAjya kI sthiti yaha thI ki mantriyoM meM virodha thA, sainika lobhI the, purohita SaDyantra karate the, senAoM ke adhyakSa rAjA ke niyantraNa meM nahIM the, aura prajA bhI vilAsapriya ho gaI thii| usa samaya kazmIra meM chala-prapaMca, SaDyantra, vadha karanA, AtmahatyA pArivArika vivAda ye mukhya ullekhanIya jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ thIM / kalhaNa ne kazmIra kI ghaTanAoM kA eka niSpakSa adhyayana kiyA hai / usane jo kucha likhA hai, vaha aitihAsika sAmagrI se bhI saMtuSTa hotA hai| zlAdhyaH sa eva guNavAn rAgadveSabahiSkRtaH bhUtArthakathane yasya stheyasyeva sarasvatI / / -rAjataraGgiNI 1-7 usane isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki yaha saMsAra asthira hai / aitihAsika grantha ke rUpa meM rAjataraMgiNI kA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai / tathApi kazmIra kA prArambhika itihAsa andhakAra meM hI hai / usane apane grantha ko jo apUrNa chor3A thA, usako jonarAja, zrIvara, prAjyabhaTTa aura zuka ne cAla rakkhA / sandhyAkaranandI ke rAmapAlacarita meM baMgAla ke rAmapAla ( 1104-1150 I0) kA itihAsa vaNita hai / pRthvIrAjavijaya,jayantalivajaya, sukRtasaMkIrtana, hammIramadamardana, vasantavilAsa surathotsava, kotikaumudI, mohaparAjaya, candraprabhacarita, jagadUcarita, ityAdi meM aitihAsika mahattva ko sAmagrI prApta hotI hai / gaMgAdevI ke mathurAvijaya, rAjanAtha dvitIya ke sAluvAbhyudaya, aura rAjanAtha tRtIya ke acyutarA

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yAbhyudaya meM prAmANika aitihAsika sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| ina tInoM granthoM meM vijaya nagara ke rAjavaMza ke kAryoM kA paryApta vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / vAsudevaratha ne gaMgAvaMzAnucarita meM aura gaMgAdhara ne gaMgAdAsapratApavilAsa meM gaMgA vaMza kA varNana kiyA hai | tirumalAmbA ke varadAmbikApariNayacampU aura vAmanabhaTTabANa ke vemabhUpAlacarita kA sambandha aitihAsika vyaktiyoM se hai / yajJanArAyaNa ke sAhitya - ratnAkara aura raghunAthavilAsa meM tathA rAmabhadrAmbA ke raghunAthAbhyudaya meM tarake rAjA raghunAtha nAyaka ( 1614 - 1632 I0 ) ke parAkramoM kA varNana hai / isI prakAra ke mahattva ke ye grantha bhI haiM - rudrakavi kA rASTrauDhavaMzamahAkAvya, devavimalamaNi kA hIra-saubhAgya, devarAja kA bAlamArtaNDavijaya aura bANezvara kA citracampU / merutuMga ne 1306 I0 meM prabaMdhacintAmaNi likhA hai / isameM jaina santoM, jaina kaviyoM aura jaina dharma ke zrAzrayadAtAoM kI AtmakathAe~ haiM / rAjazekhara kA 1346 I0 meM likhA huA prabandhakoza bhI isI prakAra kA grantha hai / vizvaguNAdarza meM 17vIM zatAbdI ke madhya ke dakSiNa bhArata kI jIvana kA varNana hai / zrAnandaraGgacampU meM briTiza sAmrAjya ke zrIgaNeza hone kA ullekha hai / madrAsa nagara kA citra sarvadevavilAsa meM khIMcA gayA hai / inake atirikta, prabodhacandrodaya jaise rUpakAtmaka nATaka eka vizeSa kAla ke logoM ke dhArmika jIvana para prakAza DAlate haiM, jinakI racanA usa samaya huI / janatA ke bhArata meM 278 q

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adhyAya 25 kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta kAvya aura nATakoM kI utpatti aura vikAsa ke sAtha kaviyoM aura locoM ko AvazyakatA pratIta huI ki navAbhyAsiyoM ke pathapradarzana ke lie tathA parakAla meM racanAoM ko durbodha hone se bacAne ke lie katipaya niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAya / kAvyazAstra ke niyamoM se pUrva nATyazAstra ke niyama bane / rasotkarSa meM sahAyaka samajhakara alaMkAroM ko bhI kucha mahattva diyA gayA / alaMkAroM ko mahattva dene ke kAraNa isa vibhAga ko alaMkArazAstra nAma diyA. gayA / isako sAhitya kA eka vibhAga bhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki isameM zabdArtha sambandhoM kI avicchinnatA para bala diyA gayA hai / sAdhAraNatayA sAhityazAstra meM nimnalikhita viSayoM para vicAra hotA hai -- kAvya ke lakSaNa aura usake siddhAnta, zabdazakti kA vivecana, nAyaka-nAyikA prAdi pAtroM ke guNa aura bheda, rasa-nirUpaNa, guNa aura doSoM kA vivecana, nATyazAstra ke tattva aura alaMkAra-nirUpaNa / sAhityazAstra ke vikAsa ke vibhinna kAloM meM yaha prayatna hotA rahA hai ki yaha nizcaya kiyA jAya ki kAvya ke mUla tattva kyA haiM aura unako kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / vibhinna dRSTikoNa se kAvya aura nATakoM kI vizeSatAoM ko dekhA gayA aura isakA pariNAma bhI vibhinna prakAra kA prApta huA / kAvya aura nATakoM para isa prakAra ke anusandhAna kA jo pariNAma nikalA, usake AdhAra para inake viSaya meM vibhinna vAda prArambha hue / isa prakAra ke ATha vAda mukhya rUpa se pracalita haiM -- pratyeka usa tattva ko hI mukhyatA dete haiM / unake nAma haiM' - rIti, rasa, alaMkAra, vakrokti, dhvani, guNa, anumAna aura aucitya | rItivAda ke AcAryoM kA mata hai ki kAvya kI AtmA rIti ' (zailI) hai / prArambha meM do zailiyA~ pracalita thIM-- vaidarbhI aura gaur3I / vaidarbhI rIti meM pari

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280 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sar aura lAlitya ko mahattva diyA jAtA hai / yaha rIti sarvottama hai / yaha rIti vidarbha se prArambha huI, ataH isako vaidarbhI kahate haiM / gaur3I rIti kA janma baMgAla meM huprA hai / isameM prajaguNa vAle zabda, atizayoktipUrNa varNana aura racanA meM ADambara adhika hotA hai / vaidarbhI meM bhAva para adhika bala diyA jAtA hai aura gaur3o meM zabdoM para / 600 I0 se pUrva ye donoM zailiyA~ hI pracalita thIM / daNDI ( 700 I0) ne ullekha kiyA hai ki nimnalikhita dasa guNa vaidarbhI rIti kI AtmA haiM - zleSa, prasAda, samatA, mAdhurya, sukumAratA, udAratva, proja, kAnti, samAdhi aura arthavyakti / daNDI ( 700 I0 ) aura vAmana ( 800 I0) rItivAda ke pramukha AcArya haiM / vAmana kA mata hai ki rItikAvya kI AtmA hai / 800 I0 ke bAda cAra aura rItiyA~ pracalita huIM aura unako vaidarbhI tathA gaur3o ke madhya meM sthAna diyA gayA / ye cAroM rItiyA~ haiM -- pAMcAlI, lATI, avantI aura mAgadhI / ye rItiyA~ una pradezoM meM Arambha huIM ataH unako ye nAma die gae / 800 I0 ke bAda isa bAta kA prabhAva naSTa ho gayA, kyoMki inhoMne kAvya ke atyAvazyaka aMga rasa kI upekSA kara dI thI / se utpanna hotA ) rasa sampradAya ke mAnane vAle AcAryoM kA mata hai ki kAvya kI AtmA rasa hai / 'rasa nATaka ke darzaka, kAvya ke zrotA yA pAThaka ke mana kI eka avasthA - vizeSa hai, jo ki pAtroM ke bhAvoM se yA svatantra bhAvoM hai / bhAva do prakAra ke vibhAvoM se uddIpta hotA hai -- ( 1 rasa - vizeSa ko utpatti ke AdhAra se / jaise zrRMgAra rasa meM priya vyakti Alambana hai yA (2) jisake kAraNa vaha bhAva uddIpta hotA hai / jaise, zRMgAra meM vasanta prAdi / ' ina donoM ko kramazaH AlambanavibhAva aura uddIpanavibhAva kahate haiM / ina bhAvoM kA manuSya para prabhAva mUrcchA, thakAna, kampana Adi ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai / ina saba kAraNoM se eka sthAyI bhAva utpanna hotA hai / vahI anta meM rasa kA sthAna le letA hai / rasa prATha haiM--unake nAma ye haiM zrRMgAra, hAsya, karuNa, raudra, vIra, bhayAnaka, vIbhatsa aura adbhuta / vAda meM zAnta ko bhI naveM rasa ke

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 281 rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai / bharata ke nATyazAstra ke eka zloka meM ina sabakA nAma AtA hai| vaha zloka yaha hai - zRGgArahAsyakaruNaraudra vIra bhayAnakAH / vobhatsAdbhutAzAntazca rasAH pUrvarudAhRtAH / / nATyazAstra kA pATha aspaSTa hone kA kAraNa yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki bharata zAnta ko pRthak rasa mAnate the ki nhiiN| bharata zAnta ko mukhya bhAva avazya mAnate haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla se vairAgya kA jo bhAva pracalita thA, vahI mahAbhArata ke prabhAva ke kAraNa rasa ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA ! kucha AlocakoM kA yaha kathana ki yaha kucha paramita vyaktiyoM ko hI prabhAvita karatA hai, ataH pradhAna rasa nahIM mAnanA cAhie yaha kathana ucita nahIM hai. kyoMki rasa kI pradhAnatA aura apradhAnatA ke nirNaya vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA para nahIM hai / ataeva zAnta ko pRthak rasa mAnane kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| harSa ke nAgAnanda meM zAnta rasa hI pradhAna rasa hai| harSa ko nATyazAstra kA TIkAkAra bhI mAnA jAtA hai / yaha nATaka sambhavataH isalie likhA gayA hai ki isa bAta kA parIkSaNa kiyA jAya ki zAnta pRthak rasa hai yA nhiiN| udbhaTa hI sabase pahalA lekhaka hai, jisane zAnta ko pRthak rasa svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ rasa kI anubhUti ke viSaya meM katipaya lekhakoM ne apane vibhinna mata die haiN| lollaTa kA mata hai ki rasa abhinetA meM rahatA hai / darzaka jaba yaha dekhatA hai ki vAstavika abhineya pAtra kA abhinaya karane vAlA abhinetA usI prakAra kA rasAnubhava pradarzita karatA hai to vaha bhI prasanna ho jAtA hai / zaMkuka kA mata hai ki abhinetA ke sundara abhinaya ko dekhakara darzaka anumAna ke dvArA yaha samajhane lagatA hai ki yaha abhinetA hI vastutaH abhineya vyakti hai / darzaka anumAna ke dvArA rasa kA anubhava karatA hai| bhaTTanArAyaNa ke anusAra rasa ko na dekhA jA sakatA hai aura na rasa utpanna kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu zabdArtha ke dvArA usakA anubhava kiyA jA

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282 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sakatA hai| darzaka meM yaha yogyatA hotI hai ki vaha vizeSa udAharaNa samajhatA hai aura janasAmAnya usakA Ananda letA hai / abhinavagupta kA mata hai ki darzaka vyaMjanA ke dvArA prAnanda kA anubhava karatA hai / rasa-siddhAnta ke samarthaka uparyukta lekhaka haiM / inake atirikta rasa siddhAnta ke samarthaka rudrabhaTTa, bhoja, zAradAtanaya Adi haiM / 1 alaMkAravAda ke samarthaka kAvya meM saundarya ke AdhAra tattvoM kA vizeSa rUpa se vivecana karate haiM, ve kAvya se rasa ke mahattva ko svIkAra karate haiM parantu use alaMkAra se gauNa mAnate haiM / ye alaMkAra zabda aura artha para Azrita haiM, inako zabdAlaGkAra, arthAlaGkAra kahate haiM / bhAmaha aura daNDI hI sabase prAcIna lekhaka haiM jinhoMne alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai / alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA kramazaH bar3hatI calI gaI aura bAda ke lekhakoM ne unakI saMkhyA do sau se adhika batAI hai / vakroktivAda alaGkAravAda kI hI eka zAkhA hai / vakrokti kA artha hai kisI bAta ko ghumA-phirAkara kahanA / isa mata ke mAnane vAloM kA kathana hai ki alaGkAra vakrokti ke dvArA hI pUrNatA ko ko pRthak alaGkAra mAnA jAne lagA / mukhya bhAmaha aura kuntaka haiM / | vakrokti samarthakoM meM prApta hote isa siddhAnta ke dhvanivAda ke samarthaka dhvanita artha arthAt vyaMgya artha ko mukhyatA pradAna karate haiM / yaha siddhAnta zabda aura artha ke vivecana para Azrita hai / zabdoM ke tIna prakAra ke artha hote haiM -- vAcya, lakSya aura vyaMgya / jina zaktiyoM ke dvArA ye tInoM artha batAe jAte haiM, unako kramazaH abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vyaMjanA kahate haiM / abhivA zakti ke dvArA zabda kA mukhya artha batAyA jAtA hai / lakSaNA zakti dvArA gauNa artha batAyA jAtA hai / jahA~ para zabda kA mukhya artha lene se kAma nahIM calatA hai vahA~ para usa artha se sambandhita anya artha liyA jAtA hai / jaise -- gaGgAyAM ghoSaH, gaGgA nadI meM kuTiyA, yaha mukhyArthaM saGgata nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki nadI meM

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 283 kuTI nahIM ho sakatI hai| ataH yahA~ nadI se sambaddha nadI kA taTa gaGgA zabda kA artha para liyA jAtA hai, arthAt 'gaGgA nadI ke taTa para kuttiyaa|' jahA~ para abhidhA aura lakSaNA zakti se kAma nahIM calatA hai, vahA~ para vyaMjanA zakti se kAma calAyA jAtA hai| vyaMjanA zakti vahA~ para vizeSa rUpa se kAma meM lAI jAtI hai jahA~ zabda ke mukhya artha ke atirikta anya artha bhI batAyA jAtA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki mukhya artha ke sAtha hI aura artha bhI vyaMjanA zakti ke dvArA batAyA jAtA hai| yaha artha zabda svayaM mukhyArtha ke dvArA nahIM batA sakatA hai / isa artha meM yaha dhvani-siddhAnta vaiyAkaraNoM ke sphoTa-siddhAnta se bahuta adhika sambandhita hai aura isa para usakA bahuta adhika prabhAva hai| dhvani yA vyaMjanA ke siddhAnta ke samarthakoM kA mata hai ki dhvani hI kAvya kI AtmA hai / unakA mata hai ki dhvani ke binA koI bhI kAvya nirjIva samajhanA caahie| vyaMjanA ke dvArA jo kucha batAyA jAtA hai, vaha rasa yA alaGkAra ho sakatA hai / yaha artha zabda ke artha ke dvArA nahIM batAyA jA sakatA hai| isakA anubhava vyaktigata anubhava ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai / ataeva isakA anubhava pratyeka ko nahIM ho sakatA hai| yaha unhIM vyaktiyoM taka sImita hai, jinakA pUrva janmoM meM anubhava samAna hotA hai / ataeva ve bAteM jaba isa janma meM duharAI jAtI haiM to ve usakA svAda lete haiM / isa prakAra ke anubhava jaba raGgamaMca para abhinaya ke dvArA hote haiM, taba ve vyakti isa anubhava ko abhinetAoM kA yA apanA nahIM samajhate, apitu isako sArvabhauma anubhava mAnate haiN| aise sahRdaya vyakti abhinayoM ko dekhane yA kAvyoM ko par3hane se jo anubhava prApta karate haiM, vaha brahmAnanda ke sukha ke tulya hotA hai| ataeva nATaka kAvya Adi ke dekhane yA par3hane se jo anubhava hotA hai, vaha duHkha hone para bhI anupama Ananda pradAna karatA hai| Anandavardhana aura prabhinavagupta isa dhvani mata ke mukhya samarthaka haiN| abhinavagupta ne isa mata , ko rasoM taka hI sImita karake sarala banAyA hai / alaGkAroM aura artha

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284 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa Adi ke dvArA vyakta hone vAlI dhvani rasa ke Azrita hI hai / guNa aura alaGgAra rasa se hI sambaddha haiM isa mata ke samarthakoM ne samasta sAhityika racacAroM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai / isakA prAdhAra unhoMne dhvanita artha rakkhA hai| ve tIna vibhAga ye haiM--(1) dhvanikAvya jisameM vyaMgya ko mukhyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| (2) guNIbhUtavyaMgyakAvya, jisameM vyaMgya arya ko gauNa sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai / (3) citrakAvya jisameM vyaMgya artha kA sarvathA abhAva hai aura kevala zAbdika cAturya dikhAyA jAtA hai / jaba rasa ko vyaMga artha ke rUpa meM rakhanA ho to gadya meM bhI lambe samAsoM kA rakhanA niSiddha hai| ___ anya matoM meM se guNavAda kA vizeSa sambandha rItivAda se hai / guNavAda ke vizeSa samarthaka daNDI haiM / anumAnavAda kA vizeSa sambandha rasavAda se hai| zaMkuka aura mahimabhaTTa isa mata ke vizeSa prAcArya haiM / aucityavAda ke mukhya samarthaka kSemendra haiM / isameM kAvya ke utkarSa ke lie aucitya ko sarvazreSTha sthAna diyA gayA hai / kSemendra ne yaha mata pUrva prAcAryoM ke matoM ke AdhAra para rakkhA hai| __ isa viSaya para sabase prAcIna jo grantha prApta hotA hai, vaha hai bharata kA nATyazAstra / vaha IsavIya san se bahuta pUrva huA thA / kAlidAsa ne vikamovaMzIya meM usakA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH usakA samaya 400 I0 pU0 yA usase bhI pUrva mAnanA cAhie / nATyazAstra jo Ajakala prApta hotA hai, vaha 37 adhyAyoM meM hai / isameM vibhinna samayoM meM aneka prakSepa hue haiN| nATyazAstra kA samaya 400 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / parantu yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki bharata kA likhA huA mUla grantha kitanA hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bharata se pUrva kAvyazAstra ke mukhya prAcArya nandikezvara aura nArada Adi ho cake haiN| nATyazAstra meM raGgamaMca kA prabandha Adi viSayoM ko lete hue nATyazAstrIya sabhI viSayoM kA varNana hai / sAtha hI nRtya aura saMgIta kA bhI vivecana hai / jahA~ taka nATaka tathA kAvyoM ke siddhAnta

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 285 kA sambandha hai, nATyazAstra rasa ke paripAka para hI sabase adhika mahatva detA hai / bharata ne dasa guNoM aura upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka aura yamaka, ina cAra alaGkAroM ko rasa ke paripAka meM mukhya sahAyaka mAnA hai / bharata ne doSoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai ki ye doSa nATakAdi meM tyAjya haiN| nATyazAstra para bahuta-sI TokAe~ likhI gaI haiN| inameM se sabase prAcIna eka ajJAta lekhaka kI TokA bharataTIkA hai| bAda ke lekhakoM ne isa TIkA se jo uddharaNa die haiM, unase isa TIkA kA jJAna hotA hai / sthANvIzvara ke rAjA harSa (606648 I0) aura udbhaTa (800 I0) ne nATyazAstra para TIkAe~ likhI hai| mAtRgupta, zaMkuka (840 I0), bhaTTanAyaka (600 I.) aura abhinavagupta ne bhI nATyazAstra para TIkAe~ likho haiM / inameM se abhinavagupta kI TIkA prApya hai, zeSa lupta ho gaI haiN| agnipurANa meM kAvyazAstra ke vibhinna viSayoM para vivecana hai / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki isa purANa kA yaha bhAga IsavIya san ke prArambha ke bahuta bAda likhA gayA hai / isameM medhAvI aura rudra kAvyazAstra ke prAcArya mAne gae haiM / ye donoM bhI IsavIya san ke prArambha ke bAda hue hoNge| rAjazekhara ne medhAvirudra aura jAnakIharaNa ke lekhaka kumAradAsa kA ullekha janmAndha kavi ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| nATyazAstra ke bAda kAvyazAstra para sabase prAcIna prAmANika grantha daNDI kA kAvyAdarza hai / bhAratIya paramparA daNDo ko kAvyAdarza aura dazakumAracarita ina donoM granthoM kA lekhaka mAnato hai / daNDI ke paricaya aura samaya ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai / yaha bhI spaSTa nahIM hai ki avantisundarIkathA kA lekhaka bhI yaho daNDo hai| yadi ina tInoM granthoM kA lekhaka eka hI hai to daNDo kA samaya 7vIM zatAbdI I0 kA uttarArddha samajhanA cAhie / daNDI kA samaya 850 I0 ke bAda kA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, 1 kAvyAdarza ke samaya ke lie dekho adhyAya 17 meM dnnddii|

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286 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kyoMki isa varSa rASTrakUTa rAjA amoghavarSa nRpatuGga ne daNDI ke kAvyAdarza kA kannar3a bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai / Cost ne apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| usane unake nAmollekha ke binA unake granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / usane setubandha aura bRhatkathA kA ullekha kiyA hai / usakA kAvyAdarza tIna paricchedoM meM hai / usane prathama pariccheda meM nimnalikhita viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai-bhASA ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI AvazyakatA, bhAva aura bhASA kI dRSTi se kAvya ke bheda, apane pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta gadya-kAvya kI kathA aura AkhyAyikA ke rUpa meM vibhAjana kA ugrarUpa se khaNDana, vaidarbhI aura gaur3I rItiyoM kI vizeSatAoM kA vistRta vivecana / usane vaidarbhI rIti ko vize tA dI hai| usane dvitIya pariccheda meM prarthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai aura tRtIya pariccheda meM zabdAlaGkAroM tathA yamaka alaGkAra kA vizeSa rUpa meM vive na kiyA hai / usane alaGkAroM aura rItiyoM ke mahattva para bahuta prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA hai / usane guNoM aura alaMkAroM meM vizeSa antara nahIM kiyA hai / daNDI ko zailo manohara aura pariSkRta hai / usakA viSaya-vivecana pUrNatayA maulika hai / vAmana daNDI ke mantavyoM kA bahuta ghaniSTha anuyAyI thA / vaha kazmIra ke rAjA jayApIDa ( 776 - 816 I0 ) kA Azrita kavi thA / usane bhavabhUti ke granthoM se uddharaNa die haiM / ataH usakA samaya 800I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie | vaha kAvyAlaGkArasUtra kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / isa grantha meM pA~ca adhyAya 12 adhikaraNa aura 316 sUtra haiM / isameM usane kAvyazAstra - saMbaMdhI viSayoM para sUtrarUpa meM niyama likhe haiM / sUtroM ke bAda unakI TIkA ke rUpa meM svalikhita vRtti hai aura una niyamoM ke udAharaNa svarUpa svanirmita tathA anya lekhakoM se saMkalita zloka Adi haiM / niyamoM ke sUtrarUpa se jJAta hotA haiM ki alaGkAroM ke viSaya meM niyama sUtrarUpa meM vAmana se pUrva bhI vidyAmAna the / vAmana kA mata hai ki kAvya kI AtmA rIti hai / usane rItiyoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM

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kAvya aura nATyazAstra ke siddhAnta 287 vibhakta kiyA hai--vaidarbhI. gaur3I aura pAMcAlI / daNDI ke tulya usane bhI zabdAlaGkAroM aura arthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai / daNDI aura vAmana donoM ne rasa aura nATyazAstra para vivecana nahIM kiyA hai / vAmana ke bAda rItivAda kA samarthaka aura koI nahIM huA hai / daNDI aura vAmana ne jina viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai, bAda ke lekhakoM ne una viSayoM ko apane granthoM meM sammilita kiyA hai| bhAmaha rAkrila gomI kA putra thA / usane kAvyazAstra para alaGkAra nAma kA grantha likhA hai / bAda meM isa grantha kA nAma lekhaka ke nAma se hI bhAmahAlaGkAra kahA jAne lagA / usane nimnalikhita lekhakoM ke granthoM yA ullikhita granthoM se uddharaNa die haiM yA unakA nAmollekha kiyA hai--nyAsakAra, medhAvI, zakavardhana, ratnAharaNa, rAmazarmA kA acyutottara alaGkAravaMza aura rAjamitra / nyAsakAra jinendrabuddhi (700 I0) thaa| usane pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI para vAmana aura jayAditya kI jo kAzikA nAma kI TIkA hai, usa para nyAsa nAma kI TIkA likhI hai / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki bhAmaha ne jinendrabuddhi kA ullekha kiyA hai yA anya kisI pUrvavartI nyAsakAra kA / avantisundarI kathA meM rAmazarmA eka kavi tathA daNDI kA mitra ullikhita hai| bhAmaha ne usI kA ullekha kiyA hai / daNDI aura rAmazarmA samakAlIna the / donoM 7vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM hue haiN| bhAmaha ne anya lekhakoM yA granthoM kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, unakA paricaya prApta nahIM huA hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha mata hai ki daNDI bhAmaha ke bAda huA hai aura usane bhAmaha ke mantavyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki daNDI ko apane pUrvavartI prAcAryoM se kAvyazAstra ke viSayoM meM jo kucha prApta huA thA, usane usI bAta ko apane zabdoM aura apanI zailI meM likha diyA hai| usane apanI ora se usameM kucha nahIM milAyA hai aura na apanA vizeSa mantavya hI prakAzita kiyA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki daNDI aura bhAmaha jisa mata ke anuyAyI the, ve usa mata ke anuyAyI pUrvAcAryoM ke matoM se pUrNatayA paricita the / yahA~ yaha

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288 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kAvyazAstra jaise viSaya meM kucha pAribhASika zabdAvalo aura bhAva hote haiM, jinako bAra-bAra AvRtti hotI hai aura unake AdhAra para yaha nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki amuka lekhaka ne yaha zabda pramu se liyA hai, ataH vaha usase bAda kA hai / ataH yaha mAnanA adhika ucita hai ki bhAmaha daNDI ke bAda kA samakAlIna lekhaka hai / usakA samaya 700 I0 ke bAda aura 750 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / bhAmahAlaGkAra avyavasthita zailI meM likhA gayA hai / isameM 6 pariccheda haiM / varNana kI dRSTi se yaha kAvyAdarza ke tulya hai / bhAmaha ne gadya kA kathA aura AkhyAyikA ke rUpa meM vibhAjana svIkAra kiyA hai aura vaidarbhI kI apekSA gaur3o rIti ko vizeSa mahattva diyA hai| usane bharata aura daNDI ke dvArA svIkRta dasa guNoM ke sthAna para kevala tIna guNa svIkAra kie haiN| usane kAvya ke doSoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai / kAvyAdarza ko usakI mukhya dena vakrokti ko mahattva denA hai / sabhI alaGkAroM ke mUla meM atizayoktipUrNa varNana hai / usameM rasoM ko jo mahattva diyA jAtA hai, usakI upekSA kI hai / usane alaGkAroM para jo bala diyA hai, usake kAraNa hI vaha bAda ke sAhitya zAstriyoM ke dvArA vizeSa prAvRta huA / unhoMne isake granthoM se uddharaNa bhI die haiM / vaha vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza para eka TIkA kA lekhaka bhI mAnA jAtA hai / udbhaTa kazmIra ke rAjA jayApIDa ( 779-816 I0 ) kA Azrita kavi thA / usane bhAmahAlaGkAravivaraNa nAmaka apane grantha meM bhAmaha ke alaGkAra para TIkA kI hai / yaha grantha naSTa ho gayA hai / usakA dUsarA grantha jo prApya hai, usakA nAma zralaGkArasArasaMgraha hai / isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma udbhaTAlakAra bhI hai| isa grantha ke nAma se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha bhAmahAlaGkAravivaraNa kA hI sakSipta rUpa haiM / isameM 6 adhyAyoM meM mukha tathA alaGkAroM kA hI varNana hai / inakA varNana bhAmaha ke vaNana se bahuta adhika milatA hai / usake anusAra rotiyA~ tIna haiM ( 1 ) upanAgarikA arthAt pariSkRta, (2) grAmyA arthAt sAdhAraNa,

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 286 (3) paruSA arthAt kaThora / usakA yaha vibhAjana kevala zabdoM ke AdhAra para hI thA / bharata ke bAda yahI sabase pahalA lekhaka hai, jisane rasa para bahuta mahattva diyA hai | yaha pahalA lekhaka hai, jisane zAnta ko navama rasa mAnA hai, / 650I0 ke lagabhaga pratihArendurAja ne bhAmahAlaGkAra para TIkA likhI hai, parantu usane udbhaTa se adhika koI bAta mahattva kI nahIM likhI hai / dhvani kA siddhAnta 820 I0 ke lagabhaga 120 smaraNIya kArikAoM meM prakaTa kiyA gayA / ina kArikAoM ke lekhaka kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai, kintu bAda ke lekhakoM ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki ina kArikAoM ke lekhaka ko sahRdaya kI upAdhi pradAna kI gaI thI / 850 I0 ke lagabhaga zrAnandavardhana ne ina kArikAoM para TIkA kI aura grantha kA nAma dhvanyAloka rakkhA / isameM kArikAe~ hai tathA una para prAdandavardhana kI vRtti hai aura unake udAharaNasvarUpa vibhinna lekhakoM se uddhRta tathA apane zloka haiM / isameM 12 kArikAe~ haiN| ye cAra udyota (adhyAyoM) meM vibhakta haiM / bAda ke lekhaka ina kArikAoM ke lekhaka ke viSaya meM bhrama meM rahe haiM aura unhoMne Anandavardhana ko hI ina kArikAoM meM se kucha kA lekhaka mAnA hai / usakI zailI sarala aura vyAkhyAtmaka hai / usane apane nimnalikhita granthoM se bhI uddharaNa die haiM -- devIzataka, arjunacaritamahAkAvya, viSamabANalIlA aura haravijaya / antima do prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiM / prathama ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI naSTa ho gaye haiM / * abhinavagupta ne 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga apane grantha dhvanyAlokalocana meM dhvanyAloka kI TIkA kI hai / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki usane 16 gurutroM se vidyAdhyayana kiyA thA / usako indurAja ne dhvani kI zikSA dI thI aura bhaTTatauta ne nATyazAstra kI / zrabhinavagupta dhvani aura nATyazAstra para prAmANika AcArya hone ke atirikta zaiva mata ke pratyabhijJAvAda kA mukhya zrAcArya . Abbinavagupta, Historical and philosophical study by K. C. Pandey - pRSTha 11 saM0 sA0 i0 - 16

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260 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki usane dhvani, nATyazAstra aura zaiva mata para 41 grantha likhe haiM / inake atirikta usane zaiva prAgamoM aura kucha stotra granthoM para bhI TIkAe~ likhI haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai / dhvani para usane dhvanyAloka - locana likhA hai jo ki dhvanyAloka kI TIkA hai / bharata ke nATyazAstra para usane abhinavabhAratI nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / bhaTTatauta ke kAvyazAstrIya grantha kAvyakautuka para usane kAvyakautukavivaraNa nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / abhinavagupta kA kAvyakautukavivaraNa kevala uddharaNoM se hI jJAta hotA hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki abhinavagupta ne ghaTakara para ghaTakarpUrakulakavivRti nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / dhvanyAlokalocana ke dUsare nAma haiM--sahRdayAlokalocana yA kAvyAlokalocana / usane udAharaNa ke lie zloka apane tathA anya lekhakoM ke granthoM se diye haiM / abhinavagupta ne dhvanyAloka para candrikA nAmaka eka TIkA kA ullekha kiyA hai / usane isake lekhaka kA nAma nahIM diyA hai / nATyazAstra para usakI abhinavabhAratI eka mahattvapUrNa TIkA hai / dhvani viSaya para zrAnandavardhana aura abhinavagupta sabase prAmANika prAcArya / mahimabhaTTa zrIra kuntaka ne dhvanivAda kA ugratA ke sAtha khaNDana kiyA hai aura unakA vicAra Age mAnA bhI gayA hai, parantu dhvanivAda kA jo mahattva Anandavardhana aura abhinavagupta ke kAraNa mAnA jAtA rahA hai, vaha kadApi kama nahIM huA hai / dhvanivAda ne kAvyazAstra ke anya vAdoM rasavAda aura alaMkAravAda Adi ko bahuta adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai / bAda meM rItivAda aura vakroktivAda kA mahattva prAyaH samApta ho gayA / jisa samaya dhvanivAda kA udbhava aura vikAsa huA, usa samaya dhvanivAda ke siddhAntoM ke pracAra ke hote hue bhI rasavAda ke prabala samarthaka vidyamAna the / rasa ke viSaya meM ina prAcAryoM ke svatantra aura vaiyaktika vicAra the / inake anuyAyo bahuta kama hue haiM / inameM se kucha ne dhvanivAda ke prabhAva kI upekSA kI haiM aura kucha ne dhvanivAda kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / lollaTa ( 700-800 I0) rasavAda kA prabala samarthaka hai / usane nATyazAstra ko TIkA kI thI / ha

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 261 grantha naSTa ho gayA hai / zaMkuka (850 I0) Anandavardhana kA samakAlIna thA / usane nATyazAstra kI TIkA likho thii| vaha TIkA naSTa ho gaI hai / usakA kAvyagrantha bhuvanAbhyudaya bho naSTa ho gayA hai| usane lollaTa ke isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA ki rasa kA anubhava pratyakSa hotA hai aura apanA mata sthApita kiyA ki rasa kA anubhava anumAna ke dvArA hotA hai / bhaTTanAyaka (lagabhaga 600 I0) ne hRdayadarpaNa grantha likhA hai / yaha nATyazAstra kI TIkA mAnI jAtI hai| yaha grantha Ajakala* aprApya hai / vaha rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnatA thA kAvya se pAThakoM ko aura nATakIya pradarzana se darzakoM ko rasa kA anubhava karAyA jA sakatA hai / kuntaka (lagabhaga 1000 I0) kA dUsarA nAma kuntala bhI hai| usane eka grantha vakroktijIvita likhA hai / yaha tIna adhyAyoM meM apUrNa prApta hotA hai / isameM rIti, rasa, guNa aura alaGkAra kI samAlocanA prastuta karate . hue usane purAnI zailiyoM ke sthAna para tona naI zailiyoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai-sukumAra, vicitra tathA madhyama / isameM usane vaidarbhI, gaur3I jaise purAne bhaugolika nAmoM ko sthApita karane kI nirarthakatA ko siddha kiyA hai / alakAroM tathA rasa ne pratyeka zailo ko uttama banAne ke lie pRthaka-pRthaka yoga pradAna kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, usane yaha bhI anubhava kiyA ki lekhaka kA caritra usako racanA meM pratibimbita hotA hai aura yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki pratyeka lekhaka kI sAhityika zailo pRthak hotI hai / spaSTa bAta yaha hai ki usa samaya racanA karane kI tIna zailiyA~ thIM / kAlidAsa, harivijaya ke lekhaka sarva sena ityAdi sukumAramArga ke AcArya tha / vicitramArga ke pratinidhi the-- bANa, bhavabhUti tathA rAjazekhara / bANaviracita harSacarita isake udAharaNa rUpa meM AtA hai| mAtRgupta, mAyurAja aura maMjIra ne madhyamamArga kA pratinidhitva kiyaa| vaha abhinavagupta kA paravartI samakAlIna thaa| usane dhvanivAda kA khaNDana kiyA aura mata sthApita kiyA ki kAvya kI AtmA vakrokti hai| usane alaGkAroM ko svabhAvokti aura vakrokti ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai / usane dhvani aura rasa ko alaGkAroM se gau mAnA hai / usakA mata hai ki kAvya aura nATaka kA saundarya vakrokti alaGkAroM meM rahatA hai, dhvani

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262 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aura rasa meM nahIM / bhaTTatauta 10ma zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM huaA thaa| usane kAvyakautuka nAmaka grantha likhA thaa| vaha naSTa ho gayA hai / usakA mata thA ki rasa kA anubhava nAyaka, lekhaka aura zrotA samAnarUpa se karate haiM / vaha zAnta rasa ko saba rasoM meM mukhya mAnatA thaa| mahimabhaTTa (lagabhaga 1050 I0) ne zaMkuka kA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura dhvanivAda kA khaNDana kiyA hai / usakA mata thA ki rasa kA anubhava anamAna ke dvArA hotA hai / usane abhinavagupta aura kuntaka ke matoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| usane tona adhyAyoM meM vyaktiviveka nAmaka grantha likhA hai| iso meM usane apane vicAra vyakta kiye haiM / isa grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha uccakoTi kA vidvAn aura Alocaka thaa| usakI AlocanA meM pUrNa sUkSmatA aura gambhIratA hai| usakA dUsarA grantha kAvyazAstra para tattvoktikoza thA / vaha naSTa ho gayA hai| isa kAla meM kucha aise bhI vidvAn hue haiM, jinhoMne isa vivAda meM bhAga nahIM liyA, kintu kAvyazAstra para kArya kiyA hai / unake vicAroM para ramavAda aura dhvanivAda kA prabhAva avazya par3atA hai / rudraTa (800-850 I0) mavase prathama vidvAn hai, jisane alaMkAroM ko vaijJAnika paddhati se vibhAjita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| usane 16 adhyAyoM meM kAvyAlaMkAra grantha likhA hai| usane zabdAlaMkAroM, athAlaMkAroM, vakrokti aura yamaka kA vistata vivecana kiyA hai| vAmana aura daNDI ke dvArA svIkRta tInoM rotiyoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai aura unake sAtha hI cautho lATo roti kA bho ullekha kiyA hai / usane rasasiddhAnta kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai / lekhaka ne chaH bhASAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-prAkRta, saMskRta, mAgadhI, paizAcI, zaurasenI aura apabhraMza / usane 'zAnta' ko navA~ tathA 'preya' ko dasavA~ rasa mAnA hai| usakA dUsarA nAma zatAnanda hai| nATakakAra rAjazekhara (600 I.) ne kAvyamImAMzA 18 adhyAyoM meM likhI hai| usane kAvyazAstrIya viSayoM kA vizleSaNa nahIM kiyA hai / usako pustaka kaviyoM ke lie eka saMgraha-pustikA hai| isameM jJAtavya sabhI bAtoM kA samAveza hai / isameM kavi aura bhASA Adi ke viSaya meM Avazyaka bAtoM kA ullekha hai|

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 263 yaha kaviyoM ke lie Avazyaka sabhI bAtoM kI eka bahumUlya nidhi hai / usane isa grantha meM katipaya kaviyitriyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / lekhaka ne sAhityika viSayoM se sambaddha viSayoM para apanI patnI avantisundarI, pAlyakIrti, zyAmadeva, maGgala Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / usane zaivasiddhAnta tathA paJcarAtra ina do dharma siddhAntoM kI bhI carcA kI hai / alaGkAra eka sAtavA~ vedAGga aura pandrahavA~ vidyAsthAna hai / rudrabhaTTa ke zrRMgAratilaka meM kevala rasoM kA vivecana hai / usane zAnta ko navama rasa svIkAra kiyA hai / isI viSaya para usakA grantha rasakalikA abhI taka aprakAzita hai / zrRGgAratilaka meM tripuravadha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo rudrabhaTTa kI hI kRti hai / zrRGgAratilaka kA sarvaprathama ullekha hemacandra ( 1088-1972 I0 ) ke kAvyAnuzAsana meM prApta hotA hai / usakA nizcita samaya ajJAta hai, parantu vaha 1000 I0 se pUrva avazya huA hogA / kucha vidvAn rudrabhaTTa aura rudraTa ko eka hI vyakti mAnate haiM / dhArA ke rAjA muMja ke Azrita kavi, viSNu ke putra, dhanaMjaya ( lagabhaga 100 I0 ) ne cAra prakAzoM meM nATyazAstra viSaya para dazarUpaka grantha likhA hai / isameM rasoM para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usane bharata ke nATyazAstra kA ho anusaraNa kiyA hai / isameM nATyazAstra viSaya para 300 smaraNIya kArikAe~ haiM | viSNu kA putra dhanika saMbhavata: dhanaMjaya kA bhAI thA / usane dazarUpaka para avaloka nAma kI TIkA likhI hai / usane yaha TIkA muMja ke svargavAsa ke bAda likhI hai / TIkA kA samaya 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / dazarUpaka avaloka TIkA ke sAtha usI samaya se bahuta adhika prasiddha huA hai / usa samaya se lekara Aja taka yaha nATyazAstra para prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai / dhanika ke kAvyazAstra para eka grantha kAvyanirNaya kA avaloka meM ullekha hai | yaha grantha prApya hai / uparyukta do granthoM (dazarUpaka aura kAvyanirNaya ) ke lekhakoM (dhanaMjaya aura dhanika ) ne zAnta rasa ke viruddha pracaNDa prativAda kiyA / bhoja ne dhArA meM 1005 I0 se 1054 I0 taka rAjya kiyA hai / vaha svayaM bahuta yogya vidvAn thA aura vidvAnoM kA AzrayadAtA thA / isane sAhitya

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264 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ke kaI aMgoM para grantha likhakara apanI vizeSa yogyatA kA paricaya diyA hai / usane kAvyazAstra para do ucca koTi ke grantha likhe haiM - sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa aura zRGgAraprakAza / sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa eka vizAla granya hai / isameM pA~ca prakAza (adhyAya) haiM / isameM kAvya ke guNoM aura doSoM, alaMkAroM aura rasoM kA vivecana hai / tIna rItiyoM meM eka lATI rIti kA samAveza rudraTa ne kiyA thA, una cAra meM avantI aura mAgadhI do aura rItiyoM kA samAveza karake unako 6 kara diyA hai| usane apane se prAcIna lekhakoM ke bahuta uddharaNa die haiM / ataH usakA grantha kaviyoM ke kAla-nirNaya meM bahuta adhika sahAyaka hone se mahattvapUrNa hai| zRGgAraprakAza meM 36 adhyAya haiM / isake prArambhika 12 adhyAyoM meM mahAkAvya aura nATaka ke lakSaNa, kAvya ke guNoM aura doSoM kA vivecana hai / zeSa 24 adhyAyoM meM rasoM kA vivecana hai aura unameM zRGgAra ko mukhyatA dI gaI hai| kSemendra (1050 I0) abhinavagupta kA ziSya thaa| usane do grantha likheM haiM - aucityavicAracarcA aura kavikaNThAbharaNa / aucityavicAracarcA meM lekhaka ne apanA mata pradarzita kiyA hai ki rasa ke pariSkAra meM aucitya mukhya sahAyaka hai / usakA kathana hai ki rasa ko prAtmA aucitya hai / vaha zabdoM, unake arthoM, guNoM, alaMkAroM, rasa tathA kAvya ke sabhI prAzrayoM ke aucitya para Azrita hai| usane udAharaNa apane granthoM tathA anya lekhakoM ke granthoM se die haiN| usake vivecana para dhvani-mata kA bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A hai| vaha apane vivecana meM sarvathA niSpakSa hai / vaha bar3e se bar3e prasiddha kavi ke kAvyagata doSoM ko prakaTa karane meM saMkoca nahIM karatA hai aura na usakA koI vizeSa priya kavi hai| kavikaNThAbharaNa meM pA~ca adhyAyoM meM ina viSayoM para vicAra kiyA hai-koI vyakti kavi kaise ho sakatA hai, kavi ne jo sthAna prApta kara liyA hai usako sthira kaise rakkhe tathA kavi aura unake kAryasambandhI anya sabhI bAtoM para upayogI sUcanAe~ dI haiN| usane jina kaviyoM aura granthoM ke uddharaNa diye haiM, unameM se bahata se kavi aura grantha kevala nAma mAtra hI zeSa haiN| usake apane likhe hue kaI to

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kAvya aura nATyazAstra ke siddhAnta 265 grantha the / usane apane granthoM meM unakA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu ve aba naSTa ho gaye haiM / mammaTa 1100 I0 ke lagabhaga huA thA / usane dhvani mata ke AlocakoM ko apane uttaroM ke dvArA mauna banA diyA aura dhvani mata ko punarujjIvita kiyA / usane dasa ullAsoM ( ( adhyAyoM) meM kAvyaprakAza nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isa grantha kI racanA meM allaTa bhI usakA sAthI thA / allaTa kA dUsarA nAma alaka bhI thA / isa grantha meM usane nATyazAtra ko chor3akara kAvyazAstra ke sabhI viSayoM kA pUrNa vivecana kiyA hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki mammaTa ne navama ullAsa meM parikara alaMkAra taka grantha kI racanA kI hai aura zeSa bhAga allaTa ne likhA hai / isameM smaraNIya kArikAe~ haiM / unakI TIkA mammaTa ne svayaM upayukta udAharaNoM ke sAtha kI hai / inameM se kucha kArikAe~ nATyazAstra se lI huI jJAta hotI haiM / kAvyaprakAza jaba se likhA gayA, tabhI se bahuta adhika pracalita ho gayA / taba se lekara Aja taka yaha kAvyazAstra para sabase adhika prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai / isa grantha kI prasiddhi isa bAta se jJAta hotI hai ki isa para aba taka 70 TIkAe~ likhI jA cukI haiM / mammaTa ne zabdazakti viSaya para eka aura grantha zabdavyApAravicAra likhA hai / hemacandra ( 1988 - 1172 I0 ) ne kAvyAnuzAsana likhA hai / isa grantha para usane apanI TIkA alaMkAracUr3AmaNi likhI hai / isameM ATha adhyAya haiM / isameM kAvyazAstra aura nATyazAstra ke sabhI viSayoM kA vivecana hai / ruyyaka ne 1150 I0 meM alaMkArasarvasva grantha likhA hai / ruyyaka kA dUsarA nAma hacaka bhI hai / yaha grantha sUtrarUpa meM hai aura usa para TIkA bhI sAtha hI hai / isa TIkA kA nAma vRtti hai / isa TIkA ke lekhaka ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki sUtra ruyyaka ke likhe hue haiM aura TIkA usake ziSya maMkha ne likhI hai / dUsarA mata yaha hai ki sUtra aura TIkA donoM kA lekhaka ruyyaka hI hai / isa grantha meM ruyyaka ne alaGkAroM kA vaijJAnika vidhi se vivecana aura vizleSaNa kiyA hai / ruyyaka,

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266 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ne isa grantha ke atirikta ye grantha aura likhe haiM- kAvyaprakAza kI TIkA mahibhaTTa ke vyaktiviveka kI TIkA, sAhityamImAMsA, nATakamImAMsA, bANa ke harSacarita kI TIkA harSacaritaTIkA, alaMkArAnusAriNI aura sahRdayalIlA / harSacaritaTIkA ke atirikta anya sabhI grantha kAvyazAstra viSayaka haiM / sahRdayalIlA meM isa bAta kA varNana hai ki eka sahRdaya vyakti ko kisa prakAra kA jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhie / soma ke putra eka jaina vidvAn vAgbhaTTa ne alaGkAroM para eka grantha vAgbhaTAlaMkAra likhA hai / isake pA~ca adhyAyoM meM usane kAvya, kAvya kA svarUpa, bhASA, guNa, alaGkAra, rasa aura sAhityika paramparAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / yaha lekhaka 13vIM zatAbdI I0 ke prArambha kA hai / usI samaya grallarAja ne rasa viSaya para rasaratnapradIpikA nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI / jayadeva ne candrAloka likhA hai / vaha eka prasiddha naiyAyika, nATyakAra zrIra sAhityazAstrI thA / vaha 1250 I0 ke lagabhaga huA thA / usane nATyazAstra ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kAvyazAstrIya viSayoM kA vivecana sarala aura rocaka DhaMga se kiyA hai / zAradAtanaya lagabhaga ( 1250 I0 ) ne dasa adhyAyoM meM bhAvaprakAzana grantha likhA hai / usane kAvyazAstrIya viSayoM ke varNana meM bharata kA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura bharata se bhinna vicAroM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / usane rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai / usane zAnta ko rasa nahIM mAnA hai / usane bhoja ke a usAra hI zRMgAra rasa ko vikasita kiyA hai / neminAra kA putra eka jaina vidvAn vAgbhaTTa aura hu hai / vaha vAgbhaTTAlaGkAra ke lekhaka vAgbhaTTa se bhinna hai / vaha 13vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM huA thA / usane pA~ca adhyAyoM meM kAvyAnuzAsana grantha likhA hai / yaha sUtrarUpa meM hai aura usa para lekhaka ne svayaM alaMkAratilaka nAma kI TIkA bhI likhI hai / viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha vAgbhaTTAlaGkAra ke tulya hI hai / lagabhaga isI samaya amRtAnandayogI ne alaMkArasArasaMgraha grantha 'likhA hai / isameM kAvyazAstrIya sabhI viSayoM kA varNana hai /

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kAvya aura nATyazAstra ke siddhAnta 267 eka reDDI rAjakumAra ziMgabhUpAla 1400 I0 ke lagabhaga huA thaa| vaha svayaM vidvAn thA aura vidvAnoM kA AzrayadAtA thaa| usane rasArgavasudhAkara anya likhA hai| isameM tIna adhyAya haiM / isameM usane rasoM aura nATyazAstra kA varNana kiyA hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha grantha ziMgabhUpAla ke Azrita vizvezvara nAmaka vidvAn ko racanA hai / bhAnudatta 1400 I0 ke lagabhaga huprA thA / usane rasamaMjarI aura rasataraMgiNI nAmaka do grantha likhe haiN| donoM meM rasa kA vivecana hai, vizeSarUpa se zrRMgAra kA / vizvanAtha 14vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdva meM huA thaa| vaha ur3IsA kA nivAsI thA / usane dasa adhyAyoM meM sAhityadarpaNa grantha likhA hai| isameM usane kAvyazAstrIya tathA nATayazAstrIya sabho viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| usane anya kaviyoM ke granthoM se uddharaNa dene ke atirikta apane granthoM se bhI uddharaNa die haiN| unake nAma haiM - raghuvilAsamahAkAvya, eka prAkRta meM likhita kuvalayAzvacarita, eka nATikA prabhAvatI, candra kalAnATikA aura eka aitihAsika kAvya narasiMharAjavijaya / ye sabhI grantha naSTa ho gaye haiN| eka reDDI rAjakumAra vema bhUpAla (lagabhaga 1420 I0) ne 13 adhyAyoM meM sAhityacintAmaNi grantha likhA hai / isameM usane zabdAlaGkAroM aura arthAlaGkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| vaha koNDa bIDU vaMza kA rAjA thA / vAmanabhaTTa bANa usakA Azrita kavi thaa| vidyAbhUSaga kI sAhityakaumudI usI samaya kI racanA hai| rUpagosvAmI ne 1533 I0 meM ujjvalanIlamaNi nAmaka grantha likhA hai| isameM kRSNa ke prazaMsAtmaka zloka udAharaNa ke rUpa meM diye gaye haiN| joDagosvAmI ne isako TIkA likhI hai| apyaya dIkSita 1554 I0 meM hamA thA / usane kutavAnanda, cinImAMzA aura vRttivAtika likhe haiM / usane jayadeva ke candrAloka ke pA~caveM adhyAya para kuvalayAnanda meM TIkA kI hai aura candrAloka meM Avazyaka parivartana bhI kiye haiM / kuvalayAnanda candrAloka ke pA~caveM adhyAya para Azrita hai, ataH isameM arthAlaGkAroM kA hI varNana hai| yaha grantha dakSiNa bhArata meM bahuta pracalita hai / citramImAMsA meM alaGkAroM

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268 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kA vaijJAnika vidhi se vivecana hai / yaha grantha apUrNa hai / vRttivArtika meM zabdazakti kA varNana hai / kezavamizra ne 16vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM alaMkArazekhara grantha likhA hai| isameM usane zabdAlaGkAroM aura arthAlaGkAroM kA hI mukhyatayA vivecana kiyA hai / usane sAtha hI sAtha kaviyoM ke lie kucha Avazyaka nirdeza bhI diye haiM / jina zrIpAda ke vicAroM kA isa grantha meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai unhIM ke matAnusAra maithalI zailI kI bhI carcA kI gayo hai / kavikarNaputra kI racanA alaMkArakaustubha isI samaya kI kRti hai| jagannAtha ( 1560-1665 I0 ) ne do grantha likhe haiMrasagaMgAdhara aura citramImAMsAkhaNDana / rasagaMgAdhara alaGkAroM ke viSaya meM atyanta prAmANika grantha hai / isameM usane alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa diye haiM / apane udAharaNa dekara usane ina lakSaNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai aura apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke mantavyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaha apane vivAroM meM pUrNatayA svatantra hai| jahA~ para vaha anya sUprasiddha lekhakoM ke sAtha matabheda rakhatA hai, vahA~ para bahuta nirbhIkatA ke sAtha unake mantavyoM kA khaNDana karatA hai / usane dhvani-mata kA ugratA ke sAtha khaNDana kiyA hai aura rasa-siddhAnta ko paripuSTi kI hai / usake nirNaya kA bhAva usakI kAvyaparibhASA se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai jise usane eka paMkti meM hI vyakta kI hai--'ramaNoyArthapratipAdakaH zabdaH kAvyam' / usakA citramImAMsAkhaNDana granya appaya dIkSita ke citramImAMsA grantha kA khaNDana hai / rAjacUDAmaNi dIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ne kAvyadarpaNa grantha likhA hai / isa para usane apanI hI TokA alaMkAra car3AmaNi likhI hai / vizvezvara 18vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM huA thaa| usane alaGkAroM para do grantha alaMkArakaustubha aura alaMkArakarNAbharaNa likhe haiN| katipaya lekhakoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM kI prazaMsA ke rUpa meM kAvyazAstrIya grantha likhe haiM / ina granthoM meM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo zloka diye gaye haiM, ve adhikAMza meM apane AzrayadAtAoM ke prazaMsAtmaka haiM /

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kAvya aura nATyazAstra ke siddhAnta 261 isa prakAra ke granthoM meM vidyAdhara ( lagabhaga 1300 I0 ) kA ekAvali prantha hai / yaha grantha usane apane prazrayadAtA utkala aura kaliMga ke rAjA narasiMha kI prazaMsA meM likhA hai / yaha kAvyaprakAza ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai / vidyAnAtha ke pratAparudriyayazobhUSaNa grantha se isa prakAra ke kAvya kI vicitratA jJAta hotI hai| grantha kA nAma hI azrayadAtA ke nAma se hai / vaha vidyAnAtha aura agastya eka hI vyakti haiM / yaha vAraMgala ke rAjA pratApadeva ( lagabhaga 1300 I0 ) kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA hai / vizvezvara kA camatkAracandrikA grantha ziMgabhUpAla ( lagabhaga 1400 I0 ) kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA hai / yajJanArAyaNa ne alaMkAraratnAkara grantha tanjaura ke rAjA raghunAtha nAyaka ( 1614-1632 I0 ) kI prazaMsA meM likhA hai| narasiMha kavi, jisakI upAdhi abhinavakAlidAsa thI, ne naMjarAja ( 18 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha ) ko prazaMsA meM najarAjayazobhUSaNa grantha likhA hai / sadAzivamakhin ne 18vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM TrAvanakora ke rAjA rAmavarmA kI prazaMsA meM rAmavarmayazobhUSaNa grantha likhA hai / ___nATyazAstra kI paribhASAoM ke viSaya meM bahumUlya sUcanA sAgaranandI ke nATakalakSaNaratnakoza nAmaka grantha meM milatI hai / isa grantha meM diye gaye bahuta se dRSTAnta na kevala kaviyoM ke kAla-krama ko vyavasthita karane meM sahAyatA dete haiN| kintu aneka aisI racanAtroM kI sUcanA pradAna karate haiM jo aba lupta ho gaye haiN| 17vIM zatAbdI meM kRSNabhaTTa ne praznamAlA ko racanA ko / yaha sAhityika samAlocanA kA eka viziSTa grantha hai| isameM prAmANika granthoM ke pAThya ke viSaya meM kucha samasyAe~ uThAyo gayo haiM aura unakA uttara bhI diyA gayA hai / inameM se kucha sAhityazAstriyoM ne kAvya-lekhana ke lakSya aura upayogitA para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| kAvyalekhanakA lakSya yaza aura dhana mAnA gayA hai / kucha lekhakoM ne kAvyalekhana kA lakSya caturvargaprApti mAnA hai / kAmyalekhana ke vibhinna uddezyoM kA saMgraha mammaTa ne agralikhita zloka meM kiyA hai

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kAvyaM yazase'rthakRte vyavahAravide zivetarakSataye / sadyaH paranirvRtaye kAntAsaMmitatayopadezayuje // usane sAtha ho yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki kAlidAsa ko kAvyalekhana se yaza milA, bANa ko dhana aura mayUra ko roga se mukti milI / 300 kAvyalekhana meM saphalatA prApti ke lie tIna sAvana batAye gaye haiMpratibhA ; susaMskRta vidyAdhyayana aura usakA upayoga / pratibhA ke abhAva meM anya do sAdhanoM se koI bhI vyakti kavi ho sakatA hai / hemacandra ne navAbhyAsI ke lie upadeza diyA hai ki vaha prArambhika abhyAsa ke lie kisI kavi ke bane hue zloka ke tIna caraNoM ko le aura caturtha caraNa svayaM - banAve | kSemendra ne apane grantha kavikaNThAbharaNa meM isa viSaya para vicAra - I kiyA hai ki kAvya jagat meM kauna vyakti kisa sImA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| usane apane grantha aucityavicAracarcA meM yaha vivecana kiyA hai ki rasa ke paripAka ke lie aucitya kA dhyAna rakhanA anivArya hai / ina lekhakoM ne navAbhyAsiyoM ke lie jo upadeza die haiM, ve upayogI haiM, parantu isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki bAda ke sAmAnya kaviyoM ne pUrvavartI kaviyoM ke bhAvoM aura zabdAvalI kI hI punarAvRtti kI hai / kavi apanI yogyatA kA pradarzana vidvatsabhA meM karate the aura vidvAnoM kI svIkRti para vaha vastutaH kavi mAne jAte the / rAjazekhara ne apane grantha kAvyamImAMsA meM ullekha kiyA hai ki kAlidAsa haricandra Adi ko parIkSA ujjaina meM huI thI aura upavarSa pANini, vararuci, pataMjali Adi kI parIkSA paTanA meM huI thii| kaI bAra kavi kI yogyatA kI parIkSA isa prakAra bhI kI jAtI thI ki use yaha kahA jAtA thA ki vaha kisI batAye hue 1. kAvyaprakAza 1 103-14 / 2. daNDI kA kAvyAdarza 1.103 / 3. rAjazekharakRta kAvyamImAMsA, adhyAya 10 /

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kAvya aura nATya zAstra ke siddhAnta 3.1 viSaya para usI samaya kavitA banAve, kisI anya kavi ke dvArA banAye hue apUrNa zloka ko pUrNa kare yA kisI samasyA ko pUrNa kare / isa prakAra kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha ballAlasena ke bhojaprabandha, merutuMga ke prabandhacintAmaNi aura maMkha ke zrIkaNThacarita meM hai| eka bauddha bhikSuka dharmadAsa ne cAra bhAgoM meM vidagdhamukhamaNDana likhA hai| isameM samasyAoM kA varNana hai| vaha 13vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM huA thA / ataeva jo kavi rAjadvAra meM Azraya cAhatA thA, usako vibhinna prakAra kI ruci vAle vidvAnoM ko prasanna karane ke lie aneka viSayoM se paricita honA par3atA thaa| kAmasUtra ne isa viSaya meM katipaya upayogI nirdeza diye haiM ki kavi ko kisa prakAra paripUrNa honA caahie|

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adhyAya 26 zAstrIya grantha zAstrIya granthoM kI vizeSatAe~ aura vyAkaraNa .... zAstra zabda kA prayoga sAhitya ke usa vibhAga ke lie hotA hai, jisakA vivecana vaijJAnika paddhati se hotA hai / zAstra zabda kA artha hai--jisake dvArA kisI bAta kI zikSA dI jAtI hai / ziSyate'neneti zAstram / prArambha meM isa zabda kA prayoga una viSayoM ke lie hI hotA thA, jinakA sambandha vaidika granthoM se thA / bAda meM isa zabda kA prayoga una sabhI viSayoM ke lie hone lagA, jinakA vivecana vaidika viSayoM ke tulya vaijJAnika vidhi se hone lagA / zAstra nAma se niSTi viSayoM ko utpatti kAraNa yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sabhI viSayoM kA vivecana vaidika zIrSaka ke andara karane meM katipaya kaThinAiyA~ anubhava huI hoNgii| dhIre-dhIre pratyeka viSaya kA apanA svataMtra mahattva hone lagA aura usakA vizeSa rUpa se adhyayana hone lgaa| ina vizeSa adhyayanoM meM bhI anya viSayoM ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana hotA thaa| isa prakAra vyAkaraNa, nirukta aura yajJa Adi ke vivecana ke AdhAra para vaiyAkaraNa, narukta, yAjJika Adi kI zAstrIya zAkhAe~ bana gyiiN| zAstroM kI vizeSatAe~ zAstroM ke maulika siddhAnta sAdhAraNatayA sUtra rUpa meM likhe gaye haiN| sUtra saMkSepa meM siddhAnta kA nirdeza karate haiN| sUtroM kI vidhi isalie apanAyo gayo ki vidyArthI ko smaraNa karane meM kaThinAI na pdd'e| ye sUtra kevala guruyoM ko byAkhyA ke dvArA hI samajhe jA sakate the / ye guru hI una sUtroM kI vyAkhyA

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zAstrIya grantha 303 ke lie prAmANika vyakti the| vibhinna zAstroM kI utpatti tathA pratyeka ke vibhinna vicAroM ke kAraNa katipaya sthaloM para sarvathA virodhI mata prApta hote the, ataH vidyArthI una zaMkAspada sthaloM ko apane guruoM se pUchate the aura ve unakA uttara dete the / sUtroM para ina praznottaroM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA aura una saMgrahoM ko bhASya nAma diyA gyaa| guru una sUtroM para kucha AlocanAtmaka bAteM bhI kahate the| unakA saMgraha vArtikoM aura vRttiyoM ke rUpa meM huA dekhie : uktAnuktaduruktAnAM cintA yatra pravartate / taM granthaM vArtikaM prAhuAtikajJA manoSiNaH / / pratyeka viSaya para jo sAmagrI taiyAra ho rahI thI, usake mukhya siddhAntoM ko spaSTa rUpa meM rakhane ke liye unako kArikAoM ke rUpa meM rakkhA gyaa| adhikAMza meM ina kArikAoM kA bhASya bhI lekhaka karate the| samaya-samaya para rAjadvAroM tathA vidvatsabhAoM meM vibhinna zAstrIya siddhAntoM para vAda-vivAda hote the| isa prakAra ke vAda-vivAdoM kA pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha zAstrIya sAhitya saMvAdAtmaka aura vidvattApUrNa huA / sAdhAraNatayA ye vAdavivAda gadya meM likhe gaye haiN| bAda meM isa prakAra ke jo vAdavivAda likhe gaye haiM. ve lambe-lambe samAsoM se yukta haiN| unameM jo zloka diye gaye haiM, ve kisI nirNaya ke bodhana ke lie haiM yA vizeSa vicAraNIya kisI viSaya kA nirdeza karate haiN| bAda ke zAstrIya sAhitya meM kriyAoM kA prayoga bahuta kama hai / nAstika darzanoM ko chor3akara anya sabhI zAstroM ne apanA udabhava veda se mAnA hai| 14 vidyAe~ mAnI jAtI haiN| unake nAma ye haiM--4 veda, 6 vedAMga purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA aura dharmazAstra / ' Ayurveda, dhanurveda, gAndharvaveda aura maryazAstra ye 4 upaveda haiM / ina cAroM ko lekara 18 vidyAe~ arthAt zAstra haiN| 1. purANanyAyamImAMsAdharmazAstrAMgamizritAH / vedAH sthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya ca caturdaza / / yAjJavalkya smati 1.3.

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304 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vyAkaraNa vedAMgoM meM vyAkaraNa kA pramukha sthAna hai / anya bhASAoM meM vyAkaraNa sAhitya kA eka aMga mAnA jAtA hai, parantu saMskRta ke adhyayana ke viSaya meM eka svataMtra viSaya hai| isakI utpatti vaidika kAla se hai| isake vikAna para do anya vedAMgoM nirukta aura zikSA kA bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A hai| vaidikotara kAla meM kaI aise vaiyAkaraNa hue haiM, jinhoMne yaha prayatna kiyA hai ki bhASA ke lie niyamoM ko banAyA jAya aura unhoMne isake lie apane grantha bhI batAe / pANini ke atirikta anya sabhI ke grantha naSTa ho gaye haiN| baha aTaka ke samIpa zAlAtura sthAna para utpanna huA thA / vaha dAkSi kA putra thaa| usakA samaya 700 I0 pU0 aura 600 I0 pU0 ke bIca kA mAnA jAtA hai / kathAsaritsAgara ke anusAra vaha varSa kA ziSya thA / usake sahapAThI thekAtyAyana, vyADi, aura indradatta / use prAcArya varSa se jo zikSA prApta haI usase vaha santuSTa nahIM huA / usane bhagavAn ziva kI upAsanA kI aura unhoMne prasanna hokara usako 14 mAhezvara sUtra [ pratyAhAra sutra ] pradAna kie / usane una 14 sUtroM ko vikasita kiyA / pANini se pUrvavartI kitane hI AcArya ho cuke haiN| unake grantha pANini ko prApta the| usane naye pAribhASika zabda, zabdArtha kI vyAkhyA ke naye niyama tathA pratyayoM Adi kA AviSkAra kiyA / usane pATha adhyAyoM meM aSTAdhyAyI nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| isameM lagabhaga 4 sahasra sUtra haiN| pANini ne bahata choTe pAribhASika zabda rakkhe haiM, pratyAhAroM kA upayoga kiyA hai tathA sUtroM meM una zabdoM ko nahIM rakkhA hai jo pUrva sUtra se anuvRtti ke dvArA prApta ho sakate haiM / isa prakAra usake sUtroM meM ati saMkSepa ho sakA hai / usane zabdayoM aura dhAturUmoM kA ati sUkSmatA ke sAtha prakRti aura pratyaya ke rUpa meM vizleSaNa kiyA hai| pANini ko aSTAdhyAyI vizva kA eka Adarza grantha hai| isameM sarvAGgapUrNa anusandhAna tathA pAribhASika pUrNatA hai| pANini ne dhAtupATha,

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zAstrIya grantha 305 gaNapATha aura uNAdisUtra bhI likhe haiM / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki pANini ke uNAdi sUtroM kA saMzodhana kAtyAyana ne kiyA hai aura kucha kA mata hai ki uNAdisUtroM kA lekhaka hI kAtyAyana hai / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI kI samIkSA aura usakA bhASya bahuta lekhakoM ne kiyA thA, parantu unake grantha naSTa ho gaye haiM / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prAcArya vyADi ne pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM eka lAkha zlokoM se yukta eka saMgraha nAmaka grantha likhA thA / pataMjali ne isa grantha ke uddharaNa diye haiM, parantu yaha grantha ava naSTa ho gayA hai / kAtyAyana ne pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM gadya aura padya meM vArtika likhe haiM / kAtyAyana kA samaya 500 I0 pU0 aura 350 I0 pU0 ke bIca meM hai / usane aSTAdhyAyI meM grAvazyaka saMzodhana, parivartana aura parivardhana kiye haiM / usane kaI sthAnoM para apane sujhAva prastuta kiye haiM aura kaI sthAnoM para pANini ke niyamoM ko anAvazyaka bhI batAyA hai / vaha vAjasaneyi prAtizAkhya aura vAjasaneyi zrautasUtra kA bhI lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / kAtyAyana aura vararuci eka hI vyakti mAne jAte haiM / vararuci ke likhe hue ye grantha mAne jAte haiM -- liMgAnuzAsana, kArakaracanA, samAja Adi ke viSaya meM 25 smaraNIya paMktiyoM meM vararucisaMgraha, puSpasUtra aura eka kAvya vararucikAvya / isake pazcAt jisa vaiyAkaraNa kA grantha upalabdha hotA hai, vaha hai pataMjali / usane mahAbhASya grantha likhA hai / usakA samaya 150 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga hai / pataMjali ne vyADi ke saMgraha grantha se paryApta sahAyatA lI hai| usane pANini ke sUtroM ke viSaya meM apanI iSTiyA~ bhI likhI haiM ki yahA~ para aisA honA cAhie / pANini para kAtyAyana ne jo katipaya sthaloM para AkSepa kiye haiM, unakA usane uttara diyA hai aura pANini kA samarthana kiyA hai / usane apane pUrvavartI katipaya vaiyAkaraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / mahAbhASya meM usakI zailI atyanta manorama aura sarala hai / isI kAraNa sampUrNa saMskRta sAhitya meM usakI zailI Adarza aura anupama hai / AkAra aura viSaya donoM kI dRSTi se ise mahAbhASya saM0 sA0 i0 -- 20

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kahA jAtA hai / isIlie yaha kahAvata pracalita hai -- "mahAbhASyaM vA paThanIyam, mahArAjyaM vA zAsanIyam" / pataMjali ko AdizeSa kA avatAra mAnA jAtA hai usakA janma gonarda (goMDA ) meM huA thA / vaha pAtaMjalayogadarzana aura carakasaMhitA kA bhI lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / 306 pataMjali ke bAda cauthI zatAbdI I0 taka vyAkaraNa kA koI maulika grantha nahIM likhA gayA / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki isa bIca meM mahAbhASya kA hI adhyayana hotA rahA / bhartRhari cauthI zatAbdI I0 meM huA thA / usane mahAbhASya kI TIkA mahAbhASyadIpikA nAmaka grantha meM kI hai / vaha apUrNa upalabdha hai / vaha cInI yAtrI itsiMga (672-675 I0 ) kI bhAratayAtrA ke samaya mahAvaiyAkaraNa ke rUpa meM suprasiddha thA / usane eka dUsarA graMtha vAkyapadIya nAmaka likhA hai / isameM tIna kANDa ( adhyAya ) haiM / unake nAma haiM- AgamakANDa, vAkyakANDa aura padakANDa / inameM kramazaH sphoTa, vAkya aura zabda kA varNana hai / isameM usane vyAkaraNa kA dArzanika vivecana kiyA hai / usane sphoTavAda ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura zabdabrahma ke rUpa meM pradvaitavAda ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vaha bauddha dArzanika vasubandhu ( 350 I0 ) ke samakAlIna tathA virodhI vidvAn vasurAta kA ziSya thA / vAmana aura jayAditya ne pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ke Upara kAzikA nAma kI TIkA likhI hai / itsiMga ( 672-675 I0 ) ne apanI yAtrA ke samaya isa grantha kI prasiddhi kA ullekha kiyA hai / usa samaya cInI loga saMskRta jAnane ke lie isa grantha ko par3hate the / yaha grantha 600 I0 ke lagabhaga avazya likhA jA cukA hogA / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki aSTAdhyAyI ke prArambhika pA~ca adhyAyoM kI TIkA jayAditya ne kI aura zeSa tIna adhyAyoM kI TIkA vAmana ne kI / isakI TIkA eka jaina vidvAn jinendrabuddhi, jinakA dUsarA nAma pUjyapAda devanandI hai, ne kAzikAvivaraNapaMjikA nAma se kI hai / yaha TIkA nyAsa nAma se vizeSa prasiddha hai / jinendrabuddhi 7vIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttarArdha meM huA thA / kAzikA aura nyAsa meM katipaya pUrvavartI lekhakoM aura unake granthoM kA ullekha

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zAstrIya grantha 307 hai, ataH ye donoM TIkAe~ saMskRta lekhakoM ke samaya nirdhAraNa meM bahuta sahAyaka haiM / haradatta ne 11vIM zatAbdI I0 meM kAzikA kI TIkA padamaMjarI nAmaka graMtha meM kI hai / ke dhArA ke rAjA bhoja (1005- 1054 I0) ne pANini ko aSTAdhyAyI anukaraNa para sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa grantha likhA hai / isameM ATha adhyAya haiM aura 6 sahasra se adhika sUtra haiM / lekhaka kA yaha uddezya jJAta hotA hai ki isa grantha ke dvArA saMskRta - vyAkaraNa ko sarala banAyA jAya / 11vIM zatAbdI I0 meM hI jaiyaTa ke putra kaiyaTa ne pataMjali ke mahAbhASya kI TIkA pradIpa nAma se ko / isa pradIpa TIkA kI TIkA nAgeza bhaTTa ne udyota nAma se 17vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM kI aura pralaMbhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1700 I0 ) ne udyotana nAma se kI / laGkA ke eka bauddha bhikSuka dharmakIrti ne rUpAvatAra nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isameM usane saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke nava pAThakoM ke lie kucha kamabheda se pANini ke sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai / vaha 12vIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttarArdha meM huA thA / eka bauddha vidvAn zaraNadeva ne 1173 I0 meM durghaTavRtti nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isameM usane aise zabdoM aura prayogoM ko, jo ki pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se azuddha haiM kintu jinakA prayoga uccakoTi ke kaviyoM ne kiyA hai, zuddha siddha kiyA hai / vimala sarasvatI ne 14vIM zatAbdI meM rUpamAlA grantha likhA hai / isameM usane zabdarUpoM aura dhAturUpoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / rAmacandra ( lagabhaga 1450 I0 ) ne prakriyAkaumudI likhI hai / isameM usane pANini ke sUtroM ko navapAThakoM ke lie apane DhaMga se kramabaddha kiyA hai / nArAyaNIya ke lekhaka nArAyaNabhaTTa ( 1600 I0) ne prakriyAsarvasva likhA hai / isameM usane pANini ke sUtroM ko prakriyAnoM ke anusAra kramabaddha kiyA hai / appayadIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0) ne vyAkaraNa ke vivAdAspada viSayoM para pANinivAdanakSatramAlA grantha likhA hai /

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308 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhaTTojidIkSita 17vIM zatAbdI I0 meM sarvazreSTha vaiyAkaraNa thA / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vaha appayadIkSita kA ziSya thA aura usane vedAnta par3hA thA / bhaTTojidIkSita, usake parivAra ke vyaktiyoM aura usake ziSyoM ne vyAkaraNazAstra ko bahuta bar3I dena dI hai / usane 1630 I0 meM rAmacandra kI prakriyAkaumudI ke anukaraNa para siddhAntakaumudI likhI hai / usake grantha para rAmacandra kA prabhAva par3A hai| isa grantha kA bahuta vyApaka prabhAva par3A hai / jaba se yaha grantha likhA gayA hai, taba se isane itanA prabhAva DAlA hai ki isase pahale ke sabhI grantha isake sAmane tuccha par3a gye| kAzikA kA bhI mahatva jAtA rahA / yaha saMskRta ke prArambhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie vyAkaraNa kA sarvazreSTha prAmANika grantha ho gayA hai / bhaTTojidIkSita ne siddhAntakaumadI para apano TokA prauDhamanoranA grantha ke rUpa meM likhI hai| usake anya granya ye haiM- (1) zabdakaustubha / yaha pANini ke sUtroM para aSTAdhyAyI ke krama meM hI TIkA hai / (2) liMgAnuzAsanavRtti / yaha pANini ke dvArA zabdoM ke liMgoM ke viSaya meM likhita liMgAnuzAsana para TokA hai / (3) vaiyAkaraNamatonmajjana / yaha padyAtmaka grantha hai / isameM vaiyAkaraNoM ke dArzanika siddhAntoM ko saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhaTTojidIkSita ke ziSya varadarAja ( lagabhaga 1650 I0 ) ne madhyasiddhAnkaumadI aura laghusiddhAntakaumudI grantha likhe haiN| ye donoM guntha siddhAntakaumudI ke saMkSepa haiM / isI samaya bhaTTojidIkSita ke bhatIje kauNDa bhaTTa ne vaiyAkaraNabhUSaNasAra grantha likhA hai| yaha bhaTTojidIkSita ke vaiyAkaraNamatonmajjana kI TIkA hai / nAgezabhaTTa bhaTTojidIkSita ke pautra haridIkSita kA ziSya thA / usakA mamaya 17vIM zatAbdo kA anta mAnA jAtA hai| usane vyAkaraNa, yoga varmazAstra aura kAvyazAstra para aneka grantha likhe haiM / usane jagannAtha ke rasagaMgAdhara ko TokA likhI hai / usane siddhAntakaumudI kI TIkA ke rUpa meM bRhacchabdenduzekhara aura laghuzabdenduzekhara do grantha likhe haiM ye donoM vanazaH

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zAstrIya grantha bar3I aura choTI TIkAe~ haiM / usane mahAbhASya para kI gaI kaiyaTa kI TIkA mahAbhASyapradIpa para mahAbhASyapradIpodyota arthAt udyota nAmaka TIkA likhI hai | usane saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke dArzanika dRSTikoNa ko lakSya meM rakhate hue tIna grantha likhe haiM -- maMjUSA, laghumaMjUSA, paramalaghumaMjUSA / ye tInoM eka hI vizAla grantha maMjUSA ke saMkSipta aura pratisaMkSipta rUpa haiM / usane apane grantha sphoTavAda meM vaiyAkaraNoM ke sphoTavAda kA vivecana kiyA hai / usane paribhASenduzekhara meM vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA svIkRta paribhASAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / nAgeza ke ziSya pAyaguNDa vaidyanAtha ( lagabhaga 1750 I0 ) ne vyAkaraNa viSaya para aneka grantha likhe haiM / isameM se adhikAMza apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke granthoM para TIkAe~ haiM / siddhAntakaumudI kA adhyayana nimnalikhita do TIkAoM se bahuta sarala ho gayA -- - ( 1 ) jinendrasarasvatI ( lagabhaga 1750 I 0 ) kI tattvabodhinI TIkA / yaha TIkA bahuta vidvattApUrNa tathA AlocanAtmaka hai / (2) vAsudeva dIkSita ( lagabhaga 1750 I0 ) kI bAlamanoramA TIkA / yaha TIkA bahuta sarala hai aura isameM vistAra ke sAtha saba bAteM spaSTa kI gaI haiM / 306 1120 I0 meM kSIrasvAmI ne nipAtAvyayopasarga nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / isameM unhoMne gravyayI zabdoM kI yathAkrama vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai / vijayanagara ke mAdhava ( lagabhaga 1350 I0 ) ke bhAI sAyaNa ne dhAtuvRtti nAmaka grantha likhA hai / usane apane bhAI ke nAma se isa grantha kA nAma mAdhavIyadhAtuvRtti rakkhA hai / isameM sabhI dhAtutroM ke sAre lakAroM meM rUpa diye haiM tathA dhAtu se banane vAle kRdanta zabdoM ko bhI diyA hai / nimnalikhita granthoM kI sahAyatA se vyAkaraNa - zAstra kA adhyayana bahuta adhika vikasita huA---pANini, vararuci, zabarasvAmI aura harSavardhana Adi ke liMgAnuzAsana, zabdoM kI racanA ko batAne vAle uNAdisUtra, svaroM ke niyamabodhaka phiTsUtra tathA gaNapATha Adi / inameM se bahutoM kA lekhaka pANini mAnA jAtA hai / kucha vidvAn phiTsUtroM kA lekhaka zAntanavAcArya ko mAnate haiM aura kucha zAntanu ko /

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310 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vaiyAkaraNoM kA sphoTavAda vaiyAkaraNoM ne vyAkaraNa ko zAstra kI koTi se Upara uThAkara darzana kI koTi meM lAne ke lie sphoTa - siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI / sphoTa - siddhAnta ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiM--- zabda ke pratyeka varNa pRthak-pRthak aura sammilita donoM rUpoM meM artha kA bodha karAne meM asamartha haiM, kyoMki jyoMhI eka varNa kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai aura jisa samaya taka antima varNa kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa samaya taka pahale kA koI varNa zeSa nahIM rahatA hai / ataH varNa svayaM kisI artha kA bodha karAne meM anamartha haiM / ataH varNoM ke atirikta anya kisI kI arthabodhana ke lie sattA svIkAra karanI cAhie / ataH arthabodhana ke lie sphoTa kI sattA svIkAra kI jAtI hai | sphoTa zabda kA artha hai ki jisake dvArA artha prasphuTita hotA hai / -- " sphuTatyartho'smAditi sphoTa : " ( nAgezabhaTTa kA sphoTavAda ) / zrataH varNoM ke dvArA jo artha prakaTa nahIM hotA hai, usako sphoTa prakaTa karatA hai / sphoTa eka hai, avinAzI hai aura sarvavyApaka hai / jaba varNoM kA uccAraNa hotA hai, taba sphoTa ko uccAraNa-sambandhI cAra avasthAe~ hotI haiM-- vaikharI, pazyantI aura parA / madhyamA, pataMjali ne sphoTa - siddhAnta kA ullekha kiyA hai / nAgeza ke matAnusAra sphoTa- siddhAMta kA pravartaka sphoTAyana RSi thA / bhartRhari hI sarvaprathama lekhaka haiM jisane sphoTa - siddhAnta kA sarvAGgapUrNa vivecana vAkyapadIya meM kiyA hai / uccarita zabdoM ke vinazvara rUpa meM aura zabdabrahma ke mAyArUpa meM samatA hai / dekhie -- anAdinidhanaM brahma zabdatattvaM yadakSaram / vivartate'rthabhAvena prakriyA jagato yataH // ataeva usako dhvani kahate haiM / jisake dvArA artha kA vaha zabda kA sphoTa rUpa hai / zabdoM ke uccAraNa ke sAtha vAkyapadIya 1-1 bodha hotA hai, caitanya kA prakA

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zAstrIya grantha 311 zana hotA hai / usako hI sphoTa kahA jAtA hai / zabda kevala dhvanimAtra nahIM hai| unameM sphoTa kA aMza rahatA hai, jo ki bahuta sUkSma aura adRzya hai / zuddha zabdoM kA uccAraNa dharma karane ke tulya hai / sphoTa brahma hai / usako mAnane ke kAraNa vaiyAkaraNoM ko zabdabrahmavAdI kahA jAtA hai / saMgItajJa bhI zabdabrahma ke upAsaka hote haiM / maNDana mizra ( 615-665 I0 ) ne apane grantha sphoTasiddhi meM sphoTa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| nAgeza bhaTTa ne apane grantha sphoTavAda meM isa siddhAnta ko vidhivat rakkhA hai / / pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke atirikta anya vyAkaraNa kI zAkhAe~ pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI ke bahuta samaya bAda yaha AvazyakatA anubhava huI ki pANini ke vizAla grantha ko janatA kI suvidhA ke lie sarala banAyA jAya / bauddha, jaina tathA anya dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ne yaha prayatna kiyA ki pANinIya paddhati ke AdhAra para aisI paddhati nikAlI jAya jo ki unakI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrNa kara sake / inameM se kaI aisI zAkhAe~ thIM, jo ki vedokta dharma ko nahIM mAnatI thIM, ataH unhoMne apane granthoM se vaidika bhAga ko nikAla diyA / sAtha hI unhoMne dhAtupATha, gaNapATha uNAdisUtra aura liMgAnuzAsana bhI apane DhaMga se pRthak rakkhe haiM / pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA prakaTa rUpa se virodha karane ke kAraNa tathA janapriyatA na prApta kara sakane ke kAraNa ye zAkhAe~ bahuta zIghra naSTa ho gaI / ye zAkhAe~ dharma-vizeSa ke anuyAyiyoM ke AdhAra para hI kucha samaya taka calIM / inameM se adhikAMza zAkhAe~ aba naSTa ho cukI haiM yA unake bahuta thor3e anuyAyI haiM / cAndra vyAkaraNa kI zAkhA kA saMsthApaka eka bauddha candragomI thA / usane cAndravyAkaraNa likhA hai| isameM 6 adhyAya aura 3100 sUtra haiN| usake isa grantha kA prabhAva kAzikA para dikhAI detA hai, ataH usakA samaya 500 I0 se pUrva mAnanA caahie| isa grantha kA tathA isa zAkhA ke lagabhaga dasa granthoM kA anuvAda tibbatI bhASA meM huA hai| isa zAkhA kA laMkA meM vizeSa

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312 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pracAra huA aura vahA~ 13vIM zatAbdI meM eka bauddhapurohita kAzyapa ne bAlAvabova nAmaka grantha likhakara isa zAkhA ko navIna rUpa diyA / __ jainendra zAkhA ke anuyAyI apano zAkhA kI utpatti jina mahAvIra se mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki jina mahAvora ne indra ke praznoM ke uttara diye the / ina uttaroM ke AdhAra para hI yaha navIna zAkhA pracalita huI thii| yaha zAkhA jina aura indra ke praznottara se calo, ataH isakA nAma donoM ke nAma se jinendra zAkhA ke rUpa meM pracalita huA / isakA mUla grantha dA rUpoM meM prApta huA hai / eka meM 700 sUtra haiM aura dUsare meM 300 sUtra haiM / isakI pAribhASika zabdAvalI pANini kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI se adhika kaThina hai, ataeva yaha vyAkaraNa pANinoya vyAkaraNa se adhika kaThina hai / devanandI ina sUtroM kA racayitA mAnA jAtA hai / isakI upAdhi pUjyapAda shrii| yaha aura jinendra-buddhi eka ho vyakti mAne jAte haiM / ina sUtroM para kevala do TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiN| eka abhayanandI (750 I0) kI aura dUsarI somadeva (11vIM zatAbdI I0) kI / isake atirikta isa zAkhA para aura koI grantha nahIM likhA gayA hai| eka navIna grantha paMcavastu ina sUtroM kA navIna rUpa hai| isakA samaya aura lekhaka ajJAta hai / yaha Adhunika racanA hai / yaha zAkhA digambara jainoM meM pracalita thii| __eka zvetAmbara jaina zAkaTAyana ne havIM zatAbdI I0 meM zAkaTAyana zAkhA kI sthApanA ko| zAkaTAyana ne zabdAnuzAsana nAmaka grantha likhA hai aura usa para amoghavatti nAmaka TIkA bhI svayaM likhI hai| yaha grantha pANini cAndra aura jainendra vyAkaraNoM ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai / isameM cAra adhyAya haiM aura 3200 sUtra hai / isakI paddhati siddhAntakaumadI ke tulya hai| isa paddhati ko 11vIM zatAbdI meM dayApAla ne navIna rUpa diyA aura rUpasiddha nAmaka grantha likhA / 14vIM zatAbdI meM abhayacandra ne prakriyAsaMgraha grantha likhakara isako navIna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / dhArAnareza bhoja (1005-1054 I0) ne sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai / isameM 6000 sutra haiN| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ke pratimpa

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zAstrIya grantha isameM 8 adhyAya haiN| adhyayana ke lie isa paddhati ko sarala banAne ke lie lekhaka ne grantha ke kalevara meM vArtika, uNAdisUtra aura paribhASAoM ko ekatra kara diyA hai / vaidika dharma kA anuyAyI hone ke kAraNa usakA prayAsa paNiniviruddha nahIM hai / saMskRta ke adhyayana ko sarala karane ke lie usane sUtroM kI racanA svataH kI thii| hemacandra zAkhA kA saMsthApaka jaina hemacandra (1088-1172 I0) thA / usane zabdAnuzAsana grantha likhA hai / isameM ATha adhyAyoM meM 4500 sUtra haiM / isake antima adhyAya meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa hai / isa para hemacandra ne hI bRhadvRtti nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / hemacandra ke zabdAnuzAsana para meghavijaya (17vIM zatAbdI I0) ne zabdacandrikA nAmaka TokA likhI hai| hemacandra kI bRhadvRtti para devendra sUri (samaya ajJAta) ne hemalaghunyAsa nAmaka TokA likhI hai / ___ kAtantra zAkhA kI sthApanA pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke saMkSepa ke rUpa meM huI / zaravarmA, jisakA dUsarA nAma zarvavarmA hai, guNADhya kA pratidvandvI thA / usane rAjA sAtavAhana se pratijJA kI ki vaha use 6 mAsa meM saMskRta bhASA sikhA degaa| usane subrahmaNya kI upAsanA kI aura usane prasanna hokara usako sarala vyAkaraNa prakaTa kiyA / usakA hI nAma kAtantra, kalApa yA kaumAra vyAkaraNa hai / isa grantha kA samaya prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 yA I0 meM mAnanA cAhie / yaha pANini kI aSTAdhyAyo se kucha saMkSipta hai / isa kAtantra vyAkaraNa meM cAra adhyAya haiM aura 1400 sUtra haiN| isameM pratyAhAroM ko haTAkara unakA pUrA rUpa diyA gayA hai| isameM sUtroM ko siddhAntakaumudI ke tulya hI viSayAnusAra rakkhA gayA hai| isa para 8vIM zatAbdI meM durgasiMha ne TokA likhI hai| yaha grantha kazmIra aura laGkA meM bahuta pracalita huA hai / kazmIra meM bhaTTa jayadhara ne isI zAkhA para bAlabodhinI nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isa para ugrabhUti ne nyAsa nAma ko TokA likhI hai / sArasvata zAkhA kI utpatti muslima rAjAoM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie huI thii| isa vyAkaraNa meM kevala 700 sUtra haiM / isa vyAkaraNa

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314 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha saMkSipta hai| isakA viSaya-vivecana sarala hai aura isameM kaThina tathA apracalita rUpoM ko haTA diyA gayA hai / isakA nAma sArasvata isalie par3A ki isake sUtroM ko devI sarasvatI ne pragaTa kiyA thaa| yaha zAkhA 1250 I0 ke lagabhaga prArambha huii| ina sUtroM kA kartA eka narendra nAmaka vyakti mAnA jAtA hai / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki anubhUtisvarUpAcArya ne ina sUtroM ko kramabaddha kiyA hai aura ina para sArasvataprakriyA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / vaha 13vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM huA thaa| isa sArasvataprakriyA para 15 TokAe~ likhI gaI haiN| unameM se kucha TIkAe~ ye haiM-maNDana kA maNDanabhASya tathA rAmacandrAzrama kI siddhAntacandrikA / rAmacandrAzrama kA samaya 1550 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| isa zAkhA ke lie harSakoti ( 1550 I0 ) ne dhAtupATha taiyAra kiyaa| yaha paddhati bhaTTojidIkSita ke samaya taka pracalita thii| bopadeva zAkhA kA grantha bopadeva kRta mugdhabodha hai| bopadeva 13vIM zatAbdI I0 meM huA thaa| yaha zAkhA pANinIya vyAkaraNa ko sarala banAne ke lie prArambha huI thii| isa paddhati kI ye vizeSatAe~ haiM-viSaya-vivecana kI saralatA, saMkSepa tathA dhArmika bhAvoM kA sammizraNa / isa zAkhA meM jo pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, vaha kaThinatA se samajha meM AtA hai, ataeva yaha vyAkaraNa kaThina ho gayA hai / rAmatarkavAgIza ne mugdhabodha kI TIkA kI hai / bopadeva kavikalpadruma kA bhI lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai| isameM dhAtuoM ko antyAkSara ke anusAra kramabaddha kiyA gayA hai / isa para bopadeva ne hI kAmadhenu nAma ko TokA bhI likhI hai| ___ jaumarazAkhA kA saMsthApaka kramadIzvara thaa| usane pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI kA saMkSipta rupa saMkSiptasAra grantha likhA hai / lekhaka kA samaya 11vIM zatAbdI ke bAda aura 14vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA hai| jUmaranandI ne isa zAkhA ko navIna rUpa diyA hai, ata: isa zAkhA kA nAma usI ke nAma para par3A hai| jUmaranando ne saMkSiptasAra para rasavatI nAma kI eka TIkA likhI hai|

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zAstrIya grantha '315 12vIM zatAbdI meM saMkSiptasAra para eka dUsarI TIkA goyIcandra kI likhI huI goyIcandrikA hai| ___saupana zAkhA kI sthApanA padmanAbhabhaTTa ne kI thii| vaha 14voM zatAbdI meM huA thaa| usane pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke adhikAMza bhAga ko saupadma-vyAkaraNa likhakara navIna rUpa diyA hai / isa para usane svayaM saupadmapaMjikA nAma ko TokA likhI hai / caitanya ke eka ziSya rUpagosvAmI ne harinAmAmRta nAmaka vyAkaraNa kA eka grantha likhA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki usane vyAkaraNa ko sAmpradAyika rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / isI prakAra ke aura do grantha haiM--jIvagosvAmI kA harinAmAmRta aura eka ajJAta lekhaka kA caitanyAmRta / ina granthoM meM kRSNa kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai, parantu isake viparIta bAlarAmapaMcAnana kI prabodhacandrikA meM giva kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| ___ saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke sAtha hI sAtha prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA bhI svatantra rUpa se vikAsa hyaa| isakA sabase prAcIna granya vararuci kA prAkRtaprakAza hai| isameM prathama 6 adhyAyoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA varNana hai aura bAda ke tIna adhyAyoM meM kramazaH paizAcI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta kA varNana hai| isameM apabhraMza kA varNana nahIM hai| vararuci kA samaya 500 I0 ke pUrva kA mAnanA cAhie, kyoMki 500 I0 se apabhraMza vibhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita huaA hai / bhAratIya paramparA vararuci aura vArtikakAra kAtyAyana ko eka hI vyakti mAnatI hai| ataH usakA samaya kAtyAyana kA hI samaya mAnanA cAhie / prasiddha sAhityazAstrI bhAmaha ( lagabhaga 500 I0 ) ne kevala antima adhyAya ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI adhyAyoM para manoramA nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| 10vIM zatAbdI meM rAmapANivAda ne prathama 6 adhyAyoM para prAkRta-prakAzavRtti nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| kRSNalIlAzuka ( lagabhaga 1150 I0 ) ne zrIcihnakAvya likhA hai| isameM usane vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza ke niyamoM ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN|

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316 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa __prAkRtasUtroM ke racayitA rAmAyaNa ke lekhaka vAlmIki RSi mAne jAte haiN| unako vAlmIkisUtra bhI kahate haiM / ina sUtroM kA samaya itanA prAcIna nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki jisa rUpa meM yaha aba prApta hotA hai, usameM mahArASTrI, zauraseno, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA aura apabhraMza ina savakA varNana hai / trivikrama ne 14vIM zatAbdI meM ina sUtroM para prAkRtasUtravRtti nAma ko TokA likho hai| sambhavataH yahI ina sUtroM kA racayitA hai / hemacandra ne apane zabdAnuzAsana meM svaracita prAkRtasUtroM ko AThaveM adhyAya meM rakkhA hai| usane svayaM una para TokA likhI hai| usane isa anya meM prAkRta bhASA, jaina mahArASTrI aura ArSa prAkRta kA varNana kiyA hai / trivikrama ne 14vIM zatAbdI meM prAkRtasUtroM para TokA ke atirikta prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana grantha likhA hai / 14vIM zatAbdI ke hI eka khaka siMharAja ne prAkRtarUpAvatAra grantha likhA hai / 16vIM zatAbdI ke ntama bhAga meM lakSmIdhara ne SaDbhASAcandrikA nAmaka grantha likhA thaa| isameM usane prAkRta kI 6 vibhASAyoM arthAt mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, zaurasenI, pakSAcI cUlikA, paizAcI aura apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA hai / eka candra nAmaka lekhaka ( samaya ajJAta ) ne prAkRtalakSaNa grantha likhA hai / isakA samaya anizcita hai / eka laMkezvara ne zeSanAga ke prAkRtavyAkaraNasUtra para prAkRtakAmadhenu nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isa laMkezvara kA dUsarA nAma rAvaNa thA / 17vIM zatAbdI meM rAmatarkavAgIza ne prAkRtakalpataru grantha likhA hai / isa para prAkRtaka madhenu kA prabhAva par3A hai / prAkRtakalpataru ne 17vIM zatAbdI ke eka lekhaka mArkaNDeya ko prAkRtasarvasva likhane ke lie prerita kiyA /

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adhyAya 27 chandaHzAstra aura kozagrantha chandaHzAstra zAMkhyAyanazrautasUtra, nidAnasUtra, RkaprAtizAkhya aura kAtyAyana kI anukramaNiyoM Adi meM vaidika chandoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / zreNyakAla meM chandaHzAstra kA nirantara vikAsa hotA rahA hai / isa kAla meM chanda ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA--vRtta aura jAti / vRtta kA niyamana gaNoM ke dvArA hotA hai| pratyeka gaNa meM tIna varNa hote haiN| ina tInoM vargoM meM hasva aura dIrgha ke sthAna kA antara hone se ATha vibhinna gaNa ho jAte haiM / isameM pratyeka varSa meM prApta hrasva yA dIrgha mAtrAoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| tadanusAra hI chandoM meM antara hotA hai / ye chanda do prakAra ke hote haiM--sama aura viSama / pratyeka zloka meM cAra pAda hote haiN| samavRttoM meM pratyeka pAda meM vargoM kI saMkhyA samAna hI hotI hai aura viSama vRttoM meM pratyeka pAda meM vargoM kI saMkhyA samAna nahIM hotI hai| jAti chaMdoM meM vaNoM kI saMkhyA nahIM ginI jAtI hai, apitu mAtrAoM kI saMkhyA ginI jAtI hai / pratyeka pAda meM nizcita mAtrAoM kI saMkhyA honI caahie| ina chandoM meM nizcita sthAna para yati ( virAma ) honA cAhie / mahAbhArata meM bhI vaidika chanda prApta hote haiM / vaidika kAla kA anuSTup chanda hI zreNyakAla meM zloka ho gayA hai / vaidika chandoM meM se bahuta se chanda zreNyakAla meM lupta ho gaye haiM aura unake sthAna para kitane hI naye chanda A gaye haiN| vaidika kAla ke pazcAt isa viSaya ke sabase prAcIna grantha haiM piMgala yA piMgalanAga kA chandaHsUtra tathA jayadeva kA jayadevachanda / isakI zailI vaidika

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa granthoM ke tulya hai, parantu isameM vaidika chandoM kA vivecana nahIM hai| jisa prakAra pANini ne saMkSepa ke lie pratyAhAroM kA upayoga kiyA hai, usI prakAra piMgala ne saMkSepa ke lie chandoM ke lakSaNa meM gaNoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| ye grantha zreNyakAlIna chandoM kA varNana nahIM krte| prAkRtachandaHsUtra kA lekhaka bhI vahI mAnA jAtA hai / vaha kAlidAsa se bahuta pUrva huA hogA / vRttaratnAvalI aura zrutabodha ye donoM kAlidAsa kI racanAe~ mAnI jAtI haiM / kintu yaha galata hai| donoM meM zreNyakAla ke chandoM kA vivecana hai / janAzraya ( lagabhaga 800 I0 ) ne chandoviciti grantha likhA hai| usane usameM chandoM ke udAharaNa apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke granthoM se diye haiN| varAhamihira ( 587 I0 ) ne apano vRhatsaMhitA meM grahoM Adi kI gani kA varNana kiyA hai / sAtha hI usane chandoM ke viSaya meM eka adhyAya diyA hai / kSemendra ( 1050 I0. ) ne apane suvRttatilaka meM apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| hemacandra (1088-1172 I0) ne chanda ke viSaya meM chando'nuzAsana grantha likhA hai| kedArabhaTTa ne vRttaratnAkara bantha likhA hai| yaha grantha jaba se likhA gayA hai, tabhI se bahuta prasiddha hai gayA hai| kedArabhaTTa 15vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM huA thaa| prAkRtachandaHsUtra meM prAkRta bhASA ke chandoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kucha logoM ka mata hai ki isa grantha kA lekhaka piMgala hai| kintu yaha mata ThIka nahIM jAna pdd'taa| isakA lekhaka ajJAta hai| aisA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha 15vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva lagabhaga 1425 I0 meM rahA hogaa| chanda viSaya para anya grantha ye haiM--gaMgAdAsa (15vIM zatAbdI I0 ) kI chandomaM karI, dAmodara mizra ( 16vIM zatAbdI I0 ) kA vANI-bhUSaNa aura duHkha bhaMjana kavi kA vAgvallabha / zreNyakAla ke chandoM meM ye chanda adhika pracalita hai-- mandAtratA, vasantatilaka, zArdUlavikrIDita, zikhariNI, anuSTubh, AryA aura upajAti /

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chandaHzAstra aura kozagrantha ___ kozagrantha kozagrantha nighaNTu-paramparA ke hI avicchinna rUpa haiM / nighaNTu meM vaidika zabdoM kA saMgraha hai / isako vyAkhyA nirukta nAma se yAska ne ko hai / kozagranthoM meM prayukta zabdoM kA saMgraha hotA thA aura kaviyoM Adi ko suvidhA prApta hotI thI ki ve una zabdoM meM se ucita zabdoM ko chA~Ta leN| inameM kisI vizeSa grantha ke hI zabdoM kA saMgraha nahIM hotA thaa| nirukta meM saMjJAzabdoM aura dhAtuoM donoM kA hI varNana hai / anya kozagranthoM meM saMjJAzabdoM aura avyayoM kA adhika varNana hai, dhAtuoM kA kama / ina kozagranthoM meM zabdoM ko akArAdi krama se nahIM rakkhA gayA hai / unako padya kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| unake zlokoM ko smaraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| kozagranthoM meM do prakAra ke zabdoM ko sthAna diyA jAtA thA-samAnArthaka aura nAnArthaka / samAnArthaka zabdoM meM zabdoM ko artha ke anusAra rakkhA jAtA hai / kahIM para zabdoM ko prArambhika akSaroM ke anusAra aura kahIM para antima akSara ke anusAra aura kahIM para donoM ke mizrita rUpa meM rakkhA gayA hai| kahIM para zabdoM ko akSaroM kI saMkhyA ke anusAra bhI rakkhA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM para liMganirdeza kiyA gayA hai / saMjJAzabda prathamA vibhakti meM diye gaye haiM / katipaya kozagranthoM meM kevala nAnArthaka zabdoM ko hI rakkhA gayA hai| jisameM samAnArthaka zabda rakkhe gaye haiM, unameM bhI nAnArthaka zabdoM ke lie eka adhyAya diyA gayA hai| sabase prAcIna zabdakoza ye haiM kAtyAyana kRta, nAmamAlA, vAcaspati kA zabdakoza, vikramAditya kA zabdakoza, zabdArNava grantha, saMsArAvarta tathA vyaDi kRta utpalinI / ye sabhI grantha aba naSTa ho cuke haiN| nAnArthaka zabdoM para eka grantha hai nAnArthazabdaratna / isakA racayitA kAlidAsa ko mAnA jAtA hai| mahArAja bhoja se prerita hokara nicula kavi ne isa para taralA nAma kI eka TIkA likhI hai| isa viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM milatA ki kAlidAsa ne nAnArthazabdaratna kI racanA kI thii| nicula kavi kI

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320 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ekarUpatA bhI ajJAta hai / Ajakala sabase prAcIna jo zabdakoza prApta hotA hai, vaha hai amarasihakRta amarakoza / amarasiMha eka bauddha lekhaka thA / vaha rAjA vikramAditya ke navaraloM meM se eka mAnA jAtA hai| usakA samaya 400 I0 aura 600 I0 ke bIca kA mAnA jAtA hai / isa koza kA dUsarA nAma nAliMgAnuzAsana hai| isameM prathama tIna kANDoM meM samAnArthaka zabdoM kA varNana hai| anta meM nAnArthaka zabdoM, avyayoM tathA liMgoM kA varNana hai| amarasiMha ke samakAlIna eka lekhaka zAzvata ne anekArthasamuccaya grantha likhA hai / halAyudha ne 650 I0 ke lagabhaga abhidhAnaratnamAlA grantha likhA hai| nAmamAlikA dhArAnareza bhoja ( 1005-1054 I0 ) kI racanA hai / yAdavaprakAza ne 11 vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM vaijayantI grantha likhA hai| isameM samAnArthaka aura nAnArthaka donoM zabdoM kA saMgraha hai| yAdavaprakAza pahale advaitavAdo thA, parantu bAda meM rAmAnuja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa vaha viziSTAdvaitavAdI ho gayA thaa| ajayapAla ( 1075-1140 I0 ) nAnArtharatnamAlA grantha kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai| isameM anekArthaka zabdoM kA varNana hai / 12 vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM ye grantha likhe gaye--(1) kezavasvAmI ne nAnArthArNavasaMkSepa grantha likhA hai| isameM usane nAnArthaka zabdoM ke artha aura unake liMga likhe haiM / (2) mahezvara ne vizvaprakAza grantha likhA hai / isameM usane samAnArthaka aura nAnArthaka zabdoM kA varNana kiyA hai| isI samaya dUsare mahezvara ne zabda-vinyAsa kA varNana karate hue zabdabhedaprakAza nAmaka grantha likhA hai / (3) hemacandra ne abhidhAnacintAmaNi grantha likhA hai| isameM usane samAnArthaka zabdoM kA varNana kiyA hai / sAtha hI jaina devatAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| usane isa grantha kA eka pariziSTa nighaNTuzeSa likhA hai| isameM usane auSadhiyoM aura vanaspatiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| usane eka dUsarA pariziSTa anekArthasaMgraha likhA hai| isameM usane anekArtha zabdoM kA varNana kiyA hai| isameM eka akSara vAle zabdoM se lekara 6 akSara vAle anekArthaka zabdoM ke artha die gae haiM / zrIkaNThacarita ke lekhaka maMkha ne anekArthakoza grantha likhA hai| rAghavapANDavIya kA lekhaka jaina kavi dhanaMjaya nAmamAlA aura nighaNTasamaya

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chandaHzAstra aura kozagrantha 321 kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / 1200 I. ke lagabhaga puruSottamadeva ne amarakoza kA pariziSTa trikANDazeSa likhA hai| isameM adhikatara bauddha dharma se sambaddha zabda haiM / ye zabda prayoga meM kama Ate haiM / usane amarakoza ke samAnArthaka aura nAnArthaka zabdoM para hArAvalI vyAkhyA likhI hai / bhaTTamala ne samAnArthaka dhAtuoM para pAlyAtacandrikA grantha likhA hai / vaha 14vIM zatAbdI se pUrva huA thA / harihara dvitIya ke mantrI irugappadaNDanAtha ne 14vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM nAnAtharatnamAlA grantha likhA hai / vAmanabhaTTabANa ( lagabhaga 1420 I0 ) ne do kozagrantha likhe haiM-zabdacandrikA aura zabdaratnAkara / medinIkara ne 14vIM zatAbdI I0 meM nAnArthaka zabdoM ke viSaya meM anekArthazabdakoza grantha likhA hai / kezavadaivajJa ne samAnArthaka zabdoM ke viSaya meM kalpanu nAmaka koza likhA hai| vaha 17vIM zatAbdI I0 ke prArambha meM huA thA / samAnArthaka zabdoM ke viSaya meM likhe gaye nAmasaMgrahamAlA grantha kA lekhaka appayadIkSita mAnA jAtA hai / isake atirikta kucha choTe kozagrantha haiM--ekAkSarakoza, isameM eka akSara vAle zabdoM kA varNana hai| dvirUpakoza, isameM do varNa vAle zabdoM kA varNana hai / inake atirikta gaNita jyotiSa, phalita jyotiSa aura vaidyaka sambandhI koSa haiM / unakA samaya ajJAta hai / saMskRta aura phArasI ke zabdoM kA koza pArasIprakAza hai| gaNita jyotiSa aura phalita jyotiSa ke pAribhASika zabdoM ko lekara vedAMgarAya ne 1643 I0 meM pArasIprakAza grantha likhA hai / mahAdeva vedAntI ne usI samaya uNAdikoza likhA hai| dhanapAla ( 1000 I0 ) likhita payAlacchi grantha prAkRta zabdoM kA koza hai / hemacandra ( 1088-1172 I0 ) likhita dezInAmamAlA prAkRta zabdoM kA hI koza hai / tArAnAtha tarkavAcaspati-likhita vAcaspatya aura rAdhAkAntadeva-likhita zabdakalpadruma, ye donoM andha vizvakoza ke tulya haiM / ye donoM grantha aAdhunika kRti haiM / saM0 sA0 i0-21

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adhyAya 28 jyotiSa zreNyakAlIna jyotiSa kA sambandha vaidika kAla ke jyotiSa ke sAtha hai / isa viSaya kI mukhya zAkhAeM gaNita-jyotiSa, phalita jyotiSa aura gaNita haiM / isameM dinoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI thI aura nakSatroM kA grahoM ke sAtha gati Adi kA nirIkSaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| vaidika paMcAMga cAndra aura saura donoM prakAra kA thaa| uttarAyaNa aura dakSiNAyana kA nirIkSaNa kiyA jAtA thA / candragrahaNa kA kAraNa candramA para pRthvI kI chAyA mAnA gayA hai / bahuta prAcIna samaya se grahoM aura nakSatroM kI gatividhi tathA unakA manuSyoM para prabhAva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura usakA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| isa viSaya kA vizeSa vivecana phalita jyotiSa meM kiyA jAtA thA / phalita jyotiSa kA sambandha gaNita jyotiSa se hai aura yaha gaNita jyotiSa para Azrita hai / gaNita jyotiSa meM grahoM kI gati kA vizeSa vivecana hotA hai / phalita jyotirvid manuSyoM ke bhAvI jIvana ke viSaya meM bhaviSyavANI karate the / rAjAoM ke lie zAnti aura yaddha donoM samayoM meM jyotiSI kI sahAyatA lenA anivArya hotA thA / tathApi jyotiSI ko samAja meM ucca sthAna nahIM prApta thA, kyoMki vaha vaidika karmakANDa meM bhAga na lene ke kAraNa apavitra mAnA jAtA thaa| grahoM kI gati kI gaNanA tathA unakI sthiti kA nirNaya karanA, ina donoM kAraNoM ne gaNitazAstra ko janma diyaa| bhAratavarSa ko hI yaha zreya prApta hai ki usane bIjagaNita aura saMketacihnAtmaka vidhi kI sthApanA kI / bhAratavarSa meM jyAmiti aura trikoNamiti meM bahuta pragati kI jA cukI thI / jyotiSa-viSaya ke jo grantha prApta hote haiM, unameM ina viSayoM kA vivecana hai / kisI meM eka aura kisI meM do viSayoM kA varNana hai|

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jyotiSa 323 gaNita jyotiSa ke jo prAcIna grantha prApta hote haiM, ve apUrNa hI prApya haiM / prAcIna lekhakoM ke ye anya prApta hote haiM-gArgIsaMhitA, vRddhagArgIsaMhitA ( 3000 I0 pU0 se prAcIna), pauSkarasAdi ke granthoM ke kucha apUrNa aMza, nakSatroM ke viSaya meM atharvaveda ke pariziSTa aura paitAmahasiddhAnta / varAhamihira ne ullekha kiyA hai ki jyotiSa ke ina prAcIna AcAryoM ke grantha use apUrNa rUpa meM prApta the -asitadevala, garga, vRddhagarga, nArada aura parAzara / varAhamihira kA svargavAsa 587 I0 meM huA thA / bhAratavarSa ke viSaya meM jo yUnAnI aitihAsika sAmagrI prApta hotI hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki gargasaMhitA aura vRddhagargasaMhitA IsavIya san se bahuta pUrva vidyamAna the| isa samaya bhAratIyoM ko gaNita jyotiSa ke siddhAntoM kA pUrNa jJAna thA, yaha usa samaya ke jyotiSa ke granthoM tathA anya viSaya ke granthoM se jJAta hotA hai / candramA jalIya graha mAnA jAtA thA / ' indradhanuSa jalayukta bAdaloM para sUrya kI kiraNoM ke pratibimbita hone se banatA hai| sUrya aura candramA kA sthiti-sthAna tathA unakI gati kA vastutaH nirIkSaNa kiyA gayA thA / sUrya-bimba kI vAstavikatA ko ThIka DhaMga se samajhA gayA thaa| jo nakSatra sUrya ke mArga meM haiM tathA jo nakSatra aura graha sUryamaNDala ke samIpa haiM, unake hI sthAna kA adhyayana aura nirIkSaNa kiyA gyaa| pRthivI ke AkarSaNa ke niyama ko vidvAn jAnate the / gole aura ghaTikA (prAdhe ghar3e ke barAbara AkRti ke tAMbe ke bartana) nirIkSaNa ke kAma meM pAte the| inase samaya kA bhI nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA / varAhamihira ke grantha paMcasiddhAntikA se jJAta hotA hai ki jyotiSa kI pA~ca zAkhAe~ thiiN| unake nAma haiM -paitAmaha, romaka, pauliza, sUrya aura vasiSTha / paitAmahasiddhAnta saura aura cAndra donoM gaNanAoM ko mAnatA hai / romakasiddhAnta meM gaNita jyotiSa ke yUnAnI siddhAntoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jaisA ki isake nAma se spaSTa hai / isameM bhAratIya yugoM kI paddhati ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isameM grahaNoM kA bahuta thor3A vivecana hai / madhyAhna rekhA kI 1. kumArasaMbhava 5-22 / 2. kumArasaMbhava 8-31 / '

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324 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa gaNanA yUnAniyoM ke nagara se kI gaI hai / sUrya aura candramA ke ayanavRtta saMbaMdhI saMkramaNoM kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| paulizasiddhAnta kA varNana zaddha hai / isameM grahaNoM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai / yUnAniyoM ke nagara aura ujjaina ke madhya dezAntaroM ko dUro kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhUmadhyarekhAoM ke vistRta citra die gae haiN| isane maNDalAtmaka gaNita jyotiSa ko vizeSa dena dI hai| nakSatroM ke bhramaNa tathA grahoM kI gati meM vaiSamya kA nirIkSaNa kiyA gayA / ina sabhI zAkhAoM meM sUryasiddhAnta sabase adhika zuddha aura mAnya hai / isane kendra ke samIkaraNa ke lie sAmAnya niyama die haiN| isameM grahaNoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai / vasiSTha zAkhA vAloM ne grahoM kI gati aura sthiti ko viSamatA kA vivecana kiyA hai / __ bhAratIya gaNita jyotiSa kA sabase prAcIna aura prAmANika prAcArya varAhamihira hai / usakA 587 I0 meM svargavAsa huA thA / usane apanI paMcasiddhAntikA meM pUrvokta pAMcoM jyotiSa kI zAkhAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| lalla ne 748 I0 ke lagabhaga ziSyadhIvRddhitantra grantha likhA hai| isameM usane jyotiSa kI ora chAtroM ko pravRtti ko protsAhita kiyA hai / isa para bhAskara ne 12vIM zatAbdo meM TokA likhI hai / AryabhaTTa ne 650 I0 ke lagabhaga AryasiddhAnta grantha likhA hai / AdityapratApasiddhAnta mahArAja bhoja (10051054 I0) ko racanA hai| eka ajJAta lekhaka kA 1350 I0 se pUrva kA likhA huA vidyAmAdhavIya grantha prApta hotA hai / isameM lekhaka ne vasiSTha, bRhaspati aura gArya Adi prAcIna lekhakoM kI uktiyoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai / eka vRddhavAsiSThasaMhitA prApta hotI hai| isakA samaya ajJAta hai, kintu yaha eka prAcIna grantha hai / jyotirvidAbharaNa grantha kA lekhaka kAlidAsa mAnA jAtA hai / isameM jyotiSa sambandhI viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / yaha navIna racanA hai| ___ phalita jyotiSa para sabase prAcIna grantha yavanajAtaka hai / vaha naipAlI hastalikhita prati ke rUpa meM surakSita hai / usa grantha meM yaha likhA huA hai ki

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jyotiSa 325 61 I0 meM eka yavanezvara ne apane kathanoM ko saMskRta meM anUdita kiyaa| yahI yavana-jAtaka ke nAma se pracalita huA / bhaTTotpala (lagabhaga 1000 I0) ke kathanAnusAra usa grantha meM diyA huA saMvat zaka saMvat hai / yadi isa sAkSya ko prAmANika mAnA jAya to isa grantha kA samaya 166 I0 hotA hai| yavanajAtaka nAma kA eka dUsarA grantha 161 veM varSa (268 I0) meM sphUjidhvaja ke dvArA likhA gayA hai / isameM 4 sahasra zloka haiN| yavanajAtaka nAma ke anya do grantha aura haiM / inake lekhaka kA nAma aura samaya ajJAta hai / isameM se eka kA nAma vRddhayavanajAtaka hai| isameM 8 sahasra zloka haiN| kucha vidvAn dUsare grantha kA lekhaka mInarAja ko yavanAcArya mAnate haiM, jaisA ki ina granthoM ke nAmoM se jJAta hotA hai| ye yavanajAtaka yUnAnI udbhava vAlI phalita jyotiSa ko samasyAyoM kA vivecana karate haiN| varAhamihira ne jyotiSa ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai---(1) tantra / isameM gaNita jyotiSa aura gaNita kA vivecana hotA hai| (2) horA / isameM janmakuNDalo kA varNana hotA hai / (3) saMhitA / isameM phalita jyotiSa kA varNana hotA hai / usane bRhatsaMhitA grantha likhA hai| isameM 106 adhyAya haiM / isa grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha aneka viSayoM kA vidvAn thaa| isameM usane grahoM aura nakSatroM kA varNana kiyA hai, unakI gati tathA unakA manuSya ke jIvana para prabhAva kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| ina viSayoM ke atirikta usane isa grantha meM ina viSayoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai -bhAratIya bhUgola kA saMkSipta varNana, Rtu-cihna prAdi, puruSa strI aura pazu-pakSiyoM ke vizeSa cihna tathA rekhAe~, zakuna-varNana aura vivAha kA mahattva / usane kAmazAstra aura rAjanItizAstra meM bhI apanI yogyatA pradarzita kI hai| usane vahadvivAhaphala aura svalpavivAhaphala nAmaka do granthoM meM vivAha sambandhI praznoM para vicAra kiyA hai| ye donoM grantha eka hI grantha ke vizAla aura laghu rUpa haiM / usane yogayAtrA grantha meM anya rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai / usake bahajjAtaka aura laghujAtaka grantha phalitajyotiSa ke mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM /

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3.26 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bRhajjAtaka meM usane prAyaH yavanAcArya ke vicAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unakI samAlocanA ko hai| ___ varAhamihira ke putra pRthuyazAH (lagabhaga 600 I0) ne horASaTpaMcAzikA grantha likhA hai| isameM usane janma-sambandhI bAtoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| bhaTTotpala ne varAhamihira aura usake putra pRthuyazAH ke granthoM kI TokA likhI hai / vaha 666 I. ke lagabhaga harA thaa| usane horAzAstra grantha bhI likhA hai / vidvajjanavallabha tathA rAjamArtaNDa grantha kA lekhaka dhArA kA rAjA bhoja (1005-1054 I0) mAnA jAtA hai| isa kAla ke bAda likhe gae vivAha aura anya saMskAra sambandho choTe granthoM meM tAjikoM kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| ina para arabI aura phAraso sAhitya kA bhI prabhAva par3A hai| tAjikoM meM sabase mahattvapUrNa sthAna nIlakaNTha ke tAjikA kA hai / vaha 1587 I0 meM likhA gayA thaa| harSakoti-sUri-likhita jyotiSasAroddhAra grantha kA samaya ajJAta hai| hastarekhAzAstra (sAmudrikazAstra) kA vivecana sAmudrikatilaka grantha meM huprA hai / isa grantha ko durlabharAja ne 1160 I0 meM prArambha kiyA thA aura usake putra jagadeva ne isako pUrNa kiyA thaa| svapnacintAmaNi grantha kA lekhaka bho jagadeva mAnA jAtA hai / isa grantha meM svapnasambandhI bAtoM kA varNana hai / narahari ne 1176 I0 meM narapatijayacaryAsvarodaya grantha likhA hai| isameM cAmatkArika rekhAcitra die gae haiM aura unameM rahasyAtmaka akSara rakkhe gae haiM / adbhutasAgara grantha ko baMgAla ke rAjA vallAlasena ne 1168 I0 meM prArambha kiyA thA aura usake putra rAjA lakSmaNasena ne isako pUrNa kiyA thaa| isameM zakunoM tathA bhaviSyavANiyoM kA vivecana hai| bhayabhaMjana ne ramalarahasya meM rekhAmoM se bhaviSyavANI kA varNana kiyA hai tathA pAcakakevalI meM dhana rekhAyoM se bhaviSyavANI kA varNana kiyA hai| usakA samaya ajJAta hai / ___ phalita jyotiSa-viSayaka samasyAoM kA varNana prAkRta bhASA ke lekhakoM ne kiyA hai| aGgavijjA isa prakAra kA eka suprasiddha grantha hai / zarIra ke

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jyotiSa 327 cihnoM ke AdhAra para isameM zakunoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha kisI ajJAta lekhaka kI racanA hai jo 4thI zatAbdI I0 meM rakhA jAtA hai| prabhAzaMkara kA putra kAnajita vAyuzAstra kA lekhaka hai| vaha kaccha meM sthita bhujaGgapura kA nivAsI thaa| vaha grantha kI tithi 1822 zaka samvat detA hai jo 1600 I0 ke sadRza hai| isameM dasa adhyAya haiM / yaha grantha antarikSavidyA sambandhI viSayoM kA varNana karatA hai / isameM pramukha rUpa se varSA kA varNana hai| isa grantha meM asAmayika aura sahasA hone vAlI varSA ke prabhAvoM aura bhaviSyavANiyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| lekhaka ke anusAra varAha, kazyapa, bhadrabAhu aura vaziSTha kI saMhitAe~ tathA parAzarasUtra isa grantha ke AdhAra haiN| jyotiSa meM gaNita kA bhI vivecana hotA hai| gaNita meM gaNita jyotiSa, aMkagaNita aura bIjagaNita ina tInoM kA varNana hotA hai| isameM rekhAgaNita kA bhI varNana hai| rekhAgaNita kA prArambha zulvasUtroM se huA thaa| bhAratIya gaNitajJoM ne parArdha (10,14) taka ko gaNanA karake gaNita meM pUrNatA prApta kI thI / zuddhatA bhAratIya gaNita kI pramukha vizeSatA hai / ghaTAne ke siddhAnta kA jJAna vaidika kAla meM thaa| aMkoM kA sama aura viSama do rUpoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya gaNitajJoM ne hI dazamalava kI vidhi tathA bIjagaNita ko paddhati kA AviSkAra kiyA thaa| ina donoM vidhiyoM kI pUrNatA chanda:zAstra aura vyAkaraNa meM daSTigocara hotI hai / sarala rekhAtmaka kSetroM kA banAnA, kSetraphala aura ghanaphala tathA paithAgorasa ke prameyoM kA varNana prAcIna bhAratIya gaNitajJoM ne kiyA hai| bodhAyana zrautasUtra (500 I0 pU0) tathA zatapathabrAhmaNa meM paithAgorasa ke prameyoM ke siddhAnta ke prayoga kA varNana hai / AryabhaTTa kA janma 476 I0 meM kusumapura meM huA thaa| vahI sabase prathama bhAratIya jyotiSI hai, jisane gaNita jyotiSa ke AdhAra para gaNita likhA hai / usane 466 I0 meM AryabhaTIya grantha likhA hai| isameM AryA chanda meM dasa zloka haiN| usane dUsarA grantha dazagItikAsUtra likhA hai| isameM 108 zloka haiN| ina zlokoM meM se 33 zloka gaNita ke viSaya meM haiM, 25

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328 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zloka samaya ke mApa ke viSaya meM haiM aura 50 maNDaloM ke viSaya meM haiN| AryabhaTTa kA mata thA ki pRthvI gola hai aura vaha apanI dhurI para ghUmatI hai| usane sUrya aura candramA ke grahaNa ke viSaya meM jo mata prakaTa kiyA hai, vahI Adhunika vidvAn bhI mAnate haiM / usane apane grantha meM vikAsa, parikramaNa, kSetra, Ayatana, paridhi, kramika-vikAsa tathA bIjagaNita kI ikAiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| use do kA vAstavika mUlya jJAta thaa| usane 7 kA mAna 355/212 diyA hai jo Adhunika gaNitajJoM dvArA dI gaI 22/7 se kahIM adhika zuddha hai| AryabhaTTa ke ziSya bhAskara ne do grantha likhe haiM-laghubhAskarIya aura mahAbhAskarIya / brahmagupta ne 628 I0 meM brahmasphuTasiddhAnta nAmaka grantha likhA hai| isameM eka adhyAya meM gaNita-jyotiSa-sambandhI samasyAoM ko hala kiyA gayA hai / usakA janma 568 I0 meM huA thaa| vaha gaNita meM nipuNa thaa| usane 665 I0 meM khaNDakhAdyaka grantha likhA hai| isameM usane gaNita jyotiSa sambandhI gaNanAmoM ko hala karake diyA hai| bAkSali kI hastalikhita prati kA samaya 8vIM zatAbdI I0 hai / isameM sUtroM ke rUpa meM gaNita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| gRhacAranibandhana aura gRhacAranibandhanasaMgraha---ina do granthoM kA lekhaka haridatta hai jo 866 I0 pUrva thaa| prathama pustaka kI racanA padyAtmaka hai| isameM prahita nAmaka paddhati ke siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para phalita jyotiSa sambandhI gaNanAmoM kA varNana hai / dvitIya pustaka prathama kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| isameM 45 zloka haiM / mahAvIrAcArya ne 10vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM gaNitasArasaMgraha grantha likhA hai / yaha grantha brahmagupta ke grantha se sarala hai| isameM guNottara zreNiyoM kA varNana hai / zrIdhara ne 661 I0 meM varga-samIkaraNa viSaya para trizatI guntha likhA hai / dhArA ke rAjA bhoja ne 1042 I0 meM karaNa viSaya para rAjamagAMka grantha likhA hai| bhAskarAcArya ne 1172 I0 meM siddhAntaziromaNi grantha likhA hai| isameM cAra bhAga haiM--(1) liilaavtii| isameM saMyogoM kA varNana hai| (2) bIja

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jyotiSa 326 gaNita / (3) grahagaNita / isameM graha-sambandhI gaNanA kA varNana hai| (4) gola / isameM gaNita jyotiSa sambandhI samasyAoM tathA gaNita jyotiSa sambandhI yantroM kA varNana hai| usane karaNa viSaya para 1183 I0 meM karaNakutUhala grantha likhA hai / karaNa viSaya para zatAnanda ne bhAsvato grantha likhA hai / usakA samaya ajJAta hai / kerala ke paramezvara ne goladIpikA nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isameM AkAza-jyotiSa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / paramezvara kA samaya 15vIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai| isake atirikta usane gaNita jyotiSa aura phalita jyotiSa para dasa se adhika pustakeM likhI haiM / unameM se kucha to TIkAyeM haiM; jaise, prAryabhaTTIya, sUryasiddhAnta, lIlAvatI tathA anya / 16vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM kerala ke acyuta ne rAzigolasphuTAnIti nAmaka graMtha likhA / isameM grahoM aura nakSatroM ko lambAI kI mApa kA varNana hai sAtha hI krAntivRtta ko bhI carcA hai| usane krAntivRtta kI kamI kA bhI niyama diyA hai| gaNita jyotiSa para usake kucha aura bhI grantha haiM; jaise, karNottama tathA uparAgakriyAkarma / mAlajit ne 1643 I0 meM pArasIprakAza grantha likhA hai / isameM usane paddhati do hai ki kisa prakAra hindU tithiyoM ko musalamAnI tArIkhoM meM badalA jA sakatA hai / usake AzrayadAtA musalamAna bAdazAha zAhajahA~ ne usako vedAMgarAya kI upAdhi dI thii| nIlakaNThasomayAjina ne siddhAntadarpaNa nAmaka grantha likhA hai| usakA janma 1442 I0 meM kerala meM huA thA / isameM jyotiSa vidyA sambandhI laghuvRtta, jyotiSavidyA kI sthiratAnoM, grahaNa-sambandhI ravimArga yA krAntivRtta, grahoM kI pRthvI ko kendra mAnakara vicAra ko huI sthiti Adi kA varNana hai| isake atirikta vaha jyotiSa vidyA ke anya 6 granthoM kA lekhaka hai| usane apane hI grantha siddhAnta darpaNa ko siddhAnta darpaNa vyAkhyA nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| AryabhaTTa ke AryabhaTTIya para AryabhaTTI bhASya likhA hai / sUrya aura candragrahaNa kI gaNanA para grahaNanirNaya nAmaka grantha bhI likhA hai| bhAratIya aura yUnAnI gaNita jyotiSa meM kucha samaya-sambandhI ghaTanAsAhacarya hai| donoM sthAnoM para rAziyoM ke nAma samAna haiN| bhAratIya jyotiSa

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330 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa viSayaka granthoM ke sAtha jo yavana nAma milatA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya jyotiSa kA sambandha yUnAnI jyotiSa se thA / donoM meM anya samAnatAe~ ye haiM -- gaNanA kI paddhati meM samAnatA, sUrya ke udaya aura asta, nakSatroM Adi kA udaya aura grasta honA, dina aura rAtri kA ThIka-ThIka mApa tathA saptAha ke dinoM kA nAma grahoM ke nAma para rakhanA / ina ghaTanA- sAhacaryoM ke AdhAra para pAzcAtya vidvAn yaha siddha karane kA prayatna karate haiM ki bhAratIya jyotiSa ko utpatti aura usakA vikAsa yUnAnI jyotiSa se huA / yaha mantavya sarvathA azuddha hai / baudhAyana ke dharmasUtroM se jJAta hotA hai ki 500 I0 pU0 se pUrva bhAratIya jyotiSa ko ye vizeSatAe~ vidyamAna thIM, jinako yUnAnI vizeSatAoM ke samAna mAnate haiM / sikandara ke sAtha yUnAna ko lauTate samaya yUnAnI bhArata se bahuta se bahumUlya grantha apane sAtha lete gae the / sambhavataH ina granthoM se unako apane jyotiSa viSayaka jJAna kI vRddhi meM vizeSa sahAyatA prApta huI / ataeva unake jyotiSa meM bhAratIya jyotiSa ke samAna viSaya Adi prApta hote haiM / yahA~ para yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki bhAratIya jyotiSiyoM ke yUnAniyoM ke sAtha samparka ke kAraNa bhAratIya jyotiSa ke vikAsa para kucha prabhAva avazya par3A hai / ataH yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki bhAratIya jyotiSa kA janma aura vikAsa svatantra rUpa se huA hai / jyotiSa kevala kalpanA kA viSaya nahIM hai / isake lie Avazyaka hai ki bahuta samaya taka grahoM kI sthiti tathA unako gati Adi kA nirIkSaNa kiyA jAya aura sUkSmatA ke sAtha unakI gaNanA kI jAya 1

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adhyAya 26 dharmazAstra bhAva aura anumAna ko dRSTi se 'dharma' zabda vistRta hai / prAthamika artha to yaha hai ki jo saMsAra ko sthira karatA hai vahI dharma hai / yaha AcAra, kartavya, vidhAna, dharma, nyAya, naitikatA tathA anya arthoM ko sUcita karatA hai / mImAMsaka ise isa artha meM svokAra karate haiM ki yaha eka aisA kArya hai jo AtmA meM 'apUrva' nAmaka phala utpanna karatA hai / dharmazAstra isakA prayoga kartavya ke artha meM karate haiM / ve kartavya pA~ca prakAra ke kahe gae haiM -- varNadharma, Azramadharma, varNAzranadharma, naimittikadharma tathA guNadharma / inake AdhAra haiM - veda, smRti aura dharma tathA apane AcAra jAnane vAloM kI paramparAe~ tathA vyaktigata santoSa / dharmazAstroM ko smRti kahA jAtA hai / dekhie :-- 1 zrutistu veda vijJeyo dharmazAstraM tu vai smRtiH / / manusmRti 2-10 'smRti' zabda kI nirukti isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai-- smaryate vedadharmo'neneti / kalpasUtra vedoM ke Avazyaka aGga haiM / bAda meM dharmazAstroM meM jina viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, unake mUlabhUta niyama ina kalpasUtroM meM prApta hote haiM / ataeva ye kalpasUtra dharmazAstra ke AdhAra haiM / kalpasUtroM kI zAkhA dharmasUtra haiM / inameM dhArmika aura laukika kartavyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / dharmasUtroM meM manuSya ke dainika jIvana ke lie niyama batAe gae haiM / ye niyama kramazaH vistRta hokara aura anya sAmagrI ke sAtha sammilita hokara dharmazAstra ke rUpa meM pariNata hue / ina granthoM ke lekhana meM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM se vizeSa sahAyatA milI hai / inameM se mahAbhArata meM

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332 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vizeSa rUpa se ina viSayoM para vistRta vivecana hai| ina granthoM se tathA anya granthoM se ina dharmazAstroM meM zlokAdi lie gae haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki ina granthoM meM upadezAtmaka zlokAdi prApta hote haiM / ina granthoM meM kucha aise bhI zlokAdi haiM, jo ki kaI dharmagranthoM meM eka hI prakAra se prApta hote haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ye zloka eka hI mUlagrantha mahAbhArata Adi se lie gae haiM, ata: samAna haiM / ataeva yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa dharmazAstra ne usa dharmazAstra se zloka uddhRta kiyA hai / sAdhAraNatayA ye zarmazAstra padya aura gadya meM haiM / gadyabhAga kA vyavahAra vahA~ kiyA gayA hai, jahA~ usa viSaya para kucha vivecana kiyA gayA hai / / dharma kA artha kartavya hai / yaha manuSya ke vicAra kA svarUpa hai / isameM nItizAstra kA bhI vivecana hotA hai aura isameM prAyazcitta ke sAdhana bhI diye jAte haiN| dharma kA eka aGga vyavahAra hai / mukhya rUpa se dharmazAstroM meM cAra bAtoM kA varNana hotA hai / ve ye haiM--(1) prAcAra / isameM manuSya ke prAcArasambandhI viSayoM kA varNana hotA hai| (2) vyavahAra / isameM vaidha aura rAjakIya kartavyoM kA varNana hotA hai| (3) prAyazcitta / isameM prAyazcittoM kA varNana hotA hai| (4) karmaphala / isameM pUrvakRta karmoM ke phala kA varNana hotA hai / ina dharmazAstroM meM cAroM vargoM aura cAroM AzramoM ke lie pratyeka puruSa aura strI ke lie apane-apane AzramAdi ke anusAra jIvanaparyanta kyA kAma karane cAhie aura kina karmoM kA parityAga karanA cAhie, isakA vistRta vivecana hotA hai| vaidika granthoM ke dvArA janatA kI laukika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti nahIM hotI thI, ataH vibhinna dharmazAstroM kA prAdurbhAva huA / dharmazAstra para prAcIna grantha ye haiM gautama (600-400 I0 pU0) kA dharmasUtra, baudhAyanadharmasUtra (500-200 I0 pU0), ApastambadharmasUtra (600-300 I0 pU0), vAsiSThadharmasUtra, viSNudharmasUtra (300-100 I0 pU0), hArItadharmasUtra, zaMkha aura likhita (300-100 I0 pU0) ke dharmasUtra, vikhAnas, paiThInasI, uzanasa,

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dharmazAstra kAzyapa aura bRhaspati ke dharmasUtra / isa dharmazAstrazreNI kA samaya 600 I0 pU0 se 400 I0 taka hai| manusmRti hI sabase prAcIna smRti-grantha hai| isameM aneka viSayoM kA varNana hai / isameM sRSTi kI utpatti se lekara vedAnta ke sadRza dArzanika viSayoM kA varNana hai| isakA dUsarA nAma mAnavadharmazAstra hai / jo grantha Ajakala prApta hai, usameM 12 adhyAya haiN| isameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha bhaga ne kahA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bhRgu ne manu ke vaktavyoM ko prakAzita aura pracArita kiyA hai / isameM bahuta se sthaloM para manu kI sammati kA ullekha hai / sambhavataH vaha manu koI anya hai| yAska ke nirukta meM aura mahAbhArata meM manu kA ullekha hai / manu hI dharmazAstra para sabase prAcIna aura prAmANika lekhaka hai / kintu itane se usake samaya-nirdhAraNa meM koI vizeSa sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai / yaha grantha barmA, zyAma aura jAvA meM bhI pahu~cA hai aura vahA~ ke vidhAnoM ko sane bahuta adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai / isake hI anukaraNa para vahA~ ke vidhAna bane haiN| isakI TokAmoM meM adhika prasiddha TIkAe~ medhAtithi (825600 I0) aura kullUka bhaTTa (lagabhaga 1200 I0) kI haiM / manasmati ke bAda mahattva kI dRSTi se dUsarA sthAna yAjJavalkyasmati kA hai / isakA samaya 100 I0 pU0 se lekara 300 I0 ke madhya meM mAnA jAtA haiM / isameM tIna adhyAya haiM / inameM kramaza: eka eka adhyAya meM prAcAra, vyavahAra aura prAyazcitta kA varNana hai / manusmRti ke tulya isameM bhI vedAnta ke siddhAntoM kA varNana hai / isakI kaI TIkAoM meM se tIna TIkAe~ pramukha haiM, jinase isakI prasiddhi aura prAmANikatA kA jJAna hotA hai / ina TIkAnoM kI bhI bahuta prasiddhi huI hai| ve TIkAe~ ye haiM-(1) vizvarUpa (800-825 I0) 1 kRta bAlakrIDA ttiikaa| (2) cAlukya rAjA vikramAditya SaSTha ke nirIkSaNa meM 1120 I0 meM vijJAnezvara ke dvArA likhI gaI mitAkSarA TIkA / (3) 1. A History of Dharmasastra by P. V. Kane. bhAga 1 pRSTha 263 /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 12vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM aparArka dvArA likhita aparArkayAjJavalkoyadharmazAstranibandha nAma kI ttiikaa| inameM se mitAkSarA TIkA vyavahAra ke viSaya meM eka svatantra prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isa para bAlabhaTTa ne TIkA kI hai| usakA dUsarA nAma bAlakRSNa thaa| vaha nAgezabhaTTa ke ziSya vaiyAkaraNa vaidyanAtha pAyaguNDa (1750 I0) kA putra thA / kucha vidvAn yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki isa TokA kA lekhaka vaidyanAtha svayaM hai| isa ThokA kA nAma lakSmIvyAkhyAna yA bAlabhaTTi hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki isa TokA ke lekhaka, vaidya nAtha yA usake putra ne, yaha TIkA vaidyanAtha ko patno lakSmIdevI ke nAma se liyA hai| isameM paitRka sampati para striyoM ke adhikAra para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai / _nAradasmRti (100-300 I0) / vRhat aura laghu do saMskaraNoM ke rUpa meM prApta hotI hai| bANa ko isa smRti ke astitva kA jJAna thaa| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki parAzarasmRti kA vRhat saMskaraNa naSTa ho gayA hai| parAzarasmati kA laghu saMskaraNa prApya hai / isa para vijayanagara ke mAdhava (1267-138: I0) ne TIkA likhI hai| isake mUlagrantha kA samaya 100 I0 aura 500 30 ke bIca meM mAnA jAtA hai / bRhaspatismRti (200-400 I0) apUrNa rUpa meM prApta hotI haiN| yaha manusmRti ko AlocanAmAtra jJAta hotI hai / inake atirikta bahuta sI smRtiyA~ haiM / inakI saMkhyA 152 mAnI jAtI hai / ___ smRti-granthoM para likhe gae choTe grantha bahuta mahattva ke haiM / ve aneka haiN| ve prAmANika grantha ke tulya mAne jAte haiN| jImUtavAhana ne 12vIM zatAbdI I0 meM dharmaratna nAmaka eka grantha likhA hai isameM vidhAna-sambandhI bAtoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isake tona bhAga haiM-kAlaviveka, vyavahAramAtRkA aura dAyabhAga / isI samaya lakSmIdhara ne smRtikalpataru grantha likhA hai| baGgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ke lie 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga halAyadha ne 1. A History of Dharmasastaa by P. V. Kane. pRSTha (bhUmikA) 26 / " " pRSTha (bhUmikA) 30 /

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dharmazAstra brAhmaNasarvasva grantha likhA thA / devaNNabhaTTa ne 1225 I0 ke lagabhaga smRticandrikA grantha ko racanA kI / varadarAja ne 13vIM zatAbdI I0 meM eka vizAla grantha smRtisaMgraha likhA thA / usakA kevala eka bhAga vyavahAranirNaya Ajakala prApta hai | hemAdri ne 1270 I0 ke lagabhaga caturvarga cintAmaNi grantha likhA hai| isameM usane vrata, dAna, tIrtha aura mokSa ina cAroM viSayoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai aura sAtha hI eka pariziSTa bhI diyA hai / isameM aneka lekhakoM ke granthoM se uddharaNa die gae haiM, ataH yaha grantha bahumUlya hai / vizvezvara ( lagabhaga 1400 I0 ) ko madanapArijAta grantha kA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / isameM dhArmika kartavyoM aura uttarAdhikAra ke niyamoM kA varNana hai / isI samaya ko anya do racanAe~ haiM - caMDezvara kA smRtiratnAkara aura parAzarasmRti ke TIkAkAra mAdhava kA kAlamAdhavIya / 15vIM zatAbdI I0 meM vAcaspati ne cintAmaNi nAma se kaI choTe grantha likhe haiM / 16vIM zatAbdI I0 meM ye grantha likhe gae - utkala ke pratAparudradeva ne sarasvatIvilAsa grantha likhA / raghunandana ne agniparIkSA aura paddhati viSaya para tattva nAmaka kaI choTe grantha likhe haiM / vaidyanAtha dIkSita ne smRtimuktAphala grantha likhA hai / 17vIM zatAbdI I0 meM ye grantha likhe gae - bhaTTojidIkSita ne tithinirNaya grantha likhA / kamalAkara bhaTTa ( 1612 I0 ) ne nirNayasaMSu grantha likhA / nIlakaNTha ( 1630 I0 ) ne bhagavantabhAskara grantha likhA aura mitra mizra ne vizvakoza ke tulya eka bIramitrodaya grantha likhA / 335

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adhyAya 30 upaveda Ayurveda, gAndharvaveda, dhanurveda, arthazAstra aura sahAyaka zAstra - cAroM vedoM aura vedAMgoM ke atirikta cAra upaveda haiM / unake nAma haiMAyurveda, gAndharvaveda, dhanurveda aura arthazAstra / ye kramazaH Adhunika zrAyurveda saMgIta, dhanuvidyA aura rAjanIti vijJAnoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM kAmazAstra Ayurveda ke andara hI AtA hai / Ayurveda Ayurveda upaveda mAnA jAtA hai / Ayurveda kA artha hai ki jisa veda kI sahAyatA se Ayu vRddhi hotI hai| jIvana meM jo kucha bhI lakSya hai, use prApta karane ke lie mUla kAraNa svAsthya hai / isake viparIta yadi manuSya roga kA zikAra ho jAtA hai to usake jIvana kA lakSya pUrA nahIM hotA / dekhie- dharmArthakAmamokSANAmArogyaM mUlamuttamam / rogAstasyApahartAraH zreyaso jIvitasya ca / carakasaMhitA-sUtrasthAna 1.14 Ayurveda kA prayojana na kevala roga ko ThIka kara denA hai balki manuSya ke svAsthya kI rakSA karanA hai jisase vaha kahIM rogoM se grasta na ho jAya / dekhie- AyurvedaprayojanaM vyAdhyupasRSTAnAM vyAdhiparimokSaH, svasthasya svAsthyasya rakSaNaJca // suzrutasaMhitA - sUtrasthAna 1

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upaveda 337 isa veda kA Arambha atharvaveda se huA hai / vaidika granthoM meM garbha-vijJAna, svAsthyavijJAna aura zalya-cikitsA kA ullekha hai / Ayurveda ke jo grantha upalabdha hote haiM, unameM prAtreya, kAzyapa, hArIta, agniveza aura bhela ke nAma kA ullekha hai / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki inameM se pratyeka ne Ayurveda kA koI grantha likhA hai yA Ayurveda kI kisI zAkhA kI sthApanA kI hai| ____ Ayurveda ke vikAsa kA dharmazAstra ke vikAsa ke sAtha bahuta ghaniSTha sambandha hai / purANoM aura smRti-granthoM meM vaidyaka kA kucha aMza varNana kiyA gayA hai| smRtiyoM aura purANoM meM manuSya ke kartavya kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, usameM svAsthya ke siddhAntoM kA bhI varNana vidyamAna hai| unakA Ayurveda para prabhAva par3A hai, kyoMki Ayurveda dharmazAstroM meM varNita vidhi ke sAtha manuSya jIvana ke yApana ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vibhinna viSayoM kA varNana karatA hai| sAMkhya aura yoga darzanoM ne Ayurveda ke bauddhika pakSa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai aura vedAnta darzana ne AdhyAtmika pakSa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai / apane siddhAntoM ke anusAra hI rogoM kI cikitsA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kaI dhArmika kAryoM ne Ayurveda ko bahuta aMza taka prabhAvita kiyA hai| hindU dharma ke anuyAyI upavAsa ko vizeSa avasaroM para Avazyaka samajhate haiM / svastha zarIra meM AtmA ko svastha rakhane ke lie Ayurveda upavAsa ko Avazyaka kArya mAnatA hai| zarIra aura mana kI racanA ke vikAsa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki isa bAta kA dhyAna rakkhA jAe ki kisa prakAra kA bhojana karanA cAhie, kisa samaya aura kisa sthAna para tathA kisa vidhi se kiyA jAya / prakRti ke tIna guNa satva, rajas aura tamas kA zarIra ke tridoSa kapha, vAta aura pitta ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai tathA ina tridoSoM kA una para bahuta prabhAva par3atA hai / bhojana kevala kSudhA kI zAnti aura zarIra kI puSTi ke lie hI nahIM khAyA jAtA hai / bhojya-padArtha ke guNoM ke dvArA yaha nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhojana kisa saM0 sA0 i0-22

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338 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prakAra kA hai| aisA bhojana hI sarvottama mAnA gayA hai, jisase sattva guNa kI vRddhi ho / ataeva Ayurveda kI paddhati nIti-zAstra ke bhI siddhAntoM kA varNana karatI hai| Ayurveda meM dArzanika tathA zarIra-tattva sambandhI sabhI jIvana kI paristhitiyoM kA varNana hai| isameM auSadhi-cikitsA tathA zalya-cikitsaH donoM dRSTi se avarodhAtmaka tathA roganAzaka cikitsA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / Ayurveda meM svIkRta tridoSoM meM se kapha kA kArya hai--zItalatA pradAna karanA, vibhinna rasoM ko surakSita rakhanA aura unakI vRddhi karanA / bAta yA vAyu meM zArIrika ceSTA-sambandhI sabhI cIjoM kA samAveza hai / pitta ke dvArA zarIra meM uSNatA kI utpatti hotI hai aura zarIra ke poSaka tattvoM ko jIvana prApta hotA hai / bhojana kA pAcana tathA rakta meM raMga kA pAnA Adi bhI isI ke dvArA hotA hai / rogoM kI cikitsA kA sAmAna taiyAra karane se pUrva isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakkhA gayA hai ki vAta, pitta aura kapha kI viSamatA ko Thoka DhaMga se samajha liyA jAe / sAtha hI Rtu kA prabhAva jo svAsthya para par3atA hai, usako bhI dhyAna meM rakkhA gayA hai / cikitsA ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-uSNa aura zIta / rakta-saMcAra kA paryApta spaSTatA ke sAtha adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / zalya-cikitsA kA bar3e rUpa meM prayoga hotA thA aura kaThina cIra-phAr3a bhI kI jAtI thI / prAcIna granthoM meM zalya-cikitsA ke upayogI aujAroM kA bhI varNana hai| garbhavijJAna kA adhyayana aura prayoga donoM hotA thA / kSayaroga kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai / Ayurveda meM ATha vibhAga haiM / (1) zalya isameM zalya-cikitsA aura prasUtikarma kA varNana hai| (2) zAlAkya / isameM sira tathA usake aMgoM ke rogoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| (3) kAgacikitsA / zarIra ke rogoM kI cikitsA / (4) bhUta-vidyA / kRtrima nidrA ke dvArA rogoM kI cikitsaa| 1. rAmAyaNa, sundarakANDa 28-6 /

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upaveda (5) kaumArabhRtya / zizu-cikitsA kA varNana / (6) agada-tantra / viSavidyA kA varNana / (7) rasAyanatantra / pauSTika rasAyanoM kA varNana / (8) vAjIkaraNatantra / vIryavardhaka auSadhiyoM kA varNana / Ayurveda kA adhyayana 8 vibhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai / ve vibhAga ye haiM-sUtra, zArItra, indriya, cikitsA, nidAna, vimAna, vikalpa aura siddhi / aAjakala jo granya prApta haiM, unase jJAta hotA hai ki Atreya punarvasu aAyurveda ko nizcita rUpa dene vAlA thA / bauddha lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidya pAtreya, gautama buddha ke janma se pUrva takSazilA meM rahatA thA / ataH usakA samaya 600 I0 pU0 se pUrva hai / usane yaha Ayurveda agniveza ko par3hAyA aura usane yaha vidyA caraka ko pddh'aaii| caraka aura dRr3habala ne jo kucha par3hA thA, usako unhoMne grantharUpa meM pariNata kiyA / usa grantha kA ho nAma carakasaMhitA pdd'aa| caraka Ayurveda kA sabase prAcIna aura prAmANika AcArya hai / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra caraka aura vaiyAkaraNa pataMjali (150 I0 pU0) eka hI vyakti haiM / bauddha piTaka granthoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki rAjA kaniSka ( prathama zatAbdI I0 ) ke rAjadvAra meM caraka nAma kA vaidya rahatA thaa| caraka gAndhAra kA nivAsI thA / usakA samaya zatAbdI I0 mAnanA cAhie / vAgbhaTa (6ThIM zatAbdI I0 ) ne dRDha bala kA uddharaNa diyA hai| ataH usakA samaya caturtha zatAbdI I0 mAnanA caahie| usane caraka ke grantha meM kucha aura viSaya jor3e tathA usako navIna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA / carakasaMhitA 8 vibhAgoM meM hai| isameM 30 adhyAya haiN| isake 8 vibhAgoM ke nAma haiM--(1) sUtrasthAna / isameM cikitsA, pathya aura vaidya ke kartavyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / (2) nidAnasthAna / isameM mukhya rogoM kA varNana hai / (3) vimAnasthAna / isameM nidAna, AyurvedIya vivecana aura Ayurveda ke chAtra ke kartavyoM kA varNana hai / (4) zarIrasthAna / isameM zalya-cikitsA aura garbhavijJAna kA varNana hai| (5) indriyasthAna / isameM rogoM ke nidAnoM kA varNana hai| (6) cikitsAsthAna / isameM makhya cikitsAoM kA varNana hai / (7) kalpasthAna /

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340 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ( 5 ) siddhisthAna / ina donoM meM sAmAnya cikitsA kA varNana hai / isakA arabI meM 800 I0 ke lagabhaga anuvAda huA thA aura phArasI meM isase bhI pUrva isakA anuvAda ho cukA thA / isameM gadya aura padya donoM haiM / suzrutasaMhitA kA lekhaka suzruta hai / yaha Ayurveda kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai isameM zalya-cikitsA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / isameM zalyacikitsA ke aujAroM aura prayogoM kA varNana hai / havIM zatAbdI I0 meM usakA nAma videzoM meM bhI phaila gayA thA / kAzyapasaMhitA meM 13 adhyAya haiM / isameM mantroM ke dvArA viSa ke prabhAva ke nivAraNa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhela (bheda ) saMhitA apUrNa aura azuddha rUpa meM prApta hotI hai / nAvanItaka grantha kI hastalikhita prati 1890 I0 meM prApta huI hai / isameM cUrNa, tela aura pauSTika cIjoM ke viSaya meM bahumUlya bAteM batAI gaI haiM / yaha grantha sabhI prAcIna granthoM kA sAra mAnA jAtA hai / isakA samaya caturtha zatAbdI I0 samajhanA cAhie / vRddhajIvaka dvArA likhita vRddhajIvakIya grantha kaumArabhRtya viSaya para hai / yaha apUrNa rUpa meM prApya hai / vAgbhaTTa ne SaSTha zatAbdI I0 meM aSTAMgahRdaya aura aSTAMgasaMgraha do grantha likhe haiM vaha siMhagupta kA putra aura dUsare vAgbhaTTa kA pautra thA / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki itsiMga ( 672-675 I0 ) ne vAgbhaTTa ke granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina donoM vAgbhaTToM ko pAzcAtya vidvAn bauddha vyakti mAnate haiM, parantu inake granthoM meM prAryajIvana kI paramparA kA varNana hone se siddha hotA hai ki ye donoM vAgbhaTTa hindU the / AlocakoM kA mata hai ki vRddha vAgbhaTTa ne aSTAMgasaMgraha grantha likhA hai aura choTe vAgbhaTTa ne aSTAMgahRdaya grantha likhA hai / isa bAta kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki ye donoM grantha do vibhinna vyaktiyoM ke likhe hue haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aSTAMgasaMgraha prAcIna granthoM se upalabdha sAmagrI ko ekatra karake banAyA gayA hai / aSTAMgahRdaya kA dUsarA

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upaveda 341 nAma aSTAMgahRdayasaMhitA hai / yaha aSTAMgasaMgraha para Azrita hai / Ajakala aSTAMgahRdaya kA asAdhAraNa pracAra hai / yogasAra aura yogazAstra granthoM kA lekhaka nAgArjuna mAnA jAtA hai / isakA pUrNa paricaya ajJAta hai / kucha Alocaka nAgArjuna nAmaka bauddha dArzanika kI aura isa vaidya ko eka ho vyakti mAnate haiM / bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna rAjA kaniSka ke darabAra meM thA / mAdhavakAra ne 5vIM zatAbdI I0 meM nidAna viSaya para rugvinizcaya grantha likhA thA / vRnda ne siddhiyoga nAmaka grantha likhA thA / isameM rogoM kI auSadhiyA~ likhI huI haiM / siddhiyoga kA dUsarA nAma vRndamAdhava hai / vRnda kA samaya ajJAta hai / cakrapANidatta ne 1060 I0 ke lagabhaga cikitsA viSaya para cikitsAsAra grantha likhA hai / isa para vRnda kA prabhAva par3A hai / isI zatAbdI meM cikitsAsAra nAmaka dUsarA grantha vaMgasena ne likhA hai / milhaNa ne 1224 I0 meM cikitsA viSaya para hI cikitsAmRta grantha likhA hai / bopadeva nAmaka vyAkaraNa kI zAkhA ke sthApaka bopadeva ne eka maulika evaM prAcIna grantha zArGgadharasaMhitA kI TIkA 13 vIM zatAbdI meM kI hai / zatazlokI grantha kA bhI lekhaka bopadeva mAnA jAtA hai / isameM cUrNoM aura goliyoM kA varNana hai / 14vIM zatAbdI meM tisaTa dvArA likhita cikitsAkalikA grantha 16vIM zatAbdI meM bhAvamizra dvArA likhita bhAvaprakAza aura 17vIM zatAbdI meM lolambarAja dvArA likhita vaidyajIvana grantha bhI vizeSa mahattva ke haiM / Ayurveda meM dhAtu nirmita auSadhiyoM aura unameM bhI pAre kI banI huI auSadhiyoM ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / yaha nikRSTa dhAtutroM ko rUpAntarita karane ke lie upayoga meM AtA thA / isakA upayoga pauSTika padArthoM ke nirmANa ke lie bhI hotA thA / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rasa viSaya para nAgArjuna ne rasaratnAkara grantha likhA hai / rasaratnasamuccaya ke lekhaka vAgbhaTTa, azvinIkumAra aura nityanAtha mAne jAte haiM / usakA samaya 1300 I0 mAnA jAtA hai / nityanAtha ne rasaratnAkara grantha bhI likhA hai / pAre ko jo

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA, usakA pariNAma yaha hA ki pAre ke viSaya meM eka pRthak zAkhA pracalita ho gaI jisakA nAma rasezvarasiddhAnta rakkhA gayA / isakA sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM varNana hugrA hai isa zAkhA ke adhiSThAtRdevatA ziva aura pArvatI haiN| pazuoM vRkSoM Adi ke rogoM ko dUra karane ke lie bhI vaidyaka ke grantha likhe gaye the| surapAla ne vRkSAyurveda meM vRkSoM ke rogoM kA ilAja batAyA hai / nArAyaNa ne mAtaMgalIlA meM hAthiyoM ke rogoM kA varNana kiyA hai / azvacikitsA para ye grantha haiM--guNa kA azvAyurveda, jayadatta aura dIpaMkara kA azvavaidyaka, vardhamAna kI yogamaMjarI, nakula kI azvacikitsA, dhArA ke rAjA bhoja kA zAlihotra aura sukhAnanda kA ashvshaastr| vaidyaka viSaya para kozagrantha bhI haiN| unake nAma haiM-dhanvantarinighaNTu ( samaya ajJAta ), surezvara ( 1075 I0 ) kA zabdapradIpa, narahari ( 1235 I0 ) kA rAjanighaNTu, madanapAla ( 1374 I0 ) kA madanavinodanighaNTu aura eka ajJAta lekhaka kA pathyApathyanighaNTu / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne yaha prayatna kiyA hai ki bhAratIya Ayurveda kA udbhava yUnAnI aAyurveda se huA hai| kintu yaha mata vyartha hI hai / bahuta se aise dRSTAnta haiM jinase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhAratIya Ayurveda-paddhati ne arabanivAsiyoM, phArasanivAsiyoM tathA ina donoM ke mAdhyama se yUnAniyoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| jaba sikandara ( 323 I0 pU0 ) ne bhArata para aAkramaNa kiyA to paMjAba meM usake AdamI sarpa-daMza se pIr3ita ho gae / unako caMgA karane ke lie apane cikitsakoM ko asamartha pAkara usane bhAratIya vaidyoM kI sahAyatA lii| usane unakI cikitsA kI prazaMsA kii| usake mana meM kucha lAlaca AI aura vaha apane sAtha bhArata ke kucha pramukha vaidyoM ko le gyaa| unakI sevAoM ne yUnAniyoM kI sahAyatA avazya kI hogI jisase unhoMne apanI Ayurveda-paddhati meM sudhAra kiyA / isake atirikta

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upaveda 343 kapha, vAta aura pitta kA bhAratIya siddhAnta yUnAniyoM ke tridoSa-sambandhI siddhAnta se bhinna hai| kAmazAstra Ayurveda ke vAjIkaraNa adhyAya meM kAmazAstra kA bhI saMgraha kiyA gayA hai / aisA karane kA prayojana yaha dikhAnA hai ki jIvana meM prema hI lakSya nahIM hai aura yaha ki aindrika sukhoM ko pratyAsakti manuSya ko pUrNa vinAza kI yora le jAtI hai| jisase manuSya svastha nahIM hotaa| ata: isa zAstra kA uddezya vilAsI jIvana ke anusAra calane ke kAraNa hone vAle khataroM ke viruddha kAmIjanoM ko protsAhita karanA hai / isa viSaya para sabase prAcIna grantha vAtsyAyana mallanAga nAmaka vaidya kA kAmasUtra grantha hai / isameM kAma ke vibhinna rUpoM kA bahuta niHsaMkoca varNana kiyA gayA hai / isameM dikhAyA gayA hai ki vivAha ke dvArA hI sukha ko prApti kI jA sakatI hai| kAma kA usI prakAra vyavahAra karanA cAhie, jisase vaha dharma aura artha ke mahattva ko kama na kara sake / isakA samaya dvitIya zatAbdI I0 mAnA jAtA hai / isameM sAta adhyAya haiM / vAtsyAyana ne isa viSaya ke anya prAcIna lekhakoM meM bAbhravya, cArAyaNa aura gonardIya Adi kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| inameM se kucha anya viSayoM ke bhI AcArya mAne jAte haiN| inakA nAma kauTilya ke arthazAstra aura pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM bhI AtA hai| vAtsyAyana ne daka kA nAmollekha kiyA hai / usane kAmasUtra likhA hai / vaha naSTa ho gayA hai / vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra para yazodhara ( 1243-1261 I0 ) ne jayamaGgala nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| isa viSaya para anya grantha ye haiM-(1) jyotirIzvara kA paMcasAyaka / isakA samaya 11vIM zatAbdI I0 ke bAda kA hai / (2) kokkana kA ratirahasya / yaha 1200 I0 se pU0 likhA gayA thA / (3) jayadeva kI ratimaMjarI / isakA samaya anizcita hai / (4) vijayanagara ke rAjA immadi prauDhadevarAya ( 1422-1448 I0 ) kI ratiratnapradIpikA / (5) kalyANamalla kA

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zatAbdI I0 meM likhA gayA hai / 344 vIrabhadra anaGgaraGga / yaha 16vIM kA kandarpacintAmaNi / yaha 16vIM zatAbdI I0 meM likhA gayA hai / gAndharva-veda ( 6 ) gAndharva-veda bhI upaveda hai / isakA sambandha sAmaveda se hai / isameM nRtya aura saMgIta kA samAveza hotA hai / bhAratIya saMgIta meM svaroM ke astitva kA kAraNa vaidika svara hai| purANoM meM saMgIta aura nRtya kA varNana hai / sadAziva, brahmA aura bharata -- ye nRtya viSaya para sabase prAcIna prAmANika AcArya haiM / bharata ke nATyazAstra ne nRtya aura saMgIta kI AdhArazilA rakkhI hai | nATyazAstra nAma se hI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM nATakIya abhinaya ko mukhyatA dI gaI hai / nATakIya abhinaya meM saMgIta kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / bAda ke lekhakoM ne jo uddharaNa die haiM, usase jJAta hotA hai ki isa viSaya para do prAmANika prAcArya hue the / eka kA nAma vRddha bharata thA aura dUsare kA nAma bharata thA / vRddha bharata ne nATyavedAgama grantha likhA hai / isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma dvAdazasAhastrI hai / isakA jJAna kevala uddharaNoM se hotA hai / bharata ne nATyazAstra likhA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma zatasAhasrI hai / nATyazAstra meM nRtya aura saMgIta ke vistRta varNana ke atirikta rasoM aura abhinayoM kA bhI varNana hai / ataeva nATyazAstra, saMgIta, nRtya, nATaka aura kAvyazAstra ke viSaya meM prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai / bharata ke ziSya dattila ne saMgIta aura nRtya viSaya para dattila nAma kA grantha likhA thA / vaha naSTa ho gayA hai / nandikezvara yA nandI ne saMgIta aura nRtya viSaya para bharatArNava grantha likhA hai / isameM 4 sahasra zloka haiM / vaha saMbhavata: bharata kA samakAlIna thA / nATayArNava aura abhinayadarpaNa grAjakala prApya haiM / ye donoM mUla bharatArNava ke ga mAne jAte haiM / inameM nRtyakalA kA vistRta vivecana hai / ina donoM granthoM kA samaya dvitIya zatAbdI I0 hai / hemacandra ( 1088 - 1172 I0 ) ke ziSya rAmacandra ( lagabhaga 1200 I0 ) ne guNacandra ke sAtha milakara apanI TIkA ke sahita nATyadarpaNa grantha likhA hai /

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upaveda 345 bhAratIya saMgIta meM laya ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / isameM mAdhurya lAne ke lie saMgIta ke pratyeka vibhAga meM pUrNatA lAI gaI / dhvani ke pratyeka rUpa kA bahuta sAvadhAnI aura AlocanA ke sAtha adhyayana kiyA gyaa| zravya dhvani ko zruti kahA jAtA hai / saMgItAcAryoM ne zruti ke 22 bheda mAne haiN| zruti se svaroM kI utpatti hotI hai / svara komala aura madhura dhvani haiM / ye svayaM zrotAoM ko prasanna karate haiM / dekhie-- zrutyanantarabhAvI yaH snigdho'nuraNanAtmakaH / svato raJjayati zrotacittaM sa svara ucyate / / saMgItaratnAkara 1-3-24, 25 svaroM se rAga utpanna hote haiM / laya ke niyamoM ke anusAra Aroha aura avaroha ke anusAra rAga vibhinna bhAgoM meM kramabaddha kie gae haiN| saMgIta meM gamaka ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / svaroM ko pariSkRta rUpa dene se gamaka kI utpatti hotI hai / dekhie-- svarasya kampo gamakaH zrotRcittasukhAvahaH / __saMgItaratnAkara 2, 3.87 saMgIta meM kaThoratA ke sAtha saMgIta ke niyamoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai / saMgIta ko sthUla rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-maukhika aura yAntrika / sitAra, vINA aura Dhola ye rASTrIya vAdya haiM / vaidika granthoM meM saMgIta ke vAdyoM kA ullekha hai / saMgIta do prakAra kA hotA hai--mArga aura dezI / mArga saMgIta meM saMgIta ke niyamoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai aura tadanusAra unakI racanA hotI hai| dezo saMgIta meM kevala jana-priyatA kA dhyAna rakkhA jAtA hai / ___ yamalASTakatantroM meM kucha saMgIta kA varNana haiM / nATyazAstra saMgIta-viSaya para sabase prAcIna prAmANika grantha hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki bharata ke ziSya kohala ne saMgIta-viSaya para eka grantha likhA thA / unakA tAlAdhyAya hI Aja kala prApya hai / mAtaMga ne dezI saMgIta viSaya para bRhaddezI grantha likhA hai /

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346 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yaha apUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai / mAtaMga caturtha zatAbdI I0 pU0 se pUrva huA thA / saMgIta viSaya para usake vicAroM ko abhinavagupta Adi ne uddhRta kiyA hai / saMgItamakaraMda kA lekhaka nArada ko mAnA jAtA hai / yaha grantha Ajakala jisa rUpa meM prApta hotA hai, usameM abhinavagupta ke vicAroM kA ullekha hai / AlocakoM ne isakA samaya 7vIM aura 11vIM zatAbdI I0 ke bIca meM mAnA hai / yAdavarAjA siMghana ( 1132-1169 I0 ) ke prAzrita zArGgadeva ne saMgIta viSaya para sAta adhyAyoM meM saMgItaratnAkara grantha likhA hai / usakA dUsarA nAma niHzaMka thA / vaha saMgIta, darzana aura vaidyaka meM niSNAta thA, yaha usake grantha se jJAta hotA hai / usakA yaha grantha eka maulika grantha hai / isameM usane viSaya kA lakSaNa, udAharaNa aura vivecana pUrNatayA diyA hai / nAnyadeva ne 1180 I0 meM rogoM ke niyamoM ke viSaya meM 17 adhyAyoM meM sarasvatIhRdayAlaMkArahAra grantha likhA hai | cAlukya vikramAditya ke putra tathA bilhaNa ke prazrayadAtA somezvara ne 12vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM mAnasollAsa grantha likhA hai / isameM usane saMgIta tathA vAdyoM ke viSaya meM varNana kiyA hai| isa viSaya ke anya grantha ye haiM - 13vIM zatAbdI I0 ke jaina pArzvadeva kA saMgIta samayasAra, 14vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArddha ke haripAla kA saMgItasudhAkara aura vidyAraNya kA saMgItasAra / vidyAraNya aura mAdhava ( lagabhaga 1350 I0 ) eka hI vyakti mAne jAte haiM / reDDI rAjA vema bhUpAla ne 15vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArddha meM saMgItacintAmaNi grantha likhA hai / kumbhakarNa ne 1440 I0 meM saMgItarAja grantha likhA hai / saMgIta viSaya para isa grantha kI bahuta bar3I dena hai / 16vIM zatAbdI I0 ke madhya meM rAmAmAtya ne karNATaka ke saMgIta ke rogoM ke viSaya meM svaramelakalAnidhi grantha likhA hai / uttara bhAratIya saMgIta ko puNDarIka viTThala ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ke granthoM ne samRddha kiyA hai / usane nartananirNaya, rAgamaMjarI, rAgamAlA aura SaDAgacaMdrikA grantha likhe haiM / tanjaura ke rAjA raghunAtha nAyaka ke lie govindadIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ne saMgItasudhA nAmaka grantha likhA

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upaveda 347 hai / 17vIM zatAbdI I0 meM saMgIta viSaya para ye grantha likhe gaye the - somanAtha kA 1606 I0 meM likhita rAjavibodha, caturadAmodara kA saMgItadarpaNa, govindadIkSita ke putra veMkaTamakhin kA caturdaNDiprakAzikA, nepAla ke rAjA jagajjyotirmalla ( 1617- 1633 I0 ) kA saMgItasArasaMgraha, ahobila kA saMgItapArijAta aura zubhaMkara kA saMgItadAmodara | TrAvanakora ke rAjA bAlarAmavarmA ( 1753- 1798 I0 ) ne saMgIta aura nRtya ke viSaya meM bAlarAmabharata grantha likhA hai / dhanurveda dhanurveda eka upaveda mAnA jAtA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki vizvAmitra ne isa viSaya para eka grantha likhA thA jo isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai / vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-- dIkSA arthAt zikSaNa yA TreniGga, saMgraha arthAt astraprApti, siddhi arthAt astroM ko prayoga karane ko kuzalatA aura prayoga arthAt una astroM kA prayoga / vikramAditya dAziva aura zArGgadatta ne isa zAstra para grantha likhe the kintu ve grantha ja upalabdha nahIM haiN| kodaNDamaNDana bhI dhanurvidyA kA eka grantha hai / zArgadhara ( ( 1363 I0 ) ke vIracintAmaNi meM yuddha sambandhI viSayoM kA varNana hai / arthazAstra arthazAstra jIvana ke dvitIya lakSya artha kA varNana karatA hai / isameM rAjanIti kA bhI samAveza hai arthazAstra ke siddhAntoM kA varNana rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata: meM prApta hotA hai / isa viSaya kA prArambha mahAbhArata aura dharmazAstra Adi: ke nIti-viSayaka zlokoM se hotA hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki indra ne artha -- zAstra viSaya para eka grantha bAhudantaka likhA thA / manusmRti aura yAjJavalkya -- smRti meM arthazAstra -sambandhI samasyAyoM para vivecana milatA hai / isa zAstra ko nItizAstra, rAjanItizAstra aura daNDanItizAstra bhI kahate haiM / arthazAstra kA sabase prAcIna AcArya bRhaspati mAnA jAtA hai /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa arthazAstra viSaya para sabase prAcIna grantha kauTilya kA arthazAstra prApta hotA hai / kauTilya kA dUsarA nAma cANakya hai / isameM bRhaspati udyAnas, vizAlAkSa, bharadvAja aura parAzara Adi ko arthazAstra kA prAcIna grAcArya mAnA gayA hai / isameM 15 adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya meM kaI khaNDa haiM / pratyeka khaNDa gadya meM hai aura anta meM zloka hotA hai, jisameM khaNDa ke vivecya viSaya kA upasaMhAra hotA hai / isameM kucha sUtra bhI haiM ! una para bhASya huA hai / ina sUtroM ke lekhaka kA nAma ajJAta hai ! isa grantha meM vyAvahArika jIvana ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / isameM rAjya ke prabandha-sambandhI vibhinna viSayoM para vistRta vivecana huA hai / ina viSayoM meM se kucha viSaya ye haiM- rAjakumAroM ko kaisI zikSA dI jAnI cAhie, mantripariSad kA nirmANa, dUtoM kI upayogitA, rAjadUtoM ke kartavya, rAjya ke prabandha kA niyantraNa, nyAya kA saMcAlana, AkramaNa, daNDa, mUlya vRddhi, kara- vidhAna, rAjA ke kartavya 6, rAja purohita aura bhAvoM ke durguNa, kucha rahasyAtmaka kArya / arthazAstra ke likhane kA uddezya yaha thA ki rAjya ko surakSita banAyA jAya / isake lekhAnusAra rAjA rAjya kA kevala sevaka hotA thA / 348 anya nAma isa grantha kA lekhaka cANakya mAnA jAtA hai / usI ke viSNugupta aura kauTilya haiM / vaha maurya rAjA candragupta kA mantrI thA / bhAratavarSa ke viSaya meM megasthanIja ne jo vivaraNa likhA hai, vaha arthazAstra ke vivaraNa se milatA hai / daNDI ne dazakumAracarita meM viSNugupta ke arthazAstra meM 6000 zlokoM kA honA likhA hai' / isa grantha kI zailI ke AdhAra para isakA samaya 320 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| isa grantha kA lekhaka cAhe koI bhI ho, arthazAstra ke dekhane se nAta hotA hai ki isake lekhaka kI rAjanIti-sambandhI yoyagratA bahuta vikasita thI / isane isa bAta ko pUrNatayA spaSTa kiyA hai ki rAjya kA prabandha hI 1. dazakumAracarita adhyAya 8 /

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upaveda 346 kuzalatA ke sAtha calA sakate haiM, jo bahuta AdarzavAdI yA chidrAnveSI nahIM hai| "isa samasta grantha meM navInatA aura satyatA bharI huI hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki isake lekhaka ko una sabhI viSayoM kA vaiyaktika anubhava thA,. jinakA usane bar3e AkarSaka rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai|"1 zukranItisAra meM 2200 zlokoM meM rAjanIti kA varNana hai / yaha ekaH vizAla grantha zukranIti kA saMkSipta saMskaraNa mAnA jAtA hai / isa grantha kI gailI aura viSaya-vivecana ke AdhAra para isakA samaya IsavIya san se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / kAmandaka kA nItisAra kauTilya ke arthazAstra para Azrita hai| isameM viSNugupta kA ullekha hai / isameM bahuta se upadezAtmaka zloka haiM / kAvyAlaMkArasUtra ke lekhaka vAmana ko isa grantha kA jJAna thaa| isa grantha kA samaya 7vIM zatAbdI I0 meM mAnanA cAhie / somadevasUri ne nItivAkyAmRta grantha likhA hai / yaha somadevasUri aura yazastilaka kA lekhaka somadevasUri eka hI vyakti mAne jAte haiM / yaha lekhaka jaina hone ke kAraNa arthazAstra ke lekhaka kauTilya: se pravandha aura yuddha-sambandhI kaI bAtoM meM sahamata nahIM hai| isameM usane zAsakoM ko nIti viSayaka upadeza die haiM / hemacandra ( 1088-1172 I0 ) kI laghvahanIti jaina-dRSTikoNa se likhI gaI hai / arthazAstra viSaya para anya grantha ye haiM-dhArA ke rAjA bhoja ( 1040 I0 ) kA yuktikalpataru, caNDezvara kA nItiratnAkara, nItiprakAzikA Adi / anya zAstra prAcIna samaya meM zilpazAstra yA vAstuvidyA bahuta unnata avasthA meM thii| isa viSaya para bauddha aura jaina vidvAnoM kI bahuta bar3I dena hai / dharma aura upayogitA isa viSaya kI mukhya vizeSatA haiM / dakSiNa bhArata ke vizAla mandira, sAranAtha aura ajantA ke stUpa vihAra aura caitya Adi prAcIna 1. History of Indian Civilization by C. E.M. Joad. pRSTha 88 /

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350 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhArata ke zilpavidyAvizAradoM ke bauddhika aura naitika utkarSa ko macita karate haiM / nagaroM kA vaijJAnika vidhi se nirmANa isa viSaya kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isa viSaya para jo grantha likhe gaye haiM, unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM vaijJAnika tathyatA hai, prazaMsanIya vyAvahArika jJAna kI sanA hai, svacchatA sambandhI sabhI bAtoM kA pUrA dhyAna rakkhA gayA hai aura mainika AvazyakatAoM kA bhI pUrA vicAra rakkhA gayA hai / " vAstuvidyA aura mUrtikalA viSaya para ye grantha haiM--mayamata, sanatkumAravAstuzAstra aura mAnamAra / vAstuvidyA viSaya para ye grantha haiM--zrIkumAra ( 16vIM zatAbdI I0 / kA 'zilparatna aura dhArA ke rAjA bhoja (1040 I0) kA samarAMgaNasUtrazara / mAnasAra meM una sabhI zilpavidyA-sambandhI bAtoM kA varNana hai, jinameM kalAtmakatA ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| rAjA kumbhakarNa (1416-1466 I0) ke Azrita eka zilpakAra maNDana ne do grantha likhe haiM--vAstumaNDana aura prAsAdamaNDana / prAcIna bhArata meM citrakalA pUrNa unnata avasthA meM thii| viSNudharmottarapurANa meM eka adhyAya citrakalA para hai / ajantA kI guphA ke citroM ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kalA pUrNa unnati ko prApta ho cukI thii| bhAratIya mUrtikalA aura citrakalA meM AdhyAtmika bhAvoM ko vizeSatA dI gaI hai| usameM asthiyoM aura mAMsapeziyoM Adi kI ora vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai / saMgIta, nRtya, mUrtikalA aura citrakalA kA uddezya yaha hai ki janatA ke samakSa saMsAra kA saundarya upasthita kiyA jAya / jo vastue~ sundara mAnI jAtI haiM, unameM paramAtmA kA astitva pratibimbita mAnA jAtA hai| ataeva ina kalAoM kA uddezya ucca hai aura inake dvArA paramAtmA kA mahattva prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / anirvacanIya paramAtmA kA gaurava ina kalAoM ke mAdhyama se hI prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / "kalA vastutaH eka khir3akI hai, jisase manupya vAstavikatA ko dekha sakatA hai / " jo citra citrita kiye jAte haiM, ve do prakAra 1. History of Indian Civilization by C. E. M. Joad pRSTha :3 /

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. . upaveda 351 ke haiM viddha aura aviddha / prathama meM citra kI vAstavikatA kA pUrA dhyAna rakkhA jAtA hai aura dvitIya meM pUrNa vAstavikatA kA honA Avazyaka nahIM hai, usake dvArA mUla vastu kA jJAnamAtra hotA hai / citroM ke ina do prakAroM kA ullekha do granthoM meM prApta hotA hai--kalyANa ke cAlukya rAjA vikramAditya SaSTha ( lagabhaga 1200 I0 ) ke putra somezvara ke abhilaSitArthacintAmaNi grantha meM tathA dhanapAla ( lagabhaga 1000 I0 ) kI tilakamaMjarI meM / vijayanagara ke vidyAraNya ( 14vIM zatAbdI I0 ) kI paJcadazI meM citrakalA kA varNana hai| yaha grantha aba naSTa ho gayA hai| Ajakala isa viSaya para koI prAcIna grantha prApta nahIM hai| ratnoM ke prayoga ke kAraNa ratnazAstra kA prAdurbhAva huaa| varAhamihira kI vRhatsaMhitA meM isa viSaya kA kucha varNana prApta hotA hai / isa viSaya para ye grantha prApta hote haiM-agastimata, buddhabhaTTa kI ratnaparIkSA aura nArAyaNa kI navaratnaparIkSA Adi / corI ko bhI eka kalA mAnA gayA hai / karNIsuta aura mUladeva coravidyA ke prAmANika prAcArya mAne jAte haiN| inhoMne isa viSaya para grantha likhe haiM, parantu ve naSTa ho gaye haiM / eka SaNmukhakalpa nAmaka grantha Ajakala prApya haiM / prAcIna samaya meM vanaspati-vijJAna-sambandhI adhyayana bhI hotA thA / isa viSaya ke adhyayana kA koI pRthak vibhAga vidyamAna nahIM thA / vRkSoM aura vanaspatiyoM kI utpatti, unakA vikAsa tathA vanaspati-sambandhI anya viSayoM kA vivecana ina granthoM meM huA hai--vRkSAyurveda', agnipurANa, arthazAstra, vRhatsaMhitA, suzrutasaMhitA tathA vaizeSikadarzana ke sUtroM para zaMkaramizra kI TIkA / zAGargadhara ne vanaspatiyoM ke vibhinna aGgoM para 13vIM zatAbdI meM upavanavinoda grantha likhA hai| 1. vAgbhaTTa kA likhA huA vRkSAyurveda grantha hai / dekho AcArya dhruva smRtigrantha meM pI0 ke0 goDe kA 'bhAratIya vanaspatiyoM ke adhyayana kA itihAsa' lekh|

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352 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nAgArjuna rasAyana-vijJAna aura Ayurveda kA prAcArya mAnA jAtA hai| usakA rasAyana-vijJAna ke vikAsa meM bahuta hAtha thaa| usane dhAtu-sambandhI mizraNoM ke taiyAra karane meM vizeSa yogyatA prApta kI thii| pAre aura lohe ke jo usane rAsAyanika mizraNa taiyAra kie the, unakA ullekha cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga (626-645 I0) tathA musalamAnI lekhaka alaberunI (1017-1030 I0 ) ne bhI kiyA hai / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki nAgArjuna ne rasAyanavijJAna para eka grantha likhA thA / saMkhiyA se jo davAe~ taiyAra kI jAtI thIM, unakA Ayurvedika kAryoM ke lie pAna Adi bhI karAyA jAtA thaa| suzruta ne kSAroM ke nirmANa aura prayoga ke viSaya meM vistRta vicAra kiyA hai / kutubamInAra ko 14sau varSa ho gaye haiM, parantu usa para Ajataka na morcA lagA hai aura na usa para likhe hue akSara hI miTe haiM, isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya lohe ko vizeSa prakAra se taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA aura usakA vizeSa kAryoM meM bhI prayoga hotA thaa| rasArNava aura rasaratnasamuccaya meM yaha vidhi dI gaI hai ki kisa prakAra kaccI dhAtu se jastA nikAlA jA sakatA hai| bauddhoM ne rasAyanavijJAna ke viSaya meM bahuta bar3I dena dI hai / bauddha loga apane rasAyana vijJAna sambandhI granthoM ke sAtha jo cIna aura tibbata ko cale gaye, usI kAraNa se bhArata meM rasAyana vijJAna aura kucha aMza meM vaidyaka kA bhI hrAsa huA hai| zalya aura jyotiSa ke sAtha hI sAtha vaidyakazAstra ke kSetra meM purAkAlIna bhAratIyoM kA anubhava zlAghya hai / isa anubhava kA pramANa adhyayana kI pathaka-pathaka zAkhAmoM ke granthoM se prApta hotA hai / yaha vanaspatizAstra, padArtha-sampattioM , nakSatroM tathA grahoM kI pUrva kalpanA karatA hai| yaha jJAna kevala siddhAnta rUpa taka hI sImita na thA / ina zAstroM se sambandhita padArthoM kA prayoga prayogazAlAoM meM avazya kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| kiye jAne vAle prayogoM kA DhaMga, tatsambandhI prayukta prAyogika yantroM tathA anya padArthoM ko santati ke hAthoM nahIM sauMpA gyaa| isakA kAraNa AsAnI se jAnA jA sakatA thaa| bhAratIya vaidyakazAstra ke zalya-pakSa ke vilayana kA mukhya rUpa se

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upaveda - 353 uttaradAyI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai / jisa para bauddha aura jaina upadezakoM ne bahuta adhika jora diyaa| bauddha apane rasAyanazAstra ke bahumUlya granthoM ke sAtha cIna aura tibbata gaye / isa prakAra rasAyanazAstra kA hrAsa huA / yavana AkramaNa ke ghora atyAcAra se pIr3ita ho hindU apanI surakSA kI khoja meM idhara-udhara cale / phalataH bahumUlya jJAnakoza aura apanI priya vastue~ bho chor3a gaye / kAlAntara meM logoM kA sambandha paramparAgata kalAoM aura zAstroM se TUTa gayA / anta meM ina upayogI zAstroM ke bahumUlya grantha kho gye| unheM videzI lUTa le gaye aura hamAre pAsa kucha bhI zeSa na rhaa| saM0 sA. i0-23

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adhyAya 31 bhAratIya darzana aura dharma sAmAnya siddhAnta aura vibhinna darzana darzana kA abhiprAya hai jJAnaprApti kI icchA / yaha jJAna AdhyAtmika jJAna ke sAtha vizva ke jJAna ke viSaya meM hai / isameM jIva aura prakRti kI utpatti tathA vikAsa ke viSaya meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / kisI nirNaya para pahu~cane ke lie yuktiyoM kA Azraya liyA gayA hai| ataH darzana bahata adhika vicArAtmaka hai / ___ dharma kA abhiprAya hai kisI viSaya meM zraddhA yA vizvAsa / isa zraddhA yA vizvAsa ko kriyAtmaka rUpa diyA jAtA hai / zraddhA kA sambandha jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA se tathA ina donoM ke pArasparika sambandha se hai| jIva aura prakRti ke Upara Izvara kI pradhAnatA svIkAra kI jAtI hai / isa prakAra dharma anubhava kI vastu ho jAtA hai / yaha eka prakAra kA AdhyAtmika AviSkAra hai, isameM buddhi se atIta paramAtmA kA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai / yaha anubhava spaSTa, sAkSAt, sphUrtiprada aura Azcaryajanaka hotA hai / isa prakAra dharma kriyAtmaka aura prAptirUpa hai / ____darzana aura dharma kA bAhya dRSTikoNa vibhinna hai / pAzcAtya dezoM meM darzana aura dharma ko pRthak-pRthak rakkhA gayA hai| parantu bhAratavarSa meM ina donoM kA ekatra hI varNana kiyA gayA hai aura donoM ke madhya koI vibhedaka sImA nahIM khIMcI gaI hai| bhAratavarSa meM darzana vicArAtmaka hote hae bhI satya kA anusandhAna karatA hai aura vahIM para sthira nahIM rahatA hai / isameM isa bAta kA bhI varNana kiyA jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra kA jIvana vitAne se usa satya ko prApta kara sakate haiM / isa antima vivecana meM darzana dharma

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355 kA sthAna letI hai / ataevaM bhAratavarSa meM isa prakAra kA koI darzana nahIM hai, jisameM dharma kA samAveza sarvathA na ho / darzana jJAna kA dvAra udghATita karatA hai aura dharma jJAna kA mArga pradarzita karatA hai / dArzanika vivecanoM ke dvArA jisa satya kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai, usako prApta karanA jIvana kA lakSya hai| bhAratavarSa meM do mukhya kAraNoM se darzana aura dharma meM pArasparika sambandha kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / ye donoM kAraNa bhAratIya zraddhA kI vizeSatA haiN| (1) saMsAra AdhyAtmika hai / isameM jIva aura prakRti kA astitva rahatA hai / (2) vizva meM anekatA meM bhI ekatA hai / ina kAraNoM se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAstavika satya kevala eka hI hai, kintu usa satya kI prApti ke lie vibhinna dharmoM ke anusAra mArga pRthak haiM / ina vibhinna mArgoM kA kAraNa yaha hai ki usa satya ko vibhinna dRSTikoNa se dekhA gayA hai / ataeva na kevala dharmoM meM hI bheda hai, apitu vAstavika satya ke viSaya meM unake dArzanika vicAroM meM bhI matabheda hai / isa prakAra vibhinna vizvAsoM meM ekatA ko prApti hotI hai / prAcIna bhArata meM isa siddhAnta ko bhalI bhA~ti samajhA gayA thaa| isakA prabhAva yaha huA ki bhAratIyoM meM dhArmika sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA utpanna huI aura eka dharma ke anuyAyI, dUsare sarvathA viparIta vicAra vAle dharma ke anuyAyI ke prati sahiSNutA kA bhAva pradarzita karate the| isa dhArmika sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA ke kAraNa hI vibhinna darzanoM aura dharmoM kA sAtha hI sAtha udbhava aura vikAsa huA / dharmazAstroM meM manuSya ke kartavyoM kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha dharma ke siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para hI hai / jo ina kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA cAhate the, unake jIvana ko vyavasthita aura niyamita rakhane ke lie varNoM aura aAzramoM kI sthApanA ko gaI / varNa-vyavasthA eka mahAn prayatna thA ki vibhinna paramparAoM, karmakANDoM aura rItiyoM ko mAnane vAle vibhinna jAtIya tattvoM ko samanvita karake eka sAmAjika rUpa diyA jAya aura unakI saMskRti tathA dharma ko eka sUtra meM bA~dhA jAya / AzramoM ne yaha vyavasthA ko ki manuSya

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356 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jIvana ke kisa kAla meM kina kartavyoM ko mukhya rUpa se kare / jIvana ke cAra uddezya mAne gaye the -dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa / artha aura kAma dharma ke Azrita the tathA ye tInoM jIvana ke carama-lakSya mokSa ke Azrita the / artha aura kAma meM Asakti manuSya kI AtmA ko sAMsArika bandhanoM meM bA~dhatI hai, ataeva ina donoM ko svatantratA nahIM denI caahie| unako isa prakAra se niyantrita kiyA jAnA cAhiye ki ve AtmA ko unnati meM sahAyaka siddha hoM / yadi ye tInoM carama lakSya mokSa ke avona nahIM kie jAte haiM to mRtyu ke pazcAt jIva ko punaH janma aura mRtyu ke bandhana meM AnA par3atA hai / aisA honA svAbhAvika hai, anyathA vizva meM naitikatA ko vyavasthA nahIM ho sakatI hai| bhAratIya punarjanmavAda meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM / punarjanma kA siddhAnta isa naitika siddhAnta para Azrita hai ki manuSya apane bhAgya kA svayaM nirmAtA hai' / inI siddhAnta ke anusAra mokSa kA bhI siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra manuSya jJAna ke dvArA punarjanma ke bandhana se mukta hokara mokSa ko prApta karatA hai / jo manuSya ko ucita kArya karane se rokatA hai, vaha ajJAna hai / satya kA jJAna manuSya ko sanmArga para lAtA hai / isa satya kA jJAna dArzanika vivecana se hI prApta hotA hai / dharma ke dvArA nirdhArita naitika anuzAsana manuSya ke ajJAna ko samApta karatA hai / isa prakAra mokSa kI prApti kevala zraddhA se nahIM, apitu karma ke dvArA hotI hai / bhAratIya paddhati meM kevala dArzanika vivecana ko apekSA dharma ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / vaidika granthoM meM dArzanika bhAvoM ke bIja vidyamAna haiN| unase hI vibhinna darzanoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai| ina darzanoM kI mukhya satyatA yaha hai ki ye paramAtmA ke astitva ko mAnate haiM / vedoM meM aise mantra vidyamAna haiM, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki paramAtmA ke svarUpa ko jAnane kA prayatna usa samaya kiyA gayA thaa| ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bahuta prAcIna samaya se hI dArzanika anveSaNa prArambha ho gayA thA, jo anveSaNa eka devatA

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bhAratIya darzana aura dharma 357 ke viSaya meM prArambha huA thA, vaha aneka devatAoM ke viSaya meM bhI cAlU rahA / ekadevatA vAda hI anekadevatA vAda ke rUpa meM pariNata hayA aura jaba una sabhI devatAoM ko eka devatA kA hI rUpAntara mAnA jAne lagA, taba una sabakI pUjA prArambha huI / brAhmaNa granthoM meM jIvana ke dhArmika vikAsa kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| upaniSadoM meM aise sandarbha milate haiM, jinase dArzanika sAhitya kA vikAsa huA hai, parantu unameM kisI siddhAnta kA vidhipUrvaka spaSTIkaraNa nahIM huA hai| pratyeka upaniSad meM kaI siddhAnta vidyamAna haiN| tathApi upaniSadoM meM maulika racanA vidyamAna hai, jinase susambaddha dArzanika bhAvoM kA vikAsa ho sake / pratyeka darzana usa darzana ke par3hane vAle vidyArthI se AzA rakhatA hai ki vaha ina darzanoM ke prAcArabhUta prAcIna granthoM para dRr3ha AsthA rakkhegA aura una granthoM meM jo niSkarSa nikAle gaye haiM, unako mAnegA / aisA koI bhI darzana nahIM hai, jo prAcIna granthoM ( veda, upaniSad Adi ) kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra na karatA ho aura unameM nirdiSTa siddhAntoM ko na mAne / isa dRSTi se darzanoM kI upamA eka vikasita hote hue phUla se de sakate haiM, jisake dala apane phUla se pRthak na hokara usake sAtha hI saMbaddha rahate haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya darzanoM para nirAzAvAdI hone kA doSAropaNa kiyA hai / unhoMne usake samarthana ke lie yuvita dI hai ki inameM artha aura kAma ko hIna sthAna diyA gayA hai aura saMnyAsa kA mahattva varNana kiyA gayA hai / unakA yaha doSAropaNa sarvathA asatya hai, kyoMki nirAzAvAda sabhI vastuoM ko doSamaya mAnatA hai aura manuSya ko AzA dilAne ke sthAna para usake mastiSka ko nirAzApUrNa banAtA hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne artha aura kAma ko jo mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM diyA hai, usakA kAraNa kevala yaha nahIM hai ki ye AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, apitu mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki artha aura kAma ko gauNa sthAna dene se eka vizeSa lakSya mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / bhAratIya, jo saMnyAsa

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358 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI bhAvanA ko mahattva dete haiM, usakA bhI kAraNa yahI hai ki saMnyAsa ke dvArA uttama lakSya mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / ataH yaha mAnanA ThIka hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM AzAvAda kI bhAvanA vyApta hai| vicAroM kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa darzana bhI aneka haiM / darzana kA artha hai jJAna-prApti ke sAdhana kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se darzana arthAt sAkSAtkAra karanA / pratyeka darzana kA uddezya hai tattva-darzana arthAt satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA / samasta darzanoM ko sthUlarUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-Astika aura nAstika / prAstika darzana kA artha hai jo darzana vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko mAnate haiM aura jo vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko nahIM mAnate haiM, ve 'nAstika' 'darzana haiM / isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra nAstika darzana tIna haiM--cArvAka, bauddha aura jaina, kyoMki ye vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko nahIM mAnate haiN| nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA aura vedAnta ye 6 darzana Astika darzana kahe jAte haiM, kyoMki ye vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko mAnate haiN| vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko mAnane kA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki unakA andhAnakaraNa kiyA jAya / vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra karate hue unake mantroM kA artha apane matAnusAra karane kI svIkRti dI gaI hai| upaniSad Astika tathA nAstika hara prakAra ke siddhAntoM ke srota rahe haiM, yadyapi nAstika varga srotoM kI samasta prAmANikatAoM kA niSedha karegA / inameM kucha to darzana meM parivartita ho gaye haiM, jaba ki dUsare nAstika siddhAnta meM ghula-mila gaye haiN| kucha sUtra rUpa meM niyamita kara diye gaye aura kucha jyoM ke tyoM bane raha gaye / pratyeka darzana ke pravartaka prAyaH ina samasta siddhAntoM se pUrNatayA paricita the / isalie jaba kabhI kisI darzana meM kisI anya yA virodhI vicAroM ke ullekha mileM to yaha samajhanA cAhie ki ina kAlpanika siddhAntoM kA ullekha isI rUpa meM hai na ki unase sambandhita koI vizeSa pAThya-pustaka hai / isalie vibhinna darzanoM ke sUtrasaMgraha kI bAta nirarthaka hai, yadi viparIta bhAva se koI pramANa nahIM hai /

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adhyAya 32 nAstika-darzana cArvAka-darzana yaha darzana bhautikavAdI hai / isa darzana ke siddhAnta utane hI purAne haiM, jitanA ki mAnava-jagat / isa darzana ke anusAra jo vastu pratyakSa nahIM hai, usakA astitva nahIM hai / pratyakSa ke atirikta aura koI anya pramANa nahIM hai / veda prAmANika grantha nahIM hai / saMsAra meM na koI paramAtmA hai aura na svarga Adi anya loka / zarIra yA paMcatattva se pRthak AtmA koI vastu nahIM hai / sAMsArika sukha ke atirikta aura koI sukha nahIM hai / isa darzana kA uddezya hai ki 'yAvajjIvet sukhaM jIvet' jaba taka jove sukha se jove / isake lie jo kucha bhI karanA par3e vaha saba kucha kare / isa darzana ke siddhAntoM ke samarthana ke lie koI svatantra grantha nahIM hai / anya dArzanika granthoM se isa darzana ke siddhAntoM kA jJAna hotA hai / eka bRhaspati isa darzana kA prAmANika prAcArya mAnA jAtA hai / vijayanagara ke mAdhava (1350 I0) ke sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM kucha aise uddharaNa diye gaye haiM jo usake mAne jAte haiM / svabhAvavAda, niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda bhautikavAdI vicAroM kA sakAraNa vivecana karate haiN| bauddha-darzana kapilavastu ke rAjakumAra gautama (535-485 I0 pU0) ne bauddha-darzana kI sthApanA kI thii| ve manuSyoM ke duHkhoM ko dekhakara bahuta dravita hue the| manuSyoM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA sAdhana prApta karane ke lie unhoMne samAdhi lagAI aura unheM jJAna-prApti ( bodha ) huI / bodha hone ke kAraNa unakA nAma usI samaya se buddha pracalita ho gyaa| unhoMne mAnavIya duHkhoM ko dUra karane ke lie kucha siddhAnta sthApita kie| vaha kalpanA-jagat meM nahIM gaye haiM / bogha-prApti se pUrva vaha anIzvaravAdI siddhAnta ke samarthaka the|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa buddha ne jina siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kI, ve hI bauddha darzana ke mUla siddhAnta hue / jIvana duHkhamaya hai / icchA aura kAma se vazIbhUta hokara kiye gaye karmoM ke kAraNa duHkha hotA hai| isa prakAra ke karmoM meM nirantara lipta hone se manuSya duHkha meM par3A rahatA hai aura karma siddhAnta tathA punarjanma siddhAnta ke vaza meM hokara bAra-bAra janma aura mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai / ajJAna ke kAraNa hI manuSya kAma ke vaza hokara kAryoM ko karatA hai / samyak ( vAstavika ) jJAna ke dvArA hI yaha jJAna dUra hotA hai / samyak jJAna meM yaha jJAna bhI sammilita hai ki grAtmA nahIM hai aura na yaha jagat hI hai / AtmA ke astitva ko mAnane se samyak jJAna nahIM hone pAtA / AtmA ko mAnane se rAga aura kAma ko sthAna mila jAtA hai / punarjanma meM bhI AtmA kA punarjanma nahIM hotA hai, apitu caritra kA punarjanma hotA hai / isa saMsAra kA bhI astitva nahIM hai / yaha jo kucha saMsAra dRSTigocara hotA hai vaha kSaNabhaMgura aura jJAna hotA hai to ajJAna naSTa ho jAtA hai aura kAma bhI naSTa ho jAte / jaba samyak jJAna ho jAtA hai taba karma karanA bhI samApta ho jAtA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa duHkha kA abhAva ho jAtA hai | duHkhoM kA prabhAva samAdhi ke dvArA hI hotA hai / samAdhi ke dvArA duHkhoM kA atyanta prabhAva ho jAtA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa jagata kA aura jJAna kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai / isa sthiti ko nirvANa kahate haiM / nirvANa zabda kA artha hai, bujhanA yA samApta honA / ataH nirvANa usa avasthA kA nAma hai, jahA~ saba cIjeM samApta ho jAtI haiM aura kucha zeSa nahIM rahatA hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki vAstavika satya 'zUnya' hai / jo 'bodha' ke lie prayatna karatA hai, use bodhisattva kahate haiM / vaha gRhastha yA bhikSuka koI bhI ho sakatA hai / usake AcaraNa meM vizvahita kI bhAvanA pramukha honA cAhie / bodhisattva se buddha kI avasthA ko prApta karane ke lie kaI sor3hiyoM ko pAra karanA hotA hai / usako dAna ( dAna denA ), zola ( sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana ), kSAnti ( kSamA ), vIrya ( zakti ), dhyAna ( samAdhi ) aura prajJA ( jJAna ), ina 6 pAramitoM ( ucca guNoM ) 360 asthira hai / jaba samyak usake sAtha hI icchA aura

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nAstika-darzana 361 meM pUrNatA prApta karanI cAhie / bhikSuka ina guNoM kA abhyAsa apane dainika jIvana meM vihAroM ( maThoM ) meM rahate hue karate haiM aura gRhastha apane gRhoM meM rahate hue svArtha-tyAga tathA bhaktibhAva ke dvArA karate haiM / buddha vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnate the / vaha Izvara ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate the| unhoMne jagat kI utpatti aura pralaya ke viSaya meM bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai / unhoMne yoga kI sAdhanAtroM ko vizeSataH bhAvanA (samAdhi) ko svIkAra kiyA hai tathA brahmacarya ke abhyAsa para vizeSa bala diyA hai| baddha ke ziSya vibhinna pratibhA se yukta the| unameM se kucha aise the, jo vizva ke astitva ko anubhava karane ke kAraNa zUnyatAvAda ko mAnane ko udyata nahIM the / buddha ke upadezoM ko sUkSma satyatA tathA gambhIra dArzanikatA unako bodhagamya nahIM tho / buddha ke ziSyoM tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ke isa bauddhika-zakti-bheda ke kAraNa bauddha dharma kI cAra zAkhAe~ pracalita huI / unake nAma haiM-vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika / bauddha dharma kA eka vizeSa siddhAnta yaha hai ki saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu kSaNabhaMgura hai / vaibhASikoM kA mata hai ki jJAna aura jJeya donoM satya haiN| sautrAntikoM kA mata hai ki jJAna satya hai aura jJeya kI satyatA anumAna ke dvArA jJAta hotI hai| yogAcAra-mArga ke anuyAyiyoM kA mata hai ki jJAna satya hai aura isake atirikta anya koI vastu sanya nahIM hai / ataeva isa zAkhA ko vijJAnavAdI bhI kahate haiN| mAdhyamikoM kA mata hai ki jJAna bhI satya nahIM hai / ve zUnyatAvAda ko mAnate haiM / ataeva isa zAkhA ko 'zUnyatAvAdI' bhI kahate haiM / vaibhASika zAkhA ke prAcIna lekhaka saMbabhadra aura kAtyAyana haiM / sautrAntika zA vA kA prAvIna lekhaka kumAralabdha (300 I0) hai / yaha zAkhA mUla bauddhagranthoM para nirbhara hai / yogAcAra zAkhA ke prAcIna lekhaka maitreyanAtha aura prArya prasaMga haiM / yaha zAkhA yoga (samAdhi) aura prAcAra (abhyAsa) para nirbhara hai / mAdhyamika zAkhA kA prAcIna lekhaka Arya nAgArjuna hai / isa zAkhA kA mata hai ki bAhya vastue~ na sarvathA satya haiM aura na sarvathA asatya / isa prakAra

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa yaha zAkhA madhyamArga ko apanAne ke kAraNa mAdhyamika nAma se pracalita huI / 100 I0 ke lagabhaga pramakha bauddhoM ne ina cAroM zAkhAoM meM antara kiyA aura kucha ko ucca tathA kucha ko nIca batAyA / nimna zreNI kI zAkhAoM ko 'hInayAna' nAma diyA gayA / isameM vaibhASika aura sautrAntika ina do zAkhAoM kI gaNanA hai / ina donoM zAkhAoM ke anuyAyI madhyamavarga ke vyakti the aura ve kevala apanI hI mukti cAhate the / ucca zreNI kI zAkhAoM ko mahAyAna kahate haiM / isameM yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika ina do zAkhAoM kA samAveza hotA hai / ina donoM zAkhAoM ke anuyAyI uccakoTi ke vyakti hote the / ve apanI mukti svayaM prApta kara sakate the / unheM kisI kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI / ve sAtha hI auroM kI bhI mukti ke lie prayatna karate the / 'hInayAna' mArga ke anuyAyiyoM ne sAhityika kAryoM ke lie 'pAlI' bhASA ko apanAyA cora mahAyAna mArga ke anuyAyiyoM ne sAhityika kAryoM ke lie 'saMskRta' bhASA ko apanAyA / 1 362 buddha ne apane pIche koI grantha nahIM chor3A hai / isa darzana ke pramukha lakSaNoM kA jJAna hameM uttaravartI lekhakoM ke granthoM se hotA hai / aisI paristhiti meM ThIka-ThIka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki buddha ne ye upadeza diye the yA nahIM / udAharaNa ke lie uttaravartI lekhaka yaha samajhate haiM ki AtmA kI sattA kA jJAna manuSya meM prAsakti, vAsanA tathA kAma ko prabuddha karatA hai / isalie grAtmA aura saMsAra kI sattA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / zUnyatA parama satya hai / unake upadeza aura vaktavya piTakoM meM saMgRhIta haiM / ye piTaka pAlI bhASA meM haiM aura ye bauddha dharma ke dharma granthoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / piTaka grantha tIna haiM-- sutta, vinaya aura abhidhamma / suttapiTaka meM buddha ke upadezoM kA saMgraha hai / vinayapiTaka meM bauddha bhikSutroM aura bhikSuNiyoM ke lie anuzAsana ke niyama tathA dainika jIvana ke lie upadeza haiM / abhidhammapiTaka meM dArzanika vivecana haiM / ina piTakoM ke lekhakoM kA nAma ajJAta hai / inake saMkalana kA samaya 240 I0 pU0 se pUrva mAnA jAtA hai / ye dharmagrantha saMskRta bhASA meM bhI prApya haiM,

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nAstika-darzana 363 parantu ve sabhI apUrNa haiM / unameM se kucha ye haiM--pratimokSasUtra, vinayapiTaka dIrghAgama, madhyamAgama Adi / inake atirikta kucha aura bhI grantha haiM, jo ki bauddhoM ke lie prAmANika haiN| unameM se adhikAMza kathA ke rUpa meM haiN| isa vibhAga meM jAtaka, dhammapada, dIpavaMza aura avadAna Adi Ate haiM / mahAvastu meM bahuta se jAtaka haiN| isakA sambandha honayAna zAkhA se hai / lalitavistara mahAyAna zAkhA kA sabase pavitra dharmagrantha hai / isameM buddha kA jIvana-carita diyA huA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma vaipulyasUtra hai / isakA racanAkAla aura lekhaka kA nAma anizcita hai / isakA havIM zatAbdI meM cInI bhASA meM anuvAda huA hai / kumAralAta ne sUtrAlaMkAra grantha likhA hai / isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma kalpanAmaNDitaka hai| isameM jAtakoM aura avadAnoM kA saGkalana hai / yaha grantha apUrNa hai / isI prakAra kA anya grantha prAryazUra kI jAtakamAlA hai / saddharmapuNDarIka meM mahAyAna zAkhA ke siddhAntoM kA varNana sUtroM ke rUpa meM hai / isameM gadyabhAga zuddha saMskRta meM hai aura gAthAe~ (padya) prAkRta meM haiM / isakA 223 I0 meM cInI bhASA meM anuvAda huA thA / yaha grantha buddha kI bhakti ke vikAsa meM bahuta sahAyaka huA hai / prajJApAramitoM meM zUnyavAda kA varNana hai| unameM bodhisattva kI pUrNatA kA varNana hai / prajJApAramitoM meM pratyeka ke kaI saMskaraNa haiM aura unameM sUtroM kI saMkhyA meM antara hai / inameM sUtroM kI saMkhyA 700 se 1 lAkha taka hai / ataeva inake nAma haiM--aSTasAhasrikApAramita aura zatasAhasrikApAramita prAdi / laMkAvatArasUtroM meM bauddha dharma ke AdarzavAda aura zUnyavAda siddhAntoM kA varNana hai / suvarNa-prabhAsa meM AzcaryakArI vidhiyoM kA varNana hai| samAdhirAja meM samAdhi kA varNana hai| bodhisattva se buddhatva kI prApti ke lie jina 10 sopAnoM ko pAra karanA hotA hai, unakA varNana dazabhUmIzvara grantha meM hai / / gaNDavyUha aura tathAgataguhyaka zUnyavAda siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM / lagabhaga IsavIya san ke prArambha meM buddha ko devatA mAnA jAne lgaa| unakA varNana tAyin, bhagavA, sugata tathA sarvajJa ke rUpa meM kiyA jAne lgaa|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aGgattaranikAya, buddhavaMza aura lalitavistara buddha kI upAsanA kA samarthana muktisAdhana ke rUpa meM karate haiM / azvaghoSa ne unakI bhakti para bala diyA / saddharmapuNDarIka buddha ke mandiroM kA varNana karatA hai aura unakA anugraha prApta karane para bala detA hai| maMjuzrI, avalokitezvara tathA tArA ArAdhya deviyA~ ho gayIM / isa viSaya kA varNana avalokitezvaraguNakaraNDavyUha, sukhAvatIvyUha, karmapuNDarIka aura avataMsakasUtra meM huA hai / zrAdikarmapradIpa - meM bauddhadharma ke karmakANDoM kA varNana hai / ina karmakANDoM meM grAzcaryajanaka aura rahasyAtmaka kArya bhI sammilita haiM / 1 364 vastue~ zUnya haiM / jaba bhautika saMsAra ko jJAna zUnyavAda kA vAstavika siddhAnta yaha hai ki sabhI taka isa tathya kI anubhUti na ho jAe, taba taka isa kA vikAsa hI samajhanA cAhie / isako pralayavijJAna kahate haiM / jaba taka * tattva - jJAna nahIM hotA hai, taba taka yahI AlayavijJAna vidyamAna rahatA hai / indriyoM kI sahAyatA se jo anubhava prApta hotA hai, usase jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai, use pravRttivijJAna kahate haiM / ina siddhAntoM ko samajhane ke lie - bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa aura anumAna ina do pramANoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / bauddha-siddhAntoM kA sabase prathama suvyavasthita rUpa meM pratipAdana karane vAlA azvaghoSa hai / usako mahAyAna zAkhA ke siddhAntoM kA pramukha saMsthApaka aura pracAraka mAnA jAtA hai / mahAyAna zraddhotpAda usakI racanA mAnI jAtI hai / yaha mahAyAna - siddhAntoM kA poSaka dArzanika grantha hai / mahAyAna zAkhA ke saMsthApakoM meM azvaghoSa ke atirikta dUsarA vyakti bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna mAnA jAtA hai / vaha bauddha darzana, jAdU, gaNita, jyotiSa, vaidyaka tathA kaI vidyAoM kA vizeSajJa thA / usane bahuta se grantha likhe the / unameM se adhikAMza zratra cInI aura tibbatI bhASA meM hI surakSita haiM / usane mAdhyamikasUtra likhe haiM / inakA dUsarA nAma mAdhyamikakArikA hai / ina sUtroM kI saMkhyA 400 hai / usane ina sUtroM para svayaM prakutobhaya nAma kI TIkA kI hai / inameM mahAyAna zAkhA ke siddhAntoM kA varNana hai / usake anya grantha ye haiM - (1) yuktiSaSThikA, (2) 4

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nAstika-darzana 365. zUnyatAsaptati, (3) pratItyasamutpAdahRdaya, (4) mahAyAnavizaka (5) vigrahavyAvartanI (nyAyazAstraviSayaka), ( 6 ) dharmasaMgraha, ( 7 ) suhRllekha, ( 8 ) pramANavidhvasana aura (6) paMcaparAkrama ( karmakANDa-viSayaka ) Adi / yogAcAra zAkhA ko IsavIya san ke pazcAt mahattva prApta huA / isakA zreya. maitreya ko hai / vaha 400 I0 se pUrva huA thaa| usane ye grantha likhe haiM( 1 ) bodhisattvacaryA-nirdeza, (2) saptadazabhUmizAstra-yogacaryA aura ( 3 ) abhisamayAlaMkArakArikA / asaGga maitreya kA ziSya thA / vaha caturtha zatAbdI I0 meM harA thA / usane yogAcArabhUmisUtra aura svaTIkAsahita mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkArasUtra ye do grantha likhe haiN| usane inake atirikta 10 grantha aura likhe haiM / ve cIno aura ti-batI bhASA meM prApta hote haiM / basubandhu prasaMga kA bhAI thaa| vaha pahale hInayAna-zAkhA kA anuyAyI thA aura usane usa zAkhA ke sidvAntoM para do grantha likhe--gAthAsaMgraha aura abhidharmakoza / bAda meM vaha mahAyAna zAkhA kA anuyAyI ho gayA aura usane bahuta se grantha likhe / una granthoM ke mala rUpa naSTa ho gae haiM / usane ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) vAdavidhi, (2) bAdamArga, (3) vAdakauzala, (4) tarkazAstra aura (5) paramArthasaptati / yaha sAMkhyakArikA kA khaNDanAtmaka grantha hai / diGa nAga vasubandhu kA ziSya thaa| vaha 400 I0 ke lagabhaga huA thaa| vaha bauddha-nyAyazAstra kA saMsthApaka thaa| usane ye grantha likhe haiM-(1) pramANasamuccaya tathA usakI vRtti (TIkA). (2) nyAyapraveza, (3) hetucakra, (4) pAlambanaparIkSA tathA usakI vRtti aura (5) trikAlaparIkSA Adi / inameM se nyAyapraveza ko chor3akara anya ke mUla grantha naSTa ho gae haiM / paramArtha (468-566 I.) ne saMskRta meM likhe hue bahuta se granthoM kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai| zAntideva (7vIM zatAbdI I.) ne ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) zikSAsamuccaya, (2) sUtrasamuccaya, aura (3) bodhicaryAvatAra / dharmakIrti (lagabhaga 650 I0) apane samaya meM AstikadarzanoM kA prabala virodhI thaa| usane bauddha darzana tathA bauddha nyAyazAstra para kaI grantha likhe haiM / usake grantha ye haiM--(1) pramANavAtikakArikA tathA usakI vRtti, (2) pramANavinizcaya, (3) nyAyabindu, (4) hetubindu

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366 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vivaraNa, (5) tarkanyAya, (6) santAnAntarasiddhi aura (7) sambandhaparIkSA tathA usakI vRtti / inameM se nyAyabindu saMskRta meM upalabdha hai / anya grantha kevala anuvAda rUpa meM prApta haiM / zAntarakSita ne 700 I0 ke lagabhaga tattvasaMgraha grantha likhA hai| usane isameM apane samaya ke anya dArzanika matoM kI AlocanA kI hai| zAntarakSita ke ziSya karmalazIla ne 746 I0 meM tattvasaMgrahapaMjikA nAma se isakI TIkA kI hai| kalyANarakSita havIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArdha meM huA thaa| usane ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) sarvajJasiddhikArikA, (2) bAhyArthasiddhikArikA, (3) zrutiparIkSA, (4) anyApohavicArakArikA aura (5) iishvrbhNgkaarikaa| kalyANarakSita ke ziSya dharmottara ne ye grantha likhe haiM(1) nyAyabinduTIkA, (2) pramANaparIkSA, (3) apohanAmaprakaraNa, (4) paralokasiddhi, (5) kSaNabhaMgasiddhi aura (6) pramANavinizcayaTIkA / dharmottara kA samaya 850 I0 ke lagabhaga samajhanA caahie| ratnakoti 10vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArdha meM huA thaa| usane ye grantha likhe haiM-(1) kSaNabhaMgasiddhi, (2) apohasiddhi, (3) sthirasiddhidUSaNa aura (4) citrAdvaitasiddhi / jJAnazrI (lagabhaga 650 I0) ne ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) kAryakAraNabhAvasiddhi, (2) vyApticarcA aura (3) pramANavinizcayaTokA / bauddha darzana kI prasiddhi mukhyarUpa se usake prAcArazAstrIya siddhAntoM ke kAraNa huI hai / nAgArjuna, asaMga aura vasubandhu jaise prakANDa vidvAnoM, diGanAga aura dharmakIrti jaise tAkikoM tathA karmalazIla jaise lekhakoM ke bhagIratha prayatna se bauddha-darzana eka darzana ke rUpa meM saphala ho sakA hai / bauddha dharma meM prApya AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta bauddhadharma kI hI vizeSatA nahIM hai / ye siddhAnta vaidika granthoM meM bhI prApya haiN| isake zUnyatAvAdI siddhAnta ke kAraNa anya darzanoM ke vidvAnoM ne isa darzana para AkSepa kie haiN| isI kAraNa se yaha darzana apane janma-sthAna bhAratavarSa meM vikasita na ho skaa| jaina dharma vardhamAna mahAvIra (566-527 I0 pU0) jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka the / unhoMne pArzvanAtha (800 I0 pU0) ke dvArA saMsthApita aura apane samaya meM

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nAstika-darzana vidyamAna dharma kA sudhAra kiyA / isa kSetra meM usase pUrva 23 - santa ho cuke the, unameM santa RSabha sabase prAcIna the aura ve hI jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ke janmadAtA the| jaina loga jIvAtmA ko prakRti se pRthak mAnate hai / ve jIvAtmA aura prakRti donoM ko satya mAnate haiM / jIvAtmA aneka haiN| ye punarjanmavAda aura karma-siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| jIvAtmA meM jJAna hai parantu vaha pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa prakAzita nahIM hone pAtA / yaha bhautika zarIra pUrva karmoM kA pariNAma hai / yaha jIvAtmA ko unnati karane se rokatA hai / ataH zarIra ko 'AvaraNa' kahA jAtA hai / ataH zarIrarUpI AvaraNa se chuTane kA upAya 'ratnatraya' arthAt ratnatulya tIna kArya haiM / ve tIna kArya haiM--(1) samyagdarzana (2) samyagjJAna aura (3) samyakcaritra / samyagdarzana meM jaina siddhAntoM para vizvAsa karanA bhI sammilita hai / samyagjJAna meM jaina AcAryoM ke dvArA pradatta zikSAoM kA ThIka DhaMga se samajhanA sammilita hai / samyakcaritra meM AtmA ko bandhana meM DAlane vAle pApoM se nivRtta honA sammilita hai / samyakcaritra kA abhyAsa karane ke lie ina vratoM kA abhyAsa karanA cAhie--ahiMsA, sanata (satya aura madhura-bhASaNa), asteya (corI na karanA ), brahmacarya aura aparigraha (kisI kI kisI vastu ko na lenA) / isa mata meM ahiMsA ke abhyAsa ko pUrNatA taka pahu~cA diyA gayA hai / isa mata kI dIkSA lene vAlA apanI pratijJA ko tor3ane kI apekSA AtmahatyA karanA acchA samajhatA hai| isa dharma meM Atma-saMyama aura vairAgya para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / ina vratoM ke abhyAsa kA phala mAnavIya bandhanoM se sadA ke lie mukta ho jAnA hai| isa mukta avasthA meM AtmA sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM se sarvathA mukta rahatA hai| usake duHkha ke sabhI kAraNa pUrNatayA naSTa ho jAte haiM / bauddhamata ke tulya isa mata meM AtmA kA nAza nahIM hotA hai, apitu AtmA Anandamaya-svarUpa ko prApta karatA hai| isa avasthA ko prApta hone para jIva ko 'arhat' kahate haiM / ye arhat sarvajJa hote haiM /

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368 dekhie: saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prAptanizcayAlaGkAra jaina Izvara ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM aura na ve vedoM ko jJAna kA zrAdisrota mAnate haiM / unake matAnusAra tIna pramANa haiM--pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda ( jaina prAcAryoM ke grantha ke rUpa meM ) / mAne haiM sarvajJo jitarAgAdidoSastrailokya pUjitaH / yathAsthitArthavAdI ca devo'rhan paramezvaraH / sAMsArika vastu ke astitva ke viSaya meM jainoM ne 'syAdvAda' nAma kA eka vicitra siddhAnta prastuta kiyA / eka vastu jisako hama vidyamAna kahate haiM, vaha svarUpa meM hai, parantu granya vidyamAna vastuoM ke rUpa meM nahIM hai / ataH usako eka rUpa meM 'hai' kaha sakate haiM aura anya vastunoM ke astitva kI dRSTi se 'nahIM hai' kaha sakate haiM / usako eka vizeSa nAma se pukAra sakate haiM, parantu anya nAmoM se use nahIM pukAra sakate haiM / ataeva eka vastu ko aneka rUpa se prastuta kara sakate haiM / ataH jainoM ne vastu ke astitva ke viSaya meM sAta prakAra - (1) vastu hai, (2) vastu nahIM hai, (3) vastu hai aura vastu nahIM hai, (4) vastu avarNanIya hai, (5) vastu hai, parantu gravarNya hai, (6) vastu nahIM hai aura avarNanIya hai aura ( 7 ) vastu hai, vastu nahIM hai aura pravarNanIya hai / sAta prakAra se vastu ko prastuta karane ke kAraNa ise saptabhaMgInaya bhI kahate haiM / mahAvIra ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt usake anunAyI do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gae - ( 1 ) digambara aura ( 2 ) zvetAmbara / digambara mArga ke anuyAyiyoM kA yaha mata hai ki mokSa ke icchuka ko cAhie ki vaha apanI sabhI vastuoM kA parityAga kara de / vastra bhI prAvaraNa hai, ataH unakA bhI parityAga kara 1 striyA~ mokSa kI adhikAriNI nahIM haiM / ataeva isa mArga ke anuyAyI digambaratva ( pUrNa nagnatva) kA pracAra karate the / isa mArga ko nirgranthika bhI kahA jAtA hai / zvetAmbara mArga ke anuyAyI zvetAmbara ( zveta vastra ) ko pahananA svIkAra karate the aura unake matAnusAra striyAM bhI mokSa kI adhikAriNI haiM / --:

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nAstika-darzana 366 isa dharma ke sabase prAcIna prAcAryoM ne apane siddhAntoM kA pracAra mAgadhI prAkRta meM kiyaa| unake lekha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI saMgRhIta hue| jainoM ke prAmANika grantha siddhAnta yA Agama haiM / jainoM kA sabase prAcIna lekhaka bhadrabAhu thA / isa nAma ke do jaina lekhaka the, eka prAcIna aura dUsarA parakAlIna / una donoM kA samaya kramazaH lagabhaga 433-357 I0 pU0 aura lagabhaga 12 I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai / inameM se eka ne dazarUpAtmaka tarkapaddhati ko janma diyA hai / usane dazavakAlikAsUtra kI prAkRta meM TIkA dazavaikAlikaniyukti nAma se kI hai| isameM jaina-tarkazAstra ke siddhAntoM kA varNana hai / umAsvAti ne prathama zatAbdI I0 meM tattvArthAdhigamasUtra kI racanA kii| isameM usane tattvoM aura unake jJAna kI paddhati kA varNana kiyA hai| isa para usane svayaM TIkA bhI likhI hai| siddhasena divAkara (480-550 I0) ne ye grantha likhe haiM-(1) tattvArthAdhigamasUtra kI TIkA nyAyAvatAra aura (2) jaina darzana viSaya para prAkRta meM sammatitarkasUtra / pAzcAtya vidvAn siddhasena divAkara kA samaya 7vIM zatAbdI I0 mAnate haiM / tattvArthAdhigamasUtra para pUjyapAda devanandI (500 I0) ne sarvArthasiddhi nAma kI eka TIkA likhii| aisA samajhA jAtA hai ki pUjyapAda aura vaiyAkaraNa jinendrabuddhi eka hI vyakti haiN| samantabhadra ne tattvArthAdhigamasUtra kI TIkA gandhahastimahAbhASya nAma se kI hai / kumArila bhaTTa (lagabhaga 650) ne isakI AlocanA kI hai / ataH usakA samaya 600 I0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / isa TIkA ke prArambhika bhAga ko prAptamImAMsA kahate haiM / akalaMka ne ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) sAmantabhadra kI prAptamImAMsA kI TokA, (2) nyAyAvinizcaya, (3) tattvArthavArtikavyAkhyAnAlaMkAra, (4) laghIyastraya, (5) svarUpasaMbodhana Adi / kumArila ( lagabha 650 I0 ) ne isakA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai, ataH isakA samaya 600 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA cAhie / mANikyanandI (800 I0) ne pramANa viSaya para parIkSAmukhasUtra likhA hai / prabhAcandra (lagabhaga 825) I0 ne do grantha likhe haiM--(1) parIkSAmukhasUtra kI TIkA prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura (2) akalaMka ke laghIyatraya kI TIkA nyAya saM0 sA0 i0--24

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370 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kumudacandrodaya / hemacandra (1088-1172 I0 ) ne ye grantha likhe haiM--(2) pramANamImAMsA tathA usakI svaracita TIkA aura (2) vItarAgastuti (atkI stuti ) / hemacandra ke samakAlIna devasUri ne pramANanayatattvalokAlaMkAra nAma kA grantha likhA hai aura isa para svayaM svadvAdaratnAkara nAma kI TIkA likhI hai / darzanazuddhi aura prameyaratnakoza candraprabhA (1100 I0) kI canA mAne jAte haiM / haribhadrasUri 12vIM zatAbdI I0 kA prasiddha vidvAna thaa| usane ye grantha likhe haiM- (1)SaDdarzanasamuccaya, (2) nyAyAvatAraviti, (3) yogabindu aura (4) dharmabindu Adi / jaina-paramparA kA kathana hai ki usane 1400 grantha likhe haiM / malliSeNasUri ne 1262 I0 meM hemacandra kI vItarAgastuti kI TIkA syAdvAdamaMjarI nAmaka grantha meM kI hai| isameM usane svAdvAda kI vidhipUrvaka vyAkhyA kI hai / rAjazekharasUri ( 1348 I0 ) ne bahuta se grantha likhe haiN| unameM se ye do grantha mukhya haiM-(1) syAdavAdakArikA aura (2) zrIdhara kI nyAyakandalI kI TokA paMjikA / guNaratna ne 15vIM zatAbdI I0 ke prArambha meM haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamaccaya kI TIkA kI hai / yazovijayagaNi (1608-1688 I0) ne 100 se adhika grantha likhe haiN| unameM se prasiddha ye haiM- (1) nyAyapradIpa, (2) tarkabhASA, (3) nyAyarahasya, (4) nyAyAmRtataraMgiNI aura (5) nyAyakhaNDakhAdya / haribhadrasUri ke yogabindu tathA dharmabindu meM aura sakalakIti (1464 I0) ke praznottaropAsakAcAra meM sAdhAraNa tathA saMnyAsI donoM prakAra ke jainoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana hai / sakalakoti ne tattvArthasAradIpikA nAmaka grantha bhI likhA hai / isameM usane digambara jaina mata para jitane bhI grantha haiM, unakA pUrA sArabhAga diyA hai| nimnalikhita granthoM meM jIvana carita tathA paramparAgata bAtoM kA varNana hai(1) siddharSi (606 I0) kRta upamitibhAvaprapaMcakathA, (2) amitagati (1000 I0) kRta dharmaparIkSA (3) hemacandra ( 1088-1172) kRta pariziSTaparva aura sthavirAvalIcarita, (4) jaina dRSTikoNa se mahAbhArata kI kathA para harivaMzapurANa / isake do saMskaraNa haiM, eka prAcIna aura dUsara' para

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$ nAstika-darzana 371 kAlIna / prAcIna saMskaraNa kA lekhaka jinasena ( 784 I0 ) haiM aura dUsare ke lekhaka 15vIM zatAbdI I0 ke sakalakIrti aura usake ziSya jinadAsa haiM / (5) jinasena (havIM zatAbdI I0 ) kRta AdipurANa (6) I0 ) kRta uttarapurANa / yaha AdipurANa kA hI saMlagnarUpa hai / ( 660 I0 ) kRta padmapurANa aura (8) zubhacandra ( 1551 I0 purANa | guNabhadra (868 ( 7 ) raviSeNa ) kRta pANDava ahiMsA- siddhAnta ke apanAne se hI jaina dharma kA vizeSa pracAra huA / yaha mata dharma ke naitika siddhAntoM para jitanA bala detA hai, utanA vivecanAtmaka viSayoM para nahIM / bauddhoM kI apekSA jainoM ne saMskRta sAhitya ko adhika dena dI hai / jainoM ke kAvya sarala aura sundara haiM / unhoMne prAkRta bhASA ke sAhitya ke vikAsa meM bhI bahuta yoga diyA hai /

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adhyAya 33 Astika-darzana nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura yoga Astika-darzana 6 haiM / unake nAma haiM--nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA aura vedAnta / ina sabhI darzanoM ke mUla-siddhAnta vaidika-granthoM se lie gaye haiM / ina darzanoM kA vikAsa upaniSadoM ke samaya se huA hai / ataeva ina darzanoM kA kAlakrama ke anusAra varNana saMbhava nahIM hai / inameM sva-siddhAntoM kA varNana sUtroM ke rUpa meM huA hai / vedAntadarzana aura mImAMsAdarzana ke sUtroM ke racayitA kramazaH bAdarAyaNa aura jaimini haiM / bAdarAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke lekhaka vyAsa, donoM eka hI vyakti mAne jAte haiM / jaimini vyAsa kA ziSya mAnA jAtA hai / sAMkhyadarzana aura yogadarzana ke racayitA kramazaH kapila aura pataMjali haiN| yaha pataMjali aura mahAbhASya ke racayitA vaiyAkaraNa pataMjali eka hI vyakti mAne jAte haiN| nyAyadarzana aura vaizeSikadarzana ke racayitA kramazaH gautama aura kaNAda haiN| ina darzanoM meM tattvoM kA svamatAnusAra vibhinna rUpa se vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai / ina darzanoM kA mantavya hai ki ina tattvoM ke jJAna se hI mokSa prApta ho sakatA hai / ina tatvoM ke jJAna ke lie ve pramANoM kA svamatAnusAra lakSaNa dete haiM / ina darzanoM ke anusAra pramANa 2 se lekara 8 taka haiM / pratyeka darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA vibhinna haiM / ___ nyAya aura vaizeSika-darzana ye donoM darzana vaijJAnika tarka-paddhati para vizeSa bala dete haiM / aisI tarkapaddhati kA prArambha bRhadAraNyaka Adi upaniSadoM se huA hai / 'nyAya' zabda kA prArambha meM artha thA, vedoM kI nyAyocita vidhi se vyAkhyA karanA / nyAya zabda se

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Astika-darzana 373 prAyaH mImAMsA-darzana kA artha liyA jAtA thA / nyAyadarzana ke lie nyAya zabda kA prayoga bahuta bAda meM prArambha huA hai / vaizeSika nAma isa AdhAra para par3A hai ki isa darzana meM 'vizeSa' ko eka pRthak padArtha mAnA gayA hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki isa darzana meM mAne gaye kucha vizeSa siddhAntoM ko jo svIkAra karatA hai, use vaizeSika kahate haiN| vaizeSika-darzana kA sambandha tattvamImAMsA se hai aura nyAyadarzana kA sambandha vizva ke tathyoM ko pramANamImAMsA se hai| pramANamomAMsA ke dvArA tattvamImAMsA se saMbaddha viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| ataH isako lakSaNa -vijJAna kaha sakate haiM, jisake dvArA ati zuddha rUpa meM lakSaNoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| donoM darzanoM meM manovijJAna se saMbaddha viSayoM kA bhI varNana hai / donoM darzanoM kA uddezya hai nizreyasa (mokSa) kI prApti / yaha mokSa-prApti duHkhoM ke pUrNa nAza se hI ho sakatI hai / duHkhoM kA atyantAbhAva tattvoM ke jJAna se hotA hai / vaizeSika darzana pratyakSa aura anumAna ina do pramANoM ko mAnatA hai, kintu nyAyadarzana, pratyakSa, anamAna, zabda aura upamAna ina cAra pramANoM ko mAnatA hai| ye donoM darzana vedoM ko IzvarIya jJAna mAnate haiM, ataH unako svataHpramANa mAnate haiN| prAcIna granthoM meM manuSya aura Izvara kA sambandha tathA Izvara kI upAsanA kA vivecana nahIM huA hai / yaha vivecana IsavIya san ke bAda prArambha huA, jaba udyotakara, vAcaspati mizra tathA udayana ne ina viSayoM para vistRta vivecana kiyaa| udayana ke prayatna ke kAraNa hI bAda ke dArzanika granthoM meM upAsanA-sambandhI viSayoM ko sthAna milA hai| udayana ne prAstikavAda ke lie bahumUlya dena dI hai / udayana ke pazcAt nyAya aura vaizeSika ke donoM darzana eka hI darzana ke rUpa meM varNana kiye gaye haiN| isa samaya pramANa mImAMsA vAlA aMza bahuta adhika vikasita huA / ina darzanoM kA tArkika-vivecana itanA pUrNa ho gayA ki anya darzanoM tathA sAhitya-zAstra Adi ne bhI isa tAkika-vivecana kI paddhati ko apanAyA / 1. dvitve ca pAkajotpattau vibhAge ca vibhAgaje / yasya na skhalitA buddhistaM vaizeSikaM viduH //

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374 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vaizeSikoM ne paramANuvAda ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI aura naiyAyikoM ne use vikasita kiyA / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra cakSu se dRSTigocara hone vAle sUkSmatama aNu ke ? bhAga ko paramANu kahate haiN| saMsAra kI pratyeka vastueM ina paramANuoM ke sammizraNa se hI banatI haiM / ye paramANu asaMkhya haiN| pratyeka tattva (bhUta) ke paramANu vibhinna hote haiM aura unakA mizraNa bhI vibhinna prakAra se hotA hai / pratyeka vastu ke guNa apane AdhArabhUta paramANoM ke guNoM para hI nirbhara hote haiM / paramANuSoM meM Antarika uSNatA (pAka) hotI hai, ataH unameM parivartana hotA hai / vaizeSika darzana kA mata hai ki jaba kisI vastu ko garma kiyA jAtA hai to vaha vastu vizleSaNa kI avasthA ko prApta karake kramagaH paramANu kI avasthA ko prApta hotI hai / ve hI paramANu apane guNoM meM antara karake anya vastu ko utpanna karate haiM / isa darzana ke anusAra paramANu ko pIla kahate haiM aura uSNatA kA prabhAva paramANu para hotA hai / ataH isa darzana ke isa siddhAnta ko 'polupAkavAda' kahate haiM / naiyAyikoM kA mata hai ki vastu ko garma karane para samasta vastu vizliSTa nahIM hotI hai, apitu garmo kA prabhAva adazya rUpa se paramANugoM para hotA hai aura unameM parivartana hotA hai / paramANunoM para jo garmI kA prabhAva hotA hai, vaha saMpUrNa vastu (piThara) meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra garmo kA prabhAva paramANuoM aura saMpUrNa vastu donoM para hotA hai, ataH isa siddhAnta ko 'piTharapAkavAda' kahate hai| utpanna haI vastuoM ke viSaya meM isa darzana kA mata hai ki unameM navIna prayatna hotA hai / ataH isa siddhAnta ko 'prArambhavAda' kahate haiN| vaizeSikasUtra, nyAyasUtroM se prAcIna haiM / vaizeSika sUtra suvyavasthita rUpa ne baddha nahIM hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki vidhipUrvaka saMkalana kA yaha prArambhika prayatna hai / isakI zalI prAcIna hai / isameM bauddhadharma kA ullekha nahIM hai / ataH isakA samaya 500 I0 pU0 se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / nyAyasUtroM meM vaizeSika satroM meM vaNita viSaya kA hI saMzodhita rUpa meM varNana hai / isameM satra suvyavasthita rUpa meM haiM / ina sUtroM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaizeSika sUtroM para bauddhA aura jainiyoM ne jo AkramaNa kie the, unakA isameM uttara diyA gayA hai aura

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Astika-darzana 375 vaizeSika sUtroM ke mantavyoM kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai / ataH ina sUtroM kA samaya bauddhadharma kI utpatti ke bAda 400 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| vaizeSika sUtroM ke lekhaka kaNAda haiM / isa darzana kA prAcIna nAma 'yoga' thaa| nyAyasUtroM ke lekhaka gautama haiN| isa darzana kA prAcIna nAma 'pAnvIkSiko' thaa| vAtsyAyana ne nyAyasUtroM para TIkA likhI hai| vAtsyAyana ne nyAya-bhASya meM apanA dUsarA nAma pakSilasvAmI diyA hai / usane nAgArjuna ke mantavyoM kA apane bhASya meM khaNDana kiyA hai aura diGanAga (400 I0 ke lagabhaga) ne vAtsyAyana ke mantavyoM para AkSepa kie haiM / ataH vAtsyAyana kA samaya 200 I. ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| bhAradvAja udyotakara ne nyAyabhASya kI TIkA nyAyavArtika grantha meM kI hai| usakA samaya 6ThIM zatAbdI I0 hai| vAcaspatimizra ne nyAyavArtika kI TIkA apane grantha nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA meM kI hai / unakA samaya havIM zatAbdI I0 kA pUrvArddha hai| usane 841 I0 meM nyAyasUcInibandha likhA hai| nyAyasUtroM kI anukramaNikA hai| usane isa grantha ke anta meM jo samaya 898 diyA hai use yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki yaha zaka samvat hai aura isalie 676 I0 hai / isake atirikta isI yuga ke paravartI vauddha lekhakoM ne usakA ullekha kiyA hai / prazastapAda ne apane grantha padArthadharmasaMgraha meM vaizeSikasUtroM kA bhASya (TIkA) kiyA hai / isa bhASya kA prasiddha nAma prazastapAdabhASya hai / yaha bhApya sUtroM ko niyamita vyAkhyA nahIM hai, apitu vaizeSikadarzana para yaha eka svatantra grantha hai / prazastapAda kA samaya 400 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| cAra pramukha vidvAnoM ne prazastapAdabhASya ko TIkA kI hai- (1) udayana (984 I0) ne apane grantha kiraNAvalI meM, (2) zrIdhara (961 I0) ke nyAyakandalI grantha meM, (3) zrIvatsa (lagabhaga 1050 I.) ne lIlAvatI grantha meM aura (4) vyomazekhara ne vyomavatI grantha meN| lIlAvatI grantha prAjakala aprApya hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki padArthadharmasaMgraha kI TIkAoM

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa tantra bhI eka TIkA hai jo aba vilupta ho cukI hai aura jisake lekhaka kA koI patA nahIM hai / rAvaNabhASya, bhAradvAjavRtti aura rAvaNa kRta katandI ke viSaya meM koI sUcanA nahIM miltii| inameM se prathama do grantha to sUtroM para likhe gae bhASya haiM aura antima grantha vaizeSika darzana kA eka grantha hai / 376 udayana sabase prathama lekhaka hai, jisane nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM darzanoM para likhA hai / usane kiraNAvalI ke atirikta ye grantha aura likhe haiM - ( 1 ) vAcaspati mizra ke grantha nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA kI TIkA tAtparyaparizuddhi | (2) nyAyakusamAJjali | yaha prAstikavAda para sarvottama grantha hai / (3) Atmatattvaviveka / isakA dUsarA nAma bauddhadhikkAra bhI hai / isameM AtmA ke astitva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / ( 4 ) nyAyapariziSTa / isakA dUsarA nAma bodhasiddhi hai / isameM tarka kI paddhati dI gaI hai / ( 5 ) lakSaNAvalI / isameM nyAya aura vaizeSika darzanoM ke vibhinna lakSaNoM kA saMgraha hai / lakSaNAvalI grantha 684 I0 meM likhA gayA thA / usane nyAya aura vaizeSika darzanoM ko tathA vizeSatayA AstikavAda ko jo anupama dena dI hai, usake kAraNa usako nyAyAcArya kI upAdhi prApta huI thI / kazmIra ke jayantabhaTTa ne e10 I0 meM nyAyamaMjarI hai / jayanta kA dUsarA nAma vRttikAra bhI hai| nyAyamaMjarI svatantra grantha hai, sAtha hI isameM bahuta se nyAyasUtroM kI vyAkhyA bhI hai / unakI nyAyakalikA meM vibhAgoM kI gaNanA hai / 10vIM zatAbdI I0 meM hI bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyadarzana para eka svatantra grantha nyAyasAra likhA hai / nyAyadarzana meM cAra pramANa mAne gae haiM, parantu isakI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM kevala tIna pramAga ( pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda ) mAne gae haiM aura upamAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnA hai / isa grantha para aneka TIkAe~ likho gyiiN| unameM nyAyabhUSaNa eka suprasiddha TIkA hai / kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra bhAsarvajJa isa TIkA kA lekhaka svayaM hai / kucha loga isake TIkAkAra kevala bhUSaNakAra kA ullekha karate haiM / to bhI yaha TIkA lapta ho cukI hai / trilocana jayantabhaTTa kA samakAlIna thA / vaha vAcaspati nAmaka grantha likhA nyAyadarzana para eka

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Astika darzana 377 mizra kA guru thA / usane nyAyamaMjarI nAmaka grantha likhA jo aba vilupta ho cukA hai| zivAditya ( 1100 I0 ) ne tona grantha likhA hai / unake nAma haiMsaptapadArthI, lakSaNa-mAlA aura hetukhaNDana / prasiddhi hai ki vaha tarka kI mahAvidyA vidhi kA saMsthApaka athavA pravardhaka thA / usI samaya zrIvallabha ne vaizeSika darzana para nyAyalIlAvatI nAmaka eka grantha kI racanA kI / 12vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM varadarAja ne apanI hI TIkA sArasaMgraha ke sahita tArkikarakSA nAmaka grantha likhA / lagabhaga usI samaya zazadhara ne nyAyasiddhAntadIpa nAmaka grantha meM nyAyazAstra ke pramukha viSayoM kA varNana kiyA / usa samaya aura bhI bahuta se grantha likhe gae aura jo aba vilupta ho gae haiM tathA jinake nAma kA patA udayana, kamalazIla, vAdidevasUri tathA anya lekhakoM kI racanAoM ke ullekha se calatA hai / ina vidvAnoM ne kucha lekhakoM kA ullekha aura bhI kiyA hai / unake nAma ye haiM-- zaMkarasvAmI, AtreyabhASyakAra, ratnakozakAra, sAnAtani, zrIvatsa, prazastamati, avidhAkaraNa, viSNubhaTTa, vizvarUpa, harihara, bhAvivikta tathA vAdivAgIzvara / antima lekhaka ( vAdivAgIzvara) ke grantha kA nAma mAnamanohara diyA gayA hai / inameM se kucha lekhaka sambhavataH 13vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM the / gaMgeza ( 1300 I0 ) ne tatvacintAmaNi nAmaka eka svatantra grantha likhA hai / usa samaya taka nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana ke granthoM meM pramANoM kI sahAyatA se prameyoM kA hI vivecana hotA thA / gaMgeza ne isa viSaya meM eka navIna dhArA pracalita kI / isameM nyAyadarzana kI paddhati ko apanAkara vaizeSika darzana ke siddhAntoM ko vistRta samIkSA aura parIkSA kI gaI hai / isakA vivecana pramANoM para nirbhara hai / tattvacintAmaNi cAra adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / pratyeka adhyAya meM eka pramANa kA vivecana hai / tattvacintAmaNi para bahuta-sI TIkAe~ aura upaTIkAe~ haiN| gaMgeza ke putra vardhamAna ( lagabhaga 1200 I0 ) ne tattvacintAmaNi kI TIkA prakAza aura udayana ke granthAM kI TIkA nyAyalIlAvatI likhI hai / jayadeva ( lagabhaga 1250 I0 ) ne tattvacintAmaNi kI TIkA tattvacintAmaNyAloka likhI hai / anumAna ke viSaya meM vizeSa vyutpatti ke kAraNa usako pakSadhara

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa mizra kI upAdhi dI gaI thI / vaha eka nATyakAra aura sAhityazAstrI bhI thA / jayadeva ke ziSya rucidatta ( lagabhaga 1250 I0) ne vardhamAna ke tattvacintAmaNiprakAza para tattvacintAmaNiprakAzamakaranda nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / 15vIM zatAbdI kA sarvazreSTha naiyAyika vAsudevasArvabhauma baMgAla ke navadvIpa meM nyAya kI eka zAkhA navyanyAya kA netA thA / usake cAra suvikhyAta ziSya the( 1 ) raghunAthaziromaNi / usakA prasiddha nAma tAkikaziromaNi hai / (2) raghunandana, vaha baMgAla kA eka suprasiddha vakIla thA / ( 3 ) kRSNAnanda vaha eka tAntrika thA / ( 4 ) caitanya / vaha vaiSNava dharma ke suprasiddha pracAraka the / raghunAthaziromaNi ( lagabhaga 1500 I0 ) ne apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke granthoM kI TIkA dIdhiti nAma se ko hai, usane jina granthoM ko TokA ko hai, usameM tattvacintAmaNi bhI hai / raghunAthaziromaNi ke ziSya mathurAnAtha ( lagabhaga 1520 I0 ) ne gaMgeza ke granthoM tathA dIdhiti TIkA ko TIkA kI hai / jagadIza, gadAdhara aura bhaTTa ye tIna 17vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pramukha naiyAyika the | jagadIza ( lagabhaga 1635 I0) ne dIdhiti kI TokA ko hai / gadAdhara ko dIdhiti aura tatvacintAmaNi para TIkAe~ nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana para prati prasiddha grantha ho gae haiM / annaMbhaTTa ne jayadeva ke tattvacintAmaNyAloka kI TIkA siddhAJjana nAma se kI hai aura dIdhiti kI TIkA suSuddhimanoharA nAma se kI hai / 378 isa kAla meM tattvacintAmaNi para jo TIkAe~ likhI gaIM, unake atirikta kucha svatantra grantha bhI likhe gae / kezavamizra ( 1300 I0 ) ne tarkabhASA grantha likhA / raghunAthaziromaNi ( lagabhaga 1500 I0) ne vaizeSika darzana ke siddhAntoM para padArthakhaNDana nAmaka grantha likhA hai / jAnakInAtha ne 16vIM zatAbdI meM nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana ke siddhAntoM para nyAyasiddhAntamaMjarI nAmaka grantha likhA hai / 17vIM zatAbdI meM kaI lekhaka hue haiM, jinhoMne nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana para maulika grantha likhe haiM / vaizeSika sUtroM para upaskArabhASya ke lekhaka zaMkara mizra ne vaizeSika darzana ke siddhAntoM para kaNAdarahasya grantha likhA hai / faracter nyAyapaMcAnana ne 1634 I0 meM nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana para

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Astika-darzana 376 meM kArikAvali nAmaka grantha likhA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma bhASApariccheda hai| vizvanAtha ne hI kArikAvali kI TIkA siddhAntamuktAvali nAma se kI hai| . usane nyAyasUtroM para bhI TIkA kI hai / dIdhiti ke TIkAkAra jagadIza (lagabhaga 1635 I0) ne tIna aura grantha likhe haiM - (1) arthavijJAna viSaya para zabdazaktiprakAzikA, (2) nyAyavaizeSika ke siddhAntoM para tamita aura (3) prazastapAdabhASya kI TIkA bhASyasUkti / lagabhaga isI samaya laugAkSi bhAskara ne tarkakaumadI nAmaka eka laghu grantha likhA hai| gadAdhara ne udayana ke Atmatattvaviveka ko TIkA kI hai ora arthavijJAna viSaya para do svatantra grantha likhe haiM-- vyutpattivAda aura zaktivAda / annaMbhaTTa (lagabhaga 1700 I0 ) ne tarkasaMgraha nAmaka pustaka likhI hai aura usako TIkA tarkasaMgrahadIpikA nAma se kI hai| nyAya vaizeSika darzana ke prArambhika chAtroM ke lie yaha pustaka atyanta prasiddha ho gaI hai| sAMkhya-darzana isa darzana ke sUkSma tattva vaidika kAla meM bhI upalabdha hote haiM / bhagavadgItA jaise prAcIna granthoM meM sAMkhya zabda kA 'jJAna' artha meM prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| isa darzana ke saMsthApaka kapila RSi mAne jAte haiM / isa darzana ke anusAra vyakta (prakaTa), avyakta (aprakaTa) aura jJa (jJAtA) ke jJAna se sAMsArika duHkhoM kI samApti hotI hai / isa darzana ke anusAra pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda ye tona pramANa haiM / yaha darzana vaidika karmakANDa ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM detA hai / isa saMsAra meM prakRti aura puruSa donoM svatantra tathA avinAzI sattAe~ haiM / prakRti meM tIna guNa haiM--sattva, rajas aura tamas / ye tInoM sAmyAvasthA meM rahate haiN| jaba isa triguNa kI sAmyAvasthA meM antara par3atA hai, taba saSTi kA prArambha hotA hai| prakRti se mahat yA buddhi utpanna hotI hai / mahana se ahaMkAra aura ahaMkAra se 5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~, mana aura 5 tanmAtrAe~ ( 5 bhUtoM ke sUkSma rUpa ) utpanna hotI haiM / 5 tanmAtrAoM se 5 sthUla ( 5 tattvoM ) kI utpatti hotI hai / sthUla pA~coM tattva meM se pratyeka

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380 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa meM AdhA usa tattva kA aMza rahatA hai aura prAdhe meM zeSa cAra tatvoM kA graMza samAnarUpa se rahatA hai / pA~coM tattvoM ke isa nirmANa kI vidhi ko paMcIkaraNa kahate haiM / vastu kA jJAna ahaMkAra aura mana ko sahAyatA se buddhi meM hotA hai / prakRti ke tIna guNa sattva, rajas aura tamas ke prabhAva se buddhi, ahaMkAra aura mana ke vibhinna kAryoM kA nirNaya hotA hai / sRSTi ke prArambha ke samaya kRti ke eka aMza meM hI parivartana hotA hai / prakRti ko avyakta kahate haiM, aura prakRti ke 23 vikAroM ( mahat, ahaMkAra Adi) ko vyakta kahate haiM / puruSa (AtmA) ko jJa jJAtA kahate haiN| AtmA kA pratibimba buddhi meM par3atA hai| buddhi darpaNa ke tulya kArya karatI hai / buddhi ke kAryoM ko bhramavaza aAtmA kA kArya samajha liyA jAtA hai / ataeva AtmA duHkha bhogatA hai / vyakta, avyakta aura jJa ke vizuddha jJAna se AtmA apanI svatantra aura nirlipta sthiti ko prApta hotI hai| prAtmA na baddha hotI hai aura na mukta hotI hai / vaha madA svatantra hai| sAMkhyadarzana kI vizeSa truTi hai ki isa bAta kA koI kAraNa nahIM batAyA gayA hai ki triguNoM meM vaiSamyAvasthA kyoM AtI hai ? puruSa (AtmA) aura prakRti sadA vidyamAna rahate haiM / yaha spaSTa nahIM kiyA gayA hai ki sRSTi kisa prakAra prArambha hotI hai / ___ kArya ke viSaya meM isa darzana kA mata hai ki kArya kAraNa meM sadA avyakta rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai / kAraNa kArya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| ina donoM mantavyoM meM se prathama ko satkAryavAda kahate haiM aura dUsare ko pariNAmavAda / yaha darzana vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM detA hai| mahAbhArata meM jo sAMkhyadarzana ke siddhAntoM kA varNana hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha darzana prArambha meM trAstika darzana thA / saMbhavata: bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa yaha darzana nAstikavAda ko ora jhakA hai, jaisA ki IzvarakRSNa ne isakA varNana kiyA hai / nigazAvAdI dRSTikoNa, Izvara ke astitva kA niSedha, vedoM kI prAmANikatA kA khaNDana, ye bAteM bauddha dharma aura sAMkhya meM samAna hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki Astika sAMkhyadarzana ke prabhAva ke kAraNa bauddha dharma kA vikAsa huaa|

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prAstika-darzana 381 isa darzana ke saMsthApaka kapila muni ne isake sidvAnta Asuri ko par3hAye muri kA samaya 600 I0 pU0 se pUrva mAnA jAtA hai / Asuri ne yaha darzana paMcazikha ko par3hAyA / tatpazcAt vArSagaNya ne isa darzana ko vikasita kiyA / usane SaSThitantra grantha likhA thA, vaha naSTa ho gayA hai / isa darzana kA sabase prAcIna maulika grantha tattvasamAsa mAnA jAtA hai / usakA lekhaka ajJAta hai / IzvarakRSNa ( lagabhaga 250 I0 ) ne apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke mantavyoM ko sAMkhyakArikA ke 72 smaraNIya zlokoM meM nibaddha kiyA hai / vaha aura vindhyAvAsa eka hI vyakti the, yaha abhI taka vivAdAspada hI hai / bAda ke lekhaka ina kArikAoM ko prAmANika mAnate haiM / sAMkhyakArikA kI ye TIkAe~ huI haiM-- ( 1 ) mATharavRtti | isakA lekhaka ajJAta hai / (2) gauDapAda bhASya | gauDapAda kA paricaya ajJAta hai / ( 3 ) vAcaspati mizra ( lagabhaga 850 I0 ) kRta sAMkhyatattvakaumudI / ina kArikAoM ke atirikta kapila muni ke likhe sAMkhyasUtra haiM / 1300 I0 se pUrva ve prAmANika nahIM mAne jAte the, isase pUrva sAMkhyasUtra kramabaddha rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM the / ina sUtroM kA dUsarA nAma sAMkhyapravacanasUtra thA / inakI ye TIkAe~ huI haiM( 1 ) 15vIM zatAbdI meM aniruddha - kRta sAMkhyasUtravRtti TIkA, 2) vijJAnabhikSu ( lagabhaga 1550 I0 ) kRta sAMkhya-pravacanabhASya | vijJAnabhikSu ne sAMkhyadarzana ke siddhAntoM para sAMkhyasAra nAmaka grantha bhI likhA hai / 1 yoga-darzana yoga darzana ne sAMkhya siddhAntoM ko apanAyA hai aura unakA saMzodhana bhI kiyA hai / yoga-darzana kA mata hai ki kevala vyakta avyakta aura jJa ke jJAna se hI mokSa nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: isa darzana ne kriyAtmaka jIvana ke lie sAMkhyadarzana ke siddhAntoM para Azrita niyama banAe haiM / prakRti aura prakRti-vikAroM ke prabhAva se pUrNatayA mukta hone ke lie citta kI vRttiyoM ( mana ke kAryoM ) para pUrNa niyantraNa honA atyAvazyaka hai / isako hI pAribhASika rUpa meM 'yoga' kahate haiM / ' isa darzana meM yoga ke aMgoM kA vistRta 1. yogazcittavRttinirodhaH / yogasUtra 1-1

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382 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa varNana diyA gayA hai / yoga kA lakSya hai AtmA ko kaivalya-prApti / mana, buddhi aura ahaMkAra ke kAryoM para niyantraNa karane kA vicAra bhI kaThina hai aura unakA abhyAsa karanA kaThina hai| jina kaThinAiyoM para dhyAna karane vAlA vyakti niyantraNa nahIM kara sakatA unhIM ke kAraNa dhyAna ko vidhi meM bAdhA upasthita ho sakatI hai / ataH Izvara-cintana ke lie eka kramika sAdhana batAyA gayA hai ina bAtrAoM ko dUra karanA / Izvara sarvajJa hai| jo usakI surakSA ko khoja karanA hai usako vaha sahAyatA karatA hai / vaha saMsAra kA sraSTA nahIM hai / yogasUtra ke TIkAkAroM ke anusAra dravya ( vastue~ ) Izvara ko icchA para vikasita hote haiN| yaha yogasUtrabhASya ke racayitA vyAsa kA kathana hai / vuddhi ke vyApAroM ko niyaMtrita karane ke lie ATha nirdhArita avasthAoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka hai| yaha yogasUtra ( 2-26 ) kA mata hai| niyaMtraNa kI vidhiyA~ yogAbhyAsI ke aucityaviSayaka vibhinna staroM kI parIkSA karatI hai| buddhi, ahaMkAra aura manas para pUrNa niyantraNa karake hI koI manuSya jo kucha cAhe kara sakatA hai aura pA sakatA hai / isa darzana ko sezvarasAMkhya kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isameM Izvara kI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai / isa darzana kA sarvaprathama grantha mahAbhASya ke lekhaka pataMjali ( 150 I0 pU0 ) kA hai| yogasUtroM aura mahAbhASya ke lekhaka eka hI hai| yaha bAta paramparA se siddha hotI hai tathA yogasUtra meM sphoTa siddhAnta kA ullekha bhI isameM sahAyaka hai / ye sUtra, jo saMkhyA meM 163 haiM, cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiN| unake nAma haiM-samAdhi, sAdhana, vibhUti aura kaivalya / yogasUtroM kI 3 TIkAe~ haiM--(1) caturtha zatAbdI I0 ke vyAsa kI TIkA yogasUtrabhASya / isakI TIkA vAcaspati mizra ( 850 I0 ) ne tattvavaizAradI meM kI / (2) dhArA ke rAjA bhoja ( 1005-1054 ) ne rAjamANDa nAma kI TIkA kI hai aura (3) vijJAnabhikSu ( 1550 I0) ne 1. yogasatra 3-17 /

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383 Astika-darzana pAtaMjalibhASyavArtika nAmaka TIkA ko hai / vijJAnabhikSu ne yogadarzana ke Avazyaka siddhAntoM para yogasArasaMgraha nAmaka grantha bhI likhA hai| yoga-sambandhI abhyAsoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai--rAjayoga aura htthyog| rAjayoga meM mana kI ekAgratA kA varNana hotA hai aura haThayoga meM zArIrika zuddhi ke lie upayogI vibhinna abhyAsoM kA varNana hotA hai, jinake dvArA zarIra zuddha hokara rAjayoga ke yogya hotA hai / haThayoga kA varNana svAtmArAma yogIndra kI haThayogapradIpikA pustaka meM hai| zarIra ke vibhinna avayavoM para pUrNa saMyama prApta karane ke lie yogAsanoM ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai,| haTayoga ke anusAra haThayoga ke abhyAsa se bhautika sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai / haThayoga ke anya grantha haiM-- gorakSazataka, gheraNDasaMhitA Adi / ___ sAMkhya aura yogadarzana kI vizva-sAhitya ko mukhya dena ye haiM-paMcIkaraNa, satkAryavAda aura pariNAmavAda ke siddhAnta, satva, rajas aura tamas ina tIna guNoM kA mahattva tathA buddhi aura AtmA ko prabhAvita karane meM inakA sthAna, prakRti aura puruSa (prAtmA ) ko svatantra sattA mAnate hue unakA vizeSa vivecana, vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie yogAMgoM kI upayogitA kA vizeSarUpa se pratipAdana / yogadarzana vedoM ko prAmANikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / isa darzana ke anusAra Izvara jagat kA hitaiSI aura pathapradarzaka hai / isameM isa bAta kA samAdhAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai ki vastutaH prakRti se sRSTi kaise hotI hai / jIvana kA lakSya prAtmajJAna aura kaivalyaprApti hai, parantu isakA Izvara se sAkSAt koI sambandha nahIM hai /

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adhyAya 34 mImAMsA-darzana mImAMsA darzana kA sambandha vedoM kI vyAkhyA se hai / vaidika sAhitya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-karmakANDa aura jJAnakANDa / karmakANDa meM saMhitA, brAhmaNa aura prAraNyaka grantha Ate haiM / jJAnakANDa meM upaniSad grantha Ate haiN| mImAMsA-darzana kA sambandha vedoM ke karmakANDa bhAga se hI hai, ataeva usako pUrvamImAMsA bhI kahate haiM / vedAntadarzana jJAnakANDa zabda para nirbhara hai, ataH usako uttaramImAMsA kahate haiM / uttaramImAMsA meM uttara zabda parakAlIna vaidika sAhitya arthAt upaniSadoM kA nirdeza karatA hai| pUrvamImAMsA ke AdhAra brAhmaNa grantha haiM / isameM vaidika maMtroM kI vyAkhyA ke lie niyama tathA katipaya nyAya ( siddhAnta ) batAe gae haiM / ye niyama bahuta hI upayogI siddha hue haiM aura inakA upayoga vedAntadarzana meM bhI hanA hai / laukika kaThina sandarbho kI vyAkhyA ke lie bhI ina niyamoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| yaha darzana vicArAtmaka hone kI apekSA adhika kriyAtmaka hai / isa darzana meM dArzanikatA ko apekSA dhArmika vicAra adhika prabala hai| anya darzanoM meM vaha prakAra batAyA gayA hai ki jIva kisa prakAra sadA ke lie mukta ho sakatA hai, parantu yaha darzana batAtA hai ki manuSyajIvana meM usake kyA adhikAra aura kartavya haiM / ___ yaha darzana vedoM ko nitya tathA svata: pramANa mAnatA hai / isake anusAra veda kisI vyaktivizeSa kI racanA nahIM hai / ve paramAtmA kI bhI kRti nahIM haiN| ve nitya haiN| isa darzana ke pramukha prAcAryoM ne, vizeSarUpa se prArambhika samaya meM, vedoM kI prAmANikatA para vizeSa rUpa se bala diyA hai| unhoMne yaha kArya vaidika dharma ko bauddhoM aura jainoM ke AkramaNa se bacAne ke lie kiyA thA / isa kAla meM isa darzana kI pramukha vizeSatAe~

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mImAMsA darzana 385 ye rahIM - - saMsAra aparivartanazIla hai, isa saMsAra se pRthak svarga koI nahIM hai, devatA zarIra rahita hote haiM ityAdi / bAda meM isa darzana meM zrAstikavAda ko vizeSa prazraya diyA gayA / vedokta karmakANDa ko karanA kartavya hai / ye karma tIna prakAra ke haiM -- nitya ( dainika ), naimittika ( vizeSa kAraNa se karane yogya ) aura kAmya (aicchika) karmakANDa kI vidhi kA AtmA para prabhAva par3atA hai / yajJAdi vidhipUrvaka karane aura na karane kA tadanusAra hI AtmA para pRthak phala hotA hai / naityika kamoM ko karanA anivArya hai, anyathA pApa car3hatA hai / / naitika kamo ko karane se AtmA pavitra hotI hai / naimittika aura kAmya karma sAmayika AvazyakatA tathA kartA kI icchA nirbhara hai / tadanusAra hI unheM karanA cAhie / A mImAMsA darzana kI do pramukha zAkhAe~ haiM-- bhATTa zAkhA aura prAbhAkara zAkhA / bhATTa zAkhA ke AcArya pramANoM kI saMkhyA 6 mAnate haiM / unake matAnusAra 6 pramANa ye hai-- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda, zrarthApatti aura zranupalabdhi / prAbhAkara zAkhA ke prAcArya pramANo kI saMkhyA 5 mAnate haiM / ve uparyukta chaH pramANo meM se anupalabdhi ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM / pUrva mImAMsA-sUtroM ke racayitA jaimini RSi haiM / ina sUtroM kI saMkhyA 2744 hai / mImAMsA- darzana 12 adhyAyoM meM vibhavata hai / isa darzana kA samaya caturtha zatAbdI I0 pU0 samajhanA cAhie | isame lagabhaga eka sahasra prakaraNa ha~ / pratyeka meM vyAkhyA ke lie vibhinna siddhAMta ( nyAya ) die gaye haiM / ina nyAyoM para hI vyAkhyA ke uttama aura prAmANika siddhAnta nirbhara hai / ina sUtroM para upavarSa ne vRtti ( TIkA ) likhI hai, vaha naSTa ho gaI hai / upavarSa kA dUsarA nAma bodhAyana thA / zabarasvAmI ( lagabhaga 200 I0 ) ne ma mAMsAsUtroM kI TIkA mImAMsAsUtrAbhASya nAma se kI hai / zabarasvAmI ne ullekha kiyA hai ki usase pUrva mImAMsA - sUtroM kA bhASya upavarSa, bhartR mitra, bhavadAsa aura hari Adi ne kiyA thA / upavarSa aura zabarasvAmI Adi ne ho ma mAMsA-darzana dArzanika viSayoM para vivecana kA prArambha kiyA thA / saM0 sA0 i0 - 25

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386 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zabarasvAmI ke bhASya kI TIkA kumArila bhaTTa ( 600-660 I0 ) aura prabhAkara ( 610-660 I0 ) ne ko hai / prabhAkara kumArila bhaTTa kA ziSya mAnA jAtA hai / usane mImAMsA-darzana ko eka navIna zAkhA sthApita kI jisakA nAma usake nAma ke AdhAra para prAbhAkara zAkhA pdd'aa| kumArila bhaTTa se usakA jina bAtoM para matabheda thA, unakA isa zAkhA meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / prabhAkara ko 'guru' ko upAdhi prApti huI thI, kyoMki vedoM kI vyAkhyA meM usakI pratibhA asAdhAraNa thI / ataeva kumArila kI zAkhA ke matoM ko bhATTamata kahA gayA aura prabhAkara kI zAkhA ke matoM ko gurumata / karmoM ke dvArA utpanna hone vAle saMskAroM ke kAraNa manuSya sAMsArika bandhana meM AtA hai| donoM zAkhAoM kA mata hai ki jaba AtmA meM koI saMskAra nahIM rahatA hai, taba vaha mukta ho jAtA hai / bhATTamata ke anusAra dharma aura adharma kA artha hai--karmoM ke acche aura bure pariNAma / prabhAkara mata ke anusAra dharma aura adharma kA artha hai--acchA aura burA kArya / ina donoM zAkhAoM ke atirikta eka aura zAkhA murAri ke nAma se pracalita huI / murAri ne kumArila ko hI paddhati kA anusaraNa karate hue zabarasvAmI ke bhASya kI TIkA kI hai / kucha sthAnoM para usakA kumArila se matabheda hai| ___ kumArila ne zAbara-bhASya kI jo TIkA kI hai, vaha 3 bhAgoM meM hai--(1) zlokavArtika / yaha mImAMsA-darzana ke prathama adhyAya ke prathama pAda kI zlokabaddha TIkA hai / (2) tantravArtika / yaha gadya aura padya meM hai / yaha mImAMsA-darzana ke prathama adhyAya ke dvitIya pAda se prArambha hokara tRtIya adhyAya ke anta taka kI TIkA hai / (3) TupTIkA / vaha zeSa bhAga kI TIkA hai / parakAlIna lekhakoM ne jo uddharaNa die haiM, unase jJAta hotA hai ki kumArila bhaTTa ne mImAMsAsUtrabhASya ko eka TokA bRhaTTIkA nAma se kI thii| zAvara-bhASya para prabhAkara kI TokA do bhAgoM meM hai--(1) bRhtii| isakA dUsarA nAma nibandha hai / (2) laghvI / isakA dUsarA nAma vivaraNa hai| murAri mizra ( lagabhaga 1200 I0 ) ne zAbara-bhASya para jo

Page #398
mImAMsA-darzana 387 jo TIkA kI hai, usakA nAma hai tripAdanItinayana / usakA eka svatantra grantha aMgatvanirukti hai / maNDanamizra ( 615-665 I0 ) kumArila bhaTTa kA samakAlIna thA / vaha eka suvikhyAta mImAMsaka aura vedAntI thaa| usake paricaya ke viSaya meM kaI sandehAspada vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM / bhaTTa umveka, vizvarUpa aura sure vara usI ke nAma mAne jAte haiM aura usako zaMkarAcArya kA sambandhI batAyA jAtA hai / usane mImAMsA-darzana para tIna grantha likhe haiM--vidhiviveka, bhAvanAviveka aura mImAMsAnukramaNikA / nyAya, sAMkhya aura yogadarzana para vibhinna granthoM ke racayitA vAcaspati mizra ne vidhiviveka kI TIkA nyAyakaNikA likhI hai / mImAMsA-darzana se saMbaddha praznoM para vicAra karate samaya vAcaspati mizra ne maNDana mizra ke mantavyoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kumArila ke zlokavAtika ko ye tIna TIkAe~ huI haiM-(1) bhaTTa umvaka (640-725 I.) kRta tAtparyadIpikA (2) sucarita mizra (1000-1100 I0) kRta kAzikA aura (3) pArthasArathi mizra ( 1050-1120 I0 ) kRta nyAyaratnAkara / kucha vidvAn bhavabhUti aura umveka ko eka hI vyakti mAnate haiN| anya vidvAn isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiM / tantravAtika kI ye tIna TokAe~ huI haiM--(1) somezvara ( lagabhaga 1200 I0 ) kRta nyAyasudhA / isa TokA kA dUsarA nAma hai rANaka / (2) nArAyaNIya ke lekhaka nArAyaNabhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) kRta nibandhana aura (3) annaMbhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1700 I0 ) kRta subodhanI / annabhaTTa ne nyAyasudhA ko TIkA rANakojIvanI nAma se kI hai TupTIkA ko do TokAe~ huI haiM--(1) pArthasArathi mizra ( 10501120 I0 ) kRta tantraratna aura (2) veMkaTama khin kRta vAtikAbharaNa / vaha govinda dIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) kA putra thaa| usakA dUsarA nAma veMkaTa dIkSita thaa| vAcaspati mizra ( lagabhaga 850 I0 ) ne eka svatantra grantha tattvavindu likhakara momAMsA-darzana ko bahuta bar3I dena do hai / pArthasArathi mizra (10501120 I0 ) ne kumArila ke zlokavAtika aura TupTIkA para TokA likhane

Page #399
388 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ke atirikta mImAMsA-darzana para sarvAGgapUrNa tathA vyApaka eka svatantra grantha zAstradIpikA likhA hai| isameM usane kumArila ke mata kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| isake atirikta usane eka bahuta upayogI grantha nyAyaratnamAlA likhA hai / isameM usane mImAMsA-darzana ke vizeSa mahattvapUrNa praznoM para bhATTazAkhA aura prAbhAkara zAkhA meM jo matabheda haiM, unakA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| zAstradIpikA para ye pA~ca TokAe~ likhI gaI haiM--(1) somanAthakRta mayUkhamAlikA, (2) appayadIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) kRta mayUkhAvalI, (3) zaMkarabhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) kRta prakAza, (4) nirNasiMdhu ke lekhaka kamalAkara bhaTTa (lagabhaga 1612 I0 ) kRta pAloka aura (5) rAjacUr3AmaNi dIkSita (1620 I0 ) kRta karpUravAtikA / rAmAnujAcArya ( lagabhaga 1750 I0) ne nyAyaratnamAlA kI TIkA nAyakaratna nAma se kI hai / nyAyasudhA ke lekhaka somezvara (lagabhaga 1200 I0) ne eka svatantra grantha tantrasAra likhA hai / prabhAkara ke granthoM para TIkA karanevAlA sarvaprathama vyakti zAlikanAtha ( 650-730 I0 ) hai| usane cAra grantha likhe haiM--(1) prabhAkara ko 'nibandha' TIkA kI TIkA RvimalapaMcikA aura (2) dIpazikhApatrikA / yaha saMbhavataH prabhAkara kI vivaraNa TIkA kI TIkA hai| (3) zabarasvAmI ke bhASya ko TokA mImAMsAsUtrabhASyapariziSTa aura (4) prakaraNapaMcikA / yaha mImAMsA-darzana ko prAbhAkara zAkhA ko prasiddha pustikA hai| zabarasvAmI ke bhASya para kSIrasamudravAsi mizra ne bhASyadIpa nAmaka TokA ko hai / vaha mAnavataH prAbhAkara mata kA anuyAyI thaa| bhavanAtha ( 1050-1150 I0 ) ne apane grantha nayaviveka meM prabhAkara ke matAnusAra mImAMsA-darzana ke vibhinna adhikaraNoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| vijayanagara ke sAyaNa ke agraja mAdhava ( 1267-1386 I0 ) ne padyabaddha jaiminInyAyamAlA grantha likhA hai / usane svayaM isakI TIkA gadya meM ko hai / isameM momAMsA-darzana ke viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa hai . appaya. dIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ne ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) vidhirasAyana / usane svayaM isakI TIkA sukhopajIvanI likhI hai / (2) citrapaTa / (3)

Page #400
Arthee mImAMsA-darzana 386 tantra-siddhAntadIpikA / yaha mImAMsA-sUtroM para eka apUrNa TIkA hai / (4) upakramaparAkrama aura (5) vAdanakSatramAlA Adi / bhaTTojidIkSita ( lagabhaga 1630 I0 ) ne tantrasiddhAnta grantha likhA hai| isameM usane mImAMsA ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / isa grantha meM usane appayadIkSita ko apanA guru batAyA hai| rAjacUDAmaNi dIkSita ( lagabhaga 1620 I0 ) ne apane grantha tantrazikhAmaNi meM mImAMsA-sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai / usane saMkarSamuktAvali grantha bhI likhA hai / vizvaguNAdarza ke lekhaka veMkaTAdhvarin ( lagabhaga 1650 I0 ) ne tIna grantha likhe haiM--nyAyapadma, mImAMsAmakaranda aura vidhitrayaparitrANa / lagabhaga isI samaya vizvezvarasUri ne bhaTTacintAmaNi grantha likhA hai / vizvezvarasUri kA dUsarA nAma gAgAbhaTTa thaa| Apadeva ne mImAMsA-darzana para eka prasiddha pustikA mImAMsAnyAyaprakAza likhI hai| usakA svargavAsa 1665 I0 meM huA thA / isI prakAra ke eka prasiddha grantha tarkakaumudI ke lekhaka laugAkSibhAskara kA likhA huA arthasaMgraha hai| prApadeva ke samakAlIna khaNDadeva ne cAra mahattvapUrNa grantha likhe haiN| unake nAma hai-bhATTadIpikA, bhATTarahasya, phalaikatvavAda aura mImAMsAkaustubha / inameM AstikavAda kA bhI bhAva vyApta hai| mImAMsA. kaustubha meM mImAMsA-sUtroM kA vivecana hai / annabhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1700 I0 ) ne rANaka-bhAvanAkArikAvivaraNa grantha likhA hai| isameM usane somezvara kI rANaka TIkA meM die smaraNIya zlokoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / pArthasArathi mizra kI nyAyaratnamAlA ke TIkAkAra rAmAnujAcArya (lagabhaga 1750 I0) ne prabhAkara ke matAnusAra mImAMsA-sUtroM kI eka cAlU TIkA tantrarahasya likhI hai / yaha pA~ca adhyAyoM meM hai aura apUrNa hai / siddhAntakaumudI kI bAlamanoramA TIkA ke lekhaka vAsudevAdhvarin (lagabhaga 1750 I0) ne mImAMsA-sUtroM kI TIkA adhvaramImAMsAkutUhalavRtti nAma se kI hai| 16vIM zatAbdI I0 meM kRSNatAtAcArya ne bhATTasAra grantha likhA hai / isameM bhATTa zAkhA ke mantavyoM kA sarala rUpa meM spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai /

Page #401
adhyAya 35 Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana vedAnta darzana vedAnta darzana upaniSadoM para Azrita hai / upaniSad vaidika sAhitya ke jJAnakANDa ke pratinidhi haiM / ataeva isako vedAnta yA uttaramImAMsA kahate haiM / isa darzana meM AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana hotA hai tathA usakA jIvAtmA aura prakRti se kyA sambandha hai, isakA bhI vivecana kiyA jAtA hai / ataeva isa darzana ko brahmamImAMsA bhI kahate haiM / vidyamAna rahatI hai / upaniSadoM meM jo vAkya Ate haiM, ve aneka prakAra ke haiM / unameM se kucha aise vAkya haiM, jinameM Izvara, jIva aura prakRti ko bhinna mAnA gayA hai aura unakI vizeSatAoM kA pRthak nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aise vAkyoM ko 'bhedazruti' kahate haiM / kucha aise vAkya haiM, jinameM yaha varNana kiyA gayA hai ki Upara se pRthak dikhAI dene vAle tattva meM bhI Antarika ekatA isa prakAra anekatva meM bhI ekatva rahatA hai / aise vAkyoM ko inake atirikta kucha aura vAkya haiM, jinako 'ghaTakazruti' vAkya haiM, jo bhedazruti aura prabhedazruti meM pArasparika sambandha kI sthApanA karate haiM / isase jJAta hotA hai ki upaniSadoM meM kisI eka siddhAnta kA samanvita rUpa se pratipAdana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / ataeva vedAntadarzana ke kaI mata haiM aura sabhI upaniSadoM kI zikSAoMoM para Azrita haiM / bhedazruti kahate haiM kahate haiM / ye aise isa darzana ke mukhya siddhAntoM kA varNana vedAntasUtroM meM hai / inako brahmasUtra bhI kahate haiM / ye cAra adhyAyoM meM haiM / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki saMkarSaNakANDa ke sUtra cAra adhyAyoM meM vidyamAna the / ye sUtra mImAMsA - sUtroM ke anta meM nibaddha the aura unake bAda brahmasUtra the / saMkarSaNakANDa meM una devatAoM kA varNana thA, 1

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prAstika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 361 1 jinakI yajJAdi ke dvArA pUjA kA varNana mImAMsA - sUtroM meM kiyA gayA thA / ye sUtra jamini ke banAe hue the / ye aba naSTa ho cuke haiM / brahmasUtroM ke racayitA bAdarAyaNa muni haiM / kucha vidvAn bAdarAyaNa aura parAzara ke putra vyAsa ko eka hI vyakti mAnate haiM / anya vidvAn ina donoM kI ekatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / ina sUtroM kA racanAkAla 500 I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai / isameM cAra adhyAya haiM -- ( 1 ) samanvayAdhyAya / isake anusAra upaniSadeM brahma ke astitva ko siddha karatI haiM / (2) avirodhAdhyAya / isameM anya darzanoM ke mantavyoM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / (3) sAdhanAdhyAya / isameM mokSa ke sAdhanoM kA varNana hai / phalAdhyAya / ( 4 ) isameM uparyukta sAdhanoM ke pariNAmoM kA varNana hai / vedAntadarzana kI kaI zAkhAe~ bhagavadgItA para nirbhara haiM / bhagavadgItA meM ina viSayoM kA varNana hai -- Izvara, usakI anekarUpatA, Izvara aura jIva kA sambandha, IzvaropAsanA ke vibhinna prakAra, prakRti kA svarUpa, prakRti kA Izvara aura jIva se sambandha, jIvAtmA ke mokSaprApti ke sAdhanoM kA varNana tathA jIva ke pUrNa aura sukhI hone ke sAdhanoM kA varNana / jIva ko sukhI hone aura mokSaprApti ke lie tIna mArga haiM- jJAnamArga, karmamArga aura bhaktimArga | jJAnamArga ke anusAra tattvajJAna kI prApti se pUrvakRta karmoM ke phala kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / karmamArga ke anusAra niSkAma bhAva se karma karane se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / bhaktimArga ke anusAra Izvara kI vAstavika bhakti se jIva mokSa ko prApta hotA hai / bhagavadgItA meM IzvarArpaNa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / bhagavadgItA AstikavAda kA sarvazreSTha grantha hai / yaha grantha bhAratIya sAhitya kA ratna hai / isa grantha kA mukhya uddezya yaha zikSA denA hai ki manaSya pariNAma kI cintA na karake apane kartavya ko kare / vedAntadarzana ke vibhinna mata jina granthoM para AdhArita haiM, ve haiM -- upaniSad, brahmasUtra aura bhagavadgItA / prAyaH sabhI matoM ne ina tInoM granthoM kI TIkAe~ kI haiM aura unameM apane mantavyoM kI puSTi kI hai / pratyeka mata ne yaha prayatna kiyA hai ki vaha rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura kucha aMza taka purANoM ke uddharaNa

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362 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa dekara apane siddhAntoM aura vyAkhyAnoM kI puSTi kare / kucha dArzanika aura dhArmika mata upaniSad Adi tInoM grannoM ke atirikta Agama-granthoM para bhI nirbhara haiM aura kucha mata sarvathA AgamagranthoM para hI nirbhara haiN| AgamoM ko kucha sthAnoM para tantra bhI kahate haiM / inameM yaha varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra deva-vizeSa kI pUjA karanI cAhie aura iSTadeva ke anusAra hI kisa prakAra kA jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhie / AgamagranthoM kA udaya brAhmaNagranthoM ke prabhAva se huaA hogaa| jo vyakti karmamArga kI apekSA bhaktimArga ko apanAne vAle haiM, unhoMne brAhmaNagranthoM ke prabhAva se Agama granthoM ko janma diyA hogA / kucha Agamagrantha mahAbhArata se bahuta pUrva bana cuke the, kyoMki mahAbhArata meM prAgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ina AgamoM meM jIvana ke lakSya aura deva-pUjA ke viSaya meM jo bAteM dI gaI haiM, ve kitane hI sthAnoM para vaidika paramparA ke viruddha haiM aura kaI sthAnoM para usake anukUla haiN| kucha AgamagranthoM ko saMhitAgrantha kahA jAtA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki unakA sanbandha vaidikagranthoM se hai / unameM mukhya rUpa se cAra bAtoM kA varNana hotA hai-- jJAna, yoga (dhyAna). kriyA (karma) aura caryA (dinacaryA) / sabhI AgamagranyoM kA mata hai ki saMsAra satya hai, Izvara jIva aura prakRti ye tInoM usameM vidyamAna haiM / Izvara saMsAra kA svAmI hai| vibhinna devatAoM ko mAnyatA dene ke AdhAra para Agamagrantha tIna prakAra ke haiM-vaiSNava pAgama, zaiva pAgama aura zAkta Agama / bodhAyana ne brahmasUtroM kA bhASya (vRtti) kRtakoTi nAma se kiyA hai / bodhAyana kA dUsarA nAma upavarSa thA / usane hI mImAMsAsUtroM kA bhASya kiyA thaa| usakA samaya IsA se pUrva mAnanA cAhie / brahmanandI ne chAndogyopaniSad kI TIkA 'vAkya' nAma se kI hai| brahmanandI kA dUsarA prasiddha nAma TaGka thaa| dramiDAcArya ne 'vAkya' bhASya kI TIkA ko hai / ve sabhI lekhaka zaMkarAcArya (632-664 I0) se bahuta pahale hue the| ina lekhakoM ke grantha naSTa ho cuke hai / parakAlIna lekhakoM ne inake granthoM se jo uddharaNa die hai, unase ina granthoM kI sattA jJAta hotI hai /

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 363 vedAnta kI pramukha zAkhAe~ ye haiM- dvaita, advaita viziSTAdvaita, aura zuddhAdvaita / vedAnta kI sAmAnya zAkhAe~ ye haiM -- nimbArka, bhAskara, yAdavaprakAza tathA caitanya aura zivAdvaita / dvaitamata yaha mata upaniSadoM kI bheda zruti para avalambita hai / isa mata ke pratipAdaka granthoM meM prabheda zrutiyoM aura ghaTakazrutiyoM kI isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI gaI hai ki ve dvaitamata ke samarthaka hoM / paramAtmA, jovAtmA aura prakRti ye tInoM nitya aura svatantra sattA haiM / jIvoM meM paraspara bheda hai aura prakRti meM bhI prAntarika bheda hai / paramAtmA viSNu hai / usakA zarIra aprAkRta ( prakRti - nirmita nahIM ) hai / vaha sarvajJa, sarvavyApaka aura sarvazaktimAn hai / usakI icchA se hI prakRti jagat ke rUpa meM parivartita hotI hai / jIvoM meM lakSmI sarvazreSTha hai / vaha viSNu kI patnI hai / jIvoM meM vahI nitya hai, avinAzI hai / anya jIva baddha ha / jIvAtmA kA parimANa paramANu ke barAbara hai / jIva do prakAra ke haiM-puruSa aura strI / yaha puruSa aura strI kA antara mokSAvasthA meM bhI banA rahatA hai / paramAtmA aura jIvAtmA kA sevya-sevaka bhAva sambandha hai / nirdhArita niyamoM ke anusAra pratyeka jIva kA kartavya hai ki vaha paramAtmA viSNu kI upAsanA kare / usakI upAsanA se usakA anugraha prApta hotA hai / bhagavadgItA meM jo mArga batAe gae haiM, unameM se bhaktimArga hI isa mata meM apanAyA gayA hai / isa mata ke anusAra tIna pramANa haiM-- pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda / veda nitya aura svataH pramANa haiM / vaiSNava prAgama prAmANika grantha haiM / purANa bhI bahuta prAmANika grantha haiM / - isa mata ke saMsthApaka zrAnandatIrtha the / unakA vAstavika nAma vAsudeva thA / unake AdhyAtmika guru zracyutaprekSAcArya the / unhoMne advaitasiddhAnta kA khaNDana karake dvaitamata kI sthApanA kI / unake cAra ziSya the-padmanAbhatIrtha, naraharitIrtha, mAdhavatIrtha aura prakSobhyatIrtha / unakA samaya 1116 I0 se 1168 I0 mAnA jAtA hai / unakA yaha samaya azuddha jJAta

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364 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hotA hai / unakA vAstavika samaya 1266 I0 se 1277 I0 taka hai / saMnyAsa kI avasthA meM unakA nAma zrAnandatIrtha thA / unakI upAdhiyA~ thI - pUrNaprajJa, madhyamandAra aura madhva / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki unhoMne 37 grantha likhe the / inameM se adhikAMza dvaitamata ke samarthaka tha / ina granthoM meM mukhya upaniSadoM para unakI TIkAe~ bhI sammilita haiM / unhoMne ye mukhya grantha likhe haiM - ( 1 ) brahmaputroM para brahmasUtrabhASya nAmaka TIkA, (2) brahmasUtroM para eka saMkSipta TIkA brahmasUtrANubhASya, (3) brahmasUtroM meM se kaThina sUtroM para brahmasUtrAnuvyAkhyAna TIkA / isa TIkA kA pracalita nAma anuvyAkhyAta hai / (4) bhagavadgItA ko TokA bhagavadgItAbhASya, (5) bhagavadgItAtAtparyanirNaya | isameM bhagavadgItA ke upadezoM kA vAstavika abhiprAya prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / unake anya pramukha grantha ye haiM -- ( 6 ) RgbhASya, (7) tattvaviveka, (5) tattvasaMkhyAna, (9) tattvodyota, (10) prapaMcamithyAtvakhaNDana, (11) pramANalakSaNa, (12) mahAbhAratatAtparya nirNaya, (13) bhAgavatapurANa kI TIkA bhAgavatavyAkhyA aura (14) viSNutattva nirNaya / dvaitamata meM madhva ke pazcAt jayatIrtha kA nAma AtA hai / vaha akSobhyatIrya kA ziSya thA / usakA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA jAtA hai / usane madhva ke prAyaH sabhI granthoM ko TIkA kI hai / yadi usakI mahattvapUrNa TIkAe~ na hotIM to dvaitamata dArzanika dRSTi se sArahIna ho jAtA / maJca ke granthoM para usane jo TIkAe~ kI haiM, unameM se mukhya ye haiM - ( 1 ) brahmasUtrAnuvyAkhyAna kI TIkA nyAyasudhA, (2) prapaMcamithyAtvakhaNDana kI TIkA paMcikA. (3) brahmasUtrabhASya kI TIkA tattvaprakAzikA aura ( 4 ) bhagavadgItAbhASya kI TIkA prameyadIpikA / usane do svatantra grantha bhI likheM haiM--pramANapaddhati aura vAdAvalI | vAdAvalI meM advaitavAdiyoM ke mAyA- siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / jayatIrtha ke bAda pramukha lekhaka vyAsayati ( lagabhaga 1300 I0 ) huA hai / usane eka svatantra gran nyAyAmRta likhA hai / isameM usane tattvadIpikA 1. Gollected Works of R. G Bhandarkar bhAga 4, pRSTha 83 /

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 365 meM prakaTa kie gae citsukha ke vicAroM kA khaNDana kiyA hai / madhusUdhana sarasvatI ne apane graMtha advaitasiddhi meM nyAyAmRta kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura rAmatIrtha ne apane grantha taraMgiNI meM advaitasiddhi kA khaNDana karake dvaitamata kI puSTi kI hai / vyAsayati ne apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke granthoM kI bhI TIkA kI hai / usane jayatIrtha ke prapaMcamithyAttvakhaNDanapaMcikA kI TokA bhAvaprakAzikA kI hai| jayatIrtha ke brahmasUtrabhASyatattvaprakAzikA kI TIkA tAtparyacandrikA kI hai / rAghavendrayati ne jayatIrtha Adi ke granthoM ko mahattvapUrNa TIkA ko hai / usane jayatIrtha kI tattvaprakAzikA ko TIkA bhAvadIpikA nAma se ko hai aura jayatIrtha kI hI nyAyasudhA ko TokA parimala nAma se kI hai| usane bhagavadgItA para eka svatantra TIkA gItArthasaMgraha nAma se kI hai / usane madhva ke brahmasUtrabhASya ko TokA tantradIpikA nAma se ko hai / usako nyAyamuktAvalI dvaitamata kA eka svatantra grantha hai| dvaitamata ke anya mukhya lekhaka vAdirAja, vijayIndra aura zrInivAsatIrtha haiN| advaitamata isa mata ke anusAra kevala brahma kI hI sattA hai / yaha saMsAra jo ki sat dikhAI par3atA hai, vastutaH sat nahIM hai| yadi yaha sat hotA to pahale bhI aisA rahA hotA aura bhaviSya meM bhI isI prakAra banA rahatA / jo vastu kisI kSaNa meM utpanna hotI hai aura dUsare kisI kSaNa meM naSTa ho jAtI hai, use sat nahIM kaha sakate haiN| yaha saMsAra parivartanazIla hai| isakA Adi aura anta hai / marumarIcikA kI taraha yaha sat dRSTigocara hotA hai / yaha saMsAra jo dRSTigocara ho rahA hai, vaha mAyA ke kAraNa hI dikhAI par3atA hai / mAyA AdikAla se brahma ko ghere hue hai / yaha mAyA tIna guNoM se yukta hai-sattva, rajas aura tamas / mAyA ko na sat kaha sakate haiM aura na asat, vaha anirvacanIya hai| yaha mAyA asat hai, kyoMki isakA vinAza mAnA jAtA hai / isa mAyA ko ajJAna, avidyA aura moha nAma se pukArA jAtA hai / isake do svarUpa haiN| eka svarUpa meM sattva aMza pradhAna rahatA hai aura dUsare svarUpa meM satva aMza gauNa rahatA hai / prathama svarUpa meM isako mAyA kahate haiM aura dvitIya svarUpa meM isako avidyA

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366 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kahate haiM / brahma mAyA meM pratibimbita hotA hai aura saMsAra ke tulya dRSTigocara hotA hai / jaba mAyA meM satva aMza ko pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura usameM brahma kA pratibimba par3atA hai to vaha 'Izvara' kahA jAtA hai / aura jaba mAyA meM satva aMza gauNa rahatA hai aura usameM brahma kA pratibimba par3atA hai to use jIvAtmA aura saMsAra kahate haiM / ataeva vahI brahma devatA, jIvAtmA aura saMsAra ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki antaHkaraNa mAyA se utpanna hotA hai aura jaba antaHkaraNa meM brahma kA pratibimba par3atA hai, taba vaha jIvAtmA kahA jAtA hai / mAyA se utpanna antaHkaraNa aneka hai, ataH jIvAtmA bhI aneka haiN| mAyA ke isa AvaraNa ke karaNa brahma kA vAstavika rUpa ajJAta rahatA hai, ataeva yaha saMsAra sat pratIta hotA hai / brahma sat, cit aura aAnandamaya hai / sat, cit aura Ananda ye brahma ke vizeSaNa nahIM haiM / brahma svayaM sat , cit aura AnandarUpa hai / brahma nirguNa hai| advaitamata advaita ko anubhUti taka saMsAra kA astitva svIkAra karatA hai / ataeva antaHkaraNa meM pratibimbita brahma jIvAtmA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai aura usameM katipaya guNa bhI vidyamAna rahate haiM / mAyA meM pratibimbita brahma devatAoM ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai aura una devoM meM aneka guNoM ko sattA rahatI hai| ataeva jIvAtmA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha devoM kI upAsanA kare / devoM kI upAsanA tathA niSkAma bhAva se naityika karma karane se jIvoM kA citta yA antaHkaraNa zuddha ho jAtA hai aura usameM satva, rajas aura tamas kA prabhAva nahIM rahatA hai| taba vaha nirguNa ho jAtA hai aura usa para mAyA kA kucha bhI prabhAva nahIM rahatA / taba mAyArahita zuddha brahma hI zeSa rahatA hai| usa samaya jIvAtmA kA astitva nahIM rahatA hai, kyoMki vaha avidyA yA antaHkaraNa meM brahma kA pratibimba mAtra hai / isa prakAra brahma aura jIvAtmA meM ekatva kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / yahI tattva (vAstavikatA) hai, jisakI zikSA upaniSadeM detI haiM / isa ekatva ke kAraNa hI isa zAkhA ko advaita mata kahA

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 367 jAtA hai / isa advaita kA anubhava jIvita avasthA meM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isa avasthA ko 'jIvanmukti' kahate haiM / dehAvasAna hone para jo vAstavika mukti hotI hai, use videhamukti kahate haiM / vAstavika rUpa se jo anubhUti hotI hai, use pAramArthika kahate haiM aura jo isase pUrva avasthA meM anubhUti hotI hai, use vyAvahArika kahate haiM / vyAvahArika avasthA meM jIva ko dharmazAstroM aura mImAMsA zAstra meM nirdiSTa karma karanA anivArya hai / isa avasthA meM yaha mata mImAMsA ke bhaTTamata ko svIkAra karatA hai aura usake dvArA svIkRta 6 pramANoM ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai / mokSa prApti ke lie jJAnamArga ko apanAnA cAhie / mAyA ke isa siddhAnta ke kAraNa yaha mata vivartavAda ko apanAtA hai / isa mata ke prAcIna lekhakoM meM bhartR prapaMca aura gauDapAda ye prAmANika AcArya mAne gae haiM / bhartR prapaMca kA koI grantha prApya nahIM hai / gauDapAda ( 520 - 620 I0 ) zaMkarAcArya ke guru govindabhagavatpAda ( 560 - 650 I0 ) kA guru mAnA jAtA hai / usane mANDUkyakArikA likhI hai / usameM usane mANDUkyopaniSad ke abhiprAya ko spaSTa kiyA hai / I maNDana mizra ( 615-665 I0) kumArila bhaTTa kA samakAlIna thA / vaha eka prasiddha mImAMsaka aura vedAntI thA / usane vedAnta viSaya para tIna pramukha grantha likhe haiM -- ( 1 ) brahmasiddhi, (2) sphoTasiddhi aura ( 3 ) vibhramaviveka / usane brahmasiddhi meM advaitamatAnusAra vedAntadarzana ke viSayoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai / usane sphoTasiddhi meM bhartRhari ke zabdAdvaitavAda ( sphoTavAda) kA samarthana kiyA hai / vibhramaviveka meM pramANamImAMsA hai / vAcaspati mizra ( 850 I0 ) ne bar3e sammAna ke sAtha usake advaita-viSayaka vicAroM ko apane granthoM meM uddhRta kiyA hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki eka zAstrArya meM zaMkarAcArya ne use harAyA thA aura vaha saMnyAsI ho gae, apanA nAma surezvara rakkhA tathA zaMkarAcArya ke mata ke anuyAyI ho gae / kucha vidvAn maNDana mizra aura surezvara kI ekatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / zaMkarAcArya kA janma 932 I0 meM mAlAbAra meM khAladi nAmaka sthAna para huA thA / unhoMne gauDapAda ke ziSya govindabhagavatpAda se vedAntadarzana - par3hA

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398 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa thA / yaha bahuta ho choTo Ayu meM saMnyAso ho gae / bhAratavarSa meM idhara-udhara bahuta ghUme aura apane mata kA pracAra karate rhe| unakA svargavAsa 32 barSa kI choTI Ayu meM ho gyaa| ve Agama-graMthoM ko prAmANikatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate tha, kyoMki unameM kucha aise siddhAntoM aura vicAroM kA samanvaya hai, jo ki vedoM ke mata ke viruddha hai| unhoMne ye mukhya grantha likhe haiM--(1) brahmasUtroM kA bhASya brahmasUtrabhASya nAma se, (2) bhagavadgItA kA bhASya bhagavadgItAbhASya nAma se aura ( 3 ) pramukha upaniSadoM kA bhASya / unhoMne inake atirikta kitane hI bar3e aura choTe grantha likhe haiM / ina granthoM kA mukhya uddezya hai, advaita mata kA samarthana aura pratipAdana / unameM se pramukha grantha ye haiM--prAtmabodha, dazazloko, aparokSAnubhUti, prapaMcasAra, upadezasAhasro, vibecUDAmaNi, praznottararatnamAlikA aura viSNusahasranAmabhASya aadi| ___ surezvara ne do grantha likhe haiM--vRhadAraNyakopaniSadvArtika aura naiSkarmyasiddhi / kucha vidvAn surezvara aura maNDanamizra ko eka hI vyakti mAnate haiN| usakA samaya 620 I0 se 700 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| surezvara ke sAtha meM zaMkarAcArya ke cAra ziSya the| padyapAda ne zaMkarAcArya kRta brahmasUtrabhASya kI TIkA ko hai / toTaka zrutisArasamuddharaNa kA lekhaka hai| zaMkara dvArA kahe gaye avidyA-siddhAntoM para eka chandobaddha grantha hai / advaita para hastAmalakAcArya ne vivekamaMjarI nAmaka grantha likhA hai / zaMkarAcArya ke brahmasUtrabhASya ko ye pA~ca TIkAe~ huI haiM-(1) zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya padmapAda (625-705 I0) kRta paMcapAdikA TIkA ( 2 ) vAcaspati mizra ( 850 I0) kRta bhAmatI TIkA, (3) anubhUtisvarUpAcArya (lagabhaga 1000 I0) kRta prakRtArthavivaraNa TIkA, (4) prAnandagiri (lagabhaga 1250 I0) kRta nyAyanirNaya TIkA aura (5) citsukha ( lagabhaga 1225 I0 ) kRta bhASyabhAvaprakAzikA ttiikaa| zaMkarAcArya ke bhagavadgItA aura upaniSadbhASya kI TIkA Anandagiri (lagabhaga 1250 I0) ne ko hai / vAcaspati mizra ne maNDanamizra kI brahmasiddhi kI TIkA apane grantha tattvasamIkSA meM kI hai| vaha grantha aba aprApya hai /

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 366 vimuktAtmA kI iSTasiddhi advaita viSaya para eka khaNDanAtmaka grantha hai / isakI zailI bahuta kliSTa hai / vimuktAtmA kA samaya 850 I0 aura 1050 I. ke madhya meM mAnA jAtA hai| sarvajJAtmA (lagabhaga 600 I0) ne apane grantha saMkSepazArIrika meM zaMkarAcArya ke brahmasUtrabhASya kA sArAMza diyA hai / sarvajJAtmA ke aura do grantha haiM-pramANalakSaNa aura paMcaprakriyA / prakAzAtmA (lagabhaga 1200 I0) ne do grantha likhe haiM--padmapAda kI paMcapAdika kI TokA paMcapAdikAvivaraNa aura (2) brahmasUtroM ko TokA nyAyasaMgraha / isI samaya naiSadhIyacarita ke suprasiddha lekhaka zrIharSa ne khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya nAmaka grantha likhA hai / yaha khaMDanAtmaka grantha hai / isameM advaitamata kI puSTi aura naiyAyikoM ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| vAcaspati mizra kI bhAmatI TIkA amalAnanda (1225 I0) ne apane grantha kalpataru meM kI hai / citsukha (lagabhaga 1225 I0) ne zaMkarAcArya ke brahmasUtrabhASya kI TIkA ke atirikta khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya, brahmasiddhi aura naiSkarmyasiddhi kI bhI TIkA kI hai / isake atirikta usane eka svatantra grantha tattvadIpikA likhA hai / vyAsayati (lagabhaga 1300 I0) ne nyAyAmRta meM isI tattvadIpikA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vidyAraNya vijayanagara ke mAdhava (12671386 I0) kA dUsarA nAma thA / usane ye grantha likhe haiM--vivaraNaprameyasaMgraha, paMcadazI, jIvanmuktiviveka aura vaiyAsikyanyAyamAlA / vaiyAsikyanyAyamAlA grantha kA kucha aMza vidyAraNya ne likhA hai aura kucha aMza bhAratItIrtha ne / sadAnanda ne 15vIM zatAbdI meM advaita viSaya para eka bahamalya grantha vedAntasAra likhA hai| dharmarAjAdhvarin ne 16vIM zatAbdI meM advaitaparibhASA grantha likhA hai / isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma vedAntaparibhASA hai / yaha advaita-tattvamImAMsA viSaya para bahata sundara pustaka hai / sAMkhya aura yoga darzana para vibhinna granthoM ke lekhaka vijJAnabhikSu ( 1550 I0 ) ne brahmasUtroM para vijJAnAmRta nAma kI TIkA likhI hai / madhusUdanasarasvatI (lagabhaga 1600 I0) ne advaitasiddhi grantha likhA hai| isameM advaitamata kI puSTi aura vyAsayati ke nyAyAmRta kA khaNDana kiyA hai / madhusUdana sarasvatI ke anya grantha ye haiM-(1) zaMkarAcArya kI dazazlokI kI TIkA siddhAntabindu (2) bhagavadgItA kI TIkA gUDhArthadIpikA aura (3)

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prasthAnabheda / appayadIkSita ( 1552 - 1624 I0 ) ne ye grantha likhe haiM - ( 1 ) siddhAntalezasaMgraha / isameM advaitamata ke siddhAntoM kA saMkalana hai / (2) brahmasUtroM kI TIkA nyAyarakSAmaNi / ( 3 ) amalAnanda ke kalpataru kI TIkA parimala aura (4) advaita - siddhAnta viSaya nyAyamaMjarI grantha / appayadIkSita ke ziSya bhaTToji dIkSita ne advaita mata ke siddhAntoM para tattvakaustubha nAmaka grantha likhA hai / annaMbhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1700 I0 ) ne brahmasUtroM kI TIkA mitAkSarA nAma se kI hai| 400 viziSTAdvaita isa mata ke anusAra Izvara, jIva aura prakRti ye tIna sattAe~ haiM / isameM bheda, abheda aura ghaTaka zrutiyoM ko prAmANika mAnA gayA hai / ye vAkya yaha siddha karate haiM ki vAstavika sattA kevala brahma hai / cit (jIva ) aura pracit ( pracetana jIva) usake zarIra yA prakAra haiM / ye prakAra paraspara bhinna haiM / ye cidacit brahma ke vizeSaNa haiM / parantu ye brahma se bhinna haiM / brahma cidacid viziSTa hai / isa mata meM brahma mAnate hue ko bhI use cidacidviziSTa kahA jAtA hai, grataH ise viziSTAdvaita kahate haiM / ' yaha saMsAra sat hai / jIva aura prakRti aneka haiM / jIva kA parimANa paramANu ke barAbara hotA hai / jIva aura prakRti brahma ke zarIra 1 hai / jIva aura prakRti kA astitva Izvara ke lie hai / ataeva jIva aura prakRti ko zeSa kahate haiM tathA brahma ko zeSI / yaha zeSI zeSa ke Upara usI prakAra niyantraNa rakhatA hai, jisa prakAra AtmA zarIra para / jIva tIna prakAra ke haiMbaddha, mukta, aura nitya / viSNu, usakI priyA lakSmI, zrAdizeSa aura garur3a yAdi nitya jIvoM meM haiM anya jIva baddha yA mukta kI koTi meM Ate haiM / bhagavadgItA 1. azeSa cidacitaprakAraM brahmaikyameva tattvam / tatra prakAraprakAriNoH prakArANAM camitho'tyantabhede'pi viziSTaikyAdivivakSayaikatvavyapadezaH taditaraniSedhazca / vedAntadezika kRta nyAyasiddhAMjana, adhyAya 1 / 2. paragatAtizayAdhAnecchayA upAdeyatvameva yasya svarUpaM sa zeSaH paraH zeSI / rAmAnujakRta vedArthasaMgraha, pRSTha 234-235; ( vRndAvana saMskaraNa) /

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prAstika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 40 1 meM batAe gae tIna mArgoM meM se yaha mata bhaktimArga aura zrAtmasamarpaNa ( prapatti ) ko svIkAra karatA hai / apane kartavyoM ko karane se jIva vizuddha ho jAtA hai| aura jJAnayoga kA adhikArI hotA hai / isa mata ke pranusAra vAstavika jJAna yaha honA cAhie ki jIva prakRti se pRthak hai aura vaha brahma kA aMzamAtra hai / isa prakAra kI anubhUti se jIva bhakti ke mArga para agrasara hotA hai / thama, niyama, dhyAna Adi ke dvArA bhaktimArga para agrasara ho sakate haiM / isa mata ke anusAra saphalatA Izvara ko AtmArpaNa karane se hotI hai / jo isa mArga ke adhikArI nahIM haiM, ve bhI Izvara ko apane Apa ko arpaNa karake hI saphalatA pA sakate haiM / ataeva AtmanikSepa mokSa kA saralatama aura sunizcita prakAra hai / mokSa kI sthiti meM jovoM kI pArasparika bhinnatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vahA~ para 'cidanekatva ke nAza ke dvArA cidekatva kI hI sattA rahatI hai'| usa avasthA meM ahaMbhAva kA nAza ho jAtA hai / mokSAvasthA AnandAnubhUti kI avasthA hai / usameM muktajIva anya muktAtmAnoM ke sAtha vicaraNa karatA hai / jIvAtmA paramAtmA kI sevA meM Ananda kA anubhava karatA hai / lakSmI ke sAtha viSNu brahma mAne gae haiM / viSNu aura lakSmo eka dUsare ke binA nahIM raha sakate haiN| ve divya dampatI haiM / isa mata ke anuyAyiyoM meM se kucha kA mata hai ki lakSmI viSNu kI priyA hai aura vaha eka sAmAnya jIva hai / viSNu kA zarIra aprAkRta (bhautika) hai / - isa mata ke anusAra tIna pramANa haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda | yaha mata upaniSad, brahmasUtra aura bhagavadgItA ke atirikta vaiSNava AgamoM ko bho prAmANika mAnatA hai / vaiSNava Agama do prakAra ke haiM - pAMcarAtra aura vaikhAnasa / ina AgamoM kA kathana hai ki brahma vibhinna sthAnoM para vibhinna pA~ca rUpa meM rahatA hai-- (1) vaikuNTha meM 'parA' rUpa meM, (2) kSIrasAgara meM 'vyUha' rUpa meM, (3) avatAra meM 'vibhava' rUpa meM, (4) jIvAtmA aura prakRti ke andara 'antaryAmI' paramAtmA ke rUpa meM aura ( 5 ) pUjA ke yogya mUrtiyoM meM 'arcA' rUpa meM / pAMcarAtra AgAmoM meM ina viSayoM kA varNana hai -- isa mata ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie jIvana-yApana kI vidhi, gRhoM aura mandiroM meM mUrtiyoM aura pratIkoM kI saM0sa0 i0-26

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402 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pUjA kI vidhi, dainika paMca-kartavyoM ko karanA aura tadanusAra upAdhi prApta karanA / dainika paMca-kartavya ye haiM--(1) abhigamana arthAt deva-mandira meM jAnA aura vahA~ para mana, vacana tathA karma se Izvara kI aora ekAgratA, (2) upAdAna arthAt deva-pUjA ke lie sAmAna ekatra karanA, (3) ijyA arthAt Izvara-pUjA, (4) svAdhyAya arthAt vedoM kA paThana yA vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa aura ( 5 ) yoga arthAt Izvara-cintana / dainika kartavyoM ko karate hue bhI naitika tathA dhArmika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai / isa mata ke lie pAMcarAtra Agama vedoM ke samAna hI prAmANika hai| isa mata ke vanakha AcAryoM ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki vaiSNava AgamoM kI zikSAe~ vedoM kI zikSA ke viparIta nahIM hai / viSNa ke eka avatAra aniruddha ne ina siddhAntoM kI sarvaprathama zikSA dI thI aura ve zikSAe~ nArada, sanapha aura zANDilya Adi ko prakaTa kI gaI thIM / ataeva vaiSNava AgamoM ko 'bhagavacchAstra' kahA jAtA hai / mahAbhArata ke nArAyaNIya adhyAya meM pAMcarAtra AgamoM kI prAmANikatA siddha kI gaI hai| ina siddhAntoM ke AdhAra-grantha bhagavadgItA, bhAgavata, nAradasUtra aura zANDilya sUtra haiN| pAMcarAtroM ke tulya vaikhAnasa Agama bhI prAmANika haiN| ina AgamoM kA vaikhAnasa nAma isalie par3A ki vikhanas arthAt brahmA ne inakA upadeza atri, marIci, kAzyapa aura bhRgu ko diyA aura ina cAroM meM se pratyaka ne ina siddhantoM ko pRthaka-pRthak grantha ke rUpa meM pragaTa kiyA hai| inameM se pratyeka ko saMhitA kahA jAtA hai jaise atrisNhitaa| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pAMcarAtra Agama kI 108 saMhitAe~ thiiN| Ajakala inameM se kucha hI saMhitAe~ prApta haiM / inameM pauSkara, sAtvata aura jayAzya saMhitAe~ mukhya haiM / inase hI sambaddha Izvara, pAdA aura pAramezvara aAdi saMhitAe~ haiM / ina granthoM ke atirikta yaha mata 'divyaprabandha' ko bhI prAmANika grantha mAnatA hai / ye granya tamila bhASA meM 4 sahasra zlokoM se yukta haiM / ye jaya vizuddhAdvaita mata ke pratipAdaka mAne jAte haiM / ye grantha prAjavAra nAmaka santoM kI racanAe~ haiM / ye grantha vedoM ke tulya hI prAmANika mAne jAte haiN|

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403 Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana isa mata ke sabase prAcIna lekhaka TaMka ( inakA dUsarA nAma brahmanandI hai ), dramiDa aura guhadeva Adi haiM / brahmasUtroM para vRttikAra upavarSa bhI, jinakA dUsarA nAma bovAyana hai, isa mata ke prAmANika AcArya mAne jAte haiM / ina lekhakoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai / inake pazcAt AlavAra Ate haiM / unake pazcAt nAthamuni ( 824 - 924 I0 ) Ate haiM / unakA pUrA nAma nithA unhoMne isa mata ke pratipAdaka do grantha likhe - nyAyatattva aura yogarahasya | ye grantha naSTa ho gae haiM / parakAlIna lekhakoM ne ina granthoM se, uddharaNa die haiN| unase ina granthoM kA jJAna hotA hai / unakA pautra yAmuna thA / usakA janma 916 I0 meM huA thA / usane ye grantha likhe haiM -- (1) stotraratna, (2) catuzzlokI, (3) zrAgamaprAmANya -- - isameM usane pAMcarAtra AgamoM kI prAmANikatA kA maNDana kiyA hai / (4) siddhitraya - isameM tIna grantha haiM - Atmasiddhi, Izvarasiddhi aura saMvitsiddhi ( 5 ) gItArthasaMgraha -- aura (6) mahApuruSanirNaya / rAmAnuja kA janma 1037 I0 meM kAMcI ke samIpa zrIperumbudura meM huA yA / unhoMne kAMcI meM yAdavaprakAza se advaitavedAnta kA adhyayana kiyA / bAda meM ve yAmuna ke eka ziSya zrIpUrNa ke ziSya hue / unhoMne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA aura deva bhara meM viziSTAdvaita mata kA pracAra prArambha kiyA / unhoMne ye grantha likhe haiM -- (1) brahmasUtroM kI TIkA zrIbhASya, (2) vedAntasAra, (3) vedAntadIpa, ( 4 ) bhagavadgItAbhASya, (5) vedArthasaMgraha, isameM saMkSepa meM vedoM kA abhiprAya' varNana kiyA gayA hai, (6) gadyatraya aura (7) nitya / isameM Izvara-pUjA kI vidhi kA varNana hai / vedAntasAra aura vedAntadIpa ye brahmasUtroM kI saMkSipta TIkAe~ haiM / zrIbhASya kI ye TIkAe~ huI haiM - meghanAdArikRta navaprakAzikA aura bhASyabhAvabodhana, (2) varanArAyaNa bhaTTAraka kRta nyAyasudarzana, (3) sudarzana - sUrikRta zrutaprakAzikA aura zrutapradIpikA, (4) vedAntadezika ( 1268 -- 1366 ) kRta tattvaTIkA aura (5) raMgarAmAnuja muni ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) kRta mUlabhAvaprakAzikA / varadanArAyaNa bhaTTAraka aura meghanAdAri kA samaya 1200

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai / sudarzanasUri 13vIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttarArdha meM hue the| zrIvatsAMka ke putra parAzara bhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1100 I0 ) ne khaNDanAtmaka tattvaratnAkara grantha likhA hai / vaha aba naSTa ho gayA hai / usane viSNusahasranAma kI TIkA bhagavadagaNadarpaNa nAma se kI hai / meghanAdAri kA nayadyamaNi viziSTAdvaita mata kA eka svatantra grantha hai| varadanArAyaNa bhaTTAraka kA prajJAparitrANa bhI eka svatantra grantha hai| varadAcArya ( lagabhaga 1270 I0 ) ne cAra choTe kintu mahattvapUrNa grantha likhe haiM--(1) prapannapArijAta, (2) prameyamAlA, (3) tattvanirNaya, (4) tattvasAra / zrutaprakAzikA ke lekhaka sudarzanasUri ne do aura grantha likhe haiM--(1) rAmAnuja ke vedArthasaMgraha ko TIkA tAtparyadIpikA aura (2) bhAgavata kI TIkA zukapakSIya / vedAntadezika ke guru prAtreya rAmAnuja kA janma 13vIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttarArdha meM huA thaa| usane viziSTAdvaita ke samarthana meM nyAyakuliza grantha likhA hai / __ vedAntadezika ne lagabhaga 118 grantha likhe haiN| unameM se lagabhaga 15 naSTa ho gae haiN| inameM se 40 se adhika tAmila bhASA meM haiM aura 35 ke lagabhaga kAvya, gItikAvya aura karmakANDa Adi viSayoM para haiN| inameM se pramukha svatantra grantha ye haiM--(1) tattvamuktAkalApa tathA usa para apanI TIkA sarvArthasiddhi (2) zatadUSaNI / yaha advaitavAda kI AlocanA hai / (3) saccaritrarakSA, (4) nikSepa-rakSA, (5) pAJcarAtrarakSA, (6) nyAyaparizuddhi (7) nyAyasiddhAJjana, (8) mImAMsA-pAdukA aura (8) adhikaraNasArAvali / usake mukhya TIkA grantha ye haiM--(1) AstikavAda ke samarthana meM mImAMsAsUtroM ko TIkA sezvaramImAMsA, (2) rAmAnuja ke bhagavad-gItAbhASya kI TIkA tAtparyacandrikA, (3) zrIbhASya ko TIkA tattvaTIkA, (4) IzA-vAsyopaniSadbhASya, (5) yAmana ke gItArthasaMgraha kI TIkA gItAryasaMgraharakSA aura (6) rAmAnuja ke gadyatraya kI TIkA rahasyarakSA / ina granthoM meM unakI vaijJAnika viSayoM ke vivecana meM maulikatA aura prakhara tArkikatA kA pagjiAna

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana hotA hai / vizaSTAdvaita mata meM rAmAnuja ke bAda vaha hI sabase prAmANika AcArya mAnA jAtA hai / usake putra varadAcArya ne usakI mImAMsApAdukA kI TIkA kI hai / 405 appayadIkSita ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ne viziSTAdvaitamata kA anusaraNa karate hue brahmasUtroM kI TIkA nayamayUkhamAlikA nAma se kI hai / mahAcArya ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) appayadIkSita kA samakAlIna thA / usane vedAntadezika kI zatadUSaNI kI TIkA caNDamAruta nAma se kii| usane 6 khaNDanAtmaka grantha likhe haiM-- (1) zradvaitavidyAvijaya, (2) gurUpasattivijaya, (3) parikara - vijaya (4) pArAzarya - vijaya ( 5 ) brahmavidyAvijaya aura ( 6 ) sadvidyAvijaya / lagabhaga isI samaya raMgarAmAnuja muni huA thA / usako mukhya upaniSadoM para bhASya karane ke kAraNa upaniSadbhASyakAra kI upAdhi prApta huI thI / usane do TIkAe~ likhI haiM -- (1) vedAntadezika ke nyAyasiddhAJjana kI TIkA aura ( 2 ) sudarzanasUri kI zrutaprakAzikA kI TIkA bhAvaprakAzikA | viSayavAkyadIpikA usakA eka svatantra graMtha hai / inameM upaniSadoM ke kucha mahattvapUrNa vAkyoM kI vyAkhyA hai / mahAcArya ke ziSya zrInivAsAcArya ne yatIndramatadIpikA graMtha meM viziSTAdvaita mata ke siddhAntoM kA varNana kiyA hai / zuddhAdvaita-mata isa mata ke anusAra brahma saguNa aura nirguNa donoM prakAra kA hai / vaha saMsAra kA karttA, dhartA aura saMhartA hai / sat, cit aura Ananda usake guNa haiM / vaha eka aura anirvacanIya hai, vaha jIvAtmA meM antaryAmI rUpa se vidyamAna hai / vaha jagat kA upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNa hai / vaha pUrNa hai / use puruSottama kahA jAtA hai / vaha Anandamaya hai / ina rUpoM meM vaha saguNa hai / usameM sAdhAraNa mAnavIya koI guNa nahIM haiM, ataH use nirguNa kahA jAtA hai / jIva vAstavika haiM / ve brahma ke eka aMza haiM / ve brahmarUpI agni ke kaNa ke tulya haiM / jIvAtmA paramANu-tulya hotA hai / jIva brahma ke brahma se pRthaka nahIM haiM / ve Anandamaya brahma bhI haiM / ataH jIva aMza haiM, ataH ve aura brahma eka

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406 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hI haiM / jIva aura brahma meM jo antara dikhAI detA hai, vaha vAstavika nahIM hai, apitu vaha antara brahma kI icchA ke kAraNa hai / yaha antara advaita mata ke tulya mAyA ke kAraNa nahIM hai| ataH isa mata meM mAyA kI sattA na hone se ise zuddhAdvaitamata kahA jAtA hai / brahma apano svatantra icchA se jovoM ko apane zarIra ke tulya divya zarIra pradAna karatA hai, jisase ve brahma ke sAtha sadA krIr3A kiyA kreN| Izvara aura jIva kA sambandha nAyaka-nAyikAbhAva (patipatnIbhAva) sambandha hai / bhakti aura Atma-samarpaNa se brahma kA anugraha prApta hotA hai| isa mata meM brahma ko pUjA kRSNa ke rUpa meM hotI hai / usake nAma gopIjanavallabha aura zrIgovardhananAtha jI yA zrInAtha jI haiN| dekhie : jAnIta paramaM tattvaM yazodotsaGgalAlitam / tadanyaditi ye prAhurAsurAstAnaho budhAH / / brahmasUtrAnubhASya 4-4-22 isa mata meM guru ko devatulya mAnA jAtA hai aura usako devatulya pUjA ko jAtI hai / yaha mata veda, bhagavadgItA aura upaniSad tathA bhAgavata ko prAnANika grantha mAnatA hai / jIvAtmA bhAgavata ke nimnalikhita sAta prakAra ke arthoM ko jAnane se mukta hotA hai / bhAgavata ke sAta jJAtavya artha ye haiM--zAkhA, skandha, prakaraNa, adhyAya, vAkya, pada aura akSara / / vallabhAcArya (1473-1531 I0) isa mata ke saMsthApaka haiM / unhoMne brahmasUtroM ko TIkA aNubhASya nAma se kI hai| unhoMne isa bhASya ko apUrNa chor3a diyA thaa| unake putra viTThalanAtha jI ne use pUrNa kiyA / vallabhAcArya ne bhAgavata kI subodhinI TIkA likhI hai / unhoMne 16 choTe grantha likhe haiM / inameM unhoMne zaddhAdvaitamata ke siddhAntoM aura zikSAoM kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA hai / vallabhAcArya ke ziSya puruSottama ne aNubhASya kI TIkA bhASyaprakAza nAma se kI hai aura bhASyaprakAza kI TIkA gopezvara ne razmi nAma na kI hai| puruSottama ne zuddhAdvaitamata ke dArzanika mantavyoM para eka svatantra anya vedAntAdhikaraNamAlA likhA hai / zrIjayagopAla ne taittirIyopaniSad kI

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 407 / TIkA likhI hai / kRSNacandra ne brahmasUtroM kI TIkA bhAvaprakAzikA nAma se kI hai| nimbArkamata isa mata kI sthApanA 12vIM zatAbdI I0 meM nimbArka ne kI thii| isa mata ke anusAra brahma saguNa aura nirguNa donoM hai / saMsAra brahma kI abhivyakti mAtra hai / saMsAra brahma se abhinna aura pRthak donoM hai / saMsAra meM jIva . aura prakRti donoM kA saMgraha hai| isa prakAra yaha mata advaita aura dvaita donoM mAnane ke kAraNa dvaitAdvaita mata kahA jAtA hai / jIva, jo ki brahma ke niyantraNa meM haiM, muktAvasthA meM bhI usase abhinna aura pRthak donoM rUpoM meM rahate haiN| brahma ke vAstavika rUpa ke sAtha tAdAtmya prApta karane ko mokSa kahate haiN| mokSa kI prApti jJAna aura prAtma-samarpaNa se hotI hai / isa mata ke anusAra brahma kI upAsanA kRSNa aura rAdhA ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai / isa mata ko sanakasampradAya bhI kahate haiN| nimbArka ne brahmasUtroM kI TIkA vedAntapArijAtasaurabha nAma se kI hai| nimbArka ke ziSya zrInivAsa ne isa vedAntapArijAtasaurabha kI TIkA kI hai| nimbArka ne dvaitAdvaita mata para dazazlokI grantha bhI likhA hai| kezavAcArya(lagabhaga 1600 I0) kA dUsarA nAma kezava kazmIrI thaa| usane ye grantha likhe haiM--(1) brahmasUtroM kI TIkA kaustubhaprabhA, (2) bhagavadgItA kI TIkA tattvaprakAzikA, (3) mukhya upaniSadoM kI TIkA aura (4) viSNusahasranAma Adi kI ttokaa| bhAskaramata bhAskara, zaMkara (632-664 I0) kA uttaravartI tathA vAcaspati mizra . (850 I0) kA pUrvavartI hai / ataH usakA samaya 800 I0 ke lagabhaga hai| usakA mata hai ki brahma vizuddha guNoM se yukta hai / sAtha hI vaha upAdhi ke kAraNa baddha aura mukta donoM hai / durguNoM se pUrNa saMsAra ke rUpa meM parivartita

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408 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hotA hai, ataH baddha hai aura svataH mukta hai| brahma meM vAstavika rUpa se ekatva aura anekatva rahatA hai / kAraNAvasthA meM brahma eka rahatA hai aura kAryAvasthA meM vaha aneka ho jAtA hai / jIva brahma se abhinna hai, parantu upAdhi ke ka raNa vaha usase bhinna bhI hai| brahma jIvoM ke anubhavoM ko anubhava karatA hai| bhAskara jJAnamArga aura karmamArga donoM ko sammilita rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM / bhAskara ne brahmasUtroM kA bhASya kiyA hai / isa mata kA dUsarA nAma tridaNDimata bhI hai| yAdavaprakAza mata yAdavaprakAza 11vIM zatAbdI I0 meM huA thA / vaha advaitamatAvalambo thA / vaha kAMcI meM rahatA thaa| usane rAmAnuja ko vedAnta par3hAyA thaa| bAda meM rAmAnuja se usakA zAstrArtha huA / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki rAmAnuja ne usako parAjita kara diyA aura vaha rAmAnuja kA ziSya ho gayA tathA viziSTAdvaita mata kA anuyAyI ho gayA / usake matAnusAra brahma jaMgama aura sthAvara jagat ke rUpa meM parivartita hotA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa brahma bahuta-sI azuddhiyoM kA sthAna ho jAtA hai, parantu vaha zuddha svarUpa meM rahatA hai / yaha nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai ki yAdavaprakAza ne brahmasUtroM kI TIkA kI hai yA nhiiN| unakI bhagavadgItA para TIkA naSTa ho gaI hai / jAna par3atA hai ki svAbhAvikabhedAbhedavAda ko apanAne meM usake Upara bhartRprapaMca aura Azmarathya kA prabhAva par3A hai / bhedajJAna sAMsArika bandhana meM lAtA hai kintu mokSa kA sambandha bhedaabheda ke jJAna se hai / bhAskara kI nAIM yAdava prakAza jJAnakarmasamuccaya kA samarthana karatA hai / ye do grantha usakI kRti mAne jAte haiM -(1) vaijayantIkoza aura (2) yatidharmasamuccaya / isameM yatiyoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana hai / caitanya-mata caitanya kA nAma baMgAla meM vaiSNavadharma ke pracAra ke sAtha saMbaddha hai / inakA prArambhika nAma vizvambhara thA / inakA janma 1485 I0 meM huA thaa| unake zArIrika saundarya se unakA nAma gaura yA gaurAMga par3A / 1506 I0 meM ve

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana saMnyAsI ho gae aura unhoMne apanA nAma zrIkRSNa caitanya rakkhA / inakA svargavAsa 1533 I0 huA / inake matAnusAra bhakti kA sthAna jJAna aura yoga donoM ke Upara hai / kRSNa aura rAdhA kI pUjA ke samaya jo bhaktibhAva utpanna hotA hai, use isa mata ke anusAra rasa mAnA jAtA hai / bhAgavata para zrIdhara kI TIkA se caitanya bahuta prabhAvita hue the / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa mata ke siddhAntoM kA nirmANa jayadeva ke gItagovinda aura viziSTAdvaita mata ke bhaktimArga ke AdhAra para huA hai / caitanya ne apane upadezoM ke samarthana ke lie koI sAhityika racanA nahIM chor3I hai / zikSASTaka kA racayitA caitanya ko mAnA jAtA hai / isameM caitanyamata kI zikSAoM kA saMgraha hai / sanAtanagosvAmI, caitanya ke ziSyoM meM se eka thA / usane do grantha likhe haiM - ( 1 ) bhAgavata kI TIkA vaiSNavatoSiNI aura (2) bRhadbhAgavatAmRta / rUpagosvAmI, sanAtanagosvAmI kA choTA bhAI aura caitanya kA ziSya thA / usane ye grantha likhe haiM -- ( 1 ) apane bar3e bhAI ke bRhadbhAgabatAmRta ke anukaraNa para laghubhAgavatAmRta aura ( 2 ) bhaktirasa para bhaktirasAmRtasindhu / usane inake atirikta aura bahuta se grantha likhe haiM / ve alaMkAra, subhASitAvalI, gItikAvya aura nATaka Adi ke antargata Ate haiM / jIvagosvAmI ne bhAgavatasaMdarbha meM rahasyAtmaka aura tantvamImAMsAtmaka siddhAntoM kA varNana kiyA hai / gopAlabhaTTa ne karmakANDa aura dhArmika kRtyoM ke viSaya meM haribhaktivilAsa grantha likhA hai / kRSNadAsa kavirAja ne sanAtana gosvAmI, rUpagosvAmI aura jIvagosvAmI ke jIvana ke viSaya meM caitanyacaritAmRta, premavilAsa aura govindalIlAmRta grantha likhe haiM / baladeva vidyAbhUSaNa ne 18vIM zatAbdI I0 meM isa mata ke mantavyoM ko lakSya meM rakhate hue brahmasUtroM kI TIkA govindabhASya nAma se kI hai / 406 zivAdvaita mata zivAdvaita mata kA kathana hai ki ziva sarvocca devatA hai / isake atirikta yaha mata viziSTAdvaitamata ke hI anukUla hai / zrIkaNTha isa mata ke sabase

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prAcIna prAcArya mAne jAte / isa mata kA vikAsa zaivamata ke vikAsa ke sAtha ghaniSTa rUpa se saMbaddha hai / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki zrIkaNTha ne yaha prayatna kiyA ki zaivadharma ko upaniSadoM ke siddhAntoM se saMbaddha kiyA jAya / zrIkaNTha kA samaya aura nizcita paricaya ajJAta hai / zrIkaNTha ne brahmasUtroM kA bhASya kiyA hai / vaha bhASya zrIkaNThabhASya hI kahA jAtA hai / vaha zaiva AgamoM ko vedoM ke tulya hI prAmANika mAnatA hai / usane isa mata ke tIna siddhAntoM kA ullekha kiyA hai -- ( 1 ) pati (ziva), (2) pazu (jIva) ra (3) pAza ( bandhana) / appayadIkSita (lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ne isa mata ko bahuta bar3I dena dI hai / usane zrIkaNThabhASya kI TIkA zivArkamaNidIpikA nAma se kI hai| usane bhAratatAtparya saMgraha grantha likhA hai / isameM mahAbhArata kA saMkSepa diyA hai aura mahAbhArata kI isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI hai ki vaha zaivamata kA samarthaka siddha ho / isI prakAra rAmAyaNatAtparya-saMgraha meM rAmAyaNa kI zaivamatAnukUla vyAkhyA kI hai / usake zivAdvaita mata ke samarthaka anya grantha ye haiM-- ratnatrayaparIkSA, zikhariNImAlA, zivAdvaita nirNaya, tattvasiddhAntavyAkhyA aura nayamaNimAlA | 410 mata kI dhArmika zAkhAeM, pAzupata, zaiva, kazmIrI zaivamata aura zAktamata kucha aise bhI dhArmika samudAya haiM, jo ki sarvathA grAgama-granthoM para hI nirbhara haiN| pAzupata, zaiva aura kazmIrI zaivamata zaiva grAgamoM para nirbhara haiM / zakti-sampradAya zAkta AgamoM para nirbhara hai / zaiva AgamoM kI saMkhyA 2= nAnI jAtI hai aura zAkta AgamoM kI saMkhyA 77 / ye donoM Agama ghaniSTha rUpa se saMbaddha hai / zaiva-Agama ziva ko sarvottama pUjya devatA mAnate haiM aura gAvataAgama zakti ko vizva kI mAtA mAnate haiM / donoM grAgamoM kA pRthak sAhitya hai zraura donoM meM pArasparika prabhAva bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / cAroM sampradAyoM meM se pratyeka meM bahuta kucha bAteM samAna pAI jAtI haiM /

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Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 411 pAzupata isa zAkhA kA dUsarA nAma nakulIzapAzupata zAkhA hai / ziva svAmI haiM aura usake atirikta anya sabhI pazu haiN| IsavIya san ke prArambha meM lakulIza yA nakulIza ne isa mata ke siddhAntoM kA pracAra kiyA thA / bahuta sambhava hai ki vaha lakuTa yA lagaDa liye rahatA thA jisakA artha hotA hai 'gadA' / yaha sampradAya 5 siddhAntoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| unake nAma haiM--kArya, kAraNa, yoga, vidhi tathA dukhAnta / ziva nirapekSarUpa se kArya karate haiN| isalie unheM saMsAra kI racanA ke lie AtmAoM ke karma kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| pA~coM siddhAnta pratyakSa karane yogya hai / mokSa prApti ke lie cintana, AtmasamarpaNa tathA anya sAdhana haiM / sAMsArika dukhoM se pare kisI sarvazreSTha zakti kI prApti kA nAma mokSa hai| nakuliza ne zivasUtroM kI racanA kI hai| pAzupata sUtra aura haradattAcArya ke grantha isa zAkhA ke prAmANika grantha mAne jAte haiM / sarvadarzanasaMgraha (lagabhaga 1400 I0 ) meM haradattAcArya kA ullekha AtA hai / nyAyasAra ke lekhaka bhAsarvajJa (900 I0) ne gaNakArikA nAmaka grantha likhaa| zaiva yaha zAkhA zaiva AgamoM para nirbhara hai / ina AgamoM ke kAmika, kAraNa, suprabheda aura vAtula ye bahuta adhika prAmANika prAgama mAne jAte haiN| ziva sarvottama devatA hai / buddha jova 6 siddhAntoM ke jJAna se mokSa pA sakate haiN| ve 6 siddhAnta ye haiM--(1) pati (svAmI, ziva), (2) vidyA (tattvajJAna), (3) avidyA, (4) pazu (jIva), (5) pAza (bandhana, jaise karma, mAyA Adi) aura (6) kAraNa (ziva kI bhakti, jisake dvArA bandhana se mukta hote haiN)| jIva ko bhakti kA mArga apanAnA cAhie / isa saMpradAya meM sAMkhya aura yoga ke siddhAntoM kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zrIkaNTha kA brahmasUtrabhASya yadyapi vedAntaviSayaka hai, tathApi isa sampradAya kA samarthaka samajhanA cAhie / dhArA ke rAjA bhoja (1005-1054 I0) kA tattvaprakAza aura rAmakaNTha (1150

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412 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa I0 ) tathA aghora ziva ( 1150 I0 lagabhaga ) ke grantha isa zAkhA ke prAmANika grantha haiM / tAmila pradeza meM isa zAkhA ko zaiva siddhAnta kahate haiM / vahA~ para yaha zAkhA zaiva prAcAryoM ke dvArA tAmila bhASA meM likhita vistRta sAhitya para nirbhara hai / kApAlika, kAlAmukha aura liMgAyata Adi zAkhAe~ pAzupata aura zaiva zAkhA kI zAkhAe~ haiM yA unase saMbaddha haiM / kazmIrI zaitramata kazmIra meM zaivamata kA do prakAra se vikAsa huA hai eka spanda zAkhA aura dUsarI pratyabhijJA zAkhA / ye donoM zAkhAe~ zaiva AgamoM para nirbhara haiM / -spanda zAkhA kA mata hai ki ziva jagat kA kartA hai / vaha jagat kA upAdAna kAraNa nahIM hai aura na use upAdAna kAraNa kI AvazyakatA hai / jagat satya hai / vaha jagat kI utpatti se kisI prakAra bhI prabhAvita nahIM hotA hai / mokSa prApti ke sAdhana zAmbhava aura praNava Adi haiM / ' pratyabhijJA zAkhA kA bhI ina viSayoM para yahI mata hai / sAtha ho pratyabhijJA zAkhA kA mata hai ki jIva yadyapi paraspara pRthak haiM, parantu ve ziva se pRthak nahIM haiM / isa tathya kI anubhUti isa jJAna se hotI hai ki 'maiM Izvara hU~, maiM Izvara se pRthaka nahIM hU~' / isI jJAna se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / ataeva isa zAkhA kA nAma pratyabhijJA ( pahacAnanA) par3A hai / jo jIva mAyA ke AvaraNa se Dhake hue haiM, unake hRdaya meM yaha jJAna utpanna nahIM hotA hai| isa aMza meM isa zAkhA kA jhukAva pradvaitamata kI ora hai / spanda zAkhA ke siddhAnta vasugupta 850 I0 ) ko prakaTa hue the / usane ina siddhAntoM ko ziva sUtroM ke rUpa meM kallaTa ko par3hAyA / isa mata para ( 1 - K. C. Pandey: Abhinavagupta, An Historical and Philosophical study. pRSTha 67 /

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, 413 Astika darzana aura dhArmika darzana vasugupta kA grantha spandakArikA hai| kallaTa ne isakI TIkA spandasarvasva nAma se kI hai| utpaladeva ( lagabhaga 1000 I0 ) kI spandapradIpikA aura kSemarAja ( lagabhaga 1000 I0 ) kA spandanirNaya isa zAkhA ke mukhya grantha haiM / somAnanda ( lagabhaga 850 I0 ) ne zivadRSTi grantha meM sarvaprathama pratyabhijJA mata ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / utpaladeva ne Izvara pratyabhijJAkArikA grantha likhA hai aura usa para svayaM vRtti ( TIkA) bhI likhI hai| yaha utpaladeva spandazAkhA ke utpaladeva se bhinna hai| yaha 10vIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvArddha meM huA thA / usane apanI TIkA sahita Izvarasiddhi tathA anya grantha likhe haiM / dhvanyAlokalocana kA racayitA abhinavagupta pratyabhijJAmata kA sarvazreSTha prAcArya hai / usake granthoM se tAntrika sAhitya kI abhivRddhi huI hai / usake likhe hue grantha ye haiMbodhapaMcadazikA, mAlinIvijayavArtika, parAtrizikAvivaraNa, tantrAloka aura tantrasAra Adi / usane zaivamata ke dRSTikoNa se bhagavadgItA kI TIkA bhagavadgItArthasaMgraha likhI hai| usane paramArthasAra meM zaivamata ke dRSTikoNa se sAMkhyadarzana ke mukhya siddhAntoM kA varNana kiyA hai / usane utpaladeva kI IzvarapratyAbhijJAkArikA kI TokA IzvarapratyabhijJAvimarzinI meM kI hai aura usako IzvarapratyabhijJAkArikAvRtti kI TIkA IzvarapratyabhijJAvivRttivimarzinI meM kI hai / usako anuttarASTikA, paramArthadvAdazikA, paramArthacarcA aura mahopadezaviMzatikA meM zaivamata kA pratipAdana hai / usane somAnanda kI zivadRSTi kI TIkA zivadRSTyAlocana nAma se kI hai aura prakIrNakavivaraNa meM dharma ke dArzanika aura vaiyAkaraNa rUpa kI vyAkhyA kI hai / usake anya grantha naSTa ho gae haiM aura unakA jJAna kevala uddharaNoM se hotA hai| zAktamata zAktamata zakti kI pUjA ko svIkAra karatA hai / isa zAkhA meM nAda kI zakti, manuSya zarIra meM nAr3iyoM kI sattA, padmatulya SaTcakroM kI sattA

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412 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa I0 ) tathA aghora ziva ( 1150 I0 lagabhaga ) ke grantha isa zAkhA ke prAmANika grantha haiM / tAmila pradeza meM isa zAkhA ko zaiva siddhAnta kahate haiM / vahA~ para yaha zAkhA zaiva AcAryoM ke dvArA tAmila bhASA meM likhita vistRta sAhitya para nirbhara hai / kApAlika, kAlAmukha aura liMgAyata Adi zAkhAe~ pAzupata aura zaiva zAkhA kI zAkhAe~ haiM yA unase saMbaddha haiM / kazmIrI zaitramata kazmIra meM zaivamata kA do prakAra se vikAsa huA hai eka spanda zAkhA aura dUsarI pratyabhijJA zAkhA / ye donoM zAkhAe~ zaiva AgamoM para nirbhara haiM / -spanda zAkhA kA mata hai ki ziva jagat kA kartA hai| vaha jagat kA upAdAna kAraNa nahIM hai aura na use upAdAna kAraNa kI AvazyakatA hai / jagat satya hai / vaha jagat kI utpatti se kisI prakAra bhI prabhAvita nahIM hotA hai / mokSa prApti ke sAdhana zAmbhava aura praNava Adi haiM / ' pratyabhijJA zAkhA kA bhI ina viSayoM para yahI mata hai / sAtha ho pratyabhijJA zAkhA kA mata hai ki jIva yadyapi paraspara pRthak haiM, parantu ve ziva se pRthak nahIM haiM / isa tathya kI anubhUti isa jJAna se hotI hai ki 'maiM Izvara hU~, maiM 'Izvara se pRthak nahIM hU~' / isI jJAna se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / ataeva isa zAkhA kA nAma pratyabhijJA ( pahacAnanA ) par3A hai / jo jIva mAyA ke AvaraNa se Dhake hue haiM, unake hRdaya meM yaha jJAna utpanna nahIM hotA hai / isa aMza meM isa zAkhA kA jhukAva pradvaitamata kI ora hai / 1 1 spanda zAkhA ke siddhAnta vasugupta 850 I0 ) ko prakaTa hue the / usane ina siddhAntoM ko ziva sUtroM ke rUpa meM kallaTa ko par3hAyA / isa mata para 1- K. C. Pandey: Abhinavagupta, An Historical and Philosophical study. pRSTha 67 /

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prAstika darzana aura dhArmika darzana 415 sarvadarzanasaMgraha grantha likhA hai / eka ajJAta lekhaka kA eka grantha sarvamatasaMgraha hai / nArAyaNa bhaTTa ( lagabhaga 1600 I0 ) ne mAnameyodaya grantha meM vibhinna darzanoM meM prApya mAna (pramANa) aura meya ( prameya) kA vistRta varNana diyA hai / mahAmahopAdhyAya lakSmIpuram zrInivAsAcArya ne 1925 I0 meM mAnameyodayarahasyazlokavArtika grantha likhA hai /

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adhyAya 36 upasahAra pUrva adhyAyoM meM die hue vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki sAhitya kA aisA koI bhI aMga nahIM hai, jisakA vivecana aura vizleSaNa saMskRta meM na huA ho| sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta kI lokapriyatA kA yahI mukhya kAraNa hai / bauddhoM aura jainoM ne IsA se pUrva saMvat meM yaha prayatna kiyA ki saMskRta ko isa sthAna se cyuta kiyA jAya, parantu unake saba prayatna niSphala rahe aura anta meM unheM sAhityika kAryoM ke lie saMskRta ko apanAnA pdd'aa| ___ jaisA ki saMskRta nAma se spaSTa hai ki yaha bhASA vaiyAkaraNoM ke dvArA itanI adhika parimArjita aura pariSkRta kI gaI ki vaha pUrNatA ko prApta ho gaI aura koI bhI bhASA uccAraNa, bhASA, zanda-koSa aura vAkyavinyAsa Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se isakI samAnatA nahIM kara sakatI thii| ataeva ise daivI vAk yA devabhASA nAma diyA gyaa| bhAratavarSa kI sabhI bhASAe~, binA kisI apavAda ke saMskRta ke sAhacarya se samunnata huI haiM / __bhArata kI sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta kA mahatva aura adhika hai, kyoMki bhAratIya saMskRti kA samasta vAGamaya saMskRta meM hI ullikhita hai / bhAratavarSa kA mahattva mukhya rUpa se usakI sAMskRtika paramparA ke kAraNa hI hai / bhAratavarSa kI sImA ke bAhara ke dezoM ne bhI AvazyakatA aura kaThinAI ke samaya bhAratavarSa se hI protsAhana aura pathapradarzana prApta kiyA hai| saMskRta bhASA meM likhe hue sAhitya ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM kisa prakAra bhAratavarSa ne sabhI dizAoM meM unnati kI thI aura kisa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti abhyunnata dazA meM thii| bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna rUpoM kA varNana saMskRta meM prApta hotA hai / bhautika unnati kI apekSA Atmika unnati ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA thA aura dainika jIvana meM

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upasaMhAra 417 bhI usakA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA thA / bhAratIya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM AtmA kA mahattva aura usakI pavitratA kI ora dhyAna sadA rahA hai / bhautika unnati Atmika unnati ke sahAyaka ke rUpa meM svIkRta thI / ataeva ahiMsA aura sahanazIlatA ke abhyAsa para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA thA / jIvana bhara ke parIkSaNoM ke pazcAt bhAratIyoM ne karma-siddhAnta aura punarjanmavAda meM AsthA rakkhI aura inakA sarvAGgapUrNa avyayana kiyA / AzAvAda kI dRr3ha bhAvanA ne bhAratIyoM ko yaha zakti pradAna kI hai ki ve jIvana kI sabhI prakAra kI kaThinAiyoM ko sahana karane kA sAhasa rakhate haiM / yaha bhAratavarSa kI pramukha vizeSatA hai / yaha zakti hindU dharma aura usake siddhAntoM ko apane vyavahAra meM lAne kA prabhAva hai / bhAratavarSa meM dharma aura darzana avicchinna rUpa se sAtha rahe haiM / bhAratIya darzana jina tathyoM kA varNana karate haiM, unako hI grAhya samajha kara bhAratIya unako vyavahAra meM lAte haiM / vizva - sAhitya bhAratIya sAhitya kA bahuta RNI hai / zikSA, vyAkaraNa aura saMgIta ke granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jisa samaya vizva ke anya samasta deza andhakAra ke garta meM lIna the, usa samaya bhAratavarSa ke RSi dhvani, dhvaniyoM ke uccAraNasthAna aura unake vibhedoM ko bahuta gambhIratA ke sAtha jAnate the / ataeva maikaDAnala ne likhA hai ki "bhArata meM saMskRta bhASA ke vaiyAkaraNa hI vizva ke sarvaprathama vidvAn haiM, jinhoMne zabdoM kI niSpatti para dhyAna diyA, dhAtu aura pratyaya ke antara ko samajhA, pratyayoM kA kArya nizcita kiyA aura eka aisA vizuddha aura sarvA pUrNa vyAkaraNa - zAstra upasthita kiyA, jo ki vizva meM anupama hai / "" Ayurveda aura gaNita jyotiSa ke kSetra meM bhI prazaMsanIya unnati kI hai / dArzanika vivecana aura vizleSaNa meM jo saphalatA prApta kI hai, usase bhAratavarSa sadA gauravAnvita rahegA | AtaMkavAda, janmasiddha rAjatva aura prajAtantravAda ke guNa-doSa kA 1. Macdonell : India's Past pRSTha 136. saM0 sA0 i0-27

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418 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa anubhavoM ke dvArA adhyayana kiyA gayA aura rAjya saMcAlana ke lie yaha sarvottama prakAra mAnA gayA ki prajAtantra sarakAra ho aura usakA mukhya rAjakIya-paramparAgata rAjA ho / bhautikavAda ke vikAsa ke duSpariNAmoM kA jJAna bhAratIyoM ko thA / matsyapurANa meM varNana AtA hai ki rAkSasa prakAza se niraparAdha striyoM aura baccoM para AkramaNa karate the / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki ve apane astra aura zastra kisa prakAra banAte the / vaijJAnika viSayoM meM mukhyatayA praujAroM kA upayoga hotA thA / yaha saMmbhava hai ki jina vaijJAnikoM ne astroM aura zastroM kA AviSkAra kiyA thA, unhoMne hI inakA durupayoga hote dekhA aura bhAvo jagat ko vinAza se bacAne kI sadbhAvanA se prerita hokara una astroM aura zastroM ko naSTa kara diyA / Adhunika kAla meM jaba se yUnAnI, yavana aura yUropa ke anya rASTroM ne bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa karanA prArambha kiyA, taba se bhAratavarSa kA sAMskRtika mahattva kramazaH kSINa hotA gayA / sabhI videziyoM ne bhArata ke sAMskRtika mahattva ko naSTa karane kA pUrNa prayatna kiyA, parantu unake sabhI prayatna niSphala rahe / unhoMne yaha bhI prayatna kiyA ki bhArata ke prAcIna gaurava ko mahattva na diyA jAya / Adhunika kAla meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne yaha mata prastuta kiyA hai ki bhAratavarSa meM jo kucha bhI acchAI hai vaha yUnAniyoM ke dvArA hI prApta huI hai / unhoMne binA kisI pramANa aura AdhAra ke yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki sAhitya ke sabhI vibhAgoM meM hI nahIM apitu sabhI uttama bAtoM meM bauddha loga hI agragAmI rahe haiM / yahA~ para yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bauddha loga bahuta samaya taka hindU hI the aura kucha kAla bAda unhoMne hindUdharma meM prApta kucha maMtavyoM ko lekara hindUdharma ke viruddha eka navIna dharma prArambha kiyA / prArambha meM isa dharma ko saphalatA prApta huI, kyoMki gautama buddha aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne sAdhAraNa janatA ko apanI ora AkRSTa kiyA aura ve loga unase vivAda yA tarka karane meM asamartha the / jaba kumArila, zaMkara aura udayana jaise udbhaTa vidvAnoM ne unake siddhAntoM para AkramaNa kie, taba unakI saphalatA samApta hone lagI / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM

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upasaMhAra ___416 ne isa viSaya meM yaha kahanA prArambha kiyA ki jaba ina vidvAnoM aura inake anayAyiyoM ne bauddhoM ke viruddha dhArmika vidroha prArambha kara diyA taba bauddhoMne tibbata aura cIna meM apanI surakSA ke lie Azraya liyaa| kintu tathya isake sarvathA viparIta hai / jaba bauddha loga prakaTa rUpa se hinduoM se zAstrArtha karane meM asamartha ho gae, taba prakaTa rUpa se parAjaya se bacane ke lie aura apane dharma ko pUrNatayA naSTa hone se bacAne ke lie tibbata aura cIna meM bhAga ge| ye hI pAzcAtya vidvAn haiM jinhoMne yaha mantavya sthApita kiyA ki Arya loga bAhara se bhAratavarSa meM Aye haiM / isa mata ko bahuta se bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne binA virodha aura vivAda ke satya mAnakara svIkAra kara liyA hai| aitihAsika mahattva kI likhita sAmagrI ke abhAva kA anucita lAbha uThAkara pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ko bhI asatya batAyA hai aura bhAratIya paramparA ke dvArA jo tithiyA~ yA kAla svIkRta haiM. unako kAlpanika mAnA hai / unake ye nirNaya satyatA se bahuta dUra haiM / bhAratIyoM ne kucha cIjoM ko grantha ke rUpa meM rakhanA ucita samajhA aura kucha bAtoM ko kevala smRti meM rakkhA / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM jo ghaTanAe~ ullikhita haiM ve satya haiM / paramparA ke anusAra mahAbhArata kA samaya 3100 I0 pU0 hai yaha samaya vivAdAspada nahIM hai / likhita sAhitya kI apekSA kisI jAti kI smaraNazakti adhika vizvasanIya aura puSTa hotI hai| sampUrNa deza truTi nahIM kara sakatA hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jo eka stara sthApita kiyA hai, usase ina tathyoM kI mApa bhale hI na ho sake, parantu isa AdhAra para ina tathyoM ko asatya nahIM kaha sakate haiN| bhArata kA eka vicitra prakAra rahA hai ki kisa prakAra ve bhAvI pIr3hI ke lie prAcIna sAmagrI surakSita rakhate haiM / bhAratavarSa meM jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai, usake AdhAra para bhArata kA itihAsa navIna DhaMga se likhA jAnA cAhie tabhI bhAratavarSa kA gauravamaya atIta ThIka DhaMga se samajhA jA sakatA hai / atIta ko jAne binA bhaviSya

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420 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 1 kA nirmANa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataeva maiksamUlara ne kahA hai ki "vizva kA sampUrNa pratIta kA itihAsa usake lie andhakAramaya hogA, jo yaha nahIM jAnatA ki usase pUrvavartI logoM ne usake lie kyA kiyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa AgAmI por3hI ke lie vaha bhI kisI prakAra kA koI zubha kArya nahIM karegA / ' yaha atyanta anucita hai ki vartamAna yuga ko cakAcauMdha se andhe hokara hama apane pratIta gaurava ko ha~sI kareM | saMsAra meM koI bhI deza apane pratota gaurava ko nindA karake tathA dUsaroM ke dvArA uccarita apanI honAvasthA kA varNana karake kabhI unnata nahIM ho sakatA hai / bhAratavarSa ko apano maryAdA aura apane vyaktitva kA sthApita karanA hai / saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratavarSa kA sAMskRtika mahatva sthApita nahIM ho sakatA hai / maiksamUlara ne saMskRta ke mahatva aura bhAratavarSa ke gaurava para jo apane vicAra prakaTa kie haiM unakA yahA~ ullekha kara denA anucita na hogA / usane apane grantha 'bhAratavarSa hameM kyA zikSA de sakatA hai' meM likhA hai -- " vartamAna samaya kA koI bho jvalanta prazna lojie, jaise -- lokapriya zikSA, ucca zikSA, vidhAnasabhAtroM meM pratinidhitva, niyamoM kA vidhAnIkaraNa, artha-vinimaya, donarakSA niyama aura sake atirikta kisI bAta ko zikSA denI ho yA prayatna karanA ho, koI cIja dekhanI ho yA par3hanI ho to bhAratavarSa ke bhaNDAra ko dekho / vaisA bhaNDAra kahIM nahIM hai / vaha tumhArI sabhI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karegA, vahI saMskRta jisakA adhyayana prArambha meM kaThina aura anupayogI pratIta hotA hai, yadi usakA hI abhyAsa kucha samaya kareM to vaha tumhAre sammukha vizAla sAhitya upasthita karegA, jo ajJAta aura aprakaTa hai / vaha usake gUr3ha vicAroM meM antaradRSTipAta ke lie preraNA degA, jaise gUr3ha vicAra usase pUrva kabhI sune bhI na hoM 1. Maxmuller: What can Indian teach us. pRSTha 17 2. paMDita baladeva upAdhyAya : vedabhASyabhUmikAsaMgraha kI bhUmikA, pRSTha 3 aura 4

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upasaMhAra 421 aura vaha aisI zikSA degA, jo ki manuSyamAtra ke antaHkaraNa para apanA prabhAva DAla sake aura usakI sadbhAvanA prApta kara sake / "apane vizeSa adhyayana ke lie mAnavIya buddhi kA cAhe koI bhI kSetra cuno, cAhe vaha bhASA ho, dharma ho, paurANika kathA sAhitya ho, darzana ho, rIti-rivAja ho AdikAlIna kalA yA vijJAna ho, pratyeka sthAna para tumheM bhAratavarSa meM jAnA hogaa| cAhe icchApUrvaka jAmo yA anicchApUrvaka, jAnA avazya par3egA / kyoMki mAnavasRSTi kI kucha ati bahumUlya aura anupayogI sAmagrI kevala bhAratavarSa meM hI surakSita hai| anyatra kahIM nhiiN|"2 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jo mahattvapUrNa anusandhAna kie haiM bhale hI dUsare dRSTikoNa se kie hoM, unake lie bhAratavarSa ko unakA pratikRtajJa honA cAhie, kyoMki una anusandhAnoM ke binA bhAratavarSa kA mahattva sadA ke lie andhakAra meM hI lupta rahatA / 1. Maxmuller: What can Indian teach us. pRSTha 13-14 2. Maxmuller: What can Indian teach us. pRSTha 15

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pariziSTa rAmAyaNa para Azrita grantha vAlmIki ko Adikavi mAnA jAtA hai| viSaya-cayana tathA lekhana-zailI meM unhoMne paravartI kaviyoM kA patha-pradarzana kiyaa| unake gaurava kA kAraNa hai rAma ko kAvya kA nAyaka cunanA / unhoMne svayaM isa prakAra ke cayana kA samarthana kiyaa| dekhie :-na hyanyo'rhati kAvyAnAM yazobhAgrAghavAdRte / rAmAyaNa-uttara0 98-18 uttaravartI lekhakoM dvArA vAlmIki kI prazasti meM lAI gaI nimnalikhita sUktiyA~ ullekhanIya haiM1. aho, sakalakavisArthasAdhAraNI khalviyaM vAlmIkIyA subhASitanIvI / anargharAghava--prastAvanA 2. madhumayabhaNitInAM mArgadarzI maharSiH rAmAyaNacampU 1-8 3. sa vaH punAtu vAlmIkeH sUktAmRtamahodadhiH / oMkAra iva varNAnAM kavInAM prathamo muniH / rAmAyaNamaMjarI 4. laMkApateH saMkucitaM yazoyat yatkIrtipAtraM raghurAjaputraH / sa sarva evAdikaveH prabhAvo na kopanIyAH kavayaH kSitIndraiH // vikramAGkadevacarita 1-27 5. mukhyamunInAmiva taM kavInAM namAmi yenAgamakovidena / svakAvyadevAyatane'dhidevo pratiSThitA rAghavakIrtimUrtiH // surathotsava 1-30

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( 2 ) rAmAyaNa para Azrita mukhya granthoM kI sUcI kramasaMkhyA grantha kA nAma racayitA kAvya kA rUpa samaya bhAsa nATaka 200 I0 pU0 mi kAvya nATaka kAvya *s fook kAlidAsa diGanAga pravarasena kumAradAsa bhaTTi zaktibhadra yazovarman bhavabhUti nATaka abhiSekanATaka pratimAnATaka yajJaphala raghuvaMza | kundamAlA | setubandha | jAnakIharaNa | rAvaNa vadha | AzcaryacUDAmaNi rAmAbhyudaya 11. uttararAmacarita mahAvIracarita svapnadazAnana 14. anargharAghava 15. bAlarAmAyaNa 16. rAmacarita 17. rAmAyaNacampU 18. mahAnATaka 16. kanakajAnakI 20. rAmAyaNamaJjarI 21. rAmapAlacarita prasannarAghava unmattarAghava bhImata 00 murAri rAjazekhara abhinanda bhoja hanumAna kSemendra kAvya campU nATaka nATaka kAvya nATaka sandhyAkaranandin jayadeva bhAskara virUpAkSa M 24. "

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kAvya kA . samaya kramasaMkhyA grantha kA nAma racayitA rUpa in raghunAthAbhyudaya prAnandarAghava kAvya 1420 nATaka 1620, 27. adbhutadarpaNa 28., jAnakIpariNaya 26. uttaracampU 30. jAnakIpariNaya 31./ rAmakathA vAmanabhaTTabANa rAjacUDAmaNi dIkSita mahAdeva cakrakavi veGkaTAdhvari rAmabhadra dIkSita vAsudeva kAvya campU nATaka | kAvya 1700 "

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mahAbhArata para Azrita grantha rAmAyaNa ke tulya mahAbhArata bhI zreNyakAla ke kaviyoM ke lie lokapriya rahA hai / unhoMne mahAbhArata kI mukhya kathA tathA usake antargata anya kathAoM kA upayoga kiyA hai / unhoMne apane granthoM ke lie mahAbhArata se kathAnaka liyA hai / mahAbhArata svayaM bhI isa prakAra kI bhaviSyavANI karatA hai / 1. sarveSAM kavimukhyAnAmupajIvyo bhaviSyati / pajanya iva bhatAnAmakSayo bhAratadrumaH // mahAbhArata - - zrAdi0 1-108 2. itihAsottamAdasmAjjAyante kavibuddhayaH / paJcabhya iva bhUtebhyo lokasaMvidhayastrayaH / / mahAbhArata - - prAdi0 2-386 3. anAzrityaitadAkhyAnaM kathA bhuvi na vidyate / zrAhAramanapAzritya zarIrasyeva dhAraNam / / idaM kavivaraiH sarvairAkhyAnamupajIvyate / udayaprepsubhirbhRtyairabhijAta ivezvaraH / / mahAbhArata - Adi0 2 - 386- 360 bANa aura daNDI ne vyAsa aura unake mahAkAvya kI zratizaya prazasti kI hai tathA apanI zraddhA vyakta kI hai / dekhie : -- namaH sarvavide tasmai vyAsAya kavivedhase / cakre puNyaM sarasvatyA yo varSamiva bhAratam / / harSacarita -- prastAvanA zloka 3 martyayantreSu catanyaM mahAbhAratavidyayA / apayAmAsa tatpUrvaM yastasmai munaye namaH // avantisundarI -- prastAvanA zloka 3

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mahAbhArata kI mUla kathA aura antarkathAnoM para prAzrita mukhya granthoM kI sUcI granthanAma racayitA kAvya kA rUpa samaya xxwww kramasaMkhyA bhAsa nATaka Sudi dUtaghaTotkaca dUtavAkya karNabhAra madhyamavyAyoga paJcarAtra urubhaGga abhijJAnazAkuntala kirAtArjunIya veNIsaMhAra zizupAlavadha subhadrAdhanaMjaya kIcakavadha bAlabhArata naiSadhAnanda 15. nalacampU 16. bhAratamaMjarI 17. citrabhArata 18. dhanaMjayavyAyoga naiSadhIyacarita nalavilAsa 21. nirbhayabhIma harakelinATaka kAvya nATaka kAvya 1700, nATaka kAvya nATaka 0 00.00 kAlidAsa bhAravi bhaTTanArAyaNa mAgha kulazekharavarman nItivarman rAjazekhara kSemIzvara trivikramabhaTTa kSemendra kAMcanapaMDita zrIharSa rAmacandra 14. campU kAvya nATaka |1050 " 1 kAvya nATaka vigraharAjadeva vizAladeva vatsarAja 23. | kirAtArjunIya

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kramasaMkhyA grantha nAma 24. sahRdayAnanda 25. bAlabhArata 26. | pANDavacarita 27. bAlabhArata 28. | pArthaparAkrama 26. | bhImaparAkrama 30. saugandhikAharaNa 31. nalAbhyudaya 32. nalodaya 33. yudhiSThirAbhyudaya 34. bhAratacampU 35. bhaimIpariNaya 36. | subhadrAdhanaMjaya 37. pAJcAlIsvayaMvaracampU 38. bhAratacampU 36. draupadIpariNayacampU 40. nalacarita 41. subhadrApariNaya ( 6 ) racayitA kRSNAnanda amaracandra devaprabha sUri agastya prahalAdana mokSAditya vizvanAtha vAmanabhaTTabANa vAsudeva " annatabhaTTa zrInivAsa dIkSita gururAma nArAyaNabhaTTa rAjacUDAmaNi dIkSita cakrakavi nIlakaNTha dIkSita nallAkavi kAvya kA rUpa kAvya 17 11 21 nATaka 17 17 kAvya 11 d, campU nATaka " campU " " nATaka "1 1200 I0 1250 " samaya " 1300 " ,, . 19 2 "; r 1350 >> 1400 " 1450 " "1 " 11 15 1550 " " 1600 " " 1700 " " 1620," 1650 " 1 dz

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anukramaNikA adbhutasItArAmastotra 153 . akalaGka 366 advaitaparibhASA 366 agastimata 351 advaitamata 366 agastya 131, 176 advaitavidyAvijaya 405 agnipurANa 86, 64, 285 advaitasiddhi 365, 366 agniveza 337 adhikaraNasArAvali 404 agnivezagRhyasUtra 48 adhvaryu 36 aghora ziva 412 adhvaramImAMsAkutUhalavRtti 386 aGgatvanirukti 387 anaMgaraMga 344 aGgavijjA 326 anaMgaharSamAtrArAja 257 aGgirA 35 anantaracita 164 acyuta 326 anantabhaTTa 184 acyutarAyAbhyudaya 133, 277 anantazarmA 176 acyutazataka 151 anargharAghava 258 ajayapAla 320 anahilavAda 124, 126 aNubhASya 406 aniruddha 381 atrisaMhitA 402 anukramaNikA 50 atharvaveda 15, 16, 20, 23, 28, 36 anuttarASTikA 413 37, 43, 50, 323 anudAtta 16 atharva pariziSTa 46 anubhUtisvarUpAcArya 314, 398 adbhutadarpaNa 267 anumAnavAda 284 adbhuta brAhmaNa 37 anuvAkAnukramaNI 50 adbhutasAgara 326 anustotrasUtra 46

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( 2 ) anUpasUtra 46 abhidharmakoza 365 anekArthakoza 320 abhidhAnacintAmaNi 320 anekArthazabdakoza 321 abhidhAnaratnamAlA 320 anekArthasaMgraha 320 abhinanda 122 anekArthasamuccaya 320 abhinayadarpaNa 344 annabhaTTa 307, 378, 387 abhinavakAlidAsa 182, 266 annapUrNAdazaka 146 abhinavagapta 123, 144, 271, annapUrNASTaka 146 282, 283, 285, 289 anyApadezazataka 160 abhinavabhAratI 271 anyApohavicArakArikA 366 abhilaSitArthacintAmaNi 162, 351 anyoktimuktAlatA 160 abhisamayAlaMkArakArikA 365 anyoktizataka 160 abhisArikAvaMcitaka 246 aparArka 334 abhisArikAbandhitaka 246 aparArkayAjJavalkIyadharmazAstranibandha amarakoza 100, 320 amaracandra 126 aparokSAnubhUti 398 amarasiMha 100, 320 apohanAmaprakaraNa 366 amaruka 145 apohasiddhi 366 amarukazataka 145 appayadIkSita 72, 84, 131, 307, amalAnanda.366 388 amitagati 157, 270 abrAhama rogara 13 amRtakaTaka 72 abhayacandra 312 amRtataraMgakAvya 124 abhayadeva 126 amRtalaharI 152 abhayanandI 312 amRtAnanda 110 abhijJAnazAkuntala 13 amRtAnanda yogI 266 abhidhamma 362 amRtodaya 270 abhidhammapiTaka 362 amoghavRtti 312

Page #442
( 3 ) ayya 267 ayyAbhANa 267 arisiMha 126 arjunacaritamahAkAvya 289 arjunamizra 84 arjunarAvaNIya 115 arNavavarNana 128 arthazAstra 336, 347, 348 / arthasaMgraha 386 alaMkAra 286 alaMkArakarNAbharaNa 268 alaMkArakaustubha 268 alaMkAracUDAmaNi 264, 268 alaMkAratilaka 266 alaMkAraratnAkara 266 alaMkAravAda 282 alaMkArazekhara 268 alaMkArasarvasva 264 alaMkArasArasaMgraha 288, 296 alaMkArAnusAriNI 266 alaka 264 alaberunI 12 allaTa 264 allarAja 266 avataMsakasUtra 364 avadAna 362 avadAnakalpalatA 162 avadAnazataka 162 avantisundarIkathA 173, 174 . avantisundarIkathAsAra 174 avaloka 263 avalokitezvaraguNakaraNDavyUha 364 avimAraka 225 azoka 8, 6, 12 azokastambha 112 azvaghoSa 6, 102, 104,105, 110, 111 azvamedha 34, 55 azvacikitsA 342 azvavaidyaka 342 azvazAstra 342 azvAyurveda 342 azvinIkumAra 341 aSTamahAzrIcatyastotra 148 aSTasAhasrikApAramita 363 aSTAMgasaMgraha 340 aSTAMgahRdaya 340 aSTAdhyAyI 2, 45, 203, 304 prasaMga 365 asitadevala 323 ahobala 72 prA, mAkhyAtacandrikA 321 mAgamapramANya 403

Page #443
zrADhyarAja 167 Atmatattvaviveka 376 zrAtmabodha 368 zrAtmasiddhi 403 Atreya 337 zrAtreya punarvasu 33e AtreyabhASyakAra 377 AtreyataMtra 376 Atreya rAmAnuja 366 prAtreya zikSA 50 zrAdikarmapradIpa 364 AdityapratApasiddhAnta 324 AdipurANa 93, 371 Ananda 195 AnandakandacampU 184 Anandagiri 368 AnandatIrtha 28, 84, 62, 151, 393 ( 4 ) zrAnandamandAkinI 152 AnandarAghava nATaka 267 Anandavardhana 56, 60, 145, 283 AnandaraGgacampU 278 AnandasAgarastava 153 zrAnandasundarI 268 zrandhra 10 AndhrabhRtyavaMza 114 AnvIkSikI 375 Apadeva 386 Apastamba 34, 48 ApastambagRhyasUtra 48 ApastambadharmasUtra 332 AptamImAMsA 366 Ayurveda 336 AraNyaka 16, 20, 27, 50 AraNyakagrantha 38, 36 AraNyagAna 15 Arya 23 AryabhaTTa 78,102, 324, 327 AryabhaTIya 327 AryazUra 192, 363 Arya siddhAnta 324 AryAsaptazatI 163 ArSAnukramaNI 50 ArSeyakalpa 46 ArSeyabrAhmaNa 37, 50 zrAlambanaparIkSA 365 zrAlavAra 402 Aloka 388 AzcaryacUDAmaNi 250 AzvalAyana 33, 38, 48 zrAzvalAyana zrautasUtra 48, 46 Asuri 381 i iNDize spUkhe 164

Page #444
indurAja 286 indradatta 304 immadiprauDhadevarAya 343 irugappa daNDanAtha 321 ilAhAbAda 112 iliyaDa 63, 73 iSTasiddhi 366 ItsiGga 12, 306, 340 IzAvAsyopaniSadbhASya 404 IzopaniSad 34, 41, 42 IzvarakRSNa 381 Izvaradatta 243 IzvaragItA 63 IzvarapratyabhijJAkArikA 413 IzvarapratyabhijJAvimarzinI 413 IzvarapratyabhijJAvivRttivimarzanI 413 IzvarabhaMgakArikA 366 Izvarasiddhi 403, 413 u ugrabhUti 313 ujjvalanIlamaNi 267 uNAdikoza 321 uNAdisUtra 305, 306 uttaracampU 185 uttarapurANa 371 uttaramImAMsA 384 uttararAmacarita 207, utpala 276 utpaladeva 413 utpalinI 316 utprekSAvallabha 133 udaya 28 udayana 373, 375, 377 udayasundarIkathA 183 udAtta 16 udAttarAghava 257 uddaNDa 130, 143 uddhavasandeza 143 udgAtA 36 udbhaTa 285, 288 udbhaTAlaMkAra 288 udyota 307 udyotakara 373 udyotana 307 208, 251 254 unmattarAghava 216, 265 unmAdavAsavadatta 251 upakramaparAkrama 386 upagranthasUtra 4e upadezazataka 160 upadezasAhasrI 368 upaniSad 16, 21, 27, 36, 40 upaniSadbrAhmaNa 37, 38

Page #445
pro upaniSadbhASya 398 ___ eca0 TI0 kolabuka 12 upabhitibhAvaprapaMcakathA 6, 200, aikapadika 46 uparAkriyAkarma 326 aitareyabrAhmaNa 36, 38 upavanavinoda 351 aitareyAraNyaka 38 upavarSa 385 etareyopaniSad 40, 42 upaskArabhASya 378 aihola 100 ubhayAbhisArikA 243 umAsvAti 366 proDayadeva 176 uvvaTa 28 proDasI 73 au UrubhaMga 223 aucityavAda 284 aucityavicAracarcA 123, 264 RpratizAkhya 44, 317 RgbhASya 394 kaThopaniSad 40, 42 RgvidhAna 50 kaNAda 372 Rgveda 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 kaNAdarahasya 378 21, 23, 28, 33, 34, 36, 40 katandI 376 43, 50 kathAkautuka 165 RgvedasaMhitA 38 kathArNava 165 RjuvimalapaMcikA 388 kathAsaritsAgara 187, 161, RtusaMgraha 46 RtusaMhAra 114, 144 kanakajAnakI 262 RSabhadatta 112 kanakadhArAstava 146 kanakalekhAkalyANa 266 ekAkSarakoza 321 kanakasena vAdirAja 123, 276 ekAvali 266 kaniSka 112 304

Page #446
kandarpacintAmaNi 344 kannar3a 10 kapila 372, 381 kapaNAbhyudaya 121, 137 kamalazIla 377 kamalAkarabhaTTa 335, 388 kamalinIkalahaMsanATaka 267 kamboja 5, 82 karaNakutUhala 326 karuNAlaharI 152 karNabhAra 223 karNasundarI 262, 276 karNIsuta 351 karNottama 326 karpUracarita 263 karpUramaMjarI 217, 260 karpUravartikA 388 karmakANDa 26 karmapuNDarIka 364 karmapradIpa 46 karmazIla 366 kalApa 313 kalApariccheda 177 kalAvilAsa 158 kaliGgagaNyasUri 163 kaliviDambana 156 kalpa 44 ( 7 ) kalpataru 366 kalpadruma 321 kalpanAmaNDitaka 363 kalpasUtra 47, 48 kalpAnupadasUtra 46 kalyANamandirastotra 148 kalyANamalla 343 kalyANarakSita 366 kalyANasaugandhika 268 kallaTa 412 kalhaNa 125, 132, 137, 276 kavikaNThAbharaNa 264 kavikarNaputra 268 kavikarNapUra 270 kavikalpadruma 314 kavitArkika 267 kaviputra 218 kavirahasya 123 kavirAja 122, 126 kavIndravacanasamuccaya 162 kaMsavadha 266 kAMcanAcArya 262 kAThakagRhyasUtra 48 kAThakasaMhitA 34 kANva 34, 36 kAtantra 313 kAtantrazAkhA 313.

Page #447
kAtyAyana 2, 44, 46, 50, 316 kAvyadarpaNa 268 kAtyAyanazrautasUtra 46 kAvyaprakAza 294 kAtyAyanazrAddhakalpa 46 kAvyanirNaya 263 kAdambarI 167, 168, 166 kAvyamImAMsA 262 kAdambarIkathAsAra 122 kAvyAdarza 174, 285 kAdambarIkalyANa 265 kAvyAnuzAsana 263, 264 kAnajita 327 kAvyAlaMkAra 262 kApiSThalakaThasaMhitA 34 kAvyAlaMkArasUtra 286 kAmakalA 414 kAzikA 306, 387 kAmadeva 126 kAzikAvivaraNapaMjikA 306 kAmadhenu 314 kAzikAvRtti 116 kAmandaka 346 kAzIpatikavirAja 266 kAmazAstra 343 kAzyapa 312, 337 kAmasUtra 113, 114, 136, 301, kAzyapasaMhitA 340 343 kiraNAvalI 375 kArakaracanA 305 kirAtArjunIya 117, 263: kArikA 46 kIcakavadha 121 kArikAvali 376 kotikaumudI 183, 277 kAryakAraNabhAvasiddhi 366 kIlahAna 13 kAlamAdhavIya 335 kuTTinImata 157 kAlApasaMhitA 34 kuntaka 282, 260, 261 kAlAzoka 66 kuntala 261 kAlikApurANa 64 kuntalezvaradautya 228 kAlidAsa 69, 100, 104, 105. kundamAlA 56, 244 208, 284 kumAragupta 102 kAvyakautuka 260 kumAradAsa 66, 116, 137, 285 kAvyakotukavivaraNa 260 kumArapAla 126

Page #448
( 6 ) kumArapAlacarita 126 kRSNayajurveda 15, 21, 28, 34, kumAralabdha 361 37, 43, 50 kumAralAta 363 kRSNavilAsa 132 kumArasaMbhava 102, 106, 108, 106 kRSNaveda 81 kumArasaMbhavacampU 185 kRSNalIlAtaraMgiNI 153 kumArilabhaTTa 82, 156, 366, 386, kRSNalIlAMzuka 124, 151, 315 387 kRSNAnanda 128, 378414 kumudvatIprakaraNa 242 kRSNAbhyudaya 268 kumbhakarNa 346 . kRSNAvadhUta ghaTikAzata 268 kuvalayAnanda 267 kedArabhaTTa 318 kuvalayAzvacarita 267 kenopaniSad 37,41, 42 kulazekhara 146 kezavadaivajJa 321 kulazekhara varman 258 kezavamizra 298, 378 kullUkabhaTTa 333 kezavasvAmI 320 kuza 55 kezavAcArya 407 kusumadeva 156 kaiyaTa 307 kUrmapurANa 86, 63 kokasandeza 143 kRtakoTi 362 kokilasandeza 143 kRSNakarNAmRta 151 kokkana 343 kRSNacandra 407 kodaNDamaNDana 347 kRSNacarita 176 kauTilya 348 kRSNatAtAcArya 386 kautukaratnAkara 267 kRSNadAsa kavirAja 406 kautukasarvasva 268 kRSNadvaipAyana 73 kauthuma 37 kRSNabhaTTa 266 kaumAra 313 kRSNamitra 266 kaumudImahotsava 247, 275 kRSNamizra 269 kaumudImitrAnanda 262

Page #449
( 10 ) kauzikasUtra 46 gaGgAlaharI 152 kauSItakibrAhmaNa 36, 38 gaGgAvaMzAnucarita 183, 278 kauSItakyAraNyaka 38 gaGgAvataraNa 134 kauSItakyupaniSad 40, 42 gaGgAstava 151 kaustubhaprabhA 407 gaMgeza 377 kramadIzvara 314 gaNakArikA 411 krama pATha 17 gaNapati zAstrI 216 kSaNabhaMgasiddhi 366 gaNitasArasaMgraha 328 kSatracUDAmaNi 176 gaNDavyUha 363 kSIrasamudravAsimizra 388 gaNDistotragAthA 148 kSIrasvAmI 306 gadAdhara 378 kSutrasUtra 46 gadyacintAmaNi 176 kSemaMkara 163 gadyatraya 403 kSemarAja 413 gandharvaprArthanASTaka 152 kSemendra 123, 157, 187, 161 gandhahastimahAbhASya 366 garuDadaNDaka 151 kSemIzvara 261 garuDapurANa 86 garga 323 khaNDakhAdyaka 328 gAgAbhaTTa 386 khaNDadeva 386 gArgIsaMhitA 323 khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya 128, 366 gArgya 45 khAdiragRhyasUtra 46 gAthAsaMgraha 365 gAndharvaveda 336, 344 gaGgAdAsa 318 gItagovinda 146 gaGgAdAsapratApavilAsa 266, 278 gItArthasaMgraha 365, 403 gaGgAdevI 131, 277 gItArthasaMgraharakSA 404 gaGgAdhara 266, 278 gujarAtI 8 ga

Page #450
guNa 342 guNacandra 344 guNabhadra 371 guNaratna 370 guNavAda 284 guNADhya 123, 187, 313 gumAni kavi 160 gururAma 266 gurUpasattivijaya 405 gahadeva 403 gUDhArthadIpikA 366 gRhacAranibandhana 328 gahacAranibandhanasaMgraha 328 gRhyasUtra 47, 48 grAsamAna 13 grima 13 geTe 13 gokulanAtha 266, 270 gonIya 343 gopathabrAhmaNa 37, 38 gopAlakelikrIDA 266 gopAlabhaTTa 406 gopIcandra 315 gopIcandrikA 315 gopInAtha cakravartI 268 gopezvara 406 gobhila 46 gobhilagRhyasUtra 48, 46 gobhilaputra 46 gorakSazataka 383 goladIpikA 326 govardhana 163 govindadIkSita 346 govindabhASya 406 govindarAja 72 govindalIlAmRta 406 govindAbhiSeka 124 gauDapAda 381, 367 gauDapAdabhASya' 381 goDavaho 120, 177 gauDAbhinanda 122 gauDorvIzakulaprazasti 128 gautama 332, 372 grahanirNaya 326 grAmagAna 15 ghaTakarpara 14 ghaTakaparakAvya 144 ghanapATha 17 ghanazyAma 268 gheraNDasaMhitA 383 cakrakavi 134, 185 cakrapANidatta 341

Page #451
( 12 ) caNDakavi 128 caNDakauzika 261 caNDamAruta 405 caNDIzataka 148, 167 caNDezvara 325, 346 caturadAmodara 347 caturdaNDiprakAzikA 347 caturvargacintAmaNi 335 caturvargasaMgraha 157 catuzzlokI 150, 403 cadaNDakSatraprabandha 164 candra 316 candrakalAnATikA 267 candragupta 11, 76, 113 candragomI 311 candradUta 144 candraprabhacarita 126, 277 candraprabhasUri 126 candraprabhA 370 candralekhA 267 candrAloka 266 camatkAracandrikA 266 caraka 6, 34, 336 carakasaMhitA 306, 336 caraNavyUha 46 calitarAma 261 cANakya 348 cANakyazataka 156 cAturadhyAyikA 45 cAndravyAkaraNa 311 cArAyaNa 343 cArAyaNIya 50 cArucaryA 157 cArudatta 225 cArumatI 167 cArlsa vilkinsa 13 cikitsAkalikA 341 cikitsAmRta 341 cikitsAsAra 341 citsukha 398, 366 citracampU 185, 278 citrapaTa 388 citrabhArata 262 citramImAMsA 297 citramImAMsAkhaNDana 268 citrAdvaitasiddhi 366 cidambara 122, 133, 184 cintAmaNi 335 caitanya 316, 378, 363, 408 caitanyacandrodaya 270 caitanyacaritAmRta 406 caitanyamata 408 caitanyAmRta 315 caurapaMcAzikA 146

Page #452
chanda 44, 46 chandaHzAstra 317 chandaHsUtra 46, 67, 317 chando'nukramaNI 50 chando'nuzAsana 318 chandomaMjarI 318 chandoviciti 156, 177, 318 chAndogya 46 chAndogya upaniSad 37, 38, 42 chAndogya brAhmaNa 37 jagajjyotirmalla 266, 347 jagadIza 268, 378 jagadUcarita 126, 277 jagadeva 326 jagannAtha 152, 156, 164, 266 jaTApATha 17 janamejaya 75 janAzraya 156, 318 jambhAladatta 163 jaya 75 jayatIrtha 364 jayadatta 342 jayadeva 146, 263, 266 317, 243 jayadevachanda 317 jayadhara 313 / jayantabhaTTa 376 jayantavijaya 126, 277 jayamaGgala 343 jayaratha 128 jayavallabha 163 jayasiMha 126 jayasiMhasari 264 jayAditya 306 jayApoDa 286 jalhaNa 125 jAtaka 363 jAtakamAlA 162, 363 . . jAnakInAtha 378 jAnakIpariNaya 134, 26.7 jAnakIharaNa 116, 285 jAmbavatIvijaya 67 jinadAsa 371 ...... jinamahAvIra 312 jinasena 142, 371 . jinendra buddhi 287, 306 jinendra sarasvatI 306 jImUtavAhana 334 . jIvakacintAmaNi 176 jIvagosvAmI 267, 315, 406. jIvanAnanda 270 hai vandharacampU 181

Page #453
Damaruka 268 jIvanmuktiviveka 366 jUnAgar3ha 112 jUmaranandI 314 jendAvestA 18, 30, 31 jaina pArvadeva 346 jainarAjataraMgiNI 132 jainendrazAkhA 312 jaimini 46,76, 372 jaiminIyanyAyamAlA 388 jaiminIyabrAhmaNa 38 jaiyaTa 307 jonarAja 132 jonsa, viliyama 12 jomarazAkhA 314 jJAnakANDa 26 jJAnazrI 366 jJAnanidhi 252 jyeSThakalaza 124 jyotirIzvara 265, 343 jyotirvidAbharaNa 100, 324 jyotiSa 44, 46 jyotiSavedAMga 47 jyotiSasArIddhAra 326 tattvakaustubha 400 tattvacintAmaNi 377 tattvAcintAmaNiprakAzamakaranda 378 tattvacintAmaNyAloka 377 tattvaTIkA 403, 404 tattvadIpikA 366 tattvanirNaya 404 tattvaprakAza 411 tattvaprakAzikA 394, 407 tattvabindu 387 tattvabodhinI 306 tattvamuktAkalApa 404 tattvaratnAkara 404 tattvaviveka 364 tattvavaizAradI 382 tattvasaMkhyAna 364 tattvasaMgraha 366, 414 tattvasaMgrahapaMjikA 366 tattvasamAsa 381 tattvasamIkSA 398 tattvasAra 404 tattvasiddhAntavyAkhyA 410 tattvArthavArtikavyAkhyAnAlaMkAra 366 tattvArthasAradIpikA 370 TaMka 403 TAlabvAyaja hvIlara 65 pTIkA 386

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( 15 ) tattvArthAdhigamasUtra 366 tattvoktikoza 262 tattvodyota 364 tathAgataguhyaka 363 tantra 325 tantradIpikA 365 tantraratna 387 tantrarahasya 386 tantrarAja 414 tantravArtika 306, 387 tantrazikhAmaNi 386 tantrasAra 388, 413, 414 tantrasiddhAnta 386 tantra siddhAntadIpikA 386 tantrAkhyAyikA 166 tantrAloka 413 tapatIsaMvaraNa 258 taraMgadatta 261 taraMgavatI 167 taraMgiNI 365 taralA 316 tarkakaumudI 376 tarkanyAya 366 tarkabhASA 378 tarkazAstra 365 tarkasaMgraha 376 tarkasaMgrahadIpikA 376 tarkAmRta 376 talavakArabrAhmaNa 37 talavakArazAkhA 37 tAjikA 326 tANDaya 37 tANDyabrAhmaNa 37, 46 tANDalakSaNasUtra 46 tAtparyacandrikA 365, 404 tAtparyadIpikA 387, 404 tAtparyaparizuddhi 376 tApasavatsarAja 257 tArAnAtha 321 tAkikarakSA 377 tArkikaziromaNi 378 tithinirNaya 335 tirumalAmbA 184, 278 tilakamaMjarI 178, 350 tisaTa 341 tulasIdAsa 71 taittirIyaprAtizAkhyasUtra 44 taittirIyabrAhmaNa 37, 38 taittirIyasaMhitA 34, 37, 50 taittirIyAraNyaka 38 taittirIyopaniSad 40, 41, 42 toTaka 398 tyAgarAja 153 trayodazatrivendramanATakAni 219

Page #455
trikANDazeSa 321 trikAlaparIkSA 365 tridaNDimata 408 tripAdanItinayana 387 tripiTaka 115 tripuradAha 263 tripuravadha 263 tripuravijaya 216 trilocana 376 trivikrama bhaTTa 180, 182, 316 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita 126, 201 trizatI 328 trailokyamalla 124 tryambakamakhin 72 dazagItikAsUtra 327 dazabhUmIzvara 363 dazamukhavadha 114 dazarathajAtaka 63 dazarUpaka 263 dazarUpAvaloka 261 dazavaikAlika niyukti 366 dazavaikAlikasUtra 366 dazazlokI 368, 407 dazAvatAracarita 123 dAnakelikaumudI 266 dAmaka 244 dAmodara gupta 157 dAmodara mizra 318 diGanAga 56, 101, 244 divyAvadAnazataka 162 dIdhiti 378 dIpaMkara 342 dIpavaMza 363 dIpazikhApaMcikA 388 dIrghAgama 363 duHkha bhaMjana 318 durgasiMha 313 durghaTavRtti 307 durlabharAja 326 dUtaghaTotkaca 223 dUtavAkya 222 daka 343 dakSiNAmUrtyaSTaka 146 daNDI 11, 115, 172, 280, 282, 285 dantila 344 . damayantIkathA 180 dayAnanda 28 dayApAla 312 darpadalana 158 dazanazuddhi 370 dazakumAracarita 175, 285

Page #456
( 17 ) dvAdazasAhasrI 344 dvAdazastotra 151 vyAzrayakAvya 126 dvirUpakoza 321 dvaitamata 355 dvaitasiddhi 357 dUtAGgada 271 dUravinIta 186 dRDhabala 336 dRSTAntazataka 156 devaNNabhaTTa 325 devatAdhyAya brAhmaNa 37 devatAnukramaNI 50 devanandI 306, 312 devanAgarI 10 devaprabhasUri 126 devarAja 268, 278 devavimalagaNi 135, 278 devasUri 370 devIcandragupta 246 devIcarita 286 devIbhAgavatapurANa 64 devIzataka 150 devendrasUri 313 dezInAmamAlA 321 daivatakANDa 46 davIvAk 1 dyA dviveda 156 dramiDa 403 dramiDAcArya 362 drAhyAyaNazrautasUtra 46 draupadIpariNayacampU 185 dvAtrizaMtyuttalikA 163 dhanaMjaya 122, 263 dhanaMjayavijaya 262 dhanapAla 178, 321, 350 dhanika 261, 263 dhanurveda 336 dhanvantari nighaMTu 342 dhammapada 363 dharmakIti 307 dharmadAsa 301 dharmanAtha 121 dharmaparIkSA 157, 270 dharmabindu 370 dharmaratna 334 dharmarAjAdhvarin 366 dharmavijayanATaka 270 dharmazarmAbhyudaya 121 dharmazAstra 303, 347 dharmasaMgraha 365 dharmasUtra 47, 48, 332 dharmAkRta 72

Page #457
dharmAbhyudaya 271 dharmottara 366 dhAtupATha 314 dhAtuvRtti 306 dhIranAga 102, 244 dhUrta nartaka 268 dhUrta visaMvAda 243 dhUrtasamAgama 265 dhoyI 142 dhvanivAda 282 dhvani - siddhAnta 283 dhvanyAloka 60, 286 dhvanyalokAlocana 286 na naMjarAjayazobhUSaNa 266 nakula 342 nakulIza 411 nandikezvara 344 nayacandra 126 nayadyamaNi 404 nayaprakAzikA 403 nayamaNimAlA 410 nayamayUkhamAlikA 405 nayaviveka 388 narapatijavacaryA svarodaya 326 narasiMha 265, 268 narasiMha kavi 266 ( 18 ) narasiMhacarita 268 narasiMharAjavijaya 267 narahari 342 narendra 314 nartananirNaya 346 nalacampU 180 nalacarita 267 nalavilAsa 262 nalAbhyudaya 132, 176 nalodaya 130 nalla kavi 267 navagrahacarita 268 navanATikA 268 navaratnaparIkSA 351 navasAhasAMkacarita 123, 276 nAgAnanda 207, 248, 246 nAgArjuna 341, 308, 316, 325, 328, 341 nAgezabhaTTa 307, 308, 311 nATakamImAMsA 296 nATaka lakSaNa ratnakoza 266 nATyadarpaNa 344 nATyavedAgama 344 nATyazAstra 281, 284, 285, 344 nADhyArNava 344 nAthamuni 403

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nAnArtharatnamAlA 320, 321 nAnArthazabdaratna 36 nAnArthArNavasaMkSepa 320 nAnyadeva 346 nAmamAlA 316, 320 nAmamAlikA 320 nAma liMgAnuzAsana 320 nAmasaMgrahamAlA 321 nAyakaratna 388 nArada 284, 323, 346 nAradapurANa 61 nAradasUtra 402 nAradasmRti 324 nArAyaNa 200, 342, 351 nArAyaNatIrtha 153 nArAyaNabhaTTa 152, 184, 307, 415 nArAyaNavilAsa 265 nArAyaNIyam 152, 307 nAvanItaka 340 nikSepakSA 404 nighaNTu 46 nighaNTuzeSa 320 nighaNTusamaya 320 ( 19 ) nicula 316 nitya 403 nityanAtha 341 nidAnasUtra 46, 46, 317 nipAtAvyayopasarga 306 nibandhana 387 nimbArka 407 nimbArkamata 407 nirukta 25, 44, 46, 316 nirNayasindhu 335 nirbhayabhIma 262 nItidviSaSThikA 156 nIti kAzikA 346 nItimaMjarI 156 nItiratnAkara 346 nItivAkyAmRta 346 nItizataka 156 nItasAra 346 nIlakaNTha 84, 134, 268, 326, 335 nIlakaNThadIkSita 153, 156, 185, 267 nIlakaNThavijayacampU 185 nIlakaNThasomayAjin 326 nIlamatapurANa 65 nemidUta 142 neminirvANa 125 naigamakANDa 46 naighaNTakANDa 46 naiSadhAnanda 261

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( naSadhIyacarita 127 naiSkarmyasiddhi 398 nyAyakaNikA 387 nyAyakandalI 370, 375 nyAyakalikA 376 nyAyakumudacandrodaya 370 nyAyakuliza 404 nyAyakusumAJjali 376 nyAyakhaNDakhAdya 370 nyAyatattva 403 nyAyadarzana 372 nyAyanirNaya 398 nyAyapadma 386 nyAyapariziSTa 376 nyAyaparizuddhi 404 nyAyapradIpa 370 nyAyapraveza 365 nyAyabindu 365 nyAyabinduTIkA 366 nyAyabhUSaNa 376 nyAyamaMjarI 376, 400 nyAyamayUkhamAlikA 405 nyAyamuktAvalI 365 nyAyarakSAmaNi 400 nyAyaratnamAlA 388 nyAyaratnAkara 387 nyAyarahasya 370 20 ) nyAyalIlAvatI 377 nyAyavArtika 375 nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA 375 nyAyavinizcaya 366 nyAyasaMgraha 366 nyAyasAra 376 nyAyasiddhAJjana 404 / / nyAyasiddhAntapradIpa 377 nyAyasiddhAntamaMjarI 378 nyAyasudarzana 403 nyAyasudhA 387, 364 nyAyasUcInibandha 375 nyAyasUtra 375 nyAyAmRta 364 nyAyAmRtataraMgiNI 370 nyAyAvatAra 366 nyAyAvatAravivRti 370 nyAsa 313 nyAsakAra 287 paMcatantra 7, 167, 166 paMcadaNDakSatraprabandha 164 paMcadazI 351, 366 paMcaparAkrama 365 paMcapAdikA 368 paMcapAdikAvivaraNa 366 paMcaprakriyA 366

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( 21 ) paMcarAtra 222 padmanAbhabhaTTa 315 paMcavastu 312 padmapAda 368 paMcavidhasUtra 45 padmapurANa 86, 62, 371 paMcaviMzabrAhmaNa 37, 38 padmaprAbhRtaka 242 paMcaviMzasUtra 45 padmakAdambarI 123 paMcazikha 381 padmacUr3AmaNi 115 paMcasAyaka 343 padyAmRtataraMgiNI 164 paMcasiddhAntikA 323, 324 padyAvalI 164 paMcastava 150 paramalaghumaMjUSA 306 paMcAzikA 967 paramArtha 365 paMcAkhyAna 200 paramArthacarcA 413 paMcAkhyAnoddhAra 200 paramArthadvAdazikA 413 paMcikA 364 paramArthasaptati 365 paMjikA 370 paramArthasAra 413 pakSadhara mizra 377 paramezvara 326 pakSilasvAmI 374 paralokasiddhi 366 pataMjali 2, 4, 34, 45, 67, parazurAmakalpasUtra 414 166, 203, 372 parAtriMzikAvivaraNa 413 pataMjalicarita 135 parAzara 86, 61, 323 pathyApathyanighaNTu 342 parAzarabhaTTa 150, 404 padapATha 17 parAzarasmati 334 padamaMjarI 307 parikaravijaya 405 paddhati 46 paribhASenduzekhara 306 padAnukramaNI 50 parimala 66, 123, 365, 400 padArthakhaNDana 378 parimalakAlidAsa 123 padArthadharmasaMgraha 375 pariziSTa 46, 50 padmagupta 66, 123, 276 pariziSTaparva 201, 270

Page #461
parIkSAmukhasUtra 366 pavanadUta 143 pAMcarAtrarakSA 404 pAcakakevalI 326 pANini 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 745, 67, 203 pANinivAdanakSatramAlA 307 pANDavacarita 126 pANDavapurANa 371 pANDavAnanda 261 'pANDavAbhyudaya 271 pAtaJjali bhASyavArtika 383 pAtaJjalayogadarzana 306 pAtAlavijaya 67 pAdatADitaka 247 pAdukAsahasra 151 pAyaguNDavaidyanAtha 306 pArasIprakAza 321, 326 ( 22 ) 'pAraskaragRhyasUtra 46 pArAzarIya vijaya 366 - pArAzarya - vijaya 405 pArijAtamaMjarI 264 'pArijAtaharaNa 126 pArijAtaharaNacampU 184 - pArthaparAkrama 264 pArthasArathimizra 387 pArvatIpariNaya 266 pAzupatazAkhA 411 pArzvadeva 346 pArzvanAtha 142 pAzvabhyudaya 142 piMgala 46, 67, 317 piMgalanAga 67, 317 pitRmedhasUtra 46 puNDarIka viTThala 346 puNyAnanda 414 purANa 6, 11, 30, 31, 87 puruSaparIkSA 165 puruSottama 406 puruSottamadeva 321 pulumAyI 192 puSkarasAdi 45 puSpadanta 146 puSpadUSitaka 261 puSpabANavilAsa 145 puSpasUtra 45 pUrNa sarasvatI 143 pUrvamImAMsA 384 pRthuyazAH 326 pRthvIrAjavijaya 128, 277 peDDabhaTTa 164 paitAmahasiddhAnta 323 paithAgorasa 327 paippalAda 35

Page #462
( 23 ) paiyAlaci 321 potayArya 164 paila 76 paulizasiddhAnta 324 pauSkarasAdi 323 prakaraNapaMcikA 388 prakAza 377, 388 prakAzAtmA 366 prakIrNakavivaraNa 413 prakRtArthavivaraNa 368 prakriyAkaumudI 307 prakriyAsaMgraha 312 prakriyAsarvasva 307 pracaNDapANDava 261 prajJAparitrANa 404 pratAparudradeva 335 pratAparudriyakalyANa 264 pratAparudriyayazobhUSaNa 266 pratijJAcANakya 260 pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa 223 pratimAnATaka 222 pratimokSasUtra 363 pratihArendurAja 289 pratItyasamutpAdahRdaya 365 pratyabhijJAmata 413 pratyabhijJAvAda 286 pradIpa 307 pradyumnAnanda 267 pradyumnAbhyudaya 264 prapaMcamithyAtvakhaNDana 364 prapaMcasAra 368 prapannapArijAta 404 prabandhakoSa 278 prabandhacintAmaNi 278, 301 prabuddharauhiNeya 264 prabodhacandrikA 315 prabodhacandrodaya 266, 278 prabhAkarazAkhA 385 prabhAcandra 366 prabhAvaka 126 prabhAvakacarita 126 prabhAvatI 267 pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra 370 pramANapaddhati 364 pramANaparIkSA 366 pramANamImAMsA 370 pramANalakSaNa 364, 366 pramANavAti kaTIkA 365 pramANavArtikakArikA 365 pramANavidhvaMsana 365 pramANavinizcaya 365 pramANavinizcayaTIkA 366 pramANasamuccaya 365 prameyakamalamArtaNDa 366

Page #463
( 24 ) prAjyabhaTTa 132 prAtizAkhya 44 prAtizAkhyasUtra 45 prArthanASTaka 152 prAyazcittasUtra 46 prAsAdamaNDana 350 priyadarzikA 248 premavilAsa 406 premAbhirAma 216 prauDhabrAhmaNa 37 prauDhamanoramA 308 prameyadIpikA 364 prameyamAlA 404 prameyaratnakoza 370 prayoga 7,46 pravarasena 114, 115, 137 prazastapAda 375 prazastapAdabhASya 375, 376 praznamAlA 266 praznottaramAlikA 368 praznopaniSad 41, 42 prasaMgaratnAvali 164 prasannarAghava 263 prasthAnabheda 400 prahalAdana 264 prAkRta 3, 7, 10 prAkRtakalpadruma 316 prAkRtakAmadhenu 316 prAkRtachandasUtra 318 prAkRtaprakAza 288, 315 prAkRtaprakAzavRtti 315 prAkRtarUpAvatAra 316. prAkRtalakSaNa 316 prAkRtavajjAlaggama 163 prAkRtavyAkaraNasUtra 316 prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana 316 prAkRtasarvasva 316 prAkRtasUtravRtti 316 phalitajyotiSa 324 phalaikatvavAda 386 phAhyAna 12 phiTasUtra 306 phrAMsisa baoNpa 13 phlITa 111 banArasa 8 baladeva vidyAbhUSaNa 406 ballAlasena 194, 301, 326 bAkSali 328 bAlika 164 bANa 82, 14, 115, 167, 275 gaNezvara 185, 278

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( 25 ) bAdarAyaNa 372 bAbhravya 343 vAlakrIDA 333 bAlacandra sUri 126 bAlacarita 223 bAlabodhinI 313 vAlabhaTTa 334 bAlabhaTTi 334 bAlabhArata 126, 131, 176, 260 bAlamanoramA 306 bAlamArtaNDavijaya 268, 278 bAlarAmapaMcAnana 315 bAlarAmabharata 347 vAlarAmavarmA 347 vAlarAmAyaNa 260 vAlabodha 312 bAlivadha 217 bASkala 33 vAhudantaka 347 bAhyArthasiddhakArikA 366 vilvamaMgala 124, 151 vilhaNa 7, 124, 137, 262, buddhaghoSa 115 buddhabhaTTa 351 budhabhUSaNa 164 budhasvAmI 187 bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 37, 40, 41, bRhadAraNyakopaniSadvArtika 398 . bRhatI 386 bRhacchabdenduzekhara 308 bRhajjAtaka 325 bRhaTTIkA 386 bRhatkathA 187, 161 bRhatkathAmaMjarI 123, 187, 161 bRhatkathAzlokasaMgraha 187, 161 bRhatsaMhitA 318, 325 bRhatsarvAnukramaNI 50 bRhaddevatA 50 bRhaddezI 345 bRhaddharmapurANa 65 bRhadbhAgavatAmRta 406 bRhavivAhaphala 325 bRhadvRtti 313 bRhannanAradIyapurANa 61 bRhaspati 347 bRhaspatismRti 334 bodhapaMcadazikA 413 bodhasiddhi 376 bodhAyana 48, 102, 243, 385 276 vihAra 8 bojagaNita 267 buddhacarita 104, 11

Page #465
( 26 ) bhaktAmarastotra 148 bhaktirasAmRtAsindhu 406 bhagavadajjuka 243 bhagavadgItA 361 bhagavadgItAtAtparyanirNaya 364 bhagavadgItAbhASya 394, 368, bodhAyanapitRmeghasUtra 46 bodhAyanazrautasUtra 265 bodhicaryAvatAra 156, 365 bodhisattvacaryAnirdeza 365 bodhisattvAvadAnakalpalatA 162 bopadeva 314 bopadevazAkhA 314 baudhAyanadharmasUtra 332 bauddhadarzana 323 byUlara 13, 111 brahmagupta 328 brahmanando 362 brahmapurANa 86 brahmavidyAvijaya 405 brahmavaivartapurANa 86, 62 brahmasiddhi 367 brahmasUtra 361 brahmasUtrabhASya 394, 368 brahmasUtrANabhASya 394 brahmasUtrAnuvyAkhyAnaTIkA 364 brahmA 36, 344 brahmasphuTasiddhAnta 328 brahmANDapurANa 86, 62, brahmAnanda 414 brAhmaNa 16, 20, 27, 50 brAhmaNa-grantha 36 brAhmaNasarvasva 335 bhagavadgItArthasaMgraha 413 bhagavadguNadarpaNa 404 bhagavantabhAskara 335 bhaTTaumbeka 387 bhaTTacintAmaNi 386 bhaTTatauta 289 bhaTTanAyaka 285, 261 bhaTTa nArAyaNa 250 bhaTTabhAskara 28 bhaTTamala 321 bhaTTazivasvAmI 121 bhaTTAraharicanda 11, 167 bhaTTi 118 bhaTTojidIkSita 308, 335, 386 bhaTTotpala 325 bhadrabAhu 366 bhayabhaMjana 326 bharata 284, 386 bharataTIkA 285

Page #466
( 27 ) bharata 284, 344 bharataTIkA 285 bharatasvAmI 28 bharatArNava 344 bharadvAja 45 bhartR prapaMca 397 bhartR mitra 385 bhartR meNTha 114 bhartRhari 13, 118, 145, 275, __ 280, 356 bhartRharinirveda 266 bhallaTa 160 bhallaTazataka 160 bhavadAsa 385 bhavanAtha 388 bhavabhUti 11, 120, 251, 285 bhaviSyapurANa 86, 60, 63 bhaviSyottarapurANa 63 bhAgavata 402 bhAgavatacampU 182, 184 bhAgavatapurANa 61, 62 bhAgavatavyAkhyA 364 bhAgavatasaMdarbha 409 bhATTadIpikA 386 bhATTarahasya 386 bhATTazAkhA 385 bhATTasAra 386 bhAnudatta 267 bhAmatI TIkA 398 bhAmaha 224, 282, 286, 288. bhAmahAlaMkAra 286, 288 bhAmahAlaMkAravivaraNa 288 bhAminIvilAsa 156 bhAratacampU 184, 185 bhAratatAtparyasaMgraha 410 bhAratamaMjarI 123 bhAratasaMhitA 76 bhAratItIrtha 366 bhAradvAjavRtti 376 bhAravi 117, 137 bhAvadIpikA 365 bhAvanApuruSottama 270 bhAvanAviveka 387 bhAvaprakAza 341 bhAvaprakAzana 214, 266 bhAvaprakAzikA 365, 405, 407 bhAvamizra 341 bhASApariccheda 376 bhASyadIpa 388 bhASyaprakAza 406 bhASyabhAvaprakAzikA 398 bhASyabhAvabodhana 403 bhASyasakti 376

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( 28 ) bhAsa 218 bhAsarvajJa 376 bhAskara 216, 265. 324, 363, 407 bhAskaramata 407 bhAskarAcArya 328 bhAsvatI 326 bhikSATanakAvya 133 bhIma 115 bhImaka 115 bhImaTa 256 bhIma-vikrama 264 bhuvanAbhyudaya 276, 261 bhUdeva zukla 270 bhUSaNa 72 bhUSaNabANa 172 bhRgasandeza 143 bhela 337 bhelasaMhitA 340 bhaimarathI 166 bhaimIpariNaya 266 bhairavAnanda 265 bhoja 66, 122, 167, 182, 282 314, 315, 342, 344, 372 bhojaprabandha 194, 301 maMkhaka 125 maMjIra 261 maMjUSA 306 maNika 265 maNDana 350 maNDanabhASya 314 maNDana mizra 311, 387, 367, 368 mattavilAsa 275 mattavilAsaprahasana 216, 243, 247, 275 matsyapurANa 86, 63 mathurA 8 mathurAdAsa 268 mathurAnAtha 378 mathurAvijaya 131, 277 madana 264 madanagopAlavilAsa 267 madanapAla 342 madanapArijAta 335 madanavinodanighaNTu 342 madanasaMjIvana 268 madAlasAcampU 181 madhumathanavijaya 120 madhusUdana sarasvatI 152, 365, maMkha 125, 137, 301 madhyamavyAyoga 223

Page #468
( 26 ) madhyamAgama 363 madhyasiddhAntakaumadI 308 madhva 364 manusmRti 13, 333 manodUta 144 manoramA 315 manoramAvatsarAja 26, manovatI 167 mantrapATha 48 mantrabrAhmaNa 48 mantrarahasyAdhyAya 50 mandasora 114 mandAramarandacampU 185 manmathonmathana 268 mamma 276 mammaTa 265 mayamata 350 mayUkhamAlikA 388 mayUkhAvali 308 malayAlama 10 mallikAmaruta 265 mallinAtha 116 malliSeNasUri 370 mazakakalpasUtra 46 mahAcArya 405 mahAdeva 267 mahAdeva vedAntI 321 mahAnATaka 256 mahAnArAyaNIyopaniSad 40,41, 42 mahApuruSanirNaya 403 mahAvIra 8 mahAbhArata 6, 11, 30, 31, 32, 67, 73, 77, 117 mahAbhAratatAtparyanirNaya 84,364 mahAbhAratatAtparyasaMgraha 84 mahAbhASya 67, 166, 305 mahAbhASyadIpikA 306 mahAbhASyapradIpa 306 mahAbhASyapradIpodyota 306 mahAbhAskarIya 328 mahAyAna 362 mahAyAnaviMzaka 365 mahAyAnazraddhotpAda 364 mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkArasUtra 365 mahAvastu 363 mahAvIra 8, 366 mahAvIracarita 251, 252 mahAvIrAcArya 328 mahimabhaTTa 260 . mahimnastava 146 mahIdAsa 28 mahIdhara 28 mahendravikraman 216, 243, 247, 275

Page #469
mahezvara 320 mahezvaratIrtha 72 mahopadezaviMzatikA 413 mayUra 148 mAgadhI mAgha 116, 137 mATharavRtti 381 mANikyanandI 366 mANDU 33 mANDUkyakArikA 367 mANDUkyopaniSad 41, 42 mAtaMga 345 mAtaMgalIlA 342 mAtRgupta 114 261 mAdhava 28, 266, 306, 388, 414 mAdhavakAra 341 mAdhavabhaTTa 28 mAdhavAcArya 64 mAdhavAnalakathA 165 mAdhavIyadhAtuvRtti 306 mAdhyandina 34, 36 mAdhyamika 362 mAdhyamikakArikA 364 mAdhyamikasUtra 364 ( 30 ) mAnatuMga 148 mAnameyodaya 415 mAnameyodaya rahasyazlokavArtika 415 mAnavagRhyasUtra 48 mAnavadharmazAstra 333 mAnavazulvasUtra 48 mAnavazrAddha kalpa 46 mAnavazrautasUtra 48 mAnasAra 350 mAnasollAsa 346 mAyurAja 257,261 mAriyA sTuarTa 142 mArkaNDeya 316 mArkaNDeyapurANa 86, 63 mAlajit 329 mAlatImAdhava 251, 252 mAlavikAgnimitra 106, 227, 228 mAlinIvijayavArtika 413 mitAkSarA 333, 400 mitramizra 335 milhaNa 341 mInarAja 325 mImAMsA kaustubha 386 mImAMsAdarzana 26, 372, 384 mImAMsAnukramaNikA 387 mImAMsAnyAyaprakAza 386 mImAMsApAdukA 404 mImAMsAmakaranda 386

Page #470
( momAMsAsUtrabhASya 385 mImAMsAsUtrabhASyapariziSTa 388 mukuTatADitaka 168 mukundamAlA 146 mukundamuktAvalI 152 mukundAnanda 266 magdhabodha 314 mugdhopadeza 158 muThusvAmI dIkSita 153 muNDakopaniSad 41, 42 muditamadAlasA 266 mudrArAkSasa 245 mudrArAkSasapUrvasaMkathAnaka 176 mudritakumudacandra 262, 276 murAri 258 maka 146 mUkapaMcazatI 146 mUladeva 351 mUlabhAvaprakAzikA 403 mRgAMkalekhanATikA 268 mRcchakaTika 238 megasthanIja 12, 76 meghadUta 100, 106, 114, 140 meghanAdAri 403 meghapratisandeza 143 meghaprabhAcArya 271 meghavijaya 200, 313 31 ) meghavijayagaNi 122, 135 meghasandeza 140 meNTha 11, 114 medinIkara 321 medhAtithi 333 medhAvirudra 285 medhAvI 285, 287 merutuGga 278, 301 maikaDAnala 46 maiksamUlara 13, 24, 111 maitrAyaNIyopaniSad 41, 42 maitrAyaNI saMhitA 34 maitreya 365 maitreyanAtha 361 . mokSAditya 264 mohaparAjaya 266, 277 mohamudgara 157 ya yajurveda 15, 16, 23, 34, 36 yajurvedasaMhitA 38 yajurvedAnukramaNI 50 yajJanArAyaNa 133, 278 yajJanArAyaNa dIkSita 266 yajJapAla 266 yajJaphala 225 yativarmasamuccaya 408 yatIndramatadIpikA 405

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yamalASTakatantra 345 yavanajAtaka 324, 325 yazazcandra 262, 276 yazastilaka 181 yazodhara 343 yazodharAcarita 123, 276 yazodharmarAjacarita 1982 yazovarman 192 yazovarmA 251 yazovijayagaNa 370 yAkobI 63 yAjJavalkya 37, 45 yAjJavalkyasmRti 333 yAjJikopaniSad 40 yAtrAbandha 184 yAdava prakAza 320, 363, 403 yAdavaprakAzamata 408 yAdavarAghavIya 135 yAdavAbhyudaya 131 yAmuna 150, 403 yAska 28, 45, 46, 316 yuktikalpataru 34e yuktiSaSThikA 364 yudhiSThiravijaya 130 yesparsana 13 yogadarzana 372, 381 yogabindu 370 ( 32 ) yogamaMjarI 342 yogayAtrA 325 yoga rahasya 403 yogavAsiSTha 64 yogazAstra 158, 341 yogasAra 341 yogasArasaMgraha 383 yogasUtra 382 yogasUtrabhASya 382 yogAcAra 362 yogAcArabhUmisUtra 365 ra raMganAtha muni 403 raMgarAmAnuja muni 403 raghunandana 335, 378 raghunAthacarita 132, 176 raghunAtha bhUpavijaya 134 raghunAthavilAsa 266, 278 raghunAthaziromaNi 378 raghunAthAbhyudaya 134, 278 raghuvaMza 106, 107, 108 raghuvilAsa mahAkAvya 297 raghuvIragadya 151 ratimaMjarI 343 ratiratnapradIpikA 343 ratirahasya 343 ratnakIrti 366

Page #472
( 33 ) ratnakheTa zrInivAsa dIkSita 270 ratnatrayaparIkSA 410 ratnaparIkSA 351 ratnAkara 121, 137, 150 ratnakozakAra 377 ratnAvalInATikA 217, 248 ratnAharaNa 287 ratnezvaraprasAdana 267 ravidAsa 131 ramalarahasya 326 ravipati 216 ravivarmA 264 raviSeNa 371 razmi 406 rasakalikA 263 rasagaMgAdhara 268 rasataraMgiNI 267 rasamaMjarI 267 rasaratnapradIpikA 266 rasaratnasamuccaya 341, 352 rasaratnAkara 341 rasavatI 314 rasavAda 284 rasasadanabhANa 268 rasasampradAya 280 rasAnubhava 281 rasArNava 352 rasArNavasudhAkara 267 rasikaraMjana 133 rasezvarasiddhAnta 342 rahasyarakSA 404 rAkSasakAvya 145 rAgamaMjarI 346 rAgamAlA 346 rAghavanaiSadhIya 135 rAghavapANDavayAdavIya 133 rAghavapANDavIya 122, 126 rAghavendrayati 365 rAjacUr3AmaNi dIkSita 134, 185, 167, 268, 388 rAjataraMgiNI 125, 132 rAjanAtha 120 rAjanAtha tRtIya 132, 277 rAjanAtha dvitIya 132, 277 rAjanighaNTu 342 rAjanItisamuccaya 156 rAjamArtaNDa 326, 382 rAjamRgAMka 328 rAjavibodha 347 rAjazekhara 162, 177, 217, 256, 278, 285 rAjazekharasUri 370 rAjasUya 34 rAjAvalipatAkA 132

Page #473
( 34 ) raoNTha 13 rAmazAstrI 143 rANaka 387 rAmAnuja 61, 150 rANakabhAvanAkArikANavivara 351 rAmAnujacampU 184 rANakojIvanI 387 rAmAnujAcArya 183, 388 rANAyanIya 46 rAmAbhyudaya 251, 271 rAdhAkAntadeva 321 rAmAmAtya 346 rAma 268 rAmAyaNa 6, 6, 11, 30, 31, 32, rAmakaNTha 411 52, 54, 65, 66, 67 rAmakRSNa 266 rAmAyaNacampU 182 rAmacandra 122, 133, 262, 307, rAmAyaNatattvadIpikA 72 344 rAmAyaNatAtparyasaMgraha 72, 410 rAmacandrAzrama 314 rAmAyaNamaMjarI 123 rAmacarita 122 rAmArAma 144 rAmacaritamAnasa 71 rAmila 166 rAmatarkavAgIza 314, 316 rAyabhaTTa 147 rAmatIrtha 365 rAvaNabhAvanAkArikAvivaraNa 386 rAmapANivAda 315 rAvaNabhASya 376 rAmapAla 125 rAvaNavadha 114, 118, 116 rAmapAlacarita 125, 277 rAvaNArjunIya 115 rAmabANastava 153 rAzigolasphuTanIti 326 rAmabhadradIkSita 135, 153, 267 rASTrauDhavaMzamahAkAvya 133, 278 rAmabhadramuni 264 .rItivAda 284 rAmabhadrambA 134, 278 rukmiNIkalyANa 134 rAmabhujaMgastotra 146 rukmiNIpariNaya 268 rAmavarman 268 rukmiNIharaNa 216, 263 rAmavarmayazobhUSaNa 266 ru gavinizcaya 341 rAmazarmA 287 rucaka 264

Page #474
rucidatta 340 laghujAtaka 325 rudrakavi 133, 278, 285 laghubhAgavatAmRta 406 rudraTa 264 laghubhAskarIya 328 rudradAman 112, 166 laghumaMjUSA 306 rudradAsa 267 laghuzabdenduzekhara 308 rudrabhaTTa 282 laghusiddhAntakaumudI 308 ruyyaka 264 laghvahanIti 346 rUpagosvAmI 143, 152, 164, laghvI 386 ___266, 267, 315, 406 laTakamelaka 262 rUpamAlA 307 lalitamAdhava 266 rUpasiddhi 312 lalitavigraharAjanATaka 263 rUpAvatAra 307 lalitavistara 363 reTara Diyana krisosTana 76 lalitAtrizatIbhASya 374 romaka siddhAnta 323 lalla 324 lava 55 laMkAvatAra sUtra 327 liMgapurANa 86, 63 laMkezvara 316 liMgAnuzAsana 305 lakSaNamAlA 377 liMgAnuzAsanavRtti 308 lakSaNAvali 376 likhita 300 lakSmaNasena 326 lipi hai lakSmIdhara 316 lIlAvatI 326, 375 lakSmInRsiMhastotra 146 lekhanakalA 6 lakSmIpuram zrInivAsAcArya 415 laisena 65 lakSmIlaharI 152 lokanAthabhaTTa 268 lakSmIvyAkhyAna 334 lolambarAja 132, 341 lakSmIsahasra 153 lollaTa 260 laghIyastraya 366 laugAkSibhAskara 376,386

Page #475
vaMgasena 341 vaMzabrAhmaNa 37 vakroktijIvita 261 vakrokti paMcAzikA 150 vakroktivAda 260 vatsabhaTTi 100, 105, 114 vatsarAja 296, 263 varadanArAyaNa bhaTTAraka 403 varadarAja 308, 335 varadarAjastava 152 varadAcArya 268 varadAbhyudayacampU 185 varadAmbikApariNayacampU 184, 268 vararuci 2, 45, 67, 167, 288, 305, 315 vararucikAvya 305 vararucisaMgraha 305 varAhapurANa 86, 62 varAhamihira 100, 318 varivasyAprakAza 374 varNamAlA & varNavyavasthA 23 ( 36 ) vardhamAna 342, 377 vallabhadeva 159, 164, 163 vallabhAcArya 406 vavyAzrayakAvya 276 vasantatilakabhANa 268 vasantavilAsa 126 vasiSTha 45 vasugupta 412 vasubandhu 365 vasurAta 306 vAkara 13 vAkpati 120, 177 vAkya 362 vAkyapadIya 118, 306, 310 vAkbhaTAlaMkAra 267 vAgbhaTTa 125, 266, 340 vAgbhaTAlaMkAra 296 vAgvallabha 318 vAcaspati 316 vAcaspatimizra 373, 381, 367 vAcaspatya 321 vAjapeya 34 vAjasaneyiprAtizAkhya 305 vAjasaneyiprAtizAkhyasUtra 44 vAjasaneyizrautasUtra 305 vAjasaneyI saMhitA 34, 41 vANIbhUSaNa 318 vAtsyAyana 113, 114, 136, 343 vAdakauzala 365 vAdanakSatramAlA 386 vAdamArga 365

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vAdavidhi 365 vAdidevasUri 367 vAdAvalI 364 vAdirAja 365 vAdUla 48 vAmana 145, 250, 280, 286, 306 vAmanabhaTTabANa 132, 143, 176 216, 266, 278, 321 vAmanapurANa 86, 63 vAyupurANa 86, 63, 64 vAyuzAstra 327 vArtika 275 vArtikAbharaNa 387 vArSagaNya 38 1 vAlmIki 11, 32, 34, 316 vAlmIkisUtra 316 vAlmIkihRdaya 72 vAsavadattA 166, 177 vAsiSTha dharmasUtra 332 vAsudeva 130, 137, 143, 363 vAsudevadIkSita 306 vAsudevaratha 183, 278 vAsudeva sArvabhauma 378 vAsudevAdhvarin 386 vAstumaNDana 350 vikramakavi 142 37 } vikramAMkadevacarita 124, 276 vikramAditya 100, 101, 112 316. vikramArka carita 163 vikramodaya 164 vikramorvazIya 102, 103, 106 208, 227, 226, 284 vigraharAjadeva vizAladeva 263 vigrahavyAvartanI 365 vijayazrI 264 vijayA 174 vijayondra 365 vijJAnabhikSu 381, 382, 366 vijJAnAmRta 366 vijJAnezvara 333 viTThalanAtha 406 * vitAnasUtra 46 vidagdhamAdhava 266 vidagdhamukhamaNDana 301 viddhasAlabhaMjikA 260 vidyAdhara 266 vidyAnAtha 264, 266 vidyApati 165 vidyApariNaya 270 vidyAbhUSaNa 297 vidyAmAdhavIya 324 vidyAraNya 346, 351, 366

Page #477
( 38 ) viprajanavalalbha 326 viSamabaraNalIlA 286 vidvajanavalalbha 326 viSayavAkyadIpikA 405 vidhitrayaparitrANa 386 viSNugupta 346 vidhirasAyana 388 viSNutatvanirNaya 364 vidhiviveka 387 viSNutrAtA 143 vinaya 362 viSNudAsa 144 vinayapiTaka 362 viSNudharmasUtra 332 vinayaprabha 144 viSNudharmottara purANa 350 viniyogasaMgraha 46 viSNupAdAdikezAntavarNana 146 vindhyAvAsa 381 viSNupurANa 86, 61 vibhramaviveka 397 viSNuvardhana 112 vimalasarasvatI 307 viSNusahasranAmabhASya 398 vimuktAtmA 366 vINAvAsavadatta 244 virUpAkSa 265 vItarAgastuti 370 viliyama jonsa 12 vIrakamparAyacarita 131 vivaraNaprameyasaMgraha 366 vIracarita 164 vivekacUr3AmaNi 398 vIracintAmaNi 347 vivekamaMjarI 398 vIranandI 126 vizAkhadatta 176, 245 vIranArAyaNacarita 176 viziSTAdvaita 400 vIrabhadra 344 vizvaguNAdarzacampU 185, 278 vIramitrodaya 335 vizvanAtha 216, 265, 268, 267, vIravijaya 266 378 vIrasena 113 vizvaprakAza 320 vIrezvara 160 vizvarUpa 333, 387 vRkSAyurveda 342 vizvezvara 268, 267, 386 vRttaratnAkara 318 vizvezvarasUri 386 vRttaratnAvalI 318

Page #478
( 36 ) vRtti 264, 285 vedAntaparibhASA 366 vRttivArtika 267, 268 vedAntapArijAtasaurabha 407 vRddhagarga 323 vedAntasAra 366, 403 vRddhagArgIsaMhitA 323 vedAntAdhikaraNamAlA 406 vRddhacANakya 156 vedArthaprakAza 28 vRddhajIvaka 340 vedArthasaMgraha 403 vRddhajIvakIya 340 vebara 13, 63, 66, 172 vRddhabharata 344 vemabhUpAla 267, 346 vRddhayavana jAtaka 325 vemabhUpAlacarita 176,278 vRddhavAsiSThasaMhitA 324 vaikuNThagadya 150 vRnda 341 vaikhAnasa 48 vRSabhAnujA 268 vaijayantI 320 veMkaTanAtha 131 vaijayantIkoza 408 veMkaTamakhin 347 vaitAnazrautasUtra 46 veMkaTamAdhava 28 vaidikakAla 1 veMkaTAdhvarI 122, 134, 137, 153, vaidyajIvana 341 160, 185, 267 vaidyanAthadIkSita 335 veNIsaMhAra 207, 250 vaipulyasUtra 363 vetAlapaMcaviMzatikA 163, 164 vaibhASika 362 veda 11, 26, 31 vaiyAkaraNabhUSaNasAra 308 vedakavi 270 vaiyAkaraNamatonmajjana 308 vedAMga 44, 46 veyAsikyanyAyamAlA 366 vedAMgarAya 321 vairAgyapaMcaka 158 vedAntadarzana 372 vairAgyazataka 156, 156 vedAntadIpa 403 vaizampAyana 76 vedAntadezika 131, 143, 151, vaizeSikadarzana 372 158, 270, 403, 404 vaizeSikasUtra 374

Page #479
vaiSNavatoSaNI 40 vopadeva 62 vyaktiviveka 262 vyavahAranirNaya 335 vyAkaraNa 44, 45 vyADi 305, 316 vyApticarcA 366 vyAsa 32, 45, 73, 76 vyAsagItA 93 vyAsadAsa 123 vyAsayati 364 vyAsazikSA 45 - vyAsa zrIrAmadeva 271 vyutpattivAda 376 vyomavatI 375 vyomazekhara 375 za ( 40 ) zaMkara 266 zaMkarabhaTTa 350 - zaMkaramizra 378 -zaMkarasvAmI 377 zaMkarAcArya 82, 60, 61, 148, 156 zaMkuka 276, 281, 285, 261 zaMkha 300 zaMkhadharakavirAja 262 zaMbha 160,164 zakavardhana 287 zaktibhadra 250 zaktivAda 376 zatadUSaNI 404 zatapathabrAhmaNa 36, 38, 327 zatazlokI 341 zatasAhasrikApAramita 363 zatasAhasrI 344 zatAnanda 122, 2e2, 326 zabarasvAmI 306, 385 zabdakalpadruma 321 zabdakoSa 316 zabdakaustubha 308 zabdacandrikA 313, 321 zabda pradIpa 342 zabdabhedaprakAza 320 zabdaratnAkara 321 zabdavyApAravicAra 264 zabdazaktiprakAzikA 376 zabdAnuzAsana 312, 316, zabdArNava 316 zambhalomata 157 zaraNadeva 307 zaraNAgatigadya 150 zaradvatIputraprakaraNa 218 zaravarmA 313 zarvavarmA 393

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dhara 377 vRviMzamahAkAvya 123 vRi yAyana 33, 36, 48 vRsyAyanazrautasUtra 317 vRTAyana 45, 312 vRTAyanazAkhA 312 kala 33 kalya 45 kuntala 106, 208, 227, 230 zAktamata 413 ktAnaMdataraMgiNI 414 yasUtra 402 karNIharaNa 167 ntanavAcArya 306 zantanu 306 ntarakSita 366, 414 ntideva 156, 365 zAntirvilAsa 156 zantizataka 158 zAbarabhASya 386 zAmbhavya 48 radAtanaya 214, 282, 266 dAtilaka 268 radvatIputraprakaraNa 242 riputraprakaraNa 242 zArGgadeva 346 ( 41 ) zArGgadhara 163, 347 zArGgadharapaddhati 163 zArGgadharasaMhitA 341 zAlikanAtha 388 zAlivAhanakathA 194 zAlihotra 342 zAzvata 320 zAstradIpikA 388 ziMgabhUpAla 297 zikSA 44, 45 zikSAsamuccaya 365 zikhariNImAlA 410 zilparatna 350 zilhaNa 158 zivadatta 164 zivadAsa 193, 164 zivadRSTi 413 zivadRSTyAlocana 413 zivapurANa 86, 63 zivabhujaMgastotra 14e zivalIlArNava 134 zivasUtra 411 zivasUtravArtika 374 zivasvAmI 121, 137 zivAditya 377 zivAdvaita 393 zivAdvaitanirNaya 410

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.. . ( 42 ) zivAdvaitamata 406 zrRMgArasarvasvabhANa 267 zivAnandalaharI 146 zrRMgArasudhAkara 268 zivArkamaNidIpikA 410 zeSakRSNa 184, 266 zivotkarSamaMjarI 153 zailAlI 86 zizupAlavadha 116 zaunaka 44,48, 46, 76 ziSyadhIvRddhitantra 324 zaurasenI 8 zIlara 142 zyAmalAdaNDaka 148 zIlAbhaTTArikA 171 zyAmazAstrI 153 zuka 76 zyAmilaka 247 zukapakSIya 404 zrAddhakalpasUtra 46 zukasaptati 164 zrIkaNTha 406 zukranItisAra 346 zrIkaNThacarita 125, 137, 276, zuklayajurveda 15, 28, 34, 36, 43 301 zubhaMkara 312 zrIkaNThabhASya 410 zubhacandra 371 zrIkumAra 350 zuddhAdvaitamata 367 zrIguNaratnakoza 151 zulvasUtra 47. 48 zrIcihnakAvya 124, 315 zUdraka 208, 218, 238, zrojayagopAla 406 zUnyatAsaptati 365 zrIdAmacarita 268 zrRgArakallola 145, 267 zrIdAman 241 zrRMgAratilaka 145, 267 zrIdhara 328, 370 zrRMgAraprakAza 177, 264 zrIdharadAsa 163 zrRMgArabhUSaNabhANa 216, 266 zrInivAsa 407 zrRMgAramaMjarI 268 zrInivAsacampU 185 zrRgAravairAgyataraMgiNI 158 zrInivAsatIrtha 365 zrRMgArazataka 145 zrInivAsAcArya 405 zrRgArasarvasva 267 zrIpUrNa 403

Page #482
( 43 ) SaDbhASAcandrikA 316 SaDviMzabrAhmaNa 37 SaDAgacandrikA 346 SaNmukhakalpa 351 SaSTitantra 381 bIbhASya 403 zrIraMgagadya 150 zrIraMgarAjastava 151 zrIrAma 72 jIvatsa 375, 377 zrIvatsAMka 150 zrIvara 132, 164 zrIvallabha 377 zrovarmala 116 zrIvIrakavi 165 zrIharSa 127, 366 zrutaprakAzikA 403 zrutapradopakA 403 zrutabodha 318 zruti 6, 17 zrutiparokSA 366 zrutisArasamuddharaNa 368 zreNyakAla 1, 2 zreNya bhASA 2 zrautasUtra 47, 48, 46 zlegala 12 zlokavArtika 386 zlokasaMgraha 161 zvetAzvataropaniSad 40, 41, 42 saMkarSakANDa 352 saMkarSamuktAvali 386 saMkalpasUryodaya 270 saMkSiptasAra 314 saMkSeparAmAyaNa 56, 58 saMkSepazArIrika 396 . saMgItacintAmaNi 346 saMgItadarpaNa 347 saMgItadAmodara 347 saMgotapArijAta 347 saMgItamakaranda 346 saMgItaratnAkara 346 saMgItarAja 346 saMgItasamayasAra 346 saMgItasAra 346 saMgItasAra saMgraha 347 / saMgItasudhA 346 saMgItasudhAkara 346 saMgraha 305 saMghabhadra 325 saMdhyAkaranandI 125, 277 SaDguruziSya 28 SaDdarzanasamuccaya 370,414

Page #483
saMvitasiddhi 403 saMsArAvarta 316 saMskRta 1, 7, 10 saMskRta nATakoM kI utpatti 202 saMskRta nATakoM kI vizeSatAe~ 206 saMskRta nATakoM ke bheda 215 saMhitA 325 saMhitApATha 17 sakalakIrti 164, 370, 371 saccaritrarakSA 404 satya harizcandra 262 satyASADha hiraNyakezI 48 sadAnanda 366 sadAziva 344 sadAzivamakhin 266 saddharmapuNDarIka 363 sadvidyAvijaya 405 saduktikarNAmRta 158, 163 ( 44 ) sanatkumAravAstuzAstra 350 sanAtana gosvAmI 406 santAnAntarasiddhi 366 sandrako 76 saptadazabhUmizAstrayoga caryA 365 saptapadArthI 377 saptasandhAnamahAkAvya 135 sabhAraMjanazataka 158 samantabhadra 366 samarapuMgava dIkSita 184 samayamAtRkA 158 samarAMgaNasUtradhAra 350 samAdhirAja 363 samudragupta 112 samudramanthana 216, 263 sambandhaparIkSA 366 sammatitarkasatra 366 sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 264, 307 sarasvatIvilAsa 335 sarasvatIhRdayAlaMkArahAra 346 sarvajJanArAyaNa 84 sarvajJamitra 148 sarvajJasiddhikArikA 366 sarvajJAtmA 366 sarvadarzanasaMgraha 411 sarvadevavilAsa 185, 278 sarvamata saMgraha 415 sarvamedha 34 sarvavinoda 268 sarvavedAntasiddhAnta 414 sarvAnanda 126 sarvAnukramaNI 50 sarvArthasiddhi 404 sahRdayalIlA 266 sahRdayAnanda 128 sAMkhyakArikA 381

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sAMkhyatatvakaumudI 381 sAMkhyadarzana 372 sAMkhyapravacanabhASya 381 sAMkhyapravacanasUtra 381 sAMkhyasAra 381 sAMkhyasUtra 381 sAMkhyasUtravRtti 381 sAgaranandI 266 sAtavAhana 114 sAnAtani 377 sAnaprAtizAkhya 44 sAmantabhadra 366 sAmarAjadIkSita 267 sAmavidhAnabrAhmaNa 37 sAmaveda 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 25 36, 37, 43, 50 sAmudrikatilaka 326 sAmudrikazAstra 326 sAyaNa 28, 26, 163 sArasaMgraha 377 ( 45 ) sArasvataprakriyA 314 sArasvatazAkhA 313 sAluvAbhyudaya 132, 277 sAhasAMkacarita 128 sAhityakaumudI 267 sAhityacintAmaNi 267 sAhityadarpaNa 267 sAhityamImAMsA 266 sAhityaratnAkara 134, 278 siMharAja 285 siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA 163 siddhasena divAkara 148, 366 siddharSi 6, 200, 270 siddhAMjana 278 siddhAntakaumudI 308 siddhAntacandrikA 314 siddhAntadarpaNa 326 siddhAntabindu 366 siddhAntamuktAvali 376 siddhAntalezasaMgraha 400 siddhAntaziromaNi 328 siddhitraya 403 siddhiyoga 341 sukumArakavi 132 saMkIrtana 126, 277 sukhAnanda 342 sukhAvatIvyUha 364 sukhopajIvanI 388 sucaritamizra 387 sutta 362 suttapiTaka 362 sudarzana 112 sudarzanari 403 sudhAlaharI 152

Page #485
( 46 ) sundarapANDaya 156 suSuddhimanoharA 378 supadmapaMjikA 283 suhallekha 365 suprabhAtastotra 148 sUkta 6 subandhu 82, 177 sUktAnukramaNI 50 subodhinI 387, 406 sUktimuktAvalI 163 subrahmaNya 252 sUktiratnahAra 163 subhaTa 271 sUktivAridhi 164 subhadrAdhanaMjaya 252, 267 sUtasaMhitA 64 subhadrApariNaya 267, 271 sUtrasamuccaya 365 subhadrAharaNa 266 sUtrAlaMkAra 163, 363 subhASitakaustubha 160 sUryazataka 148 subhASitanIvi 158 sUryasiddhAnta 324 subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra 164 setubandha 114, subhASitaratnasandoha 157 senaka 45 subhASitasudhAnidhi 163 sezvaramImAMsA 404 subhASitahArAvali 164 soDDhala 183 subhASitAvali 164 somadeva 181, 187, 161, 263 sumanottarA 166 somadevasUri 346 sumantu 76 somanAtha 347, 388 surathotsava 126, 277 somapAlavijaya 114 surapAla 342 somapAlavilAsa 125 surezvara 346, 387, 367, 368 somaprabha 158 suvarNaprabhAsa 363 somAnanda 413 suvela 115 somezvara 162, 346, 351, 387 suvRttatilaka 318 somezvaradeva 126, 183 suzruta 340 saugandhikAharaNa 216, 265 suzrutasaMhitA 340 sauti 76

Page #486
saundarananda 104, 110 saundaryalaharI 14e saupadmapaMjikA 315 saupadmavyAkaraNa 315 saupadmazAkhA 315 saumila 167, 218 saurapurANa 93 skandasvAmI 28 skandapurANa 86, 64 stotraratna 150, 403 stotrAvali 150 sthavirAvalIcarita 370 sthirasiddhidUSaNa 366 spandakArikA 413 spandanirNaya 413 spandapradIpikA 413 spandasarvasva 413 sphUrjidhvaja 325 sphoTavAda 306, 311 sphoTasiddhAnta 256, 276 sphoTasiddhi 311, 367 sphoTAyana 310 smRti smRtikalpataru 334 smRticandrikA 335 smRtimuktAphala 335 smRtiratnAkara 335 ( 47 ) smRtisaMgraha 335 syAdvAdakArikA 370 syAdvAdamaMjarI 370 syAdvAdaratnAkara 370 sragdharAstotra 148 svapnacintAmaNi 326 svapnadazAnana 260 svapnavAsavadattam 218, 216, 224 svaramelakakalAnidhi 346 svarita 16 svarUpasaMbodhana 366 svalpavivAhaphala 325 svAtmArAma yogIndra 383 ha haMsadUta 143 haMsasandeza 143 haThayogapradIpikA 383 hanumannATaka 256 hanumAna 256 hammIramadamardana 264 hammIramahAkAvya 126 hayagrIvavadha 114 harakelinATaka 263 haragaurIvivAha 266 haracaritacintAmaNi 128 haradatta 307 haradattasUri 122, 135

Page #487
( haravijaya 121, 137, 150, 286 haravilAsa 261 hari 385 harikavi 164 haricandra 121, 181 haridatta 328 haridIkSita 308 harinAmAmRta 315 haripAla 346 haribhaktivilAsa 406 haribhadrasUri 370, 414 haribhAskara 164 harilIlA 62 harivaMza 73, 83 harivaMzapurANa 370 harivilAsa 132 hariSeNa 166 harisvAmI 28 harihara 266 harSa 285 harSa korti 314 harSakIrtisUri 326 harSacarita 160, 168, 275 harSacaritaTIkA 267 harSadeva 248 harSavardhana 248, 306 halAyudha 123, 320 hastAmalakAcArya 368 48 ). hastipaka 114 hArAvalI 321 ( hArIta 337 hArItadharmasUtra 332 hAla 146 hAsya cUr3AmaNi 263 hAsyArNava 268 hitopadeza 7, 167, 200 hindI hiraNyakezI 34 hInayAna 362 hIrasaubhAgya 135 hRdayadarpaNa 291 hetukhaNDana 377 hetucakra 365 hetubinduvivaraNa 366 herDara 13 hemacandra 126, 158, 164, 201, 276, 313, 316, 346, 370 hemalaghunyAsa 313 hemAdri 335 herAkilsa 76 horA 325 hotA 36 homara 63 horAzAstra 326 horASaTpaMcAzikA 326 hvenasA~ga 6, 12

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