Jain Darshan Me Tattva Aur Gyan

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain, Ambikadutt Sharma, Pradipkumar Khare
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006274/1

Page #1
jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna { prophesara sAgaramala jaina ke dArzanika nibandhoM kA saMgraha ? lekhaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka pro. ambikAdatta zarmA pradIpa kumAra khare

Page #2
prAkRta bhAratI puSpa : 367 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna {prophesara sAgaramala jaina ke dArzanika nibandhoM kA saMgraha bhAga 10-12} sampAdaka pro. ambikAdatta zarmA pradIpa kumAra khare prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura

Page #3
jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna prophesara sAgaramala jaina ke dArzanika nibandhoM kA saMgraha bhAga 10-12} prakAzakaH prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, 13-e, gurunAnaka patha, mena mAlavIya nagara, jayapura-302017 phona : 0141-2524827, 2520230 E-mail : prabharati@gmail.com prakAzana sahayogI: DamA baiMka oNpha mahArASTra Bank of Maharashtra bhArata sarakAra kA udyama eka parivAra eka baiMka sahayoga (sI.esa.Ara.) se prathama saMskaraNa 2016 ISBNNo. : 978-93-81571-73-6 mUlya : Rs 650/- rupaye (c) lekhaka evaM prakAzakAdhIna seTiMga : prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura mudraka : dI DAyamaNDa priMTiMga presa, jauharI bAjAra, jayapura Jain Darshan Me Tatva aur Gyan by Prof. Sagarmal Jain Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur

Page #4
svakIya lekhakIya) mere prakAzita AlekhoM ke saMgraha kA prayAsa cala rahA hai| pUrI yojanA vyApaka hai, kyoMki mere prAkRta aura jaina vidyA sambandhI kula Alekha 400 ke lagabhaga haiM aura pRSTha saMkhyA lagabhaga pA~ca hjaar| ataH kaI khaNDoM meM unake prakAzana kI yojanA banI hai| abhI taka lagabhaga 9 khaNDa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| aba maiM apanI vaya kA 85vA~ varSa pAra kara rahA hU~ A~kha aura zarIra kI zakti zithila ho rahI hai| ataH pro. ambikAdattajI ne mere dArzanika AlekhoM ke sampAdana evaM prUpha saMzodhana kA dAyitva svecchA se apane Upara liyA ataH tat sambandhI jo bhI saMgraha mere pAsa thA vaha unheM de diyA gayA, unhoMne apane sahayogI pradIpajI khare ko sAtha lekara isa viSaya meM jo bhI zrama kiyA vaha anumodanIya hai evaM isa hetu maiM unake prati AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~| unake sahayogI pradIpajI khare ne jo bhI sahayoga unheM pradAna kiyA usake liye ve bhI AbhAra ke pAtra haiN| maiM prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna aura vizeSa rUpa se bhAI devendra rAja jI mehatA kA bhI AbhArI hU~ jo unhoMne ina AlekhoM ke prakAzana kA dAyitva apane Upara liyaa| isa kArya meM saMsthAna evaM prakAzana kArya ke sabhI sahayogIjanoM ke prati bhI merA aabhaar| bhavIdaya : pro. sAgaramala jaina prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura-465001 (madhya pradeza)

Page #5

Page #6
prakAzakIya jaina, bauddha evaM cArvAka darzana ke mUlabhUta tattvoM meM itanI udAratA evaM vyApakatA hai ki vizva kI samasyAoM kA vyAvahArika samAdhAna DhUMDhA jA sakatA hai| "jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna' pustaka ke lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne isa pustaka meM tattvoM kI aitihAsika kramikatA prastuta karate hue Adhunika vijJAna ke sAtha bhI tulanA spaSTa kI hai, jo apane Apa meM rucikara hai| vartamAna yuga kI bhautikatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha varNana Avazyaka bhI hai ki yuvA pIr3hI ina sabako sahajatA se smjhe|| yaha pustaka Agama marmajJa khyAti prApta vidvAn DaoN. sAgaramala jaina sA. kA gahana va gUr3ha adhyayana kA pariNAya hai| isameM jaina karma siddhAnta, mokSa kA svarUpa, anekAnta, bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika cetanA, dharmanirapekSatA Adi-Adi vibhinna viSayoM ke AlekhoM ke sAtha hI dharma kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| AzA hai ki isase jaina tattva va jJAna ke jijJAsuoM kI jJAna pIpAsA zAnta hogI tathA sUdhI svAdhyAyiyoM ko bahuta lAbha hogaa| baiMka oNpha mahArASTra dvArA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI ko sI.esa.Ara. kAryakrama ke sAMskRtika kAryakalApoM ke antargata pustakoM ke prakAzana hetu sahayoga diyA gayA, usake lie hama unakA vizeSa AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| prakAzana se jur3e sabhI sadasyoM ko dhanyavAda! devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka evaM mukhya saMrakSaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura

Page #7

Page #8
purovAk jaina vAGmaya guNa aura parimANa kI dRSTi se vipulakAya hai| isa vipulakAya zAstra paramparA ko apane adhyavasAya se svAyatta karane vAle . pro. sAgaramala jaina apane DhaMga ke akele vyakti haiM / unakI adyAvadhi sArasvat sAdhanA para dRSTipAta karane se sahaja hI vidita hotA hai ki unake jIvana meM eka ajJAta preraNA sakriya rUpa se unakA nirmANa karatI rahI hai| isa dRSTi se unake jIvana ko prAyojita jIvana kahA jA sakatA hai / jainAgamIya cintana paramparA ke bhASya meM samarpita unakA jIvana Upara se dekhane para karmayogI kI taraha dikhatA hai, parantu andara se dekhane para ve jJAnayoga kI sAdhanA meM nirata dikhAI par3ate haiM / unakI AtmapratimA eka jJAnayogI kI hai / AjIvana unhoMne isI AtmapratimA ko na kevala pallavita kiyA hai, balki usakA saMsthAnIkaraNa bhI kiyA hai / unake saMpUrNa jIvana ko AtmakriyAnvayana kI sAdhanA se abhihita kiyA jAnA sarvAdhika samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| jaina dharma aura darzana ko Adhunika yuga kI padAvalI meM vAk - vigrahita karanA unake AtmakriyAnvayana kA Alambana rahA hai| zAjApura meM bAlakRSNa 'navIna' mahAvidyAlaya kI sthApanA meM sAdhakatama sahayoga, kAzI meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kA eka agraNI jainavidyA zodhasaMsthAna ke rUpa meM punaroddhAra aura phira apane hI gRhanagara zAjApura meM prAcya vidyApITha kI sthApanA unakI AtmavistAraka karmaThatA ko hI pramANita karate hai / apane jIvana kI hara eka paristhiti aura bhUmikA meM unhoMne jainAgamIya jJAna-sAdhanA ke vistaraNa meM hI apanA AtmavistAra dekhA hai / unake bRhattara vAGmayI vyaktitva ko jJAna kI nijI sAdhanA kI anumata sImA meM samajhA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai / isake lie yaha dekhanA jarUrI hai ki unake saMparka meM AyA huA pratyeka vidyArthI aura zodhArthI apane-apane tarIke se sAgaramala ko hI kisa taraha vyaMjita karatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, unake dvArA sthApita saMsthAe~,

Page #9
1 saMyojita pustakAlaya aura svayaM unakA vAGmayI kRtitva anekAneka sAgaramala ke prAjJa-punarbhava kI sambhAvanA ko bhI sunizcita karate haiM pro. sAgaramala jaina ne jainAgamIya dharma, darzana, itihAsa, saMskRti, kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM prabhUta lekhana kiyA hai / pustakIya yojanA meM kie gaye lekhana se unake prakIrNa lekhana kamatara mahattva ke nahIM rahe haiN| kisI bhI pustakAkAra lekhana meM bahuta kucha pAdapUrtiparaka huA karatA hai lekina nibandhAtmaka prakIrNa lekhana apanI prakRti meM racanAtmaka adhika hote haiN| yaha eka viDambanA se kama nahIM ki bhArata ke bauddhika mAnasa meM pustakAkAra jJAna kI gatizIlatA evaM prabhAvamattA nibandhAtmaka prakIrNa lekhana kI apekSA adhika hotI hai / isameM do rAya nahIM hai ki nibaMdha zailI ke lekhana vizRMkhalita huA karate haiM aura sambhavataH isI kAraNa vaise lekhana pAThaka ko utanA prabhAvita nahIM karate, parantu yadi eka vyakti ke dvArA kisI vizeSa kSetra meM lambe samaya taka nibaMdha zailI meM lekhana kiyA gayA ho to kAlAntara meM unheM eka saghana aura vyApaka arthAnvayana ke sAtha prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai / Aja bhI bhArata meM bahuta bar3e-bar3e vidvAnoM kA prakIrNa lekhana smRtiyoM ke garta meM par3A huA hai jinheM pustakAkAra rUpa meM prastuta karane kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai prastuta pustaka 'jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna' pro. sAgaramala jaina ke zodhaparaka prakIrNa nibaMdhoM kA eka aisA hI viziSTa saMgraha hai / isameM tattvadarzana, jJAnadarzana, bhASAdarzana, anekAntadarzana aura dharmadarzana se saMbaMdhita vaise gaveSaNAtmaka nibandhoM kA cayana kiyA gayA hai jo bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya darzanoM se saMvAda karate hue jaina dharma aura darzana ke mUlagAmI svarUpa ko udghATita karate haiN| isake atirikta isa grantha meM zramaNaparamparA ke jIvana-darzana se saMbaMdhita Alekha nivRttivAdI cintana dhArA ke pravRttimUlaka mUlyAtmaka pakSa ko ujAgara karate haiM / avadheya hai ki Adhunika yuga ko jJAna ke utpAdana kA antarAnuzAsika yuga kahA jAtA hai, parantu isa yuga meM jainAgamIya dharma

Page #10
aura dArzanika cintana kA vikAsa jisa rIti se huA hai usameM Atmamugdha sAmpradAyika niSThA balavatI dikhAI par3atI hai| isakA eka bahuta bar3A kAraNa jainavidyA ke pravartaka kendroM kA antarAnuzAsika caritra kA nahIM honA hai| pro. sAgaramala jaina ke akAdamika vyaktitva kA vikAsa vizvavidyAlayIya vAtAvaraNa meM huA hai| ataH unake lekhana meM sAmpradAyika AtmamugdhatA ke badale antarAnuzAsika AlocanAtmakatA dikhAI par3atI hai| unake lekhana kI isI viziSTatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue isa saMgraha grantha ke mAdhyama se unake dvArA prastuta jaina darzana ke vividha pakSoM ko tulanAtmaka evaM AlocanAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa saMgraha ko taiyAra karane meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM jise maiM apanA kaha skuuN| yadi apanA jaisA kucha hai bhI to basa itanA ki maiMne ina AlekhoM ke akAdamika mUlya ko pahacAnA hai aura smRtiyoM garta se inheM nikAlakara pustakAkAra rUpa meM mAtra saMyojita kara diyA hai| mere isa prayAsa se yadi pro. sAgaramala jaina kI jJAna sAdhanA ko dIrghAyuSya prApta hotA hai aura usase jijJAsu vidyArthI evaM zodhArthI lAbhAnvita hote haiM to yahI mere prayAsa kI sArthakatA hogii| isa grantha ko taiyAra karane meM apane do zodhArthiyoM DaoN. RSabha kumAra jaina evaM sacindra kumAra jaina ko unake sahayoga ke lie sAdhuvAda detA huuN| isake prakAzana kI jimmevArI prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura ne apane Upara lekara bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| yadyapi yaha kArya usakI sthApanA ke uddezyoM ke sarvathA anurUpa hI hai| isa ahetuka upakAra ke lie maiM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura aura vizeSa rUpa se padmabhUSaNa zrI DI.Ara. mehatA jI ke prati hRdaya se AbhAra aura kRtajJatA prakaTa karatA huuN| 15 mArca, 2016, sAgara pro. ambikAdatta zarmA

Page #11
purovAk 1. jaina tattvadarzana anukrama 1.1. jaina tattvamImAMsA kA aitihAsika vikAsa krama 1.2. jaina darzana meM sat kA svarUpa 1.3. jaina darzana meM dravya, guNa evaM paryAya kI avadhAraNA 1.4. jaina darzana meM paMcAstikAya evaM SaTddravya 1.5. jaina darzana meM AtmA yA jIvatattva 1.6. mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya 1.7. jaina darzana meM pudagala tattva aura paramANu kI avadhAraNA 1.8. jaina tattvamImAMsA aura Adhunika vijJAna 2. jaina jJAnadarzana 2.1. jaina darzana meM paMcajJAnavAda 2.2. jaina darzana meM pramANa vivecana 2.3. jaina darzana meM pramANa lakSaNa vivecana 2.4. jaina darzana meM jJAna kA prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA 2.5. jaina darzana ke tarka pramANa kA Adhunika sandarbhoM meM mUlyA~kana 2.6. bauddha aura jaina pramANamImAMsA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. 7. jaina darzana kA nayasiddhAMta 2.8. nizcaya (paramArtha ) aura vyavahAra : kisakA Azraya leM ? 2.9. saptabhaMgI : pratIkAtmaka aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra ke saMdarbha meM 2.10. zabda kI vAcya zakti 2.11. jaina vAkya darzana 3. jaina dharmadarzana evaM AcAra zAstra 3. 1. pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika vikAsa evaM sAMskRtika pradeya 3.2. naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA evaM sApekSatA kA prazna 3.3. mUlya aura mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta 3 3 3 25 13 23 40 55 76888888 74 85 98 115 133 139 146 156 184 201 210 231 250 260 279 285 299

Page #12
319 329 333 336 347 358 398 418 428 444 455 472 489 3.4. haribhadra ke dharmadarzana meM krAMtikArI tattva 3.5. haribhadra kI krAntadarzI dRSTi 3.6. haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna kA mUla srota evaM vaijJAnika mahatva 3.7. jaina dArzanikoM kA anya darzanoM ko trividha avadAna 3.8. sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jainadharma kA yogadAna 3.9. jaina darzana kA karma siddhAnta 3.10. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke darzana meM karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva aura zuddhatva 3.11. jaina, bauddha aura gItA darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa 3.12. guNasthAna siddhAnta kA udbhava aura vikAsa 3.13. saMyama : jIvana kA samyak dRSTikoNa / 3.14. jaina-yoga-paddhati aura usa para anya yoga-paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva 3.15. taMtra sAdhanA aura jaina jIvana-dRSTi 3.16. RSibhASita kA dharma saMkula 4. jaina anekAntadarzana 4.1. jaina dArzana meM anekAnta : siddhAnta aura vyavahAra 5. jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 5.1. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa 5.2. RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana 5.3. rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAkamata kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA 6. jaina dRSTi meM bauddha dharmadarzana 6.1. bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha / 6.2. bhAratIya dArzanika granthoM meM pratipAdita bauddha dharma evaM darzana 6.3. mahAyAna bauddha dharma kI samanvayAtmaka jIvana-dRSTi 6.4. bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika cetanA 6.5. dharmanirapekSatA aura bauddha dharma 7. pro. sAgaramala jaina kA jIvanavRtta 7.1. pro.sAgaramala jaina kA adyAvadhi jIvanavRtta 509 573 581 586 593 607 629 640 649 659

Page #13

Page #14
jaina tattvadarzana

Page #15

Page #16
jaina tattvamImAMsA kA aitihAsika vikAsa krama jaina dharma mUlataH AcAra pradhAna hai ataH usameM tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa bhI AcAra mImAMsA ke pariprekSya meM hI huA hai / usakI tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM meM mukhyataH paMcAstikAya, SaTdravya, SaTjIvanikAya aura nava yA sapta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA pramukha hai / paramparA kI dRSTi se to ye sabhI avadhAraNAeM apane pUrNa rUpa meM sarvajJa-praNIta aura sArvakAlika mAnI gayI haiM, kintu sAhityika-sAkSyoM kI dRSTi se vidvAnoM ne inakA vikAsa kAlakrama meM mAnA hai / kAlakrama meM nirmita granthoM ke AdhAra para hamane bhI jainadarzana kI tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM meM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA ko prAcInatama mAnA hai| isI ke AdhAra para hamane isakI vikAsayAtrA ko citrita kiyA hai ataH sarvaprathama usakI carcA karegeM / astikAya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana kI apanI maulika vicAraNA hai / paMcAstikAyoM kA ullekha AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM anupalabdha hai, kintu RSibhASita (I.pU. caturtha zatI) ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM pArzva kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kA varNana hai / isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha avadhAraNA kama-se-kama pArzvakAlIna (I.pU. AThavIM zatI) to hai hI / mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama hameM isakA ullekha milatA hai| jainadarzana meM astikAya kA tAtparya vistArayukta astittvavAna dravya se hai / ye pA~ca astikAya nimna haiM - jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala / ina paMcAstikAyoM meM dharma, adharma aura AkAza ko eka-eka dravya aura jIva tathA pudgala ko aneka dravya rUpa mAnA gayA hai| I.san kI tIsarI zatI ke pazcAt se Aja taka isa avadhAraNA meM koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM dekhA jAtA hai / mAtra SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha kAla ko anastikAya - dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| I.san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka, arthAt tattvArthasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva yaha vivAda prArambha gayA thA ki kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnA jAya yA nahIM / vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM jaina tattvadarzana 3

Page #17
svIkAra karane ke saMbaMdha meM matabheda thA / kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnate the aura kucha use svatantra dravya nahIM mAnakara jIva evaM pudgala kI paryAya rUpa hI mAnate the, kintu bAda meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara- donoM paramparAoM meM astikAya aura dravya kI avadhAraNAoM kA samanvaya karate hue kAla ko anastikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya svIkAra kara liyA gayA / isa prakAra paMcAstikAya meM kAla ko jor3ane para jainadarzana meM SaTdravya kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI / astikAya kI avadhAraNA jainoM kI maulika avadhAraNA hai / kisI anya darzana meM isakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM milte| merI dRSTi meM prAcIna kAla meM astikAya kA tAtparya mAtra astittva rakhane vAlI sattA thA, kintu Age calakara jaba astikAya aura anastikAyaaise do prakAra ke dravya mAne gaye, to astikAya kA tAtparya AkAza meM vistAra yukta dravya se mAnA gyaa| pAramparika bhASA meM astikAya ko bahu- pradezI dravya bhI kahA gayA hai, jisakA tAtparya yahI hai ki jo dravya AkAza-kSetra meM vistArita hai, vahI 'astikAya' hai paMcAstikAya 1 jaisA ki jainadarzana meM vartamAna meM jo Sadravya kI avadhAraNA hai, usakA vikAsa isI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA hai| paMcAstikAyoM meM kAla ko jor3akara lagabhaga IsA kI prathama - dvitIya zatI meM SaTdravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI hai| jahA~ taka paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha nizcita hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki usakA prAcInatama ullekha hameM 'isibhAsiyAI' ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM milatA hai| RSibhASita kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai / paM. dalasukhabhAI ke isa kathana meM ki 'paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA paravartI kAla meM banI haiM'- itanA hI satyAMza hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke racanAkAla taka isa avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kyoMki mUla meM yaha avadhAraNA pArzvApatyoM kI thI / jaba pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ko mahAvIra ke saMgha meM samAhita kara liyA gayA, to usake sAtha hI pArzva kI aneka mAnyatAe~ bhI mahAvIra kI paramparA meM svIkRta kI gyiiN| isI krama meM yaha avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM spaSTa rUpa se mAnya huI | bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama yaha kahA gayA ki yaha loka, dharma, adharma, AkAza, ajIva aura pudgala rUpa hai| RSibhASita meM to mAtra pA~ca astikAya haiM - itanA hI nirdeza hai, unake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai / cAhe RSibhASita ke kAla meM paMcAstikAyoM ke nAma nirdhArita ho bhI cuke hoM, kintu phira bhI unake svarUpa ke viSaya meM vahA~ koI bhI sUcanA nahIM milatI / dharma, adharma Adi kA jo artha, Aja hai, vaha kAlakrama meM vikasita huA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM hI hameM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 4

Page #18
aise do saMdarbha milate haiM, jinase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcInakAla meM dharma-astikAya aura adharma - astikAya kA artha gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya nahIM thA / bhagavatIsUtra ke hI bIsaveM zataka meM dharmAstikAya ke jo paryAyavAcI diye gaye haiM, unameM aTThAraha pApasthAnoM se virati, pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana ko hI dharmAstikAya kahA gayA hai / isI prakAra, prAcInakAla meM aThAraha pApasthAnoM ke sevana tathA pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM ke paripAlana nahIM karane ko hI adharmAstikAya kahA jAtA thA / isI prakAra, bhagavatIsUtra ke solahaveM zataka meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki lokAnta meM khar3A hokara koI deva aloka meM apanA hAtha hilA sakatA hai yA nahIM? isakA na kevala nakArAtmaka uttara diyA gayA, apitu yaha bhI kahA gayA ki gati kI sambhAvanA jIva aura pudgala meM hai aura aloka meM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva hone se aisA saMbhava nahIM hai / yadi usa samaya dharmAstikAya ko gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hotA, to pudgala kA abhAva hone para vaha aisA nahIM kara sakatA, isa prakAra kA uttara nahIM diyA jAtA, apitu yahA~ dharmAstikAya kA abhAva hI batAyA jAtA hai / dharmAstikAya gati meM sahAyaka dravya hai aura adharmAstikAya sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya hai- yaha avadhAraNA eka paravartI ghaTanA hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAla taka arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura caturtha zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM yaha avadhAraNA astittva meM A gaI thii| bhagavatI Adi meM jo pUrva saMdarbha nirdiSTa kie gae haiM, unase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcInakAla arthAt I. pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya kA artha dharma aura adharma kI hI avadhAraNAe~ thIM / dravya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka ko hI sat yA dravya kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya-paramparA meM jise sat kahA jAtA thA, vahI Age calakara nyAya-vaizeSikadarzana ke prabhAva se dravya ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA / jinhoMne vizva ke mUlaghaTaka ko eka, advaya aura aparivartanazIla mAnA, unhoMne sat zabda kA hI adhika prayoga kiyA, parantu jinhoMne use aneka va parivartanazIla mAnA, unhoMne sat ke sthAna para dravya zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| bhAratIya cintana meM vedAnta, meM sat zabda prayoga huA, jabaki darzana svatantra dhArAoM, yathA-nyAya, vaizeSika Adi meM dravya aura padArtha zabda adhika pracalana meM rahA, kyoMki dravya zabda hI parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai / jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai, AcArAMga meM davI ( dravya) zabda kA prayoga to upalabdha hotA hai, kintu apane pAribhASika artha meM nahIM, apitu dravita ke artha meM hai / (jainadarzana kA AdikAla, pR.21) jaina tattvadarzana 5

Page #19
'dravya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 26veM adhyayana, jisameM dravya kA vivecana hai, apekSAkRta paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| vahA~ na kevala 'dravya' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, apitu dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke pArasparika saMbaMdha ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usameM dravya ko guNoM kA Azrayasthala mAnA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM uttarAdhyayana kI dravya kI yaha paribhASA nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita lagatI hai| pUjyavAda devanandI ne pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM apanI tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA meM guNoM ke samudAya ko bhI dravya kahA hai| isameM dravya aura guNa kI abhinnatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi meM uddhRta yaha cintana bauddhoM ke paMca skandha vAda se prabhAvita hai| yadyapi yaha avadhAraNA pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi meM hI sarvaprathama milatI hai, kintu unhoMne "guNAnAM samUho davvo"- isa vAkyAMza ko uddhRta kiyA hai, ataH yaha avadhAraNA pA~cavI zatI se pUrva kI hai| dravya kI paribhASA ke sambandha meM 'dravya guNoM kA AzrayasthAna hai' aura 'dravya guNoM kA samUha hai'- ye donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ merI dRSTi meM tIsarI zatI se pUrva kI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM jainoM kI anaikAntikadRSTi se kI gayI prathama paribhASA hameM IsA kI caturtha zatI ke prArambha meM tattvArthasUtra meM milatI hai, jahA~ dravyaM ko guNa aura paryAyayukta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra, dravya kI paribhASA ke saMdarbha meM anaikAntikadRSTi kA prayoga sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra meM milatA hai| Sadravya yaha to hama spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA hai| lagabhaga IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM hI paMcAstikAyoM ke sAtha kAla ko bhI svataMtra dravya mAnakara SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI thii| yadyapi kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM? isa prazna para lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara sAtavIM zatAbdI taka yaha vivAda calatA rahA hai, jisake saMketa hameM tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya se lekara vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI racanAoM taka aneka graMthoM meM milate haiM, kintu aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt yaha vivAda samApta ho gayA aura zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM paramparAoM meM SaTadravyoM kI mAnyatA pUrNataH sthira ho gaI, usake pazcAt usameM kahIM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| ye Sadravya nimna haiM- dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva, pudgala aura kaal| Age calakara ina SadravyoM kA vargIkaraNa astikAya-anastikAya, cetana-acetana athavA mUrta-amUrta ke rUpa meM kiyA jAne lgaa| astikAya aura anastikAya dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma-adharma, AkAza, jIva aura pudgala- ina pA~ca ko astikAya aura kAla ko anastikAya-dravya mAnA gyaa| cetana-acetana dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma, jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #20
adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ina pA~ca ko acetana dravya aura jIva ko cetana- dravya mAnA gayA hai| mUrta aura amUrtta dravyoM kI apekSA se jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla- ina pA~ca ko amUrta dravya aura pudgala ko mUrta dravya mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM ki vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki jaina-darzana meM dravya kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita hai| jainAcAryoM ne vaizeSika darzana kI dravya kI avadhAraNA ko apanI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se samanvita kiyA hai, ataH jahA~ vaizeSika darzana meM nau dravya mAne gae the, vahA~ jainoM ne paMcAstikAya ke sAtha kAla ko jor3akara mAtra chaH dravya hI svIkAra kie| inameM se bhI jIva (AtmA) AkAza aura kAla - ye tIna dravya donoM hI paramparAoM meM svIkRta rahe / paMcamahAbhUtoM, jinheM vaizeSika darzana meM dravya mAnA gayA haiM, meM AkAza ko chor3akara zeSa pRthvI, apa (jala), teja (agni) aura maruta (vAyu) - ina cAra dravyoM ko jainoM ne svataMtra dravya na mAnakara ajIva dravya ke hI bheda mAnA hai / dik aura mana- ina do dravyoM ko jainoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA, inake sthAna para unhoMne pA~ca astikAyoM meM se dharma, adharma aura pudgala - aise anya tIna dravya nizcita kie| jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ anya paramparAoM meM pRthvI, ap, vAyu aura agni-ina cAroM ko jar3a mAnA gayA, vahA~ jainoM ne pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya aura vAyukAya ke rUpa meM inheM cetana mAnA hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana kI SaTdravya kI avadhAraNA apane Apa meM maulika hai| anya dArzanika paramparAoM se usakA AMzika sAmya hI dekhA jAtA hai / yadyapi isa sambandha meM merA dRSTikoNa thor3A bhinna hai / merA mAnanA hai ki jaba taka ye cAroM jaba taka kisI jIva ke kAya (zarIra) rUpa meM hai, taba taka hI sajIva hote haiM / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne isa avadhAraNA kA vikAsa apanI maulika paMcAstika kI avadhAraNA se kiyA hai / navatattva kI avadhAraNA paMcAstikAya aura SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA ke samAna hI navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI jainaparamparA kI apanI maulika evaM prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| isa avadhAraNA ke mUla bIja AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI milate haiM / usameM sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, sAdhu, asAdhu, siddhi (mokSa), asiddhi (baMdhana) Adi ke astittva ko mAnane vAlI aikAntika vicAradhArAoM ke ullekha haiM ( 1/7/1/2000) / isa ullekha meM Asrava-saMvara, puNya-pApa tathA baMdhana - mukti ke nirdeza haiM / vaise AcArAMgasUtra meM jIva-ajIva, puNya-pApa, Asrava-saMvara, baMdha, nirjarA aura mokSa- aise navoM tattvoM ke ullekha prakIrNa rUpa se to milate haiM, kintu eka sAtha ye nau tattva haiMaisA ullekha nahIM hai / jaina tattvadarzana 7

Page #21
I sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM kI carcA huI hai| usameM jinheM asti kahanA cAhie, unakA nirdeza bhI hai / usake anusAra, jina tattvoM ko asti kahanA cAhie, ve nimna haiM- loka, aloka, jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma bandha, mokSa, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, vedanA, nirjarA, kriyA, akriyA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, prema, dveSa, caturaMta saMsAra, deva, devI, siddhi, asiddhi, siddhanijasthAna, sAdhu, asAdhu, kalyANa aura pApa / isa vistRta sUcI kA nirdeza sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dvitIya adhyayana meM huA hai| jahA~ jIva- ajIva, puNya-pApa, Asrava-saMvara, vedanA-nirjarA, kriyA-adhikaraNa, baMdha aura mokSa kA ullekha hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA mAnanA hai ki inameM se vedanA, kriyA aura adhikaraNa ko nikAlakara hI Age nau tattvoM kI avadhAraNA banI hogI, jisakA nirdeza hameM samavAyAMga (9) aura uttarAdhyayana (27/14) meM milatA hai| unhIM nau tattvoM meM se Age calakara IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI meM umAsvAmI ne puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata vargIkRta karake sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI / ina sAta athavA nau tattvoM kI carcA hameM paravartI sabhI zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM ke granthoM meM milatI hai / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jainoM meM sAta, tattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI paMca - astikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI eka kAlakrama meM vikasita hokara lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI - caturtha zatI meM astitva meM AyI hai| sAtavIM se dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya jo mukhya kAma ina avadhAraNAoM ke saMdarbha meM huA, vaha yaha ki unheM samyak prakAra se vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA aura unake bheda-prabheda kI vistRta carcA kI gayI / SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA paMcAstikAya ke sAtha-sAtha SaTjIvanikAya kI carcA bhI jaina graMthoM meM upalabdha hai| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya meM jIvAstikAya ke vibhAga ke rUpa meM SaTjIvanikAya kI yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai / SaTjIvanikAya nimna haiMpRthvIkAya, apakAya, vAyukAya, tejaskAya, vanaspatikAya aura trasakAya / pRthvI Adi ke lie 'kAya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna hai / dIrghanikAya meM ajitakezakambalin ke mata ko prastuta karate hue- pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya aura vAyukAya kA ullekha huA hai| usI graMtha meM pakudhakaccAyana ke mata ke saMdarbha meM pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu, sukha, duHkha aura jIva- ina sAta kAyoM kI carcA hai / isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pRthvI, apa Adi ke liye kAya saMjJA anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM pracalita thI / yadyapi kAya kauna-kauna se aura kitane haiM- isa prazna ko lekara unameM paraspara matabheda the / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 8

Page #22
ajitakezakambalina pRthvI, apa, tejasa aura vAyu- ina cAra mahAbhUtoM ko kAya kahatA thA, to pakudhakaccAyana ina cAra ke sAtha sukha, duHkha aura jIva-ina tIna ko sammilita kara sAta kAya mAnate the| jainoM kI sthiti inase bhinna thI, ve jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala- ina pA~ca ko kAya mAnate the, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki unameM paMca astikAya aura SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA lagabhaga I.pU. chaThavIM-pA~cavIM zatI meM astittva meM thI, kyoMki AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kA aura RSibhASita ke pArzva adhyayana meM paMca astikAyoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| ina sabhI graMthoM ko sabhI vidvAnoM ne I.pU. pA~cavI-cauthI zatI kA aura pAlitripiTaka ke prAcIna aMzoM kA samakAlika mAnA hai| ho sakatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAeM kramazaH pArzva aura mahAvIrakAlIna hoN| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mUlataH pArzva kI paramparA kI rahI hai, jise loka kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhI mAnya kara liyA gayA thaa| loka ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke saMdarbha meM mahAvIra ne pArzva kI avadhAraNAoM ko svIkAra kiyA thA- aisA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra meM hai, ataH isI krama meM unhoMne pArzva kI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA ko bhI mAnyatA dI hogii| yahA~ hamArA vivecya SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai, jo nizcita rUpa se mahAvIrakAlIna to hai hI aura usake bhI pUrva kI ho sakatI hai, kyoMki isakI carcA AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana meM hai| yaha to nizcita satya hai ki na kevala vanaspati aura anya jIva-jantu sajIva haiM, apitu pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu bhI sajIva haiM, yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se jainoM kI rahI hai| sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika Adi prAcIna darzana-dhArAoM meM inheM paMcamahAbhUtoM ke rUpa meM jar3a hI mAnA gayA thA, jabaki jainoM meM inheM cetana/sajIva mAnane kI paramparA rahI hai| paMcamahAbhUtoM meM mAtra AkAza hI aisA hai- jise jaina-paramparA bhI anya darzana paramparAoM ke samAna ajIva (jar3a) mAnatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki AkAza kI gaNanA paMcAstikAya meM to kI gaI, kintu SaTjIvanikAya meM nahIM, jabaki pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu ko SaTjIvanikAya ke antargata mAnA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina-paramparA ne pRthvI, jala Adi ke Azrita jIva rahate haiM- itanA hI na mAnakara yaha bhI mAnA ki ye svaMya jIva haiM, ataH jaina-dharma kI sAdhanA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina muni-AcAra meM inakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| jaina-AcAra meM ahiMsA ke paripAlana meM jo sUkSmatA aura ativAditA AyI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa yaha SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki jaba pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu Adi ko sajIva mAna liyA gayA, to ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke liye inakI hiMsA se bacanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| jaina tattvadarzana

Page #23
yaha spaSTa hai ki SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina-darzana kI prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| prAcIna kAla se lekara yaha Aja taka yathAvata rUpa se mAnya hai| tIsarI zatAbdI se IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM vargIkaraNa saMbaMdhI kucha mahatvapUrNa muddoM ko chor3akara anya koI maulika parivartana huA ho- aisA kahanA kaThina hai| itanA spaSTa hai ki AcArAMga ke bAda sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrRtaskandha ke jIva saMbaMdhI avadhAraNA meM kucha vikAsa avazya huA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra, jIvoM kI utpatti kisa-kisa yoni meM hotI hai tathA jaba ve eka zarIra ko chor3akara dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karate haiM, to apane janma-sthAna meM kisa prakAra AhAra grahaNa karate haiM, isakA vivaraNa sUtrakRtAMga AhAraparijJA nAmaka dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM . hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki usameM jIvoM ke eka prakAra ko 'anusyUta' kahA gayA hai| saMbhavataH isI se Age jainoM meM anantakAya aura pratyeka vanaspati kI avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| do, tIna aura cAra indriya vAle jIvoM meM kisa varga meM kauna se jIva haiM, yaha bhI paravartI kAla meM hI nizcita huA, phira bhI bhagavatI, jIvAjIvAbhigAma, prajJApanA ke kAla taka, arthAt I. kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka yaha avadhAraNA vikasita ho cukI thI, kyoMki prajJApanA meM indriya, AhAra aura paryApti Adi ke saMdarbha meM vistRta vicAra hone lagA thaa| IsavIM san kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara eka mahatvapUrNa parivartana aayaa| AcArAMga se lekara tattvArthasUtra ke kAla taka pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara mAnA jAtA thA, jabaki agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko trasa kahA jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayana kA antima adhyAya, kundakunda kA paMcAstikAya aura umAsvAmI kA tattvArthasUtra spaSTa rUpa se pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya Adi ko trasa mAnatA hai| dvIndriya Adi ko trasa mAnane kI paramparA kA vikAsa huA, yadyapi kaThinAI yaha thI ki agni aura vAyu meM spaSTataH gatizIlatA dekhe jAne para unheM sthAvara kaise mAnA jAya? prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ pA~ca ekendriya jIvoM ke sAtha-sAtha trasa kA ullekha hai, vahA~ use trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, anyathA eka hI Agama meM antarvirodha mAnanA par3egA, jo samucita nahIM hai| isa samasyA kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko trasa nAma se.abhihita kiyA jAtA thA, ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki dvIndriya se bhinna sabhI ekendriya sthAvara haiN| isa carcA ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hogA ki lagabhaga chaThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA meM parivartana huA tathA Age 10 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #24
calakara zvetAmbara aura digambara - donoM paramparAoM meM paMca sthAvara kI avadhAraNA dRr3hIbhUta ho gayI / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba vAyu aura agni ko samAnA jAtA thA, taba dvIndriyAdi trasoM ke lie udAra (urAla) trasa zabda kA prayoga hotA thA, pahale gatizIlatA kI apekSA se trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa hotA thA aura usameM 'vAyu aura agni meM gatizIlatA mAnakara unheM trasa mAnA jAtA thA / vAyu kI gatizIlatA spaSTa thI, ataH sarvaprathama use trasa kahA gyaa| bAda meM sUkSma avalokana se jJAta huA ki agni bhI IMdhana ke sahAre dhIre-dhIre gati karatI huI phailatI jAtI hai, ataH use bhI trasa kahA gayA / jala kI gati kevala bhUmi ke DhalAna ke kAraNa hotI hai, svataH nahIM, ataH use pRthvI evaM vanaspati ke samAna sthAvara hI mAnA gayA / kintu vAyu aura agni meM svataH gati hone se unheM trasa mAnA gayA / punaH, jaba Age calakara dvIndriya Adi ko hI trasa aura sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAna liyA gayA, to pUrva Agamika vacanoM se saMgati baiThAne kA prazna AyA, ataH zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki labdhi kI apekSA se to vAyu evaM agni sthAvara haiM, kintu gati kI apekSA se unheM trasa kahA gayA hai / digambara - paramparA meM dhavalA TIkA ( 10vIM zatI) meM isakA samAdhAna yaha kahakara kiyA gayA ki vAyu evaM agni ko sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra unakI gatizIlatA na hokara sthAvara - nAmakarma kA udaya hai / digambara- paramparA meM hI kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya ke TIkAkAra jayasenAcArya ne yaha samanvaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para kiyA hai / ve likhate haiM- pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati- ye tIna sthAvara - nAmakarma ke udaya se sthAvara kahe jAte haiM, kintu vAyu aura agni paMca sthAvara meM vargIkRta kiye jAte hue bhI calana - kriyA dikhAI dene se vyavahAra se sa kahe jAte haiN| vastutaH yaha saba prAcIna aura paravartI granthoM meM jo mAnyatAbheda A gayA thA, usase saMgati baiThAne kA eka prayatna thA / jahA~ taka jIvoM ke vividha vargIkaraNoM kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI ve saba vargIkaraNa I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka kI kAlAvadhi meM sthira hue hai| isa kAla meM jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna Adi avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| bhagavatI jaise aMga AgamoM meM jahA~ ina viSayoM kI carcA hai, vahA~ prajJApanA Adi aMgabAhya graMthoM kA nirdeza huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki ye vicAraNAe~ IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatI ke bAda hI vikasita huii| aisA lagatA hai ki prathama aMga bAhya AgamoM meM unakA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai aura phira mAthurI evaM vallabhI vAcanAoM ke samaya unheM aMga AgamoM meM samAviSTa kara inakI vistRta vivecanA ko jaina tattvadarzana 11

Page #25
dekhane ke lie tadtad granthoM kA nirdeza kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra, jaina sAhityikasAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA kA kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi paramparAgata mAnyatA jaina-darzana ko sarvajJa praNIta mAnane ke kAraNa isa aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko asvIkAra karatI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM Sadravya, sAta yA nau tattva, SaTjIva nikAya kI avadhAraNA kA jo vikAsa huA hai, usake mUla meM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA hI hai, kyoMki navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA ke mUla meM bhI jIva aura pudgala mukhya haiM, jo jIva ke karma-pudgaloM ke sAtha saMbaMdha ko sUcita karate haiN| karma-pudgaloM kA jIva kI ora AnA Asrava hai, jo puNya yA pApa-rUpa hotA hai| jIva ke sAtha karma-pudgaloM kA saMzliSTa honA baMdha hai| karmapudgaloM kA Agamana rukanA saMvara hai aura unakA AtmA yA jIva se alaga honA nirjarA hai| anta meM, karma-pudgaloM kA AtmA se pUrNataH vilaga honA mokSa hai| jaina AcAryoM ne paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA anya darzana paramparAoM meM vikasita dravya kI avadhAraNA se samanvaya karake SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa kiyaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SadravyoM kI AdhArabhUta sat kI avadhAraNA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se dravya kI paribhASA kA jaina-darzana meM kaise vikAsa huA hai? 00 12 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #26
jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita viSaya-vastu ko mukhya rUpa se jina cAra vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai, ve anuyoga kahe jAte haiM / anuyoga cAra haiM(1) dravyAnuyoga, ( 2 ) gaNitAnuyoga, (3) caraNakaraNAnuyoga aura (4) dharmakathAnuyoga / ina cAra anuyogoM meM se jisa anuyoga ke antargata vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vivecana kiyA jAtA hai, use dravyAnuyoga kahate haiM / khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vivecana gaNitAnuyoga ke aMtargata aura AcAra sambandhI vidhi niSedhoM kA vivecana caraNakaraNAnuyoga ke aMtargata hotA hai aura dharma evaM naitikatA meM AsthA ko dRr3ha karane hetu sadAcArI, satpuruSoM ke jo AkhyAnaka ( kathAnaka) prastuta kiye jAte haiM, ve dharmakathAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina cAra anuyogoM meM bhI dravyAnuyoga kA sambandha tAttvika yA dArzanika cintana se hai / jahA~ taka hamAre dArzanika cintana kA prazna hai Aja hama use tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karate haiM- 1. tattva - mImAMsA, 2. jJAna-mImAMsA aura 3. AcAra - mImAMsA / ina tInoM meM se tattvamImAMsA evaM jJAnamImAMsA donoM hI dravyAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiM / inameM bhI jahA~ taka tattvamImAMsA kA sambandha hai, usake pramukha kArya jagat ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM, upAdAnoM yA padArthoM aura unake kAryoM kI vivecanA karanA hai / tattvamImAMsA kA Arambha tabhI huA hogA, jaba mAnava meM jagat ke svarUpa aura usake mUlabhUta upAdAnoM yA ghaTakoM ko jAnane kI jijJAsA prasphuTita huI hogI tathA usane apane aura apane pariveza ke saMdarbha meM cintana kiyA hogA / isI cintana ke dvArA tattvamImAMsA kA prAdurbhAva huA hogaa| "maiM kauna hU~" "kahA~ se AyA hU~" "yaha jagat kyA hai", jisase yaha nirmita huA hai, ve mUlabhUta utpAdAna yA upAdAna ghaTaka kyA haiM", "yaha kina niyamoM se niyaMtrita evaM saMcAlita hotA hai" inhIM praznoM ke samAdhAna hetu hI vibhinna darzanoM kA aura unakI tattva-viSayaka gaveSaNAoM kA janma huaa| jaina paramparA meM bhI usake prathama evaM prAcInatama Agama graMtha AcArAMga kA prArambha bhI isI cintanA se hotA hai ki "maiM kauna hU~, kahA~ se AyA hU~, isa zarIra kA parityAga karane para kahA~ jAU~gA / ' jaina tattvadarzana I 13

Page #27
vastutaH ye hI aise prazna haiM, jinase dArzanika cintana kA vikAsa aura tattvamImAMsA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| tattvamImAMsA vastutaH vizva-vyAkhyA kA eka prayAsa hai| isameM jagat ke mUlabhUta upAdAnoM tathA unake kAryoM kA vivecana vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA hai| vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka, jo apane astitva ke liye kisI anya ghaTaka para Azrita nahIM hai tathA jo kabhI bhI apane sva-svarUpa kA parityAga nahIM karate haiM ve sat yA dravya kahalAte haiN| vizva ke tAtvika AdhAra yA mUlabhUta upAdAna hI sat yA dravya kahe jAte haiM aura jo ina dravyoM kA vivecana karatA hai vahI dravyAnuyoga hai| vizva ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yaha vizva akRtrima hai ('logo akiTTimoM khalu'; mUlAcAra, gAthA 7/2) / isa loka kA koI nirmAtA yA sRSTikartA nahIM hai| ardha-mAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI loka ko zAzvata batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha loka anAdikAla se hai aura rhegaa| RSibhASita ke anusAra loka kI zAzvatatA ke isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne kiyA thaa| Age calakara bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne bhI isI siddhAnta kA anumodana kiyaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra loka kA koI racayitA evaM niyAmaka nahIM hai, vaha svAbhAvika hai aura anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai, kintu jainAgamoM meM loka ke zAzvata kahane kA tAtparya kathamapi yaha nahIM hai, ki usameM koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai| vizva ke sandarbha meM jaina cintaka jisa nityatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, vaha nityatA kUTastha nityatA nahIM, pariNAmI nityatA hai, arthAt ve vizva ko parivartanazIla mAnakara bhI mAtra pravAha yA prakriyA kI apekSA se nitya yA zAzvata kahate haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM loka ke svarUpa kI carcA karate hue loka ko paMcAstikAya rUpa kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM isa vizva ke mUlabhUta upAdAna pA~ca astikAya dravya haiM - 1. jIva (cetana tattva), 2. pudgala (bhautika tattva), 3. dharma (gati kA niyAmaka tattva), 4. adharma (sthiti niyAmaka tattva) aura 5. AkAza (sthAna yA avakAza dene vAlA tttv)| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ kAla ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi paravartI jaina vicArakoM ne kAla ko bhI vizva ke parivartana ke maulika kAraNa ke rUpa meM yA vizva meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke niyAmaka tattva ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya mAnA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Age paMcAstikAyoM aura SadravyoM ke prasaMga meM kI jaayegii| yahA~ hamArA pratipAdya to yaha hai ki jaina dArzanika vizva ke mUlabhUta upAdAnoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM evaM SadravyoM kI carcA karate haiN| vizva ke ina mUlabhUta upAdAnoM ko dravya athavA sat ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAtA hai dravya athavA sat vaha hai jo apane 14 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #28
Apa meM paripUrNa, svatantra aura vizva kA maulika ghaTaka hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatA sat, tattva, paramArtha, dravya, svabhAva, apara dhyeya, zuddha aura parama ina sabhI ko ekArthaka yA paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai / bRhadnayacakra meM kahA gayA hai tataM taha paramaTTha davvasahAyaM taheva paramaparaM / dheyaM suddhaM paramaM eyaTThA huMti abhihANA / / - " bRhadnayacakra, 411 jainAgamoM meM vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka ke lie astikAya, tattva aura dravya zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM hameM tattva aura dravya ke sthAnAMga meM astikAya ke ullekha milate haiM / kuMdakuMda ne artha, padArtha, tattva, dravya aura astikAya - ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki Agamayuga meM to vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke lie astikAya, tattva, dravya aura padArtha zabdoM kA prayoga hotA thA / 'sat' zabda kA prayoga Agama yuga meM nahIM huA / umAsvAmI ne dravya ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM 'sat' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vaise astikAya zabda prAcIna aura jaina darzana kA apanA viziSTa paribhASika zabda hai / yaha apane artha kI dRSTi se sat ke nikaTa hai, kyoMki donoM hI astitva lakSaNa ke hI sUcaka haiN| tattva, dravya aura padArtha zabda ke prayoga sAMkhya aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM bhI milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAmI ne bhI dravya aura sat donoM ko abhinna batAyA hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki sata, paramArtha, paramatattva aura dravya sAmAnya dRSTi se paryAyavAcI hote hue bhI vizeSa dRSTi evaM apane vyutpattilabhya - artha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna haiM / veda, upaniSad aura unase vikasita vedAnta darzana kI vibhinna dArzanika dhArAoM meM sat zabda pramukha rahA hai| Rgveda meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki "eka sad viprA bahudhA vadanti" arthAt sat (parama tattva) eka hI hai- vipra (vidvAna) use aneka rUpa se kahate haiM / kintu dUsarI ora svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para vikasita darzana paramparAoM - vizeSa rUpa se vaizeSika darzana meM dravya zabda pramukha rahA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vyutpattiparaka artha kI dRSTi se sat zabda astitva kA athavA prakArAntara se nityatA yA aparivartanazIlatA kA evaM dravya zabda parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai| sAMkhyoM evaM naiyAyikoM ne isake lie tattva zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki nyAyasUtra ke bhASyakAra ne pramANa Adi 16 tattvoM ke lie sat zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai, phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM kramazaH tattva aura dravya zabda hI adhika pracalita rahe haiN| sAMkhya darzana bhI prakRti aura puruSa ina donoM ko tathA inase utpanna buddhi, jaina tattvadarzana 15

Page #29
ahaMkAra, pA~ca jJAnendriyoM, pA~ca karmendriyoM, paMca tanmAtrAoM aura paMca mahAbhUtoM ko tattva hI kahatA hai| isa prakAra svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para vikasita ina darzana paramparAoM meM tattva, padArtha, artha aura dravya zabda paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM kintu inameM apane tAtparya ko lekara bhinnatA bhI mAnI gayI hai| tattva zabda sabase adhika vyApaka hai usameM padArtha aura dravya bhI samAhita hai| nyAyadarzana meM jina tattvoM ko mAnA gayA hai| unameM dravya kA ullekha prameya ke antargata huA hai| vaizeSikasUtra meM dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa aura samavAya ye SaT padArtha aura prakArAntara se abhAva ko milAkara sAta padArtha kahe jAte haiN| inameM bhI dravya, guNa aura karma ina tIna kI hI artha saMjJA hai| ataH siddha hotA hai; ki artha kI vyApakatA kI dRSTi se tattva kI apekSA padArtha aura padArtha kI apekSA dravya adhika saMkucita hai| tattvoM meM padArtha kA aura padArthoM meM dravya kA samAveza hotA hai| sat zabda ko isase bhI adhika vyApaka artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH jo bhI astitvavAn hai vaha sat ke antargata A jAtA hai| ataH sat zabda, tattva, padArtha, dravya Adi zabdoM kI apekSA bhI adhika vyApaka artha kA sUcaka hai| uparyukta vivecana se eka niSkarSa yaha bhI nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki jo darzanadhArAe~ abhedavAda kI ora agrasara huI, unameM 'sat' zabda kI pramukhatA rahI jabaki jo dhArAe~ bhedavAda kI ora agrasara huI, unameM 'dravya' zabda kI pramukhatA rhii| jahA~ taka jaina dArzanikoM kA prazna hai unhoMne sat aura dravya meM eka abhinnatA sUcita kI hai| tattvArthabhASya meM umAsvAmI ne 'sat dravya lakSaNaM' kahakara donoM meM abheda sthApita kiyA hai, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jahA~ 'sat' zabda eka sAmAnya sattA kA sUcaka hai vahA~ 'dravya' zabda vizeSa satttA kA sUcaka hai| jaina AgamoM ke TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ne aura unake pUrva tattvArthabhASya (1/35) meM umAsvAmI ne 'sarvaM ekaM sad vizeSAt' kahakara sat zabda se sabhI dravyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa astitva ko sUcita kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki sat zabda abheda yA sAmAnya kA sUcaka hai aura dravya zabda vizeSa kaa| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM sat aura dravya zabda meM tAdAtmya sambandha hai| sattA kI apekSA ve abhinna haiM; unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki sat arthAt astitva ke binA dravya bhI nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI ora dravya (satttA-vizeSa) ke binA sat kI koI sattA hI nahIM hogii| astitva (sat) ke binA dravya aura dravya ke binA astitva nahIM ho skte| yahI kAraNa hai ki umAsvAmI ne sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa kahA thaa| spaSTa hai ki lakSaNa aura lakSita bhinna-bhinna nahIM hote haiN| 16 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #30
vastutaH sat aura dravya donoM meM unake vyutpattiparaka artha kI apekSA se hI bheda hai, astittva yA sattA kI apekSA se nhiiN| hama unameM kevala vicAra kI apekSA se bheda kara sakate haiM, sattA kI apekSA se nhiiN| sat aura dravya anyonyAzrita hai, phira bhI vaicArika stara para hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki sat hI eka aisA lakSaNa hai jo vibhinna dravyoM meM abheda kI sthApanA karatA hai, kintu hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki sat dravya kA ekamAtra lakSaNa nahIM hai| dravya meM astitva ke atirikta anya lakSaNa bhI haiM, jo eka dravya ko dUsare se pRthak karate haiN| astitva lakSaNa kI apekSA se sabhI dravya eka haiM kintu anya lakSaNoM kI apekSA se ve eka-dUsare se pRthak bhI haiN| jaise cetanA lakSaNa jIva aura ajIva meM bheda karatA hai| sattA meM sat lakSaNa kI apekSA se abheda aura anya lakSaNoM se bheda mAnanA, yahI jaina darzana kI anaikAntika dRSTi kI vizeSatA hai| ardha-mAgadhI Agama sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM jahA~ abheda-dRSTi ke AdhAra para jIva dravya ko eka kahA gayA hai| vahIM uttarAdhyayana meM bheda-dRSTi se jIva dravya meM bheda kie gaye haiN| jahA~ taka jaina dArzanikoM kA prazna hai, ve sat aura dravya donoM hI zabdoM ko na kevala svIkAra karate haiM, apitu unako eka-dUsare se samanvita bhI karate haiN| yahA~ hama sarvaprathama sat ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa kareMge, usake bAda dravyoM kI carcA kareMge tathA anta meM tattvoM ke svarUpa para vicAra kreNge| sat kA svarUpa jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai jaina dArzanikoM ne sat, tattva aura dravya ina tInoM ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai kintu inake zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se ina tInoM meM antara hai| sat vaha sAmAnya lakSaNa hai, jo sabhI dravyoM aura tattvoM meM pAyA jAtA hai evaM dravyoM ke bheda meM bhI abheda ko pradhAnatA detA hai| jahA~ taka tattva kA prazna hai, vaha bheda aura abheda donoM ko athavA sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| sat meM koI bheda nahIM kiyA jAtA, jabaki tattva meM bheda kiyA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne tattvoM kI carcA ke prasaMga para na kevala jar3a aura cetana dravyoM arthAt jIva aura ajIva kI carcA kI hai, apitu Amrava, saMvara Adi unake pArasparika sambandhoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| tattva kI dRSTi se na kevala jIva aura ajIva meM bheda mAnA gayA, apitu jIvoM meM bhI paraspara bheda mAnA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora Asava, bandha Adi ke prasaMga meM unake tAdAtmya yA abheda ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA, kintu jahA~ taka 'dravya' zabda kA prazna hai vaha sAmAnya hote hue bhI dravyoM kI lakSaNagat vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para unameM bheda karatA hai| 'sat' zabda sAmAnyAtmaka hai, tattva jaina tattvadarzana - 17

Page #31
zabda sAmAnya-vizeSa ubhayAtmaka hai aura dravya vizeSAtmaka hai / punaH sat zabda sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa kA, dravya zabda parivartanazIla pakSa kA aura tattva zabda ubhaya-pakSa kA sUcaka hai| jainoM kI nayoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to sat zabda saMgrahanaya kA, tattva naigamanaya kA aura dravya zabda vyavahAranaya kA sUcaka hai / sat abhedAtmaka hai, tattva bhedAbhedAtmaka hai aura dravya zabda bhedAtmaka hai / cU~ki jaina darzana bheda, bhedAbheda aura abheda tInoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, ataH usane apane cintana meM ina tInoM ko hI sthAna diyA hai| ina tInoM zabdoM meM hama sarvaprathama sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra kareMgeM / yadyapi apane vyutpattiparaka artha kI dRSTi sat zabda sattA ke aparivartanazIla, sAmAnya evaM abhedAtmaka pakSa kA sUcaka hai / phira bhI sat ke svarUpa ko lekara bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| koI use aparivartanazIla mAnatA hai to koI use parivartanazIla, koI use eka kahatA hai to koI aneka, koI use cetana mAnatA hai to koI use jar3a / vastutaH sat, parama tattva yA paramArtha ke svarUpa sambandhI ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke mUla meM pramukha rUpa se tIna prazna rahe haiN| prathama prazna usake ekatva athavA anekatva kA hai| dUsare prazna kA sambandha usake parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla kA hone se hai / tIsare prazna kA vivecya usake cit yA aci hone se hai / jJAtavya hai ki adhikAMza bhAratIya darzanoM ne citta - acitta, jar3a-cetana yA jIva-ajIva donoM tattvoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai ataH yaha prazna adhika carcita nahIM banA, phira bhI ina saba praznoM ke diye gaye uttaroM ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhAratIya cintana meM sat ke svarUpa meM vividhatA A gayI / sat ke parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla pakSa kI samIkSA sat ke parivartanazIla athavA aparivartanazIla svarUpa ke sambandha meM do ativAdI avadhAraNAe~ haiM / eka dhAraNA yaha hai ki sat nirvikAra evaM avyaya hai / trikAla meM usameM koI parivartana nahIM hotA / ina vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki jo parivartita hotA hai, vaha sat nahIM ho sakatA / parivartana kA artha hI hai ki pUrva avasthA kI samApti aura navIna avasthA kA grahaNa / ina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jisameM utpAda evaM vyaya kI prakriyA ho use sat nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jo avasthAntara ko prApta ho use sat kaise kahA jAye ? isa siddhAnta ke virodha meM jo siddhAnta astitva meM AyA vaha sat kI parivartanazIlatA kA siddhAnta hai / ina vicArakoM ke anusAra parivartanazIlatA yA arthakriyAkAritva kI sAmarthya hI sat kA lakSaNa hai / jo gatizIla nahIM hai dUsare zabdoM meM jo arthakriyAkAritva kI zakti se hIna hai use sat nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jahA~ taka bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtana kA prazna hai kucha aupaniSadika cintaka aura zaMkara kA advaita vedAnta sat ke aparivartanazIla hone ke prathama jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 18

Page #32
1 1 siddhAnta ke prabala samarthaka haiM / AcArya zaMkara ke anusAra sat nirvikAra aura avyaya hai / vaha utpAda aura vyaya donoM se rahita hai| isake viparIta dUsarA siddhAnta bauddha - dArzanikoM kA hai / ve sabhI ekamata se svIkAra karate haiM ki sat kA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva hai| utpatti aura vinAza kI prakriyA se pRthak koI vastu sat nahIM ho sakatI / jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintakoM meM sAMkhya dArzanikoM kA prazna hai / unakI dRSTi meM prakRti kUTasthanitya nahIM hai vaha parivartanazIla tattva hai| isa prakAra sAMkhya dArzanika apane dvArA svIkRta do tattvoM meM eka ko parivartanazIla aura dUsare ko aparivartanazIla mAnate haiM 1 vastutaH sat ko nirvikAra aura avyaya mAnane meM sabase bar3I bAdhA yaha hai ki usake anusAra jagat ko mithyA yA asat hI mAnanA hotA hai, kyoMki hamArI anubhUti kA jagat to parivartanazIla hai / isameM kucha bhI aisA pratIta nahIM hotA jo parivartana se rahita ho / na kevala vyakti aura samAja, apitu bhautika padArtha bhI pratikSaNa badalate rahate haiM / sat ko nirvikAra aura avyaya mAnane kA artha hai jagat kI anubhUtigata vividhatA ko nakAranA aura koI bhI vicAraka anubhavAtmaka parivartanazIlatA ko nakAra nahIM sktaa| cAhe AcArya zaMkara kitane hI jora se isa bAta ko rakheM ki nirvikAra brahma hI satya hai aura parivartanazIla jagat mithyA hai kintu Anubhavika stara para koI bhI vicAraka ise svIkAra nahIM kara sakegA / anubhUti ke stara para jo parivartanazIlatA kI anubhUti hai use kabhI nakArA nahIM jA sakatA / yadi sat trikAla meM avikArI aura aparivartanazIla ho to, phira vaiyaktika jIvoM yA AtmAoM ke baMdhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA bhI arthahIna ho jAyegI / dharma aura naitikatA donoM kA hI una darzanoM meM koI sthAna nahIM hogaa| jo sat ko apariNAmI mAnate haiN| jaise jIvana meM bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura praur3hAvasthA AtI hai, usI prakAra sattA meM bhI parivartana ghaTita hote haiM / Aja kA hamAre anubhava kA vizva vahI nahIM hai, jo hajAra varSa pUrva thA, usameM pratikSaNa parivartana ghaTita hote haiM / na kevala jagat meM apitu hamAre vaiyaktika jIvana meM bhI parivartana ghaTita hote rahate haiM ataH astitva yA sattA ke sambandha meM aparivartanazIlatA kI avadhAraNA samIcIna nahIM hai / I isake viparIta yadi sat ko kSaNika yA parivartanazIla mAnA jAtA hai to bhI karmaphala yA naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hotI / yadi pratyeka kSaNa svatantra hai to phira hama naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakate / yadi vyakti athavA vastu apane pUrva kSaNa kI apekSA uttara kSaNa meM pUrNataH badala jAtI hai to phira hama kisI ko pUrva meM kie gaye corI Adi kAryoM ke lie kaise uttaradAyI banA pAyeMge? jaina tattvadarzana 19

Page #33
saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina dArzanikoM kA isa dhAraNA ke viparIta yaha kahanA hai ki utpatti ke binA nAza aura nAza ke binA utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai dUsare zabdoM meM pUrva-paryAya ke nAza ke binA uttara-paryAya kI utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai kintu utpatti aura nAza donoM kA Azraya koI vastutattva honA caahiye| ekAntanitya vastutattva/padArtha meM parivartana saMbhava nahIM hai aura yadi padArthoM ko ekAnta kSaNika mAnA jAya to parivartita kauna hotA hai, yaha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| AcArya samantabhadra AptamImAMsA meM isa dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki "ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM pretyabhAva arthAt punarjanma asaMbhava hogA aura pretyabhAva ke abhAva meM puNya-pApa ke pratiphala aura baMdhana-mukti kI avadhAraNAyeM bhI saMbhava nahIM hogii| punaH ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM pratyabhijJA bhI saMbhava nahIM aura pratyabhijJA ke abhAva meM kAryArambha hI nahIM hogA phira phala kahA~ se?' isa prakAra isameM baMdhana-mukti, punarjanma kA koI sthAna nahIM hai "yuktyAnuzAsana" meM kahA gayA hai ki kSaNikavAda saMvRtti satya ke rUpa meM bhI bandhana-mukti Adi kI sthApanA nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM paramArtha yA sat niHsvabhAva hai| yadi paramArtha niHsvabhAva hai to phira vyavahAra kA vidhAna kaise hogA?' AcArya hemacandra ne anyayogavyavacchedikA' meM kSaNikavAda para pA~ca AkSepa lagAye haiM- 1. kRta-praNAza, 2. akRta-bhoga, 3. bhava-bhaMga, 4. pramokSa-bhaMga aura 5. smRti-bhNg| yadi koI nitya sattA hI nahIM hai aura pratyeka sattA zraNajIvI hai to phira vyakti dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA phalabhoga kaise sambhava hogA, kyoMki phalabhoga ke lie kartRtvakAla aura bhoktRtva kAla meM usI vyakti kA honA Avazyaka hai anyathA kArya kauna karegA aura phala kauna bhogegA? vastutaH ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM adhyayana koI aura karegA, parIkSA koI aura degA, usakA pramANa-patra kisI aura ko milegA, usa pramANa-patra ke AdhAra para naukarI koI anya vyakti prApta karegA aura jo vetana milegA vaha kisI anya ko| isI prakAra RNa koI anya vyakti legA aura usakA bhugatAna kisI anya vyakti ko karanA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki bauddha darzana meM sat ke anitya evaM kSaNika svarUpa para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki bhagavAn buddha sat ko eka prakriyA (parivartanazIlatA) mAnate haiM, usa prakriyA se pRthak koI sattA nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM kriyA hai, kintu kriyA se pRthak koI kartA nahIM hai| isa prakAra prakriyA se alaga koI sattA nahIM hai kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki bauddha darzana ke ina mantavyoM kA Azaya ekAnta kSaNikavAda yA ucchedavAda nahIM hai| AlocakoM ne use ucchedavAda samajhakara, jo AlocanA prastuta kI hai, cAhe vaha ucchedavAda ke saMdarbha meM saMgata ho, kintu bauddha darzana ke sambandha meM nitAnta asaMgata hai| buddha sat ke jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 20

Page #34
parivartanazIla pakSa para bala dete haiM kintu isa AdhAra para unheM ucchedavAda kA samarthaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| buddha ke isa kathana kA ki "kriyA hai, kartA nahIM" kA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki ve kartA yA kriyAzIla tattva kA niSedha karate haiN| unake isa kathana kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai| parivartana se bhinna sattA kI sthiti nahIM hai| parivartana aura parivartanazIla anyonyAzrita haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM ve sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nhiiN| vastutaH bauddha darzana kA sat sambandhI yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana se utanA dUra nahIM hai jitanA mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI sattA ko anuccheda aura azAzvata kahA gayA hai, arthAt ve na use ekAnta anitya mAnate haiM aura na ekAnta nitya vaha na anitya hai aura na nitya hai jabaki jaina dArzanikoM ne use nityAnitya kahA hai, kintu donoM paramparAoM kA yaha antara niSedhAtmaka athavA svIkArAtmaka bhASA-zailI kA antara hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke kathana kA mUla utsa eka-dUsare se utanA bhinna nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama use mAna lete haiN| bhagavAn buddha kA sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM yathArtha mantavya kyA thA, isakI vistRta carcA hamane "jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana" bhAga-1 (pR. 192-194) meM kI hai, icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prastuta vivecanA kA mUla uddezya mAna itanA hai ki sat ke sambandha meM ekAnta abhedavAda aura ekAnta bhedavAda unheM mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra sattA sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka yA bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| vaha eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| ve bheda meM abheda aura abheda meM bheda ko svIkAra karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM ve anekatA meM ekatA kA aura ekatA meM anekatA kA darzana karate haiN| mAnavatA kI apekSA manuSyajAti eka hai, kintu deza-bheda, varNabheda, varga-bheda yA vyakti-bheda kI apekSA vaha aneka hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra ekatA meM anekatA aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai| sat ke sambandha meM ekAnta parivartanazIlatA kA yA bhedavAdI dRSTikoNa aura ekAnta aparivartanazIlatA kA yA abhedavAdI (advaitavAdI) dRSTikoNa ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko apanAne para na to vyavahAra jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai na dharma aura naitikatA kA koI sthAna hogaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM bhagavAna buddha ne unakA parityAga Avazyaka smjhaa| mahAvIra kI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne na kevala ekAnta zAzvatavAda kA aura ekAnta ucchedavAda kA parityAga kiyA apitu apanI anekAntavAdI aura samanvayavAdI paramparAgata dRSTi se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki sat yA sattA pariNAmI nitya hai| parivartanazIla hokara bhI nitya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne "upannei vA, vigamei vA, jaina tattvadarzana

Page #35
dhuvei vA" isa tripadI kA upadeza diyA thaa| samasta jaina dArzanika vAGgamaya kA vikAsa isI tripadI ke AdhAra para huA hai| paramArtha yA sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kA uparyukta kathana hI jaina darzana kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra utpatti, vinAza aura dhrauvya ye tInoM hI sat ke lakSaNa haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAmI ne sat ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka hai (tattvArtha, 5/29) utpAda aura vyaya sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa ko batAte haiM, to dhrauvya usake avinAzI pakSa ko|| sat kA dhrauvya guNa usake utpatti evaM vinAza kA AdhAra hai, unake madha ya yojaka kar3I hai| yaha satya hai ki vinAza ke lie utpatti aura utpatti ke lie vinAza Avazyaka hai, kintu utpatti aura vinAza donoM ke lie kisI aise AdhArabhUta tattva kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jisameM utpatti ke lie vinAza kI ye prakriyAyeM ghaTita hotI hoN| yadi hama dhrauvya pakSa ko asvIkAra kareMge to utpatti aura vinAza paraspara asambandhita ho jAyeMge aura sattA aneka evaM asambandhita kSaNajIvI tattvoM meM vibhakta ho jaayegii| ina paraspara asambandhita kSaNika sattAoM kI avadhAraNA se vyaktitva kI avadhAraNA se vyaktitva kI ekAtmakatA kA hI viccheda ho jAyegA, jisake abhAva meM naitika uttaradAyitva aura karmaphala-vyavasthA hI arthavihIna ho jaayegii| isI prakAra ekAnta dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra karane para isa jagat meM cala rahe utpatti aura vinAza ke krama ko samajhAyA nahIM jA skegaa| jaina darzana meM sat ke isa aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravya aura guNa tathA parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAya kahA jAtA hai| isIlie tattvArthasUtra meM dravya ko guNa evaM paryAya se yukta kahA gayA hai| cUMki dravya kI isa avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se huA hai ataH yahA~ hama paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kI carcA kreNge| saMdarbha1. AcArAMga - 1/1/1/1 2. RSibhASita 31/9 3. bhagavatI 2/10/124-130 4. aigeAyA - sthAnAMga 1/1 5. uttarAdhyayana 36/48+211 6. AptamImAMsA 40-41 7. syAdvAdamaMjarI kArikA 18 kI TIkA 22 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #36
jaina darzana kI dravya, guNa evaM paryAya kI avadhAraNA vastusvarUpa aura paryAya __paryAya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI eka viziSTa avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana kA kendrIya siddhAnta anekAntavAda hai| kintu anekAnta kA AdhAra paryAya kI avadhAraNA hai| sAmAnyatA paryAya zabda pari+AyaH se niSpanna hai| merI dRSTi jo parivartana ko prApta hotI hai, vahI paryAya hai| rAjavArtika (1/33/1/95/6) 'pari samantAdAyaH paryAya, ke anusAra jo sarva ora se navInatA ko prApta hotI hai vahI paryAya hai| yaha honA (Becoming) hai| vaha sattA kI parivartanazIlatA kI yA sat ke bahu AyAmI (Multi dimentional) hone kI sUcaka hai| vaha yaha batAtI hai ki astitva prati samaya pariNamana yA paritarvana ko prApta hotA hai isalie yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo svabhAva yA vibhAva rUpa pariNamana karatI hai, vahI paryAya hai| jaina darzana meM astitva yA sat ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka yA pariNAmI nitya mAnA gayA hai| utpAda-vyaya kA jo satat pravAha hai vahI paryAya hai aura jo ina parivartanoM ke svabhAva se cyuta nahIM hotA hai, vahI dravya hai| anya zabdoM meM kaheM to astitva meM jo arthakriyAkAritva hai, gatyAtmakatA hai, pariNAmIpana yA parivartanazIlatA hai, vahI paryAya hai| paryAya astitva kI kriyAzIlatA kI sUcaka hai| vaha parivartanoM ke sAtatya kI avasthA hai| astitva yA dravya dik aura kAla meM jina bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai, jaina darzana ke anusAra yahI avasthAeM paryAya haiM athavA sattA kA parivartanazIla pakSa paryAya hai| buddha ke isa kathana kA ki "kriyA hai, kartA nahIM", kA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki ve kisI kriyAzIlatattva kA niSedha karate haiN| unake isa kathana kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai| sattA aura parivartana meM pUrNa tAdAtmya hai| sattA se bhinna parivartana aura parivartana se bhinna sattA kI sthiti nahIM hai parivartana aura parivartanazIla anyonyAzrita haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM ve sApekSa haiM, nirepakSa nhiiN| vastutaH bauddha darzana kA sat sambandhI yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana kI paryAya kI avadhAraNA se utanA dUra nahIM hai jitanA mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM sattA ko anuccheda aura azAzvata kahA gayA hai arthAt ve bhI na use ekAnta anitya mAnate haiM aura na ekAnta nity| vaha na anitya hai aura na nitya hai jabaki jaina tattvadarzana

Page #37
jaina dArzanikoM ne use nityAnitya kahA hai, kintu donoM paramparAoM kA yaha antara niSedhAtmaka athavA svIkArAtmaka bhASA-zailI kA antara hai / buddha aura mahAvIra ke kathana kA mUla utsa eka-dUsare se utanA bhinna nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama use mAna lete haiM / sat ko avyaya yA aparivartanazIla mAnane kA ekAnta pakSa aura satka parivartanazIla yA kSaNika mAnane kA ekAnta pakSa jaina aura bauddha vicArakoM ko svIkArya nahIM rahA hai / donoM meM mAtra antara yaha hai ki mahAvIra jahA~ astittva ke utpAda-vyaya pakSa arthAt paryAya pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha dhrauvyapakSa ke rUpa meM dravya ko bhI svIkRti pradAna kI hai / vahA~ bhagavAn buddha ne astittva ke parivartanazIla pakSa para hI adhika bala diyA / yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki bauddha darzana kI astittva kI vyAkhyA jaina darzana kI paryAya kI avadhAraNA ke atinikaTa hai / bauddhoM ne paryAya arthAt arthakriyAkAritva kI zakti ko hI astittva mAna liyaa| bauddha darzana ne parivartanazIlatA aura astittva meM tAdAtmya mAnA aura kahA ki parivartanazIlatA hI astittva hai (Becoming is real) jaina darzana ne bhI dravya (Being) aura paryAya (Becoming) arthAt 'astittva ' aura ' hone' meM tAdAtmya to mAnA kintu tAdAtmya ke sAtha sAtha donoM ke svatantra astittva ko bhI svIkAra kiyA arthAt unameM bhedAbheda mAnA / satu ke sambandha meM ekAnta parivartanazIlatA kA dRSTikoNa aura ekAnta aparivartanazIlatA kA dRSTikoNa ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko apanAne para na to vyavahAra jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai na dharma aura naitikatA kA koI sthAna hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM bhagavAn buddha ne unakA parityAga Avazyaka smjhaa| mahAvIra kI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne na kevala ekAnta zAzvatavAda kA aura ekAnta ucchedavAda kA parityAga kiyA apitu apanI anekAntavAdI aura samanvavAdI parasparA ke anusAra una donoM vicAradhArAoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyaa| paramparAgata dRSTi se 'yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kevala' upatrei vA, vigamei vA, dhuvei' yA isa tripadI kA upadeza diyA thA / samasta jaina dArzanika vADmaya kA vikAsa isI tripadI ke AdhAra para huA hai 1 paramArtha yA sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kA yaha uparyukta kathana hI jaina darzana kA kendrIya tattva hai aura yahI usakI paryAya kI avadhAraNA kA AdhAra bhI hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra utpatti, vinAza aura dhauvya ye tInoM hI sat ke lakSaNa haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAmI ne sat ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka hai (tattvArtha, 5 / 21), utpAda aura vyaya sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa ko batAte haiM to dhrauvya usake avinAzI pakSa ko / sat kA dhrauvya guNa usake utpatti evaM vinAza kA AdhAra hai, unake madhya yojaka kar3I hai / yaha satya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 24

Page #38
hai ki vinAza ke lie utpatti aura utpatti ke lie vinAza Avazyaka hai kintu utpatti aura vinAza donoM ke lie kisI aise AdhArabhUta tattva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jisameM utpatti aura vinAza kI prakriyAyeM ghaTita hotI haiM / yadi hama dhrauvya pakSa ko asvIkAra kareMge to utpatti aura vinAza paraspara asambandhita ho jAyeMge aura sattA aneka kSaNika evaM asambandhita kSaNajIvI tattvoM meM vibhakta ho jAyegI / ina paraspara asambandhita kSaNika sattAoM kI avadhAraNA se vyaktitva kI ekAtmakatA kA hI viccheda ho jAyegA, jisake abhAva meM naitika uttaradAyitva aura karmaphala vyavasthA arthavihIna ho jaayegii| isI prakAra ekAnta dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra karane para bhI isa jagat meM cala rahe utpatti aura vinAza ke krama ko samajhAyA nahIM jA sktaa| jaina darzana meM sat ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravya aura guNa tathA parivartanazIla pakSako paryAya kahA jAtA hai| agrima pRSThoM meM hama dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke saha sambandha ke bAre meM carcA kreNge| dravya aura paryAya kA sahasambandha hama yaha pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki jaina parasparA meM sat aura dravya ko paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM sat ke sthAna para dravya hI pramukha rahA hai / AgamoM meM sat ke sthAna para astikAya aura dravya ina do zabdoM kA hI prayoga dekhA gayA hai / jo astikAya hai ve nizcaya hI dravya haiM / ina donoM zabdoM meM bhI dravya zabda mukhyataH anya parasparAoM ke prabhAva se jaina darzana meM AyA hai usako apanA mUla zabda to astikAya hI hai / isameM 'asti' zabda sattA ke zAzvata pakSa kA aura kAya zabda azAzvata pakSa kA sUcaka mAnA jA sakatA hai / vaise sattA ko kAya zabda se sUcita karane kI paramparA zramaNa dhArA ke prakrudhakAtyAyana Adi anya dArzanikoM meM bhI rahI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM dravya pakSa kI zAzvatatA aura paryAya pakSa kI AzAzvata kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM kahA gayA hai ki 'davvaTThAe siya sAsayA pajjavaTThAe siya asAsayA' arthAt astittva ko dravya kI apekSA se zAzvata aura paryAya kI apekSA se azAzvata (anitya) kahA gayA hai / isa tathya kI adhika spaSTatA se citrita karate hue sanmatitarka meM AcArya siddhasena divAkara likhate haiM upajjati cayaMti A bhAvA niyameNa pajjavanayassa / - davvaTThiyassa savvaM sayA aNuppanna aviNaTTaM / / arthAt paryAya kI apekSA se astittva yA vastu utpanna hotI hai aura vinaSTa hotI hai, kintu dravya kI apekSA se vastu na to utpanna hotI hai aura na vinaSTa hotI hai| umAsvAmI ke tattvArthasUtra ke sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha meM dravyalakSaNaM (4/21) kahakara sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa batAyA hai / isa paribhASA se yaha phalita hotA hai jaina tattvadarzana 25

Page #39
1 ki dravya kA mukhya lakSaNa astittva hai / jo astittvAn hai, vahI dravya hai / kintu yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai ki dravya zabda kA vyutpattiparaka artha to 'dUyate iti dravya': ke AdhAra para utpAda vyaya rUpa astittva ko hI siddha karatA hai / isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo trikAla meM pariNamana karate hue bhI apane sva svabhAva kA pUrNataH parityAga na kare use hI sat yA dravya kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAmi ne eka ora dravya kA lakSaNa sat batAyA to dUsarI ora sat ko utpAda-vyaya- dhrauvyAtmaka bhI btaayaa| yadi sat aura dravya eka hai to phira dravya ko bhI utpAda - vyaya - dhrauvyAtmaka kahA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI umAsvAtI ne tattvArthasUtra (5 / 38 ) meM dravya ko paribhASita karate hue use guNa, paryAya yukta bhI kahA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAya saMgraha aura pravacanasAra meM inhIM donoM lakSaNoM ko milAkara dravya ko paribhASita kiyA hai| paMcAstikAya saMgraha (10) meM ve kahate haiM ki dravya sat lakSaNa vAlA hai / isI paribhASA ko aura spaSTa karate hue pravacanasAra (15-16) meM ve kahate haiM ki jo aparityakta svabhAva vAlA utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta tathA guNa- paryAya sahita hai, use dravya kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra kundakunda ne dravya kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM umAsvAmi ke sabhI lakSaNoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAmi kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne guNaparyAyavat dravya kahakareM jaina darzana ke bheda - abhedavAda ko puSTa kiyA hai / yadyapi tattvArthasUtra meM dravya kI yaha paribhASA bhI vaizeSikasUtra ke 'dravyaguNakarmabhyo'rthAntaraM sattA' (1/2/8) nAmaka sUtra ke nikaTa hI siddha hotI hai / umAsvAmi ne isa sUtra meM karma ke sthAna para paryAya ko rakha diyA hai / jaina darzana ke sat sambandhI siddhAnta kI carcA meM hama yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki dravya yA sattA parivartanazIla hokara bhI nitya hai / isI tathya ko mImAMsA darzana meM isa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai 1 I varddhamAnakabhaMge ca, rucakaH kriyate yadA / tadApUrvArthinaH zokaH prItizcAyyuttarArthinaH / / 21 / / he mArthinastu mAdhyasthyaM tasmAdvastu trayAtmakam / notpAdasthitibhaMgAnAmabhAvesanmati trayam / / 22 / / na nAzena vinAzoko, notpAdena vinAsukham / sthityAvinA na mAdhyasthyaM tena sAmAnya nityatA / 23 / / mImAMsA zlokavArtika pR-61 arthAt varddhamAnaka (bAjUbaMda) ko tor3akara rucakahAra banAne meM varddhamAnaka ko cAhane vAle ko zoka, rucaka cAhane vAle ko harSa aura svarNa cAhane vAle ko na harSa aura na zoka hotA hai / usakA to mAdhyastha bhAva rahatA hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki vastu yA sattA utpAda bhaMga aura sthiti rUpa hotI hai kyoMki nAza ke abhAva meM I jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 26

Page #40
zoka, utpAda ke abhAva meM sukha (harSa) aura sthiti ke abhAva meM modhyastha bhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai mImAMsA darzana bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka mAnatA hai / pariNamana yaha dravya kA AdhArabhUta lakSaNa hai kintu isa prakriyA meM dravya apane mUla svarUpa kA pUrNataH parityAga nahIM karatA hai / svaM svarUpa kA parityAga kiye binA vibhinna avasthAoM ko dhAraNa karane se hI dravya ko nitya kahA jAtA hai / kintu prati kSaNa utpanna hone vAle aura naSTa hone vAle paryAyoM kI apekSA se use anitya bhI kahA jAtA hai / use isa prakAra bhI samajhAyA jAtA hai ki mRttikA apane sva-jAtIya dharma kA parityAga kiye binA ghaTa Adi ko utpanna karatI hai / ghaTa kI utpatti meM piNDa paryAya kA vinAza hotA hai / jaba taka piNDa naSTa nahIM hotA taba taka ghaTa utpanna nahIM hotA kintu isa utpAda aura vyaya meM bhI mRttikA lakSaNa yathAvat banA rahatA hai / vastutaH koI bhI dravya apane sva-lakSaNa, sva-svabhAva athavA sva-jAtIya dharma kA pUrNataH parityAga nahIM karatA hai / dravya apane guNa yA sva-lakSaNa kI apekSA se nitya hotA hai, kyoMki sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga sambhava nahIM hai| ataH yaha sva - lakSaNa hI vastu kA nitya pakSa hotA hai / sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga kiye binA vastu jina vibhinna avasthAoM ko prApta hotI hai, ve paryAya kahalAtI haiN| ye parivartanazIla paryAya hI dravya kA anitya pakSa hai I isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya apane sva- lakSaNa yA guNa kI apekSA se nitya aura apanI paryAya kI apekSA se anitya kahA jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jIva dravya apane caitanya guNa kA kabhI parityAga nahIM karatA, kintu isake cetanA lakSaNa kA parityAga ke binA vaha deva, manuSya, pazu ina vibhinna yoniyoM ko athavA bAlaka, yuvA, vRddha Adi avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai / jina guNoM kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve hI guNa svalakSaNa kahe jAte haiM / yaha svalakSaNa hI dravya svarUpa hai / jina guNoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve paryAya kahalAtI haiN| paryAya badalatI rahatI haiM, kintu guNa vahI banA rahatA hai / ye paryAya bhI do prakAra kI kahI gayIM 1 svabhAva paryAya aura 2 vibhAva paryAya / jo paryAya yA avasthAyeM sva-lakSaNa ke nimitta se hotI haiM ve svabhAva paryAya kahalAtI haiM aura jo anya nimitta se hotI haiM ve vibhAva paryAya kahalAtI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAna aura darzana (pratyakSIkaraNa) sambandhI vibhinna anubhUtiparaka avasthAyeM AtmA kI svabhAva paryAya haiM / kyoMki ve AtmA ke sva-lakSaNa upayoga se phalita hotI haiM, jabaki krodha Adi kaSAya bhAva karma ke nimitta se yA dUsaroM ke nimitta se hotI haiM, ataH ve vibhAva paryAya haiM / phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ina guNoM aura paryAyoM kA adhiSThAna yA upAdAna to dravya svayaM hI hai / dravya guNa aura paryAyoM se abhinna hai, ve tInoM paraspara sApekSa haiM / jaina tattvadarzana I 27

Page #41
AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne sanmatitarkaprakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai, dravya se rahita guNa aura paryAya kI sattA nahIM hai| sAtha hI guNa aura paryAya se rahita dravya kI bhI sattA nahIM hai| davvaM pajjava viuaMdavva viuttA pajjavA ntthi| uppAdaTThii bhaMgA hadi daviya lakkhaNaM eyaM / / - sanmatitarka 12 arthAt dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM tAdAtmya hai, kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki astittva kI apekSA se unameM tAdAtmya hai kintu vicAra kI apekSA se ve pRthaka-pRthaka haiN| hama unheM alaga-alaga kara nahIM sakate kintu una para alaga-alaga vicAra sambhava hai| bAlapanA, yuvAvasthA yA bur3hApA vyakti se pRthak apanI sattA nahIM rakhate haiM- phira bhI ye tInoM avasthAeM eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| yahI sthiti dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI hai| guNa aura paryAya kA sahasambandha ___ dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH guNa dravya ke svabhAva yA sva-lakSaNa hote haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAmi ne dravyAzrayA nirguNAguNAH(5/40) kahakara yaha batAyA hai ki guNa dravya meM rahate haiM, para ve svayaM nirguNa hote haiN| guNa nirguNa hote haiM yaha paribhASA sAmAnyatayA Atma-virodhI sI lagatI hai kintu isa paribhASA kI mUlabhUta dRSTi yaha hai ki yadi hama guNa kA bhI guNa mAneMge to phira anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga aayegaa| Agamika dRSTi se guNa kI paribhASA isa rUpa meM kI gayI hai ki guNa dravya kA vidhAna hai yAni usakA sva-lakSaNa hai jabaki paryAya dravya vikAra hai| guNa bhI dravya ke samAna hI avinAzI hai| jisa dravya kA jo guNa hai vaha usameM sadaiva rahatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya kA jo avinAzI lakSaNa hai athavA dravya jisakA parityAga nahIM kara sakatA hai vahI guNa hai| guNa vastu kI sahabhAvI avasthAoM kA sUcaka hai| phira bhI guNa kI ye avasthAyeM arthAt guNa-paryAya badalatI haiN| dravya ke samAna hI guNoM kI paryAya hotI haiM jo guNa kI bhI parivartanazIlatA ko sUcita karatI haiN| jIva meM cetanA kI avasthAe~ badalatI haiM phira bhI cetanA guNa banA rahatA hai| ve vizeSatAe~ yA lakSaNa jinake AdhAra para eka dravya ko dUsare dravya se alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai ve, viziSTa guNa kahe jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dharma-dravya kA lakSaNa gati meM sahAyaka honA hai| adharma-dravya kA lakSaNa sthiti meM sahAyaka honA hai| jo sabhI dravyoM kA avagAhana karatA hai unheM sthAna detA hai, vaha AkAza kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra parivartana kAla kA aura upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 28

Page #42
hai| ataH guNa ve haiM jisake AdhAra para hama kisI dravya ko pahacAnate haiM aura usakA anya dravya se pRthaktva sthApita karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana (28/11-12) meM jIva aura pudagala ke aneka lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa huA hai| usameM jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya evaM upayoga ye jIva ke lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM aura zabda, prakAza, andhakAra, prabhA, chAyA, Atapa, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi ko pudgala kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki dravya aura guNa vicAra ke stara para hI alaga-alaga mAne gaye haiM lekina astittva kI dRSTi se ve pRthak-pRthak sattAe~ nahIM haiN| guNoM ke sandarbha meM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kucha guNa sAmAnya hote haiM aura ve sabhI dravyoM meM pAye jAte haiM aura kucha guNa viziSTa hote haiM, jo kucha hI dravyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| jaise-astittva lakSaNa sAmAnya hai jo sabhI dravya meM pAyA jAtA hai kintu cetanA Adi kucha guNa aise haiM jo kevala jIva dravya meM pAye jAte haiM, ajIva dravya meM unakA abhAva hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kucha guNa sAmAnya aura kucha viziSTa hote haiN| sAmAnya guNoM ke AdhAra para jAti yA varga kI pahacAna hotI hai| ve dravya yA vastuoM kA ekatva pratipAdita karate haiM, jabaki viziSTa guNa eka dravya kA dUsare se antara sthApita karate haiN| guNoM ke sandarbha meM carcA karate hue hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki aneka guNa sahabhAvI rUpa se eka hI dravya me rahate haiN| isIlie jaina darzana meM vastu ko anantadharmAtmaka kahA gayA hai| vizeSa guNoM kI eka anya vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve dravya vizeSa kI vibhinna paryAyoM meM bhI bane rahate haiN| jIvoM kI cetanA paryAya badalatI rahatI hai, phira bhI unakI parivartanazIla cetanA paryAyoM meM cetanA guNa aura jIva dravya banA rahatA hai| koI bhI dravya guNa se rahita nahIM hotaa| dravya aura guNa kA vibhAjana mAtra vaicArika stara para kiyA jAtA hai, sattA ke stara para nhiiN| guNa se rahita hokara na to dravya kI koI sattA hotI hai na dravya se rahita guNa kii| ataH sattA ke stara para guNa aura dravya meM abheda hai, jabaki vaicArika stara para donoM meM bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai ki dravya aura guNa anyonyAzrita haiN| dravya ke binA guNa kA astittva nahIM hai aura guNa ke binA dravya kA astittva nahIM hai| tattvArthasUtra (5/40) meM guNa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA gayA hai ki sva guNa ko chor3akara jinakA anya koI guNa nahIM hotA arthAt jo nirguNa hai vahI guNa hai| dravya aura guNa ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara jaina parasparA meM hameM tIna prakAra ke sandarbha prApta hote haiN| Agama graMthoM meM dravya aura guNa meM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (28/6) meM dravya ko guNa kA Azraya sthAna mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtrakAra ke anusAra guNa dravya meM rahate haiM arthAt dravya guNoM kA jaina tatvadarzana 29

Page #43
Azraya sthala hai kintu yahA~ Apatti yaha ho sakatI hai ki jaba dravya aura guNa kI bhinna-bhinna sattA hI nahIM hai to unameM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva kisa prakAra hogA ? vastutaH dravya aura guNa ke sambandha ko lekara kiyA gayA vaha vivecana mUlataH vaizeSika paramparA ke samIpa lagatA hai| jainoM ke anusAra siddhAntataH to Azraya- AzrayI bhAva unhIM do tattvoM meM ho sakatA hai jo eka-dUsare se pRthak sattA rakhate haiM / isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara pUjyapAda Adi kucha AcAryoM ne 'guNAnAM samUho davvo' athavA 'guNasamudAyo dravyamiti' kahakara kara dravya ko guNoM kA saMghAta mAnA hai / jaba dravya aura guNa kI alaga-alaga sattA hI mAnya nahIM hai, to vahA~ unake tAdAtmya ke atirikta anya koI sambandha mAnane kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai / anya koI sambandha mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ve eka dUsare se pRthak hokara apanA astittva rakhate haiN| yaha dRSTikoNa bauddha avadhAraNA ke samIpa hai / yaha saMghAtavAda kA hI apararUpa hai jabaki jaina paramparA saMghAtavAda ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai / vastutaH dravya ke sAtha guNa aura paryAya ke sambandha ko lekara tattvArthasUtrakAra ne jo dravya kI paribhASA dI hai, vahI adhika ucita jAna par3atI hai / tattvArthasUtrakAra ke anusAra guNa aura paryAyoM se yukta hai, vahI dravya hai / vaicArika stara para to guNa dravya se bhinna haiM aura usa dRSTi se unameM Azraya - AzrayI bhAva bhI dekhA jAtA hai kintu astittva ke stara para dravya aura guNa eka-dUsare se pRthak (vivikta) sattAe~ nahIM haiM ataH unameM tAdAtmya bhI hai| isa prakAra guNa aura dravya meM kathaMcit tAdAtmya sambandha ho sakatA hai| DaoN. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya jaina - darzana (pR. 144 ) meM likhate haiM ki guNa se dravya ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA isalie, vaha dravya se abhinna hai / kintu prayojana Adi bheda se usakA vibhinna rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ataH ve bhinna bhI haiM / eka hI pudgala paramANu meM yugapata rUpa se rUpa, rasa gandha Adi aneka guNa rahate haiN| anubhUti ke stara para rUpa, rasa, gandha Adi pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM / ataH vaicArika stara para kevala eka guNa na kevala dUsare guNa se bhinna hai apitu usa stara para yaha dravya . se bhI bhinna kalpita kiyA jA sakatA hai / punaH guNa apanI pUrva paryAya ko chor3akara uttara paryAya ko dhAraNa karatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha parivartita hotA rahatA hai kintu usameM yaha paryAya parivartana dravya se bhinna hokara nahIM hotA / paryAyoM meM hone vAle parivartana vastutaH dravya ke hI parivartana haiN| I T 1 paryAya aura guNa ko chor3akara dravya kA koI astittva hI nahIM hai / paryAyoM aura guNoM meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke bIca jo eka avicchinnatA kA niyAmaka tattva hai, vahI dravya hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM eka pudgala paramANu ke rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ke guNa badalate rahate haiM aura usa guNa parivartana ke pariNAmasvarUpa usakI paryAya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 30

Page #44
bhI badalatI rahatI hai, kintu ina parivartita hone vAle guNoM aura paryAyoM ke bIca bhI eka tattva hai jo ina parivartanoM ke bIca bhI banA rahatA hai| vahI dravya hai| pratyeka dravya meM prati samaya svAbhAvika guNa kRta aura vaibhAvika guNa kRta arthAt paryAyakRta utpAda aura vyaya hote rahate haiN| yaha saba usa dravya kI sampatti yA svarUpa hai| isalie dravya ko utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| dravya ke sAtha-sAtha usake guNoM meM bhI utpAda, vyaya hotA rahatA hai| jIva kA guNa cetanA hai usase pRthak hone para jIva, jIva nahIM rahegA, phira bhI jIva kI cetana anubhUtiyA~ sthira nahIM rahatI haiM, ve pratikSaNa badalatI rahatI haiN| ataH guNoM meM bhI utpAda-vyaya hotA rahatA hai| punaH vastu kA sva-lakSaNa kabhI badalatA nahIM hai ataH guNa meM dhrauvyatva pakSa bhI hai| ataH guNa bhI dravya ke samAna utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya lakSaNa yukta hai| guNa meM jo utpAda-vyaya yA avasthAntaraNa hotA hai, use hama guNa kI paryAya kahate haiN| jisa prakAra koI bhI dravya paryAya ke binA nahIM hotA hai, usI prakAra koI bhI guNa paryAya se rahita nahIM hotA hai| ___ jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra dravya evaM guNa meM ghaTita hone vAle vibhinna parivartana hI paryAya kahalAte haiN| pratyeka dravya prati samaya eka viziSTa avasthA ko prApta hotA rahatA hai| apane pUrva kSaNa kI avasthA kA tyAga karatA hai aura eka nUtana viziSTa avasthA ko prApta hotA hai inheM hI dravya kI paryAya kahate haiM dravya-paryAya svavargIya aneka dravyAzrita hotI hai, jabaki guNa paryAyeM eka dravyAzrita hotI haiN| yahA~ eka prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki yadi dravya guNa saMghAta (samudAya) rUpa haiM to phira dravya aura guNa kI alaga-alaga paryAya mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki dravya ke skandha, deza, pradeza tathA paramANu rUpa bhI haiM ataH dravya kI skandha, deza, pradeza yA paramANu rUpa paryAya arthAt usake AkAra Adi dravya paryAya haiN| dravya meM anantAnanta guNa hote haiM aura una guNoM meM prati samaya hone vAlI SaT guNa hAni vRddhi guNa paryAya hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM eka miTTI kA ghar3A hai, vaha mRtikA rUpa pudgala dravyoM kI AkRti hai yaha AkRti dravya paryAya hai kintu yaha kAlA yA lAla hai- yaha kAlA yA lAla honA guNa paryAya hai| jisa prakAra jalatI huI dIpazikhA meM prati kSaNa jalane vAlA teja badalatA rahatA hai, phira bhI dIpaka yathAvat jalatA rahatA hai, usI prakAra pratyeka dravya satat rUpa se parivartana yA pariNamana ko prApta hotA rahatA hai| phira bhI dravyatva yathAvat rahatA hai| dravya meM hone vAlA yaha parivartana yA pariNamana hI usakI paryAya hai| eka vyakti janma letA hai, bAlaka se kizora aura kizora se yuvaka, yuvaka se praur3ha aura praur3ha se vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| janma se lekara mRtyu kAla taka pratyeka vyakti ke deha kI zArIrika saMracanA meM tathA vicAra aura anubhUti kI caitasika avasthAoM meM parivartana hote rahate haiN| usameM prati kSaNa hone vAle ina jaina tattvadarzana

Page #45
parivartanoM ke dvArA vaha jo bhinna-bhinna avasthAyeM prApta karatA hai, ve hI paryAya haiN| jJAtavya hai ki paryAya jaina darzana kA viziSTa zabda hai| jaina darzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhI bhAratIya darzana meM paryAya kI yaha avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bAlyAvasthA se yuvAvasthA aura yuvAvasthA se vRddhAvasthA kI yaha yAtrA koI aisI ghaTanA nahIM hai jo eka hI kSaNa meM ghaTita ho jAtI hai| balki yaha saba kramika rUpa se ghaTita hotA rahatA hai, hameM usakA patA hI nahIM cltaa| yaha prati samaya honevAlA parivartana hI paryAya hai| paryAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha avasthA vizeSa hai| dArzanika jagata meM paryAya kA jo artha prasiddha huA hai, usameM Agama meM kiMcit bhinna artha meM paryAya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| dArzanika granthoM meM dravya ke kramabhAvI pariNAma ko paryAya kahA gayA hai tathA guNa evaM paryAya se yukta padArtha ko dravya kahA gayA hai| vahA~ para eka hI dravya yA vastu kI vibhinna paryAyoM kI carcA hai| Agama meM paryAya kA nirUpaNa dravya ke kramabhAvI pariNamana ke rUpa meM nahIM huA hai| Agama meM to eka padArtha jitanI avasthAoM meM prApta hotA hai unheM usa padArtha kA paryAya kahA gayA hai| jaise jIva kI paryAya hainAraka, deva, manuSya, tiryaMca, siddha aadi| prajJApanAsUtra ke paryAya pada meM jIva dravya aura ajIva dravya aura unake vibhinna prakAroM kI paryAyoM arthAt avasthAoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai| isameM una dravyoM ko sAmAnya apekSA se sambhAvita kitanI paryAyeM hotI haiM isakI bhI carcA hai| paryAya dravya kI bhI hotI hai aura guNa kI bhI hotI hai| guNoM kI paryAyoM kA ullekha anuyogadvArasUtra meM isa prakAra huA hai- eka guNa kAlA, dviguNa kAlA, yAvat ananta guNa kaalaa| isa prakAra kAle guNa kI ananta paryAyeM hotI haiN| isI prakAra nIle, pIle, lAla evaM sapheda vargoM kI paryAya bhI ananta hotI haiN| varNa kI bhA~ti gandha, rasa, sparza ke bhedoM kI bhI eka guNa se lekara ananta guNa taka kI paryAyeM hotI haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ekatva, pRthaktva, saMkhyA, saMsthAna, saMyoga aura vibhAga ko paryAya kA lakSaNa kahA hai| eka paryAya kA dUsare paryAya ke sAtha dravya kI dRSTi se ekatva (tAdAtmya) hotA hai, paryAya kI dRSTi se donoM paryAya eka-dUsare se pRthak hotI haiN| saMkhyA ke AdhAra para bhI paryAyoM meM bheda hotA hai| isI prakAra saMsthAna arthAt AkRti kI dRSTi se bhI paryAya-bheda hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina darzana meM hama jise paryAya kahate haiM use maharSi pataMjali ne mahAbhASya ke pazapAzAhika meM AkRti kahA hai| ve likhate haiM 'dravya nityamAkRtiranityA' / jisa paryAya kA saMyoga (utpAda) hotA hai usakA vinAza bhI nizcita rUpa se hotA hai| koI bhI dravya kabhI bhI paryAya se rahita nahIM hotaa| phira bhI dravya kI ve paryAyeM sthira bhI nahIM rahatI haiM ve prati samaya parivartita jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #46
hotI rahatI haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ne paryAya parivartana kI ina ghaTanAoM ko dravya meM hone vAle utpAda aura vyaya ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kiyA hai| dravya meM prati kSaNa pUrNa paryAya kA nAza yA vyaya tathA uttara paryAya kA utpAda hotA rahatA hai| utpAda aura vyaya kI ghaTanA jisameM yA jisake sahAre ghaTita hotI hai yA jo parivartita hotA hai, vahI dravya hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya meM bhI kathaMcit tAdAtmya isa artha meM hai paryAya se rahita hokara dravya kA koI astittva hI nahIM hai| dravya kI paryAya badalate rahane para bhI dravya meM eka kSaNa ke lie bhI aisA nahIM hotA ki vaha paryAya se rahita ho| siddhasena divAkara kA kathana hai ki na to paryAyoM se pRthak hokara dravya apanA astittva rakha sakatA hai aura na dravya se pRthaka hokara paryAya kA hI koI astittva hotA hai| sattAtmaka stara para dravya aura paryAya alaga-alaga sattAe~ nahIM haiN| ve tattvataH abhinna haiM kintu dravya ke bane rahane para bhI paryAyoM kI utpatti aura vinAza kA krama ghaTita hotA rahatA hai| yadi paryAya utpanna hotI hai aura vinaSTa hotI hai, to use dravya se kathaMcit bhinna bhI mAnanA hogaa| jisa prakAra bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA vyakti se pRthaka kahIM nahIM dekhI jaatii| ve vyakti meM hI ghaTita hotI haiM aura vyakti se abhinna hotI haiM kintu eka hI vyakti meM bAlyAvasthA kA vinAza aura yuvAvasthA kI prApti dekhI jAtI hai| ataH apane vinAza aura utpatti kI dRSTi se ve paryAyeM vyakti se pRthak hI kahI jA sakatI haiN| vaicArika stara para pratyeka paryAya dravya se bhinnatA rakhatI hai| saMkSepa meM tAtvika stara para yA sattA kI dRSTi se hama dravya aura paryAya ko alaga-alaga nahIM kara sakate, ataH ve abhinna haiN| kintu vaicArika stara para dravya aura paryAya ko paraspara pRthak mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki paryAya utpanna hotI haiM aura naSTa hotI haiM, jabaki dravya banA rahatA hai, ataH ve dravya se bhinna bhI hotI haiM aura abhinna bhii| jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya kI yaha kathaMcit abhinnatA unake anekAMtika dRSTikoNa kI paricAyaka hai| paryAya ke prakAra (ka) jIva paryAya aura ajIva paryAya paryAyoM ke prakAroM kI Agamika AdhAroM para carcA karate hue dravyAnuyoga (pR.38) meM upAdhyAya zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI ma.sA. kamala likhate haiM ki prajJApanA (sUtra) meM paryAya ke do bheda pratipAdita haiM- 1. jIva paryAya aura 2. ajIva pryaay| ye donoM prakAra kI paryAyeM ananta hotI haiN| jIva paryAya kisa prakAra ananta hotI hai, isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nairayika, bhavanapati, vANavyantara, jyotiSka, vaimAnika, pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, dvindriya, trendriya, caturIndriya, tiryaJcayonika aura manuSya ye sabhI jIva asaMkhyAt haiM, kintu vanaspatikAyika jaina tattvadarzana 33

Page #47
aura siddha jIva to ananta haiM, isalie jIva paryAyeM ananta haiN| isI prakAra ajIva pudgala Adi rUpa hai, punaH pudgala skandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANu rUpa hotA hai, sAtha hI usameM varNa, gandha, rasa, rUpa aura sparza guNa hote haiM, phira meM inake bhI aneka AvAntara bheda hote haiM, sAtha hI pratyeka guNa ke bhI aneka aMza (Degrees) hote haiM, ataH ina vibhinna aMzoM aura unake vibhinna saMyogoM kI apekSA se pudgala Adi ajIva dravyoM kI bhI ananta paryAye hotI haiN| jinakA vistRta vivecana prajJApanAsUtra ke paryAya pada meM kiyA gayA hai| (kha) arthaparyAya aura vyaJjanaparyAya punaH paryAya do prakAra kI hotI hai- 1. arthaparyAya aura 2. vyNjnpryaay| eka hI padArtha kI pratikSaNa meM parivartita hone vAlI kramabhAvI paryAyoM ko artha paryAya kahate haiM tathA padArtha kI usake vibhinna prakAroM evaM bhedoM meM jo paryAya hotI hai use vyaMjana kahate haiN| artha paryAya sUkSma evaM vyaMjana paryAya sthUla hotI hai| jJAtavya hai ki dhavalA (4/1/5.4/337/6) meM dravya paryAya ko hI vyaMjana paryAya kahA gayA hai aura guNa paryAya ko hI artha paryAya bhI kahA gayA hai| dravya paryAya aura guNa paryAya kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki yadi vyaJjana paryAya hI dravya paryAya aura artha paryAya hI guNa paryAya hai to phira inheM pRthak-pRthak kyoM batAyA gayA hai, isakA uttara yaha hai ki pravAha kI apekSA se vyaJjana paryAya cirakAyika hotI hai, jaise jIva kI cetana paryAya sadaiva banI rahatI hai cAhe cetana avasthAeM badalatI raheM, isake viparIta artha paryAya guNoM aura unake aMzoM kI apekSA se prati samaya badalatI rahatI hai| vyaJjana paryAya sAmAnya hai, jaise jIvoM kI cetanA paryAyeM jo sabhI jIvoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM pAI jAtI haiN| ve dravya kI sahabhAgI paryAyeM haiM aura artha paryAya vizeSa hai jaise kisI vyakti vizeSa kI kAla vizeSa meM hone vAlI krodha Adi kI kramika avasthAeM, ataH artha paryAya kramabhAvI haiM, ve kramika rUpa se kAla krama meM ghaTita hotI rahatI haiM ataH kAlakRta bheda ke AdhAra para unheM dravya paryAya aura guNa paryAya se pRthak kahA gayA hai| (ga) UrdhvaparyAya aura tiryakaparyAya ___ paryAya ko Urdhva paryAya evaM tiryak paryAya ke rUpa meM bhI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke aneka manuSyoM kI apekSA se manuSyoM kI jo ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM ve tiryak paryAya kahI jAtI haiN| jabaki eka hI manuSya ke trikAla meM prati kSaNa hone vAle paryAya pariNamana ko Urdhva paryAya kahA jAtA hai| tiryak abheda meM bheda grAhI hai aura Urdhva paryAya bheda meM abheda grAhI hai| jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #48
yadyapi paryAya dRSTi bhedagrAhI hI hotI hai, phira bhI apekSA bheda se yA upacAra se yaha kahA gayA hai| dUsare rUpa meM tiryaka paryAya dravya sAmAnya ke dika gata bheda kA grahaNa karatI hai aura Urdhva paryAya dravya-vizeSa ke kAlagata bhedoM ko| (gha) svabhAva paryAya aura vibhAva paryAya dravya meM apane nija svabhAva kI jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM, ve svabhAva paryAya kahI jAtI haiM aura para ke nimitta se jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM, ve vibhAva paryAya hotI haiN| jaise karma ke nimitta se AtmA ke jo krodhAdi kaSAya rUpa pariNamana haiM ve vibhAva paryAya haiM aura AtmA yA kevalI kA jJAtA-draSTA bhAva svabhAva paryAya hai| jIvita zarIra pudgala kI vibhAva paryAya hai aura varNa, gandha Adi svabhAva paryAya haiN| jJAtavya hai ki dharma, adharma, AkAza tathA kAla kI vibhAva paryAya nahIM hai| ghaTAkAza, maThAkAza Adi ko upacAra se AkAza kA vibhAva paryAya kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu yathArtha se nahIM, kyoMki AkAza akhaNDa dravya hai, usameM bheda upacAra se mAne jA sakate haiN| (Ga) sajAtIya aura vijAtIya dravya paryAya sajAtIya dravyoM ke paraspara milane se jo paryAya utpanna hotI hai, vaha sajAtIya dravya paryAya hai jaise samAna varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi-Adi se banA skndh| isase bhinna vijAtIya paryAya hai| (ca) kAraNa zuddha paryAya aura kArya zuddha paryAya svabhAva paryAya ke antargata do prakAra kI paryAyeM hotI haiM kAraNa zuddha paryAya aura kArya zuddha pryaay| paryAyoM meM paraspara kAraNa kArya bhAva hotA hai| jo svabhAva paryAya kAraNa rUpa hotI hai kAraNa zuddha paryAya hai aura jo svabhAva paryAya kArya rUpa hotI hai ve kArya zuddha paryAya haiM, kintu yaha kathana sApekSa rUpa se samajhanA cAhie kyoMki jo paryAya kisI kA kAraNa hai, vahI dUsarI kA kArya bhI ho sakatI hai| isI krama meM vibhAva paryAyoM ko bhI kArya azuddha paryAya yA kAraNa azuddha paryAya bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| (cha) sahabhAvI paryAya aura kramabhAvI paryAya jaba kisI dravya meM yA guNa meM aneka paryAyeM eka sAtha hotI haiM, to ve sahabhAvI paryAya kahI jAtI haiM jaise pudgala dravya meM varNa, gandha, rasa Adi rUpa paryAyoM kA eka sAtha honaa| kAla kI apekSA se jina paryAyoM meM krama pAyA jAtA hai, ve krama bhAvI paryAya haiN| jaise vAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhaavsthaa| (ja) sAmAnya paryAya aura vizeSa paryAya vaise to sabhI paryAyeM vizeSa hI haiM kintu aneka dravyoM kI jo samarUpa paryAyeM haiM ve sAmAnya paryAya kahIM jA sakatI haiM jaise aneka jIvoM kA manuSya paryAya meM honaa| jaina tattvadarzana 35

Page #49
1 jJAtavya hai ki paryAyoM meM na kevala mAtrAtmaka arthAt saMkhyA aura aMzoM (Degrees) kI apekSA se bheda hotA hai apitu guNoM kI apekSA se bhI bheda hote haiN| mAtrA kI apekSA se eka aMza kAlA, do aMza vAlA, ananta aMza kAlA Adi bheda hote haiM jabaki guNAtmaka dRSTi se kAlA, lAla zveta Adi athavA khaTTA-mIThA Adi athavA manuSya, pazu, nAraka, devatA Adi bheda hote haiM / guNa aura paryAya kI vAstavikatA kA prazna jo dArzanika sattA aura guNa meM abhinnatA yA tAdAtmya ke pratipAdaka haiM aura jo parama sattA ko tattvataH advaita mAnate haiM, ve guNa aura paryAya ko vAstavika nahIM, apitu pratibhAsika mAnate haiN| unakA mAnanA hai ki rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza Adi guNoM kI parama sattA se pRthak koI sattA hI nahIM hai ye mAtra pratItiyA~ haiM / anubhava ke stara para jinakA utpAda yA vyaya hai arthAt jo parivartanazIla hai, vaha sat nahIM hai, mAtra pratibhAsa hai| unake anusAra parama sattA (brahma) nirguNa hai / isI prakAra vijJAnavAdI yA pratyayavAdI dArzanikoM ke anusAra paramANu bhI eka aisA avibhAgI padArtha hai, jo vibhinna indriyoM dvArA rUpAdi vibhinna guNoM kI pratIti karAtA hai, kintu vastutaH usameM ina guNoM kI koI sattA nahIM hotI hai / ina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza Adi kI anubhUti hamAre mana para nirbhara karatI hai / ataH ve vastu ke sambandha meM hamAre manovikalpa hI haiM / unakI koI vAstavika sattA nahIM hai / yadi hamArI indriyoM kI saMracanA bhinna prakAra kI hotI hai to unase hameM jo saMvedanA hotI vaha bhI bhinna prakAra kI hotI / yadi saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM kI A~khoM kI saMracanA meM raMga aMdhatA hotI to ve saMsAra kI sabhI vastuoM ko kevala zveta-zyAma rUpa meM hI dekhate aura unheM anya raMgoM kA koI bodha nahIM hotA / lAlAdi raMgoM ke astittva kA vicAra hI nahIM hotA / jisa prakAra indradhanuSa ke raMga mAtra pratIti haiM vAstavika nahIM athavA jisa prakAra hamAre svapna kI vastue~ mAtra manokalpanAe~ haiM, usI prakAra guNa aura paryAya bhI mAtra pratibhAsa hai / citta - vikalpa vAstavika nahIM haiM / kintu jaina dArzanika anya vastuvAdI dArzanikoM (Realist) ke samAna dravya ke sAtha-sAtha guNa aura paryAya ko bhI yathArtha / vAstavika mAnate haiM / unake anusAra pratIti aura pratyaya yathArtha ke hI hote haiM / jo ayathArtha ho usakA koI pratyaya ( Idea ) yA pratIti hI nahIM ho sakatI hai / AkAza - kusuma yA parI Adi kI ayathArtha kalpanAe~ bhI do yathArtha anubhUtiyoM kA caittasika stara para kiyA gayA mizraNa mAtra hai / svapna bhI yathArtha anubhUtiyoM aura unake caittasika stara para kiye gaye mizraNoM se hI nirmita hote haiM, janmAndha ko kabhI raMgoM ke koI svapna nahIM hote haiM / ataH jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 36

Page #50
ayathArtha kI koI pratIti nahIM ho sakatI haiM, jainoM ke anusAra anubhUti kA pratyeka viSaya apanI vAstavika sattA rakhatA hai| isase na kevala dravya apitu guNa aura paryAya bhI vAstavika (Real) siddha hote haiN| sattA kI isa vAstavikatA ke kAraNa hI prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne use astikAya kahA hai| ataH utpAda-vyaya dharmA hokara bhI paryAya pratibhAsa na hokara vAstavika haiN| kramabaddha paryAya __paryAyoM ke sambandha meM jo eka mahattvapUrNa prazna ina dinoM bahucarcita hai, vaha hai paryAyoM kI krmbddhtaa| yaha to sarvamAnya hai ki paryAyeM sahabhAvI aura kramabhAvI hotI haiM, kintu paryAyeM kramabaddha hI haiM, yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| paryAyeM krama se ghaTita hotI haiM, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lene para ki paryAyoM ke ghaTita hone kA yaha krama bhI pUrva niyata hai, puruSArtha ke lie koI avakAza nahIM raha jAtA hai| paryAyoM ko kramabaddha mAnane kA mukhya AdhAra jaina darzana meM pracalita sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA hai| jaba eka bAra yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sabhI dravyoM ke traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, to isakA artha hai ki sarvajJa ke jJAna meM sabhI dravyoM kI sarva paryAyeM kramabaddha aura niyata haiM, unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana sambhava nahIM hai| bhavitavyatA ko puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se badalane kI sambhavanA nahIM hai| jisakA jaisA paryAya pariNamana hotA hai vaha vaisA hI hogaa| isa avadhAraNA kA eka acchA pakSa yaha hai ki ise mAna lene para vyaktiM bhUta aura bhAvI ke sambandha ke vyartha ke saMkalpa-vikalpa se mukta raha kara samabhAva meM raha sakatA hai dUsare usameM kartRttva kA mithyA ahaMkAra bhI nahIM hotA hai| kintu isakA durbala pakSa yaha hai ki isameM puruSArtha ke lie avakAza nahIM rahatA hai aura vyakti nirAzAvAdI aura akarmaNya bana jAtA hai| apane bhaviSya ko saMvArane kA vizvAsa bhI vyakti ke pAsa nahIM raha jAtA hai| kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA niyativAda kI samarthaka hai ataH isameM naitika uttaradAyittva bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| yadi vyakti apanI svatantra icchA zakti se kucha bhI anyathA nahIM kara sakatA hai to use kisI bhI acche-bure karma ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| yadyapi isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka jainadarzana ke paMcakAraNasamavAya ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA se inkAra nahIM karate haiN| kintu yadi unake anusAra puruSArtha bhI niyata hai aura vyakti saMkalpa svAtantrya ke AdhAra para anyathA kucha karane meM samartha nahIM haiM to use puruSArtha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hai aura yadi puruSArtha niyata hai to phira vaha niyati se bhinna nahIM hai| kramabaddha jaina tattvadarzana

Page #51
paryAya kI avadhAraNA meM vyakti niyati kA dAsa banakara raha jAtA hai| cAhe paMcakAraNasamavAya ke AdhAra para kArya meM puruSArtha Adi anya kAraNa ghaTakoM kI sattA mAna bhI lI jAye to bhI ve niyata hI hogeM ataH kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA niyativAda se bhinna nahIM hogii| niyativAda vyakti ko saMkalpa-vikalpa se aura kartRtva ke ahaMkAra se dUra rakhakara citta ko samAdhi to detA hai, kintu usameM naitika uttaradAyitva aura sAdhanAtmaka puruSArtha ke lie koI guMjAiza nahIM hai| yadi kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA vAle pakSa kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki jo asarvajJa hai vaha apane bhAvI ko nahIM jAnatA hai ataH use puruSArtha karanA caahie| kintu isa kathana ko eka sujhAva mAtra kahA jAtA hai, isake pIche saiddhAntika bala nahIM hai| yadi sarvajJa ke jJAna meM merI samasta bhAvI paryAyeM niyata haiM to phira puruSArtha karane kA kyA artha raha jAtA hai aura jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai yadi puruSArtha kI paryAyeM bhI niyata haiM to phira usake lie preraNA kA kyA artha hai? ___kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA ke pakSa meM sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA ke atirikta eka anya tarka kArya kAraNa vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta kI kaThora vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para bhI diyA jAtA hai| yadi kArya kAraNa vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta ko apane kaThora artha meM liyA jAtA hai to phira isa vyavasthA ke adhIna bhI sabhI paryAyeM niyata hI siddha hoNgii| yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sarvajJatA kA jo artha paravartI jaina AcAryoM ne liyA hai, usakA aisA artha prAcIna kAla meM nahIM thaa| usa samaya sarvajJa kA artha dharmajJa thA yA adhika se adhika tAtkAlika sabhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA jJAna thaa| bhagavatIsUtra kI yaha avadhAraNA ki "kevalI siya jANaI siya Na jANaI" se bhI sarvajJatA kA vaha artha ki sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai khaNDita hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne to spaSTa kahA hai ki nizcaya naya se sarvajJa AtmajJa hotA hai, sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, yaha mAtra vyavahAra kathana hai aura vyavahAra abhUtArtha hai| isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAlajI, DaoN. nagIna je. zAha aura maiMne vistAra se carcA kI hai, yahA~ usa carcA ko doharAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| punaH jaina karma siddhAnta meM karmavipAka meM udIraNA, saMkramaNa, apavartana aura utkarSaNa Adi kI jo avadhAraNAe~ haiM ve karma vyavasthA meM puruSArtha kI sambhAvanAe~ spaSTa kara detI haiN| punaH yadi mahAvIra ko kramabaddhaparyAya kI avadhAraNA mAnya hotI to phira gozAlaka ke niyativAda ke sthAna para puruSArtha kI sthApanA ve kyoM karate? jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai na to bhagavatI, prajJApanA Adi zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM meM aura na SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa Adi digambara AgamoM 38 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #52
meM tathA na kundakunda ke granthoM meM kahIM kramabaddhaparyAya kI spaSTa avadhAraNA hai / phira bhI kramabaddha paryAya ke sambandha meM DaoN. hukamacandra jI bhArilla kA jo grantha hai vaha darzana jagat meM isa viSaya para likhA gayA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / isa sambandha meM mata vaibhinya apanI jagaha hai kintu paryAyoM kI kramabaddhatA ke samarthana meM sarvajJatA ko AdhAra mAna kara dI gaI unakI yuktiyA~ apanI mahattva rakhatI haiN| vistAra bhaya se isa sambandha meM gahana carcA meM na jAkara apane vaktavya ko yahI virAma denA cAhUMgA aura vidvAnoM se apekSA karUMgA ki paryAya ke sambandha meM uThAye gaye ina praznoM para jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM apanA cintana prastuta kreN| jaina tattvadarzana 39

Page #53
jainadarzana meM paMcAstikAya evaM Sadravya paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana meM 'dravya' ke vargIkaraNa kA eka AdhAra astikAya aura anastikAya kI avadhAraNA bhI hai| SadravyoM meM dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva ye pA~ca astikAya mAne gaye haiM jabaki kAla ko anastikAya mAnA gayA haiN| adhikAMza jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra kAla kA astittva to hai, kintu usameM kAyatva nahIM hai, ataH use astikAya ke varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne to kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI Apatti uThAI hai, kintu yaha eka bhinna viSaya hai, isakI carcA hama Age kreNge| astikAya kA tAtparya sarvaprathama to hamAre sAmane mUla prazna yaha hai ki astikAya kI isa avadhAraNA kA tAtparya kyA hai? vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'astikAya' do zabdoM ke mela se banA hai- asti+kaay| 'asti kA artha hai sattA yA astitva aura 'kAya' kA artha hai- zarIra arthAt jo zarIra-rUpa se astitvavAn hai vaha astikAya hai| kintu yahA~ 'kAya' (zarIra) zabda bhautika zarIra ke artha meM prayukta nahIM hai jaisA ki jana-sAdhAraNa samajhatA hai| kyoMki paMca-astikAyoM meM pudgala ko chor3akara zeSa cAra to amUrta haiM, ataH ve astikAya haiN| paramANu Adi, madhya aura anta se rahita hai, kintu paramANu jur3akara skandha banAte haiN| paramANu aura skandha pudgala ke hI rUpa haiM ataH pudgala ko bhI astikAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI unakA AkAza meM vistAra hai| ___vastutaH isa prasaMga meM kAyatva kA artha vistArayukta honA hI hai| jo dravya vistAravAna haiM ve astikAya haiM aura jo vistAra rahita haiM ve anastikAya haiN| vistAra kI yaha avadhAraNA, kSetra kI avadhAraNA para Azrita hai| vastutaH kAyatva ke artha ke spaSTIkaraNa meM sAvayavatva evaM sapradezatva kI jo avadhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM, ve sabhI kSetra ke avagAhana kI saMkalpanA se sambandhita haiN| vistAra kA tAtparya hai kSetra kA avgaahn| jo dravya jitane kSetra kA avagAhana karatA hai vahI usakA vistAra yA 40 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #54
pradeza pracayatva yA kAyatva hai| vistAra yA pracaya do prakAra kA mAnA gayA haiUrdhva pracaya aura tiryak prcy| Adhunika zabdAvalI meM inheM kramaza' UrdhvaekarekhIya vistAra (Longitudinal Extension) aura bahuAyAmI vistAra (Multidimensinonal Extension) kahA jA sakatA hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA meM pracaya yA vistAra ko jisa artha meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai vaha bahuAyAmI vistAra hai na ki Urdhva-ekarekhIya vistaar| jaina dArzanikoM ne kevala unhIM dravyoM ko astikAya kahA hai, jinakA tiryak pracaya yA bahuAyAmI vistAra hai| kAla meM kevala Urdhva-pracaya yA eka-AyAmI vistAra hai, ataH use astikAya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi pro. jI. Ara. jaina ne kAla ko eka-AyAmI (Mono-dimensional) aura zeSa ko dvi-AyAmI (Two-dimensional) mAnA hai kintu merI dRSTi meM zeSa dravya tri-AyAmI haiM, kyoMki ve skandharUpa haiM, ataH unameM lambAI-caur3AI aura moTAI ke rUpa meM tIna AyAma hote haiN| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jina dravyoM meM tri-AyAmI vistAra hai, ve astikAya dravya haiN| yahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki kAla bhI lokavyApI hai phira use astikAya kyoM nahIM mAnA gayA? isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki yadyapi lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para kAlANu sthita haiM, kintu pratyeka kAlANu (Time grains) apane Apa meM eka svataMtra dravya haiM, ve paraspara nirapekSa haiM, snigdha evaM rUkSa guNa ke abhAva ke kAraNa unameM baMdha nahIM hotA hai, arthAt unake skandha nahIM banate haiN| skandha ke abhAva meM unameM pradeza pracayatva kI kalpanA saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH ve astikAya dravya nahIM haiN| kAla-dravya ko astikAya isaliye nahIM kahA gayA, kyoMki usameM svarUpataH aura upacAra donoM hI prakAra se pradeza pracayatva kI kalpanA kA abhAva hai| yadyapi pAzcAtya dArzanika dekArta ne pudgala (Matter) kA guNa vistAra (Extention) mAnA hai kintu jainadarzana kI vizeSatA to yaha hai ki vaha AtmA; dharma, adharma aura AkAza jaise amUrta-dravyoM meM bhI vistAra kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| inake vistAravAn (kAyatva se yukta) hone kA artha hai, ve dik (pace) meM prasArita yA vyApta haiN| dharma evaM adharma to eka mahAskandha ke rUpa meM sampUrNa lokAkAza ke sImita aMsakhya pradezI kSetra meM prasArita yA vyApta haiN| AkAza to svataH hI ananta pradeza vAlA hokara loka evaM aloka meM vistArita hai, ataH isameM bhI kAyatva kI avadhAraNA sambhava hai| jahA~ taka AtmA kA prazna hai dekArta usameM 'vistAra' ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, kintu jaina darzana use vistArayukta mAnatA hai| kyoMki AtmA jisa zarIra ko apanA AvAsa banAtA hai usameM vaha samagrataH vyApta ho jAtA hai| hama jaina tattvadarzana 41

Page #55
yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki zarIra ke amuka bhAga meM AtmA hai aura amuka bhAga meM nahIM hai, vaha apane cetanA lakSaNa se sampUrNa zarIra ko vyApta karatA hai| ataH usameM vistAra hai, vaha astikAya hai| hameM isa bhrAnti ko nikAla denA cAhie ki kevala mUrta-dravya kA vistAra hotA hai aura amUrta kA nhiiN| Adhunika vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki amUrtta-dravya kA bhI vistAra hotA hai| vastutaH amUrtta-dravya ke vistAra kI kalpanA usake lakSaNoM yA kAryoM ke AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai, jaise dharma-dravya kA kArya gati ko sambhava banAnA hai, vaha gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hai| ataH jahA~-jahA~ gati hai yA gati sambhava hai, vahA~-vahA~ dharma-dravya kI upasthiti evaM vistAra hai, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI dravya ko astikAya kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha dravya dik meM prasArita hai yA prasAraNa kI kSamatA se yukta hai| vistAra yA prasAra (Extention) hI kAyatva hai kyoMki vistAra yA prasAra kI upasthiti meM hI pradeza pracayatva tathA sAvayavatA kI siddhi hotI hai| ataH jina dravyoM meM astittva ke sAtha-sAtha vistAra yA prasAra kA lakSaNa hai, ve astikAya haiN| aba eka prazna yaha zeSa rahatA hai ki kAla ko astikAya kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA? yadyapi anAdi bhUta se lekara ananta bhaviSya taka kAla ke vistAra kA anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu phira bhI usameM kAyatva kA AropaNa saMbhava nahIM hai| kyoMki kAla kA pratyeka ghaTaka apanI svataMtra aura pRthak sattA rakhatA hai| jaina darzana kI pAramparika paribhASA meM kAlANuoM meM snigdha evaM rUkSa guNa ke abhAva hone se unakA koI skandha yA saMghAta nahIM bana sakatA hai| yadi unake skandha kI parikalpanA bhI kara lI jAya to paryAya-samaya kI siddhi nahIM hotI hai| punaH kAla ke vartanA lakSaNa kI siddhi kevala vartamAna meM hI hai aura vartamAna atyanta sUkSma hai| ataH kAla meM vistAra(pradeza pracayatva) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA aura isalie vaha astikAya bhI nahIM hai| prAraMbha se hI ye astikAya pA~ca mAne gaye haiM- 1. dharma, 2. adharma, 3. jIva, 4. pudgala aura 5. AkAza, ina pAMcoM kI vistRta carcA SadravyoM ke prasaMga meM kI gaI hai| astikAyoM ke pradeza pracayatva kA alpabahutva jJAtavya hai ki sabhI astikAya dravyoM kA vistAra-kSetra samAna nahIM hai, unameM bhinnatAe~ haiN| jahA~ AkAza kA vistAra-kSetra loka aura aloka donoM haiM vahA~ dharma-dravya aura adharma-dravya kevala loka taka hI sImita haiN| pudgala ke pratyeka skandha aura pratyeka jIva kA vistAra-kSetra bhI bhinna-bhinna hai| pudgala piNDoM kA jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #56
1 vistAra kSetra unake AkAra para nirbhara karatA hai / pratyeka jIvAtmA kA vistAra - kSetra usake dvArA gRhIta zarIra ke AkAra para nirbhara karatA hai / isa prakAra dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva astikAya hote hue bhI unakA vistAra - kSetra yA kAva samAna nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne unameM pradeza dRSTi se bhinnatA spaSTa kI hai bhagavatIsUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki dharma-dravya aura adharma ke pradeza anya dravyoM kI apekSA sabase kama haiN| ve lokAkAza taka (Within the limits of universe) sImita haiM aura asaMkhya pradezI haiM / AkAza kI pradeza saMkhyA ina donoM kI apekSA anantaguNA adhika mAnI gayI hai| AkAza ananta pradezI haiM, kyoMki vaha sasIma loka (Finite universe) taka sImita nahIM hai / usakA vistAra aloka meM bhI hai / punaH AkAza kI apekSA jIva dravya ke pradeza anantaguNA adhika haiM kyoMki prathama to jahA~ dharmaadharma aura AkAza kA ekala- dravya hai vahA~ jIva ananta - dravya haiM kyoMki saMkhyA kI apekSA jIva ananta hai| punaH pratyeka jIva ke asaMkhya pradeza haiM / pratyeka jIva meM apane Atma-pradezoM se sampUrNa loka ko vyApta karane kI kSamatA hai / jIvadravya ke pradezoM kI apekSA bhI pudgala - dravya ke pradeza ananta guNA adhika haiM, kyoMki pratyeka jIva ke sAtha ananta karma-pudgala saMyojita haiM / yadyapi kAla kI pradeza saMkhyA pudgala kI apekSA bhI ananta guNI mAnI gayI, kyoMki pratyeka jIva aura pudgala - dravya kI vartamAna, anAdi bhUta aura ananta bhaviSya kI dRSTi se ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM ataH kAla kI pradeza-saMkhyA sarvAdhika honI cAhie- phira kAlANuoM kA samAveza pudgala-dravya ke pradezoM meM hone kI vajaha se astikAya meM pudgala - dravya ke pradezoM kI saMkhyA hI sarvAdhika mAnI gayI hai / isa samagra vivecana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki astikAya kI avadhAraNA aura dravya kI avadhAraNA ke varNya viSaya eka hI haiM / SaTdravyoM kI avadhAraNA yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki prArambha meM jaina darzana meM paMca astikAya kI avadhAraNA hI thii| apane itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha avadhAraNA pArzvayugIna thI / 'isibhAsiyAI' ke pArzva nAmaka ikatIsaveM adhyAya meM pArzva ke jagat sambandhI dRSTikoNa kA prastutIkaraNa karate hue vizva ke mUla ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kA ullekha huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne pArzva ko isI avadhAraNA kA poSaNa karate hue yaha mAnA thA ki loka paMcAstikAya rUpa hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jainadarzana meM kAla ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnA gayA thA / use jIva evaM pudgala kI paryAya ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA jAtA thA / prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM uttarAdhyayana hI aisA Agama hai jahA~ kAla ko sarvaprathama eka svatantra dravya ke rUpa jaina tattvadarzana " 43

Page #57
1 meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA meM umAsvAmi ke kAla taka, kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM - isa prazna ko lekara matabheda thA / isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM meM tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ cala rahI thIM / kucha vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the / tattvArthasUtra kA bhASyamAna pATha 'kAlazcetyeke' kA nirdeza karatA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki kucha vicAraka kAla ko bhI svatantra dravya mAnane lage the / lagatA hai ki lagabhaga pA~cavI zatAbdI meM Akara kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA thA aura yahI kAraNa thA ki sarvArthasiddhikAra ne 'kAlazcetyeke' sUtra ke sthAna para 'kAlazca' isa sUtra ko mAnya kiyA thA / jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM kAla ko eka svatantra dravya mAna liyA gayA, to astikAya aura dravya zabdoM ke vAcya viSayoM meM eka antara A gyaa| jahA~ astikAya ke antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ye pA~ca hI dravya mAne gaye, vahA~ dravya kI avadhAraNA ke antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ye SaTdravya mAne gaye / vastutaH astikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina paramparA kI apanI maulika aura prAcIna avadhAraNA thI / use jaba vaizeSika darzana kI dravya kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha svIkRta kiyA gayA, to prArambha meM to pA~ca astikAyoM ko hI dravya mAnA gayA kintu jaba kAla ko eka svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta ho gaI to dravyoM kI saMkhyA pA~ca se bar3hakara chaha ho gaI / cU~ki AgamoM meM kahIM bhI astikAya varga ke antargata kAla kI gaNanA nahIM thI ataH kAla ko anastikAya varga meM rakhA gayA aura yaha mAna liyA gayA ki kAla jIva aura pudgala ke parivartanoM kA nimitta hai aura kAlANu tiryak pradeza pracayatva se rahita haiM ataH kAla anastikAya hai / isa prakAra dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM sarvaprathama do prakAra ke vargIkaraNa bane - 1. astikAya dravya aura 2. anastikAya dravyaM / astikAya dravyoM ke varga ke antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala iMna pA~ca dravyoM ko rakhA gayA aura anastikAya varga ke antargata kAla ko rakhA gyaa| Age calakara dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra cetanA - lakSaNa aura mUrttatA lakSaNa ko bhI mAnA gayA / cetanA - lakSaNa kI dRSTi se jIva ko cetana dravya aura zeSa pA~ca-dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ko acetana dravya kahA gayA / isI prakAra mUrttatA - lakSaNa kI apekSA se pudgala ko mUrtta dravya aura zeSa pA~ca - jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ko amUrtta - dravya mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa kI tIna zailiyA~ astittva meM AI / jinheM hama nimna sAraNiyoM va AdhAra para spaSTatayA samajha sakate haiM - 44 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #58
(1) cetanA lakSaNa ke AdhAra para dravyoM kA vargIkaraNa jIva 2. pudgala 3. dharma 4. adharma 5. AkAza rUpI 1. pudgala mUrta I 1. pudgala ajIva astikAya kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para dravyoM kA vargIkaraNa astikAya anastikAya I | 1. jIva 6. samaya (kAla) jaina tattvadarzana (2) mUrtatA yA amUrtatA ke AdhAra para dravyoM kA vargIkaraNa arUpI 7 amUrta 2. dharma 3. adharma 4. AkAza 5. samaya (kAla) I 2. jIva 3. dharma 4. adharma 5. AkAza 6. samaya (kAla) 45

Page #59
dravya guNa aura payAryoM ke upayukta vargIkaraNa ke pazcAt ina SaTdravyoM ke svarUpa aura lakSaNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| ina SadravyoM meM pA~ca- dravya astikAya bhI kahe jAte haiM / ina paMca astikAyoM meM kAla ko milAkara SaTdravya mAne gaye haiN| aba hama ina SaT dravyoM ko pRthak-pRthak rUpa se carcA kareMge / jIva dravya jIva dravya ko astikAya varga ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai / jIva dravya kA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA ko mAnA gayA hai / isIlie ise cetana dravya bhI kahA jAtA hai / upayoga yA cetanA ke do prakAroM kI carcA hI AgamoM meM milatI hai- nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upyog| ina donoM ko kramazaH darzana aura jJAna kahA jAtA hai / nirAkAra upayoga ko vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa darzana kahA jAtA hai aura sAkAra upayoga ko vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa jJAna kahA jAtA hai / jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jaina darzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na mAnakara aneka dravya mAnatA hai / usake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA hai aura vizva meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai / isa prakAra saMkSepa meM jIvatantra astikAya, cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya vAlA hai 1 dharma dravya dharma dravya kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki yahA~ 'dharma' zabda kA artha vaha nahIM hai jise sAmAnyatayA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / yahA~ 'dharma' zabda na to svabhAva kA vAcaka hai, na karttavya kA aura na sAdhanA yA upAsanA ke vizeSa prakAra kA, apitu ise jIva evaM pudgala kI gati ke sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jo jIva aura pudgala kI gati ke mAdhyama kA kArya karatA hai, use dharma dravya kahA jAtA hai / jisa prakAra machalI kI gati jala ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hotI hai athavA jaise -vidyuta dhArA usake cAlaka dravya ke tAra Adi ke mAdhyama se hI pravAhita hotI hai, usI prakAra jIva aura pudgala vizva meM prasArita dharma dravya ke mAdhyama se hI gati karate haiM / isakA prasAra kSetra loka taka sImita hai| aloka meM dharma dravya kA abhAva hai / isIlie usameM jIva aura pudgala kI gati sambhava nahIM hotI aura yahI kAraNa hai ki use aloka kahA jAtA hai / aloka kA tAtparya hai ki jisameM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva ho / dharma dravya prasArita svabhAva vAlA (astikAya) hokara bhI amUrta ( arUpI) aura acetana hai / dharma dravya eka aura akhaNDa dravya hai / jahA~ jIvAtmAe~ aneka mAnI gaI haiM, vahIM dharma dravya eka hI hai | loka taka sImita hone ke kAraNa ise ananta pradezI na kahakara asaMkhya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 46

Page #60
pradezI kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra loka cAhe, kitanA hI vistRta kyoM na ho vaha asIma na hokara sasIma hai aura sasIma loka meM vyApta hone ke kAraNa dharma dravya ko bhI AkAza ke samAna ananta pradezI na mAnakara asaMkhya pradezI mAnanA hI upayukta hai| adharma dravya ___ adharma dravya bhI astikAya varga ke antargata AtA hai| isakA bhI vistAra kSetra yA pradeza-pracayatva lokavyApI hai| aloka meM isakA astittva nahIM hai| adharma dravya kA lakSaNa yA kArya jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyaka honA mAnA gayA hai| paramparAgata udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jisa prakAra vRkSa kI chAyA pathika ke vizrAma meM sahAyaka hotI hai usI prakAra adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI avasthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| jahA~ dharma dravya gati kA mAdhyama (cAlaka) hai, vahA~ adharma dravya gati kA kucAlaka hai ataH use sthiti kA mAdhyama kahA gayA hai| yadi adharma dravya nahIM hotA to jIva va pudgala kI gati kA niyamana asambhava ho jAtA aura ve ananta AkAza meM bikhara jaate| jisa prakAra vaijJAnika dRSTi se gurUtvAkarSaNa AkAza meM sthita pudgala piNDoM ko niyaMtrita karatA hai usI prakAra adharma dravya bhI jIva va pudgala kI gati kA niyamana kara usakI gati ko virAma detA hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se adharma dravya ko eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnA gayA hai| pradeza-pracayatva kI dRSTi se isakA vistAra kSetra loka taka sImita hone ke kAraNa ise bhI asaMkhya pradezI mAnA jAtA hai, phira bhI vaha eka akhaNDa dravya hai, kyoMki usakA vikhaNDana sambhava nahIM hai| dharma aura adharma dravyoM meM deza-pradeza Adi kI kalpanA mAtra vaicArika stara para hI hotI hai| AkAza dravya AkAza dravya bhI astikAya varga ke antargata hI AtA hai kintu jahA~ dharma aura adharma dravyoM kA vistAra lokavyApI hai| vahA~ AkAza kA vistAra kSetra loka aura aloka donoM meM hai| AkAza kA lakSaNa 'avagAhana' hai| vaha jIva aura ajIva dravyoM ko sthAna pradAna karatA hai| loka ko bhI apane meM samAhita karane ke kAraNa AkAza kA vistAra kSetra loka ke bAhara bhI mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AcArya AkAza ke do vibhAga karate haiM- lokAkAza aura alokaakaash| vizva meM jo rikta sthAna hai, vaha lokAkAza hai aura isa vizva se bAhara jo rikta sthAna hai vaha alokAkAza hai| isa prakAra jahA~ dharma dravya aura adharma dravya asaMkhya pradezI mAne gae hai, vahA~ AkAza ko ananta pradezI mAnA gayA hai| loka kI koI sImA ho sakatI jaina tattvadarzana 47

Page #61
hai, kintu aloka kI koI sImA nahIM hai- vaha ananta hai| cU~ki AkAza loka aura aloka donoM meM hai, isalie vaha ananta pradezI hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se AkAza ko bhI eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnA gayA hai| usake deza-pradeza Adi kI kalpanA bhI kevala vaicArika stara taka hI sambhava hai| vastutaH AkAza meM kisI prakAra kA vibhAjana kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use akhaNDa dravya kahA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI avadhAraNA hai ki jinheM hama sAmAnyatayA Thosa piNDa samajhate haiM unameM bhI AkAza arthAt rikta sthAna hotA hai| eka pudgala paramANu meM bhI dUsare ananta pudgala paramANuoM ko apane meM samAviSTa karane kI zakti tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai jabaki unameM vipula mAtrA meM rikta sthAna yA AkAza ho| ataH mUrta dravyoM meM bhI AkAza to nihita hI rahatA hai| lakar3I meM hama jaba kIla ThoMkate haiM to vaha vastutaH usameM nihita rikta sthAna meM hI samAhita hotI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki usameM bhI AkAza hai| paramparAgata udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki dUdha yA jala ke bhare hue glAsa meM yadi dhIre-dhIre zakkara yA namaka DAlA jAye to vaha usameM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dUdha yA jala se bhare hue glAsa meM bhI rikta sthAna arthAt AkAza thaa| vaijJAnikoM ne bhI yaha mAna liyA hai| ki pratyeka paramANu meM paryApta rUpa se rikta sthAna hotA hai| ataH AkAza ko lokAlokavyApI, eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| . pudgala dravya pudgala ko bhI astikAya dravya mAnA gayA hai| yaha mUrta aura acetana dravya hai pudgala kA lakSaNa zabda, varNa ,gandha, rasa , sparza Adi mAnA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne halkApana, bhArIpana, prakAza, aMdhakAra, chAyA, Atapa Adi ko bhI pudgala kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| jahA~ dharma, adharma aura AkAza eka dravya mAne gaye haiM vahA~ pudgala aneka dravya haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne pratyeka paramANu ko eka svatantra dravya ikAI mAnA hai| vastutaH pudgala dravya samasta dRzya jagata kA mUlabhUta ghaTaka hai| ___ yaha dRzya jagata pudgala dravya ke hI vibhinna saMyogoM kA vistAra hai| aneka pudgala paramANu milakara skaMdha kI racanA karate haiM aura ina skaMdhoM se milakara dRzya jagat kI sabhI vastue~ nirmita hotI hai| navIna skaMdhoM ke nirmANa aura pUrva nirmita skandhoM ke saMgaThana aura vighaTana kI prakriyA ke mAdhyama se hI dRzya jagat meM parivartana ghaTita hote haiM aura vibhinna vastue~ aura padArtha astittva meM Ate haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne pudgala ko skaMdha aura paramANu ina do rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA hai| vibhinna paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI skaMdha banate haiN| phira bhI itanA spaSTa 48 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #62
hai ki pudgala dravya kA aMtima ghaTaka to paramANu hI hai| pratyeka paramANu meM svabhAva se eka rasa, eka rUpa, eka gaMdha aura zIta-uSNa yA snigdha-rUkSa meM se koI do sparza pAye jAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM varNa pA~ca mAne gaye haiM- lAla, pIlA, nIlA, sapheda aura kaalaa| gaMdha do haiM- sugandha aura durgandha; rasa pA~ca haiM- rikta, kaTu, kasailA, khaTTA aura mIThA aura isI prakAra sparza ATha mAne gaye haiM- zIta aura uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa, mRdu aura karkaza halkA aura bhaarii| jJAtavya hai ki paramANuoM meM mRdu, karkaza, halkA aura bhArI ye cAra sparza nahIM hote haiN| ye cAra sparza tabhI saMbhava hote haiM jaba paramANuoM se skaMdhoM kI racanA hotI hai aura tabhI unameM mRdu, kaThora, halke aura bhArI guNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiN| paramANu eka pradezI hotA hai jabaki skaMdha me do yA do se adhika asaMkhya pradeza bhI ho sakate haiN| skaMdha, skaMdha-deza, skaMdha-pradeza aura paramANu ye cAra pudgala dravya ke vibhAga haiN| inameM paramANu niravayava hai, Agama meM use Adi, madhya aura anta se rahita batAyA gayA hai| isake viparIta Adi aura anta hote haiN| na kevala bhautika vastue~ apitu zarIra, indriyA~ aura mana bhI skaMdhoM kA hI khela hai| paramANuoM se skandha kaise banate haiM isakI vistRta carcA pudgala kI avadhAraNA ke antargata alaga se kI gaI hai| kAla dravya kAla dravya ko anastikAya varga ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM- Agamika yuga taka jaina paramparA meM kAla ko svaMtatra dravya mAnane ke sandarbha meM paryApta matabheda thaa| AvazyakacUrNi (bhAga-1, pR. 340-341) meM kAla ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai- 1. kucha vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara paryAya rUpa mAnate haiN| 2. kucha vicAraka use guNa mAnate haiN| 3. kucha vicAraka use svatantra dravya mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ke sambandha meM ukta tInoM vicAradhArAe~ pracalita rahIM aura zvetAmbara AcArya apanI-apanI mAnyatAnusAra unameM se kisI eka kA poSaNa karate rahe, jabaki digambara AcAryoM ne eka mata se kAla ko svatantra dravya maanaa| jo vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the, unakA tarka yaha thA ki yadi dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva dravya apanI-apanI paryAyoM (vibhinna) avasthAoM meM svataH hI parivartita hote rahate haiM to phira kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai Agama meM bhI jaba bhagavAn mahAvIra se yaha pUchA gayA ki kAla kyA hai? to isa prazna kA uttara dete hue unhoMne kahA ki kAla jIva-ajIvamaya hai arthAt jIva aura jaina tattvadarzana

Page #63
ajIva kI paryAyeM hI kAla haiM / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki vartanA arthAt pariNamana yA parivartana se bhinna koI kAla dravya nahIM hai / isa prakAra jIva aura ajIva dravya kI parivartanazIla paryAyoM ko hI kAla kahA gayA hai / kahIM-kahIM kAla ko paryAya rUpa dravya kahA gayA hai| ina saba vivaraNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAla koI svatantra dravya nahIM hai| cU~ki Agama meM jIva-kAla aura ajIva - kAla aise kAla ke do vargoM ke ullekha milate haiM ataH kucha jaina vicArakoM ne yaha mAnA ki jIva aura ajIva dravyoM kI paryAyoM se pRthak kAla dravya kA svatantra astittva nahIM hai / prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kAla kA svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM saMketa kara cuke haiM ki na kevala umAsvAmi ke yuga taka arthAt IsA kI tRtIya - caturtha taka apitu cUrNikAla arthAt IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM - isa prazna para jaina dArzanikoM meM matabheda thaa| isIlie tattvArthasUtra ke bhASyamAna pATha meM umAsvAmi ko yaha ullekha karanA pdd'aa| ki kucha vicAraka kAla ko bhI dravya mAnate haiM ( kAlazcetyege tattvArthasUtra 5/38) / isakA phalitArtha yaha bhI hai ki usa yuga meM kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the / inake anusAra sarva dravyoM kI jo paryAyeM haiM, ve hI kAla haiN|. isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM dUsare pakSa ke dvArA yaha kahA gayA ki anya dravyoM kI paryAyoM se pRthak kAla svatantra dravya hai kyoMki kisI bhI padArtha meM bAhya nimitta arthAt anya dravya ke upakAra ke binA svataH hI pariNamana sambhava nahIM hotA hai| jaise jJAna AtmA kA svalakSaNa hai, kintu jJAnarUpa paryAyeM to apane jJeya viSaya para hI nirbhara karatI haiN| AtmA ko jJAna tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba jJAna ke viSaya arthAt jJeya vastu tattva kI svatantra sattA ho / ataH anya sabhI dravyoM ke pariNamana ke lie kisI bAhya nimitta ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra cAhe sabhI dravyoM meM paryAya parivartana kI kSamatA svataH ho, kintu unake nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla dravya ko svatantra dravya mAnanA Avazyaka hai / yadi kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnA jAyegA to padArthoM ke pariNamana (paryAya parivartana) kA koI nimitta kAraNa nahIM hogA / pariNamana ke nimitta kAraNa ke abhAva meM paryAyoM kA abhAva hogA aura paryAyoM ke abhAva meM dravya kA bhI abhAva ho jAyegA kyoMki dravya kA astittva bhI paryAyoM se pRthak nahIM hai / isa prakAra sarvazUnyatA kA prasaMga A jAyegA / ataH paryAya parivartana (pariNamana) ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanA hI hogA / kAla ko svatantra tattva mAnane vAle dArzanikoM ke dvArA isa tarka ke virodha meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki yadi anya dravyoM ke pariNamana (paryAya parivartana) ke hetu ke jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 50

Page #64
rUpa meM kAla nAmaka svatantra dravya kA mAnanA Avazyaka hai to phira alokAkAza meM hone vAle paryAya parivartana kA hetu (nimitta kAraNa) kyA haiM? kyoMki alokAkAza meM to Agama meM kAla dravya kA abhAva mAnA gayA hai / yadi usameM kAla dravya ke abhAva meM paryAya parivartana sambhava hai, to phira lokAkAza meM bhI anya dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana hetu kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai / punaH alokAkAza meM kAla ke abhAva meM yadi paryAya parivartana nahIM mAnoge to phira paryAya parivartana ke abhAva meM AkAza dravya meM dravya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 'utpAda - vyaya - dhrauvya' siddha nahIM ho sakegA aura yadi alokAkAza meM paryAya parivartana mAnA jAtA hai to usa paryAya parivartana kA nimitta kAla to nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki vahA~ usakA abhAva hai| isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane vAle AcAryoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki AkAza eka akhaNDa dravya hai usameM alokAkAza evaM lokAkAza aise do bheda kie jAte haiM ve mAtra aupacArika haiM / lokAkAza meM kAla dravya ke nimitta se hone vAlA paryAya parivartana sampUrNa AkAza dravya kA hI paryAya parivartana hai / alokAkAza aura lokAkAza donoM AkAza dravya ke hI aMza haiM, ve eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM haiM / kisI bhI dravya ke eka aMza meM hone vAlA parivartana sampUrNa dravya kA parivartana mAnA jAtA hai, ataH lokAkAza meM jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai vaha alokAkAza para bhI ghaTita hotA hai aura lokAkAza meM paryAya parivartana kAla dravya ke nimitta se hotA hai / ataH lokAkAza aura alokAkAza donoM ke paryAya parivartana kA nimitta kAla dravya hI hai / jJAtavya hai ki lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se kAla kA svatantra dravya honA sarvamAnya ho gyaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne kAla ko acetana, amUrta (arUpI) tathA anastikAya dravya kahA hai| isakA kArya yA lakSaNa vartanA mAnA gayA hai| vibhinna dravyoM meM jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai usakA nimitta kAraNa kAla dravya hotA hai yadyapi usa paryAya pariNamana kA upAdAna kAraNa to svayaM vaha dravya hI hotA hai, jisa prakAra dharma-dravya jIva, pudgala Adi kI svataH prasUta gati kA nimitta kAraNa hai yA jisa prakAra bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA prANI kI apanI zArIrika saMracanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI ghaTita hotI hai phira bhI unameM nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla bhI apanA kArya karatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne svabhAva niyati, puruSArtha, kAla Adi jisa kAraNa paMcaka kI carcA kI hai unameM kAla ko bhI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM kAla dravya kI carcA aneka prakAra se kI gaI hai sarvaprathama vyavahArakAla aura nizcayakAla aise kAla ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM, jaina tattvadarzana 51

Page #65
nizcayakAla anya dravyoM kI paryAyoM ke parivartana kA nimitta kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sabhI dravyoM kI vartanA yA pariNamana kI zakti hI dravya kAla yA nizcayakAla hai| vyavahAra kAla ko samaya, AvalikA, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara Adi rUpa kahA gayA hai| saMsAra meM bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna sambandhI jo kAla vyavahAra hai vaha bhI isI se hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM vyavahAra, kAla kA AdhAra sUrya yA candra kI gati hI mAnI gaI hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki yaha vyavahAra kAla manuSya kSetra taka hI sImita hai| devaloka Adi meM isakA vyavahAra manuSya kSetra kI apekSA se hI hai| manuSya kSetra meM hI samaya, AvalikA, ghaTikA, prahara, rAta-dina, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, avasarpiNI, utsarpiNI Adi kA vyavahAra hotA hai| vyaktiyoM meM bAlaka, yuvA aura vRddha athavA nUtana, jIrNa Adi kA jo vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai vaha saba bhI kAla ke hI kAraNa haiM, vAsanAkAla, zikSA kAla, dIkSA kAla Adi kI apekSA se bhI kAla ke aneka bheda kiye jAte haiM, kintu vistAra bhaya se una sabakI carcA yahA~ karanA apekSita nahIM hai| isI prakAra karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM pratyeka karma prakRti ke sattA kAla Adi kI bhI carcA jainAgamoM meM milatI hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se adhikAMza jaina AcAryoM ne kAla dravya ko eka nahIM, apitu aneka mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki dharma, adharma, AkAza kI taraha kAla eka aura akhaNDa dravya nahIM ho sktaa| kAla dravya aneka haiM kyoMki eka hI samaya meM vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM athavA dravyoM meM jo vibhinna paryAyoM kI utpati hotI hai, una sabakI utpatti kA nimitta kAraNa eka hI kAla nahIM ho sktaa| ataH kAla dravya ko aneka yA asaMkhyAta pradezI dravya mAnanA hogaa| punaH pratyeka padArtha kI bhUta, bhaviSya kI apekSA se ananta paryAyeM hotI hai, aura una ananta paryAyoM ke nimitta ananta kAlANu hoMge, ataH kAlANu ananta mAne gaye haiN| yahA~ yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kAla dravya ko asaMkhya kahA gayA kintu kAlANu ananta mAne gaye aisA kyoM? isakA uttara yaha hai ki kAla dravya lokAkAza taka sImita hai aura usakI isa sImitatA kI apekSA se use ananta dravya na kahakara asakhyAta(sasIma) dravya kahA gyaa| kintu jIva ananta hai aura una ananta jIvoM kI bhUta evaM bhaviSya kI ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM, una ananta paryAyoM meM pratyeka kA nimitta eka kAlANu hotA hai ataH kAlANu ananta mAne gye| sAmAnya avadhAraNA yaha hai ki pratyeka AtmapradezoM pudgala paramANu aura AkAza pradeza para ratnoM kI rAzi ke samAna kAlANu sthita rahate haiM- ataH kAlANu ananta haiN| rAjavArtika Adi digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM kAlANuoM ko anyonya praveza se rahita pRthak-pRthak asaMcita dazA meM lokAkAza meM sthita mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #66
kintu kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne isa mata kA virodha karate hue yaha bhI mAnA hai ki kAladravya eka evaM lokavyApI hai / vaha aNurUpa nahIM hai / kintu aisI sthiti meM kAla meM bhI pradeza - pracayatva mAnanA hogA aura pradeza - pracayatva mAnane para vaha bhI astikAya varga ke antargata A jAyegA / isake uttara meM yaha kahA gayA ki tiryak-pracayatva kA abhAva hone se kAla anastikAya hai / Urdhva-pracayatva evaM tiryak-prayacatva kI carcA hama pUrva meM astikAya kI carcA ke antargata kara cuke haiM / sUkSmatA kI apekSA se kAlANuoM kI apekSA AkAza pradeza aura AkAza pradeza kI apekSA pudgala paramANu adhika sUkSma mAne gaye haiN| kyoMki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta pudgala paramANu samAhita ho sakate haiM / ataH ve sabase sUkSma haiN| isa prakAra paramANu kI apekSA AkAza pradeza aura AkAza pradeza kI apekSA kAlANu sthUla haiN| saMkSepa meM kAla dravya meM vartanA hetutva ke sAtha-sAtha acetanatva; amUrttatva, sUkSmatva Adi sAmAnya guNa bhI mAne gaye haiM / isI prakAra utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya lakSaNa jo anya dravya meM haiM, ve bhI kAla dravya meM pAye jAte haiM / kAla dravya meM yadi utpAda, vyaya lakSaNa nahIM rahe to vaha aparivartanazIla dravya hogA aura jo svataH aparivartanazIla ho vaha dUsaroM ke parivartana meM nimitta nahIM ho sakegA / kintu kAla dravya kA viziSTa lakSaNa to usakA vartanA nAmaka guNa hI hai, jisake mAdhyama se vaha anya sabhI dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana meM nimitta kA kAraNa banakara kArya karatA hai / punaH yadi kAla dravya meM dhrauvyatva kA abhAva mAneMge to usakA dravyatva samApta ho jaayegaa| ataH use svatantra dravya mAnane para usameM utpAda, vyaya ke sAtha-sAtha dhrauvyatva bhI mAnanA hogA / kAlacakra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM kAla kI carcA utsarpiNI kAla aura avasarpiNI kAla ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai / inameM pratyeka ke chaha-chaha vibhAga kiye jAte haiM, jinheM Are kahA jAtA hai / yaha chaha Are nimna haiM - 1. suSamA- suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamA-duSamA, 4. duSamA-suSamA, 5. duSamA aura 6. dussmaa-dussmaa| utsarpiNI kAla meM inakA krama viparIta hotA hai / avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAla milakara eka kAlacakra pUrA hotA hai| jainoM kI kAlacakra kI yaha kalpanA bauddha aura hindU kAlacakra kI kalpanA se bhinna hai / kintu ina sabhI meM isa bAta ko lekara samAnatA hai ki ina sabhI kAlacakra ke vibhAjana kA AdhAra sukha-duHkha evaM manuSya ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kSamatA ko banAyA hai 1 jaina tattvadarzana jite 53

Page #67
jainoM ke anusAra utsarpiNI kAla meM kramazaH vikAsa aura avasarpiNI kAla meM kramazaH patana hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki kAlacakra kA pravartana jaMbUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra Adi kucha vibhAgoM meM hI hotA hai| yadyapi nava-tattvoM kI isa avadhAraNA meM jIva(AtmA) aura pudgala mahattvapUrNa haiN| ataH sarvaprathama ina donoM para thor3e vistAra se carcA kreNge| ina navatattvoM meM jIva aura ajIva ke atirikta jIva aura ajIva (pudgala) ke athavA AtmA aura karma ke sambandha ke sUcaka haiN| karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM kA AtmA kI ora AnA Asrava hai| una donoM kA sambandha bana jAnA hI bandha hai| azubha karmoM kA Asrava evaM bandha pApa hai aura zubha karmoM kA Asrava aura bandha puNya rUpa hai| AtmA kI ora karmapudgaloM kA Agamana rUka jAnA saMvara hai aura AtmA aura karmapudgaloM kA sambandha-viccheda honA nirjarA hai aura AtmA kA karmapudgaloM se pUrNataH sambandha viccheda ho jAnA mokSa hai| Age hama inhIM navatattvoM kI carcA kreNge| 00 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #68
jaina darzana meM AtmA yA jIvatattva AtmA yA jIva tattva ko paMca astikAya Sadravya aura navatattva-ina tInoM kA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA mAnA gayA hai, isIlie ise cetana dravya bhI kahA jAtA hai| upayoga yA cetanA ke ina do prakAroM kI carcA AgamoM meM bhI milatI hai- nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upyog| ina donoM ko kramazaH darzana aura jJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| nirAkAra upayoga, vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, darzana kahA jAtA hai aura sAkAra upayoga vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jaina-darzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na mAnakara aneka dravya mAnatA hai| usake anusAra, pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA hai aura vizva meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| isa prakAra, saMkSepa meM jIva astikAya, cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya rUpa hai aura isakA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA hai| jIva ko jaina-darzana meM AtmA bhI kahA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ AtmA ke sambandha meM kucha maulika praznoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA haiM - AtmA kA astittva jaina-darzana meM jIva yA AtmA ko eka svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka hamAre AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prazna hai, AtmA ke astittva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pahalI zarta Atma-vizvAsa hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke gaNadharavAda meM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM - (1) jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asad vastu kI koI sArthaka saMjJA hI nahIM banatI hai|(1575) ___(2) jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI kisI vicArazIla sattA arthAt jIva kI sattA ko siddha kara detA hai| devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca seMkatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSa hai|(1571) jaina tattvadarzana

Page #69
(3) zarIra meM sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~', vaha to jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai| yadi AtmA hI na ho, to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~ yA nahIM? jo niSedha kara rahA hai, vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva ke astitva kI anivAryatA hai, jo usa vicAra kA AdhAra ho| binA adhiSThAna ke koI vicAra yA cintana sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI-na-koI avazya honA caahie| mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM- he gautama! yadi koI saMzayakartA hI nahIM hai, to 'maiM hU~'- yA 'nahIM hU~' yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai? tuma svayaM apane hI viSaya meM sandeha kaise kara sakate ho? phira kisa meM saMzaya na hogA? kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, ve saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| vastutaH jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiM, sukha-duHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM jainadarzanamahendrakumAra jaina pR. 54 / ye saMzaya, vicAra Adi saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra(1/5/5/166) meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai vahI AtmA hai| AcArya zaMkara brahmAsUtrabhASya (3/1/7) meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai, vahI to usakA svarUpa hai| AtmA ke astitva ke lie svataH bodha ko AcArya zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM hai, jo yaha socatA ho ki 'maiM nahIM hU~ (brahmasUtra zAMkara bhASya 1/1/2) / anyatra, zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahate haiM ki bodha se sattA ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA (vahIM 3/2/21) yadi hameM AtmA kA svataH bodha hotA hai, to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai| __pAzcAtya vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para AtmA ke astittva ko siddha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke astitva meM sandeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu sandehakartA meM sandeha karanA to sambhava nahIM hai, sandehakartA kA astitva sandeha se pare hai| sandeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka ke abhAva meM vicAra nahIM ho sktaa| maiM vicAra karatA hU~, ataH 'maiM hU~' - isa prakAra dekArta ke anusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaMsiddha hai (pazcimIdarzana-dIvAnacaMdra pR.106) :56 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #70
(4) AtmA amUrta hai, ataH usako usa rUpa meM to nahIM jAna sakate, jaise ghaTa, paTa Adi vastuoM kA indriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM jJAna hotA hai, lekina itane mAtra se unakA niSedha nahIM kiyA sakatA / jaina AcAryoM ne isake lie guNa aura guNI kA tarka diyA hai / ghaTa Adi jina vastuoM ko hama jAnate haiM, unakA bhI yathArtha bodha- pratyakSa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki hameM jinakA bodha yA pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha ghaTa ke rUpAdi guNoM kA pratyakSa haiM, lekina ghaTa mAtra rUpa nahIM hai, vaha to aneka guNoM kA samUha hai, jinheM hama pUrNataH jAnate, rUpa (AkAra) to unameM se eka guNa hai| jaba rUpaguNa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ko ghaTa kA pratyakSIkaraNa mAna lete haiM aura hameM koI saMzaya nahIM hotA, to phira jJAnaguNa se AtmA kA pratyakSa kyoM nahIM mAna lete (vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 155.8) / Adhunika vaijJAnika bhI aneka tattvoM kA vAstavika bodha pratyakSa nahIM kara pAte haiM, jaise Ithara, phira bhI kAryoM ke AdhAra para unakA astitva mAnate haiM evaM svarUpa-vivecana bhI karate haiM phira AtmA ke kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake astitva ko kyoM na svIkAra kiyA jAe? vastutaH AtmA yA cetanA ke astitva kA prazna mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai / bhAratIya cintakoM meM cArvAka tathA pAzcAtya cintakoM meM hyUma, Adi jo vicAraka AtmA kA niSedha karate haiM, vastutaH unakA niSedha AtmA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha hai / ve AtmA ko eka svataMtra yA nitya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina cetana avasthA yA cetanA - pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA kA astitva to unheM bhI svIkAra hai / cArvAka darzana bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki AtmA kA sarvathA abhAva hai, usakA niSedha mAtra AtmA ko svatantra yA maulika tattva mAnane se hai / buddha anAtmavAda kI pratisthApanA meM AtmA (cetanA) kA niSedha nahIM karate haiM varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha karate haiM / hyUma bhI anubhUti se bhinna kisI svataMtra Atmatattva kA hI niSedha karate haiM / ....... 'nyAyavArtikakAra' kA yaha kahanA samucita jAna par3atA hai ki AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyataH koI vivAda hI nahIM hai, yadi vivAda hai, to usakA sambandha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa se hai na ki usake astittva se| svarUpa kI dRSTi se koI zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko, aura koI vijJAna - saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai ! kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM, jo ina sabase pRthak svatantra Atma-tattva ke astittva ko svIkAra karate haiM nyAyavArtika pR. 366 jaina darzana AtmA ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| jaina tattvadarzana 57

Page #71
AtmA eka maulika tattva hai athavA anya kisI tattva se utpanna huA hai, yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| sabhI darzana yaha mAnate hai ki saMsAra Atma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, lekina inameM mUla tattva kyA haiM? yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| isa sambandha meM cAra pramukha dhAraNAe~ haiM- (1) mUla tattva jar3a (acetana) hai aura usI se cetana kI utpatti hotI hai| ajitakezakambalina, cArvAka Adi dArzanika evaM bhautikavAdI vaijJAnika isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (2) mUla tattva cetana yA bodha hai aura usI kI apekSA se jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda, zAMkara vedAnta tathA barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (3) kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM jinhoMne parama tattva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya maanaa| gItA, rAmAnuja aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (4) kucha vicAraka jar3a aura cetana-donoM ko hI parama tattva mAnate haiM aura unake svataMtra astittva meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| jaina vicAraka spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kabhI bhI jar3a se cetana kI utpatti nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zIlAMkAcArya likhate haiM ki "bhUta samudAya svatantradharmI hai, usakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai, kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUtoM ke anya pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM, anya guNoM vAle padArthoM se yA unake samUha se bhI kisI apUrva (navIna) guNa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, jaise rukSa bAlu kaNoM ke samudAya se snigdha tela kI utpatti nahIM hotii| ataH, caitanya AtmA kA hI guNa ho sakatA hai, bhUtoM kA nahIM, jar3a bhUtoM se cetana AtmA kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI (sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 1/1/8) / zarIra bhI jJAnAdi caitanya guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanAzUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI caitanya nahIM hai, to unake kArya meM caitanya kahAM se A jAyegA? pratyeka kArya kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se rahA hai| jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha zaktirUpa se rahA huA kArya vyakta rUpa meM sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba bhautika tattvoM meM cetanA nahIM hai, taba yaha kaise sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanya guNa vAlA ho jAya? yadi cetanA pratyeka bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai, to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM ho sktii| reNu ke pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA tela reNu kaNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha kahanA yukti- saMgata nahIM hai ki caitanya mahAbhUtoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai(jainadarzana-mahendrakumAra pR. 157) gItA bhI kahatI hai ki asat kA prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA aura sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA hai(2/16)| yadi caitanya bhUtoM meM nahIM hai, to vaha unake saMyoga se nirmita zarIra meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa| zarIra meM caitanya kI upalabdhi hotI hai; ataH usakA :58 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #72
AdhAra zarIra nahIM, AtmA hai| AtmA kI jar3a se bhinnatA siddha karane ke lie zIlAMkAcArya eka dUsarI yukti prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki "pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya alaga-alaga haiM, pratyeka indriya apane viSaya kA hI jJAna karatI hai, jabaki pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA ekatrIbhUta rUpa meM jJAna karane vAlA anya koI avazya hai aura vaha AtmA hai (sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 1/1/8) / isI sambandha meM AcArya zaMkara kI bhI eka yukti hai, jisake sambandha meM pro. e.sI. mukharjI ne apanI pustaka 'necara oNpha selpha' meM kAphI prakAza DAlA hai| zaMkara pUchate haiM ki bhautikavAdiyoM ke anusAra bhUtoM se utpanna hone vAlI usa cetanA kA svarUpa kyA hai? unake anusAra, yA to cetanA una tattvoM kI pratyakSakartA hogI yA unakA hI eka guNa hogii| prathama sthiti meM yadi vaha cetanA una guNoM kI pratyakSakartA hogI, to vaha unase pratyutpanna nahIM hogii| dUsare, yaha kahanA bhI hAsyAspada hogA ki bhautika guNa apane hI ko jJAna kI viSaya-vastu banAte haiN| yaha mAnanA ki cetanA, jo bhautika padArthoM ko hI apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtI hai, utanA hI hAsyAspada hai, jitanA yaha mAnanA ki Aga apane ko hI jalAtI hai athavA naTa apane hI kaMdhoM para car3ha sakatA hai| isa prakAra, zaMkara kA bhI niSkarSa yahI hai ki cetana (AtmA) bhautika tattvoM se vyatirikta aura jJAnasvarUpa hai| AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa - sAmAnya rUpa se jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA yA jIva ko apaudgalika, vizuddha caitanya evaM jar3a se bhinna svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA jAtA hai, lekina anya dArzanikoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina-darzana ke vicAra meM jIva kA svarUpa bahuta kucha paudgalika bana gayA hai| yaha AkSepa ajaina dArzanikoM kA hI nahIM, aneka jaina cintakoM kA bhI hai aura unake lie Agamika AdhAroM para kucha tarka bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra ne isa viSaya meM eka praznAvalI bhI prastuta kI thI (anekAMta jUna 1942) yahA~ usa praznAvalI ke kucha pramukha muddoM para hI carcA karanA apekSita hai, jo jIva sambandhI jaina dArzanika-mAnyatAoM meM hI pArasparika antarvirodha prakaTa karate haiM - (1) jIva yadi paudgalika nahIM hai, to usameM saukSmya-sthaulya athavA saMkoca-vistAra kI kriyA aura pradeza parispandana kaise bana sakatA hai? jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra to saukSmya-sthaulya ko pudgala kI paryAya mAnA gayA hai| (2) jIva ke apaudgalika hone para, AtmA meM padArthoM kA pratibimbita honA bhI kaise bana sakatA hai? kyoMki pratibimba kA grAhaka pudgala hI hotA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM jJAna kI utpatti padArthoM ke AtmA meM pratibimbita hone se hI mAnI gayI hai| jaina tattvadarzana

Page #73
(3) apaudgalika aura amUrtika AtmA paudgalika evaM mUrttika karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara vikArI honA kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai? (isa prakAra ke bandha) kA koI dRSTAnta bhI ulapabdha nahIM hai) svarNa aura pASANa ke anAdibandha kA jo dRSTAnta bhI diyA jAtA hai, vaha viSama dRSTAnta hai aura eka prakAra se to vaha jIva kA paudgalika honA hI sUcita karatA hai| (4) rAgAdika ko paudgalika kahA gayA hai aura rAgAdika jIva ke pariNAma haiM-binA jIva ke unakA astittva nhiiN| (yadi jIva paudgalika nahIM hai, to rAgAdi bhAva paudgalika kaise siddha ho sakeMge?) isake sivAya paudgalika jIvAtmA meM kRSNa, nIlAdi lezyAe~ kaise bana sakatI haiM? jaina-darzana jar3a aura cetana ke dvaita ko aura unakI svataMtra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha sabhI prakAra ke advaitavAda kA virodha karatA hai, cAhe vaha zaMkara kA AdhyAtmika advaitavAda ho, athavA cArvAka evaM anya vaijJAnikoM kA bhautikavAdI advaitavAda ho, lekina isa saiddhAntika mAnyatA se uparyukta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| isake lie hameM jIva ke svarUpa ko usa sandarbha meM dekhanA hogA, jisameM uparyukta zaMkAe~ prastuta kI gayI haiN| prathamataH, saMkoca-vistAra tathA usake AdhAra para hone vAle saukSmya evaM sthaulya tathA bandhana aura rAgAdibhAva kA honA sabhI baddha jIvAtmAoM yA hamAre vartamAna sImita vyaktitva ke kAraNa haiN| jahA~ taka sImita vyaktitva yA baddha jIvAtmA kA prazna hai, vaha ekAnta rUpa se na to bhautika hai aura na abhautik| jaina cintaka muni nathamalajI(mahAprajJa jI) inhIM praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue likhate haiM, ki "merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva na sarvathA paudgalika hai aura na sarvathA apaudglik| yadi use sarvathA apaudgalika mAneM, to usameM saMkoca-vistAra, prakAzamaya, anubhava, UrdhvagAmIdharmitA, rAgAdi nahIM ho skte| maiM jahA~ taka samajha sakatA hU~, koI bhI zarIradhArI jIva apaudgalika nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usa meM saMkoca-vistAra yA bandhana Adi mAne haiM, apaudgalikatA usakI antima pariNati hai, jo zarIra-mukti se pahale kabhI prApta nahIM hotI hai (taTa do pravAha eka pR.54)|" munijI ke isa kathana ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIva ke apaudgalika svarUpa usakI upalabdhi nahIM, Adarza haiN| jaina-darzana kA lakSya isI apaudgalika svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai| jIva kI apaudgalikatA usakA Adarza hai, jAgatika tathya nahIM, jabaki ye sabhI bAteM baddha jIvoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiN| AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha mahAvIra ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki "bhagavAna! jIva vahI hai, jo zarIra hai, yA jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai?" taba mahAvIra ne uttara diyA- "he gautama! jIva zarIra bhI hai aura zarIra se bhinna bhI hai (bhagavatIsUtra jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 60

Page #74
13/7/495) / " isa prakAra mahAvIra ne AtmA aura deha ke madhya bhinnatva aura ekatvadonoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne AtmA aura zarIra ke ekatva aura bhinnatva ko lekara yahI vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika-dRSTi se AtmA aura deha eka hI haiM, lekina nizcaya-dRSTi se AtmA aura deha kadApi eka nahIM ho sakate (samayasAra 24) / vastutaH, AtmA aura zarIra meM ekatva mAne binA stuti, vandana, sevA Adi aneka naitika AcaraNa kI kriyAe~ sambhava nahIM ho sktii| dUsarI ora, AtmA aura deha meM bhinnatA mAne binA AsaktinAza aura bhedavijJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sakatI hai| naitika aura dhArmika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AtmA kA zarIra se ekatva aura anekatva donoM apekSita haiN| yahI jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai| mahAvIra ne ekAntika vAdoM kI chor3akara anaikAntika-dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| aura donoM virodhI vAdoM meM samanvaya kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki AtmA aura zarIra kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna haiN| AtmA pariNAmI hai ___ jainadarzana AtmA ko pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai, jabaki sAMkhya evaM zAMkara vedAnta AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnate haiN| buddha ke samakAlIna vicAraka pUrNakAzyapa bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the| AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA meM koI vikAra, parivartana yA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| jaina AcAra sambandhI granthoM meM yaha vacana bahutAyata se upalabdha hote haiM ki AtmakartA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (20/37) meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA hI sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki sira kATane vAlA zatru bhI utanA apakAra nahIM karatA jitanA durAcaraNa meM pravRtta apanI AtmA karatI hai (uttarA. 20/48) / yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/13-21) meM AtmA ko akartA mAnane vAle logoM kI AlocanA karate hue spaSTa rUpa meM kahA gayA hai- "kucha dUsare(loga) to dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA, karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM karatA, vaha to akartA hai| ina vAdiyoM ko satya jJAna kA patA nahIM aura na unheM dharma kA hI bhAna hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (23/37) meM zarIra ko nAva aura jIva ko nAvika kahakara jIva para naitika yA anaitika karmoM kA uttaradAyitva DAlA gayA hai| AtmAbhoktA hai ___ yadi AtmA ko karttA mAnanA Avazyaka hai, to use bhoktA bhI mAnanA par3egA kyoMki jo karmoM kA kartA hai, use hI unake phaloM kA bhoga bhI karanA caahie| jaise AtmA kA kartRtva karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se sambhava hai, vaise hI AtmA kA jaina tattvadarzana 61

Page #75
bhoktRtva bhI karmapudgaloM se nirmita zarIra se hI sambhava hai| kartRtva aura bhoktRtvadonoM hI zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM pAye jAte haiM, muktAtmA yA zuddhAtmA meM nhiiN| bhoktRtva vedanIya karma ke kAraNa hI sambhava hai| jaina-darzana AtmA ke bhoktRtva ko bhI sApekSa dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM svIkAra karatA hai| 1. vyAvahArika dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA bhoktA hai| 2. azuddhanizcayanaya yA paryAyadRSTi se AtmA apanI mAnasika anubhUtiyoM yA manobhAvoM kA vedaka hai| 3. paramArtha-dRSTi se AtmA bhoktA aura vedaka nahIM, mAtra dRSTA yA sAkSIsvarUpa hai (samayasAra 81-92) / AtmA meM bhoktRtva mAnanA karma aura unake pratiphala ke saMyoga ke lie Avazyaka hai| jo kartA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se unake phaloM kA bhoktA bhI hai, anyathA karma aura usake phalabhoga meM anivArya sambandha siddha nahIM ho skegaa| aisI sthiti meM dharma evaM naitikatA kA bhI koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki AtmA bhoktA hai, lekina AtmA kA bhoktA honA baddhAtmA yA zarIra udhArI AtmA ke lie hI samucita hai| amuktAtmA bhoktA nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAkSIsvarUpa yA dRSTA hotA hai| AtmA svadeha parimANa hai yadyapi jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA ko rUpa, rasa, gandha, varNa, sparza Adi se vivarjita kahA gayA hai, tathApi AtmA ko zarIrAkAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ haiM- eka ke anusAra AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApI) hai aura dUsarI ke anusAra aNu hai| sAMkhya, nyAya aura advaita vedAnta AtmA ko vibhu mAnate haiM aura rAmAnuja aNu mAnate haiN| jaina darzana isa sambandha meM madhyastha dRSTi apanAtA hai| usake anusAra, AtmA aNu bhI hai aura vibhu bhI hai| vaha sUkSma hai, to itanA hai ki eka AkAza-pradeza ke anantaveM bhAga meM samA sakatA hai aura vibhu hai, to itanA hai ki samagra loka ko vyApta kara sakatA hai| jaina-darzana AtmA meM saMkoca vistAra ko svIkAra karatA hai aura isa AdhAra para AtmA ko svadeha-parimANa mAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka kA prakAza choTe kamare meM rahane para choTe kamare ko aura bar3e kamare meM rahane para bar3e kamare ko prakAzita karatA hai, vaise hI AtmA hI jisa deha meM rahatA hai, use caitanyAbhibhUta kara detA hai, kintu yaha bAta kevala saMsArI AtmA ke sambandha meM hai| muktAtmA kA AkAra apane tyakta deha kA do tihAI hotA hai (uttarAdhyayana 36) / 62 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #76
AtmA ke vibhutva kI samIkSA 1. yadi AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApaka) hai to vaha dUsare zarIroM meM bhI hogA, phira una zarIroM ke karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hogA / yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki AtmA dUsare zarIroM meM nahIM hai, to phira vaha sarvavyApaka nahIM hogA / 2. yadi AtmA vibhu hai, to dUsare zarIroM meM hone vAle sukha-duHkha ke bhoga se kaise baca sakegA? 3. vibhu AtmA ke siddhAnta meM kauna AtmA kisa zarIra kA niyAmaka hai, yaha batAnA bhI kaThina hogA / vastutaH naitika aura dhArmika jIvana ke lie pratyeka zarIra meM eka AtmA kA siddhAnta hI saMgata ho sakatA hai, tAki usa zarIra ke karmoM ke AdhAra para use uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jA sake / 4. AtmA kI sarvavyApakatA kA siddhAnta anekAtmavAda ke sAtha kathamapi saMgata nahIM ho sakatA, sAtha hI anekAtmavAda ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI susaMgata vyAkhyA bhI sambhava nahIM / AtmAe~ aneka haiM AtmA eka hai yA aneka - yaha prazna bhI dArzanika - dRSTi se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura pratyeka zarIra kI AtmA bhinna hai / yadi AtmA ko eka mAnA jAtA hai, to naitika dRSTi se nimna aneka samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM . - ekAtmavAda kI samIkSA 1. AtmA ko eka mAnane para sabhI jIvoM kI mukti aura bandhana eka sAtha hoNge| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI zarIradhAriyoM ke naitika vikAsa evaM patana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ bhI yugapad hoMgI lekina aisA to dikhatA nahIM / saba prANiyoM kA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika jIvana kA stara alaga-alaga hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka vyakti mukta ho cuke haiM aura aneka abhI baMdhana meM haiM, ataH AtmAe~ eka nahIM, aneka haiM 1 AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktika naitika prayAsoM kA mUlya samApta ho jAyegA / yadi AtmA eka hI hai, to vyaktigata prayAsoM evaM kriyAoM se na to usakI mukti sambhava hogI aura na vaha bandhana meM hI AyegA / 2. 3. AtmA ke eka mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva tathA tajjanita puraskAra aura daNDa kI vyavasthA kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jaayegaa| sArAMza meM, AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktikatA ke abhAva meM naitika vikAsa, naitika uttaradAyitva aura puruSArtha Adi naitika prayatnoM kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA / maraNa, baMdhana jaina tattvadarzana 63

Page #77
mukti Adi ke saMtoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svataMtra sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai (vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 1582 ) / sAMkhyakArikA ( 18 ) meM bhI janma-maraNa indriyoM kI vibhinnatA, pratyeka kI alaga-alaga pravRtti aura svabhAva tathA naitika vikAsa kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI anekatA siddha kI gayI hai| anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI anekAtmavAda naitika jIvana ke lie vaiyaktikatA kA pratyaya to prastuta kara detA hai, tathApi aneka AtmAe~ mAnane para bhI kucha naitika kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ina naitika kaThinAIyoM meM pramukhatama yaha hai ki naitikatA kA samagra prayAsa jisa ahaM ke visarjana ke lie hai, usI ahaM ( vaiyaktikatA) ko hI yaha AdhArabhUta banA detA hai / anekAtmavAda meM vaiyaktikatA kabhI bhI pUrNatayA visarjita nahIM ho sktii| isI vaiyaktikatA se rAga aura Asakti kA janma hotA hai, jo tRSNA kA hI eka rUpa hai aura yaha tRSNA hI bandhana kA mUla kAraNa hai dUsare maiM yA ahaMkAra bhI baMdhana hI hai / I jaina-darzana kA niSkarSa Agwx jaina darzana ne isa samasyA kA bhI anekAntadRSTi se sundara samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| usake anusAra, AtmA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMgasUtra (1/1 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA eka hai / anyatra use aneka bhI kahA gayA hai| TIkAkAroM ne isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA ki AtmA dravyApekSA se eka hai aura paryAyApekSA se aneka, jaise sindhu kA jala na eka hai. aura na aneka / vaha jala rAzi kI dRSTi se eka haiM aura jala-binduoM kI dRSTi se aneka bhii| samasta jala-bindu apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue usa jala - rAzi se abhinna hI haiM / usI prakAra, ananta cetana AtmAe~ apanA svataMtra astitva rakhate hue bhI apane cetanA - svabhAva ke kAraNa eka cetana Atmadravya hI haiM ( samavAyAMga TIkA 1 / 1 / ) isa prazna kA samAdhAna bar3e sundara DhaMga se AgamoM ke TIkAkAroM ke pahale hI kara diyA thaa| ve somila nAmaka brAhmaNa ko apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM- 'he somila ! dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana rUpa do paryAyoM kI pradhAnatA se maiM huuN| kabhI nyUnAdhika nahIM hone vAle Atma- pradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita hU~ / kintu tInoM kAloM meM badalate rahane vAle upayoga-svabhAva kI dRSTi se maiM aneka hU~ ( bhagavatIsUtra 1/8 / 10 ) / isa prakAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra jahA~ eka ora dravyadRSTi (Substantial View) se AtmA ke ekatva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora paryAyArthika dRSTi se jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 64

Page #78
eka hI jIvAtmA meM cetana paryAyoM ke pravAha ke rUpa se aneka vyaktitvoM kI saMkalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kara zaMkara ke advaitavAda aura bauddhoM ke kSaNika AtmavAda kI khAI ko pATane kI koziza karate haiN| jaina vicAraka AtmAoM meM guNAtmaka antara nahIM mAnate haiM, lekina vicAra kI dizA meM kevala sAmAnya dRSTi se kAma nahIM calatA, vizeSa dRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM vicAra kI do dRSTiyA~ haiM aura donoM kA apanA mahatva hai| mahAsAgara kI jala-rAzi sAmAnya dRSTi se eka haiM, lekina vizeSa dRSTi se nahIM, jala-rAzi aneka jala-binduoM kA samUha pratIta hotI hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke viSaya meM hai| cetanA kI paryAyoM kI vizeSa dRSTi se AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura cetanA dravya kI dRSTi se AtmA eka hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra Atma-dravya eka hai, lekina usameM ananta vaiyaktika AtmAoM kI sattA hai| itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka vaiyaktika AtmA bhI apanI parivartanazIla caitasika avasthAoM ke AdhAra para svayaM bhI eka sthira ikAI na hokara pravAhazIla ikAI hai| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA caritra yA vyaktitva parivartanazIla hai, vaha dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM meM badalatA rahA hai, phira bhI vahI rahatA hai| hamAre meM bhI aneka vyaktitva banate aura bigar3ate rahate haiM, phira bhI ve hamAre hI aMga haiN| isa AdhAra para hama unake lie uttaradAyI rahate haiN| isa prakAra, jaina darzana abheda meM bheda, ekatva meM anekatva kI dhAraNA ko sthAna dekara dharma aura naitikatA ke lie eka Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| jaina-darzana jina jIva kI paryAya avasthAoM kI dhArA kahatA hai, bauddha darzana use citta-pravAha kahatA hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM pratyeka jIva alaga hai, usI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM pratyeka citta-pravAha alaga hai| jaise bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM AlayavijJAna hai, vaise jaina-darzana meM Atmadravya hai, yadyapi hameM ina sabameM rahe hue tAttvika antara ko vismRta nahIM karanA caahie| AtmA ke bheda jaina-darzana aneka AtmAoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha pratyeka AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para usake bheda karatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI apekSA se AtmA ke ATha bheda kiye gaye haiM (bhagavatIsUtra 12/10/467) 1. dravyAtmA- AtmA kA tAttvika svruup| 2. kaSAyAtmA- krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM yA manovegoM se yukta cetanA kI avsthaa| jaina tattvadarzana 65

Page #79
3. yogAtmA zarIra se yukta hone para cetanA kI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyA kI avasthA / 4. upayogAtmA- AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka aura anubhUtyAtmaka zaktiyA~ / yaha AtmA kA cetanAtmaka vyApAra hai 1 . 5. jJAnAtmA - cetanA kI cintana kI zakti / 6. darzanAtmA - cetanA kI anubhUtyAtmaka zakti / 7. caritrAtmA - cetanA kI saMkalpAtmaka zakti / 8. vIryAtmA- cetanA kI kriyAtmaka zakti / 1 uparyukta ATha prakAroM meM dravyAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA aura darzanAtmA-ye cAra tAttvika AtmA ke svarUpa ke hI dyotaka haiM, zeSa cAra kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, caritrAtmA aura vIryAtmA ye cAroM AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita svarUpa ke nirdezaka haiM tAttvika AtmA dravya kI apekSA se nitya hotI hai, yadyapi usameM jJAnAdi kI paryAyeM hotI rahatI haiN| anubhavAdhArita AtmA - AtmA kI zarIra se yukta avasthA hai / yaha parivartanazIla evaM vikArayukta hotI hai| AtmA ke baMdhana kA prazna bhI isI anubhavAdhArita AtmA se saMbaMdhita hai / vibhinna darzanoM meM AtmA - siddhAMta ke saMdarbha meM jo pArasparika virodha dikhAI detA hai, vaha AtmA ke ina do pakSoM meM kisI pakSa-vizeSa para bala dene ke kAraNa hotA hai, bhAratIya paramparA meM bauddha darzana ne AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala diyA, jabaki sAMkhya aura zAMkara vedAnta ne AtmA ke tAttvika svarUpa para hI apanI dRSTi kendrita kI / jaina-darzana donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra kara unake bIca samanvaya kA kArya karatA hai / viveka- 5- kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda viveka - kSamatA kI dRSTi se AtmAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gaI haiM1. samanaska, 2. amanaska / samanaska AtmAeM ve haiM, jinheM viveka - kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha haiM, aura amanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM aisI viveka - kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka dhArmika jIvana ke kSetra kA prazna hai, samanaska AtmAe~ hI naitika AcaraNa kara sakatI haiM aura ve hI dhArmika sAdhya (mukti) kI upalabdhi kara sakatI haiM, kyoMki viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana kI upalabdhi hone para bhI AtmA meM zubhAzubha kA viveka karane kI kSamatA hotI hai, sAtha hI isI viveka-buddhi ke AdhAra para ve vAsanAoM kA saMyamana bhI kara sakatI hai| jina AtmAoM meM aisI viveka-kSamatA kA abhAva hai, unameM saMyama kI kSamatA kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isalie ve Adhyatmika pragati bhI nahIM kara sakatI / naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA meM viveka jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 66

Page #80
aura saMyama-donoM kA honA Avazyaka hai aura vaha kevala unhIM meM saMbhava hai, jo samanaska haiN| yahA~ jaivika AdhAra para bhI AtmA ke vargIkaraNa para vicAra apekSita hai, kyoMki jaina-dharma kA ahiMsA-siddhAMta bahuta kucha isI para nirbhara hai| jaivika AdhAra para jIvoM (prANiyoM) kA vargIkaraNa jaina-darzana ke anusAra jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa nimna tAlikA se spaSTa ho sakatA hai - jIva trasa sthAvara pRthvIkAya apkAya tejaskAya vAyu vanaspati paMcendriya caturindriya trIndriya dvIndriya jaivika dRSTi se jaina-paramparA meM dasa prANa-zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM meM cAra zaktiyA~ hotI haiM- 1. sparzaanubhava zakti, 2. zArIrika zakti, 3. jIvana(Ayu) zakti aura 4. shvsn-shkti| dvIndriya jIvoM meM ina cAra zaktiyoM ke atirikta svAda aura vANI kI zakti bhI hotI hai| trIndriya jIvoM meM sUMghane kI zakti bhI hotI hai| caturindriya jIvoM meM ina chaha zaktiyoM ke atirikta dekhane kI sAmarthya bhI hotI hai| paMcendriya amanaska jIvoM meM ina ATha zaktiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zravaNa zakti bhI hotI hai aura samanaska paMcendriya jIvoM meM inake atirikta manaHzakti bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana meM kula dasa jaivika zaktiyA~ yA prANa-zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpatva aura bahutva Adi kA vicAra inhIM jaivika zaktiyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai| jitanI adhika prANazaktiyoM se yukta prANI kI hiMsA kI jAtI hai, vaha utanI hI bhayaMkara samajhI jAtI hai| gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina-paramparA meM gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIva cAra prakAra ke mAne gae haiM1. deva, 2. manuSya, pazu (tiryaka) aura 4. naark| jahA~ taka zakti aura kSamatA kA prazna hai, deva kA sthAna manuSya se U~cA mAnA gayA hai, lekina jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI bAta hai, jaina-paramparA manuSya-janma ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnatI hai| usake anusAra, mAnava-jIvana hI aisA jIvana hai, jisase mukti yA naitika pUrNatA prApta kI jaina tattvadarzana

Page #81
jA sakatI hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI siddha ho sakatA hai, anya koI nhiiN| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI uparyukta cAroM jAtiyA~ svIkRta rahI haiM, lekina unameM deva aura manuSya-donoM meM hI mukta hone kI kSamatA ko mAna liyA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA ke anusAra, eka deva binA mAnava-janma grahaNa kiye deva-gati se sIdhe hI nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai, jabaki jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, kevala manuSya hI nirvANa kA adhikArI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-paramparA mAnava-janma ko carama mUlyavAn banA detI hai| AtmA kI amaratA ___ AtmA kI amaratA kA prazna naitikatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka kAMTa AtmA kI amaratA ko naitika jIvana kI susaMgata vyAkhyA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ke prAcIna yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| usa yuga meM yaha prazna AtmA kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke rUpa meM athavA zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM bahucarcita rahA hai| vastutaH, Atma-astitva ko lekara dArzanikoM meM itanA vivAda nahIM hai, vivAda kA viSaya hai - AtmA kI nityatA aura anitytaa| yaha viSaya tattvajJAna kI apekSA naitika darzana se adhika saMbaMdhita hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne naitika vyavasthA ko pramukha mAnakara usake AdhAra para hI nityatA aura anityatA kI samasyA kA hala khojane kI koziza kI, ataH yaha dekhanA bhI upayogI hogA ki AtmA ko nitya athavA anitya mAnane para naitika dRSTi se kauna-sI kaThinAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| AtmA kI nityAnityAtmakatA ___ jaina-vicArakoM ne saMsAra aura mokSa kI siddhi ke lie na to nitya-AtmavAda ko upayukta samajhA aura na anitya-AtmavAda ko| ekAnta-nityavAda aura ekAntaanityavAda-donoM hI sadoSa haiN| AcArya hemacandra donoM ko naitika darzana kI dRSTi se anupayukta batAte hue likhate haiM- yadi AtmA ko ekAnta nitya mAneM, to isakA artha hogA ki AtmA meM avasthAntara athavA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| yadi ise ekAnta anitya mAna liyA jAye, to sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha Adi bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ AtmA meM ghaTita nahIM hogii| phira, sthityantara yA bhinna-bhinna pariNAmoM, zubhAzubha bhAvoM kI zakyatA na hone se puNya-pApa kI vibhinna vRttiyA~ evaM pravRttiyA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hoMgI, na bandhana aura mokSa kI utpatti hI sambhava hoNgii| kyoMki vahA~ isa kSaNa ke paryAya ne jo kArya kiyA thA, usakA phala dUsare kSaNa ke paryAya ko milegA, kyoMki vahA~ una satata parivartanazIla paryAyoM ke madhya koI anusyUta eka sthAyI tattva (dravya) nahIM hai, ataH yaha kahA jA sakegA ki jisane kiyA thA, use phala nahIM milA aura jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 68

Page #82
jisane nahIM kiyA thA, use milA, arthAt karma-siddhAnta kI dRSTi se akRta - abhyAgama aura kRtapraNAza kA doSa hogA / ( vItarAgastotra 8 / 2 / 3 ) ataH AtmA ko nitya mAnakara bhI satata parivartanazIla (anitya) mAnA jAye, to usameM zubhAzubha Adi vibhinna bhAvoM kI sthiti mAnane ke sAtha hI usake phaloM kA bhAvAntara meM bhoga bhI sambhava ho skegaa| isa prakAra, jaina darzana sApekSa rUpa se AtmA ko nityaM aura anitya donoM svIkAra karatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra (14/19) meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA amUrta hone ke kAraNa nitya hai / bhagavatIsUtra (9 / 6/3/87 ) meM bhI jIva ko anAdi, anidhana, avinAzI, akSaya, dhruva aura nitya kahA gayA hai lekina saba sthAnoM para nityatA kA artha pariNAmI nityatA hI samajhanA caahie| bhagavatIsUtra evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra (7 / 2 / 273 ) meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama ke prazna kA uttara dete hue AtmA ko zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM kahA hai"bhagavAn ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ? " "gautama! jIva zAzvata (nitya) bhI hai aura azAzvata (anity)bhii|" "bhagavAn ! yaha kaise kahA gayA ki jIva nitya bhI hai, anitya bhI?" "gautama! dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai, bhAva kI apekSA se anitya / " AtmA dravya (sattA) kI ora se nitya hai, arthAt AtmA na to kabhI anAtma(jar3a) se utpanna hotI hai aura na kisI bhI avasthA meM apane cetanA lakSaNa ko chor3akara jar3a banatI hai / isI dRSTi se use nitya kahA jAtA hai, lekina AtmA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, ataH isa apekSA se use anitya bhI kahA gayA hai| Adhunika darzana kI bhASA meM jaina- darzana ke anusAra tAttvika AtmA nitya hai aura anubhavAdhArita AtmA anitya hai / jisa prakAra svarNAbhUSaNa svarNa kI dRSTi se nitya aura AbhUSaNa kI dRSTi se anitya hai, usI prakAra AtmA AtmA-tattva kI dRSTi se nitya aura apane vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se anitya hai / jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anitya / bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate "he jamAlI ! jIva zAzvata hai, tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM hai, jaba yaha jIva (AtmA) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogaa| isI apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA, nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai| he jamAlI! jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMki nAraka marakara tiryaMca hotA hai, tiryaMca marakara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya marakara deva hotA hai / isa prakAra, ina nAnAvasthAoM ko jaina tattvadarzana 69

Page #83
prApta karane ke kAraNa use anitya kahA jAtA hai / bhagavatIsUtra 9 / 6/3/87 yA 1/4/42 / naitika-vicAraNA kI dRSTi se AtmA ko nityAnitya ( pariNAmI - nitya) mAnanA hI samucita hai| naitikatA kI dhAraNA meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai, usakA nirAkaraNa kevala pariNAmI nitya AtmavAda meM hI sambhava hai| naitikatA kA virodhAbhAsa yaha hai ki jahA~ naitikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa Atma-tattva kI vivakSA hai, use nitya, zAzvata, aparivartanazIla, sadaiva samarUpa meM sthita, nirvikAra honA cAhie, anyathA punaH bandhana evaM patana kI sambhAvanAe~ uTha khar3I hoMgI, vahIM dUsarI ora naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jisa Atma-tattva kI vivakSA hai use, karttA, bhoktA, vedaka evaM parivartanazIla honA cAhie, anyathA karma aura unake pratiphala aura sAdhanA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI taratamatA kI upapatti nahIM hogI / jaina vicArakoM ne isa virodhAbhAsa kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai / prathamataH unhoMne ekAnta nityAtmavAda aura anityAtmavAda ke doSoM ko spaSTa kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA, phira yaha batAyA hai ki virodhAbhAsa to taba hotA hai jaba nityatA aura anityatA ko eka hI dRSTi se mAnA jAya / lekina jaba vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nityatA aura anityatA kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to usameM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM rahatA hai| jaina darzana AtmoM ko paryAyArthika dRSTi (vyavahAranaya) kI apekSA se anitya tathA dravyArthika dRSTi (nizcayanaya) kI apekSA se nitya mAnakara apanI AtmA sambandhI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai / AtmA aura punarjanma AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaba AtmA ko amara mAna liyA jAtA hai, to punarjanma ko svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| gItA (2/22) kahatI hai- "jisa prakAra manuSya vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para unakA parityAga kara naye vastra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra grahaNa karatI rahatI hai" na kevala gItA meM, varan bauddha darzana meM bhI isI Azaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ( theragAthA / 38-388 ) / DaoN. rAmAnanda tivArI zaMkara kA AcAradarzana pR.68 punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki "eka janma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka kAla-vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu cirantana kA kAlika sambandha anyAya (tarka-viruddha ) hai aura isa ( eka - janma ke ) siddhAnta meM usakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai - punarjanma kA siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 70

Page #84
cAhatA hai| eka-janma siddhAnta se usakA koI samAdhAna nahIM milatA hai- punarjanma kA siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA cAhatA hai| eka-janma ke isa siddhAnta ke anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgadeyoM ke bheda ko akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogaa|" _ DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA (jaina sAikolAjI pR. 173) karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM - "karma-siddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma-siddhAnta aura karma siddhAnta eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM vikasita hue kucha darzanoM ne karma ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai|" kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI dArzanika nitze ne karma-zakti aura punarjanma para jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve mahatvapUrNa haiN| ve likhate haiM - "karma-zakti se jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita haiM tathA kAla ananta hai, isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke haiM, vahIM phira Age yathApUrva kabhI-na-kabhI avazya utpanna hI hoMge (gItArahasya-tilaka pR.268)|" IsAI aura islAma ke dharma-darzana yaha to mAnate haiM ki vyakti apane naitika zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se prApta karatA hai aura yadi vaha apane kRtyoM ke phaloM ko isa jIvana meM pUrNatayA nahIM bhoga pAtA hai, to maraNa ke bAda unakA phala bhogatA hai, lekina phira bhI ve punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra, vyakti ko sRSTi ke ananta meM apane kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke anusAra hamezA ke lie svarga yA kisI nizcita samaya ke lie naraka meM bheja diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyakti apane kRtyoM kA phala bhogatA rahatA hai, isa prakAra ve karma-siddhAnta ko mAnate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| ___ jo vicAraNAe~ karma-siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para bhI punarjanma ko nahIM mAnatI haiM, ve isa tathya kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM ho pAtI haiM ki vartamAna jIvana meM jo naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa kyA hai? kyoM eka prANI sampanna evaM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai, athavA janmanA aindrika evaM bauddhika kSamatA se yukta hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA daridra evaM hIna kula meM janma letA hai aura janmanA hInendriya evaM bauddhika-dRSTi se pichar3A huA hotA hai? kyoM eka prANI ko manuSya-zarIra milatA hai aura dUsare ko pazu-zarIra milatA hai? yadi isakA kAraNa IzvarecchA hai, to Izvara anyAyI siddha hotA hai| dUsare, vyakti ko apanI akSamatAoM aura unake kAraNa utpanna anaitika kRtyoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharAyA jA skegaa| khAnAbadoza jAtiyoM meM janma lene vAlA bAlaka saMskAravaza jo anaitika AcaraNa kA mArga jaina tattvadarzana

Page #85
apanAtA hai, usakA uttaradAyitva kisa para hogA ? vaiyaktika vibhinnatAe~ IzvarecchA kA pariNAma nahIM, varan vyakti ke apane kRtyoM kA pariNAma hai| vartamAna jIvana meM jo bhI kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA use anupalabdha hai aura jinake phalasvarUpa use naitika vikAsa kA avasara prApta nahIM hotA hai, unakA kAraNa bhI vaha svayaM hI hai aura uttaradAyitva bhI usI para hai I naitika vikAsa kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, varan usake pIche janma-janmAntara kI sAdhanA hotI hai / punarjanma kA siddhAnta prANI ko naitika vikAsa hetu ananta avasara pradAna karatA hai / breDale naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ko ananta prakriyA mAnate haiM (ethikalasTaDIja pR. 313 ) / yadi naitikatA AtmapUrNatA evaM Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI dizA meM satata prakriyA hai, to phira binA punarjanma ke isa vikAsa kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3hA jA sakatA hai ? gItA ( 6/45) meM bhI naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie aneka janmoM kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai| DaoN. TATiyA bhI likhate haiM ki "yadi AdhyAtmika pUrNatA (mukti) eka tathya hai, to usake sAkSAtkAra ke lie aneka janma Avazyaka haiM ( sTaDIja ina jainaphilaoNsaphI pR.22 ) / " ...sAtha hI AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa hI vyAkhyA ke lie punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki vartamAna bandhana kI avasthA kA kAraNa bhUtakAlIna jIvana meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| 1 jo darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate, ve vyakti ke sAtha samucita nyAya nahIM karate / aparAdha ke liye daNDa Avazyaka hai, lekina isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki vikAsa yA sudhAra kA avasara hI samApta kara diyA jAye / jaina-darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake vyakti ko naitika vikAsa ke avasara pradAna karatA hai tathA apane ko eka pragatizIla darzana siddha karatA hai / punarjanma kI dhAraNA daNDa ke sudhAravAdI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI hai, jabaki punarjanma ko nahIM mAnane vAlI naitika vicAraNAe~ daNDa ke badalA lene ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI haiM, jo ki vartamAna yuga meM eka paramparAgata, kintu anucita dhAraNA hai / punarjanma ke viruddha yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki yadi vahI AtmA (cetanA) punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai, to phira pUrva janmoM kI smRti kyoM nahIM rahatI hai / smRti ke abhAva meM punarjanma ko kisa AdhAra para mAnA jAye ? lekina yaha tarka ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki hama aksara dekhate haiM ki hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI bhI smRti nahIM rahatI / yadi hama vartamAna jIvana ke vismarita bhAga ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, to phira kevala smaraNa ke abhAva meM pUrva janmoM kI ghaTanAe~ bhI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 72

Page #86
acetana stara para banI rahatI haiM aura viziSTa avasaroM para cetanA ke stara para bhI vyakta ho jAtI haiN| yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki hameM apane jina kRtyoM kI smRti nahIM hai, hama kyoM unake pratiphala kA bhoga kareM? lekina yaha tarka bhI samucita nahIM hai| isase kyA pharka par3atA hai ki hameM apane karmoM kI smRti hai yA nahIM? hamane unheM kiyA hai to unakA phala bhoganA hI hogaa| yadi koI vyakti itanA adhika madyapAna kara le ki naze meM use apane kiye hue madyapAna kI smRti bhI nahIM rahe lekina isase kyA vaha usake naze se baca sakatA hai? jo kiyA hai, usakA bhoga anivArya hai, cAhe usakI smRti ho yA na ho| (jaina sAikolAjI mehatA pR.175) jaina-cintakoM ne isIlie karma siddhAnta kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI savidhA Adi kA jo janmanA naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrva-janmoM ke kRtya haiN| saMkSepa meM, vaMzAnugata evaM naisargika vaiSamya pUrva-janmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| yahI nahIM, varan anukUla evaM pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi bhI zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI janmoM meM zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-sambandha kI dRSTi se ATha vikalpa mAne gaye haiM- (1) vartamAna ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM hI phala deNve| (2) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (3) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (4) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (5) vartamAna janma ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (6) vartamAna janma ke zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (7) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (8) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deve (sthAnAMga sUtra 8/2) / isa prakAra, jaina-darzana meM vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUtakAlIna evaM bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra cAra prakAra kI yoniyA~ haiM- (1) deva (svargIya jIvana), (2) manuSya, (3) tiryaMca (vAnaspatika evaM pazu-jIvana) aura (4) naraka (nArakIya jIvana) (tattvArthasUtra 8/11) / prANI apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra ina yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| yadi vaha zubha karma karatA hai, to deva aura manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura azubha karma karatA hai, to pazu-gati yA nArakIya gati prApta karatA hai| manuSya marakara pazu bhI ho sakatA hai aura deva bhii| prANI bhAvI jIvana meM kyA hogA, yaha usake vartamAna jIvana ke AcaraNa para nirbhara karatA hai| jaina tattvadarzana 13

Page #87
mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya dharma aura naitikatA AtmA sambandhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para adhiSThita rahate hai| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vicAraNA ko usake Atma sambandhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAMtoM ke aucitya sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya-sthApana Avazyaka hai| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke liye unake samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM vartamAna yuga meM zrI e.sI. mukarjI ne apanI pustaka The nature of self evaM zrI esa.ke. saksenA ne apanI pustaka Nature of consciousness in Hindu Philosophy paar febenn arabt unhoMne mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita rUpa se koI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kauzambI jI ke dvArA apanI pustaka 'bhagavAna buddha' meM yadyapi isa prakAra kA eka laghu prayAsa avazya hai phira bhI isa sambandha meM eka vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| ___pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAda sambandhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAmhaNa aura zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDI-vyavasthAoM ko prastuta karate the| sambhavataH isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna aupaniSadika sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna parikalpanAyeM, kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa-paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai upaniSadoM meM AtmA-sambandhI paraspara viparIta dhAraNAyeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM vaha isa tathya kI puSTi kA sabala pramANa hai| hAM, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| 14 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #88
lekina yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmA-sambandhI dArzanika siddhAnta hI nahI the yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna vicArakoM kI AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM thiiN| koI use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu| kisI ke anusAra AtmA nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thaa| kucha vicAraka use (AtmA kI) kartA mAnate the, to dUsare use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the| inhIM vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna naye vicAra sAmane Aye- eka aura thA upaniSadoM kA sarva AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI aura thA buddha kA anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI jaina AtmavAda kI jisane ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva-sambandhI pramANa prastuta kiye jAne Avazyaka haiN| bauddha pAli-Agama-sAhitya, jaina-Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM dIrghanikAya ke brahmajAla sutta evaM majjhima nikAya ke cUla sAropamasutta meM ina AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi uparyukta suttoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyataH naitika AcArasambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo antatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda-sambandhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahuMcA detI hai| __pAli Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahAM eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthakara tathA bahujanoM dvArA susammata kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake naitika siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nintha rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI nintha naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti loka sammAnita dharmAcArya ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai? yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the varan ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAyeM bhI karate the, unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara ske| jaina tattvadarzana

Page #89
merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA naitika niSkarSa hai, jo eka virodhI pakSa ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai 1 jainAgamoM meM sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyA prajJapti ( bhagavatI sUtra) evaM uttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM jinake AdhAra para tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai 1 vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSad chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka' haiM, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai / kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila sakatA hai 1 lekha ke vistAra bhaya se yahAM ina sabhI granthoM ke vibhinna sakeMtoM ke AdhAra para unase pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama yahAM kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI krege| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa adhyayana to svataMtra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai / vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| 1. nitya yA zAzvata AtmavAda 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartavyavAda, puruSArthavAda 5. sUkSma AtmavAda 6. vibhu AtmavAda 7. anAtma vAda 8. sarva AtmavAda yA brahmavAda prastuta nibandha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana saMbhava nahIM hai, dUsare aAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta kramazaH bauddha aura vedAnta paramparA meM vikasita hue haiM, jo kAphI vistRta haiM sAtha hI loka prasiddha haiM / ataH unakA vivecana prastuta - nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svataMtra rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho sakA / ataH usakA bhI vivecana isa nibaMdha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 76

Page #90
meM mukhyataH eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura puruSArthavAda ko unameM paraspara antara hote hue bhI eka hI varga meM rakhA gayA hai| vaise puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga hai phira bhI mahAvIra kA Atma-darzana samanvayAtmaka hai ataH unake Atma-darzana ko ekAnta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai / anityaka AtmavAda mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA pratinidhitva ajitakeza kambala karate haiM / isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha Agama meM usa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dAna, yajJa, havana, vyartha haiM, sukRta- duSkRta karmoM kA phala-vipAka nahIM / yaha loka-paraloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai jaba maratA hai taba (zarIra kI ) pRthvI pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, Aga Aga meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAtI hai ..... dAna yaha mUrkhoM kA upadeza hai.... mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita zarIra chor3ane para ucchinna ho jAte haiM . bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArtha sukhavAda kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana tathA AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai / lekina punaH yahA~ yaha zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakeza kambala naitika dhAraNA meM sukhavAdI aura unakA varNana bhautikavAdI thA, to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura dekha daNDana ke patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA, kisa hetu usane zramaNoM evaM upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thA / yadi usakI naitikatA yogavAdI thI to use svayaM saMnyAsa - mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRha-tyAgI ko sthAna honA thA / sambhavataH vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jo thA / vaha loka, paraloka, devatA AtmA Adi kisI bhI tatva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thA / usakA yaha kahanA yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM. kevala isI artha kA dyotaka haiM ki sabhI kI zAzvat sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiM / vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM / jaina tattvadarzana 77

Page #91
pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAklitu (535 I.pU.) bhI isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anityatAvAdI hI thaa| sambhavataH ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAIyoM se avagata thaa| kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sktaa| yadi AtmA nitya hai to phira hiMsA kisakI? ataH ajita ne yajJa, yAga evaM yuddha-janita hiMsA se mAnava-jAti ko mukta karane ke liye anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogaa| sAtha hI aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRha-tyAga aura deha-daNDana, jisase Atma-sukha aura bhautika-sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| ___ isa prakAra ajita kA darzana Atma-anityavAda kA darzana hai| aura usakI naitikatA hai - Atma-sukha (Subjective pleasure) kI uplbdhi| ___ sambhavataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha-daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prArambha hone para vilupta ho gii| buddha ke darzana ne ajita ke anityatAvAdI Atma-siddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyaa| anitya AtmavAda ke sambandha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14 veM adhyayana ke 18 vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahA~ yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra rahatI hai jaise tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20 veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai ki Atma nityatAvAda aura Atma-anityatAvAda meM kauna sI dhAraNA satya hai aura kauna sI asatya hai| isa prakAra yaha to nibhrAnti rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma-anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the| lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vicAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve Atma-zAnti evaM Asakti nAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #92
aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrva kar3I thI / bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo AlocanA athavA naitika niSkarSa prastuta kiye the ki usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAta kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRta praNAza evaM akRta karmabhoga kahakara-hemacandrAcArya ne prastuta kI / anitya- AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma vipAka yA karma-phala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA kyoMki samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotA / ataH karma-phala kI dhAraNA ke liye nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai / dUsare anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya saMcaya, paropakAra evaM dAna Adi ke naitika AdezoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rahatA / nitya kUTastha AtmavAda vartamAn dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM ki AtmA kUTastha (niSkriya) evaM nitya hai, sAMkhya aura vedAnta isI kA samarthaka hai / jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai / ataH hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTastha nitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNa kazyapa the| pUrNa kazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha - sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai agara koI kriyA kare karAye, kATe kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye.... corI kare .... prANiyoM ko mAra DAle.... paradArA gamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nahIM / tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke mAMsa kA Dhera lagA de to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai.... dAna, dharma aura satya - bhASaNa se koI puNya-prApti nahIM hotI / isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koI dhUrta hogaa| lekina pUrNa kazyapa eka loka pUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sakatA / yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA jo eka virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai / phira bhI isameM itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNa kazyapa AtmA ko akriya mAnate the, vastutaH unakI Atma-akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| jaina tattvadarzana 79

Page #93
aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhya darzana aura bhagavadgItA meM bhI apanA liyA gayA thaa| kapila aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga 400 I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ye pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| kapila ke darzana meM Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNa kazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM thaa| sAMkhya darzana bhI AtmA ko triguNa yukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| AtmA ina saba se prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA bandhana meM nahIM AtA, varan prakRti hI prakRti ko bAMdhatI hai| ataH zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI AtmA para nahIM par3atA isa prakAra pUrNa kazyapa kA darzana kapila ke darzana kA pUvavartI thaa| isI prakAra gItA meM bhI pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhya darzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahuMcI thii| sthAnAbhAva se hama yahAM una saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullekhita sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN| uparyukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNa kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma-akriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se uparyukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| ___yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kA kartA nahIM hai to phira vaha zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI nahIM bntii| isa prakAra Atma-akriya vAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva kI dhAraNA ko adhiSThita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA, karttavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavat ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra Atma-akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #94
niSkriya Atma vikAsavAda evaM niyativAda Atma akriyavAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai to puruSArthavAda ke dvArA Atma-vikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| makkhalI putra gauzAlaka-jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha thA-pUrNa kazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka thA lekina akriya AtmavAda ke baMdhana meM Ane ke kAraNa evaM Atma-vikAsa kI paramparA ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thaa| ataH nimna yoni se Atma-vikAsa kI uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko samajhAne ke liye usane niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA usake siddhAnta ko niyativAda yA apuruSArthavAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake siddhAnta ko niSkriya Atma vikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai gauzAlaka usa yuga kA catura vyakti thA, usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI sAdhanA-paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone para usane pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya sthApita kara liyA hogaa| jisameM darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNa kazyapa kI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the to sAdhanA mArga kA bAla svarUpa mahAvIra kI sAdhanA paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA kucha svarUpa prApta hotA hai| yadyapi usakA prastutIkaraNa eka virodhI pakSa ke dvArA huA hai yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| gauzAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAli Agama meM nimnAnusAra hai: .... hetu ke binA.... prANI apavitra hotA hai, hetu ke binA.... prANI zuddha hote haiM.... puruSa kI sAmaya se kucha nahIM hotA.... sarva satya sarva prANI, sarva bhUta, sarva jIva avaza, durbala nirvIrya hai, ve niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNita hote haiM.... _isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvavata prakAra se bhraSTarUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai isakA vikAsa svabhAvataH hotA rahatA hai| vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai aura nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| jaina tattvadarzana 81

Page #95
lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi deha-daNDana ko kyoM svIkAra karatA? jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thA vartamAna yuga meM bhI breDale ne (My Station and its duties) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra vaha chaH abhijAtiyoM' (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI abhijAtiyoM ke karttavyoM kA pAlana karate hue svataH vikAsa kI isa kramika gati meM svabhAvataH Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAdI vicAraNA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtaMtrya (Free-will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai, jabaki niyativAda meM usakA koI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA svataH vikAsavAdI dhAraNAeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM haiN| nityakUTastha-sUkSma-AtmavAda buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko nitya aura kUTastha (akriya) mAnane ke sAtha hI sUkSma mAnatA thaa| brahmajAlasutta ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA ___ sAta padArtha kisI ke.... bane hue nahIM haiM (nitya hai), ve to bandhya kUTastha.... acala haiN|.... jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letA basa itanA hI samajhanA cAhiye ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa gayA hai| isa prakAra isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha to thI hI sAtha hI vaha sUkSma aura bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa dhAraNA ke tatva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ko jo, sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA gItA meM use akkedya, avalehaya kahA gayA hai| sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka doSoM se pUrNa hai| ataH vAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| mahAvIra kA AtmavAda yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAve to hama usake chaH varga banA sakate haiM 82 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #96
1. anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda 2. nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda 3. kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda yA karttA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda 5. sUkSma AtmavAda 6. vibhu AtmavAda ( yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA brahmavAda banA hai / ) mahAvIra anekAMtavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoMge / ataH unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI eka siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka sundara saMyojita samanvaya hai / AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAga stotra meM ekAMta nitya AtmavAda aura ekAMta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai / vistArabhaya se yahA~ nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA kisa rUpa se samanvaya kiyA hai 1. nityatA - AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai arthAt nitya hai / dUsare zabdoM meM Atma tatva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai 1 2. anityatA - AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai / AtmA ke eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate hai / AtmA kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, baddhAtmA meM hI paryAyaparivartana ke kAraNa anitya kA guNa rahatA hai / 3. kUTasthatA - svabhAva kI dRSTi se AtmA karttA yA bhoktA athavA pariNamanazIla nahIM hai| 4. pariNAmIpana yA kartRtva :- sabhI baddhAtmAe~ karmoM kI karttA aura bhoktA haiM / yaha eka Akasmika, guNa hai, jo karma pudgaloM ke saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai / 5. sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA - AtmA saMkoca evaM vikAsazIla hai| Atma-pradeza ghanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi se eka sUcikA bhU-bhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa kara sakatI hai / talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekendriya jIvoM ke zarIra taka ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiM / jaina tattvadarzana 83

Page #97
saMdarbha - 1. majjhima nikAya 2/3/7 2. sutta nikAya 3/1/1 3. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna ajAtazatru kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha haiN| bRhadA. 2/15-17 4. gItA adhyAya 3 zloka 27 5. gItA adhyAya 2 zloka 21 6. aMguttaranikAya kA chakkanipAta sutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, pR. 185 dharmAnanda kauzAmbI 7. gozAtaka kI chaH AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ haiM - 1. kRSNa, 2. nIt 3. lohita 4. harita 5. zukla 6. paramazukla tulanIya jainoM kA lezyA siddhAnta - 1. kRSNa 2. nIla 3. kapota 4. teja 5. padma 6. zukla (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAtaka ke anusAra nirgrantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM hai, jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejo lezyA (lohita) varga kA sAdhana mAnatI hai|) 8. chandogya upaniSad 3/14/3 bRddhAraNyaka 5/6/1 kaThopaniSad 2/4/12 9. gItA : adhyAya 2 zloka jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #98
pudgala tattva aura paramANu pudgala ko bhI astikAya dravya evaM tattva mAnA gayA hai| yaha mUrta aura acetana tattva hai| pudgala kA lakSaNa zabda, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta, jaina AcAryoM ne halkApana, bhArIpana, prakAza, aMdhakAra, chAyA, Atapa, zabda, bandha-sAmarthya, sUkSmatatva, sthUlatva, saMsthAna, bheda Adi ko bhI pudgala kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| (uttarAdhyayana 28/127 evaM tttvaarth-5/23-24)| jahA~ dharma, adharma aura AkAza eka dravya mAne gaye haiM, vahA~ pudgala aneka dravya haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne pratyeka paramANu ko eka svatantra dravya yA ikAI mAnA hai| vastutaH yaha pudgala dravya samasta dRzya jagat kA mUlabhUta ghaTaka hai| jJAtavya hai ki bauddhadarzana meM aura bhagavatI jaise AgamoM ke prAcIna aMzoM meM pudgala zabda kA prayoga jIva yA cetana tattva ke lie bhI huA hai, kintu ise paudgalika zarIra kI apekSA se hI jAnanA caahie| yadyapi bauddha-paramparA meM to pudgala-prajJapti (puggala paJati) nAmaka eka grantha hI hai, jo jIva ke prakAroM Adi kI carcA karatA hai, phira bhI jIvoM ke lie pudgala zabda kA prayoga mukhyataH zarIra kI apekSA se hI dekhA jAtA hai| paravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne to pudgala zabda kA prayoga spaSTataH bhautika tattva ke lie hI kiyA hai aura use hI dRzya jagat kA kAraNa mAnA hai, kyoMki jaina-darzana meM pudgala hI aisA tattva hai, jise mUrta yA indriyoM kI anubhUti kA viSaya kahA gayA hai| vastutaH pudgala ke uparokta guNa hI use hamArI indriyoM kI anubhUti kA viSaya banAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina-darzana meM prANIya-zarIra, yahA~ taka ki pRthvI, jala, agni aura vanaspati kA zarIra-rUpa dRzya svarUpa bhI pudgala kA hI nirmita hai| vizva meM jo kucha bhI mUrtimAna yA indriya-anubhUti kA viSaya hai, vaha saba pudgala kA khela hai| isa sambandha meM vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya tathya yaha hai ki jahA~ jaina-darzana meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu-ina cAroM ko zarIra apekSA pudgalarUpa mAnane ke kAraNa inameM sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa- ye cAroM guNa mAne gaye haiN| jabaki vaizeSika Adi darzana mAtra pRthvI ko hI uparyukta cAroM vaNoM se yukta mAnate haiN| ve jaina tattvadarzana 85

Page #99
jala ko gandharahita triguNa vAlA teja ko gandha aura rasarahita mAtra dviguNa vAlA aura vAyu ko mAtra eka sparzaguNavAlA mAnate haiM / yahA~ eka vizeSa tathya yaha bhI hai- jahA~ anya dArzanikoM ne zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnA hai, vahA~ jaina- dArzanikoM ne zabda ko pudgala kA hI guNa mAnA hai / unake anusAra, AkAza kA guNa to mAtra avagAha arthAt sthAna denA hai| yaha dRzya jagat pudgala ke hI vibhinna saMyogoM kA vistAra hai, aneka pudgala paramANu milakara skaMdha kI racanA karate haiM aura skaMdhoM se hI milakara dRzya jagat kI sabhI vastue~ nirmita karatI haiN| navIna skaMdhoM ke nirmANa aura pUrva nirmita skandhoM ke saMgaThana aura vighaTana kI prakriyA ke mAdhyama se hI dRzya jagat meM parivartana ghaTita hote haiM aura vibhinna vastue~ aura padArtha astittva meM Ate haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne pudgala ko skaMdha aura paramANu- ina do rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA hai| vibhinna paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI skaMdha banatA hai, phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki pudgala - dravya kA aMtima ghaTaka to paramANu hI hai / usameM svabhAva se eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gaMdha aura zIta-uSNa yA snigdha-rukSa meM se koI do sparza pAye jAte haiN| - jaina AgamoM meM varNa pA~ca mAne gaye haiM- lAla, pIlA, nIlA, sapheda aura kAlA; gaMdha do haiM- sugandha aura durgandha; rasa pA~ca haiM- tikta, kaTu, kasailA, khaTTA - aura mIThA aura isI prakAra sparza ATha mAne gaye haiM- zIta aura uSNa, snigdha aura rukSa, mRdu aura karkaza tathA halkA aura bhArI / isa prakAra, jainadarzana meM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza-guNoM ke bIca bheda mAne gaye haiM / punaH jaina darzana inameM se pratyeka meM bhI unakI taratamatA (DigrI yA mAtrA ) ke AdhAra para bheda karatA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, varNa meM lAla, kAlA Adi varNa haiM, kintu inameM bhI lAlimA aura kAlimA ke halke, teja Adi aneka stara dekhe jAte haiN| lAla varNa eka guNa (DigrI) lAla se lagAkara saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura anantaguNa lAla ho sakatA hai| yahI sthiti kAle Adi anya varNoM kI bhI hogI / isI prakAra, rasa meM khaTTA, mIThA Adi rasa bhI eka hI prakAra ke nahIM hote haiM, unameM bhI taratamatA hotI hai| miThAsa, khaTAsa yA sugandha - durgandha Adi ke bhI anekAneka stara haiM / yahI sthiti uSNa Adi sparzoM kI hai, jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra, uSmA bhI eka guNa (eka DigrI) se lekara saMkhyAt, asaMkhyAt yA ananta guNa (DigrI ) kI ho sakatI haiM / isa prakAra, jaina-dArzanikoM ne varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza meM pratyeka ke avAntara bheda kiye haiM tathA taratamatA yA DigrI ke AdhAra para unake ananta bheda bhI mAne haiM / unakA yaha dRSTikoNa Aja bhI vijJAnasammata hai / 86 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #100
jaina- dArzanikoM ke anusAra, zabda bhASAvargaNA ke pudgaloM kA eka viziSTa prakAra kA pariNAma hai / nimitta-bheda se usake aneka bheda mAne jAte haiM / jo zabda jIvoM yA prANiyoM se utpanna hotA hai, vaha prAyogika hai aura jo kisI ke prayatna ke binA hI utpanna hotA hai, vaha vainasika hai, jaise- bAdaloM kA garjana / prAyogika zabda ke mukhyataH nimna chaha prakAra haiM- 1. bhASA - manuSya Adi kI vyakta aura pazu, pakSI Adi kI avyakta - aisI anekavidha bhASAe~; 2. tata - camar3e se lapeTe hue vAdyoM arthAt mRdaMga, paTaha Adi kA zabda, 3. vitata - tAra vAle vINA, sAraMgI Adi vAdyoM ke zabda, 4. ghana-jhAlara ghaMTa Adi kA zabda; 5. zuSira - phU~kakara bajAye jAne vAle zaMkha, bA~surI Adi kA zabda aura 6. saMgharSa - do vastuoM ke gharSaNa se utpanna kiyA gayA zabda / isa prakAra, paraspara AzleSarUpa bandha ke bhI prAyogika aura vaistrasika-ye do bheda haiN| jIva aura zarIra kA bandha tathA lAkha Adi kI jor3akara banAI gaI vastuoM kA bandha prayatnasApekSa hone se prAyogika - bandha hai| bijalI, megha, indradhanuSa Adi kA bandha prANI ke prayatna-nirapekSa paudgalika saMzleSa vaistrasika bandha hai 1 sUkSmatva aura sthUlatva ke bhI antya tathA ApekSika hone se ye do-do prakAra ke bheda haiN| jo sUkSmatva tathA sthUlatva - donoM eka hI vastu meM apekSA- bheda se ghaTita na hoM, ve antya kahe jAte haiM aura jo ghaTita ho, ve ApekSika kahe jAte haiM / paramANuoM kA sUkSmatva aura jagat-vyApI mahAskandha kA sthUlatva antya hai, kyoMki anya pudgala kI apekSA paramANuoM meM sthUlatva aura mahAskandha meM sUkSmatva ghaTita nahIM hotA / dvayaka Adi madhyavartI skandhoM ke sUkSmatva va sthUlatva - donoM ApekSika haiM, jaiseA~vale kA sUkSmatva aura bilva kA sthUlatva hai sApekSika hai, A~valA bilva kI apekSA choTA hai, ataH sUkSma hai aura bilva A~vale kI apekSA bar3A haiM, ataH sthUla hai, parantu vahI A~valA bera kI apekSA sthUla hai aura vahI bilva yA kUSmANDa kI apekSA sUkSma hai| prakAra jaise ApekSika hone se eka hI vastu meM sUkSmatva aura sthUlatva - donoM viruddha guNa-dharma hote haiM, kintu antya sUkSmatva aura sthUlatva eka vastu meM eka hI sAtha nahIM hote haiN| saMsthAna itthatva aura anitthatva - do prakAra kA hai / jisa AkAra kI kisI ke sAtha tulanA kI jA sake vaha itthaMvarUpa hai aura jisakI tulanA na kI jA sake, vaha anitthatvarUpa hai| megha Adi kA saMsthAna ( racanA - vizeSa) anitthatvarUpa hai, kyoMki aniyata hone se kisI eka prakAra se usakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jabaki anya padArthoM kA saMsthAna itthaMtvarUpa hai, jaise- geMda, siMghAr3A, Adi gola, trikoNa, catuSkoNa, dIrgha, pArimaNDala ( valayAkAra ) Adi rUpa meM itthatva rUpa saMsthAna ke aneka bheda haiN| skandharUpa meM pariNata pudgalapiNDa kA vizleSaNa ( vibhAga) honA bheda hai / jaina tattvadarzana 87

Page #101
isake pA~ca prakAra haiM- 1. autkarika- cIre yA khode jAne para hone vAle lakar3I, patthara Adi ke bar3e Tukar3e 2. caurNika - kaNa-kaNa rUpa meM cUrNa ho jAnA, jaise gehU~, jau Adi kA ATA 3. khaNDa-Tukar3e-Tukar3e hokara TUTa jAnA, jaise- ghar3e ke kapAlAdi; 4. pratara-parateM yA taheM nikalanA, jaise- bhojapatra abhraka Adi; 5. anutaTa-chAla nikalanA, jaise- bA~sa, Ikha Adi / isI prakAra tama arthAt andhakAra, dekhane meM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlA, prakAza kA virodhI eka pariNAma - vizeSa hai / chAyA prakAza ke Upara AvaraNa A jAne se hotI hai / isake do prakAra haiMdarpaNa Adi svaccha padArthoM meM par3ane vAlA mukhAdi kA pratibimba, jyoM-kA-tyoM dikhAI detA hai aura anya asvaccha vastuoM para par3ane vAlI parachAI pratibimbarUpa chAyA hai / sUrya Adi kA uSNa prakAza tApa Atapa aura candra, maNi, khadyota Adi kA anuSNa (zItala) prakAza udyota hai| sparza, varNa, gandha, rasa, zabda Adi sabhI paryAyeM pudgala ke kArya hone se paudgalika mAnI gayI haiM / (tattvArthasUtra, paM. sukhalAla jI, pR. 129-30) jJAtavya hai ki pudgala meM mRdu, karkaza, halkA aura bhArI - cAra sparza bhI hote haiN| ye cAra sparza tabhI saMbhava hote haiM, jaba paramANuoM se skaMdhoM kI racanA hotI hai aura tabhI unameM mRdu, kaThora, halke aura bhArI guNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiM / paramANu ekapradezI hotA hai, jabaki skaMdha meM do yA do se adhika asaMkhya pradeza taka bhI ho sakate haiN| skaMdha, skaMdha-deza, skaMdha - pradeza aura paramANu- ye cAra pudgala dravya ke vibhAga haiN| inameM paramANu niravayava hai / Agama meM use Adi, madhya aura anta se rahita batAyA gayA hai, jabaki skaMdha meM Adi aura anta hote haiM / na kevala bhautika vastue~, apitu zarIra, indriyA~ aura mana bhI skaMdhoM kA hI khela haiM / skaMdhoM ke prakAra jaina-darzana meM skaMdha ke nimna 6 prakAra mAne gaye haiM 1. sthUla - sthUla isa varga ke antargata vizva ke samasta Thosa padArtha Ate haiN| isa varga ke skaMdhoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve chinna-bhinna hone para milane meM asamartha hote haiM, jaise-patthara / 2. sthUla - jo skaMdha chinna-bhinna hone para svaMya Apasa meM mila jAte haiM, ve sthUla skaMdha kahe jAte haiN| isake antargata vizva ke tarala dravya Ate haiM, jaise- pAnI, tela Adi / 3. sthUla - sthUla- jo pudgala - skaMndha chinna-bhinna nahIM kiye jA sakate hoM, athavA jinakA grahaNa yA lAnA- le jAnA saMbhava nahIM ho, kintu jo cakSu indriya ke jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 88

Page #102
anubhUti ke viSaya hoM, ve sthUla-sUkSma yA bAdara-sUkSma kahe jAte haiM, jaise-prakAza, chAyA, andhakAra aadi| sUkSma-sUkSma - jo viSaya dikhAI nahIM dete haiM, kintu hamArI aindrika-anubhUti ke viSaya banate haiM, jaise-sugandha, zabda aadi| Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi se vidyut dhArA kA pravAha aura kintu anubhUta adRzya gaisa bhI isa varga ke antargata AtI haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne dhvani, taraMga Adi ko bhI isI varga ke antargata mAnA hai| vartamAna yuga meM ilekTraoNnika mAdhyamoM dvArA citra Adi kA sampreSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, use bhI hama isI varga ke antargata rakha sakate haiN| 5. sUkSma- jo skaMdha indriyoM ke dvArA grahaNa nahIM kiye jA sakate hoM, ve isa varga ke antargata Ate haiN| jainAcAryoM ne karmavargaNA, (jo jIvoM ke baMdhana kA kAraNa hai) manovargaNA, bhASAvargaNA Adi ko isI varga meM mAnA hai| 6. ati sUkSma- dvayaNuka Adi atyanta choTe skaMdha ati sUkSma mAne gaye haiN| skaMdha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA skaMdha kI racanA do prakAra se hotI hai- eka ora bar3e-bar3e skaMdhoM ke TUTane se yA choTe-choTe skaMdhoM ke saMyoga se navIna skaMdha banate haiM, to dUsarI ora paramANuoM meM nihita svAbhAvika snigdhatA aura rUkSatA ke kAraNa paraspara baMdha hotA hai, jisase bhI skaMdhoM kI racanA hotI hai (saMghAtabhedebhyaH utpadyante-tattvArtha 5/26) / saMghAta kA tAtparya ekatrita honA aura bheda kA tAtparya TUTanA yA alaga-alaga honA hai| kisa prakAra ke paramANuoM ke paraspara milane se skaMdha Adi kI racanA hotI hai- 'isa prazna para bhI jainAcAryoM ne vistRta carcA kI hai| paudgalika skandha kI utpatti mAtra usake avayavabhUta paramANuoM ke pArasparika saMyoga se nahIM hotI hai| isake lie unakI kucha viziSTa yogyatAeM bhI apekSita hotI haiN| pArasparika saMyoga ke lie unameM snigdhatva (cikanApana), rUkSatva (rUkhApana) Adi guNoM kA honA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaba snigdha aura rUkSa paramANu yA skandha Apasa meM milate haiM, taba unakA bandha (ekatvapariNAma) hotA hai, isI bandha se dvayaNuka Adi skandha banate haiN| snigdha aura rUkSa paramANuoM yA skandhoM kA saMyoga sadRza aura visadRzado prakAra kA hotA hai| snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha aura rUkSa kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha sadRza bandha hai| snigdha kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha visadRza-bandha hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra, jina paramANuoM meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kA aMza jaghanya arthAt nyUnatama ho, una jaghanya guNa (DigrI) vAle paramANuoM kA pArasparika bandha nahIM hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki madhyama aura utkRSTasaMkhyaka jaina tattvadarzana 89

Page #103
aMzoM vAle snigdha evaM rUkSa sabhI paramANuoM yA skandhoM kA pArasparika bandha ho sakatA hai, parantu isameM bhI apavAda hai, tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra samAna aMzoM vAle snigdha tathA rUkSa paramANuoM kA skandha nahIM bntaa| isa niSedha kA phalitArtha yaha bhI hai ki asamAna guNa vAle sadRza avayavI skandhoM kA bandha hotA hai| isa phalitArtha kA saMkoca karake tattvArthasUtra (5/35) meM sadRza asamAna aMzoM kI bandhopayogI, maryAdA niyata kI gaI hai| tadanusAra, asamAna aMzavAle sadRza avayavoM meM bhI jaba eka avayava kA snigdhatva yA rUkSatva do aMza, tIna aMza, cAra aMza Adi adhika ho, tabhI una do sadRza avayavoM kA bandha hotA hai, isalie yadi eka avayava ke snidhatva yA rUkSatva kevala eka aMza adhika ho, to bhI una do sadRza avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotA hai| unameM kama se kama do yA do se adhika guNoM kA aMtara honA caahie| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM - zvetAmbara aura digambara - donoM paramparAoM meM bandha sambandhI prastuta tInoM sUtroM meM pAThabheda nahIM hai, para arthabheda avazya hai| arthabheda kI dRSTi se ye tIna bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiM - 1. jaghanyaguNa paramANu eka aMza vAlA ho, taba bandha kA honA yA na honA, 2. 'Adi' pada se tIna Adi aMza lie jAe yA nahIM aura 3. bandha vidhAna kevala sadRza avayavoM ke lie mAnA jAe athavA nhiiN| isa sambandha meM paMDita jI Age likhate haiM1. tattvArthabhASya aura siddhasenagaNi kI usakI vRtti ke anusAra jaba donoM paramANu jaghanya guNavAle hoM, tabhI unake bandha kA niSedha hai, arthAt eka paramANu jaghanyaguNa ho aura dUsarA jaghanyaguNa na ho, tabhI unakA bandha hotA hai, parantu sarvArthasiddhi Adi sabhI digambara vyAkhyAoM ke anusAra eka jaghanyaguNa paramANu kA dUsare ajaghanyaguNa paramANu ke sAtha bhI bandha nahIM hotaa| tattvArthabhASya aura usakI vRtti ke anusAra sUtra ke 35 'Adi' pada kA tIna Adi aMza artha liyA jAtA hai, ataeva usameM kisI eka paramANu se dUsare paramANu meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva ke aMza do, tIna, cAra tathA bar3hate-bar3hate saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta ananta adhika hone para bhI bandha mAnA jAtA hai| kevala eka aMza adhika hone para hI bandha nahIM mAnA jAtA hai, parantu sabhI digambara vyAkhyAoM ke anusAra kevala do aMza adhika hone para hI bandha mAnA jAtA hai, arthAt eka aMza kI taraha tIna, cAra, saMkhyAt asaMkhyAt ananta aMza adhika hone para bandha nahIM mAnA jaataa| 2. 90 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #104
te tic te to do the the to to the the te te the te 3. bhASya aura vRtti ke anusAra do, tIna Adi aMzoM ke adhika hone para bandha kA vidhAna sadRza avayavoM para hI lAgU hotA hai, visadRza para nahIM, parantu digambara vyAkhyAoM meM vaha vidhAna sadRza kI bhA~ti visadRza paramANuoM ke bandha para bhI lAgU hotA hai| ___ isa arthabheda ke kAraNa donoM paramparAoM meM bandha viSayaka jo vidhi niSedha phalita hotA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai - bhASya-vRtyanusAra guNa-aMza sadRza visadRza 1. jaghanya+jaghanya nahIM nahIM 2. jaghanya+ekAdhika 3. jaghanya+dvayadhika 4. jaghanya+tryAdi adhika hai 5. jaghanyetara+sama jaghanyetara 6. jaghanyetara+ekAdhika jaghanyetara 7. jaghanyetara+dvayadhika jaghanyetara 8. jaghanyetara+tryAdi adhika jaghanyetara sarvArthasiddhi Adi digambara vyAkhyA-granthoM ke anusAra guNa-aMza sadRza visadRza 1. jaghanya+jaghanya nahIM 2. jaghanya+ekAdhika nahIM 3. jaghanya+dvayadhika nahIM nahIM 4. jaghanya+tryAdi adhika hai - 5. jaghanyetara+sama jaghanyetara 6. jaghanyetara+ekAdhika jaghanyetara 7. jaghanyetara+dvayadhika jaghanyetara 8. jaghanyetara+tryAdi adhika jaghanyetara nahIM nahIM isa bandha-vidhAna ko spaSTa karate hue apanI tattvArthasUtra kI vyAkhyA meM paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki snigdhatva aura rUkSatva- donoM sparza-vizeSa haiN| ye apanI-apanI jAti kI apekSA eka-eka rUpa hone para bhI pariNamana kI taratamatA ke kAraNa aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| taratamatA yahA~ taka hotI hai ki nikRSTa snigdhatva aura nikRSTa rUkSatva tathA utkRSTa snigdhatva aura utkRSTa rUkSatva ke bIca anantAnanta aMzoM kA antara rahatA hai, jaise- bakarI aura U~TanI ke dUdha ke jaina tattvadarzana nahIM nahIM Nai Nai Nai Nai

Page #105
snigdhatva meN| snigdhatva donoM meM hI hotA hai, parantu eka meM atyalpa hotA hai aura dUsare meM atydhik| taratamatAvAle snigdhatva aura rUkSatva-pariNAmoM meM jo pariNAma sabase nikRSTa arthAt avibhAjya ho, use jaghanya aMza kahate haiN| jaghanya ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jaghanyetara kahe jAte haiN| jaghanyetara meM madhyama aura utkRSTa saMkhyA A jAtI hai| sabase adhika snigdhatva pariNAma utkRSTa hai aura jaghanya tathA utkRSTa ke bIca ke sabhI pariNAma madhyama haiN| jaghanya snigdhatva kI apekSA utkRSTa snigdhatva anantAnanta gunA adhika hone se yadi jaghanya snigdhatva ko eka aMza kahA jAe, to utkRSTa snigdhatva ko anantAnanta aMza parimita mAnanA caahie| do, tIna, yAvat saMkhyAt, asaMkhyAt aura ananta se eka kama utkRSTa taka ke sabhI aMza madhyama haiN| yahA~ sadRza kA artha hai- snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha yA rUkSa kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha honA aura visadRza kA artha hai- snigdha kA rUkSa ke sAtha bandha honaa| eka aMza jaghanya hai aura usase eka adhika arthAt do aMza ekAdhika haiN| do aMza adhika hone para caturadhika yAvat anantAnanta adhika kahalAtA hai| sama arthAt donoM ke aMzoM kI saMkhyA samAna ho, taba vaha sama hai| do aMza jaghanyetara kA sama jaghanyetara do aMza hai, do aMza jaghanyetara kA ekAdhika jaghanyetara tIna aMza hai, do aMza jaghanyetara kA dvayadhika jaghanyetara cAra aMza hai, do aMza jaghanyetara kA tryAdhika jaghanyetara pA~ca aMza hai aura caturadhika jaghanyetara chaH aMza hai| isI prakAra, tIna Adi se anantAMza jaghanyetara taka ke sama, ekAdhika, dvayadhika aura tryAdi jaghanyetara aMza hote haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki samAMza sthala meM sadRza bandha to hotA hI nahIM, vidRza hotA hai, jaise do aMza snigdha kA do aMza rUkSa ke sAtha yA tIna aMza snigdha kA tIna aMza rUkSa ke saath| aise sthala meM koI eka sama dUsare sama ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai, arthAt dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke anusAra kabhI snigdhatva rUkSatva ko snigdhatva meM badala detA hai aura kabhI rUkSatva snigdhatva ko rUkSatva meM badala detA hai, parantu adhikAMza sthala meM adhikAMza hI hInAMza ko apane svarUpa meM badala sakatA hai, jaise paMcAMza snigdhatva tIna aMza snigdhatva ko apane rUpa meM pariNita karatA hai, arthAt tIna aMza snigdhatva bhI pA~ca aMza snigdhatva ke sambandha se pA~ca aMza pariNata ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, pA~ca aMza snigdhatva tIna aMza rUkSatva ko bhI svasvarUpa meM milA letA hai, arthAta rUkSatva snigdhatva meM badala jAtA hai| rUkSatva adhika ho, to vaha apane se kama snigdhatva ko apane rUpa kA banA letA hai| mere vicAra meM yahA~ yaha bhI sambhava hai ki donoM ke milana se aMzoM kI apekSA koI tIsarI avasthA bhI bana sakatI hai| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 92

Page #106
jaina-darzana meM paramANu jaina darzana meM paramANu ko pudgala kA sabase choTA avibhAgI aMza mAnA gayA hai| yathA "jaMdavvaM avibhAgI taM paramANu viyANehi "", arthAt jo dravya avibhAgI hai usako nizcaya se paramANu jAno / isI taraha kI paribhASA DemokriTasa ne bhI dI hai, jisakA ullekha pUrva meM kara Aye haiM / paramANu kA lakSaNa spaSTa karate hue AcArya kundakunda likhate haiM aMtAdi aMtamajjhaM aMtaMtaM Neva iMdie gejjhaM / - jaM avibhAgI davvaM taM paramANuM pasaMsaMti / / - niyamAsAra 29 arthAt, paramANu kA vahI Adi, vahI aMta tathA vahI madhya hotA hai / vaha iMdriyagrAhya nahIM hotA / vaha sarvathA avibhAgI hai- usake Tukar3e nahIM kiye jA sakate / aise avibhAgI dravya ko paramANu kahate haiM / paramANu sat hai, ataH avinAzI hai, sAtha hI utpAda-vyaya-dharmA, arthAt rAsAyanika svabhAva vAlA bhI hai / isa tathya ko vaijJAnikoM ne bhI mAnA hai / ve bhI paramANu ko rAsAyanika parivartana kriyA meM bhAga lene yogya pariNamanazIla mAnate haiM / paramANu jaba akelA - asambaddha hotA hai, taba usameM pratikSaNa svabhAvAnukUla paryAyeM yA avasthAe~ hotI rahatI haiM tathA jaba vaha anya paramANu se sambaddha hokara skaMdha kI dazArUpa meM hotA, taba usameM vibhAva yA svabhAvetara paryAyeM bhI dravita hotI rahatI haiN| isI kAraNa hI use dravya kahA jAtA hai / dravya kI vyutpatti kA samyak artha yahI hai ki jo dravita arthAt parivartita ho / paramANu bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai / paramANu kI utpatti yahAM paramANu kI utpatti kA tAtparya usakA astitva meM Ane se nahIM, kyoMki paramANu sat svarUpa hai / sat kI na to utpatti hotI hai aura na nAza / sat to sadAkAla anAdi-anaMta hai, ataH vaha avinAzI hai| yahAM paramANu kI utpatti kA tAtparya mile hue paramANuoM ke samUha se yA skaMdhoM se vikhaNDita hokara paramANu kA AvirbhAva hai| vastutaH paramANuoM se skandha aura skandha se paramANu AvirbhUta hote rahate haiM / tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra 'bhedAdaNuH' arthAt bheda se aNu prakaTa hotA hai, kintu yaha bheda kI prakriyA taba taka honI cAhie, jaba pudgala skaMdha eka pradezI aMtima ikAI ke rUpa meM avibhAjya na ho jAye / yaha avibhAjya paramANu kisI bhI iMdriya yA aNuvIkSaNa yaMtrAdi se bhI grAhya (dRSTigocara ) nahIM hotA hai / jaina darzana meM ise kevala sarvajJa ke jJAna kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi karate hue prophesara jAna pille likhate haiM- vaijJAnik pahale aNu ko hI pudgala kA sabase choTA, abhedya aMza mAnate the, parantu jaba usake bhI vibhAga hone lage, to unhoMne apanI dhAraNA badala aura aNu ko mAlIkyUla arthAt sUkSma skandha nAma diyA tathA paramANu ko eTama jaina tattvadarzana I 93

Page #107
nAma diyA, kintu aba to paramANu ke bhI nyUTrAna, proTAna aura ilekTrAna jaise bheda kara diye gaye haiM, jisase siddha hotA hai ki Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kA paramANu avibhAgI nahIM hai| jaina-darzana to aise paramANu ko bhI sUkSma skandha hI kahatA hai| pudgala ke samAna paramANu meM bhI varNa, rasa, gaMdha, eka rasa aura mAtra do sparza zIta aura uSNa meM se koI eka tathA snigdha aura rUkSa meM se koI eka pAye jAte haiN| jainAcAryoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne zabda, aMdhakAra, prakAza, chAyA, garmI Adi ko pudgala dravya kA hI paryAya mAnA hai| isa dRSTi se jaina darzana kA pudgala vicAra Adhunika vijJAna ke bahuta adhika nikaTa hai| jaina darzana kI hI aisI aneka mAnyatAeM haiM, jo kucha varSoM taka avaijJAnika va pUrNataH kAlpanika lagatI thIM, kintu Aja vijJAna se pramANita ho rahI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, prakAza, andhakAra, tApa, chAyA, zabda Adi paudgalika haiM, jaina AgamoM kI isa mAnyatA para koI vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA, kintu Aja unakI paudgalikatA siddha ho cukI hai| jaina-AgamoM kA kathana hai ki zabda na kevala paudgalika hai, apitu vaha dhvani rUpa meM uccarita hokara lokAnta taka kI yAtrA karatA hai, isa tathya ko kala taka koI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thA, kintu Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ne aba isa tathya ko siddha kara diyA hai ki pratyeka dhvani uccarita hone ke bAda apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detI hai aura usakI yaha yAtrA, cAhe atyanta sUkSma rUpa meM kyoM na ho, lokAnta taka hotI hai| jainoM kI yaha avadhAraNA ki avadhijJAnI carma-cakSu ke dvArA gRhIta nahIM ho rahe dUrastha viSayoM kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa kara letA hai- kucha varSoM pUrva taka yaha kapolakalpanA hI lagatI thI, kintu Aja jaba TelIvijana kA AviSkAra ho cukA hai, yaha bAta bahuta Azcaryajanaka nahIM rahI hai| jisa prakAra se dhvani kI yAtrA hotI hai, usI prakAra se pratyeka bhautika piNDa se prakAza-kiraNe parAvartita hotI haiM aura ve bhI dhvani ke samAna hI loka meM apanI yAtrA karatI haiM tathA pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA kA citra vizva meM saMpreSita kara detI haiN| Aja yadi mAnava mastiSka meM TelIvijana seTa kI hI taraha citroM ko grahaNa karane kA sAmarthya vikasita ho jAye, to dUrastha padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke hastAmalakavat jJAna meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahegI, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha se prakAza va chAyA ke rUpa meM jo kiraNeM parAvartita ho rahI haiM, ve to hama sabake pAsa pahu~ca hI rahI haiN| Aja yadi hamAre caitanya mastiSka kI grahaNa-zakti vikasita ho jAe to dUrastha viSayoM kA jJAna asambhava nahIM hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna dhArmika kahe jAne vAle sAhitya meM bhI bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo yA to Aja vijJAnasammata siddha ho cukA hai athavA jisake vijJAna sammata siddha hone kI sambhAvanA abhI pUrNataH nirasta nahIM huI hai| aneka Agama-vacana yA sUtra aise haiM, jo kala taka avaijJAnika pratIta hote the, 94 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #108
ve Aja vaijJAnika siddha ho rahe haiM / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, ina sUtroM kI vaijJAnika jJAna ke prakAza meM jo vyAkhyA kI gayI, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, paramANuoM ke pArasparika bandhana se skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA ko samajhAne hetu tattvArthasUtra ke pA~cave adhyAya kA eka sUtra hai- snigdharUkSatvAt bndhH| isameM snigdha aura rukSa paramANuoM ke eka-dUsare se jur3akara skandha banAne kI kahI gayI hai / sAmAnya rUpa se isakI vyAkhyA yaha kahakara hI kI jAtI thI ki snigdha (cikane) evaM rUkSa (khuradare) paramANuoM meM bandha hotA hai, kintu Aja isa sUtra kI vaijJAnika dRSTi se vyAkhyA hogI, to snigdha arthAt dhanAtmaka vidyut se Avezita evaM rUkSa arthAt RNAtmaka vidyuta se Avezita sUkSma kaNa, jaina darzana kI bhASA meM paramANu, milakara skandha (Molecule) kA nirmANa karate haiM / isa prakAra to tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra adhika vijJAnasammata pratIta hotA hai| pro. jI. Ara. jaina ne apanI pustaka Comology Old and New meM isa sambandha meM vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai aura isa sUtra kI vaijJAnikatA ko siddha kiyA hai| I / jahA~ taka bhautika tattva ke astitva evaM svarUpa kA prazna hai, vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM hai / paramANu yA pudgala kaNoM meM jisa ananta zakti kA nirdeza jaina AcAryoM ne kiyA thA, vaha aba Adhunika vaijJAnika anveSaNoM se siddha ho rahA hai / Adhunika vaijJAnika isa tathya ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki eka paramANu kA visphoTa bhI kitanI adhika zakti kA sRjana kara sakatA hai vaise bhI bhautika piNDa yA pudgala kI avadhAraNA ko lekara vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina vicArakoM meM koI adhika matabheda nahIM dekhA jAtA / paramANuoM ke dvArA skandha (Molecule) kI racanA kA jaina siddhAnta kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| vijJAna jise paramANu kahatA thA, vaha aba TUTa cukA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vijJAna ne jise paramANu mAna liyA thA, vaha paramANu thA hI nahIM, vaha to skandha hI thA, kyoMki jainoM kI paramANu kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jisakA vibhAjana nahIM ho sake, aisA bhautika tattva paramANu hai / isa prakAra, Aja hama dekhate haiM ki vijJAna kA tathAkathita paramANu khaNDita ho cukA hai, jabaki jaina darzana kA paramANu abhI vaijJAnikoM kI pakar3a meM A hI nahIM pAyA hai / vastutaH jaina darzana meM jise paramANu kahA jAtA hai, use Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka nAma diyA hai aura ve Aja bhI usakI khoja meM lage hue haiM / samakAlIna bhautikIvidoM kI kvArka kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo vizva kA saralatama aura antima ghaTaka hai, vahI kvArka hai / Aja bhI kvArka ko vyAkhyAyita karane meM vaijJAnika saphala nahIM ho pAe haiM / Adhunika vijJAna prAcIna jaina avadhAraNAoM ko sampuSTa karane meM kisI prakAra sahAyaka huA hai ki usakA eka udAharaNa yaha hai ki jaina tattva-mImAMsA meM eka ora jaina tattvadarzana 95

Page #109
yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki eka pudgala - paramANu jitanI jagaha gheratA hai - vaha eka AkAza pradeza kahalAtA hai, dUsare zabdoM me, eka AkAza-pradeza meM eka paramANu hI raha sakatA hai, kintu dUsarI ora AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM ananta pudgala - paramANu samA sakate haiM / isa virodhAbhAsa kA sIdhA samAdhAna hamAre pAsa nahIM thA, lekina vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vizva meM kucha aise Thosa dravya haiM, jinakA eka varga iMca kA vajana lagabhaga 8 sau Tana hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki jinheM hama Thosa samajhate haiM, ve vastutaH kitane pole haiN| ataH sUkSma avagAhana zakti ke kAraNa yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta paramANu bhI samAhita ho jAeM / jaina darzana kA paramANuvAda Adhunika vijJAna ke kitanA nikaTa hai, isakA vistRta vivaraNa zrI uttamacanda jaina ne apane lekha 'jaina darzana kA tAttvika kSa paramANuvAda' meM diyA hai / hama yahA~ unake mantavya kA kucha aMza AMzika parivartana ke sAtha uddhRta kara rahe haiM - jaina paramANuvAda aura Adhunika vijJAna jaina-darzana kI paramANuvAda para AdhArita nimna ghoSaNAe~ Adhunika vijJAna ke parIkSaNoM dvArA satya sAbita ho cukI haiM 1. paramANuoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke yaugika, unakA vikhaNDana evaM saMlayana, visaraNa, unakI baMdha, zakti, sthiti, prabhAva, svabhAva, saMkhyA Adi kA atisUkSma vaijJAnika vivecana jaina granthoM meM vistRta rUpa meM upalabdha hai / 2. pAnI svataMtra tattva nahIM, apitu pudgala kI hI eka avasthA hai / yaha vaijJAnika satya hai ki jala yaugika hai / 3. zabda AkAza kA guNa nahIM, apitu bhASAvargaNArUpa skaMdhoM kA avasthAntara hai, isalie yaMtragrAhya hai / 4. vizva kisI ke dvArA nirmita nahIM, kyoMki sat kI utpatti yA vinAza saMbhava nahIM / sat kA lakSaNa hI utpAda - vyaya - dhrauvyayukta honA hai| pudgala nirmita vizva mithyA evaM asat nahIM hai, sat svarUpa hai / 5. prakAza - aMdhakAra tathA chAyA - ye pudgala kI hI pRthaka-pRthaka paryAya haiN| yaMtra grAhya haiN| inake svarUpa kI siddhi Adhunika sinemA, phoTogrAphI, kaimarA Adi dvArA ho cukI hai| 6. Atapa evaM udyota bhI paramANu evaM skaMdhoM kI hI paryAya haiM, saMgrahaNIya haiM / 7. jIva tathA pudgala ke eka kSetra se dUsare kSetra taka Ane jAne meM sahakArI acetana mUrttika dharma nAmaka dravya hai, jo sarva jagat meM vyApta hai / vijJAnavettAoM ne use Izvara nAma diyA hai| 1 96 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #110
8. jIva aura pudgaloM kI sthiti (Thaharane) meM adharma dravya sahakArI hai, jise amUrta, acetana evaM vizvavyApI batAyA gayA hai| vaijJAnikoM ne ise gurutvAkarSaNa zakti nAma diyA hai| 9. AkAza eka svatantra dravya hai, jo samasta dravyoM ko avakAza(sthAna) pradAna karatA hai| vijJAna kI bhASA meM ise 'spesa' kahate haiN| 10. kAla bhI eka bhinna svataMtra dravya hai, jise minkoM ne 'phora DAimenzala thyorI' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| samaya ko kAla dravya kA hI eka paryAya mAnA gayA hai| (dekhie-sanmati sandeza, pharavarI 67, pRSTha 24, pro. nihAlacandra) 11. vanaspati ekendriya jIva hai, usameM sparza saMbaMdhI jJAna hotA hai| sparza-jJAna ke kAraNa hI 'lAjavantI' nAmaka paudhA sparza karate hI jhuka jAtA hai| vanaspati meM prANa-siddhi karane vAle prasiddha vaijJAnika jagadIzacandra basu haiN| vanaspati zAstra cetanatattva ko proToplAjma nAma detA hai| 12. jaina darzana ne anekAMta svarUpa vastu ke vivecana kI paddhati 'syAdvAda' batAyA, jise vaijJAnika AiMsTIna ne sApekSavAda siddhAMta ke nAma se prasiddha kiyA hai| 13. jaina darzana eka lokavyApI mahAskaMdha ke astitva ko bhI mAnatA hai, jisake nimitta se tIrthaMkaroM ke janma Adi kI khabara jagat meM sarvatra phaila jAtI hai, yaha tathya Aja TelIpaithI ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| 14. pudgala ko zakti rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai parantu maiTara aura usakI zakti ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 15. iMdriya, zarIra, bhASA Adi 6 prakAra kI paryAptiyoM kA varNana Adhunika jIvanazAstra meM kozikAoM aura tantuoM ke rUpa meM hai| 16. jIva vijJAna tathA vanaspati vijJAna kA jaina vargIkaraNa-Adhunika jIvanazAstra tathA vanaspatizAstra dvArA AMzika rUpa meM svIkRta ho cukA hai| 17. tattvArthasUtra meM varNita sUrya, tArA, nakSatra Adi kI Ayu prakAra, avasthAe~ Adi kA sUkSma varNana Adhunika saurya jagat ke adhyayana se AMzika rUpa meM pramANita hotA hai, yadyapi kucha antara bhI hai| prayoga se prApta satya kI taraha cintana se prApta satya sthUla AkAra meM sAmane nahIM AtA, ataH sAdhAraNatayA janatA kI zraddhA ko apanI ora AkRSTa karanA vijJAna ke lie jitanA sahaja hai, darzana ke lie utanA nhiiN| itanA hone para bhI donoM kitane najadIka haiM- yaha dekhakara Azcaryacakita honA par3atA hai| zrI uttamacanda jaina kI uparokta tulanA kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki jaina-darzana kA paramANuvAda Aja vijJAna ke ati nikaTa hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai, hama apanI Agamika-mAnyatAoM kA vaijJAnika-vizleSaNa kara unakI satyatA kA parIkSaNa kreN| 00 jaina tattvadarzana 97

Page #111
jaina tattvamImAMsA aura Adhunika vijJAna yaha satya hai ki Adhunika vijJAna kI pragati ke pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna dharmoM aura darzanoM kI loka ke svarUpa evaM sRSTi sambandhI tathA khagola-bhUgola sambandhI aneka prAcIna mAnyatAoM para praznacinha laga gaye haiM isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki kucha prabuddhajanoM ne vaijJAnika mAnyatAoM ko carama satya svIkAra karake vividha dharmoM kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko kAlpanika evaM aprAmANika batAnA prArambha kara diyaa| phalasvarUpa aneka dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA ko Thesa pahuMcI aura Apta- puruSoM ke vacana yA sarvajJa ke kathana meM athavA AgamoM ke AptapraNIta hone meM unheM saMdeha hone lgaa| isa sambandha meM aneka patra-patrikAoM meM gaveSaNAparaka lekhoM ke mAdhyama se paryApta uhApoha bhI huA aura donoM pakSoM ne apanI bAta ko yuktisaMgata siddha karane kA prayatna kiyaa| vizeSa rUpa se yaha bAta taba adhika vivAdAspada viSaya bana gaI, jaba pAzcAtya vaijJAnikoM ne candramA kI saphala yAtrA kara lI aura usa sambandha meM aneka aise Thosa pramANa prastuta kara die, jo vibhinna dharmoM kI khagola-bhUgola sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM jAte haiN| yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ke mAdhyama se dharma ke kSetra meM andhavizvAsa evaM mithyAdhAraNAeM samApta huI haiM, kintu jo loga vaijJAnika niSkarSoM ko carama satya mAnakara dharma va darzana ke niSkarSoM para aura unakI upayogitA para cihna lagA rahe haiM, ve bhI kisI bhrAnti meM haiN| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki kAlakrama meM pUrvavartI aneka vaijJAnika dhAraNAeM avaijJAnika bana cukI haiN| na to vijJAna aura na prabuddha vaijJAnika isa bAta kA dAvA karate haiM; ki hamAre jo niSkarSa haiM, ve antima satya haiN| jaise-jaise vaijJAnika jJAna meM pragati ho rahI hai, vaise-vaise vaijJAnikoM kI hI pUrva sthApita mAnyatAeM nirasta hokara navIna-navIna niSkarSa evaM mAnyatAeM sAmane A rahI haiM, ataH Aja na to vijJAna se bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura na pUrvavartI mAnyatAoM ko pUrNataH nirarthaka yA kAlpanika kahakara asvIkAra kara dene meM koI aucitya hai| ucita yahI hai ki dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM jo mAnyatAeM nirvivAda rUpa se vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahI haiM, unheM svIkAra kara liyA jAe, zeSa ko bhAvI vaijJAnika parIkSaNoM ke lie parikalpanA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAe kyoMki dharmagranthoM meM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 98

Page #112
ullekhita jo ghaTanAe~ evaM mAnyatAeM kucha varSoM pUrva taka kapola-kalpita lagatI thIM, ve Aja vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahI haiN| sau varSa pUrva dharmagranthoM meM ullekhita AkAzagAmI vimAnoM kI bAta athavA dUrastha dhvaniyoM ko suna pAne aura dUrastha ghaTanAoM ko dekha pAne kI bAta kAlpanika lagatI thI, kintu Aja ve yathArtha bana cukI haiN| jainadharma kI hI aisI aneka mAnyatAeM haiM, jo kucha varSoM pUrva taka avaijJAnika va pUrNataH kAlpanika lagatI thIM, Aja vijJAna se pramANita ho rahI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, prakAza, andhakAra, tApa, chAyA aura zabda Adi paudgalika haiMjaina AgamoM kI isa mAnyatA para koI vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA, kintu Aja unakI paudgalikatA siddha ho cukI hai| jaina-AgamoM kA yaha kathana hai ki zabda na kevala paudgalika hai, apitu vaha dhvani rUpa meM uccarita hokara lokAnta taka kI yAtrA karatA hai- isa tathya ko kala taka koI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thA, kintu Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ne aba isa tathya ko siddha kara diyA hai ki pratyeka dhvani uccarita hone ke bAda apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detI hai aura usakI yaha yAtrA, cAhe atyanta kSINa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, lokAnta taka hotI hai| jainoM kI kevalajJAna sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA ki kevalI yA sarvajJa samasta loka ke padArthoM ko hastAmalakavat pratyakSa rUpa se jAnatA hai, athavA avadhijJAna sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA ki avadhijJAnI carma-cakSu ke dvArA gRhIta nahIM ho rahe dUrastha viSayoM kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa kara letA hai- kucha varSoM pUrva taka yaha saba kapolakalpanA hI lagatI thI, kintu Aja saba TelIvijana kA AviSkAra ho cukA hai, yaha bAta bahuta Azcaryajanaka nahIM rahI hai| jisa prakAra se dhvani kI yAtrA hotI hai, usI prakAra se pratyeka bhautika piNDa se prakAza-kiraNeM parAvartita hotI haiM, aura ve bhI dhvani ke samAna hI loka meM apanI yAtrA karatI haiM, tathA pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA kA citra vizva meM saMpreSita kara detI hai| Aja yadi mAnava-mastiSka meM TelIvijana seTa kI hI taraha citroM ko grahaNa karane kI sAmarthya vikasita ho jAeM, to dUrastha padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke hastAmalakavat jJAna meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahegI, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha se prakAza va chAyA ke rUpa meM jo kiraNe parAvartita ho rahI haiM, ve to hama sabake pAsa pahuMca hI rahI haiN| Aja yadi hamAre caitanya mastiSka kI grahaNa-sAmarthya vikasita ho jAya, to dUrastha viSayoM kA jJAna asambhava nahIM hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna dhArmika kahe jAne vAle sAhitya meM bhI bahuta-kucha aisA hai, jo yA to Aja vijJAnasammata siddha ho cukA hai, athavA jisake vijJAnasammata siddha hone kI sambhAvanA abhI pUrNataH nirasta nahIM huI hai| jaina tattvadarzana

Page #113
aneka Agama-vacana yA sUtra aise haiM, jo kala taka avaijJAnika pratIta hote the, ve Aja vaijJAnika pratIta ho rahe haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, ina sUtroM kI jo vaijJAnika vyAkhyA kI gayI, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotI hai udAharaNa ke rUpa meM paramANuoM ke pArasparika-bandhana se skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA ko samajhAne hetu tattvArthasUtra ke pA~cave adhyAya kA eka sUtra AtA hai- snigdharUkSatvAd bndhH| isameM snigdha aura rUkSa paramANuoM ke eka-dUsare se jur3akara skandha banAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakI vyAkhyA yaha kahakara hI kI jAtI thI ki snigdha (cikane) evaM rUkSa (khuradure) paramANu meM bandha hotA hai, kintu Aja jaba hama isa sUtra kI vaijJAnika vyAkhyA karate haiM ki snigdha arthAt dhanAtmaka vidyut se Avezita evaM rUkSa arthAt RNAtmaka vidyuta se Avezita sUkSma-kaNa-jaina-darzana kI bhASA meM paramANu paraspara milakara skandha kA nirmANa karate haiM, to tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra adhika vijJAnasammata pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra, AcArAMgasUtra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI prANIya-jIvana se jo tulanA kI gaI haiM, vaha Aja adhika vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahI hai| AcArAMga kA yaha kathana hai ki vAnaspatika-jagat meM usI prakAra kI saMvedanazIlatA hai, jaisI prANI-jagat meM-isa tathya ko sAmAnyatayA pAzcAtya vaijJAnikoM kI Adhunika khojoM ke pUrva satya nahIM mAnA jAtA thA, kintu sara jagadIzacanda basu aura anya jaiva-vaijJAnikoM ne aba isa tathya kI puSTi kara dI hai ki vanaspati meM prANI jagat kI taraha hI saMvedanazIlatA hai, ataH Aja AcArAMga kA kathana vijJAnasammata siddha hotA hai| ___ hameM yaha bAta dhyAna me rakhanA hai ki na to vijJAna dharma kA zatru hai aura na dhArmika AsthAoM ko khaNDita karanA hI usakA uddezya hai, yaha jise khaNDita karatA hai, ve hamAre tathAkathita dhArmika andhavizvAsa hote haiM, sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI samajhanA cAhiye ki vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka dhArmika avadhAraNAeM puSTa hI huI haiN| aneka dhArmika AcAra-niyama, jo kevala hamArI zAstra ke prati zraddhA ke bala para Tike the, aba unakI vaijJAnika upayogitA siddha ho rahI haiN| jaina-paramparA meM rAtri-bhojana kA niSedha eka sAmAnya niyama hai, cAhe paramparAgata rUpa meM rAtri-bhojana ke sAtha hiMsA kI bAta jur3I ho, kintu Aja rAtri bhojana kA niSedha mAtra hiMsA-ahiMsA ke AdhAra para sthita na hokara jIva-vijJAna, cikitsAzAstra aura AhArazAstra kI dRSTi se adhika vijJAnasammata siddha ho rahA hai| sUrya ke prakAza meM, bhojana ke viSANuoM ko naSTa karane kI tathA zarIra meM bhojana ko pacAne kI jo sAmarthya hotI hai, vaha rAtri ke andhakAra meM nahIM hotI- yaha bAta vijJAnasammata siddha ho cukI hai| isI prakAra, sUryAsta ke bAda bhojana cikitsAzAstra jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 100

Page #114
kI dRSTi se bhI anucita mAnA jAne lagA hai| cikitsakoM ne batAyA hai ki rAtri meM bhojana ke bAda apekSita mAtrA meM pAnI na grahaNa karane se bhojana kA paripAka samyak rUpa se nahIM hotA hai| yadi vyakti jala kI samyak mAtrA kA grahaNa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, to use bAra-bAra mUtra-tyAga ke lie uThanA hotA hai, phalasvarUpa nidrA bhaMga hotI hai| nIMda pUrI na hone ke kAraNa vaha subaha derI se uThatA hai aura isa prakAra na kevala usakI prAtaHkAlIna dinacaryA asta-vyasta hotI hai, apitu vaha apane zarIra ko bhI aneka vikRtiyoM kA ghara banA letA hai| jainoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se avadhAraNA thI ki ve annakaNa, jo aMkurita ho rahe haiM athavA kisI vRkSa Adi kA vaha hissA, jahA~ aMkuraNa ho rahA hai, ve anantakAya hai aura anantakAya kA bhakSaNa adhika pApakArI hai| Aja taka yaha eka sAdhAraNa siddhAnta lagatA thA, kintu Aja vaijJAnika gaveSaNA ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho rahA hai ki jahA~ bhI jIvana ke vikAsa kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM, usake bhakSaNa yA hiMsA se ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai, kyoMki jIvana ke vikAsa kI vaha prakriyA kitane jIvoM ko janma degI-yaha batA pAnA bhI sambhava nahIM hai, yadi hama usakI hiMsA karate haiM, jo jIvana kI jo navIna sattdhArA calane vAlI thI, use hI hama bIca meM avarUddha kara dete haiN| isa prakAra, ananta jIvana ke vinAza ke kartA siddha hote haiN| isI prakAra, mAnava kA svAbhAvika AhAra zAkAhAra hai, mAMsAhAra evaM aNDe Adi ke sevana se kauna-se rogoM kI utpatti hotI hai Adi tathyoM kI prAmANika jAnakArI Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke dvArA hI sambhava huI hai| Aja vaijJAnikoM aura cikitsAzAstriyoM ne apanI khojoM ke mAdhyama se mAMsAhAra ke doSoM kI jo vistRta vivecanAeM kI haiM, ve saba jaina AcArazAstra kitanA vaijJAnika hai- isakI hI puSTi karate haiN| isI prakAra, paryAvaraNa kI zuddhi ke lie jaina-paramparA meM vanaspati, jala Adi ke anAvazyaka dohana para jo pratibandha lagAyA gayA hai, vaha Aja kitanA sArthaka hai, yaha bAta Aja hama binA vaijJAnika khojoM ke nahIM samajha skte| paryAvaraNa ke mahattva ke lie aura use dUSita hone se bacAne ke lie jaina AcArazAstra kI bhUmikA kitanI mahatvapUrNa hai, isakI puSTi Aja vaijJAnika khojoM ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava ho sakI hai| Aja vaijJAnika jJAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa hama dhArmika AcAra-sambandhI aneka mAnyatAoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiM aura isa prakAra vijJAna kI khoja dharma ke lie upayogI siddha ho sakatI hai| jaina dharma evaM darzana kI jo bAteM kala taka avaijJAnika-sI lagatI thIM, Aja vaijJAnika khojoM ke phalasvarUpa satya siddha jaina tattvadarzana 101

Page #115
ho rahI haiM, ataH vijJAna ko dharma va darzana kA virodhI na mAnakara usakA sampUraka hI mAnanA hogaa| Aja jaba hama jaina - tattvamImAMsA, jaivavijJAna aura AcArazAstra kI Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariprekSya meM samIkSA karate haiM, to hama yahI pAte haiM ki vijJAna ne jaina-avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi hI kI hai / vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo sarvAdhika prazna-cihna lage haiM, ve jaina dharma kI khagola va bhUgola - sambandhI mAnyatAoM para haiM / yaha satya hai ki khagola va bhUgola sambandhI jaina avadhAraNAeM Aja kI vaijJAnika khojoM se bhinna par3atI haiM aura Adhunika vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM unakA samIkaraNa baiThA pAnA bhI kaThina hai / yahA~ sabase pahalA prazna yaha hai ki kyA jaina-khagola va bhUgola sarvajJa praNIta hai yA yA sarvajJa kI vANI hai ? isa sambandha meM paryApta vicAra kI AvazyakatA hai| sarvaprathama to hameM jAna lenA cAhie ki jaina khagola va bhUgola saMbaMdhI vivaraNa sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, evaM bhagavatI ko chor3akara anya aMga - AgamoM meM kahIM bhI ullekhita nahIM hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAga meM bhI ve suvyavasthita rUpa meM pratipAdita nahIM haiM, mAtra saMkhyA ke saMdarbha - krama meM unakI sambandhita saMkhyAoM kA ullekha kara diyA gayA hai / vaise bhI jahA~ taka vidvAnoM kA prazna haiM, va inheM saMkalanAtmaka evaM apekSAkRta paravartI grantha mAnate haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki inameM samaya-samaya para sAmagrI prakSipta hotI rahI hai, ataH unakA vartamAna svarUpa pUrNataH jina-praNIta nahIM kahA jA sakatA haiM / jaina khagola va bhUgola sambandhI jo avadhAraNAeM upalabdha haiM, unakA Agamika AdhAra candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti evaM jambUdvIprajJapti hai, jinheM vartamAna meM upAMga ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai, kintu nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke anusAra ye grantha Avazyaka vyatirikta aMga bAhya AgamoM meM parigaNita kiye jAte haiN| paramparAgata dRSTi se aMga - bAhya AgamoM ke upadeSTA evaM racayitA jina na hokara sthavira hI mAne gaye haiM aura isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye grantha sarvajJa na hokara chadmastha jaina AcAryoM dvArA praNIta haiM, ataH yadi inameM pratipAdita tathya Adhunika vijJAna ke pratikUla jAte haiM, to usase sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA para A~ca nahIM AtI hai| hameM isa bhaya kA parityAga kara denA cAhie ki yadi hama khagola evaM bhUgola ke sambandha meM Adhunika vaijJAnika - gaveSaNAoM ko mAnya kareMge, to usase jina kI sarvajJatA para koI AMca AyegI / yahA~ para yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki sarvajJa yA jina kevala upadeza dete haiM, grantha-lekhana kA kArya to unake gaNadhara yA anya sthavira AcArya karate haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki sarvajJa ke lie upadeza kA viSaya to adhyAtma va AcArazAstra hI hotA hai, khagola va bhUgola unake mUla pratipAdya nahIM haiN| khagola va bhUgola-sambandhI jo avadhAraNAeM jaina - paramparA meM milatI haiM, ve thor3e 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 102

Page #116
antara ke sAtha samakAlika bauddha evaM hindU paramparA meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai, ataH yaha mAnanA hI ucita hogA ki khagola evaM bhUgola sambandhI jaina - mAnyatAe~ Aja yadi vijJAna-sammata siddha nahIM hotI haiM, to usase na to sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA para A~ca A hai aura na jaina dharma kI adhyAtmazAstrIya, tattvamImAMsIya evaM AcArazAstrIyaavadhAraNAoM para koI kharoMca AtI hai| sUryaprajJapti jaisa grantha jisameM jaina- AcArazAstra aura usakI ahiMsaka niSThA ke viruddha pratipAdana pAye jAte haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM sarvajJa-praNIta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / jo loga khagola- bhUgola sambandhI vaijJAnika tathyoM ko kevala isalie svIkAra karane se katarAte haiM ki isase sarvajJa kI avahelanA hogI, ve vastutaH jaise AdhyAtmazAstra ke rahasyoM se ya to anabhijJa haiM, yA unakI anubhUti se rahita hai, kyoMki hameM sarvaprathama to yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jo Atma-draSTA sarvajJa praNIta haiM hI nahIM, usake amAnya hone se sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA kaise khaNDita ho sakatI hai? AcArya kundakunda ne to spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki sarvajJa AtmA ko jAnatA hai- yahI yathArtha / satya hai / sarvajJa bAhya jagat ko jAnatA hai- yaha kevala vyavahAra hai / bhagavatIsUtra kA yaha kathana bhI ki 'kevalI siya jANai siya jANai'-isa satya ko udghATita karatA hai ki sarvajJa AtmadraSTA hotA hai / vastutaH sarvajJa kA upadeza bhI AtmAnubhUti aura Atma-vizuddhi ke lie hotA hai / jina sAdhanoM se hama zuddhAtmA kI anubhUti kara sakeM, Atmazuddhi yA Atmavimukti ko upalabdha kara sake, vahI sarvajJa dvArA pratipAdya hai / yaha satya hai ki AgamoM ke rUpa meM hamAre pAsa jo kucha upalabdha hai, usameM jina vacana bhI saMkalita haiM aura yaha bhI satya hai ki AgamoM kA aura unameM upalabdha sAmagrI kA jainadharma, prAkRta-sAhitya aura bhAratIya itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mahattva hai, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AgamoM ke nAma para hamAre pAsa jo kucha upalabdha hai, usameM paryApta vismaraNa, parivartana, parivarddhana aura prakSepaNa bhI huA hai, ataH isa tathya ko svaMya antima vAcanAkAra devarddhi ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / ataH Agama-vacanoM meM kitanA aMza jina-vacana haiM- isa sambandha meM paryApta samIkSA, satarkatA aura sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai| Aja do prakAra kI atiyA~ dekhane meM AtI haiM- eka ati yaha hai ki cAhe pandrahavIM zatI ke lekhaka ne mahAvIra - gautama ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM kisI grantha kI racanA kI ho use bhI binA samIkSA ke jina-vacana ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jA rahA hai aura use hI carama satya mAnA jAtA hai, dUsarI ora, sampUrNa Agama-sAhitya ko andhavizvAsa kahakara nakArA jA rahA hai / Aja AvazyakatA hai nIra - kSIra-buddhi se Agama-vacanoM kI samIkSA karake madhyama mArga apanAne kI / jaina tattvadarzana 103

Page #117
Aja na to vijJAna hI carama satya hai aura na Agama ke nAma para jo kucha hai, vahI carama satya hai| Aja na to AgamoM ko nakArane se kucha hogA aura na vaijJAnika satyoM ko nakArane se| vijJAna aura Agama ke sandarbha meM Aja eka taTastha samIkSaka-buddhi kI AvazyakatA hai| ___ jaina-sRSTizAstra aura jaina khagola-bhUgola meM bhI, jahA~ taka sRSTizAstra kA sambandha hai, vaha Adhunika vaijJAnika avadhAraNAoM ke sAtha eka sImA taka saMgati rakhatA hai| jaina sRSTizAstra ke anusAra, sarvaprathama isa jagat ko anAdi aura ananta mAnA gayA hai, kintu usameM jagat kI anAdi-anantatA usake pravAha kI dRSTi se hai| ise anAdi-ananta isalie kahA jAtA hai ki koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM thA, jaba sRSTi nahIM thI yA nahIM hogii| pravAha kI dRSTi se jagat anAdi-ananta hote hue bhI isameM pratikSaNa utpatti aura vinAza arthAt sRSTi aura pralaya kA krama bhI calatA rahatA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM yaha jagat apane pravAha kI apekSA se zAzvata hote hue bhI isame sRSTi evaM pralaya hote rahate haiM, kyoMki jo bhI utpanna hotA hai, usakA vinAza aparihArya hai| phira bhI, usakA sRSTA yA kartA koI bhI nahIM hai| yaha saba prAkRtika niyama se hI zAsita hai| yadi vaijJAnika dRSTi se isa para vicAra kareM, to vijJAna ko bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM Apatti nahIM hai ki yaha vizva apane mUla tattva yA mUla ghaTaka kI dRSTi se anAdi-ananta hote hue bhI isameM sRjana aura vinAza kI prakriyA satt rUpa se cala rahI hai| yahA~ taka vijJAna va jainadarzana-donoM sAtha jAte haiN| donoM isa saMbaMdha meM bhI eka mata haiM ki jagat kA koI sRSTA nahIM hai aura yaha prAkRtika niyama se zAsita hai, sAtha hI ananta vizva meM sRSTi-loka kI sImittA jaina-darzana evaM vijJAna-donoM ko mAnya hai| ina mUla-bhUta avadhAraNAoM meM sAmyatA ke hote hue bhI jaba hama inameM vistAra meM jAte haiM, to hameM jaina Agamika mAnyatAoM evaM Adhunika vijJAna-donoM meM paryApta antara bhI pratIta hotA hai| adholoka, madhyaloka evaM svarga loka kI kalpanA lagabhaga sabhI dharma-darzanoM meM upalabdha hotI hai, kintu Adhunika vijJAna ke dvArA khagola kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, usameM isa prakAra kI koI kalpanA nahIM haiN| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki pRthvI ke nIce naraka va Upara svarga hai| Adhunika khagola-vijJAna ke anusAra, isa vizva meM asaMkhya sauramaNDala haiM aura pratyeka sauramaNDala meM aneka graha-nakSatra va pRthviyAM haiN| asaMkhya sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra kI avadhAraNA jaina-paramparA meM bhI mAnya hai| yadyapi Aja taka vijJAna yaha siddha nahIM kara pAyA hai ki pRthvI ke atirikta kina graha-nakSatroM para jIvana pAyA jAtA hai, kintu usane isa saMbhAvanA se bhI inkAra nahIM kiyA ki isa brahmANDa meM aneka aise graha-nakSatra ho sakate hai, jahA~ 104 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #118
jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM haiM, ataH isa vizva meM jIvana kevala pRthvI para hai- yaha bhI carama satya nahIM hai| pRthvI ke atirikta kucha graha-nakSatroM para jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM ho sakatI haiN| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki pRthvI kI apekSA kahIM jIvana adhika sukhada evaM samRddha ho aura kahIM yaha vipanna aura kaSTakara sthiti meM ho, ataH cAhe svarga evaM naraka aura khagola evaM bhUgola sambandhI hamArI avadhAraNAoM para vaijJAnika-khojoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa praznacihna lageM, kintu isa pRthvI ke atirikta isa vizva meM kahIM bhI jIvana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai- yaha bAta to svayaM vaijJAnika bhI nahIM kahate haiN| pRthvI ke atirikta brahmANDa ke anya graha-nakSatroM para jIvana kI sambhAvanAoM ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI prakArAntara se svarga evaM naraka kI avadhAraNAeM bhI sthAna pA jAtI haiN| ur3ana taztariyoM sambandhI jo bhI khojeM huI haiM, usase itanA to nizcita siddha hI hotA hai ki isa pRthvI ke atirikta anya graha-nakSatroM para bhI jIvana hai aura vaha pRthvI se apanA samparka banAne ke lie prayatnazIla bhI hai| ur3ana-taztariyoM ke prANiyoM kA yahA~ AnA va svarga se deva logoM kI Ane kI paramparAgata kathA meM koI bahuta antara nahIM hai, ataH jo paraloka-sambandhI avadhAraNA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha abhI pUrNatayA nirasta nahIM kI jA sakatI, ho sakatA hai ki vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI eka dina punarjanma va lokottara jIvana kI kalpanAeM yathArtha siddha ho skeN| . jaina-paramparA meM loka ko SaDdravyamaya kahA gayA hai| ye SaDUdravya nimna haiMjIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala evaM kaal| inameM se jIvana (AtmA), dharma, adharma, AkAza va pudgala- ye pA~ca astikAya kahe jAte haiN| inheM astikAya kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ye prasArita haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM jisakA AkAza meM vistAra hotA hai, vaha astikAya kahalAtA hai| SaDdravyoM meM mAtra kAla ko anastikAya kahA gayA hai, kyoMki isakA prasAra bahuAyAmI na hokara ekarekhIya hai| yahA~ hama sarvaprathama to yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SaDdravyoM kI jo avadhAraNA hai, vaha kisa sImA taka Adhunika vijJAna ke sAtha saMgati rakhatI hai| SaDdravyoM meM sarvaprathama hama jIva ke sandarbha meM vicAra kreNge| cAhe vijJAna AtmA kI svataMtra sattA ko svIkAra na karatA ho, kintu vaha jIvana ke astittva se iMkAra bhI nahIM karatA hai, kyoMki jIvana kI upasthiti eka anubhUta tathya hai| cAhe vijJAna eka amara AtmA kI kalpanA ko svIkAra nahIM kareM, lekina vaha jIvana evaM usake vividha rUpoM se iMkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai| jIva-vijJAna kA AdhAra hI jIvana ke astittva kI svIkRti para avasthita hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, aba vaijJAnikoM ne atIndriya jJAna tathA punarjanma ke sandarbha meM bhI apanI zodha-yAtrA prArambha kara dI hai| jaina tattvadarzana 105

Page #119
vicAra-sampreSaNa yA TelIpaithI kA siddhAnta aba vaijJAnikoM kI ruci kA viSaya banatA jA rahA hai aura isa sambandha meM huI khojoM ke pariNAma atIndriya-jJAna kI sambhAvanA ko puSTa karate haiN| isI prakAra, punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM bhI aneka khojeM huI haiN| aba aneka aise tathya prakAza meM Aye haiM, jinakI vyAkhyAeM punarjanma evaM atIndriya jJAna-zakti ko svIkAra kiye binA sambhava nahIM hai| aba vijJAna jIvanadhArA kI nirantaratA aura usakI atIndriya zaktiyoM se aparicita nahIM hai, cAhe abhI vaha unakI vaijJAnika vyAkhyAeM prastuta na kara pAyA ho| mAtra itanA hI nahIM aneka prANiyoM meM mAnava kI apekSA bhI aneka kSetroM meM itanI adhika aindrikajJAna-sAmarthya hotI hai, jisa para sAmAnya buddhi vizvAsa nahIM karatI hai, kintu use aba Adhunika vijJAna ne siddha kara diyA hai| ataH isa vizva meM jIvana kA astittva hai aura vaha jIvana ananta zaktiyoM kA puMja hai- isa tathya se aba vaijJAnikoM kA virodha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka bhautika tattva ke astittva evaM svarUpa kA prazna hai, vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina-AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM haiN| paramANu yA pudgala kaNoM meM jisa anantazakti kA nirdeza jaina-AcAryoM ne kiyA thA, vaha aba Adhunika vaijJAnika-anveSaNoM se siddha ho rahI hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika isa tathya ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki eka paramANu kA visphoTa bhI kitanI adhika zakti kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| vaise bhI bhautika piNDa yA pudgala kI avadhAraNA aisI hai, jisa para vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina-vicArakoM meM koI adhika matabheda nahIM dekhA jaataa| paramANuoM ke dvArA skandha kI racanA kA jaina-siddhAnta kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| vijJAna jise paramANu kahatA thA, vaha mAnyatA aba TUTa cukI hai vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vijJAna ne jise paramANu mAna liyA thA, vaha paramANu thA hI nahIM, vaha to skandha hI thA, kyoMki jainoM kI paramANu kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jisakA vibhAjana nahIM ho sake, aisA bhautika tattva paramANu hai| isa prakAra, Aja hama dekhate haiM ki vijJAna kA tathAkathita paramANu khaNDita ho cukA hai, jabaki jaina-darzana kA paramANu abhI vaijJAnikoM kI pakar3a meM A hI nahIM pAyA hai| vastutaH jaina-darzana meM jise paramANu kahA jAtA hai, use Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka nAma diyA hai aura ve Aja bhI usakI khoja meM lage hue haiN| samakAlIna bhautikI-vidoM kI kvArka kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo vizva kA saralatama aura antima ghaTa hai, vahI kvArka hai| Aja bhI kvArka ko vyAkhyAyita karane meM vaijJAnika saphala nahIM ho pAye haiN| Adhunika vijJAna prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko sampuSTa karane meM kisa prakAra sahAyaka huA hai usakA eka udAharaNa yaha hai ki jaina tattva-mImAMsA meM eka ora yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki eka pudgala-paramANu jitanI jagaha gheratA hai, vaha eka 106 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #120
AkAza-pradeza kahalAtA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, mAnyatA yaha hai ki eka AkAza-pradeza meM eka paramANu hI raha sakatA hai, kintu dUsarI ora AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka AkAzapradeza meM asaMkhyAt pudgala-paramANu samA sakate haiM / isa virodhAbhAsa kA sIdhA samAdhAna hamAre pAsa nahIM thA, lekina vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vizva meM kucha aise Thosa dravya haiM, jinakA eka varga iMca kA vajana lagabhaga ATha sau Tana hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki jinheM hama Thosa samajhate haiM, ve vastutaH kitane pole haiM / ataH sUkSma avagAhana-zakti ke kAraNa yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI AkAza-pradeza meM ananta paramANu bhI samAhita ho jAeM / dharma-dravya evaM adharma-dravya kI jaina avadhAraNA bhI Aja vaijJAnika sandarbha meM apanI vyAkhyAoM kI apekSAe~ rakhatI haiM / jaina - paramparA meM dharmAstikAya ko na kevala eka svatantra dravya mAnA gayA hai, apitu dharmAstikAya ke abhAva meM jar3a va cetana kisI kI bhI gati saMbhava nahIM hogI - aisA bhI mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina darzana dharmAstikAya ko amUrta dravya kahA gayA hai, kintu amUrta hote hue bhI yaha vizva kA mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| yadi vizva meM dharma-dravya evaM adharma-dravya, jinheM dUsare zabdoM hama gati va sthiti ke niyAmaka tattva kaha sakate haiM, na hoMge, to vizva kA astittva hI sambhava nahIM hogA, kyoMki jahA~ adharma - dravya vizva kI vastuoM kI sthiti ko sambhava batAtA hai aura pudgala - piNDoM ko ananta AkAza meM bikharane se rokatA hai, vahIM dharma-dravya unakI gati ko sambhava banAtA hai / gati evaM sthiti-yahI vizva-vyavasthA kA mUla AdhAra hai / yadi vizva meM gati evaM sthiti saMbhava na ho, to vizva nahIM ho sakatA hai| gati ke niyamana ke liye sthiti evaM sthiti kI jar3atA ko tor3ane ke lie gati Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jar3a va cetana meM svayaM gati karane evaM sthita rahane kI kSamatA hai, kintu unakI yaha kSamatA kArya ke rUpa meM tabhI pariNata hogI, jaba vizva meM gati aura sthiti ke niyAmaka tattva yA koI mAdhyama ho / jaina-darzana ke dharma-dravya va adh - dravya ko Aja vijJAna kI bhASA meM Ithara evaM gurutvAkarSaNa kI zakti ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai 1 yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi dharma-dravya nAma kI vastu hai, to usake astittva ko kaise jAnA jAyegA ? vaijJAnikoM ne jo Ithara kI kalpanA kI hai, use hama jaina-dharma kI bhASA meM dharmadravya kahate haiM / vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra Ithara ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, to prazna uThatA hai ki prakAza-kiraNoM kI yAtrA kA mAdhyama kyA hai ? yadi prakAza-kiraNeM yathArtha meM kiraNeM haiM, jo usakA parArvatana kisI mAdhyama se hI sambhava hogA aura jisameM ye prakAza-kiraNeM parAvartita hotI haiM, vaha bhautika piNDa nahIM, jaina tattvadarzana 107

Page #121
apitu Izvara hI hai| yadi mAtra AkAza ho, kintu Ithara na ho, to koI gati sambhava nahIM hogii| kisI bhI prakAra kI gati ke lie koI-na-koI mAdhyama Avazyaka hai, jaise machalI ko tairane ke lie jala / isI gati ke mAdhyama ko vijJAna Ithara aura jaina-darzana dharma-dravya kahatA hai / sAtha hI, hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki vizva meM kevala gati hI nahIM hai, apitu sthiti bhI hai / jisa prakAra gati kA niyAmaka tattva Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra se sthiti kA bhI niyAmaka tattva Avazyaka hai / vijJAna ise gurutvAkarSaNa ke nAma se jAnatA hai, jaina-darzana use hI adharma-dravya kahatA hai / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM adharma-dravya ko vizva kI sthiti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai / yadi adharma dravya na ho aura kevala ananta AkAza aura gati hI ho, to samasta pudgala - piNDa ananta AkAza meM chitara jAeMge aura vizva - vyavasthA samApta ho jAyegI / adharma-dravya eka niyAmaka zakti hai, jo eka sthira vizva ke lie Avazyaka hai| isake abhAva meM eka aisI avyavasthA hogI ki vizva - vizva hI na raha jAyegA / Aja jo AkAzIya piNDa apane-apane yAtrA patha meM avasthita rahate hai- jainoM ke anusAra, usakA kAraNa adharma-dravya hai, to vijJAna ke anusAra usakA kAraNa gurutvAkarSaNa hai / isI prakAra, AkAza kI sattA bhI svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki AkAza ke abhAva meM anya dravya kisameM raheMge? jainoM ke anusAra, AkAza mAtra eka zUnyatA nahIM, apitu vAstavikatA hai, kyoMki loka AkAza meM hI avasthita hai, ataH jainAcAryoM ne AkAza ke lokAkAza aura alokAkAza- aise bhAgoM kI kalpanA kI / loka jisameM avasthita hai, vahI lokAkAza hai / isI ananta AkAza ke eka bhAga - vizeSa arthAt lokAkAza meM avasthita hone ke kAraNa loka ko sImita kahA jAtA hai, kintu usakI yaha sImitatA AkAza kI anantA kI apekSA se hI hai / vaise jaina AcAryoM ne loka kA pariNAma caudaha rAjU mAnA hai, jo ki vaijJAnikoM ke prakAzavarSa ke samAna eka prakAra kA mApa-vizeSa hai / yaha loka nIce caur3A, madhya meM patalA punaH UparI bhAga ke madhya meM caur3A va anta meM patalA hai| isake AkAra kI tulanA kamara para hAtha rakhe khar3e puruSa ke AkAra se kI jAtI hai / isa loka ke adhobhAga meM sAta narakoM kI avasthiti mAnI gayI hai- prathama naraka se Upara aura madhyaloka se nIce bIca meM bhavanapati devoM kA AvAsa hai| isa loka ke madhya-bhAga meM manuSyoM evaM tiryaMcoM kA AvAsa hai / ise madhya loka yA tiryak-loka kahate haiM / tiryak - loka ke madhya meM meru parvata haiM, usake Asa-pAsa kA samudra paryanta bhU-bhAga jambUdvIpa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / yaha golAkAra hai / use valayAkAra lavaNa-samudra ghere hue hai / lavaNa - samudra ko valayAkAra meM ghere hue jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 108

Page #122
dhAtakI khaNDa hai| usako valayAkAra meM ghere hue kAlodadhi nAmaka samudra hai| usako punaH valayAkAra meM ghere hue puSkara-dvIpa hai| usake Age punaH valayAkAra meM puSkara-samudra hai| isake pazcAt anukrama se eka ke bAda eka valayAkAra meM eka-dUsare ko ghere hue asaMkhyAta dvIpa evaM samudra haiN| jJAtavya hai ki hindU-paramparA meM mAtra sAta dvIpoM evaM samudroM kI kalpanA hai, jisakI jainaAgamoM meM AlocanA kI gaI hai, kintu jahA~ taka mAnava jAti kA prazna hai, vaha kevala jambUdvIpa, dhAtakI-khaNDa aura puSkarAvarta dvIpa ke ardhabhAga meM hI upalabdha hotI hai| usake Age mAnava-jAti kA abhAva hai| isa madhyaloka yA bhUloka se Upara AkAza meM sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra tAroM ke AvAsa yA vimAna haiN| yaha kSetra jyotiSika deva kSetra kahA jAtA hai| ye sabhI sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra tAre Adi meruparvata ko kendra banAkara pradakSiNA karate haiN| isa kSetra ke Upara zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra kramazaH bAraha athavA digambara matAnusAra solaha svarga yA devaloka haiN| unake Upara kramazaH nau graiveyaka aura pA~ca anuttara-vimAna haiN| loka ke UparI antima bhAga ko siddha kSetra yA lokAgra kahate haiM yahA~ siddhoM yA mukta AtmAoM kA nivAsa hai| yadyapi sabhI dharma-paramparAoM meM bhUloka ke nIce naraka yA pAtAla-loka aura Upara svarga kI kalpanA samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai, kintu unakI saMkhyA Adi ke prazna para vibhinna paramparAoM meM matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| khagola evaM bhUgola kA jainoM kA yaha vivaraNa Adhunika vijJAna se kitanA saMgata, athavA asaMgata hai? yaha niSkarSa pAnA sahaja nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya zrI yazodevasUrijI ne saMgrahaNIratna-prakaraNa kI bhUmikA meM vicAra kiyA hai, ataH isa sambandha meM adhika vistAra meM na jAkara pAThakoM ko use AcArya zrI kI gujarAtI bhUmikA evaM hindI vyAkhyA meM dekha lene kI anuzaMsA karate haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI jaina-avadhAraNA kA anya dharmoM kI avadhAraNAoM se evaM Adhunika vijJAna kI avadhAraNA se kyA sambandha hai- yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| isa sambandha meM hameM do prakAra ke paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| jahA~ vibhinna dharmoM meM sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra, tArA Adi ko deva ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, vahIM Adhunika vijJAna meM ve anantAkAza meM bikhare hue bhautika piNDa hI haiN| dharma unameM devatva kA AropaNa karatA hai, kintu vijJAna unheM mAtra eka bhautika saMracanA mAnatA hai| jaina-dRSTi meM ina donoM avadhAraNAoM kA eka samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki jinheM hama sUrya, candra, Adi mAnate haiM, vaha unake vimAnoM se nikalane vAlA prakAza hai| ye vimAna sUrya, candra Adi devoM ke AvAsIya-sthala haiM, jinameM usa nAma vAle devagaNa nivAsa karate haiN| jaina tattvadarzana 109

Page #123
isa prakAra, jaina-vicArakoM ne sUrya - vimAna candra - vimAna Adi ko bhautikasaMracanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura una vimAnoM meM nivAsa karane vAloM ko deva btaayaa| isakA phalita yaha hai ki jaina- vicAraka vaijJAnika dRSTi to rakhate the, kintu paramparAgata dhArmika-mAnyatAoM ko bhI ThukarAnA nahIM cAhate the, isIlie unhoneM donoM avadhAraNAoM ke bIca eka samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jaina - jyotiSazAstra kI vizeSatA hai ki vaha bhI vaijJAnikoM ke samAna isa brahmANDa meM asaMkhya, sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra va tArAgaNoM kA astittva mAnatA hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki jaMbUdvIpa meM do sUrya aura do candramA haiM, lavaNa - samudra meM cAra sUrya va cAra candramA haiM / dhAtakI khaNDa meM ATha sUrya va ATha candramA haiM / isa prakAra pratyeka dvIpa va samudra meM sUrya va candramAoM kI saMkhyA dviguNita hotI jAtI hai / jahA~ taka Adhunika khagola vijJAna kA prazna hai, vaha aneka sUrya va caMdra kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai, phira bhI sUrya, candra Adi ke krama evaM mArga, unakA AkAra evaM unakI pArasparika dUrI Adi ke sambandha meM Adhunika khagola- vijJAna evaM jaina Agamika-mAnyatAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se antara dekhA jAtA hai / sUrya, caMdra, graha, nakSatra evaM tArAgaNa Adi kI avasthiti sambandhI mAnyatAoM ko lekara bhI jaina dharma-darzana va Adhunika vijJAna meM mataikya nahIM hai / jahA~ Adhunika khagola-vijJAna ke anusAra candramA pRthvI ke adhika nikaTa evaM sUrya dUrI para hai, vahA~ jaina jyotiSa-zAstra meM sUrya ko nikaTa va candramA ko dUra batAyA gayA hai / jahA~ Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra candramA kA AkAra sUrya kI apekSA choTA batAyA gayA, vahA~ jaina paramparA meM sUrya kI apekSA candramA ko bRhat AkAra kA mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, avadhAraNAgata dRSTi se kucha nikaTatA hokara bhI donoM meM bhinnatA hI adhika dekhI jAtI hai / jo sthiti jaina-khagola evaM Adhunika khagola vijJAna saMbaMdhI mAnyatAoM meM matabheda kI hai, vahI sthiti prAyaH jaina bhUgola aura Adhunika bhUgola kI hai| isa bhUmaNDala para mAnava-jAti ke astittva kI dRSTi se DhAI dvIpoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai- jambUdvIpa, dhAtakI - khaNDa aura puSkarArddha / jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM batAyA hai ki jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra madhyaloka ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa hai, jo ki golAkAra hai, usake Asa-pAsa usase dviguNita kSetraphala vAlA lavaNa samudra hai, phira lavaNasamudra se dviguNita kSetraphala vAlA valayAkAra dhAtakI khaNDa hai / dhAtakI - khaNDa ke Age punaH kSIrasamudra hai, jo kSetraphala meM jambUdvIpa se ATha guNA bar3A hai, usake Age punaH valayAkAra meM puSkara dvIpa hai, jisake Adhe bhAga meM manuSyoM kA nivAsa hai / isa prakAra, eka-dUsare se dviguNita kSetraphala vAle asaMkhya dvIpa - samudra valayAkAra meM avasthita haiM / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 110

Page #124
yadi hama jaina-bhUgola kI ar3hAI dvIpa kI isa kalpanA ko Adhunika bhUgola kI dRSTi se samajhane kA prayatna kareM, to hama kaha sakate haiM ki Aja bhI sthala rUpa meM eka jur3e hue aphrIkA, yUropa va eziyA, jo kisI samaya eka-dUsare se saTe hue the, milakara jambUdvIpa kI kalpanA ko sAkAra karate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki kisI prAcIna jamAne meM pazcima meM vartamAna aphrIkA aura pUrva meM jAvA, sumAtrA evaM AsTreliyA Adi eziyA mahAdvIpa se saTe hue the, jo golAkAra mahAdvIpa kI racanA karate the| yahI golAkAra mahAdvIpa jambUdvIpa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| usake cAroM ora ke samudra ko ghere hue uttarI amerikA va dakSiNI amerikA kI sthiti AtI hai| yadi hama pRthvI ko sapATa mAnakara isa avadhAraNA para vicAra kareM, to uttara-dakSiNa amerikA milakara isa jambUdvIpa ko valayAkAra rUpa meM ghere hue pratIta hote haiN| isa prakAra, moTe rUpa meM ar3hAI dvIpa kI jo kalpanA hai, yaha siddha to ho jAtI hai, phira bhI jainoM ne jambUdvIpa Adi meM jo airAvata, mahAvideha kSetroM Adi kI kalpanA kI hai, vaha Adhunika bhUgola se adhika saMgata nahIM baiThatI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki prAcIna, bhUgola, jo jaina, bauddha va hinduoM meM lagabhaga samAna rahA hai usakI sAmAnya nirIkSaNoM ke AdhAra para hI kalpanA kI gaI thI, phira bhI use pUrNataH asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Aja hameM yaha siddha karanA hai ki vijJAna dhArmika AsthAoM kA saMhAraka nahIM poSaka bhI ho sakatA hai| Aja yaha dAyitva una vaijJAnikoM kA evaM una dhArmikoM kA hai, jo vijJAna va dharma ko paraspara virodhI mAna baiThe haiM, unheM yaha dikhAnA hogA ki vijJAna va dharma eka-dUsare ke saMhAraka nahIM, apitu poSaka haiN| yaha satya hai ki dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM kucha aisI avadhAraNAeM haiM, jo vaijJAnika jJAna ke kAraNa dhvasta ho cukI haiM, lekina isa saMbaMdha meM hameM cintita hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| prathama to hameM yaha nizcita karanA hogA ki dharma kA saMbaMdha kevala mAnavIya jIvana-mUlyoM se hai, khagola ke ve tathya, jo Aja vaijJAnika avadhAraNA ke virodha meM haiM, unakA dharma va darzana se koI sIdhA saMbaMdha nahIM hai, ataH unake avaijJAnika siddha hone para bhI dharma avaijJAnika siddha nahIM hotaa| hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki dharma ke nAma jo aneka mAnyatAeM Aropita kara dI gayI haiM, ve saba dharma kA anivArya aMga nahIM haiN| aneka tathya aise haiM, jo kevala loka vyavahAra ke kAraNa dharma se jur3a gaye haiN| __ Aja unake yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bharatakSetra kitanA laMbA caur3A hai? meru parvata kI U~cAI kyA hai? unake Upara kauna hai? aadi| aise aneka prazna haiM, jinakA dharma va sAdhanA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| hama dekhate jaina tattvadarzana 111

Page #125
haiM ki na kevala jaina-paraMparA meM, apitu bauddha va brAhmaNa paramparA meM bhI ye mAnyatAeM samAna rUpa se pracalita rahI haiN| eka tathya aura hameM samajha lenA hogA, vaha yaha ki tIrthakara yA Apta puruSa kevala hamAre baMdhana va mukti ke siddhAntoM ko prastuta karate haiN| ve manuSya kI naitika kamiyoM ko iMgita karake vaha mArga batAte haiM, jisase naitika kamajoriyoM para yA vAsanAmaya jIvana para vijaya pAyI jA ske| unake upadezoM kA mukhya saMbaMdha vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa, sadAcAra tathA sAmAjika-jIvana meM zAnti va saha astittva ke mUlyoM para bala dene ke lie hotA hai| ataH sarvajJa ke nAma para kahI jAne vAlI sabhI mAnyatAeM sarvajJapraNIta haiM- aisA nahIM hai| kAlakrama meM aisI aneka mAnyatAe~ AyIM, jinheM bAda meM sarvajJapraNIta kahA gyaa| jaina-dharma meM khagola va bhUgola kI mAnyatAeM bhI kisI aMza meM isI prakAra kI haiN| punaH vijJAna kabhI apanI aMtimatA kA dAvA nahIM karatA hai, ataH kala taka jo avaijJAnika kahA jAtA thA, vaha navIna vaijJAnika-khojoM se satya siddha ho sakatA hai| Aja na to vijJAna se bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura na use nakArane kii| AvazyakatA hai vijJAna aura adhyAtma ke rizte ke sahI mUlyAkaMna kii| 00 112 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #126
jaina jJAnadarzana

Page #127

Page #128
jainadarzana meM paMcajJAnavAda jaina jJAna mImAMsA jaina nyAyazAstra ko mUlataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai1. jJAna mImAMsA aura 2. pramANa miimaaNsaa| jJAna mImAMsA aura pramANa mImAMsA meM jaina jJAna mImAMsA, pramANa mImAMsA kI apekSA prAcIna aura unakI apanI maulika hai| jabaki jaina pramANa mImAMsA kA vikAsa anya pramANa mImAMsAoM ke prakAza meM hI huA hai| jaina jJAna mImAMsA kI carcA mUlabhUta jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI hai, jabaki jaina pramANa mImAMsA kA prArambha siddhasena divAkara ke nyAyAvatAra se hI dekhA jAtA hai| AgamoM meM eka do sandoM ke atirikta pramANazAstra kI koI carcA nahIM hai| jainoM ke prathama dArzanika grantha tattvArthasUtra meM bhI pramANa mImAMsA kI koI vistRta carcA nahIM hai| jaina pramANa mImAMsA para kahIM bauddhoM kA aura kahIM naiyAyikI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| pramANa mImAMsA meM jainoM ne apane anekAMta siddhAnta kA vyApaka prayoga kiyA hai aura isa kSetra meM rahI huI do virodhI dhAraNAoM ko anekAMta dRSTi se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina jJAna mImAMsA ke ullekha prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM vistAra se milatA haiN| nandIsUtra to pUrNataH jaina jJAna mImAMsA kA hI grantha hai| kintu isa paravartI Agama grantha kI apekSA bhI prAcIna stara ke bhagavatIsUtra aura prajJApanAsUtra meM bhI paMcajJAnoM kI carcA milatI hai| tattvArthasUtra bhI paMca jJAnoM kI carcA pramANa carcA kI apekSA vistAra se karatA hai, jabaki pramANa carcA meM jJAna ko pramANa kahakara apanI bAta samApta kara detA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna bhI uThatA hai ki jJAna yA pramANa kyA hai? isakA saMkSipta uttara yaha hai ki jo bodha (Atma saMvedana) saMzaya, viparyaya (viparIta jJAna) aura anadhyavasAya rUpa, Atma sajagatA se rahita arthAt sahita ho vaha ajJAna hai aura apramANa hai| isake viparIta jo bodha hai, vahI jJAna hai, ise abhinibodhika jJAna bhI kahate haiN| ___ jaina paramparA meM jJAna pAMca mAne gaye hai - 1. matijJAna, 2. zrutajJAna 3. avadhijJAna 4. mana paryAyajJAna aura 5.kevljnyaan| ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM matijJAna, zrutajJAna aura avadhijJAna-ye tIna jJAna mithyAdRSTi vyaktiyoM kI apekSA se ajJAna jaina jJAnadarzana 115

Page #129
rUpa bhI mAne gaye haiN| jaina karma siddhAnta meM AtmA ke jJAnopayoga ko bhI ATha prakAra kA mAnA gayA haiM- 1. mati-jJAna 2. mati-ajJAna 3. zruta-jJAna aura 4. zruta-ajJAna 5. avadhi jJAna aura 6. vibhaMga jJAna 7. manaHparyAyajJAna aura 8. kevljnyaan| manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna ajJAna rUpa nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki ve sAkSAt jJAna hai| avadhijJAna bhI yadyapi sAkSAt jJAna hai, phira bhI vikRta AtmA arthAt vibhAva dazAyukta nArakI jIvoM yA tiryaJcoM AtmA meM isakI sambhAvanA hone se vaha ajJAna rUpa bhI ho sakatA hai| prathamatayA manaparyAya kevala samyak dRSTi apramatta muniyoM ko hotA hai ve mithyAtva se yukta nahIM hote haiM ataH manaparyAyajJAna vikRta yA ajJAna rUpa nahIM hotA hai| dUsare yadi manaHparyAyajJAna para, sva-cetanA kI apekSA vicAra kare to mana kI paryAye to cetanA meM yathAvata hI anubhUta hotI hai, ataH ve ajJAna rUpa nahIM ho sakatI hai| manaparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna bhI mana aura indriyoM ke Azrita nahIM hai, ataH ve vikRta nahIM hote haiN| matijJAna mana aura iMdriyoM ke mAdhyama se vastu kA jo vizeSa-jJAna hotA hai, use matijJAna kahate haiN| prathamatayA indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhyArthoM kA jo sAmAnya avabodha hotA hai use 'darzana' (aindriyakasaMvedana) kahate haiM, vaha bodha sAmAnya rUpa hotA hai| usa bodha meM mana kA yogadAna hone para vastu kA usakI vizeSatAoM sahita jo nizcita jJAna hotA hai, vaha matijJAna kahalAtA hai| matijJAna kI isa prakriyA ke cAra stara hote haiM, jinheM kramazaH 1.avagraha 2. IhA 3. avAya (apAya) aura 4. dhAraNA kahA jAtA hai| prathama indriya kA apane viSaya se samparka hotA hai, kintu usa samaya jo aspaSTa avabodha hotA hai, use vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiM, jaise gaharI nidrA meM kisI ke dvArA eka-do bAra pukAre jAne para zravaNendriya kA apane viSaya 'zabda' se samparka to hotA hai, kintu usakA spaSTa avabodha nahIM hotA hai| usake pazcAt jaba cetanA meM yaha bodha hotA hai ki koI mujhe pukAra rahA hai, taba use arthAvagraha kahate haiN| usake pazcAt jaba cetanA usa bodha ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane meM pravRtta hotI hai to usa prakriyA ko IhA kahate haiM, jaise yaha kisakI AvAja hai? phira bhI IhA saMzaya kI avasthA nahIM hai, yaha bodha kI nirNayAbhimukha avasthA hai, jaise-ye kisI strI ke zabda honA cAhie, kyoMki ye madhura haiN| usake pazcAt jo nirNayAtmaka nizcita bodha hotA hai, use avAya yA apAya kahA jAtA hai| jaba yaha nizcita bodha smRti meM surakSita kiyA jAtA hai to use dhAraNA kahate haiN| isa prakAra matijJAna kI prakriyA avagraha se prAraMbha hokara dhAraNA meM pUrNa hotI hai| 116 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #130
yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthasUtra Adi kI prAcIna paramparA meM matijJAna ko parokSa jJAna hI mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki isameM AtmA ko jo jJAna hotA hai, vaha indriyoM evaM mana ke mAdhyama se hI hotA hai / jo jJAna iMdriyoM yA mana ke dvArA hotA hai, use parokSa jJAna hI kahA gayA, kyoMki yaha parAzrita hai / isa prakAra ke jJAna meM hama vastu ke nija svarUpa ko na jAnakAra indriya yA mana use jisa prakAra dikhAte haiM, vaisA dekhate haiM / dUsare yaha ki matijJAna indriya aura mana ke mAdhyama se padArtha yA manovikalpoM kA bodha karatA hai- ye sabhI sva se bhinna hai, parApekSI hai, ataH matijJAna parokSa jJAna hI hai / kintu lagabhaga pAMcavI zatI se jainAcAryoM ne isa jJAna ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kahA hai, kyoMki anya dArzanika paramparAeM mana aura indriyajanya jJAna ko bhI pratyakSa jJAna hI mAna rahI thI / matijJAna ke viSaya 1 I matijJAna ke viSaya padArtha athavA manovikalpa hI haiM / padArtha sva se bhinna hai, ataH 'para' para hai| manovikalpa hamAre hokara bhI hama unake draSTA hote haiM, ataH ve hamAre jJAna ke viSaya hote haiM / hama jJAtA hote haiM, aura ve jJeya hote haiM / jJeya hone se ve hamase itara yA bhinna hote haiM, ataH matijJAna bheda dRSTivAlA hotA hai / matijJAna yadyapi sImita jJAna hai, phira bhI usakA viSaya samasta padArtha (dravya), samasta kSetra, sabhI kAla aura samasta avasthAe~ (bhAva) hote haiM / isa prakAra matijJAna ke viSayoM ke nimna bAraha prakAra banate haiM - 1. eka (alpa) 2. aneka (bahu) 3. eka prakAra ke (eka vidha) 4. aneka prakAra ke ( aneka vidha) 5. zIghragAhI ( kSipra ) 6. kaThinatA yA derI se grAhI (akSipra ) 7. nizrita ( anya ke Azrita ) 8. anizrita (anya kisI para Azrita nahIM ) 9. asaMdigdha ( spaSTa ) 10. saMdigdha ( aspaSTa ) 11. dhruvagrAhI ( zAzvata mUlya vAle) aura 12. adhruva grAhI ( sAmayika mUlya vAlA) / matijJAna ke bheda apane viSaya kI apekSA se yaha matijJAna eka vastu kA, aneka vastuoM kA, eka prakAra kI vastuoM kA, aneka prakAra kI aneka vastuoM kA ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra jJAna ke svarUpa kI apekSA se zIghragrAhI, saMketa se artha kA grAhI, sAkSAta artha kA grAhI, saMdigdha, asaMdigdha tathA sthAyI yA asthAyI hotA hai / isa prakAra matijJAna ke uparokta bAraha bheda bhI hote haiM / avagraha ke mUlataH do bheda haiMvyaJjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha / vyaJajanAvagraha avyaka anubhUti hai, yaha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai - cakSu aura mana se vyaJajanAvagraha nahIM hotA haiM, inase sIdhA arthabodha yA arthavagraha hotA hai| cakSu aura mana ko chor3akara zeSa cAra indriyoM arthAt zrotendriya (kAna), ghrANendriya ( nAsikA), rasanendriya (jIbha) aura sparzendriya (tvacA) se hone jaina jJAnadarzana 117

Page #131
ke kAraNa yaha cAra prakAra kA hai, jabaki arthAvagraha pAMcoM indriyoM aura mana se hone ke kAraNa chaH prakAra kA hotA hai / vyaJajanAvagraha ke cAra evaM arthAvagraha ke chaH isa prakAra avagraha ke dasa, IhA ke chaH, avAya ke chaH, dhAraNA ke chaH, kula 28 bheda hote haiN| inakA uparokta 12 prakAroM se guNA karane para matijJAna ke kula 336 bheda mAne gaye haiM / eka anya apekSA se matijJAna ke anya do bheda bhI haiM- 1. zrutanizrita matijJAna aura 2. azrutanizrita matijJAna / bhASAyI jJAna ke AdhAra para matijJAna kI jo abhivyakti hotI hai, vaha zruta - nizrita matijJAna hai, kintu antaHprajJA yA vivekabuddhi ke dvArA jo matijJAna hotA hai, vaha azrutanizrita matijJAna hai / zrutanizrita matijJAna ko bauddhika jJAna bhI kahA gayA hai, isake cAra bheda haiM- 1. autpAtika buddhi (tAtkAlika buddhi) 2. vainayika buddhi (guru paramparA se prApta buddhi) 3. karmajA buddhi (zilpajJAna kI zakti) 4. pariNAmikI buddhi ( kisI kArya ko karate hue dekhakara use sIkha jAne kI zakti ) ina cAroM ko milAne para matijJAna ke 336+4=340 bheda bhI hote haiN| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA sambandha 1 matijJAna aura zrutajJAna eka dUsare se abhinna haiM, jahA~ taka indriya saMvedanAjanya matijJAna kA prazna hai, vaha jJAna zrutajJAna kA AdhAra banatA hai / indriya saMvedanAoM kA arthabodha zrutajJAna ke antargata AtA hai, ataH aindrika saMvedanAoM ke binA zrutajJAna nahIM hotA / aindrika saMvedanAoM se hama jo artha kA bodha karate haiM, vahI zrutajJAna kahA jAtA hai / ataH tattvArthasUtra kA yaha kathana satya hai ki matijJAna pUrvaka hI zrutajJAna hotA hai, kintu yaha bhI ekAntaH satya nahIM hai, jina prANiyoM ke mana hai, arthAt jinameM mAnasika stara para saMkalpa - vikalpa calate haiM ve sabhI vikalpa zabdoM para AdhArita hone se matijJAna ke lie bhI zrutajJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, kyoMki binA zAbdika arthabodha ke vicAra yA vikalpa saMbhava nahIM hote isalie jaina AcAryoM ne isa dRSTi se matijJAna ke bhI do bheda kie haiM- 1. zruta nizrita matijJAna aura 2. azruta nizrita matijJAna / mAtra aindrika saMvedanoM se jo bodha prApta hotA hai, vaha azruta nizrita matijJAna hai, jabaki citta meM jo vikalpa utpanna hote haiM, ve vikalpa zabda rUpa hone se vikalpa yA vicAra rUpa matijJAna zruta nizritamatijJAna kahalAtA hai, kyoMki vikalpa zabdoM ke binA nahIM banate haiM / jaina dArzanikoM ne matijJAna aura zrutijJAna kA saMbaMdha batAte hue, ekAMgI . dRSTikoNa nahIM apanAyA hai, eka ora ve yaha mAnate haiM aindrika saMvedanoM se jo jJAna hotA hai, usameM matijJAna prathama aura zrutajJAna bAda meM hotA hai| jabaki isake viparIta jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 118

Page #132
manovikalpoM kA jo bodha hotA hai, usameM zrutajJAna prathama aura matijJAna bAda meM hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AcAryoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki jahA~ matijJAna hai, vahA~ zrutajJAna hai, aura jahA~ zrutajJAna hai, vahA~ matijJAna hai| matijJAna kA eka paryAyavAcI zabda 'abhibodha' yA AbhinibodhikajJAna bhI hai, isakA artha hotA hai eka samagra aura sambandhita artha bodha / ataH zrutajJAna se bhinna matijJAna aura matijJAna se bhinna zrutajJAna sambhava nahIM hai| jahA~ bhI vastu ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM yaha aisI hai aura aisI nahIM hai, isa prakAra kA jo bodha hotA hai, usameM matijJAna aura zrutajJAna eka dUsare meM pUrI taraha samAhita hote haiN| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ko hama vaicArika stara para alaga-alaga kara sakate haiM lekina sattA ke stara para to ve abhinna hI hai, arthAt (They are disting uisable but not spreatable) / ve pRthak-pRthak rUpa se jAne jA sakate haiM, kintu pRthak-pRthaka kiye nahIM jA sakate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne yaha mAnA ki matijJAna aura zrutajJAna sadaiva sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM aura ekendriya Adi sabhI jIvoM meM pAye jAte haiN| zrutajJAna kA svarUpa zrutajJAna zAbdika jJAna hai| zabdoM ke mAdhyama se hameM jo artha bodha hotA hai, usako sAmAnyatayA zrutajJAna kahate haiN| kucha logoM ne isa AdhAra para ise bhASAyI jJAna bhI kahA hai| vastutaH aindrika evaM mAnasika saMvedano se jo bhI artha bodha hama grahaNa karate haiM, vaha cAhe zabda yA akSara rUpa ho yA na ho use zrutajJAna hI kahA jAtA hai| isalie anubhutijanya saMketo se jo arthabodha hotA hai, vaha bhI zrutajJAna yA lekhana ke binA bhI saMketoM ke AdhAra para jo arthabodha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bhI zrutajJAna ke antargata AtA hai| sAmAnyatayA zrutajJAna kA artha sunakara aisA hotA hai aura sunane kI yaha prakriyA zabdoM ke uccAraNapUrvaka hotI hai aura isalie kucha logoM ne yaha mAna liyA ki zrutajJAna zAbdika yA bhASAyI jJAna hai, kintu jaina AgamoM meM ekendriya jIvoM meM bhI zrutajJAna kI sambhAvanA mAnI hai, usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ekendriyajIva bhI sparza-indriya ke mAdhyama se jo saMketa unheM milate haiM, unase arthabodha grahaNa kara lete haiM, ataH zrutajJAna meM zabda yA bhASA kA upayoga hotA hai, phira bhI vaha Avazyaka nahIM hotaa| zrutajJAna meM mAtra itanA Avazyaka hai ki indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hame jo saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI hai, unake artha kA bodha hameM ho, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM skAuTsa jhaNDiyoM yA sITioM Adi ke mAdhyama se arthabodha prApta karate haiN| yadyapi sITi dhvani rUpa hai, zabda rUpa nahIM hai, isalie jaina AcAryoM ne bhASA ko bhI do prakAra kA mAnA hai, zabda yA dhvani rUpa bhASA aura saMketa grahaNa rUpa bhaassaa| jaina jJAnadarzana 119

Page #133
vyavahAra meM hama zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM aura una zabdoM se artha bodha karate haiM / kintu indriya saMketoM meM cAhe ve zabda rUpa ho yA nA ho, unase arthabodha karane kI, jo sAmarthya rahI hai vahI to zrutajJAna hai / ataH zrutajJAna zabda rUpa bhI hotA hai aura artha rUpa bhI hotA hai / zrutajJAna kA eka sAmAnya artha hotA hai, jo jJAna sunakara prApta hotA hai, vaha jJAna / kintu matijJAna meM bhI zrotindriya se sunakara jJAna prApta hotA hai, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai| sunakara jo artha bodha hotA hai vaha zrutajJAna hai, jabaki mAtra dhvanitaraMgo kA zravaNa mAtra matijJAna hai jaise kisI tamila bhASA ke ajJAnI vyakti ke sammukha koI tamila bhASA meM gAnA gAye to vaha dhvaniyoM ko sunatA to hai, ve dhvaniyA~ use anukUla yA pratikUla bhI lagatI hai, kintu yaha dhvanisaMvedana mAtra matijJAna hai / kintu jaba koI tamila bhASA kA jJAtA una dhvani taraMgoM kA saMvedana kara arthAt unheM sunakara jo artha bodha karatA hai, arthAt kyA kahA jA rahA hai aura usakA artha kyA hai? yaha jAnatA hai to vaha artha bodha zrutajJAna hotA hai / zrutajJAna mAtra dhvani saMvedana rUpa na hokara arthabodha rUpa hotA hai, ataH zrutajJAna bhASika jJAna hai aura bhASika jJAna ke rUpa meM yaha artha saMketa grahaNa rUpa hai, ataH anya indriyoM dvArA grahIta saMvedanoM se bhI jaba arthabodha prApta hotA hai, to ve bhI zrutajJAna rUpa ho jAte haiM- jaise koI vyakti hame hAtha ke saMketa se praveza niSedha kA saMketa detA hai, to yaha arthabodha bhI zrutajJAna hotA hai, isalie zruta ke do bheda hai - 1. akSara zruta aura anakSara shrut| zrutajJAna bhASika yA zabda dhvani rUpa bhI ho sakatA hai / zabda dhvani se rahita AkRti ke saMvedanapUrvaka usase hone vAle arthabodha rUpa bhI / vaha zabda dhvani rUpa bhI hotA hai aura zabda - AkRti ke cakSu saMvedana rUpa yA anya saMketa rUpa bhI hotA hai - jaise aikendriya jIva mAtra zArIrika saMvedana se bhI artha bodha karate haiM, athavA pazu-pakSI anakSara dhvani saMketoM se athavA zArIrika saMvedanoM se bhI artha bodha kara lete haiM, jaise pakSiyoM ko tUphAna, bhUkampa Adi kA pUrva se hI bodha ho jAtA hai / ataH merI dRSTi meM pAMcoM indriyoM evaM mana dvArA jo mAtra saMvedana rUpa hai vaha matijJAna hai aura jo artharUpa hai vaha zrutajJAna hai / zrutajJAna meM bhASA kA vahI taka sthAna hai, jahA~ taka arthabodha yA arthAbhivyakti meM sahAyaka hai| zrutajJAna kA eka artha zAstra-jJAna bhI hai| zAstra ko zruti yA Agama bhI kahate haiM- yahA~ zrutajJAna kA sambandha bhASAyIjJAna yA zAstrajJAna bhI hotA hai / prAcIna paramparA meM zrutajJAna kA tAtparya AgamajJAna yA zAstrajJAna bhI thA / nandIsUtra meM zrutajJAna ko AgamajJAna zAstrajJAna ko bhI zrutajJAna kahA gayA hai / 120 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #134
zrutajJAna ke bheda kisI bhI zabda kA zravaNa karane para vAcya-vAcakabhAva saMbaMdha ke AdhAra se jo arthabodha kI jo upalabdhi hotI hai, use zrutajJAna kahate haiN| yaha jJAna bhI mana aura indriyoM ke nimitta se utpanna hotA hai, kintu phira bhI isake utpanna hone meM indriyoM kI apekSA mana kI mukhyatA hotI hai, ataH ise mana kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai yA zrutajJAna bhI matijJAna kI taraha parokSa hai| zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai isIlie sUtrakAra ne matijJAna ke pazcAt zrutajJAna kA varNana kiyA hai| nandIsUtra meM zrutajJAna ke caudaha bhedoM kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para zrutajJAna caudaha prakAra kA bhI hai| jaise 1. akSarazruta 2. anakSarazruta 3. saMjJizruta 4. asaMjJizruta 5. samyakzruta 6. mithyAzruta 7. sAdikazruta 8. anAdikazruta 9. saparyavasitazruta 10. aparyavasitazruta 11. gamikazruta 12. agamikazruta 13. aMgapraviSTazruta 14. anNgprvissttshrut| paramparAgata dRSTi se zrutajJAna AgamajJAna hai kintu zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA kA kathana isase bhinna hai| unake anusAra matijJAna 'para' vastu kA jJAna yA padArtha-jJAna hai, kyoMki vaha indriyAdhIna hai, unake viSaya varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza Adi hai| punaH mana kI apekSA se bhI vaha bauddhikajJAna hai, vicArajanya hai, ataH bhedarUpa hai| phira bhI matijJAna ke samAna zrutajJAna ko indriya yA buddhi kI apekSA nahIM hai, vaha zAzvata satyoM kA bodha hai| ve likhate haiM ki "zrutajJAna indriya, mana, buddhi kI apekSA se rahita svataH hone vAlA nija kA jJAna hai arthAt sva svabhAva kA jJAna hai"| zrutajJAna svAdhyAya rUpa hai aura svAdhyAya kA eka artha hai sva kA adhyayana yA svaanubhuuti| yadi zrutajJAna kA artha Agama yA zAstrajJAna leM, to bhI vaha heya, jJeya yA upAdeza kA bodha hai, isa prakAra vaha viveka-jJAna hai| viveka antaHsphUrta hai| vaha ucita-anucita kA sahaja bodha hai| niSkarSa yaha ki matijJAna parAdhIna hai jabaki zrutajJAna svAdhIna hai| isa prakAra AdaraNIya lor3hAjI ne Agamika AdhAroM ko mAnya karake bhI zrutajJAna kI eka navIna dRSTi se vyAkhyA kI hai| avadhijJAna jaina darzana meM paMca jJAnoM meM avadhi, manaHparyayoM aura kevalajJAna- ye tIna jJAna pratyakSa jJAna hai| avadhijJAna zabda kA zAbdika artha hotA hai, sImita jnyaan| sImita jJAna hote hue bhI yaha pratyakSa jJAna hai, kyoMki isa jJAna meM AtmA, mana evaM indriyoM para nirbhara nahIM rahatA hai, ataH ise Atmika pratyakSa athavA atIndriya jJAna bhI kahate haiN| kevalajJAna yA sarvajJa ke jJAna kI apekSA isakA viSaya evaM kSetra sImita hone ke kAraNa hI use avadhijJAna kahate haiN| SadravyoM meM yaha loka meM sthita mAtra jaina jJAnadarzana 121

Page #135
mUrta pudgala dravya ko jAna pAtA hai / avadhijJAnI indriyoM ke mAdhyama ke binA jagat ke bhautika padArthoM ko jAnane kI sAmarthya prApta kara letA hai / anya paramparA meM ise atIndriyajJAna (Extra Sensory Perception) kahate haiM, kintu yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki sabhI avadhijJAniyoM kI jJAna sAmarthya samAna nahIM hotI hai, unameM tAratamyatA hotI hai, kama se kama eka aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga ko aura adhikatama lokAnta taka ke bhautika dravyoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA usameM hotI hai / yaha avadhijJAna do prakAra kA hotA haiM- 1. bhavapratyaya aura 2. kSAyopazamika / tIrthakaroM, devoM aura nArakIya jIvoM ko, jo avadhijJAna janma se hI prApta hotA hai, vaha bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna hai / kisI prakAra kI sAdhanA yA cAritrika pavitratA ke dvArA manuSya yA paMcendriya samanaska tiryaMca jIvoM arthAt pazuoM ko, jo avadhijJAna prApta hotA hai, vaha kSAyopazamika avadhijJAna kahalAtA hai / ise kSAyopazamika isalie kahate haiM ki sAdhanA ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karmoM ke kSaya yA upazama se yaha jJAna prApta hotA hai / kSAyopazamika avadhijJAna ke chaha bheda haiM- 1. Anugamika - jo jIva kA anugamana karatA hai arthAt jo avadhijJAna jIva ko jisa kSetra yA sthAna para utpanna hotA hai, vahA~ se uThakara jAne para bhI samApta nahIM jAtA hai - vaha Anugamika avadhijJAna kahalAtA hai| 2. anAnugamika avadhijJAna vaha hai jo isa kSetra yA sthAna se uThakara jAne para bhI samApta nahIM hotA hai / 3. vardhamAna arthAt jo avadhijJAna kramazaH vRddhi ko prApta hotA hai, vaha vardhamAna avadhijJAna hai / 4. hIyamAna arthAt jo kramazaH kSINa hotA rahatA hai, vaha avadhijJAna hIyamAna avadhijJAna hai| 5. pratipAtika arthAt jo avadhijJAna eka bAra prApta hone para kucha samaya bAda samApta ho jAtA hai, pratipAtika avadhijJAna hai aura 6. apratipAtika avadhijJAna vaha hai, jo prApta hone para samApta nahIM hotA hai / avadhijJAna kA kSetra evaM viSaya avadhijJAna kA nyUnatama kSetra eka aMgula kA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga aura adhikatama kSetra sampUrNa loka hotA hai / usameM loka ke bAhara aloka ke kucha bhAga taka jAnane kI zakti to hotI hai, phira bhI aloka meM usakA viSaya- 'rUpI dravya' nahIM hotA hai, ataH vaha loka meM sthita rUpI dravyoM ko hI jAnatA hai / dUsare yaha ki avadhijJAna kevala tIrthaMkara, deva aura nAraka tInoM ko janmanA hotA hai| nAka aura devatA sabhI dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM dekhate haiM, phira bhI unake avadhijJAna kA kSetra sImita hI hotA hai / mAtra tIrthaMkara ko jaba ve kevalajJAna prApti ke pUrva bArahaveM guNasthAna meM hote haiM taba ve paramaavadhi ko prApta karate haiM, kintu koI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 122

Page #136
bhI deva, nAraka aura tiryaJca parama avadhijJAna ko prApta nahIM karate haiN| manuSyoM meM kevala ve manuSya, jo tadbhava meM mokSagAmI hai ve bhI kevalajJAna aura nirvANa ke pUrva bArahaveM guNasthAna meM parama avadhijJAna ko prApta karate haiN| parama avadhijJAna avadhijJAna ke jina bhedoM kI carcA kI, unameM usake ye do bheda bhI samAhita haiM - 1. pratipAtI-avadhijJAna aura 2. aprtipaatii-avdhijnyaan| parama-avadhijJAna apratipAtI avadhijJAna hai- yaha prApta hone para jAtA nahIM hai, kintu isakA samApana kevalajJAna meM hotA hai| jaba AtmA meM jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA eka pradeza mAtra avaziSTa raha jAtA hai, taba yaha parama avadhijJAna prApta hotA hai| isakA viSaya aura kSetra loka ke samastarUpI dravya hote haiN| kevalajJAna meM aura parama avadhijJAna meM antara yaha hai ki kevalajJAnI loka meM sthita sabhI rUpoM aura arUpI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai, jabaki parama avadhijJAnI kevala loka ko aura usameM sthita sabhI rUpI dravyoM ko hI jAnatA hai| parama avadhijJAna yadyapi apratipAtI hai, phira bhI isakA samApana kevalajJAna meM ho jAtA hai| dUsare yaha parama avadhijJAna kI zakti lokAkAza ke bAhara jAnane kI hai, kintu lokAkAza ke bAhara rUpa dravya hai hI nahIM, ataH vaha vyavahAra meM lokAkAza taka hI jAnatA hai| parama avadhijJAna kI prApti mAtra bArahaveM guNasthAna meM sthita jIvoM (AtmAoM) ko hI hotI hai anya kisI guNasthAnavI jIva ko nahIM hotI hai| manaHparyAyajJAna aura usakA viSaya manaHparyAyajJAna ke viSaya ko lekara jaina paramparA meM bhI do bhinna mata pracalita rahe haiM - prathama mata ke anusAra manaHparyAyajJAna kA viSaya cintyamAna vastu hai, ataH manaHparyAyajJAnI mana ke jJeya viSaya yA vastu ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| niyukti sAhitya aura tattvArthasUtra isa mata ke samarthaka hai, yaha vastuvAdI prAcIna mata hai| dUsare mata ke anusAra manaHparyAyajJAna kA viSaya-cintana meM pravRtta manodravya kI avasthAe~ arthAt manovRtiyAM haiN| isa dUsare pakSa kA samarthana vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM milatA hai| ina donoM matoM meM mUla antara yaha hai ki jahA~ prathama mata cintyamAna vastu ko manaHparyAyajJAna kA viSaya mAnatA hai, vahA~ dUsare mata kI apekSA manaHparyAyajJAna manovargaNAoM arthAt paudgalika dravya mana kI avasthAoM kA viSaya mAnatA hai, ataH usakA viSaya manovijJAna hai| yaha vijJAnavAdI mata hai| jahA~ prathama mAnyatA para nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kA prabhAva hai| yaha mata Realist hai| vahIM dUsare mata para vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM kA prabhAva hai| yaha mata Idealist hai| satya hI yahI hai ki manaHparyAyajJAna manodravya kI cintyamAna vastu ko nahIM, kintu mAnasika AkRti (Mantalimage) ko jAnatA hai| manaparyAyavAna kA viSaya paudgalika dravyamana hai, jaina jJAnadarzana 123

Page #137
phira bhI cintyamAna mana meM cintyapadArtha kI jo AkRtiyA~ banatI hai, manaparyAyavAna unhIM AkRtiyoM ko jo paudgalika manovargaNAoM se banatI hai, unako jAnatA hai vaha vastu ko sIdhe na jAnakara vastu ke manogata AkAra ko jAnatA hai / usakA manoAkRti kA yaha jJAna aparokSa hai, phira bhI usa AkRti kI AdhArabhUta vastu kA jJAna to parokSa hI hai, phira bhI itanA satya hai ki manaHparyAyajJAna kA viSaya rUpI mUrta dravya hI hai, amUrta dravya nahIM / kyoMki dravyamana meM nirmita ye AkRtiyA~ bhI sakSya manovargaNAoM se hI banatI hai / manaHparyAyajJAna sva ke mana kI paryAyoM kA jAnatA hai yA para ( dUsaroM) ke mana kI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai / yaha prazna hI vivAdAspada rahA hai| jaina granthoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kathana pracalita hai ki manaHparyAyajJAnI na kevala apane mana kI paryAyoM (avasthAoM) ko jAnatA hai, apitu dUsaroM ke mana kI paryAyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| yogasUtra (pataMjali) evaM maJijhama nikAya meM paracitta (dUsaroM ke cita) ke jJAna kI sambhAvanA bhI mAnI gaI hai| isI AdhAra para jaina paramparA meM manaH paryAyajJAna ke dvArA para citta jJAna para bala diyA gayA kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha mAnyatA ucita nahIM hai| kyoMki manaHparyAyajJAna ke lie jo aprayanta saMyata muni hone kI jo zarta lagAI gaI hai| vaha zarta Avazyaka isalie hai ki apramatta saMyata muni hI apanI manovRttiyoM ko samyak prakAra se jAna sakatA hai, pramatta vyakti nahIM / manaH paryAyajJAna ke lie jo aprayanta saMyata muni hone kI jo zarta lagAI gaI hai| vaha zarta Avazyaka isalie hai ki apramatta saMyata muni hI apanI manovRttiyoM ko samyak prakAra se jAna sakatA hai, pramatta vyakti nahIM hai / manaHparyAyajJAna ke lie apramattA kI zarta yahI sUcita karatI hai ki manaH paryAyajJAna svacitta yA apane hI mana kI paryAyoM kA jJAna hai / manaHparyAyajJAnI svacitta kA jJAtA hotA hai, ataH vaha Atma-sajaga yA apramatta hotA hai| dUsare manaHparyAyajJAna ke lie jo AtmasajagatA yA apramattatA kI sthiti isalie bhI Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai, jo mano-vikalpoM kA jJAtA - draSTA hotA hai, vaha manovikalpoM kA kartA nahIM hotA hai / manaH paryAyajJAna AtmasajagatA sva bodha kI avasthA hai, ataH usameM 'para' ke vikalpayukta citta jAnane kI pravRtti sambhava nahIM hai| cAhe eka bAra paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha mAna bhI le ki manaHparyAyajJAnI meM paracitta ko jAnane kI zakti hotI hai, kintu usame paracitta ko jAnane prayatna nahIM hotA hai| ataH merI dRSTi manaHparyAyajJAna apane mana kI paryAyoM arthAt mAnasika avasthAoM yA cittavRttiyoM kA jJAna hai usakA sambandha svacitta hI se hai / paramparAgata dRSTi se use paracitta kA jJAna mAnane para to usameM aneka bAdhAe~ AtI hai / yadi vaha paracitta kA jJAna hai to usakA kSetra DhAI dvIpa se bAhara bhI mAnA jAnA thA, kyoMki jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 124

Page #138
paMcendriyasamanaska (saMjJI) jIva to DhAI dvIpa se bAhara bhI hote haiN| ataH merI dRSTi meM manaHparyAyajJAna svamana kI paryAyoM arthAt manodazAoM kA jJAna hai| vaha Atma sajagatA yA apramattatA kI avasthA hai| yaha jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM AtmaramaNatA kI sthiti hai| ataH jaina darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara dIkSA grahaNa karate hI manaHparyAyajJAna prApta kara lete haiN| manaHparyAyajJAna ke bheda ___manaHparyAyajJAna ke do bheda haiM - Rjumati aura vipulmti| yadyapi apane viSaya Adi kI apekSA se manaHparyAyajJAna meM bheda nahIM hai, phira bhI cittavRtti kI saralatA aura vyApakatA kI apekSA se yA apane viSaya kI apekSA se usameM bheda hai| Rjumati manaHparyAyajJAna citta kI sarala vRttiyoM ko jAnatA hai yA sarala manobhAvoM ko jAnatA hai, saMkliSTa manobhAvoM ko nhiiN| Rjumati manaHparyAyajJAna kI apekSA vipulamati kA viSaya adhika vyApaka hotA hai aura vaha mana ke saMkliSTa pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| ataH eka apekSA se ina donoM manaHparyAyajJAnoM cittavRtti saralatA yA vizuddhi kI apekSA se antara hai| eka anya apekSA se ina donoM meM jJAna kI spaSTatA kI apekSA bhI antara hotA hai| kevalajJAna karma siddhAnta kI apekSA se jJAna ke do prakAra hai- 1. kSAyopazamika aura 2. kssaayik| matizruta Adi cAroM jJAna kSAyopazamika haiM, jabaki kevala jJAna kSAyika hai| kSAyika hone ke kAraNa yaha jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura aMtarAya ina cAra dhAtI karmo kA pUrNataH kSaya hone para hI hotA hai, ataH nirAvaraNa aura pUrNajJAna hai| ananta aura pUrNajJAna hone se isameM na to kisI prakAra apUrNatA yA kamI hotI hai aura na ise kisI prakAra ke anya sAdhanoM kI apekSA hotI hai, ataH yaha jJAna nirapekSa yA asahAya hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNa Adi dhAtI karmoM kA pUrNakSaya hone para hI yaha jJAna hotA hai, ataH pUrNataH zuddha bhI hotA hai| kevalajJAna sabhI jJAnoM meM sarvazreSTha jJAna hai| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai kisI vyakti meM pAMcoM jJAnoM me se matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna - ye cAroM jJAna eka sAtha ho sakate haiM, kintu kevalajJAna to akelA hI hotA hai| kevalajJAna hone para anya jJAnoM kI apekSA hI nahIM hotI hai| kevalajJAna hote hI ina cAroM jJAnoM kI sthiti vaisI hI ho jAtI hai, jaise sUrya ke udita hote hI candra aura tArAgaNoM ke prakAza kI koI apekSA nahI raha jAtI hai, unakA prakAza gauNa ho jAtA hai| kevalajJAna ko asahAya kahA hai| arthAt isa jJAna ke lie kisI prakAra ke jJAnoM yA jJAna ke sAdhanoM kI apekSA nahIM hotI hai| dUsare, kevalajJAna anaMta, pUrNa evaM aparyavasita jJAna hotA hai| yaha jJAna jaina jJAnadarzana 125

Page #139
prApta hone para jJAtA bhI nahIM hai, isalie yaha jJAna apratipAti jJAna hai aura isameM na kabhI kamI rahatI hai| yaha sabhI kAloM ke loka meM sthita sabhI mUrta-amUrta dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai| kevalajJAna kA viSaya sAmAnyatayA mati, zruta, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna kA viSaya rUpI dravya hI hote haiN| manaHparyAyajJAna kA viSaya bhI sUkSma rUpI dravya hI hai kyoMki vaha bhI mUrta rUpI dravya kI sUkSma manovargaNAoM ko hI jAnatA hai, jabaki kevalajJAna kA viSaya mUrta aura amUrta arthAt rUpI aura arUpI donoM dravya haiN| ataH kevalajJAna pudgala ke atirikta AtmA, dharma, adharma aura AkAza aisI pAMcoM astikAyoM ko bhI kAla sahita chahoM dravyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| umAsvAmi ne tattvArthasUtra meM kevalajJAna kA viSaya sabhI dravyoM kI loka aura alokavartI sabhI paryAyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| isIlie tattvArthasUtra meM kevalajJAna kA viSaya-kSetra batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki 'sarvadravyeSu vA sarvaparyAyeSu' / vaha loka-aloka meM sthita sarvadravyoM kI sarvatraikAlika paryAyoM (avasthAoM) ko jAnatA hai, ataH usakA viSaya kSetra kI apekSA loka aura aloka donoM hI hai| sAtha hI, dravyoM kI apekSA vaha loka-aloka ke sabhI dravyoM ko aura bhAva evaM kAla kI apekSA se unakI traikAlika paryAyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| ataH vaha kevalajJAna traikAlika jJAna hai, ataH vaha bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya- trikAloM ko jAnatA hai| nandIsUtra (33) ke anusAra jo jJAna sarvadravyoM, sarvakSetroM, sarvakAloM aura sarvabhAvoM (paryAyoM yA avasthAoM) ko jAnatA hai- vaha kevalajJAna hai| kintu kevalajJAna ke viSaya ke sambandha meM AcArya kundakunda kA mantavya thor3A bhinna hai, ve niyamasAra gAthA 159 meM likhate haiM ki vyavahAranaya se to kevalajJAnI sabako jAnate aura dekhate haiM, kintu nizcayanaya se to kevalajJAnI apanI AtmA ko hI jAnate aura dekhate haiN| kevalajJAna kI dazA meM AtmA nirAvaraNa aura zuddha hotA hai| ataH sabhI kucha jo AtmA meM pratibimbita hotA hai, kevalajJAnI use jAnatA aura dekhatA hai| isI apekSA se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki kevalI saba kucha jAnatA aura dekhatA hai, kevalI sarvadravyoM kI sabhI traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai - aisA ekAntataH mAnane para aneka visaMgatiyA bhI utpanna hotI hai aura jainadarzana purUSArthavAdI se niyativAdI bana jAtA hai| yadi kevalI sabhI dravyoM kI traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai aisA mAne to usake jJAna kI apekSA se samagra bhaviSya bhI niyata hogA, ataH usameM kisI prakAra ke parivartana kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rhegii| ataH hameM niyativAda yA kramabaddhaparyAyavAda mAnanA hogaa| kintu Agamika dRSTi se aisA nahIM hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jaba yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki kevalI kyA jAnatA hai aura jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 126

Page #140
kyA nahIM jAnatA hai? to usakA uttara diyA gayA ki "kevalI siya jANaI siya Na jaannii"| jaina darzana kI dRSTi se bhI kahe jo 'anAdi' hai kevalI bhI usakI Adi/prArambha ko nahIM jAna sakatA hai| kevalI se yadi prazna pUchA jAye ki AtmA kaba se hai? saMsAra kaba se hai? Sadravya kaba se hai? AtmA karma se baddha kaba aura kaise huA? jIvAtmA saMsAra meM kaba se bhava-bhramaNa kara rahA hai? kisI jIva kA prathama bhava kauna sA thA? to kevalI bhI inakA uttara nahIM dekara mAtra yahIM kahegA ki ye anAdikAla se hai| anAdi tathyoM kI Adi batAnA yaha kevalI ke lie bhI sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie bhagavatIsUtra meM kahA gayA hai kevalI bhI kucha jAnatA hai, kucha nahIM jAnatA hai| kevalI ko sarvajJa bhI kahA jAtA hai| sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA zramaNa aura vaidika- donoM paramparAoM kI prAcIna dhAraNA hai| sarvajJatAvAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sarvajJa deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara kAlAtIta dRSTi se sampanna hotA hai aura isa kAraNa use bhUta ke sAtha-sAtha bhaviSya kA bhI pUrvajJAna hotA hai, lekina jo kevala jJAna hai, usameM sambhAvanA, saMyoga yA aniyatatA nahIM ho sktii| niyata ghaTanAoM kA pUrvajJAna ho sakatA hai, aniyata ghaTanAoM kA nhiiN| yadi sarvajJa ko bhaviSya kA pUrvajJAna hotA hai aura vaha yathArtha bhaviSyavANI kara sakatA hai, to isakA artha hai ki bhaviSya kI samasta ghaTanAe~ niyata hai| bhaviSyadarzana aura pUrvajJAna meM pUrvanirdhAraNa garbhita hai| yadi bhaviSya kI sabhI ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata hai, to naitika-Adarza, vaiyaktika-svAtantrya aura purUSArtha kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| sarvajJa ke pUrvajJAna meM karma kA cayana nizcita hotA hai, usameM koI anya vikalpa nahIM hotA, taba vaha cayana-cayana hI nahIM hogA aura cayana nahIM hai, to uttaradAyitva bhI nahIM hogA, arthAt sarvajJatAvAda anivAryataH niyativAda kI ora le jAtA hai| sarvajJatA kA artha jaina-darzana sarvajJatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jainAgamoM meM aneka aise sthala haiM, jinameM tIrthaMkaroM evaM kevalajJAniyoM ko trikAlajJa sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, aMtakRtdazAMgasUtra evaM anya jainAgamoM meM isa trikAlajJa sarvajJatAvAdI dhAraNA ke anusAra gozAlaka, zreNika, kRSNa Adi ke bhAvI jIvana ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI bhI kI gaI hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa jisa rUpa meM ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA jAnatA hai, ve usI rUpa meM ghaTita hotI haiN| kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM kahA gayA hai ki jisakI jisa deza, jisa kAla aura jisa prakAra se janma athavA mRtyu kI ghaTanAoM ko sarvajJa ne dekhA hai, ve usI deza, usI kAla aura usI prakAra se hoNgii| usameM indra yA tIrthaMkara koI bhI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| uttarakAlIna jaina-granthoM jaina jJAnadarzana 127

Page #141
meM isa traikAlika jJAna sambandhI sarvajJatva kI avadhAraNA kA mAtra vikAsa hI nahIM huA, varan usako tArkika-AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi buddha ne mahAvIra kI trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue usakA upahAsAtmaka-citraNa bhI kiyA aura apane sambandha meM trikAlajJA sarvajJatA kI isa dhAraNA kA niSedha bhI kiyA thA, lekina paravartI bauddha-sAhitya meM buddha ko bhI usI artha meM sarvajJa svIkAra kara liyA gayA, jisa artha meM jaina-tIrthakaroM athavA IzvaravAdI-darzanoM meM Izvara ko sarvajJa mAnA jAtA hai| sarvajJatva ke isa artha ko lekara ki "sarvajJa hastAmalakavat sabhI jAgatikapadArthoM kI kAlika-paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai" jaina-vidvAnoM ne bhI kAphI uhApoha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jainadarzana meM sarvajJatA kI naI paribhASAe bhI prastuta kI gaI hai| kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa __prAcIna yuga meM AcArya kundakunda aura AcArya haribhadra ne sarvajJatA kI trikAladarzI upayukta paramparAgata paribhASA ko mAnya rakhate hue bhI naI paribhASAe~ prastuta kii| AcArya kundakunda ne niyamasAra meM kahA ki - jANadi passadisavvaM vavahAraNaeNa kevliibhgvN| kevalaNANI jANadipassadi niyameNa appANaM / / __ - niyamasAra159 sarvajJa lokAloka jaisI Atmetara sabhI vastuoM ko jAnatA hai, yaha vyavahAranaya hai, jabaki yaha kahanA ki sarvajJa apane AtmasvarUpa ko jAnatA hai, yaha paramArthadRSTi hai| isake atirikta niyamasAra(166), pravacanasAra (80) evaM samayasAra (11) draSTavya hai| AcArya haribhadra ne bhI sarvajJatA kA sarvasampradAya-aviruddha artha kiyA thaa| paM. sukhalAlAjI likhate haiM ki prathamataH haribhadra ne sarvajJatva traikAlikajJAna hetuvAda se samarthana kiyA, kintu jaba unako hetuvAda meM truTi yA virodha dikhAI diyA to unhoMne sarvajJatva sarvasampradAya aviruddha artha kiyA evaM apanA yoga sulabha mAdhyastha bhAva prakaTa kiyA (dekheM, darzana aura cintana khaNDa pR. 553) / paM. sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa vartamAna yuga ke paNDita sukhalAlajI ne AcArAMga evaM vyAkhyAprajJapti ke sandarbho ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki Atma, jagat evaM sAdhanA mArga sambandhI dArzanika jJAna ko hI usa yuga meM sarvajJatva mAnA jAtA thA na ki traikAlika-jJAna ko| jaina-paramparA kA sarvajJatva sambandhI dRSTikoNa mUla meM kevala itanA hI thA ki dravya aura paryAya ubhaya ko samAnabhAva se jAnanA hI jJAna kI pUrNatA hai| buddha jaba mAlukyaputta nAmaka apane ziSya se kahate haiM ki maiM cAra AryasatyoM ke jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 128

Page #142
jJAna kA hI dAvA karatA hU~ aura dUsare agamya evaM kAlpanika tattvoM ke jJAna kA nahIM, taba vaha vAstavikatA kI bhUmikA para hai| usI bhUmikA ke sAtha mahAvIra ke sarvajJatva kI tulanA karane para bhI phalita yahI hotA hai ki atyukti aura alpokti nahIM karane vAle santa prakRti ke mahAvIra dravya-paryAyavAda kI purAnI nirgrantha-paramparA ke jJAna ko hI sarvajJatva rUpa mAnate hoNge| jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM itanA pharka avazya rahA hai ki aneka tArkika bauddha-vidvAnoM ne buddha ko traikAlika-jJAna ke dvArA sarvajJa sthapita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, tathApi aneka asAdhAraNa(pratibhAsampanna) bauddha-vidvAnoM ne unako sIdhe-sAde artha meM hI sarvajJa ghaTAyA hai, bauddha paramparA meM sarvajJa kA artha dharmajJa yA vastu svarUpa kA jJAtA itanA hI rahA hai| jabaki jaina-paramparA meM sarvajJa kA sIdhA-sAdA artha bhulA diyA gayA aura usake sthAna meM tarkasiddha artha hI pracalita evaM pratiSThita ho gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sarvajJa ke sthAna para pracalita pAribhASika-zabda kevalajJAnI bhI apane mUla artha meM dArzanika-jJAna kI pUrNatA ko hI prakaTa karatA hai na ki traikAlika jJAna ko| 'kevala' zabda sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI prakRtipuruSaviveka ke artha meM hI prayukta hotA hai aura yadi yaha zabda sAMkhya-paramparA se jaina-paramparA meM AyA hai, yaha mAnA jAe, to isa AdhAra para bhI kevalajJAna kA artha dArzanika-jJAna athavA tattva ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna hI hogA na ki traikaalik-jnyaan| AcArAMga kA yaha vacana 'je egaM jANaI se savvaM jANai' yahI batAtA hai ki jo eka AtmasvarUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha usakI sabhI kaSAyaparyAyoM ko bhI yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, na ki traikaalik-srvjnytaa| kevalajJAnI ke sambandha meM Agama kA yaha vacana ki 'sI jANai sI Na jANai' (bhagavatIsUtra) bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kevalajJAna traikAlika-sarvajJatA nahIM hai, varan AdhyAtmika yA dArzanika-jJAna hai| DaoN. indracandrazAstrI kA dRSTikoNa sarvajJatA ke sthAna para prayukta hone vAlA anantajJAna bhI traikAlika-jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| ananta kA artha sarva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vastutaH yaha zabda stutiparaka artha meM hI AyA hai, jaise vartamAna meM bhI kisI asAdhAraNa vidvAna ke bAre meM kaha dete haiM ki unake jJAna kA kyA anta? unakA jJAna to athAha hai| isI prakAra dUsarA paryAyacAcI zabda kevalajJAna Atma-anAtma ke viveka yA AdhyAtmika-jJAna se sambandhita hai| sarvajJatA kA traikAlika-jJAna sambandhI artha aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA lekina, eka gaveSaka vidyArthI ke lie yaha ucita nahIM hogA ki paramparAsiddha traikAlika-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kI avahelanA kara dI jaae| na kevala jaina-paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI sarvajJatA kA traikAlika-jJAnaparaka jaina jJAnadarzana 129

Page #143
artha svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna se yaha kahakara ki "una aneka janmoM ko maiM jAnatA hU~, tU nahIM", apanI sarvajJatA kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai| yadyapi mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra yaha prazna zaMkA kI dRSTi se dekhA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra, buddha aura kRSNa sarvajJa the yA nahIM, athavA kisI vyakti ko aisA traikAlika-jJAna ho sakatA hai yA nahIM? phira bhI trikAlika-sarvajJa kI kalpanA tarkaviruddha nahIM kahI jA sktii| deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara trikAlajJa-sarvajJa kI dhAraNA siddha ho jAtI hai| prabuddha vaijJAnika evaM sApekSavAda ke pravartaka AinsTIna ne nirapekSa-dRSTA kI parikalpanA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| koI trikAlajJa-sarvajJa ho sakatA hai, yaha tArkika satya avazya hai, kyoMki yadi jagat eka niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai, to usa vyavasthA ke jJAna ke sAtha hI ThIka vaise hI traikAlika-ghaTanAoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra para bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI sUrya evaM candra-grahaNoM kI ghaTanAoM kA traikAlika-jJAna ho jAtA hai| yadi sarvajJa Atma-dravya kI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, to hameM AtmA kI sabhI paryAyoM ko niyata bhI mAnanA hogaa| yaha mAnyatA spaSTa rUpa se pUrva nirdhAraNavAda yA niyativAda kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| yadyapi niyativAda aura jaina-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jahA~ niyativAda meM puruSArtha yA vyakti kI svatantratA ko asvIkAra kara niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya hastImalajI ma.sA. ne apane eka lekha meM isakA samarthana kiyA thaa| yadyapi unhoMne mahAvIra ke jIvanaprasaMgoM ke AdhAra para ghaTanAoM ko niyatAniyata mAnakara sarvajJatA aura puruSArthavAda meM saMgati biThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai, tathApi paryAyoM ko niyatAniyata mAnane se trikAlajJa-sarvatA kI dhAraNA kAphI nirbala ho jAtI hai| trikAlajJa-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA niyata-puruSArtha ke rUpa meM hI ho sakatI hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka spInojA ne bhI aise hI niyata-puruSArtha kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha niyata hotA hai, aniyata nhiiN| vaha dhAraNA puruSArtha yA vaiyaktika svatantratA kA apaharaNa to nahIM karatI lekina use aniyata bhI nahIM rahane detii| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki niyativAda puruSArtha kA apalApa nahIM karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai ki siddharUpa sAdhya rUpa bhI niyata hai tathaiva puruSArtha rUpa sAdhana bhI niyata hai| donoM hI AtmA kI paryAya haiN| eka siddhirUpa paryAya hai dUsarI sAdhanarUpa paryAya hai| niyativAda meM puruSArtha ko sthAna nahIM hai, binA kAraNa ke hI vahA~ kArya hotA hai, yaha bAta nahIM hai| niyati meM puruSArtha hotA haiM, para vaha bhI niyata hI hotA hai, aniyata nahIM, sAtha hI sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kA apalApa isalie bhI nahIM hotA ki sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA niyatatA kA pramANa ho sakatI hai, 130 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #144
lekina kAraNa nhiiN| sarvajJatA kA pratyaya vyakti kA niyAmaka nahIM banatA, vaha mAtra usakI niyatatA ko jAnatA hai / puruSArtha jJAna kI dRSTi se niyata avazya hotA hai, lekina puruSArtha jinake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha to jJAtA hai aura jJAtA jJAna se niyata nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, sarvajJatA ke pratyaya meM vyakti kI svatantratA kA kuNThana nahIM hotaa| sarvajJa se vyakti kA kartRtva nirdhArita nahIM hotA, varan sarvajJa bhaviSya meM jo kiyA jAne vAlA hai, usako jAnatA hai / sarvajJa jo jAnatA hai, vyakti ke dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA hai, use sarvajJa jAnatA hai - aisA mAnane para sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA kA apalApa nahIM hotaa| zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki Izvara kA pUrvajJAna bhI mAnavIya - svatantratA kA virodhI nahIM hai| prAkTRSTi athavA pUrvAjJAna kA artha anivAryataH pUrvanirdhAraNa nahIM hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvajJatAvAda, nirdhAraNavAda yA niyativAda nahIM hai kyA kevalajJAna nirvikalpa hai ? paNDita kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA ne sarvajJatA meM eka yaha prazna upasthita kiyA hai ki kevalajJAna kI prApti hone para vikalpa rahate haiM yA nahIM rahate haiM ? sAmAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki kevalajJAna kI avasthA nirvicAra aura nirvikalpa kI avasthA hai, kintu jaina karma siddhAnta kI dRSTi se yahI prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kevalI meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanApayoga donoM hI hote hai / darzanApayoga ko nirvikalpa yA anAkAra tathA jJAnopayoga ko savikalpa yA sAkAra mAnA gayA hai / punaH kevalI bhI jaba caudahaveM guNasthAna meM zukla dhyAna ke caturthapAda para ArUr3ha hote hai taba hI ve nirvicAra avasthA ko prApta hote hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kevalajJAna kI avasthA meM vicAra to rahatA hai, kyoMki kevalajJAnI jaba taka sayoga avasthA meM rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti hotI hai / usameM manoyoga kA abhAva nahIM hai, mana kI pravRtti hai, ataH vicAra hai / yadi kevalI nirvicAra yA nirvikalpa hotA to phira use ayogI kevalI avasthA meM pahale sthUla mana aura phira sUkSma mana ke nirodha kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rahatI / mana kI pravRttiyoM kA nirodha yadi ayogI kevalI avasthA meM hI hotA hai to phira sayogI kevalI avasthA meM mana kyA kArya karatA hai? kyoMki nirvikalpatA kI avasthA meM to mana ke lie koI kArya hI zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| yadi aisA mAne ki kevalI meM bhAva mana nahIM rahatA hai, mAtra dravya mana rahatA hai, kintu dravyamana bhI binA bhAva mana ke nahIM raha sakatA / bhAva mana ke abhAva meM dravya mana to mAtra eka paudgalika saMracanA hogA, jo jar3a hogA aura jar3a meM vicAra sAmarthya saMbhava nahIM hai aura vicAra ke binA manoyoga ke nirodha kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| merI dRSTi meM isa saMdarbha meM paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA kA yaha maMtavya ucita jaina jJAnadarzana 131

Page #145
hI lagatA hai ki vastutaH vicAra yA vikalpa do prakAra ke hote haiM - eka kAmanA rUpa vicAra aura dUsarA nirvikAra yA niSkAmabodha vicaar| niSkAma vicAra meM mAtra kartavya buddhi hotI hai| kevalI meM kAmanArUpa yA jijJAsA rUpa vikalpa nahIM hote, kintu viveka rUpa vikalpa to hote hai| yaha bhI dravya ko dravya ke rUpa meM guNa ko guNa ke rUpa meM aura paryAya ko paryAya ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai aura aisA jJAna vikalparUpa jJAna hai| kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hotA hai? yadyapi jaina darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hai| isa sandarbha meM jaina dArzanikoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha samakAlIna jaina vicAraka sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa mAnate haiM jabaki dUsare kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI sApekSa hotA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlaviNayA ne "syAdvAdamaMjarI" kI bhUmikA meM sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa batAyA hai| jabaki muni zrI nagarAjajI ne "jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna" nAmaka pustikA meM yaha mAnA hai ki sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI kahane bhara ko hI nirapekSa hai kyoMki syAdasti, syAnnasti se pare vaha bhI nahIM hai| kintu vastusthiti yaha hai ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke vastu jagat ke jJAna kA prazna hai use nirapekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usake jJAna kA viSaya ananta dharmAtmaka vastu hai| ataH sarvajJa bhI vastutattva ke ananta guNoM ko ananta apekSAoM se hI jAna sakatA hai| vastugata jJAna yA vaiSayika jJAna (Objective Knowledge) kabhI bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA, phira cAhe vaha sarvajJa kA hI kyoM na ho? isIlie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki dipa se lekara vyoma taka vastu mAtra syAdvAddha kI mudrA se aMkita hai| kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke Atma-bodha kA prazna hai vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai kyoMki vaha vikalpa rahita hotA hai| sambhavataH isI dRSTikoNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara AcArya kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A thA ki vyavahAra dRSTi se sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai kintu paramArthataH to vaha AtmA ko hI jAnatA hai| sarvajJa kA Atma bodha to nirapekSa hotA hai kintu usakA vastu viSayaka jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| 132 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #146
jainadarzana meM pramANa vivecana jainadarzana meM pramANa carcA eka paravartI avadhAraNA hai| naiyAyikoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI jainoM ne pramANa vivecana ko apanA viSaya banAyA hai| sambhavataH isakA kAla lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatAbdI se prArambha hotA hai, kyoMki lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI ke jaina grantha tattvArthasUtra meM 'jJAnaM pramANam' mAtra itanA hI ullekha milatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhI pamANa (pramANa) zabda kA ullekha to milatA hai, kintu unameM prAyaH pramANa se kSetragata yA kAlagata pariNAma ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna stara ke digambara granthoM meM bhI ukta pramANa zabda vastutaH nApataula kI IkAI ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai| AgamoM meM kevala eka sthAna para hI cAra pramANoM kI carcA huI hai, kintu ve cAra pramANa vastutaH naiyAyikoM ke pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda aura upamAna pramANa ke samarUpa hI haiN| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainoM meM pramANa carcA kA vikAsa eka paravartI ghaTanA hai| AgamoM meM ukta pramANa carcA kA vizeSa ullekha hameM nahIM milatA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM kahA AgamoM meM mAtra eka sthAna para naiyAyikoM kA anusaraNa karate hue cAra pramANoM kA ullekha dekhA jA sakatA hai| kAlakrama kI apekSA se Agamayuga ke pazcAt jaina darzana meM 'anekAnta sthApanA' kA yuga AtA hai| isakA kAla lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI se prArambha karake AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI taka jAtA hai| isa kAla khaNDa ke prathama dArzanika siddhasena divAkara aura digambara paramparA kI apekSA se samantabhadra mAne jA sakate haiN| isa yuga meM pramANa carcA kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| isa yuga meM pramANa ko paribhASita karate hue jainAcAryoM ne kahA "pramIyate yena tat pramANam" arthAt jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai vaha pramANa hai, isa prakAra jJAna kA sAdhana hai| tattvArthasUtra meM sarvaprathama pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do pramANoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai, usameM jainoM ke dvArA mAnya pAMca jJAnoM ko hI ina do pramANoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| kAlAntara meM 'nandIsUtra' meM pratyakSa pramANa ke do vibhAga kiye gaye - 1. pAramArthika pratyakSa aura 2. sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa / tattvArthasUtra meM pratyakSa ke aise do vibhAga nahIM karake mAtra pA~ca jJAnoM meM mati aura zrutajJAna ko parokSa tathA avadhi, manaparyaya tathA kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jainoM ne lagabhaga pA~cavI zatAbdI meM hI aindriya pratyakSa ko jo jaina jJAnadarzana 133

Page #147
ki pUrva meM parokSa jJAna ke antargata hI AtA thA, loka paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa nAma diyaa| isa prakAra pratyakSa ke do vibhAga sunizcita hue- sAMvyAvahArikapratyakSa aura paarmaarthikprtykss| inameM pAramArthikapratyakSa ko AtmikapratyakSa aura sAMvyAvahArikapratyakSa ko aindrikapratyakSa bhI kahA gyaa| parokSapramANa ke vibhAgoM kI carcA paravartIkAla meM uThI thii| digambara paramparA meM akalaMka ne prAyaH AThavIM zatI meM aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM siddhaRSi ne lagabhaga navIM zatAbdI meM parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bheda kiye, jo kramazaH isa prakAra haiM- (1) smRti, (2) pratyabhijJAna (pahacAnanA), (3) tarka, (4) anumAna aura (5) aagm| digambara paramparA meM AcArya akalaMka ne bhI pratyakSa ko milAkara apanI kRtiyoM meM chaH pramANoM kI carcA kI thI(1) pratyakSa, (2) smRti, (3) pratyabhijJAna, (4) tarka, (5) aagm| kintu isa vyavasthA ke pUrva jainoM meM bhI pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama yA zabda- aise tIna hI pramANa the| yadyapi jaina AgamoM ne upamAna ko pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM isakA antarbhAva anumAna meM karake svataMtra pramANa ke rUpa meM isakA parityAga kara diyA gayA thaa| jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintana kA prazna hai usameM sAmAnyatayA jainoM ko tIna pramANa mAnane vAlA hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya cintana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI carcA ko lekara vibhinna darzanoM meM isa prakAra kI vyavasthA rahI hai - (1) cArvAka- pratyakSa (2) vaizeSika evaM bauddha darzana - 1. pratyakSa aura 2. anumAna (3) sAMkhya evaM prAcIna jaina darzana - 1. pratyakSa 2. anumAna aura 3. Agama yA zabda (4) nyAya darzana - 1. pratyakSa 2. anumAna 3. zabda aura 4. upamAna (5) mImAMsA darzana(prabhAkara sampradAya) - 1. pratyakSa 2. anumAna 3. zabda 4. upamAna aura 5. arthApatti (6) mImAMsA darzana kA bhATTa sampradAya aura vedAnta - 1. pratyakSa 2. anumAna 3. zabda 4. upamAna 5. arthApatti aura 6. abhAva pramANa lakSaNa sAmAnyataH pramANa zabda se pramANika jJAna kA hI arthabodha hotA hai kintu kauna sA jJAna pramANika hogA isake liye vibhinna darzanoM meM pramANa ke lakSaNoM kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH usa jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnA jA sakatA thA, jo jJAna kisI anya jJAna yA pramANa se khaNDita na ho, aura vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prakaTa kare, kintu kAlAntara meM pramANa ke lakSaNoM kI carcA kAphI vikasita huii| sAmAnyataH isameM pramANa ke svarUpa ko lekara do varga sAmane Aye- prathama varga meM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 134

Page #148
naiyAyikoM (nyAya darzana) kA kahanA yaha thA ki pramANa vaha hai jo padArtha ko usake yathArtha rUpa meM jAnatA ho, kintu isake viparIta dUsare varga meM bauddhoM kA kahanA yaha thA ki pramANa vaha hai jo apane svAnubhUta jJAna ko hI prAmANika rUpa se jAnatA hai| isa dUsare varga ne pramANa ke saMbaMdha meM yaha nizcita kiyA ki svAnubhUta 'jJAna hI pramANa hai|' isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa ke sandarbha meM punaH do mata dekhe jAte haiN| jahA~ bauddhoM ne jJAna ko pramANa mAnakara bhI jJAnAkAratA/tadAkAratA ko pramANa rUpa mAnA jabaki jainoM ne isa tadAkAratA kA khaNDana karake sva-para prakAzaka jJAna ko pramANa rUpa maanaa| jahA~ naiyAyikoM kahanA thA, ki jJAna para (padArtha) prakAzaka hai, arthAt jJAna ke karaNa (sAdhana) hI pramANa hote haiM, ve "indriyArtha sannikarSa' ko pramANa mAnate the| jahA~ tattvArthasUtra meM jainoM ne "tat pramANe" kahakara jJAna ko pramANa mAnane ke mata kA samarthana kiyA thA, vahA~ naiyAyikoM ne jJAna ke karaNa arthAt sAdhana-indriya aura padArtha ke sannikarSa arthAt saMyoga ko hI pramANa mAnA, yadyapi bauddha aura jaina donoM jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnate the| jainoM ke anusAra na to bauddhoM dvArA mAnya jJAna meM vastu kI cetanA jo tadAkAratA banatI hai, vahI jJAna rUpatA pramANa hai, aura na naiyAyikoM dvArA mAnya 'indriyArthasannikarSa' hI pramANa hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa sambandha meM bauddhoM aura naiyAyikoM donoM kI AlocanA kii| naiyAyikoM ke mata ke anusAra pramANa 'para' (padAtha) kA prakAzaka arthAt padArtha kA jJAna karAne vAlA hotA hai, jabaki bauddhoM ne yaha mAnA thA ki pramANa 'sva' kA arthAt apane jJAna kA hI jJAna karatA hai, arthAt vaha sva-prakAzaka hai| isa prakAra pramANa ke lakSaNa meM do prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ banI- eka pramANa sva-prakAzaka hai aura dUsarI pramANa para (padAtha)-prakAzaka hai| pramANa para prakAzaka hai isa mata ke samarthaka naiyAyika aura vaizeSika darzana the, jabaki pramANa mAtra sva prakAzaka hai isa mata ke samarthaka vijJAnavAdI bauddha the| jainoM ke sAmane jaba pramANa ke svaprakAzakatva aura paraprakAzakatva kA prazna AyA to unhoMne apanI anekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para use sva-para prakAzaka maanaa| sarvaprathama zvetAmbara paramparA meM AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra (1) meM aura digambara paramparA meM AcArya samantabhadra ne sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA (1/10) meM isa mata kA samarthana kiyA aura isa prakAra pramANa kA jainoM ne jo lakSaNa nirdhArita kiyA usameM unhoMne use 'sva' arthAt apane jJAna kA tathA 'para' arthAt padArtha-jJAna kA prakAzaka maanaa| bauddha padArtha jJAna ko isalie pramANabhUta nahIM mAnate the ki vijJAnavAdI bauddha jJAna se pRthak jJeya arthAt padArtha kI svatantra sattA hI nahIM mAnate the| AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra nimna kArikA meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kiyA hai - jaina jJAnadarzana 135

Page #149
pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM, bAdhavivarjitam / pratyakSaM ca parokSaM ca dvidhA, meyavinizcayAt / / - nyAyAvatAra 1 1 isa prakAra nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa kA lakSaNa karate hue use sva-para donoM kA prakAzaka mAnA hai| sAtha hI, use bAdhavivarjita arthAt svataH susaMgata bhI mAnA gayA hai / susaMgata hone kA artha hai, avisaMvAdita yA pArasparika virodha se rahita honaa| isa prakAra prArambha meM pramANa ke do mukhya lakSaNa mAne gaye / isake pazcAt akalaMka ne bauddha paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue aSTazatI meM bAdhavivarjita arthAt avisaMvAditA ko bhI pramANa kA lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA gayA / isI krama meM mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se akalaMka ne anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva ko bhI pramANa - lakSaNa meM saMniviSTa kiyA gyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanaMdI ne pramANa lakSaNa ke rUpa meM apUrva ko adhika mahatva diyA thA / isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM prArambha meM pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa mAne the - 1. svaprakAzaka 2. paraprakAzaka 3. bAdhavivarjita yA asaMvivAdI 4. anaadhigatArthaka yA apUrva / lagabhaga hemacandra ke pUrva taka paramparA meM pramANa ke vahI cAra lakSaNa mAne gaye the, kintu inhoMne anya zabdAvalI meM prakaTa kiyA hai, unake anusAra samyak arthaniNaryaH hI pramANa hai| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa - lakSaNa - nirupaNa meM nayI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki unhoMne apane pUrva ke jainAcAryo ke pramANa - lakSaNoM ko pUrI taraha se chor3a diyA hai / yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki hemacandra ne digambarAcArya vidyAnanda aura zvetAmbaracArya abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri kA anusaraNa karake apane pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva pada ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| sAtha hI, paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM unhoMne 'sva' pada ko, jo sabhI pUrvavartI jainAcAryo kI paribhASA meM thA, nikAla diyA / avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi padoM kA bhI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM kiyA aura umAsvAmi, dharmakIrti, bhAsarvajJa Adi ke 'samyak' pada ko apanAkara 'samyagarthanirNayaH' pramANam ke rUpa meM apanA - pramANalakSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isa paribhASA yA pramANa - lakSaNa meM samyak pada kisI sImA taka pUrvavartI AcAryo dvArA prayukta bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAditA kA hI paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai / 'artha' zabda kA prayoga bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa kA khaNDana karate hue pramANa ke 'para' arthAt vastu ke avabodhaka hone kA sUcaka hai, jo jainoM ke vastuvAdI (Realistic) dRSTikoNa kA samarthaka bhI hai| punaH 'nirNaya' zabda jahA~ eka ora avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi kA sUcaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha prakArAntara se pramANa ke 'svaprakAzaka' hone kA bhI sUcaka haiN| isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa-nirupaNa meM anadhigatArthaka yA apUrvArthagrAhaka honA hI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 136

Page #150
eka aisA lakSaNa hai, jisakA hemacandra ne pUrvavartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke samAna parityAga kiyA hai| vastutaH smRti ko pramANa mAnane vAle jainAgamoM ko yaha lakSaNa Avazyaka pratIta nahIM huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ne to use kabhI svIkAra hI nahIM kiyaa| digambara paramparA akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ne isakA parityAga kara diyaa| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pUrvAcAryoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA sammAna karate hue aura unake pramANa-lakSaNoM ko sanniviSTa karate hue pramANamImAMsA meM 'pramANa' kI eka viziSTa paribhASA prastuta kI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirupaNa meM 'sva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara svayaM unhoMne prathama adhyAya ke prathama Ahrika ke caturtha pada kI svopajJa TIkA meM diyA hai, unhoMne batAyA hai ki jJAna to sva-prakAza hI hai, kintu 'para' kA vyAvartaka nahIM hone se lakSaNa meM isakA praveza anAvazyaka hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra aisA karake unhoMne eka ora apane vicAra-svAtantra ko spaSTa kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora pUrvAcAryo ke mata kA khaNDana na karake, 'sva' pada ke prayoga karane kI unakI dRSTi dikhAkara unake prati Adara bhI vyakta kiyaa| sAtha hI, jJAna ke svabhAvataH sva-prakAzaka hone se unhoMne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'sva' pada nahIM rkhaa| isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ke apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'adhigata' yA 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA? isakA uttara bhI pramANamImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI carcA meM mila jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsakoM ke prabhAkara evaM bhATTa sampradAya kucha sUkSma matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatA dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate hai, dUsarI ora bauddha paramparA sAmAnya vyakti (pramAtA) ke jJAna meM sUkSma kAla-bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hone se dhArAvAhika jJAna ko apramANa mAnatI hai| yadyapi kumArila bhaTTa kI paramparA bhI apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva pada rakhane ke kAraNa sUkSma kAla-kalA ke bhAna (bodha) ko mAnakara hI usameM prAmANya kA utpAdana karatI hai| isI prakAra bauddha dArzanika arcaTa ne apana hetubindu kI TIkA meM sUkSma-kalA ke bhAna ke kAraNa yogiyoM ke dhArAvahika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai| ____ jahA~ taka jainoM kA prazna hai, sAmAnyatA kucha digambara AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko sthAna diyA hai, ataH unake anusAra bhI dhArAvAhika jJAna, jaba kSaNa bhedAdi kI sthiti meM vizeSa kA bodha karAtA ho aura viziSTa pramAjanaka ho tabhI pramANa kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA ke jaina jJAnadarzana 137

Page #151
AcArya apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada nahIM rakhate haiM aura smRti ke samAna dhArAvAhika jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara bhI unakI pramANamImAMsA meM mila jAtA hai| AcArya svayaM hI svopajJa TIkA meM isa sambandha meM pUrvapakSa kI udbhAvanA karake uttara dete haiN| pratipakSa kA kathana hai ki dhArAvAhika smRti Adi jJAna adhigatArthaka pUrvArthaka hai aura inheM sAmAnyatayA apramANa samajhA jAtA hai| yadi inheM apramANa mAnate ho to (tumhArA) samyagarthanirNaya rUpa lakSaNa ativyApta ho jAtA hai? pratipakSa ke isa prazna kA uttara meM AcArya hemacandra ne kahA thA ki yadi dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti pramANa hai to phira pramANa ke lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki "zvetAmbara AcAryo meM hemacandra kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhItagrAhI aura grahISyamANagrAhI meM samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoM meM prAmANya kA jo samarthana kiyA hai, vaha viziSTa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| vastutaH hemacandra kI pramANa-lakSaNa kI avadhAraNA hameM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke satya ke saMvAditAsiddhAnta kA smaraNa karA detI hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM satyatA-nirdhAraNa ke tIna siddhAnta haiM - 1. saMvAditA siddhAnta, 2. saMgati siddhAnta aura 3. upayogitAvAdI yA arthakriyAvAdI siddhaant| uparyukta tIna siddhAntoM meM hemacandra kA siddhAnta apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM avisaMvAditva aura apUrvatA ke lakSaNa nahIM hone se tathA pramANa ko samyagarthanirNayaH ke rUpa meM paribhASita karane ke kAraNa satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta ke nikaTa haiN| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne pramANalakSaNa-nirupaNa meM apane pUrvAcAryo ke matoM ko samAhita karate hue bhI eka vizeSatA pradAna kI hai| pramANa lakSaNa nirupaNa meM yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| 00 138 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #152
jainadarzana meM pramANalakSaNa vivecana jaina nyAya kA vikAsa nyAya evaM pramANa-carcA ke kSetra meM sAmAnya rUpa se jaina dArzanikoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya hemacandra ke grantha pramANamImAMsA kA kyA avadAna hai, yaha jAnane ke lie jaina nyAya ke vikAsakrama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jainoM kA paMcajJAna kA siddhAnta paryApta prAcIna hai aura jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAna use pArzva ke yuga taka le jAte hai, kintu jahA~ taka pramANa-vicAra kA kSetra hai, usameM jaina kA praveza naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI huA hai| pramANa-carcA ke prasaMga meM jainoM kA praveza cAhe paravartI ho, kintu isa kAraNa ve isa kSetra meM jo avadAna de sake haiM, vaha hamAre lie gaurava kI vastu hai| isa kSetra meM paravartI hone kA lAbha yaha huA ki "jainoM ne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana karake phira apane mantavya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ki vaha pakSa aura pratipakSa kI tArkika kamiyoM kA parimArjana karate hue eka vyApaka aura samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta bana ske|" paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra jaina pramANa-mImAMsA ne mukhyataH tIna yugoM meM apane kramika vikAsa ko pUrNa kiyA hai| - 1. Agama yuga, 2. anekAnta sthApana yuga aura 3. nyAya evaM pramANa sthApana yug| yahA~ hama ina yugoM kI viziSTatAoM kI carcA na karate hue kevala itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainoM ne apane anekAnta siddhAnta ko sthira karake phira pramANa vicAra ke kSetra meM kadama rakhA thaa| unake isa paravartI praveza kA eka lAbha to yaha huA ki pakSa aura pratipakSa kA adhyayana kara ve una donoM kI kamiyoM aura tArkika asaMgatiyoM ko samajha sake tathA dUsare pUrva-vikasita unakI anekAnta dRSTi kA lAbha yaha huA ki ve una donoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kara ske| unhoMne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA, usI meM unakA siddhAnta sthira ho gayA aura yahI unakA nyAya evaM kSetra meM viziSTa avadAna khlaayaa| isa kSetra meM unakI bhUmikA sadaiva eka taTastha nyAyAdhIza kI rhii| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke mAdhyama se sadaiva apane cintana ko samRddha kiyA aura jahA~ Avazyaka lagA, vahA~ apanI pUrva mAnyatAoM ko saMzodhita aura jaina jJAnadarzana 139

Page #153
parimArjita bhI kiyaa| cAhe siddhasena hoM yA samantabhadra, akalaMka hoM yA vidyAnanda, haribhadra hoM yA hemacandra, sabhI ne apane granthoM ke nirmANa meM jahA~ apanI paramparAoM ke pUrvAcAryo ke granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA, vahIM anya paramparA ke pakSa aura pratipakSa kA bhI gambhIra adhyayana kiyA / ataH jainanyAya yA pramANa - vicAra sthira na rahakara gatizIla banA rahA / vaha yuga-yuga meM pariSkRta, vikasita aura samRddha hotA rahA / pramANamImAMsA kA upajIvya AcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA nAmaka yaha grantha bhI isI krama meM hue jaina nyAya ke vikAsa kA eka caraNa hai / pramANamImAMsA eka apUrNa grantha hai| na to mUlagrantha aura na usakI vRtti hI pUrNa hai / upalabdha mUla sUtra 100 haiM aura inhIM para vRtti bhI upalabdha hai / isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki yaha grantha AcArya hemacandra apane jIvana-kAla meM pUrNa nahIM kara sake the| isakA phalita yaha hai ki unhoMne apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM hI isa kRti kA lekhana prArambha kiyA hogA / yaha grantha bhI kaNAdasUtra yA vaizeSikasUtra, brahmasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra kI taraha sUtra - zailI kA grantha hai, phira bhI isa grantha kI vargIkaraNa zailI bhinna hI hai / AcArya kI yojanA ise pA~ca adhyAyoM meM samApta karane kI thI aura ve pratyeka adhyAya ko do-do AhnikoM meM vibhakta karanA cAhate the, kintu Aja isake mAtra do adhyAya apane do-do AhikoM ke sAtha upalabdha hai | adhyAya aura Ahnika kA yaha vibhAga krama isake pUrva akSapAda ke nyAyasUtroM evaM jaina paramparA meM akalaMka ke granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai / apUrNa hone para bhI isa grantha kI mahattA va mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI huI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isa grantha ke lekhana meM apanI paramparA aura anya dArzanika paramparAoM ke nyAya sambandhI granthoM kA pUrA avalokana kiyA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM "Agamika sAhitya ke ativizAla khajAne ke uparAnta 'tattvArtha' se lekara 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' taka ke saMskRta tArkika jaina sAhitya kI bhI bahuta bar3I rAzi hemacandra ke parizIlana patha meM AI, jisase hemacandra kA sarvAMgINa sarjaka vyaktitva santuSTa hone ke bajAya eka aise nae sarjana kI ora pravRtta huA, jo aba taka ke jaina vAGmaya meM apUrva sthAna rakha ske|"" vastutaH niryukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, tattvArtha aura usakA svopajJa bhASya jaise Agamika evaM dArzanika grantha tathA siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, akalaMka, mANikyanandI aura vidyAnanda kI prAyaH samagra kRtiyA~ isakI upAdAna sAmagrI banI haiN| paM. sukhalAla jI kI mAnyatA hai ki prabhAcandra ke 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa' anantavIrya kI 'prameyaratnamAlA' aura vAdidevasUri ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' kA isameM spaSTa upayoga huA hai| phira bhI unakI dRSTi meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kA mArgAnugamana pradhAnatayA dekhA jAtA hai / isI prakAra bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke ve jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 140

Page #154
sabhI grantha, jinakA upayoga unakI kRti kI AdhArabhUta, pUrvAcAryoM kI jainanyAya kI kRtiyoM meM huA hai, svAbhAvika rUpa se unakI kRti ke AdhAra bane haiN| punaH ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki bauddha paramparA ke diGnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa aura zAntarakSita tathA vaidika paramparA ke kaNAda, bhAsarvajJa, vyomaziva, zrIdhara, akSapAda, vAtsAyana, udyotakara, jayanta, vAcaspati mizra, zabara, prabhAkara aura kumArila kI kRtiyA~ unake adhyayana kA viSaya rahI haiN| vastutaH apanI paramparA ke aura pratipakSI bauddha evaM vaidika paramparA ke ina vividha granthoM ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hemacandra jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa kRti pradAna kara ske| hemacandra ko isa kRti kI AvazyakatA kyoM anubhUta huI? jaba unake sAmane abhayadeva kA 'vAdArNava' aura vAdideva ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' jaise apanI paramparA ke sarvasaMgrAhaka grantha upasthita the, phira unhoMne yaha grantha kyoM racA? isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAlajI kahate hai ki "yaha saba hemacandra ke sAmane thA, para unheM mAlUma huA ki nyAya-pramANa-viSayaka (isa) sAhitya meM kucha bhAga to aisA hai, jo ati mahattva kA hote hue bhI eka-eka viSaya kI hI carcA karatA yA bahuta saMkSipta hai| dUsarA (kucha) bhAga aisA hai ki jo sarva viSaya saMgrAhI to hai, para vaha uttarottara itanA adhika vistRta tathA bhASA kI apekSA kliSTa hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa ke abhyAsa ko viSaya nahIM banA sktaa| isa vicAra se hemacandra ne eka aisA pramANa viSayaka grantha banAnA cAhA jo unake samaya taka carcita eka bhI dArzanika viSaya kI carcA se khAlI na rahe, phira bhI vaha sAmAnya buddhi ke pAThaka ke paThana-pAThana ke yogya tathA madhyama kada kA ho| isI dRSTi se 'pramANamImAMsA' kA janma huaa| ___ yaha ThIka hai ki pramANamImAMsA sAmAnya bauddhika stara ke pAThakoM ke lie madhyama AkAra kA paThana-pAThana ke yogya grantha hai, kintu isase vaiduSyapUrNa aura viziSTa hone meM koI A~ca nahIM AtI hai| yadyapi hemacandra ne isa grantha kI racanA meM apane evaM itara paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM kA upayoga kiyA hai, phira bhI isa grantha meM yatra-tatra apane svatantra cintana aura pratibhA kA upayoga bhI unhoMne kiyA hai| ataH isakI maulikatA ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI racanA meM aneka sthaloM para hemacandra ne viSaya ko apane pUrvAcAryoM kI apekSA adhika susaMgata DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura isI kAraNa grantha meM yatra-tatra unake vaiduSya aura svatantra cintana ke darzana hote haiM, kintu usa sabakI carcA isa laghu nibandha meM kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| paM. sukhalAlajI isa grantha meM hemacandra ke vaiziSTay kI carcA apane bhASA-TippaNoM meM kI hai, jinheM vahA~ dekhA jA sakatA haiN| yahA~ to hama mAtra pramANa-nirupaNa meM hemacandra ke pramANamImAMsA ke vaiziSTaya taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| jaina jJAnadarzana 141

Page #155
pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa pramANamImAMsA meM hemacandra ne pramANa kA lakSaNa 'samyagarthanirNayaH' kaha kara diyA hai| yadi hama hemacandra dvArA nirUpita isa pramANalakSaNa para vicAra karate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki yaha pramANalakSaNa pUrva meM diye gae pramANalakSaNoM se zAbdika dRSTi se to nitAnta bhinna hI hai| vastutaH zAbdika dRSTi se isameM na to 'sva-para-prakAzatva' kI carcA hai, na bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAditva kI, jabaki pUrva ke sabhI jaina-AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirupaNa meM ina donoM kI carcA avazya kI hai| isameM 'apUrvatA' ko bhI pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nirUpita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jisakI carcA kucha digambara jainAcAryoM ne kI hai| nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ke jo lakSaNa nirUpita kiye gaye haiM, unameM sva-para prakAzatva aura bAdhavivarjita honA- ye donoM usake Avazyaka lakSaNa banAe gaye haiN| nyAyAvatAra kI isa paribhASA meM bhI bAdhavivarjita avisaMvAditva kA hI paryAya hai| jaina paramparA meM yaha lakSaNa bauddha-paramparA ke prabhAva se gRhIta huA hai| jise aSTazatI Adi granthoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se anadhigatArthaka honA yA apUrva honA bhI jaina pramANa lakSaNa meM sanniviSTa ho gyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ne ise bhI pramANa-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| --.. isa prakAra jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra ke pUrva pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa nirdhArita ho cuke the - 1. sva-prakAzaka - 'sva' kI jJAnaparyAya kI bodha karAne vaalaa| 2. para-prakAzaka - padArtha kA bodha karAne vaalaa| 3. bAdhavivarjita yA avisNvaadi| 4. anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva (sarvathA navIna) ina cAra lakSaNoM meM se 'apUrva' lakSaNa kA pratipAdana mANikyanandI ke pazcAt digambara paramparA meM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| vidyAnanda ne akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI paramparA se alaga hokara siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke tIna hI lakSaNa grahaNa kiye| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI AcArya ne pramANa kA 'apUrva' lakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA ho, aisA hamAre dhyAna meM nahIM AtA hai| yadyapi vidyAnanda ne mANikyanandI ke 'apUrva' lakSaNa ko mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnA, kintu unhoMne 'vyavasAyAtmakatA' ko Avazyaka smjhaa| paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryo ne bhI vidyAnanda kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri aura hemacandra sabhI ne pramANa-lakSaNa-nirdhAraNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai| jaina paramparA meM hemacandra taka pramANa kI jo paribhASAe~ dI gaI hai, unheM paM. sukhalAlajI ne cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - 142 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #156
1. prathama varga meM sva para avabhAsa vAlA siddhasena (siddharSi) aura samantabhadra kA lakSaNa AtA hai, smaraNa rahe ki ye donoM lakSaNa bauddhoM evaM naiyAyikoM ke dRSTikoNa ke samanvaya kA phala hai| 2. isa varga meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI anadhigata, avisaMvAdi aura apUrva lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI hai| ye lakSaNa spaSTa rUpa se bauddha mImAMsako ke prabhAva se Ae haiN| jJAtavya hai ki nyAyAvatAra meM 'bAdhavivarjita' rUpa meM avisaMvAditva kA lakSaNa A gayA hai| 3. tIsare varga meM vidyAnanda, abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri ke lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI hai jo vastutaH siddhasena(siddharSi) aura samantabhadra ke lakSaNoM kA zabdAntaraNa mAtra haiM aura jinameM avabhAsa pada ke sthAna para vyavasAya yA nirNIta pada rakha diyA gayA hai| 4. caturtha varga meM AcArya hemacandra kI pramANa-lakSaNa kI paribhASA AtI hai, jisameM _ 'sva' bAdhavivarjita, anadhigata yA apUrva Adi sabhI pada haTAkara pariSkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirupaNa meM nayI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki unhoMne apane pUrva ke jainAcAryoM ke pramANa-lakSaNoM ko pUrI taraha se chor3a diyA hai| yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki hemacandra ne digambarAcArya vidyAnanda aura zvetAmbaracArya abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri kA anusaraNa karake apane pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva pada ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM unhoMne 'sva' pada, jo sabhI pUrvavartI jainAcAryo kI paribhASA meM thA, nikAla diyaa| avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi padoM ko dAkhila kiyaa| aura umAsvAmi, dharmakIrti, bhAsarvajJa Adi ke 'samyak' pada ko apanAkara 'samyagarthanirNaya' pramANam ke rUpa meM apanA-pramANalakSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isa paribhASA yA pramANa-lakSaNa meM samyak pada kisI sImA taka pUrvavartI AcAryo dvArA prayukta bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdi kA paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 'artha' zabda kA prayoga bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa kA khaNDana karate hue pramANa ke 'para' arthAt vastu ke avabodhaka hone kA sUcaka hai, jo jainoM ke vastuvAdI (Realistic) dRSTikoNa kA samarthaka bhI hai| punaH 'nirNaya' zabda jahA~ eka ora avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi kA sUcaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha prakArAntara se pramANa ke 'svaprakAzaka' hone kA bhI sUcaka haiN| isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa-nirupaNa meM anadhigatArthaka yA apUrvArthagrAhaka honA hI aisA lakSaNa hai, jisakA hemacandra ne pUrvavartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke samAna parityAga jaina jJAnadarzana 143

Page #157
kiyA hai| vastutaH smRti ko pramANa mAnane vAle jainAcAryo ko yaha lakSaNa Avazyaka pratIta nahIM huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ne to use kabhI svIkAra hI nahIM kiyaa| digambara paramparA meM bhI akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ne isakA parityAga kara diyaa| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pUrvAcAryoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA sammAna karate hue aura unake pramANa-lakSaNoM ko sanniviSTa karate hue pramANamImAMsA meM 'pramANa' kI eka viziSTa paribhASA prastuta kI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirupaNa meM 'sva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara svayaM unhoMne prathama adhyAya ke prathama Ahnika ke caturtha pada kI svopajJa TIkA meM diyA hai unhoMne batAyA hai ki jJAna to sva-prakAza hI hai, 'para' kA vyAvartaka nahIM hone se lakSaNa meM isakA praveza anAvazyaka hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra aisA karake unhoMne eka ora apane vicAra-svAtantrya ko spaSTa kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora pUrvAcAryo ke mata kA khaNDana na karake, 'sva' pada ke prayoga kI unakI dRSTi se unhoMne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'sva' pada nahIM rkhaa| isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'adhigata' yA 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA ? isakA uttara bhI pramANamImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsakoM ke prabhAkara evaM bhATTa sampradAya kucha sUkSma matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatA dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate haiM, dUsarI ora bauddha paramparA sAmAnya-vyakti (pramAtA) ke jJAna meM sUkSma kAla-bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hone se dhArAvahika jJAna ko apramANa mAnatI hai| yadyapi kumArila bhaTTa kI paramparA bhI apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva pada rakhane ke kAraNa sUkSma kAla-kalA kA bhAna mAnakara hI usameM prAmANya kA utpAdana karatI hai| isI prakAra bauddha dArzanika arcaTa ne apane hetu bindu kI TIkA meM sUkSma-kalA ke bhAna ke kAraNa yogiyoM ke dhArAvahika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai|" jahA~ taka jainoM kA prazna hai, sAmAnyatA digambara AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko sthAna diyA hai, ataH unake anusAra dhArAvahika jJAna, jaba kSaNa bhedAdi vizeSa kA bodha karAtA ho aura viziSTa pramAjanaka ho tabhI pramANa kahA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArya apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada nahIM rakhate haiM aura smRti ke samAna dhArAvAhika jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara AcAryo meM hemacandra ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara bhI unakI pramANamImAMsA meM mila jAtA hai| AcArya svayaM hI svopajJa TIkA meM isa sambandha meM pUrvapakSa kI udbhAvanA karake uttara dete haiN| pratipakSa kA kathana 144 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #158
hai ki dhArAvAhika smRti Adi jJAna adhigatArthaka pUrvArthaka hai aura inheM sAmAnyatA apramANa samajhA jAtA hai| yadi inheM apramANa mAnate ho to (tumhArA) samyagartha nirNayarUpa lakSaNa ativyApta ho jAtA hai? pratipakSa ke isa prazna kA uttara AcArya hemacandra ne kahA thA ki yadi dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti pramANa hai to phira pramANa ke lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki "zvetAmbara AcAryo meM hemacandra kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhItagrAhI aura grahISyamANagrAhI meM samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoM meM prAmANya kA jo samarthana kiyA hai, vaha viziSTa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada kI ubhAvanA nahIM kI hai| saMdarbha - 1. pramANamImAMsA, sampAdaka paM. sukhalAlajI, prastAvanA, pR.16 2. vahI, pR.17. 3. vahI, pR. 16-17. 4. vahI, bhASA-TippaNAni, pR. 1-143 taka. 5. pramANa svaparAbhAsi jJAna bAdhavivarjitam-nyAyAtavAra, 1. 6. pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnamarthakriyAsthitiH - pramANavArtika, 2/1 7. pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnam - aSTazatI/ aSTasahanI. pR. 175. 8. (a) anadhigatArthAdhigamalakSattvAt - vahI. (ba) svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam - parIkSAmukha, 1/1 9. pramANamImAMsA (paM. sukhalAlajI), bhASATippaNani, pR. 16. 10. jJAtavya hai ki pro. ema.e. DhAkI ke anusAra 'nyAyAvatAra' siddhasena kI racanA nahIM haiM, jaisA ki paM. sukhalAlajI ne mAna liyA thA, apitu unake anusAra yaha siddharSi kI M.A. Dhaky's article "The Date and Author of Nyayavatara, 'Nirgrantha'Shardaben Chimanbha Educational Research Centre Ahmedabad Vol. 1 11. pramANa-mImAMsA (paM. sukhalAlajI,) bhASATippaNani, pR. 7. 12. vahI (mUlagrantha aura usakI svopajJa TIkA) 1/1/3, pR. 4. 13. vahI, bhASATippaNani, pR. 11. 14. dekheM, vahI. pR. 12-13. 15. vahI (mUlagrantha aura usakI svopajJa TIkA), 1/1/4, pR. 4-5. 16. vahI, bhASATippaNAni, pR.14. 30 jaina jJAnadarzana 145

Page #159
jaina darzana meM jJAna kA prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana meM bhASA-vizleSaNa kA darzana eka svatantra vidhA ke rUpa meM vikAsa huA aura Aja vaha eka sabase prabhAvazAlI dArzanika sampradAya ke rUpa meM apanA astittva rakhatA hai / prastuta zodhanibandha kA uddezya mAtra yaha dikhAnA hai ki pAzcAtya darzana kI ye vidhAe~ jaina darzana meM sahastrAdhika varSa pUrva kisa rUpa meM carcita rahI haiM aura unakI samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana meM kisa sImA taka nikaTatA hai| jJAna kI satyatA kA prazna sAmAnyatayA jJAna ke prAmANya yA satyatA kA artha jJAna kI jJeya viSaya ke sAtha samarUpatA yA saMvAditA hai / yadyapi, jJAna kI satyatA ke sambandha meM eka dUsarA dRSTikoNa - svayaM jJAna kA saMgatipUrNa honA bhI hai, kyoMki jo jJAna Antarika virodha se yukta hai, vaha bhI asatya mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM vastu svarUpa ko apane yathArtha rUpa meM arthAt jaisA vaha hai usa rUpa meM jAnanA arthAt jJAna kA jJeya (prameya) se avyabhicArI honA hI jJAna kI prAmANikatA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki jJAna kI isa prAmANikatA yA satyatA kA nirNaya kaise hotA hai ? kyA jJAna svayaM apanI satyatA kA bodha detA hai yA usake lie kisI anya jJAna ( jJAnAntara jJAna ) kI apekSA hotI hai ? athavA jJAna kI prAmANikatA ke lie jJAna aura jJeya kI saMvAditA ( anurUpatA) ko dekhanA hotA hai? pAzcAtya paramparA meM jJAna kI satyatA ke prazna ko lekara tIna prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ haiM - (1) saMvAditA siddhAnta; (2) saMgati siddhAnta aura (3) upayogitAvAdI (arthakriyAkArI) siddhAnta / bhAratIya darzana meM vaha saMvAditA kA siddhAnta parataH prAmANyavAda ke rUpa meM aura saMgati-siddhAnta svataH prAmANyavAda ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiM / arthakriyAkArI siddhAnta ko parataH prAmANyavAda kI hI eka vizeSa vidhA kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne isa sambandha meM kisI aikAntika dRSTikoNa ko na apanAkara mAnA ki jJAna ke prAmANya yA satyatA kA nizcaya svataH aura parataH donoM prakAra se hotA hai / yadyapi, jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti kA AdhAra (kasauTI) jJAna svayaM na hokara jJeya hai / pramANanayatatvAloka meM vAdidevasUri 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 146

Page #160
ne kahA hai ki "tadubhayamutpattau parata eva" arthAt pramANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti to parataH hI hotI hai| kyoMki jJAna kI prAmANyatA aura aprAmANyatA kA AdhAra jJAna na hokara jJeya hai aura jJeya jJAna se bhinna hai| tathApi abhyAsa dazA meM jJAna kI satyatA kI nizcaya arthAt jJapti to svataH arthAt svayaM jJAna ke dvArA hI ho jAtI hai, jabaki anabhyAsa dazA meM usakA nizcaya parataH arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna se hotA hai|' yadyapi vAdidevasUri ke dvArA jJAna kI satyatA kI kasauTI(utpatti) ko ekAntaH parataH mAna lenA samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| gaNitIya jJAna aura paribhASAoM ke sandarbha, satyatA kI kasauTI jJAna kI Antarika saMgati hI hotI hai| ve sabhI jJAna jinakA jJeya jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai, svataH prAmANya haiN| isI prakAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI utpatti aura jJapti donoM hI dRSTi se svataH hI prAmANya hai| jaba hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki nizcaya dRSTi se sarvajJa apane ko hI jAnatA hai, to hameM usake jJAna ke sandarbha meM utpatti aura jJapti donoM ko svataH mAnanA hogA kyoMki jJAna kathaJcit rUpa se jJeya se abhinna bhI hotA hai jaise sv-sNvedn| vastugata jJAna meM bhI satyatA kI kasauTI utpatti aura jJapti (nizciya) donoM ko svataH aura parataH donoM mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaba koI yaha sandeza kahe ki "Aja amuka prasUtigRha meM eka bandhyA ne putra kA prasava kiyA" to hama isa jJAna ke mithyAtva ke nirNaya ke lie kisI bAharI kasauTI kA AdhAra na lekara isakI Antarika asaMgati ke AdhAra para hI isake mithyApana ko jAna lete haiN| isI prakAra "tribhuja tIna bhujAoM se yukta AkRti hai" - isa jJAna kI satyatA isakI Antarika saMgati para hI nirbhara karatI hai| ataH jJAna ke prAmANya evaM aprAmANya kI utpatti (kasauTI) aura jJAna ke prAmANya evaM aprAmANya kI jJapti (nizcaya) donoM hI jJAna ke svarUpa yA prakRti ke AdhAra para svataH athavA parataH aura donoM prakAra se ho sakatI hai| sakala jJAna, pUrNa jJAna aura Atmagata jJAna meM jJAna kI prAmANyatA kA nizcaya svataH hogA, jabaki vikala jJAna, apUrNa(AMzika) jJAna yA nayajJAna aura vastugata jJAna meM vaha nizcaya parataH hogaa| pAramArthika pratyakSa ke dvArA hone vAle jJAna meM unake prAmANya kA bodha svataH hogA, jabaki vyAvahArika pratyakSa aura anumAnAdi meM prAmANya kA bodha svataH aura parataH donoM prakAra se sambhava hai| punaH sApekSa jJAna meM satyatA kA nizcaya parataH aura svataH donoM prakAra se aura nirapekSa jJAna meM svataH hogaa| isI prakAra sarvajJa ke jJAna kI satyatA kI utpatti aura jJapti (nizcaya) donoM hI svataH aura sAmAnya vyakti ke jJAna kI utpatti parataH aura jJapti svataH aura parataH donoM rUpoM meM ho sakatI hai| ataH vAdidevasUri kA yaha kathana sAmAnya vyakti ke jaina jJAnadarzana 147

Page #161
jJAna ko lekara hI hai, sarvajJa ke jJAna ke sambandha meM nahIM haiN| sAmAnya vyaktiyoM ke jJAna kI satyatA kA mUlyA~kana pUrva anubhava dazA meM svataH aura pUrva anubhava meM abhAva meM parataH arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna se hotA hai, yadyapi pUrva anubhava bhI jJAna kA hI rUpa hai, ataH use bhI apekSA vizeSa se parataH kahA jA sakatA haiN| jahA~ taka kI jJAna kI utpatti kA prazna hai, svAnubhava ko chor3akara vaha parataH hI hotI hai kyoMki vaha jJeya arthAt "para" para nirbhara hai| ataH jJAna kI satyatA kI utpatti yA kasauTI ko parataH hI mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka kathana kI satyatA kA prazna hai, vaha jJAna kI satyatA se bhinna hai| kathana kI satyatA kA prazna yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki mAnava apanI anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM ko bhASA ke mAdhyama se abhivyakti karatA hai| bhASA zabda pratIkoM aura sArthaka dhvani saMketoM kA eka suvyavasthita rUpa hai| vastutaH hamane vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke lie zabda pratIka banA liye haiN| inhIM zabda pratIkoM evaM dhvani saMketoM ke mAdhyama se hama apane vicAroM, anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM kA sampreSaNa karate haiN| yahA~ mUla prazna yaha hai ki hamArI isa bhASAyI abhivyakti ko hama kisa sImA taka satyatA kA anuSAMgika mAna sakate haiN| Adhunika pAzcAtya darzana meM bhASA aura usakI satyatA ke prazna ko lekara eka pUrA dArzanika sampradAya hI bana gayA hai| bhASA aura satya kA sambandha Aja ke yuga kA eka mahatvapUrNa dArzanika prazna hai kisI kathana kI satyatA yA asatyatA ko nirdhArita karane kA AdhAra Aja satyApana kA siddhAnta haiN| samakAlIna dArzanikoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jina kathanoM kA satyApana yA mithyApana saMbhava hai, ve hI kathana satya yA asatya ho sakate haiN| zeSa kathanoM kA satyatA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| e.je. eyara ne apanI pustaka meM isa samasyA ko uThAyA hai| isa sandarbha meM sabase pahale hameM isa bAta kA vicAra kara lenA hogA ki kathana ke satyApana se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai| koI bhI kathana jaba indriyAnubhava ke AdhAra para puSTa yA apuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, taba hI vaha satyApanIya kahalAtA hai| jina kathanoM ko hama indriyAnubhava ke AdhAra para puSTa yA khaNDita nahIM kara sakate, ve asatyApanIya hote haiN| kintu, ina donoM prakAra ke kathanoM ke bIca kucha aise bhI kathana hote haiM jo na satyApanIya hote haiM aura astyaapniiy| udAharaNa ke lie maMgala graha meM jIva ke pAye jAne kI saMbhAvanA hai| yadyapi yaha kathana vartamAna meM satyApanIya nahIM hai, kintu yaha saMbhava hai ki ise bhaviSya meM puSTa yA 148 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #162
khaNDita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH vartamAna meM yaha na to satyApanIya hai aura na to astyaapniiy| kintu, saMbhAvanA kI dRSTi se ise satyApanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM satya kA eka rUpa saMbhAvanA satya mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH kauna-sA kathana satya hai, isakA nirNaya isI bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki usakA satyApana yA mithyApana saMbhava hai yA nahIM hai| vastutaH jise hama satyApana yA mithyApana kahate haiM, vaha bhI usa abhikathana aura usameM varNita tathya kI saMvAditA yA anurUpatA para nirbhara karatA hai, jise jaina paramparA meM parataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki koI bhI kathana kathita tathya kA saMvAdI (anurUpa) hogA to vaha satya hogA aura visaMvAdI (viparIta) hogA to vaha asatya hogaa| yadyapi, yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki koI bhI kathana kisI tathya kI samagra abhivyakti nahIM de pAtA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnA thA ki pratyeka kathana vastu-tattva ke sambandha meM hameM AMzika jAnakArI hI prastuta karatA hai| ataH pratyeka kathana vastu ke sandarbha meM AMzika satya kA hI pratipAdaka hogaa| yahA~ bhASA kI abhivyakti, sAmarthya kI sImitatA ko bhI hameM dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki bhASA, tathya nahIM, tathya kI saMketaka mAtra hai| usakI isa sAMketikatA ke sandarbha meM hI usakI satyatA-asatyatA kA vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo bhASA apane kathya ko jitanA adhika spaSTa rUpa se saMketita kara sakatI hai vaha utanI hI adhika satya ke nikaTa pahu~catI hai| bhASA kI satyatA aura asatyatA usakI saMketa zakti ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| zabda-artha(vastu kA tathya) ke saMketaka hai ve usake hU-ba-hU (yathArtha) pratibimba nahIM hai| zabda meM mAtra yaha sAmarthya rahI huI hai ki ve zrotA ke manas para vastu kA mAnasa pratibimba upasthita kara dete haiN| ataH zabda ke dvArA pratyutpanna mAnasa pratibimba tathya kA saMvAdI hai, usase anurUpatA rakhatA hai to vaha kathana satya mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi, yahA~ bhI anurUpatA vartamAna mAnasa pratibimba aura pUrvavartI yA paravartI mAnasa pratibimba meM hI hotI hai| jaba kisI mAnasa pratibimba kA satyApana paravartI mAnasa pratibimba arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna se hotA hai to use parataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai aura jaba usakA satyApana pUrvavartI mAnasa pratibimba se hotA hai to svataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai; kyoMki anurUpatA yA viparItatA mAnasa pratibimboM meM hI ho sakatI hai| yadyapi donoM hI prakAra ke mAnasa pratibimboM kA AdhAra yA unakI utpatti jJeya (prameya) se hotI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki vAdidevasUri ne prAmANya (satyatA) aura aprAmANya donoM kI utpatti ko parataH mAnA thaa| prAmaNya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti ko parataH karane kA tAtparya yahI hai- ina mAnasa pratibimboM kA utpAdaka tattva inase bhinna hai| kucha jaina jJAnadarzana 149

Page #163
vicAraka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki kathana ke satyApana yA satyatA ke nizcaya meM zabda dvArA utpanna mAnasa pratibimba meM tulanA hotI hai| yadyapi ekAMta vastuvAdI dRSTikoNa yaha mAnegA ki jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA nirdhAraNa mAnasa pratibimba kI tathya yA vastu se anurUpatA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yaha anurUpatA bhI vastutaH mAnasa pratibimba aura vastu ke bIca na hokara zabda nirmita mAnasa pratibimba aura paravartI indriya anubhava ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yaha anurUpatA bhI vastutaH mAnasa pratibimba aura vastu ke bIca na hokara zabda nirmita mAnasa pratibimba aura paravartI indriya anubhava ke dvArA utpanna mAnasa pratibimba ke bIca hotI hai, yaha tulanA do mAnasika pratibimboM ke bIca hai, na ki tathya aura kathana ke biic| tathya aura kathana do bhinna sthitiyA~ haiN| unameM koI tulanA yA satyApana sambhava nahIM hai| zabda vastu ke samagra pratinidhi nahIM, saMketaka haiM aura unakI yaha saMketa sAmarthya bhI vastutaH unake bhASAyI prayoga (Convention) para nirbhara karatI hai| hama vastu ko koI nAma de dete haiM aura prayoga ke dvArA usa "nAma" meM eka aisI sAmarthya vikasita ho jAtI hai ki usa "nAma" meM zravaNa yA pAThana se hamAre mAnasa meM eka pratibimba khar3A ho jAtA hai| yadi usa zabda ke dvArA pratyutpanna vaha pratibimba hamAre paravartI indriyAnubhava se anurUpatA rakhatA hai, hama usa kathana ko - "satya" kahate haiN| bhASA meM artha bodha kI sAmarthya prayogoM ke AdhAra para vikasita hotI hai| vastutaH koI zabda yA kathana apane Apa meM na to satya hotA hai aura na asatya This is a table - yaha kathana aMgrejI bhASA ke jAnakAra ke lie satya yA asatya ho sakatA hai, kintu hindI bhASA ke lie na to satya aura na asty| kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA tabhI sambhava hotI hai, jabaki zrotA ko koI artha bodha (vastu kA mAnasa pratibimba) hotA hai, ataH punaruktiyoM aura paribhASAoM ko chor3akara koI bhI bhASAyI kathana nirapekSa rUpa se na to satya hotA hai aura na asty| kisI bhI kathana kI satyatA yA asatyatA kisI sandarbha vizeSa meM hI sambhava hotI hai| jaina darzana meM kathana kI satyatA kA prazna jaina dArzanikoM ne bhASA kI satyatA aura asatyatA ke prazna para gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| prajJApanAsUtra(panavannA) meM sarvaprathama bhASA ko paryApta bhASA aura aparyApta bhASA aise do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| paryApta bhASA vaha hai jisameM apane viSaya ko pUrNataH nirvacana karane kI sAmarthya hai aura aparyApta bhASA vaha hai jisameM apane viSaya kA pUrNataH nirvacana, sAmarthya nahIM hai| aMzataH, sApekSa evaM apUrNa kathana aparyApta bhASA kA lakSaNa hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se paurvAtya paramparA kI 150 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #164
gaNitIya bhASA TaoNTolAjI evaM paribhASAe~ paryApta yA pUrNa bhASA ke samatulya mAnI jA sakatI hai jabaki zeSa bhASA vyavahAra aparyApta yA apUrNa bhASA kA hI sUcaka hai| sarvaprathama unhoMne paryApta bhASA kI satya aura asatya aisI do koTiyA~ sthApita kii| unake anusAra aparyApta kI do koTiyA~ hotI haiM- (1) satya-mRSA (mizra) aura (2) asty-amRssaa| satya bhASA - ve kathana, jo vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke pratipAdaka haiM, satya kahalAte haiN| kathana aura tathya kI saMvAditA yA anurUpatA hI satya kI mUlabhUta kasauTI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne pAzcAtya anubhavavAdiyoM ke samAna hI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki jo kathana tathya kA jitanA adhika saMvAdI hogA, vaha utanA hI aghi ka satya mAnA jaayegaa| yadyapi jaina dArzanika kathana kI satyatA ko usakI vastugata satyApanIyatA taka hI sImita nahIM karate haiN| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki Anubhavika satyApanIyatA ke atirikta bhI kathanoM meM satyatA ho sakatI hai| jo kathana aindrika anubhavoM para nirbhara na hokara aparokSAnubhUti ke viSaya hote haiM unakI satyatA kA nizcaya to aparokSAnubhUti ke viSaya hI karate haiN| aparokSAnubhava ke aise aneka stara haiM, jinakI tathyAtmaka saMgati khoja pAnA kaThina hai| jainadArzanikoM ne satya ko aneka rUpoM meM dekhA hai| sthAnAMga, praznavyAkaraNa, prajJApanA, mUlAdhAra aura bhagavatI-ArAdha nA meM satya ke dasa bheda batAye gaye haiM :- 1. janapada satya, 2. sammata satya, 3. sthApanA satya, 4. nAma satya, 5. rUpa satya, 6. pratItya satya, 7. vyavahAra-satya, 8. bhAva satya, 9. yoga satya, 10. upamA satya akalaMka ne sammata satya, bhAva satya aura upamA satya kA ullekha kiyA hai| mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM yoga satya ke sthAna para sambhAvanA satya kA ullekha huA hai| satya ke ina dasa bhedoM kA vivecana isa prakAra hai1. janapada satya - jisa deza meM jo bhASA yA zabda vyavahAra pracalita ho usI ke dvArA vastu tattva kA saMketa karanA janapada satya hai| eka janapada yA deza meM prayukta hone vAlA vahI zabda dUsare deza meM asatya ho jaavegaa| bAIjI zabda mAlavA meM mAtA ke lie prayukta hotA hai jabaki uttara pradeza meM vezyA ke lie| ataH bAIjI se mAtA kA arthabodha mAlava ke vyakti ke lie satya hogA, kintu uttara pradeza ke vyakti ke lie asty| 2. sammata-satya - vastu ke vibhinna paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA eka hI artha meM prayoga karanA sammata-satya hai, jaise - rAjA, nRpa, bhUpati aadi| yadyapi ye vyutpatti kI dRSTi se alaga-alaga arthoM ke sUcaka haiN| janapada-satya evaM sammata-satyaprayoga siddhAnta (Use Theory) se AdhArita arthabodha se sUcaka haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 151

Page #165
3. sthApanA satya - zataraMja ke khela meM prayukta vibhinna AkRtiyoM ko rAjA, vajIra Adi nAmoM se sambodhita karanA sthApanA satya hai| yaha saMketIkaraNa kA sUcaka hai| 4. nAma satya - guNa nirapekSa mAtra diye gaye nAma ke AdhAra para vastu kA sambodhana karanA yaha nAma satya hai| eka garIba vyakti bhI nAma se "lakSmIpati" kahA jA sakatA hai, use isa nAma se pukAranA satya hai| yahA~ bhI arthabodha saMketIkaraNa ke dvArA hI hotA hai| 5. rUpa satya - veza ke AdhAra para vyakti ko usa nAma se pukAranA rUpa satya hai, cAhe vastutaH vaha vaisA na ho, jaise- nATaka meM rAma kA abhinaya karane vAle vyakti ko "rAma" kahanA yA sAdhuvezadhArI ko sAdhu khnaa| pratItya satya - sApekSika kathana athavA pratIti ko satya mAnakara calanA pratItya satya hai| jaise anAmikA bar3I hai, mohana choTA hai aadi| isI prakAra Adhunika khagola vijJAna kI dRSTi se pRthvI sthira hai, yaha kathana bhI pratItya satya hai, vastutaH satya nhiiN| 7. vyavahAra - satya-vyavahAra meM pracalita bhASAyI prayoga vyavahAra satya kahe jAte haiM, yadyapi vastutaH ve asatya hote haiM- ghar3A bharatA hai, banArasa A gayA, yaha sar3aka bambaI jAtI hai| vastutaH ghar3A nahIM pAnI bharatA hai, banArasa nahIM AtA, hama banArasa pahuMcate haiN| sar3aka sthira hai vaha nahIM jAtI hai, usa para calane vAlA jAtA hai| 8. bhAva satya - vartamAna paryAya meM kisI eka guNa kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para vastu ko vaisA kahanA bhAva satya hai| jaise- aMgUra mIThe haiM, yadyapi unameM khaTTApana bhI rahA huA hai| 9. yoga satya - vastu ke saMyoga ke AdhAra para use usa nAma se pukAranA yoga satya hai; jaise- daNDa dhAraNa karane vAle ko daNDI kahanA yA jise ghar3e meM ghI rakhA jAtA hai use ghI kA ghar3A khnaa| 10. upamA satya - yadyapi candramA aura mukha do bhinna tathya haiM aura unameM samAnatA bhI nahIM hai, phira bhI upamA meM aise prayoga hote haiM - jaise candramukhI, mRganayanI aadi| bhASA meM inheM satya mAnA jAtA hai| vastuta : satya ke ina dasa rUpoM kA sambandha tathyagata satyatA ke sthAna para bhASAgata satyatA se hai| kathana-vyavahAra meM inheM satya mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi kathana ' kI satyatA mUlataH to usakI tathya se saMvAditA para nirbhara karatI hai| ataH ye sabhI kevala vyAvahArika satyatA ke sUcaka haiM, vAstavika satyatA ke nhiiN| 152 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #166
jaina dArzanikoM ne satya ke sAtha-sAtha asatya ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| asatya kA artha hai kathana kA tathya se visaMvAdI honA yA viparIta honaa| praznavyAkaraNa meM asatya kI kAphI vistAra se carcA hai, unameM asatya ke 30 paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiN| yahA~ hama unameM se kucha kI carcA taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| alIka - jisakA astittva nahIM hai, usako asti rUpa kahanA alIka vacana hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArtha-siddhayupAya meM ise asatya kahA hai| apalApa - sadvastu ko nAsti rUpa kahanA apalApa hai| viparIta - vastu ke svarUpa kA bhinna prakAra se pratipAdana karanA viparIta kathana hai| ekAnta - aisA kathana, to tathya ke sambandha meM apane pakSa kA pratipAdana karane ke sAtha anya pakSoM yA pahaluoM kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha bhI asatya mAnA gayA hai| ise durnaya yA mithyAtva kahA gayA hai| inake atirikta hiMsAkArI vacana, kaTuvacana, vizvAsaghAta, doSAropaNa Adi bhI asatya ke hI rUpa haiN| prajJApanA meM krodha, lobha Adi ke kAraNa niHsRta vacana ko tathya se saMvAdI hone para bhI asatya mAnA gayA hai| satya - mRSA kathana ve kathana jinakA artha ubhaya koTika ho sakatA hai, satya - mRSA kathana haiN| " azvatthAmA mArA gayA" vaktA aura zrotA isake bhinna-bhinna artha grahaNa kara sakate haiN| ataH jo kathana doharA artha rakhate haiM, ve mizra bhASA ke udAharaNa haiN| asatya - amRSA kathana lokaprakAza ke tRtIya sarga ke yogAdhikAra meM bAraha (12) prakAra ke kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA gayA hai| vastutaH ve kathana jinheM satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, asatya-amRSA kahe jAte haiN| jo kathana kisI vidheya kA vidhAna yA niSedha nahIM karate, unakA satyApana sambhava nahIM hotA hai aura jaina AcAryoM ne aise kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA hai, jaise AdezAtmaka kthn| nimna 12 prakAra ke kathanoM ko asatya amRSA-kahA gayA hai - 1. AmantraNI - "Apa hamAre yahAM padhAreM" 'Apa hamAre vivAhotsava meM sammalita hoM" - isa prakAra AmaMtraNa dene vAle kathanoM kI bhASA AmantraNI kahI jAtI hai| aise kathana satyApanIya nahIM hote| isalie ye satya yA asatya kI koTi se pare hote haiN| 2. AjJApanIya - "daravAjA banda kara do" "bijalI jalA do" Adi AjJAvAcaka kathana bhI satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM aate| e.je.eyara prabhRti Adhunika tArkikabhAvavAdI vicAraka bhI AdezAtmaka bhASA ko satyApanIya nahIM mAnate haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 153

Page #167
itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne samagra naitika kathanoM ke bhASAyI vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ve vidhi yA niSedha rUpa meM AjJAsUcaka yA bhAvasUcaka hI haiM, isalie ve na to satya haiM aura na to asatya / 3. yAcanIya - 'yaha do' isa prakAra kI yAcanA karane vAlI bhASA bhI satya aura asatya kI koTi se pare hotI hai / 4. pracchanIya - yaha rAstA kahA~ jAtA hai ? Apa mujhe isa padya kA artha batAyeM? isa prakAra ke kathanoM kI bhASA pracchanIya kahI jAtI hai / cU~ki yaha bhASA bhI kisI tathya kA vidhi-niSedha nahIM karatI hai, isalie isakA satyApana sambhava nahIM hai / 5. prajJApanIya arthAt upadezAtmaka bhASA - jaise corI nahIM karanA cAhie, jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie Adi / cU~ki isa prakAra ke kathana bhI tathyAtmaka vivaraNa na ho kara upadezAtmaka hote haiM, isalie ye satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM Ate / Adhunika bhASA vizleSavAdI dArzanika naitika prakathanoM kA antima vizleSaNa prajJApanIya bhASA ke rUpa meM hI karate haiM aura isalie ise satyApanIya nahIM mAnate haiM, unake anusAra ve naitika prakathana jo bAhya rUpa se to tathyAtmaka pratIta hote haiM, lekina vastutaH tathyAtmaka nahIM hote; jaise- corI karanA burA hai, usake anusAra isa prakAra ke kathanoM kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki tumheM corI nahIM karanA cAhie yA corI ke kArya ko hama pasanda nahIM karate haiM / yaha kitanA sukhada Azcarya hai ki jo bAta Aja ke bhASA - vizleSaka dArzanika prastuta kara rahe haiM, use sahasrAdhika varSa pUrva jaina vicAraka sUtra rUpa meM prastuta kara cuke haiM / AjJApanIya aura prajJApanIya bhASA ko asatya - amRSA kahakara unhoMne Adhunika bhASA - vizleSaNa kA dvAra udghATita kara diyA thA / 6. pratyAkhyAnIya - kisI prArthI kI mA~ga ko asvIkAra karanA pratyAkhyAnIya bhASA hai| jaise, tumheM yahA~ naukarI nahIM milegI athavA tumheM bhikSA nahIM dI jA sktii| 7. icchAnukUlikA - kisI kArya meM apanI anumati denA athavA kisI kArya ke prati apanI pasandagI spaSTa karanA icchAnukUlikA bhASA hai / tumheM yaha kArya karanA hI cAhie, isa prakAra ke kArya ko maiM pasanda karatA hU~ / mujhe jhUTha bolanA pasanda nahIM hai| Adhunika nItizAstra kA saMvegavAdI siddhAnta bhI naitika kathanoM ko abhiruci yA pasandagI kA eka rUpa batAtA hai, aura use satyApanIya nahIM mAnatA hai / 8. anabhigrahIta - aisA kathana jisameM vaktA apanI na to sahamati pradAna karatA hai aura na asahamati, anabhigrahIta kahalAtA hai / jaise, 'jo pasanda ho, vaha kArya karo", "jo tumheM sukhaprada ho, vaisA karo" Adi / aise kathana bhI satyApanIya nahIM hote| isalie inheM bhI asatya - amRSA kahA gayA hai 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 154

Page #168
9. abhigrahIta - kisI dUsare vyakti ke kathana ko anumodita karanA abhigrahIta kathana hai| jaise - 'hA~, tumheM aisA hI karanA cAhie', aise kathana bhI satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM Ate haiN| 10. saMdehakAriNI - jo kathana vyarthaka ho yA jinakA artha spaSTa na ho, saMdehAtmaka kahe jAte haiN| jaise, saindhava acchA hotA hai| yahA~ vaktA kA yaha tAtparya spaSTa nahIM hai ki saindhava se namaka abhipreta hai yA sindhu deza kA ghodd'aa| ataH aise kathanoM ko bhI na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asty| 11. vyAkRtA - vyAkRtA se jaina vicArakoM ko kyA abhipreta hai, yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA hai| hamArI dRSTi meM vyAkRta kA artha paribhASita karanA aisA ho sakatA hai, ve kathana jo kisI tathya kI paribhASAeM haiM, isa koTi meM Ate haiN| Adhunika bhAvavAdI vizleSaka dArzanikoM kI dRSTi se kaheM to ve punaruktiyA~ haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne inheM bhI satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA hai, kyoMki inakA koI apanA vidheya nahIM hotA hai yA ye koI navIna kathana nahIM karate haiN| 12. avyAkRtA - vaha bhASA jo spaSTa rUpa se koI vidhi niSedha nahIM karatI hai, avyAkRta bhASA hai| yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se vidhi-niSedha ko abhivyakta nahIM karatI hai| isalie yaha bhI satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM AtI hai| Aja samakAlIna dArzanikoM ne bhI AmaMtraNI, AjJApanIya, yAcanIya, pRcchanIya aura prajJApanIya Adi kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA (asatyApanIya) mAnA hai| eyara Adi ne naitika prakathanoM ko AjJApanIya mAnakara unheM (asatyApanIya) mAnA hai jo jaina darzana kI uparyukta vyAkhyA ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa hai| 00 jaina jJAnadarzana 155

Page #169
jaina darzana ke tarka-pramANa kA Adhunika sandabhoM meM mUlyA~kana tarka kI pramANa ke rUpa meM pratisthApanA kA aitihAsika pariprekSya bhAratIya darzanoM meM kevala jaina darzana kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha pramANa vivecana meM tarka ko eka svatantra pramANa mAnatA hai phira bhI, hameM itanA dhyAna avazya hI rakhanA hogA ki pramANa ke rUpa meM tarka kI pratisthApanA jaina nyAya kI vikAsa yAtrA kA eka paravartI caraNa hai| tattvArthasUtra aura zve. Agama nandIsUtra meM to hameM jJAna aura pramANa ke bIca bhI koI vibhAjaka rekhA hI nahIM milatI hai, unameM pA~coM jJAnoM ko hI pramANa mAna liyA gayA hai (mati zrutAvadhiH paryAyakevalAni jJAnam / tat pramANe-tattvArtha 1/9-10) kintu zve. Agama bhagavatI, sthAnAMga aura anuyoga dvAra se pramANoM kA svatantra vivecana upalabdha hai| unameM kahIM pratyakSa, anumAna, aura Agama ina tIna pramANoM kI aura kahIM pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama ina cAra pramANoM kI carcA milatI hai| sambhavataH pramANoM kA yaha svatantra vivecana Agama sAhitya meM sarvaprathama anuyoga dvAra meM kiyA gayA ho, kyoMki bhagavatI sUtra meM kevala unakA nAma nirdeza karake yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki 'jahA aNuogadvAre' arthAt anuyoga dvAra sUtra ke samAna hI inheM yahA~ bhI samajha lenA caahie| yadyapi ina AdhAroM para nandIsUtra, aNuyogadvAra, sthAnAMga aura bhagavatI ke vartamAna pAThoM kI pUrvAparatA ke prazna ko eka naye sandarbha meM vicArA jA sakatA hai, kintu prastuta carcA ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| eka vizeSatA yaha bhI dekhane ko milatI hai ki sthAnAMga sUtra meM inake lie pramANa zabda kA prayoga na hokara hetu aura vyavasAya zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ 'hetu' kA tAtparya pramANika jJAna ke sAdhanoM se aura 'vyavasAya' kA tAtparya jJAnAtmaka vyApAra se hai jo ki apane lAkSaNika artha meM pramANa artha meM pramANa carcA se bhinna nahIM hai| dhyAna dene yogya dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki sthAnAMga sUtra meM vyavasAya ke antargata kevala tIna pramANoM kI aura hetu ke antargata cAra pramANoM kI carcA upalabdha hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina nyAya meM pramANa carcA ke prasaMga meM bhI Agama yuga taka 'tarka' ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karane 156 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #170
kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| yadyapi isakI sambhAvanA ke bIja Agama sAhitya meM tathA tattvArthasUtra meM avazya hI upasthita the| kyoMki nandIsUtra aura vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM IhA, apoha, vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, smRti, saMjJA, prajJA aura mati ko paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gayA thaa| isI prakAra umAsvAmi ke tattvArthasUtra evaM usake bhASya meM bhI mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ko eka hI artha kA vAcaka mAnA thaa| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ inheM paryAyavAcI yA ekArthavAcaka kahane kA mAtra itanA hI hai ki ye saba matijJAna ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiN| umAsvAmi ke tattvArtha bhASya meM IhA ke paryAya ke rUpa meM bhI tarka aura Uha ina donoM zabdoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| kyoMki IhA avagrahIta artha (padAtha) ke vizeSa svarUpa ko jAnane kI AkAMkSA ke rUpa meM guNa-doSa vicArAtmaka jJAna-vyApAra hI hai, ataH usakA paryAya tarka yA Uha ho sakatA hai| phira bhI yahA~ tarka ko IhA se pRthaka eka svatantra pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI 'tarka pramANa' meM 'tarka' zabda kA jo artha gRhIta hai vaha bhI yahA~ anupasthita hI hai| isase pramANa carcA ke prasaMga meM tarka zabda kA jo artha vikAsa huA hai vaha eka paravartI ghaTanA hI siddha hotA hai| phira bhI ye saba bAteM eka aisI AdhAra bhUmi to avazya prastuta kara rahI thI jisake sahAre akalaMka ke dvArA 7vIM zatI meM tarka ko pramANa ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA jA skaa| vastutaH tarka ko svatantra rUpa se pramANa mAnanA isalie Avazyaka ho gayA ki usake binA vyAptigrahaNa kI samasyA kA sahI hala prastuta kara pAnA sambhava nahIM thA kyoMki pratyakSa cAhe vaha indriya pratyakSa ho yA anindriya mAnasa pratyakSa ho, traikAlika evaM sArvalaukika vyApti ko grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA thaa| dUsarI ora anumAna to svayaM vyApti para nirbhara thA, ataH pratyakSa aura anumAna ke bIca eka setu kI AvazyakatA thI jise tarka ko pramANa mAnakara pUrA kiyaa| 'tarka' ko pramANa ke pada para pratiSThita karane ke sAtha hI akalaMka ke sAmane dUsarI mahatvapUrNa samasyA yaha thI ki use sAvyAvahArika pratyakSa evaM parokSa meM se kisa pramANa ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jAve? cU~ki tattvArtha sUtra bhASya meM IhA kA antarbhAva sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa meM hotA thA ataH sUtrakAra ke mata kI rakSA karane hetu usakA samAveza sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa meM hI honA thA, kintu pratyakSa kA hI eka bheda hone kI sthiti meM tarka vyApti kA grAhaka nahIM bana sakatA thaa| isa hetu usake bauddhika, vimarzAtmaka evaM sAmAnya jJAnAtmaka svarUpa para bala denA bhI jarUrI thA aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA jabaki use zabda saMsarga yukta evaM aindrika tathA mAnasika pratyakSa ne bhinna svatantra pramANa mAnA jAve, kintu aisI sthiti meM use parokSa pramANa meM vargIkRta karanA jarUrI thaa| akalaMka ne donoM hI dRSTikoNoM kI rakSA hetu yaha mAnA ki 'tarka' Adi jaba zabda saMsarga se rahita ho to unakA samAveza jaina jJAnadarzana 157

Page #171
sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa meM aura zabda saMsarga se yukta ho to unakA samAveza parokSa zrutajJAna meM karanA caahie| lekina paramparA kI rakSA karane kA unakA yaha prayAsa saphala nahIM huA aura uttarakAlIna anantavIrya, vidyAnanda Adi sabhI jaina tArkikoM ne tarka kA antarbhAva parokSa pramANa meM hI kiyA hai| (vargI. pR. 191) sabhI jaina tArkikoM ne parokSa pramANa ke smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama aise pA~ca bheda kiye haiM, kevala eka apavAda hai nyAya vinizcaya ke TIkAkAravAdI rAja suuri| unhoMne pahale parokSa ke do bheda kiye 1 - anumAna, aura 2 - aagm| aura phira anumAna ke mukhya aura gauNa aise do bheda karake smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka kA antarbhAva gauNa anumAna meM kiyA hai| jaina-darzana dvArA svIkRta isa pramANa-yojanA kA atIndriya Atmika pratyakSa nyAya darzana meM yogaja pratyakSa ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| jahA~ taka sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa yA indriya pratyakSa kA prazna hai use sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne pramANa mAnA hai, cAhe usake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM thor3A matabheda rahA ho| jaina darzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyA~kana pramANa pratyakSa parokSa atIndriyaAtmika pratyakSa sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa avadhi manaH kevala indriya anindriya pratyakSa paryAya (mAnasika pratyakSa) avagraha IhA . AvAya dhAraNA smRti pratyabhijJAna tarka anumAna Agama parokSa pramANoM meM anumAna aura Agama ko bhI adhikAMza bhAratIya darzanoM ne pramANa kI koTi meM mAnA hai| pratyabhijJAna ko bhI nyAya darzana pratyakSa pramANa ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, mAtra antara yahI hai ki jahA~ jaina dArzanika 158 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #172
use parokSa pramANa kA bheda mAnate haiM, vahA~ nyAya darzana use pratyakSa pramANa kA eka bheda mAnatA hai| yadyapi yaha antara adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, kyoMki akalaMka ne to use zabda saMsarga se rahita hone para sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa ke antargata mAna hI liyA thaa| apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se bhI pratyabhijJAna meM aindrika pratyakSa aura smRti donoM kA yoga hotA hai ataH vaha AMzika rUpa se pratyakSa aura AMzika rUpa se parokSa siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta pramANoM meM kevala smRti aura tarka hI aise haiM jinheM anya darzanoM meM pramANa kI koTi meM vargIkRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| nyAya darzana pramA aura apramA ke vargIkaraNa meM smRti aura tarka donoM ko hI apramA athavA ayathArtha jJAna mAnatA haiN| yadyapi annamabhaTTa kA vargIkaraNa thor3A bhinna hai| ve pahale jJAna ko smRti aura anubhava ina do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta karate haiM aura bAda meM anubhava ko yathArtha aura ayathArtha ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Ta dete haiN| isa prakAra ve spaSTa rUpa se smRti ko ayathArtha jJAna nahIM mAnate haiM, tathApi jahA~ taka tarka kA prazna hai ve use ayathArtha jJAna meM hI vargIkRta karate haiN| yadyapi ve use saMzaya aura viparyaya se bhinna avazya mAnate haiN| unhoMne ayathArtha jJAna ke tIna bheda kiye haiM : 1. saMzaya, 2. viparyaya, aura 3. trk| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki nyAya darzana tarka ko pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM rakhatA hai| yadyapi yaha svatantra prazna hai, ki kyA saMzaya, viparyaya aura tarka eka hI stara ke jJAna haiM yA bhinna-bhinna stara ke jJAna haiM? kyA ayathArtha jJAna kA artha bhramayukta yA mithyA jJAna hai? jina para Age vicAra kreNge| cAhe nyAya darzana ne tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnA ho phira bhI vaha apane Sor3aza padArthoM meM tarka ko eka svatantra sthAna to detA hI hai tathA vyApti sthApanA meM tarka kI upayogitA ko bhI nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai| yadyapi bhAratIya darzanoM meM sAMkhya-yoga tathA mImAMsA darzana tarka ko 'pramANa' mAnate haiM, kintu unake tarka ko pramANa mAnane ke sandarbha bilkula bhinna haiN| vaha sandarbha jJAna mImAMsA ke na hokara bhASA zAstrIya evaM karmakANDIya hai| jJAna mImAMsA ke kSetra meM to ve hI apanI-apanI pramANoM kI mAnyatA meM tarka kI koI svatantra sthAna nahIM dete haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, mImAMsA darzana to vyApti nizcaya meM bhI tarka kI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| isa prakAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana meM ekamAtra jaina darzana hI aisA darzana jo tarka kI svatantra rUpa se pramANa kI koTi meM rakhatA hai| tarka zabda kA artha sarvaprathama pramANa ke pada para pratiSThita hone ke pUrva tarka ke arthoM kI jo vikAsa yAtrA hai, usa para bhI yahA~ vicAra kara lenA apekSita hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM tarka zabda kA prayoga vividha arthoM meM hotA rahA hai aura arthoM kI yaha jaina jJAnadarzana 159

Page #173
vividhatA hI bhAratIya darzana meM tarka ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna dhAraNAoM ke nirmANa ke lie uttaradAyI bhI hai| yaha dRSTavya hai ki zabdoM kA aniyata evaM vividha arthoM meM prayoga hI unake sambandha meM galata dhAraNAoM ko janma detA hai| isI lie DaoN. bAralige nyAya darzana ke tarka svarUpa kI samIkSA karate hue yaha kahate haiM ki, "It is such a loose use of words which has been responsible for mis-carriage of the true import of words and concepts".(A Modern Introduction to Indian Logic p. 121) ataH tarka pramANa kI carcA prasaMga meM hameM yaha bhI dekha lenA hogA ki tarka zabda ke arthoM meM kisa prakAra kA parivartana hotA rahA hai| apane vyApaka artha meM tarka zabda usa buddhi-vyApAra kA sUcaka hai jisa vimarzAtmaka cintana (Speculative Thinking) bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| abhighAna rAjendra koSa meM tarka ke tarkanA, paryAvalocanA, vimarza, vicAra Adi paryAyavAcI zabda diye gaye haiN| isa prasaMga meM usakA aMgrejI paryAya rIjaniMga (Reasoning) hai| kaThopaniSad ke naiSAM tarkeNa matirApaneyA AcArAMga ke takka tattha na vijjai mayI tattha na gahiyA athavA mahAbhArata ke tarko'pratiSTho Adi prasaMgoM meM tarka zabda kA prayoga isI vyApaka artha meM huA hai| tarka kA eka dUsarA artha bhI hai - jisake anusAra Anubhavika evaM bauddhika AdhAroM para kisI bAta ko siddha karane, puSTa karane yA khaNDita karane kI sampUrNa prakriyA ko bhI tarka kahA jAtA hai| tarka zAstra, tarka vijJAna Adi meM tarka zabda isI artha kA sUcaka hai, ise AnvIkSakI bhI kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ usakA aMgrejI paryAya 'lAjika' (logic) hai| isa prasaMga meM tarka zabda sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI pramANoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara letA hai| nyAya darzana meM tarka zabda kA prayoga eka tIsare artha meM huA hai yahA~ vaha cintana kI aisI avasthA hai jo saMzaya se janita dolana meM nirNayAbhimukha hai| isa prakAra vaha saMzaya aura nirNaya ke madhya nirNayAbhimukha jJAna hai| sAMkhya, yoga aura mImAMsA darzana meM usake lie Uha zabda kA prayoga huA jise bhASAyI-viveka kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu jaina darzana ke tarka pramANa ke prasaMga meM tarka zabda kA prayoga eka cauthe atyanta sImita aura nizcita artha meM huA hai| yahA~ tarka eka antaH prajJAtmaka (Intuitive) sunizcita jJAna hai| use 'sAmAnya' kA jJAna (Knowledge of universals) bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH yaha indriya jJAna ke mAdhyama se atIndriya jJAna ke kSetra meM praveza hai| jJAta se ajJAta khoja hai| yahA~ taka vaha pAzcAtya tarkazAstra kI AgamanAtmaka kUdAna (Inductive leap) kA sUcaka hai| vaha una traikAlika evaM sArvalaukika sambandhoM kA jJAna hai jinheM hama vyApti sambandha yA kArya kAraNa sambandha ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM aura jinake AdhAra para koI anumAna nikAlA jA sakatA hai| yaha anumAna kI eka 160 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #174
anivArya pUrva zarta hai use hama vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora, pratyakSa se anumAna kI ora athavA Agamana se nigamana kI ora jAne kA setu yA praveza dvAra kaha sakate haiN| pramANa mImAMsA meM tarka ke uparokta svarUpa kI spaSTa karate kahA gayA hai - upalambhAnupalambha nimittaM vyAptijJAnam UhaH -2/5 arthAt upalambha arthAt yaha hone para yaha hotA hai aura anupalambha arthAt yaha nahIM hone para yaha nahIM hotA hai, ke nimitta se jo vyApti kA jJAna hotA hai vahI tarka hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pratyakSAdi ke nimitta se jisake dvArA abinAbhAva sambandha yA kArya kAraNa sambandha ko jAna liyA gayA hai vahI tarka hai| yaha abinAbhAva sambandha tathA kArya kAraNa sambandha sArvakAlika aura sArvalaukika hotA hai, ataH isakA grahaNa indriya jJAna se hI nahIM hotA hai apitu atIndriya prajJA se hotA hai| ataH tarka aindrika jJAna nahIM apitu atIndriya prajJA hai jise hama antaHprajJA yA antarbodhi kaha sakate haiN| tarka ke isa atIndriya svarUpa kA samarthana pramANa mImAMsA kI svopajJa vRtti meM svayaM hemacandra ne kiyA hai| __ ve kahate hai ki 'vyApti grahaNa kAle yogIva pramAtA (2/5 vRtti) arthAt grahaNa ke samaya jJAtA yogI ke samAna ho jAtA hai| tarka abinAbhAva ko apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtA hai aura abinAbhava eka prakAra kA sambandha hai, ataH tarka sambandhoM kA jJAna hai| punaH yaha abinAbhAva sambandha sArvakAlika evaM sArvalaukika hotA hai ataH tarka kA svarUpa sAmAnya jJAnAtmaka hotA hai| abinAbhAva kyA hai aura usakA tarka se kyA sambandha hai ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - 'sahakramabhAvinoH sahakramabhAva'niyamo binAbhAvaH UhAt tannizcaya-pramANa mImAMsA 2/10-11 / arthAt sahabhAviyoM kA sahabhAva niyama aura kramabhAviyoM kA kramabhAva niyama hI abinAbhAva hai aura isakA nirNaya tarka se hotA hai| ye sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva bhI do-do prakAra ke haiN| sahabhAva ke do bheda haiM : 1. sahakArI sambandha se yukta jaise rasa aura rUpa, tathA 2. vyApta vyApaka yA vyakti jAti sambandha se yukta -jaise baTatva aura vRksstv| isI prakAra kramabhAva ke bhI do bheda hai : 1. pUrvavartI aura paravartI sambandha jaise grISma Rtu aura varSA Rtu, tathA 2. kArya kAraNa sambandha jaise ghUma aura agni| isa prakAra sahakAra sambandha vyApya-vyApaka sambandha, vyakti jAti sambandha pUrvopara sambandha aura kArya kAraNa sambandha rUpa niyama abinAbhAva hai inakA nizcaya tarka ke dvArA hotA hai| isa prakAra tarka sambandhoM/niyamoM kA jJAna hai| cUMki ye sambandha padoM ke ApAdana (Implication) ko sUcita karate haiM, ataH tarka ApAdana kA nizcaya karanA hai aura yaha ApAdana vyApti kI anivArya zarta hai| ataH tarka vyApti kA grAhaka hai isIlie jaina dArzanikoM ne kahA 'vyAptijJAnasamUhaH uhAt jaina jJAnadarzana 161

Page #175
tannizcaya' arthAt vyaptijJAna hI tarka hai aura tarka se hI vyApti ( abinAbhAva ApAdana) kA nizcaya hotA hai / jaina darzana meM tarka pramANa ke ina lakSaNoM kI puSTi DaoN. bAralige ne nyAya darzana ke tarka ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karate hue anajAneM meM kara dI hai| unakI vivecanA ke kucha aMza haiM- "Tarka is something nonempirical, Tarka is that argument which goes to the root of Anuman and so is its Pre-supposition or condition". It gives the relation between Apadya and Apadak in its anuava of vyatireka form. It is clearly the knowledge of the implication which is evidently presupposed by any vyapti Tarka indicates the relation which is presupposed by vyapti. (See: A modern introduction to Indian Logic p. 123 -125) vastutaH tarka ko antarbodhAtmaka yA antaH prajJAtmaka prAtibha jJAna kahanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki unakI prakRti indriyAnubhavAtmaka jJAna arthAt laukika pratyakSa (Empirical knowledge or perception) se aura bauddhika nigamanAtmaka anumAna (Deductive inference) donoM se bhinna hai| tarka atIndriya (Non-empirical) aura ati-bauddhika (Super rational) hai kyoMki vaha atIndriya evaM amUrta sambandhoM (Non- empirical reiations) ko apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtA hai| usake viSaya haiM- jAti-upajAti sambandha, jAti-vyakti sambandha, sAmAnya-vizeSa sambandha, kAryakAraNa sambandha Adi / vaha ApAdana ( Implication), anuvartitA (Entailment), varga sadasyatA ( Class membership), kAryakAraNatA (Causality) aura sAmAnyatA (Universality) kA jJAna hai / vaha vastuoM ko hI nahIM, apitu unake tAtvika svarUpa evaM sambandhoM ko bhI jAnatA hai isalie use ApAdAna kA nAma (Knowedge of imlication) bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| tarka una niyamoM kA dRSTA (yahA~ maiM dRSTA zabda kA prayoga jAna-bUjhakara kara rahA hUM) hai, jisake dvArA vizva kI vastuyeM paraspara sambandhita yA asambandhita haiM, jinake AdhAra para sAmAnya vAkyoM kI sthApanA kara unase anumAna nikAle jAte haiM aura jinheM pAzcAtya AgamanAtmaka tarkazAstra meM kArya-kAraNa aura prakRti kI samarUpatA ke niyamoM ke rUpa meM tathA nigamanAtmaka tarkazAstra meM vicAra ke niyamoM ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai aura jo kramazaH Agamana aura nigamana kI pUrva - mAnyatA ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai / isa prakAra tarka pramANa kI viSaya vastu tarka zAstra kI adhimAnyatAyeM (Postulates of Logic and Reasoning) hai vaha pratyakSa aura anumAna se tathA Agamana aura nigamana se vilakSaNa hai / vaha sampUrNa tarka zAstra kA AdhAra hai kyoMki vaha usa ApAdana (Implication) yA vyApti ke jJAna ko pradAna karatA hai jisa para nigamanAtmaka tarka zAstra TikA huA hai aura jo AgamanAtmaka tarka zAstra kA sAdhya hai| tarka kA yahI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 162

Page #176
vilakSaNa svarUpa eka ora use pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANoM se bhinna eka svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karatA hai / dUsarI ora use Agamana aura nigamana ke bIca eka yojaka kar3I ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai / sambhavataH yaha nyAya zAstra ke itihAsa meM jaina tArkikoM kA syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke siddhAntoM ke bAda eka aura maulika yogadAna hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke isa yogadAna kA samyak prakAra se mUlyAMkana karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM meM prastuta tarka ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karake yaha dekheM ki jaina darzana ke dvArA prastuta tarka ke svarUpa kI unase kisa artha meM vizeSatA hai / anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM tarka kA svarUpa bhAratIya darzanoM meM 'tarka' kI pramANikatA ko svIkAra karane vAloM meM jaina darzana ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhya yoga evaM mImAMsA darzana kA bhI nAma AtA hai, kintu ina darzanoM ne jina prasaMgoM meM tarka kI pramANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA ve prasaMga bilkula bhinna haiM / sAMkhya darzana ke lie Uha yA tarka, vAkyoM ke artha nirdhAraNa meM bhASAgata niyamoM kI upayoga kI prakriyA hai / DA. surendranAtha dAsa guptA likhate haiM- 'sAMkhya ke lie Uha zabdoM athavA vAkyoM ke artha ko nirdhArita karane ke lie mAnya bhASAgata niyamoM ke prayoga kI prakriyA hai (yuktyA prayoga nirUpaNamUhaH - nyAya maMjarI, pR. 588)deg paMtajali ne bhI vyAkaraNa zAstra ke prayojana hetu Uha kI pramANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai kyoMki vedAdi meM sabhI liMgoM aura vibhaktiyoM meM maMtroM kA kathana huA hai / ataH devatA dravya kA dhyAna rakhakara unameM pariNamana kara lenA cAhie ( mahAbhASya 1/111) yahA~ Uha bhASAyI viveka aura bhASAyI niyamoM ke pAlana se adhika kucha nahIM hai| bhASAyI niyamoM ke AdhAra para svarUpa evaM artha ko nirdhArita karane kI prakriyA vastutaH anumAna kA hI eka rUpa hai, ataH tarka anumAna ke hI antargata hai usakA svatantra sthAna nahIM hai / isa prakAra ina donoM darzanoM meM hI tarka kA prasaMga jJAna mImAMsIya na hokara bhASA zAstrIya hI hai / mImAMsA darzana meM bhI tarka kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kintu usakA sandarbha bhI pramANa mImAMsA kA na hokara vizuddha rUpa se karmakANDa sambandhI bhASA kA hI hai| mImAMsA koSa meM Uha ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM likhA hai- anyathA zrutasya zabdasya anyathA liMga vacanAdibhedena vipariNabhanam UhaH arthAt maMtra Adi meM diye gaye mUla pATha meM viniyoga ke anusAra liMga, vacana Adi meM parivartana karanA Uha kahA jAtA hai / mImAMsA zAstra ke sampUrNa navama adhyAya ke cAra pAdoM ke 224 sUtroM meM Uha para vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu sArA prasaMga karmakANDIya bhASAzAstra kAhI hai| unameM tIna prakAra ke Uha mAne gaye hai : 1. maMtra viSayaka Uha, 2. sAma viSayaka jaina jJAnadarzana 163

Page #177
Uha aura 3. saMskAra viSayaka uuh| kintu tInoM ke sandarbha karmakANDIya bhASA se sambandhita hai| bhATTa dIpikAkAra kA kathana hai ki prakRti yoga (arthAt jisake lie vaha maMtra racA gayA hai) meM paThita maMtra kA vikRti yoga meM usake anurUpa parivartana kara lenA hI Uha hai| udAharaNa ke lie yajJa karma meM jahA~ brIhi (cAvala) dravya hai vahA~ avahanana brIhi meM kiyA jAtA hai| yahI yajJa karma agara nIvAra (jaMgalI cAvala) se kiyA jAve to avahanana nIvAra meM sampanna hogA yaha dravya viSayaka Uha hai| isI prakAra agni devatA ke lie caru nirvapana karate samaya 'agnayetvA juSTaM nirvapAmi' maMtra kA prayoga prakRta hai, kintu jaba agni ke sthAna para sUrya devatA ke lie caru nirvapana karanA ho to caturthI vibhaktyanta sUrya zabda kA prayoga karate hue 'sUryAma tvA juSTaM nirvapAmi' maMtra kA prayoga hotA hai| yaha maMtra zruti meM paThita nahIM hai, kintu Uha siddha hai| saMkSepa meM yajJa evaM saMskAra Adi ko sampanna karate samaya devatA, dravya, yajamAna Adi kA dhyAna rakhate hue paristhiti ke anurUpa maMtroM ke zabdoM tathA liMga, vacana eMva vibhakti Adi meM parivartana kara lenA Uha yA tarka hai| isa prakAra mImAMsA darzana meM Uha yA tarka kA artha karmakANDIya bhASA ke viveka se adhika kucha nahIM hai| ___ saMkSepa meM uparokta tInoM darzanoM meM tarka kA kArya yA to vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA dhyAna rakhate zabda evaM vAkya ke artha kA nirdhAraNa karanA hai yA yajJa-yoga Adi karmoM meM sampanna karate bhASAyI-viveka kA upayoga hai, cAhe ina darzanoM ne tarka kI pramANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA ho| kintu na to ve use svatantra pramANa mAnate haiM aura na vyApti grahaNa meM usake yogadAna ko hI svIkAra karate haiN| nyAya darzana meM tarka kA svarUpa : tulanAtmaka vivecana nyAya darzana yadyapi tarka ko svatantra rUpa se pramANa nahIM mAnatA hai phira bhI vaha use pramANa-jJAna evaM vyApti grahaNa meM sahayogI avazya mAnatA hai| vAtsAyana kahate haiM ki tarko na pramANa saMgrahito na prmaannntrm| pramANAnAmanugrAhaka stAvajJAnAya priklpyte|| arthAt tarka na to svIkRta pramANoM meM samAviSTa kiyA jAtA hai aura na vaha pRthak pramANa hI hai kintu vaha eka aisA vyApAra hai jo pramANoM ke satya jJAna ko nirdhArita karane meM sahAyatA detA hai| vizvanAtha kahate hai ki tarka hetu ke vyabhicAra ke sambhAvya udAharaNoM ke sambandha meM saMzaya kA nivAraNa karatA hai aura isa prakAra vyApti jJAna ko acUka banA detA hai arthAt parokSa rUpa se vyApti grahaNa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga sabhI nyAya-dArzanika vyApti grahaNa meM tarka kI upayogitA ko svIkAra karate haiN| 164 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #178
nyAya sUtra ke bhASya meM vAtsAyana tarka ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate hai ki jisa vastu kA yathArtha svarUpa jJAna nahIM hai usa viSaya ko yathArthataH jAnane ke lie svAbhAvika rUpa se jo icchA utpanna hotI hai use jijJAsA kahA jAtA hai, jijJAsA ke pazcAt yaha vicAra uThatA hai ki isakA kAraNa yaha hai yA vaha? isa prakAra yahA~ paraspara bhinna do koTiyA~ upasthita ho jAtI haiM, ina do koTiyoM meM kauna-sI ThIka hai yaha saMzaya yA vimarza hai ? dono koTiyoM meM se yathArtha koTi ko jAnane ke lie evaM ukta saMzaya se mukti pAne ke lie una saMdigdha pakSoM meM jisa ora bhI kAraNa kI upapatti dRSTigocara hotI hai usI sambhAvanA ko tarka kahA jAtA hai ataH tArkika jJAna nirNayAtmaka yaha aisA hI hai 'isa prakAra kA na hokara' 'ise aisA honA cAhie yA yaha aisA ho sakatA hai' isa prakAra kA hotA hai| ataH tarka eka sambhAvanA mUlaka jJAna hai| udayana kA kathana hai ki 'eva' zabdArtha arthAt 'yaha aisA hI hai' ko viSaya karatI huI, kintu 'eva' zabda se vihina kAraNa kI utpatti dvArA eka pakSa kA bodhana karatI huI saMzaya tathA nirNaya ke madhya meM hone vAlI sambhAvanA mUlaka pratIti tarka kahalAtI hai| nyAya darzana meM tarka saMzaya aura nirNaya ke bIca dolana kI avasthA hai| yadyapi vaha nirNayAbhimukha avazya hotI hai| saMzaya meM pratIti ubhaya pakSa avagAhinI hotI hai jaise 'yaha stambha hai yA puruSa' / jabaki nirNaya meM vaha nizcita rUpa se eka hI pakSa ko grahaNa karatI hai| jaise yaha puruSa hI hai| tarka meM vaha nirNayonmukha to hotI hai kintu nizcayAtmaka nahIM jaise 'yaha puruSa hogA yA yaha puruSa ho sakatA hai'| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki tarka zabda ko nyAya darzana jisa artha meM grahaNa karatA hai vaha usake jaina darzana meM gRhIta artha se bhinna hai| vastutaH nyAya darzana ke tarka kA svarUpa jaina darzana ke 'IhA' zabda ke samAna hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne IhA zabda kI jo vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai vaha bhI ThIka aisI hI hai| pramANa nayanatvAloka meM IhA kI paribhASA nimna prakAra dI gaI hai - ___ 'avagrahItArtha vizeSAkAMkSaNamIhA' (2/8) arthAt avagraha meM jisa viSaya kA jJAna hotA hai usakA hI viziSTa jJAna prApta karanA IhA hai| mAna lIjiye ki mujhe koI zabda sunAI diyA hai| vaha avagraha hai, kintu zabda sunane para hama yaha socate haiM ki vaha kisakA zabda hai, puruSa kA yA strI kA? yaha saMzaya hai - isa saMzaya se hama usa svara kI vibhinna svaroM se tulanA karate haiM aura yaha pAte haiM ki yaha svara puruSa kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki isameM mAdhurya hai, ataH ise strI kA svara honA caahie| saMzaya meM donoM palar3e barAbara rahate haiM, kintu IhA meM anya sAdhaka pramANoM ke kAraNa jJAna kA jhukAva usa ora ho jAtA hai, jisakA nizcaya hama AvAya (nirNaya) meM karate haiM, ataH yadi hama AvAya ko nirNaya kaheM to IhA nirNaya kI pUrvAvasthA hogii| cUMki jaina jJAnadarzana 165

Page #179
jaina darzana IhA aura nyAya darzana kA tarka donoM nirNaya ke pUrva kI avasthA hai, ataH donoM samAna haiN| donoM meM hI jJAna kA svarUpa nirNAyaka na hokara nirNayonmukha hI hotA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki pramANa yuga ke pUrva taka jaina dArzanika bhI tarka ke nizcayAtmaka svarUpa kI sthApanA nahIM kara pAye the| umAsvAmi ne tattvArtha bhASya meM IhA ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM IhA aura tarka donoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase hama sahaja hI isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki pramANa yuga ke pUrva taka nyAya darzana ke tarka aura jaina darzana ke IhA ke svarUpa meM koI antara nahIM thaa| sambhavataH yaha prazna taba upasthita huA hogA jabaki vyApti ke grahaNa kI samasyA upasthita huI hogii| vyApti kA grahaNa kevala nizcayAtmaka jJAna se hI sambhava thaa| aura isalie jahA~ jaina dArzanikoM ko IhA se svatantra tarka kI pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApanA karanI par3I, vahIM nyAya dArzanikoM ne sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ke rUpa meM pratyakSa ke hI eka navIna prakAra kI kalpanA karanI pdd'ii| jisa para hama Age carcA kreNge| vAtsAyana ne tarka kI jo paribhASA prastuta kI thI aura jaina dArzanikoM ne IhA kA jo svarUpa spaSTa kiyA thA, vaha pAzcAtya AgamanAtmaka tarka zAstra meM svIkRta parikalpanA (Hypothysis) ke samAna hai| jaina darzana kI IhA, nyAya darzana kA tarka aura pAzcAtya AgamanAtmaka tarkazAstra kI prAkkalpanA- tInoM hI nirNayAbhimukha evaM nirNaya ke sambandha meM sujhAva dene vAlI nirNaya ke pUrva kI avasthA meM hai aura isa rUpa meM tInoM meM samAnatA parilakSita hotI hai| pAzcAtya tarka zAstriyoM ne vaijJAnika prAkkalpanA kI vyAkhyA bhI isI rUpa meM kI hai| prAkkalpanA vaha kalpanA hai jisake satya hone kI sarvAdhika sambhAvanA hotI hai| yaha bAta prAkkalpanA ke eka udAharaNa se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| mAna lIjie hama kisI jile meM adhika coriyA~ hone kI ghaTanA kI vyAkhyA karanA cAhate haiN| hama socate haiM ki yadi isa jile meM adhika coriyA~ hotI haiM to yA to yahA~ ke nivAsI aparAdhika pravRtti ke haiM, yA yahA~ kI pulisa sajaga nahIM hai yA logoM meM garIbI bar3ha gaI hai| hama yaha pAte haiM ki yahA~ ke loga aparAdhika pravRtti ke nahIM haiM anyathA pUrva varSoM meM bhI coriyA~ adhika honI thIM, kintu aisI bAta nahIM hai| ataH yaha vikalpa nirasta ho jAtA hai ki dUsarA vikalpa pulisa sajaga nahIM, isalie nirasta ho jAtA hai ki corI ke lagabhaga sabhI kesa pakar3e jA rahe haiM, ataH hama isa nizcaya kI ora abhimukha hote haiM ki sambhAvanA yahI ho sakatI hai ki yahA~ ke logoM meM garIbI bar3ha jAnA hai| yahI sambhAvita kAraNa ki kalpanA prAkkalpanA hai| pratIkAtmaka dRSTi se inheM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai - 166 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #180
jabaki 2 ta' -- saM (ka,Vka,Vka,) ( ka.. ka.) tasaM (ka) S S -vikalpa - vikalpa niSedha sambhAvita nirNaya (prAkkalpanA) ta = tathya, kArya yA ghaTanA (paravartI) saM = sambhAvanA ka = kAraNa yA pUrvavartI > = kAraNa sambandha ApAdana V = vikalpa S= niSedha isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hogI- kisI tathya, kArya athavA ghaTanA ke sambandha meM kucha sambhAvita vikalpa parilakSita hote haiM, eka ko chor3akara zeSa sambhAvita vikalpa Anubhavika yA tArkika AdhAra para nirasta ho jAte haiM, ataH isa nirNaya kI ora abhimukha hote haiM ki vaha tathya, kArya yA ghaTanA usa avaziSTa vikalpa sambandhita ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki IhA, tarka (nyAya - darzana) aura prAkkalpanA tInoM hI hameM saMzaya ke vibhinna vikalpoM kA nirasana karate hue sarvAdhika sambhAvita satyatA kI ora pahuMcAne kA prayAsa karatI hai / tInoM kA nirNaya sambhAvita aura sujhAvAtmaka hotA hai usakA bhASAyI rUpa hotA hai ' ise aisA honA cAhie' yA 'yaha aisA ho sakatA hai'| kintu niSkarSa ke isa bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA ke AdhAra para hameM inheM eka mAnane kI bhUla nahIM karanI cAhie / gambhIratA se vicAra karane para yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ye tInoM eka nahIM hai / prathama to yaha ka inakI vicAra kI viSaya vastu bhinna-bhinna haiM dUsare yaha ki IhA prAkkalpanA aura tarka kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa bhI eka nahIM hai / sambhavataH nyAya dArzanika isI bhrAnti ke kAraNa tarka ko sIdhe-sAdhe vyApti grAhaka nahIM mAnakara mAtra sahayogI mAnate rahe / yadi 'tarka' kA bhI vAstavika rUpa sambhAvanAmUlaka hI hai to nizcaya hI nyAya dArzanikoM kI yaha dhAraNA satya hotI ki isa paddhati se vyApti grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| prathama to yaha ki sambhAvita vikalpoM kA nirasana karate hue hamAre pAsa jo avaziSTa vikalpa raha jAyegA vaha bhI sambhAvita hI hogA nirNAyaka nahIM / dUsare yaha ki sambhAvita vikalpoM ke nirasana kI isa paddhati ke dvArA abinAbhAva yA vyApti jaina jJAnadarzana 167

Page #181
grahaNa kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM hai / kyoMki isa bAta kI kyA gAraNTI hai ki sabhI sambhAvita vikalpoM ko jAna liyA gayA hai aura usakI tathA vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM jitane bhI vikalpa ho sakate haiM unameM eka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI nirasta ho gaye / jaba taka hama isa sambandha meM Azvasta nahIM ho jAte (jo ki sambhava nahIM hai) vyApti yA abinAbhAva ko nahIM jAna skte| tIsare yadi yaha vidhi aindrika anubhava para AdhArita hai to kevala jo kAraNa nahIM hai unake nirasana meM hI sahAyaka ho sakatI hai, vyApti grAhaka nahIM / jaina dArzanikoM kA yaha mAnanA ki cAhe IhAtmaka jJAna pramANika ho kintu usase vyApti grahaNa nahIM hotA, ucita hI hai / pAzcAtya tArkikoM ke dvArA kAraNa sambandha kI khoja meM prAkkalpanA kI sujhAvAtmaka bhUmikA mAnanA bhI sahI hai aura yadi tarka kA yahI svarUpa hotA to naiyAyikoM kA yaha mAnanA bhI sahI hotA ki tarka vyApti grahaNa meM mAtra sahayogI hai / kintu merI dRSTi meM tarka kA vAstavika svarUpa aisA nahIM hai jaisA ki vAtsAyana evaM jayanta Adi TIkAkAroM ne mAna liyA hai / svaMya DA. bAralige ne bhI tarka svarUpa ke sambandha meM unake isa dRSTikoNa ko samucita nahIM mAnA hai / ve likhate haiM- (It appears to me that this particular function of Tarka has heen overlooked by commentators of Nyaya Sutra and by many other Logicians (A modern Introduction to Indian Logic p. 123 ) / sarvaprathama to hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki tarka kA viSaya vastu ke guNoM kA jJAna yA vidheya jJAna nahIM hai, apitu kArya-kAraNa sambandha, abinAbhAva sambandha yA ApAdAna sambandha yA jJAna hai / 'yaha puruSa ho sakatA' isa prakAra ke jJAna kA tarka se koI lenA denA nahIM hai / yaha pratyakSAtmaka jJAna hai| isa samasta bhrAnti ke pIche nyAya sUtra meM dI gaI tarka kI paribhASA kI galata vyAkhyA hai / nyAya sUtra meM tarka kI nimna paribhASA dI gaI hai. avijJAtatve artha kAraNopapattitaH tatvajJAnarthama UhA tarkaH ( nyAya sUtra 1/1/40) / vastutaH yahA~ tarka kA tAtparya mAtra avijJAna vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna ke lie kI gaI UhA (bauddhika) se nahIM hai / apitu isameM mahatvapUrNa zabda hai'kAraNopapattitaH' vaha kAraNa sambandha kI yukti dvArA hone vAlA tattva jJAna hai yA do tathyoM ke bIca kArya-kAraNa sambandha kA jJAna hai / jaba tarka kArya kAraNa sambandha sUcita karatA hai to phira tarka sambhAvanA mUlaka evaM anizcita jJAna hai yaha kahane kA kyA AdhAra hai ? upapattitaH siddha hone (To be proved ) kA sUcaka hai aura jaba kArya kAraNa bhAva siddha ho gaye to phira vaha sambhAvanA mUlaka evaM anizcita jJAna kaise kahA jA sakatA hai / dUsare mUla sUtra meM kahIM aisA saMketa nahIM hai ki jisase yaha kahA jA sake ki tarka sambhAvanAtmaka yA anizcita jJAna hai / ataH nyAyikoM kI yaha dhAraNA ki tarka sambhAvanA mUlaka jJAna hai svataH khaNDita ho jAtI - jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 168

Page #182
hai| sAtha hI sUtra meM rakhA gayA 'tattvajJAnArthama' zabda bhI isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai| ki tarka vastu ke mUrta yA bAhya svarUpa kA jJAna hI apitu mUrta (Non empirical) svarUpa kA jJAna hai vaha vastu jJAna (Material knowledge) nahIM, tatva jJAna (Metaphysical Knowledge) hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM batAyA tarka kA viSaya abinAbhAva sambandha, kArya-kAraNa sambandha, jAti-jAti sambandha, varga sadasyatA sambandha Adi hai| tarka kisI dhUma vizeSa yA agni vizeSa ko nahIM apitu dhUma jAti aura agni jAti ko apanA viSaya banAtA hai| kyoMki dhUma vizeSa yA agni vizeSa se hajAroM udAharaNa bhI vyApti sambandha kA jJAna nahIM de sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isake lie vizeSa kA pratyakSIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra sAmAnya vizeSa se pRthaka nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| phira vyakti yA abinAbhAva sambandha kI siddhi sAmAnya ke jJAna se hogI vizeSa ke jJAna se nhiiN| tarka sAmAnya kA jJAna hai| nyAya dArzanika tarka kI isa prakRti ko spaSTa nahIM kara sake, ataH vyApti grahaNa kI isa samasyA ko sulajhAne hetu unheM sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ke nAma se pratyakSa ke eka naye prakAra kI kalpanA karanI pdd'ii| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jaina darzana kA tarka nyAya darzana ke tarka aura sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ke yoga ke barAbara hai| mAtra yahI nahIM jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka kI jo vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai vaha itanI vyApaka hai ki usameM vyApti grahaNa ke itara sAdhanoM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai| syAdvAda maMjarI meM tarka kI nimna paribhASA dI gaI hai - upalambhAnupalambhasambhavaM nikAlIkalita sAdhya sAdhana sambandhAdyA lambanamidasmina satyeva bhavatItyAdyAkAraM saMvedanamUhastarkA-paraparyAya yathA yAvAn kazcid ghUmaH sa sarvA vanau satyeva bhavatIti tasminnasati ahau na bhvtyevetivaa| (syAdvAda maMjarI 28) upalambha arthAt sahacAra darzana aura anupalambha arthAt vyabhicAra adarzana se phalita sAdhya-sAdhana ke traikAlika sambandha Adi ke jJAna kA AdhAra tathA 'isake hone para hI yaha honA' jaise yadi koI dhuA~ hai to vaha saba agni ke hone para hI hotA hai aura agni ke nahIM hone para nahIM hotA hai' isa AkAra vAlA jo (mAnasika) saMvedana hai vaha Uha hai, usakA hI dUsarA nAma tarka hai| lagabhaga sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka kI apanI vyAkhyAoM meM upalambha aura anupalambha zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| sAmAnyatayA upalambha kA artha upalabdhi hotA hai| lAkSaNika dRSTi se upalambha kA artha hai eka kI upalabdhi para dUsare kI upalabdhi arthAt anvaya yA sahacAra aura anupalambha kA artha hai eka kI anupalabdhi (abhAva) para dUsare kI anupalabdhi (abhAva) arthAt vytirek| kintu anupalambha kA eka dUsarA bhI artha hai, vaha hai vyAghAta ke udAharaNa kI anupalabdhi arthAt vyabhicAra adrshn| isa prakAra jaina darzana jaina jJAnadarzana 169

Page #183
ke anusAra anvaya, vyatireka rUpa sahacAra darzana aura vyabhicAra adarzana ke nimitta se tarka ke dvArA vyApti jJAna hotA hai| yahA~ para dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki anvaya aura vyatireka donoM sahacAra ke hI rUpa haiN| eka upasthiti meM sahacAra hai aura dUsarA anapusthiti meM sahacAra hai| phira bhI ye tInoM sIdhe vyApti ke grAhaka nahIM haiM kyoMki Anubhavika tathya pratyakSa ke hI rUpa haiM (jaina dArzanika anupalabdhi yA abhAva ko bhI samAveza pratyakSa meM hI karate haiN)| ataH inase vyApti grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai| koI bhI anubhavika paddhati cAhe vaha anvaya vyatireka ho yA unakA hI milA-julA koI anya rUpa ho vyApti sambandha kA jJAna nahIM kara sakatI hai| pAzcAtya dArzanika hyUma ne bhI isa bAta ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki anubhavavAda yA pratyakSa ke mAdha yama se kArya kAraNa jJAna arthAt vyApti jJAna sambhava nahIM hai| pratyAdhArita Agamana kabhI bhI sArvakAlika aura sArvadaivika sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA nahIM kara sakatA hai| isalie jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka kI paribhASA meM anvaya vyatireka evaM vyabhicAra adarzana rUpa pratyakSa ke tathyoM ko kevala vyApti kA nimitta yA sahayogI mAtra maanaa| unake anusAra vastutaH vyApti kA grahaNa usa AkArika(mAnasika) saMvedana se hotA hai jo traikAlika sAdhya-sAdhana sambandha ko apanA viSaya banAkara yaha nirNaya detA hai ki 'isake hone para yaha hogA' tarka kI uparokta paribhASA meM mahatvapUrNa zabda haiiti AkAraM saMvedanaM UhaH tarkA para pryaay| isa prakAra vyApti jJAna ke grAhaka tarka meM eka antaH prajJAtmaka tattva hotA hai| jo pratyakSa ke anubhavoM ko apanA AdhAra banAkara apanA traikAlika nirNaya detA hai yA sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA karatA hai| tarka tathA Agamana kI prakRti ko lekara abhI kAphI vivAda cala rahA hai| DA. bAraliMge tarka ko ApAdana (Implication) yA nigamanAtmaka mAnate haiN| unhoMne bar3I gambhIratA ke sAtha isa mata kA pratipAdana apane grantha AModern Introduction to Indian Logic meM kiyA hai| isake viparIta DA. bhAradvAja ne vizva darzana kAMgresa ke dehalI adhivezana meM paThita apane nibandha meM nyAya sUtra ke TIkAkAroM ke mata kI rakSA karate hue tarka ko vyabhicAra zaMkA pratibandhaka (Tarka as Contrafactual conditional) mAnA hai jo ki usake AgamanAtmaka pakSa para bala detA haiN| kintu aisA tarka vyApti grAhaka nahIM bana sakatA kevala sahayogI bana sakatA, ataH usameM anta prajJAtmaka pakSa ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| svayaM DA. bAraliMge ne tarka ko anAnubhavika (Non-empirical) mAnA hai| vastutaH vyApti grahaNa ko eka anAnubhavika paddhati caahie| isIlie nyAya dArzanikoM ne vyApti grahaNa kA antima evaM sIdhA upAya sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ko mAnA jo ki anAnubhavika evaM antaH prajJAtmaka hai| DaoN. bAraliMge ne bhI svayaM isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ve likhate 170 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #184
- It is not also ordinary perception because there is no Indriya Sannikarsha with smoke in all the cases unhoMne isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki amUrta jAti sambandha ke jJAna ke lie aisI hI anAnubhavika paddhati Avazyaka hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka ko eka atIndriya arthAt aindrika anubhavoM para AdhArita kintu usase pAra jAne vAlA, unakA atikramaNa karane vAlA mAnakara isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara lI hai| DaoN. praNavakumAra sena ne vizva darzana pariSad ke dehalI adhivezana meM prastuta apane lekha meM isa bAta kA spaSTa saMketa kiyA hai| samasyA cAhe Agamana kI ho yA nigamana kI unheM binA antaHprajJAtmaka AdhAra ke sulajhAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai (dekhie Knowledge, Culture and Value, p.41-50 ) / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra vyakti aura jAti meM kathacit abheda hai, ataH taka apanI antaH prajJAtmaka zakti ke dvArA vizeSa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ke samaya hI sAmAnya ko bhI jAna letA hai aura isa prakAra vizeSoM ke pratyakSa ke AdhAra para sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA kara sakatI hai| yaha kArya antaH prajJA yA tarka ke atirikta pratyakSa, anumAna Adi kisI bhI anya pramANa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| IhA kA svarUpa aura tarka se usakI bhinnatA yaha satya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne prArambha meM IhA aura tarka ko paryAyavAcI mAnA thA, kintu pramANa yuga meM IhA aura tarka donoM svatantra pramANa mAna liye gaye the| yadyapi yaha prazna svatantra rUpa se vicAraNIya avazya hai ki jaina dArzanika ne IhA ke svarUpa ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, usa rUpa meM kyA use pramANa mAnA jA sakatA hai? kyoMki IhA nirNayAtmaka jJAna nahIM hokara to mAtra jJAna prakriyA (Process of knowldege) hai| jaina darzana meM pratyakSa se anumAna taka kI jJAna prakriyA kA krama isa prakAra hai - aindrika saMvedana....avagraha....saMzaya....IhA....AvAya dhAraNA....smRti....pratyabhijJA....tarka....anumAna isameM saMzaya aura dhAraNA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI ko pramANa mAnA hai- yadyapi ye kisa artha meM pramANa hai yaha eka alaga prazna hai- jisa para kisI svatantra nibandha meM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu maiM abhI isa prazna ko hAtha meM lenA nahIM caahuuNgaa| yahA~ mUla prazna yaha hai ki IhA sa svatantra tarka ko pramANa kyoM mAnanA par3A-merI dRSTi meM isakA mUla AdhAra vyApti grahaNa kI samasyA hI rahA hogaa| anumAna ke lie vyApti grahaNa eka anivArya pUrva zarta (Pre-condition) hai aura IhA se vyApti grahaNa sambhava nahIM thaa| pramANa mImAMsA meM IhA kI carcA ke prasaMga meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA thA ki yadi IhA aura tarka eka hI artha ke dyotaka haiM, to phira IhA se pRthaka tarka ko pRthaka pramANa kyoM mAnA gayA? usake uttara meM kahA gayA ki IhA vartamAna jaina jJAnadarzana 171

Page #185
meM upasthita artha ko hI apanA viSaya banAtI hai| ataH usake AdhAra para traikAlika vyApti sambandha kA jJAna sambhava nahIM hai| punaH IhA pratyakSa ke viSaya ko arthAt mUrta vastu jJAna viSaya banAtI hai, kintu vyApti jJAna yA kArya kAraNa bhAva yA jAti ke pratyaya amUrta hai, ataH ve aindrika jJAna ke viSaya nahIM bnte| tarka evaM IhA ke svarUpa meM bhI antara hai- (1) sarvaprathama IhA vizeSa kA jJAna hai jabaki tarka sAmAnya kA jJAna hai, (2) dUsare IhA vastu ke guNa dharmoM kA jJAna hai jabaki tarka sambandhoM kA jJAna hai, (3) tIsare IhA nirNaya ke pUrva kI yA saMzaya aura nirNaya ke madhya nirNayonmukha dolana kI avasthA hai jabaki tarka nirNayAtmaka hai, (4) cauthe IhA aindrika aura bauddhika jJAna hai jabaki tarka meM antaH prajJA kA tattva hotA hai, (5) pA~cavAM IhA vartamAna kAlika jJAna hai jabaki tarka traikAlika jJAna hai| ataH IhA aura tarka meM paryApta antara hai kyoMki tarka vyApti-grAhaka hai aura IhA vyApti grAhaka nahIM hai| ataH tarka ko IhA se svatantra pramANa isalie mAnanA par3A ki IhA kA antarbhAva to laukika pratyakSa meM hotA hai jabaki tarka kA antarbhAva parokSa jJAna meM kiyA gayA hai| ataH donoM ko alaga-alaga pramANa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| IhA kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa bhI tarka se bhinna hai| IhA ke pUrva jo saMzaya hotA hai vaha kArya kAraNa, abinAbhAva yA ApAdAna ke sambandha meM nahIM hokara kevala vidheya ke sambandha meM hotA hai| yaha svara strI kA hai yA puruSa kA? tathA yaha stambha hai yA puruSa aise vAkyoM meM saMzaya isa bAre meM bhI hotA hai ki vidheya ke ina vaikalpika vargoM meM uddezya kisa varga kA sadasya hai, ataH IhA kA jo sujhAvAtmaka nirNaya hotA hai vaha ApAdAna ke bAre meM na hokara varga sadasyatA ke bAre meM hotA hai| usakA pratIkAtmaka rUpa hotA hai - u, saM (vi'Vvi) .... saMzaya vi, ...vikalpa niSedha -------- ..uc saM (vi.) . .sambhAvita nirNaya (IhA) jabaki - u = uddezya vi = vidheya saM = sambhAvanA c= vidheya sambandha yA sadasyatA = niSedha isa prakAra pratIkAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para tInoM kI bhinnatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| va 04. 172 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #186
tarka kA saMzaya nivartaka svarUpa nyAya dArzanika tarka ko saMzaya nivartaka mAnate haiM, kintu jaina dArzanika ne spaSTa rUpa se tarka ke isa svarUpa para prakAza nahIM DAlA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki unake anusAra tarka vyApti grAhaka hai, ataH saMzaya kA nivartana usakI pUrNa avasthA hI ho sakatI hai, svarUpa nhiiN| unhoMne isa prakriyA ko antarbhAva anupalambha meM kara liyA hai| sahacAra darzana ke pazcAt jo vikalpa yA saMzaya banate haiM unakA nirasana vyabhicAra adarzana se ho jAtA hai| jahA~ taka nyAya dArzanikoM kA prazna hai ve spaSTa rUpa se tarka ko 'kvacicchaMkAnivartaka' kahate haiN| ataH isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA apekSita hai ki tarka kisa prakAra ke saMzaya ko chinna karatA hai| yaha spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki tarka vidheya sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hai, ataH usake dvArA jina saMzayoM ko chinna kiyA jAtA hai ve isa rUpa meM nahIM hote ki yaha stambha hai yA puruSa? athavA yaha svara strI kA hai yA puruSa kA? ataH tarka meM saMzaya kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa ta,cka,V ka, aisA nahIM hai| yahA~ saMzaya vastu ke svarUpa ke bAre meM na hokara ApAdana, abinAbhAva aura kArya-kAraNa Adi ke sambandhoM ke bAre meM hote haiN| jaba saMzaya sambandha ke bAre meM hI hotA hai usakA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa nimna hogA (he 5 sA) VO (he saa)| yahA~ vikalpa vyApti ke hone yA nahIM hone ke bAre meM hI hotA hai| isa saMzaya kA nivartana tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba hetu (dhUma) sAdhya(agni) ke abhAva meM bhI kahIM upalabdha ho aisA pratyakSa meM udAharaNa nahIM milane se arthAt vyabhicAra ke adarzana se saMzaya chinna ho jAtA hai| kyoMki yadi dhUma aura agni meM abinAbhAva nahIM hotA to agni ke abhAva meM bhI kahIM dhUma upalabdha hotA arthAt 'he sA athavA sA. he' kA udAharaNa milanA thA; cUMki aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA hai, ataH unameM vyApti hai| nyAya darzana tarka ko kevala saMzaya chedaka mAnatA hai| kintu jaina darzana vyApti grAhaka ke rUpa meM usake nizcayAtmaka evaM vidhAyaka kArya ko bhI spaSTa kara detA hai| jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki anupalabdhi arthAt vyabhicAra adarzana se sandeha kA nivartana ho jAne para jo jJAna hogA vaha nizcayAtmaka hI hogaa| ataH yaha tarka saMzaya nivartaka hai, to vaha usI samaya vyApti grAhaka bhI hai| tarka kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa tarka kA koI pratIkAtmaka svarUpa nizcita kara pAnA isalie kaThina hai ki vaha eka kUdAna (Leap) kI avasthA hai| vizeSoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra para hama sAmAnya kI sthApanA avazya karate haiM, kintu isakA koI niyama nahIM batAyA jA sakatA hai; yaha antaHprajJA kI Azvasti hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM jisa kArya-kAraNa jaina jJAnadarzana 173

Page #187
sambandha ke jJAna ke AdhAra para yA prakRti kI samarUpatA ke niyama ke AdhAra para sAmAnya jJAna kA dAvA kiyA jAtA hai vaha bhI Anubhavika AdhAra para to siddha nahIM hotA hai| hyUma ne isIlie use eka vizvAsa ( Belief) mAtra kahA thA / phira bhI yaha na to andha-vizvAsa hai aura na sAdhAraNa vizvAsa hI, apitu vaha hamArI antaHprajJA kI Azvasti hai, eka viveka pUrNa bauddhika AsthA hai jisakI satyatA ke bAre meM hameM koI anizcaya nahIM hai / yadi hama tarka ke isa svarUpa ko mAnya karate haiM to use koI pratIkAtmaka rUpa denA kaThina haiM, kintu jaina dArzanikoM ne 'vyAptijJAnasamUhaH' kahakara pramANa aura pramANaphala meM abheda mAnate hue tarka kA tAdAtmya vyApti jJAna kI jo pratiSThA hai usI AdhAra para tarka pratIkAtmaka svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai (1) he. sA - sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva kA anvaya dRSTAnta - bhAvAtmaka ulapambha he - sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva kA anvaya vyatireka dRSTAnta - (2) 0 sA. abhAvAtmaka upalambha (3) (he. (he. (4) (5) (he sA) V (he sA .. sa (he sA (ka) (9) sA). sA. he.) sA. he) (7) S sA S he (8) he sA 174 he sA hetu = sAdhya = sahabhAva = vyabhicAra adarzana- anupalambha vyApti sujhAva saMzaya saMzaya nirasana- vyabhicAra adarzana ke D = ApAdana S niSedha S = ApAdana niSedha ise nimna Thosa udAharaNa se bhI spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai- yadi hama vaha paramparAgata udAharaNa leM jisameM dhuAM hetu hai aura agni sAdhya hai to sarvaprathama ( 1 ) dhuA~ ke sAtha agni kA sahacAra dekhA jAtA hai (yadsatveyadsatvaM) / (2) agni ke abhAva meM dhueM kA bhI abhAva dekhA jAtA hai (yadbhAve yadbhAvaH) / isa prakAra anvaya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna = AdhAra para vyApti (abhAvAtmaka) vyApti (bhAvAtmaka)

Page #188
aura vyatireka donoM meM sahacAra dekhA jAtA hai punaH (3) aisA koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM dekhA jAtA hai ki dhuA~ hai, kintu agni nahIM hai, athavA agni nahI hai aura dhuA~ hai| (4) isalie sambhAvanA yaha pratIta hotI hai ki dhUma aura agni meM vyApti sambandha yA abinAbhAva sambandha honA caahie| (5) punaH yaha saMzaya ho sakatA hai ki dhueM aura agni meM vyApti sambandha hogA yA nahIM hogaa| (6) kintu yaha dUsarA vikalpa satya nahIM hai, kyoMki agni ke abhAva meM dhUma kI upasthiti kA eka bhI vyabhicArI udAharaNa nahIM milA hai| (7) ataH niSkarSa yaha hai ki agni ke abhAva meM, dhue~ ke abhAva meM vyApti sambandha yA abinAbhAva sambandha hai| (8) isI AdhAra para dhUma ke sadbhAva aura agni ke sadbhAva meM bhI vyApti sambandha siddha ho jaavegaa| yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jahA~ nyAya darzana kevala S sA DShe ko tarka kA pratIka mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana - sA - he aura = he 5 sA donoM ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| DA. bAraliMge ne bhI mAnA hai ki S sA DS he se hama he - sA ke niSkarSa para nirdoSa rUpa se pahu~ca sakate haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana nyAya darzana se eka kadama Age bar3hakara yaha nirNaya detA hai ki he sA arthAt dhUma kA sadbhAva agni ke sadbhAva kA sUcaka hai| dhUma ke sadbhAva aura agni sadbhAva meM bhI vyApti sambandha haiN| jaina darzana ke isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana navya nyAya meM hameM milatA hai| yaha tarka ke vyApti parizodhaka tarka aura vyApti grAhaka tarka aise do vibhAga karatA hai| uparokta udAharaNa meM chaThA caraNa vyApti parizodhaka tarka kA aura sAtavA~ tathA AThavA~ caraNa vyApti grAhaka tarka kA hai| yadyapi isa saba meM tarka kA mukhya kArya to vahA~ hai jaba hama sadbhAva evaM kramabhAva ke anvaya aura vyatireka ke sAdhaka dRSTAntoM tathA vyabhicAra darzana rUpa bAdhaka dRSTAnta ke abhAva meM vyApti sambandha kA nizcaya karate haiN| yaha vizeSa ke dRSTAntoM se sAmAnya niyama kI ora athavA sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva se ApAdana (Implication) kA kArya-kAraNa sambandha kI ora jo chalAMga hai, tarka usI kA pratIka hai| yadyapi tarka ke isa pratIkAtmaka svarUpa ke bAre meM abhI kAphI vicAra aura saMzodhana kI AvazyakatA hai, kintu phira bhI ise mAnya karanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki hama bhASA sambandhI kucha sambhAvita bhrAntiyoM se baca ske| udAharaNa ke lie jaina nyAya ke advitIya vidvAna paM. kailAzacandra jI jaina nyAya nAmaka grantha meM tarka kI paribhASA vyAkhyA karate hue likhate haiM - upalambha-sAdhya ke hone para hI sAdhana kA honA aura anupalambha-sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana kA na honA ke nimitta se hone vAle vyApti jJAna ko tarka kahate haiM (jaina nyAya pR. 209) / kintu kyA sAdhya (agni) ke sadbhAva se sAdhana yA hetu (dhue~) kA sadbhAva siddha ho sakatA hai; kadApi nhiiN| vastutaH yahA~ sAdhya ke hone para hI sAdhana kA honA isa jaina jJAnadarzana 175

Page #189
kathana kA artha bhAvAtmaka na hokara abhAvAtmaka hI hai arthAt yaha sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana ke abhAva kA dyotaka hai na ki sAdhya ke sadbhAva meM sAdhana ke sadbhAva kaa| kyoMki dhUma hI agni se niyata hai, agni dhUma se niyata nahIM hai| isakA niyama hai sAdhana ( hetu) kA sadbhAva sAdhya ke sadbhAva kA aura sAdhya kA abhAva sAdhana yA hetu ke prabhAva kA sUcaka hai, jisakA pratIkAtmaka rUpa hogA he tathA S sA. S he, ataH isa niyama kA koI bhI vyatikrama asatya niSkarSa kI ora le jAvegA / hama sAdhya kI upasthiti se hetu kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti ke sambandha meM koI bhI nirNaya nahIM le sakate haiM / bhAvAtmaka dRSTAntoM meM vyApti hetu aura sAdhya arthAt dhUma ke sadbhAva aura agni ke sadbhAva ke bIca hotI hai, kintu abhAvAtmaka dRSTAnta meM vaha sAdhya aura hetu arthAt agni ke abhAva aura dhUma ke abhAva ke bIca hotI hai| isakA nirdeza hamAre prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI vyApya - vyApaka bhAva yA gamya-gamaka bhAva ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / unhoMne yaha batAyA hai ki dhUma kI upasthiti se agni kI upasthiti kA aura agni kI anupasthiti se dhUma kI anupasthiti kA nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu isakA niyama koI bhI vyatikrama satya nahIM hogA / kyoMki dhU vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka hai / pratIkAtmakatA se yaha bAta adhika spaSTa ho jAtI hai| varga sadasyatA kA nimna citra rekhAMkana bhI ise spaSTa kara detA hai / agni rahita 176 dhUma rahita agni yukta dhUma agni. yukta dhUma yukta varga sadasya sambandha ke isa citra se nimna phalita nikalate haiM(1) saba dhUmayukta vastuyeM agniyukta vastuyeM haiM, kyoMki dhUmayukta vastuoM ke varga kA pratyeka sadasya agniyukta vastuoM ke varga kA sadasya hai, dhUmayukta vastuoM kA vartula agniyukta vastuoM ke vartula meM samAviSTa hai / arthAt dhUma vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka hai / ataH dhUma aura agni meM vyApti sambandha hai, kintu isake viparIta agni aura ghUma meM vyApti sambandha nahIM banatA hai kyoMki agniyukta vastuoM kI jAti (varga) ke sabhI sadasya nahIM hai| (dhUsA (a) sA (a) he (ghU) dhUma rahita agni yukta "satya asatya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #190
(2) aba agni rahita vastuyeM dhUma rahita vastuyeM haiM kyoMki agni rahita vastuoM ke varga kA pratyeka sadasya dhUma rahita vastuoM ke varga kA sadasya hai arthAt agni rahita vastuoM kA vartula dhUma rahita vastuoM ke vartula meM samAviSTa hai arthAt agni rahita vastuyeM vyApta haiM aura dhUmarahita vastuyeM vyApaka haiN| ataH agni rahita vastu aura dhUmarahita vastu meM vyApti sambandha hai, kintu isake viparIta dhUmarahita aura agnirahita vastu meM vyApti sambandha nahIM banatA hai, isameM vyabhicAra ho sakatA hai kyoMki dhUmarahita vastuoM ko jAti ke sabhI sadasya agnirahita vastuoM kI jAti ke sadasya nahIM haiN| he (S a) sA (S ghU) ...... satya sA (S ghU) - he (S ghU) ....asatya prathama udAharaNa meM dhUma hetu hai aura agni sAdhya hai a jabaki dUsare udAharaNa agnirahita hetu hai aura dhUmarahita sAdhya hai| (3) koI bhI dhUmayukta vastu agnirahita nahIM hai kyoMki dhUmayukta vastuoM kA vartula agni rahita vastuoM ke vartula se pRthaka hai ataH dhUmayukta aura agni rahita meM niSedhAtmaka vyApti yA abinAbhAva sambandha hai arthAt jahA~ eka hogA vahA~ dUsarA nahIM hai jo dhUmayukta hai vaha agni rahita nahIM ho sakatA aura jo agni rahita hai vaha dhUmayukta nahIM ho sktaa| he (dhU) SD sA (S a) ...... satya sA (S a) SD he (dhU) ...satya sA (S a) SD sA (dhU) ... satya ' sA (dhU) SD he ( S a) ..satya arthAt niSedhAtmaka vyApti meM donoM hI satya haiN| tarka ko vyApti grahaNa kA sAdhana aura svatantra pramANa kyoM mAneM jaina tArkikoM ne tarka ko svatantra pramANa isIlie mAnA thA ki tarka pramANa mAne binA vyApti jJAna tathA anumAna kI pramANikatA sambhava nahIM hai? yadi hama anumAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM to hameM tarka ko bhI pramANa mAnanA hogA kyoMki anumAna kI pramANikatA vyApti jJAna kI pramANikatA para nirbhara hai aura vyApti jJAna kI pramANikatA svayaM usake grAhaka sAdhana tarka kI pramANikatA para nirbhara hogii| yadi vyApti kA nizcaya karane vAlA sAdhana tarka hI pramANa rahI hai to vyApti jJAna bhI pramANikatA nahIM hogA aura phira usI vyApti sambandha ke jJAna para Azrita anumAna pramANa kaise hogA? ataH tarka ko pramANa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 177

Page #191
punazca yadi hama tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki vyApti-grahaNa tarka se itara anya kisI pramANa se hotA hai, kintu tarka para anya pramANa vyApti jJAna ke grAhaka nahIM ho sakate / sarvaprathama isa sambandha meM pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANa kI samIkSA karake dekheM ki kyA unase vyApti - grahaNa sambhava hai / isa sambandha meM jaina tArkikoM kA uttara spaSTa hai ki pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANoM ke dvArA vyApti grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai / laukika pratyakSa arthAt aindrika pratyakSa se vyApti yA abinAbhAva sambandha kA nizcaya isalie nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki prathama to pratyakSa kA viSaya hotA hai aura vizeSa ke kitane hI udAharaNa / jJAna se sAmAnya kA jJAna sambhava nahIM hai; hama mohana, sohana Adi hajAroM yA lAkhoM manuSyoM ko maratA huA dekhakara bhI usake AdhAra para yaha dAvA nahIM kara sakate ki saba manuSya maraNazIla haiN| dUsare vizeSoM ke sabhI udAharaNoM ko jAna pAnA bhI sambhava nahIM hai / punaH pratyakSa vartamAna kAla ko hI viSaya banAtA hai jabaki vyApti kA nizcaya to traikAlika jJAna ke binA sambhava nahIM / bhUtakAla ke anekoM udAharaNoM kA pratyakSa yaha bhI gAraNTI nahIM detA hai ki bhaviSya meM bhI aisA hogA / bhUtakAla ke anekAneka (lagabhaga sabhI) manuSya mara gaye aura va vartamAna meM aneka mara rahe haiM, kintu isase hama yaha kaise kaha sakate haiM ki bhaviSyakAla ke sabhI manuSya mareMge hii| ho sakatA hai ki bhaviSya meM koI aisI auSadhi nikala Ave ki manuSya amara ho jAve / pratyakSa ke viSaya sadaiva hI daizika aura kAlika tathya hote haiM, ataH usase sArvabhaumika aura sArvakAlika vyApti sambandha kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA / pratyakSa athavA prekSaNa para AdhArita vyApti sthApana kI kaI vidhiyA~ haiM, jaise anvaya, vyatireka, bhUyo darzana, niyata sahacAra darzana, vyabhicAra adarzana aura sAmAnya lakSaNa pratyAsatti Adi / inameM se sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ke atirikta anya koI bhI vidhi traikAlika vyApti sambandha ko grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai / jahA~ taka sAmAnya lakSaNa pratyAsatti kA prazna hai use pratyakSAtmaka kahanA bhI kaThina hai, vaha mUlataH jaina darzana ke 'tarka' ke pratyaya se bhinna nahIM hai kyoMki donoM kI mUla prakRti antaH prajJAtmaka hai, ve indriya jJAna nahIM apitu prAtibha jJAna hai / yaha sunizcita satya hai ki mAtra pratyakSa para AdhArita koI bhI vidhi traikAlika vyApti sambandha yA abinAbhAva sambandha kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatI hai jaba taka ki vaha tarka yA prAtibha jJAna kA sahArA nahIM letI hai / sAmAnyataH vyApti sthApana meM anvaya aura vyatireka ko mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai / anvaya kA artha hai hetu aura sAdhya kA sabhI udAharaNoM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 178

Page #192
me sAtha pAyA jAnA udAharaNArthaH jahA~-jahA~ dhuA~ dekhA gayA usake sAtha Aga bhI dekhI gaI hai to hama dhue~ aura Agama meM vyApti mAna lete haiM kintu anvaya ke AdhAra para vyApti kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai| yadi do cIjeM sadaiva eka dUsare ke sAtha dekhI jAveM to unameM vyApti ho hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| anvaya ke AdhAra para vyApti mAnane meM sabase bar3I kaThinAI yaha hai ki anvaya ke sabhI dRSTAnta nahIM dekhe jA sakate haiM aura kevala ina kucha dRSTAntoM ke AdhAra para vyApti kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai| kevala vyatireka ke AdhAra para vyApti kI sthApanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| anvaya aura vyatireka vyApti saMyukta rUpa se bhI vyApti sthApana nahIM kara sakate haiN| yahA~ ThIka hai ki anvaya aura vyatireka ke dRSTAntoM ke prekSaNa se vyApti kI dhAraNA puSTa hotI hai, kintu ye kevala itanA sujhAva dete haiM ki ina do tathyoM ke bIca vyApti sambandha ho sakatA hai| inase vyApti kA nizcaya yA siddhi nahIM hotI hai kyoMki anvaya, vyatireka aura anvaya vyatireka kI saMyukta vidhi tInoM hI meM sImita udAharaNoM kA pratyakSIkaraNa sambhava hotA hai| ataH inake AdhAra para traikAlika vyApti kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai| tInoM kAloM meM aura tInoM lokoM meM jo kucha dhUma hai vaha saba agniyukta hai itanA vyApAra pratyakSa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai phira vaha pratyakSa cAhe anvaya rUpa ho yA vyatireka ruup| nyAyikoM ne isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie anvaya vyatireka bhUyo darzana vyApti sthApana kA AdhAra banAne kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| kiraNAvalI meM bhUyaH avalokana ko hI vyApti nizcaya ke prati kAraNa bhUta upAya mAnA gayA hai| bhUyo darzana kA artha hai anvaya aura vyatireka ke dRSTAntoM kA bAra-bAra avalokana krnaa| yaha ThIka hai ki anvaya aura vyatireka ke dRSTAntoM ke bAra-bAra avalokana se vyApti hone kI dhAraNA kI puSTi hotI hai| kintu yaha bhUyo darzana yA bAra-bAra avalokana prathamataH traikAlika nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH isase traikAlika vyApti jJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| dUsare bhUyo darzana se hI upAdhi ke anubhava kA nizcaya nahIM ho sktaa| jahA~-jahA~ Aga hotI hai vahA~-vahA~ Aga hotI hai isa prakAra anvaya ke saikar3oM udAharaNa tathA jahA~-jahA~ agni nahIM hai vahA~-vahA~ dhUma nahIM hai| isa prakAra vyatireka ke saikar3oM udAharaNa agni kA dhUma ke sAtha svAbhAvika va traikAlika sambandha sUcita nahIM kara skte| Idhana ke gIlepana kI upAdhi se dUSita hone ke kAraNa yaha aupAdhika sambandha hai svAbhAvika nhiiN| sahacAra darzana svAbhAvika sambandha rUpa vyApti kA cAhe nizcaya kara bhI le, kintu aupAdhika sambandha rUpa vyApti kA nizcaya usake dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| gaMgeza ne isakI AlocanA meM likhA hai ki sAdhya aura sAdhana ke sahacAra kA bhUyo darzana kramika athavA sAmUhika rUpa se vyApti jaina jJAnadarzana . 179

Page #193
jJAna kA kAraNa nahIM hai| raghunAtha ziromaNi, gaMgAdhara bhaTTAcArya, vizvanAtha, annama bhaTTa tathA nIlakaNTha ne eka mata se bhUyo darzana ko vyApti grAhya pramANa nahIM mAnA hai| zrIdhara ke anusAra vyApti kA nizcaya pratipakSa zaMkA rahita antima pratyakSa se hotA hai, jisameM use sahabhAva viSayaka pratyakSa se utpanna hone vAle saMskAra kI sahAyatA bhI apekSita rahatI hai, kintu pratyakSa ke dvArA vyabhicAra zaMkAoM kA pUrNataH nirmUlana na hone ke kAraNa yaha mata kI yukti saMgata nahIM hai / jayanta bhaTTa ne niyamita sahacAra darzana ko hI vyApti nizcita kA kAraNIbhUta upAya mAnA hai, kintu yaha mata isalie samIcIna nahIM hai ki niyata sahacAra darzana kevala atIta aura vartamAna para AdhArita hai, kintu usakI kyA gAraNTI hai ki yaha sambandha bhaviSya ke lie bhI tathA dezAntara aura kAlAntara meM bhI kAryakArI siddha hogaa| isa zaMkA kA nirasana karane ke lie sahacAra niyama kSamatAzIla nahIM hai / isa prakAra prekSaNa yA indriya pratyakSa para AdhArita koI bhI vidhi vyApti sthApana meM samartha nahIM hai| anumAna se bhI vyApti jJAna sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki prathama to anumAna kI vaidhatA to svayaM hI vyApti sambandha ke jJAna kI vaidhatA para nirbhara hai / yadi hamArA vyApti sambandha kA jJAna pramANika ho hI nahIM sakatA / -- anumAna ko vyApti jJAna kA AdhAra mAnane meM mukhya kaThinAI yaha hai ki jaba taka vyApti jJAna na ho jAya, anumAna kI kalpanA hI nahIM ho sakatI / yadi anumAna svayaM hI apanI vyApti kA grAhaka hai to hama Atmazraya doSa se baca nahIM skte| isase bhinna yadi hama yaha mAneM ki eka anumAna kI vyApti kA grahaNa dUsare anumAna se hogA to aisI sthiti meM eka anumAna kI vyApti ke grahaNa ke lie dUsare anumAna kI ora, dUsare anumAna kI vyApti ke lie, tIsare anumAna kI aura tIsare anumAna kI vyApti ke lie cauthe anumAna kI AvazyakatA hogI aura isa zrRMkhalA kA kahIM anta nahIM hogA arthAt anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga utpanna hogA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na to pratyakSa se, na anumAna se hI vyApti kA grahaNa ho sakatA hai| yadyapi kucha vicArakoM ne ina kaThinAIyoM ko jAnakara vyApti grahaNa ke anya upAya bhI sujhAe haiN| ina upAyoM meM eka anya upAya nirvikalpa pratyakSa ke pazcAt hone vAle vikalpa jJAna ko vyApti grahaNa kA AdhAra mAnatA hai / yaha sa hai ki nirvikalpa pratyakSa avicAraka hone se vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA, kintu yadi nirvikalpa pratyakSa ke dvArA grahIta viSaya taka hI vikalpa kI pravRtti hai to bhI usameM vyApti jJAna sambhava nahIM hai / yadi vaha vikalpa nirvikalpa pratyakSa ko avaidha nahIM rakhatA hai aura usakA viSaya usase vyApaka ho sakatA hai, to nizcaya hI usameM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 180

Page #194
vyApti grahaNa mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadi hama usa vikalpa ko pramANa mAnate haiM, to hameM use pratyakSa aura anumAna se alaga hI pramANa mAnanA hogA aura aisI sthiti meM usakA svarUpa vahI hogA jise jaina dArzanika tarka pramANa kahate haiM / yadi hama usa vikalpa jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnate hai to vyApti pramANika nahIM hogI / apramANika jJAna se cAhe yathArtha vyApti prApta bhI ho jAve, kintu use pramANa nahIM mAna sakate / yaha ThIka aisA hI hogA jaise ki asatya AdhAra vAkya se satya niSkarSa prApta karanA / isalie jaina dArzanikoM ne vyaMgya meM ise hijar3e se santAna utpanna karane kI AzA karane ke samAna mAnA hai / vaizeSikoM ne pratyakSa ke phalasvarUpa hone vAle UhApoha ko vyApti grahaNa kA sAdhana mAnA hai| yadi isa UhApoha kA viSaya mAtra pratyakSa jJAna athavA smRti rahatI hai to phira usameM bhI koI viziSTatA nahIM rahatI hai kyoMki usakA viSaya pratyakSa jitanA sImita hI rahatA hai / yadi isa UhApoha kA viSaya pratyakSa se vyApaka hai, to use apanI isa viziSTatA ke kAraNa eka anya pramANa hI mAnanA hogA aura yahA~ vaha jaina darzana ke tarka pramANa se bhinna nahIM kahA jA sakegA / nyAya dArzanikoM ne tarka sahakRta bhUyo darzana ko vyApti grAhaka sAdhana mAnA hai| vAcaspati mizra ne nyAya vArtika tAtparya TIkA meM ise spaSTa kiyA hai ki akele pratyakSa se vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM hotA apitu tarka sahita pratyakSa se - vyApti kA grahaNa hotA hai kyoMki vyApti upAdhivihIna svAbhAvika sambandha hai / cU~ki bhUyo darzana yA pratyakSa se sakala upAdhiyoM kA unmUlana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH isa hetu eka navIna upakaraNa kI AvazyakatA hogI aura vaha upakaraNa tarka hai / kintu yaha akelA pratyakSa vyApti grahaNa meM samartha nahIM hai to aisI sthiti meM vyApti kA grAhaka antima sAdhana tarka ko hI mAnanA hogA / yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki tarka pratyakSa ke anubhavoM ko sAdhaka avazya banAtA hai kintu vyApti kA grahaNa pratyakSa se nahIM hokara tarka se hotA hai| isalie tarka ke mahattva ko svIkAra karanA hogA tarka ko pramANa kI koTi meM svIkAra na kara, usakI mahattA ko asvIkAra karanA, kRtaghnatA hI hogI / isIlie AcArya hemacandra ne vyaMgya karate hue kahA thA ki yaha to tapasvI ke yaza ko samApta karane jaisA hI hai 1 jahA~ taka isa bAta kA prazna hai ki tarka pratyakSa kI sahAyatA se hI vyApti kA grahaNa karatA hai to jaina dArzanikoM kA isase koI virodha nahIM hai| unhoMne tarka kI paribhASA meM hI isa bAta ko svIkAra kara liyA hai ki pratyakSa Adi ke nimitta se tarka kI pravRtti honI hai / yaha bhI sahI hai ki pratyeka paravartI pramANa ko apane jaina jJAnadarzana 181

Page #195
pUrvavartI prabhAva kI sahAyatA prApta hotI hai, kintu isase usa pramANa kI svatantratA para koI bAdhA nahIM hotii| anumAna ke lie pratyakSa aura vyApti sambandha kI apekSA hotI hai, kintu isase usake svatantra pramANa hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM aatii| jaina dArzanikoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve tarka kI kevala zaMkA ke nirvRtaka ke hI nahIM, apitu jJAna pradAna karane vAlA bhI mAnate haiN| ataH vaha svatantra pramANa hai| jaina darzana aura nyAya darzana meM tarka kI mahattA ko lekara mAtra vivAda itanA hI hai ki jahA~ nyAya darzana tarka kA kArya niSedhAtmaka mAnatA hai vahA~ jaina darzana meM tarka kA vidhAyaka kArya bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| pAzcAtya nigamanAtmaka nyAya mukti me pramANika niSkarSa kI prApti ke lie kama se kama eka AdhAra vAkya kA sAmAnya honA Avazyaka hai, kintu aise sAmAnya vAkya kI, jo ki do tathyoM ke bIca sthita kArya-kAraNa sambandha para AdhArita hotA hai, kI sthApanA kauna kare? isake lie usa AgamanAtmaka tarkazAstra kA vikAsa huA jo ki aindrika anubhavoM para AdhArita thA, kintu aindrika anubhavavAda (pratyakSa-vAda) aura usI bhitti para sthita mila kI anvaya vyatireka Adi kI pA~coM Agamanika vidhiyA~ bhI nirvivAda rUpa se kArya-karaNa sambandha para AdhArita sAmAnya vAkya kI sthApanA meM asaphala hI rahI hai| zrI kohena evaM zrI negela apanI pustaka (Logic and Scientific Method) meM mila kI AgamanAtmaka yuktiyoM kI akSamatA ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM - The cannons of experimental inquiry are not therefore capable of demonstrating any casual laws. The experimental methods are neither methods of proof nor methods of discovery (P. 266-67) / vastutaH koI bhI anubhavAtmaka paddhati jo nirIkSaNa yA prayoga para AdhArita hogI eka adhika yuktisaMgata prAkkalpanA se adhika kucha nahIM pradAna kara sakatI haiN| hyUma to anubhavavAda kI isa akSamatA ko bahuta pahale hI prakaTa kara cukA thA, ataH pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM AgamanAtmaka kudAna (Inductive Leap) kI jo samasyA abhI bhI banI huI hai use bhI jaina darzana ke isa tarka pramANa kI antaH pramANa kI antaH prajJAtmaka paddhati ke Aloka meM sulajhAne kA eka prayAsa avazya kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH Agamana ke kSetra meM vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora jAne ke lie jina AgamanAtmaka kudAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai- tarka usI kA pratIka hai vaha vizeSa aura sAmAnya ke bIca kI khAI ke lie eka pula kA kAma karatA hai jisake mAdhyama se hama pratyakSa se vyApti jJAna kI ora tathA vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora bar3ha sakate haiN| 182 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #196
saMdarbha1. se kiM taM pramANa? pramANe cadavihe paNNate taM jahA~ paccavakkhe, aNumANe ovamme, Agame, jahA~ annuogdvaare| bhagavatI 5/4/191-192 2. tivihe vyavasAe paNNate taM jahA~-paccakkhe, paccaie, anugaamie| sthAnAMga 185 3. ahavA heu cauvihe paNNate taM jahA~ paccakkhe, aNumANe, ovamme a sthAnAMga 338 4. matiH smRtiH saMjJA cintA'minibodha ityanarthAntaram tatvArtha 1/1 5. tatvArtha bhASya 1/15 6. bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa, bhAga 4 pR. 190-191 7. mImAMsA koSa, pR. 1638 8. tatroho nAma prakRtAvanyathA dUSaSya vikRtAvanyathA bhaavH| 9. mImAMsA darzana 9-2, 1-1 10. nyAya sUtra para vAtsAyane bhASya 1/1/1, pR. 53 11. nyAya sUtra para vizvanAtha vRtti 1/1/40 12. nyAya sUtra para vAtsAyana bhASya, pR. 320-21 00 jaina jJAnadarzana 183

Page #197
bauddha aura jaina pramANamImAMsA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina evaM bauddha pramANazAstra kA eka aitihAsika vikAsakrama jaina aura bauddha darzana bhAratIya zramaNa saMskRti ke darzana haiN| AcArazAstra ke siddhAnta pakSa kI apekSA se donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatAeM hai kintu jahA~ taka tattvamImAMsIya aura pramANazAstrIya vivecanoM kA prazna hai, donoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ aura kucha aMtara parilakSita hote haiN| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI darzana ekAMtavAda ke virodhI haiN| donoM ke dArzanika vivecana ke mUla meM vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa samAhita hai| tattvamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA ke kSetra meM bauddha darzana jahA~ ekAMtavAda kA niSedha karake madhyamapratipadA kI bAta karatA hai, vahIM jaina ekAMtavAda kA niSedha kara anekAMtavAda kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra donoM darzanoM kI mUlabhUta dRSTi arthAt ekaaNtvaad ke niSedha meM samAnatA hai kintu apanI dArzanika vivecanAoM ke agrima caraNoM meM donoM darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM meM antara dekhA jAtA hai| usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jahA~ ekAMtavAda se bacane ke lie bauddhadarzana niSedhaparaka rahA, vahA~ jaina darzana ne vidhimukha se apanI bAta khii| jaina darzana kA carama vikAsa usake anekAMtavAda aura syAdvAda ke siddhAMta ke rUpa meM huA, vahIM bauddha darzana kA carama vikAsa apanI madhyamapratipadA para AdhArita hote hue bhI aMtataH vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM huaa| ___ jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha pramANazAstra kA prazna hai| prAcIna jaina AgamasAhitya aura bauddha tripiTaka meM hameM pramANazAstra saMbaMdhI vizeSa vivecanAeM upalabdha nahIM hotI haiN| paravartI jaina AgamoM samavAyAMga, anuyogadvArasUtra aura nandIsUtra meM jJAnamImAMsA kI to vistRta carcA hai, kiMtu pramANazAstra saMbaMdhI carcA kA unameM bhI kucha zabda saMketoM ke atirikta prAyaH abhAva hI hai| isa prakAra pAli tripiTaka aura arddhagAmI AgamoM meM pramANazAstra saMbaMdhI chuTapuTa zabdoM tathA takka, vimaMsI, pramANa, hetu, vyavasAya Adi ke prayoga to mila jAte haiM, kiMtu eka suvyavasthita pramANazAstra kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai| bauddha paramparA meM sarvaprathama nAgArjuna ne lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM zUnyavAda kI sthApanA ke sAtha vigrahavyAvartanI aura vaidalyasUtra meM pramANoM kA spaSTa 184 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #198
rUpa se khaNDana kiyA hai| bauddha paramparA meM pramANazAstra meM diGnAga (cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI) ko bauddha pramANazAstra kA prathama prastotA mAnA jA sakatA hai / mallavAdI (cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI) Adi prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne bauddha pramANamImAMsA ke khaNDana meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM diGnAga ke graMthoM ko hI AdhAra banAyA hai / mallavAdI kI kRti dvAdazAranayacakra meM diGnAga kI avadhAraNAoM ko uddhata karake unakI samIkSA kI gaI hai| diGnAga ke guru bauddha vijJAnavAdI asaMga ke laghubhrAtA vasubandha rahe haiN| yadyapi vasubandhu ke graMthoM meM bhI nyAyazAstra saMbaMdhI kucha vivecana upalabdha hote haiM, phira bhI pramANazAstra kI vivecanA kI dRSTi se diGnAga kA pramANasamuccaya hI bauddha paramparA kA prathama svataMtra aura mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai| paravartI jaina aura jainetara dArzanikoM ne bauddha pramANamImAMsA ke khaNDana meM ise hI AdhAra banAyA hai / diGnAga ke pazcAt bauddha nyAya ke prastotAoM meM dharmakIrti pramukha mAne jAte haiM / dharmakIrti ke sattAkAla ko lekara vidvAnoM meM kucha matabheda hai, phira bhI itanA sunizcita hai ki ve IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bauddha vidvAn haiM / jaina vidvAn paM. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ne unakA kAla 620 IsvI se 690 IsvI mAnA hai, jo samucita hI pratIta hotA hai / yadyapi dharmakIrti ke pazcAt bhI dharmottara, arcaTa, zAMtarakSita, kamalazIla, devendrabuddhi, zAkyabuddhi, prajJAkaragupta, ravigupta, karnakagaumI Adi aneka bauddha AcArya hue haiM, jinhoMne bauddha pramANamImAMsA para grantha likhe haiM, kiMtu prastuta vivecanA meM hama apane ko dharmakIrti taka hI sImita rakhane kA prayatna kreNge| kyoMki akalaMka (AThavIM zatI) Adi jaina AcAryoM ne diGnAga evaM dharmakIrti kI sthApanAoM ko hI apane khaNDana kA viSaya banAyA hai| jahA~ taka jaina pramANazAstra kA prazna hai, usakA prArambha siddhasena divAkara ke nyAyAvatAra se hotA hai / siddhasena divAkara ko lagabhaga cauthI - pAMcavIM zatAbdI kA vidvAn mAnA jAtA hai / unakA nyAyAvatAra jaina pramANazAstra kA prathama grantha hai / isameM pramANa kI paribhASA ke sAtha-sAtha pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama (zabda) pramANoM kA ullekha huA hai, yadyapi isa graMtha kI mUla kArikAoM meM bauddha pramANazAstra ke khaNDana kA spaSTa rUpa se koI nirdeza nahIM hai / phira bhI "svaparAbhAsijJAnaM pramANam" kahakara pramANa ko mAtra svaprakAzaka mAnane vAlI bauddha paramparA ke khaNDana kA saMketa avazya milatA hai, kintu bauddha pramANazAstra kI spaSTa samIkSA kA isa graMtha meM prAyaH abhAva hI hai| isa grantha ke avalokana se itanA to nizcita ho jAtA hai ki siddhasena divAkara bauddha pramANazAstra se paricita avazya the, kyoMki isa grantha meM kahIM bauddhamata se samarUpatA aura kahIM virodha parilakSita hotA hai / yadyapi jaina paramparA meM siddhasena ke pUrva umAsvAmi (tIsarI zatI) ne tattvArthasUtra meM jJAna ke Agamika pA~ca prakAroM jaina jJAnadarzana 185

Page #199
kA ullekha karake agale sUtra meM unheM pramANa ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA hai, sAtha hI pramANa ke pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bhedoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai phira bhI umAsvAmi ko jaina nyAya ke AdyapraNetA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki unake tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya meM ina do sUtroM ke atirikta pramANa saMbaMdhI koI vizeSa carcA upalabdha nahIM hai / unake pazcAt siddhasena divAkara ne yadyapi jaina pramANavyavasthA ke saMbaMdha meM eka svataMtra grantha kI racanA to kI, kiMtu unhoneM pramANamImAMsA saMbaMdhI bauddha evaM anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyA / jaina paramparA meM bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI samIkSA yadi sarvaprathama kisI ne kI hai, to ve dvAdazAranayacakra ke praNetA mallavAdI (lagabhaga pA~cavI zatI) haiN| mallavAdI ne diGnAga ke pramANasamuccaya se aneka saMdarbhoM ko uddhata karake unakI samIkSA kI hai / mallavAdI diGnAga se paravartI aura dharmakIrti se pUrvavartI haiN| bauddha vidvAnoM ne diGnAga kA kAla IsA kI pAMcavI zatI mAnA hai / kintu dvAdazAranayacakra kI prazasti se mallavAdI kA kAla vikrama saM. 414 tadanusAra I. san 357 mAnA hai / isa dRSTi se diGnAga ko bhI IsA kI cauthI zatI ke uttarArddha se pAMcavI zatI ke pUrvArddha kA mAnanA hogaa| jaina paramparA, bauddha pramANazAstra se yadi paricita huI hai to vaha prathamataH diGnAga aura phira dharmakIrti se hI vizeSa rUpa se paricita pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki jaina AcAryoM ne bauddha pramANa zAstra kI samIkSA meM inhIM ke granthoM ko mukhya AdhAra banAyA hai, yadyapi dharmottara, arcaTa, zAntarahita aura kamalazIla ke bhI saMdarbha jaina graMthoM meM milate haiM / tibbatI paramparA ke anusAra diGnAga ke pramANasamuccaya ke atirikta pramANazAstra para unakI jo dUsarI pramukha kRti hai, vaha nyAyapraveza hai / yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM ne usake kartA diGnAga ke ziSya zaMkarasvAmI ko mAnA hai / bauddha pramANazAstra meM nyAyapraveza hI eka aisA graMtha hai, jisa para jaina AcAryoM ne TIkAeM racIM / AcArya haribhradasUri ne (lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI meM) diGnAga ke nyAyapraveza para vRtti likhI, jo upalabdha hai / Age calakara haribhadra kI isa nyAyapravezavRtti para pArzvavedagaNi ne paMjikA kI racanA kI / yadyapi ye donoM TIkA graMtha jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM kI racanAyeM haiM, kiMtu ye samIkSAtmaka na hokara vivecanAtmaka hI haiN| samIkSA kI dRSTi se diGnAga ke pramANasamuccaya ke pazcAt jaina AcAryoM ne dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika ko hI adhikauddhRta kiyA hai / jJAtavya hai ki pramANavArtika diGnAga ke pramANasamuccaya kI hI TIkA hai / phira bhI jaina AcAryoM ne apanI bauddha pramANazAstra kI samIkSA meM isako hI pramukha AdhAra banAyA hai| dharmakIrti ke dUsare do graMtha jo jaina AcAryoM kI samIkSA ke viSaya rahe haiM ve haiM pramANavinizcaya aura saMbaMdhaparIkSA / pramANavinizcaya vastutaH unake pramANavArtika kA jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 1 186

Page #200
hI saMkSipta rUpa hai aura isake Adhe se adhika zloka pramANavArtika se hI grahaNa kie gaye haiN| dharmakIrti kI dUsarI kRti saMbaMdhaparIkSA vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| kintu isakA kucha aMza, jo Aja surakSita hai usakA zreya jainAcAryoM ko hI hai| digambara jainAcArya prabhAcandra ke prameyakamalamArtaDa (10vIM zatI) meM na kevala isakI bAIsa kArikAyeM upalabdha haiM, apitu unhoMne una para vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| isI prakAra zvetAmbara vidvAn bRhadgacchIya vAdidevasUri (11vIM zatI) ne bhI syAdvAdaratnAkara meM isakI kucha kArikAeM uddhRta kI hai| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jahA~ jaina grantha dvAdazAranayacakra kI mUlakArikAoM kI punarracanA kA AdhAra dharmakIrti ke granthoM kI tibbatI strota rahe haiM, vahI dharmakIrti kI saMbaMdhaparIkSA ke kucha aMzoM ke saMrakSaNa kA AdhAra prabhAcandra kA prameyakamalamArtaDa hai| jaina paramparA meM bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jo samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai, usameM siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra aura mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranacakra ke bAda usake TIkAkAra siMhasUri kA krama AtA hai| kintu siMhasUri kI dvArazAranayacakra para likhI gaI TIkA meM bhI bauddha paraMparA kA jo khaNDana huA hai, vaha vasubaMdhu aura diGnAga ke dArzanika maMtavyoM ko hI pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne bauddhoM ke pramANa lakSaNa evaM unakI pratyakSa pramANa kI avadhAraNA kI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se samIkSA kI, kintu siMhasUri ne kahIM bhI dharmakIrti ko uddhRta nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne mukhyatayA vasubandhu aura diGnAga ke maMtavyoM ko hI apanI samIkSA kA viSaya banAyA, isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki siMhasUri vasubaMdhu evaM diGnAga ke paravartI, kintu dharmakIrti ke pUrvavartI rahe haiN| inakA kAla chaThI zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA sAtavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnA jAtA hai| jaina pramANazAstra ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se siddhasena aura mallavAdI ke pazcAt inhIM kA krama AtA hai, kyoMki ye mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranayacakra ke TIkAkAra bhI haiN| pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI pazcAt se jaina AcAryoM ne bauddha tattvamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsA kI samIkSA kI, isa krama meM yahA~ hama pramukha rUpa se unhIM AcAryoM kA ullekha kareMge jinhoMne na kevala jaina pramANazAstra ke vikAsa meM apanA avadAna diyA hai apitu pramANazAstrIya bauddha maMtavyoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai athavA unake pramANazAstrIya maMtavyoM kI samIkSA bauddha AcAryoM ne kii| siddhasena, mallavAdI aura siMhasUri ke pazcAt AcArya sumati (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) hue haiM, ye jainadharma kI yApanIya paramparA ke AcArya rahe haiN| durbhAgya se Aja unakI koI bhI kRti upalabdha nahIM hotI hai, kiMtu bauddha dArzanika zAMtarakSita (AThavIM zatI) ne apane graMtha tattvasaMgraha meM sumati ke nAmollekhapUrvaka unake pramANazAstrIya maMtavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki AcArya sumati ne zvetAmbara AcArya siddhasena ke sanmatitarka para eka vivRtti bhI racI jaina jJAnadarzana 187

Page #201
thI jo Aja anupalabdha hai, isase lagatA hai ki AcArya sumati usa udAra yApanIya paramparA ke AcArya rahe haiM, jo Aja lupta ho cukI hai| isI kAla ke arthAt sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI ke anya jaina naiyAyika pAtrakesarI haiN| inakI prasiddha racanA trilakSaNakadarzana hai| isameM bauddhoM ke trairUpya hetu kA vistAra se khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / jahA~ bauddha dArzanika zAMtarakSita ne apane tattvasaMgraha (136) meM inake graMtha se eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, vahIM akalaMka Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI pAtrakezarI ke trilakSaNakadarzana ke zlokoM ko uddhRta karake bauddhoM ke trirUpahetu kA khaNDana kiyA hai / lagabhaga isI kAla meM zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM AcArya haribhadrasUri ( AThavIM zatI) hue haiN| haribhadrasUri ne zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura SaTdarzanamasamuccaya jaise granthoM meM bauddha paramparA ke maMtavyoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, kintu ve eka samanvayavAdI AcArya rahe haiN| ataH unhoMne anya darzanoM ke khaNDana kI apekSA unakI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI jaina darzana ke sAtha saMgati kaise saMbhava hai, yahI dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / unhoMne bauddhapramANamImAMsA kI samIkSA nahIM kI, kiMtu jaisA hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke haiM, unhoMne diGnAga ke nyAyapraveza kI TIkA avazya racI hai| jaina pramANazAstra ke vyavasthita prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha pramANazAstra kI tArkika samIkSA karane vAle AcAryoM meM bhaTTa akalaMka (IsvI 720 se 780) kA sthAna prathama hai| unhoMne tattvArthavArtika ke atirikta laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha Adi aneka graMtha race haiM, jinameM jahA~ eka ora jaina pramANamImAMsA kA suvyavasthita prastutIkaraNa hai, vahIM dUsarI ora anya darzanoM ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha pramANamImAMsA ke pramANalakSaNa, nirvikalpapratyakSa, apohavAda, zabdArtha saMbaMdha, hetu kI trirUpatA Adi kA khaNDana tathA smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka ke prAmANya kA sthApana tathA unako pramANa na mAnane saMbaMdhI bauddhoM ke tarkoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| akalaMka ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ( 9vIM zatI) ke zlokavArtika, pramANaparIkSA Adi granthoM meM bhI pramANa saMbaMdhI bauddha maMtavyoM kI spaSTa samIkSA kI gaI hai| jahA~ akalaMka ke graMthoM meM bauddha maMtavyoM kI samIkSA hetu diGnAga aura dharmakIrti ke graMtha hI AdhAra rahe haiM, vahA~ vidyAnanda ne diGnAga aura dharmakIrti ke atirikta prajJAkaragupta ke maMtavyoM kA bhI yuktisaMgata khaNDana kiyA hai / vidyAnanda ke pazcAt jaina pramANazAstra ke eka pramukha AcArya anantavIrya hue haiM, inakA kAla dasavIM zatI hai| inhoMne akalaMka ke do graMthoM siddhivinizcaya aura pramANasaMgraha para vyAkhyA likhI hai| inameM diGnAga evaM dharmakIrti ke atirikta dharmottara, arcaTa, prajJAkaragupta, zAMtarakSita aura kamalazIla jaise bauddha dArzanika ko na kevala uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, apitu unake maMtavyoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai / anantavIrya ke pazcAt jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 188

Page #202
jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM tattvabodhavidhAyanI nAmaka sanmatitarka kI TIkA ke kartA abhayadevasUri (11vIM zatI), prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura nyAyakumudacandra ke racanAkAra prabhAcandra (11vIM zatI), pramANanayatattvAloka aura usakI svopajJa TIkA syAdvAdaratnAkara ke kartA vAdIdevasUri ( 12vIM zatI) tathA usI grantha kI ratnAkarAvatArikA nAmaka TIkA ke racanAkAra AcArya ratnaprabha aura pramANamImAMsA ke kartA AcArya hemacandra (12vIM zatI) Adi jainapramANazAstra ke prabuddha AcArya hue haiM / ina sabhI ne diGnAga, dharmakIrti, arcaTa, prajJAkaragupta, zAMtarakSita, kamalazIla Adi bauddha AcAryoM aura unake granthoM kA na kevala ullekha kiyA hai apitu unake granthoM se unake maMtavyoM ko uddhRta kara unakI samIkSA bhI kI hai / inake pazcAt bhI jaina nyAya kI yaha paramparA yazovijaya, vimaladAsa Adi ke kAla taka arthAt lagabhaga 18vIM zatI taka calatI rahI aura jaina AcArya bauddha mantavyoM ko pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM rakhakara unakI samIkSA karate rhe| yahI nahIM, bIsavIM zatI meM bhI paM. sukhalAlajI, paM. dalasukha bhAI, DaoN. nathamalajI TATiyA, muni jambUvijayajI Adi jaina vidvAn bauddha pramANazAstra ke jJAtA rahe haiN| muni jambUvijayajI ne to tibbatI sIkhakara dvAdazAranayacakra jaise prAcIna truTitagraMtha kA punaH saMrakSaNa kiyA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 5vIM zatI se lekara 20vIM zatI taka aneka jaina AcArya bauddha pramANazAstra ke jJAtA aura samIkSaka rahe haiM, kintu bauddha nyAya kA vikAsa bhArata meM lagabhaga 11vIM-12vIM zatI ke bAda avaruddha ho gayA / pramANalakSaNa bauddhadarzana meM pramANalakSaNa ke nirUpaNa ke saMbaMdha meM tIna dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiM- sarvaprathama diGnAga ne apane grantha ko pramANasamuccaya meM smRti, icchA dveSa Adi ko pUrva adhigata viSaya kA jJAna karAne vAlA hone se pramANa kA viSaya nahIM mAnA hai isI AdhAra para diGnAga ke TIkAkAra jinendrabuddhi ne pramANasamuccaya kI TIkA meM pramANa ko ajJAta artha kA jJApaka kahA hai / unake pazcAt AcArya dharmakIrti ne pramANa kI paribhASA dete hue "pramANa" avisaMvAdIjJAnam kahakara pramANa ko avisaMvAdI jJAna kahA hai / yadyapi unhoMne pramANa kI yaha svataMtra paribhASA dI hai, kintu unhoMne "ajJAtArthaprakAzakovA" kahakara diGnAga kI pramANa kI pUrva paribhASA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / bauddha paramparA meM pramANalakSaNa ke saMbaMdha meM tIsarA dRSTikoNa arthasArUpyasya pramANam' ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai kintu prastuta prasaMga meM hamArA vivecana dharmakIrti taka sImita hai / ataH hama prathama evaM dvitIya pramANalakSaNa kI hI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA kareMge, kyoMki ye donoM lakSaNa dharmakIrti ko bhI mAnya haiN| unake dvArA tRtIya vastutaH pramANaphala ke rUpa meM vivecita hai / dharmakIrti kA jaina jJAnadarzana " 189

Page #203
kathana hai ki jJAna kA artha ke sAtha jo sArUpa yA sAdRzya hai vahI pramANa hai jahA~ taka anAdhigata yA ajJAta artha ke jJApaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnane kA prazna hai, mImAMsaka aura bauddha donoM hI isa saMbaMdha meM ekamata pratIta hote haiN| jaina AcAryoM meM akalaMka (8vIM zatI), mANikyanaMdI Adi kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne bhI pramANa ko apUrNa artha kA jJApaka mAnA thA, kintu kAlAMtara meM jaina dArzanikoM ko pramANa ke isa lakSaNa ko svIkAra karane meM tArkika asaMgati pratIta huI, kyoMki svayaM akalaMka ne smRti aura pratyabhijJAna ko parokSa pramANa ke bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura ye donoM hI adhigata jJAna haiM, apUrva jJAna nahIM, isalie Age calakara vidyAnanda ne zlokavArtika meM, vAdIdevasUri ne syAdvAdaratnAkara meM tathA hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa nirUpaNa meM use apUrva artha kA grAhaka honA Avazyaka nahIM maanaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, ina AcAryoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM isakI vistRta samIkSA bhI kI hai| pramANamImAMsA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA hai ki grahISmamAnajJAna kI bhA~ti grahItAgrAhI jJAna bhI pramANa hai (1/1/4) / jahA~ taka dharmakIrti ke dvArA avisaMvAdI jJAna ko hI pramANa lakSaNa svIkAra karane kA prazna hai jaina dArzanikoM kA isase sAMvyavahArika stara para koI vizeSa virodha nahIM rahA hai, kyoMki akalaMka Adi ne to ise pramANalakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA bhI hai| bauddha pramANazAstra meM dharmakIrti kA yaha pramANalakSaNa hI sarvAdhika mAnya rahA hai| yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki dharmakIrti ne avisaMvAditA kA tAtparya, artha aura jJAna meM sArUpya yA abhrAntatA na mAnakara arthakriyAsthiti ko svIkAra kiyaa| pramANavArtika (1/3) meM ve spaSTa rUpa se likhate haiM ki "arthakriyA kI sthiti hI avisaMvAditA" hai| punaH arthakriyA kI sthiti kA bhI arthaprApaNa kI yogyatA ke rUpa meM pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA meM dharmakIrti ke TIkAkAra dharmottara ne isakI vistRta vivecanA bhI kI hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki diGnAga aura dharmakIrti ne apane pramANalakSaNa kI vivecanA meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko na to pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai aura na hI usakI samIkSA kI hai| jabaki jaina dArzanikoM ne diGnAga aura dharmakIrti donoM kI hI pramANa saMbaMdhI avadhAraNA ko apanI samIkSA kA viSaya banAyA hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki dharmakIrti ke pUrvavartI jaina dArzanikoM meM siddhasena divAkara aura mallavAdI ne pramANalakSaNa kI carcA meM diGnAga kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kI hai| yadyapi siddhasena divAkara spaSTa nAmollekhapUrvaka diGnAga ke pramANalakSaNa kI samIkSA nahIM karate haiN| apane pramANalakSaNa kI carcA meM unhoMne use sva aura para kA AbhAsaka tathA bAdhavivarjita jJAna kahA hai (pramANasvaparAbhAsi jJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam, nyAyAvatAra 1) / 190 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #204
siddhasena dvArA pratipAdita isa pramANalakSaNa meM naiyAyikoM ke samAna jJAna ke kAraNa (hetuoM) ko pramANa na kahakara jJAna ko hI pramANa kahA gayA hai| jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnane ke saMbaMdha meM jaina aura bauddha dArzanikoM meM kisI prakAra kA vaimatya nahIM hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai ki siddhasena divAkara spaSTa rUpa se to apane graMtha meM bauddhoM kA nAma lekara unakA khaNDana nahIM karate haiM, kintu pramANalakSaNa kI unakI yaha paribhASA eka ora jJAnAdvaitavAdI bauddhavijJAnavAda (yogAcAra) kA, dUsarI ora bAhyArthavAdI mImAMsako aura naiyAyikoM kI aikAMtika mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kara unameM samanvaya karatI hai| jJAnAdvaitavAdI bauddhavijJAnavAda arthAt yogAcAradarzana bAhyArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, isalie unake anusAra pramANa (jJAna) svaprakAzaka hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jJAna apane ko hI jAnatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM meM siddhasena ke pazcAt akalaMka, vidyAnanda, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra Adi sabhI apane pramANa saMbaMdhI granthoM meM bAhyArtha kA niSedha karane vAle yA yaha mAnane vAle ki jJAna kevala sva prakAzaka hai, vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM kA vistAra se khaNDana karate haiN| unakI samIkSA kA sAra yaha hai ki jJAna se bhinna jJeya rUpa bAhyArtha kA abhAva mAnane para svayaM jJAna ke abhAva kA prasaMga upasthita hogaa| kyoMki jJAna jJeya ke abhAva meM saMbhava nahIM hai, isake virodha meM bauddhoM kA uttara yaha hai ki svapna Adi meM artha ke abhAva meM jJAna hotA hai| kintu unakA yaha kathana sArthaka nahIM hai| prathama to yaha ki sabhI jJAna artha ke binA hote haiN| yaha mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai, dUsare yaha ki svapna meM jina vastuoM kA anubhava hotA hai, ve usake pUrva yathArtha rUpa se anubhUta hotI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki siddhasena divAkara ne apane pramANalakSaNa kI carcA meM use apUrva artha kA grAhaka athavA anadhigatajJAna nahIM mAnA hai| jahA~ taka dharmakIrti dvArA pramANa ko avisaMvAdaka mAnane kA prazna hai jaina paraMparA meM siddhasena divAkara ne bhI nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ko bAdhavivarjita kahA hai| yadyapi bAdhavivarjita aura avisaMvAdI meM AMzika samAnatA aura AMzika antara hai, isakI carcA Age kI gaI hai| jaina darzana meM akalaMka eka aise AcArya haiM jinhoMne aSTasahastrI meM pramANalakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karate hue pramANa ko avisaMvAdI evaM anadhigata artha kA jJAna mAnA hai (pramANamavisaMvAdijJAnamanadhigatArthAdhigamalakSaNatvAtaSTazatI, aSTasahastrI, pR. 175) / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki akalaMka ne bauddha dArzanikoM meM diGnAga aura dharmakIrti donoM ke pramANalakSaNa ko samanvita kara apanA pramANalakSaNa banAyA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki svayaM dharmakIrti ne bhI pramANalakSaNa meM avisaMvAditA ke sAtha-sAtha anadhigatatA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| isa prakAra jaina jJAnadarzana 191

Page #205
pramANalakSaNa ke nirUpaNa meM bauddhAcArya dharmakIrti aura jainAcArya akalaMka donoM kA mantavya samAna hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate haiM ki akalaMka ne jo pramANalakSaNa nirUpita kiyA hai, vaha bauddhoM se aura vizeSa rUpa se dharmakIrti se prabhAvita hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki akalaMka (8vIM zatI) aura dharmakIrti (7vIM zatI) meM lagabhaga eka zatI kA aMtara hai| ataH unake cintana para dharmakIrti kA prabhAva parilakSita honA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai, kintu Azcaryajanaka tathya to yaha hai ki jainanyAya ke pramukha vidvAn akalaMka jahA~ eka ora tattvArthavArtika meM pramANa ko anAdhigata jJAna mAnane kA khaNDana karate haiM, vahI aSTazatI meM ve usakA samarthana karate hue pratIta hote haiN| isa saMdarbha meM jaina aura bauddha nyAya ke yuvA vidvAn DaoN. dharmacandra jaina kA yaha kathana yukti saMgata hai ki kSaNikavAdI evaM pramANaviplavavAdI bauddhoM kI tattvamImAMsA va pramANamImAMsA meM anAdhigata artha ke grAhaka jJAna kA pramANa honA upayukta ho sakatA hai, kintu nityAnityavAdI evaM pramANasaMplavavAdI jaina dArzanikoM ke mata meM nahIM (bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA, pR. 79) / jainanyAya meM anAdhigata arthAt-grAhI jJAna yA apUrvajJAna ko pramANalakSaNa meM sarvaprathama sthAna akalaMka ne hI diyA thA, usake pazcAt mANikyanaMdI Adi aneka digambara jaina dArzanika pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva yA anAdhigata zabda kA prayoga karate rahe haiM, kintu akalaMka ke nikaTaparavartI vidyAnanda (lagabhaga 9vIM zatI) ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM spaSTa rUpa se apUrva yA anAdhigata vizeSaNa ko pramANalakSaNa meM vyartha mAnA hai (tattvArthazlokavArtika 1/10/77) / unake pazcAt prabhAcandra (dasavIM zatI) ne apUrva yA anAdhigata artha ke grAhI jJAna ko pramANalakSaNa nirUpaNa meM ekAMtarUpa se avyartha to nahIM kahA, lekina itanA avazya kahA hai ki pramANa kathaMcit hI apUrva artha kA grAhI hotA hai, kintu sarvathA apUrva kA grAhI nahIM hotaa| jahA~ taka dharmakIrti ke pramANa ke avisaMvAdaka lakSaNa kA prazna hai, yadyapi siddhasena divAkara ne bAdhavivarjita kahakara kisI artha meM use svIkAra kiyA hai, kintu bAdhavivarjita evaM avisaMvAdakatA donoM eka nahIM haiN| bAdhavivarjita hone kA artha hai svataH evaM anya kisI pramANa kA virodhI yA avisaMvAdI nahIM honA hai, jabaki avisaMvAditA kA sAmAnya artha hai jJAna aura jJeya meM sArUpya yA sNgti| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai ki jaina dArzanika akalaMka ne dharmakIrti ke isa avisaMvAdakatA nAmaka pramANa lakSaNa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake paravartI mANikyanandI Adi anya digambara jaina AcAryoM ne bhI usakA samarthana kiyA, kintu digambara vidvAn vidyAnaMda tathA zvetAmbara vidvAn siddharSi (9vIM zatI) ne pramANa ke avisaMvAditA nAmaka lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vidyAnanda kA kahanA hai ki bauddhoM ne svasaMvedanA, 192 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #206
indriya, mAnasa evaM yogaja aise cAra prakAra ke pratyakSa mAne haiM, kintu bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ke anusAra ye pratyakSa nirvikalpaka hI hote haiN| nirvikalpaka hone se vyavasAyAtmaka (nizcayAtmaka) nahIM ho sakate aura jo vyavasAyAtmaka nahIM hai, vaha svaviSaya kA upadarzaka bhI ho sakatA hai aura jo svaviSaya kA upadarzaka nahIM ho sakatA hai vaha artha kA prApaka bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai, aura jo artha kA prApaka hI nahIM ho sakatA hai vaha artha se avisaMvAdaka kaise ho sakatA hai? isa prakAra vidyAnanda, dharmakIrti kI pratyakSa-pramANa kI avisaMvAdakatA kA khaNDana kara dete haiN| anumAna ke saMdarbha meM bhI vidyAnanda likhate haiM ki bauddhoM ke anusAra anumAna bhrAnta hai, aura yadi anumAna bhrAnta hai to phira vaha avisaMvAdaka kaise ho sakatA hai? dUsare anumAna kA Alambana sAmAnya aura bauddha paramparA ke anusAra sAmAnya, mithyA yA avAstavika hai| sAmAnya ke Alambana ke binA anumAna saMbhava hI nahI hai, ataH usake avisaMvAdaka hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| isa prakAra vidyAnanda, dharmakIrti ke pramANa ke avisaMvAdaka nAmaka lakSaNa kA unheM mAnya pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM hI pramANoM se khaNDana kara dete haiN| vidyAnanda kA kahanA hai ki bauddha pramANavyavasthA meM pramANa avisaMvAdaka nAmaka lakSaNa ghaTita nahIM ho sakatA hai| dharmakIrti ke pramANa ke avisaMvAdaka lakSaNa kA khaNDana jaina dArzanika vidyAnanda ke atirikta abhayadevasUri ne apanI sanmatitarkaprakaraNa kI tattvabodhAyanITIkA meM, siddharSi ne nyAyAvatAra kI vivRtti meM, prabhAcandra ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM, vAdidevasUri ne pramANanayatatattvAloka kI svopajJavRtti syAdvAdaratnAkara meM tathA hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA kI svopajJaTIkA meM isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| vistAra bhaya se yahA~ usa samasta carcA meM jAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne dharmakIrti ke pramANalakSaNa meM avisaMvAdakatA kA jo khaNDana kiyA hai vaha bauddhoM kI pAramArthika dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hai| jainoM kA kathana hai ki avisaMvAditA nAmaka pramANalakSaNa pAramArthikadRSTi se ghaTita honA cAhie, tabhI avisaMvAdaka jJAna ko pramANa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki dharmakIrti Adi bauddha dArzanika pramANa ke avisaMvAditA nAmaka lakSaNa ko sAMvyavahArika dRSTi se hI ghaTita karate haiM, pAramArthika dRSTi se nahIM, kyoMki bauddha dArzanika pramANavyavasthA ko sAMvyavahArika AdhAra para hI mAnya karate haiM, paramArthika dRSTi se to unake yahA~ pramANa-prameya vyavasthA banatI hI nahIM hai| pramANoM ke prakAra jaina darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA meM kAlakrama meM parivartana hotA rahA hai| ardhamAgadhI jaina AgamoM meM bhagavatIsUtra evaM anuyogadvArasUtra meM pratyakSa anumAna, aupamya aura Agama aise cAra pramANa pratipAdita kiye gae haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM inhIM jaina jJAnadarzana 193

Page #207
- cAra pramANoM ko hetu zabda se abhihita kiye gaye haiM / isI sUtra meM anyatra vyavasAya zabda se abhihita karate hue pramANoM ke tIna bheda batAe gae haiN| 1. pratyakSa, 2. prAtyayika aura 3. anugAmI / isa prakAra jaina AgamoM meM kahIM cAra aura kahIM tIna pramANoM ke ullekha milate haiM / AgamoM meM jina cAra yA tIna pramANoM kA ullekha huA hai, ve kramazaH nyAyadarzana evaM sAMkhyadarzana ko bhI mAnya rahe haiM / cAhe ina pramANoM ke svarUpa evaM bheda-prabheda vivecanAoM meM aMtara ho, kintu nAmoM ke saMdarbha meM koI matabheda nahIM hai| pratyakSa pramANa ke bhedoM ke saMbaMdha meM jainoM ne nyAyadarzana kA anukaraNa na karake apanI hI dRSTi se carcA kI hai aura vahA~ pratyakSa ke "kevala" aura "no kevala " aise do vibhAga kie gae haiM / yahI donoM vibhAga paravartI jaina nyAya ke graMthoM meM bhI saka pratyakSa aura vikala pratyakSa ke rUpa meM upalabdha hote haiM / anuyogadvArasUtra meM indriyajJAna ko pratyakSa mAnakara usake indriya pratyakSa aura noindriya pratyakSa mAnasa pratyakSa aise do bheda kie haiN| isa prakAra pratyakSa pramANa kA ullekha hote hue bhI usake bheda-prabheda kI apekSA se jaina darzana aura nyAya darzana meM matabheda hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina AgamoM meM pramANa ke jo cAra bheda kiye gae haiM, ve hI cAra bheda bauddha graMtha upAyahRdaya meM bhI milate haiM / ( atha katividhaM caturvidhaM prmaannm| pratyakSamanumAnapupamAnamAgamazceti - upAyahRdaya, pR. 13) upAyahRdaya ko yadyapi cInI srota nAgArjuna kI racanA mAnate hai, kiMtu jahA~ nAgArjuna vaidalyasUtra meM evaM vigrahavyAvartanI meM pramANa evaM prameya kA khaNDana karate haiM, vahA~ upAyahRdaya meM ve unakA maNDana kareM, yaha saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotA, phira bhI yaha graMtha bauddha nyAya kA prAcIna graMtha hone ke sAtha-sAtha nyAyadarzana aura jainoM kI Agamika pramANa vyavasthA kA anusaraNa karatA pratIta hotA hai / yahA~ eka vizeSa mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha bhI hai ki jainagrantha anuyogadvArasUtra, bauddhagrantha upAyahRdaya, nyAyadarzana aura sAMkhyadarzana meM anumAna pramANa ke pUrvavat, zeSavat aura dRSTasAdharmyavat - aise tIna bheda bhI samAna rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM / yahI jJAtavya hai ki, bauddhagrantha upAyahRdaya nyAyasUtra aura sAMkhyadarzana meM dRSTasAdharmyavat ke sthAna para 'sAmAnyatodRSTa' zabda kA ullekha huA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya nyAyazAstra ke prArambhika vikAsa ke kAla meM jaina, bauddha, nyAya evaM sAMkhya darzana meM kucha ekarUpatA thI, jo kAlAMtara meM nahIM rahI / pramANa saMkhyA ko lekara jahA~ jaina paramparA meM kAlakrama meM aneka parivartana hue haiM vahA~ bauddha paramparA meM upAyahRdaya ke pazcAt eka sthiratA parilakSita hotI hai / upAyahRdaya ke pazcAt diGnAga se lekara paravartI sabhI bauddha AcAryoM ne pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do hI pramANa mAne haiM / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 194

Page #208
pramANoM kI saMkhyA ko lekara jaina paramparA meM hameM tIna prakAra kI avadhAraNAeM milatI haiN| sarvaprathama Agama yuga meM jaina paramparA meM cAra pramANa svIkAra kie gae the| usake pazcAt tattvArthasUtra (2rI-3rI zatI) meM pramANa ke pratyakSa evaM parokSa aise do bheda kiye gye| siddhasena divAkara (cauthI zatI) ne apane nyAyAvatAra meM Agamika yuga ke aupamya ko alaga karake tIna pramANa hI svIkAra kie| tattvArthasUtra meM pAMca jJAnoM ko pramANa kahakara mati aura zruta jJAna ko parokSa pramANa ke rUpa meM tathA avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA thaa| umAsvAmi kA pramANavAda vastutaH Agamika paMca jJAnavAda se prabhAvita hai| jabaki siddhasena kI pramANa vyavasthA AgAmika evaM anya darzanoM ke pramANavAda se prabhAvita hai| siddhasena ke pazcAt aura akalaMka ke pUrva taka haribhadra Adi jaina AcArya pratyakSa, anumAna Agama ye tIna pramANa hI mAnate rahe, kintu lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI meM akalaMka ne sarvaprathama smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka ko pramANa mAnakara jaina darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA chaH nirdhArita kii| akalaMka ne apane graMthoM meM smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko svataMtra pramANa siddha karane ke lie aneka tarka bhI prastuta kie haiN| unake pazcAt siddharSi, vidyAnanda, prabhAcandra, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra Adi jaina AcAryoM ne apanI-apanI kRtiyoM meM vistAra se smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka kA svataMtra pramANya sthApita kiyA hai| vistAra bhaya se yahA~ una tarkoM ko prastuta karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| phira bhI yaha jJAtavya hai ki akalaMka, vidyAnanda, prabhAcandra, vAdidevasari Adi ne bauddhAcAryoM dvArA smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnane kA aneka yuktiyoM se khaNDana kiyA hai| jahA~ taka Agama pramANa kA prazna hai, bauddha vaizeSikoM ke samAna hI isakA aMtarbhAva anumAna pramANa meM karate haiN| jabaki jaina use svatantra pramANa mAnate haiM, kintu yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ke samAna hI dharmakIrti bhI zabda ko pauruSeya mAnate haiN| phira bhI ve use svataMtra pramANa nahIM maante| jabaki jaina dArzanika akalaMka, prabhAcandra, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra Adi ne Agama ko svataMtra pramANa mAnane ke saMdarbha meM aneka yuktiyA~ dI haiM, sAtha hI bauddhoM dvArA Agama ko anumAna meM samAhita karane ke dRSTikoNa kI vistRta samIkSA bhI kI hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA yaha vaiziSTya hai ki unhoMne smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura Agama kA parokSapramANa meM antarbhAva karake bhI pratyeka ko svataMtra rUpa se pramANa mAnA hai| sampUrNa bhAratIya darzanoM meM smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko svataMtra rUpa se pramANa kA sthAna denA kevala jainadarzana kA hI vaiziSTya hai| anya darzanoM ne inakI upayogitA ko to svIkAra kiyA, kintu unheM svataMtra pramANa hone kA gaurava nahIM diyaa| jaina jJAnadarzana 195

Page #209
prameya kA svarUpa evaM samIkSA jahA~ taka prameya kA prazna haiM, jaina darzana meM utpAdavyayaghrauvyalakSaNayukta sAmAnya, vizeSAtmaka aura dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu tattva yA artha ko hI samasta pramANoM kA viSaya mAnA hai| jaina dArzanika bauddha dArzanikoM ke samAna alaga-alaga pramANoM ke lie alaga-alaga prameyoM kI vyavasthA nahIM karate haiN| vastutaH jahA~ bauddha pramANavyavasthAvAdI haiM vahA~ jaina pramANasaMplavavAdI haiN| bauddha darzana meM prameya do haiM1. svalakSaNa aura 2. sAmAnya lakSaNa / punaH unake anusAra pratyakSa pramANa kA viSaya svalakSaNa artha arthAt paramArthasat hai aura anumAna pramANa kA viSaya sAmAnyalakSaNa yA saMvRttisat hai| yadyapi bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti svalakSaNa ko hI eka mAtra prameya mAnate haiM, kyoMki usI meM arthakriyAsAmarthya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne dharmakIrti ke darzana ko vijJAnAdvaitavAda mAnA hai, vijJAnAdvaitavAdI hone ke kAraNa dharmakIrti ke mata meM paramArthasat to eka hI haiM ataH prameya bhI bhinna-bhinna nahIM ho sakate haiM, yadi sAmAnyalakSaNa ko prameya kahA jAyegA to vaha to kAlpanika aura avastu rUpa hai, vaha prameya nahIM ho sakatA hai| punaH jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai prameya yA artha jaba bhI pratibhAsita hotA hai, vaha sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka hI hotA hai| dravya se rahita paryAya aura paryAya se rahita dravya kI anubhUti nahIM hai, usI prakAra sAmAnya se rahita vizeSa aura vizeSa se rahita sAmAnya kI bhI kahIM anubhUti nahIM hai| vyaSTi meM samaSTi aura samaSTi meM vyaSTi anasyUta haiM, ataH bauddha dArzanikoM kA sAmAnyalakSaNa prameya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha vastusat yA svalakSaNa nahIM hai| punaH akalaMka kA kahanA hai ki mAtra svalakSaNa bhI prameya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usakA bhI alaga se kahIM bodha nahIM hotA hai aura na vaha abhidheya hotA hai| ataH pramANa kA viSaya yA prameya to sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu hI haiN| punaH bauddhoM ne jise svalakSaNa kahA use yA to kSaNika mAnanA hogA yA nitya mAnanA hogA, kintu ekAMta kSaNika aura ekAMta nitya meM bhI arthakriyA sambhava nahIM haiM, jabaki svalakSaNa ko arthakriyA meM samartha honA cAhie, ataH jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki nityAnitya yA utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka vastu hI prameya ho sakatI hai| yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki bauddha dArzanika bhI paramatattva, paramArtha yA svalakSaNa ko na to nitya mAnate haiM aura na anitya mAnate haiN| jaina aura bauddha darzana meM mAtra antara yaha hai ki jahA~ jaina darzana vidhimukha se use nityAnitya, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka kahatA hai, vahA~ bauddha darzana usake saMbaMdha meM niSedhamukha se yaha kahatA hai ki vaha sAmAnya bhI nahIM hai aadi| prameya ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM donoM meM jo antara hai vaha pratipAdana kI vidhimukha aura niSedhamukha zailI kA hai| isa prakAra donoM darzanoM me pramANa aura prameya ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM kvacit samAnatAe~ aura kvacit bhinnatAyeM haiN| 196 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #210
upasaMhAra bauddha aura jaina pramANamImAMsA meM jo samAnatAe~ aura asamAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakA saMkSipta ullekha Avazyaka hai - 1. jaina aura bauddha darzana donoM hI do pramANa mAnate haiM, kintu jahAM jainadarzana pramANa ke isa dvividha meM pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do pramANoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vahA~ bauddha darzana pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do pramANa svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra pramANa ke dvividhavargIkaraNa ke saMbaMdha meM ekamata hote hue bhI unake nAma aura svarUpa ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| donoM darzanoM meM pratyakSa pramANa to samAna rUpa se svIkRta haiM, kintu dUsare pramANa ke rUpa meM jahA~ bauddha anumAna kA ullekha karate haiM, vahA~ jaina parokSa pramANa kA ullekha karate haiM aura parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bhedoM meM eka bheda anumAna pramANa mAnate haiN| pratyakSa ke atirikta parokSapramANa meM ve smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura Agama ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| 2. bauddhadarzana meM svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa nAmaka do prameyoM ke lie do alaga-alaga pramANoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai, kyoMki unake anusAra svalakSaNa kA nirNaya pratyakSa pramANa se hotA hai| kintu jaina darzana vastutattva ko sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka mAnakara yaha mAnatA hai ki jisa prameya ko kisI eka pramANa se jAnA jAtA hai use anya-anya pramANoM se bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai, arthAt sabhI prameya sabhI pramANoM ke viSaya ho sakate haiM, jaise agni ko pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM pramANoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne bauddhadarzana ko pramANavyavasthAvAdI aura jainadarzana ko pramANasaMplavavAdI kahA hai| 3. pramANalakSaNa ke saMbaMdha meM bhI donoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ aura kucha matabheda haiN| pramANa kI avisaMvAdakatA donoM ko mAnya haiM, kintu avisaMvAdakatA ke tAtparya ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| jahA~ jainadarzana avisaMvAdakatA kA artha jJAna meM Atmagata saMgati aura jJAna aura usake viSaya (artha) meM vastugata saMgati aura usakA pramANoM se abAdhita honA mAnatA hai, vahIM bauddhadarzana avisaMvAdakatA kA saMbaMdha arthakriyA se jor3atA hai| bauddha darzana meM avisaMvAdatA kA artha hai arthakriyAsthiti, avaMcakatA aura arthpraapktaa| isa prakAra donoM darzanoM meM avisaMvAditA kA abhiprAya bhinna-bhinna hai| dUsare bauddhadarzana meM avisaMvAditA ko sAMvyavahArika stara para mAnA gayA hai| jabaki jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki aviMsavAditA pAramArthika stara para honA caahie| pramANa ke dUsare lakSaNa anadhigata artha kA grAhaka honA, akalaMka Adi kucha dArzanikoM ko to mAnya hai, kintu vidyAnanda Adi kucha jaina dArzanika ise pramANa kA Avazyaka lakSaNa nahIM mAnate haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 197

Page #211
4. jaina aura bauddha donoM darzana isa saMbaMdha meM ekamata haiM ki pramANa jJAnAtmaka hai | ve jJAna ke kAraNa yA hetu (sAdhana) ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM, phira bhI jahA~ jaina dArzanika pramANa ko vyavasAyAtmaka mAnate haiM vahA~ bauddha dArzanika kama se kama pratyakSa pramANa ko to nirvikalpaka mAnakara vyavasAyAtmaka nahIM mAnate haiM / 5. bauddha darzana meM jahA~ pratyakSa pramANa ko nirvikalpaka aura anumAna pramANa ko savikalpaka mAnA gayA hai / vahA~ jaina darzana donoM hI pramANoM ko savikalpa mAnatA hai, kyoMki unake anusAra pramANa vyavasAyAtmaka yA nizcayAyAtmaka hI hotA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki pramANa jJAna hai aura jJAna sadaiva sAmAnyavizeSaNAtmaka aura savikalpaka hI hotA hai / jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM darzana aura jJAna meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| yahAM darzana ko sAmAnya evaM nirvikalpaka pratyakSa vastutaH jainoM kA "darzana" hai / 6. jainadarzana meM siddhasena divAkara ne pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM ko hI abhrAnta mAnA hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana meM pratyakSa ko abhrAnta tathA anumAna ko bhrAnta kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra pratyakSa kI abhrAntatA to donoM ko svIkArya hai, kintu anumAna kI abhrAntatA ke saMbaMdha meM donoM meM vaimatya ( matabheda ) hai / jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jo bhrAnta ho, use pramANa kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? 7. bauddhadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko abhrAnta kahakara use pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, jabaki jainadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko, jise ve apanI pAribhASika zailI meM "darzana" kahate haiM, pramANa kI koTi meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / jainoM ke yahA~ darzana pramANa nahIM hai kyoMki vaha mAtra anubhUta hai, nirNIta nahIM / jaina darzana ke anusAra pramANa vyavasAyAtmaka hone se savikalpaka hI hotA hai nirvikalpaka darzana arthAt bauddhoM kA nirvikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| 8. 198 pramANa kI paribhASA ko lekara bhI donoM meM kathaMcit matabheda dekhA jAtA hai / bauddha darzana meM pramANa ko sva prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai, para kA prakAzaka nahIM / kyoMki unake yahA~ yogAcAra darzana meM artha arthAt pramANa kA viSaya (prameya) bhI vasturUpa na hokara jJAna rUpa hI hai| jabaki jaina darzana meM pramANa ko sva para arthAt apanA aura apane artha kA prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai / (svaparavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam) jainoM ke anusAra pramANa svayaM apane ko aura viSaya ko donoM ko hI jAnatA hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM hI darzana " pratyakSa" ko kalpanAjanya to nahIM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #212
mAnate haiM, kintu kalpanA rahita hone kA tAtparya hai vastusat arthAt vastugatasattA (Objective Reality) honA hai, jabaki bauddha darzana meM kalpanA rahita hone kA artha anubhUta sat yA AtmagatasattA (Subjective Reality) hai| 9. bauddha dArzanika anumAna ke do bheda karate haiM, svArtha aura praarth| jaina dArzanika bhI anumAna ke ina donoM bhedoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, kiMtu jainadArzanika siddhasena nyAyAvatAra meM pratyakSa ke bhI svArtha aura parArtha aise do bheda karate haiN| siddhasena divAkara ke atirikta kucha anya jaina AcAryoM jaise zAMtisUri evaM vAdidevasUri ne bhI ina bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 10. pratyakSapramANa ke svarUpa evaM bhedoM ko lekara bhI donoM meM matabheda dekhA jA sakatA hai| prathama to jaisA ki pUrva meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai jahA~ bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa ko kalpanA se rahita aura nirvikalpaka mAnate haiM vahA~ jaina dArzanika use savikalpaka kahate haiN| punaH bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa ke jainoM ke samAna sAMvyavahArika aura pAramArthika aise do bheda nahIM karate haiN| unake yahA~ pratyakSa ke bheda haiM - 1. svasaMvedanA pratyakSa 2. indriya pratyakSa 3. mAnasa pratyakSa aura 4. yogaja prtykss| prathama to jahA~ jaina iMdriya pratyakSa aura mAnasa pratyakSa ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahate haiM, vahA~ bauddha pratyakSa meM aisA koI vibhAjana nahIM krte| punaH jahA~ jaina darzana meM iMdriya aura mAnasa pratyakSa ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-aise cAra bheda kie gae hai vahA~ bauddha darzana meM aisA koI ullekha nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM atIndriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM yogaja pratyakSa ko rakhA gayA hai jabaki jaina darzana meM atIndriya jJAna yA pAramArthika pratyakSa ke rUpa meM avadhijJAna, manaH paryayajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko rakhA gayA hai| jahA~ taka bauddha svasaMvedana kA prazna hai, jainoM ne use darzana kahA hai| isa prakAra pratyakSa ke svarUpa aura prakAroM ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| 11. punaH pratyakSa pramANa ke aMtargata indriya pratyakSa meM jahA~ bauddha dArzanika zrotendriya aura cakSu-indriya donoM ko aprApyakArI mAnate haiM, vahA~ jaina dArzanika kevala cakSu- indriya ko hI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| jainoM ke anusAra zrotendriya zabda kA grahaNa indriya samparka hone ke AdhAra para hI karatI haiM, dUra se nahIM karatI hai| isa prakAra zrotendriya kI prApyakAritA ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| ratnaprabha kI ratnAkarAvatArikA meM aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para zrotendriya ko prApyakArI siddha kiyA gayA hai| kintu cakSu-indriya ko donoM kI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 199

Page #213
12. hetu ke kAraNa ko lekara bhI donoM paramparAoM meM matabheda dekhA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ bauddha dArzanika trairUpya hetu arthAt pakSadharmatva, sapakSasattva, vipakSa-asattva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahA~ jaina dArzanika sAdhyasAdhana avinAbhAva arthAt anyathAnupalabdhi ko hI hetu kA ekamAtra lakSaNa batAte haiN| jaina dArzanika pAtrakesarI ne to etadartha trilakSaNakadarzana nAmaka svataMtra graMtha kI hI racanA kI thii| 13. anupalabdhi ko jahA~ bauddha dArzanika mAtra niSedhAtmaka yA abhAva rUpa mAnate haiM, vahA~ jaina dArzanika use vidhi-niSedha rUpa mAnate haiN| 200 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #214
jaina darzana kA nayasiddhAMta kathana kA vAcyArtha aura naya zabdoM athavA kathana ke sahI artha ko samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki zrotA na kevala vaktA ke zabdoM kI ora jAye, apitu usake abhiprAya ko bhI samajhane kA prayatna kre| aneka bAra samAna padAvalI ke vAkya bhI vaktA ke abhiprAya, vaktA kI kathanazailI aura tAtkAlika sandarbha ke AdhAra para bhinna artha ke sUcaka ho jAte haiN| vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhane ke lie jaina AcAryo ne naya aura nikSepa aise do siddhAnta prastuta kiye haiN| naya aura nikSepa ke siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta uddezya yahI hai ki zrotA vaktA ke dvArA kahe gaye zabdoM athavA kathanoM kA sahI artha jAna ske| naya kI paribhASA karate hue jaina AcAryoM ne kahA hai ki 'vaktA ke kathana kA abhiprAya' hI naya kahA jAtA hai| kathana ke samyak artha nirdhAraNa ke lie vaktA ke abhiprAya ko evaM tAtkAlika sandarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| naya siddhAnta hameM vaha paddhati batAtA hai, jisake AdhAra para vaktA ke Azaya evaM kathana ke tAtkAlika sandarbha (Context) ko samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa ke bhI pUrva kI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM naya evaM nikSepa hI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa ho jAtI haiM, jabaki vahA~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| tattvArtha ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA 'arpitAnArpite siddhe' sUtra bhI mUlataH naya-siddhAnta arthAt sAmAnya evaM vizeSa dRSTi kA hI sUcaka hai| Agamika vibhajyavAda evaM dArzanika nayavAda kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI Age syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa huA hai| yadi hama gambhIratApUrvaka dekheM to jainoM ke naya, nikSepa, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI - ina sabhI siddhAntoM kA sambandha bhASA-darzana evaM artha-vijJAna (Science of meaning) se hai| nayoM kI avadhAraNA ko lekara jainAcAryo ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vaktA kA abhiprAya athavA vaktA kI kathana zailI yA abhivyakti zailI hI naya hai to phira nayoM ke kitane prakAra hogeM? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue AcArya siddhasena dvArA jaina jJAnadarzana 201

Page #215
kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana-pakSa (kathana karane kI zailiyA~) ho sakatI hai, utane hI nayavAda ho sakate haiN| vastutaH nayavAda bhASA artha-vizleSaNa kA siddhAnta hai| bhASAyI abhivyakti ke jitane prArUpa ho sakate haiM utane hI naya ho sakate haiM, phira bhI moTe rUpa se jaina darzana meM do, pA~ca aura sapta nayoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai| yadyapi ina sAta nayoM ke atirikta nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya tathA dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya kA bhI ullekha jaina granthoM meM hai, kintu ye naya mUlataH tattvamImAMsA yA adhyAtmazAstra se sambandhita hai| jabaki naigama Adi sapta naya mUlataH bhASA-darzana se sambandhita hai| naya aura nikSepa donoM hI siddhAnta yadyapi zabda evaM kathana ke vAcyArtha (Meaning) kA nirNaya karane se sambandhita hai, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai| nikSepa mUlataH zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai, jabaki naya vAkya yA kathana ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina darzana meM nayoM kA vivecana tIna rUpoM meM milatA hai - (1) nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya (2) dravyArthikanaya aura paryAyArthikanaya tathA (3) naigamAdi sptny| bhagavatIsUtra Adi AgamoM meM nayoM ke prathama evaM dvitIya vargIkaraNa hI-varNita haiM, jabaki samavAyAMga, anuyogadvAra, nandIsUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra meM nayoM kA tRtIya vargIkaraNa naigamAdi ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai, isakA bhASya mAnya pATha naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra evaM zabda aise pA~ca nayoM kA ullekha karatA hai, jabaki sarvArthasiddhi mAnya pATha naigama Adi sAta nayoM kA ullekha karatA hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya mUlataH jJAna paraka dRSTikoNa se sambandhita hai| ve vastu svarUpa ke vivecana kI zailiyA~ hai, jabaki dravyArthika aura paryAyarthika naya vastu ke zAzvata pakSa aura parivartanazIla pakSa kA vicAra karate hai| sapta nayoM kI carcA meM jahA~ taka naigamAdi prathama cAra nayoM kA prazna hai ve mUlataH vastu ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa svarUpa kI carcA karate haiN| jabaki zabdAdi tIna naya vastu kA kathana kisI prakAra se kiyA gayA hai- yaha batAte haiN| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya ___ jJAna kI prApti ke tIna sAdhana haiM - (1) aparokSAnubhUti, (2) indriyajanyanubhUti aura (3) buddhi| inameM aparokSAnubhUti yA AtmAnubhUti nizcayanaya kI aura indriyAnubhUti yA buddhi vyavahAranaya kI pratIka hai| tattvamImAMsA meM sat ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke lie pramukha rUpa se nizcaya aura vyavahAra ye do dRSTikoNo ke AdhAra para hotI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sat apane Apa meM eka pUrNatA hai, anantatA hai| indriyAnubhUti, buddhi, bhASA aura vANI, apanI-apanI sImA ke kAraNa ananta guNa dharmAtmaka sat 202 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #216
ke ekAMza kA hI grahaNa kara pAte haiM, yahI ekAMza kA bodha naya kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sat ke ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai, ve sabhI naya kahalAte haiN| nayoM kA svarUpa jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sat kI abhivyakti ke lie bhASA ke jitane prArUpa (kathana ke DhaMga) ho sakate haiM, utane hI naya, vAda, athavA dRSTikoNa ho sakate haiN| vaise to jaina darzana meM nayoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai, lekina moTe taura para nayoM ke do bheda kiye jAte haiM - jinheM 1. nizyacanaya aura 2. vyavahAranaya kahate haiN| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya meM sabhI nayoM kA antara bhAva ho jAtA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM ina donoM nayoM kA pratipAdana bar3e hI rocaka rUpa meM kiyA gayA haigautamasvAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchate haiM ki bhagavan pravAhI gur3a meM kitane rasa, varNa, gandha aura sparza hote haiM? mahAvIra kahate haiM ki gautama meM isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se detA huuN| vyavahAranaya se to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai, lekina nizcayanaya se unameM pA~ca varNa, pA~ca rasa, do gandha aura ATha sparza hote hai| vastutaH nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTiyoM kA vizleSaNa yaha batAtA hai ki vastu tattva na kevala utanA hI hai, jitanA indriyoM ke mAdhyama se vaha hameM pratIta hotA hai athavA buddhi usake svarUpa kA nizcaya kara pAtI hai| sat svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie indriyAnubhUtijanyajJAna aura buddhijanyajJAna usake vyAvahArika pakSa ko hI pakar3a pAte haiM, kyoMki buddhi bhI bhASA para AdhArita hai aura bhASA kA zabda bhaNDAra ati sImita hai| isI prakAra aparokSAnubhUti bhI yA Atmika anubhUti bhASA aura buddhi nirapekSa hotI hai| jise arntadRSTi yA prajJA kahA jAtA hai| nizcayanaya aparokSAnubhUti para aura vyavahAranaya indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika jJAna para nirbhara karatI hai| isa prakAra vyavahAranaya bhI indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika vimarza donoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM jJAna aura usakI abhivyakti ke indriyAnubhUtijanyajJAna, bauddhikajJAna aura AtmikajJAna aise jJAna ke tIna vibhAga bhI kiye gaye hai| ThIka isI prakAra bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM bhI parikalpita, parataMtra aura pariniSapanna aise jJAna ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| bauddha darzana kA zUnyavAda bhI ise mithyA saMvRtti, tathya aura paramArtha aise tIna rUpoM meM vyakta karatA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne bhI inheM hI pratibhASita satya, vyavahArika satya aura pAramArthika satya aise tIna vibhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika jJAnaM vyavahAra pakSa ko pradhAnatA dete haiM, ataH inako milA dene para do vidhAe~ hI zeSa rahatI hai- vyavahAra (vyavahAranaya) aura paramArtha (nishcyny)| jaina jJAnadarzana 203

Page #217
pAzcAtya - paramparA meM jJAna kI hI vidhAe~ - nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya na kevala bhAratIya darzanoM meM, varan pAzcAtya darzanoM meM bhI pramukha rUpa se vyavahAra aura paramArtha ke dRSTikoNa svIkRta rahe haiN| DaoN. candradhara zarmA ke anusAra bhI pazcimI darzanoM meM bhI vyavahAra aura paramArtha dRSTikoNoM kA yaha antara sadaiva hI mAnA jAtA rahA hai| vizva ke sabhI mahAna dArzanikoM ne ise kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| herAkliTasa ke (Kato) aura Ano pAramenIDIja ke mata (Opinon) aura satya (Truth), sukarAta ke mata meM rUpa aura AkAra (Word and Form), pleTo ke darzana meM saMvedana (Sense) aura pratyaya (Idea), arastU ke padArtha (Matter) aura cAlaka (Mover) spinojA ke dravya (Substance) aura paryAya (Modes), kAMTa ke prapaMca (Phenomenal) aura tattva, hegala ke viparyaya aura nirapekSa tathA braiDale ke AbhAsa (Appearance) aura sat (Reality) kisI na kisI rUpa meM usI vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa karate haiN| bhale hI inameM nAmoM kI bhinnatA ko, lekina unake vicAra inhIM do dRSTikoNoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| yahA~ yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki jahA~ taka vyavahAra kA prazna hai, usake jJAna ke sAdhana indriyA~, mana aura buddhi haiM, aura ye tIno sImita aura sApekSa hai| isalie samasta vyavahArika jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki eka bhI kathana aura usakA artha aisA nahIM hai jo naya zUnya ho, sArA jJAna dRSTikoNoM para AdhArita hai, yahI dRSTikoNa mUlataH nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kahe jAte haiN| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha ___ tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi sat ke usa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jo sat kI trikAlAbAdhita svabhAvadazA aura svalakSaNa hai, jo paryAya yA parivartanoM meM bhI sattA ke sAra ke rUpa meM banA rahatA hai| nizcayadRSTi abhedagAmI sattA ke zuddhasvarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai aura usake para-nirapekSa svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karatI hai| jabaki vyavahAranaya pratIti ko AdhAra banAtI hai ataH vaha vastu ke para-sApekSa svarUpa kA vivecana karatA hai| nizcayanaya vastu yA AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa yA svabhAva lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karatA hai jo para se nirapekSa hotA hai| jabaki vyavahAranaya para-sApekSa pratIti rUpa vastu svarUpa ko batAtA hai| AtmA karma-nirapekSa zuddha, buddha, nitya, mukta hai - yaha nizcaya naya kA kathana hai, jabaki vyavahAranaya kahatA hai ki saMsAra dazA meM AtmA karmamUla se lipta hai, rAga-dveSa evaM kASAyika bhAvoM se yukta hai| pAnI sva-svarUpataH zuddha hai yaha nizyacanaya hai| pAnI meM kacarA hai, miTTI hai vaha gandA hai yaha vyavahAranaya hai| 204 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #218
tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi sattA ke usa pakSa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha pratIta hotI hai| vyavahAradRSTi bhedagAmI hai aura sat ke Agantuka lakSaNoM yA vibhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai| sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai| vyavahAranaya deza aura kAla sApekSa hai| vyavahAradRSTi ke anusAra AtmA janma bhI letI hai aura maratI bhI hai, vaha bandhana meM bhI AtI hai aura mukta bhI hotI hai| AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara __ jaina paramparA meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya nAmaka do nayoM yA dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| ve tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana - donoM kSetroM para lAgU hotI haiM, phira bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi kA pratipAdana bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM huA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI isa antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, ve tattvajJAna aura AcAra-donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gaI haiN| sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI taraha jaina-darzana meM bhI tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM kA samAveza hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM meM hotA hai, lekina sAmAnyataH zAstrAbhyAsI isa antara ko jAna nahIM paataa| tAttvika nizcayadRSTi aura AcAraviSayaka nizcayadRSTi - donoM eka nahIM hai| yahI bAta ubhayaviSayaka vyavahAradRSTi kI bhI hai| tAtvika nizcaya dRSTi zuddha vizcaya dRSTi hai, aura AcAra viSayaka nizcaya dRSTi azuddha nizcayanaya hai| isI prakAra tAtvika vyavahAra dRSTi bhI AcAra sambandhI vyavahAra dRSTi se bhinna hai| yaha antara dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| dravyArthika aura paryAyarthika naya / __ jaina darzana ke anusAra sattA apane Apa meM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yukta hai| usakA dhrauvya (sthAyI) pakSa aparivartanazIla hai aura usakA utpAda-vyaya kA pakSa parivartanazIla hai| sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravyArthika naya aura parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya darzanoM meM sattA ke usa aparivartanazIla pakSa ko (Being) aura parivartanazIla ko (Becoming) bhI kahA gayA hai| sattA kA vaha pakSa jo tInoM kAloM meM eka rUpa rahatA hai, jise dravya bhI kahate haiM usakA bodha dravyArthika naya se hotA hai, aura sattA kA vaha pakSa jo parivartita hotA rahatA hai use paryAya kahate haiM, usakA kathana paryAyArthika naya hI hai| jJAna mImAMsA kI dRSTi se yaha parivartanazIla pakSa bhI do rUpoM meM kAma karatA hai, jinheM svabhAva paryAya aura vibhAva paryAya ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jisameM svabhAva paryAyavasthA ko prApta karanA hI usakA naitika Adarza hai| svabhAva paryAya tattva ke nijaguNoM ke kAraNa hotI hai, jaina jJAnadarzana 205

Page #219
evaM anya tattvoM se niparekSa hotI hai, isake viparIta vibhAva paryAya anya tattva se sApekSa vibhAva paryAya hotI hai| AtmA meM jJAtA draSTA bhAva yA jJAtA draSTA kI avasthA svabhAva paryAya rUpa hotI hai / krodhAdibhAva vibhAva paryAyarUpa hote hai / parivartanazIla svabhAva evaM vibhAva paryAyoM ko kathana vyavahAra naya hotA hai / jabaki sattArUpa AtmA ke jJAtA draSTA nAyaka guNa kA kathana nizcaya naya se hotA hai / naigama Adi saptanaya yaha vargIkaraNa apekSAkRta eka paravartI ghaTaka hai / tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabdanaya aise pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiN| ye pA~coM bheda digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama meM bhI ullekhita hai / tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha meM usake pazcAt naigamanaya ke do bheda aura zabdanaya ke do bheda bhI kiye gaye haiN| paravartIkAla meM zabda naya ke ina do bhedoM ko mUla pATha meM samAhita karake sarvArtha siddhi mAnya pATha meM nayoM ke naigama Adi sapta nayoM kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai| digambara paramparA isa sarvArthasiddhi mAnya pATha ko AdhAra mAnakara ina sAta nayoM kI hI carcA karatA hai| vartamAna meM to zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM ina saptanayoM kI carcA hI mukhya rUpa se milatI hai / ina sAta nayoM meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra ina cAra nayoM ko arthanaya arthAt vastu svarUpa kA vivecana karane vAle aura zabda samabhirUr3ha aura evaM bhUta ina tIna nayoM ko zabdanaya arthAt vAcya ke artha kA vizleSaNa karane vAle kahA gayA hai / arthanaya kA saMbaMdha vAcya - viSaya (vastu) se hotA hai / ataH ye naya apane vAcya viSaya kI carcA sAmAnya aura vizeSa ina pakSoM ke AdhAra para karate haiM / jabaki zabdanaya kA saMbaMdha vAcyArtha (Meaning) se hotA hai / Age hama ina naigama Adi saptanayoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA kreNge| naigamanaya ina sapta nayoM meM sarvaprathama naigamanaya AtA hai / naigamanaya mAtra vaktA ke saMkalpa ko grahaNa karatA hai / naigamanaya kI dRSTi se kisI kathana ke artha kA nizcaya usa saMkalpa athavA sAdhya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai jise vaktA vaha batAnA cAhatA hai| naigamanaya sambandhI prakathanoM meM vaktA kI dRSTi sampAdita kI jAne vAlI kriyA ke antima sAdhya kI aura hotI hai / vaha karma ke tAtkAlika pakSa para dhyAna na dekara karma ke prayojana kI aura dhyAna detI hai| prAcIna AcAryo ne naigamanaya kA udAharaNa dete hue batAyA hai ki jaba koI vyakti stambha ke lie kisI jaMgala se lakar3I lene jAtA hai aura usase jaba pUchA jAtA hai ki bhAI tuma kisalie jaMgala jA rahe ho? to vaha kahatA hai maiM stambha lene jA rahA hU~ / vastutaH vaha jaMgala se stambha jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 206

Page #220
nahIM apitu stambha banAne kI lakar3I hI lAtA hai| lekina usakA saMkalpa yA prayojana stambha banAnA hI hai| ataH vaha apane prayojana ko sAmane rakhakara hI vaisA hI kathana karatA hai| hamArI vyAvahArika bhASA meM aise aneka kathana hote haiM jaba hama apane bhAvI saMkalpa ke AdhAra para hI vartamAna vyavahAra kA pratipAdana karate haiN| DaoNkTarI meM par3hane vAle vidyArthI ko usake bhAvI lakSya kI dRSTi se DaoNkTara kahA jAtA hai| naigamanaya ke kathanoM kA vAcyArtha bhUta para AdhArita bhaviSyakAlIna sAdhya yA saMkalpoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| jaise- pratyeka bhAdrakRSNA aSTamI ko kRSNajanmASTamI khnaa| yahA~ vartamAna meM bhUtakAlIna ghaTanA kA upacAra kiyA gayA hai| saMgrahanaya bhASA ke kSetra meM aneka bAra hamAre kathana vyaSTi ko gauNa kara samaSTi ke AdhAra para hote haiN| jainAcAryo ke anusAra jaba vizeSa yA bhedoM kI upekSA karake mAtra sAmAnya lakSaNoM yA abheda ke AdhAra para jaba koI kathana kiyA jAtA hai to vaha saMgrahanaya kA kathana mAnA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jaba koI vyakti yaha kahe ki 'bhAratIya garIba haiM to usakA yaha kathana vyakti vizeSa para lAgU na hokara sAmAnyarUpa se samagra bhAratIya janasamAja kA vAcaka hotA hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jAti prajJApanIya bhASA satya mAnI jAye athavA asatya mAnI jAye yA vyakti vizeSa ke AdhAra para satya yA asatya mAnI jaaye| jAti prajJApanIya bhASA meM samagra jAti ke sambandha meM guNa, svabhAva Adi kA pratipAdana hotA hai, kintu aise kathanoM meM apavAda kI sambhAvanA se iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sAmAnya yA jAti ke sambandha meM kiye gaye kathana usI vyakti ke sambandha meM satya bhI hote hai aura kabhI asatya bhI hote haiN| ataH yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi usa kathana ke apavAda upasthita haiM to use satya kisa AdhAra para kahA jaay| udAharaNa ke lie yadi koI kahe ki striyA~ bhIrU (Darapoka) hotI haiM, to yaha kathana sAmAnyatayA strI jAti ke sambandha meM to satya mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu kisI strI vizeSa ke sambandha meM yaha satya hI ho, aisA Avazyaka nahIM haiN| ataH saMgraha naya ke AdhAra para kiye gaye kathana jaise - 'bhAratIya garIba haiM' athavA striyA~ bhIrU hotI haiM, samaSTi ke sambandha meM hI satya ho sakate haiM, unheM usa jAti ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi koI isa sAmAnya vAkya se yaha niSkarSa nikAle ki sabhI bhAratIya garIba haiM aura bir3alA bhAratIya hai, isalie bir3alA garIba hai, to usakA yaha niSkarSa satya nahIM hogaa| sAmAnya yA samaSTigata kathanoM kA artha samudAya rUpa se hI satya hotA hai| yaha samaSTi yA jAti ke pRthaka-pRthaka vyaktiyoM ke sambandha meM satya bhI ho sakatA hai aura asatya bhI ho sakatA hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 207

Page #221
saMgrahanaya hameM yahI saMketa karatA hai ki samaSTigata kathanoM ke tAtparya ko samaSTi ke sandarbha meM hI samajhane kA hI prayatna karanA cAhie aura usake AdhAra para usa samaSTi ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM koI niSkarSa nahIM nikAlanA cAhie / vyavahAranaya vyavahAranaya sAmAnya garbhita vizeSa para bala detA hai / vyavahAranaya ko hama upayogitAvAdI dRSTi bhI kaha sakate haiN| vaise, jaina AcAryo ne ise vyakti pradhAna dRSTikoNa bhI kahA hai| artha prakriyA ke sambandha meM yaha naya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kucha vyaktiyoM ke sandarbha meM nikAle gae niSkarSo evaM kathanoM ko samaSTi ke artha meM satya nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie / sAtha hI vyavahAra naya kathana ke zabdArtha para na jAkara vaktA kI bhAvanA yA lokaparamparA (abhisamaya) ko pramukhatA detA hai / vyavahAra bhASA ke aneka udAharaNa haiM / jaba hama kahate haiM ki ghI ke ghar3e meM laDDU rakhe haiM yahA~ ghI ke ghar3e kA artha ThIka vaisA nahIM hai jaisA ki miTTI ke ghar3e kA artha hai / yahA~ ghI ke ghar3e kA tAtparya vaha ghar3A hai jisameM pahale ghI rakhA jAtA thA / I RjusUtranaya RjusUtranaya ko mukhyataH paryAyArthika dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdaka kahA jAtA hai aura use bauddha darzana kA samarthaka batAyA jAtA hai / RjusUtranaya vartamAna sthitiyoM ko dRSTi meM rakha kara koI prakathana karatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'bhAratIya vyApArI prAmANika nahIM hai' yaha kathana kevala vartamAna sandarbha meM hI satya ho sakatA hai / isa kathana ke AdhAra para hama bhUtakAlIna aura bhaviSyakAlIna bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ke caritra kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara sakate / RjusUtranaya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para kathita koI bhI vAkya apane tAtkAlika sandarbha meM hI satya hotA hai, anya kAlika sandarbhoM meM nahIM / jo vAkya jisa kAlika sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai usake vAkyArtha kA nizcaya usI kAlika sandarbha meM honA cAhie / zabdanaya naya siddhAnta ke uparyukta cAra naya mukhyataH zabda ke vAcya viSaya (artha) se sambandhita hai, jabaki zeSa tIna nayoM kA sambandha zabda ke vAcyArtha (Meaning) se hai / zabdana yaha batAtA hai zabdoM kA vAcyArtha usakI kriyA yA vibhakti ke AdhAra para bhinna-bhinna ho sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara thA' aura 'banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara hai' ina donoM vAkyoM meM banArasa zabda kA vAcyArtha bhinna-bhinna. hai / eka bhUtakAlina banArasa kI bAta kahatA hai, to dUsarA vrtmaankaaliin| isI prakAra 'kRSNa ne mArA' isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha kRSNa nAmaka vaha vyakti hai jisane kisI ko mArane kI kriyA sampanna kI hai| jabaki 'kRSNa ko jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 208

Page #222
mArA'- isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha vaha vyakti hai jo kisI ke dvArA mArA gayA hai| zabdanaya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki zabda kA vAcyArtha kAraka, liMga, upasarga, vibhakti, kriyA-pada Adi ke AdhAra para badala jAtA hai| samabhirUr3hanaya bhASA kI dRSTi se samabhirUr3hanaya yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki abhisamaya yA rUr3hi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke paryAyavAcI zabda yathA - nRpa, bhUpati,bhUpAla , rAjA Adi apane vyutpatyArtha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna artha ke sUcaka hai| jo manuSya kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha nRpa kahA jAtA hai| jo bhUmi kA svAmI hotA hai, vaha bhUpati hotA hai| jo zobhAyamAna hotA hai vaha rAjA kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra paryAyavAcI zabda apanA alaga-alaga vAcyArtha rakhate hue bhI abhisamaya yA rUr3hi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke vAcaka mAna lie jAte haiM, kintu yaha naya paryAyavAcI zabdoM yathAindra, zukra, purandara meM vyutpatti kI dRSTi se artha-bheda mAnatA hai| evaMbhUtanaya __evaMbhUtanaya zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa mAtra usake vyutpattiparaka artha ke AdhAra para karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie koI rAjA jisa samaya zobhAyamAna ho rahA hai usI samaya rAjA kahA jA sktaa| eka adhyApaka usI samaya adhyApaka kahA jA sakatA hai jaba vaha adhyApana kA kArya karatA hai| yadyapi vyavahAra jagata meM bhinna prakAra ke hI zabda prayoga kiye jAte hai| jo vyakti kisI samaya adhyApana karatA thaa| apane bAda meM jIvana meM vaha cAhe koI bhI pezA apanA le 'mAsTara jI' ke hI nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa naya ke anusAra jAtivAcaka, vyaktivAcaka, guNavAcaka, saMyogI-dravya-zabda Adi sabhI zabda mUlataH kriyAvAcaka hai| zabda kA vAcyArtha kriyA zakti kA sUcaka hai| ataH zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa usakI kriyA ke AdhAra para karanA caahie| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina AcAryo kA naya-siddhAnta yaha prayAsa karatA hai ki para vAkya prArUpoM ke AdhAra para kathanoM kA zrotA ke dvAra samyak artha grahaNa kiyA jaay| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kisI zabda athavA vAkya kA abhipreta artha kyA hogaa| yaha bAta usa kathana ke prArUpa para nirbhara karatI hai jisake AdhAra para vaha kathana kiyA jAtA hai| naya-siddhAnta yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki kathana ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa bhASAyI saMracanA evaM vaktA kI abhivyakti zailI para AdhArita hai aura isalie yaha kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana patha haiM utane hI nayavAda hai| naya-siddhAnta zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa aikAntika dRSTi se na karake usa samagra pariprekSya meM karatA hai jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 209

Page #223
nizcaya ( paramArtha) aura vyavahAra : kisakA Azraya leM? cAhe tatvajJAna kA kSetra ho yA AcaraNa kA, bauddhika vizleSaNa hamAre sAmane yathArthatA yA satya ke do pahalU upasthita kara detA hai, eka vaha jaisA ki hameM dikhAI par3atA hai aura dUsarA vaha jo isa dikhAI par3ane vAle ke pIche hai; eka vaha jo pratIta hotA hai, dUsarA vaha jo isa pratItI ke AdhAra meM hai| hamArI buddhi svayaM kabhI bhI isa bAta se santuSTa nahIM hotI hai ki jo kucha pratItI hai vahI usI rUpa meM satya hai varan vaha svayaM hI usa pratItI ke pIche jhA~kanA cAhatI hai| vaha vastutattva ke indriyagamya sthUla svarUpa se santuSTa nahIM hokara usake sUkSma svarUpa taka jAnA cAhatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM dRzya se hI santuSTa nahIM hokara usakI taha taka praveza pAnA yaha mAnavIya buddhi kI naisargika pravRtti hai| jaba vaha apane isa prayAsa meM vastutatva ke pratIta hone vAle svarUpa aura usa pratItI ke pIche rahe hue svarUpa meM antara pAtI hai, to svayaM hI svataH prasUta isa dvividhA meM ulajha jAtI hai ki inameM se yathArtha kauna hai ? pratItI kA svarUpa yA pratItI ke pIche rahA huA svarUpa? vyavahAra aura paramArtha dRSTikoNa kI svIkRti Avazyaka kyoM? tatvajJAna kI dRSTi se sat ke svarUpa ko lekara mukhyataH do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI hai, eka tatvavAda aura 2. aneka ttvvaad|' eka tatvavAdI vyavasthA meM paramatatva eka yA advaya mAnA jAtA hai| yadi parama tatva eka hai to prazna uThatA hai yaha nAnArUpa jagata kahA~ se AyA ? yadi anekatA yathArtha hai to vaha eka aneka rUpa meM kyoM aura kaise ho gayA? yadi ekatva hI yathArtha hai to isa pratItI ke viSaya meM nAnArUpAtmaka jagata kI kyA vyAkhyA? ye aise prazna haiM, jinakA samucita uttara ekatatvavAda nahIM de sktaa| isI prakAra dvitatvavAdI yA aneka tatvavAdI dArzanika mAnyatAe~ una do yA aneka tatvoM kA pArasparika sambandha spaSTa karane meM asaphala ho jAtI hai kyoMki sattAoM ko eka dUsare se svatantra mAnakara unameM pArasparika sambandha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| advaitavAda yA ekatvavAda isa nAnArUpAtmaka jagat kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakatA aura dvitatvavAda yA aneka tatvavAda una do athavA aneka sattAoM meM 210 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #224
pArasparika sambandha nahIM batA sktaa| eka ke lie anekatA ayathArtha hotI hai, dUsare ke lie unakA sambandha ayathArtha hotA hai / lekina indriyAnubhava se anekatA bhI yathArtha dikhatI hai aura sattAoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI yathArtha dikhatA hai, ataH inheM jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA / ekatatvavAda yA advaitavAda meM anekatA kI samasyA kA aura aneka tatvavAda meM unake pArasparika sambandhoM kI samasyA kA ThIka nidAna nahIM miltaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki dArzanikoM ko apanI vyAkhyAoM ke lie satya ke sambandha meM dRSTikoNoM (nayoM) kA avalambana lenA hI par3A aura jina dArzanikoM ne dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lene se inkAra kiyA ve ekAMgI banakara raha gaye / inheM indriyajanya saMvedanAtmaka jJAna aura tArkika cintanAtmaka jJAna meM se kisI eka ko ayathArtha kahakara tyAganA par3A / cArvAka yA bhautikavAdiyoM ne vastutatva yA sat ke indriyapradatta jJAna ko hI yathArtha samajhA aura buddhi kI vidhAoM yA vikalpoM se pradatta jJAna ko jo indriyAnubhUti para kharA nahIM utaratA thA, ayathArtha khaa| dUsarI ora kucha vicArakoM ne usa indriyagamya jJAna ko ayathArtha kahA jo ki bauddhika vizleSaNa meM kharA nahIM utaratA hai aura buddhi- pradatta jJAna ko hI yathArtha maanaa| lekina yaha samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM thA / sambhavataH isa dArzanika samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prathama prayAsa jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM parilakSita hotA hai / . mahAvIra ne kahA ki na to indriyajanya anubhUti hI asatya hai aura na buddhi pradatta jJAna hI asatya hai| eka meM vastutatva yA sat kA vaha jJAna hai jisa rUpa meM vaha hamArI indriyoM ko parilakSita hotA hai athavA jisa rUpa meM hamArI indriyA~ use grahaNa kara pAtI haiM, dUsare meM vastutatva yA sat kA vaha jJAna hai ki jisa rUpa meM vaha hai| jainAgamoM ke anusAra pahalI lokadRSTi yA vyavahAra naya hai / aura dUsarI paramArtha dRSTi yA nizcayanaya hai| lokadRSTi yA vyAvahArikadRSTi sthUla tatvagrAhI hai, vaha hameM yaha batAtI hai ki tatva yA sattA ko janasAdhAraNa kisa rUpa meM samajhatA hai / " jabaki paramArtha dRSTi yA nizcayanaya sUkSma tatvagrAhI hai, vaha hameM yaha batAtI hai ki sattA kA buddhipradatta vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai? jaise pRthvI sapATa hai yA sthira hai yaha vyavahAranaya yA lokadRSTi hai, kyoMki vaha hameM isa rUpa meM pratIta hotI hai yA hamArA vyavahAra aisA mAnakara hI calatA rahatA hai| jabaki pRthvI gola hai yA calatI hai yaha nizcaya dRSTi hai arthAt vaha isa rUpa meM hai / donoM meM se ayathArtha to kisI ko kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA kyoMki eka indriya pratItI ke rUpa meM satya hai yA indriyagamya satya hai aura dUsarA buddhi niSpanna satya hai yA buddhigamya satya hai / yaha to sattA (Reality) ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM aura inameM se ayathArtha yA mithyA koI bhI nahIM hai| donoM hI apane-apane kSetra meM satya hai / yadyapi donoM meM koI bhI eka, svatantra rUpa meM vastu tatva yA sattA kA pUrNa svarUpa pragaTa nahIM karatI hai / jaina jJAnadarzana 211

Page #225
vastutaH sattA yA tatva (Reality) apane Apa meM hI eka pUrNatA haiM, anantatA hai aura ananta ke ananta pakSoM kA pragaTana vANI aura bhASA ke mAdhyama se sambhava nahIM ho sakatA hai| indriyAnubhUti, bhASA aura vANI sabhI ananta ke ekAMza ko grahaNa kara pAtI hai / vahI ekAMza kA bodha naya kahalAtA hai| usake ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai ve sabhI naya (Standpoints) kahe jAte haiM aura isIlie jaina vicArakoM ne kaha diyA thA ki jitane vacana ke prakAra athavA bhASA ke prArUpa ( kathana ke DhaMga ) ho sakate utane hI naya ke bheda haiM / lekina phira bhI jaina vicArakoM ne nayoM kA eka dvividha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA thA jisameM anya sabhI vargIkaraNa bhI antarbhUta hai / ' jainAgamoM bhagavatI sUtra meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya dRSTi kA pratipAdana bar3e hI rocaka DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| gautama bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchate haiM, bhante ! phANita-pravAha gur3a meM kitane rasa, varNa, gandha aura sparza hote haiM ? mahAvIra isake pratyuttara meM kahate haiM ki gautama ! maiM isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se detA hU~ / vyavahArika naya (lokadRSTi) kI apekSA se to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai, lekina nizcaya naya (vAstavika dRSTi) kI apekSA se usameM pA~ca rasa, pA~ca varNa, do gandha aura ATha sparza hote haiN| isa prakAra vahA~ aneka viSayoM ko lekara unakA nizcaya evaM vyavahAra dRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH yaha nizcaya evaM vyavahAra dRSTi kA vizleSaNa hameM yahI batAtA hai ki sat (Reality) na utanA hI hai jitanA vaha hameM indriyoM ke mAdhyama se pratIta hotA hai aura na utanA hI jitanA ki buddhi usake svarUpa kA nizcaya kara pAtI hai / jainAcaryoM ne satya ko samajhane kI ina donoM vidhiyoM kA prayoga na kevala tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM hI kiyA / varan AcAra darzana kI aneka gutthiyoM ke sulajhAne meM bhI inakA prayoga kiyA hai AcArya kundakunda ne Agamokta ina do nayoM (dRSTikoNoM) kA prayoga AtmA ke bandhana mokSa, kartRtva-akartRtva tathA naitika jIvana-praNAlI yA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke sambandha meM vistRta rUpa se kiyA hai aura inake AdhAra para tatvajJAna tathA AcAradarzana sambandhI aneka vivAdAspada praznoM kA samucita nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, AcArya kundakunda kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne nizcaya dRSTi ko bhI azuddha nizcaya dRSTi aura zuddha nizcayadRSTi aise do rUpoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai aura isa prakAra unake anusAra eka vyavahAranaya dUsarA nizcayanaya, tIsarA zuddha nizcayanaya aise tIna vibhAga banAye gye| isa prakAra sat ke nirUpaNa kI ina do dRSTiyoM ko darzana jagata meM prastuta karane aura unake AdhAra para dArzanika samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa karane kA prathama zreya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 212

Page #226
jainavicAraNA ko milanA caahie| phira bhI yaha jAna lenA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jainadarzana aura vedAntadarzana meM sat ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie ina zailiyoM kA khulakara prayoga huA hai| ajaina darzanoM meM sarvaprathama bauddha AgamoM meM hama do dRSTiyoM kA varNana pAte haiM, jahA~ unheM nItArtha aura neyArtha kahA gayA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne agutturanikAya meM kahA hai-bhikSuo! ye do tathAgata para mithyAropa karate haiM, kauna se do? jo neyyArtha-sUtra (vyavahArabhASA) ko nItArtha-sUtra (paramArthabhASA) karake pragaTa karatA hai aura nItArtha-sUtra (paramArthabhASA) ko neyyArtha-sUtra (vyavahArabhASA) karake pragaTa karatA hai| bauddha darzana kI do pramukha zAkhAoM-vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda-meM bhI tathatA yA sat ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie dRSTikoNoM kI ina zailiyoM kA upayoga huA hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda tIna dRSTikoNoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai (1) parikalpita (2) paratantra (3) prinisspnn| zUnyavAda meM nAgArjuna do dRSTikoNoM ko pratipAdana karate haiM- 1 lokasaMvRti satya aura 2 paramArtha satya / 3 candrakIrti ne lokasaMvRti ko bhI mithyAsaMvRti ina do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| isa prakAra zUnyavAda meM bhI 1. mithyAsaMvRti, 2. tathyasaMvRti aura 3. paramArtha, yaha tIna dRSTikoNa milate haiN| vedAntadarzana meM zaMkara ne bhI apane pUrvavartiyoM kI isa zailI ko grahaNa kiyA aura unheM 1. pratibhAsika satya, 2. vyavahArika satya aura 3. pAramArthika satya khaa| isa prakAra jainAgamoM ne jise vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya, paryAyArthikanaya aura dravyArthikanaya athavA abhUtArthanaya aura bhUtArthanaya kahA use hI bauddhAgamoM meM nItArtha aura neyArtha kahA gyaa| vijJAnavAdiyoM ne unheM paratantra aura pariniSpanna kahA aura zunyavAda meM unheM hI lokasaMvRti aura paramArtha nAma se batAyA gayA, jabaki zaMkara ne vyavahArika satya aura pAramArthika satya ke nAma se abhihita kiyaa| na kevala bhAratIya vicArakoM ne apitu aneka pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI vyavahAra aura paramArtha ke dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| hirekliTsa, pAramenAiDIsa, sAkreTIja, pleTo, arastU, spinojA, kAMTa, hegala aura breDale ne bhii| kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM ise mAnA hai| bhale hI unakI mAnyatAoM meM nAmoM kI bhinnatAyeM hI hoM, antatogatvA unake vicAra inhIM do nayoM arthAt vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI ora hI saMketa karate haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki zaMkara ke pratibhAsika, candrakIrti kI mithyAsaMvRti yA vijJAnavAda ke parikalpita dRSTikoNoM ke samarUpa kisI dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana jainAgamoM meM nahIM hai| yadi inakI tulanA kI jAnI ho, to vaha kisI sImA taka jaina vicAraNA meM mithyAdRSTi se kI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi donoM meM kAphI antara bhI hai| isI prakAra AcArya kundakunda kA azuddha nizcayanaya jaina jJAnadarzana 213

Page #227
vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI madhyasthiti kA dyotaka mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa sandarbha meM eka aura mahattvapUrNa antara jaina aura jainetara vicAraNAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai aura vaha yaha ki bauddha aura vedAnta vicAraNA meM vyavahAradRSTi yA lokasaMvRti ko paramArtha kI apekSA nimnastarIya mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jainadarzana ke anusAra vyavahAra aura nizcaya apane-apane svasthAnoM kI apekSA se samastarIya haiM / vastutaH unameM koI tulanA karanA hI anucita hai / jainadRSTi ke anusAra vyavahAranaya ke nirAkaraNa ke lie nizcayanaya kA avalambana hai, kintu nizcayanayAbalambana bhI kartavya kI itizrI nahIM, usake Azraya se AtmA ke svarUpa kA bodha karake use chor3ane para hI tatva sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai / vastutaH sattA kA paramasvarUpa vicAra kA viSaya nahIM hai / vaha to vizuddha anubhUti kA viSaya hai / vaha tatvadarzana hai, tatvajJAna nahIM hai / yadi vaha jJAna kahA jA sakatA hai to tatvadarzana yA vizuddha anubhUti AtmA para jo kucha cihna banAtI hai, vahI jJAna hai| jJAna apanI pUrNatA meM darzana yA anubhUti se pUrNa tAdAtmya kara letA hai usameM koI saMpaleSaNa yA vizleSaNa nahIM hotA, koI vikalpa nahIM hotA hai / sat kI yathArtha upalabdhi vikalpoM ke Upara uThane para hI sambhava hai / AcArya amRtacandra sUri likhate haiM " tatvavedI dRSTikoNa yA nayapakSa rUpI vana, jisameM vikalpa rUpI jAla uThate haiM, ko lAMghakara jo antara aura bAhya sabhI ora samarasa evaM ekarasa hai vahI svabhAvamAtra kI anubhUti karatA hai / tatvavedI to uThatI huI caMcala vikalpa rUpI laharoM aura una vikalpoM kI laharoM se pravartana hone vAle nayoM (dRSTikoNoM) ke indrajAla ko tatkAla dUra kara detA hai / " " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sattA ke yathArtha bodha ke lie na kevala vyavahAra yA nizcaya (paramArtha) dRSTikoNoM ko jAnanA hI paryApta hai varan unake bhI pare jAnA hotA hai jahA~ dRSTikoNoM ke samasta vikalpa zUnya ho jAte haiM / jaina vicAraNA ke uparokta dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI milatA hai / bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM pAyA jAne vAlA yaha vicArasAmya tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai / bauddha zUnyavAdI-paramparA ke prakhara dArzanika AcArya nAgArjuna, AcArya kundakunda aura unake TIkAkAra AcArya amRtacandrasUri ke sAtha samasvara ho kaha uThate haiM" - bhagavAna buddha ne samasta dRSTiyoM kI zUnyatA ( nayapakSakakSa rahitatA) kA upadeza diyA hai, jisakI zUnya hI dRSTi hai aisA sAdhaka hI paramatatva kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| Age paramatatva ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue ve kahate haiM - vaha paramatatva na zUnya hai, na azUnya hai, na donoM hai aura na donoM nahIM hai / zUnyavAdI bauddha dArzanika jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 214

Page #228
to parama tatva ko zUnya aura azUnya Adi kisI bhI saMjJA se abhihita karanA ucita nahIM samajhate kyoMki parama tatva ko zUnya azUnya, Adi kisI saMjJA se abhihita karanA use buddhi kI kalpanA ke bhItara lAnA hai| parama tatva to vicAra kI vidhAoM se pare hai, catuSkoTI vinirmukta hai, vikalpoM ke jAla se pare hai| gItA bhI kahatI hai 'parama tatva ke bodha ke lie vikalpoM ke janaka mana ko AtmA meM sthita karake kucha bhI cintana yA vikalpa nahIM karanA caahie| jisa sAdhaka ke mana meM vikalpoM kA yaha jvAra zAMta ho cukA hai aura jisake mana kI samasta caMcalatA samApta ho gaI hai, vahI yogI brahmabhUta, niSpApa aura uttama se yukta hotaa|" vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI AcAradarzana ke lie AvazyakatA isa prakAra AcAra darzana apane Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa sattA ke yathArtha svarUpa kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai vaha dRSTikoNoM yA nayoM ke dvArA prApta nahIM hotI, lekina nayapakSoM yA dRSTikoNoM se pratyutpanna vikalpoM ke samasta jAla ke vilaya hone para zuddha nirvikalpa samAdhi kI avasthA meM prApta hotA hai| yahI nirvikalpa samAdhi kI avasthA hI jaina, bauddha aura vedAnta ke AcAradarzana kA carama lakSya hai, jisameM sat sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| lekina sambhavataH yahA~ vidvatavarga yaha vicAra karegA ki yadi sAdhanA kA lakSya hI nayapakSoM yA vikalpoM se Upara uThanA hai, to phira AcAradarzana yA tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM nayapakSoM yA tatvadRSTiyoM ke nirUpaNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? lekina isa prazna kA samucita uttara jaina AcArya kundakunda aura bauddha zUnyavAdI dArzanika nAgArjuna bahuta pahale de gaye haiN| yadyapi sAdhanA kI pUrNatA yA yathArtha kI upalabdhi vikalpoM se athavA nayapakSoM se Upara uThane meM hI hai lekina yaha Upara uThanA unake hI sahAre sambhava hotA hai, vyavahAra ke sahAre paramArtha ko jAnA jAtA hai aura usa paramArtha ke sahAre usa nirvikalpa sattA kA bodha hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM jisa prakAra kisI anArya jana ko usakI anArya bhASA ke abhAva meM vastusvarUpa samajhAne meM koI bhI Aryajana saphala nahIM hotA, use yathArtha kA jJAna karAne ke lie usI kI bhASA kA abalambana lenA hotA hai, isI prakAra vyavahAra dRSTi ke abhAva meM vyavahAra jagata meM rahane vAle prANiyoM ko paramArtha ko bodha nahIM karAyA jA sktaa| AcArya kundakunda ke hI uparokta rUpaka ko hI lagabhaga samAna zabdoM meM hI zUnyavAdI bauddha AcArya nAgArjuna bhI prastuta karate hai| yahI nahIM, samakAlIna bhAratIya vicArakoM meM pro. hariyannA tathA pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale bhI (Reality) jJAna ke lie AbhAsa (vyavahAra Apearances) kI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, kintu vistAra bhaya se unake vistRta vicAroM ko yahA~ prastuta nahIM kara rahe haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 215

Page #229
vAstavikatA yaha hai ki vyavahAra ke binA paramArtha kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA aura paramArtha yA nizcayadRSTi kA bodha hue binA nirvANa rUpI naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sakatI / ataH pakSAtikrAnta naitika Adarza nirvANa tatva-sAkSAtkAra Atma-sAkSAtkAra ke lie paramArtha aura vyavahAra donoM ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, donoM ko jAnakara chor3a denA bhI Avazyaka hai| tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAra aura paramArtha kA antara jaina paramparA meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya nAmaka jina do dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, ve tatvajJAna aura AcAradarzana, donoM kSetroM ke lie svIkAra kI gaI haiM, phira bhI AcAradarzana aura tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcaya ( paramArtha) aura vyavahAra dRSTi kA pratipAdana bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM huA hai / paM. sukhalAla jI isa antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM-jaina paramparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM ve tatvajJAna aura AcAradarzana donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gaI haiN| idhara sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI taraha jainadarzana meM bhI tatvajJAna aura AcAra donoM kA samAveza hai / jaba nizcaya, vyavahAra ya kA prayoga tatvajJAna aura AcAra donoM meM hotA hai taba sAmAnya rUpa se zAstra cintana karane vAlA yaha antara jAna nahIM pAtA ki tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM kiyA jAne vAlA nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA prayoga AcAra ke kSetra meM kiye jAne vAle prayoga se bhinna hai aura bhinna pariNAma kA sUcaka bhI hai / tatvajJAna kI nizcayadRSTi AcAraviSayaka nizcayadRSTi donoM eka nahIM haiN| isI taraha ubhaya viSayaka vyavahAradRSTi ke bAre meM bhI samajhanA caahie| maiM itanA hI sUcita karanA cAhatA hU~ ki nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya yaha do zabda bhale hI samAna hoM, phira bhI tatvajJAna aura AcAra ke kSetra meM bhinna-bhinna abhiprAya se lAgU hote haiM ora hameM vibhinna pariNAmoM para pahu~cAte haiN|'' yaha dekhane ke pahale ki ina donoM meM yaha vibhinnatA kisa rUpa meM hai, hameM bhI dekha lenA hogA ki isa vibhinnatA kA kAraNa kyA hai? vastutaH AcaraNa kA sArA kSetra hI vyavahAra kA kSetra hai / tatvajJAna kI naizcayika ( pAramArthika ) dRSTi se to sArI naitikatA hI eka vyAvahArika saMkalpanA hai, yadi vizuddha pAramArthika dRSTi se bandhana aura mukti bhI vyavahArika satya hI Thaharate haiM, to phira AtmA ko bandhana meM mAnakara usakI mukti ke nimitta kiyA jAne vAlA sArA naitika AcaraNa bhI vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hI sambhava hai / AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jIva karma sebaddha hai tathA jIvana karma usakA sparza karatA hai yaha vyavahAranaya kA vacana hai, jIva karma se abaddha hai arthAt na baMdhatA hai aura na sparza karatA hai / yaha nizcaya (zuddha) naya kA kathana hai| arthAt AtmA kA baMdhana aura mukti yaha vyavahArasatya hai / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 216

Page #230
paramArtha-satya kI dRSTi se na to baMdhana hai aura na mukti kyoMki baMdhana aura mukti sApekSa pada hI haiN| yadi baMdhana nahIM to mukti bhI nhiiN| Age AcArya svayaM kahate haiM ki AtmA kA baMdhana aura abaMdhana yaha donoM hI dRSTi sApekSa haiM, naya pakSa haiM, parama tattva samayasAra (AtmA) to pakSAtikrAMta hai, nirvikalpa hai| isa prakAra samasta naitika AcaraNa vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hotA hai yadyapi jIvana kA Adarza ina samasta dRSTiyoM se pare nirvikalpAvasthA meM sthita hai| ataH AcAra ke kSetra meM nizcaya dRSTi kA pratipAdana naitikatA ke Adarzana nirvikalpAvasthA yA vItarAgadazA jise prasaMgAMtara se mokSa bhI kahA jAtA hai ki apekSA se hI huA hai, jabaki tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcaya dRSTi kA AdhAra bhinna hai| tatvajJAna kA kAma mAtra vyAkhyAoM kA prastutIkaraNa hai jabaki AcAra darzana kA kAma yathArthatA kI upalabdhi karA denA hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi kA kAma sattA ke usa yathArtha svarUpa kA pratipAdana karanA hotA hai jo deza kAla Adi se nirapekSa hai| nizcayadRSTi sattA ke usa yathArtha svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai jo sattA kI svabhAva dazA hai, usakA mUla svarUpa hai yA sva-lakSaNa hai, jo kisI deza-kAlagata parivartana meM bhI usake sAra ke rUpa meM banA rahatA hai| jaise nizcayadRSTi se AtmA jJAnasvarUpa hai, sAkSI hai, akartA hai| nizcayadRSTi dravyadRSTi hai jo sattA ke mUla tattva kI ora hI apanI nigAha jamAtI hai aura usakI paryAyoM para dhyAna nahIM detI hai| nizcayadRSTi se svarNAbhUSaNoM meM nihita svarNatva hI mUla vastu hai, phira cAhe vaha svarNa kaMkaNa ho yA mudrikA ho| nizcayadRSTi se donoM meM abheda hI hai, dUsare zabdoM meM nizcaya naya abheda gAmI hai| nizcaya dRSTi, dravya dRSTi yA isa abhedagAmI dRSTi se AtmA caitanya hI hai, anya kucha nhiiN| na vaha janma letA hai, na maratA hai, na vaha baddha hai, na vaha mukta hai, na vaha strI hai, na vaha purUSa hai, na vaha manuSya hai, na pazu hai, na deva hai, na nAraka hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi sattA ke usa pakSa kA pratipAdana karatI hai jisa rUpa meM vaha pratIta hotI hai, vaha sattA ke Agantuka lakSaNoM ko pragaTa karatI hai jo sthAyI nahIM hai varana kisI dezakAla meM usase saMyojita hae hai aura kisI dezakAla meM alaga ho jAne vAle haiN| sattA ke usa parivartanazIla pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai jo kSaNika hai, deza evaM kAla sApekSa hai| sattA kI vibhAva dazA kA vivecana karanA usake indriyagrAhya svarUpa kA vivecana karanA vyavahAra naya kA sImA kSetra hai jaise AtmA kartA hai, bhoktA hai, baddha hai, jJAnadarzana kI dRSTi se sImita hai| vyavahAra kI dRSTi ke anusAra AtmA janma letA hai aura maratA bhI hai, vaha bandhana meM bhI AtA aura mukta bhI hotA hai, vaha bAlaka bhI banatA hai aura vRddha bhI hotA hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 217

Page #231
AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA tattvajJAna ke kSetra se antara ___mahAprAjJa paM. sukhalAla jI ne AcAralakSI nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA nirUpaNa tattvalakSIya nizcaya (paramArtha) aura vyavahAra ke nirUpaNa se kisa prakAra bhinna hai, ise nimna AdhAroM para spaSTa kiyA hai - (1) AcAragAmI naizcayika dRSTi yA vyAvaharika dRSTi mukhyatayA mokSa puruSArtha kI dRSTi se vicAra karatI hai jabaki tatvanirUpaka nizcaya aura vyavahArika dRSTi kevala jagata ke svarUpa ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI pravRtta hotI hai| yadi ise spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAve to hama kaha sakate hai ki tattva nirUpaNa kI dRSTi meM 'kyA hai' yaha mahattvapUrNa hai jabaki AcAranirUpaNa meM kyA honA cAhie yaha mahattvapUrNa hai| vastutaH tattvajJAna kI vidhAyaka (Positive) vyAkhyAtmaka prakRti hI tathA Adarza darzana kI niyAmaka (Normative) yA Adarza mUlaka prakRti hI inameM yaha antara banA detI hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi yaha batAtI hai ki sattA kA mUla svarUpa kyA hai? usakA sAra kyA hai? aura vyavahAra dRSTi yaha batAtI hai sattA kisa rUpa meM pratIta ho rahI hai, usakA indriyagrAhya sthUla svarUpa kyA hai? usakA AkAra kyA hai? jabaki AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi kartA ke prayojana athavA karma kI AdarzonmukhatA ke AdhAra para usakI zubhAzubhatA kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai| nizcayanaya meM AcAra kA bAhya svarUpa mahatvapUrNa nahIM hotA varan usakA antara svarUpa hI mahAtvapUrNa hotA hai| isake viparIta AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAra dRSTi ke anusAra samAcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para adhika vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| ___(2) AcAra darzana aura tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya ke sambandha meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM naizcayika dRSTi-sammata tattvoM kA svarUpa hama sabhI sAdhAraNa jijJAsu kabhI bhI pratyakSa nahIM kara pAte, hama aise kisI vyakti ke kathana para zraddhA rakhakara hI vaisA svarUpa mAnate haiM, jisane tattvasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA ho| jabaki AcAra ke bAre meM aisA nahIM hai koI jAgarUka sAdhaka apanI Antarika sata-asat vRttiyoM ko va unakI tIvratA aura mandatA ke tAratamya ko sIdhA pratyakSa kara sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM naizcayika AcAra kA pratyakSa vyakti svayaM ke lie sambhava hai jabaki naizcayika tattva kA sAkSAtkAra pratyeka vyakti ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| hamArI sat-asat vRttiyoM kA hameM sIdhA pratyakSa hotA hai, ve hamArI Antarika anubhUti kA viSaya haiM jabaki tattva ke nizcaya svarUpa kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa sambhava nahIM hotA hai, vaha to mAtra buddhi kI khoja hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM paryAyoM se pRthaka zuddha vastu tattva kI upalabdhi sAdhAraNa rUpa meM sambhava nahIM hotI hai jabaki AcAra ke kSetra meM samAcaraNa se pRthak Antarika vRttiyoM kA hameM anubhava hotA hai| 218 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #232
(3) tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcaya dRSTi AtmA ke bandhana, mukti, kartRtva, bhokttRva Adi pratyayoM ko mahatva nahIM detI hai, ve usake lie gauNa hote haiM kyoMki ve AtmA kI paryAya dazA ko hI sUcita karate haiN| jabaki AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi meM to bandhana aura mukti AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva aisI maulika dhAraNAeM haiM jise vaha svIkAra karake hI Age bar3hatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya kundakunda evaM anya jainAcAryoM ne nizcaya meM do bheda svIkAra kie haiN| AcArya kundakunda tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM prayukta hone vAle nizcayanaya (paramArthadRSTi) ko zuddha nizcayanaya kahate haiM jabaki AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi ko azuddha kahate haiN| anya AcAryoM ne nizcayanaya ke dravyArthika nizcayanaya aura paryAyArthika nizcayanaya aise do vibhAga kiye haiN| isameM dravyArthika nizcayanaya tattvadarzana ke kSetra meM upayoga kI jAne vAlI nizcayadRSTi hai jabaki paryAyArthika nizcayanaya AcAra darzana ke kSetra meM upayoga kI jAne vAlI nizcayadRSTi hai| dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika nayoM kI dRSTi se naitikatA kA vicAra isI tathya ko jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra eka dUsarI prakAra se bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM dravyayArthika aura paryAyArthika aise do dRSTikoNa yA naya bhI svIkAra kie gae haiN| sAMkhyadarzana pariNAmavAda ko mAnatA hai lekina vaha kevala prakRti kI dRSTi se, jabaki jaina darzana jar3a aura cetana ubhaya parama tatvoM kI dRSTi se pariNAmavAda mAnatA hai| sat kA eka pakSa vaha hai jisameM vaha pratikSaNa badalatA rahatA hai jabaki dUsarA pakSa vaha hai jo ina parivartanoM ke pIche hai| jainadarzana usa aparivartanazIla zAzvata pakSa ko apanI pUrvamAnyatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara letA hai lekina naitikatA kI sArI sambhAvanA evaM sArI vivecanA to isa parivartanazIla pakSa ke lie hai - naitikatA eka gatyAtmakatA hai, eka prakriyA hai, eka honA hai (Becoming) jo parivartana kI dazA meM hI sambhava hai| usa aparivartanIya pakSa kI dRSTi se jo mAtra (Being) hai, koI naitika vicAraNA sambhava hI nhiiN| jaina vicAraNA yahI bhI nahIM kahatI hai ki hamArA naitika Adarza parirtanazIlatA (becoming) se aparivartanazIlatA (being) kI avasthA ko prApta karanA hai kyoMki yadi sat svayaM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyaguNa yukta hai to phira mokSa avasthA meM yaha guNa rheNge| jaina vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM AtmA kA pariNAmIpana svIkAra karatI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra parivartana yA paryAya (Mode) do prakAra ke hote haiM- eka svabhAva paryAya yA sarUpa-parivartana (Homogenous changes) aura dUsare vibhAvaparyAya yA virUpa-parivartana (Hetrogenous changes) hote haiN| jaina naitikatA kA Adarza mAtra AtmA ko vibhAva paryAya kI avasthA se svabhAva paryAya meM lenA hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 219

Page #233
isa prakAra jaina naitikatA sat ke dravyArthika pakSa ko apanI vivecanA kA viSaya na banAkara sat paryAyArthika pakSa ko apanI vivecanA kA viSaya banAtI hai| jisameM svabhAva paryAyAvasthA ko prApta karanA hI usakA naitika Adarza hai| svabhAvaparyAya yA sarUpa-parivartana ve avasthAeM haiM jo vastutatva ke nija guNoM ke kAraNa hote haiM evaM anya tatva se nirapekSa hote haiN| isake viparIta anya tatva se sApekSa parivartana-avasthAeM vibhAvaparyAya hotI haiN| ataH naitikatA ke pratyaya kI dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM ki AtmA kA sva svabhAva dazA meM rahanA yaha naitikatA kA nirapekSa hai| ise hI AcAralakSI nizcayanaya kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jainadRSTi se sAre naitika samAcaraNa kA sAra yA sAdhya yahI hai, jise kisI anya kA sAdhana nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yahI svalakSya mUlya (end in itself) hai| zeSa sArA samAcaraNa isI ke liye hai, ataH sAdhana rUpa hai, sApekSa hai aura sAdhana rUpa hone ke kAraNa mAtra vyavahArika naitikatA hai| AcAra darzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA artha AcAra ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya kA artha __ jaina AcAra darzana kA naitika Adarza mokSa hai, ataeva jo AcAra sIdhe rUpa meM mokSa lakSI hai vaha naizcayika arthAt samAcaraNa kA vaha pakSa jisakA sIdhA sambandha hamAre bandhana aura mukti se hai, naizcayika AcAra hai| vastutaH bandhana aura mukti kA sIdhA kAraNa samAcaraNa kA bAhya svarUpa nahIM hotA varan vyakti kI Abhyantara manovRttiyAM hI hotI hai ataH ve caitasika tatva yA Abhyantara manovRttiyAM jo hamAre bandhana aura mukti kA sIdhA kAraNa banatI hai AcAra darzana ke kSetra meM nizcaya naya yA paramArtha dRSTi ke sImA kSetra meM AtI hai| mithyAtva aura kaSAya athavA rAga, dveSa aura moha kI tripuTI kA sambandha hamAre naizcayika AcAra se hai| saMkSepa meM samAcaraNa kA Antar pakSa AcAralakSI nizcayanaya kA sImA kSetra hai| naitika nirNayoM kI vaha dRSTi jo bAhya samAcAraNa yA kriyAkalApoM se nirapekSa mAtra kartA ke prayojana ko lakSya meM rakhakara zubhAzubhatA vicAra karatI hai, nizcaya dRSTi hai| AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM bhI naizcayika AcAra sadaiva hI eka hotA hai| naizcayika dRSTi se jo zubha hai vaha sadaiva hI zubha hai, jo azubha hai vaha sadaiva azubha hai| deza, kAla evaM vyaktika bhinnatAoM meM bhI usameM vibhinnatAeM nahIM hotI hai| vaicArika yA manojanya adhyavasAyoM kA zubhatva aura azubhatva deza-kAlagata bhedoM se nahIM badalatA, usameM apavAda ke liye koI sthAna nahIM hotA hai| vyavahArika naitikatA meM yA samAcaraNa ke bAhya bhedoM meM bhI usakI ekarUpatA banI raha sakatI hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM naizcayika AcAra kI (eka hI) bhUmikA para vartamAna eka hI vyakti anekavidha vyavahArika AcAroM meM se gujaratA hai| yahI nahIM, isake viparIta 220 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #234
samAcaraNa kI bAhya ekarUpatA meM bhI naizcayika dRSTi AcAra kI bhinnatA ho sakatI hai / vastutaH AcAra darzana ke kSetra meM naizcayika AcAra vaha kendra hai jisake AdhAra se vyavahArika AcAra ke vRtta banate haiM / eka kendra se khIMce gaye aneka vRtta bAhya rUpa se bhinna -bhinna pratIta hote hue bhI apane kendra kI dRSTi se eka hI rUpa mAne jAte haiM, unameM paridhigata vibhinnatA hote hue bhI kendragata ekatA hotI hai| jainadRSTi ke anusAra nizcaya AcAra sAre bAhya AcaraNa kA kendra hai, sAra hotA hai | 20 1 AcAra darzana ke kSetra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke sahI mUlyAMkana ke liye hama eka dUsarI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kara sakate haiM / AcAra darzana meM nizcaya dRSTi yA paramArtha dRSTi naitika samAcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana usake Antara pakSa, prayojana yA usakI lakSyonmukhatA ke AdhAra para karatI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to yaha eka vaiyaktika dRSTi se hI jo vyakti ke samAcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana usake lakSya kI dRSTi se karatI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra naizcayika naitikatA samAcaraNa ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa kA adhyayana karatI hai, lekina naitikatA mAtra saMkalpa hI nahIM hai / naitika jIvana ke lie saMkalpa atyanta Avazyaka, anivArya tatva hai lekina mAtra aisA saMkalpa jisameM samAcaraNa (Performance) kA prayAsa na ho, saccA saMkalpa nahIM hotA / isalie naitika jIvana ke lie saMkalpa nahIM hotaa| isalie naitika jIvana ke lie saMkalpa ko mAtra saMkalpa nahIM rahanA cAhie varan kArya rUpa meM pariNata bhI honA cAhie yahI saMkalpa kI kArya rUpa meM pariNati naitikatA kA dUsarA pakSa - prastuta karatI hai| mAtra saMkalpa to vyakti taka sImita ho sakatA hai, usakA samAja para koI prabhAva nahIM hotA, vaha samAja nirapekSa ho sakatA hai, lekina saMkalpa ko jaba kArya rUpa meM pariNata kiyA jatA hai, to vaha mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM rahatA hai varan sAmAjika bana jAtA hai| ataH naitikatA kA vicAra kevala naizcayika yA pAramArthika dRSTi para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / aisA naitika mUlyAMkana mAtra AMzika hogA, apUrNa hogA / ataH naitikatA ke samucita mUlyAMkana ke lie naitikatA meM bAhya yA sAmAjika pakSa para bhI vicAra karanA hogA, lekina yaha sImA kSetra AcAralakSI nizcaya naya kA nahIM varan vyavahAra naya kA hai| AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAra naya kA artha naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAra dRSTi vaha hai jo samAcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para bala detI haiM usameM ekarUpatA nahIM vividhatA hotI / DaoN. sukhalAla jI saMghavI ke zabdoM meM vyavahArika AcAra aisA eka rUpa nahIM naizcayika AcAra kI bhUmikA se niSpanna aise bhinna-bhinna deza-kAla-jAti-svabhAva - ruci Adi ke anusAra kabhI-kabhIparaspara dikhAI dene vAle AcAra vyavahArika AcAra kI koTi meM gine jAte haiN| "21 jaina jJAnadarzana 221

Page #235
vyavahArika AcAra deza, kAla evaM vyakti sApekSa hotA hai, usakA svarUpa parivartanazIla hotA hai| vaha to una paridhiyoM ke samAna hai jo samakendraka hote hue deza (space) meM alaga hotI hai| AcAra darzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi kartA ke prayojana ko gauNa kara karmapariNAmoM ko lokadRSTi se vicAra karatI hai| vaha yaha batAtI hai ki dezakAlagata naitikatA kyA hai, kisa deza aura kisa kAla meM samAcaraNa ke niyamoM kA bAhya svarUpa kyA hogA? isakA nizcaya naitikatA kI vyavahAra dRSTi karatI hai| vaha deza, kAla evaM naiyaktika paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para naitika samAcaraNa ke bAhya svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| jahA~ taka samAcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva ke mUlyAMkana karane kA prazna hai AcaraNa ke Abhyantara pakSa yA kartA ke prayojana ke AdhAra para unake zubhatva aura azubhatva kA mUlyAMkana naitikatA kI nizcaya dRSTi karatI hai jabaki AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa yA usake phala ke AdhAra unake zubhatva aura zubhatva nizcaya naitikatA kI vyavahAra dRSTi karatI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra karmoM ke isa dvividha mUlyAMkana meM hI usakA samucita mUlyAMkana sambhava hotA hai, yadyapi yaha bhI sambhava hai ki koI karma nizcaya dRSTi se zuddha yA naitika hote hue bhI vyavahAradRSTi se azuddha yA anaitika ho sakatA hai| jaise-sAdhu kA vaha vyavahAra jo zuddha manobhAva aura Agamika AjJAoM ke anukUla hote hue bhI yadi lokanindA yA lokaghRNA kA kAraNa hai to vaha nizcayadRSTi se zuddha hote hue bhI vyavahAradRSTi se azuddha hai| isI prakAra koI karma yA samAcaraNa kA rUpa vyavahAradRSTi se zuddha yA naitika pratIta hote hue bhI nizcayadRSTi se azubha yA anaitika ho sakatA hai, jaise phalAkAMkSA se kiyA huA tapa athavA paropakAra, yaha vyavahAra dRSTi se zubha hote hue bhI nizcaya dRSTi se azubha hai| jaina AcAra darzana isa tathya ko svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika samAcaraNa meM mAtra Antara pakSa yA kartA prayojana hI paryApta nahIM hai, lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi se bAhya AcaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| yahI nahIM, aisA sAdhaka jisane naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi kara lI hai use-vyavahAra kI dRSTi kA AcaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| nizcaya naitikatA kA svarUpa naitikatA ke naizcayika yA pAramArthika svarUpa kI carcA karane ke pUrva punaH yaha batA denA Avazyaka hai ki prathamataH vizuddha dravyArthikanaya yA zuddha jo ki tattvamImAMsA kI eka vidhi hai, jaba naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayukta kI jAtI hai to vaha do bAteM prastuta karatI hai - 1. - naitika Adarza yA sAdhya kA zuddha svarUpa, 2. - naitikatA sAdhya kA naitika sAdhanA se abhed| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 222

Page #236
hameM isa sambandha meM bhI spaSTa rahanA cAhie ki naitika sAdhya vaha sthiti hai ki jahA~ Akara naitikatA svayaM samApta ho jAtI hai kyoMki usake Age koI pAnA nahIM hai, koI cAhie nahIM hai aura isalie koI naitikatA nahIM hai| kyoMki naitikatA ke lie 'cAhie' yA 'Adarza' Avazyaka hai, ataH naitika sAdhya usa sthAna para sthita hai jahA~ tatvamImAMsA aura AcAra darzana milate hai, ataH naitika sAdhya kI vyAkhyA zuddha nizcayanaya, vizuddha parAmArthika dRSTi se hI sambhava hai| vastutaH to vaha avAcya evaM nirvikalpa avasthA hai| dUsarI ora naitika sAdhya pUrNatA kI vaha sthiti hai ki jaba hama usa sAdhya kI bhUmikA para sthita hokara vicAra karate haiM, to vahA~ sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanApatha kA abheda ho jAtA hai kyoMki jaba Adarza upalabdha ho jAtA hai to Adarza, Adarza nahIM rahatA aura sAdhaka, sAdhaka nahIM rahatA, na sAdhanApatha; sAdhanApatha hI rahatA hai| naitika pUrNatA kI avasthA meM sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanApatha kA vibheda Tika nahIM pAtA hai| yadi sAdhaka hai to usakA sAdhya hogA aura yadi koI sAdhya hai to phira naitika pUrNatA kaisI? sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA sApekSika pada haiM, yadi eka hai to dUsarA hai| sAdhya ke abhAva meM na sAdhaka, sAdhaka hotA hai aura na sAdhanApatha, saadhnaapth| usa avasthA meM to mAtra vizuddha sattA hai, AtmA hai| yadi pUrvAvasthA kI dRSTi se upacAra rUpa meM kahanA ho, to kaha sakate haiM ki usa dRSTi se sAdhya bhI AtmA hai, sAdhaka bhI AtmA hai aura jJAna, darzana aura cAritra rUpa sAdhanA patha bhI AtmA hai| tIsare AcAra darzana meM pAramArthika dRSTi yA Antarika naitikatA kI dRSTi AcaraNa kI zubhAzutA kA nirNaya AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpa se nahIM karatI varan kartA ke Antarika prayojana athavA naitika sAdhanA ke Adarza ke sandarbha meM karatI hai| AcaraNa kA dikhAI dene vAlA rUpa usake lie mahattvapUrNa nahIM hotA hai| AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAnoM se pAramArthika yA naizcayika AcAra kA koI sambandha nahIM hotA hai, usakA sambandha to vizuddha rUpa ke kartA kI Antarika manovRttiyoM se hai| saMkSepa meM naitikatA kI naizcayika dRSTi kA sambandha vaiyaktika naitikatA (Individual morality) hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra kaSAyoM (antarika vAsanAoM) kA sambandha isI naizcayika naitikatA se hai| manuSya meM vAsanA evaM Asakti yA tRSNA kI agni jisa mAtrA meM zAMta hotI hai, usI mAtrA meM vaha naizcayika AcAra kI dRSTi se vikAsa kI ora bar3hA huA mAnA jAtA hai| naizcayika naitikatA meM kriyA yA AcaraNa kA mahatva hai manobhAvoM kA naizcayika naitikatA kriyA (Doing) yA AcaraNa kI avasthA nahIM, varan anubhUti yA sAkSAtkAra kI avasthA hai| isameM zubhAzubhatva kA mApa isa AdhAra para nahIM hotA ki vyakti kyA karatA hai, varan isa jaina jJAnadarzana 223

Page #237
AdhAra para hotA hai ki vaha apane paramAtmatva ko kahA~ taka pahacAna pAyA hai| Atmopalabdhi (Self realization) yA parama tatva (Reality) kA sAkSAtkAra hI naitika jIvana kA paramAdarza hai aura isa Adarza ke sandarbha meM manobhAvoM kA Akalana karanA hI paramArthika yA naizcayika naitikatA kA pramukha kArya hai| vyakti ke Antarika vicalana yA saMgharSa ko samApta kara vikAra evaM manojagata meM sAMgasaMtulana yA Antarika samatva ko banAe rakhanA naizcaciyaka AcAradarzana kA kSetra hai| vyavahAra naitikatA kA svarUpa vyavahArika naitikatA kA sambandha AcaraNa ke una bAhya vidhi-vidhAnoM se hai jinake pAlana kI naitika sAdhaka se apekSA kI jAtI hai| samAjadRSTi yA lokadRSTi hI vyavahArika naitikatA ke zubhAzubhatva kA AdhAra hai| vyavahAra naitikatA kahatI hai ki kArya cAhe kartA ke prayojana kI dRSTi se zuddha ho, lekina yadi vaha lokaviruddha yA janasabhAvanA ke pratikUla hai to usakA AcaraNa nahIM karanA caahie| ___ vastutaH naitikatA kA vyavahAradarzana AcaraNa ko sAmAjika sandarbha meM parakhatA hai| yaha AcaraNa zubhAzubhatva ke mApana kI samAjasApekSa paddhati hai jo vyakti ke sammukha samAjika naitikatA (Social Morality) ko prastuta karatI hai| isakA paripAlana vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanA samAja yA saMgha vyavasthA kI dRSTi se| yahI kAraNa hai vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI paripUrNatA ke pazcAt bhI jaina AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se isake paripAlana ko Avazyaka mAnatA rahA hai| AcaraNa ke sAre vidhi-vidhAna, AcaraNa kI samagra vividhatAe~, vyavahAra naitikatA kA viSaya haiN| vyavahAra naitikatA (Doing) kriyA hai, ataH AcaraNa kaise karanA isa tathya kA nirdhAraNa karanA vyavahArika naitikatA kA viSaya hai| gRhastha evaM saMnyAsa jIvana ke sAre vidhi-vidhAna jo vyakti aura samAja athavA vyakti aura usake bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya eka sAMga saMtulana ko banAe rakhane ke lie prastuta kiye jAte haiM, vyavahArika naitikatA kA kSetra hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAra dRSTi ke pA~ca AdhAra vyavahAra dRSTi se naitika samAcaraNa eka sApekSa tathya siddha hotA hai| usake anusAra dezakAla, vaiyaktika, svabhAva, zakti aura ruci ke AdhAra para AcAra ke niyamoM meM parivartana sambhava hai| yadi vyavahArika AcAra meM bhinnatA sambhava hai, to prazna hotA hai ki isa bAta nizcaya kaise kiyA jAve ki kisa deza kAla evaM paristhiti meM kaisA AcaraNa kiyA jAve? AcaraNa kA bAhya svarUpa kyA ho? jaina vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA gambhIratApUrvaka uttara diyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki nizcaya 224 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #238
dRSTi se to saMkalpa (adhyavasAya) kI zubhatA hI naitikatA kA AdhAra hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM zubhatva aura azubhatva ke mUlyAMkana karane, AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke pA~ca AdhAra haiM aura inhIM pAMca AdhAroM para vyavahAra ke bhI pA~ca bheda hote haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina pA~ca AdhAroM meM pUrvAparatva kA krama bhI hai aura pUrva meM AcaraNa ke hetu nirdezana kI upalabdhi hote hue bhI para (nimna) kA upayoga karanA bhI naitikatA hai| (1) Agama-vyavahAra kisI deza-kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhiti meM kisI prakAra kA AcaraNa karanA isakA prathama nirdeza hameM Agama granthoM meM mila jAtA hai, ataH AcaraNa ke kSetra meM prathamataH AgamoM meM varNita niyamoM ke anusAra vyavahAra karanA caahie| yahI Agama-vyavahAra hai| (2) zruta-vyavahAra __ zruta zabda ke do artha hote haiM- 1 abhidhAraNa aura 2 paramparA / jaba kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM kaisA samAcaraNa kiyA jAve, isake sambandha meM koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM milatA ho yA Agama anupalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM kartavya kyA hai? isakA nirNaya isa sambandha meM jo pUrvAcAryoM se suna rakhA ho usake AdhAra para karanA cAhie athavA prAcIna samaya meM aisI vizeSa paristhiti meM kaisA vyavahAra kiyA gayA thA yA paramparA kyA thI, isake AdhAra para karanA caahie| (paramparAyAmapi vibhASA kartavyAH) (3) AjJA-vyavahAra kisI deza kAla evaM vaiyaktika vaibhinya ke AdhAra para utpanna vizeSa paristhiti meM kisa prakAra kA samAcaraNa karanA isake sambandha meM na to AgamoM meM spaSTa nirdezana ho, na paramparA yA pUrvAcAryoM ke anubhava hI kucha batA pAte hoM to aisI sthiti meM kartavya kA nizcaya apane se variSThajanoM kI AjJA ke AdhAra para hI karanA caahie| variSThajanoM, gurujanoM athavA dezakAla Adi paristhitiyoM se vijJa vidvAna (gItArtha) kI AjJA ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA AjJA-vyavahAra hai| (4) dhAraNA-vyavahAra yadi paristhiti aisI ho ki jisake sambandha meM na to AgamoM meM spaSTa nirdeza mila rahA ho, na pUrva paramparA hI kucha batA pAne meM samartha ho ora na nikaTa meM koI deza-kAla vijJa variSThajana hI ho, na itanA samaya hI ho ki kisI dUrastha vijJa evaM gurujana se koI nirdeza prApta kiyA jA sake, aisI sthiti meM kikartavya yA karma zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya sva-viveka se karanA caahie| sva-vivekabuddhi se nizcita kie hue kartavyapatha para AcaraNa karanA dhAraNA-vyavahAra haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 225

Page #239
(5) jIta-vyavahAra ___ yadi paristhiti aisI ho ki jisameM kikartavya yA karma kI zubhAzubhatA ke nizcaya kA uparokta koI bhI sAdhanA sulabha na ho aura sva-buddhi bhI kuNThita ho gaI ho athavA koI nirNaya dene meM asamartha hoM vahA~ para lokarUr3hi ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA caahie| yaha lokarUr3hi ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA jIta-vyavahAra hai| yahA~ sambhavataH eka AkSepa jaina vicAraNA para kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha yaha hai ki, Agama, zruta, evaM AjJA ke pazcAt sva-viveka ko sthAna dekara mAnavIya buddhi ke mahatva kA samucita aMkana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| lekina yaha mAnyatA bhrAnta hai| vastutaH buddhi ke jisa rUpa ko nimna sthAna diyA gayA hai vaha buddhi kA vaha rUpa hai jisameM vAsanA yA rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti kI sambhAvanA banI huI hai| sAmAnya sAdhaka jo vAsanAtmaka jIvana yA rAga dveSa ke Upara nahIM uTha pAyA usake sva-viveka ke dvArA kikartavya mImAMsA meM galata nirNaya kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI, buddhi kI isa aparipakva dazA meM yadi sva-nirNaya kA adhikAra pradAna kara diyA jAve to yathArtha kartavyapatha se cyuti kI sambhAvanA hI adhika hotI hai| yadi mUla zabda dhAraNA ko dekheM to yaha artha aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| dhAraNA zabda viveka-buddhi yA niSpakSa kI apekSA Agraha-buddhi kA sUcaka hai aura Agraha-buddhi meM svArthaparAyaNatA yA rUr3hatA ke bhAva hI prabala hote haiM, ataH aisI Agraha buddhi ko kikartavyamImAMsA meM adhika ucca sthAna pradAna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sAtha hI, yadi dhAraNA yA sva-viveka ko adhika mahatva diyA jAvegA to naitika pratyayoM kI sAmanyatA yA vastuniSThatA samApta ho jAyegI aura naitikatA ke kSetra meM vaiyaktikatA kA sthAna hI pramukha ho jaavegaa| dUsarI ora yadi hama dekheM to AjJA, zruta aura Agama bhI abauddhika nahIM haiM varan unameM kramazaH buddhi kI ujjvalatA yA niSpakSatA hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| AjJA dene ke yogya jisa gItArtha kA nirdeza jainAgamoM meM kiyA gayA hai vaha eka ora deza, kAla yA paristhiti ko yathArtha rUpa meM samajhatA hai, dUsarI ora Agama granthoM kA marmajJa bhI hotA hai| vastutaH vaha Adarza (Agamika AjJAe~) evaM yathArtha (vAstavika paristhitiyA~) ke madhya samanvaya karAne vAlA hotA hai| vaha yathArtha ko dRSTigata rakhate hue Adarza ko isa rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai ki usa Adarza ko yathArtha banAyA jA ske| gItArtha kI AjJA naitika jIvana kA eka aisA satya hai jisakA Adarza banane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai| sarala zabdoM meM kaheM to gItArtha kI AjJAoM kA pAlana sadaiva hI sambhava hotA hai kyoMki ve deza, kAla evaM vyakti kI paristhiti ko dhyAna meM rakha kara dI jAtI hai| zruta evaM Agama-paramparA ke ujjvalatama AdarzoM ko tathA ucca evaM niSpakSa buddhisampanna mahApurUSoM ke nirdezoM ko sAdhaka ke sAmane prastuta karate haiM, jinakI bauddhikatA kA mahatva sAmAnya sAdhaka kI apekSA sadaiva hI adhika hotA hai| 226 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #240
AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM naizcayika evaM vyavahArika dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA evaM samAlocanA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM prayukta naizcayika dRSTi (pAramArthika dRSTi) kI apekSA AcAralakSI naizcayika dRSTi kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki jahA~ tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM naizcayika dRSTi pratipAdita sattA (parama tatva) kA svarUpa vibhinna darzanoM meM bhinna-bhinna hai vahAM AcAralakSI naizcayika dRSTi se pratipAdita nizcaya AcAra (pAramArthika naitikatA) sabhI mokSalakSI darzanoM meM eka rUpa hI hai| AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA bAhyapakSa yA AcaraNa kI zailI bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI usakA Antara pakSa yA lakSya sabhI darzanoM meM samAna hai| vibhinna mokSalakSI darzanoM se naitika Adarza, mokSa kA svarUpa, tatvadRSTi bhinna hote hue bhI lakSya dRSTi se eka hI hai aura isI hetu kI ekarUpatA ke kAraNa AcaraNa kA naizcayika svarUpa bhI eka hI hai| paM. sukhalAla jI likhate haiM 'yadyapi jainetara sabhI darzanoM meM nizcayadRSTi-sammata tatvanirUpaNa eka nahIM hai tathApi sabhI mokSalakSI darzanoM meM nizcayadRSTi-sammata AcAra va caritra eka hI hai, bhale hI paribhASA yA vargIkaraNa Adi bhinna ho| jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha AcAdarzana kI tulanA kA prazna hai, donoM hI kAphI nikaTa haiN| bauddhadarzana bhI mokSalakSI darzana hai, vaha samasta naitika samAcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana usI ke AdhAra para karatA hai| usakI naitika vivecanA kA sAra cAra Arya satyoM kI dhAraNA meM samAyA huA hai| usake anusAra duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa (duHkha samudaya) hai, duHkha ke kAraNa kA nirAkaraNa sambhava hai aura duHkha ke kAraNa ke nirAkaraNa kA mArga hai| bauddhadarzana ke ina cAra Arya satyoM ko dUsare zabdoM meM kahe to baMdhana (duHkha) aura baMdhana (duHkha) kA kAraNa aura bandhana se vimukti (mokSa) aura bandhana se vimukta kA mArga inhIM cAra bAtoM ko jaina naitikatA meM kramazaH baMdha, Azrava, mokSa aura saMvaranirjarA kahA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA kA baMdha bauddha vicAraNA kA duHkha hai, Azrava usa duHkha kA kAraNa hai, mokSa duHkha vimukti hai aura saMvara-nirjarA duHkha-vimukti kA mArga hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra meM mahatvapUrNa kauna? yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki naizcayika AcAra athavA naitikatA ke Antarika svarUpa aura vyavahArika AcAra yA naitika AcaraNa ke bAhyasvarUpa meM mahatvapUrNa kauna hai? __ jainadarzana kI dRSTi se isa prazana kA uttara yaha hogA ki yadyapi sAdhaka kI vaiyaktika dRSTi se naitikatA kA Antarika pahalU mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina phira bhI sAmAjika dRSTi se AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| jaina jaina jJAnadarzana 227

Page #241
naitikatA yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki yathArtha naitika jIvana meM naizcayika AcAra aura vyavahArika AcaraNa meM ekarUpatA hotI hai, AcaraNa ke Antara evaM bAhya pakSoM meM koI antara nahIM hotA / vizuddha manobhAva kI avasthA meM anaitika AcaraNa sambhava hI nahIM hotaa| yahI nahIM vaha naitika pUrNatA kI prApti ke pazcAt bhI sAdhaka ko saMghadharma ke bAhya niyamoM ke samAcaraNa ko yathAvata karate rahane kA vidhAna karatI hai| jaise naitikatA kahatI hai ki yadi ziSya naitika pUrNatA ko prApta kara letA hai aura AcArya usa pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara pAyA ho, phira bhI saMghamaryAdA ke lie ziSya ko guru kI yathAvata sevA karanA caahie| isa prakAra vaha nizcaya dRSTi yA paramArtha dRSTi para bala dete hue bhI vyavahAra kA lopa nahIM karatI, mAtra yahI nahIM paramArtha kI upalabdhi para bhI vyavahAra dharma ke yathAvat paripAlana para Avazyaka bala detI hai| gItA aura Acaradarzana bhI vaiyaktika dRSTi se AcaraNa ke Antara pakSa para yatheSTha bala dete hue bhI loka vyavahAra saMcaraNa yA AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM ke paripAlana ko bhI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| gItA kahatI hai ki jisa prakAra sAmAnya jana lokavyavahAra kA saMcaraNa karatA hai usa prakAra vidvAna bhI anAsakta hokara lokazikSA ke hetu ko dhyAna meM rakhakara lokavyavahAra kA saMcaraNa karate rheN|27 gItA kA varNAzramadharma aura lokasaMgraha kA siddhAnta bhI isI kA pratIka hai| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki naizcayika AcAra yA naitika jIvana ke Antarika svarUpa kA vaiyaktika dRSTi se paryApta mahatva hote hue bhI lokadRSTi se AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa kA mahatva jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sktaa| jainadRSTi ke anusAra vAstavikatA yaha hai ki naitikatA ke Antara aura bAhya pakSa kI yA naizcayika aura vyavahArika AcaraNa kI sabalatA apane sva-sthAna meM hai| vaiyaktika dRSTi se nizcaya yA AcaraNa kA Antara pakSa mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina samAja dRSTi ke AcaraNa kA bAhya svarUpa bhI mahatvapUrNa hai, donoM meM koI tulanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI kyoMki nizcayalakSI evaM vyavahAralakSI AcaraNa kA mahatva vyaktigata aura samAjagata aise do bhinna-bhinna AdhAroM para hai| donoM meM se kisI eka ko bhI chor3A nahIM jA sakatA kyoMki vyakti svayaM meM hI vyakti aura samAja donoM hI eka sAtha hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ke AdhyAtmika gurutulya satpurUSa zrI rAjacandrabhAI isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM yadi koI nizcayadRSTi arthAt naitika jIvana meM Antarika vRttiyoM ko hI mahatva detA hai aura AcaraNa kI bAhya kriyAoM (sad vyavahAra) kA lopa karatA hai vaha sAdhanA se rahita hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki tAtvika nizcaya dRSTi ko arthAt AtmA asaMga, abaddha aura nitya siddha hai aisI vANI ko sunakara sAdhana arthAt kriyA ko chor3anA nahIM cAhie, varan paramArthadRSTi ko Adarza rUpa meM svIkAra karake arthAt usa para lakSya rakhakara ke bAhya kriyAoM kA AcaraNa karate rahanA caahie| kyoMki yathArtha naitika jIvana meM ekAnta 228 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #242
naizcayika dRSTi athavA ekAMta vyavahAra dRSTi alaga-alaga nahIM rahakara, kArya nahIM karatI varan eka sAtha kArya karatI hai| naitikatA ke AntarapakSa aura bAhyapakSa donoM hI milakara samagra naitika jIvana kA nirmANa karate haiN| naitikatA ke kSetra meM Antara zubha aura bAhya vyavahAra naitika jIvana ke do bhinna pahalU avazya haiM, lekina alaga alaga tathya nahIM haiN| unheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina alaga-alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa|' anta meM hama eka jainAcArya ke zabdoM meM yahI kahanA cAheMge ki nizcaya rAkhI lakSa mAM, pAle je vyvhaar| te nara mokSa pAmaze saMdeha nahIM lagAra / / saMdarbha - 1. yahA~ dvitatvavAda ko bhI aneka tatvavAda meM hI samAhita mAna liyA hai| 2. lovyavahAraabhyupagamaparA nayA vyavahAranaya ucyte| vyavahayate iti vyvhaarH| ___-abhidhAna rAjendra pR. 1892 / 3. nizcinoti tatvamiti nishcyH| abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 4,pR. 1892 / 4. anantadharmAadhyAsite vastunyekAMzagrAhako bodha itparthaH / __ -abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 4pR. 1853 5. jAvaiyA vayaNapahA tAvaiyA ceva hoti naya vaayaa| -sanmati tarka 13-47 6. nizcayavyavahArayoH srvnyaantrbhaavH| -vahI, khaNDa 4 pR. 1853 / 7. aMguttaranikAya, dUsarA nipAta (hindI anuvAda prathama bhAga, pR. 62) / 8. Dhesatye samupAzritya buddhAnAM dhrmdeshnaa| lokasaMvRti satyaMca satya ca prmaarthtH|| - mAdhyamika vRtti 492, bodhicaryA 39 / 9. svecchAsamucchaladanalpa vikalpajAlAmevaM vyatItya mahatI nypkssaakkssaaN| antarbahiH samarasaikarasa svabhAvaM svaM bhAvamekamupayAtyanubhUtimAtraM / indrajAlamidameva mucchalatpuSkaloccavikalpavIcibhiH / yasya visphuraNameva tatkSaNaM kRtsnamasyati tadasmi cinmahaH / / -samayasAra TIkA, kalaza 90-91 10. zUnyatA sarvadRSTInAM proktA niHsaraNaM jinaiH| yeSAM tu zUnyatAdRSTistAn, sAdhyAn bbhaassire|| -mAdhyA: 13.8 zUnyamiti na vaktavyamazUnyamiti vA bhvet| ubhayaM nobhayaM ceti prajJAtyartha na tu kthyte| -mAdhyA. 22.21 11 AtmasaMsthaM manaH kRtvA na kicidapi ciNtyet| -gItA 6/25 uttarArdha prazAnta manasaM hyane yoginaM sukhmuttmm| upaiti zAnta rajasaM brhmbhuutmklmssm|| -gItA 6/27 12. jaha Navi sakkamaNajjo aNajjabhAsaM viNA u gAheuM / tahu vavahAreNa viNA prmtthuvesnnmskkN|| (yathA nApi zakyo nAryA nAryabhASAM binA graahyitum| tathA vyavahAreNa binA paramArthopadezanamazakyam) -samayasAra-8 jaina jJAnadarzana 229

Page #243
13. nAnyayA bhASayA mleccha zakyo grAhIyetu ythaa| na lokikamute lokaH zakyo grAhayituM tthaa|| vyavahAramanAzritya paramArtho na deshyte| paramArthamanAgamya nirvANaM naadhigmyte|| 14. darzana aura cintana pR.-500 15. jIve kammaM baddhaM puDheM cedi vavahAraNaya bhnnidN| suddhaNayassa du jIve abaddha havai kmm|| kama baddhamabaddha jIve evaM tu jaannpkkhN| pakkhatikkato puNa bhaNNadi jo so smysaaro|| -samayasAra 141/142 (saMskRta TIkAvAlI prati se) 16. atha punarbahuvyakteraneka vizeSasyAbhedatA bhedarAhityaM tadapi nizcaviSayama, dravsya padArthasya yannamalyaM nizcaya viSayam, nairmalyaM tu vimalapariNatiH bAhyanirapekSa pariNAmaH soapi nizcayAnAarthA boddhvyH| -abhi. rA. 4/2056 17. aNNa nirAverakho jo pariNAmoM so sahAvapajjAo / (anya nirapekSo yaH pariNAmaH sa svabhAvaparyAyaH) -niyamasAra 28 18. bAhya nirapekSapariNAmaH (jaina vicAraNA meM pariNAma zabda mana-dazAoM kA sUcaka hotA hai) -abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR.-2056 19. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR.-499 20. bAhyasya AbhyantaratvaM -abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 4 pR. - 2056 21. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2 pR. - 499 22. vyavahArA janoditam (lokAbhimatameva vyavahAraH) -abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 4 pR. -2956 23. kSetra kAlaM prApyayo yathA sambhavati tena tathA vyavahAraNIyam - abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 4 -pR. 107 24. yadyapi zuddhaM tadapi lokaviruddhaM na samAcaret / 25. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2 pR.-498 26. je sadaguru upadezayI pAmyo kevljnyaanN| guru rahyA chadmastha paNa vinaya kare bhagavAna / / -Atmasiddhi zAstra 19 27. gItA 3/25 28. laghu svarUpa na vRtti nuM grA vrata abhimaan| greha nahIM paramArthane levA laukika maan|| 28 athavA nizcaya naya grahe mAtra zabdanI mAya / lope sadvyavahArane sAdhana rahita thaay|| 29 nizcaya vANI sAMbhalI sAdhana tajavAM noy| nizcaya rAkhI lakSamAM sAdhana karavAM soy||131 naya nizcaya ekAMta thI AmAM nathI khel| ekAMte vyavahAra nahIM vanne sapi rahela / / 132 / / - Atmasiddhi zAstra (rAjendrabhAI) 230 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #244
saptabhaMgI : pratIkAtmaka aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM anekAnta, syAdvAda, nayavAda aura saptabhaMga eka dUsare se itane ghaniSTha rUpa sambandhita haiM ki unheM prAyaH samAnArthaka mAna liyA jAtA hai jabaki unameM AdhArabhUta bhinnatAeM haiM, jinakI avahelanA karane para aneka bhrAntiyoM kA janma hotA hai / anekAnta vastutatva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA kA sUcaka hai to syAdvAda jJAna kI sApekSikatA evaM usake vividha AyAmoM kA / anekAnta kA sambandha tatva mImAMsA hai, to syAdvAda kA sambandha jJAna mImAMsA / jahAM taka saptabhaMgI aura nayavAda kA prazna hai, saptabhaMgI anekAntika vastu tatva ke sApekSika jJAna kI nirdoSa bhASAyI abhivyakti kA DhaMga hai, to nayavAda kathana ko apane yathocita sandarbha meM samajhane yA samajhAne kI eka dRSTi hai / prastuta nibandha meM hamArA uddezya kevala pratIkAtmaka aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM saptabhaMgI kI samIkSA taka sImita hai, ataH ina saba praznoM para vistRta vivecanA yahAM sambhava nahIM hai / saptabhaMgI syAdvAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke sAmAnya vikalpoM ko prastuta karatI hai / hamArI bhASA vidhi-niSedha kI sImAoM se ghirI huI hai " hai " ora " nahIM hai" hamAre kathanoM ke do prArUpa haiM, kintu kabhI-kabhI hama apanI bAta ko spaSTatayA " hai" (vidhi) aura "nahIM hai" (niSedha) kI bhASA meM prastuta karane meM asamartha hote haiM arthAt sImita zabdAvalI kI yaha bhASA hamArI anubhUti ko prakaTa karane meM asamartha hotI hai, aisI sthiti meM hama tIsare vikalpa avAcya yA avaktavya kA sahArA lete haiM arthAta zabdoM ke mAdhyama se "hai" aura "nahIM hai" kI bhASAyI sImA meM bAMdhakara use kahA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavya sambandhI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke tIna mUlabhUta prArUpoM aura gaNita zAstra ke saMyoga niyama (Law of combination) se banane vAle unake sambhAvita saMyogoM ke AdhAra para saptabhaMgI ke syAt asti, syAt nAsti Adi bhaMgo kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai, kintu usakA prANa to syAt zabda kI yojanA meM hI hai / ataH saptabhaMgI samyak artha ko samajhane ke lie sabase pahale syAt zabda ke vAstavika artha aura uddezya kA nizcaya karanA hogA / jaina jJAnadarzana 231

Page #245
syAt zabda kA artha vizleSaNa . saptabhaMgI ke pratyeka bhaMga ke prArambha meM prayukta hone vAle syAta zabda ke artha ke sandarbha meM jitanI bhrAnti darzanikoM meM rahI hai, sambhavataH utanI anya kisI zabda ke sambandha meM nahIM hai| saMskRta bhASA meM syAta zabda kA prayoga aneka rUpoM meM milatA hai| kahIM vidhi liMga kI kriyA ke rUpa meM to kahIM prazna ke rUpa meM aura kahIM usakA prayoga kathana kI anizcayAtmakatA kI abhivyakti karane ke lie bhI hotA hai| inhIM AdhAroM para vidvAnoM ne syAt zabda ke hindI bhASA meM "zAyada", "sambhavataH", "kadAcit" aura agrejI bhASA meM Some, how, maybe, probable Adi anizcayAtmaka evaM saMzayaparaka artha kiye haiN| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki kinhIM sandarbho meM syAt zabda kA artha kadAcit, zAyad sambhavatayA Adi hotA hai, kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA jaina vicArakoM ne usakA isa artha meM prayoga kiyA hai? sarva prathama to hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki jaina paramparA meM aneka zabdoM kA prayoga unake pracalita artha meM na hokara viziSTa pAribhASika arthoM meM huA hai, udAharaNa ke lie dharma zabda kA dharma dravya ke rUpa meM pryog| yadi vidvAnoM ne jaina paramparA ke mUla granthoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA hotA to unheM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA ki jaina paramparA meM 'syAt' zabda kA kyA artha hai| samaMtabhrada, amRtacandra, malliSeNa Adi sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne syAt zabda ko anekAntatA kA dyotaka, vivakSA yA apekSA kA sUcaka tathA kathAMcit artha kA pratipAdaka maanaa| isa prakAra yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina dArzanikoM na syAt zabda kA saMzayaparaka evaM anizcayAtmaka artha meM prayoga nahIM kiyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM; ve isa sambandha meM bhI sajaga the ki syAt zabda kA saMzayaparaka artha grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ataH kathana ko adhika nizcayAtmakatA pradAna karane ke lie saptabhaMgI meM syAt ke sAtha "eva" zabda ke prayoga kI yojanA bhI kii| jaise-sayAdastyeva ghttH| yadyapi "eva" zabda kA yaha prayoga anekAntika sAmAnya vAkya ko samyak aikAntika vizeSa vAkya ke rUpa meM pariNata kara detA hai, phira bhI itanA to sunizcita hai ki jaina tarkazAstra meM syAt zabda kA prayoga anizcayAtmAka yA saMzayaparaka artha meM na hokara viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM hI huA hai| kintu yaha viziSTa artha kyA hai? sarvaprathama jaisA ki sabhI prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne batAyA hai ki syAt yaha "nipAta" zabda vAkya meM anekAnta kA dyotaka hai| (vAkyeSvanekAntadyotI'-Apta mImAMsA 103) / phira bhI hameM yaha spaSTa karanA hogA ki vAkya ke uddezya, vidheya Adi vibhinna aMgoM ke sambandha meM usake anekAntadyotI hone kA kyA tAtparya hai? merI dRSTi meM syAt zabda ke eka hote hue bhI vaha vAkya ke uddezya, vidheya aura kriyA (saMyojaka) ke sandarbha me alaga-alaga tIna artha detA 232 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #246
hai| jinakA spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| yadi hama syAt zabda ke bAda ke kathana ko koSTaka meM rakha deM, to yaha bAta adhika spaSTa ho jAyagI jaise "syAt (AtmA nitya hai) kyoMki saptabhaMgI ke kathanoM kA pUrNa bala to syAt zabda kI yojanA meM hai|" aba koSTaka haTAne para isakA rUpa hogA syAt AtmA syAt nitya syAt hai (asti)| aba hama dekheM ki syAt AtmA, syAt nitya aura syAt asti meM pratyeka ke sAtha lagA huA syAt kyA artha detA hai| sthAt zabda kriyA yA saMyojaka ke sandarbha meM anekAntikatA kA sUcaka nahIM haiM kyoMki anekAMtika kriyA to anizcaya yA saMzaya ko hI vyakta kregii| syAt ko 'honA' kriyA kA rUpa athavA anizcaya sUcaka kriyA vizleSaNa mAnane ke kAraNa hI syAdvAda ko anizcayavAda, saMzayavAda yA AtmavirodhI siddhAnta samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI rahI hai| vastutaH kriyA ke sambandha meM usakA artha itanA hI hai ki vidhAna yA niSedha nirapekSa rUpa se nahIM huA hai arthAt anya anukta evaM avyakta dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM huA hai| yahA~ usakA artha hai avirodhapUrvaka kthn| jise hama hindI bhASA meM bhI zabda se lakSita kara sakate haiN| ataH kriyA ke sambandha se syAt kA artha hai avirodhI aura sApekSa kathana / vidheya pada ke sambandha meM syAt zabda kA artha hogA 'aneka meM eka' arthAt kathita vidheya uddezya ke aneka sambhAvita vidheyoM meM eka hai| jaba hama yaha kahate hai ki syAt ghar3A zizira Rtu kA banA huA hai, to hamArA Azaya yaha hotA hai ki ghar3e ke sambandha meM jisa aneka vidheyoM kA vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jA sakatA hai usameM yahAM eka vidheya zizira Rtu kA banA huA hai, isakA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| eka tarka vAkya meM eka hI vidheya kA vidhAna yA niSedha hotA hai| yadi hama ekAdhika vidheyoM kA vidhAna yA niSedha karate haiM to aisI avasthA meM vaha eka tarka vAkya na hokara, jitane vidheya hote haiM, utane hI tarka vAkya hote haiN| uddezyapada arthAt vaha vastutva, jisake sandarbha meM vidheya kA vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jA rahA hai, ke sambandha meM syAt zabda ananta dharmAtmakatA kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra syAt zabda uddezya kI ananta dharmAtmakatA kA vidheya ke aneka meM eka hone kA tathA kriyA ke avirodhI aura kathana ke sApekSika hone kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra pratyeka sandarbha meM usake alaga-alaga kArya haiN| vaha uddezya ke sAmAnyatva (vyApakatA) vidheya ke vizeSatva aura kriyA ke sApekSatva kA sUcaka hai| yadyapi AcArya samantabhadra ne vAkyeSu zabda kA jo prayoga kiyA hai usake AdhAra para koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki syAt zabda ko kathana kI anekAntatA kA dyotaka kyoM nahIM mAnA jaataa| merA vinamra nivedana yaha hai ki prathama to aisI sthiti meM "vAkyeSu" ke sthAna para "vAjJakyasya" aisA prayoga honA thaa| dUsare yaha ki vAkya jaina jJAnadarzana 233

Page #247
yA kathana anekAntika nahIM hotA apitu vastutatva evaM usakA jJAna anekAntika hotA hai| koI bhI kathana naya yA vivakSA se rahita nahIM hotA hai| ataH pratyeka kathana aikAntika hotA hai| vaha samyaka ekAnta hotA hai| kathana kevala avirodhI evaM sApekSaka hote haiM anekAntika nhiiN| yadi hama syAt ko kathana kI anekAntatA kA sUcaka bhI mAneM to yahAM kathana kI anekAntatA se hamArA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hogA ki 'vaha (sthAt) vastutva (uddezyapada) kI anantadharmAtmakatA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara usake anukta evaM avyakta dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM karate hue nizcayAtmaka DhaMga se kisI eka vidheya kA sApekSita rUpa meM kiyA gayA vidhAna yA niSedha hai| kintu yadi kathana kI anekAntatA se hamArA Azaya yahI ho ki vaha uddezya pada ke sandarbha meM eka hI sAtha ekAdhika paraspara virodhI kA vidhAna yA niSedha hai athavA kisI eka vidheya kA eka hI sAtha vidhAna aura niSedha donoM hI hai, to yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hai aura jaina dArzanikoM kA svIkArya nahIM hai| isa prakAra syAt zabda kI yojanA ke tIna kArya haiN| eka kathana yA tarka vAkya ke uddezya pada kI ananta dharmAtmakatA ko sUcita karanA, dUsarA vidheya ko sImita yA vizeSa karanA aura tIsare kathana kA sopAdhika (Conditional) evaM sApekSa (Relative) banAnA hai| yadyapi jaina tArkikoM ne syAt zabda ke ina arthoM ko iMgita avazya kiyA hai tathApi isameM apekSita spaSTatA nahIM A pAyI kyoMki donoM ke lie eka hI zabda pratIka syAt kA prayoga kiyA gayA thaa| syAt ko anekAntatA ke dyotaka ke sAtha-sAtha vivakSita artha kA vizeSaNa (gamyaM prati vizeSaNa Apta mImAMsA 103) evaM kaMthacit artha kA pratipAdaka (kathaMcidartha syAt zabdoM nipAtaH-paMcAstikAya TIkA) bhI mAnA gayA hai| ataH uparokta vivecanA aprAmANika evaM prAcIna granthoM ke AdhAra se rahita nahIM hai| sAtha hI, vaha kathana kI sopAdhikatA evaM sApekSatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| anekAnta kA dyotaka honA evaM kathaMcit artha kA pratipAdaka honA yaha do bhinna-bhinna bAteM haiN| anekAnta kA dyotaka honA yaha kathana ke uddezya ko sAmAnya rUpa se usake pUrNa pariprekSya meM grahaNa karane kA sUcaka hai jabaki kaMthacit artha kA pratipAdaka honA yaha kathana ke vidheya sImita vizeSa yA AMzika rUpa se grahaNa karane kA sUcaka hai| syAt zabda uddezya ko to vyApaka pariprekSya meM grahaNa karatA hai, kintu jabaki syAt ke sAtha 'asita' tathA evaM zabda kI jo yojanA kI jAtI hai to vaha vidheya ko AMzika rUpa se hI grahaNa kara pAtI hai (syAcchaSdAdapyanekAnta sAmAnyasya vibodhate zabdAntara prayoga atra vizeSa pratipattaye-zlokavArtika 55) / syAt zabda ke ina bhinna-bhinna arthoM kI spaSTatA para maiM isalie bala denA cAhatA hUM tAki ina alaga arthoM ke AdhAra para khar3I huI pramANa * 234 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #248
saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI kI bhinnatA ko ThIka se samajhA jA ske| pramANa saptabhaMgI uddezya kI ananta dharmAtmakatA para bala detI haiM jabaki naya saptabhaMgI vidheya kI sImitatA evaM kathana kI sApekSatA para bala detI hai| isa para hama Age vicAra kreNge| kyA syAt prasaMbhAvyatA (Possivlity) kA sUcaka hai? Adhunika trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra ke prabhAva ke kAraNa yaha prazana uThA hai ki syAt zabda ko sambhAvyatA ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai yadyapi Adhunika vicAra sambhAvyatA ko usa anizcayAtmaka evaM saMzayaparaka artha meM nahIM lete haiM jaisA ki prAyaH pahale use liyA jAtA thaa| pUnA vizvavidyAlaya ke DA. bAraliMge evaM DA. marAThe aisA socate haiM ki syAt-sambhAvyatA kA sUcaka hai| DA. marAThe ne to isa sambandha meM eka nibandha pUnA vizvavidyAlaya kI jainadarzana sambandhI saMgoSThI (sana 1976) meM prastuta kiyA thaa| maiM bhI yahAM isa prazna para gambhIra vicAra to prastuta nahIM karUMgA kevala mAtra nirdezAtmaka rUpa meM kucha bAteM kahanA caahuuNgaa| vastutaH kathana meM syAt zabda kI yojanA kA spaSTa prayojana yaha hai ki hamArA kathana vastu ke anukta aura avyakta dharmoM kA niSedhaka na bne| yahAM para anukta aura avyakta ina donoM ke arthoM kA spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| anukta dharma ve haiM, jo vyakta to hai kintu jinakA kathana nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai, jabaki avyakta dharma meM ve haiM jo sattA meM to haiM, kintu abhivyakta nahIM ho pAye haiM jaise bIja meM vRkSa kI sambhAvyatA kA dhrm| jaina paramparA kI bhASA meM inheM vastu kI bhAvI paryAyeM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra nayoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM mahAvIra ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki vastu meM prakaTa evaM dRzyamAna dharmoM ke sAtha avyakta evaM gauNa dharmoM kI sattA bhI hotI hai| yadi syAt zabda kI yojanA kA uddezya kevala kathana meM anukta dharmoM kA niSedha na ho, itanA hI hotA taba to use sambhAvyatA ke artha meM grahaNa karanA Avazyaka nahIM thA, kintu yadi syAt zabda ke kathana meM avyakta dharmoM kI sattA kA bhI sUcaka hai to prasambhAvyatA ke artha meM gRhIta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki AkasmikatA evaM akAraNatA sambandhI sambhAvanAeM jaina darzana meM svIkArya nahIM haiM kyoMki vaha isa asat kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadi sambhAvanA kA artha 'jo asata thA usakA sattA meM AnA hai' to aisI sambhAvyatA ko vyakta karanA syAt zabda kA prayojana nahIM hai| jaina darzana jina sambhAvyatAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai ve haiM jJAna sambandhI sambhAvanAeM, jaise vastu kA jo guNa Aja hameM jJAta nahIM hai vaha kala jJAta ho sakatA hai, kSamatA sambandhI sambhAvanAeM jaise jIva meM pUrNa kSamatA hai aura jaina jJAnadarzana 235

Page #249
abhivyakti yA bhAvI paryAya sambandhI sambhAvanAeM jaise- manuSya pazu bana sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAt zabda kI yojanA kA uddezya yahI hai ki vastutatva ke jina dharmoM ko hama nahIM jAna pAye athavA vastutatva ke dharma sattA meM to hai, kintu prakaTa nahIM hai athavA vastutatva kI jo-jo bhAvI paryAyeM abhI astitva meM na A pAyI haiM, hamArA kathana unakA niSedhaka na ho / syAt eka pratIka ke rUpa meM vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ne syAt kA prayoga eka aise pratIka ke rUpa meM kiyA hai jo kathana ko abhrAMnta aura satya banA sake / kahA bhI hai- syAtkAraH satyalAMchanaH arthAta syAt satya kA pratIka hai| yahAM lAMchana zabda usakI pratIkAtmakatA ko spaSTa kara detA hai, kintu durbhAgya yaha hai ki usakI isa pratIkAtmakatA ko na samajha kara tathA usake zAbdika artha ko lekara mukhyataH usake AlocakoM ne aneka bhrAMtiyAM khar3I kI haiN| Adhunika yuga meM pratIkAtmaka tarkazAstra ne hameM jo dRSTi dI hai usake AdhAra para yadi saptabhaMgI kI pratIkAtmakatA ko spaSTa kiyA jA sake to usake sambandha se uThane vAle aneka virodhAbhAsoM ko dUra kara use adhika susaMgata rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai / saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika nirNaya prastuta karatA hai / saptabhaMgI meM 'syAt asti' Adi jo sAta bhaMga haiM, ve kathana ke tArkika AkAra (Logical Form) mAtra haiM / unameM syAt zabda kathana kI sapekSikatA kA sUcaka hai aura asti evaM nAsti kathana ke vidhAnAtmaka (Affirmative ) aura niSedhAtmaka (Negative) hone ke sUcaka haiM | kucha jaina vidvAna asti ko sattA kI bhAvAtmakatA kA aura nAsti ko abhAvAtmakatA kA sUcaka mAnate haiM, kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana ko mAnya nahIM ho sakatA / udAharaNa ke lie jaina-darzana meM AtmA bhAva 1. rUpa hai vaha abhAva rUpa nahIM ho sakatA hai / ataH hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki syAt asti, syAt nAsti apane Apa meM koI kathana nahIM hai / apitu kathana ke tArkika AkAra haiM, ve kathana ke prArUpa haiM una prArUpoM ke lie apekSA tathA uddezya ora vidheya padoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai / jaise syAd asti bhaMga kA Thosa udAhAraNa hogA- dravya kI apekSA se AtmA nitya hai / yadi hama isameM apekSA ( dravyatA ) aura vidheya (nityatA) kA ullekha nahIM kareM aura kaheM ki syAd AtmA asti to aise kathana aneka bhrAntiyoM ko janma deMge / jisakA vizeSa vivecana hamane dvitIya bhaMga kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kiyA hai / Adhunika tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika kathana hai, jise eka hetuphalAzrita vAkya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura saptabhaMgI ke prasaMga meM utpanna bhrAntiyoM se bacane ke lie sAMketika rUpa meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / 1 236 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #250
nla 0 8 / DP saptaMbhagI ke isa sAMketika prArUpa ke nirmANa meM hamaneM cihnoM kA prayoga unake sAmane darzita arthoM meM kiyA hai - cinha . artha yadi - to (hetuphalAzrita kathana) athavA antarbhUtatA (Implication) apekSA (dRSTikoNa) saMyojana (aura) yugapad bhAva (eka sAtha) anantatva vyAdhAtaka (viruddha), niSedhaka uddezya vidheya bhAgoM ke Agamika rUpa bhaMgoM ke sAMketika rUpa syAt asti a, u, vi, hai| syAt nAsti a, u, vi, nahIM hai| Thosa udAharaNa yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai| yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate hai to AtmA nitya aura paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM syAt asti nAsti ca / a, u, vi hai| . La- u, vi, nahIM hai syAt avaktavya | (a, 0 a) yA u yadi dravya aura paryAya [avaktavya hai| donoM hI apekSA se yA athavA ananta apekSAoM se eka (a ya u avaktavya hai| sAtha vicAra karate hai| to AtmA avaktavya hai (kyoMki do bhinna-bhinna jaina jJAnadarzana 237

Page #251
apekSAoM se do alaga 2 kathana ho sakate haiM, kintu eka kathana nahIM ho sktaa)| syAt asti ca [a uvi hai. (a..a) yadi dravya kI apekSA se avaktavya c| [ya u ya vaktatva hai| vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai kintu yadi | a, u, vi, hai0(a)ya - u, AtmA kI dravya paryAya avaktatvaya hai| donoM yA ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se eka sAtha vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| syAt nAsti ca [a. uvi nahIM hai0(a,a) yadi paryAya kI apekSA avaktavya [ya - u avaktavya hai| vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai kintu yadi | a. uvi nahIM hai0 ananta apekSA kI dRSTi L(a)ya 5 u avaktavya hai|se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA hai| syAt asti ca nAsti |a u vi, hai0a, u, yadi dravya se vicAra karate ca avaktavya ca | vi, nahIM hai0(a a.)ya u, haiM to AtmA nitya hai [avaktavya hai| aura yadi paryAya dRSTi yA vicAra karate haiM to AtmA | a uva, hai0a.- u.vi, nitya nahIM hai kintu yadi | nahIM hai0(a)ya u, AtmA nitya nahIM hai avaktavya hai| kintu yadi AtmA ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA - avaktavya hai| saptabhaMgI ke prastuta sAMketika rUpa meM hamane kevala do apekSAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva aisI cAra apekSAe mAnI hai| unameM bhI bhAva apekSA vyApaka hai, usameM vastu kI avasthAoM 238 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #252
(paryAyoM) evaM guNoM donoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yadi hama pratyeka apekSA kI sambhAvanAoM para vicAra kareM to ye apekSAeM bhI ananta hoMgI kyoMki vastutva ananta dharmAtmaka hai| apekSAoM kI ina vividha sambhAvanAoM para vistAra se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa choTe se lekha meM yaha sambhava hai| isa saptabhaMgI kA prathama bhaMga "syAt asti' hai| yaha svacatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA vidhAna karatA hai| jaise apane dravya kI apekSA se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai, kSetra kI apekSA meM indaura nagara meM banA huA hai, kAla kI apekSA se zizira Rtu kA banA huA hai, bhAva arthAt vartamAna paryAya kI apekSA se lAla raMga kA hai yA ghaTAkAra hai aadi| isa prakAra vastu ke sva dravya, kSetra, kAla, evaM bhAva kI apekSA se usake bhAvAtmaka guNoM ko vidhAna karanA yaha prathama "asti" nAmaka bhaMga kA kArya hai| dUsarA, "syAt nAsti' nAmaka bhaMga vastutatva ke abhAvAtmaka dharma yA vastu meM kucha dharmoM ko anupasthiti yA nAstitva kI sUcanA detA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vastu meM sva se bhinna para catuSTaya kA abhAva hai| jaise yaha ghar3A tAmbe kA nahIM haiM, bhopAla nagara meM banA huA nahIM hai, grISma Rtu kA banA huA nahIM hai, kRSNa varNa kA nahIM hai aadi| mAtra itanA hI nahIM vaha bhaMga isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa karatA hai ki ghar3A-pustaka, Tebala, kamala, manuSya Adi nahIM hai| jahAM prathama bhaMga yaha kahatA hai ki ghar3A-ghar3A hI hai, vahAM dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki ghar3A ghaTa se itara anya kucha nahIM hai| kahA gayA hai ki sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca' arthAta sabhI vastuoM kI sattA sva rUpa se hai para rUpa se nhiiN| yadi vastu meM anya vastuoM ke guNa-dharmoM kI sattA bhI mAna lI jAvegI to phira vastuoM kA pArasparika bheda hI samApta ho jAvegA aura vastu kA svasvarUpa hI nahIM raha jAvegA, ataH vastu meM para catuSTa kA niSedha karanA dvitIya bhaMga hai| prathama bhaMga batAtA hai ki vastu kyA hai, jabaki dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki vastu kyA nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA isa dvitIya bhaMga ko 'syAt nAsti ghaTaH arthAt kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai, isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu isake prastutIkaraNa kA yaha DhaMga thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai, sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para aisA lagatA hai ki prathama bhaMga meM ghaTa ke astitva kA jo vidhAna kiyA gayA thA, usI kA dvitIya bhaMga meM niSedha kara diyA gayA hai aura aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda ko sandehavAda yA Atma virodhI kathana karane vAlA siddhAnta samajha lene kI bhrAnti ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| zaMkara prabhRti vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda kI jo AlocanA kI thI, usakA mukhya AdhAra yahI bhrAnti hai| syAt asti ghaTaH aura syAt nAsti ghaTaH meM jaba syAt zabda ko dRSTi se ojhala kara yA use sambhAvanA ke artha meM grahaNa kara 'asti' aura 'nAsti' para bala diyA jAtA hai, to Atma virodha kA jaina jJAnadarzana 239

Page #253
AbhAsa hone lagatA hai| jahAM taka maiM samajha pAyA hUM syAdvAda kA pratipAdana karane vAle kisI bhI AcArya kI dRSTi se dvitIya bhaMga kA kArya prathama bhaMga meM sthApita kiye gaye guNadharma kA usI apekSA se niSedha karanA nahIM hai, apitu yA to prathama bhaMga meM asti rUpa mAne gaye guNadharma se itara guNa dharmoM kA niSedha karanA hai athavA phira apekSA ko badala kara usI guNa dharma kA niSedha karanA hotA hai aura isa prakAra dvitIya bhaMga ke kathana ko puSTa karatA hai, khaNDita nhiiN| yadi dvitIya bhaMga ke kathana ko usI apekSA se prathama bhaMga kA niSedhaka yA virodhI mAna liyA jAvegA to nizcaya yaha siddhAnta saMzayavAda yA Atmavirodha ke doSoM se grasta ho jAvegA, kintu aisA nahIM hai| yadi prathama bhaMga meM syAdastyeva ghaTaH kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hai aura dvitIya bhaMga meM "syAnnAstyeva ghaTaH" kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai aisA kareMge to AbhAsI rUpa se aisA lagegA ki donoM kathana virodhI haiN| kyoMki ina kathanoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa se aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ina kathanoM meM ghaTa ke astitva aura nAstitva ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ina kathanoM kA bala unameM prayukta 'syAt" zabda meM hI hai, ve yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga meM sthApita satya kA pratiSedha karatA hai| donoM.bhaMgo meM ghaTa ke sambandha meM jinakA vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA gayA hai ve apekSAzrita dharma hai na ki ghaTa kA svayaM kA astitva yA nAstitva / punaH donoM bhaMgo ke 'apekSAzrita dharma' eka nahIM hai, bhinna-bhinna haiN| prathama bhaMga meM jina apekSAzrita dharmoM kA vidhAna hai, ve anya arthAt svacatuSTaya ke haiM aura dvitIya bhaMga meM jina apekSAzrita dharmoM kA niSedha huA hai ve dUsare arthAt para catuSTaya ke haiN| ataH prathama bhaMga ke vidhAna aura dvitIya bhaMga ke niSedha meM koI Atma virodha nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM isa bhrAnti kA mUla kAraNa prastuta vAkya meM usa vidheya pada (Predicate) ke spaSTa ullekha kA abhAva hai, jisakA ki vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| yadi "nAsti' pada ko vidheya sthAnIya mAnA jAtA hai, to punaH yahAM yaha bhI prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jo ghaTa asti rUpa hai, vaha nAsti rUpa kaise ho sakatA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAve ki para dravyAdi kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai, kintu para dravyAdi ghaTa ke astitva ke niSedhaka kaise bana sakate haiM? yadyapi yahAM pUrvAcAyoM kA mantavya spaSTa hai ki ve ghaTa kA nahIM apitu ghaTa meM para dravyAdi kA hI niSedha karanA cAhate haiN| ve kahanA yaha cAhate haiM ki ghaTa paTa nahIM hai yA ghaTa meM paTa Adi ke dharma nahIM haiM, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki isa kathana meM prathama aura dvitIya bhaMga meM apekSA nahIM badalatI hai| yadi prathama bhaMga meM yaha kahA jAve ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai aura dUsare bhaMga meM yaha kahA jAve ki ghar3A pItala kA 240 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #254
nahIM hai, to donoM meM apekSA eka hI hai arthAt donoM kathana dravya kI yA upAdAna kI apekSA se hai| aba dUsarA udAharaNa leN| kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya hai, kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai, yahA~ donoM bhaMgoM meM apekSA badala jAtI hai| yahAM prathama bhaMga meM dravya apekSA se ghar3e kI nitya kahA gayA hai aura dUsare bhaMga meM paryAya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya nahIM kahA gayA hai| dvitIya bhaMga ke pratipAdana ke ye donoM rUpa bhinna-bhinna haiN| dUsare yaha kahanA ki paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai yA paTa kI apekSA ghaTa nahIM hai, bhASA kI dRSTi se thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai kyoMki paracatuSTaya vastu kI sattA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastu meM paracatuSTaya arthAt sva bhinna para dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kA abhAva to hotA hai, kintu unakI apekSA vastu kA abhAva nahIM hotA hai| kyA yaha kahanA ki kursI kI apekSA Tebala nahIM hai yA pItala kI apekSA yaha ghar3A nahIM haiM, bhASA ke abhrAnta prayoga haiM? isa kathana meM jainAcAryoM kA Azaya to yahI hai ki Tebala kursI nahIM hai yA ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai| ataH paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu nahIM hai yaha kahane kI apekSA yaha kahanA ki vastu meM paracatuSTaya kA abhAva hai, bhASA kA samyak prayoga hogaa| vidvAnoM se merI vinatI hai ki ve saptabhaMgI ke vizeSa rUpa dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMga ke bhASA ke svarUpa para aura svayaM unake AkArika svarUpa para punarvicAra kareM aura Adhunika tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM use punargaThita kareM to jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM eka bar3I upalabdhi hogii| kyoMki dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMgo kI kathana vidhi ke vividha rUpa parilakSita hote haiN| ataH yahAM dvitIya bhaMga ke vividha svarUpoM para thor3A vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| merI dRSTi se dvitIya bhaMga ke nimna cAra rUpa ho sakate haiMsAMketika rUpa (1) prathama bhaMga -a, 2 uvi, hai dvitIya bhaMga -a, u,vi, nahIM hai udAharaNa prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma (vidheya) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, apekSA badala kara dvitIya bhaMga meM usI dharma (vidheya) kA niSedha kara denaa| jaise-dravya dRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai, paryAya dRSTi se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai| (2) prathama bhaMga - a, u,vi, hai| dvitIya bhaMga - a, u, vi, hai yaha cinha prathama bhaMga ke vidhe ke virUddha vidheya kA sUcaka hai jaise nitya ke sthAna para anitty| jaina jJAnadarzana 241

Page #255
udAharaNa prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usake virUddha dharma (vidheya) kA pratipAdana kara denA hai| jaise - dravya dRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai| paryAya dRSTi se ghar3A anitya hai| (3) prathama bhaMga - aD uvi hai| dvitIya bhaMga - a, u, ~ vi, nahIM hai| udAharaNa prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita dharma ko puSTa karane hetu usI apekSA se dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma kA vastu meM niSedha kara denaa| jaise-raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja nIlA hai| raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja pIlA nahIM hai| athavA apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA meM cetana hai| apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA acetana nahIM hai| athavA upadAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai| upadAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A svarNa kA nahIM hai| (4) prathama bhaMga - a, u, hai| dvitIya bhaMga - a u nahIM hai| udAharaNa jaba pratipAdita kathana deza yA kAla yA donoM ke sambandha meM ho taba deza kAla Adi kI apekSA ko badalakara prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara denaa| jaise-15 agasta 1947 ke pazcAt se pAkistAna kA astitva hai| 15 agasta 1947 ke pUrva meM pAkistAna kA astitva nahIM thaa| dvitIya bhaMga ke uparokta cAroM rUpa meM prathama aura dvitIya rUpa meM bahuta adhika maulika bheda nahIM hai| antara itanA hI hai ki jahAM prathama rUpa meM eka hI dharma (vidheya) kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhAna aura dUsare bhaMga meM niSadha hotA hai, vahAM dUsare rUpa meM donoM bhaMgoM meM alaga-alaga rUpa meM do virUddha dharmoM (vidheyoM) kA vidhAna hotA hai| prathama rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai jaba vastu meM eka hI guNa apekSA bheda se kabhI upasthita rahe aura kabhI upasthita nahIM rhe| isa rUpa ke lie vastu meM do viruddha yugala kA honA jarUrI nahIM hai, jabaki dUsare rUpa kA prastutIkaraNa kevala usI sthiti meM sambhava hotA hai, jabaki vastu meM dharma viruddha yugala ho hii| tIsarA rUpa taba banatA hai, jabaki usa vastu meM pratipAdita dharma ke viruddha dharma kI upasthiti hI na 242 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #256
ho| caturtha rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jabaki hamAre pratipAdana meM vidheya kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha na ho| dvitIya bhaMga ke pUrvokta rUpoM meM prathama rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) vahI rahatA hai aura kriyA pada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai| dvitIya rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha dharma (vidheya kA vyAghAta pada) hotA hai aura kriyApada vidhAnAtmaka hotaa| tRtIya rUpa meM apekSA vahIM rahatI haiM, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha yA viparIta pada rakhA jAtA hai aura kriyA pada nibodhAtmaka hotA hai tathA antima caturtha rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai aura pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara diyA jAtA hai| saptabhaMgI kA tIsarA maulika bhaMga avaktavya hai, ataH yaha vicAraNIya hai ki isa bhaMga kI yojanA kA uddezya kyA hai? sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahe hue sat-asat, nitya-anitya Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapat arthAt eka sAtha pratipAdita karane vAlA aisA koI zabda nahIM hai| ataH viruddha dhamoM kI eka sAtha abhivyakti kI zAbdika asamarthatA ke kAraNa avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA kI gaI hai, kintu avaktavya kA yaha artha usakA ekamAtra artha nahI hai| yadi hama avaktavya zabda para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to usake artha meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| DA. padmarAja ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai : (1) pahalA vedakAlIna niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa jisameM vizva kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi usa kAraNa tatva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai, yahAM donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| (2) dUsarA aupaniSadika vidhAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa jisameM sat asat Adi virodhI tatvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaiseH tadejati tanejati aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn, sadasadvareNyam aadi| yahAM donoM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa jisameM tatva ko svarUpataH avyadezIya yA anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM hI milatA hai| jaise - 'yato vAco nivartante, yadvAvAmyuditya, naiva vAcA na manasA prAptu zakyaH, aadi| buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI catuSTakoTi vinirmukta tatva kI dhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina nyAya meM sApekSika avaktavyatA yA sApekSika anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| sAmAnyatayA avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM : jaina jJAnadarzana 243

Page #257
(1) sat va asat donoM kA niSedha karanA / (2) sat, asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha karanA / (3) sat, asat sat-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat na asat (anubhaya) cAroM kA niSedha karanA / (4) vastutatva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya mAnanA arthAt yaha ki vastutatva anubhava to A sakatA hai, kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| (5) sat aura asat donoM ko yugapat rUpa se svIkAra karanA, kintu usake kathana ke lie koI zabda hone ke kAraNa avaktavya kahanA / ( 6 ) vastutva ananta dharmAtmaka hai arthAt vastutatva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM hai / ataH vAcaka zabdoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzataH vAcya aura aMzataH avAcya mAnanA / yahAM yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM isa avaktavyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiM / sAmAnyatA jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiM / usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat ora asat donoM kA yugapat vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai isalie vastutatva avaktavya hai kintu yadi hama prAcIna jaina AgamoM ko dekheM to avaktavyatA kA yaha artha antima nahIM kahA sakatA hai / AcArAMga sUtra meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko jisa rUpa meM vacanagocara kahA gayA hai vaha vicAraNIya hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRti kA viSaya nahIM hai / vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai, vahAM vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahAM taka pahuMca nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI, vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAvAna hai / usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| ise dekhate hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI kA mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai / punaH vastutatva kI anantadharmAtmakatA aura zabda saMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutatva ko avaktavya mAnA gayA hai, AcArya nemIcandra ne gomaTTasAra meM anabhilApya bhAva kA ullekha kiyA hai / ve likhate haiM ki anubhava meM Aye vaktavya bhAvoM kA anaMtavAM bhAga hI kathana kiyA jAne yogya hai / ataH yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha mAnya hai / 244 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #258
isa prakAra jaina darzana meM avaktavya cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThe artha mAnya rahe haiN| phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa aura avaktavyatA aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavyatA ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| arthAt vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutatva pUrNatayA vaktavya to nahIM hai, kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya bhI nahIM hai| yadi hama vastutva ko pUrNatayA avakvya arthAt anirvacanIya mAna legeM to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaavegaa| ataH jaina dRSTikoNa vastutatva kI anirvacanIyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha anirvacanIya hai| sattA aMzataH anirvacanIya kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda siddhAnta ke anukUla hai| isa prakAra pUrva nirdiSTa pAMca arthoM meM se pahale do ko chor3akara antima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| merI dRSTi meM avaktavya bhaMga kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM hai, prathama to 'hai' aura 'nahIM hai' aise vidhi pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka hI sAtha) pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA hai| dUsare nirapekSa rUpa se vastutatva kA kathana sambhava nahIM hai| ataH vastutatva avaktavya hai| tIsare apekSAeM ananta ho sakatI haiM, kintu ananta apekSAoM ke yugapad rUpa meM vastutatva kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai isalie bhI use avaktavya mAnanA hogaa| isake nimna tIna rUpa hai : (1) (a.a)ya - u avaktavya hai| (2) ~ a u avaktavya hai| (3) 00(a )ya u, avaktavya hai| saptabhaMgI ke zeSa cAroM bhaMga saMyogika haiN| vicAra kI spaSTa abhivyakti kI dRSTi se inakA mahatva to avazya hai, kintu inakA apanA koI svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai, ve apane saMyogI mUla bhaMgo kI apekSA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hI vastu svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiN| ataH ina para vistRta vicAra apekSita nahIM hai| pramANa saptabhaMgI naya saptaMbhagI ___ jaina tarkazAstra meM vAkya do prakAra ke mAne gaye hai - saphalAdeza aura viklaadesh| inameM pramANa vAkya sakalAdeza arthAt pUrNa vastu svarUpa ke A~zika svarUpa ke grAhaka mAne jAte haiN| pramANa vAkyoM ko pUrNa vyApI aura naya vAkyoM ko aMzavyApI vAkya kI satyatA pramANa vAkya yA pUrNa vyApI vAkya para nirbhara hotI hai, ataH ve sApekSa satya haiM jabaki pramANa vAkya svataH satya hai unakI satyatA svayaM vastu svarUpa para nirbhara hai| tarkazAstra kI bhASA meM pramANa vAkya kI sAmAnya vAkya (Universal Proposition) aura naya vAkya ko vizeSa vAkya (Particular jaina jJAnadarzana 245

Page #259
Proposition) mAnA jA sakatA hai| siddhasena, abhayadeva aura zanti sUri ne saptabhaMgI ke saptabhaMgI meM se kevala tIna mUla bhaMgoM (sat, asat aura avaktavya) ko sakalAdezI aura zeSa ko vikAlAdezI mAnA hai jabaki bhaTTa akalaMka aura yazovijayajI ne sAtoM hI bhaMgoM ko vivakSA bheda se sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza donoM hI mAnA hai| merI dRSTi se yaha dUsarA dRSTikoNa adhika samucita hai| isI AdhAra para pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI aisA vibhAjana bhI huA hai| prathama prazna to yaha hai ki pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI ke antara kA AdhAra kyA hai? yadi hama yaha mAneM ki pramANa saptabhaMgI meM abheda dRSTi se yA vyApaka pariprekSya meM vastu ko dekhA jAtA hai aura naya saptabhaMgI meM bheda dRSTi yA AMzika pariprekSya meM vastu ko dekhA jAtA hai, to samasyA yaha hai ki eka hI prakAra kI vAkya yojanA meM donoM ko kaise abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isalie jaina AcAryoM ne nayasaptabhaMgI meM 'eva' zabda kI yojanA kI hai aura pramANa saptabhaMgI meM nahIM kI hai| kintu 'eva' zabda kathana kI nizcayAtmakatA kA sUcaka hai| Adhunika pAzcAtya tarkavidoM ne bhI sAmAnya vAkyoM ko anizcita parimANa vAle aura vizeSa vAkyoM ko nizcita parimANa vAle vAkya mAnA hai, ataH donoM kI saMgati baiTha sakatI hai| paramparAgata pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM to sAmAnya tarka vAkya ke lie 'saba' aura vizeSa tarka vAkya ke lie 'kucha' zabdoM kI yojanA kI jAtI hai, kintu saptabhaMgI ke vAkyoM meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM to syAt zabda ke hI do bhinna arthoM ke AdhAra para hI pramANa saptabhaMgI kI yojanA kI gaI hai| bhaTTa, akalaMka ne yaha mAnA hai ki syAt zabda samyak anekAnta aura samyak ekAnta donoM kA sUcaka hai| ataH jaba hama use samyak anekAnta ke rUpa meM lete haiM, to vaha pramANa saptabhaMgI kA aura jaba samyak ekAnta ke rUpa meM lete haiM, kintu eka hI zabda kA dohare arthoM meM prayoga bhrAnti ko janma detA hai- dUsare yadi hama 'eva' zabda kA prayoga usake bhASAyI artha se alaga haTakara kathana ko vizeSa yA sImita karane ke vAle parimANaka ke artha meM karate haiM, to bhI bhrAnti kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| usa yuga meM jaba pratIkoM kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA taba yaha vivazatA thI ki apane vAMchita artha ke nikaTatama artha dene vAle zabdoM ko pratIka banAyA jAve, kiMtu usase jo bhrAMtiyAM utpanna huI haiM unheM hama jAnate haiN| yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya ko alaga-alaga pratIkAtmaka svarUpa nirdhArita kara pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI kI racanA kreN| donoM meM maulika antara yaha hai ki pramANa saptabhaMgI meM kathana kA sampUrNa bala vastu tatva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA para hotA hai jabaki naya saptabhaMgI meM kathana kI apekSA para bala diyA jAtA hai| pramANa saptabhaMgI kA vAkya sakAlAdezI yA pUrNa jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 246

Page #260
vyApI hotA hai jabaki naya saptabhaMgI kA vikalpAdezI yA azavyApI hotA hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM pUrNa vyApI vAkyoM ke uddezya ko vyApta aura aMzavyApI vAkyoM ke uddezya ko avyApta mAnA jAtA hai - jaina paramparA ne bhI inheM kramazaH sakalAdezI aura vikalAdezI kahakara isa pada - vyApti ko svIkAra kiyA hai| kevala antara yaha hai ki pAramparika tarka zAstra meM jahAM niSedhita vidheya sadaiva hI pUrNa vyApI mAnA jAtA hai vahAM jaina paramparA meM vidheya kA vidhAna aura niSedha donoM hI aMzavyApI hoMge kyoMki syAdvAdI dRSTi se vidheya niSedha bhI nirapekSa nahIM hogaa| Adhunika pratIkAtmaka tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya kA svarUpa nimna hogaa| pratIka dha" - anantadharmAtmakatA yA anaMtadharmI a - apekSAoM kI anaMtatA 3- kama se kama eka 2- aMtarbhUtatA pramANavAkya kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa dha- 5 a dha uvi hai| vyAkhyA __ anantadharmAtmakatA meM anaMta apekSAeM antarbhUta haiM, unameM kama se kama eka apekSA aisI hai ki anaMta dharmI uddezya 'ka' vidheya 'kha' hai| udAharaNa __ anantadharmI AtmA meM ananta apekSAeM antarbhUta haiM usameM se kama se kama eka dravya apekSA aisI hai ki AtmA nitya hai| naya vAkya pratIkAtmaka rUpa - a, u, vi, hai| vyAkhyA kama se kama eka apekSA aisI hai ki u 'ka' vi 'kha' hai| udAharaNa kama se kama dravya apekSA hai ki usake anusAra AtmA nitya hai| isa pratIkIkaraNa se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki sakalAdezI pramANa vAkyoM meM bala vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA (sambhAvita mUlya) para hotA hai jabaki vikalAdezI vAkyoM meM bala usa apekSA para hotA hai jisase kathana kiyA jAtA hai| inhI vAkyoM ke AdhAra para pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI kI racanA kI jA sakatI hai| vistAra bhaya se hama usameM nahIM jAnA cAhate hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 247

Page #261
saptabhaMgI aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra vartamAna yuga meM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke vicArakoM meM lyUkasAivika ne eka nayI dRSTi dI hai, usake anusAra tArkika nirNayoM meM kevala satya, asatya aise do mUlya hI nahIM hote, apitu satya, asatya aura sambhAvita satya aise tIna mUlya hote haiN| isI sandarbha meM DaoN. esa. esa vAraliMge pAMDe tathA saMgamalAla pANDe ne jaina nyAya ko trimUlyAtmaka siddha karane ke prayAsa kramazaH jayapura evaM pUnA kI eka goSThI meM kiye the / yadyapi jahA~ taka jaina nyAya yA syAdvAda ke siddhAnta kA prazna hai use trimUlyAtyAtmaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANa naya aura durnaya aise tIna rUpa mAne haiM, unameM pramANa satya kA, naya AMzika satya kA aura durnaya asatya ke paricAyaka haiM / punaH jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya aise do prakAra ke vAkya mAnakara pramANa vAkya ko sakalAdeza (sunizcita satya yA pUrNa satya ) aura naya vAkya ko vikalAdeza ( sambhAvita satya yA AMzika satya ) kahA hai| vAkya ko na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asatya / ataH satya aura asatya ke madhya eka tIsarI koTi AMzika satya yA sambhAvita satya mAnI jA sakatI hai| vastutatva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA evaM syAdvAda siddhAMta bhI sambhAvita satyatA ke samarthaka haiM kyoMki vastutatva ananta dharmAtmakatA anya sambhAvanAoM ko nirasta nahIM karatI hai aura syAdvAda una kathita satyatA ke atirikta anya sambhAvita satyatAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI vastutatva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA tathA pramANa, naya aura durnaya kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para syAdvAda siddhAMta trimUlyAtmaka tarka zAstra (Three Valued Logic) yA bahumUlyAtmaka zAstra kA samarthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jahAM taka saptabhaMgI kA prazna hai use trimUlyAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki usameM nAsti nAmaka bhaMga evaM avaktavya nAmaka bhaMga kramazaH asatya evaM aniyatatA (Flase & Indeterminate) ke sUcaka nahIM haiM / sambhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga satya mUlya sUcaka hai yadyapi jaina vicArakoM ne pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI ke rUpa meM saptabhaMga ke do rUpa mAne haiM, usake AdhAra para yahAM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramANa saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sunizcata satyatA aura naya saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sambhAvita yA AMzika satyatA kA pratipAdana karate haiM / asatya kA sUcaka to kevala durnaya hI hai / ataH saptabhaMgI trimUlyAtmaka nahIM hai / saMkSepa meM syAdvAda siddhAMnta kI tulanA trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra se nimna rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 248

Page #262
trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra kI trayI- 1. nizcitatA 2. sambhAvyatA 3. asambhAvyatA | | | satya mUlya AMzika satyamUlya asatyamUlya jaina darzana kI trayI - mUlya ataH syAdvAda trimUlyAtmaka hai, kintu saptabhaMgI dvimUlyAtmaka hai usameM asatya mUlya nahIM hai| usameM bhI pramANa saptabhaMgI nizcita satyatA kI sUcaka hai aura nae saptabhaMgI AMzika satyatA kI / saMdarbha - 1. prAcya vidyA sammelana karnATaka vizvavidyAlaya ghAravAr3a san 1976 meM ptthit| 2. sadhye sarA niyaMTTati, takkA jatthana viDaDAI maI tatta na gAhiyA upamA na vijjaI apayasya payaM natthi / 3. 1. pramANa 2. naya 3. durnaya | | | satya mUlya AMzika satya asatya mUlya **** jaina jJAnadarzana paNNavaNigajvA bhAvA anaMtabhAgo du aNabhilappAnaM / paNNavaNijjANaMpuNa anaMtabhAgo sudanivar3o / / AcArAMga 1-5-6-17 / - gomaTTasAra, jIva, 334 249

Page #263
zabda kI vAcya zakti AtmAbhivyakti prANIya prakRti pratyeka prANI kI yaha sahaja evaM svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha apanI anubhUti evaM bhAvanAoM ko dUsare prANiyoM ke sammukha prakaTa karatA hai aura isa prakAra dUsaroM ko bhI apane jJAna, anubhUti aura bhAvanA kA sahabhAgI banAtA haiN| prANI hI isI pArasparika sahabhAgitA kI pravRtti ko umAsvAmi ne tattvArtha-sUtra (5/21) meM 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" nAmaka sUtra ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| vastutaH yaha pArasparika sahabhAgitA kI pravRtti hI sAmAjika jIvana kI AdhAra-bhUmi hai| hama sAmAjika haiM kyoMki hama apanI anubhUtiyoM evaM bhAvanAoM meM dUsaroM ko sahabhAgI banAe binA athavA dUsaroM kI bhAvanAoM evaM anubhUtiyoM meM sahabhAgI bane binA nahIM raha skte| yadi kisI vyakti ko aise sthAna para bandI banA diyA jAe, jahAM use jIvana jIne kI sArI sukha-suvidhAeM to upalabdha hoM, kintu vaha apanI anubhUtiyoM evaM bhAvanAoM ko abhivyakti na de sakeM, nizcaya hI aise vyakti ko jIvana nissAra lagane lagegA aura sabhaMva hai ki vaha kucha samaya pazcAt pAgala hokara AtmahatyA kara le| manuSya hI kyA, pazu-pakSI bhI binA AtmAbhivyakti ke nahIM jI sakate haiN| saMkSepa meM AtmAbhivyakti ke mAdhyama se dUsaroM ko apanI anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM kA sahabhAgI banAnA aura dUsaroM kI abhivyaktiyoM ke artha ko samajhakara unakI anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM meM sahabhAgI bananA yaha prANIya prakRti hai| aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki yaha anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM kA sampreSaNa kaise hotA hai? AtmAbhivyakti ke sAdhana vizva ke samasta prANI apanI bhAvanAoM evaM anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti yA to zArIrika saMketoM ke mAdhyama se karate haiM yA dhvani saMketoM ke dvArA ina dhvani-sakeMtoM ke AdhAra para hI boliyoM evaM bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| vizva ke samasta prANiyoM meM manuSya isI lie sabase adhika saubhAgyazAlI hai ki use abhivyakti yA vicAra-sampreSaNa ke lie bhASA milI huI hai| zabda pratIkoM, jo ki sArthaka dhvani saMketoM ke suvyavasthita rUpa haiM, ke mAdhyama se apane vicAroM evaM bhAvoM ke abhivyakti de pAnA yahI usakI viziSTatA hai| kyoMki bhASA ke mAdhyama se manuSya 250 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #264
jitanI spaSTatA ke sAtha apane vicAroM evaM bhAvoM kA sampreSaNa kara sakatA hai, utanI spaSTatA se vizva kA dUsarA koI prANI nhiiN| udAharaNa ke lie koI bhI vyakti mAtra dhvani-saMketa yA aMga-saMketa se kisI vastu kI svAdAnubhUti kI abhivyakti utanI spaSTatA se nahIM kara sakatA hai, jitanI bhASA ke mAdhyama se kara sakatA hai| yadyapi bhASA yA zabda-pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se kI gaI yaha abhivyakti apUrNa, AMzika evaM mAtra saMketa hI hotI hai, phira bhI abhivyakti kA isase adhika spaSTa koI mAdhyama khojA nahIM jA sakatA hai| bhASA kA svarUpa hamane vyaktiyoM; vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke kucha zabda pratIka banA lie haiM aura bhASA hamAre ina zabda-pratIkoM kA hI eka suniyojita khela hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to hamane unheM "nAma" de diyA hai aura nAmoM ke mAdhyamoM se hama apane bhAvoM, vicAroM evaM tathya saMbaMdhI jAnakAriyoM kA sampreSaNa dUsaroM taka karate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie hama kursI zabda se eka viziSTa vastu ko athavA "prema" zabda se eka viziSTa bhAvanA ko saMketita karate haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, guNoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM, evaM bhAvanAoM ke pArasparika vibhinna prakAra ke saMbaMdhoM ke lie athavA una saMbaMdhoM ke abhAva ke lie bhI zabda pratIka banA lie gae haiN| bhASA kI racanA inhIM sArthaka zabda pratIkoM ke tAne-bAne se huii| bhASA zabda-pratIkoM kA vaha niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai, jo vaktA ke dvArA sampreSaNIya bhAvoM kA jJAna zrotA ko karAtI hai| zabda evaM bhASA kI abhivyakti sAmarthya yahA~ dArzanika prazna yaha hai kyA ina zabda-pratIkoM meM bhI apane viSaya yA artha kI abhivyakti karane kI sAmarthya hai? kyA kursI zabda kursI nAmaka vastu ko aura prema zabda prema nAmaka bhAvanA ko apanI samagratA ke sAtha prastuta kara sakatA hai? yaha ThIka hai ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka, athavA saMketaka, hai, kintu kyA koI bhI zabda apane vAcya viSaya ko pUrNatayA abhivyakta karane meM sakSama hai? kyA zabda apane viSaya ke samasta guNa-dharmoM aura paryAyoM (avasthAoM) kA eka samagra citra prastu kara sakatA hai? vastutaH isa prazna kA uttara kaThina hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka nahIM hai to phira bhASA kI prAmANikatA yA upayogitA saMdehAtmaka bana jAtI haiN| kintu isake viparIta yaha mAnanA bhI pUrNatayA sahIM nahIM hai ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA sampUrNatA ke sAtha nirvacana karane meM samartha hai aura apane vAcya kA yarthAtha citra zrotA ke sammukha prastuta kara detA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne zabda aura usake artha evaM viSaya ke saMbaMdha ko lekara eka jaina jJAnadarzana 251

Page #265
madhyavargIya dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| ve bauddhoM ke samAna yaha mAnane ke lie sahamata nahIM haiM ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA saMsparza hI nahIM karatA hai| kintu ve mImAMsakoM ke samAna yaha bhI nahIM mAnanA cAhate haiM ki zabda apane viSaya kA samagra citra prastuta kara sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda aura usake dvArA saMketita artha yA viSaya meM eka sambandha to hai, kintu vaha saMbaMdha aisA nahIM hai ki zabda apane viSaya yA artha kA sthAna hI le le| dUsare zabdoM meM zabda aura unake viSayoM meM tadrUpatA kA sambandha nahIM hai| prabhAcandra zabda aura artha meM tadrUpa saMbaMdha kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiN| ki modaka zabda ke uccAraNa se mIThe svAda kI anubhUti nahIM hotI hai, ataH modaka zabda aura modaka nAmaka vastu-donoM bhinna-bhinna hai| (nyAyakumudacandra bhAga 2, pR 536) kintu isase yaha bhI nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki zabda aura unake viSaya artha ke bIca koI saMbaMdha hI nahIM hai| zabda artha yA viSaya kA saMketaka to hai, kintu usakA sthAna nahIM le sakatA hai| artha bodha kI prakriyA meM zabda ko apane artha yA viSaya kA pratinidhi (riprajenTeTiva) to kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI zabda apane viSaya yA artha kA hUbahU citra nahIM hai| jaise nakze meM pradarzita nadI vAstavika nadI kI saMketaka to hai, kintu na to vaha vAstavika nadI kI saMketaka to hai, kintu na to vaha vAstavika nadI hai aura usakA hUbahU pratibiMba hI hai, vaise hI zabda aura unase nirmita bhASA bhI apane artha yA viSaya kI saMketaka to hai, kintu usakA hUbahU pratibiMba nahIM hai| phira bhI vaha apane viSaya kA eka citra zrotA yA pAThaka ke sammukha avazya prastuta kara detA hai| jisa prakAra jJAna aura jJeya meM jJApaka aura jJApya saMbaMdha hai, usI prakAra zabda aura artha (viSaya) meM pratipAdaka aura pratipAdya saMbaMdha hai yadyapi jaina dArzanika zabda aura usake artha meM sambandha nahIM hai, kyoMki bhASA ke pracalana meM aneka bAra zabdoM ke artha (mIniMga) badalate rahe haiM aura eka samAna uccAraNa ke zabda bhI do bhinna bhASAoM meM bhinna artha rakhate haiN| zabda apane artha kA saMketaka avazya hai, kintu apane artha ke sAtha usakA nitya tathA tadrUpa saMbaMdha nahIM hai| jaina dArzanika mImAMsako ke samAna zabda aura artha meM nitya tathA tadrUpa sambandha svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jisa prakAra hasta saMketa Adi apane abhivyaMjanIya artha ke sAtha anitya rUpa se saMbaMdhita hora iSTa artha kI abhivyakti kara dete haiM, usI prakAra zabda saMketa bhI apane artha se anitya rUpa se saMbaMdhita hokara bhI arthabodha karA dete haiN| zabda aura artha (viSaya) donoM kI vivikta sattAeM hai| artha meM zabda nahIM hai aura na Artha zabdAtmaka hI hai| phira bhI donoM meM eka aisA saMbaMdha avazya hai, jisase zabdoM meM apane artha ke vAcaka hone kI sImita sAmarthya hai| zabda meM apane artha yA viSaya kA bodha karAne kI eka sahaja zakti hotI hai, jo usakI saMketa zakti aura prayoga para nirbhara karatI hai| 252 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #266
isa prakAra zabda sahaja-yogyatA, saMketaka-zakti aura prayoga ina tIna ke Adhara apane artha yA viSaya se saMbaMdhita hokara zrotA ko arthabodha karA detA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ko bauddhoM kA yaha siddhAnta mAnya nahIM hai ki zabda aura artha meM koI sambandha hI nahIM hai, unakA kathana hai ki yadi zabda kA apane artha ke sAtha meM koI sambandha hI nahIM mAnA jAyegA to samasta bhASA-vyavahAra kI prAmANikatA hI samApta ho jAegI orapArasparika abhivyakti kA koI sAdhana hI nahIM rhegaa| isIlie jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda aura artha meM sApekSa evaM sImita vAcya-vAcaka sambandha mAnA hai| zabda apane viSaya kA vAcaka to hotA kintu usakI samasta vizeSatAoM kA sampUrNatA ke sAtha nirvacana karane meM samartha nahIM hai| zabdoM meM artha (viSaya) kI abhivyakti kI sAmarthya sImita aura sApekSa hI hai, asImita yA pUrNa aura nirapekSa nhiiN| "prema" zabda prema nAmaka bhAvanA ko abhivyakti to detA hai, kintu usameM prema kI anubhUti kI sabhI gaharAiyAM samAviSTa nahIM haiN| prema ke vividha rUpa haiN| prema-anubhUti kI pragAr3hatA ke aneka stara haiN| akelA prema zabda una sabakA vAcaka to nahIM ho sktaa| eka premI apanI preyasI se, eka putra apanI mAtA se, eka bhAI apane bhAI se eka mitra apane mitra se "mai tumase prema karatA hU~" isa padAvalI kA kathana karate haiM, kintu kyA una sabhI vyaktiyoM ke saMdarbha meM isa padAvalI kA eka hI artha hogA? ve saba samAna padAvalI kA upayoga karate hue bhI jisa bhAva-pravaNatA kI abhivyakti kara rahe haiM, vaha bhinna-bhinna hI hai| do bhinna saMdoM meM aura do bhinna vyaktiyoM ke lie eka hI saMdarbha meM eka zabda kA eka hI artha nahIM ho sakata hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka hI padAvalI ke sadaMrbha meM vaktA aura zrotA donoM kI bhAva-pravaNatA aura artha-grAhakatA bhinna-bhinna bhI ho sakatI hai| artha bodha na kevala zabda-sAmarthya para nirbhara hai, apitu zrotA kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hai vastutaH arthabodha ke lie pahale zabda aura usake artha (viSaya) meM eka saMbaMdha jor3a liyA jAtA hai| bAlaka ko jaba bhASA sikhAI jAtI hai to zabda ke uccAraNa ke sAtha use vastu ko dikhAte haiN| dhIre-dhIre bAlaka unameM sambandha jor3a letA hai aura jaba bhI usa zabda ko sunatA hai yA par3hatA hai to use usa (viSaya) kA bodha ho jAtA hai, ataH apane viSaya kA artha bodha kA dene kI zakti bhI mAtra zabda meM nahIM, apitu zrotA yA pAThaka ke pUrva saMskAroM meM bhI rahI huI hai arthAt vaha zrotA yA pAThaka kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hai| yahI yahI kAraNa hai ki anasIkhI bhASA ke zabda hameM koI artha bodha nahIM de pAte haiN| isIlie jaina dArzanika mImAMsa darzana ke zabda meM svataH arthabodha dene kI sAmarthya kA khaNDana karate haiN| aneka prasaMgoM meM vaktA kA Azaya kucha aura hotA hai aura zrotA jaina jJAnadarzana 253

Page #267
artha meM vAcaka-vAcya sambandha hote hue bhI vaha sambandha zrotA yA pAThaka sApekSa hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| anyathA do vyaktiyoM ke dvArA eka hI padAvalI kA bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM artha grahaNa karanA kabhI saMbhava hI nahIM hotaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki apane viSaya kA vAcaka hone kI zakti bhI sImita hI hai| zabda zakti kI sImitatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki anubhUtiyoM kI evaM bhAvanAoM kI jitanI vividhatAeM haiM, utane zabda nahIM haiN| apane vAcya viSayoM kI apekSA zabda saMkhyA aura zabda zakti donoM hI sImita hai| udAharaNa ke lie mIThA zabda ko liijie| hama kahate haiM gannA mIThA hai, gur3a mIThA hai, rasagullA mIThA hai, tarabUja mIThA hai aadi-aadi| yahAM sabhI ke mIThepana kI anubhUti ke lie eka zabda "mIThA" prayoga kara rahe haiM, kintu hama yaha bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa se jAnate haiM ki sabake mIThepana kA svAda eka samAna nahIM hai| tarabUja mIThA hai aura Ama mIThA hai, ina donoM kathanoM meM "miThA" nAmaka guNa eka hI prakAra kI anubhUti kA dyotaka nahIM hai| yadyapi pazuoM ke dhvani-saMketa aura zArIrika saMketa kI apekSA manuSya ke zabda-saMketoM meM bhAvAbhivyakti evaM viSayAbhivyakti kI sAmarthya kAphI vyApaka hai, kintu usakI bhI apanI sImAeM hai bhASA kI aura zabda saMketa kI ina sImAoM para dRSTipAta karanA ati Avazyaka hai| kyoMki vizva meM vastuoM, tathyoM evaM bhAvanAoM kI jo anantatA hai usakI apekSA hamArA zabda-bhaNDAra atyanta sImi haiN| eka "lAla" zabda ko hI liijie| vaha lAla nAmaka raMga kA vAcaka hai, kintu lAlimA kI aneka koTiyAM haiM, aneka aMza (DigrIja) haiM, aneka saMyoga (kombinezana) haiN| kyA eka hI "lAla" zabda bhinna prakAra kI lAlimAoM kA vAcaka ho sakatA hai| eka aura udAharaNa lIjie-eka vyakti jisane gur3a ke svAda kA anubhava kiyA hai, usa vyakti se jisaneM kabhI gur3a ke svAda kA anubhava nahIM kiyA haiM jaba yaha kahatA hai ki gur3a mIThA hotA hai to kyA zrotA usase mIThepana kI usI anubhUti ko grahaNa karegA jise vaktA ne abhivyakta kiyA haiN| gur3a kI miThAsa kI eka apanI viziSTatA hai usa viziSTatA kA grahaNa kisI dUsare vyakti ko taba taka ThIka vaisA hI nahIM ho sakatA hai, jaba taka ki usane svayaM gur3a ke svAda kI anubhUti nahIM kI ho / kyoM ki zabda sAmAnya hotA hai, sattA vizeSa hotI hai| sAmAnya vizeSa kA saMketaka ho sakatA hai, lekina usakA samagra nirvacana nahIM kara sakatA hai| zabda apane artha (viSaya) ko mAtra sUcita karatA hai, zabda aura usake viSaya meM tadrUpatA nahIM hai, zabda ko artha (miniMga) diyA jAtA hai| isIlie bauddhoM ne zabda ko vikalpayoni (vikalpayonayaH zabdAH nyAyakumudacandra, pR. 537) kahA hai| zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka hote hue bhI usameM aura usake viSaya meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai| yahAM taka ki use apane viSaya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 254

Page #268
kA sampUrNa evaM yathArtha citra nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadyapi zabda meM zrotA kI cetanA meM zabda aura artha ke pUrva saMyojana ke AdhAra para apane artha (viSaya) kA citra upasthita karane kI sAmarthya to hotI hai, kintu yaha sAmarthya bhI zrotA sApekSa hai| sattA kitanI vAcya kitanI avAcya? isa prakAra bhASA yA zabda-saMketa apane viSayoM ke apane arthoM ke saMketaka to avazya haiM, kintu unakI apanI sImAeM bhI haiN| isIlie sattA yA vastu-tattva kisI sImA taka vAcya hote hue bhI avAcya banA rahatA hai| vastutaH jaba jIvana kI sAmAnya anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM ko zabdoM evaM bhASA ke dvArA taraha se abhivyakta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai to phira sattA ke nirvacana kA prazna to aura bhI jaTila ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya cintana meM prAraMbha se lekara Aja taka sattA kI vAcyatA kA yaha prazna mAnava-mastiSka ko jhakajhoratA rahA hai| vastutaH sattA kI avAcyatA kA kAraNa zabda bhaNDAra tathA zabda zakti kI sImitatA aura bhASA kA asti aura nAsti kI sImAoM se ghirA honA hai| isIlie prAcInakAla se hI sattA kI avAcyatA kA svara mukhara hotA rahA hai| __ taittirIya upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki yato vAcoM nivartante (2/4)- vANI vahAM se lauTa AtI hai, use vANI kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| isI bAta ko kenopaniSad meM "yadvAcAvIyuditam" (1/4) ke rUpa meM kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM "neva vAcA na manasA prAptuM zakyam" kaha kara yaha batAyA gayA hai ki parama sattA kA grahaNa vANI aura mana ke dvArA saMbhava nahIM hai| mANDUkyopaniSad meM sattA ko adRSTa, avyavahAra, agrAhya, alakSaNa, acintya aura avAcya kahA gayA hai| jaina-Agama AcArAMga kA bhI kathana hai ki "vaha (sattA) dhvanayAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai, vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahAM vANI mUka ho jAtI hai tarka kI vahAM taka pahuMca nahIM hai, vaha buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI bhI upamA ke dvArA use samajhAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai arthAt usakI koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| vaha anupama, arUpI sattA hai| jisa ke dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA sake" (AcArAMga 1/5/6) / uparyukta sabhI kathana bhASA kI sImitatA aura aparyAptatA ko tathA sattA kI avAcyatA yA avaktavyatA ko hI sUcita karate haiN| kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA tattva yA sattA ko kisI bhI prakAra vANI kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA haiM? yadi aisA hai to sArA vAk vyavahAra nirarthaka hogaa| zrutajJAna arthAt zAstra aura Agama vyartha ho jaayeNge| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina cintakoM ne sattA yA tattva ko samagrataH (eja e hola) avAcya yA avaktavya mAnate hue bhI aMzataH yA sApekSataH vAcya maanaa| jaina jJAnadarzana 255

Page #269
kyoMki use avaktavya yA vAcya kahanA bhI to eka prakAra kA vacana yA vAk vyavahAra hI hai, yahAM hamArA vAcya yaha hai ki vaha avAcya hai| ataH hameM vyavahAra ke stara para utara kara sattA kI vaktavyatA yA vAcyatA ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| kyoMki isI para zrutajJAna evaM AgamoM kI prAmANikatA svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne dUsaroM ke dvArA kie gae saMketoM ke AdhAra para hone vAle jJAna ko zrutajJAna kahA hai| saMkSepa meM samasta Anuvika jJAna, matijJAna aura sAMketika jJAna zrutajJAna haiM, zrutajJAna kI paribhASA hai- jisa jJAna meM saMketa-smaraNa hai aura jo saMketoM ke niyata artha ko samajhane meM samartha hai, vahI zrutajJAna hai (vizeSAvazyakabhASya 120 evaM 121) / sAmAnyatayA zrutajJAna kA mukhya AdhAra zabda hai, kintu hastasaMketa Adi anya sAdhanoM se hone vAlA jJAna bhI zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai, kyoMki zrutajJAna ke do bheda prasiddha haiM akSara-zruta aura ankssr-shrut| akSarazruta ke tIna bheda haiM- saMjJAkSara, vyaMjanAkSara aura lbdhykssr| varNa kA dhvani saMketa arthAt zabda-dhvani vyaMjanAkSara hai| varNa kA AkArika saMketa arthAt lipi saMketa saMjJAkSara hai| lipi saMketa aura zabda-dhvani saMketa ke dvArA artha samajhane kI sAmarthya labdhyakSara hai| zabda yA bhASA ke binA mAtra vastu saMketa, aMga saMketa athavA dhvani saMketa dvArA jo jJAna hotA hai vaha anakSara zruta hai| isameM hasta Adi zarIra ke saMketoM, jhaNDI Adi vastu saMketoM tathA khAMsanA Adi dhvani saMketoM ke dvArA apane bhAvoM evaM anubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakta kiyA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM ve sabhI sAMketika sUcanAeM jo kisI vyakti ke jJAna, bhAva yA vicAra ko sArthaka rUpa se prakaTa kara detI haiM aura jisake dvArA para (dUsarA) vyakti unake lakSita artha kA grahaNa kara detI haiM, zrutajJAna hai| cUMki zrutajJAna pramANa hai, ataH mAnanA hogA ki zabda saMketa yA bhASA apane viSaya yA artha kA prAmANika jJAna dene meM samartha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sat yA vastu vAcya bhI hai| isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM sattA yA vastu tattva ko aMzataH vAcya yA vaktavya aura samagrataH avAcya yA avaktavya kahA gayA hai| yahAM yaha vicAra kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki isa avaktavyatA kA bhI kyA artha hai? DaoN. padyarAje ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai - (1) pahalA vedakAlIna niSadhAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM vizva-kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi isa kAraNa tattva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai yahAM donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| yahAM sattA kI asti (sat) aura nAsti (asat) rUpa se vAcyatA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| 256 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #270
(2) dUsarA aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa, jisameM sat-asat Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaise- "tadejati tannejati" "aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAna" sadasadvadeNyam" aadi| yahAM donoM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| yahAM sattA ko do virUddha dharmoM se yukta mAnakara use asti (hai) aura nAsti (nahIM hai) rUpa bhASA se avAcya kahA gayA hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa jisameM tattva ko svarUpataH avyapadezya yA anivarcanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM hI milatA hai| jaise- "yato vAco nivartante", yadvAcAbhyuditya, naiva vAcA na manasA prAptuM zakyaH aadi| buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI catuSkoTi vinirmukta tattva kI avadhAraNA meM bhI bahuta isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina-nyAya meM sApekSita avaktavyatA yA sApekSitA anirvanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai jisameM sattA ko aMzataH vAcya aura samagrataH avAcya kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM - (1) sat ve asat donoM rUpa se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| (2) sat, asat sadatatInoM rUpoM se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| (3) sat, asat sat-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat- na asat (anubhaya) cAroM rUpa se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| (4) vastutattva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya yA vAcya maannaa| arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhAva meM to A sakatA hai, kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| kyoMki vaha anubhavagamya hai , zabdagamya nhiiN| (5) sat aura asat donoM ko yugapad rUpa se svIkAra karanA, kintu usake kathana ke lie koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa avaktavya khnaa| (6) vastutattva ananta dharmAtmaka hai arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM hai| ataH zabdoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzataH vAcya aura aMzataH avAcya maannaa| yahAM yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina-paraMparA meM isa avakvyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina paraparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat aura asat donoM kA yugapad vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai isalie vastutattva avaktavya hai, kintu yadi hama prAcIna jaina-AgamoM ko dekheM to avakvyatA kA yaha artha aMtima nahIM jaina jJAnadarzana 257

Page #271
kahA jA sakatA hai| "AcArAMgasUtra" meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko vacanAgocara kahA gayA hai / usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai, arthAt aisA koI pada nahIM hai, jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| ise dekhate hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI kA mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA punaH vastutattva ko anandharmAtmakatA aura zabda - saMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutattva kI avaktavya mAnA gayA hai AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApyabhAva kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paraMparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha mAnya hai 1 isa prakAra jainadarzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe artha mAnya rahe haiN| hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa avaktavyatA aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavyatA ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva pUrNatayA vaktavya yA vAcya to nahIM, kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya yA avAcya bhI nahIM hai / yadi hama vastutattva ko pUrNatayA avAcya arthAt anirvacanIya mAna leMge to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI rAstA hI nahIM raha jAyegA / ataH jaina dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anivarcanIyatA yA avAcyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha nirvacanIya yA vAcya bhI hai| sattA aMzataH nirvacanIya hai aura aMzataH anirvacanIya / kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda siddhAMnta ke anukUla hai / isa prakAra avakvyatA ke pUrva nirdiSTi chaha arthoM meM se pahale tIna ko chor3akara antima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai / jainadarzana meM saptabhaMgI kI yojanA meM eka bhaMga avakvya bhI hai / saptabhaMgI meM do prakAra ke bhaMga haiM- eka maulika aura dUsare saMyogika / maulika bhaMga tIna haiMsyAd asti, syAd nAsti aura syAd avaktavya zeSa cAra bhaMga saMyoMgika haiM, jo ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM ke saMyoga se bane hue haiM / prastuta niMbaMdha kA uddezya jaina darzana meM avaktavya yA avAcya ke artha ko spaSTa karanA thA / hamane dekhA ki sAmAnyatAyA jaina dArzanikoM kI avadhAraNA yaha hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahe hue sat-asat nitya-anitya, eka-aneka Adi virUddha dharmoM kA yugapad rUpa se arthAt eka hI sAtha prapAdana karanA bhASAyI sImAoM ke kAraNa azakya hai, kyoMki aisA koI bhI kriyApada nahIM hai jo eka hI kathana meM eka sAtha vidhAna yA niSedha donoM kara sake / ataH paraspara virUddha aura bhAvAtmaka evaM abhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI eka hI kathana meM abhivyakti kI bhASAyI asamarthatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA kI gaI / kintu jaina paraMparA meM avaktavya kA yahI eka mAtra nahIM rahA hai / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 258

Page #272
merI dRSTi meM avaktavya yA avAcyatA kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM hai, prathama to "hai" aura "nahIM hai" aise vidhi-pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka hI sAtha) pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH use avaktavya kahA gayA hai| dUsare nirapekSa rUpa se vastutattva kA kathana saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH vastutattva avaktavya hai| tIsare apekSAeM ananta ho sakatI hai, kintu ananta apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM vastutattva kA pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai, isalie bhI use avaktavya yA avAcya mAnanA hogaa| cauthe vastu meM ananta vizeSa guNa-dharma haiM, kintu bhASA meM pratyeka guNa-dharma ke vAcaka zabda nahIM hai, isalie vastu tattva avAcya hai| pAMcaveM vastu aura usake guNadharma "vizeSa" hote haiM aura zabda sAmAnya haiM aura sAmAnya zabda, vizeSa kI usa viziSTatA kA samagrataH vAcaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra "sattA" nirapekSa evaM samagra rUpa se avAcya hote hue bhI sApekSataH evaM aMzataH vAcya bhI hai| 00 jaina jJAnadarzana 259

Page #273
jaina vAkya darzana vAkya bhASAyI abhivyakti kI eka mahattvapUrNa ikAI hai| vAkya kI paribhASA ko lekara vibhinna dArzanikoM ke vicAroM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| prastuta vivecana meM hama sarvaprathama jaina AcAryoM kI vAkya kI paribhASA ko spaSTa kareMge aura usake bAda vAkya kI paribhASA ke sambandha meM anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM ko aura unakI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSA ko prastuta kareMge tathA yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki jaina dArzanikoM ne vAkya kA jo svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai, vaha kisa sImA taka tarka-saMgata hai| ... prabhAcandra prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vAkya ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki "apane vAcyArtha ko spaSTa karane ke lie taka dUsare kI paraspara apekSA rakhanevAle padoM kA nirapekSa samUha vAkya hai|" vAkya kI isa paribhASA se hamAre sAmane do bAteM spaSTa hotI haiN| prathama to yaha ki vAkya kI racanA karane vAle pada apane vAcyArtha kA avabodha karAne ke lie paraspara eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiM, kintu unase nirmita vaha vAkya apane vAkyArtha kA avabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM apanA arthabodha karAne meM vAkya svayaM samartha hotA hai kintu pada svayaM samartha nahIM hote haiN| jaba sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa pada paraspara milakara eka aise samUha kA nirmANa kara lete haiM jise apanA arthabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai, taba vAkya banatA hai| saMkSepa meM sAkAMkSa/sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa/niHkAMkSa samUha vAkya hai| padoM kI sApekSatA aura unase nirmita samUha kI nipekSatA hI vAkya kA mUla tattva hai| vAkya kA pratyeka pada dUsare pada kI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dUsare ke binA apUrNa-sA pratIta hotA hai| apane arthabodha ke lie dUsare kI AkAMkSA yA apekSA rakhane vAlA pada sAMkAkSa pada kahalAtA hai aura jitane sAkAMkSa padoM ko milAkara yaha AkAMkSA pUrI ho jAtI hai, vaha ikAI vAkya kahI jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra yahA~ vAkya meM prayukta pada sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa hote haiM, vahA~ una padoM se nirmita vAkya apanA arthabodha karAne kI dRSTi se nirapekSa yA nirAkAMkSa hotA hai| vastutaH paraspara eka-dUsare kI apekSA rakhanevAle sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa padoM ko milAkara jaba eka aise samUha hI racanA kara dI jAtI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 260

Page #274
hai, jise apane arthabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai, taba vAkya bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra vAkya meM padoM kI dRSTi se sApekSatA se aura pada-samUha kI dRSTi se nirapekSatA hotI hai, ataH vAkya sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vAkya eka ikAI hai jo sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa padoM se nirmita hokara bhI apane Apa meM nirapekSa hotI hai / pada vAkya ke Avazyaka aMga haiM aura vAkya inase nirmita eka nirapekSa ikAI hai / vAkyakhaNDAtmaka ikAiyoM se racita eka akhaNDa racanA hai vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata 1 vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra ne apane grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vAkyapadIya ye do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinameM usa kAla meM pracalita vAkya kI paribhASA evaM svarUpa sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAoM kA eka paricaya mila jAtA hai| AraNyatazabdaH saMghAto jAtisaMghAvartinI / eko anavayazabdaH kramo buddhayanusaMhati / / padamAdyaM pRthaksarvapadaM sAkAMkSamityapi / 'vAkyaM pratimatirbhinnA bahudhA nyAyavAdinAma / / vAkyapadIya - 2/1-7 bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM vAkya ke svarUpa ko lekara do mahattvapUrNa dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| vaiyAkaraNikoM kA mata hai ki vAkya eka akhaNDa ikAI hai, ve vAkya meM pada ko mahattvapUrNa nahIM maante| unake anusAra, vAkya se pRthaka pada kA koI astittva hI nahIM hai, jabaki dUsarA dRSTikoNa jisakA samarthana nyAya, mImAMsA Adi darzana karate haiM, vAkya ko khaNDAtmaka ikAiyoM arthAt zabdoM aura padoM se nirmita mAnatA hai / inake anusAra pada vAkya kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai aura apane Apa meM eka svatantra ikAI hai / yadyapi isa prazna ko lekara ki kriyApada (AkhyAta pada) athavA uddezyapada Adi meM kauna-sA pada vAkya kA prANa hai - ina vicArakoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai / vAkyapadIya ke AdhAra para prabhAcandra ne vAkya kI paribhASA evaM svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unakI samIkSA kI hai. (1) AkhyAta pada hI vAkya hai I - kucha dArzanikoM ke anusAra AkhyAtapada yA kriyApada hI vAkya kA prANa hai / vahI vAkya kA artha vahana karane meM samartha haiM / kriyApada ke abhAva meM vAkyArtha spaSTa nahIM; ataH vAkyArtha ke arthabodha meM kriyApada athavA AkhyAtapada hI pradhAna haiM, anya pada gauNa haiN| jaina jJAnadarzana 261

Page #275
isa mata kI samAlocanA karate hue prabhAcandra likhate haiM ki AkhyAtapada arthAt kriyApada anya padoM se nirapekSa hokara vAkya hai yA sApekSa hokara vAkya hai ? yadi prathama vikalpa ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAye ki AkhyAtapada anya padoM se nirapekSa hokara vAkya haiM to yaha mAnyatA do dRSTiIkoNoM se yuktisaMgata nahIM hai kyoMki prathama to anya padoM se nipekSa hone para AkhyAtapada 'pada' hI rahegA, 'vAkya' ke svarUpa ko prApta hogaa| dUsare, yadi anya padoM se nirapekSa AkhyAtapada arthAt kriyApada ko vAkya mAnA jAye to phira AkhyAtapada kA hI abhAva hogA kyoMki AkhyAtapada arthAt kriyApada vaha hai, jo uddezya aura vidheyapada ke athavA apane aura uddezyapada ke pArasparika sambandha ko sUcita karatA hai / uddezya yA vidheyapada se nirapekSa hokara to vaha apanA arthAt AkhyAtapada kA svarUpa hI kho cukegA; kyoMki nirapekSa hone se vaha na to uddezyapada aura vidheyapada ke sambandha ko aura na uddezyapada apane sambandha ko sUcita karegA / punaH yadi AkhyAtapada anya padoM se sApekSa hokara vAkya hai, to vaha kathaMcit sApekSa hokara vAkya hai yA pUrNatayA sApekSa hokara vAkya / isameM bhI prathama mata ke anusAra yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki vaha kathaMcit sApekSa hokara vAkya hai, to isase to jaina mata kA hI samarthana hogA / punaH yadi dUsare vikalpa ke anusAra yaha mAnA jAye ki vaha pUrNa sApekSa hokara vAkya hai, to pUrNa sApekSatA ke kAraNa usameM vAkyatva kA hI abhAva hogA aura vAkyatva kA abhAva hone se usake prakRta artha arthAt AkhyAta svabhAva kA hI abhAva hogA, vaha arddhavAkyavat hogA; kyoMki pUrNa sApekSa hone ke kAraNa use apanA arthabodha karAne ke liye anya kisI kI apekSA banI rhegii| anya kI apekSA rahane se vaha vAkya ke svarUpa ko prApta nahIM hogA; kyoMki vAkya to sApekSa padoM kI nirapekSa saMdvati arthAt ikAI hai / ataH jainoM ke anusAra kathaMcit sApekSa aura kathaMcit nirapekSa hokara hI AkhyAtapada vAkya ho sakatA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki vaha anya padoM se milakara hI vAkya svarUpa ko prApta hotA hai / AkhyAtapada vAkya kA cAhe eka mahattvapUrNa aMga ho, kintu vaha akelA vAkya nahIM hai / yaha satya hai ki aneka sthitiyoM meM kevala kriyApada ke uccAraNa se sandarbha ke AdhAra para vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAtA hai, kintu vahA~ bhI gauNarUpa se anya padoM kI upasthiti to hai| 'khAo' kahane se na kevala khAne kI kriyA kI sUcanA milatI hai, apitu khAnevAle vyakti aura khAdya vastu kA bhI avyakta rUpa se nirdeza hotA hai; kyoMki binA khAne vAle aura khAdya vastu se usakA koI matalaba nahIM hai / hindI bhASA meM 'lIjie' 'pAie' Adi aise AkhyAtapada haiM, jo eka pada hokara bhI vAkyArtha kA bodha karAte haiM; kintu inameM anya padoM kA gauNarUpa se saMketa to ho hI jAtA hai / saMskRta bhASA meM 'gacchAmi' isa kriyApada ke prayoga meM 'ahaM' aura 'gacchati' isa jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 262

Page #276
kriyApada ke prayoga meM 'saH'kA gauNarUpa se nirdeza to rahA hii| kriyApada ko sadaiva vyakta yA avyakta rUpa meM kartApada kI apekSA to hotI hI hai| ataH AkhyAtada anya padoM se kathaMcita sApekSa hokara bhI vAkyArtha kA avabodha karatA hai - yaha mAnanA hI samucita hai aura isa rUpa meM yaha mata jaina dArzanikoM ko bhI svIkArya hai| (2) padoM kA saMghAta vAkya hai| bauddha dArzanikoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki padoM kA saMghAta hI vAkya hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki mAtra pada-samUha saMghAta nahIM hai| mAtra padoM ko ekatra rakhane se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| vAkya banane ke lie 'kucha aura' cAhie aura yaha 'kucha aura' padoM ke eka vizeSa prakAra ke ekIkaraNa se prakaTa hotA hai| yaha padoM ke artha se adhika evaM bAharI tattva hotA hai| padoM ke samaveta hone para Aye hue isa 'arthAdhikya' ko hI saMghAtavAdI vAkyArtha mAnate haiN| isa prakAra saMghAtavAda meM vAkya ko padasamUha ke rUpa meM aura vAkyArtha ko padoM ke arthasamUha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yahA~ samUha yA saMghAta hI mahattvapUrNa tattva hai kyoMki vaha padoM ke artha meM kucha nayI bAta ko bhI jor3atA hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM ke alaga-alaga hone para nahIM hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'ghor3A' 'ghAsa' 'khAtA hai' - ye tIna pada alaga-alaga rUpa meM jisa artha ke sUcaka haiM, inakA saMghAta yA saMddhati arthAt ghor3A ghAsa khAtA hai, usase bhinna artha kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra saMghAtavAdI padoM ke saMghAta ko hI vAkyayArtha ke avabodha kA mukhya AdhAra mAnate haiN| --- saMghAtavAda kI isa mAnyatA kI samAlocanA karate hue prabhAcandra prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM likhate haiM ki padoM kA yaha saMghAta yA saMghaTana dezakRta hai yA kaalkRt| yadi padoM ke saMghAta ko dezakRta athavA kAlakRta mAnA jAye to yaha vikalpa yuktisaMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki vAkya ke sunane meM kramazaH utpanna evaM dhvaMsa hone vAle padoM kA eka hI deza yA eka hI kAla meM avasthita hokara saMghAta banAnA sambhava nahIM hai| punaH yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki vAkyarUpatA ko prApta pada vAkya se bhinna hai yA abhinna hai| vaha bhinna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki bhinna rahane para vaha vAkyAMza nahIM raha jAyagA aura vAkya ke aMza ke rUpa meM usakI pratIti nahIM hogii| punaH jisa prakAra eka varNa kA dUsare varNa se saMghAta nahIM hotA usI prakAra eka pada kA bhI dUsare pada ke sAtha saMghAta nahIM hotA haiM, punaH yadi saMghAta abhinna rUpa meM hai to yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai to vaha sarvathA abhinna hai kathaMcit abhinna hai| yadi sarvathA abhinna mAnA jAyegA to saMghAta saMghAtI ke svarUpa vAlA ho jAyegA, dUsare zabdoM meM pada hI vAkyarUpa ho jAyegA aura aisI sthiti meM saMghAta kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| yadi yaha saMghAta kathAMcit abhinya aura kathaMcit bhinna hai to aisI jaina jJAnadarzana 263

Page #277
sthiti meM jaina mata kA hI samarthana hogA kyoMki jainAcAryoM ke anusAra bhI pada vAkya se kaMthacit bhinna aura kaMthacit abhinna hote haiM / isa rUpa meM to yaha mata jainoM ko bhI mAnya ho jAyegA / (3) saMghAta meM anusyUta sAmAnyatattva (jAti) hI vAkya hai kucha vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkya mAtra padoM kA saMghAta nahIM hai / vAkya ke samasta padoM ke saMghAta se hone vAlI eka sAmAnya pratIti hI vAkya hai 1 ina vicArakoM ke anusAra padoM ke saMghAta se hone vAlI eka sAmAnya pratIti hI vAkya hai / ina vicArakoM ke anusAra padoM ke saMghAta se eka sAmAnya tattva, jise ve 'jAti' kahate haiM, utpanna hotA hai aura yaha saMghAta meM anusyUta sAmAnya tattva hI vAkya hai / vAkya meM padoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA nahIM rahatI hai, apitu ve saba milakara eka sAmAnya tattva kA arthabodha dete haiM aura yahI vAkyArtha hotA hai| isa mata ke anusAra yadyapi padoM ke saMghAta se hI vAkya banatA hai, phira bhI yaha vAkya se pRthak hokara una padoM ke arthabodha sAmarthya ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai / yadyapi vAkya kA pratyeka pada apanI sattA rakhatA hai, tathApi vAkyArtha eka alaga ikAI hai aura padoM kA koI artha ho sakatA hai to vAkya meM rahakara hI ho sakatA hai; jaise zarIra kA koI aMga apanI kriyAzIlatA zarIra meM rahakara hI banAye rakhatA hai, svatantra hokara nahIM / pada vAkya ke aMga ke rUpa meM hI apanA artha pAte haiM / jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra isa mata kI samIkSA karate hue kahate haiM ki yadi jAti yA sAmAnyatatva kA tAtparya paraspara sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha hai, to hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai kyoMki vaha dRSTikoNa to svayaM jainoM ko bhI svIkArya hai / kintu yadi jAti ko padoM se bhinna mAnA jAyegA to aisI sthiti meM isa mata meM bhI ve sabhI doSa upasthita ho jAyeMge jo saMghAtavAda meM dikhAye gaye haiM kyoMki jisa prakAra padasaMghAta padoM se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna hokara hI arthabodha pradAna karatA hai, usI prakAra yaha jAti yA sAmAnya tattva bhI padoM se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna rahakara hI vAkyArtha kA avabodha karA sakatA hai, kyoMki sAmAnya tattva yA jAti ko vyakti ( aMza) se na to pUrNataH bhinna mAnA jA sakatA hai aura na pUrNataH abhinna hii| pada bhI vAkya se na to sarvathA bhinna hote haiM aura na sarvathA abhinna hI / unakI sApekSika bhinnAbhintA hI vAkyArtha kI bodhaka banatI hai / ( 4 ) vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai vaiyAkaraNika vAkya kI akhaNDa sattA mAnate haiM / unake anusAra vAkya apane Apa meM eka ikAI hai aura vAkya se pRthaka pada kA koI astittva hI nahIM hai jisa prakAra pada ke banAne vAle varNoM meM pada ke artha ko khojanA vyartha hai usI prakAra vAkya ko banAnevAle padoM meM vAkyArtha kA khojanA vyartha hai / vastutaH ekatva meM hI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 264

Page #278
vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| isa mata ke anusAra vAkya meM pada aura varNa kA vibhAjana samIcIna nahIM hai| vAkya jisa artha kA dyotaka hai, vaha artha pada yA padoM ke saMghAta yA pada-samUha meM nahIM hai| vAkya ko eka ikAI mAnane meM jaina AcAryoM ko bhI koI virodha nahIM hai, kyoMki ve svayaM vAkya ko sApekSa padoM kI eka nirapekSa ikAI mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA kevala itanA hI hai ki vAkya ko eka akhaNDa sattA yA nirapekSa ikAI mAnate hue bhI hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki unakI racanA meM padoM kA eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| aMza se pUrNatayA pRthaka aMzI kI kalpanA jisa prakAra samucita nahIM, usI prakAra padoM kI pUrNa upekSA karake vAkyArtha kA bodha sambhava nahIM hai| vAkya nirapekSa ikAI hote hue bhI sApekSa pada samUha se hI nirmita hai| ataH ve bhI vAkya kA eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka haiM, ataH arthabodha meM unheM upekSita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya prabhAcandra vAkya ke isa akhaNDatA siddhAnta kI samAlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki 'vAkya eka avibhAjya evaM apada ikAI hai', yaha mAnyatA eka prakAra kI kapola-kalpanA hI hai kyoMki pada ke binA vAkya nahIM hotA hai, vAkya meM sAkAMkSa padoM kA honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| vAkya meM padoM kI pUrNa avahelanA karanA yA yaha mAnanA ki pada aura pada ke artha kA vAkya meM koI sthAna hI nahIM hai, eka prakAra se Anubhavika satya se vimukha honA hI hai| prabhAcandra ne isa mata ke sambandha meM ve sabhI ApattiyA~ uThAyI haiM jo ki sphoTavAda ke sambandha meM uThAyI jA sakatI haiN| yaha mata vastutaH sphoTavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai, jo vAkyArtha ke sambandha meM yaha pratipAdana karatA hai ki pada yA unase nirmita vAkya artha ke pratipAdaka nahIM haiM, kintu sphoTa (artha kA prAkaTya) hI artha kA pratipAdaka hai| yadi zabdArtha ke bodha ke sambandha meM sphoTavAda ekamAtra aura antima siddhAnta nahIM hai kyoMki yaha ise spaSTa nahIM kara pAtA hai ki padAbhAva meM artha kA sphoTa kyoM nahIM ho jAtA? ataH vAkya ko akhaNDa aura naravayava nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki pada vAkya ke aparihArya ghaTaka haiM aura ve zabdarUpa meM vAkya se svatantra hokara bhI apanA artha rakhate haiM, punaH padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya nahIM hotA hai, ataH vAkya ko niravayava nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (5) kramavAda kramavAda bhI saMghAtavAda kA hI eka vizeSa rUpa hai| isa mata ke anusAra pada ko vAkya kA aparihArya aMza to mAnA gayA hai, kintu padoM kI sahasthiti kI apekSA padoM ke krama ko vAkyArtha ke lie adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| krama hI vAstavika vAkya hai| jisa prakAra varNa yadi eka sunizcitakrama meM nahIM hoM to unase pada nahIM banatA hai, usI prakAra yadi pada bhI nizcita krama meM na ho to unase vAkya nahIM bnegaa| sArthaka vAkya ke lie padoM kA kramagata vinyAsa Avazyaka hai| pada jaina jJAnadarzana 265

Page #279
krama hI vastutaH vAkya kI racanA karatA hai aura usI se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| padoM kA eka apanA artha hotA hai aura eka viziSTArtha / padoM kA eka viziSTa artha unameM kramapUrvaka vinyAsa-dazA meM hI vyakta hotA hai| padoM kA yaha kramapUrvaka vinyAsa hI vAkya kA svarUpa grahaNa karatA hai| sAtha hI, kramavAda kAla kI nirantaratA para bala detA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki kAla kA vyavadhAna hone se pada-krama TUTa jAtA hai aura padakrama ke TUTane se vAkya naSTa ho jAtA hai| kramavAda meM eka pada ke bAda AnevAle dUsare pada ko prathama pada kA upakAraka svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| padoM kA yaha niyata krama hI upacIyamAna arthAt prakaTa hone vAle artha kA dyotaka hotA hai| jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra isa mata ko saMghAtavAda se adhika bhinna nahIM mAnate haiN| mAtra antara yaha hai ki jahA~ saMghAtavAda padoM kI sahavartitA para bala detA hai, vahA~ kramavAda krama pr| unake anusAra isa mata meM bhI ve sabhI doSa haiM jo saMghAtavAda meM haiM kyoMki yahA~ bhI deza aura kAla kI vibhinnatA kA prazna uThatA hai-eka deza aura kAla meM krama sambhava nahIM aura alaga-alaga deza aura kAla meM padoM kI sthiti mAnane para arthabodha meM kaThinAI AtI hai| yadyapi vAkya-vinyAsa meM padoM kA krama eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai, kintu yaha krama sAkAMkSa padoM meM jo kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna rUpa se vAkya meM sthita hai, hI sambhava hai| (6) buddhigrahIta tAtparya hI vAkya hai kucha dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki zabda yA zabda-samUha bAhyAkAra mAtra hai, vAkyArtha usameM nihita nahIM hai| ataH vAkya vaha hai jo buddhi ke dvArA grahIta hai| buddhi kI viSayagata ekAgratA se hI vAkya bolA jAtA hai aura usI se vAkya ke artha kA grahaNa hotA hai| vAkya kA janaka evaM kAraNa buddhitattva hai| vaktA dvArA bolane kI kriyA tabhI sambhava hai, jaba usameM suvicArita rUpa meM kucha kahane kI icchA hotI hai ataH buddhi yA buddhitattva hI vAkya kA janaka hotA hai| buddhi ke abhAva meM na to vAkya kA uccAraNa sambhava hai aura na zrotA ke dvArA unakA arthagrahaNa hI sambhava hai| ataH vAkya kA AdhAra buddhi anusaMhRti hai| jainAcArya prabhAcAndra isa dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA karate hue prazna karate haiM ki yadi buddhi tattva hI vAkya kA AdhAra hai to dravyavAkya hai yA bhaavvaaky| buddhi ko dravyavAkya kahanA tarkasaMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki dravyavAkya to zabda dhvanirUpa hai, acetana hai aura buddhitatva cetana hai, ataH donoM meM virodha hai| ataH buddhi ko dravyavAkya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| punaH yadi yaha mAne ki buddhitattva bhAvavAkya hai to phira siddhasAdhyatA kA doSa hogaa| kyoMki buddhi kI bhAvavAkyatA to siddha hI hai| buddhitattva ko bhAvavAkya ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA jainoM ko bhI iSTa hai| isa sambandha meM buddhivAda aura jaina dArzanika ekamata hI haiN| vAkya ke bhAvapakSa yA cetanapakSa ko bauddhika mAnanA jainadarzana ko bhI svIkArya hai| 266 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #280
(7) Adyapada (prathama pada) hI vAkya hai __kucha vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkya ke prathama pada kA uccAraNa hI sampUrNa vAkyArtha ko abhivyakta karane kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai| isa mata ke anusAra vaktA ko abhiprAya prathamapada ke uccAraNa mAtra se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki pada to vivakSA ko vahana karane vAle hote haiN| vAkyapadIya meM kahA gayA hai ki kriyA se yadi kAraka kA vinizcaya sambhava hai to phira kAraka se kriyA kA nizcaya bhI sambhava hogaa| yaha siddhAnta yadyapi vAkya meM kAraka pada ke mahatva ko spaSTa karatA hai, phira bhI pUrNataH satya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jainAcArya prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki cAhe vAkya kA prathama pada arthAt kArakapada ho athavA antima pada arthAt kriyApada ho, ve anya padoM kI apekSA se hI vAkyArtha ke bodhaka hote haiN| yadi eka hI pada vAkyArtha ke bodha meM samartha ho to phira vAkya meM anya padoM kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM raha jaayegii| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkya meM unake abhAva kA praMsaga hogaa| yaha sahI hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM prathama pada (kAraka pada) ke uccAraNa se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| udAharaNa rUpa meM jaba rAja mistrI dIvAra kI cunAI karate samaya 'IMTa' yA 'patthara' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai to zrotA yaha samajha jAtA hai ki use IMTa yA patthara lAne kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| yahA~ prathama pada kA uccAraNa sampUrNavAkya ke artha kA vahana karatA hai, kintu hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki vaha 'IMTa' yA 'patthara' zabda prathama pada ke rUpa meM kevala usa sandarbha vizeSa meM hI vAkya kA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiM, usase pRthaka ho karake nhiiN| rAja ke dvArA uccarita patthara zabda 'patthara lAo" kA sUcaka hogA, jabaki chAtra-pulisa saMgharSa meM prayukta patthara zabda anya artha kA sUcaka hogaa| ataH kAraka pada kevala kisI sandarbha vizeSa meM hI vAkyArtha kA bodhaka hotA hai, sarvatra nhiiN| isalie kevala Adi pada yA kAraka pada ko vAkya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kevala 'pada' vizeSa ko hI vAkya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai anyathA vAkya meM nihita anya pada anAvazyaka aura nirapekSa hoMge aura isa sthiti meM unase vAkya banegA hI nhiiN| pada sadaiva sAkAMkSa hote haiM aura una sAkAMkSa padoM se nirmita vAkya hI nirAkAMkSa hotA hai| (8) sAkAMkSa pada hI vAkya hai kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra vAkya kA pratyeka pada vAkya ke aMga ke rUpa meM sAkAMkSa hote hue bhI apanA svatantra astitva rakhatA hai| isa mata meM pratyeka pada kA vyaktitva svatantra rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM kA apanA nijI artha unake sahabhUta yA samaveta sthiti meM bhI rahatA hai| yaha mata vAkya meM padoM kI svatantra sattA aura unake mahatva ko spaSTa karatA hai| saMghAtavAda se isa mata kI bhinnatA isa artha meM hai ki jahA~ saMghAtavAda aura kramavAda meM pada ko pramukha jaina jJAnadarzana 267

Page #281
sthAna aura vAkya ko gauNa sthAna prApta hotA hai, vahA~ isa mata meM padoM ko sAkAMkSa mAnakara vAkya ko pramukhatA dI jAtI hai / yaha mata yaha mAnatA hai ki pada vAkya ke antargata hI apanA artha pAte haiM, usase bAhara nahIM / vAkya ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa jaina mata bhI sAkAMkSa padoM ke nirapekSa samUha ko vAkya kahatA hai, kintu vaha pada aura vAkya donoM ko hI samAna bala detA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra na to padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya sambhava hai aura na vAkya ke abhAva meM pada hI apane viziSTa artha kA prakAzana karane meM sakSama hote haiM / pada vAkya meM rahakara hI apanA artha pAte haiN| usase svatantra hokara nahIM / ataH pada aura vAkya donoM kA sApekSika astitva evaM sApekSika mahattva hai| donoM meM koI bhI eka dUsare ke abhAva meM apanA arthabodha nahIM karA sakatA hai / arthabodha karAne ke lie pada ko vAkya sApekSa aura vAkya ko pada sApekSa honA hogaa| jaina mata meM Upara varNita sabhI matoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu kisI eka pakSa para anAvazyaka bala nahIM diyA jAtA hai| unakA kahanA yaha hai ki koI pada aura vAkya eka dUsare se pUrNatayA nirapekSa hokara arthabodha karAne meM samartha nahIM hai / unakI arthabodha sAmarthya unakI pArasparika sApekSatA meM hI nihita hai / vibhinna padoM kI pArasparika sApekSatA ( sAkAMkSatA) - aura pada evaM vAkya kI sApekSatA meM hI vAkyArtha kI abhivyakti hotI hai / paraspara nirapekSa pada tathA vAkya nirapekSa pada aura pada nirapekSa vAkya kI na to sattA hI hotI hai aura na unameM arthabodha karAne kI sAmarthya hI hotI hai / vAkyArthabodha sambandhI siddhAnta vAkya ke artha (vAcya - viSaya) kA bodha kisa prakAra hotA hai isa prazna ko lekara bhAratIya cintakoM meM vibhinna mata pAye jAte haiM / naiyAyika tathA bhATTa-mImAMsaka isa sambandha meM abhihitAnvayavAda kI sthApanA karate haiM / inake virodha meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara kA sampradAya anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI sthApanA karatA hai / hama ina siddhAntoM kA vivecana aura jaina dArzanikoM ke dvArA kI gaI inakI samIkSA prastuta karate hue yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki vAkyArthabodha ke sambandha meM samucita dRSTikoNa kyA ho sakatA hai? abhihitAnvayavAda ( pUrvapakSa) kumArilabhaTTa kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM hameM sarvaprathama padoM ke zravaNa se una padoM ke vAcya-viSayoM arthAt padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai| usake pazcAt unake pUrva meM ajJAta pArasparika sambandha kA bodha hotA hai aura unakI sambaddhatA ke bodha se vAkyArtha kI pratIti hotI hai / isa prakAra abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra vAkyArtha ke prati padArthoM kA jJAna hI kAraNabhUta hai, dUsare zabdoM meM padoM ke arthapUrvaka jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 268

Page #282
hI vAkyArtha avasthita haiM / saMkSepa meM padoM se abhidhAzakti ke dvArA padArtha kA bodha hotA hai, phira vaktA ke tAtparya arthAt vaktA dvArA kiye gaye vibhakti prayoga ke AdhAra para una padoM ke pArasparika sambandha (anya ) kA jJAna hotA hai aura isa anvayabodha (padoM ke sambandha jJAna) se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai / yahI abhihitAnvayavAda hai kyoMki isameM abhihita arthAt pada dvArA vAcya padArtha ke anvaya arthAt pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna se vAkyArtha kA jJAna hotA hai / isa siddhAnta meM vAkyArtha kA bodha tIna caraNoM meM hotA hai- prathama caraNa meM padoM ko sunakara unake vAcya arthAt padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai usake pazcAt dUsare caraNa meM una padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha (anvaya) kA jJAna hotA hai / taba tIsare caraNa meM isa anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra vAkya se svatantra padoM (zabdoM) kA eka alaga artha hotA hai aura padoM ke isa artha ke jJAna ke AdhAra para hI vAkyArtha kA nizcaya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkyArtha kA bodha padoM ke arthabodha para hI nirbhara karatA hai, padoM ke artha se svatantra hokara vAkya kA koI artha nahIM hotA hai / abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra padoM kA vAkya se evaM dUsare padoM se nirapekSa svatantra artha bhI hotA hai vAkya ke Adi se nirapekSa, kintu apanA artha nahIM rakhatA hai / pada vAkya se svatantra apanA artha rakhatA hai| jaba taka padoM ke arthoM arthAt padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai taba taka vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai / vAkyArtha ke bodha ke lie do bAteM Avazyaka haiM- prathama padoM ke artha kA jJAna aura dUsare padoM ke pArasparika sambadha kA jJAna / punaH padoM ke pArasparika sambandha ke bhI cAra AdhAra haiM - (1) AkAMkSA, (2) yogyatA, (3) sannidhi aura (4) tAtparya / 1. AkAMkSA- prathama pada ko sunakara jo dUsare pada ko sunane kI jijJAsA mana meM utpanna hotI hai- vahI AkAMkSA hai / punaH eka pada kI dUsare pada ko jo apekSA rahatI hai vahI AkAMkSA hai / AkAMkSArahita arthAt paraspara nirapekSa- gAya, azva, puruSa, strI Adi aneka padoM ke uccAraNa se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| jabaki AkAMkSA arthAt paraspara sApekSa pada hI vAkya kI racanA karate haiM / 2. yogyatA- 'yogyatA' kA tAtparya hai ki abhihita padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha meM virodha yA bAdhA nahIM honA cAhie arthAt unameM pArasparika sambandha kI sambhAvanA honA caahie| udAharaNArtha Aga se sIMco - isa pada samudAya meM yogyatA nahIM hai kyoMki Aga kA sIMcane se koI sambandha hai / ataH aise asambandhita yA yogyatA se rahita padoM se sArthaka vAkya nahIM banatA hai 1 3. sannidhi - sannidhi kA tAtparya hai- eka hI vyakti dvArA binA lambe antarAla ke padoM kA uccAraNa honA / na to aneka vyaktiyoM dvArA binA antarAla ke arthAta eka sAtha bole gaye padoM se vAkya banate haiM aura na eka vyakti dvArA lambe antarAla ghaNTe -ghaNTe bhara bAda hone vAle padoM ke uccAraNa se vAkya banatA hai / jaina jJAnadarzana 269

Page #283
4. tAtparya - vaktA ke abhiprAya ko tAtparya kahate haiM / naiyAyikoM ke anusAra yaha bhI vAkyArtha ke bodha kI Avazyaka zarta hai| binA vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhe vAkyArtha kA samyak nirNaya sambhava nahIM hotA hai / vizeSa rUpa se taba jaba ki vAkya meM prayukta koI zabda dvayArthaka hoM, jaise 'saindha', 'nava' / isI prakAra jaba koI zabda kisI viziSTa artha meM yA vyaMgya rUpa meM prayukta kiyA gayA ho yA phira vAkya meM koI pada avyakta raha gayA ho / vibhakti prayoga hI vaktA ke tAtparya ko samajhane kA eka AdhAra hotA hai / saMkSepa meM, padoM ko sunane se prathama ananvita (asambandhita) padArtha upasthita hote haiM, phira AkAMkSA, yogyatA, sannidhi aura tAtparya arthAt vibhakti-prayoga ke AdhAra para unake paraspara sambandha kA bodha hokara vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai / yahI abhihitAnvayavAda hai / abhihitAnvayavAda kI samIkSA jaina tArkika prabhAcandra apane grantha 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa'' meM kumArila bhaTTa ke abhihitAnvayavAda kI samIkSA karate hue likhateM haiM ki yadi vAkya ko sunakara prathama paraspara asambandhita yA ananvita padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai aura phira unakA pArasparika sambandha yA anvaya jJAta hotA hai to prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki unakA yaha anvaya (sambaddhIkaraNa kisa AdhAra para hotA hai? kyA vAkya se bAhya kinhIM anya zabdoM / padoM ke dvArA inakA anvaya yA pArasparika sambandha sthApita hotA hai yA buddhi (jJAna) ke dvArA inakA anvaya hotA haiM ? prathama vikalpa mAnya nahIM hai kyoMki sampUrNa padoM ke arthoM ko viSaya karane vAlA aisA koI anvaya kA nimitta bhUta anya zabda hI nahIM hai, punaH jo zabda / pada vAkya meM anupasthita hai, unake dvArA vAkyastha padoM kA anvaya nahIM ho sakatA hai / yadi dUsare vikalpa ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAye ki ye buddhi ke dvArA anvita hote haiM yA buddhitatva inameM anvaya/sambandha sthApita karatA hai to isase kumArila kA abhihitAnvayavAda siddha na hokara usakA virodhI siddhAnta abhihitAnvayavAda hI siddha hotA haiM kyoMki padoM ke paraspara anvita rUpa meM dekhanevAlI buddhi to svayaM hI bhAvavAkyarUpa hai / yadyapi kumArila kI ora se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki cAhe vAkya apane paraspara anvita padoM se bhinna nahIM ho kyoMki vaha unhIM se nirmita hotA hai, kintu usake artha kA bodha to una ananvita padoM ke artha ke bodha para hI nirbhara karatA hai, jo sApekSa buddhi meM paraspara sambandhita yA anvita pratIta hote haiM / isa sambandha meM prabhAcandra kA tarka yaha hai ki pada apane dhAtu, liMga vibhakti, pratyaya Adi se bhinna nahIM hai kyoMki jaba ve kahe jAte haiM taba apane avayavoM sahita kahe jAte haiM aura unake artha kA bodha unake paraspara anvita avayavoM ke bodha se hotA hai arthAt hameM jo bodha hotA hai anvitoM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 270

Page #284
kA hotA hai, ananvitoM kA nahIM hotA hai isake pratyuttara meM apane abhihitAnvayavAda ke samarthana hetu kumArila yaha tarka de sakate haiM ki loka vyavahAra evaM vedoM meM vAkyArtha kI pratipatti ke lie niraMza zabda/pada kA prayoga hotA hai, kevala unakI dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti yA pratyaya kA nahIM; dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti, pratyaya Adi to unakI vyutpatti samajhAne ke lie unase pRthaka kiye jAte haiN| eka zabda eka varNa ke samAna anvayava (niraMza) hotA hai, usake artha ko samajhane ke lie kalpanA ke dvArA usake avayavoM ko eka dUsare se pRthaka kiyA jAtA hai| kumArila ke isa tarka ke virUddha prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki jisa AdhAra zabda ko apane arthabodha ke lie niraMza yA akhaNDa ikAI mAnA jA sakatA hai usI AdhAra para vAkya ko bhI niraMza mAnA jA sakatA hai aura yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAkya kI saMracanA ko spaSTa karane ke lie zabdoM ko (kalpanA meM) pRthaka kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai| loka vyavahAra meM evaM vedoM meM vAkyoM kA prayoga isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki padArthoM kI prApti yA aprApti ke lie kriyA kI jA ske| vAkya hI kriyA kA preraka hotA hai, pada nhiiN| ataH vAkya eka ikAI hai| isa prakAra prabhAcandra isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jisa prakAra zabda pada se dhAtu, liMga, pratyaya Adi AMzika rUpa se bhinna aura AMzika rUpa se abhinna hote haiM usI prakAra pada bhI vAkya se AMzika rUpa se bhinna aura AMzika rUpa se abhinna hotA hai| pada apane vAkya ke ghaTaka padoM se anvita yA sambaddha hotA hai aura anya vAkya ke ghaTaka padoM se ananvita, asambaddha yA bhinna (ananvita) hotA hai| dravya vAkya meM zabda alaga-alaga hote haiM, kintu bhAva vAkya (buddhi) meM ve paraspara sambandhita yA anvita hote haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki cAhe vAkyoM se pathaka zabdoM kA apanA artha hotA ho, kintu jaba ve vAkya meM prayukta kiye gaye hoM, taba unakA vAkya se svatantra koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM zataraMja khelate samaya uccarita vAkya 'rAjA mara gayA' yA 'maiM tumhAre rAjA ko mAra dUMgA' meM padoM ke vAkya se svaMtatra apane nijI artha se vAkyArtha bodha meM koI sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai| yahA~ sampUrNa vAkya kA eka viziSTa artha hotA hai jo prayukta zabdoM/padoM ke pRthaka arthoM para bilakula hI nirbhara nahIM karatA hai| ataH yaha mAnanA ki vAkyArtha ke prati ananvita padoM ke artha hI kAraNabhUta haiM, nyAyasaMgata nahIM hai| anvitAbhidhAnavAda (pUrvapakSa) mImAMsA darzana ke dUsare pramukha AcArya prabhAkara ke mata ko anvitAbhidhAnavAda kahA gayA hai| jahA~ kumArila bhaTTa apane abhihitAnvayavAda meM yaha mAnate haiM ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pahale padArtha abhihita hotA ho aura usake bAda jaina jJAnadarzana 271

Page #285
unake anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai vahA~ prabhAkara anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM yaha mAnate haiM ki padArthoM kA hI abhidhA zakti se bodha hotA hai / vAkya meM pada paraspara sambandhita hokara hI vAkyArtha kA bodha karAte haiM / inake pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna (anvaya) se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai / vAkya se prayukta padoM kA sAmUhika eka samagra artha hotA hai| vAkya se pRthaka unakA koI artha nahIM hotA hai / ' isa siddhAnta meM pada se padArtha bodha ke pazcAt unake anvaya ko mAnakara vAkya ko sunakara sIdhA anvita padArthoM kA hI bodha mAnA gayA hai isalie isa siddhAnta meM tAtparya- AkhyA - zakti kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM mAnI gaI hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM ko sunakara saMketa grahaNa kevala anvita padArtha meM nahIM hotA hai, apitu kisI ke sAtha anvita yA sambandhita padArtha meM hI hotA hai / ataeva abhi 'kA anvaya na mAnakara anvita kA abhidhAna mAnanA cAhie, yahI isa bAta kA sAra hai / yaha mata mAnatA hai ki vAkyArtha vAkya hI hotA hai, tAtparya zakti se vAda ko pratIta nahIM hotA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tAza khelate samaya uccarita vAkya- 'IMTa calo' ke arthabodha meM prathama padoM ke artha kA bodha aura phira unake anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai, kyoMki yahA~ IMTa kA vAcaka na hokara IMTa kI AkRti se yukta patte kA vAcaka hai aura calanA zabda gamana kriyA kA vAcaka na hokara pattA DAlane kA vAcaka hai| isa AdhAra para anvitAbhidhAna kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada paraspara anvita pratIta hote haiN| pratyeka pUrvavartI pada apane paravartI pada se anvita hokara hI vAkyArtha kA bodha karAtA hai, ataH vAkya ko sunakara anvitoM kA hI abhidhAna (jJAna) hotA hai / anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI samIkSA prabhAcandra apane grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa' meM anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke virUddha nimna AkSepa prastuta karate haiM - - prathamataH yadi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAkya ke pada paraspara anvita arthAt eka dUsare se sambandhita hokara hI anubhUta hote haiM arthAt anvita rUpa meM hI unakA abhidhAna hotA hai to phira prathama pada ke zravaNa se vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAnA cAhie / aisI sthiti meM anya padoM kA uccAraNa hI vyartha ho jAyegA / sAtha hI, vAkyatva prApta ho jAyegA athavA vAkya kA pratyeka pada svataMtra rUpa se prathama pada ko vAkyatva ko prApta kara legaa| kyoMki pUrvApara padoM ke paraspara anvita hone ke kAraNa eka pada ke zravaNa se hI sampUrNa vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAyegA / prabhAcandra ke isa tarka ke virodha meM yadi anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki avivakSita (avAMkSita) padoM ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) ke lie anya padoM kA uccAraNa vyartha nahIM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 272

Page #286
mAnA jA sakatA hai to unakA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki aisI sthiti meM anvita prathama ke dvArA jo pratipatti (arthabodha) ho cukI hai, vAkya ke anya padoM ke dvArA mAtra usakI punarUkti hogI, ataH punarUkti kA doSa to hogA hii| yadyapi yahA~ apane bacAva ke lie anvitAbhidhAnavAdI yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prathama pada ke dvArA jisa vAkyArtha kA pradhAna rUpa se pratipAdana huA hai, anya pada usake sahAyaka ke rUpa meM gauNa rUpa se usI artha kA pratipAdana karate haiN| ataH yahA~ punarUkti kA doSa nahIM hotA hai, kintu jainoM ko unakI yaha dalIla mAnya nahIM hai| anvitAbhidhAnavAdI prabhAkara kI yaha mAnyatA bhI samucita nahIM hai ki pUrva padoM ke abhidheya arthoM se anvita antima pada uccAraNa se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| isa sambandha meM jaina tArkika prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki jaba sabhI pada paraspara anvita haiM to phira yaha mAnane kA kyA AdhAra hai ki kevala antima pada ke anvita artha kI pratipatti se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai aura anya padoM ke artha kI pratipatti se vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| prabhAkara apane anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke pakSa meM yaha tarka de sakate haiM ki uccAryamAna pada kA abhidhIyamAnapada (jAnA gayA) se anvita na hokara gamyamAna arthAt padAntaroM se gocarIkRta pada se anvita hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pratyeka pUrva-pUrva pada apane uttarapada se anvita hotA hai, ataH kisI eka pada se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha honA sambhava nahIM hogaa| unakI isa avadhAraNA kI samAlocanA meM jainoM kA tarka yaha hai ki pratyeka pUrvapada kA artha kevala apane uttarapada se anvita hotA hai aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai kyoMki anvaya sambaddhatA sApekSa hotI hai, ataH uttarapada bhI pUrvapada se anvita hogaa| ataH kevala antima pada se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha isa anvitAbhidhAnavAda siddhAnta kI dRSTi se tarka-saMgata nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| __ isa sambandha meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara ne kahA hai ki padoM ke do kArya hote haiM prathama-apane artha kA kathana karanA aura dUsarA padAntara ke artha meM gamaka vyApAra arthAt unakA smaraNa kraanaa| ataH anvitAbhidhAnavAda mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honA caahie| kyoMki pada-vyApAra se artha-bodha samAna hone para bhI kisI ko abhidhIyamAna aura kisI ko gamyamAna mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| punaH prabhAcandra kA prazna yaha hai ki buddhimAna vyakti pada kA prayoga pada ke bodha ke lie karate haiM yA vAkyArtha bodha ke lie| pada ke artha bodha ke lie to kara nahIM sakate haiM kyoMki pada pravRtti kA hetu nahIM haiN| yadi dUsarA vikalpa ki pada kA prayoga vAkya ke arthabodha ke lie karate haiM- yaha mAnA jAve to isase anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI hI puSTi hogii| isake pratyuttara meM jainAcArya prabhAcandra kahate jaina jJAnadarzana 273

Page #287
haiM ki 'vRkSa' pada ke prayoga se zAkhA, pallava Adi se yukta artha kA bodha hotA hai / usa artha bodha se 'tiSThati' (khar3A hai) ityAdi pada sthAna Adi viSaya kA sAmarthya se bodha karAte haiN| sthAna Adi ke arthabodha meM 'vRkSa' pada kI sAkSAt pravRtti nahIM hone se use usa artha-bodha kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadi yaha mAnA jAe kI vRkSapada 'tiSThati' pada ke artha-bodha meM paramparA se arthAt parokSarUpa se kAraNa hotA hai to mAnanA isalie samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki aisA mAnane para yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki hetu vacana kI sAdhya kI pratipatti hotI hai aura aisI sthiti meM anumAna - jJAna bhI zAbdika kahalAyegA, jo ki tarkasaMgata nahIM hai / punaH mImAMsaka prabhAkara yadi yaha kaheM ki hetuvAcaka zabda se hone vAlI tu kI pratIti hI zabda jJAna hai, zabda se jJAta hetu ke dvArA jo sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai use zAbdika jJAna na mAnakara anumAna hI mAnanA hogA anyathA atiprasaMga doSa hogA to jaina dArzanika pratyuttara meM kaheMge ki phira vRkSa zabda se sthAnAdi kI pratIti meM bhI atiprasaMga doSa to mAnanA hogaa| kyoMki jisa prakAra hetu zabda kA vyApAra apane artha (viSaya) kI pratIti karAne taka hI sImita hai usI prakAra vRkSa zabda ko bhI apane artha kI pratIti taka hI sImita mAnanA hogA / dUsarI Apatti yaha hai ki vizeSyapada vizeSya kA vizeSaNa-sAmAnya se, yA vizeSa- viziSTa se yA vizeSaNa- sAmAnya aura vizeSa (ubhaya) se anvita kahatA hai / prathama vikalpa arthAt vizeSya vizeSaNa sAmAnya se anvita karake hotA hai ? yaha mAnane para viziSTa vAkyArtha kI pratipatti sambhava nahIM hai- kyoMki vizeSya pada kA sAmAnya- vizeSaNa se anvita hone para vizeSa - vAkyArtha kA bodha sambhava nahIM hogA / dUsarA vikalpa mAnane para nizcayAtmaka jJAna nahIM hogA- kyoMki ( mImAMsakoM ke anusAra) zabda se jisakA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, aise pratiniyata vizeSaNa se apane ukta vizeSya meM anvaya karane meM saMzaya utpanna hogA kyoMki vizeSya meM dUsare aneka vizeSaNa bhI sambhava haiM, ataH apane isa vizeSya meM amuka vizeSaNa hI anvita hai, aisA nizcaya nahIM ho sakegA / yadi pUrvapakSa arthAt mImAMsaka prabhAkara kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki vaktA ke abhiprAya se pratiniyata vizeSaNa kA use vizeSya meM anvaya ho jAtA hai to yaha kathana bhI samIcIna nahIM hai kyoMki jisa puruSa ke prati zabda kA uccAraNa kiyA gayA hai use to vaktA kA abhiprAya jJAta nahIM hotA hai / ataH vizeSaNa kA nirNaya sambhava nahIM hogA / yadi yaha kahA jAye ki vaktA ko apane abhiprAya kA bodha hotA hI hai ataH vaha to pratiniyata vizeSa kA nizcaya kara hI legA / kintu aisA mAnane para zAbdika kathana karanA anAvazyaka hogA; kyoMki zabda kA kathana dUsaroM ko artha kI pratipatti karAne ke lie hotA hai svayaM apane lie nahIM / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 274

Page #288
tIsarA vikalpa arthAt vizeSyapada vizeSya ko ubhaya se anvita kahatA hai, yaha mAnane para ubhayapakSa ke doSa AveMge arthAt na to viziSTa vAkyArtha kA bodha hogA aura na nizcayAtmaka jJAna hogaa| isI prakAra kI ApattiyA~ vizeSya ko kriyApada aura kriyAvizeSaNa se anvita mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI upasthita hoNgii| punaH pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara yadi yaha kaheM ki pada se pada ke artha kA jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura phira vaha vAkyArtha kA nizcaya karatA hai, kintu aisA mAnane para to rUpAdi ke jJAna se gaMdhAdi kA nizcaya bhI mAnanA hogA, jo ki tarka saMgata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA jA hai| ataH anvita abhidhAnavAda arthAt padoM se padAntaroM ke arthoM se anvita arthoM kA hI kathana hotA hai padoM ke artha kI pratIti se vAkya ke artha kI pratIti hotI hai- aisA prabhAkara kA mata zreyaSkara nahIM hai| vastutaH abhihitAnvayavAda aura anvitAbhidhAnavAda donoM hI ekAMgI haiN| jaina dArzanika abhihitAnvayavAda kI isa avadhAraNA se sahamata hai ki padoM kA zabda ke rUpa meM vAkya se svatantra artha bhI hotA hai, kintu sAtha hI ve anvitAbhidhAnavAda se sahamata hokara yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vAkya meM prayukta pratyeka pada apane arthabodha ke lie paraspara sApekSa hotA hai arthAt ve paraspara anvita (sambandhita) hote haiM aura sampUrNa vAkya ke zravaNa ke pazcAt usase hameM jo arthabodha hotA hai usameM pada paraspara anvita yA sApekSa hI pratIta hote haiM, nirapekSa nahIM hai kyoMki nirapekSa padoM se vAkya kI racanA hI nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra zabda ke arthabodha ke lie varNoM kI sApekSatA Avazyaka hai usI prakAra vAkya ke arthabodha ke lie padoM kI sApekSatA/ sambandhitatA Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra paraspara sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha vAkya hai| ataH vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada sApekSa arthAt parasparAnvita hI pratIta hote haiN| yadyapi isa samagra vivAda ke mUla meM do bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyA~ kArya kara rahI haiN| abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra vAkya pada sApekSa hai ve vAkya meM padoM kI sattA ko mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| jabaki anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM padoM kA artha vAkya sApekSa hai, vAkya se svatantra na to padoM kI koI sattA hI hai aura na usakA koI artha hI hai| ve padoM ke artha ko vAkya sApekSa mAnate haiN| abhihitAnvayavAda meM pada, vAkya kI mahattvapUrNa ikAI hai jabaki abhihitAnvayavAda meM pada, vAkya hI mahattvapUrNa evaM samagra ikAI hai, pada gauNa haiM yahI donoM kA mukhya antara hai jabaki jaina dArzanika donoM ko hI paraspara sApekSa aura vAkyArtha ke bodha meM Avazyaka mAnate haiN| isa prakAra ve ina donoM matoM meM samanvaya sthApita karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada aura vAkya donoM kI hI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| jaina jJAnadarzana 275

Page #289
saMdarbha - 1. (a) padAnAM tu tadapekSANAM nirapekSaH samudAyo vAkyamiti / -pramayekamalamArtaNDa, pR. 458 (ba) padAnAM punarvAkyArtha pratyAyane vidheyeanyonyanirmitatotopakAramanusaratAM vAkyAntaraspathapadAkSepArahitAsaMhitirvAkyamabhidhIyateM / - syAdvAdaratnAkara, pR. 941 2. (a) padArthAnAM tu mUlatvamiSTaM tadbhAvanAvataH / / mImAMsAzlokavArtika vAkyapadI 111 (ba) padArthapUrvakastasmAdvAkyArthoyamavasthitaH / / mImAMsAzlokavArtika vAkyapadI 336 3. pramayekamalamArtaNDa ( prabhAcandra ), pR. 464-65 4. dekheM- kAvyaprakAza AcArya vizvezvara pR. 37 5. prameyakamalamArtaNDa 3 / 101pR. 459-464 276 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #290
EN A jaina dharmadarzana

Page #291

Page #292
pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika vikAsa evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka evaM nirvataka dharmoM kA manovaijJanika vikAsa ___ mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| vaha svabhAvataH paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura vahA~ usa para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai kintu caittasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa svAtantrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, parataMtra hai kintu caittasika stara para vaha svataMtra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) se anuzAsita hai to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA (Ego) se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) usakI zArIrika mAMgo kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, vaha usakA nija svarUpa hai| jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula cetata -samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake lie ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa apekSA asambhava hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca sAMga-santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke do chora haiN| usakI jIvana-dhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai|| mAnava jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke lie 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke lie 'saMyama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hote haiM to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM inheM kramazaH preya aura zreya jaina dharmadarzana 279

Page #293
kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga kSema rUpa preya ko aura vivekavAna purUSa zreya ko cunatA hai / vAsanA kI tuSTi ke lie bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke lie karma apekSita the ataH bhoga-pradhAna jIvana dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA to dUsarI ora viveka ke lie virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke lie AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodhya ( zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita thA ataH tyAga pradhAna AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi se tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huA / pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya sukha-suvidhaoM kI upalabdhi hI banAyA, jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kAmanA kI vahI pAralaukika jIvana svarga (bhautika sukha suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyA / kintu Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba usane yaha dekhA ki Alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM ke upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI hai| usakI sukha-suvidhAyeM usake apane purUSArtha para nahIM apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara hai to inheM prasanna karane ke lie vaha eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora inheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA - ( 1 ) zraddhA pradhAna bhakti-mArga aura ( 2 ) yajJa - yoga pradhAna karma - maarg| dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt zArIrika vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNaoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thA ataH nirvataka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma - kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vana- khaNDoM aura giri - kandarAoM meM le gaye, jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanaoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA, jisase vairAgya mUlaka tapo - mArga kA vikAsa huA, dUsarI ora usa ekAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA jisase cintana pradhAna jJAna mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do mukhya zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gaye - (1) jJAna-mArga aura (2) tapa mArga / mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai - jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 280

Page #294
manuSya cetanA vAsanA viveka virAga bhoga abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyasa mokSa (nirvANa) karma pravRti pravartaka dharma alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA saMnyAsa nivRti nivartaka dharma Atmopalabdhi samarpaNa mUlaka yajJa mUlaka darzana pradhAna deha daNDana mUlaka bhakti-mArga karma mArga jJAna-mArga tapa-mArga nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya __ pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA se samajhA jA sakatA hai - pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma (dArzanika pradeya) (dArzanika pradeya) (1) jaivika mUlyo kI prdhaantaa| (1) AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA (2) vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi | (2) niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi (3) samaSTivAdI (3) vyaSTivAdI (4) vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira (4) vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthaka bhI bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda phira bhI puruussaarthvaadii| kA samarthaka jaina dharmadarzana 281

Page #295
(5) IzvaravAdI (5) aniishvrvaadii| (6) IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa (6) vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa karma-siddhAnta kA samarthaka (7) sAdhanA ke vAhya sAdhanoM para bala (7) Antarika vizuddhatA para bala (8) jIvana kA lakSya svarga evaM Izvara (8) jIvana kA lakSya mokSa nirvANa kI ke sAnnidya kI prApti praapti| (sAMskRtika pradeya) (sAMskRtika pradeya) (9) varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA (9) jAtivAda kA virodha varNa-vyavasthA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para samarthana (10) grahastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA (10) saMnyasta jIvana kI pradhAnatA (11) sAmAjika jIvana zailI (11) ekAkI (vyakti pradhAna)jIvana zailI (12) rAjatantra kA samarthana (12) janatantra kA samarthana (13) vyakti kI svatantra sattA kA (13) sadAcArI kI pUjA abhAva (zaktizAlI kI pUjA) (14) jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM evaM bAhya (14) dhyAna aura tapa kA prabhutva (sarala karma-kANDoM kA prabhutva sAdhanA paddhati) (15) brAhmaNa saMsthA (purohita-varga) kA (15) zramaNa saMghoM (sAdhaka saMghoM) kA vikAsa vikAsa (16) 'zaThe zAThyaM samAcaret' kI daNDa (16) zatru ke prati anukampA aura nIti Atmotsarga daNDa nIti (17) upAsanA-mUlaka (17) samAdhi mUlaka pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha - hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hove, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rUpa apanAte haiM, ve sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alApate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara hai| ataH ye saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana lakSya ghoSita karate haiN| daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma-santoSa hI unake lie sarvocca mUlya hai| eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha haA ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA 282 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #296
jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena bAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mUlyoM mAgoM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura adhyAtma ke pratIka bana gye| yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke lie usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda bhI unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhIM alaukika prAkRtika zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai to vaha devavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gayA hai| vizvaH vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantrakatatva ke rUpa meM usane Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura usakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai ataH nivartaka dharma purUSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lagA anIzvaravAda, purUSArthavAda aura karma siddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana gye| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka meM alaukika devI zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nirmita karmakANDa aura bAhya vidhi-vidhAnoM (yajJa-yAga) kA vikAsa huA aura Antarika zuddhi aura sadAcArI jIvana kI apekSA karma -kANDa kA sampAdana hI svarga-sAdhana mAne jAne lagA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM meM citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA evaM karma-kANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| sAMskRtika pradezoM kI dRSTi se prarvataka dharma-varNa-vyavasthA, brAhmaNa saMsthA (purohita varga) ke pramukha samarthaka rhe| brAhmaNa manuSya aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA usane apanI AjIvikA ko surakSita banAye rakhane ke lie eka ora samAja jIvana meM apane varcasva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA to dUsarI ora dharma ko karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA meM ulajhA diyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura yajJa-yAga kA vikAsa huaa| kintu isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne saMyama, dhyAna aura tapa kI eka sarala sAdhanA paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNavyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa saMsthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyaa| usameM brAhmaNa saMsthA ke sthAna para zramaNa saMghoM kA vikAsa huA-jisameM sabhI jAti aura gaNa ke logoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| rAjya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahA~ pravartaka dharma rAjatantra aura rAThe zAThyaM samAcareta kI daNDa nIti kA samarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka janatantra aura Atmotsarga ko daNDa nIti ke samarthaka rhe| jaina dharmadarzana 283

Page #297
yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeya ko samajha sakate, kintu yaha mAnanA eka bhrAnti pUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAye rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke lie yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rahe ataH jahA~ vaidika dhArA meM zramaNa dhArA (nivartaka dharma paramparA) ke tatvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahIM zramaNa dhArA meM vaidika dhArA (pravartaka dharma paramparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma paramparA na to ekAnta nivRtti mArga kI poSaka hai aura na ekAnta pravRtti mArga kI poSaka hai| vastutaH nivRti aura pravRti ke sambandha meM ekAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyavahArika hai aura na mnovaijnyaanik| manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA taba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka ekAnta nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRgamarIcikA meM jInA hai| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvana zailI khojeM jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke lie kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika saMtrAsa se mukti dilA ske| 00 284 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #298
naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlata kA prazna prAcIna kAla se dArzanika cintana kA viSaya rahA hai, kintu Aja jaba parivartana kI havA tejI se baha rahI hai aura parivartana ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA para hI prazna cinha lagAyA jA rahA hai, taba yaha prazana adhika gambhIra cintana kI apekSA karatA hai| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA para vicAra karate samaya sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcita kara lenA hogA ki ukta parivartanazIlatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? kucha loga parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti se lete haiN| Aja jaba naitika mUlyoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA vaiyattika evaM sAmAjika anumodana evaM rUci kA paryAya mAnA jA rahA ho, taba parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM unakI mUlyavattA ko nakAranA hI hogaa| Aja nIti kI mUlyavattA svayaM apane artha kI talAza kara rahI hai| yadi naitika pratyaya arthahIna hai, yadi ve mAtra pratyayAbhAsa (Pseudconcepts) hai, to phira unakI parivartanazIlatA kA bhI koI vizeSa artha nahIM raha jaataa| kyoMki yadi naitika mUlyoM kA yathArtha evaM vastugata astitva hI nahIM, yadi ye mAtra manokalpanAyeM haiM to unake parivartana kA Thosa AdhAra bhI nahIM hogaa| dUsare, jaba hama zubha evaM azubha athavA aucitya evaM anaucitya ke pratyayoM ko vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika anumodana yA pasandagI kiMvA nApasandagI ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, to unakI parivartanazIlatA kA artha phaizana kI parivartanazIlatA se adhika nahIM raha jaataa| kintu kyA nIti kI mUlyavattA para vaisA prazna-cinha lagAyA jA sakatA hai? kyA naitika mUlyoM bhI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna hai, jinheM jaba cAhe taba aura jaisA cAhe vaisA badalA jA sakatA hai| Aiye, jarA ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIra carcA kreN| sarvaprathama to Aja jisa parivartanazIlatA athavA gatyAtmakatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM naitikatA ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM jaina dharmadarzana 285

Page #299
saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avehalanA ko hI mUlya-parivartana mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAyeM Aja use kArA laga rahI hai aura inheM tor3a-pheMkane meM hI use mUlya-krAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA ke nAma para vaha atantratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai| kintu yaha saba mUlya-vibhrama yA mUlya-viparyaya hI haiM jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya-saMkramaNa yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM ora nIti-sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho| vastutaH naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA avazya hai, jo banA rahatA hai aura vaha hai, svayaM nIti kI muulyvttaa| naitika mUlyoM kI viSaya vastu badalatI rahatI hai, kintu unakA AkAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM, jo apanI mUlyavattA ko kabhI nahIM khote; mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sadarbha evaM artha badalate hai| ___ Aja svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ke niSedha kI bAta do dizAoM se khar3I huI hai; eka ora bhautikavAdI aura sAmyavAdI darzanoM ke dvArA aura dUsarI ora-vizleSaNavAdiyoM ke dvArA / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai; kintu isa sambandha meM svayaM lenina kA vaktavya draSTavya hai| ve kahate haiM ki 'prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA koI nItizAstra nahIM hai; bahudhA madhya vittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nItizAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM (kintu) unakA yaha tarIkA vicArakoM ko bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai hama unakA khaNDana karate haiM jo IzvarIya AdezoM se nItizAstra ko ArvibhUta karatA hai| hama kahate haiM yaha dhokhAdhar3I hai aura zramikoM aura kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pU~jIpatiyoM tathA bhUpatiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlatA hai, hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nItizAstra sarvahArA varga ke varga saMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai; jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthapanA kare, vahI nIti hai (zeSa saba anIti hai)| isa prakAra sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAMtaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI / mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA; vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApaka hai; jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai| 286 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #300
vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAna-sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogA / vastutaH nIti kA artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jinake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogA / yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai, to vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI dRSTi hai; vaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai / yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai to nIti kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA hai to vaha pUrI taraha prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita hotA aura nizcaya hI usake lie nIti kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kintu Aja kA manuSya pUrNataH prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita nahIM hai, vaha to prAkRtika niyamoM evaM maryAdaoM kI avehalanA karatA hai / ataH pazu bhI nahIM hai| usakI sAmAjikatA bhI usake svabhAva se nisRta nahIM hai, jaisI ki yUthacArI prANiyoM meM hotI hai / usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhi tatva kA pratiphala hai, vaha vicAra kI dena hai, svabhAva kI nahIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha samAja kA aura sAmAjika maryAdAoM kA sarjaka bhI hai aura saMhAraka bhI, vaha unheM svIkAra bhI karatA hai aura unakI avahelanA bhI karatA hai, ataH vaha samAja se Upara bhI hai / breDa kA kathana hai ki 'yadi manuSya sAmAjika nahIM hai to vaha manuSya hI nahIM hai, kintu yadi vaha kevala sAmAjika hai to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai / manuSya kI * manuSyatA usake atisAmAjika evaM naitika prANI hone meM hai / ataH manuSya ke lie nIti kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti asambhava hai / ' yadi hama parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kareMge to vaha mAnavIya saMskRti kA hI avamUlyana hogaa| avamUlyana hI nahIM, usakI itizrI bhI hogii| punazcaH naitika pratyayoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA ruci - sApekSa mAnane para bhI, na to svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na naitika mUlyoM ko phaizanoM ke samAna parivartanazIla mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadi naitika pratyaya sAMvegika abhivyakti hai to prazna yaha hai ki naitika AvegoM kA dUsare sAmAnya AvegoM se antara kA AdhAra kyA hai? vaha kauna-sA tatva hai jo naitika Avega ko dUsare AvegoM se alaga karatA hai? yaha to sunizcita satya hai ki naitika Avega dUsare AvegoM se bhinna hai| dAyitva bodha kA Avega, anyAya ke prati Akroza kA Avega jaina dharmadarzana 287

Page #301
aura krodha kA Avega, ye tInoM bhinna-bhinna staroM ke Avega haiM aura jo cetanA inakI bhinnatA kA bodha karatI hai, vahI naitika mUlyoM kI draSTA bhI hai| naitika mUlyoM ko svIkAra kiye binA hama bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke AvegoM kA antara nahIM kara sakate / yadi isakA AdhAra pasandagI yA rUci hai, to phira pasandagI yA nApasandI ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai? kyoM hama caurya karma ko nApasanda karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM? naitika bhAvoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sakatI hai / mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI athavA rUci kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraMga (Whim) para nirbhara nahIM hai / inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha (Subjective) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai / Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA, jo hamArI pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta, dRSTiyA~ yA mUlya-bodha haiM, jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko banAte haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI rUciyA~ gaThita hotI haiM / mAnavIya rUciyA~ aura mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika evaM prAkRtika (Natural) nahIM hai / jo tatva inako banAte haiM, unameM naitika mUlya bhI hai| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA bhI nahIM hai, apitu vyakti ke mUlya saMsthAna ke bodha se bhI utpanna hotI hai| vastutaH mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai; manuSya mUlyoM kA dRSTA hai, sRjaka nahIM / ataH isa dhAraNA ke AdhAra para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya kA AdhAra sAmAjika upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM / mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya haiM ? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA ? sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara nIti kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra kiye binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai|' isa prakAra parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA para prazna-cinha nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA / naitika mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA unake nakArane meM nahIM hai / yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI naitika mUlyoM kA sRjaka nahIM hai / samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA avihita mAna sakatA hai / kintu sAmAjika vihitatA aura avihitatA naitika aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai| eka karma anaitika hote hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita mAnA jA sakatA / kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali yA muslima samAja meM bahu- patnI prathA vihita hai / rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thA / aneka dezoM meM 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 288

Page #302
vaizyA-vRtti, sama-laiMgikatA, madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika hai- kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai? nagnatA ko, zAsanatantra kI AlocanA kI avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakegA / mAnavoM ke samudAya vizeSa ke dvArA kisI karma ko vihita yA vaidhAnika mAna lene mAtra se vaha naitika nahIM ho jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai lekina naitika kabhI nahIM / naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai / vaha sAmAjika vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai / samAja kisI karma ko vihita yA avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nahIM / 1 (3) I punaH naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartazIlatA ke samAna bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika mUlya mAtra rUci - sApekSa na hokara svayaM rUciyoM ke sRjaka bhI hai| ataH jisa prakAra rUciyA~ yA tadjanita phaizana badalate haiM, jaise naitika mUlya nahIM badalate haiN| phaizana jitanI tejI se badalate rahate haiM, utanI tejI se kabhI bhI naitika mUlya nahIM badalate / yaha sahI hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM deza, kAla evaM paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartana hotA hai, kintu phira bhI unameM eka sthAI tatva hotA hai / ahiMsA, nyAya, Atma- tyAga, saMyama Adi aneka naitika mUlya aise haiM, jinakI mUlyavattA sabhI dezoM evaM kAloM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta rahI hai| yadyapi inameM apavAda mAne gaye haiM, kintu apavAda kI svIkRti inakI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM hokara, vaiyaktika asamarthatA athavA paristhitivizeSa meM unakI siddhi kI vivazatA kI sUcaka hai| apavAda apavAda hai, vaha mUla niyama kA niSedha nahIM hai / isa prakAra kucha 'naitika mUlya avazya hI aise haiM jo sArvabhauma aura aparivartanIya haiN| sAtha hI naitika mUlyoM kA parivartana phaizanoM ke parivartana kI apekSA kahIM adhika sthAyitva liye hue hotA hai| phaizana eka dazAbda se dUsare dazAbda meM hI nahIM, apitu dina-pratidina badalate rahate haiM; kintu naitika mUlya isa prakAra nahIM badalate haiM / grIka naitika mUlyoM kA IsAiyata ke dvArA tathA bhAratIya vaidika yuga ke mUlyoM kA aupaniSadika evaM jaina-bauddha saMskRtiyoM dvArA AMzika rUpa se mUlyAtaraNa avazya huA, kintu zramaNa-saMskRti tathA IsAyata dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM kA ina do hajAra varSoM meM bhI mUlyAMtaraNa nahIM ho sakA hai| Aja jisa AmUla parivartana kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai yA jina naye mUlyoM ke sRjana kI apekSA kI jA rahI hai, vaha bhI ina pUrvavartI mUlya-dhArAoM ke hI kinhIM mUlyoM kI pradhAna rUpa se svIkRti yA mUlya - samanvaya se adhika kucha nahIM / mUlya - vizva meM AmUla parivartana yA nirapekSa parivartana sambhava nahIM jaina dharmadarzana 289

Page #303
hotaa| naitika mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM jisa prakAra kA parivartana hotA hai vaha eka sApekSa aura sImita prakAra kA parivartana hai| isameM do prakAra ke parivartana parilakSita hote haiN| parivartana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM koI naitika mUlya viveka ke vikAsa ke sAtha vyApaka artha grahaNa karatA jAtA hai tathA usake purAne artha anaitika aura naye artha naitika mAne jAne lagate haiM, jaisA ki ahiMsA aura parArtha ke pratyayoM ke sAtha huA hai| eka samaya meM ina pratyayoM kA artha-vistAra parijanoM, svajAtiyoM evaM svadharmiyoM taka sImita thaa| Aja vaha rASTrIyatA yA svarASTra taka vikasita hotA huA sampUrNa mAnava jAti evaM prANI jagata taka apanA vistAra pA rahA hai| AtmIya parijanoM, jAti bandhuoM evaM sadharmI bandhuoM kA hita-sAdhana karanA kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA jAtA thA, kintu Aja hama use bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda evaM sampradAya kahakara anaitika mAnate haiN| Aja rASTrIya hita sAdhana naitika mAnA jAtA hai, kintu Ane vAle kala meM yaha bhI anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta ahiMsA ke pratyaya ke sAtha ghaTita huI hai| Adima kabIloM meM parijanoM kI hiMsA hI hiMsA mAnI jAtI thI, Age calakara manuSya kI hiMsA ko hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA; vaidika dharma evaM yahUdI dharma hI nahIM, IsAI dharma bhI, hiMsA ke pratyaya ko mAnava jAti se adhika artha vistAra nahIM de pAyA, kintu vaiSNava paramparA meM ahiMsA kA pratyaya prANI jagata taka aura jaina paramparA meM vanaspati-jagata apanA artha vistAra pA gyaa| isa prakAra naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka artha aneka arthoM ko vistAra yA saMkoca denA bhI hai| isameM mUlabhUta pratyaya kI mUlyavattA banI rahatI hai, kevala usake artha vistAra yA saMkoca grahaNa karate haiN| narabali, pazubali yA vidharmI kI hatyA hiMsA hai yA nahIM? isa prazna ke uttara bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiM, kintu isase ahiMsA kI mUlyavattA aprabhAvita hai| daNDa ke siddhAnta aura daNDa ke niyama badala sakate haiM, kintu isase nyAya kI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM hotii| yauna naitikatA ke sandarbha meM bhI isI prakAra kA artha-vistAra yA artha saMkoca huA hai| isakI eka ati yaha rahI ki para-puruSa kA darzana bhI pApa mAnA gayA to dUsarI ora svacchanda yauna sambandhoM ko bhI vihita mAnA gyaa| kintu ina donoM atiyoM ke bAvajUda bhI pati-patnI sambandha meM prema, niSThA evaM tyAga ke tatvoM kI anivaryAtA sarvamAnya rahI tathA brahmacarya kI mUlyavattA para koI prazna-cinha nahIM lagAyA gyaa| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM kisI mUlya kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA, kintu unakA padakrama badalatA rahatA hai; arthAt mUlyoM kA nirmUlyIkaraNa nahIM hotA, apitu unakA sthAna-saMkramaNa hotA hai| kisI yuga meM jo naitika guNa pramukha mAne jAte rahe hoM, ve dUsare yuga meM gauNa ho sakate 290 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #304
hai; aura jo mUlya gauNa the, ve pramukha ho sakate haiN| ucca mUlya nimna sthAna para tathA nimna mUlya ucca sthAna para yA sAdhya mUlya sAdhana sthAna para tathA sAdhana mUla sAdhya sthAna para A-jA sakate haiN| kabhI nyAya kA mUlya pramukha aura ahiMsA kA mUlya gauNa thA - nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA ko vihita mAnA jAtA thA, kintu jaba ahiMsA kA pratyaya pramukha bana gayA to anyAya ko sahana karanA bhI vihita mAne jAne lgaa| grIka mUlyoM ke sthAna para IsAiyata ke mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM aisA hI parivartana huaa| Aja sAmyavAdI darzana sAmAjika nyAya ke hetu khUnI krAnti kI upAdeyatA kI svIkRti ke dvArA punaH ahiMsA ke sthAna para nyAya ko hI pramukha mUlya ke pada para sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha kabhI nahIM hai ki grIka sabhyatA meM yA sAmyavAdI darzana meM ahiMsA pUrNatayA nirmUlya hai, IsAiyata meM nyAya kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| mAtra hotA yaha hai ki yuga kI paristhiti ke anurUpa mUlya-vizva ke kucha mUlya ubharakara pramukha bana jAte haiM aura dUsare unake paripArzva meM cale jAte haiN| sAmyavAda aura prajAtantra ke rAjanaitika darzanoM kA virodha mUlya-virodha nahIM, mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA virodha hai| sAmyavAda ke lie roTI aura sAmAjika nyAya pradhAna mUlya hai| svatantratA gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki prajAtantra meM svatantratA pradhAna mUlya hai aura roTI gauNa mUlya hai| Aja svacchanda yaunAcAra kA samarthana bhI saMyama ke sthAna para svatantratA (atantratA) ko hI pradhAna mUlya mAnane ke eka ativAdI-dRSTIkoNa kA pariNAma hai| sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA mUlya vivAda bhI aisA hI hai, na to sukhavAda buddhi tatva ko nirmulya mAnatA hai aura na buddhivAda sukha ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai| mAtra itanA hI hai ki sukhavAda meM sukha pradhAna mUlya hai aura buddhi gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki buddhivAda meM viveka pradhAna mUlya hai aura sukha gauNa mUlya hai| isa prakAra mUlya-parivartana kA artha unake tAratamya meM parivartana hai, jo ki eka prakAra kA ApekSika parivartana hI hai| kabhI-kabhI mUlya-viparyaya ko hI mUlya-parivartana mAnane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki mUlya-viparyaya mUlya-parivartana nahIM hai| mUlya-viparyaya meM hama apanI cAritrika durbalatAoM ko jo ki vAstava meM mUlya hai hI nahI, mUlya mAna lete haiM-jaise svacchanda yaunAcAra ko naitika mAna lenaa| dUsare yadi 'kAma' kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para kAmukatA tathA roTI kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para svAda lolupatA yA peTUpana kA samarthana kiyA jAye, to yaha mUlya-parivartana nahIM hogA mUlya-viparyaya yA mUlyAbhAsa hI hogaa| kyoMki 'kAma' yA 'roTI' mUlya ho sakate haiM kintu 'kAmukatA' yA 'svAda lolupatA' kisI bhI sthiti meM mUlya nahIM ho sakate haiN| isI sandarbha meM eka tIsare prakAra kA mUlya-parivartana parilakSita hotA hai jisameM jaina dharmadarzana 291

Page #305
mUlya- vizva ke hI kucha mUlya apanI anuSaMgikatA ke kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita ho jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to naitika jagata ke pramukha mUlya yA niyAmaka mUlya bana jAte haiM / 'artha' aura 'kAma' aise hI mUlya haiM jo svarUpataH naitika mUlya nahIM hai phira bhI naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita hokara usakA niyamana aura krama-nirdhAraNa bhI karate haiM / yaha sambhava hai ki jo eka paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya ho, vaha dUsarI paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya na ho, kintu isase unakI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM ho jAtI / pAristhitika yA sApekSa mUlya dUsare mUlyoM ke niSedhaka nahIM hote haiM / do paraspara virodhI mUlya bhI apanI paristhiti meM apanI mUlyavattA ko banAye rakha sakate haiN| ve donoM mUlya apane-apane dRSTikoNa se apanI-apanI mUlyavattA rakhate haiM / eka dRSTi se jo mUlya lagatA hai vaha dUsarI dRSTi se nirmUlya ho sakatA hai, kintu apanI dRSTi yA apekSA se to vaha mUlyavAna banA rahatA hai / lekina yaha bAta pAristhitika mUlyoM ke samabandha meM hI adhika satya lagatI hai / (4) mUlya - parivartana ke AdhAra . vastutaH mUlyoM ke tAratamya yA uccAvaca krama meM yaha parivartana dezika aura kAlika AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hotA hai / mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai - anye kRta yuge dharmAstretAyAM dvApare pare / anye kaliyuge nRNAM yuga hrAsAnurUpataH / / * yuga ke hAsa ke anurUpa satyayuga, tretA, dvApara aura kaliyuga ke dharma alaga-alaga hote haiN| kintu yugAnurUpa mUlya parivartana kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki pUrva mUlya nirmUlya hai, apitu itanA hI hai ki vartamAna paristhiti meM unakI vaha mUlyavattA yA pradhAnatA nahIM raha gaI hai jo ki usa paristhiti meM thI / ataH paristhitiyoM ke parivartana se hone vAlA mUlya-parivartana se hone vAlA mUlya - parivartana eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hogA / yaha sahI hai ki manuSya ko jisa vizva meM jIvana jInA hai vaha paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM hai / daizika evaM kAlika paristhitiyoM ke parivartana hamAre mUlyabodha ko prabhAvita karate haiM, kintu isameM mAtra yahI hotA hai ki koI mUlya pradhAna dikhAI detA hai aura dUsare paripArzva meM cale jAte haiM / daizika aura kAlika parivartana ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai ki jo karma eka deza aura kAla meM vihita ho, vahI dUsare deza aura kAla meM avihita ho jAve / aSTaka prakaraNa meM kahA gayA hai - 1 292 utpadyate hI sA'vasthA dezakAlabhayAn prati / yasyAmakArya kAyaM syAt karma kAryaM ca varjayeta / / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #306
daizika aura kAlika sthitiyoM ke parivartana se aisI avasthA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisameM kArya akArya kI koTi meM aura akArya kArya kI koTi meM A jAtA hai, kintu yaha avasthA sAmAnya avasthA nahIM apitu koI viziSTa avasthA hotI hai, jise hama ApavAdika avasthA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| kintu ApavAdika sthiti meM hone vAlA mUlya-parivartana sAmAnya sthiti meM hone vAle mUlya-parivartana se bhinna svarUpa kA hotA hai| use vastutaH mUlya-parivartana kahanA bhI kaThina hai| ___ yaha bhI sahI hai ki kabhI karma daizika aura kAlika paristhitiyoM meM itanA asAdhAraNa aura kucha sthAI parivartana ho jAtA hai ki jisake kAraNa mUlyAMtaraNa Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| kintu isameM jina mUlyoM kA parivartana hotA hai, ve mukhyataH sAdhana mUlya hote haiN| kyoMki sAdhana mUlya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiM aura AcaraNa paristhiti-nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA, ataH usameM paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartana hotA rahatA hai| dUsare, vyakti ko samAja meM jIvana jInA hotA hai aura samAja paristhiti-nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, ataH sAmAjika naitikatA aparivartanIya nahIM kahI jA sktii| usameM dezakAlagata parivartanoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai, kintu usakI yaha parivartanazIlatA dezakAla-sApekSa hotI hai, isameM mukhyataH mAtra mUlyoM kA saMkramaNa yA padakrama parivartana hotA hai| apavAda kI sthiti ina sAmAnya parivartanoM se bhinna prakAra kI hotI hai, usameM kabhI-kabhI mUlya kA virodhI tatva hI mUlyavAna pratIta hone lagatA hai| kyA Apaddharma naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai? kintu kyA apavAda kI svIkRti use naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA ko hI nirasta kara detI hai? yaha satya hai ki kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sAmAnya rUpa meM svIkRta mUlya ke virodhI mUlya kI siddhi naitika ho jAtI hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA sa eva dharmaH so'dharmoM deza kAle prtisstthitH| AdAnamanRtaM hiMsA dharmohyAvasthika smRtH|| arthAt kabhI aisI sthiti A jAtI hai ki jaba hiMsA, jhUTha tathA caurya karma hI dharma ho jAte haiN| prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMga meM bhI kahA gayA hai - je AsavAne parissavA, je parissavAne aasvaa||' jo AsUva (pApa) ke sthAna hote haiM ve saMvara (dharma) ke sthAna ho jAte haiM aura jo dharma ke sthAna hote haiM ve hI AsUva (pApa) ke sthAna ho jAte haiM, kintu yaha parivartana sAdhana mUlyoM kA hI hotA hai| Apaddharma meM koI eka sAdhya mUlya itanA pradhAna ho jAtA hai ki usakI siddhi ke lie kisI dUsare mUlya kA niSedha Avazyaka jaina dharmadarzana 293

Page #307
1 ho jAtA hai / jaise anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie hiMsA athavA zarIra rakSaNa yA dUsaroM ke jIvana rakSaNa ke lie corI Avazyaka ho jAtI hai / mAna lIjiye deza meM akAla kI sthiti ke kAraNa hajAroM loga mRtyu ke grAsa bana rahe hoM, dUsarI ora kucha logoM ne adhika munAphA kamAne ke lie anAja kI godAmoM meM banda kara rakhA ho| aisI sthiti meM janajIvana kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA yA corI bhI mUlya bana jAtI hai aura ahiMsA yA Acaurya ke mUlyoM kA niSedha Avazyaka lagatA hai, kintu yaha niSedha paristhiti vizeSa taka sImita rahatA hai / usa paristhiti ke sAmAnya hone para punaH dharma, dharma bana jAtA hai aura adharma adharma bana jAtA hai| vastutaH ApavAdika avasthA meM koI eka mUlya itanA pradhAna pratIta hotA hai ki usakI upalabdhi ke lie hama anya mUlyoM kI upekSA kara dete haiM athavA kabhI-kabhI sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta usI mUlya ke virodhI tathya ko hama usakA sAdhana banA lete haiM / udAharaNa ke lie jaba hameM jIvana-rakSaNa hI ekamAtra mUlya pratIta hotA hai to usa avasthA meM hama hiMsA, asatya bhASaNa, corI Adi ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiM / isa prakAra apavAda meM eka mUlya sAdhya sthAna para calA jAtA hai aura apane sAdhanoM ko mUlyavattA pradAna karanA pratIta hotA hai, kintu yaha mUlya bhrama hI hai / usa samaya bhI corI yA hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAte haiM kyoMki unakA svataH koI mUlya nahIM hai, ve to usa sAdhya kI mUlyavattA ke kAraNa mUlya ke rUpa meM pratIta yA AbhAsita hote haiM / isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke sthAna para hiMsA yA satya ke sthAna para asatya naitika mUlya bana jAte haiN| sAdhu puruSa kI rakSA ke lie duSTajana kI hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai, kintu isase hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAtI hai| kisI pratyaya kI naitika mUlyavattA usake kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM Acarita hone yA nahIM hone se aprabhAvita bhI raha sakatI hai / prathama to yaha ki apavAda kI mUlyavattA kevala usa paristhiti vizeSa meM hI hotI hai, usake AdhAra para jIvana kA koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| sAtha hI jaba vyakti ApaddharmaM kA AcaraNa karatA hai taba bhI usakI dRSTi meM mUla naitika niyama kI mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI rahatI hai / yaha to paristhitigata yA vyaktigata vivazatA hai, jisake kAraNa use vaha AcaraNa karanA par3a rahA hai| dUsare sArvabhauma niyama meM aura apavAda meM antara hai / apavAda kI yadi koI mUlyavattA hai, to vaha kevala viziSTa paristhiti meM hI rahatI hai, jabaki sAmAnya niyama kI mUlyavattA sArvadezika, sArvakAlika aura sarvajanIna hotI hai| ataH Apaddharma kI svIkRti mUlya parivartana kI sUcaka nahIM hai / vaha sAmAnyatayA kisI mUlya ko na to nirmUlya karatI hai aura na mUlya-saMsthAna meM use apane sthAna se padacyuta hI karatI hai, ataH vaha mUlyAMtaraNa bhI nahIM hai| 294 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #308
naitika karma ke do pakSa hote haiM eka bAhya pakSa, jo AcaraNa ke rUpa meM hotA hai aura dUsarA Antarika pakSa, jo kartA ke manobhAvoM ke rUpa meM hotA hai Apaddharma kA sambandha kevala bAhya pakSa se hotA hai, ataH usase kisI naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA prabhAvita nahIM hotii| mAtra karma kA bAhya pakSa use naitika mUlya pradAna nahIM karatA hai| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA mUlyAMkana __naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke sambandha meM hameM jAna iyUI kA dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki ve paristhitiyA~, jinameM naitika AdarzoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva hI parivartanazIla hai aura naitika niyamoM, naitika kartavyoM aura naitika mUlyAMkanoM ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ki naitika siddhAnta itane parivartanazIla haiM ki kisI sAmAjika sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti hI nahIM hotI hai zubha kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai kintu zubha kA AkAra nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitika mUlyoM kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai, jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI hai, kintu mUlyoM kI naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| vastutaH naitika mUlyoM kI vAstavika prakRti meM parivartanazIlatA aura aparivartanazIlatA ke donoM hI pakSa upasthita haiN| nIti kA kauna-sA pakSa parivartanazIla hotA hai aura kauna-sA aparivartanazIla hotA hai, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| 1. saMkalpa kA naitika mUlya aparivartanazIla hotA hai aura AcaraNa kA naitika mUlya parivartanazIla hotA hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa kabhI naitika nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM karma kA jo mAnasika yA bauddhika pakSa hai vaha nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya hai, kintu karma kA jo vyAvahArika evaM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha sApekSa evaM parivartanazIla hai| dUsare zabdoM meM nIti kI AtmA aparivartanazIla hai aura nIti kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai| saMkalpa kA kSetra, prajJA kA kSetra eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai| antas meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai| vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kA zAsana nahIM hai, ataH isa kSetra meM naitika mUlyoM kI nirapekSatA evaM parivartanazIlatA sambhava hai| niSkAma karma yoga kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai, kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhyAtmaka rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotaa| ataH jaina dharmadarzana 295

Page #309
yaha mAnA jA sakatA ki ve mUlya jo manovRtyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka nIti se sambandhita haiM, aparivartanIya haiM; kintu ve mUlya jo AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka haiM, parivartanIya haiN| 1 2. dUsare, naitika sAdhya yA naitika Adarza aparivartanazIla hotA hai, kintu usa sAdhya ke sAdhana parivartanIya hote haiM / jo sarvocca zubha hai vaha aparivartanIya hai, kintu usa sarvocca zubha kI prApti ke jo niyama yA mArga haiM ve vividha evaM parivartanIya haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiM / yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sarvocca zubha ko chor3akara kucha anya sAdhya kabhI sAdhana bhI bana jAte hai, ataH sAdhya sAdhana kA vargIkaraNa nirapekSa nahIM hai, unameM parivartana sambhava hai| yadyapi jaba taka koI mUlaya sAdhya sthAna para banA rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mUlyavattA rahatI hai / kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki kisI sthiti meM jo sAdhyamUlya hai, vaha kabhI sAdhana mUlya hote haiM aura kabhI sAMdhya mUlya / ataH unakI mUlyavattA apane sthAna parivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho sakatI hai / punaH vaiyaktika rUciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai / ataH sAdhana mUlyoM ko parivartanIya mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ho sakatA hai / 3. tIsare, naitika niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiM aura kucha una maulika niyamoM ke sahAyaka hote haiM / sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya yA mUlabhUta niyamahI aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate haiM, vizeSa niyama parivartanIya hote haiM / yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki aneka paristhitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI apavAda ho sakate haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI itanA to dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM evaM sAdhya-mUlyoM kI aparivartanazIlatA bhI ekAMtika nahIM hai / vastutaH naitika mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM ekAnta rUpa se aparivartanazIlatA aura ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIlatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yadi naitika mUlya ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIla hogeM to unakI koI niyamakatA hI nahIM raha jAvegI / isI prakAra ve yadi ekAntarUpa se aparivartanazIla hoMge to sAmAjika sandarbhoM ke anurUpa raha sakeMge / naitika mUlya itane nirloca to nahIM hai ki ve parivartanazIla sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana nahIM kara sake, kintu ve itane lacIle bhI nahIM ki hara koI unheM apane anurUpa DhAlakara unake svarUpa ko hI vikRta kara de / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 296

Page #310
parivartanazIlatA : pragati yA pratigati Aja parivartanazIlatA ko pragati kA lakSaNa mAnA jAne lagA hai, kintu kyA parivartanazIlatA pragati kI paricAyaka hai ? isa prazna kA uttara bhI ekAnta rUpa se nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai / parivartanazIlatA pragati bhI ho sakatI hai aura pratigati bhI / punaH koI mUlya-parivartana eka dRSTi se pragati kahA jA sakatA hai, vahIM dUsarI dRSTi se pratigati bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna yuga ke jIvana-mUlya eka dRSTi se pragatizIla ho sakate haiM to dUsarI dRSTi se pratigati ke paricAyaka bhI kahe jA sakate haiN| Aja manuSya kA jJAna bar3hA hai, samRddhi bar3hI hai, usakI prakRti para zAsana bar3hA hai / ise kyA kaheM pragati yA pratigati ? Aja nArI svAtantrya ko, svacchanda yauna sambandhoM kI pragati kahA jAtA hai, kintu pANDu-kuMtI samvAda meM jo nArI svAtantrya kA citra hai, usakI apekSA se to Aja kA yUropa bhI pichar3A huA hI kahA jAvegA / pANDu kahate haiM - anAvRtAH kila purAstriya Asana varAnane / kAmAcAravihAriNyaH svatantrAzcArU hAsini / / tAsAM vyuccaramANAnAM kaumArAt subhage patIna / nAdharmo'bhUdvarArohe sa hi dharmaH purAbhavat / / 10 'pUrva kAla meM striyA~ anAvRta thIM, ve bhoga-vilAsa ke lie svatantra hokara ghUmA karatI thIM, ve kaumArya avasthA meM kAma-sevana karatI thI, vaha unake lie adharma nahIM thaa|' Aja samAja meM inhIM mUlyoM kI punaH sthApanA karake hama pragati kareMge yA pratigati, yaha to svayaM hamAre vicArane kI vastu hai / kevala pracalita evaM paramparAgata mUlyoM kA niSedha naitika pragati kA lakSaNa nahIM hai / Aja hameM mAnavIya viveka ke Aloka meM sarvaprathama mUlyoM kA purnamUlyAMkana karanA hogA / hamArI naitika pragati kA artha hogA - una mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA, jo vivekazIlatA kI A~khoM meM mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa aura mAnavIya kalyANa ke lie sahAyaka hoM, jinake dvArA manuSya kI manuSyatA jIvita raha ske| Aja manuSya cAhe bhautika dRSTi se pragati kI rAha para agrasara ho, kintu naitika dRSTi se vaha pragati kara rahA hai yaha kahanA kaThina hI hai / eka urdU zAyara ne kahA hai tAlIma kA zora itanA, tahajIba kA gula itanA, phira bhI na tarakkI hai, nIyata kI kharAbI hai / bauddhika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAna rAzi, vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra nahIM kara pAI hai | jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA dene vAle jaina dharmadarzana 297

Page #311
sahastrAdhika vizvavidyAlayoM ke hote hue bhI Aja kA zikSita mAnava apanI svArthaparatA aura bhoga-lolupatA para viveka aura saMyama kA aMkuza nahIM lagA pAyA hai| bhautika sukha-suvidhA kA yaha ambAra Aja bhI usake mAnasa ko santuSTa nahIM kara pA rahA hai| Aja zIghragAmI AvAgamana ke sAdhanoM se vizva kI dUrI kama ho gaI hai, kintu hRdaya kI dUrI to bar3ha rahI hai| surakSA ke sAdhanoM kI yaha bahulatA Aja bhI mAnava mana meM abhaya kA vikAsa nahIM kara sakI hai| Aja bhI manuSya utanA hI AzaMkita, AtaMkita, AkrAmaka aura svArthI hai jitanA Adima yuga meM rahA hogaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, Aja to jIvana kI sahajatA aura svAbhavikatA bhI usase china gaI hai| Aja jIvana meM chadmoM kA bAhulya hai| bhItara vAsanA kI uddAma jvAlAyeM aura bAhara sacaritratA aura sadAzayatA kA DhoMga; yahI Aja ke mAnava kI trAsadI hai| ise pragati kaheM yA pratigati? Aja hameM yaha nizcita karanA hai ki hamAre mUlya-parivartana kI dizA kyA ho? hameM manuSya ko dohare jIvana kI trAsadI se bacAnA hai, kintu yaha dhyAna bhI rakhanA hogA ki kahIM isa bahAne hama use pazutva kI ora to nahIM Dhakela rahe haiN| saMdarbha ------- 1. Lectures in the youth League - uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pR. 344-345 / 2. Ethical Stucdies-p. 223. 3. dekhiye-viSaya aura AtmA (yazadeva zalya) pR. 88-891 4. mahAbhArata zAnti parva 33/32 / 5. adhUka prakaraNa (haribhadra) 27/5 kI TIkA meM uddhRt| 6. mAhabhArata zAnti parva 63/11 7. AcArAMga 1/4/2/1301 8. Contemporary Ethical Theories p. 163. 9. dekhiye-nIti ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa tatva-DA. sAgaramala dArzanika apraila 76 / 10. mahAbhArata Adi parva 122/4-51 OD 298 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #312
mUlya aura mUlya bodha kI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta mUlya-darzana kA udbhava evaM vikAsa eka navIna dArzanika prasthAna ke rUpa meM mUlya- darzana kA vikAsa lotse, brenTAno, eranaphelsa, mAinAMga, hArTamana, arabana, evareTa, maiksa zelara Adi vicArakoM kI racanAoM ke mAdhyama se 19vIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa se prArambha hotA hai tathApi zreya evaM preya ke viveka ke rUpa meM, parama sukha kI khoja ke rUpa meM evaM purUSArtha kI vivecanA ke rUpa meM mUlya-bodha aura mUlya-mImAMsA ke mUlabhUta praznoM kI samIkSA evaM tatsambandhI cintana ke bIja pUrva evaM pazcima ke prAcIna dArzanika ciMtana meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH mUlya-bodha mAnavIya prajJA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI prArambha hai, ataH vaha utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA mAnavIya prajJA kA vikAsa / mUlya viSayaka vicAra vimarza ko yaha dhArA jahA~ bhArata meM 'zreya' evaM 'mokSa' ko parama mUlya mAna kara AdhyAtmikatA kI dizA meM gatizIla hotI rahI, vahIM pazcima meM 'zubha' evaM 'kalyANa' para adhika bala dekara aihika, sAmAjika evaM buddhivAdI banI rhii| phira bhI artha, kAma aura dharma ke trivarga ko svIkAra kara na to bhAratIya vicArakoM ne aihika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke mUlyoM kI upekSA kI hai aura na satya, ziva evaM sundara ke parama mUlyoM ko svIkAra kara pazcima ke vicArakoM ne mUlyoM kI AdhyAtmika avadhAraNA kI upekSA kI hai| mUlya kA svarUpa mUlya kyA hai ? isa prazna ke abhI taka aneka uttara diye haiM- sukhavAdI vicAra paramparA ke anusAra, jo manuSya kI kisI icchA kI tRpti karatA hai athavA jo sukhakara, rUcikara evaM priya hai, vahI mUlya hai / vikAsavAdiyoM ke anusAra jo jIvanarakSaka evaM saMvarddhaka hai, vahI mUlya hai / buddhivAdI kahate haiM ki mUlya vaha hai jise mAnavIya prajJA nirapekSa rUpa se vareNya mAnatI hai aura jo eka vivekavAn prANI ke rUpa meM manuSya-jIvana kA svataH sAdhya hai / antataH pUrNatAvAdI Atmopalabdhi ko hI mUlya mAnate haiM aura mUlya ke sambandha meM eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM / vastutaH mUlya ke sandarbha meM ye sabhI dRSTikoNa kisI sImA taka aikAntikatA evaM avAntara kalpanA ke doSa (Naturalistic Fallacy) se grasita haiM / vAstava meM mUlya eka jaina dharmadarzana 299

Page #313
anaikAntika, vyApaka evaM bahu-AyAmI pratyaya hai, vaha eka vyavasthA hai, eka saMsthAna hai, usameM bhautika aura AdhyAtmika, zreya aura preya, vAMchita aura vAMchanIya, ucca aura nimna, vAsanA aura viveka sabhI samanvita haiM / ve yathArtha aura Adarza kI khAI ke lie eka pula kA kAma karate haiM / ataH unheM kisI aikAntika evaM nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para paribhASita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / mUlya eka nahIM, aneka haiM aura mUlya-dRSTiyA~ bhI aneka haiM / ataH pratyeka mUlya kisI dRSTi vizeSa ke prakAza meM hI Alokita hotA hai| vastutaH mUlyoM kI aura mUlya - dRSTiyoM kI isa anekavidhatA aura bahuAyAmI prakRti ko samajhe binA mUlyoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana bhI sambhava nahIM ho sakatA hai| mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA 1 mUlya-bodha meM mAnavIya cetanA ke vividha pahalU eka-dUsare se saMyojita hote haiN| mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA bhI bahuAyAmI hai, usameM jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa tInoM hI upasthita rahate haiM / vidvAnoM ne isa bAta ko samyak prakAra se na samajha kara hI mUlyoM ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM bhUla kI hai / yahA~ hameM do bAtoM ko ThIka prakAra se samajha lenA hogA-eka to yaha ki sabhI mUlyoM kA mUlyAMkana cetanA ke kisI eka hI pakSa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare yaha ki mAnavIya cetanA ke sabhI pakSa eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA nirapekSa hokara kArya nahIM karate haiM / yadi hama ina bAtoM kI upekSA kareMge to hamArA mUlya-bodha apUrNa evaM ekAMgI hogA / phira bhI mUlya - darzana ke itihAsa meM aisI upekSA kI jAtI rahI hai / erenaphelsa ne mUlya ko icchA (DijAyara ) kA viSaya mAnA to mAinAMga ne use bhAvanA ( phIliMga) kA viSaya btaayaa| pairI ne use ruci (iMTresTa) kA viSaya mAnakara mUlya-bodha meM icchA aura bhAvanA kA saMyoga mAnA hai / sArale ne use anumodana (eprIsiyezana) kA viSaya mAna kara usameM jJAna aura bhAvanA kA saMyoga mAnA hai| phira bhI ye sabhI vicAraka kisI sImA taka ekAMgitA ke doSa se nahIM baca pAye haiN| 1 mUlya-bodha na to kursI aura meja ke jJAna ke samAna taTastha jJAna hai aura na preyasI ke prati prema kI taraha mAtra bhAvAveza hI / vaha mAtra icchA yA rucikA nirmANa bhI nahIM hai| vaha na to nirA tarka hai aura na nirI bhAvanA yA saMvedanA / mUlyAtmaka cetanA meM iSTatva, sukhadAtA athavA icchA-tRpti kA vicAra avazya upasthita rahatA hai, kintu yaha icchA - tRpti kA vicAra yA iSTatva kA bodha viveka - rahita na hokara viveka-yukta hotA hai / icchA svayaM meM koI mUlya nahIM, usakI athavA usake viSaya kI mUlyAtmakatA kA nirNaya svayaM icchA nahIM, viveka karatA hai, bhUkha svayaM mUlya nahIM hai, roTI mUlyavAna hai, kintu roTI kI mUlyAtmakatA bhI svayaM roTI para nahIM apitu jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 300

Page #314
usakA mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA para tathA kSudhA kI vedanA para nirbhara hai| kisI vastu ke vAMchanIya, aiSaNIya yA mUlyavAn hone kA artha hai-niSpakSa viveka kI A~khoM meM vAMchanIya honaa| mAtra icchA yA mAtra vAsanA apane viSaya ko vAMchanIya yA aiSaNIya nahIM banA detI hai, yadi usameM viveka kA yogadAna na ho| mUlya kA janma vAsanA aura viveka tathA yathArtha aura Adarza ke sammilana meM hI hotA hai| vAsanA mUlya ke lie kaccI sAmagrI hai to viveka usakA ruupaakaar| usameM bhoga aura tyAga, tRpti aura nivRtti eka sAtha upasthita rahate haiN| isa sandarbha meM zrI saMgamalAla jI pAMDeya kA mUlyoM kI tyAgarUpatA kA siddhAnta bhI ekAMgI hI lagatA hai| unakA yaha kahanA ki "nivRtti hI mUlyasAra hai" ThIka nahIM hai| mUlya meM nivRtti aura saMtuSTi (prakRti) donoM hI apekSita haiN| mUlya meM nivRtti zabda kA do bhinna arthoM meM prayoga kiyA hai, jo eka bhrAnti ko janma detA hai| kSudhA kI nivRtti yA kAmavega kI nivRtti meM tyAga nahIM bhoga hai| punaH isa nivRtti ko bhI santuSTi kA hI dUsarA rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| (dekhie-dArzanika traimAsika, julAI 1976) / punazca, yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM hai ki mUlya-bodha meM viveka yA buddhi hI ekamAtra nirdhAraka tattva hai| mUlya-bodha kI prakriyA meM nizcita hI viveka-buddhi kA mahAttvapUrNa sthAna hai, kintu yahI ekamAtra nirdhAraka tattva nahIM hai| mUlya-bodha na to mAtra jaiva-preraNa yA icchA se utpanna hotA hai aura na mAtra viveka-buddhi se| mUlya-bodha meM bhAvAtmaka pakSa kA bhI mahAttvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kintu kevala bhAvonmeSa bhI mUlya-bodha nahIM de pAtA hai| DaoN. govindacandrajI pAMDe ke zabdoM meM "yaha (mUlya-bodha) kevala bhAva-saghanatA yA icchodvelana na hokara vyakta yA avyakta viveka se Alokita hai, usameM anubhUti kI jIvanta saghanatA aura rAgAtmaka (lagAva) ke sAtha jJAna kI svacchatA aura taTasthatA (alagAva) upasthita milate haiM (muuly-miimaaNsaa)| isa prakAra mUlya-cetanA meM jJAna, bhAva aura icchA tInoM hI upasthita hote haiN| phira bhI yaha vicAraNIya hai ki kyA sabhI prakAra ke mUlyAMkana meM ye sabhI pakSa samAna rUpa se balazAlI rahate haiM? yadyapi pratyeka mUlya-bodha evaM mUlyAMkana meM jJAna, bhAva aura icchA ke tatva upasthita rahate haiM, phira bhI vividha prakAra ke mUlyoM kA mUlyAMkana yA mUlya-bodha karate samaya inake balAbala meM tAratamyatA avazya rahatI hai| udAharaNArtha-sauMdarya-bodha meM bhAva yA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa kA jitanA prAdhAnya hotA hai utanA anya pakSoM kA nhiiN| Arthika evaM jaivika mUlyoM ke bodha meM icchA kI jitanI pradhAnatA hotI hai utanI viveka yA bhAva kI nhiiN| yaha bAta to mUlya vizeSa kI prakRti para nirbhara hai ki usakA mUlya-bodha meM deza-bodha karate samaya kaunasA pakSa pradhAna hogaa| itanA hI nahIM, mUlya-bodha meM deza-kAla aura pariveza ke tattva bhI cetanA para jaina dharmadarzana 301

Page #315
apanA prabhAva DAlate haiM aura hamAre mUlyAMkana prabhAvita karate haiM / isa prakAra mUlya eka sahaja prakriyA na hokara eka jaTila prakriyA hai aura usakI isa jaTilatA meM hI usakI sApekSatA nihita hai / jo AcAra kisI deza, kAla paristhiti vizeSa meM zubha mAnA jAtA hai vahI dUsare deza, kAla aura paristhiti meM azubha mAnA jA sakatA hai| sauMdarya-bodha, rasAnubhUti Adi ke mAnadaNDa bhI deza, kAla aura vyakti ke sAtha parivartita hote rahate haiM / Aja sAmAnyajana philmI gAnoM meM jo rasa-bodha pAtA hai vaha use zAstrIya saMgIta meM nahI milatA hai / isI prakAra ruci bheda bhI hamAre mUlya-bodha ko evaM mUlyAMkana ko prabhAvita karatA hai / vastutaH mUlya-bodha kI avasthA cetanA kI niSkriya avasthA nahIM hai / jo vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki mUlya-bodha eka prakAra kA sahaja jJAna hai, ve usake svarUpa se hI anabhijJa haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM, rasAnubhUti yA sauMdaryAnubhUti meM aura tatsambandhI mUlya-bodha meM bhI antara hai / rasAnubhUti yA sauMdaryAnubhUti meM mAtra bhAvaparaka pakSa kI upasthiti paryApta hotI hai, usameM viveka kA koI tattva upasthita ho hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai, kintu tatsambandhI mUlya-bodha meM kisI na kisI viveka kA tattva avazya hI upasthita rahatA hai / mUlya-bodha aura mUlya-lAbha sakriya evaM sRjanAtmaka cetanA ke kArya haiN| mUlya-bodha aura mUlya-lAbha meM mAnavIya cetanA ke vividha pakSoM kA vividha AyAmoM meM eka prakAra kA dvandva calatA hai / vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhAvanA yA viveka ke antardvandva meM hI manuSya mUlya-vizva kA AbhAsa pAtA hai yadyapi mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA mUlya-bodha meM isa dvandva kA atikramaNa karatI hai| vastutaH isa dvandva meM jo pahalU vijayI hotA hai usI ke AdhAra para vyakti kI mUlya - dRSTi banatI hai aura jaisI mUlya - dRSTi banatI hai vaisA hI mUlyAMkana yA mUlya-bodha hotA hai / jinameM jijIviSA pradhAna ho, jinakI cetanA ko jaiva preraNAe~ hI anuzAsita karatI hoM unheM roTI arthAt jIvana kA saMvarddhana hI ekamAtra parama mUlya laga sakatA hai, kintu aneka paristhitiyoM meM viveka ke prabuddha hone para kucha vyaktiyoM ko cAritrika evaM anya ucca mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu jIvana kA balidAna hI ekamAtra parama mUlya laga sakatA hai / kisI ke lie vAsanAtmaka evaM jaivika mUlya hI parama mUlya ho sakate hoM aura jIvana sarvatobhAvena rakSaNIya mAnA jA sakatA ho, kintu kisI ke lie cAritrika yA naitika mUlya itane ucca ho sakate haiM ki vaha unakI rakSA ke lie jIvana kA balidAna kara de| isa prakAra mUlyabodha kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa cetanA ke vividha pahaluoM meM se kisI eka kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa athavA deza-kAla tathA paristhitijanya tattvoM ke kAraNa hotA hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa mUlya-bodha tathA mUlyAMkana bhI prabhAvita hotA hai / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki mUlya-bodha bhI kisI sImA taka dRSTi - sApekSa hai, kintu isake jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 302

Page #316
sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki svayaM dRSTi bhI mUlya-bodha se prabhAvi hotI hai| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha aura manuSya kI jIvana-dRSTi paraspara sApekSa hai / arabana kA yaha kathana ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM apitu mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko prabhAvita karate haiM, AMzika satya hI kahA jA sakatA hai| mUlya na to pUrNatayA vastutantra hai aura na Atmatantra hI / hamArA mUlya bodha Atma aura vastu donoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| sauMdarya-bodha meM, kAvya ke rasa-bodha meM AtmaniSThatA aura vastuniSThatA ke ina donoM pakSoM ko spaSTa rUpa meM dekhA jA sAkatA hai sauMdarya-bodha athavA kAvya kI rasAnubhUti na pUrI taraha kRti sApekSa hai, na pUrI taraha Atma-sApekSa / isa prakAra hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA aura mUlya donoM hI eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiM / mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM donoM parasparAzrita haiM / eka ora mUlya apanI mUlyavattA ke lie cetanA sattA kI apekSA karate haiM dUsarI ora cetanA sattA mUlya-bodha ke lie kisI vastu, kRti yA ghaTanA kI apekSA karatI hai / mUlya na to mAtra vastuoM se prakaTa hote haiM aura na mAtra AtmA se / ataH mUlya-bodha kI prakriyA ko samajhAne meM viSayitaMtratA yA vastutaMtratA aikAMtika dhAraNAe~ haiM / mUlya kA prakaTIkaraNa cetanA aura vastu (yahA~ vastu meM kRti yA ghaTanA antarbhUta haiM) donoM ke saMyoga meM hotA hai / perI sImA taka satya ke nikaTa haiM jaba ve yaha kahate haiM ki mUlya vastu aura vicAra ke aicchika sambandha meM prakaTa hote haiM / mUlyoM kI tAratamyatA kA prazna 1 mUlya-bodha ke sAtha jur3A huA dUsarA sabase mahattvapUrNa prazna hai, mUlyoM ke tAratamya kA bodha / hameM kevala mUlya-bodha nahIM hotA apitu mUlyoM ke uccAvaca krama kA yA unakI tAratamyatA kA bhI bodha hotA hai / vastutaH hameM mUlya kA nahIM apitu mUlyoM kA, unakI tAratamyatA- sahita bodha hotA hai / hama kisI bhI mUlya - vizeSa kA bodha mUlya-vizva meM hI karate haiM, alaga ekAkI rUpa meM nahIM / ataH kisI mUlya ke bodha ke samaya hI usakI tAratamyatA kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai, kintu yaha tAratamyatA kA bodha bhI dRSTi-nirapekSa nahIM hokara dRSTi - sApekSa hotA hai / hama kucha mUlyoM kA ucca mUlya aura kucha mUlyoM ko nimna mUlya kahate haiM kintu mUlyoM kI isa uccAvacatA yA tAratamyatA kA nirdhAraNa kauna karatA hai? kyA mUlyoM kI apanI koI aisI vyavasthA hai jisameM nirapekSa rUpa se usakI tAratamyatA ko bodha ho jAtA hai? yadi mUlyo kI tAratamyatA kI koI aisI vastuniSTha vyavasthA hotI hai to phira tAratamyatA kI koI aisI vastuniSTha vyavasthA hotI hai to phira tAratamyatA sambandhI hamAre vicAroM meM matabheMda nahIM hotaa| kintu sthiti aisI nahIM hai / ataH spaSTa hai ki mUlyoM kI tAratamyatA kA bodha bhI dRSTi - sApekSa hai| jaina dharmadarzana 303

Page #317
bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kI mUlya-dRSTiyoM kI vividhatA mUlya-bodha kI sapekSatA ko hI sUcita karatI hai / pazcima meM bhI satya, ziva evaM sundara ke sambandha meM isI prakAra kA dRSTibheda parilakSita hotA hai / kucha loga satya ko parama mUlya mAnate haiM to dUsare kucha loga ziva (kalyANa) ko athavA sundara ko parama mUlya mAnate haiM / bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI zreSThatA athavA kaniSThatA ke sambandha meM bhI jo matabheda haiM ve sabhI dRSTi - sApekSa hI haiM / vastutaH jo kisI eka dRSTi se sarvocca mUlya ho sakatA hai vahI dUsarI dRSTi se nimna mUlya bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| balavattA yA tIvratA kI dRSTi se jahA~ jaivika mUlya sarvocca Thaharate haiM, vahI viveka evaM saMyama kI dRSTi se AdhyAtmika evaM atijaivika mUlya uccatara mAne jA sakate haiM / punaH kisI eka hI dRSTi ke AdhAra para mUlyoM kI tAratamyatA kA nirdhAraNa bhI sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki mUlya aura mUlyadRSTiyA~ bahuAyAmI haiM, ve eka-rekhIya na hokara bahurekhIya haiN| eka mUlya para eka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha aura unakI tAratamyatA kA bodha dRSTi - sApekSa hai aura dRSTi - cetanA ke vividha pahaluoM ke balAbala para nirbhara karatA hai / punazca, cetanA ke vAsanAtmaka aura vivekAtmaka pahaluoM meM kaba, kauna, kitanA balazAlI hogA yaha bAta bhI AMzika rUpa se deza-kAla aura paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hogI aura AMzika rUpa se vyakti ke saMskAra aura mUlya - dRSTi para bhI / isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlya-bodha, mUlya - dRSTi para bhI / isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlya-bodha-mUlya dRSTi para nirbhara karatA hai aura mUlya-dRSTi svayaM mUlya-bodha pr| ve anyonyAzrita haiM, bIja - vRkSa nyAya ke samAna unameM se kisI kI pUrvatA - prAthamikatA kA nizcaya kara pAnA kaThina hai / DablyU.ema. arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura bhAratIya mUlya-darzana 1 arabana' ke anusAra mUlyAMkana eka nirNayAtmaka prakriyA hai, jisameM sat ke prati prAthamika vizvAsoM ke jJAna kA tattva bhI hotA hai / isake sAtha hI usameM bhAvAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka anukriyA bhI hai / mUlyAMkana saMkalpAtmaka prakriyA kA bhAvapakSa hai| arabana mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM jJAnapakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvanA evaM saMkalpa kI upasthiti bhI Avazyaka mAnate haiM / mUlyAMkana meM nirantaratA kA tattva unakI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra hai / jitanI adhika nirantaratA hogI utanA hI adhika vaha prAmANika hogA / mUlyAMkana aura mUlya meM antara spaSTa karate hue arabana kahate haiM ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM karatA, varan mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko nirdhArita karate haiM 1 304 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #318
arabana ke anusAra mUlya na koI guNa hai, na vastu aura na sambandha / vastutaH mUlya aparibhASya hai tathApi usakI prakRti ko usake sattA se sambandha ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sattA aura asattA ke madhya sthita hai| arabana minAMga ke samAna use vastuniSTha kahatA hai, kintu usakA artha 'honA cAhie' (Ought to be) meM hai| mUlya sadaiva astitva kA dAvA karate haiM, unakA sat honA isI para nirbhara hai ki sat ko hI mUlya ke usa rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAye, jisameM sattA aura astitva bhI ho| mUlya kI vastuniSThatA ke do adhAra hai- prathama yaha ki pratyeka vastu viSaya mUlya kI vidhA meM AtA hai aura dUsare pratyeka mUlya ucca aura nimna ke krama se sthita hai| arabana ke anusAra mUlyoM kI anubhUti unakI kisI krama meM hai, yaha binA mUlyoM meM pUrvAparatA mAne, kevala manovaijJAnika avasthA para nirbhara nahIM ho sakatI / isa prakAra mUlya eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiN| mUlya kI sAmAnya carcA ke bAda arabana naitika mUlya para Ate haiN| arabana ke anusAra naitika dRSTi se mUlyavAna hone kA artha hai manuSya ke lie mUlyavAna honaa| naitika zubhatva mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta para nirbhara hai| mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAMta ko kucha logoM ne AkArika niyamoM kI vyavasthA ke rUpa meM aura kucha logoM ne sukha kI gaNanA ke rUpa meM dekhA thA, lekina arabana ke anusAra mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta kA tIsarA ekamAtra sambhAvita vikalpa hai 'AtmasAkSAtkAra' / AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta ke samarthana meM arabana arastU kI taraha hI tarka prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vastuoM kA zubhatva unakI kAryakuzalatA meM hai, aMgoM kA zubhatva jIvana meM unake yogadAna meM hai aura jIvana kA zubhatva AtmapUrNatA meM hai| manuSya 'Atma' (Self) hai aura yadi yaha satya hai to phira mAnava kA vAstavika zubha usakI AtmaparipUrNatA meM hI nihita hai| arabana kI yaha dRSTi bhAratIya paramparA ke ati nikaTa hai jo yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki AtmapUrNatA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya hai| arabana ke anusAra 'Atma' sAmAjika jIvana se alaga koI vyakti nahIM hai, varan vaha to sAmAjika maryAdAoM meM ba~dhA huA hai aura samAja ko apane mUlyAMkana se aura apane ko sAmAjika mUlyAMkana se prabhAvita pAtA hai| arabana ke anusAra svahita aura parahita kI samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna na to pariSkArita svahitavAda meM hai aura na bauddhika parahitavAda meM hai, varan sAmAnya zubha kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svahita parahita se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| yaha dRSTikoNa bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI ThIka isI rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| jaina paramparA bhI svahita aura lokahita kI sImAoM se Upara uTha jAnA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya mAnatI hai| jaina dharmadarzana 305

Page #319
arabana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta karate haiM ki mUlyAMkana karanevAlI mAnavIya cetanA ke dvArA yaha kaise jAnA jAya ki kauna se mUlya ucca koTi ke haiM aura kauna se mUlya nimna koTi ke? arabana isake tIna siddhAnta batAte haiM - pahalA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhyAtmaka yA Antarika mUlya sAdhanAtmaka yA bAhya mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca hai| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha ki sthAyI mUlya asthAyI mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca hai aura tIsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki utpAdaka mUlya anutpAdaka mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| arabana inheM vyAvahArika viveka ke siddhAnta yA mUlya ke niyama kahate haiN| ye hameM batAte haiM ki AMgika mUlya jinmeM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| usI prakAra sAmAjika mUlyoM kI apekSA Adha yAtmika mUlya, jinameM bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| arabana kI dRSTi meM mUlyoM kI isI krama vyavasthA ke AdhAra para AtmasAkSAtkAra ke stara haiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie prasthita AtmA kI pUrNatA usa stara para hai, jise mUlyAMkana karanevAlI cetanA sarvocca mUlya samajhatI hai aura sarvocca mUlya vaha hai jo anubhUti kI pUrNatA meM tathA jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana meM sabase adhika yogadAna karatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM ise hama vIratAgata aura sarvajJatA kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| eka anya AdhyAtmika mUlyavAdI vicAraka DablyU.Ara. sArlI jaina paramparA ke nikaTa AkAra yaha kahate haiM ki naitika pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane meM hai| kintu kucha bhAratIya paramparAyeM to isase bhI Age bar3hakara yaha kahatI haiM ki naitika pUrNatA paramAtmA hone meM haiM AtmA se paramAtmA, jIva se jina, sAdhaka se siddha, apUrNa kI upalabdhi meM hI naitika jIvana kI sArthakatA hai| ___ arabana kI mUlyoM kI krama-vyavasthA bhI bhAratIya paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa hI hai| jaina evaM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa puruSArthoM meM yahI krama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arabana ke Arthika mUlya artha puruSArtha ke, zArIrika evaM manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya kAma puruSArtha ke, sAhacaryAtmaka ora cAritrika mUlya dharma puruSArtha ke tathA saundaryAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya mokSa puruSArtha ke tulya haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya jisa prakAra pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta lokamAnya hai usI prakAra bhAratIya naitika cintana meM puruSArtha-siddhAnta, jo ki jIvana mUlyoM kA hI siddhAnta hai, paryApta lokapriya rahA hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne jIvana ke cAra puruSArtha yA mUlya mAne haiM - 306 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #320
1. artha (Arthika mUlya)- jIvana yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai; ataH daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane vAle ina sAdhanoM ko upalabdha ko karanA hI artha puruSArtha hai| 2. kAma (manodaihika mUlya) - jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhana juTAnA artha puruSArtha aura una sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karanA kAma puruSArtha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vividha iMdriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga kAma puruSArtha hai| 3. dharma (naitika mUlya) - jina niyamoM ke dvArA sAmAjika jIvana yA lokavyavahAra sucArU rUpa se cale, sva-para kalyANa ho aura jo vyakti ko AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jAye, vaha dharma puruSArtha hai| 4. mokSa (AdhyAtmika mUlya) - AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa mokSa hai| jaina dRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya sAmAnyatayA yaha samajhA jAtA hai nivRttipradhAna jaina darzana meM mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAma ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra artha anartha kA mUla hai| sabhI kAma duHkha utpanna karane vAle haiN| lekina yaha vicAra ekAMgI hI mAnA jaayegaa| koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai| jaina vicArakoM ne sadaiva hI svapuruSArtha se dhanopArjana kI preraNA dI hai| ve yaha mAnate hai ki vyakti ko kevala apane puruSArtha se upArjita sampatti ke bhoga kA adhikAra haiN| dUsaroM dvArA upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA use koI adhikAra nhiiN| gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI patra ke lie bahana hotI hai aura dUsaroM kI lakSmI parastrI ke samAna hotI hai| donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai| ataH svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga karanA nyAyasaMgata hai| jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna varNa ke logoM ko kina-kina sAdhanoM se dhanArja na karanA cAhie, isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ko mukha (vidyA) se, kSatriyoM ko asi (rakSaNa) se, vaNikoM ko vANijya se aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ko zilpAdi karma se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, kyoMki inhIM kI sAdhanA meM unakI lakSmI kA nivAsa hai| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jainadRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM heya haiN| lekina darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ekAnta rUpa se heya haiN| yadi ve ekAnta rUpa se heya hote to Adi tIrthakara bhagavAna RSabhadeva striyoM kI 64 aura purUSoM kI 72 kalAoM kA vidhAna kaise karate? kyoMki unameM adhikAMza kalAe~ artha aura kAma jaina dharmadarzana 307

Page #321
purUSArtha se sambandhita hai| nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina vicAraNA meM samucita sthAna hai| jaina vicArakoM ne jisake tyAga para bala diyA hai vaha indriya-viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM, bhogoM ke prati Asakti yA rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra karma-vipAka se upalabdha bhogoM se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| indriyoM ke sammukha unake viSaya upasthita hone para unake AsvAda se bhI bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, jo sambhava hai vaha yaha ki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti rakhI jaaye| itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vAsanAtmaka evaM saundaryAtmaka pakSa ko dharmonmukhI banAne tathA unake pArasparika virodha ko samApta karane ko bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra mokSAbhimukha paraspara avirodha meM rahe hue sabhI puruSArtha AcaraNIya haiN| AcArya hemacandra kahate hai ki gRhastha upAsaka dharmapuruSArtha aura kAmapuSArtha kA isa prakAra AcaraNa kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho|' bhadrabAha (pA~cavIM zatI) ne to AcArya hemacandra (11vIM zatAbdI) ke pUrva hI yaha udghoSaNA kara dI thI ki jaina paramparA meM to puruSArtha-catuSTaya avirodha rahate haiN| AcArya bar3e hI spaSTa evaM mArmika zabdoM meM likhate haiM ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko bhale hI anya koI vicAraka paraspara virodhI mAnate hoM, kintu jinavANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna meM avatarita hone ke kAraNa paraspara asapatna (avirodhI) haiN| apanI-apanI bhUmikA ke yogya vihita anuSThAna rUpa dharma, svacchAzaya prayukta artha aura visambhayukta arthAt maryAdAnukUla vaivAhika niyantraNa se svIkRta kAma, jinavANI ke anusAra paraspara avirodhI haiN| ye puruSArtha paraspara avirodhI tabhI hote haiM jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hote haiM aura jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hokara paraspara avirodha kI sthiti meM hoM, asapatna hoM, to ve samyak hote haiM, isalie AcaraNIya hote haiN| kintu jaba mokSa mArga se vimukha hokara puruSArtha-catuSTaya paraspara virodha meM yA nirapekSa hote haiM, taba ve asamyak yA anucita evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiN| bauddha darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya bhagavAna buddha yadyapi nivRtti mArgI zramaNa paramparA ke anugAmI haiM, tathApi unake vicAroM meM artha evaM kAma puruSArtha ke sambandha meM bhI dizA-bodha upalabdha hai| dIghanikAya meM artha kI upalabdhi ke lie zrama karate rahane kA sandeza upalabdha hotA hai| buddha kahate haiM, Aja bahuta sardI hai, Aja bahuta garmI hai, aba to sandhyA (dena) ho gayI, isa prakAra zrama se dUra bhAgatA huA manuSya dhanahIna ho jAtA hai| kintu jo sardI-garmI Adi ko sahakara kaThora parizrama karatA hai, vaha kabhI sukha se vaMcita nahIM hotaa| jaise prayatnavAna rahane se madhumakkhI kA chattA bar3hatA hai, cITI kA vAlmIka bar3hatA hai, vaise hI prayatnazIla manuSya kA aizvarya bar3hatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, prApta 308 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #322
sampadA kA upayoga kisI prakAra ho, isa sambandha meM bhI buddha kA nirdeza hai ki sadgRhastha prApta dhana ke eka bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko vyApAra Adi kAryakSetra meM lagAye aura cauthe bhAga ko Apatti kAla meM kAma Ane ke lie surakSita rakha chodd'e| Aja kA pragatizIla arthazAstrI bhI Arthika pragati ke lie isase acche sUtra prastuta nahIM kara sktaa| buddha kevala arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika arthazAstra ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| ve isa bAre meM bhI pUrNa satarka haiM ki yadi samAja meM dhana kA samucita vitaraNa nahIM hogA to arAjakatA aura asurakSA utpanna hogii| ve kahate haiM, nirdhanoM ko dhana nahIM diye jAne se daridratA bahuta bar3ha gayI aura daridratA ke bahuta bar3ha jAne se corI bahuta bar3ha gyii| corI ke bahuta bar3hane kA artha dhana kI asurakSA hai| isake pIche buddha kA nirdeza yahI hai ki samAja meM dhana kA samavitaraNa honA cAhie tAki samAja kA koI bhI varga abhAva se pIr3ita na ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM artha ko kabhI bhI dharma se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie, ve dharmayukta vyavasAya meM niyojita hone kA hI nirdeza dete haiN| jo jIvana meM dhana kA dAna evaM bhoga ke rUpa meM samucita upayoga nahIM karatA, usakA dhana nirarthaka hai, kyoMki marane vAle ke pIche usakA dhana Adi nahIM jAtA hai aura na dhana se jarAmaraNa se hI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai| kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana karatA hai| udAna meM buddha kahate haiM, "brahmacarya jIvana ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai, yaha eka anta hai| kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, mithyAdhAraNA bar3hatI hai, vyakti mArga se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai"15 isa AdhAra para kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jo kAma dharma-aviruddha hai, jisase AdhyAtmika pragati yA citta kI vikalatA samApta hotI hai; vaha kAma AcaraNIya hai| isake viparIta dharmavirUddha mAnasika azAntikAraka kAma yA viSayabhoga anAcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI jaina vicAra ke samAna dharmapuruSArtha nirvANa yA mokSapuruSArtha kA sAdhana hai| majjhimanikAya meM vuddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuoM maiMne ber3e kI bhA~ti pAra jAne ke lie (nirvANalAbha ke lie) tumheM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nhiiN|' arthAta nirvANa kI dizA meM le jAnevAlA dharma hI AcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jo dharma nirvANa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA hai, jisase nirvANalAbha meM bAdhA AtI ho vaha tyAga dene yogya hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha dharma ko eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie use bhI chor3a dene kA sandeza dete haiN| unakI dRSTi meM paramamUlya to nirvANa hI hai| jaina dharmadarzana 309

Page #323
gItA meM puSArtha catuSTaya puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bhI mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| vahI parama mUlya hai| dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha sambandhI dhRti ko gItAkAra ne rAjasI kahA hai|" lekina yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki gItA meM ina puruSArtha kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| gItAkAra jaba kAma kI nindA karatA hai, dharma ko chor3ane kI bAta karatA hai, to mokSapuruSArtha yA paramAtmA kI prApti kI apekSA se hii| mokSa hI paramAdhya hai; dharma, artha aura kAma kA mokSa ke nimitta parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI dharma, artha aura kAma mokSa ke avirodhI hai, to ve grAhya haiN| gItAkAra kI mAnyatA bhI yahI pratIta hotI hai ki artha aura kAma ko dharmAdhIna honA cAhie, aura dharma ko mokSabhimukha honA caahie| dharmayukta, yajJa (tyAga) pUrvaka evaM varNAnusAra kiyA gayA AjIvikopArjana gItA ke anusAra vihita hI hai| yadyapi dhana kI cintA meM DUbe rahane vAle aura dhana kA tathA dhana ke dvArA kiye gaye dAna-puNyAdi kA abhimAna karane vAle ko gItA meM ajJAnI kahA gayA hai tathApi isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki na to dhana ko ekamAtra sAdhya banA lenA cAhie aura na usakA tathA usake dvArA kiye gaye satkAryoM kA abhimAna hI karanA caahie| isI prakAra kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki use dharma-avirUddha honA caahie| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki prANiyoM meM dharma-avirUddha kAma maiM hU~" sabhI bhogoM se vimukha hone kI apekSA gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yahI ucita hai ki unameM Asakti kA tyAga kiyA jaaye| vastutaH yaha dRSTikoNa bhogoM ko mokSa ke avirodha meM rakhane kA prayAsa hai| isI prakAra gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki binA yajJa ke jo bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hai, to usakA pramukha dRSTikoNa kAmapuruSArtha ko dharmAbhimukha banAne kA hI hai|22 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAoM meM cAroM puruSArtha svIkRta haiM, yadyapi sabhI ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ko dharma-avirUddha honA cAhie aura dharma ko sadaiva hI mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| vastutaH yaha dRSTikoNa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM kA hai, varan samagra bhAratIya cintana kI isa sandarbha meM yahI dRSTi hai| manu kahate haiM ki dharma-vihIna artha aura kAma ko chor3a denA caahie| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki jo artha aura kAma dharma-virodhI hoM, unheM chor3a denA caahie| kauTilya apane arthazAstra meM aura vAtsyAyana apane kAmasUtra meM likhate haiM ki dharma aura artha se avirodha meM rahe hue kAma kA hI sevana karanA caahie| 310 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #324
isa prakAra bhAratIya cintakoM kA prayAsa yahI rahA hai ki cAroM puruSArthoM ko isa prakAra saMyojita kiyA jAye ki ve paraspara sApekSa hokara avirodha kI avasthA meM rheN| isa hetu unhoMne unakA pArasparika sambandha nizcita karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| kauna sA puruSArtha sarvocca mUlyavAlA hai, isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane bhI Aye1. artha hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki dharma aura kAma donoM artha ke hone para upalabdha hote haiN| dhana ke abhAva meM na to kAma-bhoga hI prApta hote haiM, aura na dAna-puNyAdi dharma hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra meM isI dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| 2. kAma hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki viSayoM kI icchA yA kAma ke abhAva meM na to koI dhana prApta karanA cAhatA hai, aura na koI dharma karanA cAhatA hai| kAma hI artha aura dharma zreSTha hai| jaise dahI sAra makkhana hai, vaise hI artha aura dharma kA sAra kAma hai| 3. artha, kAma aura dharma tInoM hI svatantra puruSArtha haiM, tInoM kA samAna rUpa se sevana karanA caahie| jo eka kA sevana karatA hai vaha adhama hai, jo do ke sevana meM nipuNa hai vaha madhyama hai aura jo ina tInoM meM samAna rUpa se anurakta hai, vahI manuSya uttama hai| 4. dharma hI zreSTha guNa (puruSArtha) hai, artha madhyama hai aura kAma sabakI apekSA nimna hai| kyoMki dharma se hI mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai, dharma para hI loka-vyavasthA AdhArita hai aura dharma meM hI artha samAhita hai| 5. mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| mokSa upAya ke rUpa meM jJAna aura anAsakti yahI parama kalyANakAraka hai| 2 cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM kramanirdhAraNa puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhinna dRSTikoNa paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM, lekina sApekSika dRSTi se inameM virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai| sAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para artha hI pradhAna pratIta hai, kyoMki arthAbhAva meM daihika mA~goM (kAma) kI pUrti nahIM hotii| dUsarI ora, loka ke arthAbhAva se pIr3ita hone para dharmavyavasthA yA nIti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| kahA hI gayA hai - bhUkhA kauna sA pApa nahIM karatA? yadi sAdhaka (vyakti) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to daihika mUlya (kAma) hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| manodaihika mUlyoM (icchA evaM kAma) ke abhAva meM na to nIti-anIti kA prazna khar3A hotA hai aura na Arthika sAdhanoM kI hI koI jaina dharmadarzana 311 jAna

Page #325
aavshyktaa| dUsare, dharmasAdhana aura AdhyAtmika pragati bhI zarIra se sambandhita hai| kahA gayA hai-dharmasAdhana ke lie zarIra hI prAthamika hai| daihika mA~goM kI pUrti ke abhAva meM citta-zAnti bhI kaise hogI aura jinakA citta azAnta hai vaha kyA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karegA? isI prakAra jaba hama sAdhanAmArga para sAmAjika sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM, to dharma hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| dharma hI samAjika vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| dharma ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana astavyasta ho jAtA hai aura astavyasta sAmAjika jIvana meM arthotpAdana evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA donoM hI sambhava nahIM hotii| bhogoM kI samarasatA samApta ho jAtI hai| sAdhya yA Adeza kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para mokSa hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki sAre prayAsa jisake lie haiM vaha to AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti hI hai| saMkSepa meM sAdhanAtmaka dRSTi se Arthika mUlya (artha,) jaivika dRSTi se manodaihika mUlya (kAma), sAmAjika dRSTi se naitika mUlya (dharma) aura sAdhyAtma dRSTi se AdhyAtmika mUlya (mokSa) pramukha haiN| ___lekina ye sabhI mUlya yA puruSArtha eka-dUsare se svatantra yA nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha skte| mokSa yA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prApti ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai aura dharmasAdhanA ke lie zarIra Avazyaka hai, zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti (kAma) Avazyaka hai aura unakI pUrti ke lie sAdhana (artha) juTAnA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra sabhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura sabhI Avazyaka bhI haiN| jaina grantha nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAdi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM aura jJAnAdI kA sAdhana deha hai aura deha kA sAdhana AhAra hai| isa prakAra cAroM puruSArthoM kA mahattva svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI kA mUlya samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra cAroM puruSArthoM meM eka sAdhya-sAdhana bhAva hai jisameM artha mAtra sAdhana hai aura mokSa mAtra sAdhya hai| kAma artha kI apekSA se sAdhya aura dharma kI apekSA se sAdhana hai| dharma ko artha aura kAma kA sAdhya aura mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaba sAdhana hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai to vaha dUsare ke virodha meM khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jIvana ke vikAsa ko avarUddha karatA hai| jainAgama sAhitya meM mammana seTha kI kathA artha ko sAdhya mAna lene kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki jaba 'dhana' sAdhya bana jAtA hai to vaha aihika aura pAlaukika donoM jIvana meM kaSTa hI lAtA hai| isI Azaya ko sAmane rakhate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'dhana' meM pramatta puruSa kA dhana arthAt usa vyakti kA dhana jisake lie dhana 312 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #326
hI sAdhya hai na to isa loka meM aura paraloka meM hI aise AdamI kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| dhana ke asIma moha se mUr3ha banA huA vaha vyakti, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para jaise mArga ko jAnate hue bhI mArga nahIM dekhatA, vaise hI vaha bhI nyAyamArga yA dharmamArga ko te hue bhI use nahIM dekha pAtA / jaise eka hI nagara ko jAnevAle bhinna-bhinna mArga paraspara bhinna dizAoM meM sthita hote hue bhI paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jAte, usI prakAra paraspara virodhI puruSArtha mokSAbhimukha hone para asapatna ( avirodhI) bana jAte haiN| yahIM unameM eka mUlyAtmaka tAratamya spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM sarvocca sthAna mokSa kA hai, usake bAda dharma kA sthAna hai / dharma ke bAda kAma aura sabase anta meM artha kA sthAna AtA hai| kintu arthapuruSArtha jaba lokopakAra ke lie hotA hai, taba usakA sthAna kAmapuruSArtha se Upara hotA hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka arabana ne mUlya nirdhAraNa ke tIna niyama prastuta kiye haiM- (1) sAdhanAtmaka yA parataH mUlyoM kI apekSA sAdha yAtmaka svataH mUlya uccatara hai; ( 2 ) asthAyI yA alpakAlika mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyI evaM dIrghakAlika mUlya uccatara hai; (3) asRjaka mUlyoM kI apekSA sRjaka mUlya uccatara hai| 36 yadi prathama niyama ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM, to dhana, sampatti, zrama, Adi Arthika mUlya jaivika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika ( kAma aura dharma) mUlyoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanamAtra haiM, ve svataH sAdhya nahIM haiN| bhAratIya cintana meM dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM- (1) dAna, (2) bhoga aura (3) naash| vaha dAna ke rUpa meM dharmapuruSArtha kA aura bhoga ke rUpa meM kAmapuruSArtha kA sAdhana siddha hotA hai / kAmapuruSArtha sAmAnya rUpa meM svataH sAdhya pratIta hotA hai, lekina vicArapUrvaka dekhane para vaha bhI svataH sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prathamataH jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke rUpa meM jo bhoga kiye jAte haiM, ve svayaM sAdhya nahIM, varan jIvana yA zarIra - rakSaNa ke sAdhanamAtra haiM / ina sabakA sAdhya svAsthya evaM jIvana hai| hama jIne ke lie khAte haiM, khAne ke lie nahIM jIte haiM / yadi hama kAmapuruSArtha ko kalA, dAmpatya, rati yA sneha ke rUpa meM mAneM to vaha bhI Ananda kA eka sAdhana hI ThaharatA hai / isa prakAra kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI svataH mUlya siddha nahIM hotA / usakA jo bhI sthAna ho sakatA hai vaha mAtra usake dvArA vyakti ke Ananda meM kI gayI abhivRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai / yadi alpakAlikatA yA sthAyitva kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to kAmapuruSArtha mokSa evaM dharma kI apekSA alpakAlika hI hai / bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kAmapuruSArtha ko nimna sthAna usakI kSaNikatA ke AdhAra para hI diyA hai / tIsare apane phala yA pariNAma ke AdhAra para bhI kAma-puruSArtha nimna sthAna para ThaharatA hai, kyoMki vaha apane pIche duSpUra- tRSNA ko jaina dharmadarzana 313

Page #327
chor3a jAtA hai| usase upalabdha honevAle Ananda kI tulanA khujalI khujAne se kI gayI hai, jisakI phalaniSpatti kSaNika sukha ke bAda tIvra vedanA meM hotI hai / dharmapuruSArtha sAmAjika dharmika mUlya ke rUpa meM svataH sAdhya hai, lekina vaha bhI mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai jo sarvocca mUlya hai / isa prakAra arabana ke uparyukta mUlya nirdhAraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa puruSArthoM kA yahI krama siddha hotA hai jo ki jaina aura dUsare bhAratIya AcAra- darzanoM meM svIkRta hai, jisameM artha sabase nimna mUlya hai aura mokSa sarvocca mUlya hai / mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM ? isa sambandha meM ye tarka diye jA sakate haiM 1. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvamAtra kI pravRtti duHkha nivRtti kI ora hai / kyoMki mokSa duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti hai; ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai / isI prakAra Ananda kI upalabdhi bhI prANImAtra kA lakSya hai, cU~ki mokSa parama Ananda kI avasthA hai, ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai / 2. mUlyoM kI vyavasthA meM sAdhya sAdhaka kI dRSTi se eka krama honA cAhie aura usa krama meM koI sarvocca evaM nirapekSa mUlya honA caahie| mokSa pUrNa evaM nirapekSa sthiti haiN| ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai / mUlya vaha hai jo kisI icchA kI pUrti kare / ataH jisake prApta ho jAne para koI icchA hI nahIM rahatI hai, vahI parama mUlya hai| mokSa meM koI apUrNa icchA nahIM rahatI hai, ataH vaha parama mUlya hai / 3. sabhI sAdhana kisI sAdhya ke lie hote haiM aura sAdhya kI upasthiti apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai| mokSa prApti ke pazcAt koI sAdhya nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha parama mUlya hai / yadi hama kisI anya mUlya ko svIkAra kareMge to vaha sAdhana - mUlya hogA aura sAdhana - mUlya ko parama - mUlya mAnane para naitikatA meM sArvalaukikatA evaM vastuniSThatA samApta ho jAyegI / 4. mokSa akSara evaM amRtapada hai, ataH sthAyI mUlyoM meM vaha sarvocca mUlya hai / 5. mokSa Antarika prakRti yA svasvabhAva hai / vahI ekamAtra parama mUlya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM hamArI prakRti ke sabhI pakSa apanI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM pUrNa samanvaya kI avasthA meM hote haiM / bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlya siddhAntoM kI tulanA arabana aura ebareTa ne jIvana ke vibhinna mUlyoM kI uccatA evaM nimnatA kA jo krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhAratIya cinnata se kAphI sAmya rakhatA hai / arabana ne mUlyoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai - jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 314

Page #328
jaivika atijaivika sAmAjika AdhyAtmika Arthika zArIrika manovinoda saMgaThanAtmaka cAritrika bauddhika kalAtmaka dhArmika arabana ne sabase pahale mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai - (1) jaivika aura (2) ati jaivika / atijaivika mUlya bhI sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika aise do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra mUlyoM ke tIna varga bana jAte haiM1. jaivika mUlya- zArIrika, Arthika aura manoraMjana ke mUlya jaivika mUlya haiN| Arthika mUlya maulika-rUpa se sAdhana mUlya haiM sAdhya nhiiN| Arthika zubha svataH mUlyavAna nahIM hai, unakA mUlya kevala zArIrika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko arjita karane ke sAdhana hone meM hai| sampatti svataH vAMchanIya nahIM hai| balki anya zubhoM kA sAdhana hone ke kAraNa vAMchanIya hai| sampatti eka sAdhana-mUlya hai, sAdhya-mUlya nhiiN| zArIrika mUlya bhI vaiyaktika mUlyoM ke sAdhaka haiN| svAsthya aura zakti se yukta paripuSTa zarIra ko vyakti acche jIvana ke anya mUlyoM ke anusaraNa meM prayukta kara sakatA hai| krIr3A svayaM mUlya hai; kintu vaha bhI mukhyatayA sAdhaka-mUlya hai| usakA sAdhya hai zArIrika svaasthy| manoraMjana cittavikSobha ko samApta karane kA sAdhana hai| krIr3A aura manoraMjana uccatara mUlyoM ke anusaraNa ke lie hameM zArIrika evaM mAnasika dRSTi se svastha rakhate haiN| 2. sAmAjika mUlya - sAmAjika mUlyoM ke antargata sAhacarya tathA caritra ke mUlya Ate haiN| Aja ke mAnavatAvAdI yuga meM to ina mUlyoM kA mahattva atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai| yadyapi ye donoM mUlya kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana-svarUpa prayukta hote haiM, parantu kucha mahAna purUSoM ne saccaritratA evaM samAjasevA ko jIvana ke parama lakSya ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai| manuSya samAja kA aMga hai| eka asIma AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra samAja ke sAtha apanI vaiyaktikatA kA ekAkAra karake hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3. AdhyAtmika mUlya - mUlyoM ke isa varga ke antargata bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka evaM dhArmika-tIna prakAra ke mUlya Ate hai| ye tInoM mUlya mUlataH sAdhya mUlya haiN| jaina dharmadarzana 315

Page #329
ye AtmA kI sarvazreSTha yA parama Adarza prakRti arthAta satyaM zivaM aura sundaraM kI abhirUciyoM ko tRpti pradAna karate haiM tathA jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM se zreSTha koTi ke haiM / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM ke puruSArtha catuSTaya meM artha aura kAma jaivika mUlya 'haiM aura dharma aura mokSa atijaivika mUlya haiM / arabana ne jaivika mUlyoM meM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya mAne haiM / inameM Arthika mUlya artha - puruSArtha tathA zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke samAna hai| arabana ke dvArA atijaivika mUlyoM sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mAne gaye haiM / unameM sAmAjika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha se ora AdhyAtmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha se sambandhita haiM / jisa prakAra arabana ne mUlyoM meM sabase nIce Arthika mUlya mAne haiM, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI arthapuruSArtha ko tAratamya kI dRSTi se sabase nIce mAnA hai. jisa prakAra arabana ke darzana meM zArIrika aura manoraMjana sambandhI mUlyoM kA sthAna Arthika mUlyoM se Upara, lekina sAmAjika mUlyoM se nIce hai usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI kAmapuruSArtha arthapuruSArtha se Upara lekina dharmapuruSArtha se nIce hai / jisa prakAra arabana ne AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko sarvocca mAnA hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI mokSa ko sarvocca puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| arabana ke dRSTikoNa kI bhAratIya cintana se kitanI adhika nikaTatA hai, ise nimna tAlikA se samajhA jA sakatA haiM pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa jaina dRSTikoNa mUlya jaivika mUlya 1. Arthika mUlya 2. zArIrika mUlya 3. manoraMjanAtmaka sAmAjika mUlya 4. saMgaThanAtmaka mUlya 5. cAritrika mUlya AdhyAtmika mUlya 6. kalAtmaka 7. bauddhika 8. dhArmika 316 bhAratIya dRSTikoNa puruSArtha arthapuruSArtha kAmapuruSArtha kAmapuruSArtha dharmapuruSArtha dharmapuruSArtha mokSa Ananda (saMkalpa) cit (jJAna) sat (bhAva) artha kAma kAma vyavahAradharma nizcaya dharma mokSa puSa ananta sukha evaM zakti anantajJAna anantadarzana jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #330
isa prakAra apanI mUlya-vivecanA meM prAcya aura pAzcAtya vicAraka anta meM eka hI niSkarSa para A jAte haiM aura vaha niSkarSa yaha hai ki AdhyAtmika mUlya yA AtmapUrNatA hI sarvocca mUlya hai evaM vahI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM sApekSa dRSTi se mUlya sambandhI sabhI vicAra svIkAra kara liye gaye haiM, phira bhI usakI dRSTi meM AtmapUrNatA, vItarAgAvasthA yA samabhAva kI upalabdhi hI usakA ekamAtra parama mUlya hai, kintu usake paramamUlya hone kA artha eka sApekSika krama vyavasthA meM sarvocca honA hai| kisI mUlya kI sarvoccatA bhI anyamUlya sApekSa hI hotI hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| ataH mUlya, mUlya-vizva aura mUlyabodha sabhI sApekSa hai| saMdarbha - 1. dekhie-kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, adhyAya 17, pR. 274-284 2. maraNasamAdhi, 603. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 13/16 4. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11/1l. 5. prAkRta sUkti-saroja, 11/7. 6. dekhie-kalpasUtra, 7. yogazAstra, 1/52. 8. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 262-264. 9. dIghanikAya, 3/8/2. 10. vahI, 3/8/2. 11. vahI, 3/8/2. 12. dIghanikAya, 3/3/4. 13. suttanipAta, 26/29. 14. majjhimanikAya, 2/32/4. 15. udAna, jAtyandhavarga, 8. 16. majjhimanikAya, 1/22/4. 17. gItA, 18/34. 18. vahI, 16/21. 19. vahI, 16/66. 20. vahI, 16/10, 12, 15. 21. vahI, 7/11. 22. vahI, 3/13. 23. manusmRti, 4/176 24. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 3/18-19. jaina dharmadarzana 317

Page #331
25. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/17. 26. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 167/12-13. 27. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/17. 28. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 167/29. 29. vahI, 167/35. 30. mahAbhArata zAtiparva, 167/40, 31. vahI, 167/8. 32. vahI, 167/46. 33. bubhukSitaH kiM na karoti pApam / 34. zarIramAdyaM khalu dhrmsaadhnm|| 35. nizIthabhASya, 4791 36. phaNDAmeNTala oNpha ethiksa, pR. 170-171. 318 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #332
haribhadra ke dharma-darzana meM krAntikArI tattva haribhadra ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM yaha ukti adhika sArthaka hai - kusumoM se adhika komala aura vajra se adhika kaThora / unake cintana meM eka ora udAratA hai, samanvayazIlatA hai, apane pratipakSI ke satya ko samajhane aura svIkAra karane kA vinamra prayAsa hai to dUsarI ora asatya aura anAcAra ke prati tIvra Akroza bhI hai / durAgraha aura durAcAra phira cAhe vaha apane dharma-sampradAya meM ho yA apane virodhI ke, unakI samAlocanA kA viSaya bane binA nahIM rahate haiM / ve udAra haiM, kintu satyAgrahI bhii| ve samanvazIla haiM, kintu samAlocaka bhI / vastutaH eka satya- draSTA meM ye donoM tatva svAbhavika rUpa se hI upasthita hote haiM / jaba vaha satya kI zodha karatA hai to eka ora satya ko, cAhe phira vaha usake apane dharma-sampradAya meM ho yA usake pratipakSI meM, vaha sadAzayatA pUrvaka use svIkAra karatA hai kintu dUsarI ora asatya ko cAhe phira bhI usake apane dharma-sampradAya meM ho yA usake virodhI ke, vaha sAhasapUrvaka use nakAratA hai / haribhadra ke vyaktitva kA yahI satyAgrahI svarUpa unakI udAratA aura krAntikAritA kA utsa hai / pUrva meM maine haribhadra ke udAra aura samanvayazIla pakSa kA vizeSa rUpa se carcA kI thii| aba maiM unakI krAntidharmitA carcA karanA cAhU~gA / 1 haribhadra ke dharma darzana ke krAntikArI tatva vaise to unake sabhI granthoM meM kahIM na kahIM dikhAI dete haiM, phira bhI zAstravArtAsamuccaya, dhUrtAkhyAna aura sambodhaprakaraNa meM ve vizeSa rUpa se parilakSita hote haiM / jahA~ zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve dUsaroM kI kamiyoM ko ujAgara karate haiM to sambodhaprakaraNa meM apane pakSa kI samIkSA karate hue usakI kamiyoM kI bhI nirbhIka rUpa se citraNa karate haiM / haribhadra apane yuga ke dharma-sampradAyoM meM upasthita antara aura bAhya ke dvaita ko ujAgara karate hue kahate haiM, "loga dharma - mArga kI bAteM karate haiM, kintu sabhI to usa dharma mArga se rahita hai / ' mAtra bAharI kriyA kANDa dharma nahIM hai / dharma to vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ paramAtma tattva kI gaveSaNA ho, dUsare zabdoM meM jahA~ AtmAnubhUti ho 'sva' ko jAnane aura pAne kA prayAsa ho / jahA~ paramAtma tattva ko jAnane aura pAne kA jaina dharmadarzana 319

Page #333
1 prayAsa nahIM hai vahA~ dharma-mArga nahIM hai / ve kahate haiM- jisameM paramAtma tattva kI mArgaNA hai- "paramAtmA kI khoja aura prApti hai, vahI dharma - mArga to mukhya mArga hai / ' Age ve punaH dharma ke marma ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM- jahA~ viSaya vAsanAoM kA tyAga ho, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rUpI kaSAyoM se nivRtti ho, vahI to dharma mArga hai| jisa dharma-mArga yA sAdhanA - patha meM isakA abhAva hai vaha to ( haribhadra kI dRSTi meM) nAma kA dharma hai| vastutaH dharma ke nAma para jo kucha huA hai aura ho rahA hai usake sambandha meM haribhadra kI yaha pIr3A marmAntaka hai / jahA~ viSaya-vAsanAoM kA poSaNa hotA ho, jahA~ ghRNA-dveSa aura ahaMkAra ke tattva apanI muTThI meM dharma ko daboce hue hoM, use dharma kahanA dharma kI viDambanA hai / haribhadra kI dRSTi meM vaha dharma nahIM apitu dharma ke nAma para dharma kA AvaraNa DAle hue anya kucha arthAt adharma hI hai / viSaya vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM arthAt krodhAdi dRSpravRttiyoM ke tyAga ke atirikta dharma kA anya koI rUpa ho hI nahIM sakatA hai una sabhI logoM kI, jo dharma ke nAma para apanI vAsanAoM aura ahaMkAra ke poSaNa kA prayatna karate haiM aura mokSa ko apane adhikAra kI vastu mAna kara yaha kahate haiM ki mokSa kevala hamAre dharma mArga kA AcaraNa karane se hogA, samIkSA karate hue haribhadra yahA~ taka kaha dete haiM ki dharma-mArga kisI eka sampradAya kI bapautI nahIM hai - jo bhI samabhAva kI sAdhanA karegA vaha mukta hogA, phira vaha cAhe zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA anya koI / vastutaH usa yuga meM jaba sAmpradAyika durabhiniveza Aja kI bhAMti hI apane carama sImA para the - yaha kahanA na kevala haribhadra kI udAratA kI sadAzayatA kA pratIka hai apitu unake eka krAMtadarzI AcArya hone kA pramANa bhI hai| unhoMne jaina paramparA ke nikSepa ke siddhAnta ko AdhAra banAkara dharma ko bhI cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara diyA' - (1) nAma dharma - dharma kA vaha rUpa jo dharma kahalAtA hai, kintu jisameM dhArmikatA kA koI lakSaNa nahIM hai / vaha dharma tattva se rahita mAtra nAma kA dharma hai| (2) sthApanA dharma - jina kriyA kANDoM ko dharma mAna liyA jAtA hai, ve vastutaH dharma nahIM dhArmikatA ke paricAyaka bAhya rUpa mAtra haiN| pUjA, tapa Adi dharma ke pratIka haiM, kintu bhAvanA ke abhAva meM ve vastutaH dharma nahIM hai / bhAvanA rahita mAtra kriyA kANDa sthApanA dharma hai / ( 3 ) dravya dharma - ve AcAra-paramparAeM, jo kabhI dharma thIM, yA dhArmika samajhI jAtI thIM, kintu vartamAna sandarbha meM dharma nahIM haiM / satva zUnya aprasAMgika banI dharma paramparAe~ hI dravya dharma haiM / (4) bhAva dharma - jo vastutaH dharma hai vahI bhAva dharma hai / yathA - samabhAva kI sAdhanA, viSayakaSAya se nivRtti Adi bhAva dharma hai| 320 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #334
haribhadra dharma ke ina cAra rUpoM meM bhAva dharma ko hI pradhAna mAnate haiM ve kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra takrAdi ke saMyoga, manthana kI prakriyA aura agni dvArA paritApana ke phalasvarUpa dUdha se ghRta prakaTa hotA hai usI prakAra dharma mArga ke dvArA dUdha rUpI AtmA ghRta rUpa paramAtma tattva ko prApta hotA hai / ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki yaha jo bhAvagata dharma hai vahI vizuddhi kA hetu hai' / yadyapi haribhadra ke isa kathana kA yaha Azaya bhI nahIM lenA cAhie ki haribhadra karmakANDa ke pUrNataH virodhI haiM / unhoMne svayaM hI sambodhaprakaraNa kI lagabhaga 50-60 gAthAoM meM, Atma zuddhi nimitta jina pUjA kA aura usameM hone vAlI azAtanAoM kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai| mAtra unakA pratipAdya yaha hai ki ina karmakANDoM kA mUlya bhAvanA zuddhi ke AdhAra para hI nirdhArita hotA hai / yadi dhArmika jIvana meM vAsanA aura kaSAyoM kA zamana aura -vizuddhi nahIM hotA hai to karmakANDa kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jAtA hai| vastutaH haribhadra sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke AdhAra para hI sAdhana kA mUlyAMkana karate haiM / ve una vicArakoM meM se haiM jinheM dharma ke marma kI pahacAna hai, ataH ve dharma ke nAma para DhoMga, ADambara aura lokeSaNA kI pUrti ke prayatnoM ko koI sthAna nahIM denA cAhateM haiM / yahI unakI krAntadharmitA hai / Atma haribhadra ke yuga meM jaina paramparA meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa ho cukA thA / apane Apako zramaNa aura tyAgI kahane vAlA varga jina pUjA aura mandira nirmANa ke nAma para na kevala parigraha kA saMcaya kara rahA thA apitu jina, dravya (jina pratimA ko samarpita dravya) kA apanI viSaya vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM upayoga kara rahA thA / jina pratimA aura jina mandira tathAkathita zramaNoM kI dhyAna bhUmi yA sAdhanA bhUmi na banakara bhoga bhUmi bana rahe the / haribhadra jaise krAMtidarzI AcArya ke lie yaha saba dekha pAnA sambhava nahIM thA / ataH unhoMne isake virodha meM apanI kalama calAne kA nirNaya liyaa| ve likhate haiM - dravya pUjA to gRhasthoM ke lie hai, muni ke lie to kevala bhAva pUjA hai, jo kevala muni vezadhArI hai muni AcAra kA bhI pAlana nahIM karatA hai, usake lie bhI dravya-pUjA jina-pravacana kI nindA kA kAraNa hone se ucita nahIM hai (sambodhaprakaraNa 1 / 273 ) / vastutaH yahA~ haribhadra ne mandira nirmANa, pratiSThA pUjA Adi kAryoM meM ulajhane para muni varga kA jo patana ho sakatA thA, usakA pUrvAnumAna kara liyA thaa| yati saMsthA ke vikAsa se unakA yaha anumAna satya hI siddha huA / isa sambandha meM unhoMne jo kucha likhA usameM eka ora unake yuga ke samAja ke prati unakI Atma-pIr3A mukhara ho rahI hai to dUsarI ora usameM eka dharmakrAnti kA svara bhI sunAI de rahA hai / jina - dravya ko apanI vAsanA pUrti kA sAdhana banAne vAle una zrAvakoM evaM tathAkathita zramaNoM ko lalakArate hue ve kahate hai- jo zrAvaka jina jaina dharmadarzana T 321

Page #335
pravacana aura jJAna-darzana guNoM kI prabhAvanA aura vRddhi karane vAle jina-dravya kA jinAjJA ke viparIta upayoga karate haiM, dohana karate haiM athavA bhakSaNa karate haiM ve kramazaH bhavasamudra meM bhramaNa karane vAle, durgati meM jAne vAle aura ananta saMsArI hote hai| isI prakAra jo sAdhu jina dravya kA bhojana karatA hai vaha prAyazcita kA pAtra hai| vastutaH yaha saba isa tathya kA bhI sUcaka hai ki usa yuga meM dharma sAdhanA kA mAdhyama na rahakara vAsanA pUrti kA mAdhyama bana rahA thaa| ataH haribhadra jaise prabuddha AcArya ke lie usake prati saMgharSa karanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| sambodhaprakaraNa meM haribhadra ne apane yuga ke jaina sAdhuoM kA jo citraNa kiyA hai vaha bhI eka ora jaina dharma meM sAdhu jIvana ke nAma para jo kucha ho rahA thA usake prati haribhadra kI pIr3A ko pradarzita karatA hai to dUsarI ora yaha bhI batAtA hai ki haribhadra tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke mUka darzaka aura taTastha samIkSaka hI nahIM the, apitu unake mana meM sAmAjika aura dhArmika krAnti kI eka tIvra AkAMkSA bhI thii| ve apanI samAlocanA ke dvArA janasamAja meM eka parivartana lAtA cAhate the| tatkAlIna tathAkathita zramaNoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra para kaTAkSa karate hue ve likhate haiM ki jina pravacana meM pArzvastha, avasanna, kuzIla, saMsakta aura yathAchaMda (svecchAcArI) - yai pA~coM avaMdanIya haiN| yadyapi ye loga jaina muni veza dhAraNa karate haiM kintu inameM munitva kA lakSaNa nahIM hai| muni veza dhAraNa karake bhI ye kyA-kyA duSkarma karate the, isakA sajIva citraNa to ve apane grantha sambodhaprakaraNa ke dvitIya adhikAra meM 'kugurU gurvAbhAsa pArzvastha Adi svarUpa' ke antargata 171 gAthAoM meM vistAra se karate haiN| isa saMkSipta nibandha meM una sabakI samagra carcA evaM vyAkhyA karanA to sambhava nahIM hai| phira bhI haribhadra kI kaThora samAlocaka dRSTi kA paricaya dene ke lie kucha vivaraNa to de denA bhI Avazyaka hI hai| ve likhate haiM ye muni vezadhArI tathAkathita zramaNa AvAsa dene vAle kA yA rAjA ke yahA~ bhojana karate haiM, binA kAraNa hI apane lie lAye gaye bhojana ko svIkAra karate haiN| bhikSAcaryA nahIM karate haiN| Avazyaka karma arthAt pratikramaNa Adi zramaNa ke jIvana ke anivArya kartavya kA pAlana nahIM karate haiN| kautuka karma, bhUta-karma, bhaviSya phala evaM nimitta zAstra ke mAdhyama se dhana saMcaya karate haiN| ye ghRta-makkhana Adi vikRtiyoM ko saMcita karake khAte rahate haiN| na to sAdhu-samUha (maNDalI) meM baiThakara bhojana karate haiM aura na kezaluMcana karate haiN|" phira ye karate kyA haiM? haribhadra likhate haiM, savArI meM ghUmate haiM, akAraNa kaTi vastra bAMdhate hai aura sArI rAta nizceSTa hokara sote rahate haiN| na to Ate-jAte samaya pramArjana karate hai,na apanI upAdhi (sAmagrI) kA pratilekhana karate haiM aura na svAdhyAya hI karate haiN| aneSaNIya puSpa, phala aura peya grahaNa karate haiN| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 322

Page #336
bhojana prApti ke lie logoM kI (jhuThI) prazaMsA karate haiN| jina pratimA kA rakSaNa evaM kraya-vikraya karate haiN| uccATana Adi karma karate haiN| nitya dina meM do bAra bhojana karate haiN| tathA lavaMga, tAmbUla aura dUdha Adi vikRtiyoM kA sevana karate haiN| vipula mAtra meM dukula Adi vastra, bistara,jUte, vAhana Adi rakhate haiN| striyoM ke samakSa gIta gAte haiN| AryikAoM ke dvArA lAyI sAmagrI lete haiN| loka pratiSThA ke lie muNDana karavAte haiM tathA mukhavastrikA evaM rajoharaNa dhAraNa karate haiN| caityoM meM nivAsa karate haiM, (dravya) pUjA Adi kArya Arambha karavAte haiM, jina mandira banavAte haiM, hiraNya-suvarNa rakhate haiM, nIca kuloM ko dravya dekara unase ziSya grahaNa karate haiN| mRtaka-kRtya nimitta jina pUjA karavAte haiM, mRtaka ke nimitta jina-dAna (car3hAvA) karavAte haiN| dhana prApti ke lie gRhasthoM ke samakSa aMga sUtra Adi kA pravacana karate haiN| apane hInAcArI mRta guru ke nimitta nadI bali Adi karate haiN| pATha mahotsava racAte haiN| vyAkhyAna meM mahilAoM se apanA guNa gAna karavAte haiN| yati kevala striyoM ke sammukha aura AryikAyeM kevala purUSoM ke sammukha vyAkhyAna karatI haiN| isa prakAra jina-AjJA kA apalApa kara mAtra apanI vAsanAoM kA poSaNa karate haiN| ye vyAkhyAna karake gRhasthoM se dhana kI yAcanA karate haiN| ye to jJAna ke bhI vikratA haiN| aise AryikAoM ke sAtha rahane aura bhojana karane vAle dravya saMgrAhaka unmArga ke pakSadhara mithyAtva parAyaNa na to muni kahe jA sakate haiM aura na AcArya hI hai| aise logoM kA-vandana karane se na to kIrti hotI hai aura na nirjarA hI, isake viparIta mAtra zarIra ko kaSTa aura karma bandhana hotA hai| __vastutaH jisa prakAra gandagI meM girI huI mAlA ko koI bhI dhAraNa nahIM karatA hai, vaise hI ye bhI apUjya haiM / haribhadra aise vezadhAriyoM ko phaTakArate hue kahate haiM yadi mahApUjanIya yati (muni) veza dhAraNa karake zuddha caritra kA pAlana tumhAre lie zakya nahIM hai to phira gRhastha veza kyoM nahIM dhAraNa kara lete ho? are gRhastha veza meM kucha pratiSThA to milegI, kintu muni veza dhAraNa karake yadi usake anurUpa AcaraNa nahIM karoge to ulTe nindA ke hI pAtra banoge / yaha una jaise sAhasI AcArya kA kArya ho sakatA hai jo apane sahavargiyoM ko itane spaSTa rUpa meM kucha kaha ske| jaisA maiMne apane pUrva lekha meM carcA kI hai, haribhadra to itane udAra hai ki ve apanI virodhI darzana paramparA ke AcAryoM ko bhI mahAmuni suvaidya jaise uttama vizeSaNoM se sambodhita karate haiN| kintu ve utane hI kaThora honA bhI jAnate haiM- vizeSa rUpa se unake prati jo dharmikatA kA AvaraNa DAlakara bhI adhArmika haiN| aise logoM ke prati yaha krAntikArI AcArya kahatA hai - jaina dharmadarzana 323

Page #337
aise duzzIla, sAdhuH pizAcoM ko jo bhaktipUrvaka vandana, namaskAra karatA hai, kyA vaha mahApApa nahIM hai" ? are ina sukhazIla svacchandAcArI mokSa mArga ke bairI, AjJAbhraSTa sAdhuoM ko saMyati arthAt muni mata kaho / are! deva dravya ke bhakSaNa meM tatpara, unmArga ke pakSadhara aura sAdhujanoM ko dUSita karane vAle ina vezadhAriyoM ko saMgha mata kaho / are ina adharma aura anIti ke poSaka anAcAra kA sevana karane vAle aura sAdhukA ke coroM ko saMgha mata kaho / jo aise ( durAcAriyoM ke samUha) ko rAga yA dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara bhI saMgha kahatA hai use bhI cheda- prAyazcita hotA hai" / haribhadra punaH kahate haiM - jinAjJA kA apalApa karane vAle ina muni vezadhAriyoM ke saMgha meM rahane kI apekSA to garbhavAsa aura narakavAsa kahIM adhika zreyaskara hai| haribhadra kI yaha zabdAvalI isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki dharma ke nAma para adharma kA poSaNa karane vAle apane hI sahavargiyoM ke prati unake mana meM kitanA vidroha hai, Akroza hai / ve tatkAlIna jaina saMgha ko spaSTa cetAvanI dete haiM ki aise logoM ko prazraya mata do unakA Adara-satkAra mata karo anyathA dharma kA yathArtha svarUpa dhUmila ho jAyegA / ve kahate haiM ki yadi Ama aura nIma kI jar3oM kA samAgama ho jAye to nIma kA kucha nahIM bigar3egA kintu usake saMsarga meM Ama kA avazya vinAza ho jaaegaa"| vastutaH haribhadra kI yaha krAntidarzitA yathArtha hI hai kyoMki durAcAriyoM ke sAnnidhya meM cAritrika patana kI sambhAvanA prabala hotI hai / ve svayaM kahate haiM jo jisakI mitratA karatA hai tatkAla vaisA ho jAtA hai tila jisa phUla meM DAla diye jAte haiM, usI kI gandha ke ho jAte hai" / haribhadra isa mAdhyama se samAja ko una logoM se satarka rahane kA nirdeza dete haiM jo dharma kA nakAba DAle adharma meM jIte haiM kyoMki aise durAcAriyoM kI apekSA bhI samAja ke lie adhika khataranAka haiN| AcArya aise logoM para kaTAkSa karate hue kahate haiM- jisa prakAra kulavadhU kA vezyA ke ghara jAnA niSiddha hai usI prakAra suzrAvaka ke lie hInAcArI yati kA sAnnidhya niSiddha hai / durAcArI agItArtha ke vacana sunane kI apekSA to dRSTi viSa sarpa kA sAnnidhya yA halAhala viSa kA pAna kahIM adhika acchA hai (kyoMki ye to eka jIvana kA vinAza karate haiM, jabaki durAcArI kA sAnnidhya to janma-janmAntara kA vinAza kara detA hai" / ) phira bhI aisA lagatA hai ki isa krAntadarzI AcArya kI bAta anasunI ho rahI thI kyoMki zithilAcAriyoM ke apane tarka the / ve logoM ke sammukha kahate the ki sAmagrI (zarIra-sAmarthya) kA abhAva hai / vakra jaDo kA kAla hai| duSamA kAla meM vidhi mArga ke anurUpa AcaraNa kaThina hai / (yadi kaThora AcAra kI bAta kahegeM to 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 324

Page #338
koI muni vrata dhAraNa hI nahIM karegA) tIrthoccheda aura siddhAnta ke pravartana kA prazna hai hama kyA kareM / unake ina tarko se prabhAvita ho mUrkha jana sAdhAraNa kaha rahA thA ki kucha bhI ho veza to tIrthaMkara praNIta hai ataH vandanIya hai| haribhadra bhArI mana se mAtra yahI kahate haiM ki maiM apane sira kI pIr3A kisase khuuN| kintu yaha to pratyeka krAntikArI kI niyati hotI hai| prathama kSaNa meM janasAdharaNa bhI usake sAtha nahIM hotA hai, ataH haribhadra kA isa pIr3A se gujaranA bhI unake krAntikArI hone kA hI pramANa hai| sambhavataH jaina paramparA meM yaha prathama avasara thA jaba jaina samAja ke tathAkathita muni varga ko itane spaSTa zabdoM meM kisI AcArya ne latAr3A ho| ve svayaM duHkhI mana se kahate haiM-he prabhu! jaMgala meM nivAsa aura daridra kA sAtha acchA hai, are vyAdhi aura mRtyu bhI zreSTha hai, kintu ina kuzIloM kA sAnnidhya acchA nahIM hai| are (anya paramparA ke) hInAcArI kA sAtha bhI acchA ho sakatA hai, kintu (apanI hI paramparA ke) ina kuzIloM kA sAtha bilkula hI acchA nahIM hai| kyoMki hInAcArI hI to alpa nAza karatA hai kintu ye to zIla rUpI nidhi kA sarvanAza hI kara dete haiN| vastutaH isa kathana ke pIche AcArya kI eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi hai| kyoMki jaba hama kisI ko itara paramparA kA mAna lete haiM to usakI kamiyoM ko kamiyoM ke rUpa meM hI jAnate haiM, ataH usake samparka ke kAraNa saMgha meM utanI vikRti nahIM AtI hai jitanI jaina muni kA veza dhAraNa kara durAcAra kA sevana karane vAle ke samparka se| kyoMki usake samparka se usa para zraddhA hone para vyakti kA aura saMgha kA jIvana patita bana jaayegaa| yadi sadabhAgya se azraddhA huI to vaha jina pravacana ke prati azraddhA ko janma degA (kyoMki sAmAnya jana to zAstra nahIM usa zAstra ke anugAmI kA jIvana dekhatA hai) phalataH ubhaya to sarvanAza kA kAraNa hogii| ataH AcArya haribhadra bAra-bAra jina zAsana rasikoM ko nirdeza dete haiM-aise jinazAsata ke kalaMka zithilAcAriyoM aura durAcAriyoM kI to chAyA se dUra rho| kyoMki ye tumhAre jIvana, caritrabala aura zraddhA sabhI caupaTa kara deNge| haribhadra ko jina zAsana ke vinAza kA khatarA dUsaroM se nahIM apane hI logoM se adhika lgaa| kahA bhI hai - isa ghara ko Aga lagI ghara ke cirAga se| vastutaH eka krAntadarzI AcArya ke rUpa meM haribhadra kA mukhya uddezya thA jaina saMgha meM unake yuga meM jo vikRtiyA~ A gayI thIM, unheM dUra krnaa| ataH unhoMne apane hI pakSa kI kamiyoM ko adhika gambhIratA se dekhaa| jo sacce artha meM samAja sudhAraka hotA hai, jo sAmAjika jIvana meM parivartana lAnA cAhatA hai, vaha pramukha rUpa se apanI hI kamiyoM ko khojatA hai| haribhadra ne isa rUpa meM sambodhaprakaraNa meM eka jaina dharmadarzana 325

Page #339
krAntikArI kI bhUmikA nibhAI hai, krAntikArI ke do kArya hote haiM, eka to samAja meM pracalita vikRta mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karanA aura unheM samApta karanA, kintu mAtra itane se usakA kArya pUrA nahIM hotA hai| usakA dUsarA kArya hotA hai sat mAnyatAoM ko pratiSThita yA punaH pratiSThita krnaa| hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya haribhadra ne donoM bAtoM ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhA hai| unhoMne apane grantha sambodhaprakaraNa meM deva, guru, dharma, zrAvaka Adi kA samyak svarUpa kaisA honA cAhie, isakI bhI vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai| yadyapi isa . nibandha kI apanI sImA hai ataH hameM apane vistRta vivecanA ke moha kA saMvaraNa karanA hI hogaa| haribhadra ne jahA~ vezadhAriyoM kI samIkSA kI hai, vahIM Agamokta dRSTi se guru kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI vistRta vivecanA kI hai| hama usake vistAra meM na jAkara saMkSepa meM yahI kaheMge ki haribhadra kI dRSTi meM jo paMca mahAvratoM, pAMca samitiyoM, tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana meM tatpara hai jo jitendriya, saMyamI, pariSa jayI, zuddhAcaraNa karane vAlA aura satya mArga ko batAne vAlA hai, vahI sugurU hai| haribhadra ke yuga meM guru ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA vaiyaktika abhiniveza vikasita ho gayA thaa| kulaguru kI vaidika avadhAraNA kI bhA~ti pratyeka ke Asa-pAsa eka varga ekatrita ho rahA thA, jo unheM apanA guru mAnatA thA tathA anya ko gurU rupa meM svIkAra nahIM karatA thaa| zrAvakoM kA eka vizeSa samUha eka vizeSa AcArya ko apanA guru manatA thA- jaisA kI Aja bhI dekhA jAtA hai| haribhadra ne isa paramparA meM sAmpradAyikatA ke durAbhiniveza ke bIja dekha lie the| unheM yaha spaSTa laga rahA thA ki isase sAmpradAyika abhiniveza dRr3ha hoNge| samAja vibhinna choTe-choTe vargoM meM baMTa jaaegaa| isake vikAsa kA dUsarA mukhya khatarA yaha thA ... guNapUjaka jaina dharma vyakti pUjaka bana jAyegA aura vaiyaktika rAgAtmakatA ke kAraNa cAritrika doSoM ke bAvajUda bhI eka vizeSa varga kI eka vizeSa AcArya kI isa paramparA se rAgAtmakatA jur3I rhegii| yuga-draSTA isa AcArya ne sAmAjika vikRti ko samajhA aura spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza diyA-zrAvaka kA koI apanA aura parAyA gurU nahIM hotA hai, jinAjJA ke pAlana meM nirata sabhI usake guru haiM26 / kAza! haribhadra ke dvArA kathita isa satya ko hama Aja bhI samajha sakeM to samAja kI TUTI huI kar3iyoM ko punaH jor3A jA sakatA hai| saMdarbha - 1. maggo maggo loe bhaNati, savve vi maggaNA rhiyaa| -sambodhaprakaraNa 1/4 pUrvArdha 2. paramappa maggaNA jattha tammaggo mukkha mggutti| -sambodhaprakaraNa 1/4 uttarArdha 3. jattha ya visaya kasAyaccAgo maggo havijja No annnno| -vahI, 1/5 pUrvArdha 326 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #340
4. seyambaro ya Asambaro ya buddho ya ahava aNNo vaa| samabhAva bhAviappA lahai mukkhaM na __ sNdeho|| -vahI, 1/3 5. nAmAi cauppabheo bhnnio| -vahI, 1/5 (vyAkhyA lekhaka kI apanI hai) 6. takkAi joya karaNA khoraM payarDa ghayaM jahA hujjaa| vahI, 1/7 7. bhAvamayaM taM maggo tassa visuddhIi heuNo bhnniyaa| -vahI, 1/11 pUrvArddha 8. tammi ya paDhame suddhe savvANi tynnusaaraanni| -vahI, 1/10 9. vahI, 1/99-104 10. vahI, 1/108 11. vahI, 2/10, 13, 32, 33, 34, 12. vahI, 2/34, 35, 36, 42, 46, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62-74, 88-92 13. vahI, 2/20 14. jaha asui ThANaMpaDiyA caMpakamAlA na kIrate siise| pAsatthAiThANe vaTTamANA iha apujjaa| -vahI, 2/22 15. jai cariu no sakko suddhaM jailiMga mhvpuuytttthii| to gihiliMga giNhe no liMgI puuynnaarhio| -vahI, 1/275 16. eyArisANa dussIlayANa sAhupisAyANa matti pUvvaM / je vaMdaNa namasAi kuvvaMti na mahApAvA? vahI, 1/114 17. suhasIlAo svachaMdacAriNa veriNo sivphss| ANAbhaTTAo bahujaNAo mA bhaNaha sNvutti|| devAi davvabhakkhaNatapparA taha umgrpkkhkraa| sAhu jaNANapaosaM kAriNaM mAbhaNaha sNghN|| ahamma anII aNAyAra seviNo dhammanIiM pddikuulaa| sAhupabhii cauro vi bahuyA avi mA bhaNaha sNgh|| asaghaM saMghaje bhaNati rAgeNa ahava dosnn| cheo vA mUhattaM pacchittaM jAyae tesiM / vahI, 1/119, 120, 121, 123, 18. gabbhapavesI vi varaM bhaddavaro narayavAsa pAso vi| ___mA jiNa ANA lovakare vasaNaM nAma saMghe vi|| vahI 2/132 19. vahI, 2/103 20. vahI, 2/104 21. vesAgihesu gamaNaM jahA nisiddhaM sakula bhuyaannN| taha hINAyAra jai jaNa saMga saDDhANa pddisiddh|| paraM dichiI viso sapo varaM halAhalaM visN| hINAyA agIyattha vayaNa pasaMga khuNo bhddo|| -vahI, zrAvaka dharmAdhikAra 2,3 22. vahI, 2/77-78 jaina dharmadarzana 327

Page #341
23. bAlA vaMyati evaM veso titthaMkarANa esovi| namaNijjo dhiddhi aho sirasUlaM kassa pukkrimo|| vahI, 2/76 24. varaM vAhI varaM maccU varaM driddsNgmo| varaM araNNevAso ya mA kusIlANa sNgmo|| hINAyAro vi varaM mA kusIlANa saMgamoM bhdN| jamhA hINo appa nAsai savvaM hu sIla nihiN|| - vahI, 2/101 - 102 25. vistAra ke lie dekheM sambodhaprakaraNa gurusvruupaadhikaar| isameM 37 gAthAoM meM suguru kA svarUpa varNita hai| 26. no appaNA parAyA guruNo kaiyA vihuti sddddhaannN| jiNa vayaNa rayaNanihiNo savve te vinniyA gurunno|| vahI, gurusvarUpAdhikAraH 3 mm 328 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #342
haribhadra kI krAntadarzI dRSTi pUrva nibandha meM maiMne jaina paramparA meM vyApta andhavizvAsoM evaM dharma ke nAma para hone vAlI Atma pravaMcanAoM ke prati haribhadra ke krAntikArI avadAna kI carcA sambodhaprakaraNa ke AdhAra para kI thii| dasa nibandha meM maiM anya paramparAoM meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI haribhadra dvArA kI gaI ziSTa samIkSA ko prastuta kruuNgaa| haribhadra kI krAntadarzI dRSTi jahA~ eka ora anya dharma evaM darzanoM meM nihita satya ko svIkAra karatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unakI ayukti saMgata kapola-kalpanAoM kI vyaMgAtmaka zailI meM samIkSA bhI karatI hai| isa sambandha meM unakA dhUrtAkhyAna nAmaka grantha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| isa grantha kI racanA kA mukhya uddezya bhArata (mahAbhArata), rAmAyaNa aura purANoM kI kAlpanika aura ayuktisaMgata avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA karanA hai| yaha samIkSA vyaMgAtmaka zailI meM hai| dharma ke sambandha meM kucha mithyA vizvAsa yugoM se rahe haiM, phira bhI purANa-yuga meM jisa prakAra mithyA kalpanAe~ prastuta kI gaI -ve bhAratIya manISA ke divAliyepana kI sUcaka sI lagatI haiN| isa paurANika prabhAva se hI jaina paramparA meM bhI mahAvIra ke garbha parivartana, unake aMgUThe ko dabAne mAtra se merU kampana jaisI kucha camatkArika ghaTanAe~ pracalita huii| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM bhI cakravartI, vAsudeva Adi kI rAniyoM kI saMkhyA evaM unakI senA kI saMkhyA, tIrthakaroM ke zarIra pramANa evaM Ayu Adi ke vivaraNa sahaja vizvasanIya to nahIM lagate haiM, kintu tArkika asaMgati se yukta nahIM haiN| sambhavataH yaha saba bhI paurANika paramparA kA prabhAva thA jise jaina paramparA ko apane mahApuruSoM kI alaukikatA ko batAne hetu svIkAra karanA par3A thA; phira bhI yaha mAnanA hogA ki jaina paramparA meM aisI kapola-kalpanAyeM apekSAkRta rUpa meM bahuta hI kama haiN| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke garbha parivartana kI ghaTanA, jo mukhyataH brAhmaNa kI apekSA kSatriya kI zreSThatA sthApita karane hetu gar3hI gaI thI, ke atirikta sabhI paryApta paravartI kAla kI haiM aura paurANika yuga kI hI dena haiM aura inameM kapola-kAlpanikatA kA puTa bhI adhika nahIM hai| garbha parivartana kI ghaTanA chor3akara jisameM bhI Aja vijJAna ne sambhava banA diyA hai avizvasanIya aura AprAkRtika rUpa se janma lene kA jaina paramparA meM jaina dharmadarzana 329

Page #343
eka bhI AkhyAna nahIM hai jabaki purANoM meM aise hajAra se adhika AkhyAna haiN| jaina paramparA sadaiva tarka pradhAna rahI hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra kI garbha parivartana kI ghaTanA ko bhI usake eka varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| haribhadra ke granthoM kA adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki eka aise AcArya haiM jo yukti ko pradhAnatA dete haiN| unakA spaSTa kathana hai ki mahAvIra ne hameM koI dhana nahIM de diyA hai aura kapila Adi RSiyoM ne hamAre dhana kA apaharaNa nahIM kiyA hai, ataH hamArA na to mahAvIra ke prati rAga hai aura na kapila Adi RSiyoM ke prati dveSa hai| jisakI bhI bAta yukti saMgata ho use grahaNa karanA caahie| isa prakAra haribhadra tarka ko hI zraddhA kA AdhAra mAnakara calate haiN| jaina paramparA ke anya AcAryoM ke samAna ve bhI zraddhA ke viSaya deva, guru aura dharma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke nirNaya ke lie kramazaH vItarAgatA, sadAcAra aura ahiMsA ko kasauTI mAnakara calate haiM aura tarka yA yukti se jo ina kasauTiyoM para kharA utaratA hai use svIkAra karane kI bAta kahate haiN| jisa prakAra sambodhaprakaraNa meM mukhya rUpa se guru ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karate pratIta hote haiN| usI prakAra dhUrtAkhyAna ..... meM ve parokSataH deva yA ArAdhya ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karate pratIta hote haiN| ve yaha nahIM kahate ki viSNu, brahmA evaM mahAdeva hamAre ArAdhya nahIM haiN| ve to svayaM hI kahate haiM jisameM koI doSa nahIM hai aura jo samasta guNoM se yukta hai vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho yA mahAdeva ho, use maiM praNAma karatA huuN| unakA kahanA mAtra yaha hai ki paurANikoM ne kapola kalpanAoM ke AdhAra para unake caritra evaM vyaktitva ko jisa atarkasaMgata evaM bhraSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai usase na kevala unakA vyaktitva dhUmila hotA hai, apitu ve jana sAdhAraNa kI azraddhA kA kAraNa banate haiN| / dhUrtAkhyAna ke mAdhyama se haribhadra aise atarkasaMgata aMdhavizvAsoM se jana-sAdhAraNa ko mukta karanA cAhate haiM jinameM usake ArAdhya aura upAsya devoM ko caritrahIna ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM candra, sUrya, indra, vAyu, agni aura dharma kA kumArI evaM bAda meM pANDu patnI kuntI se yauna sambandha sthApita kara putra utpanna karanA, gautama RSi kI patnI ahilyA se indra dvArA anaitika rUpa se yauna sambandha sthApita karanA, lokavyApI viSNu kA kAmI-janoM ke samAna gopiyoM ke lie udvigna honA Adi kathAnaka ina devoM kI garimA ko khaNDita karate haiN| isI prakAra hanumAna kA apanI pU~cha se laMkA ghera lenA athavA pUre parvata ko uThA lAnA, sUrya ora agni ke sAtha sambhoga karake kuntI kA na jalanA, gaMgA kA ziva kI jaTA meM samA jAnA, droNAcArya kA droNa se, karNa kA kAna se, kIcaka kA bAMsa kI nalI se evaM rakta kuNDalin kA rakta bindu se janma lenA, aNDe se jagata 330 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #344
kI utpatti, zivaliMga kA viSNu dvArA anta na pAnA, kintu usI liMga kA pArvatI kI yoni meM samA jAnA, jaTAyu ke zarIra ko pahAr3a ke samAna mAnanA, rAvaNa dvArA apane siroM ko kATakara mahAdeva ko arpaNa karanA aura unakA punaH jur3a jAnA, balarAma kA mAyA dvArA garbha parivartana, bAlaka zrI kRSNa ke peTa meM samagra vizva kA samA jAnA, agastya dvArA samudra pAna aura jahvANu ke dvArA gaMgApAna karanA, kRSNa dvArA govardhana uThA lenA Adi purANoM meM varNita aneka ghaTanAe~ yA to una mahAna purUSoM ke vyaktitva kA dhUmila karatI haiM yA Atma virodhI haiM athavA phira avizvasanIya haiN| yadyapi yaha vicAraNIya hai ki mahAvIra ke garbha-parivartana kI ghaTanA, jo ki nizcita haribhadra ke pUrva pUrNataH mAnya ho cukI thI, ko svIkAra karake bhI haribhadra balarAma ke garbha parivartana ko kaise avizvasanIya kaha sakate haiM / yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki haribhadra dhUrtAkhyAna meM eka dhUrta dvArA apane jIvana meM ghaTita avizvasanIya ghaTanAoM kA ullekha karavA kara phira dUsare dhUrta se yaha kahalavA dete haiM ki yadi bhArata, rAmAyaNa Adi meM ghaTita uparyukta ghaTanAyeM satya haiM, to phira yaha bhI satya ho sakatA hai 1 haribhadra dvArA vyaMgAtmaka zailI meM racita isa grantha kA uddezya to mAtra itanA hI hai ki dharma ke nAma para palane vAle aMdhavizvAsoM ko naSTa kiyA jAye aura paurANika kathAoM meM deva yA mahApurUSa ke rUpa meM mAnya vyaktitvoM ke caritra ko anaitika rUpa meM prastuta karake usakI Ar3a meM jo purohita varga apanI duzcaritratA kA poSaNa karanA cAhatA thA usakA pardAphAza kiyA jaaye| usa yuga kA purohita prathama to ina mahApurUSoM ke caritroM ko anaitika rUpa meM prastuta kara aura usake AdhAra para yaha kahakara ki yadi kRSNa gopiyoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kara sakate haiM, vivAhitA rAdhA ke sAtha apanA romAMsa calA sakate haiM, yadi indra maharSi gautama kI patnI ke sAtha chala se sambhoga kara sakatA hai to phira hamAre dvArA yaha saba karanA durAcAra kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? vastutaH jisa prakAra sambodhaprakaraNa meM ve apanI paramparA ke zramaNa vezadhArI duzcaritra kuguruoM ko phaTakArate haiM, usI prakAra dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve brAhmaNa paramparA ke tathAkathita dharma ke ThekedAroM ko latAr3ate haiM / phira bhI haribhadra kI phaTakArane kI donoM zailiyoM meM bahuta bar3A antara hai / sambodhaprakaraNa meM ve sIdhe phaTakArate haiM jaba ki dhUrtAkhyAna meM vyaMgAtmaka zailI meM / isameM haribhadra kI eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi chipI huI hai| hameM jaba apane ghara ke kisI sadasya ko kucha kahanA hotA hai to sIdhe kaha dete haiM, kintu jaba dUsaroM ko kucha kahanA hotA hai to parokSa rUpa meM tathA sabhya zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate haiM / haribhadra dhUrtAkhyAna meM isa dUsarI vyaMgaparaka ziSTa zailI kA prayoga karate haiM aura anya paramparA ke deva aura guru para sIdhA AkSepa nahIM karate haiM / jaina dharmadarzana 331

Page #345
dUsare dhUrtAkhyAna, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, yogadRSTisamuccaya, lokatattvanirNaya sAvayapaNNatti Adi se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ArAdhya yA upAsya ke nAma ke sambandha meM haribhadra ke mana meM koI Agraha nahIM hai, mAtra Agraha hai, to isa bAta kA ki usakA caritra nirdoSa aura niSkalaMka ho / dhUrtAkhyAna meM unhoMne una sabakI samAlocanA kI hai jo apanI vAsanAoM kI puSTi ke nimitta apane upAsya ke ciritra ko dhUmila karate haiN| hama yaha acchI taraha jAnate haiM ki kRSNa ke caritra meM rAdhA aura gopiyoM ko DAla kara hamAre purohita varga ne kyA-kyA nahIM kiyA / haribhadra ko isa bAta se bhI Apatti hai ki hama apane ArAdhya ko sapatnI aura zastradhArI rUpa meM prastuta kareM kyoMki aisA mAnane para hamameM aura usameM koI antara nahIM raha jaaegaa| haribhadra isa sambandha meM sIdhe to kucha nahIM kahate haiM, mAtra eka prazna cinha chor3a dete haiM ki sarAga aura sazastra deva meM devatva ( upAsya) kI garimA kahAM taka Thahara paayegii|' anya paramparAoM ke deva aura gurU ke sambandha meM unakI saumya evaM vyaMgAtmaka zailI jahA~ pAThaka ko cintana ke lie vivaza kara detI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha unake krAntikArI, sAhasI vyaktitva ko prastuta kara detI hai, haribhadra sambodhaprakaraNa meM spaSTa kahate haiM ki rAgI - deva, durAcArI guru aura dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahu~cAne vAlI pravRttiyoM ko dharma mAnanA, dharma sAdhanA ke samyak svarUpa ko vikRta karatA hai| ataH hameM ina mithyA vizvAsoM se Upara uThanA hogA / isa prakAra haribhadra dhUrtAkhyAna meM janamAnasa ko aMdhavizvAsoM se mukta karAne kA prayAsa kara apane krAntadarzI hone kA pramANa prasatuta karate haiM / saMdarbha - 1. lokatattvanirNaya 32-33 2. yogadRSTisamuccaya 332 O jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #346
haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna kA mUla srota haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna para cintana karate samaya yaha vicAra utpanna huA ki haribhadra ne yaha AkhyAna kahA~ se grahaNa kiyaa| dhUrtAkhyAna ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana meM pro.e.ena. upAdhye ne yaha to vistAra se carcA kI hai ki haribhadra ke isa prAkRta dhUrtAkhyAna kA saMghatilaka kA saMskRta dhUrtAkhyAna aura ajJAtakRta marugurjara meM likhita dhUrtAkhyAna para pUrA prabhAva hai, mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne yaha bhI dikhAyA hai ki aneka AcAryoM dvArA likhita dharma parIkSAe~ bhI isI zailI se prabhAvita haiN| phira bhI ve isakA Adyasrota nahIM khoja paaye| unhoMne abhidhAna rAjendra meM upalabdha sUcanA ke AdhAra para yaha to sUcita kiyA hai ki isake kucha pAtroM ke nAma nizIthacUrNI meM haiM, kintu unheM usa samaya aprakAzita hone se nizIthacUrNI upalabdha nahIM ho pAI thI, ataH ve isa sambandha meM adhika kucha nahIM batA ske| maine isase Adyasrota ko jAnane kI dRSTi se nizIthacUrNI dekhanA prArambha kiyA aura saMyoga se nizIthacUrNI ke pR. 102 ye 105 ke bIca mujhe yaha pUrA kathAnaka mila gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM nizItha bhASya meM bhI isakA tIna gAthAoM meM saMkSipta nirdeza hai| kyoMki abhI taka vidvAna haribhadra ko vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke kartA jinabhadra aura nizIthacUrNI ke kartA jinadAsa se paravartI hI mAnate haiM, ataH prathama dRSTi meM isa AkhyAna kA mUla srota nizIthabhASya aura nizIthacUrNI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi bhASya meM mAtra tIna gAthAoM meM isa AkhyAna kA saMketa hai, jabaki cUrNI cAra pRSThoM meM isakA vivecana prastuta karatI hai| bhASya isakA Adi srota nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki bhASya to isa AkhyAna kA mAtra saMdarbha detA hai, yathA - sasa-elAsADha-mUladeva-khaMDA ya junnnnujjaanne| sAmatthaNe ko bhattaM, akkhAtaM jo Na sddhti|| corabhayA gAvIo, poTTalae baMdhiUNa aannemi| tilaairUDhakuhADe, vaNagaya malaNA ya tellodaa|| vaNagayapATaNa kuMDiya, chammAsa hatthilaggaNaM pucche| rAyarayaga mo vAde, jahiM pecchai te ime vtthaa|| jaina dharmadarzana 333

Page #347
bhASya kI uparyukta gAthAoM se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki bhASyakAra ko saMpUrNa kathAnaka, jo ki cUrgI aura haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna meM haiM, pUrI taraha jJAta hai; vaha mRSAvAda ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM ise prastuta karatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki sandarbha dene vAlA grantha kisI usa AkhyAna kA Adyamro nahIM ho sakatA hai| bhASyoM meM jisa prakAra Agamika AkhyAna yA anya AkhyAna saMdarbha rUpa meM Aye haiM usI prakAra yaha AkhyAna bhI AyA hai, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki yaha AkhyAna bhASya se pUrvavartI hai| cUrNI to svayaM bhASya para TIkA hai aura usameM unhIM bhASya gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM AkhyAna AyA hai, ataH yaha bhI nizcita hai ki cUrNI bhI isa AkhyAna kA mUlasrota nahIM hai| punaH cUrNI ke isa AkhyAna ke anta meM spaSTa likha hai - seMsa dhuttAvakhANagANusAreNa (pR.105)| ataH nizIthabhASya aura cUrNI isa AkhyAna ke Adi srota nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM kintu hameM nizIthabhASya aura nizIthacUrNI se pUrva racita kisI aise grantha kI koI jAnakArI nahIM hai, jisameM yaha AkhyAna AyA ho| jaba taka anya kisI Adi srota ke sambandha meM koI jAnakArI nahIM hai, taba taka kyoM nahIM haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna ko lekhaka kI svakalpanAprasUta maulika racanA mAnA jaaye| kintu aisA mAnane para bhASyakAra aura cUrNIkAra donoM se hI haribhadra ho pUrvavartI mAnanA hogA aura isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM kI jo abhI taka avadhAraNA banI huI hai vaha khaNDita ho jaayegii| yadyapi upalabdha sabhI paTTAvaliyoM, unake grantha laghukSetrasamAsavRtti meM haribhadra kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa samvat 1055 vikrama samvat 585 aura IsvI san 527 meM mAnA jAtA hai tathA paTTAvaliyoM meM unheM vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA jinabhadra evaM jinadAsa kA pUrvavartI bhI mAnA gayA hai| haribhadra kI svargavAsa tithi ke sandarbha meM zodha sahAyaka DA. zivaprasAda ne mere dvArA saMketita isI tathya ke AdhAra para punarvicAra kiyA hai| aba hamAre sAmane do hI vikalpa haiM yA to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra haribhadra ko jinabhadra aura jinadAsa ke pUrva mAnakara unakI kRtiyoM para vizeSa rUpa se jinadAsa mahattara para haribhadra kA prabhAva siddha kareM yA phira dhUrtAkhyAna ke mUla srota ko anya kisI pUrvavartI racanA yA loka paramparA meM khojeN| yaha to spaSTa hai ki dhUrtAkhyAna cAhe vaha nizIthacUrNI kA ho yA haribhadra kA spaSTa hI paurANika yuga ke pUrva kI racanA nahIM hai kyoMki ve donoM hI sAmAnyatayA zruti, purANa, bhArata, rAmAyaNa kA ullekha karate haiN| haribhadra ne to eka sthAna para viSNu para purANa (bhArata ke) araNya parva aura arthazAstra kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, ataH nizcita hI yaha AkhyAna inakI racanA ke bAda hI racA gayA hogaa| upalabdha AgamoM meM anuyogadvAra bhArata aura rAmAyaNa kA ullekha karatA hai| anuyogadvAra kI viSayavastu se aisA lagatA hai ki apane antima rUpa meM vaha lagabhaga 5vIM zatI kI racanA hai| 334 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #348
dhUrtAkhyAna meM 'bhArata' nAma AtA hai mahAbhArata nhiiN| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki kathAnaka ke Adyasrota kI pUrva sImA IsA kI 4 thI yA 5vIM zatI se Age nahIM jA sakatI hai| punaH nizIthabhASya aura nizIthacUrNI meM ullekha hone se dhUrtAkhyAna ke Adyasota kI apara yA antima sImA inake pazcAt nahIM ho sakatI hai| ina granthoM kA racanAkAla IsA kI sAtavIM zatI kA uttarArdha ho sakatA hai| ataH dhUrtAkhyAna kA Adyasrota IsA kI 5vIM se 7vI zatI ke bIca kA hai| yadi haribhadra hI isake maulika rUpa meM lekhaka haiM to phira unakA samaya vikrama saMvat 585 mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI caahie| jaina dharmadarzana 335

Page #349
jaina dArzanikoM kA anya darzanoM ko trividha avadAna jaina dArzanikoM ne anya bhAratIya darzanoM ko jo avadAna diyA hai vaha trividha hai| vaha trividha isa dRSTi se hai ki prathamataH unhoMne anya darzanoM kI ekAntavAdI dhArmika evaM dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI niSpakSa samIkSA kI aura unake ekAntavAditA ke doSoM ko spaSTa kiyaa| isa kSetra meM jaina dArzanika Alocaka na hokara samAlocaka yA samIkSaka hI rhe| dUsare, unhoMne paraspara virodhI dArzanika matavAdoM ke madhya apanI anekAntavAdI dRSTi se samanvaya kiyaa| tIsare, unhoMne niSpakSa hokara darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| anya dArzanika evaM dhArmika paramparAoM kA niSpakSa prastutIkaraNa prathamatayA unhoMne anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM jo ekAntavAditA kA doSa A gayA thA, usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna kiyA / jaina dArzanikoM ne anya darzanoM kI jina mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kI thI, vaha bhI unakI ekAntavAditA kI samIkSA thI, na ki siddhAnta kA samagratayA nirAkaraNa / udAharaNArtha jainoM ne bauddhoM ke jisa kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA kI thI, vaha unake ekAMta parivartanazIlatA ke siddhAnta kI thI, jainadarzana ne vastu yA sattA ke svarUpa meM utpAda aura vyaya ko svIkAra karake vastu kI parivartanazIlatA to svayaM hI svIkAra kI thii| isI prakAra jaba ve sAMkhya ke kUTasthanitya AtmavAda yA vedAnta ke sat kI aparivartanazIlatA ke siddhAnta kI samIkSA karate haiM, to unakA Azaya sattA kI dhrauvyatA kA pUrNa nirAkaraNa nahIM hai, ve svayaM bhI utpAda-vyaya ke sAtha sattA kI dhauvyatA ko svIkAra karate haiM / isI prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ke dvArA unakI jo AlocanA pratIta hotI, vaha AlocanA nahIM, mAtra samIkSA hai, yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai / unakI bhUmikA eka Alocaka kI bhUmikA nahIM, eka cikitsaka kI bhUmikA hai| jaise eka cikitsaka rogI kI bImArI kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai, na ki usake astitva ko nakAratA hai, vaha to use svastha banAnA cAhatA hai / usI prakAra jaina dArzanika anya darzanoM ke ekAntavAditA ke doSa kA nirAkaraNa cAhate haiM, na ki una siddhAntoM kA samagratayA khaNDana karate haiM / ataH unakI anya darzanoM kI samIkSA ko isI rUpa meM dekhA jAnA cAhiye / aitihAsika jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 336

Page #350
dRSTi se anya dArzanika mAntAoM kI samIkSA jainadarzana meM Agamayuga se prArambha hokara satrahavIM zatI ke upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ke granthoM taka nirantara rUpa se calatI rahI, phira bhI jaina dAnika anya darzanoM ke prati apanI samAlocanA meM bhI AkrAmaka nahIM hue| isakA sabase acchA udAharaNa hameM mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa ke dvAdazAra nayacakra (4thI-5vIM zatI) meM milatA hai, jisameM unhoMne anya darzanoM kI vidhi-vidhi, vidhi-niSedha Adi rUpoM meM samIkSA kI, kintu ve kisI darzana yA dArzanika vizeSatA kA nAma lie binA, mAtra siddhAnta kI samIkSA karate haiN| unhoMne pratipakSI yA samanvayaka jaina darzana kA bhI nAma lie binA mAtra unakI samIkSA kI hai| __ jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM ke vicArakoM ke darzanoM evaM dharmopadezoM ke prastutIkaraNa kA prathama prayAsa hameM RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM lagabhaga I. pU. 3 zatI) meM parilakSita hotA hai| isa graMtha meM anya dhArmika aura dArzanika paramparAoM ke pravartakoM- yathA nArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, sAriputra Adi ko arhat RSi kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai aura unake vicAroM ko niSpakSa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| nizcaya hI vaicArika udAratA evaM anya paramparAoM ke prati samAdara bhAva kA yaha ati prAcIna kAla kA anyatama udAharaNa hai| anya paramparAoM ke prati aisA samAdarabhAva vaidika aura bauddha paramparA ke prAcIna sAhitya meM hameM kama hI upalabdha hotA hai| svayaM jaina paramparA meM bhI yaha udAra dRSTi adhika kAla taka jIvita nahIM raha skii| pariNAma svarUpa yaha mahAn graMtha jo kabhI aMga sahitya kA eka bhAga thA, vahA~ se alaga kara paripArzva meM DAla diyA gyaa| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI Adi Agama graMtho meM tatkAlIna anya paramparAoM ke vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, kintu unameM anya darzanoM aura paramparAoM ke prati vaha udAratA aura zAlInatA parilakSita nahIM hotI, jo RSibhASita meM thii| sUtrakRtAMga anya dArzanika aura dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA vivaraNa to detA hai, kintu unheM mithyA, anArya yA asaMgata kahakara unakI AlocanA bhI karatA hai| bhagavatI meM vizeSa rUpa se maMkhali gozAlaka ke prasaMga meM to jaina paramparA sAmAnya ziSTatA kA bhI ullaMghana kara detI hai| RSibhASita meM jisa maMkhali-gozAlaka ko arhat RSi ke rUpa meM saMbodhita kiyA gayA thA, bhagavatI meM usa azobhanIya citra prastuta kiyA gayA hai, yahA~ yaha carcA mai kevala isalie kara rahA hU~ ki hama paravartI jaina dArzanika haribhadra, yazovijayajI Adi kI udAradRSTi kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara sakeM aura yaha jAna sakeM ki na kevala jaina paramparA meM apitu samagra bhAratIya darzana meM unakA avadAna kitanA mahAna hai| anya darzanoM kI ekAntavAditA kI samIkSA kI dizA meM kiye gaye prayatnoM meM sarvaprathama nAma siddhasena jaina dharmadarzana 337

Page #351
divAkara kA AtA hai| unhoMne apane grantha 'sanmatitarka' meM yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA ki kisa darzana kA kauna sA siddhAnta kisa naya arthAta dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para satya hai| unhoMne jaina darzana ke nayavAda kI apekSA se anya darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kI sApekSika satyatA kA darzana kraayaa| unakI isa dRSTi kA kucha prabhAva samantabhadra kI 'Apta-mImAMsA' para bhI dekhA jAtA hai| unhoMne yaha batAyA ki vedAnta (aupaniSadika vedAnta) saMgrahanaya se, bauddha darzana kA kSaNikatA kA siddhAnta RjusUtranaya kI apekSA se tathA nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM ke siddhAnta vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se satya pratIta hote haiN| yahI dRSTi Age calakara samatvayogI AcArya haribhadra ke granthoM meM bhI vikasita huii| jaina dArzanikoM meM sarva prathama siddhasena divAkara ne apane granthoM meM anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne battIsa dvAtrizikAe~ likhI haiM, unameM navIM meM vedavAda, dasavIM meM yoga-vidyA, bArahavI meM nyAyadarzana, terahavIM meM sAMkhyadarzana, caudahavI meM vaizeSikadarzana, paMdrahavI meM bauddhadarzana aura solahavIM meM niyativAda kI carcA hai, kintu siddhasena ne yaha vivaraNa samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se hI prastuta kiyA hai| ve aneka prasaMgo meM ina avadhAraNoM ke prati cuTIle vyaMgya bhI karate haiN| vastutaH dArzanikoM meM anya darzanoM ke jAnane aura unakA vivaraNa prastuta karane kI jo pravRttiyA~ vikasita huI thI, usakA mUla AdhAra virodhI matoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA hI thaa| siddhasena bhI isake apavAda nahI haiN| sAtha hI, paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki siddhasena kI kRtiyoM meM anya darzanoM kA jo vivaraNa upalabdha hai, vaha bhI pATha-bhraSTatA aura vyAkhyA ke abhAva ke kAraNa adhika prAmANika nahIM hai| yadyapi siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa Adi haribhadra ke pUrvavartI dArzanikoM ne anekAnta dRSTi ke prabhAva ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM vaicArika udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai, phira bhI ye sabhI vicAraka itanA to mAnate hI haiM ki anya darzana ekAntika dRSTi kA Azraya lene ke kAraNa mithyA-darzana haiM aura jabaki jaina darzana anekAnta dRSTi apanAne ke kAraNa samyagdarzana hai| vastutaH vaicArika samanvayazIlatA aura dhArmika udAratA kI jisa U~cAI kA sparza haribhadra ne apanI kRtiyoM meM kiyA hai, vaisA unake pUrvavartI jaina evaM jainetara dArzanikoM meM hameM parilakSita nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi haribhadra ke paravartI jaina dArzanikoM meM hemacandra, yazovijaya, Anandaghana Adi anya dharmoM aura darzanoM ke prati samabhAva aura udAratA kA paricaya dete haiM, kintu unakI yaha udAratA una para haribhadra ke prabhAva ko hI sUcita karatI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hemacandra apane vItarAga mahAdeva-srota (44)meM nimna zloka prastuta karate haiM - 338 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #352
bhava bIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyA kSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai / / yaha zloka haribhadra ke lokatattvanirNaya meM bhI kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha hotA hai, yathA - yasya anikhilAzca doSA na saMti, sarve guNazca vidynte| brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA nmstsmai|| vastutaH 2500 varSa ke sudIrgha jaina itihAsa meM aisA koI bhI samanvayavAdI udAracetA vyaktitva nahIM hai, jise haribhadra ke samatulya kahA jA ske| haribhadra ke pUrvavartI aneka AcAryoM ne jainadarzana kI anekAnta dRSTi ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa udAratA kA paricaya avazya diyA hai, phira bhI unakI sRjanadhArmikatA usa stara kI nahIM hai jisa stara kI haribhadra kI hai| unakI kRtiyoM meM do-cAra gAthAoM yA zlokoM meM udAratA ke cAhe saMketa mila jAyeM, kintu aise kitane haiM jinhoMne samanvayAtmaka aura udAra dRSTi ke AdhAra para SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, aura yogadRSTisamuccaya jaisI kRtiyoM kA praNayana kiyA ho| __anya dArzanika aura dhArmika paramparAoM kA adhyayana mukhyataH do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai, eka to una paramparAoM kI AlocanA karane kI dRSTi se aura dUsarA unakA yathArtha paricaya pAne aura unameM nihita satya ko samajhane kI dRSTi se| AlocanA evaM samIkSA kI dRSTi se likhe gaye granthoM meM bhI AlocanA karanI hotI hai, to vaha anya paramparAoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM nyAya bhI nahIM karatA hai aura unakI avadhAraNAoM ko bhrAntarUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda ke AlocAkoM ne kabhI bhI unheM samyak rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi haribhadra ne bhI apanI kucha kRtiyoM meM anya darzanoM evaM dharmoM kI samIkSA kI hai, apane grantha dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM panapa rahe andhavizvAsoM kA sacoTa khaNDana bhI karate haiM, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ve na to apane virodhI ke vicAroM ko bhrAnta rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM aura na usake sambanadha meM aziSTa bhASA kA prayoga hI karate haiN| haribhadra ne apane grantha zAstravArtA samuccaya meM kapila ko mahAmuni aura bhagavAna buddha ko mahAcikitsaka kahA hai| haribhadra ke apane grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM isa dRSTikoNa kA eka nirmala vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| apane grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya ke prArambha meM hI grantha racanA kA uddezya spaSTa karate hue ve likhate haiM - yaM zrutvA sarvazAstreSu praaystttvvinishcyH| jAyate dveSazamanaH svargasiddhiH sukhAvahaH / jaina dharmadarzana 339

Page #353
arthAt isakA adhyayana karane se anya darzanoM ke prati dveSa buddhi samApta hokara tattva kA bodha ho jAtA hai / isa grantha meM ve kapila ko divya puruSa evaM mahAmuni ke rUpa meM sUcita karate haiM - (kapilo divyo hi sa mahAmuniH, zAstravArtAsamuccaya 237) isI prakAra ve buddha ko bhI arhat mahAmuni, suvaidya Adi vizeSaNoM se abhihita karate haiM (yato buddho mahAmuniH suvaidyavat vahI 465, 466 ) / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora anya dArzanika apane virodhI dArzanikoM kA khulakara parihAsa karate haiM - nyAya darzana ke praNetA maharSi gautama ko gAya kA bachar3A yA baila aura maharSi kaNAda ko ullU kahate haiM, vahI dUsarI ora haribhadra jaise jaina dArzanika apane virodhiyoM ke lie mahAmuni ora arhat jaise sammAnasUcaka vizeSaNoM kA prayoga karate haiM / zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM yadyapi anya dArzanika avadhAraNaoM kI spaSTa samAlocanA hai, kintu sampUrNa grantha meM aisA koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA jahA~ haribhadra ne ziSTatA kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kiyA ho| isI prakAra haribhadra ne anya paramparAoM kI samAlocanA meM bhI jisa ziSTatA aura Adara bhAva kA paricaya diyA vaha hameM jaina aura jainetara kisI bhI paramparA meM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / yadyapi AcArya hemacandra ne anyayogavyavacchedikA (pracalita nAma syAdvAdamaMjarI) meM anya-darzanoM kI vyaMgAtmaka zailI meM samAlocanA kI, kintu kahIM bhI anya darzanoM ke prati apazabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai / samyak samAlocanA kI yaha paramparA Agama yuga se prArambha hokara kramazaH siddhasena divAkara ke sanmatitarka, samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA, mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa kA dvAdazAranayacakra, jinabhadragaNI kI vizeSaNavatI, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, anekAntajayapatAkA Adi granthoM meM, punaH pUjyapAda devanandI kI sarvArthasiddhi, akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, aSTazatI, nyAya-vinizcaya Adi, vidyAnandI ke zlokavArtika, aSTasahastrI Adi, prabhAcandra ke prameyakamala mArtaNDa, ratnaprabha kI ratnAkara avatArikA, hemacandra kI anyayogavyavacchedikA Adi meM milatI hai, phira bhI yaha dhArA Alocaka na hokara samAlocaka aura samIkSaka rhii| yadyapi hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhie ki paravartI madhyayuga meM vAda-vivAda meM jo AkrAmaka vRtti vikasita huI thI, jaina dArzanika bhI usase pUrNatayA achUte nahIM rahe / phira bhI itanA avazya mAna lenA hogA ki jaina dArzanikoM kI bhUmikA AkrAmaka Alocaka kI na hokara samAlocaka yA samIkSaka kI hI rahI hai, kyoMki unake darzana kI dhUrI rUpa anekAMtavAda kI yaha mAMga thI / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 340

Page #354
anekAMta dRSTi se vibhinna darzanoM ke madhya samanvaya ke sUtroM kI khoja jaina dArzanikoM kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa avadAna unakI anekAMta Adharita samanvayAtmaka dRSTi hai| jahA~ eka ora jaina dArzanikoM ne anya darzanoM ke ekAntavAditA ke doSa kA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhA, vahIM dUsarI ora bhAratIya darzanoM ke paraspara virodhI siddhAntoM meM samanvaya karanA cAhA aura anya darzanoM meM nihita sApekSika satyatA ko dekhakara use svIkAra karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA aura isa prakAra vividha darzanoM meM samanvaya ke sUtra bhI prastuta kiye haiN| haribhadra ne anya darzanoM ke adhyayana ke pazcAta unameM nihita sAratattva yA satya ko samajhane kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha bhI atyanta hI mahattvapUrNa aura unake udAracetA vyaktitva ko ujAgara karatA hai| yadyapi haribhadra cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA karate hue usake bhUtasvabhAvavAda kA khaNDana karate haiM aura usake sthAna para karmavAda kI sthApanA karate haiM, kintu siddhAnta meM karma ke jo do rUpa dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma mAne gaye haiM usameM eka ora bhAvakarma ke sthAna ko svIkAra nahIM karane ke kAraNa jahA~ ve cArvAka-darzana kI samIkSA karate haiM vahIM dUsarI ora ve dravyakarma kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue cArvAka ke bhUtasvabhAvavAda kI sArthakatA ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki bhautika tattvoM kA prabhAva bhI caitanya para par3atA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI likhate haiM ki haribhadra ne donoM pakSoM arthAt bauddha evaM mImAMsakoM ke anusAra karmavAda ke prasaMga-meM-cittavAsanA kI pramukhatA ko tathA cArvAkoM ke anusAra bhautika tattva kI pramukhatA ko eka-eka pakSa ke rUpa meM paraspara pUraka evaM satya mAnakara kahA ki jaina karmavAda meM cArvAka aura mImAMsaka tathA bauddhoM ke mantavyoM kA sumela huA hai| ___ isI prakAra zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM haribhadra yadyapi nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM dvArA mAnya IzvaravAda evaM jagatakartRtvavAda kI avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA karate haiM, kintu jahA~ cArvAkoM, bauddhoM aura anya jaina AcAryoM ne ina AvadhAraNAoM kA khaNDana hI kiyA hai, vahA~ haribhadra inakI bhI sArthakatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| haribhadra ne IzvaravAda kI avadhAraNA meM bhI kucha mahattvapUrNa tathyoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to yaha ki manuSya meM kaSTa ke samaya svAbhAvika rUpa se kisI aisI zakti ke prati zraddhA aura prapatti kI bhAvanA hotI hai, jisake dvArA vaha apane meM AtmavizvAsa jAgRta kara ske| paM. sukhAlAlajI saMghavI likhate haiM mAnava mana kI pravRtti yA zaraNAgati kI yaha bhAvanA mUla meM asatya to nahIM kahI jA sakatI / unakI isa apekSA ko Thesa na paha~ce tathA tarka va buddhivAda ke sAtha IzvaravAdI avadhAraNA kA samanvaya bhI ho, isalie unhoMne (haribhadra ne) Izvara-kartRtvavAda kI avadhAraNA ko jaina dharmadarzana 341

Page #355
apane DhaMga se spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| haribhadra kahate haiM ki jo vyakti AdhyAtmika nirmalatA ke phalasvarUpa apane vikAsa kI uccatama bhUmikA ko prApta huA, vaha AtmA hai aura vahI Izvara yA siddha purUSa hai| usa Adarza svarUpa ko prApta karane ke kAraNa kartA tathA bhakti kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa upAsya hai| isake sAtha hI haribhadra yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki pratyeka jIva tattvataH apane zuddha rUpa meM paramAtmA aura apane bhaviSya kA nirmAtA hai aura isa dRSTi se yadi vicAra kareM to vaha Izvara bhI hai aura kartA bhI hai| isa prakAra Izvara-kartRtvavAda bhI samIcIna hI siddha hotA hai| haribhadra sAMkhyoM ke prakRtivAda kI bhI samIkSA karate haiM, kintu ve prakRti ko jaina paramparA meM svIkRta karma prakRti ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| ve likhate haiM ki satya-nyAya kI dRSTi se prakRti karma-prakRti hI hai aura isa rUpa meM prakRtivAda bhI ucita hai kyoMki usake vaktA kapila divya-purUSa aura mahAmuni haiN| ___ zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM haribhadra ne bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI bhI samIkSA kI hai, kintu ve ina dhAraNAoM meM nihita satya ko bhI dekhane kA prayatna karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki mahAmuni aura arhata buddha uddezyahIna hokara kisI siddhAnta kA upadeza nahIM krte| unhoMne kSaNikavAda kA upadeza padArtha ke prati hamArI Asakti ke nivAraNa ke lie hI diyA hai kyoMki jaba vastu kA anitya aura vinAzazIla svarUpa samajha meM jAtA hai usake prati Asakti gaharI nahIM hotii| isI prakAra vijJAnavAda kA upadeza bhI bAhya padArthoM ke prati tRSNA ko samApta karane ke lie hI hai| yadi saba kucha citta ke vikalpa haiM aura bAhya rUpa satya nahIM hai to unake prati saMsAra kI nissAratA kA bodha karAne ke lie zUnyavAda kA upadeza diyA hai| isa prakAra haribhadra kI dRSTi meM bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda-ina tInoM siddhAntoM kA mUla uddezya yahI hai ki vyakti kI jagata ke prati utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA kA prahANa ho| advaitavAda kI samIkSA karate hue haribhadra spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAte haiM ki sAmAnya dRSTi se to advaita kI avadhAraNA bhI satya hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki viSamatA ke nivAraNa ke lie aura samabhAva kI sthApanA ke lie advaita kI bhUmikA bhI Avazyaka hai| advaita parAyepana kI bhAvanA kA niSedha karatA hai, isa prakAra dveSa kA upazamana karatA hai, ataH vaha bhI asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI prakAra advaita vedAnta ke jJAna mArga ko bhI ve samIcIna hI svIkAra karate haiN| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA kA unakA prayatna samIkSA ke lie na hokara una dArzanika 342 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #356
paramparAoM kI satyatA ke mUlyAMkana ke lie hI hai| svayaM unhoMne zAstravArtAsamuccaya ke prAkkathana meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki prastuta grantha kA uddezya anya paramparAoM ke prati dveSa kA upazamana karanA aura satya kA bodha karAnA hai| darzanasaMgrAhaka granthoM kI niSpakSa dRSTi se racanA ___yadi hama bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM sabhI pramukha darzanoM ke siddhAntoM ko eka hI grantha meM pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha prastuta karane ke kSetra meM hue prayatnoM ko dekhate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi meM haribhadra hI ve prathama vyakti haiM jinhoMne sabhI pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ko niSpakSa rUpa se eka hI grantha meM prastuta kiyA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI koTI kA aura usase prAcIna darzanasaMgrAhaka koI anya grantha hameM prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| haribhadra ke pUrva taka jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAoM ke kisI bhI AcArya ne apane kAla ke sabhI darzanoM kA niSpakSa paricaya dene kI dRSTi se kisI bhI grantha kI racanA nahIM kI thii| unake granthoM meM apane virodhI matoM kA prastutIkaraNa mAtra unake khaNDana kI dRSTi se hI huA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva siddhasena divAkara aura samantabhadra ne anya darzanoM ke vivaraNa to prastuta kiye haiM, kintu unakI dRSTi bhI khaNDanaparaka hI hai| vividha darzanoM kA vivaraNa prasatuta karane kI dRSTi se mallavAdI kA nayacakra mahattvapUrNa grantha kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu usakA mukhya uddezya bhI pratyeka darzana kI apUrNatA ko sUcita karate hue anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karanA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke zabdoM meM naya cakra kI kalpanA ke pIche AcArya kA Azaya yaha hai ki koI bhI mata apane Apa meM pUrNa nahIM haiM jisa prakAra usa mata kI sthApanA dalIloM se ho sakatI hai usI prakAra utthApana bhI virodhI matoM kI dalIloM se ho sakatA hai| sthApanA aura utthApana kA yaha cakra calatA rahatA hai| ataeva anekAntavAda meM ye mata yadi apanA ucita sthAna prApta kareM, tabhI ucita hai anyathA nhiiN| nayacakra kI mUladRSTi bhI svapakSa arthAt anekAntavAda ke maNDana aura parapakSa ke khaNDana kI hI hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva taka niSpakSa bhAva se koI bhI darzana-saMgrAhaka graMtha nahIM likhA gyaa| jainetara paramparAoM ke darzana-saMgrAhaka graMtha meM AcArya zaMkara viracita mAne jAne vAle sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha kRti mAdhavAcArya ke sarvadarzanasaMgraha kI apekSA prAcIna hai, phira bhI isake Adya zaMkarAcArya dvArA viracita hone meM saMdeha hai| isa grantha meM pUrvadarzana kA uttaradarzana ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karate hue anta meM advaita vedAnta kI sthApanA kI gayI hai| ataH kisI sImA taka isakI zailI ko bhI nayacakra kI zailI ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai, kintu jaina dharmadarzana 343

Page #357
nayacakra, antima mata kA bhI prathama mata se khaNDana karavAkara kisI bhI eka darzana ko antima satya nahIM mAnatA hai, vahA~ 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' vedAnta ko ekamAtra aura antima satya svIkAra karatA hai| ataH yaha eka darzana saMgrAhaka grantha hokara bhI niSpakSa dRSTi kA pratipAdaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI jo vizeSatA hai, vaha isameM nahI hai| __ jainetara paramparAoM meM darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM dUsarA sthAna mAdhavAcArya (I.san 1350) ke 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kA AtA hai| kintu 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kI mUlabhUta dRSTi bhI yahI hai ki vedAnta hI ekamAtra samyagdarzana hai| sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha aura sarvadarzanasaMgraha' donoM kI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya se isa artha meM bhinnatA hai ki jahA~ haribhadra binA kisI khaNDana-maNDana ke nirapekSa bhAva se tatkAlIna vividha darzanoM ko prastuta karate haiM, vahA~ vaidika paramparA ke ina donoM granthoM kI mUlabhUta zailI khaNDanaparaka hI hai| ataH ina donoM granthoM meM anya dArzanika matoM ke prastatIkaraNa meM vaha niSpakSatA aura udAratA parilakSita nahIM hotI hai, jo haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM hai| __vaidika paramparA meM darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM tIsarA sthAna mAdhavasarasvatI kRta 'sarvadarzanakaumudI' kA AtA hai| isa grantha meM darzanoM ko vaidika aura avaidika-aise do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| avaidika darzanoM meM cArvAka, bauddha, aura jaina aise bheda tathA vaidika darzana meM tarka, tantra aura sAMkhya aise tIna bhAga kiye gaye haiN| isa grantha kI zailI bhI mukhya rUpa se khaNDanAtmaka hI hai| ataH haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya jaisI udAratA aura niSpakSatA isameM bhI parilakSita nahIM hotI hai| __ vaidika paramparA ke darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM cauthA sthAna madhusUdana sarasvatI ke 'prasthAna-bheda' kA AtA hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI ne darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa Astika aura nAstika ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| nAstika avaidika darzanoM meM ve chaha prasthAnoM kA ullekha karate haiN| isameM bauddha darzana ke cAra sampradAya tatha cArvAka aura jainoM kA samAveza huA hai| Astika-vaidika darzanoM meM nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, pUrva mImAMsa aura uttara mImAMsa kA samAveza huA hai| inhoMne pAzupata darzana evaM vaiSNava darzana kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra prasthAnabhed ke lekhaka kI eka vizeSatA avazya hai jo use pUrva ullikhita vaidika paramparA ke anya darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM se alaga karatI hai| yaha vaha ki isa maiM vaidika darzanoM ke pArasparika virodha kA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA hai ki ina prasthAnoM ke prastotA sabhI muni bhrAnta to nahIM ho sakate hai, kyoMki ve sarvajJa the| cU~ki bAhya viSayoM meM lage hue manuSyoM kA parama purUSArtha meM praviSTa honA kaThina hotA hai, ataeva jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 344

Page #358
nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie ina muniyoM ne darzana prasthAnoM ke bheda kiye| isa prakAra prasthAna bheda meM yatkiMcit udAratA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai, kintu yaha udAratA kevala vaidika paramparA ke Astika darzanoM ke sandarbha meM hI hai, nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA to sarvadarzana kaumudIkAra ko bhI iSTa hI hai isa prakAra darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM haribhadra kI jo niSpakSa aura udAra dRSTi hai vaha hameM anya paramparAoM meM racita darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM nahIM milatI hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane vAle aneka grantha likhe jA rahe haiM, kintu unameM bhI lekhaka kahIM na kahIM apane iSTa darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se vedAnta ko hI antima satya ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue pratIta hote haiN| haribhadra ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM likhe gaye darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM ajJAtakRta 'sarvasiddhAntapravezaka' kA sthAna AtA haiN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki yaha grantha kisI jaina AcArya dvArA praNIta hai kyoMki isake maMgalAcaraNa meM - "sarvabhAva praNetAraM praNipatya jinezvaMra" aisA ullekha hai| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra prastuta grantha kI pratipAdana kI zailI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA hI anusaraNa karatI hai| antara mAtra yaha hai ki yaha haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI apekSA kucha vistRta bhI hai| jaina paramparA ke darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM dUsarA sthAna jIvadevasUri ke ziSya AcArya jinadattasUri (vikrama saMvata 1265) ke 'vivekavilAsa' kA AtA hai| isa grantha ke aSTama ullAsa meM SaDdarzanavicAra nAmaka prakaraNa hai| jisameM jaina, mImAMsaka, bauddha, sAMkhya, zaiva aura nAstika ina chaha darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra isa grantha kI eka vizeSatA to yaha hai ki isameM nyAya-vaizeSikoM kA samAveza zaivadarzana meM kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM isakA kAraNa lekhaka ke dvArA haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA anusaraNa karanA hI hai, kyoMki usameM bhI nyAyadarzana ke devatA ke rUpa meM ziva kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai- 'akSapAdamate devaH sRSTisaMhArakRcchiva'-13 yaha grantha bhI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya ke samAna kevala paricayAtmaka aura niSpakSa vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai aura AkAra meM mAtra 66 zloka pramANa hai| jaina paramparA meM darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM tIsarA krama rAjazekhara (vikrama 1405) ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA AtA hai| isa grantha meM jaina, sAMkhya, jaiminIya, yoga, vaizeSika aura saugata (bauddha) ina chaH darzanoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke samAna hI isa grantha meM bhI ina sabhI ko Astika kahA gayA hai aura anta meM nAstika ke rUpa meM cArvAka darzana kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura rAjazekhara ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM eka mukhya antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki jaina dharmadarzana 345

Page #359
darzanoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM jahA~ haribhadra jainadarzana ko cauthA sthAna dete haiM, vahA~ rAjazekhara jainadarzana ko prathama sthAna dete hai| paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI ke anusAra sambhavataH isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki rAjazekhara apane samakAlIna darzanikoM ke abhinivezayukta prabhAva se apane ko dUra nahIM rakha ske| ___ paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI sUcanA ke anusAra rAjazekhara ke kAla kA hI eka anya darzanasaMgrAhaka grantha AcArya merUtuMgakRta SaDdarzananirNaya hai| isa grantha meM merUtuMga ne bauddha, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, naiyAyika, vaizeSika evaM jaina ina chaH darzanoM kI mImAMsA kI hai, kintu isa kRti meM haribhadra jaisI udAratA nahIM hai / yaha mukhyatayA jainamata kI sthApanA aura anya matoM ke khaNDana ke lie likhA gayA hai| eka mAtra isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM mahAbhArata, smRti, purANa Adi ke AdhAra para jainamata kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI prastAvanA meM isa bAta kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki somatilakasUrikRta SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI vRtti ke anta meM ajJAtakartRka eka kRti mudrita hai| isameM bhI jaina, naiyAyika, bauddha, vaizeSika, jaiminIya, sAMkhya aura cArvAka aise sAta darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA gayA hai, kintu anta meM anya darzanoM ko durnaya kI koTI meM rakhakara jainadarzana ko ucca zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| isa prakAra isakA lekhaka bhI apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se dUra nahIM rakha skaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM kI racanA meM bhAratIya itihAsa meM haribhadra hI eka mAtra aise vyakti haiM, jinhoMne niSpakSa bhAva se aura pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha apane grantha meM anya darzanoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| isa kSetra meM ve abhI taka advitIya haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina dArzanikoM ne bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM eka mahattvapUrNa avadAna prastuta kiyA hai| 00 346 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #360
sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jainadharma kA yogadAna yaha satya hai ki jaina-dharma mukhyatayA nivRtti pradhAna dharma hai, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki usameM sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna parilakSita nahIM hote haiM, eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogI / yadyapi na kevala pAzcAtya apitu aneka bhAratIya vicAraka bhI isa bAta kA samarthana karate haiM ki nivartaka dharma mUlataH vyakti paraka hI hai, samAja paraka nahIM / jaina vidyA ke marmajJa vidvAna sva. paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai- 'pravartaka dharma samAjagAmI aura nivartaka dharma vyaktigAmI hai / nivartakadharma samasta samAja ke kartavyoM se baddha hone kI bAta nahIM maantaa| usake anusAra vyakti ke lie mukhya kartavya eka hI hai, aura vaha hai - jisa taraha bhI ho AtmasAkSAtkAra kA prayatna kare ora usameM rUkAvaTa DAlane vAlI icchA kA nAza kare / kintu merI apanI dRSTi se vyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya 'sva' ke anivArya aMga hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale kA kathana hai ki 'manuSya nahIM hai, yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM, kintu yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hI hai, to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai / manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai| vastutaH manuSya eka hI sAtha sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika donoM hI hai kyoMki mAnava vyaktitva meM rAga-dveSa ke tattva anivArya rUpa se upasthita haiM / rAga kA tattva usameM sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa karatA hai, to dveSa kA tattva usameM vaiyaktikatA yA sva- hitavAdI dRSTi kA vikAsa karatA hai / jaba rAga kA sImA kSetra saMkucita hotA hai aura dveSa kA adhika vikAsa karatA hai / jaba rAga kA sImA kSetra saMkucita hotA hai aura dveSa kA adhika vistarita hotA hai, to vyakti ko svArthI kahA jAtA hai, usameM vaiyaktikatA pramukha hotI hai / kintu jaba rAga kA sImA kSetra vistarita hotA hai aura dveSa kA kSetra kama hotA hai, taba vyakti paropakArI yA sAmAjika kahA hai / kintu jaba vaha vItarAga aura bItadveSa hotA hai, taba vaha atisAmAjika hotA hai / kintu apane aura parAye bhAva kA yaha atikramaNa asAmAjika nahIM hai / vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA meM anivArya rUpa se 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA ko tor3anA hotA jaina dharmadarzana 347

Page #361
hai| ataH aisI sAdhanA anivArya rUpa se asAmAjika to nahIM ho sakatI hai| manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, vaha vItarAga nahIM huA hai, to svabhAvataH hI eka sAmAjika prANI hai| punaH koI bhI dharma sAmAjika cetanA se vimukha hokara jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| yaha satya hai ki nivartaka dharma vaiyaktika sAdhanA para bala detA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usameM sAmAjika-cetanA kA abhAva hai aura sAmAjika-jIvana kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke sambandha meM usameM koI dizA-nirdezaka siddhAnta upalabdha nahIM hote| yadyapi yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki nivartaka dharmoM meM sAmAjika samasyAo ke samAdhAna ke sandarbha meM jo dRSTikoNa upalabdha hotA hai, vaha vidhAyaka na hokara, niSedhAtmaka hai| kintu isase usakI mUlyavatA meM koI antara nahIM AtA hai| vastutaH mukhyataH jaina-dharma aura sAmAnyatayA sabhI nivartaka dharmoM kI sAmAjika upayogitA (Social utility) kA samyak-mUlyAMkana karane ke lie hameM usa samagra itihAsa ko dekhanA hogA, jisameM bhAratIya-cintana meM sAmAjika-cetanA kA vikAsa huA hai| sAtha hI, hameM bhAratIya-cintana meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa kI kramika prakriyA ko bhI samajhanA hogA tabhI hama jaina aura bauddha jaise nivartaka dharmoM kA sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke sandarbha meM kyA yogadAna rahA, isakA samyakmUlyAMkana kara skeNge| prAcIna bhAratIya-cintana meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa ke tIna stara milate haiM- vaidika-yuga, upaniSada-yuga aura shrmnn-yug| sarvaprathama vaidika yuga meM jana-mAnasa meM sAmAjika cetanA ko jAgRta karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| vaidika RSi saphala evaM sahayogapUrNa sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie abhyarthanA karate hue kahatA hai- 'saM gacchadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jaantaam|' Rgveda 10, 191, 2 / tuma milakara caloM, milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM arthAt tumhAre jIvana vyavahAra meM sahayoga, tumhArI vANI meM samasvaratA aura tumhAre vicAroM meM samAnatA ho| Age punaH vaha kahatA hai - samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH saha cittameSAm / samAnI va AkUtiH samAnA hRdayAni vH| samAnamastu vo mano yathA v| susahAsati / / vahI 10, 191, 3-4. Apa sabake nirNaya samAna hoM, Apa sabakI sabhA bhI sabake lie samAna ho, arthAt sabake prati samAna vyavahAra kreN| ApakA mana bhI samAna ho aura ApakI cita-vRtti bhI samAna ho, Apake saMkalpa eka hoM, Apake hRdaya eka hoM, ApakA mana bhI eka-rUpa ho tAki Apa mila-jula kara acchI taraha se kArya kara skeN| sambhavataH sAmAjika jIvana evaM samAja-niSThA ke pariprekSya meM vaidika-yuga ke bhAratIya-cintaka jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 348

Page #362
ke ye mahattvapUrNa udgAra hai| vaidika-RSiyoM kA 'kRNvaMto vizvamAryam' ke rUpa meM eka susabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava samAja kI racanA kA mizana tabhI saphala ho sakatA thA, jabaki ve jana-jana meM samAja-niSThA ke bIja kA vapana krte| sahayopUrNa jIvana-zailI unakA mUla maMtavya thaa| pratyeka avasara para zAnti-pATha ke mAdhyama se ve jana-jana meM sAmAjika vikAsa kA prayAsa karate the| ve kahate the - saha nAvavatu sahanaubhunaktu saha vIryaM karavAvahai, tejasvinAvadhItamastu, mA vidvissaavhai| - taittirIya AraNyaka 8, 2 hama saba sAtha-sAtha rakSita hoM, sAtha-sAtha poSita hoM, sAtha-sAtha sAmarthya ko prApta hoM, hamArA adhyayana tejasvI ho, hama Apasa meM vidveSa na kreN| aupaniSadika RSi 'ekastathA sarvabhUtAntarAtmA' sarvaM khalvidaM brahmam' tathA 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam' ke rUpa meM ekatva kI anubhUti karane lgaa| aupaniSadika-cintana meM vaiyaktikatA se Upara uThakara sAmAjika ekatA ke lie abheda-niSThA kA sarvotkRSTa tAttvika AdhAra prastuta kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya-darzana meM yaha abheda-niSThA hI sAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA evaM sAmAjika evaM sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra banI hai| IzavAsyopaniSid kA RSi kahatA hai - yastu sarvANi bhUtAni, Atmanya vaanupshyti| sarva-bhUteSu cAtmanaM, tato na vijugupste||6 ||---- jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko bhI sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha apanI isa ekAtmA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa kA AdhAra ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hai aura jaba ekAtmatA kI dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svataH samApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra jahA~ eka ora aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne ekAtmatA kI cetanA ko jAgrata kara sAmAjika jIvana ke vinAzaka ghRNA evaM vidveSa ke tattvoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora unhoMne sampatti ke vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara IzvarIya sampadA arthAta sAmUhika sampadA kA vicAra bhI prastuta kiyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad ke prArambha meM hI RSi kahatA hai - IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiMca jagatyAM jgt| tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA mA gRdhaH kasyasvid dhanam / / / / / isa jaga meM jo kucha bhI hai vaha sabhI IzvarIya hai, aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise vaiyaktika kahA jA ske| isa prakAra zloka ke pUrvArddha meM vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana karake samaSTi ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| zloka ke uttarArddha meM vyakti ke jaina dharmadarzana 1349

Page #363
upabhoga evaM saMgraha ke adhikAra ko maryAdita karate hue kahA gayA ki prakRti kI jo bhI upalabdhiyA~ haiM unameM dUsaroM (arthAt samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM kA) kA bhI bhAga hai| ataH unake bhAga ko chor3akara hI unakA upayoga kro| saMgraha yA lAlaca mata karo kyoMki sampatti kisI eka kI nahIM hai| sambhavataH sAmAjikatA kI cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie isase adhika mahattvapUrNa dUsarA kathana nahIM ho sakatA thaa| gA~dhIjI ne isa zloka ke sandarbha meM kahA thA ki 'yadi bhAratIya-saMskRti kA sabhI kucha naSTa ho jAye, kintu yaha zloka bhI bacA rahe, to yaha akelA hI usakI abhivyakti meM samartha hai|' 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthAH' meM samagra sAmAjika-cetanA kendrita dikhAI detI hai| __ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ vaidika-yuga meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie sahayoga evaM sahajIvana kA saMkalpa upasthita kiyA gayA, vahA~ aupaniSadika-yuga meM sAmAjika-cetanA ko sudRr3ha banAne hetu dArzanika AdhAra prastuta kiye gye| use bauddhika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA aura ekatva kI anubhUti ko adhika vyApaka banAyA gyaa| kintu sAmAjika-cetanA aisA jIvana hai, jo yathArtha kI bhUmi para khar3A hotA hai jaba taka sAmAjika-cetanA puSTa karane hetu samAna anubhUti meM bAdhaka banane vAle tattvoM ko tathA sAmAjika saMracanA ko vikhaNDita karane vAle tattvoM ko dUra nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka eka saphala sAmAjika jIvana kI kalpanA yathArtha kI dharatI para nahIM utara sktii| ataH jaina evaM bauddha-paramparaoM meM sAmAjika zuddhi kA prayatna kiyA tathA una bAtoM se jinase sAmAjika-jIvana meM kaTutA aura TakarAhaTa utpanna hotI thI, unheM dUra karane kA prayatna kiyaa| cAhe unake dvArA prastuta AdezoM aura upadezoM kI bhASA niSedhAtmaka ho, kintu unhoMne una mUlabhUta doSoM ke parimArjana kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo sAmAjika jIvana ko viSAkta aura kaTutApUrNa banAte the| vastutaH unakA yogagadAna usa cikitsaka ke samAna hai, jo bImArI ke mUlabhUta kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya batAtA hai aura isa prakAra ve sAmAjika jIvana kI burAiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara eka svastha sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra prastuta karate haiN| kyA nivRtti sAmAjika vimukhatA kI sUcaka hai? vastutaH jaina-dharma aura bauddha-dharma ko nivartaka-paramparA kA poSaka mAnakara isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki unameM sAmAjika jIvana kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI upekSA kI gaI hai, sabase bar3I bhrAMti hogii| cAhe ve itanA avazya mAnate hoM ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ekAkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho sakatA hai, kintu 350 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #364
unakI spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM hI kiyA jAnA caahie| buddha aura mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt unhoMne saMgha kI sthApanA kI aura jIvana-paryanta loka-maMgala ke lie kArya karate rhe| vastutaH mahAvIra kI nivRtti, unake dvArA kiye jAnevAle sAmAjika kalyANa meM sAdhaka hI banI hai, bAdhaka nhiiN| vaiyaktika jIvana meM naitika-stara kA vikAsa loka-jIvana yA sAmudAyika jIvana kI prAthamikatA hai| mahAvIra sAmAjika kalyANa aura sAmAjika sevA kI AvazyakatA to mAnate the, kintu ve vyakti-sudhAra se samAja-sudhAra kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA cAhate the| vyakti samAja kI prathama IkAI hai, vaha sudharegA taba hI samAja sudhregaa| vyakti ke naitika vikAsa ke pariNAma svarUpa jo sAmAjika jIvana phalita hogA, vaha suvyavasthA aura zAnti se yukta hogaa| jaba taka vyaktigata jIvana meM nivRtti nahIM AtI, taba taka sAmAjika jIvana kI pravRtti vizuddha nahIM ho sktii| apane vyaktigata jIvana kA zodhana karane ke lie rAga-dveSa ke vikAroM aura asatyakarmI pravRtti se nivRtti Avazyaka hai| jaba vyaktigata jIvana meM nivRtti AyegI, to jIvana pavitra aura nirmala hogA, aMtaHkaraNa vizuddha hogA aura taba jo bhI sAmAjika pravRtti phalita hogI, vaha loka-hitArtha aura lokamaMgala ke lie hogii| jaba taka vyaktigata jIvana meM saMyama aura nivRtti ke tattva na hoMge, taba taka saccA sAmAjika jIvana phalita hI nahIM hogaa| jo vyakti apane svArthoM aura apanI vAsanAoM kA niyaMtraNa nahIM kara sakatA, vaha kabhI sAmAjika ho hI nahIM sktaa| upAdhyAya amaramunijI ke zabdoM meM-jaina-darzana kI nivRtti kA marma yahI hai ki 'vyaktigata jIvana meM nivRtti aura sAmAjika jIvana meM pravRtti / loka sevaka yA janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArthoM se dUra rahe, yaha jaina-darzana kI AcAra saMhitA kA pahalA pATha hai| apane vyaktigata jIvana meM maryAdAhIna bhoga aura AkAMkSAoM se nivRtti lekara hI samAja kalyANa ke lie pravRtta honA jaina-darzana kA pahalA dharma hai samAjika-naitikatA aura vyaktigatanaitikatA paraspara virodhI nahIM hai| binA vyaktigata-naitikatA ko upalabdha kiye sAmAjika-naitikatA kI dizA meM Age nahIM bar3hA jA sakatA hai| caritrahIna vyakti sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI hogaa| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM nivRtti kA jo svara mukhara huA hai, vaha samAjavirodhI nahIM hai, vaha sacce arthoM meM sAmAjika-jIvana kA sAdhaka hai| caritravAn vyakti aura vyaktigata svArthoM se Upara uThe hue vyakti hI kisI Adarza samAja kA nirmANa kara sakate haiN| vaiyaktika svArthoM kI pUrti ke nimitta jo saMgaThana yA samudAya banate haiM, ve sAmAjika-jIvana ke sacce pratinidhi nahIM haiN| kyA cora, DAku aura zoSakoM kA samUha, samAja kahalAne kA jaina dharmadarzana 351

Page #365
adhikArI hai ? samAja jIvana kI prAthamika AvazyakatA haiM vyakti apane aura parAye ke bhAva se tathA apane vyaktigata kSUdra svArthoM se Upara uThe, cU~ki jaina-darzana hameM inhIM tattvoM kI zikSA detA hai / ataH vaha sacce arthoM meM sAmAjika hai, AsAmAjika nahIM hai| jaina-darzana nivRttiparaka honA sAmAjika vimukhatA kA sUcaka nahIM hai / azubha se nivRtti hI zubha meM pravRtti kA sAdhana bana sakatI hai| vaiyaktika jIvana meM nivRtti hI sAmAjika pravRtti kA AdhAra hai / tIrthaMkara namaskAra sUtra (namotthuNa) meM tIrthaMkara ke lie lokanAtha, lokahitakara, loka-pradIpa, abhaya ke dAtA Adi vizeSaNoM kA upayoga huA haiM, ve bhI jaina- dRSTi kI loka-maMgalakArI bhAvanA ko spaSTa karate haiM / tIrthakaroM kA pravacana evaM dharma-pravartana praNiyoM ke anugraha ke lie hotA hai na ki pUjA yA satkAra ke lie|' tIrthaMkara kI maMgalamaya vAkdhArA kA prasphuTana to loka kI pIr3A kI anubhUti meM hI rahA huA hai| 'samacci loe kheyanne hi paveie " meM yaha suspaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki samasta loka kI pIr3A kA anubhava karake hI tIrthaMkara kI jana-kalyANI vANI prasphuTita hotI hai / yadi aisA mAnA jAye ki jaina-sAdhanA kevala Atma-hita, Atma-kalyANa kI bAta kahatI hai, to phira tIrthaMkara ke dvArA pravartana ke bAda unheM apane kalyANa ke lie kucha karanA zeSa hI-nahIM rahatA hai| mAnanA par3egA ki jaina-sAdhanA kA Adarza mAtra Atma-kalyANa hI nahIM, varan loka-kalyANa bhI hai / jaina- dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita kI zreSThatA ko sadaiva hI mahattva diyA hai| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra sAdhanA kI sarvocca U~cAI para sthita sabhI jIvanamukta AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dRSTi se, yadyapi samAna hI hote haiM, phira bhI jaina-vicArakoM ne unakI Atma-hitakAriNI aura loka-hitakAriNI dRSTi ke tAratamya ko lakSya meM rakhakara unameM uccAvacca avasthA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| eka sAmAnya kevalI (jIvanamukta) aura tIrthaMkara meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatAe~ to samAna hI hotI haiM, phira bhI tIrthaMkara ko lokahita kI dRSTi ke kAraNa sAmAnya kevalI kI apekSA zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / jIvanamuktAvasthA ko prApta vyaktiyoM ke unakI lokopakAritA ke AdhAra para do varga hote haiM - tIrthaMkara aura sAmAnya kevalI / sAdhAraNa rUpa meM kramazaH vizva-kalyANa, varga- kalyANa ora vaiyaktika-kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM ko lekara tadanukUla pravatti karane ke kAraNa hI sAdhakoM kI ye vibhinna kakSAe~ nirdhArita kI gaI haiM, jinameM vizvakalyANa ke lie pravRtti karane ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sarvocca sthAna diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bauddha-vicAraNA meM bodhisattva aura arhat ke AdarzoM meM bhinnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-sAdhanA meM tIrthaMkara aura sAmAnya kevalI ke AdarzoM meM tAratamya hai 1 352 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #366
ina sabake atirikta jaina - sAdhanA meM saMgha (samAja) ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai / saMghahita samasta vaiyaktika sAdhanAoM ke bhI Upara hai / vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM to saMgha ke kalyANArtha vaiyaktika sAdhanA kA parityAga bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / jaina - sAhitya meM AcArya bhadrabAhu evaM kAlaka kI kathAe~ isake udAharaNa haiM / sthAnAMga sUtra meM jina dasa dharmoM kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai, unameM saMgha-dharma, gaNa-dharma, rASTra-dharma, nagara-dharma, grAma-dharma aura kula-dharma kI upasthiti isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki jaina- dRSTi na kevala Atma-hita yA vaiyaktika - vikAsa taka hI sImita hai varan usameM loka-hita yA loka-kalyANa kA ajastra pravAha bhI pravAhita ho rahA hai / " yadyapi jaina-darzana loka-hita, loka-maMgala kI bAta kahatA hai, lekina usakI eka zarta hai ki parArtha ke lie svArtha kA visarjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AtmArtha kA nhiiN| usake anusAra vaiyaktika bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko loka-kalyANa ke lie samarpita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura kiyA bhI jAnA caahie| kyoMki ve hameM jagata se hI milI haiM, ye vastutaH saMsAra kI haiM, hamArI nahIM / sAMsArika upalabdhiyA~ saMsAra ke lie hai, ataH unakA loka-hita ke lie visarjana kiyA jAnA cAhie lekina use yaha svIkAra nahIM hai ki AdhyAtmika - vikAsa yA vaiyaktika naitikatA ko loka-hita ke nAma para kuMThita kiyA jaaye| aisA loka-hita jo vyakti ke caritra ke patana athavA AdhyAtmika - kuMThana se phalita hotA ho, use svIkAra nahIM hai, loka-hita aura Atma-hita ke sandarbha meM usakA svarNima sUtra hai - Atma-hita karo aura yathAzakya loka-hita bhI karo / lekina jahA~ Atma-hita aura loka - hita meM dvandva ho aura Atma-hita ke kuMThana para hI loka-hita phalita hotA ho, to vahA~ Atma-kalyANa zreSTha hai / Atma-hita svArtha hI nahIM hai yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-dharma kA yaha Atma- hita svArthavAda nahIM hai| Atma- kAma vastutaH niSkAma hotA hai kyoMki usakI koI kAmanA nahIM hotI hai ataH usakA svArtha bhI nahIM hotA / AtmArthI koI bhautika upalabdhi nahIM caahtaa| vaha to usakA visarjana karatA hai / svArthI to vaha hai, jo yaha cAhatA hai sabhI loga usakI bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke lie kArya kareM | svArthI aura AtmakalyANa meM maulika antara yaha hai ki svArtha kI sAdhanA meM rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyAM kAma karatI haiM jabaki Atma-kalyANa kA prArambha hI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ko kSINa karane hotA hai / yathArtha Atma- hita meM rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hai / svArtha aura parArtha meM saMgharSa jaina dharmadarzana 353

Page #367
kI sambhAvanA bhI tabhI taka hai jabaki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti nihita hai| rAgAdi bhAva yA sirpha sva-hita kI vRtti se kiyA gayA parArtha bhI saccA lokahita nahIM hai, vaha to svArtha hI hai| jisa prakAra zAsana ke dvArA niyukta evaM prerita samAja-kalyANa adhikArI vastutaH loka-hita kA kartA nahIM hai, vaha to vetana ke lie loka-hita kA kArya karatA hai| usI prakAra rAga se prerita hokara loka-hita karane vAlA bhI sacce artha meM loka-hita kA kartA nahIM hai, usake loka-hita ke prayatna rAga kI abhivyakti, pratiSThA kI rakSA, yaza arjana kI bhAvanA yA bhAvI lAbha kI prApti ke hetu hI hote haiN| aisA nAma se parArtha vastutaH svArtha hI hai| saccA Atma-hita aura saccA loka-hita, rAga-dveSa se zUnya anAsakti kI bhUmi para prasphuTita hotA hai, lekina usa avasthA meM na to koI apanA rahatA hai aura na praayaa| kyoMki jahA~ rAga hai, vahIM merA hai aura jahA~ merA vahIM parAyA bhI hai| rAga kI zUnyatA hone para aura parAye kA vibheda hI samApta ho jAtA hai| aisI rAga zUnyatA kI bhUmi para sthira hokara kiyA jAne vAlA Atma-hita bhI loka-hita hotA hai aura loka-hita Atma-hita hotA hai| donoM meM koI saMgharSa nahIM hai, koI dvaita nahIM hai| usa dazA meM to sarvatra Atma-dRSTi hotI hai, jisameM na koI apanA hai, na koI parAyA hai| svArtha-parArtha jaisI samasyA vahA~ rahatI hI nahIM hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra svArtha aura parArtha ke madhya sabhI avasthAoM meM saMgharSa rahe, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| vyakti jaise-jaise bhautika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise svArtha-parArtha kA saMgharSa bhI samApta hotA jAtA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne parArtha yA loka-hita ke tIna stara mAne haiM - 1. dravya loka-hita 2. bhAva loka-hita aura 3. pAramArthika lok-hit| ___1. dravya loka-hita - yaha loka-hita kA bhautika stara hai| bhautika utpAdanoM- jaise bhojana, vastra AvAsa Adi tathA zArIrika sevA ke dvArA loka-sevA karanA dravya loka-hita hai| yaha dAna aura sevA kA kSetra hai| puNya ke nava prakAroM meM AhAra-dAna, vastra-dAna, auSadhi-dAna Adi kA ullekha yaha batAtA hai ki jaina-darzana dAna aura sevA ke Adarza ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-samAja ke dvArA Aja bhI jana-sevA aura prANI - sevA ke jo aneka kArya kiye jA rahe haiM, isake pratIka haiN| phira bhI yaha eka aisA stara hai, jahA~ hitoM kA saMgharSa hotA hai| eka kA hita dUsare ke ahita kA kAraNa bana sakatA hai| ataH dravya loka-hita ekAnta rUpa se AcaraNIya bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha sApekSa naitikatA kA kSetra hai| bhautika stara para sva-hita kI pUrNatayA upekSA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| yahA~ to sva-hita aura para-hita meM ucita samanvaya banAye rakhanA, itanA hI apekSita hai| 354 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #368
2. bhAva lokahita - lokahita kA yaha stara bhautika stara se Upara hai, jahA~ loka-hita ke jo sAdhana haiM, ve jJAnAtmaka yA caittanika hote haiN| isa stara para parArtha ora svArtha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA alpatama hotI hai| maitrI, pramoda, karUNA aura mAdhyastha kI bhAvanAe~ isa stara ko abhivyakta karatI haiN| 3. pAramArthika loka-hita - yaha lokahita kA sarvocca stara hai, jahA~ sva-hita aura para-hita meM koI saMgharSa nahIM rahatA, koI dvaita nahIM rhtaa| yahA~ para loka-hita kA rUpa hotA hai -yathArtha jIvana dRSTi ke sambandha meM maarg-drshn| viSamatA samasyA aura samatA samAdhAna jainAgama-sAhitya meM upalabdha nirdeza na kevala apane yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karate haiM apitu vartamAna-yuga kI sAmAjika-dhArmika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM bhI ve pUrNataH sakSama hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki cAhe prAcIna-yuga ho yA vartamAna yuga, mAnava-samAja kI samasyAe~ sabhI yugoM meM lagabhaga samAna rahI haiM aura unakA samAdhAna bhI samAna rahA hai| vastutaH viSamatA hI samasyA hai aura samatA hI samAdhAna hai| mAnava-samAja kI sabhI samasyAe~ viSamatAjanita haiN| viSamatAoM kA nirAkaraNa samatA ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| isIlie jaina-Agama AcArAMga meM dharma kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki "samiyAye dhamme Ariye hi paveie" - 1, 8, 3 arthAt Aryajana samatA ko hI dharma kahate hai| samatA hI dharma hai aura viSamatA adharma haiM kyoMki viSamatA sAmAjika santulana ko bhaMga karatI hai| viSamatA cAhe vaha sAmAjika jIvana meM ho yA vaiyaktika jIvana, meM, vaha vyakti aura samAja donoM ke lie duHkha aura pIr3A kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai| sAmAjika-jIvana ke bAdhaka tattva rAga-dveSa yadyapi yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita ho sakatA hai ki isa viSamatA kA mUla kyA hai? jainAgAma uttarAdhyayana meM viSamatA kA mUla rAga aura dveSa ke tattvoM ko mAnA gayA hai| rAga aura dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ hI sAmAjika-viSamatA aura sAmAjika-saMgharSoM kA kAraNa banatI hai| sAmAjika sambandhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga aura dveSa kI bhAvanAe~ hI kAma karatI haiN| sAmAnyatayA rAga dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai| jaba taka sambandha rAga-dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3e haiM, taba taka ina ApasI sambandhoM meM viSamatA svAbhavika rUpa se upasthita rahatI hai| jaba rAga kA tattva dveSa kA sahagAmI hokara kAma karane lagatA hai, to pArasparika sambandhoM meM saMgharSa aura TakarAhaTa prArambha ho jAtI hai| rAga ke kAraNa "merA" yaha mamatva kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| mere sambandhI, merI jAti, merA dharma-saMpradAya aura merA rASTra - ye vicAra vikasita hote haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa bhAIjaina dharmadarzana 355

Page #369
1 bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAMpradAyikatA aura pratikriyAvAdI rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai / hamAre sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM ye hI tattva sabase adhika bAdhaka haiM / ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara uThane nahIM dete haiN| ye hI Aja kI sAmAjika viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiM / 1 sAmAjika saMgharSoM kA mUla "sva" kI saMkucita sImA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai / sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kiye jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN| apanI rAgAtmaka vRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kiye binA hamAre apekSita naitika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sakatA / vyakti kA 'sva' cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana taka sImita ho yA parivArika evaM rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detaa| svArtha vRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se naitikatA evaM sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai / usake hote hue naitika evaM sAmAjika jIvana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| muni nathamalajI likhate haiM- "parivAra ke prati mamatva kA saghana rUpa jaise jAti yA rASTra ke prati baratI jAne vAlI anaitikatA -- kA niyamana nahIM karatA, vaise hI jAti yA rASTra ke prati mamatva antarrASTrIya anaitikatA kA niyAmaka nahIM hotA / " mujhe lagatA hai ki rASTrIya anaitikatA kI apekSA antarrASTrIya anaitikatA kahIM adhika hai / jina rASTroM meM vyAvahArika saccAI hai, prAmANikatA hai, ve bhI antarrASTrIya kSetra meM satya-niSTha aura prAmANika nahIM haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti kA jIvana jaba taka rAga yA mamatva se Upara nahIM uThatA, taba taka sAmAjika asadbhAva aura sAmAjika saMgharSoM kA nirAkaraNa sambhava hI nahIM hotA / rAgayukta naitikatA, cAhe usakA AdhAra rASTra hI kyoM na hoM, sacce arthoM meM naitikatA nahIM ho sakatI / saccA sAmAjika jIvana vItarAga avasthA meM hI sambhava ho sakatA hai aura jaina- darzana isI vItarAga - jIvana dRSTi ko hI apanI sAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai / isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie eka vAstavika AdhAra prastuta karatA hai / yahI eka aisA AdhAra hai jisa para sAmAjika naitikatA ko khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai aura sAmAjika-jIvana vaiSamyoM ko samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sarAgatA kabhI bhI sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakatI hai / rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para khar3A sAmAjika jIvana asthAyI hI hogaa| isa prakAra jaina- darzana ne vItarAgata ko jIvana kA Adarza svIkAra karake vastutaH eka sudRr3ha sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie eka sthAyI AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai / 356 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #370
sambhavataH yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika sambandhoM ko jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA? rAga ke abhAva se to sAre sAmAjika sambandha caramarA kara TUTa jaayeNge| rAgAtmakatA hI to hameM eka-dUsare se jor3atI hai| ataH rAga sAmAjika-jIvana kA eka Avazyaka tattva hai| kintu merI apanI vinamra dhAraNA meM jo tattva vyakti ko vyakti se yA samAja se jor3atA hai, vaha rAga nahIM, viveka hai| tattvArtha sUtra meM isa bAta kI carcA upasthita kI gaI hai ki vibhinna dravya eka-dUsare kA sahayoga kisa prakAra karate haiN| usameM jahA~ pudgala-dravya ko jIva-dravya kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai, vahIM eka jIva ko dUsare jIvoM kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai "parasparopagrahI jIvAnAm" tattvArtha 5.21 / cetana-sattA yadi kisI kA upakAra yA hita kara sakatI hai, to cetana-sattA kA hI kara sakatI hai| 00 jaina dharmadarzana 357

Page #371
karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava sRSTi - vaicitrya, vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUtiyoM eva zubhAzubha manovRttiyoM ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prayAsoM meM hI huA hai| sRSTi - vaicitrya evaM vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa kI khoja ke ina prayAsoM se vibhinna vicAradhArAyeM astitva meM AyIM / zvetAzvataropaniSad aMguttaranikAya aura sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM ina vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM ina vicAradhArAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM pramukha mAnyatAe~ nimna haiM 1. kAlavAda yaha siddhAnta sRSTi-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika - vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa- kAla ko svIkAra karatA hai / jisakA jo samaya yA kAla hotA hai tabhI vaha ghaTita hotA hai, jaise- apanI Rtu (samaya) Ane para hI vRkSa meM phala lagate haiM / 2. svabhAvavAda - saMsAra meM jo bhI ghaTita hogA yA hotA hai, usakA AdhAra vastuoM kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hai / saMsAra meM koI bhI svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakatA hai| 1 jaina darzana meM karmasiddhAnta - 3. niyativAda - saMsAra kA samagra ghaTanA - krama pUrva niyata hai, jo jisa rUpa meM honA hotA hai vaisA hI hotA hai, use koI anyathA nahIM kara sakatA / 4. yadRcchAvAda - kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI niyata hetu yA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai / samasta ghaTanAe~ mAtra saMyoga kA pariNAma haiM / yadRcchAvAda hetu ke sthAna para saMyoga (Chance) ko pramukha banA detA hai / 5. mahAbhUtavAda - samagra astitva ke mUla meM paMcamahAbhUtoM kI sattA hI hai / saMsAra unake vaividhyamaya vibhinna saMyogo kA hI pariNAma hai| 358 6. prakRtivAda - vizva - vaividhya triguNAtmaka prakRti kA hI khela hai / mAnavIya sukha-duHkha bhI prakRti ke adhIna hai| 7. IzvaravAda - Izvara hI isa jagat kA racayitA evaM niyAmaka hai, jo kucha bhI hotA hai, vaha saba usakI icchA yA kriyAzakti kA pariNAma hai| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #372
8. puruSavAda - vaiyaktika vibhinnatA aura sAMsArika ghaTanA krama ke mUla meM purUSa kA puruSArtha hI pramukha hai / vastutaH jagat-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM kI tArkika vyAkhyA ke inhIM prayatnoM meM karmAsiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA hai jisameM puruSavAda kI pramukha bhUmikA rahI hai| karmasiddhAnta uparyukta siddhAntoM kA puruSavAda ke sAtha samanvaya kA hai 1 prayatna zvetAzvataroSapaniSad ke prArambha meM hI prazana uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA prerita hokara saMsAra - yAtrA kA anuvartana kara rahe haiN| Age RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta-yoni athavA puruSa yA ina sabakA saMyoga hI isakA kAraNa hai / vastutaH ina sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM puruSavAda ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI vizva- vaicitrya aura vaiyaktika - vaividhya kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI na kisI bAhya-tathya para hI bala de rahI thiiN| hama inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ko mAneM, vaividhya kA kAraNa vyakti se bhinna hI mAnanA hogA, kintu aisI sthiti vyakti para naitika dAyitva kA AropaNa sambhava nahIM ho pAtA hai / yadi hama jo kucha bhI karate haiM aura jo kucha bhI pAte haiM, usakA kAraNa bAhya tathya haiM, to phira hama kisI bhI kArya ke lie naitika dRSTi se uttaradayI ThaharAye nahIM jA sakate haiM / yadi vyakti kAla, svabhAva, niyati athavA Izvara kI icchAoM kA eka sAdhana mAtra hai, to va hama usa kaThaputalI ke samAna hai, jo dUsare ke izAroM para hI kArya karatI hai / kintu aisI sthiti meM puruSa meM icchA - svAtantrya kA abhAva mAnane para naitika uttaradAyittva kI samasyA uThatI hai| sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvanA banAne ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ko usake zubhAzubha karmoM ke prati uttaradAyI banAyA jA sake aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba usake mana meM vizvAsa ho ki use usakI svatantra icchA se kiye gaye apane hI karmoM kA pariNAma prApta hotA hai, yahI karmasiddhAnta hai| jJAtavya hai ki karmasiddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA yA anugraha ke virodha meM jAtA hai, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Izvara bhI karmaphala - vyavasthA ko anyathA nahIM kara sakatA hai| karma kA niyama hI sarvopari hai / karmasiddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa kA niyama AcAra ke kSetra meM isa karmasiddhAnta kI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai jitanI vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya - kAraNa - siddhAnta kI / jisa prakAra kArya-kAraNa- siddhAnta ke abhAva meM vaijJAnika vyAkhyAyeM asambhava hotI haiM, usI prakAra karma-siddhAnta ke abhAva meM nItizAstra bhI artha - zUnya ho jAtA hai / jaina dharmadarzana 359

Page #373
pro. veMkaTaramaNa ke zabdoM meM karmasiddhAnta kArya-kAraNa- siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcAra ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM sabhI kucha kisI niyama ke adhIna hai / maiksamUlara likhate haiM ki yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA burA karma binA phala die samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA vaisA hI vizvAsa hai, jaisA bhautika jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA kA niyama hai'| yadyapi karmasiddhAnta evaM vaijJAnika kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta meM sAmAnya rUpa se samAnatA pratIta hotI hai, kintu unameM eka maulika antara bhI hai | yaha ki jahA~ kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA vivecya jar3a tatva ke kriyAkalApa haiM vahIM karma-siddhAnta kA vivecya cetanA sattA ke kriyA-kalApa haiM / ataH karmasiddhAnta meM vaisI pUrNa niyatatA nahIM hotI, jaisI kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM hotI hai / yaha niyatatA evaM svataMtratA kA samucita saMyoga hai| karmasiddhAnta kI maulika svIkRti yahI hai ki pratyeka zubhAzubha kriyA kA koI prabhAva yA pariNAma avazya hotA hai| sAtha hI, usa karma vipAka yA pariNAma kA bhoktA vahI hotA hai, jo kriyA kA karttA hotA hai aura karma evaM vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdi kAla se cala rahI hai / karmasiddhAnta kI upayogitA karmasiddhAnta kI vyAvahArika upayogitA yaha hai ki vaha na kevala hameM naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAna banAtA hai, apitu vaha hamAre sukha-duHkha Adi kA srota hamAre vyaktitva meM hI khojakara Izvara evaM prativezI arthAt anya vyaktiyoM ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai / karmasiddhAnta kI sthApanA kA prayojana yahI hai ki naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phala ke AdhAra para unake preraka kAraNoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA kI jA sake tathA vyaktiyoM ko azubha yA duSkarmoM se vimukha kiyA jA sake / jaina karmasiddhAnta aura anya darzana aitihAsika dRSTi se vedoM meM upasthita Rta kA siddhAnta karma - niyama kA Adi srota hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM ke pUrva ke vaidika sAhitya meM karmasiddhAnta kA koI suspaSTa vivecana nahIM milatA, phira bhI usameM upasthita Rta ke niyama kI vyAkhyA isa rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke zabdoM meM karma (jagat vaicitrya kA) kAraNa hai, aisA vAda upaniSadoM kA sarva sammatavAda ho, nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhAratIya cintana meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM paramparAoM meM huA hai| yadyapi yaha eka bhinna bAta hai ki jainoM ne karmasiddhAnta kA jo gaMbhIra vivecana prastuta kiyA vaha anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM haiM / vaidikoM ke lie jo mahattva Rta kA, mImAMsako ke lie apUrva kA, naiyAyikoM ke lie adRSTa jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 360

Page #374
kA, vaidAntiyoM ke lie mAyA kA ora sAMkhyoM ke lie prakRti kA hai, vahI jainoM ke lie karma kA hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para vedoM kA Rta, mImAMsakoM kA apUrva, naiyAyikoM kA adRSTa, advaitiyoM kI mAyA, sAMkhyoM kI prakRti evaM bauddhoM kI avidyA yA saMskAra paryAyavAcI se lagate hai, kyoMki vyakti ke bandhana evaM usake sukha-duHkha kI sthitiyoM meM inakI mukhya bhUmikA hai, phira bhI inake svarUpa meM dArzanika dRSTi se antara bhI hai, yaha bAta hameM dRSTigata rakhanI hogii| IsAI dharma aura islAma dharma meM bhI karma-niyama ko sthAna milA hai| phira bhI IzvarIya anugraha para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa unameM karma-niyama ke prati AsthA ke sthAna para Izvara ke prati vizvAsa hI pramukha rahA hai| Izvara kI avadhAraNA ke abhAva ke kAraNa bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA paramparA karmasiddhAnta ke prati adhika AsthAvAna rahI, bauddha-darzana meM bhI jainoM ke samAna hI karma-niyama ko sarvopari mAnA gyaa| hindU dharma meM bhI IzvarIya vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna lAyA gayA, usameM Izvara karma-niyama kA vyavasthApaka hokara bhI usake adhIna hI kArya karatA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa krama jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa kisa krama meM huA, isa prazna kA samAdhAna utanA sarala nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama samajhate haiN| sAmAnya vizvAsa to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kI taraha yaha bhI anAdi hai, kintu vidvat-varga ise svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadi jaina karmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa kA koI samAdhAna denA ho to, vaha jaina Agama evaM karmasiddhAnta sambandhI granthoM ke kAlakrama ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai, isake atirikta anya vikalpa nahIM hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM AcArAMga prAcInatama hai| isa grantha meM jaina karmasiddhAnta kA cAhe vikasita svarUpa upalabdha na ho, kintu usakI mUlabhUta avadhAraNAe~ avazya upasthita haiN| karma se upAdhi yA bandhana hotA hai, karma raja hai, karma kA Asrava hotA hai, sAdhaka ko karma zarIra ko dhuna DAlanA cAhie Adi vicAra usameM parilakSita hote haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMga ke kAla meM karma ko spaSTa rUpa se bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA thA aura karma ke bhautika pakSa kI svIkRti ke sAtha yaha bhI mAnA jAtA thA ki karma kI nirjarA kI jA sakatI hai| sAtha hI, AcArAMga meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA zubhAzubha vipAka hotA hai, yaha avadhAraNA bhI upasthita hai| usake anusAra bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mamatva hai| bandhana se mukti kA upAya mamatva kA visarjana aura samatva kA sarjana hai| sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhI AcArAMga se kiMcita hI paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke kAla meM yaha prazna bahucarcita thA ki karma kA phala saMvibhAga sambhava hai yA nahIM? isameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti jaina dharmadarzana, 361

Page #375
apane svakRta karmoM ko hI vipAka anubhava karatA hai| bandhana ke sambandha meM sUtrakRtAMga (1/8/2) spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kucha vyakti karma ko aura kucha akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiM isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki karma ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAra logoM ke mana meM utpanna ho gayA thA ki yadi karma hI bandhana hai to phira akarma arthAt niSkriyatA hI bandhana se bacane kA upAya hogA, kintu sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra akarma kA artha niSkriSyatA nahIM hai| isameM pratipAdita hai ki pramAda karma hai aura apramAda akarma hai (1/8/3) vastutaH kisI kriyA kI bandhakatA usake kriyA-rUpa hone para nahIM, apitu usake pIche rahI pramattatA yA apramattatA para nirbhara hai| yahA~ pramAda kA artha hai AtmacetanA (Selfawareness) kA abhaav| jisa AtmA kA viveka jAgRta nahIM hai aura jo kaSAyayukta hai, vahI parisupta yA pramatta hai aura jisakA viveka jAgRta hai aura jo vAsanA-mukta hai, vahI apramatta hai| sUtrakRtAMga (2/2/1) meM hI hameM kriyAoM ke do rUpoM kI carcA bhI milatI hai - 1. sAmparAyika aura 2. iiryaapthik'| rAga, dveSa, krodha Adi kaSAyoM se yukta kriyAyeM IryApadhika kahI jAtI haiN| sAmparAyika kriyAyeM bandhaka hotI haiM, jabaki IryApathika bandhanakAraka nahIM hotiiN| isase isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki sUtrakRtAMga meM kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa hogA aura kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hogA, isakI eka kasauTI prastuta kara dI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM pratipAdita mamattva kI apekSA isameM pramattatA aura kaSAya ko bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yadi hama bandhana ke kAraNoM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se vizleSaNa kareM, to yaha pAte haiM ki prArambha meM mamatva (merepana) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA, phira AtmavismRti yA pramAda ko| jaba pramAda kI vyAkhyA kA prazna AyA, to spaSTa kiyA gayA ki rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hI pramAda hai| ataH rAga-dveSa ko bandhana kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| inameM moha, mithyAtva aura kaSAya kA saMyukta rUpa hai| pramAda ke sAtha inameM avirati evaM yoga ke jur3ane para jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke 5 kAraNa mAne jAne lage / samayasAra Adi meM pramAda ko kaSAya kA hI eka rUpa mAnakara bandhana ke cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai / inameM yoga bandhanakAraka hote hue bhI vastutaH jaba taka kaSAya ke sAtha yukta nahIM hotA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM banatA hai| ataH prAcIna granthoM meM bandhana ke kAraNoM kI carcA meM mukhya rUpa se rAga-dveSa (kaSAya) evaM moha (mithyAdRSTi) kI hI carcA huI hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivecana bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| karma kI aSTa mUlaprakRtiyoM kA sarva prathama nirdeza hameM RSibhASita ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM upalabdha hotA hai| isameM 8 prakAra kI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 362

Page #376
karmagranthiyoM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi vahA~ inake nAmoM kI koI carcA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| 8 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyoM ke nAmoM kA spaSTa ullekha hameM uttarAdhyayana ke 33 veM adhyAya meM aura sthAnAMga meM milatA hai| sthAnAMga kI apekSA bhI uttarAdhyayana meM yaha varNana vistRta hai, kyoMki isameM avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI carcA bhI huI hai| isameM jJAnAvaraNa karma kI 5, darzanAvaraNa kI 9, vedanIya kI 2, mohanIya kI 2 evaM 28, nAmakarma kI 2 evaM aneka, AyuSkarma kI 4, gotrakarma kI 2 aura antarAya karma kI 5 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| / Age jo karmasAhitya sambandhI grantha nirmita hue unameM nAmakarma kI prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA meM aura bhI vRddhi huI, sAtha hI unameM AtmA meM kisa avasthA meM kitanI karmaprakRtiyoM kA udaya, sattA, bandha Adi hote haiM, isakI bhI carcA huii| vastutaH jaina karmasiddhAnta I.pU. AThavIM zatI se lekara IsvI san kI sAtavIM zatIM taka lagabhaga pandraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyavasthita hotA rahA hai| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki karmasiddhAnta kA jitanA gahana vizleSaNa jaina paramparA ke karmasiddhAnta sambandhI-sAhitya meM huA, utanA anyatra kisI bhI paramparA meM nahIM huA hai| 'karma' zabda kA artha jaba hama jaina karmasiddhanta kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki usameM 'karma' zabda eka vizeSa artha meM prayukta huA hai| vaha artha karma ke usa sAmAnya artha kI apekSA adhika vyApaka hai| sAmAnyatayA koI bhI kriyA karma kahalAtI hai, pratyeka halacala cAhe vaha mAnasika ho, vAcika ho yA zArIrika ho, karma hai| kintu jaina paramparA meM jaba hama 'karma' zabda kA prayoga karate hai, to vahA~ ye kriyAyeM tabhI karma banatI haiM, jaba ye bandhana kA kAraNa hoN| mImAMsAdarzana meM karma kA tAtparya yajJa-yAga Adi kriyAoM se liyA jAtA hai| gItA Adi meM karma kA artha apane varNAzrama ke anusAra kiye jAne vAle karmoM se liyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA eka vyApaka artha meM bhI karma zabda kA prayoga karatI hai| usake anusAra manuSya jo bhI karatA hai yA karane kA Agraha rakhatA hai, ve sabhI pravRttiyA~ karma kI zreNI meM AtI haiN| bauddhadarzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM ki "bhikSuoM karma, cetanA hI hai" aisA maiM isalie kahatA hU~ ki cetanA dvArA hI vyakti karma ko karatA hai, kAyA se, mana vANI se / isa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM karma ke samutthAna yA kAraka ko hI 'karma' kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM Age calakara cetanA karma aura cetayitvA karma kI carcA huI hai| cetanA karma mAnasika karma hai, cetayitvA karma vAcika evaM kAyika karma hai| kintu hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jaina karma siddhAnta meM karma zabda adhika vyApaka artha meM gRhIta huA hai| usameM mAtra kriyA ko hI karma nahIM kahA jaina dharmadarzana 363

Page #377
gayA, apitu usake hetu (kAraNa) ko bhI karma kahA gayA hai / AcArya devendrasUri likhate haiM - jIva kI kriyA kA hetu hI karma hai " / kintu hama mAtra hetu ko bhI karma nahIM kaha sakate haiN| hetu, usase niSpanna kriyA aura usa kriyA kA pariNAma, sabhI milakara jaina darzana meM karma kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karate haiN| paM. sukhalAla jI saMghavI likhate haiM ki mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai karma kahalAtA hai / merI dRSTi se isake sAtha hI sAtha karma meM usa kriyA ke vipAka ko bhI sammilita karanA hogaa| isa prakAra karma ke hetu, kriyA aura kriyA - vipAka, sabhI milakara karma kahalAte haiM / jaina darzanikoM ne karma ke do pakSa mAne haiM 1. rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya - ye sabhI manobhAva, bhAva karma kahe jAte haiM / 2. karma - pudgala dravyakarma kahe jAte haiM / ye bhAvakarma ke pariNAma hote haiM, sAtha hI manojanyakarma kI utpatti kA nimitta kAraNa bhI hote haiM / yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ye karma hetu (bhAvakarma) aura karmapariNAma (dravyakarma) bhI paraspara kArya-kAraNa bhAva rakhate haiM / - sabhI Astika darzanoM ne eka aisI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo AtmA yA cetanA kI zuddhatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai / use vedAnta meM mAyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa evaM mImAMsA meM apUrva kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM use hI avidyA ora saMskAra (vAsanA) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yogadarzana isI AtmA kI vizuddhatA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti ko karma kahatA hai / jaina darzana meM karma ke nimitta kAraNoM ke rUpa meM karma pudgala ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jabaki isake upAdAna ke rUpa meM AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA haiM / AtmA ke bandhana meM karma pudgala nimitta kAraNa hai aura svayaM AtmA upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai / karma kA bhautika svarUpa jainadarzana meM karma cetanA se utpanna kriyA mAtra nahIM hai, apitu yaha svatantra tattva bhI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai? jaba yaha prazana jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa AyA to unhoMne batAyA ki AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kevala AtmA nahIM ho sakatI hai / vastutaH kaSAya ( rAga-dveSa ) athavA moha ( mithyAtva) Adi jo bandhaka manovRttiyA~ haiM ve bhI svataH utpanna nahIM ho sakatIM, jaba taka ki ve pUrvabaddha karmavargaNAoM ke vipAka (saMskAra) ke rUpa meM cetanA ke samakSa upasthita nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra manovaijJAnika dRSTi se zarIra - rasAyanoM ke parivartana se saMvega (manobhAva) utpanna hote haiM aura una saMvegoM ke kAraNa hI zarIra - rasAyanoM meM parivartana hotA hai| yahI sthiti AtmA kI bhI hai| pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa AtmA meM rAga-dveSa Adi manobhAva utpanna (udita) hote haiM aura ina udaya meM Aye manobhAvoM ke kriyArUpa pariNita hone para AtmA navIna karmoM kA saMcaya karatA hai / bandhana kI dRSTi se jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 364

Page #378
karmavargaNAoM ke kAraNa manobhAva utpanna hote haiM aura una manobhAvoM ke kAraNa jar3a karmavargaNAe~ karma kA svarUpa grahaNa kara AtmA ko bandhana meM DAlatI hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra ekAnta rUpa se na to AtmA svataH hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na karmavargaNA ke pudgala hii| donoM nimitta evaM upAdAna ke rUpa meM eka dUsare se saMyukta hokara hI bandhana kI prakriyA ko janma dete haiN| dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma karmavargaNAe~ yA karma kA bhautika pakSa, dravyakarma kahalAtA hai jabaki karma kI caitasika avasthAe~ arthAt manovRttiyA~ bhAvakarma hai| AtmA ke manobhAva yA cetanA kI vividha vikArita avasthAe~ bhAvakarma haiM aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se utpanna hote haiM vaha pudgala-dravya dravyakarma haiN| AcArya nemicanda gommaTasAra meM likhate haiM ki pudgala dravyakarma hai aura usakI cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti bhAvakarma hai| AtmA meM jo mithyAtva aura kaSAya athavA rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva haiM, ve hI bhAva karma haiM aura unakI upasthiti meM karmavargaNA ke jo pudgala paramANu jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmaprakRtiyoM ke rUpa meM pariNata hote haiM, ve dravyakarma haiN| dravyakarma kA kAraNa bhAvakarma hai aura bhAvakarma kA kAraNa dravya karma hai| AcArya vidyAnandi ne aSTasahastrI meM dravyakarma ko AvaraNa va bhAvakarma ko doSa kahA hai| cUMki dravyakarma Atmazakti ke prakaTana ko rokatA hai, isalie vaha AvaraNa hai aura bhAva karma svayaM AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hai, ataH vaha doSa hai| / karmavargaNA ke pudgala taba taka karma rUpa meM pariNita nahIM hote haiM, jaba taka ye bhAvakoM dvArA prerita nahIM hote haiN| kintu sAtha hI, yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki AtmA meM jo vibhAvadazAe~ haiM unake nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM dravyakarma bhI apanA kArya karate haiN| yaha satya hai ki dUSita manovikAroM kA janma AtmA meM hI hotA hai, kintu usake nimitta (pariveza) ke rUpa meM karmavargaNAe~ apanI bhUmikA kA avazya nirvAha karatI haiN| jisa prakAra hamAre svabhAva meM parivartana kA kAraNa hamAre jaiva-rasAyanoM evaM rakta rasAyanoM kA parivartana hai usI prakAra karmavargaNAe~ hamAre manovikAroM ke sRjana meM nimitta kAraNa hotI hai| punaH jisa prakAra hamAre manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para hamAre jaiva-rasAyana evaM raktarasAyana meM parivartana hotA hai, vaise hI AtmA meM vikArI bhAvoM ke kAraNa jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala karma rUpa meM pariNita ho jAte haiN| ataH dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma bhI paraspara sApekSa haiN| paM. sukhalAla jI likhate haiM bhAvakarma ke hone meM dravyakarma nimitta hai aura dravyakarma ke hone meM bhAvakarma nimitta hai / donoM Apasa meM bIjAMkura kI taraha sambaddha haiN| jisa prakAra bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja utpanna hotA hai unameM kisI ko pUrvApara nahIM jaina dharmadarzana 365

Page #379
kahA jA sakatA hai, vaise inameM bhI kisI kI pUrvAparatA kA nizcaya nahIM ho sakatA hai| pratyeka dravyakarma kI apekSA se bhAvakarma pUrva hogA tathA pratyeka bhAvakarma kI apekSA se dravyakarma pUrva hogaa| dravyakarma evaM bhAvakarma kI isa avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para jaina-karmasiddhAnta adhika yuktisaMgata bana gayA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta karma ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa para samucita bala dete hue bhI jar3a aura cetana ke madhya eka vAstavika sambandha banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| karma jar3a-jagat evaM cetanA ke madhya eka yojaka kar3I hai| jahA~ eka ora sAMkhya-yoga darzana ke anusAra karma-pUrNataH jar3a prakRti se sambandhita hai, ataH unake anusAra vaha prakRti hI hai, jo bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma saMskAra rUpa hai ataH ve caitasika haiN| isalie unheM mAnanA par3A ki cetanA hI bandhana evaM mukti kA kAraNa hai, kintu jaina vicAraka ina ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se santuSTa nahIM ho paaye| unake anusAra saMsAra kA artha hai-jar3a aura cetana kA pAraspirika bandhana yA unakI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA tathA mukti kA artha hai - jar3a evaM cetana kI eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karane kI sAmarthya kA samApta ho jaanaa| bhautika evaM abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA jina dArzanikoM ne carama-satya ke sambandha meM advaita kI dhAraNA ke sthAna para dvaita kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI, unake lie yaha prazna banA rahA ki ve donoM tattva eka dUsare ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karate haiN| aneka vicArakoM ne dvaita ko svIkArate hue bhI unake pArasparika sambandha ko asvIkAra kiyA / kintu jagat kI vyAkhyA inake pArasparika sambandha ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| pazcima meM yaha samasyA dekArta ke sAmane prastuta huI thii| dekArta ne isakA hala pArasparika pratikriyAvAda ke AdhAra para kiyA bhI, kintu spinojA usase santuSTa nahIM hue, unhoMne prazna uThAyA ki do svatantra sattAoM meM paraspara pratikriyA sambhava kaise hai? ataH spinojA ne pratikriyAvAda ke sthAna para samAnAntaravAda kI sthApanA kii| lAibanitz2a ne pUrvasthApita sAmaMjasya kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI / bhAratIya cintana meM bhI prAcIna kAla se isa sambandha meM prayatna hue haiN| usameM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki liMgazarIra yA karmazarIra AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita kara sakatA hai? sAMkhya darzana puruSa aura prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra karake bhI inake pArasparika sambandha ko nahIM samajhA pAyA, kyoMki usane puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAna liyA thA, kintu jaina darzana ne apane vastuvAdI aura pariNAmavAdI vicAroM ke AdhAra para inakI saphala vyAkhyA kI hai| vaha batAtA hai ki jisa prakAra jar3a mAdaka padArtha cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM, usI prakAra jar3a 366 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #380
karmavargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana AtmA para par3atA hai, ise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMsAra kA artha hai - jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika sambandha / isa sambandha kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| mUrtakarma kA amUrta AtmA para prabhAva yaha bhI satya hai ki karma mUrta hai aura ve hamArI cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| jaise mUrta bhautika viSayoM kI cetanA vyakti se sambadva hone para sukha-duHkha Adi kA anubhava yA vedanA hotI hai, vaise hI karma ke pariNAma svarUpa bhI vedanA hotI hai, ataH ve mUrta haiN| kintu dArzanika dRSTi se yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi karma mUrta haiM to, vaha amUrta AtmA para prabhAva kaise DAlegA? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM DAla sakatI hai usI prakAra karma kA amUrta AtmA para bhI koI prabhAva nahIM honA caahie| jainadArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdi guNoM para mUrta madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| ukta prazna kA dUsarA tarka-saMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha bhI hai ki karma ke sambandha se AtmA kaMthacit mUrta bhI hai| kyoMki saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karmadravya se sambaddha hai, isa apekSA se AtmA sarvathA amUrta nahIM hai, apitu karma se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa svarUpataH amUrta hote hue bhI vastutaH kathaMcit mUrta hai| isa dRSTi se bhI AtmA para mUrtakarma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| vastutaH jisa para karmasiddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai, vaha vyaktitva amUrta nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA (abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI AtmA bhautika bAhya tathyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA-zarIra (karma-zarIra) ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sktii| mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI usa para mUrtakarma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| __ AtmA aura karmavargaNAoM meM vAstavika sambandha svIkAra karane para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki mukta avasthA meM bhI jar3a karmavargaNAe~ AtmA ko prabhAvita kie binA nahIM raheMgI, kyoMki mukti-kSetra meM bhI karmavargaNAoM kA astitva to hai hii| isa sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM kA uttara yaha hai ki jisa prakAra kIcar3a jar3akarma pudgala usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakate haiM, jo rAga-dveSa se azuddha hai| vastutaH jaba taka AtmA bhautika zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karmavargaNA ke pudgala use prabhAvita kara sakatA haiN| AtmA meM pUrva se upasthita karmavargaNA ke pudgala hI bAhya-jagat ke karmavargaNAoM ko AkarSita kara sakate haiN| mukta avasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai ataH use karmavargaNA ke pudgala prabhAvita karane meM samartha nahIM hote hai| jaina dharmadarzana 367

Page #381
karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA se hI yaha saMsAra-cakra pravartita hotA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki karma aura AtmA kA sambandha kaba se huaa| yadi hama yaha sambandha sAd iarthAt kAla vizeSa meM huA, aisA mAnate haiM, to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usake pahale AtmA mukta thA aura yadi mukta AtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA ho to phira mukti kA koI mUlya hI nahIM raha jAtA hai / yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki AtmA anAdikAla se bandhana meM hai, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki yadi bandhana anAdi hai to vaha ananta bhI hogA, aisI sthiti meM mukti kI sambhAvanA hI samApta ho jAyegI / jaina dArzanikoM ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna isa rUpa meM kiyA ki karma aura vipAka kI yaha paramparA karma vizeSa kI apekSA se to sAdi aura sAnta hai, kintu pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi aura ananta hai / punaH karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA yaha pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi to hai, ananta nahIM / kyoMki pratyeka karma apane bandhana kI dRSTi se sAdi hai / yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake to yaha paramparA svataH hI samApta ho jAyegI, kyoMki karma-vizeSa to sAdi hai hI aura jo sAdi hai vaha kabhI samApta hogA hI / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga-dveSa rUpI karmabIja ke bhuna jAne para karma pravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai / karma aura vipAka kI paramparA ke sambandha yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai jisake AdhAra para bandhana kA anAditva va mukti se anAvRtti kI samucita vyAkhyAsambhava hai I karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA prazna kyA eka vyakti apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare ko de sakatA hai yA nahIM athavA dUsare ke karmoM kA phala use prApta hotA hai yA nahIM, yaha dArzanika dRSTi se eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai / bhAratIya cintana meM hindU paramparA mAnatI hai ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA usake pUrvajoM va santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai / isa prakAra vaha isa siddhAnta ko mAnatI hai ki karmaphala kA saMvibhAga sambhava hai / " isake viparIta bauddha paramparA kahatI hai ki vyakti ke puNyakarma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, pApakarma kA nhiiN| kyoMki pApakarma meM usakI anumati nahIM hotI hai / punaH unake anusAra pApa sImita hotA hai, ataH isakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho sakatA, kintu puNya ke aparimita hone se usakA hI saMvibhAga sambhava hai / 22 kintu isa sambandha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai, unake anusAra vyakti apane karmoM kA phala vipAka na to jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 368

Page #382
dUsaroM ko de sakatA hai aura na dUsare ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala use mila sakatA hai / jaina darzanika spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki karma aura usakA vipAka vyakti kA apanA svakRta hotA hai 1 2 3 jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM nimitta kAraNa aura upAdAna kAraNa ke bheda ko samajhanA hogA / dUsarA vyakti hamAre sukha-duHkha meM aura hama dUsare ke sukha - duHkha meM nimitta ho sakate haiM, kintu bhoktA aura kartA to vahI hotA hai / ataH upAdAna kI dRSTi se to karma aura usakA vipAka arthAt sukha-duHkha kA anubhava svakRta hai / nimitta kI dRSTi se unheM parakRta kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu nimitta apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiM, kyoMki karma saMkalpa to hamArA apanA hI hotA hai evaM karma ke vipAka kI anubhUti bhI hamArI hI hotI hai / ataH upAdAna kAraNa kI dRSTi se to karma evaM usake vipAka meM saMvibhAga sambhava nahIM hai| na to dUsarA vyakti hameM sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakatA hai aura na hama dUsare ko sukha yA duHkhI kara sakate haiM / hama adhika se adhika dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ke nimitta ho sakate haiN| lekina aisI nimittatA to bhautika padArthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI hotI hai satya to yaha hai ki karma aura usakA vipAka donoM hI vyakti ke apane hote haiN| karmavipAka kI niyatatA va aniyatA karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se yaha prazna bhI mahattpUrNa hai ki kyA jina karmoM kA bandha kiyA gayA hai, unakA vipAka vyakti ko bhoganA hI hotA hai / jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai 1. niyatavipAkI aura 2. aniytvipaakii| kucha karma aise hote haiM, jinakA jisa phalavipAka ko lekara bandha kiyA gayA hai, usI rUpa meM unake phala ke vipAka kA vedana karanA hotA hai, kintu isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI hote haiM, jinakA vipAka kA vedana usI rUpa meM nahIM karanA hotA, jisa rUpa meM unakA bandha hotA hai / jaina karmasiddhAnta mAnatA hai ki jo karma tIvra kaSAyoM se udbhUta hote haiM unakA bandha bhI pragAr3ha hotA hai aura vipAka bhI niyata hotA hai / pAramparika zabdAvalI meM unheM nikAcita kahate haiM / isake viparIta jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche kaSAyabhAva alpa hotA hai, unakA bandhana zithila hotA hai aura unake vipAka kA saMvedana Avazyaka nahIM hotA hai / ve tapa evaM pazcAtApa ke dvArA apanA phala vipAka diye binA hI samApta ho jAte haiM / vaiyaktika dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai / kevala ve hI vyakti jo AdhyAtimaka UMcAI para sthita haiM, karmavipAka meM parivartana kara sakate haiM / punaH ve bhI una karmoM ke vipAka ko anyathA jaina dharmadarzana 1 - 369

Page #383
kara sakate haiM, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI karma ke rUpa meM huA hai| niyatavipAkI karmoM kA bhoga to anivArya hai| isa prakAra jaina karmasiddhAnta apane ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda donoM kI ekAMgikatA se bacAtA hai| vastutaH karmasiddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kI virodhI dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa se karmavipAka kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to naitika AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM kucha sAmAjika mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka mUlya to pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNataH aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAye, to naitika vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| vipAka kI pUrNaniyatatA ko mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyatatA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hI dhAraNAe~ ekAntika rUpa meM naitika jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha hai| ataH karmavipAka kI AMzika niyatatA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| karma kI vibhinna avasthAe~4 jaina darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para cintana huA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki karma ke bandha aura vipAka (udaya) ke bIca kauna-kauna sI avasthAyeM ghaTita ho sakatI haiM, punaH ve kisa sImA taka AtmasvAtantrya ko abhivyakta karatI hai, isakI carcA bhI kI gayI hai| ye avasthAe~ nimna haiM - 1. bandha - kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM kA AtmapradezoM se jo sambandha sthApita hotA hai, use bandha kahate haiN| 2. saMkramaNa - eka karma ke aneka avAntara bheda hote haiN| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai| avAntara karma-prakRtiyoM ko yaha adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karmaprakRti kA navIna karmaprakRti kA bandha karate samaya rUpAntaraNa karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM pUrva baddha duHkhada saMvedana rUpa asAtAvedanIya karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karate samaya sAtAvedanIya karma ke rUpa meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMkramaNa kI yaha kSamatA AtmA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| jo AtmA jitanI pavitra hotI hai usameM saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI utanI hI adhika hotI hai| AtmA meM karmaprakRtiyo ke saMkramaNa kI sAmarthya honA yaha batAtA hai, jahA~ apavitra jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 370

Page #384
AtmAe~ paristhitiyoM kI dAsa hotI haiM, vahIM pavitra AtmA paristhitiyoM kI svAmI hotI haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prathama to mUla karmaprakRtiyoM kA eka dUsare meM kabhI bhI saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai, jaise jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa meM nahIM badalatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, darzanamoha karma, cAritramoha karma aura AyuSya karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM kA bhI paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai| 3. udvartanA - navIna bandha karate samaya AtmA pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko bar3hA bhI sakatA hai| kAla-maryAdA ora tIvratA ko bar3hAne kI yaha prakriyA udvartanA kahalAtI hai| 4. apavartanA - navIna bandha karate samaya pUrva baddha karmoM kI kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, ise aparvatanA kahate haiN| 5. sattA - karma ke baddha hone ke pazcAt tathA usake vipAka se pUrva bIca kI avasthA sattA kAla meM karma astitva meM to rahatA hai, kintu vaha sakriya nahIM hotaa| 6. udaya - jaba karma apanA phala denA prArambha karate haiM to vaha avasthA udaya kahalAtI hai| udaya do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. vipAkodaya aura 2. pradezodaya / karma kA apanA apane phala kI cetana anubhUti karAye binA hI nirjarita honA pradezodaya kahalAtA hai| jaise acetana avasthA meM zalya kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotI, yadyapi vedanA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai| isI prakAra binA apanI phalAnubhUti karavAye jo karma paramANu AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya pradezodaya hotA hai| isake viparIta jina karmoM kI apane vipAka ke samaya phalAnubhUti hotI hai unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vipAkodaya meM pradezodaya anivArya rUpa se hotA hai, lekina pradezodaya meM vipAkodaya ho. yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| udIraNA - apane niyatakAla se pUrva hI pUrvabaddha karmoM ko prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara unake phaloM ko bhoganA, udIraNA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jisa karmaprakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtIya karmaprakRti kI hI udIraNA sambhava hotI hai| upazamana - udaya meM A rahe karmoM ke phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie dabA denA athavA kAla-vizeSa ke lie unheM phala dene se akSama banA denA upazamana hai| upazamana meM karma kI sattA samApta nahIM hotI, mAtra use kAla vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM akSama banA diyA jAtA hai| isameM karma rAkha se dabI agni ke samAna niSkriya hokara sattA meM bane rahate haiN| jaina dharmadarzana 371

Page #385
9. nidhitti - karma kI vaha avasthA nidhitti hai, jisameM karma na to apane avAntara bhedoM meM rUpAntarita yA saMkramita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiM, lekina karmoM kI samaya-maryAdA aura vipAka - tIvratA (pariNAma) ko kama adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava hai, saMkramaNa nahIM / 10. nikAcanA - karmoM ke bandhana kA itanA pragAr3ha honA ki unakI kAla-maryAdA evaM tIvratA meM koI bhI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, na samaya se pUrva unakA bhoga hI kiyA jA sake, nikAcanA kahalAtA hai / isa dazA meM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai, usako usI rUpa meM anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai| isa prakAra jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karma ke phala vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA ko samyak prakAra se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jaise-jaise AtmA kaSAyoM se mukta hokara AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM bar3hatA hai, vaha karma phala vipAka kI niyatatA ko samApta karane meM sakSama hotA jAtA hai / karma kitanA balavAna hogA yaha bAta mAtra karma ke bala para nirbhara nahIM hai, apitu AtmA kI pavitratA para nirbhara hai / ina avasthAoM kA citraNa yaha bhI batAtA hai ki karmoM kA vipAka yA udaya eka alaga sthiti hai tathA unase navIna karmoM kA bandha honA yA na honA yaha eka alaga sthiti hai / kaSAya- yukta pramatta AtmA karmoM ke udaya meM navIna karmoM kA bandha karatA hai, isake viparIta kaSAya-mukta apramatta AtmA karmoM ke vipAka meM navIna karmoM kA bandha nahIM karatA hai, mAtra pUrvabaddha karmoM ko nirjarita karatA hai / karma kA zubhatva aura azubhatva" karmoM ko sAmAntayA zuddha ( akarma ), zubha aura azubha, aise tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se inheM nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai : karma jaina 1. zuddha 2. zubha 3. azubha 372 IyApathika puNyakarma pApa karma bauddha avyaktakarma kuzala (zukla) karma akuzala (kRSNa) karma gItA akarma karma vikarma pAzcAtya anaitika karma naitika karma anaitika karma jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #386
jaina darzana meM karma ke bandhaka hone ke AdhAra para mukhya rUpa se do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM- 1. IryApathika aura 2. saampraayik| inameM sAmparAyika karma ko punaH do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - (a) azubha (pApa) aura (ba) zubha (puNya) Age hama isI sandarbha meM carcA kreNge| azubha yA pApa karma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA dI hai ki- vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAleM jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai26 / sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya prpiidd'n)| vastutaH jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase aniSTa phala kI prApti ho vaha pApa hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ve sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kiye jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa karma haiN| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke haiM - 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 3. adattAdAna (caurya kama), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7. mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDyantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA saMgraha vRtti), 10. rAga (Asakti), dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA Adi), 11. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 12. abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA (cugalI), 14. paraparivAda (paranindA), 15. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 16. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa), 17. mithyAdarzanazalya (ayathArtha jiivndRsstti)| puNya (kuzala kama) puNya vaha hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra kahate haiM - zubhAnava puNya hai, lekina puNya mAtra Amrava nahIM hai, baha bandha ora vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upAdeya bhI hai| ataH aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki - puNya (azubha) karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta jaina dharmadarzana 373

Page #387
prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai| AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM ki - "puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai, jo naukA ko bhavasAgara se zIghra pAra karA detI hai|" jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI samayasAra nATaka meM kahate haiM ki - "jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai, vahI puNya hai|2 jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya-karma ve zubha pudgala-paramANu haiM, jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI, dUsarI ora ve pudgala-paramANu jo una zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha-pudgala-paramANu dravyapuNya haiN| puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha-pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau pakAra ke puNya nirUpita haiM34 - 1. annapuNya- bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArta kI kSudhA-nivRtti krnaa| 2. pAnapuNya- tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| 3. layanapuNya- nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi bnvaanaa| 4. zayanapuNya- zayyA, bichaunA Adi denaa| 5. vastrapuNya- vastra kA dAna denaa| 6. manapuNya- mana se zubha vicAra krnaa| jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA krnaa| 7. vacanapuNya- prazasta evaM saMtoSa denevAlI vANI kA prayoga karanA 8. kAyapuNya- rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA krnaa| 9. namaskArapuNya- gurUjanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana krnaa| 374 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #388
puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI zubhAzubhatA ya puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM- (1) karma kA bAhya-svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura (2) kartA kA abhipraay| ina donoM meM kauna-sA AdhAra yathArtha hai yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha-darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAleM to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana ko prApta hotA hai| dhammapada meM buddha-vacana bhI aisA hI hai (naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai| bauddha dazarna kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke Adraka samvAda meM bhI milatA hai| jahA~ taka jaina mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni suzIlakumArajI jainadharma pR. 160 para likhate haiM, "zubha-azubha karma ke bandha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiN| eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahuMcAne ke lie usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye, parantu DaoNkTara to pApa-karma ke bandha kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI DaoNkTara karUNAmaya apanI zubha-bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai|" paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya-bandha kI kasauTI kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai (darzana aura cintana khaNDa 2. pR. 226) / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI karmoM kI zabhAzabhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiM, phira bhI usameM karma kA bAhya-svarUpa apekSita nahIM hai| nizcayadRSTi se to manovRttiyA~ hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se karma kA bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga (2/6) meM AdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho- cAhe na jAnate hue bhI khAtA ho- to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai| hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, isalie doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA, aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA hai? isase spaSTa hai ki jaina dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| vAstava meM sAmAjika dRSTi yA loka-vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai| sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki Antarika vRtti jaina dharmadarzana 375

Page #389
ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nahIM / jaina dRSTi eMkAgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai / vaha vyakti - sApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja-sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI hai / usameM dravya ( bAhya) aura bhAva (Antarika) donoM kA mUlya haiN| yoga (bAhyakriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti) donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, yadyapi usameM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nahIM mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai / vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA kyA saMyamI purUSoM kA lakSaNa hai? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai / mAnasika hetu para hI jora dene vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga ( 1/1/24-29) meM kahA gayA hai, karma - bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle isa vAda ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM phaMsate rahate haiM kyoMki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM - svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se| parantu yadi hRdaya pApa mukta ho to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama ( vAsanA - nigraha) meM zithila hai| parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa meM par3e haiN| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI dArzanika karma kI phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jaba ki mArTinyU karmapreraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai-- eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha-dRSTi yA zuddha - dRSTi hai / eka vyAvahArika satya hai aura dUsarA pAramArthika satya / naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ataH usameM donoM kAhI mUlya hai / karttA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAneM yA karma ke samAja para hone vAle pariNAma ko, donoM sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya karma kahA jAyegA, isa prazna para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai| jahAM karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti - sApekSa hai, to vaiyaktika karma-preraka vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA ( vItarAgatA ) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM to samAja kalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai / vastutaH bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 376

Page #390
zubhAzubhatva sImA se Upara uThanA hai / usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvana dRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakita kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhana yA abandhana kA AdhAra hai, lekina zubha aura azubha donoM meM hI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara atinaitika (zuddha) hogA / zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kI nahIM varan usakI prazastatA yA aprazastatA kI hai| prazasta rAga zubha yA puNyabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazastarAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai / rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai / yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, tathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura manda hogI vahI rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogA / dveSavihIna rAga yA prazastarAga hI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai / usa prema se parArtha yA paropakarAvRtti kA udaya hotA hai jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai / usI se loka-maMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya karma nissRta hote haiM jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha- vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai / usase zubha amaMgalakArI pApakarma nissRta hote haiM / saMkSepa meM jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai, vaha puNya karma hai aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai, vaha pApa karma hai| jaina AcAradarzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika jora detA hai ve sabhI samAja-sApekSa haiM / vastutaH zubha-azubha ke vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa ke samagra cintana kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai' jaina vicArakoM ne puNya-bandha ke dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka maMgala se hai / isI prakAra pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve sabhI loka amaMgalakArI tattva haiM |38 isa prakAra jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika sandarbha meM use dekhanA hogA, yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya karttA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA / T sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kie gaye vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai, lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA jaina dharmadarzana 377

Page #391
azubha hogA isakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAye ? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra apane lie anukUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai / saMkSepa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sraSTA hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM karatA / 9 sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma- ardhama (zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA cAhie | 10 zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora jaina vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala- amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gayI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra tattva nau haiM jiname puNya aura pApa svatantra tattva haiM / " tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAmI ne jIva, ajIva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa ye sAta tattva ginAye haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai / 12 lekina yaha vivAda mahattvapUrNa nahIM kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tattva nahIM mA hai vaha bhI unako Asrava tattva ke antargata mAna letI hai / yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Asrava nahIM hai varan unakA bandha bhI hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai / ataH Amrava ke zubhAva ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki bandha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoMge / isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM puNya ko svataMtra tattvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai / phira bhI jaina vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI haiM, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiM / vastutaH naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai / zubha (puNya) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| RSibhASita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai ki pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati kA mUla hai| AcArya kundakunda puNya-pApa donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke bandhakatva kA antara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM / samayasAra meM ve kahate hai ki azubha karma jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 378

Page #392
pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI puNya karma evaM pApa karma donoM hI saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha-ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai usakI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa-ber3I kahakara usakI pApa se kiMcita zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTi se puNya aura pApa donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki antatogattvA donoM hI bandhana haiN| yahI bAta paM. jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiM - __pUNya pApa doU karama, bandharUpa duI maani|| zuddha AtmA jina lahyo, namUM carana hita jaani| jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke lie antatogattvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI taraha sahAyaka hai jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane meM sahAyaka hai, phira bhI use alaga karanA hotA hai vaise hI nirvANa yA zuddhAtma-dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna mala ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pAparUpa mala ko alaga karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai ataH vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma se Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubha karma bhI zuddha bana jAtA hai| dveSa para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ataH rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM, ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| jainAcAradarzana meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha karma-yoga jaina darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI ora, aura zubhakarma se zuddhakarma (vItarAga dazA) kI prApti hai| Atma kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina dharma kA antima sAdhya hai| zuddha karma (akama) zuddha karma vaha jIvana-vyavahAra hai, jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita mAtra kartavyabuddhi se sampAdita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaaltii| abandhaka karma hI zuddhakarma hai| jaina Acaradarzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karatA hai ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana meM kyA sambandha hai? kyA 'karmaNA badhyate jantaH' kI ukti sarvAzataH satya hai? eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiM phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho, lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai aura jaina dharmadarzana 379

Page #393
abandhaka karma kyA hai, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma (bandhaka karma) kyA hai aura akarma (abandhaka karma) kyA hai, isake viSaya meM vidvAna bhI mohita ho jAte haiM / 17 karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai / yaha karmasamIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiM / mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue (arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama (puruSArtha ) ho, para vaha azuddha hai au karma - bandha kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA pdd'taa| yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA gayA ho to zuddha nahIM hotA / " bandhana kI dRSTi se karma kA vicAra usake bAhya-svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usameM karttA kA prayojana, karttA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI mahattvapUrNa hai aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvata varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai / karma meM karttA ke prayojana ko, jo ki eka antarika tathya hai jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotA / 1 lekina karttA ke lie jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai / kRSNa arjuna se kahate hai, ki - maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jAyegA " / naitika vikAsa ke lie bandhaka aura abandhaka karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai / bandhana kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai - jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / (1) usakI bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra para / bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM, aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiM / bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM karma aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki karma aura akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 380

Page #394
kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki 'karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva' aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai|" aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkrayatA nahIM, vaha to satat jAgarUkatA hai| apramatta avasthA yA Atma-jAgrati kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai, jabaki pramatta dazA yA Atma-jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkrayatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| vastutaH kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya (jo ki AtmA kI pramatta dazA hai) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM, jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki - jo Asrava yA bandhana kAraka kriyAe~ haiM, ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti kA sAdhana bana jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya-svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiN| IryApathika karma aura sAmparAyika karma jaina darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai(1) IryApathika kriyAe~ (akama) aura (2) sAmparAyika kriyAe~ (km)| IryApathika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTisampana vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka nahIM hai aura sAmparAyika kriyAe~ Asakta vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM ve samasta kriyAe~ jo Asrava evaM bandha kI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve samasta kriyAe~ jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kI hetu haiM, akarma haiN| jaina dRSTi meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hai - rAga-dveSa evaM moha rahita hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA krm| karma kA artha hai - rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta karma, vaha bandhana meM DAlatA hai, isalie vaha karma hai| jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita ho kara karttavya yA zarIranirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai, ataH akarma hai| jinheM jaina darzana meM IryApathika kriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai, unheM bauddha paramparA anupacita, avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM jaina-paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI hai, unheM bauddha paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa-zukla karma kahatI haiN| isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| jaina dharmadarzana 381

Page #395
bandhana ke kAraNoM meM mithyAtva aura kaSAya kI pramukhatA kA prazna jaina karmasiddhAnta ke udbhava va vikAsa kI carcA karate hue hamaneM bandhana ke pA~ca sAmAnya kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA thaa| vaise, jaina granthoM meM bhinna-bhinna kamo "ke bandhana ke bhinna-bhinna kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| kintu sAmAnya rUpa se bandhana ke 5 kAraNa mAne gae haiM - 1. mithyAtva 2. avirati 3. pramAda 4. kaSAya aura 5. yog| __ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM yoga ko arthAt mAnasika, vAcika va zArIrika kriyAoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadi pUrva ke cAra kA abhAva ho, to mAtra yoga se karmavargaNAoM kA Asrava hokara, jo bandha hogA, vaha IryApathika bandha kahalAtA hai| usake sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai usakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dUsare samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI hai| IryApathika bandha ThIka vaisA hI hai, jaise calate samaya zubhra ArdratA se rahita kapar3e para gire hue bAlU ke kaNa, jo gati kI prakriyA meM hI Ate haiM aura phira alaga bhI ho jAte haiN| vastutaH yaha bandha vAstavika bandha nahIM hai| ataH hama samajhate haiM ki ina 5 kAraNoM meM yoga mahattvapUrNa kAraNa nahIM hai| yadyapi avirati, pramAda evaM kaSAya ko alaga-alaga kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu inameM bhI bahuta antara nahIM hai| jaba hama pramAda ko vyApaka artha meM lete haiM taba kaSAyoM kA antarbhAva pramAda meM ho jAtA hai| dUsare kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI pramAda sambhava hotA hai| unakI anupasthiti meM pramAda sAmanyatayA to rahatA hI nahIM hai aura yadi rahe bhI to ati nirbala hotA hai| isI prakAra avirati ke mUla meM bhI kaSAya hI hote haiN| yadi hama kaSAya ko vyApaka artha meM leM to avirati aura pramAda donoM usI meM antarbhAvita ho jAte haiN| ataH bandhana ke do hI pramukha kAraNa zeSa rahate haiM- mithyAtva aura kssaay| mithyAtva evaM kaSAya meM kauna pramukha kAraNa hai, yaha vartamAna yuga meM eka bahucarcita viSaya hai| isa sandarbha meM pakSa va pratipakSa meM paryApta lekha likhe gaye haiN| AcArya vidyAsAgarajI evaM unake samarthaka vidvat varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva akiMcitakara hai aura kaSAya hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai kyoMki kaSAya kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI mithyAtva hotA hai| kAnajIsvAmI samarthaka dUsare varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai| vastutaH yaha vivAda apane-apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke kAraNa hai| kaSAya aura mithyAtva ye donoM hI anyonyAzrita haiN| kaSAya ke abhAva meM mithyAtva kI sattA nahIM rahatI aura na mithyAtva ke abhAva meM kaSAya hI rahate haiN| mithyAtva tabhI samApta hotA hai, jaba anantAnubandhI kaSAyeM samApta hotI haiM aura kaSAyeM bhI tabhI samApta hotI haiM, jaba jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 382

Page #396
mithyAtva kA prahANa hotA hai| ve tApa aura prakAza ke samAna sahajIvI haiN| inameM eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sattA kSINa hone lagatI hai| vaise mithyAtva, ajJAna evaM moha kA paryAyavAcI haiM AvegoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI moha yA mithyAtva sambhava hotA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki moha (mithyAtva) se kaSAya utpanna hote haiM aura kaSAyoM ke kAraNa hI moha (mithyAtva) hotA hai| ataH kaSAya aura mithyAtva anyonyAzrita haiM aura bIja evaM vRkSa kI bhA~ti inameM se kisI kI pUrva koTi nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| yadi hama isI prazna para bauddha dRSTi se vicAra kareM to usameM sAmAnyatayA lobha (rAga), dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI inako paraspara sApekSa hI mAnA gayA hai| moha ko bauddha paramparA meM avidyA bhI kahA gayA hai| bauddha vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki avidyA (moha) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA ke kAraNa moha hotA hai| AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM- lobha evaM dveSa kA hetu moha hai, kintu paryAya se lobhI va moha bhI dveSa ke hetu haiN| bauddha darzana meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI avidyA aura tRSNA ko anyonyAzrita mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki inameM se kisI kI bhI pUrva koTi nirdhArita karanA sambhava nahIM hai| sAMkhya evaM yoga darzana meM kleza yA bandhana ke 5 kAraNa haiM - avidyA, asmitA (ahaMkAra), rAga, dveSa, abhinivesh| inameM bhI avidyA pramukha hai| zeSa cAroM usI para Adharita haiN| nyAya darzana bhI jaina aura bauddhoM ke samAna hI rAga-dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga sabhI darzana prakArAntara se rAga-dveSa evaM moha (mithyAtva) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| bandhana ke cAra prakAroM se bandhanoM ke kAraNa kA sambandha jaina karmasiddhAnta meM bandhana ke cAra prArUpa kahe gae haiM : 1. prakRti bandha, 2. pradeza bandha, 3. sthiti bandha, evaM 4. anubhAga bandha / 1. prakRtibandha - bandhana ke svabhAva kA nirdhAraNa prakRti bandha karatA hai| yaha, yaha nizcaya karatA hai ki karmavargaNA ke pudgala AtmA kI jJAna, darzana Adi kisa zakti ko AvRta kreNge| 2. pradeza bandha - yaha karmaparamANuoM kI AtmA ke sAtha saMyojita hone vAlI mAtrA kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| ataH yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai| 3. sthitibandha - karmaparamANu kitane samaya taka AtmA se saMyojita raheMge aura kaba nirjarita hoMge, isa kAla-maryAdA kA nizcaya sthiti-bandha karatA hai| ataH yaha bandha kI samaya-maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| jaina dharmadarzana 383

Page #397
4. anubhAgabandha - karmoM ke bandhana aura vipAka kI tIvratA evaM mandatA kA nizcaya karanA, yaha anubhAga bandha kA kArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha bandhana kI tIvratA yA gahanatA kA sUcaka hai| uparokta cAra prakAra ke bandhanoM meM prakRti bandha evaM pradeza bandha kA sambandha mukhyatayA yoga arthAt kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM se hai, jabaki bandhana kI tIvratA (anubhAga) evaM samayAvadhi (sthiti) kA nizcaya karma ke pIche rahI huI kaSAya-vRtti aura mithyAtva para AdhArita hotA hai| saMkSepa meM yoga kA sambandha pradeza evaM prakRti bandha se hai, jabaki kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti evaM anubhAga bandha se hai| ATha prakAra ke karma aura unake bandhana ke kAraNa jisa rUpa meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karate haiM - unake anusAra unake vibhAga kiye jAte haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM - 1. jJAnAvaraNIya 2. darzanAvaraNIya 3. vedanIya 4. mohanIya 5. AyuSya 6. nAma 7. gotra aura 8. antraay| 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra bAdalaM sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete hai, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI hai aura jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahI jAtI hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa - jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve chaH haiM - 1. pradoSa - jJAnI kA avarNavAda (nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa nikaalnaa| 2. nihava - jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA athavA kisI viSaya ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| 3. antarAya - jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAnI evaM jJAna ke sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa krnaa| 4. mAtsarya - vidvAnoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi meM aruci rkhnaa| 5. asAdanA - jJAna evaM jJAnI purUSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM karanA, unakA samucita vinaya nahIM krnaa| 6. upaghAta - vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgraha yukta visaMvAda karanA athavA svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 384

Page #398
uparyukta chaH prakAra kA anaitika AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai / jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka - vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa hotA hai - (1) matijJAnAvaraNa - aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna- kSamatA (2) zrutajJAnavAraNa - bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi, (3) avadhi jJAnavAraNa - atIndriya jJAna - kSamatA kA abhAva (4) manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNa - dUsare kI mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna prApta karane lene kI zakti kA abhAva (5) kevalajJAnAvaraNa- pUrNajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva / kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se isake 10 bheda bhI batAye gaye haiM- 1. sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta hone vAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. dRSTi zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 5. gaMdhagrahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 7. svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8. svAda sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sparza sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi / 2. darzanAvaraNI karma jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI hai, ve darzanAvaraNIya karma kahalAtI haiN| jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu tattva kA nirvizeSa (nirvikalpa ) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI vizeSa guNa dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke darzana - guNa ko AvRta karatA hai / darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa - jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke samAna hI chaH prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hotA hai - (1) samyak dRSTi kI nindA (chidrAnveSaNa) karanA athavA usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karanA, ( 3 ) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabidha meM bAdhaka bananA, (samyagdRSTi ) kA samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) samyagdRSTi para dveSa karanA (6) samyagdRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgraha sahita vivAda karanA / darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka - uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA darzana guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai - ( 1 ) cakSudarzanAvaraNa - netrazakti kA avarUddha ho jAnA / ( 2 ) acakSudarzanAvaraNa - netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya anubhava zakti kA avarUddha ho jAnA / jaina dharmadarzana 385

Page #399
(3) avadhidarzanAvaraNa - sImita atIndriya darzana kI kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA upasthita honaa| (4) kevala darzanAvaraNa - paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| (5) nidrA - sAmAnya nidraa| (6) nidrAnidA - gaharI nidraa| (7) pracalA - baiThe-baThe A jAne vAlI nidraa| (8) pracalA-pracalA - calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidraa| (9) styAnagRddhi - jisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala-sAdhya kArya kara DAlatA hai| antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke dvividha vyaktvi ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiN| uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha utpanna ho jAtA hai| 3. vedanIya karma jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, use vedanIya karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM - 1. sAtAvedanIya aura 2..asaataavedniiy| sukha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAAtAvedanIya aura duHkha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIya karma kahalAtA hai| sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa - dasa prakAra kA zubhAcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti sukhada-saMvadenA rUpa sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karatA hai - (1) pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA krnaa| (2) vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA krnaa| (3) dvIndriya Adi prANiyoM para dayA krnaa| (4) paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para anukampA krnaa| (5) kisI ko bhI kisI prakAra se duHkha na denaa| (6) kisI bhI prANI ko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho aisA kArya na krnaa| (7) kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM bnnaa| (8) kisI bhI prANI ko rudana nahIM kraanaa| (9) kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA aura (10) kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM krnaa| karmagranthoM meM sAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhana, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3hazraddhA mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai| sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka - uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai - (1) manohara, karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, (2) susvAdu bhojana-pAnAdi upalabdha hotI hai, (3) vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, (4) zubha vacana, prazaMsAdi sunane kA avasara milatA hai, (5) zArIrika sukha milatA hai| 386 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #400
asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa - jina azubha AcaraNoM ke kAraNa prANI ko duHkhada saMvedanA prApta hotI hai| ve 12 prakAra ke haiM - (1) kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, (2) cintita banAnA, (3) zokAkula banAnA, (4) rulAnA, (5) mAranA aura (6) pratAr3ita karanA, ina chaH kriyAoM kI mandatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho jAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra - (1) duHkha (2) zoka (3) tApa (4) Akrandana (5) vadha aura (6) paridevana ye chaH asAtAvedanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa hai, jo 'sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA se 12 prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArthasUtra kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhika saMgata hai| karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha ke kAraNoM ke viparIta gurU kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA tathA dAna evaM zraddhA kA abhAva asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| ina kriyAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM - (1) karNa-kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM (2) amanojJa evaM saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko prApta hotA hai, (3) amanojJa gandhoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, (4) svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, (5) amanojJa, kaThora evaM duHkhada saMvedanA utpanna karane vAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, (6) amanojJa mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA honA, (7) nindA-apamAnajanaka vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura (8) zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti se zarIra ko duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| 4. mohanIya karma jaise madirA Adi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM se AtmA kI viveka-zakti kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM - darzanamoha aura caaritrmoh| mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa - sAmAnyatayA mohanIya karma kA bandha chaH kAraNoM se hotA hai- (1) krodha, (2) ahaMkAra, (3) kapaTa, (4) lobha, (5) azubhAcaraNa aura (6) vivekAbhAva (vimuuddh'taa)| prathama pA~ca se cAritramoha kA aura antima se darzanamoha kA bandha hotA hai| karma grantha meM darzanamoha ke kAraNa haiM - unmArga dezanA, sanmArga kA apalApa, dhArmika sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthaMkara, muni, caitya (jina-pratimAe~) aura dharma-saMgha ke pratikUla AcaraNa / cAritramoha karma ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna honA pramukha hai| tattvArtha-sUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta, saMgha, dharma aura deva ke avarNavAda (nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNama ko cAritramoha mAnA gayA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa jaina dharmadarzana 387

Page #401
kAraNa batAye gaye haiN|- (1) jo kisI trasa prANI ko pAnI meM DubAkara mAratA hai| (2) jo kisI trasa prANI ko tIvra azubha adhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| (3) jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dha kara mAratA hai| (4) jo kisI trasa prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai| (5) jo kisI trasa prANI ke mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai| (6) jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala se mArakara ha~satA hai| (7) jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bolakara apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| (8) jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare para kalaMka lagAtA hai| (9) jo kalaha bar3hAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra bhASA bolatA hai| (10) jo pati-patnI meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA unheM mArmika vacanoM se lajjita kara detA hai| (11) jo strI meM Asakta vyakti apane-apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| (12)jo atyanta kAmuka vyakti apane Apa ko brahmacArI kahatA hai| (13) jo cApalUsI karake apane svAmI ko ThagatA hai| (14) jo jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai, IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai| (15) jo pramukha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| (16) jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai| (17) jo apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai| (18) jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| (19) jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| (20) jo nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai| (21) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kI nindA karatA hai| (22) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM gurU kA avinaya karatA hai| (23) jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apane-Apa ko bahuzruta kahatA hai| (24) jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI kahatA hai| (25) jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM karatA hai| (26) jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiN| (27) jo AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayoga karate haiN| (28) jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogopabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA hai| (29) jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai| (30) jo asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| (a) darzana-moha - jaina-darzana meM 'darzana' zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai- (1) pratyakSIkaraNa, (2) dRSTikoNa aura (3) shrddhaa| prathama artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya karma se hai jabaki dUsare aura tIsare artha kA sambandha mohanIya karma se hai| darzana-moha ke kAraNa prANI meM samyak dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai| darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai-- (1) mithyAtva moha- jisake kAraNa prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai| zubha ko azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtva moha hai| (2) samyaka-mithyAtva moha - satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke sambandha meM nizcayAtmaka aura (3) samyakatva moha - kSAyika samyakatva kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyakatva moha hai arthAt dRSTikoNa kI AMzika vishuddhtaa| 388 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #402
(ba) cAritra-moha - cAritra-moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha hotA hai| cAritra-mohajanita azubhAcaraNa 25 prakAra kA hai- (1) prabalatama krodha, (2) prabalatama mAna, (3) prabalatama mAyA (kapaTa), (4) prabalatama lobha, (5) ati krodha, (6) ati mAna, (7) ati mAyA (kapaTa), (8) ati lobha, (9) sAdhAraNa krodha, (10) sAdhAraNa mAna, (11) sAdhAraNa mAyA (kapaTa) (12) sAdhAraNa lobha, (13) alpa krodha, (14) alpa mAna, (15) alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura (16) alpa lobha- ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya) haiM(1) hAsya, (2) rati (sneha, rAga), (3) arati (dveSa),(4) zoka, (5) bhaya, (6) jugupsA (ghRNA), (7) strIveda (puruSa-sahavAsa kI icchA), (8) puruSaveda (strI-sahavAsa kI icchA), (9) napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa donoM ke sahavAsa kI icchaa)| mohanIya karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa azubha kI ora pravRtti kI ruci hotI hai| anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM mohanIya karma kA hai| jisa prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bandhana kAraNa mohanIya krm| mohanIya karma kA kSayopazama hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA AdhAra hai| 5. AyuSya karma jisa prakAra ber3I svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai usI prakAra jo karma paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate haiM, unheM AyuSya karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai| AyuSya karma cAra prakAra hai - (1) naraka Ayu, (2) tiryaMca Ayu (vAnaspatika evaM pazu jIvana) (3) manuSya Ayu aura (4) deva aayu| __ AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa - sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai usakA nirdeza bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa - (1) mahArambha (bhayAnaka hiMsaka kama), (2) mahAparigraha (atyadhika saMcaya vRtti), (3) manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA (4) mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi nazIle padArthoM kA sevn| (ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa - (1) kapaTa karanA (2) rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA (3) asatya bhASaNa (4) kama jyAdA tola-mApa krnaa| karma-grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA prakaTa na karanA bhI tiryaMca Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM mAyA (kapaTa) ko hI pazuyoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai| jaina dharmadarzana 389

Page #403
(sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa - (1) saralatA, (2) vinayazIlatA, (3) karuNA aura (4) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honaa| tattvArthasUtra meM- (1) alpa Arambha, (2) alpa parigraha, (3) svabhAva kI saralatA aura (4) svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| (da) daivIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa - (1) sarAga (sakAma) saMyama kA pAlana, (2) saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, (3) sakAma-tapasyA (bAla-tapa) (4) svAbhAvika rUpa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| karmagrantha ke anusAra avirata samyagdRSTi manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata zrAvaka, sarAgIsAdhu, bAla-tapasvI aura icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhiti vaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karate hue akAma-nirjarA karane vAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiN| AkasmikamaraNa - prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa karma ko bhoga rahA hai aura pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayu karma ke paramANu bhoga ke pazcAt pRthaka hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAna Ayukarma ke pUrvabaddha samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthaka ho jAte haiM usa samaya prANI ko vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane ke pUrva hI navIna zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi AyuSya kA bhoga isa prakAra niyata hai to AkasmikaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA? isake pratyuttara meM jaina-vicArakoM ne Ayukarma kA bheda do prakAra kA mAnA - (1) kramika, (2) aaksmik| kramika bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Ayu kA bhoga dhIre-dhIre hotA rahatA hai jabaki Akasmika bhoga meM kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla mRtyu kahate haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake sAta kAraNa batAye gaye haiM - (1) harSa-zoka kA atireka, (2) viSa athavA zastra kA prayoga, (3) AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavA sarvathA abhAva (4) vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, (5) AghAta (3) sarpadaMzAdi aura (7) shvaasnirodh| 6. nAma karma jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra banAtA hai usI prakAra nAma-karma vibhinna karma paramANuoM se jagat ke prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAma-karma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai, lekina vistAra bhaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai| uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai - 1. zubhanAmakarma (acchA vyaktitva) aura 2. azubhanAmakarma (burA vyktitv)| prANI jagat meM, jo Azcaryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA AdhAra nAmakarma hai| 390 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #404
zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktitva kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiM - 1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2. vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana / zubhanAmakarma kA vipAka uparyukta cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNa se prApta zubha vyaktitva kA vipAka 14 prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai - (1) adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka vANI (iSTa- zabda) (2) sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa-rUpa) (3) zarIra se niHsRta hone vAle maloM meM bhI sugaMdhi (iSTa-gaMdha) (4) jaivIya-rasoM kI samucitatA ( iSTa-rasa ) (5) tvacA kA sukomala honA (iSTa-sparza) (6) acapala yogya gati (iSTa- gati) (7) aMgo kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa-sthiti) (8) lAvaNya ( 9 ) yazaHkIrti kA prasAra (iSTa-yazaH kIrti) (10) yogya zArIrika zakti (iSTa- utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama) (11) logoM ko rucikara lage aisA svara ( 12 ) kAnta svara ( 13 ) priya svara aura ( 14 ) manojJa svara / azubhanAma karma ke kAraNa nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNa se vyakti (prANI) ko azubha vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai - ( 1 ) zarIra kI vakratA, ( 2 ) vacana kI vakratA (3) mana kI vakratA aura (4) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya vRtti yA asAmaMjasya pUrNa jIvana / - azubha nAma karma kA vipAka - 1. aprabhAvaka vANI ( aniSTa - zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa-sparza), 3. zArIrika maloM kA durgandhayukta honA ( aniSTa gandha), 4. jaivIyarasoM kI asamucitatA (aniSTarasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgo kA samucita sthAna para na honA ( aniSTa sthiti), 8 saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza 10. puruSArtha karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriya svara aura 14. akAnta svara / 7. gotra karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kuloM meM janma letA hai, vaha gotra karma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai - 1. ucca gotra ( pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra (apratiSThita kula ) / kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI. kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai, isa para jainAcAra - darzana meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai I ahaMkAra vRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| jaina dharmadarzana 391

Page #405
- ucca-gotra evaM nIca-gotra ke karma bandha ke kAraNa - nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlA vyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zarIrika zakti), 4. rUpa ( saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7. lAbha (upalabdhiyAM) aura 8. svAmitva (adhikAra) / inake viparIta jo vyakti uparyukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai, vaha nIce kula meM janma letA hai / karmagrantha ke anusAra bhI ahaMkAra rahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA, adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca - gotra ko prApta adhyayana karatA hai / isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca - gotra ko prApta karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra para-nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana ye nIca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiM / isake viparIta para-prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadguNoM kA prakAzana, asadguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatA ye ucca-gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiM / gotra-karma kA vipAka - vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai- 1. niSkalaMka mAtR-pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSTiThata pitR-pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM taMpa-zakti, 6. tIvra buddhi evaM vipulajJAna rAzi para adhikAra, 7. lAbha evaM vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. adhikAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI prApti / lekina ahaMkArI vyaktitva uparyukta samagra kSamatAoM se athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai| 8. antarAya karma abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya karma kahate haiM / yaha pA~ca prakAra ke haiM - 1. dAnAntarAya - dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya - koI prApti hone vAlI ho, lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A jAnA, 3. bhogAntarAya - bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA, jaise vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA susvAdu bhojana bhI ho lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnI par3e, 4. upabhogAntarAya - upabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, 5. vIryantarAya - zakti ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sknaa| (tattvArthasUtra, 8, 14) 392 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #406
jaina nIti-darzana ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga-zakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha bhI apanI upalabdha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaise, koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara yA anya prakAra se dAna dene se roka detA hai athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana para se uThA detA hai to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI hai athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra jina-pUjA Adi dharma-kAryoM meM vighna utpanna karane vAlA aura hiMsA meM tatpara vyakti bhI antarAya karma kA saMcaya karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI antarAya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa hai| ghAtI aura aghAtI karma .. ___ karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAyaina cAra karmoM ko 'ghAtI' aura nAma, gotra AyuSya aura vedanIya-ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai| ghAtI karma AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti nAmaka guNoM kA AvaraNa karate hai| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ataH jIvana-mukti meM bAdhaka hote haiN| ina ghAtI karmoM meM avidyA rUpa mohanIya karma hI AtmasvarUpa kI AvaraNa-kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthitikAla kI dRSTi se pramukha haiN| vastutaH mohakarma hI eka aisA karma-saMskAra hai, jisake kAraNa karma-bandha kA pravAha satat banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI zakti hai| jisa prakAra ugane yogya bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko bar3hAtA rahatA hai usI prakAra mohanIya rUpI karma-bIja jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya rUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma-paramparA ko satat banAye rakhatA hai| mohanIya karma hI janma-maraNa, saMsAra yA bandhana kA mUla hai, zeSa ghAtI karma usake sahayogI mAtra haiN| ise karmoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai usI prakAra moha karma para vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa sAre karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa ora darzanAvaraNa kA pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti (AtmA) jIvana-mukta bana jAtA hai| aghAtI karma ve haiM jo AtmA ke svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote| aghAtI karma bhune hue bIja ke samAna haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM jaina dharmadarzana 393

Page #407
1 kI utpAdana kSamatA nahIM hotI hai / ve karma-paramparA kA pravAha banAye rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiM / sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma - prakRtiyA~ AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtI karmoM kI 45 karma-prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI hai - 1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. sarvaghAtI karma prakRti kisI AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRti usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAmaka guNa ko mithyAtva (azuddha dRSTikoNa) sarvarUpeNa AcchAdita kara detA hai / anantajJAna (kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai / pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiN| isI prakAra cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM 12 hote haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiM / anantAnubandhI kaSAya samyakatva kA, pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya dezavratI cAritra ( grahastha dharma) kA aura apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya sarvavratI cAritra ( munidharma) kA pUrNatayA banatA hai / ataH ye 20 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| zeSa jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI 4, darzanAvaraNIya karma kI 3, mohanIya karma kI 13, antarAya karma kI 5, kula 25 karmaprakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiM / sarvaghAta kA artha mAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai, na ki ina guNoM kA anastitva / kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke abhAva kI sthiti meM Atma-tattva aura jar3a-tattva meM antara hI nahIM rhegaa| karma to AtmaguNoM ke prakaTana meM bAdhaka tattva hai, ve AtmaguNoM ko vinaSTa nahIM kara skte| nandIsUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko cAhe kitanA hI Avarita kyoMki na kara leM, phira bhI vaha na to usakI prakAza-kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai| usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRta kyoM na kara le, phira bhI unakA eka aMza hameza hI anAvRta rahatA hai / karmabandhana se mukti jaina karmasiddhAnta kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka karma apanA vipAka yA phala dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai / isa vipAka kI avasthA meM yadi A rAga-dveSa athavA moha se abhibhUta hotA hai, to vaha punaH naye karma kA saMcaya kara letA T hai / isa prakAra yaha paramparA satat rUpa se calatI rahatI hai / vyakti ke adhikAra kSetra meM yaha nahIM hai ki vaha karma ke vipAka ke pariNAma svarUpa hone vAlI anubhUti se jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 394

Page #408
iMkAra kara de| ataH yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai ki karma bandhana va vipAka kI isa prakriyA se mukti kaise ho, yadi karma vipAka ke phalasvarUpa hamAre andara krodhAdi kaSAya bhAva athavA kAmAdi bhoga bhAva utpanna honA hI hai to phira svAbhAvika rUpa se prazna uThatA hai ki hama vimukti kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3heM? isa hetu jaina AcAryoM ne do upAyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai - (1) saMvara aura (2) nirjraa| saMvara kA tAtparya hai ki vipAka kI sthiti meM pratikriyA se rahita rahakara navIna karmAsava evaM bandha ko nahIM hone denA aura nirjarA kA tAtparya hai pUrva karmoM ke vipAka kI samabhAvapUrvaka anubhUti karate hue unheM nirjarita kara denA yA phira tapa sAdhanA dvArA pUrvabaddha aniyata vipAkI karmoM ko samaya se pUrva unake vipAka ko pradezodaya ke mAdhyama se nirjarita krnaa| yaha satya hai ki pUrvabaddha karmoM ke vipAkodaya kI sthiti meM krodhAdi Avega apanI abhivyakti ke hetu cetanA ke stara para Ate haiM, kintu yadi AtmA usa samaya apane ko rAga-dveSa se Upara uThAkara sAkSIbhAva meM sthira rakheM aura una udaya meM A rahe krodhAdi bhAvoM ke prati mAtra draSTA bhAva rakheM, to vaha bhAvI bandhana se bacakara pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA kara detA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bandhana se vimukti kI ora apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detA hai| vastutaH viveka va apramattatA aise tathya haiM jo hameM navIna bandhana se bacAkara vimukti kI ora abhimukha karate haiN| vyakti meM jitanI apramattatA yA Atma cetanatA hogI, usakA viveka utanA jAgRta rhegaa| vaha bandhana se vimukti kI dizA meM Age bddh'egaa| jaina karma siddhAnta batAtA hai ki karmoM ke vipAka ke sambandha meM hama vivaza yA paratantra hote haiM, kintu usa vipAka kI dazA meM bhI hamameM itanI svatantratA avazya hotI hai ki hama navIna karma paramparA kA saMcaya kareM yA na kareM, aisA nizcaya kara sakate haiM, kintu navIna karma bandha ke sandarbha meM hama AMzika rUpa meM svatantra hai| isI AMzika svatantratA dvArA hama mukti arthAt pUrNa svatantratA prApta kara sakate haiN| jo sAdhaka vipAkodaya ke samaya sAkSI bhAva yA jJAtA-draSTA bhAva meM jIvana jInA jAnatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI karma-vimukti ko prApta kara letA hai| saMdarbha1. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina-jainakarma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1982, pR. 4 2. zvetAzvataropariSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura) 1/1-2 3. The philosophical Quarterly, April 1932, p. 72. 4. Maxmullar-Three Leacturers on Vedanta Philosophy, p. 165. jaina dharmadarzana 395

Page #409
5. paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA-AtmamImAMsA (jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala) 6. ravindranAtha mizrA, jaina karma siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa (pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5, 1985), pR. 8 7. vahI, pR. 9-10 8. rAgo ya doso vi ya kammabIyaM, uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/7 9. (a) samavAyAMga 5/4 (ba) isibhAsiyAiM 9/5 (sa) tattvArthasUtra 8/1 10. kundakunda, samayasAra 171 11. (a) aThavihaM kammagaMthi - isibhAsiyAI 31 (ba) aTThavihamammaraNyamalaM--isibhAsiyAiM 32 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra (saM. madhukaramuni), 33/2-3 13. vahI, 33/4-15 14. aguttaranikAya uddhRta upAdhyAya bharatasiMha, bauddhadarzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 463 15. dekheM-AcArya narendradeva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 250 16. devendrasUri, karmagrantha prathama, karmavipAka, gAthA 1 17. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, darzana va cintana, pR. 225 18. AcArya nemicanda, gommaTasAra, karmakANDa-6 19. AcArya vidyAnandI, aSTasahastrI, pR. 51, uddhRta -- Tatia Dr Nathmal Tatia, ___ studies-in Jaina Philosophy (P.V. Resarch Institute, Varanasi-5, p. 227 20. karmagrantha - prathama, karma vipAka - bhUmikA paM. sukhalAlA saMghavI, pR. 24 21. sAgaramala jaina - jaina karma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pR. 17-18 22. (a) mahAbhArata : zAntiparva (gItA presa, gorakhapura) pR. 129 (ba) lokamAnya bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, gItArahasya pR, 268 23. AcArya narendra deva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 277 24. (a) dekheM-uttarAdhyayanasUtra--sampAdaka madhukaramuni 4/4/13,23/1/30 (ba) bhagavatIsUtra 1/2/64 25. dekheM - (a) Nathmal Tatia, Tatia, Studies in Jaina Philosophy (P.V.R.I), P. 254. (ba) sAgaramala jaina - jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 24-27 26. sAgaramala jaina - jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 35/36 27. vahI, pR. 36-40 28. jJAtavya hai ki prastuta vivaraNa tattvArthasUtra 6 evaM 8, karma grantha prathama karmavipAka, pR. 54-61, samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA sthAnAMga 1/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai| 29. yogazAstra (hemacandra), 4/107. 30. sthAnAMga, TIkA (abhayadeva), 1/11-12 31. jainadharma, munisuzIlakumAra, pR. 84 32. samayasAranATaka, banArasIdAsa, utthAnikA 28 33. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/10/121 396 ___ jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #410
34. sthAnAMgasUtra sthAna, 9 35. bhagavadgItA 18/17 36. dhammapada, 249 37. sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya zrutaskandha, AdrakasaMvAda 2/6 38. sAgaramala jaina, jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 39. dazavaukalikasUtra, 4/9 40. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 2/2/4 41. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28/14 42. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4 43. isibhAsiyAiM (RSibhASita), 9/2 44. samayasAra (kundakunda), 145-146 45. pravacanasAra TIkA (amRtacandra), 1/72 kI TIkA 46. samayasAra vacanikA, jayacanda chAbar3A, gAthA 145-146 kI vacanikA pR. 207 47. bhagavadgItA, 4/16 48. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-24 49. bhagavadgItA 4/16 50. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1/8/1-2 51. vahI, 1/8/3 52. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/4/2/1 53. sAgaramala jaina - jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 52-55 54. vahI, pR. 61-67 55. vahI, pR. 57 56. (a) vahI, pR. 67-79 (ba) prastuta vivaraNa tattvArthasUtra adhyAya 6 evaM 8, karmagrantha prathama, (karmavipAka) pR. 54-62, samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA sthAnAMga 1/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai| 00 jaina dharmadarzana 397

Page #411
jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke darzana meM karma kA __ azubhatva, zubhatva aura zuddhatva yadyapi jaina dRSTi se 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH kI ukti ThIka hai, lekina jaina darzana meM sabhI karma athavA kriyAyeM samAna rUpa se bandhanakAraka nahIM hai| usameM do prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM, eka ko karma kahA gayA hai dUsare ko akarma; samasta sAmparAyika kriyAyeM karma zreNI meM aura IryApathika kriyAeM akarma kI zreNI meM AtI haiN| yadi baMdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to prathama prakAra ke karma hI baMdhana karate haiM aura dUsare prakAra ke karma baMdhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| unheM ati-naitika kahA jA sakatA hai| lekina baMdhana karane vAle sabhI karma bhI eka samAna nahIM hote haiM, unameM se kucha zubha aura kucha azubha hote haiN| jaina paribhASA meM inheM kramazaH puNya karma aura pApa karma kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM 1 IryApathika karma (akama) 2 puNya karma aura 3 pApa karma / bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM 1 avyakta yA akRSNa azukla karma 2 kuzala yA zukla karma aura 3 akuzala yA kRSNakarma / gItA bhI tIna prakAra ke karma batAtI hai1 akarma 2 karma (kuzala kama) aura 3 vikarma (akuzala km)| jaina vicAraNA kA IryApathika karma bauddha darzana kA avyakta yA akRSNa azukla karma tathA gItA kA akarma hai| isI prakAra jaina vicAraNA kA puNya karma bauddha darzana kA kuzala (zukla) karma tathA gItA kA sakAma sAtvika karma yA kuzalakarma aura jaina vicAraNA kA pApa karma bauddha darzana kA akuzala (kRSNa) karma tathA gItA kA vikarma hai| pAzcAtya naitika darzana kI dRSTi se bhI karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM 1. atinaitika, 2. naitika, 3. anaitik| jaina vicAraNA kA IryApathika karma atinaitika karma hai, puNya karma naitika karma hai, aura pApa karma anaitika karma hai| gItA kA akarma atinaitika, zubha karma yA karma naitika aura vikarma anaitika hai| bauddha vicAraNA meM atinaitika, naitika aura atinaitika karma kA kramazaH akuzala, kuzala aura avyakta karma athavA kRSNA azukla karma kahA gayA hai| inheM nimna tulanAtmaka tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai - 398 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #412
karma pAzcAtya AcAra darzana jaina aura jaina bauddha gItA 1. zuddha atinaitika karma IryApathika karma avyakta karma akarma 2. zubha naitika karma puNya karma kuzala karma (zukla) karma (kuzala kama) 3. azubha anaitika karma pApa karma akuzala karma (kRSNa) vikarma __ AdhyAtmika yA naitika pUrNatA ke lie hameM kramazaH azubha karmoM se zubha karmoM kI ora aura zubha karmoM se zuddha karmoM kI ora bar3hanA hogaa| Age hama isI krama se una para thor3I adhika gaharAI se vivecana kreNge| azubha yA pApa karma - jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA dI hai ki vaiyaktika saMdarbha meM jo AtmA ko baMdhana meM DAle, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura Atma zaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai / sAmAjika saMdarbha meM jo para pIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya prpiidd'n)| vastutaH jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisa aniSTa phala kI prApti ho, vaha pApa hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ve sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke yA dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kie jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa karma haiN| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa - jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke hai : 1. prANAtipAta-hiMsA, 2. mRSAvAda-asatya bhASaNa, 3. adattAdAna-caurya karma, 4. maithuna-kAma vikAra yA laigiMka pravRtti, 5. parigraha-mamatva, mUrchA; tRSNA yA saMcaya vRtti, 6. krodha-gussA, 7. mAna-ahaMkAra, 8. mAyA, kapaTa, chala, SaDyaMtra aura kUTanIti, 9. lobha-saMcaya yA saMgraha kI vRtti, 10. rAga-Asakti, 11. dveSa-ghRNA, tiraskAra, iirssyaa| 12. kleza-saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi, 13. abhyAkhyAna-doSAropaNa, 14. pizunatA-cugalI, 15. paraparivAda-paraniMdA, 16. rati arati-harSa aura zoka, 17. mAyA mRSA-kapaTa sahita asatyabhASaNa, 18. mithyAdarzanazalya-ayathArtha zraddhA yA jIvana dRssttiyaaN| bauddha dRSTikoNa - bauddha darzana meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika AdhAra para nimna 10 prakAra ke pApoM yA akuzala karmoM kA varNana milatA hai :(a) kAyika pApa : 1 prANAtipAta-hiMsA, 2. adattAdAna-corI yA steya, 3. kAmesu-micchAcAra-kAmabhoga sambandhI duraacaar|| (ba) vAcika pApa : 4. mRSAvAda-asatya bhASaNa, 5. pisunAvAcA-pizuna vacana, ____6. parUsAvAcA-kaThora vacana, 7. samphalApa-vyartha aalaap| (sa) mAnasika pApa : 8. amijjA-lobha, 9. vyApAda-mAnasika hiMsA yA ahita ciMtana, 10. micchAdiTThI-mithyA dRssttikonn| jaina dharmadarzana 399

Page #413
abhidhamma saMgaho meM nimna 14 akuzala caitasika batAe gae hai - 1. moha-citta kA andhApana mUr3hatA, 2. ahirika nirlajjatA, 3. anauttapayaM- abhIrutApApa karma meM bhaya na mAnanA, 4. uddhaccaM-uddhatapana, caJcalatA, 5. lobhotRSNA, 6. diTThimithyA dRSTi 7. mAno-ahaMkAra, 8.doso-dveSa, 9. issA-IrSyA (dUsare kI sampatti ko na saha sakanA), 10 macchariyaM-mAtsarya (apanI sampatti ko chipAne kI pravRtti), 11. kukkuccakaukRtya (kRta-akRta ke vAre meM pazcAtApa), 12. thInaM, 13. middhaM, 14. vicikicchA-vicikitsA (sNshyaalupn)| gItA kA dRSTikoNa - gItA meM bhI jaina aura bauddha darzana meM svIkRta ina pApAcaraNoM yA vikarmoM kA ullekha AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| gItA rahasya meM tilaka ne manu smRti ke AdhAra para nimna dasa prakAra ke pApAcaraNa kA varNana kiyA hai| (a) kAyika : 1. hiMsA, 2.corI, 3. vyAbhicAra (ba) vAcika : 4. mithyA (asatya), 5. tAnA mAranA, 6. kaTuvacana, 7. asaMgata bolanA (sa) mAnasika : 8. paradravya abhilASA, 9. ahita cintana, 10. vyartha Agraha pApa ke kAraNa - jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM1. rAga yA svArtha, 2. dveSa yA ghRNA aura 3. moha yA ajJAna / prANI rAga, dveSa aura moha se hI pApa karma karatA hai| buddha ke anusAra bhI pApa karma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM- 1. lobha (rAga), 2. dveSa aura 3. moh| gItA ke anusAra kAma (rAga) krodha hI pApa ke kAraNa haiN| puNya (kuzala kama) - puNya vaha karma hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza ke madhya santulana banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tatvArtha sUtrakAra kahate haiM - zubhAzrava puNya hai| lekina puNya mAtra Azrava nahIM hai, varan vaha bandha aura vipAka bhI hai, dUsare vaha mAtra bandhana yA heya hI nahIM hai varan upAdeya bhI hai| ataH aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra-puNya azubha karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAgaMsUtra kI TIkA meM milatI haiN| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM - puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai / AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanoM meM sahAyaka tatva hai| muni suzIlakumAra jainadharma nAmaka pustaka meM likhate haiM puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke liye 400 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #414
anukUla vAyu hai jo naukA ko bhavasAgara se zIghra pAra karA detI hai / jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI kahate haiM- jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA UrdhvamukhI hotA hai, AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika-samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai vahI puNya hai" / jaina tatva jJAna ke anusAra puNya karma ve zubha pudgala paramANu haiM jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiM puNya kahalAtI haiM sAtha hI dUsarI aura ve pudgala paramANu jo ina zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM puNya kahe jAte haiM / zubha manovRttiyAM bhAva puNya haiM aura zubha pudgala paramANu dravya puNya haiN| puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa - bhagavatI sUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa mAnA hai" / sthAnAMga sUtra meM nava prakAra ke puNya batAe gae haiM" : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. anna puNya : bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArtta kI kSudhA nivRtti karanA / pAna puNya : tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI milanA / layana puNya : nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi banavAnA / zayana puNya : zayyA, bichaunA Adi denA / vastra puNya : vastra kA dAna denA mana puNya : mana se zubha vicAra karanA / jagata ke maMgala kI zubha kAmanA karanA / vacana puNya : prazasta evaM saMtoSa dene vAlI vANI kA prayoga karanA / kAya puNya : rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA karanA / namaskAra puNya H gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke liye unakA abhivAdana karanA / bauddha AcAra darzana meM bhI puNya ke isa dAnAtmaka svarUpa kI carcA milatIM hai| saMyukta nikAya meM kahA gayA hai - anna, pAna, vastra, zaiyyA, Asana evaM cAdara ke dAnI purUSa meM puNyakI dhArAe~ A giratI hai / abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM 1. zraddhA, 2. apramattatA (smRti), 3. pApa karma ke prati lajjA, 4. pApa karma ke prati bhaya, 5. alobha (tyAga), 6. adveSamaitrI, 7. samabhAva, 8-9 . mana aura zarIra kI prasannatA, 10-11. mana aura zarIra kI mRdutA, 13-14 mana aura zarIra kI saralatA Adi ko bhI kuzala caitasika kahA gayA hai " / jaina dharmadarzana 401

Page #415
jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA meM puNya ke svarUpa ko lekara vizeSa antara yaha hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM saMvara nirjarA aura puNya meM antara kiyA gayA hai| jaba ki bauddha vicAraNA meM aisA spaSTa antara nahIM hai| jaina darzana meM samyak darzana (zraddhA) samyak jJAna, (prajJA) aura samyak cAritra (zIla) ko saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| jabaki bauddha AcAra darzana meM dharma saMgha aura buddha ke prati dRr3ha zraddhA, zIla aura prajJA ko bhI puNya (kuzalakama) ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI - zubhAzubhatA yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiN| 1- karma kA bAhya svarUpa tathA samAja para usakA prbhaav| 2- dUsarA kartA kA abhiprAya / ina donoM meM kaunasA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logo ko mAra bhI DAle tathApi yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana meM AtA hai / dhammapada meM bauddha vacana bhI aisA hI (naiSyakarmyasthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajA sahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai|5 bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai, isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMga sUtra ke Ardraka bauddha samvAda meM bhI milatA hai / jahAM taka jaina mAnyatA kA prazna hai vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| zubha-azubha karma ke baMdha kA AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiN| eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahuMcAne ke lie usakA braNa cIratA hai, usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAe, parantu DaoNkTara to pApa karma ke bandha kA hI bhogI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI DaoNkTara karuNA se prerita hokara vraNa cIratA hai aura kadAcit usase rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai to bhI DAkTara apanI zubhabhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai| prajJAcakSu paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM - puNya baMdha aura pApa baMdha kI saccI kasauTI kevala Upara kI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai|| ina kathanoM ke AdhAra para to yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM bhI karmoM ki zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiM, phira bhI jaina vicAraNA meM karma kA bAhya svarUpa upekSita nahIM hai| yadyapi nizcaya dRSTi kI apekSA se manovRttiyAM hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNAyaka hai tathApi vyavahAra dRSTi meM karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI sAmAnyatayA zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM Ardraka kumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM jo mAMsa 402 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #416
khAtA ho cAhe na jAnate hue bhI khAtA ho to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai, hama jAnakara nahIM khAte isalie hama ko doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA, aisA kahanA eka dama asatya nahIM to kyA hai" / isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / vAstava I sAmAjika dRSTi yA loka vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai / sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai kyoMki Antarika vRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nahIM / jaina dRSTi ekAMgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai, vaha vyakti - sApekSa hokara mAnatI hai aura samAja sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI hai, usameM dravya (bAhya) aura bhAva (AMtarika) donoM kA mUlya hai / usameM yoga (bAhyakriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti) donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, yadyapi usameM manovRtti hI prabala kAraNa hai / vaha vRtti aura kriyA meM vibheda nahIM mAnatI hai / usakI samanvayavAdI dRSTi meM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nahIM hai| mana meM zubha bhAva hote hue pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA kyA saMyamI purUSoM kA lakSaNa hai? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara Atma pravaMcanA aura loka chalanA hai / mAnasika hetu para hI jora dene vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai - karma bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle isa vAda ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM phaMsate rahate haiM ki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM - svayaM karane se, dUsaroM se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se, parantu yadi hRdaya pApa mukta ho to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue, jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama (vAsanA nigraha) meM zithila hai, parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAta mAnakara pApa meM par3e rahate haiM 120 - pAzcAtya AcAra darzana meM bhI sukhavAdI vicAraka karma kI phala niSpatti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jabaki mATinyU karma preraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya rahA huA hai, eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi yA samAja dRSTi hai aura dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha dRSTi yA zuddha dRSTi hai| eka vyAvahArika satya hai aura dUsarA pAramArthika satya / naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ataH usameM donoM kA hI mUlya hai / jaina dharmadarzana 403

Page #417
karma ke zubhAzubhatva ke nirNaya kI dRSTi se karma ke hetu aura pariNAma donoM kA hI mUlyAMkana Avazyaka hai| cAhe hama kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAne, yA karma ke samAja para hone vAle pariNAma ko| donoM hI sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya karma yA ucita karma kahA jAvegA aura kisa prakAra kA karma pApa karma yA anucita karma kahA jAvegA yaha vicAra Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai| jahAM karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti sApekSa hai, vahAM puNya-pApa kA vicAra samAja sApekSa hai| jaba hama karma-akarma yA karma ke bandhanatva kA vicAra karate haiM to vaiyaktika karma preraka yA vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA (vItarAgatA) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai, lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM to samAja kalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai| vastutaH bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI sImA se Upara uThanA hai, usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvana dRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdha ya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhakatva yA abandhakatva kA pramApaka hai| lekina jahAM taka zubha-azubha kA sambandha hai usameM "rAga" yA Asakti kA tathya to rahA huA hai zubha aura azubha donoM meM hI rAga yA Asakti to hotI hI hai anyathA rAga ke abhAva meM karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara atinaitika hogaa| yahAM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kI nahIM varan usakI prazastatA kI hai| prazasta rAga zubha yA puNya bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazasta rAga azubha yA pApa bandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa ke tatva kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara hotI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM tathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura kama tIvra hogI vaha rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI vaha utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| dveSa vihIna vizuddha rAga yA prazasta rAga hI prema kahA jAtA hai| usa prema se parArtha yA paropakAra vRtti kA udaya hotA hai, jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai usI se loka maMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya karma nisRta hote haiM jabaki dveSa yukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai, usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApa karma nisRta hote haiM saMkSepa meM jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hote haiM vaha puNya karma aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hote haiM vaha pApa krm| jaina AcAra darzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika bala detA hai, ve sabhI samAja sApekSa haiN| vastutaH zubha azubha vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa kI samagra cintanA kA jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 404

Page #418
sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura para-pIr3ana pApa hai'| jaina vicArakoM ne puNya bandha ke dAna-sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka maMgala se hai| isI prakAra pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve sabhI loka amaMgalakArI tatva haiM / isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM jahAM taka zubha-azubha yA puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazana hai hameM sAmAjika sandarbha meM hI use dekhanA hogaa| yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se usa para vicAra karate samaya kartA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra - yadyapi yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kie gae vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai, lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kaunasA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kaunasA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa azubha hogaa| isakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAe? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yaha hai ki jisa prakAra ke vyavahAra ko hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM, vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA; yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta jo vyavahAra hameM pratikUla hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati karanA aura jo vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM mAtra kA yahI sandeza hai ki 'AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM mA samAcaret' arthAt jisa AcaraNa ko tuma apane lie pratikUla samajhate ho vaisA AcaraNa dUsaroM ke prati mata kro| saMkSepa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai| jaina dRSTikoNa - jaina darzana ke anusAra jisakI saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai vahI naitika karmoM kA sraSTA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai vaha pApa karma kA bandha nahIM karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM dharmAdharma (zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajha ke dRSTikoNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sabhI ko jIvita rahane kI icchA hai, koI bhI maranA nahIM cAhatA, sabhI ko prANa priya haiM, sukha zAntiprada hai aura dukha pratikUla hai| isalie vahI AcaraNa zreSTha hai jisake dvArA kisI bhI prANa kA hanana nahIM ho| bauddha dharma kA dRSTikoNa : bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI sarvatra Atmavat dRSTi ko hI karma ke zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM-jaisA maiM hU~ vaise hI ye dUsare prANI bhI haiM aura jaise ye dUsare prANI haiM vaisA hI maiM hU~ isa prakAra sabhI ko jaina dharmadarzana 405

Page #419
apane samAna samajhakara, kisI kI hiMsA yA ghAta nahIM karanA cAhie / dhammapada meM bhI buddha ne yahI kahA hai ki sabhI prANI daNDa se Darate haiM, mRtyu se sabhI bhaya khAte haiM, sabako jIvana priya haiM, ataH sabako apane samAna samajhakara na mAre aura na mArane kI preraNA kreN| jo sukha cAhane vAle prANiyoM ko, apane sukha kI cAha se duHkha pradAna karatA hai vaha marakara bhI sukha nahIM pAtA, lekina jo sukha cAhane vAle prANiyoM ko, apane sukha kI cAha se duHkha nahIM detA, vaha mara kara bhI sukha ko prApta hotA hai| gItA evaM mahAbhArata kA dRSTikoNa manusmRti, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM bhI hameM isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana milatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sukha aura duHkha sabhI meM dUsare prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi rakhakara vyavahAra karatA hai, vahI paramayogI hai| mahAbhArata meM aneka sthAnoM para isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaisA ki apane lie cAhatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsare ke prati bhI kareM / tyAga-dAna, sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya sabhI meM dUsare ko apanI AtmA ke samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA cAhie / jo vyakti dUsare prANiyoM ke prati apane samAna vyavahAra karatA hai vahI svarga ke sukhoM ko prApta karatA hai" / jo vyavahAra svayaM ko priya lagatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati kiyA jAe; he yudhiSThara ! dharma aura adharma kI pahacAna kA yahI lakSaNa hai" / - pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa - pAzcAtya darzana meM bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra karane kA yahI dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai ki jaisA vyavahAra tuma apane lie cAhate ho vaisA hI dUsare ke lie karo / kAnTa ne bhI kahA hai ki kevala usI niyama ke anusAra kAma karo jise tuma eka sArvabhauma niyama bana jAne kI icchA kara sakate ho| mAnavatA cAhe vaha tumhAre andara ho yA kisI anya ke, vaha sadaiva se sAdhya banI rahe, sAdhana kabhI na hI / kAnTa ke isa kathana kA Azaya bhI yahI nikalatA hai ki naitika jIvana ke saMdarbha meM sabhI ko samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA cAhie / zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora - jaina vicAraNA meM zubha evaM azubha athavA maMgala, amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM nava tatva mAne gaye haiM jisameM puNya aura pApa ko svataMtra tatva ke rUpa me ginA gayA hai / jabaki tatvArtha sUtra meM umAsvAti ne jIva, ajIva, Azrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ina sAtoM ko hI tatva kahA hai vahAM para puNya aura pApa kA svataMtra tatva ke rUpa meM sthAna nahIM hai| lekina yaha vivAda adhika mahatvapUrNa pratIta nahIM hotA kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svatantra tatva nahIM mAnatI hai vaha bhI unako Azrava evaM baMdha tatva ke antargata to mAna letI hai / yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Azrava nahIM hai varan unakA baMdha bhI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 406

Page #420
hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai| ataH Azrava ke do vibhAga zubhAzrava aura azubhAzrava karane se kAma pUrA nahIM hotA varan baMdha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoNge| isa vargIkaraNa kI kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI zAyada pApa evaM puNya ko dI svataMtra tatva ke rUpa meM mAna liyA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA nirvANa mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI hai kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa hai| vastutaH naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha (puNya) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM AtI hai| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| jaina dRSTikoNa - RSibhAsita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai - pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati ke mUla haiM / AcArya kundakunda puNya pApa donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate hue bhI donoM ke bandhakatva kA antara bhI spaSTa kara dete hai| samayasAra grantha meM ve kahate haiM-azubhakarma pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiN| phira bhI puNya karma bhI saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa hotA hai| jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI loha ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai usI prakAra jIva kRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana kA kAraNa hote haiN| AcArya donoM ko hI AtmA kI svAdha nitA meM bAdhaka mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM puNya svarNa kI ber3I hai aura pApa loha kI bedd'ii| phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa ber3I kahakara usakI pApa se kiMcita zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTikoNa se puNya aura pApa donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki antatogatvA donoM hI bandhana haiM / isI prakAra paM. jayacandrajI ne bhI kahA hai - puNyapApa doukarama, baMdharUpa duI maani| zuddha AtmA jina lahyo, baMdU carana hita jAni / / kiMtu aneka jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa lakSya dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tatva svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi nirvANa kI sthiti ko prApta karane ke lie antatotvA puNya ko chor3anA hotA hai phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hai, jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane meM sahAyaka hai| zuddha vastra ke lie sAbuna kA lagA honA bhI jisa prakAra anAvazyaka hai, use bhI alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA zuddhAtma dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai use bhI kSaya karanA hotA hai| lekina jisa prakAra sAbuna maila ko sApha jaina dharmadarzana 407

Page #421
karatA hai aura maila kI saphAI hone para svayaM alaga ho jAnA hai - vaise hI puNya bhI pApa rUpa mala ko alaga karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura usake alaga ho jAne para svayaM bhI alaga ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra eraNDa bIja yA anya recaka auSadhi mala ke rahane taka rahatI hai aura mala nikala jAne para vaha bhI nikala jAtI hai vaise hI pApa kI samApti para puNya bhI apanA phala dekara samApta ho jAte haiN| ve kisI bhI nava karma saMtati ko janma nahIM dete haiN| ataH vastutaH vyakti ko azubha karma se bacanA hai| jaba vaha azubha (pApa) karma se Upara uTha jAtA hai usakA karma zubha bana jAtA hai| zeSa para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ataH rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nisRta hote haiM ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| puNya (zubha) karma ke sambandha meM eka mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki puNyopArjana kI uparokta kriyAeM bhI jaba anAsaktabhAva se kI jAtI haiM to ve zubha bandha kA kAraNa na hokara karmakSaya (saMvara aura nirjarA) kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| isI prakAra saMvara aura nirjarA ke kAraNa saMyama tapa jaba AsaktabhAva evaM phalAkAMkSA (nidAna arthAt unake pratiphala ke rUpa meM kisI nizcita phala kI kAmanA karanA) se yukta hote haiM to ve karmakSaya athavA nirvANa kA kAraNa na hokara bandhana kA hI kAraNa banate haiM, cAhe unakA phala sukha ke rUpa meM kyoM nahIM ho| jaina darzana meM anAsakta bhAva yA rAga dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura Asakti se kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI bandhana kA hI kAraNa samajhA gayA hai| yahAM para gItA kI anAsakta karma yoga kI vicAraNA jaina darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtI hai| jaba darzana kA antima lakSya AtmA ko azubha se zubha karma kI prApti hai| AtmA kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina naitikatA kA antima sAdhya hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa - bauddha darzana bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI naitika sAdhanA kI antima avasthA meM puNya aura pApa donoM se Upara uThane kI bAta kahatA hai| bhagavAna buddha suttanipAta meM kahate haiM-jo puNya aura pApa ko dUra kara zAMta (sama) ho gayA hai isa loka ora paraloka (ke yathArtha svarUpa) ko jAna kara (kama) raja rahita ho gayA hai jo anya maraNa se pare ho gayA hai vaha zramaNa sthira, sthitAtmA (tathatA) kahalAtA hai / samiya parivrAjaka dvArA buddha vaMdanA meM punaH isI bAta ko doharAyA gayA hai| vaha zuddha ke prati kahatA hai jisa prakAra sundara puNDarIka kamala pAnI meM lipta nahIM hotA usI prakAra Apa puNya aura pApa donoM meM lipta nahIM hote| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki bauddha vicAraNA kA bhI antima lakSya zubha aura azubha se Upara uThanA hai| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 408

Page #422
gItA kA dRSTikoNa - svayaM gItAkAra ne bhI yaha saMketa kiyA hai ki mukti ke lie zubhAzubha donoM prakAra ke karmaphaloM se mukta honA Avazyaka hai| zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM 'he arjuna, tU jo bhI kucha karma karatA hai, jo kucha khAtA hai, jo kucha havana karatA hai, jo kucha dAna detA hai athavA tapa karatA hai vaha sabhI zubhAzubha karma mujhe arpita kara de arthAt unake prati kisI prakAra kI Asakti yA kartRtva bhAva mata rkh| isa prakAra sanyAsa-yoga se yukta hone para tU zubhAzubha phala dene vAle karma bandhana se chUTa jaavegaa| aura mujhe prApta hovegA / gItAkAra spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki zubha karma aura azubha karma donoM hI bandhana haiM aura mukti ke lie unase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai, buddhimAna vyakti zubha aura azubha yA puNya aura pApa donoM ko hI tyAga detA hai| sacce bhakta kA lakSaNa batAte hue punaH kahA gayA hai ki jo zubha aura azubha donoM kA parityAga kara cukA hai arthAt jo donoM se Upara uTha cukA hai vaha bhaktiyukta purUSa mujhe priya hai" / DaoN. rAdhakRSNana ne gItA ke paricayAtmaka nibandha meM bhI isI dhAraNA ko prastuta kiyA hai| ve AcArya kundakunda ke sAtha samasvara ho kara kahate haiM 'cAhe hama acchI icchAoM ke bandhana meM bandhe ho yA burI icchAoM ke, bandhana to donoM hI haiN| isase kyA antara par3atA hai ki jina jaMjIroM meM hama bandhe haiM ve sone kI haiM yA lohe kI / jaina darzana ke samAna gItA bhI hameM yahI batAtI hai ki prathamataH jaba puNya karmoM ke sampAdana dvArA pApa karmoM kA kSaya diyA jAtA hai tadanantara vaha puruSa rAgadveSa ke dvandva se mukta hokara dRr3ha nizcayapUrvaka merI bhakti karatA hai| isa prakAra gItA bhI naitika jIvana ke lie azubha karma se zubha karma kI ora aura zubha karma se zuddha yA niSkAma karma kI ora bar3hane kA saMketa detI hai| gItA kA antima lakSya bhI zubhAzubha se Upara niSkAma jIvana dRSTi kA nirmANa hai| pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa - pAzcAtya AcAra darzana meM aneka vicArakoM ne naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA ke lie zubhAzubha se pare jAnA Avazyaka mAnA hai, breDale kA kahanA hai ki naitikatA hameM usase pare le jAtI hai| naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubha kA virodha banA rahatA hai, lekina Atma-pUrNatA kI avasthA meM yaha virodha nahIM rahanA caahie| ataH pUrNa Atma-sAkSAtkAra ke lie hameM naitikatA ke kSetra (zubhAzubha ke kSetra) se Upara uThanA hogaa| breDale ne naitikatA ke kSetra se Upara dharma (AdhyAtma) kA kSetra mAnA hai, usake anusAra naitikatA kA anta dharma meM hotA hai| jahAM vyakti zubhAzubha ke dvandva se Upara uThakara Izvara se tAdAtmya sthApita kara letA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anta meM hama aise sthAna para pahuMca jAte haiM, jahAM para kriyA evaM pratikriyA kA anta hotA hai, yadyapi sarvottama kriyA sarvaprathama yahAM se hI Arambha hotI hai| yahAM para jaina dharmadarzana 409

Page #423
hamArI naitikatA Izvara se tAdAtmya meM carama avasthA meM phalita hotI hai aura sarvatra hama usa amara prema ko dekhate haiM, jo sadaiva virodhAbhAsa para vikasita hotA hai, kintu jisameM virodhAbhAsa kA sadA ke lie anta ho jAtA hai|48 breDale ne jo bheda naitikatA aura dharma meM kiyA vaisA hI bheda bhAratIya darzanoM ne vyAvahArika naitikatA aura pAramArthika naitikatA meM kiyA hai| vyAvahArika naitikatA kA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai yahAM AcaraNa dRSTi samAja sApekSa hotI hai aura loka maMgala hI usakA sAdhya hotA hai| pAramArthika naitikatA kA kSetra zuddha cetanA (anAsakta yA vItarAga jIvana dRSTi) kA hai, yaha vyakti sApekSa hai| vyakti ko bandhana se bacAkara mukti kI ora le jAnA hI isakA antima sAdhya hai| zuddha karma (akama) - zuddha karma kA tAtparya usa jIvana vyavahAra se hai jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita hotI hai tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM DAlatI hai, abandhaka karma hI zuddha karma hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karate haiM ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana ke madhya kyA sambandha hai? kyA karmaNA badhyate bandhuH kI ukti sarvAMza satya hai? jaina darzana kI vicAraNA meM yaha ukti ki karma se prANI baMdhana meM AtA hai sarvAMza yA nirapekSa satya nahIM hai| prathamataH karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa baMdhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiM, phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho| lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai aura abandhaka karma kyA hai, atyanta hI kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai karma (baMdhaka kama) kyA hai? aura akarma (aMbadhaka kama) kyA hai? isake sambandha meM vidvAna bhI mohita ho jAte haiN| karma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna atyanta gahana viSaya hai| yaha karma samIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM hotA hai ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue (arthAta samAna rUpa se karma karate hue) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama (puruSAtha) ho, para azuddha hai aura karma bandhana kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura use usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA pdd'taa| yogyarIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA gayA ho to zuddha nahIM hotaa| karma kA bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra usake bAhya svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyAM bhI mahatvapUrNa tathya haiM 410 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #424
aura karmoM para aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko jo ki eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotA hai| lekina phira bhI kartA ke lie, jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai| gItA meM kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jaavegaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki naitika vikAsa ke lie baMdhaka aura abaMdhaka karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| baMdhakatva kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai| jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra - karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. usakI bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para 2. usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra pr| karma kA bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM jabaki kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kI vivecanA sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha karma ko vIrya (puruSAtha) kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA yahI purUSArtha yA naitikatA hai jabaki dUsare vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue, yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karate hai ki karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA karma artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate hai pramAda karma hai apramAda akarma hai| pramAda ko karma aura apramAda ko akarma kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete hai ki akarma niSkritA kI avasthA nahIM, vaha to satata jAgarUkatA hai| apramatta avasthA yA Atma jAgRti kI dazA meM sakriyatA bhI akarma hotI hai jabaki pramatta dazA yA Atma-jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| vastutaH kisI kriyA kA bandhakatatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya bhAvoM evaM rAga dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya, jo ki AtmA kI pramata dazA hai kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiN| lekina kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo Azrava yA bandhana kAraka kriyAeM haiM, ve anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti jaina dharmadarzana 411

Page #425
ke sAdhana bana jAtI haiN| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiN| jaina vicAraNA meM bandhaka tatva kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ke do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| 1. IryApathika kriyAeM (akama) aura 2. sAmparAyika kriyAeM (karma yA vikama) IryApathika kriyAeM niSkAma vItarAga dRSTi sampanna vyakti kI kriyAeM haiM jo bandhanakAraka nahIM hai jabaki sAmparAyika kriyAeM Asakta vyakti kI kriyAeM haiM jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM ve samasta kriyAeM jo Azrava evaM bandha kA kAraNa haiM, karma hai aura ve samasta kriyAeM jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kA hetu hai, akarma hai| jaina dRSTi meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hai rAga-dveSa evaM moha rahita hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA krm| jabaki karma kA artha hai rAga-dveSa evaM moha sahita kriyaaeN| jaina darzana ke anusAra jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta hotA hai bandhana meM DAlatA hai aura isalie vaha karma hai aura jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hokara kartavya nirvAha yA zarIra nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai| ataH akarma hai| jinheM jaina darzana meM IryApathika kriyAeM yA akarma kahA gayA hai unheM bauddha paramparA anucita, avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM jaina paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAeM yA karma kahatI haiM, unheM bauddha paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa-zukla karma kahatI hai| Aie, jarA isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra kreN| bauddha darzana meM karma akarma kA vicAra - bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI karma aura unake phala dene kI yogyatA ke prazna ko lekara mahAkarma vibhaMga meM, vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jisakA ullekha zrImatI sarmAdAsa guptA ne apane prabandha 'bhArata meM naitika darzana kA vikAsa' meM kiyA hai| bauddha darzana kA pramukha prazna yaha hai ki kauna se karma upacita hote hai| karma ke upacita se tAtparya saMcita hokara phala dene kI kSamatA ke yogya hone se hai| dUsare zabdoM meM karma ke bandhana kAraka hone se hai| bauddha paramparA kA upacita karma jaina paramparA ke vipAkodayI karma se aura bauddha paramparA kA anupacita karma jaina paramparA ke pradezodayI karma (IryApathika kama) se tulanIya hai| mahAkarma vibhAga meM karma kI kRtyatA aura upacitatA ke sambandha ko lekara karma kA eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 1. ve karma jo kRta (sampAdita) nahIM haiM lekina upacita (phala pradAtA) haiM - vAsanAoM ke tIvra Avega se prerita hokara kiye gaye aise karma saMkalpa jo kArya rUpa meM pariNata na ho pAye hai, isa varga meM Ate hai| jaise kisI vyakti ne krodha yA dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI ko mArane kA saMkalpa kiyA ho, lekina vaha use mArane kI kriyA na kara sakA ho| 412 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #426
2. ve karma jo kRta hai aura upacita bhI haiM - ve samasta aicchika karma, jinako sakalpapUrvaka sampAdita kiyA gayA hai, isa koTi meM Ate haiN| yahAM hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki akRta upacita karma aura kRta upacita karma donoM zubha ___ aura azubha donoM prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| ve karma jo kRta haiM lekina upacita nahIM haiM - abhidharma koSa ke anusAra nimna karma kRta hone para upacita nahIM hote haiM arthAt apanA phala nahIM dete haiM - (a) ve karma jinheM saMkalpapUrvaka nahIM kiyA gayA hai arthAt jo sacintya nahIM haiM, upacita hote haiN| (ba) ve karma jo sacintya hote hue bhI sahasAkRta haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiN| inheM hama Akasmika karma kaha sakate haiN| Adhunika manovijJAna meM inheM vicAra prerita karma (AiDiyo moTara ekTIviTI) kahA jA sakatA hai| (sa) bhrAntivaza kiyA gayA karma bhI upacita nahIM hotaa| (da) kRta karma ke karane ke pazcAt yadi anutApa yA glAni ho to usakA prakaTana karake pApa virati kA vrata lene se kRta karma upacita nahIM hotaa| (i) zubha kA abhyAsa karane se tathA Azraya bala se (buddha ke zaraNAgata ho jAne se) bhI pAva karma upacita nahIM hotaa| 4. ve karma jo kRta bhI nahIM hai aura upacita bhI nahIM haiM : svapnAvasthA meM gaye kie karma isI prakAra ke hote haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM prathama do vargoM ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM, lekina antima do prakAra ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bauddha AcAra darzana meM bhI rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta hone para karma ko baMdhana kAraka nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| jabaki rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita karma ko bandhaka kAraka nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| bauddha darzana bhI rAga-dveSa aura moha rahita arhat ke kriyA vyApAra ko bandhana kAraka nahIM mAnatA hai, aise karmoM ko akRSNa azukla yA avyakta karma bhI kahA gayA hai| gItA meM karma-akarma kA svarUpa - gItA bhI isa saMbaMdha meM gaharAI se vicAra karatI hai ki kauna sA karma bandhana kAraka aura kauna sA karma bandhana kAraka nahIM hai? gItAkAra karma ko tIna bhAgoM meM vargIkRta kara dete haiN| 1- karma, 2- vikarma, 3- akrm| gItA ke anusAra karma aura vikarma bandhana kAraka haiM jabaki akarma bandhana kAraka nahIM haiN| (1) karma - phala kI icchA se jo zubha karma kiye jAte haiM, usakA nAma karma haiN| jaina dharmadarzana 413

Page #427
(2) vikarma - samasta azubha karma jo vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie kie jAte haiM, vikarma haiN| sAtha hI phala kI icchA evaM azubha bhAvanA se jo dAna, tapa, sevA Adi zubha karma kiye jAte haiM ve bhI vikarma kahalAte haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai jo tapa mUr3hatApUrvaka, haTha se, mana, vANI, zarIra kI pIr3A sahita athavA dUsare kA aniSTa karane kI nIyata se kiyA jAtA hai vaha tAmasa kahalAtA hai| sAdha pAraNatayA mana, vANI evaM zarIra se hone vAle hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi niSiddha karma vikarma samajhe jAte haiM, parantu ve bAhya rUpa se vikarma pratIta hone vAle karma kartA kI bhAvanAnusAra karma yA akarma ke rUpa meM badala jAte haiM Asakti aura ahaMkAra ke rahita hokara zuddha bhAva dazA meM evaM mAtra kartavya sampAdana meM hone vAlI hiMsAdi (jo dekhane meM vikarma se pratIta hotI hai, bhI phalotpAdaka na hone se akarma hI hai)| (3) akarma - phalAsakti se rahita hokara apanA karttavya samajha kara jo bhI karma kiyA jAtA hai usa karma kA nAma akarma hai| gItA ke anusAra paramAtmA meM abhinna bhAva se sthita hokara karttApana ke abhimAna se rahita puruSa dvArA jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha mukti ke atirikta anya phala nahIM dene vAlA hone se akarma hI hai| akarma kI artha vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra : jaisA ki hamane dekhA jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzana kriyA vyApAra ko baMdhakatva kI dRSTi se do bhAgeM meM bAMTa dete haiN| 1 - badhaMka karma, aura 2 - abaMdhaka krm| aMbadhaka kriyA vyApAra kA jaina darzana meM akarma kA IryApathika krm| bauddha darzana meM akRSNa-azukla karma yA avyakta karma, tathA gItA meM akarma kahA gayA hai| prathamataH sabhI samAlocya AcAra darzanoM kI dRSTi meM akarma kriyA kA abhAva nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA ke zabdoM meM karma prakRti ke udaya ko samajha kara binA rAga dveSa ke, jo karma hotA hai, vaha akarma hI hai mana, vANI, zarIra kI kriyA ke abhAva kA nAma hI akarma nhiiN| gItA ke anusAra vyakti kI manodazA ke AdhAra para kriyA na karane vAle vyaktiyoM kA kriyA tyAga rUpa karma akarma bhI kama bana sakatA hai aura kriyAzIla vyaktiyoM kA karma bhI akarma bana sakatA hai| gItA kahatI hai karmandriyoM kI saba kriyAoM ko tyAga kriyA rahita puruSa jo apane ko sampUrNa kriyAoM kA tyAgI samajhatA hai, usake dvArA prakaTa rUpa se koI kAma hotA huA, na dIkhane para -bhI-tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha rakhane ke kAraNa rUpa karma hotA hai| usakA vaha tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha, akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai| isI prakAra kartavya prApta hone para bhaya yA svArthavaza karttavya karma se mu~ha mor3anA, vihita karmoM kA tyAga 414 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #428
kara denA Adi meM bhI karma nahIM hote parantu isa akarma dazA meM bhI bhaya yA rAga bhAva akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai| jabaki anAsakta vRtti aura karttavya kI dRSTi se jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha rAga-dveSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa akarma bana jAtA hai| uparyukta vivecanA se spaSTa hai ki karma aura akarma kA nirNaya kevala zarIrika kriyAzIlatA yA niSkriyatA se nahIM hotaa| kartA ke bhAvoM ke anusAra hI karmoM kA svarUpa banatA hai| isa rahasya ko samyakpeNa jAnane vAlA hI gItAkAra kI dRSTi se manuSyoM se buddhimAna yogI hai| sabhI vivecya AcAra darzanoM meM karma akarma vicAra meM vAsanA, icchA, yA karttatva bhAva hI pramukha tatva mAnA gayA hai| yadi karma ke sampAdana meM vAsanA, icchA yA karttavya buddhi kA bhAva nahIM to vaha karma bandhana kAraka nahIM hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha karma akarma bana jAtA hai, vaha kriyA akriyA ho jAtI hai| vastutaH karma akarma vicAra meM kriyA pramukha tatva nahIM hotI hai pramukha tatva haiM kartA kA cetana pakSa / yadi cetanA jAgrata hai, apramatta hai, vizuddha hai, vAsanAzUnya hai, yathArtha dRSTi sampanna hai to phira kriyA kA bAhya svarUpa adhika mUlya nahIM rakha sktaa| pUjyapAda kahate haiM jo Atmatatva meM sthira hai vaha bolate hue bhI nahIM bolatA hai, calate hue bhI nahIM calatA hai,dekhate hue bhI nahIM dekhatA hai|" AcArya amRtacaMdra sUrI kA kathana hai - rAgAdi (bhAvoM) se mukta hokara AcaraNa karate hue yadi hiMsA (prANaghAta) ho jAve to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai arthAt hiMsA aura ahiMsA, pApa aura puNya bAhya pariNAmoM para nirbhara nahIM hote haiM varan usameM karmoM kI citavRtti hI pramukha hai| utarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai-bhAvoM se virakta jIva zoka rahita ho jAtA hai vaha kamala patra kI taraha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI lipta nahIM hotaa| gItAkAra bhI isI vicAra dRSTi ko prastuta karate hue kahatA hai jisane karma phalAsakti kA tyAga kara diyA hai, jo vAsanA zUnya hone ke kAraNa sadaiva hI AkAMkSA rahita hai aura Atmatatva meM sthira hone ke kAraNa Alambana rahita hai vaha kriyAoM ko karate hue bhI kucha nahIM karatA hai| gItA akarma jaina darzana ke saMvara aura nirjarA se bhI tulanIya hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM saMvara evaM nirjarA ke hetu kiyA jAne vAlA samasta kriyA vyApAra mokSa kA hetu hone se akarma hI mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA se rahita hokara IzvarIya Adeza ke pAlanArtha jo niyata karma kiyA jAtA hai vaha akarma hI mAnA gayA hai| donoM meM jo vicAra sAmya hai vaha eka tulanAtmaka adhyetA ke lie kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| gItA aura jainAgama AcArAMga meM milane vAlA nimna vicArasAmya hI vizeSa rUpeNa draSTavya hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai 'agrakarma aura mUla karma ke bhedoM meM viveka rakhakara hI karma kare / aise karmoM kA kartA hone para bhI vaha sAdhaka niSkarma hI kahA jAtA hai| niSkarmatA ke jIvana jaina dharmadarzana 415

Page #429
meM upAdhiyoM kA Adhikya nahIM hotA, lekina pradarzana nahIM hotaa| usakA zarIra mAtra yoga kSetra kA (zArIrika kriyAoM kA vAhaka) hotA hai| gItA kahatI hai - AtmavijetA, indriyajita sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rakhane vAlA vyakti karma kA kartA hone para niSkarma kahA jAtA hai vaha karma se lipta nahIM hotaa| jo phalAsakti se mukta hokara karma karatA hai vaha naiSThika zAnti prApta karatA hai, lekina jo phalAsakti se bandhA huA hai vaha kucha nahIM karatA huA bhI karma bandhana se bandha jAtA hai| gItA kA uparokta kathana sUtrakRtAMga ke nimna kathana se bhI kAphI nikaTatA rakhatA hai| sutrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai -mithyA dRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha phalAsakti se yukta hone ke kAraNa azuddha hotA hai aura bandhana kA hetu hai, lekina samyak dRSTi vAle vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha zuddha hai kyoMki vaha nirvANa kA hetu haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki donoM hI AcAra darzanoM meM akarma kA artha niSkriyatA to vivakSita nahIM hai, lekina phira bhI tilakajI ke anusAra yadi isakA artha niSkAma buddhi se kiye gaye pravRtimaya sAMsArika karma mAnA jAya to vaha buddhi saMgata nahIM hogaa| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkAma buddhi se yukta hokara athavA vItarAgAvasthA meM sAMsArika pravRtimaya karma kA kiyA jAnA hI sambhava nahIM hai| tilakajI ke anusAra niSkAma buddhi se yukta ho yuddha lar3A jA sakatA hai| lekina jaina darzana ko yaha svIkAra nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM akarma kA artha mAtra zArIrika anivArya hI abhipreta hai| jaina darzana kI IryApathika kriyAeM pramukhatayA anivArya zArIrika kriyAeM hI haiN| gItA meM bhI akarma kA artha zArIrika kriyAeM anivArya karma ke rUpa meM grahita hai| (4/21) AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya meM anivArya zArIrika karmoM ko akarma kI koTi meM mAnA hai| lekina thor3I adhika gaharAI se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki jaina vicAraNa meM bhI akarma anivArya zarIrika kriyAoM ke atirikta nirapekSa rUpa se janakalyANArtha kiye jAne vAle karma tathA karmakSaya ke hetu kiyA jAne vAlA tapa svAdhyAya Adi bhI samAviSTa hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra jo pravRtiyAM pramAda rahita haiM, ve akarma haiN| tIrthakaroM kA saMgha pravartana Adi loka kalyANa kAraka pravRtiyAM evaM sAmAnya sAdhana ke karmakSaya (nirjarA) ke hetu kiye gaye sabhI sAdhanAtmaka karma akarma hai| saMkSepa meM jo karma rAga-dveSa se rahita hone se bandhana kAraka nahIM haiM ve akarma hI haiN| gItA rahasya meM bhI tilakajI ne yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai-karma aura akarma kA jo vicAra karanA ho to vaha itanI hI dRSTi se karanA cAhie ki manuSya ko vaha karma kahA~ taka baddha karegA, karane para bhI jo karma hameM baddha nahIM karatA usake viSaya meM kahanA cAhie ki usakA karmatva athavA bandhakatva naSTa ho gyaa| yadi kisI bhI karma kA bandhakatva arthAt karmatva isa prakAra 416 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #430
naSTa ho jAye to phira vaha karma akarma hI huA-karma me bandhakatva se yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha karma hai yA akrm|" jaina aura bauddha AcAra darzana meM arhat ke kriyA vyApAra ko tathA gItA meM sthita prajJa ke kriyA vyApAra ko bandhana aura vipAka rahita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki arhat yA sthitaprajJa meM rAga-dveSa aura moha rUpI vAsanAoM kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai| ataH usakA kriyA vyApAra bandhana kAraka nahIM hotA hai aura isalie vaha akarma kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra tInoM hI AdhAra darzana isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki vAsanA evaM kaSAya se rahita niSkAma karma akarma hai aura vAsanA sahita sakAma karma hI karma hai bandhana kAraka hai| uparokta AdhAroM para se niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki karma akarma vivakSA meM karma kA caitasika pakSa hI mahatvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| kaunasA karma bandhana kAraka hai aura kaunasA karma bandhana kAraka nahIM hai| isakA nirNaya kriyA ke bAhya svarUpa se nahIM varan kriyA ke mUla meM nihita cetanA kI rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para hogaa| jaina dharmadarzana 417

Page #431
jaina, bauddha aura gItA darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa jaina tattvamImAMsA ke anusAra saMvara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha ho jAne para aura nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para AtmA kI jo niSkarma zuddha avasthA hotI hai use mokSa kahA jAtA hai|' karma-phala ke abhAva meM karma janita AvaraNa yA baMdhana bhI nahIM rahate aura yahI baMdhana kA abhAva hI mukti hai / vastutaH mokSa AtmA kI zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai / ' baMdhana AtmA kI virUpAvasthA hai aura mukti AtmA kI svarUpAvasthA hai / anAtma meM mamatva, Asakti rUpa AtmAbhimAna kA dUra ho jAnA yahI mokSa hai" aura yahI AtmA kI zuddhAvasthA hai / bandhana aura mukti kI yaha samagra vyAkhyA paryAya dRSTi kA viSaya hai| AtmA virUpa paryAya bandhana hai aura svarUpa paryAya mokSa hai / para padArtha, pudgala, paramANu yA jar3a karma vargaNAoM ke nimitta AtmA meM jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM aura jinake kAraNa para meM Atma-bhAva (merApana ) utpanna hotA hai, yahI virUpa paryAya hai, parapariNati hai, sva kI para meM avasthiti hai, yahI bandhana hai aura isakA abhAva hI mukti hai / 1 bandhana aura mukti donoM eka hI Atma-dravya yA cetanA kI do avasthAe~ mAtra haiM, jisa prakAra svarNa mukuTa aura svarNa kuMDala kI hI do avasthAe~ haiM / lekina yadi mAtra, vizuddha tatva dRSTi yA nizcaya naya se vicAra kiyA jAye to baMdhana aura mukti donoM kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki Atmatatva svarUpa kA parityAga kara parasvarUpa meM kabhI bhI pariNata nahIM hotA / vizuddha tatva dRSTi se to AtmA nityamukta hai lekina jaba tatva kA paryAyoM ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra prArambha kiyA jAtA hai to baMdhana aura mukti kI saMbhAvanAe~ spaSTa ho jAtI hai kyoMki bandhana aura mukti paryAya avasthA meM hI saMbhava hotI hai / mokSa ko tatva mAnA gayA hai, lekina vastutaH mokSa baMdhana ke abhAva kA hI nAma hai| jainAgamoM meM mokSa tatva para tIna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai1. bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa, 2. abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa, 3. anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa | mokSa para bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra - jaina dArzanikoM ne mokSAvasthA para bhAvanAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra karate hue use nirbAdha avasthA kahA hai / mokSa samasta. bAdhAoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa AtmA ke nijaguNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAteM haiN| mokSa, bAdhaka tatvoM kI anupasthiti aura pUrNatA kA prakaTana hai / AcArya - meM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 418 &

Page #432
kundakunda ne mokSa kI bhAvAtmaka dazA kA citraNa karate hue use zuddha, ananta catuSTayayukta, akSaya, avinAzI, nidhi, atIndriya, anupama, nitya, avicala, anAlamba kahA hai| AcArya usI graMtha meM Age calakara mokSa meM nimna bAtoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA karate haiN|' 1. pUrNajJAna, 2. pUrNadarzana, 3. pUrNasaukhya, 4. pUrNavIrya, 5. amUrtatva, 6. astitva aura, 7. sprdeshtaa| AcArya kundakunda ne mokSa dazA ke jina sAta bhAvAtmaka tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ve sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ko svIkAra nahIM haiN| vedAnta ko svIkAra nahIM hai, sAMkhya saukhya evaM vIrya ko aura nyAya vaizeSika jJAna aura darzana ko bhI asvIkAra kara dete haiN| bauddha zUnyavAda astitva kA bhI vinAza kara detA hai aura cArvAka darzana mokSa kI dhAraNA ko bhI samApta kara detA hai| vastutaH mokSa ko anirvacanIya mAnate hue bhI vibhinna dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke liye hI mokSa kI isa bhAvAtmaka avasthA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se jaina vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM ananta catuSTaya kI upasthiti para bala detI hai| ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti ko jaina vicAraNA meM ananta catuSTaya kahA jAtA hai| bIjarUpa meM yaha ananta catuSTaya sabhI jIvAtmAoM meM upasthita hai, mokSa dazA meM inake avarodhaka karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se ye guNa pUrNa rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiN| ye pratyeka AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNa haiM jo mokSAvasthA meM pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta ho jAte haiN| ananta catuSTaya meM ananta jJAna, ananta zakti aura ananta saukhya Ate haiM, lekina aSTakarmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke ATha guNoM kI mAnyatA bhI jaina vicAraNA meM pracalita hai| 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke naSTa ho jAne se muktAtmA ananta jJAna yA pUrNa jJAna se yukta hotA hai| 2. darzanAvaraNa karma naSTa ho jAne se ananta darzana se saMpanna hotA hai| 3. vedanIya karma ke kSaya ho jAne se vizuddha anazvara AdhyAtmika sukhoM se yukta hotA hai| 4. moha karma ke naSTa ho jAne se yathArtha dRSTi (kSAyika samyaktva) se yukta hotA hai| moha karma ke darzana moha aura cAritra moha aise do bhAga kie jAte haiN| darzana moha ke prahANa se yathArtha aura cAritra moha ke kSaya se yathArtha cAritra (kSAyika cAritra) prakaTana hotA hai, lekina mokSa dazA meM kriyArUpa cAritra nahIM hotA mAtra dRSTi rUpa cAritra hI hotA hai| ataH use kSAyika samyaktva ke aMtargata hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaise ATha karmoM kI 31 prakRtiyoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra se siddhoM ke 31 guNa mAne gaye haiM, usameM yathAkhyAta cAritra ko svataMtra guNa mAnA gayA hai| 5. Ayu karma ke kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA janma-maraNa ke cakra se chUTa jAtA hai vaha ajara amara hotA hai| 6. nAmakarma kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA azarIrI evaM amUrta hotA hai. ataH vaha indriya grAhya nahIM hotA hai| 7. gotra karma ke naSTa ho jAne se agurulaghutva se yukta jaina dharmadarzana 419

Page #433
ho jAtA hai arthAt sabhI siddha samAna hote haiM, unameM choTA-bar3A yA U~ca-nIca kA bhAva nahIM hotaa| 8. antarAya karma kA prahANa ho jAne se bAdhA rahita hotA hai arthAta ananta zakti saMpanna hotA hai| ananta zakti kA yaha vicAra mUlataH niSedhAtmaka hI hai| yaha mAtra bAdhAoM kA abhAva hai, lekina isa prakAra aSTa karmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra se muktAtmA ke ATha guNoM kI vyAkhyA kI mAtra eka vyAvahArika saMkalpanA hI hai| usake vAstavika svarUpa kA nirvacana nahIM hai| yaha vyAvahArika dRSTi use samajhane kA prayAsa mAtra hai| isakA vyAvahArika mUlya hai| vastutaH to vaha anirvacanIya hai| AcArya nemIcandra gommaTasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki siddhoM ke ina guNoM kA vidhAna mAtra siddhAtmA ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM jo ekAntika mAnyatAe~ haiM, unake niSedha ke liye haiN| muktAtmA meM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke rUpa meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ko svIkAra karake muktAtmAoM ko jar3a mAnane vAlI vaibhASika, bauddhoM aura nyAya-vaizeSika kI dhAraNA kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai| muktAtmA ke astitva yA akSayatA ko svIkAra kara mokSa ko abhAva rUpa meM mAnanevAlI jar3avAdI tathA sautrAntika bauddhoM kI mAnyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mokSa dazA kA samagra bhAvAtmaka citraNa niSedhAtmaka mUlya hI rakhatA hai| yaha vidhAna bhI niSedha ke liye hai| abhAvAtmaka dRSTi se mokSa tattva para vicAra - jainAgamoM meM mokSAvasthA kA citraNa niSedhAtmaka rUpa se bhI huA hai| prAcInatama jainAgama AcArAMga meM muktAtmA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mokSAvasthA meM samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai na vRttAkAra hai, na trikoNa hai, na catuSkoNa hai, na parimaMDala saMsthAna vAlA hai| na vaha tIkSNa, vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta aura zvetavarNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai| vaha sugaMdha aura durgaMdhavAlA bhI nahIM hai na kaTu, khaTTA, mIThA, evaM amla rasa vAlA hai| usameM gurU, laghu, komala, kaThora, snigdha, rUkSa, zIta evaM uSNa Adi sparza guNoM kA bhI abhAva hai| vaha na strI hai, na purUSa hai, na napusaMka hai| isa prakAra muktAtmA meM rasa, rUpa, varNa, gaMdha aura sparza bhI nahIM hai|" AcArya kundakunda niyamasAra meM mokSa dazA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa prastuta karate hue likhate haiM "mokSa dazA meM na sukha hai, na duHkha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma hai, na maraNa hai, na vahA~ indriyA~ haiM, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vyAmoha hai, na nidrA hai, na vahA~ ciMtA hai, na Arta aura raudra vicAra hI hai| vahA~ to dharma (zubha) aura zukla (prazasta) vicAroM kA bhI abhAva hai|' mokSAvasthA to sarva-saMkalpoM kA abhAva hai| vaha buddhi aura vicAra kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha pakSAtikrAnta hai| isa prakAra muktAvasthA kA niSedhAtmaka vivecana usako anirvacanIya batalAne ke lie hI hai| 420 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #434
mokSa kA anirvacanIya svarUpa -- mokSa kA niSedhAtmaka nirvacana anivArya rUpa se hameM usakI anirvacanIyatA kI ora hI le jAtA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra karate hue jaina dArzanikoM ne use anirvacanIya hI mAnA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai- svara vahA~ se lauTa Ate haiM arthAt dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA vaha viSaya nahIM hai, vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai| buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI, vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAvAna hai| vaha a-pada koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| usake bAre meM kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha arUpa, arasa, avarNa, aura asparza hai kyoMki vaha indriya-grAhya nahIM hai| gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa - gItA kI samagra sAdhanA kA lakSya paramatatva brahma akSarapuruSa athavA purUSottama kI prApti kahA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra prasaMgAntara se use hI mokSa, nirvANa-pada, avyayapada, paramagati aura paramadhAma bhI kahatA hai| jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ke samAna gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI saMsAra punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kI prakriyA se yukta hai jabaki mokSa punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kA abhAva hai| gItA kA sAdhaka isI preraNA ko lekara Age bar3hatA hai| (jarAmaraNamokSAya 7, 29) aura kahatA hai - "jisako prApta kara lene para punaH saMsAra meM nahIM lauTanA hotA hai, usa paramapada kI gaveSaNA karanA caahiye|' gItA kA Izvara bhI sAdhaka ko Azvasta karatA huA yahI kahatA hai ki jise prApta kara lene para punaH saMsAra meM AnA nahIM hotA vahI merA paramadhAma hai (svasthAna) hai| 'paramasiddhi ko prApta hue mahAtmA mere ko prApta hokara duHkhoM ke ghara isa asthira punarjanma ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| brahma loka paryanta samagra jagata punarAvRtti se yukta hai, lekina jo bhI mujhe prApta kara letA hai usakA punarjanma nahIM hotaa|'5' mokSa ke anAvRtti rUpa lakSaNa ko batAne ke sAtha hI mokSa ke svarUpa kA nirvacana karate hue gItA kahatI hai "isa avyakta se bhI pare anya sanAtana avyakta tatva hai jo sabhI prANiyoM meM rahate hue bhI unake naSTa hone para naSTa nahIM hotA hai arthAt cetanA paryAyoM, jo avyakta hai, unase bhI pare unakA AdhArabhUta Atmatatva hai| cetanA kI avasthAe~ nazvara haiM, lekina unase pare rahane vAlA yaha Atmatatva sanAtana prANiyoM meM cetanA (jJAna) paryAyoM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hote hue bhI una prANiyoM tathA unakI cetanA paryAyoM ke naSTa hone para bhI naSTa nahIM hotA hai| usI AtmA ko akSaya aura avyakta kahA gayA hai aura use hI paramagati bhI kahate jaina dharmadarzana 421

Page #435
haiN| vahI paramadhAna bhI hai, vahI paramAtmasvarUpa AtmA kA nija sthAna hai, jise prApta kara lene para punaH nivartana nahIM hotA hai / "" use akSaya brahma paramatatva svabhAva (AtmA kI svabhAva dazA) aura adhyAtma bhI kahA jAtA hai / " gItA kI dRSTi meM mokSa nirvANa hai, parama zAnti kA adhisthAna hai / " jaina darzanikoM ke samAna gItA bhI yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki mokSa sukhAvasthA hai| gItA ke anusAra muktAtmA brahmabhUta hokara atyanta sukha (ananta saukhya) kA anubhava karatA hai / " yadyapi gItA evaM jaina darzana meM muktAtmA meM jisa sukha kI kalpanA kI gaI hai vaha na aindriya sukha haiM na vaha mAtra duHkhAbhAva rUpa sukha hai varan vaha atIndriya jJAnagamya anazvara sukha hai| 20 -- bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa * bhagavAna buddha kI dRSTi meM nirvANa kA svarUpa kyA hai? yaha prazna prAraMbha se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai / svayaM bauddha darzana ke Avantara saMpradAyoM meM bhI nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara AtyaMtika virodha pAyA hai / Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isa saMbaMdha meM paraspara virodhI niSkarSa nikAle haiM jo eka tulanAtmaka adhyetA ko adhika kaThinAI meM DAla detA hai / vastutaH isa kaThinAI kA mUla kAraNa pAli nikAya meM nirvANa kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se bhinna-bhinna prakAra se vivecana kiyA jAnA hai / zrI puseM" evaM prophezara nalinAkSa datta" ne bauddha nirvANa ke saMbandha meM vidvAnoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko nimna rUpa se vargIkRta kiyA hai:-- 1. nirvANa eka abhAvAtmaka tathya hai| 2. nirvANa anirvacanIya avyaya avasthA hai 422 1 3. nirvANa kI buddha ne koI vyAkhyA nahIM dI hai / 4. nirvANa bhAvAtmaka, vizuddha evaM pUrNa cetanA kI avasthA hai 1 bauddha darzana ke avAntara pramukha sampradAyoM kA nirvANa ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM bhinna prakAra se dRSTi bheda hai - - 1. vaibhASika saMpradAya : vaibhASika sampradAya ke anusAra nirvANa saMskAroM yA saMskRta dharmoM kA abhAva hai kyoMki saMskRta dharmatA hI anityatA hai, yahI dharmoM kA bandhana hai, yahI duHkha hai, lekina nivArNa to duHkha nirodha hai, bandhanA - bhAva hai aura isaliye vaha eka asaMskRta dharma hai aura asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM usakI bhAvAtmaka sattA hai| vaibhASika mata meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko abhidharma koSa vyAkhyA meM nimna prakAra se batAyA gayA hai "nirvANa nitya, asaMskRta svataMtra sattA, pRthakmata, satya padArtha dravya sat hai / " 23 nirvANa meM saMskAra yA paryAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai lekina yahAM saMskAroM ke abhAva kA artha anastitva nahIM hai / varan eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hI hai / nirvANa asaMskRta dharma hai| pro. zaravAtskI ne vaibhASika nirvANa ko ananta mRtyu kahA hai| unake anusAra nirvANa AdhyAtmika avasthA nahIM hai varan cetanA evaM kriyA zUnya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #436
jar3a avasthA hai| lekina zrI esa.ke. mukarjI, pro. nalinAkSa datta aura pro. mUrti ne zaravAtskI ke isa dRSTikoNa kA virodha kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaibhASika nirvANa nizcita rUpa se eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| jisameM yadyapi saMskAroM kA abhAva hotA hai lekina phira bhI usakI asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka sattA hotI hai| vaibhASika nirvANa meM cetanA kA astitva hotA hai yA nahIM? yaha prazna bhI vivAdAspada hai| pro. zaravAtskI nirvANa dazA meM cetanA kA abhAva mAnate haiM, lekina pro. mukarjI isa saMbandha meM eka pariSkArita dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiN| unake anusAra yazomitra kI abhidharmakoSa kI TIkA ke AdhAra para nirvANa kI dazA meM vizuddha mAnasa yA cetanA rahatI hai| vidtavarya baladeva upAdhyAya ne bauddha darzana mImAMsA meM vaibhASika bauddhoM ke eka tibbatIya upasaMpradAya kA varNana kiyA hai| jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM kevala vAsanAtmaka evaM klezotpAdaka (sAmrava) cetanA kA hI abhAva hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirvANa kI dizA meM anAsava vizuddha cetanA kA astitva banA rahatA hai| vaibhASikoM ke isa upasaMpradAya kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke nirvANa ke ati samIpa A jAtA hai kyoMki yaha bhI jaina vicAraNA ke samAna nirvANAvasthA meM sattA (astitva) aura cetanA (jJAnopayoga evaM darzanopayoga) donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaibhASika dRSTikoNa nirvANa kI saMskAroM kI dRSTi se abhAvAtmaka, dravya satyatA kI dRSTi se bhAvAtmaka evaM bauddhika vivecanA kI dRSTi se anirvacanIya mAnatA hai| phira bhI usakI vyAkhyAoM meM nirvANa kA bhAvAtmaka yA sattAtmaka pakSa adhika ubharA hai| 2. sautrAntika sampradAya : vaibhASika ke anusAra yaha mAnate hue bhI ki nirvANa saMskAroM kA abhAva hai, yaha svIkAra nahIM karatA ki hai ki asaMskRta dharma kI koI bhAvAtmaka sattA hotI hai| inake anusAra kevala parivartanazIlatA hI tatva kA yathArtha svarUpa hai| ataH sautrAntika nirvANa kI dazA meM kisI aMsaskRta aparivartanazIla nitya tatva kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unakI mAnyatA meM aisA karanA buddha ke anityavAda aura kSaNikavAda kI avahelanA karanA hai| pro. zaravAtskI ke anusAra sautrAntika sampradAya meM "nirvANa kA artha hai jIvana kI prakriyA kA samApta ho jAnA jisake pazcAt aisA koI jIvanazUnya tatva zeSa nahIM rahatA hai jisakI jIvana prakriyA samApta ho jAne para kucha bhI avazeSa nahIM rahatA kyoMki inake anusAra parivartana hI satya hai| parivartanazIla ke atirikta tatva kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai aura nirvANadazA meM parivartanoM kI zrRMkhalA samApta ho jAtI hai, ataH usake pare koI sattA zeSa nahIM rahatI hai| isa prakAra sautrAntika nirvANa mAtra abhAvAtmaka avasthA hai vartamAna meM barmA ora laMkA ke bauddha nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka anastitva ke rUpa meM jaina dharmadarzana 423

Page #437
dekhate haiN| nirvANa se bhAvAtmaka, abhAvAtmaka aura anirvacanIya pakSoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sautrAntika vicAraNA nirvANa ke abhAvAtmaka pakSa para adhika bala detI hai / yadyapi isa prakAra sautrAntika sampradAya kA nirvANa kA abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke virodha meM jAtA hai, lekina sautrAntika meM bhI eka aisA upasaMpradAya thA jisake anusAra nirvANa pUrNatayA abhAvAtmaka dazA nahIM thaa| unake anusAra nirvANa avasthA meM bhI vizuddha cetanA paryAyoM kA pravAha rahatA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA kI isa mAnyatA ke nikaTa AtA hai jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM bhI AtmA meM pariNAmIpana banA rahatA hai arthAt mokSadazA meM AtmA meM cetanya jJAna dhArA satata rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| 3. vijJAnavAda-yogAcAra - mahAyAna ke pramukha graMtha laMkAvatAra ke anusAra nirvANa sapta pravRttivijJAnoM kI apravRttAvasthA hai, cittapravRttiyoM kA nirodha hai | 29 sthiramati ke anusAra nirvANa klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa kA kSaya hai / asaMga ke anusAra nivRtta citta (nirvANa ) acita hai, kyoMki vaha viSayoM kA grAhaka nahIM hai / vaha anupalambha hai kyoMki usakA koI bAhya AlaMbana nahIM hai aura isa prakAra AlaMbana rahita hone se vaha lokottara jJAna hai / dauSThulya arthAta AvaraNa (klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa) ke naSTa ho jAne se nivRttacitta (AlayavijJAna) parAvRtta nahIM hotA, pravRtta nahIM hotaa|" vaha anAvaraNa anAsvadhAtu hai, lekina asaMga kevala isa niSedhAtmaka vivecana se saMtuSTa nahIM hote, ve nirvANa kI anirvacanIya aura bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA bhI prastuta karate haiM / nirvANa acintya hai, kyoMki tarka se use jAnA nahIM jA sakatA lekina acintya hote hue bhI vaha kuzala hai, zAzvata hai, sukharUpa hai, vimuktakAya hai aura dharmAsya hai | isa prakAra vijJAnavAdI mAnyatA meM nirvANa kI abhAvaparaka aura bhAvaparaka vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha-sAtha unakI anirvacanIyatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa ke vikAsa kA zreya vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ko hI hai / laMkAvatAra sUtra meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvocca vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| laMkAvasUtra ke anusAra nirvANa vicAra kI koTiyoM ke pare hai lekina phira bhI vijJAnavAda nirvANa ko usa AdhAra para nitya mAnA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa lAbha se utpanna jJAna hotA hai / 1 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para vijJAnavAdI nirvANa kA jaina vicAraNA meM nimna arthoM meM sAmya hai / 1. nirvANa cetanA kA abhAva nahIM hai varan vizuddha cetanA kI avasthA hai / 2. nirvANa samasta saMkalpoM kA kSaya hai vaha cetanA kI nirvikalpAvasthA hai / 3. nirvANAvasthA meM bhI caitanya dhArA satata pravAhamAna rahatI hai jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 424

Page #438
(AtmapariNAmIpana) / yadyapi DA. candradhara zarmA ne Alaya vijJAna ko aparivartanIya yA kUTastha mAnA hai lekina zrI baldeva upAdhyAya use pravAhamAna yA parivartanazIla mAnate haiN|4 4. nirvANAvasthA sarvajJatA kI avasthA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra usa avasthA meM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana hote haiM / asaMga ne mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra meM dharmakAya jo nirvANa kI paryAyavAcI hai, ko svAbhAvika kAya kahA hai / jaina vicAraNA bhI mokSa ko svabhAva dazA kahatA hai / svAbhAvika kAya aura svabhAvadazA aneka arthoM meM arthasAmya rakhate haiM / zUnyavAda - bauddha darzana ke mAdhyamika saMpradAya meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai| jaina tathA anya dArzanikoM ne zUnyatA kA abhAvAtmaka artha grahaNa kara mAdhyamika nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM dekhA hai / lekina yaha usa saMpradAya ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hI kahI jA sakatI hai| mAdhyamika dRSTi se nirvANa anirvacanIya hai, catuSkoTi vinirmukta hai, vahI parama tatva hai / vaha na bhAva hai, na abhAva hai / yadi vANI se usakA nirvacana karanA hI Avazyaka ho to mAtra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa aprahANa, asamprApta, anuccheda, azAzvata, aniruddha anutpanna hai / 37 nirvANa ko bhAva rUpa isaliye nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bhAvAtmaka vastu yA to nitya hogI yA anitya hogI / nitya mAnane para nirvANa ke liye prayAsoM kA koI artha nahIM hogA / anitya mAnane para binA prayAsa hI mokSa hogA / nirvANa ko abhAva bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA anyathA tathAgata ke dvArA usakI prApti kA upadeza kyoM diyA jAtA / nirvANa ko prahANa samprApta bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA anyathA nirvANa kRtaka evaM kAlika hogA aura yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vaha kAla vizeSa meM utpanna huA aura yadi vaha utpanna huA to vaha jarAmaraNa ke samAna anitya hI hogaa| nirvANa ko uccheda yA zAzvata bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA anyathA zAstA ke madhyama mArga kA ullaMghana hogA aura hama ucchedavAda yA zAzvatavAda kI mithyAdRSTi se grasita hoMge / isaliye mAdhyamika naya meM nirvANa bhAva aura abhAva donoM nahIM hai / vaha to sarva saMkalpanAoM kA kSaya hai, prapaMcopazamatA hai / bauddha dArzanikoM evaM vartamAna yuga ke vidvAnoM meM bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara jo matabheda dRSTigata hotA hai usakA mUla kAraNa buddha dvArA nirvANa kA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vivAda rUpa se kathana kiyA jAnA hai / pAlInikAya meM nirvANa ke ina vividha svarUpoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai / udAna nAmaka laghu grantha se hI nirvANa ke ina vividha rUpoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai / jaina dharmadarzana 425

Page #439
nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka tathya hai - isa saMbandha meM buddha vacana isa prakAra haiM - "bhikSuo ! (nirvANa ) ajAta, amUrta, akRta, asaMskRta hai / bhikSuo ! yadi yaha ajJAta amUrta, akRta, asaMskRta nahIM hotA, to jAta, mUrta, aura saMskRta kA vyupazama nahIM ho sakatA / bhikSuo ! kyoMki vaha ajAta, akRta aura asaMskRta hai isaliye jAta, mUrta, kRta aura saMskRta kA vyupazama jAnA jAtA hai / saMdarbha - 1. kRtsna karmakSayAn mokSaH- tatvArthasUtra, 101 2. bandha viyogo mokSaH abhidhAna rAjendra khaMDa 6, pRSTha 461 3. mukkho jIvassa suddha rUpassa - vahI khaMDa 6, pRSTha 461 4. tulanA kIjiye - (a) AtmA mImAMsA ( dalasukhabhAI) pRSTha 66-67 (ba) mameti badhyate janturmamabheti pramucyate garUr3a purANa avvAbAhaM avatthANaM-:vyAvAdhAvarjitabhavasthAnam-avasthitiH jIvasyAsau mokSa iti / abhidhAnarAjendra khaMDa 6, pRSTha 431 5. 6. niyamasAra 176-177 7. vijjadi kevalaNANaM, kevalasokkhaM ca kevalaviriyaM / kevaladiTThi amuttaM atthitaM sappadesattaM / / niyamasAra 181 8. kucha vidvAnoM ne agurulaghutva kA artha na halkA na bhArI kiyA hai| 9. pravacanAsaroddhAra dvAra 276 gAthA 1593-1594 10. sadasiva saMkho makkaDi buddho goyAiyo ya vesesI / Isara maMDala daMsaNa vidUsaNaTTha kayaM edaM / * gommaTasAra ( nemicandra ) 11. se nadI, na hasse, na vaTTe, na ta~se, na cauraMse, na parimaMDale, na kiNhe, na nIle, na lohie, na hAlidde, na sukille, na surabhigandhe, na durabhigandhe, na titte, na kaDu, kasAe, na aMbile na mahure, na kavakhar3e, na maue, na zurUe, na lahue, na sIe, na uNhe, na nidve, na lukkhe, na kAU, na rUhe, na saMge, na itthI, na purise na annahA--senasa, na rUve, na gaMdhe, na rase, na phAse / AcArAMga sUtra 1/5/6/ 12. Navi dukkhaM vi sukkhaM Navi pIr3A va Navi vijjade bAhA / vi maraNaM vi jagaNaM, tattheva ya hoI NivvANaM / / Niva iMdiya uvasaggA Nivamoho vidhiyo Na NiddAya / 426 ya tihA va chuhAM, tattheva havadi NivvANaM / / - niyamasAra 178-179 13. savvesarA niyaTThati, takka jattha na vijjai, maI tatthana gahiyA oe appa iTThANassa kheyanne - uvappa na vijjae - arUvI sattA apayassa payaM natthi / - AcArAMga 1/5/6/171 tulanA kIjie - yato vAconivartante aprApya manasA saha - taittirIya 2/9 na cakSuSA gRhyate nApi vAcA muNDaka 3/1/8 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #440
14. tataH padaM tatparimArgitavya yasmin gatA na vivartanti bhRyaH - gItAjJAna 4 15. (a) yaMprApya na nivartante taddhAma paramaM mm| gItA 8/21 (ba) yadgatvA na nivartante taddhAma paramaM mm| gItA 15/6/ (sa) mAmupetya punarjanma duHkhaalymshaashvtm| nApnuvanti mahAtmAnaM saMsiddhiM paramAM gtaaH| gItA 8/15 16. gItA-8/20/21 17. akSaraM brahma paramaM svabhAvo heyaatmmucyte| gItA 8/3 18. zAntiM nirvaannprmaaN| gItA 6/5 19. sukhena brahma saMsparzamatyantaM sukhmrnutte| gItA 6/21 20. sukhamAtyantikaM yttbuddhigraahymtiidindrym| gItA 6/21 21. dekhiye-ina sAIklopeDiyA Apha ithiksa eNDa riilijiyn| 22. AspekTas Apha mahAyAna ina rilezana Tu hiinyaan| 23. dravyaM sat pratisaMkhyA nirodhaH satyacatuSTaya-nirdeza-niddhiSTa tvAt mArga satyaiva iti vaibhASikAH -yazomitra-abhidharma koSa vyAkhyA pRSTha 17 24. buddhisTa nirvANa pRSTha 27 25. AspekTa Apha mahayAna ina rilezana TU hInayAna pRSTha 162 26. seMTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma 272-73 27. buddhisTa philAsaphI Apha yunivarsala phlaksa pRSTha 252 28. (a) e kampereTiva sTaDI Apha dI kAnasephTa Apha libarezana ina iMDiyana philAsaphI, pRSTha 69 (ba) bauddha darzana mImAMsA, pRSTha 147 29. laMkAvatAra sUtra-2/62 30. klezajJeyAvaraNa prahANamapi sarvajJatvAdhigamArtham- sthiramati triziko vi. bhA. pR.15 31. acittoanupalambhoasau jJAnaM lokocaraM ctt| AzrayasyaparAvRtiddhiyAtadauSThulya hAnitaH-triMzikA 29 32. sa evAnAsavo dhAturacintyaH kuzalo dhruvaH-triMzikA-30 33. e kriTIkala sarve Apha iMDiyana philaasphii| 34. bauddha darzana mImAMsA 35. mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra 9/60, mahAyAna-zAntibhikSu pR. 73 36. bhAvAbhAva parAmarzakSayo nirvANaM ucyte| mAdhyamika kArikA vRtti pR. 524, uddhRta dI seMTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma -TI.Ara.vhI.mUrtI pR. 274 37. aprahANama samprApta mnucchinnmshaashvtm|? aniruddha manutpannema tnnirvaannmucyte|| -mAdhyamika kArikA vRtti pR. 521 00 jaina dharmadarzana 427

Page #441
guNasthAna siddhAnta kA udbhava aura vikAsa (mujhe lagatA hai ki kasAyapAhuDa, tattvArthasUtra evaM usake bhASya ke kAla meM AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi yA karma-vizuddhi kA jo krama nirdhArita ho cukA thA, vahI Age calakara guNasthAna siddhAMta ke rUpa meM astitva meM aayaa| yadi kasAyapAhuDa aura tattvArtha cauthI zatI yA usake pUrva kI racanAyeM haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki guNasthAna kI, suvyavasthita avadhAraNA cauthI aura pAMcavIM zatI ke bIca hI kabhI nirmita huI hai, kyoMki lagabhaga chaThI zatI se sabhI jaina vicAraka guNasthAna siddhAMta kI carcA karate pratIta hote haiM, isakA eka phalitArtha yaha bhI hai ki jo kRtiyAM guNasthAna kI carcA karatI haiM ve sabhI lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI ke pazcAt kI haiN| yaha bAta bhinna hai ki tattvArthasUtra aura kasAyapAhuDa ko prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI kA mAnakara ina granthoM kA kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama, bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra ke kartA tathA AcArya kundakunda, umAsvAti se paravartI hI haiM, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| - lekhaka) vyakti ke AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke vibhinna staroM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie jaina darzana meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vyakti vizeSa ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yadyapi guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA jaina dharma kI eka pramukha avadhAraNA hai tathApi prAcIna stara ke jaina AgAmoM yathA-AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazavaikAlika, bhagavatI Adi meM isakA koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM sarvaprathama samavAyAMga meM jIvana sthAna ke nAma se isakA ullekha huA hai| samavAyAMga meM yadyapi 14 guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza huA hai, kintu unheM guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna (jIvaThANa) kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga ke pazcAt zvetAmbara-paramparA meM guNasthAnoM ke 14 nAmoM kA nirdeza Avazyaka niyukti meM upalabdha hai, kintu vahAM bhI nAmoM kA nirdeza hote hue bhI unheM guNasthAna (guNaThANa) nahIM kahA gayA hai| yahAM yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki mUla Avazyaka sUtra jisakI niyukti meM ye gAthAeM AI haiM-mAtra cavadaha bhUtagrAma haiM, itanA batAtI haiM, niyukita una 14 bhUtagrAmoM kA vivaraNa detI haiN| phira usameM ina 14 guNasthanoM kA vivaraNa bhI diyA gayA hai, kintu ye gAthAeM 428 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #442
prakSipta lagatI haiM, kyoMki haribhadra (8vIM zatI) ne Avazyaka niyukti kI TIkA meM 'adhunAmumaiva guNasthAna dvAreNa darzayannAha saMgrahaNikAra ....' kahakara ina donoM gAthAoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prAcIna niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAla meM bhI guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA nahIM thii| niyuktiyoM ke gAthA krama meM bhI inakI gaNanA nahIM kI jAtI hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki niyukti meM ye gAthAe~ saMgrahaNI sUtra se lekara prakSipta kI gaI hai| prAcIna prakIrNakoM meM bhI guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA abhAva hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM ina 14 avasthAoM ke lie 'guNasthAna' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga hameM AvazyakacUrNi (7vIM zatI) meM milatA hai, usameM lagabhaga tIna pRSThoM meM isakA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| jahAM taka digambara-paramparA kA prazna hai usameM kasAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara SaTkhaNDAgama', mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA' jese adhyAtma pradhAna granthoM meM tathA tatvArthasUtra kI pUjyapAda devanandI kI sarvArthasiddhi, bhaTTa akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, vidyAnandI ke zloka vArtika Adi digambara AcAryoM kI TIkAoM meM isa siddhAnta kA vistRta vivecana huA hai| uparyukta granthoM ke mUla sandarbho se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI ise guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI AvazyakacUrNi, tattvArthabhASya kI siddhasenagaNi kI vRtti, haribhadra kI tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA Adi meM isa siddhAnta kA vistRta ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| hamAre liye Azyarca kA viSaya to yaha hai ki AcArya umAsvAti ne jahAM apane tattvArthasUtra meM jainadharma evaM darzana ke lagabhaga sabhI pakSoM para prakAza DAlA hai, vahAM unhoMne 14 guNasthAnoM kA spaSTa rUpa se kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai tattvArthabhASya, jo tattvArthasUtra para umAsvAti kI svopajJa TIkA mAnI jAtI hai, usameM bhI kahIM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM hai| ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se upasthita hotA hai ki kyA tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAla taka jainadharma meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA? aura yadi usa kAla taka guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho cukI thI to phira umAsvAtI ne apane mUla graMtha tattvArthasUtra meM athavA usakI svopajJa TIkA tattvArthabhASya meM usakA ullekha kyoM nahIM kiyA? jabaki ve guNasthAna-siddhAnta ke antargata vyavahRta kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kA, yathA-bAdara saMparAya, sUkSma saMparAya, upazAnta moha, kSINa moha Adi kA spaSTa rUpa se prayoga karate haiN| yahAM yaha tarka bhI yuktisaMgata nahIM hai ki unhoMne graMtha ko saMkSipta rakhane ke kAraNa usakA ullekha nahIM kiyA ho, kyoMki tattvArthasUtra naveM adhyAya meM unhoMne AdhyAtmika vizuddhi (nirjarA) kI isa avasthAoM ko sUcita karate hue eka lambA sUtra banAyA hai| punaH tattvArthabhASya to unakA eka vyAkhyAtmaka graMtha hai, yadi jaina dharmadarzana 429

Page #443
unake sAmane guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA hotI to usakA ve usameM avazya pratipAdita krte| tattvArthabhASya meM bhI guNasthAna siddhAnta kI anupasthiti se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya umAsvAti kI hI svopajJa TIkA hai| kyoMki yadi tattvArthabhASya umAsvAti kI svopajJa TIkA na hotI, to tattvArthasUtra kI anya zvetAmbara-digambara sabhI TIkAoM kI bhAMti, usameM bhI kahIM na kahIM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana avazya hotaa| isa AdhAra para punaH hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki tattvArthasUtra kI sabhI zvetAmbara-digambara TIkAoM kI apekSA prAcIna aura tattvArthasUtra kI samakAlika racanA hai| kyoMki yadi vaha paravartI hotA aura anya digambara-zvetAmbara TIkAkAroM se prabhAvita hotA to usameM kahIM na kahIM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA athavA guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga avazya hI hotaa| kyoMki tattvArthabhASya ko chor3akara tattvArthasUtra kI eka bhI zvetAmbara yA digambara TIkA aisI nahIM hai, jisameM kahIM na kahIM guNasthAna kI carcA nahIM huI ho| yadyapi paM. nAthUrAmajI premI dvArA tattvArthabhASya kI svopajJatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| kintu unake atirikta anya digambara vidvAnoM kI jo yaha avadhAraNA hai ki tattvArthabhASya tattthArthasUtra para svayaM umAsvAti kI TIkA nahIM hai aura paravartI kisI zvetAmbara AcArya kI racanA hai| vaha ina tathyoM se bhrAMta siddha ho jAtI hai| guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko samajhane kI dRSTi se eka tathya mahattvapUrNa hai ki na kevala prAcIna stara ke zvetAmabara AgamoM meM, apitu digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya kasAyapAhuDasutta meM tathA tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJa tattvArthabhASya meM gaNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA kahIM bhI suvyavasthita nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi ina tInoM graMthoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM jaise-darzanamoha-upazamaka, darzanamohakSapaka, (cAritramoha) upazamaka (cAritramoha) kSapaka, upazAntamoha, kSINamoha, kevalI (jina) Adi ke prayoga upalabdha haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM ye tInoM hI graMtha karma-vizuddhi ke AdhAra para AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sthitiyoM kA citraNa bhI karate haiM isase aisA lagatA hai ki ina graMthoM ke racanAkAla taka jaina paramparA meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAyA thaa| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha bAta bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki samavAyAMga aura SaTkhaNDAgama meM 14 guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA spaSTa nirdeza hokara bhI unheM guNasthAna nAma se abhihita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jahAM samavAyAMga sUtra unheM jIvanasthAna (jIvaThANa) kahatA hai, vahIM SaTakhaNDAgama meM unheM jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki ye donoM graMtha prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara AgamoM, kasAyapAhuDasutta, tattvArthabhASya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 430

Page #444
se kiMcita paravartI aura ina 14 avasthAoM ke lie guNasthAna zabda kA spaSTa ullekha karane vAlI zvetAmbara-digambara racanAoM se pUrvavartI haiN| sAtha hI, ye donoM graMtha samakAlika bhI avazya haiM kyoMki hama dekhate haiM ki chaThI zatAbdI aura usake pazcAt ke zvetAmbara-digambara graMthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se karmasiddhAnta sambandhI tathA tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM meM guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga bahulatA se kiyA jAne lagA thaa| isase yaha bhI pratiphalita hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI taka guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA anupasthita thI, cauthI zatAbdI ke anta se lekara pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bIca yaha siddhAnta astitva meM AyA, kintu ise guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna yA jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama, samavAyAMga donoM hI isake lie guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga na kara kramazaH jIvasthAna aura jIvasamAsa zabda kA prayoga karate haiM - yaha bAta hama pUrva meM bhI batA cuke haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sabase pahale guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga AvazyakacUrNi meM kiyA gayA hai, usake pazcAt siddhasenagaNi kI tattvArthabhASyavRtti aura haribhadra kI Avazyaka niyukti kI TIkA ke kAla taka arthAt 8vIM zatI ke pahale usa paramparA meM isa siddhAnta ko guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAne lagA thaa| jaisA ki hama dekha cuke haiM -digambara-paramparA meM sarvaprathama SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA (sabhI lagabhaga pAMcavIM chaThI zatI) meM guNasthAnoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| kasAyapAhuDa meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kI upasthiti to dekhI jAtI hai phira bhI usameM 14 guNasthAnoM kA suvyavasthita avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| SaTkhaNDAgama meM ina 14 avasthAoM kA ullekha hai, kintu inheM jIvasamAsa kahA gyaa| mUlAcAra meM inake lie 'guNa' nAma bhI hai aura 14 avasthAoM kA ullekha bhI hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM yadyapi eka sAtha 14 guNasthAnoM kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu dhyAna ke prasaMga meM 7veM se 14veM guNasthAna taka kI mUlAcAra kI apekSA bhI, vistRta carcA huI hai| usake pazcAt pUjyapAd devanandI kI savArthasiddhi TIkA meM guNasthAna (guNaThANa) kA vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| ina sabhI kA sasandarbha ullekha mere dvArA nibandha ke prArambha meM kiyA jA cukA hai| pUjyapAd devanandI ne to savArthasiddhi (satprarUpaNa Adi) meM mArgaNAoM kI carcA karate hue pratyeka mArgaNA ke sandarbha meM guNasthAnoM kA vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai| AcArya kundakunda kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne niyamasAra, samayasAra Adi meM maggaNAThANa guNaThANa aura jIvaThANa kA bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra jo jIvaThANa yA jIvasamAsa zabda kramazaH samavAyAMga evaM SaTkhaNDAgama taka guNasthAna ke lie prayukta hotA thA, vaha aba jIva kI vibhinna yoniyoM ke sandarbha meM prayukta hone lgaa| kundakunda ke graMthoM meM jIvasthAna jaina dharmadarzana 431

Page #445
(jIvaThANa) kA tAtparya jIvoM ke janma grahaNa karane kI vividha yoniyoM se hai| isakA eka phalitArtha yaha hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra tathA kundakunda ke kAla taka jIvasthAna aura guNasthAna donoM kI alaga-alaga aura spaSTa dhAraNAeM bana cukI thIM aura donoM ke vivecya viSaya bhI alaga ho gaye haiN| jIvasthAna yA jIva samAsa kA sambandha-jIvayoniyoM jIva-jAtiyoM se ora guNasthAna kA sambandha aatmvishuddhi| karmavizuddhi se mAnA jAne lagA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga Adi prAcIna gaMthoM meM gaNa zabda kA prayoga karma/bandhakatva ke rUpa meM huA hai| isa prakAra yadi guNasthAna siddhAnta ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, savArthasiddhi evaM kundakunda ke samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi sabhI graMtha pAMcavI zatI ke pazcAt ke siddha hote haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM saMgrahaNI se lekara jo guNasthAna sambandhI do gAthAeM prakSipta kI gaI haiM ve bhI usameM pAMcavI-chaThI zatI ke bAda hI kabhI DAlI gaI hoMgI kyoMki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra bhI unheM saMgrahaNI gAthA ke rUpa meM hI apanI TIkA meM uddhRta karate haiN| haribhadra isa sambandha meM spaSTa haiM ki ye gAthAeM niyukti kI mUla gAthAeM nahIM haiM (dekheM - Avazyaka niyukti TIkA haribhadra, bhAga 2, pRSTa 106-107) / isa samasta carcA se aisA lagatA hai ki lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA suvyavasthita huI aura isI kAla meM guNasthAnoM ke karma prakRtiyoM ke bandha, udaya, udIraNA, vipAka Adi sambandha nizcita kiye gye| samavAyAMga meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ko 'jIvasthAna' ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "karmoM kI vizuddhi kI mArgaNA kI apekSA se pratyuta 14 jIvasthAna pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN|" samavAyAMga kI isa carcA kI yadi hama tattvArthasUtra se tulanA karate haiM to hama pAte haiM ki usameM bhI karmanirjarA kI apekSA se 10 avasthAoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 'kammavisohi saggaNaM' (samavAyAMga-samavAya 14) aura 'asaMkhyayeya guNa nirjarA' (tattvArtha sUtra 9/47) zabda tulanAtmaka dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isI prakAra samavAyAMga meM 'suhaM samparAya' ke pazcAt 'uvasAmae vA khavae vA' kA prayoga tattvArtha ke upazamaka, upazAnta aura kSapaka zabdoM ko smRtipaTala para ujAgara kara detA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hai ki samavAyAMga ke kAla taka zreNI vicAra A gayA thaa| upazamaka upazAnta aura kSapaka zabdoM ke prayoga ke sAtha-sAtha kasAyapAhuDa meM vyavahRta samyak, mizra, asamyak evaM saMyata, saMyatAsaMyata (mizra) aura asaMyata zabdoM ke prayoga hameM yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki kasAyapAhuDasutta aura asaMyata zabdoM ke prayoga hameM yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki kasAyapAhuDasutta aura tattvArtha sUtra kI karmavizuddhi kI avasthAoM ke AdhAra para hI guNasthAna siddhAnta ko vikasita kiyA gayA hai| 432 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #446
tattvArthasUtra meM guNasthAna - siddhAnta ke bIja tattvArthasUtra meM guNasthAna siddhAnta ke bIja usake naveM adhyAya meM milate haiN| naveM adhyAya meM sarvaprathama pariSahoM ke sambandha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI carcA huI hai, usameM batAyA gayA hai ki " bAdara - samparAya kI sthiti meM 22 pariSaha sambhava hote haiM / sUkSma samparAya aura chahmastha vItarAga (kSINamoha) meM 14 pariSaha hote haiM / sambhava hote haiN| jina bhagavAn meM 11 pariSaha sambhava hote haiM / "20 isa prakAra yahAM bAdara-samparAya, sUkSma- samparAya, chahmastha vItarAga aura jina- ina cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha huA hai| 1 punaH dhyAna ke prasaMga meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki "avirata, dezavirata aura pramatta saMyatta- ina tIna avasthAoM meM ArttadhyAna kA sadbhAva hotA hai / avirata aura dezavirata meM raudradhyAna kI upasthiti pAyI jAtI hai / apramattasaMyata ko dharmadhyAna hotA hai| sAtha hI, yaha upazAMta kaSAya evaM kSINa kaSAya ko bhI hotA hai / zukladhyAna, upazAMta kaSAya, kSINakaSAya aura kevalI meM sambhava hotA hai / "2" isa prakAra yahAM avirata, dezavirata, pramatta saMyata, apramatta saMyata, upazAntakaSAya ( upazAnta moha), kSINakaSAya (kSINa moha) ora kevalI aisI sAta avasthAoM kA ullekha huA hai, punaH karma nirjarA (karma vizuddhi) ke prasaMga meM samyakdRSTi, zrAvaka, virata, anantaviyojaka, darzanamohakSapaka, (caritramoha) upazamaka, upazAMta (caritra) moha, ( caritra moha) kSapaka, kSINa moha aura jina aisI dasa kramazaH vikAsamAna sthitiyoM kA citraNa huA hai / 21 yadi hama ananta viyojaka ko apramatta saMyata, darzana moha kSapaka ko apUrvakaraNa (nivRttibAdara samparAya) aura upazamaka ( caritra moha - upazamaka) ko anivRttikaraNa aura kSapaka ko sUkSma samparAya mAneM to isa sthiti meM yahAM dasaguNasthAnoM ke nAma prakArAntara se mila jAte haiM / yadyapi anantaviyojaka, darzanamohakSapaka, upazamaka, upazAMta- moha tathA kSapaka Adi avasthAoM ko unake mUla bhAvoM kI dRSTi se to AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI isa avadhAraNA se jor3A jA sakatA hai, kintu unheM sIdhA-sAdhA guNasthAna ke caukhaTe meM samAhita karanA kaThina hai / kyoMki guNasthAna siddhAnta meM to cauthe guNasthAna meM hI anantAnubandhI kaSAyoM kA kSayopazama hotA hai / punaH upakSama zreNI se vikAsa karane vAlA to sAtaveM apramattasaMyata guNasthAna meM bhI darzanamoha aura anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA upazama hI karatA hai, kSaya nahIM / ataH anantaviyojaka kA artha anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA kSaya mAnane se upazama zreNI kI dRSTi se bAdhA AtI hai| samyak - dRSTi, zrAvaka, evaM virati ke pazcAt anantaviyojaka kA krama AcArya ne kisa dRSTi se rakhA, yaha bhI spaSTa nahIM ho pA rahA hai / tulanAtmaka jaina dharmadarzana 433

Page #447
dRSTi se darzanamoha kSapaka ko apUrvakaraNa nAmaka AThaveM guNasthAna ke sAtha yojita kiyA jAnA cAhie | kSapaka zreNI se vicAra karane para yaha bAta kisI sImA taka samajha meM A jAtI haiM, kyoMki AThaveM guNasthAna se hI kSapaka zreNI prArambha hotI hai aura AThaveM guNasthAna ke pUrva darzanamoha kA pUrNa kSaya mAnanA Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra cAritramoha kI dRSTi se apUrvakaraNa (nivRtti bAdara saMparAya) ko caritramoha upazamaka kahA jA sakatA hai| kSapaka ko sUkSma saMparAya se bhI yojita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu umAsvAti ne upazAnta moha aura kSINa moha ke bIca jo kSapaka kI sthiti rakhI jAtI hai usakA yukti saMgata samIkaraNa kara pAnA kaThina hai / kyoMki aisI sthiti meM upazAnta moha nAmaka gyArahaveM aura kSINa moha nAmaka bArahaveM guNasthAna ke bIca hI use rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu guNasthAna siddhAnta meM aisI bIca kI koI avasthA nahIM hai| sambhavataH umAsvAti darzanamoha aura cAritramoha donoM kA prathama upazama aura phira kSaya mAnate hoMge / kSINamoha aura jina donoM avadhAraNoM meM samAna haiM / sayogI kevalI ko 'jina' kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra kvacit - matabhedoM ke sAtha dasa avasthAeM to mila jAtI haiM, kintu mithyAdRSTi, sAsvAdana samyak - mithyAdRSTi aura ayogI kevalI kI yahAM koI carcA nahIM hai / upazama aura kSapaka zreNI kI alaga-alaga koI carcA bhI yahAM nahIM hai / I tattvArthasUtra meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA jo krama hai, usakI guNasthAna siddhAnta se isa artha meM bhinnatA hai ki jahAM guNasthAna siddhAnta meM AThaveM guNasthAna se upazama zreNI aura kSapaka zreNI se ArohaNa kI vibhinnatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki upazama zreNI vAlA kramazaH 8veM, 9veM, evaM 10veM guNasthAna se sIdhA 12veM guNasthAna meM jAtA hai, jabaki umAsvAti yaha mAnate pratIta hote haiM ki cAhe darzanamoha ke upazama aura kSaya kA prazna ho yA cAritramoha ke upazama yA kSaya kA prazna ho- pahale upazama hotA hai aura phira kSaya hotA hai / darzana moha ke samAna cAritra moha kA bhI kramazaH upazama, upazAnta, kSapaNa aura kSaya hotA hai / unhoMne upazama aura kSaya ko mAnate hue unakI alaga-alaga zreNI kA vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| umAsvAti kI karma-vizuddhi kI dasa avasthAoM meM prathama pAMca kA sambandha darzana moha ke upazama aura kSapaNa se hai tathA antima pAMca kA sambandha cAritra moha ke upazama, upazAnta, kSapaNa aura kSaya se hai / prathama bhUmikA meM samyak dRSTi upazama se samyak darzana prApta karatA hai - aise upazama samyak dRSTi kA kramazaH 2 zrAvaka aura 3 virata ke rUpa meM cAritrika vikAsa to hotA hai, kintu usakA samyak darzana aupazAmika hotA hai, ataH vaha upazAnta darzana moha hotA hai| aisA sAdhaka cauthI 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 434

Page #448
avasthA meM anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA kSapaNa (viyojana) karatA hai, ataH vaha kSapaka hotA hai, isa pAMcavIM sthiti ke anta meM darzanamoha kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| chaThI avasthA meM cAritra moha kA upazama hotA hai, ataH vaha upazamaka (cAritramoha) kahA jAtA hai, sAtavIM avasthA meM cAritramoha upazAnta hotA hai| AThavIM meM usa upazAnta cAritra moha kA kSapaNa kiyA jAtA hai ataH vaha kSapaka hotA hai| navI avasthA meM cAritra moha kSINa ho jAtA hai, ataH kSINa-moha kahA jAtA hai aura dasavIM avasthA meM 'jina' avasthA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upAsvAti ke samakSa karmoM ke upazama aura kSaya kI avadhAraNA to upasthiti rahI hogI, kintu cAritramoha kI vizuddhi ke prasaMga meM upazama zreNI aura kSAyika zreNI se alaga-alaga ArohaNa kI avadhAraNA vikasita nahIM ho pAI hogii| isI prakAra upazama zreNI se kiye gaye AdhyAtmika vikAsa se punaH patana ke bIca kI avasthAoM kI kalpanA bhI nahIM rahI hogii| jaba hama umAsvAtI ke tattvArthasUtra aura tattvArthabhASya se kasAyapAhuDa kI ora Ate haiM to darzana moha kI apekSA se mithyAdRSTi, samyak-mithyAdRSTi (mizra-moha) aura samyak dRSTi tathA caritramoha kI apekSA se avirata, viratAvirata aura virata kI avadhAraNAoM ke sAtha upazama aura kSaya kI avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti bhI pAte haiN|22 isa prakAra kasAyapAhuDa meM samyak-mithyA dRSTi kI avadhAraNA adhika pAte haiN| isI krama meM Age mithyA-dRSTi, sAsvAdana aura ayogI kevalI kI avadhAraNAyeM jur3I hoMgI aura upazama evaM kSapaka zreNI ke vicAra ke sAtha guNasthAna kA eka suvyavasthita siddhAMta sAmane AyA hogaa| ina tathyoM ko nimna tulanAtmaka tAlikA se samajhA jA sakatA hai - guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa (1) 1. tattvArtha evaM tattvArthabhASya 2. kasAyapAhuDasutta (3 rI-4 thI zatI) | (3rI-4thI zatI) guNasthAna, jIvasamAsa, guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, jIvasamAsa Adi jIvasthAna Adi zabdoM kA pUrNa abhAva | zabdoM kA abhAva, kintu mArgaNA zabda pAyA jAtA hai| karmavizuddhi yA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karmavizuddhi yA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kI dasa avasthAoM kA citraNa, dRSTi se mithyAdRSTi kA ullekha karane para mithyAtya kA antarbhAva karane para 11 | kula 11 avasthAoM kA ullekha ullekha jaina dharmadarzana 435

Page #449
sAsvAdana, samyak, mithyA dRSTi aura sAsvAdana (sAsAdana) aura ayogI kevalI ayogI kevalI dazA kA pUrNa abhAva avasthA kA pUrNa abhAva, kintu | samyak-mithyAdRSTi kI upasthiti apramattasaMyat, apUrvakaraNa (nivRtti bAdara) | apramattasaMyata, apUrvakaraNa (nivRtti bAdara) anivRttikaraNa (anivRtti bAdara) jaise |anivRttikaraNa (anivRtti bAdara) jaise nAmoM nAmo abhAva upazama aura kSaya kA kA abhAva upazama aura kSapaka kA vicAra kA vicAra hai, kintu 8veM guNasthAna se | hai, kintu 8veM guNasthAna se upazama zreNI upazama aura kSayika zreNI se alaga alaga-alaga arohaNa hotA hai aisA vicAra -alaga ArohaNa hotA hai aisA vicAra nahIM hai| nahIM hai| patana kI avasthA kA koI citraNa nahIM patana kI avasthA kA koI citraNa nahIM 1. mithyAtva micchAdiTThI (mithyAdRSTi) 2. - 3. - sammA-micchAiTThI (missagaM) 4. samyakdRSTi sammAiTThI (samyakdRSTi) aviradIe 5. zrAvaka viradAvirade (virata-avirata) desavirayI (sAgAra) saMjamAsaMja 6. virata virada (saMjama) 7. anantaviyojaka dasaNamoha upavasAmage (darzanamoha upazAmaka) 8. darzanamoha kSapaka daMsaNamoha khavage (darzana moha-kSapaka) 9. (cAritramoha) upazama carittamohassa upasAmage (uvasAmaNA) 10. - suhumarAgI (suhumamhi samparAye) 11. upazAnta (cAritra) moha | uvasata kasAya (cAritramoha) kSapaka 12. kSINamoha khINamoha (chadumatyovedagI) 13. jina jiNa kevalI savvaNhU-savvadarisI (jJAtavya hai ki cUrNi meM 'sayogijiNo' zabda hai mUla meM nahIM hai) | cUrNi meM yoginirodha kA ullekha hai khavage jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #450
guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa (2) 3. samavAyAMga SaTkhaNDAgama (5vIM zatI) | 4. zvetAmbara-digambara tattvArtha kI TIkAeM evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra, samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi (6vIM zatI yA usake pazcAt) guNasthAna zabda kA abhAva, kintu | guNasthAna zabda kI spaSTa upasthiti jIvaThANa yA jIvasamAsa ke nAma se 14 avasthAoM kA citraNa, 14 avasthAoM kA ullekha hai| sAsvAdana samyak mithyAdRSTi (mizradRSTi) aura ayogI kevalI Adi kA ullekha hai| alaga-alaga zreNI vicAra alaga-alaga zreNI vicAra upasthita upasthita patana Adi kA mUla pATha meM citraNa patana Adi kA vyAkhyA meM citraNa hai nahIM hai micchAdiTThI (mithyAdRSTi) mithyAdRSTi sAsvAdana samyakdRSTi | sAsvAdana (sAsAyaNa-sammAdiTThI) sammA-micchAdiTThI samyak-mithyAdRSTi (samyak-mithyAdRSTi) (mizradRSTi) aviraya sammAdiTThI samyakdRSTi virayArie (virata-avirata) pamattasaMjae pramattasaMyata apattasaMjae apramattasaMyata niaTTibAyare apUrvakaraNa aniaTTibAyare anivRttikaraNa suhuma saMparAe sUmasamparAya uvasaMta mohe upazAnta moha khINamohe sajogI kevalI kSINamoha |sayogIkevalI jaina dharmadarzana 437

Page #451
__ isa tulanAtmaka vivaraNa se hama pAte hai ki tattvArthasUtra ke samAna hI kasAyapAhuDasutta meM na to guNasthAna zabda hI hai aura na guNasthAna sambandhI 14 avasthAoM kA suvyavasthita vivaraNa hI hai, kintu donoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabda pAye jate haiN| kasAyapAhuDa meM guNa sthAna se sambandhita pAribhASika zabda haiM - mithyAdRSTi, samyak mithyAdRSTi/mizra, avirata/ samyakadRSTi, dezavirata viratAvirata, saMyamAsaMyama, virata/saMyata, upazAMtakaSAya, kSINamoha-tulanA kI dRSTi se tattvArthasUtra meM samyak mithyAdRSTi kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki kasAyapAhuDasutta meM isa para vistRta carcA upalabdha hai| kintu tattvArthasUtra kI 'anantaviyojaka' kI avadhAraNA kasAyapAhuDa meM upalabdha nahIM hai - usake sthAna para usameM darzanamoha upazamaka kI avadhAraNA pAyI jAtI hai| tattvArthasUtra kI upazamaka, upazAMta, kSapaka aura kSINamoha kI avadhAraNAyeM spaSTa rUpa se kasAyapAhuDasutta meM cAritramoha upazamaka, upazAMta kaSAya aura caritramoha kSapaka tathA kSINamoha ke rUpa meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI hai| yahAM 'caritramoha' zabda kA spaSTa prayoga inheM tattvArtha kI apekSA adhika spaSTa banA detA hai| punaH kasAyapAhuDasutta mUla meM bhI tattvArthasUtra ke samAna hI pramattasaMyata, apramattasaMyata, apUrvakaraNa, anivRttikaraNaye cAroM nAma anupasthita haiM, kintu tattvArthasUtra kI apekSA isameM samyak mithyAdRSTi (mizra misaga) aura sUkSma-samparAya (suhumarAga/suhumasaMparAya) ye do vizeSa rUpa se upalabadha hote haiN| punaH upazAntamoha aura kSINamoha ke bIca donoM ne kSapaka (khavaga) kI upasthiti mAnI hai, kintu guNasthAna-siddhAnta meM aisI koI avasthA nahIM hai| isase hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki kasAyapAhuDa aura tattvArthasUtra meM karmavizuddhi kI avasthAoM ke prazna para bahuta adhika samAnatA hai-mAtra mizra aura sUkSama-samparAya kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para use tattvArtha kI apekSA kiJcit vikasita mAnA jA sakatA hai| donoM kI zabdAvalI, krama aura nAmoM kI ekarUpatA se yahI pratiphalita hotA hai ki donoM eka hI kAla kI racanAyeM haiN| ___mujhe lagatA hai ki kaSayapAhuDa, tattvArthasUtra evaM usake bhASya ke kAla meM AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi yA karma-vizuddhi kA jo krama nirdhArita ho cukA thA, vahI Age calakara guNasthAna-siddhAnta ke rUpa meM astitva meM aayaa| yadi kasAyapAhuDa aura tattvArtha cauthI zatI yA usake pUrva kI racanAyeM haiM to hame yaha mAnanA hogA ki guNasthAna kI, suvyavasthita avadhAraNA cauthI aura pAMcavIM zatI ke bIca hI kabhI nirmita huI hai, kyoMki lagabhaga chaThI zatI se sabhI jaina vicAraka guNasthAna-siddhAMta kI carcA karate pratIta hote haiM, isakA eka phalitArtha yaha bhI hai ki jo kRtiyAM guNasthAna kI carcA karatI hai, ve sabhI lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI ke pazcAt kI haiN| yaha 438 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #452
bAta bhinna hai ki tattvArthasUtra aura kasAyapAhuDa ko prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI kA mAnakara ina granthoM kA kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama, bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra ke kartA tathA AcArya kundakunda, umAsvAti se paravartI hI hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| AcArya kundakunda kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne apane pUrvavartI ina jaina cintakoM, mAdhyamikoM evaM prAcIna vedAntiyoM-vizeSarUpa se gaur3apAd ke vicAroM kA lAbha uThAkara jaina AdhyAtma ko eka naI UMcAI para phuNcaayaa| mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna Adi avadhAraNAoM se pUrNatayA avagata hokara bhI zuddhanaya kI apekSA se AtmA ke sambandha meM ina avadhAraNAoM kA spaSTa rUpa se khaNDana kiyA hai| yaha pratiSedha tabhI sambhava thA, jaba unake sAmane ye avadhAraNAyeM susthira hotiiN| hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke ina vibhinna vargoM kI saMkhyA ke nirdhAraNa meM umAsvAti para bauddha-paramparA aura yoga-paramparA kA bhI prabhAva ho sakatA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki umAsvAti ne AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI caturvidha, saptavidha aura dasavidha vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sambhavataH bauddha aura yoga paramparAoM se grahaNa kI hogii| sthaviravAdI bauddhoM meM sotApanna, sakRdAgAmI, anAgAmI , aura arhat aisI jina cAra avasthAoM kA varNana hai ve pariSaha ke prasaMga meM umAsvAti kI bAdara samparAya, sUkSma-samparAya, chahmasthavItarAga aura jinase tulanIya mAnI jA sakatI haiN| yogavAziSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI jJAna kI dRSTi se jina sAta avasthAoM kA ullekha hai unheM dhyAna ke sandarbha meM pratipAdita tattvArthasUtra kI sAta avasthAoM se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra mahAyAna samprAdAya meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI jina dasa avasthAoM kA citraNa haiM, unheM nirjarA ke prasaMga se umAsvAti dvArA pratipAdita dasa avasthAoM se unheM nirjarA kI carcA ke prasaMga se umAsvAti dvArA pratipAdi dasa avasthAoM se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra AjIvikoM dvArA prastuta ATha avasthAoM se bhI inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sambandha meM abhI gahana cintana kI apekSA hai, isa sandarbha meM vistRta carcA agale kisI lekha meM kreNge| saMdarbha - 1. kammavisohimaggaNaM paDucca cauchasa jIvaTThANa, paNNattA, taM jahA-micchAdiTThI; sAsAyaNasammAdiTThI, sammAmicchAdiTThI, avirayasammAdiTThI, virayAvirae, pamattasaMjae, appamattasaMjae, niaTTibAyare, aniaTTibAyare, suhumasaMparAeuvasAmAe vA khavae vA, uvasaMtamohe, ravINamohe, sajogIkevalI, ayogI kevlii| - samavAvAMga (sampA. madhukara muni), 14/95 jaina dharmadarzana 439

Page #453
2. micchAdiTThI sAsAyaNe ya taha sammamicchAdiTThI y| avirayasammadiTThI virayAvirae pamatte y|| tatto ya appatamatto niyaTThianiyaThibAyare suhume| uvasaMtakhINamohe hoi sajogI ajogI y|| ___ - niyukti saMgraha (Avazyakaniyukti), pR. 149 3. coddasahiM bhUyagAmehiM .... bIsAe asmaahitthaannehi|| ___- Avazyakaniyukti (haribhadra) bhAga 2, prakA. zrI bherUlAla kanhaiyAlAla kogarI dhArmika TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra saM. 2508; pRSTha 106-107 4. tattha imAtiM coddasa guNaTThANANi ..... ajogikevalI nAma salesIpaDivannao, so yaha tIhiM jogehiM virahito jAva kakhagaghaDa. iccetAI paMcahassakkharAI uccarijjati evatiyaM kAlamajogikevalI bhavitUNa tAhe savvakammaviNimukkI siddha bhvti|| __- AvazyakacUrNi (jinadAsagaNi), uttara bhAga, pR. 133-136, ratalAma, 1929. 5. edesi ceva coddasaNhaM jIvasamAsANa parUvaNaTThadAe tattha imANi aTTha aNiyogaddhA rANi NAyavvANi bhavaMti .... micchAdiTThi .... sajogakevalI ajogakevalI siddha cedi| - SaTkhaNDAgama (satprarUpaNA), pR. 154-201 prakA. jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura (pustaka) dvi. saM. san 1973 6. mikchAdiTThI sAsAdaNo ya misso asaMjado cec| desavirado pamatto apamatto taha ya nnaayvvo||154 / / etto apuvvakaraNo ANiyaTThI suhumasaMparAo y| uvasaMtkhINamoho sajogikevalijiNo ajogI y|155 / / suraNArayesu cattAri hoti tiriyesu jANa paMceva / maNusagadIevi tahA coddasaguNaNAmadyeyANi / / 159 / / ___ - mUlAcAra (paryAptyadhikAra), pR. 273-279; mANikacanda-digambara granthamAlA (23), bambaI, vi.saM. 1980 7. adha khavayaseDhimadhigamma kuNai sAdhU apavvakaraNaM so| hoi tamapuvvakaraNaM kayAi appttpuvNti||2087|| aNivittikaraNaNAmaM NavamaM guNaThANayaM ca adhigmm| NichANichA payalApayalA tadha dhINagiddhiM ca / / 2088 / / ___- bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 2 (sampA. kailAzaMcadra siddhAntazAstrI) pR.890 (vizeSa vivaraNa) hetu dekheM gAthA-2072 se 2126 taka 8. savArthasiddhi (pUjyapAda devanandI) sUtra 1/8 kI TIkA, pR. 30-40, 9-13 kI TIkA, ___bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1955. 9. rAjavArtika (bhaTTha akalaMka) 9/10/11 pR. 588. 10. tattvArtha zlokavArtikam (vidyAnandI), nirNayasAgara presa san 1918. dekheM - gunnsthaanaapekss...| 10/3;... guNasthAnabhedena... 9/36/4, pR. 503,... apUrvakaraNAdInAM... / 9/37/2; vizeSa vivaraNa hetu dekheM- 9/34-44 taka kI sampUrNa vyaakhyaa| 11. AvazyakacUrNi (jinadAsagaNi), uttara bhAga, pR.133-136| 440 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #454
12. etasya trayaH svAminazcaturtha-paJcama SaSTha guNasthAnavartinaH ... / tattvArthAdhigamasUtra (siddhasena gaNikRta bhASyAnusAriNikA samalaMkRtaM - saM. hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ) 9 / 35 kI TIkA / 13. zrItatvArthasUtram (TIkA - haribhadra), RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA saM. 1992, pR.465-466. 14. samyagdRSTizrAvaka viratAnnataviyojakadarzanamohakSapkopazamakopazamakopazAntamohakSapakakSINamohajinAHkramazo saMkhyeyaguNanirjarAH 9/47, tattvArthasUtra, navam adhyAya, pR. 136, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vAraNasI 1985. 15. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa (paM. nAthUrAmajI premI) pR. 524-529 / 16. dekheM - (a) jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa dvitIya bhAga, (paM. kailAzacaMdrajI) caturtha adhyAya pR. 294-299 / (ba) jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza (paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra), pR. saM. 125-149 (sa) tIrthakara mahAvIra auraunakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga-2 (DaoN. nemIcandajI) (da) sarvArthasiddhi-bhUmikA, paM. phUlacanda jI siddhAntAzAstrI, pR. 31-46/ 17. dekheM - sarvArthasiddhi-- saM.- paM. phUlacanda siddhAntAzAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha ( 1955 1/8; pR. 31-33, 34, 46, 55-56, 65-67, 84-85, 881 18. (a) NAhaM maggaNAThANo NAhaM guNaThANa jIvaThANo Na / kAidA aNumaMtA va kattINaM / / kattA niyamasAra gAthA 77, prakAzaka- paMDita ajita prasAda, di senTrala jaina pabliziMga hAusa, lakhanaU 1931 / (ba) Neva yA jIvaTThANA Na guNaTThANA ya atthi jIvassa / je Tu ede sabve puggaladavyassa pariNAmA / / samayasAra, gA. 55, prakA. - zrI ma. hI. pATanI di. jaina pAra. TrasTa mAroTha (mAravAr3a) 1953 / 19. sUkSmasamparAyacchahmasthavItarAgayozcaturdaza / 110 11 ekAdaza jine / / 11 / / bAdarasamparAye sarve / / 12 / / tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 9, vivecaka paM. sukhalAlajI 20. tadaviratadezaviratapramattasaMyatAnAm / / 35 / / hiMsA'nRtasteyaviSayasaMrakSaNebhyo raudramaviratadekhaviratayoH / / 36 / / AjJA'pAyavipAkasaMsthAnavicayAya dharmamapramattasaMyatasya 1137 11 upazAntakSINakaSAyayozca / / 38 / / zukle cA pUrva vidaH / / 39 / / pare kevalinaH / 140 / / - tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 9 21. samyagdRSTizrAvakaviratAnantaviyojakadarzanamohakSapakopazamakopazAnta mohakSapakakSINamojinAH kramazo'saMkhyeyaguNanirjarAH / / 47 / / - tattvArthasUtra adhyAya 9 22. kasAyapAhuDasutta saM. paM. hIrAlAla jaina- vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA 1958 / dekheM sammattadesavirayI saMjama uvasAmaNAcakhavaNA ca / daMsaNa-carittamohe addhAparimANaNiddeso / / 14 / / jaina dharmadarzana 441

Page #455
sammatte micchatte ya missage ceva bauddhvyaa||82|| viradIya aviradIe viradAvirade tahA anngaare||83 / / dasaNamohassa uvasAmagassa pariNAmokeriso bhveH||91 / / dasaNamohakkhavaNA paTThavago kammabhUmi jAdo tu||110|| suhume ca samparAe bAdararAge ca bauddhvvaa||121 / uvasAmaNA khaeNa du paDivadi do hoi suhama raagmmi||122|| khINesu kasAesu ya sesANa keva hoMti vicaaraa||132|| saMkAmaNayovaTThaNa kiTThI khavaNAe khINa mohte| khavaNA ya ANupuvvI boddhavvA mohaNIyassa / / 233 / / 23. vistRta vivaraNa hetu dekheM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2, DaoN sAgaramala jaina, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura, pR. 471-478 evaM pR. 487-4881 .... cidacid dve pare tattve, vivekastadvivecanam upAdeyamupAdeyaM, heyaM heyaM ca srvtH| heyaM tu kartRrAgAdi, tatkAryamavivekinaH, upAdeyaM paraM jyotirUpayogaika lakSaNam / / - padmanaMdi uttarAdhyayana ke do saMdarbha - . 1. karakaMDU kaliMgesu paMcAlesu ya dummuho| -- namI rAyA videhesu gaMdhAresu ya naggaI / / 45 / / ee nariMdavasabhA vikkhaMtA jinnsaasnne| putte rajje ThavittANaM sAmaNNe pujjuvtttthiyaa||46 / / sovIrarAyavasabho 'ceccA rajja' muNI cre| uddAyaNo pavvar3ao patto gimnnuttrN||46 / / - aTThArasamaM ajjhayaNaM (saMjaijja) 2. capAe pAlie nAma sAvae Asi vaannie| mahAvIrassa bhagavao sIse so u mhppnno||1|| niggaMthe pAvayaNe sAvae se vikovie| poeNa vavaharate pihuMDaM ngrmaage||2|| pihuMDe vavaharaMtassa vANio dei ghuuyrN| taM sasattaM paigijjha sadesamaha ptthio||3|| aha pAliyasya dharaNI samuddami psvii| aha 'dArae tahiM jAe samuddapAli tti naame||4|| - egaviMsaimaM ajjhayaNaM (samuddapAlIya) ukta donoM prasaMga kaliMga aura kaliMga ke bandaragAha pihuMDa nagara kA ullekha karate hai| prasaMga kramAMka-1 meM batAyA gayA hai ki jaba kaliMga meM karakaMDU kA zAsana thA to pAMcAla meM damurkha, videha meM nimi aura gAMdhAra meM nagnajit zAsaka the aura ina cAroM rAjyoM meM jinazAsana thaa| aitareya brAhmaNa (7.34) ke havAle se yaha saMdarbha mahAbhArata pUrva mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 442

Page #456
dUsarA prasaMga pihuMDa nagara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bhramaNa kA vRttAnta detA hai| yaha prasaMga Avazyaka sUtra ke vivaraNa anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tosalI aura mosalI jAne se tulanIya hai| pro. ke. sI. jaina ke anusAra tosalI - mosalI jAne pUrva bhagavAn mahAvIra valUyagAma, subhoma, sucettA, malaya aura hathisisa sthAnoM para gaye jahAM unheM zArIrika yAtanAeM bhI sahanI pdd'ii| ye sabhI sthAna kozala (kaliMga ke uttana-pazcimI kSetra) meM sthita rahe ho sakate hai| vartamAna sonapura (balaMgira jilA) aura malayagiri (pallahara ke pAsa ) do sthala kramazaH subhama aura malaya se pahacAne jA sakate haiN| 'hathIsisa' rAjA khAravela kI paTTarANI lAka kA pIhara ho sakatA hai jo bahuta bAda meM jaina dharmI banA hogA / jaina dharmadarzana 443

Page #457
saMyama : jIvana kA samyak dRSTikoNa saMbhavataH kinhI vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA ho sakatI hai ki vyakti ko apanI jIvana yAtrA ke saMcAlana meM kinhIM maryAdAoM evaM AcAra ke niyamoM se nahIM bAMdhanA caahiye| lekina yadi hama vicArapUrvaka dekheM to yaha tarka yuktisaMgata nhiiN| isa tathya ke samarthana meM prabalatama tarka yaha diyA jA sakatA hai ki 'maryAdAoM ke dvArA hama vyakti ke jIvana kI svAbhAvikatA naSTa kara dete haiM aura maryAdAeM yA niyama kRtrima evaM Aropita hote haiM, ve to svayaM eka prakAra ke baMdhana haiN| isa prakAra manuSya ke lie maryAdAeM (sImA rekhAyeM) vyartha haiN|' lekina yaha mAnyatA yathArtha nhiiN| yadi hama prakRti kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa kareM to hameM svayaM jJAta hogA ki prakRti svayaM niyamoM se Abaddha hai| eka pAzcAtya dArzanika spinojA kA kathana hai ki 'saMsAra meM jo kucha ho rahA hai, niyamabaddha ho rahA hai isase bhinna kucha ho hI nahIM sakatA.... jo kucha hotA hai prAkRtika niyama ke adhIna hotA hai| prakRti svayaM una tathyoM ko vyakta kara rahI hai jo isa dhAraNA ko puSTa karate karate haiM ki vikAramukta svabhAvadazA kI prApti evaM AtmavikAsa ke lie maryAdAeM Avazyaka haiN| cetana aura acetana donoM prakAra kI sRSTiyoM kI apanI-apanI maryAdAeM haiN| sampUrNa jagat niyamoM se zAsita hai| jisa samaya jagat meM niyamoM kA astitva samApta hogA usI samaya jagat kA astitva bhI samApta ho jaaegaa| ataH niyama yA maryAdAeM kRtrima yA asvAbhAvika nahIM, svAbhAvika haiN| nadI kA astitva isI meM hai ki vaha apane taToM kI maryAdA svIkAra kre| yadi apanI sImA-rekhA (taTa) ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai to kyA vaha apanA astitava banAye rakha sakatI hai? kyA apane lakSya jalanidhi (samudra) ko prApta kara sakatI hai? kiMvA janakalyANa meM upayogI ho sakatI hai? vAstava meM taToM kI maryAdA ke binA nadI, nadI hI nahIM raha sktii| prakRti yadi apane niyamoM meM Abaddha nahIM rahe, vaha maryAdA bhaMga kara de to vartamAna vizva kyA apanA astitva banAye rakha sakatA hai? prakRti kA astitva svayaM usake niyamoM para hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana apanI pustaka 444 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #458
"hinduoM kA jIvana darzana" meM likhate haiM ki "prakRti kA mArga logoM ke mana meM chAI bhAvanA aura saMskAra dvArA nahIM varan zAzvata niyamoM dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai .... vizva pUrNarUpa se niyamabaddha hai|"2 pazu jagat ke apane niyama aura maryAdAeM haiM jinake AdhAra para ve apanI jIvana yAtrA sampanna karate haiN| unake AhAra-vihAra sabhI niyama baddha haiM, ve nizcita samaya para bhojana kI khoja meM nikala jAte evaM vApasa lauTa Ate haiN| unake jIvana kAryoM meM eka vyavasthitatA hotI hai| unakA jIvana niyamabaddha hai lekina uparyukta sabhI tathyoM ke prati Apatti yaha kI jA sakatI hai ki ye sabhI niyama svAbhAvika yA prAkRtika hai, jabaki mAnavIya naitika niyama kRtrima yA nirmita hote haiN| ataeva unakI mahattA prAkRtika niyamoM kI mahattA ke AdhAra para siddha nahIM kI jA sktii| aba hama yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kareMge ki manuSya ke lie nirmita naitika niyama kyoM Avazyaka haiN| isa hetu hameM sarvaprathama yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hogA ki sAmAnya prANIvarga aura manuSya meM kyA antara hai, jisake AdhAra para use naitika maryAdAeM (nirmita niyama) pAlana karane ko kahA jA sakatA hai? yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki prANI varga meM manuSya hI aisA prANI hai jisameM sarvAdhika cintana kI kSamatA hai| usakA yaha jJAna-guNa yA viveka kSamatA hI use pazuoM se pRthak kara ucca sthAna pradAna karatI hai| kahA bhI hai - AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaMca, sAmAnyametat pshubhirnraannaam| jJAno hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo, jJAnena hInAH pazubhiH smaanaaH|| use apanI isa vivekazakti ke AdhAra para hI ina tathyoM para vicAra karanA hai ki manuSya ke lie zubha kyA hai, azubha kyA hai? athavA usake liye jJeya, heya aura upAdeya tattva kyA haiM? __ manuSya kA kArya yahI hai ki vaha apane hitAhita kA vicAra kre| smRtikAra manu bhI yahI kahate haiM - mananAt mnussyH| jisameM manana karane kI sAmarthya hai vahI manuSya hai| jisa manuSya meM apane kartavyoM kA jJAna nahIM, jo sarva karmoM ke prati aMjAna hai arthAt jo zubha aura azubha karmoM ke vibheda ko nahIM jAnatA aura samayocita AcaraNa nahIM karatA vaha manuSya pazu hI hai abudhaH sarvakAryeSu, ajJAtaH srvkrmsu| samayAcArahInastu, pazureva sa baalishH| aba hama kucha pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke vicArakoM ke vicAra isa sambandha meM jAnane kA prayatna krege| grIka AcArya arastU manuSya kI paribhASA eka bauddhika (vicArazIla) prANI ke rUpa meM karate haiM (Man is a rational animal) arastU kI jaina dharmadarzana 445

Page #459
paribhASA bhAratIya vicArakoM ke anukUla hone ke sAtha hI tArkika aura svAbhAvika bhI hai| ina saba tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha hotA hai ki manuSya cintanazIla prANI hai| aba prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki manuSya ke cintana kA viSaya kyA hai? svAbhAvika rUpa se cintana ke tIna rUpa hI ho sakate haiM:(1) vaha svayaM kyA hai? (2) yaha dRzya jagat kyA hai aura isakA sAratattva kyA hai? (3) vyakti aura jagat kA kyA sambandha hai yA honA cAhie? pahale do viSaya tattvajJAna se sambandhita haiM aura tIsarA nItizAstra se| manuSya ke AcAra ke niyama isI AdhAra para nizcita kiye jAte haiN| yadi manuSya ke lie naitika maryAdAeM hI mAnya na kI jAe~ to hamArA yaha mAnanA ki manuSya vivekazIla prANI haiM, koI artha nahIM rakhatA aura manuSya tathA pazu meM koI antara bhI nahIM raha jaataa| naitika niyama mAnava jAti ke sahastroM varSoM ke cintana aura manana ke pariNAma haiN| unako mAnane se inakAra karane kA artha hogA ki manuSya jAti ko usakI jJAnakSamatA se vilaga kara pazu jAti kI zreNI meM milA. denaa| svAbhAvika niyama to pazu jAti meM bhI hote haiN| unake AcAra aura vyavahAra unhIM niyamoM se zAsita hote haiN| ve AhAra kI mAtrA, rakSA ke upAya Adi kA nizcaya ina svAbhAvika niyamoM ke sahAre karate haiM, lekina manuSya kI viziSTatA isI meM hai ki vaha svacintana ke AdhAra para apane hitAhita kA dhyAna rakha aisI maryAdAe~ nizcita kare jisase vaha apane parama sAdhya ko prApta kara ske| ___ kANTa ne kahA hai ki "anya padArtha niyama ke adhIna calate haiN| manuSya niyama ke pratyaya ke adhIna bhI cala sakatA hai| anya zabdoM meM, usake lie Adarza banAnA aura una para calanA saMbhava hai|"4 manuSya apane ko pUrNa rUpa se prakRti para Azrita nahIM rakhatA hai| vaha prakRti ke AdezoM kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana nahIM krtaa| Aja taka kA mAnava-jAti kA itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki manuSya ne prakRti se zAsita hone kI apekSA usa para zAsana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| phira AcAra ke kSetra meM yaha dAvA kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ko apanI vRttiyoM kI pUrti hetu mAnavoM dvArA nirmita naitika maryAdAoM dvArA zAsita na kara svataMtra paricAraNa karane denA caahie| manuSya jIvana meM kRtrimatA ko adhika sthAna diyA hai aura isa hetu usake lie adhika nirmita naitika maryAdAoM kI AvazyakatA hai| 446 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #460
manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai 'Man is a social animal' yaha manuSya ke sambandha meM dUsarA mudrAlekha hai / yaha vyakta karatA hai ki manuSya ke svahita ke dRSTikoNa se banAye gaye AcAra ke niyama bhI aise hone cAhie jo usakI sAmAjikatA ko banAe rkheN| sAmAjika vyavasthA meM vyAghAta utpanna karane kA adhikAra use prApta nahIM hai / uparyukta AdhAra para manuSya kI AcAravidhi yA naitika maryAdAeM do prakAra kI ho sakatI haiM; eka samAjagata aura dUsarI Atmagata / pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI aise do vibhAga karate haiM - 1. upayogitAvAdI siddhAnta 2. antarAtmaka siddhAnta / lekina yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki nirapekSa rUpa se na to samAjagata vidhi hI apanAI jA sakatI hai aura na Atmagata, donoM kA sApekSika mahattva hai / yaha eka alaga tathya hai ki kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sAdhaka kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI eka ko pramukhatA dI jA sakatI hai aura dUsarI gauNa ho sakatI hai, lekina eka kI avahelanA karake Age nahIM bar3hA jA sakatA / cAhe hama apane lie yA samAja ke lie naitika maryAdAoM kA pAlana kareM, lekina unakI anivAryatA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / dRSTikoNa cAhe jo ho, donoM meM saMyama ke lie samAna sthAna hai / asaMyama se jIvana bigar3atA hai, prANI duHkha hotA hai / isa sambandha meM zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA kA kathana hai 1. khAne meM hI dekhie - saMyama kI bar3I AvazyakatA rahatI hai / jo AyA vahI bhakSya, abhakSya va aparimita khAtA rahe to ThIka se na pacane yA svAsthya ke virodhI tattvoM ke zarIra meM praveza ke kAraNa rogoM kI utpatti ho jaaegii| bImAra vyakti yadi khAne kA saMyama na rakhe, jo icchA meM Ae vaha khA le, to turanta roga bar3hakara mRtyu ko prApta ho sakatA hai / 2. bhogoM meM saMyama - viSaya sukha bar3e madhura lagate haiM, para yadi vyakti inameM saMyama na rakhe to vIryanAza se zaktihAsa yAvat rogotpatti se mRtyu ko prApta ho sakatA he| sundara striyoM ko dekhakara mana lalacA jAtA hai, kiMtu parAI striyoM se viSaya-sukha kI icchA karane para samAja vyavasthA meM vizrRMkhalatA paidA ho jaaegii| mana kI caMcalatA kI daur3a meM yadi abhogya bahana, beTI, kuTumbinI taka se viSaya sukha kI lAlasA jAgRta ho gaI to anartha ho jAegA / 3. bolane meM saMyama na rakhe to kalaha kI va manomAlinya kI sRSTi hotI hai| cAhe jaisA jo vAkya mana meM AyA bola diyA to usakA pariNAma bar3A dArUNa hotA hai / adhikAMza jhagar3e isI kAraNa paidA hote haiM / tUne mujhe aisA kyoM kahA? isa taraha basa bAta hI bAta meM jhagar3A bar3ha jAtA hai / jaina dharmadarzana 447

Page #461
4. vAdyayaMtroM ke vAdana meM, moTara Adi ke calAne meM hAtha kA saMyama rakhanA jarUrI hotA hai| thor3A-sA hAtha kA saMyama khatma huA ki moTara kahIM se kahIM jA giregii| tAla va vAdya para kaMTrola na rahA to sArA majA kirakirA ho jaaegaa| saMyama ke binA jIvana nahIM cala sakatA, saMyama rUpI breka kI hara kAma meM AvazyakatA hotI hai| jisa prakAra moTara, rela, sAikila Adi meM breka na ho to mahAna durghaTanA kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai usI prakAra jIvana meM bhI saMyama na rahane para aneka durghaTanAe~ ghaTita ho sakatI haiN| sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI saMyama ke abhAva meM sukhada jIvana kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM praviSTi saMyama ke binA saMbhava hI nahIM hai| vyakti jaba taka apane hitoM ko maryAdita nahIM kara sakatA aura apanI AkAMkSAoM ko sAmAjika hita ke liye balidAna nahIM kara sakatA vaha sAmAjika jIvana ke ayogya hai| samAja meM zAMti aura samRddhi tabhI saMbhava hai jaba usake sadasya apane hitoM kA niyaMtraNa karanA siikheN| sAmAjika jIvana meM hameM apane hitoM ke lie eka sImA-rekhA nizcita karanI hotI hai| hama apane hitasAdhana kI sImA vahIM taka bar3hA sakate haiM jahA~ taka dUsare ke hita kI sImA prArambha hotI hai| samAja meM vyakti apane svArtha kI siddhi tabhI taka kara sakatA hai jaba taka usase dUsare kA ahita na ho| isa prakAra sAmAjika jIvUna meM hameM saMyama kA pahalA pATha par3hanA hI hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM varan hameM sAthiyoM ke lie apanI AvazyakatAoM kA balidAna karanA par3atA hai| sAmAjika jIvana ke Avazyaka tattva hai : 1. anuzAsana, 2. sahayoga kI bhAvanA aura 3. apane hitoM ko balidAna karane kI kssmtaa| kyA ina sabakA AdhAra saMyama nahIM hai? vastusthiti yaha hai ki saMyama ke binA sAmAjika jIvana kI kalpanA hI saMbhava nhiiN| ___ saMyama aura mAnavajIvana aise ghule-mile tathya haiM ki unase pare eka suvyavasthita jIvana kI kalpanA saMbhava nahIM haiN| saMyama kA dUsarA rUpa hI maryAdita jIvanavyavasthA hai| manuSya ke lie amaryAdita jIvanavyavasthA saMbhava nahIM hai| hama sabhI ora se maryAdAoM se Abaddha haiM, prAkRtika maryAdAe~, vyaktigata maryAdAe~, sAmAjika maryAdAe~, rASTrIya maryAdAe~ aura aMtarrASTrIya maryAdAe~, ina sabhI se manuSya baMdhA huA hai aura yadi vaha ina sabako svIkAra na kare to vaha usa dazA meM pazu se bhI hIna hogaa| mahAn rAjanaitika vicAraka rUso ne ThIka hI kahA hai- "Man was born free and evey where he is in chains"5 'manuSya kA janma svataMtra rUpa meM huA thA, lekina vaha apane ko zrRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA pAtA hai|' 448 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #462
isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki maryAdAoM kA pAlana Avazyaka aura anivArya hai| sabhI maryAdAoM kA pAlana saMyama nahIM kahalA sakatA, lekina yadi sabhI maryAdAe~ svecchA se svIkAra kara lI jAtI haiM to unake pIche avyakta rUpa meM saMyama kA bhAva chipA rahatA hai| ve hI maryAdAe~ saMyama kahalAne kI adhikArI haiM jinake dvArA vyakti AtmavikAsa aura paramasAdhya kI prApti karatA hai| Upara hamane saMyama kI sAmAnya AvazyakatA ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyaa| aba hama yaha jAnane kA prayatna kareMge ki vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM saMyama kA sthAna kyA hai? vartamAna yuga bhautikavAda kA yuga hai| Aja ke yuga meM saMyama kA sthAna nagaNya-sA hotA jA rahA hai| hama mAnavajAti ke vikAsa hetu jina sAdhanoM kA prayoga kara rahe haiM unakA eka mAtra lakSya hai 'AvazyakatAoM kI asImita vRddhi aura unakI pUrti kA nirantara prayAsa' / isa prakAra vartamAna yuga meM AvazyakatAoM kI vRddhi ke mArga para mAnava abAdha gati se bar3ha rahA hai aura arthazAstrI tathA vaijJAnika ise pragati kA pUrNa aMga mAnakara isa kArya ko gati pradAna kara rahe haiN| ____bhautika AvazyakatAoM kA jIvana meM sthAna hai, isa bAta se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hamAre yahA~ kahA gayA hai 'bhUkhe bhajana na hoi gopAlA' / bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti anivArya hai, kintu usakI bhI eka sImA hai| kabIradAsa na isa tathya ko atyanta sundara DhaMga se vyakta kiyA hai - kabIrA sarIra sarAya hai, bhAr3A deke bs| jaba bhaThiyArI khuza rahe, taba jIvana kA rasa' / / isameM kabIra ke zabdoM kI abhivyaMjanA ko dekhiye| sampUrNa dohe meM bhautika AvazyakatA ko zarIra ke lie Avazyaka mAnate hue bhI unhoMne zarIra ko sarAya kahakara yaha bhAva vyakta kara diyA ki yaha na to apanA hI hai aura na Adarza hI, varan yaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa yAtrA kA par3Ava mAtra hai| hamArI yAtrA kA lakSya to hai usa AdhyAtmika Adarza ko prApta karanA, jo ki apanA hai| lekina jisa prakAra pathika ko apanI yAtrA meM bar3hane ke lie bIca-bIca meM sarAya ke mAlikoM ko kirAyA dekara vizrAma karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra hameM jIvana meM bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanA bhI jarUrI hotA hai| . bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI avahelanA kara AdhyAtmika AdarzoM kI bAta nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| manuSya meM pAzavika aura daivI donoM vRttiyoM kA saMyoga hai| yadi manuSya meM nimna vRttiyoM kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| to vaha manuSya se deva bana jAtA hai aura isI prakAra yadi usameM daivI vRttiyoM kA abhAva hotA hai to vaha pazu hI kahalA sakatA hai| kahA bhI hai - jaina dharmadarzana 449

Page #463
yeSAM na vidyA na tapo na dAnaM, jJAnaM na zIlaM na guNoM na dhrmH| te mRtyu loke bhuvibhArabhUtA, manuSyarUpeNa mRgaashcrnti|| tAtparya yaha ki manuSya jAti ke sacce vikAsa hetu bhautika aura AdhyAtmika donoM pravRttiyoM meM saMtulana sthApita karanA hogaa| yadi mAnava jIvana ke sampUrNa pakSa ko bhautikatA ke AvaraNa meM dabAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA to nizcita rUpa se mAnavajAti apane aMtima prayANa kI taiyArI kregii| vartamAna bhautikavAda ne manuSya ko jisa sthAna para khar3A kara diyA hai, vinAza kA aMdhakUpa usase adhika dUra nahIM hai| bhautika AvazyakatAe~ hI jIvana kA sarvasva nhiiN| hamAre pAsa peTa ke sAtha mastiSka bhI hai| IsA ne kahA hai : Man shall not live by bread alone (ch-4th,ver-4, seNTa maithyuu)| roTI peTa kI kSudhA ko zAMta kara sakatI hai lekina hamAre mAnasa ke lie kucha aura bhI cAhie jo hamArI AtmA kI, hamAre mAnasa kI kSudhA ko miTA ske| dUsare, kisI eka dizA meM nirbAdha gati se bar3hanA pragati kA saccA mArga nahIM hai| ravIndranAtha Taigora ne kisI sthAna para kahA hai - svaroM ko niraMtara bar3hAte jAne para hameM kevala cIkha ke atirikta kucha milane vAlA nahIM hai| tAtparya yaha ki yadi hama AvazyakatAoM kI vRddhi kI ora nirantara bar3hate raheM to anta meM hameM duHkha aura azAMti ke sivAya kucha milane vAlA nahIM hai| ravIndranAtha Taigora ne apanI yUropa yAtrA meM milAna (iTalI) ke bhASaNa meM isa ekAMgI vaijJAnika bhautika pragati kI AlocanA karate hue kahA thA - "For man to come near to one another and yet to continue to ignore the claims of humanity is assure process of suicide "6 tAtparya yaha hai ki manuSya vaijJAnika pragati ke kAraNa eka dUsare ke nikaTa A gayA hai, lekina aisI sthiti meM mAnavIya guNoM kA vikAsa na karate hue mAnavatA ke dAvoM ko dabAnA manuSya jAti ke lie AtmahatyA kA patha taiyAra karanA hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa bAta ko acchI taraha samajha liyA thA ki bhautikatA yA preya ke mArga para vyakti hamezA bar3hanA cAhatA hai kyoMki pUrva saMskAra isameM sahayogI hote rahate haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva ko bhoga mArga para calane kI Adata aneka janmoM se par3I huI hai| ataeva vidvAnoM ko hamezA saMyama ke mArga para, tyAga ke mArga para, calane kI preraNA denI caahie| vAstava meM hama galata dizA meM bar3ha rahe haiN| bhoga kA mArga pravRtti kA mArga hai, vaha DhalAna yA utAra kI dizA hai, usameM prANI svAbhAvika rUpa se gati karatA rahatA hai jabaki tyAga kA mArga nivRtti kA mArga hai, vaha car3hAI kA rAstA hai, usake lie 450 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #464
prayatna apekSita hai / yadi hameM jIvana meM sAmaJjasya sthApita karanA hai to jo bhoga kA yA pravRtti kA mArga hai, usase nivRtti karanI hogI aura jo nivRtti kA, tyAga kA mArga hai usameM pravRtti karanI hogI / jainazAstroM meM isa tathya ko isa prakAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai - asaMjame niyattiM ca, saMjame ya pavattaNaM 17 arthAt asaMyama meM nivRtti aura saMyama meM pravRtti karanI cAhie / saccA saMtulana bhI isI prakAra sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai / niHsaMdeha bhautika AvazyakatAoM kA mUlya hai, lekina unakA mUlya adhyAtma se adhika A~kanA galata hai / vAstava meM bhautika AvazyakatAoM ko adhyAtma kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie | kabIradAsajI bhI kahate haiM - kabIrA chudhA kUkarI karata bhajana meM bhaMga / yA ko Tukar3oM DAri ke, bhajana karo nisaMga / / yahI nahIM, varan bhautika icchAoM kI pUrti sImita rUpa meM hI kI jAnI caahie| ve kahate haiM - sAMI itanA dIjiye, jAme kuTuma samAya / Apa bhI bhUkhA na rahe, sAdhu na bhUkhA jAe / / lekina yadi hama bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI ora nirbAdha gati se bar3heM to hameM duHkha hI hAtha lagegA / mahAtmA buddha ne bhI AvazyakatAoM kI aparimita vRddhi (tRSNA) ke phala ko duHkhada batalAte hue kahA hai yameSA sahate jAlmA, tRSNA loke viSAtmikA / zokAstasya pravardhante, abhirUDhamiva vIraNam / / ' yaha viSailI nIca tRSNA jise ghera letI hai usake duHkha usI prakAra bar3hate haiM jaise vIraNa ghAsa bar3hatI jAtI hai / dUsare saMskRta kavi ne kahA hai :tRSNA na jIrNA vayameva jIrNA, bhogA na bhuktA vayameva bhuktAH / / arthAt tRSNA kA aMta nahIM AtA hai, tRSNA kabhI vRddha nahIM hotI hai / hama hI vRddha ho jAte haiN| bhoga ke bhogane kI kAmanA samApta nahIM hotI varan Ayu hI samApta ho jAtI hai| jaina graMthakAroM ne bhI tRSNA ko anaMta mAnA hai-icchA hu AgAsasamA aNaMtiyA'-arthAt icchA AkAza ke samAna ananta hai| yahI nahIM varan AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai . jaina dharmadarzana 451

Page #465
kAmA duratikkamA, jIviyaM duppaDivUhagaM,0. kAma kAmI khalu ayaM purise se soyai jUrai tippaI, pirtippii|| kAma (kAmanAoM) kA pUrNa honA asambhava hai aura jIvana bar3hAyA nahIM jA sktaa| kAmecchuka manuSya zoka kiyA karatA hai| saMtApa aura paritApa uThAyA karatA hai| jaba taka mAnava jIvana meM Asakti (kAmanA) rahegI, taba taka mAnavIya duHkha lage hI rheNge| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai - cittamantamacittaM vA parigijjha kisAmavi, annaM vA aNujANAI evaM dukkhANa muccaI / / / jaba taka manuSya sajIva (strI) aura nirjIva (dhana-sampatti Adi) padArthoM meM Asakti rakhatA hai, taba taka vaha duHkhoM se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| zAstra hI nahIM varan hamAre arthazAstrI bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki hamArI icchAe~ ananta hotI haiM, unakI santuSTi bhI sthAI nahIM hotii| icchAe~ apanI santuSTi ke sAtha hI navIna icchAoM ko janma detI haiM, jaise baMgalA banane para pharnIcara kI icchaa| isa prakAra icchAoM yA tRSNA kA yaha cakra samApta nahIM hotaa| pratyeka icchA apane sAtha tanAva lekara upasthita hotI hai aura jaba taka vaha pUrI nahIM ho jAtI hamAre andara tanAva banA rahatA hai| saMkSepa meM unake kAraNa hama vAstavika yA sthAyI sukhalAbha nahIM kara skte| jIvana meM saMyama dvArA saMtoSa kI prApti se hI vAstavika sukha (Happiness) kA AsvAdana ho sakatA hai| pataMjali kahate haiM: saMtoSAdanuttamasukhalAbhaH- saMtoSa se hI sarvottama sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai| vartamAna yuga meM manuSya apanI AvazyakatAoM yA icchAoM ko asImita rUpa meM bar3hAkara phira unakI pUrti hetu mArA-mArA phiratA hai aura sukha prApti kI AzA karatA hai| yaha to marubhUmi meM pyAsa bujhAne ke samAna hai kyoMki bar3hatI huI sampUrNa icchAoM kI pUrti kabhI bhI saMbhava nhiiN| AcArya guNabhadra kahate haiM AzAgartaH pratiprANi yasmin vizvamaNUpamam / tatkiya kiyadAyAti vRthAvai vissyaissitaa|| pratyeka prANI kI AzA rUpI khAI itanI vizAla hai ki usake sAmane saMpUrNa vizva bhI aNu ke tulya hai| isa sampUrNa vizva kI prApti para bhI kisI kI icchA kA kitanA sUkSma bhAga pUrA ho sakegA! ataH viSayoM kI cAha vyartha hai| icchaoM kI vRddhi meM sukha nahIM varan unake saMyama aura saMtoSa meM hI sukha hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai - sva satuSTaH svadharmastho yaH sarve sukhamedhate / / jo AtmasaMtoSI aura apane dharma meM sthita hai vahI sukha prApta karatA hai| 452 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #466
Aja hamArI sabhyatA AdhyAtmika se bhautika ho gaI hai| dharma aura mokSa kI upAsanA ko chor3akara Aja kA manuSya kAma aura artha kI upAsanA meM lagA hai| kAma ko artha ke adhIna kara Aja hamane artha-mUlaka sabhyatA kA nirmANa kara liyA hai| aura isIlie Aja kA manuSya paise meM sukha kI khoja karatA hai| hamArA sabhI vastuoM ko mApane kA paimAnA paisA ho gayA hai, lekina ina samasta prayAsoM meM manuSya ke hAtha duHkha, vaimanasya aura azAMti hI lagI hai| pichale do mahAyuddha uparyukta tathya ke jvalaMta pramANa haiN| . vAstava meM sukha ke mApadaMDa kA yaha AdhAra hI galata hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki jo nirdhana hote hue bhI saMtoSI hai, vaha sAmrAjya kA sukha prApta karatA haiakiMcanopi santuSTaH saamraajysukhmshnute| hindI ke kisI kavi ne kahA hai - godhana gajadhana bAjidhana aura ratanadhana khaan| jaba Ave saMtoSa dhana, saba dhana dhUri smaan|| tAtparya yaha hai ki saMyama se prApta saMtoSa ke dvArA hI sacce sukha ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai pragati kA saccA svarUpa na samajhakara Aja kA manuSya jisa artha ke pIche bhAgA jA rahA hai, usakA aMtima par3Ava kahA~ hai aura usakI prApti se use kyA phala prApta hone vAlA hai? isa bAta kA dhyAna use nahIM hai| hama betahAzA bhAge jA rahe haiM, lekina na to patha kA bhAna hai aura na lakSya kA hI, hamArI bhAgadaur3a vastutaH lakSyavihIna hai| jIvana meM jisa sukha aura zAMti kI prApti kI apekSA hameM hai vaha na to isa lakSyavihIna bhautika daur3a se prApta ho sakatI hai, aura na AvazyakatAoM ko nirbAdha gati se bar3hAne meN| vAstava meM ina sabake dvArA hama apane aMdara tanAva utpanna kara rahe haiN| hama jisa sukha aura zAMti ko prApta karanA cAhate haiM vaha bAhya padArthoM meM nahIM, hamAre aMdara hI hai| sukha eka Atmika tathya hai| vaha mukhya rUpa se Atmagata (Subjective) hai, lekina hama use vastugata (Objective) mAnakara prApta karanA cAhate haiN| hamArI yahI sabase bar3I bhUla hai| saMdarbha1. pazcimI darzana, pR. 121 / 2. rAdhAkRSNana, hinduoM kA jIvana darzana, pR. 68 / 3. subhASita saMgraha, pR. 91 / jaina dharmadarzana 453

Page #467
4. pazcimI darzana, pR. 1641 5. Social chapter 6. The Voice of Humanity. 7. uttarAdhyayan, 31.21 8. ghammapada-tRSNArvA 21 . 9. uttarAdhyayama 9/48 / 10. AcArAMga 2/921 11. sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/31 10 454 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #468
jaina-yoga-paddhati aura usa para anya yoga-paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva 1 bhAratIya mUla ke anya dharmoM kI taraha jainadharma bhI yoga aura dhyAna ko AdhyAtmika unnati aura vikAsa kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sAdhana mAnatA haiM uttarAdhyanasUtra (28/35) ke anusAra vyakti samyagjJAna dvArA svayaM kI AtmA kI prakRti ko jAna sakatA hai, samyagdarzana yA samyak - anubhUti dvArA usa para vizvAsa kara sakatA hai| isI taraha vyakti samyak - caritra dvArA usa niyaMtraNa yA saMyama kara sakatA hai, lekina Atma-zuddhi kevala samyak tapa ke dvArA hI kI jA sakatI hai| jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra tapa ke do prakAra haiM - bAhya aura Antarika / Antarika tapa ke do mahatvapUrNa bheda haiM, jinako ( 1 ) dhyAna arthAt ekAgratA aura (2) kAryotsarga (tyAga) arthAt apane zarIra aura sAMsArika saMbaMdhoM ke prati virAga-bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra Atmonnati (Emancipation) jo ki hamAre jIvana kA carama lakSya hai, kevala zukla- dhyAna ke dvArA hI prAptavya hai jo AtmA-sajagatA (Self-awareness) yA Atma-jJAna kI sthiti hai / isa prakAra jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra Atmonnati kevala dhyAna dvArA sambhava hai jo ki pataMjalI kI yoga-paddhati kA samyak sopAna bhI hai / isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dhyAna aura yoga jainadharma ke anivArya aMga hai / samasta jaina tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI kevala dhyAnamudrA hI pAI jAtI hai, kisI bhI anya mudrA meM nahIM hai / isase jaina vicAradhArA meM yoga aura dhyAna kA mahatva svataH hI prakaTa hai, kisI bhI anya mudrA meM nahIM hai / isase jaina vicAradhArA meM yoga aura dhyAna kA mahatva svataH hI prakaTa ho jAtA hai / yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki sAmAnyataH yoga kA parama lakSya cittavRttinirodha hai, jaina paramparA meM bhI yoga sAdhanA kA lakSya yoga nahIM kintu ayoga hI hai, arthAta man vANI aura kAyA kI samasta kriyAoM kA nirodha (Cessation) / yogadarzana meM bhI yoga ko cittavRtti nirodha hI kahA gayA hai ( yogazcittavRtti nirodha) / vartamAna kAla meM jaina yoga paramparA ke vikAsa ke saMdarbha meM paM. sukhalAla jI ne samadarzI haribhadra nAmaka kRti meM jainayoga para eka adhyAya likhA hai| pro. jaina dharmadarzana 455

Page #469
nathamala TAMTiyA ne bhI grantha sTaDIja ina jainaphilAsaphI meM jainayoga aura dhyAna para pUrA eka adhyAya diyA hai| viliyasa jemsa ne bhI jainayoga para eka pustaka likhI hai, lekina isameM unhoMne jaina AcAra zAstra para hI vistAra se carcA kI hai, jainayoga para bahuta hI kama likhA gayA hai| unake anusAra jainayoga kA artha hai, Atmonnati (Emancipation) kA sAdhanA maarg| jainayoga ke viSaya meM pro. padyanAma jainI ke grantha jaina pAtha oNpha vyUrophikezana kA bhI ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| Ajakala hindI meM bhI jainayoga para jo bhI likhA gayA hai, usameM sarvaprathama aura zreSTha grantha hai, muni nathamalajI (AcArya mahAprajJa jI) kRta jainyog| unhoMne yoga aura prekSA dhyAna para aneka grantha likhe haiN| e.bI. Dige kA pI-eca DI. kA zodhaprabandha bhI jainayoga para hI hai aura jo pI.vI. risarca iMsTITyUTa vArANasI se prakAzita bhI hai| yadi hama saMkSepa meM jainayoga ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama aura usa para anya bhAratIya yoga-paddhatiyoM ke prabhAva ke bAre meM jAnanA cAhate haiM to hameM jainayoga paddhati ke vikAsa ko nimnAkita pA~ca caraNoM meM vibhAjita kara ke dekhanA cAhiye1. Agama yuga ke pUrva kI sthiti (IsA pUrva 6vIM zatAbdI), 2. Agamayuga (I. pU. 8vIM zatI se IsA kI 5vIM zatI), 3. madhyakAla (IsA kI 6 zatI se 12vIM zatI) 4. tantra evaM karmakANDa kA yuga (IsA kI 13vIM zatI se 19vIM zatI), 5. Adhunikayuga (20 vI shtii)| 1. Agamapurvayuga bhArata meM yoga aura dhyAna kI avadhAraNA utanI hI purAtana hai, jitanI svayameva bhAratIya saMskRti hai| ati prAcIna kAla se yoga aura dhyAna ke saMdarbha meM do prakAra ke pramANa hameM milate haiM - 1. purAtAtvika (Seclptural-evidences) aura 2. sAhityika (Literary) prArambhika kAla se hI yoga aura dhyAna ke ina dono hI prakAroM ke pramANa upalabdha haiM, lekina yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ye yoga aura 6 yAna ke ye pramANa jaina-paddhati kA samarthana karate haiN| hama kevala itanA kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna yoga aura dhyAna ke ye saMdarbha bhAratIya zramaNasaMskRti se jur3e hue haiN| jaina, bauddha AjIvaka, sAMkhya-yoga tathA anya choTI-bar3I zramaNa-paramparAe~ isI se udbhUta huI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki dhyAna aura yoga ko pratyeka bhAratIya paddhati meM Adhikarika rUpa se apanAyA gayA thaa| isIlie katipaya jaina vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA ati sAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye sandarbha unakI apanI paramparA ke saMdarbha haiM! yoga aura dhyAna sambandhI prAcIna purAtAttvika pramANa mohanajodar3o aura harappA se 456 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #470
mile haiN| vahA~ khudAI meM kucha aisI sIle milI haiM, jina para yogI dhyAnamudrA meM baiThe hue yA khar3e hue dikhAye gaye haiN| isase pramANita hotA hai ki usa kAla meM dhyAna aura yoga kA pracalana thaa| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti bhArata kI zramaNasaMskRti kI prArambhika sthiti kahI jA sakatI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jaba vaidika parAmparA meM yajJa yA balidAna (Sarifies) kA pracalana thA, taba zramaNa-paramparA hI ke logoM meM yoga aura dhyAna kI paddhati adhika rucikAra thii| merA vicAra hai ki yaha prArambhika zramaNa-paramparA hI kucha kAloparAnta vibhinna zAkhAoM meM vibhAjita ho gaI, jaise jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya-yoga, AjIvaka tathA anya choTe-choTe zramaNa smprdaay| yadyapi tatkAlIna upaniSadIya paramparA meM zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA ke samanvaya kA prayatna huA thA aura vartamAna meM pracalita pataMjali kI yogapaddhati usI samanvaya kA pratiphala hai, lekina hameM isa tathya para avazya dhyAna denA cAhiye ki usameM paramparA ke lakSaNa (Sramanic features) prabhAvIrUpa se pramukha (Dominating) haiN| Agama pUrva kAla meM jainayoga para anya paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva - isa prAcIna kAla meM yAnI Agama yuga ke pUrva meM jainayoga para anya yoga-paddhatiyoM ke prabhAva kI khoja karanA bahuta kaThina hai kyoMki isa kAla meM hameM yoga aura dhyAna ke kisI eka vyavasthita saMgaThana kI jAnakArI nahIM milatI, sivAya rAmaputta ke, jinase svayaM bhagavAna buddha ne dhyAna kI kucha paddhatiyA~ sIkhI thii| yaha jAnanA bhI rucikara hogA ki rAmaputta sthAnAMga kA ullekha kucha prAcIna stara ke jaina graMthoM meM bhI upalabdha hai - jaise sUtrakRtAMga (3/62), aMtakRddAzAMga (10/113) aura RSibhAsita (23) / merA vizvAsa hai ki vartamAna kI vipazyanA aura prekSAdhyAna kI paddhatiyA~ bhI mUlataH rAmaputta kI dhyAna sAdhanA paddhati para hI AdhArita hai| 2. Agama yuga pAramparika rUpa se to yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jainayoga aura dhyAna-prakriyA (Meditation Practices) kA prArambha prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se huA thaa| aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI yaugika sAdhanA aura dhyAna kA Arambhika ullekha AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga aura RSibhASita jaise prArambhika jaina AgamoM meM bhI milatA hai| AcArAMga ke 9veM adhyAya upadhAnasUtra meM, bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA svayaM apanAI gaI dhyAna kI trATaka paddhati kA ullekha hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke 6veM adhyAya meM prAcIna prekSA-dhyAnapaddhati ke bhI saMketa haiN| usameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko sarvottama dhyAnIsaMta ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| unako vAstavika dhArmika prakriyAoM, mana kI sthiratA jaina dharmadarzana 457

Page #471
(Steadeness of mind) prekSA aura Atma sajagatA (Self awareness) kA anubhava thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke 8veM adhyAya meM yaha ullekha bhI hai ki Atmonnati evaM mukti (emancipation) ke pramukha sAdhana haiM - dhyAna, yoga aura titIkSA hai / bhagavatI, aupApatika aura dazAzrutaskaMdha jaise jaina Agama granthoM meM bhI hameM aneka prakAra se AsanoM ke nAma milate hai / jaina dharma granthoM meM aisA bhI ullekha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna ko goduhAsana meM prApta kiyA thA / 4. prANAyAma pataMjali kI yoga paddhati kA caturtha sopAna prANAyAma hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM isake sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa nirdezana nahIM milatA hai, kevala Avazyaka sUtra kI cUrNi bhAga- 2 pRSTha 265 (7vI zatI) meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki vArSika pratikramaNa (Yearly Penitential retreat ) ke avasara para vyakti ko eka hajAra zvAsocchavAsa kA dhyAna (kAryAtsarga) karanA caahiye| isI prakAra cAturmAsika pratikramaNa ke avasara para pA~ca sau zvAsocchavAsa kA, pAkSika pratikramaNa ke avasara para do sau pacAsa zvAsocchavAsa kA, daivasika pratikramaNa ke avasara para eka sau aura rAtrikAlIna pratikramaNa ke samaya pacAsa zvAsocchavAsa kA dhyAna karanA cAhiye / jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ eka zvAsa ko lene aura chor3ane ke kAla ko milAkara eka zvAsocchavAsa kahA gayA hai| mere vicAra se yaha aisA hI thA jaisA ki Aja bhI bauddha sampradAya ke vipazyanA dhyAna-sAdhanA kI AnApAnasati aura terApaMtha jaina sampradAya ke AcArya mahAprajJa ke prekSAdhyAna kI zvAsa- prekSA kI paddhati hai| prAraMbhika jaina dhArmika graMnthoM meM kuMbhaka, pUraka, recaka kA koI saMdarbha mujhe nahIM milA, yadyapi bAda meM jaina AcArya zubhacandra aura hemacandra ne apane grantha kramazaH jJAnArNava aura yogazAstra meM aneka prakAra ke prANAyAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / 5. pratyAhAra pataMjali yoga sUtra kA pA~cavA sopAna pratyAhAra hai / pratyAhAra kA artha hai apanI jJAnendriyoM para niyaMtraNa rakhanA / jaina-dharma meM isakA vistArapUrvaka vivecana pratisalInatA nAma se chaThaveM bAhyatapa ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / aneka jaina AgamoM meM indriya-saMyama nAma se bhI yoga ke isa pA~cave aMga kA varNana huA hai uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 32 veM adhyAya ( 21 - 86 ) meM isakA vizada vivecana hai / 6. dhAraNA pataMjali kI yoga sAdhanA paddhati ke chaTaveM, sAtaveM aura AThaveM sopAna kramazaH dhAraNA, dhyAna, samAdhi hai yadyapi jaina tarkazAstra meM matijJAna kA cauthA prakAra dhAraNA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu vahA~ dhAraNA kA Azaya jaina tarkazAstra kI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 458

Page #472
apekSA se hai| pataMjali kI yogapaddhati se vaha kucha bhinna bhI hai| pataMjali kI yoga sAdhanA-paddhati meM dhAraNA kA artha hai mana kI ekAgratA, jabaki jaina sAhitya meM dhAraNA kA artha hai anubhavoM kA dhAraNA karanA (Retention of ourexperiences) / pataMjali kI dhAraNA kA Azaya jaina saMpradAya ke dhyAna se bahuta kucha milatA julatA hai| 7. dhyAna jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyataH dhyAna kA artha hai- kisI vastu yA mAnasika saMkalpanA para mana kI ekAgratA (Concentration of mind on some objector a thought) / unake anusAra hamAre vicAra aura unakA kartA mana caMcala yA asthira hai| mana ke niyamana ke dvArA mana kI ekAgratA ko dhyAna kahA jAtA hai| ataH jainoM ke anusAra dhyAna cAra prakAra ke ho sakate haiM- 1. ArttadhyAna-sAMsarika icchAoM kI pUrti ke liye mana kI ekAgratA 2. raudradhyAna-hiMsAtmaka kriyAoM ke liye mana kI ekAgratA 3. dharmadhyAna-udAra evaM udAtta vicAroM para yA svayaM kI aura dUsaroM kI bhalAI ke vicAra para mana kI ekAgratA 4. zukladhyAna-mana zukladhyAna meM apanI ekAgratA kA kSetra kramazaH sImita kara letA hai aura aMtataH vicAra sthira tathA gatirahita yA nirvikalpa ho jAte haiN| 8. samAdhi pataMjali ke anusAra mana, vANI aura kAyA kI vikalpa evaM gati rahita sthiti samAdhi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha mana kI aisI nirvikalpa avasthA hai jisameM svayaM kA bAhya jagat se saMbandha TUTa jAtA hai| pataMjali yoga ke tIna AtaMrika aMga dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi jaina mAnyatA ke dhyAna se hI jur3e hue haiN| dhAraNA aura dhyAna ko dharma dhyAna kI vibhinna sthitiyoM meM samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura samAdhi ko zukla-dhyAna meN| anya prakAra se hama pataMjali ke dhAraNA aura dhyAna ko jaina mAnyatA ke dhyAna ke aMtargata mAna sakate haiM aura samAdhi ko jaina mAnyatA ke "kAyotsarga" ke aNtrgt| yahA~ yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki pataMjali yoga-paddhati meM dhAraNA, yAna aura samAdhi-ina tInoM ko yoga-sAdhanA ke AMtarika aMga mAna jAtA hai aura AMtarika aMga hone se ve eka dUsare se svataMtra nahIM haiM, lekina ve eka dUsare se sambaddha yA anusyUta haiM, kyoMki dhAraNA ke binA dhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai aura dhyAna ke binA samAdhi sabhaMva nahIM hai| yadyapi isa Agama yuga meM aSTAMga yoga ke dhyAna aura anya aMga jainiyoM meM pracalita the, kintu tatkAlIna jaina sAdhanA mukti ke tripakSIya yA catuHpakSIya mArga meM kendrita thI - udAraNArtha samyak-darzana yA samyak-zraddhAna (Right-Faith), jaina dharmadarzana 459

Page #473
samyak-jJAna (Right - Knowledge) samyak - caritra (Right conduct ) aura samyak-tapa yA Atma saMyama (Right Austrity ) / inameM se samyak - caritra aura samyak-tapa ko eka hI mAnakara umAsvAti aura anya jaina AcAryoM ne mukti kA tripakSIya mArga batAyA hai| mukti kA yaha tripakSIya mArga sAmAntaH hinduoM aura bauddhoM meM bhI mAnya rahA hai / hinduoM meM yaha bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga aura karmayoga ke rUpa meM aura bauddhoM meM zIla, samAdhi, aura prajJA ke rUpa meM svIkArya hai / samyak - jJAna kI tulanA gItA ke jJAnayoga se aura bauddhoM kI prajJA ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| isI prakAra samyak - dRSTikoNa yA samyak zraddhA kI tulanA gItA ke bhaktiyoga aura bauddhoM kI samyak dRSTi ke sAtha tathA samyak - caritra kI tulanA gItA ke karmayoga aura bauddhoM ke zIla ke sAtha ho sakatI hai / lekina yahA~ hameM isa tathya ke prati saceta rahanA cAhiye ki hindU vicArakoM ke anusAra mukti kI prApti ke liye sAdhanoM ke ina tInoM aMgo meM kisI bhI eka aMga kA anugamana paryApta hai kintu jaina vicAraka isase sahamata nahIM hai| unake anusAra sAdhanA ke ina tInoM aMgo meM se eka kA bhI abhAva ho to mukti kI prApti aMsabhava hai / isa prakAra jainoM ko ina tInoM prakAra ke yogoM arthAta bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga, karmayoga kA saMzliSTa rUpa hI mAnya hai / "yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki jainoM kA yaha tripakSIya mArga bhI sAmayika yA samattvayoga kI sAdhanA meM samAhita ho sakatA hai| jainoM ke lie samyak - dRSTi yA samyak-zraddhA, samyak-jJAna aura samyak cAritra kA utkRSTa sammizraNa samatvayoga hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (28 / 30 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki samyak dRSTikoNa yA zraddhA ke binA samyak-jJAna saMbhava nahIM hai aura samyak jJAna ke binA samyak cAritra bhI saMbhava nahIM aura samyak- cAritra yA AcaraNa ke binA mukti bhI aprApta hI hai / isa prakAra mukti kI prApti ke liye ye tInoM Avazyaka hai / samatvayoga jainiyoM kA mUla saiddhAMtikayoga yA tAtvikayoga (fundamental yoga of jainism) sAmayika yA samatvayoga hai / yaha jainiyoM kI eka pramukha avadhAraNA hai, bhikSu aura gRhastha ke SaTkartavyoM meM sarvaprathama hai| prAkRta zabda samAiya (samaiya) agreMjI meM anuvAda aneka prakAra se huA hai jaise citta kI sthiratA (Observance of equaminity), saba jIvoM ko apane samAna samajhanA ( viewing-all the living beings as ones own self), samatA kI bhAvanA (conception of equality), vyakti ke vyavahAra meM saMtulana kI sthiti (harmanious state of ones behaviour), vyaktitva kI kramika pUrNatA ke sAtha mana, vANI aura zarIra kI kriyAoM meM pavitratA yA pUrNa sadAcAra kA paricAlana (integration of personality jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 460

Page #474
as well as rightousness of one's mind, body and specch) / AcArya kuMdakuMda ne bhI samAhi (samAdhi) pada kA prayoga sAmAyika ke Azaya se kiyA hai jahA~ isakA artha hai cetanA kI tanAva-mukta sthiti athavA Atma-saMyama kI sthiti sAmAnya (atenticniess state of conciousness or a state of selfabsorption) sAmAnya rUpa se sAmAyika zabda kA artha hai - aisA viziSTa AdhyAtmika abhyAsa jisake dvArA vyakti citta kI sthiratA ko prApta kara sake yaha (Particular religious practice through which one can attain equanimity of mind) yaha apane Apa meM eka sAdhya ke sAtha-sAtha sAdhanA bhI hai| sAdhanA ke rUpa meM yaha citta kI nirvikalpa sthiti ko prApta karane kA abhyAsa hai aura sAdhya ke rUpa meM yaha eka aisI sthiti hai, jisameM vyakti vaikalpika kAmanAoM, AvegoM aura udvegoM rAga-dveSa aura icchaoM kI daur3a-dhUpa se pUrNataH mukta rahatA hai| yaha AtmalInatA (Self-absorption) athavA svayaM kI Atma zAnti (resting in-one's own self) kI sthiti hai| ___ Avazyaka niyukti (1046-1048) meM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika apanI AtmA kA hI vizuddha rUpa hai aura kucha nahIM (nothing but one's own self in its pure form) hai| isI prakAra samAdhi kI avasthA kI dRSTi se bhI sAmayika kA artha hai- svayaM ke vAstavika svabhAva kI pratIti (realisation of our own self in its real nature) yaha eka aisI avasthA hai, jisameM vyakti mamatva aura saMliptatA se pUrNataH mukta rahatA hai (completely free from attachment and unawareness) / isa grantha meM Aryabhadra ne sAmAyika ke vibhinna paryAyavAcI zabda die haiM (vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 3477-3483) jaise - citta kI sthiratA (Eqmanimity), samatA (equatity) pavitratA (Holinise), sadAcAra (rightousness), AtmalInatA kI sthiti (state of self-absorption), zuddhatA (Purity), zAMti (Peace), kalyANa (Welfare) aura prsnntaa| anuyogadvArasUtra (127-128) Avazyakaniyukti (804) aura kuMdakuMda ke niyamasAra (122-133) meM sAmAyika kI aneka prakAra se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti zabdoccAraNa kI kriyA kA tyAga karate hue anAsakti ke sAtha svayaM ko jAna letA hai use parama samatA (supreme equanimity) prApta ho jAtI hai jo samasta hiMsaka yA apavitra kAryoM se vilaga rahe, zarIra mana evaM vANI ke tripakSIya saMyama kI sAdhanA kare aura jJAnandriyoM ko nirUddha kare, vahI samatA (equanimity) ko prApta karatA hai jo jar3a-cetana samasta jIvadhAriyoM ke prati apane samAna (Atmavat) vyavahAra karatA hai vaha samatA ko prApta karatA hai| Age yaha kahA hai ki jo AtmaniyaMtraNa (Self control), vratapAlana aura jaina dharmadarzana 461

Page #475
kaThora saMyama kI (austerities) kI sAdhanA kare, jisako kisI prakAra kI Asakti aura saMliptatA (attachment and unawareness) na ho, jise koI tanAva yA udvega utpanna nahIM ho aura jo Asakti duHkha tathA baira se svayaM ko sadaiva dUra rakhe, vaha samatA yA sAmAyika ko prApta hotA hai| citta vRtti kI samatA (equanimity) kA abhyAsa svayaM meM hI dharma hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI zreSTha jana dharma ko citta kI samatA batAte haiN| isa prakAra jainoM ke lie dhArmika jIvana ke paripAlana kA artha kevala citta kI samatA evaM nirvikalpatA kI prApti kA abhyAsa hai, anya kucha nahIM hai| unake anusAra yahI sabhI prakAra kI dhArmika kriyAoM kA sAra hai aura ye saba sAdhanA kI prakiyAe~ kevala usI ko prApta karane ke lie nirdiSTa haiN| kevala jainiyoM meM hI nahIM hinduoM meM bhI samabhAva kI sAdhanA (equarninity) ke samarthaka aneka saMdarbha milate hai| gItA (2/48) meM yoga ko samatva kI sAdhanA ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| isI prakAra bhAgavata meM bhI samatva kI sAdhanA hI ko Izvara kI upAsanA kahA gayA hai| (samatvaM ArAdhaM acyutsy)| jaina sAdhanA kA sampUrNa tAnA-bAnA sAmayika kI bhUmikA para AdhArita hai, saba dhArmika AcAra ke niyama usI ke lie bane haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne batAyA hai ki jo samabhAva kI sAdhanA kA paripAlana karatA hai, use mokSa kI prApti avazya hogI, cAhe vaha bauddha ho athavA anya kisI dharma kA anuyAyI ho| jaina dharma granthoM meM to yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki koI kaThora tapasyA kare yA eka mAha meM eka bAra bhojana kA kaThora vrata kare yA rojAnA karor3oM svarNa-mudrAoM kA dAna kare to bhI mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA jaba taka ki samatvavRtti (equaminity) kI sAdhanA nahIM ho, kevala samatvavRtti yA citta kI nirvikalpatA prApta hone para hI koI mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai| AcArya kuMdakuMda kahate haiM ki yadi cittavRtti kI samatA yA nirvikalpatA (equaminity of mind) nahIM hai, to eka sAdhaka ke liye jaMgala meM rahanA, kaThora tapasyA karanA, aneka vrata-upavAsa karanA, dharmagranthoM kA pATha karanA, mauna vrata rakhanA Adi sabhI vyartha hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki mana kI ekAgratA kaise prApta ho ? samabhAva kI sAdhanA kI zAbdika udghoSaNA taba taka nirarthaka hai jaba taka ki usakA jIvanavyApI gahana abhyAsa nahIM ho| isake lie pahale una kAraNoM kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hai, jo hamAre mana kI ekAgratA meM bAdhaka hai aura usake pazcAt unake nirAkaraNa kA sAhasapUrNa prayatna ho| jaba taka hama mamatvavRtti yA saMliptatA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kareMge, taba taka citta kI ekAgratA yA samatvayoga yA sAmAyika kI sAdhanA saMbhava nahIM hai| 462 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #476
isa kAla meM jaina yoga para anya yoga paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva prArambhika kAla meM kisI eka yoga-paddhati para anya yoga paddhati kA prabhAva darzAnA bahuta kaThina hai, kyoMki tatkAlIna dhArmika grantha yA sAhitya meM aise koI bhI nizcita pramANa hameM nahIM milate haiM, jinase eka kA prabhAva dUsare para siddha ho sake / usa (prArambhika ) kAla meM bhArata kI 'zrAmaNika' paramparA (sramanic trend) vibhinna prakAra ke nizcayAtmaka sampradAyoM bhUmikAoM meM vibhAjita nahIM huI thI, kintu isa dvitIya kAla meM jise Agama yuga (canonical period) mAnA jAtA hai, dArzanika vicAroM ke vibhinna vargoM ne apane viziSTa nAmoM ke sAtha eka nizcita rUpa grahaNa kara liyA thA, jaise jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka, sAMkhya yoga Adi / isa kAla meM jainayoga aura bauddhayoga tathA pataMjali ke yoga meM aneka prakAra kI samAnatAe~ milatI haiN| paM. sukhalAlajI ne apanI 'tatvArthasUtra' kI bhUmikA pra. 55 meM ina samAnatAoM kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai, lekina ina samAnatAoM ke AdhAra para eka kA prabhAva dUsare para siddha karanA bahuta kaThina hai / yadyapi sAmAnyataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ina sabhI paddhatiyoM kA eka hI mUla strota rahA hai, jisase ye vikasita huI haiM aura vaha eka srota thA bhAratIya 'zramaNa paramparA / paravartI kAla meM vizeSa rUpa se Agama yuga meM hameM pataMjali ke yogasUtra aura umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra meM kucha samAnatAe~ avazya milatI haiM, lekina unake nAmakaraNa aura vyAkhyAe~ alaga-alaga prakAra se huI hai - isase eka kA prabhAva dUsare para siddha nahIM ho sakatA / yadyapi paM. sukhalAlatajI ne apane tatvArthasUtra kI bhUmikA pra. 55 meM tatvArthasUtra aura yogadarzana meM samAna mAnyatA ke ikkIsa vicAra - bindu diye haiM, ye eka jaise lakSaNa kevala samAnatA darzAte haiM, lekina kucha ko chor3a unake nAma aura Azaya sarvathA bhinna haiM aura isa bhinnatA ke kAraNa hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki eka paddhati ne inako dUsarI paddhati se liyA hai, isase kevala unake eka hI srota kA patA calatA hai ki isa Agama kAla (canonical age) meM jainiyoM kI unakI apanI eka viziSTa dhyAna paddhati rahI thI / yaha bhI pUrI taraha mAnya thA ki usake dvArA sAdhanA ke antima lakSya mokSa ko prApta ( ultimate end of emancipation) kiyA jA sakatA thA / jaina dharma ke granthoM meM jinabhadra ke dhyAnazataka meM dhyAna cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA- ArtadhyAna, raudradhyAna, dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna / ina cAra prakAra ke dhyAnoM meM prathama do-ArtadhyAna aura rUdradhyAna bandhana kA kAraNa hone se tyAjya mAne gaye the aura aMtima do - dharmadhyAna tathA zukladhyAna mokSa ( emancipation) kA karaNa hone se grAhya mAne gaye the / jaina dharmadarzana 463

Page #477
mere vicAra meM dhyAna ke ina cAra prakAroM kA vargIkaraNa kevala jaina AcAryoM kI hI dena hai, anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAdhanA-paddhati meM isa prakAra kA vargIkaraNa aura dhyAna ke ye nAma bhI hameM nahIM milate haiN| isaliye hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki kucha samAna lakSaNoM (comman features) ke AdhAra para eka kA dUsare para prabhAva darzAnA bahuta kaThina hai| isI prakAra 'samatvayoga jainayoga kI eka pramukha mAnyatA (key concept) hai sAmAnyataH bauddha aura hindU sAdhanA paddhati kA lakSya to vahI hai, bhagavadgItA meM to vizeSa rUpa se samatva kI sAdhanA ko hI yoga kahA hai| lekina hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki samatvayoga kI yaha avadhAraNA jainoM ne hinduoM se lI hai, kyoMki AcArAMga meM bhI isa tathya ko pratipAdita kiyA gyaa| AcArAMga gItA se pUrvakAla kA grantha hai| 3. Agamika vyAkhyAkAla yA madhyakAla ___ jainayoga ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se yaha kAla bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai, isake do kAraNa haiN| sarvaprathama yaha ki isa kAla meM jaina paramparA meM yoga sambandhI vipula sAhitya likhA gayA, dUsare isI kAla meM anya yoga paddhatiyoM ke jainayoga para Aye prabhAva ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla ke jaina sAhitya meM hameM nimna yoga sambandhI ullekha milate haiM, jaise- pAMca-yama (mahAvrata), pAMca-niyama, kucha Asana (zArIrika sthitiyA~) indriyoM kA niyaMtraNa aura kucha dArzanika tathA dhArmika nirdezana ke sAtha vividha prakAra ke dhyaan| lekina isa prakAra ke yoga sambandhI vivaraNa ko pUrI taraha jainayoga nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| - mere vicAra se jaina paramparA meM dhyAna para prathama kRti hai, jinabhadragaNi kI dhyAnazataka (6vIM zatAbdI), isameM dhyAna kI jaina Agamika paddhati kA pUrNataH anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai aura yaha samagra rUpa se jaina-dharma granthoM (jain canonicalwork) jaise ki sthAnAMga tathA anya jainAgamoM para AdhArita hai| sthAnAMga meM 'dhyAna' ke mukhya cAra prakAroM aura inake upabhedoM kA varNana hai, sAtha hI 1. unake viSaya (their object), 2. unake lakSaNa (their signs), 3. unakI AlaMbana (their conditions), 4. unakI bhAvanA (their reflextions), kA bhI ullekha hai lekina dhyAnazataka kA dhyAna kA yaha vivaraNa bhI pUrI taraha jaina Agama paramparA ke anusAra hI hai, yadyapi isameM kucha anya bAtoM kA bhI vivaraNa hai jaise- dhyAna ke upabheda, dhyAna kA samaya, dhyAna ke udAharaNa, dhyAtA kI yogyatA (qualities of meditator), dhyAna ke pariNAma aadi| jinabhadra ne inameM se prathama do azubha dhyAnoM (unauspicwous-dhyanas) kA saMkSepa meM aura aMtima do zubha dhyAnoM (auspicious dhyanas) kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai, kyoMki unake anusAra prathama do dhyAna 464 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #478
bandha ke kAraNa hai (causes of bondage) jabaki aMtima do dhyAna mokSa ke sAdhana haiM (the means of emancipation) aura isIlie unako yoga-sAdhanA ke aMga mAnA gayA haiN| __ jinabhadragaNi aura pUjyapAda devanandI ke pazcAt aise jaina AcArya hue haiM, jinakA jaineyoga paddhati kI purnaracanA (Reconstrnction of jain yoga) meM aura anya yoga paddhatiyoM ke sAtha jainayoga paddhati ke samanvaya ke kSetra meM avadAna rahA haiN| unhoMne jainayoga saMbaMdhI 4 mahatvapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kI hai- yogaviMzikA, yogazataka, yogabindu aura yogdRssttismuccy| AcArya haribhadra hI eka aise vyakti haiM, jinhoMne jaina paramparA meM yoga zabda kI paribhASA ko pahalI bAra badala diyaa| jaisA ki pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai, Agamayuga (canonical period) meM 'yoga' zabda bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jabaki AcArya haribhadra ne yoga ko mokSa kA sAdhana ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| unake anusAra samasta AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika kriyAe~, jo aMta meM mokSa taka le jAtI hai- yoga hai| haribhadra ne apane sampUrNa yoga sAhitya meM sAmAnyataH yahI mata vyakta kiyA hai ki sabhI dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika kriyAe~ jo ki mokSa taka pahu~cAtI hai, yoga ke rUpa meM mAnya haiN| yaha dRSTavya hai ki unhoMne apane yoga sAhitya meM yoga ko bhinna prakAra se samajhAyA hai| prathama to yaha ki unhoMne apanI yogaviMzikA (yogavinsika)meM yoga ke nimna 5 bheda batAyeM haiN| 1. sthAnayoga arthAt Asana kA abhyAsa (practice of proper postures) 2. urNayoga arthAt dhvani kA sahI uccAraNa (correct uttarence of sound) 3. arthayoga - dhArmika yoga granthoM ke artha ko sahI rUpa meM samajhAnA (proper understanding of the meaning of canonical works) 4. Alambana - kisI viziSTa lakSya jaise jinapratimA Adi para mana kI ekAgratA (concentration of mind on a object as jina image etc.) isa avasthA meM jina ke yA AtmA ke amUrta guNoM (abstract qualities of jain or self) ke cintana meM cittavRtti kI ekAgratA (concentration of thought) hotI hai| 5. anAlambana - isa pA~cavI sthiti ko AtmA yA mana kI vicArahIna avasthA (thoughtless state of the self) yA nirvikalpadazA bhI kahA jA sakatA haiN| ___ yoga ke ina pA~ca bhedoM meM se prathama do yoga sAdhanA ke bAhya pakSa se jur3e hue haiM aura aMtima tIna yoga sAdhanA ke AMtarika pakSa se, dUsare zabdoM meM prathama do yoga karma-yoga haiM aura aMtima tIna yoga jJAna-yoga haiN| haribhadra ne apane yogabindu nAmaka grantha meM yoga ke anya 5 bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai - jaina dharmadarzana 465

Page #479
1. AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi (spiritual vision) yA AdhyAtmayoga 2. vaicArika ekAgratA (couter ptation) yA bhAvanAyoga 3. dhyAnayoga yA cittavRtti kI ekAgratA yA 4. mAnasika samatva (mental equaminity) samatAyoga 5. mana, vANI aura kAyA kI samasta kriyAoM kA nirodha (ceasetion of all the activities of mind, speech and body) arthAt vRtti-sNkssy| kintu haribhadra ne apane 'yogadRSTisamuccaya' meM yoga ke kevala tIna bheda samajhAe haiM - 1. AtmAnubhUti yA yoga sAdhanA ke lie icchA (willingness for self realization or yogic sadhna) arthAt icchAyoga 2. AdhyAtmika AdezoM kA anusaraNa (the followup of the spritual orders) arthAt zAstrayoga 3. AtmA kI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA vikAsa aura AdhyAtmika Antarika urjA kI saMprapti (development of ones spiritual powers and inhilation of spiritual inertia) arthAt saamrthyyog| haribhadra ke "yogadRSTisamuccaya" meM pratipAdita yoga ke ina tIna prArUpoM kI jainiyoM ke triratna (three jwels) ke sAtha tulanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai arthAt, samyak-darzana (right vision) samyak-jJAna (right knowledge) aura samyak-caritra (right conduct), kyoMki ye triratna jainiyoM meM mokSamArga yA dUsare zabdoM meM mokSa ke patha haiM, isaliye ye yoga hai| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki yadyapi yoga ke vibhinna aMgoM yA sopAnoM ke sambandha meM haribhadra ne apane grantha meM aneka prakAra ke mantavyoM ko prakaTa kiyA hai, kintu eka bAta unhoMne sAmAnya rUpa se svIkAra kI hai ki yoga vaha hai jo mokSa se jor3a de| yahA~ hama haribhadra para kularNavatantra tathA anya yaugika granthoM kA prabhAva dekha sakate haiM, kyoMki unhoMne bhI kulayogI kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai, lekina sAmAntaH haribhadra ne bhogavAdI tAntrika sAdhanA kI AlocanA hI kI hai| isa kAla meM haribhadra ke bAda do anya jaina AcArya hue hai - 1. zubhacandra (11vIM sadI) aura 2. hemacandra (12vIM sadI) jinakA avadAna jaina yoga ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina ye donoM AcArya hindU-tantra se bahuta adhika prabhAvita (dominated) haiN| inameM zubhacandra digambara jaina paramparA se saMbaddha hai aura unakA prasiddha yoga sambandhI grantha "jJAnArNava" ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| hemacandra zvetAmbara jaina paramparA se saMbaddha haiM aura unakA ullekhanIya grantha "yogazAstra" ke rUpa meM jAnA 466 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #480
jAtA hai| yaugika sAdhanA ke liye zubhacandra ne maMgalakArI dhyAna ( auspicious meditation) kI pUrva taiyArI (pre-requisite of auspicious meditation) ke liye 4 prakAra kI bhAvanAe~ (four fold virtues) batAI haiM - 1. maitrI - sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha mitratA kA bhAva (friendship with all beings) 2. pramoda - dUsaroM ke guNoM kI praMzasA kI vRtti (appriciations of lee merits) 3. karuNA - abhAvagrasta logoM ke prati sahAnubhUti (sympathy towards the needy persons) mAdhyastha - virodhI janoM yA anaitika AcaraNa karane vAloM ke prati samabhAva (equanimity or indeference towar unruly) dRSTavya hai ki ye cAra bhAvanAe~ bauddhoM meM aura pataMjali ke yogasUtra meM samAna rUpa se mAnI gaIM hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki dharmadhyAna kI vivecanA karate hue ina usake cAra prakAra batAe - piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura ruupaatiit| sAtha hI, piNDastha dhyAna kI dhAraNA ke pA~ca bheda- pArthivI, AgneyI, vAyavI (zvasatra), vArUNI aura tatvarUpavatI batAye haiM / yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ye cAra prakAra ke dhyAnoM meM dharmadhyAna kI pA~ca prakAra kI dhAraNAe~ bauddha aura hindU granthoM meM pAyI jAtI hai, prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM nhii| zubhacandra ke bAda jainayoga ke anya pramukha AcArya haiNhemcndr| yadyapi hemacandra ne apane yogazAstra meM sAmAnyataH jainoM ke triratnoMsamyak-jJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak - caritra kA hI vivecana kiyA hai, lekina isameM unhoMne samyak-caritra para hI bahuta adhika jora diyA hai| dhyAna ke cAra prakAroM kA vivecana karate hue unhoneM bhI piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha, aura rUpAtIta dhyAna kA varNana pA~ca dhAraNAoM ke sAtha kiyA haiM / lekina isa saMdarbha meM vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki unhoMne ye vicAra zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava se liye haiM / yaha grantha unake yogazAstra se pahale kA hai / 4. saMkSepa meM dhyAna aura dhAraNA ke ye bheda pahale zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava se liye aura taba hemacaMdra ne zubhacandra kA anugamana kiyA / isa prakAra isa kAla meM jaina yoga para anya yogasAdhanAoM kA prabhAva saralatA se dekhA jA sakatA hai / isakAla meM anya yoga paddhati kA jainiyoM para prabhAva jinabhadra ke dhyAnazataka aura pUjyapAda ke samAdhizataka isa kAla kI prArambhika kRtiyA~ haiM, jinameM hameM anya yoga sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kyoMki jaina sAhitya meM dhyAnazataka evaM samAdhizataka meM hI jainoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra cAra dhyAnoM kA varNana hai / isakAla meM jaina yoga para anya yoga jaina dharmadarzana 467

Page #481
paddhatiyoM ke prabhAva ko zubhacandra aura hemacandra ke granthoM para dekhA jA sakatA hai| haribhadra ne apane yoga sambandhI granthoM meM yoga sAdhanA kI vibhinna sthitiyoM kA varNana alaga hI nAmoM se kiyA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki ve mUlataH brAhmaNa paramparA se sambaddha rahe, isaliye isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki ve anya yoga granthoM se prabhAvita rahe haiN| lekina eka bAta bahuta hI spaSTa hai ki ve jaina yoga paramparA ke prati pUrI taraha ImAnadAra rahe haiN| hindU paramparA ke yogavaziSTha meM yoga-sAdhanA kI tIna sthitiyA~ haiM1. sampUrNa samarpaNa 2. mAnasika zAMti aura 3. zarIra tathA mana kI kriyAoM ko pUrNa nirodh| haribhadra ne bhI apane yogadRSTisamuccaya meM jina tIna yogoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - 1. icchAyoga 2. zAstrayoga aura 3. sAmarthyayoga- vaha jainoM ke triratna para AdhArita hai| inameM se icchAyoga -sampUrNa samarpaNa ke samAna hai kyoMki isake anta meM apanI koI icchA bacatI hI nahIM hai aura sAmarthya yoga yogavAziSTha kI anya do sthitiyoM mAnasika zAMti tathA zarIra, mana kI saMpUrNa kriyAoM ke nirodha ke samAna hai| yogabindu meM haribhadra ne yoga ke nimna prakAra batAe haiM - 1. AdhyAtmayoga (spiritualism)- AdhyAtmikatA 2. bhAvanAyoga (contemplation)-dhAraNA 3. dhyAnayoga (meditation)- dhyAna 4. samatAyoga (equanimity of mind)- mana kI samatA sthiti 5. vRttisaMkSayayoga (ceasetion of all activties of mind, body and speech)- mana, vANI aura zarIra kI saba kriyAoM kA nirodh| ___ yoga ke ina pA~ca bhedoM meM AdhyAtmayoga ko anya yogapaddhatiyoM meM "mahAyoga" ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA gayA hai, bhAvanA aura dhyAna kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU yogapaddhati meM bhI hai| samatAyoga aura vRttisaMkSaya-yoga jaisA ki hama dekha hI cuke hai, ye donoM yoga yogavAziSTha meM bhI ullekhita hai aura vRttisaMkSaya-yoga, laya-yoga ke antargata AtA hai| haribhadra ne apanI yogaviMzikA meM jo cAra prakAra ke yoga batAe haiM - 1. Asana (zarIra kI sthiti vizeSa body-posture) 2. UrNa (maMtroccAraNa - recitation of mantras) 3. AlaMbana aura 4. anAlaMbana Asana kI avadhAraNA pataMjali ke yoga sUtra meM bhI vidyamAna hai| isI taraha UrNa ko hindU yogapaddhati meM maMtrayoga yA japayoga ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai aura isI taraha AlaMbana ko bhaktiyoga tathA anAlaMbana ko layayoga ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra haribhadra dvArA ATha yogadRSTiyoM kI vyavasthA bhI pataMjali ke aSTAMga yoga ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| 468 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #482
yadyapi haribhadra ne ina vibhinna avadhAraNAoM ko bauddha tathA hindU tantra paddhatiyoM se liyA hai, kintu unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne inako jaina paramparAnusAra vyavasthita kiyA hai aura nAma diye haiN| lekina jahA~ taka piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta dhyAna aura unakI pArthivI, AgneyI, vAyavI aura vArUNI dhAraNAoM kA saMbaMdha hai, ve zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava meM aura hemacandra ke yogazAstra meM hindU tantravAda ke prabhAva se hI AI haiN| yahA~ eka bAta aura ullekhanIya hai ki ukta donoM granthoM meM pataMjali ke aSTAMgayoga kA vistAra se varNana hai| isaliye hameM yaha mAnanA hI cAhiye ki ukta donoM AcArya pataMjali ke yogasUtra aura anya hindU tAntrika sAhitya- jaise ki gheraNDasaMhita, kulArNava Adi se bahuta adhika prabhAvita hue haiN| maMtra aura tantra ke prabhAva kA kAla (13vIM sadI se 19vIM sadI taka) hemacandra ke bAda aura yazovijaya ke pahale arthAt 13vIM sadI se 16vIM sadI taka kI cAra zatAbdiyoM ko jainayoga kA aMdhayuga (dark age of jainyoga) mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla meM jainayoga jo ki mUlataH AdhyAtmika prakAra kA thA, pUrI taraha se naipathya meM calA gayA (gone into background) aura karmakANDa pradhAna tantra-maMtra hI pramukha ho gye| isa kAla meM yogasAdhanA kA uddezya mukti yA Atmavizuddhi ke bajAya sAMsarika upalabdhiyA~ ho gayA thaa| isa prakAra yogasAdhanA kA AdhyAtmika uddezya pUrNataH bhUlA diyA gayA aura usakA sthAna bhautika kalyANa aura vAsanA pUrti ne le liyaa| yadyapi ina zAtAbdiyoM meM jaina sAhitya meM anya darzanoM kI AlocanA hetu bhI grantha likhe gaye, lekina yoga kI dRSTi se isa kAla kA pramukha lakSaNa tantra, mantra aura karmakAMDa, pUjA-pATha (Rituals) hI thaa| isaliye ina zatAbdiyoM meM jaina AcAryoM ne stuti-strota, pUjA-pATha tathA taMtra-maMtra sAdhanA saMbaMdhI sAhitya kI racanA kii| isa kAla ke Arambha meM zAsana-devatAoM (yakSa-yakSI), bhairava aura yogIniyoM kI pUjA adhika mahatvapUrNa ho gaI thI, jisakA uddezya bhakta kI bhautika kalyANa kI kAmanA hI thA aura isI kAraNa aneka hindU devI-devatAoM ko zAsana rakSaka devoM ke rUpa meM jainiyoM ne pUrI taraha mAna liyaa| __isa kAla ke anta meM jainayoga ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA punarAvartana yazovijaya (17vIM zatAbdI) dvArA huaa| unhoMne haribhadra ke granthoM kI TIkAeM likhI aura usake sAtha-sAtha hI AdhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra, AdhyAtmoniSad sarIkhe maulika yoga sAhitya kI racanA kI aura ina para bhI TIkAe~ bhI likhii| yahI nahIM yazovijaya ne pataMjali ke yogasUtra para bhI eka TIkA bhI likhI hai| isI prakAra isa kAla ke jaina dharmadarzana 469

Page #483
eka anya jaina AdhyAtmika vicAraka hue hai, jaise aanndghn| Anandaghana ne 24 tIrthakaroM kI prazaMsA meM likhe hue apane padoM aura gItoM ke dvArA jaina AdhyAtmikatA aura yogasAdhanA kA punarAvartana kiyaa| yazovijayajI aura AnandaghanajI kA sAhitya pUrNataH haribhadra se prabhAvita hai, phira bhI una para pataMjali ke rAjayoga aura haThayoga kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| . jaisA ki pahale hI mai kaha cukA hU~, isa kAla kA pramukha lakSaNa thA, jaina-yoga para hindU paramparA ke haThayoga kI kuMDalinI jAgaraNa aura SaTcakra bhedana kI avadhAraNA kA prabhAva jaina-yoga paramparA meM bhI AyA hai| Adhunika kAla (20vIM zatAbdI) ___ Adhunika kAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki jainayoga kI sAdhanA meM bahuta adhika parivartana aura vistAra huA hai| isa kAla meM tanAva-mukti (tensionrelexation) ke eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM yoga aura dhyAna ke prati jana sAmAnya kA AkarSaNa bahuta bar3ha gayA hai| Aja mAnava jAti apane lobha aura AkAMkSAoM se utpanna tanAvoM se pUrI taraha jakar3I huI hai, burI taraha grasta hai| yaha eka saMyoga hI thA ki zrI esa.ena. goyanakA varmA se bhArata lauTe to bhArata meM prAcIna bauddha vipazyanA dhyAna kI upalabdhi huI jo ki prArambhika jaina sAdhanA meM bhI thii| terApaMthI jaina saMmpradAya ke AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne pahalI bAra ise goyanakA jI se samajhA aura jaina dharma ke vidhi-vidhAna sabandhI svayaM kI jAnakArI tathA pataMjali yogasUtra ke AdhAra para dhyAna kI isa paddhati ko prekSA-dhyAna ke nAma se vyavasthita rUpa diyaa| hamAre samaya meM prekSA-dhyAna jainayoga kI eka mahatvapUrNa vidhA hai| yadyapi kucha anya jaina sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM ne bhI dhyAna aura yoga kI unakI apanI paddhatiyA~ kA vikAsa kiyA, kintu unameM nayA kucha nahIM hai, sirpha prekSA aura vipazyanA kI milAvaTa hai| yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki hamAre samaya ko prekSA-dhyAna bhI bauddha-jaina paramparA ke vipazyanA aura pataMjali ke aSTAMgayoga tathA haThayoga ke sAtha kucha Adhunika manovijJAnika avadhAraNAoM kA sammizraNa hai| saMkSepataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki prArambhika kAla meM arthAt mahAvIra ke pahale jainayoga aura dhyAna-paddhatiyA~ to thI hI, kintu apanI prakriyA ke sambandha meM aspaSTa thii| hama unako prArambha kI anya zrAmaNika paramparAoM se pRthaka nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki usase sambandhita sAhitya tathA anya pramANoM kA abhAva hai| dvitIya kAla meM arthAt Agama kAla meM prANAyAma ke atirikta pataMjali yoga sUtra ke anya sAta aMgoM kI sAdhanA bhI jaina sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM dvArA kI jAtI thIM, Agama meM unake ullekha bhI haiM, lekina hameM yaha kahane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki pataMjali ne inako 470 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #484
jainiyoM yA anya zramaNa paramparAoM se grahaNa kiyA athavA jainiyoM aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM inako pataMjali se grahaNa kiyA / mere vicAra se donoM ne inheM bhArata kI prAcIna zramaNa se grahaNa kiyA jisakI ye zAkhAe~ haiM / tRtIya aura caturtha kAla ke sambandha meM hama kevala yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ina kAloM meM jainiyoM ne jainayoga aura dhyAna sambandhI aneka karmakAMDaparaka paddhatiyA~ hindU aura bauddha tAntrika sAdhanAoM se grahaNa kI, ina donoM kAloM meM jainayoga aura dhyAna para anya paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva saralatA se dekhA jA sakatA hai / vartamAna samaya meM jainayoga aura dhyAna sAdhanA punaH jIvita ho gaI hai aura sAmAnyataH jaina logoM meM usake prati sajagatA hai, lekina yaha spaSTa hai ki jainayoga aura dhyAna kI vartamAna paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa pUrI taraha vipazyanA aura pataMjali ke aSTAMga yoga kI sAdhanA ke sAtha kucha Adhunika manovaijJAnika tathA dArzanika adhyayanoM ke AdhAra para huA hai / aMta meM apane isa Alekha kA samApana AcArya amitagati ke "sAmAyika-pATha" ke eka sundara uddharaNa ke sAtha karanA cAhU~gA satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramodam kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpA paratvam madhyastha bhAvaM viparItavRttau sadA samAtmA vivadAtu deva / / he bhagavAna! maiM saMsAra ke saba prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva rakhU~ aura guNIjanoM se milane para prasannatA kA anubhava karU~ / jo atyanta duHkhI avasthA meM haiM, unakA sadA sahAyaka banU~ aura apane virodhiyoM ke prati sahanazIla rahU~ / jaina dharmadarzana - 471

Page #485
tantrasAdhanA aura jaina jIvana-dRSTi 'tantra' zabda kA artha jaina dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA-paddhati meM tAMtrika sAdhanA ke kauna-kauna se tattva kisa-kisa rUpa meM upasthiti haiM, yaha samajhane ke lie sarvaprathama taMtra zabda ke artha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| vidvAnoM ne taMtra zabda kI vyAkhyAe~ aura paribhASAe~ aneka prakAra se kI haiN| unameM se kucha paribhASae~ vyutpattiparaka haiM aura kucha ruuddhaarthk| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se tantra zabda 'tan'+'tra' se banA hai| 'tan' dhAtu vistRta hone yA vyApaka hone kI sUcaka hai aura 'tra' trANa dene yA saMrakSaNa karane kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra jo AtmA ko vyApakatA pradAna karatA hai aura usakI rakSA karanA hai use tantra kahA jAtA hai| tAntrika granthoM meM 'tantra' zabda kI nimna vyAkhyA upalbdha hai - - tanoti vipulAnarthAna tttvmntrsmnvitaan| trANaM ca kurute yasmAt tntrmitybhidhiiyte|| arthAt jo tattva aura mantra se samanvita vibhinna viSayoM ke vipula jJAna ko pradAna karatA hai aura usa jJAna ke dvArA svayaM evaM dUsaroM kI rakSA karatA hai, use taMtra kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH taMtra eka vyavasthA kA sUcaka hai jaba hama taMtra zabda kA prayoga rAjataMtra, prajAtaMtra, kulInataMtra Adi ke rUpa meM karate haiM, taba vaha kisI prazAsanika vyavasthA kA sUcaka hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, apitu AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura Atma-vizuddhi ke lie jo viziSTa sAdhanA-vidhiyA~ prastuta kI jAtI haiM, unheM 'taMtra' kahA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se 'taMtra' zabda eka vyApaka artha kA sUcaka hai aura isa AdhAra para pratyeka sAdhanAvidhi 'taMtra' kahI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH jaba hama zaivataMtra, zAktataMtra, vaiSNavataMtra, jainataMtra, yA bauddhataMtra kI bAta karate haiM, to yahA~ taMtra kA abhiprAya Atma vizuddhi yA cittavizuddhi kI eka viziSTa paddhati se hI hotA hai| merI jAnakArI ke anusAra isa dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM 'tantra' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga AcArya haribhadra ne apane granthoM-paJcAzaka aura lalitavistarA (AThavIM zatI) meM kiyA hai| unhoMne paJcAzaka' meM jina Agama ko aura lalitavistarA meM jaina dharma ke hI eka sampradAya ko 'taMtra' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki lagabhaga AThavIM 472 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #486
zatI se jaina paramparA meM 'taMtra' abhidhAna pracalita huaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prastuta prasaMga meM Agama ko hI taMtra kahA gayA hai| Age calakara Agama kA vAcaka tantra zabda kisI sAdhanAvidhi dArzanika vidhA kA vAcaka bana gyaa| vastutaH taMtra eka dArzanika vidhA bhI hai aura sAdhanAmArga bhii| dArzanika vidhA ke rUpa meM usakA jJAnamImAMsIya evaM tattvamImAMsIya pakSa to hai hI, kintu isake sAtha hI usakI apanI eka jIvana dRSTi bhI hotI hai jisake AdhAra para usakI sAdhanA ke lakSya evaM sAdhanA-vidhi kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| vastutaH kisI bhI darzana kI jIvanadRSTi hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo usakI jJAnamImAMsA, tattvamImAMsA evaM sAdhanA vidhi ko nirdhArita karatA hai aura inhIM sabase milakara usakA darzana evaM sAdhanAtaMtra banatA hai| vyAvahArika rUpa meM ve sAdhanA paddhatiyA~ jo dIkSA, maMtra, yaMtra, mudrA, dhyAna, kuNDalinI zakti jAgaraNa Adi ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke pAzavika yA vAsanAtmaka pakSa kA nivAraNa kara usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karatI hai yA use devatva ke mArga para Age le jAtI hai, taMtra kahI jAtI hai| kintu yaha taMtra kA prazasta artha hai aura apane isa prazasta artha meM jaina dharma-darzana ko bhI taMtra kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usakI apanI eka suvyavasthita, suniyojita sAdhana-vidhi hai, jisake mAdhyama se vyakti vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara uThakara AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM yAtrA karatA hai| kintu taMtra ke isa prazasta vyutpattiparaka artha ke sAtha hI 'taMtra' zabda kA eka pracalita rUDhArtha bhI hai, jisameM sAMsArika AkAMkSAoM aura viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie madya, mAMsa, maithuna Adi paMca makAroM kA sevana karate hue yantra, maMtra, pUjA, japa, homa, bali Adi ke dvArA mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa, uccATana, stambhana, vidveSaNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI siddhi ke lie devI-devatAoM kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai aura unheM prasanna karake apane adhIna kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vyakti kI laukika vAsanAoM aura vaiyaktika svArthoM kI siddhi hI hotA hai| apane isa pracalita rUDhArtha meM taMtra ko eka nikRSTa koTi kI sAdhanA-paddhati samajhA jAtA hai| isa koTi kI tAntrika sAdhanA bahupracalita rahI hai, jisase hindU, bauddha aura jaina-tInoM hI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM para usakA prabhAva bhI par3A hai| phira bhI siddhAntataH aisI tAntrika sAdhanA jainoM ko mAnya nahIM rahI, kyoMki vaha usakI nivRttipradhAna jIvana dRSTi ora ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke pratikUla thii| yadyapi ye nikRSTa sAdhanAeM tantra ke sambandha meM eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hI hai, phira bhI sAmAnyajana tantra ke sambandha meM isI dhAraNA kA zikAra rahA hai| sAmAnyatayA janasAdhAraNa meM prAcIna kAla se hI tAntrika sAdhanAoM kA yahI rUpa adhika pracalita rahA hai| aitihAsika evaM sAhityaka sAkSya bhI tantra ke isI svarUpa kA samarthana karate haiN| jaina dharmadarzana 473

Page #487
bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi aura vAsanonmukha tantra kI isa jIvanadRSTi ke samarthana meM bhI bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai| kulArNava meM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnyatayA jina vastuoM ke upayoga ko patana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai unheM kaulatantra meM mahAtmA bhairava ne siddhi kA sAdhana batAyA hai| isI prakAra na kevala hindU tAMtrika sAdhanA meM apitu bauddha paramparA meM bhI prArambha se hI kaThora sAdhanAoM ke dvArA AtmapIr3ana kI pravRttiyoM ko ucita nahIM mAnA gyaa| bhagavAna buddha ne madhyamamArga ke rUpa meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pUrti hetu bhogamaya jIvana kA bhI jo AMzika samarthana kiyA thA, vahI Age calakara bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna ke rUpa meM tAMtrika bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke vikAsa kA kAraNa banA aura usameM nivRttimaya jIvana ke prati virodha ke svara mukharita hue| cAhe buddha kI mUlabhUta jIvanadRSTi nivRttimArgI rahI ho, kintu unake madhyamamArga ke AdhAra para hI paravartI bauddha AcAryoM ne vajrayAna yA sahajayAna kA vikAsa kara bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ko samarthana denA prArambha kara diyaa| guhyasamAja tantra meM kahA gayA hai - sarvakAmopabhogaizca sevymaanairythecchtH| anena khalu yogena laghu buddhatvamApnuyAt / / duSkarairniyamaistItraiH sevyamAno na siddhyti| sarvakAmopabhogaistu sevayaMkSAzu siddhyti|| bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke samarthakoM kA tarka yaha hai ki kAmopabhogoM se virata jIvana bitAne vAle sAdhakoM meM mAnasika kSobha utpanna hote hoMge, kAmabhogoM kI ora unakI icchA daur3atI hogI aura vinaya ke anusAra ve use dabAte hoMge, parantu kyA damanamAtra se cittavikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA, dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI, svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoNgii| ina pramathanazIla vRttiyoM ko damana karane se bhI dabate na dekha, avazya hI sAdhakoM na unheM samUla naSTa karane ke lie saMyama kI jAgarUka avasthA meM thor3A avasara diyA ki ve bhoga kA bhI rasa le leM, tAki unakA sarvathA zamana ho jAye aura vAsanA rUpa se ve hRdaya ke bhItara na raha skeN| anaMgavajra ne kahA hai ki cittakSubdha hone se kabhI bhI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI, ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie jisameM mAnasika kSobha utpanna hI na ho - tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate mnH| saMkSubdhe cittaratne tu siddhirneva kdaacn|| jaba taka citta meM kAmabhogopalipsA hai taba taka citta meM kSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala hindU tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM apitu bauddha tAMtrika sAdhanA meM bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 474

Page #488
kA samarthana huA hai| yadyapi paravartIkAla meM vikasita bauddhoM kI yaha bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi bhArata meM unake astitva ko hI samApta kara dene kA kAraNa banI, kyoMki isa bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ko apanA lene para bauddha aura hindU paramparA kA antara samApta ho gyaa| dUsare isake pariNAma svarUpa bauddha bhikSuoM meM bhI eka cAritrika patana aayaa| phalataH unake prati jana-sAdhAraNa kI AsthA samApta ho gayI aura bauddha dharma kI apanI koI viziSTatA nahIM bacI, phalataH vaha apanI janmabhUmi se samApta ho gyaa| jaina dharma meM tantra kI bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi kA niSedha tantra kI isa bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi ke prati jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa sadaiva niSedhaparaka hI rahA hai| vaiyaktika bhautika hitoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta dhana, sampatti, santAna Adi kI prApti hetu athavA kAmavAsanA kI pUrti hetu athavA zatru ke vinAza ke lie kI jAne vAlI sAdhanAoM ke nirdeza to jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha ho jAte haiM, jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki isa prakAra kI tAMtrika sAdha nAeM prAcIna kAla meM bhI pracalita thIM, kintu prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne ise sadaiva heya dRSTi se dekhA thA aura sAdhaka ke lie aisI tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA thaa| sUtrakRtAgaMsUtra meM causaTha prakAra kI vidyAoM ke adhyayana yA sAdhanA karane vAloM ke nirdeza to haiM, kintu ina vidyAoM ko pApAzruta-adhyayana kahA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM usameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo ina vidyAoM kI sAdha nA karatA hai vaha anArya hai, vipratipanna hai aura samaya Ane para mRtyu ko prApta karake AsurI aura kilviSika yoniyoM ko prApta hotA hai| punaH uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo chidravidyA, svaravidyA, svapnalakSaNa, aMgavidyA Adi ke dvArA jIvana jItA hai vaha bhikSu nahIM hai| isI prakAra dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki muni nakSatravidyA, svapnavidyA, nimittavidyA, mantravidyA aura bhaiSajyazAstra kA upadeza gRhasthoM ko na kre| inase spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki vaiyaktika vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAoM kI sAdhanA ko jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI heya dRSTi se dekhA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta pazubali denA, madya, mAMsa, matsya, maithuna aura mudrAoM kA sevana karanA evaM mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI sAdhanA karake apane kSudra laukika svArthoM aura vAsanAoM kI pUrti karanA jaina AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki yaha unakI nivRttipradhAna ahiMsaka jIvanadRSTi ke virUddha thaa| kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM jaina dharmadarzana 475

Page #489
hai ki jaina dharma aisI tAntrika sAdhanAoM se pUrNataH asaMpRkta rahA hai| prathamataH viSaya-vAsanAoM ke prahANa ke lie arthAt apane meM nihita pAzavika vRttiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie maMtra, jApa, pUjA, dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA-vidhiyA~ jaina dharma meM IsvI san ke pUrva se hI vikasita ho cukI thiiN| mAtra yahI nahIM paravartI jainagranthoM meM to aise bhI aneka ullekha milate haiM jahA~ dharma aura saMgha kI rakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ko tAMtrika aura mAntrika prayogoM kI anumati bhI dI gaI hai, kintu unakA uddezya lokakalyANa hI rahA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, jahA~ AcArAMgasUtra' (I.pU. pAMcavIM zatI) meM zarIra ko dhuna DAlane yA sukhA dene kI bAta kahI gaI thI, vahIM paravartI AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM zarIra aura jaivika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gii| sthAnAMgasUtra' meM adhyayana evaM saMyama ke pAlana ke lie AhAra ke dvArA zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gii| maraNasamAdhi meM kahA gayA hai ki upavAsa Adi tapa usI sImA taka karaNIya haiM- jaba taka mana meM kisI prakAra ke amaMgala kA cintana na ho, indriyoM kI hAni na ho aura mana, vacana tathA zarIra kI pravRtti zithila na ho| mAtra yahI nahIM jainAcAryoM ne apane guNasthAna siddhAnta meM kaSAyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke damana ko bhI anucita mAnate hue yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki upazama zreNI arthAt vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sIr3hiyoM para car3hane vAlA sAdhaka anantaH vahA~ se patita ho jAtA hai| phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne vAsanAoM kI pUrti kA koI mArga nahIM kholaa| hindU tAMtrikoM evaM vajrayAnI bauddhoM ke virUddha ve yahI kahate rahe ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se vAsanAe~ zAnta nahIM hotI haiM apitu ve ghRta siJcita agni kI taraha adhika bar3hatI hI haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vAsanAoM kA damana to anucita hai, kintu unakA vivekapUrvaka saMyamana aura nirasana Avazyaka hai| yahA~ isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA karane ke pUrva yaha vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai ki sAmAnyataH bhAratIya dharmoM meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina dharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA kA vikAsa kyoM huA aura kisa krama meM huA? pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA vikAsa ___ yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki mAnava prakRti meM vAsanA aura viveka ke tattva usake astittva kAla se hI rahe haiM, punaH yaha bhI eka sarvamAnya tathya hai ki pAzavika vAsanAoM arthAt pazu tattva se Upara uThakara devatva kI ora abhigamana karanA hI manuSya ke jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSya hai| mAnava prakRti meM nihita ina donoM tattvoM ke AdhAra para do prakAra kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa kaise huA ise nimna sAriNI dvArA samajhA jA sakatA hai - jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 476

Page #490
deha vAsanA T bhoga 1 abhyudaya (preya) samarpaNamUlaka T bhaktimArga svarga karma | pravRtti I pravartaka dharma | alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA yajJamUlaka I karmamArga manuSya cetanA | viveka | tyAga niHzreyas 1 mokSa (nirvANa ) karmasanyAsa nivRtti I nivartaka dharme Atmopalabdhi cintana pradhAna 1 jJAnamArga nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya dehadaNDanamUlaka I tamArga pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM 1 para huA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoM / pravartaka evaM nirvataka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAriNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai. - jaina dharmadarzana 477

Page #491
pravartaka dharma (dArzanika pradeya) | nivartaka dharma (dArzanika pradeya) 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvanadRSTi 2. niSedhaka jIvanadRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI | 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana daivIya kRpA ke AkAMkSI hone se | phira tapasyA para bala dene se dRSTi bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAdI kaa| puruSArthavAdI samarthana 5. IzvaravAdI | 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. IzvaravAdI kRpA para vizvAsa / | 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa karmasiddhAnta kA samarthana 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala | 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bala 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga evaM Izvara | 8. jIvana kA lakSya mokSa evaM ke sAnnidhya kI praapti| nirvANa kI prApti (sAMskRtika pradeya) (sAMskRtika pradeyA) 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA | 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNavyavasthA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para samarthana 10. gRhastha jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. sanyAsa kI pradhAnatA 11. sAmAjika jIvana-zailI 11. ekAkI jIvana-zailI 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA samarthana pravartaka dharmoM meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukharita hue haiM udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspatiyA~ pracura mAtrA meM hoM aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara / unhoneM saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se mukti ko jIvana lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura AtmasantoSa hI sarvocca jIvana mUlya haiN| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 478

Page #492
eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAJchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA; to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~go ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura adhyAtma ke pratIka bana gye| yadyapi ina donoM sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA mUlabhUta lakSya to caitasika aura sAmAjika stara para zAMti hI sthApanA kI rahA hai, kintu usake lie unakI vyavasthA yA sAdhanA-vidhi bhinna-bhinna rahI hai| pravRttimArgI paramparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya yahI rahA hai ki svayaM ke prayatna evaM puruSArtha se athavA unake asaphala hone para daivIya zaktiyoM ke sahayoga se jaivika AvazyakatAoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti karake caitasika zAMti kA anubhava kiyA jaaye| dUsarI ora nivRttimArgI paramparAoM ne vAsanAoM kI santuSTi ko viveka kI upalabdhi ke mArga meM bAdhaka aura vAsanAoM ke damana ke mAdhyama se vAsanAjanya tanAvoM kA nirAkaraNa kara caitasika zAMti yA samAdhi ko prApta karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika dharma pravRttipradhAna rahA vahIM prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ nivRttipradhAna rhiiN| kintu eka ora vAsanAoM kI santuSTi ke prayAsa meM cittazAMti yA samAdhi sambhava nahIM ho sakI, kyoMki naI-naI icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ aura vAsanAe~ janma letI rahI; to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM ke damana se bhI cittazAMti na ho sakI, kyoMki damita vAsanAe~ apanI pUrti ke lie citta kI samAdhi bhaMga karatI rhiiN| isakA viparIta pariNAma yaha huA ki eka ora pravRttimArgI paramparA meM vyakti ne apanI bhautika aura laukika aiSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie dainika zaktiyoM kI sahAyatA pAne hetu karmakANDa kA eka jaMjAla khar3A kara liyA to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM ke damana ke lie dehadaNDanarUpI tapa sAdhanAoM kA vartula khar3A ho gyaa| eka ke lie yena-kena prakAreNa vaiyaktika hitoM kI pUrti yA vAsanAoM kI saMtuSTi hI vareNya ho gaI to dUsare ke lie jIvana kA niSedha arthAt dehadaNDana hI sAdhanA kA lakSya bana gyaa| vastutaH ina donoM ativAdoM ke samanvaya ke prayAsa meM hI eka ora jaina, bauddha Adi vikasita zramaNika sAdhanA vidhiyoM kA janma huA to dUsarI ora aupaniSadika cintana se lekara sahajabhaktimArga aura taMtra sAdhanA taka kA vikAsa bhI isI ke nimitta se huaa| 'tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA' kA jo samanvayAtmaka svara aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne diyA thA, paravartI samasta hindU sAdhanA aura usakI tAMtrika vidhiyA~ usI ke pariNAma haiN| phira bhI pravRtti aura nivRtti ke pakSoM kA samucita santulana sthira nahIM rahA skaa| inameM kise pramukhatA dI jAye, ise lekara unakI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM meM antara bhI aayaa| jaina dharmadarzana 479

Page #493
jainoM ne yadyapi nivRttipradhAna jIvanadRSTi kA anusaraNa to kiyA, kintu paravartI kAla meM usameM pravRttimArga ke tattva samAviSTa hote ge| na kevala sAdhanA ke lie jIvana rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kA aucitya svIkAra kiyA gayA, apitu aihika-bhautika ke lie bhI tAMtrika sAdhanA kI jAne lgii| kyA jaina dharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai? sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki taMtra kI jIvanadRSTi aihika jIvana ko sarvathA vareNya mAnatI hai, jabaki jainoM kA jIvanadarzana niSedhamUlaka hai| isa AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma darzana taMtra kA virodhI hai, kintu jaina darzana ke sambandha meM yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogii| jainoM ne mAnava jIvana ko jIne ke yogya evaM sarvathA vareNya mAnA hai| unake anusAra manuSya jIvana hI to eka aisA jIvana hai jisake mAdhyama se vyakti vimukti ke patha para ArUr3ha ho sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI yAtrA kA prArambha aura usakI pUrNatA manuSya jIvana se hI saMbhava hai, ataH jIvana sarvatobhAvena rakSaNIya hai| usameM 'zarIra' ko saMsAra samudra meM tairane kI naukA kahA gayA hai aura naukA kI rakSA karanA pAra jAne ke icchuka vyakti kA anivArya karttavya hai| isI prakAra usakA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI jIvana kI rakSaNIyatA para sarvAdhika bala detA hai| vaha na kevala dUsaroM ke jIvana ke rakSaNa kI bAta karatA hai apitu vaha svayaM ke jIvana ke rakSaNa kI bhI bAta karatA hai| usake anusAra sva kI hiMsA dUsaroM kI hiMsA se bhI nikRSTa hai| ataH jIvana cAhe apanA ho yA dUsaroM kA vaha sarvatobhAvena rakSaNIya hai| yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki jainoM kI dRSTi meM pAzavika zuddha svArthoM se paripUrNa, mAtra jaivika aiSaNaoM kI pUrti meM saMlagna jIvana na to rakSaNIya hai, na vareNya; kintu yaha dRSTi to taMtra kI bhI hai, kyoMki vaha bhI pazu arthAt pAzavika pakSa kA saMhAra kara pAza se mukta hone kI bAta karatA hai| jainoM ke anusAra jIvana usa sImA taka vareNya aura rakSaNIya hai jisa sImA taka vaha vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mAdhyama se lokamaMgala kA sRjana karatA hai| prazasta tAMtrika sAdhanA aura jaina sAdhanA donoM meM hI isa sambandha meM sahamati dekhI jAtI hai| vastutaH jIvana kI ekAnta rUpa se vareNyatA aura ekAnta rUpa se jIvana kA niSedha donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ ucita nahIM hai, yahI jainoM kI jIvanadRSTi hai| vAsanAtmaka jIvana ke nirAkaraNa dvArA AdhyAtmika jIvana kA vikAsa-yahI taMtra aura jaina darzana donoM kI jIvanadRSTi hai aura isa artha meM ve donoM virodhI nahIM hai, sahagAmI haiN| 480 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #494
phira bhI sAmAnya avadhAraNA yaha hai ki tantra darzana meM aihika jIvana ko sarvathA vareNya mAnA gayA hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki jIvana AnandapUrvaka jIne ke lie hai jaina dharma meM tapa-tyAga kI jo mahimA gAyI gaI hai usake AdhAra para yaha bhrAnti phailAI jAtI hai ki jaina dharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai| ataH yahAM isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara denA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jaina dharma ke tapa-tyAga kA artha zArIrika evaM bhautika jIvana kI asvIkRti nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zArIrika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI pUrNatayA upekSA kI jaaye| jaina dharma ke anusAra zArIrika mUlya AdhyAtma ke bAdhaka nahIM, sAdhaka hai| nizIthabhASya meM kahA hai ki mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna hai, jJAna kA sAdhana zarIra hai, zarIra kA AdhAra AhAra hai| zarIra zAzvata Ananda ke kUla meM le jAne vAlI naukA hai| isa dRSTi se usakA mUlya bhI, mahattva bhI hai aura usakI sAra-saMbhAla bhI karanA hai| kintu dhyAna rahe, dRSTi naukA para nahIM kUla para honI cAhie, kyoMki naukA sAdhana hai, sAdha ya nhiiN| bhautika evaM zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kI eka sAdhanA ke rUpa meM svIkRti jainadharma aura sampUrNa adhyAtma vidyA kA hArda hai| yaha vaha vibhAjana rekhA hai jo AdhyAtmabAda aura bhautikavAda meM antara karatI hai| bhautikavAda meM upalabdhiyA~ yA jaivika mUlya svayameva sAdhya hai, antima hai, jabaki adhyAtma meM ve kinhIM ucca mUlyoM ke sAdhana haiN| jainadharma kI bhASA meM kaheM to sAdhaka ke dvArA vastuoM kA tyAga aura grahaNa, donoM hI sAdhanA ke lie hai| jainadharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya eka aise nirAkula, nirvikAra, niSkAma aura vItarAga mAnasa kI abhivyakta hai jo vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke samasta tanAvoM evaM saMgharSoM ko samApta kara ske| usake sAmane mUla prazna daihika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA nahIM hai, apitu vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti kI saMsthApanA hai| ataH jahA~ taka aura jisa rUpa meM daihika aura bhautika upalabdhiyA~ usameM sAdhaka ho sakatI haiM, vahA~ taka ve svIkArya haiM aura jahA~ taka usameM bAdhaka haiM, vahIM taka tyAjya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcArAMsUtra evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isa bAta ko bahuta hI spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jaba inidrayoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba use samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa sukhada-duHkhada anubhUti bhI hotI hai aura jIvana meM yaha zakya nahIM hai ki indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka na ho aura usake kAraNa sukhada yA duHkhada anubhUti na ho, ataH tyAga indriyAnubhUti kA nahIM apitu usake prati citta meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA karanA hai, kyoMki indriyoM ke manojJa kA amanojJa viSaya Asaktacitta jaina dharmadarzana 481

Page #495
ke lie hI rAga-dveSa (mAnasika vikSobhoM) kA kAraNa banate haiM, anAsakta kA vItarAga ke lie nhiiN| ataH jainadharma kI mUla zikSA mamatva ke visarjana kI hai, jIvana ke niSedha kI nhiiN| jaina tAMtrika sAdhanA aura loka kalyANa kA prazna ___ tAMtrika sAdhanA kA lakSya Atmavizuddhi ke sAtha loka kalyANa bhI hai| yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma mUlataH saMnyAsamArgI dharma hai| usakI sAdhanA meM Atmazuddhi aura Atmopalabdhi para hI adhika jora diyA gayA hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM lokamaMgala yA lokakalyANa kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| jaina dharma yaha to avazya mAnatA hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samAja nirapekSa, ekAMkI jIvana adhika hI upayukta hai, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM honA caahie| mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki 12 varSoM taka ekAkI sAdhanA karane ke pazcAta ve punaH sAmAjika jIvana meM lauTa aaye| unhoMne caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kI tathA jIvana bhara usakA mArga-darzana karate rhe| jaina dharma sAmAjika kalyANa aura sAmAjika sevA ko Avazyaka to mAnatA hai, kintu vaha vyakti ke cAritrika unnayana se hI sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai| vyakti samAja kI mUlabhUta ikAI hai, jaba taka vyakti kA cAritrika vikAsa nahIM hogA, taba taka usake dvArA sAmAjika kalyANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaba taka vyakti ke jIvana meM naitika aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA taba taka sAmAjika jIvana meM suvyavasthA aura zAnti kI sthApanA nahIM ho sktii| jo vyakti apane svArthoM aura vAsanAoM para niyantraNa nahIM kara sakatA vaha kabhI sAmAjika ho hI nahIM sakatA, kyoMki samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai vaha tyAga aura samarpaNa ke mUlyoM para hI hotA hai| lokasevaka aura janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArthoM aura dvandvoM se dUra raheM-yaha jaina AcAra saMhitA kA AdhArabhUta siddhAnta hai| caritrahIna vyakti sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI siddha hoNge| vyaktigata svArthoM kI pUrti ke nimitta jo tAMtrika sAdhanAe~ kI jAtI haiM, ve sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI hotI haiN| kyA cora, DAkU aura zoSakoM kA saMgaThana samAja kahalAne kA adhikArI hai? kyA cora, DAkU aura luTere apane-apane uddezya meM saphala hone ke lie devI-devatAoM ko prasanna karane hetu jo tAMtrika sAdhanA karate yA karavAte haiM, use sahI artha meM sAdhanA kahA jA sakatA hai? mahAvIra kI zikSA kA sAra yahI hai ki vaiyaktika jIvana meM nivRtti sAmAjika kalyANa kA 482 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #496
AdhAra bana sakatI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karUNA ke lie hai / jaina sAdhanA meM ahiMsA, satya, steya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha- ye jo pA~ca vrata mAne gaye haiM, ve kevala vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM hai / jaina jantra ke dArzanika AdhAra jaina tattva darzana ke anusAra jIva karmoM ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa bandhana meM hai / bandhana se mukti ke lie eka ora karma AvaraNa kA kSayopazama Avazyaka hai, to dUsarI ora usa kSayopazama ke lie viziSTa sAdhanA bhI Avazyaka hai kintu isa sAdhanA ke lie bandhana aura bandhana ke kAraNoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai, yaha jJAna dArzanika adhyayana se hI prApta hotA hai / Atmatattva ke jJAna ke binA sAdhanA adhUrI rahatI hai / ataH jaina tantra meM bhI tAntrika sAdhanA ke pUrva tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA kA samyak anuzIlana Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra jaina tattva sAdhanA meM darzana ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai / aba hama isa tathya para vicAra kareMge ki jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA ke kauna se tattva kina-kina rUpoM meM upasthita haiM ? aura unakA udbhava evaM vikAsa kaise huA ? jainadharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa yadi tantra kA uddezya vAsanA - mukti aura Atmavizuddhi hai, to vaha jaina dha Arma meM usake astitva ke sAtha hI jur3I huI hai / kintu yadi tantra kA tAtparya vyakti kI daihika vAsanAoM aura laukika aiSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI devatA - viziSTa kI sAdhanA kara usake mAdhyama se alaukika zakti ko prApta kara yA svayaM devatA ke mAdhyama se una vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti karanA mAnA jAya to prAcIna jaina dharma meM isakA koI sthAna nahIM thA / ise hama prArambha meM hI spaSTa kara cuke haiN| yadyapi jaina AgamoM meM aise aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM, jinake anusAra usa yuga meM apanI laukika aiSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI deva-devI yA yakSa- yakSI kI upAsanA kI jAtI thii| aMtagaDadasA Adi AgamoM meM naigameSadeva ke dvArA sulasA aura devakI ke chaH santAnoM ke hastAMtaraNa kI ghaTanA, kRSNa ke dvArA apane choTe bhAI kI prApti ke lie tIna divasIya upavAsa ke dvArA naigameSa deva kI upAsanA karanA athavA bahuputrikA devI kI upAsanA ke dvArA santAna prApta karanA Adi aneka sandarbha milate haiM, kintu isa prakAra kI upAsanAoM ko jaina dharma kI svIkRti prApta thI, yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA / prArambhika jaina dharma vizeSarUpa se mahAvIra kI paramparA meM jaina dharmadarzana 483

Page #497
tantra-mantra kI sAdhanA muni ke lie sarvathA varjita hI mAnI gaI thii| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM isako na kevala heya dRSTi se dekhA gayA, apitu isa prakAra kI sAdhanA karane vAle ko pApazramaNa yA pArzvastha taka kahA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke sandarbha pUrva meM diye jA cuke haiN| AgamoM meM pArzvastha kA tAtparya zithilAcArI sAdhu mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi mahAvIra kI paramparA ne prArambha meM tantra sAdhanA ko koI sthAna nahIM diyA, kintu unake pUrvavartI pArzva (jinakA janma isI vArANasI nagarI meM huA thA) kI paramparA ke sAdhu aSTAMganimitta zAstra kA adhyayana aura vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karate the, aise saMketa jainAgamoM meM milate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM pArzva kI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ko pArzvastha arthAt zithilAcArI kahakara heya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| prAkRta meM 'pAsattha' zabda ke tIna artha hote haiM-1. pAzastha arthAt pAza meM bA~dhA huA 2. pArzvastha arthAt pArzva ke saMgha meM sthita yA 3. pArzvastha arthAt pArzva meM sthita saMyamI jIvana ke samIpa rahane vaalaa| jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra jaise aMga-Agama ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke prathama varga meM aura Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM aise aneka sandarbha prApta hote haiM, jinameM pArthApatya zramaNoM aura zramaNiyoM dvArA aSTAGganimitta evaM mantra-tantra Adi kI sAdhanA karane ke ullekha haiN| Aja bhI jaina paramparA meM jo tAntrika sAdhanAe~ kI jAtI haiM, unameM ArAdhyadeva mahAvIra na hokara mukhyataH pArzvanAtha athavA unakI zAsanadevI padyAvatI hI hotii| jaina tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM pArzva aura padyAvatI kI pradhAnatA svataH hai, isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki pArzva kI paramparA meM tAMtrikA sAdhanA kI pravRtti rahI hogii| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke granthoM jinheM 'pUrva' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai meM eka vidyAnupravAda pUrva bhI thaa| yadyapi vartamAna meM yaha grantha aprApta hai, kintu isakI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM jo nirdeza upalabdha haiM unase itanA to siddha avazya hotA hai ki isakI viSayavastu meM vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA se sambandhita viziSTa prakriyAe~ nihita rahI hoNgii| na kevala pArzva kI paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya meM, apitu mahAvIra kI paramparA ke Agama sAhitya meM bhI, vizeSa rUpa se praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM vividha-vidyAoM kI sAdhanA sambandhI sAmagrI thI, aisI TIkAkAra abhayadeva Adi kI mAnyatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki yogya adhikAriyoM ke abhAva meM usa vidyA ko par3hane se koI sAdhaka caritra se bhraSTa na ho, isalie lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM usakI viSayavastu ko hI badala diyA gyaa| yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prArambha meM tantra-mantra aura vidyAoM 484 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #498
kI sAdhanAoM ko na kevala varjita mAnA gayA thA, apitu isa prakAra kI sAdhanA meM lage hue logoM kI AsurI yoniyoM meM utpanna hone vAlA bhI kahA gyaa| kintu jaba pArzva kI paramparA kA vilaya mahAvIra kI paramparA meM huA to pArzva kI paramparA ke prabhAva se mahAvIra kI paramparA ke zramaNa bhI tAMtrika paramparAoM se judd'e| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM tAntrika sAdhanAoM kI svIkRti isa artha meM huI ki unake mAdhyama se yA to Atmavizuddhi kI dizA meM Age bar3hA jAye athavA unheM siddha karake unakA upayoga jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA yA usake prasAra ke lie kiyA jaaye| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha meM tantra sAdhanA kA praveza jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA ke nimitta huA aura paravartI aneka jainAcAryoM ne jaina dharma ke prabhAvanA ke lie tAMtrika-sAdhanAoM se prApta zakti kA prayoga bhI kiyA, jaina sAhitya meM aise saMdarbha vipulatA se upalabdha hote haiN| Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kisI muni ko AcArya pada para pratiSThita hone ke pUrva sUrimaMtra ora varddhamAna vidyA kI sAdhanA karanI hotI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka zramaNa aura zramaNiyA~ mantrasiddha sugandhita vastuoM kA eka cUrNa jise vAsakSepa kahA jAtA hai, apane pAsa rakhate haiM aura upAsakoM ko ArzIvAda ke rUpa meM pradAna karate haiN| yaha jaina dharma meM tantra ke prabhAva kA spaSTa pramANa hai| isI prakAra maMtrasiddha rakSAkavaca bhI upAsakoM ko pradAna kiye jAte haiN| na kevala zvetAmbara aura digambara bhaTTAraka paramparA meM apitu vartamAna digambara paramparA meM bhI aneka AcArya aura muni vizeSarUpa se AcArya vimalasAgara jI kI paramparA ke munigaNa tantra-mantra kA prayoga karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI ke aneka abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika sAkSya bhI upalabdha hote haiM jinameM jaina-muniyoM dvArA tantra-mantra ke prayoga ke prasaMga upalabdha haiN| vastutaH caityavAsa ke pariNAmasvArUpa digambara sampradAya meM vikasita bhaTTAraka paramparA aura zvetAmbara sampradAya meM vikasita yati paramparA spaSTatayA ina tAntrika sAdhanAoM se sambandhita rahI hai, yadyapi AdhyAtmavAdI munivarga ne inheM sadaiva hI heya dRSTi se dekhA hai aura samaya-samaya para ina pravRttiyoM kI AlocanA bhI kI hai| vastutaH jaina paramparA meM tAntrika sAdhanAoM kA vikAsa cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI ke pUrva hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM jaina zramaNoM kI jo prAcIna AcArya paramparA varNita hai usameM vidyAdharakula kA ullekha milatA hai| sambhavataH vidyAdhAra jaina zramaNoM kA vaha varga rahA hogA jo vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karatA hogaa| yahA~ vidyA kA tAtparya buddhi nahIM, apitu deva adhiSThita alaukika zakti kI prApti hI hai| prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM hameM jaMghAcArI aura jaina dharmadarzana 485

Page #499
vidyAcarI, aise do prakAra ke zramaNoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ye muni apanI viziSTa sAdhanA dvArA aisI alaukika zakti prApta kara lete the jisakI sahAyatA se ve AkAza meM gamana karane meM samartha hote the I yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki Arya vajrasvAmI ( IsA kI prathama zatI) ne durbhikSakAla meM paTTavidyA kI sahAyatA se sampUrNa jaina saMgha ko surakSita sthAna para pahu~cAyA thaa| vajrasvAmI dvArA kiyA gayA vidyA kA yaha prayoga paravartI AcAryoM aura sAdhuoM ke lie eka udAharaNa bana gayA / vajrasvAmI ke sandarbha meM Avazyakaniryukita meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne aneka vidyAoM kA uddhAra kiyA thA / lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI ke mathurA ke eka zilpAMkana meM AkAzamArga se gamana karate hue eka jaina zramaNa ko pradarzita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se bhI jainoM meM alaukika siddhiyoM kI prApti hetu tAMtrika sAdhanA ke prati niSThA kA vikAsa ho gayA thA / vastutaH jaina dharmasaMgha meM IsA kI cauthI - pA~cavI zatAbdI se caityavAsa kA Arambha huA usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa tantra-mantra kI sAdhanA ko jaina saMgha meM svIkRti bhI milii| jaina paramparA meM Arya khapuTa, ( prathama zatI), Arya rohaNa (dvitIya zatI) AcArya nAgArjuna (caturtha zatI) yazobhadrasUri, mAnadevasUri, siddhasenadivAkara (caturtha zatI), mallavAdI (paMcama zatI) mAnatuGgasUri (sAtavIM zatI), haribhadrasUri (AThavIM zatI), bappabhaTTisUri (navIM zatI), siddharSi (navIM zatI), sUrAcArya ( gyArahavIM zatI), jinezvarasUri (gyArahavIM zatIM), abhayadevasUri (gyArahavIM zatI), vIrAcArya ( gyArahavIM zatI) jinadattasUri (bArahavIM zatI), vAdidevasUri (bArahavIM zatI), hemacandra (bArahavIM zatI), AcArya malayagiri (bArahavIM zatI), jinacandrasUri (bArahavIM zatI), pArzvadevagaNa (bArahavIM zatI), jinakuzala sUri (terahavI zatI) Adi aneka AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinhoMne mantra aura vidyAoM kI sAdhanA ke dvArA jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA kii| yadyapi vividha graMthoM, prabandhoM aura paTTAvaliyoM meM varNita inake kathAnakoM meM kitanI satyatA hai, yaha eka bhinna viSaya hai, kintu jaina sAhitya meM jo inake jIvanavRtta milate haiM ve itanA to avazya sUcita karate haiM ki lagabhaga cauthI - pA~cavI zatAbdI se jaina AcAryoM kA rujhAna tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kI ora bar3hA thA aura ve jaina-dharma kI prabhAvanA ke nimitta usakA upayoga bhI karate the / merI dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA jo udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai, vaha mukhyataH do kAraNoM se huA hai - prathama to yaha ki jaba vaiyiktaka sAdhanA kI apekSA saMghIya jIvana ko pradhAnatA dI gaI to saMgha kI rakSA aura apane jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 486

Page #500
zrAvaka bhaktoM ke bhautika kalyANa ko bhI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAna liyA gyaa| dUsare taMtra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ke lie yaha aparihArya ho gayA thA ki ve mUlataH nivRttimArgI aura Atmavizuddhiparaka isa dharma ko jIvita banAe rakhane ke lie tAMtrika upAsanA aura sAdhanA-paddhati ko kisI sImA taka svIkAra kareM, anyathA upAsakoM kA itara paramparAoM kI ora AkarSita hone kA bhaya thaa| ___adhyAtma ke Adarza kI bAta karanA to sukhada lagatA hai, kintu una AdarzoM ko jIvana meM jInA sahaja nahIM hai| jaina dharma kA upAsaka bhI vahI vyakti hai jise apane laukika aura bhautika maMgala kI AkAMkSA rahatI hai| jaina dharma ko vizuddha rUpa meM mAtra AdhyAtmika aura nivRttimArgI banAe rakhane para bhaktoM yA upAsakoM ke eka bar3e bhAga se jaina dharma ke vimukha ho jAne kI sambhAvanAe~ thiiN| ina paristhitiyoM meM jaina AcAryoM kI yaha vivazatA thI ki ve apane anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA jaina-dharma meM banI rahe isake lie unheM yaha AvazvAsana deM ki cAhe tIrthaMkara unake laukika-bhautika kalyANa karane meM asamartha hoM, kintu una tIrthaMkaroM ke zAsana rakSaka deva unakA laukika aura bhautika maMgala karane meM samartha haiN| jaina devamaNDala meM vibhinna yakSa-yakSiyoM, vidyAdeviyoM, kSetrapAloM Adi ko jo sthAna milA, usakA mukhya lakSya to apane anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA jaina-dharma meM banAe rakhanA hI thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI meM jaina AcAryoM ne aneka tAMtrika vidhi-vidhAnoM ko jaina-sAdhanA aura pUjA-paddhati kA aMga banA diyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA kI aneka vidyAe~ yathA mantra, yantra, japa, pUjA, dhyAna Adi kramika rUpa se vikasita hotI rahI hai, kintu yaha saba apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva kA pariNAma thI, jise jaina dharma ke upAsakoM kI niSThA ko jaina dharma ke banAe rakhane ke lie svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| saMdarbha - 1. paJcAzaka, prakA.-RSabhadeva zrI, kezarImalajI zve. saMsthA, 2/44 2. lalitavistarA, haribhadra, prakA.-RSabhadeva, kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, vI.ni.sa. 2461, pR. 57-58 3. guhyasamAjatantra, saMpA.- vinayatoSa bhaTTAcArya, prakA.- orieNTala iMsTiTyUTa, barodA, 1931, 5/40 5. sUtrakRtAGgasUtra saMpA.-madhukara muni, prakA.- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 2/3/18 jaina dharmadarzana 487

Page #501
6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA.- sAdhvI candanA, prakA.- vIrAyatana prakAzana AgarA 1972, 15/7 7. dazavaikAlikasUtra, saMpA.- madhukara muni, prakA. zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985,8/50 8. AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA.- madhukara muni, prakA. zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 12/6/163 9. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA.- madhukara muni, prakA.- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 6/41. 10. maraNasamAdhi, paiNNaya suttAI, saMpA.- puNyavijayajI, prakA.- zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA.- sAdhvI candanA, prakA.- vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1922, 23/73 12. nizIthabhASya, saMpA.- muni amaracaMdajI, prakA.- sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1982, 4157 13. AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA.- madhukara muni prakA.- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980, 2/15/130-134 14. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA.- sAdhvI candanA, prakA.- vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972, 32/100 15. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, saMpA.- muni.- hastimalajI, prakA.- hastImala surANA, pAlI, 1950, 2/9/2 488 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #502
RSibhASita dharma-saMkula jaina Agama sAhitya meM RSibhASita kA sthAna RSibhASita- (isibhAsiyAI) ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama sAhitya kA eka prAcInatama grantha hai| vartamAna meM jaina AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI jo paddhati pracalita hai, usameM isa prakIrNaka granthoM ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| digambara paramparA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhya mAne gaye haiM; kintu unameM RSibhASita kA ullekha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI, jo 32 Agama mAnate haiM, usameM bhI RSibhASita kA ullekha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 6 chedasUtra, 4 mUlasUtra, 2 cUlikAsUtra aura 10 prakIrNaka, aise jo 45 Agama mAne jAte haiM, unameM bhI 10 prakIrNakoM meM hameM kahIM RSibhASita kA nAma nahIM miltaa| yadyapi nandIsUtra aura pakkhIsUtra meM jo kAlika sUtroM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai unameM RSibhASita kA ullekha hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya meM aMgabAhya granthoM kI jo sUcI dI hai usameM sarvaprathama sAmayika Adi 6 granthoM kA ullekha hai aura usake pazcAt daza vaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA (AcAradazA) kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita kA ullekha hai| haribhadra Avazyaka niyukti kI vRtti meM eka sthAna para isakA ullekha uttarAdhyayana ke sAtha karate haiM aura dUsare sthAna para 'devindathuya' nAmaka prakIrNaka ke saath|' haribhadra ke isa bhrama kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki unake sAmane RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) ke sAtha-sAtha RSimaNDalastava (isimaNDalathuDa) nAma grantha bhI thA, jisakA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi meM hai aura unakA uddezya RSibhASita ko uttarAdhyayana ke sAtha aura RSimaNDalastava ko 'devindathuya' ke sAtha jor3ane kA hogaa| yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki isimaNDala (RSimaNDala) meM na kevala RSibhASita ke aneka RSiyoM kA ullekha hai apitu unake isibhAsiyAiM meM jo upadeza aura adhyAya haiM unakA bhI saMketa hai| isase yaha bhI nizcita hotA hai ki isimaNDala kA kartA RSibhAsita se avagata thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM RSimaNDala meM to krama aura nAmabheda ke sAtha RSibhASita ke lagabhaga sabhI RSiyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isimaNDala kA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi 'isiNAmakittaNaM isimaNDalatthau' jaina dharmadarzana 489

Page #503
(pR. 374) meM hone se yaha nizcita hI usake pUrva (7 vIM zatI) ke pUrva kA grantha hai| vidvAnoM ko isa sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa meM cintana karanA caahie| isa maNDala ke saMbaMdha meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki vaha tapAgaccha ke dharmaghoSasUri kI racanA hai; kintu yaha dhAraNA mujhe bhrAnta pratIta hotI hai kyoMki ye 14vI. zatI ke AcArya haiN| vastutaH isimaNDala kI bhASA se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki yaha prAcIna grantha hai aura isakA lekhaka RSibhASita kA jJAtA hai| AcArya jinaprabha ne vidhimArgaprapA meM tapa ArAdhanA ke sAtha AgamoM ke svAdhyAya kI jisa vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai, usameM prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita kA ullekha karake prakIrNaka adhyayana-krama vidhi ko samApta kiyA hai| unhoMne jina prakIrNakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unameM RSibhASita bhI samAhita hai| isa prakAra vargIkaraNa kI pracalita paddhati meM RSibhASita kI gaNanA prakIrNaka sUtroM meM kI jA sakatI hai| prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA meM ise eka mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| Avazyakaniyukti meM bhadrabAhu RSibhASita para bhI niyukti likhane kI pratijJA karate haiM", vartamAna meM yaha niyukti upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| Aja to yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai ki yaha niyukti likhI gaI thI yA nhiiN| yadyapi 'isimaNDala' jisakA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi meM hai isase sambandhita avazyaM pratIta hotA hai| ina sabase itanA to siddha ho jAtA hai ki RSibhASita eka samaya taka jaina pamparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha rahA hai| sthAnAMga meM isakA ullekha praznavyAkaraNadazA ke eka bhAga ke rUpa meM huA hai|' samavAyAMga isake 44 adhyayanoM kA ullekha karatA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM hama sUcita kara cuke haiN| nandIsUtra, pakkhIsUtra Adi meM isakI gaNanA kAlikasUtroM meM kI gaI hai| Avazyakaniyukti ise dharmakathAnuyoga kA grantha kahatI hai (Avazyakaniyukti-haribhadrIyavRtti, pRSTha 206) / RSibhASita kA racanAkrama evaM kAla __ yaha grantha apanI bhASA, chanda yojanA aura viSayavastu kI dRSTi se ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama granthoM meM atiprAcIna hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha se kiMcit parivartI tathA sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna Agama granthoM kI apekSA pUrvavartI siddha hotA hai| itanA sunizcita hai ki isakI chanda yojanA, zailI evaM bhASA atyanta prAcIna hai| merI dRSTi meM isakA vartamAna svarUpa bhI kisI bhI sthiti meM IsavIpUrva tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se paravartI siddha nahIM hotA hai| sthAnAMga meM prApta sUcanA ke anusAra yaha grantha prAraMbha meM praznavyAkaraNadazA kA eka bhAga thA; sthAnAMga meM praznavyAkaraNadazA kI jo dasa dazAe~ varNita hai, usameM RSibhASita kA bhI ullekha hai| samavayAMga isake 44 adhyayana hone 490 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #504
1 kI bhI sUcanA detA hai| ataH yaha inakA pUrvavartI to avazya hI hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, parAzara Adi RSiyoM kA evaM unakI AcAragata mAnyatAoM kA kiMcit nirdeza hai / inheM tapodhana aura mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki ye pUrva RSi isa (Arhat pravacana) meM 'sammata' mAne gaye haiM / inhoMne (sacitta) bIja aura pAnI kA sevana karake bhI mokSa prApta kiyA thA / ataH pahalA prazna yahI uThatA hai ki inheM sammAnita rUpa meM jaina pamparA meM sUtrakRtAMga ke pahale kisa grantha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / merI dRSTi meM kevala RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai, jisameM inheM sammAnita rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga kI gAthA kA 'iha-sammatA' zabda svayaM sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA RSibhASita ke pUrva astitva kI sUcanA detA hai / jJAtavya hai ki sUtrakRtAMga aura RSibhASita donoM meM jainetara paramparA ke aneka RSiyoM yathA asitadevala, bahuka Adi kA sammAnita rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi donoM kI bhASA evaM zailI bhI mukhyataH padyAtmaka hI hai / phira bhI bhASA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha kI bhASA bhI RSibhASita kI apekSA paravartIkAla kI lagatI hai / kyoMki usakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke nikaTa hai jabaki RSibhASita kI bhASA kucha paravartI parivartana ko chor3akara prAcIna ardhamAgadhI hai / punaH jahA~ sUtrakRtAMga meM itara dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA kI gayI hai, vahA~ RSibhASita itara paramparA ke RSiyoM kA sammAnita rUpa meM hI ullekha huA hai / yaha sunizcita satya hai ki yaha grantha jainadharma evaM saMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pUrva likhA gayA thA / isa grantha ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pratIta hotA hai ki isake racanAkAla taka jaina saMgha meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA pUrNataH abhAva thA / maMkhaligozAlaka aura usakI mAnyatAoM kA ullekha hameM jaina Agama sUtrakRtAMga", bhagavatI" aura upAsakadazAMga" meM aura bauddha paramparA ke suttanipAta, dIghanikAya ke sAmaakalasutta " Adi meM milatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi spaSTataH maMkhaligozAlaka kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu usake Ardraka nAmaka adhyayana meM niyativAda kI samAlocanA avazya hai / yadi hama sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bhagavatI kA maMkhaligozAlaka vAlA prakaraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura upAsakadazAMga kI apekSA bhI paryApta paravartI siddha hogA / sUtrakRtAMga, upAsakadazAMGga aura pAlitripiTaka ke aneka grantha maMkhaligozAlaka ke niyativAda ko prastuta karake usakA khaNDana karate haiM / phira bhI jaina Agama granthoM kI apekSA suttanipAta meM maMkhaligozAlaka kI gaNanA buddha ke samakAlIna chaH tIrthaMkaroM meM karake unake mahattva aura prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva kA varNana avazya kiyA gayA hai, 14 kintu pAlitripiTaka ke prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta kI apekSA bhI RSibhASita meM use jaina dharmadarzana 491

Page #505
arhataRSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai / ataH dhArmika udAratA kI dRSTi se RSibhASita kI racanA pAlitripiTaka kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai / kyoMki kisI bhI dharmasaMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pazcAt hI usameM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA vikAsa ho pAtA hai| RSibhASita spaSTarUpa se yaha sUcita karatA hai ki usakI racanA jaina paramparA meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza Ane ke bahuta pUrva ho cukI thI / kevala AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jena Agama granthoM meM yaha dhArmika abhiniveza nyUnAdhika rUpa meM avazya parilakSita hotA hai / ataH RSibhASita kevala AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jainAgamoM se prAcIna siddha hotA hai / bhASA, chanda yojanA Adi kI dRSTi bhI yaha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke madhya meM hI siddha hotA hai / 18 19 bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM pracInatama grantha suttanipAta hai / " kintu usameM bhI vaha udAratA nahIM hai| jo RSibhASita meM hai / tripiTaka sAhitya meM RSibhASita meM ullikhita kucha RSiyoM yathA nArada, " asitadevala, " piMga, " maMkhaliputra, " saMjaya ( velaTThiputta ) 20, vardhamAna (niggaMthu nAtaputra) 22, kumAputta" Adi ke ullekha haiM kintu ina sabhI ko buddha se nimna hI batAyA gayA hai- dUsare zabdoM meM ve grantha bhI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se mukta nahIM haiM, ataH yaha unakA bhI pUrvavartI hI hai| RSibhASita meM ullikhita aneka gAthAMza aura gAthAyeM bhAva, bhASA aura zabdayojanA kI dRSTi se jaina paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika aura bauddha paramparA ke suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi prAcIna granthoM meM pAI jAtI hai / ataH unakI racanA zailI kI apekSA bhI yaha pUrvavartI hI siddha hotA hai / yadyapi yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ye gAthAyeM evaM vicAra bauddhagrantha suttanipAta evaM jainagrantha uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika se RSibhASita meM gaye haiM, kintu yaha bAta isalie samucita nahIM hai ki prathama to RSibhASita kI bhASA, chanda-yojanA Adi ina granthoM kI apekSA prAcInakAla kI hai aura AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha tathA suttanipAta ke adhika nikaTa hai| dUsare jahA~ RSibhASita meM ina vicAroM ko anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke sAmAnya siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya se inheM apanI paramparA se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AdhyAtmika kRSi kI carcA RSibhASita " meM do bAra aura suttanipAta" meM eka bAra huI hai kintu jahA~ suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki maiM isa prakAra kI AdhyAtmika kRSi karatA hU~ vahA~ RSibhASita kA RSi kahatA hai ki jo bhI isa prakAra kI kRSi karegA vaha cAhe brAhmaNa ho, kSatriya ho, vaizya ho yA zUdra ho mukta hogA / ataH RSibhASita AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdha ko chor3akara jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke anya granthoM kI apekSA prAcIna hI siddha hotA hai / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 492

Page #506
bhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki RSibhASita meM ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA prAcInatama rUpa bahuta kucha surakSita hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM RSibhASita meM AtmA ke lie 'AtA' kA prayoga huA hai jabaki jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI attA, appA, AdA, AyA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai jo ki paravartI prayoga hai| 'ta' zruti kI bahulatA nizcitarUpa se isa grantha ko uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA pUrvavartI siddha karatI hai kyoMki uttarAdhyayana kI bhASA meM 'ta' ke lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM jANati, paritappati, gacchatI, vijjatI, vaTTatI, pavattatI Adi rUpoM kA prayoga bahulatA se milatA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki bhASA aura viSayavastu donoM kI hI dRSTi se yaha eka pUrvavartI grantha hai| agandhana kula ke sarpa kA rUpaka hameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika aura RSibhASita tInoM meM milatA hai| kintu tInoM sthAnoM ke ullekhoM ke dekhane para yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta ho jAtA hai ki RSibhASita kA yaha ullekha uttarAdhyayana tathA dazavaikAlika kI apekSA atyadhika prAcIna hai| kyoMki RSibhASita meM muni ko apane patha se vicalita na hone ke lie isakA mAtra eka rUpaka ke rUpa meM prayoga huA hai jabaki dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana meM yaha rUpaka rAjamatI aura rathanemi kI kathA ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| isI prakAra AdhyAtmika kRSi kA rUpaka RSibhASita ke adhyAya 26 evaM 32 meM aura suttanipAta adhyAya 4 meM hai| kintu suttanipAta meM jahA~ buddha svayaM kahate haiM ki maiM kRSi karatA hU~, vahA~ RSibhASita meM vaha eka sAmAnya upadeza hai, jisake anta meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo isa prakAra kI kRSi karatA hai vaha siddha (sijhaMti) hotA hai, phira cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, kSatriya ho, vaizya ho yA zUdra ho| ataH RSibhASita suttanipAta, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika kI apekSA prAcIna hai| isa prakAra RSibhASita AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha kA paravartI aura zeSa sabhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA pUrvavartI grantha hai| isI prakAra pAlitripiTaka ke prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hone se sampUrNa pAlitripiTaka se bhI pUrvavartI hai| ___ jahA~ taka isameM varNita aitihAsika RSiyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para kAlanirNaya karane kA prazna hai kevala vajjIputta ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI RSi mahAvIra aura buddha se yA to pUrvavartI haiM yA unake samakAlika hai| pAlitripiTaka ke AdhAra para vAjjIyaputta (vAtsIyaputra) bhI buddha ke laghuvayaska samakAlIna hI haiM, ve Ananda ke nikaTa the| vajjIputrIya sampradAya bhI buddha ke nirvANa kI prathama zatAbdI meM hI astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH inakA buddha kA laghuvayaska samakAlIna honA siddha hai| ataH aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI RSibhASita buddha aura mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI prathama jaina dharmadarzana 493

Page #507
zatAbdI meM hI nirmita ho gayA hogA, yaha sambhava hai isameM bAda meM kucha parivartana huA ho| merI dRSTi meM yaha isake racanAkAla kI pUrva sImA IsA pU. 5vIM zatAbdI aura antima sImA I.pU. 3 zatI ke bIca hI hai, ataH yaha isase adhika paravartI nahIM hai| mujhe antaH aura bAhya sAkSyoM meM koI bhI aisA tattva nahIM milA, jo ise isa kAlAvadhi se paravartI siddha kre| dArzanika vikAsa kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhI hama isameM na to jaina siddhAntoM kA aura na bauddha siddhAntoM kA vikasita rUpa pAte haiN| mAtra paMcAstikAya aura aSTavidha karma kA nirdeza hai, yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ pArzvasatyoM meM pracalita rahI hoM aura vahIM se mahAvIra kI paramparA meM grahaNa kI gaI hoN| pariSaha, kaSAya Adi kI avadhAraNAe~ to prAcIna hI haiM RSibhASita ke vAtsIyaputra, mahAkazyapa, sAriputra Adi bauddha RSiyoM ke upadeza meM bhI kevala bauddha dharma ke prAcIna siddhAnta santativAda, kSaNikavAda Adi hI milate haiN| ataH bauddha dRSTi se bhI jainAgama evaM pAlitripiTaka se prAcIna hai| RSibhASita kI racanA RSibhASita kI racanA ke sambandha meM pro. zubriga evaM anya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha mUlataH pArzva kI paramparA meM nirmita huA hogA, kyoMki usa paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva prathama adhyAya meM dekhA jAtA hai jahA~ brahmacarya aura aparigraha ko eka sAtha mAnakara use cAturyAma kI vyavasthA ke anurUpa DhAlA gayA hai| punaH pArzva kA vistRta adhyAya bhI usI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai| dUsare ise pArzva kI paramparA kA mAnane kA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki pArzva kI paramparA apekSAkRta adhika udAra thI - usakI anya parivrAjaka aura zramaNa paramparAoM se AcAra-vyavahAra Adi meM bhI adhika nikaTatA thaa| pApityoM ke mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha yaha grantha mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AyA aura unakI paramparA meM nirmita dazAoM meM praznavyAkaraNadazA ke eka bhAga ke rUpa meM sammilita kiyA gyaa| RSibhASita kA praznavyAkaraNa se pRthakkaraNa aba yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki kyoM pahale to use praznavyAkaraNadazA meM DAlA gayA aura bAda meM use usase alaga kara diyA gayA? merI dRSTi meM pahale to vizuddha rUpa se AdhyAtmika upadezoM kA saMkalana hone se ise apane Agama-sAhitya meM sthAna dene meM mahAvIra kI paramparA ke AcAryoM ko koI bAdhA pratIta nahIM huI hogI; kintu jaba jaina saMgha suvyavasthita huA aura apanI eka paramparA bana gaI to anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ko AtmasAta karanA usake lie kaThina ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM praznavyAkaraNa se RSibhASita ko alaga karanA koI Akasmika ghaTanA nahIM hai, apitu eka uddezyapUrNa ghaTanA hai| yaha sambhava nahIM thA ki eka ora jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna 494

Page #508
to sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI aura upAsakadazAMga meM maMkhaligozAlaka kI tathA jJAtArdha meM nArada kI AlocanA karate hue unake caritra ke hanana kA prayatna kiyA jAye aura dUsarI ora unheM arhat RSi kahakara unake upadezoM ko Agama vacana ke rUpa meM surakSita rakhA jaaye| IsA kI prathama zatI taka jainasaMgha kI zraddhA ko TikAye rakhane kA prazna pramukha bana gayA thaa| nArada, maMkhaligozAlaka, yAjJavalkya, sAriputra Adi ko arhat RSi mAnakara unake vacanoM ko tIrthaMkara kI Agama vANI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA kaThina ho gayA thA, yadyapi ise bhI jaina AcAryoM kA saujanya hI kahA jAnA cAhie ki unhoMne RSibhASita ko prazna-vyAkaraNa se alaga karake bhI prakIrNaka grantha ke rUpa meM use surakSita rkhaa| sAtha hI usakI prAmANikatA ko banAye rakhane ke lie use pratyekabuddha bhASita maanaa| yadyapi sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ne itanA avazya kiyA ki usameM ullikhita pArzva, vardhamAna, maMkhaliputra Adi ko Agama meM varNita unhIM vyaktitvoM se bhinna kahA jAne lgaa| RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ko pratyekabuddha kyoM kahA gayA? RSibhASita ke mUlapATha meM ketaliputra ko RSi, aMbaDa (25) ko parivrAjaka; piMga (32), RSigiri (34) evaM zrI giri ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) parivrAjaka arhat RSi, sAriputra ko buddha arhat RSi tathA zeSa sabhI ko arhat RSi ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| utkaTa (utkala) nAmaka adhyayana meM vaktA ke nAma kA ullekha hI nahIM hai, ataH usake sAtha koI vizeSaNa hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| yadyapi RSibhASita ke anta meM prApta honevAlI saMgrahaNI gAthA meM 33 evaM RSimaNDala ina sabako pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai tathA yaha bhI ullekha hai ki inameM se bIsa ariSTanemi ke, pandraha pArzvanAtha ke aura zeSa mahAvIra ke zAsana meM hue| kintu yaha gAthA paravartI hai aura bAda meM jor3I gayI lagatI hai| mUlapATha meM kahIM bhI inakA pratyekabuddha ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM hai| samavAyAMga meM RSibhASita kI carcA ke prasaMga meM inheM mAtra devaloka se cyuta kahA gayA hai, pratyekabuddha nahIM kahA gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga meM hI praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA vivaraNa dete samaya yaha kahA gayA hai ki isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya ke pravaktA pratyekabuddhoM ke vicAroM kA saMkalana hai| cU~ki RSibhASita praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka bhAga thaa| isa prakAra RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ko sarvaprathama samavAyAMga meM parokSarUpa se pratyekabuddha mAna liyA gayA thaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki RSibhASita adhikAMza RSi jaina paramparA ke nahIM the ataH unake upadezoM ko mAnya rakhane ke lie unheM pratyekabuddha kahA gyaa| saMgrahaNIgAthA to unheM spaSTarUpa se pratyekabuddha kahatI hI hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA- inheM pratyekabuddha kahane kA prayojana yahI thA ki inheM jaina saMgha se pRthak mAnakara bhI inake jaina dharmadarzana 495

Page #509
upadezoM ko prAmANika mAnA jA ske| jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparA meM pratyekabuddha vaha vyakti hai, jo kisI nimitta se svayaM prabuddha hokara ekAkI sAdhanA karate hue jJAna prApta karatA hai kintu na to yaha svayaM kisI kA ziSya banatA hai aura na kisI ko ziSya banAkara saMgha vyavasthA karatA hai| isa prakAra pratyekabuddha kisI paramparA yA saMgha vyavasthA meM Abaddha nahIM hotA hai, phira bhI vaha samAja meM AdaraNIya hotA hai aura usake upadeza prAmANika mAne jAte haiN| RSibhASita aura jainadharma ke siddhAnta RSibhASita kA samagrataH adhyayana hameM isa saMbaMdha meM vicAra karane ko vivaza karatA hai ki kyA RSibhASita meM anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM dvArA unakI hI apanI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karavAyA gayA hai athavA unake mukha se jaina paramparA kI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karavAyA gayA hai| prathama dRSTi ke dekhane para jo aisA bhI lagatA hai ki unake mukha se jaina mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| pro. zubiMga aura unake hI AdhAra para pro. lallanajI gopAla ne pratyeka RSi ke upadezoM ke pratipAdana ke prArambhika aura antima kathana kI ekarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha mAna liyA hai ki granthakAra RSiyoM ke upadezoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM prAmANika nahIM haiN| usane inake upadezoM ko apane hI DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| adhikAMza adhyAyoM meM jaina pAribhASika padAvalI yathA paMcamahAvrata, kaSAya, pariSaha Adi ko dekhakara isa kathana meM satyatA parilakSita hone lagatI hai| udAharaNArtha prathama nArada nAmaka adhyayana meM yadyapi zauca ke cAra lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM, kintu yaha adhyAya jaina paramparA ke cAturyAma kA hI pratipAdana karatA hai| vajjIyaputta nAmaka dvitIya adhyAya meM karma ke siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yaha adhyAya jIva ke karmAnugAmI hone kI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai, sAtha hI moha ko duHkha kA mUla batAtA hai| yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki jisa prakAra bIja se aMkura aura aMkura se bIja kI parasparA calatI rahatI hai, usI prakAra se moha se karma aura karma se moha kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai aura moha ke samApta hone para karma santati ThIka vaise hI samApta hotI hai jaise vRkSa ke mUla ko samApta karane para usake phala-pattI apane Apa samApta hote haiN| karma siddhAnta kI yaha avadhAraNA RSibhASita ke adhyAya 13, 15, 24 aura 30 meM bhI milatI hai| jaina paramparA meM isase hI milatA julatA vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana ke battIsaveM adhyAya se prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra tIsare asitadevala nAmaka adhyAya meM hameM jaina paramparA aura vizeSarUpa se AcArAMga meM upalabdha pApa ko lepa kahane kI bAta mila jAtI hai| isa adhyAya meM hameM pA~ca mahAvrata, cAra kaSAya tathA isI prakAra hiMsA se lekara mithyAdarzanazalya taka ke 18 496 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #510
pApoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| yaha adhyAya mokSa ke svarUpa kA vivecana bhI karatA hai aura use ziva, atula, amala, avyAghAta, apunarbhava, apunarAvartana tathA zAzvata sthAna batAtA hai| mokSa kA aisA hI svarUpa hameM jaina-Agama-sAhitya meM anyatra bhI milatA hai| pA~ca mahAvratoM aura cAra kaSAyoM kA vivaraNa to RSibhASita ke aneka adhyAyoM meM AyA hai| mahAkAzyapa nAmaka 9veM adhyayana meM puNya, pApa tathA saMvara aura nirjarA kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isI adhyAya meM kaSAya kA bhI ullekha hai| naveM adhyAya meM karma AdAna kI mukhya carcA karate hue mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya tathA yoga ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai jo ki jaina paramparA ke pUrNataH anurUpa hai| isameM jaina paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabda yathA upakrama, baddha, spRSTa, nikAcita, nirjIrNa, siddhi, zaileSI avasthA, pedazodaya, vipAkodaya Adi pAye jAte haiN| isa adhyAya meM pratipAdita AtmA kI nityAnityatA kI avadhAraNA siddhAvasthA kA svarUpa evaM karmabandhana aura nirjarA kI prakriyA jaina darzana ke samAna hai| isI taraha aneka adhyAyoM ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI avadhAraNA bhI milatI hai| bArahaveM yAjJavalkya nAmaka adhyayana meM jaina paramparA ke anurUpa gocarI ke svarUpa evaM zuddhaiSaNA kI carcA mila jAtI hai| AtmA apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA aura kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, yaha bAta bhI 15veM madhurAyana nAmaka adhyayana meM kI gayI hai| satrahaveM vidura nAmaka adhyayana meM sAvadyayoga virati aura samabhAva kI carcA hai| unnIsaveM AriyAyaNa nAmaka adhyAya meM Arya jJAna Aryadarzana aura Aryacaritra ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcaritra kI hI carcA hai| bAIsavA~ adhyAya dharma ke kSetra meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA kI carcA karatA hai tathA nArI kI nindA karatA hai, isakI sUtrakRtAMga ke itthipariNNAnAmaka adhyayana se samAnatA hai| teIsaveM rAmaputta nAmaka adhyAya meM uttarAdhyayana (28/35) ke samAna hI jJAna ke dvArA jAnane, darzana ke dvArA dekhane, saMyama ke dvArA nigraha karane kI tathA tapa ke dvArA aSTavidya karma ke vighuNana kI bAta kahI gayI hai| aSTavidya karma kI yaha carcA kevala jaina paramparA meM hI pAyI jAtI hai| punaH caubIsaveM adhyAya meM bhI mokSamArga ke rUpa meM jJAna, darzana evaM caritra kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya meM deva, manuSya, tiryaJca aura nAraka-ina caturgatiyoM kI bhI carcA hai| pacIsaveM ambar3a nAmaka adhyAya meM cAra kaSAya, cAra vikathA, pA~ca mahAvrata, tIna guptI, paMca indriya saMyama, chaH jIvanikAya, sAta bhaya, ATha mada, nau prakAra kA brahmacarya tathA dasa prakAra ke samAdhisthAna kI carcA hai| isa prakAra isa adhyAya meM jaina paramparA meM mAnya aneka avadhAraNAyeM eka sAtha upalabdha ho jAtI haiN| isI adhyAya meM AhAra karane ke chaH kAraNoM kI vaha carcA bhI hai, jo ki sthAnAMga (sthAna 61) Adi meM milatI hai| smaraNa jaina dharmadarzana 497

Page #511
rahe ki yadyapi jainAgamoM meM ambar3a ko parivrAjaka mAnA hai, phira bhI use mahAvIra ke prati zraddhAvAn batAyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM sarvAdhika jaina avadhAraNAyeM upalabdha hai| RSibhASita ke chabbIsaveM adhyAya meM uttarAdhyayana ke pacIsaveM adhyAya ke samAna hI brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya meM kaSAya, nirjarA, chaH jIvanikAya aura sarvaprANiyoM ke prati dayA kA bhI ullekha hai| ekatIsaveM pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM punaH cAturyAma, aSTavidha karmagranthi, cAra gati, paMcAstikAya tathA mokSa sthAna ke svarUpa kA digdarzana hotA hai| isI adhyAya meM jaina pamparA ke samAna jIva ko UrdhvagAmI aura pudgala ko adhogAmI kahA gayA hai, kintu pArzva to jaina paramparA meM mAnya hI haiM, ataH isa adhyAya meM jaina avadhAraNAe~ honI Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai| aba vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA bhI banI hai ki jaina darzana kA tattvajJAna pAzrvApatyoM kI hI dena hai| zUbiMga ne bhI isibhAsiyAiM para pArkhApatyoM kA prabhAva mAnA hai| punaH 32 veM piMga nAmaka adhyAya meM jaina paramparA ke anurUpa cAroM vargoM kI mukti kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 34veM adhyAya meM pariSaha aura upasargoM kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya meM paMca mahAvrata se yukta, kaSAya se rahita, chinnanota, anAzrava, bhikSu kI mukti kI bhI carcA hai| punaH 35veM uddAlaka nAmaka adhyAya meM tIna gupti, tIna daNDa, tIna rAlya, cAra kaSAya, cAra vikathA, pA~ca samiti, paMcendriyasaMyama, yogasandha na evaM navakoTi parizuddha, daza doSa se rahita vibhinna kuloM kI parakRta, paranirdiSTa, vigatadhUma, zastrapariNata bhikSA grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai| isI adhyAya meM saMjJA evaM 22 pariSahoM kA bhI ullekha hai| __isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki RSibhASita meM aneka jaina avadhAraNAyeM upasthita haiN| ataH yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kyA jaina AcAryoM ne RSibhASita kA saMkalana karate samaya apanI hI avadhAraNAoM ko ina RSiyoM ke mukha se kahalavA diyA athavA mUlataH ye avadhAraNAyeM ina RSiyoM kI hI thI aura vahA~ se jaina paramparA meM praviSTa huii| yaha to spaSTa hai ki RSibhASita ullikhita RSiyoM meM pArzva aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara zeSa anya sabhI yA to svatantra sAdhaka rahe haiM yA anya paramparAoM ke rahe haiN| yadyapi inameM kucha ke ullekha uttarAdhyayana aura sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki isameM jo vicAra haiM ve una RSiyoM ke nahIM hai to grantha kI aura granthakartA kI prAmANikatA khaNDita hotI hai, kintu dUsarI ora yaha mAnanA ki ye sabhI avadhAraNAyeM jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM se praviSTa huIM pUrNataH santoSaprada nahIM lagatA hai| ataH sarvaprathama to hama yaha parIkSaNa karane kA prayatna kareMge ki RSibhASita meM jina RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM ve unake apane haiM yA jaina AcAryoM ne apanI bAta ko unake mukha se kahalavAyA hai| 498 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #512
RSibhASita meM upadiSTa avadhAraNAoM kI prAmANikatA kA prazna yadyapi RSibhASita ke sabhI RSiyoM ke upadeza aura tatsambandhI sAhitya hameM jainetara paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotA phira bhI inameM se anekoM ke vicAra aura avadhAraNAyeM Aja bhI anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha hai| yAjJavalkya kA ullekha bhI upaniSadoM meM hai| vajjIyaputta, mahAkAzyapa, aura sAriputta ke ullekha bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM hai| isI prakAra vidura, nArAyaNa, asitadevala Adi ke ullekha mahAbhArata evaM hindU paramparA ke anya granthoM meM mila jAte haiN| RSibhASita meM inake jo vicAra ullikhita haiM, unakI tulanA anya srotoM se karane para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki RSibhASita meM jina RSiyoM ke jina vicAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, unameM kitanI prAmANikatA hai| RSibhASita ke gyArahaveM adhyAya meM maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kA upadeza saMkalita hai| maMkhaliputra gozalaka ke sambandha meM hameM jaina paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra aura upAsakadazAMga meM, bauddha paramparA meM dIghanikAya ke sAmaJjasya mahAphalasutta aura suttanipAta meM evaM hindU paramparA meM mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 177veM adhyAya meM maMkhI RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha prApta hotA hai| tInoM hI srota use niyativAda kA samarthaka batAte haiM yadi hama RSibhASita adhyAya 11 meM varNita maMkhaligozAlaka ke upadezoM ko dekhate haiM to yahA~ bhI hameM parokSa rUpa se niyativAda ke saMketa upalabdha haiN| isa adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki jo padArthoM kI pariNati ko dekhakara kampita hotA hai, vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai, kSobhita hotA hai, Ahata hotA hai, spaMdita hotA hai, calAyamAna hotA hai, prerita hotA hai vaha tyAgI nahIM hai| isake viparIta jo padArthoM kI pariNati ko dekhakara kampita nahIM hotA hai, kSobhita nahIM hotA, duHkhita nahIM hotA hai vaha tyAgI hai| parokSarUpa se yaha padArthoM kI pariNati ke sambandha meM niyativAda kA prativAdaka hai| saMsAra kI apanI eka vyavasthA aura gati hai vaha usI ke anusAra cala rahA hai, sAdhaka ko usa krama kA jJAtA-draSTA to honA cAhie kintu draSTA ke rUpa meM usase prabhAvita nahIM honA caahie| niyativAda kI mUlabhUta AdhyAtmika zikSA yahI ho sakatI hai ki hama saMsAra ke ghaTanAkrama se sAkSI-bhAva se rheN| isa prakAra yaha adhyAya gozAlaka ke mUlabhUta AdhyAtmika upadeza ko hI pratibimbata karatA hai| isake viparIta jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM jo maMkhaligozalaka ke siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa hai ki vaha vastutaH gozAlaka kI isa adhyAtmika avadhAraNA se nikAlA gayA eka vikRta dArzanika phalita hai| vastutaH RSibhASita kA racayitA gozAlaka ke siddhAntoM ke prati jitanA prAmANika hai, utane prAmANika tripiTaka aura paravartI jaina AgamoM ke racayitA nahIM haiN| jaina dharmadarzana 499

Page #513
mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 177veM adhyAya meM maMkhi RSi kA upadeza saMkalita hai usameM eka ora niyativAda kA samarthana hai ki kintu dUsarI ora isameM vairAgya kA upadeza bhI hai| isa adhyAya meM mUlataH draSTA bhAva aura saMsAra ke prati anAsakti kA upadeza hai| yaha adhyAya niyativAda ke mAdhyama se hI adhyAtma kA upadeza detA hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki saMsAra kI apanI vyavasthA hai| manuSya apane puruSArtha se bhI use apane anusAra nahIM mor3a pAtA hai ataH vyakti ko draSTA bhAva rakhate hue saMsAra se virakta ho jAnA caahie| mahAbhArata ke isa adhyAya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki maMkhi RSi ko niyativAda kA samarthaka mAnate hue bhI usa niyativAda ke mAdhyama se unheM vairAgaya kI dizA meM prerita batAyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para RSibhASita meM maMkhaliputra kA upadeza jisa rUpa meM saMkalita milatA hai vaha nizcita hI prAmANika hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita ke adhyAya 9 meM mahAkazyapa ke aura adhyAya 38 meM sAriputta ke upadeza saMkalita haiM ye donoM hI bauddha paramparA se sambandhita rahe haiN| yadi hama RSibhASita meM ullikhita inake vicAroM ko dekhate haiM to spaSTa rUpa se isameM hameM bauddhadharma ke avadhAraNA ke mUlatattva parilakSita hote haiN| mahAkazyapa adhyAya meM sarvaprathama saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA citraNa hai| isameM karma ko duHkha kA mUla kahA gayA hai aura karma kA mUla janma ko batAyA gayA hai jo ki bauddhoM ke pratItyasamutpAda kA hI eka rUpa hai| isI adhyAya meM eka vizeSatA hameM yaha dekhane ko milatI hai, ki isameM karmasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate hue "santAnavAda" kI carcA hai jo ki bauddhoM kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai| isa adhyAya meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie bauddha darzana ke mUlabhUta dIpaka vAle udAharaNa ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| pUrA adhyAya santAnavAda aura karmasaMskAroM ke mAdhyama se vairAgya kA upadeza pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki isameM bauddhadharma ke mUla bIja upasthita hai| isI prakAra 38veM sAriputta nAmaka adhyAya meM bhI bauddha dharma ke mUla utsa madhyamamArga kA pratipAdana milatA hai| isake sAtha buddha ke prajJAvAda kA bhI isameM pratipAdana huA hai| isa adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki manojJa bhojana, zayanAsana kA sevana karate hue aura manojJa ke AvAsa meM rahate hue bhikSu sukhapUrvaka dhyAna karatA hai| phira bhI prAjJa puruSa ko sAMsArika padArthoM meM Asakta nahIM honA cAhie yahI buddha kA anuzAsana hai| isa prakAra yaha adhyAya bhI buddha ke upadezoM ko prAmANika rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra yAjJavalkya nAmaka 12veM adhyAya meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki yAjJavalkya ke mUlabhUta upadezoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| RSibhASita ke atirikta yAjJavalkya kA ullekha hameM upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI milatA hai| upaniSad meM jahA~ yAjJavalkya-maitreyI kA saMvAda hai vahA~ unakI sanyAsa kI icchA ko spaSTa kiyA 500 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #514
gayA hai| RSibhASita meM bhI yAjJavalkya ke upadeza ke rUpa meM lokaiSaNA aura vittaSaNA ke tyAga kI bAta kahI gayI hai tathA yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaba taka lokeSaNA hotI hai taba taka vittaiSaNA hotI hai aura jaba vittaiSaNA hotI hai to lokeSaNA hotI hai| isalie lokaiSaNA aura vittaiSaNA ke svarUpa ko jAnakAra gopatha se jAnA cAhie mahApatha se nahIM jAnA caahie| vastutaH aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ nivRttimArga ko gopatha aura pravRttimArga ko mahApatha kahA gayA hai aura yAjJavalkya nivRtti mArga kA upadeza dete pratIta hote haiN| yahA~ sabase vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki bauddhadharma meM jo hInayAna aura mahAyAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa hai, kahIM vaha gopatha aura mahApatha kI avadhAraNA kA vikasita rUpa to nahIM hai| AcArAMga meM mahAyAna zabda AyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI adhyAya 310 se lekara 318 taka yAjJavalkya ke upadezoM ko saMkalana hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se sAMkhya aura yoga kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana hai| RSibhASita ke isa adhyAya meM muni kI bhikSA vidhi kI bhI carcA hai jo ki jaina paramparA ke anurUpa hI lagatI hai| vaise bRhadAraNyaka meM bhI yAjJavalkya bhikSAcaryA kA upadeza dete haiN| phira bhI itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki RSibhASita ke lekhaka ne yAjJavalkya ke mUlabhUta upadezoM ko vikRta nahIM kiyA hai| RSibhASita ke 20veM utkala nAmaka adhyAya meM bhautikavAda yA cArvAka darzana kA pratipAdana hai| isa adhyAya ke upadeSTA ke rUpa meM kisI RSi kA ullekha nahIM hai kintu itanA nizcita hai ki isameM cArvAka ke vicAroM kA pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha pratipAdana huA hai| RSibhASita meM vardhamAna kA jo upadeza hai usakI yathArtha praticchAyA AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke bhAvanA nAmaka adhyayana meM evaM uttarAdha yayana ke 32veM adhyAya meM yathAvat rUpa se upasthita hai| uparyukta AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki RSibhASita meM RSiyoM ke upadeza ko sAmAnya rUpa se prAmANikatApUrvaka hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi isameM mukhya rUpa se unake AdhyAtmika aura naitika vicAroM kA hI prastutIkaraNa huA hai aura usake pIche nihita darzana para isameM koI bala nahIM diyA gayA hai| dUsare yaha bhI satya hai ki unakA prastutIkaraNa yA grantha racanA jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM ke dvArA huI hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki usameM jaina paramparA meM mAnya kucha avadhAraNAe~ pratibimbita ho gayI haiN| punaH isa vizvAsa ke bhI paryApta AdhAra haiM ki jinheM Aja hama jaina paramparA kI avadhAraNAe~ kaha rahe haiM, ve mUlataH anya paramparAoM meM pracalita rahI hoM aura vahA~ se jaina paramparA meM praviSTa ho gayI hoN| ataH RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ke upadezoM kI prAmANikatA ko pUrNataH nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| adhika se adhika hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki una para aparokSarUpa se jaina paramparA kA kucha prabhAva A gayA hai| jaina dharmadarzana 501

Page #515
RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI aitihAsikatA kA prazna I yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki RSibhASita meM varNita adhikAMza RSigaNa jaina paramparA se sambandhita nahIM haiM / unake kucha nAmoM ke Age lage hue brAhma parivrAjaka Adi zabda hI unakA jaina paramparA se bhinna honA sUcita karate haiM / dUsare deva nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka, vidura, vAriSeNavRSNa, dvaipAyana, ArUNi, uddAlaka, nArAyaNa, aise nAma hai jo vaidika paramparA meM supriddha rahe haiM aura Aja bhI unake upadeza upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM surakSita haiM, inameM se deva nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, dvaipAyana ke ullekha RSibhAsita a atirikta sUtrakRtAMga, aupapAtika, aMtakRtadazA Adi jaina-granthoM meM tathA bauddha tripiTika sAhitya meM bhI milate haiM / isI prakAra vajjIyaputra, mahAkAzyapa aura sAriputra bauddha paramparA ke suprasiddha vyaktitva haiM aura unakA ullekha tripiTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha hai| maMkhaliputra, rAmaputta, ambaDa (ambaSTa), saMjaya (velaTThaputra) Adi aise nAma haiM jo svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita hai aura inake isa rUpa meM ullekha jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM hameM spaSTa rUpa se milate haiN| RSibhASi ke jina RSiyoM ke ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM milate haiM una para vistRta carcA pro. sI.esa. upAsaka ne apane lekha 'isibhAyAI eNDa pAli buddhisTa TeksTsa e sTaDI' meM kiyA hai| yaha lekha paM. dalasukhabhAI abhinandana grantha meM prakAzita ho rahA hai pArzva aura varddhamAna jaina paramparA ke teIsaveM aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM suspaSTa rUpa se mAnya hai| Ardraka kA ullekha RSibhASita ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMga meM hai / isake atirikta puSpazAlaputra valkalacIrI, kurmAputra, ketaliputra, tetaliputra, bhayAli, indranAga aise nAma haiM jinameM adhikAMza kA ullekha jaina paramparA ke isimaNDala evaM anya granthoM meM mila jAtA hai / puSpazAla valkalacIrI kurmAputra Adi kA ullekha bauddha paramparA meM bhI hai / kintu madhurAyaNa, soriyAyaNa AryAyana Adi jinakA ullekha RSibhASita ke atirikta hindU, jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM anyatra nahIM milatA hai unheM bhI pUrNatayA kAlpanika vyakti nahIM kaha sakate / yadi hama RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI sampUrNa sUcI kA avalokana kareM to kevala soma, yama, varuNa, vAyu aura vaizramaNa, aise nAma haiM jinheM kAlpanika kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAe~ inheM sAmAnyatayA lokapAla ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI haiM, kintu inameM bhI mahAbhArata meM vAyu kA ullekha eka RSi ke rUpa meM milatA hai / yama ko AvazyakacUrNi meM yamadagni RSi kA pitA kahA gayA hai / ataH isa sambhAvanA ko bhI pUrI taraha nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yama koI RSi rahe hoM / yadyapi upaniSadoM meM bhI yama ko lokapAla ke rUpa meM bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai / kintu itanA hI nizcita hai ki ye eka upadeSTA haiM / yama aura naciketA kA I jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 502

Page #516
saMvAda aupaniSadika paramparA meM suprasiddha hI hai| varuNa aura vaizramaNa ko bhI vaidika paramparA meM maMtropadeSTA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki soma, yama, varuNa, vaizramaNa, isa grantha ke racanAkAla taka eka upadeSTA ke rUpa meM loka paramparA meM mAnya rahe hoM aura isI AdhAra para inake upadezoM kA saMkalana RSibhASita meM kara liyA gayA hai| uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha avazya kaha sakate haiM ki RSibhASita ke RSiyoM meM uparyukta cAra-pA~ca nAmoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prAgaitihAsika aura aitihAsika kAla ke yathArtha vyakti haiM kAlpanika caritra nahIM hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM hama itanA hI kahanA cAheMge ki RSibhASita na kevala jaina paramparA kI apitu samagra bhAratIya paramparA kI eka amUlya nidhi hai aura isameM bhAratIya cetanA kI dhArmika udAratA apane yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita hotI hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, kyoMki yaha hameM adhikAMza jJAta aura kucha ajJAta RSiyoM ke sambandha meM aura unake upadezoM ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa evaM prAmANika sUcanAe~ detA hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa nidhi ko surakSita rakhakara bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI bahumUlya sevA kI hai| vastutaH yaha grantha IsApUrva 10vIM zatI se lekara IsApUrva 6vIM zatI taka ke aneka bhAratIya RSiyoM kI aitihAsika sattA kA nirvivAda pramANa hai| saMdarbha - 1. (a) se ki kAliyaM ? kAliyaM aNegavihaM pnnnnttN| taM jahAuttarajjhayaNAI 1 dasAoM 2 kappo 3 vavahAro 4 NisIhaM 5 mahAmmisIhaM 6 isibhAsiyAI 7 jaMbuddIvapaNNattI 8 dIvasAgara paNNattI-nandisUtra 84 (mahAvIra vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1968) (ba) namo tesiM khamAsamaNANaM jehiM imaM vAiaM aMga bAhiraM kAliaM bhagavaMtaM taM jahA-1 uttrjjhynnaaii| 2 dasAo 3 kappo 4 vavahAro 5 isibhAsiAiM 6 nisIhaM 7 mahAnisiMha... (jJAtavya hai ki pakkhiya sutta meM aMgabAhyagranthoM kI sUcI meM 28 ulkAlika aura 36 kAlika kula 64 granthoM ke nAma haiN| isameM 6 Avazyaka aura 12 aMga milAne se 82 kI saMkhyA hotI hai, lagabhaga yahI sUcI vidhimArgaprapA meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai|) (-pakkhisasutta (pR.79) devacandalAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa sirIja kramAMka 99) 2. aMgabAhmamanekavidham / tadyathA-sAmayika, caturvizatistavaH, vandanaM, pratikramaNaM, kAyavyatsarga, pratyAkhyAnaM, dazavaikAliMka, uttarAdhyAyAH, dazAH, kalpavyavahArau, nizIthaM, Rssibhaassitaaniityevmaadi| -tattvArthAdhigamasUtram (svopajJabhASya) 1/20, (davicandalAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa) kra.-saM. 67. 3. tathA RSibhASitAni uttarAdhyayanAdIni ..... / - Avazyaka niyukti-haribhadrIyavRtti, pR.206 4. RSibhASitAnAM ca devendrastavAdInAM niyuktiM ..... | - Avazyaka niyukti haribhadrIya vRtti, pR. 41 jaina dharmadarzana 503

Page #517
5. isibhAsiyAiM paNayAlIsaM ajjhayaNAiM kAliyAI, tesu diNa 45 nimviehiM annaagaaddhjogo| aNNe bhaNatiuttarajjhayaNesu ceva eyAiM atNbhvNti| vidhimArgaprapA pR. 58 / devidatthayamAI paiNNagA hoMti igignivienn| isibhAsiyaajjhayaNA aayNbilkaaltigsjjhaa| 61 / / kesi ci mae aMtabhavaMti eyAiM uttrjjhynne| paNayAlIsa diNehiM kesi vi jogo aNAgADho / 162 / / ___ - vidhimArgaprapA, pR. 62 / (jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vidhimArgaprapA meM bhI mataikya nahIM hai| sajjhAya paTThavaNa vihI pR. 45 para 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 6 cheda, 4 mUla evaM 2 cUlikA sUtra ke ghaTAne para lagabhaga 31 prakIrNakoM ke nAma milate haiN| jabaki pR. 57-58 para RSibhASita sahita 15 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha hai|) 6. (a) kaliyasuyaM ca isibhAsiyAiM taio ya suurpnnnnttii| savvo ya divivAo cautthao hoI annuaago|| 124 / / (mU.bhA.) tathA RSibhAsitAni-uttarAdhyayanAdIni, "tRtIyazca" kAlAnuyogaH-Avazyaka haribhadrIya vRtti, pR.206. (ba) Avassagassa dasakAliassa taha uttrjjhmaayaare| sUyagaDe nijjuttiM vucchAmi tahA dasANaM c|| kappassa ca nijjuttiM vavahArasseva prmnniunnss| sUriapaNNattIe tucchaM isibhASiANaM cN|| -- Avazyakaniyukti, 84-85 paShAvAgaraNadasANaM dasa ajjhayaNA pannattA, taMjahA-uvamA, saMkhA, isibhAsiyAI, AyariyabhAsitAI, mahAvIra-bhAsitAI, khomapasiNAI, komalapasaNAI, addAgapasivAI, aMguTThapasiNAI, baahupsinnaaii| ThANaMgasuve, dasamaM ajbhayaNaM dsttttaannN| (mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya saMskaraNa, pR. 311). 8. cottAlIsaM ajjhayaNA isibhAsiyA diyalogacutAbhAsiyA pnnnnttaa| samavAyaMgasutta-44 9. Ahesu mahApurisA puvviM tatta tvoghnnaa| udaeNa siddhibhAvannA tattha maMdo visiiyti||||| abhujiyA namI videhI, rAmaputte ya bhuNjiaa| bAhue udagaMbhoccA tahA nArAyaNe risii||2| Asile devile ceva dIvAyaNa mhaarisii| pArAsare dagaM bhoccA bIyANi hariyANi y||3|| ete puvvaM mahApurisA AhitA iha sNbhtaa| bhoccA bIodagaM siddha iti meymnnussua||4| -- sUtrakRtAGga, 1/3/4/1-4. 10. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/1-3, 7, 9 11. bhagavatI zataka, 15. 12. upAsakadazAMga, adhyAya 6 evaM 7. 13. (a) suttanipAta 32 sabhiyasutta, (ba) dIghanikAya, saamjyphlsuutr| 7. 504 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #518
14. ye te samaNabrAhmaNA saMgino gaNino gaNAcariyA AtA yasassino titthakarA sAdhu sammatA, bahujanasya, sepyathIdaM-pUraNo kassapo, makkhaligosAlo, ajito kesakambalI, pakugho kaccAyano, saMjayo belaTiThaputtA, nigaNTha, naatputto| - suttanipAta, 32-sabhiyaMsutta. 15. (a) pAlisAhitya kA itihAsa (bharata siMha upAdhyAya), pRSTha 102-104. is ..... the oldest of the poetic books of the Buddhist Scriptuares Introduction, page-2-Sutta-Nipata (Sister vajira). 16. ubho nArada pbbtaa| suttanipAta 32, sabhiyasutta, 34. 17. asito isi addasa divaavihaare| suttanipAta 37, nAlakasutta 1. 18. jiNNe'hamasmi abalo vItavaNNe (iccAyasmA piMgiyo) suttanipAta 71 piMgiyamANavapucchA. 19. suttanipAta, 32 sbhiysutt| 20. vhii| 21. vhii| 22. gheragAthA 36, DiksanarI oNpha pAlI prApara nemsa vAlyUma prathama peja 631, vAlyUma dvitIya peja 15 23. (a) AtA chettaM, tavo bIya, saMjamo juannNglN| jhANaM phAlo nisitto ya, saMvaro ya bIyaM dddhN||8|| akUDattaM ca kUr3esu, viNae NiyamaNe tthite| titikkhA ya halIsA tu, dayA guttI ya pgghaa||9|| sammattaM gotthaNavo, samitI u samilA thaa| thitijottasusaMbaddhA savvaNNuvayaNe ryaa||10|| paMcaiva iMdiyANi tu khantA dantA ya nnijijtaa| mAhaNesu tu te goNA gaMbhIraM kasate kisi|||1|| tavo bIyaM avaMjhaM se, ahiMsA NihaNaM prN| vavasAto ghaNaM tassa, juttA goNA ya sNgho||2|| thitI khalaM vasuyiMka, saddhA meDhI ya nnicclaa| bhAvaNA u vatI tassa, iriyA dAraM susNvuddN||13|| kasAyA malaNaM tassa, kittivAto va tkkhmaa| NijjarA tu lavAmIsA iti dukkhANa nnikkhti||4|| etaM kisiM kasittANaM svvsttdyaavh| mAhaNe khattie vesse sudde vApi visujjhtii||15|| -- itibhAsiyAiM 26/8-15. (ba) "kato chattaM, kato bIyaM, kato te jugaNaMgalai? goNA vi te Na passAmi, ajjo, kA NAma te kisii||1|| AtA chettaM, tavo bIyaM, saMjamo jugnnNglN| ahisAM samitI jojjA, esA ghammantarA kisii||2|| jaina dharmadarzana 505

Page #519
esA kisI sobhatarA aluddhassa viyAhitA / esA bahusaI hoi paralokasuhAvahA / 13 / / eyaM kisiM kasittANaM savvasattadayAvahaM / mAhaNe khattie vesse sudde vAvi ya sijjhtii"||4|| 24. saddhA bIjaM tapo vuTThi paJJA me yuganaMgalaM / hara IsA mano yattaM sati meM phAlapAcanaM / 12 / / kAyagutto vacIgutto AhAre udare yato / saccaM karomi nidAnaM soraccaM me pamAcanaM / / 3 / / ririyaM me dhuradhoramhaM yogakkhemAdhivAhanaM / gacchati anivattantaM yattha gantvA na socati / 14 / / evamesA kasI kaTThA sA hoti amapphalA / etaM kasaM kasitvAna savbadukkhA pamuccatIti / 15 / / -- 25. ahaM ca bhoyarAyassa taM ca si andhagavaNhiNo / mA kule gandhaNA homo saMjamaM nihuo cAra / / 26. pakkhaMde jaliyaM joiM, ghUmakeuM durAsayaM / necchati baMtayaM bhoktuM kula jAyA agaMdhaNe / / 27. agandhaNe kule jAto jadhA jAgo mahAviso / mucitA - savisaM bhUto piyanto jAto lAghavaM / / 28. (a) isibhAsiyAI, 26115. ( ba ) isibhAsiyAI, 3214. suttanipAta 4-kasibhAradvAjasutta / itibhAsiyAiM 32 / 1-4. uttarAdhyayana, 22 144 pariziSTa naM. 1. 34. nArayarisipAmukkhe; vIsaM sirineminAhatitthammi / pannarasa pAsatitthe, dasa sirivIrassa titthammi / / 44 / / patteyabuddhasAhU, namimo je bhAsiuM sivaM pattA / / paNayAlIsaM isibhAsiyAiM ajjhayANapavarAiM / 145 / / 506 dasavaikAlika, 1116 - isibhAsiyAI, 45140 29. See-Introduction of Isibhasiyaim by Walther Schubring, Ahmedabad-1974. 30. dekheM bhagavatI zataka, 15. 31. dekheM upAsakadasAMga, adhyAya 6 evaM 7. 32. jJAta-dharmakathA, draupadI nAmaka adhyayana / 33. patteyabuddhamisiNoM bIsaM titthe ariTThaNemissa / pAsassa ya paNNarasa. vIrassa vilINamohassa / / isibhAsiyAI, saMpA. manoharamuni, RSimaNDalaprakaraNam, Atmavallabha granthamAlA granthAMka 13, bAlApura, gAthA 44, 45. 35. paNhAvAgaraNadasAsu NaM sasamaya parasamaya paNNavaya paMteabuddhavivihatyabhAsAbhAsiyANaM - samavAyAMga, sUtra 546. 36. aupapAtika sUtra 38. 37. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, tRtIya adhyAya, paJcama brAhmaNa, 1 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #520
4 jaina anekAntadarzana

Page #521

Page #522
jaina darzana meM anekAnta : siddhAnta aura vyavahAra anekAMtavAda ko mukhyataH jaina darzana kA paryAya mAnA jAtA hai| yaha kathana satya bhI hai, kyoMki anya dArzanikoM ne usakA khaNDana mukhyataH usake isI siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki anekAtaMvAda kA vikAsa aura tArkika AdhAroM para usakI puSTi jaina dArzanikoM ne kI hai| ataH anekAMtavAda ko jaina darzana kA paryAya mAnanA samucita bhI hai| kintu isakA yaha bhI artha nahIM hai ki anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM isakA pUrNataH abhAva hai| anekAMta eka anubhUta satya hai aura anubhUta satya ko svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai| vivAda yA mata-vaibhinya anubhUti ke AdhAra para nahIM, usakI abhivyakti ke AdhAra para hotA hai| abhivyakti ke lie bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, kintu bhASAyI abhivyakti, apUrNa, sImita aura sApekSa hotI hai, ataH usameM matabheda hotA hai aura una matabhedoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karane yA unameM paraspara virodhI kathyoM ke bIca samanvaya lAne ke prayAsa meM hI anekAMtavAda kA janma hotA hai| vastutaH anekAMtavAda yA anaikAMtika dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa nimna tIna AdhAroM para hotA hai - (1) bahu-AyAmI vastutatva ke sambandha meM aikAMtika vicAroM yA kathanoM kA nissedh| (2) bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para bahuAyAmI vastutattva ke sambandha meM prastuta virodhI kathanoM kI sApekSika satyatA kI sviikRti| (3) paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAlI vicAra-dhArAoM ko samanvita karane kA pryaas| prastutaH Alekha meM hamArA prayojana ina avadhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para jaina jainetara bhAratIya cintana meM anaikAMtika dRSTikoNa kahAM-kahAM kisa rUpa meM ullekhita hai, isakA digdarzana karAnA hai| sAtha hI usake saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika pakSa ko spaSTa karanA hai| jaina anekAntadarzana 509

Page #523
darzana kA janma ___darzana kA janma mAnavIya jijJAsA se hotA hai| IsA pUrva chaThI zatI meM manuSya kI yaha jijJAsA paryApta rUpa se praur3ha ho cukI thii| aneka vicAraka vizva ke rahasyodghATana ke lie prayatnazIla the| ina jijJAsu cintakoM ke sAmane aneka samasyAe~ thIM, jaise- isa dRzyamAna vizva kI utpatti kaise huI, isakA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? vaha mUla kAraNa yA paramatattva jar3a hai yA cetana? punaH yaha jagat sat se utpanna huA hai yA asat se? yadi yaha saMsAra sat se utpanna huA to vaha sat yA mUla tattva eka hai yA anek| yadi vaha eka hai to vaha puruSa (brahma) hai yA puruSatara (jar3atattva) hai, yadi puruSetara hai to vaha jala, vAyu, agni, AkAza Adi meM se kyA hai? punaH yadi vaha aneka hai to ve aneka tattva kauna se haiM? punaH yadi yaha saMsAra sRSTa hai to vaha sraSTA kauna hai? usane jagat kI sRSTi kyoM kI aura kisase kI? isake viparIta yadi yaha asRSTa hai to kyA anAdi hai? punaH yadi yaha anAdi hai to isameM hone vAle utpAda, vyaya rUpI parivartanoM kI kyA vyAkhyA hai, Adi / isa prakAra ke aneka prazna mAnava mastiSka meM uTha rahe the| cintakoM ne apane cintana evaM anubhava ke bala para inake aneka prakAra se uttara diye| cintakoM yA dArzanikoM ke ina vividha uttara yA samAdhAnoM kA kAraNa doharA thA, eka ora vastutattva yA sattA kI bahuAyAmitA aura dUsarI ora mAnavIya buddhi, aindrika anubhUti evaM abhivyakti sAmarthya kI siimittaa| phalataH pratyeka cintaka yA dArzanika ne sattA ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA isa anaikAntika dRSTi ko jaina darzana ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai aura isa satya ko nakArA bhI nahIM jA sakatA hai, kyoMki anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa kA zreya jaina dArzanikoM ko hai| phira bhI isase yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki anekAnta dRSTi kevala jaina dArzanikoM kI ekamAtra bapautI hai| dArzanika mata vaibhinya aura unake samanvaya ke prayAsoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa to vaidika aura aupaniSadika sAhitya meM bhI milate haiN| mAtra yahIM nahI anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI aise prayAsa hue haiN| anekAntavAda ke vikAsa kA itihAsa; vedoM meM prastuta anekAMta dRSTi bhAratIya sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| unameM bhI Rgveda sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| Rgveda na kevala paramatattva ke sat aura asat pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai apitu ina ke madhya samanvaya bhI karatA hai| Rgveda' meM paramatatva ke sat yA asat hone ke sambandha meM na kevala jijJAsA prasatuta kI gaI apitu RSi ne yaha bhI kaha diyA ki parama sattA ko hama na sat kaha sakate haiM aura na ast| isa prakAra 510 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #524
vastutattva kI bahu-AyAmitA aura usake apekSA bheda se paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle pakSoM kI yugapata upasthiti kI svIkRti hameM vedakAla se hI milane lagatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, Rgveda kA kathana - 'ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAlI mAnyatAoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue, unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa hI to hai| isa prakAra hameM anaikAMtika dRSTi ke astitva ke pramANa Rgveda ke kAla se milane lagate haiN| yaha bAta na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA anaikAMtika dArzanika dRSTi kI svIkRti kI sUcaka hai apitu isa siddhAnta kI traikAlika satyatA aura prAcInatA kI bhI sUcaka hai| cAhe vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa eka paravartI ghaTanA ho, kintu anekAMta to utanA hI purAnA hai, jitanA Rgveda kA yaha aNsh| Rgvaidika RSiyoM ke samakSa sattA yA paramatattva ke bahuAyAmI hone kA pRSTha khulA huA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki ve kisI aikAntika dRSTi meM Abaddha honA nahIM cAhate hai| Rgveda' isa tathya kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai - nAsadAsInnosadAsIttadAnIM nAsIdrajo na vyomproyt| satya to yaha hai ki usa parama sattA ko jo samasta astitva ke mUla meM sat, asat ubhaya yA anubhaya kisI eka koTI meM Abaddha karake nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM usake samabandha meM jo bhI kathana kiyA jA sakegA vaha bhASA kI sImitatA ke kAraNa sApekSa hI hogA, nirapekSa nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika RSi usa parama sattA yA vastutattva ko sat-asat na kahanA cAhatA hai, kintu prakArAntara se ve use sat bhI kahate haiM - yathA - 'ekaM sad viprA vadanti' aura use asat bhI kahate haiN| yathA-devAnAM pUrve yuge asataH sadjAyata, isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki vedika RSi anAgrahI anekAMta dRSTi ke hI sampoSaka rahe haiN| aupaniSadika sAhitya aura anekAMtavAda na kevala vedoM meM, apitu upaniSadoM meM bhI isa anaikAMtika dRSTi ke ullekha ke aneka saMketa upalabdha haiN| upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para paramasattA ke bahuAyAmI hone aura usameM paraspara virodhI kahe jAne vAle guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke saMdarbha milate haiN| jaba hama upaniSadoM meM anekAMtikadRSTi ke sandarbho kI khoja karate haiM to unameM hameM nimna tIna prakAra ke dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiM - (1) alaga-alaga sandarbho meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM kA prstutiikrnn| (2) aikAntika vicAradhArAoM kA nissedh| (3) paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pryaas| jaina anekAntadarzana 511

Page #525
sRSTi kA mUlatattva sat hai yA asat? isa samasyA ke sandarbha meM hameM upaniSadoM meM donoM hI prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| taittirIya upaniSad' meM kahA gayA hai ki prArambha meM asat hI thA, usI se sat utpanna huaa| isI vicAra dhArA kI puSTi chAndogyopaniSad meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| usameM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama asat hI thaa| usase sat huA aura sat se sRSTi huii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina donoM meM asatvAdI vicAradhArA kA pratipAdana huA, kintu isI ke viparIta usI chAndogyopaniSad meM yaha bhI kahA gayA ki pahale akelA sat hI thA, dUsarA kucha nahIM thA, usI se yaha sRSTi huI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad' meM bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo kucha bhI sattA hai usakA AdhAra lokAtIta sat hI hai| prapaJcAtmaka jagat isI sat se utpanna hotA hai| isI taraha vizva kA mUla tattva jar3a hai yA cetana? isa prazna ko lekara upaniSadoM meM donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ye yAjJavalkya, maitreyI se kahate haiM ki cetanA inhI bhUtoM meM se utpanna hokara unhIM meM lIna ho jAtI hai to dUsarI ora chAndogyopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki pahale akelA sat (citta tatva) hI thA, dUsarA koI nahIM thaa| usane socA ki maiM aneka ho jAU~ aura isa prakAra sRSTi kI utpatti huii| isI tathya kI puSTi taittirIyopaniSad' se bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAyeM prastuta kI gayI hai| yadi ye sabhI vicAradhArAyeM satya haiM to isase aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI anekAnta dRSTi kA hI paricaya milatA hai| yadyapi ye sabhI saMketa ekAntavAda ko prastuta karate haiM, kintu vibhinna ekAntavAdoM kI svIkRti meM hI anekAntavAda kA janma hotA hai, ataH hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki aupaniSadika cintana meM vibhinna ekAntavAdoM ko svIkAra karane kI anaikAntika dRSTi avazya thii| punaH upaniSadoM meM hameM aise aneka saMketa milate haiM jahA~ ekAntavAda kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki vaha sthUla bhI nahIM hai aura sUkSma bhI nahIM hai| vaha hrasva bhI nahIM hai aura dIrgha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra yahA~ hameM spaSTatayA ekAntavAda kA niSedha prApta hotA hai| ekAnta ke niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa bhI hameM upaniSadoM meM mila jAte haiN| taittirIyopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha parama sattA mUrta-amUrta, vAcya-avAcya, vijJAna (cetana) - avijJAna (jar3a), sat-asat rUpa hai| isI prakAra kaThopaniSad meM usa parama sattA kI aNu ko apekSA bhI sUkSma va mahat kI apekSA bhI mahAn kahA gayA hai| yahA~ parama sattA meM sUkSmatA aura mahattA donoM hI paraspara virodhI dharma eka sAtha svIkAra karane kA artha anekAnta kI svIkRti ke jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 512

Page #526
atirikta kyA ho sakatA hai? punaH usI upaniSad meM eka ora AtmA ko jJAna kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai| vahIM dUsarI ora use jJAna kA aviSaya batAyA gayA hai| jaba isakI vyAkhyA kA prazna AyA to AcArya zaMkara ko bhI kahanA par3A ki yahAM apekSA bheda se jo ajJeya hai use hI sUkSma jJAna kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai| yahI upaniSadkAroM kA anekAnta hai| isI prakAra zvetAzvataropaniSad meM bhI usa parama sattA ko kSara evaM akSara, vyakta evaM avyakta aise paraspara virodhI dharmoM se yukta kahA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI sattA yA paramatattva kI bahuAyAmitA yA anaikAntikatA spaSTa hotI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, yahAM paraspara viruddha dharmoM kI eka sAtha svIkRti isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki upaniSadakAroM kI zailI anekAntAtmaka rahI hai| yahAM hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM kA darzana jaina darzana ke samAna hI sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, upaniSadoM meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, upaniSadoM meM paraspara virAdhI matavAdoM ke samanvaya ke sUtra bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo yaha siddha karate haiM ki upaniSadkAroM ne na kevala ekAnta kA niSedha kiyA, apitu sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkRti bhI pradAna kI jaba aupaniSadika RSiyoM ko yaha lagA hogA ki paramatattva meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI eka hI sAtha svIkRti tArkika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM hogI to unhoMne isa paramatattva ko anirvacanIya yA avaktavya bhI mAna liyaa| taittarIya upaniSad meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ vANI kI pahu~ca nahIM hai aura use mana ke dvArA bhI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA yato vAco nivartante aprApyamanasA saha / isase aisA lagatA hai ki upaniSad kAla meM sattA ke sat, asat, ubhaya aura avaktavya/anirvacanIya, ye cAroM pakSa svIkRta ho cuke the| kintu aupaniSayika RSiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne una virodhoM ke samanvaya kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyaa| isakA sabase uttama pratinidhitva hameM IzAvasyopaniSad meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki - "anejadekaM manaso javIyo nainaddevA ApnuvanpUrvamarSat" arthAt vaha gatirahita hai phira bhI mana se evaM devoM se teja gati karatA hai| "tadejati tannejati taddUre tadvantike arthAt vaha calatA hai aura nahIM bhI calatA hai, vaha dUra bhI hai, vaha pAsa bhI hai| isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM jahA~ virodhI pratIta hone vAle aMza haiM, vahIM unameM samanvaya ko mukharita karane vAle aMza bhI prApta hote haiN| paramasattA ke ekatva-anekatva, jar3atva-cetanatva Adi vividha AyAmoM meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra kara upaniSad kAla meM aneka dArzanika dRSTiyoM kA udaya huaa| jaba ye dRSTiyAM apane-apane mantavyoM ko hI ekamAtra satya mAnate hue, dUsare kA niSedha karane lagIM taba satya ke jaina anekAntadarzana 513

Page #527
gaveSakoM ko eka aisI dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA par3A jo sabhI kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue una virodhI vicAroM kA samanvaya kara ske| yaha vikasita dRSTi anekAnta dRSTi hai jo vastu meM pratIti ke stara para dikhAI dene vAle virodha ke antas meM avirodha ko dekhatI hai aura saiddhAntika dvandoM ke nirAkaraNa kA eka vyAvahArika evaM sArthaka samAdhAna prastuta karatI hai| isa prakAra anekAntavAda virodhoM ke zamana kA eka vyAvahArika darzana hai| vaha unheM samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirone kA saphala prayAsa karatA hai| IzAvAsya meM paga-paga para, anekAnta jIvana-dRSTi ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| vaha apane prathama zloka meM hI "tyena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH kasya sviddhanam" kahakara tyAga evaM bhoga-ina do virodhI tathyoM kA samanvaya karatA hai evaM ekAnta tyAga aura ekAnta bhoga donoM ko samyak jIvanadRSTi ke lie asvIkAra karatA hai| jIvana na to ekAnta tyAga para calatA hai aura na ekAnta bhoga para, balki jIvanayAtrA tyAga aura bhogarUpI donoM cakroM ke sahAre calatI hai| isa prakAra IzAvAsya sarvaprathama anekAnta kI vyAvahArika jIvana dRSTi ko prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra karma aura akarma sambandhI aikAntika vicAradhArAoM meM samnvaya karate hue IzAvAsya (2) kahatA hai ki "kurvanneveha karmANi jijIviSecchatAM samAH" arthAt manuSya niSkAmabhAva se karma karate hue sau varSa jiiye| nihitArtha yaha hai ki jo karma sAmAnyatayA sakAma yA saprayojana hote haiM ve bandhanakAraka hote haiM, kintu yadi karma niSkAmabhAva se binA kisI spRhA ke hoM to unase manuSya lipta nahIM hotA arthAt ve bandhanakAraka nahIM hote| niSkAma karma kI yaha jIvana-dRSTi vyAvahArika jIvana-dRSTi hai| bheda-abheda kA vyAvahArika dRSTi se samanvaya karate hue usI meM Age kahA gayA hai ki - yastu srvaannibhuutaanyaatmnyevaanupshyti|| sarvabhUteSucAtmAnaM tato na vijugupste|| arthAt jo sabhI prANiyoM meM apanI AtmA ko aura apanI AtmA meM sabhI prANiyoM ko dekhatA hai vaha kisI se bhI ghRNA nahIM krtaa| yahAM jIvAtmAoM meM bheda evaM abheda donoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI RSi kI anekAnta dRSTi hI parilakSita hotI hai jo samanvaya ke AdhAra para pArasparika ghRNA ko samApta karane kI bAta kahatI hai| eka anya sthala para vidyA (adhyAtma) aura avidyA (vijJAna)" meM tathA sambhUti (kAryabrahma) evaM asambhUti (kAraNabrahma)18 athavA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikA meM bhI samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| RSi kahatA hai ki jo avidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai vaha andhakAra meM praveza karatA hai aura jo vidyA kI upAsanA karatA 514 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #528
hai vaha usase bhI gahana andhakAra meM praveza karatA hai aura vaha, jo donoM ko jAnatA hai yA donoM kA samanavaya karatA hai vaha avidyA se mRtyu para vijaya prApta kara vidyA se amRta tattva ko prApta karatA hai| yahA~ vidyA aura avidyA arthAt adhyAtma aura vijJAna kI paraspara samanvita sAdhanA anekAnta dRSTi ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko prastuta karatI hai| isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki sattA kI bahuAyAmitA aura samanvayavAdI vyAvahArika jIvana dRSTi kA astitva buddha aura mahAvIra se pUrva upaniSadoM meM bhI thA, jise anekAnta darzana kA AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana aura anekAMtavAda bhAratIya SaTdarzanoM meM sAMkhya eka prAcIna darzana hai| isakI kucha avadhAraNAeM hameM upaniSadoM meM bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| yaha bhI jaina darzana ke jIva evaM ajIva kI taraha puruSa evaM prakRti aise do mUla tattva mAnatA hai| usameM puruSa ko kUTastha nitya aura prakRti ko pariNAmI nitya mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra usake dvaitavAda meM eka tattva parivartanazIla aura dUsarA aparivartanazIla / isa prakAra sattA ke do pakSa paraspara virodhI guNa dharmoM se yukta hai| phira bhI unameM eka saha sambandha hai| punaH yaha kUTastha nityatA bhI usa mukta puruSa ke sambandha meM hai, jo prakRti se apanI pRthaktA anubhUta kara cukA hai, sAmAnya saMsArI jIva/puruSa meM to prakRti ke saMyoga se apekSA bheda se nityatva aura pariNAmItva donoM hI mAnya kiye jA sakate haiN| punaH prakRti to jaina darzana ke sat ke samAna pariNAmI-nitya mAnI gaI hai arthAta usameM parivartanazIla evaM aparivartanazIla donoM virodhI guNadharma apekSA bheda se rahe hue haiN| punaH triguNa-sattva, rajas aura tamas paraspara virodhI haiM, phira bhI prakRti meM ve tInoM eka sAtha rahe hue sAMkhya darzana kA sattvaguNa sthiti kA, rajoguNa utpAda yA kriyAzalatA kA, tamoguNa vinAza yA niSkriyatA kA pratIka hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM sAMkhya kA triguNAtmakatA kA siddhAnta aura jaina darzana kA utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmakatA kA siddhAnta eka dUsare se adhika dUra nahIM hai| sattA kI bahu-AyAmitA aura paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI yugapad avasthiti yahI to anekAMta hai| dravya kI nityatA aura paryAya kI anityatA jaina darzana ke samAna sAMkhyoM ko bhI mAnya hai| punaH prakRti aura vikRti donoM paraspara virodhI hai kintu sAMkhya darzana meM buddhi (mahat), ahaMkAra aura pAMca tanmAtrAeM prakRti aura vikRti donoM hI mAne gaye haiN| punaH nivRtti aura pravRtti donoM paraspara virodhI haiM, kintu sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti meM pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM guNa pAye jAte haiN| sAMsArika puruSoM kI apekSA se vaha pravRtyAtmaka aura mukta puruSa kI apekSA se nivRtyAtmaka dekhI jAtI hai| isI prakAra puruSa meM apekSA bheda se bhoktRtva aura abhoktRtva donoM guNa dekhe jAte haiN| yadyapi jaina anekAntadarzana 515

Page #529
mukta puruSa kUTastha nitya hai phira bhI saMsAra dazA meM usameM kartRvya guNa dekhA jAtA hai, cAhe vaha prakRti ke nimitta kyoM na ho| saMsAra dazA meM puruSa meM jJAna-ajJAna, kartRvya-akartRvya, bhoktRvya-abhoktRtva ke virodhI guNa rahate haiM sAMkhya darzana kI isa mAnyatA kA samarthana mahAbhArata meM likhA gayA hai yo vidvAn sahasaMvAsaM vivAsaM caiva pshyti| tathaivaikatva nAnAtve sa duHkhAt primucyte|| arthAt jo vidvAna jar3a-cetana ke bhedobheda ko tathA ekatva aura nAnAtva ko dekhatA hai vaha duHkha se chUTa jAtA hai| jar3a (zarIra) aura cetana (AtmA) kA yaha bhedAbheda tathA ekatva meM anekatva aura anekatva meM ekatva kI yaha dRSTi anekAMtavAda kI svIkRti ke atirikta aura kyA ho sakatI hai| vastutaH sAMkhya darzana meM puruSa aura prakRti meM AtyAntika bheda mAne binA mukti kaivalya kI avadhAraNA siddha nahIM hogI kintu dUsarI ora una donoM meM AtyAntika bheda mAneMge to saMsAra kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| saMsAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie unameM AMzika yA sApekSika abheda aura mukti kI vyAkhyA ke lie unameM sApekSika bheda mAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| punaH prakRti aura puruSa ko svataMtra tattva mAnakara bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM usameM una donoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA to mAnI gaI hai| prakRti meM jo vikAra utpanna hotA hai vaha puruSa kA sAnnidhya pAkara hI hotA hai| isI prakAra cAhe hama buddhi (mahat) aura ahaMkAra ko prakRti kA vikAra mAne kintu unake caitanya rUpa meM pratibhASita hone ke lie unameM puruSa kA pratibimvita honA to Avazyaka hai| cAhe sAMkhya darzana bandhana aura mukti ko prakRti ke Azrita mAne phira bhI jar3a prakRti ke tAdAtmya buddhi kA kartA to kisI ne kisI rUpa meM puruSa ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki jar3a prakRti ke bandhana aura mukti kI avadhAraNA tArkika dRSTi se sabala siddha nahIM hotI hai| vastutaH dvaitavAdI darzanoM, kI cAhe ve sAMkhya ho yA jaina kaThinAI yaha hai ki una do tatvoM kI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA yA AMzika tAdAtmya mAne binA saMsAra aura bandhana kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai aura donoM ko eka dUsare se nirapekSa yA svataMtra mAne binA mukti kI avadhAraNA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ataH kisI na kisI stara para unameM abheda aura kisI na kisI stara para unameM bheda mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yahI bhedAbheda kI dRSTi hI anekAMta kI AdhAra-bhUmi hai, jise kisI na kisI rUpa meM sabhI darzanoM ko svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai| sAMkhya darzana cAhe buddhi, ahaMkAra Adi ko prakRti kA vikAra mAne kintu saMsArI puruSa ko usase asampRkta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yogasUtra bhASya meM kahA gayA hai - 516 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #530
sa puruSobuddheH prati saMvedI sabuddhernasvarUpo nAtyantavirupa iti| na tAvatsvarUpaH kasmAt jJAtA-jJAtaviSayatvAt astu tarhi virupa iti nAtyantaM virUpaH kasmAt zuddho'pyasau pratyayAnupazyoM yataH pratyayaM bauddhamanupazyati / ataH prakRti aura puruSa do svatantra tatva hokara bhI unameM pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA ghaTita hotI hai| una do tattvoM ke bIca bhedA-bheda yaha baMdhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyAoM kA AdhAra hai| yoga darzana aura anekAMtavAda jaina darzana meM dravya aura guNa yA paryAya, dUsare zabdoM meM dharma aura dharmI meM ekAMta abheda ko svIkAra nahIM karake unameM bhedAbheda svIkAra karatA hai aura yahI usake anekAMtavAda kA AdhAra hai| yahI dRSTikoNa hameM yogasUtra bhASya meM bhI milatA hai-- na dharmItryadhvA dharmAstu tryadhvAna te lakSitA-alakSitAzca tAntAmavasthA prApnuvanto 'nyatvena prati nirdizyante avasthAntarato na drvyaantrtH| yathaika rekhA zata-sthAne zataM dazasthAne dazaikaM caiksthaane| yathAcaikatvepi strI mAtAcocyate duhitA ca svasA ceti| ___ isI tathya ko usameM isa prakAra bhI prakaTa kiyA gayA hai - "yathA suvarNa bhAjanasya bhitvAnyathA kriyamANasya bhAvAnyathAtvaM bhavita na suvrnnaanythaatvm|" ina donoM sandarbho se yaha spaSTa hai ki jisa prakAra eka hI strI apekSAbheda se mAtA, putrI athavA sAsa kahalAtI hai usI prakAra eka hI dravya avasthAntara ko prApta hokara bhI vahI rahatA hai| eka svarNa pAtra ko tor3akara jaba koI anya vastu banAI. jAtI hai to usakI avasthA badalatI hai kintu svarNa vahI rahatA hai arthAt nahIM badalatA hai, kintu avasthA badalatI hai| yahI sattA kA nityAnityatva yA bhedAbheda hai jo jaina darzana meM anekAMtavAda kA AdhAra hai| isa bhedAbheda ko AcArya vAcaspati mizra isI sthala kI TIkA meM spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM - anubhava eva hI dharmiNo dharmAdinAM bhedAbhedo vyvsthaapynti| ___ mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vAcaspati mizra to spaSTa rUpa se ekAntavAda kA nirasana karake anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA karate haiN| ve likhate hai - naukAntike'bhede dharmAdInAM dharmiNo, dharmorUpavad dharmAditvaM nApyaikAntike bhede gavAzcavad dharmAditvaM sa cAnubhavo'nekAntikatvamasthApayannapi dharmAdiSUpajanApAya dharmakeSvapi dharmiNamekamanugamayan dharmAzca parasato vyavartayan pratyAtmanubhUtayata iti| ekAnta kA niSedha aura anekAMta kI puSTi kA yogadarzana meM isase bar3A koI aura pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| yoga darzana bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI sattA ko sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnatA hai yogasUtra meM kahA gayA hai - jaina anekAntadarzana 517

Page #531
sAmAnya vishessaatmno'rthsy| isI bAta ko kiccit zabdabheda ke sAtha vibhUtipAda meM bhI kahA gayA hai- sAmAnya vizeSa samudAyo'tra dravyam / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, yogadarzana meM dravya kI nityatA anityatA ko usI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jisa rUpa meM anekAMta darzana meN| mahAbhASya ke pazapazAhika meM pratipAdita hai ki dravyanityamAkRtiranityA, suvarNa kayAcidAkRtyAyuktaM piNDo bhavati piNDAkRtimupamRdya rUcakAH kriyante, rUcakAkRtimupamRdya kaTakAH kriyante .... AkRtiranyAcAnyAbhavati dravyaM punastadeva AkRtyupamRdena drvymevaavshissyte| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAMkhya aura yogadarzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM kahIM na kahIM anekAMta dRSTi anusyUta hai| vaizeSika darzana aura anekAMta vaizeSika darzana meM jaina darzana ke samAna hI prArambha meM tIna padArtha kI kalpanA kI gaI, ve haiM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi vaizeSika darzana bhedavAdIdRSTi se inheM eka dUsare se svataMtra mAnatA hai, phira bhI use inameM AzrayaAzrayIbhavA to svIkAra karanA hI par3atA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jahAM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva hotA hai, vahAM unameM kathaMcita yA sApekSika sambandha to mAnanA hI par3atA hai| unheM eka dUsare se pUrNataH nirapekSa yA svataMtra nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaizeSika darzana unheM eka dUsare se svataMtra kahe, phira se asambaddha nahIM hai| anUbhUti ke stara para dravya se pRthak guNa aura dravya aura guNa se pRthaka karma nahIM hote haiN| yahI unakA bhedAbheda hai, anekAMta hai| punaH vaizeSika darzana meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa nAmaka do svataMtra padArtha mAne gaye haiN| unameM bhI sAmAnya ke do bheda kiye- sAmAnya aura apara saamaany| para sAmAnya ko hI sattA bhI kahA gayA hai, vaha zuddha astitva hai, sAmAnya hai kintu jo apara sAmAnya hai vaha sAmAnya-vizeSa rUpa hai| dravya, guNa aura karma apara sAmAnya hai aura apara sAmAnya hone se sAmAnya-vizeSa ubhaya rUpa haiN| vaizeSika sUtra meM kahA bhI gayA hai - dravyatvaM guNatvaM karmatvaM ca sAmAnyAni vizeSAzca dravya, guNa aura karma ko yugapada sAmAnya vizeSa ubhaya rUpa mAnanA yahI to anekAMta hai| dravya kisa prakAra sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai, ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai - sAmAnyaM vizeSaM iti buddhayapekSam / sAmAnya aura vizeSa yaha jJAna buddhi yA vicAra kI apekSA se he| ise spaSTa karate hue bhASyakAra prazastapAda kahate haiM - dravyatvaM pRthvItvApekSayA sAmAnyaM sattApekSayA ca vizeSa iti| dravyatva pRthvI nAmaka dravya kI apekSA se sAmAnya hai aura sattA kI apekSA se vizeSa hai| dUsare zabdoM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 518

Page #532
meM eka hI vastu apekSAbheda se sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM hI kahI jA sakatI hai| apekSAbheda se vastu meM virodhI pratIta hone vAle pakSoM ko svIkAra karanA yahI to anekAMta hai| upaskAra kartA ne to spaSTataH kahA hai, sAmAnyaM vizeSasaMjJAmapi labhate arthAt vastu kevala sAmAnya athavA kevala vizeSa rUpa na hokara sAmAnya-vizeSa rUpa hai aura isI tathya meM anekAMta kI prasthApanA hai| punaH vastu sat-asat rUpa hai, isa tathya ko bhI kaNAda maharSi ne anyonyAbhAva ke prasaMga meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ve likhate hai - saccAsat / yaccAnyadasadatastadasata / vyAkhyA meM upaskAra kartA ne jaina darzana ke samAna hI kahA hai - yatra sadeva ghaTAdi asaditivyayavahriyate tatra tAdAtmyAbhAvaH prtiiyte| bhavita hi sanazvo gavAtmanA asan gaurazvarAtmanA, asan paTo ghaTAtmanA ityaadi| tAtparya yaha hai ki vastu svasvarUpa kI apekSA se asti rUpa hai aura para svarUpa kI apekSA nAstirUpa hai| vastu meM sva kI sattA kI svIkRti aura para kI sattA kA abhAva mAnanA yahI to anekAMta hai jo vaizeSikoM ko bhI mAnya hai| astitva nAstitva pUrvaka aura nAstitva astitva pUrvaka hai| nyAyadarzana aura anekAMta nyAyadarzana meM nyAyasUtroM ke bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne anekAMtavAda kA Azraya liyA hai| ve likhate haiM - etacca viruddhayorekadharmisthayorbodhavyaM, yatra tu dharmI sAmAnyagato ruiddhaudhauM hetutaH sambhavataH tatra samuccayaH hetuto'rthasya tathAbhAvopapatteH ityAdiarthAt jaba eka hI dharmI meM viruddha aneka dharma vidyamAna ho to vicArapUrvaka hI nirNaya liyA jAtA hai, kintu jahAM dharmI sAmAnya meM (aneka) dharmoM kI sattA prAmANika rUpa se siddha ho, vahAM para to use samuccaya rUpa arthAt aneka dharmoM se yukta hI mAnanA cAhie, kyoMki vahAM para jo vastu usa hI rUpa meM siddha hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi do dharmoM meM AtyAntika virodha nahIM hai aura ve sAmAnya rUpa se eka hI vastu meM apekSAbheda se pAye jAte haiM to unheM svIkAra karane meM nyAya darzana ko Apatti nahIM hai| isI prakAra jAti aura vyakti meM kathaMcit abheda aura kathaMcit bheda mAnakara jAti ko bhI sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana likhate haiM - yacca keSAMcidabhedaM kutazcid bhedaM karoti tatsAmAnya vizeSo jaatiriti| yaha satya hai ki jAti sAmAnya rUpa bhI hai, kintu jaba vaha padArthoM meM kathaMcit abheda aura kathaMcit bheda karatI hai to vaha jAti sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hotI hai| yahAM jAti ko, jo sAmAnya kI vAcaka hai, sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnakara jaina anekAntadarzana 519

Page #533
anekAMtavAda kI puSTi kI gaI hai| kyoMki anekAMtavAda vyaSTi meM samaSTi aura samaSTi meM vyaSTi kA antarbhAva mAnatA hai| vyakti ke binA jAti aura jAti ke binA vyakti kI koI sattA nahIM hai| unameM kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcita abheda hai| sAmAnya meM vizeSa aura vizeSa meM sAmAnya apekSA bheda se nihita rahate haiM, yahI to anekAMta hai| sattA sat-asat rUpa hai| yaha bAta bhI nyAya darzana meM kArya kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM prakArAntara se svIkRta hai| pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM 31 yaha kahA gayA hai ki utpatti ke pUrva kArya ko na to sat kahA jA sakatA hai, na asat hI kahA jA sakatA hai, na ubhaya rUpa hI kahA jA kasatA hai, kyoMki donoM meM vaidharmya hai| (nAsanna sannasadasat sdsstorvedhaat)| ___ isakA uttara TIkA meM vistAra se diyA gayA hai| kintu hama vistAra meM na jAkara saMkSepa meM unake uttara pakSa ko prastuta kreNge| unakA kahanA hai ki kArya utpatti pUrva kAraNa rUpa se sat hai? kyoMki kAraNa ke asat hone se koI utpatti hI nahIM hogii| punaH kArya rUpa se vaha asat bhI hai, kyoMki yadi sat hotA to phira utpatti kA kyA artha hotA, ataH utpatti pUrva kArya kAraNa rUpa se sat aura kArya rUpa se asat hotA hai isa prakAra kArya utpatti, pUrva sat-asat ubhaya rUpa hai, yaha bAta buddhi siddha hai| (vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekheM nyAyasUtra (4/1/48-50) kI vaidikamuni hariprasAda svAmI kI ttiikaa)| mImAMsA darzana aura anekAMtavAda . jisa prakAra anekAMtavAda ke sampoSaka jaina-dharma meM vastu ko utpAda-vyayadhrauvyAtmaka mAnA hai, usI prakAra mImAMsA darzana meM bhI sattA ko trayAtmaka mAnA hai| usake anusAra utpatti aura vinAza to dharmoM ke hai, dharmI to nitya hai| una utpatti aura vinAza ke bhI pUrva hai arthAt nitya hai| vastutaH jo bAta jainadarzana meM dravya kI nityatA aura paryAya kI anityatA kI apekSA se kahI gaI hai, vahI bAta dharmI aura dharma kI apekSA se mImAMsA darzana meM kahI gaI hai| yahAM paryAya ke sthAna para dharma zabda kA prayoga huA hai| svayaM kumArila bhaTTa likhate haiM - 1. varddhamAnaka bhaMge ca rUcaka kriyate yad / tadA pUrvArthina zokaH priitishcaabhyuttraarthinH|| 2. hemarthinastu mAdhyasthaM tasmAdvastu bhayAtmakam / notpAda sthiti bhaMgAnAmabhAve syAnamatitrayam / / 3. na nAzena binA zoko notpAdena binA sukham / sthityA binA na mAdhyAsthyaM tena sAmAnya nitytaa| 520 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #534
isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya rUpa tripadI kI jo sthApanA jaina darzana meM hai| vahI bAta zabdAntara se utpatti-vinAza aura sthiti ke rUpa meM mImAMsA darzana ne kahI hai| kumArila bhaTTa ke dvArA padArtha ko utpatti, vinAza aura sthitiyukta mAnanA, avayavI aura avayava meM bhedAbheda mAnanA, sAmAnya aura vizeSa ko sApekSa mAnanA Adi tathya isI bAta ko puSTa karate haiM ki unake dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM kahIM na kahIM anekAMta ke tattva upasthita rahe haiN| zlokavArtika vanavAda meM to ve svayaM anekAMta kI pramANikatA siddha karate haiM - vastvanekavAdAcca na saMdigdhA prmaanntaa| jJAnaM saMdihyate yatra tatra na syAt prmaanntaa|| ihAnaikAMtikaM vastvityevaM jJAnaM sunishcitm| isI aMza kI TIkA meM pArthasAra mizra ne bhI spaSTataH anekAMtavAda zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| yathA - ye caikAntikaM bhedamabhedaM vA'vayavinaH samAzrayante tairevaaymnekaaNtvaad| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usameM vastu ko sva-svarUpa kI apekSA sat, para svarUpa kI apekSA asat aura ubhaya rUpa se sadAsat rUpa mAnA gayA hai| yathA - sarvaM hi vastu svarUpataH sadrUpaM pararUpatazcAsadrUpaM yathA ghaTo ghaTa rUpeNa sat, paTarUpeNa'san .... 134 yahAM kucha hI sandarbha prastuta kiye haiN| yadi bhAratIya darzanoM ke mUla granthoM aura unakI TIkAoM kA samyak parizIlana kiyA jAye to aise aneka tathya parilakSita hoMge jo una darzanoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM rahI huI anekAMta dRSTi ko spaSTa karate haiN| anekAMta eka anubhUtyAtmaka satya hai| use nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| antara mAtra usake prastutIkaraNa kI zailI kA hotA hai| vedAnta darzana aura anekAMtavAda ___bhAratIya darzanoM meM vedAnta vastutaH eka darzana nahIM, apitu darzana samUha vAcaka hai| brahmasUtra ko kendra meM rakhakara jina darzanoM kA vikAsa huA ve sabhI isa varga meM samAhita kiye jAte haiN| isake advaita, viziSTAdvaita, zuddhAdvaita, dvaita Adi aneka sampradAya haiN| naikasminna saMbhavAt (brahma sUtra 2/2/33) kI vyAkhyA karate hue ina sabhI dArzanikoM ne jaina darzana ke anekAMtavAda kI samIkSA kI hai| maiM yahAM unakI samIkSA kitanI ucita hai yA anucita hai, isa carcA meM nahI jAnA cAhatA hU~, kyoMki unameM se pratyeka ne kamoveza rUpa meM zaMkara kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| yahA~ merA prayojana mAtra yaha dikhAnA hai ki ve apane mantavyoM kI puSTi meM kisa prakAra anekAMtavAda kA sahArA lete haiN| jaina anekAntadarzana 521

Page #535
AcArya zaMkara sRSTikartA Izvara ke prasaMga meM svayaM hI pravRtti - apravRtti rUpa do paraspara virodhI guNoM ko svIkArate haiM / ve likhate haiM - Izvarasya tu sarvajJatvAt, sarva zaktimatvAt / mahAmAyatvAcca pravRtyapravRtI na virudhyte| punaH mAyA ko na brahma se pRthak kahA jA sakatA hai aura na apRthak, kyoMki pRthak, mAnane para advaita khaNDita hotA hai aura apRthaka mAnane para brahma mAyA ke kAraNa vikArI siddha hotA hai / punaH mAyA ko na sat kaha sakate haiM aura na asat / yadi mAyA asat hai to sRSTi kaise hogI aura yadi mAyA sat hai to phira mukti kaise hogI? vastutaH mAyA na sat aura na asat, na brahma se bhinna hai aura na abhinn| yahAM anekAMtavAda jisa bAta ko vidhimukha se kaha rahA hai zaMkara use hI niSedhamukha se kaha rahe haiN| advaitavAda kI kaThinAI yahI hai / vaha mAyA kI svIkRti ke binA jagata kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakatA hai aura mAyA ko sarvathA asat yA sarvathA sat athavA brahma se sarvathA bhinna yA sarvathA abhinna aisA kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / vaha paramArtha ke stara para asat aura vyavahAra ke stara para sat hai / yahIM to unake darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM anekAMta kA darzana hotA hai / zaMkara inhIM kaThinAiyoM se bacane hetu mAyA ko jaba anirvacanIya kahate haiM, to ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAMtavAda ko hI svIkAra karate pratIta hote haiM / AcArya zaMkara ke atirikta bhI brahmasUtra para TIkA likhane vAle aneka AcAryoM ne apanI vyAkhyAoM meM anekAMta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA hai / mahAmati bhAskArAcArya" likhate haiM - yadapyuktaM bhedAbhedayorvirodha iti, tadabhidhIyate anirUpita pramANa pramaye tatvasyedaM codyam / ato bhinnAbhinnarUpa brahmetisthitam saMgraha zloka 1 kAryarUpeNa nAnAtvamabhedaH kAraNAtmanA / hemAtmanA yathA'bheda kuNDalAdyAtmanAbhidA / / (pR.16-17) yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki bheda-abheda meM virodha hai kintu yaha bAta vahI vyakti kaha sakatA hai jo pramANa - prameya tattva se sarvathA anabhijJa hai / 522 isa kathana ke pazcAt aneka tarkoM se bhedAbheda kA samarthana karate hue anta kaha dete haiM ki ataH brahma bhinnAbhinna rUpa se sthita hai, yaha siddha ho gayA / kAraNa rUpa meM vaha abheda rUpa hai aura kArya rUpa meM vaha nAnA rUpa hai, jaise svarNa kAraNa rUpa meM eka hai, kintu kuNDala Adi kAryarUpa meM aneka / jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #536
yaha kathana bhAskarAcArya ko prakArAntara se anekAMtavAda kA sampoSaka hI siddha karatA hai| anyatra bhI 'bhedAbheda rUpaM brahmeti samadhigata' kahakara unhoMne anekAMta dRSTi kA hI poSaNa kiyA hai| bhAskarAcArya ke samAna yati pravara vijJAna bhikSu ne brahmasUtra para vijJAnAmRta bhASya likhA hai, usameM ve apane bhedAbhedavAda kA na kevala poSaNa karate haiM, apitu apane mata kI puSTi meM karmapurANa, nArada purANa, skanda purANa Adi se sandarbha bhI prastuta karate haiN| yathA - ta ete bhavadrUpaM vizvaM sdaasdaatkm| caitanyApekSayA proktaM vyamAdi sakalaM jgt|| asatyaM satyarUpaM tu kmbhkunnddaadypekssyaa|| ye sabhI sandarbha anekAMta ke sampoSaka haiM yaha to svataH siddha hai| isI prakAra nimbArkAcArya ne bhI apanI brahmasUtra kI vedAnta parijAta saurabha nAmaka TIkA meM tantusamanvayAt (1/1/4) kI TIkA karate hue likhA hai- sarvabhinnA bhinno bhagavAn vAsudevo vizvAtmaiva jijJAsA viSaya iti|| zuddhAdvaita mata ke saMsthApaka AcArya vallabha bhI brahmasUtra ke zrI meM likhate haiM - sarvavAdAnavasaraM nAnAvAdAnurodhi c| anantamUrti tad brahma kUTasthaM calameva c|| viruddha sarvadharmANAM AzrayaM yuktygocrN| arthAt vaha anantamUrti brahma kUTastha bhI hai aura cala (parivartanazIla) bhI hai, usameM sabhI vAdoM ke lie avasara (sthAna) hai, vaha aneka vAdoM kA anurodhI hai, sabhI virodhI dharmoM kA Azraya hai aura yukti se agocara hai| yahA~ rAmAnujAcArya jo bAta brahma ke sambandha meM kaha rahe haiM, prakArAntara se anekAntavAdI jaina darzana tattva ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM kahatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala vedAnta meM apitu brAhmaNa paramparA meM mAnya chahoM darzanoM ke dArzanika cintana meM anekAMtavAdI dRSTi anusyUta hai| zramaNa paramparA kA dArzanika cintana aura anekAMta bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM zramaNa paramparA ke darzana na kevala prAcIna hai, apitu vaicArika udAratA arthAt anekAMta ke sampoSaka bhI rahe haiN| vastutaH bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA kA astitva aupaniSadika kAla se bhI prAcIna hai, upaniSadoM meM zramaNadhArA aura vaidika dhArA kA samanvaya dekhA jA sakatA hai| upaniSad-kAla meM dArzanika cintana kI vividha dhArAeM astitva meM A gaI thI, ataH usa yuga ke jaina anekAntadarzana 523

Page #537
cintakoM ke sAmane mukhya prazna yaha thA ki inake ekAMgI dRSTikoNa kA nirAkaraNa inameM samanvaya kisa prakAra sthApita kiyA jaaye| isa sambandha meM hamAre samakSa tIna vicAraka Ate haiM-saMjaya velaTThaTI putta, gautamabuddha aura varddhamAna mhaaviir| saMjaya velaTThIputta aura anekAMta saMjaya velaTThIputta buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM meM eka the| unheM anekAMtavAda sampoSaka isa artha meM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve ekAMtavAdoM kA nirasana karate the| unake mantavya kA nirdeza bauddhagranthoM meM isa rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai - (1) hai? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (2) nahIM hai? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (3) hai bhI aura nahIM bhI? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (4) na hai aura na nahIM hai? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| __isa sandarbha yaha phalita hai ki kisI bhI ekAntavAdI dRSTi ke samarthaka nahIM the| ekAntavAda kA nirasana anekAMtavAda kA prathama AdhAra bindu hai aura isa artha meM unheM anekAMtavAda ke prathama caraNa kA sampoSaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa rahA hogA ki rAhula sAMkRtyAyana jaise vicArakoM ne yaha anumAna diyA ki saMjaya velaTThIputta ke darzana ke AdhAra para jainoM ne syAdvAda (anekAMtavAda) kA vikAsa kiyaa| kintu usakA yaha prastutIkaraNa vastutaH upaniSadoM ke sat, asat, ubhaya (sat-asat) aura anubhaya kA hI niSedha rUpa se prastutIkaraNa hai| isameM ekAnta kA nirasana to hai, kintu anekAMta sthApanA nahIM hai| saMjaya velaTThIputta kI yaha caturbhaMgI kisI rUpa meM buddha ke ekAMtavAda ke nirasana kI pUrvapIThikA hai| prArambhika bauddha darzana aura anekAMtavAda ___ bhagavAn buddha kA mukhya lakSya apane yuga ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM kA nirasana karanA thA, ataH unhoMne vibhAjyavAda ko apnaayaa| vibhajyavAda prakArAntara se anekAMtavAda kA hI pUrva rUpa hai| buddha aura mahAvIra donoM hI vibhAjyavAdI the| sUtrakRtAMga" meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane bhikSuoM ko spaSTa nirdeza diyA thA ki ve vibhajyavAda kI bhASA kA prayoga kare (vibhajjavAyaM viyaNarejjA) arthAt kisI bhI prazna kA nirapekSa uttara nahIM de / buddha svayaM apane ko vibhajyavAdI kahate the| vibhajyavAda kA tAtparya hai prazna kA vizleSaNa pUrvaka sApekSa uttara denaa| aMgutara nikAya meM kisI prazna kA uttara dene kI cAra zailiyAM varNita haiM,- (1) ekAMzavAda arthAt sApekSika -- uttara denA (2) vibhajyavAda arthAt prazna kA vizleSaNa karake sApekSika uttara denA (3) pariprazna pUrvaka uttara denA aura (4) mauna raha jAnA (sthApanIya) arthAt jaba uttara 524 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #538
dene meM ekAnta meM par3anA par3e vahA~ mauna raha jaanaa| hama dekhate haiM ki ekAnta se bacane ke lie buddha ne yA to mauna kA sahArA liyA yA phira vibhajyavAda ko apnaayaa| unakA mukhya lakSya yahI rahA ki parama tatva yA sattA ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda jaisI paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM meM se kisI ko svIkAra nahIM krnaa| tripiTaka meM aise aneka sandarbha haiM, jahA~ bhagavAna buddha ne ekAntavAda kA nirasana kiyA hai| jaba unase pUchA gayA, kyA AtmA aura zarIra abhinna hai? ve kahate haiM, maiM aisA nahIM khtaa| phira jaba yaha pUchA gayA, kyA AtmA aura zarIra bhinna hai? unhoMne kahA, maiM aisA bhI nahI kahatA huuN| jaba unase yaha pUchA gayA ki gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravrajita? to unhone anekAMta zailI meM kahA ki yadi gRhastha aura tyAgI mithyAvAdI hai to ArAdhaka nahIM ho skte| yadi donoM samyak AcaraNa karane vAle haiM to ve ArAdhaka ho sakate haiN| isI prakAra jaba mahAvIra se jayaMtI ne pUchA, bhagavan sonA acchA yA jAganA? to unhoMne kahA, kucha kA sonA acchA hai, kucha kA jaagnaa| pApI kA sonA acchA hai aura dharmAtmA kA jaagnaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prArambhika bauddha dharma meM ekAntavAda kA nirasana aura vibhajyavAda ke rUpa meM anekAMtadRSTi kA samarthana dekhA jAtA hai| yadi buddha aura mahAvIra ke dRSTikoNa meM koI antara dekhA jAtA hai to vaha yahI ki buddha ne ekAntavAda ke nirasana para adhika bala diyaa| unhoMne yA to mauna rahakara yA phira vibhajyavAda kI zailI ko apanA kara ekAntavAda se bacane kA prayAsa kiyaa| buddha kI zailI prAyaH nirasana yA niSedhaparaka rahI, pariNAmataH unake darzana kA vikAsa zUnyavAda meM huA, jabaki mahAvIra kI zailI vidhAnaparaka rahI, ataH unake darzana kA vikAsa anekAMta yA syAdvAda meM huaa| zUnyavAda bauddha dArzanika cetanA kA vikAsa zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, kintu hameM smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda kA vikAsa vibhajyavAda se hI huA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda donoM ko asvIkAra kara apane mArga ko madhyama pratipadA kahA aura mahAvIra ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda donoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra kara apane mArga ko anaikAntika btaayaa| bauddha paramparA meM vikasita madhyama pratipadA yA zUnyavAda aura jaina paramparA meM vikasita anekAMtavAda yA syAdvAda donoM kA lakSya ekAntika dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI asvIkRti hI thaa| donoM meM pharka itanA hI hai| jahAM zUnyavAda eka niSedha pradhAnazailI ko apanAtA hai, vahAM syAdvAda eka vidhAnaparaka zailI ko apanAtA hai| zUnyavAda ke pramukha grantha mAdhyamika kArikA ke prArambha meM hI nAgArjuna likhate haiM - jaina anekAntadarzana 525

Page #539
anirodhmnutpaadmnucchedmshaashvtm| anekArthamanAnArthamanAgamamanirgamam / / yaH pratItya samutpAdaM prapaMcopazamaM shivm| dezayAmAsa saMbuddhastaM vande dvipadAM vrm|| prastuta kArikA kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vaha paramasattA na to vinAza ko prApta hotI hai aura na usakA utpAda hotA hai, vaha ucchinna bhI nahIM hotI aura vaha zAzvata bhI nahIM hotii| vaha eka bhI nahIM hai aura aneka bhI nahIM hai| usakA Agama bhI nahIM hai aura usakA nirgama bhI nahIM hai| isI bAta ko prakArAntara se isa prakAra bhI kahA gayA hai13 - na sad nAsad na sadasat na cAnubhayAtmakam / catuSkoTi vinirmuktaM tattvaM mAdhyamikA vidu|| arthAt parama tattva na sat hai, na asat hai, na sat-asat hai aura na sat-asat donoM nahIM hai| yahI bAta prakArAntara se vidhimukha zailI meM jainAcAryoM ne bhI kahI hai - yadevatattadevAtat yadevaikaM tadevAnekaM - yadevasat tadevAsat, yadevanityaM tdevaanitym| arthAt jo tat rUpa hai, vahI atat rUpa bhI hai, jo eka hai vahI aneka bhI hai, jo sata hai, vahI asat bhI hai, jo nitya hai, vahI anitya bhI hai| uparokta pratipAdanoM meM niSedhamukha zailI aura vidhimukha zailI kA antara avazya hai, kintu tAtparya meM itanA antara nahIM hai, jitanA samajhA jAtA hai ekAntavAda kA nirasana donoM kA uddezya hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM maulika bheda niSedhAtmaka aura vidhAnAtmaka zailI kA hai| ekAnta meM rahA huA doSa zUnyavAdI aura syAdvAdI donoM hI dekhate haiM kintu jahAM zUnyavAdI usa ekAnta ke doSa ke bhaya se use asvIkAra kara detA hai, vahAM anekAMtavAdI usake Age syAt zabda rakhakara usa dUSita ekAnta ko nirdoSa banAne kA prayatna karatA hai| __ zUnyavAda tattva ko catuSTakoTi vinirmukta zUnya kahatA hai to syAdvAda use anantadharmAtmaka kahatA hai, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki zUnya aura ananta kA gaNita eka hI jaisA hai| zUnyavAda jise paramArtha satya aura lokasaMvRtti satya kahatA hai use jaina darzana nizcaya aura vyavahAra kahatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki anekAMtavAda aura zUnyavAda kI pRSThabhUmi meM bahuta kucha samarUpatA hai| prastuta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki samagra bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM anaikAMtika dRSTi rahI huI hai cAhe unhoMne anekAMta ke siddhAnta ko jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 526

Page #540
usake samyak pariprekSya meM grahaNa na kara usakI khulakara samAlocanA kI ho| vastutaH anekAMta. eka siddhAnta nahIM, eka paddhati hai aura phira cAhe koI bhI darzana ho, bahuAyAmI paramatattva kI abhivyakti ke lie use isa paddhati ko svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai| cAhe hama sattA ko nirapekSa mAna leM aura yaha bhI mAna leM ki usakI nirapekSa anubhUti bhI sambhava hai kintu nirapekSa abhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai| cAhe nirapekSa anubhUti kI abhivyakti kA jaba bhI bhASA ke mAdhyama se koI prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sImita aura sApekSa bana kara raha jAtI hai| ananta dharmAtmaka paramatattva kI abhivyakti kA jo bhI prayatna hogA vaha to sImita aura sApekSa hI hogaa| eka sAmAnya vastu kA citra bhI jaba binA kisI koNa ke sambhava nahIM hai to phira usa ananta aura anirvacanIya ke nirvacana kA dArzanika prayatna anekAMta kI paddhati ko apanAye binA kaise sambhava hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki cAhe koI bhI darzana ho, usakI prasthApanA ke prayatna meM anekAMta kI bhUmikA avazya nihita hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM anekAMta kA darzana rahA hai| sabhI bhAratIya kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAMta ko svIkRti dete haiM, isa tathya kA nirdeza AcArya yazovijaya ne AdhyAtmopaniSad meM kiyA hai| unhIM ke zabdoM meM - citramekamanekaM ca rUpaM prAmANika vadan / yogovizeSako vApi nAnekAMtaM prtikssipet|| vijJAnasyamaikAkAraM nAnAkAra karamvitam / icchaMsthAgataH prAjJo nAnekAMtaM pratikSipet / / jAtivAkyAtmakaM vastu vadannanubhavocitam / bhATTo vA murArirvA nAnekAMtaM prtikssipet|| _____ abaddhaM paramArthena baddhaM ca vyvhaartH| bruvANoM brahmavedAntI nAnekAntaM pratikSipet / / bruvANa bhinna-bhinnArthan nayabheda vypekssyaa| pratikSipeyu! vedAH syAdvAda saarvtaantrik|| anekAntavAda kA mUla prayojana satya ko usake vibhinna AyAmoM meM dekhane, samajhane aura samajhAne kA prayatna hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavIya prajJA ke vikAsa ke prathama caraNa se hI aise prayAsa parilakSita hone lagate haiN| bhAratIya manISA ke prArambhika kAla meM hameM isa dizA meM do prakAra ke prayatna dRSTigata hote haiM - (ka) bahuAyAmI sattA ke kisI pakSa vizeSa kI svIkRti ke AdhAra para apanI dArzanika mAnyatA kA prastutIkaraNa tathA (kha) una ekapakSIya (ekAntika) avadhAraNAoM ke jaina anekAntadarzana 527

Page #541
samanvaya kA pryaas| samanvayasUtra kA sRjana hI anekAntavAda kI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA ko spaSTa karatA hai| vastutaH anekAntavAda kA kArya trividha hai - prathama, to yaha vibhinna ekAntika avadhAraNAoM ke guNa-doSoM kI tArkika samIkSA karatA hai, dUsare vaha usI samIkSA meM yaha dekhatA hai ki isa avadhAraNA meM jo satyAMza hai vaha kisa apekSA se hai, tIsare, vaha una sopakSika satyAMzo ke AdhAra para, una ekAntavAdoM ko samanvita karatA hai| isa prakAra anekAntavAda mAtra tArkika paddhati na hokara eka vyAvahArika dArzanika paddhati hai| yaha eka siddhAnta mAtra na hokara, satya ko dekhane aura samajhane kI paddhati (method or system) vizeSa hai, aura yahI usakI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA hai| anekAMta kyoM? jaina darzana kI viziSTatA usakI anekAnta dRSTi meM hai| usakI tattvamImAMsIya evaM jJAnamImAMsIya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI saMracanA meM isa anaikAntika dRSTi kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| apanI anekAnta dRSTi ke kAraNa hI jaina darzana ne bhAratIya darzana ke vibhinna sampradAyoM kI paraspara virodhI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karake unheM eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina dArzanikoM kI yaha dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki anaikAntika dRSTi ke dvArA paraspara virodhI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM ke madhya rahe hue virodha kA parihAra karake unameM samanvaya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| usakI isa anaikAntika samanvayazIla dRSTi kA paricaya hameM usakI vastutattva sambandhI vivecanAoM meM bhI parilakSita hotA hai| vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA jainadarzana meM vastu ko anantadharmAtmaka evaM anaikAntika kahA gayA hai| vastu kI yaha tAttvika anantadharmAtmakatA arthAt anaikAntikatA hI jainadarzana ke anekAnta siddhAnta kA AdhAra hai| vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai, ataH use anaikAntika zailI meM hI paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha kahanA atyanta kaThina hai ki vastutattva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA aura anaikAntikatA meM kauna prathama hai? vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA meM usakI anaikAntikatA aura usakI anaikAntikatA meM usakI anantadharmAtmakatA sannihita hai| yaha eka anubhUta satya hai ki vastu meM na kevala vibhinna guNadharmoM kI pratIti hotI hai, apitu usameM aneka virodhI dharmayugala bhI pAye jAte haiN| eka hI Amraphala kabhI khaTTA, kabhI mIThA aura kabhI khaTTA mIThA hotA hai| eka pattI jo prArambhika avasthA meM lAla pratIta hotI hai vahI kAlAntara meM harI aura phira sUkhakara pIlI ho jAtI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki vastutattva apane meM 528 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #542
vividhitA liye hue hai| usake vividha guNadharmoM meM samaya-samaya para kucha prakaTa aura kucha gauNa bane rahate haiM, yahI vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA hai aura vastu meM paraspara virodhI dharma yugaloM kA pAyA jAnA usakI anaikAntikatA hai| dravya aura paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra kareM to jo sat hai vahI asat bhI hai, jo eka hai vahI aneka bhI hai, jo nitya hai vahI anitya bhI hai| isase siddha hai ki vastu na kevala ananta dharmoM kA puMja hai balki usameM eka hI samaya meM paraspara virodhI guNadharma bhI pAye jAte haiM punaH vastu ke svasvarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kevala bhAvAtmaka guNoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotA balki usake abhAvAtmaka guNoM ko bhI nizcaya karanA hotA hai| gAya ko gAya hone ke lie usameM gotva kI upasthiti ke sAtha-sAtha mahiSatva, azvatva Adi kA abhAva honA bhI Avazyaka hai| gAya, gAya hai, yaha nizcaya tabhI hogA jaba hama yaha nizcaya kara leM ki usameM gAya ke viziSTa guNadharma pAye jAte haiM aura bakarI ke viziSTa lakSaNa nahIM pAye jAte haiN| isalie pratyeka vastu meM jahA~ anekAneka bhAvAtmaka dharma hote haiM vahIM usameM anantAnanta abhAvAtmaka dharma bhI hote haiN| anekAneka dharmoM saddhAva aura usase kaI gunA adhika dharmo kA abhAva milakara hI usa vastu kA svalakSaNa banAte haiN| bhAva aura abhAva milakara hI vastu ke svarUpa ko nizcita karate haiN| vastu isa-isa prakAra kI hai aura isa-isa prakAra kI nahIM hai, isI se vastu kA svarUpa nizcita hotA hai| vastutattva kI anaikAMtikatA vastu yA sat kI paribhASA ko lekara vibhinna darzanoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ aupaniSadika aura zaMkara vedAnta darzana 'sat' ko kevala kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai, vahA~ bauddha darzana vastu ko niranvaya, kSaNika aura utpAda-vyayadharmA mAnatA hai| sAMkhya darzana kA dRSTikoNa tIsarA hai vaha jahA~ cetana sattA puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai, vahIM jar3a tattva prakRti ko pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana jahA~ paramANu, AtmA Adi dravyoM ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai vahIM ghaTa-paTa Adi padArthoM ko mAtra utpAda-vyayadharmA mAnatA hai| isa prakAra vastutattva kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM vibhinna darzana alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa apanAte haiN| jainadarzana ina samasta ekAntika avadhAraNAoM ko samanvita karatA huA sat yA vastutattva ko apanI anaikAntika zailI meM paribhaSita karatA hai| ___ jainadarzana meM Agama yuga se hI vastutattva ko anaikAntika zailI meM paribhASita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| jainadarzana meM tIrthaMkaroM ko tripadI kA pravaktA kahA gayA hai| ve vastu-tattva ko "uppannei vA, vigamei vA, dhuvei vA" ina tIna padoM ke dvArA paribhASita karate haiN| unake dvArA vastutattva ko anekadharmoM aura anaikAMtika rUpa jaina anekAntadarzana 529

Page #543
meM hI paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| utpatti, vinAza, dhrauvyatA Adi ina virodhI guNadharmoM meM aisA nahIM hai ki utpanna koI dUsarA hotA hai, vinaSTa koI dUsarA hotA hai| vastutaH jainoM ke anusAra jo utpanna hotA hai vahI vinaSTa hotA hai aura jo vinaSTa hotA hai, vahI utpanna hotA hai aura yahI usakI dhrauvyatA hai| ve mAnate haiM ki so sattA eka paryAyarUpa meM vinaSTa ho rahI hai vahI dUsarI paryAya ke rUpa meM utpanna bhI ho rahI hai aura paryAyoM ke utpatti aura vinAza ke isa krama meM bhI usake svalakSaNoM kA astitva banA rahatA hai| umAsvAmi ne tattvArthasUtra (5.25) meM "utpAdavyayadhauvyAtmakaM sat" kahakara vastu ke isI anaikAntika svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki utpatti aura vinAza kA sambandha paryAyoM se hai| dravya to nitya hI hai, paryAya parivartita hotI hai, kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya vivikta sattAeM nahIM hai, apitu eka hI sattA kI abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| na to guNa aura paryAya se pRthak dravya hotA hai aura na dravya se pRthaka guNa aura paryAya hii| isIlie tattvArthasUtra (5.37) meM 'guNaparyAyavat dravyam' kahakara dravya ko paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| dravya kI pariNAma janana zakti ko hI guNa kahA jAtA hai aura guNajanya pariNAma vizeSa paryAya hai| yadyapi guNa aura paryAya meM kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai, kintu yahA~ yaha kArya-kAraNa bhAva paraspara bhinna sattAoM meM na hokara eka hI sattA meM hai| kArya aura kAraNa paraspara bhinna na hokara bhinnAbhinna hI hai| dravya usakI aMzabhUta zaktiyoM ke utpanna aura vinaSTa na hone para nitya arthAt dhruva hai parantu pratyeka paryAya utpanna aura vinaSTa hotI hai isalie vaha sAdi aura sAnta bhI hai| kyoMki dravya kA hI paryAya rUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai isalie dravya ko dhruva mAnate hue bhI apanI pariNamanazIlatA guNa ke kAraNa utpAda-vyaya yukta bhI kahA gayA hai| cU~ki paryAya aura guNa dravya se pRthak nahIM haiM aura dravya, guNa aura paryAyoM se pRthaka nahIM hai, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki jo nitya hai vahI parivartanazI bhI hai arthAt anitya bhI hai| yahI vastu yA sattA kI anaikAntikatA hai aura isI ke Adha gAra para loka-vyavahAra calatA hai| yadyapi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki utpAda-vyayAtmakatA aura dhrauvyatA athavA nityatA aura anityatA paraspara viruddha dharma hone se eka hI sAtha eka vastu meM nahIM ho skte| yaha kathana hI jo nitya hai vahI anitya bhI hai, jo parivartanazIla hai vahI aparivartanazIla bhI hai, tArkika dRSTi se virodhAbhAsapUrNa pratIta hotA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddhoM aura vedAntiyoM ne isa anekAnta dRSTi ko anargala pralApa kahA hai| kintu anubhava ke stara para inameM koI virodha pratIta nahIM hotA hai| eka hI vyakti bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| ina vibhinna 530 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #544
avasthAoM ke phalasvarUpa usake zarIra, jJAna, buddhi, bala Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se parivartana parilakSita hote haiM, phira bhI use vahI vyakti mAnA jAtA hai| jo bAlaka thA vahI yuvA huA aura vahI vRddha hogaa| ataH jainoM ne vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka kahakara jo isakA anaikAntika svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai vaha bhale tArkika dRSTi se AtmavirodhI pratIta hotA ho kintu anubhavika stara para usameM koI virodha nahIM hai| jisa prakAra vyakti badalakara bhI nahIM badalatA usI prakAra vastu bhI parivartanoM ke bIca vahI banI rahatI hai| jainoM ke anusAra nityatA aura parivartanazIlatA meM koI Atmavirodha nahIM hai| vastu ke apane svalakSaNa sthira rahate hue bhI nimitta ke anusAra parivartana ko prApta karate haiN| astitva yA sattA kI dRSTi se dravya nitya hai kintu paryAyoM kI apekSA se usameM anityatA parilakSita hotI hai| yadi vastu ko sarvathA kSaNika mAnA jAyegA to usameM yaha anubhava kabhI nahIM hogA ki yaha vahI hai| yaha vahI hai aisA pratyabhijJAna to tabhI sambhava ho sakatA hai jaba vastu meM dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jaay| jisa prakAra vastu kI paryAyoM meM hone vAlA parivartana anubhUta satya hai, usI prakAra 'vaha vahI hai' isa rUpa meM honevAlA pratyabhijJAna anubhUta satya hai| eka vyakti bAlabhAva kA tyAga karake yuvAvasthA ko prApta karatA hai- isa ghaTanA meM bAlabhAva kA kramika vinAza aura yuvAvasthA kI kramika utpatti ho rahI hai, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki 'vaha' jo bAlika thA 'vahI' yuvA huA hai| aura yaha 'vahI' honA hI dhrauvyatva hai.| isa prakAra vastutattva ko anaikAntika mAnane kA artha hai - vaha na kevala ananta guNadharmoM kA na kevala ananta guNadharmoM kA puJja hai, apitu usameM paraspara virodhI kahe jAne vAle guNadharma bhI apekSA vizeSa se eka sAtha upasthita rahate haiN| ___ astitva nAstitva pUrvaka hai aura nAstitva Astitva pUrvaka hai| ekatA meM anekatA aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai, jo dravya dRSTi se nitya hai, vahI paryAyadRSTi se anitya bhI hai, utpatti ke binA vinAza aura vinAza ke binA utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| punaH utpatti aura vinAza ke lie dhrauvyatva bhI apekSita hai anyathA utpatti aura vinAza kisakA hogA? kyoMki vizva meM vinAza ke abhAva meM utpatti jaisI bhI koI sthiti nahIM hai| yadyapi dhrauvyatva aura utpatti-vinAza ke dharma paraspara virodhI haiM, kintu donoM ko sahavartI mAne binA vizva kI vyAkhyA asambhava hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM pracalita zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI Adi paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke madhya meM samanvaya kiyaa| udAharaNArtha bhagavatIsUtra meM svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra se gautama ne yaha pUchA ki he bhagavan / jIvana nitya yA anitya hai? to unhoMne kahA - he gautama! jIva apekSAbheda se nitya bhI ora anitya jaina anekAntadarzana 531

Page #545
bhii| bhagavan ! yaha kaise? he gautama! dravya dRSTi se jIva nitya hai paryAya dRSTi se anitya! isI prakAra eka anya prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne somila ko kahA thA kihe somila! dravya-dRSTi se maiM eka hU~, kintu parivartanazIla cetanAoM (paryAyoM) kI apekSA se maiM aneka bhI hU~ (bhagavatI sUtra 7.3.273) / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jinheM hama virodhI dharma yugala mAna lete haiM, unameM sarvathA yA nirapekSa rUpa se virodha nahIM hai| apekSA bheda se unakA eka hI vastutattva meM eka hI samaya meM honA sambhava hai| bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se eka hI vyakti choTA yA bar3A kahA jA sakatA hai athavA eka hI vastu ThaNDI yA garama kahI jA sakatI hai| jo saMkhiyA janasAdhAraNa kI dRSTi meM viSa (prANApahArI) hai, vahI eka vaidya kI dRSTi meM auSadhi (jIvana-saMjIvanI) bhI hai| ataH yaha eka anubhavajanya satya hai ki vastu meM aneka virodhI dharma-yugaloM kI upasthiti dekhI jaatii| isa sambandha meM dhavalA kA nimna kathana draSTavya hai-"yadi (vastu meM) sampUrNa dharmoM kA eka sAtha rahanA mAna liyA jAye to paraspara viruddha caitanya, acaitanya, bhavyatva aura abhavyatva Adi dharmoM kA eka sAtha AtmA meM rahane kA prasaMga A jaayegaa| ataH yaha mAnanA adhika tarkasaMgata hai ki vastu meM kevala ve hI virodhI dharma-yugala yugapat rUpa meM raha sakate haiM, jinakA usa vastu meM atyantabhAva nahIM hai| kintu isa bAta se vastutattva kA anantadharmAtmaka svarUpa khaNDita nahIM hotA hai aura vastutattva meM nityatA-anityatA, ekatva-anekatva, astitva-nAstitva, bhedatva-abhedatva Adi aneka virodhI dharma yugaloM kI yugapat upasthita mAnI jA sakatI hai| AcArya amRtacandra 'samayasAra' kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki apekSA bheda se jo hai, vahIM nahIM bhI hai, jo sat hai vaha asat bhI hai, jo eka hai vaha aneka bhI hai, jo nitya hai vahI anitya bhI hai-yadeva tat tadeva atat (samayasAra ttiikaa)| vastu ekAntika na hokara anaikAntika hai| AcArya hemacandra anyayoga-vyavacchedikA (5) meM likhate haiM ki vizva kI samasta vastueM syAdvAda kI mudrA se yukta haiM, koI bhI usakA ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa| yadyapi vastutva kA yaha anantadharmAtmaka evaM anaikAntika svarUpa hameM asamaMjasa meM avazya DAla detA hai, kintu yadi vastu svabhAva aisA hI hai, to hama kyA kareM? bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ke zabdoM meM 'yadidaM' svayamarthebhyo rocate ke vayaM' ? punaH hama jisa vastu yA dravya kI vivecanA karanA cAhate haiM, vaha hai kyA? jahA~ eka ora dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA Azraya kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI aura use guNoM kA samUha bhI kahA gayA hai| guNa aura paryAyoM se pRthak dravya kI aura dravya se pRthaka guNa aura paryAyoM kI koI sattA nahIM hai| yaha hai vastu kI sApekSikatA aura yadi vastutattva 532 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #546
sApekSika, anantadharmAtmaka aura anaikAntika hai, to phira usakA jJAna evaM usakI. vivecanA nirapekSa evaM ekAntika dRSTi se kaise sambhava hai? isalie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki (anantadharmAtmaka) mizrita tattva vivecanA binA apekSA ke sambhava nahIM hai (abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa-4 pR. 1833) mAnavIya jJAna prApti ke sAdhanoM kA svarUpaH yaha to huI vastu svarUpa kI bAteM, kintu jisa vastu svarUpa kA jJAna hama prApta karanA cAhate haiM, usake lie hamAre pAsa sAdhana kyA hai; hameM una sAdhanoM ke svarUpa evaM unake dvArA pradatta jJAna ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| manuSya ke pAsa apanI satyAbhIpsA aura jijJAsA kI santuSTi ke lie jJAna-prApti ke do sAdhana haiM - 1. indriyA~ aura 2. trkbuddhi| mAnava apane inhIM sImita sAdhanoM dvArA vastutattva ko jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai| jahA~ taka mAnava ke aindrika jJAna kA prazna hai, yaha spaSTa hai ki ainidraka jJAna na pUrNa hai aura na nirpekss| mAnava indriyoM kI kSamatA sImita hai, ataH ve vastutattva kA jo bhI svarUpa jAna pAtI haiM, vaha pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| indriyA~ vastu ko apane pUrNa svarUpa meM dekha pAne meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki hama vastutattva ko jisa rUpa meM vaha hai vaisA nahIM jAna kara, use jisa rUpa meM indriyA~ hamAre samakSa prastuta karatI haiM, usI rUpa meM jAnate haiN| hama indriya saMvedanA ko jAna pAte haiM, vastutattva ko nhiiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki hamArA anubhavika jJAna indriya-sApekSa hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha indriya sApekSa hone ke sAtha-sAtha una koNoM para bhI nirbhara rahatA hai jahA~ se vastu dekhI jA rahI hai aura yadi hama usa koNa (sthiti) ke vicAra ko apane jJAna se alaga karate haiM, to nizcata hI hamArA jJAna bhrAnta ho jaayegaa| udAharaNArtha eka gola sikkA apane aneka koNoM se hameM vRttAkAra na lagakara aNDAkAra dikhAI detA hai| vibhinna gurutvAkarSaNoM evaM vibhinna zArIrika sthitiyoM meM eka hI vastu halkI yA. bhArI pratIta hotI hai| hamArI pRthvI ko jaba hama usake gurutvAkarSaNa kI sImA se Upara jAkara dekhate haiM to gatizIla dikhAI detI hai, kintu yahA~ vaha hameM sthira pratIta hotI hai| dUra se dekhane para vastu choTI aura pAsa se dekhane para bar3I dikhAI detI hai| eka Tebala ke jaba vividha koNoM se phoTo lie jAte haiM to ve paraspara bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| isa prakAra hamArA sArA anubhavika jJAna sApekSa hI hotA hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| indriya saMvedanoM ko una saba apekSAoM (Conditions) se alaga haTakara nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, jinameM ki ve hue haiN| ataH aindrikajJAna dik kAla aura vyakti sApekSa hI hotA hai| . jaina anekAntadarzana 533

Page #547
kintu mAnava mana kabhI bhI indriyAnubhUti yA pratIti ke jJAna ko hI antima satya mAnakara santuSTa nahIM hotA, vaha usa pratIti ke pIche bhI jhAMkanA cAhatA hai / isa hetu vaha apanI tarkabuddhi kA sahArA letA hai / kintu kyA tArkika jJAna nirapekSa ho sakatA hai? prathama to tArkika jJAna bhI pUrI taraha se indriya saMvedanA se nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, dUsare tArkika jJAna vastutaH eka sambandhAtmaka jJAna hai / bauddhika cintana kAraNa- kArya, eka-aneka, asti - nAsti Adi vicAra dhArAoM se ghirA huA hai aura apanI ina vidhAoM ke AdhAra para vaha sApekSa hI hogA / tarkabuddhi jaba bhI kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya kara koI nirNaya prastuta karatI hai, to vaha hameM do tathyoM ke bIca kisI sambandha yA asambandha kI hI sUcanA pradAna karatI hai aura aisA sambandhAtmaka jJAna sambandha sApekSa hI hogA, nirapekSa nahIM / kyoMki sabhI sambandha (Relations) sApekSa hote haiM / mAnavIya jJAna kI sImitatA evaM sApekSatAH vastutaH vastutattva kA yathArtha evaM pUrNa jJAna sImita kSamatA vAle mAnava ke lie sadaiva hI eka jaTila prazna rahA hai / apUrNa ke dvArA pUrNa ko jAnane ke samasta prayAsa AMzika satya ke jJAna se Age nahIM jA pAye haiM aura jaba isa AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAtA hai to vaha satya, satya na raha karake asatya bana jAtA hai / vastutattva na kevala utanA hI hai jitanA ki hama ise jAna pA rahe haiM balki vaha isase itara bhI hai| manuSya kI aindrika jJAna kSamatA evaM tarka buddhi itanI apUrNa hai ki vaha sampUrNa satya ko eka sAtha grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI / ataH sAdhAraNa mAnava pUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra satya ajJeya to nahIM hai kintu binA pUrNatA ko prApta kiye use pUrNa rUpa se nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / prasiddha vaijJAnika albarTa AinsTIna ne kahA thA ki 'hama kevala sApekSika satya ko jAna sakate haiM, nirapekSa satya ko to koI pUrNa draSTA hI jAna skegaa| ( Cosmology Old and New, P. XIII) aura aisI sthiti meM jabaki hamArA samasta jJAna AMzika, apUrNa tathA sApekSika hai, hameM yaha dAvA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki merI dRSTi hI eka mAtra satya hai aura satya mere hI pAsa hai / hamArI AMzika, apUrNa aura sApekSika jJAna nirapekSa satyatA kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA hai / ataH aise jJAna ke lie hameM aisI kathana paddhati kI yojanA karanI hogI, jo ki dUsaroM ke anubhUta satyoM kA niSedha nahIM karate hue apanI bAta kaha ske| hama apane jJAna kI sImitatA ke kAraNa anya sambhAvanoM (Possibilities) ko nirasta nahIM kara sakate haiN| 534 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #548
kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hotA hai? yadyapi jaina darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hai| isa sandarbha meM jaina dArzanikoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha samakAlIna jaina vicAraka sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa mAnate haiM jaba ki dUsare kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI sApekSa hotA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne "syAdvAdamaMjarI" kI bhUmikA meM sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa satya batAyA hai| jabaki muni zrI nagarAjajI ne "jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna" nAmaka pustikA meM yaha mAnA hai ki sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI kahane bhara ko hI nirapekSa hai kyoMki syAdasti, syAnnAsti se pare vaha bhI nahIM hai| kinatu vastusthiti yaha hai ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke vasatu jagat ke jJAna kA prazna hai use nirapekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usake jJAna kA viSaya ananta dharmAtmaka vastu hai| ataH sarvajJa bhI vastutattva ke ananta guNoM ko ananta apekSAoM se hI jAna sakatA hai| vastugata jJAna yA vaiSayika jJAna (Objective Knowledge) kabhI bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA, phira cAhe vaha sarvajJa kA hI kyoM na ho? isIlie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki dIpa se lekara vyoma taka vastu-mAtra syAdvAda kI mudrA se aMkita hai| kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke Atma-bodha kA prazna hai vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai kyoMki vaha vikalpa rahita hotA hai| sambhavataH isI dRSTikoNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara AcArya kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A thA ki vyavahAra dRSTi se sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai kintu paramArthataH to vaha AtmA ko hI jAnatA hai| sarvajJa kA Atma-bodha to nirapekSa hotA hai kintu usakA vastu-viSayaka jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| bhASA kI abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI sImitatA aura sApekSatA : sarvajJa yA pUrNa ke lie bhI, jo sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, satya kA nirapekSa kathana yA abhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai| sampUrNa satya ko cAhe jAnA jA sakatA ho kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| usakI abhivyakti kA jaba bhI koI prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha sApekSika bana jAtA hai| kyoMki sarvajJa ko bhI apanI abhivyakti ke lie usa bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, jo ki sImita evaM apuurnn| "hai" aura "nahIM hai" kI sImA se ghirI hai| ataH bhASA pUrNa satya ko nirapekSatA abhivyakta nahIM kara sakatI hai| prathama to vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, jabaki mAnavIya bhASA kI zabda saMkhyA sImita hai| jitane vastu-dharma haiM, utane zabda nahIM haiN| ataH aneka dharma anukta (akathita) raheMge hii| punaH mAnava kI jitanI anubhUtiyA~ haiM, una sabake jaina anekAntadarzana . 535

Page #549
lie bhI bhASA meM pRthaka-pRthak zabda nahIM hai| hama gur3a, zakkara, Ama Adi kI miThAsa ko bhASA meM pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta nahIM kara sakate kyoMki sabhI kI miThAsa ke lie alaga-alaga zabda nahIM hai / AcArya nemicandra "gommaTasAra" meM likhate haiM ki hamAre anubhUta bhAvoM kA kevala anantavAM bhAga hI kathanIya hotA hai aura jitanA kathanIya hai, usakA bhI eka aMza hI bhASA meM nibaddha karake likhA jAtA hai (gommaTasAra - jIvakANDa 334) / cAhe nirapekSa jJAna ko sambhava bhI mAna liyA jAe, kintu nirapekSa kathana to kadApi sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha kisI na kisI sandarbha meM (In a certain context) kahA jAtA hai aura usa sandarbha meM hI use ThIka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai anyathA bhrAnti hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai / isIlie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki jagat meM jo kucha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, vaha saba kisI vivakSA yA naya se garbhita hotA hai / jina yA sarvajJa kI vANI bhI apekSA rahita nahIM hotI hai vaha sApekSa hI hotI hai / ataH vaktA kA kathana samajhane ke lie bhI apekSA kA vicAra Avazyaka hai 1 punazca jaba vastutattva meM aneka viruddha dharma-yugala bhI rahe hue haiM, to zabdoM dvArA unakA eka sAtha pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai / unheM kramika rUpa meM hI kahA jA sakatA hai| zabda eka samaya meM eka hI dharma ko abhivyakta kara sakatA hai / anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke samasta dharmoM kA eka sAtha kathana bhASA kI sImA ke bAhara hai| ataH kisI bhI kathana meM vastu ke aneka dharma anukta (akathita) hI raha jAyeMge aura eka nirapekSa kathana anukta dharmoM kA niSedha karane ke kAraNa asatya ho jAyegA / hamArA kathana satya rahe aura hamAre vacana vyavahAra se zrotA ko koI bhrAnti na ho isalie sApekSika kathana paddhati hI samucita ho sakatI hai| jainAcAryoM ne 'syAt' ko satya kA cihna isIlie kahA hai ki vaha apekSA pUrvaka kathana karake hamAre kathana ko avirodhI aura satya banA detA hai tathA zrotA ko koI bhrAnti bhI nahIM hone detA hai / syAdvAda aura anekAnta sAdhAraNatayA anekAnta aura syAdvAda paryAyavAcI mAne jAte haiM / aneka jainAcAryoM ne inheM paryAyavAcI batAyA bhI hai kintu phira bhI donoM meM thor3A antara hai / anekAnta, syAdvAda kI apekSA adhika vyApaka artha kA dyotaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne donoM meM vyApaka - vyApya bhAva mAnA haiM anekAntavAda vyApaka hai aura syAdvAda vyApya / anekAnta vAcya hai to syAdvAda vAcaka / anekAnta vastusvarUpa hai, to syAdvAda usa anaikAntika vastu svarUpa ke kathana kI nirdoSa bhASA-paddhati / anekAnta darzana hai, to syAdvAda usakI abhivyakti kA DhaMga | 536 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #550
vibhajyavAda aura syAdvAda vibhajyavAda syAdvAda kA hI eka anya paryAvAcI evaM pUrvavartI hai| sUtrakRtAMga (1.1.4.22) meM mahAvIra ne bhikSuoM ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza diyA ki ve vibhajyavAda kI bhASA kA prayoga kreN| isI prakAra bhagavAn buddha ne bhI majjhimanikAya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki he mANavaka! mai vibhajyavAdI hU~ ekAntavAdI nhiiN| vibhajyavAda vaha siddhAnta hai, jo prazna ko vibhAjita karake uttara detA hai| jaba buddha se yaha pUchA gayA ki gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravrajita? unhoMne isa prazna ke uttara meM yaha kahA ki gRhastha evaM tyAgI yadi mithyAvAdI haiM to ArAdhaka nahIM ho skte| kintu yadi donoM hI samyak AcaraNa karane vAle haiM to donoM hI ArAdhaka ho skte| kintu yadi donoM hI samyak AcAraNa karane vAle haiM to donoM hI Aradhaka ho sakate haiN| (majjhima ni.-16)| isI prakAra jaba mahAvIra se jayaMtI ne yaha pUchA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA, to unhoMne kahA thA ki kucha jIvoM ko sonA acchA hai aura kucha kA jaagnaa| pApI kA sonA acchA hai aura dharmAtmAoM kA jaagnaa| (bhagavatI sU. 12. 2.442) isase yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vaktA ko usake prazna kA vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara deno vibhajyavAda hai| praznoM ke uttaroM kI yaha vizleSaNAtmaka zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAne vAlI tathA vastu ke aneka AyAmoM ko spaSTa karane vAlI hai| isase vaktA kA vizleSaNa ekAMgI nahIM banatA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kA yaha vibhajyavAda hI Age calakara zUnyavAda meM syAdvAda meM vikasita huA hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda bhagavAna buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ina donoM ko asvIkAra kiyA aura apane mArga ko madhyama mArga khaa| jabaki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zAzvatvAda aura ucchedavAda ko apekSAkRta rUpa se svIkRta karake eka vidhi mArga apnaayaa| bhagavAn buddha kI paramparA meM vikasita zUnyavAda aura jaina paramparA meM vikasita syAdvAda donoM kA hI lakSya ekAntika dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI asvIkRti hI thaa| donoM meM pharka itanA hI hai ki jahAM zUnyavAda eka niSedhapradhAna dRSTi hai vahIM syAdvAda meM eka vidha yaka dRSTi hai| zUnyavAda jo bAta saMvRtti satya aura paramArtha satya ke rUpa meM kahatA hai, vahI bAta jaina dArzanika vyavahAra aura nizcaya naya ke AdhAra para pratipAdita karatA hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM maulika bheda apane niSkarSoM ke sambandha meM hai| zUnyavAda apane niSkarSoM meM niSedhAtmaka hai aura syAdvAda vidhAnAtmaka hai| zUnyavAda apanI sampUrNa tArkika vivecanA meM isa niSkarSa para AtA hai ki vastutattva zAzvata nahIM hai, ucchinna nahIM hai, eka nahIM hai, aneka nahIM hai, sat nahI hai, asat nahIM hai| jabaki syAdvAda apane niSkarSoM ko vidhAnAtmaka rUpa se prastuta karatA hai ki vastu zAzvata jaina anekAntadarzana 537

Page #551
bhI hai aura azAzvata bhI hai, eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI hai, sata bhI hai aura asata bhI hai| ekAnta meM rahA huA doSa zUnyavAdI aura syAdvAdI donoM hI dekhate haiN| eka ekAnta ke doSa se bacane kI tatparatA meM zUnyavAda dvArA prastuta zUnyatA-zUnyatA kI dhAraNA aura syAdvAda dvArA prastuta anekAnta kI anekAntatA kI dhAraNA bhI vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| kintu jahA~ zUnyavAdI usa doSa ke bhaya se ekAnta ko asvIkAra karatA hai, vahIM syAdvAdI, usake Age 'syAt' zabda rakhakara usa dUSita ekAnta ko nirdoSa banA detA hai| donoM meM yadi koI maulika bheda hai to vaha apanI niSedhAtmaka aura vidhAnAtmaka dRSTiyoM kA hI hai| zUnyavAda kA vastutattva jahA~ catuSkoTivinirmukta zUnya hai, vahIM jaina darzana kA vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai| kintu zUnya aura ananta kA gaNita to samAna hI hai, vaha usa dRSTi kA hI pariNAma hai, jo vaicArika AgrahoM se janamAnasa ko mukta karane ke lie buddha aura mahAvIra ne prastuta kI thii| buddha ke niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma zUnyavAda thA to mahAvIra ke vidhAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma syaadvaad| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM parama tattva, AtmA aura loka ke svarUpa evaM sRSTi ke viSaya meM aneka matavAda pracalita the| yadyapi aupaniSadika RSioM ne inake samanvaya kA prayatna kiyA thA - kintu ve eka aisI dArzanika paddhati kA vikAsa nahIM kara pAye the, jo ina matavAdoM dArzanika evaM vyAvahArika asaMgatiyoM aura kaThinAiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara ske| ye paraspara virodhI dArzanika mata eka dUsare kI AlocanA meM par3e the aura isake pariNAma svarUpa AdhyAtmika vizuddhi yA rAga-dveSa, Asakti yA tRSNA se vimukti kA prazna gauNa thaa| sabhI dArzanika matavAda apane-apane AgrahoM meM dRr3ha banate jA rahe the| ataH sAmAnya manuSya kI digbhrAnta sthiti ko samApta karane aura ina paraspara virodhI matavAdoM ke AgrahI gheroM se mAnava ko mukta karane ke lie buddha va mahAvIra donoM ne prayatna kiyaa| kintu donoM ke prayatnoM meM mahattvapUrNa antara thaa| buddha kaha rahe the ki ye sabhI dRSTikoNa ekAnta haiM ataH unameM se kisI ko bhI svIkAra karanA ucita nahIM hai| kisI bhI dRSTi se na jur3a kara tRSNA vimukti ke hetu prayAsa kara duHkha-vimukti ko prApta karanA hI mAnava kA eka mAtra lakSya hai| buddha kI isa niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA pariNAma yaha huA ki bauddha darzana meM Age calakara zUnyavAda kA vikAsa huA va sabhI dRSTiyoM kA prahANa sAdhaka eka lakSya bnaa| dUsarI ora mahAvIra ne ina vividha dArzanika dRSTiyoM ko nakArane ke sthAna para unameM nihita sApekSika satyatA kA darzana kiyA aura sabhI dRSTiyoM ko sApekSa rUpa se arthAt vividha nayoM ke AdhAra para satya mAnane kI bAta khii| isI ke AdhAra para jaina dArzanikoM ne anekAnta, syAdvAda aura 538 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #552
saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa kiyA / buddha evaM mahAvIra donoM kA lakSya vyakti ke ekAntika avadhAraNAoM meM par3ane se bacAnA thA / kintu inake isa prayAsa meM jahAM buddha ne una ekAntika dhAraNAoM ko tyAjya batAyA, vahIM mahAvIra ne unheM sApekSika satya kahakara samanvita kiyA / isase yaha tathya phalita hotA hai ki syAdvAda evaM zUnyavAda donoM kA mUla udgama sthala eka hI hai / vibhajyavAdI paddhati taka yaha dhArA ekarUpa rahIM kintu apanI vidhAyaka evaM niSedhaka dRSTiyoM ke pariNAma svarUpa do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gaI jinheM hama syAdvAda va zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM 1 isa prakAra sattA ke vividha AyAmoM evaM usameM nihita sApekSika viruddha dharmatA ko dekhane kA jo prayAsa aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thA vahI Age calakara zramaNa dhArA meM syAdvAda va zUnyavAda ke vikAsa kA AdhAra banA / anya dArzanika paramparAe~ aura anekAMtavAda yaha anekAnta dRSTi zramaNa paramparA ke anya dArzanikoM meM bhI prakAra bheda se upalabdha hotI hai| saMjayavelaTThaputra kA mantavya bauddha granthoM meM nimna rUpa se prApta hotA hai - ( 1 ) hai ? nahIM kaha sktaa| ( 2 ) ( 3 ) hai bhI aura nahIM bhI ? nahIM kaha sakatA / (4) na hai aura na nahIM hai ? nahIM kaha sakatA / isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki saMjayavelaTThaputra bhI ekAntavAdI dRSTi ke samarthaka nahIM the| unakI uttara dene kI zailI anekAnta dRSTi kI hI paricAyaka hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki rAhula sAMkRtyAyana jaise vicArakoM ne yaha anumAna bhI kiyA ki saMjayavelaTThaputra ke darzana ke AdhAra para hI jainoM ne syAdvavAda va saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa kiyA / kintu smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki saMjayavelaTThi kI yaha dRSTi niSedhAtmaka hai / asti, nAsti evaM avaktavya - saptabhaMgI naya ke ye jo tIna mUla naya haiM ve to upaniSad kAla se pAye jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM upaniSadoM meM hameM sat-asat, ubhaya va anubhaya arthAt ye cAra bhaMga bhI prakIrNa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM / aupaniSadika cintana evaM usake samAnAntara vikasita zramaNa paramparA meM yaha anekAnta dRSTi kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya upasthita rahI hai kintu usake abhivyakti kI zailI bhinna hai| isa yuga ke bAda bhAratIya cintana ke dArzanika yuga meM bhI vividha darzanoM ne isa zailI ko apanAyA hai / jaina anekAntadarzana nahIM hai ? nahIM kaha sakatA / 539

Page #553
vastutaH vastutattva yA paramasattA kI bahuAyAmitA, mAnavIya jJAna sAmarthya, bhASAI-abhivyakti sAmarthya kI sImitatA manuSya ko anekAnta dRSTi apanAne ke lie prerita karatI rhii| vastu svarUpa ke saMbandha meM ekAntika uttara mAnava mana ko saMtoSa nahIM de ske| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki mAnava apane jJAna ke do sAdhana-anUbhUti va tarka meM se kisI kA bhI parityAga nahIM karanA caahtaa| anubhava use sattA kI bahuAyAmitA kA darzana karAtA hai to tarka use kisI nizcita nirNaya kI dizA meM prerita karatA huA ekAnta kI ora le jAtA hai| tarka buddhi aura anubhava ke isa virodhAbhAsa ke samanvaya ke prayatna sabhI dArzanikoM ne kiye haiM aura inhIM prayatnoM meM unheM kahIM na kahIM anekAnta dRSTi kA sahArA lenA pdd'aa| pataJcali ne mahAbhASya meM (vyADI ke) isa dRSTi kA ullekha kiyA hai| uname sAmane mukhya prazna thA- zabda nitya hai yA anitya hai| isa saMdarbha meM ve vyADI ke mata ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki guNa doSoM kI parIkSA karake tathA prayojana ke AdhAra para yaha batAyA gayA hai ki zabda nitya va anitya donoM hai| jJAtavya hai ki pataJcali kA paramasatya zabda brahma hI hai| usameM nityatA va anityatA donoM ko svIkAra karake ve anya rUpa meM anekAnta dRSTi kA hI pratipAdana karate haiN| mAtra yahIM nahI jainadarzana meM jisa rUpa meM sat kI anaikAntika vyAkhyA kI gayI hai usI rUpa meM pataJcali ke mahAbhASya meM unhoMne dravya kI nityatA va AkRti kI anityatA ko vistAra se pratipAdita kiyA hai| punaH unhoMne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki AkRti bhI sarvathA anitya nahIM hai| eka ghaTa ke naSTa hone para dUsarI ghaTAkRti to rahatI hai| hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki AkRti cAhe bAhya rUpa meM naSTa huI ho kintu sraSTA ke cetanA kI AkRti to banI rahatI hai| kumhAra dvArA banAyA ghar3A TUTa jAtA hai kintu kumhAra ke manasa meM jo ghaTAkRti hai vaha banI rahatI hai| mahAbhASyakAra ne sattA ko nitya mAnakara bhI usameM kArya rUpa meM utpatti va vinAza ko svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha isa bAta kA paricAyaka hai ki pataJcali ke darzana meM sat kI pariNAmI nityatA kI avadhAraNA usI rUpa meM hai jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM hai| ___ bhAratIya darzanoM meM sA~khya darzana bhI eka prAcInatama darzana hai| sA~khya darzana, prakRtipariNAmavAdI hai| vaha puruSa ko kUTasthanitya mAnatA hai jabaki prakRti ko parivartanazIla / usake dvaitavAda kA eka tattva parivartazIla hai to dUsarA aparivartanazIla hai| lekina yaha avadhAraNA mUlataH usa puruSa ke saMdarbha meM hI ghaTita hotI hai jo apane ko prakRti se pRthaka jAna cukA hai| zeSa cetana sattAeM jo prakRti ke sAtha apane mamatva ko banAe huI haiM, ve to kisI na kisI rUpa meM parivartanazIla haiM hii| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAMkhya apane satkAryavAda meM pariNAmavAda ko svIkAra karane ko 540 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #554
bAdhya huaa| sAMkhya darzana ke vyAvahArika yA sAdhanAtmaka pakSa yogadarzana meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se vastu kI vividha dharmAtmakatA svIkAra kI gayI hai, jaise - eka hI strI apekSA bheda se patnI, mAtA, putrI, bahana Adi kahI jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM eka hI dharmI apekSA bheda se aneka dharma vAlA kahA jAtA hai| dravya kI nityatA va paryAyoM kI anityatA bhI sAMkhya evaM yoga darzana meM bhI usI rUpa meM svIkRta hai jisa rUpa meM vaha jaina darzana meN| yaha isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki sattA kI bahuAyAmitA ke kAraNa usakI anaikAntika vyAkhyA hI adhika saMtoSaprada lagatI hai| sAMkhya darzana meM aneka aise tattva haiM jo paraspara virodhI hote hue bhI eka sattA ke saMdarbha meM svIkRta haiM jaise - sAMkhya darzana meM mana ko jJAnendriya va karmendriya donoM mAnA gyaa| isI prakAra usake 25 tattvoM meM buddhi, ahaMkAra tathA pA~ca tanmAtrAoM ko prakRti va vikRti donoM kahA gayA hai| yadyapi prakRti va vikRti donoM paraspara viruddha haiN| isI prakAra puruSa ke saMdarbha meM bhI apekSA bheda se bhoktRtva va abhoktRtva donoM svIkRta haiM athavA prakRti meM sAMsArika puruSoM kI apekSA se pravRtyAtmakatA va puruSa kI apekSA se nivRtyAtmakatA donoM hI svabhAva svIkAra kie gaye haiN| mImAMsA darzana meM bhI dravya kI nityatA va AkRti kI anityatA usI prakAra svIkAra kI gayI jisa prakAra vaha pAMtajala darzana meM svIkAra kI gyii| sarvaprathama mImAMsA darzana meM jJAtA, jJeya va jJAnarUpatA vAle trividha jJAna ko jJAna kahA gyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM jJAna ke trayAtmaka hone para bhI use ekAtmaka maanaa| jJAna meM jJAtA svayaM ko; jJAna ke viSaya ko aura apane jJAna tInoM ko jAnatA hai| jJAna meM yaha trayAtmakatA rahI hai phira bhI use jJAna hI kahA jAtA hai| yaha jJAna kI bahuAyAmitA kA hI eka rUpa hai| punaH mImAMsA darzana meM kumArila ne svayaM hI sAmAnya va vizeSa meM kathaMcit tAdAtmya evaM kathaMcit bheda dharma-dharmI kI apekSA se bhedAbheda mAnA hai| mImAMsAzlokavArtika meM vastu kI utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvyatA ko isI prakAra pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai jisa prakAra se use jaina paramparA meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| jaba svarNakalaza ko tor3akara kaNDala banAyA jAtA hai to jise kalaza kI apekSA hai use duHkha va jise kuNDala kI apekSA hai use sukha hotA hai kintu jise svarNa kI apekSA hai use mAdhyasthabhAva hai| vastu kI yaha trayAtmakatA jaina va mImAMsA donoM darzanoM meM svIkRta hai| cAhe zAMkara vedAnta apane advaitavAda ke pariprekSya meM paramasattA ko apariNAmI mAnatA ho kintu use bhI anta meM paramArtha aura vyavahAra ina do dRSTiyoM ko svIkAra karake parokSa rUpa se anekAnta dRSTi ko svIkAra karanA par3A kyoMki usake abhAva meM isa parivartanazIla jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| isa prakAra sabhI bhAratIya darzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAMta zailI ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina anekAntadarzana 541

Page #555
jaina paramparA meM anekAntavAda kA vikAsa jainadarzana meM anekAnta dRSTi kI upasthiti ati prAcIna hai| jaina sAhitya meM AcArAMga atyanta prAcIna graMtha hai| isameM bhI hame 'je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA to AsavA, arthAt jo Asrava ke kAraNa haiM ve hI nirjarA ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM aura jo nirjarA ke kAraNa haiM ve Asava ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM - yaha kahakara usI anekAMta-dRSTi kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| AcArAMga ke bAda sthAnAMga meM muni ke lie vibhajyavAda kA Azraya lekara hI koI kathana karane kI bAta kahI gii| yaha sunizcita hai ki vibhAjyavAda syAdvAda evaM zUnyavAda kA pUrvaja hai aura vaha bhI anekAnta dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kisI bhI prazna kA uttara vibhinna apekSAoM se bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM diyA jA sakatA hai aura ve sabhI uttara apekSAbheda se saphala ho sakate haiM bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prakAra ke anekoM praznottara saMkalita haiN| jo vibhajyavAda ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAyita haiM bhagavatIsUtra meM hameM naya dRSTi kA paricaya milatA hai| isameM dravyArthikanaya va paryAyArthika naya tathA nizcayanaya va vyahAranaya kA AdhAra lekara aneka kathana kie gae haiN| nizcaya va vyahAra naya kA hI agalA vikAsa naigama Adi pAMca nayoM aura phira sAta nayoM meM huaa| yadyapi nayoM kI yaha vibecanA I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI ke bAda ke graMthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se milatI hai, kintu isameM ekarUpatA lagabhaga tIsarI zatI ke bAda AyI hai| Aja jo sAta naya haiM unameM umAsvAmi ne tattvArthasUtra meM evaM bhUtabali aura puSpadanta ne SaTakhaNDAgama meM mUla meM pAMca ko hI svIkAra kiyA thaa| siddhasena ne sAta meM se naigama ko svataMtra naya na mAnakAra chaH nayoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI thii| vaise nayoM kI saMkhyA ke bAre meM siddhasena Adi AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa ati udAra rahA hai| unhoMne anta meM yahA~ taka kahA diyA ki jitane vacana bheda ho sakate haiM utane naya ho sakate haiN| kundakunda ke bAda ke digambara AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita zuddhanaya va azuddhanaya ko nizcayanaya kA hI bheda mAnate hue unhoMne isake do bhedoM kA ullekha kiyaa| bAda meM paM. rAjamala ne isameM upacAra ko sammilita karake nizcaya va vyavahAra nayoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyaa| isa prakAra nayoM ke siddhAMta kA vikAsa huaa| jahA~ taka saptabhaMgI kA prazna hai vaha bhI eka paravartI vikAsa hI hai| yadyapi saptabhaMgI kA AdhAra mahAvIra kI anaikAntika va samanvayavAdI dRSTi hI hai phira bhI saptabhaMgI kA pUrNa vikAsa paravartI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM ina bhaMgoM para aneka prakAra se cintana kiyA gayA hai| usameM mUla naya to tIna hI rahe haiM - asti, nAsti va avaktavya kintu unase apekSA bheda ke AdhAra para aura vividha saMyogoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhaMgoM kI yojanA milatI hai| usameM SaDapradezIya bhaMgoM bhI apekSA se teIsa bhaMgoM 542 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #556
kI yojanA bhI kI gayI hai| sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkara ne sanmati prakaraNa (prathamakANDa gAthA 36) meM sAMyogika bhaMgoM kI carcA kI hai| vahA~ sAta bhaMga banate haiM sAta bhaMgoM kA spaSTa pratipAdana hameM samaMtabhadra, kundakunda aura unake paravartI zvetAmbara evaM digambara AcAryoM meM milane lagatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki saptabhaMgI kA suvyavasthita rUpa meM dArzanika pratipAdana lagabhaga 5vIM zatI ke bAda hI huA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki usake pUrva bhaMgoM kI avadhAraNA nahIM thii| bhaMgoM kI avadhAraNA to isake bhI pUrva meM hameM milatI hai kintu saptabhaMgI kI eka suvyavasthita yojanA 5vIM zatI ke bAda astitva meM aayii| syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI, anekAntavAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke prArUpa hai| anekAMtavAda kA saiddhAntika pakSa : syAdvAda syAdvAda kA artha-vizleSaNa syAdvAda zabda 'syAt' aura 'vAda' ana do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai| ataH syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie ina donoM zabdoM kA artha vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai| syAt zabda ke artha ke sandarbha meM jitanI bhrAnti dArzanikoM meM rahI hai, sambhavataH utanI anya kisI zabda ke sambandha meM nhiiN| vidvAnoM dvArA hindI bhASA meM syAt kA artha "zAyada" "sambhavataH", "kadAcit" aura aMgrejI bhASA meM Probale, may be, perhaps, some how Adi liyA gayA hai| aura inhIM arthoM ke AdhAra para use saMzayavAda, sambhAvanAvAda yA anizcacayavAda samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI rahI hai| yaha sahI hai ki kinhIM saMdarbho meM syAt zabda kA artha kadAcit, zAyada, sambhava Adi bhI hotA hai| kintu isa AdhAra para syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA anazciya samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI rahI hai| yaha sahI hai ki kinhIM saMdarbho meM syAt zabda kA artha kadAcit, zAyada, sambhava Adi bhI hotA hai| kintu isa AdhAra para syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA anazciyavAda mAna lenA eka bhrAnti hI hogii| hameM yahA~ isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki prathama to eka hI zabda ke aneka artha ho sakate haiM, dUsare aneka bAra zabdoM kA prayoga unake pracalita artha meM na hokara viziSTa artha meM hotA hai, jaise jaina paramparA meM dharma zabda kA prayoga dharma-dravya ke rUpa meM bhI hotA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne syAt zabda kA prayoga eka viziSTa paribhASika artha meM hI kiyA hai| yadi syAdvAda ke Alocaka vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda sambandhI kisI bhI mUlagrantha ko dekhane kI koziza kI hotI, to unheM syAt zabda kA jaina paramparA meM kyA artha hai, yaha spaSTa ho jaataa| syAt zabda ke artha ke sambandha meM jo bhrAnti utpanna hotI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa use tiGanta pada mAna lenA hai, jabaki samantabhadra, vidyAnandi, amRtacanda, malliSeNa Adi sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne ise nipAta yA avyaya jaina anekAntadarzana 543

Page #557
mAnA hai| samanbhadra syAt zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue AptamImAMsA meM likhate haiM ki syAt- yaha nipAta zabda hai, jo artha ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hone para vAkya meM anekAntatA kA dyotaka aura vivakSita artha kA eka vizeSaNa hai (aaptmiimaaNsaa-103)| isI prakAra paMcAstikAya kI TIkA meM AcArya amRcandra bhI syAt zabda ke artha ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'syAt' ekAntatA kA niSedhaka, anekAntatA kA pratipAdaka tathA kathaMcit artha kA dyotaka eka nipAta zabda hai (paMcAstikAya ttiikaa)| malliSeNa ne bhI syAdvAdamaMjarI meM syAt zabda ko anekAntatA kA dyotaka eka avyava mAnA hai| isa prakAra yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM syAt zabda saMzayaparaka na hokara anaikAntika kintu nizcayAtmaka artha kA dyotaka hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM jaina dArzanika isa sambandha meM bhI sajaga the ki Alocaka yA jana sAdhAraNa dvArA syAt zabda kA saMzayaparaka artha grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie unhoMne syAt zabda ke sAtha "eva" zabda ke prayoga kI yojanA bhI kI hai, jaise "syadastyeva ghaTaH" arthAt kisI apekSA se yaha ghar3A hI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki "eva" zabda nizcayAtmakatA kA dyotaka hai| "syAt" tathA "eva" zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga zrotA ko saMzayAtmakatA ko samApta kara use sApekSika kintu nizcita jJAna pradAna karatA hai| vastutaH isa prayoga meM "eva" zabda "syAt" zabda kI anizcitatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura "syAta" zabda "eva" zabda kI nirapekSatA evaM ekAntatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura isa prakAra ve donoM milakara kathita vastu-dharma kI sImA niyata karate hue sApekSa kintu nizcita jJAna prastuta karate haiM ataH syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA sambhAvanAvAda nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| "vAda" zabda kA artha kathanavidhi hai| isa prakAra syAdvAda sApekSika kathana paddhati yA sApekSika nirNaya paddhati kA sUcaka hai| vaha eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo vastutattva kA vividha pahaluoM yA vividha AyAmoM se vizleSaNa karatA hai aura apane una vizleSita vividha nirNayoM ko isa prakAra kI bhASA meM prastuta karatA hai ki ve apane pakSa kI sthApanA karate hue bhI vastutattva meM nihita anya 'anukta' anekAneka dharmoM evaM sambhAvanAoM (paryAyoM) kA niSedha na kreN| vastutaH syAdvAda hamAre nirNayoM evaM tajjanita kathanoM ko prastuta karane kA eka nirdoSa evaM ahiMsaka tarIkA hai, avirodhapUrvaka kathana kI eka zailI hai| usakA pratyeka bhaMga anaikAntika DhaMga se ekAntika kathana karatA hai, jisameM vaktA apanI bAta isa DhaMga se kahatA hai ki usakA vaha kathana apane pratipakSI kathanoM kA pUrNa niSedhaka na bne| saMkSepa meM syAdvAda apane samagra rUpa meM anekAnta hai aura pratyeka bhaMga kI dRSTi se samyak ekAMta hai| saptabhaMgI anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke saMbaMdha meM eka aisI kathana-paddhati yA vAkya yojanA hai, jo usameM anukta 544 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #558
dharmoM kI saMbhAvanA kA niSedha na karate hue sApekSika kintu nizcayAtmaka DhaMga se vastutattva ke pUrNa svarUpa ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhate hue usake kisI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se pratipAdana yA niSedha karatI hai| isI prakAra anekAntavAda bhI vastutattva ke sandarbha meM ekAdhika nirNayoM ko svIkRta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki eka hI vastutattva ke sandarbha meM vibhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para aneka nirNaya (kathana) diye jA sakate haiM arthAt anekAnta vastu-svarUpa ke sambandha meM aneka nirNayoM yA niSkarSoM kI sambhAvyatA kA siddhAMta hai| jainAcAryoM ne anekAMta ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai ki 'sarvathaikAnta pratikSepa lakSaNo'nekAMtaH' arthAt anekAMta mAtra ekAMta kA niSedha hai aura vastu meM nihita paraspara viruddha dharmoM kA prakAzaka hai| syAdvAda ke AdhAra sambhavataH yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki syAdvAda yA sApekSika kathana paddhati kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? syAdvAda yA sApekSika kathana paddhati kI AvazyakatA ke mUlataH cAra kAraNa hai - 1. vastutattva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA, 2. mAnavIya jJAna prApti ke sAdhanoM kI sImitatA, 3. mAnavIya jJAna kI apUrNatA evaM sApekSatA, tathA 4. bhASA ke abhivyakti sAmarthya kI sImitatA evaM saapeksstaa| . anekAMtavAda kA bhASika pakSa : saptabhaMgI saptabhaMgI syAdvAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke sAmAnya vikalpoM ko prastuta karatI hai| hamArI bhASA vidhi-niSedha kI sImAoM se ghirI huI hai| "hai" aura "nahIM" hamAre kathanoM ke do prArUpa haiN| kintu kabhI-kabhI hama apanI bAta ko spaSTatayA hai" (vidhi) aura "nahIM hai" (niSedha) kI bhASA meM prastuta karane meM asamartha hote haiM arthAt sImita zabdAvalI kI yaha bhASA hamArI anubhUti ko pragaTa karane meM asamartha hotI haiN| aisI sthiti meM hama eka tIsare vikalpa "AvAcya" yA avaktavya" kA sahArA lete haiM, arthAt zabdoM ke mAdhyama se "hai" aura "nahIM hai" kI bhASAyI sImA meM bA~dha kara use kahA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavyatA se jo sAta prakAra kA vacana vinyAsa banatA hai, use saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAta asti, syAt nAsti aura syAt avaktavya ye tIna asaMyogI maulika bhaMga haiN| zeSa cAra bhaMga ina tInoM ke saMyoga se banate haiN| unameM syAt asti-nAsti, syAt asti-avaktavya, (1) aura syAt nAsti- (2) avaktavya ye tIna (3) dvisaMyogI aura antima syAt- (4) - asti-nAsti-avaktavya, yaha trisaMyogI bhaMga hai| nirNayoM kI bhASayI abhivyakti vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavya, ina tIna hI rUpoM meM hotI hai| ataH jaina anekAntadarzana 545

Page #559
usase tIna hI maulika bhaMga banate haiM aura ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM meM se gaNita zAstra ke saMyoga niyama (Law of Combination) ke AdhAra para sAta bhaMga hI banate haiM, na kama na adhik| aSTasahastrI TIkA meM AcArya vidyAnandi ne isIlie yaha kahA hai ki jijJAsA aura saMzaya aura unake samAdhAna sapta prakAra ke hI ho sakate haiN| ataH jaina AcAryoM kI saptabhaMgI kI yaha vyavasthA nirmUla nahIM hai| vastutattva ke ananta dharmoM meM se pratyeka ko lekara eka-eka saptabhaMgI aura isa prakAra ananta saptabhaMgiyA~ to banAI jA sakatI haiN| kintu anantabhaMgI nhii| zvetAmbara Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM SaTpradezI skandha ke saMbaMdha meM jo 23 bhaMgoM kI yojanA hai, vaha vacana bheda kRta saMkhyAoM ke kAraNa hai| usameM bhI mUla bhaMga sAta hI hai| paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra Adi prAcIna digambara Agama granthoM meM aura zeSa paravartI sAhitya meM saptabhaMga hI mAnya rahe haiN| ataH vidvAnoM ko ina bhramoM kA nivAraNa kara lenA cAhie ki aise saMyogoM se saptabhaMgI hI kyoM ananta bhaMgI bhI ho sakatI hai athavA AgamoM meM sAta bhaMga nahIM hai athavA saptabhaMgI bhI eka paravartI vikAsa hai| saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika nirNaya prastuta karatA hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAt asti Adi jo sAta bhaMga haiM, ve kathana ke tArkika AkAra (Logical forms) mAtra haiN| usameM syAt zabda kathana kI sApekSikatA kA sUcaka hai aura asti evaM nAsti kathana ke vidhAnAtmaka (Affirmative) aura niSedhAtmaka (Negative) hone ke sUcaka haiN| kucha jaina vidvAna asti ko sattA kI bhAvAtmakatA kA aura nAsti ko abhAvAtmakatA kA sUcaka mAnate haiN| kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ko mAnya nahIM ho sakatA- udAharaNa ke lie jaina darzana meM Atma bhAva rUpa hai vaha abhAva rUpa nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki syAt asti, syAt nAsti apane Apa meM koI kathana nahIM haiM, apitu kathana ke tArkika AkAra haiM, ve kathana ke prArUpa haiN| una prArUpoM ke lie apekSA tathA uddezya aura vidheya padoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai| jaise-syAd asti bhaMga kA Thosa udAharaNa hogA- dravya kI apekSA AtmA nitya hai| yadi hama isameM apekSA (dravyatA) aura vidheya (nityatA) kA ullekha nahIM kareM aura kaheM ki syAt AtmA hai, to hamArA kathana bhrama pUrNa hogaa| apekSA aura vidheya pada ke ullekha ke abhAva meM saptabhaMgI ke AdhAra para kiye gaye kathana aneka bhrAntiyoM ko janma dete haiM, jisakA vizeSa vivecana hamane dvitIya bhaMga kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kiyA hai| ___ Adhunika tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika kathana hai jise eka hetuphalAzrita vAkya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke prasaMga meM utpanna bhrAttiyoM se bacane ke lie use nimna sAMketika rUpa meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 546

Page #560
saptabhaMgI ke isa sAMketika prArUpa ke nirmANa meM hamane cinhoM kA prayoga unake sAmane darzita arthoM meM kiyA hai - artha yadi-to (hetuphalAzrita kathana) apekSA (dRSTikoNa) saMyojana (aura) yugapat (ekasAtha) anantatva vyAghAtaka uddezya vidheya bhaMgoM ke Agamika rUpa bhaMgoM ke sAMketika rUpa Thosa udAharaNa 1. syAt asti aD u vi hai. yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya haiN| 2. syAt asti - a u vi nahIM hai. yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| 3. syAt asti nAsti ca a> u vi hai. yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra adeg5 u vi nahIM hai. karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| 4. syAt avaktavya (a'. a)ya 5 u yadi dravya aura paryAya donoM hI avaktavya hai. apekSA se eka sAtha vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| (kyoMki do bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se do alaga-alaga kathana ho sakate haiM kintu eka kathana nahIM ho sakatA 5. syAt asti ca a u vi hai. (a'. a)ya u avaktavya hai. athavA a' u vi hai| (a ) u avaktavya hai| yadi dravya kI apekSA se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai kintu yadi AtmA kA dravya, paryAya donoM yA ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| jaina anekAntadarzana 547

Page #561
6. syAd nAsti va a' u vi nahIM hai yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra avaktavya ca (a'. a) u karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai avaktavya hai| kintu yadi ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karate hai to AtmA athavA avaktavya hai| a u vi nahIM hai. (a )ya u avaktavya hai| 7. syAd asti ca, a u vi hai yadi dravya dRSTi se vicAra karate hai nAsti ca a u vi nahIM hai to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAya avaktavya ca (a )ya u dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| nitya nahIM kintu yadi apanI athavA ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi se a' 7 u vi hai vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya a u vi nahIM hai hai| (a'. a)ya ya u avaktavya hai| -saptabhaMgI ke prastuta sAMketika rUpa meM hamane kevala do apekSAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva aisI cAra apekSAeM mAnI haiM, usameM bhI bhAva-apekSA vyApaka hai usameM vastu kI avasthAoM (paryAyoM) evaM guNoM donoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| kintu yadi hama pratyeka apekSA kI saMbhAvanAoM para vicAra kareM to ye apekSAeM bhI ananta hoMgI kyoMki vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai| apekSAoM kI ina vividha sambhAvanAoM para vistAra se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu isa choTI sI bhUmikA meM yaha sambhava nahIM hai| isa saptabhaMgI kA prathama bhaMga "syAt asti" hai| yaha svacatuSTaya ko apekSA se tastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA vidhAna karatA hai| jaise apane dravya kI apekSA se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai, kSetra kI apekSA se indaura nagara meM banA huA hai, kAla kI apekSA se zizira Rtu kA banA huA hai, bhAva arthAt vartamAna paryAya kI apekSA se lAla raMga kA hai yA ghaTAkAra hai aadi| isa prakAra vastu ke sva dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva kI apekSA se usake bhAvAtmaka guNoM kA vidhAna karanA yaha prathama 'asti' nAmaka bhaMga kA kArya hai| dUsarA syAt "nAsti' nAmaka bhaMga vastutattva ke abhAvAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kI anupasthiti yA nAstitva kI sUcanA detA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vastu meM sva se bhinna para -catuSTaya kA abhAva hai| jaise yaha ghar3A tAmbe kA nahIM hai, bhopAla nagara se banA huA nahIM hai, grISma Rtu kA banA huA nahIM hai, 548 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #562
kRSNa varNa kA nahIM hai aadi| mAtra itanA hI nahIM yaha bhaMga isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa karatA hai ki yaha ghar3A pustaka, Tebala, kalama, manuSya Adi nahIM hai| jahA~ prathama bhaMga yaha kahatA hai ki ghar3A ghar3A hI hai, vahA~ dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki ghar3A, ghaTa itara anya kucha nahIM hai| kahA gayA hai ki "sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca" arthAt sabhI vastuoM kI sattA svarUpa se hai pararUpa se nhiiN| yadi vastu meM anya vastuoM ke guNa dharmoM kI sattA bhI mAna lI jAyegI to phira vastuoM kA pArasparika bheda hI samApata ho jAyegA aura vastu kA sva-svarUpa hI nahIM raha jAyegA, ataH vastu meM para-catuSTaya kA niSedha karanA dvitIya bhaMga hai| prathama bhaMga batAtA hai ki vastu kyA hai, jabaki dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki vastu kyA nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA isa dvitIya bhaMga ko 'syAt nAsti ghaTaH' arthAt kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai, isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| kintu isake prastutIkaraNa kA yaha DhaMga thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai, sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para aisA lagatA hai ki prathama bhaMga me ghaTa ke astitva kA jo vidhAna kiyA gayA thA, usI kA dvitIya bhaMga meM niSedha kara diyA gayA aura aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda ko sandehavAda yA AtmA virodhI kathana karane vAlA siddhAnta samajha lene kI bhrAnti ho jAnA svAbhavika hai| zaMkara prabhRti vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda kI jo AlAcenA kI thI, usakA mukhya AdhAra yahI bhrAnti hai| "syAt nAsti ghaTaH" meM jaba syAt zabda ko dRSTi se ojhala kara yA use sambhAvanA ke artha meM grahaNa kara 'asti' aura 'nAsti' para bala diyA jAtA hai to Atma-virodha kA AbhAsa hone lagatA hai| jahA~ taka maiM samajha pAyA hU~ syAdvAda kA pratipAdana karane vAle kisI AcArya kI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga kA kArya prathama bhaMga meM sthApita kiye gaye guNa garma kA usI upekSA se niSedha karanA nahIM haiM, apitu yA to prathama bhaMga meM asti rUpa mAne gaye guNa dharma se itara guNa dharmoM kA niSedha karanA hai athavA phira apekSA ko badala kara usI guNa dharma kA niSedha karanA hotA hai aura isa prakAra dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga ke kathana ko puSTa karatA hai, khaNDita nhiiN| yadi dvitIya bhaMga ke kathana ko usI apekSA se prathama bhaMga kA niSedhaka yA virodhI mAna liyA jAyegA to nizcaya yaha siddhAnta saMzayavAda yA Atma-virodha ke doSoM se grasita ho jAyegA, kintu aisA nahIM hai| yadi prathama bhaMga meM 'syAdastayeva ghaTaH' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hai aura dvitIya bhaMga nAstyeva 'syAd nAstyeva ghaTaH' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai, aisA kareMge to AbhAsI rUpa se aisA lagegA ki donoM kathana virodhI haiN| kyoMki ina kathanoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa se aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ina kathanoM meM ghaTa ke astitva aura nAstitva ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ina jaina anekAntadarzana 549

Page #563
kathanoM kA bala unameM prayukta "syAt" zabda meM hI hai, ve yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga meM sthApita satya kA pratiSedha karatA hai| donoM bhaMgoM meM ghaTa ke sambandha meM jinakA vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA gayA hai ve apekSAzrita dharma haiM na ki ghaTa kA svayaM kA astitva yA naastitv| punaH donoM bhaMgoM ke "apekSAzrita dharma' eka nahIM haiM, bhinna-bhinna haiN| dUsare bhaMga meM jina apekSAzrita dharmoM kA niSedha huA hai, ve dUsare arthAta para-catuSTaya ke haiM ataH prathama bhaMga ke vidhAna aura dvitIya bhaMga ke niSedha meM koI Atma virodha nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM isa bhrAnti kA mUla kAraNa prastuta vAkya meM usa vidheya pada (Predicate) ke spaSTa ullekha kA abhAva hai, jisakA ki vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| yadi "nAsti' pada ko vidheya sthAnIya mAnA jAtA hai to punaH yahA~ yaha bhI prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jo ghaTa asti rUpa hai, vaha nAsti rUpa kaise ho sakatA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAye ki para dravyAdi kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai, kintu para dravyAdi ghaTa ke astitva ke niSedhaka kaise bane sakate haiN| yadyapi yahA~ pUrvAcAryoM kA mantavya spaSTa hai ki ve ghaTa kA nahIM, apitu ghaTa meM para dravyAdi kA bhI niSedha karanA cAhate haiN| ve kahanA yaha cAhate haiM ki ghaTa, paTa nahIM hai yA ghaTa meM paTa Adi ke dharma nahIM haiM, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki isa kathana meM prathama aura dvitIya bhaMga meM apekSA nahIM badalI hai| yadi prathama bhaMga se yaha kahA jAye ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai aura dUsare bhaMga meM yaha kahA jAye ki ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai to donoM meM apekSA eka hI hai arthAt dono kathana dravya kI yA upAdAna kI apekSA se haiN| aba dUsarA udAharaNa leM - kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya hai, kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai, yahA~ donoM bhaMgoM meM apekSA badala jAtI hai| yahA~ prathama bhaMga meM dravya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya kahA gayA aura dUsare bhaMga meM paryAya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya nahIM kahA gayA hai| dvitIya bhaMga ke pratipAdana ke ye donoM rUpa bhinna-bhinna haiN| dUsare, yaha kahanA ki paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai yA paTI kI apekSA ghaTa nahIM hai, bhASA kI dRSTi se thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai kyoMki paracatuSTaya vastu kI sattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastu meM paracatuSTaya arthAt sva-bhinna para dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kA abhAva to hotA hai kintu unakI apekSA vastu kA abhAva nahIM hotA hai| kyA yaha kahanA ki kursI kI apekSA Tebala nahIM hai yA pItala kI apekSA yaha ghar3A nahIM hai, bhASA ke abhrAnta prayoga haiM? isa kathana meM jainAcAryoM kA Azaya to yahI hai ki Tebala kursI nahIM yA ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai| ataH paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu nahIM hai, yaha kahane kI apekSA yaha kahanA ki vastu meM paracatuSTaya kA abhAva hai, bhASA kA samyak prayoga hogaa| 550 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #564
vidvAnoM se merI vinatI hai ki ve saptabhaMgI ke vizeSa rUpa meM dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMga ke bhASA ke svarUpa para aura svayaM unake AkArika svarUpa para punarvicAra kareM aura Adhunika tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM use punargaThita kareMge to jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM eka bar3I upalabdhi hogI kyoMki dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMgoM kI kathana vidhi ke vividha rUpa parilakSita hote haiN| ataH yahA~ dvitIya bhaMga ke vividha svarUpoM para thor3A vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| merI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga ke nimna cAra rUpa ho sakate haiM :sAMketika rUpa udAharaNa (1) prathama bhaMga - a u vi hai prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma (vidheya) kA vidhAna prathama bhaMga - a u nahIM hai| kiyA gayA hai| apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usI dharma (vidheya) kA niSedha kara denaa| jaiseH dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai| paryAyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai| (2) prathama bhaMga - a u vi hai| (2) prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma kA vidhAna kiyA dvitIya bhaMga - a, uvi hai| gayA hai, apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma kA pratipAdana kara denA hai| jaise - dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai paryAyadRSTi se ghar3A anitya hai| (3) prathama bhaMga - a u vi hai| (3) prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita dharma ko puSTa dvitIya bhaMga - a u-vi nahIM hai karane hetu usI apekSA se dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma yA bhinna dharma kA vastu meM niSedha kara denaa| jaise - raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja nIlI hai| raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja pIlI nahIM hai| athavA apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA meM cetana hai| apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA acetana nahIM hai| athavA upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai| upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A svarNa kA nahIM hai| jaina anekAntadarzana 551

Page #565
(4) jaba pratipAdita kathana deza yA kAla yA donoM ke sambandha meM ho taba deza - kAla Adi kI apekSA ko badalakara prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara denA / jaise - - 27 navambara kI apekSA se maiM yahA~ para hU~ / 20 navambara kI apekSA se maiM yahA~ para nahIM thA / dvitIya bhaMga ke uparokta cAroM rUpoM meM prathama aura dvitIya rUpa meM bahuta adhika maulika bheda nahIM hai / antara itanA hI hai ki jahAM prathama rUpa meM eka hI dharma kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhAna aura dUsare bhaMga meM niSedha hotA hai, vahA~ dUsare rUpa meM donoM bhaMgoM meM alaga-alaga rUpa meM do viruddha dharmoM kA vidhAna hotA hai / prathama rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai jaba vastu meM eka hI guNa apekSA bheda se kabhI upasthita rahe aura kabhI upasthita nahIM rhe| isa rUpa ke lie vastu meM do viruddha dharmoM ke yugala kA honA jarUrI nahIM hai, jabaki dUsare rUpa kA prastutIkaraNa kevala usI sthiti meM sambhava hotA hai, jabaki vastu meM dharma viruddha yugala ho / tIsarA rUpa taba banatA hai, jabaki usa vastu meM pratipAdita dharma ke viruddha dharma kI upasthiti hI na ho / caturtha rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jaba ki hamAre pratipAdana meM vidheya kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha na ho| dvitIya bhaMga ke pUrvokta rUpoM meM prathama rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) vahI rahatA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai / dvitIya rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha dharma ( vidheyaka kA vyAghAtaka pada) hotA hai, aura kriyApada vidhAnAtmaka hotA hai / tRtIya rUpa se apekSA vahI rahatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha yA viparIta pada rakhA jAtA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai tathA antima caturtha rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai aura pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara diyA jAtA hai / 1 ( 4 ) prathama bhaMga - au hai dvitIya bhaMga- a u nahIM hai saptabhaMgI kI tIsarA maulika bhaMga avaktavya hai ataH yaha vicAraNIya hai ki isa bhaMga kI yojanA kA uddezya kyA hai? sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahate hue sat-asat, nitya - anitya Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapat arthAt eka sAtha pratipAdana karane vAlA koI zabda nahIM hai / ataH viruddha kI eka sAtha abhivyakti kI zAbdika asamarthatA ke kAraNa avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA kI gaI hai, kintu avaktavya kA yaha artha usakA ekamAtra artha nahIM hai / yadi hama avaktavya zabda para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to usake artha meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| DaoN padmarAje ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai 552 - jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #566
(1) pahalA vedakAlIna viSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM vizva kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi usa kAraNa tattva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai, yahA~ donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| (2) dUsarA aupaniSadika vidhAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM sata, asata Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai, jaise "tadejati tannejati" "aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn" aadi| yahA~ donoM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa jisameM tattva ko svarUpataH avyapadezya yA anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM hI milatA hai use "yato vAco nivartante", yadvAcAnabhyuditaM, naiva vAcA na manasA prAptuM zakyAH Adi / buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI catuSkoTi vinirmukta tattva kI dhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina nyAya meM sApekSika avaktavyatA yA sApekSika anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| sAmAnyatayA avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM(1) sat va asat donoM kA niSedha krnaa| (2) sat, asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha krnaa| (3) sat-asat, sata-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat na asat (anubhava) cAroM kA niSedha krnaa| (4) vastutattva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya mAnanA, arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhava meM to A sakatA hai kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| (5) sat aura asat donoM ko yugapat rUpa se svIkAra karanA, kintu usake yugapatkathana ke lie koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa avaktavya khnaa| (6) vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM haiM ataH vAcaka zabdoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzataH vAcya aura aMzataH avAcya maannaa| yahA~ yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina vicAra paramparA meM isa avaktavyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat aura asat donoM kA yugapat vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai isalie vastutatva avaktavya hai, kintu yadi hama prAcIna jaina AgamoM ko dekheM to avaktavyatA kA yaha jaina anekAntadarzana 553

Page #567
artha antima nahIM kahA jA sktaa| AcArAMgasUtra (1-5-171) meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko jisa rUpa meM vacanAgocara kahA gayA hai vaha vicAraNIya hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki "AtmA dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai| vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM haiN| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI, vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAvAna hai| usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske|" ise dekhate hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI kA mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| punaH vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA aura zabdasaMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutattva ko avaktavya mAnA gayA hai| AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApya bhAga hI kathana kiyA jAne yogya hai (gommaTasAra, jIva 334) / ataH yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha mAnya hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe artha mAnya rahe haiN| phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa avyaktavyatA aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavyatA ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva pUrNatayA vaktavya to nahIM hai kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya bhI nahIM hai| yadi hama vastutattva ko pUrNatayA avaktavya arthAt anirvacanIya mAna legeM to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| ataH jaina dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anirvacanIyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha nirvacanIya bhI hai| sattA aMzataH nirvacanIya hai aura aMzataH anirvacanIya, kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda siddhAnta ke anukUla hai| isa prakAra pUrva nirdiSTa pA~ca arthoM meM se pahale do ko chor3akara antima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| merI dRSTi meM avaktavya bhaMga kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM hai, prathama to 'hai" aura "nahIM" hai| aise vidhi-pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka hI sAtha) pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA hai| dUsare nirapekSa rUpa se vastutattva kA kathana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH vastutattva avaktavya hai| tIsare apekSAe~ ananta ho sakatI hai| kintu ananta apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM vastutattva kA pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai isalie bhI use avaktavya mAnanA hogaa| isake nimna tIna prArUpa hai - 554 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #568
1. (a' . a)ya 2 u avaktavya hai, 2. ~ aD u avaktavya hai, 3. (a)ya , u avaktavya hai| saptabhaMgI ke zeSa cAroM bhaMga sAMyogika haiN| vicAra kI spaSTa abhivyakti kI dRSTi se inakA mahattva to avazya hai kintu inakA apanA koI svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai, ye apane saMyogI mUlabhaMgoM kI apekSA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hI vastusvarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiN| ataH ina para yahA~ vistRta vicAra apekSita nahIM hai| saptabhaMgI aura trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra vartamAna yuga meM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke vicArakoM meM lyusAivika ne eka nayI dRSTi dI hai, usake anusAra tArkika nirNayoM meM kevala satya, asatya aise do mUlya hI nahIM hote, apitu satya, asatya aura sambhAvita satya aise tIna mUlya hote haiN| isI saMdarbha meM DaoN. esa.esa. bAraliMge ne jaina nyAya ko trimUlyAtmaka siddha karane kA prayAsa jayapura kI eka goSThI meM kiyA thaa| jahA~ taka jainanyAya yA syAdvAda ke siddhAMta kA prazna hai, use trimUlyAtmaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jaina nyAya meM pramANa, sunaya aura durnaya aise tIna kSetra mAne gaye haiM, isameM pramANa sunizcita satya, sunaya sambhAvita satya aura durnaya asatyatA ke paricAyaka haiN| punaH jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya aise do prakAra ke vAkya mAnakara pramANavAkya ko sakalAdeza (sunizcita satya yA pUrNa satya) aura nayavAkya ko vikalAdeza (sambhAvita satya yA AMzika satya) kahA hai| nayavAkya ko na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asty| ataH satya aura asatya ke madhya eka tIsarI koTi AMzika satya yA sambhAvita satya mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH vastutattva kI ananta dharmAtmakatA anya sambhAvanAoM ko nirasta nahIM karatI hai aura syAdvAda usa kathita satyatA ke atirikta anya sambhAvita satyatAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA tathA pramANa, naya aura durnaya kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para syAdvAda siddhAMta trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra (Three Valued logic) yA bahumUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra (Many Valued logic) kA samarthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu jahAM taka sapbhaMgI kA prazna hai use trimUlyAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM nAsti nAmaka bhaMga evaM avaktavya nAmaka bhaMga kramazaH asatya evaM aniyatatA (Indeterminate) ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga satya-mUlya kA sUcaka hai yadyapi jaina vicArakoM ne pramANa-saptabhaMgI aura naya-saptabhaMgI ke rUpa meM saptabhaMgI ke jo do rUpa mAne haiM, usake AdhAra para yahA~ kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramANa-saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sunizcita satyatA aura naya saptabhaMgI jaina anekAntadarzana 555

Page #569
ke sabhI bhaMga sambhAvita yA AMzika satyatA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| asatya kA sUcaka to kevala durnaya hI hai| ataH saptabhaMgI trimUlyAtmaka nahIM hai| yaha to anekAMta ke saiddhAntika pakSa kI carcA huI, aba hama usake vyavahArika pakSa kI carcA kreNge| (II) anekAnta eka vyAvahArika paddhati anekAntavAda eka dArzanika siddhAnta hone kI apekSA dArzanika mantavyoM, mAnyatAoM aura sthApanAoM ko unake samyak pariprekSya meM vyAkhyAyita karane kI paddhati (Method) vizeSa hai| isa prakAra anekAntavAda kA mUla prayojana satya ko usake vibhinna AyAmoM meM dekhane, samajhane aura samajhAne kA prayAsa karanA haiM ataH vaha satya ke khoja kI eka vyAvahArika paddhati hai, to sattA (Reality) ko usake vividha AyAmoM meM dekhane kA prayatna karatI hai| dArzanika vidhiyAM do prakAra kI hotI haiM - 1. tArkika yA bauddhika aura 2. AnubhAvika / tArkika vidhi saiddhAntika hotI hai, vaha dArzanika sthApanAoM meM tArkika saMgati ko dekhatI hai| isake viparIta Anubhavika vidhi satya kI khoja tarka ke sthAna para mAnavIya anubhUtiyoM ke sahAre karatI hai| usake lie tArkika saMgati kI apekSA Anubhavika saMgati hI adhika mahattvapUrNa hotI hai| anekAntavAda kI vikAsa yAtrA isI Anubhavika paddhati ke sahAre calatI hai| usakA lakSya 'satya' kyA hai yaha batAne kI apekSA satya kaisA anubhUta hotA hai - yaha batAnA hai| anubhUtiyAM vaiyaktika hotI haiM aura isIlie anubhUtiyoM ke AdhAra para nirmita darzana bhI vividha hote haiN| anekAMta kA kArya una sabhI darzanoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko ujAgara karake unameM rahe hue virodhoM ko samApta karanA hai| isa prakAra anekAMta eka siddhAnta hone kI apekSA eka vyAvahArika paddhati hI adhika hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki anekAntavAda kI eka dArzanika siddhAnta ke rUpa meM sthApanA karane vAle AcArya siddhasena divAkara (I. caturtha zatI) ko bhI anekAntavAda kI isa vyAvahArika mahattA ke Age natamastaka hokara kahanA par3A - jeNa viNA logassa vi vavahAro savvahA Na nnivvhi| tassa bhuvaNekka gurUNo Namo annegNtvaayss|| sanmati-tarka-prakaraNa-3/70 arthAt jisake binA loka-vyavahAra kA nirvahana bhI sarvathA sambhava nahIM hai, usa saMsAra ke eka mAtra guru anekAntavAda ko namaskAra hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki anekAntavAda eka vyAvahArika darzana hai| isakI mahattA usakI vyAvahArika upayogitA para nirbhara hai| usakA janma dArzanika vivAdoM ke sarjana ke lie nahIM, apitu unake nirAkaraNa ke lie huA hai| dArzanika vivAdoM ke bIca samanvaya ke sUtra khojanA hI anekAntavAda kI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA kA pramANa hai| anekAntavAda kA yaha kArya trividha hai - 556 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #570
1. pratyeka dArzanika avadhAraNA ke guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA karanA aura isa samIkSA meM yaha dekhane kA prayatna karanA ki usakI hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM kyA upayogitA hai| jaise bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda aura anAtmavAda kI samIkSA karate hue yaha dekhanA ki tRSNA ke uccheda ke lie kSaNikavAda aura anAtmavAda kI dArzanika avadhAraNAeM kitanI Avazyaka evaM upayogI haiN| 2. pratyeka dArzanika avadhAraNA kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karanA aura yaha nizcita karanA ki usameM jo satyAMza hai, vaha kisI apekSA vizeSa se hai| jaise yaha batAnA ki sattA kI nityatA kI avadhAraNA dravya kI apekSA se arthAt dravyArthika naya kI apekSA kI satya hai aura sattA kI anityatA usakI paryAya kI apekSA se aucityapUrNa hai| isa prakAra vaha pratyeka darzana kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karatA hai aura vaha sApekSika satyatA kisa apekSA se hai, use bhI spaSTa karatA hai| 3. anekAntavAda kA tIsarA mahattvapUrNa upayogI kArya vibhinna ekAMtika mAnyatAoM ko samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirokara unake ekAnta rUpI doSa kA nirAkaraNa karate hue unake pArasparika vidveSa kA nirAkaraNa kara unameM sauhArda aura saumanasya sthApita kara denA hai| jisa prakAra eka vaidya kisI viSa vizeSa ke doSoM kI zuddhi karake use auSadhi banA detA hai usI prakAra anekAMtavAda bhI darzanoM athavA mAnyatAoM ke ekAntarUpI viSa kA nirAkaraNa karake unheM eka dUsare kA sahayogI banA detA hai| anekAMtavAda ke ukta tInoM hI kArya (Functions) usakI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| anekAntavAda kA vyAvahArika pakSa anekAnta kA vyAvahArika jIvana meM kyA mUlya aura mahattva hai, isakA yadi aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyayana kareM to hameM sarvaprathama usakA upayoga vivAda parAGmukhatA ke sAtha-sAtha parapakSa kI anAvazyaka AlocanA va svapakSa kI atireka prazaMsA se bacanA hai| isa prakAra kA nirdoza hameM sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/2/23) meM milatA hai| jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo apane pakSa kI prazaMsA aura para pakSa kI nindA meM rata haiM, ve dUsaroM ke prati dveSa vRtti kA vikAsa karate haiM, pariNAma svarUpa saMsAra meM bhramaNa karate hai| sAtha hI mahAvIra cAhate the ki isa anekAnta zailI ke mAdhyama se kathya kA samyak rUpa se spaSTIkaraNa ho aura isa taraha kA prayAsa unhoMne bhagavatIsUtra meM anaikAntika uttaroM ke mAdhyama se kiyA hai| jaise jaba unase pUchA gayA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA to unhone kahA ki pApiyoM kA sonA va dhArmikoM kA jAganA acchA hai| jaina dArzanikoM meM isa anekAntadRSTi kA vyAvahArika prayoga sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkara ne kiyaa| unhoMne udghoSa kiyA ki saMsAra ke ekamAtra jaina anekAntadarzana 557

Page #571
guru usa anekAntavAda ko namaskAra hai jisase binA saMsAra kA vyavahAra hI asambhava hai| paramatattva yA paramArtha kI bAta bahuta kI jA sakatI hai kintu vaha manuSya jo isa saMsAra meM rahatA hai usake lie paramartha satya kI bAta karanA utanI sArthaka nahIM hai jitanI vyavahAra jagat kI aura vyavahAra kA kSetra eka aisA kSetra hai jahA~ anekAMta dRSTi ke binA kAma nahIM calatA hai| parivAra ke eka hI strI ko koI patnI kahatA hai, koI putravadhU kahatA hai, koI mAM kahatA hai to koI dAdI, koI bahana kahatA hai to koI cAcI, nAnI Adi nAmoM se pukAratA hai| eka vyakti ke sandarbha meM vibhinna pArivArika saMbaMdhoM kI isa saMbhAvanA se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| Arthika kSetra meM bhI aneka aise prazna haiM jo kisI eka tAttvika ekAntavAdI avadhAraNA ke Adha pAra para nahIM sulAjhAe jA sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yadi hama ekAntarUpa se vyakti ko parivartanazIla mAnate haiM to Adhunika zikSA praNAlI meM parIkSA, pramANapatra va usake AdhAra para milane vAlI naukarI Adi meM ekarUpatA nahIM hogii| yadi vyakti parivartanazIla hai, kSaNa-kSaNa badalatA hI rahatA hai to adhyayana karane vAlA chAtra bhinna hogA aura jise pramANa patra milegA vaha parIkSA dene vAle se bhinna hogA aura una pramANa patroM ke AdhAra para jise naukarI milegI va unase pRthak hogaa| isa prakAra vyavahAra ke kSetra meM asaMgatiyAM hoMgI, yadi isake viruddha hama yaha mAne ki vyaktitva meM parivartana hI nahIM hotA to usake prazikSaNa kI vyavasthA nirarthaka hogii| isa prakAra anekAnta dRSTi kA mUla AdhAra vyavahAra kI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM isakA upayoga vivAdoM aura AgrahoM se bacane tathA kathanoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne isa anekAnta dRSTi kA prayoga dArzanika virAdhoM ke samanvaya kI dizA meM kiyaa| unhoMne eka ora paraspara virodhI ekAntika mAnyatAoM meM doSoM kI udbhAvanA karake batAyA ki koI bhI ekAntika mAnyatA na to vyAvahArika hai na hI sattA kA samyak evaM satya svarUpa hI prastuta karatI hai| kintu unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve kevala doSoM kI udbhAvanA karake hI sImita nahIM rahe apitu unhoMne una paraspara virodhI dhAraNAoM meM nihita satyatA kA bhI darzana kiyA aura satya ke samagra svarUpa ko spaSTa karane ke lie unheM samanvita karane kA bhI prayatna kiyaa| jahA~ unake pUrva taka dUsare darzanoM ko mithyA kahakara unakA mAkhaula ur3AyA jAtA thA, vahIM unhoMne vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para unakI satyatA ko spaSTa kiyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM jina mata ko bhI mithyA-mata samUha kahakara una sabhI ke prati samAdara kA bhAva prakaTa kiyaa| siddhasena ke pazcAt yadyapi samantabhadra ne bhI aisA hI eka prayAsa kiyA aura vibhinna darzanoM meM nihita sApekSika satyoM ko vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAyita kiyA phira bhI jina mata ko mithyA-mata samUha kahane kA jo sAhasa siddhasena ke cintana meM 558 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #572
thA, vaha samaMtabhadra ke ciMtana meM nahI A paayaa| siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra ke pazcAt jisa dArzanika ne anekAnta dRSTi kI samanvayazIlatA kA sarvAdhika upayoga kiyA ve AcArya haribhadra haiM-haribhadra se pUrva digambara paramparA meM kundakunda ne bhI eka prayatna kiyA thaa| unhoMne niyamasAra meM vyakti kI bahuAyAmitA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha kahA thA ki vyakti ko svamata meM va paramata meM vivAda meM nahIM par3anA caahie| kintu anekAMta dRSTi se vibhinna darzanoM meM pArasparika samanvaya kA jo prayatna haribhadra ne, vizeSa rUpa se apane graMtha zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM kiyA vaha nizcaya hI virala hai| haribhadra ne aneka prasaMgoM meM apanI vaicArika udAratA va samanvayazIlatA kA paricaya diyA hai jisakI carcA hamane apane laghu pastikA, 'AcArya haribhadra va unakA avadAna', meM kI hai| vistArabhaya se hama una saba meM yahA~ jAnA nahIM caahte| anekAnta kI isa udAra zailI kA prabhAva paravartI jaina AcAryoM para bhI rahA aura yahI kAraNa thA ki dUsare darzanoM kI samAlocanA karate hue bhI ve AgrahI nahIM bane aura unhoMne eka sImA taka unameM nihita satyoM ko dekhane kA prayatna kiyaa| dArzanika vicAroM ke samanvaya kA AdhAra anekAMtavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya bhArata meM vaicArika saMgharSa aura dArzanika vivAda apane carama sImA para the| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra usa samaya 363 aura bauddha AgamoM ke anusAra 62 dArzanika mata pracalita the| vaicArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA thI, jo logoM ko Agraha evaM matAndhatA se Upara uThakara sahI dizA nirdeza de ske| bhagavAna buddha ne isa Agraha evaM matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie vivAda parAGmukhatA ko apnaayaa| suttanipAta meM ve kahate haiM ki maiM vivAda ke do phala batAtA huuN| eka to vaha apUrNa va ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare kalaha evaM azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| ataH nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhane vAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na par3e (suttanipAta 51-21) / buddha ne apane yuga meM pracalita sabhI para virodhI dArzanika dRSTikoNoM ko sadoSa batAyA aura isa prakAra apane ko kisI bhI darzanika mAnyatA ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| ve kahate haiM ki paMDita kisI dRSTi yA vAda meM nahIM par3atA (suttAnipAta-51-3) buddha kI dRSTi meM dArzanika vAdavivAda nirvANa mArga ke sAdhaka ke kArya nahIM hai (suttanipAta-46-8-9) anAsakta, mukta puruSa ke pAsa vivAda rUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM raha jaataa| isI prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI Agraha ko sAdha nA kA samyak patha nahIM smjhaa| unhoMne kahA ki Agraha, matAndhatA yA ekAMgI dRSTi ucita nahIM hai jo vyakti apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI nindA karane meM hI pAMDitya dikhAte haiM, ve saMsAra cakra meM ghUmate rahate haiM (sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/2-23) / isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra va buddha donoM hI usa yuga kI Agraha vRtti evaM matAnTa jaina anekAntadarzana 559

Page #573
tA se jana mAnasa ko mukta karanA cAhate the phira bhI buddha aura mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thor3A antara thaa| jahA~ buddha ina vivAdoM se bacane kI salAha de rahe the, vahIM mahAvIra inake samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka dRSTi prastuta kara rahe the, jisakA pariNAma syAdvAda hai| syAdvAda vividha dArzanika ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| usakI dRSTi se anityavAda-kSaNikavAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, bhedavAda-abhedavAda Adi sabhI vastu svarUpa ke AMzika pakSoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| inameM se koI bhI asatya to nahIM hai kintu pUrNa satya bhI nahIM hai| yadi inako koI asatya banAtA hai to vaha AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna lene kA unakA Agraha hI hai| syAdvAda apekSA bheda se ina sabhI ke bIca samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura yaha batAtA hai ki satya tabhI asatya bana jAtA hai, jabaki hama AgrahI dRSTi se use dekhate hai| yadi hamArI hama hamArI dRSTi ko yA apane ko Agraha se Upara uThAkara dekheM to hameM satya kA darzana ho sakatA hai| satya kA saccA prakAza kevala anAgrahI ko hI mila sakatA hai| mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya gautama kA jIvana svayaM isakA eka pratyakSa udAharaNa hai| gautama ke kevalajJAna meM Akhira kauna sA tattva bAdhaka bana rahA thA? mahAvIra ne svayaM isakA samAdhAna karate hue gautama se kahA thA ki he gautama terA mere prati jo mamatva hai yahI tere kevalajJAna (satya darzana) kA bAdhaka hai| mahAvIra kI spaSTa ghoSaNA thI ki satya kA sampUrNa darzana Agraha ke ghere meM rahakara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Agraha buddhi yA dRSTirAga satya ko asatya banA detA hai| satya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahI, anAgraha meM hotA hai, virodha meM nahIM, samanvaya meM hotA hai| satya kA sAdhaka anAgrahI aura vItarAga hotA hai, upAdhyAya yazovijayajI syAdvAda kI isI anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue adhyAtmopaniSad meM likhate haiM - yasya sarvatra samatA nayeSu, tanayeSviva / tasyAnekAntavAdasya kva nyuunaadhikshemussii||61 tena syAdvAdvamAlaMbya sarvadarzana tulytaam| mokSeddezAvizeSeNa yaH pazyati saH zAstravit / 70 mAdhyasthyameva zAstrArtho yena taccAru siddhyti| sa eva dharmavAdaH syAdanyadvAlizavalganam / / 71 mAdhyastha sahitaM hyekapadajJAnamapi prmaa| zAstrakoTirvathaivAnyA tathA coktaM mhaatmnaa|73 saccA anekAntavAdI kisI darzana se dveSa nahIM krtaa| vaha sampUrNa dRSTikoNoM (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAtsalya dRSTi se dekhatA hai jaise koI pitA apane putra ko, kyoMki anekAntavAdI kI nyUnAdhika buddhi nahIM ho sktii| saccA zAstrajJa 560 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #574
kahe jAne kA adhikArI to vahI hai, jo syAdvAda kA Alambana lekara sampUrNa darzanoM meM samAna bhAva rakhatA hai / vAstava meM mAdhyastha bhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasyA hai| mAdhyastha bhAva rahane para zAstra ke pada kA jJAna bhI saphala hai anyathA karor3oM zAstroM kA jJAna bhI vRthA hai| kyoMki jahA~ Agraha buddhi hotI hai vahA~ vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana saMbhava nahIM hotA / vastutaH zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda, nityavAda, anityavAda, bhedavAda, abhedavAda, dvaitavAda, hetuvAda, niyativAda, puruSArthavAda, Adi jitane bhI dArzanika mata-matAntara haiM, ve sabhI parama sattA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se liye gaye citra haiM aura ApekSika rUpa se satya haiM / dravya dRSTi aura paryAya dRSTi ke AdhAra para ina virodhI siddhAntoM meM samanvaya kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH eka saccA syAdvAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM karatA hai, vaha sabhI darzanoM kA ArAdhaka hotA hai paramayogI AnandaghanajI likhate haiM 1 SaT darasaNa jina aMga bhaNAje, nyAya SaDaMga jo sAdhe re / nami jinavaranA caraNa upAsaka, Sadarzana ArAdhe re / / 1 / / jina sura pAdapa pAya bakhANuM, sAMkhya joga doya bhede re Atama sattA vivaraNa karatA, lahI duya aMga akhede re / / 2 / / bheda abheda sugata mImAMsaka, jina para doya kara bhArI re| lokAloka avalaMbana bhajiye, gurugamathI avadhArI re / / 3 / lokAyatika sukhakha jinavarakI, aMza vicAra jo kIje / tatva vicAra sudhArasa dhArA, gurugama viNa kema pIje / 4 / / jaina jinezvara uttama aMga, aMtaraMga bahiraMga re / akSara nyAsa dharA ArAdhaka, ArAdhe dharI saMge re | 15 || I sabhI dharma sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mukhya lakSya rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA kI samApti rahA hai / jahA~ jaina dharma kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItarAgatA honA aura bauddha darzana kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItatRSNa honA mAnA gayA hai| vahIM vedAnta meM ahaM aura Asakti se Upara uThanA hI mAnava kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai / lekina kyA ekAMta yA Agraha vaicArika rAga, vaicArika Asakti, vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM ke hI rUpa nahIM haiM aura jaba taka ve upasthita haiM, dhArmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM lakSya kI siddhi kaise hogI? jina sAdhanA paddhatiyoM meM ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA gayA unake lie Agraha yA ekAnta vaicArika hiMsA kA pratIka bhI bana jAtA hai / eka ora sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pahalU kI dRSTi se matAgraha vaicArika Asakti yA rAga kAhI rUpa hai to dUsarI ora sAdhanA ke sAmAjika pahalU kI dRSTi se vaha vaicArika hiMsA hai| vaicArika Asakti aura vaicArika hiMsA se mukti ke lie dhArmika kSetra meM anAgraha aura anekAnta kI sAdhanA apekSita hai| vastutaH dharma kA AvirbhAva mAnava jaina anekAntadarzana 561

Page #575
jAti meM zAMti aura sahayoga ke vistAra ke lie huA thaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie thA lekina Aja vahI dharma manuSya-manuSya meM vibheda kI dIvAreM khIMca rahA hai| dhArmika matAndhatA meM hiMsA, saMgharSa, chala, chadma, anyAya, atyAcAra kyA nahIM ho rahA hai? kyA vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma ho sakatA hai? isakA uttara nizcita rUpa se "hA~" meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yathArtha meM dharma nahIM kintu dharma kA AvaraNa DAlakara mAnava kI mahattvAkAMkSA, usakA ahaMkAra hI yaha saba karavAtA rahA hai| yaha dharma nahIM, dharma kA nakAba DAle adharma hai| mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dharma aneka haiM yA ho sakate haiM? isa prazna kA uttara anaikAMtika zailI se yaha hogA ki dharma eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| sAdhyAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai jabaki sAdhanAtmaka dharma aneka haiN| sAdhya rUpa meM dharmoM kI ekatA aura sAdhana rUpa se anekatA ko hI yathArthaM dRSTikoNa kahA jA sakatA hai| sabhI dharmoM kA sAdhya hai- samatvalAbha (samAdhi) arthAt Antarika tathA bAhya zAnti kI sthApanA tathA usake lie vikSobha ke janaka rAga-dveSa aura asmitA (ahaMkAra) kA niraakrnn| lekina rAga-dveSa ora asmitA ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya kyA hoM? yahI vicAra bheda prArambha hotA hai, lekina yaha vicAra bheda virodha kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| eka hI sAdhya hI ora unmukha hone se ve paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA skte| eka hI kendra se yojita hone vAlI paridhi se khiMcI huI vibhinna rekhAoM meM pArasparika virodha pratIta avazya hotA hai kintu vaha yathArtha meM hotA nahIM hai| kyoMki kendra se saMyukta pratyeka rekhA meM eka dUsare ko kATane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai kintu jaise hI vaha kendra kA parityAga karatI hai vaha dUsarI rekhAoM ko avazya hI kATatI hai| sAdhya sabhI ekatA meM sAdhana rUpa dharmoM kI anekatA sthita hai| ataH yadi dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai to unameM virodha kaisA? anekAnta, dharmoM kI sAdhyaparaka mUlabhUta ekatA aura sAdhana paraka anekatA ko iMgita karatA hai| vizva ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM ne apane yuga kI tAtkAlika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara apane siddhAntoM evaM sAdhanoM ke bAhya niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM aura sAdhakoM kI sAdhanA kI kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma sAdhanA ke bAhya rUpoM meM bhinnatAoM kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura aisA huA bhii| kintu manuSya kI apane dharmAcArya ke prati mamatA (rAgAtmakatA) aura usake apanemana meM vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ne use apane dharma yA sAdhanA paddhati ko hI eka mAtra evaM antima satya mAnane ko bAdhya kiyaa| phalasvarUpa vibhinna dhArmika sampradAyoM aura unake bIca sAmpradAyika vaimanasya prArambha huaa| munizrInemicandra ne dharma sampradAyoM ke udbhava kI eka sajIva vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai, ve likhate haiM ki "manuSya svabhAva bar3A vicitra hai usake ahaM ko jarA sI coTa lagate hI vaha apanA 562 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #576
akhAr3A alaga banAne ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| yadyapi vaiyaktika ahaM dharma-sampradAyoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa avazya hai lekina vahI eka mAtra kAraNa nahIM hai| bauddhika bhinntA aura dezakAlagata tathya bhI isake kAraNa rahe haiM aura isake atirikta pUrva pracalita paramparAoM meM AyI huI vikRtiyoM ke saMzodhana ke lie bhI sampradAya bne| unake anusAra sampradAya banane ke nimna kAraNa ho sakate haiM - (1) IrSyA ke kAraNa (2) kisI vyakti kI prasiddhi kI lipsA ke kAraNa (3) kisI vaicArika matabheda (satyAgraha) ke kAraNa (4) kisI AcAra saMbaMdhI niyamopaniyama meM bheda ke kAraNa (5) kisI vyakti yA pUrva sampradAya dvArA apamAna yA khIMcAtAna hone ke kAraNa (6) kisI vizeSa satya ko prApta karane kI dRSTi se aura (7) kisI sAmpradAyika paramparA yA kriyA meM dravya, kSetra evaM kAla ke anusAra saMzodhana yA parivartana karane kI dRSTi se| uparokta kAraNoM meM aMtima do ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kAraNoM se utpanna sampradAya Agraha, dhArmika asahiSNutA aura sAmpradAyika vidveSa ko janma dete haiN| vizva itihAsa kA adhyetA ise bhalIbhAMti jAnatA hai ki dhArmika asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya duSkRtya kraaye| Azcarya to yaha hai ki damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura rakta plAvana ko dharma kA bAnA pahanAyA gyaa| zAnti pradAtA dharma hI azAMti kA kAraNa bnaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM dhArmika anAsthA kA mukhya kAraNa uparokta bhI hai| yadyapi vibhinna matoM, paMthoM aura vAdoM meM bAhya bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai kintu yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka aura anAgrahI ho to usameM bhI ekatA aura samanvaya ke sUtra parilakSita ho sakate haiN| anekAMta vicAra dRSTi vibhanna dharma-sampradAyoM kI samApti dvArA ekatA kA prayAsa nahIM karatI hai| kyoMki vaiyaktika ruci bheda evaM kSamatA bheda tathA dezakAla gata bhinnatAoM ke hote hue vibhinna dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM kI upasthiti aparihArya haiN| eka dharma yA eka sampradAya kA nArA asaMgata evaM avyAvahArika nahIM apitu azAMti aura saMgharSa kA kAraNa bhI hai| anekAMta vibhinna dharma sampradAyoM kI samApti kA prayAsa na hokara unheM eka vyApaka pUrNatA meM susaMgata rUpa se saMyojita karane kA prayAsa ho sakatA hai| lekina isake lie prAthamika AvazyakatA hai-dhArmika sahiSNutA aura sarva dharma samabhAva kii| anekAMta ke samarthaka jainAcAryoM ne isI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA paricaya diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA to sarva vidita hI hai| apane grantha zAstravArtA-samacucya meM unhoMne buddha ke anAtmavAda, nyAya darzana ke Izvara kartRtvavAda aura vedAnta ke sarvAtmavAda (brahmavAda) meM bhI saMgati dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| apane grantha lokatatva-saMgraha meM AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM - jaina anekAntadarzana 563

Page #577
pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kpilaadissu| yuktimadvacanaM yasya, tasya kArya parigrahaH / / mujhe ne to mahAvIra ke prati pakSapAta hai aura na kapilAdi munigaNoM ke prati dveSa hai| jo bhI vacana tarkasaMgata ho use grahaNa karanA caahie| isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne ziva-pratimA ko praNAma karate samaya sarva deva samabhAva kA paricaya dete hue kahA thA - bhavabIjAMkurajananA, rAgadyA kSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA viSNurvA harau, jino vA namastasmai / / saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rAgAdi jisake kSaya ho cuke haiM use, meM praNAma karatA hU~ cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNu hoM, ziva hoM yA jina hoN| rAjanaitika kSetra meM anekAMtavAda ke siddhAMta kA upayoga anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta na kevala dArzanika evaM dhArmika apitu rAjanaitika vivAda bhI hala karatA hai| Aja kA rAjanaitika jagat bhI vaicArika saMkulatA se paripUrNa hai| pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, phAsIvAda, nAjIvAda Adi aneka rAjanaitika vicAradhArAeM tathA rAjatantra, kulatantra, adhinAyaka tantra, Adi anekAneka zAsana praNAliyAM vartamAna meM pracalita hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM unameM se pratyeka eka dUsare kI samApti ke lie prayatnazIla hai| vizva ke rASTra khemoM meM baMTe hue haiM aura pratyeka khemeM kA agraNI rASTra apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne hetu dUsare ke vinAza meM tatpara hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki Aja kA rAjanaitika saMgharSa mAtra Arthika hitoM kA saMgharSa na hokara vaicArikatA kA bhI saMgharSa hai| Aja amerikA, cIna aura rUsa apanI vaicArika prabhusattA ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne ke lie hI pratispardhA meM lage hue haiN| eka dUsare ko nAma-zeSa karane kI unakI yaha mahattvAkAMkSA kahIM mAnava jAti ko hI nAma-zeSa na kara de| Aja ke rAjanaitika jIvana meM syAdvAda ke do vyAvahArika phalita-vaicArika sahiSNutA aura samanvaya atyanta upAdeya haiN| mAnava jAti ne rAjanaitika jagat meM, rAjatantra se prajAtantra taka kI jo lambI yAtrA taya kI hai usakI sArthakatA syAdvAda dRSTi ko apanAne meM hI hai| virodhI pakSa dvArA kI jAne vAlI AlocanA ke prati sahiSNu hokara usake dvArA apane doSoM ko samajhanA aura unheM dUra karane kA prayAsa karanA, Aja ke rAjanaitika jIvana kI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vipakSa kI dhAraNAoM meM bhI satyatA ho sakatI hai aura sabala virodhI dala kI upasthiti se hameM apane doSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA acchA avasara milatA, isa vicAra-dRSTi aura sahiSNu bhAvanA meM hI prajAtantra kA bhaviSya ujjavala raha sakatA hai| rAjanaitika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra (Parliamentary Democracy) vastutaH rAjanaitika syAdvAda 564 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #578
hai| isa paramparA meM bahumata dala dvArA gaThita sarakAra alpamata dala ko apane vicAra prastuta karane kA adhikAra mAnya karatI hai aura yathA samabhava usase lAbha bhI uThAtI hai| dArzanika kSetra meM jahA~ bhArata syAdvAda kA sarjaka hai, vahIM vaha rAjanaitika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra kA samarthaka bhI hai| ataH Aja syAdvAda siddhAMta kA vyAvahArika kSetra meM upayoga karane kA dAyitva bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM para hai| isI prakAra hameM yaha bhI samajhanA hai ki rAjya-vyavasthA kA mUla lakSya janakalyANa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vibhinna rAjanaitika vicAradhArAoM ke madhya eka sAMga saMtulana sthApita karanA hai| AvazyakatA saiddhAMtika vivAdoM kI nahIM apitu janahita ke saMrakSaNa evaM mAnava kI pAzavika vRttiyoM ke niyantraNa kI hai| manovijJAna aura anekAntavAda __ vastutaH anekAntavAda ne kevala eka dArzanika paddhati hai apitu vaha mAnavIya vyaktitva kI bahuAyAmitA ko bhI spaSTa karatI hai| jisa prakAra vastutattva vibhinna guNadharmoM se yukta hotA hai| usI prakAra se mAnava vyaktitva bhI vividha vizeSatAoM yA vilakSaNatAoM kA puMja hai, usake bhI vividha AyAma hai| pratyeka vyakti ke vyaktitva ke bhI vividha AyAma yA pakSa hote hai, mAtra yahI nahIM usameM paraspara virodhI guNa bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| sAmAnyatayA vAsanA va viveka paraspara virodhI mAne jAte haiM kintu mAnava vyaktitva meM ye donoM virodhI guNa eka sAtha upasthita haiN| manuSya meM eka ora anekAneka vAsanAyeM, icchAyeM aura AkAMkSAeM rahI huI hotI haiM to dUsarI ora usameM viveka kA tattva bhI hotA hai jo usakI vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM para niyaMtraNa rakhatA hai| yadi mAnava vyaktitva ko samajhanA hai to hameM usake vAsanAtmaka pahalU aura AdarzAtamaka pahalU (viveka) donoM ko hI dekhanA hogaa| manuSya meM na kevala vAsanA aura viveka ke paraspara virodhI guNa pAye jAte haiM, apitu usameM aneka dUsare bhI paraspara virodhI guNa dekheM jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha-vidvattA yA mUrkhatA ko leN| pratyeka vyakti meM vidvattA meM mUrkhatA aura mUrkhatA meM vidvattA samAhita hotI hai| koI bhI vyakti samagrataH vidvAn yA samagrataH mUrkha nahIM hotA hai| mUrkha meM bhI kahIM na kahIM vidvattA aura vidvAn meM bhI kahIM na kahIM mUrkhatA chipI rahatI hai| kisI ko vidvAn yA mUrkha mAnanA, yaha sApekSika kathana hI ho sakatA hai| mAnava vyaktittva ke sandarbha meM manovizleSaNavAdiyoM ne vAsanAtmaka aham aura AdarzAtmaka aham kI jo avadhAraNAyeM prastuta kI haiM ve yahI sUcita karatI haiM ki mAnava vyaktitva bahuAyAmI hai| usameM aise aneka paraspara virodhI guNadharma chipe hue haiN| pratyeka vyakti meM jahA~ eka ora komalatA yA karuNA kA bhAva rahA huA hai vahIM dUsarI ora usameM Akroza aura ahaMkAra bhI vidyamAna hai| eka hI manuSya ke andara inaphiriyAriTI kAmpaleksa aura supIriyAriTI kAmpaleksa donoM hI dekheM jAte haiN| kabhI-kabhI to jaina anekAntadarzana 565

Page #579
hInatva kI bhAvanA hI uccatva kI bhAvanA meM anusyUta dekhI jAtI hai| bhaya aura sAhasa paraspara virodhI guNadharma haiN| kintu kabhI-kabhI bhaya kI avasthA meM hI vyakti akalpanIya sAhasa kA pradarzana karatA hai| isa prakAra mAnava vyaktitva meM vAsanA aura viveka, jJAna aura ajJAna, rAga aura dveSa, kAruNikatA aura Akroza, hInatva aura uccatva kI granthiyAM eka sAtha dekhI jAtI haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki mAnava vyaktitva bhI bahuAyAmI hai aura use sahI prakAra se samajhane ke lie anekAnta kI dRSTi Avazyaka hai| prabandhazAstra aura anekAMtavAda vartamAna yuga meM prabandhazAstra eka mahatvapUrNa vidhA hai, kintu yaha vidhA bhI anekAnta dRSTi para hI AdhArita hai| kisa vyakti se kisa prakAra kArya liyA jAye tAki usakI sampUrNa yogyatA kA lAbha uThAyA jA sake, yaha prabandhazAstra kI viziSTa samasyA hai| prabandhazAstra cAhe vaha vaiyaktika ho yA saMsthAgata usakA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pakSa to vyakti hI hotA hai aura prabandha aura prazAsaka kI saphalatA isI bAta para nirbhara hotI hai ki hama usa vyakti ke vyaktitva aura usake preraka tattvoM ko kisa prakAra smjhaayeN| eka vyakti ke lie mRdu AtmIya vyavahAra eka acchA preraka ho sakatA hai to dUsare ke lie kaThora anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA ho sakatI hai| eka vyakti ke lie Arthika upalabdhiyA~ hI preraka kA kArya karatI haiM to dUsare ke lie pada aura pratiSThA mahattvapUrNa preraka tattva ho sakate haiN| prabandhavyavasthA meM hameM vyakti kI prakRti aura svabhAva ko samajhanA Avazyaka hotA hai| eka prabandhaka tabhI saphala ho sakatA hai jaba vaha mAnava prakRti kI isa bahuAyAmitA ko samajhe aura vyakti vizeSa ke sandarbha meM yaha jAne kI usake jIvana kI prAthamikatAyeM kyA haiM ? prabandha aura prazAsana ke kSetra meM eka hI cAbuka se sabhI ko nahIM hA~kA jA sktaa| jisa prabandhaka meM pratyeka vyakti kI prakRti kI jitanI acchI samajha hogI, vahI utanA saphala prabandhaka hogaa| isake lie anekAMta dRSTi yA sApekSa dRSTi ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai| prabandhazAstra ke kSetra meM vartamAna meM samagra guNavattA prabandhana (Total Quality Management) kI avadhAraNA pramukha banatI jA rahI hai, kintu vyakti athavA saMsthA kI samagra guNavattA kA Akalana nirapekSa nahIM hai| guNavattA ke antargata aneka guNoM kI pArasparika samanvayAtmakatA Avazyaka hotI hai vibhinna guNoM kA pArasparika sAmaMjasya meM rahate hue jo eka samagra rUpa banatA hai vaha hI guNavattA kA AdhAra hai| aneka guNoM ke pArasparika sAmaMjasya meM hI guNavattA nihita hotI hai| vyakti ke vyaktitva meM vibhanna guNa eka dUsare ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue rahate haiN| vibhanna guNoM kI yahI sAmaMjasyatApUrNa sthiti hI guNavattA kA AdhAra hai| vyakti 566 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #580
ke vyaktitva meM vibhinna guNa ThIka usI prakAra sAmaMjasya pUrvaka rahate haiM jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna avayava sAmaMjasyapUrNa sthiti meM rahate haiN| jaise zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA sAmaMjasya TUTa jAnA zArIrika vikRti yA vikalAMgatA kA pratIka hai usI prakAra vyakti ke jIvana ke guNoM meM pArasparika sAmaMjasya kA abhAva vyaktitva ke vikhaNDana kA AdhAra banatA hai| pArasparika sAmaMjasya meM hI samagra guNavattA kA vikAsa hotA hai| anekAnta dRSTi vyaktittva ke una vibhinna guNoM yA pakSoM aura unake pArasparika sAmaMjasya ko samajhane kA AdhAra hai| vyakti meM vAsanAtmaka pakSa arthAt usakI jaivika AvazyakatAe~ aura vivekAtmaka pakSa arthAt vAsanAoM ke saMyamana kI zakti donoM kI apUrNa samajha kisI prabandhaka ke prabandhana kI asaphalatA kA kAraNa hI hogii| samagra guNavattA vibhinna guNoM athavA pakSoM aura unake pArasparika sAmaMjasya kI samajha para hI AdhArita hotI hai aura yaha samajha hI prabandhazAstra kA prANa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to anekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI sampUrNa prabandhazAstra avasthita hai| vividha pakSoM ke astitva kI svIkRti ke sAtha unake pArasparika sAmaMjasya kI saMbhAvanA ko dekha pAnA prabandhazAstra kI sarvotkRSTatA kA AdhAra hai| samAjazAstra aura anekAntavAda / samAjazAstra ke kSetra meM sabase mahattvapUrNa samasyA vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika saMbaMdhoM ko samyaka prakAra se samajha pAnA yA samajhA pAnA hI hai| vyakti ke binA samAja aura samAja ke binA vyakti (sabhya vyakti) kA astitva saMbhava nahIM hai| jahA~ eka ora vyaktiyoM ke AdhAra para hI samAja khar3A hotA hai| vahIM dUsarI ora vyakti ke vyaktitva kA nirmANa samAja-rupI kAryazAlA meM hI sampanna hotA hai| jo vicAradhArAyeM vyakti aura samAja ko eka dUsare se nirapekSa mAnakara calatI haiM ve na to sahI rUpa meM vyakti ko samajha pAtI haiM aura na hI samAja ko| vyakti aura samAja donoM kA astitva paraspara sApekSa hai| isa sApekSatA ko samajhe binA na to vyakti ko hI samajhA jA sakatA hai aura na samAja ko| samAjazAstra ke kSetra meM anekAnta dRSTi vyakti aura samAja ke isa sApekSika saMbaMdha ko dekhane kA prayAsa karatI hai| vyakti aura samAja eka dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiN| yaha samajha hI samAjazAstra ke sabhI siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| samAjika sudhAra ke jo bhI kAryakrama haiM unakA Avazyaka aMga vyakti sudhAranA bhI hai| na to samAjika sudhAra ke binA vyakti sudhAra saMbhava hai na vyakti sudhAra ke binA sAmAjika sudhaar| vastutaH vyakti aura samAja meM AMgikatA kA saMbaMdha hai| vyakti meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti isa prakAra anusyUta hai| ki unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vyakti aura samAja kI isa sApekSikatA ko samajhanA samAjazAstra ke lie Avazyaka hai aura yaha samajha anekAnta dRSTi ke vikAsa se hI saMbhava hai kyoMki vaha ekatva jaina anekAntadarzana 567

Page #581
meM anekatva athavA ekatA meM vibhinnatA tathA vibhinnatA meM ekatA kA darzana karatI hai, usake lie ekatva aura pRthakatva donoM kA hI samAna mahattva hai| vaha yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki vyakti aura samAja paraspara sApekSa hai aura eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI koI sattA nahIM hai| sAmAjika naitikatA se jur3A eka dUsarA mahattvapUrNa prazna hai vaiyaktika kalyANa aura sAmAjika kalyANa meM kise pramukha mAnA jAya? isa samasyA ke samAdha na ke lie bhI hameM anekAnta dRSTi ko hI AdhAra banAkara calanA hogaa| yadi vyakti aura samAja paraspara sApekSa hai, vyakti ke hita meM samAja kA hita hai aura samAja ke hita meM vyakti kA hita samAyA hai to inheM alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo loga vaiyaktika hitoM aura sAmAjika hitoM ko paraspara nirapekSa mAnate haiM, ve vastutaH vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika saMbaMdho se anabhijJa haiN| vaiyaktika kalyANa aura sAmAjika kalyANa paraspara bhinna pratIta hote hue bhI eka dUsare se pRthaka nahIM haiN| hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki samAja ke hita meM hI vyakti kA hita hai aura vyakti ke hita meM samAja kA hit| ataH ekAnta svArthaparatAvAda aura ekAnta paropakAravAda donoM hI saMgata siddhAnta nahIM ho skte| na to vaiyaktika hitoM kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai na hI sAmAjika hitoM kii| anekAnta dRSTi hameM yahI batAtI hai| ki vaiyaktika kalyANa meM sAmAjika kalyANa aura samAjika kalyANa meM vaiyaktika kalyANa anusyUta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ve paraspara sApekSa haiN| pArivArika jIvana meM syAdvAda dRSTi kA upayoga ___ kauTumbika kSetra meM isa paddhati kA upayoga paraspara kuTumboM meM aura kuTumba ke sadasyoM meM saMgharSa ko TAlakara zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kA mArga prazasta kara sakatA hai| sAmAnyatayA pArivArika jIvana meM saMgharSa ke do kendra hote haiN| pitA-putra tathA sAsa-bahU / ina donoM vivAdoM meM mUla kAraNa donoM kA dRSTibheda hai| pitA jisa pariveza meM bar3A huA, unhIM saMskAroM ke AdhAra para putra kA jIvana DhAlanA cAhatA hai| pitA kI dRSTi anubhava pradhAna hotI hai, jabaki putra kI dRSTi trkprdhaan| eka prAcIna saMskAroM se grasita hotA hai to dUsarA unheM samApta kara denA cAhatA hai| yaha sthiti sAsa-bahU meM hotI hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai ki bahU aisA jIvana jiye jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM jiyA thA, jaba ki bahU apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtR pakSa ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usakI apekSA yaha bhI hotI hai ki vaha utanA hI svatantra jIvana jiye, jaisA vaha apane mAtA-pitA ke pAsa jItI thii| isake viparIta svasura pakSa usase eka anuzAsita jIvana kI apekSA karatA hai| yahI saba vivAda ke kAraNa banate haiN| isameM jaba taka jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 568

Page #582
sahiSNu dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka saMgharSa samApta nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH isake mUla meM jo dRSTibheda hai, use anekAnta paddhati se samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hama jaba dUsare ke sambandha meM koI vicAra kareM, koI nirNaya leM to svayaM apane ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kara socanA caahie| dUsare kI bhUmikA meM svayaM ko khar3A karake hI use samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| pitA-putra se jisa bAta kI apekSA karatA hai usake pahale apane ko putra kI bhUmikA meM khar3A kara vicAra kara le| adhikArI karmacArI se kisa DhaMga se kAma lenA cAhatA hai, usake pahale svayaM ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kare, phira nirNaya le| yahI eka aisI dRSTi hai, jisake abhAva meM loka vyavahAra asambhava hai aura isI AdhAra para anekAntavAda jagadguru hone kA dAvA karatA hai| arthazAstra aura anekAnta samAnyatayA arthazAstra kA uddezya jana sAmAnya kA Arthika kalyANa hotA hai kintu Arthika pragati ke pIche mUlataH vaiyaktika hitoM kI preraNA hI kArya karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki arthazAstra ke kSetra meM pUMjIvAdI aura sAmyavAdI dRSTiyoM ke kendra bindu hI bhinna-bhinna bana ge| sAmyavAdI zaktiyoM kA Arthika kSetra meM pichar3ane kA ekamAtra kAraNa yaha rahA ki unhoMne Arthika pragati ke lie vaiyaktika preraNA kI upekSA kI, kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI huA ki vaiyaktika Arthika preraNA aura vaiyaktika arthalAbha ko pramukhatA dene ke kAraNa sAmAjika kalyANa kI Arthika dRSTi asaphala ho gayI aura upabhoktAvAda itanA prabala ho gayA ki usane sAmAjika Arthika kalyANa kI pUrNataH upekSA kara dii| pariNAma svarUpa amIra aura garIba ke bIca khAI adhika gaharI hotI gyii| _isI prakAra arthazAstra ke kSetra meM Arthika pragati kA AdhAra vyakti kI icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura AvazyakatAoM ko bar3hAnA mAna liyA gyaa| kintu isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki arthazAstra ke kSetra meM svArthaparatA aura zoSaNa kI dRSTi hI pramukha ho gyii| AvazyakatAoM kI sRSTi aura icchAoM kI pUrti ko hI Arthika pragati kA preraka tattva mAnakara hamane Arthika sAdhana aura suvidhAoM meM vRddhi kI, kintu usake pariNAmasvarUpa Aja mAnava jAti upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti se grasita ho gayI hai aura icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI dRSTi ke sAtha cAhe bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM ke sAdhana bar3he bhI hoM kintu usane manuSya kI antarAtmA ko vipatra banA diyaa| AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti kI daur3a meM mAnava apanI Antarika zAnti kho baitthaa| phalataH Aja hamArA Arthika kSetra viphala hotA dikhAI de rahA hai| vastutaH isa saba ke pIche Arthika pragati ko hI ekamAtra lakSya banA lene kI ekAntika jIvana dRSTi hai| jaina anekAntadarzana 569

Page #583
koI bhI taMtra cAhe vaha arthataMtra ho, rAjataMtra yA dharmataMtra, binA anekAnta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiye saphala nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki ina sabakA mUla kendra to manuSya hI hai| jaba taka ve mAnava vyaktitva kI bahuAyAmitA aura usameM nihita sAmAnyataoM ko nahIM svIkAra kareMge, taba taka ina kSetroM meM hamArI saphalatAeM bhI antataH viphalatAoM meM hI badalatI rheNgii| vastutaH anekAnta dRSTi hI eka aisI dRSTi hai jo mAnava ke samagra kalyANa kI dizA meM hame agrasara kara sakatI hai| samagratA kI dizA meM aMgo kI upekSA nahIM, apitu unakA pArasparika sAmaMjasya hI mahattvapUrNa hotA hai aura anekAntavAda kA yaha siddhAnta isI vyAvahArika jIvana dRSTi ko samupasthita karatA hai| anekAntA ko jIne kI AvazyakatA ____ mujhe yaha jAnakara prasannatA ho rahI ki- anekAnta ke vyAvahArika pakSa para zrI navIna bhAI zAha kI hArdika icchA, preraNA aura artha sahayoga se mere nirdezana meM lagabhaga chaH varSa pUrva ahamadAbAda meM jo saMgoSThI huI thI, usameM prastuta kucha mahattvapUrNa nibandha aba prakAzita ho rahe haiN| anekAMtavAda ke saiddhAntika pakSa para to prAcIna kAla se lekara aba taka bahuta vicAra-vimarza yA Alocana-pratyAlocana huA kintu usakA vyAvahArika pakSa upekSita hI rhaa| yaha zrI navIna bhAI kI utkaTa preraNA kA hI pariNAma thA ki anekAnta ke isa upekSita pakSa para na kevala saMgoSThI aura nibandhapratiyogitA kA Ayojana huA, apitu isa hetu prApta nibandhoM yA nibandhoM ke cayanita aMza kA prakAzana bhI ho rahA hai| anekAMtavAda mAtra saiddhAntika carcA kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha prayoga meM lAne kA viSaya hai, kyoMki isa prayogAtmakatA ke dvArA hI hama vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke saMgharSoM evaM vaicArika vivAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kara sakate haiN| anekAMtavAda ko mAtra jAna lenA yA samajha lenA hI paryApta nahIM hai, use vyAvahArika jIvana meM jInA bhI hogA aura tabhI usake vAstavika mUlyavattA ko samajha skeNge| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki anekAMta evaM syAdvAda ke siddhAnta dArzanika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika evaM pArivArika jIvana ke virodhoM ke samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka dRSTi prastuta karate haiM jisase mAnava jAti ko saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| 570 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #584
jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana

Page #585

Page #586
prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM bhautikavAdI darzana ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna haiN| bhAratIya cintana meM bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke sAhityika pramANa ati prAcIna kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagate hai| bhArata kI pratyeka dhArmika evaM dArzanika cintanadhArA ne usakI samAlocanA bhI kI hai| jaina dharma evaM darzana ke granthoM meM bhI isa bhautikavAdI jIvanadRSTi kA pratipAdana evaM usakI samIkSA ati prAcIna kAla se hI milane lagatI haiN| jaina dhArmika evaM dArzanika sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka lagabhaga 2500 varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM isa vicAradhArA kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samAlocanA hotI rahI hai| isa samagra vistRta carcA ko prastuta nibandha meM sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama prAcIna prAkRta Agama sAhitya taka hI apanI isa carcA ko sImita rkheNge| prAcIna prAkRta jaina Agama sAhitya meM RSibhASita eka aisA grantha hai, jo cArvAka darzana ko bhautikavAdI aura svArthaparaka anaitika jIvana dRSTi kA samarthak na mAnakara use eka mUlyaparaka sadAcArI jIvana dRSTi kA sampoSaka aura bhAratIya zramaNa saMskRti kA aMga mAnatA hai| prAcInatama prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM mukhyatayA AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha I. pU. pA~cavI zatI se lekara I.pU. tIsarI ke bIca nirmita hue hai, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta upAMga sAhitya ke eka grantha rAjapraznIya ko bhI hamane isa carcA meM samAhita kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAjapraznIya kA vaha bhAga jo cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa aura samIkSA karatA hai eka to cArvAka darzana ke pUrvapakSa kI sthApanA evaM usakI samIkSA donoM hI dRSTi se ati samRddha hai, dUsare ati prAcIna bhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki ThIka yahI carcA hameM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhagavAna buddha aura rAjA payAsI ke madhya hone kA ullekha milatA haiN| jaina paramparA meM isa carcA ko pApitya paramparA ke bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samAkAlIna AcArya kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA payAsI ke madhya aura bauddha tripiTaka meM bhagavAna buddha aura rAjA payAsI ke bIca sampanna huA batAyA gayA haiN| yadyapi kucha jaina AcAryoM ne payesI kA jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 573

Page #587
saMskRta rUpa pradezI mAna liyA hai kintu devavAcaka, siddhasenagaNi, malayagiri aura municandrasuri ne payAsI kA saMskRta rUpa prasenajita hI mAnA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika pramANika lagatA hai| prasenajita ko zvetAmbikA (seyaviyA) nagarI kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai jo itihAsasiddha haiN| unakA sArathi citta kezIkumAra ko zrAvastI se yahAM kevala isaliye lekara AyA thA ki rAjA kI bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi ko parivartita kiyA jA ske| kathAvastu kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA tathA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se hI ise bhI prastuta vivecana meM samAhita kiyA gayA haiN| prastuta vivecanA meM mukhyarUpa se cArvAka darzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda evaM usakI paraloka tathA puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAoM kA pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha samIkSAeM bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| inameM bhI RSibhASita (I.pU. cauthI zatI) meM cArvAkoM kI jIvanadRSTi kA jo prastutIkaraNa hai, vaha uparyukta vivaraNa se kucha viziSTa prakAra kA haiN| usameM daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, desokkala, savvokkala ke nAma se inake jina pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI anyatra kisI bhI bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM haiN| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM rAjapraznIya meM cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA aura khaNDana, donoM ke lie jo tarka prastuta kiye gaye hai ve bhI mahatvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isake atirikta prAkRta Agamika-vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhyataH vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) ke gaNadharavAda' meM cArvAka darzana kI vibhinna mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA-mahAvIra aura gautama Adi 11 gaNadharoM ke madhya hue vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha bhI dArzanika dRSTi se ati mahatvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI haiN| anya Agamika saMskRta TIkAoM (10 vIM-11vIM zatI) meM bhI cArvAka darzana kI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSAoM meM dArzanika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha haiN| cUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi ke atirikta jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI samIkSAeM upalabdha haiN| kintu isa sabako to kisI eka svatantra grantha meM hI sameTA jA sakatA hai| ataH isa nibaMdha kI sImA maryAdAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue hama apanI vivecanA ko pUrva nirdezita prAcIna stara ke prAkRta AgamoM taka hI sImita rkheNge| AcArAMga meM loka saMjJA ke rUpa meM lokAyata darzana kA nirdeza jaina AgamoM meM AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha atiprAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki isa grantha meM svayaM mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana huA haiN| isakA racanAkAla cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI I.pU. mAnA jAtA haiN| AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se lokAyata darzana kA ullekha to nahIM hai, kintu isa grantha ke prArambha meM hI lokAyata darzana kI punarjanma kA niSedha karane vAlI avadhAraNA kI samIkSA kI 574 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #588
gaI hai| sUtra ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha logo ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma karane vAlI ) haiM / maiM kahA~ se AyA hU~ aura yahA~ se apanA jIvana samApta karake kahA~ janma grahaNa karUMgA ? sUtrakAra kahatA hai ki vyakti ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki merI AtmA aupapAtika ( punarjanma grahaNa karane vAlI) hai, jo ina dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM saMcaraNa karatI hai aura maiM bhI aisA hI hU~ vastutaH jo yaha jAnatA hai - vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI haiN|' isa prakAra isa grantha ke prArambha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke virUddha cAra bAtoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai - AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda / AtmA kI svataMtra aura nitya sattA ko svIkAra karanA AtmavAda haiN| saMsAra ko yathArtha mAnakara AtmA ko loka meM janma-maraNa karane vAlA samajhanA lokavAda haiM / zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM meM vizvAsa karanA karmavAda haiN| AtmA ko zubhAzubha karmoM kI kartA-bhoktA evaM pariNAmI ( parivartanazIla ) mAnanA kriyAvAda haiN| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA kA parityAga karake ina siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai / jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga meM lokAyata yA cArvAka darzana kA nirdeza loka saMjJA ke rUpa meM huA haiN|' lokasaMjJA se hI lokAyata nAmakaraNa huA hogA / yadyapi isa grantha meM ina mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA to kI gaI hai kintu usakI koI tArkika bhUmikA prastuta nahIM kI gaI haiM / sUtrakRtAMga meM lokAyata darzana AcArAMga ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA krama AtA haiM / isake prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI vidvAnoM ne atiprAcIna (lagabhaga I.pU. cauthI zatI) mAnA haiM / sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM cArvAka darzana ke paMcamahAbhUtavAda aura tajjIvataccharIvAda ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAda ko prastuta karate 1 kahA gayA hai ki pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu aura AkAza aise pA~ca mahAbhUta mAne gaye haiN| una pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hI prANI kI utpatti hotI hai aura deha kA vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai / sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe mUrkha ho yA paNDita pratyeka kI apanI AtmA hotI hai jo mRtyu ke bAda nahIM rahatI / prANI aupapAtika arthAt punarjanma grahaNa karane vAle nahIM haiM / zarIra kA nAza hone para dehI arthAt AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai / isa loka se pare na to koI loka hai aura na puNya aura pApa hI haiN|' isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA ullekha to milatA hai kintu yahA~ bhI unakI koI spaSTa tArkika samAlocanA parilakSita nahIM hotI haiM / yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cArvAka prazna kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai, kintu vidvAnoM ne use kiMcit paravartI mAnA hai| ataH usake pUrva hama uttarAdhyayana kA vivavaraNa prastuta kreNge| jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 575

Page #589
uttarAdhyayana meM lokAyatadarzana / uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ko jana - zraddhA (jana - siddhi) kahA gayA haiM | 10 sambhavataH lokasaMjJA aura janazraddhA meM lokAyata darzana ke hI pUrva nAma haiM / uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki ye sAMsArika viSaya hI hamAre pratyakSa ke viSaya haiM / paraloka ko to hamane dekhA hI nahIM / vartamAna ke kAma bhoga hastagata haiM jabaki bhaviSya meM milane vAle ( svarga-sukha ) anAgata arthAt saMdigdha haiN| kauna jAtA hai ki paraloka hai bhI yA nahIM ? isalie maiM to janazraddhA ke sAtha hokara rhuuNgaa|" isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke paMcama adhyAya meM cArvAkoM kI punarjanma ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha evaM khaNDana kiyA gayA haiM / isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM bhI cArvAkoM ke asat se sat kI utpatti kA evaM paMcamahAbhUta se cetanA kI utpatti kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jo vastutaH asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai / yadyapi uttarAdhyayana meM asatkAryavAda kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha asatkAryavAda ke pakSa meM na jAkara satkAryavAda ke pakSa meM hI jAtA haiM / usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaise- araNi meM agni, dUdha meM ghRta aura tila meM tela asat hokara bhI utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva bhI asat hokara hI utpanna hotA hai aura usa zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para vaha bhI naSTa ho jAtA haiM / 12 sambhavataH uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAkoM ke asatkAryavAda kI sthApanA ke pakSa 1 meM ye satkAryavAda kI siddhi karane vAle udAharaNa isaliye diye gaye hoMge, tAki inakI samAlocanA saralatApUrvaka kI jA sake / uttarAdhyayana meM AtmA ko amUrta hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahI mAnA gayA hai aura amUrta hone se nitya kahA gayA haiM / " uparokta vivaraNa se cArvAkoM ke sandarbha meM nimna jAnakArI milatI hai - 1. cArvAkadarzana ko "lokasaMjJA" aura "jana zraddhA" ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA / 2. cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnatA thA, apitu paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti batAtA thA / kAraNatAvAda meM asatkAryavAda arthAta asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA thA / 4. zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA ke vinAza ko svIkAra karatA thA tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karatA thA / punarjanma kI asvIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha vaha paraloka arthAt svarga-naraka kI sattA ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA / vaha puNya pApa arthAt zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA, ataH karmasiddhAnta kA virodhI thA / 5. 3. 576 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #590
6. usa yuga meM dArzanikoM kA eka varga akriyAvAda kA samarthaka thaa| jainoM ke anusAra akriyAvAdI ve dArzanika the, jo AtmA ko akartA aura kUTasthanitya mAnate the| AtmAvAdI hokara bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala (karmasiddhAnta) ke niSedhaka hone se ye pracchanna cArvAkI hI the| isa prakAra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, aura uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ke jo ullekha hameM upalabdha hote hai, ve mAtra usakI avadhAraNAoM ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiN| unameM isa darzana kI mAnyatAoM se sAdhaka ko vimukha karane ke lie itanA to avazya kahA gayA hai ki yaha vicAradhArA samIcIna nahIM haiM, kintu ina granthoM meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA prastutIkaraNa aura nirasana dono hI na to tArkika hai aura na vistRta hii| sUtrakRtAMga (dvitIya zrutaskandha) meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA cArvAkoM athavA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA tArkika dRSTi se prastutIkaraNa aura usakI tArkika samIkSA kA prayatna jaina Agama sAhitya meM sarva prathama sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya pauNDarika nAmaka adhyayana meM aura unake pazcAt rAjapraznI sUtra meM upalabdha hotA haiN| aba hama sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa ko prastutIkaraNa kareMge aura usakI samIkSA prastuta kreNge| ___ tajjIvataccharIravAdI yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki "pAdatala se Upara mastaka ke kezoM ke agra bhAga se nIce taka tathA samasta tvakparyanta jo zarIra hai vahI jIva haiN| isa zarIra ke jIvita rahane taka hI yaha jIva jIti rahatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA haiN| isalie zarIra ke astitva paryanta hI jIvana kA astitva haiN| isa siddhAnta ko yukti-yukta samajhanA caahie| kyoMki jo loga yukti pUrvaka yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki zarIra anya hai aura jIva anya hai ve jIva aura zarIra ko pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhA skte| ve yaha bhI nahIM batA sakate ki AtmA dIrgha hai yA hvasva haiM yA vaha parimaNDalAkAra athavA gola haiN| vaha kisa varNa aura kisa gandha se yukta hai athavA vaha bhArI hai, halkA hai, snigdha hai yA rUkSa hai, ataH jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko bhinna nahIM mAnate unakA hI mata yukti saMgata haiN|" kyoMki jIva aura zarIra ko nimnokta padArthoM kI taraha pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, yathA - 1. talavAra aura myAna kI taraha 2. muMja aura iSikA kI taraha 3. mAMsa aura haDDI kI taraha 4. hathelI aura AMvale kI taraha jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 577

Page #591
5. dahI aura makkhana kI taraha 6. tila kI khalI aura tela kI taraha 7. Ikha aura usake chilake kI taraha 8. araNi kI lakar3I aura Aga kI taraha isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prastuta grantha meM hI sarvaprathama dehAtmavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko tArkika rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / punaH unakI dehAtmavAdI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para unakI nIti saMbaMdhI avadhAraNAoM ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai - yadi zarIra mAtra hI jIva hai to paraloka nahIM haiM / isI prakAra kriyA- akriyA, sRkRta-duSkRta, kalyANa- pApa, bhalA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, svarga-naraka Adi bhI nahIM haiN| ataH prANiyoM ke vadha karane, bhUmi ko khodaneM, vanaspatiyoM ko kATane, agni ko jalAne, bhojana pakAne Adi kriyAoM meM bhI koI pApa nahIM haiM / prastuta grantha meM dehAtmavAda kI yukti-yukta samIkSA na karake mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aise loga hamArA hI dharma satya hai aisA pratipAdana karate haiM aura zramaNa hokara bhI sAMsArika bhoga vilAsoM meM phaMsa jAte haiM / isI adhyAya meM punaH paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM tathA paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA mAnane vAle sAMkhyoM kA bhI ullekha huA haiN| prasatuta grantha kI sUcanA ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate the ki isa jagat meM paMcamahAbhUta hI saba kucha haiN| jinase arthAt paMcamahAbhUtoM se hamArI kriyA-akriyA, sukRta- duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, acchA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, naraka gati yA naraka ke atirikta anyagati; adhika kahAM taka kaheM tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI hotI haiM, kyoMki AtmA to akartA hai| usa bhUta samavAya (samUha) ko pRthak-pRthak nAma se jAnanA cAhie jaise ki - pRthvI eka mahAbhUta hai, jala dUsarA mahAbhUta hai, teja tIsarA mahAbhUta hai, vAyu cauthA mahAbhUta hai aura AkAza pA~cavA mahAbhUta haiN| ye pA~ca mahAbhUta kisI karttA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM hai na hI ye kisI karttA dvArA banAye hue haiM, ye kiye huye bhI nahIM hai, na hI ye kRtrima haiM aura na ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pA~coM mahAbhUta Adi evaM anta rahita haiM tathA avadhya aura Avazyaka kArya karane vAle haiN| inheM kArya meM pravRtta karane vAlA koI dUsarA padArtha nahIM hai, ye svatantra evaM zAzvata nitya haiM / yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainAgamoM meM aisA koI bhI sandarbha upabdha nahIM hotA hai ki jisameM mAtra cAra mahAbhUta (AkAza ko chor3akara) mAnane vAle cArvAkoM kA ullekha huA ho / 578 jaina darzana tattva aura jJAna

Page #592
prastuta grantha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM ke uparokta vicAroM ke sAtha-sAtha paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA aise chaH tatvoM ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| inakI mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asat kI utpatti nahIM hotii| itanA hI jIvakAya hai, itanA hI astikAya hai aura itanA hI samagra loga haiN| paMcamahAbhUta hI loka kA kAraNa haiN| saMsAra meM tRNa-kampana se lekara jo kucha hotA hai vaha saba ina pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hotA haiN| AtmA ke asat athavA akartA hone se hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM purUSa doSa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA, kyoMki sabhI kArya bhUtoM ke haiM sambhavataH yaha vicAradhArA sAMkhya darzana kA pUrvavartI rUpa haiN| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko asat mAnA gayA hai tathA paMcamahAbhUta evaM SaSTha AtmA ko mAnane vAloM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko akartA kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga inake atirikta Izvara kAraNavAdI aura niyativAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM ko bhI karma siddhAnta kA virodhI hone ke kAraNa mithyAtva kA pratipAdaka hI mAnatA hai| isa prakAra RSibhASita ke dezotkala aura sUtrakRtAMga ke paMcamahAbhUta evaM SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI haiN| jaino kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki ve sabhI vicAraka mithyAdRSTi haiM, jinakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM dharmAdharma vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA spaSTa nahIM hotI haiN| hama yahA~ yaha dekhate haiM ki yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga meM zarIra AtmavAda kI sthApanA karate hue deha aura AtmA bhinna-bhinna haiM, isa mAnyatA kA tArkika rUpa se nirasana kiyA gayA hai, kintu yaha mAnyatA kyoM samucita nahIM hai? isa saMbaMdha meM spaSTa rUpa se koI bhI tarka nahIM diye gaye haiN| sUtrakRtAMga dehAtmavAda ke samarthana meM to tarka detA hai kintu usake nirasana meM koI tarka nahIM detA haiN| yahA~ hamane AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA se cArvAka darzana kI carcA kI hai RSibhASita aura rAjapraznIya kI apekSA se cArvAkadarzana kI samIkSA agrima lekhoM meM kreNge| saMdarbha1. jaina sAhitya kA vRda itihAsa bhAga-1, bhUmikA pR.39 2. dIghanikAya payAsI sutta 3. rAjapraznIyasUtra (madhukara muni), bhUmikA pR. 18 4. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) adhyAya 20 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya gAthA 1549-2024 6. AcArAMga (madhukara muni) 1/1/1/1-3 "evamegesiM No NAtaM bhavati-atthi me AyA uvavAie .... .... se AyAvAdI logAvAdI kammAvAdI kiriyaavaadii|" jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 579

Page #593
7. AcArAMga 1/2/6/104- pariNNAya loga saNNaM savvaso 8. sUtrakRtAMga (madhukara muni) 1/1/1/7-8 9. vahI 11-12 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 5/7-jaNeNasaddhi hokkhaami| 11. vahIM 5/5-7 12. jahA ya aggI araNI u santo khIre ghaTAM tella mhaatilesu| emeva jAyA! sarIraMsi sattA saMmucchaI nAsai naavcitthe| ....... uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14/18 13. no indiyaggejjhAM amuttabhAvA amuttabhAvA vi ya hoI nicco| .... vahIM, 14/19 14. sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha adhyAya 1, sUtra 648-656 580 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #594
RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAkadarzana kI tArkika pratisthApanA aura tArkika samIkSA hameM sarvaprathama RSibhASita ( I. pU. cauthI zatI) meM hI milatI hai usake pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ( I. pU. prathama zatI) meM tathA rAjapraznIya (I.pU. prathama zatI) meM milatI haiN| RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala" nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke tArkika prastutIkaraNa se yukta haiM / cArvAkadarzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda kA prastutIkaraNa isa grantha meM nimna prakAra se huA haiM - "pAdatala se Upara aura mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce taka sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta jIva AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai / jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna jAne para usase punaH aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH zarIra (jIvana) kI utpatti nahIM hai / isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai (arthAta zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai) / na to paraloka hai, na sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM ke phala vipAka haiN| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotA haiM / puNya aura pApa jIvana kA saMsparza nahIM karate haiM aura isa taraha kalyANa aura pApa niSphala haiM / " RSibhASita meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karate hue punaH kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce aura zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacA paryanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta hI jIva hai, yaha maraNazIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM haiM / jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotI hai / isalie puNya-pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-duHkha kI sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke dahana se yA zarIra ke dagdha hone para punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM hotA hai / " isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke apane hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha kara detA hai ki puNya-pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma ke cakra se mukti pA letA hai| jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 581

Page #595
isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM karma siddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAle cArvAkoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda, indriyAtmavAda, manaHAtmavAda Adi prakAroM se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| isameM nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM kA ullekha haiM- daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, dezokkala aura sbbukkl| isa prasaMga meM sabase pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki ukkala zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA hai? prAkRta ke ukkala zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM se nirUpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkUla / saMskRta kozoM meM utkaTa zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA hai| cU~ki cArvAkadarzana adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM unmattoM kA pralApa thA ataH use utkaTa (unmatta) kahA gayA haiN| merI dRSTi meM ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA ucita nahIM haiN| usake sthAna para utkala, utkula yA utkUla mAnanA adhika samIcIna haiN| utkala kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra utkula zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA jo kula se bahiSkRta hai| cArvAka AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogaa| yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpanna mAne to isakA artha hogA kinAre se alaga haTA huaa| "kUla" zabda kinAre artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA pratipAdana karatA hai vaha ukkUla hai| cUMki cArvAka mAryAdAoM ko asvIkAra karate the ataH unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina ukkaloM ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA kareMge - daNDokkala ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAMta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki jisa prakAra daNDa apane Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga se pRthaka hokara daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara jIva, jIva nahIM hotA haiN| ataH zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt janma-paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA haiN| unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai| vastutaH zarIra aura jIvana kI apRthaktA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta dArzanika mAnyatA thii| daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| rajjUkkala rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate hai ki jisa prakAra rajju tantuoM kA skandha mAtra hai usI prakAra jIvana bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra haiN| una skandhoM ke 582 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #596
vicchinna hone para bhava - santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA haiM / vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM ke samUha ko hI jagat kA mUla tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svataMtra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate the / rajjUkkala skandhavAdI the / stenokkala RSibhASita ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha mAnate the ki hamArA bhI yahI kathana hai / isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA uccheda karate haiM / parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga kA tAtparya sambhavataH vAda-vivAda meM 'chala' kA prayoga ho / sambhavataH stenokkala yA to naiyAyikoM kA koI pUrva rUpa rahe hoM yA saMjayavelaTThI putra ke siddhAnta kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavataH Age calakara anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho / jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se mukti kI prakriyA kA pratipAdana kiyA haiM / dezokkala RSibhASita meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI jIva ko akartA mAnate the, unheM dezokkala kahA gayA haiM / AtmA ko akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI haiM / isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI hI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki puNya-pApa, bandhana - mokSa Adi kA nirasana karane ke kAraNa ye bhI karmasiddhAnta, naitikatA evaM dharma ke apalApaka the / ataH inheM bhI isa varga meM samAhita kiyA gayA thA / sambhavataH RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai jo AtmA akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastutaH ye sAMkhya aura aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchevAdI isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) karmavAda (karma siddhAnta) aura AtmakartAvAda ( kriyAvAda) kA khaNDana hotA thA / savvakkala sarvotkUla sarvadA abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla meM rahatA ho, isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the| dUsare zabdoM meM ye loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the / ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho / saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI sattA ko asvIkAra karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 583

Page #597
kahalAte the| sambhavataH yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucchedavAdI dRSTi kA koI prAcInatama rUpa thA jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogaa| isa prakAra RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA evaM karma siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA haiM - 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko 'ukkala' nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta rUpa utkala, utkula athava utkUla hote haiN| jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vaalaa| ina vicArakoM ke saMbaMdha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM prayoga huA hai aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotaa| 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pAMca varga batAye gaye haiM - daNDotkala, rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura srvotkl| vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM skandhavAdiyoM (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa) sarvocchedavAdiyoM (bauddha zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa) aura Atma-akartAvAdiyoM (akriyAvAdiyoM-sAMkhya aura vedAMta kA pUrva rUpa) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA haiN| kyoMki ye sabhI tArkika rUpa se karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka siddha hote haiN| yadyapi Atma-AkartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala kahA gayA hai arthAt AMzika rUpa se apalApaka kahA gayA haiN| 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma-paryAya mAnane kA, jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko deha pariNAma mAnane ke siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa karate samaya isa kathana ko svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAMta kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiN| kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ke susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI ina darzanoM kA udaya huA hai| 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kaha diyA jAtA hai ki jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka sImita nahIM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki kucha vicAraka jIvana ko dehAzrita mAnakara bhI dehAntara kI sambhAvanA arthAt punarjanma kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate the| RSibhASita meM utkaTavAdiyoM (cArvAkoM) se sambandhita adhyayana ke aMta meM kahA gayA hai - evaM se siddhe buddhe virate vipAve dante davie alaM tAiNo puNaravi 584 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #598
iccatthaM havvamAgacchati ttibemi| arthAt isa prakAra vaha siddha, buddha, virata, niSpApa, jitendraya, karUNA se dravita evaM pUrNa tyAgI banatA hai aura punaH isa saMsAra meM nahIM AtA hai| Adi kahA gayA hai ataH dehAtmavAdI hokara lokAyata dArzanika bhautikavAdI yA bhogavAdI nahIM the| ve bhAratIya RSi paramparA ke hI aMga the, jo nivRttimArgI, naitika darzana ke hI samarthaka the| ve anaitika jIvana ke samarthaka nahIM the - unheM virata yA dAnta kahanA unako tyAgamArga evaM naitika jIvana kA sampoSaka hI siddha karanA hai| vastutaH lokAyata darzana ko jo bhogavAdI jIvana kA samarthaka kahA jAtA hai, vaha unakI tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para virodhiyoM dvArA prastuta niSkarSa hai| yadi sAMkhya kA AtmA akartAvAda, vedAnta kA brahmavAda, bauddhadarzana kA zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda tapa, tyAga aura sampoSaka mAne jA sakate haiM to dehAtmavAdI lokAyata darzana ko usI mArga kA sampoSaka mAnane meM kauna sI bAdhA hai| vastutaH cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana dehAtmavAdI yA tajjIva taccharIravAdI hokara naitika mUlyoM aura sadAcAra kA sampoSaka rahA hai| isa sImita jIvana ko sanmArga meM bitAne kA saMdeza detA hai, usakA virodha karmakANDa se rahA hai na ki sAtvika naitika jIvana se| yaha bAta RSibhASita ke uparokta vivaraNa se siddha ho jAtI hai| jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 585

Page #599
rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutikaraNa jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana ke dehAtmavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM aura usake khaNDana ke lie tarka prastuta karane vAlA sarvaprathama rAjapraznIyasUtra haiN| yaha eka mAtra aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jo cArvAka darzana ke ucchedavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa donoM ke sandarbha meM apane tarka prastuta karatA hai| rAjapraznIya meM cArvAkoM kI ina mAnyatAoM ke pUrva pakSa ko aura unakA khaNDana karane vAle uttara pakSa ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA haiM - rAjA paesI kahatA hai, he kezIkumAra shrmnn| mere dAdA atyanta adhArmika the| Apake kathanAnusAra ve avazya hI naraka meM utpanna hue hoNge| mai apane pitAmaha ko atyanta priya thA, ataH mere pitAmaha ko Akara mujhase yaha kahanA cAhie ki he pautra! maiM tumhArA pitAmaha thA aura isI seyaMviyA (zvetAmbikA) nagarI meM adhArmika kRtya karatA thA yAvat prajAjanoM se rAjakara lekara bhI yathocita rUpa meM unakA pAlana-rakSaNa nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta evaM atIva kaluSita pApakoM kA saMcaya karake maiM nagara meM utpanna huA huuN| kintu he pautr| tuma adhArmika mana honA, prajAjanoM se kara lekara unake pAlana-rakSaNa meM pramAda mata karanA aura na bahuta se malina pApa karmoM kA upArjana-saMcaya hI krnaa| dehAtmavAdiyoM ke isa tarka ke pratiuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna samAdhAna prastuta kiyA- he rAjana! jisa prakAra tuma apane aparAdhI ko isalie nahIM chor3a dete ho ki vaha jAkara apane putra-mitra aura jJAti janoM ko yaha batAye ki maiM apane pApa ke kAraNa daNDa bhoga rahA hU~, tuma aisA mata krnaa| isI prakAra naraka meM utpanna tumhAre pitAmaha tumheM pratibodha dene ke lie AnA cAhakara bhI yahA~ Ane meM samartha nahIM haiN| nArakIya jIva nimna cAra kAraNoM se manuSya loka meM nahIM A skte| sarvaprathama to unameM naraka se nikala kara manuSya loka meM Ane kI sAmarthya hI nahIM hotii| dUsare narakapAla unheM naraka se bAhara nikalane kI anumati bhI nahIM dete| tIsare naraka saMbaMdhI asAtAvedanIya karma ke kSaya nahIM hone se ve vahAM se nahIM nikala paate| cauthe unakA naraka saMbaMdhI AyuSya karma jaba taka kSINa nahIM hotA taba taka ve vahAM se nahIM A skte| ataH tumhAre pitAmaha ke dvArA tumheM Akara pratibodha na de 586 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #600
pAne ke kAraNa yaha mAnyatA mata rakho ki jIva aura zarIra eka hI haiM, apitu yaha mAnyatA rakho kI jIva anya hai aura zarIra anya hai| anya hai| smaraNa rahe ki dIrghanikAya meM bhI naraka se manuSya loka meM na A pAne ke inhIM cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA haiN| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne dUsarA tarka prastuta kiyaa| he zramaNa! merI dAdI atyanta dhArmika thIM Apa logoM ke mata anusAra vaha nizcita hI svarga meM utpanna huI hogii| maiM apanI dAdI kA atyanta priya thA ataH use mujhe Akara yaha batAnA cAhie ki, he pautra! apane puNya karmo ke kAraNa maiM svarga meM utpanna huI huuN| tuma bhI mere samAna dhArmika jIvana bitAoM, jisase tuma bhI vipula puNya kA upArjana kara svarga meM utpanna hoo| kyoMki merI dAdI ne svarga se Akara mujhe aisA pratibodha nahIM diyA ataH maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ ki jIvana aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA - he rAjana! yadi tuma snAna, balikarma aura kautukamaMgala karake devakula meM praviSTa ho rahe ho, usa samaya koI purUSa zaucAlaya meM khar3A hokara yaha kahe ki, he svAmin ! yahA~ Ao! kucha samaya ke lie yahA~ baiTho, khar3e hoo| to kyA tuma usa puruSa kI bAta ko svIkAra kroge| nizcaya hI tuma usa apavitra sthAna para jAnA nahIM caahoge| isI prakAra he rAjana! devaloka meM utpanna deva vahA~ ke divya kAma bhAgoM meM itane mUrchita, gRddha aura tallIna ho jAte hai ki ve manuSya loka meM Ane kI icchA nahIM krte| dUsare devaloka saMbaMdhI divya bhogoM meM tallIna ho jAne ke kAraNa unakA manuSya saMbaMdhI prema vyucchinna ho jAtA hai ataH ve manuSya loka meM nahIM A paate| tIsare devaloka meM utpanna ve deva vahAM ke divya kAmabhAgoM meM mUrchita yA tallIna hone ke kAraNa abhI jAtA hU~- abhI jAtA hU~ aisA socate rahate hai kintu utane samaya meM alpAyuSya vAle manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAte haiN| (kyoMki devoM kA eka dina-rAta manuSya loka ke sau varSa ke barAbara hotA hai, ataH eka dina kA bhI vilamba hone para yahA~ manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAtA hai|) punaH manuSya loka itanA durgandhita aura aniSTakara hai ki usakI durgandha ke kAraNa deva manuSya loka meM AnA nahIM cAhate haiN| ataH tumhArI dAdI ke svarga se nahIM Ane para yaha zraddhA rakhanA ucita nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| ___ kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyaa| rAjA ne kahA ki maiMne eka cora ko jIvita hI eka lauhe kI kumbhI meM banda karavA kara acchI taraha se lauhe se usakA mUkha Dhaka diyA phira usa para garama jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 587

Page #601
lauhe aura rAMge se lepa karA diyA tathA usakI dekha-rekha ke lie apane vizvAsa pAtra purUSoM ko rakha diyaa| kucha dina pazcAt maiMne usa kumbhI ko khulAvAyA to dekhA ki vaha manuSya mara cukA thA kintu use kumbhI meM koI bhI chidra, vivara yA darAra nahIM thI jisase usameM banda purUSa kA jIva bAhara nikalA ho, ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA - jisa prakAra eka aisI kUTAgArazAlA jo acchI taraha se AcchAdita ho usakA dvAra gupta ho yahA~ taka ki usameM kucha bhI praveza nahIM kara ske| yadi usa kUTAgArazAlA meM koI vyakti jora se bherI bajAye to tu batAoM ki vaha AvAja bAhara sunAyI degI ki nahIM? nizcaya hI vaha AvAja sunAyI hogii| ataH jisa prakAra zabda apratihata gati vAlA hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI apratihata gati vAlA hai ataH tuma yahA zraddhA karo ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna haiN| (jJAtavya hai ki aba yaha tarka vijJAna sammata nahIM raha gayA hai, yadyapi AtmA kI amUrtatA ke AdhAra bhI rAjA ke uparokta tarka kA pratiuttara diyA jA sakatA hai|) kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratiuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA - - maiMne eka purUSa ko prANa rahita karake eka lauha kumbhI meM sulavA diyA tathA Dhakkana se use banda karake usa para rAMge kA lepa karavA diyA, kucha samaya pazcAt jaba usa kumbhI ko kholA gayA to use kRmikula se vyApta dekhA, kintu usameM koI darAra yA chidra nahIM thA jisase usameM jIva praveza karake utpanna hue hoN| ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne agni se tapAye lauhe ke gole kA udAharaNa diyaa| jisa prakAra lauha ke gole meM cheda nahIM hone para bhI agni usameM praveza kara jAtI hai, usI prakAra jIva bhI apratihata gati vAlA hone se kahIM bhI praveza kara jAtA hai| kezakumAra zramaNa kA yaha pratyuttara sunakara rAjA ne punaH eka nayA tarka prastuta kiyaa| usane kahA ki, maiMne eka vyakti ko jIvita rahate hue aura marane ke bAda donoM hI dazAoM meM taulA kintu donoM ke taula meM koI antara nahIM thaa| yadi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA usameM se nikalI hotI to usakA vajana kucha kama avazya honA cAhie thaa| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne vAyu se bharI huI aura vAyu se rahita mazaka ke taula ke barAbara hone kA udAharaNa diyA aura yaha batAyA ki jisa prakAra vAyu agurUlaghu hai usI prakAra jIva bhI agurUlaghu haiN| ataH tumhArA yaha tarka yukti saMgata nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| (aba yaha tarka bhI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 588

Page #602
vaijJAnika dRSTi se yukti saMgata nahIM raha gayA haiN| kyoMki vaijJAnika yaha mAnate haiM ki vAyu meM vajana hotA hai| dUsare yaha bhI prayoga karake dekhA gayA hai ki jIvita aura mRta zarIra ke vajana meM aMtara pAyA jAtA hai| usa yuga meM sUkSma tulA ke abhAva ke kAraNa yaha antara jJAta nahIM hotA rahA hogaa|) rAjA ne phira eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA aura kahA ki maiMne eka cora ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgo ko kATakara, cIrakara dekhA lekina mujhe kahIM bhI jIva nahIM dikhAI diyaa| ataH zarIra se pRthak jIva kI sattA siddha nahIM hotii| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne use nimna udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA - "he rAjana! tU bar3A mUr3ha mAlUma hotA hai maiM tujhe eka udAharaNa dekara samajhAtA huuN| eka bAra kucha vanajIvI sAtha meM agni lekara eka bar3e jaMgala meM phuNce| unhoMne apane eka sAtha se kahA, he devAnupriya! hama jaMgala meM lakar3I lene jAte haiM tU isa agni se Aga jalAkara hamAre lie bhojana banAkara taiyAra rkhnaa| yadi agni bujha jAya to lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni jalA lenaa| saMyogavaza usake sAthiyoM ke cale jAne para thor3I hI dera bAda Aga bujha gii| apane sAthiyoM ke AdezAnusAra vaha lakar3iyoM ko cAro ora se ulaTa-palaTa kara dekhane lagA, lekina Aga kahIM najara nahIM aaii| usane apanI kulhAr3I se lakar3iyoM ko cIrA unake choTe-choTe Tukar3e kiye kintu phira bhI Ag2a dikhAI nahIM dii| vaha nirAza hokara baiTha gayA aura socane lagA ki dekhoM, maiM abhI taka bhI bhojana taiyAra nahIM kara skaa| itane meM jaMgala meM se usake sAthI lauTakara A gaye, usane una logoM se sArI bAteM khii| isa para unameM se eka sAthI ne zara banAyA aura zara ko araNi ke sAtha ghisa kara agni jalAkara dikhAyI aura phira sabane bhojana banA kara rkhaa| he paesI! jaise lakar3I ko cIra kara Aga pAne kI icchA rakhane vAlA ukta manuSya mUrkha thA, vaise hI zarIra ko cIra kara jIva dekhane kI icchA vAle tuma bhI kucha kama mUrkha nahIM ho| jisa prakAra araNi ke mAdhyama se agni abhivyakta hotI hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI zarIra ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta hotI hai kintu zarIra ko cIrakara use dekhane kI prakriyA usI prakAra mUrkhatA pUrNa hai jaise araNi ko cIra phAr3a kara agni ko dekhane kI prkriyaa| ataH he rAjA yaha zraddhA karo ki AtmA anya hai aura zarIra anya hai| yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye sabhI tarka vaijJAnika yuga meM itane sabala nahIM raha gaye haiM, kintu I.pU. sAmAnyatayA cArvAkoM ke pakSa ke samarthana meM aura unakA khaNDana karane ke liye ye hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte the| ataH cArvAka darzana ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se inakA apanA mahatva hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM inameM adhikAMza tarka samAna hone se inakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA aura prAcInatA bhI svataH siddha hai| jainAgama aura cArvAka darzana 589

Page #603
jaina sAhitya meM dArzanika dRSTi se jahA~ taka cArvAka darzana ke tarkapurassara prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kA prazna hai- sarvaprathama use Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke eka mahatvapUrNa grantha vizeSAvazyakabhASya (IsvI san kI sAtavIM zatI) meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA IsvI san kI chaThI zatI meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha isa grantha kI lagabhaga 500 gAthAyeM to AtmA, karma, puNya-pApa, svarga-naraka, bandhana-mukti Adi avadhAraNAoM kI tArkika samIkSA se saMbaMdhita haiN| isa grantha kA yaha aMza gaNadharavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai aura aba svataMtra rUpa se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| prastuta nibaMdha meM isa samagra carcA ko sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH isa nibaMdha ko yahIM virAma de rahe haiN| 00 590 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #604
bauddha dharmadarzana

Page #605

Page #606
bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| usakI saMracanA meM Arya aura dravir3a tathA unase vikasita vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA mahatvapUrNa avadAna hai| yaha satya hai ki jahAM vaidika dhArA mUlataH pravRtti pradhAna rahI hai, vahIM zramaNa dhArA mUlataH nivRtti pradhAna rahI hai| cAhe prAraMbha meM vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA svataMtra rUpa meM astitva meM Ae hoM, kintu kAlAntara meM ina donoM dhArAoM ne paraspara eka dUsare se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga meM jahAM vaidika dhArA kA pratinidhitva hindU dharma-darzana karatA hai, vahIM zramaNa dhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindU dharma apane zuddha svarUpa meM mAtra vaidika dhArA kA pratinidhi hai| vartamAna hindU dharma meM zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattva samAviSTa ho gaye haiM aura usI prakAra Aja yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai ki zramaNa dhArA ke pratinidhi jaina aura bauddha dharma vaidika dhArA aura usase vikasita hindU dharma se pUrNataH aprabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke samyak itihAsa ko samajhanA cAhate haiM to hameM isa tathya ko dRSTigata rakhanA hogA ki usameM kAlakrama meM usakI vibhinna dhArAeM eka dUsare ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| koI bhI saMskRti aura sabhyatA zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hotI hai| dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha vaha sahavartI anya saMskRtiyoM se bhI prabhAvita hotI hai| yaha satya hai ki prAcIna vaidika dharma yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa pradhAna rahA hai aura usake pratinidhi vartamAna hindU dharma meM bhI Aja bhI ina tattvoM kI pradhAnatA dekhI jAtI hai| kintu vartamAna hindU dharma meM sanyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNA kA bhI abhAva nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki kAlakrama meM vaidika dharma ne sanyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNA kA bhI abhAva nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki kAlakrama meM vaidika dharma ne adhyAtma, saMnyAsa, vairAgya evaM tapa-tyAga ke tattvoM ko zramaNa paramparA se lekara AtmasAta kiyA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki prArambhika vaidika kAla meM ye tattva usameM pUrNataH anupasthita the| prAcIna stara kI vaidika RcAeM isa saMbaMdha meM pUrNataH mauna haiM, kintu bauddha dharmadarzana 593

Page #607
AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM ke kAla meM hI zramaNa paramparA ke, ina tattvoM ko vaidika paramparA meM mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| IzavAsyopaniSad, jo atharvaveda kA antima pariziSTa bhI hai, sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hI hai| aupaniSadika cintana nizcita rUpa se tapa-tyAga mUlaka, adhyAtma aura vairAgya ko apane meM sthAna detA hai| upaniSad tapa-tyAga mUlaka adhyAtmika saMskRti para bala dete hue pratIta hote haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM vaidika karmakANDa ke prati praznacinha upasthita karane vAle bhI ve hI prathama grantha haiN| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kA jo prayatna AraNyakoM evaM upaniSadoM ne kiyA thA, vahI gItA aura mahAbhArata meM vikasita evaM pallavita hotA rahA hai| upaniSad, gItA aura mahAbhArata vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke sAMskRtika samanvaya sthala haiN| unameM prAcIna vaidika dharma eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa letA huA pratIta hotA hai| jise Aja hama hindU dharma ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA bhI vaidika dhAroM se pUrNataH asamprakta nahIM rahI hai| zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe rUpa meM vaidika dhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki prAraMbha meM zramaNa dhArA ke AdhyAtma ne vaidika dhArA ko prabhAvita kiyaa| kintu kAlAntara meM use bhI vaidika dhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko AtmasAta karanA par3A hai| zramaNadhArA meM jo karmakANDa aura pUjA paddhati kA vikAsa huA hai vaha vaidika dhArA se vikasita hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| aneka hindU devI-devatA aura unakI pUjA-upAsanA kI paddhati zramaNa paramparA meM AtmasAta kara lI gii| kisa paramparA ne kisase kitanA aura kaba kina paristhitiyoM meM AtmasAta kara lI gii| kisa paramparA ne kisase kitanA aura kaba kina paristhitiyoM meM grahaNa kiyA hai isakI carcA Age kreNge| kintu yahAM yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svataMtra vikAsa kitanA manauvaijJAnika paristhitika kAraNoM se huA hai aura ve kyoM aura kaise eka-dUsare ke tattvoM ko grahaNa karane ke liye vivaza huI athavA ina donoM dhArAoM meM pArasparika samanvaya kI AvazyakatA kyoM huI? vaidika aura zramaNa dhArA ke udbhava ke mUla meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM mAnava astitva kA vaividhyatApUrNa honA hI hai| mAnava astitva dviAyAmI aura virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| vaha svabhAvataH paraspara do virodhI kendroM ke madhya santulana banAne kA prayatna karatA rahatA hai| manuSya na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetnaa| zarIra ke stara para vaha jaivika vAsanAoM aura icchAoM se prabhAvita hai to cetanA ke stara para vaha viveka se anuzAsita bhI hai| vAsanA aura viveka kA yaha aMrtachanda manuSya 594 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #608
kI niyati hai aura ina donoM ke madhya sAMga santulana sthApita karanA usakI anivAryatA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha jaivika vAsanAoM se calita hai aura isa stara para usa para jaivika yAMtrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai| yahI usakI parataMtratA bhI hai| kintu caittasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai| yahAM usameM saMkalpa svAtaMtrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, parataMtra hai kintu caittasika stara para vaha svataMtra hai, mukta hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura AdhyAtmika toSa vaha ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI eka kI upekSA karane meM vaha samartha nahIM hai| eka ora usakA vAsanAtmaka ahaM usake sammukha apanI mAMge prastuta karatA hai| to dUsarI ora use viveka cAlita apanI antarAtmA kI bAta bhI sunanA hotI hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA asaMbhava hai| manuSya ke jIvana kI saphalatA isI meM rahI huI hai ki vaha apane vartamAna astitva meM ina donoM choroM meM eka sAMga-saMtulana banA ske| mAnavIya saMskRti meM zramaNa aura vaidika dhArAoM ke udbhava ke mUla meM vastutaH mAnava astittva kA yaha dviAyAmI yA virodhAbhAsapUrNa svarUpa hI hai| manuSya ko daihika vAsanAtmaka stara para tathA caitasika AdhyAtmika stara para jIvana jInA hotA hai| vaidika evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke mUla meM manuSya kA vAsanAtmaka jaivika pakSa hI pradhAna rahA hai| jabaki zramaNa yA nivartaka dharmoM ke mUla meM viveka buddhi pramukha rahI hai| Age hama yaha vicAra kareMge ki ina pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kI vikAsa yAtrA kA manovaijJAnika krama kyA hai? aura unake sAMskRtika pradeya kisa rUpa meM haiM? vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke udbhava kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa, vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi liye 'bhoga' kI apekhA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama yA 'virAga' kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vastutaH vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvana dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hotA hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa-paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak-dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM inheM kramazaH preya aura zreya ke mArga kahe gaye haiN| 'kaThopaniSad' meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI purUSa zreya ko cunatA hai| vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bauddha dharmadarzana 595

Page #609
bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita hai| isI se AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi yA tyAga-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhanadhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| punaH AnubhAvika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usakI sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM, ataH usane yaha mAnA ki usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane purUSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke lie eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se bhI santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA-1, zraddhApradhAna bhakti-mArga aura 2 yajJayAga pradhAna krm-maarg| dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svataMtra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thaa| ataH nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha kara bala diyA gayA jisase cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - 1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tp-maarg| mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAraNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai - 596 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #610
(pravartaka) T deha | vAsanA 1 bhoga I abhyudaya (preya svarga karma pravRtti pravatarka dharma | alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA samarpaNamUlaka T bhaktimArga 7 yajJamUlaka manuSya (nivartaka) cetanA viveka virAga (tyAga) I niHzreyas I mokSa (nirvANa ) T sanyAsa nivRtti I nivartaka dharma 1 Atmopalabdhi cintana pradhAna dehadaNDanamUlaka I I karmamArga jJAnamArga tapamArga nivatarka (zramaNa) evaM pravartaka (vaidika) dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoM / pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai - bauddha dharmadarzana 597

Page #611
pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana-dRSTi 2. niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI | 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthana daivika zaktiyoM kI kRpA para / phira AtmakalyANa hetu vaiyaktika vizvAsa purUSArtha para bl| 5. IzvaravAdI | 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa | 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAnta kA smrthn| 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala | 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bl| 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke 8. jIvana kA lakSya mokSa evaM nirvANa kI sAnidhya kI praapti| | praapti| 9. varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA |9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana | kevala karmaNA AdhAra para samarthana / 10. gRhastha jIvana kI pradhAnatA | 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI prdhaantaa| 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI 11. ekAkI jIvana zailI / 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA samarthana / 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA / 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM kI | 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI prdhaantaa| pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita varga) kA |15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikaas| vikAsa 16. upAsanAmUlaka 16. samAdhimUlaka pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTa hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM hoM aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rUkha apanAyA, usane sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA baMdhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma santoSa kI 598 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #612
sarvocca jIvana mUlya hai| eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana ge| pravatarka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala detA hai ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha samAjagAmI banA, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti, jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja-vimukha aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda unakI pUrti yA ApUrti kinhIM anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha daivavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyaMtraka tattvoM ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ataH nivartaka dharma purUSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM meM AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, purUSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM (yajJa-yoga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karmakANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| zramaNa aura vaidika dhArAoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna yahA~ svabhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki zramaNa dhArA aura vaidika dhArA meM kauna prAcIna hai? / isa prazna kA uttara do dRSTiyoM se diyA jA sakatA hai -(1) manovaijJAnika dRSTi se aura (2) aitihAsika dRSTi se| jahAM taka manovaijJAnika evaM samAjazAstrIya dRSTi kA prazna hai hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki mAnavIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA eka kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| manuSya prAraMbha meM eka vivekazIla vikasita prANI ke rUpa meM hI prakRti para Azrita hokara apanA jIvana jItA thaa| usameM sabhyatA, saMskRti aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa eka paravartI ghaTanA hai| apane prAkRta jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora usakA kramika vikAsa huA hai| jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kareM to yaugalika paramparA se kulakara paramparA bauddha dharmadarzana 599

Page #613
aura usase rAjya vyavasthA, dharma vyavasthA, sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| vizuddha prAkRtika jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora usane eka yAtrA kI hai| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha lagatA hai ki prAraMbha meM pravartaka dhArA yA vaidika dhArA hI astitva meM aayii| jaise-jaise prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM meM kamI AI aura manuSyoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi huii| jaivika AvazyakatAoM ke sAdhanoM para Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta huii| una jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanoM kI adhikatama upalabdhi kaise ho, usI hetu prakRti pUjA aura tajjanya prAkRtika zaktiyoM meM devatva kA AropaNa karane vAle vaidika dharma kA vikAsa huaa| kintu jaba vyakti ina bhautika upalabdhiyoM se AtmatoSa nahIM pA sakA aura unake nimitta se usake vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana saMgharSoM aura tanAvoM se grasta ho gayA to vaha AdhyAtmika zAMti kI khoja meM nikalA hogA aura usI se AdhyAtmika zramaNa dhArA kA vikAsa huaa| prAraMbhika avasthA meM usake sAmane mukhya samasyAeM usakI jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hI rahI hogii| kahA bhI hai- "bhUkhe peTa bhajana nahIM hoI gopAlA" / ataH svabhAvika hai ki pahale pravartaka vaidika dharma kA vikAsa huA hogA kintu jaisA IsAmasIha kA kathana hai ki - "Man can not live by bread alone" arthAt manuSya kevala roTI para jindA nahIM raha sakatA, pariNAmataH usakI AdhyAtmika bhUkha aura jijJAsAvRtti jAgrata huI aura usane AdhyAtmika evaM nivRttimUlaka dharmoM ko janma diyaa| kyoMki mUlya vyavasthA ke krama meM bhI jaivika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke bAda hI AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI ora rUjhAna hotA hai| jaivika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kI upekSA karake AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko jInA, cAhe kisI vyakti vizeSa ke lie saMbhava ho, kintu vaha sArvabhaumika aura sArvajanika nahIM ho sktaa| jahAM taka aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA prazna hai ki bhAratIya saMskRtiyoM ko samajhane ke lie hamAre sAmane do hI pramANa haiM 1. sAhityika aura 2. puraataattvik| sAhityika pramANoM kI apekSA se hameM jo prAcInatama grantha upalabdha hai, vaha Rgveda hI hai| Rgveda na kevala bhAratIya sAhitya apitu vizva sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha hai| dUsarI ora purAtAttvika dRSTi se jo sAkSya hameM upalabdha hai unameM mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA hI prAcInatama hai| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM meM kauna prAcIna hai isakA aitihAsika dRSTi se nirNaya inhIM do sAkSyoM para nirbhara kregaa| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM kahA ki sAhityika sAkSyoM para Rgveda prAcInatama hai| Rgveda meM zramaNa dhArA ke pramukha zabdoM meM arahanta, vAtarasanAmuni, zramaNa, vrAtya Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| Rgveda Arhat aura bArhat aisI do paramparAoM kA bhI spaSTa rUpa se ullekha karatA hai| Rgveda meM ina donoM paramparAoM ke ullekha isa 600 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #614
tathya ko pratipAdita karate haiM ki Rgveda ke racanAkAla meM donoM hI paramparAeM apanA astitva rakhatI thiiN| Rgveda meM na kevala arahanta evaM arhat zabda milate haiM, apitu Arhat paramparA kA ora usake Adya saMsthApaka RSabha ke bhI ullekha haiN| Rgveda meM 112 RcAoM meM RSabha zabda kA ullekha hai| yadyapi sarva sthaloM para RSabha zabda tIrthaMkara RSabha kA vAcaka hai, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai kintu una RcAoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnanA bhI saMbhava nahIM hai ki ve sabhI RcAeM sAmAnyataH vRSabha (baila) kI vAcaka haiN| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki-aupaniSadika sUktoM aura vaidika RcAoM meM aneka aisI haiM jo pratIkAtmaka haiN| kyoMki unheM pratIkAtmaka mAne binA unakA koI bhI vAstavika artha nahIM nikala sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kaThopaniSad kA yaha kathana leM,- "ajAM ekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bavi prajAsRjAmAnAsvarUpA"- sAmAnya zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se isakA artha hogA ki lAla, kAle aura sapheda raMga kI eka bakarI apane hI samAna santAnoM ko janma detI hai, kintu dArzanika dRSTi se isakA artha hai ki satva rajas aura tamasguNa se yukta prakRti hI apane hI samAna sRSTi ko janma detI hai| vastutaH yahI sthiti Rgveda kI RSabha vAcI RcAoM kI hai| ataH unakA pratIkAtmaka artha kisa prakAra jaina yA zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha pratIta hotA hai isakI vistRta carcA hamane Rgveda meM RSabha vAcI RcAeM nAmaka eka lekha meM kI hai| vistAra bhaya se yahAM usa carcA meM utaranA to saMbhava nahIM hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM isa deza meM Arhat aura bAhUta donoM hI paramparAeM jIvita thIM arthAt vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA saha-astittva thaa| __ jahAM taka purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kA prazna hai ki mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM aneka aise pramANa upalabdha haiM jo zramaNa yA Arhat paramparA ke astitva ko siddha karate haiN| har3appA ke utkhanana meM hameM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI aneka sIleM upalabdha hotI hai, jinameM khaDgAsana yA padmAsana kI mudrA meM yogI dhyAna meM baiThe dikhAye gaye haiN| yadyapi ina purAtAttvika sAkSyoM meM aneka abhilekha bhI haiM, jo abhI taka nahIM par3he gaye haiN| kintu inase itanA to siddha hotA hai ki usa kAla meM eka susaMskRta sabhyatA astitva meM thI aura usakA bahuta kucha saMbaMdha prAcIna Arhat dhArA kI yoga, zaiva Adi zramaNa dhArA kI paramparAoM se rahA hai| zaiva paramparA avaidika paramparA hai ise aneka vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vastutaH sAMkhya yoga, zaiva, AjIvika bauddha aura jaina ye sabhI paramparAeM mUla meM prAcIna Arhat zramaNa dhArAoM ke hI vividha rUpa haiN| ina saba sAkSyoM ko cAhe hama spaSTa rUpa se nirgrantha yA jaina udghoSita na bhI kara sake to bhI ye sabhI sAkSya Arhat zramaNa dhArA ke hI sUcaka bauddha dharmadarzana 601

Page #615
haiN| aupaniSadika dhArA ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhya yoga Adi paramparAeM bhI mUlataH zramaNa hI haiM aura isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki zramaNa paramparA bhI utanI hI prAcIna hai jitanI vaidika prmpraa| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ke vibhinna ghaTaka bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA yA Arhat paramparA eka ativyApaka paramparA hai| aupaniSadika, jaina aura bauddha sAhitya ke prAcIna aMzoM meM isake astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| isa zramaNa paramparA kA prAcInatama saMketa Rgveda (10/136/2) meM vAratarazanA muni ke ullekha ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hai| jisakA sAmAnya artha nagna muni yA vAyu kA bhakSaNa kara jIvita rahane vAle muni aisA hotA hai| Rgveda meM jIrNa aura malayukta arthAt maile vastra dhAraNa karane vAle pizAMgavasanA muniyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| yaha saba ullekha isa tathya ke pramANa haiM ki Rgvaidika kAla meM zramaNa paramparA kA astitva thaa| punaH Rgveda, atharvaveda Adi meM jo vrAtyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai vaha bhI zramaNa dhArA kI prAcInatA kA sUcaka hai| isakA eka pramANa yaha hai ki AraNyakoM meM zramaNoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ko eka hI batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM (bRhAdA; 4/3/22) meM tApasoM aura zramaNoM ko eka batAyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI zramaNoM ke pAMca prakAroM ke carcA karate hue unameM nirgrantha, AjIvaka zAkyaputrIyazramaNa, gairika aura tApasa aise pAMca vibhAga milate haiN| yadi hama aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dhArA ke prAcIna sAhitya kA adhyayana karate haiM, to hameM isa prAcIna zramaNa dhArA kI vyApakatA kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM ati vizada carcA to yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai kintu yadi hama bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/5/3-4 pR.356 tathA 4/6/1-3 pR.327) ke brahmavettA RSiyoM kI vaMzAvalI kA bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA kA tathA jaina paramparA ke grantha RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kare to hameM bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA kI vyApakatA kA patA laga sakatA hai| kyoMki ina tInoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para inameM anekoM nAma samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki bhAratIya zramaNadhArA kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika dhArA ko zramaNa dhArA ke sAtha saMyojita karane ke pIche mukhya rUpa se nimna AdhAra haiM: aupaniSadika dhArA mUlataH karmakANDa kI virodhI hai| upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karmakANDa kI upekSA kI gaI hai apitu muNDakopaniSada (1/2/7) meM yaha kahakara ki yajJa rUpI ye naukAeM adRr3ha hai, sachidra hai, ye saMsAra sAgara meM DUbane vAlI hai, na kevala vaidika karmakANDa kI AlocanA kI hai apitu yaha kahakara ki jo ise zreya mAnakara isakA abhinandana karatA hai, vaha mUr3ha purUSa jarA aura mRtyu ko 602 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #616
prApta hotA hai| karmakANDa kI heyatA ko bhI ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha-sAtha bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/2/8) meM janaka ke dvArA yAjJavalkya ko spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha adhyAtma vidyA pahale kisI bhI brAhmaNa ke pAsa nahIM rahI hai, tumhArI namratAyukta prArthanA ko dekhakara hI maiM tumheM pradAna karatA huuN| isa paricarcA meM na kevala bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko hIna batAyA gayA hai, apitu yajJa rUpI karmakANDa ko prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue unakA kisI rUpa meM AdhyAtmIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa upaniSad meM (6/2/16 pR. 345) spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve loka jo yajJa, dAna, tapasyA ke dvArA lokoM para vijaya prApta karate haiM ve dhUma mArga ko prApta hote haiN| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ dhUma mArga ko janma-maraNa kI paramparA ko bar3hAne vAlA kahA gayA hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para karmakANDa saMbaMdhI ullekha mila jAte haiM kintu aupaniSadika RSi unakI zreSThatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate the| dUsarA mahatvapUrNa saMketa upaniSadoM meM yaha milatA hai ki unameM yajJIya karmakANDa kA AdhyAtmIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA aupaniSadika cintana ke AdhyAtmIka hone kA sabase mahatvapUrNa pramANa haiM (aitareyopaniSad 1/1/1/) / yajJa ke AdhyAtmIkaraNa ke kucha ullekha yahA~ prastuta kiye jAte haiM: bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/2/12) meM kahA gayA hai ki purUNa hI agni hai| usakA khulA huA mukha hI samidhAeM hai, prANa hI dhuMA hai, vANI hI jvAlA hai, cakSu hI aMgAreM haiM, zrotra hI ciMgArI hai| isa agni meM hI samasta devatA anna kA homa karate haiN| yahA yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki yadyapi bRhadAraNyaka ko upaniSad kI koTi meM ginA jAtA hai, kintu mUla meM yaha AraNyaka varga kA hI hai| AraNyaka usa sthiti ke sUcaka hai jaba vaidika karmakANDa AdhyAtmika svarUpa grahaNa karane kI ora prathamataH prasthita huA thaa| upaniSadoM ke AdhyAtmika pakSa ko samajhane ke lie muNDakopaniSad ke prathama khaNDa ke dasa aura dvitIya khaNDa ke ATha zloka vizeSa rUpa se dRSTavya haiN| muNDakopaniSad spaSTa rUpa se aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNa dhArA hone kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| isI prakAra kaThopaniSad ke prathama adhyAya kI dvitIya vallI ke prArambha meM jo zreya aura preya mArga kA vivecana kara jo zreya mArga kI pramukhatA batAI gaI hai vaha bhI aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNa dhArA ke nikaTa hone kA pramANa hai| __ muNDakopaniSad kA yaha kathana ki (muNDakopaniSad 3/1/5) isa zarIra ke bhItara jo Atmatatva upasthita hai use satya, tapa, samyak jJAna aura brahmacarya ke dvArA doSoM se kSINa yatIgaNa dekha lete haiN|" yaha kathana jaina darzana ke samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak, cAritra aura samyak tapa rUpa mokSamArga ko hI pratidhvanita karatA hai| isI prakAra "yaha AtmA vANI, medhA (buddhi) athavA zAstra-zravaNa se prApta nahIM hotii| bauddha dharmadarzana 603

Page #617
vastutaH jo ise jAnanA cAhatA hai usake sAmane yaha AtmA svayaM hI apane svarUpa ko udghATita kara detA hai|" (muNDakopaniSad 3 / 2 / 3 ) yahI kathana hameM jaina Agama AcArAMga meM bhI milatA hai / upaniSadoM meM aise anekoM vacana upalabdha haiM jo zramaNa paramparA kI avadhAraNA se tAdAtmya rakhate haiM / yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM para vaidika paramparA kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kyoMki mUlataH aupaniSadika dhArA vaidika dhArA para zramaNa dhArA ke samanvaya kA hI pariNAma hai / zvetAzvatara upaniSad (4/5/6) meM bhI sAMkhya darzana kA vizeSa rUpa se triguNAtmaka prakRti kA evaM do pakSiyoM ke udAharaNa dvArA Asakta evaM anAsakta jIvoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha spaSTa rUpa se sAMkhya darzana aura aupaniSadika dhArA kI zramaNa paramparA ke sAtha sahadharmitA ko hI sUcita karatA hai / isI krama meM bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (4/4/12) kA yaha kathana ki, "purUSa ke dvArA AtmasvarUpa kA jJAna ho jAne para use kisI kAmanA yA icchA se duHkhI nahIM honA par3atA hai / " isI upaniSad (4/4/22) meM Age yaha kathana ki, "yaha AtmA mahAn, ajanmA, vijJAnamaya, hRdayakAzazAyI hai aura ise jAnane ke liye hI munijana putraiSaNA, vittaiSaNA, lokeSaNA kA parityAga kara bhikSAcaryA se jIvana jIte haiM / isa AtmA kI mahimA nitya hai, vaha karma ke dvArA na to vRddhi ko prApta hotI hai na hAsa ko / isa AtmA ko jAnakara vyakti karmoM se lipta nahIM hotA / isa AtmA kA jJAna rakhane vAlA zAMta citta tapasvI uparata, sahanazIla aura samAhita citta vAlA AtmA, AtmA meM hI AtmA kA darzana kara sabhI ko apanI AtmA ke samAna dekhatA hai| usase koI pApa nahIM hotA / vaha pApazUnya, malarahita, saMzayahIna brAhmaNa brahmaloka 1 prApta ho jAtA hai (bRhadAraNyaka 4/ 4 / 23 ) / yaha kathana bhI aupaniSadika dhArA zramaNa dhArA ke naikaTya ko hI sUcita karatA hai / vastutaH bRhAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjJavalkya aura janaka kA saMvAda tathA yAjJavalkya kA apanI patniyoM maitreyI aura kAtyAyanI kA saMvAda aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita hone kI ghaTanA ko hI abhivyakta karate haiM (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 4/5 / 1 se 7 taka) / yahAM hamane prasaMgavazAta kevala prAcIna mAne jAne vAle kucha upaniSadoM ke hI saMketa prastuta kiye haiM / paravartI upaniSadoM meM to zramaNadhArA ke prabhAvita yaha AdhyAtmika ciMtana adhika vistAra aura spaSTatA se upalabdha hotA hai / yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki vaidika dhArA brAhmaNoM aura AraNyakoM se gujarate hue aupaniSadika kAla taka zramaNadhArA ke adhyAtma se prabhAvita ho cukI thii| prAcIna aupaniSadika cintana vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke saMgama sthala haiM / yaha zramaNadhArA eka ora vaidikadhArA se samanvita hokara kAlakrama meM sanAtana hindU dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI hai to dUsarI ora vaidika dhArA se apane ko aprabhAvi rakhate hue mUla zramaNadhArA jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA ke rUpa meM vibhakta hokara vikasita hotI hai| phira bhI jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa evaM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 604

Page #618
I vikAsa ke pUrva bhI yaha zramaNadhArA sAmAnya rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki ina dhArAoM ke aneka pUrva purUSa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA meM samAna rUpa meM svIkRta hue, kintu aupaniSadika cintana aura usase vikasita paravartI hindU dharma kI vividha zAkhAoM meM bhI samAna rUpa se mAnya kie gaye haiM yadi hama upaniSadoM meM diye gaye RSivaMza, jaina grantha RSibhASita ullekhita RSigaNoM tathA bauddha grantha theragAthA meM ullekhita theroM ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM to hameM aisA lagatA hai ki aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina aura AjIvaka dhArAeM apanI pUrva avasthA meM saMkucitatA ke ghere se pUrNatayA mukta thI aura eka samanvita mUlasrota kA hI saMketa karatI haiM 1 1 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uparokta sUciyoM ke avalokana se eka bAta bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ina tInoM hI sUciyoM meM kucha nAma samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiN| vizeSa rUpa se aupaniSadika sUciyoM ke kucha nAma RSibhASita kI sUcI meM aura kucha nAma theragAtha kI sUcI meM pAye jAte haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM RSibhASita kI sUcI ke kucha nAma theragAthA kI sUcI ke sAtha - sAtha suttanipAta Adi bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke granthoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM / sAmAnyatayA yahAM yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki eka nAma ke kaI vyakti vibhinna kAloM meM bhI ho sakate haiM aura eka kAla meM bhI ho sakate haiM? kintu jaba hama ina sUciyoM meM prastuta kucha vyaktitvoM kA gaMbhIratA se adhyayana karate haiM to hameM aisA lagatA hai ki ina sUciyoM meM jo nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiM ve bhinna vyaktiyoM ke sUcaka nahIM haiM, apitu isase bhinna yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve eka 'vyakti ke nAma haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM- yAjJavalkya kA nAma zatapatha brAhmaNa, sAMkhAyana AraNyaka, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva, vanaparva evaM sAMkhyaparva meM milatA hai to dUsarI ora vaha hameM RSibhASita kI sUcI meM bhI milatA hai / jaba hama RSibhASita prastuta yAjJavalkya ke upadeza kI bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM unake upadeza se tulanA karate haiM to spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki ve donoM hI sthaloM para vittaiSaNA, putraiSaNA aura lokaiSaNA ke tyAga kI bAta karate haiN| donoM paramparAoM meM unake upadeza kI isa samAnatA ke AdhAra para unheM do bhinna vyakti nahIM mAnA jAtA sktaa| isI prakAra jaba hama theragAthA ke gozAla thera, RSibhASita ke maMkhalIputra ( gozAlaka ) tathA mahAbhArata ke maMkI (maMkhI) RSi ke upadezoM kI tulanA karate haiM to tInoM hI sthAnoM para unakI pramukha mAnyatA niyativAda ke sampoSaka tatva mila jAte haiM / ataH hama ina tInoM ko alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAna sakate haiN| isa prakAra jaba hama RSibhASita ke vardhamAna aura theragAthA ke vardhamAna thera kI tulanA karate haiM to hama pAte haiM ki theragAthA kI aTThakathA meM vardhamAna thera ko vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke licchavI vaMza kA rAjakumAra batAyA gayA hai, ataH ye vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiM / dharmadarzana 605

Page #619
isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na kevala theragAthA apitu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM meM ullekhita nATaputra (jJAtaputra) jaina paramparA ke vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| sUtrakRtAMga kI mahAvIra stuti meM mahAvIra ke liye jo 'savvavArivAritto' kA jo nirdeza hai vaha tripiTaka ke granthoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| ataH theragAthA ke vardhamAna thera aura jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra bhinna vyakti nahIM haiN| isI prakAra piMga RSi kA jo ullekha RSibhASita, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM pAyA jAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para unheM alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isI prakAra jaina paramparA ke RSibhASita sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga aura anuttaroaupapAttika tathA bauddha paramparA ke tripiTaka sAhitya ke aneka granthoM meM rAmaputta kA ullekha milatA hai, unheM bhI alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra tInoM paramparA meM jo kucha nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiM unheM bhinna-bhinna vyakti mAnanA pakSAgraha kA hI sUcaka hogaa| ina samarUpatAoM se yahI sUcita hotA hai ki jisa prakAra caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM bhArata meM jo saMtoM kI sAmanjasyapUrNa paramparA rahI hai vaise hI sthiti buddha aura mahAvIra ke pUrva aura unakI samakAlika RSi paramparA kI hai| vastutaH kAlAntara meM jaba dharma-sampradAyoM kA gaThana huA, to isI pUrva paramparA meM se mantavya Adi kI apekSA jo adhika samIpa lage unako apanI dhArA meM sthAna de diyA gayA aura zeSa kI upekSA kara dI gii| yaha bhI haA ki kAlAntara meM jaba sAmpradAyika Agraha dRDhamUla hone lage to pUrva meM svIkRta RSioM ko bhI apanI paramparA se abhinna batAne hetu unheM bhinna vyakti batAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| yaha sthiti jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM ghaTita huii| yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki kAlAntara meM RSibhASita ko mUlAgama sAhitya se haTAkara prakIrNaka sAhitya meM DAla diyA gayA aura Age calakara use vahAM se bhI haTA diyA gyaa| cAhe hama sahamata ho yA na ho kinta yaha satya hai ki prAcIna bhArata kI isI zramaNa dhArA kI RSi paramparA se aupaniSadika bauddha, jaina, ajIvaka aura sAMkhya yoga Adi kA vikAsa huA hai| jaina dhArA mUlataH zramaNa dhArA kA hI eka aMga hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM AcAra aura vicAragata matabhedoM ke bAvajUda bhI videha, namI, rAmaputta, bAhuka, udaka, nArAyaNa, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi ko apanI paramparA se sammata batAte hue tapodhana, tAttvika, mahApurUSa tathA siddhI ko prApta kahA gayA hai vaha isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki mUla meM kahIM bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA eka rahI haiM aura aupaniSadika, sAMkhya, yoga, bauddha, jaina aura AjIvaka paramparAe~ isI zramaNadhArA se vikasita huI haiM aura kisI na kisI rUpa meM usakI aMgIbhUta bhI haiN| 606 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #620
bhAratIya dArzanika granthoM meM pratipAdita bauddha dharma evaM darzana ___ bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isameM brAhmaNoM aura zramaNoM kA samAna avadAna hai| bauddha dharma-darzana bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA kA eka pramukha aMga hai| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA kA ullekha vaidika kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagatA hai| veda vizva-sAhitya ke prAcInatama granthoM meM se hai| Rgveda meM hame bArhatoM ke sAtha-sAtha ArhatoM evaM vrAtyoM ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| Rgveda meM Arhata-bArhata aisI do dhArAoM ke spaSTa ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vedakAlIna ArhatoM aura vrAtyoM kI yaha paramparA hI kAlAntara meM zramaNa dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita huI hai| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aupaniSadika cintana prAcIna vaidika evaM zramaNa cintana kA samanvaya sthala hai| mAtra yahIM nahIM aupaniSadika cintana meM zramaNadhArA ke aneka tathya spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM, jo yaha batAte haiM ki isa yuga meM vaidikadhArA zramaNadhArA se, vizeSa rUpa se usakI AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi se, prabhAvita ho rahI thii| AraNyakoM ke kAla se hI vaidika RSi zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita hokara apane cintana meM zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko AtmasAta kara rahe the| tyAga-vairAgyamUlaka jIvana-mUlyoM, saMnyAsa aura nirvANa ke pratyayoM ko AtmasAt karake vaidika saMskRti meM AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| bRhadAraNyaka meM yAjJavalkya dvArA apanI sampatti ko donoM patniyoM meM vibhAjita kara lokaiSaNA, vittaiSaNA aura putraiSaNA kA tyAgakara saMnyAsa grahaNa karane aura bhikSAcaryA dvArA jIvanayApana karane kA, jo nirdeza upalabdha hotA hai, vaha isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki vaidikadhArA zramaNadhArA ke jIvana mUlyoM ko AtmasAt kara eka nava AdhyAtmika saMskRti ko janma de rahI thii| upaniSadoM meM yajJa-yAga kI samAlocanA evaM IzAvAsyopaniSad kA tyAgamUlaka bhoga kA nirdeza isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki upaniSad zramaNadhArA ke cintana ko AtmasAta kara rahe the| sAMkhya-yoga kI dhyAna evaM yoga kI paramparA evaM mahAbhArata bauddha dharmadarzana 607

Page #621
aura gItA meM hiMsAparaka yajJoM ke sthAna para prANImAtra kI sevArUpa bhUta-yajJa kA pratipAdana aura tIrtha, snAnAdi aneka vaidika karmakANDoM ko AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna karanA vaidikadhArA ke zramaNadhArA ke sAtha samanvita hone kA pariNAma thaa| yaha bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA bhI kAlAntara meM vibhinna rUpoM meM vibhAjita hotI rahI hai| isake kucha saMketa hameM prAcIna jaina aura bauddha granthoM se mila jAte haiN| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha prAcIna jaina grantha isIbhAsiyAi~ evaM sUtrakRtAMga aura bauddhagrantha theragAthA evaM suttanipAta meM aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM kA sammAna-pUrvaka ullekha milatA hai| isibhAsiyAi~ meM jo paitAlIsa RSiyoM ke ullekha haiM, unameM nArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, ArUNI, uddAlaka Adi aupaniSadika RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara unheM apanI zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai, isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM asitadevala, pArAzara, rAmaputra Adi ko AcAragata vibhinnatA ke bAvajUda bhI apanI paramparA ke sammata evaM siddhi ko prApta batAyA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki zramaNadhArA bhAratIya cintana kI eka vyApaka dhArA rahI hai| jaina granthoM meM pA~ca prakAra ke zramaNoM ke ullekha milate haiM - (1) nirgrantha (2) zAkyaputrIya (bauddha) (3) AjIvaka (4) gairika aura (5) taaps| tApasoM evaM gairika (gerUA vastradhArI saMnyAsiyoM) ko zramaNa kahanA isa bAta kA pramANa hai, hindUdharma meM sanyAsa mArga kA jo vikAsa huA hai, vaha zramaNadhArA kA hI prabhAva hai| tApasoM aura gairikoM kI yaha paramparA hI sambhavataH sAMkhya aura yogadarzana kI janaka aura una kA hI pUrvarUpa ho| ___bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA se vikasita bauddha paramparA ke astitva ke ullekha hameM vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM to nahIM milate haiM kintu hindU purANoM meM buddha aura bauddha dharma ke ullekha haiN| isake viparIta jaina AgamoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI bauddhoM ke ullekha milane lagate haiN| jahA~ eka ora pAlI tripiTaka meM nirgranthoM, AjIvakoM aura tApasoM ke ullekha milate haiM, vahIM jaina granthoM meM bhI zAkyaputrIya zramaNoM (bauddhazramaNoM) ke ullekha milate haiN| jaina grantha RSibhAsita meM vajjIyaputra, sArIputra aura mahAkazyapa ke ullekha upalabdha hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM udakapeDhAla- putta kA bauddha zramaNoM ke sAtha saMvAda kA evaM bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda evaM saMtativAda kI sAmAnya samIkSA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra dIrghanikAya aura suttanipAtta meM buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tairthikoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jinameM nirgrantha jJAtaputra (mahAvIra) aura maMkhali gozAlaka pramukha haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya dharma-darzana sambandhI granthoM meM prAcInakAla se hI bauddha dharma-darzana tathA usakI tattva-mImAMsA aura jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 608

Page #622
pramANamImAMsA sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke nirdeza aura unakI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora bauddhagranthoM meM bhI anya dharmadarzanoM aura unakI mAnyatAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| 1. bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bAsaTha mithyAdRSTiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM, vahI jainagranthoM meM merI vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para tresaTha mithyAdRSTiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM jahA~ taka jaina granthoM kA prazna hai usameM RSibhASita, vajjIputta, sArIputta aura mahAkAzyapa jaise bauddha paramparA ke RSiyoM ke upadeza ko zraddhApUrvaka ullekhita karatA hai aura unheM arhat RSi evaM buddha RSi ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA hai| tripiTika sAhitya meM bhI hama vardhamAna Adi chaha tairthikoM ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM ke ullekha ke sAtha mAtra itanA saMketa pAte haiM ki inakI mAnyatAeM samucita nahIM hai| kAlAntara meM vizeSa rUpa se sUtrayuga meM hameM bauddha dharma kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSAyeM ina sUtra granthoM-nyAyasUtra, vaizeSikasUtra, sAMkhyasUtra Adi meM upalabdha hone lagatI haiN| bhAratIya dArzanika cintana ke mUla bIja cAhe aupaniSadika cintana meM upalabdha hoM, kintu bhArata meM vyavasthita rUpa se dArzanika prasthAnoM kA prAdurbhAva sUtra yuga se hI dekhA jAtA hai| sUtra yuga meM vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanika nikAyoM ne apane-apane sUtra granthoM ko nirmANa kiyaa| jaise sAMkhyasUtra, nyAyasUtra, vaizeSikasUtra, yogasUtra, tattvArthasUtra aadi| ina granthoM meM cintakoM ne na kevala apane-apane darzanoM ko suvyavasthita rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA, apitu anya darzanika matoM kA, unakA nAmollekha kiye binA yathAvasara sUtra rUpa meM khaNDana kiyA hai, jaise yogasUtra ke kevalyapAda ke 20veM sUtra "eka samaya cobhayAnAvadhAraNam" "citAntaradRzye buddhibuddharatiprasaMgaH smRtisaMkarazca" dvArA bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kA khaNDana kiyA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ prAcIna stara ke sUtra granthoM meM bauddhoM ke paMca skandhavAda, kSaNikavAda, saMtativAda Adi kA khaNDana milatA hai, vahIM paravartI kAla ke sUtra granthoM meM vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke bhI khaNDana ke sUtra milane lagate haiN| bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki yadi pUrvakSaNa vAle citta ko uttarakSaNa vAlA citta jAnatA hai, to phira uttara kSaNa vAle ci tta ko jAnane vAle kisI anya citta kI kalpanA karanI hogI aura isase anavasthA evaM smRtiyoM ke sammizraNa sambandhI doSa hogA (yogasUtra kaivalya pAda pRSTha 335) / isI prakAra isI yogasUtra meM bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| __ yadi hama brahmasUtra para vicAra kareM to usake dvitIya pAda ke dvitIya adhyAya ke sUtra kramAMka 18 se lekara 32 taka bauddha darzana ke paMcaskandhavAda, pratItyasamutpAda, kSaNikavAda aura zUnyavAda kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| isase eka bauddha dharmadarzana 609

Page #623
mahatvapUrNa tathya ubhara kara yaha AtA hai ki yadi brahmasUtra meM bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda kI samAlocanA hai, to phira brahmasUtra IsA kI dUsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM ho sakatA hai / kyoMki bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda kA vikAsa dUsarI zatI se hI dekhA jAtA hai 1 isI prakAra sAMkhyasUtra 5 / 52 meM bauddhoM ke asat-khyAtivAda arthAt zUnyavAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isase sAMkhyasUtra kA racanAkAla bhI zUnyavAda ke pazcAt hI mAnanA hogaa| ina saMketoM se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sUtrayuga meM bhAratIya dArzanika bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, saMtativAda, paMcaskandhavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda se paricita ho cuke the / sUtra granthoM kI racanA ke pazcAt bhAratIya darzana - prasthAnoM meM tattvamImAMsA evaM pramANa zAstra sambandhI samIkSAtmaka granthoM kA racanA kAla prArambha hotA hai / IsA kI cauthI - pA~cavI zatI se lekara prAyaH bArahavIM - terahavIM zatI taka tattvamImAMsA evaM pramANa-mImAMsA sambandhI evaM dUsare dArzanika prasthAnoM ke samIkSA rUpa gambhIra granthoM kA praNayana tArkika zailI meM huA / ina granthoM meM anya darzanoM kI samIkSA meM unheM samajhe binA na kevala bAla kI khAla utArI gaI, apitu unakI sthApanAoM ko isa prakAra se prastuta kiyA gayA ki unako khaNDita kiyA jA ske| isa kAla meM do prakAra ke granthoM kI racanA dekhI jAtI hai- yA to ve kisI sUtra granthoM kI TIkA ke rUpa meM likhe gaye yA phira svatantra grantha ke rUpa meM likhe gaye ina donoM prakAra ke granthoM meM pratyeka dArzanika prasthAna ne svapakSa ke maNDana aura virodhIpakSa ke khaNDana kA prayAsa kiyaa| isa yuga meM bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne jahA~ eka ora apanI kRtiyoM meM bauddha avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA kI, vahIM bauddha cintakoM ne anya bhAratIya darzanoM kI samIkSA kii| bauddha dharmadarzana meM aise dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI paramparA IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI se lekara lagabhaga gyAharavIM zatAbdI taka nirantara banI rahI hai| isa kAla meM prArambha meM mukhyataH vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke granthoM kI racanA huii| inameM dArzanika cintana kI jo gambhIratA dekhI jAtI hai, vaha nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa hai| pazcima meM lagabhaga pandrahavIM zatI se Adhunika kAla taka jina dArzanika prasthAnoM kA vikAsa huA hai una sabhI ke AdhArabhUta tattva mAtra bauddha paramparA ke vibhinna dArzanika nikAyoM meM mila jAte haiM / bauddhadharmadarzana meM tArkika zailI ke dArzanika racanA kA prArambha nAgArjuna se dekhA jAtA hai| nAgArjuna kI dArzanika racanAoM meM mAdhyamikakArikA, yukti - SaSTikA, vigrahavyAvartinI aura baidalyasUtraprakaraNa pramukha haiM / nAgArjuna kI mAdhyamikakArikA mAdhyamika sampradAya yA zUnyavAda kA pramukha grantha hai / jahA~ mAdhyamika kArikA jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 610

Page #624
zUnyavAda ke AdhArabhUta catuSkoTi vinimukta tattva ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, vahA~ vigraha vyAvartinI mAdhyamika paramparA kI pramANa mImAMsA kA AdhArabhUta graMtha hai| jahA~ mAdhyamika kArikA meM nAgArjuna ne sata, asata, ubhaya aura anubhaya ina cAra koTiyoM se bhinna paramatattva (zUnyatattva) ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, vahIM vigraha vyAvartinI meM unhoMne nyAyasUtra ke pramANoM kI gaMbhIra samIkSA kI hai| isa graMtha meM nAgArjuna ne nyAyadarzana dvArA mAnya cAra pramANoM kA upasthApana kara unakA khaNDana kiyA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki nAgArjuna nyAyasUtra evaM usakI viSaya vastu se paricita the, kyoMki unhoMne nyAyasUtra meM pratipAdita pramANoM ko apanI samIkSA kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| nyAyadarzana meM nAgArjuna ke isa khaNDana kA pratyuttara paravartI kAlIna nyAya dArzanikoM dvArA nyAyasUtroM kI TIkAoM meM diyA gyaa| vizeSa rUpa se udyotakara (chaTIzatI uttarAdha) evaM vAcaspati mizra (9vIM zatI uttarAdha) ne apane graMthoM meM nAgArjuna ke ina mantavyoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| nAgArjuna ke pazcAt maitreya ne bauddha vijJAnavAda para apane graMthoM kI racanA kii| isameM bodhisatvacaryA nirdeza, saptadazAbhUmi, abhisamaya-alaGkArikA Adi pramukha haiN| saptadazA bhUmizAstra meM maitreya ne vAda viSaya, vAdAdhikaraNa, vAdakaraNa Adi ke nirUpaNa ke sAtha-sAtha siddhAnta, hetu, udAharaNa, sAdharmya, vaidharmya, anumAna evaM Agama aise ATha pramANoM kA ullekha kiyaa| jJAtavya hai ki maitreya ne gautama dvArA praNIta nyAyasUtra ke upamAna pramANa kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, phira bhI ve jina ATha pramANoM kA ullekha karate haiM ve nyAyadarzana se avatarita pratIta hote haiN| nAgArjuna evaM maitreya ke pazcAt bauddha vijJAnavAda ke pratiSThita AcAryoM meM asaMga aura vasubandhu-ina donoM bhAiyoM kA nAma AtA hai| asaMga kI racanAoM meM "yogAcArabhUmizAstra' eka pramukha graMtha hai| yogAcArabhUmizAstra meM unhoMne pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama-ye tIna pramANa hI svIkAra kiye haiN| pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAnta sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya ko anumAna kA hI aMga mAnA hai| isa prakAra asaMga apanI pramANa vyavasthA meM kisI sImA taka nyAya darzana se nikaTatA rakhate haiN| yadyapi inakI vyAkhyAoM ko lekara inakA nyAyadarzana se spaSTa matabheda bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| ___ asaMga evaM vasubandhu (IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI) ke pazcAt bauddha paraMparA meM diGnAga kA sthAna AtA hai| diGnAga ke pUrva bauddhanyAyazAstra para AMzika rUpa se gautama ke nyAya sUtra kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kintu diGnAga ne bauddhanyAya ko eka navIna dizA dii| paravartI kAla meM naiyAyikoM mImAMsakoM aura jaina AcAryoM ne diGnAga ke mantavyoM ko hI apanI AlocanA kA AdhAra banAyA hai| nyAdarzana meM udyotakara bauddha dharmadarzana 611

Page #625
ne, mImAMsAdarzana meM kumArilabhaTTa evaM prabhAkara ne aura jaina darzana meM dvAdazAranayacakra ke kartA mallavAdI, AptamImAMsA ke kartA samantabhadra Adi ne diGnAga kA khaNDana kiyA hai| diGnAga kI pramukha racanAoM meM AlambanaparIkSA, trikAlaparIkSA, hetucakra, nyAyamukha, hetumukha pramANasamuccaya evaM usakI vRtti, Adi pramukha racanAe~ haiN| jJAtavya hai ki diGnAga ke pramANasamuccaya kA khaNDana karane ke lie udyotakara ne nyAyavArtika evaM kumArila bhaTTa ne zlokavArtika kI racanA kI thii| jaina dArzanika mallavAdI ne bhI dvAdazAra-nayacakra kI nyAyAgamAnusAriNI TIkA meM pramANasamuccaya kI avadhAraNAoM kA khaNDana kiyaa| isake atirikta jaina graMtha tattvArtharAjavArtika, tattvArthazlokavArtika, sanmatiprakaraNaTIkA Adi meM bhI pramANasamuccaya kI sthApanAoM kI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bauddha dArzanika diGnAga ke kAla se bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM vizeSa rUpa se pramANa sambandhI vivecanAoM ke khaNDana, maNDana ko paryApta mahatva milaa| kucha aisA bhI huA ki anya paramparA ke logoM ne apane se bhinna paramparA ke granthoM para TIkAe~ bhI likhI . haiN| diGnAga kA 'nyAya praveza' bauddhanyAya kA eka prArambhika graMtha hai, kintu yahA~ yaha vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki isa graMtha para jainAcArya haribhadrasUri ne nyAyapraveza-vRtti aura pArzvadevagaNi ne paMjikA likhii| dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki nyAyapraveza mUlataH pramANa vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM kevala bauddha mantavyoM ko prastuta karatA hai| isa para haribhadrasUri kI TIkA vizeSa rUpa se isaliye mahatvapUrNa hai ki unhoMne isa sampUrNa TIkA meM kahIM bhI jaina mantavyoM ko hAvI nahIM hone diyA hai| saMbhavataH aisA udAravAdI dRSTikoNa haribhadra jaise samavartI AcArya kA hI ho sakatA hai| nyAyapraveza kI vRtti meM haribhadra ne nyAyasUtra usake bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana, vArtikakAra udyotakara, tAtparyaTIkAkAra vAcaspati mizra aura tAtparyaTIkA para parizuddhi likhane vAle kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| dUsarI aura isa graMtha kI TIkA meM dharmakIrti ke "vAdanyAya" nyAyabindu evaM pramANavArtika, zAntarakSita ke tarka saMgraha aura nAgArjuna ke mAdhyamikazAstra evaM diGnAga ke pramANa samuccaya ke bhI nirdeza kiye gaye haiN| DaoN. raMjana kumAra zarmA ne isI prasaMga meM "nyAyapravezasUtram" kI bhUmikA meM hemacandra ke 'pramANa mImAMsA' kA jo nirdeza diyA hai, vaha bhrAnta hai kyoMki yaha graMtha haribhadra se paravartI hai| ataH isakA nirdeza haribhadra kI nyAyapraveza kI TIkA meM sambhava nahIM hai| diGnAga ke pramANa samuccaya aura nyAyapraveza ke pazcAt bauddhanyAya ke pramukha AcAryoM meM dharmakIrti kA nAma AtA hai| dharmakIrti ne jahA~ eka ora apane graMtha pramANavArtika meM udyotakara, bhartRhari aura kumArila kI upasthApanAoM kA khaNDana 612 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #626
kiyA hai vahIM dUsarI ora vAcaspati mizra, jayanta bhaTTa, vyomaziva tathA jaina cintaka akalaMka aura vidyAnanda ne dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika ke mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| dharmakIrti ke pUrva jahA~ bauddha dArzanikoM kA bauddhadarzana kI samIkSA kA AdhAra diGnAga kA pramANa samuccaya rahA thA vahIM paravartIkAla meM dharmakIrti kA pramANavArtika bana gyaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa yuga meM bauddhetara dArzanika bauddha-graMthoM IT aura bauddha dArzanika bauddhetara dArzanikoM ke graMthoM kA adhyayana karate the / jJAtavya hai ki dharmakIrti ke anya bhI pramukha grantha nyAyabindu, pramANavinizcaya, hetubindu, sambandhaparIkSA, vAdanyAya Adi rahe haiM / jinameM naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM evaM jaina upasthApanAoM kI samIkSA milatI hai / dharmakIrti ke pazcAt bauddhanyAya ke kSetra meM dharmottara aura arcaTa ke nAma Ate haiM / jaina graMtha pramANanaya-tatvAloka ke TIkAkAra ratnaprabhasUri ne 'ratnAkara avatArikA' meM zabdArtha sambandha ke saMdarbha meM naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM, aura vaiyAkaNikoM ke matoM kI samIkSA dharmottara ke nAma se kii| isI prakAra ratnaprabhasUra ne arcaTa ke nAma kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / jJAtavya hai ki arcaTa AcArya haribhadra ke samakAlIna pratIta hote haiM / dharmakIrti ke hetubindu para arcaTa kI TIkA bauddhapramANazAstra ke liye AdhArabhUta mAnI jAtI rahI hai / jJAtavya hai ki prArambha ke bauddha darzanikoM ne apanI samAlocanA kA viSaya mukhya rUpa se nyAya darzana ko banAyA thA, kintu arcaTa kI hetu - bindu TIkA meM jaina darzana ke syAdvAda siddhAnta kA paiMtAlIsa padyoM meM khaNDana kiyA hai| isI prakAra arcaTa ne dravya evaM paryAya kI kathaMcit avyatirekatA kA pratipAdana karane vAle samantabhadra kI ' Apta-mImAMsA' ke zloka kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| isI prakAra arcaTa ne tatvArthasUtra ke " utpAda vyaya dhrauvyayuktaM sat" kI samIkSA karate hue sat ko kSaNika siddha kiyA / bauddha darzanikoM ke krama meM Age zAntarakSita aura kamalazIla ke nAma Ate hai / zAntarakSita kA AThavIM zatI kA tarkasaMgraha bauddhanyAya kI eka mahatvapUrNa kRti hai / zAntarakSita ne apane tatvasaMgraha meM aviddhakarNa zaMkarasvAmI, bhAvIvikta tathA jaina dArzanika sumati aura pAtrasvAmI ke mantavyoM ko upasthApita kara unakA khaNDana kiyA hai / isI prakAra zAntarakSita ke tatva saMgraha para kamazIla kI paMjikA meM bhI jaina dArzanika sumati evaM pAtrasvAmI ke matoM kI samIkSA milatI hai| durvekamizra kA bauddhanyAyazAstra ke racayitAoM meM antima nAma AtA hai| inakI hetubinduTIkA - loka, dharmottarapradIpa, aura nyAyabinduTIkA pramukha graMtha hai| hetu binduTIkAloka meM durvekamizra ne jaina mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai / isa prakAra IsA kI tIsarI - cauthI zatAbdI se lekara gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka bhArata meM bauddhadarzana evaM nyAya ke aneka graMthoM kI racanA huI inameM jahA~ bauddha dArzanikoM ne dharmadarzana 613

Page #627
bhI bauddhetara dArzanikoM ke mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI, vahIM bauddhetara dArzanikoM ne ina bauddha AcAryoM dvArA racita graMthoM ko AdhAra banA kara bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka bhAratIya dArzanika eka dUsare kI paramparA kA samyak rUpa se adhyayana karate rahe aura unheM apanI samIkSA kA viSaya banAte rhe| isa kAla ke bauddha evaM bauddhetara darzana graMthoM ke adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki usa kAla taka apane se bhinna paramparA ke graMthoM ke adhyayana evaM samIkSA kI eka jIvanta paramparA rahI thI, jo paravartIkAla meM lupta hotI gaI / jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM bauddha dharma darzana jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA hai ki jaina granthoM meM bauddha dharma evaM darzana sambandhI ullekha Agama yuga se hI milane lagate haiM, sarvaprathama isibhAsiyAI (RSibhASita) meM sAriputta, mahAkazyapa aura vajjIputra ke upadezoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, inameM bauddha santativAda, skandhavAda Adi kA spaSTa ullekha hai / isake atirikta sUtrakRtAMga meM bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda kI samIkSA bhI hai / isake pazcAt sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkara ke sanmatitarka meM evaM kucha dvAtriMzikAoM meM -yathA bArahavIM dvAtriMzikA meM nyAyadarzana, terahavIM meM sAMkhyadarzana, caudahavIM meM vaizeSikadarzana aura pandrahavIM dvAtriMzikA meM bauddhadarzana ke kSaNikavAda Adi para cuTIle vyaMgya kase gaye haiM, kintu vahIM siddhasena ne sanmatitarka prakaraNa se bauddha kSaNikavAda ko RjusUtranaya ke AdhAra para samIcIna bhI mAnA hai / isake pazcAt mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranayacakra aura usakI siMhasUri kI TIkA meM bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai / mallavAdI aura dvAdazAranayacakra meM bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kahA~ aura kisa rUpa meM milatI hai, isakA mUla sandarbhoM sahita nirdeza DaoN. dharmacanda jaina ne apane grantha bauddha-pramANamImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA ke pariziSTa tRtIya adhyAya-kha, pR. 394-396 para kiyA hai / isameM diGnAga kI upasthApanAoM ko AdhAra banAkara bauddhadarzana kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| lagabhaga IsA kI chaThI zatI meM 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya' ke gaNadharavAda meM bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, zUnyavAda Adi kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| yadyapi siddhasena aura samantabhadra ne anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA ke apane prayatna meM bauddhoM ke sat ke parivartanazIlatA ke siddhAnta aura isake virodhI kUTastha nityatA ke siddhAnta ke madhya samanvaya kA prayatna kara bauddhamantavya kI sApekSika satyatA kA pratipAdana avazya kiyA - phira bhI haribhadra ke pUrva taka prAyaH jaina dArzanika bauddhadarzana ko ekAnta kSaNikavAdI aura anAtmavAdI mAnakara usakI samIkSA karate rahe / tattvArthavArtika ke lekhaka akalaMka ne bhI bauddhoM ke tattvamImAMsIya jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 614

Page #628
aura jJAnamImAMsIya mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| vastutaH bhAratIyadarzana ke darzana vyavasthAyuga aura pramANa-vyavasthAyuga darzana nikAyoM ke pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana ke kAla hI rahe haiN| jaina dArzanika bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA ke sandarbha meM isake apavAda nahIM haiN| haribhadra ke pUrvavartI sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI bauddha-darzana aura usakI pramANa vyavasthA kI samIkSA kI aura samIkSA kA yaha krama Age bhI calatA rahA, haribhadra ke pazcAt bhI vidyAnanda, sumati, prabhAcandra, vAdidevasari, maNikyanandI, abhayadevasUri ratna-prabhUsUrita, candrasenasUri, hemacandra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, santativAda, pramANalakSaNa, pramANa kI avyavasAyAtmakatA, pramANa kA mAtra svaprakAzaka honA, zabda aura artha meM sambandha kA abhAva, pratyakSa kI nirvikalpatA, apohavAda, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda Adi kI jamakara samIkSA kii| ina sabake bIca AcArya haribhadra kA eka aisA vyaktitva ubharA jisane bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA karate hue usameM nihita satyatA kA udArahRdaya se svAgata kiyA aura diGnAga ke nyAyapraveza para niSpakSa TIkA likhii| khaNDana-maNDana ke isa yuga meM haribhadra kA dUsarA sabase mahattvapUrNa avadAna darzanasaMgrAhaka granthoM kI racanA hai| zAstravArtA-samuccaya aura SaDdarzanasamuccaya unake isI koTi ke grantha hai| darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM bauddhdrshn| yadyapi darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM meM sarva darzana saMgraha ko prathama sthAna diyA jAtA hai aura use Adi zaMkarAcArya kI kRti batAyA jAtA hai, kintu vaha Adi zaMkarAcArya kI kRti hai, isa sambandha meM aneka vipratipattiyA~ hai, yahAM una sabakA ullekha sambhava nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM darzanasaMgrAhaka granthoM kI racanA kA dvAra haribhadra ne hI udghATita kiyA aura SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI racanAkara khaNDana-maNDana ke isa yuga meM eka navIna dRSTi thii| jJAtavya hai ki bhArata ke darzana saMgrAhaka sabhI granthoM meM hameM bauddha dharma-darzana ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kI jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika granthoM meM bauddha dharma-darzana kI sthiti ko samajhane ke lie ina darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM kI eka mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| jaina darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa cAhe kucha jainAcAryoM ne udAratA kA paricaya to avazya diyA hai, phira bhI unakI sRjanadharmitA usa stara kI nahIM hai, jisa stara kI haribhadra kI hai| unakI kRtiyoM meM do-cAra gAthAoM yA zlokoM meM udAratA ke cAhe saMketa mila jAye, kintu aise kitane haiM, jinhoMne samanvayAtmaka aura udAra dRSTi ke AdhAra para SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura yogadRSTisamuccaya jaisI mahAn, kRtiyoM kA praNayana kiyA ho| baud dharmadarzana 615

Page #629
anya dArzanika aura dhArmika paramparAoM kA adhyayana mukhyataH do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai- eka to una paramparAoM kI AlocanA karane kI dRSTi se aura dUsarA unakA yathArtha paricaya pAne aura unameM nihita satya ko samajhane kI dRSTi se / punaH AlocanA evaM samIkSA kI dRSTi se likhe gae granthoM meM bhI AlocanA ke ziSTa aura aziSTa aise do rUpa milate haiN| sAtha hI jaba granthakarttA kA mukhya uddezya AlocanA karanA hotA hai, to vaha anya paramparAoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM nyAya nahIM karatA hai aura unakI avadhAraNAoM ko bhrAntarUpa meM prastuta karatA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda ke AlocakoM ne kabhI bhI unheM samyak rUpa se prastuta karane kA pratyana nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi haribhadra ne bhI apanI kucha kRtiyoM meM anya darzanoM evaM dharmoM kI samIkSA kI hai| apane grantha dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM panapa rahe andhavizvAsoM kA sacoTa khaNDana bhI karate haiM, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ve na to apane virodhI ke vicAroM ko bhrAnta rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM aura na unake sambandha meM aziSTa bhASA kA prayoga hI karate haiM / yadi hama bhAratIza darzana ke samagra itihAsa meM sabhI pramukha darzanoM ke siddhAnta ko eka hI grantha meM pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha prastuta karane ke kSetra meM hue prayatnoM ko dekhate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi meM haribhadra hI ve prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne sabhI pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ko niSpakSa rUpa meM eka hI grantha meM prastuta kiyA hai / haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI koTi kA aura usase prAcIna darzanasaMgrAhaka koI grantha hameM prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hotA / haribhadra ke pUrva taka jaina, bauddha aura vaidika- tInoM hI paramparAoM ke kisI bhI AcArya ne apane kAla ke sabhI darzanoM kA niSpakSa paricaya dene kI dRSTi se kisI bhI grantha kI racanA nahIM kI thii| unake granthoM meM apane virodhI matoM kA prastutIkaraNa mAtra unake khaNDana kI dRSTi se hI huA hai / jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva siddhasena divAkara aura samantabhadra ne anya darzanoM ke vivaraNa to prastuta kiye haiM, kintu unakI dRSTi bhI khaNDanaparaka hI rahI hai / vividha darzanoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane kI dRSTi se mallavAdI kA nayacakra mahattvapUrNa grantha kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu usakA mukhya uddezya bhI pratyeka darzana kI apUrNatA ko sUcita karate hue anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karanA rahA hai / paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke zabdoM meM nayacakra kI kalpanA ke pIche AcArya kA Azaya yaha hai ki koI bhI mata apane Apa meM pUrNa nahIM hai / jisa prakAra usa mata kI sthApanA dalIloM se ho sakatI hai, usI prakAra usakA khaNDana bhii| sthApanA aura utthApana kA yaha cakra calatA rahatA hai / ataeva jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 616

Page #630
anekAntavAda meM ye mata yadi apanA ucita sthAna prApta karate haiM tabhI ucita hai, anyathA nhiiN|' nayacakra kI mUladRSTi bhI svapakSa arthAt anekAntavAda ke maNDana aura parapakSa ke khaNDana kI hI hai / isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva taka niSpakSa bhAva se koI bhI darzana- saMgrAhaka grantha nahIM likhA gayA / jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai jainetara paramparAoM ke darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM AcArya zaMkara viracita mAne jAne vAle 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha kRti mAdhavAcArya ke sarvadarzanasaMgraha kI apekSA prAcIna hai, phira bhI isake Adya zaMkarAcArya dvAra viracita hone meM sandeha hai / isa grantha meM bhI pUrvadarzana kA uttaradarzana ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karate hue anta meM advaita vedAnta kI sthApanA kI gayI hai / ataH kisI sImA taka isakI zailI ko nayacakra kI zailI ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai, kintu jahA~ nayacakra, antima mata kA bhI prathama mata se khaNDana karavAkara kisI bhI eka darzana ko antima nahIM mAnatA hai, vahA~ 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' vedAnta ko ekamAtra aura antima satya svIkAra karatA hai / ataH yaha eka darzanasaMgrAhaka grantha hokara bhI niSpakSa dRSTi kA pratipAdaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| haribhrada ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI jo vizeSatA hai, vaha isameM nahIM hai| jainetara paramparAoM meM darzana - saMgrAhaka granthoM meM dUsarA sthAna mAdhavAcArya (I. 1350?) ke 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kA AtA hai / kintu 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kI mUlabhUta dRSTi bhI yahI hai ki vedAnta hI ekamAtra samyagdarzana hai / 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' aura 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' donoM kI haribhrada ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya se isa artha meM bhinnatA hai ki jahA~ haribhrada binA kisI khaNDana - maNDana ke taTastha bhAva se tatkAlIna vividha darzanoM ko prastuta karate hai / vahA~ vaidika paramparA ke ina donoM granthoM kI mUlabhUta zailI khaNDanaparaka hI hai / ataH ina donoM granthoM meM anya dArzanika matoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM vaha niSpakSatA aura udAratA parilakSita nahIM hotI, jo haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM hai| isake pazcAt vaidika paramparA ke darzana - saMgrAhaka granthoM meM madhusUdana sarasvatI ke 'prasthAna -bheda' kA krama AtA hai / madhusUdana sarasvatI ne darzanoM ko vargIkaraNa Astika aura nAstika ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / nAstika - avaidika darzanoM meM ve chaH prasthAnoM kA ullekha karate haiM / isameM bauddha darzana ke cAra sampradAya tathA cArvAka aura jainoM kA samAveza huA hai| Astika- vaidika darzanoM meM nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, pUrvamImAMsA aura uttaramImAMsA kA samAveza huA hai / inhoMne pAzupata darzana evaM vaiSNava darzana kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke dharmadarzana 617

Page #631
anusAra prasthAna-bheda ke lekhaka kI eka vizeSatA avazya hai, jo use pUrva ullikhita vaidika paramparA ke anya darzana- saMgrAhaka granthoM se alaga karatI hai, vaha yaha ki isa grantha meM vaidika darzanoM ke pArasparika virodha kA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA hai ki ina prasthAnoM ke prastotA sabhI muni bhrAnta to nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki ve sarvajJa the| cU~ki bAhya viSayoM meM lage hue manuSyoM kA parama puruSArtha meM praviSTa honA kaThina hotA hai, ataeva nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie ina muniyoM ne darzana prasthAnoM ke bheda kiye hai| isa prakAra prasthAna -bheda meM yatkiMcita udAratA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai, kintu yaha udAratA kevala vaidika paramparA ke Astika darzanoM ke sandarbha meM hI hai, nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA to prasthAna bheda evaM sarvadarzanakaumudIkAra ko hI hai| isa prakAra darzana - saMgrAhaka granthoM meM haribhadra kI jo niSpakSatA aura udAra dRSTi hai vaha hameM anya paramparAoM meM racita darzana - saMgrAhaka granthoM meM nahIM milatI hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane vAle aneka grantha likhe jA rahe haiM, kintu unameM bhI kucha lekhakoM kA uddezya to kahIM na kahIM apane iSTa darzana ko hI antima satya ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA pratIta hotA hai / - haribhadra ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM likhe gae darzana- saMgrAhaka granthoM meM ajJAtakartRka 'sarvAsiddhAntapravezaka' kA sthAna AtA hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki yaha grantha kisI jaina AcArya dvArA praNIta hai, kyoMki isake maMgalAcaraNa meM 'sarvabhAva praNetAraM praNipatya jinezvaraM ' aisA ullekha hai| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra prastuta grantha kI pratipAdana zailI haribhadra ke SaDdarzana - samuccaya kA hI anusaraNa karatI hai / antara mAtra yaha hai ki jahA~ haribhrada kA grantha padya meM hai vahA~ sarvAsiddhAntapravezaka gadya meM hai| sAtha hI yaha grantha haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI apekSA kucha vistRta bhI hai| isameM bauddha darzana para bhI eka adhyAya hai 1 z2aina paramparA ke darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM dUsarA sthAna jIvadevasUri ke ziSya AcArya jinadattasUri (vikrama saM. 1265) ke ' vivekavilAsa' kA AtA hai / isa grantha ke aSTama ullAsa meM SaDdarzanavicAra nAmaka prakaraNa hai, jisameM jaina, mImAMsaka, bauddha, sAMkhya, zaiva aura nAstika - ina chaH darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha grantha bhI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya ke samAna kevala paricayAtmaka aura niSpakSa vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai aura AkAra meM mAtra 66 zloka parimANa hai / jaina paramparA meM darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM tIsarA krama rAjazekhara (vikrama saM. 1405) ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA AtA hai / isa grantha meM jaina, sAMkhya, jaiminIya, yoga, vaizaSika aura saugata (bauddha) ina chaH darzanoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai aura anta meM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 618

Page #632
nAstika ke rUpa meM cArvAka darzana kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke samAna hI isa grantha meM bhI ina sabhI ko Astika kahA gayA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura rAjazekhara ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM eka mukhya antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki darzanoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM jahA~ haribhadra jainadarzana ko cauthA sthAna dete haiM vahA~ rAjazekhara jainadarzana ko prathama sthAna dete haiN| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra sambhavataH isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki rAjazekhara apane samakAlIna dArzanikoM ke abhinivezayukta prabhAva se apane ko dUra nahIM rakha ske| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI sUcanA ke anusAra rAjazekhara ke kAla kA hI eka anya darzana-saMgrAhaka grantha AcArya merUtuMgakRta 'SaDdarzananirNaya' hai| isa grantha meM merutuMga ke jaina, bauddha, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, nyAya aura vaizeSika-ina chaH darzanoM kI mImAMsA kI hai, kintu isa kRti meM haribhadra jaisI udAratA nahIM hai| yaha mukhyatA jainamata kI sthApanA aura anya matoM ke khaNDana ke liye likhA gayA hai| isakI ekamAtra vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM mahAbhArata, smRti, purANa Adi ke AdhAra para jainamata kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| __paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI prastAvanA meM isa bAta kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki somatilakasUrikRta 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI vRtti ke anta meM ajJAtakRta eka kRti mudrita hai| isameM bhI jaina nyAya, bauddha, vaizeSika, jaiminIya, sAMkhya aura cArvAka-aise sAta darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA gayA hai, kintu anta meM anya darzanoM ko durnaya kI koTi meM rakhakara jainadarzana ko ucca zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| isa prakAra isakA lekhaka bhI apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se dUra nahIM rakha skaa| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki haribhadra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne apane darzana saMgrAhaka meM adhika udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai aura ina sabhI meM bauddha darzana kA prastutIkaraNa apekSAkRta adhika prAmANikatA se huA hai| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki darzana-saMgrAhakaH granthoM kI racanA meM bhAratIya itihAsa meM haribhadra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne niSpakSa bhAva se aura pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha apane granthoM meM anya darzanoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| isa kSetra meM ve abhI taka advitIya haiN| darzana saMgrAhaka granthoM kI yaha paramparA Adhunika yuga meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai| bhAratIya darzana para likhe gaye samakAlIna lekhakoM surendra dAsaguptA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pro. jadunAthasinhA, pro. candradharazarmA, DaoN. umeza mizra, pro. baladeva upAdhyAya Adi ke granthoM meM bauddhadarzana aura usakI vibhinna nikAyoM kA ullekha bauddha dharmadarzana 619

Page #633
upalabdha hotA hai, yadyapi pro. rAdhAkRSNana ne bauddhadarzana kI samIkSA bhI kI hai kintu adhikAMza lekhakoM kA prayatna yathAvat prastutikaraNa kA rahA hai| samIkSA meM bhI ziSTa kA bhASA kA prayoga darzana ke kSetra meM apanI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi tathA virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke khaNDana ke prayatna atyanta prAcInakAla se hote rahe haiN| pratyeka darzana apane mantavyoM kI puSTi ke liye anya dArzanika matoM kI samAlocanA karatA hai| svapakSa kA maNDana tathA parapakSa kA khaNDana-yaha dArzanikoM kI sAmAnya pravRtti rahI hai| haribhadra bhI isake apavAda nahIM hai| phira bhI unakI yaha vizeSatA hai ki anya dArzanika matoM kI samIkSA meM ve sadaiva hI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karate haiM tathA virodhI darzanoM ke pravartakoM ke lie bhI bahumAna pradarzita karate haiN| isake kucha udAharaNa hameM unake grantha "zAstravArtAsamuccaya" meM dekhane ko mila jAte hai| apane grantha "zAstravArtAsamuccaya" ke prArambha meM hI grantha-racanA kA uddezya spaSTa karate hue ve likhate haiM - yaM zrutvA sarvazAstreSu praaystttvvinishcyH| jAyate dveSazamanaH svrgsiddhisukhaavh|| __ arthAt isakA adhyayana karane se anya darzanoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi samApta hokara tattva kA bodha ho jAtA hai| isa grantha meM ve kapila ko divya-puruSa evaM mahAmuni ke rUpa meM sUcita karate hai - kapilodivyo hi sa mahAmuniH (zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 237) / isI prakAra ve buddha ko bhI arhat mahAmuni, suvaidyavat (vahI, 465-466) kahate hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora anya dArzanika apane virodhI dArzanikoM kA khulakara parihAsa karate haiM - nyAyadarzana ke praNetA maharSi gautama ko gAya kA bachar3A yA baila aura maharSi kaNAda ko ullU kahate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora haribhadra apane virodhiyoM ke lie mahAmuni aura arhat jaise sammAnasUcaka vizeSaNoM kA prayoga karate hai| zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM yadyapi anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI spaSTa samAlocanA hai, kintu isa sampUrNa grantha meM aisA koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA jahA~ haribhadra ne ziSTatA kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kiyA ho| isa prakAra haribhadra ne bauddha Adi anya paramparAoM ke prati jisa ziSTatA aura AdarabhAva kA paricaya diyA hai, vaha hameM jaina aura jainetara kisI bhI paramparA ke anya granthoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| haribhadra ne anya darzanoM ke adhyayana ke pazcAt unameM nihita sAratattva yA satya ko samajhane kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha bhI atyanta hI mahattvapUrNa hai aura unake udAracetA vyaktitva ko ujAgara karatA hai| 620 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #634
'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM haribhadra ne bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI samIkSA to kI hai, kintu ve ina dhAraNAoM meM nihita satya ko bhI dekhane kA prayatna karate hai aura kahate haiM ki mahAmuni aura arhat buddha uddezyahIna hokara kisI siddhAnta kA upadeza nahIM krte| unhoMne kSaNikavAda kA upadeza padArtha ke prati hamArI Asakti ke nivAraNa ke liye hI kiyA hai, kyoMki jaba vastu kA anitya aura vinAzazIla svarUpa samajha meM A jAtA hai to usake prati Asakti gaharI nahIM hotii| isI prakAra vijJAnavAda kA upadeza bhI bAhya padArthoM ke prati tRSNA ko samApta karane ke lie hI hai| yadi saba kucha citta ke vikalpa haiM aura bAhya rUpa satya nahIM hai to unake prati tRSNA utpanna hI nahIM hogii| isI prakAra kucha sAdhakoM kI manobhUmikA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara saMsAra kI nissAratA kA bodha karAne ke lie zUnyavAda kA upadeza diyA hai| isa prakAra haribhadra kI dRSTi meM bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda-ina tInoM siddhAntoM kA mUla uddezya yahI hai ki vyakti kI jagat ke prati utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA kA prahANa ho| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki haribhadra jaisI udAradRSTi kA paricaya hameM haribhadra ke pUrvavartI evaM paravartI kisI bauddha-dArzanika meM bhI nahIM milatA hai| yadyapi diGnAga ke pUrva taka bauddha dArzanikoM ne jainadarzana ke prati upekSA bhAva rakhA thA, kintu paravartIkAla meM jaina darzana bhI unakI samIkSA kA viSaya banA hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM apane se itara paramparAoM ke gambhIra adhyayana kI pravRtti prArambha meM hameM dRSTigata nahIM hotI hai| bAdarAyaNa, jaimini Adi diggaja vidvAn bhI jaba bauddha Adi anya darzanoM kI samalocanA karate haiM to aisA lagatA hai ki ve dUsare darzanoM ko apane satahI jJAna ke AdhAra para bhrAntarUpa meM prastuta karake unakA khaNDana kara dete haiN| yaha satya hai ki anaikAntika evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa anya darzanoM ke gambhIra adhyayana kI paramparA kA vikAsa sarvaprathama jaina dArzanikoM ne hI kiyA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki haribhadra Adi jainAcAryoM ne samAlocya bauddha Adi pratyeka darzana kA ImAnadArIpUrvaka gambhIra adhyayana kiyA thA, kyoMki isake binA ve na to una darzanoM meM nihita satyoM ko samajhA sakate the, na unakI svastha samIkSA hI kara sakate the aura na unakA jaina mantavyoM ke sAtha samanvaya kara sakate the| haribhadra anya darzanoM ke adhyayana taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, apitu unhoMne unake kucha mahattvapUrNa granthoM para taTastha bhAva se TIkAe~ bhI likhiiN| diGnAga ke bauddha grantha 'nyAyapraveza' para unakI TIkA mahattvapUrNa mAnI jaatii| pataMjali ke 'yogasUtra' kA unakA adhyayana bhI kAphI gambhIra pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki unhoMne usI ke AdhAra bauddha dharmadarzana 621

Page #635
para evaM navIna dRSTikoNa se yogadRSTisamuccaya, yogabindu, yogaviMzikA Adi granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isa prakAra haribhadra jaina aura jainetara paramparAoM ke eka ImAnadAra adhyetA evaM vyAkhyAkAra bhI haiN| jisa prakAra prazastavAda ne darzana granthoM kI TIkA likhate samaya tad-tad darzanoM ke mantavyoM kA anusaraNa karate hue taTastha bhAva rakhA, usI prakAra haribhadra ne bhI bauddha Adi itara paramparAoM kA vivecana karate samaya taTastha bhAva rakhA hai| ___AcArya haribhadra kI dArzanika pratiyoM meM SaDdarzana samuccaya pramukha grantha hai| isa grantha meM A.haribhadra ne bauddha, naiyAyika, sAMkhya, jaina, vaizeSika tathA jaiminI (mImAMsaka) ina chaHdarzanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki isa SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM SaDa darzanoM meM bauddha darzana ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| bauddhoM ke ArAdhya sugata kA ullekha karate hue cAra Arya satyoM kI bAta kahI gii| cAra Arya satyoM ke sAtha-sAtha isameM paMcaskandhoM kA ullekha hai aura usake pazcAt saMskAroM kI kSaNikatA ko batalAte hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki vAsanA kA nirodha honA hI mukti hai, sAtha hI isameM bAraha dharma AyatanoM aura do pramANoM pratyakSa aura anumAna kA bhI ullekha huA hai| SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM bauddha dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA niSpakSa dRSTi se pratipAdana huA hai, kintu SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM TIkAkAra guNaratna ne inakI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA bhI prastuta kii| haribhadra kA dUsarA grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM vibhinna darzanoM ke mantavyoM kA niSpakSa dRSTi se pratipAdana hai vahA~ zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM samAdara bhAvapUrvaka samIkSA evaM samanvayAtmaka niSkarSa prastuta kiye gae haiN| isa grantha ke caturtha aura chaThaveM stabaka meM kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA hai| vahA~ pAcaveM stabaka meM vijJAnavAda aura chaThaveM stabaka meM zUnyavAda kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| isake atirikta dasaveM sarvajJatA pratiSedhavAda meM tathA gyAravahaveM stabaka zabdArtha pratiSedhavAda meM bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| yadyapi bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI gaI, kintu buddha ke prati samAdarabhAva vyakta karate hue buddha ne ina siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana tRSNA ke prahANa ke lie kiyA gayA aisA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta anekAntajayapatAkA ke pAMcaveM Adi adhikAroM meM bauddha ke yogAcAra darzana kI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| anekAntavAdapraveza meM bhI anekAnta jayapatAkA ke samAna hI anekAntavAda ko sarala DhaMga se sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM bhI bauddha granthoM ke ullekha evaM samIkSA upalabdha hotI haiN| isI krama meM haribhadra ke yogadRSTisamuccaya meM bhI bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA 622 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #636
upalabdha hotI hai| saMkSepa meM haribhadra ne bauddhadarzana ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda ko hI mukhya rUpa meM apanI samAlocanA kA viSaya bnaayaa| kintu haribhadra ke anusAra kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda mUlataH bAhyArthoM ke prati rahI huI vyakti kI tRSNA ke uccheda ke lie hai| bauddhadarzana kI tattvamImAMsA kI anya paramparAoM se samAnatA aura antara bhAratIya cintana meM bauddhadarzana kI tattvamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsA kI kyA sthiti hai ise nimna binduoM se samajhA jA sakatA hai - 1. sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jahA~ advaita vedAnta use apariNAmI yA avikArI mAnatA hai vahA~ bauddhadarzana use satat parivartanazIla mAnatA hai, jaina dArzanika use 'utpAda-vyaya-ghauvyAtmaka sat' kahakara donoM meM samanvaya karatA hai| yahA~ mImAMsaka bhI jainoM ke dRSTikoNa ke samarthaka pratIta hote haiM, kintu sAMkhya apanI prakRti aura puruSa kI avadhAraNA meM purUSa ko kUTastha, nitya aura prakRti ko pariNAmI mAnate haiN| 2. bauddha dArzanika jahA~ sat ko kSaNika kahatA hai, vahA~ vedAnta use zAzvat kahatA hai| jaina darzana bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA to karate haiM, kintu ve usameM paryAyoM kI dRSTi se anityatA ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| unakI dRSTi se dravya nitya haiM, kintu usakI paryAyeM anitya haiN| 3. bauddha ke zUnyavAda meM tattva ko sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya-ina cAroM vikalpoM se bhinna zUnya kahA hai, jabaki jainoM ne sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya cAroM vikalpoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai| sattA kI anirvacanIyatA ko lekara prAyaH zUnyavAda aura advaitavAda meM samAnatA parilakSita hotI hai, phira bhI jahA~ bauddhoM kI anirvacanIyatA nakArAtmaka hai, vahA~ vedAnta kI anirvacanIyatA sakArAtmaka hai| jainoM ne paramasattA kI isa anirvacanIyatA ko bhI sApekSa mAnA hai, ve use kathaMcit avaktavya aura kathaMcit vaktavya mAnate haiN| jainoM kI avyaktavyatA bhASAgata samasyA hai, jabaki bauddhoM aura vedAntiyoM kI anirvacanIyatA svarUpAtmaka hai, kintu jahA~ bauddha use niHsvabhAva mAnatA hai, vahA~ vedAnta anirvacanIyatA ko sattA kA svarUpa lakSaNa mAnatA hai| ___4. bauddha vijJAnavAda meM kSaNakSayI citta (vijJAna) ko hI parama tattva mAnA gayA hai vahA~ jaina darzana meM AtmA ko mahattva dete hue bhI jar3a aura cetana donoM kI svataMtra sattA mAnI gaI hai, sAMkhyoM ne bhI purUSa evaM prakRti ke rUpa meM isa dvaitavAda ko svIkArA hai| nyAya vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka bahutattvavAdI hai kintu ve bhI cit bauddha dharmadarzana 623

Page #637
aura acit donoM kA svataMtra astitva mAnate haiN| jaina cetana(jIva) aura jar3a ajIva donoM ke sambandha meM bahutattvavAdI haiM, yadyapi ve AkAza, dharma aura adharma ko eka-eka svataMtra tattva hI mAnate haiN| sAMkhya purUSa kI anekatA aura prakRti kA ekatva mAnatA hai| jabaki vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI bauddha tathA zAMkara vedAnta advaitavAdI haiN| 5. bauddha vijJAnavAda bAhyArtha kA niSedha karatA hai, vahA~ jainadarzana, naiyAyika evaM mImAMsaka ke samAna bAhyArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bauddhoM meM bhI sarvAstivAdI-sautrAntika evaM vaibhAvika bAhyArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra karate haiM, phira bhI sautrAntika use pratyakSa kA viSaya na mAnakara anumeya hI mAnate haiN| 6. vastu kI bahuAyAmitA ko AdhAra banAkara jainoM ne anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA kii| mImAMsakoM ne bhI isakA samarthana kiyA kintu bauddha niSedhamukhI hone se anekAMta kI apekSA zUnyavAda kI dizA meM agrasara ho gaye, phira bhI zUnyavAda aura anekAMtavAda donoM hI ekAnta kA virodha to samAna rUpa se karate haiN| antara yaha hai ki bauddha ekAntavAda kA khaNDana jahA~ niSedhamukha se karate haiM, vahA~ jaina pratipakSa meM niSedhamukha se aura svapakSa meM vidhimukha se karate haiN| 7. zabda aura artha ke madhya sambandha ko lekara jahA~ mImAMsaka tAdAtmya sambandha mAnate haiM, vahA~ nyAya, vaizeSika tadutpatti sambandha mAnate haiM aura jaina vAcya-vAcaka sambandha mAnate haiM, vahIM bauddha zabda aura artha meM kisI bhI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM mAnate haiN| ve apohavAda ke mAdhyama se zabda dvArA arthabodha ko ghaTita karate haiM, kintu zabda ko mAtra apohaparaka yA niSedhaparaka mAnane se usakI vAcyatA sAmarthya apUrNa rahatI hai| vastutaH zabda kA vidhiparaka arthAt 'aisA hai' aura niSedha paraka 'aisA nahIM hai', yaha ubhaya rUpa grahaNa karane para hI pUrNa artha bodha sambhava hotA hai| 8. jahA~ taka vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai bauddha aura jaina donoM hI vibhajyavAdI haiM donoM hI ekAMtika pratisthApanAoM ke virodhI haiM aura vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara dene kI bAta karate haiN| 9. jainoM ne apanI anekAMtika dRSTi ke kAraNa bauddhoM kI aneka avadhAraNAoM kA unakI virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke sAtha samanvaya kiyA hai| bauddha aura jaina pramANamImAMsA meM samAnatAe~ aura amAnatAeM-jaina evaM bauddha pramANa mImAMsA ke tulanAtmaka vivecana kI dRSTi se DaoN. dharmacanda jI jaina ne apane zodha prabandha va bauddhapramANamImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| yahA~ hama usI AdhAra para yaha tulanAtmaka vivecana kara rahe haiM 624 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #638
1. jaina aura bauddha darzana donoM hI do pramANa mAnate haiM, kintu jahA~ jainadarzana pramANa ke isa dvividha vargIkaraNa meM pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do pramANoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vahA~ bauddha darzana pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do pramANa svIkAra karatA hai / isa prakAra pramANa ke dvividhavargIkaraNa ke saMbaMdha meM ekamata hote hue bhI unake nAma aura svarUpa ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| donoM darzanoM meM pratyakSa pramANa to samAna rUpa se svIkRta haiM, kintu dUsare pramANa ke rUpa meM jahA~ bauddha anumAna kA ullekha karate haiM, vahA~ jaina parokSa pramANa kA ullekha karate haiM aura parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bhedoM meM eka bheda anumAna pramANa mAnate haiM / pratyakSa ke atirikta parokSapramANa meM ve smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura Agama ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiM / jahA~ taka anya darzanoM kA prazna hai vaizeSika do, sAMkhya tIna, nyAya cAra, mImAMsA (prabhAkara) pAMca, vedAMta evaM bhATTa mImAMsaka chaha pramANa mAnate haiM / 2. bauddhadarzana meM svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa nAmaka do prameyoM ke lie do alaga-alaga pramANoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai, kyoMki unake anusAra svalakSaNa kA nirNaya nirvikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa se hotA hai, kintu jaina darzana vastutattva ko sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka mAnakara yaha mAnatA hai ki jisa prameya ko kisI eka pramANa se jAnA jAtA hai use anya - anya pramANoM se bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai / arthAt sabhI prameya sabhI pramANoM ke viSaya ho sakate haiM, jaise agni ko pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM pramANoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne bauddhadarzana ko pramANavyavasthAvAdI aura jainadarzana ko pramANasaMplavavAdI kahA hai / 3. pramANalakSaNa ke saMbaMdha meM bhI donoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ aura kucha matabheda / pramANa kI avisaMvAdakatA donoM ko mAnya hai, kintu avisaMvAdakatA ke tAtparya ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai / jahA~ jainadarzana avisaMvAdakatA kA artha jJAna meM Atmagata saMgati aura jJAna aura usake viSaya (artha) meM vastugata saMgati aura usakA anya pramANoM se abAdhita honA mAnatA hai, vahIM bauddhadarzana avisaMvAdakatA kA saMbaMdha arthakriyA se jor3atA hai / bauddhadarzana meM avisaMvAdakatA kA artha hai arthakriyAsthiti, avaMcakatA aura arthaprApakatA / isa prakAra donoM darzanoM meM avisaMvAditA kA abhiprAya bhinna-bhinna hai| dUsare bauddhadarzana meM avisaMvAditA ko sAMvyavahArika stara para mAnA gayA hai jabaki jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki avisaMvAditA pAramArthika stara para honA caahie| bauddhoM ke pramANa ke dUsare lakSaNa anadhigata artha kA grAhaka honA, akalaMka Adi kucha jaina dArzanikoM ko to mAnya hai, kintu vidyAnanda Adi kucha jaina dArzanika ise pramANa kA Avazyaka lakSaNa nahIM mAnate haiM / mImAMsaka apUrva ko pramANa kA Avazyaka lakSaNa mAnate haiM / bauddha dharmadarzana 625

Page #639
4. jaina aura bauddha donoM darzana isa saMbaMdha meM ekamata haiM ki pramANa jJAnAtmaka hai| ve jJAna ke karaNa yA hetu (sAdhana) ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM, phira bhI jahA~ jaina dArzanika pramANa ko vyavasAyAtmaka mAnate haiM vahA~ bauddha dArzanika kama se kama pratyakSa pramANa ko to nirvikalpaka mAnakara vyavasAyAtmaka nahIM mAnate haiN| 5. bauddhadarzana meM jahA~ pratyakSa pramANa ko nirvikalpaka aura anumAna pramANa ko savikalpaka mAnA gayA hai vahA~ jainadarzana donoM hI pramANoM ko savikalpa mAnatA hai, kyoMki unake anusAra pramANa vyavasAyAtmaka yA nizcayAyAtmaka hI hotA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki pramANa jJAna hai aura jJAna sadaiva sAmAnyavizeSaNAtmaka aura savikalpaka hI hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM darzana aura jJAna meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ darzana ko sAmAnya evaM nirvikalpaka aura jJAna ko vizeSa aura savikalpaka kahA gayA hai| bauddhoM kA nirvikalpaka pratyakSa vastutaH jainoM kA "darzana" hai| 6. jainadarzana meM siddhasena divAkara ne pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM pramANoM ko hI abhrAnta mAnA hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana meM pratyakSa ko abhrAnta tathA anumAna ko bhrAnta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra pratyakSa kI abhrAntatA to donoM ko svIkArya hai, kintu anumAna kI abhrAntatA ke saMbaMdha meM donoM meM vaimatya (matabheda) hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jo bhrAnta ho, use pramANa kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? 7. bauddhadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko abhrAnta kahakara use pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, jabaki jainadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko, jise ve apanI pAribhASika zailI meM "darzana" kahate haiM, pramANa kI koTi meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM jainoM ke yahA~ pramANa vyavasAyAtmaka hone se savikalpaka hI hotA hai, nirvikalpaka darzana aura bauddhoM ko nirvikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| ratnaprabha kI ratnAkara avatArikA meM isakA vistAra se khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| 8. pramANa kI paribhASA ko lekara bhI donoM meM kathaMcit matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| bauddhadarzana meM pramANa ko sva kA prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai, para kA prakAzaka nhiiN| kyoMki unake yahA~ yogAcAra darzana meM artha arthAta pramANa kA viSaya (prameya) bhI vasturUpa na hokara jJAna rUpa hI hai| jabaki jainadarzana meM pramANa ko sva-para arthAt apanA aura apane artha kA prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai (svaparavyavasAyAtmaka jJAnaM prmaannm)| jainoM ke anusAra pramANa svayaM apane ko aura apane viSaya ko donoM ko hI jAnatA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI darzana "pratyakSa" ko kalpanAjanya to nahIM mAnate haiM, kintu jainoM ke anusAra kalpanA rahita hone kA tAtparya hai vastusat arthAt vastugatasattA (Objective Reality) honA hai, jabaki bauddha darzana meM kalpanA rahita hone kA artha anubhUta sat yA AtmagatasattA (Subjective Reality) hai| jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna 626

Page #640
9. bauddha dArzanika anumAna ke do bheda karate haiM, svArtha aura praarth| jaina dArzanika bhI anumAna ke ina donoM bhedoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, kiMtu jainadArzanika siddhasena nyAyAvatAra meM pratyakSa ke bhI svArtha aura parArtha aise do bheda karate haiN| siddhasena divAkara ke atirikta kucha anya jaina AcAryoM jaise zAMtisari evaM vAdidevasUri ne bhI ina bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 10. pratyakSapramANa ke svarUpa evaM bhedoM ko lekara bhI donoM meM matabheda dekhA jA sakatA hai| prathama to jaisA ki pUrva meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai jahA~ bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa ko kalpanA se rahita aura nirvikalpaka mAnate haiM vahA~ jaina dArzanika use savikalpaka kahate haiN| punaH bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa ke jainoM ke samAna sAMvyavahArika aura pAramArthika aise do bheda nahIM karate haiN| unake yahA~ pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM1. svasaMvedanA pratyakSa 2. indriya pratyakSa 3. mAnasa pratyakSa aura 4. yogaja prtykss| prathama to jahA~ jaina indriya pratyakSa aura mAnasa pratyakSa ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahate haiM, vahA~ bauddha pratyakSa meM aisA koI vibhAjana nahIM krte| punaH jahA~ jainadarzana meM indriya aura mAnasa pratyakSa ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-aise cAra bheda kie gae haiM vahA~ bauddha darzana meM aisA koI ullekha nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM atIndriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM yogaja pratyakSa ko rakhA gayA hai jabaki jainadarzana meM atIndriya jJAna pAramArthika pratyakSa ke rUpa meM hai aura usake antargata avadhijJAna, manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko rakhA gayA hai| jahA~ taka bauddhoM ke svasaMvedana kA prazna haiM jainoM ne use darzana kahA hai| isa prakAra pratyakSa ke svarUpa aura prakAroM ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| naiyAyikoM ne pratyakSa kA eka bheda yogaja mAnA hai| ___11. punaH pratyakSa pramANa ke aMtargata indriya-pratyakSa meM jahA~ bauddha dArzanika zrotendriya aura cakSu-indriya donoM ko aprApyakArI mAnate haiM, vahA~ jaina dArzanika kevala cakSu-indriya ko hI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| jainoM ke anusAra zrotendriya zabda kA grahaNa usake indriya-samparka hone ke AdhAra para hI karatI haiM, dUra se nahIM karatI hai| isa prakAra zrotendriya kI prApyakAritA ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| ratnaprabha kI ratnAkarAvatArikA meM aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para zrotendriya ko prApyakArI siddha kiyA gayA hai, kintu cakSu-indriya ko donoM hI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| naiyAyika sabhI indriyoM ko prApyakArI mAnate haiN| 12. hetu ke lakSaNa ko lekara bhI donoM paramparAoM meM matabheda dekhA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ bauddha dArzanika rUpya hetu arthAt pakSadharmattva, sapakSasattva, vipakSa-asattva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahA~ jaina dArzanika sAdhyasAdhana avinAbhAva arthAt bauddha dharmadarzana 627

Page #641
anyathAnupalabdhi ko hI hetu kA ekamAtra lakSaNa batAte haiN| jaina dArzanika pAtrakesarI ne to etadartha "trilakSaNakadarthana" nAmaka svataMtra graMtha kI hI racanA kI thii| 13. anupabdhi ko jahA~ bauddha dArzanika mAtra niSedhAtmaka yA abhAva rUpa mAnate haiM, vahA~ jaina dArzanika use vidhi-niSedha rUpa mAnate haiN| bhaTTa mImAMsaka aura vedAnta use pramANa jJAna meM sahAyaka mAtra mAnate haiN| naitika evaM dhArmika cintana meM pramukhatayA samarUpatA jahA~ taka dhArmika, naitika evaM AcAra vyavasthA sambandhI praznoM kI sthiti hai jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM samarUpatAe~ hI adhika haiN| yadyapi AcAra ke kSetra meM bhagavAna buddha ne madhyamamArga kA pratipAdana kara kaThora tapazcaryA rUpa deha daNDana aura bhogoM ke prati ati AkarSaNa se bacane kA nirdeza kiyaa| isa sambandha meM jainoM kI sthiti bhinna rahI, unhoMne AcAra ke kSetra meM kaThoratA aura vicAra ke kSetra meM, anekAMtavAda ke mAdhyama se udAratA kA paricaya diyaa| isa sambandha meM vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana maiMne apane zodhagrantha jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana meM kiyA hai| AcAragata praznoM para jaina aura bauddhoM meM samarUpatA hI adhika hai, tripiTaka aura jainAgamoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ arthataH yA zabdataH samAna hI haiN| jainoM ne AcAra zAstra kA mukhya lakSya rAga-dveSa kA tyAga, bauddhoM ne tRSNA kA tyAga aura hindU paramparA ne Asakti kA tyAga mAnA hai| isa Alekha ko yahIM virAma denA caaheNge| saMdarbha1. SaDadarzana samuccaya, sampAdaka DaoN. mahendrakumAra prastAvanA pR. 14 2. vahI, pR. 19 3. samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, pR. 43 628 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #642
mahAyAna bauddha dharma kI samanvayAtmaka jIvana-dRSTi bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kI madhyama pratipadA kA vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kina prabhAvoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa huA, yahI isa nibaMdha kA vivecya viSaya hai| yaha satya hai ki bauddhadharma zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai, kintu isa sandarbha meM hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA pravRttimArgI vaidika paramparA ke sAtha samanvaya kA prAthamika prayAsa thaa| zramaNadhArA aura vaidika dhArA mUlataH do bhinna jIvanadRSTiyoM para khar3I huI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA se nivRttimArgI dharmoM kA hI grahaNa hotA hai| nivRttimArgI dharma mUlataH nirvANalakSI, jJAnamArgI evaM tapasyApradhAna the, unakA mUlabhUta lakSya tapasyA aura jJAna ke mAdhyama se janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti pAnA thaa| unakI dRSTi meM sAMsArika astitva duHkhamaya hai aura usase chuTakArA pAnA hI jIvana kA Adarza hai| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA jIvana ko aura sAMsArika astitva ko AzA bharI dRSTi se dekhatI thii| vartamAna jIvana ko sukhI aura sampanna banAnA hI usakA eka mAtra lakSya thaa| yaha kahanA bhI atizyoktipUrNa nahIM hogA ki jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM bhautika sukha-samRddhi kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA lakSya banI, vahA~ zramaNadhArA ke prArambhika rUpoM meM jIvana ke niSedha kA svara hI adhika ubhraa| vastutaH vaidika dhArA aura zramaNadhArA mAnava jIvana ke do AdhAra-deha aura cetanA athavA bhoga aura tyAga kI do bhinna jIvana dRSTiyoM para khar3I huI thii| prArambhika vaidika dharma kA lakSya bhoga aura prArambhika zramaNa dharmoM kA lakSya tyAga rahA, dUsare zabdoM meM vaidika dharma pravRtti pradhAna aura zramaNadharma nivRtti pradhAna bnaa| kintu mAnava astitva isa prakAra kA hai ki vaha na kevala bhoga para aura na kevala tyAga para khar3A rahA sakatA hai, use jIvana ke lie bhoga aura tyAga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, vAsanA kI santuSTi evaM viveka kA vikAsa sabhI Avazyaka hai| daihika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke sAtha hI usake lie naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI Avazyaka haiN| bauddha dharmadarzana .629.

Page #643
ataH pariNAma yaha huA ki bhoga evaM tyAga ke ekAntika AdhAroM para khar3I huI dharma-paramparAe~ use apane jIvana kA samyak samAdhAna nahIM de skiiN| ataH bhoga aura tyAga tathA pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka samanvaya athavA samyak santulana banAne kA prayatna huaa| isa samanvaya kI dhArA ko hama sarvaprathama IzAvAsyopaniSad meM dekhate haiM jahA~ "tena tyaktena bhujithA" meM tyAga aura bhoga kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| vaidika dhArA meM vikasita aupaniSadika cintana isa samanvaya kA pratinidhi kahA jA sakatA hai| yahI samanvaya kI dhArA Age calakara gItA meM adhika puSpita evaM pallavita hotI hai| gItA kI jIvana dRSTi IzAvAsyopaniSad kI jIvana dRSTi kA hI eka vikasita rUpa hai| jisa prakAra vaidika dhArA meM upaniSad evaM gItA samanvaya kI dRSTi ko lekara Age Ate haiM usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA meM bauddhadharma samanvaya kA sUtra dekara Age AtA hai| yadyapi prArambhika bauddhadharma ne pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke madhya yA vyakti aura samAja ke madhya eka samanvaya kA prayatna to kiyA thA, kintu use vikasita kiyA usakI mahAyAna paramparA ne| vaidika paramparA meM yadi gItA pravRtti aura nivRtti ke madhya eka ucita samanvaya kA prayAsa karatI hai, to zramaNa paramparA meM mahAyAna sampradAya pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka sAMga-saMtulana ko prastuta karatA hai| isI dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhagavadgItA aura mahAyAna paramparA eka dUsare ke adhika nikaTa hai| donoM meM koI antara hai to vaha antara unake udgama sthala yA unakI mUla dhArA kA hai| apane udgama ke do bhinna kendroM para hone ke kAraNa hI unameM bhinnatA rahI huI hai| ve apanI mUladhArA se TUTanA nahIM cAhate haiM anyathA donoM kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi lagabhaga samAna hai| aneka tathyoM ke sandarbho meM hama unakI isa samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi ko dekha sakate haiN| gRhastha dharma banAma saMnyAsa prArambhika vaidika dharma meM saMnyAsa kA tatva anupasthita thA, gRhastha jIvana ko hI eka mAtra jIvana kA karmakSetra mAnA jAtA thaa| prArambhika vaidika RSi patniyoM se yukta the, jabaki zramaNa paramparA prArambha se hI saMnyAsa ko prAthamikatA detI thI tathA pArivArika jIvana ko bandhana mAnatI thii| vaidika dharma meM yadyapi Age calakara nivRttimArgI zramaNadharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa AzramoM kA praveza huA, kintu phira bhI usameM gRhI jIvana ko hI jIvana kA uccatama Adarza tathA sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra samajhA gayA 630 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #644
aura "aputrasya gatirnAsti' kahakara gRhI jIvana ke dAyitvoM ko nirvAha karane hetu bala diyA gyaa| jabaki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAoM meM gRhastha jIvana kI nindA kI gayI aura saMnyAsa ko hI nirvANa yA mukti kA eka mAtra upAya mAnA gyaa| prArambhika jaina evaM bauddhadharma gRhastha jIvana kI nindA karate haiN| jaina Agama dazavaikAlikasUtra (cUlikA 1/11-13) meM kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kleza yukta hai aura saMnyAsa kleza mukta; gRhastha jIvana pApakArI hai aura saMnyAsa niSpApa hai| isI prakAra suttanipAta (27/2) meM bhI saMnyAsa jIvana kI prazaMsA tathA gRhastha kI nindA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kaNTakoM se pUrNa vAsanAoM kA ghara hai jabaki pravrajyA khule AsamAna ke samAna nirmala hai| jaina evaM bauddha-donoM hI dharmoM ke prAcIna granthoM se hameM aisA koI ullekha dekhane ko nahIM milA, jisameM gRhastha jIvana kI prazaMsA kI gayI ho| jaina Agama upAsakadazAMga meM daza gRhastha upAsakoM kA jIvana vRtAnta varNita hai, kintu unako kevala svargavAsI batAyA gayA hai, mokSagAmI nhiiN| isI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM buddha spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki gRhastha jIvanaM ko chor3e binA nirvANa sambhava nahIM, kintu isake viparIta hama yaha dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna paramparA aura jainoM kI zvetAmbara paramparA tathA bhagavadgItA spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirvANa yA mukti ke lie gRhI jIvana kA tyAga anivArya nahIM hai| mahAyAna sAhitya meM aise aneka udAharaNa milate haiM jahA~ sAdhaka gRhastha jIvana se sIdhA hI mukti lAbha prApta karatA hai| isI prakAra gItA mukti ke lie saMnyAsa ko Avazyaka nahIM maantii| usake anusAra gRhastha bhI mukti kA adhikArI hai| mahAyAna, zvetAmbara jaina paramparA aura bhagavadgItA meM kisake prabhAva se yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI yaha batA pAnA to kaThina hai lekina itanA spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM jo pravRtti aura nivRtti ke bIca athavA saMnyAsa evaM gRhI jIvana ke bIca jo samanvayAtmaka pravRtti vikasita huI thI, yaha isakA hI pariNAma thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM meM yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki nirvANa ke lie saMnyAsa anivArya tattva nahIM hai| mukti kA anivArya tattva haianAsakta, niSkAma, vItatRSNa aura vItarAga jIvana dRSTi kA vikaas| phira bhI itanA avazya mAnanA hogA ki yaha zramaNa paramparA para vaidika dhArA kA prabhAva hI thA, jisake kAraNa usameM gRhastha jIvana ko bhI kucha sImAoM ke sAtha apanA mahattva evaM sthAna prApta huaa| phira bhI jahA~ mahAyAna aura jaina paramparA meM bhikSu saMgha kI zreSThatA mAnya rahI, vahA~ gItA meM "karmasaMnyAsAt karmayogo viziSyate" kahakara gRhI jIvana kI zreSThatA ko mAnya kiyA gyaa| bauddha dharmadarzana 631

Page #645
vaiktikatA banAma sAmAjikatA yaha spaSTa ki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ nivRttimArgI hone ke kAraNa vyaktiniSTha thiiN| vyakti kI mukti aura vyakti kA AdhyAtmika kalyANa hI unakA Adarza thA / prArambhika bauddhadharma evaM jainadharma bhI hameM vyaktiniSTha hI parilakSita hote haiN| jabaki prArambhika vaidika dharma ke pArivArika jIvana kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai / vedoM meM "saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm" athavA "samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH sahacittameSAm" ke rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA kA spaSTa udghoSa hai / yadyapi prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ ghara-parivAra aura sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha hI rahI haiM phira bhI prArambhika bauddhadharma aura jainadharma meM zramaNa saMghoM ke astitva ke sAtha eka dUsare prakAra kI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa avazya huA hai / inhoMne kramazaH "carattha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya" athavA "sammecaloyaM kheyanne hi pavaie" ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala aura loka-kalyANa kI bAta kahI hai| phira bhI inake lie lokamaMgala aura loka-kalyANa kA artha itanA hI thA ki saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko janma maraNa ke duHkha se mukta kiyA jaae| samAja kA bhautika kalyANa aura samAja ke dIna-duHkhiyoM ko vAstavika sevA kA vyavahArtha pakSa unameM spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita nahIM hotA hai / bhikSu-jIvana meM saMghIya cetanA kA vikAsa to huA thA, phira bhI vaha samAja ke sAmAnya sadasyoM ke bhautika kalyANa ke sAtha jur3a nahIM paayaa| jainadharma kA bhikSu saMgha to Aja taka bhI samAja ke vAstavika bhautika kalyANa tathA rogI aura duHkhiyoM kI sevA ko apanI jIvana caryA kA Avazyaka aMga nahIM mAnatA hai / mAtra sevA kA upadeza detA hai, karatA nahIM hai / zramaNa paramparAoM ne sAmAjika jIvana meM saMbaMdhoM kI zuddhi kA prayatna to avazya kiyA aura una tathyoM kA nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA jo sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita karate the / phira bhI ve apanI nivRttimArgI dRSTi ke kAraNa vidhAyaka sAmAjikatA kA sRjana nahIM kara sake / nivRttimArgI paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa yadi kahIM huA hai to vaha mahAyAna paramparA meM / mahAyAna paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA kA jo vikAsa huA hai, use usake grantha bodhicaryAvatAra meM bahuta spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| samAja kI AMgikatA kA siddhAMta, jo Aja bahuta carcA kA viSaya hai, usakA spaSTa ullekha bhI isa grantha meM prApta hotA hai / bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA kA prANa mAnA / vahA~ to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza kI sAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika nirvANa meM koI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 632 ****

Page #646
rUci nahIM rahatI hai| mahAyAnI sAdhaka kahatA hai - dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM jo Ananda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenA denaa| sAdhana ke sAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA sundara samanvaya hai| lokasevA, loka-kalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hameM barabasa hI zrI bharatasiMha jI upAdhyAya ke svara meM svara milAkara kahanA par3atA hai, kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai| vizva-cetanA ke sAtha apane ko AtmasAta karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai| AcArya zAntideva bhI kevala paropakAra yA loka-kalyANa kA sandeza nahIM dete, varan usa loka-kalyANa ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAmabhAva para bala dete haiN| niSkAmabhAva se loka-kalyANa kaise kiyA jAye, isake lie zAntideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kiye haiM, ve unake maulika cintana kA pariNAma haiN| gItA ke anusAra vyakti IzvarIya preraNA ko mAnakara niSkAmabhAva se karma karatA rahe athavA svayaM ko aura sabhI sAthI prANiyoM ko usI para brahma kA hI aMza mAnakara sabhI meM AtmabhAva jAgRta kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA rhe| lekina nirIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana meM to yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| yaha to AcArya kI bauddhika pratibhA hI hai, jisane manAvaijJAnika AdhAroM para niSkAmabhAva se lokahita kI avadhAraNA ko sambhava bnaayaa| samAja ke sAvayavatA ke jisa siddhAnta para breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicAraka lokahita aura svahita meM samanvaya sAdhate haiM aura una vicAroM kI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, ve vicAra AcArya zAntideva ke granthoM meM bar3e spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa hue haiM aura unake AdhAra para unhoMne niHsvArtha karmayoga kI avadhAraNA ko bhI saphala banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki "jisa prakAra nirAtmaka (apanepana ke bhAva rahita) nija zarIra meM abhyAsavaza apanepana kA bodha hotA hai, vaise hI dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM abhyAsa se apanepana kA bhAva avazya hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki jaise hAtha Adi aMga apane zarIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hote haiM, vaise hI sabhI prANI usI jagata ke, jisakA maiM avayava hU~, avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hoMge, unameM bhI AtmabhAva hogA aura yadi saba meM priyatA aura AtmabhAva utpanna ho gayA to phira dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM rahA jA sakegA, kyoMki jisakA jo duHkha ho vaha usase apane ko bacAne kA prayatna to karatA hai| yadi dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha hotA hai, to hamako usase kyA? aisA mAnoM to hAtha ko paira kA duHkha nahIM hotA, phira kyoM hAtha se paira kA kaMTaka nikAlakara duHkha se usakI rakSA kyoM karate ho / jaise hAtha paira kA duHkha kiye binA nahIM raha sakatA, vaise hI samAja kA koI bhI prajJAyukta sadasya dUsare prANI kA duHkha bauddha dharmadarzana 633

Page #647
dUra kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa|" isa prakAra AcArya samAja kI sAvayavatA ko siddha kara isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM lokamaMgala kA sandeza dete hue Age yaha bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM niSkAmatA honI caahie| ve likhate haiM - "jisa prakAra apane Apako bhojana karAkara phala kI AzA nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra parArtha karake bhI phala kI AzA, garva yA vismaya nahIM hotA hai|" kyoMki parArtha dvArA hameM apane hI samAja rUpI zarIra ko yA usake avayavoM kI santuSTi karate haiM isalie mAtra paropakAra ke lie hI paropakAra karake, na garva karanA aura na vismaya aura na vipAkaphala kI icchA hii|" mahAyAna meM bodhisattva aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke do Adarza haiM ve vyakti ke sthAna para samAja ko mahatva dete haiN| unhoMne vaiyaktika kalyANa yA svahita ke sthAna para sAmAjika kalyANa ko mahatva diyA hai aura isa prakAra vyakti ke Upara samAja ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| ____ mahAyAna ke bodhasattva kA lakSya mAtra vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA nhiiN| vaha to lokamaMgala ke lie apane bandhana aura duHkha kI bhI koI paravAha nahIM karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai "bahunAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkha vigacchati, utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena praatmno| mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te pramodyasAgarAH, taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSaNArasikena kim / / " yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karUNApUrvaka unake duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| vaiyaktika mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke lie apane saMkalpa ko vyakta karate hue bhAgavata, jisameM gItA ke cintana kA hI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, ke saptama skandha meM prahlAda ne bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki - "prAyeNa devamunayaH svvimuktikaamaaH| maunaM caranti vijane na praarthnisstthaaH|| netAn vihAya kRpaNAn vimumukssurekH|" he prabhu! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura muni to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM, jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhanA kiyA karate the| kintu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thii| maiM to akelA ina saba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa| 634 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #648
svahita banAma lokahita kA prazna jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA - prArambhika zramaNadharma ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyaktika mukti para hI bala dete the / yadyapi hameM dhyAna yaha rakhanA hogA ki unakI yaha ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyaktika mukti kI avadhAraNA jana kalyANa ke viparIta nahIM thI, phira bhI usameM lokahita kA eka vidhAyaka pakSa upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / sambhavataH bhagavAn buddha prathama zramaNa the, jinhoMne lokamaMgala kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyA hai| pAli aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kA kathana hai ki bhikSuoM, jaise tAlAba kA pAnI gandA ho, caMcala ho aura kIcar3a - yukta ho, vahA~ kinAre para khar3e AMkha vAle AdamI ko na sIpa dikhAI de, na zaMkha, na kaMkaDa, na patthara, na calatI huI yA sthita machaliyAM dikhAI deN| yaha aisA kyoM ? bhikSuoM, pAnI ke gaMdalA hone ke kAraNa / isI prakAra bhikSuoM, isakI sambhAvanA nahIM hai ki vaha bhikSu maile ( rAga-dveSAdi se yukta) citta se Atmahita jAna sakegA, parahita jAna sakegA, ubhayahita jAna sakegA aura sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna - darzana ko jAna sakegA / isakI sambhAvanA hai ki bhikSu nirmala citta se Atmahita ko jAna sakegA, parahita ko jAna sakegA, ubhayahita ko jAna sakegA, sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna - darzana ko jAna sakegA " " / buddha ke isa kathana kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM jaba taka rAga-dveSa aura moha kI vRttiyA~ sakriya haiM, taba taka Atmahita aura lokahita kI yathArthadRSTi utpanna nahIM hotI hai / rAga aura dveSa kA prahANa hone para hI saccI loka maMgala kI dRSTi kA udaya hotA hai aura jaba yaha yathArtha utpanna ho jAtI hai taba svArtha, parArtha aura ubhayArtha meM koI virodha hI nahIM karatA / hInayAna yA sthaviravAda meM jo svahitavAda arthAt AtmakalyANa ke dRSTikoNa kA prAdhAnya hai, usakA mUla kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyAM mAnI jA sakatI haiM, phira bhI hInayAna kA usa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA se mUlataH koI virodha nahIM hai, jo vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa meM bAdhana na ho / jisa avasthA taka vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM avirodha hai, usa avasthA taka lokamaMgala use bhI svIkAra hai / mAtra va lokamaMgala ke lie Antarika aura naitika vizuddhi ko adhika mahattva detA hai / Antarika pavitratA evaM naitika vizuddhi se zUnya hokara phalAkAMkSA se yukta lokasevA ke Adarza ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usakI samagra AlocanAe~ aise hI lokahita ke prati hai / bhikSu pArApariya ne, buddha ke paravartI bhikSuoM meM lokasevA kA jo thothA Adarza jora pakar3a gayA thA, usakI samAlocanA meM nimna vicAra prastuta kiye haiM : 1 : bauddha dharmadarzana 635

Page #649
logoM kI sevA kAya se karate haiM, dharma se nahIM / dUsaroM ko dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, (apane ) lAbha ke lie, na ki ( usake ) artha ke lie / sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM kA virodha lokasevA ke usa rUpa se hai jisakA sevA-rUpI zarIra to hai, lekina jisakI naitika cetanArUpI AtmA mara cukI hai| vaha lokasevA sevA nahIM, sevA kA pradarzana hai, dikhAvA hai, DhoMga hai, chalanA hai AtmapravaMcanA hai / DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra ekAMtatA kI sAdhanA kI prArambhika bauddhadharma meM pramukhatA avazya thIM, paraMtu sArthaka tathya yaha hai ki use lokasevA ke yA janakalyANa ke viparIta vahA~ kabhI nahIM mAnA gyaa| balki yaha to usake lie eka taiyArI thii|' dUsarI ora yadi hama mahAyAnI sAhitya kA gaharAI se adhyayana kareM to hameM bodhicaryAvatAra, zikSAsamuccaya, laMkAvatArasUtra jaise granthoM meM bhI kahIM aisI sevAbhAvanA kA samarthana nahIM milatA ho naitika jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlyoM ke virodha meM khar3I ho| lokamaMgala kA jo Adarza mahAyAna paramparA ne prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhI aise kisI lokahita kA samarthana nahIM karatA, jisake lie vaiyaktika naitikatA ko samApta kara diyA jAye / isa prakAra saiddhAMtika dRSTi se lokahita aura Atmahita kI avadhAraNA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM koI maulika virodha nahIM rahA jAtA / yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM yaha tathya sahI hai ki jahA~ eka ora hInayAna ne ekala sAdhanA aura vyaktiniSTha AcAra - paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA aura sAdhanA ko adhikAMza rUpeNa AMtarika evaM vaiyaktika banA diyA, vahA~ dUsarI ora mahAyAna ne usI kI pratikriyA meM sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pakSa kI upekSA kara use sAmAjika aura bahirmukhI banA diyA / isa taraha lokasevA aura lokAnukampA ko adhika mahattva diyaa| yahAM hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne jisa sImA taka apane meM isa eka pakSIyatA ko prazraya kiyA hai, ve usI sImA taka buddha kI madhyamArgIya dezanA se pIche bhI haTe haiN| hindU paramparA meM gItA meM svahita ke Upara lokahita kI pratiSThA huI hai / gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo apane lie hI pakAtA aura khAtA hai vaha pApa kI khAtA hai / ' svahita ke lie jIne vAlA vyakti gItA kI dRSTi meM adhArmika aura nIca hai / gItAkAra ke anusAra jo vyakti prApta bhogoM ko dene vAle ko die binA arthAt unakA RNa cukAye binA khAtA hai vaha cora hai / sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha na karanA gItA kI dRSTi meM bhArI aparAdha hai / gItA ke anusAra lokahita karanA manuSya kA karttavya hai / sarvaprANiyoM ke hita sampAdana meM lagA huA purUSa hI paramAtmA ko prApta karatA hai / vaha brahma-nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai / jise karma karane se koI prayojana nahIM raha gayA hai, jo jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 636

Page #650
jIvana-mukta ho gayA hai, jise saMsAra ke prANiyoM se koI matalaba nahIM, use bhI loka-hitArtha karma karate rahanA caahie| zrIkRSNa arjuna se hI kahate haiM ki lokasaMgraha (lokahita) ke lie tujhe kartavya karanA ucita hai| gItA meM bhagavAn ke avatAra dhAraNA karane kA uddezya sAdhujanoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA nAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA hai| __ aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM bauddha AcArya zAntideva ke zikSAsamuccaya nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anudita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM - isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna hai, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna hai| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dArUNa zoka se atidIna hai, ve mukta ho, nijabandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvanda se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ko parama kalyANa / / bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda __ bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda bhAratIya cintana kI AdhArabhUta dhAraNAyeM haiN| vairAgyavAda nivartaka dharmoM kA mUla hai to bhogavAda pravartana dharmoM kaa| vairAgyavAda zarIra aura AtmA tathA vAsanA aura viveka ke dvaita para AdhArita dhAraNA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra bandhana kA kAraNa hai aura samasta adharmoM kA mUla hai, ataH zarIra aura indriyoM kI mAMgoM ko ThukarAnA hI zreyaskara hai| isake viparIta bhogavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra kI mAMgoM kI pUrti karanA ucita evaM naitika haiM bhAratIya paramparA meM jainadharma vizuddha rUpa se vairAgyavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka rahA hai aura isI dRSTi se usane kisI sImA taka deha-khaNDana aura Atma-pIr3ana ke tathyoM kI apanI sAdhanA paddhati kA aMga bhI maanaa| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA zramaNa paramparA ke bhagavAna buddha prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne ina donoM ke madhya eka saMtulana banAte hue madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA hai| buddha kaThora mArga (deha daNDana) aura zithila mArga bauddha dharmadarzana 637

Page #651
(bhogavAda) donoM ko hI asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha ke anusAra yathArtha naitika jIvana kA mArga madhyama mArga hai| udAna meM bhI buddha apane isI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM - "brahmacarya (saMnyAsa) ke sAtha vratoM ko pAlana karanA hI sAra hai-yaha eka anta hai| kAma-bhAgoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM prakAra ke antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura mithyA dhAraNA bar3hatI hai|" isa prakAra buddha apane madhyamamArgIya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda meM yathArtha samanvaya sthApita karate haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga ke vikAsa kA upadeza diyA thA, usI kA vikAsa mahAyAna paramparA meM huA, yadyapi yaha satya hai ki madhyama mArga kA upadeza dete hue bhI buddha ne bhoga kI apekSA vairAgya para kucha adhika bala diyA thA, jabaki mahAyAna sAdhanA kisI sImA taka bhogavAda kI ora adhika jhuka gyii| mahAyAnI bauddha AcArya anaMga vajra kahate haiM ki citta kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI, ataH isa prakAra baratanA cAhiye ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho| vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA citta zAnti kI prakriyA nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Age calakara mahAyAna meM daihika icchAoM ke damana ko anucita mAnA gayA, yadyapi yaha durbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki bhogamArga kI ora mahAyAna kA yaha jhukAva use tantrayAna aura vAmAvarga kI dizA meM pravRtta kara detA hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura Atma-pIr3ana kI AlocanA ke saMbaMdha meM mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa gItA ke atyaMta nikaTa hai| gItA kA anAsakti yoga bhI bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda kI samasyA kA yathArtha samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| yadyapi gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para vairAgya bhAva kA upadeza hai, kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki gItA vairAgya ke nAma para deha-khaNDana kI prakriyA kI samarthaka nahIM hai| niSkarSa yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAte haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya ne pravartaka dharma kI aneka avadhAraNAoM ko zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita kiyA hai, yahI usakI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai| gRhasthajIvana se sIdhe nirvANa kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra, usane saMnyAsa aura gRhI jIvana ke madhya eka sArthaka santulana banAyA hai, jisameM saMnyAsa kA mahattva bhI yathAvat surakSita raha sakA hai| isake sAtha hI zramaNa saMsthA ko samAja sevA aura lokamaMgala kA bhAgIdAra banAkara zramaNa paramparA para hone vAle svArthavAditA ke AkSepa kA parihAra kara diyA hai aura bhikSu saMgha ko samAja jIvana kA eka upayogI aMga banA diyA hai| vaidika dharma yA gItA kI avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ko parimArjita kara zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa bodhisatvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| yahAM hama spaSTa rUpa se yaha dekhate jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 638

Page #652
haiM ki avatAra ke samAna bodhisatva bhI lokamaMgala ke lie apane jIvana ko utsarga kara detA hai- prANiyoM ko kalyANa hI usake jIvana kA Adarza hai| bodhisatva aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM tAttvika antara hote hue lokamaMgala ke sampAdana meM donoM samAna rUpa se pravRtta hote haiN| jainoM ke tIrthakara aura hInayAna ke buddha ke Adarza aise Adarza haiM, jo nirvANa ke uparAnta apane bhaktoM kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa meM sakriya rUpa se sAjhIdAra nahIM bana sakate haiN| ataH bhakta hRdaya aura mAnava ko santoSa dene ke lie jahA~ jainoM ne zAsana deva aura deviyoM (yakSa-yakSiyoM) kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI, to mahAyAna sampradAya ne tArA Adi devI-devatAoM ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthAna pradAna kiyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya vaidika paramparA meM vikasita gItA kI aneka avadhAraNAoM se vaicArika sAmya rakhatA hai| pravRttimArgI dharma ke aneka tatva mahAyAna paramparA meM isa prakAra AtmasAt ho gaye ki Age calakara use bhArata meM hindU dharma ke sAmane apanI alaga pahacAna banAye rakhanA kaThina ho gayA aura use hindU dharma ne AtmasAt kara liyA hai| jabaki usI zramaNa dhArA kA jainadharma nivRttyAtmaka pakSa para barAbara bala detA rahA hai aura isa prakAra usane apanA astitva banAye rkhaa| saMdarbha - 1. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/99 2. vahI, 8/116 3. vahI, 8/109 4. aMguttaranikAya, 1/5 5. theragAthA, 941-942 6. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609 7. gItA, 3/13 8. vahI, 3/12 9. vahI, 5/25, 12/4 10. vahI, 3/18 11. vahI, 3/20 12. vahI, 4/8 13. zikSAsamuccaya, anudati dharmadUta, maI 1941 bauddha dharmadarzana 639

Page #653
bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika cetanA bauddhadharma bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA ko nivRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki nivartaka dhArA kA samarthaka aura saMnyAsamArgI paramparA ko hone ke kAraNa bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika cetanA kA abhAva hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA citraNa karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki sAMsArika tRSNAoM aura vAsanAoM ke tyAga se hI jIvana ke paramalakSya nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki zramaNadha pArA ke anya dharmoM kI taraha prArambhika bauddhadharma meM bhI zrAmaNya yA bhikSu-jIvana para adhika bala diyA gyaa| usameM gRhastha dharma aura gRhastha jIvanazailI ko varIyatA pradAna nahIM kI gayI, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki bauddhadharma sAmAjika cetanA arthAt samAja kalyANa kI bhAvanA se parAGmukha rahA hai, bhrAMtipUrNa hI hogaa| phira bhI yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki zramaNa paramparA meM jo sAmAjika sandarbha upasthita haiM, ve avazya hI pravartaka dharmoM kI apekSA thor3e bhinna prakAra ke haiN| sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya ciMtana ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| jahAM vaidika yuga meM saMgacchadhvaM, saMvadadhvaM ke udghoSa ke dvArA sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM isa sAmAjika cetanA ke lie dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| samAja ke sadasyoM ke bIca abheda niSThA jAgRta karake ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti karAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad kA RSi kahatA thAH yastu sarvANi bhuutaanyaatmnyevaanupshyti| sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupste|| arthAt jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane se aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha isa ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se bhI ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| aupaniSadika yuga meM yaha ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti hI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra bnii| kintu sAmAnyarUpa se zramaNa paramparA meM jo sAmAjika cetanA ke sandarbha upasthita haiM ve vastutaH saMbaMdhoM kI zuddhi ke lie haiN| bauddhadharma meM mukhyataH sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala diyA gyaa| 640 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #654
bauddhadharma kI paMcazIla kI avadhAraNA meM vastutaH una duSpravRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jo hamAre sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM ko vikRta karatI thii| paMcazIloM ke mAdhyama se usameM jo hiMsA, asatyabhASaNa, cauryakarma, vyabhicAra aura mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se dUra rahane kI bAta kahI gayI hai usakA mukhya AdhAra hamArI sAmAjika cetanA hI hai| hiMsA kA artha hai dUsare prANiyoM ko kaSTa denA, unake hitoM kI upekSA karanA, isI prakAra asatya bhASaNa kA tAtparya dUsaroM ko galata jAnakArI denA yA usake sAtha kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra krnaa| corI kA artha hai, dUsaroM kI sampatti kA apaharaNa yA zoSaNa krnaa| isI prakAra vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke virUddha yauna saMbaMdha sthApita karanA aura sadAcAra ke mUlyoM kI avahelanA kara sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM ko viSAkta evaM asthira bnaanaa| isI prakAra mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana bhI sAmAjika cetanA aura dAyitvabodha kI upekSA kA hI kAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama gaharAI se vicAra kareM to sAmAjika jIvana ke abhAva meM ina paMcazIloM kA koI artha aura saMdarbha hI nahIM raha jaataa| paMcazIla ke rUpa meM jo maryAdAe~ bauddha dharma ke dvArA prastuta kI gayI haiM, unakA mukhya saMbaMdha hamAre sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kI zuddhi se hI hai| bauddha sAhitya meM aise aneka sandarbha haiM, jo vyakti ko usake sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM aura dAyitvoM kA bodha karAte haiM, jinakI carcA hama isI Alekha ke aMta meM kara rahe haiN| saMgha kI sarvoparitA zramaNa paramparA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se bauddha dharma meM dharmasaMgha kI sthApanA kA jo prayatna huA vaha vastutaH isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki bauddhadharma meM usake prArambhika kAla se hI sAmAjika cetanA upasthita thii| sAmUhika-sAdhanA yA saMghIya jIvanazailI bauddhadharma kI viziSTa dena hai| buddha ne apane jIvana ke aMtima kSaNa taka saMghIya-jIvana aura saMgha kI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| apane parinirvANa ke avasara para bhI unhoMne apane sthAna para mahattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| apane parinirvANa ke avasara para bhI unhoMne apane sthAna para kisI bhikSu ko sthApita na karake yahI kahA ki mere pazcAt saMgha hI bhikSu-bhikSuNI varga kA anuzAstA hogaa| jo loga bauddhadharma ko zramaNa yA saMnyAsamArgIya paramparA kA dharma hone ke kAraNa yaha kahate haiM ki usameM sAmAjika cetanA kA abhAva hai ve vastutaH bauddhadharma kI isa sAmAjika prakRti se sarvathA anabhijJa haiN| bauddhadharma meM sadaiva hI saMgha kI mahattA aura garikA kA guNa-gAna kiyA gayA aura sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM sahavargIya bhikSu aura prANiyoM kI sevA ko sAdhanA kA ucca Adarza mAnA gyaa| samasta AcAra niyamoM kA mUla srota buddha ke pazcAt saMgha hI rahA hai| saMgha kI dUsare zabdoM meM samAja kI sarvoparitA bauddha dharmadarzana 641

Page #655
ko bauddhadharma ne sadaiva hI svIkAra kiyA hai| trizaraNoM meM 'saMghazaraNa' kA vidhAna isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA ko sadaiva hI mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| rAga kA prahANa aura sAmAjika cetanA __ bauddhadharma rAga ke prahANa para bala detA hai aura isIlie vaha zrAmaNya (saMnyAsa) aura nirvANa kI bAta kahatA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga kA prahANa hI aisA tattva hai, jo vyakti kI sAmAjika cetanA ko avarUddha karatA hai, kintu yaha mAnyatA bhrAnta hI hai| rAga yA mamatva se upara uThane kA artha sAmAjikatA kI cetanA se vilaga honA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki rAga ke prahANa ke liye vyakti zrAmaNya ko svIkAra karatA hai aura apane pArivArika saMbaMdhoM ko bhI tor3a letA hai kintu yaha pArivArika jIvana se virakta honA sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha honA nahIM hai, apitu yaha hamArI sAmAjika cetanA aura sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM ko vyApaka banAne kA hI eka prayatna hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAgAtmakatA kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika saMbaMdha bana hI nahIM paate| rAga hameM vyApaka banAne kI apekSA sImita hI karatA hai| vaha apane aura parAye kA gherA khar3A karatA hai| yadi hama ImAnadArIpUrvaka vizleSaNa kareM to hama pAyeMge ki sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM kahIM na kahIM vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA hI kArya karatI hai| maiM aura merA aise pratyaya hai, jo hameM cAhe kucha logoM ko sAtha jor3ate hoM, lekina ve hameM bahujana samAja se to alaga hI karate haiN| mamatva kI upasthiti hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kI saMkIrNatA kI hI sUcaka hai| rAga bhAvanA jor3ane kA kAma kama aura tor3ane kA kAma adhika karatI hai| mamatva kI upasthiti meM samatva saMbhava nahIM hai aura samatA ke abhAva meM sAmAjikatA nahIM hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA rAga-dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba saMbaMdha rAga aura dveSa ke AdhAra para banate haiM to ve viSamatA aura saMgharSa ko janma dete haiN| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM : upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni c| sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa / / AtmAnamaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na shkyte| yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM na shkyte| arthAt saMsAra ke sabhI duHkha aura bhaya tathA tadjanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hI hote haiM, jaba taka mamatva buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka una duHkhoM kI samApti saMbhava nahIM hai| jaise agni kA parityAga kiye binA tadjanya dAha se bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, vaise hI mamatva kA parityAga kiye binA duHkha se bacanA 642 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna

Page #656
sambhava nahIM hai| mamatvabhAva, para meM Atmabuddhi yA rAga bhAva ke kAraNa hI "maiM" aura "mere" pana kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| isI AdhAra para vyakti merA parivAra, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra aise kSudra ghere banAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai| Aja yadi mAnava jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM meM koI bhI tattva sabase adhika bAdhaka hai to vaha mamatva yA rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva hI hai| mamatva yA rAgAtmakatA vyakti ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTa Iya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane detI hai| ataH bauddhadarzana rAga ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjika cetanA ko eka yathArtha dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| kyoMki rAga sadaiva hI kucha para hotA hai aura jo kucha para hotA hai vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai| rAga ke kAraNa hamAre sva kI sImA saMkucita hotI hai| yaha apane aura parAye ke bIca dIvAra khar3I karatA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai, aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hitoM kA hanana karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi unhIM ke prati kiye jAte haiM jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN| ataH yaha satya hai ki rAgAtmaka saMbaMdhoM ke AdhAra para sAmAjikatA kI saccI cetanA jAgRta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva ke ghere ko pUrI taraha tor3a pAnA sAmAnya vyakti ke lie sambhava nahIM haiM, kintu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA apekSita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| parivAra kI sevA ke liye hameM apane vaiyaktika kSudra svArthoM ko, samAja kI sevA ke liye pArivArika svArthoM ko aura rASTra kI sevA ke liye jAti, dharma aura varga ke kSudra svArthoM ko chor3anA hogaa| ina kSudra svArthoM kA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai| mamatva evaM svahita kI vRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue eka vyApaka sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hotA hai| punaH samAja tyAga aura samarpaNa ke mUlyoM ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| yadi mujhe patnI, baccoM evaM parivAra kI sevA karanA hai to kahIM na kahIM apane vaiyaktika svArthoM ko tyAganA hI hogaa| isI prakAra rASTra kI sevA ke lie pArivArika aura jAtIya svArthoM ko chor3anA hogaa| yahI nahIM, yadi hama samagra mAnava jAti yA prANimAtra kA kalyANa cAhate haiM to rASTa IyatA ke kSudra ghere se bhI Upara uThanA hogaa| isa vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddha paramparA meM jo rAga aura tRSNA ke prahANa kI bAta kI gayI hai vaha sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka bauddha dharmadarzana 643

Page #657
nahIM apitu sAdhaka hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki hamAre sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kA AdhAra rAga nahIM, apitu viveka kA tattva honA caahie| karttavya bodha kI bhAvanA hI eka aisA tattva hai jo hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra bana sakatA hai| vastutaH rAga kI bhASA merepana kI bhASA hai, adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA karttavyabodha kI bhASA hai| jahAM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahAM kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA panapatI hai| rAga ke AdhAra para jo bhI sAmAjika cetanA nirmita hogI vaha anivArya rUpa se varga bheda aura varNa bheda ko janma degii| bauddhadharma meM jisa sAmAjika cetanA ke nirmANa kI bAta kahI gayI hai vaha sAmAjika cetanA prajJA aura sArvabhauma karUNA ke AdhAra para phalita hotI hai| usameM mere aura tere yA apane yA parAye kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| parama prajJA se jo karUNA niHsRta hotI hai, vaha sImita nahIM hotI hai, vaha ananta hotI hai, vaha kisI eka para nahIM, apitu sabhI para hotI hai| sanyAsa aura samAja-sevA sAmAnyatayA sanyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko bhI sAmAjikatA kA virodhI mAnA jAtA hai| bauddhadharma nizcaya hI eka saMnyAsamArgI paramparA kA dharma hai| yaha bhI sahI hai ki saMnyAsI ghara, parivAra aura samAja se apanA saMbaMdha tor3a letA hai tathA dhana, sampatti kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai| mAtra yahIM nahI, eka saccA saMnyAsI to lokeSaNA kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai, kintu dhana, sampadA, parivAra aura lokeSaNA kA tyAga, samAja kA parityAga nahIM hai, vastutaH yaha tyAga svArthavRtti kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai| saMnyAsI kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja vimukha nahIM banAtA hai apitu samAja kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA adhiSThita karatA hai| kyoMki saccA samAja kalyANa niHsvArthatA aura virAga kI bhUmi para adhiSThita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| apane kSudra svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie ekatrita vyaktiyoM kA samUha samAja nahIM hotA hai aura aise svArthI aura vAsanA-lolupa vyaktiyoM tathAkathita sevA kA kArya samAja-sevA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| samAja una logoM kA samUha hotA hai jo apane vaiyaktika aura pArivArika hitoM kA parityAga karate haiN| niHsvArthabhAva se lokamaMgala ke lie uTha khar3e hote haiN| coroM aura lUTeroM kA bhI samUha hotA hai kintu vaha samAja nahIM khlaataa| samAja kI bhAvanA hI vahIM panapatI hai, jahA~ tyAga aura svahita ke visarjana kA saMkalpa hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne jo bhikSu saMgha kI vyavasthA dI, vaha sAmAjika cetanA kI virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha bhikSu lokamaMgala aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM se vimukha hokara bhikSu nahIM banatA, apitu vaha lokakalyANa ke lie hI bhikSu jIvana aMgIkAra karatA hai| buddha kA yaha Adeza-"caratthamikkhave 644 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #658
cArikkaM bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya, lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamunassAnaM" isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki unakA bhikSu saMgha lokamaMgala ke lie hI hai| sanyAsa kI bhUmikA meM nizcita hI svArtha aura mamatva ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| phira bhI saMnyAsa loka kalyANa aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM se palAyana nahIM hai, apitu bahujana samAja ke prati samarpaNa hai| saccA zramaNa usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai jahAM vaha apane ko samaSTi meM aura samaSTi ko apane meM dekhatA hai| vastutaH nirmamatva aura niHsvArthabhAva se tathA apane aura parAye ke saMkIrNa ghere se Upara uThakara lokakalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahanA, zramaNa jIvana kI saccI bhUmikA hai| saccA zramaNa vaha vyakti hai, jo lokamaMgala ke lie apane ko aura apane zarIra ko bhI samarpita kara detA hai| sanyAsa kA tAtparya hai vyakti apane aura parAye ke ghere se Upara uThe aura prANImAtra ke prati usakA hRdaya karUNAzIla bne| AcArya zAntideva bodhicaryAvatAra meM likhate hai - kAyasyAvayavatvena yathAbhISTA kraadyH| jagato'vayavatvena tathA ksmaanndehinH|| 8/114 jisa prakAra hAtha Adi sva zarIra ke avayava hone se priya ho jAte haiM to phira jagat ke avayava hone se sabhI prANI priya kyoM nahIM hoMge? vastutaH saccA zramaNa aura saccA sanyAsI vaha vyakti hotA hai-jisakI cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai| zrAmaNya kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA kI, apitu yaha eka aisI bhUmikA hai jahAM mAtra kartavya bhAva se loka kalyANa ke bhAva se jIvana ke vyavahAra phalita hote haiN| samAja meM naitika cetanA ko jAgRta karanA tathA samAja meM AnevAlI duSpravRttiyoM se vyaktiyoM evaM samAja ko bacAkara loka maMgala ke lie prerita karanA hI sanyAsI kA sarvopari karttavya mAnA jAtA hai| nirvANa kA pratyaya aura samAja yadyapi bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ko sAdhanA kA sarvopari lakSya mAnA gayA hai, kintu nirvANa kA yaha pratyaya bhI sAmAjika cetanA se vimukha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| nirvANa kA artha hai tRSNA aura Asakti kA prhaann| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM yaha mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti kA prayAsa hI hai| vastutaH nirvANa prApta citta eka aisA zAMta citta hotA hai, jo tanAvoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta rahatA hai| yadi hama nirvANa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM to hameM inhIM bauddha dharmadarzana 645

Page #659
mAnasika vikSobhoM ke nirAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM hI usa para vicAra karanA hogaa| sambhavataH isa saMbaMdha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM hogA ki rAga, dveSa, tRSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IrSyA, vaimanasya Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke lie adhika ghAtaka haiN| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA artha hai to mukti kA saMbaMdha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke sAtha jur3a jAtA hai| nirvANa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se saMbaMdhita hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne mokSa ko purUSArtha mAnA hai| usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana se prAptavya hai| jo loga nirvANa ko eka maraNottara avasthA mAnate haiM, ve nirvANa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiN| isa jIvanamukti ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ko hama asvIkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki jIvanamukta eka aisA vyakti hai jo sadaiva loka-kalyANakArI hotA hai| bauddha darzana meM buddha, arhat evaM bodhisatva kI jo avadhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gayI hai aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, usase hama nizcaya hI isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki nirvANa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA bhI hai| vaha loka maMgala aura mAnava-kalyANa kA eka mahAna Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai| jana-jana ko duHkhoM se mukta karanA hI vAstavika mukti hai| bauddha dArzanikoM meM vaiyaktika mukti kI apekSA loka-kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| bauddha-darzana meM bodhisatva kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA hI jIvana kA antima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva to lokamaMgala ke lie apane baMdhana aura duHkha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai: bahunAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkha vigcchti| utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayen praatmno|| mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te prmodysaagraaH| taireva nanu paryAptaM, mokSeNArasikena kim / / yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karUNApUrvaka unake duHkhoM ko dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai, vaha kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa nirvANa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki nirvANa kI avadhAraNA bhI sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai| vastutaH bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA artha hai AtmabhAva kA pUrNatayA 646 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #660
vigln| vastuta maiM, ahaM aura merepana ke bhAva se mukta ho jAnA hI nirvANa prApta karanA hai| isa dRSTi se nirvANa kA artha hai, apane Apako miTAkara samaSTi yA samAja meM lIna kara lenaa| bauddha darzana meM vahI vyakti nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai jo apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM lIna kara de| AcArya zAMtideva 'bodhicaryAvatAra' meM likhate haiM: sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM, nirvANArthi ca me mnH| tyaktvaM cenmayA sarva varaM satveSu dIyatAm / / arthAt yadi sarva kA tyAga hI nirvANa hai aura merA mana nirvANa ko cAhatA hai, to saba kucha jo tyAga karanA hai, use anya prANiyoM ko kyoM na de diyA jaave| isa prakAra zAMtideva kI dRSTi meM vyakti kA pUrNataH samaSTi meM lIna ho jAnA arthAt apane ko prANI mAtra kI sevA meM samarpita kara denA hI sAdhanA kA ekamAtra Adarza hai| ataH nirvANa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hai| ___ aMta meM hama yaha sakate haiM ki bauddha darzana meM, cAhe zrAmaNya yA sanyAsa kA pratyaya ho, cAhe nirvANa kA, vaha kisI bhI artha meM sAmAjikatA kA virodha nahIM hai| bauddha AcAryoM kI dRSTi aura vizeSakara mahAyAna AcAryoM kI dRSTi sadaiva hI sAmAjika cetanA se paripUrNa rahI hai aura unhoMne sadaiva hI loka maMgalakArI dRSTi ko jIvana kA Adarza mAnA hai| AcArya zAntideva bodhicaryAvatAra (8/125-129) meM bauddha dharma aura darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA kitanI udAtta hai isakA spaSTa citraNa karate haiN| hama yahAM unake vacanoM ko yathAvat rUpa se prastuta kara rahe hai - yadi dAsyAmi kiM bhokSya hatyAtmArthe pishaacitaa| yadi bhokSye kiM dadAmIti parArtha devraajtaa|| 'yadi dUMgA to maiM kyA khAUMgA' yaha vicAra pizAcavRtti hai| apane khAne kI apekSA parAye ke lie dene kI bhAvanA rakhanA hI devarAjatA hai| AtmArtha pIr3ayitvAnyaM narakAdiSu pacyate / AtmAtaM pIr3ayitvA tu parArthe srvsNpdH|| __ apane lie dUsare ko pIr3A dekara (manuSya ko) naraka Adi meM pakanA par3atA hai| para dUsare ke lie svayaM kleza uThAne se (manuSya ko) saba sampattiyAM milatI hai| durgatirnIcatA morkhA yyaivaatmonntiicchyaa| tAmevAnyatra saMkrAmya sugatiH stkRrtimtiH|| ___ apane prakarSa kI jisa icchA se durgati, paravazatA aura mUrkhatA milatI hai, usI (icchA) kA dUsaroM ke hita meM saMkramaNa karane se sugati, satkAra aura prajJA milatI hai| AtmArtha paramAjJApya daastvaaydynubhuuyte| parArthaM tvenamAjJApya svaamitvaadynubhuuyte|| bauddha dharmadarzana 647

Page #661
apane svArtha ke lie dUsare ko AjJA dekara, usa karma ke pariNAma svarUpa dAsatA Adi kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai| kintu dUsare ke hita ke lie apane ko AjJA dekara usa karma ke phalasvarUpa prabhutA Adi kA anubhava karane ko milatA hai| ye kecid duHkhitA loke sarve te svsukhecchyaa| ye kecit sukhitA loke sarve te'nya sukhecchyaa|| saMsAra meM jo koI duHkhI haiM, ve saba apanI sukhecchA ke kaarnn| saMsAra meM jo koI sukhI haiM, ve parakIya sukhecchA ke kAraNa haiN| isa samagra cintana meM yaha phalita hotA hai ki bauddha dharma meM loka maMgala kI udAtta bhAvanA bhagavAna buddha se lekara paravartI AcAryoM meM bhI yathAvata kAyama rahI hai| bhagavAna buddha ne jo 'bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' kA udghoSa kiyA thA yaha bauddha dharma darzana kA mukhya adhiSThAna hai| aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM AcArya zAntideva ke zikSAsamuccaya nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anudita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM - isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiN| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dArUNa zoka se atidIna haiM, ve mukta ho nijabandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ho parama klyaann|| 00 648 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #662
dharmanirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma vaijJAnika pragati ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja hamArA vizva simaTa gayA hai / vibhinna saMskRtiyoM aura vibhinna dharmoM ke loga Aja eka dUsare ke nikaTa samparka meM haiN| sAtha hI vaijJAnika evaM audyogika pragati ke kAraNa aura viziSTikaraNa se hama parasparAzrita ho gaye haiN| Aja kisI bhI dharma aura saMskRti ke loga dUsare dharmoM aura saMskRtiyoM se nirapekSa hokara jIvana nahIM jI sakate haiM / hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki isa parivezajanya nikaTatA aura pArasparika nirbharatA ke bAvajUda Aja manuSya manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUriyA~ bar3hatI jA rahI haiM / vaiyaktika yA rASTrIya svArthalipsA evaM mahatvAkAMkSA ke kAraNa hama eka-dUsare se kaTate cale jA rahe haiM / dharmoM aura dhArmika sampradAyoM ke saMgharSa bar3hate jA rahe haiM aura manuSya Aja bhI dharmo ke nAma para damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura raktaplAvana kA zikAra ho rahA hai / eka dharma aura eka sampradAya ke loga dUsare dharma aura sampradAya ko maTiyAmeTa karane para tule hue haiM / ina saba paristhitiyoM meM Aja rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya stara para dharmanirapekSatA kI carcA hamAre sAmane AI hai, tAki dharmoM ke nAma para hone vAlI ina saba durghaTanAoM se mAnavatA ko bacAyA jA sake / ina sandarbha meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki dharmanirapekSatA se hamArA kyA, tAtparya hai? vastutaH dharmanirapekSatA ko aMgrejI zabda 'sekyularijma' kA hindI paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gayA hai| hama aksara 'sekyulara sTeTa' kI bAta karate haiN| yahA~ hamArA tAtparya aise rAjya / rASTra se hotA hai jo kisI dharma vizeSa ko rASTrIya dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karake apane rASTra meM pracalita sabhI dharmoM ko apanI-apanI sAdhanA paddhati ko apanAne kI svataMtratA, apane vikAsa ke samAna avasara aura sabhI ke prati samAna Adara bhAva pradAna karatA hai / ataH rASTrIya nIti ke sandarbha meM 'sekyularijma' kA artha dharmavihInatA nahIM apitu kisI dharma vizeSa ko pramukhatA na dekara, sabhI dharmoM ke prati samavyavahAra hai / jo loga dharmanirapekSatA kA artha dharma athavA nIti vihInatA karate haiM, ve bhI eka bhrAnta dhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM / koI bhI vyakti athavA rASTra dharmavihIna nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki dharma eka jIvanazailI hai| sekyularijma yA dharmanirapekSatA ke lie mahAtmA gAMdhI ne hameM dharmadarzana 649

Page #663
'sarvadharma samabhAva' zabda diyA thA, jo adhika mahatvapUrNa aura sArthaka hai| sabhI dharmoM kI sApekSika mUlyavatA ko svIkAra karate hue unake vikAsa ke samAna avasara pradAna karanA hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki dhArmika durbhiniveza evaM matAgraha se mukta honA hai - yahI dRSTi kI parivAsanA se mukta honA hai| vaha kisI dRSTi/ karmakANDa/upAsanA paddhati se baMdhanA nahIM hai| isI prakAra dharma zabda bhI aneka artha meM prayukta hotA hai| vaha eka ora vastusvarUpa kA sUcaka hai to dUsarI ora kartavya aura kisI sAdhanA yA upAsanA kI paddhati vizeSa kA bhI sUcaka hai| ataH jaba hama dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM dharma zabda kA prayoga kareM, to hameM usake artha ke saMbaMdha meM spaSTatA rakhanI hogii| prastuta sandarbha meM dharma kA artha na svabhAva hai, na karttavya aura na sadAcaraNa hai| dharma nirapekSatA ke saMdarbha meM dharma zabda AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI paddhati vizeSa kA paricAyaka hai, jo kisI sImA taka nIti aura AcAra ke vizeSa niyamoM se bhI jur3A hai| ataH dharmanirapekSatA kA tAtparya upAsanA yA sAdhanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM kI sApekSika satyatA aura mUlyavatA ko svIkAra karanA hai| saMkSepa meM kisI eka dharma sampradAya karmakANDa aura upAsanA kI paddhati ke prati pratibaddha na hokara sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI sabhI paddhatiyoM ko vikasita hone evaM jIvita rahane kA samAna adhikAra pradAna karanA hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| jaba hama bauddhadharma ke sandarbha meM isa dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA para vicAra kareM to hameM isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara lenA cAhie ki bauddhadharma bhI eka dharmavizeSa hI hai, ataH usameM dharmanirapekSatA kA vaha artha nahIM hai jise sAmAnyatayA hama svIkAra karate haiN| usameM dharmanirapekSatA kA tAtparya dUsare dharmoM ke prati samAdara bhAva se adhika nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki bauddhadharma meM anya dhArmika evaM dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI usI prakAra samIkSA kI gaI hai jisa prakAra anya dharmoM evaM darzanoM meM bauddhadharma kI gaI thii| phira bhI bauddhadharma meM sarvadharma samabhAva evaM dhArmika sahiSNutA ke paryApta AdhAra hai| bhAratIya saMskRti aura bhAratIya cintana prArambha se hI udAravAdI aura samanvayavAdI rahA hai| bhAratIya cintana kI isI udAratA evaM samanvayavAditA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hindUdharma vibhinna sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI paddhatiyoM kA eka aisA saMgrahAlaya bana gayA ki Aja koI bhI vidvAna hindU dharma kI sunizcita paribhASA dene meM asaphala ho jAtA hai| upAsanA evaM karmakANDa kI Adima pravRttiyoM se lekara advaita vedAnta kA zreSThatama dArzanika siddhAnta usameM samAhita hai| prakRti pUjA ke vividha rUpoM se lekara nirguNa-sAdhanA kA vikasita rUpa usameM parilakSita hotA hai| usakI dhArmika samanvayazIlatA hamAre sAmane eka advitIya Adarza upasthita karatI hai| 650 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #664
bhAratIya cintana dhArA kA hI aMga hone ke kAraNa bauddhadharma bhI apane prArambhikakAla se lekara Aja taka dhArmika samanvayazIlatA aura sarvadharma samabhAva kA Adarza prastuta karatA rahA hai| kyoMki usane pratidvandI dharmoM ko zakti ke bala para samApta karane kA kabhI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| eka ora usakI isa samanvayavAditA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki vaha vyApaka hindU dharma meM AtmasAt hokara bhArata meM apanA svataMtra astitva hI nahIM rakha sakA, kintu dUsarI ora usane apanI isa samanvayavAditA ke pariNAmasvarUpa vizva ke dharmoM meM zIrSastha sthAna prApta kara liyA aura bhArata ke bAhara bhUTAna, tibbata, cIna, viyatanAma, jApAna, kamboDiyA, thAIlaiNDa, barmA, laMkA Adi dezoM meM unakI saMskRtiyoM se samanvaya sAdhate hue apane astitva kA vistAra kiyA hai| yahAM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa hogA ki bauddhadharma ne apanA vistAra sattA aura zakti ke bala para nahIM kiyA hai| bauddhadharma kI udAra aura samanvayazIla dRSTi kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki vaha jisa deza meM gayA vahAM ke AcAra-vicAra aura nIti vyavahAra ko, vahAM ke devI-devatAoM ko isa prakAra se samanvita kara liyA ki una dezoM ke lie vaha eka bAharI dharma na rahakara unakA apanA hI aMga bana gyaa| isa prakAra vaha videza kI bhUmi meM bhI videzI nahIM rhaa| yaha usakI samanvayavAditA hI thI, jisake kAraNa vaha videzI bhUmi meM apane ko khar3A rakha skaa| bauddhadharma meM dharmanirapekSatA kA AdhAra-dRSTirAga kA prahANa dharmanirapekSatA yA sarvadharmasamabhAva kI avadhAraNA tabhI balavatI hotI hai jaba vyakti apane ko Agraha aura matAndhatA ke ghere se Upara uThA ske| Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie bauddhadharma meM dRSTirAga (diTThI parivAsanA) kA spaSTarUpa se niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma aura sAdhanA paddhati kI anivArya zarta yaha hai ki vyakti apane ko dRSTirAga se Upara uThAye, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM dRSTirAga ko hI mithyAdRSTi aura dRSTirAga ke prahANa ko samyakdRSTi kahA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha vicAraka yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma yA darzana svayaM meM bhI to eka dRSTi hai| lekina yadi hama bauddhadharma kA gambhIratA se adhyayana kareM to hameM yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki buddha kA sandeza kisI dRSTi ko apanAnA nahIM thA, kyoMki dRSTiyA~ tRSNA ke hI, rAga ke hI rUpa haiM aura satya ke ekAMza kA grahaNa karatI haiN| ina dRSTiyoM se Upara uThanA hI buddha kI dharmadezanA kA sAra hai| dRSTirAga se Upara uThanA hI dRSTinirapekSatA hai aura ise hI hama dharmanirapekSatA kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha eka niSedhAtmaka prayAsa hI adhika hai, jainoM ke anekAMta ke samAna vidhAyaka prayAsa nahIM hai| phira bhI bauddhadharma meM samyakdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi kI carcA huI hai kintu usakI samyakdRSTi dRSTinirapekSatA yA dRSTizUnyatA ke atirikta kucha nahIM bauddha dharmadarzana 651

Page #665
hai| bauddhadharma kI dRSTi meM sabhI dRSTiyAM ekAMtika hotI haiN| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Agraha yA ekAMgIdRSTi rAga ke hI rUpa haiM aura jo isa prakAra ke dRSTirAga meM rata rahatA hai vaha samyakdRSTi ko upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| apitu jahAM eka ora svayaM dRSTirAga ke kAraNa bandhana meM par3A rahatA hai vahAM dUsarI ora isI dRSTirAga ke pariNAmasvarUpa kalaha aura vivAda kA kAraNa banatA hai| isake viparIta jo manuSya dRSTipakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai na bandhana meN| isa prakAra vaha vizvazAnti kA sAdhaka hotA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha bahuta hI mArmika zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki "jo apanI dRSTi kA dRr3hAgrahI ho, dUsaroM ko mUrkha mAnatA hai, vaha dUsare dharma ko mUrkha aura azuddha batalAne vAlA svayaM hI kalaha kA AhvAna karatA hai| vaha kisI dhAraNA yA dRSTi para avasthita ho, usake dvArA saMsAra meM vivAda yA kalaha utpanna karatA hai| kintu jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai vaha manuSya saMsAra meM kalaha nahIM karatA hai| kyoMki dRSTirAga bAMdhatA hai, jo bAMdhatA hai vaha anyatra se tor3atA bhI hai aura jo tor3egA vaha kalaha aura vinAza ko Amantrita kregaa| buddha punaH spaSTa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyA~ hai, paNDita una saba meM nahIM par3atA hai| dRSTi ko na grahaNa karane vAlA Asaktirahita paNDita kyA grahaNa karegA? buddha ke zabdoM meM jo loga apane dharma ko paripUrNa aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiM ve dUsaroM kI avajJA (nindA) se hIna hokara dharma meM zreSTha nahIM ho sakate haiN| jo kisI dRSTi vizeSa ko mAnatA hai, jo kisI vAdavizeSa meM Asakta hai vaha manuSya zuddhi ko prApta nahIM ho sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ke zabdoM meM vivekI brAhmaNa dRSTi kI tRSNA meM nahIM par3atA hai vaha jo kucha bhI dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra hai, una saba para vijayI hotA hai aura dRSTiyoM se pUrNarUpa se mukta ho vaha anAsakta vyakti saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddhadharma dRSTirAga kA niSedha karake isa bAta kA saMdeza detA hai ki vyakti ko sAdhanA aura AdhyAtma ke kSetra meM kisI prakAra ke durAgraha se grasita nahIM honA caahie| bauddhadharma kI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki binA dRSTikoNa ko chor3e koI bhI vyakti na to samyakdRSTi ko prApta ho sakatA hai aura na nirvANa ke patha kA anugAmI ho sakatA hai| isIlie bauddhadharma ke sazakta vyAkhyAtA vidvAna dArzanika nAgArjuna spaSTa zabdoM meM kahate haiM- tattva kA sAkSAtkAra dRSTiyoM ke ghere se Upara uThakara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki samagra dRSTiyA~ (darzana) use dUSita hI karatI haiN| isa prakAra bauddha darzana kA dRSTirAga ke prahANa kA siddhAnta dharmanirapekSatA ke siddhAnta kA eka mahatvapUrNa AdhAra hai| buddha kA sandeza sadaiva hI Agraha aura matAndhatA ke ghere se Upara uThane kA rahA hai| kyoMki ve yaha mAnate haiM ki satya kA darzana Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThakara hI ho sakatA hai| 652 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #666
bauddha darzana kA vibhajyavAda kA siddhAnta bhI hameM yahI saMdeza detA hai ki satya kA samagrarUpa se darzana karane ke icchuka vyakti ko satya ko aikAntika dRSTi se nahIM, apitu anekAntika dRSTi se dekhanA hogaa| bauddha paramparA meM satya ko aneka pahaluoM ke sAtha dekhanA hI vidvatA hai| theragAthA meM spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jo satya kA eka hI pahalU dekhatA hai vaha mUrkha hai| paMDita to satya ko aneka pahaluoM se dekhatA hai| vivAda kA janma ekAMgI dRSTi se hotA hai kyoMki ekAMgadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiN| jaba hama satya ko aneka pahaluoM se dekhate haiM to nizcaya hI hamAre sAmane vibhinna pahaluoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna rUpa hote haiM aura aisI sthiti meM hama kisI eka vicArasAraNI meM Abaddha na hokara satya kA vyApaka rUpa meM darzana karate haiN| isIlie suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki maiM vivAda (Agraha) ke do phala batAtA hU~-eka to vaha apUrNa aura ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare vaha vigraha aura azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa jo ki hamAre jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai| vaha to nirvivAdatA kI bhUmi para sthita hai| isalie buddha kahate haiM ki nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhanevAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na pdd'e| bhagavAna buddha kI dRSTi meM pakSAgraha yA vAda-vivAda nirvANamArga ke pathika ke kArya nahIM hai| ve spaSTa kahate haiM ki yaha to mallavidyA hai| rAjabhojana se puSTa pahalavAna kI taraha apane prativAdI ko lalakArane vAle vAdI ko usa jaise prativAdI ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie, kyoMki mukta purUSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha kA koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM hai aura jo apane mata yA dRSTi ko satya batAte haiM unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre sAtha bahasa karane ko yahAM koI nahIM hai| isa prakAra bauddhadarzana isa bAta ko bhI anucita mAnatA hai ki hama kevala apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare ke mata kI nindA karate rheN| buddha svayaM kahate haiM ki zuddhi yahI hai dUsare varNoM, meM nahIM hai aisA apanI dRSTi meM atidRr3hAgrahI vyakti tairthika (mithyAdRSTi) hai| isa prakAra dRSTirAga hI mithyAdRSTi hai aura dRSTirAga kA prahANa hI samyagdRSTi hai| dhArmika saMgharSa kI niyantrakatatva prajJA samagra dhArmika matAndhatA aura saMgharSa isalie hote haiM ki vyakti dhArmika sandarbho meM vicAra aura tarka kI apekSA zraddhA ko adhika mahatva dete haiN| tarka aura cintana se rahita zraddhA aMdhazraddhA hotI hai aura aisI aMdhazraddhA se yukta vyaktiyoM kA upayoga tathAkathita dhArmika netA apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke liye kara lete haiN| ataH dharma ke kSetra meM zraddhA kA sthAna svIkRta karate hue, bhI use viveka yA cintana se rahita kara denA nahIM hai| bauddhadharma ne sadaiva hI zraddhA kI apekSA tarka aura prajJA bauddha dharmadarzana 653

Page #667
ko adhika mahatva diyA hai / AlArakalAmasutta meM buddha spaSTarUpa meM kahate haiM ki he kalAma ! tuma merI bAta ko kevala isalie satya svIkAra mata karo ki inako kahane vAlA vyakti tumhArI AsthA yA zraddhA kA kendra hai / " adhyAtma aura sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pratyeka bAta ko tarka kI tarAjU para taula kara aura anubhava kI kasauTI para kasa kara hI svIkAra karanA cAhie / buddha anya vicArakoM kI vaicArika svataMtratA kA kabhI hanana karanA nahIM cAhate haiM / isake viparIta ve hamezA kahate haiM ki jo kucha hamane kahA hai usako anubhava kI kasauTI para kaso aura satya kI tarAjU para taulo aura yadi vaha satya lagatA hai to use svIkAra karo / buddha ke zabdoM meM he kalAma ! jaba tuma Atma anubhava se jAnalo ye bAteM kuzala haiM nirdoSa haiM, inake AdhAra para calane se sukha hotA hai tabhI inheM svIkAra karo anyathA nahIM / " buddha AsthA pradhAna dharma ke sthAna para tarka pradhAna dharma kA vyAkhyAna karate haiM aura isa prakAra ke dhArmika matAndhatA aura vaicArika durAgrahoM se vyakti ko Upara uThAte haiN| eka anya bauddhagrantha tattvasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra svarNa ko tapAkara kATakara bhedakara aura kasakara parIkSA kI jAtI hai / he bhikSuoM usI prakAra dharma kI bhI parIkSA kI jAnI cAhie / " use kevala zAstA ke prati Adara ke kAraNa svIkAra nahIM karanA cAhie / vastutaH dhArmika jIvana meM jaba taka viveka yA prajJA ko vizvAsa yA AsthA kA niyantraka nahIM mAnA jAegA taba taka hama dhArmika saMgharSoM aura dharma ke nAma para khelI jAnI vAlI holiyoM se mAnavajAti ko nahIM bacA skeNge| dharma ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka hai kintu use viveka kA anugAmI honA caahie| yaha Avazyaka hai ki zAstra kI sArI bAtoM aura vyAkhyAoM ko viveka kI tarAjU para taulA jAye aura yugIna saMdarbha meM unakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jaaye| jaba taka yaha nahIM hotA taba taka dhArmika jIvana meM AI saMkIrNatA kA miTA pAnA saMbhava nahIM / viveka hI aisA tatva hai jo hamArI dRSTi ko udAra aura vyApaka banA sakatA hai| zraddhA Avazyaka hai, kintu usake viveka kA anugAmI honA cAhie / Aja AvazyakatA bauddhika dharma kI hai aura buddha ne bauddhika dharma kA sandeza dekara hameM dhArmika matAndhatAoM aura dhArmika AgrahoM se Upara uThane kA sandeza diyA hai| buddha kA madhyamamArga dharmanirapekSatA kA AdhAra buddha ne apane darzana ko madhyamArga kI saMjJA dI hai / jisa prakAra nadI kI dhArA kUloM meM na ulajhakara unake madhya se baha letI hai, usI prakAra bauddhadharma bhI ekAntika dRSTiyoM se bacakara apanI yAtrA karatA hai / madhyamamArga kA eka Azaya yaha bhI hai ki yaha kisI bhI dRSTi ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai / sAMsArika sukhabhoga aura dehadaNDana kI prakriyA donoM hI usake lie ekAntika haiM ekAntoM ke tyAga meM jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 654

Page #668
hI madhyamamArga kI viziSTatA hai| madhyamamArga kA artha hai-paraspara virodhI matavAdoM meM kisI eka hI pakSa ko svIkAra na krnaa| buddha kA madhyama mArga anekAntika dRSTi kA udAharaNa hai| yadyapi ve kevala niSedhamukha se itanA hI kahate haiM ki hameM aikAntika dRSTiyoM meM nahIM ulajhanA caahie| dhArmika nirapekSatA kA bhI kisI sImA taka yahI Adarza hai ki hameM kisI eka dharma vizeSa yA matavAda vizeSa meM na ulajhakara eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa apanAnA caahie| buddha ke zabdoM meM ekAMzadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate aura ulajhate haiN| madhyamamArga kA tAtparya hai-vivAdoM se Upara uThanA aura isa artha meM vaha kisI sImA taka dharmanirapekSatA kA hAmI hai| bauddhadharma yaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana kA mukhya lakSya tRSNA kI samApti hai| Asakti aura ahaM se Upara uThanA hI sarvocca Adarza hai| dRSTirAga vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM kA hI eka rUpa hai aura jaba taka vaha upasthita hai taba taka madhyamamArga kI sAdhanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH madhyamamArga kA sAdhaka ina dRSTirAgoM se Upara uThakara kArya karatA hai| samAdhirAjasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki paNDita vahI hai jo ubhaya antoM kA vivarjana kara madhya meM sthita rahatA hai| vastutaH mAdhyastha dRSTi hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| buddha kA jIvana aura dhArmika sahiSNutA yadi hama buddha ke jIvana ko hI dekheM to yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ve svayaM kisI dharma yA sAdhanA paddhati vizeSa ke AgrahI nahIM rahe haiN| unhoMne apanI sAdhanA ke prArambha meM aneka dharmanAyakoM, vicArakoM aura sAdhakoM se jIvanta samparka sthApita kiyA thA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko apnaayaa| udakarAmaputta Adi aneka sAdhakoM ke samparka meM ve Aye aura unakI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko siikhaa| yaha samasta carcA pAlI tripiTaka meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| cAhe AtmatoSa na hone para unhoMne unakA bAda meM tyAga kiyA ho phira bhI unake mana meM sabhI sAdhakoM ke prati sadA AdarabhAva rahA aura jJAna prApti ke pazcAt bhI unake mana meM yaha abhilASA rahI ki apane dvArA udghATita satya kA bodha unheM kraayeN| yaha durbhAgya hI thA ki paMcavargI bhikSuoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI AcArya usa kAla taka kAlakavalita ho cuke the, phira bhI buddha ke dvArA unake prati pradarzita AdarabhAva unakI udAra aura vyApaka dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma meM anya tIrthakoM ke rUpa meM pUrNakazyapa, nigaMThanATaputa, ajitakezakaMjala, maMkhaligozAla Adi kI samAlocanA hameM upalabdha hotI hai kintu aisA lagatA hai ki yaha saba paravartI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA hI pariNAma hai| buddha jaisA mahAmanasvI ina vaicArika durAgrahoM aura abhinivezoM se yukta rahA ho aisA socanA sambhava nahIM hai| bauddha dharmadarzana 655

Page #669
punaH bauddhadharma mUlataH eka karmakANDI dharma na hokara eka naitika AcAra paddhati hai| eka naitika AcAra paddhati ke rUpa meM vaha dhArmika durAgrahoM aura abhinivezoM se mukta raha sakatA hai| usake anusAra tRSNA kI samApti hI jIvana kA parama zreya hai aura tRSNA kI parisamApti ke samagra prayatna kisI eka dharma paramparA se sambaddha nahIM kiye jo sakate haiN| ve sabhI upAya jo tRSNA ke bhedana meM upayogI hoM bauddhadharma ko svIkAra hai| zIlavAna, samAdhivAna aura prajJAvAna honA bauddha vicAraNA kA mantavya hai kintu ise hama kevala bauddhoM kA dharma nahIM kaha sakate hai| yaha dharma kA sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika svarUpa hai aura bauddhadharma ise apanAkara vyApaka aura udAra dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka banatA hai| bauddhadharma meM dharma (sAdhanA paddhati) eka sAdhana hai vaha pakar3akara rakhane ke lie nahIM hai aura use bhI chor3anA hI hai, ataH vaha sAdhanA ke kisI viziSTa mArga kA AgrahI nahIM hai| upasaMhAra vastutaH vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM ke AdhAra para sAdhanAgata aura AcAragata bhinnatAeM svAbhAvika haiN| ataH mAnavIya ekatA aura mAnavIya saMgharSoM kI samApti ke lie eka dharma kA nArA na kevala azakya hai apitu asvAbhAvika bhI hai| jaba taka vyaktiyoM meM rUcigata aura svAbhAvagata bheda hai taba taka sAdhanAgata bheda bhI aparihArya rUpa se bane rheNge| isIlie to buddha ne kisI eka yAna kA upadeza na dekara vividha yAnoM (dharma mArgo) kA upadeza diyA thaa| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama ina sAdhanAgata bhedoM ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM samanvita kara tathA unakI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra kara eka aisI jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa kareM jo sabhI kI sApekSika mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karate hue mAnava kalyANa meM sahAyaka bana skeN| saMdarbha - 1. suttanipAta 50/16-17 2. suttanipAta 51/3, 10-11, 16-20 3. theragAthA 1/106 4. udAna 6/4 5. suttanipAta 51/2 6. suttanipAta 46/8-9 7. AlArakalAmasutta 8. AlArakalAmasutta 9. tattvasaMgraha 10. samAdhirAjasUtra 00 656 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #670
sAgaramala jIvanavRtta

Page #671

Page #672
pro. sAgaramala jaina kA adyAvadhi jIvanavRtta janma aura bAlyakAla ___ pro. sAgaramala jaina kA janma bhArata ke hRdaya mAlava aMcala ke zAjApura nagara meM vikrama saMvat 1988 kI mAgha pUrNimA ke dina huA thA / Apake pitA zrI rAjamala jI zakkaravAle madhyama Arthika sthiti ke gRhastha hone para bhI osavAla samAja ke pratiSThita vyaktiyoM meM mAne jAte the| Apake janma ke samaya Apake pitAjI saparivAra apane nAnA-nAnI ke sAtha hI nivAsa karate the, kyoMki Apake dAdA-dAdI kA dehAvasAna Apake pitAjI ke bacapana meM hI ho gayA thaa| bAlaka sAgaramala ko sarvAdhika pyAra aura dulAra milA apane pitA kI mausI pAnabAI se / unhoMne hI Apake bAlyajIvana meM dhArmika-saMskAroM kA vapana bhI kiyaa| ve svabhAvataH viraktamanA thiiN| unhoMne pUjya sAdhvI zrI ratnaku~varajI ma.sA. ke sAnnidhya meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyA thaa| ve pravartanI ratnaku~varajI ma.sA. ke sAdhvI saMgha meM vayovRddha sAdhvI pramukhA ke rUpa meM zAjApura nagara meM hI sthiravAsa rahI thii| isa prakAra, ApakA pAlana-poSaNa dhArmika saMskAramaya pariveza meM huaa| mAlavA kI mATI se sahajatA aura saralatA tathA parivAra se pApabhIrUtA evaM dharma-saMskAra lekara Apake jIvana kI vikAsa-yAtrA Age bddh'ii| zikSA bAlaka sAgaramala kI prArambhika zikSA tor3evAle bhaiyA kI pAThazAlA meM huii| yaha pAThazAlA taba apane kaThora anuzAsana ke lie prasiddha thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki Apake jIvana meM anuzAsana aura saMyama ke guNa vikasita hue| isa pAThazAlA se tIsarI kakSA uttIrNa kara lene para Apako tatkAlIna gvAliyara rAjya ke aiMglo varnAkyUlara miDila skUla kI cauthI kakSA meM praveza milaa| yahA~ rAmajI bhaiyA zitUtakara jaise kaThora evaM anuzAsanapriya adhyApakoM ke sAnnidhya meM Apane kakSA 4 se kakSA 8 taka kI zikSA grahaNa kI aura sabhI parIkSAe~ prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kii| mAdhyamika parIkSA meM prathama zreNI ke sAtha-sAtha zAjApura jile meM prathama sthAna prApta kiyaa| jJAtavya hai ki usa samaya mAdhyamika parIkSA pAsa karane vAloM ke nAma gvAliyara gajaTa sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 659

Page #673
meM nikalate the| jisa samaya isa miDila skUla meM Apane praveza liyA thA, usa samaya dvitIya mahAyuddha apanI samApti kI ora thA aura dillI evaM mumbaI ke madhya AgarA-mumbaI ror3a para sthita zAjApura nagara ke usa skUla ke pAsa kA maidAna sainikoM kA par3Ava-sthala thA, sAtha hI usa samaya gvAliyara rAjya meM prajAmaNDala dvArA svatantratA-Andolana kI gatividhiyA~ bhI teja ho gaI thiiN| bAlyAvasthA kI svAbhAvika capalatAvaza kabhI Apa AgarA-mumbaI sar3aka para gujarate hue gore sainikoM ko 'vI phAra vikTorI' kahakara protsAhita karate, to kabhI prajAmaNDala kI prabhAta-pheriyoM ke sAtha 'bhAratamAtA kI jaya' kA udghoSa krte| bAlaka sAgaramala ne isI samaya apane mitroM ke sAtha pArzvanAtha bAla mitra-maNDala kI sthApanA kii| sAmAjika evaM dhArmika-gatividhiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha maNDala kA eka pramukha kArya thA - apane sadasyoM kI bIr3I-sigareTa Adi durvyasanoM se mukta rkhnaa| isake lie sadasyoM para kar3I caukasI rakhI jAtI thii| pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha mitra-maNDalI vyasana-mukta aura dhArmika-saMskAroM se yukta rhii| . mAdhyamika parIkSA (kakSA 8) uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt parivAra ke loga saba se bar3A putra hone ke kAraNa Apako vyavasAya se jor3anA cAhate the, parantu Apake mana meM adhyayana kI tIvra utkaNThA thii| usa samaya zAjApura nagara gvAliyara rAjya kA jilA mukhyAlaya thA, phira bhI vahA~ koI hAIskUla nahIM thaa| Apake atyadhika Agraha para Apake pitA ne ApakI sasurAla zujAlapura ke ekamAtra hAIskUla meM adhyayana ke lie Apako praveza dilAyA, jJAtavya hai ki bAlaka sAgaramala kI sagAI isake pUrva hI cukI thii| vahA~ praveza ke lagabhaga 15-20 dina pazcAt hI Apa asvastha ho gaye, phalataH mAtra Der3ha mAha ke alpa pravAsa ke pazcAt pArivArika mamatA ne Apako vApasa zAjApura bulA liyaa| isa prakAra, ApakA adhyayana sthagita ho gayA aura Apa alpavaya meM hI sarrAphA ke vyavasAya se jur3a gye| vivAha evaM pArivArika tathA sAmAjika-gatividhiyA~ ApakI sagAI to bAlyakAla meM hI ho gayI thI aura vivAha kI yojanA bhI bahuta pahale hI bana gaI thI, kintu ApakI sAsa ke kaiMsara kI asAdhya bImArI se grasta ho jAne aura bAda meM unakI mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa vivAha thor3e samaya ke lie TalA to sahI, kintu 17 varSa kI vaya meM praveza karate hI vaizAkha zukla trayodazI vi. saMvat 2005 tadanusAra 21 maI 1948 ko Apako zrImatI kamalAbAI ke sAtha dAmpatya-sUtra meM bA~dha diyA gyaa| alpavaya meM Apake vivAha kA eka anya kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki ApakI ruci mAtRtulyA pUjyA sAdhvIzrI evaM sAdhu-saMtoM ke samIpa 660 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #674
adhika rahane kI hone ke kAraNa parivAra ko bhaya thA ki kahIM bAlaka ke mana para vairAgya ke saMskAra na jama jAeM? isa prakAra, kizoravaya meM hI Apako gRhastha-jIvana aura vyavasAya se jur3a jAnA pdd'aa| jo dina Apake khelane aura khAne ke the, unhIM dinoM meM Apako pArivArika evaM vyAvasAyika-dAyitva kA nirvAha karanA pdd'aa| yadyapi Apake mana meM adhyayana ke prati adamya utsAha thA, kintu zAjApura meM hAIskUla kA abhAva tathA pArivArika aura vyAvasAyika-dAyitvoM kA bojha isameM bAdhaka thA, phira bhI jahA~ cAha hotI hai, vahA~ koI-na-koI rAha to nikala hI AtI hai| vyavasAya ke sAtha-sAtha adhyayana cAra varSa ke antarAla ke pazcAt san 1952 meM hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga se 'vyApAra vizArada' kI parIkSA uttIrNa kI aura usake do varSa pazcAt 1954 meM arthazAstra viSaya se sAhityaratna kI parIkSA uttIrNa kii| usa samaya Apane arthazAstra ko sugama DhaMga se adhyayana karane aura smRti meM rakhane kA eka cArTa banAyA thA, jisakI prazaMsA usa samaya ke ema.e. arthazAstra ke chAtroM ne bhI kI thii| isI bIca, ApakA patra-vyavahAra ilAhAbAda ke suprasiddha arthazAstrI bhagavAnadAsa jI kelA se huaa| unhoMne zrI narahari pArikha ke mAnava arthazAstra ke AdhAra para hindI meM mAnava arthazAstra likhane hetu Apako prerita kiyA thaa| taba Apa hAIskUla bhI uttIrNa nahIM the aura ApakI vaya mAtra bIsa varSa kI thii| isa samaya Apake eka naye mitra bane - sAraMgapura ke zrI madanamohana raatthii| isI kAla meM Apane dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI se jaina siddhAnta vizArada kI parIkSA uttIrNa kii| san 1953 meM zAjApura nagara meM eka prAiveTa hAIskUla prArambha huaa| yadyapi apane vyAvasAyika kriyA-kalApoM meM vyasta hone ke kAraNa Apa usake chAtra to nahIM bana sake, kintu Apake mana meM adhyayana kI prasupta bhAvanA punaH jAgrata ho gii| san 1955 meM Apane apane mitra zrI mANakacandra jaina ke sAtha svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM hAIskUla kI parIkSA dii| vaya meM mANakacandra Apase tIna varSa choTe the, phira bhI Apa donoM meM gaharI dostI thii| yadyapi Apa niyamita adhyayana to nahIM kara sake, phira bhI apanI pratibhA ke bala para Apane usa parIkSA meM ucca dvitIya zreNI ke aMka prApta kiye| acche aMkoM se uttIrNa hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa Apake mana meM adhyayana kI bhAvanA punaH tIvra ho gyii| isI avadhi meM vyavasAya ke kSetra meM bhI Apane acchI saphalatA aura kIrti arjita kii| pitAjI kI prAmANikatA aura apane saumya vyavahAra ke kAraNa Apa grAhakoM kA mana moha liyA karate the| pariNAmasvarUpa, Apako vyAvasAyika-kSetra meM adhika pratiSThA prApta huii| alpa vaya meM hI Apako zAjApura nagara ke sarrAphA esosiezana kA maMtrI banA diyA gyaa| pArivArika aura vyAvasAyika-dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karate sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 661

Page #675
hue bhI ApameM adhyayana kI ruci sadaiva jIvanta rahI, ataH Apane san 1957 meM iNTara kAmarsa kI parIkSA de hI dI aura isa parIkSA meM bhI ucca dvitIya zreNI ke aMka prApta kiye| yaha ApakA saubhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki cAhe vyavasAya kA kSetra ho yA adhyayana kA, asaphalatA aura nirAzA kA mukha apane kabhI nahIM dekhA, kintu Age adhyayana kA krama punaH khaNDita ho gayA, kyoMki usa samaya zAjApura nagara meM koI mahAvidyAlaya nahIM thA aura bI.e. kI parIkSA svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM nahIM dI jA sakatI thii| ataH eka bAra punaH Apako vyavasAya ke kSetra meM hI kendrita honA par3A, kintu bhAgyavAnoM ke lie kahIM-na-kahIM koI dvAra udghATita ho hI jAtA hai| usa samaya ma.pra. zAsana ne yaha niyama prasArita kiyA ki 25,000 ru. kI sthAyI rAzi baiMka meM jamA karake koI bhI saMsthA mahAvidyAlaya kA saMcAlana kara sakatI hai, ataH Apane tatkAlIna vidhAyaka zrI pratApa bhAI se milakara eka mahAvidyAlaya khulavAne kA prayatna kiyA aura vibhinna strotoM se dhanarAzi kI vyavasthA karake bAlakRSNa zarmA 'navIna' mahAvidyAlaya kI sthApanA kI aura svaMya bhI usameM praveza le liyaa| vyAvasAyika- dAyitva se jur3e hone ke kAraNa Apa adhika niyamita nahIM raha sake, phira bhI bI.e. parIkSA meM baiThane kA avasara to prApta ho hI gyaa| isa mahAvidyAlaya ke mAdhyama se san 1961 meM bI.e. kI parIkSA dvitIya zreNI meM uttIrNa kii| isa samaya Apa para vyAvasAyika, pArivArika aura sAmAjika dAyitva itanA adhika thA ki cAhakara bhI adhyayana ke lie Apa adhika samaya nahIM de pAte the, ataH aMkoM kA pratizata bahuta utsAhajanaka nahIM rahA, to bhI zAjApura se jo chAtra isa parIkSA meM baiThe the, unameM Apake aMka sarvAdhika the| Apake tatkAlIna sAthiyoM meM bhI zrI manoharalAla jaina evaM Apake mamere bhAI rakhabacandra pramukha the| parivAra aura samAja gRhI-jIvana meM san 1951 meM Apako prathama putraratna kI prApti huI, kintu durdaiva se vaha adhika samaya taka jIvita nahIM raha skaa| agasta 1952 meM Apake dvitIya putra narendrakumAra kA janma huaa| san 1954 meM putrI sau. zobhA kA aura 1957 meM putra pIyUSakumAra kA janma huaa| bar3hatA parivAra aura pitAjI kI asvasthatA tathA choTe bhAI-bahanoM kA adhyayana - ina saba kAraNoM se mAtra paccIsa varSa kI alpavaya meM hI Apa eka ke bAda eka jimmedAriyoM ke bojha se dabate hI gye| udhara, sAmAjika aura dhArmika kSetra meM bhI ApakI pratibhA aura vyavahAra ke kAraNa Apa para sadaiva eka ke bAda dUsarI jimmedArI DAlI jAtI rhii| isI avadhi meM Apako mAdhava rajata jayaMtI vAcanAlaya, zAjapura kA saciva, hindI sAhitya samiti, zAjApura kA saciva tathA kumAra sAhitya pariSad aura sad-vicAra niketana ke adhyakSa pada ke jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 662

Page #676
dAyitva bhI svIkAra karane pdd'e| Apake kAryakAla meM kumAra sAhitya pariSad kA ma.pra. kSetra kA vArSika adhivezana evaM navIna jayaMtI samArohoM ke bhavya Ayojana bhI hue| isa mAdhyama se Apa bAlakavi bairAgI, padmazrI DaoN. lakSmInArAyaNa zarmA Adi deza ke aneka sAhityakAroM se bhI judd'e| isI avadhi meM Apa sthAnIya sthAnakavAsI jaina saMgha ke maMtrI tathA ma. pra. sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha ke adhyakSa banAye gaye / sAdar3I sammelana ke pazcAt sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha ke prAntIya adhyakSa ke rUpa meM Apane vibhinna kSetroM kA vyApaka daurA bhI kiyA tathA jaina samAja kI ekatA ko sthAyitva dene kA prayatna kiyA / snAtakottara adhyayana aura vyavasAya meM nayA jor3a ina gatividhiyoM meM vyasta hone ke bAvajUda bhI ApakI adhyayana kI abhiruci kuMThita nahIM huI, kintu kaThinAI yaha thI ki na to zAjApura meM snAtakottara kakSAe~ khulanI sambhava thI aura na ina dAyitvoM ke bIca zAjApura se bAhara kisI mahAvidyAlaya meM praveza lekara adhyayana karanA hI, kintu zAjApura mahAvidyAlaya ke tatkAlIna prAcArya zrI rAmacandra 'candra' kI preraNA se eka madhyama mArga nikAlA gayA aura yaha nizcaya huA ki yadi kucha dina niyamita rahA jAye, to agrima adhyayana kI kucha sambhAvanAe~ bana sakatI haiN| unhIM ke nirdeza para Apane julAI 1961 meM krizciyana kaoNleja indaura meM ema. e. darzana - zAstra ke vidyArthI ke rUpa meM praveza liyA / indaura meM adhyayana karane meM AvAsa, bhojana Adi kI aneka kaThinAIyA~ rahIM / sarvaprathama Apane cAhA ki krizciyana kAleja ke sAmane nasiyAjI meM sthita digambara jaina chAtrAvAsa meM praveza liyA jAya, kintu vahA~ ApakA zvetAmbara kula meM janma lenA bAdhaka bana gayA, phalataH krizciyana kAleja ke chAtrAvAsa meM praveza lenA par3A / vahA~ niyamAnusAra chAtrAvAsa ke bhojanAlaya meM bhojana karanA Avazyaka thA, kintu usameM zAkAhArI aura mAMsAhArI - donoM prakAra ke bhojana banate the aura cammaca tathA bartanoM kA viveka nahIM rakhA jAtA thA / kucha dina Apane mAtra dahI aura roTI khAkara nikAle, kintu aMta meM vivaza hokara chAtrAvAsa chor3a diyaa| kucha dina idhara-udhara rahakara gujAre, aMta meM rAjendra nagara meM makAna lekara rahane lge| kucha dina patnI ko bhI sAtha le gaye, kintu pArivArika sthiti meM yaha sukha adhika sambhava nahIM thA / phira bhI, Apane apane adhyayana - krama ko nirantara jArI rkhaa| saptAha meM do-tIna dina indaura aura zeSa samaya shaajaapur| isI bhAga-daur3a meM Apane san 1962 meM ema.e. pUrvArddha aura san 1963 meM ema. e. uttarArddha kI parIkSAe~ na kevala prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kI, apitu tatkAlIna pazcimI madhyapradeza ke ekamAtra vizvavidyAlaya vikrama vizvavidyAlaya kI kalA saMkAya meM dvitIya sthAna bhI prApta kiyA / jJAtavya hai ki usa samaya kalA saMkAya meM sAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya bhI samAhita thA / sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 663

Page #677
ema.e. kI parIkSA uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt Apake jIvana meM eka nirNAyaka mor3a kA avasara aayaa| san 1962 meM morArajI desAI ne svarNa-niyantraNa adhiniyama lAgU kiyA, phalasvarUpa svarNa-vyavasAya pratibandhita vyavasAya ke kSetra meM A gayA aura isa vyavasAya ko prAmANikatApUrvaka kara pAnA kaThina ho gayA aura corI-chipe dhandhA karanA ApakI prakRti ke anukUla nahIM thA, ataH Apane apane vyavasAya ko eka nayA mor3a dene kA nizcaya kiyaa| ApakA choTA bhAI kailAza, jo usa samaya ema.kAma.(aMtima varSa) meM thA, usake lie bhI svataMtra vyavasAya kA prazna thA, ataH Apane svarNa ke vyavasAya ke sthAna para kapar3e kA vyavasAya prArambha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| kaThinAI yaha thI ki ina donoM vyavasAyoM ko kisa prakAra saMcAlita kiyA jAya, kyoMki abhI bhAI kailAza ko apanA adhyayana pUrNa kara lauTane meM kucha samaya thaa| darzanazAstra ke adhyApaka eka ora prabuddha varga kA Agraha thA ki darzana jaise viSaya meM prathama zreNI evaM prathama sthAna meM snAtakottara parIkSA pAsa karake bhI vyAvasAyika-kAryoM se jur3e rahanA - yaha pratibhA kA samyak upayoga nahIM hai, to dUsarI ora pArivArikaparisthitiyA~ aura dAyitva vyavasAya ke kSetra kA parityAga karane meM bAdhaka the| vastutaH sarasvatI aura lakSmI kI upAsanA meM se kisI eka ke cayana kA prazna A khar3A huA thaa| yaha Apake jIvana kA nirNAyaka mor3a thaa| svarNa-niyantraNa kAnUna lAgU honA Adi kucha bAhya-paristhitiyoM ne bhI jIvana ke isa nirNAyaka mor3a para Apako eka dUsarA hI nirNaya lene ko prerita kiyA, phira bhI lagabhaga 50 varSoM se susthApita tathA apane pUre kSetra meM pratiSThita usa vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna ko ekAeka banda kara denA na sambhava hI thA aura na hI parivAra ke hita meN| yaha bhI saMyoga thA ki san 1964 ke madhya meM ma.pra. zAsana kI ora se darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtAoM ke kucha padoM ke lie cayana kI adhisUcanA prasArita huii| aba yaha nirNaya kI ghar3I thii| eka ora mAtA-pitA aura parijana vyavasAya se jur3e rahane kA Agraha karate the, to dUsarI ora antara meM chipI jJAnArjana kI lalaka vyavasAya se nivRtti lekara vidyA kI upAsanA hetu prerita kara rahI thii| Apake bhAI kailAza, jo usa samaya ujjaina vikrama vizvavidyAlaya meM ema.kAma. ke antima varSa meM the, unase Apane vicAra-vimarza kiyA aura usake dvArA Azvasta kiye jAne para Apane darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM zAsakIya sevA svIkAra karane kA nirNaya le liyaa| phira bhI, pitAjI kA svAsthya aura vyavasAya kA vistRta AkAra aisA nahIM thA ki ApakI anupasthiti meM kevala pitAjI use sambhAla sakeM, ye antardvandva ke kaThina kSaNa the| lakSmI aura sarasvatI kI upAsanA ke isa dvandva meM antatogatvA sarasvatI kI vijaya huI aura dukAna para do munImoM kI vyavasthA karake Apa zAsakIya sevA ke liye cala diye| 664 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #678
ApakI prathama niyukti mahAkauzala mahAvidyAlaya jabalapura meM huii| saMyoga se vahA~ Apake pUrva paricita usa samaya ke AcArya rajanIza (bAda ke bhagavAn ozo) usI vibhAga meM kAryarata the| Apane unase patra vyavahAra kiyA aura dIpAvalI parva para lakSmI kI antima ArAdhanA karake sarasvatI kI upAsanA ke lie 5 navambara, 1964 ko jabalapura ke lie prasthAna kiyaa| bidAI dRzya bar3A hI karUNa thaa| pUre parivAra aura samAja meM yaha prathama avasara thA, jaba koI naukarI ke liye ghara se bahuta dUra jA rahA thaa| mitragaNa aura parijanoM kA sneha eka ora thA, to dUsarI ora ApakA dRr3ha nishcy| pitAjI kI mA~ga para bar3e putra ko unake pAsa rakhane kA AzvAsana dekara azrupUrNa A~khoM se bidA lii| jabalapura meM jisa pada para Apako niyukti milI thI, vaha pada vahA~ ke eka vyAkhyatA ke pramozana ke rikta honA thA, kintu ve jabalapura chor3anA nahIM cAhate the| tIna dina prAcArya ke kAryAlaya ke cakkara lagAye, kintu anta meM zikSA saciva se huI maukhika carcA ke AdhAra para prAcArya ne Apako eka patra de diyA, jisake AdhAra para Apako ThAkura raNamattasiMha kAleja, rIvA meM darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA kA pada grahaNa karatA thaa| rIvA Apake lie pUrNataH aparicita thA, phira bhI AcArya rajanIza Adi kI salAha para tIna dina jabalapura meM bitAne ke pazcAt rIvA ke lie ravAnA hue| yahA~ vibhAga meM DaoN. DI.DI. bandiSTe kA aura mahAvidyAlaya ke DaoN. kanchedIlAla jaina Adi aneka jaina prAdhyApakoM kA sahayoga milaa| eka makAna lekara donoM samaya DhAbe meM bhojana karate hue Apane adhyApana-kArya kI isa naI jindagI kA prArambha kiyaa| pahalI bAra Apako lagA ki par3hane-par3hAne kA Ananda kucha aura hai, kintu rIvA kA yaha pravAsa bhI adhika sthAyI na bana skaa| zAsana dvArA vahA~ kisI anya vyakti ko bheja diye jAne ke kAraNa Apako Adezita kiyA gayA ki Apa mahArAnI lakSmIbAI snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya gvAliyara jAkara apanA padabhAra grahaNa kreN| 'prathama grAse makSikA pAtaH' kI ukti ke anusAra zAsakIya sevA kA yaha asthAyitva aura eka zahara se dUsare zahara bhaTakanA Apake mana ko acchA nahIM lagA aura eka bAra mana meM yaha nizcaya kiyA ki zAsakIya sevA kA parityAga kara denA hI ucita hai, kintu pro. bandiSTe aura kucha mitroM ke samajhAne para Apane itanA mAnA ki Apa gvAliyara hokara hI zAjApura jaaeNge| ___ gvAliyara jAne meM Apake do-tIna AkarSaNa the, eka to ma.pra. sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha kI gvAliyara zAkhA ke pramukha zrI TI.sI.bAphanA Apake pUrva paricita the, dUsare pro. jI.Ara. jaina se bhI ApakA pUrva paricaya thA aura Apa jaina sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 665

Page #679
sApekSatAvAda aura Adhunika vijJAna' viSaya para zodhakArya karane kI dRSTi se unase adhika gaharAI se vicAra-vimarza karanA cAhate the / ataH 27 navambara 1964 ko mAtra 17 dina ke rIvA pravAsa ke pazcAt Apa gvAliyara ke lie ravAnA hue| gvAliyara pahu~cane para Apa mAna-mandira hoTala meM ruke aura prAtaH mahAvidyAlaya ke prAcArya pro. ema.ema. kuraizI aura vibhAgAdhyakSa DaoN. esa. esa. banarjI se mile| dopahara meM Apane .sI. bAphanA aura pro. jI. Ara. jaina se milane kA kAryakrama bnaayaa| jaba pro. jI. Ara. jaina se mile, to unakA pahalA prazna thA - kahA~ ruke ho ? yaha batAne para unakA pahalA vAkya thA - tuma sAmAna lekara A jAo aura tatkAla hI unhoMne eka hAla kI sApha-saphAI kara Apake rahane kI vyavasthA apane hI ghara meM kara dI / saMdhyA ko mahAvidyAlaya ke darzana-vibhAga ke vyAkhyAtA DaoN. azoka lAr3a aura vANijya vibhAga ke zrI govindadAsa mAhezvarI Apase milane Aye / inase prathama paricaya hI aisA rahA ki Apa tInoM gahare mitra bana gaye / eka hI dina meM pariveza hI badala gayA aura zAjApura vApasa lauTa jAne kA vikalpa samApta ho gayA / disambara meM zItakAlIna avakAza ke pazcAt janavarI 1965 meM Apa choTe putra, putrI aura patnI ko lekara gvAliyara A gye| yadyapi Apake lie adhyApana kA kArya bilkula nayA thA, kintu paryApta parizrama aura viSaya kI pakar3a hone se Apa zIghra hI chAtroM ke priya bana gaye / saMyoga se, mahAvidyAlaya meM usI varSa darzanazAstra kI snAtakottara kakSAe~ prArambha huI thIM, ataH Apane kaThina parizrama karake chAtroM ko na kevala mahAvidyAlaya meM par3hAyA, balki ghara para bulAkara bhI unakI taiyArI karAte rhe| sabhI kA parIkSAphala bhI acchA rahA, ataH zIghra hI eka suyogya adhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI khyAti ho gayI / gvAliyara meM jaba manovijJAna kA svataMtra viSaya prArambha huA, to Apane prArambha meM usake adhyApana kA dAyitva bhI darzanazAstra ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha sambhAlA / Apane 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' jaisA vyApaka viSaya lekara pI. eca. DI. kI upAdhi hetu apanA paMjIyana karavAyA aura zodha-prabandha likhane kI taiyArI meM juTa gye| isI sandarbha meM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke mUla granthoM, vizeSa rUpa se jaina AgamoM aura bauddha tripiTaka - sAhitya kA adhyayana prArambha kiyA / adhyApaka ke rUpa me punaH mAlava-bhUmi meM gvAliyara meM ApakA pravAsa pUre tIna varSa rhaa| isI avadhi meM ApakA cayana ma.pra. loka sevA Ayoga se ho cukA thA aura usameM varIyatAkrama meM Apako prathama sthAna prApta huA thA / sUcI meM sarvocca sthAna para hone ke kAraNa sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI padonnati karane ke lie zAsana pratIkSArata thaa| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 666

Page #680
udhara, parivAra ke loga bhI yaha cAhate the ki gvAliyara jaise sudUra nagara kI apekSA zAjApura ke nikaTavartI ujjaina, indaura Adi sthAnoM para ApakA sthAnAntaraNa ho jaaye| saMyoga se, tatkAlIna upazikSA maMtrI zrI kanhaiyAlAla mehatA Apake parijanoM ke paricita the, ataH navambara 1967 meM Apako zAsakIya kalA evaM vANijya mahAvidyAlaya indaura sthAnAntarita kiyA gayA evaM julAI 1968 meM sahAyaka prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa banAkara Apako hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla bheja diyA gyaa| vaise to indaura aura bhopAla-donoM hI Apake gRhanagara zAjApura se najadIka the, kintu indaura kI apekSA bhopAla meM adhyayana kI dRSTi se adhika samaya milane kI sambhAvanA thI, ataH Apane 1 agasta 1968 ko hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra ke sahAyaka prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa kA pada grahaNa kiyaa| isa mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra viSaya prArambha hI huA thA aura mAtra do chAtra the, ataH prArambha meM adhyApana-kArya kA adhika bhAra na hone se Apane zodha-prabandha ko pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA aura agasta 1969 meM lagabhaga 1500 pRSThoM kA bRhadkAya zodhaprabandha parIkSArtha prastuta kara diyaa| vibhAga meM chAtroM kI atyalpa saMkhyA aura mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra viSaya ke upekSita hone ke kAraNa ApakA mana pUrI taraha nahIM laga pA rahA thA, ataH Apane darzanazAstra ko lokapriya banAne kA bIr3A utthaayaa| saMyoga se, Apake bhopAla pahu~cane ke bAda dUsare varSa hI bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA ho gayI aura Apako darzanazAstra viSaya kI adhyayana samiti kA adhyakSa tathA kalA saMkAya kA vidvat-pariSada kA sadasya banane kA maukA milaa| Apane pAThyakrama meM samAjadarzana, dharmadarzana jaise rucikara praznapatroM kA samAyojana kiyA, sAtha hI chAtra aura mahAvidyAlaya kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa muslima-darzana aura IsAI- darzana ke viziSTa pAThyakrama nirdhArita kiye| eka ora saMzodhita pAThyakrama aura dUsarI ora ApakI adhyApana-zailI ke prabhAva se chAtra-saMkhyA meM vRddhi hone lgii| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~ca gaI kI bI.e. prathama varSa meM lagabhaga sau se bhI adhika chAtra hone lage aura pariNAmasvarUpa, adhyApana-kakSa choTe par3ane lge| antatogatvA mahAvidyAlaya ke eka choTe hAla meM darzanazAstra kI kakSAe~ lagane lgiiN| yaha ApakI adhyApana-zailI aura chAtroM ke prati AtmIyatA kA hI pariNAma thA ki sampUrNa madhyapradeza meM darzanazAstra ke vidyArthiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ApakA mahAvidyAlaya sarvocca sthAna para A gyaa| lagabhaga 300 chAtroM ko pratidina pA~ca-pA~ca pIriyar3a par3hAkara mahAvidyAlaya ke kartavyaniSTha adhyApakoM meM Apane apanA sthAna banA diyaa| mahAvidyAlaya meM praveza samiti, TAIma-Tebala samiti, chAtra pariSad tathA parIkSA sambandhI gatividhiyoM se bhI sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 667

Page #681
Apa zIghra hI jur3a gaye aura isa sambandha meM prAcArya ke dvArA diye dAyitvoM kA prAmANikatA ke sAtha nirvAha kiyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, samAjazAstra aura manovijJAna viSayoM ke prArambha hone para Apane unakI kakSAoM meM bhI adhyApana kiyaa| isa prakAra, eka prabuddha aura kartavyaniSTha adhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI chavi ubharakara sAmane aaii| Apane darzanazAstra meM anya adhyApakoM ke padoM ke sRjana aura darzanazAstra ke snAtakottara adhyayana prArambha kiye jAne ke lie bhI prayatna prArambha kiye aura isameM Apako saphalatA bhI milii| Apako zrI pramoda koyala jaisA yogya sAthI mila gyaa| snAtakottara kakSAoM ke kholane ke sambandha meM bhI zAsana sahamata ho gayA, kintu isI bIca Apako pratiniyukti para pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM nidezaka banakara banArasa AnA pdd'aa| phira bhI, ApakI evaM Apake sAthI pramoda koyala kI pahala asaphala nahIM rahI aura zAsana ne hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM snAtakottara kakSAe~ prArambha karane kA nirdeza de hI diyaa| ___ bhopAla meM darzanazAstra adhyayana samiti ke adhyakSa hone ke nAte Apako pro. candradhara zarmA, pro. esa.esa. bAraliMge jaise suprasiddha dArzanikoM ke Atithya kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| isa avadhi meM 2500 vIM mahAvIra nirvANa zatAbdI ke prasaMga para rAyapura, ujjaina, indaura, pUnA aura udayapura ke vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA vyAkhyAna evaM saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lene hetu Apa Amantrita kiye gye| jaba Apa bhopAla meM hI the, taba darzanazAstra ke punazcaryA pAThyakrama hetu eka mAha ke lie Apa pUnA vizvavidyAlaya gye| vahA~ pro, esa.esa. bAraliMge ke dvArA darzanazAstra vibhAga meM eka jaina ceyara sthApita karane ke prayAsoM meM Apa bhI sahayogI bne| pUnA ke jaina samAja ke agragaNyoM, vizeSa rUpa se zrI navalamalajI phirodiyA ke sahayoga se vahA~ jaina ceyara kI sthApanA bhI huii| phirodiyAjI aura pro. bAraliMge kI hArdika icchA thI ki Apa pUnA kI jaina ceyara ko sambhAleM, kintu niyati ko kucha aura hI maMjUra thaa| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA Adeza thA ki Apa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI caramarAtI huI sthiti ko samhAlane ke lie vArANasI jaaeN| Apake sAmane eka kaThina samasyA thI, eka ora sthAyitvapUrNa zAsakIya sevA tathA ghara-parivAra aura apane logoM ke nikaTa rahane kA sukha, to dUsarI ora ghara-parivAra se dUra eka caramarAtI huI jaina vidyA saMsthA ko sambhAlane kA prshn| usa samaya pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI pratiSThA to thI, kintu usakI Arthika sthiti DA~vA-Dola thI, ataH koI bhI vahA~ rahanA nahIM cAhatA thA, phira bhI eka jaina vidyA saMsthAna ke uddhAra kA nizcaya lekara Apane tatkAlIna saMcAlana samiti ke adhyakSa zrI zAdIlAlajI jaina evaM koSAdhyakSa 668 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #682
gulAbacanda jI jaina ko AzvAsana diyA ki yadi Apa loga merI pratiniyukti kA Adeza ma.pra. zAsana se nikalavA sakeM aura saMsthAna kI artha-vyavasthA ke sudhAra hetu prayatna kareM, to maiM vidyAzrama A jaauuNgaa| tatkAlIna baMgAla ke upa mukhyamaMtrI vijayasiMha nAhara ke prayatnoM se ApakI pratiniyukti ke Adeza nikale aura Apane 1979 meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM nidezaka kA kAryabhAra grahaNa kara liyaa| sarvavidyA kI rAjadhAnI kAzI meM ____ Apake kAzI Agamana se saMsthAna ko eka nava jIvana milA aura Apane apane zrama se vidyAzrama ko eka naye kIrtimAna para lAkara khar3A kara diyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM Apake Agamana ne jahA~ eka ora vidyAzrama kI pragati ko navIna gati dI, vahIM dUsarI ora Apako apane adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI navIna dizAe~ milii| vidyAzrama ko kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura itihAsa vibhAga, kalA itihAsa vibhAga, hindI vibhAga, darzana vibhAga, saMskRti aura pAli vibhAga Adi meM zodha-chAtroM ke paMjIyana kI suvidhA milI huI haiM, ataH Apako ina vividha viSayoM ke zodha-chAtra upalabdha hue| zodha-chAtroM ke mArga-darzana hetu yaha Avazyaka thA ki nirdezaka svayaM bhI una viSayoM se paricita hoM, ataH Apane jaina dharma-darzana ke alAvA jaina-kalA, purAtattva aura itihAsa kA bhI adhyayana kiyaa| prAmANika zodhakArya ke lie dvitIya zreNI ke granthoM-se kAma nahIM calatA hai, mUla granthoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hotA hai| Apane zodha-chAtroM evaM jijJAsu videzI chAtroM ke hetu mUla granthoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyA, ataH Apane paramparAgata zailI se aura Adhunika zailI se mUla granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura krvaayaa| mUla granthoM meM AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha vizeSAvazyakabhASya, sanmatitarka, AptamImAMsA, jaina tarkabhASA, pramANamImAMsA, nyAyAvatAra (siddha RSi kI TIkA sahita), saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI, Adi jaTila dArzanika granthoM kA bhI sahaja aura sarala zailI meM adhyApana kiyaa| Apake sAnnidhya meM jyotiSAcArya jayaprabhavijayajI, muni hitezavijayajI, sAdhvI zrI sudarzanAzrIjI, sAdhvI priyadarzanAzrIjI, sAdhvIzrI sumatibAI svAmI aura unakI ziSyAe~, sAdhvIzrI prANakuMvarabAI svAmI evaM unakI ziSyAe~, sAdhvIzrI zilApIjI, mumukSu bahana maMgalam Adi aneka sAdhu-sAdhviyoM evaM vairAgI bhAI-bahanoM ne AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha ina dArzanika granthoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| vividha sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha Apa kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM bhI jAkara jainadharma darzana sambandhI praznapatroM kA adhyApana kArya karate rahe haiN| maiM (ambikAdatta zarmA) unhIM sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 669

Page #683
dinoM snAtakottara kakSA meM jaina darzana par3hane ke daurAna Apake samparka meM AyA thaa| aneka videzI chAtra bhI adhyayana evaM apane zodha-kAryoM meM sahayoga hetu Apake pAsa Ate rahate the| eka poliza prAdhyApaka ne Apake sAtha tattvArtha-bhASya kA adhyayana kiyaa| vidyAzrama meM Apako zramaNa ke saMpAdana evaM prUpha rIDiMga ke sAtha-sAtha apane zodha-chAtroM dvArA likhe nibandhoM tathA vividha zIrSastha vidvAnoM ke granthoM ke saMpAdana, prakAzana aura prUpharIDiMga kA kArya karanA pdd'aa| isakA sabase bar3A lAbha Apako yaha huA ki jainadharma, darzana, sAhitya, kalA, itihAsa Adi kI vividha vidhAoM meM ApakI gaharI paiTha ho gii| pratiSThA aura puraskAra hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla meM kArya karate samaya bhI ApakI rASTrIya 'stara kI aneka saMgoSThiyoM aura sammelanoM meM jAne kA avasara milA, jahA~ Apane apane vidvattApUrNa AlekhoM evaM saujanyapUrNa vyavahAra se darzana evaM jainavidyA ke zIrSastha vidvAnoM meM apanA sthAna banA liyaa| jaba Apa bhopAla meM the, tabhI pro. bAraliMge ke vizeSa Agraha para Apako na kevala darzana pariSad ke koSAdhyakSa kA bhAra sambhAlanA par3A, apitu dArzanika traimAsika ke prabandha saMpAdaka kA dAyitva bhI grahaNa karanA par3A thA, jisakA nirvAha vArANasI Ane ke pazcAt bhI san 1986 taka karate rhe| kAlakrama meM Apa a.bhA.darzana pariSad ke variSTha upAdhyakSa bne| a.bhA. darzana pariSad ke unnayana evaM vikAsa meM Apane pro. revatIramaNa pANDeya aura pro. esa.pI. dube ke sAtha mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM kArya karate hue ApakI pratibhA ko sammAna ke aneka avasara upalabdha hue| na kevala Apake aneka Alekha puraskRta hue, apitu Apake zodha-grantha jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAroM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1 evaM bhAga-2 ko pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra se tathA jaina bhASAdarzana ko svAmI praNavAnanda darzana puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| Apako prApta sammAnoM kI sUcI bar3I lambI hai| ise alaga se Age diyA gayA hai| DaoN. sAragamala jaina pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI ke nidezaka to rahe hI, usake sAtha-sAtha ve jaina-vidyA kI aneka saMsthAoM se bhI jur3e rahe haiN| ve Agama, ahiMsA, samatA aura prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura ke bhI mAnada nidezaka rahe haiM, jahA~ Apake mArgadarzana meM prakIrNaka sAhitya kA anuvAda kA kArya huA hai| a.bhA. jaina vidvat pariSad ke to Apa saMsthApaka hI rahe haiM, varSoM taka Apa isake upAdhyakSa rhe| 670 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #684
jaina-vidyA ke kSetra meM jaba aura jahA~ kahIM bhI koI yojanA banatI, mArga-nirdezana hetu ApakA smaraNa avazya kiyA jaataa| vastutaH Apa vidvAn to haiM hI, kintu eka sAmAjika kAryakartA bhI haiN| Apake dvArA rASTrIya stara kI aneka sammelanoM aura saMgoSThiyoM kA saphalatApUrvaka Ayojana huA hai| jainadharma ke AcAryoM evaM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ne vipula saMkhyA meM Apase adhyayana evaM zodhakArya kiyA hai, unakI saMkhyA 300 se adhika hI hai| deza-videza kI yAtrA deza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM ne aura jaina saMsthAoM ne Apake vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana kiyaa| bambaI, kalakattA, madrAsa, ahamadAbAda, pATaNa, udayapura, jodhapura,dillI, ujjaina, indaura Adi aneka nagaroM meM Apake vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiye jAte raheM haiM, sAtha hI Apa vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM viSaya-vizeSajJa ke rUpa meM bhI Amantrita kiye jAte rahe haiN| yahI nahIM, Apako esoziezana Apha varlDa rilIjansa 1985 meM tathA pArliyAmenTa Apha varlDa rilIjansa 1993 meM jaina dharma ke pratinidhi vaktA ke rUpa meM amerikA meM Amantrita kiyA gyaa| pArliyAmenTa Apha varlDa rilIjansa ke avasara para na kevala Apane vahA~ apanA nibandha prastuta kiyA, apitu amerikA ke vibhinna nagaroM-zikAgoM, nyUyArka, rAle, vAziMgaTana, senaphrA~siskoM, lAsaenjilsa, phiniksa, Adi meM jainadharma ke vividha pakSoM para vyAkhyAna bhI diye| isa prakAra, jainadharma-darzana aura sAhitya ke adhikRta vidvAn ke rUpa meM ApakA yaza deza evaM videza meM prasArita huaa| san 1995 se 2000 taka Apako aneka bAra yU.esa.e amerikA meM paryuSaNa vyAkhyAna ke lie Amantrita kiyA gyaa| mArca 2009 meM Apako landana vizvavidyAlaya meM jainayoga para vyAkhyAna hetu Amantrita kiyA gayA deza aura videza ke anekoM vizvavidyAlaya meM Apake vyAkhyAna hue haiN| satyaniSThA nirantara kAryarata rahate hue Apane aneka granthoM, laghu pustikAoM aura nibandhoM ke mAdhyama se bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko samRddha kiyA hai| Apane lagabhaga 150 se adhika granthoM kI lagabhaga eka lAkha pRSThoM kI sAmagrI ko saMpAdita evaM prakAzita karake nayA kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai| Apake nirdezana meM jaina I-lAyabrerI kA projekTa cala rahA hai, jisameM lagabhaga tIna hajAra jaina-granthoM ke dasa lAkha pRSThoM kI sAmagrI sahaja upalabdha ho rahI hai, sAtha hI Apake nirdezana meM pacAsa se adhika zodhArthiyoM ne pIeca.DI. evaM DI.liT ke hetu zodhakArya kiyA hai| Apake cintana aura lekhana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki Apa sadaiva sAmpradAyika-abhinivezoM se mukta hokara likhate haiN| ApakI "jaina ekatA" nAmaka pustikA na kevala puraskRta huI sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 671

Page #685
apitu vidvAnoM meM samAdRta bhI huii| bauddhika ImAnadArI evaM satyAnveSaNa kI anAgrahI zailI Apane paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI aura paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke lekhana se siikhii| yadyapi sampradAyamukta hokara satyAnveSaNa ke tathyoM kA prakAzana dharmabhIrU aura AgrahazIla samAja ko sIdhA gale nahIM utaratA, kintu kauna prazaMsA karatA hai aura kauna AlocanA, isakI paravAha kiye bagaira Apane sadaiva satya ko udghATita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| usake pariNAmasvarUpa taTastha cintakoM, vidvAnoM aura sAmpradAyika-abhinivezoM se mukta sAmAjika kAryakarttAoM meM Apake lekhana ne paryApta prazaMsA arjita kii| Aja yaha kalpanA bhI duSkara lagatI hai ki eka bAlaka jo 15-16 varSa kI Ayu meM hI vyAvasAyika aura pArivArika dAyitvoM ke bojha se daba-sA gayA thA, apanI pratibhA ke bala para vidyA ke kSetra meM apanA prabhutva sthApita kara legA / Aja deza meM jaina-vidyA ke jo gine-cune zIrSastha viddhAn haiM, unameM apanA sthAna banA lenA - yaha DaoN. sAgaramala jaina jaise adhyavasAyI, zramaniSTha aura pratibhAzAlI vyakti kI hI kSamatA hai / yadyapi ve Aja bhI aisA nahIM mAnate haiM ki yaha saba unakI pratibhA evaM adhyavasAyitA kA pariNAma hai / unakI dRSTi meM yaha saba mAtra saMyoga hai / ve kahate haiM - " jaina-vidyA ke kSetra meM vidvAnoM kA akAla hI ekamAtra aisA kAraNa hai, jisase mujha jaisA alpajJa bhI sammAna aura pratiSThA prApta kara letA hai / " kintu hamArI dRSTi meM yaha kevala unakI vinamratA kA paricAyaka hai / Apa apanI saphalatA kA sUtra yaha batAte haiM ki kisI bhI kArya ko choTA mata samajho aura jisa samaya jo bhI kArya upasthita ho, pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha use pUrA karane kA prayatna karo / Apake vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM aneka logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / pUjya bAbAjI pUrNamalajI ma.sA. aura indramalajI ma. sA. ne Apake jIvana meM dhArmika-jJAna aura saMskAroM ke bIja kA vapana kiyA thA / pUjya sAdhvIzrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. ko to Apa apanI saMskAradAyinI mAtA hI mAnate haiM / Apane DaoN. sI.pI. brahmoM ke jIvana se, eka adhyApaka meM dAyitvabodha evaM ziSya ke prati anugraha kI bhAvanA kaisI honI cAhiye - yaha sIkhA hai / paM. sukhalAlajI aura paM. dalasukhabhAI ko Apa apanA droNAcArya mAnate haiM, jinase pratyakSa meM kucha nahIM sIkhA, kintu parokSa meM jo kucha Apa meM hai, vaha saba unhIM kA diyA huA mAnate haiM / ApakI cintana aura prastutIkaraNa kI zailI bahuta kucha unase prabhAvita hai / Apane apane pUjya pitAjI se vyAvasAyika-prAmANikatA aura spaSTavAditA ko sIkhA, yadyapi Apa kahate haiM ki spaSTavAditA kA jitanA sAhasa pitAjI meM thA, utanA Aja bhI mujhameM nahIM hai / patnI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 672

Page #686
Apake jIvana kA yathArtha hai| Apa kahate haiM ki yadi usase yathArtha ko samajhane aura jIne kI dRSTi na milI hotI, to mere Adarza bhI zAyada yathArtha nahIM bana paate| sevA aura sahayoga ke sAtha jIvana ke kaTu satyoM ko bhogane meM, jo sAhasa usane dilAyA, vaha usakA sabase bar3A yogadAna hai| Apa kahate haiM ki ziSyoM meM zyAmanandana jhA aura DaoN. arUNapratApa siMha ne jo niSThA evaM samarpaNa diyA, vahI aisA sambala hai, jisake kAraNa ziSyoM ke pratyuprakAra kI vRtti mujhameM jIvita raha sakI, anyathA vartamAna pariveza meM vaha samApta ho gaI hotii| mitroM meM bhAI mANakacandra ke upakAra kA bhI Apa sadaiva smaraNa karate haiN| Apa kahate haiM ki usane adhyayana ke dvAra ko punaH udghATita kiyA thaa| samAja-sevA ke kSetra meM bhAI manoharalAla aura zrI saubhAgyamala jI jaina vakIsa sA Apake sahayogI evaM mArgadarzaka rahe haiN| Apa yaha mAnate haiM ki "maiM jo kucha bhI hU~, vaha pUre samAja kI kRti hU~, usake pIche anaginata hAtha rahe haiN| maiM kina-kina kA smaraNa karU~, aneka to aise bhI hoMge, jinakI smRti bhI Aja zeSa nahIM hai|" vastutaH vyakti apane-Apa meM kucha nahIM hai, vaha deza, kAla, paristhiti aura samAja kI nirmiti hotA hai| jo ina sabake avadAna ko svIkAra kara unake pratyupakAra kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai, vaha mahAn bana jAtA hai, cirajIvI ho jAtA hai, anyathA apane hI svArtha evaM ahaM meM simaTakara samApta ho jAtA hai| prApta sammAnoM kI sUcI 1. pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra, varSa 1986 2. praNavAnanda puraskAra (jaina bhASA darzana para) varSa 1987 3. DipTImala puraskAra, varSa 1992 AcArya harita puraskAra varSa 1994 5. pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra, (dvitIya bAra) varSa 1998 6. vidyA vAridhi sammAna, varSa 2003 7. kalA marmajJa sammAna, varSa 2006 8. u.pra. zAsana sammAna (prAkRta grantha ke lie) 9. jainA kA adhyakSIya sammAn varSa 2007 10. vAgartha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) varSa 2007 11. gautama gaNadhara sammAna varSa 2008 12. AcArya tulasI prAkRta sammAna varSa 2008 13. vidyAcandra sUrI sammAna, varSa 2011 . sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 673

Page #687
isake atirikta ma.pra. ke pUrva mukhyamaMtrI digvijayasiMha jI, bAbUlAla jI gaura aura vartamAna mukhyamaMtrI zivarAjasiMha jI ne bhI Apako sammAnita kiyA hai / padasthApanAe~ 1. adhyakSa - kumAra sAhitya pariSada, zAjApura 2. saciva - hindI sAhitya samiti, zAjApura 3. saciva - mAdhava rajata jayantI vAcanAlaya, zAjApura 4. adhyakSa - a.bhA. sthAnakavAsI yuvaka saMgha, madhyapradeza zAkhA 5. adhyakSa - sadvicAra niketana, zAjApura 6. koSAdhyakSa - a.bhA. darzana pariSad 7. 8. vyAkhyAtA darzanazAstra - ma.pra. zAsana zikSA sevA sahAyaka prAdhyApaka - ma.pra. zAsana, zikSA sevA prophesara darzanazAstra - ma.pra. zAsana, zikSA sevA 9. 10. nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 11. mAnad nidezaka - Agama, ahiMsA, samatA prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 12. saMsthApaka nidezaka prAdhya vidyApITha, zAjApura 13. variSTha upAdhyakSa - a.bhA. darzana pariSada, DaoN. sAgaramala jI jaina ke mArgadarzana evaM nirdezana meM zodhArthiyoM dvArA kie gae zodhakAryoM kA vivaraNa -- 1. DaoN. bhikhArIrAma yAdava, jaina tarkazAstra ke saptamaMgIyanaya kI Adhunika vyAkhyA (kA.hi.vi.vi. vAraNasI), 1983 DaoN. arUNapratApa siMha, jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha kA udbhava, vikAsa evaM sthiti (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1983 DaoN. ravizaMkara mizra, mahAkavi kAlidAsakRta meghadUta aura jaina kavi merUtuMgakRta jaina meghadUta kA sAhityika adhyayana (kA. hi. vi.vi. vArANasI), 1983 maho. candraprabhasAgara, sayamasundara : vyaktitva evaM kRtittava (hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga dvArA mahopAdhyAya kI padavI hetu ) kA. hi. vi. vi. vArANasI, 1986 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. - 674 DaoN. ravIndranAtha mizra, jaina karma siddhAnta kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa ( kA .hi. vi.vi. vArANasI), 1986 DaoN. ramezacandra gupta, tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1986 DaoN. kamalaprabhA jaina, prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana : eka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1986 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #688
8. DaoN. mahendranAtha siMha, uttarAdhyayana aura dhammapada kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1986 9. DaoN. triveNIprasAda siMha, jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM mAnava vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1987 10. DaoN. umezacandra siMha, jaina Agama sAhitya meM zikSA, samAja evaM arthavyavasthA, (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1987 11. DaoN. rajjana kumAra, jainadharma meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA, (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1987 12. DaoN. (zrImatI) rItAsiMha, prAkRta aura jaina saMskRta sAhitya meM kRSNa kathA (kA. hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1989 13. DaoN. indrezacandra siMha, jaina sAhitya meM varNita sainyavijJAna evaM yuddhakalA (kA. hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1990 14. DaoN. zrInArAyaNa dube, jaina abhilekhoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1990 15. DaoN. (zrImatI) saMgItA jhA, dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM AcArya haribhadra kA avadAna (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1990 16. DaoN. dhanaMjaya siMha, haribhadra kA yoga ke kSetra meM yogadAna (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1991 17. DaoN. (zrImatI) gItA siMha, aupaniSadika sAhitya meM zramaNa paramparA ke tattva (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1991 18. DaoN. (zrImatI) arcanA, bhASA darzana ko jaina dArzanikoM kA yogadAna (kA.hi. vi.vi. vArANasI), 1991 19. DaoN.(zrImatI) maMjUlA bhaTTAcArya, jaina dArzanika granthoM meM Izvara kartRtva kI samAlocanA (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1992 20. DaoN. ravIndrakumAra, zIladUta evaM saMskRta dUtakAvyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1992 21. DaoN. ke.vI.esa.pI.bI. AcAryulu, vaikhAnasa jaina yoga kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1992 22. DaoN. jitendra bI. zAha, dvAdazAra nayacakra kA dArzanika adhyayana, (kA.hi.vi. vi. vArANasI), 1992 23. zrI asImakumAra mizra, aitihAsika adhyayana ke jaina srota aura unakI prAmANikatA : eka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1996 sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 675

Page #689
24. zrI maNinAtha mizra, jaina campU kAvyoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana (kA.hi.vi. vi. vArANasI), 1997 25. zrImati kaMcana siMha, pArvAbhyudaya mahAkAvya kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana (kA. hi.vi.vi. vArANasI), 1997 26. sAdhvI uditaprabhAzrIjI, jainadharma meM dhyAna kI vikAsa yAtrA (mahAvIra se mahAprajJa taka), jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi.lADanU~ (rAja.) 27. sAdhvI darzanakalAzrIjI, jaina sAhitya meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 28. sAdhvI priyalatAzrIjI, jainadharma meM trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 29. sAdhvI priyavaMdanAzrIjI, jainadharma meM samatvayoga, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 30. zrImatI vijayAgosAvI (muMbaI), jaina yoga aura pAtaMjala yogasUtra : eka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 31. zrI raNavIrasiMha bhadauriyA (gvAliyara), gItA meM pratipAdita vibhinna yogoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara 32. sAdhvI divyAjanAzrIjI, saMvegaraMgazAlA : eka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi. vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 33. sAdhvI mokSaratnazrIjI, AcAradinakara meM pratipAdita saMskAra aura saMskAra vidhi, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 34. sAdhvI vicakSaNazrIjI, vizeSAvazyaka ke gaNadharavAda aura nihnavavAda kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 35. sAdhvI vijayazrIjI, jaina zramaNI saMgha kA avadAna, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 36. sAdhvI sthitaprajJAzrIjI, piNDaniyukti kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 37. sAdhvI prItidarzanAzrIjI, AcArya yazovijayajI kA AdhyAtmavAda, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 38. zrI pravINa jozI, bhAratIya cintana meM karttavya aura adhikAra kI avadhAraNA, vikrama vi.vi. ujjaina 39. zrI saMjIva jaina, gaNadharavAda kA dArzanika adhyayana, vikrama vi.vi. ujjaina 40. sAdhvI pratibhAjI (prathama), jaina saMgha ko zrAvikAoM kA avadAna, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 676 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #690
41. sAdhvI saMvegaprajJAzrIjI, paMcasUtra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 42. sAdhvI jyotsanAjI, ratnAkarAvatArikA meM bauddhadarzana kI samIkSA, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 43. sAdhvI pratibhAjI (dvitIya), ArAdhanApatAkA meM samAdhimaraNa, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 44. sAdhvI prabhuditAzrIjI, jaina darzana meM saMjJA kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvabhAratI vi. vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 45. AzISa nAgara, rAdhA tattva, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina 46. ku. tRpti jaina, jainadarzana meM tanAva prabandhana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanUM (rAja.) 47. navIna budholiyA, mahAtmA gAMdhI kA darzana, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina anaupacArika samagra mArgadarzana - 1. DaoN. zyAmanandana jhA, kundakunda aura zaMkara ke darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1973 2. sAdhvI priyadarzanAzrIjI, Anandaghana kA rahasyavAda, 1982 3. sAdhvIzrI sudarzanAzrIjI, AcArAMgasUtra kA naitika darzana, 1982 4. sAdhvIzrI pramodakumArIjI, isibhAsiyAI sUtra kA dArzanika adhyayana, 1991 5. sAdhvI vinItaprajJAzrIjI, uttarAdhyayanasUtra-eka anuzIlana, 2001 --- 6. DaoN. sureza sisaudiyA, jaina dharma ke sampradAya, 1995 vArANasI se prasthAna ke samaya kAryarata zodha chAtroM kI sUcI - 1. zrImatI zubhA tivArI, paumacariya meM sAmAjika cetanA eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 2. zrI vIrendra nArAyaNa tivArI, pramukha smRtiyA~ tathA jainadharma meM prAyazcitta-vidhi 3. zrI dayAnanda ojhA, jayodaya mahAkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 4. kumakuma rAya, dharmazarmAbhyudaya kAvyaH eka adhyayana 5. ku. bebI, somezvaradeva kRta kIrtikaumudI kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 6. ku. AbhA, AkhyAnaka maNikoza kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 7. hanumAnaprasAda mizra, jaina prAyazcita-vidhi vartamAna meM kAryarata zodha chAtra (sabhI ke zodha-prabandha prAyaH pUrNa ho cuke haiN|) 1. sAdhvI saumyaguNAzrI (DI.liTa.hetu), jainavidhi-vidhAnoM kA samIkSAtmaka, jainavizvabhAratI vi.vi.lADanU~ (rAja.) 2. muni manISasAgara jI, jainadarzana meM jIvana prabandhana ke tattva, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 677

Page #691
sAdhvI kanakaprabhAzrIjI, paMcAzaka prakaraNa : eka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 4. sAdhvI samyakprabhAzrI, jainadarzana meM SaDAvazyaka : eka vivecana, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 5. sAdhvI snehAMjanAzrI, dravya guNaparyAyano rAsa, jaina vizvabhAratI vi.vi. lADanU~ (rAja.) 6. sAdhvI zraddhAMjanAzrI, dhyAnazataka (TIkAsahita), vikrama vi.vi. ujjaina kA.hi.vi.vi.ema.e. darzana (antima varSa) kI parIkSA hetu prastuta laghu zodha-prabandhoM kI sUcI udayapratApa siMha, jainadharma meM samAdhimaraNa, 1979-80 3. 1. 2. avadheza kumAra siMha, da sisTama Ava vailyUja ina jaina philAsaphI, 1979-80 kRSNakAnta kumAra, jainadharma ke sampradAya, 1980 3. 4. tAr3akezvara nAtha, jainadharma meM mokSa evaM mokSamArga, 1980 5. rAmAzrayasiMha yAdava, jaina karma siddhAnta, 1980 6. satIzacandra siMha, jainadarzana meM pramANa, 1980-81 7. zivaparasana siMha, AcArya kundakunda ke darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa, 1980-81 8. azokakumAra, upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra zrAvaka dharma, 1980-81 vIrendra kumAra, jainadarzana meM jIvana kI avadhAraNA, 1980-81 9. 10. triveNIprasAda siMha, ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra ke anusAra gRhastha dharma, 1981 11. mukularAja mehatA, jainadharma meM AdhyAtmika vikAsaH eka tula. vivecana, 1981 pro. sAgaramala jaina kRtitva 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga-1, 2. 3. 1982 jaina bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1982 5. jainakarma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, 4. 6. rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura evaM prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 1982 jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-2, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura evaM prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 1982 jaina bauddha aura gItA kA samAjadarzana, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 678 jayapura, 1982 dharma kA marma, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (dvitIya evaM tRtIya saMskaraNa) jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #692
7. arhat, pArzva aura unakI paramparA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1988 8. 9. RSibhASitaH eka adhyayana, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1988 jaina bhASA darzana, bho.la. bhAratIya saMskRti maMdira, dillI - pATaNa, 1986 10. jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1994 11. tattvArthasUtra aura usakI paramparA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1994 12. anekAnta, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 13. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga - 1, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1994 14. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga - 2, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 15. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga - 3, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 16. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga - 4, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 17. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga-5, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 18. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga - 6, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 19. sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga -7, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 20. Doctoral Dissertations in Jainism and Buddhism (With Dr. A.P. Singh), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 21. guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 22. jainadharma aura tAMtrika sAdhanA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1997 23. ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 2002 24. sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 2003 25. An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana, P.V.R. I Varanasi, 1995 26. Jaina Literature & Philosophy, P.V.R. I Varanasi, 1999 27. Peace, Religious Harmony and Solution of World Problems form Jaina Perspective, Prachya Vidyapeeth Shajapurs, 2001 28. Jain Philosophy of Language Tran. by Prof. S. Verma, P.V.R. I Varansai, 2005 1996 29. Rishibhashita: A Study, Prakrit Bharti, Jaipur 30. Jain Religion : Its Historical Journey of Evolution, P.V.R. I Varansai, 2007 sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 679

Page #693
31. Keynote Address at Ram Krishna Mission, Calcutta 32. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, abhinandana graMtha (DaoN. sAgamala jaina ke lekhoM kA saMgraha, DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina ke sAtha), pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1998 33. anekAnta kI jIvanadRSTi (zrI saubhAgyamala jI jaina ke sAtha), bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, bambaI, 1975 34. ahiMsA kI saMbhAvanAyeM, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1980 35. jaina sAhitya aura zilpa meM bAhubalI(DaoN. mArUtinandana prasAda tivArI ke sAtha), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, bAhubalI, 1981 36. paryuSaNaparva : eka vivecana, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 37. jaina ekatA kA prazna (prathama saMskaraNa), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 1983 38. jaina adhyAtmavAda : Adhunika sandarbha meM (prathama evaM dvitIya saMskaraNa), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1983, vArANasI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 39. zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna (prazna evaM dvitIya saMskaraNa), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1983, vArANasI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 40. dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jainadharma (prathama evaM dvitIya saMskaraNa), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1985, vArANasI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 41. dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jainadharma (prathama evaM dvitIya saMskaraNa), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1985, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 42. bhAratIya saMskRti meM haribhadra kA avadAna (prathama evaM dvitIya saMskaraNa), pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1987, vArANasI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 43. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM tapa, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1981 44. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, __ 1994 45. jaina dharma me nArI kI bhUmikA, prathama saMskaraNa-dvitIya saMskaraNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1995, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 .. 46. jaina dharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa yAtrA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1999 47. adhyAtmavAda aura vijJAna, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, 2011 48. jaina darzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya, ela.DI. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI ahamadAbAda, 2011 680 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #694
49. jaina dharma evaM darzana, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) 2015. 50. nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA (henarI sijavika kI pustaka kA hindI anuvAda), prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma. pra. ) 2017 graMthoM kI vistRta prastAvanAe~ 1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dvitIya khaNDa kI vistRta bhUmikA, muni kanhaiyAlAlajI 'kamala', Agama anuyoga prakAzana TrasTa, ahamadAbAda jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana, DaoN. zivaprasAda, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha, saMsthAna, vArANasI pramukha jaina sAdhviyA~ aura mahilAe~, DaoN. hIrAlAla borDiyA~, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha, saMsthAna, vArANasI syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI, DaoN. bI. Ara. yAdava, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, va 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. candradhvedhyaka-prakIrNaka, anuvAdaka DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, anuvAdaka DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura taMdula vaicArika prakIrNaka, anuvAdaka DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura devendrastava prakIrNaka, anuvAdaka - DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 10. dvIpasAgara prajJapti prakIrNaka, anuvAdaka DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 11. Lord Mahavira, isakA phreMca bhASA kA saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita hai aura usameM bhUmikA kA phreMca anuvAda bhI hai, DaoN. bUlacaMdra jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 7. 8. isibhAsiyAi, anuvAdaka vinayasAgarajI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 9. 12. jinavANI ke motI, DaoN. dulIcaMdra jaina, jaina vidyA anusaMdhAna pratiSThAna, madrAsa 13. dravyAnuyoga kI vistRta bhUmikA, muni kanhaiyAlAlajI, Agama anuyoga TrasTa, ahamadAbAda 14. paMcAzaka-prakaraNam kI vistRta bhUmikA, haribhadra sUri, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 681

Page #695
15. vasudevahiNDI : eka adhyayana, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 16. siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva, DaoN. esa. pI. pANDe, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 17. pravacanasAroddhAra kI vistRta bhUmikA, sAdhvI hemaprabhAzrIjI, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 18. prAkRta evaM saMskRta granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta, sAdhvI darzanakalAzrI rAja rAjendra prakAzana, ahamadAbAda 19. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna, sAdhvI priyadarzanA, ratna jaina pustakAlaya, ahamadanagara 20. dhyAnazataka jinabhadragaNi, anu. suSamA siMghavI, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 21. kAyotsarga, zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 22. sakArAtmaka ahiMsA, zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 23. puNyapApatattva, zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 24. bandhatattva kI bhUmikA, zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 25. adhyAtmasAra, anu. sAdhvI prIti darzanA zrIjI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 26. bauddhadarzana kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, sAdhvI jyotsanAzrIjI ma.sA., prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 27. jaina dharma meM dhyAna kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama, sAdhvI uditaprabhAzrIjI, ma.sA., prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 28. jaina gRhastha kI SoDaza saMskAra vidhi, sAdhvI mokSaratnAzrIjI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 29. jaina muni jIvana ke vidhi-vidhAna, sAdhvI mokSaratnAzrIjI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 30. pratiSThA zAntikarma pauSTikakarma evaM balividhAna, sAdhvI mokSaratnAzrIjI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 31. prAyazcitta Avazyaka, tapa evaM padAropaNa vidhi, sAdhvI mokSaratnAzrIjI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura pro. sAgaramala jaina ke zodha nibandha pro. sAgaramala jaina ke zodha nibandha dArzanika, parAmarza, zramaNa, jinavANI, vikrama, tulasIprajJA, anekAMta, jinabhASita, jainamzrI Adi zodha-patrikAoM ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna abhinandana granthoM, smRti granthoM, smArikAoM Adi meM prakAzita hote rahe haiN| aneka granthoM kI bhUmikAe~ bhI zodha - Alekha rUpa rahI haiM / Apake ina jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 682

Page #696
mahattvapUrNa prakIrNa AlekhoM ko ekatrita kara prakAzita karane ke prayatna hue, unameM DaoN. sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha ( Aspects of Jainology vol-6) aura sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga-1 se 7 taka, jo aba jaina dharma darzana evaM saMskRta ke nAma se punaH prakAzita hai, pramukha haiN| ina donoM meM milAkara lagabhaga 160 Alekha haiM, isake atirikta bhI aneka Alekha chUTa gaye the, unheM bhI www.jainealibrary.org ke aura DaoN. sAhaba kI smRti ke AdhAra para samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ina saba AdhAroM para unake zodha AlekhoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 300 ke AsapAsa hotI hai / koSThaka ( ) meM diye gaye nambara www.jainealibrary.org ke saMdarbha ke haiM, jJAtavya hai ki Apake aneka lekha anuvAdita hokara prabuddha jIvana (gujarAtI) zramaNa (baMgalA) Jain studies ( aMgrejI) meM bhI chape haiN| 1 1. arddhamAgadhI bhASA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa, sumanamuni amRtamahotsava grantha, cennaI advaitavAda meM AcAra darzana kI sambhAvanA : jaina dRSTi meM samIkSA ( 210030), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI adhyAtma aura vijJAna (210030), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 2. 3. adhyAtma banAma bhautikavAda, zramaNa, apraila 1990 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza (2100062) ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA, zramaNa, 1994 azoka ke abhilekhA kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI (210128), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI azoka ke abhilekhA kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI (210126), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI ahiMsA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ( 210136), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 10. ahiMsA kA artha vistAra, sambhAvanAe~, zramaNa janavarI 1980 11. ahiMsA kI sArvabhaumikatA ( 210141), jaina vidyAlaya smAraka grantha, kalakattA 12. Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna 'mahatva', racanAkAla evaM racayitA (210161), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 13. AcArarAMga sUtraH Adhunika manovijJAna ke saMdarbha meM, tulasIprajJA, khaNDa 6, 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. aMka 9, 1981 14. AcArAMgasUtraH eka vizleSaNa ( 210178 ), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana, pA.vi., vArANasI sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 683

Page #697
15. AtmA aura paramAtmA eka tulanAtmaka vivecana, zramaNa, mArca 1980 16. AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa (210204), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 17. ikkIsavIM sadI kI pramukha samasyAe~ aura jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM unake samAdhAna (210265), vijayAnandasUri svargArohaNa zatAbdI grantha 18. uccairnAgara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janmasthAna kI pahacAna (210302), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 19. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi (210432), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 20. guNasthAna siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa, zramaNa-janavarI-mArca 1992 21. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda kI samasyA aura yathArtha jIvanadRSTi, prAcya pratibhA (patrikA), biralA, kendra bhopAla 22. jaTAsiMhanandI kA vArAMgacarita aura usakI paramparA (210499), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 23. jaina ekatA kA prazna?, zramaNa-janavarI 1983 24. -jaina adhyAtmavAda, Adhunika sandarbha meM (210559), bhavaralAla nAhaTA abhinandana grantha 25. jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana (210574), sajjanazrI abhinandana grantha 26. jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI (210574), samana muni prajJAmaharSi abhinandana grantha 27. jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI, aprakAzita 28. jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI (210575), vijayAnandasUri svargArohaNa zatAbdI grantha 29. jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha (210580), aSTadazI 30. jaina AcAra darzana eka mUlyAMkana (210584), kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha 31. jaina AcAra meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna (210586) sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 32. jaina AcAra meM utsarga mArga aura apavAda mArga (210588), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 33. jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna, yatIndrasUri dIkSA zatAbdI smAraka grantha, mohanakher3A jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna 684

Page #698
34. jaina evaM bauddhadharma meM svahita evaM lokahita kA prazna (210604), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 35. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzana kI zodha saMkSepikA, tulasIprajJA, aMka 5 36. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM meM karma kA zubhatva, azubhatva aura zuddhatva, mahAvIra jayantIsmArikA, jayapura 1978 37. jainakarma siddhAnta eka vizleSaNa ( 210616), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 38. jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika karttavyatA kA svarUpa ( 210635), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 39. jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna ( 210655 ), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 40. jainadarzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, (210679), pA.vi. vArANasI 41. jainadarzana meM tarka pramANa kA Adhunika saMdarbha meM mUlyAMkana, dArzanika, akTUbara 1978 42. jainadarzana meM jJAna ke prAmANya aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna (210390), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 43. jainadarzana meM nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya, dArzanika traimAsika, julAI 1974 44. jainadarzana meM naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya ( 210697), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 45. jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA ( 210398), muni dvaya abhinandana grantha 46. jainadarzana meM pudgala aura paramANu ( 210702), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 47. jainadarzana meM mithyAtva aura samyaktva : eka tulanAtmaka vivecana ( 210710), jaina divAkara smRti grantha 48. jainadarzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (210710), tIrthaMkara mahAvIra smRti grantha 49. jainadRSTi meM dharma kA svarUpa ( 210729), lekhendrazekharavijaya abhinandana grantha 50. jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA ( 210742), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 51. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha, zramaNa, 1994 sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 685

Page #699
52. jainadharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya : yApanIya (210743), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 53. jainadharma kA trividha sAdhanA mArga (210744), vijayAnandasUri svargArohaNa zatAbdI grantha 54. jainadharma kI paramparA, itihAsa ke jharokhe se (210751), vijayAnandasUri svargArohaNa zatAbdI grantha 55. jainadharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA (210771), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 56. jainadharma ke dhArmika anuSThAna evaM kalA tatva 57. jainadharma meM prAyazcitta evaM daNDa vyavasthA (210774), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 58. jainadharma meM sAmAjika ciMtana (210779), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 59. jainanItidarzana ke manauvaijJAnika AdhAra (210795), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 60. jaina paramparA meM kAzI (210807), rAjendrasUrI janma zatAbdI grantha 61. jaina paramparA kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, zramaNa, julAI-sitambara 1990 62. jaina paramparA meM bAhubali (210810) sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 63. jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA prAcInatama saMkalana RSibhASita (210821), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 64. jaina, bauddha aura gItAdarzana meM mokSa kA svarUpaH eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (210822), rAjendrasUrI janma zatAbdI grantha 65. jaina vAkya darzana (210854), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 66. jaina adhyAtmavAda : Adhunika saMdarbha meM, zramaNa, agasta 1983 67. jaina zikSAdarzana (210876), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 68. jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa, zramaNa, 1994 69. jaina sAdhanA aura dhyAna (210911), mahAsatI dvaya smRti grantha, 70. jainasAdhanA kA AdhAra samayagdarzana, (210914), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 686

Page #700
71. jainasAdhanA ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra (210918), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 72. jainasAdhanA meM praNava kA sthAna (210926 ), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 73. jaina sAdhanA kA trividha sAdhanA mArga (210971), nAnacandajI janma zatAbdI smRti grantha 74. jainadarzana meM sat kA svarUpa (210983), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 75. jainadharma kA lezyA siddhAntaH eka manovaijJAnika vimarza (211000), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 76. jainadharma ke mUla tattva ( 211003), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 77. jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : eka vizleSaNa ( 211010), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 78. jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA ( 211015), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 79. jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika karttavyatA kA svarUpa ( 211017), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 80. jainadharma meM pUjA vidhAna aura dhArmika anuSThAna (211018), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 81. jainadharma meM prAyazcita evaM daNDa vyavasthA ( 211019), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 82. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ( 211020), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 83. jainadharma meM mukti kI avadhAraNA ( 211023), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 84. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM snAna (211031), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 85. jaina nIti darzana kI sAmAjika sArthakatA (211031), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 86. jainasAhitya meM stUpa, sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 87. jainAgama sAhitya meM stUpa ( 211048 ), becaradAsa DosI abhinandana grantha sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 687

Page #701
88. jainAgamoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA (211052), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 89. jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna : jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM, parAmarza, jUna 1983 90. tantrasAdhanA aura jaina jIvana dRSTi ( 211103), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 91. tArkika ziromaNi AcArya siddhasenadivAkara ( 211118 ), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 92. dazalakSaNaparva : dazalakSaNa dharma (211156), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 93. dharma kyA hai ?, zramaNa, janavarI, pharavarI aura mArca 1990 94. dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra kI sahiSNutA ( 211191), umarAvaku~varajI dIkSA svarNa jayantI smRti grantha 95. dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra kA avadAna, zramaNa, akTUbara 1986 96. dharma kA marma: jaina dRSTi ( 211194 ), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 97. dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jainadharma (211215), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 98. niyukti sAhitya eka punarcintana ( 211277 ), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 99. nizcaya aura vyavahAra kisakA Azraya leM ? (211281), Ananda RSi abhinandana grantha 100. nIti ke mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina AcAra darzana ( 211286), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 101. nIti ke nirapekSa aura sApekSa tattva, dArzanika traimAsika, apraila 1976 102. naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA ( 211294), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 103. naitika mAnadaNDa : eka yA aneka ?, dArzanika traimAsika, janavarI 1980 104. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ke dvArA sampAdita evaM anudita SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI samIkSA (211300), mahendra kumAra jaina zAstrI nyAyacandra, smRti grantha 105. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma (211323), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 688 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #702
106. paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana (211332), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 107. paryuSaNa parva kyA, kaba, kyoM aura kaise, zramaNa, agasta 1981 108. praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja (211397), sAgaramala jaina __ abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 109. pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika svarUpa aura vikAsa, dArzanika traimAsika, jUna 1978 110. prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA (211419), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 111: pArzvanAtha janmabhUmi maMdira kA purAtattvIya vaibhava, zravaNa, 1990 112. phrAyaDa aura jainadarzana, tIrthakara 113. bandhana se mukti kI ora (211460), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 114. bAlakoM ke saMskAra nirmANa meM abhibhAvaka, zikSaka aura samAja kI bhUmikA, zramaNa, janavarI 1980 115. mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana, zramaNa, apraila 1986 116. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA (211499), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 117. bhAgya banAma puruSArtha, zramaNa, julAI 1985 118. bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA (211551), sAgaramala jaina-abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 119. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa (211578), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 120. bheda-vijJAna : mukti kA siMhadvAra (211605), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 121. mana zakti svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa (211625), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 122. mAnavatAvAda aura jaina AcAra darzana, tIrthakara, janavarI 1978 123. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMskRtyAyana ke jaina dharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA (211650), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 124. mahAvIra kA darzana : sAmAjika pariprekSya meM, zramaNa, apraila 1981 125. mahAvIra kAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya (211670), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 689

Page #703
126. mahAvIra ke siddhAntaH Adhunika saMdarbha meM, mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, jayapura 1976 127. mUlAcAraH eka vivecana (211734), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 128. mUlya bodha kI sApekSatA, dArzanika traimAsika, akTUbara 1977 129. mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya (211738), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 130. rAmaputta yA rAmaguptaH sUtrakRtAMga ke saMdarbha meM (211845), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vaaraannsii| 131. vyakti aura samAja, sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 132. zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva (2122025), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 133. zrAvaka AcAra (dharma) kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna (212054), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 134. zvetAmbara paramparA meM rAmakathA (212077), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 135. zvetAmbara sAhitya meM rAkakathA kA svarUpa, zravaNa, akTUbara 1985 136. zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthurasaMgha : eka vimarza (212078), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 137. SaTjIvanikAya ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA (212082), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 138. saMyama jIvana kA samyak dRSTikoNa, zramaNa, julAI 1980 139. sattA kitanI vAcya aura kitanI avAcya, dArzanika traimAsika, apraila 1981 140. syAdvAda : eka ciMtana, mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, 1977 141. satI prathA aura jaina dharma (212116), kusumavatI sAdhvI abhinandana grantha 142. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jaina dharma (212124), jaina divAkara smRti grantha 143. saptabhaMgI trimUlyAtmaka tarka zAstra ke sandarbha meM, mahAvIra jayantI smArika, jayapura 1977 144. samadarzI AcArya haribhadra (212138), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 145. samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kI samIkSA, sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 690 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #704
146. samAdhimaraNaH eka tulanAtmaka vivacena (212152), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 147. samrATa akabara aura jainadharma (212166), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA. vi. vArANasI 148. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jaina dharma (212181), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 149. sAdhanA aura sevA kA sahasambandha (212185), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 150. sAdhanA aura sevA kA sahasambandha (212185), sumanamuni prajJA maharSi grantha 151. sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna (212194), dezabhUSaNajI mahArAja abhinandana grantha 152. strI : anyatairthika evaM savastra kI mukti kA prazna (212225), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 153. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana (212228), sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pA.vi. vArANasI 154. haribhadra ke darzana ke krAntikArI tattva, zramaNa, akTUbara 1986 155. haribhadra kI krAntikArI dRSTi aura dhUrtAkhyAna, zramaNa, pharavarI 1987 156. haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna kA mUlasrota, zramaNa, pharavarI 1987 157. jainadharma darzana kA satva (229110), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 158. mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana (229111), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 159. jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA (229112), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 160. jaina dharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM snAna (229113), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 161. jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna (229114), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 162. arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA (229115), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 163. jaina karma siddhAnta (229116), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 164. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa (229117), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 165. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jaina dharma (229118), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 691

Page #705
166. jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA (229119), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 167. jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha (229120), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 168. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAeM (229123), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) . 169. jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa kI samasyA (229125), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 170. jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana (229126), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 171. mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra (229127), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 (001684) 172. arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya (229128), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 173. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana (229129), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 -001685) 174. mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya (229130), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2, (001685) 175. sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA (229131), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2, (001685) 176. tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana (229132), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2, (001685) 177. jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna (229133), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 178. mana zakti svarUpa aura sAdhanA (229134), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 179. jaina darzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA (229135), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 180. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jaina dharma (229136), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 181. jaina dharma kA lezyA siddhAnta (229137), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 692 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #706
182. paMDita jagannAtha kI dRSTi meM buddha vyakti nahIM prakriyA (229138), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 (001685) 183. jaina dharma ke acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna (229145), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 184. strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna (229145), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 185. pramANa lakSaNa nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna (229146), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 186. paM. mahendrakumAra sampAdita SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA (229147), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 187. Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahatva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA (229148), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 188. jainadarzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa (229149), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 189. yugIna pariveza meM mahAvIra ke siddhAnta (229150), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 190. jainadharma aura Adhunika vijJAna (229151), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 191. zvetAmbara mUla saMgha evaM mAthurasaMgha (229153), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 192. SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA (2291154), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 193. RSibhASitaH eka adhyayana(229155), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-3 (001686) 194. bhadrabAhu sambandhI kathAnakoM kA adhyayana (229156), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 195. kaumudImitrAnanda meM pratipAdita rAmacandra sUri kI jaina jIvanadRSTi (229157), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 196. aMgavijjA aura namaskAra mantra kI vikAsa yAtrA (229158), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 197. jIvasamAsa (229159), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 198. jaina vidyA ke adhyayana kI takanIka (229160), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 693

Page #707
199. kaSAyamukti kila muktireva (229161), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 200. svAdhyAya kI maNiyA~ (229162), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 201. haribhadra kRta zrAvaka dharma vidhi prakaraNa (229163), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 202. apabhraMza meM mahAkavi svayambhU (229164), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 203. jaina paramparA meM kAzI (229165), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 204. puNya kI upAdeyatA kA prazna (229166 ), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 (001687) 205. arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : kucha satya aura tathya (229167), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 206. prAkRtavidyA meM pro. TATiyAjI ke nAma se prakAzita unake vyAkhyAna kI samIkSA (229169), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 207. azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI (229170), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 208. kyA brAhI lipi meM na aura Na ke liye eka hI AkRti thI (229171), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 209. bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM nihita anekAnta (229172), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 210. jainadarzana kI dravya, guNa evaM paryAya kI avadhAraNA (229173), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 211. pravacanasAroddhAra : eka adhyayana (229174), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-5 (001688) 212. bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha mahAghaTakoM kA sambandha (229175), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 213. mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga aba aura taba (229176), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 214. mahAvIra janmasthala (229177), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6(001689) 215. mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala (229178), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 216. mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA (229179), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 694 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #708
217. jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsa yAtrA (229180), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 218. jina darzana meM mokSa kI avadhAraNA (229181), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 219. jina pratimA kA prAcIna svarUpa (229182), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 220. aMgavijjA meM jaina mantroM kA prAcInatama svarUpa (229183), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 221. umAsvAti evaM unakI uccainAgarI zAkhA kA sthala evaM vicaraNa kSetra (229184), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 222. umAsvAti kA kAla (229185), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 223. umAsvAti aura unakI paramparA (229186), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 224. jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI (229187), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 225. prAkRta aura apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNA (229188), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 226. mUlAcAra (229189), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 227. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAkadarzana kA prastutikaraNa (229190), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 228. RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAkadarzana (229191), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 229. rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutikaraNa (229192), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 230. bhAgavata ke racanA kAla ke sambandha meM jaina sAhitya ke kucha pramANa (229193), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 231. bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA(229194), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 232. dharmanirapekSatA aura bauddha dharma (229195), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) 233. mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvana dRSTi (229196), sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-6 (001689) sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 695

Page #709
234. bhAratIya dArzanika granthoM meM pratipAdita bauddha dharma evaM darzana, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 235. guNasthAna siddhAnta para eka mahattvapUrNa zodha-kArya, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-1 236. jainadharma meM dhyAna-vidhi kI vikAsa-yAtrA, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 237. dhyAnazataka : eka paricaya, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 238. AcArAMgasUtra kI manovaijJAnika dRSTi, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 239. kyA tattvArthasUtra strImukti kA niSedha karatA hai?, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 240. rAjapraznIyasUtra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 241. vRSNidazAH eka paricaya, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 242. jaina itihAsa : adhyayana vidhi evaM mUla evaM mUlasrota, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 243. zaMkhezvara tIrtha kA itihAsa, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 244. navadigambara sampradAya kI kalpanA kitanI samIcIna?, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 245. jaina kathA-sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 246. jaina jIvana-dRSTi, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti,bhAga-7 247. vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatAH jaina sAhitya ke sandarbha meM, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 248. SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNAH eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa, jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti, bhAga-7 249. jaina dharma meM sarasvatI upAsanA, jinabhASita jUna 2009 250. kyA AryAvatI (mathurA-zilpa) sarasvatI hai?, anusaMdhAna 50 (2), san 2010 251. jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrutadevI sarasvatI jinabhASita, akTUbara 2011 252. bhAratIya tantra sAdhanA aura jainadharma darzana, jinavANI, 2009-2010 (9 kiztoM meM samApta) . 253. jaina dArzanikoM kA anya darzanoM ko avadAna, jinavANI, mArca-apraila 2011 254. jaina darzana meM indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva, bhAratIya darzana meM prApyakAritvavAda (ambikAdatta zarmA), 2006 255. bauddha aura jaina pramANa mImAMsA : eka tulanA, zramaNa, julAI-sitambara 2004 jaina darzana meM tatva aura jJAna 696

Page #710
256. HUNT BART Yavait : yeh Jaar, hace at 2011 257. Bramhanic and Sramanic Culture : A Comparative studey (250030), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 258. Concept of Violence in Jainism (250057), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th P.V.R.I. Varansai 259. Concept of Vibhajjavada and its impact on Philosophical and Religious tolerance in Buddhism and Jainsim (250060), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 260. Equanimity and Meditation (250085), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 261. Historical Developement of Jaina Philosophy and Religion (250112), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 262. Jain Concept of Peace(250132), Vijayanandsuri Swargarohan, Shatabdi Granth 012023 263. Jaina Litereature form earliest time to century 10th AD(250158), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 264. K.S. Murti's philosophy of peace and non violence (250196), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 265. Origin and Development of Jainism (250233), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 266. Purpose of the Botika Sect (250257) (with M.A. Dhaky), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 267. Reconsidering the date of Nirvan of Lord Mahavira (250268), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 268. Religious Harmoney and Fellowship of Faiths (250275), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 269. Role of Parents, Teachers and Society in Stilling Cultural Values (250281), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 270. Samatva Yoga the Fundamental Teaching of Jainism and Gita (250287), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 271. Solution of World Problem's : A Jaina Perspective (250305), Aspect of Jainology Vol. 6th, P.V.R.I. Varansai 272. An Introduction to Dr Charlottee (269074), Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part_4 (001687) sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 697

Page #711
273. Spiritual Foundation of Jainism (269076), Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti, Part_4 (001687) 274. Human Solidarity and Jainism (269077), Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part_6 (001689) 275. Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina Philosophy (269078), Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti, Part_6 (001689) 276. The ethics of Jainism and swami narayan sect, New Dimenson in Vedant Philosophy 277. Relvance of Jainsim in present world, Jain journal Vol-22 No-1 278. The Historical Delevelopment of Jaina Yoga system, Jainvani April, may, June 2010 279. Jain sadhana and Yoga 280. The Teaching of Arhat Parshva and the Distinctness of his sect, Arhat Parshva and Dharanedra, Nexus B Institute Delhi 281. Intoduction of Loard Mahavira, P.V.R.I. Varanasi 282. Role of Religion in unity of Mankind and word peace, Jain Jouranal Vol-XLI No.4,2007 283. Jaina Litereature, Jain Journal Vol-XLIII No.1,2008 284. How appropriate is the proposition of Neo-Digambara school, Jain Journal Vol-XLI No.3,2007 285. Jaina Canonical Literature, Jainadharma Darshana Eavam Samskriti Vol-7 286. An investigation of the earlier subject matter of Prasnavyakarana sutra 287. Risibhasita : A valuable Jain work, Jinvani Nov-2010 288. Same Refelction on Samansuttam, Jinvani Oct-2011 289. Risibhasita- A Prakrit work of Universal Values, Jinvani July August 2011 pro. sAgaramala jaina dvArA sampAdita grantha 1. Trouilla, pinakit sa FE, NY, 1970 2. Fant 317414, TTH JA, FEIT. IT Chapa Cerit, 1971 3. A HITECT AT JEG ERLETA, 47.a. arrr, 1981 4. Paret t Hilfery oft zdara, T.a. ariH, 1989 698 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #712
5. jaina yoga kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1982 6. Anandaghana kA rahasyavAda, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1982 7. prAkRta dIpikA, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1982 8. jainadarzana meM AtmavicAra, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1984 9. khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1984 10. jainAcAryoM kA alaMkAra zAstra meM avadAna, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1984 11. vajjAlaggaM, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1984 12. jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1986 13. AcArAMgasUtraH eka adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1987 14. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1987 15. tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1987 16. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1988 17. saMbodha saptatikA, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1988 18. prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1988 19. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma, bhAga-1, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1989 20. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma, bhAga-2, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1989 21. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma, bhAga-3, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1990 22. jinacandrasUri kAvyAMjali, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1989 23. jainadharma kI pramukha sAdhviyAM, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1990 24. madhyakAlIna rAjasthAna meM jainadharma, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1992 25. jaina pratimA vijJAna, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1985 26. jainatIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1991 27. mAnava jIvana aura usake mUlya, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1990 28. jaina meghadUta, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1989 29. jainakarma siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1993 30. Theory of Realty in Jaina Philosophy, PVRI, 1991 31. Concept of matter in Jaina Philosophy, PVRI, 1987 32. Jaina Epistemology, PVRI, 1990 33. The Concept of Panchasheel in Indian Thought, PVRI, 1983 34. The Path of Arhat, PVRI, 1993 35. Jaina Perspective in Philosophy & Religion, PVRI, 1983 36. Aspect of jainology, VOL, I, PVRI, 1987 37. Aspect of jainology, VOL, I, PVRI, 1987 sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 699

Page #713
38. Aspect of jainology, VOL, I, PVRI, 1991 39. Aspect of jainology, VOL, I, PVRI, 1993 40. Aspect of jainology, VOL, I, PVRI, 1987 41. Samana Suttam, Sarva Seva Prakashan, Varanasi, 1993 42. Ishibhasiyayim, PVRI, Varansai & Prakrit Bharti, Jaipur 43. upAsakadazA meM varNita zrAvakAcAra, A.a.sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura, 1987 44. jainadharma ke sampradAya, A.a.sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 1994 45. nemidUta, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1994 46. mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1992 47. haribhadra ke sAhitya meM samAja evaM saMskRti, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1994 48. gAthA saptazatI, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1995 49. zRMgAravairAgya taraMgINi, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1995 50. mAtRkApada zRMgAra kalita gAthAkoza, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1995 51. AcArAMga kA nItizAstrIya adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1983 52. jaina nItizAstra, pA.vi. vArANasI 53. nalavilAsa nATaka, pA.vi. vArANasI 54. kaumudI mitrAnanda (nATaka), pA.vi. vArANasI 55. anekAMtavAda evaM pAzcAtya vyavahArikatAvAda, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 56. bauddha pramANa mImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1995 57. bhAratIya jIvana mUlya, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 58. jaina mahApurANa : eka kalAparaka adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 59. zIladUtaM, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 60. vasudevahiNDI : eka adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 61. jainadarzana meM nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 62. paMcAzaka prakaraNa- hindI anuvAda, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 63. De Chargeotte Krause-Her life and work, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 64. Multi-dimentional Application of Anekant Vada, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1997 65. Pearls of Jain Wisdom, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1996 66. siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva, pA.vi. vArANasI, 1995 67. kaSAya- sAdhvI hemaprajJAzrI, indaura 700 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #714
68. candravedhaka prakIrNaka- hindI anuvAda, A.a. sa.prA.saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 69. devendrastava prakIrNaka- hindI anuvAda, A. a. sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura, 1987 70. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka- hindI anuvAda, A.a. sa.prA.saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 71. dvIpasAgara prajJapti - hindI anuvAda, A.a. sa.prA.saMsthAna, udayapura 1987 72. tandulavaicArika- hindI anuvAda, A. a. sa. prA. saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 73. gacchAcAra - hindI anuvAda, A. a. sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 74. gaNIvidyA - hindI anuvAda, A. a. sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 75. saMstAraka - hindI anuvAda, A. a. sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 76. catuHzataka prakIrNaka 77. sArAvalI prakIrNaka 78. prakIrNaka sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA 79. aMga sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA 80. prA.ta vyAkaraNa- vyAkhyA pyAracaMdajI, A. a. sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 81. jainadharma jIvanadharma, A.a. sa.prA.saMsthAna, udayapura 82. prA. ta suktAvalI, A.a. sa.prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 83. tattvArthasUtra (hindI), A.a.sa. prA. saMsthAna, udayapura 84. Chandra Vedhyaka Prakirnaka (English Version), A.A.S.P.S.Udipur 85. Devendra Stava, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 86. Mahapratykhyan, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 87. Dvipasagara Pragyapti, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 88. Tandulvaicharika, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 89. Chatushataka, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 90. Samstaraka, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 91. Tattvarthsutra, A.A.S.P.S. Udaipur 92. Virastava, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 93. Gacchacara, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 94. Devindatharva, A.A.S.P.S.Udaipur 95. navatattva, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 96. jaina gRhastha ko SoDaza saMskAra, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 97. jaina muni jIvana ke vidhi vidhAna, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 98. prAyazcitta, Avazyaka, tapa evaM padAropaNa vidhi, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 99. pratiSThA, zAntikarma pauSTika karma evaM bali vidhAna, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 701

Page #715
100. jaina saMskAra aura vidhi vidhAna, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 101. upadeza puSpamAlA, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 102. sukaratnAvalI, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 103. RSibhASita : eka dArzanika adhyayana, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 104. jaina vidhi vidhAna sambandhI sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 105. bauddha darzana kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 106. upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kA adhyAtmavAda, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 107. jainadharma meM ArAdhanA kA svarUpa, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 108. adhyAtmasAra (hindI anuvAda evaM vyAkhyA sahita), prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 109. anUbhUti aura darzana, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 110. sarvasiddhAnta pravezaka, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura 111. vidyAcandrasUri dIkSA zatAbdIgrantha, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura inake atirikta, pro. sAgaramala jaina kI jo 43 kRtiyA~ haiM, unakA sampAdana bhI unhoMne svayaM kiyA hai| isa prakAra unake sampAdita grantha 155 se bhI adhika haiN| sAtha hI, Apa Encycleapedia of Jaina Studies, jo sAta khaNDoM meM prakAzita ho rahA hai aura jisakA prathama khaNDa prakAzita ho cukA hai, ke bhI sampAdaka haiN| pro. sAgaramala jaina dvArA saMsthApita prAcya vidyApITha sthApanA evaM uddezya : ____ mAlava jyoti pUjyA zrI vallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. sAdhvIvaryA pUjyA zrIpAnaku~varajI ma.sA. (dAdAjI) kI puNya smRti meM evaM marudharamaNi sAdhvI pUjyA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. evaM sAdhvIvaryA pUjyA zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. kI preraNA se bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM (vizeSa rupa se jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM) ke ucca starIya adhyayana, zikSaNa, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha uccastarIya adhyayana, zikSaNa, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaH pratiSThita karane ke punIta uddezya ko lekara-darzanazAstra ke AcArya, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ke bhUtapUrva nidezaka, jaina bauddha aura hindU dharma evaM darzana, kalA evaM saMskRti, sAhitya aura itihAsa evaM purAtatva ke aMtarrASTrIya khyAti prApta mUrdhanya vidvAna DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina ne vArANasI se pratyAgamana ke pazcAt varSa 1997 meM apane gRhanagara zAjApura meM prAcya vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI, jise varSa 2000 meM vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina (ma.pra.) dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gii| jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna 702

Page #716
upalabdha suvidhAe~: pazcimI madhyapradeza ke mAlavAMcala meM ujjaina ke aMtargata zAjApura nagara jilA mukhyAlaya hai, jo deza ke sabhI pramukha nagaroM va pradeza ke mahatvapUrNa sthAnoM, jaise naI dillI, mumbaI, ahamadAbAda, jayapura, iMdaura, ujjaina, bhopAla Adi sthAnoM se rela/bala sevA se jur3A huA hai| zAjApura nagara se hokara gujarane vAle AgarA-mumbaI rASTrIya rAjamArga ke samIpa tathA nagara ke kendra se lagabhaga 1.5 ki.mI. dUra pradUSaNa rahita evaM suramya prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa meM dupAr3A ror3a para 9000 varga phITa ke kSetraphala meM nirmita vidyApITha kA do maMjilA bhavya evaM susajjita sabhAkakSa / isake atirikta isa bhavana meM 700 vargaphITa kSetraphala ke 5 hAla, bhojanazAlA, do atithi kakSa (prasAdhana sahita), sevaka kakSa tathA nityakarma evaM snAna Adi ke liye 8 prasAdhana bhI nirmita hai| sAtha hI vidyApITha meM adhyayana, adhyAna ke liye pharnIcara evaM kampyUTara Adi kI samucita vyavasthA hai| sAtha hI AcArya zrI jayaMtasena sUrIzvarajI kI preraNA se sAdhuoM ke liye ArAdhanA bhavana kA nirmANa bhI ho cukA hai| rAjagaMgA granthAgAra : saMsthA kA rAjagaMgA graMthAgAra vidyApITha ke parisara meM hI sthita haiM, jisameM jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma evaM darzana tathA prAkRta, pAlI aura saMskRta ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI saMrakSita hai, jo 15vIMzatI se 20vIM zatI taka hI hai| lagabhaga 40 patra-patrikAe~ bhI niyamita rUpa se vidyApITha meM AtI hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu vidyApITha ke saMsthApaka-nirdezaka DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| __vidyApITha parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke liye adhyayana, adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| vidyApITha kI upalabdhiyA~ varSa 1997-2010 taka snAtakottara adhyApana : prAcya vidyApITha ke parisara, samRddha rAjagaMgA graMthAgAra aura mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA sAnidhya-isa adhosaraMcanA rupI triveNI ke phalasvarUpa zAjApura jile meM bhAratIya vidyAoM ke adhyayana ke liye preraka vAtAvaraNa nirmita huA hai| isakA lAbha lete hue jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna (mAnya vizvavidyAlaya) lADanU~ (rAja.) dvArA saMcAlita dUrastha zikSA pAThyakramoM ke aMtargata jainavidyA evaM tulanAtmaka dharma-darzana tathA jIvanavijJAna, prekSAdhyAna evaM yoga viSaya meM zAjApura nagara ke lagabhaga 20 vidyArthiyoM ne prathama evaM ucca dvitIya zreNI meM ema.e. kI sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 703

Page #717
upAdhi prApta kI / mAtra yahIM nahIM vidyApITha kI chAtrA zrImatI mInala AzISa jaina ne jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanU~ kI varSa 2002 kI ema. e. jaina vidyA evaM tulanAtmaka dharma-darzana kI parIkSA prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kara prAvINya sUcI meM sampUrNa bhArata meM prathama sthAna prApta karane kA gaurava hAsila kiyA hai| pI-eca.DI upAdhi pro. sAgaramalajI jaina ke mArgadarzana evaM nirdezana meM tathA rAjagaMgA granthAgAra kA lAbha lekara zodhArthiyoM dvArA kiye gaye zodhakArya saMbaMdhI upalabdhiyoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1 1. sAdhvI vinItaprajJAzrIjI ( aupacArika ), uttarAdhyayanaH eka anuzIlana, gujarAta vi.vi.ahamadAbAda sAdhvI uditaprabhAjI, jaina dharma meM dhyAna kI vikAsa yAtrA mahAvIra se mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) sAdhvI darzanakalAzrIjI, jaina sAhitya meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) sAdhvI priyalatAzrIjI, jaina dharma meM trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) sAdhvI priyavaMdanAzrIjI, jaina darzana meM samatva yoga, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja) zrImatI vijayAgosAvI (muMbaI), jaina yoga aura yogasUtra, eka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) zrI raNavIra siMha bhadauriyA, gItA meM pratipAdita vibhinna yogoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara (ma. pra. ) sAdhvI divyAMjanAzrIjI, saMvegaraMgazAlA : eka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) sAdhvI mokSaratnAzrIjI, AcAradinakara meM pratipAdita saMskAra aura saMskAra vidhi, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) 10. sAdhvI vicekSaNazrIjI, vizeSAvazyaka ke gaNadhara vAda aura nihravAda kA adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja.) 11. sAdhvI vijayazrIjI, jaina zramaNI saMgha kA avadAna, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. (rAja.) 12. sAdhvI sthitaprajJAzrIjI, jainamuni kI AhAracaryA, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja) 704 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #718
13. sAdhvI prItidarzanAzrIjI, yazovijayajI kA adhyAtmavAda, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) 14. sAdhvI jyotsanAjI, ratnAkarAvatArikA meM bauddhadarzana kI samIkSA, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~ (rAja) 15. sAdhvI saMvegaprajJAzrIjI, paMcavastuprakaraNaH eka adhyayana, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja) 16. saMjIva jaina, gaNadharavAda kI dArzanika samIkSA, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina 17. pravINakumAra jozI, bhAratIya cintana meM mAnavAdhikAra evaM kartavya kI avadhAraNA, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina 18. AzISa nagara, rAdhAtattva eka anuzIlana, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina 19. sAdhvI pratibhAjI, jaina zrAvikAoM kA jainadharma ko avadAna, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina 20. sAdhvI pratibhAjI, ArAdhanA patAkA meM samAdhi maraNa kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvavidyAlaya, lADanU~ (rAja) 21. sAdhvI pramuditAzrIjI, jaina darzana meM saMjJA kI avadhAraNA, jaina vizvavidyAlaya, lADanU~ (rAja) 22. suzrI tRpti jaina, jaina darzana meM tanAva prabaMdhana, jaina vizvavidyAlaya, lADanUM (rAja) 23. zrI navIna budholiyA, mahAtmA gA~dhI kA darzana, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina isa prakAra pro. sAgaramala jaina ke adyAvadhi jIvanavRtta se sahaja kI vidita hotA hai ki unake jIvana meM eka ajJAta preraNA sakriya rUpa se unakA nirmANa karatI rahI hai| isa dRSTi se unake jIvana ko prAyojita jIvana kahA jA sakatA hai| Upara se dekhane para unakA jIvana eka karmayogI kA dikhatA hai parantu andara se dekhane para ve jJAna-yoga kI sAdhanA meM rat dikhAI par3ate haiN| unakI Atma pratimA eka jJAnayogI kI hai| AjIvana unhoMne isI Atma pratimA ko na kevala pallavita kiyA hai balki usakA saMsthAnikaraNa kiyA hai| isalie pro. sAgaramala jaina ke sampUrNa jIvana ko AtmakriyAnvayana kI sAdhanA se abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai| svayaM ko par3hAne hetu zAjApura meM bAlakRSNa navIna mahAvidyAlaya kI sthApanA meM sAdhakatama sahayoga, kAzI meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kA eka agraNI jainavidyA zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM punaroddhAra aura phira apane hI gRha nagara zAjApura meM prAcya vidyApITha kI sthApanA - yaha saba kucha unakI AtmavistAraka, karmaThatA ko hI pramANita karate haiN| pro. sAgaramala jaina sAgaramala jIvanavRtta 705

Page #719
ko eka vyakti kI vaiyaktikatA meM nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| unhoMne apane jIvana kI hara eka prasthiti aura bhUmikAoM meM apane ko hI AtmArpita kiyA hai| jJAna kI nijI sAdhanA se vRhattara unake vAGmayI vyaktitva ko una sandarbho meM hRdayaMgamita kiyA jA sakatA hai jahA~ unake samparka meM AyA huA pratyeka vidyArthI aura zodhArthI apane-apane tarIke se sAgaramala ko hI sarjita karatA rahA hai| unake dvArA sthApita saMsthAe~, saMyojita pustakAlaya aura svayaM unakA vAGmayI kRtitva anekAneka sAgaramala ke prAjJa-punarbhava kI sambhAvanA ko hI prastuta karate haiN| ambikAdatta zarmA pradIpa kumAra khare 00 706 jaina darzana meM tattva aura jJAna

Page #720
prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 13e, gurunAnaka patha, mena mAlavIya nagara, jayapura phona : 0141-2524827, 2520230 E-mail : prabharati@gmail.com Web-Site : prakritbharati.net baiMka oNpha mahArASTra Bank of Maharashtra bhArata sarakAra kA udyama eka parivAra eka baiMka ke sahayoga (sI.esa.Ara.) se 9178938111571736 / /