Gujaratno Rajkiya ane Sanskritik Itihas Part 01 Itihasni Purva Bhumika

Author(s): Rasiklal C Parikh, Hariprasad G Shastri
Publisher: B J Adhyayan Sanshodhan Vidyabhavan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032604/1

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gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa graMtha che. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA zeTha bALAbhAI zimabhAI adhyayanansa rasAyana vizAvana

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gujarAta sarakAranI Arthika sahAyathI prakAzita gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa graMtha 1 itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA

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saMzodhana graMthamAlA-graMthAka 66 zeTha bhoLAbhAI jesiMgabhAI adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa graMtha 1 ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA saMpAdake rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzodhana-mArgadarzaka ane nivRtta adhyakSa, bho. je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda ane hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzodhana-mArgadarzaka ane adhyakSa, bho. je. adhyayana-saMzAdhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda zeTha bheLAbhAI jesiMgabhAI adhyayana-saMzAdhana vidyAbhavana amadAvAda

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prathama saMskaraNa vi. saM. 2028 I. sa. 1972 kiMmata rU. 9-75 paisA prakAzaka: hariprasAda ga. zAstrI adhyakSa, mudraka : zazikAnta che. vairA vyavasthApaka, majUra mudraNAlaya, bhadra, amadAvAda-1 bho. je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, 2. che. mArga, amadAvAda-9

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prastAvanA gujarAtano itihAsa bhAratavarSanA itihAsanA eka ekama tarIke che. bhaugolika maryAdAone laIne temaja emAM vaselI mAnava-jAtionI viziSTatAne laIne gujarAta eka ekama banyuM che ne tethI e itihAsane viSaya thAya che. kAlanA mApamAM Ave e gujarAtane itihAsa I.pU. cothA saikAnA chellA caraNamAM zarU thAya che, jyAre enI pahelAMno mAnava-saMskRtino ItihAsa Adya pASANayugathI zarU thAya che. 1 lI me, 1960 thI gujarAta bhArata saMghamAM alaga samakakSa rAjyano darajo dharAvatuM thayuM ene ahIM enI uttaramaryAdA tarIke rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. gujarAtane prAdezika ItihAsa A pradezane mATe "gujarAta" nAma prayojAyuM te pahelAM ghaNo vahele zarU thAya che. solaMkI kAla pahelAM A pradeza pazcime "surASTa" ane "ka" nAme, kyAreka uttare "Anarta' nAme ane kayAreka dakSiNe "lATa" nAme jANato hato "gujarAta" vartamAna nAma A pradeza mATe solaMkI kAlamAM pracalita thayuM. arvAcIna Dhabe gujarAtano itihAsa lakhA ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM zarU thayo. e agAu prAcIna rAjavaMze tathA rAjAonA caritanuM chUTuM chavAyuM nirUpaNa thatuM. cAvaDA kAlathI mughala kAla sudhIne lagabhaga eka sahastrAbdIne saLaMga ItihAsa "mirAte ahamadI"(18 mI sadI)mAM lakhAyo. arvAcIna Dhabe gujarAtano saLaMga ItihAsa lakhavAnI pahela phArbase Raso-Mala 1856)mAM karI ne vadhu pramANita sAdhanasAmagrInA AdhAre muMbaI ilAkAnA mejheTiyaranA graMtha 1nA bhAga 1 rUpe, De. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajInA lakhANa parathI, e 1896 mAM prakAzita thayo. 1937 thI 1960 daramyAna enA judA judA tabakkAo vize viziSTa saMzodhanagraMtha taiyAra thayA. 1960 mAM gujarAta rAjya racAtAM purAtattva-saMzodhanane vadhu protsAhana prApta thayuM ne gujarAtane saLaMga ane sarvAgI ItihAsa navesara taiyAra karavAnI yojanA paNa mUrta svarUpa pAmI. gujarAta rAjya sarakAre bho. je. vidyAbhavane ghaDelI

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"gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa"nI graMthamAlAnI yojanA maMjUra karI ne naveMbara, 1967mAM enI kAryavAhI zarU thaI A graMthamAlA mATe bho. je. vidyAbhavana TrasTa kAryavAhaka samitie tA. 5-12-1967 nA roja nIce pramANe niyukti karI? saMpAdaka 1. zrI. rasikalAla cho. parIkha 2. 3. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI salAhakAra samiti 1. muni zrI jinavijayajI 2. AcArya zrI DolararAya ra. mAMkaDa 3. De. hasamukha dhI. sAMkaLiyA 4. Da. bhogIlAla ja. sAMDesarA 5. zrI. anaMtarAya ma. rAvaLa 6. AcArya zrI yazavaMtabhAI prA. zukala 7. De. choTubhAI ra. nAyaka saMpAdakoe ghaDelI graMthamAlAnI tAtkAlika rUparekhA para vigate carcAvicAraNA karI salAhakAra samitie tA. 19-12-1967nI beThakamAM ene AkharI svarUpe ApyuM. A yojanA anusAra gujarAtanA itihAsanI A graMthamAlAmAM Adya pASANayugathI mAMDIne 1960 sudhIne ItihAsa nIce pramANe nava graMthamAM phALavavAmAM Avyo che: 1. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (prAga-ItihAsa ane Adya-ItihAsa sahita) 2. mauryakAlathI guptakAla (lagabhaga I.pU. 322 thI lagabhaga I. sa. 470)

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3. maitraka ane anu-maitraka kAla (lagabhaga I. sa. 470 thI 942) 4. solaMkI kAla (I. sa. 942 thI 1304) 5. satanata kAla (I. sa. 1304 thI 1573) 6. mughala kAla (I. sa. 1573 thI 1758) 7. marAThA kAla (I. sa. 158 thI 1818). 8. briTiza kAla (I. sa. 1914 sudhI) 9. AjhAdI pahelAM ane pachI (I. sa. 1915 thI 1960) graMtha 2 thI dareka graMthamAM pahelAM rAjakIya itihAsa nirUpavAmAM Ave che. enI aMdara rAjyataMtrane paNa samAveza karavAmAM Ave che. e pachI sAMskRtika itihAsanA khaMDamAM sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti, bhASA ane sAhitya, lipi ane dharmasaMpradAyonAM prakaraNa Ave che. chelle purAtattvanA khaMDamAM sthaLatapAsa ane ukhananamAMthI maLatI mAhitI, sthApatyakIya smAraka, zilpakRtio ane citrakalAnuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM Ave che. Ama ahIM rAjakIya itihAsanI sAthe sAthe sAMskRtika ItihAsanAM vividha pAsAM AlekhavAnuM yojAyuM che. A mATe te te viSayanA vidvAnone prakaraNa taiyAra karavA vinaMtI karavAmAM Ave che. maLelAM prakaraNonuM saMpAdana karavAmAM ekasarakhI paddhati, saMdarbha-noMdha, pramANita mAhitI tarkayukta arthaghaTana ItyAdinuM yathAzakya dhyAna rAkhavAmAM Ave che, chatAM arthaghaTana ane abhiprAyanI bAbatamAM pharaka rahevAnA. AthI A prakaraNomAM judA judA vidvAnoe ApelAM maMtavya te te vidvAnanAM che e khyAlamAM rAkhavuM ghaTe; saMpAdakone e sarva maMtavyo svIkArya che ema mAnI levuM nahi. vaLI A prakaraNo pRSThasaMkhyAnI maryAdAne anulakSIne saMkSepamAM lakhAyAM hoI, emAMnI vigato mATe jemane vizeSa jijJAsA hoya temane graMthane aMte ApavAmAM AvelI saMdarbhasUci upayogI nIvaDaze. A graMtha 1, pachInA graMthamAM AvatA ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikArUpe che, AthI emAM pahelA khaMDamAM bhaugolika lakSaNo, bhUstara-racanA ane gujarAtanA vartamAna tathA aitihAsika vistAra tathA enAM prAcIna-arvAcIna nAmane lagato prAstAvika khaMDa ApavAmAM Avyo che. khaMDa 2 mAM pahelAM prAga-ItihAsa ane Agha-ItihAsanAM

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lakSaNo tathA purAvatukIya anveSaNanI judI judI bAbatano paricaya ApavAmAM Avyo che ne pachI gujarAtamAM e anveSaNa dvArA maLelI Adya pASANayuga, madhya pASANayuga, aMtya pASANayuga ane nUtana pASANayuganI prA aitihAsika saMskRtio nirUpavAmAM AvI che. e pachInAM be prakAmAM gujarAtanI Adya-aitihAsika saMskRtio nirUpAI che, jemAM prAgu-haDappIya saMskRtio, haDappIya saMskRtio temaja anu-haDappIya tAmrapASANayugIna saMskRtione samAveza thAya che. tethalamAM maLelI saMskRti sittereka pRSTha jeTalA vistArathI pahelavahelI A graMthamAM nirUpAI che. anya sthaLomAM desalapara, raMgapura. rojaDI zrInAthagaDha) ane prabhAsa khAsa noMdhapAtra che. purAvastukIya anveSaNanI jema Anuzrutika vRtAMta paNa Agha-aitihAsika kAla vize keTalIka mAhitI pUrI pADe che. khaMDa 3 mAM zArmAte, bhRguo, haihayo ane yAdavone lagatA Anutika vRttAMtanI rUparekhA AlekhavAmAM AvI che. yAdavakAlIna dvArakAnA sthaLanirNayanA praznanI carcA emAM pariziSTa-rUpe ApavAmAM AvI che. prA-ItihAsa ane Ai-ItihAsa ahIM pUro thAya che, paraMtu graMtha 2 mAM aitihAsika kAla zarU karatAM pahelAM enI bhUmikArUpe gujarAtanAM prAcIna sthaLo, ahI AvI vaselI prAcIna jAtio ane prAcIna kALamAM ahIM prayojAyelI kAlagaNanAnI judI judI paddhatione paricaya ApavAnuM Avazyaka jaNAtAM, khaMDa 4 umeravAmAM Avyo che. emAM khAsa karIne graMtha 2-3-4ne AvarI letA prAcIna kAlane lakSyamAM rAkhavAmAM Avyo che. A bhUmikAne laIne pachInA e graMthamAM e bAbato pUrvaparicita banI raheze. gujarAtanAM prAcIna pradeze, parvata, vana-upavane, nadIo, tIrtho ane nagarone ATale vigatavAra ane saMdarbha pramANita paricaya A khaMDanuM ja nahi, AkhAya graMthanuM vistRta prakaraNa che. prAcIna gujarAtamAM prajAyelA judA judA saMvata ane enAM varSa tathA mAsa gaNavAnI saMzodhanAtmaka paddhationI samIkSA paNa pahelavahelI A graMthamAM rajU thaI che. amArI A AkhI yojanAno mukhya AdhAra gujarAta rAjya sarakAranA mAtabara anudAna para rahe che. A graMthamAlA taiyAra karAvI prakAzita karavA mATe 75% anudAna ApavAnuM maMjUra karI sarakAre amArI saMsthAne ItihAsanA viSayamAM gujarAtanI prajAnI tathA gujarAtI bhASAnI sevA karavAnI A je mahAna

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taka ApI che tene mATe ene jeTaluM AbhAra mAnIe teTale ocho che. gujarAta rAjyanA bhASAniyAmakazrInA vibhAga taraphathI A bAbatamAM amane pahelethI je sakriya sahakAra tathA satata mArgadarzana maLatuM rahyuM che tene mATe ame e vibhAganA saMcAlakone hArdika AbhAra mAnIe chIe. | gujarAtane lAMbA vakhatathI lAgatA eka moTA Isitane phalita karatI A janAne pAra pADavAmAM rAjaya sarakAranuM sakriya protsAhana haMmezAM cAlu raheze evI AzA rAkhIe chIe. amArI A cejanA aMge kiMmatI salAhasUcano ApavA mATe salAhakAra samitinA sarva vidvAna sabhyone upakAra mAnIe chIe. amArA nimaMtraNane svIkAra karI je aneka vidvAnoe A graMthamAM prakaraNa taiyAra karI ApyAM che te sahune hArdika AbhAra mAnIe chIe. emAM adhyA, ke. kA. zAstrIe uThAvela jahemata khAsa dhapAtra che. amArA saMpAdana-kAryamAM temaja kUphavAcanamAM amArA saha-kAryakara adhyA. kezavarAma kA. zAstrIe satata sakriya sAtha Ape che tathA nakazAo, Alekho, phoTogrAphe, saMdarbhasUci ane zacimAM amArA bIjA saha-kAryakara che. kAMtilAla che. semapurAe sakriya madada karI che enI ahIM kRtajJatApUrvaka noMdha laIe chIe. | phoTogrApha mATe amane je saMsthAo tathA vyaktionA saujanyane lAbha maLyo che teone ame anyatra RNavIkAra karyo che. A graMthamAM prakAzita thayelAM tamAma citro mATe bhArata sarakAranAM tathA rAjya sarakAranAM lAgatA vaLagatAM khAtAMonA saujanyanI sAbhAra noMdha laIe chIe. graMtha 1-2 mAMnA nakazAo sarakAranI maMjUrI mujaba prakAzita thayA che. gujarAtanI zaikSaNika tathA sAhityaka saMsthAo temaja ItihAsarisika vyaktio A graMthamAlAne sakriya AvakAra tathA protsAhana Apaze evI AzA rAkhIe chIe. je. je. vidyAbhavana rasikalAla cho. parIkha 2. cho. mArga hariprasAda saM. zAstrI amadAvAda-9 tA. 01-12-1971

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prastAvanA anukramaNI nakazA ane citro RNasvIkAra sa kSepaci zuddhipatraka 1. bhaugelika sthAna 2. bhogAlika racanA 3. kudaratI vibhAgA 4. jamInanA mukhya prakAra 5. AkhADhavA 6. khanijo khaMDa 1 mA stA vikru prakarNa 1 bhogAlika lakSA le. hariprasAda ga'. zAsrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. adhyakSa, bhA. je. adhyayana-sa MzAdhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda anu * ma NI mAnava jIvana para asara pRSTha dvIna opha 18 20 3 . 7 28 31 32 34

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- prakaraNa 1 bhUstararacanA le. hasamukha dhI. sAMkaLiyA, ema. e., elaela, bI., pIeca. DI. DAyarekaTara, Dekkana koleja pisTagrejyueTa eNnDa risarca insTiTayUTa, pUnA 1. Adya ke ajIvamaya yuganA stara 2. prathama ke prAcIna jIvamaya yuganA stara ' 3. dvitIya ke madhya jIvamaya yuganA stara 4. tRtIya ke nUtana jIvamaya yuganA stara 5. anu-tRtIya (ke caturtha) ke mAnavajIvamaya yuganA stara " prakaraNa 3 gujarAtanI sImAo le. kezavarAma kAzIrAma zAstrI, vidyAvAcaspati" - mAnArha adhyApaka, e.jeadhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda ane mAnArha adhyakSa, gujarAta zAkhA, gujarAta saMzodhana maMDaLa, amadAvAda 1. vistAra H vartamAna tathA aitihAsika 2. prAcIna-arvAcIna nAme khaMDa 2 prANa-aitihAsika ane Agha-atihAsika saMskRtio - prakaraNa 4 prAga-itihAsa ane Agha-ItihAsa : 6

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12 - 59 (a) le. hasamukha dhI sAMkaLiyA, ema. e., - elaela. bI, pIeca. DI. 1. bhinna bhinna yuga - 2. purAvastukIya anaveSaNo (A) le. hariprasAda ga. zAstrI, ema. e. ( pIeca. DI. sthaLatapAsa, ukhanana, arthaghaTana, samayAMkana prakaraNa 5 prAga aitihAsika saMskRtio le. hasamukha dhI. sAMkaLiyA, ema. e., elaela. bI, pIeca. DI. 1. Adya pASANayuga 2. madhya pASANayuga 3. aMtya pASANayuga 4. nUtana pASANayuga prakaraNa 6-7 Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtio le. esa. (zikArapura) Ara. (raMganAtha) rava, ema. e. suparinTenDiMga ArkiyolejisTa, Arkiyolojikala sarve opha inDiyA, sAutha-vesTa sarkala, auraMgAbAda 1 prAstAvika 2. gujarAtanI prAhaDappIya saMskRtio che. gujarAtamAM haDappIya sthaLenI zodha

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108 110 15ra * 154 (a) sthaLa (A) nagara-Ayojana (I) sthApatya 121 (I) kaLAo ane hunnare 124 (6) smazAna ane dATavAnA rivAja 144 (9) siMdhu lipi 149 (e) gujarAtanA haDappIya lekene dharma (ai) samaya (o) vepAra 159 (au) vastI-staranA tabakkA 163 (aM) siMdhu sabhyatAnI paDatI 176 5. kaccha-desalaparamAM haDappIye 6. haDappIya saMskRtinI paDatI 179 7. anu-haDappIya tAmrapASANayugIna saMskRtinA nirmAtAo 187 8. prAcIna lehayuga 190 9. upasaMhAra , 177 193 ' khaMDa 3 . Anuzrutika vRttAMtoH Agha-etihAsika kAla . prakaraNa 8 zAyata, bhRguo ane hRha , . le. sumanabahena zazikAMta zAha, ema. e., pIeca. DI. itihAsanAM adhyApaka, Ara. e. ArTasa enDa komarsa koleja, amadAvAda 1. pairANika anukRtio ane Adha-ItihAsa 199 - 2. zAyata 3. bhRguo ane he 203 207

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prakaraNa 9 - yAda le. sumanAbahena zazikAMta zAha, ema. e., pIeca. DI. yAdavo - rara3 pariziSTaH yAdavakAlIna dvArakAnA sthaLanirNayane prazna 237 khaMDa 4 aitihAsika kAlanI bhUmikArUpa prAcIna sthaLe, jAtio ane kAlagaNanA prakaraNa 10-11 prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha le kezavarAma kAzIrAma zAstrI, " vidyAvAcaspati ane priya bALAbahena jI. zAha, ema. e., pIeca. DI. DI. liTa. AcAryA, mAtuzrI vIrabAImA mahilA kaeNleja, rAjakoTa 1. pradezavAcaka nAme 2. parvata che. vana ane udyAne 4. nadIo pa. kSetro-tIrthe . meTAM ane nAnAM nagara 253 1 ra6 "

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prakaraNa 12 prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana le. uSAbahena zazikAMta kAnhera, ema. e., samAjazAstranAM vyAkhyAtA, samAjavidyA bhavana, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda gujarAtane prAga aitihAsika mAnavI 430 gujarAtamAM siMdhu saMskRti ane jAtio 430 purANamAM jAtionA ullekha aitihAsika kAlanI jAtio - 435 42 prakaraNa 13 473 478 kAlagaNanA le. bhAratIbahena kAMtilAla ThAkara, ema.e., pIeca. DI. bhUtapUrva adhyApaka, saradAra paTela ArTasa keleja, amadAvAda , prAstAvika 1. zaka saMvata 474 7. siMha saMvata 490 2. kathika saMvata 478 8. viranirvANu saMvata 492 3. gupta saMvata 9. hijarI sana 493 4. valabhI saMvata 10. Armeniyana saMvata 25 5. kalacuri saMvata 11. khristI saMvata 495 6. vikrama saMvata 487 12. rASTriya paMcAMga 497 vaMzAvaLIo 507 saMdarbhasUci paribhASA 54 zabdasUci 547 480 483 509

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1 2 gujarAta rAjya paTTa 3 4 aMtya pASANayuganAM sthaLa 5 siMdhu sAmrAjya ane enA dariyApArane vepAra gujarAtanAM haDappIya sthaLe 1 ra 7 gujarAtanAM prAcIna sthaLa 8 dvArakAnA dAvA karatAM sthaLa huM Ava--aitihAsika bhArata 3 4 1 e gujarAta-sUcanA 8 10 12 Adya ane madhya pASANayuganAM sthaLa nakazA ane citro nakazA citro laghu pASANu hathiyAre nagara-AyeAjana, lothala vakhAra, leAthala 1904 75-78 mATInAM vAsaNa, lothala citrita vAsaNA, lAthala mudrA, lAcala 78-87 te=108 mATInAM vAsaNA, rAjaDI 109 nadInuM dRzya, hIrapura pAse 110-111 hAthakuhADI ane patarI 112 patarI 113-114 hAthakuhADI 115-116 patarI ane hAthakuhADI, karajaNa 117-118 patarI ane hAthakuhADI, rAjaDI 11-120 madhya pASANayuganAM hathiyAra skrepara ekamukha hAthakuhADI geMDAnA khabhAnuM hADakuM, lAMdhaNaja strInuM hADapiMjara, lAMdhaNuja vakhAra, lAyala AkRti 1-16 17 18 121, 123 122 124 125 12} '

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12 145 10 127 gaTara ane khALa-keThI, lethala 128 khAnagI marIo ane jAhera gaTara, lothala 229 bajArano rasto, thala 16 130 dhakko, lethala 17 131 nirgama-mArga, dhakake, lothala maNakAnI bhaThThI, lothala 133 citrita vAsaNa, lothala 19 134 citrita vAsaNe, lothala 135 mATIne pakavele vRSabha, lethala 136 IrAnI akhAtanI mudrA 13-140 mudrAo, lothala 141-142 143 senAnA dAgInA, lothala 14 maNakA, lothala paththaranAM tolAM, lothala 146 tAMbAnAM ojAro ane hathiyAre, lothala 147 gaTAM, lothala 148 bevaDuM daphana, lethala 27 149 ekavaDuM ane bevaDuM daphana, lethala 28 150 praNItA sAthenI vedI, lothala 151 vedImAM maLelA avazeSa, lothala 152 makAne, merIo vagere, raMgapura 30 153 camaktAM lAla mRtpAtra, raMgapura 31 154 prabhAsa mRtpAtra, seminAtha saNasvIkAra che. ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA 56 1; Dekakane koleja pisTa-grejyueTa enDa 5 7 thI paTTa 11 risarca insTiTayUTa, pUnA zrI. esa. Ara. rAva nakazAo 5,6 ane 9 aghilejikala sarve opha InDiyA 5TTa 2 thI 6; 56 12 thI 31

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rajA. vyA. mA. grA. tti. kha. i. gu. e. le. 3. pA. amadA. 3. ma. rA. i. . A. gu. pu. gu. maiM. gu. A. B. O. R. I. A. H. D. A. I. H.T. A. S. I. B. G. Bom. Gaz. Catalogue C.I.C. B. M. C. I. I. E, H. N. I. E.I. JAIJA.N / saMkSepa-sUci saMskRta hitI aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA gujarAtI khaMbhAtanA itihAsa gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhA gujarAtanuM pATanagara : amadAvAda gujarAtanA madhyakAlIna rAjapUta itihAsa jaina AgamasAhityamAM gujarAta purANAmAM gujarAta maitrakakAlIna gujarAta aMgrejI Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Ancient Histroy of the Deccan Ancient Indian Historiical Tradition Archaeological Survey of India Bombay Gazetteer Catalogue of the Indian Coins in British Museum Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Early History of North India Epigraphia Indica Indian Antiquary

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1. E. I. H.Q. 1. N. C., G.G. J. A. O.S. J. A. S. B. (N. S.) J. B. B. R. A. S. J.B.B.R.A.S. (N.S.) TILLLLL J. G.R. S. Indian Epigraphy Indian Historical Quarterly Indian National Congress, 66th Session, Bhavnagar Souvenir, A Glimpse of Gujarat Journal of American Oriental Society Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (New Series ) Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) Journal of the Gujarat Research Society Journal of Indian History Journal of M.S. University of Baroda Journal of Oriental Institute, Baroda Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department Numismatic Chronicles New Indian Antiquary Political History of Ancient India Proceedings of Indian History Congress Studies in Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarati 1.1.H.. A J. M. S. U. J.O.I. J.R.A.S. M.A.D. An. Rep. N.C. N. I. A. I P. H.A. I P. I. H.C. - S. H.C. G. E. G.

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zuddhipatraka pRSTha azuddha AveluM bhAgatI phaLa 5 * * * * * * - 8 Avele bhAganI phaLadrupa 8 8 & 4 = * * * & 4 A niraLAvALI niraNAvALI mAMDachI mAMDavI dekhAya che. dekhAya che. choTA udepura tAlukAmAM AMbADuMgaramAM phale. rAITane moTo jaththo maLe che. enDasTona senDasTona Eligocene Oligocene caturtha ke ejansIomAM ejansIomAM A gaNAte. gaNAto.58 chUTIchavAI chUTIchavAI rAjyaP.89 (rada kare.) 2 che caturtha - A ka - 15-18 19 21 - * 5 - - * * * vaDodarA 6 a ' vaDodarA. 50 25 10. 7-8

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51 2 "" chuka chu . para 36 "" 39 99 22 23 HH ka 36 * ? ? 13 }e kara 76 "" 83 te 2 17 21 25 28 30 kara 4 11 *?? 20 21 24-25 vacce 25 rs p 28 5 11 kara 13 14 15 16 7 8 17 18 (ii) pAnA 19 20 21 22 c 23 24 25 26 27 E..,Vol. II prAga atihAsika 9 banAvatI JMSU (zrInAthagaDha ) 10 11 12 13 14 15 15ma uttara atya 11 fallen pollen e (4) (I) 23-24 vastutaH ...pracalita che (rada karI.) hIrapura kenetha (Na) pAlanArtha 16 17 18 19 20 21 3 23 24 25-27 juo nIce prakaraNa 10, E.., Vol. I prAga aitihAsika hIrApura karInetha batAvatI JGRS (24 karI.)

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pamu) prAr dahaThuM] Adha 9-127 ,1 paikI ekI pAnAM 97 13 98 104 leke leke bolws bowls . unfurnished unburnished zrInAthagaDha(raMgapura)mAM raMgapuramAM zrInAthagaDha raMgapura 1934mAM 1934-35mAM - 1937 1947 se 50 anukrame narmadA anukrame bharUca tAlukAmAM ane DhADhara narmadA najIka najIka ane Ameda tAlukAmAM sapAdaka : saMpAdaka pazcima pUrva 29 105 108 20 110 118 10 . 25 ki. mI. (deDha 2 ki. mI. (savA vALa 12 chAparuM kemake. chAparu prApta mAnava bakarI . ghareNAomAM 128 129 27, 12 136 139 144 149 151 153 3 8 5 20-21 15 15 prApti masya haraNe ghareNuMomAM 146 daphano astitva 18 ucita 5 Astatva 28 ucata 10 177 17

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176 181 187 10 cArTa rA 33 10 28 17 190 11 193 194 201 204 213 217 255 256 257 259 265 270 290 28 zaMkhalA zRMkhalA carTa 12 13. Ibid., op.cit., 14 7-207 _7, 207 astitva astitva karyAnama hAbhAratamAM karyAne mahAbhAratamAM jamadagniI jamadagni 2, 4. 2-4 Anata Anarta prabhAsamAM prabhAsamAM zraya zraddheya cakapAlita cakrapAlita sabhApava sabhAparva : 676)mAM 144 676)mAM . mAnadaMDe mAnadaMDa ene ane . gu. a. le. gu. e. le. 21 . K 8 . 22 2 bharakhaMDI votiSa , 5-80 jhArakhaMDI jyotiSa 5, p. 12 - che.598 306 ra % 28 321 328 sa dha 332 saMbaMdha 171 194 "mAhiSmatI , 294 29 "mAhiSmanI'

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347 25 17. 19. ne 358 277 a saMjANavALa bApabhaTTasUri maMDalakaraNa ghaDahaDi thArApada hatuM. 277 A saMjANavALA bapabhadisari mahAdugadhikaraNa ghaDahaDikA thArApaddha 366 368 402 Yos hatuM.450 moDAstrA 414 1ra. 16 420 421 422 438 16 moDAsA prahUlAdanapura baLeja gu. ai. le. gu.le. juo upara pR. 524. pR.12; bupri.pu.ra75 174 le. 48 trividha karADe aMgenA pUjArIpaNuM ThIka ThIka saMbhavita ApyA kAryamaka kSetra (varSa) Izvarasena bRhatkathAkoza 8mI-9mI bhAratamAM 466 pra lAddhapura baLeja gu. la. guale. juo.pR174 pU.12 pR. 48 vividha karADA, aMge pUjArIpaNuM bahu saMkhyAnA asaMbhavita ApyAM 'kSatrapa kAImaka (varSa) izvarasena vRhatkathA 8 mI bhAratamAM Thc vidane sthala 25 47) - 21 475 478 486 489 496 500 6 51 The vidvAne sthala 502 18 :. ".

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khaMDa 1 prAstAvika

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prakaraNa 1 bhAgelika lakSaNA 1. bhaugAlika sthAna bhAratane je bhUmipradeza hAla gujarAta tarIke eLakhAya che te bhAratanA pazcima bhAgamAM AvelA hAI pazcima bhAratanI aMtargata gaNAya che. hAla gujarAta eTale vahIvaTI daSTie bhArata saMdhamAMnuM gujarAta rAjya evA a abhipreta che. A pradeza 20.1deg uttara ane 24.7deg uttara akSAMzanI tathA 68.4deg pUrva ane 74.4deg pUrva rekhAMzanI vacce AveluM che. enI uttare bhAravADa ( rAjasthAna ), uttarapUrve mevADa (rAjasthAna), pUrve bhALavA (madhya pradeza) ane khAnadeza (mahArASTra), dakSiNapUrve mahArASTrane nAsika jillA, dakSiNe kAMkaNa (mahArASTra) ane pazcime arabI samudra AvelA che, jyAre uttarapazcime siMdha (pazcima pAkistAna) AvelA che. gujarAta rAjyanA vistAra 1961nI vastIgaNatarI samaye bhAratanA sarvekSaNa anusAra 1,87,115 ceArasa kilAmITara (72,245 ceArasa mAIla) hatA. e pachI bhArata-pAkistAna vaccenI pazcima sImAmAM gheADA pheraphAra thatAM, gujarata rAjyanA vistAramAM ekaMdare thADA ghaTADeA thayA che, paraMtu hajI enA cA AMkaDA bahAra paDayA nathI. gujarAta rAjyanA vistAra bhArata saMdhanA samaya vistAranA lagabhaga 17mA bhAga jeTale che. 2. bhogAlika racanA gujarAtamAM kaccha ane saurASTra kudaratI bhaugeAlika ekama tarIke alaga tarI Ave che. (nakazA 1)

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kaccha gujarAtanA uttara-pazcima bhAgamAM AveluM che. enI aMdara uttare meTA raNane ane pUrve tathA dakSiNapUrve nAnA raNane samAveza thAya che. kacchanI dakSiNe kacchano akhAta tathA saurASTranA uttara ane uttarapUrva bhAga AvelA che ane pazcime arabI samudra Avela che. moTA raNanI uttare siMdha (pazcima pAkistAna) che; meTA ane nAnA raNanI pUrve uttara gujarAta pradeza Avela che. kacchane kula vistAra lagabhaga 44,185.4 co. ki. mI. (17,060 co. mA.) hatuM, temAM mukhya bhUmine vistAra 20,875.4 co. ki. mI. (8,060 co. mA.) che, jyAre raNane vistAra lagabhaga 23,310ki. mI. (9,000. mA.) hato. A pradeza kAMThA pAsene bhInI ane pocI jamInavALe hevAthI enuM kaccha nAma paDayuM che. kacchanAM raNa e retInAM raNa nahi, paNa khArApATanA verAna pradeza (phariLa) che. A pradeza ghaNA chIcharA che ne mAsAmAM emAM badhe pANI pharI vaLe che. eka bAju nadIo ane vaheLAonAM pANI ThalavAya che ne bIjI bAju bharatI ane pavanane laIne samudranuM jaLa lAMbe sudhI aMdara phelAya che. pariNAme raNane ghaNo bhAga tyAre jaLabaMbAkAra thaI jAya che ne kacchane vastIvALA pradeza TApu jevo banI rahe che. hAla jyAM kacchanAM raNa AvelAM che tyAM purAtana kALamAM samudranAM nIra vahetAM hatAM evuM darzAvatI nizAnIo maLe che. pachI vedakAlIna sarasvatI kacchanA pUrva bhAgamAM thaI vahetI ne saurASTranI uttare AvelA samudrane maLatI evuM ya mAlUma paDe che. pUrvamAMthI AvatI lUNI nadI pazcime cheka kerInALa sudhI vahI arabI samudrane maLatI ne evI rIte banAsa nadI paNa pazcime AgaLa vadhI kacchanA akhAtane maLatI evuM ya saMbhavita lAge che. siMdhu ane bIjI keTalIka nadIo kacchanI uttare samudrasaMgama karatI. emAMnI kaI nadIo adhavaca lupta thaI gaI, te kaI nadIo vaheNa badalI siMdhumAM bhaLI gaI9 siMdhunAM mukha paNa samaya jatAM vadhu ne vadhu pazcima tarapha khasatAM gayAM. chevaTe ene pUraNa nAme eka phaTa ja kacchamAM bAkI rahyo, je kacchanA pazcima bhAgamAM thaI arabI samudrane maLatA. siMdhu nadInA mukhanI e pUrva zAkhAnuM vaheNa paNa I. sa. 1764 mAM jhArAnA yuddha pachI siMdhanA amIra gulAmazAhe merAmAM baMdha bAMdhIne kacchamAM AvatuM aTakAvI dIdhuM. pariNAme lakhapatanI uttare AvelA chachaI pradezanAM DAMgaranAM khetaranI phaLadrupatA cAlI gaI. siMdhanA amIranuM

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uM bhogAlika lakSaNA fr raghu sahyuM kAma 1819 mAM dharatIkaMpanA kudaratI upadrava vaDe pUru' thayuM'. kArInALanI pazcime Avela meTA vistAranI jamIna nIce namI jatAM tyAM ekAeka khAru pANI pharI vaLyuM; ane sAthesAthe meTA raNamAM 5.5 mITara (18 phUTa) UMcA, 80 ki. mI. (50 mAIla) lAMkhA ane 16 thI 24 ki. mI. (10 thI 15 mAIla) paheALA jamInaneA vistAra UMcA UpasI AvatAM, siMdhunAM vaheNa ADe evA kudaratI baMdha baMdhAI gayA ke si MdhunAM pANI ha Mmezane mATe kacchamAM Avato aTakI gayAM. AnAthI siMdhane vadhu lAbha thayA te ethI tyAMnA leAkAe ene allAhane baMdha' (allAhanA baMdha) tarIke biradAvyeA. nadIonA kAMpathI ane dharatIkaMpathI Ama dariyAnI khADI tathA nadIonAM pAtra purAtAM gayAM ne kacchane e pradeza phaLadrupa maTI khArApATa thavA lAgyA. ceAmAsAmAM jaLabaMbAkAra thatA e pradeza ziyALAmAM sukAvA mAMDe che tyAre enI sapATI upara tathA enI nIcenA staramAM khAranA pe|paDA jAme che. raNanA khArathI chavAyelA bhAga khArA'kahevAya che. jyAM retI ane mATInI atyaMta bArIka rajathI mizra thayelA kALeA ane dhaNA kaDavA kSAra hAya che te jamInane khArIsarI' kahe che. raNanA UMcA bhAga 'lANAsarI' kahevAya che. e jamIna ceAmAsA pachI lAMbA vakhata lagI sukAtI nathI te enA para dhALI chArI bAjhe che. jhAkaLa paDatAM e tarata ja bhInI thaI jAya che. meTuM raNa pUrvapazcima lagabhaga 256 ki. mI. (160 mAIla) lAMbuM ane uttaradakSiNu lagabhaga 128 ki. mI. (80 mAIla) jeTaluM paheALuM che. nAnuM raNu pUrva pazcima lagabhaga 128 ki. mI. (80 mAIla) lAMkhuM ane uttaradakSiNa 16 thI 64 ki. mI. (10 thI 40 mAIla) paheALu che.10 raNamAM jhAMjhavAM dekhAya che. meATA raNane dakSiNa kinAre traNa meTA TApu AvelA che H pacchama, khaDIra ane prAMthaDa (khelA). pacchamamAM dakSiNe bannIneA raddIpakalpa che. kacchanI mukhya bhUmimAM bhUja tAlukAnI uttare bannI ane khAvaDAnA anelA pacchama nAme pradeza Ave che, jemAM vastI ghaNI ochI che. A pradezanI traNa bAjue meTuM raNa AveluM che. ceAmAsAmAM enI dakSiNe pANI bharAtAM e TApu thaI jAya che. vAgaDanI uttare prAMthaDa nAme evA dvIpakalpa che, je paNa cAmAsAmAM TApu banI jAya che. enu mukhya gAma khelA che. khAvaDA ane prAMthaDanI vacce khaDIra nAme TApu AvelA che. enI cAre bAju raNa Avelu che, jemAM cAmAsAmAM pANI bharAI jAya che.

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}} saurASTra itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA purAtana kALamAM saurASTra paNa cAre bAjue pANIthI vIMTAyelA dvIpa hatA. kacchanA nAnA raNa ane khaMbhAtanA akhAta vacce bhAla-naLakAMThAne nIcI bhUminA pradeza AvelA che. tyAM pahelAM samudranI khADI hatI.11 lUNI, banAsa, sarasvatI, rUpeNu, sAbaramatI vagere nadIe vATe satata jamA thatA kAMpane laI ne e chIcharI khADI purAI jatAM uttarapUrva saurASTra gujarAtanI mukhya bhUmi sAthe joDAI gayu12 te saurASTranA dvIpa dvIpakalpa banI gayeA. bhAla-naLakAMThAnI jamInasapATI ghaNI nIcI heAvAthI ceAmAsAmAM enA dhaNA bhAga jaLabaMbAkAra thaI jAya che. naLakAMThAmAM naLa sarovara nAme meATu' sarAvara che te e purAI gayelI khADInA avazeSa-bhAga che. 13 saurASTranA dvIpakalpanA vistAra lagabhaga 59,365.39 cArasa ki. mI. (22,921 ceArasa mAIla) jeTalA che. taLa-gujarAta bhaugAlika dRSTie kaccha ane saurASTrane ghaNI vAra dvIpakalpIya gujarAta' tarIke ane gujarAtanA bAkInA bhAgane 'mukhyabhUmi gujarAta' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. 'mukhyabhUmi gujarAta'ne sAmAnya rIte 'taLa-gujarAta' tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. taLa-gujarAtanA pradeza enI pazcime AvelA kaccha ane saurASTranA pradeza sAthe bhASAkIya, sAMskRtika tathA vahIvaTI daSTie gADha rIte saMkaLAyelA che. prAkRtika bhUgALanI dRSTie e kaccha ane saiArASTranI jema alaga ekama tarIke tarI AvatA nathI, chatAM e uttare ADAvalI (aravallI), pUrve vidhya ane dakSiNe sahyAdri parvatamALAo dvArA paDezanA pradezA(mAravADa, mevADa, mALavA, khAnadeza, mahArASTra, kAMkaNu vagere)thI prAkRtika rIte ghaNe aMze alaga paDe che. pazcime e kacchanA meATA raNa tathA nAnA raNanI pUrva sImA dvArA kacchathI ane bhAbha~naLakAMThA dvArA saurASTranA dvIpakalpathI alaga paDe che; mahInA mukhathI damaNagaMgAnA mukha najIka sudhInI enI pazcima sImA khaMbhAtanA akhAta tathA arakhI samudranA taTane AvarI le che. bhASA, saMskRti ane vahIvaTanI dRSTie e rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza ane mahArASTranA paDeAzI pradezAthI lagabhaga alaga rahelA che. gujarAta rAjyanI vartamAna sImA anusAra taLa-gujarAtane vistAra hAla lagabhaga 83,563.76 cArasa ki. mI. (32,264 ceArasa mAIla) jeTalA che.

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bhaugalika lakSaNe bhASA ane saMskRtinI daSTie sadIothI gujarAtanA A traNeya pradeza pazcima bhAratanA eka saMkalita pradezarUpe saMjAyA che. 3, kudaratI vibhAge A prAkRtika bhUgoLanI daSTie A samasta pradezanA traNa mukhya vibhAga paDe cheH 1. DuMgarALa pradeza, 2. aMdarane sapATa pradeza ane 3. samudrataTane pradeza.14 (nakazo 1) 1, DuMgarALa pradeza ADAvalI (aravallI), je bhAratane sahuthI prAcIna parvata che, tene meTe bhAga rAjasthAnamAM AvelA che. Abu e enuM 1,707 mITara (5,600 Ta) UMcAI dharAvatuM sahuthI UMcuM zikhara che. hAla vahIvaTI daSTie e rAjasthAnamAM AveluM gaNAya che, paraMtu bhaugolika dRSTie e rAjasthAna-gujarAtanI hada para AveluM che. prAcIna kALanI jema arvAcIna kALamAM paNa e gujarAta sAthe gADha rIte saMkaLAyeluM che. ADAvalInI hAra Abu AgaLa gujarAtamAM praveza Amatema phaMTAtI pAvAgaDha AgaLa vidhyamAM bhaLI jAya che. AbunI dakSiNe ArAsuranI parvatamALA AvelI che temAM aMbAjI mAtAnuM sthAnaka jANItuM che. aMbAjI pAse koTezvara AgaLathI sarasvatI nadI Ugama pAme che. najIkamAM gabarane DuMgara Avelo che. ArAsura parvatamAM ArasanI khANe che. gujarAtamAM aneka suMdara maMdiramAM A Arasane upayoga thato Avyo che. A pradeza hAla banAsakAMThA jillAnA dAMtA tAlukAmAM gaNAya che. enI pazcime tathA uttara pazcime DuMgarA AvelA che, jemAM jAsora sahuthI UMce (1,067 mITara=3,500 phUTa) che. tyAM vAMsanI jhADI ghaNI che. bAlArAma DuMgara kudaratI saudaryathI ramaNIya lAge che. emAMthI nIkaLatI bAlArAma nadI banAsane maLe che. - DuMgaramAMthI sapheda paththara nIkaLe che temAMthI cUne ane ghaMTIo banAvAya che. " A DuMgarALa bhAgamAM varasAda ghaNe paDe che, paNa jamIna pathuriyA che, AthI tyAM makAI, bAjarI, kaThoLa vagere pAka thAya che. DuMgarALa pradezamAM sAga, sIsama, khera, sAdaDa, dhAmaNa, bAvaLa, mahuDA, vAMsa vagerenAM moTAM jaMgala AvelAM che. e imAratI kAmamAM tathA baLataNamAM vaparAya che. haraDAM, beDAM ane AmaLAM, kALI tathA dhoLI mUsaLI, lAkha, guMdara, madha ane mINuM paNa jaMgalanI pedAza che. ahIM kesUDAM, TIbara, jhIMjhI ane khAkharAnAM pAna paNa thAya che. : -

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA t. . e jaMgalamAM vAgha, rIMcha, dIpaDA, varu, jharakha, suvara, haraNa, sAbara, ziyALa, sasalAM vagere prANIo jovA maLe che. DuMgara pradezamAM mukhya vastI bhIlonI che. - Abu AgaLathI ArAsura thaIne gujarAtamAM phelAte ADAvalIne phaTa banAsakAMThAthI mahesANA ane sAbarakAMThA jillA tarapha vaLe che. mahesANA jillAnA uttarapUrva bhAgamAM tAraMgA nAmane nA parvata AveluM che, ane enI AjubAju nAnI nAnI TekarIo che. sAbarakAMThA jillAmAM kheDabrahmA, IDara, vijayanagara ane bhiloDA tarapha ADAvalIne je phAMTa jAya che tenA DuMgarAo bahu UMcA nathI. vadhumAM vadhu mAMDa 15ra mITara (500 phUTa) UMcA hoya che. emAM IDarane DuMgara enA gaDha mATe jANIto che. A DuMgarALa pradezamAM varasAda vadhAre paDe che. DuMgarAomAM vAgha, dIpaDA, cittA, varu, sUvara, rejha, sAbara vagere rAnI jAnavaro vase che. A pradezamAM jaMgala AvelAM che temAM sAga, sIsama, vAMsa, khera, TIMbaru, mahuDA vagere maTAM jhADa thAya che, sarakaTa paNa thAya che. koI sthaLoe meTAM ghAsanAM bIDa paNa che. DuMgaramAMthI bAMdhakAma mATenA paththara maLe che. A pradezamAM mukhya vastI bhIla lekenI che. lokone mukhya dhaMdhe lAkaDAM kApavAno, kelasA pADavAne, paththara khodavAne ane guMdara ane lAkha ekaThAM karavAnuM che. sAbarakAMThA jillAthI jatI DuMgaramALA dakSiNe paMcamahAla jillAmAM AgaLa vadhe che. tyAM Thera Thera DuMgarA AvelA che temAM pAvAgaDha DuMgara jANItuM che. e DuMgara para jUne kille ane mahAkALInuM maMdira che. e jamInanI sapATIthI 762 mITara (2,500 phUTa) UMco che. enI taLeTI pAse cAMpAnera vaseluM che. pAvAgaDhanI dakSiNapUrve zivarAjapura sudhI vistarelI DuMgarIonI hAramAM meMgenIjha dhAtunI khANe AvelI che. dAhoda pAse ratanamALanA DuMgara che. DuMgarAnA pradezamAM sAga, vAMsa vagerenAM meTAM jaMgala AvelAM che, jemAM vAgha, citta, varu vagere rAnI jAnavaro jovA maLe che. devagaDha DuMgara devAlaya ane gaDha mATe jANItuM che. A pradezamAM mukhya vastI bhIla lekenI che. - chaTAudepurathI AgaLa jatAM A DuMgaramALA dakSiNanI viMdhya parvatamALA sAthe bhaLI jAya che. A DuMgaramALAmAM 244 thI 36 mITara (800thI 1,200 phUTa) UMcI TekarIo AvelI che. narmadA ane tApInI vacce sAtapUDA parvatA Ave che temAM rAjapIpaLAnA DuMgara 19 ki. mI. 12 mAIla)nA gherAvAnA

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. 19 ] bhaulika lakSaNe che. e DuMgaramALAnA DuMgara sAmAnya rIte 1 thI 91 mITara (200 thI 300 phUTa) UMcA hoya che. UMcA DuMgaromAM satiyA devanuM zikhara samudranI sapATIthI 6i09.6 mITara (2,000 phUTa) UMcuM che. rAjapIpaLAnA DuMgara akIkanI khANo mATe jANItA che. ratanamALanI uttare Avela DuMgaramALA 244 thI 366 mITara (800 thI 1,200 phUTa) jeTalI UMcI che. DuMgarALa pradezamAM paththara tathA ImAratI lAkaDAno udyoga sAre cAle che. tApInI dakSiNe sahyAdri parvatamALA zarU thAya che. naMdarabAra-sonagaDhavAMsadA-dharamapura-vApInI pAse enI dakSiNapUrva dhAra AvelI che. surata jillAnA pUrva bhAgamAM tArApArane DuMgara, asikAno DuMgara, sonagaDha DuMgara, khADa AMbAne DuMgara vagere nAnA DuMgara AvelA che. mAMgaroLathI dharamapura tarapha jatI DuMgaramALA zarUAtamAM 48 ki. mI. (30 mAIla) pahoLI che te dakSiNamAM jatAM 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) jeTalI sAMkaDI thaI jAya che. samudrataTa pAse chUTIchavAI TekarIo AvelI che; dA. ta. damaNa pAse. pAranerAno DuMgara paNa sahyAdrine ja bhAga che. DAMgane pradeza samudranI sapATIthI 4pa7- 610 mITara (1500 thI 2000 phUTa) UMce ane khaDakALa che. eno pazcima DhALa gADha jaMgalothI chavAyelo che. DuMgaranAM UMDAM ketaromAM aneka nadIo ane jharaNAMnAM mULa rahelAM che. DAMgane pradeza jaMgalanI Avaka mATe jANIto che. A DuMgaramALAmAM AveluM sAramuleranA kilAvALuM zikhara e sahyAdri parvatamALAnAM uttuMga zikharemAMnuM eka che. 15 ahIM varasAda ghaNe paDe che. DAMgamAM moTA bhAgatI vastI DAMgIo(bhIla)nI che. DAMgamAM aDadhoaDadha jaMgala sAganAM che; uparAMta sIsama, sAdaDa, khera, vAMsa vagere paNa kharAM. haraDAM, AmaLAM vagerenAM to ahIM vananAM vana che. ahIM nAgalI, baMTI, makAI, bAvaTo ane kedarA jevAM halakAM dhAnya ja pAke che. sArA ghAsacArAnA abhAve Dhora nAnA kadanA hoya che. jaMgalamAM vAghavaruno bhaya paNa ghaNe. UMcA DuMgara para AveluM sAputArAnuM sthaLa ghaNuM ramaNIya che. Ama gujarAtanI uttarapUrva sImA pAse ADAvalInI, pUrva sImA pAse vidhyanI ane dakSiNapUrva sImA pAse sahyAdinI parvatamALAnI dhAra AvelI che. saurASTramAM DuMgarIo ane TekarIo ghaNe ThekANe phelAyela che, paraMtu jene DuMgaro kahI zakIe tevI hAramALA be che. uttara taraphanI hAra rAjakeTa jillAmAM Avela koTaDA-pIThA gAmanI pUrve AvelA verAna DuMgarAthI zarU thaI tyAMthI uttara tarapha sAMkaDI thatI jAya che; e ANaMdapura tathA bhADalA gAma AgaLa sapATa

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t. 10] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pradeza banI rahe che. ene madhyabhAga samudranI sapATIthI 305 mITara (1000 phUTa) UMco che. AgaLa uttara tarapha vAMkAneranI pAse thaImorabI pAsenA medAna sudhI jaI e aTakI paDe che. e pahelAM emAMthI be phAMTA paDe cheH uttara taraphane phaTe. rAjakoTa-vaDhavANa mArganI uttare che te "mAMDavanA DuMgara' tarIke oLakhAya che; e thAna AgaLa rahIne jAya che ne dhrAMgadhrA pAsenA medAnamAM baMdha paDe che. dakSiNa taraphane phAMTa rAjakoTa-vaDhavANa mArganI dakSiNe che tene ThAMgA DuMgara kahe che; e ceTIlA AgaLa rahIne jAya che. nIcAM ane ujajaDa TekarATekarIothI zarU thaI dhIme dhIme e UMcA DuMgaramAM vikase che. bhAdara nadInA dakSiNa kAMThA para osama DuMgara che; e 305 mITara (1,000 phUTa) UMce che. coTIle DuMgara zaMku AkArane ane 357 mITara (1,170 phUTa) UMce che. naiOMtyamAM Avela baraDAnA DuMgara 48 ki. mI. (30 mAIla)nA gherAvAmAM patharAyelA che; enuM veNa nAme zikhara 25.8 mITara (2,050 phUTa) UMcuM che. enAthI DuM nIcuM enI pUrve "AbhaparAnuM zikhara che. jeThavAonI prAcIna rAjadhAnI dhUmalInA avazeSa tyAM IzAna bAjunI khINamAM najare paDe che. vaLI tyAM jAtajAtanI vanaspatio thAya che. baraDAnI AsapAsanA pradezamAM Thera-ucherane dhaMdhe sAre cAle che. gopa ane Aleca keTalAka mAIla dUra IzAne ane agnikhUNe AvelA che. emAMnA ghaNuM DuMgarA verAna che. keI ThekANe theriyAnI AchI AchI jhADI che, te pazcimanA bhAganI khINomAM vRkSo ane vAMsanI jhADI jovAmAM Ave che. uttarapUrva-dakSiNapazcima jatI A parvatamALA lagabhaga 240 ki. mI. (150 mAIla) lAMbI che. 16 A parvatamALAnI dakSiNe je dhAra AvelI che te pUrva pazcima phelAyelI che; enI laMbAI 180 ki. mI.(100 mAIla)nI che. pazcimamAM mAMgaroLa (soraTha) pAsethI zarU thaI e pUrva tarapha jAya che. enAthI ThIka ThIka dUra IzAnakhUNe giranAra parvata Ave che. e samudranI sapATIthI 1,116 mITara (3,660 phUTa) UMco. che. e 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) lAMbA ane 6.5 ki. mI.(4 mAIla) paheLo che. enuM sauthI UMcuM zikhara gorakhanAthanuM che. uparAMta aMbAjI, dattAtreya, - kALakA ane oghaDanAM zikhara che. aMbAjInA zikharanI dakSiNa-pazcimanA DhaLAvamAM jenAM ArasanAM suMdara derAsara baMdhAyAM che. giranAranI aMdaranI uttara taLeTI pAse bharatavana ane zeSAvana jevAM keTalAMka suMdara vana AvelAM che. A vana ghaNAM gIca che. emAM rAyaNa, jAMbu, sItAphaLa ane vAMsanI jhADIo AvelI che. tyAM dIpaDA vagere rAnI jAnavaro rahe che. giranAranI bAjumAM pazcime Avela dAtAra

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13] bhogazika lakSaNo [1 DuMgara 847 mITara (2,79 phUTa) UMcA che, jyAre bhesalA DuMgara 698 mITara (2,290 phUTa) UMcA che. A girinI khINamAM agAu girinagara vaseluM; ne hAla najIkamAM jUnAgaDha vaseluM che. A DuMgarA jAtajAtanAM vRkSeAnI jhADIethI chavAyelA A DuMgarAnI dakSiNe jatI padegtamALA pUrva tarapha 48 ki. mI. (30 mAIla) sudhI laMbAI te amarelI jillAnA medAnamAM maLI jAya che. A ucca pradeza jagaDhathI chavAyelA che; e gIra tarIke oLakhAya che. emAM sahuthI UMcI TekarI sAkaralAnI che, je 640 mITara (2,100 phUTa) UMcI che. A pradeza 64 ki. mI. (40 mAIla) lAMkhA ane 32 ki. mI. (20 mAila) paheALA che. enA vistAra 1,257.44 ceA. ki. mI. (485.5 ceA. mAIla) jeTalA che. gIranAM jaMgala vanarAja siMhanI vastI mATe jANItAM che. hAla eziyAmAM siMhanI vastI ahI ja rahelI che. gIra pradezanI pUrve nAnA gIra' tarIke oLakhAtA pradeza AvelA che tyAMnA DuMgara mAradhAranA DuMgara kahevAya che. chUTaka chUTaka DuMgarA-rUpe uttarapUrva tarapha jatI e hAra zetruMjI nadInI pAra AgaLa vadhI ziheAranI paDeAzamAM jamIna sarasI thaI jAya che. emAM zetruMjAneA DuMgara AvelA che te 600 mITara (1,970 phUTa) UMcA che. tyAM jaitAnuM mATuM tI dhAma che. enI taLeTImAM pAlItANA vaselu che. lAcane DuMgara 610 mITara (2,000 phUTa) UMcA che. A DuMgarAmAM AchI AchI jhADIo che. taLAjA ane sANAnA DuMgarAmAM guphAe kacelI che. tulasIzyAmanA Du Mgara para UnA pANInAM jharaNu che. ziheAra pAsenA DuMgara 274 mITara (900 phUTa) UMcA che.17 saurASTramAM giranAra ane gIranA pradezamAM varasAda sahuthI vadhu paDe che. ahIMnA leAkeA DhoraDhAMkhara ucheravAnA dhaMdhA kare che. mAladhArIo ane emanAM dvAra ghaNAM kadAvara ane jorAvara hoya che. . kacchamAM moTA pa tA ke DuMgaro nathI, paNa nAnA DuMgarAnI traNa pUrvapazcima hAra AvelI che; ane dhAra' kahe che. meTA raNanA beTA pacchama, khaDIra ane prAMthaDamAM thaI cAlI jAya che te uttara dhAra' kahevAya che. emAM khAvaDAnA kALA DuMgara sahuthI U~cA che; e 436 mITara (16440 phUTa) UMcA che. madhya dhAra taLa-kacchanI uttara hada para AvelI che. e lakhapata, nakhatrANA, bhUja, bhacAu ane rApara tAlukAmAM vistarelI che. nakhatrANA tAlukAmAM Avela dhiNAdhara DuMgara (386 mITara=1,268 phUTa) emAM sahuthI UMcA che;18 emAM dharatIkaMpa ke evA kAI kAraNe lagabhaga pUrvapazcima pa mITarathI laI paMdareka mITara jeTalI

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12] itihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA tpra. mathALethI 60 thI 90 mITara UbhI phATa paDelI jovA maLe che. kacchanI mukhya bhUminI vacce thaIne jatI dhArane "dakSiNa dhAra' kahe che. e mAtAnA maDha (tA. lakhapata) pAsethI zarU thaI, dakSiNapUrve rehA (tA. nakhatrANA) pAse thaI pUrvamAM aMjAra sudhI phelAI che. A dhAramAM sahuthI UMco DuMgara nanAme che, . jenI UMcAI 434 ki. mI. (1,424 phUTa) che. e ghaNe dUrathI dekhAya che. kacchamAM moTAM jaMgale nathI, paraMtu ghaNe ThekANe lIMbaDA, AMbalI, bAvaLa, vaDa, pIpaLA, khAkharA, araNI, pIlu, khera, gUgaLa, beraDI, khIjaDA vagere thAya che. jaMgalamAMthI lAkaDAM uparAMta madha, guMdara, gUgaLa vagere paNa maLe che. bannI vibhAgamAM temaja cADavA vagere DuMgaronI rakhAlamAM ghAsa bahu ja thAya che. 2. aMdarano sapATa pradeza gujarAtamAM aMdarane ghaNe pradeza sapATa che. taLa-gujarAtano uttarapUrva, pUrva ane dakSiNapUrva sImA para Avela DuMgarALa pradeza sivAyane bAkIne, ghaNokhare pradeza sapATa che ne emAM aneka nadIonAM nIra vahe che. Abu taraphathI AvatI banAsa nadI DIsA thaI, rAdhanapuranI dakSiNe thaI be phAMTAmAM kacchanA nAnA raNamAM vilIna thAya che. AbunI taLeTImAM vaselI caMdrAvatI nagarI enA kinArA pAse AvelI hatI. e nadInA bhAThAnI jamIna phaLadrupa che. comAsAmAM rela Ave che tyAre ene paTa mukha pAse lagabhaga 13. ki. mI. (8 mAIla) jeTalA vistare che. ArAsura pAse koTezvara najIkathI Ugama pAmatI sarasvatI nadI siddhapura ane pATaNa thaI kacchanA nAnA raNamAM lupta thAya che. tAregAmAMthI nIkaLI vAlama ane paMcAsara pAse thaI vahetI rUpeNa nadI paNa e raNamAM lupta thAya che. samudra saMgama na pAmatI A traNeya nadIo kuMvArakA" kahevAya che. emAM banAsa nadI moTI che ne jamInane phaLakapa banAve che. tyAMthI pazcimane ghaNo pradeza ujajaDa, retALa ane kSAravALo che. muMjapura (tA. samI) pAse 95 ki. mI. (6 mAIla) gherAvAnuM "nAgadAsara nAme sAvara che. banAsakAMThAmAM 30 thI 50 se. mI. jeTaluM ocho varasAda paDe che. kAMkarejanI AsapAsanA pradezamAM ghAsanAM moTAM bIDa che tyAM sArI jAtanAM gAyabaLada ucheravAmAM Ave che. .. sAbaramatI gujarAtanI eka moTI nadI che ne enI upanadIone parivAra ghaNe moTe che. ADAvalI parvatanA dakSiNa pazcima phAMTA AgaLathI nIkaLatI sAbara

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- t17 bhaulika lakSaNe nadImAM prAMtIjanI uttare hAthamatI nadI maLe che tyAMthI te "sAbaramatI' tarIke oLakhAya che. amadAvAda zahera enA kAMThA para vaseluM che. tyAMthI dakSiNe vahetAM raDha (tA. mAtara) pAse khArI nadI emAM maLe che. dhoLakAnI dakSiNapUrve Avela vauThA ane mAtaranI dakSiNa pazcime Avela pAllA vacce thaI pasAra thatAM vAtraka nadI emAM maLe che. DuMgarapuranI hadamAMthI vahetI vAtraka nadImAM mAjhuma, mezvo ane zeDhInAM nIra maLyAM hoya che. A rIte sAbaramatI-vAtrakanA saMgamamAM ekaMdare sAbaramatI, hAthamatI, khArI, vAtraka, mAjhuma, mezvo ane zeDhI e sAta nadIonAM nIra saMgama pAme che. dhoLakA tAlukAnI dakSiNapUrva hade bhogAvo sAbaramatImAM maLe che. khaMbhAta tAlukAnA dakSiNapazcima khUNAmAM AvelA vaDagAma pAse sAbaramatI khabhAtanA akhAtane maLe che. hAthamatI nadInA kAMThA para bhiloDA ane hiMmatanagara che; mAjhuma nadInA kAMThA para moDAsA AveluM che; sAbarakAMThA jillAnI dakSiNe e nadI vAtrakamAM maLe che. vAtraka nadI gujarAtanI pUrva sImA najIka DuMgarapurA parvatamAMthI nIkaLIne lakhe sudhI mahI nadIne samAMtara vahI kheDA jillAmAM AtarasuMbA, haLadharavAsa, ghoDAsara ane mahemadAvAda pAse thaIne dakSiNapazcima tarapha vahe che. mahemadAvAdanI pazcime samAdarA AgaLa vAtrakane me nadI maLe che. pachI vAtraka dakSiNa tarapha vahe che. kheDA pAse zeDhI nadI vAtrakane maLe che. zeDhI nadI paMcamahAlanI hadamAM AvelA dhAmodanA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI ThAsarA, DAkora ane thAmaNa pAse thaI kheDA tarapha vahe che; tyAM mahAra nadI ene maLe che. A mahera nadImAM lUNI nadI maLI hoya che. mahAra nadIne saMgama thatAM zeDhI nadIne pravAha sAMkaDe maTI vizALa bane che. zeDhInI jema mahora nadI paNa dhAdanA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLe che. kapaDavaMja ane kaThalAla mahora nadIne kAMThe AvelAM che. kapaDavaMjanI pazcime varAMsI nadI mahera nadIne maLe che. lUNI nadI . lasuMdrA AgaLathI nIkaLe che ane mahIsA ne alINuM vacce thaIne vahe che. mezvonI pazcime khArI nadI vahe che ne be mukhe pAMca-cha ki. mi.(traNa-cAra mAIla)ne aMtare sAbaramatIne maLe che. A samasta nadI-parivAramAM sAbaramatI ane vAtraka nadI mukhya che.19 vAtraka ane enI dakSiNapUrve vahetI mahI nadInI vaccene "cAtara tarIke oLakhAto pradeza enI gerADu jamInanI phaLadrupatA mATe jANIto che. 10 vAtraka nadInI uttara bhAga dasakozI tarIke oLakhAya che. kyArI jamIna ane naherane lIdhe tyAM DAMgara vizeSa pAke che. mahI nadI Idara pAsenA viMdhyAcaLamAMthI nIkaLe che, tyAMthI Azare doDhaso mAIla lagI e mALavAmAM thaI vahe che. tyAMthI e DuMgarapura-vAMsavADAnA

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14] itihAsa pUrvabhUmi vAgaDa pradezamAM praveza kare che. tyAMthI e pAla ane mALamAM thaI carotaramAM vahe che. daramyAna pUrvamAMthI bhAdara, anAsa, pAnama, mesarI vagere nadIo mahIne maLe che. janaDa(tA. vADAsinera)thI saheja vaLAMka laI mahI nadI dakSiNapazcima bAju vAMkIcUkI vahe che. vaneDAthI mahI nadIne paTa vizALa thato jAya che. ThAsarAnI najIkamAM gaLatI nadI mahIne maLe che tyAM gaLatIzvaranuM tIrtha AveluM che. khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM bharatI Ave che tyAre enAM pANI vaherAkhADI sudhI dhakelAya che. enI dakSiNe vAsada AveluM che. bAmaNagAmagaMbhIra AgaLa nadI pazcima tarapha vaLAMka le che. dhuvAraNu pAse mahI nadI mahIsAgara' bane che ne khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che. mahI-sAgara saMgama pAse uttaramAM khaMbhAta ane dakSiNamAM kAvI baMdara AvelAM che. mahI nadInI kula laMbAI 480 thI 560 ki. mI.(300 thI 350 mAIla)nI che. vaherAkhADIthI khaMbhAtanA akhAta sudhIne 80 ki. mI.(50 mAIla)ne paTa "mahIsAgara' kahevAya che, e 5Ta Azare lagabhaga eka ki. mI. (Azare ardhI mAIla) pahoLo che. mahI nadInA kAMThA upara moTAM, pahoLAM, UMDAM ane bhayAnaka kotare paDelAM che. comAsAmAM enAM pANI ghaDAvege DatAM hoya che. gujarAtanI moTI nadIomAM narmadA ane tApI pachI mahI nadI Ave che, pachI sAbaramatI ne pachI vAtraka. mahI-narmadA vacceno pradeza paNa phaLadrupa che. A pradezamAM keTalIka nAnI nadIo vahe che. pAvAgaDhanA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI vaDedarA pAsethI vahetI vizvAmitrI nadI karajaNa tAlukAnA piMgalavADA pAse DhADhara nadIne maLe che. enI dakSiNe AjavA (vADiyA mahAla) pAse lagabhaga 6.5 ki. mI. (4 mAIla) lAMbu ane 5 ki. mI.(3 mAIla) paheluM sarovara AveluM che. DhADhara nadI 112 ki. mI. (70 mAIla) lAMbI che, e jaMbusaranI dakSiNe thaI mahInA mukhanI dakSiNe 32 ki. mI. (ra0 mAIla) para khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che. choTAudepura taraphathI era nadI jabugAma pAse thaI saMkheDA tarapha vahe che tyAM UMcha nadI ene maLe che. saMkheDAthI dakSiNe jatAM hiraNa nadI oramAM maLe che ne tyAMthI AgaLa jatAM cAMdeda-karanALI vacce era nadI narmadAne maLe che. ene "orasaMga paNa kahe che. bharUcathI 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) pazcime bhUkhI nadI narmadAnA mukhane maLe che. narmadA e gujarAtanI sahuthI moTI nadI che. viMdhya parvatamALAnA amarakaMTaka DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLatI sevA ane sAtapUDA parvatamALAnA mekala parvatamAMthI nIkaLatI narmadA mAMDalA najIka maLe che. A nadI lagabhaga 1,ra00 ki. mI. (800 mAIla)

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bhaugolika lakSaNo - lAMbI che. madhya pradeza ane mALavAmAMthI AvI e hAphezvara pAse gujarAtamAM praveze che. surapANezvara (tA. nAMdeda) pAse mekhaDIghATa nAme oLakhAto surapANane dhodha Avela che tyAMthI uttara pazcime AvelA navAgAma AgaLa moTe baMdha bAMdhavAnI yejanA che. rAjapIpaLAnA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI rAjapIpaLA-nAMdoda pAse thaI vahetI karajaNa nadI rUMDha gAma pAse narmadAne maLe che. AgaLa jatAM kAverI nadI zukalatIrthanI sAme jhagaDiyA pAse narmadAne maLe che. e pachI amarAvatI nadI aMkalezvara tAlukAnI pUrva sImA pAsethI vahI mAMDavA pAse (bharUcathI pUrve 9 ki. mI. 6 mAIla para) narmadAne maLe che. kabIravaDa beTane pharatI vahI narmadA zukalatIrtha tathA bharUca pAse thaI pasAra thAya che. narmadA nadI bharUcathI vIseka ki. mI. (bAreka mAIla) AgaLa jaI khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che. narmadAmAM bAre mAsa ghaNuM pANI rahe che ne e UMDI ane paheLI hovAthI emAM dUra sudhI panAIomAM saphara karI zakAya che. emAM enA mukhathI bharUca sudhI meTAM vahANa ane jhagaDiyA sudhI nAnAM vahANa pharI zake che. narmadA ane tApInI vacce kIma nadI AvelI che. e rAjapIpaLAnA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLe che; e lagabhaga 112 ki. mI. (70 mAIla) lAMbI che ane dakSiNe khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che. | tApI narmadA pachInI bIjI moTI nadI che; e ekaMdare 752 ki. mI. (470 mAIla) jeTalI lAMbI che. e madhya pradezanA mAla pradezamAMthI nIkaLI khAnadeza thaI gujarAtamAM praveze che ne lagabhaga 224 ki. mI. (140 mAIla) sudhI gujarAtamAM vahe che. mAMDavI, kAmareja, variyAva, surata ane rAMdera pAse thaI e Dumasa AgaLa arabI samudrane maLe che. tyAM khaMbhAtano akhAta pUre thAya che. rAjapIpaLAnA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI mAMDavI tAlukAmAM thaI vahetI varelI nadI pipariyA pAse tApI nadIne maLe che. tApInA mukhamAM keTalAka nAnA nAnA beTa che, jenA para avAranavAra pUranA pANI pharI vaLe che. mukhathI aMdaranA bhAgamAM 40 ki. mI. (25 mAIla) sudhI A nadImAM heDIo pharI zake che. bharatInA divasomAM nAnAM vahANa paNa kare che. tApI nadImAM comAsAmAM ghaNI vAra bhAre pUra Ave che. tApInI dakSiNe pAMca noMdhapAtra nadIo che: mIMDhaLa sonagaDha pAsenA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLe che; e 64 ki. mI. (40 mAIla) lAMbI che ne bAraDolI ane palasANuM pAse thaIne vahe che. pIMpaLaneranA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLatI pUrNa 80 ki. mI. (5va mAIla) lAMbI che; enA kAMThA para mahuvA,

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16 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ x; navasArI ane jalAlapura AvelAM che. aMbikA nadI DAMganA jaMgalamAMthI nIkaLe che; e 64 ki. mI. (40 mAIla) lAMkhI che. enA mukhathI 19 ki. mI. (12 mAIla) aMdara gaNudevI AveluM che tyAMsudhI emAM bharatInI asara paheAMce che. vAMsadAnA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLatI kAverI ane dharamapuranA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLatI kharerA nadI bilimArA pAse aMbikAmAM maLe che. dharamapuranA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLIne auraMgA nadI uttarapazcime valasADa tarapha vahe che; tyAM 6.5 ki. mI. (4 mAIla) aMdaranA bhAgamAM valasADa Avelu che. dharamapuranI uttarethI vahetI vAMkI nadI tIthala pAse samudrane maLe che. tIthala havA khAvAnuM sthaLa che. dharAsaNAmAM mIThuM pakavavAmAM Ave che. aura'gAnI dakSiNe pAra nadI AvelI che. unALAmAM ene pravAha sAMkaDA hAya che, jyAre cAmAsAmAM emAM bhAre pUra Ave che. pAraDI enA kAMThA pAse AveluM che. pAranI dakSiNe kAlaka nadI vahe che. damaNugaMgA e gujarAtanI sahuthI dakSiNamAM AvelI moTI nadI che. tApInI dakSiNe AvelI A badhI moTI nadIo sahyAdrimAMthI nIkaLe che te 112 thI 128 ki. mI. (70 thI 80 mAIla)nI labAI dharAve che. bIjI aneka nAnI nadIo paNa vahe che. taLagujarAtamAM A sapATa pradeza ghaNA phaLa pa che. uttaramAM jamInane DhALa uttarapUrvathI dakSiNapazcima taraphanA che. madhya bhAgamAM vIramagAma, amadAvAda, carAtara, vaDAdarA ane bharUcanA pradeza AvelA che. vIramagAma AsapAsane rUpeNu nadInA pradeza retALa ane kALI jamInavALe che. bhAla pAsenA amadAvAdane pradeza zeraDI mATe ghaNA anukULa che. enA dakSiNapazcima bhAgamAM DAMgara ane ghauM pAke che. careAtaranA pradeza vividha pAka mATe ghaNI phaLadrupatA dharAve che. DabhAI ane saMkheDA vacce retALa meLavaNI ghaNI che. narmadA-vistAramAM samudrakAMThA pAsenA pradeza ane pUrvA DuMgarALa pradeza AgaLa phelAtAM sapATa medAnanA pradeza sAMkaDA bane che, paraMtu sAtapUDA ane sahyAdrinI vacce e pradeza pAche vistRta bane che. ahInI kALI jamIna kapAsa mATe dhaNI mAphaka Ave che. tApInI dakSiNe A pradeza sAMkaDA thatA jAya che te damaNagaMgA pAse te e dhaNA sAMkaDA thaI jAya che. nAnI sAMkaDI nadIomAM AvatA pUrane laIne e dhaNA dhAvAI jatA hAya che, chatAM navasArI, valasADa ane pAraDInI kALI jamIna sArI phaLadrupatA dharAve che. uttara gujarAtanA, raNu taraphanA pazcima bhAgamAM AmehavA dhaNI viSama che. ADAvalInI girimALA taraphanA bhAgamAM garamI ane ThaMDI ka MIka ochI paDe che,

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1luM] bhaugolika lakSaNe [17 banAsakAMThAmAM varasAda ocho paDe che tethI tyAM khetI ochI thAya che, jyAre ghAsa moTA pramANamAM thAya che. mukhya pAka bAjarI che; uparAMta banAsakAMThAmAM ghauM ane sAbarakAMThAmAM magaphaLI, kapAsa ane makAI thAya che. kAMkareja ane vaDhiyAra pradeza ghAsanA bhaMDAra samA heI, tyAM Dheraucherane dhaMdho moTA pAyA para cAle che. kAMkarejI gAya ane vaDhiyArI bheMsa prakhyAta che. mahesANuM jillAmAM jIru, variyALI, eraMDA ane IsabagoLane pAka puSkaLa thAya che. anAjamAM khAsa karIne bAjarI ane kaThoLa thAya che. pAtALakUvA ane naheronI sagavaDa vadhatAM uttara gujarAtanI khetI samRddha thatI jAya che. pATaNamAM rezamI bhAtIgara tANAvANathI paToLAM banAvavAne kasaba saikAothI khIlele che. bahucarAjInI AsapAsanA AvelA cuMvALa pradezamAM bAjarI, cekhA ane caNuM sArA pramANamAM thAya che. sAbarakAMThAmAM magaphaLIno pAka ghaNo thAya che. prAMtIjanI AsapAsanI jamInamAM Usa maLI Ave che temAMthI sAbu bane che. lAkaroDA pAse sAbaramatInA bhAThAmAM sakaraTeTI puSkaLa thAya che. IDaramAM kharAdI kAmano udyoga sAre cAle che. paMcamahAla, choTAudepura ane DAMga vistAramAM bhIla vagere AdivAsIonI vastI vadhAre che. mahI nadI para saMtarAmapura pAse kaDANune ane vADAsinera pAse vaNAkaberIne baMdha bAMdhavAmAM AvyA che. kalela ane zerathA pAse khanija telakSetra che. amadAvAda eka meTuM audyogika zahera che. enI AbAdI mukhyatve kApaDaudyogane laIne che. vepAramAM paNa kApaDano vepAra mukhya sthAna dharAve che. paMcamahAlamAM makAI ane magaphaLInI khAsa pedAza che; e uparAMta bAjarI, kapAsa, kaThoLa vagere paNa thAya che. godharA najIka TuvAmAM UnA pANInA kuMDa che. kapaDavaMjanI IzAnane pradeza "mALa" nAme oLakhAya che. tyAMnI jamIna kALI che temAM kapAsane pAka thAya che. retALa jamInamAM magaphaLI ane kyArI jamInamAM DAMgara thAya che. kapaDavaMjamAM kAca ane sAbune udyoga sAro cAle che. enI najIkamAM AvelA siMdrAmAM UnA pANInA kuMDa che.

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itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [w carAtaranI jamIna dhaNI rasALa ane phaLadrupa che. siMcAInI sagavaDa vadhatAM tyAMnI dharatI bAre mAsa lIlIchama rahe che. carAtaranI gArADu jamInamAM tamAkunA ghaNA pAka thAya che. tamAku uparAMta DAMgara, bAjarI, kaThoLa, kaiAdarA, tala, kapAsa vagerenA pAka thAya che. phaLa ane zAkabhAjI paNa sArA pramANamAM thAya che. ahIMnA pATIdAra khetInA tathA pazupAlananA dhaMdhAmAM dhaNA kuzaLa che. ziyALA khuzanumA che te comAsAmAM madhyamasaranA varasAda paDe che. anukULa AAhavAne laI te ahI vastI gIca che. mahI nadInA mukha AgaLa Avelu dhuvAraNa gujarAtanuM sauthI moTuM vidyuta-mathaka che. khabhAta akIka ane hAthavaNATanA jarIkAmanA udyoga mATe Aje paNa jANItuM che. khaMbhAta pAse luNejamAM khanija tela ane kudaratI gaeNsa maLela che. sevAliyAmAM kapacI, simenTa ane sUtA banAvavAne udyoga che. mahI nadI para vizALa baMdha baMdhAtAM carotaranA dhaNA bhAgamAM siMcAInI sagavaDa vadhI che. mahInA dakSiNukAMThA pAse AvelA vAkaLa pradezanI jamIna pazu gArADu ane rasALa che. aMkalezvaranI AjubAju khanija telaneA bha'DAra maLyA che. vaDAdarA ane bharUcamAM kApaDanI mile che. lAkaDA ane lAkhanI pedAzavALA pradezamAM AvelA sa'kheDAnuM lAkaDA paranu` kharAdIkAma jANItuM che. vaDAdarAmAM rasAyaNA, davA, khAtara vagere aneka prakAranA udyoga paNa khIlyA che. 19 ] DhADhara ane kIma nadInI vacce kAnamane pradeza AvelAM che. tyAMnI jamIna kALI ane kasavALI che. ahI varasAda pUratA ane niyamita paDe che. gujarAtamAM sahuthI vadhu ane sArI jAtanA kapAsa ahIM pAke che. ahI Thera Thera kapAsa leADhavAnAM jina che. vaLI DAMgara, tuvera ane tamAku paNa thAya che. nadInA bhAThAnI jamInamAM zAkabhAjI sArAM thAya che, jyAre samudra kAMThA najIkanA 'bArA' pradezamAM dhauM sArA thAya che. dakSiNu gujarAtanI jamIna kALI ane kAMpavALI che te khetIvADI mATe dhaNI anukULa che. ahIM varasAda paNa ghaNA paDe che, AthI A pradezamAM DAMgara ane zeraDInA pAka puSkaLa thAya che, uparAMta kapAsa ane juvAra paNa sArAM pAke che. ahI` AMbA, keLa ane cIkunI vADIo AvelI che. dakSiNa gujarAta lIlIchama vADIonA pradeza che. naherenI sagavaDa thatAM enI phaLadrupatAmAM vadhAre thatA rahe che. emAM tApI nadI paranA kAkarApADAnA baMdha khAsa noMdhapAtra che. zeraDInA pAkane laIne ahI gALa banAvavAnAM kAlu ane khAMDa banAvavAnAM kArakhAnAM paNa che. khetIvADImAM ahIMnA anAvaLA brAhmaNA ghaNA kuzaLa che,

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'] bhogAlika lakSaNA [a ahIMnA dUbaLA, dhADiyA, nAyakA vagere AdivAsIe khetIvADInA kAmamAM emane dhaNI madada kare che. surata kApaDanA vaNATakAma ane jarIkAma mATe dhaNA samayathI jANItu che. UdhanAmAM aneka prakAranA udyoga khINyA che. navasArImAM kApaDanI mile| ane aneka prakAranAM kArakhAnAM che. valasADa pAse raMga ane rasAyaNA banAvavAnuM kArakhAnu che. bilimeArA lAkaDAnA vepAranuM jANItuM mathaka che. dakSiNa gujarAtamAM pArasIenI vastI nAMdhapAtra che. saurASTramAM aMdaranAM sapATa medAneA ekaMdare khetIne lAyaka che. dakSiNapazcima ane dakSiNanA bhAga dhaNA phaLadrupa che, bAkInA dhaNA pradezamAM vADa vinAnAM khetara ane jhADapAna vinAnAM verAna medAneA najare paDe che. ghaNe ThekANe, khAsa karIne uttarapUrva sImA pAse, khArApATa jAme che. bhAlanA ghaNA bhAga cAmAsAmAM jaLabaMbAkAra thaI jAya che. ziyALAmAM tyAM ghauMne mabalakha pAka thAya che. unALAmAM tyAM sakhata tApa ane garama pavanane laI ne raNa jevA tapATa lAge che. varasAda NA e paDe che te jhADapAna tathA lIleAtarInuM pramANa paNa dhaNu Achu che. A pradezanA mukhya pAka ghauMM che. bhAlanA ghauM prakhyAta che. ahIM ghau uparAMta kapAsa ane caNAnuM paNa vAvetara thAya che. amuka bhAgamAM DAMgara paNa pAke che. dhoLakAnI AjubAju jAmakuLa ane dADamanI vADIe che. dhoLakAnI sUjhDa khUba vakhaNAya che. saurASTramAM nadIe dhaNI, paNa nAnI nAnI che. meATAmAM meTI nadI bhAdara che. e jasadaNa (ji. rAjakATa)nI uttare AvelA madAvA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI, jetapura ane kutiyANA (ji. jUnAgaDha) thaI navIbaMdara (tA. pArakhaMdara) pAse arakhI samudrane maLe che. e nadInI kula laMbAI 192 ki. mI. (120 mAila) jeTalI che. e DuMgaramAMthI eka bIjI nadI nIkaLIne pUrva bAju vahe che te rANapura (tA. dhaMdhukA) thaI ne khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che; ene sukabhAdara kahe che. e lagabhaga 112 ki. mI. (70 mAIla) lAMkhI che. pahelAM e dhaMdhukA pAse thaI vahetI te enuM mukha dholerAnI khADIrUpe hatuM; hAla e enI uttare. Avela sAbaramatInA mukhamAM maLe che te dheAlerAnI khADI purAI gaI che. zetrujI nadI gIranA cAMcAI DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI dhArI ane amarelI pAsethI pasAra thatI pUrva tarapha vahI taLAjA pAse khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che; e lagabhaga 160 ki. mI. (100 mAIla) lAMkhI che. gIramAMthI nIkaLI dakSiNapazcime vahI arakhI samudrane maLatI aneka nAnI nadIe che teemAM prabhAsapATaNa pAse samudrasaMgama pAmatI hIraNa (hiraNyA) ane sarasvatI noMdhapAtra che. bheMsANa (ji. jUnAgaDha)

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[x. 20] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pAsenA DuMgaromAMthI nIkaLatI ubeNa ane ojhata nadI pazcima tarapha vahI vaMthaLI pAse saMgama pAmI navIbaMdara pAse bhAdara nadIne maLe che. ojhata nadI lagabhaga 90 ki. mI. (56 mAIla) lAMbI che. uttara dhAramAMthI nIkaLI uttara tarapha vahetI nadIomAM AjI nadI rAjakeTa pAse thaI ane UMDa nadI dhroLanI pazcime thaI kacchanA akhAtane maLe che. AlecanI DuMgaramALAmAMthI nIkaLI jAmanagara pAse thaI vahetI nAgamatI ane raMgamatI nadIo, aliyAbADA pAse thaIne vahetI rUpArela nadI, mepa pAsethI nIkaLatI sasoI, phulajhara nadI, khaMbhALiyA pAse thaI vahetI siMhaNa ane ghI nadI vagere paNa kacchanA akhAtane maLe che. macchu nadI vAMkAnera ane morabI pAse thaI kacchanA nAnA raNamAM vilIna thAya che. macchu lagabhaga 112 ki. mI. (sittereka mAIla) lAMbI che. nAnA raNanI pUrve AvelA khArApATamAM ghaNuM mIThuM pakavavAmAM Ave che. naLakAMThAmAM DAMgarane pAka sAre thAya che. naLa sarovara lagabhaga 32 ki. mI. (20 mAIla) lAMbuM ane 6.5 ki. mI. (cAra mAIla) pahoLuM che. enI sarerAza UMDAI 1.22 thI 1.83 mITara (cArathI cha phUTa) che. enuM pANI comAsAmAM mIThuM hoya che, paNa taLanI jamInanA khArane laIne tarata ja khArAza paDatuM thaI jAya che. enI dakSiNe ane pazcima bAjue baru ane UMcuM ghAsa Uge che. emAM bIDa jAtane kaMda thAya che. emAM thega jAtanuM bIju kaMdamULa paNa thAya che. sarovaramAM ghaNuM nAnA nAnA TApu AvelA che, jemAM pAnavaDa sahuthI moTo che. ahIM mAchalAM ghaNAM thatAM hoI AhAra mATe, vecANa mATe temaja nikAsa mATe pakaDavAmAM Ave che. ziyALAmAM ahIM dezavidezanAM jAtajAtanAM paMkhI Ave che.22 bhAlanI kALI jamInamAM ghauM uparAMta caNAne pAka puSkaLa thAya che. vaDhavANa pAse thaI vaheto bhegA tathA lImaDI pAse thaI vahete bhogAvo pUrvamAM vahI, bhAlamAM thaI sAbaramatIne maLe che. saurASTramAM bIjI aneka nAnI nadIo AvelI che, paraMtu comAsA sivAya emAM bhAgyeja pANI rahe che. gohilavADane mukhya pAka magaphaLI che. vaLI juvAra, kapAsa, DAMgara, bAjarI ane zeraDIne pAka thAya che. TekarIo vacce AvelA ziheramAM dhAtukAma ane cinAI mATInA udyoga khIlyA che. lIMbaDI AsapAsa pAsa ane tamAku pAke che. dhrAMgadhrAmAM kUvAnA pANImAMthI mIThuM banAvavAmAM Ave che. thAnanI AsapAsanA pradezamAM cinAI bhATI puSkaLa maLI Ave che temaja tyAM ghAsacAre ghaNe thAya che.

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bhogelika lakSaNe ( 21 - thAna, morabI ane jAmanagaramAM cinAI mATInAM vAsaNa banAvavAne udyoga vika che. magaphaLInA puSkaLa pAkane lIdhe saurASTramAM tela kADhavAne udyoga khIlyo che. rAjulA bAMdhakAmanA paththaranI khanijasaMpatti mATe jANItuM che. rAjakoTanI AsapAsanAM medAnamAM ghauM, juvAra, bAjarI, kapAsa, magaphaLI ane zeraDI sArAM thAya che. rAjakoTamAM aneka prakAranA udyoga khIlyA che. jAmanagaramAM paNa aneka prakAranA udyoga vikasyA che, emAM hAthavaNATa ane jarIkAmane hunnara jANuta che. amarelI jillAmAM telanI ghANI ane kapAsanAM jina mukhya che. koDInAra tAlukAmAM zeraDIno sAre pAka thAya che tethI ahIM geLa ane khAMDano udyoga khIlyo che. samudrakAMThe mIThuM pakavavAno ane mAchalAM pakaDavAne udyoga cAle che. jUnAgaDha jillAnA sapATa pradezanA lokono mukhya dhaMdhe khetI che. khetInA mukhya pAka magaphaLI ane kapAsa che. e uparAMta juvAra, bAjarI, ghauM, DAMgara, maga, aDada, kerI, zeraDI vagere pAka thAya che. aneka sthaLoe makAna bAMdhavA mATenA sapheda paththaranI khANa AvelI che. mALiyAmAM cUnAnA paththaranI khANe che. jUnAgaDhamAM sapheda paththaronI khANa paNa che. porabaMdara najIka baraDA DuMgarane dakSiNa cheDe AdityANa gAma pAsenI khANe enA ImAratI sapheda paththaro mATe jANItI che. kacchamAM DuMgarAonI dhAre pUrva pazcima AvI hovAthI tyAM jamInano DhALa uttaradakSiNa taraphano che. kacchanI keTalIka nadIo uttara tarapha vahe che ne kacchane moTA raNamAM lupta thaI jAya che, to keTalIka nadIo dakSiNa tarapha vahe che ne arabI samudrane ke kacchanA akhAtane maLe che. A nadInI laMbAI ghaNI ochI che ne varasAdanuM pramANa paNa ghaNuM ochuM che, AthI kacchamAM bAre mAsa vahetI hoya tevI khAsa koI nadI nathI. nAnAM nadInALAM comAsA pUratAM pANIthI chalakAya che. unALAmAM te emAMnI keIkamAM ja kayAMka dharA banI jatAM thoDuM pANI maLI rahe. varasAdanuM vahI jatuM pANI rokI rAkhavA mATe have lagabhaga badhAM nadInALAM upara ADabaMdho bAMdhavAmAM AvyA che. - uttaravAhinI nadIomAM khArI nadI ane dakSiNavAhinI nadIomAM rUphamAvatI nadI mukhya che. khArI dakSiNa dhAranA cADavA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI bhUja

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3. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pAse thaI moTA raNamAM paDe che. A nadI lagabhaga 48 ki. mI. (30 mAIla) lAMbI che. enA para kalyANapara pAse baMdha bAMdhI taLAva taiyAra karavAmAM AvyuM che temaja rUdramAtA pAse moTo baMdha bAMdhI tyAMthI nahera karavAmAM AvI che. A uparAMta kALI, nArA, dhurUDa, bhUkhI, niraLAvALI, kAyale, khArI, cAMga, sAraNa, mAlaNa vagere nAnI nadIo kacchanA meTA raNa tarapha vahe che. dakSiNavAhinI nadIomAM raphamAvatI nadI cADavA DuMgaramAMthI nIkaLI mAMDachI AgaLa kacchanA akhAtane maLe che. A nadI para kejAerA AgaLa baMdha bAMdhI "vijayasAgara taLAva karavAmAM AvyuM che ne emAMthI nahere kADhavAmAM AvI che. ahIM AMbA, nALiyerI, cIku vagerenI vADIo AvelI che. bIjI dakSiNavAhinI nadIomAM kulI, khArI, terAvALI, nAyare, kanakAvatI vagere arabI samudramAM ane khAreDa, nAgamatI, bhUkhI, becI vagere kacchanA akhAtane maLe che, jyAre vAgaDanI nAnI nadIo moTe bhAge nAnA raNamAM lupta thAya che. kerInALamAM siMdhu nadInAM jaLa AvatAM baMdha thayAM ne kacchanI uttare tathA pUrve AvelI chIcharI khADI khArApATanA raNamAM pheravAI gaI tyArathI kacchamAM dhAnyasaMpatti ghaNI ghaTI gaI nadIonA baMdhane laIne khetInI pedAzamAM have kaMIka vadhAro thavA pAmyo che. kacchamAM juvAra, bAjarI, kaThoLa, magaphaLI ane telIbiyAM thAya che. siMcAInI sagavaDa hoya tyAM ghauM, zeraDI vagere thAya che. vAgaDamAM kapAsa thAya che. kacchamAM vanaspatinuM vipula vaividhya raheluM che, emAM zIMgavarga tathA tRNavarganI vanaspati vizeSa pramANamAM thAya che. banI ane vAgaDa vibhAgamAM unALAmAM garamInuM ane ziyALAmAM ThaMDInuM pramANamAM ghaNuM rahe che. tyAM vanaspati meTe bhAge kAMTALI ke rUkSa hoya che, jyAre vacalAM vAMghAMomAM suMdara vADIo che. banI vibhAgamAM ghAsa sAruM thatuM hovAthI tyAM gAya, baLada, bheMsa, gheTA, bakarAM, ghoDA, UMTa vagere ucheravAne dhaMdhe sAro cAle che. raNamAM keTaleka ThekANe ghuDakhara' (jaMgalI gadheDA) nAme jAnavara thAya che.23 kacchamAM vanaspatinI jema pakSIonI paNa vipula vividhatA rahelI che. videzathI bhAratamAM AvatAM yAyAvara pakSIo mATe kaccha eka agatyanuM mathaka che. 4 bhAratabharamAM kacchanuM moTuM raNa haMja" athavA "surakhAba" nAme suMdara paMkhIonI ekamAtra prajananabhUmi che. A moTAM paMkhI raNanA chIcharA pANImAM thatI jhINuM chavAta tathA bArIka vanaspati khAIne rahe che. kSAravALA verAna pradezamAM mIThAnA agara che. kacchamAM varasAda AkhA varSamAM sarerAza 15 thI 30 se. mI. (6 thI 12 iMca) jeTalo ja paDe che. AbohavA viSama che. ThaMDI sArA pramANamAM paDe che. garamInuM pramANa ThIka ThIka

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1lu]. bhaulika lakSaNe t 28 vidhAre hoya che. vistAranA pramANamAM vastI ghaNI ochI che. pIvAnuM pANI kUvAo mAraphata maLI rahe che. ekaMdare A pradeza muke che ne enuM havAmAna ArogyadAyI che. 3samudrakAMThAne pradeza . bhAratanA pUrva samudrataTa karatAM pazcimasamudrataTa ochA tophAnI havAmAnavALe ane ochA retIpravAhavALo che; emAMya ene uttara bhAga baMdara bAMdhavA tathA vikasAvavA mATe ThIka ThIka anukULa che. gujarAtanI pazcime arabI samudra ane enA akhAta AvelA che. gujarAtane sAgarakAMThe ekaMdare 1,600 ki. mI. (1,000 mAIla) jeTalo lAMbe che. uttaramAMthI AvatI sAbaramatI nadI khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM maLe che, tyAM ene paTa lagabhaga sAta ki. mI. (sADA cAra mAIla) pahoLo bane che. A bhAga ke pAlInI khADI" kahevAya che. uttarapUrva taraphathI AvatI mahI nadI chevaTanA bhAgamAM pazcima tarapha vaLI badalapura pAse mahIsAgara bane che ne khaMbhAtanIye pele pAra khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che. ene paTa ATha ki. mI. (pAMca mAIla) jeTale pahoLo thAya che ne tyAM bharatI vakhate pANInI sapATI 6.7 mITara (22 phUTa) UMcI jAya che.25 akhAtamAM bharatI Ave che tyAre mahInA pANI vAsadanI uttare AvelI vaherAkhADI sudhI dhakelAya che. comAsAmAM pUra Ave che tyAre mahIsAgaranAM pANI ghaDAvege doDatAM hoya che. khaMbhAta pAse siAbaramatInA ane mahInA mukha AgaLa pANIne lagabhaga ATha ki. mI. (pAMca mAIla) pahoLo ane 48 ki. mI. (30 mAIla) lAMbo vAMkocUMke paTa thAya che, je khaMbhAtanI dakSiNa pazcime pALe thatA jAya che. eka jamAnAmAM khaMbhAta hiMdanA baMdara tarIke dezavidezamAM khyAti dharAvatuM hatuM. 27 - mahI nadInA mukhathI tApI nadInA mukha sudhIne akhAtane pUrva kinAre lagabhaga 128 ki. mI. (80 mAIla) lAMbo che. akhAtanA mathALA ane mukha vacceno bhAga pramANamAM sAMkaDe che. enI sarerAza pahoLAI 19 ki. mI. (12 mAIla) che. mukha AgaLa akhAtanI pahoLAI 48 ki. mI. (30 mAIla) jeTalI che. akhAtanA kinAre Thera Thera retInA Dhaga khaDakAyelA paDyA che. enI vacce UMDA pANInI sAMkaDI paTI che. A paTI ane dholerAnI khADI vacce . UMco Tekare AveluM che; ene lIdhe khaMbhAta baMdara pAse vahANone avala -

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24] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA javAne mArga dUra dhakelAya che. vaLI e sAMkaDA mArgane laIne samudranI moTI bharatI vakhate akhAtanAM pANI moTA ghughavATA sAthe pUrapATa jhaDape aMdara dhasI Ave che. bharatIoTa thayA pachI khaMbhAtanA dhakkA AgaLanI khullI jamIna uparathI sapATa lAge, paraMtu emAM paga mUkatAM mANasa aMdara khUpI jAya che. comAsAmAM sAbaramatI ane mahImAM pUra Ave che tyAre emAM meTAM meTAM vRkSo, prANIo vagere kheMcAI Ave che. akhAtamAM maLatI nadIo mAraphate dara varSe ghaNe badhe kAdava ghasaDAI Ave che. emAMne ghaNe samudranAM mejAnA jene lIdhe taNAI jAya che, chatAM je zeDo kAMpa tyAM karI rahe che tenAthI akhAtanA mathALAne bhAga dhIme dhIme purAyA karyo che ane nadIonA paTa UMcA AvatA gayA che. 28 akhAtanA pUrva bhAgamAM mahInI dakSiNe DhADhara, narmadA, kIma, tApI vagere nadIo maLe che. kAMThAnA bhAgamAM ghaNI khADIo AvelI che. moTI nadIonA kAMThAonI jamIna bhAThAnI che ane samudrakAMThAnI jamIna khAravALI che. mahInA mukha pAse uttara taTa para khaMbhAta ane dakSiNa taTa para kAvI baMdara che, jyAre DhADhara nadInA mukha pAse TaMkArI baMdara che. mahI ane narmadA vaccenA samudrakAMThA pAse khAre pATa AveluM che. narmadA nadInA mukha AgaLa enA uttara taTa pAse daheja baMdara che tyAMthI vahANo akhAtane sAme pAra saurASTranAM baMdaroe jAya che. hAla A baMdarane vikasAvavAmAM Ave che. narmadAmAM enA mukhathI bharUca sudhI meTAM vahANa ane jhaghaDiyA sudhI nAnAM vahANa karI zake che. narmadA khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLe che tyAM enuM mukha lagabhaga 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) jeTaluM pahoLuM che. e mukhapradezamAM mokhare AliyA nAme mATe TApu che. enI ne bharUcanI vacce keTalAka nAnA beTa AvelA che teomAM dhaMturiyA beTa sahuthI moTe che; enI jamIna phaLadrupa che. narmadAne uttara kAMThe AveluM bharUca gujarAtanuM ghaNuM jUnuM baMdara che;19 e samudrataTathI covIseka ki. mI. paMdareka mAIla) jeTaluM aMdaranA bhAgamAM AveluM che. nadInA pUraNane lIdhe A baMdarane vepAra ghaTato gayo che. hajI tyAM mAchI tathA khAravA lekanI ThIka ThIka vastI che. samudrakAMThe mIThuM pakavavAne udyoga paNa cAle che. bharUcanI pUrve zukalatIrthane pele pAra eka TApumAM aneka vaDavAIovALo jUno jaMgI kabIravaDa Avelo che. samudrakAMThA pAse nALiyerI tathA tADanA jhADa najare paDe che. narmadAnI dakSiNe AvelA aMkalezvara pAse khanija tela ane kudaratI gesane udyoga vikasyA che. narmadAnA mukhathI 16 ki. mI. (dasa mAIla) dakSiNe kIma nadInuM mukha AveluM che.

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1 huM] . bhaugolika lakSaNe " t25 - kIma ane tApInI vacce bhagavAnuM nAnuM baMdara che. tApI nadIne DAbe kAMThe surata eka moTuM baMdara hatuM. 10 pachI nadIne kAMpane laIne tApInuM mukha chIcharuM thatuM gayuM ne baMdaranI paDatI thaI hAla suratanI pazcime AvelA magadallA baMdarane vikasAvavAmAM AvI rahyuM che. tApInA mukhanI pazcime hajIrA ane pUrve Dumasa nAme havAkhAvAnAM sthaLa AvelAM che. mIMDhoLA nadI tApIthI ATha ki. mI. (pAMca mAIla) dakSiNe samudrane maLe che. enA mukhane "sacIna" kahe che. pUNe mIMDhaLAthI 16 ki. mI. (dasa mAIla) dakSiNe samudrane maLe che. pUrNAnA mukhanI dakSiNe AvelA dAMDImAM mIThuM banAvavAno udyoga cAle che. pUrNAnI dakSiNe 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) para aMbikA ane aMbikAthI 13 ki. mI. (ATha mAIla) dakSiNe auraMgA nadI samudrane maLe che. aMbikAnA kinArA pAse gaNadevI ane bilimerA vaselAM che. dharAsaNA(tA. valasADa)mAM mIThuM pakavavAmAM Ave che. auraMgAnA kinArA pAse valasADa AveluM che. valasADa pAse AveluM tIthala havAkhAvAnuM sthaLa che. auraMgAnA mukhathI 9.5 ki. mI. (cha mAIla) dakSiNe umarasADI AgaLa pAra nadI samudrane maLe che. pAranA mukhathI ATha ki. mI, (pAMca mAIla) dakSiNe kolaka nadI udavADA pAse samudrane maLe che. damaNagaMgA damaNa pAse samudrane maLe che. navasArInI dakSiNe bilimorA, valasADa, umarasADI, marolI, umaragAma vagere nAnAM baMdara AvelAM che. kImathI damaNagaMgA sudhInA samudrakAMThA pAsene pradeza retInA TekarAo ane khArApATathI bharapUra che. kacchanA akhAtanA mathALAthI mukha sudhIne saurASTrane uttara dizAne samudrakAMThe lagabhaga 256 ki. mI. (160 mAIla) lAMbe che. e kinArA para navalakhI, joDiyA, beDI, sikkA, salAyA, pIMDArA, beTa, okhA, AraMbhaDA vagere baMdara AvelAM che. haMsthala ane joDiyA vacceno bhAga sAMkaDo maToDAvALo ane tamariyAMnI jhADIothI bharapUra che. AjI ane UMDa nadI joDiyA pAse akhAtane maLe che. joDiyA baMdarI vepAranuM mathaka che. joDiyAthI okhA sudhInA bhAgamAM samudrataTa cha thI nava ki. mI. (cArathI cha mAIla) sudhI aMdara vistare che; enI pAse saMkhyAbaMdha khaDake ane nAnA beTa AvelA che. kinArA pAse AvelI tamariyAMnI jhADIo khalAsIone sImAcihanI garaja sAre che. jAmanagaranI khADImAM beDI baMdara AveluM che ne enI uttare rejhI TApumAM paNa nAnuM baMdara AveluM che. sikkAmAM simenTanuM moTuM kArakhAnuM che. salAyA pAse mIThAne udyoga cAle che. jUnA jamAnAmAM e vahANavaTA mATe ghaNuM jANItuM hatuM. okhA pAse zaMkhoddhAra beTa sAmAnyataH beTa' nAme oLakhAya che.

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA - t. dvArakAnI bhUzira kacchanA akhAtane arabI samudrathI judo pADe che. A bhUzirane jagata-bhUzira kahetA. dvArakA pazcima bhAratanuM moTuM tIrthadhAma che. dvArakA pazcima bhAratanuM bAruM gaNAtI. A bhUzirathI samudrakAMThe uttarapUrva trAMsa laI okhA baMdara tarapha ane dakSiNapUrva trAMsa laI dIva TApu tarapha vistare che. A kinAre lagabhaga 256 ki. mI. (160 mAIla) lAMbo che. e kinArA para dvArakA, miyANI, ribaMdara, mAdhavapura, zIla, mAMgaroLa, verAvaLa, sutrApADA, keDInAra vagere baMdara AvelAM che. A kinArA pAse Avele pradeza sAmAnyataH sapATa che ne enI pAse pavanathI phUMkAIne thayelA retInA TekarAonI hAranI hAra najare paDe che. dvArakAnI uttare mIThApuranuM moTuM udyoganagara che. dvArakAmAM simenTa banAvavAnuM kArakhAnuM che. enI dakSiNe okhAmaDhI pAse mIThAnA moTA agara che. verAvaLamAM bhasya-udyoga vikasyA che. ojhata sAthe bhAdara nadI navIbaMdara AgaLa samudrane maLe che tyAM agAu meTuM baMdara hatuM. mANAvadarathI navIbaMdara sudhIno bhAga nIcANano hoI tyAM comAsAmAM pANI bharAI rahe che; e bhAgane gheDa' kahe che. mAdhavapurathI prAcI sudhIne lIlI nAghera' tarIke oLakhAto kAMThA pradeza ghaNo phaLadrupa ane raLiyAmaNuM che. ahIM nALiyerInAM vRkSa, nAgaravelanA maMDapo ane AMbAnI vADIo noMdhapAtra che. dIva TApu 11 ki. mI. (sAta mAIla) lAMbe che. dIva pAsenA kinArAthI gopanAtha sudhIne dakSiNataTa lagabhaga 128 ki. mI. (80 mAIla) lAMbo che. A taTa AgaLano pradeza ghaNe ramaNIya che. bhUzire, medAna ane tADavRkSothI zobhatA A pradezamAM aneka baMdaro ane zahere AvelAM che; emAM navAbaMdara, jApharAbAda ane mahuvA noMdhapAtra che. navAbaMdara delavADA pAse AveluM che, tyAM vahANavaTA ane mAchImArIne dhaMdho cAle che. gepanAtha bhUzirathI khaMbhAtano akhAta zarU thAya che. A akhAtane pazcima taTa lagabhaga 112 ki. mI. (70 mAIla) lAMbo che. ahIM saurASTramAMthI AvatI zetrujI, kALabhAra, utAvaLI, sukabhAdara, bhegAvo. vagere nadIo akhAtamAM maLe che. A kinArA para taLAjA, ghoghA, bhAvanagara, lerA vagere baMdara AvelAM che. bhAvanagaranI khADI aMdaranA bhAgamAM agAu cheka valabhIpura sudhI hatI; nadInA kAMpane laIne e mAIla sudhI purAI gaI. zetruMjI nadInA mukhathI aMdarane bhAga nIce hovAthI tyAM juvALa vakhate pANI pharI vaLe che. gopanAtha ane ghoghA vaccene 32 ki. mI. (20 mAli)ne kinAre jarA UMce che. ahIM kotara ghaNuM che; gAmanI najIka jhADa paNa ghaNuM che. ghoghA AgaLane kinAre paNa jarA UMcANamAM che. bhAvanagara ane khUNabaMdara (lerA pAse) vaccenA bhAgane kAMThe tamariyAMnI jhADIothI chavAyele che.

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1 3' E bhaugolika lakSaNo | 20 emAM vacce vacce nakAmu barTa brAsa Uge che. emAM dhaNI khADIe che. bharatI vakhate pANI aMdaranA bhAgamAM ghaNe dUra sudhI patharAya che. dheAdhA pAse pIramane meTa ane bhAvanagara pAse rANiyA bheTa che. dheAlerAnuM baMdara khADI purAI javAthI nAnuM thaI gayuM che. kacchanI pazcime arabI samudra tathA dakSiNe kacchane akhAta Avela che. samudrane kinArA uttarapazcimathI dakSiNapUrva tarapha DhaLate che ane akhAtane kinArA lagabhaga adhe sudhI dakSiNapUrvI taraph ane muMdrA baMdara pAsethI uttarapUrvI tarapha DhaLe che. AkhA kinArA lagabhaga 320 ki. mI. (200 mAIla) jeTalA lAMkhA che. e ghaNAkharA sIdhA che. mAtra kAMka kacAMka nAnI nALeA AvelI che. pazcime Avela ke|rInALa siMdhunA lupta pUrvamukhatA avazeSa che. enI pAse Avelu' nArAyaNu sareAvara paNa hAla dhaNu nAnu thaI gayuM che. keATezvara ane lakhapatanAM purANAM baMdara ghaNe aMze purAI gayAM che. kaccha taraphanA kAMThe nIceA, sapATa ane maTADAvALA che te emAM tariyAMnI jhADIe hAya che. samudrakAMThAnI abaDAsA tAlukAthI mAMDavI, muMdrA ane aMjAra tAlukA sudhInI jamIna sapATa ane phaLadrupa che. AMbA, nALiyerI, cIku vagerenAM phaLeA temaja kapAsa, magaphaLI, bAjarI vagere pAka thAya che. samudrakAMThA pAsene A sapATabhAga 'kaMThI' tarIke oLakhAya che. enA pazcima cheDA pAse AvelI jakhaunI khADImAM AThadasa nAnA kheTa AvelA che, jemAMnA ghaNAkharA ujjaDa che. jakhau baMdara para mIThAnA agara che. rukSmAvatInA mukha pAse AveluM mAMDavI baMdara vahANavaTA mATe jANItuM che. kevaDI ane bhUkhInA sIMgama para Avela mudrAnA baMdaramAM mIThAnA agara AvelA che. enI IzAne AveluM bhadrezvara jaina tIrtha tarIke jANItu che. aMjAranI dakSiNe tUNAnu jUnu baMdara che, jyAMthI hAla mAchalInuM khAtara pUru' pADavAmAM Ave che. mIThAnuM moTuM kArakhAnuM dharAvatA jUnA kaMDalA pAse navu kaMDalA baMdara bAMdhavAmAM Avyu` che. karAMcI pAkistAnamAM jatAM bhArata sarakAra taraphathI A baMdarane meATA baMdara tarIke vikasAvavAmAM Ave che. kacchanA pUrva bhAgamAM AvelI vAgaDa pradezanI jamIna kALI ane kapAsane anukULa che; enI baMne bAjue raNu hAvAthI tyAM ThaMDI ane garamInuM pramANa vadhAre rahe che. kacchanI pUrva tathA uttare AvelI chIcharI khADIe samaya jatAM raNamAM pheravAI gaI che. raNamAM jyAre unALAmAM kArInALamAMthI arabI samudranI ane nakaTI, kauMDalA tathA tusthalanI nALAmAMthI akhAtanI moTI bharatInAM pANI caDe che tyAre e sAthe asaMkhya dariyAI kITANu, zaMkhalAM vagere kheMcAI Ave che, kaMDalA ane sthUlanI khADI vaccenA bhAga sAMkaDA, 14

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tu. maTADAvALe ane tamariyAMnI jhADIothI bharapUra che. samudrakAMThe kIcaDavALI nALomAM ceriyA (tavara) Uge che te kinArA dhovAtA aTakAve che ane dukALanA vakhatamAM enA pAnano lIlo cAre Dhorone rAhatarUpa nIvaDe che. ceranAM jaMgalamAM UMTa-ucherano dhaMdho cAle che. kacchanA kAMThAno pradeza dariyAkheDa tathA vahANonA bAMdhakAma mATe jANItuM che. ahIM tarehatarehanAM mAchalAM maLatAM hoI matsyaudyoga sAro khIlyo che; have mIThAne udyoga paNa vikasavA lAgyo che. kaMDalAmAM mIThAne moTo udyoga cAle che. kacchane akhAta ane kacchanA nAnA raNane dakSiNakAMThe kaccha ane saurASTrane alaga pADe che. kaMDalAthI haMsthalanI nALamAM thaIne akhAtane dakSiNakAMThe Avela navalakhI baMdare javAne samudramArga e kaccha ane saurASTra vaccene sahuthI sIdho ane TUMka mArga che. akhAtamAM pANInI UMDAI karacha taraphanA bhAga karatAM saurASTra taraphanA bhAgamAM vadhAre che. akhAtanA mukha AgaLa e saurASTranA kAMThA pAse 25 thI 30 vAma (vAma=pA phUTa) UMDuM che. tyAMthI aMdaranA bhAgamAM jatAM UMDAI ochI thatI jAya che. cheka mathALA AgaLa UMDAI be ke traNa vAma jeTalI ja che. haMsthalanI khADImAM ThekaThekANe 6 thI 12 vAmanI UMDAI che.32 akhAtanA mukha AgaLa bharatI 4.51 mITara (14.8 phUTa) ane mathALA AgaLa 6.16 mITara (22 phUTa) caDe che.30 akhAta mathALA AgaLa 13 ki. mI. (ATha mAIla) ane mukha AgaLa 40 ki. mI. (25 mAIla) paheLo che. gujarAtanAM baMdarAmAM kaMDalAne sahuthI meTA baMdara tarIke vikasAvavAmAM AvI rahyuM che, tyAM ghaNuM vahANa AvI zake tevo moTo dhakko bAMdhavAmAM AvyA che. okhA ane bhAvanagaramAM jahAje kinAre dhakkA upara nAMgarI zake che ne bAre bhAsa kAma karI zake che. navalakhI, jAmanagara ane sikakA paNa bAramAsI baMdare che, jyAre mAMDavI, porabaMdara, verAvaLa ane bharUca baMdara comAsA sivAya kAmamAM Ave che. kaMDalA ucca kakSAnuM baMdara che; mAMDavI, beDI, navalakhI, okhA, ribaMdara, verAvaLa, bhAvanagara ane bharUca madhyama kakSAnAM baMdara che, ne bAkInA nAnAM baMdara che. 34 4. jamInanA mukhya prakAra 75 uttara gujarAtanI jamIna moTe bhAge retALa che ne emAM jADI retInuM pramANa ghaNuM che. seMdriya dravyo ane nAITrojana emAM pUratA pramANamAM nathI. taLa jamIna khodIne taiyAra karelA kUvAnAM pANI khUba kSAravALAM hajI pIta ke

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1 luM]. bhegelika lakSaNe [ 29 siMcAI mATe bhAgyeja kAma lAge che. UMDAM beriMge dvArA sAruM pANI maLI zake che. pazcima bhAgamAM kSAranuM pramANa vadhAre che. koI kaI sthaLe kALI jamIna paNa jovAmAM Ave che. amadAvAda jillAmAM kALI ane gorA e be jAtanI jamIna AvelI che. kALI jamInamAM cIkaNI mATInuM pramANu bahu nathI; emAM mATI lagabhaga 20 TakA ane retI lagabhaga 40 TakA che. AmAMnI keTalIka jamIna UMDI che ne comAsAmAM pANI cUsIne saMgharI rAkhavAnI zakti dharAve che. A saMdharelAM pANIno upayoga kaThoLa ane ghauMnA ziyALu pAkane khAsa anukULa nIvaDe che. kALI jamInanI taLe DI UMDAIe cUnAnA kaMkaranA thara AvelA hoI e kSAra nukasAnakAraka nIvaDe che. gorADu jamIna phaLadrupa che ne khAtara ane siMcAInI jogavAI thatAM sAruM utpAdana Ape che. carotaranI jamIna ekaMdare ghaNI phaLadrupa che. A jamIna jhINI retI ane mATInA mizraNanI kumAzavALI jamIna che. vadhAre sArI jAtanI jamInamAM mATInuM pramANa dasa TakAthI vadhu ane retInuM pramANa 70 TakAthI ochuM hoya che. sAbaramatI ane mahI nadInA kAMThAnI jamIna jhAMkhA pILA raMganI ane dANAdAra che; e namUnedAra gorADu jamIna che. aMdaranA vistAramAM jamInano raMga jhAMkho bhUkharo thAya che ne besara jamIna sAthe e bhaLI jAya che. besara jamIna raMge bhUkharI che; kALI ane bhAThAnI jamIna karatAM eno raMga jhAMkho che. nIcANavALA vistAramAM kALI jamIna maLI Ave che; e nadIonAM pUranAM pANIthI jamA thayela sArAM poSaka dravyo dharAve che. A dravyo mAMDa cha thI ATha phUTa UMDe pahoMce che ne tethI e jamIna kharI kALI jamInanAM lakSaNa dharAvatI nathI. nadInA kAMThAnI bhAThAnI jamIna phaLadrupa che ne emAM khAtara vinA paNa sArA pramANamAM pAka laI zakAya che. - paMcamahAla jillAnI jamIna gujarAtanA anya vibhAgonI jamInathI ghaNI judI paDe che. A jamIna dhasaDAI AvelA kAMpanI nahi, paNa nIce rahelA grenAITa ane nIsanA khaDakamAMthI chUTA paDelA kaNenI banelI che. e jhAMkhA raMganI, chIcharI ane ochI phaLadrupa che. nIcANanA bhAgamAM AvelI jamIna raMge kALI, mATIvALI ane phaLadrupa che; emAM pANI saMgharI rAkhavAnI zakti ghaNuM hovAthI emAMthI dara varSe kharIpha (mAsu) tathA ravI (ziyALu) pAka levAya che. UMcANavALAM sthaLonI jamIna patharALa, kAMkarAvALI, chIcharI, jhAMkhI ane ochI phaLadrupa che.

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30] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ . vaDodarA jillAnA uttara bhAgamAM gorATa ane dakSiNa bhAgamAM kALI jamIna maLI Ave che. A baMne jAtanI jamIna kAMpavALI che. kALI jamInamAM 50 TakA karatAM ochI retI AvelI che, jyAre gorATa jamInamAM 60 thI 80 TakA retI hoya che. A vistAranI kALI jamIna kharI kALI jamInanAM lakSaNa dharAvatI nathI; enuM aMtarapaDa retALa che, jemAM keTaleka sthaLe maraDiyA ane keTaleka sthaLe mATI Avela che. gorATa jamInamAM seMdriya dravyo ane nAITrojana pUratA pramANamAM nathI. dakSiNamAM AvelI kALI jamInamAM mATInuM pramANa vadhu nathI, jyAre pUrvamAM AvelI kALI jamInamAM e vadhu che. A vibhAgamAM je garATa tarIke oLakhAya che te kharI rIte madhyama kALI jamIna che. dakSiNa gujarAtamAM kyAsane anukULa kALI jamIna AvelI che. nadIonA kAMpane laIne kALI jamIna ThIka ThIka UMDI hoya che. unALAmAM emAM UMDI cirADa paDe che. A cirADe ghaNI vAra 1 IMca pahoLI ane 10 phUTa jeTalI UMDI hoya che, AthI kALI jamIna potAnI meLe ja kheDAya che evuM kahevAya che. pazcima tarapha jatAM jamInamAM mATInuM pramANa vadhatuM jAya che. samudrakAMThA tarapha khArI jamInanA paTa Ave che. kALI jamInamAM bhATI, kAMpa ane retInuM lagabhaga sarakhuM pramANa hoya che; mukhyatve emAM kapAsanuM vAvetara thAya che. bhAre varasAdamAM pANIthI cirADo bharAI jAya che tyAre bhAre cIkAzane lIdhe ene kheDI zakAtI nathI; jemAM pANI nitAra sArI rIte thaI zakato hoya tevA tharavALI jamInane ja siMcAI mAphaka Ave che. kharIpha pAkane badale ghauM, aLazI, caNa vagere ravI pAka mATe e mAphaka Ave che. bhAThAnI jamIna tathA gorATa jamIna bAgAyata mATe kAma lAge che. nadIonA kAMThA para jamA thayela kAMpanI phaLadrupa jamInane "bhAThAnI jamIna' kahe che. bhAThAnI jamInamAM lagabhaga 20 TakA mATI ane 60 TakA retI hoya che; gorATa jamInamAM retInuM pramANa 80 TakA jeTaluM ane mATInuM pramANa 6 thI 10 TakA jeTaluM ja hoya che. saurASTramAM khetIne lAyaka jamIna mATe bhAge sapATa ane madhyama kALI jAtanI che. DuMgarALa pradezamAM chIcharI ane moTe bhAge maraDiyAvALI jamIna che; emAM mATInuM pramANa ghaNuM ochuM che ne e ochI phaLadrupa che. pAtALa kUvAomAMnAM moTA bhAganAM pANI khUba kSAravALAM nIkaLe che. bhAlanI jamIna kALI ane bhejano saMgraha kare tevI che; kSArane kAraNe keTalIka jamIna paDatara rahe che.

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1 lu...] bhogAlika lakSA [ 31 kacchanI jamIna chIcharI ane paththaravALI che. meATA bhAganI jamIna khAravALI che. tyAMnI khetIne lAyaka jamInamAM nAiTreAjananuM pramANa dhaNu eNu che. varasAdanI RtumAM gujarAtanI jamIneAmAM seMdriya dravyeAnuM pramANa vadhAre rahe che. jamIna sukAI jatAM e dravya chUTAM paDI jAya che. siMcAI dvArA jamInane bhInI rAkhavAmAM Ave te e jamInamAM seMdriya dravya pUratA pramANamAM rahe che. gujarAtanI jamIneAmAMthI khetInI meAsamamAM pAkanI vRddhi mATe jarUrI peATAziyama joIe tyAre pUratA pramANamAM maLI rahe che, 5. AtmahuvA 6 gujarAtanI AbehavA eka dare samazIteAkhyu che. uttaranA bhAge mAM AbehavA sUkI ane dakSiNanA bhAgeAmAM bhejavALI hoya che. arakhIsamudra ane akhAtAnI asara nIcenA bhAgeAmAM garamInuM pramANa ochuM rahe che ne AkheAhavA vadhAre khuzanumA ane AreAgyaprada rahe che. pUrva sImA para AvelA vanaAcchAdita parvate| ane DuMgarAne lIdhe paNa AmAhavAmAM garamInI tIvratA ochI rahe che. sAmAnya rIte ahIM ziyALA, unALA ane cAmAsu ema traNa Rtuo Ave che. ziyALe sAmAnya rIte navembarathI phebruArI sudhI rahe che. vadhAremAM vadhAre ThaMDI jAnyuArImAM paDe che. ziyALAmAM uSNatAmAna divase 21deg thI 38deg se. (700 thI 1000 rU.) sudhI ane rAtre 1deg thI 20deg se. (30 thI 60deg phe.) sudhI rahe che. A Rtu daramyAna AkAza svaccha hoya che te uttara taraphanA ThaMDA sUkA pavana vAya che. pazcima dizAthI tAkAnI vAyarA vAya che tyAre sakhata ThaMDInuM meAjuM pharI vaLe che, bhayaMkara pavana phUMkAya che, ne kayAreka varasAda paNa paDe che. mArca mahinAmAM unALA besatAM dhIme dhIme uSNatA vadhatI jAya che. me mAsamAM sakhata garamI paDe che. jUnamAM AkAzamAM vAdaLA gherAtAM garamInuM pramANu ghaTavA lAge che. unALAmAM sAmAnya rIte 37deg thI 47deg se (98deg thI 116deg phe.) sudhI uSNatAmAna rahe che. gujarAtamAM vatA 90 thI 95 TakA jeTalA varasAda cAmAsA * daramyAna paDe che. A varasAda dakSiNapazcima dizAmAMthI AvatA bhejavALA pavaneA para tathA agALAnA upasAgaramAM thatA dabANunI vadhadhaTa para AdhAra rAkhe che. sAmAnya rIte

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. vadhAre varasAda julAImAM paDe che. kinArAnI paTTI para bharUca sudhI varasAdanuM pramANa vadhatuM jAya che, te uttara tarapha jatA ghaTatuM jAya che. vaDodarAnI pUrve AvelA choTAudepura bAriyA pradezamAM varasAdanuM pramANa vadhAre che emAM sAtapUDA ane viMdhya hAramALAnA pazcima cheDAnI asara kAraNarUpa che. ADAvalI parvatanA dakSiNa cheDAnI asarane laIne Abu pradezamAM varasAdanuM pramANa vadhAre che. giranAra parvata ane gIranI DuMgaramALAnI asarane lIdhe jUnAgaDhathI laIne jillAnA dakSiNapazcima bhAgamAM varasAda vadhAre paDe che. bharUca-DIsAthI pazcima tarapha varasAdanuM pramANa ghaTatuM jAya che. saurASTra ane kacchanA pazcima bhAgamAM varasAdanuM pramANa ghaNuM ochuM che. gujarAtamAM sahuthI vadhu varasAda DAMga pradezamAM paDe che, tyAM gayA dAyakAmAM eka varSe 104.2 se. mI. eTale varasAda paDe. banAsakAMThAmAM varasAda 78 se. mI. jeTale ocho paDe che. saurASTramAM sarerAza varasAda 50 se. mI. thI 62 se. mI. paDe che, jyAre kacchamAM mAMDa 30 se. mI. jeTalo varasAda paDe che; tyAM kayAreka ATha se. mI. jeTale ocho varasAda paNa noMdhAyo che. sapTembaramAM comAsuM haThavA lAge che ne okaTobaramAM RtumAM ghaNuM parivartana thAya che. comAsA ane ziyALA vaccenA A mAsamAM AbohavA khuzanumA ane Arogyaprada rahe che. siMcAI mATe nadIo, kUvAo ane taLAva uparAMta have nahere ane pAtALakUvAonI sagavaDa thatI jAya che. 6, khanije 7 gujarAtamAM khanijasaMpatti vize vadhu ne vadhu zedhakhoLa thatI jAya che. khanija tela ane kudaratI gesanAM mathaka khaMbhAtanA akhAtanI AsapAsanA vistAramAM lagabhaga badhI bAjue ThekaThekANe maLatAM jAya che. keTalIka jagyAe kolasA ane lignAITano jaththo maLavA lAgyo che. dhAtuomAM senA ane rUpA jevI kiMmatI dhAtuonI nizAnIo maLavA lAgI che, paraMtu e bAbatamAM hajI vadhu anveSaNa karavuM paDe ema che lehamaya dhAtuomAM keTalAMka sthaLoe lekhaMDa gALavAne dhaMdho cAlato hatA, paraMtu hAla lekhaMDanI kAcI dhAtuo (hImeTAITa vagere)nI koIka sthaLoe nizAnI maLe che. paMcamahAla jillAmAM zivarAjapura pAse mAIle sudhI meMgenijhanI kAcI dhAtu patharAyelI che. choTAudepura, bAriyA vagere keTalAMka bIjAM sthaLoe paNa meMgenijha maLI AvavAnI nizAnIo dekhAya che. polAdane sakhata karavAmAM meMgenijhanI jema jene upayoga thAya che te saMskananI kAcI dhAtuM

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bhogolika lakSaNa 1 2 ADAvalInA raTikAmAMthI tathA paMcamahAla jillAnA philiTanA paththaramAMthI maLI Ave che. bina-leha dhAtuomAM ahIM tAMbuM, sIsuM, jasata ane elyuminiyamanI dhAtuo maLe che. banAsakAMThAmAM zirehI tathA aMbAjI najIka tAMbu gALavAnI bhaThThIo hatI, zirohI pAse, choTAudepura pAse, bhAyAvadara pAse ane zihora pAse tAMbAnI kAcI dhAtu hovAnuM jANavA maLe che. banAsakAMThA ane paMcamahAlamAM sIsAnI kAcI dhAtu maLe ema lAge che. paMcamahAlamAM jAMbughoDA pAse jasatanI kAcI dhAtu maLe ema jaNAya che. kheDA jillAmAM kapaDavaMja tAlukAmAM kasAITane moTo jaththo paDe che. kasAITamAMthI eNlyuminiyama nIkaLe che. paMcamahAla ane choTAudepuranA pradezomAM yureniyama vagere maLavAnI nizAnI maLI che ne IDara pAse theriyamanI kAcI dhAtunAM eMdhANa maLyAM che. A dhAtuo aNuzaktinA utpAdanamAM upayogI che. - banAsakAMThAmAM keTalIka jagyAe kalAI, tAMbuM ane meMgenIjha nIkaLe che. e uparAMta amuka sthaLoe gaMdhaka, abarakha, surokhAra, ghasiyuM mIThuM, aDadiyA paththara, Arasa, khaDI, rAtI bhATI, pILI mATI vagere nIkaLe che. bAMdhakAma mATenA paththaromAM grenAITa saMkheDA tAlukAmAM ane grenAITa-nAIsa banAsakAMThA, sAbarakAMThA ane paMcamahAla jillAmAM maLe che. sArI jAtane eNnDasTona gujarAtamAM akhUTa pramANamAM maLe che, khAsa karIne hiMmatanagara, nAthakuvA (paMcamahAla) ane sonagaDha pAse temaja dhrAMgadhrA pAsenI khANomAM. kavArTajhAiTa senDasTona vaDodarA jillAnA bAdha staromAM temaja rAjapIpaLA pradezamAM maLe che. surata jillAmAM ane IDara pradezamAM maLI AvatA cUnAne paththara bAMdhakAma mATe sAre kAma lAge che, paraMtu pazcima saurASTramAM maLI Avato porabaMdara paththara' e mATe sarvottama che. sleTa paMcamahAla jillAnI khANamAM sArA pramANamAM raheluM che. - suzobhana mATenA paththara paNa gujarAtamAM vipula pramANamAM maLe che. pAlaNapura, IDara, paMcamahAla ane vaDodarA vistAramAM maLatA grenAITa-nAIsa nakazI kAma mATe sArA kAma lAge che ne enA para bhAre poliza thaI zake che. gujarAtamAM ArasapahANano paNa sAro ja che. banAsakAMThAmAM ArAsura vistAramAM puSkaLa pramANamAM sapheda ArasapahANa maLe che. IDara, zirohI, pAlaNapura ane paMcamahAlamAMthI paNa sapheda ArasapahANa maLe che. rAjapIpaLAmAMthI sapheda, kALo ane lIle ArasapahANa maLI Ave che. saMkheDA tAlukAmAMthI lIlo, gulAbI, bhUkhare, nIla ane pILA ArasapahANa maLe che.

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w) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tjha, gujarAtamAM cUne ane simenTa banAvavA mATe joItI sAmagrI pUratA pramANamAM maLI Ave che. emAM cUnAno paththara ghaNuM kAma lAge che. e khAsa karIne piribaMdara, mAMgaroLa-soraTha, banAsakAMThA ane vADAsinera vistAramAM maLe che. taLa-gujarAtamAM nadInA kAMpamAM ane jamInanAM AvaraNo nIce maLato kaMkara paNa cUne ane simenTa banAvavA mATe kAma lAge che. mahesANA jillAmAM, IDara pAse ane saurASTranA uttara bhAgamAM cinAI mATI maLI Ave che. gujarAtamAM besAITa uparAMta TIeTAITa, DemAITa, silikA ane pheDaspAra jevA adrAvya padArtha paNa keTaleka ThekANe maLe che. vaDodarA, sAbarakAMThA ane mahesANA jillAmAM kAca banAvavA mATenI retI pUrI pADate retIne paththara keTalIka jagyAe maLe che. vaDodarA jillAmAM, rAjapIpaLA pAse ane uttara saurASTramAM raMga banAvavA mATenI vividha mATI maLe che. ardha-kiMmatI paththaramAM akIka sahuthI vadhu pramANamAM maLe che. akIkanI khANo khAsa karIne rAjapIpaLA pAse AvelI che. keTaleka ThekANe akIka uparAMta philanTa, jespara ane kArneliyana paNa maLe che. embesTosa sAbarakAMThAmAM IDara pAse ja maLe che. jisama (haraTha) rAjapIpaLA pAse, okhAmaMDaLamAM, ghoghA pAse, navAnagara pAse ane kacchanA taTapradezamAM maLe che. IDara, dAMtA, choTAudepura ane jAMbuDA pAse UtaratI keTinuM abarakha maLe che. bharUca, jaMbusara, jUnAgaDha ane kacchamAM maLatI UsanA jevI mATI khanija telakSetranA zArakAmamAM temaja khanija tela ane vanaspati tela zuddha karavAmAM vaparAya che. dakSiNa gujarAtamAM, saurASTramAM tathA khArAghoDA (ji. amadAvAda)mAM mIThuM pakavavAmAM Ave che. kacchanA raNanuM mIThuM kaDavuM heI bhAgyeja vaparAya che. bhUstarIya anveSaNo tathA audyogika vikAsa-yojanAo dvArA gujarAtamAM vadhu ne vadhu khanijasaMpatti maLavA saMbhava che. 7, mAnava-jIvana para asara 38 gujarAtamAM keTalIka Adima jAtionA mAnava vasatA. teomAMnA ghaNA pahADa ane jaMgalamAM vasatA, araNya-saMskRti dharAvatA ane laDAyaka vRttinA hatA. samudrakAMThA pAse vasatA tathA narmadA ane tApI jevI moTI nadIonA kAMThA pAse vasatA mAchImAre machavA calAvavA ane vahANavaTAne ya dhadha.

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[ 35 1 luM] bhaugolika lakSaNe karatA thayA. gujarAta dezanA dhorImArgothI kaMIka dUra rahI jatuM, chatAM mAravADa, mevADa, mALavA, khAnadeza vagere paDozI pradeza sAthe e ThIka ThIka vyavahAra dharAvatuM. vaLI samudrakAMThAne laIne e siMdha ane koMkaNa jevA pradezo sAthe jaLamArgethI vyavahAra dharAvatuM, AthI samaya jatAM dezanA ane duniyAnA bIjA bhAgomAMthI avAranavAra keTalIka anya jAtionAM mAnavakula ahIM AvI vasyAM. emAMnI keTalIka jAtio laDAyaka vRttinI hatI te bahudhA kaccha ane saurASTramAM khullAM medAnomAM vasIne potapotAnA pradezanAM saMrakSaNa tathA vistAra mATe temaja paraspara daMTaphisAda tathA verajhera mATe kayAreka dhIMgANuM karI besatI, paraMtu bAkInA samayamAM khetI, pazupAlana ane hunnarakalAonA dhaMdhArojagAra saMbhALatI. taLa-gujarAtanA phaLadrupa vistAramAM vasatI prajA bahudhA khetI ane hunnara-udyoganA vyavasAyamAM parAyaNa rahetI ne emAM keTalAka varga vepAravaNaja khIlavato. samudrakAMThA pAse mAchalAM mAravA uparAMta keTaleka ThekANe mIThuM pakavavAne dhadhe cAlate. khAravAo dezavidezanA vahANavaTAmAM pAvaradhA thatA gayA ne sAhasika vepArIo samudrapAranA vepAravaNajane vikasAvavA lAgyA. kaccha ane saurASTranA bhU-bhAganI rUkSatAe tathA a85 vikasitatAe A sAhasikatAne savizeSa khIlavI. bharUca, valabhI, verAvaLa, mAMgaroLa-soraTha, porabaMdara, dvArakA, mAMDavI, khaMbhAta, surata vagere baMdare dezavidezanA dariyAI vepAranAM mathaka banyAM. gujarAtanA sAhasika vepArIo eziyA, AphrikA ane yuropanA dezonI saphara kheDatA, tyAM potAnI peDhIo kholatA, ne kyAreka tyAM kAyamI vasavATa paNa karatA. madhya ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA pATIdAra paNa kamANI karavA dezAvara javAmAM sakriya bhAga letA thayA. Ama prAkRtika lakSaNoe mAnavajIvananA ghaDataramAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo ne pariNAme gujarAtanI prajAnA mAnasamAM mukhya prakRti vepArInI ghaDAI. maLatAvaDo svabhAva, kalahabhIrutA, zAMtipriyatA dharachoDanI vRtti, dUraMdezI, vizALa daSTi ItyAdi lakSaNe vyApaka banyAM. je AgaMtuke, nirvAsito, vepArIo ane AkramaNakAre gujarAtamAM AvI vasyA te sahune gujarAte potAnAmAM samAvI lIdhA ne e sahumAM vatteoche aMze e lakSaNa khIlatAM gayAM. nAnAMmoTAM rajavADAM sthapAtAM emAM laDAyakavRtti uparAMta mutsaddIgIrI ane kAvAdAvAnI vRtti paNa ThIka ThIka khIlI. A vRtti saMkhyAbaMdha rajavADAM dharAvatA saurASTramAM savizeSa khIlI. rAjAo, adhikArIo, zreSThIo ane sAhasikomAM keTalAka medhAvI tarIke paNa tejavI nIvaDyA. svabhAvanI samatAe prajAnA moTA vargamAM dhArmikatA ane bhAvitAnA saMskAra khIlavyA.

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vepAravaNajanI vRttie saMpatti tathA sakhAvatanI bhAvanA vadhArI temaja moTA vepAraudyoga khIlavyA, te vidyAkalAnI abhirucie sAhitya, kalA ane hunnaranI abhivRddhi karI. pAdaTIpo 1. Census of India, 1961, Vol. V, Gujarat, Part 1-A (i),f. 89. gujarAta rAjyanA sarvekSaNa khAtA pramANe A vistAra tyAre 1,84,0345 corasa ki.mI. athavA 71,0558 corasa mAIla hato (ejana). tyAra pachI A vistAramAM kaMIka ghaTADo thayo che. gujarAta sarakAranA mAhitI khAtAnA 1968nA tathA 1969nA vArSika saMdarbha graMthamAM tathA 1970nI meja DAyarImAM rAjyane vistAra 1,000 corasa ki. mI. jaNAvyuM che, je bhAratanA sarvekSaNa khAtAnA jaNAvyA pramANe tA. 4-1-1966 ne vistAra che. (pR. 1) - 2. saMskRta zabdakeza daIne artha kinAro temaja anUpa (marsh) Ape che amarakeza "nAmanu yAta pula chatAvidha:" (paMkti pa77) Ape che. 3. rAmasiMha rAThoDa, "kacchanuM saMskRti darzana", pR. 251 * ejana, pR. 243-44 5. ejana, pR. 244 -8. ejana, pR. 245 ( 9 sikaMdara I pU 325mAM A pradezanI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre tyAM meTuM sarovara hatuM ne emAM ghaNuM moTAM dariyAI mAchalAM thatAM. sikaMdare siMdhu nadIne mAge emAM be saphara karelI ne bIjI saphara daramyAna tyAM vahANonI salAmatI mATe baMdarI bAzraya bAMdhavAnuM pharamAveluM (B. G. Vol. V, p. 15). Periplus(1lI sadI)mAM kacchanA raNanI jagyAe Irina(jiLa)ne akhAta (nAne ne meTA) jaNAvyuM che ne e beumAM pANI sAva chIcharAM hovAnuM teMdhyuM che (phakare 40). 11-12. B. G, Vol. VIII, p. I 13. ejana, pR. 559. comAsAmAM enuM pANuM mIThuM hoya che, paNa jamInanI aMdara rahelA kSArane laIne e tarata ja khArAza paDatuM thaI jAya che. 18. V. A. Janki, "Physical Features", Indian National Congress, 66th Session, Bhavnagar, Souvenir, Part III, pp. I. ff. 15 narmadAzaMkara lA kavi, "gujarAta sarvasaMgraha", pR. 2-3; zivazaMkara zukla, pahADa, nadIo ane yAtrAdhAmo, gujarAta-eka paricaya, pR. para 16-17 B. G, Vol. VIll, pp. 9 f; zivazaMkara zukala, ejana, 5,52-53

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19]. bhogelika lakSaNe t37 18. varNana mATe juo rAmasiMha rAThoDa, "kacchanuM saMskRtidarzana", prakaraNa 19 (pR. 157-16). 19. carotara sarvasaMgraha", vibhAga 1, pR. 12-17 20. phaLadrupatAne laIne "carota"no artha sAmAnyataH "cArutara" (vadhAre suMdararaLiyAmaNo) ghaTAvavAmAM AvatuM, paraMtu ane kharo artha "caturuttara(zata)" arthAta 104 gAmane samUha thAya che. vinayacaMdra-sUrinI vyazikSApa 53)mAM peTalAda vagere 104 gAmanA pradezane ullekha Ave che. "cittara"no paNa e ja artha che ("catara sarvasaMgraha, vibhAga 1, pR. 853-55) 2. ejana, pR. 8-10 72. B. G., Vol VIII, pp. 559 f 23. rAmasiMha rAThoDa, "kacchanuM saMskRtidarzana", pR. 11 24. ejana, pR. 13-14 25-26. "carotara sarvasaMgraha", vibhAga 1, pR. 17 27. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva, "khaMbhAtane itihAsa", pR. 5, 6 ane 13 28, "catara sarvasaMgraha", vibhAga 1, pR. 17-20 26. A. S. Altekar, A History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad, pp. 33. ff. 10 IzvaralAla I desAI, "sUrata senAnI mUrata), pR. 181-182 31. rAmasiMha rAThoDa, uparyukta, pR. 229 3ra. B. G, Vol. VIII, p. 13 33. ejana, pR. 14 38 H. P. Oza, "Seo-coast", Indian National Congress, 66th Session, Bhavnagar, Souvenir, Part III, pp. 64 ff 34, Census of India, 1961, Vol. V, Gujarat Part l-A (i), p. 96; ane caMdulAla zAha, "bhUHiprakAre", "gujarAta eka paricaya", pR. 5-1ranA AdhAre 34. Census of India, 1961, Vol. V, Gujart Part I-A (i), pp. 114 ff; B. N. Desai, "Meteoralogy', Indian National Congress, 66th Session, Bhavnagar, Souvenir, A Gimpse of Gujarat, pp. 47 ff . . 34 S. S. Merh, Mineral Resources', Indian National Congress, 66th Session, Bhavnagar, Souvenir, A Glimpse of Gujarat, pp. 18 ff 8. Do. ha. pI. sAMkaLiyAna parathI

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prakaraNa 2 bhUstara-racanA gujarAtanI dharatInI sapATI nIce je judA judA bhUstara maLyA che te, e bhUstaramAM maLelAM khanija tathA judI judI chavayonionA azmIbhUta avazeSa sAthe, saMkSepamAM A pramANe che: 1, Agha ke ajIvamaya yuganA stara - A stara sarvathI prAcIna heI Archaean (purAtana ke Agha) tarIke oLakhAya che. e pRthvInA dhagadhagatA peTALa para baMdhAyele pahele stara ho saMbhave che. A staranA Adya vibhAgamAM nAIsa (gneiss) nAme pASANu-paDa maLe che. emAM grenAITa ane pemeTAITanAme pASANa-paDa paNa dekhA de che. Adya starane aMtya vibhAga bhAratanA bhUstarazAstramAM "dhAravADa varga" tarIke oLakhAya che. A varganA stara banAsakAMThA, sAbarakAMThA, paMcamahAla ane vaDodarA jillAomAM maLe che. e sphaTika sleTa, veLupASANu ane ArasapahANanA rUpamAM dekhA de che. khanija saMpattinI daSTie A stara bahu agatyanuM che. zivarAjapuranI meMgenIjhanI khANa ane motIpurAnA lIlA ArasapahANanI khANo A staranI che. gujarAtamAM meMgenIjha uparAMta oNksAITa, hameTAITa vagerenI sAmagrI rahelI che. bekasAITamAMthI eNlyuminiyama ane hImeTAITamAMthI lokhaMDa maLe che. agAu gujarAtamAM ghaNAM sthaLoe lokhaMDa gaLAtuM hatuM evuM mAluma paDe che. bhAratanA bIjA bhAgomAM A staramAMthI lekhaMDa, kromiyama, tAMbuM, senuM, sIsuM vagere dhAtuo ane hIrA-mANeka vigere kiMmatI paththara paNa maLe che. A Adya yuga daramyAna jIvasRSTinI utpatti bhAgyeja thaI hatI, AthI ene achavamaya (Azoic) yuga gaNavAmAM Ave che. 2, prathama ke prAcIna jIvamaya yuganA stara-enI upara chavanionA avazeSa dharAvatA je stara maLe che tenA cAra yuga pADavAmAM AvyA che. emAMnA pahelA yugane "prathama yuga" ke "prAcIna jIvamaya yuga" kahe che. enA stara bhAratamAM

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2 ju bhUstara racanA khAsa karIne paMjAbanI nimaka-parvatamALA (Salt-ange)mAM maLe che. A yuganA staramAM Adya mAMsamaya prANIonA azmibhUta avazeSa prApta thAya che. bhAratanA bhUstarazAstramAM A yuganA "dilhI vibhAga" tarIke oLakhAtA vibhAganA stara gujarAtamAM dAMtA, pAlaNapura ane IDaranI AsapAsa maLe che." 3. dvitIya ke madhya jIvamaya yuganA stara - ahIM kritIya athavA madhyajIvamaya (Mesozoic) yuganA be vibhAganA stara maLe cheH (a) vacalA vibhAgane "jurAsika vibhAga" kahe che. A vibhAganA stara kacchamAM maLe che. e stara vizALa samudramAM baMdhAyelA veLu ane cUrNamaya pASANanA che ne aDhArase mITarathI vadhAre jADA che. A staramAM azmIbhUta samudra-prANIo temaja kapAlapAda varganI emanAITa tathA bIjI saMkhyAbaMdha jIvanionA avazeSa rahelA che. AvAM prANuonI ochAmAM ochI cha hajAra enio oLakhavAmAM AvI che. dhrAMgadhrAmAM karachanA UmiyA prakAranA stara maLI Ave che. A avazeSone himAlayanA ke uttaranA jurAsika yuganA keI paNa avazeSo sAthe saMbaMdha jaNAto nathI, paraMtu e mADAgAskaranA e yuganAM prANIonA avazeSo sAthe ghaNuM sAmya dharAve che. karachamAM seMkaDe corasa mAIla sudhI patharAyelA A stara rAjasthAnanA jesalamera pradeza sudhI vistarelA che ne e sUcave che ke hiMda-AphrikA khaMDanA samayanA gujarAtanA kinArA para yuropa-eziyAI khaMDanA Tethisa samudrano eka phoTo AvatuM hatuM, je hAlanA bhUmadhya samudrathI viSuvavRtta thaIne TheTha cInanA aMdaranA bhAga sudhI pahoMcatA. kaccha-saurASTrane sahuthI jUne stara jurAsika yugane che. A stara e samayanA hiMda-AphrikA-osTreliyA khaMDana avazeSa che, tethI e bahu upayogI temaja rasaprada hakIkata pUrI pADe che. A vizALa dakSiNa khaMDane bhUstarazAstramAM gaDavAnA" nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. e staramAM bahu UtaratA vargamAM paNa vividha prakAranAM vanaspatio tathA prANIonA azmIbhUta avazeSa maLe che. A yuganI khAsa vizeSatA enI vanasaMpatti hatI. hajAra varSanI A saMpattine baMgALa, bihAra ane orisAnI kelasAnI khANamAM varSothI vipula lAbha maLyA kare che. saurASTramAM dhrAMgadhrA ane vaDhavANa pAse chUTAchavAyAM narama veLapASANa-staromAM tathA kacchamAM bhUja ane UmiyA pAsene evA staranI vizALa

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ty. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA paTImAM pUrva bhAratanI khANonI kAraNabhUta vanaspatio pachInI vanaspationA azmIbhUta avazeSa maLe che. A avazeSa "gAMDavAnA yuga"nA uttarArdhanA che. e samaye vanaspationuM pramANa ghaTatuM jatuM hatuM. (A) "goMDavAnA yuga" pUro thatAM uttarane yuropa-eziyAI samudra pharI eka vAra kaccha, saurASTra ane narmadA khINamAM cheka aMdara sudhI pharI vaLe hato. A yugane itihAsa te "nimADa" ane "ahamadanagara" nAmathI jANItA veLapASANa staromAM tathA "bA" ane "lAmeTA" staromAM sacavAI rahyo che. A starane ugama kacchamAM ane vaDhavANu pAsenAM eka be sthaLoe tathA jhAbavA, alIrAjapura, choTAudepura ane revAkAMThAnAM chUTAMchavAyAM sthaLoe thayo jaNAya che. A samudranA taLa para ladAyelA retI, mATI ane cUnAnA tharanA tathA emAM daTAI gayelAM prANIo ane vanaspationA abhyAsa parathI jaNAya che ke A stara madhya jIvamaya yuganA Cretaceous (cAka) nAmanA aMtya vibhAganA che. A staronI jADAI 18-21 mITaranI ja che, chatAM e gujarAtano eka kiMmatI yuga che, kemake enA parathI e samayanAM bhaugolika lakSaNo, jaLacara tathA sthaLacara prANIo ane pRthvInA bIjA bhAgo sAthe saMbaMdha jANavA maLe che. A staromAM udarasapI prANIo, sarpo, ajagare, magara vagerenA, kAcabA, mAchalI vagere jaLacara prANIonA ane narama mAMsamaya prANIonA tathA paravALAMnA azmIbhUta avazeSa maLe che. A stara mukhyatve narmadA khINumAM ane uttaramAM vADAsinera sudhI patharAyA che. sAbarakAMThA, paMcamahAla ane bharUca jillAmAM tathA kheDA jillAnA amuka bhAgamAM e khAsa jovA maLe che. ka, tRtIya ke nUtana jIvamaya yuganA stara-madhya jIvamaya yuganA aMte gujarAta sahita samasta pazcima bhAratamAM bhayaMkara Agneya kSobha thayo. dakSiNa rAjasthAnathI mAMDIne cheka dhAravADa sudhI ane saurASTrathI mAMDIne cheka nAgapura sudhInA pradezamAM jvALAmukhI phATI nIkaLe. bhUgarbhamAMthI dhagadhagato rasa (lAvA) cIrA ane phATa vATe bahAra nIkaLI seMkaDo mITara jADA sapATa staromAM patharAvA lAgyo. A starano aDhAraso mITara UMco Dhagale thayo ane emAMthI eka moTo ucca pradeza banyo. ene dekhAva pagathiyAM jevAM hovAthI ene "Trapa" kahevAmAM Ave che. bhAratanA bhUstarazAstramAM ene "Dekkana Trepa" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. bhULamAM ene "pazcima ghATa" kahe che. hAla A Trepa 5,18,000 corasa ki. mI. nA vistAramAM patharAyeluM che ane emAM kaccha, saurASTra ane taLa-gujarAtane samAveza thAya che. paraMtu e yugamAM gujarAtane kinAre pazcimamAM dUra sudhI

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2 ju] bhUtara-racanA jato; saMbhavataH arabI samudrane pele pAra pUrva AphrikA ane mADAgAskara sAthe jamInamArga mAraphatane saMbaMdha hajI tUTakyo na hato. sAtapUDAnA AgaLa DhaLatA DuMgarAo, sahyAdrimALA, giranAra ane pAvAgaDhanA DuMgaro ane saurASTrane pradeza lAvAnAM sapATa paDAnA khavAI-dhovAI gayelA avazeSa ja che. akIka ane enI vividha jAto (kArneliyana, jespara vagere) A "lAvA" paDenI aMdara varALanAM kANuM ane phATI bharAI javAthI banyA hatA. lAvAnAM paDe ghasAI tUTI-phUTI javAthI A akIkanA upalo chUTA paDe che. saMbhavataH lAvA-paDo bhAMgI javAthI rUnA pAkane lAyaka kALI mATI thAya che. A samaye madhya jIvamaya yugane aMta AvatAM nUtana jIvamaya (Neozoic) yuga zarU thayo. samudra pharI eka vAra gujarAtanA pazcima bhAga para AkramaNa karyuM. A AkramaNanAM cihna samudramAM baMdhAyelA cUnA, paththara ane mATInA staramAM dekhAya che, jemAM samudranI chilI saMkhyAbaMdha najare paDe che. A stara 30 mITara jADA che. A azmIbhUta chIpa sikakA ghATanA (nummulitic) arthAta cakrAkAra hoya che. emAM mukhyatve narama mAMsamaya zarIravALAM (mollusc), kANAMvALA zarIranAM (foraminifera) ane paravALAMnI asmIbhUta samudra-chIpAne samAveza thAya che. A nUtana jIvamaya yuganA Adhunika-aruNodaya (cocone) ane Adhunikaatya5 (eligocene) vibhAganA che, jemAM vartamAna jIvanionuM anukrame nahivata ane atya95 pramANa hoya che. A staranI upara 1,219 mITara retI, kAMkarI ane mATInA baMdhAyelA grevala" stara che. khaMbhAtanA tathA ratanapura(rAjapIpaLA)nA akIka A staranI khANamAMthI nIkaLe che. A batAve che ke samudra kinArA sudhI ja UmaTaLyo hato ane pachI tarata ja gujarAtamAMthI haMmezane mATe pAchA vaLatAM chIcharo thavA lAgyo hato. samudra pAcho vaLatAM je jamIna pAchI nIkaLI tenA para judI judI jAtanA hAthIo, vAgoLanArAM prANIo, haraNa, jirApha, Dukkara ane hiMsaka zikArI prANIo vasatAM hatAM. A chipelIvALA stara surata jillAmAM, bharUca jillAmAM ane khaMbhAtanA akhAtanI baMne bAjue (vaDodarA ane bhAvanagara pAse AvelA che. pazcima saurASTramAM okhA pAse e savizeSa jovA maLe che. emAM aMkalezvara pAse khanija telanuM samRddha kSetra maLI AvyuM che. khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM tathA enI AsapAsamAM khanija tela ane gesane vipula jaththo hevAnI nizAnIo maLe che. 10 .

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ga, 42] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA A stara Adhunika-alpa (miocene) yuganA gaNAya che, kemake emAM vartamAna jIvanionuM pramANa pahelAMnAM karatAM kaMIka vadhyuM che. kacchamAM tRtIya yuganA stara Adhunika-arUNodaya, Adhunika-atya5 ane Adhunika-alpa yuganA che.12 Dekakana TrepanA starenI upara saurASTranA kinArAnA bhAga para "dvArakA stara" baMdhAyA che ne enI upara veLapASANanA "sivAlika stara" baMdhAyA che. khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM AvelA pIrama beTamAM ene sAro abhyAsa thayo che. emAM vAgoLatAM prANIo, hAthI, Dukkara, bakarAM, geMDA, phADI khAnArAM prANIo tathA bIjAM sastana prANIonA asmIbhUta avazeSa maLe che. "sivAlika starane maLato stara "porabaMdara paththara"ne che. e stara pavanathI UDelI cUnAvALI retathI ane samudramAM baMdhAyelAM cUnAnAM pASANapaDothI baMdhAyela che. e 30 thI 60 mITara jADo hoya che. A staramAMthI ghara ane suMdara imArato bAMdhavA mATenA paththara sahelAIthI maLI zake che. A yuganA aMtabhAgamAM bhAratanI bhUtaLa-racanAmAM be bhAre pheraphAro thayA? dakSiNanA gaDavAnA khaMDane mATe bhAga nIce besI gaye, enA para samudranAM pANI pharI vaLyAM, bhArata AphrikAthI taddana chUTuM paDI gayuM ane arabI samudra astitvamAM Avyo; bIjI bAju uttaranA yuropa-eziyAI samudranuM taLiyuM UMce UpasI AvyuM ne emAMthI himAlaya parvata UMce AvavA lAge. tRtIya yuganA A aMtya bhAgamAM vartamAna avanionuM adhikatara pramANa raheluM che, AthI ene "Adhunika-adhikTara (Pliocene)" yuga kahe che. A yugamAM sastana prANIone vikAsa thaye. 5, anu-tRtIya ke caturtha mAnavajIvamaya yuganA stara - A yuganA pahelA vibhAgane "Adhunika-adhikatama (Pleistocene) yuga" kahe che, kemake emAM vartamAna jIvanionA avazeSa sahuthI vadhu pramANamAM maLe che. 13 enA stara Adhunika yuganA staranI nIcenA heI ene "adha-Adhunika (Sub-recent) yuga" paNa kahe che. mAnavanA prAdurbhAvanAM cihane A yugamAM dekhAya che. A yuga daramyAna uttara goLArdhamAM ekAMtare ThaMDI AbohavA ane pachI sarakhAmaNIe garama AbohavAnAM vArApharatI sAteka vAra parivartana thayAM. ThaMDInA yugane "himayuga" (glacial age) kahe che ne be himayuge vaccenA yugane "atami

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bhUratara-racanA yuga" (inter-glacial age) kahe che. A yuganA staramAM mAnavadehanA nahi, paNa mAnavakRta hathiyAronA avazeSa maLe che. enA jUnAmAM jUnA namUnA gujarAtamAM bIjA himayuganA ke bahu to bIjA antahima yuganA staramAM maLe che.14 Ama dharatInA lAMbA itihAsamAM mAnavane ItihAsa cheka AjakAlane lAge che. Adhunika kAlanA stara sapATI para baMdhAyelA che. pavanane lIdhe paththara kerAI javAthI ane koravAIne bhAMgItUTI javAthI mATI bane che ne e varSARtumAM atizaya varasAdane lIdhe aneka sthaLethI bIje sthaLe ThalavAya che. Ama nadInAM judAM judAM UMcAM-nIcAM pAtro vaDe jANe agAzIo baMdhAya che, relo Ave che ane grevala(gravel)nA stara baMdhAya che. gujarAtanA sapATa pradezamAM A stara nadInA kAMpathI baMdhAyela che. kAMpamAM mukhyatve retI, mATI ane cUnakhaDI (maraDiyA) hoya che ane e seMkaDo mITara UMDo hoya che. A kAMpa vaDe pASANupaDonuM bhUtaLa taddana DhaMkAI gayuM che. A stara samudranA kinArA bAju bahu jADA hoya che ne jema jema pUrva tarapha jaIe tema tema e pAtaLo thato jAya che. A kAMpanI upara retInA jevI mATIne stara patharAya che, je ghaNo phaLadrupa che. gujarAtanI mATIomAM kALI cIkaNI mATI khAsa beMdhapAtra che. e bahu jhINuM aNuonI banelI, thoDAka cUnAvALI ane gUMdelI mATInA guNavALI hoya che. ene bhInI karatAM e bahu cIkaNI thAya che ane tethI emAM bhInAza lAMbo vakhata TakI rahe che. emAM lehakSAra, cUne ane maeNneziyama kArboneTa rahelAM che. cUnAno kSAra cUnakhaDI-rUpe prasareluM hoya che. vaLI emAM vanaspatine chUTochavAyo seMdriya padArtha paNa hoya che. A mATI bahu phaLadrupa hoya che ne emAM saheja paNa khAtara vagara temaja eka paNa varSa khAlI rAkhyA vagara vAvetara thaI zake che. A sapATa pradeza valasADa najIka ekadama sAMkaDo hoya che, ne uttara tarapha e vizALa thato jAya che. vaDhavANa tathA godharA vacce 300 uparAMta kilomITara A sapATa pradeza AveluM che. 1. bharUca-vaDodarAthI uttara bAju jatAM A mATIne stara vadhAre ane vadhAre retALa thato jAya che ane pAlaNapuranI najIkano pradeza lagabhaga retALa ane ujajaDa thaI jAya che. '

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ja4] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA prA-aitihAsika kALamAM kacchanA akhAtamAM siMdhu nadI ene kapa ThAlavatI e niHzaMka che. vaLI siMdhu nadInuM pAtra enA vartamAna mukha karatAM ghaNuM pUrva tarapha hatuM. samaya jatAM e nadI pazcima tarapha DhaLI tyArathI kacchane akhAta purAto gayo. pariNAme ene dakSiNa bhAga dhIre dhIre purAI gayo ne nIcANane pradeza banI rahyo. raNonI retI ane khArapATa A samayanAM che. A staroe taLa-gujarAtanAM prAcIna bhUkavacane DhAMkI dIdhAM che. uttara gujarAtanI nadIonAM UMcA-nIcAM, upapAtro, pavanathI UDatI jhINI badAma-gI retALa mATInA jADA thare, sAbaramatI ane mahInI khINamAM 30-60 mITara UMDA prerAyelAM vAMdhAo ane nALAo, LateritenA lAla-pILA lehamaya staro-retInA DhagalAo ane saurASTranA upakinArAo A Adhunika yuganA che.15 khaMbhAta ane kacchanA akhAto purAI javAthI ghaNI navI jamIna maLI che. siMdhunI sarakhAmaNIe gujarAtanI nadIonI khANo ghaNI prAcIna che. keI sthaLoe akhAte ane nadIonI khINo purAI gaI te koI sthaLoe akhAte vadhAre UMDA khodAI gayA. kaI jagAe, jemake kacchamAM 1819nA jevA, moTA dharatIkaMpa thayA ane jamIna upara AvI ke nIce besI gaI. gujarAtamAM mAnavanA prAdurbhAva pachI AvAM bhUstara-parivartana ghaNAM jUja thayAM che. pAdaTIpe 1. DI. ena vADiyA, gujarAtanI bhUstara-racanA", "gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA", 5 3-16 ane 180 parathI sudhArA vadhArA sAthe uddata 2 S. S. Merh, "Geology and Mineral Resources", Indian National Congress, 66th Session, Bhavnagar, Souvenir, A Glimpse of Gujarat, p. 16. 3. ejana, pR. 20-21 4. ejana, pR. 20 5. ejana, pR. 17 6 A yuganA traNa vibhAga pADavAmAM AvyA che: 1. TrAyAsika, 2. jarAsika ane 3 misiyasa. TrAyAsika eTale traNa paDavALA starane, jurAsika eTale konsa-sviTjharalenDa pradezamAM AvelA jU parvatamAM maLelA starane, kriTesiyasa eTale cAkanA starane.

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raju ] bhUstara-racanA 7 ejana, pR. 17 8. ejana, pR. 17 ha. ejana, pR. 18. saurASTramAM Agneya tharanI upara mATI ja patharAI che evuM agA manAtuM (DI. ena. vADiyA, "gujarAtanI bhUstara-racanA", "gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA", pR. 12), paraMtu tyAM paNa narIoe grevalane kAMpa ThAlavelo evo purAvo bhAdaramAM jovA maLyo che ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA, "saurASTranI bhUratara-racanA", "pathika', varSa 7, aMka 11-11, pR. 25-30). 10. vigato mATe juo ejana, pR. 19 11. ejana, pR. 18 12, ejana, pR. 18 13. zarUAtamAM A yugane tRtIya yugane aMtya vibhAga mAnIne ene e yunA anya vibhAgonA jevuM A nAma ApavAmAM AveluM (Do. pI. derAsarI, "bhUstara-vijJAna", uttarArdha, pR. 75). have A yuga caturtha yuganI aMtargata gaNAtAM, ene mATe sub-recent zabda vizeSa prayojAya che. 18. Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric India, p. 29 15. saurASTranI bhUstara-racanAnI vigato mATe juo ha pI. sAMkaLiyA, "saurASTranI bhUstara racanA", "pathika", varSa 7, aMka 10-11, pR. 25-30.

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prakaraNa 3 gujarAtanI sImAo 1. vistAra : vartamAna tathA aitihAsika I. sa. 1960mAM muMbaI rAjyanA bhASAkIya dvibhAgIkaraNathI gujarAta ane mahArASTra evAM be alaga rAjya astitvamAM AvyAM tyArathI gujarAtanA lagabhaga badhA bhinna bhinna pradezanuM vahIvaTI saMjana sadhAyuM che. e anusAra hAla emAM nIcenA jillAone samAveza thAya che: 1. kaccha, 2. jAmanagara, 3, jUnAgaDha, 4. amarelI, 5. bhAvanagara, che. rAjakoTa, 7. sureMdranagara, 8. banAsakAMThA, 9. sAbarakAMThA, 10. mahesANA, 11. gAMdhInagara, 12. amadAvAda, 13. kheDA, 14. paMcamahAla, 15. vaDedarA, 16. bharUca, 17. surata, 18. valasADa ane 19. DAMga (nakazo 2) rAjakIya parivartane anusAra gujarAtanA vistAramAM judA judA kALamAM vadhaghaTa thatI rahI che. 1947mAM bhArata AjhAda thayuM e pachI rajavADAMonuM vilInIkaraNa thatAM muMbaI rAjyamAM gujarAtanA bhinna bhinna vibhAgonuM jillAo-rUpe vahIvaTI saMjana thatuM gayuM ne e jillAonA vistAramAM thoDAka jarUrI pheraphAra thatA gayA. e agAu briTiza zAsanakALamAM gujarAta muMbaI ilAkAnA uttara vibhAganA jillAomAM tathA sthAnika rAjyanI amuka ejansIomAM vaheMcAI gayuM hatuM. marAThAonA zAsanakALamAM taLa-gujarAtanA ghaNA bhAga teonI sIdhI sattA nIce hatA, jyAre bIjA cheDA bhAga rajavADAMonI sattA nIce cAlu rahyA.4 saurASTra (kAThiyAvADa) ane kacchamAM mukhyatve rajavADAMonI sattA pravartatI, paraMtu emAMnAM ghaNAM rAjya pAsethI pezvA ane gAyakavADa khaMDaNI vasala karatA.

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gujarAtanI sImAo : [47 mughala zAsanakALamAM gujarAta mughala sAmrAjyane eka sUbe (prAMta) gaNAtuM. A sUbAmAM hAlanA vistAranI aMdara AvelA dasa sarakAra (jilAo) uparAMta DuMgarapura, vAMsavADA, sUtha (revAkAMThA), zirohI, sulemAnagaDha (kaccha) ane rAmanagara (dharamapura) e cha jAgIrono samAveza thato. emAMthI zirohI, DuMgarapura ane vAMsavADA hAla rAjasthAna rAjyamAM gaNAya che. gujarAtanI satanatanA samayamAM satanatamAM hAlanA vistAranI aMdara AvelA 14 sarakAra uparAMta jodhapura, nAgera, zirohI, DuMgarapura, vAMsavADA, naMdarabAra, bAgalANa, daMDarAjapura (jaMjIrA), muMbaI ane vasaI e 10 sarakArene paNa samAveza thato. e hAla rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza ane mahArASTranAM paDozI rAjyamAM gaNAya che. solaMkI (caulukya) rAjAonA samayamAM enI jAte jalAlI daramyAna gurjaradeza(gujarAta)nAM maMDaLomAM hAlanA vistAramAM AvelA pradeza uparAMta rAjasthAnanA sAMcora (jodhapura), Abu-caMdrAvatI, mevADa vagere pradezane temaja madhyapradezanA avaMti (ujajana) tathA bhIlasA pradezano samAveza thato. vaLI e rAjyanI ANa uttarapUrve rAjasthAnamAM kirADu, naphUla, jAlora ane sAMbhara (ajamera) sudhI pravartatI." e agAunA kAlamAM gujarAtamAM koI eka sarvoparI sattA nahatI. pazcima saurASTra sainDanI sattA nIce, dakSiNa saurASTra ane uttarapUrva saiArASTra uttaranA pratIhAronA Adhipatya nIce, uttara gujarAta cAvaDAonI sattA nIce, tathA uttarapUrva gujarAta, madhya gujarAta ane dakSiNa gujarAta dakSiNanA rASTrakUTonA zAsana nIce hatAM. maitraka kALa daramyAna saurASTra, uttara gujarAta ane madhya gujarAta para maitrakenI sattA pravartatI. emanI sattA pazcima mALavA para paNa prasarI hatI.10. dakSiNa gujarAtanA uttara bhAga upara mukhyatve gurjarenI lATa zAkhAnI ane dakSiNa bhAga upara dakSiNanA cAlukyonI lATa zAkhAnI sattA pravartatI hatI.11 | gukha-zAsana kAlamAM surASTrane vahIvaTI vibhAga alaga gaNAtA.12 gupta samrATonI sattA surASTra uparAMta prAyaH kaccha ane uttara tathA madhya gujarAtamAM pravartatI, jyAre dakSiNa gujarAtamAM saiphUTakonI sattA sthapAI hatI. 13 pazcimI kSatraponI sattA zarUAtamAM cheka puSkarathI nAsika sudhI ane surASTrathI maMdasara (mALavA) sudhI prasarelI;14 AgaLa jatAM e dakSiNamAM narmadA

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8] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. sudhI sImita thaI, paraMtu uttaramAM eka vidizA (bhIlasA - pUrva mALavA) sudhI viratarI hatI. A samagra pradeza mATe koI eka nAma prayojAtuM hoya evuM jANavA maLatuM nathI. kAmaka kSatraponA samayamAM Anarta-surASTrane eka vahIvaTI vibhAga gaNAto. kacha tathA zvabhra (sAbarakAMThA) enAthI alaga gaNAtA. vaLI Akara avaMti, nIvRta, anUpa, mara, siMdhu, sauvIra, kukura, aparAMta, niSAda vagere pradezone paNa e kSatrapa rAjyamAM samAveza thato. kArdamaka kSatraponI rAjadhAnI ujajanamAM hatI, chevaTamAM e saurASTramAM, prAyaH girinagaramAM, hatI.19 e agAunA kAlamAM bhAratIya yavana rAjAonI sattAnI chUTIchavAi nizAnIo saurASTra ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAM maLe che,8 paraMtu emanA samasta rAjyanuM spaSTa citra maLatuM nathI. maurya zAsanane sIdhe purA surASTra mATe ja maLe che, paraMtu emAM kaccha ane taLa-gujarAtane paNa samAveza thato haze, kemake AsapAsanA bIjA vahIvaTI vibhAgo rAjasthAna, mALavA ane kekaNa hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che.19 e samaye A pradezane zAsaka (rASTriya) ujajananA kumAra uparAjanI ANa nIce hovo saMbhavita che 20 Ama hAlamAM gujarAtane je vistAra che te cheka caulukya (solaMkI) kALathI mAMDIne mughala kALa sudhI A pradezanI aMtargata gaNato ane emAM e uparAMta AsapAsanA keTalAka pradezono paNa samAveza thato. e agAu enA rAjakIya tathA vahIvaTI saMjanamAM ghaNI vadhaghaTa thatI. briTiza kAla daramyAna vibhakta thayelA jillAo ane sthAnika rAjyanA sAjana dvArA hAla A gujarAtIbhASI pradezanA ghaNAkharA bhAgonuM "gujarAta' rAjyamAM saMyojana sadhAyuM che, jyAre sImA paranA keTalAka mitrabhASAvALA pradeza paDozanAM rAjyamAM mukAyA che. 2. prAcIna-arvAcIna nAme A pradeza mATe hAlanuM "gujarAta" nAma chellAM sAtaso - sADA sAtaso varSathI pracalita che. A pradeza mATe e nAmane pahelavahele jJAta ullekha AburAsa (I. sa. 1233)mAM maLe che. A pradeza solaMkI (caulukya) kALamAM "gurjara deza tarIke oLakhAya lAge che. e nAmano pahelo jJAta prayoga kSemendranI "aucityavicAracAM (I. sa. 97)mAM Ave che.23 gujarAta nA mULamAM "gurjara" ke "guja' zabda rahela che.24 e nAma A pradezane solaMkI kALa pahelAM lAgu paDavAnA ullekho maLyA nathI.

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raju ] gujarAtanI sImAe [ 48 A karacha ane saurASTra prAkRtika ekama heI enAM nAma ghaNI prAcInatA dharAve che. "ka" nAma pANininA samaya(I. 5 5 mI sadI)mAM pracalita hevAnuM mAluma paDe che.28 saurASTra mATe agAu saMskRtamAM surASTra (athavA purA) ane prAkRtamAM juduM rUpa prajAtuM.29 AgaLa jatAM emAMthI saurASTra" ane "soraTha" rUpe pracalita thayAM. marAThA kAlamAM ene badale "kAThiyAvADa" nAma pracalita thayuM ne e briTiza kAlamAM cAlu rahyuM. AjhAdI pachI vaLI "saurASTra" nAma punaH pracalita thayuM. paraMtu A be dvIpakalpanA prAkRtika vibhAgo sivAyanA mukhya bhUminA samagra pradeza mATe prApha-solaMkI kAlamAM evuM kaI nAma rUDha thayeluM ke kema temaja e be vibhAgo sahitanA A samarata pradeza mATe koI sarvasAmAnya nAma prajAtuM ke kema e nakakI karavuM muzkela che. purANamAM Apela vRttAMta pramANe Agha-aitihAsika kAlamAM Anuzrutika vRttAMta pramANe zAyatano rAjya-pradeza "Anarta" nAme oLakhAto ne emanI rAjadhAnI kuzasthalI hatI, je yAdavonA samayamAM "dvAravatI" tarIke saMskaraNa pAmI.70 A ullekha anusAra tyAre AnartamAM sauraSTrane (ke ochAmAM ochuM enA dhAravatI pradezane) samAveza thato.3 AraMbhika aitihAsika kAlamAM A nAma taLa-gujarAtanA, khAsa karIne uttara gujarAtanA, alaga pradeza mATe prajAtuM. A baMne prakAranA prayoga e agAu kadI eka samaye lAgu paDyA hoya, te kyAreka saurASTra ane uttara gujarAta sahitane A samasta pradeza "Anarta" tarIke oLakhAya che saMbhave 32 kSatrapa kAlamAM te e nAmano prayoga uttara gujarAta pUrato sImita thayA jaNAya che. 33 AnaMdapura (vaDanagara) Anartapura" tarIke paNa oLakhAtuM e parathI tyAre e Anarta dezanuM pATanagara hevAnuM sUcita thAya che. kSatranA samayamAM karacha, surASTra ane Anarta uparAMta zvabra( sAbarakAMThA)ne pradeza paNa alaga gaNAto. purANamAM AMtaranarmada, bhArukaccha, mAheya (mahIkAMTho), sArasvata (sararavatIkAMThe), kaccha, surASTra ane Anarta "aparAMta"(pazcima sImA)nA pradeza gaNAyA.35 A parathI taLa-gujarAtamAM Anarta uparAMta bIjA aneka alaga pradeza gaNAtA hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. taLa-gujarAta mATe ke samarata gujarAta mATe AraMbhika

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48 A ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. aitihAsika kAlamAM koI eka nAma prayojAyuM hoya evuM jANavA maLatuM nathI. maitraka kALa daramyAna kaccha, surASTra, AnaMdapura, vaDAlI (IDara pAse), kheTaka (kheDA), sUryApura (godharA pAse), zivabhAgapura (zivarAjapura), saMgamakheTaka (saMkheDA), bharukaccha (bharUca), nAMdIpura (nAMdoda), akrUrezvara (aMkalezvara ), katAragrAma (katAragAma-surata pAse), navasArikA (navasArI) vagere pradeza ne vahIvaTI vibhAgo pracalita hatA.31 pazcima mALavA mATe mAlavaka" nAma prajAtuM 27 e samaye agAunuM "Anarta" nAma pracalita rahevuM lAgatuM nathI. e samayanA abhilekhamAM A samasta pradeza mATe koI nAma prayojAyuM nathI, paraMtu yuana kvAMga mAlavakane "dakSiNa lATa" ane valabhI dezane "uttara lATa" tarIke oLakhAve che.38 ane "AryamaMjuzrImUlaka95(AThamI sadI)mAM paNa A samagra pradeza mATe "lATa-janapada" nAma projeluM jaNAya che. 39 e parathI tyAre A samata pradeza "lATa" nAmathI oLakhAto hato saMbhave che. e pachI thoDAM varSomAM dakSiNanA cAlukAnI eka zAkhA navasArI pradezamAM rathapAI tyAre e zAkhAnI sattA nIcenA pradeza mATe zuM nAma prayojatuM e jANavA maLatuM nathI, paraMtu e pachI tyAM dakSiNanA rASTronI sattA pravatI, ne e sattA dakSiNa gujarAta tathA madhya gujarAta para prasarI tyAre e badhe pradeza "lATa maMla" tarIke oLakhAte e spaSTa che. 40 dasamI sadImAM uttara gujarAtamAM uttaranA solaMkIo(caulukyo)nI sattA sthapAI tyAre agAu dakSiNa rAjasthAnanA bilamAla pradeza mATe prayojAyeluM "gurjara" nAma gujarAtanA navA rAjyapradezane lAgu paDayuM ne "lATa" nAma dakSiNa (tathA madhya) gujarAta mATe pracalita rahyuM. AgaLa jatAM "lATa" nAmane prayoga dakSiNa gujarAta pUrato maryAdita thayA. solaMkI rAjyanI sattA jema jema dakSiNamAM prasaratI gaI tema tema "gurjara" nAmane prayoga vistarato gayo ne chevaTe e nAma samasta taLa-gujarAta mATe pracalita thayuM. AgaLa jatAM gurjaradeza" ke "gurjarabhUmi"ne badale "gujarAta" rU5 pracalita thayuM, jene pahele jJAti prayoga vAghelA kAla daramyAna teramI sadIne maLe A pUrve - sUcavAya ja che.42

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3 ju]. gujarAtanI sImAo [49 muslima zAsanakAla daramyAna A samasta pradeza mATe "gujarAta" nAma pracalita rahyuM. emAM saurASTra ane kacchane paNa samAveza thato. A nAma mughala ane marAThA kAla sudhI pracalita rahyuM, paraMtu briTiza sarakAre vArApharatI enA amuka bhAga meLavIne ene muMbaI ilAkAnA jillArUpe meLavavA mAMDyA ne sthAnika rAjyanAM judAM judAM jUtha mATe ejansIo racavA mAMDI tyArathI rAjakIya daSTie gujarAta chinnabhinna thaI gayuM, chatAM bhASAkIya tathA sAMskRtika dRSTie "gujarAta'nuM astitva cAlu rahyuM ne dinapratidina daDha thatuM gayuM. AjhAdI AvatI muMbaI ilAkAne badale muMbaI rAjya thayuM temAM sthAnika saMsthAne vilIna thatAM enA jilA umerAyA ne chevaTe 1960mAM muMbaI rAjyanuM bhASAkIya dhoraNe dvibhAgIkaraNa thayuM tyAre eka vahIvaTI pradeza tarIke gujarAta rAjya astitvamAM AvyuM. hAla A nAma saurASTra tathA kaccha sahitanA samasta gujarAtIbhASI pradeza mATe prayojAya che. pAdaTIpe 1. rAjya sarvekSaNa khAtA taraphathI ApavAmAM AvelA AMkaDA pramANe, (bhAratanA vaDA sarvekSaka taraphathI maLelA AMkaDA pramANe A vistAra 72,245 corasa mAIla athavA 1,87,175 corasa ki. mI. thAya che.) Census of India 1961, Vol. V,Gujarat, Part 1-A (i) p. 89 2. valasADa ane gAMdhInagaranA ji9lA 1991 pachI racAyA che; e pahelAM e vistAre anukrame surata ane amadAvAda-mahesANA jillAnI aMtargata hatA. 3. 1951mAM amarelI, banAsakAMThA, sAbarakAMThA, mahesANA, vaDodarA ane DAMga jihalA umerAyA. 1956mAM thayela rAjapunardhaTanAmAM banAsakAMThA jilAne AbureTha tAluke rAjasthAnamAM mukAye ane gohilavADa, jhAlAvADa, madhya saurASTra, hAlAra ane seraTha (jene mATe spehamAM anAme bhAvanagara, surendranagara, rAjakoTa, jAmanagara ane jUnAgaDha ei navAM nAma praye ja cAM) ane karacha ji9lA umerAyA. vigata mATe juo Census of India 1961, Vol. DGujarat, Part 1-A (i), pp. 90 ff: 4 amadAvAda, kheDA, paMcamahAla, surata ane bharUca 5. enA be vibhAga hatA: rAjakoTa ane vaDodarA rAjakoTa vibhAgamAM zarUAtamAM kaccha saMsthAna, kAThiyAvADanA gohilavADa, hAlAra, jhAlAvADa ane soraTha prAMta tathA vaDodarA saMsthAnanA amarelI (ane okhAmaMDaLa) vibhAgane samAveza thato. AgaLa jatAM kaccha, jUnAgaDha, navAnagara, bhAvanagara, porabaMdara, dhrAMgadhrA, merabI, gaMDaLa, jApharAbAda, vAMkAnera, pAlItANA, dhroLa, lImaDI, rAjakoTa ane vaDhavANanAM saMsthAnene vesTa inDiyA sTeTsa

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50] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [x. ejansI"mAM samAveza karavAmAM AvyA ne lakhatara, sAyalA, cUDA, vaLA, lAThI, mULI, ajANA, pATaDI vagere nAnAM saMsthAnAnI 'IsTana kAThiyAvADa ejansI ', ane jasadaNu, mANAvadara, thANAdevaLI, vaDiyA, vIrapura, mALiyA, koTaDA sAMgANI, jetapura piThaDiyA, jetapura bIlakhA, khirasarA vagere nAnAM saMsthAneAnI vesTana kAThiyAvADa enjasI ' racavAmAM AvI. . * vaTAdarA vibhAgamAM rasarUAtamAM kha'sAta saMsthAna, mahIkAMThA ejansI, pAlaNapura ejansI, revAkAMThA ejansI, surata ejansI, DAMga sa`sthAna, ane vaDAdarA saMsthAnanA kaDI, navasArI ane vaDALA prAMtanA samAveza thatA. AgaLa jatAM pAlaNapura saMsthAna, rAdhanapura saMsthAna, IDara sa sthAna, vijayanagara sa'sthAna, banAsakAMThA ejansI, sAbarakAMThA ejansI vagerenA 'vesTana inDiyA sTeTsa ejansI'mAM ane kha'bhAta saMsthAna, mahIkAMThA ejansI, rUvAkAMThA ejansI,rAjapIpaLA sa'sthAna cheTA-depura sa sthAna,devagaDhabAriyA sA~sthAna,luNAvADA saMsthAna, vADAsinera sasthAna, sUtha sthAna. saMkheDA, mevAsa, vAMsadA saMsthAna, dharamapura saMsthAna, sacIna saMsthAna, DAMga sa'rasthAna vagerenA 'gujarAta sTeTsa ejansI 'mAM samAveza karavAmAM AvyeA. 1901 thI 1941 sudhInA vahIvaTI vibhAgeAnI vigatA mATe jue Census of India 1961, Vol. V, Gujarat, Part IIZ, Annexure ACpp. 96-99). vAdarAnA sthAna para gavanara-janaralanA ejanTanI dekharekha rahetI ' pAlaNapura ejansI 'mAM pAlaNapura, rAdhanapura vagere 11 saMsthAna hatAM 'mahIkAMThA ejansI mAM caDatAutaratA sAta vaganAM meDhAMnAnAM 188 sasthAna hatAM, revAkAMThA ejansImAM rAjapIpaLA, cheATAudepura, khAriyA, luNAvADA, vADAsinera, sUtha vagere 61 sasthAna hatAM A ejansIenI dekharekha pAliTikala ejanTA rAkhatA, kaccha ane nArukoTa saMsthAnanA vahIvaTa alaga hatA. khabhAta sasthAnamAM kheDA jillAnA kalekaTara ane dharamapura, vAMsadA ane sacIna sthAnamAM surata jillAnA kalekaTara peAliTikala ejanTa tarIkenI pharaja ajAvatA. (gA. ha. desAI, "gujarAtanA arvAcIna itihAsa ", pR. 378-88). 6, gAyakavADane tAbe vaDAdarAnu sthAna hatuM. taLa-gujarAtanAM ghaNAM paragaNAMmAM temaja pATanagara amadAvAdamAM pezvAnI tathA gAyakavADanI sattA hatI. keTaleAka pradeza jUnAM saMsthAnAne tAbe hatA. dIva ane damaNa phi'gIone tAbe hatAM, aMgreja sarakAra surata, bharUca vagere paragaNAM par peAtAnI sattA jamAvatI hatI. kAThiyAvADamAM hAlAra, macchukAMThA, jhAlAvADa, gAhilavADa, bAbariyAvADa, sAraDha ane khAmaDaLa jevA pradeza hatA. tyAMnAnA meATA sthAnika rAjAenI sattA pravata tI. marAThA tyAM lazkara meAkalI kha'DaNI ugharAvatA. kacchamAM sthAnika rAjavaMzanI sattA pratra'tI, ( B. G., Vol 1, Part 1, Maratha Period, pp. 417 ff.) (gA. ha. desAI, "gujarAtanA aOcIna itihAsa", vibhAga 2 : mareThA rAjyakAla, pR. 246-351)

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[ para 3 ]. gujarAtanI sImAe 7. akabaranA vakhatamAM gujarAtane khAlasA pradeza (bA) navI sarakAra (jillAo)mAM vahecAyo hato-amadAvAda, pATaNa, nAMdeda, vaDodarA, bharUca, cAMpAnera, surata, godharA ane soraTha. AgaLa jatAM emAM navAnagara umerAyuM. gujarAtanI saltanatanI hakUmata nIcenA keTalAka sarakAra rajapUtAna, ajamera ane khAnadezamAM bheLavI devAyA, (ge. ha. desAI ejana, pR. 229-30; che. 2 nAyaka, madhya yuga", "gujarAta eka paricaya", pR 104). 8. pATaNa, amadAvAda, godharA, cAMpAnera, vaDodarA, bharUca, nAMdoda, surata, rAmanagara, dharamapura, damaNa, somanAtha, soraTha, navAnagara ane kaccha (ge, ha desAI, ejana, pR 207-8; cho 2. nAyaka, ejana, pR. 173-4) 9-10 sArasvata, satyapura (sAcora), kaccha, saurASTra, kheTaka, lATa, dadhipaddhadAhoda), avaMti bhAIlasvAmI (bhIlasA), medapATa (mevADa) ane aSTAdazaza (caMdrAvatI) vagere su oni, (H. D. Sankalia, Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, pp. 30 ff. A. K. Majumdar, Chaulukyas of Gujarat, pp. 208 ft; ha, gaM. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa", pR. 240-441). 11. tyAre lATa ane saurASTra jevA deza" hatA; lATa ane kheTaka jevAM "maMDala hatAM. kheTaka ane pacchatrI jevA "viSaca" hatA; ane harSapura sADAsAtase, karmAtapura soLetaro ane nakSisapura coryAsI jevA moTA vahIvaTI vibhAga hatA. (H. D. Sankalia, op. cit, pp. 25 ft; ha, gaM. zAstrI, ejana. pR. 150-55) 12. maiitraka rAjyamAM suraSTa deza hastavapra AhAra, kheTaka viSaya, kheTaka AhAra, vadhamAna bhukti, mAlavaka bhakita ke mAlavaka viSaya, zivabhAgapura viSaya, bharukaccha viSaya katAragAma viSaca ityAdi moTA vahIvaTI vibhAga hatA. (H. D. Sankalia, op. cit, rr. 28 f; ha. naM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 1, pR. 170-213) 13. dakSiNa gujarAtanAM samakAlIna rAjyamAM aMtamaDalI viSaya, aMtarmadA viSaya, akrUrezvara viSaya, saMgamakheTaka viSaya, kAmaNeya AhAra kAzaphUla viSaca ityAdi vibhAga hatA. (H. D. Sankalia, ob cit,pp. 24 f; ha. gaM. zAstrI, ejana, pR. 253-332) 14. rakaMdaguptanA jUnAgaDha zailalekha (D. C. Sicar, delect Inscriptions, pp. 299 ft. nA AdhAre. - 15, H. D Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, pp. 11 f; ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 1, pR. 249-50) 16. kSaharAta kSatrapa rAja nahapAnanA samayanA guphAlekhe (Ibid, pp. 157-166) nA AdhAre

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pa2] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pra. 17. rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAM 1 lAnA junAgaDha zailalekha (Ibid, pp 169 ft) nA AdhAre 8. narsa-luNAnAM(m)vAranA vidyuzana (Ibid, p. 174) ( 19. pUrvAvarAvarcasUpanI grAnartapurASTrapramadajANijyusauvIrakurApataniSA - rAvInAM samAviSayanAM patinA (Ibid, p. 172) : A pradezonA, khAsa karIne aparAMtanA, sthaLanirNaya mATe juo umAzaMkara jozI, "puNemAM gujarAta", pR. 11-12. 20. raseza jamInadAra, "kSatrapakAlIna gujarAta: ItihAsa ane saMskRti', pR. 175, 196-4, 206 zaha. ga. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa", pR. 54-55 - 22. D. R. Bhandarkar, As'oka. p. 47 23. H. D. Sankalia, Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography nnd Ethnography of Gujarat, p. 22 * 24. ke. kA. zAstrI, "saMskRta vAlmamAM gujarA.nA bhaugolika ullekhane AraMbha, Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Vol. 11, p. 384 25. solaMkI (caulukya) rAjAonA abhilekhamAM "gujara-maMDala", "gurjara gurjara-dharaNuM" ItyAdi zabda prayojAyA che. (gi. va. AcArya, "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhe", lekha naM. 144, 155, 167, 206, 207, 220 ane 224) 26. ke. kA. zAstrI, ejana, pR. 380 27. --gurnaramAM arabI Ati pratyaya lAgavAthI "gujarAta" rUpa thayuM jaNAya che. prAkRtamAM enuM "gujarattA ane saMskRtamAM "gurjaratrA" rUpAMtara thayuM. N. B Divatia, Gujarati Language and Literature, Vol. Il, pp. 198 ft; ke kA. zAstrI, anuzIlana", pR. 122-32 2. M R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol, 1, p. 25 29. du. ke. zAstrI, gujarAtano madhyakAlIna rAjapUta ItihAsa", 5 42-44; ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 1, pR 171-73; ke. kA. zAstrI, ejana, pR.374-7; saurASTranI aitihAsika nagarIo : mAMgaroLa-seraThe', pR. 1-3 10. umAzaMkara jozI, "purANamAM gujarAta", pR. 37-38, 6-14

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gujarAtanI sImAo tpa 31. ejana, pR. 37-38, De. sAMkaLiyA emAM AkhA saurASTrane nahi, paNa uttara saurASTrane samAveza kare che. e kuzasthalI-dvAravatInA ullekha parathI lAge che, paraMtu asala dvArakA uttara saurASTramAM hovAnuM hajI te carcAspada rahyuM che. 32. zrI durgAzaMkara zAstrInA mate radradAmAnA lekhathI junA kALamAM rASTra ane madhya tathA uttara gujarAta beyane sAthe laIne e samagra deza mATe "Anata" nAma vaparAtuM haze ema lAge che ("gu. ma. rA. I", pR. 45) 33. khAsa karIne vaDanagaranI AsapAsanA pradeza mATe 34. jao upara pATI. 19. 35. umAzaMkara jozI, purANomAM gujarAta', pR. 5-7 36. hariprasAda zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 1, pR. 7 ane 6 37 ejana, pR. 15-02 36. Thomas Watters, On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Vol. ||, pp. 243 and 246 39. valabhInA rAjA zIlAditya dharmAdityanA rAjyapradezane e "strInAM ganapaH " tarIke ullekha kare che ne ene vistAra ujajayaMtathI samudratIraparyata-pazcAddezaparyata jaNAve che (zloka 586). 40 6. ke. zAstrI, "gu. ma. rA. i", pR. 41 A rASTranuM pATanagara kheTaka hatuM ne emane rAjyapradeza "lATa maMDala" kahevAtA. kheTaka maMDalano samAveza lATa dezamAM thata H. D. Sankalia, Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, p. 267 gvAliyaranA abhilekha(9mI sadI)mAM AnaMdapurane lATamaMDalanI aMtargata jaNAvyuM che. (E. I, Vol. I, p. 156) 41. du. ke. zAstrI, "gu. ma. rA. I", pR. 47, 141-43 42. juo upara pA.TI. 24

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khaMDa ra prAgaaitihAsika ane Adya-aitihAsika saMskRtio

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prakaraNa 4 prAga-ItihAsa ane Agha-ItihAsa 1, bhinna bhinna yuge saMskRti ane itihAsa te te bhUbhAganI bhUmi para mAnavano prAdurbhAva ke saMcAra thayo tyArathI enA jIvananuM je ghaDatara thavA lAgyuM tene mAnavavijJAnanI paribhASAmAM saMskRti kahe che. emAM mAnavanI ghaDelI cIjo, mAlamattA, hunnara, Tevo, vicAra, mUlya vagerenA sAmAjika vArasAno samAveza thAya che. deza, pradeza ke prajAnI saMskRtinA pramANita vigatavAra vRttAMtane "ItihAsa' kahe che. ItihAsa mATe pUratI mAhitI ane nizcita samayAMkana anivArya gaNAya che. A sAdhanane AdhAra likhita sAmagrI ane emAM thayelA samayanirdeza para rahelo che. A sAmagrI samakAlIna ane/athavA anukAlIna hoya che. prA-itihAsa " paraMtu mAnava kaMI saMskRtinA cheka UgamakAlathI lekhanakalA jANu ne prayojato thayo nahoto. saMskRtinAM zarUAtanAM hajAro varSone vRttAMta analikhita rahyo che. e kAlanI saMskRtinA vRttAMta mATe anya samakAlIna sAdhano dvArA keTalIka rUparekhAtmaka mAhitI maLe che, jemAM likhita ullekhanA abhAve koI mAnavavizeSo, sthaLavizeSa ke ghaTanAvizeSonI saMjJApUrvaka vigato pUrI zakAtI nathI; AthI saMskRtinA A prAakSarajJAna ke nira-akSarajJAna kAlane prAgaaitihAsika kAla" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. prAgaaitihAsika kAlanA upalabdha vRttAMtane prA-ItihAsakahe che. koI paNa deza, pradeza ke prajAne itihAsa samajavA mATe enI prAga-aitihAsika bhUmikA jANavI jarUrI che.

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58] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA aitihAsika kAlanI sarakhAmaNIe prAgaaitihAsika kAla ghaNe lAMbA che. aitihAsika kAla bhArata jevA dezamAM chellAM pAMceka hajAra varSane ja che, jyAre prA-atihAsika saMskRtine samayapaTa aDhIthI pAMca lAkha varSa jeTale vistare che; AthI prAga aitihAsika kAlane "yuga" (age) saMjJA ApavAmAM Ave che, prAga aitihAsika kAlamAM mAnava-kRta TakAu cIje mukhyatve pASANanI ghaDavAmAM AvatI, AthI e yugane "pASANayuga kahe che. e cIjamAM mukhyatve hathiyArane samAveza thAya che. pASANanAM hathiyAre ghaDavAnI judI judI hunnarapaddhati parathI pASANayuganI saMskRtinA judA judA tabakkA jANavA maLe che ne e anusAra pASANayuganA judA judA vibhAga pADavAmAM Ave che. A prAgaaitihAsika kAla A pASANayugono bane che. AghaitihAsa lekhanakalAnI zodha thatAM mAnava-saMskRtinA itihAsamAM aba parivartana Ave che. have vyaktivizeSa, sthaLavizeSe ane ghaTanA vizenI vigatavAra mAhitI maLI zake che ne enA samayAMkana vize cokakasa anumAna tAravI zakAya che, paraMtu emAM keTalIka vAra evuM bane che ke e purAtana kAlanA abhilekho upalabdha thayA hovA chatAM ApaNane enI lipi UkalI zakatI na hoya ne ene laIne emAM lakhelI hakIkatane ApaNe upayoga karI zakatA na hoIe. keTalIka vAra keI purAtana kAlanuM sAhitya zabdabaddha thayuM hovA chatAM lipibaddha na thayuM hoya ne kaMThastha paraMparA dvArA ja pachInI peDhIomAM saMkrAMta thatuM hoya athavA e lipibaddha thayuM hoya to paNa e kAlanI lekhana sAmagrI kALabaLe naSTa thaI hoya ne mAtra enI uttarottara nakale dvArA lakhAyelI ghaNI uttarakAlIna prati dvArA ja upalabdha rahI hoya. vaLI emAM uhilakhita vyaktio ke ghaTanAo vize nakkara samakAlIna purAvo pUro pADe tevI koI abhilikhita sAmagrI maLatI na hoya; AthI samakAlIna lakhANanI prAptinA ke enA paThananA abhAve e kAlanA ItihAsa mATe pUratI mAhitI ane cokkasa samayAMkana upalabdha thatAM nathI. te e kAlane "etihAsika kevI rIte kahevAya? AthI keTalAka ene "prAga aitihAsika gaNAve che, paraMtu lekhanakalAnA jJAna tathA viniyogane laIne ene prAr-aitihAsika kAlathI judo pADaze jarUrI che."

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prANa-itihAsa ane Ava-ItihAsa paha A kAla Ama te aitihAsika kAlane AraMbhika tabakake ja che, paraMtu jyAMsudhI ItihAsa mATe anivArya evA samakAlIna purAvA ane evI lipibaddha mAhitI maLe nahi, tyAMsudhI A kAlane "AghaaitihAsika gaNavAmAM Ave che. A kAla daramyAna mAnava dhAtukAmane hunnara jANI laI dhAtunI cIjo ghaDo thayo hato. Ama have "pASANayugane badale "dhAtuyuga pravaryo. dhAtuyuganA AraMbhika tabakkAmAM e mukhyatve tAMbAne upayoga karato ne AgaLa jatAM tAMbAmAM laI meLavI kAMsAne upayoga karate, AthI A yugane "tAmrayuga" ke "tAmra-kAMsyayuga" kahe che. zarUAtamAM e tAMbA uparAMta pASANane ya ThIka ThIka upaga karato, tethI ene "tAmra-pASANayuga" kahe che. bhAratamAM A yuganI haDappIya saMskRtinAM meTAM sthaLanAM khaMDeromAM nAnA saMkhyAbaMdha abhilekha maLyA che, AthI e saMskRtine prAga--aitihAsika na gaNAya. chatAM e abhilekhonI lipi hajI nizcita rIte UkalI zakI na haI emAM lakhelI hakIkata upayogI nIvaDI nathI, AthI A saMskRtine hAla "AghaaitihAsika gaNavAmAM Ave che. bhAratIya sAhityamAM vedasAhitya racanAmAM prAka-pANinIya che, paraMtu ene samakAlIna purAvo upalabdha thayo nathI. evI rIte purANamAM prAcIna rAjavaMze tathA RSikule vizenI anuzrutio prAbuddhakAlane lagatI che, paraMtu enI aitihAsikatA mATe paNa kaMI nakkara purAvA maLyuM nathI. bhAratanA itihAsamAM bhagavAna buddha tathA mahAvIra svAmInA samakAlIna magadharAja biMbisArathI zarU thatA vRttAMtanI aitihAsikatA pratipAdita thaI che, AthI e pahelAMnA kAlane lagatI A sarve anukRtiomAM jaNAvelI vyaktio tathA ghaTanAone paNa hAla "AghaaitihAsika gaNavAmAM Ave che. ra, purAvatukIya anveSaNe puravastukIya sAdhanasAmagrI prAgRaitihAsika saMskRtinA vRtAMtane sarva AdhAra e kAlanI purAvastukIya sAdhanasAmagrI para raheluM che. A saMskRti prAga-akSarajJAna hoI emAM kaI likhita ke abhilikhita sAmagrInI apekSA rahetI nathI. emAM te mukhyatve mAnave ghaDelAM pASANanAM hathiyAra, mAnavanA ane mAnanI sAthe saMkaLAyelAM

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to ) itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA ku prANIonA dehAvazeSa, mAnave dhaDelAM vAsaNA, mAnave kaDArelAM citrAMkanA tyAdi sAmagrIne samAveza thAya che. A sAmagrI mukhyatve sthaLatapAsa dvArA ane keTaleka aMze utkhanana dvArA maLI hAya che. Adya-aitihAsika saskRtimAM keTalIka saskRti purAvastukIya sAmagrI dvArA ja prakAzamAM AvI che, jyAre bIjI keTalIka saMskRti anukAlIna Anuzrutika vRttAMtA dvArA jANavA maLe che. A e prakAranI sa MskRti vacce hajI koI ekatA ke samakAlInatA siddha thaI nathI.9 purAvastukIya sAmagrI parathI haDappIya saMskRti jevI je keTalIka saMskRtie jANavA maLI che te mukhyatve sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA jANavA maLI che. A sAmagrImAM mukhyatve mATInAM vAsaNA, imAratA, paththara tAMbA ane kAMsAnI cIjo, sAnu rUpu` hAthIdAMta vagerenI cIjo, hADapiMjarA, khAparI, asthio vagerene samAveza thAya che. purAvastukIya anveSaNa purAvastukIya avazeSonI zeAdha keTalIka vAra anAyAsa ke akasmAt thatI DAya che ne e zeAdha keTalIka vAra anya kSetranA mANasA dvArA thatI hoya che, paraMtu e avazeSonA prAg--tihAsa tathA itihAsanI pramANita sAdhanasAmagrI tarIke upayeAga karavA mATe purAvastuvidyAnA jANakArA enI ne enI sAthe salagna evA savidha avazeSAnI paddhatisara zeAdha kare, e avazeSone enAM prAptisthAnA ane prAptistarAnA saMdarbhamAM tapAse ane e upalabdha sAdhanasAmagrInA paddhatisara abhyAsa parathI te te yuga ke kAlanI sa MskRtinA itihAsa vize tarkazuddha anubhAnA tArave tyAre ja e prakriyA vaijJAnika ane pramANita nIvaDe che. purAvastuvidyAnA viSaya have sAmAjika vijJAnA ke mAnavavidyAomAM sImita na rahetAM vijJAnanI aMtargata gaNAvA lAgyA che. e vidyAnA kSetramAM purAvastukIya sAdhanasAmagrInI zodha mATe sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanananI paddhationI jANakArI tathA prAyeAgika AvaData jarUrI bane che ne emAM upalabdha thayelI sAdhanasAmagrInA arthadhaTana mATe bhUstaravidyA, abhilekhavidyA, prAcIna bhASAe tyAdi aneka

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4 thuM] prAitihAsa ane AitihAsa ka saMlagna vidyAonI jarUrI jANakArI dharAvavI joIe che. 10 Avazyaka sAmagrInI zodha ane upalabdha sAmagrInuM arthaghaTana e baMne prakriyAo purAvastukIya aSaNanAM mahatvanAM pAsAM che. sthaLatapAsa mAnava-vasavATanA sthaLa pAse svAbhAvika rIte tUTelI ne nakAmI cIjone Dhagale jAmato jAya che ne e Dhagale eka ja jagyAe thayA kare te e dinapratidina moTA thatA jAya che. vasavATanI kuTire ke imArate jIrNazIrNa thatAM enA avazeSo A DhagalAmAM umero kare che. keI sthaLa lAMbA vakhatanA vasavATa pachI kaI kAraNe verAna bane te e sthaLe nAno Tekaro ke TIMba thayo hoya che. AvA DhagalAo ke TekarAonuM nirIkSaNa karavAmAM Ave to ghaNI vAra enA bhUpRSTha para naLiyAM, ThIkarAM, ITALA vagere avazeSa najare paDe che. keTalIka vAra e sthaLe varasAda ke nadInALA vaDe dhovANa thavAthI athavA koI prANIoe ke mANasoe potAne mATe karelA dANathI bhUpRSThanI nIcenA avazeSa paNa bahAra Ave che, eTaluM ja nahi, e TIMbA ke TekarAnI aMdara daTAyelAM khaMDerenA judA judA stara paNa khulA thAya che. bhUpRSTha para ke enI aMdara thoDAghaNuM daTAI rahelA dekhAtA avazeSone ghaNI vAra nAnAM ojAra vaDe khotarIne bahAra kADhavAmAM Ave che. prAgaaitihAsika vasavATanAM sthaLa nadI ane taLAva jevAM jaLAzayo pAse maLe che. e sthaLoe e samayanAM judI judI jAtanAM paththaranAM moTAM ke nAnAM hathiyAra maLI Ave che. enI sAthe kaI vAra asmIbhUta asthio ke hADapiMjare maLe che. retInA keTalAka TIMbAonA bhUpRSTha parathI khAsa karIne paththaranAM nAnAMnAnAM hathiyAra maLe che. pASANayuganA aMtima tabakkAnA tharamAMthI kyAreka tUTelAM mATInAM vAsaNonI ThIkarIo paNa hAtha lAge che. A avazeSo kayA staramAMthI maLe che e seMdhavAmAM Ave che. AvA avazeSa ghaNI vAra nadIkAMThAnI bhekhaDamAM maLe che. nadIne pravAha enA pAtranI sapATImAM pheraphAra karatA hoya che. pravAhane vega dhIre hoya tyAre e nadInA pAtramAM kAMpa, kacaro vagere pAtharI de che ne pariNAme enI sapATI UMcI Ave che, ane jyAre pravAha vegIlo hoya tyAre e kAMpa, kacarA vagerene dUra tANI jAya che ne pAtra-sapATIne UDI laI jAya che. sAmAnya rIte nadInA mukha pAse purANuM thatuM hoya che ne

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42] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [31. nadIne pravAha vegIle heAya tyAre enAM pANI kAMThAnI pAra baheALA vistAramAM phelAtAM hAya che, jyAre nadInA mULa pAse DhoLAvane laI pravAhane vega vadhAre rahetA hAI e dhAvALu vaDe khINane vadhu ne vadhu UMDI banAvatA hAya che. sAmAnya rIte nadIe ceAmAsAmAM vega dhAraNa karatI hAya che te ene pravAha dhaNA bhAganA pAtranI sapATIne UMDI ne U'DI karatA hAya che. nadImAM pUra Ave tyAre A prakriyA vadhAre vegIlI bane che. aMdaranA bhUbhAgamAM AvelA TekarAomAM mAnava-vasavATanA stara, uparathI nIce jatAM vadhu ne vadhu prAcInatA darzAvatA heya che, jyAre nadInA pravAhathI vAre vAre thatA jatA dhAvANunI prakriyAne laI te nadIkAMThA pAsenA vasavATa-stara sAmAnya rIte uparathI nIce jatAM ochI te ochI prAcInatA darzAve che. Adya-aitihAsika kAlanAM vasavATa sthaLoe TekarAonA bhUpRSTha para mATInAM vAsaNAnAM ThIkarAM, mATInI pakavelI cIjo, paththara tAMbuM vagerenI dhaDelI cIjo vagere prakAranA avazeSa najare paDe che. ghaNI vAra enI dhArAmAM imAratAnI ITAnA thara paNa dekhA de che. IMTAnA kada parathI vasAhatanA samaya vize keTaluMka anumAna thaI zake che. A badhA prakAranA avazeSomAM mATInAM vAsaNA te enI ThIkarIe sahuthI vadhu upayogI nIvaDe che. e vAsaNa pakavelAM hAI ghaNA lAMbA kAla sudhI TakI rahe che ne ghara-vaparAzamAM sahuthI vadhu pracalita hAI ThekaThekANe maLI rahe che. kAI sthaLanI vastI e sthaLa cheADI khIje vasavA jAya tyAre e bane teTalI cIjo peAtAnI sAthe laI jAya che, paraMtu mATInAM dhaNAM vAsaNu tyAM te tyAM paDI rahevA de che. A baMne kAraNeAne laI te prAcIna vasavATanAM sthaLAe mATInAM nAnAM akhaMDita ke meTAM kha`Dita vAsaNeAnA avazeSa harahaMmeza khAsa maLyA kare che. judA judA samaye mATInAM vAsaNA dhaDavAnI judI judI jAtanI hunnaraulIe pracalita hAvAnuM mAlUma paDatu. hAI, A avazeSA parathI te te vasAhatanu` samayAMkana karavAnuM saraLa paDe che. kayAreka kAI viziSTa prakAranAM vAsaNa bahArathI thayelI AyAta sUcave, te e paNa samayAMkana mATe khAsa madadarUpa nIvaDe che. Ama mATInAM vAsaNA, je khAsa karIne ThIkarIerUpe maLe che te, purAvastukIya anveSaNamAM eka mahattvanu sAdhana banI rahe che. utkhanana sthaLatapAsane pariNAme je sthaLe mahattvanA avazeSo sArA pramANamAM maLavAnA sa'bhava jaNAya te sthaLe keTalIka vAra utkhanana karavAmAM Ave che.

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prAga-itihAsa ane Ai-ItihAsa ukhanananI pravRtti ghaNI kharcALa hovAthI sthaLanI pasaMdagI hetupurakSara ane janApUrvaka karavAmAM Ave che. pahelAM ukhanana karavA lAyaka sapATI nakkI karI e jagyA sApha karavAmAM Ave che ne emAM anukULa laMbAI ane pahoLAInI khAI ke khAIo khodavAnuM Ayojana karavAmAM Ave che. ukhanana dhIme dhIme ane sAvadhatApUrvaka karavAmAM Ave che. ukhanana daramyAna emAMthI nIkaLatA dareka nAnAmoTA avazeSane vaNI levAmAM Ave che. emAMthI nIkaLatI mATIne barAbara tapAsI dUra nakhAvavAmAM Ave che. je je avazeSa je je jagyAe maLyA hoya te te jagyAnuM cokkasa sthAna enA staranA saMdarbha sAthe te te avazeSa aMge tarata ja noMdhavAmAM Ave che. ukhanananA sthaLanI najIkamAM eka sapATa cokamAM ADAM UbhAM khAnAM pADIne emAM judI judI khAInAM judA judA staranAM ThIkarAM goThavavAmAM Ave che. ukhanana daramyAna uttarottara maLatA judA judA staranuM nirIkSaNa tathA pRthakkaraNa karavAmAM Ave che, kemake e sApekSa kAlAnukrama mATe ghaNuM mahattva dharAve che. - bane tyAM, jyAM sudhI mAnava-vasavATanA kaMI ne kaMI avazeSa maLyA kare teTalI UMDAI sudhI ukhanana karavAmAM Ave che ne tyAM thayelA bhAnava-vasavATanA judA judA tabakkAomAM cheka sahuthI jUnA tabakkA sudhInuM anveSaNa karavAmAM Ave che. A prakAranA ukhananane "UMDuM ukhanana" kahe che. eno mukhya hetu judA judA staramAM maLatA avazeSo dvArA te te samayanI saMskRti vize mAhitI meLavavAno temaja tyAM judA judA samaye vaselI saMskRtiono samaya-anvaya. nakkI karavAnuM hoya che. emAMnA keI amuka staramAM maLI Avela ImArata ke vasavATane AsapAsanA vistAra jANavA mATe ke judI judI khAIonA samakAlIna stare vaccenAM anusaMdhAna jANavA mATe keTalIka vAra mULa khAInI maryAdAne bAju para laMbAvIne ukhananane samatala rIte vistAravAmAM Ave che. ene "samatala ukhanana" ke "sapATa ukhanana' kahe che. prAgaaitihAsika vasAhatanA ukhananamAM moTe bhAge paththaranAM hathiyAre, hADakAM ke hADapiMjara, ane keTalIka vAra mATInAM vAsaNo ke anya cIjonA avazeSa hAtha lAge che. Agha-aitihAsika vasAhatanA sthaLoe ImAratI avazeSo maLatA heIenAM makAne, rastAo, morI, killA vagerenAM talamAna tapAsI te te nagara ke grAmanA AyojananuM anveSaNa karavAmAM Ave che. daTAI gayelAM khaMDeremAM ImAratonI dIvAlanA chata sudhInA bhAga tathA enAM chAvaNa TakI rahetAM na hoI enA Urdhva-darzanane ghaNe ocho khyAla Ave che. kAcI IMTe

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14] [pra itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA karatAM pAkI IMTonI ImAratonA avazeSa vadhAre sArI hAlatamAM jaLavAyA heya che. A imAratonI aMdara tathA enI AsapAsa mATInAM vAsaNa, paththara tathA dhAtunAM ojAra ane hathiyAre, gharagathu upayoga hunnarakalA tathA mAjazekha mATe banAvelI vividha cIjo, daphanAvelAM zaba, asthipAtro ke bhasmapAtro vagere aneka prakAranA nAnAmoTA jaMgama avazeSa maLe che. haDappIya saMskRtinAM nagaramAM ghaNI vAra abhilekho dharAvatI mudrAo tathA keTalAMka evAM mukAMka paNa prApta thAya che. ukhanana sthaLatapAsane vadhu kAryakSama banAve che ne meTI vasAhatanAM khaMDerenAM sthaLoe karAyelA moTA pAyA paranA ukhanana dvArA te te vasAhatanA lekajIvananAM vividha pAsAM vize vipula mAhitI maLe che. alabatta A mAhitI pAdArthika avazeSo dvArA maLatI hoI moTe bhAge lekajIvananA bhautika svarUpane khyAla Ape che; zabanikAlanI judI judI paddhatio, daphanAvelAM zaba pAse mUkelAM mRtpAtro, mAtAjInI nAnI mUrtio vagere prakAranA avazeSo parathI temaja amuka prakAranAM citro tathA zilpo parathI amuka sAmAjika rItarivAje tathA dhArmika mAnyatAonI paNa jhAMkhI thAya che. Ama sthaLatapAsa ane utakhanana dvArA purAkIya anveSaNa mATenI ghaNI sAdhanasAmagrI upalabdha thAya che. arthaghaTana sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA purAvastukIya avazeSo maLe e pachI ene talasparzI abhyAsa karI e sAmagrInuM yathAyogya arthaghaTana karavAmAM Ave che, je parathI te te samayanI te te sthaLanI saMskRtine ghaNo ItihAsa nirUpI zakAya. sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanananI pravRtti pUrI thaye emAMthI upalabdha thayelI sAmagrIne abhyAsa karIne ene lagato vigatavAra sacitra ahevAla taiyAra karavAmAM ane prakAzita karavAmAM Ave che. emAM pahelAM te te sthaLanA judA judA bhAgamAM judA judA staramAM maLelA avazeSane yathAtatha vRttAMta ApavAmAM Ave che ne pachI e sAmagrI parathI te te saMskRti vize phalita thato ItihAsa nirUpavAmAM Ave che. AmAM anumAne tAravavAmAM ane saMbhAvanAonI aTakaLa karavAmAM bane teTalI sAvadhatA rAkhavAmAM Ave che. emAMnI ghaNI sAmagrIne saMgIna abhyAsa karavAmAM staravidyA, prANividyA, jIvavidyA, khanijavidyA, dhAtuvidyA, rasAyanazAstra ityAdi aneka vidyAonA prAthamika jJAnanI temaja te te vidyAnA niSNAtonA ahevAlanI AvazyakatA rahe che. | bhautika avazeSa dvArA te te samayanAM hADapiMjaro, ojAre, hathiyAre, gharavaparAza hunnarakalA ane mojazokhanI cIjo, imArato vagere anekavidha

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kazuM ] prAga-ItihAsa ane Ai-ItihAsa [5 padArthone nakkara khyAla Ave che, paraMtu likhita ke abhilikhita sAdhanonA ke enA vAcananA abhAve e saMskRtinAM kaI vyaktinAmonI temaja te te prajAnI vicArasaraNIonI mAhitI maLatI nathI e enI eka moTI maryAdA che. aitihAsika kAlanI vasAhatonA ItihAsanA anveSaNamAM likhita-abhilikhita sAdhana ane bhautika avazeSo paraspara pUraka banI te te saMskRtinAM sUkSma tathA sthUla e baMne prakAranAM pAsAM para prakAza pADavAmAM upayogI nIvaDe che. likhita sAdhanonA ke enA vAcananA abhAve A saMskRtionA samayAMkana mATe paNa upalaka aMdAja tAravavA paDe che. samayAMkana aitihAsika kAlanAM lakhANamAM ghaNI vAra maLe che tevI saMvata, varSa, mAsa, pakSa, tithi vagerenI cokkasa kAlagaNanA prAga-aitihAsika tathA Agha-aitihAsika saMrakRtio saMbaMdhI upalabdha na hoI, enI kAlagaNanA mATe bIjI keTalIka paddhatio prayojavAmAM Ave che ne e parathI paNa enA upalaka aMdAja maLe che. emAM keTalIka vAra mAtra sApekSa kAlagaNanA ja tAravI zakAya che. vaLI AdyaaitihAsika kAla mATe mukhyatve zatAbdIonA ane prAaitihAsika saMskRtio mATe sahastrAbdIonA ke lakSAbdIonA ya aMdAja mUkavA paDe che. purAtana saMskRtionA sApekSa samayAMkana mATe be prakAranI paddhatio prayojAya che: 1. AMtara ane 2. bAhya. AMtara paddhatiomAM te te samayanA upalabdha padArthonA pitAnA svarUpano AdhAra levAmAM Ave che, jyAre bAhya paddhatiomAM te te padArthanAM prAptisthAne ane bIjI AnuSaMgika bAbatane AdhAra levAmAM Ave che. AMtara paddhatiomAM keTalAka padArthonA viziSTa nirmANane laIne enuM samayAMkana karavAnuM saraLa bane che. AvI anukULatA khAsa karIne lAkaDAmAM ane pakavelI mATImAM hoya che. lAkaDuM sUkA pradezamAM lAMbo vakhata Take che. vanaspatimAM vRkSa vadhAre dIrghajIvI che je potAnA jIvanakAla daramyAna viziSTa rIte vikase che. enAM thaDa tathA DALanI aMdara varSe varSe moTAnAnA kezanAM valaya racAyAM hoya che te parathI

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$$] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [pra. enu samayAMkana karavAmAM Ave che. ApaNA dezamAM lAkaDuM lAMbA kAla lagI bhAgyeja Take che, tethI A vRkSa-samayAMkananI paddhati ahI khAsa upayegI nIvaDatI nathI. evI rIte mATInI pakavelI cIjomAM te te samayanAM cuMbakIya vRtta sthira thayAM hAya che, tethI ene AdhAre paNa enuM samayAMkana karI zakAya che, kemake cuMbakattA je biMduone anulakSIne racAtAM hoya che te dhrubiMduonAM sthAna jude jude samaye badalAyA kare che. prAcIna-cuMbakatvanI A paddhati hajI AraMbhika dazAmAM che. evI rIte padArthAMmAM thatAM rAsAyanika ke bhautika parivartane parathI paNa samayAMkananAM anumAna karavAmAM Ave che. emAM dhAtune kATa lAgavAne vega, paththaranI sapATI para thayelI pANInI asaranuM pramANa, asthie azmIbhUta thavAnA vega, asthimAM thatA klArInanA vadhArAnuM tathA nAiTreAjananA ghaTADAnuM pramANa vagere parathI samayAMkana karavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu A sarva paddhatie sthAnika tathA sApekSa hAI enA parathI anumAneA tAravavAmAM ghaNI sAvadhAnI rAkhavI paDe che. cAkkasa samayAMkana mATe tAjetaramAM sI-14 nI pati sahuthI vadhu kAmayAba nIvaDI che. pRthvI paranAM sarvAM vanaspati tathA prANIe peAtAnA jIvanakAla daramyAna kiraNAtsaga -kriyA tathA reDiyA-pravRtti dvArA sI-14 saMjJAvALA kAna grahaNa karatAM hAya che. e enA mRtyu bAda dhIme dhIme ghaTatA jaI 70,000 varSamAM saMpUrNa lupta thAya che, AthI mRta vanaspati tathA prANIonA avazeSomAM hAla rahelA sI-14nuM pRthakkaraNa karIne mULa padArthomAM enA thayelA dhaTADAnuM pramANu zeAdhI e parathI enA mRtyune keTalAM varSa thayAM haze eneA aMdAja kADhI zakAya che. bhAratanI keTalIka Adya-aitihAsika saskRtionA sabhayAMkana mATe A paddhatine lAbha levAmAM AvyA che. jyAre padArtha pote samAMkana mATe madadarUpa nIvaDe ema na haiAya tyAre AMtara paddhatione bale khAdya paddhatione Azraya levA paDe che. pASANanAM ejAra tathA mATInAM vAsaNa jevA padArthoM paikI prasiddha sthaLeAe maLelA padArthAne sImA-staMbha gaNIne anya sthaLeAe maLatA evA padArthAne enA bAhya

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4 6] prAga-itihAsa ane Atha-itihAsa che ghATa vagere parathI sarakhAvavAmAM Ave che ne emAM jaNAtA sAmya parathI samakAlInatAnA dhoraNe enuM sApekSa samayAMkana karavAmAM Ave che; mAnave ghaDelI A paddhatine "cIjonA rUpasAmyanI-AkAranA sAmyanI-paddhati" kahe che. AmAM samaya uparAMta bIjAM keTalAMka kAraNa paNa rahetAM hoI, A paddhatimAM ghaNuM sAvadhatA rAkhavI paDe che. rUpAmya karatAM staravidyA samayAMkana mATe vadhu maheya gaNAya che. sAmAnyataH nIcalA staramAM rahelI vastuo prAkAlIna ane upalA staramAM rahelI vastuo anukAlIna evo kAlakrama rahelo hoI e parathI te te staramAM daTAyelI saMskRtione kAla-krama nakkI karI zakAya che ne judI judo sthaLoe maLelA padArthonA rUpasAgya parathI te te staranuM sApekSa samayAMkana paNa tAravI zakAya che. A paddhati bhAratanI aneka sthaLoe bhaLelI purAtana saMskRtionA saMbaMdhamAM upayogI nIvaDI che, chatAM padArthonA prAptistarano krama kyAreka enA nirmANane kAla-kama na darzAvato hoya evuM paNa bane che, tethI A paddhatimAM paNa nizcita anumAne tAravavAmAM sAvadhatA rAkhavI rahe che. prAga-aitihAsika saMskRtionA samayAMkana mATe staravidyAnI paddhati khAsa upayogI nIvaDe che ne e mATe stara-racanAnI prakriyA temaja te te staranuM rAsAyanika baMdhAraNa tapAsavAnI jarUra paDe che. A mAhitI bhUstaravidyA dvArA sulabha bane che. Ama sthaLatapAsa tathA ukhanana dvArA je purAvastukIya sAmagrI prApta thAya che tenA sUkSma abhyAsa parathI prAgaaitihAsika tathA Adya-aitihAsika saMskRtio vize ThIka ThIka mAhitI maLe che temaja amuka AMtara tathA bAhya paddhationI madadathI enuM sApekSa ke aMdAjI samayAMkana karI zakAya che. pAdaTIpe 1. "saMskRti" zabda ahIM "Culture"nA paryAyarUpe prayojAya che. "Culture"no mULa artha "kheDANuM" thAya che. 2. Malinowski, "Culture", Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, Vol. IV, pp. 621 ft. 3. H. D. Sankalia, Pre-history and Protohistory in India and Pakistan, Introduction. p. ix

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18]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [>, ' ' . agAu prAcInapASANayuga, madhyapASANayuga ane nUtanapASANayuga evA vibhAga pADavAmAM AvelA; have ene badale AdyapASANayuga, madhyapASANayuga, uttarapASANayuga vagere vibhAga prayojAya che. (Ibid, Introduction, pp. xix-xxii) 4-c. Heras, "Pre-history or Proto-history?" JBORS, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 113 f; ha. gaM. zAstrI, haDappA ne mohejo-daDe, pR. 4-6; H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., pp. ix-x 9. A praznanI carcA mATe juo B. Subbarao, The Personality of India. Appendix I ("Archaeology and Tradition"); M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp. 8 f. 10. 2. nA. mahetA, purAvastuvidyA, pR. 38 11. ejana, prakaraNa 1; H. D. Sankalia, An Introduction to Archaeology, pp. 6 ff. 12. 2. nA. mahetA, ejana, prakaraNa 7; H. D. Sankalia, ibid, pp. 19 f. 10. 2 nA. mahetA, ejana, prakaraNa 9; H. D. Sankalia, ibid, pp. 22 ff. 14. 2. nA. mahetA, ejana, prakaraNa 4; H. D. Sankalia, ibid, pp. 20 f,

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prakaraNa 5 prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio 1, AdyapASANayuga pASANa-yugonI saMskRtio prAga-aitihAsika gaNAya che, kemake e yugamAM lekhanakalAnuM astitva nahotuM ane mAnavakRta cIjo mukhyatve pASANunI ghaDavAmAM AvatI hatI. hunnarakalA tathA saMskRtinI daSTie A yugonA prAcInapASANayuga tathA nUtanapASANayuga evA be bheda pADavAmAM AvyA che; prAcInapASANayuganA Adya, madhya ane aMtya evA traNa tabakkA pADavAmAM AvyA che. AghapASANayuganA avazeSonI pahelI zodha gujarAtamAM prAga aitihAsika zodha pahelavahelI I. sa. 1893 mAM thaI. robarTa brusa phUTa nAmanA bhUstarazAstrI hiMdI sarakAranI sevAmAMthI nivRtta thaI vaDedarA rAjyanI sevAmAM joDAI e rAjyanuM Arthika dRSTie bhUstaranirIkSaNa karatA hatA, tyAre emane tyAMnA sAbaramatInA paTamAM sAdoliyA (tA. prAMtija) gAmanI sAme AvelA aneDiyA-keTa (tA. vijApura) nAme oLakhAtA sthaLe hAthe ghaDelAM paththaranAM be hathiyAra ane peDhAmalI (tA. vijApura) pAse evuM eka hathiyAra maLeluM (nakazo 3). A hathiyAra nadInA arvAcIna pAtramAMthI maLelAM, paraMtu e spaSTataH nadInA prAcIna pAtramAMthI nIce paDavAM hoya ema lAgeluM. sAbaramatI nadImAM dara varSe comAsAmAM pravAha vaDe thatA badANane laIne samaya jatAM enuM pAtra nIce ne nIce UtaratuM jAya che; ne bIjI bAju enA upalA thara para pavanane laIne UDIne AvatI retI jevI mATIne thara vadhato jAya che, AthI tyAM vasati-starane kama UlaTa jovA maLe che.*

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA navI zodho AvAM hathiyAra tyAM nadInA Adya paTamAM yathAvata maLe to enI purAtanatAnI pratIti thAya. 1941mAM AvAM hathiyAra nadInA AvA paTamAM maLyAM. lAMdhaNaja jevAM sthaLoe ukhanana paNa karavAmAM AvyAM. prAgaaitihAsika zodhajUnI pravRtti 1949 sudhI cAlu rahI, tyAra pachI 152, 1954, 1959 ane 1963 mAM lAMghaNajamAM vadhu ukhanana thayAM. mahI nadInI bhekhaDamAM AvAM hathiyAra zodhAyAM. tAjetaramAM saurASTramAM aneka sthaLoe, dakSiNa gujarAtamAM cheka valasADa ane DAMga jillA sudhI temaja kacchamAM paNa AvAM paththaranAM hathiyAra maLyAM che.8 mANase ghaDelAM hathiyAre nadInA paTamAMthI maLatA AvA paththaronA AkArane jhINavaTathI tapAsatAM mAlUma paDe che ke enA e AkAra kudaratI rIte ghaDAyA nathI, paraMtu mANasanA hAthe ghaDAyA che. emAM mANase judI judI jAtanAM hathiyAra ghaDavAnI hunnarakalA keLavI hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. amuka prakAranAM hathiyAromAM eka bAjuethI dhIre dhIre patarIo pADI kera ane dhAra banAvI lAge che. emAM dareka ghAmAM niyaMtraNa mAlUma paDe che ane dareka ghAe nIkaLatI patarI AgaLa ekeka pagathiyuM thayeluM dekhAya che. ghaNu hathiyAromAM eka bhAga dhAravALo ke aNIvALo hoya che, jyAre bIjo bhAga aNaghaDele ke geLa hoya che. A bIjI bAjue ene hAthamAM pakaDatAM phAve che. keTalAMka hathiyAra bIjA paththara vaDe ghaDAyAM lAge che, to keTalIka ghaNI nAnI ane sarakhA kadanI patarIo lAkaDAnA ke hADakAnA naLAkAra haDA vaDe pADI haze ema jaNAya che. game tema, A paththara spaSTataH mANase ghaDelAM hathiyAra hoI e kAlanI mAnava-saMskRtinA avazeSa hovAnuM mAluma paDe che. sApekSa kAlagaNanAnI dRSTie joIe to e mAnava-saMskRtine sahuthI purAtana kAla darzAve che; arthAta e hathiyAre ghaDanAra mAnava e pradezane Adi mAnava hatA. AdimAnavanA vasavATano vistAra eka samaye evuM mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke AdimAnava kevaLa uttara gujarAtamAM eTale sAbaramatIne tIre ja vasato hato, paraMtu tAjetaranI zedhAe batAvyuM che ke A mAnyatA sAcI nathI. have ApaNe kahI zakIe ke AdimAnava

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio [ 71 gujarAtanA pAMceya kudaratI vibhAgamAM arthAta (1) uttara gujarAtamAM sAbaramatI ane enI upanadIo kiMvA zAkhAonA tIre, (2) madhya gujarAtamAM mahI, orasaMga, karajaNa ane narmadAnA taTe, (3) dakSiNa gujarAtamAM pAra, aMbikA vagere nadInA kAMThA najIka, (4) saurASTramAM bhAdara, sUkI vagere nadIonA kinArAnA pradezamAM, ane (5) kacchamAM bhUkhI vagerenA taTa-prAMtamAM vasato hato. e kAlanuM havAmAna gujarAtanA A pAMce vibhAgomAM bhUstare ane havAmAnane pharaka dekhAya che. uttara gujarAtane samagra pradeza seMkaDo mITara mATIvALI retIthI chavAI gayela jevAmAM Ave che. sAbaramatI A pradezane kApIne 30-32 mITarathI paNa vadhAre nIce UtarI gaI che, ane enA kAMThAnA pradezamAM asaMkhya ketare (zvastra) jevAmAM Ave che. A ja kAraNa che ke enuM saMskRta zuddha nAma zvaairato (vAMdhAovALI--ketarovALI) che. AvuM ja dazya thaDeka aMze mahI, orasaMga ane narmadAnI khINamAM paNa najare paDe che, joke erasaMga ane narmadAnI khINamAM kALI mATI khUba ja meTA pramANamAM jovA maLe che. dakSiNa gujarAtane DAMga vibhAga eTale gujarAtanuM vanadhana. ahIM haju paNa 250 thI vadhu se. mI. (100 thI vadhu iMca) varasAda paDe che; ATha mahinA taDake paNuM eTale ja prabaLa rahe che. Ama RtuomAM ghaNuM ja vaividhya hovAthI khaDakemAM leTerAITa thavAnI prakriyA (lateritization) thavAthI bhUtala lAla-pILI mATIthI chavAI gayuM che. saurASTramAM AnAthI UlaTuM dekhAya che. ahIM sapATa khaDakALa jamIna che, kAraNa ke saurASTrane keTaleye pradeza eka samaye samudranA pANI nIce hato. vaLI ghaNe bhAga mahArASTranI mAphaka javALAmukhInA lAvA rasathI banyo hovA chatAM e yuganI pachInA ane A yuganI pahelAMnA paNa bhUstaro kyAMka kyAMka jovAmAM Ave che. dA. ta. dhrAMgadhrA, vaDhavANu vagere sthaLoe varasAda ocho ane aniyamita che; joke haju jUnAgaDha ane rAjakeTanA pradeze varSamAM ekabe vAra bhAre varasAda anubhavI le che. - Ama te kaccha saurASTrane ja eka bhAga kahevAya, kAraNa ke enAM bhUstararacanA ane havAmAna saurASTranA pazcimI samudrakAMThAnA pradeza jevAM ja che.

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72] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Ama bhUstarIya ane havAmAnanI daSTie thoDeghaNe bheda hovA chatAM A samagra bhUbhAgamAM AdimAnava vicarato hate. evA samaye havAmAna hAla karatAM nizcita rIte juduM hatuM. varasAda vadhAre paDato, khAsa karIne uttara gujarAta, saurASTra ane kacchamAM. dakSiNa gujarAtamAM kAMte hAla jeTalo paDato haze ke enAthI kaMI vadhAre. e kAlanAM jaMgala jaMgale paNa hAla karatAM vadhAre gADha hatAM, jemAM bAvaLa, pIpaLA, pIpara, vaDa, khajUrI (jaMgalI) vagere jhADo UgatAM hovAM joIe; joke A anumAna para AvavA mATe A vanaspationA asmIbhUta avazeSa (fossils) ke enAM phUlenA rajakaNa (fallen grains) haju zodhAyA nathI. A jaMgalamAM jAta jAtanAM kALiyAra, baDAsiMga vagere mRge, jaMgalI gAya, bheMsa, Dukkara, sIdhA lAMbA dAMtavALo hAthI ane hiMsaka prANIo vicaratAM hatAM, chatAM gujarAtamAM eka paNa sthaLethI A prANIonA azmIbhUta avazeSa maLyA nathI, paNa upara nirdiSTa karelAM ghaNAMkharAM prANIonA avazeSa narmadAnI khINamAM hezaMgAbAda--narasiMgapura vibhAgamAM ane mahArASTramAM godAvarI, pravarA, dhaDa, bhImA vagere nadIomAM maLyA che, eTale ApaNe sahaja rIte anumAna karI ja zakIe ke A prANIo gujarAtamAM paNa vasatAM hovAM joIe. A mAnyatAne puSTi ApatuM bIjuM paNa eka kAraNa che. saurASTranI dakSiNa-pUrve khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM pIrama beTamAM "Adhunikatama chavamaya yuga" nAM keTalAMya prANIonA azmIbhUta avazeSa maLyA che e yugamAM A prANIonA astitvane AnAthI samarthana maLe che. 10 e kAlanI nadIo jyAre AdipASANayugane mAnava gujarAtamAM vasato hato tyAre badhI nadIo hAla karatAM bahu vizALa paTamAM vahetI; emanI bhekhaDe paNa nahi jevI ja UMcI hatI, kAraNa ke A Adya nadIo AnI pUrve baMdhAyelA samudramAMthI upara nIkaLI AvelA khaDake upara vahetI hatI. A khaDake, tethI ja, bahu dhovAyA nahatA ane hAla jevAmAM Ave che tevI UMcI bhekhaDe astitvamAM AvI hatI. lagabhaga Adhunika kALamAM ja nadIoe potAnAM jUnAM AraMbhanAM pAtro ughADA pADyAM tyAre A bhekhaDo dekhAvA lAgI (pada 7, AkRti 109). Ama badhI nadIo, hakIkate, "navI nadIo kahevAya.

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( 77 pa muM] prAga aitihAsika saMskRtio varasAdanuM pramANa vadhAre hovAne lIdhe ane bIjAM naisargika kAraNone laIne nadIo hAla karatAM vadhAre pramANamAM ane vadhAre moTA upale potapotAnA peTamAM lAdatI, keTaleka sthaLe bhUtalamAM nadInA paTamAM khADA-TekarA hovAthI e sthaLo AvA upalathI bharAI jatAM ane emAMthI DhagalAo racAtAM TekarA sarjAtA. e kAlane mAnava Ave samaye, jyAre varasAdanuM jora temaja pramANa ochuM thavA AvyuM hatuM tyAre mAnava pahelI ja vAra A nadIonA taTa upara vasavA lAgyo. A mAnava ke hato e ApaNe kahI zakatA nathI, kAraNa ke gujarAtamAM ke bhAratamAM koI paNa sthaLe A AdimAnavanAM pitAnAM hADapiMjara ke enA keI bhAga paNa hajI sudhI prApta thayA nathI, tethI hamaNAM to A mAnavanuM jIvana kevuM haze enuM AchuM rekhAcitra ApaNe derI zakIe chIe. mAnava A samaye taddana jaMgalI avasthAmAM hato, kaMdamULa ane prANIonA zikAra upara ja enuM jIvana pasAra karato. kapaDAMlattA ke dAgInA hatA ja nahi; jeke saMbhavita che ke e jaMgalanAM phUlethI tathA raMgaberaMgI pAMdaDAMthI mAthuM, kAna vagerene suzobhita karato haze. zikAra karavAne ke kaMdamULa jamInamAMthI khodI kADhavAne mAnava pAse paththaranAM hathiyAra hatAM e to niHzaMka che, paNa A uparAMta asthi ane lAkaDAnAM hathiyAra hovAne paNa saMbhava che. pRthvI upara jUnAmAM jUne lAkaDAno ja TocavALA bhAle IglenDamAM keTalAMya varSo upara maLyo hato. vaLI dakSiNa AphrikAmAM makkA pAsagAra nAmanI guphAmAM asthinA asaMkhya avazeSa maLyA che, jenA parathI ema mAnavAmAM Ave che ke mAnave sauthI pahelAM mArelAM prANIonAM asthi-khAsa karIne lAMbAM asthi hathiyAra tarIke vAparyA heya. Ama pASANayuga pahelAM asthinA hathiyArone yuga havAne saMbhava svIkAravAmAM Avyo che. hathiyA banAvavA vaparAyelA paththaranI jAte gujarAtamAM ane AkhAya bhAratamAM e yuganAM, haju sudhI, paththaranAM hathiyAra ja maLyAM che, kAraNa ke paththara ja ATalA lAMbA kALa sudhI TakI " zake. asthi ane lAkaDuM, amuka saMge bAda karatAM, TUMkA samayamAM nAza pAme che.

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74 itihAsana pUrvabhUmikA joke gujarAtanA pAMca vibhAgomAMthI A prathama ke AdyapASANayuganAM hathiyAra maLyAM che, te paNa je paththara vaparAyA che temAM khaDakanI jAtanI daSTie bheda mAluma paDI Ave che. sAbaramatI vagere uttara gujarAtanI nadIomAM "kavArTajhAiTa" (quartzite) nAmanA khaDaka(pASANuDa)mAMthI banAvelAM hathiyAra maLe che. A khaDake uttare ADAvalInI parvatamALAmAM jovAmAM Ave che ane pRthvInAM ghaNAM ja prAcIna paDAmAM teonI gaNatarI thAya che. AdimAnave paNa, jyAM jyAM maLe tyAM tyAM, A ja khaDakamAMthI enAM hathiyAra banAvyAM che. mahI ane erasaMgamAM "kavArTajhAITa" uparAMta "kavA " (quartz) nAmanA sapheda paththaramAMthI banAvelAM hathiyAra jovAmAM Ave che. rAjapIpaLA pAse karajaNa nadImAM ane dakSiNe DAMgamAM besAlTa (basalt) nAmanA khaDakamAMthI e banAvyAM che saurASTramAM bhAdara upara rojhaDI (zrInAthagaDha) ane kacchamAM nakhatrANA pAse bhUkhI nadInAM hathiyAra "basATa"nAM ja banAvelAM che, jyAre pIMDArA ane dhrAMgadhrA najIkathI prApta thayelAM hathiyAra ghaTTa retInA paththara(sand stone)mAMthI banAvelAM che. Ano artha e ja thAya che ke AdimAnave jyAM jyAM je je anukULa kAco mAla (khaDaka) maLe tyAM tyAM te te khaDakamAMthI enAM hathiyAra banAvyAM. hathiyAronA prakAra A hathiyAromAM mukhyatve traNa-cAra prakAra jovAmAM Ave che. enA abhyAsa parathI enA upayoga ane enA ghaDatara vize anumAna thaI zake che. (a) sauthI sahelAM ane pahelAM upalo ke upalenAM aDadhiyAMmAMthI banAvelAM hathiyAra che. AmAM paNa bahu ghaDatara jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. nIcalI bAju sapATa hoya tevA upalenAM be aDadhiyAM karIne ke kudaratI bhAMgelAM hoya tevAM aDadhiyAM laIne, AvI bhAMgelI bAjue goLAkAra patharanA haDAthI kAMIka ghATa ApI tIkSNa paNa vAMkIcUkI dhAravALAM hathiyAra banAvatA. AvAM hathiyAne "upalemAMthI banAvelAM hathiyAra " (Pebble Tools) kahe che.

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5 muM]. mA-aitihAsika saMskRtio t75 AvAM hathiyAra sAbaramatImAM dhoI ane valAsaNa (tA. kherALu) AgaLa, mahImAM vAsada (tA. ANaMda) pAse ane pAra nadInI khINamAM maLyAM che. A hathiyAra jhADanAM thaDomAM khAMcA karavA mATe, asthi bhAMgavA mATe vagere kAmamAM AvatAM haze. (A) cerasa ke laMbacorasa, kAMIka gaLAkAra dhAravALI, hetupura:sara kADhelI patarIo (Flakes) (5Ta 7, AkRti 111) sAdhAraNa rIte eka ja bAjue dhAravALI hoya che, jyAre enI sAmenI bAjue nIce tarapha Upasele bhAga (Bulb of Percussion) dekhAya che. TUMkamAM, e pahoLI dhAravALI patarIo che. AvI patarIo zikAra karelA prANIo kApavAne ke jhADanI DALIo kApavAne khapamAM Ave. hetupura sara bhAMgelI AvI patarIo nakhatrANA (kaccha) pAse bhUkhI nadInI bhekhaDamAM cheka nIcalA staramAM 1967mAM yathAvata sthitimAM maLI che.12 A "basATa" nI banAvelI che. (I) lagabhaga (A) ne jevAM ja, paNa enI dhAravALI bAju bahu pahoLI nahi, kAraNa ke A dhAra patarInI TUMkI bAjue hoya che. bIju, A dhAranI sAmenI bAju saheja jADI ane I nA jevI goLAkAra ke corasa, ke kaMIka vAra V nA jevI sAMkaDI paNa hoya che. AvI patarIonI lAMbI bAjuo. sAdhAraNa rIte jADI ane ghaDelI hoya che, jyAre dhAravALe bhAga kudaratI rIte -upalI ane nIcalI sapATIo maLavAthI-dhAradAra hoya che. dhAra sAdhAraNa rIte sIdhI, keIka vAra saheja ADI ke saheja goLAkAra hoya che ne enI bAjuo bahAra jatI jovAmAM Ave che; javalle ja dhAramAM khADe hoI aMtargoLa hoya che. AvI patarIo (Cleavers) (paTTa. 8, AkRti 112; pada, , AkRti, 115) khAsa amuka Dhabe, moTA upale ke khaDakomAMthI kADhavAmAM Ave che. dhAra ane hAthAvALA bhAganA AkAra pramANe ochAmAM ochA ATha prakAramAM ane vibhAjita karI zakAya. e jhaTakAthI jhADa ke prANIonAM mAMsa tathA asthi kApavAne mATe kAmamAM AvatI haze, tethI Ane "jhaTakAthI kApavAnA hathiyAra" kahIe to khoTuM nathI. A prayoga karatAM mAlUma paDayuM che ke AvAM hathiyAra (Cleavers) jhADa cIravAne mATe nahi, paraMtu prANuonAM zarIra kApavAne mATe mukhyatve kAmamAM

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ka] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA AvatAM haze ke AvatAM hovAM joIe, kAraNa ke AvAM seMkaDo hathiyAronI dhAra tapAsatAM keIka ja hathiyAranI dhAra kharabacaDI jovAmAM AvI che. jhADa cIravAmAM to eka ja divasamAM dhAra buThThI thaI jAya. AvAM hathiyAra sAbaramatI, orasaMga, karajaNa, DAMga ane pIMDArA pAse maLI AvyAM che. (I) hathiyAranI (A) ane (ba) jAtanAM hathiyAra ghaDavAmAM patarIo vaparAtI, emAM (I) jAtanAM hathiyAra ghaDavAmAM vadhAre heziyArI vAparavI paDatI, paraMtu (I) jAtanuM hathiyAra te upala ke patarImAMthI banAvavAmAM AvatuM. zarUmAM e laMbagoLa upalemAMthI banAvAtuM. emAM paNa prAraMbhamAM eka ja bAjune bhAga ekabe phaTako ApI bhAMgavAmAM AvatuM. Ama keTaluMye AvAM hathiyAromAM hAthAvALo bhAga upalenA jevo ja rahyo che, jyAre Agale bhAga buddo ke tINa aNIdAra ke jIbhanI jema pAtaLo, AgaLa paDato ne baMne taraphathI ghaDele jevAmAM Ave che. A hathiyAranI viziSTatA e che ke enI nIcalI ane upalI baMne sapATI saheja ke aDadhI ke AkhI ghaDavAmAM AvI hoya che, eTale e baMne bAjuethI ghaDelAM "bifacial" ("dimukha, arthAta dvipRSTha-saMskArita") hathiyAra tarIke e have oLakhAya che. sauthI prAraMbhamAM jyAre AvA hathiyAranI zodha thaI tyAre ene "hAthakuhADI" (Hand-axe) saMjJAthI oLakhavA mAMDayuM, kAraNa ke koI paNa hAthA sivAya hAthamAM lIdhuM pakaDIne A vAparavAmAM AvatuM haze. tyAra pachI e zodhanAranA nAma parathI "buze" (Boucher) paNa kahevAyuM; joke A nAma bahu AvakAra pAmyuM nahi. vastutaH e jADI TocavALI churikA (charI) jevuM hevA chatAM ene mATe "hAtha-kuhADI" (Hand-axe) nAma ja pracalita che. samaya jatAM, hajAre ane lAkho varSa vItatAM mAnava A hathiyAramAM sudhAro karato ja rahyo, e eTale sudhI ke AdyapASANayuganA aMtamAM A eka atizaya suMdara, cAre taraphathI sIdhI dhAravALuM, bahu jADuM nahi tema bahu pAtaLuM nahi, evuM sama (sarakhuM) hathiyAra banyuM. ane AkAra have pIpaLAnA pAnanA ke hRdayanA ke badAmanA AkAra jevo lAge. AvAM pAtaLAM ane bahu ja sama (sarakhAM) hathiyAra patarIomAMthI banAvavAmAM AvatAM. AnuM nAma

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5 su'] prAg--aitihAsika saskRti [ 77 "hAtha-kuhADI" (Hand-axe) lAMbA vakhatathI rUDha thayuM hoI sagavaDa khAtara ApaNe e nAma cAlu rAkhIe te khATuM nathI. Ama chatAM eTaluM dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke ene upayeAga kuhADI tarIke nahi, paraMtu jamInamAMthI kaMda-mULa vagere kADhavA mATe ane evAM bIjAM kAmeA mATe, tathA prANIone zikAra karavA mATe thatA haze, paNa jhADa kApavAne mATe niha. prayAgeA karatAM mAlUma paDayu` che ke enAthI jhADa cirAya che kharuM, paNa e jamInamAM khAvAne vadhAre anukULa Ave che. lagabhaga badhA ja prakAranI hAtha- kuhADIo (5TTa 7, AkRti 110; paTTa 8, AkRti 113-114; paTTa 9, AkRti 115-117; paTTa 10, AkRti 120) sAbaramatI, erasaMga ane karajaNanI khANAmAMthI maLI AvI che. DAMgamAMthI mukhyatve ' kalIvarsa" ane upalAmAMthI banAvelAM hathiyAra (Pebble-Tools) maLyAM che, jyAre rAjhaDImAMthI eka khe kuhADIe (paTTa 9, AkRti 116-117) maLI che. kacchamAMthI paNa hajI eka e kuhADIe ja maLI che. Ama hamaNAM samagra gujarAtamAMthI upara varNavelA AdyapASANayuganAM cAra prakAranAM hathiyAra maLyAM che. khezaka, AmAM aMdara aMdara taphAvata che, paraMtu e upalakiyA ane khaDakanI prakRtine lIdhe che, khAsa dhaDavAnI kaLAne lIdhenahi. samayAMkana A hathiyAre ke enA banAvanArAonA samaya kA? A phUTa prazna che. ene vize joIe tevA AnuSa`gika abhyAsa thayeA nathI, paraMtu hathiyArAnA prakAra ane ene dhaDavAnI kaLA parathI temaja e je rIte sAbaramatI, ArasaMga, bhAdara ane bhUkhInA sauthI nIcalA ane khaDakanI upara cUnAthI baMdhAyelA retI ane upalAnA starAmAM maLe che, tenA uparathI ApaNe kahevu joI e ke jyAre gujarAtamAM nadIe prathama vAra vahevA lAgI ane samaya jatAM havAmAnamAM pheraphAra thatAM enA taTA upara mAnava vasatA thayeA te samayanA mAnavanAM A hathiyAra che. A rIte gujarAtanA A AdimAnava thayeA; joke pRthvInA tala uparanA e AdimAnava nahi hoya. AnuM kAraNa eTalu ja ke gujarAtamAM, khAsa karIne sAbaramatIne tIre. stareA pramANe hathiyArAnI banAvaTamAM parivartana jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. sauthI nIcalA ane prathama baMdhAyelA staramAM eka bAju khUba ja sAdAM dhaDamedhaDa ane bIjI bAju sArAM, supramANa ane suMdara evAM bane

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78 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. prakAranAM hAtha-kuhADI ane "kalIvarsa" jevAmAM Ave che, eTale gujarAtanA AdimAnavane zarUAtathI ja AvAM baMne prakAranAM hathiyAra banAvavAnI kaLA hastagata hatI ema mAnavuM rahyuM. AvAM suMdara supramANa hAtha-kuhADI ane "kalIvarsa" purAvastuvidyAnI pAribhASika bhASAmAM "madhya plITosIna" yuganA aMtamAM ke "upalA hIsTosIna" yuganI zarUAtamAM pazcima yuropa ane AphrikAmAM prApta thayAM che ane AvI sthiti lagabhaga samagra bhAratamAM jovAmAM Ave che. eTale ApaNe kahI zakIe ke pRthvItala uparanA AdimAnavanI sarakhAmaNImAM bhArata ke gujarAtano AdimAnava sauthI jUno nahote. je kAMI thoDI kiraNotsarga-kriyA(Carbon-14) paddhati pramANe samayAMkana AphrikA ane pazcima eziyAmAM nakkI thayAM che te jotAM AvAM hathiyAra banAvato mAnava gujarAtamAM AjathI 50,000-1,00,000 varSo pUrve vasatA haze. gujarAtanA Adi-mAnava ane AphrikA Ama hovAthI eTaluM paNa saMbhavita che ke gujarAtane AdimAnava AphrikAnA pUrva kinArethI Avyo hoya che kAraNa ke A khaMDamAM traNa sthaLoe, ane khAsa karIne " huvAI garja(Olduvai Gorge)mAM mAnavanAM zarIra ane enAM hathiyAronI utkrAMtine tyAMnA badalAtA stare sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya che, eTale utkrAMtinI daSTie A eka Adarza sthaLa che. ahIM AphrikA ane gujarAta vaccenA saMbaMdhanI je zakyatAne nirdeza karyo che tene mATe AjathI thoDAka samaya pUrve saheja paNa purAvo nahote, paraMtu saurASTramAM, khAsa karIne pIMDArA (ji. jAmanagara) pAse prApta thayelAM "kalIvarsa" ane kacchamAM nakhatrANA pAse bhUkhI nadImAMthI maLelAM hathiyAro parathI e saMbhavita jaNAyuM che ke jyAre AphrikA ane kaccha-saurASTra vacce jamInano mArga hato ke samudranI sapATI bahu nIce gaI na hatI tyAre mAnava sahelAIthI bhAratamAM kaccha-saurASTra dvArA pravezyA hoya. eTaluM dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke ahIM eka zakyatAno ja ullekha karyo che. jenI bhaviSyanA saMzodhakoe vadhAre ane jAta jAtanA abhyAsathI cakAsaNI karavI joIe. gujarAtano ke bhAratano AdimAnava kevo hato e jANavAne ApaNI pAse atyAre enA dehAvazeSonI koI sAmagrI nathI.

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prA-aitihAsika sarakRtie [79 2. madhyapASANayuga mAnavanuM jIvana Ama hajAro varSa cAlyuM. mAnavanAM hathiyAromAM jarUra pheraphAra thayA hatA, paraMtu atyAranI dRSTie te taddana dhIrA lAge che. A pheraphAro sAthosAtha havAmAnamAM paNa thatA rahyA hatA evA sabaLa purAvA maLe che. bhUstare ane havAmAna uttara gujarAtamAM sAbaramatI ane enI upanadIo sivAya, madhya gujarAta, dakSiNa gujarAta, kaccha ane saurASTramAM nadIonI bhekhaDomAM cUnAthI ghaTTa thayeluM retInuM eka bIjuM paDa jovAmAM Ave che ane enA upara pILacaTI ke badAmI raMganI mATIne stara hoya che. kaI kaI sthaLe sauthI nIce upala retI ane lAla mATI, enA upara A be navA staro, ane sauthI upara kALI mATIne stara, ema pAMca staravALI lagabhaga saMpUrNa bhekhaDa daSTie paDe che. A navA stara-paDanuM baMdhAraNa batAve che ke ApASANayuganA aMtamAM havAmAnamAM pheraphAra thayeluM. varasAda pharIthI jorathI varasavA lAgyo, ene kAraNe nadIoe enA paTa retI ane upalathI bharavAnuM cAlu karI dIdhuM. Ama chatAM, noMdhavuM joIe ke A navA kAMpamAM pahelAMnA jevA meTA upale jovA maLatA nathI, paraMtu "basATa"ne badale akIka jevA khaDakonA nAnA nAnA u5la emAM dekhAya che, eTale ApaNe anumAna karI zakIe ke varasAda pahelAMnA jevo tIvra nahi hoya ke jenAthI DuMgare dhovAI jatAM moTA meTA upale nadInA paTamAM ghasaDAI AvavAnuM bane. UlaTuM, hAlamAM thaI rahyuM che tema, dhovANa upalakiyuM ane jamInanI sapATI paranuM eTale ke garamI, pavana ane kiMcit varasAdane lIdhe thatuM. Ama mukhyatve jADI retI ane "basATa"nA khaDakomAM uddabhavelA akIka vagere jAtanA raMgaberaMgI ghaTTa potavALA upalo ghasaDAI AvatA. varasAda ocho thatAM nadIonA paTa pahelAMnI mAphaka bharAI gayA. A bharAvAthI pahelAMnA baMdhAyelA stare DhaMkAI gayA. hathiyAre ane saMskRti AvA samayamAM mAnavanA astitvano khyAla AvatAM ane enAM samakAlIna prANIono nirdeza karatAM paththaronAM hathiyAra ane prANIonA azmIbhUta avazeSa prathama mahArASTramAM pravarA ane godAvarIne taTapradezamAM nevAsA temaja kALegAMva

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20 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [31. AgaLa maLyA. tyAra pachI (AsAma ane keralane bAda karatAM) AkhAya bhAratavarSamAM, gujarAta sudhdhAM, A samayanA paththaronAM hathiyArAnI zodha thaI. AdyapASANayuganA starenI upara ane aMtya pASANayuganA stAnI nIce, eTale ke lagabhaga vacceAvacanA starAmAM, A hathiyAre jovA maLe che. kheDA jillAmAM maheAra nadIne kAMThe AvAM hathiyAra maLyAM che;15 dakSiNa gujarAta, saurASTra ane kacchamAM paNa maLyAM che. 16 ahIM kahevu joIe ke AvI akhaMDa bhekhaDA keTaleka ja sthaLe yathAvat sthitimAM sacavAI rahelI hAya che ane jovAmAM Ave che. dA. ta. bhAdara upara rojhaDI (zrInAthagaDha) AgaLa ane jetapura AgaLa, nahi te| A bhekhaDA sAmAnya rIte jUnI bhekhaDAnI sAthe ke upara ladAyelI jovAmAM Ave che. keTalIka vAra jUnI bhekhaDA pUrNapaNe dhAvAI naSTa thaI hoya che ane kevaLa madhyapASANayuganI retI ane nAnA upalAthI racAyela khaDaka ane enI upara pILI mATIvALI bhekhaDa jovAmAM Ave che. "" Ama staro ane havAmAnanI dRSTie madhyapASANuyuga"nuM juduM' astitva mAlUma paDI Ave che, paNa sauthI vadhu dhyAna khece evAM che A yuganAM hathiyArA. AdyapASANayuganA paththarA karatAM sAdhAraNa rIte nAnA ane bahu ja dharR, suMdara pAtavALA, raMga-khera MgI paththarA, jevA ke "ca" (Chert), jespara (Jasper), akIka (Agate) ane " klinTa " (Flint). suMdara "klinTa ' gujarAtamAM kayAMye bhaLatuM nathI, paNa lagabhaga enA jevA "rTona" (Cherton) khaDakA dhrAMgadhrA pAse che ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAM aMbikA nadImAM akIkanI khANA bharUca jillAnA jhaghaDiyA pAse che. bAkI saurASTra-kacchamAM jyAM jyAM "basAlTa"nA khaDakA che tyAM tyAM enI bakheAleAmAM AnA nAnAmeTA upale maLI Ave che. hathiyArA sAdhAraNa rIte nAnAM che ane mukhyatve jADI ke pAtaLI patarIe (Flakes) ke AvA sapATa upalAmAMthI banAvelAM che (paTTa cha, AkRti 115). jADA, gALa, AkhA ane AkhA upalA kavacit ja vAparelA jovAmAM Ave che. AvA sapATa upalA ke patarIo vAparavAnuM kAraNa evuM haze ke mAnavanA jIvanamAM A samaye thoDAka pheraphAra thayA hatA. joke enu` chatrana jaMgalI ja rahyuM hatuM, Ama chatAM zikAra karavAnI rItamAM ane raheNIkaraNImAM theADAka pheraphAra thayA haze, evuM paththaranAM AvAM asaMkhya hathiyArA maLe che enA abhyAsa parathI mAlUma paDe che.

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5 muM ] prA-aitihAsika saMskRtio ( 81 A hathiyAromAM mukhyatve cAmaDAM ane jhADonI chAla kADhavA, sApha karavA ane ghasavA mATe traNacAra jAtanI keravALA "kreparsa" (scrapers) ane kANuM pADI sIvavA vagere kAma mATenAM aNIdAra hathiyAra maLe che. AmAMnAM nAnAM, pAtaLAM ane aNuvALAM hathiyAra bhAlAnI Toca tarIke ke kadAca bANanI Toca tarIke vaparAyAM hoya. lAkaDAMnAM ke asthinAM bIjAM moTAM hathiyAro paNa AvAM nAnAM hathiyAronI madadathI mAnava banAva haze. Ane artha e thayo ke mAnava have cAmaDAnAM kapaDAM ke valkala paherata thayo hato ane AghethIya prANuone zikAra karato hato. Ama mAnava-jIvanamAM thoDIka utkrAMti nihALI zakAya che. gujarAtanA AdyapASANayuganAM ane madhyapASANayuganAM Ama AchAM darzana thavA lAgyAM che. 3. aMtyapASANayuga 17, zeAdha ane lakSaNe : jema oNbarTa brusa phUTane A yuganAM hathiyAra nadInA pAtramAMthI maLyAM hatAM, tema jamInanI sapATI parathI--khAsa karIne nAnAmoTA TIMbA parathI- gujarAtamAM (1947 pahelAMnA vaDedarA rAjyanA) kaDI prAMtamAM sAbaramatInA taTa pAse, vAtraka kAMThAmAM, vaDodarA prAMtamAM orasaMga ane hIraNa nadIne kAMThA pAse, navasArI prAMtamAM kIma ane tApInA taTa pAse ane saurASTramAM amarelI prAMtanA okhAmaMDaLamAM, ane vaLA (valabhIpura) pAse nAnAM paththaranA hathiyAro ane ThIkarAM maLyAM hatAM.18 uttara gujarAtamAM jeNe pagapALA musApharI karI haze tene te mAlUma haze ke A pradezamAM paga bharAI Ave tevI, paNa phaLadrupa retInA pracaMDa Dhaga sivAya, nathI ekeya TekarI ke khaDaka; kUtarAne hAMkI kADhavA eka paththarane TukaDo joIto hoya to e paNa maLato nathI ! (A prANuone paNa A vAtanI khabara lAge che, kAraNa ke ApaNe mAravAne hAtha ugAmIe te paNa kUtarAMo khasatAM ja nathI! ApaNI pAse koI sAdhana nathI e jANyA sivAya e Ama varte nahi.) lAkaDAMnI paNa bahu achata hoya che. AvA phaLadrupa retALa pradezamAM TIMbAo para akIkanA ghaDelA paththaro-patarIo maLatAM phUTane sahaja pratIta thayuM ke A hathiyAre bIjA eka pASANayuganA mAnavanI hayAtI sUcave

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA che. paththaranAM hathiyAro sAthe ThIkarAM paNa maLyAM hatAM, eTale ke Ane "no pASANayuga" kahyo, kAraNa ke mAnava jaMgalI avasthAmAMthI rakhaDatA-rajhaLatA maTI eka jagyAe TharIThAma thavA lAgyo. sthAyI thatAM ene vAsaNonI jarUra lAgI haze. ema mATInAM vAsaNonI utpatti thaI jAya che. Ama phUTe gujarAtamAM be pASANayugo-eka jUne ane bIje na-thaI gayA hovAnI kalpanA karI. prathama pASANayuganI saMskRtinA avazeSo nadInA Adya paTamAM maLatA hatA ane bIjA yuganA avazeSo hAlanA gujarAtanI sapATI parathI; ane A be vacce keI sthaLe lagabhaga 61 mITara(200 phUTa)nuM aMtara hatuM, AthI phUTe ema paNa pratipAdana karyuM ke A be pASANayuga vacce bahu moTuM aMtara paDayuM levuM joIe. 1941mAM gujarAtanA prAgaaitihAsika zodhapravAsana je yojanA zarU thaI tene eka uddeza phUTanI A mAnyatA keTale aMze kharI hatI e paNa tapAsavAne hato.19 AthI uttara gujarAtamAM je je sthaLoe phUTane AvAM nAnAM akIkanAM hathiyAra ane ThIkarAM maLyAM hatAM temAMnAM thoDAMka-vijApura tAlukAmAM hIrapurA, gaDhaDA, peDhAmalI, phudeDA, mahesANA tAlukAmAM meu, mUlasaNa ane Akhaja; kaDI tAlukAmAM DAMgaravA ane kaiyala; ane madhya gujarAtamAM mahIne kAMThe jAlamapurA ane vAsada, orasaMgane kAThe bahAdarapura, vaDelI, boDelI; ane hIraNane kAMThe zrIgAma kaNabI-e sthaLoe A zodhakajUthe zedha calAvI. A uparAMta uttara gujarAtane cheka cheDe kherAlu tAlukAmAM hola ane enI AsapAsa raMgapura ane oTalapura temaja mahesANA tAlukAmAM lAMghaNaja, siddhapura tAlukAmAM raNachoDapurA ane orasaMgane kAMThe DhAkaliyA-evAM taddana navAM sthaLe paNa tapAsyAM. evI rIte banAsa, mahI ane narmadA nadInA kAMThA pAse paNa AvAM hathiyAra maLyAM che. raMgapura( ji. surendranagara)mAM AvAM bhaumitika tathA abhaumitika hathiyAra maLyAM che. jekhA( ji. surata)mAM nUtana pASANayuganA staramAM tathA lethala (ji. amadAvAda) ane prabhAsa(ji. jUnAgaDha)mAM tAmrapASANayuganA staromAM A kAlanAM TUkAM samAMtarabhuja pAnAM jevAM hathiyAra maLyAM che. A zodhaLathI eTaluM te puravAra thayuM ke AkhAye gujarAtamAM eka samaya evo hato, jyAre mAnava nAnAM akIkanAM hathiyAra vAparatorara (paTTa 1, AkRti 1-16). A hathiyArone "laghupASANu hathiyAra" kahe che; ane e parathI A yugane "laghupASANayuga" tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvyuM.

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5 muM] prAgraaitihAsika saMskRtio lAMdhaNaja ane hIrapura sthaLoe TIMbAo para khodakAma karatAM ThIkarAMo phakta sapATI para ja ane enAthI UMDe 0.9 mITara (traNa phUTa) sudhI ja maLyAM, jyAre akIkanAM hathiyAro moTA, quartzite nA upale ane enA TukaDAo, vATavAne ke ghasavAne banAvelI veLu-pASANanI nAnI nizAnA TukaDA ane hajAre asmIbhUta thayelAM hADakAMnA bhAMgelA TukaDA, prANIonAM hAthapaga, jaDabAM, karoDa, khabhA (5TTa 11, AkRti 124) vagerenA avazeSe lagabhaga 2.14 mITara (7 phUTa) UMDe sudhI maLyA.23 A parathI eTaluM to sAbita thayuM ke sapATI paranAM ane enAthI nIce 0.6 mITare (be phUTa) maLatAM ThIkarAMone akIkanAM ojAre sAthe kaMI saMbaMdha nathI. ThIkarAM kevaLa sapATI parathI ja maLatAM hovAthI e Adhunika samayamAM hovAM joIe. teonI banAvaTa vagerenA abhyAsa parathI paNa A anumAna kharuM lAge che. Ama hovAthI je mAnava akIkanA upale lAvato ane emAMthI judAM judAM hathiyAra ghaDato te navA pASANayugano nahi, paNa enI pahelAMnA samayano hevo joIe ema lAge che athavA e navA pASANayugamAM praveza karato mAnava have joIe, ema 0.9 thI 1.2 mITara (3 thI 4 phUTa) para maLatAM DAMka ThIkarAMnI eka jAta parathI ane khodakAmamAMthI maLelI be vastuo-eka quartziteno goLa, vacce kANuM pADele paththara ane bIje chlorite schist ne lIsa, ghasele, moTA charAnA pAnA jevo paththara sUcave che. AthI Aje have Ane "nUtanapASANayuga" tarIke nahi, paNa prAcIna pASANayugamAM "aMtyapASANayuga" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. cUnArUpa thayelA mAnavanA ane prANIonA avazeSa AthI paNa vadhAre agatyanI zodha e che ke nAnAM hathiyAro sAthe cUnArUpa thayelAM hADakAMo-mukhyatve prANIonA avazeSo ane mAnavanAM hADapiMjaro maLI AvyAM che. lAMghaNajamAM aMdhAriyA TIMbAnA khodakAmamAMthI nIkaLelA mAnavanA (paTTa 11, AkRti 125) ane prANIonA avazeSe maheM-jo-daDenA avazeSo karatAM vadhAre jUnA hovAno saMbhava che. TATA insTiTayUTe kArbana 14nA AdhAre ene je samaya AMkyo che te I. sa. pUrve 2500nI AsapAsano che.24 jema jema gujarAtamAM dhAre khodakAma thaze tema tema "aMtyapASANayuga"nAM saMskRti ane mAnava para vadhAre prakAza paDaze; hAla te mukhyatve nAnA prakAranAM

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. hathiyAra-paththaranAM ane hADakAMnAM, nAnA, vATavAnA ke ghasavAnA pATA, bhAMgavAkaravA mATe paththaranA moTA haDA, caLakATa lAvavA ke raMga caDAvavA mATe vAparelA paththare ane prANIonAM asaMkhya hADakAMo parathI A yuganA mAnavanI saMskRtino ane e samayanI AbohavAne kaMIka khyAla AvI zake. hathiyAre mATe vaparAyelA paththara AzcaryakAraka vAta to e che ke jUnA pASANayuganA mAnavanI mAphaka A yuganA mAnave na to sAbaramatImAM jyAMtyAM maLatAM quartzite upalenAM hathiyAra banAvyAM ke na bIjA paththarone evI rIte ghaDyA. QuartzitenA upale eNe vAparyA ja nathI ema to nahi; eNe A upale vAparyA te che, paNa kevaLa hathoDA tarIke ja. A mAnave khAsa hathiyAro banAvavA judI judI jAtanA akIkane upayoga karyo che. AmAMnA nahi jevA ja- quartz ane amazonite jevA-sAbaramatImAM maLatA haze; bAkInA badhA ja kAMto paDavaMja pAse mAjhama nadInI khINamAMthI, athavA amadAvAda pAsethI, athavA cheka rAjapIpaLAmAM AvelA ratanapuranI jANItI khANamAMthI ANelA hovA joIe. uttara gujarAtanI sapATa retALa pradezamAM paththarano eka paNa TukaDe maLavo muzkela che tyAM najIkanI sAbaramatI mUkI ATale dUrathI kAcI sAmagrI lAvavAnI jarUra zI ? kevaLa kAcI sAmagrI ane emAMthI nIkaLatAM naisargika, bhAtabhAtanAM raMgIna hathiyAronuM AkarSaNa ke A paththaranI kaThinatA, ane hathiyAro banAvavA mATe vaparAtI navI kaLA ane Dhaba? kharuM kAraNa game te he, eTaluM te niHzaMka che ke kAcI sAmagrI, emAMthI banAvelAM hathiyAre ane emAM vaparAyelI kaLAthI A saMskRti agAunA Adya-madhyapASANayuga karatAM taddana judI paDe che. pahelAM mAnava A mAnava karatAM judA hato, paNa A saMskRti bIjA dezamAMthI AvI eTale ke mAnavasaMskRtinA prasArane lIdhe Ama thavA pAmyuM ke kema e te zodhavuM rahyuM. hathiyAranA prakAra akIkanA judA judA prakAre jema paththaronA raMga ane teonI AMtara racanA pramANe paDe che tema hathiyAronA, teonA AkAra ane dhAra pramANe, judA judA vargo nIce mujaba pADI zakAya;

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio prathama te sarva hathiyAranA (1) Core (gAma) ane (2) Flakes (patarIo) ema be mukhya vibhAge thAya che. Core (gA) eTale upalomAMthI upalI patarIo kADhI aMdarano je jADo, goLa, lAMbA vagere bhAga avazeSa rahe te (dAkhalA tarIke karIne kApatAM goTalAne je pAsAvALo bhAga rahe te). kaI kaI core (gAbhA) eTalA kALajIpUrvaka kApelA hoya che ke enAM pAsAM tapAsatAM ja emAMthI keTalI ane kevI kevI jAtanI patarIo kADhI hoya che e mAlUma paDe che. ghaNAkharA "gAbhA" Ama patarIo kADhI lIdhA pachI rahI gayelA paththara ja hoya che ane khAsa hathiyAra ke bIjI koI rIte vaparAzamAM Ave tevA hetA nathI, paNa keTalAMka "gAbhA-hathiyAro" (core-tools) AvA prakAranAM hoya che: (1) lAMbAM ane aNIdAra, (2) gaLAkAra ane traNa taraphathI jADAM ane cothI taraphathI DhaLatAM ane ardhacandrAkAra dhAravALAM, (3) lAMbAM, zaMkunI mAphaka aNIdAra, athavA ardhagoLa ane upale bhAga ghaDele ane teonI beThaka saphAIthI sapATa kApelI hovAthI zetaraMja ramavAnA yAdA jevAM, (4) paisAnA karatAM paNa khUba nAnAM, chatAM teone uparane bhAga bArIkAIthI ghaDeluM hoya che. A chellI jAtane ke upara varNana karelI bIjI jAtane ze upaga thata, e haju mAlUma paDayuM nathI. evI rIte patarI-hathiyAra (flake-tools) AvA prakAranAM hoya che - (1) lAMbA capaTAM ane be tarapha dhAravALAM, (2) lAMbAM ke TUMkAM, madhya bhAgamAM kareDavALAM ane be dhAravALAM,

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tjha. (3) lAMbAM ke TUMkAM, pahoLAM, capaTAM ke jADAM, ke karoDa vagaranAM ane eka tarapha dhAravALAM, (4) bIjanA caMdra jevAM, bahAranI bAju ghaDIne buThThI banAvelAM, ane aMdaranI bAju DhaLatI ane tIkSaNa dhAravALI rAkhelAM (AmAM trikoNAkAra, ardhatrikeNa, aNiyALAM vagere peTA vibhAgo paDe che), (5) goLAkAra ke lagabhaga goLAkAra, kaI vAra cokhaMDAM, traNa bAjuethI jADAM, ane bAkInI bAju DhaLatAM ane tIkSNa dhAravALAM, (6) trikoNAkAra ke badAmAkAra; lAMbAM ke TUMkAM, capaTAM ke jADA, kaDavALAM ke karoDa vagaranAM-nIcethI ke uparathI ghaDIne DhaLatA banAvelA pAchalA bhAgavALAM athavA baMne tarapha khAMcAo ane tIkSNa aNIvALI pAchalI bAjuvALAM. upara varNavelI (1) thI (4) prakAranI patarIo ApaNA hAlanA eka ke be dhAravALA capune ja upayoga sAratI haze. kharI rIte ApaNuM capunI patarIonuM A AdisvarUpa che. benI vacce taphAvata kevaLa padArthane ja che, ane pASANayugamAMthI tAmrakAMsyayuga dvArA dhIre dhIre parivartana thatAM e hAlanA lehayuganuM astitva batAve che. (5) mAM varNavelI patarIo-mocI leke vApare che tevI rAMdhI jevI-cAmaDAM vagere ghasIne sApha karavA ke kApavA mATe vaparAtI haze. (6) prakAranI patarIo, je sAdhAraNa rIte bahu nAnI hoya che te, bANanA ane bhAlAnA mukhabhAga (TAca) mATe, ane emAMnI jhINI ane pAtaLI patarIo soyanI mAphaka kANuM pADavA mATe vaparAtI hovI joIe. AvAM nAnAM, ghaNAM eka iMcanI aMdara, thoDAMka deDha Ica, ane jUja betraNa iMca jeTalAM ja lAMbAM paththaranAM hathiyAra kevI rIte vaparAtAM haze e vicAravA jevuM che. badhAM ja phakta patarI sAthe ja hAthamAM jhAlavAmAM nahetAM AvatAM eno purAvo ceDAMka hathiyAra Ape che. lAkaDAnA ke hADakAnA ke baMnenA hAthAmAM mUkI e bAMdhI levAmAM AvatAM evuM A patarI-hathiyArane pRSThabhAga tapAsatAM mAlUma paDe che. A pRSThabhAga kAMto uparathI ke nIcethI ghaDIne DhaLato, athavA hathiyAranA bAkInA bhAga karatAM pAtaLo ke enA karatAM vadhAre jADe, athavA baMne bAju eka khAMcAvALo karyo hoya che. A traNe prakAra sucave che ke

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t87 5 muM 1 prAgaaitihAsika sarakRtie AvAM hathiyArone hAthAmAM bharAvavAmAM AvatAM. (misara, pelesTAIna ane irAkamAMthI te karavatanA jevAM hathiyAra-AvA tIkSaNa paththaranI nAnI patarIo ne dAMtothI banAveluM dAtaraDuM-yathAvata maLI AvyAM che.) patharanAM hathiyAronI jema ja hADakAMne cIrI enAM nAnAM hathiyAra banAvavAmAM AvatAM. AnA paNa thoDAka namUnA maLyA che. bIjA hathiyAre upara je hatheDAne ullekha karyo te badhA quartcitenA upalemAMthI banAvelA che. hAla paNa ApaNe AvA lIsA, goLa ke laMbagoLa upalone vATavA, bhAMgavA vagere kAmo mATe upayoga karIe chIe. lAMghaNajanA khedakAmamAMthI je namUnA maLyA che te ghaNuMkharA aDadhA ke pA bhAga jeTalA bhAMgelA hoI bhAMgelI bAju para vaparAzanAM cihane dekhAya che. A haDAone khAsa zo upayoga thato haze e kahevuM muzkela che. kAMto enA vaDe akIkanA upalemAMthI patarIo pADatA hoya ke e bIjA kaMI mAra-ThakanA kAmamAM vaparAtA hoya. AvA haDAnI sAthe veLapASANanA paNa judA judA TukaDA maLe che. AmAM koI aDadhA, keI enAthI nAnA, to kaI trikoNAkAra hoya che. ghaNAkharA ghasAI ghasAI eka bAjuthI lIsA ane DhaLatA thayA hoya che, eTale emAM te zaMkA nathI ke A veLapASANanA meTA TukaDA vATavAnA ke ghasavAnA pATA tarIke vaparAtA haze. ghasavAne ke caLakATa lAvavAne mATe ane emAMthI lAla raMga pADavA mATe nAnAmoTA, lAla ke kiramajI raMganA ane ghasAIne traNacAra pAsAvALA banelA leha-pASANunA ghaNuM paththare maLyA che. mAnavanAM cUnArUpa hADapiMjare haDA jevA moTA upale ane veLupASANunA TukaDAone mAnavanAM hADapiMjaro sAthe je saMbaMdha che te vIsaravA jevuM nathI. jyAre jyAre mAnavanA avazeSo nIkaLe che tyAre tyAre enI 30 ke 15 se. mI. (eka phUTa ke cha IMca) upara ke mAnavanA mAthA AgaLa AvA meTA upale ane veLapASANanA kaTakAo haMmeza maLe che ane parI ghaNuMkharuM dabAI gayelI ke bhAMgelI hoya che. atyAra sudhImAM lagabhaga badhA ja dAkhalAomAM AvI sthitimAM khoparI maLI AvI

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA che. vaLI, ekamAM te jamaNI bAjue kAnanI upara aDadhA IMcanuM goLa kANuM paNa jovAmAM AvyuM che. A kANuM sahetuka kerI kADheluM ja hevuM joIe, kAraNa ke mAravAthI ke kudaratI rIte AvuM taddana geLa kANuM, AsapAsanA bhAgane IjA pamADyA vagara, pADavuM e muzkela che. je A kANuM jIvatA mAnavanuM paDavuM hoya te prAga-aitihAsika kAlanI e jANItI prathAnuM bhAratamAM A prathama daSTAMta che. (bIjuM gaye varSe ja kAlibanmananA khodakAmamAM haDappA saMskRtine lagatuM maLyuM che.) yuropa(phrAMsa)nA navA pASANayuganAM hADapiMjarAmAM ane madhya amerikAmAM- yukeyana(peru)nA prAgaaitihAsika InkA lekenA avazeSomAM eka vAra nahi, paNa mANasanI hayAtImAM cArapAMca vAra chedelI parIo maLI AvI che. A badhIye vakhata ghA rujhAI gayA hoI mAnava jIvyo haze ema ghAnI DhaLatI goLAkAra kera parathI sAbita thAya che. atyAra sudhImAM khodakAmathI badhA maLIne 13 mAnavanA avazeSe maLyA che. AmAMthI eka pUrepUruM, traNa lagabhaga AkhAM, eka karoDanA maNakA ane chAtInI pAMsaLIo vinAnuM, traNa tUTelI khoparI ane bIjAM paNa bhAMgelAM aMgavALAM--evAM hADapiMjara maLyAM che. chatAM pAMca hADapiMjare evI sthitimAM maLyAM che, je parathI ema jaNAya che ke kAM te mAthuM pUrva tarapha ane paga pazcima tarapha athavA mAthuM pazcima tarapha ane paga pUrva tarapha rAkhI, TUMTiyuM vaLAvIne mAnavane dATavAne rivAja e veLA pracAlita haze. 1963nA khedakAmamAM je mAnava-hADapiMjara maLyuM, te TUMTiyuM vALIne nahi, paNa taddana sIdhuM dATavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ne e uttara-dakSiNa dizAmAM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.25 aMtyapASANayugane mAnava A pASANayugane mAnava hajI jaMgalI avasthAmAM rahete, joke have eka ThekANe rahevA lAgyo hato. AvI jaMgalI avasthAne breDavUDa (Braidwood) nAmanA eka amerikana vidvAna Intensive Food Collection Stage (nibiDa-khAdyasaMgraha-bhUmikA) kahe che. TUMkamAM, mAnava game tyAM AhArane mATe rakhaDato nahi, paNa TharAvelA pradezamAM (hadamAM) rahI tyAM ja prANIone zikAra karate. TIMbAo para ane nadIkinAre ja mAnavane vAsa hato. ahIM ja pANI maLavuM sulabha hatuM. haju sudhI koI paNa jAtanAM makAne-ghAsa, pAMdaDAM ane DALIothI banAvelAM jhuMpaDA ke bIjA koI paNa jAtanAM makAna-nA avazeSa

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5 muM ] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtie t89 (dAkhalA tarIke, mATInAM DhephAM) lAMghaNajanA khedakAmamAMthI maLyA nathI, eTale A mAnava kevI rIte raheto hato e jANavuM zakya nathI. chatAM eTaluM nizcita che ke je je prANuo-geMDA, nIlagAya, jaMgalI Dukakara, traNa jAtanAM haraNakALiyAra baDAziMgI ane Dukkara-haraNa (Hog-deer) maLyAM che-gAya, bheMsa, bakarAM, gheTAM paNa hatAM, paNa teonI jAte nakakI karI zakAI nathI-te sahune mAnava zikAra karato, teonAM zabane TIMbAo para lAvatA, kApatA ane mUkato. taLAvamAMnAM ke nadImAMnAM kAcabA ane mAchalAMono zikAra karI teone TIbAe para lAvavAmAM AvatAM. A uparAMta, noLiyA, khisakolI ane uMdaro paNa khAvAmAM AvatAM, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa kApelAM jAnavaronA DhagalAo jyAre enA kuTuMbIjano ke ToLImAMnA mANaso maratAM tyAre teonI sAthe dATato. Ama rahevAnI jagA, rasoDuM ane smazAna eka ja sthaLe hatAM. A samayanA havAmAna vize eTaluM kahevAya ke varasAda hAla karatAM saheja vadhAre paDato haze, jethI TIMbAonI pAsenAM taLAvamAM bAre mAsa pANI rahetuM ane nadIkinAre ke enI najIka bIje koI sthaLe, jyAM bheja vadhAre raheto tyAM, geMDA jevAM prANuo vicarI zakatAM. A mAnavane have zAstrIya rIte abhyAsa be niSNAtoe karyo che. eka De. zrImatI sophI erahArDa ane bIjA De. kenetha keneDI. A baMne vidvAnonuM mAnavuM che ke lAMghaNajano mAnava kayA mAnavavaMzano hato e nizcita karavuM muzkela che, kAraNa ke enAM zArIrika lakSaNomAM lAMbuM moTuM mAthuM, ThIka ThIka UMcAI sAthe UpaselAM bhavAM, saheja bahAra Avato nIcalo hoTha. ane kadAca cIbuM nAka silenanA AdivAsI veddA ane bhUmadhya samudranA AdivAsIomAM jovAmAM Ave che. Ama 4,500 varSo pUrve gujarAtamAM mAnavavaMza-saMkaratA thaI gaI hatI. A mAnava, upara kahyuM tema, haju pASANayugamAM ja hatA, kAraNa ke e jyAM raheto hato tyAM, ane uttara gujarAtamAM lagabhaga 100thI vadhAre TIMbA para kevaLa paththaranAM nAnAM hathiyAra ja maLe che, paraMtu lAMghaNaja, Akhaja ane hIrapurAnA khodakAma parathI kahI zakAya ke A yuganA uttarArdhamAM mAnava mATInAM vAsaNe vAparato thayo haze, kAraNa ke upalA staramAM theDIka bahu ja nAnI nAnI ThIkarIo maLe che. A ThIkarIomAM meTAM koThAranAM vAsaNe dekhAtAM nathI. mATInAM vAsaNa banAvavAnuM jJAna prApta karyA chatAM mAnave kAMI vadhAre

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90. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pragati karI hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. paththaranAM nAnAM hathiyAro uparAMta narama kALA paththarane ghasIne emAMthI hathiyAre banAvavAnI temaja kavArTajhAITa jevA kaThaNa paththarane ghaDIne goLAkAra banAvI emAM baMne bAjue kANuM pADavAnI kaLA paNa prApta karI hatI. AvA kANumAM lAkaDA ke hADakAne hAthe bharAvI ene be rIte vAparI zakAyaH eka te gadA tarIke laDavAmAM, bIju jamIna nAMgaravAmAM-jyAre haLanI zodha thaI na hatI tyAre. AvAM prAthamika DhabanAM, jamIna nAMgaravAnAM hathiyAra haju keTalIya jaMgalI jAto bhAratamAM ane anya dezamAM vApare che. aMtyapASANayugane kALa gujarAtanI A mAnava saMskRtine kALa taddana cokkasa rIte nakkI thaye nathI, paNa lAMghaNajamAM maLe che tevAM paththaranAM nAnAM ojAro ane samudrakinAre ja maLatI nAnI chIpalIonA maNakA saurASTramAM raMgapuramAM siMdhu saMskRtinA staranI nIce maLyA che, eTale ApaNe sahajapaNe kahI zakIe ke lAMghaNajanA aMtyapASANayuganI saMskRti A pahelAMnA samayanI te haze ja- I. sa. pUrve 2,500 pahelAMnI. sAdhAraNa rIte ApaNe kahIe ke lAMghaNajane pASANayugIna mAnava lagabhaga 5,000 varSo pahelAM gujarAtamAM vasato hato. upara jaNAvyuM tema TATA insTiTyUTe cpaddhatinI madadathI A yugane samaya AjathI 4,500 varSo pahelAMne AMkyo che. prAcIna pASANayugane aMta A yugane "aMtyapASANayuga" kahevAmAM AvyuM che, paraMtu kharI rIte e prAcIna pASANayugane aMtya tabakake che. zikAra ane khAdyasaMgrahanAM nirvAha-sAdhananAM viziSTa lakSaNa dharAvato prAcIna pASANayuga pUro thayo te pachI kRSi ane pazupAlananA viziSTa lakSaNa dharAvate nUtana pASANayuga zarU thayo. prAcIna pASANayugamAne AghapASANayugane tabakko nUtanajIvamaya yuganA pUrva khaMDa(Adhunika-adhiktama)nA madhya bhAgane ane madhya pASANayugane tabakko enA aMtya bhAgane samakAlIna gaNAya che, jyAre aMtyapASANayugane tabakko nUtana-jIvamaya yuganA uttarakhaMDa( Adhunika)nA Adya bhAgane samakAlIna che.27

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRti ka, nUtana pASANayuga paththaranAM navI DhabanAM hathiyAre nUtana pASANayuganI eka viziSTatA e hatI ke A yugamAM paththaranAM hathiyAra te haju mAnava vAparato hato, paNa pahelAMnI mAphaka nahi. patarIo ke gAbhAomAMthI dhAravALuM je hathiyAra joItuM hoya tene AkAra kADhI ene paththaranA moTA UMDA pATA para ghasavAmAM AvatuM. mukhyatve dhAravALo bhAga ja AvI rIte ghasIne ekadama lIsa, cakacakATavALo banAvavAmAM AvatA.28 kaI kaI vAra AkhAye hathiyArane AvI rIte ghasIne suMdara banAvavAmAM AvatuM. AvAM ghasIne banAvelAM hathiyAromAM kuhADInuM pAnuM, sutAra vApare che te raMdAmAM vAparavAne mATenuM tIkSaNa aNIdAra pAnuM, chINI ane hathoDA sAdhAraNa rIte jovAmAM Ave che. kuhADI ane raMdAnAM pAnAMne lAkaDA ke hADakAnA hAthAmAM bharAvavAmAM AvatAM ane pachI velAthI bAMdhI gaMdara jevA cIkaNA padArthathI ghaTa rIte bAMdhavAmAM AvatAM. AvI hAthAvALI, ghasIne banAvelI paththaranI kuhADI ke raMdAnA pAnAthI mAnava jhADa kApato, lAkaDAM cIrato ane ghasato. Ama sutArano janma thayo. saMskRti bIju, mAnava have khetI karI annautpAdana karavA lAgyo hato. sarva pazuone mAtra bhakSya na lekhatAM keTalAMka pazuone pALI pitAnA kAmamAM jotaravA lAgyo hato, jhUMpaDAM bAMdhI eka sthaLe TharIThAma raheto thayo hato ane mATInAM vAsaNo banAvatAM zIkhyo hato. agAu araNyATana karato mAnavI have grAmavAsI thayo ne kRSi tathA pazupAlane enA Arthika jIvanamAM krAntikAraka parivartana ANyuM.29 ene "pahelI ke nUtanapASANu krAnti" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. nUtana pASANayuga Ama mAnava-jIvanamAM eka mahattvanuM pAna hatA. gujarAtamAM maLelA avazeSa AvI ghasIne banAvelI kuhADInAM pAnAM, raMdAnAM pAnAM ke chINuM gujarAtamAM kyAMya maLyAM nathI. je upalabdha thayela che te geLa, kANAdAra moTA paththare, ane A paNa nahi jevA jUja. eka, lAMghaNajanA khodakAmamAM kavArTajhAITa paththaranuM hathiyAra maLyuM che, bIjAM be traNa tApInA taTapradezamAMthI basa

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA phUTane maLyAM hatAM.31 tAjetaramAM AvAM ja DAMga vibhAgamAM zodhAyAM che. paththaranAM AvAM kANAdAra hathiyArone lAkaDAnA hAthAmAM bharAvI eno khetInA kAmamAM ke gadA tarIke paNa upayoga karavAmAM Avato. Ama haju nUtanapASANayuganuM astitva banAvatI kaI vadhu cIjo upalabdha thaI nathI. tApInA taTapradezamAM ke DAMgamAM paddhatisara utpanana thAya to A yugane lagatI vadhAre mAhitI maLavAnI zakyatA che. bAkI hamaNuM to ApaNe eTaluM ja kahIe ke uttara gujarAtamAM bhAnave aMtyapASANayugamAMthI nUtanapASANayugamAM praveza karyo haze chatAM A navI saMskRtine vikAsa thayAnI koI nizAnIo maLI nathI. pachI I. sa. nI zarUAtamAM tyAM lehayuga zarU thaye, jyAre kaccha, saurASTra ane taLa gujarAtanA samudrataTe tAmrapASANa yuganI ekadama vikaselI nagara-saMskRtie siMdhamAMthI AvI prasAra karyo. A eka prakAranI vasAhata ja kahevAya, saMskRtine vikAsa nahi. pAdaTIpe 1. vaLI juo ha dhI sAMkaLiyA, "prAgaitihAsika gujarAta", "gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA', pR. 81-94 2. R. B. Foote, The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities, Catalogue Raisonne, pp. 207 f; Notes on their Ages and Distribution, pp. 15 f., 68, 86 f, 142 f. 7. ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA, uparyukta, pR. 183-85 amuka sthaLe te enuM pAtra lagabhaga nava mITara (30 phUTa) nIce UtarI gayuM che (ejana, pR. 185). 4 nahi te sAmAnya rIte nIcalo thara vadhu ne vadhu prAcIna vasavATanA avazeSa dharAve che. 5. Arkiyolejikala sarve oNpha InDiyA, muMbaInI gujarAta risarca sosAyaTI ane pUnAnI Dekkana koleja risarca InsTiTayUTa taraphathI yojAyelA prathama gujarAta prAga mladi fa's kilu49124 873014. H. D. Sankalia, Investigations into Prehistoric Archaeology of Gujarat, Chapter II $. Sankalia, Excavations at Langhnaj : 1944-63, Part 1, pp. 8 f, 11 f. 7 vaDodarAnI ma. sa. yunivarsiTInA purAvastu khAtA vaDe. Subbarao, "Archaeological Exploratian in the Mahi Valley" JGRS, Vol. I, pp. 34 ff.

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5 muM] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio [93 <, H. D, Sankalia, "Prehistory and Early History of Kutch" JGRS, Vol XXX, pp. 233 ff; "Early Man in India", "Journal Asiatic of Bombay, Vol 41-42, pp. 173-81; ha dhI. sAMkaLiyA, upayukta, pR 181-186; "saurASTranA pASANayuga", pathika, varSa 7, aMka 10-11, 5 34-35; kacchamAM Adi azmayuga", pathika, dIpotsavI aMka, saM. 2024, pR. 4-45. 9 umAzaMkara jozI, purANamAM gujarAta pR. 206. zvatravatI'mAMthI "sAbaramatI" rUpAMtara thayuM; kRtrima rIte enuM pAchuM saMskRtIkaraNa "sAzramatI" thayuM ne e pathI e nadInI utpatti aMge vaziSTha RSinA saMbhramanI paurANika kathA prayojAI (rannapurA, nAlaMda, 3. 172, . 1-14) 10 DI. ena. vADiyA, "gujarAtanI bhUstararacanA", "gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA, pR. 3-16 22. H.D. Sankalia, "Pre-History and Early History of Kutch", JGRS, Vol. XXX, pp. 233 ft; "saurASTranA pASANayugo", pathika, varSa 7, aMka 10-11, pR. 31-kapa, "kacchamAM Adi azmayuga", pathika, dIpotsavI aMka, pR saM. 2024 41-45 12. ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA, "kacchamAM Adi mayuga", pathika, dIpotsavI aMka, saM. 2-24, pR. 43 13. H D. Sankalia, "Early Man in India", Journal Asiatic of Bombay, Vol 41-42, pp. 173 ff. 14, vaLI juo ha dhI. sAMkaLiyA, "prAge tihAsika gujarAta", "gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA', pR. 194-96 14. Soundara Rajan, "Middle Stone Age Sites from Kaira District in Gujarat", JOI, Vol. X, pp. 166 ff. 14. Indian Archaeology-a Review, 1957-58, pp 18,58 f, 69; Sankalia, Pre-history and Proto-history in India and Pakistan, (p 120; ha dhI. sAMkaLiyA, uparyukta, pR. 194 17. ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA, "prAgaitihAsika gujarAta", "gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA, pR. 197-206 1. R, B. Foote, The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities, Catalogue Raisonne, pp. 191 ff.; Notes 012 their Ages and Distribution, pp. 143 f, 138, 194

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94] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [ meM. 1. Sankalia, Investigations into Prehistoric Archaeology of Gujarat, Chapters 111-IV 20. Subbarao, "Archaeological Explorations in the Mahi Valley", JMSI., Vol. I, No. 1, pp 34 ff.; Personality of India, p. 71. 21. S R. Rao, 'Excavations at Rangpur', Indian Archaeology 1953-54 -- A Revies, p. 7 22. Subbarao, Personality of India, Fig. 18; Sankalia, Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Fig. 60 A. 23. Sankalia, Investigations into Prehistoric Archaeology of Gujarat, Chapter III, Part II; Excavations at Langhnaj, Part I 24. Sankalia, Excavations at Langhnaj, Part 1, pp. 18 ff. 25. ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA, upayukta, pR. 204, TI. 21. 2. Sophie Ehrhardt and Kerineth Kennedy, Excavations at Langhnaj, Part III: The Human keletal Remains. 27. madhyapASANayuga ane aMtyapASANayuganI vacce yuropa ane pazcima eziyAmAM eka evA yuga thaI gayA, jyAre mAnava cappunA pAnA jevA pAtaLA paththaranAM suMdara pAnAM banAvatAM zIkhyA hatA. mA yugane purAveA dakSiNa bhAratamAM maLyA che, paraMtu gujarAtamAM hajI ene koI purAvA maLyA nathI. 28. keTalAka dhasavAnI ane lIsA banAvavAnI kriyAne alaga gaNAve che, paraMtu kharI rIte lIsA banAvavAnI kriyA e koI alaga hunnarakriyA nahi, paNa ghasavAnI kriyAnA aMtema tabakko che, Sankalia, Pre-history and Proto-history in India and Pakistan, p. 152, n. 2 29. Gordon Childe. What Happened in History, Chapter III 30. Sankalia, op. cit., pp. 40 f. 31. R. B. Foote, Indian Antiquities, p. 154 32. zrI, citale vaDe, 5 hathiyAra A lekhake jAte joyAM che. (ahevAla aprasiddha) Prehistoric and Protohistoric

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prakaraNa 6 Adya-etihAsika saMskRtio 1. prAstAvika siMdhu sabhyatAnI ukIrNa mudrAo niHzaMka rIte puravAra kare che ke haDappAne samAja akSarajJAnavALo (literate) hato, ane siMdhu lipinuM saMtoSakAraka rIte vAcana thaze ke tarata ja mudrAo kiMmatI aitihAsika purAvA rajU karI Apaze. paraMtu jyAM sudhI e mudrAonuM vAcana siddha na thAya tyAMsudhI siMdhu sabhyatAne "Agha-ItihAsa"mAM rAkhavI paDaze. evI rIte arthAta sAhityika sAdhane havA chatAM, bhAratavarSane lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI, yathArtha cakAsaNI pachI, vaidika ane paurANika sAhityamAM jaNAtAM saMskRti, aitihAsika prasaMge ane vyaktiono "Agha-itihAsa"mAM samAveza karavo joIe. Ano ukhanane dvArA meLavelA purAtattvIya purAvAonI sAthe meLa meLavavo paDe. maryAdita vistAramAM niyata samaya daramyAna pracAramAM rahelA capu, dAtaraDAM, kuhADIo vagere padArthonA kAryanA AdhAre alaga pADavAmAM AvelA, prakAronI samastatAne purAtatvavide Culture (arthAta "saMskRti") kahe che. Civilization(sabhyatA)mAM zAno samAveza thAya che enI spaSTatA karavAmAM purAtattvavidomAM matabheda che. Ama chatAM moTA bhAganA vidvAne ekamata che ke e mATenI ochAmAM ochI jarUriyAto te rAjakIya sabhAnatA, lekhanajJAna, vyavasthita nAgarika jIvana ane vepAra-udyogano vikAsa che. gAmaDAnuM zaherIkaraNa e jagatanI badhI prAcIna sabhyatAonuM bIjuM lakSaNa gaNAya che. siMdhu sabhyatA (nakaze 5) siMdhunI khINanA pradezathI dUranAM sthAnamAM siMdhu sabhyatAnAM ekasothI paNa vadhu sthAnanI zodhane laI evuM vAraMvAra lAgyA kare che ke purAtattvavidee upayogamAM lIdhelI "siMdhu sabhyatA" saMjJA enA vistAra mATe khUba ja saMkucita

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. che. A saMjJAnA upayoganI viruddha rajU karavAmAM Avele bIje vAMdho e che ke e saMjJA spaSTa nathI ane e haDappA saMskRti sAthe sAthe bIjI purogAmI ane anugAmI saMskRtione paNa pitAmAM samAvI le che. AvA vAMdhA hovA chatAM A saMjJA ahIM ekathI vadhu kAraNone laI jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvI che. paheluM e ke "siMdhu sabhyatA" saMjJA samajavAne mATe vadhu sArI che ane "haDappA saMskRti" ane "haDappA sabhyatA" saMjJAo karatAM vadhu pracalita che. A viSayane lagatA vizALa sAhityamAM bIjI lagabhaga samAna saMjJAonA karatAM A saMjJA vadhu vAraMvAra vaparAyelI che. bIju e ke siMdhu khINanI mahAna nAgarika sabhyatAnAM badhAM pAsAMone lAgu pADavAnA viSayamAM "haDappA saMskRti" saMjJA khUba ja saMkucita lAge che. trIjuM e ke "haDappA saMskRtine sthAne haDappA sabhyatA" saMjJA upayogamAM laIe to paNa A sabhyatAnI atyAre vyApaka rIte jJAta thaI cUkelI avanatikALanI ane saMkrAMtikALanI parivartana dazAone kAraNe bIjA gUMcavADA UbhA thaze. tethI A nAgarika sabhyatAnuM paripakava svarUpa vyakta karavAne mATe "siMdhu sabhyatA" saMjJA rahevA devI iTa che. ethI "uttara haDappA saMskRti" tarIke nAma pAmelI avanatikALanI enI dazAthI ene alaga pADI zakAya. 2. gujarAtanI prA_haDappIya saMskRtio (Alekha 9) (a) aMtya-pASANayuganI saMskRtinuM anusaMdhAna surendranagara jillAnA lIMbaDI tAlukAnA eka nAnA gAmaraMgapura(zrInAthagaDha)mAM 1953-54mAM ukhanana karavAmAM AvyuM tyAre su-nizcita prAnhaDappIya saMskRtinA saMdarbhamAM laghupASANa udyoga dhyAnamAM Avyo hato. sahuthI jUnA rahevAsIoe upayogamAM lIdhelAM pASANa-ojAremAM bANa-phaLAM, trikeNa, samAMtara dvibhuja catuSkoNa, patarIo ane ardha-caMdrAkRtio temaja sapramANa patarIo upara banAvelA raMdA jevA bhaumitika ane a-bhaumitika laghupASANa hatA. e nadIonA pAtramAMthI maLatA jespara kevsaDanI ane akIkamAMthI banAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. A kAlane "raMgapura-1" kahevAmAM Avyo che. saurASTramAM anyatra somanAtha jevAM sthaLoe cAkaDAthI banAvelA mRAtre dekhAyA pachI paNa TUMkI samAMtarabhuja patarIo vaparAtI mAlUma paDI che. vadhu pUrvamAM jatAM, thalamAM ja 3 tabakkAmAM abarakhiyAM rAtAM mRtpAtro sAthe sAthe sunizcita tAmrapASANa (chalcolithic)nA saMdarbhamAM A patarI-udyoga mejUda rahe che. tApInI khINamAM AvelA jokhA

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5 suM] prAgaaitihAsika saskRti [ 90 gAmamAM ane geAdAvarInI khINamAM AvelA dAImAbAdamAM '"nUtana-pASANa tabakkA"nAM pASANanAM dhaselAM cakacakita ejArA keseDanI vagerenI TUMkI patarIonI sAtheAsAtha maLe che. Ama ApaNane saurASTranI tAmrapASANu saMskRtie ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA nUtana pASANu avazeSAmAM praveza karatI bhaumitika zRMkhalA dvArA laghupASANa paraMparAnI prasaraNazIla (diffusional) uttejanA (stimulus) jovA maLe che. anukrame raMgapura ane lAthalanI uttara-haDappIya ane anu-haDappIya kAlanI 'aNIe ane acaMdrAkRtio paNa laghupASANu patarI udyoganuM anusa MdhAna che; haDappIya loko pAtAnI sAthe paththaranI patarIonA jaththAbaMdha utpAdanane mATe baMdha ese tevI "uparane cheDe beu bAjuthI maLI jAya tevA AkAra ApatI kriyApaddhati" (crested ridge guiding technique) lAvelA hatA, tenI asara nIce e udyoga-paraMparA punarjIvana pAmI hatI. raMgapura-1 nA leAkeA ane lAMdhaNajanA leke kRSikArAmAM pahelA ane anAja utpanna karanArAM nAnAM gAmaDAMomAM rahevAmAM pahelA hatA. e arthamAM A khemAMthI ekane paNa cAkkasa rIte Adima grAma-kRSaka jAtio gaNI zakAya ema nathI. gujarAtamAMnI bhautika (material) saMskRtinA vikAsa darzAvavAmAM lAMdhaNaja ane raMgapuranA sthAnika loko pachI prabhAsanA leAkA Ave che. (A) hyUsara mRtpAtrAnI saMskRti jUnAgaDha jillAnA verAvaLa baMdara pAse AvelA prabhAsapATaNa najIkanA jUnA TIMbAnA, 1955-56 ane 1956-57nAM e varSomAM thayelA utkhananamAM babbe peTA-kAlavALA e "sAMskRtika kAla" pADavAmAM AvyA hatA. kamabhAgye e peTA-vibhAge vaccenA bheda bahu spaSTa karAyA nathI. kAla 2nA e peTAvibhAgeAmAMnA pahelA a, dhUsara raMgamAM athavA lAla raMgamAM bhinna bhinna rIte lI...pAyelAM binasaphAIdAra ThIkarAMnA nAnA jaththA dharAvatA evA retI ane kaMkaranA ekamAtra starathI vyakta thAya che. AkArA ane utkIrNarUpAMkane jyAM jyAM maLyAM tyAM tyAM gujarAtamAMnAM uttara-haDappIya nRtpAtrA(pottery)nI sAthe maLatAM AvyAM che. vaLI e peTA-kAla laghupASANayuganAM sAmAnya lakSaNa ane phrAyensanA kha MDita (segmented) maNakA sAthe saMkaLAyelA che. 1 A peTA-kAlamAM prabhAsapAtrAnI sAtheAsAtha uttara-haDappIya mRtpAtra-prakAro ane citrita AkRtie nIkaLela che. cheka prAcInatama staramAMthI maLI AvelAM mRtyAtrAnA vyavasthita parIkSaNa parathI mAlUma paDI AvyuM ke emAM gheADIvALI thALI, chidrALu ghaDA,

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* ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [.. katharATa vagere lAkSaNika haDappIya brATanAM vAsaNo maLyAM na hatAM ane kAla 1 mAM maLelAM dhUsara mRtyAtrAnuM dhaDatara (fabric) leAthalanAM kharabacaDAM dhUsara mRtyAtrAne maLatuM AvatuM hatuM, paraMtu dhaDataramAM ane sapATInI kriyAmAM caDiyAtA dhaDataravALAM lAkSaNika haDappIya nRtyAtrA karatAM e taddana nirALuM hatuM.. AthI prabhAsanA kAla 1 6, evI viziSTa sAMskRtika sImA vyakta kare che, je samayamAM prAg--haDappIya ane utpattimAM taLapadI (indigenous) che. emAM dhAravADanA phrAyensanA khaMDita maNukA maLe che. jyAre jUnA starone anukAlIna rahevAsIe (occupants) astavyasta kare che, tyAre chUTAchavAyA anukAlIna padArthA pUrvakAlIna padArthoM sAthe bhaLI javAnI purI sabhAvanA heAya che. prabhAsa 1 meMnA prAg--haDappIya loko kharabacaDAM dhUsara mRtpAtrAmAMnA vADakA ane ghaDA(bolws and jars) ne upayAga karatA hatA, je keTalIka vAra camaka ApelA paNa hoya che. camaka ApelAM na hoya tevAM (unfurnished) pAtrAne utsINuM rekhA vaDe suzAbhita karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM; emAM karAtAM rUpAMkana taraMgAkAra rekhAo, khIlAnAM mathALAMnI chApA ane paraspara chedaka rekhAovALA paTAo vagere AkAranAM hatAM. lAcala ane raMgapuramAM A nRtpAtrA ArUDha haDappIya avasthAmAM tathA prabhAsamAM uttara haDappIya avasthAmAM majUda rahyA karyAM che. prabhAsa 1 3 nAM kharabacaDAM dhUsara pAtro vAparanArA leAkeAnAM pASANumaya sAdhane(lithic equipment)mAM, kadAca tAmrapASANayugIna sAmAnya lakSaNeAnI hAya tevI, keseDanInI samAMtara khAjuvALI TUMkI patarIonA samAveza thatA hatA. ApaNe dvIpakalpamAM vadhAre aMdaranA bhAgamAM jaIe tA mAlUma paDI Ave che OM e ja kharabacaDAM dhUsara pAtrA vAparanArA lokeA bhAdaranI khINamAM paNa rahetA hatA. rAjakATanI dakSiNe 55 ki. mI. (34 mAila) para AvelA uttara haDappIya sthAna zrInAthagaDha(raMgapura)mAM dherA lAla raMga(pink)nAM mRtpAtrAnuM parIkSaNa karatAM mAlUma paDI AvyuM che ke lAcalanA ca kAlanI prathama avasthA (phase)nAM akharakhiyAM (micaceous) lAla mRtyAtrAnI sAthe ekarUpatA dharAvatAM A pAtrA AraMbhika sapATIomAM maLI Ave che. prabhAsanA kAla 1 mAM maLelA prakAranAM binasaphAIdAra (crude) Akucita (corrugated) pAtrAne lAkSaNika haDappIya pAtrA sAthe saMbaMdha hateA.4 patarIe (blades), jhUlA (trapezes) ane kavArTjhanA ardha-caMdrAkAra dhATa paNa A tabakkA(phase)mAM upayeAgamAM hatA. zrInAthagaDha ane prabhAsanI prAcIna sapATIemAM Akucita dhUsara mRtpAtrAnuM hAvu e khUba sUcaka che, kAraNa ke emAMnuM eka sthaLa prA-haDappIya saMskRtinuM

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5 muM] mA-aitihAsika saMskRtio samudrakAMThAnA sapATa dezamAM ane bIju aMdaranA pradezamAM astitva sUcave che. - prabhAsa ane rejaDI(zrInAthagaDha)mAM nIcAmAM nIcI sapATIoe maLatAM haDappIya pAtro ane taLapadAM pAtro vacce bheda pADe jarUrI che. kadAca staronuM vadhu sAvadhAnI bhareluM parIkSaNa karavAmAM Ave to emAMthI be bhinna sAMskRtika vibhAgo (zones) khullA thAyaH pahele evo jemAM dhUsara mRtpAtronuM calaNuM mukhya hatuM, ne pachI e ke jemAM uttara haDappIya ane abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtronuM mukhya calaNa hatuM. beu bina-haDappIya mRtpAtro lethalamAM jANavAmAM AvelI saMskRtine maLatI taLapadI prAga-haDappIya tAmrapASANa saMskRtinA be prakAra cokkasa rIte raju karI Ape che; emAM eka taphAvata rahela che ke zrInAthagaDha ane prabhAsamAM haDappIya leke moDethI AvyA hatA. (I) abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRti haDappIya vasavATa pahelAMnI abarakhiyAM mRtpAtronI saMskRtinuM vadhu sAruM citra ApaNe lothalamAM meLavI zakIe chIe. lothalanA sahuthI pahelA nivAsIo sapATInI niSpattimAM karelI saphAIne lIdhe patalA ane saMskArita lAgatAM, cAkaDAthI banAvelAM ane sArI rIte pakavelAM mRtpAtrone upayoga karatA hatA. e pAtro raMgamAM gherAthI laI AchA lAla raMganAM hatAM ane mATImAM svAbhAvika azuddhatA tarIke rahelA abarakha ene caLakATa Apato hato. abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtro vAparanArA loka sAdA hatA. teo UbhA hAthAvALA ke UbhA hAthA vinAnA kaLaze ane goLa taLiyAvALA ane caLakatI hAMsavALA ghaDA (jars) jevA sAdA dhATa banAvatA hatA; paraMtu teo pAtronI sapATI upara sAvadhAnIthI citarAmaNe karatA hatA, e uparathI jANI zakAya che ke emanI pAse ucca prakAranI kalAdaSTi hatI. AchI lAla ke gherI lAla sapATI upara pAtaLI kALI rekhAo karavA mATe suMdara pIMchI vAparavAmAM AvatI hatI. sAmAnyataH ADI rekhAo, taraMgAkAra rekhAo, gUMcaLAM (loops) ane trAsI rekhAo ghaDAnA kAMThalA upara ane hAMsanA bahAranA bhAga upara jovAmAM Ave che; ane rekhApUrita hIrA-AkAro (hatched diamonds) ane ghAsiyA repA kaLazanA aMdaranA bhAga upara jovAmAM Ave che. thoDA dAkhalAomAM ardhavartule ane jADA paTTA paNa cItaravAmAM AvatA hatA. evA namUnA keTa-dIjI ane kAlIbaMgananAM prAgahaDappIya pAtromAM maLe che. abarakhiyAM lAla pAtro ghaDanAra lokoe banAvelAM bIjA prakAranAM mRtpAtro e kALAM--ane-lAla pAtro che. A pAtrone aMzataH prANavAyu ApatA ane

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100] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA aMzataH mULa sthitie laI jatA saMjogomAM UMdhuM pakavavAnI kriyAthI pakavavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. A pramANe pakavavAmAM AvatAM pAtra nibhADAmAMthI nIkaLe tyAre aMdaranA bhAgamAM kALAM ane bahAranA bhAgamAM lAla hoya che. gujarAtamAM A hunnarakriyA (technique) ghaNo lAMbo samaya cAlu rahI ane I. sa. pUrve bIjI sahastrAbdImAM madhya bhArata ane dakhaNanA tAmra-pASANayuganA anu-haDapIya leke sudhI UtarI AvI hatI. chevaTe e dakSiNa bhAratanA lekhaMDa vAparanAra ane mahAzilAo vaDe samAdhi bAMdhanAra lekenI saMskRtinuM lakSaNa banI. AghaaitihAsika gujarAtanAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtroe bhAratIya purAvastuvidyAmAM bhAre mahattva dhAraNa karyuM che, kAraNa ke e mevADanA ucca pradezamAM AvelA AhADamAM, narmadAnI khINamAM AvelA nAvaDAtalI ane mahezvaramAM, madhya pradezamAM AvelA eraNa khAte, bihAramAM AvelA ciraMda vize, tApInI khINamAM AvelAM prakAza ane savaLadAhamAM, godAvarInI khINamAM AvelA nevAsAmAM, bhImAnA paTapradezamAM AvelAM caMdelI ane inAmagAMvamAM, ane dakSiNamAM AgaLa jatAM tuMgabhadrAnI khINamAM AvelAM halUra ane TelikeTAmAM maLatI, anyathA aLagI paDI gayelI A tAmrapASANa saMskRtio vaccenI Avazyaka zaMkhalA banI rahe che. "UMdhuM pakavavAnI kriyA"nA pradezamAM ane kALamAM thayelA prasAra parathI ema kahevuM ke pazcima bhAratamAMthI eka bAju madhya ane uttara bhAratamAM ane bIjI bAju dakhkhaNa ane dakSiNa bhAratamAM lekenI hilacAla thaI che-e carcAspada muddo che. ApaNI mAhitInI vartamAna sthitimAM e nathI svIkArI zakAto ke nathI nakArI zakAto; paraMtu eka vastu nizcita che ke I. sa. pUrve bIjI sahastrAbdInA chellA caraNamAM gujarAtanI bahAra sudhI ane paMjAbathI AMdha sudhImAM vistarelA vizALa pradezamAM rahetA bhinna bhinna prakAranA sAMskRtika samUhamAM e mRtpAtraprakAra pracalita thaI cUkyo hato. lethalanA abarakhiyAM lAla pAtro vAparanArA lokonAM bhautika sAdhanA prazna upara pAchA AvatAM evuM mAlUma paDe che ke e loko bhAdara ane sAbaramatInI uparavAsanI jamInamAMthI meLavelI kAcI sAmagrImAMthI utpanna karelA jespara ane akIkanI samAMtara-bAjuvALI TUMkI patarIo vAparatA. A patarIone prasaMgavazAta ardhacaMdrAkAra ojArano ghATa ApavAmAM Avato ane e dAtaraDA vagere tarIke kAma Ape e mATe ene lAkaDAnA ke hADakAnA gharAmAM besADavAmAM AvatI. abarakhiyAM lAla vAsaNa vAparanArA lekone tAmranI jANakArI hatI, e tAmra-padArthonA khaMDita avazeSathI siddha thAya che paththaranA

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio nisAra ane nisAtarAone upayoga anAjane daLI loTa banAvavA mATe thato haze. lothala ane raMgapuranAM ukhananomAMthI kuzakI ane baLelA dANuM maLyA che, e uparathI DAMgara ane bAjarInI khetIne gesa purA maLyo che. ghauMnI khetIno parokSa purAvo abarakhiyA lAla kaLazo para cItarelI ghauMnI photarIthI maLI Ave che. mATInI pakavelI cIjomAM takalInI cakatI ane dAMDI kAMtavAvaNavAnA jJAnanAM sUcaka gaNAya. haDappIya staramAMthI vaNelA kApaDa ane vaLa caDAvelA deraDAnI chApavALAM mATInAM pakavelAM mudrAMkana maLyAM che. lothalanI taLapadI vastIne sutarAu kApaDanI kadAca jANa haze. ahIMthI sutarAu mAlanI nikAsa thatI haze e asaMbhavita nathI. sahuthI prAcIna nivAsIo mATInAM ke kAcI ITonAM bAMdhelAM nAnAM makAnamAM rahetA hatA, paraMtu nibhADAmAM pakavelI IMTa virala hatI. e samayanuM gAma atyAre lupta thaI gayelI nadInA DAbI bAjunA kAMThA para caDAva letA nIcA TekarA upara vaseluM hatuM. kadAca e sAbaramatI nadIne mukhya pravAhamArga hato. lothala gAmanI hayAtI daramyAna paNa e nadIe ene pravAha badalyo hate evuM jovAmAM AvyuM che. pUranI sAme mATInA baMdhathI gAma-vasAhatanuM rakSaNa karI levAmAM AvyuM hatuM, pAchaLathI A baMdhe uttarakAlIna avasthAmAM A haDappA-kAlIna zaheranI pharatI dIvAla mATe nakkara pAyAnI garaja sArI. abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtro vAparanArAoe thoDA sthAnika udyogone vikasAvyA hatA, jenI UpajonI bahAra nikAsa karavAmAM AvI hovI joIe. Avo eka udyoga maNakA banAvavAno hato, kAraNa ke kArneliyana ane akIkanA pariSkRta ane ardhapariSkRta saMkhyAbaMdha maNakA vasAhatanA sahuthI prAcIna staramAM maLI AvyA che. bIjA mahatvanA udyogomAM chIpanAM ane hAthIdAMtanAM kAma havA joIe, kAraNa ke ene mATe jaI te kAco mAla tyAMthI ja maLatA hatA. saurASTrane samudrakAMThe, khAsa karIne dvArakAne pradeza, zaMkha-chIpa mATe jANItuM che. lothalamAM vizeSIkRta udyogone vikAsa thayo hato e hakIkata ja sUcave che ke tyAM kheDUta sivAyanI vastInA nibhAva mATe jarUrI vadhArAnI khAtasAmagrInuM utpAdana thatuM hatuM. tAmranA padArtho ane ardhakiMmatI patharo ahI maLelA hovAthI evuM bIjuM eka mahatvanuM anumAna tAravI zakAya te e ke ahIMnA nivAsIoe samudrapArane vepAra ghaNuM pramANamAM vikasAvyo hato,

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102] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA jethI e narmadAnA khINa pradezamAMthI bhAre mAMgavALA ardha-kiMmatI paththaranI AyAta ane dUranA pazcimamAMthI tAmranI AyAta karI zakAI, kAraNa ke sAbaramatInA khINa pradezamAM e beu prakArane kAco mAla upalabdha nahote. vaLI I. sa. pUrve 2500 jeTalA jUnA samayamAM ADAvalInI dakSiNa pahADIomAM udepura najIkathI maLatAM tAmranAM sthAnika sAdhanane upayoga karyAne kaI purAvo nathI. AyAta karavAmAM AvatI dhAtuo ane paththaronI kiMmata sutarAu mAla, chIpanA ane hAthIdAMtanA padArtho temaja ardhakiMmatI paththaranA maNakAonA rUpe cUkavavAmAM AvatI hovI joIe. jethalanA vepArIo siMdhamAM keTa-dIjI sudhI dara gayA hovA joIe ke jyAM prAga-haDappIya staramAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtromAM che. teo siMdhunA mukhapradezanI pAra pazcimamAM keTale dUra pahoMcyA hatA e jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. lethalanAM ane koTa-dIjI siMdha)nAM prAga-haDappIya gAmamAM lekhanakaLAne purA ke AjananuM ane jAhera ArogyanuM kaMI sUcana maLyuM nathI. (I) keTa-dIjI saMskRti kacchamAM desalapara khAte karelAM ukhananamAMthI maLelA mATIkAmanA saMgrahamAM evA pAtaLA ghaDAno samAveza thAya che. ene ghaTTa kALo paTTo cItarele saMkucita kAMThale hoya che, je keTa-dIjInI prAga-haDappIya saMskRtinI mATIkAmanI paraMparAnI nakala hoya te prakArane lAge che. aMdaranA bhAgamAM sapheda rekhAomAM cItarelAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtro sAthe sAthanAM koTa-dIjInAM mRtpAtro desalapara khAte prAgu-haDappIya vasAhatanuM astitva batAve che, jyAre tyane TUMkI patarIne udyoga sUcave che ke tyAMnI saMskRti tAmrapASANa prakAranI (chalcolithic ) 3. :: lethala, prabhAsa ane desalaparanA sahuthI prAcIna staronAM maryAdita usmanane parathI traNa bhinna bhinna sAMskRtika lekasamUhanuM astitva kapI zakAya che. kaccha ane saurASTramAM haDappIya leke AvyA te pahelAM teo vatteoche aze, samAna Arthika vikAsa dharAvatA hatA. siMdhathI najIka hovAne laIne ane karInALa ane raNa dvArA siMdhunA khINa-pradezamAM javAnI saraLatAne laIne desalapara keTa-dIjI saMskRtinI asara nIce AvyuM hovuM joIe. kadAca, desalaparanI ToDA paththaronI killebaMdI paNa, khuda koTa-dIjImAM baneluM tema, prAgRhaDappIya vasAhatIoe pUranI sAmenA pagalA tarIke ja bAMdhI hatI.

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtie [1bhya AthI spaSTa thAya che ke haDappIya leke AvyA te pUrve ghaNuM samaya upara karachamAM tAmrano upayoga karanArA evA leke hatA ke jemaNe cAkaDAmAMthI banAvelAM ane keI koI vAra cItarelAM vAsaNone mATe jANatA mATIkAmanA udyogano vikAsa sAdhyo hato. kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke e vasAhatIo khetIvADI jANatA hatA ane teo Dhora-gheTAM vagere pazuo pALatA hatA. teo paththaranAM ojAra vAparatA hatA ane mATInAM makAnomAM vasatA hatA. saurASTranA dvIpakalpamAM be prakAranA sAMskRtika lekasamUha vasatA hatAH eka prabhAsamAM dhUsara mRtpAtronA upayogathI tarI Avato ane bIjo lothalamAM abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtronA upayogathI tarI Avato. emanI mATIkAmanI sAmagrI uparathI nirNaya karavAmAM Ave te prabhAsane ghUsara mRtpAtra vAparanAre lekasamUha abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lekasamUha karatAM thoDo prApha-kAlIna hovAnuM jaNAya che, kAraNa ke zrInAthagaDhamAM pahele lekasamUha bIjAne purogAmI che. ahIM noMdhavuM joIe ke dUsara mRtpAtronI saMskRti prabhAsathI zrInAthagaDha tarapha (jasadaNanI) bhAdaranA khINa pradezamAM ane kadAca madhya saurASTramAM vadhAre aMdaranA bhAgamAM AgaLa laMbAI jyAre abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRti khaMbhAtanA akhAtanA mAthe lIMbaDInI bhAdaranA khINa pradezamAM AgaLa laMbAI. baMne saMskRtione samAgama zrInAthagaDhamAM thayo. AthI saurASTra ane kacchanuM arthakAraNu lAMdhaNajanA zikArI ane ana-saMgrAhaka jokonA arthakAraNa karatAM vadhu vikasita hatuM. lothala, desalapara ane zrInAthagaDhanA prAga-haDapI leke sthAyI jIvana gujAratA hatA ane teo cAkaDA para banAvelAM mRtpAtro ane tAmra ojAra vAparatA hatA. dhAtunAM ane paththaranAM sAdhana utpanna karavAmAM rokAyelI kheDUta sivAyanI vastInuM bharaNapoSaNa karavAne mATe jarUrI vadhArAnuM anna teo ugADatA hatA. dUranA pazcimamAM nikAsa karI zakAya tevo mojazokhano mAla paNa tyAMnA kArIgare banAvatA hatA. Ama vepAre navA vicAro ANyA. TUMkamAM, gujarAtanI paristhiti grAmINa arthakAraNanA nagarIkaraNane mATe paripakava banI rahI hatI. A tabakke siMdhu khINamAM AvelAM nagaromAMthI dariyAkheDu vepArIo potAne AyAta karavAmAM kAma lAge tevA bhAlanA puravaThAnAM uddagamasthAnenI zodhamAM lethala AvyAM hevA joIe. lethalanI grAma-vasAhatanA nagarIkaraNanI vigatemAM jatAM pahelAM, dezamAM judI judI saMsthAoe hAtha dharelI sthaLatapAsone pariNAme gujarAtamAM thayelI haDappIya sthaLonI zodha vize thoDA zabdo kahevA jarUrI che.

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jid ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 3. gujarAtamAM haDappIya sthaLanI zodha (nakaze ) 1931nA varSamAM agAunA lIMbaDI rAjyamAM(AjanA surendranagara jillAmAM) raMgapura gAma najIka rasto bAMdhavAnI pravRttine pariNAme tyAM eka Akasmika zadha thaI hAlanuM raMgapura ghaNA vizALa TIMbA upara AveluM che. A TIbe Agha-aitihAsika kAlamAM A sthaLe uttarottara thayelA vasavATane laIne racAyela che. A purANA TIMbAne ArapAra bhedatAM citrita mRtpAtronA moTA jaththA prakAzamAM AvyA ane pachIthI ene parIkSaNane AdhAre, haDappA ane moheMjo-daDemAM maLI AvelAM mRtpAtrone prakAranA jAhera karavAmAM AvyA. vidvAnomAM vyApaka rasa upajAvatI A zodhe "siMdhu khINanI sabhyatA"nA dakSiNa taraphanA vistAranI zakyatA sUcavI. tethI 1934 mAM bhAratanA "purAvastu sarvekSaNa" taraphathI ukhanana hAtha dharavAmAM AvyuM. ukhananamAMthI prApta thayelI cIjonA parIkSaNane AdhAre raMgapura "siMdhu khINanI sabhyatAnuM agrasthAna hovAnuM jAhera thayuM. pachI muMbaI yunivarsiTI taraphathI e sthaLanuM ukhanana thayuM ane uparanI bAbatanuM samarthana maLyuM. paraMtu 1937mAM pUnAnI Dekakana koleja taraphathI hAtha dharavAmAM AvelAM ukhananae siMdhu sabhyatAnI vasAhata hevAnA raMgapuranA dAvAnI bAbatamAM keTalIka AzaMkA UbhI karI. bhAratIya upakhaMDanA vibhAjana pachI "purAvastu sarvekSaNa" taraphathI nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM ke raMgapuranuM sAghata ane paddhatipUrvakanuM ukhanana karavuM ke jethI haDappIya agrasthAna tarIkenA enA dAvAne svIkAra ke asvIkAra nakkI thaI zake. 1954 mAM tyAM ukhanana karAvavAmAM AvyuM, jenAM pariNAma atizaya protsAhaka nIvaDavAM. atyAra sudhI mahattvanA na gaNavAmAM AvelA TIMbAnA uttara taraphanA bhAgamAM thoDIka prAyagika khAIe khodavAmAM AvI, enAthI siMdhu sabhyatAnAM lAkSaNika ITarI bAMdhakAmanuM astitva prakAzamAM AvyuM. ukhananamAMthI prApta thayela mATInI cIjo ane bIjI cIjoe siMdhu sabhyatAnA agrasthAna tarIkenA raMgapuranA dAvAne punaH sthApita karavAmAM sahAya karI ane vaLI gujarAtamAM e sabhyatAnAM hAsa ane parivartananA tabakkA darzAvatI vadhArAnI AdhAra-sAmagrI paNa pUrI pADI. Ama chatAM emAM siMdhu mudrAo bilakula na maLI ane siMdhu saMskRtinAM svAbhAvika lAla mRtpAtro uparAMta enAthI bhinna prakAranAM evAM AchAM pAMDu raMganAM mRtpAtro maLyAM te haDappIya saMskRtinI avanatinuM sUcaka gaNAyuM. A avanati-prakriyAnI saurASTramAM vadhAre anveSaNa karavAnI jarUra dekhAI

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtie t105 e pachI, haDappIya lokonI dakSiNa taraphathI hilacAlanuM tAtparya ane dvIpakalpa para thayelI emanI saMrakRtinI asara samajavA mATe saurASTramAM vadhu samRddha haDappIya sthaLe mATe tapAsa karavAnuM jarUrI jaNAyuM, tethI 1954 mAM A pradezanuM paddhatipUrvaka sarvekSaNa hAtha dharAyuM, jenAthI siMdhamAMthI saurASTramAM haDappIya loko kayA mArge AvyA hatA, ane je tyAM vadhu haDappIya vasAhato hoya to, e darzAvI zakAya. pahelavaheluM, gujarAtanI taLabhUmine saurASTranA dvIpakalpa sAthe joDatA mArgane jaLa siMcatI sAbaramatI nadInA madhya bhAganA ane nIcANanA viratAromAM sthaLatapAsa karavAmAM AvI, eTalA mATe ke haDappIya leke bhUmimArge AvyA hovAnI AzaMkA hatI. paraMtu sAbaramatIne madhya pravAhanI bAjumAM Avela uttara gujarAtanAM medAnomAM pUrvakAlIna haDappIya vasAhato mAluma paDI nahi, AthI sarvekSaNanI TukaDI dakSiNa tarapha khasI. sAbaramatInA bharatImukhamAMnA badhA purANu TIMbAonuM parIkSaNa karatI veLAe lothalanuM sthaLa 1954 nA navembaramAM zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyuM. e raMgapurathI 50 ki. mI. uttarapUrve AveluM che, ane have to suprasiddha thaI cUkyuM che. sapATI uparathI maLelI cIjomAM caMbu, aNIdAra nahi tevA jAma, cAMcavALA pyAlA, naLAkAra saddhi ghaDA, ghoDI paranI rakAbIo (dishes-on-stand), mATInI pakavelI thepalIo', samAMtara bAjuvALI carTanI patarIo, paththaranAM ghanAkAra tolAM, selakhaDInA cakrAkAra maNakA ane kArneliyananA rekhita (etched) maNukA-A badhI pUrvakAlIna haDappIya vasAhato( settlements)nI viziSTatAo maLI AvI che. sarvekSaNa hAtha para levAne prathama hetu thalamAM samRddha haDappIya vasAhatanI zadhathI pAra paDayo. Ama chatAM A apaNe eka mahatvane prazna Ubho karyo. bhAla-naLakAMThAnA mArga(orridor)mAM pUrvakAlIna haDappIya sthaLe maLyAM nathI, e parathI sUcita thAya che ke siMdhamAMthI saurASTramAM AvavA mATe haDappIya lokee bhUmimArga lIdho nahote. pachI saurASTranI uttarI sarahada para pUrvakAlIna haDappIya sthaLanI gerahAjarIe ane saurASTranA pUrva temaja madhya bhUbhAgomAM aneka uttarakAlIna haDappIya sthaLonI hAjarIe A jAtanI dhAraNAne anumodana ApyuM. 1954 thI 1960 daramyAna bhUtapUrva saMyukta muMbaI rAjyanA purAtattva khAtAe haDappIya saMskRtinA vividha tabakkA dharAvatAM lagabhaga so jeTalAM sthaLo zedhI ApyAM. nAnA pAyA para aneka haDappIya sthaLonuM ukhanana paNa thayuM, jemAM mukhya AmarA, lAkhAbAvaLa, prabhAsa-somanAtha, rojaDI (zrInAthagaDha), ATakoTa, daDa ane piThaDiyA che.

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10] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA samudrakAMThAnI hilacAlanA siddhAMtanuM samarthana ke nirAkaraNa karavA mATe kaccha ane saurASTranA dvIpakalpanA pazcima ane dakSiNa kAMThAnuM sarvekSaNa karavAnuM jarUrI jaNAyuM hatuM. kAryakramanA A bhAganuM kAma 1955 thI 1959 nAM varSomAM hAtha para levAyuM. ene pariNAme kaccha ane saurASTramAM be pUrvakAlIna haDapIya ane keTalAMye uttarakAlIna haDappIya sthaLa zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyAM. tethalanI dakSiNe ghoghA (ji. bhAvanagara) najIka hAthaba (prAcIna "hastavapra") nAme gAma AveluM che tyAMthI nAnA jaththAmAM haDappIya mRtpAtra meLavavAmAM AvyAM che. tyAMthI vadhu dakSiNamAM koDInAranI najIka AvelA kaNajetaramAM eka uttarakAlIna haDappIya sthaLa che, prAyaH ene mahAbhAratamAM prasiddha baMdara dvArakA tarIke aneka vAra oLakhavAmAM AvyuM che. ApaNe pazcima tarapha jaIe to bIjA be uttarakAlIna haDappIya sthaLo joI zakAya che. eka verAvaLanI najIka prabhAsamAM ane bIjuM ribaMdarathI uttaramAM thoDe dUra kauMdarakheDAmAM. saurASTranA kAMThAnI uttarapazcima Toca para jAmanagaranI najIka AmarA ane lAkhAbAvaLa AvyAM che, ene nirdeza agAu thaI cUkI che. uttaranA kAMThA upara pUrvakAlIna ke uttarakAlIna haDappIya eka paNa sthaLa maLI AvyuM nathI, kadAca enuM kAraNa e heya ke pagethI athavA bhAravAhI pazuothI oLaMgI na zakAya ane vahANathI paNa na oLaMgAya tevA chIcharA nAnA raNa vATe uttara dizAmAMthI haDappIya leke e saurASTramAM pahoMcavAno prayatna karyo nahoto. 1955-56 mAM kacchamAM hAthamAM levAyelAM haDappIya sthaLonA anveSaNa dvArA traNa pUrvakAlIna haDappIya ane traNa uttarakAlIna haDappIya sthaLe prakAzamAM AvyAM. dakSiNa kAMThA upara mAMDavI najIka navI nALa, samA gogA ane uttaramAM nakhatrANA tAlukAmAM desalaparamAM paripakava haDappIya saMskRti dekhAya che, jyAre dakSiNa kAMThe kaThArA pAse TaDiyo ane vadhu uttaramAM kasara ane bhUja tAlukAnAM lUNuM hAsa pAmatI haDappIya saMskRtinAM mathaka che. hamaNAM karachamAM bIjAM zeDAM haDappIya sthaLa zodhI kaDhAyAM che, temAMnAM lAkhApara, surakoTaDA ane pabumaThamAM paripakava haDappIya saMskRti dekhAtI hevAnuM manAya che. A saMbaMdhamAM noMdhavuM joIe ke desalapara, pabumaTha ane surakoTaDA jevAM uttara dizAnAM sthaLo kacchanI prAcIna samudrataTa-rekhA sUcave che, kAraNa ke haDappIya samayamAM kacchanuM moTuM raNu khullA samudranA rUpamAM hatuM ane siMdhamAMthI tyAM bhUmimArge pahoMcI zakAtuM nahotuM. cheka I.sa.nI pahelI sadI sudhI paNa "periplasa"nA lekhakanA jaNAvyA pramANe kacchanI pharate vahANanuM saMcAlana thatuM hatuM, AthI kaccha ane saurASTramAM haDappIya leke bhUmimArge

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prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtie t100 AvyA evuM amuka vidvAnuM sUcana pratItikara purAvastukIya purAvAthI pramANita thaI zakatuM nathI. Ama chatAM saMbhava che ke pUrvakAlIna haDappIya leke kacchamAM prathama AvI vasyA ane uttara kAMThA para sthira thayA. bIje haDappIya lekasamUha kAMThe kAMThe dakSiNa tarapha khasyo ane lothala pahoMcyo. kacchanA dakSiNa kAMThe mAMDavI najIka navI nALamAM temaja saurASTramAM dakSiNa kAMThe hAthabamAM maLela pUrvakAlIna haDapIya baMdaronA sthAnathI Ane samarthana maLyuM che. A beu sthaLonA aMtarAlamAM teoe bIjuM sthaLa sthApyuM hoya ke je hajI ApaNI najaramAM AvyuM nathI. evuM paNa saMbhave che ke haDapIya nAvike kacchamAMnA navI nALa ke koI bIjA baMdarethI hAthaba ane lothala sIdhA jatA. AthI haDappIya antargAmIo bhUmimArga karatAM samudramArgane vadhu pasaMda karatA e niHzaMka che. | gujarAtamAMnAM sauthI vadhu haDappIya sthaLomAMthI maLatI vipula purAvastukIya sAdhanasAmagrInA samIkSita abhyAsathI e ghaNuM spaSTa thAya che ke beu samaye samudramArga laIne haDappIya leke kaccha ane saurASTramAM be pravAhamAM AvyA. pahelI hilacAla I. sa. pUrve 2450 mAM thaI te vepArIo pUratI maryAdita hatI. A vepArIo kAMThAnAM vepArI mathakamAM sthira thayA ane teoe vepArI vasAhata sthApI, je krame krame audyogika ke dromAM vistRta thaI. AnuM tAdaza daSTAMta lathala che. moTe bhAge pUrane kAraNe thayelA siMdhu khINanI vasAhatonA nAzane laIne bIjI hilacAla I. sa. pUrve 1900 mAM thaI. A samaye e vepArI mAlanI zodhamAM janArA samRddha vepArIo nahi, paraMtu moTI saMkhyAmAM sthaLAMtara karelA dIna Apaghrasta AzrayArthIo hatA. e lekee kacchamAM TaDiye ane saurASTramAM AmarA, lAkhAbAvaLa, prabhAsa, kIMdarakheDA ane kaNajetara jevAM nadImukho uparanAM baMdaromAM kAmacalAu vasAhato karI. samaya jatAM teo vadhu anukULa pradeza zodhatA, aMdaranA bhAgamAM vasyA. Ama gopa, zrInAthagaDha (rojaDI), devaLiyA, bAbarakoTa vagere sthaLoe uttarakAlIna haDappIya lokenI keTalIka moTI grAma-vasAhata astitvamAM AvI. ' haDappIya saMskRtine pracAra mAtra kaccha ane saurASTranA dvIpakalpa pUrata maryAdita nahato; sAhasika haDappIya vepArIo pazcima kAMThe vadhu dakSiNamAM AgaLa vadhyA. atyAra sudhImAM jANavAmAM AveluM paripakava haDappIya saMskRtinuM cheka dakSiNanuM mathaka bhAgAtaLAva che. e TIMbo bharUca jillAmAM kImanA mukhapradezamAM jetapora najIka AveluM che. bharUca najIka uttarakAlIna haDappIya be sthaLo che;

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18] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tu eka mahegAmamAM ane bIjuM telamAM. A sthaLa anukrame narmadA ane DhADhara nadInA mukhanI najIka AvelAM che. A nadImukha paranAM baMdarothI samRddha aMtaHpradezane laIne haDappIya leke AkarSAyA. rAjapIpaLAnI akIkavALI TekarIoe mahegAma ane bhAgAtaLAvathI javuM saraLa che. lothalanA maNiyArene joItA ardhakiMmatI paththaranI AyAta A sthaLoethI thatI. tApI pradezanAM jaMgalomAMthI sAga ane bIjI jAtanuM lAkaDuM bAMdhakAma mATe AyAta karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. narmadA-tApI pradezamAMthI nikAsa thato bIje padArtha te rU haze. A, TUMkamAM, siMdhu sabhyatAnA dakSiNa vistAranI kathA che. - have ApaNe joIe ke sthAnika grAma-saMskRtioe uccakakSAe vikaselI bhautika saMskRti ane nAgarika vyavarathA dharAvatA lekasamUhanA AgamananI kevI asara jhIlI. siMdhu sabhyatAnAM badhAM ja mukhya lakSaNe lothalamAM jovA maLe che, je paripakava haDappIya saMskRtinuM sAcuM pratinidhitva dharAve che. 2. lothala (a) sthaLa A sthaLa 1954nA naveMbaramAM zodhavAmAM AvyuM ane tyAM ukhanana 1955 thI 1962 sudhI karavAmAM AvyuM. A sthaLa saragavAlA(tA. dhoLakA, ji. amadAvAda)nI sImamAM AveluM che. e prAcIna zaheranI dazya nizAnIo AsapAsanAM sapATa ane vizeSatA vinAnAM medAnamAM kramazaH lagabhaga sADA pAMca mITaranI UMcAI sudhI pahoMcatA eka nIcA TIMbArUpe rahela che. A TIMbe hAla lothala" nAme oLakhAya che. tyAM sArA moTara-mArgathI pahoMcI zakAya che ane e amadAvAdathI 80 ki. mI. (50 mAIla) dakSiNa pazcime Avela che. bhogAvo ane sAbaramatI nadIonI vacce bhiDAyeluM ane nIcANanA pradezamAM AveluM lothala nadIonAM pANI kAMThA para pharI vaLe che tyAre vAraMvAra pUrane bhoga bane che. dakSiNe khaMbhAtanA raNathI laI uttare kacchanA nAnA raNa sudhI laMbAyeluM hAla "bhAla" tarIke oLakhAya 1879 mAM prasiddha thayelA amadAvAda DisTrikaTanA gejheTiyaramAM saragavAlAnI prAcInatA vize nIce pramANe nedha karelI che: "dhoLakA tAlukAnA dakSiNa bhAgamAM AveluM saragavAlA keAI samaye baMdara hatuM ema kahevAya che. gAmanI najIkano TIMbo tathA agAu laMgara karIne vaparAtA kANuM pADelA goLa paththare A mAnyatAnuM samarthana kare che. (pR. 353) -saMpAdaka.

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[109 5 muM] prAga aitihAsika saMskRtio chete kAMpanuM sapATa medAna lothalana aMtarbhabhAga hatuM. khaMbhAtanuM raNa e hAla sAbaramatI nadInA mukhathI Azare 60 ki. mI. (3STra mAIla) uttara-pazcime laMbAyelI lAMbI chIcharI sUkI khADI che. akhAtamAM prabaLa nadIoe ThAlavelA kAdavane pariNAme chellAM cAra hajAra varSomAM samudra aneka kilomITara pAcho haThI gayuM che. atyAre lothala samudrathI 18 ki. mI (11 mAIla) dUra AveluM che, paraMtu Agha-aitihAsika kALamAM e sAbaramatI ane bhogAvo nadIonA mukhapradeza upara AveluM hatuM ane nagarathI samudra pAMca ki. mI. (traNa mAIla) karatAM vadhu dUra nahato. ukhananathI jaNAyuM che ke lothala khAtenI pahelI vasAhata nadInA DAbA kAMThA upara thaI hatI, jene prAcIna pravAhamArga TIMbAnI ghaNo najIka hovAnuM mAlUma paDayuM che. lothalathI 20 ki. mI.(12 mAIla)nI trijyAmAM saMkhyAbaMdha sthaLoe kALI mATInI nIce retI ane kharabacaDA maraDiyAnA rUpamAM nadIkSipta nikSepo maLI Ave che, jenA parathI sAbaramatI ane enI zAkhAoe cheTalAM cAra hajAra varSo daramyAna potAnA pravAhamAM karelA vAraMvAranA pheraphAra dekhAya che. naLasarovara najIkanAM prAcIna nadI-taLomAMthI khodI kADhavAmAM AvelAM paththaranAM laMgara evuM sUcave che ke Agha-aitihAsika kAlamAM A nadIo 80 thI vadhu ki. mI. (50 thI vadhu mAIla) aMdaranA pradeza sudhI nAvya hatI, paraMtu atyAre moTe bhAge e purAI gaI che, ane e vasaMtanA juvALa mATenAM nikAla-bArAM bane che. lothalanA havAI phoTogrAphamAM TIMbAnA pazcima keTa para eka chIcharo pravAhamArga dekhAya che ane bIje uttaramAM dekhAya che. A mArga sAbaramatInA lupta pravAha mArganI sAthe bhogAvAne joDe che ane e cheka TheTha sudhI joI zakAya che. A spaSTa rIte nadIonA pravAhamArga che, je prAcIna kALamAM keTha ane lothalane eka bAju samudra sAthe to bIjI bAju naLasarovara sAthe joDatA hatA. lothalanI AsapAsane atyArane vArSika varasAda 75 thI 100 senTImITara (30 thI 40 iMca) hoya che; ane jUnA samayamAM AnA karatAM thoDoka vadhAre haze. moTA bhAganA kheDUtoe varasAdanuM pANI rokI rAkhavAne mATe samocca baMdha (contour bunding) karI lIdhA che, jene lIdhe kezAkarSaNa prakriyAthI unALAmAM sapATI upara AvI paDelo surokhAra dhevAI jAya ane mATI comAsA daramyAna bhInAzavALI rahe. kALI jamIna ziyALAmAM kapAsa ane ghauMnI khetI mATe pUratI bhInAza rAkhe che. bhAlanA keTalAka vistAramAM taLAvanI siMcAInI madadathI DAMgara paNa ugADavAmAM Ave che. haDappIya leke DAMgara paNa ugADatA hatA e

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11] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. hakIkta Agha-aitihAsika kAlamAM siMcAI mATe nahero haze evI dhAraNA upajAve che. lothalamAMnA ukhananamAMthI maLelA cheDenA avazeSonA parIkSaNathI evuM mAluma paDI AvyuM che ke gujarAtamAM Ai-aitihAsika kAlamAM vadhu jaMgalo AvelAM hatAM, khAsa karIne saurASTranA madhya bhAganA DuMgaromAM temaja paMcamahAla ane sAbarakAMThA jillAomAM. pAnakhara prakAranI vanaspati sapATa pradezamAM puSkaLa UgatI, jemAM bAvaLa jevAM kAMTALAM vRkSo ane AMbalI jevAM phaLAu vRkSone samAveza thato, ane DuMgaro sAganAM jaMgalathI chavAyelA hatA. kAdaviyA jamInamAM evuM UMcuM ghAsa UgatuM hatuM ke jenA para guMDA nirvAha karI zake. cempiyane karelA vanaprakAranA vargo pramANe lothalanA pradezane samAveza atyAre uSNakaTibaMdhIya kAMTALA pradezamAM thAya che, paraMtu lethalamAM sAga ane hAladAnuM hovApaNuM evuM sUcave che ke hAla gujarAtanA paMcamahAla jillAmAM che tema tyAM I. sa. pU ra300mAM jaMgale (kharatI) pattIvALA prakAranAM hatAM. ' lothala khAtenA aMDAkAra TIbAnuM mApa gherAvAmAM be ki. mI. ane UMcAImAM 35 mITara che ane e krame krame dakSiNathI uttara tarapha DhaLe che. dakSiNa pazcima bhAga, je Ama chatAM bIjA bhAge karatAM thoDo vadhAre UMce che te, nIcalA nagarathI uparakoTane alaga kare che. dakSiNa bAjue DhoLAva kaMIka Ubho che. pazcima ane uttaranI kinAra uparanAM nIcANa anukrame nadInuM purANapatra ane nALuM darzAve che. pUrva taraphanA paDakhA uparanuM sthaLa evuM purAI gayuM hatuM ke emAM 1954 nA ukhanana pahelAM dIvAlanI keInizAnI jovA maLatI nahotI. A sthaLa pachIthI dhakkAnuM pAtra hevAnuM mAlUma paDayuM che. A pAMce tabakkAomAM lothalanA loko kema jIvatA hatA ane emaNe jagatanI sabhyatAmAM zo phALo Ape e kAMIka vigate joIe. nagara-Ayojana e siMdhu sabhyatAnuM paheluM moTuM pradAna che. | (A) nagara-A jana 1, rekhAMkana (paTTa 2, AkRti 17) pahelI grAma-vasAhata nAza pAmyA pachI lothalanA nagaranuM "tabakakA ra"mAM paddhatisara Ayojana hAtha dharavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. Ama karatI veLA Ayojakoe baMdara-ane-aughogika nagaranI jarUriyAtane gaNatarImAM lIdhI ane sAmAnya rIte siMdhu zaheremAM anusaravAmAM AvelA AyojananA badhA mULabhUta siddhAMtane apanAvyA. udAharaNa tarIke, nagaranuM vividha makAnasamUhamAM vibhAjana karyuM. e

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5 muM ] prAga aitihAsika sarakRtie . [11 AvAsa-samUhe ADI ane UbhI samAMtara haroLamAM Ayojita thayA hatA ane e mApasaranI pahoLAI dharAvatA gherI bhArgo sAthe joDAI jatA. sattAnA adhiSThAnane bAkInA nagarathI juduM pADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. lothalanA sthapatioe haDappA ane moheM-jo-daDomAMthI bIjI keTalIka bAbato apanAvI; jemake vastIvALA vistAranI bahAranI bAjue rakhAtuM samazAnagRhanuM sthAna, meluM ane varasAdanuM pANI laI javA mATe jamInanI aMdara ane upara merIonI sagavaDa, ane pUra AvyAnA samaya daramyAna DUbI javAmAMthI bacI javAya e mATe UMcI karelI pIThikAo upara makAnonI racanA. lothalamAM vahANo nAMgaravA mATe kRtrima dhakko ane mAlasAmAna bharavAne mATe vakhAra bAMdhavAmAM Avela haze. dhamAliyA samudra-baMdara tarIke lothalane lagatA praznono A rIte ukela lAvavAmAM Avyo haze. zarUmAM lothala talamAnamAM 600-400 mITaranA mApanuM laMbacorasa hatuM ane krame krame badhI dizAomAM uttarottara tabakkAomAM vistaryuM hatuM. je zaherane pharatI dakSiNa dIvAlanI pAra maLelA bAMdhakAmanA chUTAchavAyA avazeSone paNa gaNatarImAM laIe to lothala enI unnatinA ucca zikhare gherAvAmAM lagabhaga be ki. mI. (savA mAIla) hoya. vastIne vistAra pUrva bAjue dhakkAnA bAMdhakAmathI ane pazcima bAjue nadIthI gherAyo hato. baMnene joDatuM nALuM uttara bAju vahetuM hatuM ane AthI vahANone dhakakAmAM nAMgaravAnuM anukULa thatuM. vAraMvAra AvatAM pUranI sAme nagaranuM rakSaNa tabakkA 1nA mATInA baMdha upara kAcI ITanI bAMdhelI 13 mITara jADI dIvAlathI thatuM hatuM. A dIvAlanI sAthe buraje, daravAjA ke cekIonA avazeSa maLyA nathI, e vastusthiti sUcave che ke A dIvAla kilAnI nahi, paNa mAtra pUranA pratIkArarUpa yojAI hevI joIe. kAcI ITonI ane mATInI AMtarika pIThikAo makAnonA samUhanI UMcI pIThikAo tarIke kAma ApatI ane e saMrakSaNanI bIjI haroLa banatI. lAkho pAkI ane kAcI IMTo banAvavA mATe. joItI mATI zaheranA keTanI pUrva bAjunI hAMsa para kholelA dhakkAnA pAtramAMthI lAvavAmAM AvI haze. nagaramAM atyAra sudhImAM makAnanA kula sAta laMbacorasa samUha zodhAyA che. samUha mA- sivAyanA bAkInA badhA samUha nIcalA nagaramAM AvelA che. samUha zaheranuM mukhya bajAra che ane e uttara bhAgamAM AveluM che. samUha cA, ru ane huM nA banelA uparakeTane dekhAva asarakAraka che, kAraNa ke agnikhUNAmAM Avele e samUha UMcAmAM UMcI pRSThabhUmikA upara baMdhAya che ane tethI nIcenAM medAne uparathI nihALato hoya tevo lAge che. samUha cA mAM AveluM

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112 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [x. zAsakanuM bhavana uparakoTamAM madhya bhAganuM sthAna dharAve che. vakhAra samUha haiM mAM che. kArIgarA, kheDUtA ane vepArIonAM makAne uparakATanI pazcima bAjunA 3 ane OM samUhamAM vadhu nIcI pIThikA upara bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, jyAre smazAna nadInA kAMThA upara pazcimanI dIvAlanI nIce, vastInA vistArathI sAre eve aMtare, AveluM hatuM. 2. uparakATa samUha, ane nA banelA uparakeTa AyeAjanamAM samAMtara dvibhuja caturasa che. e pUrve ane pazcime 117-117 mITaranu` ane uttare tathA dakSiNe anukrame 136 mITara ane 111 mITaranuM mApa dharAvatA; haDappA ane mAheM-jo-daDAnA gaDhanI jema A kATanI lAMbI dharI paNa uttara-dakSiNa AvelI che, zAsakanuM nivAsasthAna 126430 mITaranA mApanA samUha AmAM 3.5 mITaranI UMcAInI pIThikA upara UbhuM hatuM. lAthalamAM killAnI pUrve dhakko, dakSiNe vakhAra ane uttare temaja pazcime khIjAM jAhera ane khAnagI makAnA AvelAM hatAM. vahANanA mAlasAmAnane khecI lAvavA mATe dhakkA(wharf)nuM' kAma Ape e mATe kATanI dIvAlanI pUnI pAMkha 200 mITara lAMbI ane 24 mITara sudhI paheoLI karavAmAM AvI hatI. A samUhane vadhumAM vadhu nAgarika sagavaDAnA lAbha maLyA hateA; jemake pIvAnA pANI mATenA kUvA ane saMkhyAbaMdha khAnagI snAnagRheAmAMthI meluM pANI dUra karavA mATenI jamIna nIcenI merIe. makAnA mukhya mArgo ane zerIenI kheu bAjue vyavasthita hAramAM gAThavAyelAM hatAM. kamanasIe IMTAnI vizALa pAyA uparanI taphaDaMcIne laI te ane TIMbAnA dhasArAne laIne zaheranA ghaNA bhAgeAmAM uparanAM bAMdhakAmeAnAM badhAM nizAna cAlyAM gayAM che, mAtra pIThikA (plinths) Aja sudhI bacI javA pAmI che. Ama chatAM makAnanuM AyeAjana dIvAlAnA bacelA pAyA uparathI ane krasabaMdhI temaja snAnagRhA ane gaTara lAIne parathI kalpI zakAya ema che (5TTa 2 ). mArga naM. 2 mAM darekane e oraDA ane eka snAnagRha heAya tevAM khAra makAtAnI hAra mAlUma paDI AvI che. sarerAza, makAnA 455 mITaranAM che, paraMtu uparake!TamAM ane nIcalA nagaramAM vadhu meTAM (13x4 mITaranAM) paNa AMdhavAmAM AvelAM hatAM, mArga naM. 2 mAM jeTalAM makAneA hatAM teTalAM snAnagRhe ane khALakU'DIe hAvAnI dhAraNA che, paNa e asaMbhavita nathI ke emAMnAM e ke traNa makAne vacce eka snAnagRha ane eka khALakUDI hAya.

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prAg--aitihAsika saMskRti 5 suM] 3. vakhAra (paTTa 2, AkRti 18) samUha rU mAM 1930 ceA. mITaranA vistAranA ane uparakATanA agnikhUNAmAM hAMsanI sthiti dharAvatA kAcI IMTanA cAra mITaranI UMcAInA eTalA para mULamAM 64 dhanAkAra samUha baMdhAyA hatA. dareka samUha talamAnamAM 3 6 mITara ceArasa ane eka mITara UMceA hateA. enI nIce AvelI vakhAramAM rAkhavAmAM AvelA mAla-sAmAnanuM e lAkaDAnA maMDapanA taLabhAganI jema rakSaNa ApatA hatA. AmAMnA ghaNAkharA samUha dhovAI gayA che, mAtra khAreka jaLavAi rahyA che. taLabhAgeAnI hArA cAkhkhI rIte karavAmAM AvI hatI. enI vaccenA mArgo upara pAkI IMTAnI pharasabaMdhI karI levAmAM AvI hatI, jethI majUrAnu halanacalana saraLatAthI thAya. AmAMnA keTalAka mA havAnI avarajavaranI naverIenuM kAma ApatA hatA (paTTa 12, A. 126), jene cheDAnI kheAlaNAmAM lAkaDAnA paDadA dAkhala karI baMdha karI zakAtA hatA. vakhAranA bacelA bhAganA cheka pUrva dizAnA mAnA dakSiNa khUNAmAMthI utkhanana daramyAna 65 jeTalAM tapAvelAM mATInAM mudrAMka, khaLelA lAkaDAnA eka TukaDA ane mATA jaththAmAM kAlasA maLI AvyA hatA. bAMdhavAnA kAmamAM vaparAtAM sAdaDI, kApaDa, derIo vagere sAdhaneAnI chApeA pakavelI mATInAM mudrAMkAnA pRSThabhAga upara jovAmAM AvI che e batAve che ke vAMsanI sAdaDI ane khapATiyAthI barAbara bAMdhavAmAM AvatI gAMsaDIenI upara ahI chApa lagAvavAmAM AvatI ane enI gaMjI khaDakavAmAM AvatI. mudrAMka upara aneka mudrAenI chApe che e batAve che ke vepAramAM bhAgIdArI hatI. aneka chApA hAvAnA khIjo khulAsA e ApI zakAya ke mAlika uparAMta jakAtI adhikArIe paNa mAla upara peAtAnI mudrA lagAvatA hAya. [ 113 AyAta thayelA mAlanI tapAsa karavAnI saraLatA thAya e mATe leAthalanI vakhAra, dhakkAnI ane zAsakanA nivAsasthAnanI taddana lagAlaga AvelI hatI. lothalanA arthakAraNamAM vakhAre ghaNA mahattvanA bhAga bhajavyeA lAge che, kemake pUrethI bacavA mATe jenA upara e khaDI hatI te UMcA bhUmitaLa(podium)thI ane vaMDInI dIvAlathI pUratA prabaMdha karavAmAM AvyA hatA, jethI vaccenI khAlI jagyAmAM kaMkara dukhAvavAmAM AvatA. haDappA ane mahejo-daDAnI anAjanI vakhArAe jeTalA jamInanA vistAra rAkayo hateA tenAM karatAM vadhu vistAra zakatuM hoya tevuM eka vizALamAM vizALa bAMdhakAma hatuM, kAraNa ke leAthala sidhu sAmrAjyanuM vadhumAM vadhu dhIkatuM baMdara hatuM.

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114] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ , vakhAranI barAbara sAme kAcI mATInI ITa ane mATInI pagathIdAra pIThikA mULamAM samUha 6 vakhArathI jarAya ochA mahattvanA nahi tevA jAhera makAnane TekavI rahI hatI. eka pUrvamAM ane bIjuM pazcimamAM ema UMcI pIThikA upara rahelAM be dabadabA bharelAM jAhera makAnothI uparakeTa tarapha laI jato mArga samRddha banyA hatA. pAchaLanA cheDAnA bhAgamAM zAsakanuM mahAlaya hatuM. e ekanI pAchaLa bIjI Ave te rIte cAra hAramAM sarakhA ghATanAM ane sArI rIte baMdhAyelAM makAnavALI evI ja dabadabA bharelI pIThikA upara AveluM hatuM. ekaMdare jotAM uparakoTa majabUta gaDhIne khyAla Ape che. enI chAyAmAM nIcalA nagaramAM vepArIonAM ane kArIgaranAM makAne khaDAM haze 4. nIcaluM nagara lothalanA AyojananuM bIjuM neMdhapAtra lakSaNa cokakasa vibhAgamAM vividha vepAra ane udyoganuM kedrIkaraNa che, jema atyAre bhAratanAM nagaro (towns) ane gAmaDAMomAM che. haDappIya lekee pUrvacitrita yojanA pramANe amuka cokkasa vistAramAM amuka udyogo sthApavAne sabhAna prayatna karyo hato. kArakhAnAMnA rUpamAM moTA pramANamAM udyogone vikAsa karavAmAM ane eka chatra nIce kAma karavAne eka ja dhaMdhAnA aneka kArIgarone uttejana ApavAmAM teo mArgadarzaka (pioneers) paNa hatA. nIcalA nagaramAM atyAra sudhImAM makAnanA cAra samUha jANavAmAM AvyA che; be uparakoTanI pazcima bAjue, eka uttara bAjue ane eka vAyavya bAjue. makAne, dukAne ke kArakhAnAMnA samUha mATenI samAna pIThikA tarIke kAma Ape e rIte 1 thI 15 mITara UMcI kAcI IMTanI pIThikAo vaDe dareka samUhanuM pUrathI rakSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, ane e badhAMne mArgo ane galIothI aMdara aMdara joDI levAmAM AvyAM hatAM. dhorI mArge mukhya dizAomAM jatA hatA. uttara vibhAgamAM jaNAvela sahuthI lAMbo mArga 1 thalane mukhya bajArano che. enI be bAjue be ke traNa khaMDanI dukAne ane keTalIka vAra dhanikonAM cArathI pAMca khaMDanAM ghara AvelAM hatAM. khaMDanuM sAmAnya kada 6 43 mITaranuM hatuM ne enI dIvAle ardho mITara jADI hatI. ghaNAM gharomAM yajJakuMDa bAMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. tabakkA mAM yajJakuMDa jAhera sthaLoe paNa baMdhAyA. e samaye

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5 muM] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio [115 emAM prANuM-vadhanI vidhi paNa bhaLI jaNAya che. nIcalA nagaranA vepArIo ane kArIgaronA bAMdhakAmanuM UMcuM cheraNa tathA kArakhAnAMonI sthApanA sUcave che ke e leke ghaNA saMpattimAna hatA. mAlikanI samRddhine khyAla enA makAnamAMthI maLelAM senAnA alaMkAre, tAMbAnI baMgaDI, selakhaDInI mudrAo ane videzI banAvaTanAM citrita mRtpAtrothI Ave che. tabakkA 4 mAM bAMdhakAmanA dhoraNamAM ekAeka paDatI AvI paDI ane nagaranI sAmAnya svacchatAnI sthiti paNa kharAba thaI gaI ITanI pharasabaMdhIvALI --gaTare (sews) ane morIone sthAne sarvatra khALa-kaThIo AvI, paraMtu kArIgarone pUratuM kAma hatuM ane sarvatra emanI keDhi (workshops) bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. 5. gho (paSTa 16, A. 130) bharatIne samaye vahANe nAMgaravA mATe, mukhya jalapravAhathI dUra, kRtrima dhakko lothalavAsIoe bAMdhe. dariyAI janerInA vijJAnamAM ane hunnaravidyAmAM A dhakko ananya pradAna hatuM. paheluM to e ke vahANe nAMgarI zake e mATe kAMsyayuganI haDappIya ke kaI bIjI sabhya prajAe agAu kadI nahi bAMdheluM e moTAmAM moTuM bAMdhakAma che. bIjuM e ke sahuthI vadhu zAstrIya rIte yojAyele e khADIne dhakko che, je moTI bharatIne vakhate evaDA vizALa pAtramAM pANInA juvALanI sAme Takkara laI zakato. trIju e ke adyaparyata jANavAmAM Avela. I. pU. trIjI sahastrAbdIno e mAtra eka dhakko che ke jemAM pANIne thaMbhAvI rAkhavAnI karAmata che. jyAre pANInI sapATI UMcI hoya tyAre pANInA pravAhane niyaMtrita karavAnuM ane pANI nIcI sapATIe hoya tyAre vahANone taratAM rAkhavAne, pAtramAM retI bharAI na jAya e rIte jarUriyAta pramANe, eno nirgama-mArga baMdha karI zakAto ane khulle rAkhI zakAto. enAM Ayojana ane amalamAM anukAlIna phiniziyana ane romana dhakkAo karatAM e kyAMya AgaLa vadhe hato ema kahI zakAya. pAtrane 215 mITara lAMbuM, 38 mITara pahoLuM ane Azare eka mITara UMDuM khoDyA pachI ene badhI bAjue bhaThThImAM pakavelI prathama kakSAnI ITanI caNelI dIvAlothI baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM (paTTa 17, A. 171). emAM uttara ane

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116 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. dakSiNanI bhujAmAM anukrame praveza ane ni`manA mArga mATenA jarUrI gALAe rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. baMdhanI dIvAlAnI laMbAI pazcime 212. 4 mITara, pUrve 209.3 mITara, dakSiNe 34.7 mITara ane uttare 36.4 mITara che. dIvAlAne pAyA bahAranI bAjue e hAMsa (offsets) sAthe 1.78 mITara paheALA che, paNa pachI e samayanI jamIna-sapATI paranI paheALA ghaTADIne 1.04 mITaranI karI nAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. dIvAlanI aMdaranI bAjunI pUrepUrI UrdhvatA mAla caDAvavA ane utAravA mATe cheka kAMThAnI kinArI sudhI vahANAne AvavAmAM sahAyaka thatI hatI. pAtramAM ochAmAM oche. pANInA bharAva Azare be mITaranA ane bharatImAM vadhumAM vadhu 3 thI 7.5 mITaranA hatA; A gaNatarI pravezanA pAyAnI sapATInI sAmasAmI 3.3 mITaranI baMdhanI dIvAlanI vadhumAM vadhu vidyamAna UMcAInA AdhAre karavAmAM AvI che. mULamAM dIvAlA 4.15 mITara UMcI heAvI joI e, kAraNa ke e pazcimI bhujA sAthe bAMdhelI kAcI ITAnI paTTInI samasapATIe hatI. samudragAmI vahANA UMcI bharatIne samaye uttara bAjunI baMdhanI dIvAlamAM bAMdhelA 12.5 mITara paheALA pravezadvAramAM thaI pAtramAM dAkhala thaI zakatAM. sAme cheDe jyAre bharatI Ave tyAre vadhArAnA pANIne nIkaLI javAne mATe nigama-mArga tarIke kAmamAM Ave e rIte eka mITara pahoLA IMTarI paranALIne kharAkhara kATakhUNe dakSiNa bAjunI baMdhanI dIvAlane joDavAmAM AvI hatI (paTTa 16, A. 130). jyAre pANI nIcAM hAya tyAre nimadAranuM moDhuM emAM karavAmAM AvelA UbhA khAMcAomAM lAkaDAnA paDadA utArIne baMdha karI zakAtuM hatuM. A karAmatathI pAtramAM jarUrI pANInA jaththA sAcavI rakhAtA hatA ane e rIte pANI nIcAM hAya te samaye vahANAne taratAM rAkhI zakArtA hatAM. pAyA upara pANInA be mITara UMcA staramAM paNa 75 TananA vajananAM vahANu dhakkAmAM pravezI zakatAM ane pANInI UMDAI eka mITarathI vadhu hAya tyAre e nIcANanA pANImAM taratAM rahetAM. A saMbaMdhamAM teAMdhavA jevuM che ke bhAvanagara najIka dheAdhAnA AraMbhika aitihAsika kAlaneA dhakko hajI dariyAI vahANAnA upayAgamAM Ave che ke je vahANA malakhArakAMThethI ImAratI lAkaDu lAve che. e paNa noMdhavuM joIe ke leAthalanA dhakko atyAre paNa 75 TananAM vahANAne samAvI zake tevA dheAdhAnA dhakkA karatAM dhaNA vadhu mATo hatA; AthI, lAcalanA dhakkAmAM vadhAre vajananAM vahANA saraLatAthI nAMgarI zakatAM hatAM e vize bhAgyeja za`kA che. atyAre paNa AvAM vahANa meTI kheru pAse nAMgare che, je leAthalanI dakSiNe 6 ki, mI. (3jhU mAli) upara khADInuM baMdara che,

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'paNuM praetihAsika saMskRtie t110 ApaNe ahIM e tapAsIe ke A samAMtaradvibhuja catuSkoNa AkAranuM bAMdhakAma pIvAnA pANIno saMgraha karavA mATenA jaLAzaya tarIke prayojAyuM hoI zake ke nahibaMdhanI dIvAlanI aMdaranI bAjue DhALa ke pagathiyAMnI rIte mANase ane pazuone mATeno yogya upasarpaNamArga maLyo nathI tethI e bAMdhakAma taLAva tarIke vaparAyuM hovAnuM zakya nathI. bIjuM, je ene taLAva tarIke upayoga karavAnuM hota to nadI-siMcAInA vistAramAMthI pANI AvavA devA mATe e ochAmAM ochI eka bAjue to pUrepUruM khulluM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hota, paraMtu A kissAmAM AvuM thayuM nathI. trIju, jyAre mATInA baMdhathI ja kAma patI jAya ema hoya tyAre taLAvanI pALIne bAMdhakAmamAM haDappIya lekee bhaThThImAM pakavelI lAkho I Tono durvyaya karyo na hota. bhaThThImAM pakavelI ITa eTalI kiMmatI hatI ke tyAMnA rahevAsIone potAnAM makAna bAMdhavAnA kAmamAM e vAparavAnuM paNa pisAtuM nahatuM. pakavelI ITane ATalI moTI saMkhyAmAM thayele upayoga sUcave che ke lothalanA arthakAraNamAM A bAMdhakAme taLAva karatAM vadhu mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo hato. cothuM, dhakakA tarIke e bAMdhakAmanA thayelA upayogano spaSTa purAvo e che ke enA pAtramAMthI kANAM pADelAM paththaranAM laMgara ane dariyAI chIpalAM maLyAM che. saMbhavita dhakakAnA sthAnanI ane enI AsapAsanA pradezanI tapAsa karI gayelA gujarAta rAjyanA baMdara-niyAmake e abhiprAya Ape che ke Adya aitihAsika kAlamAM samudranI paTTI lothala sudhI laMbAyelI hatI ane A samAMtaradvibhuja catuSkoNa AkAranuM bAMdhakAma dhakakA tarIke prajAI zakaryuM hoya. zrI. vI. esa. lelee lothalanA dhakkAne bhAratamAMnA arvAcIna dhakkAo sAthe sarakhAvyo che 11 baMdaranuM nAma laMbAI , pahoLAI UMDAI 1. lethala 2093 mI. (5) 34.7 mI. (da) 4.15 mI. 212.4 mI. (5) 36.4 mI. () (gurutama). 2. muMbaI (a) 15.40 mI. 1996 mI. 6.71 mI. (laghutama) (A) 304.80 mI. 30.48 mI. 10.06 mI. 3. vizAkhApaTTanama 111.56 mI. 18.29 mI. 4.27 mI.

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118] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (pra. A vigata e vAtanuM samarthana kare che ke atyAranA dhoraNe vicAratAM lothalane dhakko moTo hato ane enI UMDAI musApharI vahANene mATe taddana pUratI hatI. I. pU. 2000 mAM AvelA moTA pUrane kAraNe nadIe lothalanI pAse pitAnA mULa bharatI-mukhamAM retInI jamAvaTa karI ane e nagarathI pUrva bAju be ki. mI. (savA mAIla) upara vahevA lAgI, pariNAme samudramAMthI dhakakAmAM AvavAno mArga saraLa rahyo nahi. pUrane kAraNe nukasAna pAmelI kAMThAnI dIvAle mathALe jADAI ochI karIne pharI bAMdhI levAmAM AvI ane nadInA navA bharatI- mukha sAthe dhakakAne joDatI 2.5 ki. mI. (deDha mAIla) laMbAInI be mITara (cha phUTa) UMDI khAI khodI kADhavAmAM AvI. pUrvanA kAMThAmAM 6.5 mITara(sAta vAra)nI pahelAIne praveza-mArga bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM, je bahAranI bAjue be dIvAla vaDe racAyo hata; AthI pAyAne thatAM dhovANa ane tUTabhAMga rokI zakAtAM. pUrvanA baMdhamAMnA mULa praveza-mArga karatAM navo pravezamArga kadamAM nAne hovAne kAraNe ane nALA karatAM khAIvadhu chIcharI hevAne laIne tabakkA 4mAM moTAM vahANe pAtramAM dAkhala thaI zakatAM nahotAM. dhakkAne upayoga have vadhu nAnA machavA karatA hatA, jyAre vadhu moTAM vahANene samudradhunImAM nAMgaravAnuM thatuM hatuM. dhakkAne chelle vinAza tabakkA 4 ne aMte lagabhaga I pU. 1900 mAMnA parane lIdhe thayo ane pAtra pUrepUruM purAI gayuM. Ama lAli baMdaranA samudrapAranA vepAranI bharacaka pravRttinA kAlane asta thaI gayo. tabakkA 2 ane 3 mAM lethala baMdaramAM thayelA vepAranA jaththAne kyAsa vakhAranA kada ane dhakakAnA kadAvarapaNu parathI AvI zake che. lothalanI vakhAra haDappA ane maheMjo-daDenA koThAronA karatAM kadamAM vadhu moTI che, jyAre dhakkAnI laMbAI 240 mITara (26ra vAra) thI paNa vadhu che, tethI e spaSTa che ke lothalanA baMdaramAM vahANa mAM bharela bhAla bhAre vizALa jaththAmAM lAvavAmAM AvatA ho joIe. ukhananamAMthI hAtha lAgela mudrAo ane mudrAkonI moTI saMkhyA parathI nizaMka rIte anumAna karI zakAya ke lethala siMdhu sAmrAjyanuM sahuthI moTuM baMdara hatuM. tyAMnA rahevAsIoe potAnAthI banyuM tyAMsudhI dhakkAne sArI sthitimAM jALavI rAkhyo, kAraNa ke emanI unnatine AdhAra samudrapAranA vepAra upara hato; paraMtu jyAre emanAthI kAMI vaLI zake ema na rahyuM tyAre, I. pU. 1900 mAM AvelA pUrathI thayelA bhaMgANane lIdhe, jAmelA bhAre bhaMgAra nIce e dabAI gayA bAda emane baMdarane cAlu rAkhavAnA vadhu prayatna choDI devA paDyA.

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prAga aitihAsika saMskRtie - 5 su' ] 6, jAhera svacchatA siMdhu nagarIoe sAmAnyataH ane lothale vizeSataH darzAvelA svacchatA vizene umadA khyAla e yugane mATe noMdhapAtra che. unnatinA divaseAmAM pratyeka nAnAmeTA raheNAka gharamAM pharasavALuM snAnagRha hatuM, jemAMthI IMTanI pharasavALI khAnagI gaTara dvArA khALa-koDImAM pravAhI meluM nikAsa pAmatuM hatuM. ( paTTa 13, A. 127). nAhavuM e mAtra jarUriyAta nahi, paNa dhArmika kriyA paNa hoya. snAnakhaDA bAMdhavAmAM eTalI badhI sAvadhAnI rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI ke snAnakhaDA ane gaTaronI taLabhUmimAM vAparavAmAM Avata) IMTonI kinArI tIkSNa rAkhavA lIsI karavAmAM AvatI. e mATe sAMdhAne mAtra vAla jeTalA paheALA rAkhavAmAM AvatA. Ama IMTonI jaDatara jala-abhedya karavAmAM AvatI. nirapavAda rIte taLiyuM capaTa ke khaDaMcI mUkavAmAM AvelI IMTAthI hAMsa pADIne karavAmAM AveluM hatuM, evI rIte hAMsanI dIvAla 0.2 mI. thaI rahetI. uparakoTamAMnA snAnakha`DA 2.5 mI. lAMbA ane 1.5 thI 1.7pa mITara paheALA hatA, jyAre nIcalA nagaramAM e 1.3 mI. lAMbA ane 1 mI. paheALA athavA kadamAM enAthI paNa vadhu nAnA hatA. sAmAnya rIte leAthalanA uparakoTamAMnA snAnakhaDA mAhe ja daDhomAMnA snAnakhaMDo karatAM vadhu meATA hatA. [ 119 snAnakhaDAmAMnuM meluM pANI khAnagI merIo dvArA jAhera gaTaramAM athavA IMTanA bAMdhelA khALa--kUvAmAM vahI jatuM ( 56 14, A. 128 ). keTalIka vAra taLiyAmAM kANAvALI khALa-keAThI jamInamAM melA pANIne cusAvA detI. meArI bharAI na jAya ane gaMduM pANI bharAI jaIne mArgomAM vahetuM na thAya e mATe ghana kacarAne niyamita rIte ekaThA karI khaseDavAmAM AvatA. tabakkA r mAM jamIna nIcenI merIe karavAnI prathA hatI, paraMtu tabakkA rU mAM khALa-koDIo dAkhala karavI paDI hatI. gharanI merIe 10 thI 23 se.mI. paheALI rahetI, jyAre mukhya gaTaro 65 se.mI. thI laI 1.2 mI. sudhInI rahetI, jemAM keTalIkamAM DhALAva 100 mAM 1 nA, tA bIjI keTalIkamAM 40 mAM 1 ne rahetA; chatAM uparakoTamAMnI eka gaTaramAM te| laMbAI ne adha bhAga vaTAvyA pachInA bhAgamAM DhoLAva 100 mAM 3 nA che. gaMdA pANIne pravAha pAche Thele na mAre e mATe mArIomAM jarUrI DhoLAva rakhAtA temaja cheDAone mukhya gaTarAthI pUratA UMcA rAkhavAmAM AvatA. mukhya gaTaranuMta vacamAM capaTa ane bAjue para DhALAvavALuM rAkhavAnuM prayAjana e hatuM ke varasAnuM temaja meluM pANI saraLatAthI

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120 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ pra. vahI javAnI khAtarI rahe. eka dAkhalAmAM melA pANIne pravAha sAdhAraNa rahe e mATe eka meTI gaTaranI vacamAM eka sAMkaDI morI (drain) bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI, paraMtu mukhya gaTara (channel) pote varasAdanuM pANI laI jatI hatI. A hikamata arvAcIna samayamAM paNa sudharAInA Ijaneree apanAvelI che. UMcI sapATInI pIThikAonA baMne cheDe bAMdhelA ane dhakkA sAthe joDAyelA khALakUvAomAM uparakeTamAMnI mukhya be jAhera gaTara dvArA pANI choDAtuM hatuM. khALa-kUvAomAM ghana kacaro ekaThA na thAya e mATe lothalanA Ijaneroe khUba ja caturAI bharele prakAra svIkAryo hato te, khALakUvAomAM mAtra pravAhI meluM jAya e mATe mukhya gaTaranA mukha upara lAkaDAne paDado dAkhala karavAne. e ghana kacarAne dhakkAmAM jatAM paNa aTakAvato hato. jema ane jyAre makAnanA taLanI sapATIne UMcI lAvavA jarUra UbhI thatI tema ane tyAre iTathI bAMdhela khALakUvA darakhUMgo munita-majAkAre nAnA hatA ke UMcA karelA taLiyAmAMthI pANIne javAne mATe dIvAlanA chedamAM pANIno DhALiye bAMdhavAmAM Avato hato. Ane lIdhe pANIne bharAvo thavAnuM ane merIo purAI javAnuM aTakI jatuM hatuM. mohe jo-daDomAM pANInA DhALiyA e mATe bAMdhavAmAM AvatA hatA ke ene laIne agAzI ane uparanA mALathI varasAdanuM ane gaMdu pANI vahI jAya. rastAomAM mANasa-bArAnI jogavAI e svAthya ijanerI vidyAmAM lothalanuM mahatvanuM pradAna hatuM. e bAkoruM rastAnI taLasapATInI sAthe samataLa eka moTI khALa-kAThInI upara bAMdhavAmAM AvelI pakavelI IMTonI samarasa kaMkInA rUpamAM hatuM. kAThInA taLAmAMnuM chidra gaTaramAM pravAhI pANIne javA detuM hatuM, jyAre emAM ekaTho thatA ghana kacaro samaye samaye dUra karavAmAM AvatA hatA. nIke ane jAhera gaTaronA saMgasthaLa upara ghana kacare dUra karavA mATenI tapAsa-kaMDIo tarIke kAma Ape tevI ITonI laMbacorasa kuMDIo bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. prasaMgavazAta khALa-koDIo paNa e ja hetu sAratI hatI. lethalanA Ijaneroe gaTara-janAne eTalI sArI rIte pUrNatAe pahoMcADI hatI ke samagra gharALa kare ane varasAdI pANI nagaramAMthI asarakAraka rIte dUra karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM ane ene eka bAju dhakkAmAM ane bIjI bAju dAmA evI rIte javA devAmAM AvatAM hatAM ke ghana kacaro bemAMthI ekemAM dAkhala thaI zake nahi. lethalamAM gaTaronAM bAMdhakAma ane kAryavAhIne prakAra arvAcIna zaheramAM che tenA jevo hato, jemAM nukasAnakAraka gesane makAnamAM dAkhala thavA dIdhA sivAya kacaro jhaDapathI dUra thaI jAya ja. samagra zaheramAM jhaDapathI saphAI thAya ane

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muM] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtie 121 svAsthane lagatAM bAMdhakAmanI samaye samaye tapAsa thAya e bAbatamAM sudharAI taMtra pUratuM kAryakSama hatuM. 7. rastAo ane zerIe lethalamAMnA rastA be vAhane sAmasAmAM pasAra thaI zake teTalA pahoLA hatA. bajAramAM sahuthI bharacaka rasto (paTTa 15, A. 129) 4.5 mITara, (13DuM phUTa) paheLe che, paraMtu nIcalA nagaramAMnA rastA naM. 8 ane 9nA jevA bIjA rastA 13 mITara (42 phUTa) pahoLA che. uparakoTamAM rato naM. 2 ethI ye vadhu pahoLo hovo joIe, kemake makAne eka bAjunI hAMsa upara ja baMdhAyelAM maLyAM che. zaheramAMnI zerIo ane vadhu nAnA rastA traNathI cAra mITara (10 thI 13 phUTa) pahoLA hatA. jethalanuM Ayojana karanArAonI prazaMsAmAM kahI zakAya ke gherI rastA ane zerIo sIdhI lITIe hatAM ane aneka sthaLee ekabIjAne kATakhUNe kApatAM hatAM. lothalamAM badhAM makAnanAM moTAM rastA ke zerImAM paDatAM hatAM, jyAM eka gADuM te saraLatAthI pasAra thaI zake. gaTara, moTA bhAge bhUgarbhamAM haI rastAonA madhyamAM athavA to hAMsa upara bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI, jyAre ITothI bAMdhavAmAM AvelI khALa-kaDIo haMmezAM makAnanI pIThikAne aDIne karavAmAM AvI hatI. (I) sthApatya uparakeTamAM kAcI mATInI IMTanI pIThikAo 2 aMzanA khUNe DhALa paDatI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. e sivAya, jAhera ane khAnagI makAnanI dIvAlo sAmAnya rIte oLabhe bAMdhavAmAM AvatI hatI. haDappIya kaDiyAoe je ITALI kaDiyAkAmamAM hAla "Igliza bonDa" evI saMjJAthI oLakhAya che te (toDApaTIne). prakAra kyAre ya apanAvI lIdho hato. teo ITanA ekAMtara tharAmAM teDA ane paTI goThavatA, jethI enA sAMdhAonI UbhI sAMdhAmAM bhaMga pate rahe, ane e rIte ja keTalIka vAra dIvAlanI joItI jADAI maLI rahe. dIvAne mATe pAyAnI jarUriyAta nahotI, kAraNa ke e saMgIna pIThikA upara khaDI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. dhakkAnA kAMThAnI dIvAlane paDaghIo karavAmAM AvatI hatI, kemake tyAM pANInA bhArane lakSamAM rAkhavAne hato. uparakeTamAM AvelA raheNAka makAnane eka mITara jADI ITALI dIvAla che e paDaghIvALI ImAratane bIje dAkhala che. kaThiyAone prakSepaNa-nirmita kamAnane khyAla hato ane emaNe uparakoTamAMnA eka nAnA

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122) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA - tjha khaMDamAM kamAnadAra chAparu karavAne paNa yatna karele, paraMtu mehe jo-daDonI jema sAmAnya rIte chAparuM lAkaDAnAM ADAM, vaLA ane pATiyAMthI TekaveluM capaTa hevAnuM mAlUma paDI Ave che. lAkaDAnAM ADAMone upayoga thato hato, enuM pramANa eka makAnanA taLiyAmAMthI maLeluM 2.35 mITara lAMbuM saDI gayeluM ADuM che. lAkaDa-kAma badhuM ja nAza pAmeluM ane dhULa thaI gayeluM haI sutAranI kAmagIrI upara ke lAkaDuM kotaranArAnI kalA upara koI paNa prakArane prakAza nAkhavAnuM zakya nathI. paththaranI taddana achata ane bhaThThImAM pakavelI IMTa banAvavAnA bhAre kharcane kAraNe badhAM khAnagI makAne ane pIThikAo kAcI IMTothI bAMdhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. bhaThThImAM pakavelI ITone upayoga dhakako, gaTaro ane snAnakhaMDanA temaja uparakeTamAMnAM mahattvanAM khAnagI makAnanA upalA bhAgamAM maryAdita hatA. pakavelI ITanA 284146.5 se. mI. ane 25812.56 se. mI. evAM be dhoraNanAM kada lethalamAM jovA maLyAM che. aNapakavelI ITa e karatAM thoDI ja maTI hatI, paraMtu jyAre pakavavAmAM Ave tyAre mApasaranI banI jAya teTalI ja hAMsa vadhu rAkhavAmAM AvatI. A hAMsathI ja spaSTa rIte mAluma paDI Ave che ke pakavelI ane aNupakavelI I TAne mATe sarakhuM bIbuM vAparavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. badhA ja kissAomAM 1 laMbAI: 2 pahoLAInuM pramANa jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke jethI AkhI ITa teDA temaja paTI tarIke vAparI zakAya. A vigate parathI spaSTa che ke haDappIya leke mAtra arvAcIna dhoraNoe ja nahi, arvAcIna siddhAMta anusAra paNa ITa pakavatA hatA. kamanasIbe koI paNa makAnanI UMcI UbhI dIvAle maLI nathI ke chAparuM akabaMdha hoya tevuM kaI makAna maLyuM nathI, AthI e kahevuM zakya nathI ke bArIo ane bAraNAM kevAM hatAM, paraMtu ApaNane mohe jo-daDomAMthI maLyAM che tenAthI e judAM hoI zake nahi. tethalamAM bAraNAnI pahoLAI 1 thI 1.5 mITaranI hatI ane bAraNuMnA keTalAka gALA paththaranA banAvelA hatA, paraMtu bIjA kissAomAM lAkaDAne upayoga thayo hovo joIe. e jANavuM rasaprada che ke khaDacI ITa goThavIne 22 se. mI.nA pagathiyAMvALI sIDI bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. lethalamAM judA judA hetuo mATe bAMdhavAmAM AvelI traNa jAtanI bhaThThIo jANavAmAM AvI che. emAMnI eka talamAnamAM goLa che ane ene ekabIjA sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatI cAra naLIo che, ane enA bhUgarbha khaMDamAM eka mukha che

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v] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtie (pada 18, A. 132). bhaThThInA upalA khaMDamAMnI vAmaNuM dIvAlanA bAMdhakAmamAM vaparAyelI ITa 3 se. mI. jADI che. dIvAlane potAne mATInI gArathI lIMpelI che. A bhaThThIne upayoga maNakA banAvanArAo akIka, jespara ane bIjA ardha-kiMmatI paththaranA TukaDAo jevA kAcA mAlane pakavavA mATe karatA hatA ke jene laI cholatAM ane pIsatA pahelAM enAM upalAM paDa dUra karavAnI saraLatA thAya. Ama taiyAra karelA maNakAone bhaThThImAM pharI pakavavAmAM AvatA hatA ke jene laI raMge UMDANa pakaDe. A baMne dAkhalAomAM, atyAre khaMbhAtamAM akIkiyA vApare che te pramANe, e padArtho rAkhavAne mATe mATInA paDA vAparavAmAM AvatA hatA. uparanA khaMDanI goLa dIvAla eTalI pAtaLI che ke lothalanI bhaThThI upara capaTa chAparuM ke ghuMmaTa hovAnuM sUcita thAya nahi. tAmrakAre tAMbAnA gaDhA gALavA mATe ane ojAra temaja ghareNAM DhALavA mATe laMbacorasa ke geLa bhaThThIno upayoga karatA. bajAranA rastAmAM bAMdhelI AvI eka laMbacerasa bhaThThInI AjubAju khAMcI mUkelI pAkI IMTa maLI AvI che. talamAnamAM enuM mApa 7560 se.mI. che ane e 30 se.mI. UMDI che. bhaThThInI najIka maLelAM tAmrakAranAM bIjAM sAdhanomAM mATInI pakavelI be kulaDI, tAMbAnI eka kApaNI ane paththaranI eka ghanAkAra eraNa che. nIcenA nagaranA uttara cheDethI maLelI bIjI bhaThThI talamAnamAM goLa che ane ene vyAsa eka mITara che. enuM moDhuM batAve che ke uSNatAmAna vadhAravA emAM pavana dhamavAne mATe dhamaNa vAparavAmAM AvatI hatI, paNa kamanasIbe dIvAlo taddana jIrNazIrNa che. pakavelI mATInI vATakA-ghATanI jADI kulaDI gaThThAo gALavAne mATe vaparAtI. e bhaThThImAMthI maLelI mahattvanI prApti (find) che. raMganAM TAMkAM vadhu zAstrIya rIte bAMdhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. ITanI pharasabaMdhImAM judI judI sapATIe be ghaDA mUkavAmAM AvatA hatA ane e naLIo vaDe ekabIjAnI sAthe joDI devAmAM AvatA hatA. uparanA ghaDAnI uparavaTa thaIne vahetuM pANI nIcalA ghaDAmAM paDatuM hatuM. A nIcalA ghaDAne taLAmAM kANuM rahetuM ane ghaDAne naLIthI mukhya nIka sAthe joDavAmAM Avato hato. uparanA ghaDAnI AsapAsanuM - ITarI taLiyuM cUnAnI che-vALuM rahetuM. tabakkA 3 nA samayanAM AvAM be TAMko uparakeTamAM jovAmAM AvyAM che.

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tira'] [ rs. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (I) kaLAo ane hunnare 1. zilpa vijJAna ane hunnaravidyAnA kSetre haDappIya lokee karelI mATI pragati nakazIkAma ane kuMbhArakAmanI kaLAo, dhAtuvidyA ane sonA cAMdInA nakazIkAmamAMnI emanI | ucca siddhio sAthe sArI rIte baMdhabesatI hatI. mATIkAma uparanuM citraNa, dhAtunA DhALA, mudrA-kotaraNI ane pakavelI mATInA ghATa ghaDavAmAM teo keInAthI - UtaratA nahotA. kamanasIbe teoe gujarAtamAM karelAM paththaranAM kotarakAma ane : lAkaDAnAM ketarakAmano bhAgye ja koI purAvo bacyuM che, paraMtu A pradezanA anukAlIna lAkaDa-kAma ane ukhananamAM maLelA suMdara kerelA paththaranA staMbhazIrSa parathI anumAnI zakAya ke ahIM paththara ane lAkaDA upara kotaraNI thatI hatI. lothalamAM maLela AlAbAstaramAM banAvelA bAvalAne hAtha paththaranA zilpane suMdara namUne che. nAjuka rIte vALelI AMgaLIo ane snAyunI vigata AkhI rIte misaranI kalA sAthe saMbaMdha sUcave che, paraMtu chUTAM paDAya tevAM aMgenI * jogavAIne khyAla haDappIya che. zailInI dRSTie A zilpakRti haDappAmAMthI bhaLelI nagna puruSanI AkRtinI sAthe sAmya dharAve che. lethelamAM kAMsAnA DhALAnuM kAma pracalita hatuM, paraMtu tyAMthI maLelI AkRtio mAtra prANIonI che. kalAdaSTie jotAM kUtarAnI be AkRtio, beThelA vRSabhanI mAdaLiyA tarIke vaparAtI AkRti, pakSInA mastakavALI saLI, eka sasaluM ane eka kUkaDo dhyAnamAM levA jevAM che. bAjue najara karatA tAMbAnA nAnakaDA (2441.5 se.mI. lAMbA ane 1 se.mI. UMcA) kUtarAne kapAyelA kAna, UbhI pUMchaDI ane pAtaLA paga che. ene sAvadhAnIpUrvaka ghATa ApavAmAM Avyo che. sAme jotA kUtarAnI bIjI AkRti kadamAM jarAka vadhAre moTI (3.754ra416 se.mI.) che. pArvadaSTa zarIra ane saMmukha daSTa mAthAvALI vRSabhanI AkRti (3,642.581.5 se.mI.) paga bevaDa vALelA heya ane mAthuM UMcuM rAkhyuM " heya tevI beThelI sthitimAM batAvAI che. laMbAImAM ArapAra pADeluM kANuM batAve che ke A AkRtine mAdaLiyA tarIke laTakAvI rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI. AnA jevI cAMdI, tAMbuM ane vaidUrya(lapis)nI AkRtio ura khAtenA rAjazAhI smazAnamAM maLe che. UbhA kAna sAthenI sasalAnI AkRti (2.441.740.5 se.mI.) beThelI avasthAmAM batAvavAmAM AvelI che, paraMtu enA pagone nukasAna pahoMcyuM

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5 ] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio [125 che ane aMdara beselI AMkhe paDI gayelI che. tAMbAnI bIjI paNa pazuonI AkRtio che, paNa teone oLakhavAnuM muzkela che. emAMnI keTalIka eka karatAM vadhu khaMDonAM bIbAM vAparIne naSTa mINanI paddhatie DhALavAmAM AvelI hatI. . lokapriya pUrNamUrta kalA (Art-in-the round) mATe dhAtune badale mATI pasaMda karavAmAM AvatI hatI, kAraNa ke emAM ghaNI rUpakSamatA ane sulabhatA, rahelI che. lothalamAM mAnava-ghATanI pakavelI AkRtio khUba ja maryAdita saMkhyAmAM che, chatAM je kAMI DI maLI AvI che te ghaNI vAstavika ane tethI siMdhu khINanI sAdIsIdhI AkRtiothI judI pADI zakAya evI che. lothala ", vibhAgamAMthI maLelI traNa puruSa-AkRtiomAM sahuthI mahattvanuM eka uttarAMga (bust) che. enI corasa kApelI dADhI tarI Ave che. ene tIkSNa nAka, lAMbI kApelI AMkho ane lIsuM bhAthuM che. lothalamAMthI maLela bIjA puruSanA hAthapaga vinAnA dhaDane moTI phAMda ane dUTI che ane e haDappAmAMthI maLelA paththaranA bAvalAne keTaleka aMze maLatuM Ave che. mAnava-AkRtione trIje, namUne pakavelI mATImAM ghaDelI misaranI "mamI"no che. ene kerI kADhelI AMkha ane cImaTIne kADheluM moTuM ane nAka che. mohe je-daDonI lagabhaga AvI ja AkRti dilhInA saphadarajaMga myujhiyamamAM che. strI-AkRtionA viSayamAM joIe to lethala khAte e vastu vAstavika svarUpanI che ane siMdhu khINamAMthI maLelI AkRtio karatAM snAyugata vigatomAM vadhu sAruM nirUpaNa darzAve che. emAMnA ekane pAtaLI kamara, bhAre sAthaLa ane supramANa avayavo che. bAvaDAM ane paga ghaNA kissAomAM tUTI gayAM che. eka bIjI strI-AkRtine suMdara rIte DhALa ApelA khabhA, kAMDuM ane sAthaLa vagere che. baMne kissAomAM lagAvelAM stana paDI gayAM che ane mAthuM gUma thayeluM che. Ama chatAM eka bIjuM dhaDa snAyugata vigato mATe noMdhapAtra che ane enI nagnatA moTI dUrIthI sUcavavAmAM AvI che, paraMtu koI paNa AkRtimAM penibhAga para bhAra ApavAmAM Avyo nathI. eka bIjI ja zailInI eka beDhaMgI strInI AkRti maLI che, jene meTAM stana, cImaTIne kADheluM nAka, ane mAthAnI baMne bAjue ekeka chAlakuM che. avayavo spaSTa rIte batAvavAmAM AvelAM na hoI eTalA pUratI e siMdhu khINanI kahevAtI mAtR-devIthI judI paDe che. vaLI siMdhu, khINanI AkRtiomAM sAmAnya rIte jovA maLe che tevAM, alaMkaraNa emAM nathI. kulI(balucistAna)mAMnI strI-AkRtionI jema lethalanI AkRtione

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126 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA paDavI hoya che, paraMtu kullInI AkRtiomAMnAM alaMkaraNa nathI. kAlIbaMgana, lethala, raMgapura ane desalaparamAM siMdhu khINanI lAkSaNika strI-AkRtio bilakula maLI nathI e evuM sUcave che ke mAtR-devIne saMpradAya gujarAta ane rAjasthAnanA haDappIya lokomAM pracalita na hoya. lethalamAM mAthuM pazunuM ane zarIra mAnavanuM evI mizra AkRtio maLe che. tyAMthI maLelI DhALa pADelI pakelI mATInI e ja AkRtimAM mAnavazarIra upara gheDAnuM mAthuM che. bezaka, avayavo jema tema banAvavAmAM AvyAM che ane ekaMdare AkRti vilakSaNa che. anukAlIna paurANika kathAsAhityamAM azvamukha mAnavaAkRtio adhadevI sone khyAla Ape che. lothalamAMthI maLelI bIjI eka ananya AkRti gorIlAnI che. e TUMkA paga, daLadAra zarIra, nAnuM mAthuM, cImaTI dIdheluM nAka ane laMbAIe kApeluM moTuM dharAve che. e ghaNI vAstavika che. lethalamAMthI maLelI geMDo, Akhale, gAya, gheTuM, ghoDo, bhUMDa ane kUtarA jevI pazu-AkRtio teonAM svabhAva ane aMgopAMganAM lakSaNonA kALajIbharyA abhyAsane khyAla Ape che. lothalamAMnI pakavelI mATInI, aDadha karatAM vadhu, AkRtiomAM Dhora-khAsa karIne AkhalA-maLe che; ene uttama dAkhale AgaLa paDatI gadaDI (dewlap) ane bharAu garadanavALI, nIcI khUMdha dharAvatI AkhalAnI AkRti che (paTTa 20, A. 135). enI snAyugata vigate kALajIpUrvaka karavAmAM AvI che. Ama pazu jorAvara che. lAMbA zIMgaDAM, UpasI AvatI khUdha ane godaDI(dewlap) vALA brAhmaNI AkhalAne namUne javalleja maLe che. nIcA karelA mAthAvALe ane vadhu paDatI vizALa khUdhavALo eka namUno siMdhu khINanI AkRtio karatAM kulInI AkRtio sAthe vadhu sAmya dharAve che. lothalamAMthI maLelI gAyanI AkRtine TUMkAM ane AgaLa nIkaLatAM zIMgaDAM ane nIcI khUMdha che. enAM AMcaLa ane prajanana-aMga paNa spaSTa rIte batAvavAmAM AvyAM che. jeke mATInA pakavela kUtarAonA viSayamAM vigatano abhAva che, ema chatAM bhAratIya dhaNiyAta kUtara ane pAle hRSTapuSTa kUtaro alaga pADI zakAya che. jenuM mAtra mAthuM maLyuM che tevA ekazRMga geMDAne maNukA jevI AMkha che ane enI cAmaDInAM paDa (folds) bahAra UpasatAM jovAmAM Ave che. enI jIbha moDhAmAM kAMkarAthI batAvavAmAM AvI che ane kAna nIce paDI gayelA che. 2. mATIkAmanI kaLA lethalanA lekee mRtpAtranAM ghATa ane suzobhananI pUrNatA tarapha khUba dhyAna ApyuM hatuM. haDappA ane mohejo-daDemAM jovAmAM AvelI ArUDha haDappIya :

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muM ] prAgaaitihAsika saMskRtio [ 120 saMskRtinI lAkSaNikatA dharAvatA mATIkAmanA badhA ghATa (A. 5.) lAla ane badAmI raMgamAM ahIM AvyA che. enA mukhya prakAro A pramANe che: jAma, cAMcavALo pyAlo (beaker), rakAbI, ghaDIvALI rakAbI, goLAkAra kalevaranI ke "Da" ghATanI baraNuM, thALI, tagAruM, chidrita kAna dharAvatuM pavAluM, ane UMcI naLAkAra chidrALu baraNI (5TTa 3, A. 19-74). emAMnAM keTalAMka para lAla lepa upara kALA raMgathI ke badAmI lepa upara kaththaI raMgathI citarAmaNa karavAmAM AvelAM che. lethalanA vacalA tharamAM citrita pAtro vipula pramANamAM maLe che enuM kAraNa e che ke enI unnatinA zikhare citraNanI traNa zailIo paraspara asara karI rahI hatI. abarakhavALA lAla mRtpAtra para jovA maLelI sthAnika zailI vize agAu nirdeza karavAmAM Avyo che. e sAdI, paraMtu asarakAraka zailI hatI ane pIMchIkAma khUba ja nAjuka hatuM. pAtranI samagra sapATIne ADAM khAnAM ane UbhI paTTIomAM vibhinna karavAmAM AvatI ane bhaumitika rekhAMkanone kudaratI ane ardha-kudaratI bhAvo (motifs) sAthe kuzaLatAthI joDavAmAM AvatAM (paTTa 4, A. 75-78; 5TTa 18, A. 133). Ama lAkSaNika haDappIya pAtronuM siMdhu zailImAM citraNa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. Ama chatAM, tADa-vRkSonI haroLa, pIpaLAnuM pAna, ekAMtare rekhAMkita karelA ceraso ane ekabIjAne chedatAM vatuM ke jevI bhAtanAM vAraMvAra thatAM Avartanane laI e zailI anekavidha banI jatI. gulAbanA ghATanAM puSpa, sAdhita parNa-rekhAMkane, ane eka upara eka mUkelI evI mayUra-paMkitao paNa umeravAmAM AvatI hatI. mAchalAM ane macchajALanI AkRtio khUba virala che, paNa gurdAne ghATanI bhAta lothalanAM pAtromAM maLatI nathI e noMdhavuM joIe.' trIjI zailI je ahIMnI prAMtIya zailI che te lothalanA kalAkAroe ApeluM ananya pradAna che. e siMdhu zailI karatAM khUba ja AkarSaka che, kAraNa ke enAthI citraNanI jagyA bharacaka banatI bacI jAya che. vanaspati-jIvana sAthe pazuonI AkRtionA vAstavika ane sattvapUrNa citraNa( rendering)ne mATe e jANItI che. lothalanA kalAkArane pazuomAM bakarAo tarapha khAsa abhiruci rahetI. prAMtIya zailInA be uttamottama dAkhalA jhADa nIce gaurava bharelI rIte UbheluM sAbara ane pakSI tarapha pAchaLa jotuM haraNa che. sAbaranA lAvaNyamaya vaLAMke ane enAM zigaDAnAM pAMkhiyAM pote jenI nIce UbhuM che te jhADanI namI paDatI DALIonI sAthe, pUrI saMvAditA dharAve che. bIjA dAkhalAmAM, sAMkaDA meM-vALI baraNImAMthI pANI

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128 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. pIvA mathatA haraNanuM citra che. A citra parathI pANI na pI zakatA tarasyA haraNanI vArtAnI aTakaLa thaI zake. jhADanI pAtaLI DALIo ane haraNanA enAthI paNa vadhu pAtaLA paga, enAM damAmadAra zIMgaDAM ane lAvaNyamaya Deka bArIka pIMchIthI kALajIpUrvaka karavAmAM AvelAM che. kalAkAre pazunI gati enA pagonA sthAnavinyAsathI sUcavI che. vAsaNamAM keTalAka kAMkarA nAkhavAthI pANInI UMce AvelI sapATIne kAraNe pitAnI tarasa chipAvavAmAM saphaLatA pAmelA pakSI tarapha haraNa pAchaLa jaI rahyuM che. jagyAne bharacaka banAvyA sivAya ke eka paNa vigatane jatI karyA vinA 15.5 se. mI. nI sAMkaDI jagyAmAM A prasaMga cItarI batAvyuM che e noMdhapAtra siddhi che. prasaMgavazAt e ja pAtra be judI zailIomAM cItaravAmAM AvyuM hatuM. jenI sapATIne cAra paTTIomAM vibhAjita karI che tevuM "" ghATanuM pAtra enuM uttama udAharaNa che : eka paTTI prAMtIya zailImAM ane bAkInI siMdhu zailImAM cItaravAmAM Avela che. prAMtIya zailImAM AlekhelA citra uparathI "kAgaDe ane luccuM ziyALa" nI vAtanA viSaya-vastu vize aTakaLa thaI zake che. ahIM ziyALa jevA prANInuM mAthuM ane pAchale bhAga tathA enI TUMkI jADI pUMchaDI jhADanI nIce batAvavAmAM AvyAM che, jyAre cAMcamAM mAchalI pakaDI rAkhI rahelAM keTalAMka pakSIone DALIo upara besADelAM che ane thoDAM bIjAne UMce phaDaphaDa UDatAM batAvyAM che. ziyALanI pAchaLa jANe ke jamIna upara mAchalI nAkhelI batAvavAmAM AvI che. judAM judAM sUcana karavAmAM kalAkAra bhAre kalpanAzIla che. pakSIonuM UDavuM AkAzamAM page batAvIne sUcavyuM che, jyAre jhADa upara beThelAM pakSIonI aDadhI ughADI pAMkhe batAve che ke teo paNa UDI javA tatpara che. AvA ucca kalpanAtmaka citraNane siMdhu khINanA kuMbhAre kadI prayatna karyo nahoto ke je uparathI prasiddha lokakathAonuM vastu kalpI zakAya. prAMtIya zailInuM bIjuM noMdhapAtra lakSaNa bhUmi uparanAM dAnA samAvezanuM che. pitAne dararoja khetaramAM jovA maLatAM hatAM tevAM pakSIo ane ropAnuM lethalanA kalAkAre nirUpaNa karyuM che (5TTa 19, A. 134). eka dAkhalAmAM baraNI upara bagalAnI joDI cItarI che, jyAre bIjI baraNamAM samudrakAMThAnI paTTIomAM sAmAnya evAM be mAnavabhakSI pakSIo kALajIpUrvaka batAvavAmAM AvyAM che. A zailInuM trIjuM udAharaNa ThIkarI upara cItarelA jhADanI nIcenA sapanuM che. kamanasIbe "samaya " mAM thalavAsIonI samRddhinI paDatIne lIdhe lethalanI mATIkAmanI kaLAe ekAeka pIchehaTha anubhavI. ema aTakaLa karI zakAya ke vAsaNonuM bhavya rIte citraNa karavAmAM rahelI jarUrI mahenata ane kArIgarIno

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AghaaitihAsika saMskRtio [29 badale vALI Ape tevA mAladAra grAhako garIba bicArA kuMbhArane maLyA nahi ane tethI ene halakA darajajAnI rucio dharAvatA vadhu garIba varganA lokonI gharAkI karavI paDI, tethI utAvaLe rAtA raMgane lepa ke hAtha lagAvyA pachI vAsaNanI sapATIne maryAdita vistAra upara laherAtI ane trAMsI rekhAo, TapakAM, pAza ane parNa jevI taddana prAthamika prakAranI bhAta deravAnuM kalAkArane pasaMda karavuM paDayuM. mRtpAtrenA citraNa vizenI bedarakArI viSama rekhAothI chatI thAya che. kuMbhAre bhAgyeja pakSI ke choDa cItaryA che, ane jyAre e cItaryA che tyAre e amuka rUDhigata AkRtine anusaryo che, jevuM meranI AkRti cItaravAnI bAbatamAM lethala ane raMgapuranA aMtya haDappIya samayanAM vAsaNa upara dekhAya che. samaya jatAM, avanata siMdhu ane prAMtIya zailIonA saMyejane sAMye saryuM che ke jyAM samaya 2 phu ane rU mAM caLakatAM lAla pAtro upara bakarAM ane AkhalAonAM rekhAMkana karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. A bhAva madhya bhAratamAMnA nAgadA AgaLanI anu-haDappIya tAmrapASANu saMskRtiomAM paNa dekhA de che. 3. mudrA-ukiraNa lethalamAMthI maLelA ArUDha haDappIya saMskRtinA sahuthI viziSTa padArtho te mudrAo che. e sAmAnya rIte selakhaDInI ane prasaMgavazAta akIka, carTa, tAMbuM, phAyansa ane pakavelI mATInI banelI hoya che. teone sAcA arthamAM haThappIya nakazIkaLAnA sarvottama namUnA kahevAmAM Ave che. kubAu bhAtamAM kotaravAmAM AvelAM prANIonI jIvana-sadaza mUrtatA mATe e jANItI che. mudrAo upara aneka prakAranAM prANa kotarelAM hoya che, uparAMta siMdhu-khINanI citralipimAM nAne abhilekha paNa suMdara rIte karavAmAM Avyo hoya che (pada 21, A. 141-142). 2 thI 3 se. mI. nI rasa nAnI jagyAmAM pazuonI AkRtionuM sabaLa nirUpaNa che. emAM vAstavika svarUpamAM badhI snAyugata vigato darzAvI che. A siMdhu-kalAkAranI ananya siddhi che. haDappIya lokone beharIna, misara ane mesopoTemiyA sAthenA vepArI saMbaMdha hovA chatAM, mudrAo ane telAM jevI emanI vepAranI janAo AkRti ane viSayamAM taddana bhinna rahI hatI. tethalanI mudrAo rekhAMkanamAM tathA chedamAM sAmAnya rIte cerasa athavA laMbacorasa prakAranI hoya che ane enI pAchaLa sachidra daddo hoya che. corasa prakAranI thoDI ja muddAo enA chedamAM tripheNu, paMcakeNutmaka ke samatalAla hoya che. chellA be prakAramAM

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pAchaLa do te nathI, paraMtu chedamAM ja ADI rIte ke UbhI rIte kANuM pADavAmAM AvyuM hoya che. gALA mATenI kaDIvALI tAMbAnI eka ja mudrA lethalamAMthI maLI che. mehe jo-daDo, desalapara ane haDappAmAM paNa selakhaDI vagerenI cAlu corasa ke laMbacorasa mudrAo sAthe sAthe tAMbAno takatIo vAparavAmAM AvatI hatI. tulanAtmaka AnupUrvInI daSTie, lothalamAM maLI AvelI selakhaDInI 'IrAnI akhAtanI mudrA" khUba ja mahatvanI che. e rekhAMkanamAM vRttAkAra ane chedamAM samatalerala che (pada 20, A. 136). enA pRSThabhAgamAM moTo Upasato do che, je samagra sapATIne AvarI le che. e sapATImAM be bhAga pADavAmAM AvyA che enI eka dizAmAM ADI trevaDI rekhAo katarI hoya che ane bIjI dizAmAM ddhi pADayuM hoya che. mudrAnA mukhabhAga upara elamanI AkRtiomAM heya che tema be mAthAvALo nAga hoya che. enI be bAjue bahAra nIkaLI AvatI moTI AMkhavALAM vanya ajakulanAM be kUdatAM prANIo hoya che. A prANIo kadAca haraNa ke bakarA hoya. "IrAnI akhAtanI mudrAo nI keTalIka lAkSaNikatAo rajU karavAno prayatna thaye heya te ekamAtra bIjo dAkhale te lethalamAMthI maLelI siMdhu kalAkArIgarInI selakhaDInI laMbacorasa mudrA che. emAM laMbacorasa dAdAnI baMne bAjue bevaDAM nAnAM vartula devAmAM AvyAM che. lothalamAMthI maLelI bIjI asAmAnya mudrAomAM evI eka muddAne nirdeza karavo joIe ke jemAM siMdhacihno mAtra maherA upara nahi, bAjuo upara paNa maLe che. lothalamAMthI maLela basothI vadhu mudrAo ane mudrAkamAMthI eke upara mAnava-AkRti nathI. pazuonI AkRtiomAM paNa lAMbAM zIMgaDAM, AgaLa paDatI budha ane godaDIne mATe jANItA brAhmaNa AkhalAnI gerahAjarI tarI Ave che. haDappA ane mehe jo-daDonI jema lethalanI mudrAomAM kotarI kADhavAmAM AveluM sahuthI lekapriya prANI ekazRMga che (paTTa 21, A. 137-140). A ekazRMga, AkhalA jevuM, prANI keTalAkane mate paurANika AkRti che. bIjAo ene dizaMga pazu tarIke batAve che, jene paDakhAbhera ghaDavAmAM Ave tyAre e ekazRMga prANI jevuM lAge. siMdhu mudrAomAM A prANI vadhu moTA pramANamAM che ane enI AgaLa pavitra agnipAtra jevuM pAtra darzAvyuM hoya che. A baMne bAbate sUcave che ke bIjA pazuo karatAM enA tarapha khUba vadhu Adara hato. mahattvanI daSTie e pachI TUMkA zIMgaDAvALo khUMdha vinAno Akhalo Ave che, jene enI samakSa mUkavAmAM Avela tagArAmAMthI khANuM khAto batAvavAmAM Avyo che. mudrAo upara ekathaMga ane bakarAnI sAme rajU karavAmAM AvelA vastu te agnipAtra ke

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'' ] Apa-aitihAsika saMskRtimA [ dhUpiyA jevu lAge che ane TUMkAM zIMgaDAvALA AkhalAnI sAme mUkelI vastu te tagAruM lAge che ( paTTa 5, A. 79-87). lAthala sudhdhAM haDappIya sthAnAmAM maLelAM mATIkAmanAM gheADI paranAM tAsaka ane tagArAM mudrAomAM kAtaralAM dhUpiyAM ane aMtargoLa bAjuvALA padArthAne maLatAM Ave che. siMdhukhINanI mudrA upara saMkhyAnI dRSTie trIjI AkRti hAthInI che, je leAthalamAMthI maLelI mATInI pakavelI mudrAmAM paNa maLe che. bhAratavaSa mAM saurASTra paNa hAthIonuM eka nivAsasthAna hAI leAthalanA kalAkAre e pazunA najIkathI abhyAsa karyo haze, kemake e dhaNI vigate kaMDAryAM che. lAthalamAMthI maLela hAthIdAMta ane hAdhInA paganuM hADakuM evuM sUcave che ke A pazu najIkamAM ja vasatuM hovuM joIe. kharuM jotAM hAthIdAMtanuM kAma leAthalanA mahattvanA udyoga hatA. lothalamAMthI maLelI mudrAmAM rajU thayeluM bIjuM pazu pahADI bakarA che, jene lAMkhI dADhI ane pAchaLa vaLatAM zIMgaDAM che. agnipAtrane saMbadha A pazu sAthe che, hAthI sAthe nahiM. chelle selakhaDInI khaMDita mudrA upara jovAmAM AveluM khullA nahAra, caTApaTAvALu zarIra ane lAMbI pUchaDI dharAvatuM, jaMgalI pazu vAdha hAya ema lAge che. kamanasIbe, enuM mAthu naSTa thaI gayeluM che. mudrAnI chApa upara rahelA mizra pazune brAhmaNI AkhalAnAM zIMgaDAM, AgalA paga ane mehu~ che ane sUMDha tathA dAMta hAthInA che. enI pRthvI sapanA jevI UbhI che. chelle, leAthalamAMthI maLelI selakhaDInI nAnakaDI mudrAnA nirdeza karavA joIe. jemAM pakSInI AkRti ane Y AkAranI vastu che. A khIjo AkAra citralipinuM cihna hoya. 4. daradAgInA haDappIya lAke AbhUSaNAnA moTA cAhaka hatA, jenA aneka prakAranA namUnA maLI AvyA che. e emane upalabdha badhA saMbhavita padArthAMmAMthI banAvelA che. emanA daradAgInAmAM kaMThahAra (paTTa 22, A. 143), laTakaNiyAM, vALI, vI'TIe, valaye| ane baMgaDIenA samAveza thatA hatA. dhareNAomAM sahuthI vadhu saMkhyAmAM maLe che te adha-kiMmatI paththarA, seAnuM, tAMbu, phrAyensa, selakhaDI, chIpa ane hAthIdAMtamAMthI banAvelA vividha AkAranA maNakA ( paTTa 23, A. 144 ). nikAsa temaja gharagaththu vaparAza mATe peAtAnAM kArakhAnAMomAM utpanna karavAmAM AvelA paththarI maNukAnA bhAtIgara raMgA ane AkArathI lAthalanA paththara-- kArIgarAnI parimArjita ruci ane pasaMdagInI sUjha taddana spaSTa thaI rahe che. e sAcuM

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13ra ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ( [ pra ke moTA bhAganA kiMmatI paththaranI bahArathI AyAta karavAnI hatI, Ama chatAM emaNe sAdhanasAmagrInI pasaMdagImAM UMDI sUjha batAvI che ane kudaratI rekhAo ane pakAone lAbha laI ene bhAtIgara raMgenA ananya prakAranA maNakAone ghATa Ape che. "kArneliyana' akIka, "kelaseDanI' "jespara, epala, enIsa, kisepejha, plejhamA, sphaTika, vairya, sArDa ane emejhona paththara jevAM ardha- rone emaNe upayoga karyo hato, jemAM khUba jANItAM te akIka, "jAskara" ane "kArneliyana" che, kAraNa ke ene mATe kAco mAla vipulatAthI maLatuM hato. e noMdhavuM joIe ke jethalanI paDatI pachI jene keTalAka vidvAnoe mahInagara ke mInanagara tarIke oLakhAvela che te nagarAmAM, ane enAthI moDe staMbhatIrtha eTale ke khaMbhAtamAM maNakA-udyoga vikAsa sAdheluM dekhAya che. khaMbhAta najIka Avela prAcIna aitihAsika sthaLa nagarAmAM ukhananathI akIka ane "kArneliyana"nA ghaNA maNakAo maLI AvyA che. khaMbhAtamAM, utpAdananI judI judI kakSAe pahoMcelA ardha-kiMmatI maNakAo bharelI mATInI be moTI keDIo I. sa. nI 11mI sadInI be abhilikhita jaina pratimAo sAthe maLI AvI che. A pramANathI e spaSTa che ke maNakA-udyoga khaMbhAtanA akhAtanA mAthe AvelAM lothala, nagarA ane khaMbhAtamAM chellAM cAra hajAra varSa ke enAthI vadhu samayathI kramika rIte vikasela udyoga che. khaMbhAtanA maNiyAre, haDappIya paththara-kArIgaree I. pU. 2400mAM je vikasAvI hatI te ja prakriyAnuM anusaraNa karatA AvyA che. lothalamAMthI paththaranA maNakAonA keTalAka ananya kahevAya tevA prakAra maLyA che. khUNAonI sAvadhAnI bharelI pasaMdagI dvArA e salATa evA maNakAo utpanna karatA hatA ke jemAM AMkha jevA bhAga upara bhAra ApavAmAM Avyo che. e maNukA joDA-ghATanA ane eka bAju sapATa te bIjI bAju uttala hatA. lethalanA salAToe ghaDelAM haDappIya ghareNAMomAM bIja durlabha prakAre te akIkanA dinetra maNukA temaja "jAsmara"nA paTTAvALA ane senAnI TocavALA maNakA che bhaThThImAM akIkane pakavIne teo emAMthI kArneliyana banAvatA hatA ane vaLI sakhata paththara upara paNa karI zakatA hatA, e hakIkata ja teoe prayojelI rAsAyaNika prakriyAonuM ucca koTInuM jJAna darzAve che. kArneliyana maNukAomAM kotarakAma garama karavAmAM AvelA paththaramAM kSArathI bhedIne karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. kAtaravAmAM AvelI bhAte te sakeMdra vartule ane 8 nI AkRti hoI lethale AvA kataraNIvALA maNakA sahuthI meTA pramANamAM utpanna karyA heI che, jyAM

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A etihAsika saMskRtie AvI kotaraNa karavAnI rIta uddabhavI hatI tevuM ke hevAne vAjabI rIte dAvo karI zake. haDappIya leke atizaya kaThinatA dharAvatI evI pakavelI selakhaDInA hajAre bArIka maNakA banAvatA hatA. kAco mAla nUtana pASANayuganAM sthAnamAMthI AyAta karavAmAM Avyo hovo joIe, je sthAna hAlanA mAyasera-AMdhranA belArI, rAyapura ane kanla jillAomAM AvelAM che. gujarAtamAM selakhaDInAM jANItAM prAptisthAna haDappIya samayamAM durgama hatAM ane je sthAnika mAla maLato haze te enI UtaratI kakSAnI guNavattAne laI vaparAya jaNAtuM nathI temaja AjathI baso varSa pahelAM kaI samaye enA upara kAma karavAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. tethalamAMthI maLelA selakhaDInA gALa chedavAnA naLAkAra maNakAne zAraDIthI veha pADelI tripatI bhAtathI suzobhita karavAmAM Avyo che. bhArata bahAra brAkanA sArmonanA samayanA staromAM tri-pattI bhAta jovAmAM AvI che, jyAM bIjA thaDA haDappIya padArtho paNa maLI AvyA che. selakhaDIne upayoga baTana, dAMtAvALA cakkaranA ghATanAM kAnanAM ghareNAM, ane phUlenI bhAtanAM zirobhUSaNe banAvavAmAM paNa thato hato. e maNakA, baMgaDIo, vIMTIo, laTakaNiyAM ane kAna tathA mastakanAM ghareNAM banAvavA mATe bIjo vyApaka padArtha sAyansa hato. phAyansa banAvavA mATene ragaDa kavArTajha sAthe cUnAnuM mizraNa karIne banAvavAmAM Avato hato. tethala, haDappA, mohejo-daDo ane prabhAsamAM maLatA phAyansanA vibhAgAMkita maNakA cekasa viziSTatA dharAve che, kAraNa kelethala pazcima eziyAmAMnI Arya vasAhatanI sAthe ghaNI vAra saMkaLAyeluM che. - lothalamAMnA senAnA maNakA atyaMta bArIka kArIgarIne mATe jANItA che. keTalAka laMbAImAM 0.12 se.mI. thI paNa nAnA che, chatAM e taddana majabUta heya che ane saraLatAthI parovI zakAya tevA che. e maNakA kaMTha-hAramAM traNa laMbacorasa aMtarAla-maNukA ane be D prakAranA cheDAnA maNakA sAthe vaparAtA hatA. dhArIrUpa naLI sAthenA sonAnA cakkara ghaTanA nava maNakA vepArInA makAnamAMthI maLelAM ghareNumAMnA che; e uranA zAhI smazAnamAMthI maLelA sonA cAMdInA maNakAone khUba maLatA Ave che. vALanA eTalAmAMthI kapALa para laTakatA rAkhavAmAM AvatA zaMku AkAranA pilA padArtho, kAnanAM ghareNAM tarIke vaparAtI aMdaranA bhAgamAM AMkaDI kaDI sAthenI zaMku AkAranI pAMdaDIo ane kAnanAM bUTiyAM tarIke vaparAtI laMbagoLa AMkhavALI zaMku AkAranI saLIo lethalamAMthI maLelAM zaNagAramAM

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124 ] dhrutihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ .. khIjAM dhareNAM che. A badhA pAMrghA senAnA banAvelA che. leAthalanA seAnI caDAvavAnu ane akiMmatI paththarAne sAnAnI patarIethI jhAraNa karavAnu, DhALa maDhavAnuM jANatA hatA. e sAcu ke tAMbAnI AyAta karavAmAM AvatI hatI, Ama chatAM baMgaDIo, cUDIo, kAnanI kaDI ane AMgaLInI vIMTI, laTakaNiyAM, vALamAM nAkhavAnI * saLIo vagere banAvavA tAMkhAnA upayAga thatA hatA. saLa pADelA bahAranA bhAgavALI baMgaDI e leAthalamAMthI maLelA eka nAMdhapAtra prakAra che. gALa ke adha -gALa, tAra ke paTTImAMthI banAvelI vITIomAM eka prakAra evA che ke jene hi MduonI lagnavITIo ane nAAsAsanI mineana rUnA starAmAMthI maLelI gUMcaLAvALI sAnAnI vIMTIenI sAthe maLatAM AvatAM khevaDI-gUMcavALAM mAthAM che. A prakAra samaya A mAMnA noMdhapAtra prakAra che. 5, AjArA ane hathiyAro AjArA ane hathiyArA banAvavAnA kAma mATe haDappIya loko hajI paththarane khale tAMbA-kAMsAnA upayAga tarapha pUrepUrA vaLyA nahotA. meTA pramANamAM te hejI paththara upara AdhAra rAkhatA hatA, joke gujarAtanA samudrakAMThAnA pradezamAM dhAtunA jevI ja paththaranI achata hatI. patarIe, teAlAM ( 5TTa 24, A. 145 ) ane maNakA banAvavA joItI ca ane akIkanA retiyA paththaranI vadhu suMdara jAtAnI anukrame siMdha ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAMthI AyAta karavAmAM AvatI hatI. jIna ghATanI nizAe, ghaMTI, nizAtarA, zrRttA, hatheADA ane gadAnAM mAthAM banAvavA mATenA ratiyA ane cUnerI paththarAnI vadhu kharabacaDI jAtA saurASTranA madhya bhAgamAMthI AvatI hatI. kAI khInna haDappIya sthaLamAMthI jANavAmAM nathI AvI tevI paththaranI daLavAnI avanavI dha'TI dAkhala karanArA lothalanA kArIgaranI zodhabuddhine yAgya yaza ApavA joIe. ene caMdA jevA mathALA upara gALAkAra AraNI ane kaMThanI nIce UbhA hAtheA (peg) khAsavA cArasa khAku hoya che. enA nIcenA bhAga vadhu bhAre ane rekhAMkanamAM vRttAkAra hovA joI e. AvI baMTIe nevAsAmAM I.pU. khIjI sahasrAbdImAM vaparAvI zarU thaI hatI. tAMbAnI aNIdAra Ara ane saLIonA DhALA pADavA mATenAM paththaranAM khImAM paNa leAthalamAMthI maLI AvyAM che. kalama chelavAnI charIe tarIke ke mizra ejArI tarIke vaparAvI cAlu rahI. sar-rAharI ke koI bIjA dhAtunI achatane kAraNe paththaranI patarI

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Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtie t135 pradezamAMthI AyAta karavAmAM AvelA dANAdAra carTamAMthI e ahIM jaththAbaMdha taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI hatI. dAtaraDA jevuM mizra ojAra banAvavA mATe pIThavALI patarIone lAkaDAnA ke hADakAnA hAthAmAM besADavAmAM AvatI hovAnuM jaNAya che. bIjI patarIo ekalI vAparavAmAM AvatI haze. lothalanI cIpiyA-ghATanI patarIo kotaraNa tarIke kAma lAgatI hatI, jyAre caTanI aNuone Ara ane - kotaraNa tarIke upayoga thato. pipaTanI cAMca jevAM aNiyAM khoparImAM kANuM pADavAnA upayogamAM AvatAM hatAM. lothalanA kArIgaree utpanna karelI vijJAne noMdha levA jevI mahattvanI cIja te rekhA-mApana mATe vAparavAmAM AvelI hAthIdAMtanI paTTI che. enI pahoLAI 15 mi. mI. ane jADAI 6 mi. mI. che; enI prApya laMbAI 128 mi. mI. che. 46 mi. mI. nI laMbAImAM 27 rekhAo joI zakAya che. be lITIo vaccenuM sarerAza aMtara 17 mi.mI. nuM che. AvA vIsa vibhAga mohejo-daDonI mApapaTTI upara noMdhavAmAM AvelAM be vatuM tenI vaccenA aMtaranI lagabhaga barAbara che. tyAMnI mApapaTTImAM rokAyelI jagyA 33.46 mi. mI. che. lothalanI mApapaTTI uparanI pAMcamI rekhA bIjI rekhAo karatAM thoDIka vadhu lAMbI che; e parathI kalpI zakAya che ke paTTInuM dazAMza paddhatimAM vibhAjana thatuM hatuM. mohejo-daDonI mApapaTTI pramANene ekama 67.056 mi. mI. kahevAya che; vibhAga dITha rekhAMkana(graduation)nI madhyama kSati 0.075 mi. mI. che. lothalamAM paNa ekama 67.056 mi. mI. ne che, paraMtu vadhu cokasAI(accuracy)nAM prayojana mATe ene vadhu nAnA piTAvibhAgamAM vibhakta karela che. siMdhu mudrAo mahe- daDonI mApapaTTI uparanA vibhAgo karatAM lothalanI mApapaTTIonA vadhu nAnA vibhAgonI gaNatarIe vadhu cokasAIthI mApI zakAya che. evuM dekhAya che ke pAra 'ane hasta e baMne rekhA-mApana mATenA ekama gaNAyA hatA; AmAMnA pahelAnI laMbAI 13.2 iMca (33.5 se. mI.) ane pachInAnI 20.3 thI 20.8 IMca (51.5 thI 52.8 se. mI.) che. lothalamAMnAM makAna "pAda" nA pUrA ekamenI rIte mApI zakAya ema che; dA. ta. tabakkA ja 34 mAMnA makAna naM. 159 nuM mApa 420 ekama che, ane vakhAranuM 1174123 ekama che. vaLI e paNa noMdhavuM joIe ke jethalanI mApapaTTI (1.77 se.mI.) paranA pahelA dasa vibhAga e "aMgula"nA prAcIna bhAratIya ekamanI vadhu najIka che. rAja ane bhAIkaranA mata pramANe "arthazAstrane aMgula 1.786 se. mI. nI barAbara che. lothalamAMthI hAthIdAMtanA maLelA bIjA padArtha laMbAImAM 6.5 thI 12.7 se. mI. sudhInA mApanI zaMku AkAranI zalAkAo che. tethalamAM ene zo upayoga hato

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136] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tpra. e jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI, paraMtu uttara sIriyAnA rAsa-zAmarAmAM adaleadala evI ja zalAkAe maLelI che, e hakIkata evuM sUcave che ke lethalamAMthI mesopoTemiyA ane enAliyAnAM sthaLomAM hAthIdAMtanA bIjA padArtho sAthe enI nikAsa thatI hatI. * have ApaNe chIpanAM banAvelAM ojAre ane sAdhanane vicAra karIe. vAMkI, paNa tIkSNa aNIvALI ane barAbara pakaDa levAne mATe hAMsamAM buThThI karelI ketaraNIo (engravers) khAsa noMdhapAtra che. ene upayoga selakhaDInI ane pakavelI mATInI mudrAo karavAmAM thatuM hatuM. lothalamAMthI bhaLeluM bhAre vaijJAnika mUlya dharAvatuM sAdhana beu bAju cAra cAra evI ATha UbhI phAMsavALe chIpane pole naLAkAra padArtha che. eka bAjunI hAMsanI sAmenI phAMsone derIthI joDavAmAM Ave te teo ekabIjAne kATakhUNe kApe che. : je baMne bAjunI hAMsanI sAmenI phAMse joDatI badhI rekhAo eka ja sapATI upara doravAmAM Ave te e ekabIjIne madhyamAM chede che ane e rIte ATha rekhAothI paDelA khUNuM barAbara pisatALIza aMzanA thAya che. spaSTataH A sAdhana atyArane kampAsa kare che te ja kArya ApatuM hovuM joIe ane jamInanI mApaNI temaja rastA ane makAnanuM talamAna nakakI karavAnA upayogamAM AvatuM hovuM joIe. bhAle ene dehAbhUSaNa tarIke gayuM che, paraMtu vIMTInuM kAma ApavAne mATe e khUba jADuM paDe che ane laTakaNiyA tarIke laTakavAne mATe baMdha bese tevuM nathI. ojAra ane hathiyAra banAvavA mATe sahuthI anukULa ane TakAu padArtha niHzaMka rIte tAMbuM ane enAM mizraNa hatAM, jenuM haDappIya lekone sAruM jJAna hatuM. tAMbu ane kalAI AyAta karavAmAM bhAre kiMmata paDatI hovA chatAM sutAra, kaDiyA, mAchIe, vahANa bAMdhanArAo ane tAmrakArone joItAM ojAra banAvavAmAM teo dhAtuone baheLe upayoga karatA hatA. keTalAka vidvAne mAne che ke haDappIya lekane kAMsuM banAvavAnuM AvaDatuM nahotuM ane tethI teo taiyAra karelA kAMsAnI AyAta karatA hatA. teo vaLI ema sUcave che ke siMdhukhINanA tAmrakAre khUba ja rUDhicusta hatA ane dhAtunAM ejAra ane hathiyAra banAvavAmAM janI thaI gayelI hunnara-paddhationuM anusaraNa karatA hatA. eka karatAM vadhu TukaDAonAM bIbAMno upaga dharAvatAM mizrita hathiyAra banAvavAnuM emane jJAna nahatuM ema kahevAmAM Ave che. AmAMnI keTalIka dalIlanI parIkSA karIe.

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'] AdhaaitihAsika saskRti [130 e sAcu che ke haDappIya dhAtukArA DhALa paDatI sapATIvALA ke sapATI vinAnA capaTa selTa jevAM ejAreAnA mATe bhAge prAthamika kakSAnA dhATa banAvatA hatA, jyAre sumera ane elamanA dhAtukAro e ja samayamAM hAtheA cAlavAnA khAMkAvALI vikasita prakAranI kuhADI banAvatA hatA ane hAthA karavAnA siddhAMta mAtra kuhADIne ja nahi, khaMjara ane bhAlAne paNa lAgu pADatA hatA. haDappA, mAhe jo daDo ane cAnhaDomAM dhaDAyelAM DhAMkaNAM, charo, astarA ane bhAlA jevA junavANI thaI gayelA ejAra-prakArAne vize khelatAM pigoTa 12 kahe che ke " saMskRtinuM kuMbhArakAma jevuM preraNA vinAnu sAmAnya koTinu che tevuM A paNa che" ane umere che ke haDappIyAe utpanna karelI cIjone rUDhicustanA nirjIva hAthane kAraNe sahana karavuM paDayuM hatuM. evI phariyAda karavAmAM Ave che ke samAna dheAraNu sAcavavAnA valaNe ane lagabhaga cokhaliyA prakAranA upacAgitAvAde kalAkAra ke kArIgarane svataMtratA rahevA dIdhI nahi, paraMtu satya te e che ke haDappIya leAkeA, pazcimamAM khIjAe samajyA ane zIkhyA te pUrve ja ghaNA samaya upara, samAna dheAraNu apanAvavAnA lAbhanI kadara karavAnuM samajyA ane zIkhyA hatA. kuMbhArakAma ane IMTA sahitanA haDappIya utpAdanamAMnI prabaLa ekarUpatAnA AnAthI khulAsA maLI jAya che. vizALa sAmrAjyamAM sarvatra dhAtunAM ejArA ane hathiyArAnAM ghATa ane kadanA viSayamAM samAna dhAraNane vaLagI rahevAnI kriyAe eche khace meATA pAyA upara utpAdana karavAnI saraLatA karI ApI hatI ane utpAdaMka temaja grAhaka baMnene phAyadA karI ApyA hatA. Aje pratyeka sabhya samAja teAlAM ane mApanu samAna dhAraNa karavAnA yatna kare che, je haDappIya lAkoe cAra hajAra varSa pUrve siddha karyuM hatuM. prA--svAtaMtrya bhAratamAM AvI ekarUpatAnA abhAve UbhI thayelI aMdhAdhUMdhI khUba ja jANItI che. A sAthe yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke prAMtIya pheraphAra astitvamAM hatA. haDappIya lokone ekathI vadhu TukaDAonAM khImAMnA upayeAgane samAvatI naSTa bhInI hunnara-paddhatinuM saMgIna jJAna hatuM. mAhe jo-daDAnI suMdara nRtyAtmaka AkRti ane lAthalamAMnI kUtarAnI khArIka AkRti e ukta hunnarapaddhati apanAvyAne prakhaLa purAvA che. zAMticAhaka prajA tarIke teo yuddha ane vijaya karatAM vepAra ane nakAmAM vadhu rasa dharAvatA hatA ane tethI, te vikaselI hunnarapaddhati jANatA hatA chatAM saMhAraka hathiyArAnuM utpAdana karavA Atura nahotA. emane tAMbAnAM pAtaLAM patarAMnAM banAvelAM junavANI prakAranAM bANu--LAM, khajare ane bhAlAMnAM LAMthI sa MtASa hatA, je capAyapa joDAyelAM hatAM, paraMtu pakSIo ane

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8] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pazuone saMhAra karavA pUratAM ja e prabaLa hatAM. emane zatruo caDI Avaze evI koI dhAraNA hatI nahi ane tethI vikasita prakAranAM laDAyaka hathiyAronI emane jarUra nahatI. mizra dhAtu banAvavAnA emanA jJAnanA viSayamAM pUratA purA che ke teo cekhuM tAMbuM prapta karI kAMsuM banAvavAne mATe joItA pramANamAM kalAI umeratA lethalamAMthI maLelA tAMbA-kAMsAnA padArthomAM rahelI kalAnuM pramANa batAvate nIcene kaThe evA abhiprAyane Teke Ape che ke ojAra ane hathiyAra athavA kataraNIo ane bhAlAnA utpAdana karatAM baMgaDIo ane saLIonI banAvaTamAM kalAI vadhu pramANamAM vAparatA hatA. teo e paNa jANatA hatA ke kalAI dasa TakAthI vadhu vAparavAmAM Ave te ejAra baTakaNuM thaI jAya; tethI, 'nIce batAvyuM che tema, sAmAnya rIte ochA TakA vAparavAmAM AvatA - aMka padArtha kalAIne aMza 1. bhAluM 2.27 TakA 2. kotaraNI arIse 547 phAMsavALI saLI 9.02 " TAMkaNuM 962 " 6. baMgaDI 11.82 " * 7. saLI 13.80 " 3.96 " = = . : lothala ane raMgapuramAMnA tAMbA ane kAMsAnA padArthomAMnAM mizraNa ane hunnarapaddhatinA kALajIpUrvaka abhyAsa pachI bhAratanA purAvatukIya rasAyaNazAstrI che. bI. bI. lAla kahe che ke "A padArthone abhyAsa batAve che ke e samayanA kArIgarane DhALA pADavAnI ane ghaDavAnI hunnarapaddhatine sAre khyAla hato. anupacayana karanAra (de-oxidising) tava tarIke ane tAMbAne sakhata karavA mATe kalAIne upayoga paNa jANatA hatA." tAMbAnA padArthonA viSayamAM e noMdhavuM joIe ke seTamAMnA kalAInA aMzanuM pramANa 2.60 thI 4.09 TakA sudhInuM rahetuM, paraMtu dharImAM e 5.28 TakA sudhInuM thatuM. Ama chatAM raMgapuramAMthI maLelI baMgaDImAM, lothalanI baMgaDIomAM paNa che tema, kalAI 11.07 TakA hatI. lothalanA dhAtukAroe taiyAra karelAM ceDAM cokkasa prakAranAM hathiyAronI have vicAraNA karIe. lothala sahitanAM haDappIya sthaLomAMthI maLeluM khacakA sAthenuM

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Ai-etihAsika satie tpaha pAMdaDAnA AkAranuM pAtaLuM bhAluM (bhAlAnuM phaLuM) e lagabhaga charI jevuM che (paTTa 24, A. 136). madhya bhAganA TekAnuM kAma ApatA UbhA ghATe cirAyelA lAkaDAnA hAthAmAM e sAtuM hovuM joIe. jethalamAMthI maLelAM bhAlAnAM be phaLone pakaDamAM rAkhavA mATenAM vIMdha che. khaMjare laMbAImAM 3 thI 10 se.mI.nAM che, paraMtu e yuddhamAM vAparI zakAya tevAM majabUta nathI. emAMnA ekane vALale gALe. che ane bIjAne kANAvALI aNu che. niHzaMka rIte bhAlA tarIke vaparAtuM haze tevA pharI vALelA pedAra aNiyA sAthenuM capaTa, pAMdaDA ghATanuM pAnuM lothalamAM maLatuM nathI. A prakAra siMdhu sabhyatAmAM viziSTa che ane bhAratIya upakhaMDanI bahAra e mAtra hisaramAM samaya rU mAM maLe che. jethalamAMnAM tAMbAnAM bANa-phaLAM pAtaLAM, capaTa ane sAMkaDA cakalI-pUchaDiyA AMkaDAvALAM che, paNa ene hAthAmAM besavAnI aNuM nathI. chelle eka evA mahatvanA ojAra-prakAranI vAta karIe ke je yuddhanA hathiyAra tarIke athavA lAkaDAM kApavAnA sAdA ojAra tarIke vAparI zakAtuM hoya. e pAnAvALI kuhADI che ke jenI lethalamAM traNa alaga - alaga jAta tAravI zakAya che. lAMbA sAMkaDA pAnAvALI ane lagabhaga samAMtara bAjuo dharAvatI kuhADI siMdhukhINa ane lothalamAM sAmAnya hatI. bIje prakAra pahoLuM pAnuM ane beu hAMsanI jarAka avatalatA dharAvatI capaTa kuhADIne che. e haDappA, mohe jo-daDo, cAhu-daDo, raMgapura ane lothalamAM maLI Ave che. trIjo prakAra te paTTImAM hAthA mATenA bAkerAvALI kuhADIne lAge che, paNa e tUTele che. lothalamAM A traNa jANItA prakAre uparAMta bIjanA caMdranA AkAranI kinAravALI avanavI kuhADI maLI che, paraMtu kamanasIbe kinAro ane bIjanA caMdranA AkAranI hAMsanI sAmenI dhAra bhAMgI paDI che. e bhAMgelI dhAra kApavAnuM kAma Ape tevI tIkSaNa hatI ke kema e jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. enI kinAre AkAra bAjuo upara kevo hato e vize paNa kahevuM eTaluM ja acokkasa che. sapATI upara badhe dhyAna kheMce te rItanAM hatheDAnAM nizAna jovAmAM Ave che ane keTalAka vidvAnee sUcavyuM che ke A kuhADIne upaga dhAtu-kAmamAM thatA hatA, jyAre bIjAo ene dhArmika kriyAnuM prayojana Ape che. uttara pradezamAMnA kisaulImAMthI maLelI mAnavAkAra ghATanI kuhADI sAthe enI keTalIka vAra sarakhAmaNI karavAmAM Ave che. joke DhALe pADo ane pachI hatheDAthI TIpavuM e beu kissAomAM apanAvavAmAM AvelI hunnarapaddhati samAna che, Ama chatAM vAparavAmAM AvelI dhAtunuM saMjana, nIcenA koThAmAM batAvyuM che te pramANe, bhinna bhinna prakAranuM cheH

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140] padArtha itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tAMbuM sIsuM nikala leTuM kalAI 1. lethalanI kinAravALI kuhADI 96.27 2.51 svalpa svalpa sva95 2. bisIlInI 98.77 - 066 - - manuSpAkAra AkRti AthI lothalanI kinAravALI kuhADI gaMgAnI khINamAMnA tAMbAnA saMgrahamAMthI AvI e zaMkAspada che, paraMtu e niHzaMka che ke e prakAravidyA ane hunnarapaddhatinI daSTie bina-haDappIya che. kisaulInI kuhADImAM nikalanA TakAnuM pramANa UMcuM che ane e kyAMthI AvI e jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. lethalanA kArIgarone jeItAM AMkaDIvALA gala, dAtaraDA, dhAravALI zAraDIo, Ara ane soya jevAM tAMbA ane kAMsAnAM ghaNAMkharAM ojAra sthAnika rIte banAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM ane prakAranI daSTie e haDappIya che. vaLelI phAMsavALI zAraDI ane raMde-sutArane ane vahANa banAvanAra baMnene upaganAM- bheMkavA bAjunA cheDAe vIMdhavALI soya ane vaLAMkavALI karavata jevA navA ejAraprakAranA sarjanamAM lethalanA dhAtukArenI zekabuddhi vyakta thAya che. lothalamAM utpanna karavAmAM AvelA AMkaDIvALA gala judA judA mApanA maLe che ane ene gaLAkAra cheda hoya che. e sAmAnya rIte kalAIvALA kAMsAnA banAvavAmAM AvyA hoya che. tAMbAnA mizraNavALAM nAjuka ojAramAM bhoMkavAnA cheDe arthAta sAme cheDe vIMdhavALI soya, kATakhUNiyA saMtavRtta chedanA pAnAvALI dAMtAnI karavata ane mecInA upayoganI Ara che. vRttAkAra karavata mAnavanI khoparI zAravAnA kAma mATe athavA to naLAkAra padArthomAMthI phAsa pADavAnA kAma mATe vaparAtI hoya. pAlAM, sajjaDa besADelI baraNIo, camacA ane sAMkaLInI kaDIo (chain-links), tAMbAmAMthI banAvelA gharagaththu upayoga mATenA bIjA padArtha che. tethalanA lekanI prasAdhana-sAmagrImAM tAMbAnA arIsA, vALamAM khesavAnI saLIo ane kAna-khotaraNIo hatI. arIso rekhAMkanamAM aMDAkAra che, paraMtu ene hAthe bhAMgI gayela che. lethalamAM dhAtukAmane kAraNe bhaThThIo ane kArakhAnAMonI jarUra UbhI thaI tabakkA re nuM jaNAyeluM sahuthI prAcIna dhAtu-kArakhAnuM nagaranI uttara bAjunI sImA para AveluM hatuM. rekhAMkanamAM e gaLAkAra che ane ene eka cheDe

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Adha-aitihAsika saMskRti [11 baLataNa mATenuM bAkoruM che. pakavelI mATInuM eka moTuM kulaDuM (crucible) ane enI najIkathI maLeluM tAMbAnuM pataruM evuM sUcave che ke tyAM tAmrakAra kAma karatA hatA. tAmrakAre e vApareluM bIjuM bAMdhakAma te bajAranA rastAmAM tabakkA 4 mAM bAMdheluM be khaMDavALuM kArakhAnuM che. UbhI mUkelI I TonI banAvelI 60.75 se. mI.nI laMbacorasa bhaddI ane vaparAzanAM eMdhANa dharAvate retiyA paththarane ghanAkAra paNa ahIM hajIye jovA maLe che. dhAtukAmamAM vaparAtA bIjA padArtha te mATInI pakavelI jADI kharabacaDI dIvAlavALI kulaDIo, paththaranAM gadA-mAthAM tathA tAMbA ane kAMsAnAM dAtaraDAM che. nIcalA nagarane uttara cheDe bAMdhavAmAM AveluM, pAMca aMtayukta kuMDI jevI ITanI vaMDIo dharAvatuM moTuM dhAtu-kArakhAnuM batAve che ke eka chAparA nIce aneka tAmrakAre kAma karatA hatA. ahIM kuMbhArakAmanI pAMca jeTalI bhaThThIo paNa jANavAmAM AvI hatI. : 6, ramakaDAM ane segaTAM pakavelI mATInI lothalanI kaLAmAM lagabhaga badhAM ja gharALu ane jaMgalI pazuone mUrta karavAmAM AvyAM che. emAMnAM thoDAMkane te khUba ja kALajIthI ghaDavAmAM AvyAM che. Akhale, gAya, gheDa, kUtara, sUMTha, gaMDe, vAgha, citta ane khisakelI khAsa noMdhapAtra che. lothalamAM khUMdhavALAM ane khUdha vinAnAM pazuone mUrta karavAmAM AvyAM che; emAMne suMdaratama namUne khUdha vinAne Akhale che, je enAM baLa ane snAyugata vigatone mATe jANu che. paiDAvALI pazu-AkRtio ane gheDAnA mAthAvALI mizra AkRtio bALakonA AnaMda mATenAM ramakaDAM tarIke vaparAtAM hatAM. emAMnAM keTalAMkane hAlatAM mAthAM hatAM, jenuM derIthI saMcAlana thatuM hatuM. lothalanA leka gharanI aMdaranI vividha ramatamAM rasa letA sukhI jana hatA. A ramatomAMnI mukhya ramata zetaraMja(chess)ne lagabhaga maLatI AvatI pATiyAnI ramata hatI. zetaraMja e rAjavIonI khUba ja prAcIna kALanI bhAratIya ramata che, jemAM rAjA ane enA maMtrI uparAMta bhAratIya senAnAM cAra pAraMparika sai -pAyadaLa, hayadaLa, gajadaLa ane rathadaLa-ne mUrta karavAmAM Ave che. zetaraMja mATe "caturaMga" eTale ke cAra prakAranI senAne vahelAmAM vahele sAhityika nirdeza I. 5. 3 jI sadI sudhI jAya che. tethalamAMthI maLelAM pAkI mATI (5TTa 25, AkRti 147), zaMkha-chIpa, hADakAM, hAthIdAMta ane paththaranAM banAvelAM sagAM bhAratamAM atyAre vaparAtAM sogaTane AkAra ane kadamAM taddana maLatAM Ave che. pakavelI mATInAM ane chIpanAM du-ghATanAM sogaThAM mULamAM

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142] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. "rAjA" ane "maMtrIne mUrta karatAM hatAM, jyAre jADAM durga-ghATanAM sogaTa atyAranI zetaraMjanA hAthIne maLatAM che. bhutAnanA mAthAvALe zaMku AkArane UMce padArtha "ratha'nA jevo dekhAya che ane ArapAra na jatAM vIMdhavALA ke vidha vinAnA nAnA caturaska padArtha "pAyedala sainike " mATenA lAge che. pyAdAonAM bhinna bhinna kadanuM bhinna bhinna mUlya haze ke kema e jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI; kadAca e ramavA mATenA bhinna bhinna saTanA hoya. lothalamAMthI kUtare gheDa ane AkhalA jevAM pazuonAM mAthAne ghATa dharAvatI ane capaTa besaNIvALI pakavelI mATInI prANI-AkAra AkRtio maLI che. emAMnI eka bhAratIya zetaraMjamAMnA ghaDAne mUrta karatI hoya ema lAge che. sUsA ane tepe gavarAmAM bIjAM prANIonA AkAranI sogaTa maLyAM che. segaTaothI mUrta karavAmAM AvatI senAe lothalamAM ajJAta che. vibhAge batAvatAM ekaThAM ane kATakhUNiyAenAM nizAna dharAvatAM pakavelI mATInAM evAM be rasAM ane vikaNanI rIte vibhAjita rasavALuM trIju rasuM hampIya yugamAM lothalamAM vaparAtAM lAkaDAnAM kIDAphalakane mUrta karatAM hoya ema kalpI zakAya. haDapI leke zetaraMja uparAMta bIjI saMkhyAbaMdha ramata ramatA hatA. lothalamAM pakavelI mATInI nAnI pirAmiDa-ghATanI goLIo maLI che te phalakamAM karelA goLa khacakAonI paMktiovALA krIDA-paTamAM vaparAtI haze. lethalamAMthI eka bIje mahattvane padArtha maLyo che te eka ITa che, jenA upara traNa samakendra cerasa akelA che, jenI bAjuone eka rekhA chede che. Ane jemAM kacUkA, vaTANuM ke kAMkarIone upayoga hoya che tevI, hAla "vAgha ane gAya" ke "vAgha ane gheTuM" nAme ramatane mATe vaparAtA phalakanI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. AmAM pAsAne upayoga karavAmAM Avato nathI, paraMtu vALe ane gAyonI hilacAlane lagatA niyama nakakI karavAmAM AvyA hoya che. lothalamAMthI maLelA pakavelI mATInA pirAmiDa ane caturastra AnA jevI ramatamAM kAmamAM AvatA haze ema dhArI zakAya. pAsAno upayoga thato hoya tevI nasIba ajamAvavAnI ramata haDappIya lokene sArI rIte jANItI hovI joIe. cha bAjue 1 thI 6 nA aMka dharAvatA ane jemAM ArapAra nahi tevAM vIMdha karavAmAM AvelAM che tevA mATInA pakavelA ghanAkAra pAsA enI pratIti karAve che. atyAranA pAsAomAM maLe che te pramANe mahejo-daDomAMthI maLelA pAsAmAM 1 nI sAme 6, 3 nI sAme che, ane 2 nI sAme 5-Ama sAmasAmo aMkane saravALo cha thAya che. Ama chatAM

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Ava-aitihAsika saMratio [10 lethalane pAsa mehe jo-daDonA pAsAthI ke mahAbhAratanA pAMDavoe upayogamAM lIdhelA paurANika (legendary) pAsAthI judo paDe che. adanAM sUktomAM jugArInA bhAgyane vize duHkha vyakta karavAmAM AvyuM che e jotAM pAsAnI ramata cheka vaidika samayathI to jANItI che ja. pAdaTIpe 1. juo upara prakaraNa 4. 2. S. R. Rao, Ancient India, Nos. 18-19, pp. 13 ff. 3 P. P. Pandya in Indian Archaeology 1956-57-A Review, p. 16 4. Ibid, 1957-58, p. 18 4. S. R. Rao in Indian Prehistory, pp. 129 ff. 4- M. S. Vats in Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1934-35, pp. 34-38, pts. XII-XIV 9. G. S. Ghurye in Journal of the University of Bombay, VIII, 1 (July 1939), p. 11 c. M. G. Dikshit in Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Poona, XI, 1, pp. 16 ff. . . . S. R. Rao in Ancient India, Nos. 18-19, pp. 5, 207 10. Indian Archaeology 1954-55 to 1962-63-A Review . S. R. Rao in Illustrated London News, Feb. 25, 1961 and March 11, 1961 S. R. Rao in Lalit Kala, Nos. 3-4, pp. 82-89; and No. 11, pp. 14-30 S. R. Rao " Shipping and Maritime Trade of the Indus People " in Expedition ( Pennsylvania, 1965), Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 30-37. S. R. Rao, "A Persian Gulf Seal from Lothal", Antiquity, Vol. XXXVII, 146, pp. 96-99 14. V. S. Lele, " Docks at Lothal", the Journal of Institution of Engineers, India, Poona Centre, pp. 152-155 12. S. Piggot, Prehistoric India : ... .. .....

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prakaraNa 7 Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtio (cAlu) (u) smazAna ane dATavAnA rivAja 1. ekavaDAM ane bevaDAM daphana lethalamAMnuM smazAna nagarane pharatI dIvAlanI pelI pAra AvelA TekarAnA vAyavya khUNAnA DhoLAva upara AveluM hatuM. chellAM traNa hajAra varSa ke vadhu samayathI A bhUbhAga patharAI paDatAM pUrone lIdhe ane khetIne lagatAM kAmane vIdhe bhAre pramANamAM khavAI gayo che. ukhanane daramyAna vIsa dRnamAMthI 21 hADapiMjara kADhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. zaheranA kadane khyAla karatAM daphananI saMkhyA svalpa che ane smazAnanuM mApa khUba ja nAnuM che. e asaMbhavita nathI ke lethalanA prajAjanone eka vibhAga bhUmidaphanane badale agnisaMskArane prakAra amalamAM mUkato hoya. pra. esa. esa. sarakAre AgaLa jatAM batAvyuM che ke lothalamAMthI maLelAM moTA bhAganAM hADapiMjara 20 thI 30 varSanI vaya-cUthanAM che, tethI e nakkI karavAnuM bAkI rahe che ke 30 varSanI uparanAM mRtake nikAla kevI rIte karavAmAM AvatuM haze. bIjuM, tabakaka 1 ane tabakakA ra mAM lothala-vAsIenA maraNottara rivAja kevA hatA e vize koI mAhitI nathI, kAraNa ke maLelAM daphanemAMnuM eka paNa tabakakA rUthI pahelAMnuM nathI. khullAM karavAmAM AvelAM vIsa daphanemAMthI mAtra soLamAM eka ke vadhu hADapiMjara hatAM. bAkInAM cAra khavAI gayAM hatAM ane thoDA ghaDA tathA hADakAMnA TukaDAo sivAya hADapiMjaranA avazeSa dharAvatAM nahotAM. nadI najIkanI smazAnanI sthiti uparathI evuM dhArI zakAya ke maraNottara kriyAnA hetu mATe pANInI jarUriyAta haze. smazAnamAM mRtakane nikAla karavAne mATe svIkAravAmAM AvelI kharekharI kArya paddhatinA viSayamAM lethalanAM daphanemAMthI ThIka ThIka mAhitI prApya che. sAmAnya rIte rekhAMkanamAM rU.240.75 mITaranI laMbAI-pahoLAIne ane aDadhA mITaranI

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7 muM]. Atha-aitihAsika saMskRtio [t15 UMDAIne, uttara-dakSiNa laMbAIne laMbacorasa khADo khodavAmAM Avato hato. khADe khAdyA pachI saheja UMcuM kareluM ane pUrva tarapha DhaLeluM rahe te rIte mAthuM uttaramAM rAkhI zabane pUrepUruM laMbAvIne mukavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. mukhyatve jemAM mATInAM pAtra hoya tevI daphanamAM mUkavAnI cIjo mAthA ke khabhA pAse, ane kavacita ja peDhA pAse, mUkavAmAM AvatI hatI. zarIra ane daphana-cIjone mUkyA pachI khADo mATIthI pUrI devAmAM Avato hato. caNatarI kaphana thAya e rIte daphananA khADAne kAcI ITathI caNuM levAne ekamAtra dAkhaluM dhyAna upara AvyA paNa che, paraMtu koI ghAsanA AcchAdanane athavA te kASThanA keI kaphanane sagaDa maLato nathI. pachInAM dadana khodatI veLA tabakakA rU nAM keTalAMka daphanene aDacaNa pahoMcI hatI, ane e rIte prAkAlIna tharonA daphananA rAcaracIlAne ane hADapiMjarane nukasAna thayuM hatuM. mANasanuM mRtyu thayA pachI kharekhara kayA vidhi karavAmAM AvatA hatA e vize jANavAnAM sAdhana maLyAM nathI, paraMtu daphananA khADAomAMthI maLelI cIjemRtakane arpaNa karAtI cIjo para theDe prakAza pADe che. daphana naM. 13 mAMthI mAnava-hADakAM sAthe bakarInAM hADakAM maLI AvyAM hatAM, jyAre daphana naM. 6 mAMthI pazunA jaDabAnuM hADakuM maLI AvyuM hatuM. ahIM enI yAda ApavI joIe ke TvedamAM prArthanA karavAmAM AvI che ke "he agni, A yattiya aja tamArA mATe bhega che, ene svIkAra karo ane IjA na thAya te rIte mRtAtmAne dharmikonA lekamAM laI jAo" ( 10, 16, 7). Akhale ke gAya jevA pazunuM balidAna vaitaraNuM ane anustaraNuM gAyanA balidAnanI Arya rasamane avazeSa lAge che. kAla tabakakA 3 ane 4 nAM daphanomAM mUkavAmAM AvelAM mRAomAM haDappIya prakAranI ghoDIvALI rakAbI (paTTa 27, A. 150) ane sAMkaDA kAMThAnI baraNI, temaja caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtromAMnAM bahirgoLa bAjuvALuM pyAluM ane goLa taLAnI baraNI che. UMcA kAMThAnI baraNI ane leTAnA ghATanA vAsaNa jevA vikasita haDappIya ghATa samaya mA nAM daphanemAM maLI AvyA che. daphana naM. 7 mAM bemAMnA eka hADapiMjarane kAnamAM tAMbAnI kaDI hatI, bIjAM be daphanomAM chIpanI baMgaDIo maLI hatI jethalamAM dATavAnI eka avanavA prakAranI paddhati prakAzamAM AvI che. traNa daphana evAM che ke jemAM kaMI kAlakSepa vinA eka ja samaye dATavAmAM AvyAM hoya tevAM bae hADapiMjara maLI

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Ar} ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [X. AvyAM hatAM (paTTa 26, A. 148; paTTa 27, A. 149 ). koI bIjA haDappIya smazAnamAM A prakAranu joyu daphana jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI; apavAda mAtra dAMba bhUtInA che, jyAM kahevAmAM Ave che ke e pukhta vayanAM mANasa eka ja daphanamAM rajU thayAM hatAM. vaiTeline kiza khAte eka joDiyuM daphana jaNAvyuM che, jene cAIE satInuM daphana gaNyu. kalakattA yunivarsiTInA preA. esa. esa. sarakAra ane bhAratanA mAnavavidyAkIya sarvekSaNanA DaoN. bI. ke. ceTarajI tathA zrI. Ara. DI. kumAre alaga alaga rIte lothalamAMnAM hADapiMjarAnA avaroSAne tapAsyA OM ane mApyA che. preA. sarakAra kahe che ke emAM koI strI meLakhI zakAI nathI, 1 jyAre ceTarajI ane kumAre emAM cAra strIe eLakhI batAvI che. ra jo A pAchaLanI zeAdhane svIkAra karavAmAM Ave teA echAmAM echI e strIe joDiyA danamAMnI che. samagra rIte jotAM evuM lAge che ke traNa joDiyA-dakneAmAMnAM emAM eka puruSa ane eka strIne eka ja samaye dATavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. Ama e satIne maLatA dana-rivAja bane che. AraMbhika vaidika kAlamAM satI-dananuM pracalita hovAnu N jaNAya che, paraMtu brAhmaNa-kAsamAM e cheDI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 1. khAparIna' cheduna lothalamAMthI maLelI Azare 9-10 varSanA uMmaranA bALakanI khAparI khAparI-chedanane avanavA namUnA che. kalakattAnI nIlaratana sarakAra meDikala kaoNlejanA zArIravijJAna-eneTomInA eka vakhatanA adhyApaka DaoN. esa. ke. basue evuM avalAkayuM che ke khoparInuM jamaNI bAjunuM hADakuM e hADakAnI UMcAI ane e bhIMgaDAvALA hADakAnA TAMkA vacce lagabhaga madhya bhAgamAM rahelA agra-mastaka ( anterior ) ane nIcenA vartulapAda upara agrabhAgamAM khAmI batAve che. hADapiMjara dATavAmAM AvyuM haze te pahelAM hAMsane khAMcA kaI ejArathI karavAmAM AvyA haze. hADakAnI keAI marAmatanA abhAve evuM phalita thAya che ke kApA karavAmAM AvyA pachI vyakti lAMkhe| vakhata jIvI naheotI athavA te kApA * bharaNeAttara karavAmAM AvyA hoya. khAparI-chedananu upaluM udAharaNa prAcIna samayanA zasravaidyaka vizenA ApaNA jJAnamAM leAthalanuM kAI nAnuM pradAna nathI; kadAca e jagatanuM sahuthI prAcIna udAharaNa che. ApaNe jANIe chIe ke I. pU. 701 mAM pelesTAInamAM khAparI--cchedana karavAmAM AvatuM. Ama chatAM enAthI vadhu jUnA samayamAM khAsa karIne phrAnsamAM nUtana pASANayuganA loko bALakane AvatI tANunA kissAmAM

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7] Adha aitihAsika saskRtie [ 147 ane mAthAmAM bharAI beThelA manAtA zetAnane bahAra nIkaLI javAmAM jhaDapa karavA khAparInuM chedana karatA hatA. paraMtu bhAratava mAM khAparI-chedana eI. pU. 500 varSa jeTalA jUnA samayamAM jIvaka jevA zasravaidyo vaDe saphaLatApRvaka karAtI magajanI zastra-kriyAnA koI prakAra hatA. I. pU. 5 mI sadInA khauddha graMtha "mahAvag"mAM jaNAvyA pramANe jIvake takSazilA mahAvidyAlayamAM zasravaivakrane abhyAsa karyAM hatA. khAparImAM chedanakriyA karIne eNe rAjagRhanA eka vepArInA magajanI zastrakriyA karI hatI. I. sa. nI 12 mI sadIne bhAjaprabaMdha"nAme graMtha dhArAnagara(madhya pradezanA atyAranA dhAra)nA rAjavI bheAja upara zastravaidyakIya kriyA karyAMnuM varNana Ape che. madhyayugIna graMthAmAM zastrakriyAnA sAdhana tarIke khapa`raka nAmanI karavatanA nirdeza thayelA che. jANIne AnaMda thaze ke lAthalamAMthI maLI AvelI kAMsAnI nAnI vAMkI karavata vartulAkAra gatine mATe sArI rIte khadhakhese tevI che ane himeTase vadhu velI karavatonA varNanane Teko Ape che. enA dAMtA majabUta ane muDhDhA thaI gayelA che. 3. lAcalanI prajAnAM vaya, liMga ane AnuvaMzika sakhadhA prA. sarakAre je hADapiMjara eLakhI batAvyAM che teemAM pukhta vayanA 15 puruSA, pukhta vayanI eka vyakti, pukhta vayanI e juvAna vyaktie, eka bALaka ane eka zizu che. emanA mata pramANe moTA bhAganA 20-30 nA vAyUthanA DhAya tevA puruSAnI bhAre bahumatI rahelI che. emaNe kharAkhara avaleAkaLyuM che ke atyAra sudhImAM khAdI kADhavAmAM AvelAM hADipaMjara leAthalanI sAcI varatI darzAvatAM nathI. lothalamAM rahetA puruSonI saMbhavita saMkhyA sUcavavAmAM ApaNe ApelA vistAramAM AvelAM makAnonI saMkhyAne khyAlamAM levAnI che ane dareka makAnamAM pAMcane dare saMkhyA gaNI levAnI che. evA aMdAja che ke dIvAlavALA nagaranI aMdara ane bahAra thaI Azare 2,000 makAna hatAM. ane e hiMsAme lAcalanI vastI Azare 10,000 nI thAya. siMdhukhINanI vastInA mULamAM veDroIDa ke oNsTrolaoNiDa nRvaMzIya samUha vaDe vyakta thayeluM AdivAsIone lagatuM tattva--atidIdha` kapAla --astitvamAM hatuM, paraMtu e 71-aMkanA dIdha-kapAla ( bhArata-kAspiyana) leka hatA, je rhaDappA ane

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18] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. mahejo-daDemAMnA ArUDha haDappIya varUpamAM mukhya hatA. thoDA samaya pachI madhyama-kapAla AlpAIna samUha paNa siMdhukhINamAM AvI vasyo hate. haDappAnA uttara haDappIya tabakkAnA smazAna mAM AlpAIna vaMza (madhyama-kapAla ke hrasva-kapAla)nI sArA pramANamAM vastI hatI. haDappA ane mohe je-daDomAM A uparAMta hRva-kapAla tatva paNa jovAmAM AvyuM che, paraMtu e bahu kheMdhapAtra nathI. lethalamAMthI maLelAM cAre dIrgha-kapAla (sarerAza kapAla-aMka 85.44) kAla nAM che, jyAre mAtra eka hUrava-kapAla kAla sA mAMthI Ave che. 'upalabdha purAvA uparathI nirNaya upara AvI zakAya ke ArUDha haDappIya tabakkAmAM dIdha-kapAla ane hU-kapAla e beu samUha astitva dharAvatA hatA. vadhAre prabhutva dharAvatA pahelA samUhane siyAlkanA dIrdha-kapAle (samUha 2) tarIke oLakhavAmAM Avyo che ane pachInA samUhane siyAlaka 6 ne sva-kapAla (samUha 4) tarIke. valleIsanA mata pramANe siyAlakane samUha 2 Arya prajAne che. A paribhASA je lethalamAMnA dIrgha-kapAlane lAgu pADavAmAM Ave to evuM phalita thAya che ke kAla 3 mAM lethalamAMnI moTA bhAganI vastI Arya hatI. lothalamAM nAnA esTroloIDa tattvanI sAthe sAthe ThIka ThIka saMkhyAmAM ArmenoiDa vastI paNa hatI. jemanI bhASA vize ApaNane kazI mAhitI nathI tevA A nRvaMzIya samahene "Arya" ke "draviDa" evI bhASAkIya paribhASA lAgu karavAnuM ISTa nathI, paNa ApaNane A paribhASAne ullekha karavAnI pharaja paDe che, kAraNa ke gorDana cAIda Adi pahelAMnA lekhakoe pazcima eziyAmAMthI maLelAM sAdhanane AdhAre siMdhukhINa uparanA Arya AkramaNanA pitAnA siddhAMtanI mAMDaNI karI che. ahIM batAvavuM jarUrI che ke siMdhu sAmrAjyanI vastI bilakula samavidha nahotI ane paMjAba siMdha ane gujarAtanI hAlanI vastI haDappA, mohejo-daDe ane lothalanI prAcIna vastIthI zArIrika lakSaNomAM judI paDatI nathI. che. sarakAranA jaNAvyA pramANe, kapAla aMka 7ravALA siMdhukhINanA dIrdha-kapAla ke kAla 1 ane 2 (I. pU. 3700-2500) nA tepe hisAranA lekene vistAra che. griyarsananA jaNAvyA pramANe, bhArata-Arya lekanAM be majA be bhinna samaye bhAratavarSamAM AvyAM. vahelA AvelA mejAe paMjAba rokaDyuM ane e dakSiNa tarapha siMdhunAM medAnamAM, ane kadAca saurASTramAM paNa, AgaLa vadhyuM, jyAre pachInA A je paNa uttaramAMthI ja AvelA, teone vahelA AvI vaselA AryonI sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvavuM paDyuM. saptasiMdhunA pradezamAM praveza karatI veLA adanA Ane lAgyuM ke vahelA AvelA Aryo dezaja prajA sAthe chUTathI

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[1 7 mu. Ai-aitihAsika sAtie mizrita thaI gayA che ane tethI pitAnAM bhASA ane dharmanA viziSTa svarUpanuM pAlana karavAmAM niSphaLa gayA che. lothalamAMnAM pazuyajJa ane agnipUjene purA e matane anumodana Ape che ke danA Aryoe svIkArelI amuka dhArmika kriyAo I. pU. 1800 pahelAM bhAratavarSamAM Astava dharAvatI ja hatI. kadAca lothalanA haDappIyA(dIrgha-kapAla)ne saurASTramAM AgaLa vadhelA ane agnipUjA temaja pazuyajJa karanArA prAgRdika Aryo tarIke oLakhAvAya. lothalamAM haDappIyA saMskRtimAMnA Arya-tattvanuM sUcana karatA bIjA purAvA te ghoDe ane cekhA vizenuM jJAna che. lothala ane raMgapuramAM haDappIya tabakkAmAM ghoDe jANuta hato. ArUDha haDappIya kAlamAM e baMne sthaLamAM DAMgaranuM vAvetara moTA pramANamAM thatuM hatuM. vaLI lethalanA rahevAsIone AryonA rathanA jevA vAhananuM jJAna hovAne jaza apAya, kAraNa ke tyAMthI maLelA paiDAMnA mATInA pakavelA ane paththaranA namUnA rathanAM paiDAMonA astitvane samarthana Ape che. upara rajU karele purAvastukIya purAvo spaSTa rIte sUcave che ke siMdhu sAmrAjyamAM ane khAsa karIne lothalamAM, lekone e samUha rahete hato ke jeonI dhArmika kriyAo ane sAmAjika rItarasama pahelAMnA AryothI bahu judI nahatI; kadAca e A ja leke hatA ke jemane vedanA A "asura kahetA hatA. (9) siMdhu lipi mudrAo ane mRtpAtro upara karavAmAM AvelI siMdhu lipi citrAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka ane mRtyAtmaka hatI. siMdhu lekhanamAM prajAyelAM 288 cihnomAM pazuo ane ropAnAM saMkhyAbaMdha citrone samAveza thAya che. Alekhana, ghaNA vidvAnanA mata pramANe, sArI rIte niyamabaddha nahotuM, kAraNa ke enuM e ja dhvanimaya mUlya ke ene e ja vicAra vyakta karavA mATe aneka saMketa vAparavAmAM AvyA che. mudrAone tAvIja tarIke upayoga thato hato ane enA para aMkita karavAmAM AvelA maMtra arpaNAtmaka hatA ema dhArI laIne vidvAnoe A lekhanane sAMketika citra-lipi kahI che. siMdhu lipine ukelavAne mATe AkhAye jagatamAM samartha vidvAne taraphathI thayelA saMkhyAbaMdha prayatna hajI satiSakAraka pariNAma lAvI zakyA nathI. mukhya muzkelI e hakIkatamAM rahelI che ke lekhana ajJAta lipimAM che ane e jemAM lakhAI che te bhASA paNa eTalI ja ajJAta che. niSNAta ajJAta siMdhu lipine kaI jANItI lipi dvArA vAMcavA zaktimAna thAya

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1%e3. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmike tevo kaI dvibhASI abhilekha hajI maLyo nathI. bIjI muzkelI e che ke abhilekha pUratA lAMbA nathI ane 5 kalpanA karI zakAya te rIte zabdo ane vAkyo Avartana pAmatAM nathI. lAMbAmAM lAMbe abhilekha mAtra 17 cihno che. ajJAta lipi vAMcavAnI muzkelIo amuka vidvAnenI e dhAraNAthI vadhI rahelI che ke siMdhu loko draviDa ke saMskRta bhASA bolatA hatA. keTalAka vidvAnoe ema mAnI lIdhuM che ke muddAone upayoga tAvIja tarIke thato hato ane enA upara denAM nAma ketaravAmAM AvyAM che. AvI dhAraNAo upara AdhAra rAkhatAM vAcana parathI citravicitra pariNAma AvyAM che. thoDA samaya upara esa. ke. rAve cihnonA be prakAra gaNyA cheH eka, jenA upara kaMI adhika cihna nathI ne bIje, jemAM vadhArAnAM cihna umerAyAM che. A bIjA prakAranAM cihnone emaNe svarabhArayukta gaNuM sAdAM cihnothI judA pADavAne prayatna karyo che. emaNe vaLI evuM batAvavAno prayatna karyo che ke mULa cihnonA saMjanathI banelA saMyukta varNone kAraNe ATalI moTI saMkhyAnAM siMdhu cihna UbhA thavA pAmyAM che. emaNe. siMdhu lipinuM varNAtmaka svarUpa mAnI lIdhuM che. bezaka, rAvanI rIta paNa ajamAvavA jevI che, chatAM ema kahevuM joIe ke emaNe saMyukta varNo ane savarabhAyukta svarUpane aneka mULabhUta saMketemAM phALavI nAkhyAM che ane keTalIka vAra A pramANe tAravavAmAM AvelA mULabhUta saMketa mULa svarUpamAM oLakhI zakAtA nathI; dA. ta. emanI "memorenDama naM. 2" nAmanI pustikAmAMnI AkRti 4 mAMnI bAbata naM. 5. evI rIte e pustikAnA pR4 22 (AkRti 6) upara sUcita karelA keTalAka darzaka svara pratItijanaka nathI. A khAmIo uparAMta, ghaNA bIjAonI jema teo paNa mULabhUta cihnone vanyAtmaka mUlya AropavAmAM thApa khAI gayA che. prAganI cArsa yunivarsiTInA pro. bedrIka hojhanIe siMdhu lipi vAMcavAne noMdhapAtra prayatna karyo che. emaNe hirAIta sAMketika citralekhana ane siMdhu lipi vacce prabaLa sAmya nepyuM che ane emane e mata thayA che ke siMdhu mudrAo upara kerelAM nAma devonAM mukhyatve Arya devonAM, che. - lothale siMdhukhINanI bhAre mizrita lipinA saralIkaraNanI prakriyAne AgaLa calAvIne bhAratamAM lekhananA vikAsanI dizAmAM mahatvano phALo Ape che. kAla sanI siMdhu lipimAM be nedhapAtra pheraphAra dhyAnamAM levA jevA cheH pahele moTo pheraphAra e che ke pazuo ane mAnavanAM badhAM citrone choDI daIne

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7 mu] Ai-etihAsika saMskRtio : 151 siMdhu cihnonI saMkhyAmAM jabaro ghaTADo karavAmAM Avyo che. Ama haDappIya lokee 288 cihnone sthAne mAtra 28 mULa cihna vAparyA hovAnuM mAlUma paDayuM che. bIjo pheraphAra te kuTila (vAMkAcUMkA) lekhanamAMthI surekha lipine vikAsa che. sAdhanamAM thayelA pheraphArane laI temaja eka rekhAe cAlatI lekhana-paddhatinI upayogitA spaSTa thavAne kAraNe A pheraphAranI jarUra kadAca UbhI thaI hoya. kAnanA loke ane phiniziyAnA lokonI jema, lothalanA loke, jeo paNa vepArIo hatA, teone mudrAo banAvavA mATe vaparAtA paththaranA karatAM pipirasa, lAkaDuM ke keI nAzavaMta padArtha vadhu upayogI mAlUma paDyo hovo joIe. AlamagIrapura, rUpaDa ane raMgapuramAMthI maLelI ThIkarIo paranAM ane lothalamAMthI maLelI aMtya haDappIya mudrAo tathA mRtpAtro paranAM kecI kADhelAM badhAM cihnone kALajIpUrvaka abhyAsa vyakta kare che ke zAphatabAlamAMthI maLelA I. pU. 18mI ke 16 mI sadInA lekhAtA abhilekhonI sAthe teo nikaTanuM sAmya dharAve che. A avalokana karyA pachI have ApaNe lothalamAM thayelA lipinA pheraphAranI sUcakatA temaja siMdhu prajAnA lekhanane keyaDo ukelavAmAM e pheraphAra keTale sudhI sahAyaka thaI paDe ema che e tapAsIe. aMtya haDappIya tharamAMthI maLelI mudrAo ane ThIkarIo para maLelAM siMdhu cihnonI saMkhyA mAtra 9pa nI che. e cihna lothala, raMgapura-2 mA, 2 6 ane rU, kAlibaMgana, rejaDI ane AlamagIrapuramAMthI maLyAM che. A 95 cihnomAMthI mAtra 28 mULa cihna che, bAkInAM rUpAMtara ke svarita rUpa ke saMyukta cihna che. A lekhake jenI yAdI karI che tevAM 28 mULa cihnomAMthI banAvelA be samUhe bIjI lipio sAthe samAnatA dharAve che. samUha I pU.nI bIjI sahastrAbdInA madhyanA zatabAlamanA ane bIjA abhilekhomAMnAM cihno sAthe maLI che, jyAre samUha mA I. pU. nI trIjI sadInI brAhmI lipi sAthe sAmya dharAve che. aMtya haThappIyAnAM ghaNAMkharAM siMdhu cihnonuM zAphaTabola ane abdanI lipionI tulanA karI zakAya tevAM cihno jevuM dhvanyAtmaka mUlya hatuM evuM hAla dhArI laIne varNamAlAnI eka yAdI sAdhI levAmAM AvI che. navAI jevuM che ke keTalAka nAnA abhilekhanuM vAcana bhArata-yuropIya, vadhu paigya kahIe te mukhya yuropIya vaMzamAMthI bhArata-IrAnI juduM paDyuM te pahelAMnA bhArata-IrAnI, sAthe saMbaMdha sUcave che. A mAtra saMbhAvanA haze, paraMtu mAnavavidyAkIya tathA sthApatyakIya sAdhanasAmagrI haDappIya prajAmAM prArvedika Aya

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15ra) "ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tattvanuM astitva batAve che e hakIkatane khyAlamAM letAM, A samUha prAcIna bhAratayuropIya bhASA belata hoya e vizenI zakayatAne TALI zakAya nahi. (e) gujarAtanA haDappIya lokone dharma pacaraMgI vastI hovAne kAraNe e svAbhAvika che ke lothalanA nAgarikonI dhArmika kriyAo vage vage vividha heya. keTalAka agnidevane pUjatA, te bIjA sajIvatAvAdane anusaratA. Ama chatAM navAI lAge che ke siMdhukhINamAM khUba ja pracalita hatI tevI mAtAjInI ke pazupati( zivajInI pUjA ke siMdhu prajamAM pracalita havAnI dharAyelI kahevAtI liMgapUjA lethalamAM ke gujarAta ane rAjasthAnanI anya koI haDappIya vasAhatamAM hovAnA purAvA maLyA nathI. siMdhu pradezanI mAtAjInI AkRtinI gerahAjarI siMdhukhINanI bahAra anokhI tarI Ave che. lothalamAMthI maLelAM basothI vadhu mudrAo ane mudrAkamAMnA keImAM paNa yogAsanamAM beThelA zRMgI trimukha deva ke anya koI dhAmika dazya rajU thayuM nathI. bIjI bAja, agnipUjA mATenI kATakhUNiyA ane vartulAkAra vedIo khAnagI makAnamAM ane jAhera jagyAomAM jovAmAM AvI che. e vedIo khADA-rUpe che. A khADAo makAna-taLamAM khAMcIne karelA che. enI cAre bAju kAcI ITonI ke cerasa ITonI vaMDIo caNelI che. emAM rAkha ane dIkarIo uparAMta pakavelI mATInI trikoNAtmaka thepalIo rahelI hovAnuM mAlUma paDyuM che. mArga 9 mAM vedInI bAjumAM siMdhu zailImAM suMdara rIte cItarelI baraNI mUkelI maLI AvI che (paTTa 28, A. 150),enAthI dhArmika vidhine artha sarata haze, jene vaidika yamAM vaparAtA "praNItA" nAmanA pAtra tarIke oLakhAvAya. e vedInI dIvAlamAM banAvelA eka kATakhUNiyA ane bIjA adha-vatuMlAtmaka khacakA pAtro rAkhavA mATe karelA jaNAya che. vedInA eka khUNAmAM jovAmAM AveluM thAMbhalIo kheDavA mATenuM kANuM lAkaDAnI thAMbhalI khoDavA mATenuM haze. vedInI najIkathI maLI Avele, pAchalI bAjue kALI mezanA nizAnavALe, pakavelI mATIne saro sUcave che ke ene upayoga agnimAM pravAhI hemavA mATe thatuM haze ane e ApaNane yajJomAM vaparAtA stranI yAda Ape che. uparanI vigate parathI anumAna tAravI zakAya ke lethalanA leke agninI gharamAM tathA jAheramAM ema beu prakAranI pUjA karatA hatA. agni-vedIo tabakkA 2 ane tabakkA mAM nIcenA bhAganA nagaramAM ja jANavAmAM AvI che, paraMtu pachIthI tabakkA 4 mAM zAsakanA cAlyA gayA pachI e uparakoTamAM paNa bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. kadAca nagarInA zAsakene

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7 su' Ava-aitihAsika saskRti (153 agnipUjA mATe ruci na hoya ane e kadAca prajAnA amuka vibhAga pUratI ja maryAdita hoya. A loko AthavaNu para MparAnA prAgvedika ApyuM haze ke je agnidevanI pUjA karatA hatA. leAthalanA lAko je khIjo mahattvanA dhArmika vidhi karatA hatA te pazumedhane lagatA che. tabakkA rU mAM kAcI mATInI nIcI pIThikA upara bAMdhelI kAcI IMTAnI vedImAM geA-kulanA eka prANInAM baLelAM hADakAM, e kANAMvALuM sAnAnuM eka vRttAkAra laTakaNiyuM, naLAkAra kAneliyana maNakA, keTalIka citrita ThIkarIe ane rAkha maLI AvyAM hatAM (paTTa 28, A. 151). A vastue sUcave che ke ahIM pazumedha thatA hatA. zatapatha brAhmaNa jemAM AkhalAnuM balidAna karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM tevA ravAm cana nAme yajJa jaNAve che. emAM amuka vidhi pachI anumati, rAkA vagerene rAMdhelA cokhAnA grAsa aNu thatA ane dhAtAne ThIkarIe para thepalI arpaNa thatI. anya prakAranA yajJomAM suvarNAla kArA ane maNakAe aNu karAtA. AthI I. pU. 2000 nA sumAramAM lethalamAM vAm acana jevA yajJa thatA hatA evuM anumAna tAravavuM Ucata che. siMdhu saMskRtinuM mahattvanuM lakSaNa e che ke dhama e vyaktie ane vyaktisamUhonA aMgata viSaya hatA. haDappIya nagarIonA uparakATamAM ke killAomAM enA ArUDha tabakkAmAM dharma sAthe joDAyelAM, devAlayA agnivedI vagerenAM, bAMdhakAmeAnI dekhAtI gerahAjarI evu sUcave che ke tyAM kAI rAjyadharma nahotA. ma. ma. kANenA mata pramANe nityanuM agniAtra e vyaktigata kAryaM hatuM, paraMtu da-pUNa mAsa jevI sAdI iSTiemAM cAra RtvijonI jarUra paDatI hoI A prakAranA yajJoe sAmUhika svarUpa lIdhuM hovAnuM kahevAya che. tabakkA rU mAM jAhera thaLAmAM agnicayA racAyA hovAnA AnAthI khulAsA maLe che, jyAre tabakkA 2 mAM leAthala khAte e khAnagI makAnamAM maryAdita hatAM. leAthala khAteno haDappIya leAkeAnI aMtyeSTikriyAe emanA dhama upara navA prakAza pAthare che. siMdhukhINamAMnA emanA samakAlInAnI jema emanAmAM jamInamAM dATavAnA rivAja hatA, para Mtu danAnI khUba ja maryAdita saMkhyA mRtakAne avalama jala paheAMcADavAnA kAI khIjo prakAra pracalita hovAnu banAve che. bIjo prakAra te agnidAhanA hoya. ArpAne bhUmimAM dATavAnu ajANyuM nahatuM,pa kemake athava vedamAM jaNAvyA pramANe puruSa mRtakane eka hAthamAM bANu pakaDAvyuM hoya te rIte purA ThAThathI dADhavAmAM AvatuM. dATavAmAM AvelA badhA pitRnuM AvAhana karavA

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154] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ... agnine prArthanA karavAmAM AvatI hatI. eka samaye mRtakanI patnIne patinuM sahagamana karavA bhAga devAmAM AvatA hatA, paraMtu pachI e rivAja jatA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ene bacAvI levAmAM AvatI ane mAtra AcAra tarIke vidhi karavAmAM AvatA. zatapatha brAhmaNamAM jaNAvyA pramANe enA mRta pati pAsethI patinA bhAI ke najIkanA sagA vidhavAne laI jatA, ane baMnene chUTAM pADavA mRtaka ane vitanI vacce paththara mUkavAmAM AvatA. A sabaMdhamAM e noMdhavuM joIe ke lAthala khAte joDiyA dATavAnI kriyA satInA cAlanuM sUcana kare che, je pachInA samayamAM baMdha thaI cUkayA hatA. upasaMhAramAM e kahI zakAya ke haDappIya lAke bhinna bhinna prakAranA dhArmika rivAja pALatA hatA, jemAMnA keTalAka rivAja ucca prakAranA tattvajJAnanI bhAvanAonuM ane naitika vicArAnuM prakaTIkaraNa batAve che, jyAre khIjA rivAjo DhaMgadhaDA vinAnI sajIvatAvAda-prerita pUjAne ughADI pADe che. jyAre siMdhukhINamAM rahetA eka samUha mAtA, pazue ane kSeAnI pUjA karatA hatA tyAre saurASTra ane dhAdharanI khINamAM rahetA khIo samUha agni dvArA devAne balidAna arpaNu karatA hatA; eka trIjo samUha prakRtine devatva ApI rahyo hateA. vistRta sAmrAjyamAM satra bhautika sAdhanasAmagrInI ekarUpatAthI sucita thatI haDappIyAnI sAMskRtika samavidhatAnA garbha mAM prajAnA sAmAjika rivAjo ane dhArmika vidhiomAM amuka prAdezika bheda rahelA hatA. (ai) samaya ( Alekha 9) haDappIya leAkeAe leAthalanA yAre kabajo lIdhe enI carcA karatAM pahelAM siMdhu ane dhAdhara nadIonI khINamAMnI siMdhu sabhyatAnA samaya vize thADu kahevu jarUrI che. mesopoTemiyAnAM nagarAnA su-samAMkita starAmAM siMdhu prakAranI mudrA, maNakA, paththaranAM tAlAM vagerenI hAjarI siMdhu sabhyatAnA samaya nakkI karavA mATe nakkara bhUmikA pUrI pADe che. have e sArI rIte cokkasa che ke haDappA ane mAhe jo-daDAe aMgenA sArvAMna(I. pU. 2370-2344)nA samayamAM ura, kiza ane asmAra sAthe vepArI saparka sthApyA hatA. samudrapAranA vepAra vikasAvavA temaja kheharInanA TApue ane yukretisa-tigrIsanI khINAmAM vasAhata sthApavAnA uddeze vepArI prajA tarIkene mAbho prApta karavA haDappIya lokoe ekae saikA lIdhA hovA joie. vhIlara ane thADA khIjA vidvAnee, tethI taLasiMdhukhINamAMnI sidhu sabhyatAnA AraMbhane I.pU. 2500 nA samaya ApyA

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che . A etihAsika sAmatie che, jyAre bIjA sthaLe mAM e thoDo moDe heya. ApaNe hamaNAM joIzuM ke leyalane paNa sArgoniDa kAlamAM beharIna ane sumeranAM nagare sAthe vepArI saMparka hato. siMdhu khINamAMnI siMdhu sabhyatAnA aMta bAbatamAM ApaNI pAse purAvAonAM be jhUmakhAM che. 1964-65 mAM pitAnA ukhanananA pariNAme penasilveniyA yunivasiTIe prApta karelI mAhitI pramANe, mehe jodaDa khAtenA hRA TIMbAnA huthI uttarakAlIna staranI mATInAM kArbana-14nAM samayAMkana I. pU. 19666 thI I. pU. 208365 sudhInAM che. A samayAMkane nirNayAtmaka rIte puravAra kare che ke mahejo-daDene aMta I. pU. 2000 ane 1900 vacce thaye. purAvAonA bIjA jhUmakhAmAM ura khAte lArasA vaMza (I. 5. 1950)nA tamAMthI maLelAM siMdhu mudrAo ane tolAM samAveza che. I. pU. 1000 pachI mesopoTemiyAnA vepArIoe krame krame magana ane meluhA sAthe sIdho saMpaka gumAvyo hato; keTalAka vidvAne A maganane makarANa-kAMThA tarIke ane meluhAne siMdhukhINa tarIke oLakhAvavAnuM valaNa dharAve che. e pachI dilamUna (baherIna)ne vepArIoe vepArane svAyatta karI lIdho hato. joke dilamUna ane baherIna eka hovAnA viSayamAM vivAda che, Ama chatAM e siddha vAta che ke vAstavamAM siMdhu nagara ane mesopoTemiyA vaccene samudrapArano vepAra I. pU. 1000 pachI moTe bhAge ghaTI gayo hato, kAraNa ke mukhya siMdhu nagaroe paDatI anubhavI hatI. nIce batAvavAmAM AvelAM lethala ane kAlibaMgananAM samayAMkananA AdhAre e ja nirNaya upara avAya che. levalanA peTA-tabakkA re mA, cha a ane mAMthI maLelA kAyalAnA che namUnA nIce pramANenA samaya Ape che: kamaka pragazALA sAMskRtika sthApatyakIya ka. 14 samaya I. pUmAM namUnA-aMka samaya tabakko bI. pI. (ardha jIvana mUlya 5770 varSa) 1 TI. epha-22 ma ra ma 39854115 2010115 che i-27 mA 39804115 2005t115 che , -2 rU mA 3970125 195125 - , ,-29 ka ma 3875t115 1900115 A Sa ma 38404110 1865 110 ja ma 378- 0141810140 s s h m gh

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15) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA? t upAya peTA tabakakA 3 mATenAM be samayAMkana I. 5. 1810 ane 1865nAM che, paraMtu jemAMthI I.pU. 18106140ne namUne (TI. epha. 19) levAmAM Avyo che te lethala khAtenA saT nA pa ma stara upara vasavATanA thara ThIka ThIka pramANamAM jamAvaTa karIne rahelA che. vizeSamAM, tabakkA sA mAM navI kuMbhArI AkRtio ane citrita bhAvonA vikAsa mATe ane pASANanA temaja dhAtunA navA ojAra-prakAranA pravezane mATe samayane ThIka ThIka gALo gaNavo joIe. ahIM tulanAtmaka purAvastuvidyA AnI sahAyamAM AvI rahe che. tethalamAM vikaselA haDappIya kuMbhArI prakAre AhADa khAte samaya 1 cA mAM jovA maLe che. AhADanA 1 ya (madhya stara)nuM kArbana-14 nuM ! samayAMkana I. 5. 1725140 che ane AhADA 1 2 nA madhya staranuM I. pU. 1550614012 che. dhArI laIe ke AhADa 1 mAM nuM madhyama samayAMkana I pU. 1600nuM che, te lethalanA samaya ma (tabakka ) ne meDAmAM moDe stara I pU. 1600ne hevo joIe. jethala nuM vahelAmAM vaheluM samayAMkana nakkI karavAne mATe ApaNe tabakakA re mA thI pAchaLa gaNatA javuM joIe, jenA uttarakAlIna staranuM samayAMkana I.pU. 2000 (I. pU. 2005 + 155 ane 2010 - 115) nuM che. tabakkA re sA mAM pUra AvyuM tenI pahelAMnA cha peTA-tabakkA dharAvatA bAMdhakAmanA uttarottara rathApatyakIya tabakakAone gaNatarImAM levA jarUrI che. I. pU. 2000 mAM trIjA para AvIne nagarane nAza karI nAkhe te pahelAM lagabhaga be sadI sudhI lothala khUba samRddha hovuM joIe. tethI ja tabakakA ra nA aMta samaya IpU. 2000ne aMkAyo che. nagaranA vigatavAra Ayojana ane punarnimANamAM traNa sthApatyakIya peTA tabakkA che. A badhA sAthe tabakkA ne samayAvadhi lagabhaga so varSane hato, AthI tabakkA ra nA AraMbha mATe ApaNane I.pU. 2350ne samaya maLe che. A sAdI aTakaLa nathI; A samayane lethalamAMthI maLelI IrAnI akhAtanI mudrAnA astitvathI samarthana maLyuM che. taduparAMta akakaDIya yugamAM lothalane mesopoTemiyA sAthe saMparka tabakakA 2 ane 3 mAM mesopoTemiyAmAM utpanna thayelA kuMbhArakAma ane senAnA padArthonA astitvathI samarthita thAya che. kuMbhArakAmanA purAvAomAM jamadeta-nasa kAlamAM utpanna thayelAM, paraMtu bAka khAte Argenika ratamAM bacI rahelAM "ArakSita lepa pAtra"(reserved slip ware) tarIke jANavAmAM AvelAM mRtapAtrone samAveza thAya che. A mRtapAtra lothala khAte tabakkA 2 ane 3 mAM jovA maLe che. akakaDIyA kAlamAM thala ane bAka

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7 muM] Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtie [157 vacce thayelA vepArI saMpakane eka vadhu purA ahIM rajU karI zakAya. tethalamAMnA ukhanana daramyAna prApta thayeluM anekAneka rekhAomAM dorelA svastikanA jevA bhAvavALI chApa mAravAnI mudrAthI paDelI chApa dharAvatuM baraNInuM pakavelI mATInuM DhAMkaNuM brAka khAtethI maLelI evA ja bhAvavALI mudrAonuM smaraNa karAve che. eno artha e ke sArgoniDa kALa daramyAna bAkamAMnA koI bhAlane mudrAMkita baraNImAM lethala mokalavAmAM Avela. lothala khAtethI tabakkA re nA, vepArInA makAnamAMthI maLelA dharIgata naLI sAthenA sonAnA caMdA-ghATanA nava maNakA paNa ura ane bIjA pazcima eziyAI nagara sAthenA saMparkanuM sUcana kare che. sonAnA AvA maNakA Troya 2 (I. pU. ra300)mAMthI ane piliyAcUranA I.pU. 24002300 nA staromAMthI maLelA jANavAmAM AvyA che. ahIM noMdha karIe ke dharIvALI naLI sAthenA samabhuja-caturastra maNakA kizanA smazAna a8mAM maLyA che ane vartulAkAra maNukA urI khAte prAcIna vaMza rU mAM tathA mehe jo-daDonA aMtarAla staramAM maLyA che. lothalanA dharIvALI naLI sAthenA maNakA I. pU. 2200 nA staranA gaNAyA che. , samudrapAranA vepAranuM samarthana karanArI lothalamAMnI khUba ja mahatvanI saMprApti A pUrve batAvelI IrAnI akhAta(baherIna)mAM banelI selakhaDInI goLa mudrA che. AvI mudrAo Deniza saMzodhakone rAsa-ala-kAlA ane phAIlAkAmAMnAM ukhananamAMthI moTI saMkhyAmAM maLI AvI che . bibbIe enuM pUrvakAlIna ane uttarakAlIna evuM vargIkaraNa karyuM che. pahelIne prApha-sAgaeNna kAlanI ane pachInIne sArgona ane anu-sAgaeNna kAlanI gaNI che. emanA mate lothalanI mudrA pachInA prakAranI che, Ama chatAM brigsa buzAnAna ene I. pU. 1000nI gaNe che. 8 staravidyAkIya purAvAnA abhAve lothalanI mudrAne samaya nakakI karavAne mATe sAMgika purAvAo tarapha pAchuM vaLavuM paDe che. A mudrA lethalamAM tabakkA rUmAM athavA jarA vahelI, paNa meDe te nahi ja, AvI pahoMcI hovI joIe, kAraNa ke samudrapArano vepAra tabakkA 4 mAM khUba ocho thaI gayo hato, tethI e I. pU. 2000 nI pachInI te na ja hoI zake, paraMtu vadhAre moTI zakyatA to e che ke e samayanI dRSTie khUba vahelI che. ene akkaDIyA kAlamAM mUkavAnuM kAraNa e che ke lothalane sArgonanA rAjyakAlamAM sumeranI sAthe sahuthI vadhu vepArI saMparka hato.9 "ArakSita lepa mRtpAtro " ane dharIvALI naLI sAthenA maNakA lethalamAM tabakakA 2 nA AraMbha. mATe I. pU. 2350nI nikaTanI samayamaryAdA batAve che. enA AdhAre tabakakA 1ne samaya I. pR. 2450 thI

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158] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 2350 ne AMkavAmAM Avyo chetethI lothalano bhinna bhinna sthApatyAma tabakkAonuM samayAMkana kAmacalAu rIte nIce pramANe karavAmAM AvyuM che; kAla peTA-tabakkAo samaya sAMskRtika tabakko sAthe sthApatyakIya I . mAM tabakko lothala 5 - 1900-1600 uttarakAlIna yA (avanati pAmela) haDappIya lothala amA 2000-1000 ArUDha haThapIyA 2 a 2200-2000 2350-2200 2450-2350 gujarAtamAMnAM bIjAM mahattvanAM haDappIya ane uttara-haDappIya sthAnanI sApe AnupUrvIgata sthitine vicAra karavo ahIM jarUrI che, jaDI 1 bhA nA vacalA stara mATenuM meDAmAM moDuM kArbana-14nuM samayAMkana arthAta 39ra0115 bI. pI. rejaDIne levalanA tabakkA 3 (I. pU. 2200-2000) karatAM tabIba nI vadhu najIka lAve che. selakhaDInA bArIka maNakA, kArneliyananA khAMcA pADelA maNakA, paththaranAM ghanAkAra telAM ane mINa pAyelAM lAla mRtpAtrone kAraNe saMzodhakoe rojaDI 1 3 ne lothalanA tabakakA re sAthe samAna gaNela che, paraMtu e seMdhavuM joIe ke sAMskRtika tabakkAnI samayamaryAdAne nirNaya karavA jatAM ApaNane moDAmAM meDA samayamAM prApta thayelA padArtho para AdhAra rAkhavAnuM hoya che. rojaDI 2 ma mAM mudrAo, sthApatyakIya avaze ane citrita kuMbhArI kAmanA rUpamAM haDappIya saMskRtinI bharapUratAne purAvo maLa nathI, jyAre bIjI bAju tyAM kAMgarIvALA (carinated) pyAlA jevA uttara haDappIya prakAra jovA maLe che, e kAraNe rejaDI 1 sa ne lethalanA tabakkA che ane samakAlIna gaNa vadhu baMdhabesatuM thaI paDaze. rojaDImAM bAMdhakAmanA koI AyojananA abhAvathI ane gaTara tathA snAnagRha jevI nAgarika sagavaDonI sadaMtara UNapathI UbhuM thayeluM samagra citra haDappIya saMskRtinA spaSTa stanane

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9] Agha-aitihAsika saMskRti [ 159 khyAla Ape che, tethI lothala khAte I pU. 1900 mAM moTuM pUra AvyuM te pachI taratamAM ja haDappIya lekee rojaDImAM vasavATa karyo haze. e paNa sAcuM che ke haDappIya nirvAsito rejaDI pahoMcyA te pahelAM tyAM abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA loka vasatA hatA. sthAnamAMnA vahelAmAM vahelA staromAMthI cakkasa samayAMkana karI zakAya tevA koI purAvAnA abhAve ApaNe e kahI zakavAnI sthitimAM nathI ke rejaDIne A vasavATane pAchaLa kyAMsudhI laI jaI zakAya, prabhAsa khAte rAkhoDiyAM mRtpAtra vAparanArA leka abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lokonI pUrve AvelA hatA, jenA pachI uttara haDappIya leka AvyA haze. prabhAsane sAMskRtika saMbaMdha AgaLa carcAzuM. (e) vepAra pitAne tyAMnI kRSiviSayaka, audyogika ane sAmUhika pedAzo mATe yogya bajAra meLavavA ane ImAratI lAkaDAM, dhAtuo ane kiMmatI paththaronI jarUriyAtane pahoMcI vaLavA lothale dezanI aMdara temaja samudrapArane vepAra vikasAvavAne hato.10 najIkanAM gAmaDAomAM viziSTa ojArenA prakAra pUrA pADavAnA hoI eNe eka mahattvanA udyoga tarIke dhAtukAmane vikAsa sAthe ane vitaraka keMdra tarIke kArya karyuM, paraMtu maNakA banAvanArA keMdra tarIkenI enI sthiti paDakArI na zakAya tevI hatI. jethalane dhakko marAmata ane sAdhananI pharI bharatI karavAne mATe samudragAmI vahANone sagavaDa bharele heI lothala teone nAgaravAnI ane vakhAranI anukULatA uttama keTinA Azrayaka baMdarathI pUrI pADI zakayuM. dhAtunA badalAmAM lothalanA vepArIo pAsethI hAthIdAMta, chIpa, kiMmatI paththaronA maNakA, rU ane sutarAu mAla kharIdavAnI bAbatamAM videzI vepArIo ekabIjA sAthe spardhA karatA. samudrapAranA vepArathI thoDA samayamAM puSkaLa samRddhi AvI ane tethI e vepAra sArI rIte vyavasthita thayo. je pazcima eziyAne dAkhala thala sudhI lAgu pADavAmAM Ave to ema kahI zakAya ke kAMThA paranA vepArIo jarA jeTaluM paNa jokhama letA nahatA, paraMtu vahANanA mAlamane mAla kharIdavAmAM sahAyaka banI naphAmAM bhAgIdArI rAkhatA hatA. vepAramAM bhAgIdArInI vyavasthA e hakIkatathI nirdiSTa thAya che ke lethalamAMthI maLelAM pakavelI mATInAM mudrAka upara aneka mudrA-chApa maLI che ane tethI mAlanA ekathI vadhu mAlikonI mudrAo vahANanA mAlanAM bAradAne upara lagADavAmAM AvatI hovAnuM samajAya che, evuM paNa banatuM hoya ke mAlanA rUpamAM cUkavAtA karanI nizAnI tarIke vakhArenA adhikArIo vepArIone mAla saMkhyA pahelAM pitAnI mudrA vahANumAMnA

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110 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [.. mAla upara lagAvatA hoya. IpU. trIjI sahastrAbdInA aMta bhAgamAMnI lethalanI audyogika vyavasthAnuM eka mahattvanuM lakSaNa te cekakasa prakAranA udyogo mATenAM moTAM kArakhAnAMonI sthApanA che, jyAM eka ja chAparA nIce-kadAca kArIgaronA vaDAnI dekharekha nIce-eka ja vepAranA saMkhyAbaMdha kArIgaro kAma karatA hatA. paraMtu e hakIkata che ke samudrapAranI sAdhanasAmagrImAMthI tAMbu ane ardha-kiMmatI paththaro jevI kAcI sAmagrIne puravaThe maryAdita hato. e hakIktane laIne mUDIvALA vacalA vepArI varga hayAtImAM Avyo. kadAca e kAco mAla pUro pADatA hAya, mAlanA rUpamAM majUrI cUkavatA hoya, ane vaLI vahANanA mAlane TukaDe TukaDe cukavaNI karavAnI rUe agAuthI mAla ApatA haya. A vacalA vepArI dhanika hatA ane sagavaDa bharelAM makAnamAM rahetA hatA. emAMnAM keTalAMka makAno lethalamAM pragaTa thayAM che. A makAne vepArI mAlanA prakAra upara ane je dezo sAthe emane vepArI saMbaMdha hatA te deza upara sAro prakAza nAkhe che. bajAranA rastA upara AvelA, vepArInA eka makAna(naM. 93-94)mAM snAnagRha, uparAMta sAta eraDA, osarI ane vizALa coka AvelAM che. enA makAnamAMthI cAra jeTalI siMdhu mudrAo, tAMbAnI eka baMgaDI, pazcima eziyAmAM utpanna thayelAM ArakSita lepa prakAranAM mRtpAtronI keTalIka ThIkarIo, chIpanI baMgaDIo, temaja sumeranI kArIgarInA senAnA nava maNakA maLI AvyA hatA. bIjA makAnamAMthI aMtarAle ane senAnA bArIka maNakA maLI AvyA hatA, je suMdara hAra banAvavA mATenA hatA. A makAnamAMthI maLelI bIjI vastuo te eka siMdhu mudrA ane ardha-kiMmatI paththaranA maNakA hatI. uparakeTamAMnA hAthIdAMtanA kArIgaronA makAnamAMthI eka hAthIdAMta ane emAMthI vaherelA kATakhUNiyA TukaDA maLI AvyA hatA. A hAthIdAMtanA TukaDAo mesopoTemiyAnAM zahero tarapha nikAsa karavAnAM dAMtiyA, peTIo ane naMga jaDavAnAM AbhUSaNa banAvavAmAM vaparAtA hatA. baherInanA TApuo ane yutisa-taigrisanI khINamAM, temaja dakSiNamAM diyAlAnI11 nadIomAM ane madhya mesopoTemiyAmAM siMdhu vepArIonAM thANuMonA astitvane namUnedAra siMdhu mudrAo ane "carTanAM telAM jevI siMdhu vepAranI kalAkArIgarInI hAjarIthI samarthana maLe che. dareka pradeza bhinna bhinna prakAranI mudrAo vAparato hato tethI amuka mudrAonuM kartRtva sunizcita . pradezamAM zodhI zakAya che. mesopoTemiyAmAM ura, kiza, AsmAra, lagAza ane brAkamAM rahetA bhAratIya vepArIo siMdhu lipi ke bhAva athavA beu jemAM

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cha muM] Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtio [ 12 kotaravAmAM AvyAM che tevI naLAkAra mudrAo upayogamAM letA hatA, jyAre baherInanA TApuomAM rahetA bhAratIya vepArIo siMdhu lipi ke bhAvavALI vartulAkAra mudrAo vAparatA hatA. keTalIka (cerasa ghATanI ) siMdhu mudrAo sumeranAM zaheramAM maLI AvI che, paraMtu sumeranI ghaNI thelI mudrAo siMdhu zaheramAM maLI che. bhArata-sumerI vepAra jene vyavahAra akkaDI kAlamAM sIdhe cAlato hato, paraMtu Isina-lAsA samayamAM sIdhe rahyo nahi te vepAramAM siMdhu vepArIoe zo bhAga bhajavyo hato e avelekavuM jarUrI che. sumeranI mATInI takatIo uparanAM lakhANe uparathI e. ela. openahAIma evA nirNaya upara AvyA che ke ageDanA sArgonanA samaya(I. pU. 2350)mAM dilamUna, magana ane meluhAthI AvatAM vahANa ageDanA baMdaramAM nAMgaratAM hatAM, paraMtu I. pU. 2100nA sumAramAM meluhA ane ura vaccenI vepAra-zaMkhalA ekAeka tUTI gaI hatI. AnA pachI urano magana sAtheno saMparka paNa cAlya gayo hato ane jenI oLakha mAtra aTakaLano viSaya che tevA dilamUne samudrapAranA samagra vepArane potAno karI lIdhe hato. pro. jI. bibbI 12 dilamUnane baherInanA TApu tarIke oLakhAve che, jyAre pra. esa. ena. kemarI ene lothala sahitanI siMdhu sabhyatAnI bhUmi tarIke oLakhAve che. sumeranA graMtho pramANe dilamUna "svaccha nagarIonI bhUmi......ane UgatA sUryanI bhUmi" hatuM. tyAM hAthIo chUTathI ghUmatA hovAnuM kahevAtuM. A varNana baherInanA TApuo karatAM siMdhu nagarIonI, khAsa karIne lethalanI, bAbatamAM vadhu baMdhabesatuM Ave che, kemake e sumeranI pUrva dizAnI bhUmi che ke je "UgatA sUryanI bhUmi' tarIke jANItI hovI joIe. vaLI saurASTra enA hAthIo ane hAthIdAMta mATe jANato hato, paraMtu baherInano TApu I.pU. trIjI sahastrAbdImAM ke enAthI vadhAre vahelo hAthIonuM nivAsasthAna nahoto. kasyayuganA jagatamAM siMdhu zaheranI svacchatAne kyAMya nahoto, AthI e asaMbhavita nathI ke sumera graMthomAMnuM dilamUna siMdhu sabhyatAne bhUbhAga hatuM. Ama chatAM jo dilamUnane baherIne tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave to magana ke makkanane makarANane kAMThe ane meluhAne siMdhukhINa gaNavAM joIe. game tema che, emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI ke siMdhu baMdaroe, khAsa karIne lothale, eka bAju IrAnI akhAtanA TApuo ane sumeranAM zahere sAthe ane bIjI bAju bhAratanA pazcima kAMThA sAthe samudrapAranA vepAramAM mahattvane bhAga bhajavyo hato. lethalamAM ghaNuM vividha prakAranA vepArI mAlanI heraphera thatI hatI. : uramAMthI maLelI mATInI takatIo uparathI jANavAmAM AvyuM che ke sAnanA

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}2 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [31. samayamAM ane pharI pAchuM lArsA yugamAM dilamUnathI pAchA pharatA vepArIe mAtI, sAvuM, tAMbuM, vai', kiMmatI paththaranA maNakA, amuka jAtanuM lAkaDu ane hAthIdAMtanA kAMsakAe ane jaDAva-kAmeAthI bharelA mAlanA hissA ura khAtenI nigala mAtAne caraNe dharatA. si Mdhu zaherAmAMthI AvatI vepArI cIjomAM kiMmatI paththaranA maNakA, hAthIdAMtanA padArthA, amuka jAtanuM lAkaDuM ane kadAca sutarAu mAlane paNa samAveza thatA. upara e hakIkata jaNAvavAmAM AvI ja che ke nikAsa karavAne mATe leAthala khAte kArakhAnAMomAM kiMmatI paththaramAMthI maNakA banAvavAnI prakriyA thatI hatI. nikAsanI bIjI mahattvanI cIjomAM sthAnika chIpA temaja hAthIdAMta hatAM. leAthalamAM AyAta thatI vepArI cIjomAM tAMbAnA gaThThA, adha-kiMmatI paththarA ane sAnu` hatAM. 14 maskatamAMnI tAMbAnI khANA leAthala temaja sumerI zahera|te zuddha karelI dhAtu pUrI pADatI hAvAnu jaNAya che. maisUranA sAnuM dharAvatA pradeza si... zahezate pILI dhAtu pUrI pADanArA mukhya srota hatA, jyAre narmadA khINamAMnA rAjapIpaLAnA akIkanA bhUbhAga bhAgAtaLAva ane mahegAma dvArA lAcalamAM e a-kimatI paththara mAkalI ApatA hateA. sAga paMcamahAla ane sAMbarakAMThAnAM jaMgalAmAMthI AvateA hateA ane selakhaDI dakSiNanA pradezamAMthI AvatI hatI, jyAre sidhanA sakkara-rAharImAMthI AvatuM hatuM. adhAnistAnamAMthI kayAreka kayAreka vaidUnI AyAta thatI hatI. bhAratIya vepArIoe A peTA-khaMDanI bahAra samudrapAranAM sa MkhyAbaMdha vepArI-keMdra sthApyAM hatAM. jenA para bhAratIya saMpradAyanuM dRzya kAtareluM che tevuM paththaranuM eka vAsaNa diyAlanI khINamAM maLI Avelu hAI, e parathI tyAM AvI eka vasAhata hovAneA purAvA maLe che. diyAla khINamAMnA arapAyiAmAM paththaranAM teAlAM ane maNukA temaja khIjA lAkSaNika haDappIya padArtha maLI AvyA che. sidhu pedAzA, khAsa karIne hAthIdAMtanA padA, sIriyAmAM uttare che. rAsa zamarA sudhI pahoMcyA hatA, jyAMthI samudrapAranA vepAranA gALAmAM keTalIka jAtanAM citrita mRtpAtra leAthala sudhI lAvavAmAM AvelAM jaNAya che. mAlanI guNavattAnu ekadhAraNapaNuM siMdhu sabhyatAnuM mahattvanuM lakSaNa che. e parathI sama zAsanataMtra dvArA vepArane lagatA niyamAne thatA asarakAraka amala sUcita thAya che. jotAM Azcarya thAya che ke ejArAnAM, hathiyArAnAM ane alakArAnAM phada, ane jemAMthI e banAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM te sAdhanasAmagrI paNa

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Adha-aitihAsika saMskRtio pUrvanizcita hatAM, AthI ekadhArI guNavattA ane moTA pAyA uparanA utpAdananI khAtarI rahetI hatI. zAsanataMtra sAthe vaNikazreNIo ane vyaktigata kArIgarone sahakAra na hoya to ucca mAtrAnuM AvuM ekadhAraNapaNuM samagra siMdhu sAmrAjyamAM zakya banyuM na hota. aMtamAM telAMnA ekadhAraNapaNA vize kaMIka kahevuM joIe. siMdhukhINanI jema gujarAtamAM paNa telAMnI vaMza (davAvartaka) paddhati pracalita hatI. A paddhatimAM paththaranAM ghana tolA (5TTa 24, A. 145) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 6i4, 128 vagere pramANamAM, 1.8233 grAmanA nAnAmAM nAnA ekamanA madhyama mUlya sAthe, cAlatAM hatAM. gujarAtamAMnuM bIju dhoraNuM chuM, 7, 14, 28nuM hatuM, jemAM nAnAmAM nAnuM vajana 4.3300 grAmanuM hatuM. bIjo ekama 8.575 grAmane che; e aMdAje susAmAMnI bhAre esIriyana paddhatimAMnA 8.37 grAmanA zekalanA vajanano che. Ama e spaSTa thAya che ke AMtararASTriya vepAranA hetu mATe lothalanA vepArIoe bebiloniyAnuM dhoraNa svIkAryuM hatuM, jyAre AMtarika vepAra mATe siMdhu gheraNa pracalita hatuM. A saMbaMdhamAM eTaluM umeravAnuM ke susAmAMthI maLelI siMdhu mudrAthI tathA siMdhu dhAraNanA ghanAkAra paththarI tolAthI susAnI sAthe vepArI saMbaMdha jANavAmAM Ave che. lothalamAM maLelI, aneka rekhAomAM dorelA svastikane bhAva sAcavatI, pakavelI mATInI mudrA susAmAMthI maLelI mudrAo sAthe sAmya dharAve che. jethala ane susA e baMne sthaLoe maLelA bIjA padArthomAM kAneliyananA khacakA pADelA maNakA, zuddha tAMbAnA cAnakI-ghATanA gaThThA, kUtarA tathA AkhalAnI tAMbAnI banAvelI pUtaLIo temaja chIpa ane hAthIdAMtanAM sogaTa che, e I. pU. trIjI sahastrAbdImAM gujarAta ane elama vaccenA vepArI saMbaMdhanuM sUcana kare che. | (au) vastI-starenA tabakkA 1. kAla : haDappIya saMskRti (I. pU. 2450-1900) lothala mukhyatve eka saMskRtinuM sthaLa che, je kAla sa ane kAla A tarIke anukrame nirdezelI haDappIya saMskRtinI unnati ane avanatinA kAla upara sAre e prakAza pADe che, sivAya ke abarakhiyAM lAla mRtapAtrothI mUrta thatI sAMskRtika paristhiti, jene nirdeza pahelAM karyo che. cheka taLethI zarU thatAM aMka 1 thI 6 sudhInAM bAMdhakAmonI pravRttinA pAMca uttarottara tabakkA ahIM tAravI zakAya che. emAMnA pahelA cAra tabakkA kAla 5 mAM che ane sauthI uttarakAlIna tabakko arthAta tabakako 6 kAla mA mAM mukAyA che.

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[, itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kAla sa nuM mahattvanuM lakSaNa e haDappIya mRtpAtra ane abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lokonuM saha-astitva che, jemAM pAchaLanA leke kramazaH potAnuM vyaktitva gumAvye jatA hatA. saurASTramAMnI siMdhu sabhyatAnuM bIju noMdhapAtra lakSaNa sthAnika ane haDappIya saMskRtionA sahamizraNamAMthI pariNamatI enI prAMtIya lAkSaNikatA che. lothalamAM AvatAMnI sAthe haDappIya lokoe potAnAM paththara ane dhAtunAM ucca kakSAnAM ojAra dAkhala karyA ane samudramAgIya vANijayane vistAra karyo. sachidra naLAkAra ghaDA Da-ghATanA ane kApAvALI kinArIvALuM moTuM vAsaNa, bahAra kADhelI kinArIvALI besaNIvALI ghaDI-paranI-thALI, sAMkaDA kAMThalAvALo goLamaToLa kaLaza, jAma, labe vAle, kathareTa, sacchidra kAnavALA hAle, ane sIdhI-dIvAlanI meTI keDIo jevA siMdhu khINanA kuMbhArakAmanA tamAma prakAra turatAturata upayogamAM levAmAM AvyA hatA. sAthe sAthe hAthAvALA ane hAthA vinAnA bahirgoLa bAjuvALA vADakAonI haDappIya ghaDataramAM nakala karavAmAM AvI hatI, jenA raMga lAlathI laI badAmI sudhInA hoya che. mArjita ke amArjita lAMbI samAMtara bhujavALI patarIo AyAta karelA "carTa" jAtanA paththaramAMthI sthAnika rIte banAvI levAmAM AvatI hatI, "ca"nAM ghanAkAra tolAM ane selakhaDInI corasa mudrAo jevI haDappIya vepArI cIjo sAthosAtha bhAlAnAM pAMdaDA-AkAranAM phaLAM, astarA, bANanA AMkaDIdAra phaLAM, mAchalInI gala ane tAMbA ke kAMsAnI nAkAvALI soyA paNa dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. navA AgaMtuke taraphathI vANijya vyavasthita karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane telAM ane mApa dhoraNasara karI levAmAM AvyAM hatAM. dhAtunAM ojAronI vadhatI jatI mAMgane laI siMdhukhINamAMthI lothalamAM tAmrakAro sArI saMkhyAmAM kheMcAI AvyA hatA. pitAnI AkAMkSA hovA chatAM paNu A AgaMtuka haDappIya leke prAraMbhamAM je satvara siddha na karI zakyA te hatuM nagaranuM paddhatipUrvakanuM Ayojana ane vadhu sArI nAgarika suvidhAo. kyAMka nIka te kyAMka khALakaThI dAkhala karI hovA chatAM jAhera svacchatA khUba ja nabaLI hatI ane gharomAM snAnagRha nahotAM. kadAca sthAnika vastIe, sudhArelAM ojAro ane vikasita hunnaravidyAno samAdara karyo hovA chatAM, nagara-Ayojana hajI utsAhapUrvaka hAtha dharAyuM nahotuM. haDappIya leke gAmanuM punarAyojana karI zake te pUrve teone lAMbo samaya rAha jovAnI hatI. lothalamAM lekene pahelo vasavATa thayo te pachI ekAda saike, lagabhaga . I. pU. 2350mAM, pUrane laI badhAM ghara nAza pAmyAM ane gAmane pharatA (peripheral) mATInA baMdhamAM paheLAM gAbaDAM paDI gayAM. A vikaTa samaye

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cha muM] Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtie vasAhatIoe mAnava ane saraMjAmane lagatI potAnI tamAma sAdhanasAmagrI bhegI karI ane vadhu kAyama pUrarodhaka pagalAM jyAM. koI buddhimAna agraNInA mArgadarzana nIce emaNe keTanI dIvAlane pAchI majabUta karI ane pUrva-ciMtita yojanA pramANe UMcI pIThikA upara makAna bAMdhyAM. emaNe kRtrima dhakkAnI racanA karI vahANone nAMgaravAnI sagavaDo sudhArI lIdhI, eTaluM ja nahi, e uparAMta nIke ane snAnagRha bAMdhIne vadhu sArI nAgarika sughaDatA pUrI pADI. chApa pADe tevAM jAhera makAna UbhAM karavAmAM agraNIe dAkhavelI hiMmata ane caturAI nAMdhapAtra che. vasAhatIoe uThAvelA zramanI vipulatAno e hakIkata uparathI khyAla Ave che ke dhakakAnI racanA karatAM pahelAM dasa lAkha ghana mITarathI vadhu mATI khodavI paDelI ane vakhAro, godI vagere saMkhyAbaMdha jAhera ane khAnagI makAne UbhAM karavA mATe kAcI tathA pAkI lAkhe ITo taiyAra karavI paDelI. makAnone pUrathI salAmata rAkhanArI aneka nakkara pIThikAo nIcalA nagaramAM ane uparakeTamAM UbhI karavI paDI hatI. pahelAM emAMthI ahIM e neMdhIe ke tabakakA 2 (I. pU. 2350-2200)mAM, siMdhu khINanAM zaheranI bAbatamAM che tema, lekhaMDanA jALIvALA ghATamAM sArI rIte Ayojela vizALa makAno ane navA mArgonI sagavaDa karavA vasAhatI vistArane sArA pramANamAM vistRta karavAmAM Avyo hato. tavaMgaranuM hoya ke garIbanuM hoya, dareka makAnamAM snAnagRha karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, jene nagaramAMthI gaMdA pANIno nikAla karavA mATenI nIka dvArA jAhera morInI sAthe joDavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. "nIcalA nagarathI alaga tAravavA mATe jene "uparakeTa' saMjJA ApavAmAM AvI che tevAM, nagaranA dakSiNa vibhAgamAM pIThikAonA sahuthI bhavya samUha upara bAMdhavAmAM AvelAM vizALa makAnamAM rAjyakartA ane enA adhikArIo rahetA hatA. nIcalA nagaramAMnAM badhAM kArakhAnAM ane raheNAka makAna bhinna bhinna UMcAIvALI pIThikAo upara AvelAM hatAM. dukAnanI hAra dharAvato bajAramArga nagarataLanI uttara kinArI sudhI laMbAto hato. nagaranA kALajIpUrvaka Ayojanane bAjue rAkhIne paNa kahI zakAya ke lethalanA lekee siMdhu sabhyatAne samRddha karavAmAM eka navuM mahattvanuM kArya karyuM te e ke lothalanA baMdare AvatAM vahANane nAMgaravAnI vadhu sArI sagavaDa karI ApavA mATe ghaTa ITarI dIvAlane kRtrima dhakko taiyAra karyo ane vastuone saMgraha karavAnI sagavaDa mATenI vadhatI jatI mAMgane vakhAre bAMdhIne pahoMcI vaLavAmAM AvyuM.

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA baMne prakAranI racanA khUba ja zAstrIya paddhatie Ayojita karavAmAM AvI. hakIkate haDappIya leke dhakko bAMdhavAnI IjanerI vidyAmAM agresara hatA. samagra nagara ane mahattvanI chUTaka ImAratane pUramAMthI bacAvavAne mATe jhINavaTabharI kAmagIrI karavAmAM AvI hatI. tabakko 1 mAM bAMdhelA nagaranA keTanA mATInA baMdhamAM paDelAM gAbaDAMne samarAvI lIdhA pachI vasAhatIoe ene tabakkA ra mAM pAcho majabUta banAvI dIdhA ane vistAryo ke jethI e pUro sAmenA saMrakSaNanI prathama haroLa tarIke kAma lAge, jyAre aMdaranI pIThikAo bIjI haroLa banI rahe. nagarane svaccha rAkhavAne mATe haDappIya lekee pahelI ja vAra morIo, kUMDIo, pANI-DhALiyAM, khALakUvA (cess-pools) ane ene mATenI tapAsa-DIo (inspection-chambers) dAkhala karyA. teoe cesAI rAkhI ke pratyeka raheNAka(block)mAM jAhera ke khAnagI merIonI athavA ochAmAM ochI khALakUvAo(soakage-jars)nI jogavAI karavAmAM Ave ane e niyata samaye sApha karavAmAM Ave. bhautika samRddhinI vRddhi sAthe lekenI kalA-kuzaLatA paNa A kALa daramyAna navI parAkASThAe pahoMcI. sArI evI saMkhyA dharAvatAM mRtpAtra siMdhu zailIe cItarAyAM. lethalanA kuMbhakAroe vAstavikatA, satva ane jema mATe jANItI citraNanI navI zailI dAkhala karIne maulikatA batAvI. jene "prAMtIya zailI" kahevAmAM Ave che teNe potAnA viSaya mATe lekavArtAo ane enI prAkRtika saMjanamAM bhUmido, khAsa karIne prANIo, pasaMda karyA. vicAronI maulikatA vAsaNo cItaravA mATe apanAvelI raMgayojanAmAM paNa jovA maLe che. keTalAka dAkhalAomAM kalAkAra badAmI pRSThabhUmikA upara cokaleTa raMgano upayoga karatA hatA, jyAre bIjA dAkhalAomAM eNe siMdhukhINanAM mRtyAnI kALI-upara-lAla raMgayojanA jALavI rAkhI. A saMbaMdhamAM e noMdhavuM joIe ke ghaDAonA badAmI raMga mATe, pakavatI vakhate saMpUrNapaNe prANavAyu-saMyojita (oxidised) na thatA, sthAnika mATImAM rahele cUnAne aMza javAbadAra hatA. jazekhanI vastuo ane kalAnA padArthonI mAMga krame krame vadhatI jatI hatI. meTI saMkhyAnAM citrita vAsaNa, pakavelI mATInI ane dhAtunI pUtaLIo, UDI katarelI selakhaDInI mudrAo ane chIpa tathA hAthIdAMtanAM jaDAva-kAmanuM astitva Ane laIne che. tabakkA mAM bhAre dhakko ane moTI vakhAra bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM e hakIkata ja sUcave che ke samudrapArane vepAra bhAre

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che muM AghaaitihAsika saMskRtie pramANamAM vadhe hato. je koI sthAnika pedAzanAM nahotAM tevA kiMmatI paththaro carTa, selakhaDI, sonuM ane trAMbA jevA kAcA mAlamAMthI banAvelAM ojAro, hathiyAro ane ghareNAM Aje moTI saMkhyAmAM maLatAM hovAthI Ane vadhu samarthana maLe che. e mAla pazcima eziyA, siMdhukhINa ane dakhaNamAMthI meLavavAmAM Avato hato. nAIlanI khINamAMthI AvelI zobhAnI nAnI cIjomAM mamI" ane "gorilAnA pakavelA mATInA namUnA che. tethalamAMthI hAtha lAgelI IrAnanA akhAtamAM uddabhavelI selakhaDInI goLAkAra mudrA baherInanA TApuo ane saurASTra vaccenA vepArI saMparkanI nizcita sAbitI pUrI pADe che. evuM paNa jovAmAM AvyuM che ke sumeranAM baMdaromAM jaI AvelA lothalanA vepArIo potAnI sAthe vIMdhavALA bhinna prakAranA sonAnA maNakA ane yukretisa-taigrisanI khINamAM vyApaka thayelI ArakSita lepana-mRtpAtra(reserved sip-ware)nI hunnarazailIthI suzobhita karelAM mRtpAtra lAvyA hatA. lothalanuM navuM nagara pUranA bhayathI taddana mukta nahotuM. tabakkA 2 mAM uparakoTamAMnAM keTalAMka bAMdhakAmane traNa vAra majabUta karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM ke pharI bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. merIone UMce levAmAM AvI hatI ane jarUriyAta pramANe mArga pahoLA ke sAMkaDA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ra 3, 2 nA ane 2 Tu saMjJA pAmelA ImAratI pravRttinA A peTA-tabakakA pUrane lIdhe thayelI nAnI nukasAnIone khyAla Ape che. lagabhaga I. pU 2200 mAM nagara upara bhAre prabaLa pUra pharI vaLyuM ane eNe makAnane bhAre nukasAna pahoMcADayuM.. Ama chatAM nagaranA zAsake uparakeTamAMnAM temaja nIcalA nagaramAMnAM nukasAna pAmelAM pIThikAo ane makAne durasta karAvavAmAM jarA jeTalo paNa samaya javA dIdho nahi. lothalanA nagaranA zaheranA rUpamAM thayelA punarvidhAna ane vistaraNanA A tabakkAne tabakkA re saMjJA ApavAmAM AvI che, jemAM be peTA-tabakkA alaga pADI zakAya che. A samaye mArgomAMthI pUre sarjelA kATamALane sApha karyA pachI jUnerA pAyAo upara makAna pharI bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. pUranI sAmenI vadhu agamacetI tarIke makAne pharI bAMdhatAM pahelAM pIThikAonI UMcAI vadhAravAmAM AvI hatI. jenI jAhera morIone navI ghara-merIomAMthI pANu javA devA mATe upayoga karI levAmAM Avyo hato ane navAM pANI-DhALiyAM temaja tapAsa-kuMDIo paNa jyAM jarUra hatI tyAM umerI levAmAM AvI hatI. pUra zAsaka ane zAsitonA utsAhane DhIlo karI zakyuM

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18 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [.. naheAtuM, UlaTAnuM pazcima vibhAgamAM makAnAnA navA samUha, navA mArgo ane navI galIe umeravAmAM eNe emane utsAhita karyAM hatA. tabakkA hai daramyAna udyogIkaraNanuM pagaluM paNa khUba AgaLa vadhavA pAmyuM hatuM. vyaktigata kArakhAnAM, jevAM ke maNiyAro, chIpa ane hAthIdAMtanA kArIgarA, tAmrakArA, hADakAma karanArAo ane sAnIonAM, sArA pramANamAM vadhyAM hatAM. hunnarakalAnA kArIgarAnI nAnI dukAneA bajArI lattAmAM bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. A tabakkAmAM jAhera sthaLAmAM paNa agnivedI racavAmAM AvI hatI, jyAre tabakkA r mAM e khAnagI nivAseAmAM ja racAI hatI. eka makAnamAM pazuyanane mATenI agnivedI paNa maLI AvI che. spaSTataH sAmAnya mAnavanA khAnagI jIvanamAM dharme mahattvano bhAga bhajo hAvA joie, paraMtu devAlaya, agnivedI athavA tA evuM kAI mahattvanuM dhArmika bAMdhakAma hajI sudhI uparakoTamAM maLyuM nathI, tethI evuM lAge ke nagaranA zAsakeAnI bAbatamAM dharma mahattvane na hAya, athavA kAI rAjyadharma na hoya. tabakkA rU mAM leAthala zaheranI mATI samRddhi audyogika sthAnAnI vadhelI saMkhyA, vistRta khAnagI nivAseA ane meAjazAkhanA padArthAnI vipulatAthI mApI zakAya che. vahIvaTIta Mtra kAryakSama hatu. ane sudharAInA niyamAnuM kaDaka rIte pAlana thatuM hatuM. lAthalanA nAgirakAnuM gaurava karavA kahI zakAya ke punaHvidhAnanA uttarAttara tabakkAomAM teo makAtAnA jUnerA talamAnane bhAre kALajIthI vaLagI rahetA ane mArgA upara dabANa karavAneA prayatna kadI karatA nahi. emanI nAgarika samaja eTalI ucca prakAranI hatI ke teo jAhera mArIe emAM joDAyelI dhara-meArIethI purAI na jAya ene mATe jarUrI agamacetI rAkhatA. ahI maLelI videzI banAvaTanI aneka prakAranI nAnI nAnI cIjo uparathI nirNaya bAMdhI zakAya che ke lAthala videzA sAthene vepAra dhaNA pramANamAM kheDatu' hatuM. utkhananamAMthI maLelAM ceAkasAIthI kApelI dADhIvALA puruSanuM pakavelI mATInuM mAthuM, tAMbAnuM tRSabha-mAdaLiyu,, 'ArakSita lepana'hunnarazailImAM e lepanAthI zaNagArelAM mRtpAtra ane dharImaya naLIvALA seAnAnA cakrAkAra maNukA meseApeTemiyAmAMthI AvyAM hovAM joI e. leAthalamAMthI nikAsa karavAmAM AvatAM chIpa, hAthIdAMta, kiMmatI paththarAnA maNakA ane sutarAu mAlanA badalAmAM baherIna dvArA IrAna ke dakSiNu arakharatAnamAMthI tAMbAnA gaThThAnI AyAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. mesApeTemiyA ane leAthala vacce sArganika kAlanA samudrapAranA vepAranA khIjA purAvA sAmAnya rIte brAkamAM bhaLI AvatAM. Ahata

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Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtie t169 mudrAnI chApa dharAvatAM mATInAM pakavelAM kaLazanAM DhAMkaNo ane ArakSita lepanamRtpAna che. vepArane laIne vadhu saMpatti ane navA vicAronI AyAta thaI. tolanuM navuM mAna (mApa) dAkhala thayuM. e videza sAthenA vepArane kAraNe lothalanA kuMbhAe sAdhelI prAMtIya citrazailI upara aMzataH elamanI zailInI asara hatI, paraMtu viSayavastu tAttvika rIte bhAratIya hatuM. prathama vAra ja, kAgaDe ane luccuM ziyALa' ane 'tarasyuM haraNa ane paMkhI' jevI jANItI kAlpanika vArtAo, je pAchaLathI paMcataMtra" mAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvelI che te, haDappIya kuMbhArI pAtronA citraNane viSaya banI hatI. lothalanA kArIgaronI zeAdhakabuddhi chIpano kaMpAsa, hAthIdAMtanI mApapaTTI ane kAMsAnI kANAM pADavAnI zAraDI jevAM navAM vaijJAnika sAdhano ane cokasAI bharelAM ojAra utpanna karI zakatI hatI. hAthIdAMtanI mApapaTTImAM dazAMza paddhatinA sama vibhAga AMkavAmAM AvyA hatA. bhAre pIThikAo ane pharatI dIvAle dvArA zaheranuM saMrakSaNa thayuM hatuM e chatAM jAhojalAlInI parAkASThAe lothalane I. pU 2000 mAM pANInA pUrano bhaya Avyo. A pUranI asara evI khAnAkharAbI karanArI nIvaDI hatI ke zAsakane surakSita mahAlaya ane traNa mITara UMcI nakkara ITarI pIThikA upara bAMdhelI vakhAra paNa dhovAI gayAM, jyAre nIcalA nagaranAM kAcI mATInI ITona makAna mAkhaNanI jema ogaLI gayAM. jemAM nadInAM ghumarI letAM pANI ekAeka pharI vaLyAM hatAM tevAM ghaNuMkharAM galIo ane mArgo nIcAM thaI gayAM ane pUranA bhaMgArathI bharAI gayAM. Ama agAunI cAra zatAbdIo daramyAna sadhAyelI haDappIya lekenI ajaba siddhione aMta Avyo. jANe ke makAna ane kArakhAnAM tathA dhakakA ane vakhArano nAza e nirAMte beThelA nAgarikone mATe pUratI ApadA na hoya ema nadIe enA pravAhanA mArgane pUrI dIdhuM ane dhakkAne UMce ane sUke karI mUkI potAne mArga ekadama badalI nAkhe. Ane lIdhe samudrapArane samagra vepAra thaMbhI gayo ane samRddhino jhare ja sukAI gaye. pUrane kAraNe dvIpakalpanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM vadhu UMcA ane vadhu salAmata pradezamAM Azaro zedhavA ghaNuM rahevAsIo nagarano tyAga karI gayAM. jeo pAchAM pharyA teo agraNI vagaranAM hatAM ane emanI pAse samagra zaheramAMthI pUrata bhaMgAra sApha karavAnAM athavA te bhAge ane merIone jIrNoddhAra

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170 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tpra. karavAnAM ane moTA pramANa upara makAne pharI bAMdhavAnAM pUratAM sAdhana nahotAM. mAnavonAM ane sAdhanasAmagrInAM sAdhanone ekatra karI zake ane samagra nagarane pharI bAMdhavAnA sarva sAmAnya hetu mATe sahakArI bhUmikA upara zremane vyavasthita karI zake tevI netR-pratibhAnA abhAvane laIne jevAtevAM bAMdhakAma thayAM ane pariNAme nAgarika dhAraNa ThIka ThIka UtarI gayuM. jeo pAchAM pharyA teo pUranA bhaMgAra upara bAMdhelAM halakA prakAranAM kAcI IMTonAM makAnomAM rahevA lAgyAM. Ama chatAM, uparakoTanI taddana upekSA karIne teoe nIcalA nagaramAM mAge ane galIonA mULa talamAnane jALavI rAkhavAno prayatna karyo. uparakoTamAM have sattAnuM adhiSThAna rahyuM nahatuM, ane e kuMbhAro, raMgArA ane bIjA kArIgaranuM nivAsasthAna banI gayo hato. agAunAM jAhera gaTara, bhUgadA, pANI-DhALiyAM ane khALakUvA bhaMgAra nIce daTAI gayAM hatAM ane tyAMnA nivAsIone samagra nagaramAMthI meluM sApha karavAne mATe nAnA khALakUvAothI saMtoSa mAnavo paDyo. emanI hastI mAtrane AdhAra samudrapAranA vepAra upara rahelA hovAne kAraNe vasAhatIoe dhakkAnI marAmata karI ane nagarathI be kilomITaranuM aMtare dUra khasI gayelI nadInI sAthe taLane joDavAne mATe navI aMtardhA-paranALa khodI. khUba vicAra ane bhAre zrama mAgI letA A pagalAthI bharatIne samaye dhakkAmAM nAnAM vahANa AvI zake enI sagavaDa thaI. vepAra niHzaMka punarjIvita thaye, paraMtu enuM pramANa eTaluM badhuM ghaTI gayuM hatuM ke vepArIone bhAre nukasAna pAmelI vakhAra bAMdhavAnI jarUriyAta lAgI nahi. vastutaH I. pU. 2000 pachI, rAjyanA arthakAraNamAM eka vAra jeNe mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hato te bhavya ImAratanA nirmANane mULa hetu ja lupta thaze. thoDA samaya pachI, jemAM eka ja dhaMdhAnA keTalAya kArIgara rahe ane eka ja chatra nIce kAma kare tevAM, vizALa kArakhAnAM sthApIne hAthIdAMta ane chIpanuM kAma, maNakA-kAma ane dhAtukAma jevA keTalAka sthAnika udyogone punarjIvita karavAne e lekee gaMbhIra prayatna karyo. vibhAga 4 mAM kAmadAronAM nivAsasthAna ane madhyavartI kedra sAthenuM maNakAnuM kArakhAnuM navA audyogika sAhasanuM sAruM udAharaNa pUruM pADe che. akIkanA kaMkaranI kAcI sAmagrIne paripakava karavA mATe mukhya kArakhAnAnA makAnanI bahAra eka bhaThThI paNa bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. kArakhAnAnI koDhamAM, ghaDataranI vividha bhUmikAomAMnA ardha-kiMmatI paththaronA maNakA dharAvatA, be ghaDA daTAyelA maLyA che e hakIkta

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7 muM AghaaitihAsika saMskRtie 17 nirNayAtmaka rIte puravAra karI Ape che ke maNiyAra ahIM kAma karatA hatA, jyAre bAjunA oraDAomAM jovAmAM AvelAM emanAM ojAro ane gharALu vAsaNo sUcave che ke e kArIgara vastutaH kArakhAnAnA vistAranI aMdara rahetA hatA. tabakkA 4nuM gaNAya tevuM mahattvanuM bIjuM kArakhAnuM te nIcalA nagaranI uttara kinArIe bAMdheluM tAmrakAranuM che. kamanasIbe uparanA bAMdhakAmanI kaI bhALa maLatI nathI ane makAnanA pUrA rekhAMkanano khyAla meLavo muzkela che, Ama chatAM evuM batAvavAne pUrato purAvo che ke eka ja chatra nIce keTalAye tAmrakAra ahIM kAma karatA hatA. tAMbAnA gaThThA ogALavAne mATe mATInI pakavelI kulaDI, kAToDAne gaTTo ane tAMbAnuM pataruM najIkamAM ja bAMdhavAmAM AvelI goLAkAra bhaThThInI najIkamAM maLI AvyAM hatAM. bhaThThIthI thoDe aMtare darekamAM ghaDA- bhaThThI hoya tevI ekabIjA sAthe joDAyelI, ITonI pharasabaMdhIvALI, pAMca kuMDIo maLI AvI che. spaSTataH mUDI ane kAco mAla pUro pADanArA saha-kArIgara ke mUDIdAra vepArInI dekharekha nIce dhAtunA kArakhAnAmAM ochAmAM ochA cha jeTalA dhAtukAra sAthe kAma karatA hovA joIe. zAsakanA lepane pariNAme saMkhyAbaMdha kArIgarone kAme lagADatA vacalA vepArIne praveza lethalanAM tabakkA 4 nAM maNakA ane dhAtunA kArakhAnAmAMthI sUcita thAya che. vepAra ane udyogane punarjIvita karavA mATe lokoe navesara karelA punaHprayatna chatAM tabakkA rU nA aMte pUrane kAraNe AMtarika paDatI AvI cUkI hatI ane A paDatI taraphanI gatine aTakAvanArAM koI sAdhana hatAM nahi. nagara kadamAM saMkocAyuM ane sagavaDavALAM makAnonI saMkhyA tabakko 4 (I. pU. 20 9-1900) mAM kSINa thaI. vAraMvAranAM pUra ane jamInanI vadhatI jatI khArAzane laIne jhaDapI banelI, siMdhu sabhyatAnI sArvatrika paDatI, kharAba sajAvaTanAM makAnanI, kaMgAla rIte nabhatAM jAhera kAmonI, UtaratI kATInAM mATInAM pAtronI ane jazekhanA mAlanI achatamAM pratibiMbita thAya che. kudaratI AphatamAMthI ugAre tevAM jAhera kAmane TakAvI rAkhavA mATe pahela karI zake teva, nAgarikone Adara dharAvanAre, koI rAjakIya netA nahete rahyo. have dhameM rAjakAraNa karatAM vadhu mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo e nIcalA nagaramAM rahelI agnivedIonI vipulatA parathI tathA uparakoTamAM paNa enA prathama vAra hovApaNa parathI samajAya che. kadAca agnipUjaka keme bIjAo upara Adhipatya meLavyuM hatuM. ' samadhAraNa varasAdanAM varSo daramyAna lothalanA rahevAsIo pUrathI bItA nihetA, kAraNa ke emanAM makAna aMzataH cAlu kabajAne pariNAme temaja aMzataH

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102] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pUrane pariNAme saikAothI ekaThA thayelA kATamALanA jADA thara upara baMdhAyelAM hatAM. nagarane pharatI dIvAla pharI bAMdhavAnI temaja AMtarika pIThikAonI UMcAI vadhAravAnI bAbatamAM tabakkA 4 mAM batAvelI upekSAnuM A paNa eka kAraNa hoI zake. madhyavartI prabaLa zAsanataMtrane abhAva ane moTAM jAhera kAma hAthamAM levAnI sAdhanasAmagrInI UNapa e bIjA kAraNa hoI zake. game tema che, e hakIkata che ke jyAre I. pU. 1900 mAM nadI ekAeka enA kAMThAo upara thaIne vahI gaI tyAre nagara pharI emAM pUrepUruM DUbI gayuM. kharuM jotAM e kaI sAmAnya pUra nahetuM, paraMtu pralayapUra hatuM ke jeNe bhUmivistAramAM phelAyelAM aneka nagaranA ane gAmaDAonA astitvane sApha karI nAkhyuM. ajamAyazI ukhanananA anusaMdhAnamAM pAkI sthaLatapAsa karavAmAM Ave to saurASTra ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA samagra kAMThAnI paTTImAM jamA thayelA kAMpanA jADA paDanI nIce daTAIne paDelI bhinna bhinna kadanI ghaNI vadhAre haDappIya vasAhate prakAzamAM Ave. ochAmAM ochI be vasAhata, arthAta lethalanI najIkanAM raMgapura ane jeTha, ekI sAthe pUrothI nAza pAmelAM jANavAmAM Ave che. anyatra kamanI khADImAM bhAgAtaLAvanA haDappIya baMdaranI e ja vale thayelI, jyAre zetruMjI nadInI khINamAM hAthabane samudra ane nadIe saMyukta rIte keLiyo karI nAkheluM. karachamAM desalaparane paththaranA ADabaMdhanuM rakSaNa hovA chatAM ene nAza I. 5. 1000 nA pUrane ja Aropa joIe. A udAharaNe e sAbita karavAne pUratAM che ke moTA pAyA upara AvelAM pUree kaccha, saurASTra ane dakSiNa gujarAtanI haDappIya vasAhatone nAza karI nAkhe. kadAca siMdhunI khINanAM sthaLonI paNa e ja dazA thaI AvI Apatti mATe kAraNe cIMdhatAM pUrve lothalamAM kAla A mAM siMdhu sabhyatAnI pragati upara thayelI pralayanAM pUranI pAchalI asare upara vicAra karavA kSaNavAra thaMbhI jaIe. 2, kAla rA: uttara haDappIya saMskRti (I pU. 1600-1600) cothA pUrane pariNAme lethalamAMnAM kArakhAnAM ane vakhAronA avazeSa sahitanAM badhAM ja jAhera ane khAnagI makAna dharAzAyI thayAM. zaherane pharatI dIvAla, baMdaranI pIThikAo ane dhakkAnA baMdhanI dIvAlane nAza thaI gayo ane pUranI retInA tharathI e sajajaDa thaI gayAM. dhakkAnuM pAtra retIthI purAI gayuM ane nadIthI eTaluM badhuM aLaguM paDI gayuM ke eka vAra pharIthI vahANane nAgaravAne mATe ene upayogamAM levAnI badhI AzAo jatI karavI paDI. pralayapUra

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7 muM] Adha-aitihAsika sarakRtio [173 pachI lethalamAM pAchA pharelA gaNyAgAMDyo mANasane--Te bhAge kheDUta, mAchImAro, khAravAo ane kuMbhArone-e vakhatanI samRddha nagarIne kATamALanA ADAavaLA samUhanA rUpamAM sarI paDelI mAlUma paDI hevI joIe. e leke kATamALa sApha karavAne mATe khUba ja DA, tyAM sagavaDa bharelI rIte punarvasavATa karavAne mATe khUba ja garIba ane chatAM pitAnA bApadAdAnA sthAnane choDI devA mATe khUba ja nArAja hoI teoe dhIre dhIre nAnAM nAnAM jhUMpaDAM bAMdhavAM zarU karyA ane eka pachI eka AvI khaMDero upara vasavATa karavA mAMDyo. tabakkA 6 nAM mAmUlI padArthonAM bAMdhelAM A nAnAM makAna nabaLI pharasabaMdhIvALAM ane nabaLAM havAujAsavALAM hovAnuM mAlUma paDayuM che. dIvAle mATInI athavA mATInI gAra karela sAMThIonI che ane snAnagRhonAM taLa pahelAMnAM khaMDeremAMthI ekaThAM karelAM ITALA ane mATInI pakavelI thepalIothI jaDelAM che, paraMtu e jANamAM AvatAM navAI Upaje che ke A rahevAsIo lagabhaga nityakarma thaI paDelI snAna jevI emanI yugajUnI paraMparAne hajI paNa vaLagI rahyA hatA. keTalIka bAbatomAM e vahemIlA paNa banI cUkyA hatA, kAraNa ke UMcAIne kAraNe uparakoTa vasavATa mATe sahuthI vadhu anukULa hovA chatAM Azrita vasAhatIoe ene pUrI kALajIpUrvaka TALe ane have nIcalA nagaranA DhoLAvone pasaMda karyA. dhakko pote paNa nadInI retInI nIce UMDe daTAI gaye. vasavAnI dhImI prakriyA ane saikAo sudhI TIMbAnuM cAluM raheluM dhovANuM "tabakakA " mAM vasAhatI jamAvanA AchApaNAne khulAso Ape che; paraMtu navI kuMbhArakAmanI paraMparAone kramika vikAsa ane madhya bhAratanI nadIonI khINomAM vasatA bIjA sAMskRtika samUha sAthe lAMbA gALAno saMparka spaSTa sAbitI Ape che ke haDappIya loke daSTigocara thatA pUrepUrA baMdha thaI gayA te pahelAM thoDA vadhu saikAo sudhI lethalamAM bharAI rahyA. ahIM e vAta upara bhAra devo jarUrI che ke pralayapUra pachInA lethala (tabakko 5) nA rahevAsIo haDappIya lekonA sIdhA vArasadAra ja hatA, anya keI nahatA. A leke, potAnA kAbU bahAranA saMyogoe jema ane jyAre jarUriyAta UbhI karI temAM ane tyAre keTalIka paraMparAomAM parivartana karatA, moTA bhAganI haDappIya paraMparAone anusaravAnuM cAlu rAkhI rahyA. viparIta Arthika paristhitio chatAM emaNe potAnI dhArmika mAnyatAo ane sAmAjika rItarivAjone tyAga karyo na hato, paraMtu patarIo ane telAM banAvavAne mATenA sArA dANAdAra "carTa', mudrAo ane maNakAo banAvavAne mATenI selakhaDI, ejAre ane hathiyAra banAvavAne mATenAM tAMbuM ane kalAI

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174 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [31. ane maNakA banAvavA mATenA kiMmatI paththarA jevI AyAta karelI sAmagrInI achatane lIdhe sAmagrInA sarjAmamAM amuka parivartana anivArya hatAM. kArIgarAne sthAnika prApya sAmagrInA upayAga karavA paDayo, ene lIdhe 'ca'nI lAMkhI samAMtara-bAju patarIone sthAne 'jespara' nI TUMkI patarIe, akIkanAM dhanAkAra tAlAMone sthAne retiyALa-paththaranAM gALAkAra teAlAM ane 'phrAensa'nA maNakAone sthAne mATInA pakavelA maNakA dAkhala karavAnI jarUriyAta UbhI thaI. badalAmAM navI sAmagrI mUkavAnuM thatAM kriyApaddhati ane AkAramAM keTalAMka parivartana anivAyaeN hatAM. udAharaNa tarIke, kinArIne upasAvavAnI (crestedriege guiding) kriyApaddhati apanAvavAmAM AvelI hovA chatAM 'jespara'nA nAnA kakarAmAMthI mAtra nAnI patarIe ja banI zake ema hatuM. retiyA paththara ane 'zisTa'(schist)nA upayAgane laI, teAlAMte uparathI kApelA gALAkAra ApavA paDayo. vadhu sAMghI vastuo vAparavAnu sAmAnya thaI paDyuM. videzA sAthenA vepAra baMdha thaI javAne pariNAme prasiddha siMdhu mudrA lagabhaga pUrepUrI lupta thaI. je thADI mudrAe khyI temenA upara pheraphAra pAmelI lipi AvI, paNa koI pazu-cihna na rahyuM. paththara jevI lekhanasAmagrIne upayAga baMdha thavAne kAraNe ane ene sthAne kuMbhArI padArthAne tathA nAzavaMta padArthAnA upayAga thavAne kAraNe thayelA jaNAtA nAMdhapAtra pheraphAra e che ke lipimAM vaparAtAM vaLAMkadAra cihnonI sa'khyAmAM bhAre ghaTADe AvyA. khUba ja maryAdita sakhyAnAM cihna, je khAsa karIne svarUpamAM rekhAtmaka hatAM tevAM ja, vaparAyAM. vADakA, kUMjA, saddhi naLAkAra kaLazA ane Da-AkAranAM vAsaNa jevA, cADA haDappIya mATIkAmanA prakAra vaparAzamAMthI nIkaLI gayA, jyAre keTalAMka khIjA vAsaNAe navA AkAra dhAraNa karyAM. majabUta lAla mRtpAtramAM AgaLa paDatI hAMsavALI ane bahAra kADhelA kadhavALI thALIne badale vALelI hAMsavALI ane skaMdha bahAra na nIkaLyA hoya tevI chIcharI thALI thaI, jyAre esaNIvALI dhADI-paranI-thALI mAM jADI ane kheDelI evI gheADIneA ghATa vikasyA. lAla ane badAmI mRtpAtromAM pAtaLI racanAvALA, TUMkA kAMDalAneA ane muqhuda dhAnA kaLaza, aMDAkAra deDha ane geALa esaNIvALA, UMcA kAMThalAnA kaLazamAM pheravAyeA. capaTa bahAra nIkaLatI capaTI kinArI ane sIdhI yA bahirgALa (convex) rUparekhAvALI mATI kAThImAM geALa kinArI vikasI. sthAnika prakAromAM vADakAmAM vadhumAM vadhu pheraphAra thayA. AraMbhamAM bahirgAMLa bAjuvALA vADakAnI bAjue -sIdhI thaI. vacalA tabakkAmAM ene chuTTo bahAra kADhelA skaMdha thayA ane chellA

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Adha-aitihAsika saMskRtio [15 tabakkAmAM aMtargoLa-bahirgoLa rUparekhA thaI. saurASTranA viziSTa prakAra arthAta TUMkA zobhAtmaka hAthAvALA vADakAne lAMbe hAthe Avyo, jyAre pAtaLI kinArI vALA vADakA ghATanA dIvAne badale aMtarvaka kAMThalA ane mArI jevI kinAravALAsu-ghaDa chIMcharA dIvAe sthAna lIdhuM. mATIkAmanA A badhA vikasita ghATa raMgapura 2 6, prabhAsa 1 ane rojaDI 1 mAM punarAvartana pAmyA che. kuMbhArI kAmanI racanAne lAge vaLage che tyAMsudhI haDappIya paraMparAnAM badAmI raMganAM mRtpAtra ane sairASTranAM sthAnika abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra tabakkA 4 mAM ochAM thatAM cAlyAM ane chelle tabakkA 5 mAM adazya thayAM. lothala cA nI uttarAkAlIna haDappIya saMskRtinA kuMbhArI udyoganAM bIjAM lakSaNo A cheH prANI ane vanaspatinAM mukhya rUpAMkanenuM zailIkaraNa; trAMsI tathA taraMgAkAra rekhAo, khacakA ane phaNagA, rekhAMkita trikaNo ane corase, TapakAMnI paMktio, hIrAo ane taraMgAkAre-jevI prAthamika AkRtio mATenI spaSTa pasaMdagI; ane citrakAmanI kRtrima zailInuM saralIkaraNa. ghaNe thoDA kissAomAM vanaspati ane pakSIonAM mukhya rekhAMkanonuM upalaka Alekhana paNa dekhAya che. raMgapura rU mAMthI maLelAM vAsaNo upara rekhAMkita karelA vRSabha ane bakarA lothala gA mAMthI maLelAM vAsaNo upara bilakula rahelA nathI. vAsaNanI sapATI upara caLakato lAla raMga lAvavA bhInAzathI lIsuM karavAnI kriyApaddhati hajI ahIM ghaDAI nahotI. e anu-haDappIya raMgapuramAMnA samaya 2 ane 3 mAM dekhAtuM uttarakAlIna lakSaNa che. ekaMdare kahI zakAya ke garIba thaI cUkelA lekanI UtaratI jatI rucine saMtoSa ApavAnI daSTie lethalanA kuMbhAre samaya gA mAM vAsaNanI maryAdita sapATI upara keTalIka prAthamika AkRtio cItarI. siMdhu zailImAM najIvuM sthAna pAmelAM-taraMgita rekhAo, khacakA ane taraMgAkAre-vikasita zailImAM mukhya rekhAMkana banyAM. pazuone emanI svAbhAvika bhUmikAmAM cItaravAne TevAyelA niSNAta kalAkArane ahIM hAtha hato nahi ane raMganI ayiAjanA kALA-para-lAlamAM maryAdita hatI. lethala mA nAM ojAramAM ane dehAlaMkAramAM dAkhala thayelA thoDA bIjA pheraphAranI paNa ahIM noMdha levI joIe. anukAlIna zilpagraMthamAM varNita lagna-vIMTIonI yAda ApatI bamaNuM vaLanA mAthAvALI tAMbAnI vIMTIo pahelI vAra dAkhala thaI ane mATInI pakavelI baMgaDIone sthAne vadhu TakAu evI chIpanI baMgaDIo AvI. akIka sahitanA ghaNAkharA ardha-kiMmatI jAtanA paththaranI AyAta thaI zakatI nahi. A sAmagrImAM maNakAnAM ghaTelAM - jada ane saMkhyAthI kArneliyananI achata sUcita thAya che. e jANIne Azcarya

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176] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [y. thAya che ke mATInA palA goLAonA AkAramAM paNa mahatvano pheraphAra thayo. have teo goLAkAra hovAne badale aMDAkAra che ane mATI hatheLImAM dabAvavAmAM AvI hatI-e batAvatAM cAre AMgaLIonAM nizAna enI eka bAju upara paDelAM che. lothalanA kuMbhAra samaya cA mAM navA kuMbhArI AkArano vikAsa karatA aTakI gayA, jyAre raMgapuranA leke eka pagaluM AgaLa vadhyA ane emaNe raMgapura 26 mAM sapATInA zedhananI navI kriyApaddhati dAkhala karI. vAsaNone khUlato lAla lepa lagAvavAmAM AvyA, bhInAM ne bhInAM upara lIsapa ApavAmAM AvI ane caLakatI lAla sapATI ApavA ene ucca uSNatAmAne pakavavAmAM AvyAM. Ama e vAsaNone "caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtro'nI saMjJA maLI. navAM citrita rekhAMkana paNa raMgapuramAM samaya rU mAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM, jevAM ke madhya bhAratIya tAmrapASANayuganAM citrita mRtpAtronA viSayamAM banyuM che tema pITha khaNatAM zIMgaDAMvALAM haraNa ane kabrastAna nAM mRtpAtronA viSayamAM banyuM che tema AMTI pADatAM vakrAkAra zIMgaDAMvALA vRSabha. e pachI te lethalanuM astitva ja bhUMsAI gayuM hatuM. aM, siMdhu sabhyatAnI paDatI pahelAM ApaNe joyuM ke kudaratI Aphato ane mAnavIya niSphaLatAone pariNAme gujarAtamAM siMdhu sabhyatAnAM kevI rIte vaLatAM pANI thayAM. haDapA, mehe jo-daDe ane siMdhukhINanI bIjI vasAhatanI paDatIne jAtajAtanAM kAraNa AropavAmAM Ave che. AnuM AkramaNa, vAraMvAra AvatAM pUre, jamInamAM vadhelI khArAza, pradezanuM raphate raphate suvANa, ane bhUkaMpa-e saMyukta rIte temaja alaga alaga rIte siMdhu-zaheranA vinAza mATe javAbadAra hevAnuM kahevAya che. haDappA ane mohejo-daDomAM makAnanI UMcI UbhaNImAMnI kRtrima pIThikAo ane kAcI IMTonI pUraNIo temaja kadAca zaheranI rakSaNakAraka dIvAle-e sai pUranI sAmenA TekA hatI. mohejo-daDe ane cahu-daDomAM AvyA karelAM pUrane, pUranikSeponA rUpe, ghaNe purAvo che. siMdhumAM budha Takkara pAse kAMpanI 13 mITaranI UMcI TekarI Adya aitihAsika kAlamAM siMdhukhINamAM lAMbA samaya mATe AvelA moTA pUranI cokakasa eMdhANI Ape che. vAraMvAranAM pUrethI kaMTALI gayelA rahevAsIo siMdhu-zahere choDI gayA haze. kudaratI Apattio vizenA tAjA purAvAone, AkramaNanA mahattva ApavAmAM AvatuM nathI, arthAta smazAna "ha" nA lekene, Akramake mAnavAmAM AvyA che,

Page #204
'7 muM ] Adya aitihAsika saMskRtio [ 177 ne emane keTalIka vAra Aryo tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu e sUcavavuM ghaTe ke teo nagarImAM AvI pahoMcyA e pUrve ghaNA samaya upara, AkAta gaNAyelA haDappIyoe haDappAne tyAga karI dIdhA hatA. bIjuM, mohejo-daDomAMthI AkramaNane koI zreya purAvo maLyo nathI. prajAnI kahevAmAM AvatI katala paNa nagarInA chellA tabakkAmAM thaI hovAnuM kahI zakAya ema nathI. uparanI sAmagrInA prakAzamAM e mAnavuM muzkela che ke siMdhu khINamAM siMdhu sabhyatAne aMta AryonA AkramaNane kAraNe Avyo. gujarAtane lAgevaLage che tyAMsudhI, e sAbita karavA mATe zraddheya purAvo che ke, pUrane kAraNe lagabhaga I. pU. 1000 mAM lethala, raMgapura, keTha ane bhAgA taLAvanI paDatI thaI, paraMtu te te sthAnamAM jaladI punaH vasavATa thayo hato. e A tabakko che ke jyAre gujarAtamAMnA bacI gayelA haDapInI sAthe siMdhu khINamAMthI AvelA nirvAsito joDAI gayA. samaya jatAM aMdaranA bhAgamAM keTalIye navI vasAhato UbhI thaI 10. karacha-desalaparamAM haDapI raMgapuramAM jovAmAM Ave che te pramANe, ArUDha haDappIya nagara ane gAmonAM eka vakhatanAM samRddha prajAjanothI judA ja prakAranA, je have uttara haDappI tarIke oLakhAya che te, rahevAsIonI sAdhanasAmagrInuM parIkSaNa karatAM pahelAM haDappIyoe kacchamAM zuM karyuM e joIe. ' A sthAna dharUDa nadInI upanadI, jene taLapadamAM bAma-chelA nAme oLakhe che te kaLAnA uttara kaThe che ane e 1304100 mITaranA vistAranuM che. ukhananakAre17 saravALe traNa mITara UMDAIne bhU-bhAgamAM be sAMskRtika kAla tAravI ApyA che. kAla 1 ne tabakkA . ane A mAM vibhAjita karavAmAM Avyo che. AmAMne ArUDha haDappIya saMskRti batAvato tabakko che ane uttara haDappIya saMskRti batAvo tabakko A adale adala lothalanA tabakkA mAM ane A ne lAgu paDI rahe che. desalapara 1 3 mAM caLakATavALAM lAla mRtpAtra maLyAM nahatAM, paraMtu besaNuvALA sIdhI dIvAlanA vADakA jevA keTalAka vikasita haDappIya mRtpAtra-prakAra jovAmAM Ave che. desalapara 1 3 nAM be rasaprada lakSaNa A che: haDappIya lAla ane badAmI mRtpAtronI sAthe sAthe keTa-dIjI mRtmAnI hayAtI ane je nIkavALA chedanI hAthAvALI kaDhAI kahevAya che tevA navA prakAranA vAkAnI hAjarI. IrAdApUrvaka vartulAkAra karelA mathALAvALI A

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18] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. kaDhAI tabakkA 11 nA vacalA staromAM ja dAkhala karavAmAM AvI hatI. desalapara 1 ma mAM lethalanA prakArane dadA ghATanA hAthAvALe vADake paNa vaparAte hatA, ane tabakkA 1 mAM baMne prakAra lokapriya banyA hatA. tabakkA 14 nAM bIjAM mahatvanAM kuMbhArI pAtromAM taraMgAkAra rekhAo vagerevALA AsamAnI-lIlA raMgamAM citrita rAkhoDiyAM pAtra ane joLA lepavALAM kALAM-ane-lAla pAtra che. tabakkA 1 AmAM krImalepavALuM dhiraMgI lAla mRtpAtra dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paraMtu lAla mRtpAtra ane sapheda lepavALAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtromAMnA vikasita haDappIya ghATa paNa cAlu hatA. saphAInI sagavaDonuM astitva thoDIka khAnagI gaTarothI sacita thAya che. ahIM 2.5 mITara jADI paththaranI banAvelI je dIvAla khullI thaI te cAra mITara pahoLI che, paNa e AkhA gAmane pharate bAMdhelI nathI; e nadIkAMThA upara pUra-rodhaka ADaza tarIke taiyAra karavAmAM AvelI dekhAya che. nadInA mukhya pravAhane bIjI dizAmAM vALavAmAM sahAyabhUta thAya tevA koNa-keSTha ane prakSepa paNa jovA maLe che. aMdaranI ane bahAranI paththarathI caNelI dIvAlanI vacce kAcI IMTanI pIThikAnuM astitva batAve che ke mULamAM mAtra kAcI ITonI pIThikA banAvavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa pachIthI enI baMne bAjue paththaranI dIvAla karI majabUtI ApavI paDI hatI. vaLI killebaMdIne aDIne kAcI IMTanAM makAna paNa bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, paraMtu ukhanita maryAdita vistAramAM mArga-Ajanone patto lAgatuM nathI. desalapara jo ke nAnuM nagara hatuM, chatAM ahIMthI hAtha lAgelAM siMdhu lAM, mudrAo ane mudrAMka sUcave che ke e mahatvanuM vepArI kendra hatuM. ukhananamAMthI hAtha AvelA moTI saMkhyAnA mAnava-kRta padArtho uparathI tyAMnA rahevAsIonI samRddhine khyAla AvI zake che. tAMbAnAM ojAremAM charIo, chINIo, saLiyA ane kaDIo maLyAM che. telAM jepara ane pakavelI mATInAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM, jyAre dehAbhUSaNamAM caLakatI mATI, selakhaDI ane ardha-kiMmatI paththaronA maNakAone samAveza thato. pAna-ne-kAcalI ghATanAM carTanAM bANa-phaLAM keTa-dIjInA prAga-haDappIya staramAMthI maLelAM pASANa-ojAronI yAda Ape che. carTanI lAMbI samAMtara-bhuja patarIo ane lIsAM karelAM paththaranAM vIMdhaNu desalaparanA haDappIya staramAMthI maLelA bIja noMdhapAtra padArtha che. uttara haDappIya vasAhatane, kadAca pUrathI, nAza thayA pachI ghaNuMkharuM eka sahastrAbdI mATe e sthaLa tajI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. emAM AraMbhika aitihAsika kAla daramyAna pharI vasavATa karavAmAM Avyo; A kAla rAjasthAnanA raMgamahAla mRtpAtro ane

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muM] Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtio [19 saurASTranAM vasaI mRtyAtrAnI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya tevAM lAla-upara-kALAM citrita mRtpAne mATe jANIto che. A beu prakAranAM pAtra moDethI AvelAM che ane teone uttara haDappIya kALAM-ane-lAla mRtmA sAthe vargIya ke sAMskRtika saMbaMdha nahoto. ukhananakAranA mata pramANe kAla 1 I.pU. 2000 thI 1600 sudhIno che, paraMtu keTa-dIjI mRtpAtranI hAjarIthI A sthaLanI vasAhata cha pU. 2000 thI ghaNI vahelI thayAnuM sUcavAya che. haDappIyenA Agamana pUrve keTa-dIjInA lekee desalaparamAM vasavATa karyo haze. haDappIyAnA AgamananA gALAmAM athavA enAthI thaDe meDe palAM rAkheDiyAM mRtyAtrA vAparanArA leka AvelA ane desalapara khAte lAMbA samaya mATe vasatA rahelA jaNAya che. ArUDha haDappIya nagarane I.pU. 2000 thI 1900 vacce AvelA pUre nAza karyo dekhAya che ane thoDA ja samayamAM tyAM pharI vasAhata thaI hatI, paraMtu I. pU. 1600 mAM AvelA bIjA pUre kSIyamANa haDappIya saMskRtine paNa nAza karyo. caLatAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA leka desalapara ke e kAraNe kacchanA bIjA keI haDappIya sthAne kadI pahoMcyA nahi. 11. haDappIya saMskRtinI paDatI lothala khAte thayelI haDappIya saMskRtinI paDatI vize A pUrve kahevAmAM AvyuM che. have ApaNe raMgapura, rojaDI ane prabhAsa khAte uttara haDappIyonI sAdhanasAmagrImAM kayAM vadhu parivartana thayAM e joIe. gujarAtanA anu-haDappIya kAlamAM kSIyamANa haDappIya saMskRtimAMthI vikaselI navI saMskRti prAcarya dharAve che e noMdhapAtra che. A hakIktanuM sarvottama citra raMgapura khAte anubhavAya che. a, raMgapura raMgapuranuM mahattva e rIte che ke e gujarAtamAM zodhAyeluM paheluM haDappIya sthAna che ne e bhAratIya upakhaMDanuM evuM paheluM sthAna che ke jyAM siMdhu sabhyatA siMdhu khINanA karatAM vadhu samaya mATe bacelI ane atyAra sudhI na jANavAmAM AvelA rUpAMtarane pAmelI jANavAmAM Ave che. raMgapura khAte 1954-55 mAM thayelA ukhanane eka bAju haDappIya saMskRti sAthe, to bIjI bAju nAgadA, AhADa, eraNa, prakAza, dAImAbAda, joDave-nAzika, nevAsA ane caMdelInI anu-haDappIya saMskRtionI sAthe navI zaMkhalA sAMdhI ApI. saurASTranAM haDappIya sthAnamAM maLatAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtra, ane kSIyamANu

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180] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. haDappIya mRtpAtromAMthI vikaselAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtra e siMdhu-sAmrAjya vaparAtAM astitvamAM AvelI, I. pU. bIjI sahastrAbdInI, bIjI rIte ekalI paDI gayelI tAmra-pASANu saMskRtionI be mukhya zRMkhalA che. raMgapura eka nAnuM gAmaDuM che, je rANapuranI TekarIomAMthI nIkaLatI ane dhaMdhukA pAranA khArApATamAM adazya thatI bhAdara nadInA kAMThA upara AveluM che. mULamAM e nadI samudramAM joDAtI. prAcIna TIMbe 10804840 mITara vistAra roke che, jemAM kula vasAhatI stara 68 mITara che. 1954-55mAM thayelAM utpanone pariNAme traNa sAMskRtika kAla tAravavAmAM AvyA hatA. kAla 1 sauthI jUne zikArI-mAchImArI arthakAraNavALI uttarapASANayugIna saMskRtine che. thoDA samaya pachI, abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA leke e e sthaLamAM vasavATa karyo hato, paraMtu teo cekasa kayAre raMgapuramAM AvyA e ApaNe jANatA nathI. kAla 1 ane kAla ra vacce samayano khAlI gALo che. ucca prakAranI saMmArjita nagara-saMskRtine kAraNe pAchalA kAlane saraLatAthI oLakhI zakAya che ane e pAche 2 3, 2 ane 2 rU mAM vibhakta thAya che. kAla 23 mAM mINa pAyelAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparatA leka lagabhaga I. pU. 2000 mAM lothalamAMthI AvelA haDapInI sAthe bhaLyA hatA. kAcI IMTanI pIThikAo upara UbhAM karelAM kAcI ITonAM makAne (paTTa 29, A. 15ra)nI racanAthI ane haDappIya citrita kuMbhArakAma, carTanI paththarIo, paththaranAM ghanAkAra talAM, selakhaDI tathA kArneliyananA maNakA, tAMbAnI baMgaDIo, vIMTIo ane capaTa vIMdhaNAM dAkhala thayAthI haDappIya lekenuM Agamana sUcita thAya che. TIMbAnA pazcima bhAgamAM khullAM karelAM makAne ane pIThikAnA talamAnathI AjananuM tattva spaSTa rIte darzAvI zakAya che. keI bIjA ArUDha haDappIya nagaranI jema raMgapura paNa meluM dUra karavAne mATenI jAhera ane khAnagI gaTaranA rUpamAM nAgarika sagavaDone garva laI zakatuM hatuM. pratyeka makAnane ITAnI pharasabaMdhIvALA nAnakhaMDa hato. nAgarika bhautika saMskRtinI daSTie, je ke raMgapura koI moTuM vepArI kendra nahotuM ane tethI mudrAone ene upayoga nahoto chatAM paNa ene ArUDha haDappIya vasAhata hevAnuM gaNavAmAM Ave che. lothala, koTha ane raMgapurane bAda karatAM saurASTranI haDappIya vasAhatamAM ArUDha haDappIya saMskRtinI be bAbatanI UNapa che: 1. Ayojana ane 2. jAhera saphAI ane tethI ja ene uttara ke kSIyamANa) haDappIya vasAhatonI saMjJA ApavAmAM AvI che. khuda raMgapuramAM haDappIya saMskRtinI paDatI kAla racA mAM spaSTa thAya che. I.pU. 1900mAM AvelA meTA pUrane kAraNe e ArUDha haDappIya nagarane nAza thayo;

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7 muM] Adya-aitihAsika saMskRtio t181 ane bhAdara nadIe paNa potAnA pravAhamArga badalavAne kAraNe rahevAsIone bIje vasavATa karavo paDyo. kAla ra mA nAM kuMbhArI pAtronuM hIna prakAranuM ghaDatara ane hInatara alaMkaraNa tarata ja sAMskRtika avanatine chatI kare che, ane vaLI e AyAta thayelI kAcI sAmagrImAMthI utpanna karelA jarUrI ane majazekhanA padArthonI achatathI vizeSa pratipAdita thAya che. carTanI lAMbI patarIo ane lIsI mATI temaja selakhaDInA banAvelA maNakAonA abhAvane khulAse AnAthI thAya che. tAMbAnI achata hatI ane lothalamAMthI meLavelA padArtho karakasarathI vaparAtA. siMdhukhINa sAthe vepAra aTakI paDavAne kAraNe ghanAkAra tolA banAvavAne mATe cArTa upalabdha nahoto. bhaThThImAM pakavelI ITonI bhAre achata hevAne kAraNe ane nAgarika dharaNanI bhAre avanati thaI hovAne laIne rahevAsIone jAhera ke khAnagI gaTare bAMdhavAnuM pisAya ema nahotuM. Ama chatAM kAla ramA I pU. 1600nA aMtamAM kAmane vistRta karavAne ane navI kuMbhArI paraMparAo UbhI karavA prayatna thayo hato. samudrakAMThAnAM medAnamAM kAmacalAu vasAhato karyA pachI dvIpakalpanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM khaselA nirvAsitonA navA mojAe kadAca A bAbatane preraNA ApI heya. kAla 2 ru mAM kSIyamANa haDappIya saMskRtinI punarjAgRtinA A tabakkA daramyAna navAM pASANa-ojAre ane kuMbhArI prakArano vikAsa thaye. navA kuMbhArI prakAromAM kAMgarIvALA buTTA vADakA, lAMbI DokavALI ane laMbagoLa ghATanI baraNIo, TUMkI ke maNakA ghATanI hAMsavALI ane kAMgarI vinAnI thALIo temaja chekelI hAMsavALI jADI kAThIone nirdeza karI zakAya, jemAMnI ghaNIkharI lethala gA mAM joyelA vikasita haDappIya prakAronuM mAtra punarAvartana che. A pheraphAronI sAthosAtha raMgapuramAM keTalAMka navAM lakSaNa jovA maLe che. besaNIvALA vADakAe bIjI rIte dArUnI pyAlI tarIke jANItA thaDiyAvALA vADakAmAM vikasita thavA nAnuM thaDiyuM vikasAvyuM. vAsaNonI nabaLI kArIgIrIne jANe ke chupAvavI hoya te mATe, badhAM vADakAonI, tAMsaLAnI ane laMbagoLa baraNIonI sapATIne caLakate lAla raMga Ubho karavA bhInI karI lIsI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. Ama raMgapuramAM kAla 2 6 mAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtranuM mULa joI zakIe chIe. - akIka ane jespara jevI upalabdha sthAnika sAmagrIne pUre upayoga karI raMgapuranA lekee paththaranI patarIo banAvavAne gaMbhIra prayatna karyo hato. carTanI lAMbI patarIonuM sthAna lenArI, haDappIya kriyA-paddhatie utpanna karelI.

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182] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA TUMkI samAMtara-bhuja patarIonuM astitva Ane khulAse Ape che. tAMbAne pharI upayogamAM levAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paNa A vakhate, I. pU. 1600 nA arasAmAM raMgapure ane lothale jene saMparka sAdhI lIdhuM hatuM te dakSiNa rAjasthAnathI e dhAtu AvI hovI joIe. paraMtu vaLI e sUcaka che ke hAthA mATenA bAkarAvALI vadhu aTapaTI kuhADIne badale sA haDappIya capaTa vIMdhaNuM vaparAvA lAgyuM, kemake e parathI I. pU 1600 jeTalA moDA kAla sudhI haDappIya dhAtu-kriyApaddhatinuM cAlu rahevApaNuM saMcita thAya che. kAla ramA ane 2 6 daramyAna haDappIya kArIgare saurASTramAMthI mevADanA ucca pradezamAM ane narmadA tathA tApInI khINamAMthI gedAvarI tathA kRSNanI khINamAM khasyA. haDappIya dhAtukAmanA kArIgaronI A hilacAlathI nevAsA, jeDa ane caMdelImAM temaja dakSiNamAM vadhu AgaLa tuMgabhadrAnI khINamAMnA TelakoTa ane halUramAM tAMbAnA vAMdhaNAnA astitvanuM tAtparya samajAya che. vaLI haDappIya patarI-udyoganA phelAvA mATe marakI khAte carTanI lAMbI patarIone temaja tuMgabhadrAnI khINamAM ane penaranA nadI pradezamAM jespara, akIka, ane kasedanImAMthI ghaDelI vadhAre TUMkI patarIone paNa purAvo maLe che. selakhaDInA caMdA-ghATanA maNakA banAvavAnI haDappIya kriyApaddhati AMdhra-maisura pradezamAM, khAsa karIne karnala jillAmAM, nUtana pASANayuganA laka laI gayA hatA. TUMkamAM, bahoLA vistAramAM haDappIya kArIgare patharAI gayA. hevAnA kAraNe jyAMthI jyAMthI anukULa kAcI sAmagrI maLI tyAM tyAM haDappIya ghATa ane kriyApaddhati pramANe ojAro ane alaMkAraNonuM utpAdana karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. haDappIya paraMparAonA prabaLa upa-stara sAthenI navI saMskRtine udaya raMgapura khAte kAla 2 ru mAM tApInA khINapradezamAM sAvalaDA khAte, upalI kRSNanI khINamAM phUDachI khAte ane karnala jillAmAM siMganapallI vagere khAte caLakatAM lAla mRtapAtronA dekhAvathI vyakata thAya che. navI saMskRtinuM bIjuM lakSaNa keTalIka haDappIya paraMparAonuM sudhArelA svarUpe thayeluM punarjIvana che. udAharaNa tarIke, jaMgalI bakarA jevI pazuonI AkRtio caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtro upara pharI cItaravAmAM AvatI hatI. Ama chatAM AMTI pADatAM ziMgaDAvALuM pazu saurASTramAM dAkhala thayela na bhAva hatuM. paraMtu tApInI khINa(sAlavADA)nA mAra ane bIjA pakSIonA bhAva lethala yA nA kuMbhArI kAmanA pakSInA bhAvamAM sIdhesIdhA varatI zakAya che. jo ke phrAnsanA ane selakhaDInA maNakAne sthAne mATInA pakavelA maNakA AvI gayA hatA, Ama chatAM saurASTramAM, khAsa karIne

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che su* 1 Adya aitihAsika sa'skRti [193 raMgapuramAM muTThA dvi-zaMku maNukA hajI paNa leAkapriya hatA. A sthaLe paththaranAM dhanAkAra teAlAMne sthAne gALAkAra teAlAM paNa AvI gayAM hatAM. AmAM cane badale retiyA paththara ane zisTa vaparAtA rahyA hatA. e ja rIte raMgapura 26 mAM ane rUmAM mATInI pakavelI baMgaDIene badale chIpanI baMgaDIo AvI gaI hatI. selakhaDInA caMdA-dhATanA maNakA adRzya thaI gayA hatA, paraMtu chIpanA jhINA maNakA kAla rU mAM vaparAtA cAlu rahyA hatA; paraMtu caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA leAkAe kAcI IMTAnAM bAMdhelAM makAnAmAM prAkAlIna sagavaDano abhAva hatA, chatAM kAla 26 mAM najare agnivedIe haDappIya karmakAMDanuM sAtatya sUcave che. paDelI samagra rIte jotAM ema kahI zakAya ke anukAlIna haDappIya saMskRtimAMthI nIkaLelI caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtro(5TTa 30, A. 153)nI saMskRtine navuM baLa maLyu hatuM ane ene saurASTranA dvIpakalpanI bahAra vikasavAne mATe navA vistAra maLyA hatA. enAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronA prakAranAM viziSTa kuMbhArI pAtra pUrvamAM cheka mevADanA ucca pradezamAM AhADa sudhI, seAna nadInI khINamAM eraNu sudhI ane dakSiNamAM cheka caMdAlI sudhI paheAMcyAM hatAM.20 caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtro vAparanArA lAkAne taddata jANItAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtra I. pU. bIjI sahasrAbdImAM madhyabhArata ane dakhkhaNanI anu haDappIya tAmrapASANu saMskRtinI mahattvanI lAkSaNika bhAta pADatAM hatAM. e vakhate uttaramAM kALAM-ane lAla mRtpAtra che. pU. pahelI sahasrAbdImAM gaMgAnI uparanI khINanAM citrita rAkheADiyAM mRtpAtro sAthe ane bihAranAM ciraMtlR ane bIjA sthAnAnAM nUtana pASANayugIna rAkhADiyAM mRtpAtro sAthe mizrita thaI gayAM. saurASTranAM leAthala ane raMgapura e be mukhya keMdromAMnI haDappIya saMskRtinI paDatInI avasthAnA tAga meLavyA pachI khIjAM vadhu nAnAM keMdro tarapha vaLIe, jeNe samaya ane sthaLanI dRSTie siMdhu sabhyatAnA vistAramAM mahattvane bhAga bhajanmyA ane eka bAju mAtRsaMskRti sAthe teA khIjI bAju haDappIyAnAM samudrapAranAM saMsthAnA sAthe navA saMbaMdha bAMdhyA. cyA. zrInAthagaDha (rADI ) leAthalamAMnA trIjA pUra (I. pU. 2000) pachI tarata ja vadhu sArI sahIsalAmatI mATe haDappIyeA saurASTranA dvIpakalpanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM khasyA. keTalAka raMgapuramAM jaI sthira thayA ane cADhA khIjA pazcima dizAbhaNI

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184] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. khasyA, paraMtu siMdhu ane sAbaramatInI khINomAMthI nirvAsitenI bharatI thaI ane dvIpakalpamAMnI moTA bhAganI nadIonI khINomAM e vasavATa karavA pAmyA e lothala khAtenA cothA pUra (I. pU. 1900) pachI ja banyuM. bhAdaranI khINamAM rojaDI, sulatAnapura, dAda ane ATakeTa, dakSiNa-pazcima kAMThe prabhAsa ane UnA, ane ghele ane AjI nadIonI khINomAMnAM bIjAM ghaNuM gAmonA jevI emanI grAma-vasAhatemAMthI maLatA kuMbhArI purAvAnI kALajIbharI tapAsa spaSTa rIte batAve che ke haDapIe vikasita haDappIya kuMbhArakAmanA prakArano upayoga zarU karI dIdho hato. Ama chatAM e kharuM che ke A haDappIya sthAnamAM kAMgarIvALI, nimnannata thALI ane chIdravALI baraNI jevA keTalAka prApha-kAlIna prakAra paNa bacI javA pAmyA hatA, paraMtu koI cokkasa tabakkAmAM anukAlIna AkAranI hAjarI e tabakakAne samaya nakakI karavAmAM pramANarUpa gaNAya. A pUrve batAvAyuM che ke e uttarakAlIna haDappIya leke ja hatA ke jeo abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lekene ane rAkhaDiyAM mRtpAtra vAparanArA lekene anukrame rojaDI ane prabhAsamAM maLyA hatA. rojaDI ArUDha haDappIya sthaLa hatuM ke nahi ene nirNaya karavA mATe nIce ukhanita sAdhanasAmagrInuM vadhu parIkSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. rojaDInA kAla 1 nI capaTa thALI ane UMcI DokavALI baraNInA niHzaMka namUnA maLI AvyA che, je beu lothala cA mAM dAkhala thayelA lAkSaNika rIte uttarakAlIna haDappIya ghATa che. Ama nirvAsita vasAhatIoe selakhaDIne jhINA maNakA, AkRti upasAvelA kArneliyananA maNakA, carTanAM ghanAkAra tolAM ane keTalAka prAphakAlIna kuMbhArI prakAra (paTTa 6, A. 88-108), khAsa karIne rojaDI khAtenI che ghATanI baraNa, vAparavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. e hakIkta hovA chatAM A sthAnane ArUDha haDappIya vasAhata gaNI zakAya ema nathI, kAraNa ke emAM lothala sahitanAM siMdhu-zaheramAMnI nAgarika zistane abhAva hato. rojaDI su-Ayojita nahatuM ane thala ane raMgapure enA ArUDha tabakkAmAM saphAI vizenI je ochAmAM ochI sagavaDene anubhava karyo hato. te paNa bhogavI na hatI. thoDAMka sivAya lagabhaga badhAM makAna mATInAM hatAM, je lethala nA samayanI jema bAMdhakAmanA dhoraNamAM bhAre paDatIne spaSTa rIte khyAla Ape che. kArbana-14 samaya (3920+115 bI. pI.) paNa sUcave che ke haDapIe rojaDImAM pahele vasavATa I. pU. 1900 nI AsapAsa karyo hato, paraMtu enAthI vahele, ArUDha haDappIya saMskRtinA ucca biMdue nahi, 158-59lmAM e sthaLe thayelA ukhananane pariNAme kAla 1 mAM 2 ane A

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Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtie evA be tabakkA tAravavAmAM AvyA hatA. tabakkA 1 3 mAM rahevAsIo mATInI pIThikA upara UbhAM karAyelAM mATInAM makAnamAM rahetA hatA ane pharasabaMdhI cUnAnI karavAmAM AvatI. mukhya kuMbhArI pAtro lAla mRtpAtro ane bhUrAM mRtpAtra hatAM. abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra mAtra nAnA jaththAmAM maLyAM hatAM. tabakko A samRddhine samaya darzAvatuM hovAnuM kahevAya che ke je samaye caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtranI thALIo sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya tevI thALIo vaparAtI hatI evuM manAya che, e raMgapuranA 2 phunI samakAlInatA sUcave che. A tabakkAmAM rahevAsIone prabhAsa mRtpAtra paNa jANItuM hatuM. rahevAsIonAM ojAramAM tAMbA ke kAMsAnI capaTa vIMdhaNe, bANa-LAM ane mAchalAM pakaDavAnI gala sAthosAtha kansedanI ane jesparanI nAnI patarIone samAveza thato hato. ukhananamAMthI maLelAM-eka akIkanuM ane bIju carTanuM ema-be ghanAkAra tolAM sUcave che ke e lokoe hajI siMdhu tela-pramANane tyAga karyo nahoto. zarIranA alaMkAro mATe e leke selakhaDInA jhINuM maNakA ane pAkI mATInA naLI-ghATanA maNakAne upayoga karatA hatA. lothala va mAM khUba ja kapriya evA kArneliyananA maNakA rojaDI 1 2 mAM virala hatA. rejaDI 1 yAne kArbana-14 samaya I.pU.1970+115 ane 1745+105 (5730nA ardha-jIvana mUlyanI gaNatarIe) che. spaSTataH rojaDImAM uttarakAlIna haDappIya lekenuM paheluM Agamana I pU. 1900 mAM ke saheja vaheluM thayeluM aMkAya. A uttarakAlIna haDappIya saMskRtine lagabhaga I. pU 1600 mAM aMta Avyo. abarakhiyAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lokee rejaDIne kabaje, haDappIya leke takhatA upara AvI pahoMcyA te pahelAM, ghaNA samaya upara lIdhe haze. i, prabhAsa A samudrakAMThAnI vasAhatane sAMskRtika krama vistRta rIte nizcita thayo che. 22 emAM kAla 1 mAM be upatabakakA sAthe ane kAla 2 mAM traNa upa-tabakkA sAthe pAMca kAla tAravI batAvAyA. kAla 1 anukAlIna haDappIya saMskRtinuM ane kAla 2 caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinuM pratinidhitva batAve che. tabakakA 1 ma mAM prabhAsamAM pahele nivAsa karanArA leka saurASTra dvIpakalpanA Adya sAMskRtika samUhamAM rADiyAM mRtpAtra vAparanAra leka hatA. e leka vistRta rIte kotarelAM

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fiwr, itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ane khAMcAdhAra rAkheDiyAM mRtpAtrone upayoga karatA hatA, je tabakkA mA mAM paNa cAlu rahyAM, jyAre jene "prabhAsa mRtpAtra evuM nAma apAyeluM, te navAM kuMbhArI pAtra sauthI prathama vAra jovAmAM AvyAM (paSTa 31, A. 154). buTTA kAMgarIvALA AkAranA ane sIdhI bAjuvALA halakI keTinA haDapIya prakAranA vADakA jevA vikasita kuMbhArI prakAronA saha-astitvathI ene silasilAbaMdha samaya AMkavAnuM zakya banyuM che. tethI karIne prabhAsa 1 mA ne lothala nI sAthe sarakhAvavAmAM kaMI aDacaNa nathI. samagra rIte jotAM samaya 1 nagara-AyeAjana ane jAhera saphAI jevI ArUDha haDappIya saMskRtinAM kaI sthApatyakIya lakSaNa darzAvato nathI ke enAM mRtpAtra lAkSaNika siMdhu zailImAM alaMkRta nathI. prabhAsanAM mRtpAtra lIlAza paDatA raMganAM ke hariyALI rAkhoDiyA raMganAM che ane AchA gulAbI raMganA lepa upara cekaleTa raMgamAM ke bhUrAza paDatA raMganA lepa upara AchA gulAbI raMgamAM citrita che, jemAM mukhya prakAra khUNiyA pADatI dhAra sAthenA aMtargoLa vADakAne che. citrabhAvomAM samUhamAM dorelI rekhAMkita paTTIo ane trAMsI tathA taraMgAkAra rekhAone samAveza thAya che. A mRtpAtra rojaDI 1 cA mAM ane madhya sairASTranAM bIjAM ceDAM sthAnamAM jANavAmAM AvyuM che. prabhAsano kAla 2 caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinAM Agamana, samRddhi ane paDatIne anukrame khyAla ApatA , mAM ane 6 evA traNa tabakkAomAM vibhAjita thAya che. I. caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRti alaga sAMskRtika lakSaNa tarIke caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtrone AvibhAva pahelAM raMgapura khAte kAla 2 2 mAM oLakhI kADhavAmAM Avyo hato, jenA upalA starane samaya atyAre I. pU. 1700 ne AMkavAmAM Ave che. A saMskRtinI samRddhine khyAla ApatA raMgapuranA kAla ne aMta I. pU. 1300 mAM Avyo ke jyAre caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinI zobhAtmaka zailImAM paDatInI cokkasa eMdhANuo jevAmAM AvI. kAMgarIvALI thALI, TUMkI DekavALI baraNI, bahirgoLa bAjuvALuM pyAluM, nAnI phUDI ane moTI kaThI jevA lAkSaNika haDappIya ghATomAMthI navA kuMbhArI ghATa kema vikasyA ane raMgapura khAte kAla 26 mAM maNakA ane patarIo banAvavA navI sAdhanasAmagrI kevI rIte dAkhala thaI e vize A pahelAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che. caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtra pitamAM kharabacaDAM hatAM, paraMtu vAsaNanI sapATI bhInI karI lIsI karelI ane UjaLA lAla lepathI maThArelI hatI.

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Ai-etihAsika saMskRtio caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lekee uttarakAlIna haDappIya leka pAsethI apanAvelI citraNanI navI zailIne sthAne taraMgAkAra ane trAMsI rekhAo, gUMcaLAM ane pAMdaDAM, zailImaye pakSIo ane ropAnA bhAvonA citraNanI sAdI zailI apanAvI hatI. bhaumitika, ardhasvAbhAvika ane svAbhAvika bhAvonuM Anukramika paTTIomAM Avartana thatuM dekhAtuM nathI. raMgapura ra ra ane 3 mAM mATInA caLaktA lAla vADakAo upara, 4 ghATanAM ziMgaDAMvALA AkhalAnI rUparekhA cItarAyelI maLI che. ajakulanAM prANuomAM pAchaLa vaLelAM ziMgaDAvALuM deDatuM haraNa e khUba ja lokapriya prANI che. prabhAsa, eraNa ane raMgapuranAM caLatAM lAla mRtpAtromAM jovAmAM AvelAM bIjAM sarvasAmAnya rUpAMkana te rekhAMkita paTTIo, sIDIo, laTaktAM gUMcaLAM, samUhamAM dorelI taraMgAkAra tathA trAMsI rekhAo, temaja rekhAMti hIrAonI ane trikoNonI haroLo che. prabhAsanA kAla 2 ne 33, ane 6 ema traNa tabakkAomAM vibhAjita karyo che, je anukrame caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinAM Agamana, samRddhi ane paDatIno khyAla Ape che. e I. pU. 1000 thI 1400 sudhInA samayanAM hovAnuM kahevAya che. A raMgapura 2 ru ane rU nA samaya sAthe sArI rIte baMdha bese che, paraMtu vadhu vakhata nahi to jyAM sudhI e raMgapuramAM TakI tyAM sudhI to e prabhAsamAM TakI rahI ane chevaTe sAdAM lAla mRtpAtromAM avanati pAmI. e dRSTie prabhAsa 2 6 nI caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinA paDatInA tabakakAne aMta I. pU. 1300 sudhI laMbAvI zakAya. samagra samaya daramyAna taraMgathI citrita kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtra rahelAM che ne e samaya rU mAM sAdAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtronA rUpamAM TakI rahe che. prabhAsanuM mahatva e rIte che ke e anu-haDappIya tAmra-pASANIya saMskRti ane AraMbhika lehayuga saMskRtinI vacce paDatA khAlI gALAne sAMkaDe kare che, kemake lekhaMDa pahelavaheluM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtromAMthI nIkaLI AvelAM sAdAM lAla mRtpAtronI sAthe sAtha dekhA de che. 12, anu-haDappIya tAmra-pASANayugIna saMskRtionA nirmAtAo gujarAtamAM lokhaMDa dAkhala thayAnA praznane hAtha dharyA pahelAM, je caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtro vAparanArA lake haDapI karatAM judA hoya te, evAM tpAtrone nirmAtA keNu hatA ane madhya bhArata temaja dakhaNamAMnA emanA paDezIo sAthe emanI sAmAnya sAMskRtika zRMkhalAo kaI hatI e nakkI

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ItihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA karavAne mATe ahIM thoDuMka aTakIe. nAnA gAmaDAomAM vasatA gopAlaka-anekRpIvala leke caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinA ane bIjI samasAmayika saMskRtinA nirmAtA hatA. teo AraMbhika bhUmikAomAM paththaranI patarIo ane hAthA mATenA ddhi vinAnuM capaTa vIMdhaNuM, bhAluM ane vaccenA upastara vinAnAM khaMjara jevAM sAdAM tAMbA ane kAMsAnAM hathiyAra vAparatA, paNa pachIthI teo ziMgaDAMvALAM khaMjara vagere vAparatA thayA hatA. emanA alaMkAromAM ardhakiMmatI paththara ane selakhaDIna-ane prasaMgavazAta tAMbAnAmaNakAone samAveza thato. tApI, godAvarI ane pravarAnAM pAtromAM ane AgaLa dakSiNamAM tuMgabhadrAnI khINamAM e leke mRtakone jamInamAM dATatA hoya evuM mAlUma paDI AvyuM che. A saMskRtionuM aMtima mULa cheka pazcima eziyAmAM meLavI zakAya ema sUcavAyuM che. ene mukhya purA kuMbhArIkAmane che. emAM pazcima eziyAmAM utpanna thayelA kuMbhArIkAmanA prakAranuM udAharaNa apAyuM che jevA ke raMgapura 2 ru ane rU, nevAsA ane nAvaDATelImAMthI maLela ghoDIvALo vADake athavA hAle athavA dArUnI pyAlI, ane nIka-nALacAvALA vADakA temaja naLA-nALacAvALI baraNIo.23 dArUnI vAlInA mULanI bAbatamAM evuM mAlUma paDI AvyuM che ke raMgapura khAte samaya 2 ru ane rU mAMnA haDappIya ghaDIvALA vADakAmAMthI e traNa bhUmikAomAM vikasI Avela che. hamaNAM e prakAzamAM AvyuM che ke nIka-nALacAvALA sAdA temaja citrita vADakAnuM mULa kRSNa nadInI khINanA nUtana pASANayuganA vADakAmAM hatuM. enA vikAsanI aneka bhUmikAo rAyacura jillAmAM AvelA utanara ane sAMgaNApallI khAte tathA karnala khAte spaSTa rIte jovAmAM Ave che. AthI dArUnI pyAlI ane nIka-nALacAvALAM pyAlAnA mULa mATe IrAna ke pazcima eziyAnA bIjA koI deza tarapha jovAnI jarUra nathI. bIjuM, IrAnathI laI godAvarInI khINa sudhImAM A kuMbhArI prakAranI vaheMcaNImAM kaI bhaugolika sAmIpya nathI. trIju, pazcima eziyAI kuMbhArIkAma sAthe joDAyeluM vadhu mahatvanuM lakSaNa, arthAta gUMcaLA-hAtha, bhAratIya tAmrapASANayugIna kuMbhArIkAmamAMnI enI gerahAjarIthI tarI Ave che. chelle, lekhaMDa ane rADiyAM pAtra hissAra rU ane anAu re mAMnA A kuMbhArIkAmanA prakAro sAthe saMbaMdha dharAve che, jyAre e nevAsA ane nAvaDA TolI khAtenA cokhkhA tAmra-pASANayugIna saMdarbhamAM jovA maLe che. caLakatAM lAla pAtra vAparanArA leka lekhaMDa vAparatA nahotA. cothuM, jyAre caLakatAM lAla pAtronI saMskRti raMgapura ane prabhAsa khAte I. pU. 1700 thI 1300 sudhInI ane mALavA

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Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtio ane banAsanI saMskRtio I. pU. 1800 thI 1200 sudhInI che, tyAre siyAka nekepila cA ane tepe giyAna 1 mATe samaya I.pU. 1000-800 ne che. samayanI dRSTie vadhu vahelI bhAratIya tAmra-pASANayugIna saMskRtioe IrAnanI lehayugIna saMskRtiomAMthI kazuM uchInuM lIdhuM hovAnuM zakya nathI. madhya bhAratanA tAmrapASANayugIna kuMbhArIkAma upara jovAmAM AvelA, nAcatI AkRtio ane vIkharAyelA vALavALA mAnavonI paMktio jevA citrita bhAva aMzataH haDappIya smazAna Tu nI saMskRtimAMnA taLapadA kalA-bhAvomAM ane aMzataH bahAranI asaramAM meLavI zakAya che, paraMtu teone IrAnathI bhArata sudhInA loka-saMcAraNane lAgu pADI zakAtA nathI. A pachI e prazna Ave che ke bhAratanI ana-haDappIya tAmra-pASANayugIna saMskRtionA nirmAtA Arya hevAnuM kahI zakAya ke kema. alaga rIte laIe te caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRti ArUDha haDappIya kAlamAM gujarAtamAM vaselA eka Arya samUhanI saMskRtine avazeSa hevAnuM kahI zakAya. e pramANe uparavAsanI gaMgAnI khINanI kSIyamANa haDappIya saMskRti, jene "ge-raMganI kuMbhArI kAmanI saMskRti" evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che te, paNa Arya saMskRtine phaNage hAya. kamanasIbe, prabhAsa rU sivAya, I pU. 1300 pachInI caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArI saMskRtinI sAdAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtimAM thayelI avanati vize ApaNI pAse pUrato purAvo nathI. gujarAtanI pitAnI bahAra, kALA-ane-lAla citrita kuMbhAra-kAmanI paraMparA godAvarI-pravarAnA pAtrapradezamAM lagabhaga I. pU. 650 sudhI TakI hatI. uttara gujarAtamAM evAM be sthAna che je sUcave che ke caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtromAMthI sAdAM lAla mRtpAtromAM dhIme dhIme avanati thatI rahI. lothalanI uttare ATha ki. mI. ne aMtare kAnA sutariyA (tA. dhoLakA) nAmanuM eka sthAna che, jyAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtrone adhika vikAsa jovA maLe che. ahIM UMcI DokavALI baraNImAMthI geLa taLAvALI baraNI thayAnuM ane kAMgarIvALA vADakAmAM besaNavALuM taLuM vikasyAnuM maLe che. baMne prakAramAM lepane caLakATa cAlyo jAya che ane ghaNI vAra lepa pote ja sahelAIthI UkhaDI jAya che. citrakAmane bhAgyeja Azare levAmAM AvatA hato. A kALa daramyAna kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtra saurASTramAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI vipulatA daramyAna meLavelI vyApakatAne TakAvI rAkhe che. kasedanInI TUMkI patarIo vaparAzamAM cAlu rahI hatI. retiyA paththaranA goLAkAra daDA ane pakavelI kADhIne tathA paththaranA maNakA kAnasutariyAnA uttara tAmrapASANa

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190] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [.. yugIna starAmAMthI maLelA bIjA padArthomAM maLI AvyA che. mahesANuM jillAmAM vadhu uttare, gujarAtanA caulukya rAjAonI madhyakAlIna rAjadhAnI pATaNanI najIka sarasvatInA kAMThA upara sujanIpura (tA. pATaNa) nAmanuM sthaLa che. A nadI te e ja sarasvatI (dhAdhara) nadI che ke je uttara gujarAtamAM pharI darzana ApavA mATe ja rAjasthAnanAM retALa medAnamAM adazya thaI gaI hatI. e je kAMI hoya te, paraMtu eka vAta nizcita che ke lothalamAMthI ane sAbaramatInI khINanI bIjI vasAhatomAMthI nIkaLelA haDappIya nirvAsito uttara tarapha khasyA. A hakIkta parathI kansedanInI patarIo ane kALAM-ane-lAla mRtmAnI sAthosAtha lIlAza paDatA raMganAM ane lAla mRtpAtromAM sujanIpura khAtenAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronA prakArone maLatAM kuMbhArIkAmanA prakAranA astitvane khulAse maLe che. A saMbaMdhamAM, mahesANuM najIka zRMgI hAthAvALI tAMbAnI traNa talavAranI tAjetara(I. sa. 1968)nI zodha khUba ja mahatvanI che. sAdA lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA leka pitAnA saraMjAmamAM gaMgAnI khINanA tAMbAnA saMgraho sAthe haMmeza saMbaMdha dharAvatA tAMbAnAM hathiyAronA navA prakAra laIne uttara dizA tarapha hilacAla karatA hatA evuM e batAve che, paraMtu jyAM sudhI vadhu cakkasa svarUpane purAvastukIya purAvo maLe nahi tyAM sudhI A saMgrahanuM nirmANa koNe kareluM che e bAbatamAM aTakaLa karavI e jokhamabhareluM che. 13. prAcIna lohayuga prabhAsanA vasavATanI vAtane pAchI hAtha dharatAM, kAla rUmAM lokhaMDanuM prathama darzana gujarAtanA Agha-ItihAsamAM sImAcihna tarIke gaNAvuM joIe. raMgapura (I. pU. 1300)nA uttarakAlIna starAmAM paNa lehayukta tAMbAnA gaThThA maLI AvyA hatA, chatAM eTalA parathI caLakatAM lAla vAsaNa vAparanArA lokone leha-kriyApaddhatinuM jJAna hovAnuM kahI zakAya nahi. bIjI bAju, prabhAsa ( kAla rU) ane prakAza (kAla 2) khAte teonI pachI tarata ja AvelA lekene A jJAna dharAvavAno yaza ApI zakAya ema che. kamanasIbe prabhAsamAMthI lokhaMDanA padArtha maLyAne prasiddha purAvo nahivata che, paraMtu e sthaLethI maLelA padArthonA thayelA upalaka abhyAsa uparathI evuM kahI zakAya ke prabhAsa rU nA staramAMthI bANunA leDhAnA phaLAne TukaDo maLI AvyA hatA. anyatra thayelAM ukhananoe bhAratamAM thayelA lekhaMDanA praveza upara tAje prakAza nAkhe che. sAhityika purAvA pramANe lokhaMDa I. pU. 1000 AsapAsa praveza pAmyAnuM kahI zakAya. A samaya uttara pradezanA etAha jillAmAMnA AtaraMjI kheDA

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A aitihAsika sarakRtie [191 mATenA kArbana-14 nA nirNayathI pramANita karI zakAya che. e I.pU. 10256110 nA staramAM citrita rAkhoDiyAM mRtpAtro sAthe jokhaMDanuM prathama darzana sUcave che. bIjI bAju, prakAza khAte lekhaMDane praveza I.pU. 7 mI sadInA aMta bhAgamAM batAvAya che. dakSiNamAM lehayuganA AraMbha mATe I. pU. 7mI sadI karatAM vadhu vahele samaya bahu bharosApAtra dekhAto nathI. sadbhAgye, maisUra rAjyamAM dhAravADa jillAnA halUra khAte lekhaMDa dharAvatA stara mATenA kArbana-14 ne nirNaya A viSayamAM khUba ja sahAyaka nIvaDyo che. mahAzilAyugIna kuMbhArIkAma ane lehane tAmrapASANayugIna sAmagrI sAthene ativyApa (overlap) I.pU. 9mI sadIno che. uttara bhArata tathA dakhaNamAM lokhaMDane praveza IpU. 1000 mAM thayo hovAnuM kahI zakAya che. Ama lehanA prathama darzanane khyAla Apato prabhAsane samaya 3 I. pU. 1000 ne kahevo joIe. Ama saurASTramAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRti(lagabhaga I. pU. 1300)nA aMta ane lehanA upaganA AraMbha(I. pU. 1000)vacce 300 varSane khAlI gALo paDe che. A saMbaMdhamAM samaya 2 ane 3 mAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtrone cAlu upayoga evuM sUcavato gaNavo joIe ke caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lekonAM paDatI ane aMta pachI prabhAsano vasavATa cAlu rahyo hato. prabhAsanA kAlarU mAM cAra peTA-kAla oLakhI batAvAyA che. Adya ane madhya staromAM ghasIne caLakatI karelI sapATIvALAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtra moTA pramANamAM maLI AvyAM che. mukhya prakAra vADakA ane thALIo che; vADakAne goLa taLiyuM che ane vahANanA sUtaka prakAranI hAMsa che. kAla rU ne aMte pita (fabric) jADAM rAkheDiyAM mRtpAtromAM avanati pAmyuM che. rAtAM pAtromAM malAI ane badAmI lepavALAM tAMsaLAM ane baraNIo A tabakkA daramyAna vaparAtAM hatAM. purAvastukIya purAvAne vicAra karyA pachI saurASTramAM lehanA praveza mATe sAhityika purAvo tapAsIe. tAMbAnI kAcI dhAtuo gALavA mATe joIe tenA karatAM vadhu uSNatAmAne ogALavAmAM Ave to leDhAnI kAcI dhAtu vadhu TakAu dhAtu upajAvI zake che ane tethI talavAra, bANanAM phaLo ane cakra jevAM vadhu vinAzaka hathiyArone mATe anukULa thaI rahe che evuM harivaMzamAM28 varNana maLe che. ema kahevAya che ke vadhu UMcI jAtanAM hathiyArone kAraNe kRSNane jarAsaMdha upara vijaya thayo. verAvaLa (prabhAsa) pAse dehetsarga najIka (bhAlakAmAM) vyAdhe mRganI brAMtithI kRSNa sAme tAkatI veLAe lehanI aNIvALA bAphaLAno upayoga karyAnuM paNa harivaMza kahe che, tethI e banavA joga che ke ghaNA vidvAne jene samaya I. pU. 1000 ane 900 nI vacce ake che te bhArata-yuddhanA

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192] [, itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA samayamAM lohane praveza thaze, paraMtu prazna AmAMnI kaI eka saMskRtinA nirmAtAone lehano upayoga karanArA leke tarIke oLakhI kADhavAne che. A mAna levA mATe ghaNuM hakadAra che. suMdara pitanAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtrone saMbaMdha prabhAsa khAte lehanA prathama praveza sAthe che, jyAre hastinApura ane AtaraMjI kheDAmAM citrita rAkhaDiyAM mRtpAtra che, je lehanI sAthe maLI Ave che. AkhAye dakhaNamAM ane tApInI khINamAM prakAza khAte paNa lehane upayoga karanAra prAcInatama lekenI mukhya kuMbhArIkAmanI sAmagrI kALAM-anelAla mRtpAtra hatI. Ama prabhAsa rU nAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtra vAparanArA lekene saurASTramAM I. pU. 1000 AsapAsa kyAreka lehane praveza karAvavAne yaza Apa asthAne na gaNAya. lehane upayoga karanArA prabhAsanA leka ImAratI lAkaDA ane mATInAM badhelAM chAparAMvALAM ane paththaranI pharasabaMdhIvALAM makAnamAM rahetA hatA. thAMbhalI-bakarAM sUcave che ke chAparAne lAkaDAnI thAMbhalIone Teke raheto. kiMmatI paththaranA maNakAonA ane strI-AkRtione maLatI hAthIdAMtanI taktIonA astitvathI nakkI karI zakAya che tema, A makAnanA rahevAsIo kharekhara samRddhimAna hatA. uttara pradezanAM kALAM lIsAM mRtpAtra peTA-kAla ra sA mAM prathama dekhA de che ane enI sAthe sAthe senAnI pattIthI AcchAdita garagaDI AkAranA jesparanA kApa jovA maLe che. pAMDavonA samaya pachI gujarAtanA vividha rAjakIya ekamone prAcInatama nirdeza pANininI "aSTAdhyAyI" mAM che, jemAM kaccha pradeza ane kaccha pradezanI khAsa vezabhUSA ane bhASA vize ullekha che. pANini vaLI kuti-surASTro ane ciMti-surASTrone paNa nirdeza kare che, je sUcave che ke kuMti ane ciMti nAmanA rAjavaMzane sairASTra sAthe saMbaMdha hato.29 e ja rIte pANininA "gaNapATha" mAM Anartane nirdeza spaSTa rIte sUcave che ke pANininA samayamAM e eka suvikhyAta rAjakIya ekama hato. * chelle e anukRtine nirdeza karI laIe ke bharukaccha arthAta bharUca I.pU. para8 mAM mRtyu pAmelA gaNAtA ujajayinInA mahAna samrATa pradyotanI rAjakIya sattA nIce hatuM. A saMbaMdhamAM e seMdhavuM joIe ke bharUcanI sAmenA aMkalezvaranI pazcime ATha ki. mI. nA aMtare AvelA nAgala khAte thayelA ukhanana parathI anu-mahegAma kAlamAMnA kALAM-anelAla mRtmAtra

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muM] Agha-aitihAsika saMskRtio [193 vAparanArA lekene cheka maurya samaya sudhI cAlu rahele vasavATa prakAzamAM AvyA che. emAM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinA traNa tabakkA tAravavAmAM AvyA che, jemAMnA prAcInatamamAM kasadanInI TUMkI patarIono upayoga thato hato. sahuthI uttarakAlIna tabakkAne samaya uttara pradezanAM kALAM lIsAM mRtpAtra dekhAvAne kAraNe AMkaDo vadhu saraLa che. AthI tAravI zakAya ke narmadA-tApInA khINa pradezamAM caLakatAM lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtinI paDatI thayA pachI ahIM kALAM-ane-lAla mRtpAtronI saMskRtino vikAsa thayo. lATanuM mukhya vepArI mathaka-bharUca ujajayinInA samartha rAjavI pradyotanA rAjakIya zAsana nIce AvyuM. e I. pU. 1 lI sahastrAbdInA madhya kALamAM banyuM. mahAvIra ane buddhanA samayathI AgaLa AvatAM te bhAratano rAjakIya, sAmAjika ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa vadhu sArA rUpamAM dastAvejI thayA che. 14. upasaMhAra upasaMhAramAM kahI zakAya ke jyAre kudaratI Aphatane bhaya toLAto hato tyAre siMdhu khINanA lekene ja nahi, anu-haDappIya kAlamAM gaMgA-yamunA doAbanA Aryone paNa bIju nivAsasthAna pUruM pADI gujarAte Adya aitihAsika kAlamAM bhAre mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hato, paraMtu gujarAta na hota te, jyAre magadhanA ane kuranA rAjavIoe bhaya upajAvyo tyAre, vaidika ane anu-vaidika AryonI keTalIka sAMskRtika paraMparAo jaLavAI zakI na hota. gujarAte pazcimI jagata sAthe paNa kaDI tarIke bhAva bhajavyo che. jyAre jyAre bhAratIya saMrakRtine karmakAMDa ane rUDhicustatAthI gUMgaLAvAne bhaya Ubho thato hato tyAre tyAre gujarAtanA vANijiyaka saMparkoe ene tAjI havA ApI hatI. Aje paNa e je pramANe karatuM AvyuM che te pramANe Adya-aitihAsika yugamAM eNe bhAratanI bhautika temaja AdhyAtmika samRddhine sabaLa rIte pradAna karyuM hatuM. pAdaTIpe 1. Prof. S. S. Sarkar's Report, Excavations at Lothal (in the Press) 2. B. K. Chattarjee and R. D. Kumar, Anthropology on the March (Madras, 1963), pp. 104-110 3. haDappIca vastInAM nRvaMzIya lakSaNo vizenI vadhu vigato mATe juo: Sewell and Guha, "Human Remains", Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, Ch. XXX 21a S. S. Sarkar, Ancient Races of Baluchistan, Punjab and Sind, p. 60

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14] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [31. 4. si'dhu lipinI vadhu vigatA mATe jaeka H. Heras: Studies in Proto Indo-Mediterranean Culture; B. Hrozny: Ancient History of Western Asia, India and Crete; G. R. Hunter, The Script of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro; Y.V. Knorozov and others, Proto Indica 1968, Academy of Sciences of USSR; S. K. Roy, Indus Script Memorandum No. 1 (1963) and Memorandum No. 2 (1965); Asko Parpola and others; Decipherment of the Proto-Dravidian Inscriptions of the Indus Civilization 4 P. V. Kane, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. IV. pp. 232 ff. 6. anya haDappIya sthaLAnAM kAna-14 samayAMkana mATe jue : Allchin Bridget and F. R.: The Birth of the Indian Civilization 7. IrAnI akhAtanI mudrAenI carcA mATe jue : G. Bibby: Kurnl, pp. 75 ff. Antiquity, Vol. XXXII, pp. 243-46 <. Buchanan Briggs, "A dated seal connecting Eabylonia with Ancient India", Archaeology, 20. No. 2. p. 104; S. R. Rao; "A persian Gulf Seal from Lothal," Antiquity (June 1963) pp. 96-99 e. Sir Mortmeer Wheeler, Early India and Pakistan, pp. 109-110 10. S. R. Rao, Expedition, op. cit.; S. R. Rao, Antiquity, op. cit.; A. L. Oppenheim, "The Seafaring merchants of Ur", the Journal of American Oriental Society, (1954), 74, pp. 6-17 22. V. G. Childe: New Light on the Most Ancient East 13. G. Bibby, Antiquity, op. cit. 13. S. N. Kramer: "Dilmun: Quest for Paradise", Antiquity (June 1963), pp. 111-115. 14. muina ane sumeranA vepAra paranI sAmAnya carcA mATe juo: G. Bibby, Four Thousand Year Age. and A.L. Oppeheim, op. cit. 14. S. R. Rao, "Lothal and Susa", Summary of Papers, International Congress Orinetalists (New Delhi, 1965) 1. M. R. Sahani 19. Indian Archaeology, 1963-64, pp. 10-12 e. S. R. Rao, Ancient India, Nos. 18-19, pp. 7-207

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A aitihAsika sarakRtio 14. S. R. Rao, Presidential Address, Proceedings of Historical Conference on Keladi Dynasty. 20. AhADa, nAsika, jerave, nevAsA, caMdelI, dAImAbAda, bahala, prakAza, eraNa, takalakoTa vagerenI tAmrapASANa saMskRtionA saMkSipta paricaya mATe juoH H. D. Sankalia, Prehistory and Protohistory in India and Pakistan 2. Ibid, 1957-58, p. 18 and 1958-59, pp. 20-21 22 M. A. Dhaky, Indian Prehistory, pp. 124-127 23. Sankalia, op. cit., pp. 199-200 28 B. K. Thapar, Indian Prehistosy, p. 162 24. S. R. Rao, Ancient India, Nos. 18-19, p. 188 26. Ibid, p. 189. 20. B. Subba Rao, Personality of India, pp. 133-34 28. rivaMza, 2, 4, 6-10 Re. V. S. Agrawala, India as known to Panini, p. 61

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khaMDa 3 Anuzrutika vRttAMtaH Adya-atihAsika kAla

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prakaraNa 8 zAyatA, bhRguo ane haihayo 1. paurANika anukRtio ane Agha-itihAsa purAtana ghaTanAonA maukhika saMkramaNane anuzruti (tradition) kahe che. ' prAcIna prajAonA prAraMbhika ItihAsanI anukRtiomAM mythnuM pramANa ThIka ThIka raheluM hoya che. Myth eTale laukika ghaTanAne alaukika stara para laI jatI anuzruti. mAnava jIvananI ekAda ghaTanA ke vyaktinA nirUpaNamAM alaukika tattva umerAtAM myth janme che; emAM laukika stara para banelI ghaTanAne alaukika stara para banelI hevAnuM kahevAmAM Ave che. purANonA vaMza ane vaMsthAnucaritavALA bhAgomAM paNa daivI guNovALA puruSonAM carita paNa maLe che. RSio ane rAjAonA vaMzonI sAthe devatAonA vaMzenI jALavaNInuM kArya paNa sUtonI pharajamAM gaNAtuM; joke upalabdha vaMzamAM devonA vaMza che nahi, paraMtu mAnavavaMzanA AlekhanamAM alaukika tattva ThIka ThIka pramANamAM dekhA de che. amuka vaMzanI zarUAta devothI thaI hovAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che. dA. ta. vivasvata (sUrya)nA putra te AdA puruSa manu deva sAme bRhaspatinI patnI tArAnuM haraNa karyuM; tArA tathA temanuM saMtAna te budha. aitihAsika anukRtionuM Alekhana alaukika tatva sAthe mizrita che, to paNa purANomAM AvatI aneka kathAo ane upAkhyAnanI sarakhAmaNIe vaMze ne vaMsthAnacaritamAM myth ghaNI ochI che. Myth paNa kevaLa kalakapita che ne aitihAsika bIjathI rahita che evuM te nathI ja; svAbhAvika rIte myth (alaukikAkhyAna) mAM atizayokti ane kalpanAnA

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200] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA aMzanI mAtrA ghaNI vadhAre hoya che, chatAM alaukikAkhyAnamAM prajAjIvananI ekAda mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAnI smRti saMgharAyelI che; emAM jAti-mAnasanuM darzana thAya che. purAtana rivAjanI pratIti thAya che ane tethI mythnuM paNa itihAsalekhananA sAdhana tarIke mahattva che. Myth prajAjIvananA keI eka pAsA para prakAza nAkhatuM hovAthI itihAsane lekhaka enI avagaNanA karI zake nahi. ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna alaukikAkhyAnane avizvasanIya gaNavAnuM valaNa itihAsakAramAM pravarla, paNa vartamAna itihAsakAro alaukikAkhyAnanI alaukika vigatone tajI, e AkhyAnanA mukhya kathAnakamAM rahelAM etihAsika ghaTanAnAM bIja lakSamAM levAnuM valaNa dharAve che. anuzrutinI gaNanA itihAsanI sAdhana-sAmagrImAM thAya che. pramANita aitihAsika kAla pUrvene vADamaya ItihAsa ghaNe aMze anuzrutirUpe jaLavAI rahyo che. prAcIna jAtio pitAnA vIronI parAkrama-gAthAo zarUAtamAM peDhIthI peDhIe UtarI AvatI maulika anuzrutio-pe yAda rAkhatI. samaya jatAM e lekhanArUDha thatI. bhAratanA itihAsamAM pramANita aitihAsika kAla gautama buddha ane mahAvIra svAmInA samayathI gaNavAmAM Ave che. e pUrvene ItihAsa ghaNe aMze purANomAM Apela anuzrutirUpe upalabdha che. vedakAlIna sAhityamAM purANa-sAhityanI hayAtInA ullekha atharvavedathI prApta thAya che. vaidika graMthe mukhyatve dhArmika sAhitya che. emAM AvatAM pAtro ke prasaMgene sarvAga rIte samajavA mATe itihAsa-purANanI mAhitI jarUrI banatI. eTale ja manAtuM ke vedonuM arthaghaTana tathA arthavistaraNa purANanI madadathI karavuM. paurANika vRttAMtinI paraMparA ghaNI prAcIna hatI evuM sAbita karatA zabdasamUha che, iti == buma, azubhramaH ItyAdi. purANa-sAmagrInI jALavaNI karanAre sUtavarga hato. purANonA prathama saMkalana-kartA kRSNa dvaipAyana vyAsa hatA. emaNe purAtana AkhyAne, upAkhyA, ane gAthAomAMthI purANa-saMhitA karI ane enuM jJAna romaharSaNane ApyuM sUta maharSaNe enA cha ziSyane purANasaMhitA zIkhavI.deg koI viziSTa prasaMge ke utsavamAM purANenuM paThana thatuM ? prAcIna atihAsika kAlamAM paNa purANapaThananuM mahatva hatuM evuM kauTilyanA arthazAstrathI jaNAya che. sUta-mAgane rAjya taraphathI vetana maLatuM. 12 e uparAMta rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM purANa-zravaNa arthe thoDo samaya phAjala rAkhavAmAM Avato

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zAyata, bhRguo ane hetu purANanA mULa viSaya pAMca hatAH sarjana, pralaya ane punaHsarjana, manuonA yuga, vaMza ane vaMzanI (viziSTa) vyaktionAM carita. samaya jatAM A pAMca viSaya purANamAM gauNa sthAna pAmyA ane anya sAmAjika-dhArmika viSaya(jevA ke varNAzrama dharma, vrata, tIrthamAhAtma, AcAra, prAyazcitta, pUjA, sto vagere)e mukhya sthAna meLavyuM. pariNAme purANo atihAsika anuzrutinA graMtha maTI dhArmika graMthomAM parivartana pAmyAM.15 - Ama chatAM aitihAsika anuzrutio vaMze ane vaMsthAnucarita-rUpe, khAsa karIne rAjavaMze ane rAjacarito-pe, purANomAM sacavAI rahI. A paraMparAo ghaNuM jUnI che. vaMzAvaLIonA niSNAtonuM astitva vaMzavida16, vaMzavittama'17 ke samavaMzavida18 jevA zabdo parathI phalita thAya che. purANo rAjavaMzAvaLIonA nirUpaNamAM pachInA rAjavaMzane kula rAjyakAla tathA te te vaMzanA dareka rAjAne rAjyakAla paNa Ape che. rAjA parIkSitanA janma ane mahApadmanaMdanA rAjyArohaNa vacceno samayagALe paurANika anuzruti 1050 (ke 1015) varSane jaNAve che.19 paurANika vaMzAvaLIo vigate manu vaivasvatanA samayathI zarU thAya che. e agAu cha manvantarene lagatI anuzruti ghaNu apa pramANamAM jaLavAI che. manu vaivasvatathI zarU thatI prAcIna rAjavaMzAvaLIonI uttaramaryAdAnuM sImAcihna che bhAratayuddha, je prAcInakAlane eka zakavartI banAva hato. emAMnI keTalIka vaMzAvaLIo bhArata-yuddha sudhInA samayane AvarI le che, te keTalIka e pachInA pAMcasAta rAjAonA rAjyakAla sudhI vistare che. emAM e rAjAone "sAMprata' (vartamAna) kahelA hoI e vaMzAvaLIo tyAre lakhAI lAge che. AgaLa jatAM emAM pachInI keTalIka rAjavaMzAvaLIo umerAI tyAre ene kaliyuganA "bhAvI" rAjAonI vaMzAvaLIo tarIke rajU karavAmAM AvI. A rAjavaMzAvaLIo mukhyatve guptakAlanA AraMbha sudhInI che. A parathI ema lAge che ke guptakAlanA AraMbhamAM sajavaMzane lagatI anuzrutiomAM adyatana sAmagrI umerAye purANenI rAjavaMzAvaLIonuM abhivRddha saMskaraNa thayuM. purANamAM jaNAvelI kaliyuganI A rAjavaMzAvaLIo paikI amuka uttarakAlIna rAjavaMzAvaLIo etihAsika kAlanA rAjavaMza mATe upayogI nIvaDI che. A rAjavaMzamAM jaNAvelA keTalAka rAjAo mATe samakAlIna abhilekhone purA ane/athavA anya sAhityika ullekhenuM samarthana maLatuM hoI zaizunAga, naMda, maurya,

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202] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA AMdha, zuMga, kavi vagere rAjavaMzonI atihAsikatA siddha thaI che. enI pUrvenA rAjavaMzenI etihAsikatA mATe evA nakakara purAvA prApta thayA nathI. chatAM ene lagatI keTalIka paurANika anuzrutionuM samarthana purAvastukIya purAvAthI thayuM che jemake purANomAM varNavAyela hastinApura, mAhiSmatI ane zrAvastI jevI nagarIonuM astitva khodakAma karatAM puravAra thayuM che, AnAthI uttarakAlIna vaMzanI jema e vaMza paNa thayA hovAnuM asaMbhavita gaNAtuM nathI. paraMtu A nagarIo sAthe saMkaLAyelA rAjAo vize viziSTa mAhitI ApatA purAvA purAvastukIya anveSaNamAMthI maLyA nathI. vaLI e rAjAone cakkasa samaya nakakI karI zakAto nathI. citihAsika purAvA ane cakkasa samayAMkanane lagatI A UNapane kAraNe paurANika anukRtiomAM jaNAvela A rAjavaMzone aitihAsika nahi, paNa A aitihAsika gaNavAmAM Ave che. AgaLa jatAM jema jema emAMnA je vaMzanI etihAsikatA aMgenA purAvA maLatA jAya che tema tema te vaMzane aitihAsika vaMza tarIke mAnya karavAmAM Ave evuM ItihAsa-vijJAnanuM valaNa raheluM che. A anusAra bhAratanA ItihAsamAM hAla gautama buddha ane mahAvIra svAmInA samakAlIna rAjA biMbisArathI zarU thatA rAjAonI etihAsikatA mAnya thaI heI, e agAunA sarva rAjAo tathA rAjavaMzane hAla Agha-aitihAsika gaNavAmAM Ave che. A vaMzamAM aittvAku ane ala vaMza khAsa noMdhapAtra che; AgaLa jatAM e anukrame sUryavaMza ane caMdravaMza gaNAyA che. ala vaMzanA rAjA yayAtinA kulamathI yAdava ane paurava jevI zAkhAo thaI. paurava vaMzamAMthI vaLI magadhane bAtha vaMza thaye. gujarAtanA saMdarbhamAM joIe te paurANika anuzrutiomAM mAtra zAryA, bhRguo ane yAdone lagatI keTalIka mAhitI jaLavAI che, je uttara tathA pUrva bhAratanA keTalAka pradezanA Anuzrutika vRttatinI sarakhAmaNIe ghaNI ochI che. vartamAna purANamAM rAjavaMzane lagatA bhAga vizuddha rUpe sacavAyA nathI; kaI vAra be judA rAjavaMzane eka ja vaMza tarIke vaNI levAmAM AvyA che ke alaga pradezamAM thayelA samakAlIna rAjavaMzane eka ja pradezanA pUrvApara vaMza tarIke rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. amuka rAjavaMzAvaLInA vRttAMtamAMthI keTalAka leka lupta thaI gayA che, to amuka vRttAMtamAM keTalAka zleka prakSipta karavAmAM AvyA

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zAyata, bhRguo ane haihaye che, AthI amuka vaMzonI cokkasa samayAvadhi tathA samakAlInatA paNa barAbara nakkI thaI zaktI nathI. A badhI UNapae paurANika anuzrutiomAM ApelA vRttAMtonI aitihAsikatA ghaTADavAmAM bhAga bhajavyo che. gujarAtane lagatI paurANika anuzrutiomAM ghaNe vRttAMta vismRtimAM vilupta thaI gayo jaNAya che, chatAM Abhilekhika ane Itara sAhityika sAdhane dvArA vizeSa mAhitI na maLe tyAM sudhI gujarAtanA Ada-itihAsa mATe A paurANika anukRtio, jevI ne jeTalI che te rIte paNa khAsa upayogitA dharAve che. ra, zAryA paurANika anuzruti pramANe vaivasvata arthAta vivasvata(sUrya)nA putra manunA IkvAku vagere daza putrone rAjavArasAmAM bhAratanA judA judA pradezanuM rAjya maLyuM tyAre emAMnA eka putra zaryAtine hAla gujarAta tarIke oLakhAtA pradezanuM rAjya prApta thayuM. vaidika sAhityamAM A rAjA zaryAtine zAryAta tarIke ullekha Ave che. TvedamAM zAyata bhUtakALanI koI vyakti tarIke Ave che, jyAre brAhmaNa sAhityara1-aitareya, zatapatha, jaimini-zAryAta mAnava(manuputra)ne ullekha bhRgukuLanA RSi cyavananA saMbaMdhamAM kare che. - rAjavaMzonA nirUpaNamAM purANa paikI 11 purANa ane mahAbhAratanI puravaNIrUpa harivaMza8 zAryAta vaMzanI mAhitI Ape che. anya rAjavaMzanA vRttAMtanI sarakhAmaNImAM zAyaMtane hevAla ghaNe TUMke che. paurANika paraMparA anusAra zaryAtine eka saMtAnayugala hatuM: putra Anarta ane putrI sukanyA. sukanyAne kevA saMjogomAM vRddha RSi cyavananI patnI thavuM paDayuM ene lagatA prasaMga brAhmaNa graMthamAM temaja mahAbhAratamAM paNa nirUpAye che. brAhmaNagraMthe A vRttAMta nIce mujaba Ape che: anya bhRguone svarga maLyuM tyAre vadhu ane azakta evana ekalA paDI gayA; e vakhate zAyata mAnava enI ToLI sAthe tyAM AvIne rahyo. zAyata kizoree AvI RSi avanane raMjADyA. bhUgue (vane) gusse thaI emanAmAM kusaMpanAM bIja ropyAM, pariNAme pitA-putra ane bhAI-bhAI aMdaroaMdara jhaghaDI paDyA.

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t. 4i] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA zAyaMtane kusaMpanuM kAraNa tapAsatAM govALe pAsethI jANavA maLyuM ke e mATe zAryAta kizo ja javAbadAra che, AthI e pitAnI putrI sukanyAne laI avana pAse gaye ne zArthIe karelA aparAdhanA prAyazcitta-rUpe sukanyA RSi avanane ApI. tyAra bAda AvA aparAdhanuM punarAvartana nivAravA zAryAta enA jAtibaMdhuo sAthe anya sthaLe cAlyA gaye. mahAbhArata" upara jaNAvela prasaMgane cokkasa sthaLa sAthe sAMkaLI nIce pramANe vRttAMta Ape che narmadA nadI ane vaidUrya parvata(sAtapUDA parvatanA pazcimI bhAga)nA pradezamAM vRddha RSi vana varSo sudhI tapazcaryA-rata rahyA. samAdhistha avanane valmIke DhAMkI dIdhA. e ja sthaLe rAjA zaryAti enA sainya sAthe AvyA. zaryAti sAthe AvelI juvAna rAjaputrI sukanyA sakhIvRMda sAthe ramatAM varbhIka pAse AvI. varmIkamAMthI be camatI vastuoe sukanyAnuM kautuhala jagAvyuM. 19mIkamAM saLI besatAM lehInI dhAra thaI, ne RSi cyavananI AMkhonI jyoti bujhAI gaI RSinA kepane pariNAme rAjA zaryAtinA sainikonAM maLamUtra baMdha thayAM. sainikone pUchatAM paNa zaryAtine kAraNe hAtha na lAgyuM. sukanyAe pitA pAse jaI sarva hakIkata kahI. zaryAti RSi samIpa kSamAyAcanA karavA gayA. vRddha RSie juvAna rAjaputrI sukanyAnA hAthanI mAgaNI karI ane rAjAe e svIkArI. purANamAM mAtra bhAgavatara A prasaMgane, najIvA pheraphAra sAthe rajU kare che. anya purANe sukanyAne avananI patnI kahe che, paNa kevA saMjogomAM e RSine paraNI e jaNAvatAM nathI. zaryAtinA rAjyapradezanA nAma vize anukRtiomAM kaMI ullekha Avato nathI. paraMtu AnartanA uttarAdhikArI revanA saMbaMdhamAM deza Anarta ane nagarI kuzasthalIne ullekha che. 27 "Anarta nAma pachInA samayamAM uttara gujarAta mATe vaparAtuM, paraMtu ahIM enI rAjadhAnI kuzasthalI (dvArakAnuM asala sthAna) jaNAvI hovAthI saMbhavataH e kAlanA Anarta pradezamAM saurASTrane samAveza thato haze. yAdavoe AvI zAryAnI ujajaDa banelI kuzasthalInA durgane samarAvI tyAM punarvasavATa karyA ane e nagarInuM "ThAravatI' nAme navanirmANa karyAne mahAbhAratamAM ullekha che.28 emAM vaLI e nagarIne "AnartanagarI' paNa kahI che. 28a A nagarI spaSTataH saurASTramAM AvelI hatI. 29 saMbhavataH zAyatane Anarta deza

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9 su* j zAryAtA, bhRthuA ane haiyA [ 201 saurASTra uparAMta uttara gujarAtane AvarI letA haze. pachInA samayamAM AnanuM pATanagara Ana Mdapura (vaDanagara) gaNAyuM, e parathI e nAmanA atha tyAre uttara gujarAta pUratA sImita thayA lAge che. pachInA samaye 'Ana' ane 'surASTra' ema e alaga pradeza gaNAtA.30 AnanA vaMzajonI khAkhatamAM purANAmAM vaMzAvaLInI A pramANe traNa pATha- paraparA maLe che. AmAM prathama paraMparA anusAra zAmAMtAnI vaMzAvaLImAM Ana pachI revanuM nAma Ave che, khIjI paraparA Anata pachI enA putra rAcamAnanuM ane rAyamAna pachI enA putra raivatu nAma jaNAve che, jyAre trIjI paraMparAmAM Ana pachI enA putra tarIke sIdhuM reva ke raivatanuM nAma Ave che. prathama paraMparAmAM revane Anane putra na kahetAM 'dAyAda' kahyo che e sUcaka che. saMbhava che ke rAcamAna pitAnI pahelAM akALa mRtyu pAmyA hoya ne tethI AnatanA pautra reva ke raivata gAdIe AvyA hoya. " revanA se| putromAM raivata kakunnI jyeSTha hatA, e kuzasthalInA svAmI thayA. raivata kakudrInA raivataka-revatAcala sAthenA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha enA nAma parathI phalita thAya che. kuzasthalIdvAravatI-nI bAjumAM * raivataka ' giri AvelA hatA.31 kakunnI' zabda paNa patavAcaka che. paurANika vaMzAvaLImAM raivata kakunnI zAryAta vaMzanA aMtima rAjA che. enA sabaMdhamAM tyAM eka anuzruti-2 ApavAmAM AvatI : raivata kakunnI potAnI putrI raivatIne lAyaka vara vize abhiprAya pUchavA brahmA pAse gaye| tyAre tyAM saMgIta cAlatuM hoI ene gheADI vAra thAbhavuM paDyu. saMgIta pUruM thatAM eNe brahmAne samakAlIna rAjAomAMthI peAtAnI kanyAne yAgya vara batAvavA pUchyuM tyAre brahmAe ene jaNAvyuM ke 'tyAMnI (brahmalAkanI) e theDI vAramAM mRtyulAkanA ghaNA lAMkhA kALa vItI gayA; A lAMbA gALA daramyAna tamArI rAjadhAnI puNyajana rAkSasAe naSTa karI hatI; e kuzasthalI have bhAja andhaka vRSNi * Adi yAdaveAthI vIMTaLAyelI che te dvAravatIne nAme oLakhAya che, yAdavA paikI khAdeva vAsudevane tArI kanyA paraNAva.' brahmAnI salAha anusAra revatIne khaladeva vAsudeva sAthe paraNAvI rAjA meru zikhara33 para tapa karavA cAlyA gaye|. A purANakathA parathI nIcenAM aitihAsika tathyAnI jhAMkhI thAya che: raivata konA samayamAM zAryaMta vazanI sattAne aMta AvyA. A atanuM kAraNa puNyajana rAkSasAnu kuzathalI para thayeluM AkramaNa hatu N. kuzasthalInA punaHva savATa

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. yAdavoe zrIkRSNa vAsudevanA samayamAM karyo tyAre raivata kakudhInA rAjyane anekAneka peDhIo thaI gaI hatI. baladeva vAsudevanI patnI revatI revatanA keI dUranA vaMzajanI putrI havAne saMbhava che, kAraNa ke revata kakudhI manu vaivasvata pachI cethI ke pAMcamI peDhIe thaye, jyAre baladeva vAsudeva 56mI peDhIe thayA. kAlAnvayanI A asaMgatatA dUra karavA brahmalakane lagatI A purANakathA upajAvI kADhelI jaNAya che. Ama zAyata vaMzamAM revata kathudhI pachI bIjA aneka rAjAo thayA haze, jeonAM nAma vismRtimAM vilupta thayAM lAge che. "puNyajana rAkSaso " e kaI jAtinA Akramaka haze ne teo kyAMthI caDI AvyA haze e vize kaMI mAhitI maLatI nathI, paraMtu teo tyAMnI rAjadhAnIne nAza karI tyAM jhAjho vakhata rahyA lAgatA nathI. Anuzrutika vRttAMta pramANe kuzarathalIne nAza pachI raivatanA bhAIo parvata pradezamAM ahIM tahIM vIkharAI gayA.34 haiyenI eka zAkhA pachInA samayamAM saMbhavataH "zAryAta' nAme oLakhAI. e parathI zAryAta AgaLa jatAM haihayA pradezamAM vasI emanA kulanI zAkhA-rUpe vilIna thayA lAge che. zAryAta rAjAonA vaMzajo nAza pAmelI kuzasthalI pAse AvelA raivataka girinA pradezamAM rahyA lAge che. e pachI keTalAka samaye tyAM yAdavo AvI vasyA ne kuzarathalInuM dvAravatIrUpe navanirmANa karI tyAM rAjya karavA lAgyA tyAre e raivataka pradezamAM vasatA zAryAta vaMzanA dUranA vaMzaje pitAnI kanyA baladeva vAsudevane paraNAvI hevI saMbhave che. A lagna dvArA AgaMtuka yAdava ane sthAnika purANA zAyaMta rAjakula vacce maitrI-saMbaMdha sadhAya lAge che. Ama ahIMnA rAjAo vize purANomAM ghaNI ochI mAhitI jaLavAI che, paraMtu Ala-etihAsika kAlanA pUrvArdhamAM rAjya karI gayelA jaNAtA zAyatanI smRti gujarAta ane enA samIpavata pradeza sAthe ThIka ThIka saMkaLAyelI che: rAjA AnartanA nAma parathI "Anarta deza, revanA nAma parathI saMbhavataH revA nAma, revata ke revatanA nAma parathI giri revataka;36 vaidUrya parvata (sAtapUDA parvatane pazcimI bhAga) ane narmadA nadI, jyAM zaryAtie AraMbhela yajJamAM adhinee semapAna karyuM.37

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8 muM] zAyata, bhRgue ane haihave 3. bhRguo ane haihayA agni bhRguonI bheTa che'.38 Aryone agnipUjAne vAraso ApanAra bhRguo hatA,39 kAraNa ke kadamAM bhRguo mukhyatve agnipUjA sAthe saMkaLAyelA dekhA de che. teo agni pragaTAvavAnI kaLAmAM kuzaLa lekhAyA che. RgvadanAM bethI sAta maMDalanA maMtradraSTA tarIke anuzrutimAM khyAti meLavanAra gRtsamada, vizvAmitra, vAmadeva Adi RSikuLanI jema bhRguo veda ane saptasiMdhu pradeza sAthe che saMbaMdha dharAvatA hoya ema lAge che. atharvavedanuM kartava bhRguo sAthe saMkaLAyeluM che. 42 atharvavedamAM atharvana (pavitra jAdu) ne aMgirasa (AbhicArika jAdu) maMtrone samAveza thato hovAthI A vedane "atharnAgirasa paNa kahyo che. gulika upaniSada(10)mAM bhRguone atharvamAM zreSTha kahyA che. ne "atharvana' zabda anipUjaka purohita arthe paNa vaparAte.43 "atharva ne sthAne kyAreka bhRgu" zabda paNa aMgirasa sAthe joDAto, tethI atharvaveda "bhUvaeNgirasa' nAme paNa oLakhAto.44 atharvaveda da karatAM koI judI ja bhUmikA para sarjAye che. vebaranA45 maMtavya pramANe atharvavedanuM sarjana pazcima bhAratanI bhUmi para thayuM lAge che. varuNapUjaka ne agnipUjaka bhRguo ane aMgirasanI karmabhUmi pazcima bhArata hovI saMbhave che. bhRgunA pitA varaNa kahyA che. 46 bhRgune brahmavidyA paNa varaNa pAsethI maLI.47 varaNa jala temaja pazcima dizAnA adhiSThAtA manAtA.48 pazcima dizAnA paryAyavAcI zabda "vAraNa"nuM mULa varuNa sAthe joDAyeluM che. anukRtiomAMthI maLatA uparanA purAvA parathI kahI zakAya ke bhRguo pazcima bhArata sAthe vadhu saMkaLAyelA haze. kadamAM bhRgukuLanI vibhUtio vizenA nirdeza AchA hovAthI, bhRguonI siddhionuM mUlyAMkana karavA, bhRguo vize vadhu mAhitI ApatA atharvaveda, brAhmaNagraMthe, mahAbhArata ane purANa para mukhyatve AdhAra rAkhavo paDe, chatAM pachInA graMthamAM jaLavAyelI bhRguone lagatI anukRtione samarthana kadanA AchA pAtaLA ullekho parathI maLe che kharuM. anukRtiomAM rAjAonAM tathA RSionAM kuLanI utpatti daivI batAvI che. manuM vivasvata(sUrya)mAMthI utpanna thayA ne manu vaivasvatamAMthI bhAratanA

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28] itihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA rAjavaMza udbhavyA. evI rIte RSikuLanI utpatti paNa kaI ne kaI deva sAthe sAMkaLavAmAM AvI che, jyAre purANomAM emanI utpatti brahmAmAMthI thaI hovAnuM kahyuM che. bhRgu brahmAnA putra hoya ke varuNanA putra, kaI devanA putra hovAnuM anuzrutio jaNAve che e mahattvanuM che. vaidika paraMparAmAM mAnabharyuM sthAna meLavanAra bhRguonI karmabhUmine spaSTa khyAla mahAbhArata ane purANanI anukRtiomAM meLavI zakAya che. gujarAtanA ati prAcIna baMdara bhaka750 (bharUca) ke bhRgukaccha sAthe jemanuM nAma saMkaLAyeluM che tevA bhRguo ke bhArgava gujarAta vizenI etihAsika anuzrutimAM mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. anukRtiomAM bhRguo e ati prAcIna RSikuLa che. brahmAnA ATha putro tarIke bhRgu, aMgirasa, marIci, atri, vasiSTha, pularatya, pulaha ane kratune ullekha che. gItAnuM "manAM mRduM vidhAna kapivarSa bhRgue meLavelI pratiSThAnuM sUcaka che. bhRguo samartha purohita hatA. rAjAnAM vidanenA nivAraNa arthe maMtrataMtramAM kuzaLa purohitanI jarUra rahetI, ne rAjAne purohita arthavane jANakAra hovAno Agraha rakhAta.53 bhRgunA baMne putrapa4- uzanasa kAvyapa" ane vyavana samartha purohita hatA. uzanas kAvya asuranA purohita hatA ne e samartha purohitane pitAne pakSe karavA dee lalacAvyA. uzanasa zukranI mAphaka emanA bhAI avana paNa prakhyAta puruSa nIvaDyA. avananA janma vize purANomAMpa7 saMkSipta ullekha che ke koI dUra karmane pariNAme bhRgupatnI paulemIne garbha AThame bhAse cuta thaye tethI e bALaka avana" kahevAya. mahAbhAratamAM 58 Ane vistAra nIce pramANe che: bhRgunI patnI pulemA(pIlImI)ne rAkSasa pulame bhRgunA AzramamAM joI. pahelAM pulemAne pulome pasaMda karelI ne e ene potAnI patnI gaNata, tethI rAkSase enuM haraNa karyuM. sagarbhA pulemAe ati vilApa karyo.59 ene garbha cuta thayo te bALaka cyavana. avananA samayathI bhUguonI ghaNI vyaktio gujarAta sAthe saMkaLAyelI che. cyavana gujarAtanA zAyata rAjakuLa sAthe saMkaLAyelA hatA e AgaLa joyuM. 9.

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8 muM] zAyata, bhRguo ane haihaye [ 29 mahAbhArata cyavananA tapasthAnane vaidUrya parvata (sAtapUDA) ane narmadA nadInI vaccenA pradezamAM gaNAve che. emAM eka anya sthaLe avananA Azramane vizvamitrA (vizvAmitrI) nadInI uttare manAka parvata pAse AvelA asita parvata para jaNAvavAmAM Avyo che. emAMnA anya nirdezaka anusAra divase pazcima samudramAM vAsa karanAra kAleya dAnavo rAtre AvI avananA Azramane raMjADatA. A parathI phalita thAya che ke cyavana ke enA vaMzajone vAsa samudranI samIpamAM haze. Ama avanane Azrama narmadAnA mukha samIpe ke tyAMthI De dUra uttare ke dakSiNe) hevo joIe. bhArukaccha dezanuM nAma AgaLa jatAM bhRgukSetra paDyuM ane bharukaccha nagara bhRgukaccha tarIke oLakhAyuM e hakIkata A anumAnanuM samarthana kare che. " avananI khyAti vaidika temaja paurANika sAhityamAM punayana prApta karanAra vyakti tarIkenI che. RgvadamAM 4 bacyavAna nAmathI oLakhAtA bhRguva azvinI kRpA vaDe punayauvana prApta karyAne ulekha che. e ja graMthamAM IndrapUjaka patha tUrvayANanA virodhI tarIke paNa avanane nirdeza thayo che, 5 ane azvine sAthe emane vizeSa saMbaMdha batAve che. A vAtane mahAbhArata ane purANamAM AvatA yavananI yauvanaprApti vizenA prasaMgamAM vaNuM levAmAM AvI che. zaryAtie sukanyA avanane ApI e vize ullekha AgaLa thayo che. tyAra pachIne prasaMga zatapatha brAhmaNa nIce pramANe Ape cheH pharatAM pharatAM AvI caDelA azvinakumAroe sukanyAne prema mA ne avana jevA dUbaLA pAtaLA patine tyajI pitAnI sAthe rahevA kahyuM. pitAnI AjJAmAM rahetI sukanyAe azvinI mAgaNe nakArI kADhI ne jIvanaparyata patine sAtha na cheDavAne pitAne nirNaya jaNAvyo. RSi vyavane A sAMbhaLI sukanyAne kahyuM ke azvinone teo apUrNa hovAnI vAta kahevI ne jyAre teo pitAnI apUrNatAne prakAra jaNAvavAnuM pUche tyAre tAre pahelAM "mArA patine javAna banAvo" evI zarata rajU karavI. azvinae e kabUla rAkhyuM. sukanyAe azvinA Adeza anusAra cyavanane sarovaramAM DUbakI marAvI, tethI cyavane Icchita vaya prApta karyuM. have emaNe pitAnI apUrNatAne prakAra pUchAtAM praznanA uttaramAM avane kahyuM ke kurukSetramAM thatA yajJamAMthI devoe tamane bAkAta rAkhyA che. AthI azvinee deva pAse jaI pitAne yajJamAM sAmela karavA mAgaNI karI, paNa azvine rogIo sAthe bhaLatA hovAthI dee ema karavA nA pADI,

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210]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA A prasaMga mahAbhArata nIce pramANe Ape che: vanamAM rUpavatI sukanyAne deva azvinoe joI. teoe ene bemAMthI ekanI patnI banavA kahyuM. sukanyAe potAnA vRddha patine yauvana ApavA azvinane vinaMtI karI. azvinakumAra avananA Azrame gayA. samIpanA sarevaramAM devo sAthe avane paNa DUbakI mArI, tethI vRddha RSi deva jevA svarUpavAna banI gayA. traNa ekasarakhA rUpavALA kumAremAMthI sukanyAe patine oLakhI lIdhA. avane khuza thaI azvinane sema-artha ApavAnI zarUAta karI. avananA punayauvana-prAptinA samAcArathI rAjA zaryAti khuza thayA. RSinA kahevAthI zaryAtie yajJa AraMbhyo, jemAM azvine e samapAna karyuM. asamapa azvine sema-artha ApavAthI deva idra kupita thayA ane vajI vaDe RSine mAravA doDyA, paNa avane enA hAtha thaMbhAvI dIdhA. bhAgavata purANa9 A prasaMganuM nirUpaNa nIce pramANe kare che? vRddha RSi vana sAthenA lagna bAda sukanyA patizuzraSAmAM rata rahetI. eka vAra azvino cyavananA Azrame AvyA. vyavane emanI pAse yauvana mAgyuM ane badalAmAM somapAnanA adhikArI deva azvinane yajJamAM somapAna karAvavAnuM kahyuM. azvinee gharaDA dUbaLA avanane siddhoe bAMdhelA jaLAzayamAM DUbakI marAvI. azvina sAthe vyavana sarovaramAM peThA pachI emAMthI tulya AkAravALA traNa suMdara tejasvI puruSa bahAra AvyA. patine na oLakhatAM sukanyA azvinakumArone zaraNe gaI enA pativratyathI khuza thaI devoe avanane oLakhAvyA. zaryAtie cavana RSinA AzramamAM sukanyAne tejavI puruSa sAthe joI ane ene parapuruSa samajI dIkarIne Thapako Ape. sukanyAe patine yauvana ane rUpa prApta thayAnI sarva vAta kahI. pachI ane rAjA zaryAti pAse semiyAga karAvI azvinene samarasane bhAga apAvyuM, AthI deva Indra gusse thayA ane emaNe avanane mAravA hAthamAM vajI lIdhuM, paraMtu RSie indrane hAtha thaMbhAvI dIdhe. have sarva devoe azvine samabhAga kabUla rAkhyo. mahAbhArata70 sukanyAnA putra tarIke pratine ullekha kare che, paraMtu purANamAM ene samarthana maLatuM nathI. pAjiTara71 noMdhe che tema prati cyavanane dUrane vaMzaja hovo saMbhave che. game tema hoya, pramati ane enA vaMzajo gujarAta sAthe saMkaLAyelA hovAne koI ullekha upalabdha nathI.

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muM] zAyata, gue ane haihave [ 211 purANomAM ApelI vaMzAvaLImAM te vana-sukanyAnA putra tarIke AtmavAna ane dadhIca che. AtmavAnanuM nAma "ajhuvAna rUpe vaidika73 sAhityamAM paNa che. denA vijya arthe Atmavilepana karanAra dadhIca Anuzrutika vRttAMtamAM prasiddha che. dadhIcane nirdeza vaidika sAhityamAM daaca AtharvaNa74 tarIke aneka vAra thayo che. agni prajavalita karanAra tarIke temaja atharvaNa, aMgirasa, mana tathA anya prAcIna yajJakartA RSio sAthe emane nirdeza7pa thayo che. adanA prathama maMDalamAM daAca AtharvaNa vizenA ullekha A pramANe che: azvinakumArae atharvananA putra daacane azvazira ApyuM ne azvazira vaDe77 daAce azvinane tvaSTAnA madhu-sthAna vize kahyuM. vedamAM IMdra paNa daacanA AkhyAna sAthe saMbaMdha dharAve che. parvata para azvanuM zira zodhatA indrane e zayarNavata(sAyaNa pramANe kurukSetrane nIcale ardhabhAga)mAM maLyuM, ne daacanAM asthio vaDe navANuM putrone saMhAra I karyo. paMcaviMza brAhmaNa8 dadhaMcane devanA purohita tarIke oLakhAve che. mahAbhAratamAM79 dadhIcanA Azramane sarasvatIne pele pAra, arthAta pazcime, Avele kahyo che. harSacaritamAM80 bANabhaTTa zeNa nadI(je gaMgAne paTanA pAse maLe che)nA taTe yavanaputra dadhIcanuM nivAsasthAna jaNAve che. A baMne ullekha dadhIcane uttara bhAratanA judA judA sthaLa sAthe sAMkaLe che. padmapurANamAM vaLI caMdrabhAgA ane sAbaramatInA saMgama-sthaLa pAse dadhIcinuM tapAsthAne kahyuM che. A sthAna amadAvAdamAM AveluM che; ane sthAnika anuzruti paNa A saMgamasthaLane dadhIci sAthe sAMkaLe che. Ama A anuzruti anusAra dadhIci narmada najIkanA pradezane badale sAbaramatI samIpanA pradezamAM vasyA hovAnuM jaNAya che. dadhIcinA AtmavilopananuM AkhyAna vibhinna graMthamAM nIce pramANe maLe che? kRtayugamAM kAleya nAme ghora dAnavoe vRtrAsurane Azraya laI devane bhagADyA, pariNAme deva Indrane AgaLa karI brahmA pAse gayA. brahmAe devone dadhIca pAse emanAM asthi mAgavAnuM kahyuM ne e asthi-nirmita vajI vaDe Ikane vRtrAsurane saMhAra karavA kahyuM. nArAyaNanI sAthe devo dadhIcanA Azrame gayA ane teoe emanAM asthionI mAgaNI karI. dadhIce prANa tyajI dIdhA. asthiomAMthI tvaSTAe vaja banAvyuM, jenAthI idra vRtrane saMhAra karyo.82

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itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [>>. vedomAM AvatuM 'Mca AthavaNa'nuM nAma laI bhAgavata purANu nIce prasaMga Ape che: 12] viSNunI salAha anusAra devA daMca AthavaNa pAse gayA. RSie devezanI yAcanA sAMbhaLI peAtAnA deha tyajI dIdho. IMdre vizvakarmA pAse e athinuM vA taiyAra karAvyuM ne e vajra vaDe vRtrAsurane mArI nAkhyA. padmapurANa84 dadhIca RSinA sabaMdha spaSTa rIte gujarAtanA pradezA sAthe joDI nIcenA vRttAMta Ape che: caMdrabhAgA ane sAbaramatInA saMgama sthaLe dadhIcinA Azrama hatA. devAsurasaMgrAmamAM parAjaya pAmela devA varcA nAme patnI sAthe vasatA dadhIci bhAva pAse AvyA ne teoe daityane mAravA emanAM aritha mAgyAM. RSie prANa choDavA5 te pariNAme asthinirmita vajra vaDe vRtrAsura mAryAM gayA. dadhIcanA putra tarIke sArasvatanA ullekha che.86 tyAra pachI sArasvatanA vaMzajanu nAma nathI ane bhAva vaMzAvaLI dadhIcanA bhAI AtmavAnathI AgaLa cAle che. anya RSikuLAnI87 mAphaka bhAva kuLanI paNu vaMzAvaLI khareAkhara jaLavAI nathI. mahAbhArata ane matsya purANunI anuzruti vAyu-brahmAMDanI anuzruti karatAM judI paDe che. mahAbhArata88 pramANe manunI putrI AruSIthI thayelA cyavanane putra te auva; auvanA putra RcIka. mahAbhAratanI A anuzrutimAM apnavAnane ullekha nathI. matsya purANu89 cyavananA bhAI tarIke navAnanA ullekha karI ane auvanA pitA tarIke gaNAve che. paraMtu vAyu-brahmAMDa purANonI anuzruti%0deg pramANe sukanyA-yavananA putra AtmavAna auvanA pitA hatA; joke anya tulyakAla11 (synchronism) parathI phalita thAya che ke hakIkatamAM auva AtmavAnanA putra nahi, paraMtu vaMzaja haze. AtmavAna ane auvanI vaccenI bhAgyava peDhIonA itihAsa lupta thayelA hovAthI bhAgavA ane gujarAtanA saMbaMdha vize aMdhArapaTa rahe che. paNa lAMbA samaya pachI gujarAta para rAjya karI gayelA haihayA sAthe thayelA bhAgavAnA sa Mdhane kAraNe bhAgavA gujarAtanA itihAsamAM pharI dekhAya che. bhAgavA gujarAtanA rAjakula haihayA sAthe puraiAhita sabaMdha dharAvatA hatA. bhAgavA prasiddha samrATa arjunanA pitA kRtavIryanA purAhita hatA, rAjAe

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8 muM ] zAyato, bhRguo ane haihaye (ra13 bhRguone puSkaLa dhana ApyuM hatuM. kRtavIryanA vaMzajene dhananI jarUrata paDatAM emaNe bhaguo pAse dhana mAgyuM. keTalAka bhArga e e na ApyuM tethI haihayae emane saMhAra zarU karyo, pariNAme bhagu-patnIo himAlaya parvata para gaI teomAMnI eke aurvane janma Ape.82 parazurAma jAmadanya pUrve thayelA A saMgharSane haihaya-bhArgava saMgharSane prathama tabakko kahI zakAya. paraMparAgata vaimanasya aurvanA prapautra parazurAmanA samayamAM vadhu ugra banyuM. aurvanA putra RcIka hatA, jeo kAnyakunja(kaneja)ne nareza gAdhinI putrI satyavatIne paraNyA. satyavatI ane cIkanA putra jamadagni, jemane ullekha maMtradraSTA tarIke vaidika sAhityamAM 93 maLe che. jamadagni IkvAku-vaMzaja reNunI putrI reNukAne paraNyA; teonA putra rAma jAmadagnanya. parazu emanuM mAnItuM zastra hatuM tethI e parazurAma paNa kahevAyA.94 Ama bhArgava kuLa be peDhIthI madhya dezanA kSatriya rAjakuLo sAthe lagnasaMbaMdha dharAvatuM, paraMtu keTalAka AnukRtika nirdezanee5 AdhAre bhRguvarya cIka, jamadagni ane rAmane saMbaMdha gujarAta ke enI najIkanAM sthaLo sAthe sAMkaLI zakAya. dA. ta. zAlvadeza(hAlanA Abu najIkane pradeza)nA rAjA ghatimAne cIkane rAjya ApyuM hovAne ullekha ane snAna arthe nIkaLelI jamadagniInI patnI reNuka para mohita thayelA bhArtikAvata(rAjasthAnamAM AveluM marta)nA rAjA citrarathane nirdeza.97 bhArgavanI smRti gujarAtanAM sthaLo sAthe saMkaLAyelI che. dA. ta. bharukaccha bhRgukaccha ke "bhRgukSetra tarIke jANItuM thayuM ane narmadA ane samudrane saMgama "nAmadanya" tarIke oLakhAto.98 haihaya samrATa arjuna kArtavIryanA vizALa rAjyamAM gujarAtane samAveza thata hatA. arjuna kArtavIryanI rAjadhAnI mAhiSmatI99 (vartamAna madhya pradezanuM culI mAhezvara ke narmadAne TApu mAMdhAtA) hatI. samudra paranuM Adhipatya 100 kArtavIryanI sattA ane mahattAmAM vadhAre karatuM, tethI spaSTa che ke enuM sAmrAjya gujarAtanA samudrakinArAne AvarI letuM haze. ane kArtavIryanA vidhvaMsaka parazurAma jAmadanya hatA. e samrATanA vinAzanuM kAraNa Anuzrutika vRttAMtamAM nIce pramANe che: deva agninI vinaMtIne adhIna thaI kArtavIrthe gAma, nagara ane vanamAM Aga lagADI, jemAM vasiSTha Apavane Azrama bhasmIbhUta thaye. vasiSTa Apane zApa Ape ke rAma jAmadagya kArtavIryanA hajAra hAtha samarAMgaNamAM kApaze.101 mahAbhAratamAM 102 A prasaMgane

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114 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA t *. vigatathI varNavyA che. jamadagninA Azramane haihaya samrATa kAvIye naSTa karyo ne RSinI hAmadhenunuM haraNa karyu. parazurAma jAmadagnya samrATanA A apakRtyanA khaleA enA hajAra hAtha kApI nAkhI enuM mAta ANIne lIdho. kAvInA putroe jamadagninA AzramamAM jaI RSine ziraccheda karyA. pitAnA mRtyunu vera levA kRtanizraya banelA rAme kSatriyeAnuM ekavIsa vAra nika Mdana karyuM" hovAnuM kahevAya che. pApanA prAyazcitta arthe emaNe azvamedha karyAM ane enI dakSiNAmAM kazyapane pRthvInuM dAna karyuM. kazyape emane dakSiNamAM samudratIre javAnA Adeza ApyA, pariNAme parazurAme samudramAMthI sUrpAraka(sApArA)nuM nirmANa karI tyAM Azraya lIdho. Ama have bhAvA bhRgukSetra tajI aparAnta(kAMkaNu)mAM cAlyA gayA. pATIyA 1. G. J. Garraghan, A Guide to Hisiorical Method, p 121 2. Encyclopaedia of Philosophy ai 'Myth' nizyA 5, 6, 8; 3. atharvaveda 15, 1, 6, 10 - 12. vajI numa : zatapatha brAhmaNa 9, jaiminIya upaniSad brAhmaNa 1, 53; bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 2, 4, 10, 4, 2, 5, 11 4. yo vidyAccaturo vedAnsAGgopaniSado dvija: / na cetpurANaM saMvidyAnnaiva sa syAdvicakSaNaH // itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaM samupabRMhayet / bibhetyalpazrutAdvedo prahariSyati // vAyupurANa 1, 200- 1 ; padmapurANa 5, 1, 35 15; 62, 195 ; 95, 42; 88, 153 ; 95, 2; 5. vAyupurANa 99, 175 mAmayaM 174 ; 96, 123; brahmANDapurANa 2, 36, 201 47; brahmapurANa 4, 95 1. vAyupurANa 92, 3, 71, 124, harivaMza 1, 7. svadharma eva sUtasya sadbhirdRSTaH purAtanaiH / devatAnAmRSINAM ca rAjJAM cAmitatejasAm // vaMzAnAM dhAraNaM kArya zrutAnAM ca mahAtmanAm / itihAsapurANeSu diSTA ye brahmavAdibhiH // vAyupurANa 1, 31-32

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215 zAyatA, bhUpuo ane haihaye 8. AkhyAnaizcApyupAkhyAnairgAthAbhiH kalpajoktimiH / __purANasaMhitA cakre purANArthavizAradaH // brahmANDapurANa 2, 34, 21 qNI dumo vAyupurANa 60, 21; viSNupurANa 3, 16. 8. vAyupurANa 60, 16; viSNupurANa 3, 4, 16 10 vaayupur|nn 61, 55-56; viSNupurANa 3, 4, 17 1. et d., zatapathabrAhmaNa(13, 4, 3)bhA mazvamedha praso mA bhane navamA divasa ItihAsa-purANanA paThana mATe alAyadA rAkhavAmAM AvyA che. AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (4, 6, 6) bhuraNa bharanArAnA ubhAranAme mani hAta purANa-zravaNa karavuM. amuka vartamAna purANemAM zaunakAdi RSionA bAra varSanA canna prasaMge saMta maharSaNa purANanA AkhyAtA tarIke dekhA de che. 12. kauTilpa, arthazAstra 5, 3, 13 13. pazcimamitihAsazravaNe / purANamitivRttamAkhyAyikodAharaNaM, dharmazAstramarthazAstra cetiitihaasH| kauTilya, arthazAstra 1, 5, 14 14. sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi ca / vaMzyAnucaritaM caiva purANaM paJcalakSaNam // vAyupurANa 4, 10 15. R. C. Hazra, Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs, p. 243 16. vAyupurANa 66, 39; brahmANDapurANa 3, 3, 38; matsyapurANa 72, 44, 96, 21 17. vAyupurANa 84, 169; brahmANa purANa 3, 93, 169 18. vAyupurANa 99, 432; brahmANDapurANa 3, 74, 245; matsyapurANa 273, 53 16. F. E. Pargiter, The Puranic Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age, p. 58 20. 1, 1, 192; 1, 51, 12, 3, 51, 7

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29) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ___21. etareyabrAhmaNa 4, 32, 7 zatapathabrAhmaNa 4, 1; 5, 2 jaiminI yabrAhmaNa 3, 120-22 22. vAyupurANa u. 24, 23-30, 88 1-4; brahmANDapurANa 3, 61, 18-25; 63. 1-4; brahmapurANa 7, 27-33; matsyapurANa 12, 21- 24, liMgapurANa 1, 66, 47-49; viSNupurANa 4, 1, 20-41, 2, 1-2; padmapurANa 5, 8, 126 -129; agnipurANa 273, 11-16; grddpur|nn 1, 138, 15-16; bhAgavatapurANa 9, 3, 1-36; zivapurANa 7, 36, 20-30 23. 9, 22-35 24. dhuma pATI5 2. 25. 3, 121-123 21. 9, 3 27. bAnartasya tu dAyAdo revo nAma mhaadyutiH| bAnartaviSayazcAsIt purI cAsya kuzasthalI // harivaMza 1, 9, 23 28. kuzasthalI purIM ramyAM raivatenopazobhitAm // punarnivezanaM tasyAM kRtavanto vayaM nRpa / tathaiva durgasaMskAraM devairapi durAsadam // mahAbhArata 2, 13, 49-50 28. mahAbhArata 14, 51, 56 29 sthaLa-nirNayanI carcA mATe juo prakaraNa 9 nuM pariziSTa, 30. 4 255 10. 31. deva yAsyAmi nagarI raivatasya kuzasthalIm / raivataM ca giri ramyaM nandanapratima vanam // harivaMza (pUnA-vitrazAlA mAtti) 2, 55, 7 32. gupATI5 3. 33. raivatanA tapanA sthaLa tarIke viSNupurANa (41. pa6) himAlayane ane lAgavatapurANa (9 3. 36) mArIna 43 OM, pAre vAyu, , viza, brahmADa vagere purANe merane jaNAve che.

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27 84 zAyata, bhRgue ane hai . 34. harivaMza 1, 9, 35 (parvatagaNAn 5isitara sAtha). 35. teSAM paJca kulAH khyAtA haihayAnAM mahAtmanAm / vItihotrAzca zAryAtA bhojAzcAvantayastathA // kuNDikerAzca... ... ... ... ... // matsyapurANa 43, 48-49 : qul oral, Pargiter, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, p. 102, n. 2.. 31. raivatakanAM sthaLa tathA abhijJAnanI carcA mATe juo prakaraNa nuM pariziSTa, 37. devAnAmeti kaunteya tathA rAjJAmalokatAm / vaiDUryaparvataM dRSTvA narmadAmavatIrya ca // 18 eSa zaryAtiyajJasya dezastAta prakAzate / sAkSAdyatrApibatsomamazvibhyAM saha kauzikaH // 20 mahAbhArata 3, 121 38. Rgveda 3, 2. 4. 38. Rgveda 1. 60. 1; 3. 5. 10; 10. 46. 9; maitrAyaNI saMhitA 1. 4. 1; taittirIyasaMhitA 4. 6. 5. 2; atharvaveda 4. 14.5; vAyA : A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p. 140. 40. 1. 58. 6; 127. 7; 143, 4, 2. 4. 2, 3. 2. 4.; 4. 7. 1 81. 'Thus the Bhrgus never designate actually existing priests in the RV., but only a group of ancient sacrificers and ancestors, to which Bhrgu bears the relation of chief.' A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p 140 42. atharvavedanAM pariziSTAmAM bhaguo, aMgirase ne athavaNenAM nAma vAraMvAra Ave che. atharvavedanI zaunaka saMhitA jaLavAI rahI che, ne zaunaka zAkhA bhaguonI zAkhA tI. pusa: Pargiter, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, p. 192. 83. M. Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, p. 119 44. gopathabrAhmaNa 3, 4.; kauzikasUtra 63, 3; 94. 3, 4. yadi kaMpaniSada(11)mAM atharvavedane "bhagraMgirasa" ane "bhUgavistara" nAme paNa kahyo che.. 45 History of Indian Literature, p. 147

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[. 218] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 41. taittirIya-AraNyaka 9. 1; zatapathabrAhmaNa 11. 1. 1. 1; jaiminIyabrAhmaNa 1. 42 paMcaviMza brAhmaNa (18. 9. 1) pramANe avibhakta varuNanuM teja bahAra nIkaLI traNa bhAgamAM vibhakta thayuM, tene eka bhAga bhRgu thayo, bIjo zrAcatIya nAme sAma thaye ne bIna yA pAemA pravezyA : vajI bhumo maitrAyaNI saMhitA 4. 3. 9; 9. 4; jaiminIyabrAhmaNa 2. 202. 47. zatapathabrAhmaNa 11. 6. 1. 1; taittirIya AraNyaka 9. 1 48. pus| za 'B' : A. A. Macdonell, A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. 46. vAyupurANa 65. 22 50. mahAbhArata Adi prAcIna graMtha "bharukaccha prayoje che "bharukacchanuM AgaLa rai eP:27' 35itara thayu bArI che. 5. Yo 52 pATI5 na. 46 52. 10. 25 43. Bloomfield, Hymns of Atharvaveda, Introduction, p. lxi 54. bhArya bhRgorapratime uttame'bhijane zubhe / hiraNyakazipoH kanyA divyA nAma parizrutA / pulomnazcApi paulomI duhitA varavarNinI // bhagostvajanayadivyA kAvyaM vedavidAM varam / devAsurANAmAcArya zukraM kavisutaM graham // vAyupurANa 65, 73-74 paulomyajanayatputraM brahmiSThaM vazinaM vibhum // vyAdhitaH so'STame mAsi garbhareNa karmaNA / cyavamAccyavanaH so'tha cetanastu prcetsH| vAyupurANa 65, 88-8. papa uzanasa ke unAne kAvya" uparAMta zuka" ane "graha' paNa kahyA che. mahAbhArata (1.70 10) gunA putra vi ne vin| putra zumevI anuzruti yApecha, nyAre purAvA ne pista' yo l Bai sIdhA apanI putra akSAyo cha (vAyupurANa 65, 73-76).

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t219 zAyata, guo ane haihaye 56. vardhirAtrADhALa che. 1. 20 57. juo pAdaTIpa naM. 54. 58. 1. 6 paka pulomAe karelA ativilApane lIdhe nadI vahevA lAgI. brahmAe e nadInuM nAma rAkhyuM "vadhUsarA". 60. juo A pUrve pR 203-04. 61. rU. 121. 18-20 62. rU. 87. 1-10 63. rU. 100. 1-4 64. 1. 116. 10, 117. 13; 118, 76, 74, 5, 7. 68, 7; 71, 6, 10. rU. 4 65. 10. 63. 1-3. vaLI juo: Vedic Index, Vol. I, p. 265. 66. juo A pUrve pR. 203-04. 67. 4. 1. 5 68. rU. 121-12 69. 1. re 70. 1. 5. 7-8; 1. 8. 1-2 01. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, pp. 197, 201 72. vAyupurANa , 10. purANamAM AtmavAnanAM rUpAMtara ghaNAM che. dA. ta. "AkhuvAna, "ApavAna', "AtmavAna" ane "Atmava'. juo: Parghter, AIHT, p. 147 73. mAtra 4, 7, 1; 8. 11. 4 ja dvAkhya niSat (ru. 6. 3) pramANe dadhIca AtharvaNamAMthI thayA te daAca AthavaNa, paMcavizabrAhmaNa (14, 6) dadhIca" nAma "avananA pitRnAma tarIke Ape che. .1 75. veH 1. 80. 16; 131. ; 6 16. 14 76. bAra 1, 84. 13-14, 116. 12, 11. 22; 116. 6

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para 3 ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 77. A nirdezane vadhu spaSTa karatuM AkhyAna devIbhAgavata(7. 36, 28-30)mAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. idra atharvaNane nIcenI zarate brahmavidyA kahI: je atharvaNa anya keIne brahmavidyA zIkhave to idra enuM mAthuM kApI nAkhe. azvinakumArae atharvaNane brahmavidyA zIkhavavA kahyuM tyAre atharvaNe iMdranI zarata kahI, AthI azvinoe atharvaNane azvazira dvArA brahmavidyA zIkhavavA kahyuM prathama azvinae atharvaNanuM zira kApI ene sthAne azvazira caTADayuM ne azvarira vaDe brahmavidyA kahI. kupita thayelA idra azvazira kApI nAkhatAM azvinee atharvaNane enuM manuSya-zira coMTADI ApyuM. 78. 12. 8. 6. bhaguo aMgiraso sAthe ghaniSTha rIte saMkaLAyela hovAthI kyAreka bhRguone "aMgirasa' tarIke paNa oLakhyA che. dA. ta., avanane zatapathabrAhmaNa(ja. 1. 5)mAM aMgirasa kahyA che. tevI ja rIte paMcaviMdabrAhmaNa (1ra. 8. 6) paNa daaca(dadhIca)ne aMgirasa kahe che. 79. rU. 18 80. saTTavAra 1, pR. 27 81 uttaraas, 148 82. mahAbhArata 3. 98 83. dha 6, sa. 1, bo. 10, 12 84 uttarakhaMDa, a 148 85 padmapurANa pramANe dadhIcinA nidhanane sthaLe kAmadhenue dUdhanI dhArA vahevaDAvI. tethI te sthaLa dudhezvara (AjanuM "dUdhezvara). tarIke prakhyAta thayuM. 86. juoH vAyupurA 65, 1-14 ane grahmApurANa rU, 1, -100 mAM ApelI vaMzAvaLI Co. Pargiter, AIHT, p. 184 88. . 60. 4 89. 165. 11-15 10. juo upara pAdaTIpa naM. 86. : 1, juo Pargiter, AIHI, pp. 184 . 92. mahAmArata 1. 16. 11-16 93. jhave re. da2, 8, 101, 8, 1 62. 24, 1. 17, 51 atharvavedanAM nIcenAM sUktamAM emane ullekha jAduvidyAnA saMdarbhamAM maLe che:2. rU. 2, 4, 25. re; 1. 28. 7 6, 127. 1; 18. rU. 15-16

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8 muM] zAyata, bhRgue ane heha ( rara1 94. mahAmArata 13, 6; vAyupurANa , 01-64; trApura 2, 1, 73-100 kSAtratevALA parazurAmano janma brAhmatejavALA bhArgava kuLamAM thayo e ghaTanA samajAvato AnukRtika vRttAMta A pramANe che: gAdhi nareza kauzika aputra hatA, tethI emanI putrI ane cIka SinI patnI satyavatIe potAnA pati pAse bhAInA janma athe vinaMtI karI. RSie be caru satyavatIne ApyA; eka satyavatI mATe ane bIjo enI mAtA baLe. satyavatInI bhUlathI caranI adalAbadalI thaI gaI. RSie patnI satyavatIne bhUlanI gaMbhIratA samajAvI ke tArI kUkhe atikSAtratejavALo mahAna putra janmaze. satyavatIe bhUlanA pariNAmanA nivAraNa arthe Sine khUba vinaMtI karI tyAre RSie kahyuM: bhUlanuM nivAraNa eTaluM thaI zake ke kSAtratejavALo putra nahi, to evo pautra janmaze. tethI gAdhi narezanA kuLamAM brahmatejayukta vizvAmitra thayA ane bhArgava kuLamAM satyavatInA putra jamadagni jamyA. jamadagni zAMta hatA, paNa emanA putra rAma raudra nIvaDayA (mAmArata 12, 41). 95. saMtAna tIthauna saraya puSyAna rAkhyAni vani rAganA krameNa gacchanparipUrNakAmaH zUrpArakaM puNya maM dadarza // tatrodadhe: kaMcidatItya dezaM khyAtaM pRthivyAM banamAsasAda / taptaM surairyatra tapaH purastAdiSTaM tathA puNyatamainarendraiH // sa tatra tAmagradhanurdharasya vedI dadarzAyatapInabAhuH / RcIkaputrasya tapasvisaMdhaiH samAvRtAM puNyakRdarcanIyAm // mAmArata 2, 18, 8-10 96. mahAmArata 12, 226, re re 97. mAmArata 2, 116, 6 8, umAzaMkara jozI, "purANomAM gujarAta", pR. 152-54 tato gacchecca rAjendra narmadodadhisaMgamam // jAmadagnyamiti khyAtaM siddho yatra janArdanaH / matsyapurANa 194, 34-35 99 De. sAMkaLiyA prAcIna mAhiSmatInA sthaLa tarIke mahezvarane gaNe che (Excavations at Maheshwar and Navadatoli, f. 15); 4.fr c? mialaa ove (AIHT, p. 1s3). - pATiranuM maMtavya Do. phalITanA anveSaNa para AdhAra rAkhe che. vaLI ka. mA. munazI mAhiSmatIne bharUca pAse mUke che. (Early Aryans in Gujarat, p. 54),

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222) ItahAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 100. shsrbhujbhRcchriimaankaartviiryaa'bhvtprbhuH| asya lokasya sarvasya mAhiSmatyAM mahAbalaH // sa tu ratnAkaravatI sadvIpAM sAgarAmbarAm / zazAsa sarvA pRthivIM haihayaH satyavikramaH // mahAbhArata 13, 137, 3-4 eko bAhusahasreNAvagAhe sa mahArNavam / karotyuvRttavegAM tu narmadAM prAvRDuddhatAm // tasya bAhusahasreNa kSobhyamANe mahodadhau / bhavantyatIva nizceSTAH pAtAlasthA mhaasuraaH|| matsyapurANa 43, 32-33 101. vAyupurANa 94, 45-47 102. 3, 117

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prakaraNa - yAda bhAratayuddha pUrvenA vaMzamAM yAdavavaMza mahattvanA vaMza tarIke dekhAya che. yAdavonI vaMzAvaLI harivaMza tathA 11 purANomAM ApI che. e purANe nIce mujaba che: vAyu, brahmAMDa, bhasya, padma, brahma, viSNu, bhAgavata, liMga, kUrma, garuDa ane agni, vAyu-brahmAMDanI vaMzAvaLIo vadhu sArI rIte jaLavAI rahI kRSNa vAsudeve bhAratayuddhamAM agatyano bhAga bhajavyuM tethI mahAbhArata yAdone lagatI keTalIka vigato Ape che. yaduonuM pazcima dizA tarapha sthaLAMtara, bhAratayuddhamAM teone hisso ane yAdavAsthaLI vize prAcInatama mAhitI ApanAra mahAbhArata che. mahAbhAratanuM pariziSTa harivaMza vRSNio vize ghaNI mAhitI Ape che. avatAra tarIke sthAna pAmelA kRSNa vAsudeva ke harinI savistara gAthA gAtuM A prathama pustaka che; jeke mahAbhAratamAM apAyelA prasaMgonuM nirUpaNa harivaMzamAM nathI. tyAra bAda viSNupurANa ane brahmapurANanA kRSNacaritane lagatA bhAga harivaMzanA saMkSiptIkaraNa sarakhA che. bhAgavatapurANa prathama vAra kRSNacaritanA badhA prasaMgone saMkalita karI kAlAnukrame rajU kare che. bhAgavatanuM kRSNacarita bhaktirasathI raMgAyeluM che. bhAratanI aitihAsika anukRtio jALavatAM purANa ane mahAbhArata sivAya vaidika temaja anuvaidika sAhityamAM paNa yaduone lagatA chUTAchavAyA ullekha maLe che. pANininI aSTAdhyAyI (gaNapATha sAthe), kauTilyanuM arthazAstra,

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224 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ma. pataMjalinu mahAbhASyapa ItyAdi graMthA yadu ke emanI peTAzAkhAo nA ullekha kare che. yAdaveAne lagatI pUraka sAmagrI bauddha ane jaina sAhityamAM paNa maLI rahe che. jaitAnA 24 tIrthaMkarAmAM 20mA tIrthaM kara munisuvrata ane 22mA tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi harivaMzanA hovAthI vRdizA, kalpasUtra, Avazyaka, aMtakRddazA ane uttarAdhyayana yAdavA vize vigateA Ape che. ariSTanemine kRSNa vAsudevanA pitrAI bhAI !hyA che. 8 saMdhadAsaNanI vasudevahi...DI (pAMcamI sadI) ane jinasenaskRta harivaMzapurANa (I. sa. 783-784) yAdavAne lagatI jaina anuzrutine AdhAre lakhAyelA graMtha che. RgvedamAM yadu vize vAra vAra ullekha che. dUranA dezayI yAdavAne dAravaNI ke ApI. RgvedanA A nirdeza parathI amuka vidvAnenu anumAna che ke yadu videzathI bhArata AvyA. paraMtu mahAbhArata ane purANeAnI anuzruti pramANe yayAti ane devayAnInA putra yadunA vaMzajo te yAdave. manu vaivavatanI putrI plAthI yayAti ceAthI peDhIe thayA. ilAnA vaMza 'aila vaza' kahevAyA. aila vaMza caMdra vaMza' tarIke paNa oLakhAyA, kAraNa ke ilA caMdranA putra mudhane paraNI hatI. yAdavakuLamAM haihayA, vaidarbho, sAtvatA, aMdhakA, kukarA, zaiteyA, bheAjo ane vRSNuie thayA. yAdavAnI A badhI zAkhAonA pUja yadunu rAjya caMbala, eTavA ane kena nadInA pradezamAM hatuM. 10 madhya dezamAMthI yAdavazAkhAe narmadA khINa, vidarbha, sena, rAjasthAna ane saurASTramAM vistarI. yaduthI kRSNa vAsudeva sudhI yAdavAnI 5911 peDhIo thaI. zazikha du caitrarathi, arjuna kArtavIrya, jyAmadha, vidarbha, dazA, madhu ane bhIma sArvata prasiddha yAdava rAjAe thayA. zUrasena pradezamAM yAdaveAnI sattA sthApanAra sa MbhavataH madhu hatA. madhunA vaMzaja bhIma sAtvatanA cAra putro bhajamAna, devAdha, adhaka ane dRSNui hatA. devAvRddhanA vaMzajo mAti kAvata(alvara, jayapura, jodhapura)nA bhAjo thayA. aMdhakanA jyeSTha putra kukaramAMthI kukurA thayA ane teoe mathurAmAM rAjya karyuM. kRSNa vAsudevanA samayamAM vRSNuie vadhu prabaLa thayA. kuMkara vaMzanA

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yAda rAjA kaMse yAdavonI avagaNanA karI bhAga laI kaMsane parAbhava karyo 13 [ rarara tyAre bhoja vIrAe AgaLa paDato kRSNa vAsudevanA samayamAM aMdhaka-vRSNuionAM agragaNya kuLonI saMkhyA 11 hatI.14 devaka, ugrasena, rAjAdhideva, hadika, asamaujA, vasudeva, satyaka, aphaka, citraka, satrAjita ane prasena aMdhaka-vRSNuionA te te kuLanA vaDA temaja netA hatA. vRSiNakuLanA vasudeva zaranA putra hatA. emanI bahena pRthA rAjA kuMtIje dattaka lIdhI hatI tethI e "kuMtI' kahevAI. enAM lagna hastinApuranA rAjA pAMDunI sAthe thayAM. vasudeva mathurAnA rAjA ugrasenanA maMtrI hatA.15 svAbhAvika rIte emanI vaphAdArI ugrasena mATe hatI. vasudeva rAjA ugrasenanA pakSakAra hovAthI pitAne baMdI banAvanAra kaMsa emanA para roSe bharAyo. vasudevanI tera patnIomAMnI 17 eka patnI devakInA putra kRSNa ane bIjI patnI rohiNInA putra balarAma kaMsanI kupita najarothI dUra rahIne gokuLamAM naMda gepane tyAM UcharyA. yAdavoe gujarAtamAM sthaLAMtara karyuM enI pUrvabhUmikA A pramANe hatI: mathurAnA rAjA ugrasenane enA putra kaMse keda karyA ane kaMsa pote rAjA banyo. Ama karavAmAM ene pIThabaLa enA sasarA magadha-samrATa jarAsaMdhanuM hatuM.18 kaMsanAM lagna jarAsaMdhanI be putrIo asti ane prApti sAthe thayAM hatAM. yAdavakuLanA vaDIle kaMsanA A apakRtyane sAMkhI zakyA nahi. kRSNa vAsudeve pitAnA agraja balarAmanI sahAyatAthI ane vaDIlenA kahevAthI mAmA kaMsane aMta ANyo. kaMsane aMta AvatAM mathurAnuM yAdavarAjya jarAsaMdhanA varcasamAMthI mukta banyuM. magadhasamrATa jarAsaMdha jamAIne parAbhava temaja aMta sAMkhI zakyo nahi. vidhavA putrIonA vAraMvAra kahevAthI eNe mathurA para aneka vAra AkramaNa karyA,20 AthI yAdanuM astitva bhayamAM mukAyuM. samasta madhyadeza para varcasa bhegavanAra magadhapati jarAsaMdha sAme TakI rahevuM yAdavone mATe muzkela hatuM, tethI yAdaveera 1. pazcima dizAmAM sthaLAMtara karyuM ane zAryAnI verAna rAjadhAnI kuthasthalInAra jIrNa durgane samarAvI tyAM vasavATa zarU karyo. hAryAnI kuthasthalI yAdavatI dvAravatI tarIke oLakhAI

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sa ]. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ . ThAravatInA vRSNuiomAM vasudevanuM kuTuMba AgaLa paDatuM hatuM. yAdava mathurA choDI dvArakA gayA tyAM paNa vasudeva maMtrI-pade cAlu rahyA;23 emanI tera patnIomAMnI devakI vagere sAta patnIo rAjA ugrasenanA bhAI devakanI putrIo hatI. - paurava kuLanI rohiNIthI thayelA, vasudevanA jyeSTha putra te, balarAma. balarAme anuja kRSNane pakSe rahI aneka yuddhamAM bhAga lIdhe. dhArtarASTra duryodhanane gadAyuddha zIkhavanAra balarAma hatA. A saMbaMdhane kAraNe AgaLa jatAM sAMbane choDAvavA e haritanApura gayA. sAMba duryodhananI putrInuM haraNa karavA jatAM phasAyela hato. kRSNa vAsudevanA netRtva heThaLa yAdavoe gujarAtamAM sthaLAMtara karI yAdanI hastI TakAvI rAkhI; ane nIcenA prasaMge parathI phalita thAya che ke yAdavonA prabhAvane kRSNa vadhAryo. - vidarbhanA rAjA bhISmakanI kuMvarI phamiNInuM sagapaNa cedirAja zizupAla sAthe thayuM hatuM, paNa kRSNa vidarbhanI rAjakuMvarInuM apaharaNa karI25 pitAnAM phoInA putra zizupAla ane rAjakumAra rumAne garva utAryo. yAdavakuLamAM ati tIvra vikhavAda Ubho karanAra syamaMtaka maNine prasaMga dvArakAmAM bane. lagabhaga badhAM purANa yAdava-vaMzAvaLImAM A vRttAMta nIce pramANe Ape che: - vRSNi-vIra satrAjita sUrya-upAsaka hato, ene sUryadeve syamaMtaka maNi prasAdarUpe Apyo hovAnuM kahevAya che. eka divasa satrAjitana bhAI prasena maNi paherI mRgayA karavA RkSavAna parvata para gayo tyAM siMhe ene mArI syamaMtakane kabaje lIdhe. * - kRSNa pahelAM syamaMtaka maNinI icchA karelI eTale aMdhaka-vRSNine kRSNa pratye zaMkA UpajI. kRSNane A vAtanI gaMdha AvatAM zaMkA nAbUda karavA e kSavAna parvata para gayA, jyAM emaNe prasena ane ene ghAtaka siMhanA mRta deha joyA. akSarAja jAMbavAna pAse yamaMtaka maNi hovAnI khabara kRSNane guphAmAM gavAtA eka hAlaraDA parathI maLI. kRSNa bavAnane parAbhava karyo. pariNAme rohiNuM jAMbavatI ane syamaMtaka maNi emane prApta thayAM. dvArakA

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9 muM] yAdave . [ w AvI emaNe yAdavenI hAjarImAM svataMtakanI soMpaNI satrAjita karI. satrAjita khuza thaI pitAnI putrI satyabhAmA kRSNa sAthe paraNAvI. satyabhAmA prati AkarSaNa pAmanAra anya yAdava netAo- apUra ane kRtavarmA-satrAjitanA A kRtyane sAMkhI zakyA nahi. (lAkSAgRhamAM baLI gayelA manAtA) pAMDavonA aMtima saMskAra karavA vAra|vata gayelA kRSNanI gerahAjarIne lAbha uThAvI kRtavarmAnA nAnA bhAI zatadhanvAe satrAjitane mArI nAkhyo ane cUpakIdIthI maNi akrane ApI dIdho. A zaka-samAcAra satyabhAmAe vAraNAvata jaI kRSNane ApyA. kRSNa dvArakA AvI zatadhanvA sAthe kaMThayuddha karyuM. zatadhanvA nAsI chUTatAM kRSNabalarAme ene pIcho karyo. teo mithilA pAse AvI pahoMcyA. zramita ghoDAone ArAma ApavA kaNe balarAmane thaMbhI javA kahyuM ke pote deDI zatadhanvAne pakaDI mArI nAkhyo. zatadhandhA pAsethI maNi na maLyo hovAnI kRSNanI vAta balarAmane vizvasanIya na lAgI tethI teo nArAja thaI mithilA cAlyA gayA ane varSo paryata dvArakAne tyAga karI tyAM ja rahyA. eka vAra kRSNa bharI sabhAmAM apUra pAse syamatanI mAgaNI karI. vAta chUpI na rahI zakI tethI akrUre maNi kADhI Apyo. yAdavone Azcarya thayuM. syamaMtaka maNine prasaMga kRSNanI kaparI kasoTIne hato. ene laIne yAdava netAomAM Apasa-ApasamAM khaTarAga Ubho thayo hato. kaNe pitAnA upara caDelA ALane zAMtithI utAryuM. emaNe jarA jeTalI paNa dhIraja khoI heta te yAdavomAM AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLata. sumiNI vaidarbhI kRSNanI prathama patnI hatI. syamaMtaka maNinA prasaMga vakhate rohiNI jAMbavatI ane satyabhAmA sAtrAjitI sAthe kRSNanAM lagna thayAM. mAMdhAra dezanI satyA nAgnajitInA svayaMvaramAM upasthita rAjAone parAbhava karI kRSNa satyA sAthe lagna karyA. kRSNa vAsudevanI ATha patnIo hatI : rakamiNI vaidarbho, satyabhAmA sAtrAjitI, rohiNI jAMbavatI, satyA nAgnajitI, mitraviMdA kAliMdI, suzIlA mAdrI, sudattA zaikhyA ane lakSmaNuM. pazcima bhAratamAM vasatA yAdavane pratApa (saMbhavataH pUrva bhAratanA cheDe AvelA) prAgRtiSapuranAka asura naraka sudhI pahoMce evuM kRSNa vAsudeve karelA narakAsura-vadha parathI phalita thAya che. anuzrutio mujaba narakAsurane mUlyavAna

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229 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [31. .. cIjo ane svarUpavatI yuvatIe bhegI karavAnA zeAkha hovAthI eNe devalAkanI amUlya vastuo temaja devalAka, gAMdha`lAka ane ma`lAkanI hajAra rUpavatI kanyAonuM haraNa karyuM hatuM ane trAsa vartAvyeA hatA. kRSNa vAsudeve prAgyAtiSanA abhedya killA28 para AkramaNa karI killAnA rakhevALa mura- nirune mAryAM; tyAra pachI narakanA aMta ANyA ane dIvAna kanyAene mukta karI. kahevAya che ke narakAsuranI A 16,100 bahu kanyAoe kRSNane vara tarIke pasaMda karyAM. prAntyAtiSapati narakAsuranA amUlya khajAnA kRSNe hAtha karyAM ne e khajAnA dvArakA lAvavAmAM AvyA.29 kRSNanAM phAI kuntInA putra pAMDavA vRSNui sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA tethI iMdraprasthanA rAjA yudhiSThire AraMbhelA rAjasUya yajJane saphaLa banAvavA kRSNe mATI bhAga bhajavyo.29 a kRSNanI salAhane anusarI pAMDavoe jarAsaMdhanA aMta khaLathI nahi teA kaLathI ANyA. madhya dezanA samrATa jarAsaMdhanA jIvatAM yudhiSThira rAjasUya yajJa karI nahi zake evI khAtarI kRSNane hatI.30 bhIme krU'dUyuddhamAM jarAsa Mdhane adharmanuM zaraNuM laI mAryAM.71 A rIte kRSNa vAsudevanI vicakSaNa rAjanItine pariNAme yAdaveAnA kaTTara zatru ane pAMDavAnA rAjakIya prabhutvanA mArgamAM vighnarUpa jarAsaMdhanA aMta AvyA. jarAsaMdhe baMdI banAvelA aneka rAjAone emaNe mukta karyAM, ane e rAjAnI sahAyatA yudhiSThirane rAjaya yajJa arthe maLI.32 jarAsaMdhanA mRtyu pachI prAra Mbhela rAjasUya yajJamAM prathama adhya kRSNa vAsudevane apAyA.33 mahAyajJamAM prathama anI pAtratA kRSNa vAsudeva dharAvatA hatA e hakIkata emanI rAjakIya pratiSThA ane mahattAnI sUcaka che. A prasaMge kRSNanA vidhI cedirAja zizupAle kRSNa vAsudevane apAtA prathama adhya sAme sakhta vAMdhA uThAvyA. cedirAje yajJamAM vighna UbhAM karavAnI keAziza karI;34 kRSNane aneka gALA dIdhI; pariNAme kRSNe peAtAnu cakra calAvI bharI sabhAmAM zizupAlanA vadha karyAM. zizupAle vRSNui viruddha aneka kArya karelAM; dA. ta. eNe kRSNanI gerahAjarImAM dvAravatIne Aga lagADelI, e peAtAnA mAmA vasudevanA azvamedhanA azvane harI gayelA, ane eNe raivataka para vihAra karatA bhAja rAjAone keda karelA.25 saubha(nagara)pati36 zAlve zizupAlanA vadhanuM vera levA tarata ja dvArakA pa AkramaNa karyuM.77 rAjasUya yajJanI samApti pachI kRSNe saubhanagara para AkramaNa kAMte zAvanA vadha karyAM. zizupAla ane zAlvanA aMtanI sAthe jarAsaMdhanA badhA mitra-rAjAtA aMta Avyo hAvAnu sa Mbhave che.

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muM] yAdave [ raha kRSNa vAsudevane pratispadhI hato pauDUka vAsudeva. puMDra ane kirAta jAtione rAjA hevAthI ane vasudevane putra hovAthI e pauDUka vAsudeva tarIke oLakhAto ane kRSNa vAsudevanuM cihna dhAraNa karatA.38 kRSNa vAsudeve ene vadha karyo. pautra aniruddhane mukta karavA kRSNa zoNitapura para AkramaNa karyuM. zoNitapura prAyaH AjanA kumAuM(uttara pradeza)mAM Avela uSAmaThathI cha mAIlane aMtare kedAragaMgAnA taTe AveluM hatuM. zoNitapuranA rAjA bANa asura hato. enI pAlita putrI uSA aniruddhanA premamAM hatI, tethI eNe aniruddhanuM haraNa karAvI ene mahelamAM rAkho. AnI jANa bANane thatAM eNe aniruddhane keda karyo. pariNAme kRSNa vAsudeve zeNitapuranA rAjA bANane harAvyo.28 " subhadrA-arjunanA lagna dvArA vRSNuio ane pAMDavo vacceno saMbaMdha vadhu gADha thayo hato. kurukSetranA yuddhamAM yAdavo baMne pakSe vaheMcAyelA hatA. kRtavamAM bhojenI senA sahita duryodhanane pakSe rahyo;40 e agiyAra akSauhiNI senAmAMnI eka akSauhiNI senAdhipati hatA. pAMDavapakSe vRSNivIra cekitAna ane yuyudhAne sAtyaki rahyA 1 yuyudhAna senAnI hato. niHzastra kRSNa pAMDavapakSe rahI arjunanA sArathi banyA, paNa emanI nArAyaNI senA duryodhananA pakSe rahIne laDI.42 balarAme kRSNane pAMDavapakSe joI taTasthatA pasaMda karI ne e tIrthayAtrA para nIkaLI gayA.43 kurukuLanA AMtaravigrahane TALavA kRSNa badhA prayatna karI joyA, paNa duryodhana lazkarI baLa para mustAka banyo ane eNe kRSNa vAsudevanI salAhanI avagaNanA karI, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa pAMDavonA dUta banIne AvelA kRSNane keda karavA prayatna karyo, pariNAme yuddha anivArya banyuM. mahAbhAratAMtargata bhagavaddagItAmAM jaNAvyuM che te pramANe yuddhanA AraMbha samaye pAMDanA mahArathI arjuna para viSAda chavAtAM kRSNa svadharma, AtmajJAna, niSkAma karma ane bhaktine upadeza ApI arjunane yuddha karavA preryo. dhArtarASTronA asaMkhya sanya ane kAbela senApatio sAme pAMDavone vijya muzkela che evI paristhiti joI kRNe prasaMga anusAra nIti apanAvI pAMDavone vijyamArge

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3 itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA paraspara vaimanasya yAdavanI mATI UNapa hatI. kRSNa vAsudeva e nivAravA sadA prayatnazIla rahyA, paNa aMte prabhAsa pAse mausalayuddha thayuM, jemAM saurASTramAM AvI vaselA yAdavone sarvanAza thayo. mahAbhArata 44 mIsalayuddhane vRttAMta nIce pramANe Ape che: bhAratayuddha pachI 36 me varSe yAdavonuM mausalayuddha thayuM. sAraNa tathA anya yAdava kumAra vizvAmitra, nArada tathA anya RSionI mazkarI karI. sAMbane garbhavatI strIne veSa paherAvI bhAvI saMtAna vize RSione prazna pUchyuM. kuddha baSioe zApa Ape ke sAMbane leDhAnuM musala avataraze, jenAthI vRSNuione vinAza thaze. bIje divase musala avataryuM, jene bhukko karI dariyAmAM pheMkI devAmAM Avyo. kRSNa mAThAM cihna varatI yaduone samudrataTe tIrthayAtrA karavA kahyuM. khAnapAna ane strIo sAthe prabhAsa gayelA yaduoe ati madyapAna karyuM, pariNAme Apasa-ApasamAM anucita vartAva zarU thayo. sAtyaki ane kRtavarmAe bhAratayuddha daramyAna ekabIjAe karelAM apakRtyanI TIkA karI. kRtavarmAnA anuja zatadhanvAe karelA satrAjitanA khUnanI yAda satyabhAmAne sAtyakie ApI. vRSNivIra sAtyakie bhajenA netA kRtavarmAne mArI nAkhe. bheje, vRSNuio, aMdhaka, zaine aMdara aMdara kapAI mUA, putra cAruSNa, pradyumna ane sAMbane tathA bhAI gada ane pautra aniruddhane kapAyelA joI kRSNa bacelA yAdavone kApI nAkhyA. mAtra cAra yAdava bacyA, te hatA kRSNa, balarAma, balTa (ara) ane dAruka teoe ThAravatI tarapha prayANa karyuM. babrunuM mRtyu rastAmAM thayuM. kRSNa ane saMdeza pahoMcADavA gharukane hastinApura mokalyo. dvArakA AvI kRSNa pitA vasudevane arjunanA Agamana paryata strIbALakonI saMbhALa rAkhavA vinaMtI karI ane teo tapasyA arthe gayelA balarAmane maLavA nIkaLI gayA. tyAM emaNe balarAmane deha tajatA joyA. zramita ane duHkhI kRSNa eka vRkSa nIce ArAma karatA hatA, tyAM jarA nAmanA lubdha (vyA) darathI haraNa samajI emane bANa mAryuM, pariNAme kRSNa vAsudeva mRtyu pAmyA. jarA kRSNane sAvake bhAI ane niSAda dhanurdharamAM agrima hatA. ajune AvI dvArakAnAM strI-bALakone kabajo saMbhALyo. bIje divase vasudeva mRtyu pAmyA. emanI pAchaLa devakI, rohiNI, bhadrA ane madirA satI thaI. arjune vasudevanA tathA kRSNa ane balarAmanA mRtadehane aMtima saMskAra karyo.

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9 muM] yA rI ' dvArakAmAM rahelAM strI-bALakoe pitAnI mAlamattA sAthe arjunanA rakSaNa nIce dvArakA choDI, ne tarata ja samudra dvArakAne DubADI dIdhI. rastAmAM AbhIree paMcanadanA pradezamAM arjunane lUM, aneka yAdavastrIonuM haraNa thayuM. hastinApura pahoMcI ajune kRSNanA prapautra vajane abhiSeka indraprasthanI gAdI para karyo. kRtavarmAnA putrane mArtikAvata ane sAtyakinA putrane sarasvatI pradezanA rAjA banAvyA. gujarAtamAM yAdavone sarvanAza thayo. emanA agragaNya netA kRSNa vAsudeva sadIo vItatAM bhAgavatadharmamAM avatArI puruSa tarIke sthAna pAmyA. yAdavAsthaLI, zrIkRSNanA dehotsarga ane dvAravatI-pralayanI ghaTanA pachInI saikAo sudhInI gujarAtanI Agha-aitihAsika anuzrutio upalabdha nathI. pAdaTIpe 1. vAyupurANa, 2. 24-16; trApurAga rU, 66-01; brahmapurANa, ma. 1ra-16 mahApurAna, . jarU-46; viSNupurA 4. 11-15; mAvatapurANa 1. 23-24; papurA 6. 12-13; phUpurANa 1. 22-24; nipurALa 1. 68-; japharapurA 1. 13; agnipurA, 3, 274 phaliMkAmAM 3. 22-26mAM 2. 46 1. rU. 18; 54, 6, 4, 30, 17; 1, 21, 8, 6, 45, 1; 8, 4, 7; 7, 18; 1, 61, 2, 10, 8, 8. vagere. turvasuonI sAthe yaduone ullekha che. da(7. 11. 8; 1. 61. 2)nA hallekha parathI lAge che ke caduoe kadAca da samayanA prasiddha "dAzarAjJa" yuddhamAM bhAga lIdho hato. khetareya brAhmaNa (8. 14. rU) ane rAtapatha brAhnaNa (13, 5, 4, 21) sAtvatonI kheMdha le che. . pANininI sRSTAdhyAyI (6, 2, 3, 4, 2, 34) vRSNi-aMdhake ane emanA netA kRSNa-akUranA pakSone nirdeza kare che: dazAhe ane sAtvane AyudhajIvI saMgha tarIke ullekha (u. . 117) che. 4. dauTilya arthazAtra (1. 6. 10) vRSNi-saMdhane nirdeza Ape che. 5. mAmAzva ( rU. 26rU. 1. 26) vAsudevanI pUna vize kahe che.

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ra72]. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 6. dasa dAsa baMdhuo(dazAha) ullekha ghaTa jAtakamAM che (E. B. Cowell, Jataka Stories, Vol. IV). 7. yAdanI zAkhA bhojo, vRSNi ane aMdhaka hatI. jaina anukRtimAM drAvatInA nA aMdhakavRSi ane bhojavRSNi nAme vyaktio hatI. rAjA aMdhakavRSiNa ane zivAnA dasa putromAMnA eka putra samudravijaya ariSTaneminA pitA thAya. ariSTaneminuM sagapaNa ugrasenanI putrI rAjimatI sAthe thayuM, paNa lagnensavanA bhojana arthe thatI pazuhiMsA joI vairAgya utpanna thatAM emaNe raivataka para dakSA laI ujajayaMta para tapasyA karI. dvAravatInA aneka cAdavoe ariSTanemi pAse dIkSA lIdhI. - hAravatI AvyA pahelAM yAdavo mathurA pAse AvelA zauriyapuramAM nivAsa karatA. zoriyapuranA aneka rAjAomAMnA eka rAjA te vasudeva. vasudevanI patnIo rahiNI ane devakI; rohiNInA putra balarAma ane devakInA kRSNa. dvAravatInA agragaNya janamAM samudra Adi dasa dazAha, balarAma Adi pAMca vIre, ugrasena Adi 16 hajAra rAjAo, pradyumna Adi sADA traNa kareDa kumAra, vIrasena Adi 21 hajAra vIra puruSa, rUkamiNuM Adi 16 hajAra devIo tathA aneka hajAra gaNikAone ullekha jaina AgamAM aneka vAra kare che. A badhA para kRSNa vAsudevanuM Adhipatya hatuM. dvArakAnA vinAzane lagatI jena anukRtio A pramANe che: ariSTaneminI AgAhI mujaba 12 varSa pachI dvAravatI nagarI dvIpAcana, agni ane madirAnAM kAraNosara nAza pAmI. ariSTaneminI AgAhI sAMbhaLI yAdavoe dIkSA lIdhI. 8. puNenI vaMzAvaLImAM citraka ane aiviSThAnA putromAM ariSTaneminuM nAma Ave che. A ariSTanemi kRSNa vAsudevanA pitrAI bhAI thAya. juo vaMzAvaLI. deva indranI kRpAthI yadu ane tuvaMza samudra oLaMgavA zaktimAna thayA hovAne nirdeza veda (1. 174. 1; 4. rU. 1; 5. 31. 8; 6. 20. 12) mAM che. be nirdeza (1. 174. 1; 6. 20. 12) mAM "samudrane" garjanA karato ane dhasI Avate kahyuM che. yadu ane tuvaMza dUrathI AvyAne ulekha paNa da ( 6. 4. 1) kare che. jadanA A nirdezamAM "samudra ane dUra" zabda parathI vidvAne anumAna tArave che ke yaduo videzathI AvyA hatA. paraMtu griphithanA maMtavya anusAra dUrane deza bhAratavarSanI bahAra nahi hoya; e bhAratavarSane ja keI dUrano bhAga ha vadhu saMbhave che. e dUranA bhAgathI laDavA paduo paruSNI (rAva) nadIne kAMThe AvyA. evI ja rIte "samudra eTale dariyo nahi, paNa khUba vistRta jaLapaTa, arvAcIna bhAratIya bhASAomAM phariyA" samudranA arthamAM vaparAya che ne "tAra' vizALa taLAvanA arthamAM. dA. ta. jAmanagaranuM raNajitasAgara (taLAva). 20. F. E. Pargiter, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, p, 259 31 ja vaMzAvaLI. bI.

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th '... 12. sa tAbhyAM mumude rAjA baddhvA pitaramAhukam / . . samAzritya jarAsaMdhamanAdRtya ca yAdavAn // - harivaMza, Appendix I, No. 29 13. bhojarAjanyavRddhastu pIGayamAnaidurAtmanA / jJAtitrANamabhIpsadbhirasmatsaMbhAvanA kRtA / __ mahAbhArata 2. 13. 31-32 . .. vaLI ugrasenasutaH kaMsaH parityaktaH sa bAndhavaiH / jJAtInAM hitakAmena mayA zasto mahAmRdhe // mahAbhArata 5. 126. 37 14. matsya, brahmAMDa ane padmapurANu yAdavavaMzAvaLInA aMtamAM yAdavakuLanI saMkhyA 100 ke 101 gaNAve che, paraMtu vAyupurANa (6, 25-254) cAdavakuLanI saMkhyA 11 Ape che, A agragaNya 11 kuLa pAchaLa ApelI vaMzAvaLIthI spaSTa yAya cha. 15. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, Appendix I, 6, ||. 5-6 16. jJAtikAryArthasiddhayarthamugrasenahite sthitaH / vasudevo'bhavannityaM kaMso na mamRSe ca tam // harivaMza 80. 5 17. guthe| zAvaNI. 18. yo pArI5 na. 12 bhane 13. astiH prAptizca nAmnAstAM mAgadhasya sute nRpa / jarAsaMdhasya kalyANyau pInazroNipayodhare / ubhe kaMsasya te bhArye prAdAd bAhadratho nRpaH // harivaMza 80. 3 15. bhuyo pArI5 na. 17. 20. harivaMza 80. 7-8 21. mahAbhArata 2. 13. 34-35; 43. 45 21. viza 82. mA adhyAya pachInA prakSita (Appendix I. No. 18 )mA yAhavAye mAnatamA sthalAMtara vAsudeva pai 1. padIye 450, evI matalabane vRttAMta nIce mujaba che: iphavAku vaMzanA hathenAM lagna madhu daityanI putrI madhumatI sAthe thayAM. haryazvane enA moTA bhAI e (jenuM nAma ApavAmAM nathI AvyuM) dezanikAla karyo. madhu haiye haryane potAnA vizALa rAjyamAMthI Anatane svAmI banAvyuM. haraNanuM rASTra

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itihAsana pUrvabhUmikA t. anUpa(jalapradeza)thI gherAyeluM hatuM. rASTranuM nAma Anata hatuM ane rAjadhAnI giripura hatI. prakSipta bhAgamAM yAdavavaMzAvaLI vize navI vigato maLe che. hacazva ane madhu daityanI putrI madhumatInA putra caMdu thayA. A yadumAMthI nIkaLelo vaMza yAcAta yadu(yayAtinA putra yadu)nA vaMzamAM bhaLI gayo. haryazvanA cadanA vaMzajo sAta kuLanA thayA:bhauma ke bhai, kukare, bheje, aMdhakA, cAda, dazAryo ane vRSNie. yadunA pAMca putromAMthI eka putra mAdhave Anarta para rAjaya karyuM. enA vaMzajo ne AnartanA rAjAonI vaMzAvaLI nIce pramANe che: haNzva evAka | mA dhana suda pAvaNa mAdhava sArasa savaMta bhIma sAta adhaka revata kakSa (revata) vizvagabha paNa babu supaNa sabhA - vasudeva kuMtI (pAMDu rananI panI) sujhaNA (vedirAja moSanI patnI)

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A vRttAMta anya purANenA tathA mahAbhAratanA vRttAMtathI judA paDe che. pATira harivaMzanA A vRttAMtane banAvaTI gaNe che. "harivaMzanI samIkSita AvRttimAM A bhAga prakSipta gaNelA hovAthI paNa harya ne lagatI anuzrutinI vizvasanIyatA ochI bane che. 22. rUti janya ma katInI rizamazritaH | kuzasthalI purI ramyAM raivatenopazobhitAm // punanivezanaM tasyAM kRtavanto vayaM nRpa / tathaiva durgasaMskAraM devairapi durAsadam // striyo'pi yasyAM yudhyeyuH kiM punarvRSNipuMgavAH / mahAbhArata 2. 12. 46-51 23. juo upara pAdaTIpa naM. 15 24. harivaMza 10. 8-13; viSNupurANa 5. 35; brahmapurANa 208; bhaagvtpurA 10. 68 25. rivaMza 87-88 - 26. vaMza 40-42 27. A prAjyAtiSapura prAya: AsAmamAM AveluM hatuM. narakAsura beTavA nadInA 42 42 maa (yait N. L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India) prAtipurane rAjA nahi, paNa A prAyotiSapurane rAja hatuM. mahAbhAratamAM narakAsuranA vArasadAra bhagadatta ane vajAtanA saMdarbhamAM hAthIone nirdeza Ave che. Aje paNa AsAma hAthI mATe prakhyAta che. 28. prAtiSapura DuMgarALa pradezamAM hovAthI vadhu surakSita haze. prAtiSa zabdanI vyutpatti e sthaLanA bhUlakSaNanI sUcaka che. ekTrika bhASAnA zabda "pagara-juha(ja) tikAca" no artha thAya che " ati parvatavALe pradeza" (juo B, K. Katri, Mother Goddess Kamakhya, p. 6). 29. riverA 11-12 harivaMzanA A vRttAMta mujaba narakAsura harelAM devenI mAtA aditinAM kuMDaLa ApavA kRSNa devaloka gayA ane tyAMthI ja pArijAta vRkSa letA AvyA; A Anuzrutika vRttAMta para kRSaNa avatArI puruSa hovAnI mAnyatAnI pUrI asara che. kRSNa devaloka gayA, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa harivaMzanA 92 mo adhyAya pachInA prakSipta bhAga(Appendix I, No. 29)mAM to pArijAtaharaNanA prasaMgamAM svargaloka-pati indranA kRSNa sAthenA yuddha ane emAM indranA thayelA parAbhava vize nirUpaNa thayuM che. 29. maphAbhArata 2. 26. 12; 20. 12-14 30 ja tu paNa ahI vimAne mArA rAjasUyastvayA prAptumeSA rAjanmatirmama // mAmA 2. 12. dara

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itihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA evameSa tadA vIra balibhiH kukurAndhakaiH / vRSNabhizva mahArAja nItihetorupekSitaH // mahAbhArata 2. 17. 27 mahAbhArata 2. 22. 51-52 32. mahAbhArata 2. 22. 35-36 33. mahAbhArata 2. 33. 27 34. mahAbhArata 2. 36. 15 34. mahAbhArata 2. 42. 7-11 36. mahAbhArata(3. 14; 7. 11, 20 ane 22)mAM saune nirdeza nagara tarIke thaye che. saubhane sthaLanirNaya vartamAna alvara tarIke thayo che. prAcIna mArmikAvata zanI yAnI ale kI samave cha (Ythe| Deyfa Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India ). 37. mahAbhArata 3. 15-23 15 mA adhyAyamAM zolvanA kAkA para AkramaNa ane kRSNanA saubha paranA vaLatA AmaNa vize nirUpaNa thayuM che, paNa tyAra pachInA adhyAya(16-17)mAM rAvanI mAyAyukta yuddhapaddhatinuM varNana che. bhAgavata sivAya anya koI purANamAM zAvanA AkramaNanuM varNana nathI. harivaMza mahAbhAratanuM pariziSTa hovAthI emAM paNa AkramaNane mAtra ullekha (97, 6; 105, 13) che, varNana nathI. bhAgavatanuM varNana mahAbhAratane AdhAre che, 38. AtmAnaM pratijAnAti loke'sminpuruSottamam / Adatte satataM mohAdyaH sa cihnaM ca mAmakam // vApuNDakirAteSu rAjA balasamanvitaH // pauNDako vAsudeveti yo'sau lokeSu vizrutaH // mahAbhArata 2. 13. 18-19 uparanA lakamAM "cihna" ekavacanamAM hoI "caka" artha abhipreta che. cAne Ayudha tarIke upayoga karavAmAM kRSNa vAsudeva pravINa hatA. pauMDraka vAsudeva paNa cAne upaga jANatA hoya, 36. mahAbhArata 5. 11. 128; harivaMza 106-112, viSNupurANa 5.32-33; brahmapurANa 206.. 40. mahAbhArata 5.7.29 jAnA . . . . . . . . . 41. mahAbhArata 5. 19. 1; 168. 19 . 42. mahAbhArata 7. 18. 31; 31. 29: 11. 38; 8. 7. 17 . 43. mahAbhArata 5. 155. 38 44. mahAbhArata, mausaLaparva

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paviziSTa yAdavakAlIna dvArakAnA sthaLanirNayane prazna yAdavakAlIna dvArakAnA sthaLanirNaya vize vidvAnomAM matamatAMta pravarte che. * mahAbhArata ane purANanI anukRti pramANe yAdavee zAryAtonI ujajaDa kuzasthalInA sthAna para dvAravatI-dvArakAnuM nirmANa karyuM. alaga alaga graMthamAM ThAravatInA bhaulika muddA nIce pramANe tarI Ave cheH dvAravatI vize mAhitI Apato sauthI prAcIna upalabdha graMtha mahAbhArata che. enA varNana pramANe raivataka girithI zobhita kuzasthalImAM yAdavoe vasavATa karyo. kuzasthalInuM lazkarI mahattva hovAthI teoe enA jIrNa durgane samarAvyA ne kuzasthalI tAravatI nAmathI prasiddha thaI sabhAparvamAM thayelA enA varNanamAM (13 me adhyAya) samudrane ullekha nathI, paraMtu AraNyaka parvamAM Avato garbhita ullekha, sauptika parvane spaSTa nirdezaka tathA mausala parvamAM AvatI dvArakA samudramAM DUbI gayAnI anukRti spaSTa rIte batAve che ke ThAravatI ke dvArakA samudra pAse hatI , | ThAravatInA A bhaugolika varNananuM samarthana harivaMzamAM maLI rahe che. yAdavonA sthaLAMtara ane dvArakAmAM vasavATane lagatA harivaMzanA varNanamAM raivatane nirdeza che ja, paraMtu samudrane ulekha vAraMvAra Ave che. samudramAMthI nirmita bhUmibhAga para dvArakAnA nirmANane ulekha che. dvAravatI samudranI vacce hevAne paNa nirdeza che. - viSNupurANa (4, 1, 91) dvAravatInuM nirmANa kuzasthalInA sthAna para thayAnI anuzruti Ape che, ane samudramAMthI bhUmi nirmANano paNa ullekha kare che (5, 23, 13). bhAgavatapurANuM lakhAyuM te samaye lekhakanA manamAM dvArakAne samudra sAthe saMbaMdha hevAne khyAla vizeSa haze tethI emAM AnartanA putra raivate kuzasthalInuM nirmANa samudra-madhye karyuM ane kRSNa paNa ema ja karyuM hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che. - vigaNa ane bhAgavata purANenA dvAravatInA varNanamAM tarI Avato muddo e che ke baMne purANomAM giri paivata vize nAmanirdeza che nahi. . . .

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238 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [.. hariva'zamAM anya sthaLe 11 temaja mahAbhAratanA prakSipta bhAgamAM12 dvAravatI patAnI vacce AvI hAvAnA ullekha Ave che. nagarInA pUrva bhAgamAM raivata, pazcime pacava, dakSiNe latAviSTa ane uttaramAM veNumata hatA. A vanamAM samudrane bilakula ullekha nathI. jaina anuzruti 3 raivatane dvAravatInI uttarapUrvI (IzAna)mAM mUke che. bauddha jAtaka14 dvAravatI paryaMta ane samudranI vacce hAvAnu' jaNAve che. upara jaNAvela prathAnA lekhananI vacce moTA gALA rahelA hAvAthI dvArakAnA sthAnanA varNanamAM ATalI bhinnatA jaNAya che. emAM sauthI prAcIna, mahAbhArata je tenA vartamAna svarUpamAM pAMDavAnA saMbhavita samaya karatAM hmaNu anukAlIna che temAMnuM varNana maukhika anuzruti para AdhArita haze. mAghyakAlIna dvArakA samudramAM DUbI gaI DhAvAthI saurASTramAM judAM judAM sthAna mULa dvArakA haiAvAnA dAvA kare che. (1) dvArakA : okhAma'DaLamAM AvelI dvArakA zrI kRSNanA samayanI dvArakA tarIke vartamAna caturthAMmamAM gaNunA dharAve che. pATira, pusALakara tathA anya vidvAnA Adhunika dvArakAne ja kRSNanI dhAravatI mAne che. vamAna dvArakA raivata( giranAra )thI ghaNI dUra che. paraMtu pArjiTar15 kharaDA parvatane raivata gaNe che. piMDAraka (piMDArA) tI, jenA ullekha nArada kare che te vartamAna dvArakAnI najIka hovAthI pusALakara dvArakAne okhAma'DaLamAM mUke che. sAmAnya rIte pavitra tInI jagyAe eka pachI eka nagarI vase che; ane vartamAna dvArakA samudra ane parvata pAse che e kAraNAne laIne pusALakaranA17 matavya pramANe dvArakA ja yAdavAnI prAcIna nagarI hatI. (1) jUnAgaDha : zrI. durgAzaMkara zAstrI 8 mahAbhArata, harivaMza ane purANAmAM AvatA kuzasthalI--dvArakAnA ullekhene aitihAsika krame tapAsIne avalake che ke vadhu prAcIna ullekhA muLaracalI-dvArakA raivatakagiri pAse enI taLeTImAM AvI

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to pazias hovAnuM jaNAve che, jyAre enI pAse samudra havAnA uokha mAgaLa jatAM upalabdha che. e parathI teo evuM anumAna tArave che ke mULa dArakA vitaka(giranAra)nI taLeTImAM hatI. yAdavAsthalI pachI e ujajaDa thatAM tyAM AgaLa jatAM girinagara vasyuM tyAre mULa dvArakAnuM sthAna visAre paDatAM e samudramAM DUbI gaI hovAnI ane AgaLa jatAM vaLI okhAmaMDaLamAM baMdhAvelA viSazumaMdira pAse e nagarI hevAnI kalpanA pracalita thaI aitihAsika samayamAM jUnAgaDha enI majabUta killebaMdhI ane kudaratI saMrakSaNa mATe prasiddha hatuM. Ama eka bAju takagirinuM ane bIjI bAju samudranuM sAmIpya hevAne meLa meLavavo muzkela che, chatAM mausalaparvane ulekha sabhAparvanA ullekha karatAM ghaNo anukAlIna na gaNuMya, AthI zrI. ena. ke. bhaTTasAlI yAdavonA samayamAM ja be dvArakA hevAnuM sUcave che. teo mahAbhAratanA varNanane AdhAre rAjasaya yAnA samaye yAdavonI ThAravatI vitaka girinI taLeTImAM hevAnuM jaNAve che, ane mausalayuddha thayuM tyAre yAda nivAsa anya dvArakAmAM hevAnuM ne e dvArakA samudrakinArA para hevAnuM jaNAve che. 19 (8) mULa dvArakA: paraMtu parvata ane samudra e baMnenuM sAmIpya hoya tevuM paNa eka sthaLa che. e che jUnAgaDha jillAnA koDInAra tAlukAmAM keDInArathI pAMca ki. mI. dakSiNa-pazcime AveluM "mULa dvArakA" nAme oLakhAtuM sthaLa. e hIrAnaMda zAstrI ane hAthIbhAI zAstrI mULa dvArakAnI tarapheNamAM che. enA samarthanamAM hIrAnaMda zAstrI20 nIcenI dalIle rajU kare che? mULa dvArakA samudrataTa para che; prAcIna dvAravatInI najadIkanAM sthaLo paNa mULa dvArakA pAse zodhI zakAya che. revata (giranAra) tyAMthI bahu dUra nathI temaja prabhAsa e sthaLathI pazcime 35 ki.mI. ja dUra che. enuM nAma "mULa dvArakA sUcave che ke prAcIna dvArakA ahIM hatI. bhAgavatapurANa (11. 31. 23)mAM varNavela bhagavadAlaya', je sivAya AkhI dvArakA DUbI gaI te paNa, mULa dvArakAmAM bhagnAvasthAmAM eka nAnA maMdira tarIke jaLavAI rahyuM che, joke A maMdira madhyakAlIna che, paNa enI dakSiNa pUrvamAM enAthI purANuM vizeSa mAlUma paDe che, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa samudramAM killebaMdhInA ava hoya ema lAge che

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24] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. hAthIbhAI zAstrI mULa dvArakAnI tarapheNamAM keTalAka navA muddAra rajU kare che: dvArakAkSetramAhA" mAM jaNAvela cakratIrtha ane dharmapura te AjanA cakrakuMDa ane viSaNugayA ke viSNuprayAga che. koDInAra ane nikumatI nadInAM prAcIna nAma kuberanagarI ane caMkumatI hatAM. A badhAM sthaLa mULa dvArakA pAse AvelAM che. zrI. bhadasAlI yAdanA kAlanI pahelI dvArakA revataka giranAra pAse ane bIjI dvArakA koDInAra pAse samudrataTa para AvelI hovAnuM sUcavI upara jaNAvelA bIjA ane trIjA matanuM samAdhAna sUcave che. 22 kRNe bIjI dvArakA bAMdhI hevAnI zakyatA bhadasAlInI jema pra. caM. dIvAnajI3 paNa vicAre che. pra. vI. bI. AThavalee A vicArane vistArapUrvaka rajU karyo. 24 jUnAgaDha samudrathI 80 ki. mI. (50 mAIla) dUra hevAthI e kRSNanI dvArakA na heI zake, paraMtu mULa dvArakA kRNanI dvArakA hevI joIe. giranAra eTale prAcIna gomaMta parvata, ane gIranuM jaMgala mULa dvArakAthI bahu dUra nathI. vRSNi-aMdhakee mULa dvArakAmAM vasavATa karyo. samaya jatAM, AnartanI uttare narakara" ane zAlva jevA zatruone kRSNa nAza karyo, pariNAme AjanI dvArakAmAM yAdavoe sthaLAMtara karyuM. pIMDArA ane zaMkheddhAra beTa vartamAna dvArakAnI pAse che. mAma zrI. AThavaLe yAdavonA kAlanI be alaga dvArakA mAnIne upara jaNAvelA pahelA ane trIjA matanuM samAdhAna sUcave che. - uparanAM traNa sthaLe uparAMta porabaMdaranI uttara-pazcime porabaMdara ane miyANI vaccenA samudrakAMThA para koyalA DuMgara pAse zrInagara najIkanA eka sthaLane paNa prAcIna dvArakA gaNavAmAM Ave che. somanAthathI 58 ki. mI. (36 mAIla) uttara-pazcime AveluM mAdhavapura pAsenuM eka sthaLamAM paNa dvArakA hovAnuM mAnavAmAM Ave che. A sthaLe lAMbA kALathI caitra mAsamAM kRSNamiNI-vivAha UjavAto Avyo che. uparanA dareka sthaLanI yAdonI dvArakA tarIkenI zakyatA anukRtionA prakAzamAM vicArIe : - prAcIna dvArakA raivataka ane samudra baMnenI pAse hatI evI prAcInatama anukRti mahAbhAratamAM maLe che. dvArakAnA bhaugolika parisaramAM revatakane na gaNI, kevaLa samudra para bhAra mUkatI anuzruti satya hakIkata rajU karatI nathI. mahAbhAratanA varNana parathI lAge che ke yAdavonA jIvanamAM raivataka eka mahatvanuM

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* Y] pariziSTa aMga khanI gayA hatA; arjuna ane kRSNe hastinApurathI pAchA pharatAM. raivataka para rAtrivAsa karelA ne subhadrAnA haraNa samaye raivatakanA ja utsava cAlatA hatA. A prasa Mge jotAM raivataka vagaranI dvArakA vicAravI asaMgata che. raivatakanI agatya hAvA chatAM, samudra paNa dvArakAnI najIka hatA e hakIkata che.27 yadu dariyAkheDu prajA nahAvAthI emane samudranuM AkarSaNa ochuM haze, tethI emanA jIvanamAM raivatakanA jeTaleA agatyanA bhAga samudranA nahi hAya; joke emanA rAjiMdA jIvanamAM samudrane agatya echI maLI haze, paNa dvArakAnA bhaugAlika citramAM samudranuM astitva hatuM ja. A rIte vicAratAM jUnAgaDhane yAdavanI dvArakA gaNavI kharAkhara nathI. jUnAgaDha lazkarI dRSTie dhaNuM agatyanuM sthaLa hatuM, paraMtu giranArane raivataka gaNuvAnI para MparA dhaNI meADI udbhavI lAge che. taduparAMta Adya-aitihAsika kAlamAM jUnAgaDha lazkarI mahattvanA rathaLa tarIke hatuM evA purAvA haju maLyA nathI. aitihAsika samayamAM e agatyanu lazkarI sthaLa hatu; uparakATa aitihAsika kAla daramyAna astitvamAM AvyA che. aitihAsika kAlanI zarUAtathI jUnAgaDha * girinagara ' tarIke oLakhAtuM; ' dvArakA ' nAma enI sAthe kadI paNu joDAyelu mAlUma paDayuM nathI. 6 ' " vamAna dvArakA dvArakAdhIzanA maMdirane kAraNe temaja zaMkarAcAryanA eka mane kAraNe khyAtanAma che, paNa bhAratayuddha samaye enuM astitva zaMkAspada che, kAraNu ke DaeN. sAMkaLiyA ane zrI. nANAvaTIe karelA kheAdakAmathI puravAra thayuM che ke vamAna dvArakAnA vasavATa yAvakAla karatAM moDA zarU thayA che. dvArakAnA vasavATa IsvIsananA thADA samaya pUrve zarU thayA hatA.28 joke maryAdita jagyAmAM ja kheAdakAma29 thayu che, paNa mathurAnA yAdavA sAthe saMbaMdha batAvatA eka paNa purAvA khAdakAmamAMthI jaDayo nathI.29a . " taduparAMta ' okhAma'DaLa ' nAma kRSNanI putravadhU uSA parathI paDayuM hoya ema lAgatu nathI. kAI yAdava vIrane badale uSA parathI .pradezanuM nAma paDe e vicitra che. saMskRtamAM '* uSA' zabdanA artha khAre| pradeza' paNa thAya che, jyAre ' uzIra 'nA artha mAtha thAya che. AkhAmAMDaLanA pradeza khArA che ane tyAM mAtha puSkaLa Uge che. e uparAMta uSA nAmanI eka nAnI nadI A pradezamAM vahe che. 37.

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242 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [x. zaMkhADhAranA prathama ullekha bhAgavatapurANamAM che. A purANu ghaNuM anukAlIna che. piMDArakanA ullekha mahAbhAratamAM che, paraMtu prAcIna 'piDAraka' ane dvArakAthI 29 kilomITara (18 mAIla) dUra AveluM. hAlanuM 'pI'DArA' eka ja che e zaMkAspada che. piMDadAna 2 vidhi sAthe saMkaLAyelA prAcI sarasvatI' tInA ullekha kadapurANamAM che. skaMdapurANa prAcI sararavatIne 'pi'DatAraka' kahe che. skaMdapurANanI vartamAna vAcanA mADenI hAvA chatAM saMbhava che ke A vidhAna kAI prAcIna anuzruti para AdhArita hoya. A parathI anumAna thaI zake ke mULa dvArakAthI uttare 24 ki. mI (15 mAIla)ne aMtare Avelu' prAcI sarasvatI tI' prAcIna piuMDAraka hAya, ane uttaramAM navI dvArakA tI sthaLa tarIke prasiddhi pAmatAM hAlanu` pIDArA astitvamAM Avyu` hAya. prAcIna dvArakAnA sthaLaniyamAM raivatakanA sthaLanirNAMya mahattvane che. raivatakanA sthaLaniyane prazna hariprasAda zAstrIe vigate carcyA che.33 lekhakanuM ma'tavya che ke dvArakAnI najIkanA raivataka parvata zarUAtamAM giranAra je tyAre U yat ke ujjayaMta tarIke oLakhAtA tenAthI taddana judA hatA. vakhata jatAM dAmeAdaranA maMdiravALA bheMsalA DuMgara34 raivataka nAmathI prasiddhi pAmyA ane tyAra pachI vaLI giranAra parvata peAte paNa e ja nAmathI eALakhAyA. emanA matAnusAra kRSNanI dvArakA, anuzruti sUcave che tema, prAyaH samudramAM laya pAmI haze. dvArakAnA sthaLanirNaya karatI vakhate samudramAM laya pAmavAnI anuzrutine lakSamAM levI ghaTe. temaja e paNa jANavuM jarUrI che ke zarUAtamAM raivataka giri kAI judA ja paryaMta hatA, je samudra najIkanI dvArakA pAse AvyA hovA joI e. dvArakA DUbI jatAM AgaLa jatAM giranAra raivataka' nAmathI prasiddhi pAmyA. raivata' ke raivataka"nA ullekha graMthAmAM 'acala''giri' ke 'parvata' tarIke thayA che. saMskRtamAM A zabdanA a TekarI, DuMgara ke pa`ta thAya che. saMbhavataH dvArakAnI pAse AvelA ane lazkarI mahattva dharAvatA raivataka UMcA paryaMta nahi, paNa TekarI haze; paraMtu AgaLa jatAM bhAratayuddha pachI kavinI kalpanAmAM raivataka TekarI UMcA raivataka paryaMtamAM rUpAMtara pAmI haze te saurASTramAM UcA paryaMta giranAra sivAya anya na hovAthI e paryaMta raivataka tarIke eLakhAyA hAya. kAI kudaratI UthalapAthalamAM dvAravatInI jema raivataka TekarI paNa nAza pAmI hoya te AgaLa jatAM ziranAra ke enI pAsenA DuMgarane raivataka' nAma lagna

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[2 9 zuM] pariziSTa . paDayuM hoya evI zakyatA che. A UthalapAthalamAM bhaugolika citra taddana badalAI paNa gayuM heya. AvA prakArane eka dAkhalo purANomAM nedhA che. prabhAsa pAse sarasvatI nadInA mukhamAM AvelI "kRtammara nAme TekarI vaDavAnalane lIdhe nAza pAmI hatI.35 vaLI saurASTranA dakSiNa kinArA para bIjA dhImA ke ociMtA pheraphAra thayA che. raivatakane UMcA parvatane badale TekarI mAnIe ne e TekarI dharatIkaMpa ane samudrabharatIne pUrathI nAza pAmI hoya to saMbhava che ke kRSNanI dvArakA vartamAna prabhAsa pAse hatI. mahAbhAratanA ullekho parathI spaSTa che ke prabhAsa raivataka ane dvArakA pAse pAse hatAM. vartamAna prabhAsa e ja prAcIna prabhAsa hatuM, AthI sUcita sthaLomAM sarakhAmaNIe najIkanAM mAdhavapura ane mULa dvArakAno yAdavakAlIna dvArakA hovAne dAva vicAro ghaTe. A baMnemAM mULa dvArakAnI prAcIna dvArakA hevAnI zakyatA vadhAre che, kAraNa ke e zatakathI mULa dvArakA" nAma dharAve che, temaja piMDatAraka prAcI sarasvatI tIrtha enAthI De ja dUra che. kaI moTA pheraphAramAM kRSNanI dvArakA ane samIpavartI raivataka TekarI nAza pAmI; te paNa bhAratavarSanA lokoe pitAnA iSTa avatArI puruSanI smRtine jALavI rAkhavA saurASTranA dakSiNa kinArAthI pazcima kinArA para eka nahi, paNa aneka dvArakAo UbhI karI. A prakriyAmAM koDInAra pAse AvelI mULa dvArakA sarvaprathama astitvamAM AvI haze ane okhAmaMDaLanI dvArakA tyAra pachI UbhI thaI haze. jyAMsudhI purAtattvIya anveSaNa anyathA puravAra na kare tyAM sudhI mAnavuM rahyuM ke yAdonI lupta thayelI rAjadhAnI dvArakA mULa dvArakAnI pAse AvI haze, ne kudaratano kepa e nagarI para e Utaryo haze ke e nAmazeSa banI gaI. bhUminI aMdara Avela enI samIpanA sthAnamAM dvArakA" nAma vitaryuM, pachI saurASTranI uttara-pazcima bhUzira pAse zatake pachI vaselI hAlanI dvArakAe paNa e tIrthadhAmanI pratiSThA prApta karI.

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w] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pAdaTIpa 1. mahAbhArata 2. 13. 49-50 ; harivaMza 9. 24-26. paNa tum| bAyupurANa, uttarArdha, 24. 27: AjagAma yuvA caiva svAM purI yAdavairvRtAm / kRtAM dvAravatIM nAma bahudvArA manoramAm // 2. iti saMcintya sarve sma pratIcI dizamAzritAH / kuzasthalI purI ramyAM raivatenopazobhitAm // punarnivezanaM tasyAM kRtavanto vayaM nRpa / tathaiva durgasaMskAraM devairapi durAsadam // siyo'pi yasyAM yudhyeyuH kiM punarvRSNipuGgavAH / ___ mahAbhArata 2. 13. 49-52 mathurA saMparityajya gatA dvAravatIM purIm // mahAbhArata 2. 13. 65 ____ 3. saMkramA meditAH sarve nAvazca pratiSedhitAH / parikhAzcApi kauravya kIlaiH sanicitAH kRtaaH|| mahAbhArata 3. 16. 15 same niviSTA sA senA prabhUtasalilAzaye / caturaGgabalopetA zAlvarAjAbhipAlitA // mahAbhArata 3. 17. 2 4. avasad dvArakAmetya vRSNibhiH paramArcitaH // sa kadAcitsamudrAnte vasandvAravatImanu / mahAbhArata 10. 12. 11-12 5. niryAte tu jane tasminsAgaro makarAlayaH / dvArakAM ratnasaMpUrNA jalenAplAvayattadA // 8. 40 1. 7 (84. 21-29)mAM samudrapA na Ave cha, nyAre tyAra 54AnA Rals (27-28) vatanuM vana 3 cha. 7. 81. 34-36 8. 85, 5. memA nasarIne "vAri" hIche. 6. 5. 23. 13

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muM] pariziSTa t :: 10, 1, 2, 28 11. rU. 14-16 12. samApa, Appendix I, pp. 4125. 13. teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM bAravaI nAma nagarI hotthA / tIse gaM bAravaIe nagarIe bahiyA uttarapuracchime disIbhAe revatage nAma pavvae hotthA / 28. E. B. Cowell, Jataka Stories, Vol. IV, p. 53 24. F. E. Pragiter, Markandeya Purana-a Translation, p. 289 . 16. surasiMhajI esa. jADejA dvArakA vizenA emanA lekha "pathika", kaTAba 106, pR. 21-14)mAM pArjiTaranuM maMtavya dharAve che. emanI eka dalIla che ke baraDA parvatane AbhaparAne killo kRSNa baMdhAvyo hato, paraMtu purAtatvIya anveSaNathI A kile ghaNuM moDA samayane hovAnuM sAbita thayuM che. 10. Glory that was Gurjaradesa, Part I, p. 132 18. "aitihAsika saMzodhana, pR. 376-386 14. N. K. Bhattasali, IHQ, Vol. X, pp. 541 ff. 20. Annual Report of the Director of Archaeology, Baroda State, 1984-85, p 16 31. Archaeology and Ancient Indian History, p. 33 - 22, nArItravALI patri, 12, 10-100 2. juo upara pA. TI. na. 19. 73. Vai jual ar "Historical Value of Pauranik Works", Journal of Gujarat Research Society, Vol. 1, p. 124. 28. "Solution of Dwarka Controversy," Bharatiya Vidya, August 1947, pp. 190 ft " 25. AThavaLanuM maMtavya che ke prAjyotiSapura saurASTranI uttare AveluM hatuM ane naraka ene rAjA hato. , 34. Mc Crindle's Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy, - 188. - atre neMdhavuM jarUrI che ke porabaMdara najIka AvelA visAvADA pAse paNa mULa dvArakA che. tyAM raNachoDajInuM maMdira che, paraMtu maMdira pahelAM nIlakaMTha mahAdevanuM hatuM. liMga gagahanI madhyamAM che. pAchalI dIvAlanA gokhamAM pArvatInI mUrtine sthAne

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA * [ma sthApelI raNachoDajInI mUrti pachInA samayanI che." (K. F. Sompura, Thatructural Temples of Gujarat, p. 530) 1924. Mc Crindle's Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy, p. 188 27. juo upara pATIpa 3 ane 4. 26. Z. D. Ansari and M. S. Mate, Excavations at Dwarka, pp. 13, 29 29. dvArakAdhIza maMdiranI najIkamAM lagabhaga 25420 phUTa(846 mITarathI zira karI AgaLa jatAM 10 x 10 phUTa (343 mITara) ane chevaTe 6 46 phUTa(18418 mITara)ne vistAramAM 38 phUTa (16 mITara) UMDuM khaDaka lagI khodakAma karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. IsvIsananI pUrve thoDA samaya para A sthaLamAM vasavATa zarU thayo hato. gomatI khADIne kAraNe enuM baMdara surakSita hatuM. baMdara pazcimanA dezo tathA dezanA aMdaranA bhAga mATe dvAra (daravAjA) samuM hatuM, eTale ja A sthaLanuM nAma "tAravatI" rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. saMbhavata: samudranuM pANI gamatI khADImAM UbharAtAM A sthaLa bI gayuM. IsvIsana bIjI ke trIjI sadImAM A ja sthaLe dvitIya dvArakA UbhI thaI. emphA vAsaNanA TukaDA sUcave che ke A sthaLane vANijiyaka saMbaMdha rema sAthe paNa hato, ahIM maLI AvelA lAla cakacakita mRtpAtronA TukaDAo parathI anumAna karI zakAya ke evI ja batanAM vAsaNa vAparatA rAjasthAna ane mALavAnA lokoe ahIM vasavATa kaeNryo haze. dvArakAnuM dvitIya punarutthAna pAMcamIthI sAtamI sadInA sumAre thayuM. thoDA samaya pahelAM ja viSNu-pUjAne gupta samrAToe pracalita ane kapriya banAvI purANumAM ApelI kRSNa-kathAo teonA abhilekhamAM varatAya che. saMbhava che ke A samaye dvArakAnuM mahatta kRSNabhaktinA eka sthaLa tarIke vadhyuM hoya, rasai Mie GRIL Z. D. Ansari and M. S. Mate, Excavations at Dwarka ni H. D. Sankalia, " Dwarka in Literature and Archaeology" pp. 12 ff. ad M. S. Mate, " Excavations ", pp. 27 ff. REBU. 'If we were so fortunate as to find the remains of a house, say at the depth of 30 feet or more and get along with it pottery called Painted Grey Ware then a great step forward in proving the migration of the Yadavas under Shri Krsna in about 1000 B, C. would have been taken.'

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pariziSTa [ 247 ['30 phUTa ke enAthI vadhu UMDAIe kaI gharanA avazeSa ane enI sAthe citrita rADiyAM mRtpAtra prApta karavA ame bhAgyazALI thayA hota te I pU. 1000nA sumAre zrIkRSNanA netRtva nIce thayelA yAdanA sthaLAMtarane sAbita karavAmAM moTuM pagaluM bharAyuM heta."] H. D. Sankalia, "Dwarka in Archaeology and in Tradition", Times of India, June 2, 1963 30. kalyANarAya jozI, "dvArakA", pR. 7-73 31, rU. 80. 82, 8, 17 32. H. G. Shastri, "The Raivataka Hill Near Dvaraka", Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, No. 10, p. 51 33. ejana, pR. 28-64 34. giranAranI pazcime A DuMgara Avelo che. dAmodaranuM prasiddha maMdira ane azokane zailalekha A DuMgaranI taLeTImAM AvelAM che. A DuMgarane sthAnika leke bheMsalo" kahe che, 34. Cai: H. G. Shastri, "The Raivataka Hill near Dvaraka" Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, No. 10, p. ss. "The Epics, the Puranas and epigraphs refer to this submarine scourge which the ancients cloaked under the garb of a legend. But a close examination of the historical references to this hitherto unnoticed evil seems to point out to a real phenomenon which occurred within the memory of mankind; and that off the Western coast of India but originating perhaps in the volcanic regions of the islands of the southern seas." asalanA loke dvAre daMtakathAnuM svarUpa pAmelA vaDavAnalanA abhizApane ulalekha mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa, purANo ane abhilekha kare che. Aja sudhI dhyAna bahAra rahI gayelA A abhizApane lagatA aitihAsika nirdezanI UMDI tapAsa karatAM jaNAya che ke e satya ghaTanA hatI, je mAnavajAtanA smRtipaTa daramyAna banelI ane je bhAratanA pazcimI samudra-kinArA pAse banI, paNa jene udbhava dakSiNa samudronA TApuonA javAlAmukhI pradezamAM thaye". B. A. Saletore, "The Submarine Fire in Indian History", Indian Culture, Vol. II, p. 501 35. Indian Archaeology 1956-57-a Review, pp. 16-17

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khaMDa 4 aitihAsika kAlanI bhUmikArUpe prAcIna sthaLa, jAtio ane kAlagaNanA

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prakaraNa 10 prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha gujarAtanA Adya-aitihAsika kAlamAMthI aitihAsika kAlamAM saMkramaNa karatAM pahelAM enI bhUmi tathA prajAne lagatA aitihAsika ullekhanI, khAsa karIne samagra prAcIna kAlane anulakSIne, samIkSA karIe ke jethI aitihAsika kAlanA e saMdarbha samajavAmAM saraLatA rahe. evI rIte gujarAtamAM kAlagaNanAnI je judI judI paddhatio pracalita hatI tene paNa paricaya karI levuM Avazyaka gaNAya. gujarAtane samasta pradeza, enA mukhya bhaugolika ekama, vahIvaTI vibhAgo, parvata, nadIo, tIrtho, nagare ItyAdine lagatA anekAneka ullekha prAcIna kAlanA sAhityamAM tathA abhilekhamAM maLI Ave che tenA parathI te te sthaLa kyAre kayA nAme oLakhAtuM hatuM ne enA moTA samUhanAM nAmothI vyakta thatA vistAramAM kyAre kevAM parivartana thatAM hatAM e jANavA maLe che. sAdhanasAmagrI Aje jene "gujarAta rAjya' kahevAmAM Ave che temAM taLagujarAtane- uttara gujarAta, madhya gujarAta ane dakSiNa gujarAtane-tathA saurASTra ane kacchane samAveza thAya che. bhaugolika rIte eka saMskRti, eka sabhyatA, eka bhASA ane eka samAja dharAvatA A traNa bhUbhAga atiprAcIna kAlathI ekAtmaka rahyA che. uttara bhAratanI haDappIya saMskRti ane sabhyatAnI paraMparA che, saurASTra ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAM prasarelI jANavAmAM AvI che, paraMtu A samagra bhUbhAganI saMjJA tyAre zI hatI e jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. Anuzrutika vRttAMto dvArA jaLavAyelA A aitihAsika kAlanI keTalIka vigato graMthastha thayelI che, paNa te te samaya karatAM pramANamAM meDA-keTalIka te ghaNuM ja

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ra5ra] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA moDA-samayamAM lipibaddha thayelI che, vaidika kaMThastha sAhitya pramANamAM ThIka ThIka jUnuM kharuM, paraMtu emAM gujarAtanA ekAda sthAnane ja ane e paNa mAtra saMbhavita kaTine ja nirdeza kahI zakAya. sUtrasAhityamAM paNa ekAda ja kahI zakAya tevo ane pANininA aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa-sUtrapAThamAM paNa ekAda temaja e sUtrapAThanA pariziSTa tarIke AvatA gaNapAThamAM pramANamAM DI vizeSa saMkhyAmAM samakAlIna sthaLanirdezo-bezaka, A gaNu pAThamAM pAchaLathI umeraNo thayAnI zakyatA kahevAmAM Ave che, yA te gaNapATha paNa kadAca pANininA samaya pachI saMkalita thaye hoya--e Adya aitihAsika kAlanA gujarAtanA bhUbhAga mATe kahI zakAya. mahAbhArata-harivaMza, rAmAyaNa, matsya vagere purANo- A badhuM sAhitya prAcIna kALathI cAlI AvatI anuzrutionA bhinna bhinna kAlanuM ane bhinna bhinna mukhonuM saMkalana che eTale emAMthI spaSTapaNe zuddha nirbheLa ane samakAlIna mAhitI che ema kahevuM sAhasarUpa thaI paDe che. A anukRtyAtmaka sAhitya lipibaddha te aitihAsika kAlamAM thayeluM che. aitihAsika kAlanAM ja kahI zakAya tevAM sAdhanemAM kauTilyanuM arthazAstra, pataMjalinuM vyAkaraNa-mahAbhASya, bhAratanuM nATyazAstra, keTalIka smRtio, bauddha dharmanuM jAtaka-sAhitya, jaina dharmanA mULa AgamanuM sAhitya, bhAsa-azvaghoSa-kAlidAsa vagere kavionA graMtha, vAsyAyananuM kAmasUtra, varAhamihiranI bRhatsaMhitA, vaLI bhakTi mAgha daMDI udyotanasUri rAjazekhara hemacaMdra bihula haribhadrasUri semezvara ane aneka jaina graMthakAronAM kAvya, kathAnake, prabaMdha, kezagraMtha, vyAkaraNa, kAvyazAstranA graMtha, Ayurveda vagere zAstranA graMtho, nATaka-A I. pU.nI 3 jI-cothI sadIthI laI I. sa.nI teramI sadI sudhInAM jANavAmAM AvyAM che. A dizAmAM aitihAsika kAlamAM zilAo temaja tAmrapatramAM kotaravAmAM AvelA saMkhyAbaMdha abhilekha ane aneka hastalikhita graMthanI puSpikAomAM AvatI prazastio paNa ThIka ThIka upayogI jaNAyAM che. mahAbhAratamAM eka samayanA jyane ane emAMthI vikaselA bhAratane aMza prAcIna-atiprAcIna paNa haze, paNa e AjanI mahAbhArata-zasAhastrI (hakIkate harivaMza' sAthe aMkita 78,675 zlekenI) saMhitAmAM tAravavA jatAM paNa savaze pramANita gaNuya ke nahi e viSaya carcAspada ja rahevAne. purANomAM to A viSayamAM AnAthIye kayAMya vadhu muzkelI che. adhikRta vAcanAone abhAve ane prakSepanI temaja parivartananI bahulatAne kAraNe samayAMkanamAM nizcitatA meLavavI sukara to nathI ja. AvI muzkelIomAMthI ApaNe pUrI sAvadhAnIthI tAraNa kADhavAnuM rahe che. :

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10 suM]. prAcIna bhaulika ullekha [ rapa : 1 pradezavAcaka nAmo - kAIka mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA samayanA I. sa. 150(zaka 72)nA jUnAgaDha zaila-lekhamAM rudradAmAnI sattA nIcenA pradezonI yAdI ApavAmAM AvI che. tyAM gaNAvelA deza te Akara (pUrva mAlava), avaMti (pazcima mAlava), anUpa nIvRta (nimADa), Anarta, surASTra, bhra, bharu, kaccha, siMdhu, sauvIra, kukura, aparAMta ane niSAda vagere che. aMte, "vagere" kahelA hoI A uparAMta bIjA paNa kharA. anUpane pazcima bhAga, Anarta, surASTra, zvatra ane kacchaA pradeza AjanA gujarAta rAjyanA bhAga che, jyAre bAkInA gujarAta rAjyanI sarahadane aDakIne rahelA yA sarahadathI najIkanA che. rudradAmAnI rAjadhAnI (ujjana) avaMtimAM hatI eTale Akara (pUrva mAlavano pradeza), avaMti (pazcima mAlavane pradeza), enI dakSiNe nIvRta (nibhADa)ne pradeza uparAMta pazcima ane dakSiNanA pradeza enI sattA nIce hatA, jemAM Anarta (uttara gujarAta) -surASTra (saurASTra-pazcima gujarAtadhabra (sAbarakAMTha-IzAna gujarAta)-maru (pazcima mAravADa)-kaccha vAyavya gujarAta)-siMdhu (siMdha)-sauvIra (nagaraThaThThA ane thara-pArakarane pradeza)-kukura (pUrva rAjasthAna)-aparAMta (dakSiNa gujarAta ane nAsika tathA thANA jillAne pradeza, anya mate dakSiNa paMjAbano pradeza) -niSAda (DAMga-vAMsadA dharamapurathI laI DuMgarapura-vAMsavADAnA vAgaDa pradezane samAvata, Abu sahita samagra bhIla-pradeza, anya mate mAravADanI uttara pradeza) samAI jatA hatA. AmAM paMcamahAla ane madhya gujarAtano khyAla ApanArA dezabhAga alaga jovA maLatA nathI eTale saMbhAvanA karI zakAya ke paMcamahAlane samAveza bhIlanA pradeza tarIke "niSAda"mAM hoya ane mahInI uttara pradeza "zvabhra'mAM, to mahIthI narmadAnA pradeza "aparAMta'mAM samAveza pAmatA hoya. bhIlothI vasele viMdhyano samagra pradeza sahaja rIte "niSAdamAM samAveza pAmatuM haze rudradAmAnA samayanA, AjanA gujarAtanA e samayanA, pradezone keMdramAM rAkhI graMthastha vagere purAvAonI daSTie te te pradeza, viziSTa rIte ulikhita thayele, kyAM kema che e jovAno prayatna karIe. - AnartaH rudradAmAnA samayanA upara kahelA jUnAgaDha rola-lekhanA nirdeza parathI ema lAge che ke Anarta " AjanA moTA bhAganA uttara gujarAtanA pradeza mATe sacita thayo che. jenI dakSiNa-pazcime "surASTra ane pazcime

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254] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA . "kara7, uttare "maru', uttara-pUrve "niSAda', ane pUrve "zvabhra' AvelA kahI zakAya. pANininA aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa-sUtrapAThanA sAmAnya rIte pariziSTarUpe svIkAravAmAM AvelA "gaNapAThIne ApaNe kadAca pANininI racanA sarvAze na gaNIe ane emAM umeraNa thayAM che e paNa ghaDIbhara svIkArIe, te paNa I. pU. 2 jI sadIthI A pUrvenI te e racanA nathI. "gaNapATha" dezavAcaka nAmamAM "kaccha" "zvabhra' "kheTaka" "surASTra" "anUpa" ane "Anarta ne ullekha kare che. "gaNapATha"nA nirdeza(4-2-127)thI Anarta' macita chatAM e kyAM hato e tyAMthI jANI zakAtuM nathI; e nakkI karavAne mATe mahAbhAratanA nirdeza ja kAma lAge ema che. rAjasUya-nimitte arjuna uttaramAM digvijaya karavA nIkaLe kahyo che tyAM eNe pahelAM kuNiMda dezanA rAjAone vaza karyA. tyAM Anarta, kAlakUTa ane kuNiMda deza upara vijaya meLavI samagra dvIpa upara vijaya meLavyo, tyAM saptadIpanA rAjAo sAthe yuddha karI, emanA upara jIta meLavI e bhagadattanA pra tiSapura tarapha deDI gayo. tyAMnA nirdeza pramANe A uttara taraphanA pradeza che ane tethI digvijayanA varNanavALo Anartane A nirdeza gujarAtane lAgu paDe nahi. sahadeve karelA dakSiNa dizAnA vijayanA varNanamAM surASTrano ullekha Ave che, Anartane nahi.7 a AraNyaka- parvamAM ullekha thayA pramANe yudhiSThire dhRtamAM badhuM gumAvyuM tyAre kRSNa AnartamAM nahetA ane zAlvanI sAme enA nagara tarapha ene vadha karavA gayA hatA evuM kRSNanuM yudhiSThira pratye kathana thayuM che,8 arthAta kRSNane nivAsa Anarta dezamAM hate. zAve Anarta upara kRSNanI gerahAjarImAM caDAI karelI. eNe, hakIkate, dvArakA upara caDAI karI hatI.10 eNe dvArakAvAsIone "Anarta dezavAsIo" evuM saMbodhana karyuM ha11 mahAbhAratane dvArakA "Anarta "nA pradezamAM abhISTa hoya evuM spaSTa thAya che. bhISmaparvamAM saMjaya dhRtarASTrane jaMbUkhaMDavinirmANanI vAta kahe che tyAM janapadanAM nAma gaNAve che temAM "surASTrane nirdeza karyA pachI keTalAka deza bAda "Anarta ane ullekha kare che.12 Ama jANe ke "Anarta" ane "sura" alaga alaga deza heya ! paraMtu AraNyaka parvamAM dhImya pAMDavone bhAratavarSanA tIrtha gaNave che tyAre "surASTranAM tIrtha camasensajana, prabhAsa, piMDAraka, ujayaMta giri sAthesAtha dvAravatIne paNa gaNAve che,13 ane e parvamAM anyatra dvArakAne ja "Anartanagara' kahevAmAM Avela che.14 Ama "Anarta" ane "surASTra" eka ja pradezanAM be nAma heya, yA te "surA ne "Anarta mAM samAveza thato hoya ke Anarta

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10 zuM] prAcIna bhogelika e surASTramAM. "Anarta "nA sthaLanirdeza mATe harivaMzamAM kahyuM che ke vaivasvata manune nava putra thayA hatA temanAmAMnA zaryAtine Anarta ane sukanyA nAmanAM be saMtAna thayelAM; Anartane putra reva hato, Anarta deza Anarta" hatA ane kuzasthalI enI rAjasthAnI hatI; revane kakudI revata nAmane meTo putra hato, jenuM kuzasthalImAM rAjya hatuM. 15 ane sabhAparvamAM jaNAvyA pramANe ujajaDa thaI gayelI kuzasthalInA sthAna upara tAravatI vasAvI hatI, te ja dvArakAne pachIthI, kRSNanA jaNAvyA pramANe, zizupAle saLagAvI mUkI hatI.17 ane upara joyuM ke AraNyakaparva pramANe dhAravatI "surASTramAM che. harivaMzanA prakSipta vibhAgamAM jovA maLe che ke haryazvane jenuM mukhya mathaka "giridura karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te "surASTranI sattA enA sasarA madhu dAna ApI tyAre e vizALa "Anarta no svAmI banaze ema paNa kahyuM che e "surASTra' te "samudrApabhUSita" hato, eTale ke samudrakAMThAne jalasamRddha (gA) hato ane tyAM vistAravALuM Anarta rASTra paNa hatuM.18 harivaMzanA prakSipta aMzanI pAchaLa je kaI anuzruti haze teNe surASTra" ane "Anarta ne najIka najIkanA gaNyA che, jyAre mahAbhArata pramANe ThAravatI " surASTramAM paNa hatI ane e "Anartanagara' hAI " Anarta' dezanI rAjadhAnI hatI, arthAta "Anarta "mAM "surASTra'no samAveza thaI jato. hato. vAyupurANa karacha, surASTra, arbada ane Anartane "aparAMta"nI aMtargata rahelAM kahe che. 19 meDenAM purANene bahu dhyAnamAM na laIe toye eka vAta spaSTa che ke pachInA samayamAM "Anata" ane "surASTra" alaga alaga pradeza hoya evuM sUcave che. A arthamAM "Anarta" nAma uttara gujarAta mATe prayojAyuM.. A prasaMgamAM e vAta noMdhavAlAyaka che ke lATa pradezane saMpUrNa rIte jANa rAjazekhara enI kAvyamImAMsAmAM pazcimanA dezonI gaNatarI karatI veLA "devasabha" "surASTra" "dazeraka" "travaNuM "bhRgukaccha' "kacchIya' "Anarta" abuMda' brAhmaNavAha "yavana vagere sUcave che, jemAM "bhRgukaccha" ane "Anarta be judA deza kahyA che, paNa tyAM "lATa" nathI kahyo. enA manamAM taLa-gujarAtanA uttara-dakSiNa be bhAga hoya ane e anukrame "Anarta ane "bhRgukaccha." valabhInA maitrakonAM saMkhyAbaMdha dAnazAsanemAM vaDanagaranAM "AnaMdapura ane "Anartapura' evAM be nAma jovA maLe che. mahAbhAratanuM "Anartapura" ke Anartanagara dvAravatI hatuM e vAta bhulAI gaI che ane uttara gujarAtanA vaDanagarane mATe e saMjJA vyApaka banI gaI che e rAjazekharanA "Anarta

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256 1 itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [* badha esI rahe che. sAlakI kAlamAM have Anartapura' maLatuM nathI, 'Ana 6pura' vyApaka che, je yathAsthAna A pachI batAvavAmAM Avaze. ' * Ana' nAma harivaMzanA nirdeza pramANe zaryAtinA putra AnartanA saMbadhe vyavahAramAM AveluM samajAya, paraMtu mahAbhArata e vize mauna seve che. zrAdiparvamAM kRSNa ane arjuna prabhAsasAM yatheSTa vihAra karyA pachI mahIdhara raivataka upara nivAsa karavA gayA tyAM arjune kRSNanI sAthe rahI naTa--nakAnA khela joyAnu` kahyu` che.22 AraNyakapamAM zAvanA acAnaka thavA saMbhavita AkramaNuthI bacavA vRSNui, aMdhaka ane AnartAne sAvadhAna karyA ane dhanabhaDArAnA rakSakAe nA-nakA ane gAyakAne dvAravatInI bahAra rahevA mAkalI ApyAnuM lakhyuM che.23 umAza'kara jozI naTa-naka-gAyakAnu` * Anata` ' vizeSaNa hovAnA atha kare che, paNa 'Anarta 'nA zlokamAM sabaMdha ' vRSNui-adhakA'nI sAthe che. A uparathI, bezaka, eTalu' anumAna karI zakAya ke Anata pradezamAM naTanaka-gAyakAnuM sUcaka prakAranu` prAdhAnya haze. vaLI e sUcaka che ke medinIkAzamAM * Ana' 'nA eka artha * nRtyazALA' paNa thAya che.24 e dhyAnamAM laI e tA A zabdanA saMbaMdha jJa + tRta dhAtu sAthe baMdha bese ema che. Ana MdazaMkara dhruve tA evI sabhAvanA karI che ke Rta kahetAM brAhmaNAnA yajJadha tene na pALanAra dasyue-anAryAM jyAM vase che te Ana.' emanuM dhAravuM evuM che ke amRta uparathI nate thayA che.25 . 'Ana' uttara gujarAta sudhI vyApaka hatA te chevaTe e uttara gujarAtamAM sImita thaye, jyAM nara-nakAnI vastI, viziSTa rIte, Aja divasa sudhI sacavAI rahI che. A uparathI zaryAtinA putra Anarta-vALI anuzrutine mAtra anuzruti gaNIne dezanAmane lA+mRta dhAtuthI vyutpanna svIkArIe te| e vadhu svAbhAvika banI raheze. bRhatsa`hitA pramANe si' ane sarasvatInA pradeza ane * surASTra 'nA pradezamAM naTa--na kAnu... prAdhAnya kahevAmAM AvyuM ja che.'26. umAza'kara jozIe eka sa'bhAvanA karI che ke A naka te ja naTTaNa nAda-hATa te nahi ?'27 ahI' eTaluM sudhArI laIe ke Anarta-banaTTa-nidanada-nATa-jAya. pachI 'lATa ' taLa-gujarAtanI thANA jillAnI sarahada sudhInA dezavibhAgane mATe viksI AvyA. surASTra : 'Ana''nA sthAnavistAramAM vadhadhaTa jovA maLe che, paraMtu 'suzaSTranA viSayamAM DhAI noMdhapAtra garama nathI, pANininA gaNapAThamAM

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10 ] prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe (57 dezavAsIonA nAma tarIke kutArASTra ane vinitArASTra zabda Ave che.28 kurita' ane riti" kaI peTAvibhAganA vAcaka haze, paraMtu "surASTra' to spaSTa ja che, ane e vartamAna saurASTranI talabhUmine vAcaka hovA vize kaMI aDacaNa nathI, kAraNa ke bIjA koI pradezanuM kyAMya kyAreya "surASTra nAma jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvamAM sahadevanA digvijyanA varNanamAM e zabdanAM darzana thAya che, jemAM dakSiNa dizA taraphanA vijayamAM "surASTranA adhipati kauzikAcArya Ahatine eNe vaza karyo hato, tyAMthI e zarmAraka tarapha AgaLa vadhyA hatA. 9 surASTramAM hato tyAMthI ja eNe kRSNanA sALA kumIne vijayanA vIkAranuM kaheNa mekalAvyuM hatuM. 20 sahadevanA vijayamAM surASTrAdhipati kauzika cArya Ahati kahyo che tyAM pAThanI ghaNI garabaDa che, paraMtu e keI yAdava to nathI ja kadAca "surA Trane ke I eka bhAgane e zAsaka sUcavA heya. digvijayanA adhyAya joIe tevA zraddheya lAgyA nathI, ane tethI koI jUnI anukRtinI chAyAmAM A prakAranuM vidhAna thayuM hoya. araNya parvamAM dhaumya RSi yudhiSThirane tIrthonI nAmAvali kahe che tyAM surASTramAM camatmajana, udadhitIrtha prabhAsa, piMDAraka, jayaMta giri ane tAravatI hovAnuM kahe che 31 AmAMnuM "camasanmajajana' pAThAMtarathI cama bheda che. "camasadabheda' saMjJAthI e sarasvatI nadI kurukSetra-vinazana pAse lupta thaI samaya mara pradezamAM paNa gupta rahI ane AgaLa cAlatAM tyAM pragaTa thaI tyAM nAgabheda tIrtha sAthe sacavAyeluM maLe paNa che. 32 A beu tIrtha prabhAsanI pAsenAM che ke anyatra ene nirNaya ekadama saraLa nathI; bezaka, camasanmajajana "surASTramAM kyAM e anizcita chatAM, udadhitIrtha prabhAsa "surASTrane dakSiNa samudrataTe henA vize zaMkAne sthAna nathI. piMDArakanuM sthAna AjanI dvArakAnI najIka pUrvamAM : 8 ki. mI.(18 mAIla)ne aMtare kacchanA akhAtane dakSiNa kAMThe--samagra surASTrane uttara-pazcima bhAge svIkAravAmAM AvyuM che. ane e e ja nAmathI jANItuM che. AraNyakaparvamAM krama svIkArIe to ene prabhAsa ane ujayaMta giri-AjanA giranAranAM sthaLonI * vacce kahyuM che, tethI ja prabhAsa pAse, gIramAMthI sararavatI nAmanI nAnI nadI dakSiNamAM vahetI AvI-atyAranA svarUpamAM cheDIne tyavAhinI banI, pUrvavAhinInuM svarUpa pakaDI, dakSiNavAhinI banI pachI cheka prabhAsa najIkanA triveNI saMgama sudhI pazcimavAdinI banI rahe che te--prabhAsathI uttara pUrve 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla)nA aMtara uparanuM prAcI tIrtha 'heya evo paNa eka abhiprAya

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258] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [5. che. bIjA sthaLamAM "ThAravatI' vize paNa matabheda che, je vize yathAsthAna sUcavAze. A sthAne surASTranAM che eTaluM nizcita che. upara batAvela bhISmaparvane ulekha kaI khAsa mahatva dharAvatA nathI; tyAM upAvRzva-anupAvRdha sAthe "surASTra dezano nAmollekha karI pachI kekaya-kuTTa-aparAMta vagere dezane gaNAvI Ape che, kaI khAsa meLa vinA. ahIM rAmAyaNanA be ullekha paNa seMdhavA joIe. bAlakAMDamAM azvamedha yajJane samaye vibhinna pradezanA rAjavIone nimaMtraNa karavA sumaMtra sArathine mokalatI veLA siMdhu-sauvIra ane "surASTranA'nA rAjavIone sAthelagA gaNAve che.35 siMdhu (siMdha) jANIto che, sauvIra siMdhu ane "surASTranI saMdhi uparano, saMbhavataH, nagaraThaThThA ane thara-pArakarane samRddha pradeza che. A sAhacaryathI surASTranuM sthAna paSTa thaI rahe che. kiSki dhAkAMDamAM rAma ane sugrIva sItAnI bhALa mATe vAnaravIrane judA judA pradezamAM mokale che tyAM "zarAbhIra" ane "vAhIkanI pahelAM "saurASTra (surASTranA loke)mAM tapAsa karavAnuM sUcavAyuM che. 36 "surASTra ne lagatA e aitihAsika ullekhene khare AraMbha te pANininA aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNanA "gaNATha thI thAya che, e ApaNe upara joyuM che. pANininA kartava-lekhe manAtI "zikSAmAM anunAsika svaroccAraNanA viSayamAM saurASTrikA' nArI(zakya che tyAM sudhI AhIrANI ')ne nirdeza neMdhapAtra che 39 gorasano dhaMdho karanArI AhIra kAma I.pU 6 ThThI sadImAM "surASTranA pradezamAM havA vize koI matabheda nathI, eTale e ullekha "surASTra dezane lagatA hevA vize koI zaMkA nathI. I. pU. 4thI sadIne kauTilya-viSNuguptacANakyanA arthazAstra"ne ulekha mahatvano e mATe che ke emAM kabaja ane "surASTranA kSatriyenI zreNIo-samUhone khetI ane laDAIthI AjIvikA calAvanArA kahela che. 28 graMthastha sAdhanAmAM bharatanATyazAstra "surASTra"ne "avaMti' dezanI sAthe ullekha kare che, paNa nATayazAstrano samaya kadAca 'kauTilyanA samaye jeTale jano na kahI zakAya. A badhAmAM itihAsapuSTa prabaLa purAvo nAsikanI 3 jI guphAnA, vAsiSThIputra pulumAvinA prAkRta lekhane, lagabhaga I.sa. 149ne che, jemAM "aparAMta" sAthe "sura" ullekha thayela che.40 A "surASTranuM prAkRta rUpa che. kAmaka mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA samayane I. sa. 150ne jUnAgaDha zailalekhane ullekha te A pUrve thaI cUkyuM che,

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10 muM]. prAcIna bhaulika ulekhe [ 259 tyAM ja kaMdaguptanA samayane I.sa. 457ne enA girinagaranA pAlaka cakapAlitana lekha "surASTra" zabdane be vAra ullekha kare che, jyAM bIjo ullekha suNAvani tarIke "surASTranI dharAranI vAta kare che.41 ( purANomAM maya-brahmAMDa-vAyu-vAmana vagere "surASTrane bIjA bIjA deze sAthe "aparAMta"mAM samAveza kare che. 42 viSNupurANa prajAonI vAta karatAM "aparAMta" ane saurASTra" ema judI judI gaNAve che.43 A pachI graMthastha ullekha te varAhamihirano bRhatsaMhitAne kahI zakAya; e paNa dezavAsIone mATe saurASTra' zabdano prayoga kare che 44 AnA samasAmayika ane uttarakAlanA paNa kahI zakAya tevA abhilekhika nirdeza have ThIka ThIka pramANamAM maLe che. valabhInA maitraka rAjAonI rAjadhAnI valabhI "surASTramAM hatI, paraMtu emane rAjyavistAra surASTra" bahAra paNa moTA vastiAramAM hato, eTale bahAranA pradezomAMnAM paNa dAna ApyAM che enAthI judAM paDe e dRSTie "surASTranAM gAma ke jamInanAM dAna ApatAM "surASTra' zabdane dezavAcaka nAmalekhe prayoga karavAmAM AvyuM che. maLelAM sAdhanomAM "surASTra(puliMga)no nirdeza dharasena 2 jAnA dAnazAsanathI laI zIlAditya 5 mAnA dAnazAsana sudhI (I. sa589 thI I. sa. 722 sudhIno ) jovA maLe che. 45 AmAM eka vastu UDIne AMkhe vaLage che ke puMliMganA prayogamAM dezavAcaka nAma tarIke bahuvacane prayoga thaye hoya che, solaMkI-kAlamAM rAmara jevA prayogamAM ja e ekavacane prajAyela che.46 neMdhapAtra e che ke dharasena 2 jAnA dAnazAsana(Isa. pa89)mAM puMliMge prayoga zarU thayo che te pUrve dhruvasena 1 lAnA dAnazAsana(I. sa. para9)mAM strIliMge ekavacanamAM su9 zabda maLe che.48 pachI dharasena 3 jAnA I sa 623nA bhAvanagara dAnazAsanamAM surAkRviSayamAM paNa strIliMge maLe che. 49 e pachI anumaitraka kAlamAM, khAsa karIne pazcima saurASTranA seMdhonAM bhUtAMbilikA-(baraDA parvatanI dhUmalI)mAMthI ApelAM dAnazAsanamAM e rAjAoe potAne tamArazurAgrAma sTanA zAsaka kahyA che 50 Ama chatAM rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsAmAM puliMge ja prayukta kare che. 51 pachI te cheka solaMkI kAlamAM strIliMge vyApaka prayoga anubhavAya che. siddharAja jayasiMhanA I. sa. 1209-10 nA dAhoda abhilekhamAM surANAmAbaumAM e spaSTa che. kumArapAlanA samayanA mAMgaroLaseraThamAM sacavAyelA I. sa. 1146nA abhilekhamAM mutsuka gRhilane surANAnA kahyo che.53 vAghelAnA samayamAM paNa strIliMge prAga jANavAmAM AvyuM che;

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rakaJ ItihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA [pra. je ke vAghelA arjunadevanA samayanA pazcima saurASTranA kATelA gAmanA zivAlayanA I. sa. 1ra64 nA abhilekhamAM kurASTrAvikRta samAsamAM che54 te purANA che, kAraNa ke I. sa. 1274 nA enA ja samayanA giranAranA lekhamAM surASTra ja che. 5 mAMgaroLa-soraThanI jumA masjidanA karNa vAghelAnA samayanA, Isa. 1300thI be traNa varSa pUrvanA abhilekhamAM zrIsurASTrImamAM paNa strIliMge che. jaina prabaMdhemAM te beu lige prayoga vipula pramANamAM maLe che. ema lAge che ke dezavAcaka saMjJA "surASTra ke "surASTra hatI ane prajAvAcaka saMjJA saurASTra hatI. pachIthI lahiyAone hAthe saurASTra rUpa, baMne artha mATe, svIkRta thatuM cAlyuM hoya. dhyAna kheMce che te dezavAcaka nAma tarIke prajAyela sauNa zabda. kanojanA maheMdrapAlanA mahAsAmaMta avanivarmA 2 jAnA I. sa. 900 nA dAnazAsanamAM (sau)rAjaugzvAntaH pati e prayoga maLe che. 57 A pUrve gujarAta bahAra racAyelA daMDInA dazakumAracaritanI anukAlIna pratamAM saurASTra bahuvacane dezavAcaka che, valabhInagarInA saMdarbhamAM. kumArapAlanA samayanA mAMgaroLa-seraThanA mUluka gRhilanA I. sa. 1146 nA atrilekhamAM kurAna cavA sAthosAtha thaDe ja AgaLa jaI laurASTrarakSAkSama zabda paNa prayojAyela che, je vaikalpika prayogane khyAla Ape che 58 bhImadeva rajAnA I. sa. 1219 nA dAnazAsanamAM jAmanagara jillAnA khaMbhALiyA najIkanA bharANA gAmane, e gAmane mAjama ravidA kahetA, lekhae gAmane saurASTra se hovAnuM kahe che. enuM asala rUpa saM. surASTra jUnA samayamAM hatuM ane prAkRta rUpa paNa suraka hatuM e A pUrve batAvAyuM che. lagabhaga Isa. 155 nA vAsiSThIputra puLubhAvinA prAkRta abhilekhamAM suraDha rUpa prajAyuM che te A vAtane ja ke Ape che. hariprasAda zAstrIe dhyAna doryuM che ke maitraka kAlamAM saurASTra rU5 vyApaka tuM jatuM hatuM, jene upalabdha pramANe parathI darzAvyuM che ke tyAre 'surASTranI jema surASTrA" zabda paNa saurASTranA samasta dvIpakalpa mATe vaparAto hato. emaNe eka saMbhAvanA tyAM vicArI che ke kadAca enA eka vibhAga mATe e rUpa vaparAtuM hoya, jenA uparathI seraTha' zabda UtarI Avyo. bhImadeva 2 nAnA samayamAM to hajI A paristhiti nathI dekhAtI, kAraNa ke uttara saurASTra rathaLane saurASTrareze kahyuM che e upara ApaNe joyuM che. e kharuM che ke khUba ja moDethI, jUnAgaDha upara bAbI vaMzanuM zAsana pravaryuM tyAre, saurASTrane sUbe jUnAgaDhanA viratAramAM dakSiNa saurASTramAM bharyAdita banyo, ane e vibhAga "tera" tarIke vyApaka the. bAkI

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t2 17 muM. prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha lokasAhityamAM soraThiyAnA duhA e mAtra dakSiNa saurASTrane nahi, samagra saurASTrano khyAla Ape che. ane A e vibhAga ke jenI pUrva sImA dhoLakA sudhI, IzAna sImA viramagAmane AvarI laI mAMDala-rAdhanapura vagerene sImA upara rAkhatI banAsakAMThAnI dakSiNa sImAne sparza karatI, uttare karachano akhAta, agnikoNe khaMbhAtano akhAta ane pazcima temaja dakSiNe arabI samudra sudhI hatI ane che. khuda 'surASTranI sImA AjanA "soraThamAM sImita hatI evuM harivaMzanA nirdezathI batAvavAne DolararAya mAMkaDe emanA eka lekhamAM prayatna karyo che, jemAM emaNe ene Anarta" nA eka bhAga tarIke batAvyuM che. eka . te e ke emaNe pramANa tarIke svIkArele "harivaMza ne bhAga meDane prakSepa che ane bIjuM e ke "surASTra" pradezamAM ja dvAravatI ane e ja "Anarta nagarI; eTale, A pUrve batAvyuM che te pramANe, "surASTra" e "Anarta ne eka bhAga kharo, paNa sAMkaDo nahi. bezaka, Ano AtyaMtika nirNaya te kuzasthalI dvAravatIne sthaLanizcaya thayA pachI ja maLI zake. jaina sAhityamAM "surASTra' vize mAhitI maLe che. anuyogadvAra sutra kSetro vize kahetAM magadha, mAlava, mahArASTra ane koMkaNanI sAthe su ne paNa gaNAve che. 63 nizIthacUNimAM surane chaMnu maMDaLamAM vibhakta hevAnuM kahyuM che.* kSetranI vAta karatAM sUtrakRtAMganI cUrNi magadha ane surane paNa kaMdrakSetra tarIke gaNAve che. 15 nizIthacUrNimAM jaNAvyA pramANe azoka mauryano pautra saMprati ujajayinImAM rahIne dAkSaNapatha, su, AMdhra, drAviDa Adi dezo upara rAjya karato hato. saMghadAsagaNi vasudevahiMDImAM suranI vepArI jAhojalAlI batAvI sura ane ujayinI vaccene vyavahAra temaja pura mAM bauddhonI vastI havA upara sAre prakAza pADe che. je jJAtAdharmakathAmAM to dvAravatI ane yu janapadane saMbaMdha spaSTa che, jyAM kRSNa vAsudeva, samudravijaya vagere dasAra (zA) sAthe dvAravatInA madhyabhAgamAM thaIne sura6 janapadanA madhya pradezamAM gayAnuM ane tyAM sarahada upara AvI paMcAla dezanA koMpilla nagara tarapha javA taiyAra thayAnuM kahyuM che. 27 surASTra dezanI saMjJAne videzI musApharoe paNa upayoga karyo che. grIke ane remanee Saurastrene,8 telemIe Syrastrene,29 bee Sarastos,70 cInAI sAhityamAM -2,71 moDethI muslima tavArIkhakAroe siraDha rU572 pitAnI anukULatA ane uccAraNane anusarI lakhela che. tolemI Syrastrene mAM syrastra nAmanuM sthaLa gaNAve che te Anartapura nI

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raj. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA jema "surApura" (prAyaH "girinagara') hevA saMbhava cheka ane pAlimAM lakhAyelA apAdAna graMthanuM suthara rUpa paNa ahIM dhyAnamAM levuM joIe.74 "surASTra" ke "surASTrA" saMjJAnA mULanA viSayamAM vicAratAM pahelI najare lAge ke su + rASTra evuM e rUpa haze; ane eNmbe gejheTiyara enA mULamAM su nAmanI prAcIna prajA hevAnuM kahe che paNa e sAthe vedakAlathI jANavAmAM AvelA dezavAcaka paNa zabdathI taddana svataMtra evI ra prAkata saMjJA kaI jatinI vAcaka hovAnuM paNa asaMbhavita nathI, tethI saMbhavita che ke zuM ane huM evI be prajAne deza te "sura", ane enuM saMskRtIkaraNa surA, evo abhiprAya ApI zakAya. ahIM prasaMgavazAta suNAkU-zabdane mArkaDeyapurANamAMnI durgAsaptazatImAM AvatA suraya evA rAja-nAma sAthe saMbaMdha vicAraNIya lAge che e rAjAne kaulee harAvI hAMkI kADhyo hato. rAjA sauvIranA pradezamAM gayA ane durgAnI upAsanAnA baLe vaziSTha RSinA AzIrvAdathI enA vaNika amAtya samAdhi sAthe potAnA deza upara caDI AvyuM ane eNe kone hAMkI kAtyA kara "sauvIranA sAhacaryo A "surASTranI bhUmine koI AghaaitihAsika banAva sUcita hoya te e rAjAnI purI saMjJA naiSadha 'virATa' vagerenI jema potAnA deza uparathI tyAMnI vyaktine lAgu paDelI hoya, jenuM asala nAma bhulAI gayuM hoya. paraMtu AnAthI mULamAM ane prajAnA saMbaMdhe dezanAma thayAne keI bAdha utpanna thato nathI. huM prajA saMbhavataH rASTrakUTa evI saMskRtIkaraNa pAmelI saMjJAnA mULamAM achatI rahetI nathI. ane ra prajAnI sAthe saMbaMdha saMbhavita hoya tevI prajA jANavAmAM AvI che. linIe eka kuri prajA bhAratavarSanI hevAnuM kahyuM che. kaniMgahama enA podInA sAhacaryo muMka kahI evI kumara jAti kahe che.99 te azokanI dharmalipimAM %i jAtine nirdeza maLI Ave che.azokanA jUnAgaDha zaila-lekhanA pAkamAM zika evI joDaNI che79 te A ja zabdanuM prAdezika rUpa che. A beu prajA bhAratavarSanI Adima jAtio saMbhave che. Ai-aitihAsika kAlamAM kaulanI A beu peTAjAtione nivAsa saurASTranI taLa-bhUmimAM koI eka samaye heya ane e rIte baMnenA joDiyA nAme dezavAcaka saMjJA banI hoya, jenuM saMskRtIkaraNa kuSTa banyuM saMbhave. bAkI AraMbhika-aitihAsika kAlamAM surASTranI gataNI, jyAM jaI prAyazcitta levuM paDe tevA dezamAM hatI,80 eTale AryonI daSTie e "suMdara rASTra" nahi hoya.

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10 ] prAcIna bhaulika ukale che liMganI dRSTie sura strIliMge kema ? ene eka uttara e hoI zake ke e mULamAM "bhUminA vizeSaNarUpe hoya ane pachI dezavAcaka banyuM hoya. bIje uttara-pazcima mAravADamAM gujara jAti AvI vasI hatI tyAre araba koe guDjha e jAtivAcaka zabdane strIliMge bahuvacana banAvato vAta pratyaya lagADI gugrata (= gujarone samUha) saMjJA 81 prAi, enuM prAkRtIkaraNa thatAM gujarattA ane pachI saMskRta gurjaratrA-3 strIliMge pracalita banyuM, enA sAdacce kurAchA paNa pracalita banyuM. surAgrA strIliMge prayoga jANavAmAM Avyo che te prAya sAmagrI pramANe I. sa. 529 jeTale dhruvasena 1lAnA dAnazAsanane samaya che, je samaye pazcima mAravADamAM gujara jAti sArI rIte prasarI cUkI hatI. A baMne sUcana mAtra saMbhAvanA tarIke rajU karI zakAya. AbhIraH rAmAyaNanA kikiMdhAkAMDamAM rAma ane sugrIva taraphathI sItAnI bhALa mATe vAnaravIrone judA judA pradezamAM mokalavAmAM Ave che tyAM "saurASTranI najIka hoya te rIte "zarAbhIra" ane "vAhIka' prAna sUcavAI che.84 mahAbhAratanA bhISmaparvamAM "vAhIka' (pAThAM. bAlhIka) ane 'vATadhAna' pachI 'AbhIra deza uhilakhita thayuM che. AgaLa jatAM "zaDAbhIra nuM paNa sUcana karavAmAM AvyuM che. 86 pAThabhede "zarAbhIra" ja "zraddhAbhIra' hoya te e asaMbhavita nathI, eTale rAmAyaNano "zarAbhIra" deza ane bhISmaparvano "zadvAbhIra" deza "surASTranI nikaTane deza che ema kahI zakAya. bhAgavatano ulekha, pramANamAM bhale moDAne hoya, paNa draprasthathI kRSNa dvArakA tarapha jAya che tyAre bharU-dhanvAne vaTAvI sauvIra ane AbhAra pachInA Anarta dezamAM AvI pahoMce che. ahIM bhAgavatane kRSNa dvArakAnA pradezanI nikaTamAM AvI pahoMcyA ema kahevuM che.87 sabhAparvamAM siMdhunA kAMThAnA grAmINa lokone ane sarasvatIne Azraya karIne , rahelA zuddhAbhIne sAthe lago nirdeza che,88 enA baLe vedakAlIna sarasvatI hAlane kaccha-vAgaDa ane pUrvottara Anarta vacce atyAranA kacchanA moTA raNanI pUrva sImAe thaI nAnA raNanA bhAge pasAra thatI hatI tenA kAMThAnA zakAbhI ke zarAbhI saraLatAthI kahI zakAya. vAsudeva viSNu mirAzIe A pramANene AdhAre sarasvatInA kAMThA upara rahenArA mAchImAro ane pahADakheDuo tarIke e AbhIrane jIvana gujAratA kahyA che, ane dizA bhAratavarSanI vAyavya taraphanI kahI che.89 emaNe zalyaparvane havAle ApI tyAM rahetA ho ane AbhIre taraphanA dhikkArane kAraNe sarasvatI vinazana tIrtha pAse lupta thaI gayAnuM paNa nepyuM che. mausalaparvane havAle ApI emaNe paMcanadanA pradezamAM

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1. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA dvArakAthI yAdava strIone, yAdavAsthaLI pachI, laI praratha tarapha jatAM arjunane AbhIroe AMtaryo hovAnuM kahyuM che te paMcanada pradezane satalaja ane yamunA vaccene pUrva paMjAbane pradeza kahI tyAM paNa AbhAra vasAhata hevAnuM kahyuM che. mausalaparvamAM, yAdavAsthaLIne aMte, yAdava strIone sAthe laI arjuna iMdraprastha tarapha ravAnA thayA tyAre paMcanadanA pradezamAM AbhIe potAne lUTayo hovAnuM vyAsajIne kahI saMbhaLAve che.90 A pUrvenA adhyAyamAM, ajuna dvArakAnA vinAza pachI ramya vano, parvata ane nadIone kAThe kAMThe nivAsa karato yAdava strIone sAthe laI Avyo ane atisamRddhivALA "paMcanadI dezamAM AvI pahoMcyo, jayAM AbhIra darayuoe enA para humale karI, yuddha ApI aneka yAdava strIonuM haraNa karyuM, ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che. mirAzInI jema bIjA ghaNA vidvAna paMjAbane ja "paMcanadIne pradeza kahe che. AnartathI IMdraprastha jatAM paMjAbanA pradezamAM zA mATe javuM paDe ene sAmAnya rIte keIe khAsa vicAra karyo lAgato nathI. A dizAmAM zrIpAdakaNa belavalakare dhyAna deyu che ke arjunane rAjadhAnI tarapha jhaDapathI pahoMcavAnuM hoI udyogaparvamAM jaNAvyA pramANenA paMcana=paMjAba92 sudhI javAnI ke I zakyatA nathI, ane tethI sarasvatI, daSatI, aruNA, biyAsa (? parNAzA banAsa) ane zakya rIte lUNI athavA keI ajJAta pAMcamI-e pAMce nadI eka samaye kacchanA raNamAM paDatI hatI - A "paMcanada hovAnI zakyatA che. ane dvArakAthI satAhathIye kAMIka ochA samayamAM pahoMcI zakAya te A pradeza hate. A nadIonA pradezamAM AbhAranI vastI e samaye hovAnuM samajAya che ane Aje paNa nAnA raNanI pazcima kaccha-vAgaDano pradeza enI AbhIranI vastIthI jANItA che. kacchavAgaDa sahitanA banAsakAMThAno uttare lUNI vagerene samAvI leta pradeza AbhIra "zarAbhIra" ke "zadvAbhIra hovAmAM kaI asaMbhava nathI lAgatuM. mausalaparvavALo paMcanada A AbhIra pradezamAM ja samAI jAya ema che. skaMdapurANanA dvArakAmAhAtyamAM dvArakA pAse paMcanada tIrtha kahyuM che94 ( je maMdira najIkanA koTanA pUrva daravAjAnI bahAra gomatInA ghATamAM dakSiNe nadInA paTamAM nAnA maMdirasamUhanuM banI raheluM che ) te te pAchaLathI tIrtha tarIke mAnI lIdheluM sthAna che; e kAMI "paMcanada pradeza kahI zakAya tevuM nathI. tyAM nadIo kahI che te gamatI, lakSmaNa, kuzAvatI, caMdrabhAgA ane jAMbavatI che. AmAMnI gomatInuM mathALa kAMI UMDe dUra nathI; ugamaNethI purAyelI khADI jevA bhAgamAMthI sAMkaDI neLamAM AvI e samudramAM paDe che, te caMdrabhAgAne vaheLo paNa ekAda kilomITarathI dakSiNa taraphathI gamatImAM paDe che. bAkInI traNa nadIonAM darzana Aje

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10 sarga prAcIna bhogANika ullekha pa durlabha che. sabhApava sarasvatI uparanA 'ThThAbhIra'nI sAthe eka 'samagra paMcanada'tA ullekha kare che;95 te AraNyakapamAM lAgalAgaTa e sthaLe tI tarIke ullekha thayeA che, paNa ene tyAM sthAnanirNaya thaI zake ema nathI. t 6 " < vAyupurANamAM caiSIka deza sahitanA * abhIra 'dezanA nirdeza helDa te hakIkate 'AbhIra' ja che. A AbhIra pradeza bRhatsaMhitA pramANe kAMkaNu Adi sAthe dakSiNa bAju gaNAvyA che.98 arvAcIna saMzAdhakA na`dAnI dakSiNanA pradezane mATe mata dharAve che.99 periplasa 'mAM sithiyA( kAzmIra, pa MjAba, sidha vagere pradeza)nI pAMkhamAM ane aMtarALamAM AvelA bhAgane 'AbiriyA' (AbhIra) kahyo che, jenA kAMThAne ' sirASTrIna ' ( surASTra) nAmathI oLakhAtA kahyo che.100 * periplasa 'nA lekhakanA Azaya AbhIrAnA jeTalAmAM patharATa hatA--surASTranI taLabhUmi sahitamAM--tene ' AbiriyA kahevAtA samajAya che, jenA kAMThAnA bhAgane ' surASTrIna 'kahevA cAhe che. siMdhane aDakIne kahelA hAI emAM kaccha ane surASTra tenA samAveza thaI jatA kahI zakAya. mirAzI tolemIne havAlA ApI * AbiriyA 'ne siMdhu nadInA uparanA bhAgamAM AvelA 'pattalInI' (pAtAla-tharapArakaraneA jUnA 'sauvIra' pradeza) hAvAnuM kahe che.101 bRhatsaMhitAnI TIkAmAM parAzaranuM vAkaya che tenA AdhAre tyAM mirAzIe 'zraddhAbhIra'ne saurASTranI sAthe kahyo che. emaNe tyAM viSNupurANane havAlA ApI dro ane AbhIre saurASTra, avaMti ( pazcima mAlava ), zUra ( mathurA ), aNuM ( ADAvalI ) ane marubhUmi( mAravADa)mAM rahetA hovAnu nAMdhyu che.102 mirAzIe ' 5'canada'nA bharAse paMjAbanA bhAgane paNa ' AbhIra ' kahevAnuM mAnyuM che, e ' paMcanadu' kaccha-gujarAtanI sarahadanA bhAga hAI, sadigdha lAge che. AbhIrAnAM sthaLAMtarAne kAraNe temaja patharATane kAraNe bhinna bhinna pradezane bhinna bhinna samaye 'AbhIra' nAma maLyuM hAya teA e paNu asaMbhavita nathI, paraMtu mahAbhAratanA I. pU. 2 jI sadI sudhInA saMskaraNamAM te abhISTa ' AbhIra 'deza sarasvatI nadInA prAcIna pravAhamA (lupta thayelA )nA vistAramAM baMdha khese che. iliyaTe tApIthI devagaDha sudhInA pazcima kAMThAne 'AbhIra ' kahyo che,103 vaLI umAza'kara jozIe tArAtatrane havAlA ApIne tApInI dakSiNyI kAMkaNu sudhInA pradezane AbhIra' sUcavyeA che,104 ane bhAgIlAla ja. sAMDesarA AcArAMga-yUniA ullekha karI vajra A ane samita AkRSNA ane veNu nadInA saMgamasthAne gayAnuM batAvI e AbhIra dezamAM kahe che,105 A badhAMnI pAchaLa AbhIrAnAM sthaLAMtara ja niyAmaka lAge che. '

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3. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA anUpaH Anarta ane surASTranI sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvate eka pradeza apa" che. ene sUcaka ullekha mahAbhAratanA AdiparvamAM Ave che, jyAM dakSiNa dizAmAM sAgara najIka e deza Avele sUcavAya che, tyAM ramaNIya pIca tIrtha hovAnuM paNa kahyuM che.101 sabhAparvamAM arjuna digvijaya mATe nIkaLyo che tyAre kirate, cInAo ane sAgarAnapavAsI ddhAone laIne pra tiSapura upara caDI gayAnuM nirdezAyuM che. 107 pANininA gaNapAThamAM "anUpane ulekha kaccha, dvIpa vagere dezanA sAthe thayele che108 enAthI enuM jema cokakasa sthAna nathI pakaDAtuM tema mahAbhAratanA uparanA be nirdezathI paNa nathI pakaDAtuM. ene nizcaya karavAmAM saraLatA AraNyakaparvanA nirdezathI thAya che, jyAM anUpa dezane pati kArtavIrya jamadagninA AzramamAM pahoMcyAnuM maLe che. 109 harivaMzanI adhikRta vAcanA(bhAM. e. ri. InsTiTayUTa, pUnA)thI jarA judA paDIne enA prakSipta bhAgamAM haidayanA putra dharmanetranA putrane kArta kahI. kAnA putra sAhaMjanA putra mahibAne mAhiSmatI nagarI vasAvyAnuM lakhyuM che. tyAM mahiSmAnane bhadrazya, ene kardama,ene kanaka, ene kRtavIrya ane enA kArtavIrya arjuna (sahastrArjuna) thayAnuM kahyuM che. kArtavIrya arjuna A rIte mAhiSmatIne zAsaka hato, jene AraNyakaparvanA nirdezathI Take maLe che. enuM zAsana samudra sudhI laMbAyeluM hatuM. 110A sabhAparvanA nirdeza pramANe sahadevanA digvijyamAM e kuMtibhojano parAjya karI dakSiNa tarapha jatAM narmadA nadI tarapha Avyo; tyAM mArgamAM avaMtinA viMda ane anuviMdane harAvI, tyAMthI ra meLavI mAhiSmatI nagarI tarapha gayo, jyAM nIla rAjA sAthe ene yuddha thayuM. tyAMthI e vadhu dakSiNa dizA tarapha vaLyo.11 AnAthI anUpa-mAhiSmatI-narmadAnI nikaTatA yA AMtarikatA samajI zakAya che. harivaMzanA prakSita vibhAgamAM A vize thoDI gUMcavaNa UbhI thAya che. tyAM kuzasthalIne sAgaranA "anUpa'( bhInA jalapradeza)thI vipula kahI che, je gamathI sAgaranA madhyamAM hatI. A pUrve madhu dAnavanA jamAI vAkuvaMzIya haryazvane madhue "samudrAnapabhUSita' rASTra bakSisa ApyAnuM sUcavAyuM che; e rASTramAMnA giripradezamAM durgama "giripura vasAvyuM hatuM e giripuramAM vasatAM surASTra dezanI tyAM AbAdI thayAnuM kahyuM che, jyAM najIkamAM ja samudrakAMThe anUpa deza ane vistAravALuM Anarta rASTra paNa hatuM; harya tyAM uttama giri upara nagara vasAvyuM hatuM, Anarta sahitanuM e surASTra rASTra ceDA ja samayamAM samRddha thaI gayuM; "anupa dezamAM rahelA e haryae e samRddha rASTra upara rAjya karyuM.113 AmAM Anarta

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1 ] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha moTe deza hoya ane emAM eka "anUpa' sahitanA surASTrane samAveza thato heya. Ama "apa" mahAbhArata pramANe mAhiSmatI ane narmadAne pitAmAM samAvate samRddha jalapUrNa pradeza ane harivaMzanA prakSipta bhAga pramANe AnartasurASTranI aMdarano pradeza evuM jovA maLe che. brahmAMDa, vAyu ane matsya purANa "niSadha" (saMbhavataH "niSAda') pradeza pachI 'akUpane gaNAve che114 enAthI kAMI spaSTa thatuM nathI; skaMdapurANanA ullekha pramANe dakSiNanI sAthosAtha sAgara"ne paNa nirdeza hoI 115 narmadAnA pUrva pradeza ja samajAya che. kAlidAse raghuvaMzamAM to kArtavIryanA vaMzajane "anuparAja' kahyo che ane enI rAjadhAnI revAtaTe "mAhitI" kahI che.11 rudradAmAnA jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM avaMti pachI "anUpa', pachI "navRta" (nimADa), e pachI Anarta, tyArabAda surASTra, zvatra, bharu, kaccha, siMdhu, sauvIra, kukura, aparAMta, niSAda evo krama che,117 eTale narmadAnA nikaTanA pradezanI saMpUrNa zakyatA che. harivaMzanA prakSipta bhAgamAM nirdiSTa "sAgarAnUpa" ke "anupa." tethI koI vizeSa saMjJA nahi, paNa pANInI bahoLapavALa pradeza" evI sAmAnya saMjJA ja lAge che. tyAM "giripura'nuM sAhacarya jotAM enI zakyatA AjanA jUnAgaDha jillA("soraTha" saMkucita arthamAM)nA bhAdara ane ojhata nadIonA doAbano gheDa" (saM. kRtaghaTa-ghInI jyAM relamachela varatAtI hoya tevo) pradeza samajAya che. mAhimatI rAjadhAnInuM sAhacarya he I bhArukaccha pradezanI pUrvamAM narmadA khINano AjanA madhyapradezamAM e vakhate UMDe sudhI patharAyele samRddha pradeza "anUpathI kahevAyele che, e mahAbhArata vagerenA ullekhe ane ene viMdhyapRinivAsI dezamAM thato samAveza purANone abhISTa che118 e vigata jotAM saraLatAthI nita karI zakAya. aparAMta: matsya, brahmAMDa ane vAyu purANamAM "aparAMtanA eka bhAga tarIke "AMtaranarmada pradeza kahyo che. 19 jene mArka DeyapurANamAM "uttaranarmada kahyo che.20 AnAthI gujarAtanI sarahadathI samudrakAMThA sudhIne kahI zakAya tevo anUpa" pradezane e dakSiNa-pazcimadakSiNa bhAga heya. A "AMtaranarmada" nAsika ane bhArukacchanI vacce hoI zake, ene badale umAzaMkara jozIe ene bhArukaccha pradezanI uttare mUkyo che, je kaI rIte baMdha bese ema nathI. 121 ahIM noMdhI zakAya ke I. sa. 540 nA arasAmAM koI saMgamasiMha nAmanA sAmaMtakeTinA rAjavInuM "aMtarnamadA viSaya upara zAsana hatuM, je hariprasAda zAstrI pramANe narmadA ane tApInI yAto narmadA ane kImanI vacce Avela

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phiTa) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA hevo joIe;22 bhArukaccha pradeza barobara enI uttare Avela hato e vize kaI zaMkA nathI. anUpa, nAsikya, AMtaranarmada-uttaranarmada, bhArukaccha-A vagere pradeza-arthAta AjanA dakSiNa gujarAtane AvarI lete bhUbhAga-aparAMta mAM samAveza pAmatA samajI zakAya che ane rudradAmAnA samayanA I. sa 150 nA jUnAgaDha zilalekhamAM kukura pachI "aparAMta nirdeza thayele e samaya sudhI "aparAMta" nAma jANItuM hatuM ja. purANe emAM dakSiNa ane vAyavyanA bIjA dezone paNa samAveza kare che, jemAM bhArukaccha, mAheya, sArasvata, kAchIka, surASTra, Anarta ane abdanA pradeza nirdiSTa thayA che.123 kAlidAsa raghuvaMzamAM sAgiri oLaMgIne "aparAMta'mAM javAnuM kahe che eTale keNa, kAravADa ane govAnA pradeza kAlidAsanA samayamAM "aparAMta'mAM hatA. 124 rudradAmAnA samayane "aparAMta', saMbhava che ke, kAlidAsa kahe che tevo hoya. vAsyAyana enA kAmasUtramAM AMdha, vatsagulama, aparAMta ane surASTraka ema cAra pradeza alaga alaga gaNAve che 125 tethI enA hRdayane "rASTra sivAyane AjanA taLa gujarAta pradeza "aparAtamAM abhISTa hoya. bRhatsaMhitAmAM varAhamihira "aparAMta"ne pazcima dizAnA dezamAM mUke che, jemAM haiDaya ane paMcanane paNa gaNAve che. 126 AmAMne haihaya te anUpa lAge che, jyAre paMcanada pradeza umAzaMkara jozI paMjAbane gaNavA lalacAya che127 ane "aparAMta'mAM paMjAbane paNa abhISTa mAne che, paNa Do. belavalakare cIMdhele kaccha uttara gujarAtanI sarahade uttara-pUrva-uttare Avela "AbhIra pradeza levo vadhu yuktisaMgata lAge che.28 varAhamihire nirdatya khUNAnA dezomAM siMdhu-sauvIra, Anartaka ane raivataka (saurASTra) kahyA che ke jeonI dakSiNa-pUrve aparAMtane saraLatAthI kahI zakAya ema che.128a saMbhavita e che ke mahAbhAratanA AdiparvamAM thayeluM "aparAMta'nuM sUcana 29 pazcima samudranAM prabhAsa sudhInAM tIrthonI pahelAM thayeluM heI, AnartanA apavAda, taLa-gujarAtane samAvI letA dakSiNa-pUrve laMbAyelA pradezane AvarI le che. bhISmaparvamAM "aparAMta' ane uparAMta evA be bhinna deza kahyA che130 enAthI koI spaSTa thatuM nathI. jarA AgaLa jaI tyAM "kuMdAparAMta" ApI "mAya"ne nirdeza karavAmAM Avyo che, 131 jene laI mahIkAMThAthI dakSiNa bAjunA pradezane khyAla Ubho thAya che; Ama sImA spaSTa thaI rahe che. mAheya: "maheya'ne deza tarIke mahAbhAratamAM sIdho ullekha thayelo jovAmAM nathI Avato; bhISmaparvanA bhUkhaMDavinirmANa peTA-parvamAM mahI nadInA uttaranA prAkRSaya ane pachI bhArgava' dezane nide za thayele che;32 pAThAMtarethI,

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10 muM]. prAcIna bhogolika lakhe tyAM "mAhika ane mAheya evAM dezanAma mAtra jovAmAM Ave che. spaSTa nirdeza te matsya, brahmAMDa, vAyu ane vAmana purANano che, jyAM gujarAtanA bhUbhAganA bIjA pradezonAM nAma paNa noMdhAyelAM che, "aparAMta"nA bhAga tarIke.33 bRhatsaMhitAmAM "mahItaTaja' zabda prayojavAmAM Avyo che te 34 A pradezane mATe saraLatAthI kahI zakAya ema che Aje A madhya gujarAtamAM Avela "mahIkAMThA' tarIke jANIto pradeza che. eka mAhiSaka" pradeza jANavAmAM Avyo che, 135 paraMtu e dakSiNane misara bAjune che, nahi ke "mAhiSmatI (anUpa)saMbaMdhavALo. bhAraka che anUpanA pazcima-uttara bhAge narmadA nadInA uttara kAMThAnA pradeza "bharukaccha" ke "bhArukaccha" maLe che. hariprasAda zAstrIe eka gUMca ukelI ApI che ke bharukaccha' zabda jyAM vaparAyeluM hoya tyAM e nagaravAcaka, sAmAnya rIte, hoya che, jyAre "bhArukaccha" vaparAyela hoya te e dezavAcaka hoya che;37 purANomAM A beu saMjJAo vacce garabaDa thayelI jovA maLe che. ahIM "bhArukaccha" saMjJathI jenuM vahIvaTI vaDuM mathaka "bharukaccha" (bharUca) che tevo pradeza abhISTa che. mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvamAM sahadevanA digvijayamAM bhAratavarSanA dakSiNa dizAnA deza gaNAvatAM nagarIonAM nAmothI te te deza batAvavAmAM AvatA jovA maLe che, jyAM "aravI" (egarTane ene sthAne aMtAkhI" sIriyAnuM aMtika" mAnI pATha sudhAryo che, je asaMgata nathI lAgato. selyukase lagabhaga I. pU. 300mAM A nagaranI sthApanA karI hatI. 138, ane rekhA" (remanagara, je I pU. 7pa3 rathapAyeluM) ane "yavAnuM pura" (saMbhavataH "alekjhAnDiyA" hoya; paNa saMgatithI to e strIliMge AvelA ronA zabdanuM, strIliMgI pura=purI zabdanI bIjI vibhakti ekavacananuM, vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa lAge che ane e rIte yavanonI nagarI "mA" abhISTa haze.) kahyA pachI "bharukaccha pahoMcyAnuM lakhyuM che. 39 masyapurANa "bhAra7" dhe che; brahmAMDa, mArkaMDeya, vAyu ane vAmana purANamAM pAThAMtarathI ene vize kahevAyuM che.140 sabhAparvamAM bhinna bhinna pratomAM pAThAMtarabheda evI rIte ja che. 141 sabhAparvamAM A nagaranAma lAge che, paraMtu rAjayayajJate upAyanevAnA prasaMge "bharukacchanivAsIono ullekha thayelo che tyAM, upara nIce jotAM, e dezanAma lAge che.142 AvazyakacUrNine samaya che. sanI 5 mI-6 ThThI sadI AsapAsane zakya che temAM "bharukacchane "AhAra"

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200 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [n. ( eka vahIvaTI ekama) kahela che; bauddho ane jaitenuM e eka viziSTa sthAna hatuM.143 - periplasa 'mAM 'khArIgAjhA ' ( Barygaza ) tarIke akhAtanuM temaja ma~dA nadI uparanuM baMdara sUcavAyAM che, paraMtu 10 mI sadInA rAjazekhare enI kAvyamImAMsAmAM 'bhRgukaccha' saMjJA nAMdhI ene janapada=pradeza kahela che. I.sa nI 1 lI sahasrAbdInA uttarArdhamAM dezasa'nA tarIke ene savizeSa nirdeza thayA che; khAsa karIne maitrakakAlIna dAnazAsAmAM 'bharukaccha viSaya 'tarIke thayelA che. dharasana 4 thAnA dAnazAsana (I. sa. 648)144 ane zIlAditya 3 jAnA dAnazAsana(I sa. 676 )mAM144 te AgaLa jatAM e rAjyanuM pATanagara banyuM noMdhAyA pachI nAMdIpurInA gurjaranRpativaMzanI sattA nIce gayAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM che. 141 A meu vaMza pUrva kacyurienuM zAsana A viSaya upara hatuM . 142 kaccha : pANininA aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNanA gaNapAThamAM 'kaccha' zabdanA ullekha thayeleA che,148 jyAM sAthelagA siMdhu, va, gaMdhAra, madhumat, kuMkhAja, kAzmIra, sAlva vagere dezavAcaka zabdo maLe che; tyAM ja dvIpa ane anUpa paNa ApelA ja che. mahAbhAratanA sabhApamAM 'geApAlakacchanA bhImasenanA pUrva dizAnA digvijayamAM ullekha thayA che,149 paraMtu e aAdhyA ane himAlaya vaccenA pradeza samajAya che. bhISmaparvamAM150 ja bhUkhaDa vinirmANa upapa mAM 'kaccha' ane 'geApAlakanA pAse pAse nirdeza thayelA hAI sthaLanirNaya gUMcavAI jAya che. ( padmapurANamAM paNa e ja vAkaya che.)151 kaccha'tA spaSTa khyAla tA, bhale pAThAMtarothI paNa, matsya vagere purAAmAMthI maLe che, jyAM ete 'surASTra' vagerenI sAthe 'aparAMta'nA eka bhAga tarIke 2 cavavAmAM AvelA che.152 kaMdapurANa teA enI jAheAjalAlI paNa noMdhe cheH e 'kacchama'Dala'te 1422 (athavA 144 ) gAme!nuM kahe che.153 umAza'kara jozIe dhyAna doryu che ke bhaviSyapurANa siMdha, kaccha ane bhUja e dezanA eka rAjava'za sAthe saMbadha noMdhe che.154 siMdhu nadInA taTapradezamAM rAjya karatA sidhruvamAMnA putra sidvIpanA putra zrIpatinAM lagna kaccha dezamAM thatAM e tyAM jaI puliMda yavana para vijaya pAmyA ane eNe siMdhunA kAMThA upara ' zrIpati ' nAmathI deza AbAda karyAM. enA putra mujavarmAe zArA-bhIlAne harAvI vasAhata karI, je ' bhuja ' deza kahevAyA. bhaviSyapurANanI A hakIkatane anya prAcIna koI graMthanA TekA nathI ane e svarUpa uparathI daMtakathAtmaka lAge che. rudradAmAnA samayanA Isa. 150 nA jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM pha' tarIke noMdhAyela che,155

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10 su] prAcIna bhogAlika ullekhA ( tA. 9 mI-10 mI sadInA rAjazekharanI kAvyamImAMsAmAM e krucchIya ' tarIke jovA maLe che.156 jaina anuzruti pramANe bhaHta cakravatIe karelA digvijayamAM kaccha deza upara vijaya karyAMnuM tAMdhAyu che.157 AcArAMgasUtranI cUrNi pramANe kacchamAM AbhIrA jainadharmAnuyAyI hatA; AnaMdapuraneA eka daridra brAhmaNa kacchamAM gayeA hateA tene evA AbhIrAe pratikhAdha ApyA hatA.158 mRDakapatra( vizeSaNlRi )mAM teAMdhyuM che ke kacchamAM sAdhue gRhasthAnA dharamAM vAsA rahe te| deSarUpa banatuM nathI.159 yuana svAMge enI pravAsaneAMdhamAM siMdhanA eka bhAga tarIke kacchanI teoMdha lIdhI che.110 e pUrve 8 periplasa 'nA lekhake kaccha' nAma AMpyuM nathI, para Mtu kacchanA raNane mATe 'kharAna'saMjJA upayogamAM lIdhI che ane kacchanA akhAtane 'barAkA' nAma ApyuM che 161 ( prathamanA zabda ' iriNuM 'tuM ane pachItA zabda 'dvArakA 'nuM bhraSTa rUpa che. ) 'rineAna'nA moTA ane nAnA evA e bhAga kahe che, je AjanuM meTuM ane nAnuM raNa che. barAka nA akhAtamAM Ne sAta TApu hAvAnu noMdhyuM che, 6 ( 201 ' : yuana svIMganI yAtrAnA sAramAM e--tIna-pA-ci-le ' ane ' z2ITa ' evA e pradeza jovA maLe che. AmAMnA pahelA pradeza te ' auduMbara ' che ane kani'gahama e 'kaccha' hAvAnu kahe che; vAsa enA sAramAM kaniMgahamanI jema lAsananA mata TAMkI e saMjJAthI ' kacchanA lAka' evuM mAtra kahI peAtAnA kAI mata nAMdhatA nathI. khIjo pradeza te kaniMgahamanA mate kheDAtA che, paraMtu juliyana ane seMTa mArTinane anusarI vaoNTasa' e ka hAvAnu` kahe che. khIla paNa eNe ApelA sAramAM kaniMgahamane mata ApI pachI enA asvIkAra karI * kaccha ' heAvAnuM valaNa dharAve che; * e--tIna-pe!-ci--le' vize eNe vizeSa khula se| ApyA nathI.162 mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvamAM upAyane lAvanArAomAM kAvya, darada, dA, zUra, vaiyamaka, auduMbara, du ibhAga, pArada, bAlika, kAzmIra vagere kramamAM prajAe gaNAvI che tyAM kAI cAkkasa krama pakaDAtA nathI.163 * sAlakI kAlamAM ' kacchamaMDala 'ne jANavAmAM AvelA pahelA nirdeza bhImadeva 1 lAnA I. sa. 1029nA dAnazAsananA che;163 khIjo enA ja I. sa. 1037nA dAnazAsananA che.164 siddharAja jayasi'hanA 'bhadrezvara-velAkula'nA nirdezavALA, bhadrezvaranI dakSiNe ther3A aMtara para AvelA cAkhaDAnA mahAdevanA {

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272) itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (ga. prAMgaNanA lekhamAM jamag jevuM vaMcAya che te amag saMbhave che. arjunadeva vAghelAnA samayane kRtaghaTI (geDI) mukhya mathaka che tevA maMDaLamAMne ravecI mAtAnA maMdirane I.sa. 1272 ne lekha che temAM kacchane ulekha nathI, paNa tArI maMDalathI e udiSTa che, enA bhAga tarIke 165 e ja rIte vAghelA sAraMgadepanA AraMbhanA kacchamAMthI maLelA apUrNa ane varSa vinAnA abhilekhamAM chelI lITImAM vIze vaMcAya che, 166 je hakIkate hIro che ane e kacachanA uttara bhAge raNamAM Avela khaDIra beTa che. kacchanA pradezane "ka" nAma kevI rIte maLyuM ene vicAra karatAM e pradeza jalaprAya hoya evuM amarakezathI mAlUma paDI Ave che. "anUpa" ane "kaccha ne arthanI daSTie e koza kArthaka mAne che. 167 vyAkaraNazAstranI daSTie enI koIpaNa vyutpatti pratItijanaka nathI. saM. -maryAdA uparathI prAkRtamAM jai zabda AvI zake che jogendra zabdanA prAkRta rUpa vindrane saMskRtamAM svIkArI levAmAM Avela che te pramANe saM. kSa uparathI prA. saMskRtamAM svIkArAI gayo hoya to e azakya nathI. ene artha samudranI ke nadIpradezanI kAMThAnI kakSA ane e uparathI comAsAmAM jyAM pANI pharI vaLe ane ziyALAunALAmAM jamIna kerI paDe tevA pradezane "anupa" ke "ka" kahevAnuM pracalita thayuM hoya. prAcIna kALathI jANItA kacchapradeza, Aje madhyamAM AvelA pahADI vistArane bAda rAkhIe te, dakSiNa bAju hariyALIthI samRddha che. te uttara bAju raNane pradeza che, pUrva bAju vAgaDane pradeza ane pachI nAnuM raNa che. siMdhunI eka zAkhAne karacha bAjune pravAha cheka 1819nA dharatIkaMpamAM khasI gayo tyAM sudhI e kacchanA taLa pradezanA peTALamAM mIThuM pANI bharato hato, ane e ja kAraNe kacchaDe bAre mAsa lIle hevAnI kahetI thaI paDelI. evA sadA lIlA pradezane Aje dakSiNane mAtra pradeza phaladrupatA sAcavI rahyo che e paNa kALanI balihArI che. thabha-pANininA gaNapAThamAM anyatra "zvabhra' zabda noMdhAyele maLe che 167 emAM kadAca dezavAcaka artha nahotAM cAlu "vAMdhuM-vAyuM" e artha hoya, kAraNa ke AgaLa upara ra e artha sUcavAyo che 18 paraMtu rudradAmAnA jUnAgaDha lalekhamAM "surASTra ane "maru' vacce dezanAma tarIke e noMdhAyele che, ane e AjanA "zvabhravatI" ( sAbaramatI) nadI jemAMthI vahIne cAlI Ave che te nadInA pUrva pradeza AjanA sAbarakAMThAnA moTA bhAganA bhUbhAga-ne mATe prayojAyele hevA vize zaMkAne kAraNa nathI 29

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[ ra77. 10 muM]. prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha sArasvata : "sArasvata' pradezane ullekha mahAbhAratamAM nathI, paraMtu malya, brahmAMDa, vAmana, mArkaMDeya ane vAyu purANamAM maLe che; hakIkate matsyapurANanA ja zleka pachInAM purANomAM utArAyA che (jyAM vAmana purANamAM sarasvataiHne sA zAsthataiH e bhraSTa pATha maLe che, eTaluM ja). tyAM aMtarnarmada, bhArukaccha, mAya, sArasvata, kaccha, surASTra, Anarta, abuda evA krame aparAMtanA A bAjunA (AjanA gujarAtanA) pradeza batAvavAmAM AvyA che. 170 A pradeza AjanA uttara gujarAtano ADAvalInI pUrva-dakSiNa upatyakAmAMthI keTezvara pAse sarasvatI nadI nIkaLe che tyAMthI laI sarasvatInA be kAMThAone AvarI lete kacchanA raNa sudhIne bhAga kahI zakAya; emAM hAlanA banAsakAMThA jillAnA pUrva bhAgane ane mahesANA jillAnA uttara bhAgane samAveza thAya che. abuda e Abu pahADane pharatI upatyakAne pahADI sahitane pradeza, banAsakAMThA ane sArasvatanI uttarano. A sArasvatane aDIne ja sAbaramatIthI laI mahesANA jilAnA svarUpanI dakSiNanI samAMtara paTTI saurASTramAM pahoMce te "Anarta, uparanAM purANonI paribhASAmAM. solaMkIkAlamAM "sArasvatIne "maMDala' tarIke ullekha mUlarAjanA I. sa. 987 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayo che. 171 mUlarAjanA samayamAM hajI uttara gujarAtanA A bhAgane jhUta ke gurnaza ke gurjaratrA saMjJA maLI nahotI. eka samaye A bhAga Anartana hatuM e paNa eTaluM ja spaSTa che. niSAda: jema purANoe aparAMtInA uttara-pazcima bhAgamAM bhArukaccha, mAheya, Anarta, surASTra vagerene samAviSTa gaNyA che, tevI paristhiti niSAdanA viSayamAM paNa lAge che. niSAda bhIlenI vizALa vasAhatane mATe prayojAyela samajAya che. rudradAmAnA samayanA jUnAgaDhanA zila-lekhamAM niSAdanuM "aparAMta pachI sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che.172 mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvamAM sahadevanA digvijayamAM ApelA dezanA kramamAM paTara pachI goiMganI pahelAM "niSAdabhUmi kahela che173 enAthI keI spaSTatA thatI nathI; bhISmaparvamAM mahI nadInA uttara pradezane gaNAvatAM prAkRSaya-bhArgava-5-bhArga kirAta-sudaNa-pramuda-zaka-niSadha -Anarta nairjata e jAtane kAma Ape che 174 ena thI paNa nizcaya thaI zakto nathI. sabhAparvanA vrata-peTAparvamAM pAThAMtarathI hAra-NonI pUrve niSAda ane tyAM thayelA eka prakSepamAM 5.sIkenI pUrve niSAda' sUcavAyela che15 e te gUMcavADo ja Ubho kare cheniSadhabhISmaparvamAM judo sUcavAyo che; AdiparvamAMnA

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274] itihAsanI pUva bhUmikA [31. prakSepamAM arjunanA raivatakathI iMdraprastha javAnA varNanamAM a`da ane sAlva pachI 'niSadha' kahyo che176 tenA sAthe saMbaMdha 'niSAda' sAthe nathI lAgatA. paraMtu purANAmAM AvatA 'niSadha' zabda177 enA 'vidhyapRSThanivAsI' vizeSaNane kAraNe 'niSAda' ja che. umAza kara jozIe viSyapAdapraznata nadIomAM 'niSadhA' 'niSadhAvatI' gaNAvelI che178 e paNa bhUbhAganI spaSTatAmAM sahAyaka thaI paDe ema che. 'niSAda'gujarAtanI dakSiNa sImAethI laI enA pUrva ane IzAna sImADA pAse patharAyelA, cheka kacchanA raNanI sarahada sudhInA, pahADI pradezane samAvatA hatA. AmAM DAMga, dharamapura-vAMsadAnAM jaMgala, pa'camahAlanA samagra pUrva vistAra, sAbarakAMThAnA pUrva ane uttara vistAra ane uttara gujarAtanA uttara bAjunA pahADI vistAra sabhAveza pAmatAM ha|I ene gujarAta bAjutA vistAra gujarAtanA AMtiraka bhAga banI rahe che. lATa : A sattAnAM mULa zodhavA jatAM pANininA gaNapAThamAM ke mahAbhAratamAM patto lAgatA nathI. mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvamAM bhImanA digvijayamAM himAlaya najIkanA 'jaradgava' deza pachI dhaNA deza jItatAM kukSimata pata najIkanA 'unnATa' (pAThAMtarathI 'ullAha', 'bhallATa', 'mallATa' vagere) deza upara vijaya meLavyAnu kahyuM che,179 AnAthI gujarAtanI bhUmi sAthene kAI saMbaMdha pakaDI zakAtA nathI varSAnupUrvanI dRSTie jUne ullekha te telemI(I. sa. 150)nA kahI zakAya, je 'lArike'thI abhISTa 'lATa' dezanA bhUbhAganuM sUcana kare che.180 I. sa. nI 3 jI sadInA vAtsyAyananA enA kAmasUtramAMne lATa' zabdanA prayAga saMskRta sAhityamAM te atyAre prApta sAdhanAmAM pahele kahI zakAya. vAtsyAyana 'aparAMta' ane 'lATa'nI strIene alaga alaga sUcave che, 'surASTra'nI ke 'Ana''nI strIe vize kazu kahetA nathI. pAdatADitaka' nAmanI eka prAcIna bhANu-racanA(I. sa. nI 5 mI sadI)mAM lATanA lenAM lakSaNa gaNAvyAM che, sAtheAsAtha lATamAM teAphAnI mANasA paNa hAvAnuM sUcavyuM che.182 varAhamihira bRhatsaMhitAmAM ane brahmagupta AsiddhAMtamAM 'puliza' ane rAmaka' evA autiSika siddhAMtAnI vyAkhyA lakhanArA tarIke eka 'lATa' nAmanA jyAtiSInA ullekha kare che,183 tA varAhamihire 'bharukaccha' ane 'surASTra' uparAMta 'lATa'ne paNa deza tarIke juddo ullekha karyAM che.184 Abhilekhika nirdezAmAM kumAragupta ane badhruvamAMnA samayanA madaseAranA abhilekha (I. sa. 436)mAM 'lATa' viSayathI AvelA zilpI vize maLe che,185 tA 181

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10] prAcIna lIgalika ullekha [ 25 hariNa(I. sa. 400-50)nA samayanA ajaMTAnA abhilekhamAM deza tarIke ulekha thayele maLe che. 186 6 ThThI sadInA cInI nirdeza pramANe lATa dezane dharmagupta nAme bauddha vidvAna uttara bhAratamAM dIkSita thaI madhya eziyAmAM pasAra thaI, cInamAM jaI rahyo hato.87 I. sa. 4thI sadInA "dIpavaMsamAM ane 6 ThThI sadInA "mahAvaMsamAM lALa" deza ane "siMhapurane ullekha thayo che; A lALa" ApaNo "lATa che ke anya keIe vize matabheda hajI pUrepUro ukelI zakAyo nathI. 87sacita ullekha bANanA harSacarita(I. sa. 610 lagabhaga)ne che, jyAM rAjAdhirAja prabhAkaravardhananAM parAkramomAM "lATa pradeza uparanA vijayanuM paNa sUcana thayeluM che 188 ravikIrtinI racelI aihelI-prazasti(I. sa. 634)vALA abhilekhamAM "lATa" "bhAva" "gurjara ema traNa alaga alaga deza ApyA che. 189 AmAM gurjara e hakIkate pazcima mAravADane pitAmAM bhillamAla-zrImAlane samAvI lete gurjara-pratIhArono pradeza che, jyAre "lATa' e taLa-gujarAtanA pradezane mUrta karatI saMjJA samajAya che. cInI musAphara yuana svAMga (I. sa. 640) ane IsiMga (I. sa. 671-695) pitAnI pravAsanadhamAM lATa" ane "mAlavakano ullekha kare che: pahelo musAphara lele" kahI emAM valabhIne tathA mAlavane paNa samAveza kare che,80 bIjo siMdhu' ane "lATI dezane pazcimanA deza kahe che.191 neMdhapAtra che ke gujarAtanA rASTrakUTa vaMzanA rAjAone emanA abhilekhomAM sAmAnya rIte "lATezvara kahevAmAM AvyA che. rASTrakuTa rAja kartha suvarNavarSanA I. sa. 812-13 nA dAnazAsanamAM enA pitA dvarAjane lAgezvaramaMDalane zAsaka kahyo che ane karka pitAne lAgezvara' kahe che. pa92 jarA vahelAMnA "AryamaMjuzrImUlaka95" nAmanA bauddha graMtha(I. sa. 8 mI sadIne aMtabhAga)mAM lATa dezane vistAra pazcima deza tathA pazcima samudrathI ujajana sudhIne kahyo che. tyAM valabhInA zIlAditya 1 lAnA ane pachI dhruvasena 2 jAnA paNa saMdarbhamAM AvuM sUcana che. 193 maitrakenuM sAmrAjya vistaryuM tyAre sImAo vistRta thaI hatI enI A asara kahI rAkAya, bAkI pharatI AvatI sImAmAM dasamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM kheTakamaMDala ane kammaNija (kAmareja) vibhAgone samAveza "lATamAM hato.194 rASTrakUTavaMzanI gujarAtanI zAkhAnuM zAsana vAtraka nadIthI laI navasArikA vibhAganI dakSiNe AvelI aMbikA nadI sudhInA bhUbhAga upara sAmAnya rIte rahyuM hatuM, tethI eTale bhAga emanA kAlamAM lATa' saMjJAne pAtra hatA,95 ane enI rAjadhAnI "kheTaka (kheDA) hatI.

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ra76] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [5. I. sa.nI 7 mI-8 mI sadI AsapAsa ghATa pAmelA skaMdapurANanA jUnA bhAgamAM lADa' ('lATa') dezane ekavIsa hajAra gAma dharAvato deza kahyo che. 19 A vistRta samAna kAMIka vizeSa khyAla kanejanA pratIhAra rAjA rAmabhadra(I. sa. 834-836)nA eka pratinidhi allanA saMdarbhamAM AnaMdapurane lATamAM kahyuM che197enAthI Ave che. rAjazekhara evI koI spaSTatA karato nathI, eTaluM ja nahi, pazcimanA deza gaNAvatAM "bhRgukara" ane "AnartA ' eNe "surASTra" ane "kacchIya thI judA nAMdhyA heI, taLa-gujarAtanA bhUbhAgane AvarI letA kahyA che, Ama chatAM kAvyamImAMsAmAM dezanA vatanIo tarIke lATa ane 'lAdezya e prayoga kare che 19 8 enA balarAmAyaNamAM nAnA chellA aMkamAM rAma vimAna dvArA ayodhyA tarapha jAya che tyAre je je deza uparathI pasAra thAya che tenA kramamAM draviDa-kerala-sage dAvarI tIra-kArI-karNATakamahArASTra-viMya ema gaNAvatAM narmadA nadInA bharatakanA zekhararUpa "lATa dezano nirdeza karI lIdho che, tyAM lAdezavAsIone prAkRta bhASAnA cAhaka kahyA che.19 rAjazekhare ane enA pachI eka sadImAM thayelA bheja nareze anukrame kAvyamImAMsA ane sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNanAmaka kAvyazAstranA graMthamAM lATavAsIone saMskRta bhASAnA devI ane suMdara prAkRta bhASA bolanArA-sAMbhaLanAra kahyo che. 200 rAjazekhare kAvyamImAMsA temaja bAlarAmAyaNamAM lATanI lalanAonI tArIpha karI che. 201 vimAnayananA kramamAM rAjazekhare 'lATa pachI ujajayinInA mahAkAlanA maMdira)ne ullekha karyo haI 202 ene mana mahArASTra ane mAlavanI pazcima dizAne deza 'lATa saMbhavita bane che. agiyAramI sadIne abIranI (I. sa. 1030) enA pravAsagraMthamAM lATa pradezane aNahilavADanI dakSiNe kahe che ane eNe enAM pATanagara be kahyAM che : "biharaja (bharUca) ane 'rihanajhura" (? agrinagarathANAnI uparanA bhAgamAM samudrataTa uparanuM nagara).203 A pAchalA nagarane yule ujananI uttarera04 ane bhagavAnalAla IdrajI girinagara (jUnAgaDha) kahe che205 je beu baMdhabesatAM thatAM nathI. arjunadeva vAghelAnA kAMTelAnA I.sa 12 64 nA abhilekhamAM trATa deza upara visaladevanI sattA hovAnuM kahyuM che te madhya ane dakSiNa gujarAta uparanA enA Adhipatyane kAraNe ja. 206 I. sa. 1287 nI devapaTTana-prazaritamAM vaDodarA jillAmAM AvelA kAre haNu(kAravaNa)ne lArabhUSaNa kahyuM che, eTale teramI sTImAM paNa lATa dezamAM mahI-narmadAnA pradezane samAveza thato hato. 20

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10 su' ] prAcIna bhogolika ullekhA 377 jaina sAhityamAM 'lATa' dezanA meADethI judA judA saMdarbhamAM ullekha thayA che.207 A badhAmAMthI eka vAta spaSTa thaI zake che ke zarUAtamAM 'lATa'saMjJA samagra taLa-gujarAtane mATe prayeAjAtI te AgaLa jatAM, sAlakIkAlamAM madhya gujarAta ane dakSiNa gujarAtane mATe ane pAchaLathI dakSiNa gujarAta pUratI sImita thaI ema kahI zakAya. 'lATa'nI vizeSatA, upara batAvyuM te pramANe, enA lAkA ane enI strIonA viSayamAM te| hatI, paNa enI bhASA uparAMta kAvyazAstramAM eka rIti temaja eka prakAranA zabdAla kArane kAraNe paNa hatI. lATa pradezane enI prAkRta 'lATI' bhASA ane apabhraMza paNa hatAM. mAravADanA jAleAramAM racavAmAM AvelI udyotanasUrinI 'kuvalayamAlA' prAkRta kathA(I. sa. 778-79)mAM aDhAra dezanI khelIonI lAkSaNikatA sUcavatAM lATanA lekane ullikhita karyA che.208 3dro enA 'kAvyAla kAra'(I. sa. 800 850 lagabhaga)mAM, purANakAre 'agnipurANa'mAM, dhArAnA bhAjadeve (11 mI sadI) 'sararavatIka ThAbharaNu'mAM, vRdgha vAgbhaTe (12 mI sadI) 'vAgbhaTAla kAra'mAM ane vizvanAthe ( 14 mI sadI) 'sAhityadarpaNu'mAM ' lATI ' nAmanI eka rIti kahI che.209 'lATa' nAmanA anuprAsa (zabdAlaMkAra) vize udbhaTe (I. sa. 800-850 lagabhaga) enA 'kAvyAlaMkArasaMgraha'mAM kahyuM. tenu bhammaTa, vizvanAtha vageree peAtapeAtAnA graMthAmAM anusaraNa karyu'' che.310 amAsUdI nAmaneA araba musAphara (I. sa. 943) peAtAnI pravAsaneoMdhamAM saimUra (cera), sukhArA (sApArA), ThAnA (thANA) ane khIjAM nagarAmAM 'lATiyA' nAmanI kheAlI vaparAtI hAvAnuM lakhe che.211 Aje jene ApaNe 'arakhI samudra' kahIe chIe tene araba musApharoe 'kSAra'nA samudra kahyo che.212 AnAthI siMdhu nadInA mukhathI lai seApArA sudhInA samudra abhISTa che. e AkhA kAMThe zuM 'lAra' dezane haze? siMdhamAM 'lArakhAnA' nAmanuM gAma che tene 'lAra' sAthe saMbaMdha haze? teAlemIe hAri noMdhyu che e ApaNe joyu. periplasa'nA lekhake AyiAnA pradezamAMthI bhinna bhinna banAvaTanI vastuenI nikAsa thatI hovAnuM mAMdhyuM che213 te zabda 'lArikA' karatAM 'aparAMtikA' sAthe vadhu maLatA lAge che. khezaka, khethI pradeza te tenA te ja abhISTa che. AriyAkA' ane 'bAriJAjhA'( bharUca)nA sAhacaryathI e pradezanA sthaLanirdezane khyAla AvI zake ema che.214 eNe 'kharAkA' akhAta vaTAvyA pachI bArigAjhA'te akhAta ane AriyAkA'nA kAMThe

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28] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA AvyAnuM lakhyuM che enAthI e spaSTatA thAya che. A "AriyAkAthI nirdiSTa lATa dakSiNa gujarAtanA arthamAM sImita jaNAya che. A upasthI kahI zakAya ke araba musApharoe kahele "lArane samudra AjanA gujarAtanA pazcima kAMThAnI sAmeno svIkArI pachI siMdhathI laI sopArA sudhInA kAMThA sAmenA samudrane mATe prayajyo haze. telemI(I. sa. 150)nA samayamAM "lAra" zabda pUrA pracAramAM hato ema eNe ApelI lArike saMjJAthI spaSTa che ane chatAM e samaye ke enI pUrvanA najIkanA samayamAM e noMdhAye nathI. I.pU. 3 jI sadI pahelAMnAM zrautasamAM zAMkhAyana sAthe "lATAyane ke lAvyAyana" zabda prayojAyela jovA maLe che. ahIMnA pAchalA zabdamAM lATa' ke 'lATa joI zakAya, chatAM svarUpa uparathI e zuddha saMskRta zabda nathI. to enA mULamAM kaye zabda haze? alakare mAnatamAMthI (yAda dvArA) lATanI saMbhAvanA karI che. umAzaMkara jozIe jamAMthI nadama, dama dvArA saMbhAvanA karI che,217 umAzaMkara kahe che ke mahInAM keto prAcIna samayathI lUMTaphATa mATe sagavaDavALAM hoI...laTTo e A pradezanI kaI bhila ane bhAle jevI mULa jAti hoya".218 saMskRta bhASAmAM 8-deSa, da-durjana, jAtivizeSa evA artha umAzaMkare tyAM nayA che. 218 vA. zi. ApTee A traNa artha ApyA che.220 dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke "lATI leke, lATI" bhASA ane 'lATI' strIothI vAkepha rAjazekhara, upara kahyuM te pramANe, dezanAma tarIke "lATa na ApatAM "bhRgukaccha" ane "Anarta evAM nAma Ape che. arthAta enA hRdayamAM 'bhRgukaccha ane "Anarta beune samAvI lete lATa' hoya. mana ane narta baMne uparathI nada-4 dvArA "lATa" UtarI AvI zake ema che, khAsa karI dakSiNa gujarAtamAM ane samudrakAMThAnI prajAmAM na la" uccAravAnuM adyApi sAmAnya che. ane te samagra dezanuM nAma eka samaye Anarta hatuM te sthAnika lokomAM nAnA kATa uccAraNathI pracalita hoya, ane e sAMskArika lekamAM cAnathI jANItuM heya. "lATa" "khaMbhanA arthamAM vaparAya che enA sAme A kAMThAnA samagra pradezamAM zivaliMganI pUjA vyApaka hovAne kAraNe videzIo pradezane ja "lATa" ke "lAra kahetA hoya e ratnamaNirAvano abhiprAya hatI te gya nathI lAgato, kAraNa ke e paristhitimAM te e strIliMge gari (saM. *Si)- lAya" hoI zake, puliMge "lATa nahi. tethI haLavuM hoya te Anarta tarapha DhaLavuM vadhu yuktisaMgata kahI zakAya. saM. rASTra-prA. g uparathI za-ra4 tArA lATI meLavavAnuM mana thAya, paNa e eTalA prAcIna samayamAM zakaya

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10 muM] . , prAcIna bhogelika ullekha nathI, IsvI dasamA saikAmAM zakya bane kharuM. to atyAre prabaLa pramANanA abhAve nirNayAtmaka rIte kazuM ja kahI zakAya ema nathI. gujaradeza-gujarAta : Aje rAjakIya ekama tarIke gujarAta" saMjJA taLa-gujarAta (uttara, madhya, dakSiNa), saurASTra ane kacchanA maLIne racAyelA bhUbhAgane mATe pracalita che. AmAM taLa-gujarAta ane saurASTranI prAMtIya bhede bhASA paNa ekAtmaka che. kacchamAM paNa kaccha vAgaDamAM sthAnika AbhIraAhIra lekeAnI bhASA gujarAtInI ja eka sthAnika belI che; taLa-kacchamAM kacchInI ja bhinna bhinna sthAnika bolIo pratye jAya che. taLa-gujarAta ane saurASTra maLIne eka samaye Anarta hovAnuM upara yathAsthAna vicArAyuM che. lAthI mukhyatve taLa-gujara Ata te kharuM ja. A dezane gujarAta nAma maLyuM enI pahelAMthI gujhAta zabda prayukta thato gaLyo che, je abIrUnIe kahyuM che tema AbunI uttare cheka bajhAna (nArAyaNa-jayapura) sudhIno pazcima bhAravADano pradeza hato.2 22 aitihAsika daSTie gurjara-pratIhArono e pradeza, jenI rAjadhAnI bhInamAla. prAcIna kAlanA uttaranA tabakakAmAM "gurjara deza 23 "gurjara maMDalara24 'gujajarattA22 gurjaratrA 2 6 "gujarA2 27 gUjarAta 28 "gujarATa228 jevI saMjJAonA paNa sAhityika temaja Abhilekhaka ulekha jANavAmAM AvyA che. pANininA gaNapAThamAM A prakArano koI paNa zabda nathI maLato, pataMjalinA pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI-vyAkaraNanA mahAbhAvamAM paNa nathI; mahAbhAratanI adhikRta vAcanAmAM paNa nathI; maLe che. mahAbhAratanI dakSiNI vAcanAmAM: yudhiSThiranA rAjasUya yajJamAM upAyana lAvanArA lonAM nAma umerI levAmAM AvyAM che temAM chelle khapa ( khasa, zaka), pachI barbara, yavana, gurjara, AbhIraka, pahalava, zaka, karUSa, tuMbara ane kAzikanAM nAmomAM vacce gujara paNa jovA maLe che. 230 A nAma badhAM ja dezavAcaka hAI prajAvAcaka che nyAM che. AmAM A dezanA jUnA zade sAthe "gurjara paNa pradeza pamI ye che. prajAvAcaka A zabdanA bhAratIya sAhityamAM cokakasa samayavALAM sAdhanamAM mahAkavi bANanuM harSacarita (I. sa. 610 lagabhaga) e jANavAmAM AveluM pramANita paheluM sAdhana che : emAM harSavardhananA pitA prabhAkaravardhana(I. sa. 600 )ne "gujaramajAgara" (gujane ujAgarA karAvanAra) kahyo che. 31 yuana svAMge (7 mI sadI) dezanAma tarIke 1600 ki.mI.nA gherAvAne "ku-ce-le" (gurjara) deza ane enI rAjadhAnI pi-le-me-lo' (bhillamAla) kahela che, 232 eTale enA AdhAra para kahI zakAya ke prabhAkaravardhanathI bhaya pAmatA gurjare te pazcima mAravADanA gurjara

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t, 28]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pratIhAra hoya. bhaviSyapurANamAM dezavAcaka saMjJA tarIke ene be vAra ullekha thayelo che,233 paNa enA samaya vize za kA hoI e yA bhUbhAgane udezI kahe che e nakakI na karI zakAya, paraMtu padmapurANanA bhAgavata mAhAtyamAM bhakti gurjaradezamAM jIrNatA pAmI che ema kahyuM che 234 te padmapurANanI racanA I. sa. 10mI sadI pUrve najIkamAM saMbhavita haiI pazcima mAravADane uddezIne kahevAyela che. paMcataMtramAM paNa je gurjara deza' kahyo che te paNa bhInamAlavALo pazcima mAravADane pradeza che. e hakIkata che ke gurjarenI eka zAkhA dakSiNa gujarAtamAM gaI hatI ane nAMdIpurI(nAMdoda)mAM "gurjaranRpativaMza' tarIke sthira thaI hatI. A vaMzanA rAjavI da6 2 jAnA kheDAnA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 629)mAM A prakArano atyAre jUnAmAM jUne ullekha thayelo jovAmAM AvyA che 236 paraMtu nAMdodane pradeza cheka solaMkIkAla sudhI gurjara' kahevAya nathI. dakSiNanA cAlukyavaMzanA pulakezI 2 jAnA helInA abhilekha(I. sa. 634)mAM "lATa bhAva" ane "gurjara' maLe che, 27 ne navasArInA pulakezI avanijanAzrayanA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 739 mAM arabAe harAvelAomAM "gurjara' paNa kahyA che238 te baMne pazcima bhAravADanA che. rASTrakUTavaMzanA daMtidurge ujajanamAM I. sa. 754 mAM | hiraNyagarbhadAna ApyuM tyAre gujaradezane phALavI paNa bIjA rAjavIo sAthe sevAmAM hAjara hatA ema noMdhAyuM che,239 te e ja vaMzanA kartha suvarNavarSanA dAnazAsana (I. sa. 812-813)mAM gurjarezvara" kahyo che240 te paNa bhInamAlane ja rAjavI che. udyotanasUrie kuvalayamAlA(I. sa. 779)mAM belIo bolanArA junnara kahyA che241 te paNa pazcima bhAravADanA che. gurjaratrAbhUmi " evuM dezavAcaka nAma DaeNDavANaka( hAlanA jodhapuranA pradezamAM)nA I. sa. 844 nA mihirabhajanA abhilekhamAM jovA maLe che, 24rato eka bIjA I. sa. 850 nA abhilekhamAM AjanA jyapuranA pradezamAM AvelA maMgalAnakane "gurjaratrAmaMDalamAMnuM243 kahevAmAM Avela che. A paristhiti I. sa. 1030mAM bhAratamAM AvelA araba musAphara aljIrUnInA hiMdanA pravAsanA graMthamAM paNa jovA maLe che; eNe zuddha gujJAta zabda praya che. 244 A pradeza AbuthI uttarane ja che. I. sa. 942 mAM mUlarAja solaMkIe aNahillapura jenI rAjadhAnI hatI tevA AjanA uttara gujarAtanA e samayanA vyApaka "sArasvata maMDalanI sattA hAtha karI. e samaye, saMbhavita che ke, kAnyakubajanA pratIhAra rAjavIonA sAmaMta tarIke bhillamAlamAM mUlarAjane pitA rAji zAsana karato hato. rAjinA mRtyu

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10 muM 1 prAcIna bhaulika ullekha [ 28 bAda mULarAja sAMcora(satyapura)ne keMdramAM rAkhI e vakhate jANItA thayelA satyapuramaMDalane zAsaka banyo. I. sa. 995nA bAlerAnAM patarAMnA dAnazAsanamAM ene satyapuramaMDalane bhoktA kahevAmAM Avyo che, 245 jyAre e pahelAMnA I. sa. 987nA kaDImAMthI maLelA dAnazAsanamAM potAnI bhujAonA baLathI jeNe sArasvata maMDala prApta karyuM che tevo kahevAya che. 246 Ama I. sa. 995 sudhI to uttara gujarAtanuM "sArasvata maMDala ane pazcima bhAravADanuM-gurjara dezanuM satyapuramaMDala" e beu mathaka enI sattA nIce hatAM. Ama e enA pitA pachI gurjarezvara" banyo hato ema kahI zakAya. I. sa. 997nI kAzmIrI paMDita kSemeMdranI "aucityavicAracarcA mAM dhArApati muMja sAthenA keI nUrezvara mUmanA saMgharSane ullekha maLe che.247 e ja varSanA hastikuMDInA dhavalanA abhilekhamAM muMja sAthenA vigrahamAM parAjita thayelA rAjavIne deza pUrnara kahevAmAM AvyA che.248 muMjano zatru A rAjavI mUlarAja che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, paraMtu AvI vAtanuM koI spaSTa pramANa nathI maLatuM eTale mUlarAja gurjareza hovAnuM uparanAM be pramANothI sarjAze siddharUpa manAtuM nathI.249 I. sa. 1850 mAM jyAre dhArApati bhAjadeva enA sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa-nAmaka sAhityazAstranA graMthamAM bIjAonA apabhraMzane upayoga na karatAM potAnA ja apabhraMzano upayoga karanArA "gUrjare'ne vakhoDe che249 tyAre e "gUrjarathI enI AMkha samakSa enA aNahilapuranA zAsaka solaMkIe uddiSTa che, ane e rIte samagra prajAne paNa vakhoDI nAkhavAnuM samajAya che. e kAlano bhojadeva ane bhImadeva 1 lA vacceno aNabanAva ItihAsamAM khUba gavAyele che.250 Ama uttara gujarAtanA pradezane mUlarAjanI aguhilapuranI AsapAsanA samagra sArasvatamaMDala" uparanI sattAnA anusaMdhAnamAM "gurjaradeza' gurjaramaMDala" gujarAta" evI saMjJA lAgu paDatI thaI gaI hatI. dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM kahI zakAya ke I. sa. 1097mAM kAzmIrI paMDita biddalaNe enA vikramAMkadevacarita' kAvyamAM kAchaDInI lAMga navALanArA gurjaranI TIkA karI che te saMbhavita rIte jaina sAdhuone uddezIne karI che. 251enA samaya sudhImAM sArasvata maMDalanAM prajAjana paNa paraprAMtIne mATe "gurjara" thaI cUkyAM hatAM. A samaya najIkanA 'mudritakumudacaMdra prakaraNamAM gUjarjarijana" kahyo che te uttara gujarAtano ja vAsI abhISTa che. I. sa. 1136 nA caMdrasUrikRta 'munisuvratasvAmicaritamAne 53 "gujara deza', I.sa. 1 39-40nA siddharAja jayasiMhanA dAhodanA abhilekhamAMnuM 54 "gurjaramaMDala ane I. sa. 1154 nA jinadAsarikRta gaNadharasArdhazatakamAMnI gujarattA255 e uttara gujarAtane mukhyatve khyAla Ape che; dakSiNa gujarAta pradeza hajI "gurjara deza

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42] chatahAsa pUrvabhUmikA [. nahi kahevAtA heya, kAraNa ke jayasiMhanA pitA karNadevanA samayanA I. sa. 10% nA dAnazAsanamAM 'nAgasArikA (navasArI)ne lATadezAMta pAtI' kahela che,256 eTale siddharAjanA samayamAM paristhitimAM khAsa phera paDyo nahi hoya. A hemacaMdranA ThavAzraya mahAkAvyamAM 57 "gUjara" "gUrjaredra gurjaratrA', Isa 1168 nA yazapAlanA maharAjaparAjaya" nATakamAM 58 "gUrjarapati', I. sa. 1184 nA samaprabhanA prAkRta kumArapAlapratibaMdhamAM 59 gujara deza', enA samakAlIna bhaTTa semezvaranA "suratsava' mahAkAvyamAM 220 "gurjarakSitija, I. sa. 1128 nI pUrNabhakRta 'maharSicaritazatimAM 11 gUrjarabhUmi, A vagere nirdeze tyAM tyAM jarUriyAta pramANe uttara gujarAtanA leke, uttara gujarAtanA selaMkI kulanA rAjavIo ke uttara gujarAtanA bhUbhAga mATe abhISTa che. I. sa. 1230 nA 'uttara gaurjara apabhraMza'nA revaMtagirirAsumAM "gurajara-dhara" ane "gujajara deza" evuM maLe che, jyAre enA najIkanA samayamAM racAyela AbUrAsa" nAmanI racanAmAM te lavaNaprasAdane "gujarAta-dhura-samuddharaNa" kahyo che A emane "gujarAta-dharA" zabda paNa uttara gujarAtane mATe che. | gujarAta' zabdanuM mULa zuM, e vicAraNIya prazna che. A pUrve ApaNe joyuM che ke A zabda sAthe vyutpattiviSayaka saMbaMdha hoya tevAM rU5 saM. gurjaratrA-jUrnAtrA ane prA. gujharA rUpa nedhAyAM che; to saM. gUgara/trA, gurjaratra, jUrAta, gurnarATa rUpa paNa maLe che. 263 gurnAtra-zUrAta-suTa A rUpanA mULamAM saM. ratrA (strI) zabda ane jo e saMskRtIkaraNa hoya te enA mULamAM prA. guDagarA 25 heya. (guraH trAcate cAra mami kA gurajhA ema kahevAnuM mana thAya, paNa evA koI anya zabda nathI.) vicAra to khuda gura-gUrjara zabdane paNa karavAnuM rahe che. A zabda mULamAM videzI che, enAM bhinna bhinna mUla vicAratAM emanA arabI gujhabujha mUla tarapha najara jAya che. I. sa. 851 mAM bhAratavarSamAM AvelA araba musAphara sulemAna mihirabheja vize vAta karatAM ju nadhei che.264 abalAdurI (I. sa. 892) ane almasUdI (I. sa. 916) paNa tu ja naidhe che, jyAre abIrUnI (I. sa. 1030) gujJa noMdhe che, paraMtu A pUrve bANe gurjara zabda ne ja che ane mahAbhAratanA prakSipta bhAgamAM paNa e zabda noMdhAyo che.2 67 bee gejheTiyaramAM bhagavAnalAla idrajI gurjararASTramAMthI kADhavA mAge che 268 ane maukhika vAtamAM munizrI jinavijayajIe paNa gunASTra evuM mUla sUcavyuM che. albIrUnIe dezavAcaka nAma tarIke jAta ne che te pUrve uparanAM saM. gurjaratrA ane prA.

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muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe gujarattA rUpa abhilekhomAM maLI Ave che eTale gurjaratrA-gujjarattA rUpanA mUlamAM koI videzI zabda hato ke nahi e vicAraNIya banI rahe che. dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke arabI bhASAmAM bahuvacanane strIliMge vAta pratyaya che; mujha prajA, enuM bahuvacana munnAra-gurjarono samUha. ane marAta, mevAta, jAti, mAta, jevA zabda pracalita paNa che.26 9 arabone saMparka te islAmanI paNa kayAMya pUrvethI bhAratavarSa sAthe hato, eTale araboe A zabda Aye heya te emAM Azcarya nahi hoya. ane enuM ja prathama prAkRtIkaraNa ane pachI saMskRtIkaraNa 9 mI sadImAM thayuM ne pachI vyApaka banyuM. A prakAranI vyutpatti hajI, prabaLa purAvAone abhAve, sarvathA niNa yakeTinI kahI zakAya ema nathI. A saMjJA 10 mI-11 mI sadI sudhI pazcima bhAravADa' mATe, pachIthI . bhImadeva 1 lAnA samayamAM zarUmAM uttara gujarAtane mATe pracAramAM AvI ane pachI muslima sattA visatAM cheka dakSiNa gujarAta sudhI pahoMcI.270 "gujarAta" saMjJA gujarAtanA pradezamAM 13 mI sadIthI sthApita thaI e vize matabheda nathI. parvatanAM nAma te pradezanAM nAme karatAMya vahelAM prayojAyAM che. abdaH gujarAtanI talabhUminA parvatane ItihAsa ukheLavA prayatna karIe tyAre bhUstarazAstranI daSTie prAcInatama koI parvata heya te e abuda (Abu) parvata kahevAya che. AjanA gujarAtanI pUrva sarahada upara dakSiNathI uttara sudhImAM patharAyelA viMdhyanI uttarasaMdhie ADAvalI(aravallInI girimALA zarU thAya che. A parvata gujarAtanI atyAre naisargika uttara sImA AMkI Ape che. A "abdane mahAbhAratanA AraNyakaparvamAM eka tIrthasthAna tarIke ullekha thayelo che.271 tyAM carmavatI nadI pachI himavAnanA putra abudagiri tarapha javAnuM sUcavavAmAM AvyuM che. A parvatamAM pUrva kAlamAM chidra (saMbhavataH javALAmukhInuM kareluM moTuM) hevAnuM kahI tyAM vasiSThane Azrama hovAnuM kahyuM che. Ama "abuMda giri tIrtha tarIke sucita thayela che, je paraMparA adyApi paryata cAlu che. parvata tarIkenA enA nirdeza vAyu, brahma, vAmana, mArkaDeya vagere purANamAM maLe che tyAM ene ujajayaMta, puSpagiri ane raivata sAthe gaNAvyo che.272 arbada dezavizeSa ane e aparAMtIne bhAga hoya evuM paNa purANamAMthI maLe che.203 mArkaDeyapurANamAM ene arka liMga, malaka ane vRka sAthe madhyadezamAM gaNAve che, paraMtu e keI anya deza nathI. skaMdapurANamAM samagra aNaMda

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8i4] ItihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA ' '[pra. kSetranuM mAhAnya ApavAmAM AvyuM che, jemAM "acalezvara liMga" hovAnuM kahyuM che.' ha5 deze vize kahetAM bahatsaMhitA "Anarta, abuda, puSkara evo krama batAve che. rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsAmAM deza ane parvata ema beu rIte nirdeza kare che,277 ane ene pazcimanA parvatamAM gaNAve che. gujarAtanA itihAsamAM enI, e gujarAtanI uttara sImA Apate heI eTalA pUratI, jarUra rahe che. uryAta-giranAra upara ApelA vAyupurANa vagerenA ullekhomAM cAra parvatamAM "puSpagiri che, paraMtu eno sthaLa nizcaya thaI zakato nathI.278 bAkI be rahyA teomAM 'ujajayaMta" e spaSTa rIte "giranAra che. dhyAnamAM levA jevuM che ke eka harbayantI zabda sadanA bIjA maMDaLamAM vaparAyeluM che. 27 kItha ane eNphaDenalane A RcA durbodha lAgI che, paraMtu suviganuM mAnavuM che ke gaDha ke kilAne mATe A zabda prayojAyo che. 280 A killAmAM Azraya karI rahelA nAmura nAmanA dAnavane Idra vinAza karyAnuM emAM sUcana che, arthAta A kille dAna-Ayetara leka vasatA hatA tevA pradezamAM hata saurASTrane pradeza prAcIna kAlamAM Aryotara prajAnI vasAhata hatA ane tethI tyAM jaI AvelA Aryone prAyazcitta levuM paDatuM hatuM 28'saMbhava che ke saurASTramAM AvelA karnayata (ke enA prAkatIkaraNa pAmelA u tta) parvatanA saMbaMdhanA killAne RdanI e RcAmAM ullekha heya. pANinina gaNapAThamAM e nathI, paraMtu mahAbhAratamAM te ene saurASTranAM tIrtha gaNAvatAM nirdeza thayela che: enuM mAhAo gAyuM che ke surASTra dezamAM mRga ane pakSIoe sevelA puNya ujayaMta girimAM jeNe tapa karyuM che te svargamAM yaza prApta kare che.282 mukhyatve jJAtAdharmakathA-nAmaka jaina Agamika graMthamAM bAvIsamA tIrthaMkara neminAthanA kevalajJAna ane nirvANathI ujajayaMtanA zikharane pavitra thayeluM kahevAmAM AvyuM che,283 evI rIte ke neminAthe dIkSA raivataka giri upara lIdhI ane e ujita upara nirvANa pAmyA.284 paurANika nirdezamAM judAM pAThAMtaree A ja parvata kahyo che.285 mahAbhAratanA AraNyakaparvamAM eka "girimuMja' ulikhita thayuM che ane ene paMcanadI tIrtha pachI gaNAvyo che286 enAthI sthAnanizcaya thaI zakato nathI. aitihAsika spaSTa ullekhomAM prAmANika ullekha kardamaka mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA I. sa. 150 nA jUnAgaDha zilAlekhane che. 287yaMta girimAMthI nIkaLatI suvarNasikatA, palAzinI vagere nadIonA pravAha ADe baMdha bAMdhIne "sudarzana" nAme jatAzaya karavAmAM AvyuM.88 aMtakRdazA-jJAtAdharmakathA vageremAM dvAravatI-raivatakanuM sAhacarya jevA maLe che289 paraMtu evAM sthaLomAM ujajayaMtane nirdeza nathI; jyAM ujajayaMta

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prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe [ 25 che tyAM dvAravatI-raivataka nathI. yuana svAMga potAnA pravAsagraMthamAM mAtra ujijanta'ne ullekha kare che. 290 selaMkIkAlamAM giranAra uparanA lekhomAM paNa parvatasaMjJA "ujajayaMtI jovA maLe che e kharuM ke 4 thI-5 mI sadI pachInA jaina graMthamAM Urjayata-ujajayaMta ane raivatakanuM sAhacarya maLe che; pachInA sAhityamAM raivatakane ujajayaMta'nuM eka vana kahyuM che. jenetara graMthomAM paNa 7 mI-8 mI sadI sudhImAM kahI zakAya tevA, skaMdapurANanA prabhAsakhaMDamAMnA vastrApathakSetra-mahAmyamAM evuM sAhacarya jovA maLe che 291 surASTra dezamAM vastrApatha che; tyAM uyaMta giri ane raivataka giri AvelA che; e beunI vacce moTI jhADI (nAjhi) AvelI che." "somanAtha(? bhavanAtha)nA sAMnidhyamAM udayaMta giri ane pazcima bhAgamAM raivataka.292 "bhavanAthanA pazcima bhAgamAM raivataka giri che.293 skaMdapurANamAM vastrApatha kSetramAM bhavanAtha) che, vitakamAM dAmodara che, ane girinI Toca upara aMbAdevI che."294 skaMdapurANane Azaya spaSTa che ke aMdaranA bhAgane jaina derAsara, aMbAjInI TUka, guru gorakhanAthanI TUka, guru dattAtreyanI TUka, kAlakanI draka-e giri te "ujajayaMta-udayaMta" ane dAmodara kuMDa-dAmodara maMdira uparane dakSiNa pUrvapazcima patharAyele Ajane bheMsalo (vAghezvarInA maMdiravALA) DuMgara te raivataka, vastrApatha kSetra ane raivataka kSetra skaMdapurANanA prabhAsakhaMDane ekAtmaka che. 295 skaMdaguptanA samayane jUnAgaDha zailalekha palAzinI, sikatA ane vilAsinI e traNe nadIo raivatakamAMthI nIkaLelI kahe che ane ene ja "Urjayata' kahe che.296 bRhatsaMhitAmAM varAhamihira naiRtya dizAmAM jyAM samudra che tyAM siMdhu ane saurASTranI joDe joDe raivataka pradezane gaNAve che, 297 enAthI kazI spaSTatA thatI nathI. 9 mI sadIne rAjazekhara to kAvyamImAMsAmAM pazcimanA parvamAM girinagarane gaNAve che. 298 varAhamihire ke rAjazekhare "UrjAta-ujajayaMta evI saMjJA vize mauna rAkhyuM che. zizupAlavadhamAM299 mAdha revatanuM varNana Ape che, paNa e te samudramadhye AvelI dvArakAnI najIkamAM AvelA vitakanuM che, e ujajayaMtanuM nathI. teramI sadImAM bhaTTa somezvara raivatakanuM bIju nAma jiyaMta hovAnuM kahe che. 300 to e samayanA jaina graMthe revaMtagirirAsu (I. sa. 1131) giranAra tarIke ja mAtra nirdeza kare che,300 jyAre prabhAvakacarita (I. sa. 1278) ane prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi(I. sa. 1305)mAM jiyaMta-raivatakanI te spaSTa rIte ananyatA jovA maLe che. prabhAvacarite giranArazira upara evo prayoga karyo che 301 te prabaMdhaciMtAmaNie sanala(rANakadevI)nA duhAmAM "giranAra' evo zabdaprayoga ne che-be vAra 301 bahu ja spaSTa rIte vivividhatIrthakalpamAM te neminAthajIe pavitra karelA ane

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[. 246] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vitaka uyaMta vagere saMjJAthI jANItA girIzvara "giranArane namana karavAmAM AvyuM che. 302 vividhatIrthakalpamAM bIjA paNa saMkhyAbaMdha ullekha che ane anya prabaMdhagraMthamAM traNe nAmanI ekArthatA anubhavAya che. vitaka : purANoe gujarAtanA bhUbhAgamAM gaNAvele eka cokakasa giri te revetaka che. pANininA gaNapAThamAM ravatika temaja vita' zabdo jovA maLe che 292a paNa tyAM kazI spaSTatA nathI. mahAbhAratanA AdiparvamAM arjunane TUMka vanavAsa pUro thayo che tyAM prathama prabhAsamAM AvyA pachI kRSNa ane arjuna baMne raivataka giri upara vAsa karavA jAya che, e pachI subhadrAnA haraNa vakhate subha leM revatAnuM ane badhI devatAonuM arcana karI, brAhmaNe pAse ravaritavAcana karAvI, girinI pradikSaNA karI dvArakA tarapha javA lAgI tyAM te arjuna enuM haraNa karI jhaDapI rathathI pitAnA nagara tarapha cAlyo gayo. enuM haraNa thatuM joI sainike-cayiAto bUmabarADA pADatA sau segamathI dvArakAmAM doDI gayA".303 ahIM revataka ane dvArakAnuM sAMnidhya spaSTa che. sabhAparvamAM ThAravatI vasAvyAnA ullekhamAM kRSNAdi yAdava pazcima dizAmAM revatathI zobhI UThelI ramya kuzasthalImAM gayA ane tyAM pharI vasAhata karI ane jarAsaMdhanA bhayathI mathurAno tyAga karIne dvArAvatIpurImAM gayA',304 jyAre bhojarAja revata giri upara vihAra karavA gayelA tyAre pheInA putra zizupAle AvI teone dvArakAmAMthI harI gayAnuM kRSNanA mukhamAM sUcavAyuM che;305 A ullekho e sAhacaryane bela Ape che. raivataka vizenI keTalIka sUcaka vizeSa mAhitI harivaMza pUrI pADe che: siMdhurAjanI sattAno "anUpa" (pANIthI samRddha) pradeza hato tyAM jaI e ramaNIya pradezamAM, deva svargamAM AnaMda pAme te pramANe, (yAdavo) AnaMda pAmyA.e pradezamAM bahu dUra nahi e raivataka parvata hatA, tyAM koNa lAMbA samaya ekalavyanA vAsamAM rahyA hatA. tyAM e siMdhurAjanI vihArabhUmi hatI tyAM ja nagarI vasAvavAne kRSNa vicAra karyo.30 vasAvelI e dvArakA "vAridurgA (pharate pANIrUpI kudaratI killo hato tevI) hatI.307 e dvArakAnI pUrva dizAmAM raivataka zaila, dakSiNa dizAmAM paMcavarNa, pazcima dizAmAM akSaya ane uttara dizAmAM veNumAna ema cAra dizAe cAra giri hatA, ane raivataka tarapha pAMcajanya' nAmanuM vana hatuM.308 A pUrve vaLI harivaMzamAM mahAsAgaranI parIkhavALI ane pAMca parvatethI zobhatI dvArakA kahI che,309 paraMtu tyAM pAMca

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10 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha parvatonAM nAma ApyAM nathI; jyAM ApyAM che tyAM uparanAM cAra zailanAma che. arjuna AdiparvamAM raivatakamAM kRSNa sAthe rahyo tyAM girine zaNagAravAnI vAta Ave che. 310 ane sabhAparvamAM zizupAla dvArakA upara caDAI karI tyAre bhojarAja revata upara krIDA karavA gayelA kahyA che311 ane subhadrAharaNa pahelAM AdiparvamAM subhadrAe pUjana bAda raivatakane pradakSiNA karI che, e nirdeze evuM batAve che ke raivataka kaI moTe pahADa nahoto, e nAne DuMgara-krIDAzaila haze. Azcarya e che ke mahAbhAratanA mausalaparvanA temaja viSNupurANa-bhAgavatapurANa vagere purANanA ullekha pramANe 12 samudra DubADI dIdhelI dvArakAnI najIkamAM hovAnuM kahI zakAya tevI mUla dvArakA (keDInAra pAsenI bina-vasAhatI jagyA) ane AjanI saurASTrane vAyavya khUNe AvelI dvArakA (ke saurASTramAM bIjAM traNeka sthAnonI paNa saMbhAvanA kahI che tevI jagyAonI najIka dhyAna kheMce tevA nAnA moTA pahADa jovAmAM AvatA nathI. pahelo. jANavAmAM Avelo, dhyAna kheMce tevo ullekha jUnAgaDha zailalekhane kaMdaguptanA samayane I. sa. 457 ne che,314 jemAM Urjayata-revatakane ekAtmaka batAvyA che. jaina graMthomAM paNa lagabhaga tyArathI e ekAtmaka hovAnA ullekha maLe che. 315 ane upara " Uyata-ujayaMtInA prasaMgamAM joyuM tema aMdarane e UrjayataujajayaMta ane dAmodara kuMDa ane jUnAgaDha zailalekhanI uparano pUrva-pazcima paDele bheMsale te vitaka evI spaSTatA kaMdapurANamAM anubhavAya che 16 (juo upara pR. 285). pazcima saurASTramAM AvelA visAvADA(mUladhArakA)nI pUrvamAM 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) upara dakSiNa-uttara-IzAne patharAyelA paDelA baraDA DuMgarane paNa raivataka gaNavAne pArjiTare abhiprAya A che;317 ane jagajIvana kAlidAsa pAThakane jaNAvyA pramANe "ba parvatanI revatadhAra upara rANuM khemAjIe udakezvara mahAdevanI sthApanA karI hatI" e baraDA DuMgaranI paNa eka nIcI dhAranuM nAma "revata jANavAmAM AvyuM che. 18 A pAchalI mAnyatAne thoDuMka paNa bala Ape evuM pramANa joItuM hoya to e harivaMzamAM maLI Ave ema che. harivaMzamAM dvArakAne pharatA cAra giri kahyA che temAM uttara dizAe "veNumAna" che (upara pR. 286); Aje baraDAnI uttare AbhaparA ane enAthI jarA UMcA (626 mITarara050 phUTanA) zikharane viSNunuM zikhara kahevAmAM Ave paNa che. A veNumAna che ema svIkAravA jatAM dvArakAne vAridurgA - ne sthAne "giridu kahevI paDe, paraMtu mahAbhArata-harivaMza-viSNupurANa-bhAgavatapurANa ema kahetAM aTakAve che. ahIM ApaNane ema kahevAnuM prApta thAya ke

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288] - ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA mahAbhArata ane purANanA moTA bhAganA ullekha AjanI keDInAra pAsenI mUladvArakA ke AjanI dvArakA nAM sthAne najara sAme rAkhIne thAya che; prabhAsamAM jema kRtammara gira lupta thaI gayo te pramANe revataka ane dvArakAnI AsapAsanA bIjA traNa ke cAra e badhA giri-zaila-krIDArela dvArakA sAthe ja DUbI gayA ema mAnI calAvI levuM paDe. A pUrve (5 284) batAvyuM che te pramANe neminAtha(ariSTanemi)nI dIkSA vitaka upara ane emanuM kevalajJAna temaja nirvANa ujajayaMta upara, ema prAcIna jainagraMthamAM baMnenI pRthaktA kahI che; pachInA graMthamAM "ujayaMta uparanA raivataka udyAnamAM' ema samAdhAna karI raivataka ne eka udyAna kahevAmAM Avela che 319 raivataka najIka eka naMdana nAmanuM vana to kahevAyeluM ja che. 20 ujayaMta-raivataka giranAranI jaina graMthamAM nirdiSTa ekatA vize A pUrve ujajayaMtanA prasaMge sUcavAyuM che (pR. 285-286). - akSa ane pAriyA : mahAbhAratamAM "kulaparvatane ullekha karatAM bhImaparvamAM maheMdra, mAlya, sahya, zaktimAna, RkSavAna, vidhya ane pariyAtra evA sAta parvata gaNAvavAmAM AvyA che. 321 pArjiTare jaNAvyuM che ke viMdhya ane RkSamAMthI nIkaLatI nadIo jotAM ja e sAtapUDAnI pazcima baMgALA sudhI laMbAtI girimALA che, 322 bI sI. lau. mAne che323 tema beu eka nathI. AraNyakaparvamAM paNa dakSiNApathamAM jatAM mArgamAM avaMti pachI sakSavAna parvatane vaTAvyA bAda viMdhya ane pANI nadIne nirdeza karavAmAM AvyuM che. 324 Ama AjanA gujarAtanI pUrva sImAnA vidhyane ja ene eka phAMTe kahe joIe; sAtapUDe e, hakIkate, viMdhyane ja eka bhAga che, jenI dhAra-nAnI moTI-laMbAtAM baMgALA sudhI pahoMcI zake pariyAtra' e te gujarAtanI pUrva dizA ane uttara dizAe saMdhi upara AvelI ADAvalI(aravallInI girimALA che. pArjiTare ADAvalIthI cheka bhopALa sudhI laMbAyelI girimALAne 'pAriyAtra' kahela che. 25 AraNyaparvamAM RSi mArkaDeye bhagavAna bAlamukuMdanA udaramAM joyelA parvatemAM maheMdra pachI vidha, bhalaya ane pariyAtra parvatane gaNAvyA che 26 zAMtiparvamAM jaNAvyA pramANe 27 e parvatamAM gautamane Azrama hato. hakIkate, umAzaMkara jozI kahe che te pramANe. mALavAnI dakSiNa ane pazcime pharatuM girivartala te pArivAtra havAmAM zaMkA rahetI nathI. 328 rAjazekhara mahAbhAratanA AraNyakaparvanA nirdezane anusarI sAta kulaparvata tene te Ape che, 9 jyAre pAriyAtrIne nirdeza karatAM

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10 su] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekhA [ 289 pAriyAtra parvatanA pradezamAM rahenArA leAka tarIke khyAla ApyA che.30 umAzaMkara jozIe dhyAna doryuM che ke pAriyAtra'nuM 'pAripAtra' evuM pAThAMtara mArkaMDeyapurANamAM pArjiTare mAnya rAkhyuM che--tenA par + pAtrathI 'pathara'zabdAM e nAma sacavAI rahyuM che. hakIkate ADAvalInI girimALA madhyapradezamAM laMbAI ne 'pAriyAtra' tarIke prAcIna graMthAmAM kahevAI, tyAM atyAre caMbala ane banAsa nadIo vacce 'pathara' nAmathI e girimALA jANItI che.331 viMdhya : sAta kula parva temAMnA gujarAtane mATe mahattvane 'vi'dhya' che. viSyanI girimALA dakSiNamAM cheka sahyAdrithI zarU thAya che ane uttara tarapha vadhatI gujarAtanI pUrva sarahada upara, mevADa (rAjasthAna) ane mALavA(madhyapradeza)mAM cAlI jAya che. hakIkate joI e teA sahyAdri, sAtapUDA, vidhya, ADAvalI (aravalI), pAriyAtra, RkSa, RkSavAna e viSyanI sudI girimALAnA judA judA bhAga che. mahAbhAratamAM 'vidhyanA aneka vAra nirdeza thayelA che. Api mAM suMdra ane upasuMda nAmanA be bhAI ene viSyamAM tapa karatA kathA che, jemanA ugra tapane laI vidhyamAMthI jvALAe nIkaLatI kahI che. 332 AraNyakapa'mAM agatyanA vacanane mAna ApI viSya vadhA nathI ema kahI pachInA adhyAyamAM sUryAM ane caMdranA mArgane rUMdhI le eTalA vadhyA ema kahyuM che, jene pachI agatye vadhatA aTakAvyA. 333 rAmAyaNa-kiSkiMdhAkAMDamAM sugrIva sItAnI zeAdha mATe vAnarAne mekale che tyAM dakSiNa dizAnA bhUbhAganA paricaya ApatAM hajAra zikharAvALA viSyanI vAta karI tyAM narmadAnA saMbadha ApI, pachI geAdAvarI vize kahe che. 334 matsya, brahmAMDa, vAyu, vAmana vagere purANAmAM e nirdiSTa thayelA che, jyAM enI vistRta taLeTImAM rahenArAone viSyapRSThanivAsI' !hyA che. 335 vidhyamAMthI purANAe tApI, paye|SNI, nividhyA, kSiprA, RSabhA, veNA, caitariNI, vizvamAlA, kumudatI, teyA, mahAgaurI, du`mA, zilA vagere ThaMDA jalavALI nadIe nIkaLatI kahI che. 336 rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsAmAM vidhyAdrimAMthI na`dA nIkaLI hovAnuM noMdhe che, sAta kulapavAmAMnA eka tarIke ene nAMdhe ja che, uparAMta mAhiSmatInI pachI dakSiNApathanI mAhitI ApatAM emAMnA parva temAM pahelu nAma viSyanuM Ape che. 337 tyAM ja eNe 'AryAva'nI sImA pUrva ane pazcimanA samudro vacce himAlaya ane viSyanA vacagALAnA bhUbhAganI !hI che. 'amarakaMTaka' parvata narmadAnA uparanA bhAgamAM AvelA kahevAya che. 338 ma. ma. haraprasAda zAstrIe peAtAnI 'meghradUta' paranI vyAkhyAmAM kAlidAse kahelA AmrakUTa' te amarakaMTaka' hAvAnI saMbhAvanA karI che (1-17).339 A pahADa, hakIkate, viSyanI ja eka zAkhA che.

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190 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ma. kRtasmara: alpAMze sUcavAyelA bIjA be parvatemAM eka "kRtammara ane bIje 'varAha che. AmAMne kRtammara skaMdapurANamAM prabhAsakSetramAM sUcavAya che;340 prabhAsakSetramAM samudrane cheDe brahmAMDanA mAnadaMDe jevo e mahAzaila hato. mArkaDeyapurANamAM raivata, abda, RSyazRMga vagere sAthe kRtammarane gaNAvyo che. 341 muzkelI e che ke A ullekha sivAya e vize bIje kyAMya kazuM jovAmAM AvyuM nathI, tema prabhAsa pAse samudrakAMThA najIka keI nAnA pahADanAM paNa darzana thatAM nathI. skaMdapurANamAM nedhalI kathAmAM kRtammara bhasmatva pAmyAna thayela nirdeza temaja pASANo mRdutA pAmatAM gharo ane devakula(devaLa)mAM zilpIo ene upayoga kare che evo nirdeza sahaja rIte enA lepanI vAta kare che. 342 prabhAsapATaNanA koTanI pUrva dizAe hIraNanA kAMThA sudhI prabhAsanI "sAvanA TIMbA tarIke jANItI vasAhata nAza pAmI gaI che ane tyAM seMkaDo varSa pUrvene baLele paththara ane dhAtuno kiDo maLI Ave che, te UMcI sapATIne, paththaranI aneka khANovALA-jemAM pUrva ane IzAnanAM bhAThAomAM bauddha prakAranI prAcIna guphAo paNa jovA maLe che 43 te-khaDaka je bhAga che te "kRtammara haze ? prAcIna pramANone abhAve Ane javAba ApI zakAya ema nathI. umAzaMkara jozIe mahAbhAratanA AraNyakaparvamAM thayelA "jAtismara" nAmanA tIrtha tarapha dhyAna deryuM che, 344 paraMtu AsapAsanAM tIrthone meLa meLavavA jatAM e kyAMka madhyapradezamAM AveluM tIrtha che; zabdAMtanA "smara" zabdanA sAma sivAya saurASTranA bhUbhAga sAthe ene saMbaMdha jovA maLato nathI. kRtammara sarasvatInA pravAhane rokata ho; e baLI jatAM nadI samudrane maLavA zakitamAna thaI arthAta kaI rAjadevathI parvatane bhAga besI gayA. ane prabhAsakhaMDamAM AjanA prabhAsapATaNane sthAne te devAlayothI samRddha devapattana hatuM, 345 nagara tyAM hatuM ja nahi, nagara to sAvanA TIMbA" upara hatuM, jyAM bhAThAnI patharALa jamIna upara jema baLela kiTa maLe che tema kSatrapakAlIna maTI ITo paNa jovA maLe che. varAhaH bIje parvata te varAha che ane ene nirdeza " prAtipuranA sAMnidhyamAM harivaMzanA bhaviSyaparvanA prakSipta bhAgamAM,346 matsyapurANamAM 47 ane rAmAyaNanA kikiMdhAkAMDanA 48 samAnaaMzAtmaka zlekamAM thayele jevA maLe che, jyAM e parvata ane pra tiSa baMnene pazcima dizAmAM kahevAmAM AvyAM che. sugrIva tArAnA pitA suSaNane 'vAruNI-pazcima dizAmAM javAnuM kahe che,049 ane tyAM "surASTranI zarUAta kare che. AgaLa cAlatAM pAriyAtri ane cakravAna nAmanA parvatonI vAta karI,250 agAdha evA varuNAlaya najIka

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10 muM ] prAcIna bhaulika ullekha [ raha1 cosaTha jananA varAha parvatane nirdeza karI tyAM prAtiSa nAmanuM suvarNa maya pura che ke jemAM naraka nAmane duSTa dAnava rahe che, e parvatanI citravicitra taLeTIomAM ane vizALa guphAomAM vaidehI sahita rAvaNanI tapAsa karavAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che.351 pazcimanA dezonI vAta cAlatI hoI pUrva deza--AsAmanA manAtA "prAjyotiSapurathI A kaI bhinna prAtiSapura" che. "baraDo ane varAhanA varNasAmyane kAraNe A varAha parvata baraDo haze ? hariprasAda zAstrIe dAnazAsanamAM Avato vada () zabda baraDA DuMgara mATe vaparAyAnI saMbhAvanA karI che. 5ra A zabda saMskRtIkaraNa pAmelo kahI zakAya ema che, mULa baraDA zabda uparathI. "prAgajyotiSa" zabda paNa koI dezya prAcIna zabdanuM saMskRtIkaraNa thayAnI zaMkA rahe che. emAM osTrika bhASAnA mUla zabdanA rUpanI saMbhAvanA paNa batAvavAmAM AvI che. paNa e je yathArtha hoya to pazcima saurASTramAM AvA nagaranI azakyatA na hoya. prabaLa pramANonA abhAve nizcayAtmaka rIte atyAre kahI zakAya nahi. zatruMjaya: saurASTranA pAlItANu najIka 600 mITara(1970phUTa)nI UMcAInA nAnA zatruMjaya parvatanApurANadi sAhityamAM ullekha thayele jANavAmAM Avyo nathI; Ama chatAM e jaina Agama sAhityamAM noMdhAyo che. ariSTanemi pAse dIkSA laIne gautamakumAra zatruMjaya upara nirvANa pAmyAnuM aMtakRddazAmAM jovA maLe che,354 jyAM bIjA keTalAka sAdhuo paNa nirvANa pAmyA hatA. pAMca pAMDa kRSNanA nidhanathI saMvega pAmIne susthita sthaviranI pAse dIkSA laIne zatruMjayanA zikhara upara pAdapapagamana (vRkSanI jema sthira rahIne) anazana karIne kAladharma pAmyAnI anukRti paNa jaina graMthamAM jANavAmAM AvI che;354 AdinAtha RSabhadevajInA puMDarIka nAmanA gaNadhare tapa karI A giri upara siddhi meLavI manAya che eTale A girinuM eka nAma "puMDarIka paNa che.354A sAhityika ullekha maitrakakAlIna jinasenasUrinA harivaMzapurANa(I. sa. 783-84)ne "siddhaphUTa tarIke mAlUma paDI Ave che. 55 jenenuM e eka mahattvanuM tIrthadhAma che ane prabhAvacarita, prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi, vividhatIrtha kalpa vagere graMthamAM ene aneka sthaLe e ullekha thayele che.356 vividhatIrthakalpamAM to enA mAhAbhyanA anuSaMgamAM 21 nAma paNa seMdhavAmAM AvyAM che.357 kalpasUtranI TIkAomAM paNa enA aneka ullekha thayelA che.358

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292] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 3, vana ene ughAne naMdanavana : dvArakAnA IzAna khUNe raivatakanI pAse eka "naMdanavana' nAmanuM udyAna hovAnuM ane emAM surapriya nAmanA yakSanuM Ayatana hevAnuM aMtaddazA, vRSNidazA ane jJAtAdharmakathAmAM jANavA maLe che. 35 raivatavana : DenA jaina TIkAkAroe te revata girine badale revatavana kahyuM che ane e giranAranI taLeTIomAMnA keI eka vanavibhAgane. sahassAmravana-lakSArAmaH jiyaMta giri upara "sahastrAmavana ane "lakSArAma' nAmanAM be vana hevAno ullekha vividhatIrthakalpamAM ujayaMtastavamAM thaye che. 360 e pachIne khUba ja moDAne "sahassAmravanIne kalpasUtra uparanI (I. sa. 1651 nI upAdhyAya zAMtisAgarasUrinI kaumudI-TIkAmAM thayo che ke tyAM neminAthane kevalajJAna thayuM hatuM.36 pahADa uparanA uparakeTa(jaina derAsaravALA)mAM evA vananI koI zakyatA nathI, paraMtu bhairavajapa pachI uttara bAjue taLeTImAM bharatavana" tathA "sesAvana" che teomAMnuM esAvana" e A heya. lAkhArAmune revaMtagirirAsu pahADanI dakSiNa dizAe kahe che.36 kausaMbhavana : aMtakRdazAmAM ke saMbavaNa-kANuNa-("kausaMbhavana-kAnana' saMjJAvALuM eka vanoMdhAyuM che 32 moDenA jaina TIkAkAroe paNa kasuMbAna" ('kausaMbhAraNya') nepyuM che.363 jaina sAhityamAM jaNAvyA pramANe dIpAyana' nAme parivrAjaka, je sAMba Adi surAma yAdavakumArane hAthe maraNa pAmI agnikumAra deva thayo hato teNe dvArakAnuM dahana karyA pachI balarAma ane kRSNa surASTra cheDI pAMDavo pAse dakSiNa mathurA tarapha jatA hatA; dvArakAthI pUrva tarapha nIkaLI teo hastakalpa (abhilekhamAM pAchaLathI TUstavaka-AjanuM "hAthaba-bhAvanagara jillAmAM) nagaramAM AvyA, tyAMnA rAjA achaMdatane harAvI dakSiNa tarapha jatAM e beu bhAI kasuMbAraNyamAM AvyA, tyAM kRSNane tarasa lAgatAM pANI levA gayA te samaye kRSNanA moTA bhAI jarAkumAre-emane hAthe kRSNanuM maraNa thaze evI bhaviSyavANI neminAthe bhAkhI hovAne kAraNe e dvArakAne tyAga karI araNyamAM jaI rahyo hato te-zikArIrUpe AvIne, DhIMcaNa upara eka paga rAkhIne sUtelA kRSNane mRga dhArI emanA pagamAM marmasthAne bANuM mAryuM, jene pariNAme kRSNa avasAna pAmyA. A anuzrutine AdhAre bhogIlAla saDeisarAe e abhiprAya Ape che ke surASTramAMthI dakSiNamAM jatAM kesuMbA

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10 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe [ ra97. raNya AvatuM hoI e dakSiNa gujarAtamAM AveluM ke saMba" hevuM zakya che. emaNe nizIthacUrNine havAlo ApI kahyuM che ke bharukacchathI dakSiNa patha javAnA raste "bhallIgRha' nAmathI oLakhAtuM maMdira hatuM ane emAM bhallI-bANathI vIMdhAyelA pagavALI kRSNanI mUrti hatI. 363 keTakavana : moDenA jena TIkAkAree bharUcanA IzAna khUNe keraMTaka nAmanuM vana hovAnuM dhyuM che.34 vIsamA tIrthakara muni suvratasvAmIe tyAM ghaNI vAra samavasaraNuM karyuM hatuM. A vananuM nAma tyAM UgatI e nAmanI vanaspatine kAraNe hatuM evuM sAmAnya mAnavuM che. A "keraMTaka' ke "kuraMTaka e "kAMTAseLiyo' tarIke jANItI oSadhi che. 24 daMDakAraNya : mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa ane rAma sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatAM purANamAM, uparAMta saMskRta sAhityamAM anyatra paNa, aneka sthaLoe ulikhita daMDakAraNya" e gujarAtanA dakSiNa khUNe thANA jillAnI sarahadane aDIne nAsika jillAmAM UMDe sudhI godAvarInA beu kAMThAne AvarIne patharAyelA araNyamaya bhUbhAganI prAcIna saMjJA che. gujarAta rAjyamAM DAMganAM jaMgalene pradeza ene uttara bhAgane avazeSa che. jenA anuzruti pramANe to kuMbhakArakanA rAjA daMDakanA nAma uparathI, agnikumAra nAmanA deve e nagara bALI nAkhatAM enA sthAnanuM, e nAma paDayuM hatuM. 25 mahAbhAratamAM ullekha sabhAparvamAM sahadevanA dakSiNa dizAnA digvijyanA varNanamAM thayeluM che, jyAM zairaka(sopArA)nA gaNarAjyane harAvyA pachI daMDakA pradezanA lokone harAvyAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che.366 anuzAsanaparvamAM jaNAvyA pramANe kaI brAhmaNe daDakAnuM meTuM rAjya naSTa karI nAkhyuM hatuM. 17 A daMDakAno pradeza te "daMDakAraNya'ne hoya ema lAge che, ane e eka mahatvanuM tIrtha paNa hatuM evuM AraNyakaparvamAMnA tIrthayAtrA varNananA ullekhathI samajAya che, jyAM payoSNa nadInI mulAkAta pachI daMDakAraNyamAM jaI nAhavAnuM lakhyuM che.18 tyAMthI zarabhaMgAzrama ane tyAMthI zaparakA(pArA)tIrthamAM javAnuM kahyuM che. A vidhAne daMDakAraNyane sthAnanizcaya karI ApavAmAM sahAyaka thAya che. tyAM zaIraka pachI rAmatIrtha ane pachI sapta-godAtIrtha kahyuM che, je ene vistAra godAvarI nadInI khINa sudhIne nizcita karI Ape che. daMDakAraNyanI prasiddhi te rAmanA vanavAsamAM lakSmaNa ane sItA sAthe tyAM karelA vAsane lIdhe che. rAmAyaNanA mUla kathAnakane anusarI mahAbhAratanA

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA " [. AraNyaparvamAM ApelA rAme pAkhyAnamAM 19 rAma citrakUTa giri upara prathama jaI rahyA hatA, jyAM bharata rAmane pAchA laI AvavA gaye hato; bharata pAcho pharyo ane ayodhyA na jatAM naMdigrAmamAM rAmanI pAdukAne rAkhI tyAM rAmanA vatI rAjya karavA lAge; pachI leke rAmanI pAse vAraMvAra AvatA hatA emAMthI bacavA zarabhaMgAzrama tarapha daMDakAraNyamAM-godAvarI najIkane Azraya karI rahyA; ahIM ja lamaNe rAmanI AjJAthI zUparNakhAnAM nAka-kAna kApyAM ane khara dUSaNa vagere cauda hajAra rAkSasane rAme vinAza karyo; zUparNakhAnI phariyAdathI rAvaNa A vanamAM Avyo, rAme suvarNamRga tarIke Avela mArIcane ahIM mAryo, ane suvarNamRgane meLavavAnA lebhe mRgane mArI nAkhavA rAmane mokalatAM ane mRge maratAM maratAM "sItA-lakSmaNanA nAmane pikAra karyo eTale sItAe pitAnuM rakSaNa karatA lakSmaNane rAma tarapha pharajiyAta mokalatAM ekalI paDelI sItAne AvI rAvaNa harI gayo; A badhuM A daMDakAraNyamAM banyuM noMdhAyuM che. rAmAyaNamAM ayodhyAkAMDanA aMtabhAgamAM atri RSino Azrama choDI, AgaLa nIkaLI "vanamAM praveza karavAnuM lakhyuM che. 370 araNyakAMDanA AraMbhamAM jaNavyA pramANe e vana te "daMDakAraNya', jyAMnA tApasAzramanI eka parNazAlAmAM emane utAro ApavAmAM AvyA hatA.371 virAdha-vadha, zarabhaMga RSine tyAM gamana, sutIrNa RSi taraphathI satkAra, dasa varSanA nivAsa pachI agaratyAzramagamana ane paMcavaTImAM nivAsa, zUrpaNakhAnuM Agamana, khara ane dUSaNane vadha, trizIrSane vadha vagerethI laI cheka sItAnA haraNa sudhInA banAvaA badhuM vizALa daMDakAraNyamAM bane che. 372 bANa kAdaMbarImAM je daMDakAraNyanuM varNana Ape che 373 te gujarAta ane mahArASTrane A ja vizALa saMdhibhAga che. eNe tyAM zabano vAsa kahyo che. rAjazekhara mAhiSmatInA pradeza pachI dakSiNApathano khyAla ApatAM je pradezanAM nAma Ape che temAM coDa" ane "pAMDa' vacce daka kahe che, 374 paNa tyAM kaI krama spaSTa nathI dekhAte tethI e vize saMbhAvanA ja karavI rahe ke e daMDakAraNya'nA pradeza vize kaheto hoya. bAkI e tyAM "nAsikaya" nuM pradezanAma tarIke juduM sUcana kare che, te zaparaka ane koMkaNa paNa kahyA ja che; nAsikya pachI tarata kAMkaNuM Ape che, narmadA, tApI, payoSNI, godAvarIne eNe dakSiNApathamAM kahI che. Ama daMDakAraNya e godAvarInI khINane AvarI leto vizALa pradeza hato; enuM nAma DAMga' zabdamAM jaLavAI raheluM I DAMgarane Ajane gujarAtamAM Avele jaMgala-pradeza e prAcIna daMDakAraNyane eka aMtargata bhAga hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che.

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1. bhu prAcIna gelika ullekha [29 pAdaTIpe 1. S. K. Belvalkar, Systems of Sanskrit Grammars, p. 26 : 'So although we cannot be certain whether any one word now found in the Ganapatha existed in Panini's days, still the bulk of our present Ganapatha may, safely, be considered as coming from the grammarian himself.' 2. gu. . ., 5 na. 6, pR. . 3. . ., . . 4. sarata. pR. 125 5. 3. 4. zAlI, 'purANamA gurAtanI Alema' timI, vidyApI3", bhena, 1997, pR. 138 mane mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva , 130-4 1. pANini, aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa, gaNapATha, 4-2-133 7. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 23-13 thA 18 75. ejana, 28-39, 43; nAnA pratIyAviyanA panamA pAsudeva chatahI pratIcI dizAne meghama ullekha che, paraMtu Anartake "surASTrane nAmanirdeza thayo nathI. 8. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 14-14; 15-2 9. ejana, 15-9, 18 10. ejana, 15-5 11. ejana, 15-9 12. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-47, 50 13. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 86-16 thI 21 14. ejana, 21-1, 2 15. harivaMza, 10-1 ane 22 thI 24 11. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 13-49, 50 17. ejana, 42-7 18. harivaMza (citrazALA, pUnA) viSNuparva 55-103 dhane 37-30 thI 31 18. matsyapurANa, 210-1, 2; brahmANDapurANa, 1-16-60 thI 62; vAyupurANa, 1-45-128 thI 131

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2 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 20. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 21. . , leNa na. 30, 40, 47, 55, 72, pR. 49, 75, 6, 125, 187.68mA 'mAnatapura' cha, nyAre lemana. 26, 7, 83, 60, .; 5, 44, 201, 234, 290, 265 mA mAnapura' cha. 22. mahAbhArata, Adiparva', 210-10 23. ejana, AraNyakaparva', 16-13, 14 24. pu. 1, pR. 41 25. mAna32 dhruva, "zana", 5.41 21. bRhatsaMhitA, 16-15 thI 19 27. pu. J., 5.4 // 28. pANini, uparyukta, 6-2-37 26. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva,28-39, 43 30. ejana, 28-40 31. mahAbhArata, pAraNyakaparva, 86-16 thI 21 32. ejana, 80-118 33. pu. ., pR. 131 34. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-47 35. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, 12-43 31. ejana, kiSkindhAkANDa, 41-5 37. pANinIya zikSA, kA. 26 38. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 11-1-160, 161 38. nATayazAstra (nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI), 15-59 40 D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, p. 196 1. Y. . ., dema na. 15, 5.5 42. mastyapurANa, 114-50, 51 43. viSNupurANa, 6-3-17 44. bRhatsaMhitA, 16-16

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13 muM ] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha 45. gu. a. le, lekha naM. 46, 63, 65, 75, 7, 78, 80, 82, 23, 85, 87, 98, 93, 94, 66 (vistArapUrvakana), 92; pR. 6, 147, 15, 179, 214, 217, 219, 221, 228, 234, 240, 110, 113. naM. 85, pR. 243 mAM samAsamAM che. 46. ejana, lekha naM. 162, pR ha7-98 47. ejana, lekha naM. 46, pR 96 48. ejana, lekha naM. 24, pR. 29 49, ejana, lekha naM. 6 (mai. gu, pR. 172) 50. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVI, pp. 200, 204, 213,219, 223. 51. vyamImAMsA, pR. 6, 24, 24 para. gu. ai. le, lekha naM. 144, pR. 163 53. ejana, lekha naM. 127, pR. 31 54. ejana lekha naM. 2164, pR. 206 55. ejana, lekha naM. 21e, pR. 210 56. ejana, lekha naM. 225ba, pR. 219 A pachInA ullekhamAM strIliMga purASTrA zabda pravRttittAmaNi, pR. 6, 86, 12; purAtanagvaMdhasaMgrahuM, pR. 24, 18, 2, 3, 67, 18, 124, 125, 131; vaMdharA, pR. 22, 45, 47, 84, 101, 102 mAM che. A graMzemAM puMliMge prayoga nathI maLato. pramAvarita mAM puliMge pR. 23, 26, 24, 17, 186 mAM surASTrarA ane pR. 118 mAM surASTramaei che. pahelAM 13 mI sadInA AraMbhanA gaNAyelA ane have 16 mI sadInA svIkArAyelA narapati nAhakRta visaladerAsamAM soraTha' zabdane strIliMge prayoga che (1-61) e nedhapAtra che. 57. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 235, pR. 23 10. dazakumAracarita, ucchvAsa 6, pR. 225 59 gu. ai. le, lekha naM. 164, pR. 110 10. ma. gu, pR. 172, pAdaTIpa 1. ejana, pR172 62. lararAya mAMkaDa, "surASTra ane Anarta, "svAdhyAya", 5, 5, aMka 3, 5 26-308 63. anucorasUtra, pR. 142 14. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR. 438

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268) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 15. sUtrakRtAGgacUrNi, pR. 127 11. vasudevahiMDI, pR. 146 vagere 17. jJAtAdharmakathA, uttarArdha, pR. 141 18. Yo a5 2, 53zi2 2. 16. McCrindle's Ancient . India as described by Ptolemy, pp. 33, 36 ___70. Bombay Gasetteer, Vol. I, Part 1, p. 16 01. Watters, On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Vol. II, p. 248 72. Elliot and Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, pp. 18-25, 31-40 73. McCrindle, op. cit., pp. 33-37, 140, 158 74. apAdAnaprantha, 2-359 75. Bom. Gax., Vol. I, Part I, p. 6 71. durgAsaptazatI, 1-3 vagere 77. B. C. Law, Tribes in Ancient India, p. 335 78. Ibid., p. 364 vt. Y. me. se., khemana. 1, 5 5 80. "avantyo'GgamagadhAH surASTrA dakSiNApathAH / upAvRtsindhusauvIrA ete saMkIrNayonayaH // bhAradvAn kAraskarAn puNDrAn sauvIrAn kaliGgAn prAnUnAniti ca gatvA punastomena yajeta sarvapRSThayA vA // 14 // " baudhAyanadharmasUtra, prazna 1, a. 1, khaNDa 2 61. N. B. Divatia, Gujarati Language and Literature, Vol II, Pp. 199 f. 82. K. M Munshi, Glory that was Gurjaradesa, Vol. III, Ghatiyala Inscription, No. 2, p. 259 83. Ibid., Ghatiyala Inscription, No. 1, p. 258 84. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, 41-5 85. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-45, 46

Page #326
10 bhu] Ayo lllas seal . [ Pet 81. ejana, 10-66 87. bhAgavatapurANa, 10-35 ane 11-1 88. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 29-8, 9 86. V. V. Mirashi, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol IV: Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Part 1, Introduction, p. xxxi 80. mahAbhArata, mausalaparva', 9-16 41. ejana, 8-42 thI 61 12. mahAbhArata, udyogaparva, 5-19-29 53. ejana, mausalaparva, Introduction, p. xxxiii 84. skandapurANa, 7-4-14-45 thI 47 45 mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 29-9, 10 41. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 80-99 ane 81-14 87. vAyupurANa, 1-46 - 124 88. bRhatsaMhitA, 14-12 tk. Mc Crindle, op. cit., p. 140 mirAzI paNa traNa AbhIra pradezamAM eka kaNa sAthene AbhIra kahe che. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., p. xxxi 100. periyasa (anu. duSyata 54), pR. 18 209. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., p. xxxi 102. viSNupurANa; 4-24-68; Mirashi, lbid. 103. 5. zu., pR. 49 14. menana, pR. 46 105. . mA. Y., 5. 184 101. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 209-19 107. ejana, sabhAparva, 29-19 108. pANini, aSTA. vyA. (gaNapATha), 4-2-133 10. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 116-19, 20

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 110. harivaMza, 1-23-136 nI pATI5. adhita vAyanA netr-inkRtavIrya-ajuna e kama che ane vaccenA nathI; nagarIo vize paNa nathI. 111. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28-8 thI 37 112. harivaMza (citrazALA, pUnA), 2-55-103 113. ejana, 2-37-20 thI 32 ane 38 thI 41 114. brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-66; vAyupurANa, 1-45-133, 134; matsyapurANa, 114-63, 64 ('arUpAH' 5 / 4) 115. skandapurANa, 1-2-1-73 111. raghuvaMza, 6-43 : tavAya na za pratApanI pAnI, jyAM / ' nadI najIkamAM kahI che. 17. 1 me. Te., mana 6, pR. 6 118. matsyapurANa, 114-63, 64 ('arUpa' 418); brahmANDapurANa 1-2-1666, 67, vAyupurANa, 1-45-133, 134 11.. matsyapurANa, 114-50; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-62; vAyupurANa, 1-45-130 120. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-61 121. . zu., 5. 52 ane sabhAMnA zAnu pR. 35 122. bha. gu., 5. 256 123. matsyapurANa, 114-50, 51; gume| 851 pATIya 124. raghuvaMza, 4-52 125. kAmasUtra, 5-5-8, 2-5-7 121. bRhatsaMhitA, 18-20-1 17. juo A pUrve pATIpa 93. 128. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 210-1, 2 130. ejana, bhISmaparva, 9-47 131. ejana, 9-49 132. ejana, 10-49

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.. ] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha [301 133. matsyapurANa, 114-50, 51; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-60 thI 64; vAyupurANa, 13-51, 52; vAmanapurANa, 1-45-128 thI 131 134. bRhatsaMhitA, 16-31 135. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-57 13. pu. 1., 5 150-41 137. ejana, pR. 150; hariprasAda zAstrI, rASTrakUTa rAjAonAM be aprasiddha nisAsana,' "bhuddhipraza", 15 17, 5 356 138. Moti Chandra, Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahabharata:, Upayana Parvan, pp. 48, 78 136. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28-49 thI 54 140. matrayapurANa, 114-50; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-63 (sahakaccha); mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-62 (bhIrukancha]; vAyupurANa, 13-52 (dArukaccha); vAmanapurANa, 1-45-130 (bhAnukaccha) 141. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28-51 nI pAdaTIpa tyo rurukaccha-rudra kaccha-marukaccha -rugadkaccha-bhadrakaccha-tarakaccha-urukacchamahakaSTa-bhaschaMga-bharakaccha-bhagukaccha-meva pAitara nAMdhAyAM cha; ejana, 28-47 nI pAdaTIpa-tyA bhagukaccha- bharukaccha-cAra kaccha yei kitara nAMdhAyAM cha. 142. ejana, 47-9;bhRgukaccha-bharukaccha-cArukaccha yei itara nAMdhAyAM. 143. AvazyakacUrNi, uttarabhAga, pR. 20. ane pR. 152, 153 144. . me. la., khema na. 52-73, pR. 185 mane 161 145. buddhiprakAza, varSa 8, pR 11 thI 14. bhai. ., 5. 28; V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. xxxi 148. pANini, uparyukta, 4-2-132 146. mahAbhArata, sabhAparba, 27-3 150. ejana, bhISmaparva, 10-55 151. padmapurANa, 3-6-51 : 5 / 4 'kAccha' - 152. matsyapurANa, 114-51; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-63; mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-62; vAmanapurANa, 4-45-131; vAyupurANa, 13-53 . . ...

Page #329
[, itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA AmAM matsya "jAdI, brahmAMDa "di' (jyAM enI uparanA arthamAM hA" zabda " mAjI ne sthAne bhraSTa pATha che, e "jada nathI) mAkaDeca ramIra'. vAmana #chIe ane vAyupurANa "vI Ape che, A masyapurANanA "chInAM pAThAMtara che. 153. purANa, 1- 2-1-146 15. pu. gu, pR 55-56 15. gu . le, lekha naM. 6, pR. 9 156. vyamImAMsA, pR. 24 157 nAbUdIpaprApti, pR. 128 158. mAvaraNa, sAmAna, 261 159. dazalpasUtra, 2-284 di 180. Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India, p. 346 161. periplesa (anu. duSyata paMDayA), pR. 17 192. Cunningham, op, cit., p. 374; T. Watters, op. cit., Vol. II, pp, 245, 256; S. Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World, pp. 265, 276. 163. mahAbhArata, rAmApa, 48-12, 13 163. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 139, pR 15 164 ejana, lekha naM. 159, pR. 83 165. ejana, lekha naM. 144ba, pR. 160 166. ejana, lekha naM. 21lsa, pR. 209 167. samazerA, 2-1-10 167. vani, karyA, pa-2-26 168. puSa, 6-1-160 169 gu. e. le, lekha naM. 6, pR. 9 170. macapurA, 114-10, 1; brahmApurA, 1-1-2-2, 62; vAmanapurA, 1-4pa-12, 13 1; mapheyapurANa, 64-61, 2; vAyupurANa, 13-12, 13 171, gu. e. le, lekha naM. 137, pR. 9, 10 12. juo upara pAdaTIpa 169.

Page #330
108] cIna ula seal [308 173. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28-5 174. ejana, bhISmaparva, 10-50 175. ejana, sabhAparva, 47-19 nI pI5, p. 234 171. ejana, Adiparva (prakSiptAMza), Appendix I, Passage, 115, Lines35-37 177. matsyapurANa, 114-51 thI 54; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-63, 64; vAmanapurANa, 1-46-131 thI 134 - 178. 5. J., 5. 129; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-22; vAyupurANa, 13-28 176. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 27-5 180. McCrindle, op. cit., p. 152 181. kAmasUtra, 2-5-26 : tyo 'mApati' mane 'end' ma bhinna bhinna strIe kahI che. 182. caturbhANI (zRMgArahATa), pR. 184, 194, 215 183. zivanAtha bharakhaMDI, bhAratIya jyotiSa, pR. 216 thI 225 184. bRhatsaMhitA, 68-11 164. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book III, No. 21 (Sloka 4), p. 290 186. bid, No. 63, p. 419 187. in. G, 'YARItamA modhama", "svAdhyAya", 15, 5. 264 1871. em| atha 2, pariziSTa 1. 188. harSacarita, ucchvAsa 4, pR. 120 18. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoMkA adhyayana, pR. 117, zlo. 22 10. Watters, op. cit., p. 243 11. bhai. ., pR. 57, I-tsing, A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and Malaya Archipelago, pp. 9, 137, 217 152. 1. 2. sa., ma na. 123, 5. 30, 31 kore. 13. AryamaJjuzrImUlakalpa, glo. 586, 604 184. zu. a. sa., khema na. 135, pR. 1437ma na. 133, 134, 5. 129, 133 165. bha. 2,5. 316-121

Page #331
304) itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 16. skandapurANa,7-2-39-146 146. R C. Majumdar, "Rise and Fall of the Pratihara Empire," Age of Imperial Kanauj, p. 28 158 kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94, 34, 51, 68 189. bAlarAmAyaNa, pR. 301 . 200 kAvyamImAMsA, pR 34; sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2-13, 2-16 201. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 110; bAlarAmAyaNa, pR. 304 202. bAlarAmAyaNa, pR. 305 203. Sachau, Alberuni's India, p. 205 208. McCrindle, op. cit., p. 154 204. Bom. Gaz., Vol. 1, p. 15, foot-note 3 206. zu. me. se., khema na. 135, pR. 143 2065. megana, lema na. 221, pR. 8 // 207. jai. A. gu, pR 158 thI 161 208. kuvalayamAlA, pR. 153 204. agnipurANa, 340-1, 4 (lATajA, lATIyA]; sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2-28 (lATIyA), vAgbhaTAlaMkAra, 4-150 (lATIyA); sAhityadarpaNa, 9-5 210. kAvyAlaMkArasaMgraha, 1, pR. 7 ; kAvyaprakAza, 9-21; sAhityadarpaNa, 10-8; kAvyAnuzAsana (vAgbhaTakata), pR. 50 211. Elliot & Dowson, Op. cit., p. 24 (Lariya) 212. bhasUhIye. Elliot & Dowson, Up. Cit., p; 24 Larawi Sea) 213. perisasa (hupyata 54aa ), pR. 3 214. mena, pR. 6 41, 172 215. megana, pR. 18, 172 ra16. pu. gu, pR karamAM alakaranA matane havAlo 217. ejana, pR 41, 172 218. menana, 5 172 229 ejana, pR. 17ra

Page #332
10 muM 1 prAcIna bhIgehika ulalekhe [ 305 720. V. S. Apte, Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p. 811 22. . I., pR. 173 Ria. Sachau, op. cit., p. 202 223. K. M. Munshi, op. cit., Amoghavarsa's Inscription, p. 265 778. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, p. 210 224. K. M. Munshi, op. cit., Ghatiyala Inscription, p. 259 226. Ibid, p. 258 227. candrapurA, 7-2--141, prAmAptatikSA gurjarIjhaH kIrtitaH 228. masUtra, 1-2 (mArA) 229 gaNitA, --1-2 230 mahAmAta, samAva, 48-20 pachInA prakSipta zlokomAM chello zloka 231. carita, 3. 4, pR. 120 232. Watters, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 249 233. mavathapurANa, rU-rU-1-1, -4-2-111. 234. uttapurANa, 6-12-para 235. ugratatra, 4-1. tyAM UMTa bahu thatAM hevA kahyuM che, je pazcima mAravADane baMdha bese che. 236. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 129, 110, pR. 7, 14 237 juo A pUrve pAdaTIpa 18. ' 238. zai. gu, pa 32 23. K. M. Munshi, op. cit, p. 265 240. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 127, pR. 31 241. kuvAmAM pR. 15 24ra, E. I, Vol:Y, p. 211

Page #333
10) itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 243, lbid., p. 210, Note 3 24. Sachau, op. cit., p. 202 245, 4 . ., lemana. 138, pR. 13 249. mena, 5.5 247. aucityavicAracarcA (kAvyamAlA guccha 1), pR. 117 248. E. 1., Vol. x, pp. 20 f. ***24. A. K. Majumdar, Chaulukyas of Gujarat, p. 12 248 sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2-13 250. prabandhacintAmaNi pR 30 thI 34 . 251. vikramAGkadevacarita mahAkAvya, 18-97 252. mudritakumudacandra prakaraNa, pR 8 343. Peterson's Repori, 5-80 24. 1. me. de, lemana. 144 4, pR. 163 255. gaNadharasArdhazataka prakaraNa, pR 68 256. . me. se, sama na. 1, pR. 21 257. dvathAzraya kAvya, 6-7 258. moharAjaparAjaya nATaka, pR. 16 258. kumArapAlapratibodha, pR. 3 210. surathotsava kAvya, 15-8 211. jaisalamera-bhANDAgArIya graMthasUci, pR. 2 292. thAna 11 vyasaha, pR. 1-2 2121. rAsa aura rAsAnvayI kavitA-AbUrAsa, kaDI 11 213 juo upara pa. 29 nI vigata, ane

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10 muM 1 prAcIna bhaugolika ule [ 307 pUrvatrAmami : E. I, Vol. V, p. 211; gurjaratrAmae : Ibid, p. 21 : gUrjaratrA : K. M. Munshi, op. cit, p. 238; gunarattA: Ibid, p. 259; pUrNAtrA: gu. aile, lekha naM. 167, pR.108; gurnAtraH purAna, 7-2-1141; gUgarAta : jAmasUtra. 5-1-20 (jhImadvArA );gurjara: saMhitA, 7-7-1-2 25v. Elliot and Dowson, op. cit, Vol. I, p. 5 25. Ibid, Vol. I, p. 358 266 ti, 34, pR. 120 217. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 48-20 pachI 475 mo prakSepa-'barbarA yavanAzcaiva gurjarAbhIrakAstathA / ' 26. Bom. Gaz., Vol. I, Part I, p. 85 29. N. B. Divatia, op cit., pp. 199 f. 20. "AbarAsaramAM uttara gujarAtanA pradezane mATe ja gujarAtI saMjJA sImita hatI. gujarAtanA sUbA jhapharakhAne "mujhapharazAha" nAma dhAraNa karI I. sa. 1407 mAM gujarAtane dara hAthamAM lIdho e pachI enA pautra ahamadazAhe amadAvAda I.sa. 141 mAM vasAvI, aNahilapura pATaNathI tyAM gAdI khaseDI ane enA vaMzaja mahamUda begaDAe I. sa. 1467-72 nA gALAmAM gujarAtanA vija nIce kaccha ane saurASTra sahitanA taLagujarAtanA uttara-madhya-dakSiNa bhAgane sthira karyA (gujarAtano sAMskRtika ItihAsa, khaMDa 1,. 5. 32, navI AvRtti; ejana, khaMDa 2, 5, 484-502) tyArathI laI 1947 mAM svarAjya maLyuM ane eka ja varSamAM dezI rAjyanuM vilInIkaraNa thatAM pahelAM muMbaI rAjyanA eka bhAga tarIke zarUmAM gujarAta-saurASTra judAM, ane keMdranI sIdhI sattA nIce kaccha paNa juduM,. paNa muMbaI rAjyanuM dvibhAgIkaraNa thatAM gujarAta" alaga paDayuM tyAre kaccha-saurASTra-gujarAtanuM eka ekama banI rahyuM. e vakhate AbunI dattAne zirohI rAjyano bhAga ane e ja rIte pUrva sarahadane DuMgarapura-vAMsavADAne vAgaDane pradeza rAjasthAnamAM mukAI gayA. dIva ane damaNanAM picugIjha saMsthAna paNa hajI gujarAtamAM bhaLyAM nathI. dakSiNa gujarAtane dAdarA-nagarahavelI nA pradeza paNa hajI alaga che. bhASAkIya ane sAMskRtika daSTie A pradeza gujarAtanA ja bhAga che. kacchamAM kacchI bolI-siMdhInI bhaginI bolAya che, paraMtu vahIvaTI bhASA saikAe thI gujarAtI rahI che. zirohI rAjyanI bolI jema gujarAtI bhASa nI sAthe ja saMbaMdha dharAtI bolI che te pramANe vAgaDanI vAgaDI bolI paNa gujarAtI bhASAne ja eka prakAra che. 271. mAmAta, cAra varSa 80-74, 75

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308] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 272. vAyupurANa, 1-77-52: brahmapurANa, 25-27; vAmanapurANa, 13-18; mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-14 ('durjayanta' meve| zra4 518) . 273. matsyapurANa, 114-50,51; vAyupurANa, 1-45-130, 131; brahmANDa. purANa, 1-2-16-61, 62; vAmanapurANa, 13-52, 53; mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-6162 274. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-33 275. skandapurANa, 1-2-29-68 Adi 271. bRhatsaMhitA, 16-30 277. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 9 278. juo upara pATIpa ra7ra 276. Rgveda, 2-13-4 260. Dedic Index, p 105 81. juo A pUrve pAdaTIpa 90. 282. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 87 16 thI 20 283. jJAtAdharma kathA, abhayadevasUrakRta vRtti, pR. 226-27 284. utarAdhyayana, 22-22, 23; jJAtAdharmakathA, ejana, pR. 226-27 285. vAyupurANa, 1-77-52; mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-14; brahmapurANa, 25-27; vraahpur|nn, 85-3; mahAbhArata, Adiparva, p. 965, lines 28-32; mA YrAhAmA anu me Brord' 'yata' 'ya''ya' bhane mahAbhAratamA Gmarria' bhane 'bhulavata' vai sitara che. 286. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva', 88-102 287. Y. me. Te., bama na. 1, 5 8-10 248. menana, 5 5-6 288. antakRddazA, 5-42 Adi; jJAtAdharmakathA, bhAga 2, pR, 158 260. Watters. op. cit., Vol. II, p. 249 241. skandapurANa, 7-2-16-72; 7-2-26-86

Page #336
10 bhu ] prAcIna bhogolika ullekhe 282. 2. ejana, 7-2-1-68 23. ejana, 7-2-6-134 284. ejana, 7-2-9-229 285. ejana, 7-2-2-1,2 256. gu. me. se., sema na N. 15, 5. 9 27. bRhatsaMhitA, 14-19 258. kAvyamImAMsA, 5-94 288. zizupAlavadha mahAkAvya, 300. kIrtikaumudI 9-37,38 300 ma. prathIna gUrbhara avyasaMgraha, pR. 1 301. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 8,38, 44, 61, 107, 108, 137, 184, 194, 195 30125. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 65,93, 100, 108,122; khebhAM girinagararAjJA zabda paNa che, je e nagaranA rAjAnuM kahe che, 302. vividhatIrthakalpa pR. 4, 7, 9, 10, 19,26,79,96,107 303. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 212 - 6 thI 9 304. ejana, sabhAparva, 13 - 49,50 ane 13-65 sarga 4; sarga 3-33 305. ejana, 42-7,8 30 6. harivaMza, 84 - 22 thI 35 307 ejana, 85-5 308. ejana, 93-14 thI 17 [ 30% 308. ejana, 91 - 23 310. mahAbhArata, Adiparva 210 - 9 211. juo upara pATIpa 301.

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301 ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ___312. mahAbhArata, mausalaparva, 8-40: viSNupurANa, 5-28-9 thI 11; bhAgavatapurANa, 11-31-23 373. Altekar, . Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad, p. 25 3: 4. . . se., 5 na. 15, 5.6 315. Prakrit Proper Names, Part 1, p. 112; uttarAdhyayanasUtra-zAntisUrikRta vRtti, pR. 492 316. juo upara pAdaTIpa 290 thI ra5. 317. Pargiter, op. cit., p. 289 318. bha36412 mahAmAyA, pR. 12 . 718. antakRddazA, pR. 1; jJAtAdharmakathA-adhyayana 5 30. 21. Y., 5. 157. zeSa bhATa yo / pUrva 4255 / / revata' M121 Cazad azi 112 H. G. Shastri, "The Location of the Raivataka Hill Near Dvaraka," Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, No. 10, pp. 51 ff. 321. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 9-11 977. Pargiter, op. cit., p. 286 footnote 323 B. C. Law, Mountains of India, p. 19 324 mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 58-20,21 124. Pargiter, op. cit., p. 280 footnote 326. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 186-104 327. ejana, zAntiparva, 127-3 128. . 5., 5.12 428. kAvyamImAMsA, pR 92 330. ejana, pR. 51 331. 5. J., 5 131, 128; Pargiter, op. cit., pp. 246, 295

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.50 4) 0 wallas seal 332. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 201-9 333. ejana, AraNyakaparva , 101-15, 102 8,11 Adi 334. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, 40-8 335. matsyapurANa, 114-28, 114-51 thI 54; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-34, 1-2-16-63 thI 66; vAyupurANa, 1-46-131 thI 134; vAmanapurANa, 45-16 331. matsyapurANa, 114-27,28 Adi 337. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 18, 93 338. skandapurANa, 5-3-15-15 336. 5. ., 5. 13 140, skandapurANa, 7-1-33-64 thI 67 341. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-14 342. skandapurANa, 7-1-33-68 thI 9. 343. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 82-1. 344. pu. Y., . 68 345. skandapurANa, 7-1-4-12 thI 14 346. harivaMza (citrazALA, pUnA), 3-46-64, 65 347. matsyapurANa, 163-80,81 348. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, 41-24,25 348. ejana, 41-2 thI 4 350 ejana, 41-16 thI 23 351. ejana, 41-24 thI 26 352. bha. J., 5, 557 . 753. prAgjyotiSa zamjhanA bhUgamA "53-17()-ti (2)" nAma "matipata. pANI praza" thAya che. duse| B.K. Kati, Mother Goddess Kamakhya, p. 6.

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311] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 54. antakRddazA, pR. 33 354 .ne. mA. ., 5. 174 354 5. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 1 355. harivaMzapurANa, 30-5 356. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 1,32,36,44 (tIrtha), 118, 128, 188, 194, 198, 204, 211; prabandhacintAmaNi, pR 57,65,84,86,87,93,103,105; vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 1,2,4,5,79,85,90 357. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 1 (lo. 5 zrI 8) 358. . mA. ., 5. 174 354. antakRddazA, pR. 1; vRSNidazA, pR. 38-41; jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyayana 5 mAno bhAraMbha 360. . . Y., pR. 157 381. kalpasUtra-kaumudITIkA, pR. 169-70 . . 312. antakRddazA, pR. 15-16 163. jai. 1. J., 5. 56 3932. meAna, pR. 56-57 314. menana, 5. 55 1945. mAmA vaidha, niTa mArA', *. 2, pR. 219 365. re. sA. J., pR. 47 11. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28-43 317. ejana, anuzAsanaparva, 138-11 318. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 83-37 thI 41 316. ejana, 261-37 thI 262-40 370. rAmAyaNa, ayodhyAkANDa, 111-20 37. ejana, araNyakANDa, 1-1 thI 14 372. ejana, 2 thI 47 373. kAdaMbarI pR 20 vagere 174. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 93-94

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prakaraNa 11 prAcIna bhaugAlika ullekhA (cAlu) prAcIna sAhitya tathA abhilekhAmAM pradezo, parvatA ane vanAnI jema keTalAMka nadIe, tIrthA ane nagarA vize paNa ullekhA Ave che. 4. nadIe sarasvatI : gujarAta-saurASTranI nadIonA nAmanirdezAmAM 'sarasvatI' nadIne| samAveza thAya che. uttara bhAratanI lupta sarasvatI vedakAla jeTalI prAcIna che. tyAM ene navItamA kahI che. vedakAlamAM e cheka samudra sudhI vahetI hAvAnA spaSTa nirdeza che.2. sI. lAnA jaNAvyA pramANe himAlayamAMthI nIkaLI, simalA, siramuramAM pasAra thaI, patiyALA thaI rAjasthAnanA raNamAM lupta thatI, phrI vacce dekhAtI, ane chevaTe 'dhAdhara'ne maLatI, hakIkate 'dhAdhara'mAM pariNata thaI rahetI te A sarasvatI.4 himAlayamAMthI gaMgA sAta dhArAnA rUpamAM vahetI thaI teomAMnI ekanuM nAma, mahAbhArata-AdiparvanA prakSepa(1714)mAM temaja bhISmaparvamAM batAvyA pramANe, 'sarasvatI' hatu.." pAMDavA vanayAtrAmAM nIkaLyA tyAre tene jAhnavInA kAMThAthI kurukSetramAM thaI sarasvatI ane dahUtI tathA yamunA vaTAvI marudhanvA pradezamAM sarasvatInA kAMThA upara AvelA kAmyaka vanamAM AvyA kahevAmAM AvyA che; AraNyakapamAM tyAM AgaLa upara kAmyaka vanane sarasvatI nadInA kAMThA upara AveluM' kahyu` che. gujarAta pradeza sAthe AnA je saMbadha che te epamAM ja maLI Ave che: niSAdAnA dveSane laI vinazana- kurukSetramAM lupta thaI ane pachI camasAdveda nAmanA tI pAse pragaTa thaI, jyAM divya evI nadIonA ene samAgama thatA hatA tyAMthI pachInuM bIjuM mahattvanuM tItha' 'siMdhutI'' hatuM. enA pachI tyAM prabhAsatIrtha' kahevAmAM AvyuM che.

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314] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pra. bhUgarbhamAM pasAra thatI A nadIne zivabheda, nAgabheda, camasada tIrthomAM pragaTa thayAnuM kahyuM che. siMdhutIrthanA sAhacaryane kAraNe kacchanA raNamAM AjanI uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatI patharAya che tyAM jema "samasa " tIrthane saMbaMdha che te ja pramANe pachI prabhAsanA sAhacaryane kAraNe tyAM paNa camasabheda tIrthane saMbaMdha che. surASTranAM tIrtha gaNAvatAM prabhAsa pAse "camasanmajajana" (pAThAMtarathI cama bheda') tIrtha kahyuM che, paNa sarasvatIne nirdeza nathI;10 zayaparvamAM paNa prabhAsa pAme "cama bheda pAThathI ja e tIrtha kahyuM che.11 A pAchalA parvamAM prabhAsane "saravatI' uparanuM eka tIrtha kahyuM che. Ama be bhinna sthaLo sAthe sarasvatIne saMbaMdha mahAbhAratamAM jovA maLe che. Aje gujarAtamAM be sthaLee "sarasvatI nAmanI nadIo che : eka aMbAjI pAse ADAvalInI girimALAmAMthI keTezvara najIka jharaNAnA rUpamAM nIkaLI, nadIrUpe siddhapura pAse beDAmAM pUrvavAhinI thaI, pachI tarata ja pazcimavAhinI banI, AgaLa pATaNanI uttara pUrva-pazcima vahetI, lAbo paMtha kApI kacchanA raNamAM vilupta thaI jAya che, bIjI dakSiNa saurASTramAM gIranA DuMgarAomAMthI nIkaLI, dakSiNa dizAe prAcatIrtha pAse theDIka pUrvagAminI banI, najIkamAM ja pAcho vaLAMka laI pazcimegAminI thaI dehotsarga najIka prabhAsa pAse haraNa nadImAM triveNI saMgama AgaLa maLe che. zayaMparvamAM brahmasara pAsethI nIkaLI vasiSThane pitAmAM vahAvI vizvAmitra pAse mUkyA evI je anukRti beMdhI che13 tenA mULamAM te uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatI lAge che. enA upara camasada, zibheda, nAgo bheda tIrtho te paNa kacchanA raNanI najIkanAM zakya che. camasanmajajana' (pAThAMtarathI cama bheda') pAchuM prabhAsa pAse kahyuM hoI tyAM gIravALI "sarasvatI' samajavI rahe che. Ama vaidikI sarasvatI lupta thayA pachI bhAre mATe samaya pasAra thayA bAda gujarAta-saurASTramAM be nadIone e nAma maLyuM ane e paNa prAcIna sarasvatI jeTalI pavitra gaNAI. zvedanA khila sUktamAM prAcI sarasvatI ane semezvaranI vAta karI che te prabhAsanI nikaTatA batAve che e ahIM dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM kharuM. 3. mahAbhAratamAM sarasvatIne lagatA traNa saMgama kahevAmAM Avyo che : sarasvatI-aruNAsaMgama, sAde sarasvatI saMgama, ane sararavatIsAgarasaMgama. AmAMne pahele saMgama aruNA nadIne samajAya che, paraMtu sthAna pakADatuM nathI. bIje saMgama mAtra "sarasvatIne kahyo che, bIjI kaI nadI ke samudra vize tyAM kazuM nathI, jayAM caitra sudi 14 ne divase brahmAdi deva ane RSie AvyAnuM lakhyuM che; AnuM sthAna pakaDAya ema che, kAraNa ke pachInA

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prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha adhyAyamAM tarata ja kurukSetrane ullekha thayela che. 15 arthAta jyAM sarasvatI lupta thaI te ja bhAga trIjo saMgama sAgara sAthe che. bezaka, tyAM kSipta bhAgamAM sarasvatyabdhisaMgama kahyo che, paraMtu tyAM sAhacarya "sarasvatInA prabhAtIrtha'nuM che ane camaso bheda paNa tyAM ja kahyuM che, eTale prakSipta bhAgane gaNatarImAM na laIe te paNa prabhAsa pAsenI sarasvatI tarI Ave che. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAve vaidika sarasvatIne khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM paDatI batAvI che, 17 te eno eka phoTo kacchanA akhAtamAM paNa paDatA haze. ema zivabheda vagere tIrtho enA mukha pAse haze, paraMtu uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatI ke saurASTranI gIravALI sarasvatIne asala sarasvatI sAthe keI saMbaMdha zakya nathI. asala sarasvatI banAsakAMThAne lagabhaga vaccethI kerI, naLasarovaranA paTamAMthI pasAra thaI khaMbhAtanA akhAtane maLavAnI zakyatA nathI. sAbaramatIne to e prAcIna sarasvatI sAthe koI saMbaMdha vicArI zakAya ema nathI. hakIkate uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatI ane dakSiNa saurASTranI sarasvatI ghaNuM samaya pachI te te sthAne nAmakaraNa pAmI lAge che. e beune vaidikakAlIna sarasvatI sAthe koI paNa prakArane sIdhe ke ADakatare paNa saMbaMdha puravAra karI zakAya ema nathI; sivAya ke uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatIne vartamAna pravAhamArga prAcInatama sarasvatInA lupta thaI cUkelA pravAhamArgane lagabhaga kATakhUNe vadhIne kacchanA nAnA raNamAM jaI pahoMce che eTaluM ja. e tadana spaSTa che ke skaMdapurANanA nirdeza khUba ja moDAnA che ane tIrthakSetra tarIke e mukhyatve uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatInAM tIrtha Ape che.18 uttara gujarAtamAM dIka ThIka moDethI racAyeluM "sarasvatIpurANa" e A uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatI nadInA mAhAbhyane graMtha che ane skaMdapurANathI paNa pachInA samayane che. rAjazikhara kAvyamImAMsAmAM kahe che te sarasvatI paNa uttara gujarAtanI che.19 tyAM sarasvatI, zvabhravatI (sAbaramatI), vArtadanI (vAtraka), mahI, hiDiMbA vagerenA kamathI e spaSTa che. siddhapura pAse ceDAmAM e pUrvavAhinI bane che ene ullekha hamIrabhadamadana' nATaka(I.sa. 13 mIne pUrvArdha)mAM siMharie karyo che.20 tyAM jUnA samayathI kArtikI pUrNimAne meLo bharAya che. rAmAyaNa-kikiMdhAkAMDamAM "sarasvatI' "siMdhu' evo krama Ave che e te tyAM vaidikI paripATInI sarasvatIne udezI nAMdhAyo hevAnuM zaMkAtIta che. rakaMdapurANanA prabhAsakhaMDamAMnA prabhAsakSetramAhAbhyamAM prApta thatI sararavatI te gIramAMthI vahI AvatI sarasvatI che, ane e "hariNuM "jiNI caMku "kapilA" ane "sarasavatI' evAM pAMca nAme pragaTa thayelI tyAM kahI che,23

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316). ItihAsana pUrvabhUmikA [>, paraMtu sAhityamAM anyatra e vize mAhitI maLatI nathI. A. hemacaMdra dvayAzraya kAvyamAM je sarasvatI nadInA dadhitIrthamAM AvelA maMDukezvarasaMzaka puNyakSetramAM kSemarAja gayAnuM lakhyuM che te uttara gujarAtanI aNahilapura pATaNanI sarasvatI che.24 siddharAja Azcarya jevA nimitte je brAhmI nadIe gayo te A ja sarasvatI. 25 brAhmI" kahevAno Azaya "sarasvatI brahmAnI putrI che. e pairANika mAnyatAnusAra samajAya che. semezvaradeve kIrtikaumudImAM paNa e ja sarasvatIne ullikhita karI che, jenA pachI tarata ja nAma pADyA vinA "sahastraliMgasaranuM eNe varNana karyuM che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM be sthaLe, vividhatIrthakalpamAM eka vAra, ane purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM eka vAra "sarasvatI nadI tarIke ullekha thayela che te paNa A sarasvatI mATe che, koI khAsa viziSTatA vinA. 2prabaMdhakezana hemariprabaMdhamAM siddhapura najIka hovAne nirdeza che. 28 jyAre purAtana prabaMdhasaMgrahamAM abhayadeva nAmane brAhmaNa prabhAsamAM sarasvatImAM snAna karI somezvarane namana karyAnuM kahe che.28a Ama kyAMka uttara gujarAtanI sarasvatInA, te kyAMka saurASTranI sarasvatInA nirdeza maLe che. bhAgavatapurANamAM "nArAyaNakavacamAM eka prAcI sarasvatI' kahI che tene te gujarAtanI beu sarasvatI sAthe koI saMbaMdha nathI.29 narmadA : gujarAtanI dhyAna kheMcanArI moTI nadI to "narmadA che. A nadI RkSa parvatamAMthI nIkaLe che, jyAre revA' viMdhyanA amarakaMTakamAMthI nIkaLe che. baMne mAMDala najIka maLI jatAM pachInA pravAha mATe baMne nAma ekabIjInA paryAyarUpa banI gayAM che. mahAbhArata-AraNyakaparvamAM pAMDavonI tIrthayAtrAmAM payoSNI pachI vaMDUrya parvata ane narmadA nadIne gaNAvela che.29e "periplesanA lekhake nammadusa" upara "bArigAjhA (bharUca) hevAnuM kahyuM ja che, to telemI nAmadAsa" nAmathI A nadIne sUcave che. skaMdapurANe bIjA aneka mAhAbhyakhaMDenI jema revAkhaMDa ApI emAM narmadA-revA uparanAM tIrthasthaLanAM guNagAna karyA che.30 matsya vagere purANee "aparAMtanA eka bhAga tarIke aMtaranarmada pradeza kahyo che te, hakIkate, narmadAne gujarAtanI sarahada uparane narmadAnI dakSiNa bAjunI khINane pradeza hoya ema mAnI zakAya. mArkaDeyapurANamAM "uttaranarmada32 ane vAmana purANamAM "sunarmada che.33 sUcaka che ke mahAbhAratamAM "revA' nAma jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. rAjazekhare kAvyamImAMsAmAM mAhiSmatI pachInA dakSiNApathamAM narmadA-tApa-paSNI nadIo mUkI che.34 jaina sAdhanAmAM AvazyakatranI cUrNimAM "narmadAne ullekha thayeluM che, te

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11 muM ] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha [ 317 AcArya hemacaMdra dvayAzraya kAvyamAM paNa nirdeza karyo che.35 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM bhRgupura (bharUca)mAM zakunikAvihAra-prAsAdano prAraMbha karatAM "narmadA nadInuM sAMnidhya kahyuM che. vividhatIrthakalpa to eka "segamatI" ke "sagamatI' gAmane nirdeza karI tyAMnA tIrthadeva zrI abhinaMdanadevanAM caraNomAMthI narmadA nadI pragaTa thayAnuM kahe che, ane e pUrve "asthAvabodhatIrthakalpa' vize kahetAM lATanA baMDanarUpa ane narmadA nadIthI alaMkRta "bharuaccha (saM. mag) nagaramAM keriTIvanane nirdeza karatI veLA yAda karI le che.37 budhaguptanA eraNanA I. sa. 484 nA abhilekhane nirdeza enuM kAliMdI ane narmadAnA pradezanA aMtarAlanA bhUbhAga para Adhipatya hovAnuM kahe che te pradeza gujarAtanA bhUbhAganI bahArane madhyapradezane samajavAno che. 38 enI UMDAIne kAraNe ghaNe UMDe sudhI vepAra mATe ene jUnA samayathI upayoga thato rahyo che. | mahI : A nadI pANininA gaNapAThamAM "nadI, mahI, vArANasI" e kramamAM sacita thayelI aTakaLI zakAya,39 tyAM e "pRthvInA paryAya tarIke na hAya, kAraNa ke enA uparathI thatA zabdomAM "nAdeya bhAya" "vArANaseya vagere zabda noMdhAyA che, jemAM mAheya" e mahI nadInI khINane mATe rUDha thayele zabda hovAnI zakyatAne nakArI na zakIe.41 mahAbhAratanA AraNyakaparvamAM carmavatI pachI "mahI' kahI chejhara te kyAMnI e spaSTa nathI; bezaka, e nadIo pachI ja "narmadA ane godAvarI' kahI che. saMbhava che ke naMdalAla de mALavAnI caMbala nadInI zAkhA kahe che te mahI" hoya;43 te e eka ja nAmanI be bhinna nadI hoya. mahAbhArata-bhISmaparvamAM mahatA' nAmathI paNa eka nadI noMdhAyelI che, paNa ene sthaLanizcaya thaI zakato nathI, paraMtu "mahatI tarIke purANomAM noMdhAyelI che45 te kadAca "mahI hoI zake. pArivAtra parvatamAMthI nIkaLelI ne pUrva tarapha vahetI hoya to e caMbala carmaNvatInI najIkanI "mahI heya, pazcima tarapha vahetI hoya to e gujarAtanI "mahI hoya. mArkaDeya, brahma ane vAmana purANomAM "ahI" kahI che, jyAre brahmAMDapurANamAM mahA' kahI che 41 pArji dara mahitAne ane "mahIne mahI" kahe che, paraMtu ema chatAM ene sthaLanirdeza to spaSTa nathI ja kaMdapurANamAM narmadAnuM eka nAma "mahatI' paNa che48 tene ane uparanI mahatI'ne kazo saMbaMdha nathI. rAmAyaNanA kirkiMdhAkAMDamAM sarasvatI' 'siMdhu zeNa" pachI "mahI ane kAlamahI' e krama kahyo che48 enAthI chellI be nadIonAM sthAne nirNaya

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318] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA thaI zakato nathI. rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsAmAM pazcima dezamAM sarasvatI" "bhavatI ane "vArtAdhI" pachI "mahI' kahe che te te gujarAtanI ja nahI" che 50 prabaMdhakezamAM rAjazekharasUrie varatupAla vize vAta karatAM "mahItaTInA pradezamAM gedhA' (godharA) nAmanA nagaranuM sucana karyuM che. Aje pradeza tarIke mahIkAMTho saMkucita bane che; rAjazekharasUri evo keI rAjakIya vibhAga dhyAnamAM rAkhIne nathI kahetA.51 mahI madhyapradezanI girimALAmAMthI nIkaLI AvI, atyAre rAjasthAnamAM samAviSTa thayelA DuMgarapura-vAMsavADA jillAonI vaccenI sImA rekhAe pasAra thaI, paMcamahAlamAM praveza karIne kheDA jillAmAM moTAM meTAM vAMdhAonA pradezamAM thaI khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM paDe che, jyAM enuM "mahIsAgara nAma pracalita che, paNa e noMdhAyeluM jANavAmAM nathI. parNAzA (banAsa): mahAbhAratamAM ane padmapurANamAM eka "paNuzA nadI noMdhAI che. 52 bhISmaparvamAM e pUrNAzA' che te pAThAMtarathI "parNAzA' che.53 purANomAM e "varNAzA' tarIke paNa noMdhAI che. 4 kemake bhasya ane vAyune pATha varNAzA' che;55 mArkaDeyamAM e veNAsA' kahevAI che, ane brahmapurANamAM e vezyA che. pa7 "parNAzA' e spaSTataH hAlanI banAsa che, paNa banAsa be che: eka banAsa madhyapradezamAM caMbalanI zAkhA che ne e pUrvagAminI che, jyAre bIjI banAsa uttara pazcima gujarAtanI che ke pazcima gAminI che. parNAzA' pArivAtra parvatamAMthI nIkaLe che, paNa enAthI A bemAMthI kaI banAsa e nakakI thaI zake nahi. nahapAnanA jamAI uSavadAtanA nAsikanA abhilekha(IsvI 1 lI sadI)mAM enAM tIrthomAMnAM dAnapuNyone AraMbha bANasA nadIthI thayo kahyo che. tyAMthI prabhAsa sudhI jaI bharukaccha, dazapura, govardhana ane pagamAM eNe puNyadAna-brahmabhojana karAvyAM hatAM. AgaLa cAlatAM ibA, pArAdA, damaNuM, tApI, karabeNa ane dahAnukA nadInA kAMThAo upara pANInI para besADI hatI, vagere 58 bhaugolika pUrvApara saMbaMdha jotAM A bAsA" gujarAtanI banAsa hovA saMbhava che moDenAM jaina sAdhanamAM bannAsA' kahI che te A "pazA-varNAzA-bAsA' ja che. 59 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM bhImadeva 2 jAnA samayamAM pATaNa upara turu caDI AvyA tyAre banAsa nadInA kAMThenA "gADarI nAmanA sthAna para raNakSetra taiyAra kyAnuM noMdhyuM che. ahIM A banAsa ja kahI che. e mevADamAM AvI, nAthadvAra(jUnA sIMhADa)nI pazcime thaI pahADImAMthI nIce UtarI, khareDI (AburoDa sTezana)nI pazcime thaI banAsakAMThAmAM UtarI AvI, kacchanA raNamAM "sarasvatInI jema patharAI jAya che.

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11 muM ] prAcIna bhAlika ukale [ 319 tApI : "tApI" nadIne ullekha mahAbhArata ke rAmAyaNamAM thayelo maLato nathI, paraMtu purANomAM matsya, kUrma, vAyu, brahmAMDa ane mArkaDeya ene nirdeza kare che.10 skaMdapurANAMtargata eka "tApImAhAe" (guja anuvAda) chapAyela che, paraMtu e keImoDAnI racanA lAge che. 61 tApIno Abhilekhika ullekha nahapAnane jamAI upavAdAtanA nAsikanA abhilekha jeTalo jUno che (IravI 1 lI sadI jeTale). eNe nagare, nadIo, tIrtho gaNAvatAM, upara bANasAnA viSayamAM sUcavAyuM che te pramANe, IbA. pArAdA, damaNa, tApI, karaNa ane dAhAnukA nadIono ullekha karyo che. rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsAmAM narmadA ane paSNI vacce "tApI' kahe che 3 te A nadI ja che. tApI viMdhyamAMthI nIkaLI khaMbhAtanA akhAtanA nAke pazcima samudramAM maLe che. gujarAtanI samRddha nadIomAMnI A eka che ane narmadAnI jema aMdara hoDIothI ene vepAranA mArga tarIke upayoga thato hato ane thAya che. narmadAnA bharUcanI jema surata tApI uparanuM jANItuM nadI-baMdara che. paNI : mahAbhAratanA bhISmaparvamAM "poSaNa" nAmanI be nadI maLe che. 14 AmAMnI eka poSNI "irAvatI" "vitastA" pachI apAyelI heI, bI. sI. le kaniMgahamane ullekha karI jenuM khaMDana kare che tevI, 15yamunA nadInI e zAkhA hoI zake; laoNe enuM 'vidarbha" nAma paNa sUcavyuM che, jayAre bIjI "maimarathI" ane "kAverI"nI pahelAM AvatI he I dakSiNa gujarAtamAM vahI AvatI "pUrNa" nadI hevAnI sArI evI saMbhAvanA che. rAjazekharanI kAvyamImAMsAnA saMpAdaka cimanalAla dalAle, rAjazekhare narmadA ane poSNI vacce tApI kahI hoI pUrNAne "paNa" kahI che27 e ayukta nathI lAgatuM. A pUrNA nadI navasArIne uttara paDakhethI thaI AgaLa jatAM pazcimamAM tApI nadIne maLe che. naLe damayaMtIne vidarbhane mArga batAvatAM vigiri ane samudragA " paSNane khyAla Ave che, 18 arthAta " paNI viMdhamAMthI nIkaLatI hoya ema samajAya che. AraNyasparvanA tIrthayAtrAvarNanamAM daMDakAraNyamAM AvatAM mahApuNyA "pa SNI nadI kahI che. 19 AgaLa vaLI veNaNA" ane "bhImarathI pachI ramyatIrthovALI " paSNa" kahI che70 vaLI e payoSNIne vidarbharAje sevelI kahI che ane pachI AmUrtaya rAjAe, jenA kAMThA upara nRga rAjAe ghaNuM yajJa karyA hatA. tyAM e pachI vaiDUrya parvata ane narmadA nadI AvatAM hovAnuM kahyuM che 72 pUrNa e ja payoSNI che evo pArjiTare73 A pele abhiprAya paNa A saMdarbhe jotAM barAbara lAge che. A abhiprAyane, upara sacavAyA pramANe, rAjazekharanuM paNa baLa che.

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3ra0 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. zvabhravatI gujarAtane IzAna khUNe mevADanA pradezamAMthI dhasI AvatI DAM kotaravALI ane tethI "zvabhravatI' nAmathI prasiddha thayelI, AjanA sAbarakAMThAnA, rudradAmAnA jUnAgaDhanA zailalekha(I. sa. 150)mAM 'zvabhra' pradeza tarIke jANItA, pradezamAMthI janoIvaDha cAlI AvatI, amadAvAda-nA AsAvala ane karNAvatIpAsethI pasAra thaI dakSiNamAM AgaLa vadhatI ane khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM paDatI e A padmapurANanI 'sAbhramatI'-AjanI "sAbaramatI" che. mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa ke anya purANamAM AnA viSayamAM jANavA maLatuM nathI. zvabhravatI' nAma noMdhAyuM che te te 9mI-10 mI sadInI saMdhimAM thayelA rAjazekharanI kAvyamImAMsAmAM ja.76 padmapurANamAM 'sAbhramatImAhAbhya" maLe che te keTaluM jUnuM e kahevuM muzkela che, paraMtu saM. zvajha zabda uparathI lekabhASAmAM "sAbara" nAma vyApaka thayA pachI ane emAM tikatI-hAthamatI bhaLatAM sAbaramatI" nAma pracalita thayuM manAyuM haze te pachI racAyuM haze ema saheje kahI zakAya. e noMdhavA jevuM che ke skaMdapurANanA "nAgarakhaMDamAM vizvAmitra AvatAM vaseSTha vAruNamaMtrathI vasudhA tarapha jotAM be raMdhromAMthI pANI nIkaLyuM temAMnA ekamAMthI "sarasvatI' ane 'saMbhramathI jotAM nIkaLyuM te sAbhramatI' evuM kahyuM che 99 ramaNalAla nA. mahetAe "nAgarakhaMDIne 16 mI-17 mI sadInI racanA kahyo che e jotAM ukata anuzrutine kazuM baLa nathI.78 padmapurANa naMdikuMDamAMthI nIkaLI arbada parvata(ADAvalI)ne vaTAvI dakSiNadadhine maLe che ema kahI satyayugamAM enuM nAma "kRtavatI, tretAmAM "girikarNikA, dvAparamAM "caMdanA ane kaliyugamAM 'sAbhramatI' hovAnuM kahe che,79 A anubhUtine paNa kazuM baLa nathI. padmapurANamAM adhyAya 134 thI 174 sudhImAM sAbaramatInA beu kaMThapradezamAM AvelAM seMkaDe tIrthonI yAdI ApI che, jemAM caMdrabhAgAsaMgama pAse dadhIcie tapa karyAnuM noMdhyuM che te amadAvAdanA AjanA harijana-Azrama pAse dadhIcine Aro" ke "dUdhezvarane Aro' kahevAya che ene saraLatAthI khyAla Ape che. A. hemacaMdra te dvayAzraya kAvyamAM 'zvabhravatI' saMjJAne ja prayoga kare che.80 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM jaNAvyA pramANe vALAka dezanI vikaTa bhUmimAM brAhmaNane siMhapura nAmane agrahAra vasAvyo hato ane enI nIce 16 gAma mUkyAM hatAM. siMhathI bIdhelA brAhmaNoe dezanA madhyabhAgamAM vasavATa karAvI ApavAnI yAcanA karatAM siddharAje "sAbhramatI'nA tIraprAMtamAM AveluM "AsabilI' (asAmalI, tA. mAtara, ji. kheDA)gAma emane dAnamAM ApyuM; siMhapurathI AvanArA brAhmaNonI jagata mApha karI.81 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM viradhavalanA vRttAMtamAM "AzApalI' -AsAvala ane "sAbhramatI'nI nikaTatA batAvI che.

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11 suM]. prAcIna bhogelika ullekha [ 321 hastimatI (hAthamatI): sAbarakAMThAmAM sAbaramatIne maLatI hAthamatIne padmapurANamAM hastitI' kahI che ('sAbhramatI-mahAbhya'mAM).83 sAbarakAMThAnI IzAna koNanI girimALAmAMthI nIkaLI, najIkanA pAla gAmane aDadhe vAra laI hiMmatanagara pAse thaI pazcimavAhinI banI AgaLa jatAM e sAbaramatIne maLe che. padmapurANamAM ene "zuSkarUpA" (sukI) nadI kahI che 84 vAtanI : madhyagujarAtamAM AvelI vAtraka nadIne padmapurANamAM "vArtadanI" vAtrakana' kahevAmAM AvelI che 85 e pUrvenAM purANomAM "vRtranA 86 ane "vratanI 87 ema lakhAyelI maLe che. "vRtranI hatyA karavAthI idane lAgelI brahmahatyAnuM nivAraNa varganI sAbhramatIsaMgamatIrtha (AjanuM vauThA)mAM nAhatAM thayuM hatuM" evI padmapurANamAM anuzruti noMdhI che88 e "vRtra'nA nAmasAmane kAraNe samajAya ema che. A nadI purANa pramANe pAyiAtra parvatamAMthI nIkaLelI nadIemAMnI eka che, arthAta e mahInI jema mALavAmAMthI nIkaLI, pazcima pradezamAM vahI Ave che. padmapurANamAM A ja nadInuM vetravatI' paNa nAma kahyuM che,8 paraMtu mahAbhAratamAM vetravatI" noMdhAyelI che90 te AnAthI bhinna nadI che, ane umAzaMkara jozI pArjiTarane mata noMdhI kahe che tema e bhopALa pAsethI nIkaLI yamunAne maLatI beTavA" nadI che.91 meghadUtamAM noMdhAyelI vetravatI'92 paNa e ja che. rAjazekhare pazcima dezane nadIomAM sAravatI-zvabhravatI pachI "vArtadanI" kahI devuM te te ra5STa rIte A vAtraka ja che; enA pachI tarata ja mahI ApavAmAM AvI che ene laI krama taddana 25STa thaI jAya che. seTikA (zeDhI) : padmapurANamAM gujarAtanI eka vizeSa nadI paNa noMdhAI che te "seTikA 94 mahI ane vAtrakanA vacagALAnA bhUbhAgamAM A nAnI nadI pazcimAbhimukha vahetI vAtrakane maLe che, ane e beu kheDA pAse ekarUpa thaI vauThA pAse kATakhUNe kahI zakAya ema sAbaramatImAM bhaLe che prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM nAgArjunatpatti -staMbhanakatIrvAvatAraprabaMdhamAM nAga juna pArzvanAthanA biMbane kAMtInagaranA eka dhanapatinA mahAlayamAMthI potAnA siddha rasane siddha karavA mATe harI laI "seDI nadInA taTe sthApI tyAM sAtavAhananI eka patnI caMdralekhA pAse rasa lasoTavAnuM kAma karAvato hovAnuM dhyuM che 95 prabhAvakacaritamAM "seTikA' nadIne kAMThe staMbhana (thAmaNA) gAma vasyuM kahyuM che;86 tyAM "seTI" paNa kahela che; vividhatIrthakalpamAM paNa seDhInA taTa upara "thaMbhaNupura (thAmaNa) kahyuM che, je beu saMdarbhamAM pArzvanAthanI mUti thAmaNA padharAvyAnuM beMdhyuM che. purAtabaMdhasaMgrahamAM

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322] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [5. mArgo junane prasaMga utArI prabaMdhaciMtAmaNivALI vigata ApI che, te prabhAvakacaritavALe prasaMga paNa nakhe che. 8 valkalinI ane hiramacI : pavapurANamAM A be nadIone najIka najIka kahI che 99 AmAMnI pahelI IDara pAsenI kaLI-padmapurANamAM "valkinI" paNa00 -che te hevAnI saMbhAvanA che, jyAre "hiramayI" e kheDabrahmA pAse vahetI 'haraNAva'-'hiraNyA',101 je AgaLa vahI sAbaramatIne maLe che, tyAM najIkamAM akSa" ane "maMjuma" (hAlanI bAjuma) paNa kahI che, je baMne vacce 'satyavAna nAmane parvata kahyo che. eka nadInA nAma tarIke hoya tevI hiraNyA pANininA gaNapAThamAM noMdhAI che, 102 paNa enA uparathI sthAnanI spaSTatA thatI nathI. dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM e che ke prabhAsapATaNa pAse triveNI saMgamamAM bhaLatI haraNa nadI paNa "hiraNyA' tarIke oLakhAya che. gIra taraphathI AvatI e nadI sarasvatIne pitAmAM kATakhUNe meLavatI pazcimAbhimukha thaI AvatI, dakSiNAbhimukha thavA vaLAMka le che tyAM uttaranA kAMThA najIka prabhAsapATaNanA hIranA pulathI uttare deDheka kilomITara upara zItaLAnA maMdiranI uttaranA bhUbhAgamAM haDappIya avazeSathI lai kSatrapakAla sudhInA avazeSa sAcavatA nagaravistAra jANavAmAM AvyA che, je A nadInuM prAcIna mahattva vyakta kare che. skaMdapurANamAM jaNAvelA sarasvatInA pAMca pravAhamAMnI pahelI "hariNI e AjanI hIraNa-risthA che.103 vizvAmitrA: mahAbhAratanA bhISmaparvamAM eka "vizvAmitrA' nadI kahI che,104 paNa tyAM enA sthAnane nizcaya thaI zakatuM nathI. AraNyakaparvamAM vizvAmitranadI pArA" ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che;105 A pariyAtra parvatamAMthI nIkaLatI kahelI "pArA nAma lAge che, jene pATire parbatI' kahI che. tyAM anyatra cyavananA Azramane vizvAmitrI nadInI uttare minAkaparvata pAse AvelA asitaparvata upara jaNAvavAmAM AvyA che;10mAM tyAM bIje sthaLe cyavananA taM5:sthAnane vaiDUryaparvata (sAtapUDA) ane narmadA nadInI vaccenA pradezamAM gaNAvyuM che. 107 Ama e nadIne bhRguo sAthe saMbaMdha hovAnuM samajAya che. ane enA saMdarbhamAM vicAratAM vaDodarA pAsethI vahetI "vizvAmitrI viMdhyanA sAtapUDA- pAvAgaDhanA pahADamAMthI vahI Ave che, ene avananA Azrama najIkanI vizvamitrA" sAthe meLa maLI zake ema che. gAmatI ane caMdrabhAgA : kaMdapurANanA dvArakAmAhAtyamAM dvArakAkSetramAM gamatI, kuzAvatI, lakSmaNa, caMdrabhAgA ane jAMbavatI e pAMca nadIone saMgama

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11 muM ]. prAcIna bhAMgelika ullekha [323 kahevAmAM Avyo che 100e AjanI dvArakAnI pUrva bAjune je nIcANane vistRta paTa paDyo che temAMthI Avate vaheLo te "gomatI ane dakSiNa bAjune baraDiyA gAma taraphathI AvatA nIcANavALo paTa te "caMdrabhAgA -ene vaheLo dvArakA pAse dakSiNamAMthI AvI gamatIne lagabhaga kATakhUNe maLe che, ane baMne ekarUpa thaI, pazcimAbhimukha banI pazcima samudramAM vahI jAya che. gomatIne skaMdapurANamAM pUrvagaMgA" paNa kahI che. 108 AnA uttara kAMThA upara samudrasaMgama upara AjanuM zailezvasuMdara zrI raNachoDarAyajInuM itihAsa prasiddha devAlaya AvyuM che.109 uparanI skaMdapurANe kahelI. Aje jovAmAM na AvatI-mAtra be ja jovA maLatI-pAMca nadIo gamatIsAgarasaMgama pAse "paMcanadanuM tIrtha batAve che, jeno ullekha skaMdapurANamAM thayo che110 ane Aje paNa dvArakAnA koTane agnikhUNe gomatInA ghATanI dakSiNe pANInA paTa upara kahevAya paNa che, paraMtu mahAbhAratanA mausalaparva 111 pramANe kRSNanA dehotsarga pachI yAdava strIone sAthe laI dvArakAnA sAgarama jajana sAthe sAtha, AgaLa vadhatA arjunane AbhIra dasyuoe paMcanada'nA pradezamAM lUMTI lIdho hato te A sthAna nathI; e to saurASTra gujarAtanI uttara sarahada najIka Avela pAMca nadIone judo ja pradeza hato;12 sakaMdapurANanA dvArakAmAhAomAMnuM "paMcanadI tIrtha to moDethI upajAvI kADheluM samajAya che. gomatI ane "caMdrabhAgA' nAmothI kaI be nadIono nirdeza pANininA gaNapAThamAM thayele che; pAchalIne to tyAM spaSTa rIte nadI kahI che, 113 paNa gomatI' paNa nadI ja che. A beu nadI dvArakA pAsenI che ema kahevuM muzkela che. ema to mahAbhAratamAM ekathI vadhu sthaLomAM "gomatI nadIne ullekha thayela che, 114 paraMtu e to gaMgA nadInI sAta dhArAomAMnI eka ane uttara pradezanI nadI che;115 e dvArakAvALI sarvathA nathI. RdamAM eka gomatI' kahI che116 te hAlanI siMdhunI eka zAkhA "gemala hovAnuM umAzaMkara jozIe mUrane anusarI sUcavyuM che. "caMdrabhAgA" padma purANamAM "sAbhramatIne dadhIcinA Azrama pAse maLatI kahI che117 te amadAvAdanA harijana-Azrama ane jUnA vADaja vaccenuM rANIpa taraphathI temaja navA vADaja taraphathI AvatAM be vAMghAMonuM baneluM moTuM nALuM che. brahmAMDapurANa vagere himAlayamAMthI nIkaLelI "caMdrabhAgA' vize nirdeza kare che 18 te ane uparanI pANinina gaNapAThamAMnI "caMdrabhAgA" eka ane prAcIna lAge che. sabhApavamAM "caMdrabhAgA kahI che119 te paNa vaidikI sarasvatInI pUrve kahelI hAI himAlayamAMthI nIkaLelI kahI zakAya. rAjazekhara paNa uttarApathanI nadIomAM caMdrabhAgAne muke che, gaMgA-siMdhu-sarasvatI-zatadu-caMdrabhAgA-yamunA AdinA kramamAM. 120.

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324] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (pra. prakIrNa nadIoH nahapAnanA jamAI zivadAtanA nAsikanA (I.sa 1 lI sadInA) abhilekhamAM ibA-pArAdA damaNa-karaNA-dahANukA e nadIo 'tApI' sAthe gaNAvI che. 21 AmAMnI pArA' e valasADa pAsenI pAra", "damaNuM" e damaNa pAsenI "damaNagaMgA', "kabaNA e bilimorA pAse aMbikAne maLatI kAverI - dakSiNa bhAratanI kAverI nahi, ane dahANukA te thANA jillAnA dahANuM pAsenI e nAmanI nAnI nadI che. mahAbhArata-bhISmaparvamAM eka "vApI' maLe che,21a paraMtu AjanA vApI" gAma pAse damaNagaMgA vahe che; e ane "vApI" eka haze ? kuMbhakaraNanI mahAbhAratanI AvRttimAM "pI" pATha che, 122 paNa kAvI pAse mahI" vahe che; enuM nAma "pI" haze ? nirNaya upara AvavuM muzkela che. suvarNasikatA, vilAsinI, palAzinI : sudAmAnA Isa. 15nA jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM "sudarzana' saranA varSAne kAraNe tUTelA baMdhanuM samArakAma karyAnuM jaNAvyuM che 22 te saramAM suvarNasikatA=suvarNarekhA-narekha) ane palAzinI vagerenAM pANI ekatrita thatAM hatAM. e abhilekhamAM trIjI nadInuM nAma nathI ApyuM, paraMtu e pachI pharI pALa tUTI jatAM skaMdaguptanA samayamAM nAnuM samArakAma thayuM 23 tyAre palAzinI' "sikatA ane vilAsinI' evAM traNa nadInAma jovA maLe che. AmAMnI "suvarNasikatA ke sikatA" e hAthIpagA pAsethI phUTatI beka hajAra phUTa UtarI, bhavanAthanA maMdiranI uttare vahI AvI dAmodara kuMDa pAsethI pasAra thaI jUnAgaDha zailalekha pAse sudarzanamAM paDatI "suvarNarekhA' ja che. vilAsinI sarovaranA taLamAM sikatAne DAmAM phaMTAto bIjo phAMTo yAte bheMsalA(skaMdaguptanA samayanA I. sa. 455-457nA abhilekhamAM, skaMdapurANamAM ane moDenA jaina graMtha vageremAMnA raivataka)nI pazcime nIcANavALA bhAgamAM dakSiNa bAjuthI sarovaramAM Avato vaheLe, ane palAzinI e jUnAgaDha zailalekhavALA khaDakanI uttare suvarNarekhAne uttarakAMThethI zarU thatA uttara-dakSiNa laMbAyelA jemaNiyA DuMgaranI pazcima taLeTImAMthI sarovaranI uttara dhAra uparana, dhArAgaDha daravAjAnI sAmenA triveNI saMgamanA uttara cheDA pAse, pUrva taraphathI Avato vaheLe samajAya che. A saMgamasthAnathI uttaranA bhAgamAM thoDe dUra rudradAmAnA samayanI, nadImAM cUnAnA koMkrITavALA bhAga uparanI vizALa pALa ane dakSiNanA bhAgamAM dhArAgaDha daravAjA sAme skaMdaguptanA samayanI ghaDelA paththaronI bhagnAvaziSTa nAnI pALanAM darzana thatAM heI A traNa sivAya cothA koI vaheLAnAM darzana thatAM nathI. nadI tarIke pachI sonarekha AgaLa vadhI paLAM savA kaLAne sAthe laI ubeNa nadImAM maLI jAya

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ulalekhe che. vividhatItha kalpamAM sikatAne suvaNarehA' kahI che. 23e A "suvarNarehA' eTale saM. suvarNaravA je enA vata mAna "narekha sAthe vadhu sAmya dharAve che. Amilekhika ullekhomAM temaja graMthastha ullekhamAM keTalIka nadIokeTalAka lokaLA 24 jANavAmAM AvyA che, jemAMnAM koIne sthaLanirdeza thaI zake che, koIne nathI paNa thato. gurjaranRpativaMzanA da6 2 jAnA I. sa. 45 -96 nA dAnazAsanamAM akulezvara(aMkalezvara) viSayamAM AvelI "varaMDA" nadI rAIdhama (atyAre anabhijJAta) gAmanI dakSiNe vahetI kahI che; e paMthakamAM e atyAre "vaMda-kharI" nAme jANItI che. dharasena 2 jAnA I. sa. pa71 nA eka dAna zAsanamAM "niMbakUparathalInA saMdarbhamAM "vatsavahaka nadI sacavAI che, je devarakSita pATake ( ? )nI pazcima-dakSiNe hatI. enA I. sa. 589 nA dAnazAsanamAM saurASTramAM (jhAlAvADamAM) thAna najIkanI koI "paprimatti' nadI kahI che. e ja rAjAne nAme lakhAyelAM zaka saM. 400 (? I. sa. 478) nAM dAnazAsanamAM ekamAM "kaMtAragrAmaSaDaza[]ta'(katAragAmanAM 116 gAmonA jhUmakhA)mAM naMdIaraka (ke naMdIsara) gAmanI dakSiNe "madAdhi" nadI kahI che. je jANItI mIDholA' - dI samajAya che, jene jaMgalamAM "madAvA" ja kahe che, jyAre bIjA dAnazA sanamAM "dharAya viSayamAM 'vikilisa" gAmanI uttare anerA nadI kahI che; A pakaDAI nathI. dhruvasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 631 nA dAnazAsanamAM kheTakAhAra viSayanA kANaka pathaka mAM malivApIvaha 'bhatrIzvaratAvaha' ane vIravarmatatAkavaha' sacavAyA che, je pakaDI zakAtA nathI. zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 666 nA dAnazAsanamAM eka "vaMzaTikA nadI sUcavAI che; "kAlApakapathaka no saMbaMdha hovAthI jAmanagara jillAnA kAlAvaDa mahAlanI A rAI nadI che. maitrakonA dAnazAsanamAM AvatA vaMzakaTa" gAma sAthe saMbaMdha zathi che, paNa e gAmane patto lAgyo nathI. e ja rAjAnA I. sa. 649 nA dAnazAsanamAM madhumatI dvAra" zabdathI samudrasaMgamanI najIka jaI pahecelI "madhumatI' nadI ane najIkanA pradezanI bhANuIjikA' nadI ulikhita thayelI che. saurASTramAM AveluM desenaka" gAma madhumatInA mukha najIka kahyuM che enI pUrve piMkUpikA' nAmane "vaha' (vokaLo) kahyo che. madhumatI nadI eTale nikolanI khADI. "mANuIjijakA' nadI eTale hAlamAM sukAI gayele "mAlanane paTa. A "mahuvA'nI najIkanAM sthAna che. zIlAditya 6 ke nA I. sa. 759 nA dAnazAsanamAM sUryapura viSayamAM vAIkA" nadI jaNAvI che. A dAnazAsananAM patarAM luNAvADAmAMthI maLelAM che ne

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326 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [>, dAnazAsana godrahaka(godharA)mAMthI pharamAveluM che, e parathI A nadI luNAvADAgodharA vistAramAM AvI hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. kane janA mahedrapAlanA samayanA balavarmAnA I. sa. 893 nA dAnazAsanamAM nikSisapura-caturazIti' (nahiMsapura-caryAzI) pradezamAM jayapura gAma pAse kaNavArikA nadI kahI che. patarAM UnAmAMthI maLelAM hoI gIranI girimALAmAMnA kaI bhAgamAM A pradeza ane nadI hoya; e dAnazAsananA eka paNa sthaLano nizcaya thayo nathI. "dadhimatI' ane 'kSAravahano ullekha siddharAja jayasiMhanA samayanA I. sa. 1146 nA dAhoda-abhilekhamAM thayela che. "UbhaleDa pathaka' AjanuM abhaloDa gAma)mAMnA "AdhiliyA-koDAgrAma (atyAranAM "nImanAliyA rAbaDAla' ane 'gaI" gAma) nI pUrve "dadhimatI (hAlanI dehamaI') nadI ane uttare kSAravaha (hAlane khAravo" vokaLo) kahevAmAM AvyAM che. bIjI dadhimatI' sAraMgadeva vAghelAnA rAjyakAlamAMnA I. sa. 1277 nA abhilekhamAM saurASTramAM AvelI sUcavAI che, jyAM keI jene sumatisvAmInA pUjana mATe nadI samIpa vADI dAnamAM ApelI kahI che graMthastha sAhityamAM bhadrA nadIne nirdeza kaMdapurANanA prabhAsakhaMDamAM AvelA "vastrApathakSetramAhAomAM vastrApathakSetranI uttara sImA batAvavA thaye che, je AjanA jetapuranI uttare pazcimAbhimukha vahI jatI "bhAdara' che. jaMbumAlI" nadIne nirdeza A. hemacaMdra kaMthAzraya kAvyamAM karyo che, jyAM mUlarAjano saurASTranA grAharipu sAthe mukAbalo thaye sUcavAya che. A sthaLanizcaya hajI thaI zakyo nathI. 5. kSe-tIrtho prabhAsa: A tIrtha vize jUnAmAM jUne ulekha atyAre to mahAbhAratanA AdiparvamAM thayele jANavAmAM Ave che. arjuna vanavAsamAM hato ane tIrtho karato karato "aparAMtanAM tItha patAvI pazcima samudramAM "prabhAsa jaI pahoMcyuM hatuM ke jyAM zrIkRSNaene AvI maLyA hatA; e pachI raivataka giri upara baMne vizrAma mATe gayA hatA ane tyAMthI dvArakA jaI, dvArakAmAMthI najIkanA vitaka giri upara devIpUjana mATe AvelI subhadrAnuM arjuna haraNa karI gayo hato. 25AraNyakaparvamAM

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. 11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe [ 327 tIrthayAtrAmAM surASTramAMnAM puNya Ayatana batAvatAM camAsonmajajana' "udadhitIrtha prabhAsa "piMDAratIrtha" "ujajayaMta giri ane dvArakA'ne ullekha kare che.121 A pahelAM ja agnitIrtha tarIke prabhAsane tyAM nirdeza thayA che, jyAMthI sarasvatI sAgara saMgama tIrthe javAnuM kahyuM che.27 mahAbhAratamAM prabhAsa vize bIjA paNa nirdeza to che ja, paraMtu mausalaparvamAM yAdanA Apasa-ApasamAM thayelA saMhAranA thAnakamAM ullekha noMdhapAtra che. najIkanA ja sthAnamAM jarA lubdhakane hAthe zrIkRSNanA pagamAM bANa vAgyuM ane (saMbhavataH hariNI-sarasvatIsaMgama uparanA pazcima kAMThA upara) zrIkRSNane dehatsarga thayo ema tyAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che. 28 dhyAnamAM levA jevuM te e che ke mahAbhAratamAM "prabhAsa sAthe somezvara zivane saMbaMdha jANavA maLato nathI, paraMtu zalaparvamAM soma-caMdrane saMbaMdha jovA maLe che, jyAM kSayarogathI pIDAtA caMdrane prabhAsamAM zApamAMthI nivRtti thaI hatI ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che. 129 bhAgavatapurANamAM A vize mauna che, paraMtu prabhAsa ane pazcima-sarasvatIno saMbaMdha tyAM spaSTa che.130 sarvedanAM khila sutomAM prAcI sarasvatI ane somezvara vize nirdeza che, 131 paraMtu tyAM "prabhAsa vize kazuM nathI. bhairava(kAlAgni rudra)rUpe zivajI prabhAsakSetramAM vasyA che evo prathama ullekha skaMdapurANamAM thayo jANavAmAM Avyo che. 122 skaMdapurANa to eno sAtamo khaMDa "prabhAsakhaMDa" tarIke ApI emAM zarUnA adhyAyamAM "prabhAsakSetramAhAya bAMdhe che; enA pachI vastrApathakSetra(giranAra AsapAsanuM) mAhAtamya, trIju "adakhaMDamAhAsya ane cothuM dvArakAmAhAsya Ape che. skaMdapurANamAM A khaMDamAM prabhAsa kSetramAM AvelAM aneka devAlaya ane nAnAmAM nAnAM tIrtharathAnenuM paNa khUba jhINavaTathI sthAnanirdezAtmaka nirUpaNa maLe che, jenA uparathI skaMdapurANanA samayamAM e tIrthanI sabaLa jAhojalAlI samajI zakAya ema che; e kSetrane viratAra paNa bAra ejanane kahyo che. 133 jaina sAdhanomAM prabhAsane kSetra tarIke prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM paricaya ApavAmAM Avyo che, jyAM ene sarasvatI nadInA AzleSamAM tatpara lavaNa jalamAM praNaya karanAra tarIke kahevAmAM AveluM che. 134 e graMthamAM zrIpattanamAM- prabhAsakSetramAM caMdraprabhane varapAle praNipAta karyAnuM kahyuM che.135 vividhatIrthakalpamAM vastupAlanI kIrti kyAM kyAM gavAtI hatI e sthaLomAM prabhAsa sudhI' zabda maLe che ane prabhAsamAM caMdraprabha svAmI hovAne nirdeza karyo che. prabhAsapATaNanAM derAsaramAM caMdraprabhanuM derAsara Ama jUnuM che e samajAya che. purAtanabadha

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3ra8 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA saMgrahamAM prabhAsane tIrtha tarIke cAra sthaLe nirdeza thayele saMgrahAye che, jemAM trIjA ullekhamAM sarasvatI nadIne saMbaMdha paNa sUcita che. 137 prabaMdhakoza prabhAsamAM caMdraprabhane saMbaMdha ane vastupAlanI kIrti prabhAsa paryata vyApaka hevAnuM kahe che.138 Aje prabhAsa kSetra tarIke te vyApakatA gumAvI beThuM che, paraMtu prabhAsa tIrtha tarIke hiMdudharmIo ane jemAM khUba jANItuM che. dakSiNa saurASTramAM jUnAgaDha jillAmAM prabhAsa pATaNa somanAtha pATaNa nagara ane emAM hiMdu dharmIone mATe somanAtha mahAdevanuM tIrthasthAna ane jainene mATe "ca draprabha'nuM mukhya derAsara, nagarathI 2 ki. mI. pUrva dizAe hIraNa ane sarasvatInA sAgara saMgama uparanuM triveNItIrtha, enI uparanA uttara bhAge zrIkRSNanuM dehotsarganuM sthAna-ANe e tIrthanuM sthAna lAMbA samayathI jALavI rAkhyuM che. prabhAsapATaNathI IzAnamAM beeka ki. mI. upara, hIraNa pazcimamAMthI AvI dakSiNa tarapha vaLAMka le che tyAM zItaLAnA maMdiranI uparanA bhUbhAgamAM 'nagarAnA haDapAkAlIna avazeSothI laI kSatrapakAla sudhInA avazeSonI prApti A sthAnanI prAcInatA tarapha laI jAya che. cama bhajana camasodabhedaH mahAbhArata-AraNyakaparvamAM prabhAsanI najIka hoya tevuM "casanma jana'-pAThAMtarathI "cama bheda tIrtha noMdhAyeluM che.139 ane zalyaparvamAM to prabhAsanI najIka "camasabheda tIrtha paNa kahyuM che. 140 enA pachI tyAM udapAnatIrtha kahyuM che. 141 paraMtu Aje A beu tIrthone prabhAsa najIka kyAMya patto lAgatuM nathI. skaMdapurANanA samayamAM pahelAne prabhAsakSetranA aMtargatatIrtha tarIke kahevAmAM AvyuM che. 142 zalya parvamAM "prabhAsa" ane "camasabheda tIrthone 'sArasvatatIrthamAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo che. 14 AraNyakaparvamAM "cama bheda tIrtha kahyuM che tyAM sarasvatI nadIne saMdha che, paraMtu e sarasvatI vinazana-kurukSetramAM adazya thayA pachI bharUbhUmimAM aMtahita cAlI camabheda-zive bheda-nAgabheda e tIrthomAM pragaTa thAya che ema kahyuM che. 44 Ama uttara gujarAtanI sararavatI nadI kacchanA raNamAM patharAI jAya che tyAM A traNa tIrtha che ke prabhAsa pAse triveNI saMgamamAM AvI maLatI gIranI sararavatI nadInA mukha pAse che, e spaSTa thaI zakatuM nathI. saMbhAvanA che ke kacchanA raNamAM sarasvatI patharAI jAya che tyAM e tIrtho hoya ane prabhAsamAM "saravatI' saMjJaka nadI astitvamAM AvatAM tyAM paNa emAMnuM camabhedacamasanmajajana kahevAmAM AvyuM hoya. prabhAsa najIka hevA vize AraNyaparvane

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11 ] prAcIna bhoge lika ullekha t3ra9 pachIne nirdeza145 ane zalaparvane nirdeza baLa pUre che. skaMdapurANamAM te beu nahi, lupta thayelI sahita traNe nadIone goTALo karI nAkhe heI tIrthono paNa goTALo thaI gayuM che. 146 piMDAraka: mahAbhArata AraNyakaparvamAM "piMDAraka' tIrtha saurASTramAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che e "prabhAsanI vAta karatAM ApaNe joyuM; krama camasanmajana" prabhAsa" "piMDAraka " yaMta giri' ane udAravatI (dvArakA) evo che. 147 e ja parvamAM A pahelAM prabhAsa" "sararavatI sAgara saMgama 'varadAnakSetra dvAravatI' piMDAraka" ane "siMdhusamAgama" evo krama ApavAmAM Avyo che. 148AraNyakaparva paMDAraka'nI eka viziSTatA nedhe che ke trizalanuM cihna hoya tevAM pakvonA lakSaNavALI mudrAo tyAM maLe che. 149 AvI mudrAmAM nathI maLatI prabhAsa pAsenA kaI sthaLe ke nathI jANavAmAM AvI "piMDArakI pAse, hA, eka prakAra zaMkhoddhAra beTamAM maLe che. eka prakAranI, upara kAMIka kAcabA ghATanA laMbagoLa vartulanI sapATI upara pAMca pAMkhaDInI chAMTa hoya tevI, nIcenI bAjue capaTa, adbhAvazeSa (fossils)-mApamAM lagabhaga 64 6 se.mI. nI, mAMgaroLa-soraThathI pUrvanI bAjue sAteka ki. mI. upara AvelA kAmanAtha mahAdevanA tIrtha pAse nadImAM kahevAtA "padmakuMDa'mAM temaja nadInA taLamAM maLI Ave che. mahAbhArata-AraNyakaparvanuM kathana Ane uddezI che ke nahi e spaSTa thaI zakatuM nathI. AjanuM piMDAraka tIrtha to saurASTranI uttara-pazcime kacchanA akhAtanA dakSiNa kAMThA upara, AjanI dvArakAthI pUrve aThThAvIseka ki. mI. (aDhAreka mAIla) upara, karachanA akhAtane cheDe lagabhaga AvelA zaMkhodvAra beTanI barobara sAme Ave tema enI dakSiNamAM AveluM che. viSNupurANa ane bhAgavatapurANamAM tathA harivaMzanA prakSipta bhAgamAM e samudrataTe nirdezAyuM che.150 harivaMzanA eka bIjA nirdeza pramANe te e yAdavakumArInuM avAranavAra khelavA AvavAnuM-jalakrIDAnuM sthAna hatuM. 5' piMDAraka tIrthanuM mAhAbhya anuzAsanaparve paNa sUcavyuM che. 15mahAbhAratanA upara batAvelA be nirdezamAM, ekamAM prabhAsa ane ujajayaMtagiri vacce batAvAyuM che, te bIjAmAM dhAsvatI ane siMdhu samusaMgama vacce batAvAyuM che. Amane pahele krama saMvata gaNI piMDArakarane prabhAsathI IzAnamAM bAvIseka ki. mI. (caudaka bhAIla) upara uttaramAMthI AvatI sarasvatIne kRtrima rIte vALI, ceDAmAM pUrvAbhimukha banAvI levAmAM AvI che te prAcI' tIrtha tarIke gaNavAne eka abhiprAya che. bIjo krama AjanI paristhitine khyAla Ape che : tArakA, piMDAraka, ane (kacchanA moTA raNanA mathALe siMdhunI eka

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330] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA zAkhA raNamAM paDatI hatI, ane I. sa. 1819 nA dharatIkaMpathI "ADabaMdha ['AlAbaMdha-pAkistAnamAM "allAbaMdha' kahe che te] upasI AvatAM siMdhunI e zAkhAne pravAha pazcima tarapha vaLI javAthI siMdhusamudrasaMgama tIrtha paNa nAza pAmyuM te) siMdhusamudrasaMgamatIrtha. pahelA kramamAM prabhAsa ane ujajayaMta girinA aMtarALanA pradezamAM pUrva dizAe kRtrima prAcI tIrthane mAnavAmAM Ave che enA karatAM pazcima dizAe mAMgaroLa-soraThanI pUrve upara sUcavAyelA padmakuMDavALA tIrthane kahevAmAM Ave che, tyAM pelA padmAMkita azmAvazeSa maLatA heI, vadhu saMgata thaI rahe. Aje paNa AsapAsanAM gAmaDAMomAMthI zrAddhakarma karavA leke tyAM Ave che, te e vihArabhUmi paNa che ja. Ama ApaNI samakSa traNa sthaLa khaDAM thaI rahyAM che. satyAnveSaNa karavA jatAM te evuM prApta thAya che ke mahAbhAratanA vartamAna adhikRta saMkalanano samaya I pU. 1 lI sadIthI uparanA bhAge pa mI-6 ThThI sadIthI pUrva jaI zake evuM siddha svarUpamAM kahI zakAya ema nathI; e ja kAraNa che ke mahAbhAratamAM jyAM jyAM sthaLo vagerenA krama batAvavAmAM AvyA che temAM, saMkhyAbaMdha sthaLomAM. saMgati jovA maLatI nathI, eTale saMdigdha sthaLonA viSayamAM nirNayAtmaka sthiti upara AvavuM muzkela banI gayuM che. purANa ane uttarakAlIna sAhityamAM paNa prAcIna thaLono nizcaya karavAmAM A ja paristhiti che. bhAgavatapurANamAM nArAyaNa kavacamAM "prAcI sarasvatI' kahevAmAM AvI che te kaI anya ja lAge che;53 ene uttara gujarAtanI ke dakSiNa saurASTranI "sarasvatI' sAthe saMbaMdha pakaDe muzkela che. varadAnaH 'varadAnakSetra' prabhAsa ane dvAravatInA vaccenA pradezamAM hoya ema upara sUcavAyuM che.155 mahAbhArata-AraNyakaparvamAM ujayaMta giri ne nirdeza karyo che tenI pahelAM tIrtho kahyAM che temAM paNa "varadAnakSetra kahyuM che15 Ama A kSetra saurASTra bahAranuM to nathI ja lAgatuM. skaMdapurANe giranAra AsapAsanA bhUbhAganuM eka vastrApatha kSetra' kahyuM che te A hevAnuM keI sAMgika purAvAthI paNa kahI zakAya ema nathI. saurASTramAM giranArathI kAMIka UtaratI kakSAne, najIkamAM bIlezvara ane aMdaranA bhAgamAM kalezvaranAM AjanAM tIrtha sAcavato baraDA parvata paNa dhyAnamAM levA jevo khare. e "varAha parvata hoya evI A pUrva saMbhAvanA karavAmAM AvI che. 157 ujajayaMtathI AjanI dvArakA ane piMDAraka jatAM mArgamAM e Ave che. dvArakA ane piMDArakanAM

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11 muM]. prAcIna bhegelika ulekhe t331 prAcInatama rathAna tyAM na hoya toye "varadAnakSetra" baraDAnA bhUbhAgamAM hevAnA viSayamAM kaI khAsa bAdha jovA maLato nathI. vyutpattinI daSTie varadAna ane baraDo' zabda dUra thaI rahe evA nathI. pazcima saurASTramAM baraDA parvatathI IzAna bhAge AvelA gepanA DuMgarAnI dakSiNa dizAe guptonA uttara kAlanuM, yA maitrakonA AraMbhakAlanuM, nAnI gepamAM AveluM gopanuM maMdira ane baraDAthI pazcima dizAe samudra najIka mULadvArakA tarIke kahevAmAM AvatA visAvADAnI AsapAsanA pradezanAM jUnAM maMdira e pradeza pUrvakAlamAM yAtrAnAM sthAna hovAnI paraMparA cIdhe evAM kharAM. A prakAranI saMbhAvanAne AdhAre baraDA DuMgaranA AsapAsanA bhUbhAgane mATe 'varadAnakSetra" nI saMjJA kAI kALe zakya kharI. dezya svarUpanA lAgatA baraDA" zabdanuM saMskRtIkaraNa pAmeluM rUpa to varadAna nahi hoya? ApaNI samakSa saMbhAvanA sivAya keI bIjo purA nathI. vastrApatha kSetraH skaMdapurANa pramANe ujayaMta giri (giranArane mukhya pahADa) ane raivataka giri(vAghezvarInA maMdirane ane dAmodaranA maMdirane sAcavI rAkhatA bheMsale')ne pitAmAM samAvI rAkhatuM, uttara bAju bhadrA (bhAdara, je jetapura gAmanI uttare thaI vahe che tyAM sudhI ane pazcime vAmananagara (vaMthaLI) sudhI A kSetra patharAyeluM paDayuM che.158 A ja kSetrane tyAM raivatakakSetra" paNa kahyuM che.159 A kSetranI dakSiNe bivakhAta' evuM rAjA balinuM kSetra kahyuM che;20 saMbhava che ke e AjanA bIlakhA gAmanA sthAnane uddezI kahyuM hoya, bAkI tyAM najIkamAM Aje kaI balitIrtha rahyuM nathI. A kSetrane viratAra cAra ejanane kahyo che111 tethI giranAranI cAre bAjunA pradezane barAbara baMdha besI rahe che. mahAbhAratamAM eka vastrApada kSetra che, paNa e to juduM ja che. purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM vastupAla giranAra parvata upara caDato hato tyAre e "vastrapatha kSetramAM pahADanI pagathI upara caDatAM kara levAto hovAnuM kahevAmAM AvyAnuM noMdhyuM che. A kSetranuM nAma "vastrApatha' kevI rIte maLyuM haze e jANavAnuM saMgata kAraNa maLatuM nathI; saMbhava che ke koI dezya nAmanuM A saMskRtIkaraNa heya. nArAyaNasaraH A tIrthane ulekha mAtra bhAgavatapurANamAM thayela che. jyAM ene siMdhu ane samudrane saMgama thAya che tyAM kahyuM che.114 tyAM ene pazcima dizAmAM raheluM kaheluM ja che eTale bhAgavatapurANanA racana-samaye enuM astitva pramANita karI zakAya. mahAbhAratamAM "nArAyaNasthAna"114 ane "nArAyaNA. zrama"125 evAM be tIrthasthaLa maLe che, paraMtu e uttaranA pradezanAM hoya ema lAge.

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[pra. 332 ] ItihAsa pUrvabhUmikA che. kacchanuM "nArAyaNasara" lakhapata tAlukAmAM karInALanA dakSiNakAMThe AvelA lakhapata baMdarathI dakSiNe, samudrakAMThA najIka tevIseka ki. mI. (caudeka mAIla) upara AveluM che, tyAM nArAyaNasaranI vAyavya lagabhaga eka ki. mI. (aDadhAeka mAIla) upara keTezvaranuM maMdira AveluM che. Aje kerInALanI zarUAta thAya che tyAM eka samaye siMdhu nadInI pUrva bAjanI chellI dhArAnuM mukha AveluM hatuM; I. sa. 1819nA dharatIkaMpamAM thayelA bhUratara parivartanane lIdhe siMdhunI e eka dhArAno pravAha pazcima bhaNI khasI gayo, kerInALanA moTA raNa taraphanA bhAgamAM "AlAbaMdha nAmanI uttara-dakSiNa paTTI UpasI AvI ane siMdhunA pANIno kacchanI bhUminA peTALane maLatA lAbha sadAne mATe baMdha thayo ? - dvArakAkSetra : skaMdapurANanA prabhAsakhaMDamAMnA dvArakAmAhAnya pramANe AjanI dvArakAne AsapAsane pradeza te A "dvArakAkSetra".1 67 dvArakAkSetranuM skaMdapurANamAMnuM varNana AjanI dvArakA AsapAsanuM nahi, paraMtu prabhAsa-koDInAra najIkanI mULa dvArakA AsapAsanuM che evuM batAvAno prayatna thayo che,68 paraMtu kalyANarAya na. jozIe ene jhINavaTathI abhyAsa karI je khyAla Apyo che 69 te e vizenI zaMkAnuM subhaga samAdhAna karI Ape che. e tIrtha pAMca kezanA viratAranuM kahevAyuM che.190 zrIkRSNanA samayamAM dvArakAnagarInuM sthaLa saurASTramAM bIje kyAMya hoya ke AjanI dvArakA najIka hoya, paraMtu skaMdapurANa pramANe te dvArakAnagarInAM saMbaMdhavALuM 4 rakAkSetra AjanI dvArakAnA pradezanuM havAmAM kazo virodha rahetuM nathI. camatkArapurakSetra skaMdapurANe je bIjAM keTalAMka gauNa tIrthakSetra gaNAvyAM che teomAM eka camatkArapurakSetra paNa kahyuM che. enuM ja bIjuM nAma skaMdapurANamAM hATakezvarakSetra 172 che. abda(Abu)nA pahADathI naityadizAmAM A nirta dezamAM arthAta AnartasaMjJaka (uttara gujarAtanA) bhUbhAgamAM e kSetra AveluM che. enAthI ahIM Anartanagara-vRddhinagara(vaDanagara)-jUnA camatkArapura AsapAsano pradeza samajavAne che. A vigatene badho AdhAra skaMdapurANanA chaThThA nAgarakhaMDa upara che. ramaNalAla na. mahetAe e khaMDane mATe 16 mI-17mI sadInI meDenI racanA hovAnuM puravAra kareluM che173 eTale enI pAchaLanuM ItihAsa-baLa DhIluM paDe che. nAgarakhaMDamAM e kSetranAM maMdire peTAtIrtho vagere vize sArI mAhitI jovA maLe che. dharmAraNyakSetraH uttara gujarAtamAM moTerA AsapAsanA kSetrane dharmAraNyakSetra kahevAmAM AvyuM che. ene "satyayugamAM dharmAraNya, tretAmAM satyamaMdira, dvAparamAM veda

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[ 333 11 muM ! prAcIna bhogolika ullekha bhavana ane kaliyugamAM meheraka kahevAmAM Ave che 74 mahera e ja moTerA". jyAM meDha brAhmaNo ane vaNike nI kuladevI meTezvaranuM maMdira AveluM che. gAmanI pazcime, thoDA aMtara upara, solaMkI bhImadeva 1 lAnA samayanA suprasiddha sUryamaMdiranAM khaMDiyera ane e maMdiranA pUrva prAMgaNamAM vizALa kuMDa e sthAnanI jUnI jAhojalAlIno khyAla Ape che. skaMdapurANanA trIjA brAhmakhaMDanA bIjA dharmAraNyakhaMDamAM rAme brAhmaNone ApelAM 55 gAmonI yAdI ApI che,175 jemAM cAturvigha (meDha) brAhmaNoe AvIne vasAvelAM gAmone paNa samAveza thAya che. A gAme badhAM ja dharmAraNyakSetramAM nathI, gujarAtanA bIjA bIjA bhAgamAM paNa che; u. ta. vaTapatra (vaDodarA), karpaTa-kapaDavANaka (paDavaMja), gedhara gedharA), thalatyaja (amadAvAda pAse thalateja), sAnadIyA (sANaMda), AsAvalI (amadAvAdanuM jUnuM sthAna) vagere.176 | mahIsAgarasaMgamakSetraH sakaMdapurANe sAta keza pramANanuM A kSetra mahI jyAM sAgarane maLe che tenA mukhapradezane uddezI kahyuM che. enuM bIjuM nAma "guptakSetra che. 177 kArtikeye A sthaLe tArakAsurane mArI tyAM vijayastaMbha rogo ane rastaMbhezvara zivaliMganuM sthApana karyuM eTale e sthaLanuM nAma "staMbhatIrtha paDayuM; bIje rathaLe vaLI ema kahyuM che ke mahIsa garasaMgamakSetramAM brahmAnI sabhAmAM taMbha (garva) karyo tethI enuM nAma "taMbhatIrtha' paDayuM. "guptakSetramAM e mATe kahyuM ke brahmAnI sabhAmAM mahIsAgarasaMgamakSetre artha mATe pitAne zreSTha tarIke oLakhAvI taMbha (ga) karyo eTale brahmAnA meTA putra dharmadeve abhizApa AvyuM ke tuM have gupta rahIza A kSetranI vinaMtIthI dharmadeve zApanuM nivAraNa karatAM kahyuM ke pachIthI tuM 'staMbhatIrtha' nAmathI vikhyAta thaIza. A paurANika anuzrutiono artha mAtra eTalo che ke mahIsAgara saMgamatIrtha" ane "taMbhatIrtha" (khaMbhAta) e eka che A kSetrane kumArikA kSetramAMnA eka tarIke skaMdapurANa batAve che. brahmakheTakakSetra sAbarakAMThAmAM kheDabrahmA ke brahmAnI kheDa nI AsapAsanA pradezanuM A kSetra padmapurANanA "sAbhramatImAhAbhya'mAM sacita thayeluM che.178 tyAMnI aditi vAvanA abhilekhamAM enAM cAra yugonAM cAra nAma kahyAM cheH satyayugamAM - brahmapura, tretAmAM agnikheTa', dvAparamAM hiraNyapura" ane kaliyugamAM "tulakheTa', (178mAM brahmapurANAMtargata brahmakSetramAhA" mudrita thayeluM che " paNa brahma

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334 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [, purANamAM e jovAmAM nathI AvatuM; eka yojananA pramANanuM A kSetra tyAM kahyuM che. enAM maMdira ane peTAtIrthone paNa tyAM khyAla ApavAmAM Ave che. ahIM "hiraNyA'-haraNAva nadInI dakSiNe TekarI upara kSIrajAdevInuM tIrtha kahyuM che. ahIM aMbikAnuM tIrtha paNa che. bhAratavarSamAM brahmAnAM maMdira kyAMka ja che: pazcima bhAratamAM ajamera pAse puSkaramAM, gujarAta-sAbarakAMThAmAM kheDabrahmAmAM ane khaMbhAtanI uttare pAMceka ki.mI. (traNeka mAIla) upara AvelA prAcIna "nagarAnI atyAranI vasAhatanA nAnA gAmamAM. khaMbhAtamAM paNa traNa rathaLe mUrtio che. 179a AmAMnAM pahelAM be yAtrAnAM dhAma tarIke jANItAM cheH puSkara samagra bhAratanA hiMdudharmIo mATe, kheDabrahmA mukhyatve gujarAtanA hiMdudharmIo mATe. Ama chatAM atyAre paristhiti evI anubhavAya che ke leke nAnA aMbAjInA thAna tarIka kheDabrahmA jAya che ane meTA bhAganA lake brahmAnAM darzane jatA nathI. sarahadanAM abu kSetra ane avaMtikSetraH A beu kSetra gujarAtanI talabhUminI bahAranAM sarahadanI pelI pAranAM paDozI kSetra che. gujarAtanI uttara sImAe AvelA abuMda giri-AbunA pahADanI AsapAsanuM te "abudakSetra' tarIke jANItuM che. skaMdapurANamAM sAtamAM prabhAsakhaMDamAMnA trIjA abuMdakhaMDamAM enuM mAhAsya ApavAmAM AvyuM che. A kSetrane vistAra dasa janane kahevAmAM AvyA che.180 khAsa karIne vasiSThanA AzramasthAna tarIke purANamAM enuM mAhAmya gAvAmAM AvyuM che. hammIramadamardana nATakamAM A kSetranuM varNana jevA maLe che. 181 avanikSetra e ujajana nagarInI AsapAsanuM pazcima mALavAnuM tIrtha. kSetra che. skaMdapurANano pAMcame AvaMtyakhaMDa enuM mAhAnya Ape che. jyAM bhagavAna mahAkAlanuM sthAna mukhya che tevA A kSetrane vistAra eka janane kahevAmAM Avyo che. 182 bauddha tIrthoH gujarAtamA bhUbhAgamAM-khAsa karIne saurASTramAM saMkhyAbaMdha sthaLoe bauddha guphAo maLI AvI che, paraMtu tyAM kaI viziSTa tIrtha haze evI mAhitI adhigata thatI nathI. zAkya vihAra, jevA ke mukhyatve valabhInA maitrakanA pretsAhanathI vikaselA te 1. duddA vihAra, 2. buddhadAsa vihAra, 3. bapapAdIya vihAra, 4. kakaka vihAra, 5. gohaka vihAra, 6. vimalagupta vihAra, 7. AtyaMtarika vihAra, 8. bhaTArka vihAra, 9. yakSara vihAra, 10. pUrNabhaTTA vihAra, 11. ajita vihAra,

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11 muM ] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe [ 335 12. zIlAditya vihAra, ane 13. skaMdabhaTa vihAra.183 tIrtho kahI zakAya tevAM sthAnemAM taLAjAne pahADa, sANane DuMgara, giranAra pAse maLela ITavAne rasena vihAra ane bAriyA ratUpa, pazcima saurASTramAM baraDA DuMgaranI pazcima taLeTImAM rANapura pAse dhiMgezvara mahAdeva nAmaka sthAnaguphA (jemAM "dhiMgezvara mahAdeva tarIke "tUpa" ja pUjAya che.), gAMDaLa pAse khaMbhAlIDAnI guphAo, zakya rIte prabhAsapATaNanI pUrvanI naSTavasAhatavALA TIMbAnI pUrva bAjunI cAra guphAo, DhAMkathI thoDe dUra jhIMjhurIjharanI guphAo, sAbarakAMThAmAM zAmaLAjI pAse me nadInA dakSiNakAMThA uparanA devanI merI rathAne najIkanA stUpa ane vihAra (je Aje zyAma sarovaranA pANImAM, baMdha baMdhAyAne kAraNe, garakAva thaI gayA che), tAraMgAnA pahADa uparanI tAragA (tArA) devInuM bauddha rathAna, mIMDhoLA nadIne kAMThe dakSiNa gujarAtamAM kAMpilyatIrtha, ane khaMbhAta pAse nagarAmAM prApta thayelI buddha-mUrtinuM sthAna, A badhAM eka kALe bauddha tIrtho tarIke jANItAM haze. A badhA vize graMthastha ke Abhalekhika sAmagrI labhya nathI. prabhAvacaritamAM tAraMganAga" evuM girinuM nAma sUcavAyuM che. 183e paNa e te jaina tItha. tarIke. vajIsvAmiprabaMdhamAM tAraNa" giri kahyo che te paNa A "tAraMga giri ja lAge che. - jaina tIrthoH gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchamAM jaina tIrtho viziSTa rIte jANItA che, graMthastha thayelAM paNa che. A vize vividhatIrthaMka9pamAM sUcaka mAhitI maLI paNa Ave che. A pUrve ghUmalImAMthI maLelAM seMdhanAM dAnazAsanamAMnA eka dAnazAsanamAM DhaMtarthane ullekha thayela che.184 tyAM vizeSa vigata maLatI nathI, paraMtu prabhAvakacaritamAM TUMkapurI" jyAM pAdaliptAcAryane nAgArjunane meLApa thayo hato,185 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM DhaMka' parvatamAM rAjakumAra raNasiMhanI putrImAM vAsukinArAthI e nAgArjunane janma 182 vividhatIrthakalpamAM DhaMkagiri' ane tyAM e rIte nAgArjunane janma 187 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM paNa e girimAM nAgArjunane janma ane tyAMnuM nagara te TUMkapurI',188 ane prabaMdhakozamAM DhaMparvata pAse pAdaliptAcArya ane nAgArjunane uparanA prakArane samAgama189 e rIte ullekha thayelA che. mahAbhAratamAM ujajayaMta girinuM tIrtha kahevAmAM AvyuM che; jaina graMtha mAM enuM mukhyatve neminAthajInA saMbaMdhe mAhAmya che. sUcaka che ke skaMdapurANamAM prabhAsakhaMDanA vastrApathakSetramAM jaNAvyA pramANe sUryabiMbamAM je rUpe ziva digaMbara

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA rUpe padmAsane beThela ane saumya dekhAyA temanI mahAmUrtinI pratiSThA karI emane vAmane neminAthaziva evuM nAma ApyuM.189 A vastu giranAra uparanA jaina upara TamAMnI zrI neminAthanI mUrtine ja khyAla Ape che, arthAta prabhAsakhaMDa vastrApathotranI racanA pUrve neminAthaulya giranAra upara hatuM. jainenuM e tIrtha e rIte tarI Ave che. nemina tha tIrthakaranuM kaivalyasiddhinuM A sthAna jaio sAhityamAM puSkaLa rIte prathita thayeluM che. vividhatIrthakalpamAM "ujajayaMta mahAtIrtha kahevAyuM che. 190 nuM vitaka tarIke paNa mAhAnya karavAmAM AvyuM che.191 saurASTramAM savizeSa dhyAna kheMcanAruM "zatruMjayatIrtha che, jene siddhikSetra paNa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. siddhi giri ane vimala giri' paNa e ja, ane enAM ekavIsa nAmamAM DhaMka' paNa eka kahyuM che 19bharukaccha-bhUgRkacchanA "azvAvadhatIrthanuM paNa tyAM sthapAyelA "zakunikAvihAra" ne kAraNe vizeSa mAhAnya che 19 vividhatIrtha kapamAM jeone coryAsI mahAtIrtha kahevAmAM AvyAM che teomAM gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchanAM tIrtha te zatrujya, ujajayaMta, kAzahada (amadAvAda jillAnA dasakroI tAluka nuM kAsIMdA'), nagara mahAsthAna (khaMbhAtanI uttare AveluM nagara), khaMgAragaDha (jUna gaDhane pahADa uparane jaina uparakeTa). buriNigrAma (jAmanagara jillAnuM 'AmaraNa'), prabhAsa, ajajAhara (dakSiNa sairASTramAM "Una" pAse ajAra, valabhI, siMhapura (sihora), dvAravatI (AjanI dvArakA'), bhRgupattana (bharca), staMbhatIrtha (khaMbhAta), rataMbhanaka (umareTha pAse thAmaNA'), zrIsthala (siddhapura), moDhera (moDherA), vAyaDa, kheDa kheDA-A tIrSasthAna jinaprabhasarie ne dhyAM che. 294 AmAMnA moTA bhAganAM meTAMnAnAM nagara hAIe vize yathAsthAna batAvAze. 6meTAM ane nAnAM nagara mahAbhArata ane AraMbhika purANomAM gujarAtanAM nagaro paikI kuzasthalIdvAravatI, prAyotiSapura ane bharukacchane nirdeza Ave che. gujarAtanI samIpanA pradezamAM AvelI mAhiSmatI nagarI paNa haiyenA saMbaMdhane laIne gujarAtanA saMdarbhamAM ullekhanIya gaNAya. mAhiSmatIH prAcInatAnI daSTie jovAmAM Ave te dhyAna kheMce tevI ati prAcIna nagarI "mAhiSmanI' kahI zakAya. atyAre ene bhUbhAga madhyapradezamAM gujarAtanI sarahada najIka AveluM che eTale mAtra saMbaMdha che. pANininA gaNapAThamAM 95 uklikhita thayelI A nagarImAM, mahAbhAratanA anuzAsanaparva

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11 muM]. prAcIna bhogelika ullekha [ 7 pramANe, haihayakulanA kArtavIrya sahastrArjunanuM rAjya hatuM ane tyAM ene "ratnAkaravatI" "sadIpA" ane "sAgara barA" kahI che. 196 arthAta e samudrapradeza sudhI, sattAnI dRSTie, pahecelI ane tethI khUba samRddha hatI. hakIkate, mAhiSmatInA rAjyanA anUpa" dezane uddezIne A vidhAna samajAya che. pAli-dI nikAyanA goviMdasutta mAM mAhissatine AvaMtya pradezanI rAjadhAnI kahI che197 e e ja rIte sImAvistAranuM sUcana kare che. narmadAtaTe "mahezvara" ane "mAMdhAtA" e be sthAnomAMthI ekane sthAne prAcIna "mAhiSmatI hovAnuM mAnavAmAM Ave che.198 kuzasthalI-dvAravatI-dvArakA: zAyaMtanI rAjadhAnI kuthasthalI verAna thatAM yAdavee ene jIrNa durga samarAvI enuM dvAravatI-dvArakA tarIke navanirmANa karyuM. 199 vizeSamAM eTaluM ke A nagarIne mahAbhAratamAM bhinna bhinna sthaLe Anartanagara" "Anartapura" paNa kahevAmAM Avela che.200 dvAravatI' ane 'dvArakA' eka ja nagaranA nAma tarIke mahAbhAratamAM sarakhI rIte maLe che. AdiparvamAM arjunavanavAsanAmaka peTAparvamAM jaNAvyA pramANe aparAMtanAM tIrthonI yAtrA karI arjuna pazcima samutaTe prabhAsa vibhAgamAM pahoMcyo. arjuna prabhAsamAM jaI pahoMcyAnuM jANatAM zrIkRSNa ajJAta rIte arjunane maLavA gayA. baMne prabhAsamAM vihAra karyA pachI vitaka giri upara gayA. zrIkRSNa pahelethI ja sUcanA ApelI eTale sevake e raivataka girine zaNagAryo hate ane bhojananI paNa taiyArI rAkhI hatI. tyAM rAtri vitAvI tyAMthI ratha dvArA 'dvArakA gayA. arjunane jovA dvArakAvAsIo" AvyA. raivataka giri upara moTA utsava UjavAyo tyAre zrIkRSaNanI nAnI bahena subhadrA giripUjana mATe AvI, giripUjana karI, girine pradakSiNA karI dvArakA tarapha jatI hatI tyAM AvI ajuna enuM haraNa karI gayo tyAre buma pADatA cokIdAro dvArakAmA phariyAda karavA doDI gayA, vagere. A ullekho spaSTataH dvArakA-revatakanuM sAmIpya sUcave che. sauptika parvamAM kahyA mujaba azvatthAmAM thoDo samaya dvArakAmAM rahyo hato.202 mausalaparvamAM e ja dvArakAne samudra DubADI dIdhAnuM kahyuM che. 207 AraMbhika aitihAsika kAlanI dvArakAnI vasAhatanA viSayamAM viSNupurANa ane bhAgavatanA temaja jaina Agama graMthenA ullekhane zaMkAnI keTimAM mUkIe, paraMtu perilIna lekhaka (I. sa. 70 AsapAsa) kacchanA akhAtane barAke(Barake)nA akhAta" tarIke noMdhe che, ane emAM sAta beTa hevAnuM kahe che, jyAre telemI (I. sa. 150 AsapAsa)e potAnI pravAsanoMdhamAM ene

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378 ] , itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ . kaMDIne akhAta" kahyo che ane barAkene emAMnA eka beTa tarIke batAvyo che. 203mAM Aje paNa karachanA dakSiNa bhAge enA samudrakAMThAne pradeza "kaMThI ja kahevAya che. periplasanA lekhakanA ane temanA barAke zabdathI spaSTa rIte AjanI dvArakAne bhUbhAga kahI zakAya. AjanI dvArakAnI pazcima bAju samudra che ane bAkInI traNa bAju nIcANavALo pradeza che ene kAraNe telemIe beTa kahyo hoya. A pachIne ullekha gAralakavaMzanA "kaprasavaNamAM rahI dAnazAsana karatA rAjavIne che. saurASTranA e sAmatarAjA gArulaka varAhadAsa bIjAe dvArakA potAnA bAhubaLathI prApta karI ene ravAnA thayAne (I. sa. 149 AsapAsa) nirdeza,204 zaMbhuprasAda ha. desAI mAnavA lalacAya che tema, e mUdvArakAno sattAdhArI nahi, paraMtu AjanI dvArakAne sattAdhArI hovAnI sAkha pUre che. traNa saikAmAM te Ada zaMkarAcAryane hAthe AjanI dvArakAmAM "zAradApITha'nI sthApanA thAya che.205 ane AjanI dvArakA najIkanA bhUlavAsara nAmanA gAmanA taLAvane kaThethI maLelA, kArdamaka mahAkSatrapa svAmI rudrasenanA samayanA I. sa. 310-11 nA pALiyAnA lekhathI 206 e pradeza upara kSatraponI sattA heIe pradeza aMdhArAmAM nahoto ema kahI zakAya. jena uttarakAlIna sAdhanomAM prabhAvakacaritakAra prabhAcaMdra bappabhadisaricarita' ApatAM kahe che ke Ama nAme rAjA raivataka upara neminAthanuM pUjana karI, tyAM dAdara hari(dAmodara kuMDa uparanA zrIkRSNa dAmodara)nuM arcana karI piMDatAraka gayA. tyAMthI mAdhavadeva (zaMkhoddhAra najIkanuM keAI devasthAna lAge che, seraThamAMnA mAdhavapura-gheDanuM mAdhavarAyajInuM maMdira piMDatAraka' pachI zaMkhoddhAra jatAM nathI AvatuM.), zaMkhoddhAra beTa) ane dvArakAmAM kRSNamUrtine praNAma karI Ama rAjA tyAMthI semezvarapura-prabhAsapATaNa gayA. tyAM zrI somanAthanuM pUjana karyuM."207 ahIM vacce "zaMkhoddhAra" na hoya te "piMDatAraka gIranuM prAcItIrtha, tyAMnA zrI mAdhavadeva, ane tyAMthI mULadvArakAnA zrIkRSNanAM darzana pachI somezvarapuramAM AvyA ema kahI zakAya, paraMtu prabhAsa pAse "zaMkhe dvAra" tIrtha jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. vividhatIrthakalpamAM caryAzI tIrthomAM gaNavelI dvAravatI paNa AjanI dvAcchA che.208 ema kahI zakAya ke Isa.nA AraMbhanA samayathI A bAjunA ullekha dvArakAnuM sthAna AjanI dvArakAne keMdramAM rAkhIne thayA samajAya che. e pUrvenA ullekha sarvAze nirNayAbhaka kahI zakAya nahi. A viSayamAM nirNayAtmaka sthiti che tyAre ja lAvI zakAya ke bhUstarIya temaja purAvazeSIya pramANe spaSTa rUpamAM prApta thAya. e vastu siddha thavA chatAM paNa dvArakA te samudramAM DUbI gayelI hoI enuM bhUtala to

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11 su] prAcIna bhaugAlika ullekhA [ 33* aprApya ja rahevAnuM. najIkamAM nIkaLanArA avazeSa e pradezamAM leAkAnI avarajavara ane anya vasAhateA keTalI jUnI hatI eTalI sAkha Ape. prAntyAtiSa : dhAravatInA saMbaMdhamAM eka khIjuM nagara AveluM jovA maLe che te 'prAjhyAtiSapura' che. mahAbhAratanA sabhApa mAM jovAmAM Ave che ke jyAre zrIkRSNe narakAsuranA prAjhyotiSapura gayA hatA tyAre zizupAle pAchaLathI AvI dbAravatI upara caDAI karIne ene saLagAvI mUkI hatI evuM rAjAo samakSa kahevAnuM zrIkRSNanA mukhamAM mukAyuM che.209 sabhAparvamAM ja rAjayayajJanI taiyArIne TAMkaNe arjunanA uttara dizAnA digvijayamAM kuiM, Anata, kAlakUTa, sakaladvIpa (pAThAMtara H zAkala='ziyAlakoTa' paMjAbanuM) ane sAta dvIpe| upara vijaya meLavI bhagadattanI rAjadhAnI prAyetiSa sudhI pahoMcyA hatA. tyAM enI upara vijaya meLavI uttaramAM aMtagiri' bahirgIri ane upagiri'nA pradezanA rAjAone jItyA.210 Ama arjunane A vijaya uttara dizAnA pradezanA hatA; emAM 'Ana' kahyu che tethI dvArakA jenI rAjadhAnI che te Ana nahi, ane 'prAyeAti' paNa e rIte uttaranA pradezamAM AveluM kahevu' joI e, bhagadattanI sAthenA mukAbalAmAM karAtA ane cInAe uparAMta sAgarApavAsIonI sahAya hatI ema tyAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che. pahelI e jAteA te uttaramAM hatI, paraMtu sAgara rUpavAsIone kayAMnA kahevA ? udyogaparvamAM yAnasaMdhi-peTAparvamAM 'prAjhyAtiSadu'211 ane enA rAjA narakAsura-bhaumAsura kahevAmAM AvyA che ane zrIkRSNe e narakAsura ane enA sahAyaka murane haNyAnuM pa tyAM kahyuM che.212 pachI te bhAratayuddhamAM arjune bhagadattaneA vadha karyAM hatA.213 bhagadatta pachI eneA putra vadatta rAnta thayeA. jyAre bhAratavijaya pachI yudhiSThiranA azvamedhayajJa mATenA azva prAjhyAtiSapura gayA tyAre azvanuM haraNa karI laI jatAM vatta sAthe yuddha karavu paDayu hatu;214 enA upara vijaya meLavI arjuna saiMdhA sAthe laDavA gayeA hateA.215 ahI` 'prAcaiAtiSadurgA' ane 'prAyeAtiSapura'e beu, hakIkate, ekarUpa che. uparanA baMne prasa MgeAmAM e nagara uttara dizAmAM hAI zake, kAraNa ke uttaranA pradezamAMthI vaLatAM saiMdhavA upara AvI zakAya. paraMtu ahIM sabhAparvane eka nirdeza kAMIka khIjI vAta kare che: jyAM zrIkRSNa yudhiSThirane emane sahAya kare tevA rAjAone khyAla Ape che temAM bhagadatta vize kahetAM 'tamArA pitAnI jema tamArAmAM snehe baMdhAyelA ane tamArAmAM bhaktivALA bhagadatta rAjA pazcima dizAmAM pRthvInA dakSiNa bhAganuM rakSaNa karI rahyo che' ema kahe che.211

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340] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. rAmAyaNanA kikiMdhAkAMDamAM, harivaMzanA bhaviSyaparvanA prakSiptazamAM ane matsyapurANamAM "varaha' parvatanI najIka narakanI rAjadhAnI prAtiSane nirdeza thayele maLe che.2 17 kikiMdhAkAMDa pazcimanA dezone khyAla ApatAM Ane samAveza kare che ke jemAM "surASTra bAlIka "zarAbhIra vagere deza zarUAtamAM sUcavAyA che. 258 e kharuM che ke kAlikApurANa je pra tiSanI vAta kare che te AsAmanuM che,219 paNa kAlikApurANa karatAM pUrvanA graMthanuM pramANya vadhu kahI zakAya. e saMbhavita che ke AsAmamAM paNa pAchaLathI prAtiSapuranI navI vasAhata astitvamAM AvI hoya ane paheluM bhulAI jatAM moDenAM purANamAM AsAmanuM ullikhita thayuM che. tethI ja sAmAnya rIte vidvAna AsAmamAM AjanA gohInA sthAna upara e hevAnuM kahe che.220 uparanA bhinna bhinna nirdezane khyAlamAM letAM ApaNane traNa prAtiSapurI maLe che : eka uttaranuM, bIjuM pazcimanuM ane trIjuM pUrvanuM. jude jude samaye AvAM eka ja nAma dharAvatAM traNa nagara astitvamAM hoya te emAM Azcarya jevuM nathI. AmAM sabhAparvane nirdeza bhagadattane pazcima dizAne rakSaka kahete heI ane kirkiMdhAkAMDane nirdeza ene baLa Apato hoI arjunanA digvijayavALe nirdeza zithila banI rahe che. ucca vivecananA siddhAMta vicAratAM sabhAparvamAM cAra dizAonA vijayanA sADAsAta adhyAya ane evA ja prakAranA, rAjasUyayane aMte upAyana arpavA AvelA bhinna bhinna dezanA lokene lagatA be adhyAya, upAkhyAnanI jema, pAchaLathI umerAyelA kahI zakAya ema che. harivaMzanA pramANita bhAganuM darzana karatAM mAlUma paDI Ave che ke hArane je dAna vigha karatA hatA teomAM naraka nAmane dAnava paNa eka hatA. prAtiSapurane e rAjA sAgara upara prabhutva dharAvato hato ane bhAre upadrava karyA karatA hatA, zrIkRSNa enA pradeza upara caDAI karIne ene vadha karyo,221 ane e sAgaranA madhyamAM.22 Ama dvAravatIthI bahu dUra nahi tevuM sthAna ane e sthAnane samudra sAthe nikaTatAne saMbaMdha dhyAna kheMce che. DilararAya mAMkaDe sUcana karyuM che ke prAtiSapura pazcima saurASTramAM gepanA DuMgara pAse-atyAre jyAM guptakAlanuM prAcIna devAlaya ubhuM che te sthAnanA paTa upara-hatuM; vI. bI. AThavalee paNa e bAja dhyAna kheMcyuM che. 23 udyogaparvamAM pra tiSadurga" kahela che224 eTale e koi parvatIya dura hovAnI saMbhAvanA che. AvuM sthAna pazcima saurASTramAM zodhavA jaIe to kAMto ujajayaMtAgiranAra)nI taLeTIne "ugrasenadurga" (vividhatIrthakalpamAne "ugresehagaDha

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11 muja ] prAcIna bhaugelika ulee phakta aMgAragaDha' judugara, revaMtagirirAmAM "usaNa gaDha- dugu 225=uparakoTa) hoya athavA baraDA DuMgaranI uttara bAjunI, veNu ane AbhaparAnAM zikharanI taLeTImAMnI, saidhanI "bhUtAMbilikA-bhUtAMbilI" ("bhUlI"-dhUmalI")ne durgaheya. bhUmalI-dhUmalI' nAmamAM kSaharAta kSatrapa bhUmaka-dhUmakane saMbaMdha hovAnI DolararAya mAMkaDe saMbhAvanA karI che, 22 paraMtu bhUmake ahIM sudhI AvI A nagarI navI vasAvyAne kaI khulAso maLato nathI, jyAre bIjI bAju bhUtAMbilikA-bhUtAMbilI" jevA arthahIna asaMbhavita zabdane badale saM. maunapadijAnA (pra. momaryAdagA>momusi>moDhA evA svAbhAvika) vikAsa dvArA "bhUmalI" AvavAnI saraLatA vadhu che. bezaka, pAchaLathI lekamAM "dhUmalI nAma kema pracalita thaI gayuM ene khulAso maLato nathI; hakIkate, ghumalI nAma adyApi jUnAM sAdhanAmAM aMkita thayeluM jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. narakAsuranI mAtAnuM nAma bhUmi heI enuM bIjuM nAma maumAkura paNa jANItuM hatuM.227 saMbhava che ke narakAsuranA vArase tyAMthI uchinna thaI gayA pachI e prAyotiSa" pAchaLathI lokomAM bhamapaliA' tarIke vyApaka banyuM hoya. ene samudrane saMbaMdha kahyo che. Aje samudra jarUra dUra che vIseka ki. mI. jeTale, paraMtu pazcimamAM caudeka ki. mI. upara kIMdarakheDAnI pazcime nIcANane pradeza che tyAM samudra hovAnAM spaSTa nizAna che, eTale zrIkRSNa samudayuddhamAM narakAsurane mAryo hoya to e saMbhavI zake ema che. " prAtiSa mAM prAruM e pUva padane artha saMskRta pramANe "pUrva" thatA heI A nagara pUrvanA deza(arthAta AsAma)nuM hovAnI sarvasAmAnya mAnyatA che, paraMtu bI. ke. karIe e zabdane saMskRta bhASAnA mULano na hatAM oNsTrikamULane kahyo che ane eno artha pagara-juha (je)-tika(ca)" evuM mULa batAvI "atiparvatavALA pradeza" e sUcavyo che. 28 Ama hoya to e "pUrvanA dezanuM prathama hatuM e muddo naSTa thAya. "surASTra paNa prAcIna kALamAM "Aryetara deza" hato eTale osTrikamULanA zabdavALuM nAma pAchaLathI saMskRtayugamAM saMskRtIkaraNa pAmI gayuM hoya to e asaMbhavita na kahI zakAya. Ane sAce ukela te ghUmalInAM khaMDiyerenI nIcenA talabhAgamAM vyavasthita rIte ukhanana thAya tyAre maLI zake. tyAMsudhI, keI viziSTa pramANene abhAve, siddha nirNaya zakya nathI. bharukacchaH gujarAtanI prAcIna bhUmi sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA "bhAraka* bharuka7' zabdo maLe che. AmAMne "bhArukaccha e dezanAma ane emAM AveluM

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.342 itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [.. mukhya nagara te 'bharuccha' evA ukela meLavavAmAM AvyA che. mahAbhAratanA sabhAparva'mAM sahadeva dakSiNa dizAnA deza upara digvijaya kare che temAM, te jaI te mukAma karyAM hoya te rIte, 'bharu'tA nirdeza karyAM che, je 'nagara' hoya ema lAge che.229 AnI pUrve rAmA' ('rezama') nagarI kahI che e ene baLa pUre che. sabhAparvamAM rAjasUya-yajJane aMte upAyanAvALA prasaMge 'bharucchanivAsIo'nA ullekha thayelA che230 te e dhIkatA baMdUrI nagaranA upalakSyamAM kahI zakAya tema samRddha dezavizeSa paNa kahI zakAya. jAtA 'bharuka'nA nirdeza kare che.231 bauddho ane jaitAnuM e eka viziSTa sthAna hatuM. I. pU. pa mI sadImAM tyAM avaMtinA rAjA pradyotanI sattA hatI; I.sa.nA AraMbhamAM nabhAvAhana (saMbhavata: kSaharAta kSatrapa 'nahapAna') tyAM rAjya karatA hatA.272 jaitAnu azvAvaodhatIrtha -zakunikAvihAratI paNa A nagaramAM hatuM. paurANika nirdezAmAM dezanAma tarIkenA 'bharukacchanA nirdeza matsyapurANamAM che;233 khIjAM purANA mAM pachI pAThabheda che.234 jaina cUrNie 'bharukaccha' kahe che; AvazyakasUtranI cUrNikAmAM ene 'AhAra' (hIvaTI eka ekama) paNa kahela che.235 Abhilekhika nirdezAmAM koI saMgamasiMhanA I. sa. 540-541 nA dAnazAsanamAM nagara tarIke,236 maitrakavaMzanA dharasena 4 thAnAM I.sa. 648 nAM be dAnazAsaneAmAM te vijayachAvaNInA sthAna tarIke, 2 37 gurjaranRpativaMzanA 66 2 jA(prazAMtava)nA I. sa. 629 nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa sthAnavizeSa tarIke,238 enAM banAvaTI nIkaLelAM traNa dAnazAsaneAmAM tyAM vijayachAvaNI hatI e rIte,ra 238a tA rASTrakrUvaMzanA goviMdanA I. sa. 827 nA dAnazAsanamAM nagara tarIke239 ullekha thayelA maLe che. kathAsaritsAgara I. sa. nI 1 lI sadInA thAnA AdhAre 10 mI sadImAM lakhAyelA graMtha che temAM paNa 'bharukaccha'nA nagara tarIke ullekha thayelA che.240 mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvanA prakSipta aMzamAM 'bhRgRkaccha' nAMdhAyuM che tyAM e bhAgavAnI vasAhata thayAne kAraNe thayelu` rUpAMtara mAtra che.241 bhAgavatapurANamAM narmadAnA uttara dizAnA kAMThA upara bhRguoe 'bhRgukaccha' nAmanA sthAnamAM balirAjA pAse azvamedha yajJA karAvyAnuM jovA maLe che,242 e bhRgukulanA brAhmaNeAnA tyAMnA nivAsanA khyAla Ape che. skaMdapurANu te pachI bhRgu RSie zrI'nAmanA kSetramAM 'naMdana vatsaranA mAdhanI paMcamIe revAnA uttara taTe eka kAza pramANanu kSetra bhRgukacchanagara' vasAvyAnuM tAMdhe che.243rAjazekhara enI kAvyamImAMsAmAM 'bhRgukaccha' zabda tarIke teAMdhe che, paraMtu tyAM e

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11] ' prAcIna bhogolika ulee 343 ene janapada tarIke ullekha kare che. 244 purANamAM e sthaLane "bhRgu tIrtha" paNa kahyuM che.245 videzIoe sUcavelAM nAmamAM piriplasanA lekhake bArIgAjhA (Barygaza) tarIke akhAtanuM ane narmadAnA mukha upara AvelA baMdaranuM, tolemIe paNa e ja nAma, bAe baragesA' (Bargosa), araba musApharee anukrame "barIjha (Baraus), "barusa"( Barus), "basI' (Barusi) "baruha (Barah), ane abIrUnAe "lAra dezamAM biharaja" (Bihroj) ApyuM che te bharuka saMjJAnI vikRtio mAtra che. 41 yuana ge ApeluM pi-laka-che-po" paNa "bharukacchanuM cInI uccAraNa mAtra che.247 jaina prabaMdhAdi sAhityamAM prabhAvakacarita tyAMnA kSetrane uddezI "bhRgukSetra tarIke AryakhapurAcArya ane vijayasiMharinI yAtrAnA saMdarbhamAM kahe che,248 jyAre nagara tarIke vAdidevasarinA kaNa nAmanA brAhmaNa sAthenA vAdamAM vijayanA prasaMge ullekha kare che;249 A chellAmAM samagra kSetra paNa kahI zakAya. A graMthamAM sAdA bhRgupura' tarIke paNa "vijayasiMharinA caritamAM traNa vAra kahyuM che. 250 bAkI to kAlasari, pAdaliptAcArya, vijayasiMhasUri, vRddhavAdisUri, mallavAdisUri, maheMdrasUri, vAdidevasUri ane hemacaMdrasUrinAM carita ApatAM "bhRgukaccha saMjJA ja prayojI che, jemAM be sthaLe bhRgukacchapura" kahela che. 251 vividha tIrtha ka5 muni suvratanA derAsara vize, azvAvabodhatIrtha vize, ane dhanezvara nAmanA nagama vize kahetAM prA. mArajI (saM. maravarainuM rUpAMtara) evo nagaranAmanirdeza kare che,252 jyAre pratiSThAnapattanaka95mAM, "caturazItimahAtIrtha nAmasaMgrahakalpamAM ane " kuMDagezvaranAbheyadevakalpa mAM ( zakunikAvihAranA saMdarbhamAM) saM. mRguvache saMsAne prayoga thayo batAve che.253 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM devAcAryaprabaMdhamAM vIranAra zeTha "bhRgukaccha gayAnuM, kumArapAlIkAritAbhAriprabaMdhamAM maMtrI vADmaTane uddezI hemacaMdrAcAryanI uktimAM bhRgukacchanA gamananuM, ane "vastupAla-tejapAlaprabaMdhamAM muni suvratanAthanI pratiSThA karAvanAra bAlahaMsasUrinA prasaMgamAM 'bhRgukaccha" sthAnanuM kahe che, 54 jyAre bIjAM aneka sthaLee "bhRgupura kahyuM che. 251 prabaMdhakAre AryakhapuTAcAryanA saMdarbhamAM 'bhRgukaccha, mallavAdisarinA prasaMgamAM 'bhRgukSetra', ane AryakhapurAcAryanA saMdarbhamAM bIje vakhate ane pAdaliptAcAryanA kathAnakamAM badhe "bhRgupura' e ulekha karyo che. 251 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM AmrabharanA prasaMge ane varatupAlane

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44] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA taMbhatIrthamAM saiyada nAmanA nAvika sAthe thayelA vigrahamAM bhRgupurathI mahAsAdhanika zaMkhane belAvI lAvavAnA prasaMge-beu prasaMge bhRgupura" ja maLe che.257 gujarAta-saurASTranAM nagaramAM bharukaccha-pachI moDethI "bhRgukacacha e. ThIka ThIka prAcIna kahI zakAya evuM che. haihayenA saMbaMdhane kAraNe pachI emanA purohito "bhRguono e nagaramAM vAsa thatAM emanA viSayamAM purANamAM aneka anukRtio noMdhAyelI che. mULamAM to e pANIvALA pradeza-narmadAnA samRdra pradezamAM vaseluM nagarasthAna che. maha zabda prAkRta kezamAM eka anArya deza ane enA vAsIo mATe noMdhAyela che. 258 te saMskRta kezamAM pati, svAmI, ziva, viSNu, sonuM, samudra evA artha Apato batAvAyo che.259 svarUpe e koI sthAnika ati prAcIna belIne dezI zabda heya e asaMbhavita nathI. saM. mAjI pracalita banyA pachI ne lagatuM' e arthamAM "mAdAI thatAM pachI pAchale zabda dezavAcaka banyo. AraMbhika purANe pachInA sAhityamAM temaja abhilekhomAM gujarAtanAM aneka moTAM nAnAM nagaranA ullekha Ave che. ahIM aitihAsika kAlanA AraMbhathI solaMkIkAlanA aMta sudhInAM moTAM nAnAM nagaronI samIkSA karIe. girinagaraH A AraMbhika etihAsika kAlamAM Urjayata(giranAra)nI najIka nagara tarIke mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA I. sa. 150nA jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM,60 enA putra dAmajadathI 1 lA ke rudrasiMha 1 lA(I.sa. 181-197)nA jUnAgaDha-bAvAyArAnA maThamAMnA lekhamAM, ane mAtra "nagara tarIke kaMdaguptanA samayanA I.sa. 457nA jUnAgaDha zolekhamAM ulikhita thayela maLe che.26a mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa ane purANomAM e kyAMya ullikhita nathI. apavAda mAtra harivaMzane ane e paNa enA prakSipta aMzane che, jyAM madhu daitye IvAkuvaMzIya pitAnA jamAIharyazvane Anarta-surASTrane vijya bakSisa Apyo tyAre eka girivara pAse "giripura enA nivAsa mATe AyAnuM kahyuM che. 12 harya ja e AbAda karyuM ema paNa kahyuM che. 23 prakSepakAranA manamAM, saMbhava che ke, potAnA samayamAM AbAda heya tevuM yA naSTa thaI cUkeluM nagara haze, jene eNe anukULatA khAtara "giripura' kahyuM. game te he, skaMdaguptanA samayamAM to e AbAda hatuM, je AbAdI mauryakAlanA AraMbhathI te nizcita ja kahI zakAya.24

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11 su prAcIna bhogAlika ullekhe ( 345 girinaganuM astitva I. sa. 76 sudhI teA pakaDI zakAya che. girinagarathI AvelA brAhmaNAne ApelAM dAnAne lagatAM dAnazAsanAmAM nivinita zabda sUcavAyela che. evAM dAnazAsana te dhruvasena 2 jAnu I. sa. 631nuM, zIlAditya 3 jAnAM I. sa. 664, 665, 676 nAM, ane rASTrakUTavAMzanA jayabhaTa 3 jAnuM I. sa. 706 nuM.215 AvazyakatranI cUrNimAM agnipUjaka vaNikanA agnisaMtapaNuM kAmAM akasmAta 'girinagara' saLagI nAza pAmyAnu 266 ane girinagaranI traNa navaprasUtA strIone ujjata giri uparathI uThAvI pArasaskUlanA kinAre cArAe vecI dIdhAnuM 267 lakhyuM che. sUtrakRtAMganI zIlAcAryanI TIkAmAM nirdiSTa eka hAlaraDAmAM bALakane 'giripattananA rAjA' kahI chAneA rAkhavAnu 268 ane nAtAdharmakathAsUtramAM dvAravatIthI AvelA cAvacAputra aNagArane zailaka rAjAe zailakapura'mAM upadeza ApyAnuM 219 karyuM che. A pAlluM 'zaikSakapura' surASTra'mAM hatuM eTale e 'girinagara' hovAnI saMbhAvanA che. caMdragupta mauryanI pUrve enuM astitva keTalu jUtuM? pANininA gaNupAThamAM *girinagara' zabdanA ullekha thayelA che, e 'nirinara' na thAya evA uddeze.270 Ane svIkAravAmAM Ave te I. pU. 5mI - 6 ThThI sadI sudhI jaI zakAya. 'girinagara'. AjanA jUnAgaDhanA sthAna upara hatuM ke cheka giranAranI taLeTImAM ane/athavA suvaNaeN rekhAnA 'suda'na taTAka' pUruM thayA pachInA pazcima bhAge meu bAjunA taTA upara, e praznanA hajI sudhI ukela AvyeA nathI. A tA uparanA kheAdakAmamAM kSatrapakAlIna mRtpAtra maLyAM che enA uparathI vasAhatanA khyAla Ave. nadInA teAphAnane laI vasAhata bhayajanaka banatAM athavA te| ucchinna thaI jatAM, AgaLa upara pachI dakSiNabhAge uparakATanA killAnI pazcima ane dakSiNe DhALAvavALA UMcA bhAgamAM vasAhata khasI evuM eka samAdhAna meLavI zakAya ema che. (jue nIce 'ugrasenagaDha' ane 'tejalapura'.) vaLI giranAranA aMdaranA zarU thatA caDANu ane dAmeAdarakuMDa vaccenA bhavanAthanA maMdiravALA bhAgamAM asala girinagaranA cAkkasa bhAga haiAya; girinagara' nAza pAmatAM pahADane ja pachIthI 'giranAra' saMjJA maLI che emAM te zaMkAne sthAna nathI. praznoMdhaciMtAmaNimAMnA vaidyavAgbhaTaprabaMdha'mAM 'girinagaranA rAjA'tA, prasaMgavazAt jUnI vAta kahevAtI hAya te rIte, ullekha thayelA che,271 eTale merutuga( I. sa. 1305)nA samayamAM 'girinagara'nA astitvane prazna UbhA thatA nathI, kAraNa ke 8 mI-9 mI AsapAsa racAyAnI zakayatA che tevA skaMdapurANamAMnA prabhAsakhaMDanA vastrApathakSetramAM e vize sarvathA mauna sevavAmAM AvyuM che; e samaye 'vAmananagara' ('vAmanasthalI'vaMthalI ) AbAda thaI cUkeluM hatuM.

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ast j itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA ugrasenagaDha ane tejalapura H vividhatIrthaMkalpamAM tejalapuranI pU dizAe 'uggaseNugaDha' yugAdinAtha (RSabhadeva) vagerenAM dirAthI samRddha hAvAnu kahyuM che ane tyAM enI 'khaMgAragaDha' ane 'juSNaduggu' evI paryAya-sajJAe paNa kahI che; tyAM tejapAla maMtrIe 'girinara'nA talamAM peAtAnA nAmathI aMkita 'tejalapura' zreSTha gaDha, maThA, parA, madare, bagIyAthI ramya vasAvyuM; tyAM pitAnA nAmathI AsarAyavihAra' ane pArzvanAthanuM derAsara karAvyAM, mAtAnA nAma uparathI 'kumarasara' e nAmanu sareAvara banAvaDAvyu., tejalapuranI pUrve AvelA 'uggaseNugaDha'nI dakSiNe cArI-vedI-lADue rAkhavAnuM sthAna (?) ane pazuonA vADA vagere che, jyAre gaDhanI uttara dizAe vizALa stabhAvALI zALAthI zaiAbhIte daza-dazArhAnA maMDapa AvelA che, ane girinA dvArapradezamAM suvarNarekhA nadIne kAMThe paMcama hira ( vAsudeva ) dAmodara ( dAmeAdara kuMDa upara dakSiNa kAMThe AveluM saMbhavata: guptakAla-I. sa. 457nA cakrapAlitavALA madiranI tAbhUmi uparanA maMdiramAMnuM svarUpa che.272 raivaMtagirirAsumAM paNa ugrasenagaDha ane tejalapura gAmanA evA ja dizA-nirdeza thayelA che, tejalapura tejapAle vasAvyu' e rIte.277 prAdhakAzamAM tejapAle e 'kha'gAradu'mAM hatA tyAre bhUmi joI 'tejalapura' satra-udyAnA-para-jinagRhe| vagerethI ramya svarUpanu vasAvyu', 'tejalapura'te pharatA paththaranA UMcA koTa banAvaDAvyA, evu kahyu che 274 vastupAlanA dilhInA yajamAna zAha pUnaDe lAkaDAnI pAMca pATa ApI teomAMnI eka pATa tejalapuramAM pArzvanAthanA derAsaramAM rAkhyAnuM paNa noMdhyuM che.275 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM te tejapAle karI 'tejalapura' AvyAnu, 'kumAradevIsara'mAM snAna karI pAte karAvelA pArzvanAthacaityamAM mahimA karI, parvata upara javA taiyAra thayAnuM kahI, pachI 'tejalapura'mAM pauSadhAgAra-'kumarasara' sAthenuM devAlaya karyAMnu nAMdhyuM che,276 .. " vividhatIrthaMkape te ' tejalapura ' ane . ugrasenagaDha 'nA sthAnanizcaya dizAopUka ApyA che. Aje girinA sukhadrAra upara 'suvarNarekhA'-seAnarekha nadIne dakSiNu kAMThe AvelA zrIdAmeAdara-hira (vAsudeva) pAMcamAnA thAna sivAyanAM anya koi te te nAme jANItAM nathI; khaMgAragaDhamAM ugrasene pUjelA AdinAtha(nuM derAsara) hovAnu paNa vividhatIrthaMkalpa kahe che. AmAMthI 'kumarasara'nuM sthAna AjanA jUnAgaDhanA pazcima bhAge jANItA parI taLAvanI bAjumAM hAvAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM che, 277 tejalapuranA nirNIya

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaulika ule t347 enI pUrva Avyo kahelA ugrasenagaDha-aMgAragaDha-judugga(saM. gUgayu)nA sthAnanA nirNayathI thaI zake. jUnAgaDhanA pUrva bhAge AvelA "uparakeTamAM jaina devAlayane kaI sagaDa maLyo nathI; saMbhava che ke badhuM naSTa thayuM hoya. derAsara be che te uparakoTa najIka jagamAla cokamAM che. enI pUrva dizAe AvelA "uparakoTa'ne "ugrasenagaDha' kahIe to "tejalapura" AjanA jUnAgaDhanA tala upara vasAvyuM hovAnuM saMbhave e asaMbhavita lAgatuM nathI. uparakoTanAM jANItAM nAma baMgAragaDha ane kuLadu (saM. nUrNa, pAchaLathI nIrNayu) barabara baMdha besI jAya che. e jUne gaDha pachIthI tejalapurane mATe prayukata thatAM killo' 'uparakoTa" kahevAya ane nagara ja jUno gaDha' kahevAyuM. ahIM noMdhavA jevuM to e che ke RdamAM je karmacantIne killA tarIke nirdeza zakya che te kadAca A hoya.277mAM evI koI prAcInatAnI paraMparAe ene "ugrasenagaDha', bhejarAja ugrasene karelA tarIke, kahevAmAM Avyo hoya. vAmananagara-vAmanasthalIH AjanA jUnAgaDha jillAmAM jUnAgaDhathI pazcime bAreka ki. mI. (ATha mAIla) upara ubeNa nadIne pUrva kAMThe AveluM vaMzaLI-soraTha jUnA samayamAM skaMdapurANamAM "vAmananagara tarIke noMdhAyeluM che; ene vastrApathakSetramAM enI pazcima sImAe kahevAmAM AvyuM che.277 tyAM seMdhAyelI anuzruti pramANe vAmana bhagavAna baline bAMdhI, nagara sthApI raivataka giri upara AvI vasyA hatA. enAM "vAmananagara" ane "vAmanapura ema beu prakAranAM nAma tyAM jovA maLe che, paraMtu nagaranAmanA mULanI svAbhAvikatA joItI hoya to vanasthalikA vadhu baMdha bese. "sthalI vahIvaTI vibhAga tarIke hevAno khyAla "vanarathalImAM hovAnI hariprasAda zAstrInI saMbhAvanA Ane baLa pUre che. 278 A gAmamAM prAcIna avazeSo keTalAka jaLavAI rahyA che; tyAM vAmana bhagavAnanuM maMdira paNa jaLavAyeluM che. jUnAgaDhanA cUDAsamAenuM e ghaNuM samaya sudhI pATanagara rahyuM hatuM. abhilekhamAM kumArapAlanA samayanA I. sa. 1146 nA mAMgaroLa-soraThanI soDhaLI vAvamAM sacavAyelA, saurASTranA nAyaka mUluka gRhilanA abhilekhamAM "vAmanasthalI' tarIke e sUcavAyeluM che.279 bhImadeva 2 jAnA surASTramaMDalanA "vAmanasthalImAM I. sa. 1210 mAM somarAjadeva zAsaka hevAnuM maLe che,280 te I. sa. 1290mAM tyAM sAraMgadeva vAghelAnI sattA nirUpAI che, jyAM "vAmanapura" nAma paNa apAyuM che;281 e "vAmanasthalI" upara vAghelA rAjA viradhavale pitAnA rAjyArohaNa pachI tarata ja caDAI karI haze evuM e abhilekhanA saMpAdaka dattAtreya bA. DisakaLa kare

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348] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (pra. nepyuM che. 282 vividhatIrthakalpamAM jovA maLatA "satyapurakalpa'mAM alAuddInanA nAnA bhAI ulUkhAnanI gujarAta-saurASTranI caDAImAM eNe vAmaNathalI"('vAmanarathalI)mAM jaI "maMDalika' rANAne daMDa ApI, sera mAM pitAnI ANa pravartAvyAnuM maLe che. 283 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM vastupAlanA eka prazaMsaka yazodharane vAmanarathalIne vAstavya kahyo che;284 viradhavale jyataladevInA bhAIe sAMgaNa ane cAmaDarAjane "vAmanasthalImAM mAryAnuM285 ane vAmanasthalIne vAstavya paMDita vIsala leliyANaka gAme gayAnuM kahyuM che. 28 prabaMdhakeza amaracaMdra kavinA prabaMdhamAM "vAmanasthalImAM samAditya nAmane kavi hevAnuM 86 uparAMta varatupAla ane varadhavala saurASTranA vijyamAM vAnasthalI AvyA hovAnuM ane taladevInA bhAI sAMgaNa ane cAmuMDarAja sAthe yuddha thatAM varadhavale e beune mAryA hovAnuM paNa noMdhyuM che, jene aMte viradhavale vaMthaLImAM praveza karyo che.287 unnata : "unnata' (unA)ne jUnAmAM jUne jANavAmAM Avela ullekha maitraka vaMzanA dharasena 2 jA nA I. sa. 571-72nA dAnazAsanamAM che. 288 emAM "unnata nivAsI brAhmaNane "aMtaratrA (pathaka)mAM AvelA zivapadraka vagere gAmanI sImamAMnI jamIne dAnamAM ApI kahI che. pachInA Abhilekhika ullekhomAM Ane "unnatadurga" paNa kahevAmAM Avela che. 289 prabaMdhanA ullekha jotAM prabhAvakacaritamAM eka "unnatANuM karI gAma kahyuM che,290 paraMtu ene zrIpattana" (aNahilapura pATaNa)nI pazcima dizAe nAnuM gAma kahyuM che, e uparanuM "unnata" sarvathA nathI. A AjanuM "UnA dakSiNa saurASTramAMnA jUnAgaDha jillAmAM macchuMdarI nadInA kAMThA upara AveluM che, ane enI dakSiNa dizAe pAMca ki.mI. (traNa mAIla) upara ajAra(3nnAra)nuM jaina maMdira ane tyAMthI dakSiNe delavADA ane gupta prayAganAM sthAna AvelAM che. "ajAra e kaI meTuM nagarasthAna nathI. tyAM vividhatIrthakalpamAM291 pArzvanAthanA maMdirasthAna tarIke nirdezAyelAM sthAnamAM thaMbhaNa (staMbhanaka) pachI ajAhara" "pavaranayara "devapaTTaNa e krama kahe che. tyAMnuM "ajAhara" e uparanuM "ajAra lAge che. UnA najIkanA delavADAne zakya ullekha prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM siddharAje khatama karelA saurASTrapati navaghaNa-kheMgAranI rANInA mukhamAM mukAyelA jUnI gujarAtInA dUhAomAM vivAra (delavADuM -delavADA) tarIke thayele che?9ra te kahI zakAya. "satyapuramaMDana-mahAvIra-utsAha nAmanI apabhraMza pavacanAmAM turuSkAe (athata mahamUda gajhanavIe) pazcima bhAratanAM

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha sthAna bhAMgyAM temAM DuM bhAMge tyAM sevavAravuM ane meda bhAMgyAM tera93 A gIra paMthakanuM delavADA ane somanAtha pATaNa che. nasipura : kane janA mahendrapAlanA samayanA cAlukya balavarmAnA UnAmAMthI prApta patarAMvALA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 893)mAM "nakSisapura-caturazItikA'nakSisapura-ceryAzIne ulekha thayela che. 294 e paragaNAnuM "jayapura gAma dAnamAM ApyuM che. ene uddeza "kaNavIrikA nadInA kAMThe AvelA taruNAditya nAmanA sUryamaMdiranI pUjA-arcanAne che. UnAmAMthI maLelAM, balavarmAnA anugAmI avanivarmA 2 jA nAM patarAMvALA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 900)mAM paNa95 e nalisapura-coryAzInuM "aMgullaka gAma e ja taruNAdityanA sUryamaMdira mATe apAyuM che. A coryAzI'-paragaNuM saurASTrAtaHpAtI hatuM ane cAlukya sAmaMtanAM A tAmrapatranA prAptisthAnane saMbaMdhe dakSiNa saurASTramAM AveluM hatuM ema kahI zakAya. Aje e nagara, kaNavIrikA nadI ke A coryAzInAM nirdiSTa gAmone sthaLanizcaya thaI zakato nathI. devapattana : atyAra sudhI maLatAM sAdhanAmAM Abhilekhaka nirdezonI daSTie solaMkI bhImadeva 2 jA nA samayanA (I. sa. 1216 nA varSanA) prabhAsapATaNanA "zrIdharanI devapATaNaprazasti' tarIke jANItA abhilekhane nirdeza jANavAmAM Avyo che. 296 zrIdhara nAmanA nAgarane devapattananA rakSaNanuM kAma bhImadeva 2 jA taraphathI soMpAyuM hovAnuM emAM lakhyuM che. A pachInA ullekhamAM arjunadeva vAghelAnA (I. sa. 1264 nA) verAvaLanI harasiddha mAtAnA maMdiranA abhilekhamAM "zrI somanAtha devapattana" tarIke, sAraMgadeva vAghelAnA samayanA piorTugIjha sindrAmAM laI javAyelA, devapadanaprazasti' tarIke jANItA, abhilekhamAM zrIdevapattana" tarIke, ane verAvaLanI harasiddha mAtAnA maMdiramAMnA (I. sa. 1246 nA) abhilekhamAM paNa zrIdevapattana" tarIke thayelA ullekha jANavAmAM AvyA che. ra97 prabhAvaka caritamAM semezvarapura ane somezvarapattanamAM Ama rAjA ane A. hemacaMdra potapotAnI yAtrAmAM gayAnuM kheMcyuM che298 te A devapattana' che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM299 "pattane prabhAsakSetramAM caMdraprabha ane semezvara zivanA saMdarbhamAM che te paNa A300 valabhImAMthI caMdraprabhanI mUrtinA sadarbhamAM zivapattanI saMjJA ApI che te paNa A; vividhatIrtha kalpamAM valabhIne bhaMga thaye valabhIthI caMdraprabhanI pratimA devapaTTaNamAM khaseDavAmAM AvI hatI ane tyAM bIjAM keTalAMka nagaranI jema pArzvanAthanI pratimA paNa hatI ema

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50] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. kahyuM che;301 purAtanabaMdhasaMgrahamAM kumArapAlanI devapattananI yAtrAmAM ane pachI bIjAM paNa traNa sthaLomAM devapattana" zabda jAya che; 302 A somanAtha pATaNane uddezIne ja; valabhIbhaMga prabaMdhamAM caMdraprabhanI pratimA zivapattanamAM gayAnuM kahyuM che e, "prabaMdhaciMtAmaNinI jema, ahIM maLe che. 03 Ama pattana" devapattana" devapaTTaNa" "zivapattane e cAre saMjJA eka ja nagara mATe vaparAyelI che. prabaMdhakezamAM paNa kumArapAlanI A. hemacaMdra sAthe devapattanamanA caMdraprabhane nimitte yAtrA, gauDadezanA harihara nAmanA paMDitanuM somezvaranA darzane "devapattanamAM gamana, siddharAja jayasiMhe bAra varSanA yuddhamAM traNa daravAjA toDI leDhAne AgaLa bhAMgI nAkhyo hato te devapattanamAM somanAthajInA prAMgaNamAM hevAnuM, ane varatupAle yAtrAmAM khaMgAradurga (jUnAgaDha) ane "devapattana" vageremAM dene karelA namaskAra-A vigato ApatAM devapattana" zabdane ja prayoga karyo che;304 bIjA paryAya jovA maLyA nathI. maMgalapuraH dakSiNa-saurASTramAM samudra-kinAre AvelA "maMgalapura' (mAMgaraLa-soraTha)ne atyAra sudhImAM jANavAmAM Avele jUnAmAM jUne ullekha talemIne che.305 "sirASTra" ("surASTra) -saMbhavita rIte "soraTha (lAsanane mate "jUnAgaDhanuM mULa sthAna)nI vAta karI pachI e "mona glesana'nI vAta kare che, jenA pachI "lArike" vize kahe che. A pachI to cheka selaMkIrAja kumArapAlanA samayanA, I. sa. 1146 nA, mAMgaroLanI DhaLI vAvamAM sacavAyelA, kumArapAlanA surASTranA pratinidhi zAsaka mUluka gRhilanA abhilekhamAM maMgalapura" tarIke ullekha thayela che.30 atyAre mAMgaroLa-seraTha ji. jUnAgaDhamAM mAMgaroLa tAlukAnuM mukhya baMdarI nagara enA prAcIna avazeSo mATe jANItuM che. ghAsaraka: saurASTramAM maitrakakAlamAM "ghAsaraka" nAmano eka pathaka hatA. zIlAditya 1lAnA I.sa. 605 nA dAnazAsanamAM ane 609nA dAnazAsanamAM A pathakane ullekha Ave che.307 A pathakanuM vaDuM mathaka "ghAsaraka" te hAla ghasArI" (moTI ane nAnI) tarIke jUnAgaDha jillAnA kezoda tAlukAmAM kezodathI dakSiNa pazcime ATha ki. mI. (pAMca mAIla) upara AveluM che. kauDinyapura: maitraka vaMzanA dharasena ra jAna (I.sa. pa73 nA) eka dAnazAsanamAM A nagarano ullekha thaye jANavAmAM Avyo che.308 e nAmanA peTAvibhAganuM e mathaka jaNAya che. enA ura paTTamAM AveluM 'kapatraka)

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe [351 gAma dAnamAM apAyeluM che. A dAnazAsananAM patarAM "baMTiyA (tA. vaMthaLI, ji. jUnAgaDha) gAmamAMthI maLyAM che e ja "bhaTTakapatra" ke "bhaTTapadra" hoya te kauDinyapura" atyAranuM "kutiyANA" hoya; to viSaya' tarIke AnI sImA dakSiNa saurASTramAM enA "dakSiNa paTTa'ne kAraNe "maMgalapura' lagabhaga pahoMcatI heya. kauDinyapurane dakSiNa saurASTranA gIravibhAgane cheDe AvelA koDInAra tarIke paNa kahevAno prayatna thaye che,309 paraMtu aMTiyAnA sAhacaryo eTale dUra javA jarUra jaNAtI nathI. kutiyANAnI sthAnika anuzruti paNa AnuM anudana kare che. 310A "kutiyANA tarIke jUnAgaDha jillAnA kutiyANA tAlukAnuM bhAdaranA uttara taTa upara AveluM vaDuM mathaka che. pauravelAkula: I.sa. 989nA Duka pradezanA zAsaka rANaka bASkaladevanA dAnazAsanamAM eNe dAnamAM ApelA karalI' gAmanI pazcima dizAe "khADI" upara "paura velAkula' kahyuM che te AjanA porabaMdara (ji. jUnAgaDha)ne uddezI. "velAkula" e baMdarane mATe saMskRta zabda che. valabhI: mitrakavaMzanA sthApaka bhaTArke "girinagarane rAjadhAnI na banAvatAM khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM AvelI "valabhIne rAjadhAnI banAvI, te nagarIne pANininA gaNapAThamAM bIjI nagarIo sAthe ullekha thayele heIe nagarI I.pU. 5 mI-6 ThThI sadImAM sArI rIte AbAda haze ema kahI zakAya. ene prApta thayela jUnAmAM jUne Abhilekhika ulekha te bhaTArkanA bIjA putra droNasiMhanA I. sa. 502 nA dAnaza sanano che,313 e dAnazAsana "valabhI'mAM rahIne ApavAmAM AveluM kahyuM che. pachI te "kaMdhAvAra (chAvaNI)nAM sthAne bAda karatAM maitraka rAjAonAM badhAM dAnazAsana sAmAnya rIte valabhImAM rahIne apAyAM che. valabhIne nAza kyAre thayo e viSayamAM carcAvicAraNuM ghaNI thaI che; saMgata rIte hariprasAda zAstrIe vi. saM. 845-I. sa. 788 ne samaya tAravI Apo che. 14 anumaitraka kAlamAM rASTrakUTa rAjA karka rajAnA I. sa.812 nA dAnazAsanamAM dAna lenAra bhAnubhaTTane valabhIthI nIkaLIne Avelo kahyo che, jene "aMkeTaka-caturazIti (akoTA coryAzI')nuM "vaTapadraka' (AjanuM vaDodarA zahera) gAma dAnamAM ApyuM hatuM.315 e ja rIte goviMda 4 thAnA I. sa. 818-19nAM devalImAMthI maLelAM patarAMnA dAnazAsanamAM paNa valabhImAMthI nIkaLIne AvelA brAhmaNane dAna ApavAmAM ApyuM kahyuM che, 16 eTale kahI zakAya ke nagarane sarvathA uccheda nahoto thayo; e bhAMgI paDayuM haze ane uttarottaranAnuM thatuM cAlyuM haze. e kharuM ke nAnI bacI

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35ra ] ItihAsana pUrvabhUmikA rahelI vasAhata AsapAsa khaMDiyera moTA vistAramAM paDyAM haze, je jayAM hevAnuM Isa. 1030mAM bhAratavarSamAM AvelA araba musAphara aljIrUnIe pitAnA pravAsagraMthamAM lakhyuM che.317 valabhI vize guNADhathanI bRhakathAne AdhAre, bhale moDethI, lakhAyelA somadevanA kathAsaritsAgaramAM jImUtavAhananI vAtamAM nirdeza maLe che. 18 dhArmika kSetre paNa maitrakakAla pahelAM e prasiddha hatuM. jaina dharmanA saMpradAyane lagatI praNAlikathAo valabhInI dharmapravRttine I. sa.nI 1 lI sadI sudhI laI jAya che. tyAM ja jainAgamanI bIjI vAcanA nAgArjune I. sa. 300-13nA arasAmAM siddha karI hatI, te devarkiMgaNi kSamAzramaNe mAthurI vAcanA ane nAgArjunavALI vAlabhI vAcanAnAM pAThAMtaronI tulanAtmaka vAcanA I. sa. 453-66 nA arasAmAM tyAM ja sAdhI hatI.319 bauddha AcArya guNamati ane sthiramatie pitAnI vikhyAta kRtio valabhI najIkanA vihAramAM rahI racI hatI.320 mitrakanuM zAsana zarU thatAM rAjadhAnInA A nagarano bhAre utkarSa thaye hate. cInI yAtrI yuana svAMge A nagaranI mulAkAta laI Azcarya anubhavyuM hatu,321 to I-siMge valabhInA vidyApIThane nAlaMdAnA vidyApIThanI haroLamAM hovAnuM kahyuM hatuM.22 jenA darzanamAM mahatvanA gaNAtA nayacakra' nAmanA graMthane racanAra malyavAdI valabhIno hate, te "rAvaNavadha" nAmanuM (vyAkaraNAtmaka) mahAkAvya racanAra bhadi kavi valabhImAM hato.323 daMDInA "dazakumAracarita'mAM valabhInA eka nAvikapatine kuberanA jevI samRddhivALe kahevAmAM Avyo che. 324 pANininA gaNapAThamAM gaNavelI nagarIomAMnI valabhInI jAherajalAlIne samaya pANininA samayathI laIe te e lAgalagATa paMdaraso varSa jeTale te saheje gaNAya. jaina prabaMdhoe valabhIne lagatA ullekha karyA che, temAM malavAdIne prasaMga prabhAvarita ane prabaMdhakeze che. 25 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi, vividhatIrtha. kalpa ane purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM mAravADathI valabhImAM AvI vaselA kAku vaNikane prasaMga ApI enA dvArA valabhIbhaMga thayAnuM kahyuM che 32 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM tathA vividhatIrthakalpamAM valabhIno bhaMga thavAmAM hato tyAre tyAMnA caMdraprabha(nI mUrti) prabhAsamAM ane vardhamAna vIranI pratimA zrImAlapuramAM gayAnuM nepyuM che.327 valabhInuM lAMbA samaya sudhI koI paNa svarUpamAM astitva hoya evo ulekha prabhAvakyaritamAM thayo che, jyAM A. hemacaMdra sAthe yAtrAe nIkaLe

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha [353 kumArapAla, ughADe page, daDamajala cAla valabhI najIka Avyo hato, jyAMthI prayANa karavAnI pUrve guru taraphanI bhaktinA upalakSyamAM zrI RSabhadeva ane pArzvanAthanI mUrtio sthApI emanA be prAsAda (derAsara) karAvyA hatA. 328 rAjapUtonI eka zAkhA ane jemAMthI eka zAkhA kAThIomAM gaI te "vALA' valabhInA maitrakonA avazeSa hovAnuM kahevAmAM Ave che. 29 emanA ja nAmathI vaLA-zihera vagerene gohilavADane pradeza jUnA samayathI "vAlAka kahevAya che.330 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNie siMhapura(sihora)ne "vAlAka dezanI durga (vikaTa)bhUmi'mAM AveluM karyuM che,331 to vividhatIrthakalpamAM "pAlitANaya' pAlItANA)ne "vAlakara (vAlAka) janapadamAM kahyuM che. 232 valabhI sAthe saMbaMdha hoya tevI jJAtiomAM "valyama (sudhArIne 7mI) brAhmaNa ane "vAlabha kAyastha" jANavAmAM che. AmAMthI vAlabha kAyasthIne ullekha "udayasuMdarIthAmAM ane amoghavarSa 1 lAnA saMjANavALa I. sa. 871 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayuM che. 233 hastaka95-hastika5-hastavapra-hastakavapra : uttarAdhyayanasUtranI nemicaMdranI vRttimAM evuM maLe che ke ThAravatInuM dahana thayA pachI balarAma ane zrIkRSNa tyAMthI pUrva tarapha nIkaLIne hastikalpa nagaramAM AvyA hatA; tyAMnA acchadaMta rAjAne harAvI pachI kesuM bAraNyamAM jaI pahoMcyA hatA.334 A nagara surASTramAM AveluM hatuM ane e vize jaina graMthamAM hastakalpa tarIke bIje paNa ullekha thaye che.334 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM ApelA aMbucIcapaprabaMdhamAM vidura brAhmaNaveze ane zrIkRSNa enA ziSyabaTuveze hatika95puramAM (kAne baherA) aMbucIca rAjA pAse gayA ane vidura mATe 16 gadiyANA ane zrIkRSNa mATe karoDa lakhAIne AvyAnA kathAnakamAM 335 hatikalpapura e A nagara samajAya che. dvArakAthI kasuMbAraNya jatAM vacce AvatuM "hastikalpa' e gohilavADanuM bahAtha lAge che. 331 e "haratavapra" ke hastakavapra' tarIke paNa oLakhAtuM 33perisanA lekhake "astapra' kahyuM che 337 te A "haratakavapra che. A haratavapra "AharaNa" tarIke mitravaMzanA koNasiMhanA dAnazAsana (I. sa. 502), dhruvasena 1lAnAM dAnazAsane (I. sa. para 5 thI 529 nAM) ane dharasena ra jAnA dAnazAsana (I. sa. 188)mAM ulikhita che. 338 ghuvasena 1 lAnAM be dAnazAsane (I.sa. parapa, pa29)mAM tathA dharasena 3 jAnA dAnazAsana(I.sa. 623)mAM ene nagara tarIke ullekha

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I4 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [.. thayelA che, 339 jyAre ene dharasena 3 jAnA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 623), uparAMta dharasena 4 thA (I: sa. 644) ane zIlAditya 3 jAnAM (I. sa. 664 nAM e) dAnazAsaneAmAM 'AhAra' tarIke nirdeza thayelA che. 340 bhAvanagara jillAmAM bhAvanagara tAlukAmAM, dheAdhAthI pazcima dizAmAM Azare naveka ki.mI. ( chaeka mAIla) upara, A gAma Avelu' che. pAdaliptapura-pAlItANA : saurASTranA gohilavADa-bhAvanagara jillAmAM zatruMjaya girinI taLeTImAM AvelA A prAcIna nagarane lagatA bhilekhika ullekha gAviMdarAja prabhUtavarSanA I. sa. 818-19 nA devalImAMthI maLelA dAnazAsanamAM pAlittAna'tarIke thayelA maLe che.340a savizeSa ullekha jaina prabadhAmAMnA che. prabhAvakacaritamAM pAdaliptasUrinuM carita ApatAM emanA ziSya siddha nAgArjunane prasaMga ApavAmAM AvyA che. rasanI siddhi prApta karanArA A nAgAju te vimalAdri(zatruMjaya)nI taLeTImAM gurunA nAmathI 'pAdaliptapura'nI sthApanA karI tyAM mahAvIra svAmInuM caitya kayu hAvAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che.341 prazna dhaciMtAmaNi amAtya vastupAle 'pAlitANuka'mAM vizAla pauSadhazALA karAvyAnu gAMdhI, pachI 'pAdaliptapura'mAM nAgArjune gurunI sevAnA phalasvarUpa 'gaganagAminI' vidyA meLavyAnu teAMdhyuM che.342 vividhatIrthaMkape 'vAla' (Ajane vAlAka) pradezamAM 'pAlittANuya' nagara hAvAnu kahI 'kaviSS' nAmanA grAmamahattaranu kathAnaka Apyu che;343 AgaLa jatAM 'pAlittayapura'mAM nAgArjuna pAdaliptAcAnI sevAmAM hAI pachI enuM paNa kathAnaka neAMdhyu che.344 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM vastupAle pAlItANuka' gayAnu' ane tyAM- pAdaliptapura'mAM lalitAdevInA zreya mATe sarovara karAvyAnuM ane 'pAdaliptapura'mAM nAgArjuna gurunI sevA karatA heAvAnuM ema traNa vAra baMdha karavAmAM AvI che.345 pramadhakAza tA nAgArjune 'pAdaliptapura' navuM vasAvyAnuM, neminAthanuM derAsara karAvyAnuM, vagere nAMdhI le che.346 siMhapura : AvazyakasUtranI niyuOktimAM tIrthaMkara zreyAMsanA janmasthAna tarIke 'siMhapura' kahevAmAM AvyuM che347 te vArAsI pAsenuM 'siMhapurI' mAnavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu sUtrakRtAMgasUtranI zIlAMkadevanI vRttimAM eka hAlaraDu uSkRta karavAmAM AvyuM che temAM 'na+-pura' 'hastakalpa' 'giripattana' 'kukSipura' 'pitAmahamukha' 'zauripura' e nagarA sAthe 'si Mhapura' paNa che348 te kadAca saurASTranuM hAI zake

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha [355 bauddhasAhityamAM siMhala-saMrakRtino AraMbha "lALa dezanA eka rAjaputranA AgamanathI kahevAmAM AvyuM che; anuzruti anusAra e rAjaputra siMhapuranA sthApaka siMhabAhu rAjAne putra hato.349 siMhapura" ane "lALa" kyAM e viSayamAM vidvAnomAM matabheda che. emAMnA eka mata anusAra e siMhapura saurASTranA pUrva bhAgamAM AveluM "sihera hovuM saMbhave che. saurASTranA bhAvanagara jillAnA sihora tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka "sihora gujarAtanA ItihAsamAM 'siMhapura tarIke jUnA samayathI jANItuM rahyuM che. mitraka rAjA dhruvasena 1 lAnAM I. sa. 525 tathA para8 nAM dAnazAsanamAM,35 dharasena 4thAnA I. sa. 645 nA dAnazAsanamAM ane zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 664nA dAnazAsanamAM 52 dAna lenAra brAhmaNonA nivAsasthAna tarIke siMhapurane ullekha thayela che. khaMbhAtanA ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAthanA derAsaranA I. sa. 1296 nA abhilekhamAM, arjunadeva vAghelAnA samayanA eka jaina gRhasthane "siMhapuravaMzajanmA" kahyo che enuM kuTuMba siMhapuramAMthI UtarI AvyAnuM kahI zakAya.353 prabaMdhomAM paNa siMhapura jovA maLe che. prabhAvacaritamAM siddharAja brAhmaNone "siMhapura" dAnamAM ApI zatruMjaya giri upara gayAnuM noMdhavAmAM AvyuM che,354 jyAre prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM paNa siddharAje vAlAka dezamAMnI durgabhUmimAM brAhmaNone "siMhapura" nAmane aprahAra" sthApyAnuM kahyuM che. 55 vividhatIrthakalpamAM se-gaNuM yAtrAphaLa maLe tevAM nagaromAM siMhapurane gaNAvyuM che, tyAM 84 tIrthomAM "siMhapuramAM vimalanAtha ane neminAthanAM derAsara kahevAmAM AvyAM che. 35 talAjA: sAmAnya rIte bahu jANavAmAM na AveluM 'talAjA-atyAre bhAvanagara jillAmAM taLAjA tAlukAmAM AveluM taLAjA-mahera rAjA jagamalanA I.sa. 1207nA dAnazAsanamAM jANavAmAM AvyuM che.357 jagamale "talAjA-mahAsthAnamAM pitAnAM mAtApitAnI smRtimAM be zivaliMgane nAma ApyAnuM tyAM kahyuM che. zetruMjI nadInA kAMThe AvelA harAsaNI gAmamAM(I. sa 1319)nA lekhamAM tAladhvaje kahyuM che te A taLAjA ja che. e "tAladhvajane vahIvaTa rAjA mahaSe Thapaka nAmane maherane soMpyo hato. 357mAM vividhatIrthakalpamAMnA zatrujyatIrtha kapamAM zatruMjayanAM ekavIsa nAmamAM eka tAladhvaja paNa che 58 te uparanuM 'talAjA" nathI. taLAjA enA mathALe AvelA pahADanI prAcIna guphAone mATe jANItuM che. zetruMjI nadI enI najIkamAMthI ja pasAra thAya che.

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56 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ ga. madhumatI-mulyAH saurASTramAM pUrva-dakSiNe bhAvanagara jillAnA mahuvA tAlukAnA mahuvA baMdaranuM jUnuM nAma "madhumatI' maLe che. maitrakavaMzanA zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 660 nA dAnazAsanamAM "surASTramAM madhumatIdhAre AvelA senagrAmane nirdeza thayo che. 359 A "madhumatI' te "mahuvA che. dazakumAracaritamAM madhumatInA sArthavAhane putra balabhadra madhumatIthI AvI valabhInA gRhaguptanI putrI ratnavatI sAthe paraNyA hovAnuM kahyuM che. 20 "madhumatI'mAM vi. saM. 108(I. sa. para)mAM jAvaDi nAmane dhanapati rahete hevAnuM vividha tIrthakalpamAM kahyuM che. purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahanA "vajasvAmikAritazatruddhAraprabaMdhamAM guru vajaravAma "madhumatInagarImAM AvyA temaNe madhumatImAM rahetA saurASTraka prAvATa bhAvaDa zeThanA putra javAne upadeza ApI enA dvArA zatrujya tIrthane uddhAra karAvyo hevAnuM kahyuM che, tyAM A nagarane "muhuyA paNa kahyuM che32 maMDalIH "maMDalIjhaMga' tarIke nAnA tAlukAnA prakArane sauthI jUne ulekha maitrakavaMzanA guhasenanA I. sa. pa64 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayela jevA maLe che. 363 bIjo ullekha zIlAditya 1 lAnA I. sa. 609 ane khagraha. 1 lAnA I. sa. 616 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayela che.364 maMDalIdaMga'nuM vaDuM mathaka maMDalI (hAlanuM mAMDala") saurASTramAM amarelI jillAnA rAjulA mahAlamAM rAjulAthI pUrve 16 ki. mI. (10 mAIla) ane bhAvanagara jillAnA mahuvA tAlukAnA mukhya mathaka mahuvAthI pazcime aMdAje vIseka ki. mI. (bAreka mAIla) upara AveluM che. bhadvapattana: e samayanA A koI mahatvanA lAgatA nagara pAse chAvaNI nAkhyA ullekha dharasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 71,588, 149, 589, ane yuvasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 638 nA, dAnazAsanamAM thayela che. 35 bhAvanagara jillAnA mahuvA tAlukAmAM mahuvAnI uttarapUrve sAteka ki. mI.(cAra mAIla) upara AveluM "bhAdareDa gAma purAtana che ane e A bhadrapattane hevAnI zakyatA che. bhAdareDa' mATe saMjJA UtarI AvavAne saM. zabda madrapAra joIe; paranA ane pATa ekAryavAcI hoI, mULamAM e madrapAra hoya, ane mapattana paNa kahevAtuM hoya. keTinagara: prabaMdhamAM "keTinagara tarIke je ulikhita thayuM che te dakSiNa saurASTranuM, amarelI jillAmAM mULadvArakA najIka AveluM "koDInAra samajAya che; e jUnAgaDha jillAnA suprasiddha prabhAsapATaNathI agnikeNe cALIseka

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11 ] prAcIna bhogolika ullekhe [357 ki.mI.(pacIseka mAIla) upara AveluM che. prabhAvakacaritamAM raivatakanAM aMbAdevInA saMdarbhamAM "keTinagaranA brAhmaNa samabhaTTanI kathA ApI che. e pachI solaMkI rAja kumArapAla A. hemacaMdra sAthe yAtrA kare giranAra-aMbAjInI yAtrA karI somezvarapattana-prabhAsapATaNa AvI tyAMthI "keTinagara mAM gayAnuM noMdhAyuM che. 367 somabhaTTanI vArtA nedhatAM vividhatIrthakalpamAM keDInAra evuM prAkRta nAma ja ApyuM che 68 ane purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM keDInArapura saMjJA ApI che. 369 moDethI dIvanA I. sa. 1336nA abhilekhamAM kaTinagara ja jovA maLe che. A kuberanagaraH gIrapaMthakanA AMbaLA gAma najIkathI maLelA jayadrathavaMzanA mahArAja ativarmAnA aMdAje I. sa. 722 nA dAnazAsanamAM judAM judAM gAmonI jamInanuM eka bhikSuvihAranA nibhAva mATe dAna ApavAnuM lakhyuM che temAM eka "kuberanagarane paNa nirdeza thayo che. 370 keDInAranuM nAma "kuberanagara hovAno kavacita abhiprAya thaye che, paNa A dAnazAsanamAMnAM gAmonI nikaTatAnI dRSTie e amarelI jillAnA dhArI tAlukAnuM "kUbaDA" hevAnI zakyatA vizeSa che. gAmUtrikA : aparasurASTrAmaMDala(pazcima saurASTra)nA seMdhava rAja aggaka 3 jAnA I. sa. 886-87nA dAnazAsanamAM kAryAyAtakaccha" viSayamAMnA gamUtrikA'nA brAhmaNane dAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che.371 A kAyayAtakaracha viSaya ke enA vaDA mathaka kAryAyAtane Aje patto lAgato nathI. gemUtrikA e gAMDaLa pAse AveluM gomaTA" hovAnI zakyatAnA baLa upara saMbhAvanA karI zakAya ke jetapura ane vIrapura vacce kAI naSTa thaI gayelI nadIne khajUrIovALa paTa IzAnathI vAyavya tarapha jato jovAmAM Ave che te eka samaye rasALa pradeza hoya ane tethI karacha saMjJAne pAtra banyo hoya. e viSayano vistAra te bhAdaranA uttara kAMThethI laI gAMDaLa sudhI saMbhavI zake. atyAre A rAjakoTa jillAnA gaMDaLa tAlukAne ane jetapura tAlukAne bhAga che. maitrakavaMzIya zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 691 nA dAnazAsanamAM "gomUtrikArathI nIkaLI AvI valabhImAM AvI vaselA brAhmaNane dAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che ema kahyuM che.372 A gemUitrakA'ne kahI zakAya te ullekha aparasurAmaMDalanA rAjA aggaka 3 jAnA I. sa. 886-87nA dAnazAsanane upara neLe che.373 gomaTA rAjakoTa jillAnA goMDaLa tAlukAmAM gAMDaLathI dakSiNe 12 ki. mI.(sADAsAta mAIla) upara AveluM che.

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kapaTa). ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA t. gomaMDalaH surASTramAM gamaSThalanagarane dhArA nAmane tera koDane AsAmI zrAvaka hato, je sAtaso ddhA, sAta putro ane teraso gADAM laI saMgha kADhI yAtrAe nIkaLyo hato, ema purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM lakhyuM che.374 navamI zatAbdInA bappabhaTTasUrine ene samakAlIna kahevAmAM AvyA che. prabaMdhane abhISTa gomaMDala te rAjakoTa-jetalasara relamArga upara AveluM zahera hevAnI pUrI zakyatA che, je rAjakoTa jillAnA goMDaLa tAlukAnuM AjanuM vaDuM mathaka gAMDaLa che. rehANuka: maitraka vaMzanA dhruvasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 638 nA dAnazAsanamAM surASTramAM AvelA "hANukathaka'nA "nAgadinAnaka" gAmanuM dAna sUcavAyuM che. 375 A pathakanuM vaDuM mathaka hariprasAda saM. zAstrInA abhiprAya boTAdathI dakSiNa-pUrve pacIsa ki. mI. (seLa mAIla) uparanuM barahIzALA athavA rAjakoTa jillAnA rAjakoTa tAlukAnuM bharaNukI hoI zake 376 emanuM eka saMgata sUcana paNa che ke gAMDaLa tAlukAmAM eka 'nAgaDasa gAma AveluM che te "nAgadinAnaka hoya to e raNakI' najIka hAI reNakI' vadhu baMdha bese. jUnAgaDha jillAnA mANAvadara tAlukAmAM paNa eka reNakI' AveluM che. hAMkaH Amilekhika daSTie sadbhatIrtha tarIke A sthaLane ullekha aparasurASTrAmaMDalanA zAsaka seMdhavavaMzanA aggaka ra jAnA I.sa. 83ranA dAnazAsanane che,377 jemAM putrI pradezamAM AveluM A AtaMkatIrtha" gAma "somezvara (prabhAsapATaNa)nA rahIza brAhmaNane dAnamAM ApavAmAM AvyuM kahyuM che. DhAMka rAjakoTa jillAnA upaleTA tAlukAmAM AlecanA DuMgaranI taLeTImAM, dhUmalIthI pUrvamAM 40 ki.mI. (25 mAIla) upara AveluM che ane enI prAcIna jaina guphAo mATe jANItuM che. 78 suvarNamaMjarIH viSaya tarIke suvarNamaMjarI ke svarNamaMjarIne ullekha aparasarASTrAmaMDala(pazcima saurASTra)nA saidhavavaMzanA rANakanA I.sa. 874-75 nA, agruka 3 jAnA I.sa. 88687nA ane jAkira jAnA I.sa. 915nA dAnazAsanamAM thayeluM che. 379 A dAnazAsanamAMnA e viSayanAM gAmonA saMdarbhamAM e viSayanA vaDA mathaka "suvarNamaMjarI'nuM sthAna nizcita karavAnA prayatna thayA che. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrIe (rAjakoTa jillAnA dhorAjI tAlukAnA vaDA mathaka) rAjIthI uttare naveka ki.mI. (6 mAIla) upara AvelA "sanALA" vize saMbhAvanA karI che.380 A sanALA rAjakoTa jillAnA jAmakaMDoraNe mahAlamAM che. alakare vikalpa lekhe uttara saurASTramAM AvelA senapura" nAmanAM gAme

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11:suM] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekhA [ 359 mAMnuM eka, athavA ghUmalIthI vIseka ki.mI. (12 mAIla) uttarapUrve AvelA 'seAnavaviDayA' hAvAnuM batAvyuM che.381 A 'senavaDayA' atyAre jAmanagara jillAnA jAmajodhapura tAlukAmAM Avelu che. ane gupta-maitrakakAlanI saMdhinA svIkArAyelA prAcIna geApama diravALI 'jhINAvALI gepa'thI naiRtye pAMceka ki.mI. (traNeka mAIla) upara Avelu che. pacchatrI viSayanA vistAranI ane suvaNaeN . maMjarI viSayanA vistAranI dRSTie te te viSayanuM vaDu mathaka kayAM hAya ene vicAra karavAmAM Ave teA hariprasAda zAstrIe kahyu che te 'sanALA' vadhu baMdha ese ema che; joke dAnazAsaneAmAM ApelAM keTalAMka gAma 'senaviDayA'nI najIka paNa kahI zakAya ema che teA samAna lAgatI sattAnAM e gAma sanALA'nI najIka paNa che. alatekare kAI eka 'seAnapura'nI paNa saMbhAvanA karI che, paNa atyAre 'sAnaparA' ane 'sAnaparI' jevAM nAma che te kAMya dUra che, ene dAnazAsanamAMnAM gAmA sAthe kAI meLa maLatA nathI. paNa pacchatrI: emAM pradeza' tarIke ane trIjAmAM 'viSaya' tarIke e rIte AnA ullekha aparasurASTrAmaDalanA, bhUtAMbilikAmAM rAjadhAnI rAkhI rahelA, saiMdhavavaheMzanA agnukara jAnA I. sa. 832 nA, jAIka 1 lAnA Azare I. sa. 83435nA ane rANakanA aMdAje I.sa. 868-69nA dAnazAsanamAM jovA maLe che.382 'putrI' e baraDA DuMgaranI pazcime AvelI sapAta jamIna upara AveluM Ajanu... 'pAtara' gAma che. alatekara vageree 'pAchataraDI'83 kahyuM che, e tA 'pAchatara'nI naiRRtye navuM vaselu` paru hoya tevuM nAnuM gAma che. 'pacchatrI' zabda 'pAtara' evA vikAsa Ape che e bahu spaSTa che. jAmanagara jillAnA bhANavaDa tAlukAnuM A 'pAchatara' jUnA ujjaDa 'dhUmalI'thI pazcime 3 ki.mI. (cha mAila) upara AveluM che ane enAM 7mI-8 mI sadInAM pAMca bhagna dine mATe jANItuM che. bhUtAMkhilikA-bhUtAMkhilI-bhUmilikA-bhUmalikA : aparasurASTrAmaMDala' kaMvA pazcima surASTranI rAjadhAnI tarIke saiMdhavAnAM dAnazAsaneAmAM bhUtAMbilikAnA nirdeza thayelA che. ahIM I. sa. 730 AsapAsathI, jenuM rAjacihna 'makara' hatuM tevA, rAjava'za-'jayadrathava'za' ke 'saiMdhavavaMza' I. sa. 15 sudhI sattA upara hatA. jye dAnazAsanamAM 'bhUtAMbilikA'ne rAjadhAnI kahI che.484 e pachI I. sa. 989 mAM rANuka khAkaladeva 'bhUtAMbilI'mAM rAjya karatA jANavAmAM AvyA che. enA dAnazAsanamAM 'aparasurASTrAbhaDala'na kahetAM 'navasurASTrA'

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3 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA mAM johukapradeza' (jeThavAone pradeza') kahevAmAM Avela che ane bhUtAMbilI'ne maMDalakaraNa" kahela che.38pa rAjA jAIkadevanuM dhINakInuM dAnazAsana A pahelAMnuM I. sa. 738 nuM hovAno dAvo kare che; emAM rAjadhAnIne bhUmilikA" kahI che ane rAjAne saurASTrAdhipatiH paramamadAramAragavAnaparamezvara: kahyo che, jyAre enAM prAmANika dAnapatromAM ene samadhigatA roSamArADhamaThThANAmaMtAdhipatizrInA kahelo che?80-varSa paNa gupta saMvatsarane badale vikramanuM kahyuM che; AvAM kAraNoe e dAnazAsana banAvaTI puravAra thayuM che tethI "bhUmilikA saMsAne aitihAsika baLa nathI.388 e kharuM che ke vIsaladeva vAghelAnA samayane I. sa. 1259 piorabaMdarane ene surASTramaMDalane abhilekha maLe che temAM "mUrjiA ' zabdathI pracalita "bhUmalInuM saMskRta rUpa jovA maLe che, 389 to enA vaMzaja sAraMgadeva vAghelAne I. sa. 1290 ne vaMthaLIne abhilekha bhAnu(bhANa jeThavA)nA nirdeza sAthe "mamrapaTTI' upara sAraMgadevane pratinidhi vijayAnaMda caDAI karI gayAnuM seMdhe che. 390 paraMtu A pahelAMnA jUnAgaDha jillAnA Ajaka gAmanA I. sa. 1ra06nA abhilekhamAM ghasAyelA akSaromAM mUtAMvihyAM vaMcAya che, 391 je rANA siMhanI rAjadhAnI sUcavAI che, to I. sa. 1318-19 nA jAmanagara jillAnA rAvala gAmane abhilekhamAM mUtavihyAM maMdajharane e rItanA rANA bAlkaladevanA dAnazAsanane maLatA zabdomAM "mUtAvitrI' ja kahI che. 392 eTale saMskRta nAma sthAnika rAjAonA abhilekhamAM te mUtavijhizA ke mUtavikI svIkAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paraMtu kemAM nAma "mamarI' haze eTale "mUpijhi' ane mUmapallI" jevAM saMskRtIkaraNa paNe bahAranA dAtAoe prayojyAM. A naSTa thaI cUkelA rAjadhAnInA nagaranuM nAma "dhUmalI' kayAre vyApaka banyuM ene kaI aitihAsika purA Aje prApta nathI. asala zabda karyo hovo joIe e viSayamAM DolararAya raM. mAMkaDe saMbhAvanA karIne dhyAtijanA saMskRtIkaraNa mUmamAMthI mamarInuM mULa ane jJAti evA vaikalpika rUpamAMthI dhUmacI batAvavA prayatna karyo che. emAM "lI kevI rIte Ave eno emane khyAla nahi, je mUjI 'vALane sUjhayo che. arthAta uttara aMga "dizA mAMthI AvyuM che. bhUmakanuM ane enA uttarAdhikArI nahapAnanuM zAsana I. sa. 90 pahelAMnuM kahevAyuM che;394 AnuM zAsana nAsikathI ajamera sudhInA pradeza upara hatuM. kSaharAta kulanA A baMne rAjavIonI sattA saurASTramAM UMDe sudhI hatI ane bhUmakanA nAma uparathI baraDAnA DuMgaranI uttara upatyakAmAM navI nagarI mundrA jevI sthapAI e koI purAvo hajI te upalabdha thaye nathI, ane tethI e prAgajotiSapura hoya ane ene nAza thayA pachI narakAsura-bhaumAsuranA e

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11 muM ] prAcIna bhogolika ullekha (351 nagaranuM pAchaLathI maumapatinA rUpamAM nAmakaraNa pracalita banyuM hoya evI eka saMbhAvanA karI che.395 Ama chatAM sabaLa purAvAne abhAve nirNayAtmaka rIte kazuM kahI zakAya ema nathI. phekaprasavaNu : gArulakavaMzanA varAhadAsa 2 jAnuM I. sa. 149 nuM dAnazAsana ane enA putra siMhAdityanuM I. sa. 574 nuM dAnazAsana e "kaMkaprastravaNa"mAMthI pharamAvavAmAM AvyAM che. 396 baMne dAnazAsanamAM varAhadAsa 2 jAne dvArakA sAthe kaI khAsa prakArano saMbaMdha batAvavAmAM Avyo che. A viSayamAM hariprasAda gaM. zAstrIe karelI vicAraNuM pratItijanaka che397 ane pitAnA zAsanapradezamAM dvArakAne samAveza thatAM potAne " dvArakAdhipati " kahevarAvavAno lAbha varAhadAsa 2 jAne maLyuM hovAnuM kahI zakAya ema che. tAmrapatromAM "kaMkaprastravaNamAMthI A dAnazAsana pharamAvyAM hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che; e rAjadhAnInuM sthAna che ke chAvaNInuM evuM tyAM spaSTa nathI, chatAM vastramIta nA prakAre pravAnna hoI rAjadhAnI hoI paNa zake. AvuM koI sthAna Aje pakaDAtuM nathI. hariprasAda zAstrIe ne badale DhavA kadAca hoI zake evI saMbhAvanA karelI,398 paraMtu emaNe chApa vAMcyA pachI ja mAnya rAkhela che. DhAMkanI pAse "jhIMjhurIjharanI bauddha guphAo jANavAmAM AvI che. "jhara ane prasava beu ekIrtha che, to e sthAna "pheMka" tarIke rAjadhAnInuM haze ? zaMbhuprasAda ha. desAI te prabhAsapATaNanI pUrve 16 ki. mI. (dasa mAIla) uparanA praznAvaDA gAmane "prastravaNamAnI enAthI naveka ki. mI. (chaeka mAIla) dakSiNe Avela "mULadvArakAne varAhadAsanI jItelI dvArakA kahevA mAge che. 399 paraMtu dvArakAmAM thayelA ukhanane eka vAta spaSTa karI ApI che ke400 AjanI dvArakAnA sthAne mAnavavasAhata I. pU. 1 lI sadI sudhI to spaSTa rIte pakaDI zakAya che, eTale praznAvaDA ane keDInAra najIkanI mULadvArakA sAthe varAhadAsanI dvArakAne joDI devAnuM yuktisaMgata nathI. hakIkate "phrakaprasavaNa e pazcima saurASTranuM ja kaI sthAna hatuM. pAchaLathI gArulakAnI sattA vilupta thayA pachI dehasAka varSe pazcima saurASTramAM valabhIne sAmata tarIke seMdhavo AvyA ane rAjadhAnI bhUtAmbilikAmAM karI. "va' zabdamAM rakAra na hoI jUnAgaDha jillAnA sIla gAmanI pUrve ekAda ki. mI. (pAMceka pharlAga) uparanA "pharaMgaTA gAmanI paNa kalpanA karavAnI jarUra rahetI nathI; vaLI "pharaMgaTA " e taka "phiragaTA" zabdane vikAsa hevAnuM paNa jANavAmAM AvyuM che.401

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kara) itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kalApaka trika kAlamAM saurASTramAM "kAlApathaka saMjJAthI eka pathaka dAnazAsanamAM jovA maLe che. zIlAditya 1 lA u dharmAdityanA I.sa. 605 nA tUTaka dAnazAsanamAM "...patha' zabdathI "kalApakapathake samajAya che.402 dharasena 3 jAnA I. sa. 623 nA, dhruvasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 629 nA, dharasena 4thAnA I. sa. 645 nA ane zIlAditya 2 jAnA I. sa. 666 nA e dAnazAsanamAM403 enuM spaSTa sUcana che. zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 664 nA temaja I. sa. 66pa nA dAnazAsanamAM pAThanI zuddhi nathI, paNa tyAM kAlApakapathaka udviSTa che. pathakanA nAma mAtrathI e pathakanuM vaDuM mathaka rAjakeTanI dakSiNa-pazcima dizAe jAmanagara jillAnA kAlAvaDa tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka kAlAvaDa taddana spaSTa che. puSyasAbapuraH mitraka zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 666 nA ane 76 nA -e be dAnazAsanamAM "puSyasAMbapurathI nIkaLIne valabhImAM AvI rahelA brAhmaNane dAna ApavAmAM AvyAM che.405 A "puSyasAbapurae jAmanagara jillAnA khaMbhALiyA tAlukAnuM khaMbhALiyAthI uttara-pazcime 11 ki. mI. (sAta mAIla) upara AveluM "sAmora hevAnI zakyatA che.406 vardhamAnaH maitrakakAlanA "bhukti" nAmanA vahIvaTI bhUbhAga tarIke vardhamAna"(vaDhavANa)nuM astitva jANavAmAM AvyuM che. zIlAditya 5 mAnAM I. sa. 721 ane I. sa. 722 nAM dAnazAsanamAM "vardhamAnabhuktimAMthI AvelA brAhmaNone dAna ApavAnuM maLe che.407 I. sa. 783-84 mAM jayasenasUrie harivaMzapurANanI racanA "jayavarAha' nAmanA rAjAnA samayamAM vardhamAnapuramAM kyanuM kahyuM che. 408 cApavaMzane dharaNIvarAha I. sa. 917-18mAM vardhamAnapuramAM sattA upara hatA e enA ekamAtra maLatA dAnazAsanathI jANavA maLe che 409 ahIM ja digaMbara saMpradAyanA AcArya harijeNe kathAkezanI racanA I. sa. 933mAM karyAnuM paNa jANavAmAM AvyuM che. 10 prabadhAmAM prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi siddharAje navaghaNa nAmanA AbhIrarAjAne kabaje karavA, pote agiyAra vAra enAthI hArele hAI vardhamAna vagere nagaromAM keTa taiyAra karAvIne enA tarapha kUca karyAnuM nedhe che. e pachI kumArapAlanA samayamAM enAthI dalanAyakapada pAmIne udayana maMtrIe saurASTramAM kUca karI jatAM "vardhamAnapuramAM yugAdidevaRSabhadevanA maMdirane jIrNoddhAra karyAnuM noMdhyuM che.412 ane merUtuMgAcAryuM prabaMdhaciMtAmaNinI racanA "vardhamAnapuramAM ja I. sa. 1305 mAM pUrI karyAnuM

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11] prAcIna bhogolika ulee karyuM enI pupikAthI samajAya che.13 "satyapuratIrthakalpa'mAM "bALa ghama' tarIke A nagara sUcavAyuM che414 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM varadhavalanA mRtyu pachI vIrama ane vasalamAMthI vIsalane rAjA banAvavAmAM AvatAM vIrame "prAdanapura vidyApura" "vardhamAnapura "dhavalakkaka ane pAMcamuM peTalAudrapura (anukrame pAlanapura vIjApura" "vaDhavANa dhoLakA" ane "peTalAda) mAgI lIdhAM- emAM "vardhamAnapura nizAyeluM che.415 prabaMdhakozamAM viradhavalanI AgevAnI nIce vastupAla-tejapAla vardhamAnapura-gohilavATi (gehilavADa) vagerenA rAjavIone daMDa karatA vAmanasthalI AvI pahoMcyAnuM ane saMgha kADhIne nIkaLyA tyAre mArgamAM sAta kSetronI yAtrA karI "vardhamAnapura najIka mukAma karyAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che.' vardhamAnapura e AjanuM surendranagara jillAnA vaDhavANa tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka "vaDhavANuM che. jenA anuzruti pramANe vardhamAna mahAvIranI pratimAnuM ahIM sthApana karavAmAM AveluM heI, A nAma maLyuM17 kahevAyuM che. AnumaMcha: maitraka dhruvasena 1 lA nA I. sa. 134 nA, guhasenanA I. sa. pa64 nA ane kharagraha 1 lA nA I. sa. 616 nA e dAnazAsanamAM jarA moTA nagara tarIke ene nirdeza thayo che.418 A patarAM, moTA bhAganAM, amarelImAMthI maLelAM hovAthI gae "AnumaMcha e amarelI hovAnI saMbhAvanA karI che.419 amarelI'nuM saMskRta rU5 te mArjiA hatuM.419 AnubhaMjanI najIkamAM nirdiSTa gAmo UparathI sthaLane nirNaya thaI zakato nathI, te hariprasAda zAstrIe bIjo vikalpa jUnAgaDha najIkanA "majevaDIne batAvyo che420 te paNa saMtoSa ApatA nathI. liptikhaMDa: zilAditya 5 mA nAM I. sa. 721 ane 7rara e be varSonAM dAnazAsanemAM "vaddhamAnabhukti'mAMthI nIkaLI "liptikhaMDa nAmaka gAmamAM AvI vaselA brAhmaNane dAna ApavAmAM AvyAM che. A sthAnano nizcaya thaI zakato nathI.421 saMgaparI: maitraka zIlAditya 1lAnA I. sa. 605 nA dAnazAsanamAM saMgapurIthI nIkaLI AvelA aneka brAhmaNone "vaTanagarasthalI'mAMnuM "DAnaka gAma dAna ApavAmAM AveluM kahyuM che.422 A "saMgapurI" pakaDI zakAtuM nathI. prasanapuraH caulukya bhImadeva 1 lA nA kaccha pradezane lagatAM I. sa. 1037 ane 1060 nA dAnazAsanamAM prasannapuramAMthI AvelA brAhmaNane dAna

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tjha. 364] tahAsanI pUrvabhUmikA apAyAnuM lakhyuM che. 42 A "prasannapura" te (bhAvanagara jillAnA valabhIpura mahAlanuM) valabhIpura najIkanuM "pachegAma"424hevAnuM zakya che ke jyAM praznorA nAgara brAhmaNonI sArI saMkhyA che. A prasannapuranA nivAsI hovAthI tyAMnA nAgara brAhmaNa praznorA kahevAvAnI zakyatAne nakArI zakAya ema nathI. praznorA brAhmaNa uttara pradezanA ahicchatramAMthI AvyA ane vaDanagaranA nAgara brAhmaNoe emane "nAgara' tarIke svIkArI lIdhA evuM skaMdapurANanA nAgarakhaMDamAM saMcita che.25 khUba moDethI racAyelA manAtA nAgarakhaMDamAM koI pracalita anuzruti ja saMgrahAI gaI che, bAkI nAgarenA anya phirakA gujarAta rAjyanAM ja gAmo uparathI oLakhAtA hoI praznorA paNa A rAjyanA ja kaI rasthaLanA hoya ane e "prasannapura (AjanuM "pachegAma") heya ema vIkArI zakAya. prabhAsapATaNa pAse praznAvaDA' karI eka gAma che, paraMtu tyAM hAla praznorAnI kaI vastI nathI, tema pUrve tyAM teonI vastI hovAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. sthalIo' tarIke saMkhyAbaMdha nirdeza abhilekhamAM jANavAmAM AvyA che, eka nAnA vahIvaTI vibhAga tarIke keIeka nAnA nagara ke gAmane vaDuM mathaka banAvI te te sthalInI nIcenAM gAmone vahIvaTa karavAmAM Avato. maitraka rAjAonAM dAnazAsanamAM ogaNIsa sthalIo ulikhita thayelI che. zinabaraTaka (amarelI najIkanuM kaI sthaLa), bivakhAta (jUnAgaDhanI dakSiNa-pUrva-dakSiNe bIlakhA'), jhari (amarelI jillAnuM, dhArI pAsenuM, 'jhara), aMbareNu (jAmanagara jillAmAM, joDiyA pAsenuM "AmaraNa') jaMbuvAnaka (jAmanagara najIkanuM "jAMbuDA'), nimbakRpa (jAmanagara najIkanuM lIbaDA'), kadaMbapadraka (anabhijJAta), vaTapalikA (mahuvA najIkanuM "valI'), dhArAbeTa (veLAnI pUrvenuM dhAruka'), puNyanaka (valabhIpura najIkanuM koI sthAna), vaTanagara (vaMthaLI-soraTha najIkanuM "vaDedarA'), bAravana (anabhijJAta), AnumaMcha (gae "amarelI ane hariprasAda zAstrIe "majevaDI kahI baMne mATe zaMkA darzAvI dhArI pAse sUcavyuM che), sirAvAtAnaka (lAThInI uttare AveluM "ziravANiyA), bAvanaka (anabhijJAta), je-zalyAsA (vaTapallikA' sthalInI pazcime zakaya, saMjJA aspaSTa), maMDalI (anabhijJAta), madasara (hariprasAda zAstrIe morabI najIkanA "mAnasaranI saMbhAvanA karI che) ane leNapadraka (anabhijJAta)-A sthaLe te te sthalInAM 42 1 kapilakoTaH dvayAzraya-kAvyamAM A. hemacaMdra solaMkI rAjA mUlarAje saurASTranA grAharipu upara caDAI karI jaMbumAlI nadInA kAMThAnA pradezamAM enI sAthe yuddha karyuM ne tyAM kacchanA "lakSane mArI nAkhyo evuM kahyuM che. 27

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(365 11 muM ] prAcIna bhaulika ulekhe jyAre prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM jaNAvyuM che ke mUlarAjanA sainyane agiyAra vAra harAvI cUkelA "lAkhAka ke lAkhA phUlatriIne enA "kapilaTI(Ajane "kerATa")mAM mULarAje gherI lIdhuM ane ene trIje divase ghAta karyo.428 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM e "lASAkIne " kazvara kahyo che ane eNe mUvarAjane ekavIsa vAra trAsa Ayo; bAvIsamI vAra mUlarAje ene enA "kapilakeTamAM gherI lIdhuM ane khullA yuddhamAM mUlaje ene ghAta karyo vagere lakhyuM che.428 A "kapilakoTTa" ke "kapilake" Aje kerAkoTa tarIke jANItuM che ane tyAM solaMkIkAlanA AraMbhasamayanuM bhagna zivamaMdira killAnA uttara-pUrva bhAgamAM sacavAI raheluM che. A kerA-kaccha kerA kaccha jillAnA bhUja tAlukAmAM bhUjathI dakSiNa dizAe vIseka ki. mI.(bAreka mAIla)ne aMtare nAnA nagaranA rUpamAM, mukhyatve IsmAIlI khojAonuM dhArmika rathana sAcavatuM, jovA maLe che. bhadrezvaraH bhadrezvara velAkula' tarIke mahatvane kahI zakAya tevo ullekha siddharAja jayasiMhanA samayanA I. sa. 1139 nA kaccha-bhadrezvara najIka khaMThA mahAdevanA maMdiranA lekhamAMne che.430 ba kI prabaMdhamAM to "prabaMdhakeza mAM eka sthaLe zatruMjaya girine madhyamAM rAkhI bhadrezvaranA mArge thaI raivata giri tarapha javAmAM Ave te vacce rolA-telA nAmanA giri Ave, evuM kahevAmAM AvyuM che.432 bIjo ullekha vAghelA rANu varadhavalanA prasaMgamAM che. bhadrezvara velAkulamAM bhImasiMha nAmane pratihAra hato te koInI a Na mAnata nahi; ene rANuM viradhavala sAthe athaDAmaNa thaI hatI, jemAM aMte saMdhi karI ane emAM bhImasiMhane mATe bhadrezvarane vahIvaTa ja karavAnuM rahyuM 432 A bhadrezvara Aje kaccha jillAnA muMdrA tAlukAmAM AveluM che ane jainonuM tIrthadhAma che. bhadrezvara gAmamAM AzApurA mAtAnuM prAcIna bhagna maMdira ane kuMDa ghATanI vizALa vAva che. ghaDahaDikA-kRtaghaTI: vAghelA arjunadevanA samayanA, I. sa. 1272 nA, vAgaDamAM AvelA ravecI mAtAnA maMdiranA prAMgaNamAM jovAmAM AvatA abhilekhamAM chataghaTInA pradezamAM AvelA "ravagrAmano ullekha karI tyAM najIkamAM AvelI "ravecI mAtAne nirdeza karyo che.433 rAparathI uttara dizAe 20 ki. mI. (bAreka mAIla) upara "dhRtaghaTI" (kaccha jillAnA rApara tAlukAnuM AjanuM geDI) gAma AveluM che. A pahelAM solaMkI bhImadeva 1lA nA I. sa. 1020 nA dAnazAsanamAM dhaDahaDi dvAdazaka - "ghaDahaDikA bAra gAmane samUha)mAMnAM gAmamAM eka dhaDahaDika" kahyuM che433e te paNa A geDI che. gAmanuM rathaLa jotAM pUrva kALamAM samRddha vasAhata haze e tarata khyAla Ave che.

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [x. cArApavuM : thArApa( tharAda )nA ullekha prabhAvakacaritamAM thayelA che, jyAM se|laMkI bhImadeva 1 lAnA samakAlIna 'tilakamaMjarI'nA kartA zAMtisUrie dezamAM bAra lAkhanAM caityeA banAvaDAvyA pachI rAjAe ApelA bAkInA sATha hajAra 'thAra pradra'mAM mAkalI ApyAnuM kahyuM che.424 ahIM 'thArApan ga' kahevAmAM Avela che; A sthAnane kAraNe bhImadeva 1lAnA samayamAM 'caMdragaccha'mAMthI 'thArApadragacchanA vikAsa thayeA, jenA saMsthApaka vijayasi MhasUri hatA.435 A tharAda banAsakAMThA jillAnA tharAda tAlukAnuM vaDu mathaka che. 3}} ] . prahalAdanapuraH purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAMnA 'kumArapAladevatI yAtrAprabaMdha'thI ane prabaMdhakeAzamAMnA ' hemasUriprabaMdha 'thI jANavA maLe che ke AjInA paramAra vaMzanA pratlAdane I. sa. 1184 AsapAsa 'prahlAdanapura' (pAlanapura) vasAvyuM hatuM. 431 vIradhavala vAdhelA gujarI gayA pachI vIsaladevane amAtyAe sattA soMpI tyAre meTA vIrame 'prahUlAdanapura' Adi pAMca nagara mAgyAM hatAM.437 A nagarane pAmhaNapura' tarIke ullekha sAraMgadevanA anAvaDA gAmanA I. sa. 1292 nA abhilekhamAM thayelA jANavAmAM AvyA che.438 'pAlanapura' atyAre banAsakAMThA jillAnuM mukhya mathaka che. bALaka paMcAsara : prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM gUrjara bhU'mAM 'vaDhIyAra' nAmanA dezamAM AvelA 'pa'cAsargrAma'mAMthI zIlagura nAmanA jainAcArya pasAra thatAM emaNe vanarAja cAvaDAne joyeA e kathAnaka Ave che.439 pacAsa varSe jyAre vanarAje aNahillapura vasAvI tyAM peAtAne abhiSeka saM. 802 mAM karyAM tyAre eNe 'paMcAsaragrAma'mAMthI zIlaguNusUrine bhaktibhAvapUrvaka khelAvyA ane siMhAsana upara besADI prApta kareluM samagra rAjya emane caraNe dharyuM. tyAMthI gurunI AjJAthI 'pa'cAsarA pArzvanAtha'ne padharAvI enuM DerAsara ane kaTakezvarI maMdira baMdhAvyAM. prabhAvakacaritakAre 'paMcAsara'nI jagyAe 'pacAzraya' zabdanA prayeAga karI ane zIlaguNasUrine badale devacaMdrasUrinA ullekha karI vanarAje guru taraphanI kRtajJatA batAvavA tyAM 'vanarAjavihAra'nI racanA karAvI ema noMdhyuM che.440 ratnamALamAM vanarAjanA pitA jayazikharI enA seALa sAmA sAthe paMcAsara'mAM rAjya karatA heAvAnu kahyuM che.441 A paMcAsara mahesANA jillAnA cANasmA tAlukAmAM, cANasmAthI dakSiNe 17 ki. mI. (ATha mAila ) upara, sAmAnya nAnA nagaranA rUpamAM bacI rahyuM che.

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gAma kalika ullekha [ 367 aNahilapATakaH "aNahilla pATakarane sauthI pahele Amilekhika ullekha maLyo hoya to e tyAM solaMkIvaMzanI sattAne AraMbha karAnAra mULarAjanA I.sa. 987nA dAnazAsanamAM che 442 A nagaranI sthApanA vanarAje karI hatI evuM aneka anukAlIna ullekho parathI jANavA maLe che, potAnA abhiSeka mATe rAjadhAnI vasAvavAnI IcchAe vIrabhUmine tapAsatA vanarAjane pIpalulAtaDAganI pALa upara sukhe beThelA bharavADa sAkhaDa-suta aNahile pUchayuM : "zuM joI rahyA cho ?" pradhAnee "nagara vasAvavA yogya vIrabhUmi joIe chIe" evo javAba ApatAM "e nagarane je mAruM nAma Ape to evI jamIna batAvuM" evuM e bharavADe kahI jyAM sasale kUtarAne haMphAvI rahyo hato tevI jamIna batAvI. e jamIna upara vanarAje "aNahillapura nAmanuM nagara vasAvyuM. vi.saM. 802 mAM tyAM dhavalagraha banAvarAvI potAne rAjyAbhiSeka sAthe. paMcAsarathI guruzIlaguNasUrine teDAvyA ane dhavalagRhamAM pitAnA siMhAsana upara besADI rAjya gurune arpaNa karI dIdhuM. gurue e pAchuM ApyuM ane vanarAje "paMcAsarA nAmanA zrI pArzvanAthanuM derAsara tyAM baMdhAvaDAvyuM."443 vividhatIrthakalpamAM jaNAvyA pramANe vi. saM. 802 mAM cAukkaDa (saM. cApotkaTa) vaMzanA vanarAje aNahilla govALe parikSita karelA pradezamAM-lakhArAma" nAmanA sthaLa upara paTTaNa" vasAvyuM, ane tyAM vanarAjagarAja-kSemarAja-bhUaDa-vairasiMha-ratnAditya ane sAmaMtasiMha eTalA rAjAoe rAjya karyA pachI caulukyavaMza samArUDha thaye.444 cAvaDAonA keIpaNa prakAranA samakAlIna ullekha prApta thayA nathI, maLe che te 12 mI sadIthI zarU thAya che.445 pATaNanI vanarAjanI mUrti ane umAmahezvarI mUrti paranA abhilekhomAM saM. 802 sUcita che, paNa lipi eTalA samayanI jUnI nathI.446 maitrakonA abhilekhomAM jema "valabhIpurane ullekha aneka dAnazAsanamAM thayela che te pramANe "aNahilapATaka "aNahilapura" "pattana" "zrIpattane e rIte solaMkI-vAghelA kAlanA abhilekhamAM, graMthamAM-prabaMdhamAM saMkhyAbaMdha sthaLee thayela che. A kAlane prApta chelle ullekha mAMgaroLa-soraThanI jumA masjidanA staMbhano I. sa. 1300 lagabhagane ja kahI zakAya, jemAM aNahilapattanAdhiSita [abhinavI zrI karNadevanuM kalyANavijayarAjya hevAnuM prApta thAya che.447 dhyAnamAM levA jevuM to e che ke Aje pATaNa je bhUbhAga upara patharAyeluM paDayuM che tenA keTanI pazcima dizAe 300-400 mITaranA aMtare aNahilapuranA

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36 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [31. nagara-taLane| AraMbha thAya che, je sahasraliMga saranI samAMtara pUrva-pazcima patharAyelu paDayuM hatuM. atyAre A vistAranA eka nAnA bhAgamAM 'aNahillapATaka'nI smRti jALavI rAkhatuM nAnuM anAvaDA' gAma bacyu che. A. hemacaMdranI jJAnazALA e nagaranA dakSiNa bhAge hatI, jyAM Aje koI makarabAnuM sthAna che. nagaranA pUrva bhAga mAtAnA maMdiravALeA ThIka ThIka sacavAyelA che. rANInI vAva IzAna khUNAnI vasAhatAnA khyAla Ape che. prazna ciMtAmaNie bhImadeva 1 lA nI rANI uddayamatIe zrIpattanamAM sahasraliMga sAvarathI paNa caDiyAtI navI vAva karAvyAnuM noMdhyuM che448 te A vAva. siddharAje sahasraliMga sarAvara sarasvatIne pravAhavALI laI taiyAra karAvaDAveluM e vize zrIpAla kavie prazasti racelI te tyAM paththara upara aMkita karavAmAM AvelI, A prazastinuM zodhana A. hemacaMdra ziSya rAmacaMdrane soMpeluM..449 aNahillapurane enI uttara bAjue A sarAvara meATA vistAramAM aneka nAnAM meTAM zivAlayeA vagerethI prabaLa zAbhA ApanAruM hatuM. aNahillapuranI uttara bAjunI dIvAlanA avazeSa Aje jovA maLatA nathI, paraMtu dakSiNa bAjunI pUrva-pazcimagAminI dIvAlanA bhagnAvazeSa sIdhI lITIe lAMbe sudhI jovA maLe che. AjanA pATaNanuM bhUmitaLa muslima sattAnA sthApanathI AbAda thayuM hatuM. atyAre A nagara mahesANA jillAnA pATaNa tAlukAnu vaDuM mathaka che. zrIsthala : pi MDaniyuOkti paranI malayagirinI TIkAmAM eka 'zrIsthalaka' nAmanA nagaranA nirdeza che, jyAM bhAnu nAmanA rAjA hatA. enA medakapriya kumAra surUSane vairAgya thatAM samyagnAna-darzana-cAritrya sAMpaDayAM hatAM ane e kevalajJAna pAmyA hatA.451 utara gujarAtanuM siddhapura zrIsthala' tarIke paNa jANItuM che. se|laMkI vaMzanA sthApaka mUlarAjanA I. sa. 987 nA dAnazAsanamAM sarasvatI nadI ane rudra-mahAlaya(rudramALa)nA saMdarbha sAthenA ullekha thaye che.452 zrIsthalaka' siddhapura hAvAnuM niHzaMka che, paraMtu dharmAraNyamAhAtmyamAM je 'zrIkSetra' che te AjanA amadAvAdanA najIkanA 'sarakheja' mATe prayukta thayuM lAge che.453 prabhAvakacaritamAMnA 'vijayasiMhasUricarita'mAM jitazatru rAjA 'pratiSThAna'nagarathI nIkaLI 'siddhapura'mAM thoDA samaya rokAI kAriTakA nAmanA nagaramAM gayA. ema kahyuM che te A ja 'siddhapura' che ema kahevu muzkela che;454 praznaciMtAmaNimAM siddharAje rudramahAkAlaprAsAda karavAnA upakrama karyAM che te

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11 muM ] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha [ 39 sthAna tyAM "siddhapura ja kahyuM che.455 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM siddharAje devasUrinA vacanathI siddhapuramAM cAra kamADavALuM caya karAvyuM kahyuM che, tyAM A. hemacaMdra tathA rAjA kumArapAla "siddhapura gayAnuM noMdhAyuM che 56 prabaMdhakeze paNa A. hemacaMdra "siddhapura" gayAnuM kahyuM che.457 A sthAnanuM pUrve "zrIsthala nAma hoya, je mUlarAjanA samayamAM paNa cAlu hoya; ne pachI siddharAja jayasiMhanA samayamAM e "siddhapura tarIke vyApaka banyuM hoya ema kahI zakAya. Aje A mahesANA jillAnA siddhapura tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka ane yAtrAnuM eka mahattvanuM sthAna che. umApura-uMjhAH skaMdapurANanA nAgarakhaMDanI eka pAdaTIpamAM hATakezvarakSetramAM "umApura' sucavAyuM che. 458 e mahesANA jillAnA siddhapura tAlukAnA UMjhAnuM saMskRtIkaraNa pAmeluM rUpa che. AnaMdapuranA brAhmaNane maitraka vaMzanA zIlAditya 5 mAnA i.sa. 722 AsapAsanA vaDanagara-dAnazAsanama4i59 lATa viSayamAM AvelA uccAnagara-pratyardhamAM pipalAvI gAma ApyAnuM noMdhAyuM che,420 te "AnaMdapura-vaDanagara ane "pippalAvI-pipaLAvane sAhacaryo spaSTa rIte UMjhA ja che. moDAnA ajayapAla selaMkIne Isa 115 ne zilAlekha UMjhAne maLe che temAM uMjhAgrAmamAM zrIkArivAmidevanI paMcepacAra pUjA karI koI kumArasiMghe dAnavitaraNa karyAnuM kahyuM che. solaMkI tribhuvanapAlanA I. sa. 1243 nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa catuHsImAmAM "uMjhA" grAma noMdhAyeluM che.462 giranAranA neminAthanA maMdiranA I. sa. 127nA abhilekhamAM "ucApurInA nivAsI zreNI vize ullekha thayo che te A nagarIne samajAya che.462 graMthastha sAhityamAM prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM 23 jaNAvyuM che ke siddharAja jayasiMha mALavA upara vijaya meLavI pAcho pharyo tyAre "uMjhAgrAmamAM eNe chAvaNI nAkhI vAsa karyo hato ane tyAM rAtricaryAmAM eka grAmaNa pAsethI mahArASTranA rAjAnA ane pitAnA guNadoSa pUchIne jANyA hatA. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNinI eka pratamAM 64 kumArapAle prANIone abhayadAna vagere ApyAM teomAM karNATa, gUrjara, lATa, saurASTra, kaccha-seMdhava, uccA, bhaMbherI, mArava, mAlava, koMkaNa vagerene nirdeza karyo che temAM "uccA" e A UMjhA nahi, paNa siMdhu deza najIka hAI pradeza lAge che. Anartapura-AnaMdapura : skaMdapurANanA 6 ThThA nAgarakhaMDamAM eka nAma AnaMdapura noMdhAyeluM jovA maLe che;465 lITanA mate e kheDA jillAnuM

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170] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ANaMda ane barjesanA mate saurASTranuM vaLA-valabhIpuranI vAyavya 80 ki. mI. (50 mAIla) uparanuM AnaMdapura che, paraMtu sTivansana, viviyena da. seTa-mArTana, nyUlara ane rAmakRSNa ge. bhAMDArakarane mate e vaDanagara ja che. e gejheTiyarane paNa A ja mata che; e ene "Arnatapura' uparathI upajAveluM kahe che.4 17 maitrakanAM dAnazAsanamAM dhruvasena 1 lAnA I. sa. 144nA dAnazAsanamAM, dharasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 189nA dAnazAsanamAM, zIlAditya 1 lA uphe dharmAdityanA I. sa. 605nA dAnazAsanamAM, ane dharasena 4thAnA I. sa. 648 nA dAnazAsanamAM Anartapura maLe che. 18 A chellA dAnazAsananA pratigrahItA kezavaputra nArAyaNane Anartapuravinirgata" ane "AnartapuracAturvisAmAnya-zarkarAkSisagotra kahyo che, e ja brAhmaNane kharagraha 2 jAnA I. sa. 656 nA dAnazAsanamAM AnaMdapuravinirgata" ane "AnaMdapuracAturvidyasAmAnya-zarkarAkSisagotra kahyo che.419 enI pachInAM dAnazAsanemAM Anartapurane badale 'AnaMdapura jovA maLe che. dharasena ja thAnA samaya sudhI vaDanagara "Arnatapura' tarIke jANItuM e mATe hoI zake ke uttara gujarAtanA pradezane jUnA samayamAM "Anarta kahevAmAM Avato hato; vaDanagara enuM pATanagara ke mukhya nagara hAIe "Anartapura kahevAvAne pAtra banyuM ke jevuM mahAbhAratanA samayamAM anuzrutiomAM Anarta'nI rAjadhAnI tarIke "dhAravatI-dvArakA" nirdiSTa hoI ene mATe "Anartanagara Anarta purI' pracAramAM hatAM.70 yuana kvAMganA jaNAvyA pramANe valabhIthI vAyavya IzAna)mAM jatAM 700 lI upara A-nan-to-pu-lo (AnaMdapura) nagara hatuM; enA samayamAM ene koI rAjA nahato.71matrakanAM dAnazAsanamAM saMkhyAbaMdha dAna Anantapuravinita tathA sAra-puravAtavya brAhmaNane ApavAmAM AvyAM nirdezAyAM che, je brAhmaNe prAya: vaDanagaranI nAgara jJAtinA pUrvaja hatA. A nagaramAM dIrgha kAla sudhI vidvAna brAhmaNonI paraMparA hatI. yajurvedabhASyakAra uvvara AnaMdapurane hate.472 skaMdapurANanA nAgarakhaMDanI eka anuzrutine AdhAra laI bebe gejheTiyare A nagaranAM satyayugamAM "camatkArapura, tAmAM Anartapura, dvAparamAM "AnaMdapura ane kaliyugamAM "vRddhanagara evAM nAma levAnuM nepyuM che,472 paraMtu A savaze puravAra thaI zake ema nathI. eTaluM kharuM ke vaMthaLI-soraThanA I. sa. 1290 nA eka abhilekhamAM473 camatkArapuranA brAhmaNane nirdeza thayela che. vyApaka nAma to "AnaMdapura ane pachI "vRddhanagara-vaDanagara" karI zakAya. solaMkI rAjA karNadeva 1 lAnA I. sa. 1092 nA dAnazAsanamAM AnaMdapurane lagatA 126 gAmonA jUthane ulekha Ave

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe [31 che,474 paraMtu solaMkI rAja kumArapAlanA samayanI I.sa. 115ranI vaDanagaraprazastimAM AnaMdapura uparAMta "nagara" nAma paNa apAyuM che. 47pa vIsaladevanA mAnItA kavi nAnAkanI prazasti naM. 1 mAM "nagarane ane naM. 2 (I.sa. 1271-72)mAM ene mATe AnaMdapurane nirdeza che. 476 paramAra sIyaka 2 jAnAM I. sa. 949 nAM dAnapatromAM AnaMdapurIya nAgara pratigrahItAono ullekha che. 477 nAgarakhaMDamAM paNa A nagarane mAtra "nagara" tarIke paNa nirdeza thayelo che.478 vaLI tyAM A nagarane "kaMdapura ane sAthe sAthe "camatkArapura" paNa, kaMda-kArtikeyanI kathA sAthe joDI, kahevAmAM AvyuM che. 479 kAraNa tadana spaSTa che: vaDanagaramAMnA vizALa taLAvanA uttara koThe eka akhaMDa ane bIjuM bhagna dazAmAM ema be, sthApatyanA namUnArUpa, teraNa sacavAI rahyAM che teomAM mathALe kendramAM kArtikeyanI mUrtio che, e uparathI paurANika anuzrutimAM "skaMda (kArtikeya)ne saMbaMdha joDavAmAM Avyo lAge che. nAgarakhaMDa prAcIna nathI, paNa ramaNalAla nA. mahetAnA sacavyA pramANe e khaMDa 16 mI-17 mI sadIthI janI racanA nathI,480 eTale AvI anukRtine UbhI thavAmAM saraLatA sahaja che. jaina nirdeza pramANe jamInamArge e vepAranuM moTuM mathaka hovAne kAraNe "sthalapattana kahevAtuM hatuM.48 bRhatkalpasUtranA TIkAkAra kSemakIrtie ene ITAne ke hevAnuM nedhyuM che.482 AnaMdanagaranuM eka nAma "akasthalI" paNa hatuM, te ene anyatra "kAlanagara" paNa kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. 483 A AjanuM vaDanagara mahesANuM jillAnA kherAlu tAlukAmAM AveluM hATakezvaratIrtha che. gaMbhUtA H Ane jANavAmAM AveluM jUnAmAM jUne Abhilekhika ullekha mUlarAja 2 jAnA I. sa. 1176 nA dAnazAsanane che,484 jemAM gaMbhUtApathaka tarIke deza-vibhAga lekhe sacita thayA che. ApavAmAM AvelI jamIna dharAvatAM gAma A viSayanA kahyAM che. e pachI ulekha zrImajayaMtasiMha yAne abhinava siddharAjanA I. sa. 1224 nA dAnazAsanamAM che, jemAM "vahiMpathaka ane "gaMbhUtApathakI sAthelagA apAyA che.484mAM AnAthI pUrva sAhityika ullekha haribhadasarinA neminAthacariunI prazastimAna I. sa. 1160 no che, jemAM vimala maMtrInA pUrvaje nirdhanatAne kAraNe zrImAlanagara cheDI "gaMbhUtAmAM AvI vasyA kahyA che. haribhadrasUrinAM caMdraprabhacarita (I. sa. 1167) ane mallinAthacaritanI prazastiemAM paNa eNe A vAta nedhI che.485 A gaMbhUtA" e AjanuM "gAMbhu

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372 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ pra. che ane e mahesANA jillAnA cANasmA tAlukAmAM mADherAthI IzAna khUNe eka ki. mI. (cAreka mAIla) upara AveluM che. mADheraka : sAla kI rAjA bhImadeva 1 lAnA samayanA sUrya maMdiranA bhagnAvazeSa jyAM najIkamAM sacavAyelA che te, uttara gujarAtanuM moDhezvarI mAtAnuM tema meTa brAhmaNNA ane vikAnuM Adya sthAna, 'mADheraka' sUtrakRtAMgasUtranI zIlAMkadeva(I.sa. 8 mI sadI)nI vRttimAM teMdhAyelu che.481 A sUtranI A samayathI vadhu jUnI prAkRta vRttimAM paNa moDheraga' tarIke ullikhita thayeluM che. ska MdapurANanA dhamAMraNyakhaMDanu 'mAheraka' te A ja che.487 tyAM enu rAcaka varNana ApavAmAM AvyuM che. mADha brAhmaNeA ane vikeAnu' e mULa vatana manAya che. meheraka' vaDu mathaka hAya tevA mADherakIya-ardhAMSTama' prakAranA paragaNAnA ullekha seAla kIvaMzanA sthApaka mUlarAjanA I.sa. 987 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayelo che.48 jaina sAdhanAmAM praznavAmAM mAheraka'vize nirdezA maLI Ave che. prabhAvakacaritanA bappabhaTTisUricarita'mAM meADhera'mAM siddhasenasUri mahAvIrasvAmIne praNAma karavA gayAnuM ane bappabhaTTa emanAM daIne tyAM gayAnuM jaNAvyuM che.489 vividhatIrthaMkalpa 'meAherama'mAM vIrasvAmInuM derAsara hAvAnuM e sthaLe kahe che.490 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM valabhIbhaMganA prasaMge, valabhInI nagaradevatAe vardhamAnasarane kaheluM ke bhikSA mAgatAM dUdhanu lAhI thaI jaze; jyAM lohInuM dUdha thaI jAya tyAM jaI rahevuM; ane e rIte mADherapura'mAM lAhInuM dUdha thaI gayuM hatuM, evI anuzruti noMdhavAmAM AvI che.491 praba'dhakAzamAM prabhAvakacaritanA prasaMga kahyo che temAM, bappabhaTTasUrinA ja caritamAM enA e gurubhAI gAviMdAcArya ane nannasUrinA nivAsa 'moDheraka'mAM hatA ane bhAje gogiridurgAthI e baMne upara patra lakhyo te saMdarbha'mAM mADheramADheraka'nA ullekha karavAmAM AvyA che.492 A AjanuM meTerA' che, je mahesANA jillAnA cANasmA tAlukAmAM muDherA' tarIke oLakhAya che. za Mkhenthara : purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM 'vanarAjavRtta'mAM kahyuM che ke paMcAsara gAmamAM eka vAra zIlaguNasUrie vaNunI chAyAmAM sulakSaNA khALakane joI peAtAnA caityamAM sthAna ApyuM. keTalIka vAra aTakAvyA chatAM paNa chokarA uMdara mAryA karate tethI gurue kADhI mUkayo; e khInna be sAthIo sAthe za'khezvara' ane 'pa'cAsara' vacce cAkI karatA; vagere.493 khIje sthaLe vastupAlanA avasAna pachI zrIva mAnasUrie zrIza'khezvara pArzvanAthanI agaDa lIdhI ke tapa pUruM karyAM pachI darzana karavAM. vrata saMpUrNa thatAM te nIkaLyA ane mArgamAM

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11 muM] prAcIna lagelika ullekha vRkSa taLe namaskAra karI anazanathI mukta thayA; zaMkhezvaramAM adhiSThAyaka thayA; vagere. 494 prabaMdhakozamAM e ja vAta prakSipta svarUpamAM apAI che.495 vividha tIrthakalpamAM to "zaMkhapura-pAzvakalpa" nIce gAmanuM nAma "zaMkhapura kahyuM che ? rAjagRhathI jarAsaMdha zrIkRSNanI sAthe yuddha khelavA pazcima dezamAM Avyo. zrIkRSNa paNa pUrI sAmagrI sAthe potAnA dezanI sarahade hAjara thayA. tyAM ariSTanemie pAMcajanya zaMkha pUryo ane tyAM "zaMkhesara" (zahera) nAmanuM nagara vasAvyuM......krame jarAsaMdhane parAjaya thayo, lehAsura-gayAsura-bANAsura vagere paNa hAryA. ahIM dharaNadra ane padmAvatInA sAMnidhyathI badhAM vigha harI lenArI pArzvanAthanI pratimA pragaTI ane tyAM "saMkhapuramAM enI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. e mUrti kAlAMtare gupta thaI gaI ane pachI krame zaMkhakUpamAM pragaTa thaIjenI atyAre zrIsaMdha sau pUjA arcanA kare che. A rIte pArzvanAthanA tIrthasthAna tarIke A nagaranI anukRti beMdhAyelI che.49 A pUrve pArzvanAthakalpa'mAM paNa "saMkhaura" (saMpura)mAM pArzvanAthanuM biMba hovAnuM kahyuM che.497 eka sthaLe "zaMkhesara pAsanAha ( zaMkhezvara pArzvanAtha)nuM mAhAmya paNa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. 498 bIje sthaLe pArzvanAthanAM aneka sthAna gaNAvatAM "zaMkhesare paNa eka kahyuM che.499 84 tIrtha gaNAvyAM che tyAM "zaMninADhaya eTale ja nirdeza che, jyAM neminAthajI hevAnuM kahyuM che.500 A zaMkhezvara atyAre mahesANA jillAnA samI tAlukAmAM AveluM che. hArIja : valabhIbhaMga thatAM valabhImAMnAM tIrthakaronAM biMba laI javAmAM AvyAM tyAre pUnamane divase rathayAtrAmAM zrI mahAvIra zrImAlapura, yugAdideva kAsakaha, zrI pArzvanAtha hArIja ane valabhInAtha zrI zatruMjyamAM AvyA, evuM purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM jaNAvyuM che.101 bIjA koI paNa prabaMdha vageremAM zrI pArzvanAtha hArIja gayAnuM sUcavAyuM maLyuM nathI. A hArIja atyAre mahesANA jillAnA hArIja mahAlanuM vaDuM mathaka che ane mahesANAthI pazcime 67 ki. mI. (4ra mAIla) upara AveluM che. kaDI : purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM kumArapAle pitAnuM mahatva siddha karavA kaDI'nA talArakSa(keTavALa)ne bolAvI ene cheka "rASTraka sudhInI padavI ApI kSINateja karyo, jene kAraNe e talAkSa maraNa pAme, evI eka kahANuM nedhI che. 502 kaDI ane AsapAsanA pradezamAMthI ghaNAM tAmrapatra maLyAM che, paNa emAMnA ekamAM paNa "kaDIno ullekha maLato nathI. gAyakavADImAM prAMtanA

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304] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tu mukhya mathaka tarIke jANItuM A kaDI atyAre mahesANA jillAnA kaDI tAlukAnuM mukhya mathaka che ane mahesANAthI dakSiNa-pazcime para ki.mI. (33 mAIla) upara AveluM che. mahisANA: Ano ulekha solaMkI bhImadeva ra jAnA I. sa. 1200 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayeluM che, jemAM mahisANA gAmanA AnalezvaradevanA devAlayane ullekha thayela che. 503 A "mahisANA" te AjanA mahesANA jillAnuM vaDuM mathaka mahesANuM che. "DAhIpathakanA lekene udezI AjJA karelI hoI e samaye e "DAhIpathakamAM hatuM.504 tribhuvanapAlanA I. sa. 1243 nA dAnazAsanamAM DAhIviSayane nirdeza che, ane uttare cheka UMjhA sudhI enI sImA hevAnuM e dAnazAsanathI samajAya che.pa05 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM dukALa prasaMge batAvela daMDAhIdeza' te A ja che. harSa pura: rASTrakUTavaMzanA kRSNa 2 jAnA samayanA Isa. 910-11 nA dAnazAsanamAM ene mahAsAmaMta pracaMDa je dAna Ape che temAM zrIharSapurvAdamarAta" (harSapura-750) evo eka peTAvibhAga kahyo che.pa0 paramAra sIyakanAM dAnapatra harasela"mAMthI maLI AvyAM che. 07 A nAma saM. dRrSapadra (prA. risa34) uparathI AvyuM che. e harSa pura' paNa kahevAtuM atyAre e sAbarakAMThA jillAnA prAMtIja tAlukAmAM amadAvAda-dhanasurAnA mArgamAM AveluM che. mohaDavAsaka: paramAra sIyaka 2 jA (dhArAnA "muMja'nA pitA)nAM sAbarakAMThAharaselamAMthI maLelAM I.sa. 649nAM be dAnazAsanamAM enI sattA "mehaDavAsaka viSaya upara havAnuM prApta thAya che.508 vividhatIrthakalpamAM mehaDavA sakamaMDalamAM IsaraDA vagere chappana gAma siddhasena divAkaranA upadezathI kugezvara aSabhadevane vikramAditye arpaNa karyAnuM kahyuM che, gehadamaMDalanAM "sAMbadrA vagere ekANu gAma paNa ApyAM hatAM.509 A mAtra anukRtyAtmaka vigata kahI zakAya, paraMtu e sthaLe A pUrve hammIra yuvarAja I. sa. 1300 mAM vagaDadeza (DuMgarapura-vAMsavADAne vAgaDa) ane "muhuDAsaya" vagere nagare bhAMgI "AsAvallI pahoMce e aitihAsika vigata ApI che.510 moTA bhAganAM muslima AkramaNa e bAjuthI gujarAtamAM UtarI AvyAM hatAM; A meThAsA atyAre sAbarakAMThA jillAnA moDAsA tAlukAnuM

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogolika ulee vaDuM mathaka che ane naDiyAda-kapaDavaMja-dhanasurA-zAmaLAjInA dhorImArga upara dhanasurA ane zAmaLAjI vacce AveluM samRddha nagara che. adAlaja-aTTAlayAja-aDAlaya-aDAlayija-aDAlaja -aDAlaja : AvI bhinna bhinna jeDaNIthI eka ja gAma skaMdapurANamAM jovA maLe che.511 skaMdapurANamAM mahIsAgara najIkamAM eka "aTTAlaja' kahyuM che te juduM che.512 aDAlaya" evuM pradezanAma paNa maLe che:13 te a.janA gAMdhInagara jillAmAM amadAvAdathI uttare 16 ki. mI. (dasa mAIla) upara AvelA aDAlaja gAmanI AsapAsane pradeza che. dharmAraNya-mAhAomAM jaNAvyA pramANe tyAMnA zadrone rAjA kumArapAle kahyuM ke rAmezvara jatA moDha brahmaNone vAro. e zakomAMnA je jaina thayelA hatA teo pelA brAhmaNone vAravA gayelA,514 traNa hajAra kauvidya brAhmaNo hatA teone vAravAmAM saphaLatA maLI hatI; vagere. A nagara dharmAraNyanA eka tIrtha tarIke paNa sUcavAyuM che;515 rAme vasAvelAM ane moDha brAhmaNone ApelAM gAmamAM A gAma nathI. serIsaya-serasaka gAMdhInagara jillAmAM aDAlajanI vAyavya 13 ki. mI. (ATha mAIla) upara serisA" jUnuM jaina tIrthasthAna che. vividhatIrthakalpamAM serIsa-serIsaya-serIsayapura" tarIke apAyelA e nAnA nagaramAM navAMgavRttikAra abhayadevasUrinI zAkhAmAM thayelA deveMdrasUrie cAra tIrthaMkarabiMbanI sthApanA karI hatI ane tyAM ArAdhanA karI hatI. tyAM mahAprabhAvI pArzvanAthanuM derAsara) che. purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM e ja deveMdrasUrinA saMdarbhamAM serIsaka tIrthane ulekha thayelo che.pa17 bIje sthaLe e kuSThI vidvAna AcAryanI serIsakaranI yAtrA vize anukRti noMdhavAmAM AvI che.518 maMDalI: uttara gujarAtanuM amadAvAda jillAnA viramagAma tAlukAnuM viramagAmathI rAdhanapuranA rAjamArga uparanuM mAMDala". e prathama vAra solaMkI rAjA mUlarAjanA I. sa. 987 nA dAnazAsanamAM jovA maLe che ke jyAMne zromalanAthadeva mahAdevane mATe grAmadAna karavAnuM kahyuM che.519 mUlarAje maMDalImAM "mUlezvarane prAsAda karyo hovAnuM prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM paNa sUcavAyuM che. 20 bhImadeva ra jAnA I. sa. 1231 nA temaja I. sa. 1240 nA dAnazAsanamAM maMDalInA zrImUlezvaradevanA maThanA maThapati vedagarbha rAzine dAna ApavAmAM AvyAM noMdhAyA che. para: A pradeza "vahiMpathakano kahyo che. tribhuvanapAlanA I. sa. 1243nA temaja vIsaladevanA

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ka7] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA I. sa. 1271 nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa maMDalImAMnA mUlezvaradeva vagere mATe dAna ApavAmAM AvyAM kahyAM che.pa22 vividhatIrthakalpa ane prabaMdhakeza to gUrjara dharitrInA maMDanarUpa "maMDalImahAnagarImAM vastupAla-tejapAla vagere rahyA hovAnuM nedha che; baMnemAM vigata paNa akSarazaH maLatI Ave che.pa23 saurASTranuM mahuvA najIkanuM "maMDalI kaMga-AjanuM mAMDaLa juduM ja che.524 kumArapAlanA I. sa. 1145 AsapAsanA gALAnA zilAlekhamAM mAMDalIvAstavya AcArya bhAskaranA putre dAna ApyAnuM lakhyuM che para5 A "mAMDalI" karyuM e spaSTa thatuM nathI. ghUsaDI (vIramagAma): selaMkI rAjA bhImadeva ra jAnA I. sa. 1238 nA dAnazAsanamAM "dhUsaDI" gAmano ullekha thayela chetyAM lUNapasAya(lavaNaprasAda vAghelA)nA putra vIrame vIramezvara ane sUmalezvaranAM maMdira karAvelAM sUcavAyAM che.para e pachInA varSamAM 1 varSa ane 15 divase karI ApelA enA ja dAnazAsanamAM vIrame karAvelAM e beu maMdirano ullekha thayelo che. 27 ghUsaDI" saMjJA pAchaLathI vilupta thaI gaI ane vIramezvara mahAdevane kAraNe vIramagAma nAma pracAramAM AvI gayuM. viramagAmanuM e mULa sthAna "ghUsaDI e samaye "vaddhi. pathakamAM hovAnuM samajAya che, kemake AjJA varkiMpathakanA lekAne uddezIne karI che;528 A zarUAtamAM "viya" hatuM ane pachI "pathaka tarIke hato. u. ta. mUlarAja 1 lA nA I. sa. 987 nA dAnazAsanamAM "maMDalI" ("mAMDala')mAMnA zrImUlanAthadevanI pUjA-arcanA mATe dAna ApavAnuM lakhyuM che te maMDalI "vaddhiviSayamAM AveluM kahyuM che.529 "pathaka tarIke nirdeza I. sa. 1224 nA zrImajayaMtasiMha athavA abhinava siddharAjanA dAnazAsanamAM thayuM che, jyAM e pathakanA ane gaMbhatA(gAMbhu)pathakanA adhikArIo joga zAsana karavAmAM AvyuM che.pa30 bhImadeva 2 jAnA I. sa. 1231 nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa enuM zAsana varkiMpathaka upara hevAnuM jaNAvyuM che; ApelAM gAme paNa e pathakanAM ja che.53 vAghelA rAjA visaladevanA samayanA I. sa. 1261 nA dAnazAsanamAM enI sattA "vardhipathakamAM hatI ane mahAmaMDalezvara sAmaMtasiMha bhaMDalImAM rahI e pathaka upara zAsana karato hato ema kahyuM che;532 nirdezAyelAM gAma paNa A bhAganAM che. prabaMdhamAM A pathaka "vaDhIyAra" "vaDIyAra tarIke noMdhAyela che; prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM vanarAjanuM carita ApatAM paMcAdara gAmane "vaDhIyAra' nAmaka dezamAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che, 33 te purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM e ja kathAnaka utArI dezanAma "viDIyAra' kahyuM che.pa34

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekhe AzApallI-karNAvatI : maitrakavaMzanA dharasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 198 nA eka dAnazAsananAM "kheTakAhAramAM AvelA " baMDarijidipathaka mAM AveluM "azilApallikA grAma" dAnamAM ApyuM hovAnuM lakhyuM che.pa35 te kheDA jillAnA jUnA baMDarijidripathaka53-hAlanA bArejA gAmane keMdramAM rAkhI enA pradezamAM AveluM, AjanA amadAvAda jillAnA dasakroI tAlukAnuM, "asalAlI" gAma che. AnAthI "AzApallI juduM che. araba lekhake ene "AsAvala" tarIke ulekha 11 mI sadIthI kare che. 5 a AzApallIne eka ullekha vIsaladeva vAghelAnA samayanA I. sa. 1251 nA eka dAnazAsanamAM thayuM che.537 bIje eka graMthapuSpikAmane ullekha evuM kahe che ke I. sa. 1294 mAM eka prasaMge sAraMgadevanI chAvaNI "AzApallImAM hatI.538 prabaMdhomAM paNa enA ullekha Ave che. prabhAvaka caritamAM jene zreSThIoe aMge ane enA uparanI vRttionA graMthanI nakala karAvI e saMbaMdhamAM je nagarane ulekha Ave che teomAM AzApallIne paNa samAveza thAya che.pa39 "AzApallI " yAne "AsAvala" e AjanA amadAvAdane rAyakhaDa-AstaDiyA-jamAlapurane bhAga ane rAyapuraAoNDiyA daravAjAnI bahArano bhAga, uparAMta baherAmapurAno bhAga che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi enuM atihAsika mahattva AMke che. 40 karNadeve bAlaputra jayasiMhane rAjyAbhiSeka karyo (I. sa. 1094) ane pote "AzApallImAM rahetA enA zAsaka AzA nAmanA bhIla upara caDAI karavA nIkaLI paDyo. pATaNathI sIdho sAbaramatInA pazcima kAMThe bhairavI devInAM zukana thayAM, jyAM (AgaLa jatAM) kecharabA devInuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM (jenuM nAma hAla nadInA pazcima kAMThe AvelA kecaraba" parAnA nAmamAM jaLavAI rahyuM che, joke e parAmAM AvelI derImAMnI devIne hAla "kauzalyA'-'kecharabA" zabdane sudhArIne kareluM jaNAtuM nAma-tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che). eNe nadInA pUrva kAMThA uparanI AzApallI upara caDAI karI lAkhanuM sainya dharAvatA AzA bhIla upara vijaya meLavyo, tyAM navuM maMdira karAvI emAM jayaMtI devInI rathApanA karI, kaNezvara mahAdevanuM maMdira karAvyuM;541 ane tyAM karNasAgara taLAvathI suzobhita "karNAvatI nagarI vasAvI tyAM pote rAjya karavA lAgyA.542 je bhIla rAjavI upara vijya meLavyo te Azo nahi, paNa ene kaI vaMzaja haze. tyAM "AzApallI" jUnA samayathI hatuM, ene keTaleka bhAga ujjaDa paNa thaI gayo haze; e ujjaDa bhAgamAM karNAvatI AbAda karavAmAM AvI. kocaraba-pAlaDInI sAme nadInA pUrva kAMThA

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ts. upara AvelA saptarSinA ArA pAsethI maLelA eka khaMDita zilAlekhamAM karNAvatI'ne ullekha thayele jANavAmAM Avyo che.54ra pazcima kAMThA upara AvelA kecaraba ane pAlaDI vacce raste karavA khodavAmAM AvelA TIMbAomAMthI aneka prAcIna zilpamUrtio nIkaLelI ane kecaraba" mAM ke charabA devInuM nAma jaLavAyuM che e parathI jUnA "AsAvalInI dakSiNa-pazcime nadIne pUrve kAMThe saptarSinA ArAnI AsapAsa karNAvatI' vasAvI haze ne nadIne pazcima kAMThe Avela kocaraba-pAlaDInA vistArane paNa emAM samAveza thato haze evuM phalita thAya che. vividhatIrthakalpamAM jovA maLe che ke alAuddIna sulatAnane nAne bhAI ulukhAna dilhIthI mAdhava maMtrInI preraNAthI gurjaradharA upara caDI Avyo ane hammIra yuvarAja "vagaDadeza (DuMgarapura vAMsavADAne pradeza) ane "muhaDAsaya" (moDAsA) vagere nagare bhAMgI "AsAvallImAM AvI pahoMcyuM; e samaye karNa vAghele nAThe; hammIra yuvarAja somanAthane liMgabhaMga karI, vAmanasthalI' jaI "sera mAM ANa prasarAvI, "AsAvallImAM AvI rahyo.543 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM devAcArya nAmanA jaina AcArya "karNAvatInA saMghanI vinaMtithI "karNAvatI' gayA, tyAM cAturmAsa karyuM tyAM neminAthanA derAsaramAM vyAkhyAna karyuM, tyAMthI cheka mAlavadezamAM jaI "gUrjaratrA (gujarAta)mAM AvyA ne kame AsApallImAM AvI pahoMcyA; e rIte 'AsApallI' sUcita thaI che.544 bIje sthaLe kahyuM che ke marusthalInA jAbAlipura najIkanA "vAgharA' gAmane zrImALI vaNika udayana karNanI khyAti sAMbhaLI "AzApallImAM potAnA bAhaDa ane "cAhaDa' nAmanA beu putro sAthe AvI rahyo; vaLI eka kaI rAmatI chipikAe gurunI saMnidhimAM AgamamAM kahelAM batrIsa vrata "AzApallImAM AcaryAM hatAM e rIte AzApallIne nirdeza thayo che. 545 prabhAvaka caritamAM karNAvatI'mAMthI jainayAtrA nIkaLyAnuM ane enA AgevAna devasUri hovAnuM saMkSepamAM kahyuM che,pa4 jene vistAra, upara sUcita thaye tema, purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM udayana vepAra mATe karNAvatI' AvyA pachI maMtrIpade pahoMcyAnuM kahI eNe karNAvatI'mAM udayanavihAra racyAnuM noMdhyuM che.547 digaMbara saMpradAyane kumudacaMdra vAda karavAne karNATakamAMthI karNAvatI' Avyo hato; devasUri tyAre tyAM cAturmAsa hatA; emanA kathanathI vAda, pachI, "zrIpattana. (aNahilapura)mAM siddharAja jayasiMhanA rAjadarabAramAM thayo hato.548 A. hemacaMdra devacaMdrAcAryanI sAthe dhaMdhukAthI nIkaLI ziSya thavA prathama karNAvatI' AvyA hatA

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe [ 37 ane udayana maMtrIne ghera rahyA hatA; A. hemacaMnne pitA cAciga AhArapANI choDI putranI pAchaLa A karNAvatI'mAM Avyo hato; enA mananuM samAdhAna udayane ahIM karyuM hatuM ane e bAlakanI dIkSA ahIM thaI hatI.549 purAtana prabaMdhasaMgrahamAM "karNAvatI'nA jainasaMghanI vinaMtithI devAcArya AvyA, cAturmAsa rahyA, ane digaMbara kumudacaMdra mo, vagere prabaMdhaciMtAmaNivALa vAda prasaMga kahevAmAM Avyo che.250 karNAvatI I. sa. 1094mAM, bAla siddharAjanA rAjyAbhiSeka pachI, kaNe AbAda karI te pahelAM samartha vaiyAkaraNa buddhisAgarajIe "nirvANalIlAvatIkathA' I. sa. 1026-1039 vacce "AzApallImAM racI hatI; karNAvatI vasAvyA pachI paNa bahadugacchanA eka haribhadrasUrie I. sa. 1116 mAM "AgamikavicArasAraprakaraNanI vRtti, upakezaga7nA yazodevarie I. sa. 1122 mAM prAkRta "caMdraprabhacarita'ne AraMbha, ane zrImAla nAgilanA putronI vasatimAM AvIne rahelA mAladhArI caMdrasUrie I. sa. 1137 mAM "munisuvratacarita', ane vAdidevasUrinA ziSya pradyumnasUrie "vAdarathala" ahIM racyAM hatAM; UkezavaMzanA visalane putra karNAvatI'mAM AvI vasya; ene cethA putra cA "karNAvatI'nuM bhUSaNa hato, jeNe AzApalI"mAM devAlaya karAveluM; I. sa. 1402 mAM kharataragacchanA jinabhadrasUrie jesalamera vagere sthaLoe graMthabhaMDAro sthApyA te pramANe "AzApallI-karNAvatImAM paNu graMthabhaMDAranI sthApanA karelI; tapAgacchanA ratnazekharasUrinA ziSya hemahaMsagaNie I. sa. 1458 mAM udayaprabhasUrinA AraMbhasiddhi graMtha upara vRtti AzApallImAM racI hatI; koI lakSmasAgarasUrie "AzApallImAM samalabdhi nAmanI zrAvikAne gaNinI'pada I. sa. 1461 lagabhagamAM ApeluM; I sa. 1463 mAM jinapadmasUrinA neminAtha phAgu'nI nakala kAI matikalA nAmanI sAthvI mATe AzApallImAM karavAmAM AvelI; 110 varSa pachI I. sa. 1573 mAM devaratnasUri nAmanA AcAryo cAturmAsa "AzApallI'mAM kareluM, e samaye I. sa. 1516 mAM racAyelA "mahIpAlane rAsanI nakala samajI RSie AzApallImAM karelI.551 ahamadazAhe I. sa. 1411 mAM amadAvAdanI karelI sthApanA pachI 16ra varSe paNa Ama AzApallI'nuM astitva anubhavAya che. karNAvatI - AzApallInuM saha-astitva ane karNAvatI-amadAvAdanuM sahaastitva paNa jovA maLe che, jemake pethaDazAhanA putra jhajhaNe I. sa. 1284 mAM maMDapadurga(mAMDala)thI saMdha kADho tyAre e vAmanasthalI ane prabhAsa thaI "karNAvatI'

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280 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA AvyA hatA, te I. sa. 1423 mAM ahamadazAhane mAnapAtra guNarAja saMdha kADhI mahuvA, prabhAsa, mAMgaroLa, jUnAgaDha vagere thaI svanagara "karNAvatI'mAM AvI pahoMgyo hato.papara ahIM e noMdhavuM joIe ke devacake digaMbara saMpradAyanA dakSiNamAMthI AvelA kumudacaMdrane vivAdamAM parAjya karyAnA prasaMganA saMdarbhamAM "mudritakumudacaMdraprakaraNa" nATaka (12 mI sadI) AzApallI' nAma prayoje che, jyAre prabhAvakacarita (I.sa. 1278) ane prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi (I.sa. 1305) karNAvatI' nAma prayoje che. 52 e parathI pachInI sadIthI A be nagarIo ekabIjA sAthe ekAkAra thaI gaI hovAnuM ane tethI have be nAma paryAyavAcaka banI gayAnuM sacita thAya che. ahamadazAhe Isa. 1411mAM sAbaramatIne pUrva kAMThe amadAvAda vasAvyuM te AsAvalanI uttare vasAveluM, jemAM AgaLa jatAM AsAvalane rAyakhaDa-AstaDiyA-jamAlapurane bhAga sAmela thaI gayo. pATalanagara-vADavanagara: AvuM eka nagaranAma padmapurANanA "sAbhramatImAhAomAM sAbaramatI nadIne kAMThe hovAnuM kahyuM che. 5ramAM amadAvAdane sAme kAMThe dUdhezvaranA sAme Are AvelA jUnA vADaja gAmanI saMbhAvanA karI zakAya. gayagADa: skaMdapurANamAM "gayatrADa nAmanA eka gAmane nirdeza thayela che, jyAM "gayatrADa nAmanI devInuM sthAnaka kahyuM che.553 skaMdapurANanA kaumArikAkhaMDane A nirdeza hAI e jUnA kheTakaviSayanuM sthAna hoI zake. amadAvAda jillAnA dasakroI tAlukAmAM "gatarADa' gAma che te A hevAnI pUrI zakyatA che. "gAtarADa' keTalAMka vaNika kuTuMbomAM temaja anya kAmomAM paNa iSTadevI tarIke pUjAya che. gatarADanAM lalitAmAtA' rAyakavALa brahmaNanAM kuLadevI che, je, hakIkate, anyatra "gAtarADa' tarIke pUjAya che. kAzahadaH A saMjJAne nagara tarIke jANavAmAM Avele pahele ullekha mitravaMzanA kharagraha 1 lAnA I.sa. 616nA ane viSaya tarIke dharasena 3 jAnA I.sa. 624nA kAsIMdarA-dAnazAsanane che; eka dhruvasena 3 jAnA (I.sa. 650-51nA lAgatA) dAnazAsanano che, jemAM ene vahIvaTI vibhAga tarIke nirdeza thayo che.554 rASTrakUTavaMzanA muva ra jAnA (I.sa835nA) dAnazAsanamAM kAzahada deza'nA eka gAmanuM dAna apAyuM batAvyuM che; kRSNa 2 jAnA dAnazAsana (I.sa. 10-11)mAM kheTaka "harSa pura" ane "kAza hada e traNa pradezane sAthelo nirdeza che.papapa

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11 muM ] prAcIna bhogolika ulle kAzahida e amadAvAdanI dakSiNa-pazcime vIseka kimI. (bAreka mAIla) upara dasakroI tAlukAmAM AveluM "kAsIMdarA. maitrakavaMzanA zIlAditya 3 jAnA (I.sa. 664nA) dAnazAsanamAM kuzahadavinirgata' brAhmaNa dAnane pratigrahItA kahevAya che. je ahIM "zahRda' e "kAsahadane azuddha pATha na hoya to A kAMta vaDedarA jillAnA saMkheDA tAlukAnuM kAsIMdarA" hoya athavA e dUra paDavAne bhaya hAI kheDA jillAnA borasada tAlukAnuM kesIMdarA vadhu baMdha bese. - prabaMdhamAM prabhAvakacarita kAzyaparapitanagara kahI evA e "kAzadImAM sarva deva nAmane cAra vedamAM pAraMgata brAhmaNa raheto hovAnuM kahe che.57 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi ane purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM dhArAnagaranA muMjanA putra siMdhale gurjara dezamAM AvI "kAzadImAM pallI (chAvaNI) nAkhyAnuM kahyuM che. 58 vividhatIrthakalpa kAza hadamAM tribhuvanamaMgalakalaza AdinAthanuM tIrtha hovAnuM nedhe che.559 purAtana prabaMdhasaMgrahamAM valabhIbhaMganA prasaMgamAM kahyuM che ke AdhinanI pUrNimAne divase rathayAtrAmAM zrI mahAvIra zrImAlapura, zrIyugAdideva "kAsAhada', zrI pArzvanAtha hArIja" ane valabhInAtha zatruMjaye AvI pahoMcyA; pAchaLathI ke badhAya yavanone yuddhamAM mArI nAkhyA.520 kAsIMdarAnA hAlanA derAsaramAM AdinAthanI mUrti nathI, paraMtu bAjumAM AvelA bhAta gAmamAM RSabhadevanuM jUnuM derAsara che; saMbhava che ke pUrve kAzAhada' meTuM nagara hatuM tyAre bhAtagAmavALo bhUbhAga enuM eka paruM haze. 61 | dhavalakakaH giranAra uparanA varatupAla-tejapAlanA cha abhilekhomAM jyAM jinAlaye karAvyAM-samarAvyAM hatAM tevAM cha nagaronAM nAmamAM eka dhavalakkaka paNa kahyuM che.pa62 gurjaramaMDalanAM nagaromAM "dhava pramu' kahevAnuM kAraNa spaSTa che ke vAghelA vaMzanA rANAonuM e kAlamAM e mukhya nagara hatuM. giranAranA jaina uparakeTanA I. sa. 1279 nA nAnA abhilekhamAM dhavalakakakaranA vatanI zrImAla jAtinA gRhasthano neminAthanA pUjanane uddezI ullekha thayela che.563 prabhAvacaritamAM abhayadevasUri yAtrArtha "dhavalakakakI-dhavalakamAM gayA kahyA che, te pUrve dhaMdha nAmanA zivAdvaitanI vAta karanArA brAhmaNane vAdidevasUrie vAdamAM jItyAnuM kheMcyuM che, te dhaMdha dhavalakane hato.564 prabaMdhakozamAM lakhyA mujaba harSa-vaMzano baMgALAno harihara gurjaradharAmAM "dhavalakakaka-taTagrAmamAM Avyo hate ane rANuM viradhavala, mahAmAtya vastupAla ane semezvaradevane alaga agala maLI eNe AzIrvAda ApyA hatA, jyAMthI pachIthI e kAzI tarapha cAlyo

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282] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. gayo hato. 25 vaLI rANA vIradhavalanuM rAjya dhavalakamAM hatuM, tyAM eka vAra kAnyakubdhanA rAjAnI putrI gurjaradharAmAM AvyA pachI samaye maraNa pAmI gurjara dezanI adhiSThAtrI vyaMtarI thaI viradhavalanA ravapnamAM AvI kahI che." vastupAlane lagatA aneka prasaMga "dhavalakkakamAM banyA hatA.567 hakIkate uttara solaMkIkAlamAM vAghelA rANAonI e rAjadhAnI banyuM hatuM ane mahAmAtya varatupAlanA samayamAM aneka vidvAnenuM e nivAsasthAna banI rahyuM hatuM : ahIM cAMDU nAmanA nAgara paMDite Isa. 1297 mAM naiSadhIyacarita mahAkAvyanI "dIpikA" TIkA racI hatI,568 to cArvAka saMpradAyanA "topaddhavasiMha'-graMthanI eka mAtra maLelI nakala I. sa. 1392 mAM ahIM karavAmAM AvI hatI. 29 e pUrve I.sa. 1135 mAM jayasiMhanA rAjyakAlamAM puSpavatI' nAmaka kathAnI nakala ahIM thayAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM che. 570 kumArapAle guptavAsamAM pitAne dahIMbhAta khavaDAvanArI devazrIne, pAchaLathI pote rAjA thatAM, dhavalakkake dAnamAM ApyuM hatuM.571 kIrtikaumudImAM somezvare lavaNaprasAde pitAmaha dhavalanA nAmathI dhavalakkaka vasAvyAnuM lakhyuM che,572 paraMtu dhavalahke e samaya karatAM te vadhu prAcIna che; ane kathAsaritsAgaramAM dhavala nAmanA nagarane ullekha thayele paNa che.573 ema lAge che ke kadAca e mULamAM dhavA (> prA. ghara-dhavala nAmanuM nagara) hoya ane lokajIbhe prA. varukSa thaI varada banI rahyuM heya. eka kAlanuM samRddha rAjadhAnInuM bhAMgI paDeluM A nagara amadAvAda jillAnA dhoLakA tAlukAnuM mukhya mathaka che; bhAMgI paDelI dazAmAM enA pazcima bhAge AveluM, mInalasara" ke "malAva taLAva enI pUrva jAhojalAlInuM smaraNa karAve che. dhoLakAmAM ziva-viSNu vagerenAM jUnAM prAcIna maMdira che, teomAMnA mahAkAlInA maMdiramAM brahmA-sAvitrInI teramI sadInI 574 ArasapratimA noMdhapAtra che. enAthI pUrvanI prApha-solaMkIkAlanI navarAhanI moTI mUrti gAMdhIvADAmAM AvelA varAhamaMdiramAM che, je adyApi pUjAya che. 574mAM bAhaleDanagara: prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM A nagara somanAtha pATaNa javAnA bhArgamAM AvyuM hoya e rIte batAvavAmAM AvyuM che. emanAtha jatAM ahIM gurjarezvara taraphathI yAtrAvere levAto hate; paNa mayaNaladevInA AgrahathI siddharAje bettera lAkhane IjAre rada karI sarva keI mATe kara mApha karI nAkhe.575 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM ene ja saMkSepa ApavAmAM Avyo che.571

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe [383 A bAhuleDanagara" te AjanuM amadAvAda jillAnA dhoLakA tAlukAnuM bhoLAda hovAnuM sAmAnya rIte manAya che. AnAthI cAra-pAMca ki.mI. upara, meTI boru gAmathI deDheka ki.mI. upara bheTaDiyA bhANa nAmanI jUnI sUrya maMdiranA khaMDiyeravALI jagyA che, jenI pAse dANa mAtAnI jagyA che, tyAMthI aDIne saurASTramAM javAno mArga che. ahIM jUnA samayamAM dANa levAmAM AvatuM evI anubhUti che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNie kaheluM 'bAhuleDa" e A bhoLAda nahi, paraMtu zukalatIrtha pAse AveluM hatuM, kAraNa ke kara dakSiNanA jAtrALuo pAsethI levAto, e bAbata tarapha rAmalAla cu. modIe dhyAna doravAnuM noMdhI durgAzaMkara zAstrI pitAne spaSTa abhiprAya Ape che ke uttara taraphathI AvanArA jAtrALuonA mArgamAM zukalatIrtha najIkanuM bhoLAda Ave nahi,577 rasikalAla cho. parIkhe munizrI jinavijayajInA batAvyAthI giranAranI taLeTImAM AveluM bAhuloDa hevAnuM kahyuM che;58 dhavalatuMga keTanI dIvAlavALI "vavaNathalI (vAmanasthalI") paNa najIkamAM dekhAtI sUcavAI che. Ama somanAtha janArane mATe e nAkuM banI rahe, paraMtu pUrva bAjuthI delavADA' taraphathI AvanArane A sthAna mArgamAM na Ave. tethI durgAzaMkara zAstrInA abhiprAyu dhoLakA tAlukAnuM vadhu baMdha bese che; kemisariyeta ane ratnamaNirAva emanA matane ke Ape che.pa79 dhuMdhuka-dhuMdhukA-dhaMdhuka-dhaMdhUka : Abhilekhika sAdhanomAM A nagara jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI, paraMtu jaina prabaMdhomAM e jovA maLe che, jyAM AcArya hemacaMdranA janmasthAna tarIke ene kahevAmAM AvyuM che. prabhAvacarita dhaMdhUke nagaranAma ApI devacaMdrasUri tyAM AvyAnuM ane bAla caMgadeva emane anusarIne gayAnuM sUcana kare che.580 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM e prasaMga vize kahI pachI kumArapAla saMdhapati banI yAtrAe nIkaLyo tyAre Avyo ema kahyuM che, jyAM dhuMdhukA" ane pachI dhuMdhuke ema nAma noMdhyuM che.pa8 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM dhaMdhuka nagaranAma neMdhI A. hemacaMdranA prasaMgane saMkSepa ApavAmAM Avyo che,582 te prabaMdhakAzamAM devacaMdrasari dhaMdhukkapura AvyA ane bAlaka caMgadevanI emane saMprApti thaI e prasaMga TUMkamAM Apyo che.583 sIdhe saMbaMdha spaSTa nathI, chatAM eka vAta nedhavA jevI che ke vaDhavANanA cApavaMzIya dharaNIvarAhanA I. sa. 914 nA dAnazAsanamAM potAnA pitAmaha "akInA nAma uparathI AjanA haDALA-bhAlanI AsapAsanA pradeza "arUNaka tarIke khyAta thayele kahyo che; A dAnazAsananA AraMbhamAM e dhadhezvara

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384] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA mahAdevanI jaTArUpI vana sukharUpa thavAnuM maMgalAcaraNa kare che.584 mahAdevanA dhaMdha" nAmane saMbaMdha dhaMdhukka-dhuMdhukkaka-dhuMdhukA" sAthe saMbhavita hoya to enAthI dharaNIvarAhanA samayamAM dhaMdhukAnA astitvane pakaDI zakAya. evI anukRti che ke koI dhaMdha nAmanA koLIe "dhaMdhukA vasAvyuM che; saMbhava che ke e koLIe athavA e nAmanI koI viziSTa vyaktie tyAM dhaMdhezvara mahAdevanuM maMdira banAvaDAvyuM hoya. A dhaMdhukA Aje amadAvAda jillAnA dhaMdhukA tAlukAnuM mukhya mathaka che, je bhAla-pradezane dakSiNa-pazcima cheDe sukabhAdarane dakSiNa kAMThe AveluM samRddha nAnuM nagara che, jyAM hajI paNa moDha-mukhyatve vaiSNava dharmanA-vaNike uparAMta vAlmama brAhmaNa ane ghAMcI vahorAnI vastI che. kheTaka : saM. kSetra uparathI prA. zeTTa thayA pachI jenA saMskRtIkaraNanI zakyatA che te peTa saMjJAne padmapurANamAM eka divya nagara tarIke nirdeza thayela che.585 A pahelAM pANininA gaNapAThamAM "kheTaka' zabda sacavAyele maLe ja che.586 bezaka, e kyAMnA "kheTaka mATe che e spaSTa nathI; saMskRta zabda tarIke apAye che eTalI ahIM enI viziSTatA kahI zakAya. kozakAre ene eka artha nAnuM gAma noMdhyo che;587 kheDAM' e arthamAM jUnI gujarAtImAM e jANItA paNa che. prAkRta kezakAre prA. vera (saM. veTa) dhULanA keTavALuM nagara" ane "nadI ane parvatethI vIMTAyeluM nagara' evA be artha noMdhyA che.pa88 gujarAtamAM nagaravizeSa "kheDA" ane "brahmakheDa" ke "kheDabrahmA" athavA "brahmAnI kheDa evAM be sthAne sAthe A zabdano saMbaMdha che. yuana svAMge enI pravAsanadhamAM eka koI Ki-cha ke Ki-ta nevuM che,pa89 je keTalAkane mate "kheDA' ane bIjA keTalAkane mate "kaccha' kahevAyuM che. paraMtu padmapurANamAMnuM peTa te AjanuM vAtraka nadInA pUrva kAMThA upara AveluM kheDA" nizcita thAya che. sAMbarakAMThAnuM kheDabrahmA" brahmAnA maMdirane kAraNe A "kheDAthI juduM paDe che. "kheTakanA viSayamAM valabhInA mitronA samayamAM "AhAra" "AhAra-viSaya" ane nagara tarIke ullekha thayo hoya tevAM saMkhyAbaMdha dAnazAsana jANavAmAM AvyAM che.pa90 chAvaNInA nagara tarIke 591 brAhmaNonA nivAsasthAna tarIke pa92 ane dakSiNanA cAlukyonI eka zAkhA lATamAM sthira thaI tenI rAjadhAnI tarIke pa93 paNa e ullekhAyeluM che. paramAra sAyaka(mAlaveza)nAM harasolanAM patarAMnA I. sa. 949 nA dAnazAsanamAM te samagra "kheTakarmakSa enA kabajAmAM AvI gayuM samajAya che. 584

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11 su ] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha [385 sAhityanA prathAmAM dazakumAracaritamAM 'valabhI' madhumatI'( mahuvA ) ane 'kheTaka' e traNenA ullekha ni bavatInI kathAmAM thayeA che: valabhInA samRddha nAvika gRhaguptanI putrIne vivAha 'madhumatI'nA balabhadra sAthe thayA hatA, je khalabhadra 'kheTakapura' jaI peAtAnI kuzaLatAthI aDhaLaka dhana kamAyeA hatA; vagere.595 * jaina sAhityamAM AnA ullekha veda ' evA sAmAnya zabda tarIke zIlAcAye ( IsvI 8 mI sadI ) enI AcArAMgasUtranI vRttimAM teAMdhI prAkRta kozakAre ApelA 'dhULiyA kATavALuM nagara ke grAma' evA atha ApyA che,pa96 paraMtu praba'dhAmAM te| ene nagara tarIke ane AjanA 'kheDA'nA saMdarbhImAM ja ullekha thayelA jovA maLe che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi 'mallavAdiprabaMdha'mAM upakrama karatAM devAditya vipranI khAlavidhavA putrI subhagA ' kheDAmahAsthAna 'mAM hovAnu noMdhe che. ahIM guja, kheDA ' sa`nA prayeAjAyelI maLe che; pAThAMtara 8 kheDa ' kharu.pa 597 vividhatIrthaMka5 84 tIrthaMmAM kheDa'ne mahAvIrasvAmInA tI darajje kahe che,598 teA purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM pelI bAlavidhavA subhagAnA viSayamAM e sthaLe prabaMdhaciMtAmaNine ja anusarI kheDamahAsthAna' evA ullekha thayA che.599 prabaMdhakAza tA' bappabhaTTisUricarita 'mAM nannasUri ane gAviMdasUri 'kheTakAdhArama'Dala'mAM rahetA heAvAnu` kahe che.600 A sa'jJA ' kheTakAhAramaDela 'tuM saMskRtIkaraNa mAtra che, ane 'kheDA'nA pradezanI sUcaka che. . kANaka : Ane pathaka tarIke ullekha dharasena 3 jAnA I. sa. 624 nA ane dhruvasena 2jAnA I. sa. 631nA dAnazAsanamAM thayA che,601 jyAM ene kheTakAhAra'mAM AvelA 'hyo che. e uparathI kahI zakAya ke A paMthakanuM vaDuM mathaka krANuka' e kheDA jillAmAM mahemadAvAda tAlukAmAM mahemadAvAdathI uttarapUrve naveka ki.mI (cha mAIla) uparanuM 'kuNA' gAma che. " karpaTavANijya : ska MdapurANanA dharmAraNya-mAhAtmyamAM 'kRpaDavANuka' ane kapaDavaNaja ' e rItanI joDaNInuM gAma nAMdhAyeluM che,602 je hAlanA kheDA jillAmAMnA ' kapaDava'ja ' ke ' kapaDavaNaja 'te mATe kahevAyuM che. mahAbhAratanA sabhAparvamAM nakulanA pazcimanA digvijayamAM zikhi, trigata, aMbai, mAlava ane paMca-kapaTa e pradezAne sAthelagA ullekha thayeA che;103 AmAM kaTa'ne 'paMca' vizeSaNa lAgeluM' che. A 'pacakaTa' ke kaTa ' dezanuM nAma anyatra kAMya jovAmAM AvyuM nathI, bhAlava'nI pachI nirdeza thayelA hAI enI pazcimanA *

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386] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. paMcamahAla ane kheDA jillAnA pUrva pradeza sudhIne enAthI tyAM nirdeza heya; enuM mukhya gAma ke nagara "kapaTavANijya heya. bIjAM to bhraSTa pAThAMtara mAtra che. "karpaTavANijyane coryAzI gAmanA paragaNA tarIke rASTrakUTavaMzanA rAjA kRSNa 2 jAnA I. sa. 90-11 nA dAnazAsanamAM ulekha thayela che. 04 jyAM sUcavAyelAM gAmanA sAhacaryane kAraNe AjanA kheDA jillAnA kapaDavaMja tAlukAnuM e vaDuM mathaka samajAya che. AjanA 5DavaMjanI najIka jUnA TIMbA enI prAcIna vasAhatane khyAla Ape che. u5laheTa : eka pathaka tarIke upalaheTano ullekha maitraka zIlAditya 7 mAne I. sa. 766 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayo maLe che. 605 ene "kheTakAhAramAM kahevAmAM Avyo che. A pathakanA vaDA mathaka tarIke "upalapeTa" e AjanuM kheDA jillAnA ThAsarA tAlukAnuM "upaleTa" che ane DAkera pachInA sTezana ThAsarAthI dakSiNa pUrve Azare cha ki. mI. (cAra mAIla) upara AveluM che. mAhisaka : vAghelA vIsaladevanA samayanA I. sa. 1252 nA abhilekhamAM mAhisakamAM uttarezvaradevanA maMDapanI jALI karAvyAno ullekha thayo che. 101 A lekha amadAvAdamAMnI bhadranI ahamadazAhanI bharijadanA taMbha upara heI kaI maMdiranA lAvelA ratabhamAM A staMbha che. A mAhisaka" e kheDA jillAnA naDiyAda tAlukAnuM "mahIsA" ja che, kAraNa ke mahIsAmAMthI prApta thayelA naMdI uparanA I. sa. 1269 nA abhilekhamAM eka sthaLe "uttaranAtha" ane bIje sthaLe "uttarezvarane ullekha thayo che. 07 je uparanA staMbhalekhanA "uttarezvarathI spaSTa rIte ekAtmaka che. nayapiTaka : AvazyakasatranI cUrNimAM "naTapiTaka" nAmanA gAmane nirdeza thayele che; 8 bharukacchathI ujajayinI javAnA mArgamAM A AveluM hatuM. bharukacchathI eka AcArye potAnA vijaya nAmanA ziSyane ujajayinI mokalyo hato, paNa mAMdA sAdhunI sAravAramAM vacce rokAvAnuM thatAM e narapiTakamAM cAturmAsa rahyA hatA. bharUcathI ujajana javAnA mArgamAM "naDiyAda paNa AvI zake. maitrakavaMzanA dhruvasena 1 lAnA I. sa. 129 nA dAnazAsanamAM hastavamAharaNImAMnuM "nadrakaputra'609 gAma te A nathI ja. "naDiyAdanA mULamAM saM. naTa che; e jUnuM che ane naDiyAdamAMthI prApta thayelA I. sa. 1516 ne abhilekhamAM e saMjJA "na patra' tarIke noMdhAyelI che. 10 naDiyAda Aje kheDA jillAnA naDiyAda tAlukAnuM mukhya mathaka che.

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prAcIna bhaugolika ullekhe [ 380 staMbhanaka : etA Abhilekhika ullekha vastupAla tejapAlanA giranAra uparanA lekhAmAM 'aNahilapura' 'bhRgupura' 'staMbhatI' 'davatI' ane 'dhavalakjhaka' vagere nagara kahyAM che temAM 'bhRgupura' pachI thayelA jovA maLe che. 1 1 1 prabhAvakracaritamAM abhayadevasUricarita'mAM 'seTikA' nadIne taTe 'sta'bhanagrAma' tarIke nirdezyu che612 te A 'staMbhanaka' (thAmaNA) che. tyAM pUrve nAgArjuna nAmanA rasavidyAsidde bhUminI aMdara rahelA tI kara-biMbanA prabhAvathI rasanuM staMbhana karyuM hatuM tethI tyAM 'sta'bhanaka' e nAmanuM gAma vasAvavAmAM AvyuM. hAvAnuM ane A 'rataMbhanakatI''nI unnati mATe malavAdisUrinI nimaNUka zrIsa'dhe karI hAvAnu` prabaMdhaciMtAmaNikAre tAMdhyu che. 113 vaLI eNe chelle vistArathI nAgArjunanI utpattinI vAta kahI abhayadevasUrie e tImAM pA nAbiMba pragaTa karyAnuM nirdezyuM che.114 vividhatIrthaM kalpa 'staMbhanaka'mAM pArzvanAtha(nuM derAsara) hAvAnA mAtra nirdeza kare che,615 jyAre purAtanapraznoMdhasaMgrahamAM vastupAla 'rataMbhana' gayAnuM kahI, prabhAvakacaritAnusArI nAgArjuna-staMbhanakaprasaMga kahyo che. 116 praznadhakAzamAM A pAchalI vigata pAdaliptAcAya ane nAgArjunanA prasaMga ApI jarA vistArI pachI abhayadevasUri ane mallavAdInI vAta kahI, kumArapAla ane pachI vastupAla-tejapAla taMbhanakanI yAtrAe gayAnuM kahyuM che.117 A 'staMbhanaka' te AjanuM 'thAmaNA', je kheDA jillAnA ANaMda tAlukAmAM umareTha najIka Avelu' che. ahI atyAre jainenuM eka paNa derAsara bacyuM nathI. 11 su] - siMhapallikA : maitraka dharasena 4 thAnA I. sa. 648 nA dAnazAsanamAM 'kheTakAhAra'mAM 'si'hrapallikApathaka' kahevAmAM Avela che.618 A paMthakanuM vaDuM mathaka 'si'hapallikA' kheDA jillAnA ThAsarA tAlukAmAM DesarathI dakSiNe ATha ki.mI. (pAMca mAila) upara AveluM 'sihADA' che. peTalAdga : kheDA jillAmAM AvelA peTalAda tAlukAnA mukhya mathaka peTalAdanA jUnA rUpa peTalAdra'ne nirdeza purAtanaprabaMdhasa graha ane prazna dhakAzamAM thayA che, jemAM vIradhavala vAgheleA gujarI gayA pachI vIsaladevane amAtyAe sattA sAMpI tyAre meTA vIrame pAMca nagara mAgelAM temAM 'peTalAdra' paNa eka hatu. 119 vinayacaMdranI 'kAvyazikSA'mAM 'peTalAdra' vagere 'caturuttarazata' gAmAnA nirdeza thayA che, je Aje 'carotara' bhUbhAga tarIke sacavAyelA maLe che.620 varasiddhi H rASTrakUTa rAjA goviMdarAja prabhUtavarSanA I. sa, 813 nA ane

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 389 ] rAjA dhruva 2jAnA I. sa. Ave che.621 'vadarasiddha' e erasada che. [31. 835 nA dAnazAsanamAM 'varasiddhi'nA ullekha kheDA jillAnA khArasada tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka nagaraka : maitrakavaMzanA dhruvasena 1 lAnA I. sa. para9 nA dAnazAsanamAM 'nagaraka'nA pahelA nirdeza jovA maLe che,622 jyAre dharasena 4 thAnA I. sa. 648 nA dAnazAsanamAM123 tathA zIlAditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 665nA dAnazAsanamAM kheTaka-AhAramAM nagarakathaka'nI vAta che.624 kheTaka-AhArane saMbadhe. A 'nagaraka' e kheDA jillAnA khaMbhAta tAlukAmAM khaMbhAtathI pAMceka ki. mI.(traNeka mAIla)ne aMtare AveluM, nAnuM gAma dharAvatuM, mATA bhAganuM sadaMtara ujjaDaeN, 'nagarA' hAvA vize zaMkA nathI. prabaMdhasAhityamAM prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi vagere siddharAja jayasiMhanA saMdarbhamAM eka 'nagaramahAsthAna'nI vAta kare che,625 paraMtu e mAlavathI 'mahAsthAna' AvatAM sUcavAyuM hoI saMbhAvanA 'vaDanagara'nI che. nagarAnA khodakAmamAM enI vasAhata I. pU. 1 lI sahasrAbdInA madhya jeTalI jUnI hAvAnu prApta thayuM che.126 madhyakAlamAM e mATuM nagara hatuM. tyAM yuddhanI eka jUnI dhasAI gayelI mUti maLI che; tyAMnI brahmAnI mUrti ane jayAditya sUryanI mUrti enI madhyakAlIna jAheojalAlInA khyAla Ape che. sta'bhatI -sta`bhapura-staMbhezvaratIrtha -mahInagara-tArakapura-tAmralipti AvAM bhinna bhinna nAmeAthI kahevAmAM Avelu nagara e khaMbhAta che. skaMdapurANanA mAhezvarakhaMDanA kaumArikAkhaMDamAM AmAMnAM prathamanAM traNa nAma ApelAM che; A tI tarIke mahIsAgarasaMgama kSetramAM Avelu' kahyuM che; paurANika dRSTie kaumArikA nAmanA khaMDa-dezane A eka bhAga gaNAtA hateA; A tI'mAM AveluM nagara 'khaMbhAta-khaMbhAyata, staMbhatIrtha', traMbAvatI--tAmralipti, mahInagara, bhAgavatI, pApavatI karNAvatI', AvAM sAta nAmeAthI jANItuM kahyuM che.127 kadapurANamAM tArakapura' nirdiSTa thayeluM che. umAzaMkara jozIe 'mahInagara' ane 'tArakapura'te eka mAnyAM che.12-a khaMbhAtanI uttare aDhAreka ki. mI. (khAreka mAIla) upara AveluM 'tArApura' A 'tArakapura' hAvAnI vadhAre saMbhAvanA che. tArApuranI uttare Avelu 'nAra' ('nagara') e 'mahInagara'hAI zake. abhilekhAmAM teA uttarasAla kIkAlamAM eka nagara tarIke 'staMbhatInA nirdeza thayelA che. I. sa. 1250-51 mAM vIradhavale khaMbhAtane kabaje karI tyAM

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11 su'] prAcIna bhAMgeAlika ullekha [ GaTala vastupAlane potAnA pratinidhi tarIke nImyA hatA.628 ahIM ja bharUcanA zaMkhe vastupAlane peAtAnA pakSamAM AvI javA kaheNa mekaleluM, paNa vastupAle dAda na ApatAM zaMkha khaMbhAta upara caDI AvyA; vastupAla jAte yuddhamAM UtaratAM zaMkha nAsI gayA.129 vastupAla-tejapAlanA vi. saM. 1288--I. sa. 1232 nA giranAra abhilekhAmAM vastupAlanA putra jayaMtasiMhane 'staMbhatI''nA mudrAvyApAra karatA kahevAmAM AvyA che.630 eka abhilekha teA khaMbhAtanA ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAthanA maMdirane I. sa. 1296 nA che, jemAM vAdhelA aju nadevanA putra rAmadevanA samayamAM 'staMbhatIrtha'mAM khela nAmanA eka mADha vaNike ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAthanuM jaina madira karAvyAnu jaNAvyuM che. tyAM ene purAnA tilakarUpe kahyuM che.171 graMthastha ullekhA prabadhAmAM ThIka ThIka thayelA che. prabhAvakacaritamAM 'hemacaMdrasUricarita'mAM hemacaMdranAM mAtApitA 'staMbhatIrtha'mAMnA pA maMdiramAM gayAnuM ane tyAM seAmacaMdra nAmathI hemacaMdrAcAryanI dIkSA thayAnuM, kumArapAle 'sta'bhatI'mAM praveza karyAnuM, 'staMbhatIrtha'mAM uddayana maMtrInA nivAsanu', vagere maLe che.632 e ja graMtha abhayadevasUrinA prasoMgamAM 'pattana' ane 'AzApallI' vacce 'tAmralipti' kahe che te 'khaMbhAta' che.133 praznoMdhaciMtAmaNimAM 'kumArapAlApribaMdha'mAM A. hemacaMdranuM udayanane tyAM javAnuM, kumArapAle tyAM 'sAligavasahikAprAsAda'nA jIrNoddhAra karAvyAnuM, ane vastupAlane 'staMbhatIrthAM'mAMnA sabda-nAmanA nAvika sAthe vigraha thayAnuM noMdhAyuM che. vividhatIrthaMkalpamAM tejapAle staMbhatIrtha'mAM naimijinanI mUrti temaja pUrvajonI mUrti ane hastizAlA karAvyAnuM, vIradhavale vastupAla-tejapAlane khelAvI 'rataMbhatIrthI' ane dhavalaka'nI sattA suparata karyAMnuM, ane tIrthAnI yAdImAM neminAthanuM derAsara hovAnuM kahevAyuM che.135 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM, kAI eka vyavahArI (vepArI) 'staMbhatIrtha' gayAnuM, vastupAla 'staMbhatIrthaM' gayAnuM, tejapAle rANA vIradhavalane 'staMbhatIrtha' prApta karAvyAnuM, mANikayasUri taraphanA rASane lIdhe maMtrI vastupAle 'staMbhatIrtha'nI pauSadhazALA lU'TAbAnu, vastupAle 'staMbhatIrtha'mAM paNa sarasvatIbhAMDAgAra karAvyAnuM, vepAra mATe tejapAlane staMbhatIrtha'mAM mAkalyAnuM, koI khaMDerAya-sAMkhulAka 'staMbhatIrtha'mAM vastupAla upara sainya laI caDI AvyAnu', ane kumArapAla guptavAsamAM 'staMbhatI'mAM uddayana zreSThI pAse gayAnuM nAMdhAyuM che.636 prabaMdhakAzamAM paNa Ama nAmanA rAjA 'taMbhatIrtha'mAM gayAnuM ane tyAM neminAthanA bhiSmane namana karyAnuM, 'staMbhatIrtha'mAM vastupAlane 'staMbhatIrthoM ' ane dhavalakjhaka'nuM Adhipatya maLyAnuM, sulatAna meAjaddInanI vR 634

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390 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA mAtA haja mATe "taMbhapurI gayAnuM, vastupAla eka vakhate dhavalakkakathI "staMbhapura gayAnuM, ane dhavalakkaka staMbhatIrtha ane pittana" vageremAM sarasvatIbhAMDAgAra karyAnuM neMdhAyeluM che. 37 nagaranuM nAma "khaMbhAta" (jUnuM "khaMbhAyata') ene mATe saM. tanmatIrtha uparathI utarI AvyuM samajAya ema nathI; enA uparathI te thatha" jevuM kAMIka AvI zake. mULamAM mama zabda (e tamane ja paryAya, paNa vadhu ne che, jeNe "khaMbha" "khaMbho "khAMbha'-'khAMbhI' vagere zabda ApyA che.) he jarUrI che. dhyAna kheMce evI vastu che ke khaMbhAta najIka "nagarAmAM sUryanuM madhyakAlIna maMdira che, eTale eka samaye e pradezamAM sUrya pUjA vyApaka haze; te tyAM janmAhitya evA keI sUryanuM sthAna e nagaranA nAmane mATe kAraNabhUta heya. A zabda uparathI mArUtra ane mArUtta beu prakAranA zabda UtarI Ave. padmanAbhanA kAnhaDadeTabaMdhInI pratomAM khaMbhAyata' khaMbhAita' evAM rUpa lakhAyelAM maLe che. 38 eTale mULa pakaDI zakAya che. paraMtu mAhityamAM rAma zabda kevI rIte sUryanuM vizeSaNa baje, e keyaDA jevuM che. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAve "kuMbha e vaidika deva che ane ene artha zivanuM tiliMga thAya che." ema kahyuM che. 39 gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchanA samudrakinAre ghaNuM prAcIna samayathI zivaliMgapUjA jANItI che eTale khaMbhAtanA rathaLamAM janmapUjAne lIdhe e matIrtha kahevAtAM kahevAtAM tamatIrtha kahevAvA lAgyuM haze. vyutpattinI daSTie chellA uparathI maphatya dvArA thAMbhetha' ke matIrtha gaNIe to khAMbhetha" jevuM rUpa maLe, rUpa jUnuM khaMbhAIta maLe ja che, eTale mASTriya jevuM jUnuM nAma svIkAravA taraphanuM valaNa svAbhAvika hoya. saurASTranA AhIrAmAM "vamAta" "devAta' jevAM nAmanA mULamAM trimAditya-kevA jevAM nAma che teonA sAdaye khaMbhAtamAM mAhitya vadhu svAbhAvika che. 140 jaina paraMparAmAM tAmralipi" evuM nAma maLI Ave che; AcArAMgasUtranI cUrNimAM bharuka7 ane tAmralimine droNamukha kahevAmAM AvyAM che, jala ane sthala ema baMne mArgoe jyAM jaI zakAya te droNamukha nAmane nagaraprakAra che. 141 sUtrakRtAMgasUtranI cUrNimAM jaNAvyA pramANe siMdhu tAmralipti jevA pradezamAM macchara puSkaLa hoya che. keTalAka vidvAna tAmralimine baMgALanuM "tAluka' kahe che, paraMtu jaina TIkAgraMtha prAyaH gujarAtamAM racAyelA hoI ane "bharukacchanuM sAhacarya hoI ene khaMbhAtane paryAya kahe tarkayukta che. 143 prabhAvacaritamAM ApelA jahemAcAryacaritamAM staMbhatIrthane ane "tAbralimine eka ja sthaLanAM paryAyanAma tarIke batAvyAM che. 44 vicitratA e che ke bhAratanA

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11 su] prAcIna bhogAlika ullekhA [ 391 nakazAmAM staMbhatIrtha -khaMbhAta pazcime samudrakAMThe akhAtamAM che, tAmralipti-tAmaluka pUrva baMgALa(pUrva pAkistAna)nA upasAgaramAM samudrakAMThe che. Ama pUrva-pazcimamAM tenI samAMtara bhaugAlika sthiti che. kAlama: Ane nirdeza maitraka dharasena 4 thAnA I. sa. 648 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayelA maLyA che. e 'kheTakAhAra'mAM AvelA peTAvibhAga hatA, jenuM vaDuM mathaka 'kAla kha'645 pakaDAyuM nathI, paraMtu e pathakanAM gAma eLakhI zakAyAM che, je badhAM hAla kheDA jillAnA mahemadAvAda tAlukAmAM AvelAM che. lAhATI-leAhANa-lAhANA : 'dapurANanA kaumArikAkha'DamAM A gAmanA nirdeza enI devInA sthAna mATe thayA che.646 aDAlaja ane lAhA e ane tyAM devInAM sthAna tarIke kahevAyAM che. A gAma Aje aritatvamAM hAvAnu dhyAnamAM AvyuM nathI. maulistAna : sAbaramatI samudrane maLe che tenI najIkanuM padmapurANanA samayanuM eka nagara.647 Aje enA kAI sagaDa maLatA nathI; saMskRta nAma paNa bhrAMtijanaka che. gAtuka : paMcamahAla jillAnA godharA tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka AjanuM gAdharA te prAcIna geAdrahaka' che. maitraka rAjA zIlAditya znAnI chAvaNI I. sa. 759 mAM geAdrahaka'mAM hatI.648 nagara tarIkenA enA dhyAna kheMce tevA ullekha dAhedamAMthI maLelA I. sa. 1155-56 nA abhilekhamAM thayA che,649 jemAM e mahAmaDalezvaranuM adhiSThAna arthAt maMDalanuM vaDuM mathaka hAvAnu sUcita thayuM che. sAmezvaradeve kIrti kaumudI( I. sa. 13mI sadI)mAM jaNAvyA pramANe vAdhelA vIradhavalanA samayamAM ene dagA daI gAtraha' (godharA) ane lA-(dakSiNa gujarAta)nA zAsakeA maru dezanA rAjAe sAthe bhaLI gayA hatA. purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM tejapAla gAdhA'nA rAjA dheMdhula maMDalIkane bAMdhIne 'dhavalakapura'nI sabhAmAM laI AvyAnuM mAMdhyuM che.151 prabaMdhakAzamAM 'mahInA taTa'thI jANItA pradeza kahI emAM 'gAdhA' nAmanuM nagara, tyAMtA rAjA ghUthula, 'gAtrA'nA geAdhanuM vIradhavalanA meAlelA nAnA sainyane hAthe haraNa vagere ane a Mte yuddha thatAM enuM keda pakaDAvuM', dhavalaka'mAM ene vIradhavala samakSa rajU karyAMnuM ane dhUlanuM jIbha kacaDI mRtyu, e prasaMga kahevAmAM AvyA che.1para vividhatIrthaMkalpamAM 'Du MgezvaranAeyadevakalpamAM 650

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02] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vikramAditye kuDuMgezvara RSabhadevane aneka maMDalenAM gAma arpaNa karyA temAM gohakamaMDalane paNa samAveza jovA maLe che. 53 dharmAraNyakhaMDamAM rAme moDha brAhmaNone je gAma ApyAM kahyAM che temAMnuM gedharI e A godharA lAge che. 54 dadhipadraH AjanuM paMcamahAla jillAnA dAhoda tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka dAhoda e A dadhipadra'. siddharAja jayasiMhanA samayamAM dadhipadramaMDala vageremAM senApatipade rahelA keza dadhipadra'mAM I. sa. 1140 mAM gomanArAyaNadevanI pratiSThA karI hatI.55 A abhilekha paNa dAhodamAMthI maLI Avyo che. zivabhAgapuraH maitrakavaMzanA dhruvasena 3 jAnA dAnazAsana(I.sa 53)mAM ane kharagraha 2 jAnA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 656)mAM "zivabhAgapuraviSayanA gAmanAM dAna sUcavAyAM che 56 pahelAmAM dakSiNapaTane nirdeza che, eTale ene uttarapaTTa paNa hevo joIe; e viSayanuM "zivabhAgapura vaDuM mathaka hatuM. A nagara e pAvAgaDhanI pAse AveluM paMcamahAla jillAnA hAlola tAlukAnuM zivarAjapura" samajAya che. caMpakanagara: padmapurANamAM jene nirdeza thayo che te "caMpakanagara' ghaNuM karI hAlanuM pAvAgaDhanI taLeTImAM ujaDa thaI gayeluM "cAMpAnera che; tyAMne vidAruNa nAmano rAjA keDhiyo hato ne vetravatI' (vAtraka) nadImAM ranAna karyAthI rogamukta thayo hate, evI anukRti tyAM noMdhavAmAM AvI che. 57 pAvAgaDhacAMpAnerane bhUbhAga atyAre paMcamahAla jillAnA hAlela tAlukAmAM che. sUryApura maitrakavaMzanA zIlAditya 6 kAnAM luNAvADAmAMthI maLelAM patarAMnA I. sa. 759 nA dAnazAsanamAM "sUryapuraviSayane ullekha thayela che. 58 A dAna rAjAnI chAvaNa dahakamAM hatI tyAre ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A viSayanuM vaDuM mathaka "sUryapura"58 paMcamahAla jillAnA kAlola tAlukAmAM AveluM sarelI hovAnI zakyatA che, je godharAnI uttara-uttara-pUrve vIseka ki. mI. (bAreka mAIla) upara AveluM che. "suryApura' samaya jatAM "sUrya pallikA" thaI gayuM hovAnuM sUcita thAya che, je parathI "surelI" thayuM che. aMkedaka-vaTapadraka-vaTapuraH maitrakavaMzanA dhruvasena 1lAnA I. sa. pa25 nA dAnazAsanamAM "akekano nirdeza thayela che 59 te mULa vaDodarAnI najIkanuM

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11 prAcIna bhogolika ulalekhe ane hAla vaDedarAnI hadamAM samAI gayeluM "akoTA" che. suvarNavarSa karkarAjanA I. sa. 812 nA dAnazAsanamAM "aMkeka caturazIti (caryAzI gAmanA samUha)nuM e vaDuM mathaka jovA maLe che. 10 akoTAnI pUrve AveluM "vaDa(Ta) padaka (AjanuM "vaDedarA) gAma dAnamAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. A gAmamAM pUrve akekanA cAturvidha brAhmaNane ApavAmAM AveluM hatuM te agAunA rAjAee lupta karI nAkhatAM "vaTapuranA vAsI bhAnu bhaTTane dAnamAM ApavAmAM AvyAnuM tyAM cheDe kahyuM che. A "vaTapura", saMbhava che ke, "vaTapadrane ja paryAya che. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM ane purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgrahamAM "vaTapadrane kAha pote taiyAra karAvelA biMbanI pratiSThA karAvavA zrI pattana (pATaNa) AvyAnuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che. 161 nIce "nAMdIpurInI vAta karatAM "vATapadraka viSaya ane vizvAmitrI nadI kahela che teno saMbaMdha A "vaTapadra sAthe samajAya che.. noMdhapAtra e vAta che ke anumaitraka kAlamAM "akeka' e coryAzI gAmanA samUhanuM vaDuM mathaka hatuM ane "vaTapadraka najIkamAM nAnuM gAma hatuM; samaya jatAM "akeka (akoTA") nAnuM gAma banI gayuM ane "vaTapadraka (vaDodarA) moTuM nagara banI gayuM. akoTAmAMthI I. sa. 5 mI sadIthI laI mahatvanI aneka jaina dhAtupratimAo nIkaLI che e A sthAnanI prAcIna vizALa vasAhatanI mahattA sUcavavA paryApta che. 22 "vaTapadra' nAmanAM bIjAM paNa ghaNuM sthAna jANavAmAM AvyAM che, je Aje vaDedarA" ke bIjI maLatI saMjJAthI bacelAM jANI zakAyAM che. 13 gorajA : kaTacuri rAjA buddhavarmAnA I. sa. 609 ne dAnazAsanamAM garajajA bhAgane ullekha thayela che14 je bharukacchaviSayamAM Avela hatA. A ekamanuM vaDuM mathaka gorA vaDodarA jillAnA vAghoDiyA tAlukAmAM, paMcamahAla jillAnA hAlanI dakSiNe seneka ki. mI (11 mAIla) upara AveluM "garaja' gAma lAge che. addhikAH A sthAnane "ajhahAra' tarIke ullekha gurjaranRpativaMzanA jayabhaTa 3 jAnA I. sa. 706 nA "kAyAvatAra --kAravaNanI chAvaNImAMthI karelA dAnazAsanamAM thayela che. A "zraddhikAna gAma tarIke ullekha maitrakarAja zIlA. ditya 3 jAnA I. sa. 676 nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa thayeluM che ? A zraDhikA" e vaDodarA jillAnA pAdarA tAlukAnuM "sAdhI che.

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294] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kerilApura-kerilA : narmadA nadInA tIrakAMtamAM eka korilApurane skaMdapurANamAM ullekha thayeluM che, je 27 jyAM deDha karoDa tIrtha hovAnuM kahyuM che. purANamAM seMdhAyelA nagarane kerilA tarIke gurjaranRpativaMzanA rAjA jyabhaTa 3 jAnA I. sa. 706 nA dAnazAsanamAM sagaDa maLe che. je kAyAvatAra : A sthaLane ulekha gurjaranRpativaMzanA jayabhaTa 3 jAnA I. sa. 706 ne dAnazAsanamAM rAjAnI chAvaNInA sthAna tarIke thaye che.19 zivanA avatAra tarIke lekhAyelA, pAzupata saMpradAyanA saMsthApaka, lakulIzane janma A "kAyAvatAra-kAyAvarohaNa ('karehaNa" nAma paNa maLe che)mAM thaye kahyo che 170 AjanuM "kAraNe nAma A nagaranA "kAyAvarohaNa evA pracalita nAma uparathI AveluM che. 71 A kAraNe vaDodarA jillAnA DabhoI tAlukAmAM DAInI pazcime paMdarake ki.mI. (11 mAIla) upara AveluM tIrthasthAna che. darbhavatI-dabhavatI : DabhoInI Isa. 1253nI vaidyanAthaprazaritamAM visaladeva vAghelAe zrIvaidyanAthanA maMdirane jIrNoddhAra karAvyo hovAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM che, paraMtu abhilekhanA saMkhyAbaMdha zabda naSTa thaI gayelA heI nagaranuM nAma jaLavAyeluM jovA maLatuM nathI; paNa solaMkI rAjA bhImadeva 2 jA nA rAjyakAlamAM I. sa. 115 mAM eka graMtha lAdezanI 'darbhAvatI'mAM lakhAyAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM che; te giranAra uparanA vastupAla-tejapAlanA samayanA I. sa. 1232 nA cha abhilekhamAM aNahilapura" "bhRgupura staMbhanapura staMbhatIrtha" "darbhavatI "dhavalakkaka' ema nagaromAM navAM derAsara ane derAsaronA jIrNoddhAra karyAnuM sUcavyuM che tyAM eka sthAna tarIke e nirdezAyuM che. 17 ahIM vIsaladevane janma thaye kahevAya che. 194 vIsaladevanA samayanA vaidyanAtha-maMdiranA bhagnAvazeSa ane DabhoInA killAnA daravAjA enI prAcIna jAherajalAlIne Aje paNa khyAla ApI rahelA che. A DabhoI vaDodarA jillAnA DabhoI tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka che. saMgamakheTaka gurjaranRpativaMzanA da ra jA(prazAMtarAga)nAM I. sa. 64ranAM be dAnazAsanamAM "saMgamakheTakaviSayamAM AvelAM be gAmonI jamIna dAnamAM ApyAnuM maLe che. 175 UMcha ane era nadIonA saMgama upara AveluM hoI e "saMgamabeTaka tarIke jANItuM thayeluM. e viSayanuM vaDuM mathaka, hAlanuM "saMkheDA, vaDedarA jillAnA saMkheDA tAlukAnuM mukhya mathaka che, je hAla kharAdIkAmanA hunnara mATe jANItuM che.

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prAcIna bhogAlika ullekhA ( 5 kaNikA H A saMjJAnA 'bhukti' evA vahIvaTI vibhAga tarIkene ullekha rASTrakUTarAjA karka suvarNavanA I. sa. 816 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayelA che. 177 e bhuktinA vaDA mathaka kaNikA'nA ullekha kaTacyuri rAjA taralasvAmInA I. sa. 595 nA mAMkaNInAM patarAMmAMnA dAnazAsanamAM paNa Ave che. 178 A dAnapatra banAvaTI hAvAnu ane e AThamI sadImAM upajAvyuM hAvAnuM mAlUma paDayuM. che. 679 'ma kaNikA' e vaDAdarA jillAnA saMkheDA tAlukAmAM Avelu mAMkaNI' che, jyAMthI talasvAmInA dAnazAsananu pahelu' (sa'bhavataH khIju` paNu) pataru maLyu che. KY] ta'Dulapaka : kaTancuri rAjA zaMkaragaNunA bhogikapAlaka nirihullakanA balAdhikRta zAMtillanA I. sa.nI 6 ThThI sadInA chellA caraNanA dAnazAsanamAM kAI vahIvaTI vibhAganA vaDA mathaka tarIke 'ta ulapatraka'nA ullekha thayelA che.180 'taDulapAka' e vaDeAdarA jillAnA saMkheDA tAlukAmAM saMkheDAthI uttara-pUrve 16 ki.mI. (dasa mAIla) upara Avelu' tAMdaLajA' lAge che. nAMdIpurI-nAMdIpura- naMdapura-na drupadra : gurjaranRpativaMzanA 6 2jAnAM I. sa. 629 ane 634 nAM dAnazAsana 'nAMdIpurI'mAMthI ane I. sa. 642 nAM e 'nAMdIpura'mAMthI ApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. jayalaTa 3 jAnA I. sa. 710 nA dAnazAsanamAM 'nAMdIpura'nA viSaya tarIke ullekha thayelA che.681 hakIkate 'nAMdIpurInAMdIpura' gurjaranRpativa'zanI rAjadhAnI samajAya che. khUba meADethI, I. sa. 1077 mAM, nAMdIpuramAM nikhAI kulanA kAI trivikramapAlanuM zAsana jANavAmAM Ave che, jeNe 'nAgasArikAma'Dela'nA 'vATapadrakaviSaya'mAM 'vaizvAmitrI' nadInA taTe ane zukalatIrthAMmAM dAna ApyAM che.182 e pachI cheka I. sa. 1291 mAM vaijapAyana rAjavaMzanA jaisiMhanuM zAsana 'naMdapura--naMdadra'mAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che;183 ene enA dAnazAsanamAM 'na'dAtaTamukuTabhUta' kahevAmAM AvyuM che ane emAM 'nadapadrIya deza' paNa kahela che. AA nAMdIpurInA racaniyamAM matabheda noMdhAyelA cheH gUlare bharUcanI pUrve jaDezvaranA daravAjAnI bahAra AvelA e ja nAmanA jUnA killA nAMdIpurI' DhAvAnA mata ApeleA; kanaiyAlAla munazInuM paNu valaNa e prakAranu` hatu'; paraMtu bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe rAjapIpaLA vibhAganA hAlanA nAMdodane mATe mata ApyA hatA, je vadhu baMdha bese che.184 hariprasAda zAstrIe mA pAchalA matanuM samana karyu che.185 A nAMdAda bharUca jillAnA nAMdAda tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka che.

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rAhaka ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA guDaza : AcArAMgasUtranI cUrNimAM eka "guDazastra" nagarane nirdeza thayela che;81 khapuTAcArya nAmanA eka jainAcArya potAnA ziSyane bharukacchamAM mUkIne vRddhakaTa nAmanA vyaMtarano upadrava zamAvavA guDazastramAM gayA hatA ane pitAne ziSya zithilAcArI banI bauddhomAM bhaLI gayAnuM sAMbhaLI pAchA bharukaracha AvyA hatA. A nagaranAma sAthe janya-janaka prakArane saMbaMdha dharAvatAM bharUca jillAnA aMkalezvara tAlukAnuM "gaDakhola , nAMdoda tAlukAnuM "gaDoda', vAgarA tAlukAnuM golAdarA" ane hAMsoTa tAlukAnuM ghoDAdarA" gAme maLe che. AmAMnuM kayuM mULa 'guDazastra' haze e kahevuM muzkela che. lehigakakSaH gurjaranRpativaMzanA jyabhaTa ja thAnA I. sa. 736 nA dAnazAsanamAM hiMgakakSa--pathaka-AhAramAMthI nIkaLIne AvelA brAhmaNane bharukaccha viSayanuM gAma dAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che. 87 A pathaka-AhAranuM vaDuM mathaka higakakSa, saMbhava che ke, bharUca jillAnA DeDiyApADA (deDiyApADA) tAlukAnuM rUkhala heya. jabUsara : AjanA bharUca jillAnA jaMbusara tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka jaMbusara nAMdIpurInA gurjaranRpativaMzanA rAjAonA samayamAM brAhmaNothI vaseluM gAma hatuM. da 2 jAnA I. sa. 629 nA ane I. sa. 634 nA punarAvartita dAnazAsanamAM dAna lenArAomAM 'jaMbusaramAMthI AvelA brAhmaNane nirdeza Ave che. 188cha varSa bAda maitrakavaMzanA dhruvasena 2 jAnA I. sa. 639-40nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa dAna lenAra jaMbusarathI Avela brAhmaNa che.189 cAlukya vijayarAjanA kheDAmAMthI hAtha lAgelA, I. sa. 643nA gaNutA, paraMtu aneka kAraNothI banAvaTI mAlUma paDelA, dAnazAsanamAM paNa dAna "jaMbusaranA brAhmaNane apAyuM kahyuM che. 190 noMdhavA jevuM che ke yAskanA niruktanI I. sa.nI 3 jI sadI AsapAsanI durgavRttine lekhaka durgAcArya "jaMbusarIne vatanI mAlUma paDI AvyA che. 191 udde baragara : Ane ullekha maitrakarAjA dhruvasena ra jAnAM Isa. ka79 ane 640nAM dAnazAsanamAM thayeluM che. 292 jaMbusaranA sAMnidhye kahI zakAya ke urdubaragara nagara te bharUca jillAnA jaMbusara tAlukAnuM, jaMbusarathI uttare cAra ki. mI. (aDhI mAIla) uparanuM "umarA" haze. dharasena 4 thAnA I. sa. 648 nA dAnazAsanamAM paNa A gAmane ulekha thayela maLe che193

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe 200 kApikA-kAvikAH dakSiNa gujarAtamAM AvelA A nagarane rASTra, vaMzanA prabhUtavarSa goviMdarAjanA kAvInA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 80)mAM "kApikAMtavata koTiparanA nirdeze ulekha thayeluM che. 194 vaLI goviMda 4 thAnA khaMbhAtanA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 930)mAM paNa thayA che, jemAM "kAvikA mAMthI mAnyakheTamAM - jaI vaselA brAhmaNane kAvikAnI najIkanuM gAma dAnamAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. 195 A nagara bharUca jillAnA jaMbusara tAlukAmAM AveluM kAvI che. akrUrezvara-aMkalezvaraH gurjaranRpativaMzanA rAjAonA samayamAM apUrezvara -aMkalezvara viya tarIke jANavAmAM AveluM che. dardU ra janAM I. sa. 6ra8 ane 634 nAM dAnazAsanemAM "akrUrezvara viSaya", 19 to enA I. sa. 49pa-96 nA kahelA paNa anumaitrakakAlamAM upajAvelA dAnazAsanamAM 'akulezvara viSaya" lakhavAmAM Avela che. 197 kRNa rajanA I. sa. 888 nA dAnazAsanamAM e rAjAne "aMkUlezvarAvasthita' kahyo che298 eTale tyAM e viSayanA vaDA mathakanI vAta che. A hAlanuM, narmadAnA dakSiNa taTa upara AveluM, bharUca jillAnA aMkalezvara tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka che, je Aje enA khanija telanA kUvAo mATe khyAta thayeluM che. kAzakula-kAzAkula : A nagara jenuM vaDuM mathaka hoya tevA kozAkula viSayane ullekha cAlukya vijayarAjanA kheDAmAMthI maLelAM banAvaTI mAlUma paDelAM tAmrapatronA dAnazAsana(I. sa. 64ra)mAM thayelA che. 699 rASTrakUTavaMzanA kaka 2 jAe A "kAzakula viSayanuM "rathAvarapAlikA" gAma enA I. sa. 757nAM. chArolamAMthI 1LelAM, tAmrapatronA dAnazAsanamAM dAnamAM ApyAnuM lakhyuM che.700 A viSayanuM vaDuM sthaka kAza kula" e surata jillAnA olapADa tAlukAnuM, olapADathI dakSiNa-pazcime eka ki. mI. (cAra mAIla) upara AveluM, kAsalA" lAge che.701 maNibhAI dvivedI tApInA taTa uparanuM "kaThera" athavA "kuDasada) kahevA mAge che,702 paraMtu vyutpattinI daSTie kAsalA" baMdha bese che. kamaNIya-kAraNeya-karmAtapuraH periplasa'nA lekhake enI A bhUgoLamAM akhAtanI jamaNI bAju bahena" nAmane kharAba kamenI gAmanI sAme kahyuM che te khaMbhAtanA akhAtanA pUrva kAMThAnuM kAmareja che, jenA sAmenA kAMThA upara "aSTaka pra" (hAthaba) kahyuM che.703 gurjarapativaMzanA darda rajAnA I. sa - 478 nA banAvaTI mAlUma paDI AvelA dAnazAsanamAM kammaNIyazoDa(za)zata (kamaNIya116 gAme samUha) bhakti'mAMnuM gAma dAnamAM ApavAmAM AvyAnuM

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398] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA jaNAvyuM che.704 AhAra-viSaya' tarIke kArmaNeyane ullekha cAlukyavaMzIya zyAzraya zIlAdityanA I. sa. 693 nA ane avanijanAzraya pulakezInA I. sa. 739 nA -e be dAnazAsanamAM thayela che.705 rASTrakUTavaMzanA amoghavarSa 1 lAnA, tarasADImAMthI maLelAM patarAMnA I. sa. 850 nA dAnazAsanamAM "kammatapuraviSaya" paNa kAmarejane ja vAcaka che.702 dhruva 3 jAnA I. sa. 867 nA dAnazAsanamAM karmA napurazeDa(za)zata' te paNa A che, jyAre idrarAja 3 jAnA I. sa. 914 nA dAnazAsanamAMnuM "kammaNijaja' paNa A ja che.70 e "bhakti" "AhAra" viSaya e nAnAmoTA vahIvaTI vibhAganA vaDA mathaka tarIke raheluM A kammaNIya -karmaNeya-kammatapura" e surata jillAnA kAmareja tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka, suratathI uttarapUrve 16 ki. mI. (dasa mAIla) upara AveluM, kAmareja che. gharAya : maitrakavaMzanA dharasena 2 jAnA zAke 40 (I. sa. 478)nA banAvaTI mAlUma paDI AvelA dAnazAsanamAM "dharAya viSaya kahela cheoche e viSayanuM vaDuM mathaka "gharAye" te hAlanA kAmarejanI uttara-pUrve sADA cha ki. mI. (cAra mAIla) uparanuM surata jillAnA kAmareja tAlukAnuM "ghalA" hevAnI zakayatA che.708 kaMtAragAma-kAMtAragrAma dharasena rajAnA banAvaTI nIkaLelA zAke40 (I.sa. 4782)nA dAnazAsanamAM kaMtAragrAmazoDa(tha)zataviSaya'nuM gAmadAna ApavAnuM lakhyuM che.708 A 116 grAmonA samUhanA vaDA mathaka tarIkenuM nagara te "kaMtAragrAma". upara kampanIyazoDa(za)zata' kahela che tevo A prakAra che. rASTrakUTavaMzanI gujarAtanI zAkhAnA dhruva ra jAnA I. sa. 884 nA dAnazAsanamAM, pahelAM kavarikAhAraviSaya" kahevAtA ane rAjAnA samayamAM "kAMtAragrAma-AhAraviSaya gaNAtA vibhAganA katAragrAma" najIka AvelI nadInA kAMThAnA bauddhavihArane dAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che. 10 A atyAre surata jillAnA (surata jenuM vaDuM mathaka che te) coryAsI tAlukAnuM suratathI uttaramAM 16 ki. mI. (dasa mAIla) upara AveluM katAragAma che. variaviH rASTrakUTavaMzanA kRSNa 2 jAnA aMkalezvaramAMthI maLelAM patarAMnA I. sa. 888 nA dAnazAsanamAM "variavi 'nA nivAsI brAhmaNane dAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che.711 A variavi e AjanuM surata jillAnA coryAsI tAlukAnuM "variyAva che,

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11 su] prAcIna bhogAlika ullekhA [ 399 mAhirikA ane karNAvala : cAlukayavaMzanA zyAzraya zIlAdityanA I. sa. 671 nA dAnazAsanamAM 'bAhirikA viSaya 'mAM AvelA ' karNAvala AhAra 'mAMnuM eka gAma dAnamAM ApyAnuM maLe che,712 AmAMnA bAhirikA viSaya'nA vaDA mathA bAhirikA'ne mahibhAI dvivedI 'vahara-vasara' kahe che,713 je hakIkate surata jillAnA mAMgareALa tAlukAnuM 'vahAra' che, hariprasAda zAstrI bAraDolIthI dakSiNa-- pUrve 24 ki. mI. (15 mAIla) uparanuM 'baherA' paNa sUcave che.714 mirAzI zmAne 'aMtama'DalI'nI jema bahAranA pradeza mATenI saMjJAmAtra kahe che,715 paraMtu e khesatuM nahi Ave; ema karavA mATe hi`DalA' jevI krAI saMjJA apekSita lAge. 'karNAvala' e surata jillAnA palasANA tAlukAnu khagumarAnI dakSiNe ATha ki. mI.(pAMca mAIla) uparanuM 'kaNAva' samajAya che.711 mirAjJI bAraDelIthI dakSiNamAM daseka ki. mI. (cha mAIla) uparanuM 'kaNThI' sUcave che,7 17 paNa e nAma surata jillAnA tAlukAnAM gAmAnI yAdImAM jovA maLatuM nathI. tatha-umarA (! maga-u*kharA) : gurjaranRpativa`zanA da6 2 jA(prazAMtarAga)nA banAvaTI mAlUma paDI AvelA zaka sa'. 415 (I. sa. 493 ?)nA dAnazAsanamAM 'AhAra' ane 'grAma' beu rIte AnA ullekha thayA che,718 paraMtu vAMcavAmAM garabaDa thaI sabhave cheH e 'khaga-ukharA' zakaya che. A dAnanAM patarAM 'bhagumarA'mAMthI ja maLyAM che, je kAmarethIja dakSiNe paMdareka ki. mI. (nava mAIla) upara surata jillAnA palAsaNA tAlukAmAM Avelu che. treyaNa-tendra : 'AhAra' tarIke AnA ullekha bhIla zAsaka nikulaallazaktinA I. sa. 655 nA dAnazAsanamAM thayA che, teA rASTrakUTa IMdrarAja 3 jAnA I. sa. 815 nA dAnazAsanamAM 'kaNijasamIpe' 'teza' gAma apAyuM kahyu` che.719 pelA AhAranuM vaDuM mathaka 'treyaNu' ane A 'tenna' eka che. A hAlanuM surata jillAnA bAraDAlI tAlukAnuM, khAraDeAlInI pazcime doDheka ki. mI. (eka mAIla) uparanu, 'tena' samajAya che. kApUra-kApura : traikUTakava zanA daDhasenanAM pAraDImAMthI maLelAM I. sa. 456 nAM patarAMmAM aMkita thayelA dAnazAsanamAM 'kApura'nA nivAsI brAhmaNane dAna ApyAnuM lakhyuM che; lITanA jaNAvyA pramANe vyArAthI dakSiNa-pazcima-dakSiNe Avelu AjanuM 'kApura' A che,720 maNibhAI dvivedIe AjanuM e mATenuM pracalita

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400] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kapUrA" kahyuM che.721 A pura vaDuM mathaka hoya tevA kApUra AhArane ullekha laharAta kSatrapa nakSAnanA samayanA I. sa. 1 lI sadI jeTalA jUnA samayane jANavAmAM Avyo che. kapUrA" tarIke A Aje surata jillAnA vyArA tAlukAmAM AveluM che. kavarikA ane suhilA : rASTrakUTavaMzanA dhruva rajAnA I. sa. 884 nA dAnazAsanamAM kavarikAne "AhAra-viSaya tarIke ane "hilAne viSayatarIke nirdeza thayelo che.22 upara "kaMtAra grAmanA viSayamAM jaNAvyuM che tema katAragrAma-AhAra-viSayanuM pUrvanuM nAma "kacarikAhAraviSaya hatuM,723 paraMtu varikA nagarasaMsA ane kAMtAragAma nagarasaMsA eka na hoya; ane olapADa tAlukAmAM kamarelI (zakya mULa : saM. jArIdiva>prA, javarabriA >apa. vajhiyA) maLe che enI ochI zakyatA nathI. "muhilA viSayanuM vaDuM mathaka "muhilAe surata jillAnA mAMDavI tAlukAnuM selI', athavA kadAca nijhara tAlukAnuM "sulavADe heya. vijayapuraH lATanA cAlukyavaMzanA vijayarAjanA I. sa. 644 nA banAvaTI mAlUma paDI AvelA dAnazAsanamAM vijayapuramAM chAvaNI hevAnuM maLe che. 24 mirAzI paMcamahAlanA "vijApura" ke jUnA vaDodarA rAjyanA vijApura(uttaragujarAtamAM mahesANA tAlukAnA)nI saMbhAvanA kare che. e karatAM hariprasAda zAstrIe kaMkaNanA zilAhArInA mAMDalika vijale vasAveluM saMjANanuM ja e nAmanuM paruM hevAnI saMbhAvanA karI che te vadhu sArI lAge che.24 navasArikA-nAgasArikAH jUnAmAM jUne pahele ullekha telemIne nausAripA" kahI zakAya.25 Amilekhika ulemAM cAlukayarAjA zvAzraya zIlAdityanA I. sa. 671 ne dAnazAsanamAM "navasArikAnA nivAsI brAhmaNane "navasArikAmAM dAna ApyAno ullekha ane avanijanAzraya pulakezInA I. sa. 731-32 nA dAnazAsanamAM eNe "navasArikA meLavavA AvelA tAjika (arabo)ne haThAvyAne ullekha e jUnA che. jarA uttarakAlanA rASTrakUTavaMzanA karkarAja suvarNavarSanA I. sa. 821 nA dAnazAsanamAM nAgasArikA vibhAganA sUcanamAM "nAgasArikA' kahevAmAM Avela che; selaMkI kAlamAM paNa karNadevanA samayanA I. sa. 1074 nA dAnazAsanamAM lATa dezAMtaHpAtI nAgasArikAmAM maMDalezvara durlabharAjanI sattA kahI che.727 A "navasArikA-nAgasArikA te pUrNA nadInA dakSiNa kAMThA upara valasADa jillAnA navasArI tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka "navasArI" che.

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekhe [ 401 talabhadrikA : solaMkI rAjA karNadevanA samayanAM navasArImAMthI maLelAM patarAMnA I. sa. 1074 nA uparyukta dAnazAsanamAM 'talabhadrikA-patrizaspaMthakanuM gAma dAnamAM apAyAnuM lakhyuM che.728 A chatrIsa gAmonA vahIvaTI ekamanuM vaDuM mathaka "talabhadrikA" emAM apAyelA gAmanI catuHsImAmAM "AvalasADhi (AjanuM amalasADa) AvatuM hoI enI najIkanA pradezamAM hovuM joIe. saMbhava che ke e valasADa jillAnA umaragAma tAlukAnuM 'talavADA" hoI zake, je saM. tapaTa upathI AvI zake; amalasADa gaNadevI tAlukAmAM che. saMjANu- saMjAna : rASTrakUTavaMzanA amoghavarSa 1 lAnAM saMjANamAMthI maLelAM patarAMnA I. sa. 871 nA dAnazAsanane "saMjajAna pattana" tarIke ane vahIvaTI vibhAga hoya tevo tyAM ja pUrve saMjANa najIkanI covIsI vizene ullekha dhyAna kheMce che.729 hariprasAda zAstrIe dhyAna doryuM che ke730 rASTrakUTa rAjA iMdrarAja 3 jAnA I sa. 926 ne dAnazAsanamAM "saMyAnamaMDala upara madhumati urphe sagatipa (mahammada urphe subakta) nAmanA mAMDalikano amala hato, je vakhate saMjANumAM "haMjamanathI nirdezAyelA pArasIonI vasAhata thaI cUkI hatI e je. je. medIne mata sacavAya che. kRSNarAja 3 jA(I. sa. 939-967)nA samayamAM bhillamAlanA amAtyoe madhusUdana(viSNu)nI pratiSThA karyAnuM jANavAmAM AvyuM che. I. sa. 1026-34 nA arasAmAM "saMyAna upara koMkaNanA zilAhAra vaMzanA chittarAjanuM zAsana hatuM, jemAM I. sa. 1934 nA dAnazAsana pramANe "saMyAnapattanane vahIvaTa mahAmaMDalezvara cAmuMTharAjane soMpavAmAM Avyo hata; ene pitA vijaja rANaka enI pUrve "saMyAnapattanamaMDalIne zAsaka hato. jene I. sa. 1053 nA dAnazAsanamAM "saMyAnamaMDalane zAsaka kahyo che te moDhakulanA mahAmaMDalezvara vijajaladevanA I. sa. 1048 nA dAnazAsanamAM jaNAveluM 'vijayapura" enI rAjadhAnI lAge che; enA saMpAdaka dinezacaMdra sarakAra A "vijayapura "saMcAnanuM paruM hovAnuM dhAre che. A dAnazAsananuM "saMyAna" e valasADa jillAnA umaragAma tAlukAmAM AveluM AjanuM saMjaNa che; Aje paNa tyAM pArasIonI sArI varatI che ane e AvyA tyAranI rathApelI agiyArI che. upasaMhAra lipistha mudrita sAhitya-graMtha, tAmrapatro, zilAlekho vagerenI madadathI I. sa. 1300 AsapAsa sudhInAM evAM sAdhanomAM jovA maLelAM, gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchanA banelA gujarAta rAjyanAM, deza-parvate-va-nadI-tIrtho-nAnAM moTAM nagarone

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402] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA lagatI aitihAsika ane kavacita dhAyelI Anutika mAhitI saMkSepamAM batAvavAne ahIM A prayatna thayo che. A uparAMta bIjA keTalAka prakIrNa ullekha nIce pramANe maLe che: I. sa. 4thI-5 mI sadInA kahI zakAya tevA jainasatragraMtha jJAtAdharmathAmAM surakAnanava zabdamAM730Adu (saM. surANA) strIliMge noMdhAyo che, te A. hemacaMdrane I. sa. nI 1ramI sadInA dvayAzrayakAvyamAM gUrjaratrA ane saMkhyAbaMdha sthaLe kurASTra zabda strIliMge prayojAyA jovA maLe che.981 I. sa. 13mI sadInA vinayacaMdrasUrinA "kAvyazikSA' nAmaka graMthamAM samUhavAcaka zabdo vize kahetAM gujarAtanAM keTalAka sthaLanAma nedhavAmAM AvyAM che; jevAM ke haruyANI (anabhijJAta), pattana (aNahilapura pATaNa), mAtara (kheDA jillAnA mAtara tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka), bahU (anabhijJAta), bhAlijya (bhAleja- kheDA jillAnA ANaMda tAlukAmAM), harSapura (harasola), nAra (kheDA jillAnA peTalAda tAlukAmAM), jabUsara, paDavANa (anabhijJAta), darzAvatI (DabhoI), peTalApa (peTalAda), khadirAlukA (mahesANA jillAnA kherAlu tAlukAnuM vaDuM mathaka kherALu'), bhogapura (saMbhavataH bhagavatI' arthAta "khaMbhAta), palakkaka (dhoLakA) ane mohaDavAsa (meDAcA') e nagarasthAna ane mahITa ('mahIkAMTho), surASTrA (strI., saurASTra), lATa, gUjarjara uttara-madhya-dakSiNa gujarAta) A dezanAma paNa ApavAmAM AvyAM che.732 A bAbatamAM hastalikhita graMthanI pupikAomAM ane prazastiomAM paNa mAhitI maLe che. hastalikhita graMthanA bhaMDAramAM mukita dazAmAM paDelA zenI prazaritaone je eka saMgraha mudrita thayo che temAMthI Azare I. sa. 1300 sudhInA samayanI hastapratomAMthI keTalAMka vadhu sthAna pakaDI zakAya che. u.ta. "mahI ane "damana" ("damaNa) nadIo vaccene "lAdeza" I. sa. nI 12 mI sadInA aMtamAM, te e samaye "lAdeza-maMDala" paNa.733 daMDA[hi5thaka' 13mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM maLe che.cha74 upara yathAsthAna sacita thaI gayelAM nagaromAM aNahilapATaka'-'aNahillapATaka-aNahilavADa-anahilapATaka-anahilapATaka"aNahillanayara"- "aNahilapATaNapattana'-'aNahilapura ema bhinna bhinna rIte judI judI pratomAM nakala thayAnA thAna tarIke, vaLI pattana-zrIpattana'-zrIbhatpattana" tarIke paNa985 'AzApalI 13 mI sadInA aMta sudhI,73 te "karNAvatI" 12 mI sadInI pahelI pacIsImAM 7 3 7 "kheTakAdhAra (="kheTakAhAra) ane "kheTaka nagara

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ullekhe [ 403 12 mI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM.38 "dadhipadra' ane 'dadhipaddhapattana (jAheda') 12 mI sadImAM.38 12 mI sadInI 3 jI pacIsImAM gaMbhUtA'(gAMbhu)ne "rAdhAzatapatha (4400 gAmono pathaka? 144 no) kahevAmAM Avela che.740 "darbhavatI" ane darzAvatI beu rIte jovA maLe che ((DabhoI), cheka 13 mI sadInA aMta sudhI; viziSTatA e che ke tyAM visaladevanI pUrve I. sa. 1155 mAM "zrIvaidyanAtha mahAdevanA maMdiranuM astitva jovA maLe che;741 arthAta visaladeve te pachI samuddhAra karele, je DabhoInI vaidyanAthaprazastine viSaya banyo. 13 mI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM bomaMDala" ("goMDaLa) noMdhAyuM che.742 keTalAka tADapatrIya graMthanI nakala devapattana (prabhAsapATaNa)mAM paNa thayelI che, jyAM (pAzupatasaMpradAyanA) gaMDene saMbaMdha paNa nirdiSTa thayo hoya che.743 I. sa. 1250 nI eka pratamAM dIpa'(dIva)nA nivAsI zrAvakane ullekha thayelo che, to "nAgasArikA' (navasArI) 13 mI sadInA AraMbhakAle sacavAI che.744 dhavalakakaka' (dhoLakA) 13 mI sadInA aMtabhAga sudhI, to "pra lAdanapura paNa.745 prAkRtamAM "bharuaccha, paraMtu saMskRtamAM "bhRgukara7 13 mI sadInA madhyabhAga sudhI jovA maLe che.94 maMDalI" (mAMDala) ane "madhumatI' (havA) anukrame 12 mI ane 13 mI sadImAM maLe che.747 13 mI sadInA aMtabhAgamAM bhinna bhinna be sthaLe "vaTapadrAgrAma' (vaDodarA)ne nirdeza che. "vaTapadraka' sAmAnya tarIke 12 mI ane 13 mInI 1 lI pacIsIne, paraMtu "vaTapadrakapura tarIke I. sa. 1195 ne che; eTale ke "vaTapadraka pura tarIke khIlavA lAgyuM haze, ane hajI evuM moTuM na thayuM hoya tethI "grAma" paNa kahyuM hoya.748 vIjApura-vIjApura pattana ane eka vAra "vidyapura" tarIke paNa jovA maLe che, tyAMnI pauSadhazALAmAM rahIne nakala karavAmAM AvI kahI che.748 eka pratamAM "siddhapura' (I. sa. 1144) jovA maLyuM che, to 13 mI sadImAM "staMbhanaka (thAmaNA) paNa,7pa0 jyAM atyAre have eka paNa derAsara nathI. taMbhatIrthanA nirdeza 13 mI sadInA aMta sudhI jovA maLyA che, jyAM kavacita ene "nagara', to eka sthaLe "velAkula' (baMdara) paNa kahyuM che.751 dAnazAsanamAM ane zilAlekhomAM saMkhyAbaMdha "rAma" nirdiSTa thayAM che; te te viSaya" "AhAra" "pathaka bhukti' vageremAM batAvelAM hoI keTalAMka sthaLanizcaya saraLatAthI thAya che, keTalAMka nAza pAmI javAthI oLakhI zakAtAM nathI. oLakhI zakAya tevAM gAmonA viSayamAM Aje evuM paNa banyuM che ke nikaTa nikaTamAM hoya chatAM jillA ane tAlukA paNa badalAI gayA hoya. sAhacaryathI sthaLanirdeza saraLa banI rahe che. je gAmonAM nAma samULAM badalI ja gayAM hoya

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44] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ . teonA viSayamAM aTakaLa karI samAdhAna meLavavAnuM rahe che.752 skaMdapurANanI racanA thaI haze tyAre judA judA bhUbhAgomAM gAmenI saMkhyA keTalI hatI enA vize paNa kahevAmAM AvyuM che; "kAvyazikSA jevA graMthamAM prasaMgavazAta te te gAma vaDuM mathaka hoya tema enI sattA nIcenAM gAmonI saMkhyA paNa kahI hoya che. pAdaTIpa 1. Rgveda, 2-41-1-6 2. ejana, 7-96-1 3. B. C. Law, Rivers of India, p. 16 4. pu. 1., pR. 148 5. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 158-17; bhISmaparva, 7-44, 45 1. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 5-1 thI 3 7. ejana, 37-37 8. ejana, 130-3 thI 7 4. ejana, 80-118, 119 10. ejana, 86-17 11. mahAbhArata, zalyaparva, 34-75 thI 78 12. ejana, 34-69 13. ejana, 41-29 thI 32 135. Rgveda, khilasUkta, 19-5 14. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 81-131 - 15. ejana, 80-130, 131 16. mahAbhArata, zalpaparva, 34-69 thI 78 17. mAtano tihAsa pR. 9 18. 5. Y., pR. 202 kore 14. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 64 20. hammIramadamardana nATaka, pR. 47 21. . mA. ., 5. 188 22. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, 3-20 23. skandapurANa, 7-1-33-54 24. dyAzraya kAvya, 9-76 25. ejana, 13-14 21. kIrtikaumudI, 1-60 ane 1-72 thI 81 27. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 18, 13; vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 51; purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 128 28. prabandhakoza, pR. 53 28. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 112 26. bhAgavatapurANa, 6-8-39 2821. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 121-15

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40. 4] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha 40. skandapurANa, 7-1-33-53, 54 vagere 31. matsyapurANa, 114-50;brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16 -62; vAyupurANa, 1-45-130 32. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-61 33. vAmanapurANa, 13-52 34. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 35. AvazyakacUrNi, uttarabhAga, pR. 61; dvayAzraya kAvya, 6-51 ('nadI') 36. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 87 37. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 85,2. 38. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, p. 327 34. pANini, aSTAdhyAyI-vyAkaraNa, gaNapATha, 4-2-97 siddhAMtakaumudI, (taddhiteSu zazikAH 4-2-97), pR. 250 41. bhumI mA pUrva pR. 298. 42. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 212-22 43. 5. ., . 156 44. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-20 45. matsyapurANa, 114-23; vAyupurANa, 1-45-97 46. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-19; brahmapurANa, 25-28; vAmanapurANa 13-24; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-28 47. pu. gu., 5. 156 48. skandapurANa, 5-3-5-6 46. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, 39-20 50. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 5 1. prabandhakoza, pR. 107 52. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva (kumbhakonam AvRtti), 9-31; padmapurANa, 3-6-26 53. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-30 54. vAmanapurANa, 1-45-97; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-28 55. matsyapurANa, 114-23; vAyupurANa, 13-24 56. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-19 5 7. brahmapurANa, 25-28 58. D. C. Sircar, op. cit., p. 161 5. 2. mA. a., 5. 101 58. purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgraha, pR. 49 10. matsyapurANa, 114-27, kUrmapurANa, 1-47-34; vAyupurANa, 1-46-102; brahmANDapurANa 1-2-16-32; mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-24 11. pu. 1., pR. 78 12. D. C. Sircar, op., cit., p. 161 .. 13. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 14. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-15; 10-19

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40] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 77. 65. B. C. Law, Historical Geography of Ancient India, p. 326 66. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 97. B. C. Law, op. cit., p. 296 18. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 58-21 18. ejana, 83-87 70. ejana, 86-4, 5, 6 71. ejana, 120-30; 121-1,2 72. ejana, 121-15 73. Pargiter, Markandeya Purana, Translation, p, 299 74. zu. 2. se., khemana. 1, pR. 4 75. padmapurANa, 6-136-2 71. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 padmapurANa, 6-173-14 vagere 78. 2bhAsa nA. bhatA, 'nArama-samayAuna', "svAdhyAya", pu. 7, pR. 141 76. padmapurANa, 6-135-1, 6-136-2, 6-134-25, 26: 5 ., 5. 204 80. padmapurANa, 6- 156 8 05. vyAzraya kAvya, 6-45 81. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 71 82. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 78 83. padmapurANa, 6-134-56, 6-136-4 vagere 84. ejana, 6-145-14 thI 16 85. ejana, 6-134-56, 6-168-69,70 81. matsyapurANa, 114-23, vAyupurANa, 1-45-97; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-27; mArkaNDeya purANa, 54-19; vAyupurANa, 13-23 / 87. kUrmapurANa, 1-47-29 8. padmapurANa, 6-168-69, 70 89. ejana, 6-133-1, 6-133-18 10. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-15,18 ... pu. ., . 185, 189; Pargiter, op. cit., p. 295 12. meghadUta, 1-25 3. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 64. padmapurANa, 6-136-3 55. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 120 6. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 165 7 . vividhatIrthakalpa pR. 13, 104 48. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 91, 95 6. padmapurANa, 6-134-56 100, ejana, 6-136-3 101. ejana, 6-140-4 102. pANini, upayukta, 4-2-116 107. juo upara pAdaTIpa 23.

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prArcana bhaugolika ullekha [ 407 104. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10-25 105. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 87-7 106. matsyapurANa, 114- 24 mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-20; brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-28 ( pAzA pAI ); bAmanapurANa, 13-24 (zarA pATha) 106. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 103 - 1 thI 4 107. ejana, 87-9, 10 108. ejana, 7-4-5-49 110. ejana, 7-4-14-45 112. bhumo (52 5. 294. 113. pANini, uparyukta, 4-2-110; 4-1-45 114. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva 93 - 2; bhISmaparva, 10 - 17 115. 11925. pu. gu., pR. 79 117. padmapurANa, 6-155 3, 6-156-4 118. brahmANDapurANa, 1-2-16-25 117 mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 9-19 120. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 94 11 bhuMdeg ] bhAgavatapurANa, 6-8-39 108. 111. 10725. skandapurANa, 7-4-2-3, 4 ejana, 3-2-31-15, 7-4-5-47 mahAbhArata, mausalaparva, 8-43 thI 61 12. D. C. Sircar, op. cit., p. 161 12125. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, 10 - 19 122. ejana (kumbhakonam AvRtti), 10-24 12225. gu. bhai. se, sea na N. 9, 5. 8 12325. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 10 124. khA nahIkhonA sahasa : 119. Rgveda, 10-75-6 123. sena, seA naM. 15, pR. 9 'raMDI' : gu. bhai. se., sema naM. 119, . 39 'vatsava' : sena, te naM. 41, pR. 78 'yatribhatti' : bhai. zu., pariziSTa 4, pR. 15 'mahAvi' : gu. ma. se., seA naM. 10, 5 108 purAtana dRkSiNa guNazata' 5. 203 'nezacha' : bhai. gu., pariziSTa 4, pR. 25 'bhativApIvaDa', 'larjIzvarataTAvaDa', 'vIzvarbha' taTAsvaDa' : gu. . ., seja naM. 14, pR. 147

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ItihAsane pUrvabhUmikA 'sI' : bhai. gu., pariziSTa 4, 5. 25 'madhumatI', 'bhASerit', 'piMpikA', : 1. ma. ., sema na. 82, 5. 228 13' : gu. . se., lemana. 65, 5. 286 vA3' : yona, sebha na. 234, 5. 26; sema na. 235, pR. 33 dadhimatI' kSArapa' : menana, sema na. 144, 5. 167; lemana. 2205. pR. 212 'mA': skandapurANa, 7-1-4-14 thI 16 'subhAtI' : dvayAzraya kAvya, 5-37 Adi 125 mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 210-1 thI 8; 212-1 thI 8 121. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 86-16 thI 21 127. ejana, 80-77 thI 80 128. mahAbhArata, mausalaparva, 4-7 thI 5-25 129. ejana, zalyaparva, 34-36, 37 130. bhAgavatapurANa, 11-30-6 131. juo upara pAdaTIpa 13. 132. skandapurANa, 7-1 4-45 thI 70 133. ejana, 7-1-4-12 thI 14 134. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 89 135. ejana, pR. 101 131. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR 80, 85 137. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR 61, 65, 112, 123 138. prabandhakoza, pR. 43, 130 138. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 86-17 140. ejana, zalyaparva, 34-75 thI 78 141. ejana, 34-79 142. skandapurANa, 7-1-268 143. mahAbhArata, zalyaparva, 34-33 . 144. ejana, AraNyakaparva, 80 118,119 145. ejana, 86-17 146. skandapurANa, 7-1 ane 3-2 (prabhAsakhaNDa, dharmAraNyakhaMDa) 147. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 86-16 thI 21 148. ejana, 80-77 thI 85 144. ejana, 80-83,84 150. viSNupurANa, 5-37-6; bhAgavatapurANa, 11-1-11; harivaMza (citrazALA, pUnA) 2-88-4 151. harivaMza, 84-52

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11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ulekhe 409 152. mahAbhArata, anurAsanaparva, 26-14 153. mAnavatapurANa, 6-8-1 154-155. pAdaTIponA aMka rada karavAnA che. 155 juo upara pAdaTIpa 148. 156. mAmArata, ratha, 80-81 157. juo upara pR. 191. 158. #ndrapurAna, 7-2-16-7ra vagere; 7-2-11-13 thI 16 15. gjhana, 7-2-1-2 160. ghana, 7-2-11-11 varinA sthAna" tarI 16 1. Ugana, 7-2-11-16 162. mahAbhArata, bhAgyaparva, 80-108 1628. purAtanakavanyasaMgra, pR. 60 163. mAnavatapurA, 6-5-2, re 164. mahAbhArata,Ara , 82-106 165. gjhana 121-6 166. juo upara pR. 330. 167. skaMdapurANanA 7mA prabhAsakhaMDanA cothA dvArakAmAhAsya peTA khaMDamAM vizadatAthI dvArakAkSetranI mAhitI sulabha che. 168. zaMbhuprasAda ha. desAI, zrIkRSNanI dvArakA, "janasattA"--tA. 30-12-70, pR. 5 286. Kalyanrai N. Joshi, "Existing Ancient Sites of Dwarka', "Sarada-pitha Pradipa," Vol. VIII, No. II, pp. 1-15 170. purANa, 7-44-4-12 11. jhana, 2-rU-24 172. chagana, 6-4-2; 6-34-24 sAhi 173. juo upara pAdaTIpa 78. 174. nUpurANa, rU-2-4-67 175. jhana, 2-2-1-23 thI 22 176, pu. gu, pR. 112, 113 177. purANa, 1-2-6-12, 1-2-1ra-10 Ahi; 1-2-12-120; 1-2-55-3 Adi 178. padmapurANa, 2-124-24 178a-179, pu. gu, pR. 148 17. khaMbhAtamAM moTA bhATavADAmAM, kolamapADAnA zivAlayamAM ane zrI raNachoDajInA maMdiramAM. nagarAmAM eka bhavya mUti bIjI paNa hatI, je vallabhavidyAnagaranA purAvastu saMgrahamAM laI javAmAM AvI che. juo narmadAzaMkara caM. bhada, "kumArikAkhaMDa athavA staMbhatIrtha-mAhAbhya", prastAvanA, pR. 12. 180. narapurA, 4-2-2 -1 181. sumana nATaka, caM , g. 4-45 182. purANa, 1-1-1-cha gADha 183. ma. , pR. 25 thI 45

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410 ItihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA 1831, prabhAvakacarita, pR. 207 ane pR. 8 184. Epigraphia Indica, Vol XXVI, p. 202 185. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 36 186. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 119 187. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 104 188. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 91-93 189. skandapurANa, 7-1-16-54 10. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 7,8,9 181. ejana, pR. 6-1 142. ejana, pR. 1,2,3 183. ejana, pR 22; 20,21,88 164. ejana, pR. 85, 86 185. pANini, uparyukta, 4-2-95 141. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 137-3 Adi 187. dIghanikAya, 19-36 158. pu. 4, 5. 10 169. bhUme 53 5. 289. 200. mahAbhArata, AraNyakaparva, 21-1, bAzvamedhikaparva, 51-56 201. ejana, Adiparva, a0 210, 211, 212 202. ejana, sauptikaparva, 12-11, 12 203. ejana, mausalaparSa, 7-22, 8-11, 8-42 Adi 20324. McCrindle, op. cit., p. 36 204. Y2. se., mana. 225, 5. 222 mane na. 230, pR. 11 205. bhuprasA. za., 'zrI pAnI // ', "janasattA" tA. 11-12-71, pR.5 206. a. a. se., lemana. 1, pR. 18 207. prabhAvakacarita, pR, 108 208. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 85, 86 206. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 42-7 210. ejana, 23-13 thI 19 Adi bane 24-2 211. mahAbhArata, udyogaparva, 47-74 . 212. ejana, 47-7 217. mahAbhArata, droNaparva, 28-27 thI 41 214. ejana, Azvamedhikaparva, 74-1 thI 6 215. ejana, a 73, 74, 75, 76 211. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 13-14, 15

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114 prAcIna bhogelika ullekha bhagadatto mahArAja vRdbhastava pituH sakhA / sa vAcA praNatastasya karmaNA caiva bhArata // snehabandhastu pitRvanmanasA bhaktimAMstvayi / pratIcyA dakSiNa cAnta pRthivyAH pAti yo nRpH| 217. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, 41-12, 16, 21, 28, 25; harivaMza (citrazALA pUnA), 3-46-64, 65; matsyapurANa, 163-80,81 218. rAmAyaNa, kiSkindhAkANDa, . 41-4, 5 Adi 218. kAlikApurANa, a. 37 thI 41 220. B. C. Law, Historical Geography of Ancient India, pp. 252, 253 221. harivaMza, a. 63, 64 222. ejana, 105-6 223. .. zAstrI, vita: miri sane dvAra', "pathi:", 15 1, 2, 5 44-10 bhane V. B. Athavale, The Authenticity of the Movements of Krishna in Gujarat and Kathiawad', Journal of The Gujarat Researeh Society, Vol. XI, pp. 207 ff. 224. juo pAdaTIpa 162. 225. vividhatIrthakalpa, pu. 10; revaMtagirirAsu, 1-11 274. Dolarrai Mankad, Puranic Chronology, p. 183 227. mahAbhArata, udyogaparva, 57-74, 79 ra18. juo upara prakaraNa 10, pAdaTIpa 353. 228. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28- 50 230. ejana, 47-6 231. . ., pR. 150 . 232. mA. zu., pR. // 233. matsyapurANa, 114-50 234. brahmANDapurANa, 1-16-63 (sahakaccha); mArkaNDeyapurANa, 54-62 (mIrukaccha); pAyupurANa, 1-45-130 (bhAnukaccha); vAmanapurANa, 13-52 (dArukaccha) Adi 235. AvazyakacUrNi, uttarabhAga, pR. 200; 152, 153 236. gu. me. Te., lemana. 228, pR. 7 237. mena, mana. 72, 73; 5. 185, 161

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412) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. 28. menana, sema na. 106, pR. 8 2385. megana, 5 na. 14-11, pR. 27, 32, 35 236. menana, sema na. 126, pR. 58 240. kathAsaritsAgara, 1-6 241. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 28-47, 28-50 ane 47 -9 nI pAdaTIpo 242. bhAgavatapurANa, 8-18-21 243. skandapurANa, 5-181-57 thI 66,5-3-182-1 thI 1; 5-3-18247 Adi 244. kAvyamImAMsA, pR. 9, 94 245. agnipurANa, 219-65; skandapurANa, 5-3-182-52; kUrmapurANa, 142-1 thI 5 49. . ., pR. 15 // 247. Watters, On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Vol. II, p. 241 248. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 34, 45 246. ejana, pR. 172 250. ejana, pR. 41, 42, 43 251. ejana, pR. 25, 33 thI 38, 42, 54, 60, 77, 78, 146, 171, 207 252 vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 19, 20, 21 253. ejana, pR. 47, 86, 88, 221, 243 254. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 26, 40, 76 255. emana, pR. 40, 56, 62, 65, 69, 74 251. prabandhakoza, pR. 9,22,10 thI 16 257. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 88,102 258. pAiasahamahaNNavo, pR. 800 744. V. S. Apte, Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p. 712 290. 5. 2. se., 5 na. 6, 5.8 291. senana, sema na. 6, pR. 17 291ma. sarana, 5 na. 15, 1.6 212. harivaMza (citrazALA, pUnA), 2-37-30 thI 32 213. ejana 2-37-38 294. zu. ma. se., khema na. 15, pR. 6 295. sena, 5 na. 14, 80, 85; pR. 146, 221, 24; sa... gadre 'mastunA me tamAnapatro,' "bhuddhiAza," 15 88, pR. 111; gu. 2 se., mana 117,5.43

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prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha [413 [413 291. 2. mA. Y, 5.17 kore; AvazyakacU Na, pUrvabhAga, pR. 71 217. AvazyakacUrNi, uttarabhAga, pR. 289 28. sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, zIlAcArya TIkA, pR. 29 214. jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyayana 5. pR. 168, 169 270. pANini, uparyukta, 8-4-3 271. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 122 272. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 10 273. revaMtagirirAsu, 1-1 thI 14 274. prabandhakoza, pR. 117 275. ejana, pR. 120 271. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 60, 65 27621. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 85 277. nAnI ikSiNe (sImA) 'supara tamA' / ta35 ti muhI-' (samazlokI guja anuvAda)nI prastAvanAnI pRSTha 3nI pAdaTIpa 1 mAM vallabhajI haridatta AcAryo nirdeza karyo che. 2775. bhuyI 52 5. 284 mA yat'mAM. 27721. skandapurANa, 7-2-10-13, 6-2-14-1 278. 9. J., 5. 220, pATI571 276. Y. mai. le., lemana. 145, pR. 32 280. mena, 5 na. 165, 5.80 281. menana, lemana, 225, pR. 66 282. mana, 5 na. 2225, 5. 213 283. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 30 284. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 62 285, ejana, pR. 69 2853. ejana pR. 114 283. prabandhakoza, pR. 62 287. ejana, pR. 103, 104 248. zu. me. se., samana. 42, pR. 82, 83 28. Inscriptions of Kathiawad, No. 91, p. 194 260. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 133 281. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 106, 86 ('ajAgRha') 242. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 65 / / 253. "na sAhityazodhara," ma 3, pR. 241 bhAM chapAyekAmAyanI 31303 guye| va Y. bha. 22.6., pR. 195-99. 264. Y. se. le., sema na. 234, 5. 25 255. sana, lepa na. 235, 5. 33, 34

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14) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 21. ejana, lekha naM. 163, pR. 18 raha7. ejana, lekha naM. 217, pR. 60; lekha na. rara0, pR. 82; lekha naM. 2504, 5 256 298. kamAvajata, pR. 108, 126 299. prAthavistAmaNi, i. 101, 11, 300. gjhana, chu 101 301. vividhatIrthakarapa, pR. 26, 106 302. purAtana vadhasaMba, pR. 28, 43, 14, 61, 100 303. gjhana, pR. 82; kavirAmana, pR. 106 30. jhavorA, pR. 46, 61, 10, 11 304. McCrindle, op. cit., pp, 37, 38 701. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 14, pR. 3. A babhilekhamAM A uparAMta cAyAbADa' (coravADa, valai ja" (baLeja ), "manasthalI(vaMthaLI-soraTha) vagere gAmane paNa nideza thayela che. 30. gu. e. le, bhAga che, lekha naM. 56, pR. 101; lekha naM. 59, pR. 104 38. ejana, lekha naM. 4, pR. 96; bhAga 3 jAnuM pR. 95 109. J B.B.R.A.S. (NS), Vol. ill. p. 184 310. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. VIII, p 525 311. Epigraphia Indica, Vot XXXI, p. 15 012. pANini, paryukata, 4 2-82 13. gu. . le. lekha naM. 11. pR. 4 34 mi. gu, pa. 160, 164 15. yu. mai. le, lekha naM. 127, pR. 32 kA. zai. ga, pR. 11, pAdaTIpa 116 310. Sachau, Alberuni's India, Vol. I, p. 192; Vol. II, p. 6 318. yAtkiAra, 4-60 319. mai. gu, pR. 168 320. ejana, pR. 168 vagere 381. Watters, On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Vol. II, pp. 109, 246; Beal, Buddhist Records, I, p. 16; II, pp. 266, 268, 269 322. I-ting, Buddhist Religion, p. 177 23. me. ga, pR 167 vagere pR. 377 vagere 324. rAmAvati, 3, 6, pR. 229

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11Y] prAcIna bhogAlika koSamA 325. prayavRttintAmaNi rR. 77, 716; vanporA, pU. 21, 22, 22 326. praznapatrintAmaLi, rR. 107, 108, 106; vividhatIrthaM1, 4 26; purAtanavasaMha, chu. 81, 82 327, pravandhacintAmani, pR. 106; vividhatI 1. chu. 8pu ane rR. 11; 328. pramAvati, rR. 211 329-330. mai, gu., pR. 164-65, pADhaupa 116 331. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 71 333. mai. gu., pR. 154, pATIpa 92 334-334ma. jai. A gu., pR. 214-215 336, je A. gu, pR. 215 337. periplasa' (anu. duSyaMta pa'DacA), pR, 18, 19 339, gu. e. le., lekha naM. 16, 17, 19-23, 25, 26a ane 45; pR. 4, 6, 12, 14, 18, 22, 26, 31, (tra. 3) 93 ane (zra.1) OM; J. O. I, Vol. XII, Pp. 51 ft. 339. gu. ai. le, lekha na. 19, 25 ane 61; pR. 12, 31, 139 340, ejana, lekha naM. 61, 70, 79 ane 80; pR. 139, 176, 239, 221 340 . E. I. Vol. XXXV, p. 269 341. pramAvavruti, rR. rU7, 28 343. viviSatI 1, rR. 66 345. purAtanadravanyasaMpraa, rR. 61, 63, 61 347-748, jai. A. gu., pR. 201 349-350. vigatA mATe jue graMtha 2, para. 1. ' gu. e. le, lekha na. 18, pR. 10; na', 24, pR. 26 ejana, lekha naM. 71, pR. 179; lekha naM. 9, pR. 221 ejana, lekha na. 224, pR. 92 31. 352. 353. 355. vandantiAmaNi, rR. 71 357. gu. a. le, lekha na'. 243, pR. 63 [ 15 332. vividhatIrtha1, pR. 16 335. purAtanapratrasiMdraDhu, rR. 108 3362. maiM, gu., pR. 1714 342. pravanyacintAmALa, rR. 100, 116 344. ejana, pR. 105 34. vantrajoza, rR. 13 354. pramAvaparita, rR. 114 356.vividhatIrthakSva, rR. 2 ane 81, 86 357. Inscriptions of Kathiaad, No. 27, p. 731 358. bividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 1 35, gukha. le, lekha naM. 82, pR. 18

Page #443
itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 416 ] 360. rAmAcarita, 30 6, rR. 221 362. purAtanaprasajja, pR. 16, 101 364, ejana. lekha naM. 58, pR. 102; Proceedings and Transactions of the VII All-India Oriental Conference, Baroda, pp. 659 ff. [R. 361. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 3 36. gu. e. le., lekha na. 34, pR. 56 365. gu. a. le., lekha naM. 39, pR. 65; na. 45, pR. 92; na'. 47, pR 98 ; I. H @., Vol. XV, p. 284; "buddhiprakAza", varSe 82, pR. 414 366.pramAvati, rR, 44 367, ejana, pR 145 368. vividhatIrthaMlpa, rR. 107 369. purAtanaprAntamaMtra, rR. 17 369, D. B. Disklalkar, Inscriptions of Kathiawad, No. 28, Ne Indian Antiguary, Vol I, p. 734 370. H. G. Shastri and P. V. Dholakia, "Ambalas Plates of the Saindhava King Ahivarman," Journal of the Oriental Institute, Baroda, Vol. XIX, No. 3, pp. 283-84 371 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVI, p. 221 372 gu. e. le, lekha naM. 77, pR. 214 E, l., Vol. XXVI, p. 221 393, 374. purAtanapravaAsadraDha, rR. 18 35. LEF. 378. A upara pR. 335. gu. e. le., bhAga 3, lekha na'. 66, pR. 110 mai. gu., pari, pa, pR. 40 377. . I., Vol. XXVI, p. 202 ghara E. I. Vol. XXVI, pp. 215, 220, 225 380.mai. gu., pR, 243 381. E. 1, Vol XXVI, p. 213 383. Ibid., p. 199 385. Ibid, Vol. XXXI, p. 14 389,jue mai. gu., pR. 234. 382. Ibid., pp. 202, 204, 209 34. Ibid., pp. 200 ff. 386. gu. e. le, lekha na. 236, pR. 22 387. E. 1., Vol. XXVI, p. 225 389.gu. e. le., lekha naM. 215a, pR. 203 390. ejana, lekha"na. 222, pR. 214 391* D. B. Diskalkar, op. cir., No. 3, p. 687 392. Ibid, No. 26, p.730

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11 su] prAcIna bhaugAlika ullekhA 343. D. P. Mankad, Puranic Chronology, p. 183 394. graMtha 2, pR. 113 [ 417 35. juo upara pR. 431: 396. gu. e le., (bhAga 7) lekha na'. 229, pR. 222, (bhAga-3) naM. 260;pR. 11 37.mai. gu., pR. 224-25, pATIpa 76 38. ejana, pR. 227 199, za'. ha. desAI, zrIkRSNanI dvArakA', "janasattA" dainika, tA. 30-12-70, pR.1 40. Ansari and Mate, Excavations at Duarka, p. 29 401. ke.kA zAstrI, 'saurASTranI aitihAsika nagarIe-mAMgaroLa-sAha,' pR. 82 nI pAdaTIpa 402.gu. e. le., naM. 35, pR. 124 403 ejana, lekha na. 61, pR. 139; naM. 63, pR 147; na 91, pR 179; na'. 91, pR. 222 404. ejana, lekha na. 9, pR. 219 (vAUTane); naM. 84, pR. 247 (jAlyovana) . 405. ejana, lekha naM. 86, pR. 322; naM. 9, pR. 62 ane bhAga 3, pR. 113 406. mai, gu., bhAga 2, para. 5, pR. 43 407. gu. a. le., lekha na. 93, pR. 267; naM 94, pR. 279 408. fnasenasUri, harivaMzapurALa, 60-12 409, gu. a. le., lekha na. 235, pR. 30 410, mai, gu., pR. 48 411. vampacintAmaLa, rR. 64 413. nana, pR. 121 415. purAtanaprandhasaMhaiM, pR. 67 417. Bom Gas, Vol. VIII, p. 692 4 2. nana, nru. 86 414. vividhatIrthakalpa, rR, 26 416. prayasporA, pR. 13 418. gu. e. le., naM. ra, pR. 37; naM. 64, pR. 56; A. S. Gadre, Important Inscriptions from The Baroda State, Vol, I, pp. 75 ff. 49. Ibid., p. 13 41ec. Diskalkar, op. cit. No. 187, p. 404 420.mai. gu., bhAga 2, pari. 5, pR. 34 421. gu. ele., lekha naM. 93, 94, pR 267, 279 422. ejana, lekha na. 57, pR. 11, 122 423. ejana, lekha na'. 19, pR. 87-ahI sa'. haTTa OM. vi. sa. 1093 ae; (gu ma. rA. i., pR. 212); Amrit V. Pandya, New Dynasties of Medieval Gujarat, p. 6

Page #445
018] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 24. devazaMkara nA. mahetA, "nAgaramahimA", pR. 29 25. mAnazaMkara pI. mahetA, "nAgarotpatti', pR. 20, 21 4. juo maiitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1, pR 18-181 ane bhAga 2, pari 5, pR. 32-4, 427. hRthAzraya vAgha, -127 428. pravadhanittAmaNi, 11 429. purAtanapravadhasaMpradu, pR. 13 430. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 144 ba, pR. 160 41. gharagharA , pR. 24,65 432. ijhana, . 104,105 33. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 28, pR. 20. dalapatarAma khakhkhare (juo Rated on Architectural and Archaeological Remains in the Prcoince of Kachha , 89), emanA lakhANa uparathI i. . DisakaLakare (juo Poona Orientalist Vol. III, No. 1, p. 20.), ane e rIte rAmasiMhajI rAThoDe (juo kacchanuM saMskRtidarzana, 5, 75,78) A lekhamAM chUtAvAM vAMceluM, paNa pratyakSa vAMcatAM "g' nahi, paNa "gha' spaSTa hoI e "paTa" che. 433 a, gu, e. le, lekha naM. 139, pR. 15 434. kamAvavarita, g. 128, 124, 136 435. ghana, pR. 12 431. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 43; prabandhakoza, pR. 48 437. prathayo , pR 67 438. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 227, pR. 89 436. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 12, 13 440 prabhAvakacarita, pR. 163 1. 2namALa, rana ka thI 8 442. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 37, pR. 9 443. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 13 444. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 51 445. jevAM ke mitrata-neminAthavarita (I. sa. 1160), kamAvarita (I. sa. 1ra78) vagere 466 ke. zAstrI, ga. ma. rA.I, pR. 6: ha gaM. zAstrI, gu, prA. I., pR. 175 47. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 225 ba, pR. 229 448. vanittAmaNi, pR. 54 440-450. putrana, pR. 64 45. upani-macarita TIkA, pR. 22 452. gu e. le, lekha naM. 147, pR. 9 453. purANa, 2-2-11-21 454. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 41 455 vantiAmaNi, . 61

Page #446
11 ] prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe [19 456. purAtanapravadhaghaTTa, pR30, 44, 45 457. balporA, 9. urU 458. purANa- nAie ( ara presa, mukuM), pR. 2 nA pATIla 844. H. G. Shastri, "Two Maitraka Copper-edicts from Vadnagar", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XVII, p. 63 460 Ibid, p. 191 461. gu. e. le, lekhana. 150, pR. 182 62. ejana, lekha naM. 205, pR. 172 japhara a ejana. lekha naM. 251 a, pR. 257 463. pradharitAmaNi, kR. 71 44. Ugara, pR. 25; juo vividhAchIyAvIsaMgha, pR. 116 ane 168. 465. purA, 6-40-11 85%. Altekar, Ancient Towns and Cities of Gujarat and Kathiaoad, p. 14. 467. Bom. Gas, Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 6 468, gu. e. le, lekha naM. 30, 5, 6; lekha naM. 7, pR9, lekhanaM. 55, 5.1ra7; lekha naM. 72, pR. 187, 188 469, ejana, lekha na. 06, pR. 21 470. juo upara 200 mI pATIpa 859. Watters, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 247 472. ka. bhA. dave, "gujarAtanI saMskRta sAhityakAra: Journal of the Gujarat Researh Society, Vol. XX, p. 21 79224. Bom. Gax., Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 6, note 2 473. gu . le, ne 222 a, pR. 24 474. ejana, lekhanaM. 14, pR. 26 475. ejana, lekha naM. 17, pR 43 406 ejana, lekha naM. 229; pR. 60, 75 ka77. ejana, lekha naM. 237, pR. 45, 47 478. dvandrapurA, 6-114-78 ' 479. unA, 6-12-28 480. juo upara pAdaTIpa 78. 481-82. . A. gu, pR. 18 483. ejana, pR. 9 48. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 157 ba, pR. 184 484 a. ejana, lekha naM. 15, pR. 113 45 gu. ma. rA. I., pR. 250 486. sUtratAja-zIkArevakRta vRtti, pR. 24 487. juo upara pAdaTIpa. 10. 488. gu. e. le, lekha naM.137, pR ka 489. kamAvarita, g. 81, 2, 51 490. vivighavA , pR 16, 86

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itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA .420 ] 491. purAtanapravanyasaMgraha, pR. 8rU 492. vorA, pR. 26, 21, 34, 27, 28, 41, 46 494. 493. purAtaH pravanyasaMpraDha, pR. 12 mhorA, pR. 128 495. 497. nana, pR. 11 499. ina, rR. 106 501. purAtana vadhasaMpraa, pR. 82 [ nana, pR. 68, 6deg 496. vividharta caMva, pR. pura 498 Jnana, pru. 78 nana, pR. 86 500. 512. ndrapurALa, 1-2-66-112 514. nana, 2-2-26-116, 112 516. vividhatIrthastya, rR. 24, 21, 106 103. 502. ina, rR. 83 gu. e. le, lekha na'. 158, pR 19 504. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 158, pR 78505. ejana, lekha na206, pR. 192 506. pavirAma, pR 13 106zma, gu e. le, lekha naM. 1, pR. 118 57. gu. a. le, lekha na'. 267, pR. 40 508. ejana, lekha na. 23, pR. 44 509. vividha cepa, rR. 81 510. nana, bru. 20 1-2-66-111; 3-2-26-112, 511 purALa, 1-1-6-110; ve'kaTazvaranI AvRttimAM 'aDAlayaja 'aDAlija' pAThAMtara, pR. 208; rU-3--24-46 51. nana, 3-2-26-112 55. nana, 2-2-22-46 517. purAtana vanyasaMr, o 47 518, inas, x 48 512. gu. ai. le., lekha na. 130, pR. 10 520. pravandacintAmAna, rR. 17 pa1.gu. le., lekha naM. 107, pR. 146: na. 202, pR. 163 parara. enjana, lekhana. 26, pR. 174; naM. 216, pR. 55 523. vividhatIrthakalpa, rR. 76; pravorA, rR. 101, 102 524 jue upara pR. 356; gu. amadA, pA., pR. 12; chu. pra.. pu. 27, pR. 174 25. gu. e. le., lekha na. 144 6, pR. 165 57. ejana, lekha na'. 207 pR. 163 para6. ejana, lekha na. 201, pR. 162 para8. ejana, lekha naM. 201, 202, pR 159, 162

Page #448
11 muM] prAcIna bhaugolika ullekha karo para ejana, lekha naM. 137, pR. 105 30. ejana, lekhanaM. 165, pR. 11,14 53. ejana, lekha naM. 100, pR. 14ra 532. ejana, lekha naM. 26, pR. 54, 55 533. pravavitAmaLa, pR. 12 534. purAtanakavandhasaMkaTTa, g. 128 55 gu. e. le, lekha naM, 47, pR. 99 536. baMDarijidri e amadAvAda jillAnA dasakroI tAlukAnuM "bAre" ke "bArejaDI ? rasikalAla cho. parIkha ane hariprasAda zAstrI bArejaDI' kahe che. (ma.ga, pari. 5, pR. 37) mane lAge che ke pathakanuM vaDuM mathaka "bArejA hovuM joIe. enI pAse bArejaDI" nAnuM che. 536 a. I. sa. 1030 (Sachau, Albertuni's India, Vol 1, p. 102); 11mI sadI, I sI (Elliot, History of India, Vol. I, p. 87) 537. gu. e. le, lekha naM 26, pR. 55 538. gu. ma. 2. I, pR. 487 pa39. kamAvavarita, pR. 15 540. pravavijJAna, pR. 15 54. kocarabanI dakSiNa ane pAlaDInI pUrvenA TekarAne khedI rasto khullo karavA thayelA khodakAmamAM maMdiranA avazeSa nikaLyA hatA, jemAMnA ghoDA avazeSa bho. je. vidyAbhavana-amadAvAdanA prAMgaNamAM jovA maLe che. A avaze tyAM vizALa maMdire havAne sahaja khyAla Ape che. 54ra. kecabA devInA sthAnane to:kecarabamAM patto lAge che, paraMtu jayaMtIdevI, kaNezvara ane karNasAgara vize jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI saMbhava che ke sulatAna kutubuddIne paMdaramI sadImAM "hojekutuba" (AjanuM kAMkariyuM) ane nagInAbAga karAvyAM te sthAna anukrame karNasAgara ane kaNezvara mahAdevanAM heya. juo hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI, "AzApahelI-karNAvatI-amadAvAda), "vidyApITha", varSa 2, pR. 21. 54raa. gujarAtanuM pATanagara : amadAvAda, pR. 12 543. vividhatIrthaspa, pR. 20 544. purAtanapadhasaMghaThTha, p. 27 545. gana, pR. 22, 80 546. mAvajata, pR. 174, 175 547. avantiAmaNi, pR. 56; purAtanakavanyasaMpradda, p. 126. A udayanavihAra ullekha semezvare dhoLakAnA "dhIranArAyaNa prAsAdanI 108 oNkamAM racelI prazastinA . 101 mAM thayelo jovA maLe che. juo "pathadIpa," pR 98, 101. 548. kuna, . 66, 67 549, una, pR. 82, 84 550. purAtanakavanyasAhu, pR. 27, 28 55. ke. kA. zAstrI, amadAvAdane saMskAravAraso', "svAdhyAya", varSa 8, pR.14-15 papara. ejana, pR. 15

Page #449
kara2] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 55. mukitamudra mAru, pR. 6, 16, kamAvArita, pR. 174, 15; trAntiAmaNi, pR. 66 55raA. papurAna, 6-124-48 51 3 candrapurAna, 1- 2-6-118 yux. Gadre, Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State, p. 7; H.,4.86 (Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. XIX, No. 4, pp. 1 f); gu. e. ., lekha naM. 75, pR. 204 papapa. ejana, lekha naM. 127, pR 18; naM. 13ra, pR. 118 556 ejana, lekha naM. 80, pR. 221 557. pramAvarita, pR. 44 558. pravavitAmaNi, pR. 21; purAtanapravadhaghaTTa, pR. 13 559. vividhartA , pR. 8. pAchalo graMtha kAsakA' nAma nedhe che. 56. purA navanyasaMpa6, pR. 82 128. prAntiAma(y 21)mAM jorAdRDha pUrve prakSiptaza vrataSTi maLe che, e tyAM prAmANika lAgatuM nathI. 5. sai. gu, pR. 423 562. gu . le, lekha naM. 207, pR. 15 vagere 563. ejana, lekha naM. 25Aba, pR25 564. imArata, pR. 166, 12 565. pvorA, pR. 18, 6 566. Ujhana, pR. 22 567. gana, pR 101, 103, 108, 111, 11-126 pa68. "pathadIpa" pR. 27 569. to RsiM, pR. 125 570-571. "pathadIpa" pR. 1 pa72. zarliaumuvI, 2-2 pa73. "pathadIpa" pR. 1 574. ejana, pR. 31 498 34. R. N. Mehta, Sculptures at Dhulka," Bulletin of the Chus nilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, Nos. 6 & 7, p. 75 575. pravAimaLa, g. 14-57 576. purAtamajhadhar6, pR. 133-4 577. gu. ma. . I., pR. 24-43, pAdaTIpa 4 voc. R. C. Parikh, Kavyanusasana, Introduction, p. clxvi yuk, Commissariat, History of Gujarat, Vol. 1, p. 60, footnote 4;. nimaNirAva bhImarAva, gujarAtane sAMskRtika ItihAsa, khaMDa 1, pR. 87, pAdaTIpa 19; gu, ma. za. i, pR. 43 nI pAdaTIpa 580. kamAvavarita, g. 183 581. pravaMvitAmaNi, pR. 82, 62 582. purAtanazmTTa, g. 123 583. pravara, p. 47

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11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ulekhe 584. gu, ai. le, lekha . 26, pR. 37, 36 585. padmapurANa, 2-13 2-16 586. vaniri, vATA. cA, pATha, 6-2-13 pa8 7. V. S. Apte, p. cit, p. 393 588. rUmamaLavo, pR. rU51 589. Watters, op. cit, Vol. II, p. 245 50. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 34, 72, 73, 75, 85, 6, 7, 64-anukrame pR. 56, 188, 193, 205, 243, 29, , 149 591 ejana, lekha naM. 1; "buddhiprakAza", varSa 7, pa. 132; gu. zi. le, lekha naM. 14, , 76, 82, 85, 23, 84-2nukrame pR. 139, 136, 169, 193, 209, 247, 224, 264, 276 592. gu. e. lekha naM. 125, pR. 47 53. ejana, lekha naM. 127, 132, 145, 136-anukrame pR. 68, 148, 142, 143-145, 149 594. ejana, lekha naM. 237, .46 pa9pa. tarAkumArarita, 30 6, nisvatIthA, pR. 22-28 pa96. AcArasUtra-zarAcAryatti, pR. 268 vagere 597. pravAntiAmaNi, pR. 106 598. vividha spa, pR. 86 599. purAtanapravAsaMzrad, pR 82, 130 600 borA, pR. 24 101. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 57, 64-pR. 131, 149 602. navapurANa, 2-2-1-27, 122 103 mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 29-6 vagere 604, gu. e le, lekha naM. 132, pR. 118 605. ejana, lekha ne, 6, pR. 289 601, ejana, lekha naM. 214, pR. 4 607, harilAla gaudAnI-madhusUdana DhAMkI-harizaMkara zAstrI, "mahisAna nandI ane brAhmapratimAo", "svAdhyAya', varSa , pR. 370 ane hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI, mahilAnA naMdInA lekha para eka daSTipAta", "svAdhyAya", varSa 7, pR. 80,81 608, sAvara sUtra-jUrthi, pR. 80, 81 609. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 25, pR. 3 610 ha ha dhava, naDiyAdanI vAvane lekha, buddhiprakAza", varSa 30, pR. 85-8, 12-106 611, gu. ai le, lekha naM. 207 thI 212, pR. 15 vagere 112. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 165 13. pravitAmaNi, kR. 100 614. gjhana, pR. 120 615. thividhatIrthaha5, pR. 12, 8

Page #451
424) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 18. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 69, 95 117. prabandhakoza, pR. 14, 23, 52, 109 118. gu. .le., sema na. 02, 5. 188 618. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 43: prabandhakoza, pR. 48 120. kAvyazikSA, pR. 53 12.. . . se., sema na. 124, pR. 18 sema na. 127, 5. 58 922. mAna, sema na. 24, 5. 26 6 23. yAna, khema na. 73, 5. 144 624. mena, sema na. 85, 5. 243; bhe. )., pari. 6, 5 54, 5 na. 3 125. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 62; vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 85 $26. R. N. Mehta, Excavation at Nagara, p. 19 927. 5. Y., 5. 21 vare 127 1. skandapurANa, 1-2-31-28; 5. ., 5.156 928. 1. 1. 21. 4., 5. 432. 925. menana, pR. 159 670. . . se., khema na. 207 (lemana. 1 thI 5), 5. 14 yI 4 // 31. menana, sebha na. 224, 5 2 (sA. 10 ) 132. prabhAvakacarita, pR 184, 196, 198, 199 133. ejana, pR. 165 134. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 77, 91, 102 635. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 16, 79, 86 636. purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 45, 54, 55, 64, 65, 73, 74, 123 137. prabandhakoza, pR. 42, 103, 108, 109, 119, 121, 129 138. kAnhaDadeprabandha, 1-22 1 39. maat| tihAsa, 5. 15-174 54... mAzInu paNa yA pakSasa cha: pu. zu., 5. 213 141. AcArAgasUtra-cUrNi, pR. 182 142. sUtrakRtA-cUrNi, pR. 101 143. . mA. J., pR. 74 144. prabhAvakacarita, pR. 165, 184 .945. zu. ma. se, sema na. 73, 5. 163, 144 .. 641. skandapurANa, 1-2-66-116, 113, 25 .647. padmapurANa, 6-174-88

Page #452
11 muM] prAcIna bhogolika ullekha 1 kapa 64. gu. e. le, lekhana, 5, pR. 282 14. ejana, lekha naM. 144 ka, pR.163 50. vIrti caugulI, 4-5 651. purAtanapravAsaMprad, pR. 64 652. pravadhora, pR. 107, 108 653. vividhatIrthaspa, pR 86 654. purANa, rU-2--28 655. juo uparanI pAdaTIpa 649. 56. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 74, pu 18; lekha naM. 71, pR. 209 57. zvapurANa, 6-12-6 658. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 5, pR. 286 59. ma. gu., pari che, pR. 3; Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XII, p. 53 660. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 1ra3, pR. 32, 33 161. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR. 98; purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, pR. 44 880. Umakant P. Shah, A kota Bronzes, pp. 26 ff. 663. prorA, pR. 4, gu. e. le, lekha naM. 57, pR. 17; "vaTadraha-bu. e. le, lekha naM. 59, pR. 104 $88. V. V. Mirashi, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol IV, No 15, p. 54 665. Ibid, No. 21, p. 86 66. ma. gu., pari. 5, pR. 44; "buddhiprakAza, varSa 8, pR. 111 667. rapurA, a-2-221-45 668. V. V. Mirashi, op. cil, No. 21, p. 86 669. Ibid, No. 21, p. 85 u70. . gupR. 300 67. ejana, 5 ra6 nI pAdaTIpa 3ra vagere 72. gu. ma rA. I, pR. 17 173. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 207, pR. 15, 33, ka6 674. vrajalAla kA. zAstrI, "nAgarapurAvRtta." pR. 205 (hastaprata) $64. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., No. XIII A, p. 77; No XIII B, p. 80 676. ma. gu, pU. ra9 137. gu. e. le, lekha naM 125, pR. 7 fuc, Gadre, op. cit., pp. 4 ff. que. V: V. Mirashi, op. cit., No. 33, p. 163 680, Ibid, No. 13, p. 46 681. Ibid, No. 16, p. 59; No. 17, p. 68; Nos. 19 & 20, pp. 76 80; No. 22, p. 93 862 A. V. Pandya, op. cit., p. 4

Page #453
kara6] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 183. Ibid, pp. 8, 10 684 ga e. le, lekha naM. 109, pR. 5; K. M. Munshi, Glory that was Gurjaridesa, Part III, p. 25; bharUca pAse naMdevAla 185. mi. gu, pR. ra6768 186. je A, gu, pR. 17 687. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., Ne 24, p. 106 688. Ibid, No. 16, pp. 63, 64; No. 17, p. 7 689, gu. e. le, lekha naM. 18, pR. 163 690. V. V. Mirashi, ob cit, No 34, pp. 167-171 61. umAkAMta che. zAha, gujarAtanA keTalAka prAcIna paMDita', "buddhiprakAza', varSa 19, pR. 301 12. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 68, 19pR. 166, 173 693. ejana, lekha naM 73, pR. 193 694 ejana, lekha naM. 126, pR. 59 kalpa ejana, lekha naM. 13pa, pR. 143 696. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit, Nos. 16 & 17, pp. 63-64, 7o 197. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 6, pR. 36 298. ejana, lekha naM. 131, pR. 109 fee. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., No 34, p. 169 700. gu. a. le, lekha na. 120, pR. 5 701. mai gu, pari. 5, pR. 50 702. purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta, pR. 207 73. duSyata paMDayA (anu.), periplesa', pR. 8, 19 704. gu e le, lekha naM. 114, pR. 28 705 ejana, lekha naM. 104, 16pR. 12, 15 104. H. G. Shastri, "Tarasadi Plates of Amcghavaisa I", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XX, p. 161 706e. purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta, pR. 250 78 7. ejana, pR. 104 708. . gu., pari. 5, pR. 47 709. gu. ai. le, lekha naM. 50, pR. 18 710. ejana, lekha naM. 130 a, pR. 151 711. ejana, lekhana131, pR. 100 613. V. V. Mirashi, op cit., No. 27, p. 125 13. purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta, pR 204 714. mi. gu, pari. 5, pR. 50

Page #454
11 muM] prAcIna bhogelika ullekha che 15. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit No. 27, p. 124 716. me. gu, pari5, pR. 50 717. V. V. Mirashi, p. cil, No. 27, p. 124 18 gu. e. le, lekha naM. 15 pR. 33 719, ejana, lekhana, 231, pR. 15; lekha naM, 134, pR. 173 hara0. ejana, lekha naM. 13, pR. 5 72. purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta, pR. 201, 202 22. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 130 a, pR. 15, 12 023. juo upara pR. 398, 7ra4. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit, No. 34, pp. 169, 167 724a. hariprasAda zAstrI, "saMjANanA sthAnika itihAsa para paDelo prakAza, "gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadaH 21 muM saMmelana hevAla", pR. 282 674. McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Ptolemy, p. 39 721. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 107, pR. 11; mai. gu., pR. 3, 321 7ra7. gu. e. le, lekha naM. 125, pR. 129; lekha naM. 14, pR. 2 728. ejana, lekha naM. 141-142, pR. 22 729. ejana, lekha naM. 130, pR. 103, 102 730. juo pAdaTIpa ka24 a. enAM pR. 278-288 mAMthI A ane pachInI vigato tAravI che. A dAnazAsanane mATe juo D. C. Sincar, "Rashtrakita Charters from Chinchani' and 'Three Grants from Chichani', Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXII, pp 45-60 and 61-76 7305. jJAtAdharmavacA-adhyayana 16, pR. 141 731. dayAmaya vya, ka-121; 1-68, 2-64, 2-16, 2-15, , 4-21, 4-28 vare 732. zikSA, pR. para 733. ginavinI, raina puta badivasa gaThTha, vAma mArA, pR. 24, 12, 100 734. unana, pR. 127 735. Ugana, pR 2, 6, 8, 25, , 100, 101, 102, 102, 106, 101, 110, 111, 11, 114, 124, 128, 131; 101, 112, 114, 127; 102; 108, 28, 107; 18, 10, 101; 112, 10, 124, 11, 12, 130 736. jhana, pR. 5, 18, 101, 111, 126

Page #455
428 ] itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA 740. [ a. 738. ejana, pR. 103 ejana, pR. 109, 125 737. ejana, pR. 101 738. ejana, pR. 4, 7 74. ejana, pR. 113 ane 107 742. ejana, pR. 74 743. ejana, 97, 117, 119, 130 ejana, pR. 94, 114 745. ejana, pR. 97, 103, 123, 128, 129, 133, 15, 25, 68, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, 130 749. ejana, pR. 149, 14, 99, 104, 105, 112, 119, 120, 123 747. ejana, pR. 97, 110 748. ejana, pR. 132, 65, 106, 116, 24, 113 748. ejana, pR. 19,, 89, 117, 119, 122, 123, 127, 128, 133; 750. ejana, pR. 105, 9 751. ejana, pR. 118, 120, 125, 126, 128, 30, 119; 119 121, 122 karata upara. gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchanAM sthaLAne nizcaya karavAnA viSayamAM girAzakara 1. AcAryAMnA saMkalita karelA 'gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhA'nA traNa graMthamAM te te abhilekhanI prastAvanAo, hariprasAda ga. zAstrInA maitrakakAlIna gujarAta'nA graMthamAMnI te te va'zanA anyavistAranI carcA, maNibhAI dvivedInu 'purAtana dakSiNa gajarAta' ane hasamukha dhI. sAMDajiyAnA agre the| The Archaeology of Gujarat (including Kathiawar) au Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnology of Gujarat 4125 45 43 54 5 744.

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prakaraNa 12 prAcIna jAtio : utpatti ane Agamana gujarAtanI prAcIna jAtionA abhyAsanI zarUAta gujarAtamAM mAnavaharatI vizenA maLatA jUnAmAM jUnA itihAsanA samayathI karavI ghaTe. prAgU aitihAsika kAla eTale ke pASANayuge, A aitihAsika kAla eTale ke tAmrakAMsyayuga, ane prAcIna aitihAsika kAla eTale ke lagabhaga I. pU. 322 thI I. sa. 1304 sudhIne kAla-ATalA lAMbA samayAvadhi daramyAna gujarAtamAM AvIne vaselI temaja gujarAtanA mULa vatanIo (jemanA ahIMnA Agamana vize hajI sudhI ApaNI pAse kaMI ja purAvA nathI te leke) jevI jaNAtI jAtione khyAla karavo joIe. jAti zabdane upayoga sAmAjika zAstromAM vividha rIte karavAmAM Avele jaNAya che. eka te, jAti dvArA races ke nRvaMzonuM sUcana thAya che; bIjuM, 'jAti' zabda dvArA asalanI AdivAsI TeLIone ullekha thAya che; trIjI taraphathI, khAsa karIne bhAratamAM, jAtinA khyAlamAM vividha jJAtio ane peTAjJAtio paNa samAveza pAme che. AthI gujarAtanI prAcIna jAtionI vicAraNAmAM gujarAtamAM vaselA nRvaMzone gujarAtamAM sthAyI thayelI AdivAsI ToLIone, temaja A aneka nRvaMze ne ToLIovALI varatIne eka vyApaka samAjamAM- varNa ne jJAtivyavasthAvALA samAjamAM-gUMthI letI jJAtio ane peTA-jJAtione khyAla karavo joIe. prAgaaitihAsika kAlanI jAtio vizenI mAhitI purAvazeSIya-bhautika temaja hADapiMjaranA rUpamAM maLatAM sAdhano parathI prApta thayelI che. pASANayugonA dIrgha samaya daramyAna to phakta A ja purAvAone AdhAre aMdAja bAMdhavAne rahe che. Agha-aitihAsika kAla mATe mukhyatve purAvazeSIya sAdhane

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30 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [pra. ane Anuzrutika vRttAMto para AdhAra rAkhavo paDe che. prAcIna aitihAsika kAla daramyAna rAjAoe kotarAvelA abhilekhe, ApelAM dAnazAsane tathA calaNamAM mUkelA sikakAo parathI temaja sAhityika sAmagrI parathI jAtio aMge ApaNe anumAna karI zakIe chIe. gujarAtane prA-aitihAsika mAnavI pahelAM ema manAtuM ke dakhkhaNamAMthI prAga aitihAsika AdimAnava pazcima ne uttara bhAratamAM vasavATa mATe Avyo haze, paraMtu sAMkaLiyAe pASANayuganAM thayelAM chellAmAM chellAM saMzodhanane AdhAre evuM anumAna karyuM che ke gujarAtane AdimAnava videzathI AvIne vasyo che. dakSiNa ane pUrva AphrikAmAM AdimAnavano janma thayo ema ghaNA vidvAnonuM mAnyuM che to tyAMthI ane khAsa karIne pUrva AphrikAmAMthI kaccha, saurASTra ane gujarAtamAM AdimAnava Avyo haze (sattarathI bAvIsa lAkha varSa pahelAM). Ama ni ke nizci jAti ahIM AvIne vasanArI sauthI pahelI videzI jAti jaNAya che tyAra bAda maLelAM lAMghaNajanAM laghupASANayuganAM mAnava-hADapiMjarane abhyAsa thayo che. A mAnavanAM zArIrika lakSaNomAM moTuM lAMbuM mAthuM, ThIka ThIka UMcAI sAthe UpaselAM bhavAM, saheja bahAra AvatA nIcale hoTha ane kadAca cIbu nAka noMdhapAtra che. A lakSaNe silenanA vedA ne bhUmadhya samudranA AdivAsIomAM jovA maLe che. Ama gujarAtanI vastImAM ATalA janA samayamAM mAnavavaMzamizraNa thayeluM hatuM ema jaNAya che. gujarAtamAM siMdhu saMskRti ane jAtio I. sa. 1935 ane 1953-54 nAM raMgapuranAM ne 1954-55 nAM lothalanAM khodakAme parathI jANavA maLe che ke gujarAtanA anya vibhAgomAM mAnava pASANayugamAM hatA tyAre bahu vikaselA zaherI saMskRtivALA lokoe siMdhamAMthI kacchamArge ane samudramArge gujarAtamAM praveza karyo hato ane teo AkhA kaccha, saurASTra ane gujarAtanA pazcima kinArAnA bhAgo para phelAyA hatA. gujarAtamAM siMdhu saMskRtinAM lothalanAM khodakAmomAM mAnava-hADapiMjara maLyAM che teomAM vadhu pramANamAM dIrdha-kapAla jAtinAM, ThIka ThIka pramANamAM ArmeIDa jAtinAM ne cheDA pramANamAM osTreliIDa jAtinAM jAtitattva jovA maLe che. Ama A

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12 muM | prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana [431 hADapiMjaramAM ghaNIbadhI jAtionAM hADapiMjara jovA maLyAM che, e parathI A saMskRtinI vastI pacaraMgI hatI e spaSTa che. vaLI Aje paMjAba, siMdha ane gujarAtamAM khUba ja pramANamAM jovA maLatuM jAtitattva haDapA, mohejo-daDe ane lethalanA A prAcIna jAtitava sAthe ghaNuM badhuM sAmya dharAve che ema jaNAyuM che. dIrghakyAla jAti e Aryo hoya evuM anumAna rAva ane bIjA ghaNuM vidvAnoe karyuM che ja A Aryo adanA AryonI pahelAMnA Aryo hoI zake. anya purAtattvavidenA mate siMdhu saMskRtimAM jaNatI dIrghakapAla jAti e bhUmadhya-samudrIya jAti che. meheMjo-daDo ane haDappAmAM A uparAMta sTrIleIDa jAti moTA pramANamAM ne thoDA pramANamAM nipriTo-nigna tathA megeleIDa jAtita jovA maLe che, jyAre lothalamAM maLelAM hADapiMjaromAM dIrghakapAla jAti, ArmenoiDa jAti ane osTreliIDa jAtitava jaNAyAM che. Ama purAvazeSIya mAhitIne AdhAre jANavA maLe che ke pa000 varSa pahelAM gujarAtamAM mAnava-varatI hatI; pASANayugIna mAnava paNa mizra jAtitattva dharAvate hato. tAmrakAMsyayugane lothalanI siMdhu saMskRtine mAnava to enAthIye vadhu pramANamAM jAtinuM saMmizraNa rajU kare che. Ama ati prAcIna samayathI pacaraMgIpaNuM e gujarAtanuM vastIlakSaNa jaNAya che. vaLI gujarAtane prathama mAnava videzathI (pUrva AphrikAthI) ahIM AvIne vasyA che ema anumAna karavAmAM AvyuM che e jotAM gujarAta e zarUthI ja paradezIoe vasavATa karIne vikasAvelo pradeza che ema jaNAya che. chellAM ra000 varSathI to vividha jAtionuM gujarAtamAM Agamana thatuM rahyuM che, enA kaDIbaMdha aitihAsika purAvA maLatA rahyA ja che. AryonA saMbhavita manAyelA Agamana sAthe hiMdamAM mAnavavaMzanI mukhya badhI ja jAtio-races nuM saMmizraNa astitvamAM Ave che. Do. sunItikumAra ceTarajIe A jAti prAcIna samayamAM je nAmathI oLakhAtI haze te nAme rajU karyA che. pASANayugamAM pUrva AphrikAthI AvelI nijhiTa jAtine pAchaLathI AvelI jAtioe yA te nAza karyo hovo joIe athavA to nizci jAti saMpUrNapaNe emanAmAM bhaLI gaI hovI joIe. A jAtinuM nAma baceluM jaNAyuM nathI. siMdhusaMskRtimAM jaNAtI Adya-esTroIDa jAti e ati prAcIna samayamAM niSAda, nAga, ne IsavI sananA AraMbhanA samayamAM kela,

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2] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. bhilla evAM nAme oLakhAtI haze. oNsTrika jUthanI bhASA belanArI A jAtinAM jatitatva nIcalA vargo ne jJAtiomAM vadhu pramANamAM prasarelAM jaNAya che. maeNgeleIDa jAti kirAta" nAme oLakhAtI. mehe jo-daDe ane haDappAmAM enA avazeSa dekhAya che, tethalamAM jaNAyA nathI. bhUmadhya-samudrIya jAti ane enI sAthe AvelI ArmenoIDa jAti e draviDabhASAbhASI prajA hatI ne draviDa, dazya ne zadra nAme oLakhAtI. AryonA zakya manAtA Agamana sAthe neDika ane AlpAIna jAtitattava umerAya che. Ama vaidika kAla daramyAna jagatanI badhI ja mukhya jAtionA jAtisaMmizraNathI bhAratavarSane mAnava ubho ne aneka vibhinnatAmAMthI udbhavelI ane virodhamAMthI saMvAda janmAvanArI evI bhAratIya saMskRti paNa nirmANa pAmI. purANomAM jAtionA ullekha | gujarAtamAM aitihAsika samayanI zarUAta mauryakAlathI-lagabhaga I. pU. 3rara thI thAya che, ane prAcIna itihAsane samayAvadhi I.sa. 1304 sudhI selaMkI kAlanA asta sudhIne gaNavAmAM Ave che. aitihAsika kAla, Adya-aitihAsika kAla ane enI vacagALAnA samaya daramyAnanI prajAjIvana vizenI keTalIka mAhitI paurANika sAhityamAM sAMpaDe che. vaidika sAhitya, mahAbhArata ane rAmAyaNanAM mahAkAvya, harivaMza, purANo ane upapurANonA samagra sAhityamAM gujarAtanI jAtio vizenA ullekhone TUMko khyAla karIe. * purANa pramANe mAnavakulanI utpatti manu nAme mULa puruSathI thaI che ne vartamAna mAnavakulanA mULa puruSa vaivasvata sAtamAM mana hatA. emaNe bhAratavarSanA pradeza potAnA putrone vaheMcI ApyA tyAre A nanaiRtya (AryAvartanI taiye Avele) pradeza zaryAti nAmanA putranA bhAgamAM Avyo. Ama zaryAti mAnave Anarta sthApyuM e bAbata gujarAta para AryonA sthaLAMtaranI dyotaka che." saurASTramAM zAryAto kuzasthalImAM rAjadhAnI karIne vasyA tyAre revAkAMThe bhArga vasyA hatA ne bharukaccha(bhRgukaccha)mAM emanuM mukhya mathaka hatuM. e be vacce pahelAM vigraha ne aMte saMdhi thaI evuM sUcavatI kathA purANamAM Ave che. evI ja rIte revAkAMThe nIcenA bhAgamAM haihaya sattA dharAvatA hatA ane emanI sAthe bhArgane ghaNe saMgharSa hatA. matsyapurANamAM haiyonI pAMca zAkhAone ullekha maLe che. 8

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana [433 zaryAtinA putra AnartanA nAma parathI A pradeza "Anarta deza tarIke oLakhAyo. ene putra ke pautra e reta. gujarAtamAM zAryAta, Anarta ane revata jevAM kulanAma parathI Anarta dezamAM traNa judA judA vaMza athavA eka lAMbA vaMzanA traNa moTA phirakA paNa sUcita thAya che. raivata brahmaleka gayA tyAre puNyajana rAkSasoe kuzasthalIne nAza karyo, mathurAnA yAdavoe puNyajana rAkSasane mArIne tyAM pitAnI sattA sthApI ne raivata kamIe pitAnI putrI zrIkRSNanA moTA bhAI balarAmane paraNavI. Ama mathurAnA yAda ahIM AvIne vasyA. yAdavo prAcIna kAlanA che ne vedakAlathI emanA ullekha maLe che. emaNe AryasaMskRtine dakSiNanA vibhAgamAM vikasAvI. yAda sthAnika prajAmAM vipula pramANamAM bhaLyA ne tethI teomAM Atara tatva ghaNuM umerAyuM. yAdava agraNIomAM zrIkRSNa vAsudevanuM Adhipatya hatuM. mada ne madirA jevAM dUSaNane pariNAme zrIkRSNanA jIvanakAlanA aMtabhAgamAM ja yAdavasattA ahIM samULI luptA thaI. Ama yAdo saurASTranA ItihAsamAM nAmazeSa banyA, paNa yAda dvArA AvelAM jAtitattva ane saMskRti ahIMnI varatImAM bhaLIne kAyamI banyAM. Ama gujarAtanA itihAsamAM atiprAcIna zAyata, bhArga ne yAda jevI AryonI rAjavaMzI jAtio jovA maLe che. yAda sAthe AbhIro paNa mathurAthI AvyA. 11 "su" ane "ra jAtio te yAdavo ane AbhIro pUrve AvelI lAge che, tevI ja rIte kaula prajA, jemane mArkaDeya purANamAM ullekha maLe che te, paNa yAdavo pahelAMnI jaNAya che. 13 purANamAM keTalIka Aryetara jAtionA ullekha maLe che temAM nAga jAti sauthI jUnI mAlUma paDe che.14 nAga jAti narmadAnA pradezamAM ne eka samaye bhAratanA vadhu vyApaka viratAramAM prasarelI hatI. (vipaNupurANamAM ullekhelI) prAtiSa jAtinA lekene nAgane ja eka phiraka mAnavAmAM Ave che. hoe nAgajAtinA lekone AkramaNa karIne hAMkI kADhyA jaNAya che. puliMda jAtine ullekha aitareya brAhmaNa ane mahAbhAratamAM jovA maLe che tevI ja rIte azokanA giranAranA dharmalekhomAM AMdhra, bhojake, rASTrika ane puliMda upara azakanuM zAsana hatuM evo ullekha ave che. AmAMnI puliMda jAti dakSiNamAMthI ahIM AvelI jaNAya che. lATa pradezanI sImA para, narmadAnA kAMThAnA pradezamAM, kacchanA akhAtane IzAna khUNo ne banAsakAMThAmAM vyApelI A puliMda jAti e A vibhAganA bhalenA pUrvajo haze.15

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Ar ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [x. niSAda prajA paNa jUnI che. vAjasaneyI yajuHsa MhitAnA bhASyakAra mahIdhara ene 'jilla' kahe che. kAtyAyana-zrautatramAM niSAda sthapatinA ullekha che te mahAbhAratamAMthI niSAdenu sarasvatI-pradezamAM rASTra hatuM ema jANavA maLe che. niSAdane aza hAla sAbarakAMThAmAM vasatA bhIla leAkeAmAM haze ema anumAna karI zakAya. niSadha nAme Aye tara prajA paNa gujarAtamAM hatI ema jovA maLe che. brahmAMDa, vAyu te vAmana purANa pramANe vidhyapradezanI hAramALAnA pradezamAM nibaMdha rahetA. mahAbhArata jaNAve che ke niSenI rAjadhAnI giriSTha ( Ajanu vAgaDa pradezanuM DuMgarapura) hatI, teA vAgaDanA pAlavAsI bhIle ne kaTArAnA bhIlA nibaMdha hAya. ahIM niSadha ' zabda bhramartha prAyaH niSAda ' zabdane badale prayeAjAyA lAge che.16 " . zakhara jAtine mahAbhArata 'dakSiNApathavAsI' tarIke oLakhAve che ne teAleAmIe jaNAvelI suriasa jAti te ja zakhare ema ke. kA. zAstrI sUcave che. 17 A jAti gujarAtanI sarahada para 2000 varSa pUrve hatI; e sAbarakAMThAnI sarahadanI vanya jAtiemAM bhaLI gaI hAya. eka samaye bhIlA pazcima bhAratanA meTA bhAgamAM phelAyelA haze. gujarAtanA jUnAmAM jUnA para parAgata rAjA e bhIla-keALI che. AsAvala-AzApallI (amadAvAdanuM prAcIna svarUpa)nA sthApaka AzA bhIla kahevAya che. vaLI aNahilla bharavADe vanarAja cAvaDAne rAjya meLavavAmAM madada karI hatI te enA nAma parathI vanarAje aNahilapATakanI sthApanA karI te rAjavI hAvA joIe.18 aNahilla paNa bhIkSa rASTrikA paNa eka samaye 'su' prajAnI jema saurASTramAM haze ane pAchaLathI tyAMthI khasIne aparAMtamAM rASTrakUTanA rUpamAM rAjatva pAmyA haze ema anumAna karavAmAM Ave che, te paNa Adima jAti jaNAya che ane mULe AhIra jAtinA hoya ema kre. kA. zAstrI mAne che. 19 mULamAM Ayetara hAya te pAchaLathI ATaeNmAM saMpUrNa paNe bhaLI gaI hAya tevI jAtio, jevI ke haihayA, zabarA, kArUSA, kharA, AbhIrA vagerenA ullekha paNu purANAmAM jovA maLe che.20 Ama paurANika sAhityamAMthI paNa gujarAtamAM vasatI aneka Adima jAtionA temaja AvazeAnA ullekha maLe che.

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12 muM | prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane Agamana [35 aitihAsika kAlanI jAtio bebe gejheTiyara darzAve che te pramANe bhAratavarSamAM I. pU. 325 thI I. sa. 713 sudhInA samayAvadhi daramyAna mukhya sAta TALIoe praveza karyo che? baeNTriyana grIke IpU. 25-I. pU. 125), pahalavo ke pArthiyane (I. pU. 170-I. pU. 100), zako (su-zake) (I. pU 150-I. pU. 100), yuecI ke kuSANe (I. pU. 130thI), kedAre ke nAnA yuecao (I. sa. 380), juejue ke juo-juo ke avAro (5 mI sadInI zarUmAM), ceto ke sapheda dUNe ke khajhara (I. sa. 450-I.sa. 500), ane turko (I sa. 550-I. sa. 650) AgaMtuka TALIo bhAratavarSamAM sthAnika varNavyavasthAvALA samAjamAM svIkAra kevI rIte pAme che e jANavuM rasaprada thaI paDaze. sau prathama to e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke dareka AgaMtuka dhaDuM pote ja koI ekAda jAti ke varga ke ToLI(tribe)nuM baneluM hotuM nathI, paNa emAM bhinna bhinna vargo, jAtio (nRvaMze) ne ToLAo (tribes) sAmela thayelAM hoya che. I. pU. 150-100 daramyAna AvelA dhADAmAM kuSANanI sAthe zake, suzake, agraNI yavane, baeNTriyane (bAlike), pArthiyane ke pahUlo ane kSaharAta, madro ane jatrike ke jATa leke AvyA. I. sa. 400-550 daramyAna pravezelA dhADAmAM juo ke juo avAre,kuSANo, kedAre ke nAnA yuecao, sapheda dUNo ke khare ane mihire AvyA.22 zarUmAM mULa (madhya eziyAnA) pradezamAMthI paribhramaNanI zarUAta karatI vakhate ja AvuM dhADuM UMcA ne nIcA vargo tathA gulAmenuM baneluM hoya che. eka taraphathI AgaLa jatAM je je pradezamAM AkramaNa karIne dhADuM praveza kare che te dareka pradezamAM A dhADAmAMthI keTalAka lake vasavATa karavA mATe rahI paDe che ane paribhramaNa karanAra dhADAmAMthI Akramaka netA ane sabhyonuM vRMda AgaLa dhape che. Ama dhADuM enA paribhramaNanA mArgamAM Thera Thera pitAnAmAMthI pAchaLa vatI mUkatuM jAya che. bIjI taraphathI snow-ball prakAranI gati paNa jovA maLe che.23 AkramaNa karIne dhADuM AgaLa vadhatAM enA mArgamAM AvatA pradezamAMthI sthAnika leka ene Azraya le che ane enI sAthe paribhramaNa, AkramaNa ane AgaLa vasavATa karavAmAM joDAya che. AvuM jaTila pacaraMgI jAtiovALuM dhADuM jyAM pIgaLe che tyAM sthAnika samAjanA badhA ja vargomAM pravezIne bhaLI jAya che. duSkALa, rAjavaMzonI pherabadalI ne evAM paribaLathI vaLI pAchAM sthAnika prajAnAM rathaLAMtara ne anya pradezamAMthI prajAnAM

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[. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Agamana satata cAlu ja rahetAM hoya che ne enI sAthe jAtio ane prajAnA saMmizraNanI prakriyA paNa satata cAlu ja rahetI hoya che. Ama pracalita rUDhicurata mAnyatAne eTale ke UMcA vaNe-brAhmaNa, kSatriya ane vaizya varNoe jAtinI zuddhi jALavI rAkhI che tathA nIcalA varSo ane vargomAM ja paradezI jAtio ane AdivAsI jAtimAM pravezI che e matane keI samarthana maLatuM nathI. ke. rA. bhAMDArakara mahAbhArata ane dharmazAstromAMthI ullekho TAMkIne darzAve che ke brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya ane zuddha-cAra varSomAM AgaMtuka jAtio bhaLI che.24 Ama purAvAone AdhAre to ema paNa kahI zakAya ke asalI ke Agatuka jAtio sthAnika samAjanA badhA ja varSe ane jAti-jJAtiomAM ravIkAra pAmI che. sau prathama draviDone khyAla karIe to draviDomAM melA ke halakA dhaMdhA, khetI ane majUrI karanArI vastI thai ke dasa varNamAM praveza pAmI hoya ema lAge che, jyAre kArIgarI ane vepAravANijya sAthe saMkaLAyelI varatI vaizya varNamAM pravezI haze. evI ja rIte pahitapaNAmAM ke dharmakAryamAM paDela varga brAhmaNavarNamAM ane yuddhakriyAmAM jANakAra ke rAjakAjamAM paTutA dharAvanAra vargamAMnA leka te divase kSatriyavarNamAM bhaLyA haze ema anumAna karI zakAya. vaLI anulema ane pratima lagna dvArA jAtisaMmizraNa paNa thayeluM jaNAya che. mahAbhArata ane dharmazAstromAM mizra jAtinAM cekabaMdha nAma jevA maLe che 27 A saMmizraNa evuM vyApaka pramANamAM thayuM haze ke mULa ati prAcIna kAlamAM varNa sAthe raMgane bhAva hato te nAbUda thaIne amuka vyavasAya ke udyoga ke zreNIne kulaparaMparAgata vAra e jAti-jJAti-nuM mukhya lakSaNa bane che. A zarUAtanI jAti-jJAtio vacce lagnasaMbaMdha ne khAnapAnamAM bAdha nahi hoya temaja vyavasAyanI pherabadalI karavAnI paNa svataMtratA haze ema jaNAya che. IravI sananI pahelI sadInI AsapAsa AvelA yavane, pahale, zake te kuSANone temaja pAMcamI-chaThThI sadI daramyAna AvelA zveta dUNe, mihiro ke gurjarane vattAochA pramANamAM badhA ja varNo ane jAtiomAM svIkAra thayela jaNAya che. kSatriyo tarIke svIkAra yavana, zaka ItyAdi vijetA TaLInA rAjAo rAjatva prApta kare che ne kSatriya" tarIke svIkAra pAme che. emanA svIkAramAM rAjAmAM IzvarI aMza che-Izvara

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12 nuM prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane Agamana rAjAmAM vase che evA khyAla prAcIna samayathI bhAratavarSamAM pracalita hatA tene hisso hoI zake. A rAjAo brAhmaNa, jena ne bauddha dharmane rAjyAzraya Ape tyAre kSatriya tarIkenuM AcaraNa karIne pUrA bhAratIya banelA jovA maLe che. mihire ane dUnA ravIkAramAM e uttara-pazcima eziyAmAM gayelA hiMduo ja svadeza pAchA pharyA che evI mAnyatA paNa bhAga bhajave che ane AbunA agnikuMDamAM pavitra thaIne teo "kSatriya" tarIke bahAra Ave che, arthAta yajJavidhi dvArA ucca prakAranuM kSatriya pAme che. 28 nAMdeda-bharUcanA gurjara kSatriya tarIkeno vyavahAra karIne kSatriyatva pAmyA che. brAhmaNo tarIke svIkAra AgaMtuka ToLIonA keTalAka brAhmaNa tarIke paNa pravezelA jaNAya che. zakanA dharmaguruo ne mihirakulanA kuSANa-kaniSka sAthe AvelA magane brAhmaNo tarIke svIkAra thayelo jovA maLe che. mahAbhArata emane brAhmaNalakSaNamAM UNA gaNe che ema chatAM brAhmaNa tarIke nideze che. rAjataraMgiNInA lekhaka kahaNa (Isa. 114 8)nAga purohitone brAhmaNa tarIke ne nAgarAja AratIkane sarvottama brAhmaNa tarIke ullekha kare che. vaLI citapAvana, karADA, zeNavI brAhmaNo ane gujarAtanA nAgara brAhmaNe paradezIomAMthI banelA brAhmaNa jaNAya che. je brAhmaNa anya jAtinI kanyAone paraNatA temanA saMtAnane brAhmaNa tarIke svIkAra thate jovA maLe che. sthAnika prajAmAMthI jarUriyAta upasthita thatAM parazurAme ane zrIrAme banAvelA brAhmaNanA ullekha ghaNI brAhmaNa jJAtionI utpatti aMge paraMparAprApta ne paurANika khyAlamAM jovA maLe che. dakSiNa gujarAtanA anAvaLA brAhmaNo sthAnika prajAmAMthI thayelA mizra brAhmaNa jaNAya che. abrAhmaNa sthAnika leke AgaMtuka vastInA dharmaguru tarIke kAmagIrI meLavIne jate divase brAhmaNamAM gaNanA pAme evA ullekha jovA maLe che. 29 vaizya tarIke svIkAra vepAravANijya karanAra ucca kArIgara vargomAM bhaLanAra vaizya tarIke svIkAra pAme che ne khetI karanAra varga "kaNabI bane che. gurjare jaina vaizya ne kaNabIo tarIke moTA pramANamAM bhaLyA che ema jaNAya che.30

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438 ] nIcalA vargomAM bhaLe che itihAsanI pUrva'bhUmikA [.. AgaMtuka dhADAnA ucca varganA leka jate divase ucca varNomAM svIkAr pAme teA nIcalA varga nIcalI kArIgara timAM bhaLe. ucca varNamAM bhaLanAra peAtAnuM jUnuM nAma badalIne navu sa MskRta nAma apanAve, jyAre nIcalA varSomAM bhaLanArane ema karavuM eTaluM jarUrI na jAya. AthI ja kadAca ghaNIbadhI nIcalI jJAtiomAM 'gurjara' nAmanI peTA-jJAtio jovA maLe che. zarUAtamAM vijetA tarIke rAjatva pAmanAra kuLanA keTalAka leAka parAbhava pachI game te vyavasAya apanAvavAnI pharaja paDatAM nIcalA vargomAM sarakI paDatA haze ema paNa jovA maLe che.3 1 Ama badhA varNo-vargomAM vattAochA pramANamAM Aga tuka prajA praveza pAme che. zaka-kuSANAnA samayamAM vadhu bauddha dharma dvArA teA gura samayamAM vadhu jaina dha dvArA te vattAochA pramANamAM badhA ja samaya daramyAna brAhmaNadharma dvArA paradezIe sthAnika samAjamAM praveza pAmyA jaNAya che. gurjara jAti eTalA vyApaka pramANamAM judA judA varNo ane jAtimAM bhaLI che ke gujarAtanI samagra vastImAM gurjara paDe patharAyelu jovA maLe che. 32 gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsamAM prApta thatI mAhitIne AdhAre tatkAlIna nationo khyAla karIe. I. pU. 322 thI I. sa. 1304 nA prAcIna gujarAtanA samayAvadhi daramyAna bahArathI aneka jAtionA AgamananI temaja emanI sthAnika samAjamAM bhaLI javAnI prakriyA khUba joramAM jovA maLe che. gujarAtamAM bahArathI AvelI jAtionuM sthAnika prajAmAM vyApaka pramANamAM sa`mizraNa thayu' che. AthI ja kadAca dharmazAstra surASTrane mleccha lekeAnA pradeza tarIke oLakhAvye hAya ane purANamAM surASTramAM pravAsa karI AvanArane pApa dhAvA mATenI zuddhikriyA karavAnuM darzAvyuM hAya.33 bhAratanI aneAkhI evI varNanI ane jJAtinI vyavasthAe A vibhinna nnati ke Adima TALIone eka ekayabaddha, sAtatyapUrNa ane sthira samAjamAM AMdhavAnuM kAma saphaLa rIte pAra pADayu che;4 A hakIkatanuM prAcIna gujarAtanI vastI eka javalaMta udAharaNa pUruM pADe che.

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12 su] prAcIna jAtio : utpatti ane bhAgamana prAcIna samayAvadhi daramyAna gujarAtamAM uttarapazcimamAMthI samudramArge ne jamInamAge prajAnuM Agamana thayu` che. saurASTranA samudrakAMThAnA mArge vepAravANijya, caDAi ke vasavATa ane AzrayanA hetuothI prajAenI AvajA (pASANayuganA nikriTAnI gaNanA karatAM) cheka pASANayugathI thatI AvI che. IrAnIe ane arA A mArga pravezyA che. AryAnI dhaNI jUnI vasAhateA dvArakA, sAmanAtha pATaNa, keADInAra ke mULa dvArakA tathA bharUca kAMThe jovA maLe che. e parathI kahI zakAya ke keTalIka A TALIe paNa A mArge pravezI che. bIjuM, pachIthI AvelA AryAM temaja anya prajAe paMjAba-rAjasthAna mAge aravallInA ghATa parathI AvI che; evI ja rIte baMgALA ane uttara pazcimamAMthI mALavA--dAheAdane mAge` pravezI che, temaja cuMvALa-vIramagAmanA mArge paNa pravezI che. A jamInamArgo para gujarAtanA pravezadvAre prasiddha devIonAM sthAna che; aravallI mArga para Akhu najIka aMbA bhavAnInuM, mALavA-dAheAda rarate pAvAgaDha para kAlikA mAtAnuM ane cuvALa-vIramagAmanA mArgo para bahucarA mAtAnuM mazahUra sthAna che. 43 vaLI dakSiNa bhAratavarSamAMthI paNa gujarAtamAM prajAe pravezI che; dakSiNamAMthI AvelA rASTrakUTa jevA rAjava'zAnA AkramaNa ane zAsanakAla daramyAna brahmaNA, rAjyavahIvaTakartAo tathA emanI sAthe anya sthAnika leke ahI pravezyA hAya e saMbhavita che. duSkALa, AkramaNeA ane rAjava'zAnI pherabadalI ke sthAnika rAjAenAM prAtsAhanAne pariNAme uttara, pazcima ane dakSiNamAMthI gujarAtamAM prajAne pravAha satata vahetA rahyo che tathA varNa ane jJAtivALA samAjamAM geAThavAtA gayA che ema kahI zakAya. have gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanA mukhya mukhya tabakkAvAra prApta thatI mAhitIne AdhAre tatkAlIna gujarAtanI jAtionA khyAla karIe. maurya kAla (lagabhaga I.pU. 322-I.pU. 185) A samayanAkauTilyanA arthazAstramAM surASTranI kSatriyazreNI vArtA (kRSa, pazupAlana, vANijaya) tathA zastra dvArA AjIvikA meLavatI evA ullekha che.35 azokanA giranAranA dharmalekhAmAM brAhmaNa-zramaNAne dAna devAnA tathA gulAmA ne tekarA tarapha sana rAkhavAnA ullekha Ave che, A parathI brAhmaNu, kSatriya, vaizya ane zUdra varNa tathA gulAmeAnA vargAmAM samAja vaheMcAyelA haze ema anumAna karI zakAya.

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440 . itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA azokane surASTrane same tuSApha yavana jAtine athavA yavana dezane paNa IrAnI jAtine hate. mAtra e parathI yavana ke IrAnI jAtinA lokonI vastI ahIM ThIka ThIka pramANamAM haze evuM anumAna karI zakAya nahi, ema chatAM mauryakAla pahelAM surASTra pradeza dArayasa ne enA anugAmIonI asara nIce haze e daramyAna IrAnIonI vastI AvI haze ane tadanusAra maue ahIM IrAnI sUbe mUkavAnuM yogya mAnyuM hoya. ema darzAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke zaka kSatrapa ne gupta vaMzanA amala daramyAna nimAyelA suvizAkha ane parNadatta nAmanA sUbA IrAnI che. Ama sAta jeTalA varSanA samaya daramyAna yavana sUbAoe surASTramAM rAjyavahIvaTa karyo che e layamAM letAM A pradezamAM IrAnIonI ThIka ThIka vastI hoya ema mAnI zakAya. anumaurya kAla (lagabhaga I.pU 185-I.sa. 1) A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM bhAratIya yavana rAjAonuM zAsana jevA maLe che, tevI ja rIte bodhivA zAnI ane bhRgukacchamAM balamitrabhAnumitranI sattA jovA maLe che. 37 paraMtu A be rAjavaMzanAM kulo vize mAhitI maLatI nathI. I. pU. 150thI gujarAta-surASTramAM zonA humalA zarU thayelA jevA maLe che ane ujanamAM zaka-kSatrapono vahIvaTa paNa zakenI sattA bAda kumANanA samayamAM zarU thAya che.38 araba vasAhato ceula, kalyANa ane sopArA baMdaromAM jovA maLI che.39 A uparathI, hasliAma-dhama araba AkramaNathe bhAratavarSamAM pravezyA te agAu, vepAravANijya nimitte arabanI varatI pazcimanA kAMThAnA pradezamAM haze ema kahI zakAya. Ama yavana, zaka ane araba jevA paradezIone A samayanA gujarAtamAM pagapesAre zarU thaI gayeluM jaNAya che. AthI vizeSa bIjI koI mAhitI maLatI nathI. kSatrapakala (lagabhaga I.sa. 1-I.sa. 400 38 kSatrapAlanA maLelA saMkhyAbaMdha sikkAo parathI temaja keTalAka zilAlekha parathI e kAlanI jAtio vize ThIka ThIka mAhitI maLe che.

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12 muM) prAcIna jAtie utpatti ane Agamana 41 madhya eziyAmAMthI sthaLAMtara karatAM karatAM keTalAka samaya IrAnamAM rahIne tyAMthI bhAratavarSamAM AvelI zaka-palava jAtio gujarAtamAM praveze che ne rAjasattA hAMsala kare che. pazcimI kSatrapAnAM rAjakulemAM pahelAM laharAta kula ane pachI kArdamaka kulanA rAjAonI sattA sthapAya che. kSatrapa rAjAonuM bhAratIkaraNa vyApaka pramANamAM ne jhaDapathI A rAjAonuM bhAratIkaraNa thayeluM jovA maLe che. IrAnI "satrapa" ane enA saMskRta rUpAMtara 'kSatrapanuM mULa bhAratIya-IrAnI heI zake. rAjAonAM nAmomAM ne padomAM bhAratIya nAmone svIkAra noMdhapAtra che. kAIkulanA pahelA rAjAnuM nAma "cASTane zaka che, jayAre pachInA rAjAonAM nAme-jayadAmA, rudradAmA, rudrasiMha, satyadAmA, jIvadAmA, rudrasena, saMdhadAmA, dAmasena, pRthivIsena, vIradAmA, yazodAmA, vijayasena, vizva siMha, bhartIdAmA ane vizvasena-mAM spaSTa bhAratIya asara vartAya che. vaLI A rAjAoe "kSatrapa" ane "mahAkSatrapa uparAMta "rAjA" ane "svAmI' jevAM biruda paNa apanAvyAM che, brAhmaNa-zramaNone udAra hAthe dAna karyA che ane vihArane deNagIo ApI che.41 rudradAmAnA zilAlekhamAM rAjA tarIkenA guNonuM varNana karatAM "garbha prabhUti samRddha rAjyalakSmI dhAraNa karelI hovAthI jene sarva varNoe sAme AvIne pati tarIke varela che ema kahevuM che; emAM cAturvarNavyavasthAnuM sUcana jovA maLe che ne rAjA "kSatriya" tarIke svIkAra pAmate dekhAya che. saMskRtamAM lakhele A lAMbo zilAlekha rAjAnA bhAratIkaraNano eka vadhu purAvo che. 43 e sthAnika kSatriyanI jema ja vyavahAra karato jovA maLe che. sudAmA svayaMvaramAM rAjakanyAone prApta karato evo ullekha jovA maLe che. e parathI rAjavaMzo vacce zaka-hiMdu lagnasaMbaMdha thatA levA joIe, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa A daSTAMta parathI kSatrapa kuTuMba eTalAM saMpUrNa rIte bhAratIya banyAM jaNAya che ke hiMdu rAjakuTuMbe emanI sAthe lagnasaMbaMdha bAMdhavAmAM nAnama gaNatAM nathI, balake emane samAna sAmAjika pratiSThAvALA tarIke svIkAre che. vaLI nahapAnanA jamAIe brAhmaNone kanyAonuM dAna dIdhuM e ullekha maLe che.* e parathI brAhmaNo prAyaH zakakuMvarIo sAthe paNa lagna karatA haze ema mAnI zakAya. Ama lagnasaMbaMdho dvArA paNa zake bhAratIya samAjamAM jhaDapathI bhaLavA lAgyA ane varNavyavasthAvALA samAjamAM goThavAI gayA jaNAya che.

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ty. 44ra ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vaNika varga A samayamAM vepAravANijyanI jAhojalAlInA ullekha jovA maLe che ane dhanavAna vaNike dharmasthAna mAM dAna karatA jaNAya che. I.sa. 400 nA arasAmAM saurASTranA eka vepArInA pautra kosAMbImAM bauddha ratUpa baMdhAve che e ullekha maLe che.45 AbhIre telemIe sura pRne 'abhIriyA' eTale ke abhIra deza tarIke oLakhAvela che e parathI lAge che ke ahIM AbhIranI vastI DIka ThIka pramANamAM hovI joIe. AjanA AhIre e ja AbhAre che ema bhAMDArakara jaNAve che. 42 A AhIre ke AbhIro kezu ? mahAbhArata, harivaMza ne purANa pramANe pazcimanA vibhAgomAM paMjAbathI mahArASTranA pradeza sudhI AbhIronI varatI prasarelI jaNAya che. zuddho sAthe ne lera cho tarIke emane ulekha thayeluM che e jotAM teo zadrone peTAvibhAga nahi, paNa alaga jAti haze ane e samayamAM A pradezanA vatanI jevA haze ema jaNAya che. amarakeza AbhIrane vaizya varNanA gaNe che, kemake pazuvardhana e vaizyavyavasAya che. manusmRti pramANe brAhmaNane abaI strIthI thayela putra e AbhIra jAtino (10. 15). bIjA eka samRtikAra kevA pramANe brAhmaNane ugra strIthI thayela putra te AbhIra che. kAzikAvRtti AbhIrane mahAdri tarIke oLakhAve che. 47 bhAMDArakara anumAna kare che ke IsavI sananI pahelI sadInI AsapAsa zake AvyA te ja samaya daramyAna AbhAre bhAratavarSamAM AvyA haze. 48 mirAzI jaNAve che ke AbhIre je paradezI hoya te I pU. rajI sadIthIye ghaNuM vahelA ahIM AvyA che 49 mahAbhAratamAM uttara-pazcimamAM AbhIra gaNarAjyano ullekha mAlava ane yaudheya gaNarAjyonI sAthe karavAmAM Avyo che. baeNTriyana grIke, zake ne kuSANa uttarethI AvyA tyAre AbhIre paNa mAlavo ane yaudheyanI jema ja dakSiNa tarapha khasyA haze ne rAjasthAnathI mahArASTra sudhInA viratAromAM phelAyA haze. Aje paNa pazcima bhAratanA pradezomAM AbhIra brAhmaNa jovA maLe che. evI rIte AbhIra sonIo ne suthAro jovA maLe che. A uparathI AbhAre ghaNA vahelA A dezamAM AvIne vasyA ne varNavyavasthAvALA samAjamAM sthAna paNa pAmyA ema jaNAya che.50

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana (447 AbhIra vasAhata "ghoSa" kahevAtI ne e loko apabhraMza bhASA bolatA. zarUAtamAM ahIM teo bharavADo ne pazupAlaka tarIkeno vyavasAya karatA jaNAya che, paNa samaya jatAM teo UMcA rAjakIya hodA dharAvatA thayA che. kSatraparAjA rudrasiMhanA senApati ane senApati bApakanA putra AbhIra rUdrabhUtine gUMdAnA zilAlekhamAM ullekha che. ucca rAjakIya hodA para rahIne lAga maLatAM teo rAjatva paNa prApta kare che; AbhIra rAjA Izvaradatta kSatrapone nasADIne sattA hAMsala kare che. sAtavAhanonA samayamAM paNa emanI sattA jovA maLe che. A AbhIravaMzane mULa sthApaka Izvarasena jaNAya che. bhagavAnalAla tathA mirAzInA mata pramANe kalacuri-cedi saMvatane mULa sthApaka paNa e ja che.para guptakAla (lagabhaga I. sa. 400-470) gukhazAsanakALa daramyAna dakSiNa gujarAtamAM phUTaka rAjavaMzanI sattA jovA maLe che. saikUTake sAtavAhanonI sattAnA asta sAthe cothI sadInI zarUAtathI sattArUDha thayelA jaNAya che. trikUTaka nAma pradezavAcaka jaNAya che ne traNa zikharavALA parvata parathI paDayuM hoya ema lAge che. A parvata kyAM Avyo e aMge aneka mata raja thayA che. e meru parvatanI dakSiNa hAra hoya ema viSNu ane mArkaDeya purANa pramANe jaNAya che, jyAre hemacaMdra ane mahezvara pramANe e silenamAM ne bha. harinA vAkyapadIya pramANe e trikaliMga ke AMdhramAM hoya ema jaNAya che. rA. ba. hIrAlAla vaikUTake ane kalacurio eka che ema kahIne triTane sAtapUDA parvata gaNe che.54 kAlidAsa pramANe e aparAMta ke uttara kekaNamAM Avele jaNAya che. dakSiNa gujarAta, uttara ke kaNa ne mahArASTranA vistAromAM saiphUTaka sikkA maLyA che e parathI trikUTa parvata pazcimamAM ja hoya ne te ene kAlidAsa jaNAve che tema aparAMtane trikUTa parvata mAnavo vadhu vajUdavALuM lAge che. ha.dhI. sAMkaLiyA saikUTaka rAjAonAM nAmenuM pRthakkaraNa karIne teo mULe kSatriya nahi hoya evuM anumAna kare che.55 resana teo maurya kulanA haze evuM anumAna kare che, jayAre "datta" ane "sena" aMtavALAM nAma parathI taikaTakA AbhIra kulanA haze evuM anumAna bhagavAnalAla kare che. 57 mirAzI jaNAve che ke AbhIra ne vaikUTaka baMne kule samakAlIna paNa judAM che, ema caMdravallInA lekha parathI sAbita thAya che.58

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444] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA guptakAlamAM dhaMdhAdArI vargomAM zAkaTika (gADuM calAvanAra) ane vaikaTika (dArU gALanAra) vaNene ullekha maLe che.pa9 vaLI paTTonA vaNanAra paTTavAyonI zreNIne ullekha paNa maLe che. A parathI judA judA vyavasAyanAM mahAjananA astitvanuM anumAna karI zakAya. lATanI rezama vaNanAra eka zreNIe mALavAmAM sthaLAMtara karyuM ne tyAM jaIne emAMnA ghaNAoe jotiSI, bANAvaLI, kathAkAra, ddhA ane sAdhu jevA anekavidha vyavasAya apanAvyA hoya evo ullekha kumAragupta ane baMdhuvanA maMdiramAMthI maLelA abhilekhamAMthI maLe che. A uparathI A samayamAM dhaMdhA custapaNe paraMparAgata nahetA ne vyavasAyenI pherabadalI karavAnI muktatA hatI ema lAge che. A samaya daramyAna bharUca ane verAvaLa jevAM baMdaroethI gulAmone vepAra thatuM hatuM evA ullekha maLe che. 11 maitrakakAla (lagabhaga I. sa. 470-788) maitrakakAla aMge moTA bhAganI ThIka ThIka mAhitI mitra, gurjara vagere rAjAoe brAhmaNa ane zramaNane ApelAM dAnanI dha rajU karatAM ne vipula pramANamAM maLatAM tAmrazAsane parathI maLe che. maitrakakALa daramyAna maitrake mukhya rAjavaMza jaNAya che ke anya rAjakulemAM gArulake, seMdhavo, kUTake, cAhamAne (cauhANa), gurjare, sekrake, meharo, cAlu, rASTrakUTo (rAThoDa) vagere rAjakulo satArUDha thayelo jaNAya che. maitrake bhAMDArakara maitrakone paradezI jAtinA gaNe che. maitrake dUNe sAthe AvyA che ane maitrake te ja mihire che ema teo jaNAve che. maitra ke maitraka zabda jAtivizeSanA nAma tarIke manusmRtimAM Ave che temAM emane vaizya gaNyA che, paraMtu sAtama-AThamI sadInA sAhityamAM emanI gaNanA yAdalakulanA kSatriyAmAM karavAmAM AvI che. A uparathI ema lAge che ke maitrake jyAre rAjasattA para AvyA haze tyAre emanA kulane prasiddha yAdavakula sAthe sAMkaLIne emanI pratiSThA vadhAravAmAM AvI haze. agiyAramI sadInA vaijayaMtI kezamAM maitrakone dhaMdhe zAkya caityanA pUjArI tarIke darzAvyA che, A uparathI rAjasattA jatAM jema aneka kulIna jAtione AjIvikA arthe game te dhaMdhe svIkAravo paDyo

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana [445 che tema ja koI maitrakoe pate pAzupata hevA chatAM zAkya cityanuM pUjArIpaNuM paNa svIkAryuM hoya ema lAge che. 3 A kulanA mULapuruSa "mitra' parathI maitrake nAma paDeluM jaNAya che. A mitra te prAyaH pAzupata saMpradAyanA pravartaka lakulIzane e nAmane ziSya, jenA vaMzaja maitrI ke maitraka ke maio tarIke oLakhAyA ema hariprasAda zAstrI sUcave che pAzupate sainikamAMthI senApati ne e pachI rAjA banyA haze. 24 Ama maitrake mULa vaizya, paNa rAjasattA para ArUDha thatAM kSatriya tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyA che. A parathI eka varNamAMthI bIjA varNamAM AvavuM-javuM thatuM ene eka purAvA maLe che. gArulaka purANomAMthI maLatI vigato pramANe gAralako e "guru!" kulanA leka che ne teo yavane, za ane dUNa jevA paradezI jAtinA che. saurASTramAM teo A samaya daramyAna sattArUDha thayelA ne lagabhaga baso jeTalAM varSo sudhI sattAsthAne rahelA jaNAya che. 5 seMdhavo-jeThavA ghUmalInA seMdhavo siMdhu dezamAMthI AvelA jaNAya che. arabae siMdha para caDAI karI tyAre seMdho surASTramAM maitrakenA AzrayamAM AvI rahyA ne AThamI sadInA madhyabhAgamAM navA pradeza para rAjya prApta karIne teoe lagabhaga I. sa. 915 sudhI rAjya karyuM. evI saMbhAvanA karavAmAM AvI che ke pAchaLathI teo jeThavA nAme oLakhAvA lAgyA. jUnI mAnyatA evI che ke jyAM meharanuM mukhya thANuM hatuM te morabImAM teoe rAjasattA sthApI ne pachI nAganaha (jAmanagaranuM jUnuM sthAna) ne beTadvArakA paNa lIdhAM. paraMparA pramANe A kulanA eka rAjAe ghUmalImAM rAjadhAnI sthApI. Ama jeThavA mehara (mera) kula sAthe gADha rIte saMkaLAyelA kahevAya che 17 siMdhudezathI AvelA A saidhava rAjAo pitAne jayadrathavaMzanA gaNAvatA, teo dhUmalInI AsapAsanA pradezamAM sattArUDha thayA te pradeza I. sa. 915 pachI thoDA dAyakAmAM 'jeThuka deza tarIke oLakhAyA ane e pachI e pradezamAM sadIo

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446]. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA sudhI jeThavAonI sattA pravatI e parathI jyadratha' ane 'jeThavA vacce saMbaMdha rahele saMbhave che. 18 jeThavA rAjyamAM jyadratha-saMdhavone vRttAMta visAre paDatAM masya'ne sthAne hanumAnanuM pratIka ane "jyadrathane badale makaradhvajanI mAnyatA pracalita thaI lAge che. 29 mehaze mA eziyAmAMnA meDiyA ane jyorjiyAnAM sAmrAjya veta daNanA AkramaNathI hacamacI uThyAM tyAre teoe dakSiNa tarapha bhramaNa zarU karyuM. Ama meDiyana sAmrAjyanA meDa ane jyorjiyAnA gurjare uttara-pUrva taraphathI IrAna thaIne balucistAnanA mArge bhAratavarSamAM gukhazAsana daramyAna pravezyA jaNAya che. zarUmAM guptAe emane nasADI mUkyA, paNa pAchaLathI teoe pharI praveza karyo ne siMdhu nadInI pUrvanA bhAgamAM mehara lekae ane dakSiNa tarapha gurjaree vasavATa karyo.70 surASTramAM morabImAM mehara lekonuM rAjya kahevAyuM che. tyAM siMdhava AvatAM teo seMdhAnA paDakhe rahyA che. AjanA mera potAne surASTranA raNadhIrajI jeThavA(baraDA pradezamAM vIsa gAmanA dhaNI)nA vaMzajo kahevaDAve che. Ama teo jeThavA rAjapUtanI Azrita jAtinA che. mera jAti rAjapUta sAthe puSkaLa pramANamAM bhaLI gaI che, ema meranI kezavArA, rAjazAkhA, oDedarA, sisodiyA, paramAra, solaMkI, cauhANa, cUDAsamA, bhaTTI, jADejA, cAvaDA, vADhera, vALA ItyAdi judI judI zAkhAo parathI jovA maLe che.71 taLAjAmAM teramI sadImAM mehara(mera)kulanA rAjA rAjya karatA hatA.9 hAla teo vALAnA vaMzaja manAya che. A kulanAmane IrAnI umara, saM. madira zabda sAthe saMbaMdha hovAnuM jaNAya che. seMke - sau prathama se ke rASTro ne kadaMbonA khaMDiyA rAjA tarIke dekhA de che, kaenI sattAnA asta pachI teo cAlukyonA Azrita jaNAya che ane cAlukyo sAthe lagnasaMbaMdhathI paNa joDAyelA che. emaNe gujarAtamAM ra00 jeTalAM varSa sudhI rAjya karyuM jaNAya che.

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana [447 seMdrako potAne bhujageMdra- anvaya ke phaNAdrivaMzanA kahevaDAve che e parathI teo nAga jAtinA hovAne saMbhava che. mahArASTranA ziMde seMdrikenA anugAmI vaMza Aje paNa nAgacihna rAkhe che. 73 kaTacurio A samayamAM ja dakSiNa gujarAtamAM kaTacurionuM rAjya sthapAyuM che. teo kRtavIryane putra ajunathI potAne vaMza gaNe che; arthAta teo potAne haihayo' tarIke oLakhAve che.74 teo cAlukyone vaphAdAra rahyA che. rAkho (rAThoDa) maitrakakAla daramyAna dakSiNa gujarAtamAM rASTrakUTonI sattAnAM pagaraNa zarU thayelAM jovA maLe che. A kula aMge mAnavAmAM Ave che ke azokanA dharma lekhamAM darzAvelA rASTriko-rAThI leke dakhaNamAM gayA haze ne tyAMthI kSatriyatna prApta karIne rASTrakUTa nAme oLakhAvA lAgyA haze. rASTrakUTa rAjAomAM kannaDa asara jovA maLe che e parathI paNa teo ahIM dakhaNa (karNATaka)thI AvelA jaNAya che. dakhaNamAM emaNe cAlukyonI mahAsattAnuM umUlana karI sAmrAjya sthApyuM hatuM; maitrakakAlanA aMtabhAgamAM teonI sattA dakSiNa gujarAtamAM sthapAI ane AgaLa jatAM e eka uttara gujarAta sudhI prasarI. dakhaNamAM pachInA cAlukyonA hAthe emanI sattA tUTI paDatAM ahIM paNa emanI sattA asta pAmI. AgaLa jatAM teonuM eka rAjya kanojamAM sthapAyuM tyAM teo "rATheDa' tarIke oLakhAtA, 12 mI sadInA aMtabhAgamAM musalamAnoe kanojathI emane dakSiNamAM hAMkI kADhelA ane solaMkI rAjAnI madadathI emaNe mahesANA tAlukAnA sAmetrA gAmamAM rAjya sthApyuM.77 pAchaLathI selaMkI kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM mAravADanA rAThoDa kulanA eka kuMvare IDaramAM potAnI rAjasattA sthApI. A sattA salatanata-kAla daramyAna prabaLa rahI. A rAThoDakulanA eka bIjA rAjapUte dvArakAne kabaje lIdho. "vAjA" ane "vADhela" e A rAThoDakulanI zAkhAo gaNAya che.78 gurjara gurjarone prathama ulekha bANanA harSacaritamAM ane yuana svAMganA pravAsavarNanamAM jovA maLe chegurjara koNa e prakane bhAre vivAda Ubho karyo che. eka taraphathI "gurjara' zabdane jAtivAcaka tarIke ghaTAvIne gurjara paradezI jAtinA

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448 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ a. che ema mAnavAmAM Ave che, te bIjI taraphathI "gurjara' zabda pradezavAcaka che ema darzAvIne gurjara paradezI nahi, paNa A dezanA ja che, e mata pratipAdita karavAmAM AvyuM che. bhagavAnalAla,80 jekasana,81 bhAMDArakara, vinsenTa smitha, 83 harnala 84 ratnamaNirAva85 ane sAMkaLiyA jevA vidvAnee pahelA matane eTale ke gurjaro paradezI che e matane samarthana ApyuM che, jyAre ojhA,87 ciMtAmaNarAva vaigha, 8 AyaMgara ane munazI90 jevA vidvAnoe gurjarone A dezanA ja gaNyA che, tathA emane prAcIna kSatriyonA vaMzajo tarIke oLakhAvavAne prayatna karyo che. videzI utpattine mata - gurjare paradezI che ne 5 mI-6 ThThI sadI daramyAna AvelA paradezI dhADAnA bhata dUNa, ajara, avAra ke ju-juA (Juan-Juan) sAthe teo paNa bhAratamAM AvyA che. TauDa A gurjarane grIka subhaTonA vaMzajo tarIke sthApita kare che. himAlayanA pazcima bhAgamAM ne siMdhuthI gaMgA sudhI ane hajhArAnA pahADethI narmadA sudhI "gurjara" nAma dhAraNa karanAra loko maLe che. kAzmIramAM bharavADanI eka jAti pitAne "gurjara" nAme oLakhAve che. jamanAnA upara vAsamAM ne gaMgA-jamunAnI vaccenA pradezamAM gurjara vastI hatI evA purAvA maLe che. paMjAbamAM gujarAta gujarAnavAlA vagere nAmanA sthaLe, gvAliyara rAjAnA gurjaragaDhane ullekha, dakSiNa rAjasthAnanA rAjyanuM gurjara"nAma, narmadAkAMThA para ne nAgapuramAM ke dakSiNamAM paNa maLatA gurjara ullekho-A badhA parathI paradezI gurjara jAti pezAvarathI narmadA sudhI ne enAthI nIcenA bhAgamAM bhramaNa karatI ane Thera Thera vasavATa karatI ahIMnA varNanI ne jAtinI vyavasthAvALA samAjamAM bhaLI gaI ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. rAjasthAnamAM emane moTo vasavATa jaNAya che. gurjara rAjapUto, gurjara brAhmaNa ane kheDUta, kaDiyA evI badhI varNa-jJAtiomAM teo bhaLI gayelA jaNAya che. bhATacAraNAnI paraMparA pramANe ane pRthurAjarAsonI vigato pramANe Abu para Avela vasiSTha RSinA agnikuMDamAMthI pavitra thaIne "rAjapUta-kSatriya tarIke bahAra AvelA pratihAre, cAhamAne, cAlukyo ane paramAra nAme oLakhAvA mAMDelA. rAjasattA dharAvatA A rAjapUto paradezI gurjara jAtinA che.

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12 muM | prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane Agamana [49 daramyAna vacce vacce janajAtIya gaNarAjyo jevAM ke yaudheya, mAlava ne AbhIra najare caDe che, jayAre dUNenA Agamana bAda janajAtIya gaNarAjyone sthAne rAjapUtonA kabIlA (lisamUha) jevA ke cAhamAne, paramAro ane pratIhAra jovA maLe che. ha. dhI. sAMkaLiyA gujarAtanAM keTalAMka vyaktinA menA abhyAsa parathI evA nirNaya para Ave che ke gujarAtanI jUnI ne navI vastI paradezanI banelI che.93 etadezIya utpattinA mata84 gurjare paradezI nathI, arbada parvatanI AsapAsane pradeza A nAme oLakhAto haze ne tyAM vasavATa karanAra varatI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya ane zomAM vaheMcAyelI haze. A leke bIjA pradezamAM jatAM emanA vatananA nAma parathI "gurjara kahevAtA haze, jema gauDa, drAviDa ityAdi paNa vatananA nAma parathI oLakhAyA che tema. dakSiNa rAjasthAna ane enI AsapAsanA Anarta, surASTra, mAlava, ujajana tyAdi pradezomAM gurjara rAjAoe rAjya sthApI saMgaThana karyuM, pariNAme A rAjAonAM nAme badhA pradeza oLakhAvA lAgyA haze. Aje "gurjara' tarIke oLakhAtA chUTA chavAyA pradeza tyAre vizALa gurjara rAjayanA avazeSa hoya e saMbhavita che. dezanuM nAma rAjAone mATe vaparAyeluM ukIrNa ne sAhityika lekhamAM jevA maLe che, jemake lATa, mAlava, kuMtala, cedi "gurjarIne paNa dezanuM nAma gaNavuM joIe ne enA rAjAone ulekha "gurjara" nAme thAya e svAbhAvika che. bANanA "harSacaritane ulekha gurjara pradezanA rAjA tarIke samajI zakAya ne yuana zvAge bhInamAlanA gurjara rAjane "kSatriya" kahyo che te ahIne ja kSatriya che ema darzAve che ema samajavuM joIe. bIja, koI paNa pradezanA sAmAnya rahIne dezanA nAma parathI ja oLakhavAmAM AvyA che tethI gurjara brAhmaNa kSatriyo ane vezyo mATe vaparAto zabda vatanasUcaka gaNu joIe. trIju, gurjare je paradezIo heya te teo ATalI jhaDapathI varNanI ane jJAtinI vyavasthAmAM maLI gayA che e saMbhavita lAgatuM nathI, jayAre praNo cheka

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450 ] . itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ pra. 11 mI sadI sudhI bhaLI zakayA nathI. tyAre te khAsa vaLI paradezIone brAhmaNa tarIke svIkAra javalle ja jovA maLe che (maga brAhmaNone apavAda bAda karatAM). zaka ke "kuSANa brAhmaNa ke vaizya jovA maLatA nathI, jyAre gurjara brAhmaNa, kSatriya ityAdi varNa jovA maLe che. cethuM, gurjaro A pradezamAM AvyA te pahelAMnI A pradezanI mULa vastI kyAM gaI? bahArathI AvanArI jAti emane nim La kare e samajI zakAtuM nathI. vaLI A dezanA jUnA Arya-kaviDa kSatriya kyAM gayA? Abu para AvelA vasiSTha RSinA agnikuMDamAMthI je cAra (pratIhAra, cAlukya paramAra ane cAhamAna) rAjapUtanI utpatti darzAvavAmAM Ave che te pRthurAjarAsonI mAhitIne AdhAre che, paNa rAsonI mAhitI AdhArabhUta gaNI zakAya tevI nathI. vaLI A cAra rAjapUta agAu anyathA oLakhAtA jaNAya che, jemake cauhANa sUryavaMzI tarIke. A uparathI agnikulanI utpati te pAchaLathI pracAramAM AvI haze ane e pahelAM paNa A rAjapUta-kSatriya nAnI meTI ThakarAtamAM rAjya karatA haze. Ama baMne prakAranA maMtavyo pAchaLa sabaLa dalIle rajU karavAmAM AvI che ane A carcArapada vivAdane hAla turatamAM aMta AvI zake ema lAgatuM nathI. cAhamAna (cauhANa). bharUcanA cAhamAna rAjAonAM nAmanuM maitraka rAjAonAM nAme sAthenuM sAme joIne ha. dhI, sAMkaLiyA cAhamAna ane maitrakanuM eka samAna mULa hevuM joIe evuM anumAna kare che. AbunA agnikuMDamAMthI rAjapUta kSatriya tarIke bahAra AvelA cAra rAjapUtomAM cAhamAna eka gaNAya che ane teo paradezI gurjara jAtinA ja che evo eka mata bhAMDArakara jaNAve che, tema bhAratamAM emano mULa nivAsarathAna ahicchatra (A sthaLa ghaNI badhI paradezI ToLIonuM bhAratavarSamAMnuM mULa nivAsasthAna jaNAya che) che. cAhamAne paradezI ToLInA brAhmaNa tarIke AvyA ane pAchaLathI kSatriya banyA che.96 bIjI taraphathI AjhA97 cAhamAnone, agnikuMDamAMthI bahAra AvelA bIjA traNa rAjapUtonI jema ja A dezanA jUnA kSatriyenA bhAgarUpe gaNe che. A kulanA Adi purUSane ahicchatramAM vaselA vatsa gotrane brAhmaNa mAnavAmAM

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane Agamana [ 451 Ave che. e parathI cAhamAne maLe brAhmaNa che ane agnikulanA rAjapUta tarIke te pAchaLathI oLakhAtA thayA che ema jaNAve che. cAlukyo-caulukyo - dakSiNa gujarAtanA pradezamAM cAlukyonI sattA jovA maLe che. A cAlukyo e karNATaka- mahArASTramAMnA vAtApibadAmI)nA cAlukya rAvaMzanI eka zAkhA (emanI bIjI eka zAkhA vegImAM jovA maLe che) jaNAya che. gujarAtanA A ca lukya ane mahArASTra-karNATakanA cAlukya eka ja che, eTaluM ja nahi, 10 mI sadI ane e pachInA gujarAtanA caulukya paNa A ja kulanA che. dakSiNanA cAlukyonuM cihana "varAha" che, jyAre gujarAtanA caulukyonuM cihana "naMdI" che, e hakIkatanuM arthaghaTana e pramANe karI zakAya ke cAlukyo zarUAtamAM vaNavadharma pALatA haze ne dakSiNamAMthI nIkaLyA bAda zaivadharmI banyA haze.98 lATa dezanA selaMkI rAjA kIrtirAjanA tAmrazAsanamAM lakhelA "cAlukya zabda temaja enA putra trilocanapAlanA tAmrapatramAM lakhelA "caulukya zabda parathI cAlukya-caulukya eka ja che ema spaSTapaNe joI zakAya che29 dakSiNanA A cAlukya pitAne hArItInA putro ane mAnavya gotranA gaNe che,100 tethI teo pitRpakSe manunA gotranA ane mAtRpakSe hAratI kulanA jaNAya che, ane e mULa brAhmaNe hevA joIe. dakSiNanA A kulanI utpatti aMgenI paurANika mAnyatA pramANe bharadvAja munie potAnuM apamAna karanAra padane zApa ApavA mATe caluka(bA)mAMthI lIdhelA jaLamAMthI sAkSAta vijayanI mUrtirUpa je puruSa utpanna thaye temAMthI cAlukya-caulukya vaMza pravaryo.101 vaLI bIjI mAnyatA pramANe emanI utpatti brahmAnA calumAMthI gaNavAmAM AvI che. 102 dasamI sadImAM gujarAtamAM pATaNa ne lATamAM caulukyakula sattArUDha thayAM che. teo AgaLa jatAM pitAnA vaMzanI utpatti brahmAnA culaka(bA) mAMthI darzAve che ne vAghelA-solaMkI paNa pitAnI utpati A ja pramANe darzAve che. 103 - Abu parvata upara vasiSTha RSinA agnikuMDamAMthI cAra rAjapUto utpanna thayA teomAM ca luthone samAveza thAya che. jekasana, bhagavAnalAla, bhAMDArakara

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[pra. 45ra ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vagere A agnikulanI paraMparAmAM mAne che ke cAlukyo paradezI gurjara jAtinA haze ema anumAna kare che. bhAMDArakara04 darzAve che tema cAlukyonA samayamAM ja gurjaratrA-gujarAta" evAM pradezanAM nAma dekhA de che, tethI cAlukyo gurjara jAtinA che. teo mAne che ke "cAlukya -caulukya' ane ene maLatAM nAmee oLakhAtI A jAtanAM be dhADAM AvelAM jaNAya che : eka chaThThI sadInA aMta bhAgamAM AvyuM, je dakSiNane cAlukyavaMza vikasAve che ne emanI eka zAkhA dakSiNa gujarAtamAM paNa sattArUDha thAya che; bIjuM dhADuM 10 mI sadInI madhyamAM AvyuM, je kanoja ane gujarAtanA caulukya ke solaMkI vaMza vikasAve che. Ama uttara ne dakSiNane cAlu-caulukyanI utpati eka ja ToLImAMthI thaI haze ema darzAve che. gujarAtamAM baMne dhADAMonA vaMzajoe rAjya sthApyAM che, kemake dakSiNa gujarAtanuM e maitrakakAlIna rAjya dakSiNamAMthI AveluM che ne pachInA saurASTranA cAluko ane uttara gujarAtanA caulukyo-selaMkIo (vAghelA solaMkI sahita) uttaramAMthI AvelA jaNAya che. a.mu. majumadAra 05 cAlukyane gurjara jAtinA gaNavA mATe pUratAM pramANa nathI ema jaNAve che, kemake dasamI sadI pahelAM paNa nAMdIpurInA gurjara nAmanA ane gurjara-pratIhAranA rAjavaMze jovA maLe che, eTale "gurjara nAma cAlukyasamayamAM ja dekhAyuM ema kahI zakAya nahi. teo darzAve che ke "cAlukya nAmane ulekha purANomAM Ave che. mArkaDeya, matsya ane vAyu purANamAM culikezulikene ulekha bhAratanI uttare AvelA pradezanI laMpa, kirAta ne kAzmIranI TALIo sAthe thayo che. carakasaMhitAmAM bAlika, padUlava, cInA ane zaka sAthe caulikane ullekha che. harAhanA abhilekhamAM AMdha-gauDa sAthe likane ullekha che te "cAlu ja che. A nAme palava zabda "suraka ne "sulaka. salika dvArA seDiyana sAthe saMbaMdha dharAve che ema batAvI cAlukyo soyina' hatA ema darzAvyuM che. yecI pahelAM soyina ne pAchaLathI baeNTriyana' tarIke oLakhAya che. Ama majumadAranA mate cAlukyo paradezI che, paraMtu gurjara nahi, soyina che. cAlukyo paradezI nathI ane A dezanA prAcIna Arya-draviDa kSatriyonA vaMzaja che ema ojhA bhArapUrvaka darzAve che. agnivaMzI rAjapUta tarIke oLakhAtA

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12 su] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane agamana [ 453 thayA te pahelAM cAlukayo sUryAvaMzI jaNAya che, tethI teo gurjara nathI, paNa anudAcalanI AsapAsanA pradezanA kSatriya che ema tee jaNAve che.106 maitraka samayanAM keTalAMka rAjakula paradezI jAtinAM jaNAya che, te keTalAMkanI utpatti vaizya ke brAhmaNa AdipuruSathI thayelI jovA maLe che. vaLI rAjyanA adhikArIonI pasaMdagI badhA varNAMmAMthI karavAmAM AvatI hoya e sabhavita che. valabhInA rAjA zIlAditye amAtyanI pasaMdagI mATe cAre varNonA vicAra karI joyA hatA evA 'udayasu darIkathA'mAM ullekha Ave che, chatAM adhikArIenAM ulikhita nAmeA parathI teA meATe bhAge rAjyataMtranA adhikAra ane dAnazAsanamAM dUtaka tarIkenA adhikAra kSatriyakulanI vyaktine jaNAya che. 107 brAhmaNA maitrakA, traikUTako, kaTancuri ane nAMdIpurInA rALanAM dAnazAsana parathI brAhmaNAnA khyAla Ave che. brAhmaNA dhArmika ane ekadara sAmAjika jIvanamAM mukhya bhAga letA haze. brAhmaNAnI oLakhamAM emanuM nAma, pitAnu nAma, geAtra, vedazAkhA ane nivAsasthAna mukhya jaNAya che.108 vaLI brAhmaNe e sthaLAMtara karyu hAya tA e kayA sthaLethI kayA anya sthaLe karyuM che e sthaLonA paNa ullekha jovA maLe che. . dAnazAsanAmAM ullikhita brAhmaNAnI vastI jaMbusara ne enI AsapAsanA pradezamAM sauthI vadhu te anya sthaLAmAM-valabhI, si Mhapura, girinagara, kheTaka, nagaraka, AnaMdapura, bharUca, kaccha te navasArikAmAM-pramANamAM vadhu jovA maLe che. ahicchatra (u.pra.), girinagara(saurASTra ne dazapura(mALavA)nAM traNa cAra kuTuMba bAda karatAM dakSiNa gujarAtanAM badhAM ja kuTuMba ja prusara te bharUcanI AsapAsanAM jAya che.109 e brAhmaNAnAM gAtrAmAM vatsa, bhAradvAja, daurNAkIya ane kolDrinya sauthI vadhu jaNAya che; anyamAM cauli, dhUmrAyaNa, hArIta, kAzyapa, lakSmaNu, zrAvANu, mAira, vaziSTha, gA, bhArgava, zArAkSi, tApasa, Atreya, droNAyana, kauzravasa, pArAzara, gAgeOya, kaSDila, mAnava, zAMDilya, jagaNu, kauzika, epasvasti, upamanyu pratyAdi gAtrA paNa jaNAya che. 110 vedazAkhAmAM sauthI vadhu ullekha yajurvedanI vAjasaneyI zAkhAnA ane tyAra bAda sAmavedanI chAMdogya zAkhAne Ave che. atharvavedI te RgvedI brAhmaNonA paNa ullekha Ave che.111

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454 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ . bhAMDArakara 2 valabhI ane AnaMdapuranA maitrakakAlIna brAhmaNa nAgara brAhmaNa havAne mata vajU kare che. nAgara brAhmaNemAM Aje pracAramAM che ane 700 varSa pahelAM paNa hatA tevA tera nAmAMtenA pRthakkaraNa parathI teo A mata para Ave che. vaLI teo jaNAve che ke nAgara brAhmaNomAM paNa paradezI jAtinuM ghaNuM badhuM mizraNa thayuM hovuM joIe. nAgara jJAtinA nAmAMtamAM deva (brAhmaNomAM pracalita), varman (kSatriyomAM pracalita), ane gupta (vaiomAM pracalita), rAsa (zakomAM pracalita) evA nAmAMta jovA maLe che. e uparathI badhA varNonuM nAgaramAM mizraNa thayuM che ema mAnavA karatAM A nAmAM judI judI TeLIonAM kulasUcaka nAma heya ane e badhI TeLIo nAgara brAhmaNomAM bhaLI hoya ema mAnavuM vadhu yogya che ema teo mAne che. vaLI A nAmAMtonuM sAmya joIne teo baMgALAnA kAyara tathA gujarAtanA nAgara brAhmaNa vacce saMbaMdha jue che. praznorA nAgaranI ToLIo nagarakoTa (ahicchatranI najIkamAM) sthaLethI paribhramaNa karatAM karatAM gujarAtamAM AvIne nAgara brAhmaNamAM bhaLI gaI heya ne ahicchatra pAse Avela "nagara" nAme kaI sthaLanA nAma parathI sau nAgara kahevAyA hoya evuM anumAna kare che. Ama gujarAtanA nAgara brAhmaNo paNa paradezI jAtinA che. sAMkaLiyA 13 jaNAve che ke AnaMdapuranA maitraka brAhmaNomAM jaNAtA keTalAka nAmAM tatkAlIna bIjA pradezanA brAhmaNemAM paNa jovA maLe che, tethI bIjA purAvA na maLatAM AnaMdapuranA maitraka brAhmaNone nAgara brAhmaNa gaNI zakAya nahi. surASTranI prajA vepAravANijyamAM mokhare hatI. vaNike aMtardezIya temaja videzI (samudrapAranA sudhAM) vepAra karatA. vaNikAmAM nAvikapatio ane sAthevAhanA ulekha Ave che. yuena svAMga noMdhe che ke dUra dezAvaranI virala ane amUlya cIjo ahIM puSkaLa pramANamAM jamA thatI ane valabhIpuramAM karoDapatienAM se eka jeTalAM ghara hatAM. ajita kakka nAmanA vANiyAe vihAra baMdhAvyAne ulekha che. A parathI dhanika vaizya dharmasthAne pAchaLa dAna karatA ema jovA maLe che.114 maitrakakAlIna rAjAoe ApelAM dAnazAsanemAM brAhmaNo ane zramaNo uparAMta keTalIka vAra vANijyaka, vaheMki (suthAra), kaNabI, nApita ane kuMbhArane ulekha Ave

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana [455 che. valabhInAM khaMDeromAM maLatA avazeSo parathI sonI, maNiyAra, luhAra, kaMsArA, vaNakara, darajI, mALI jevA anya dhaMdhAdArI vargonuM tathA kuTuMbI (kaNabI)-kheDUtanuM sUcana thAya che. vaLI paricArakarma jevAM ke pagacaMpI karanAra, pathArI karanAra, dAMta raMganAra vagere vargo hevAnuM keTalAka AnuSaMgika purAvAo parathI phalita thAya che. yuana kvAMga cAra varNono nirdeza kare che tathA gulAmInA rivAjanI paNa noMdha kare che. A badhA ullekho parathI hajI samAjamAM jJAtibheda pracalita thayelA jaNAtA nathI, phakta dhaMdhAdArI vargo ja jaNAya che. A pachInA solaMkI kAlanA sAhitya ane lekhomAM brAhmaNa ane vANiyAnI judI judI peTA-jJAtiono ulekha Ave che, paNa maitrakaka lIna lekhamAM mAtra rAjavaMzanAM judAM judAM kulene, brAhmaNono temaja dhaMdhAdArI vargone, vaNikone ane kheDUtone ja ullekha Ave che. 115 anumaitrakakAla (I.sa. 788-94). anumaitrakakALa daramyAna cA-cAvaDAo, rASTra, pratIhAre, cAlukyo, seMdhA ane paramAro gujarAtanA judA judA pradezomAM sattA dharAvatA jaNAya che. e paikI cAvaDA, paramAra ane pratIhAra rAjakulone pahelavahele paricaya A kAlamAM thAya che. cAvaDA rAjasthAnanA bhInamAlamAM, saurASTranA vaDhavANamAM ane uttara gujarAtanA aNahilavADa pATaNamAM cAvaDA vaMzanAM rAjya jovA maLe che. vaDhavANunA cApavaMzI rAjA dharaNavarAhanA zika varSa 836(I. sa. 91)nA dAnapatra pramANe pRthvIe zaMkarane praNAma karIne prArthanA karI ke prabhu, tame jyAre dhyAnamagna banI che tyAre asure amane duHkha de che e amArAthI sahevAtuM nathI. AthI zaMkare potAnA cApamAMthI pRthvInI rakSA karI zake te puraSa utpanna karyo ne enAthI cApavaMza prasiddha thaye. Ama brahmAnA culakamAMthI caulukonI utpatti darzAvavAmAM Ave che tevA ja prakAranI cApavaMzIonI utpatti gaNAya che. * De emane sIthiyana-zaka gaNyA che 117 keTalAka emane gurjara gaNe che. cApekaTa ane gurjara bhinna che ema ojhA darzAve che ane cApa nAmanA

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456 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ pra. kAI mULa puruSanA nAma parathI 'cApa' nAme vaMza eLakhAvA lAgyA haze ema mAne che.118 paramAro pUrva gujarAtanA uttara bhAgamAM mALavAnA paramAra vaMzanI sattA hatI. A vaMzanA Adya rAjA pratIhArAnA sAmata lAge che. paramAra rAjapUtAnI utpatti paNa AmunA agnikuMDamAMthI kahevAmAM Ave che ane e pramANe te mULe cAlukayo, cAhamAno ne pratIhArAnI jema paradezI gurjara-jAtinA che ema jaNAvavAmAM Ave che. emanI utpattinA vRttAMtamAM paNa emanI utpatti ANunA agniku'DamAMthI ja kahevAmAM AvI che. paramArAnA mULa puruSanu nAma 'dhUmarAja' paNa A mAnyatAne TekA Ape che.119 F ojhA emane paradezI jAtinA na gaNatAM A ja dezanA prAcIna kSatriyAnA vaMzanA gaNe che te tee mULe munI AsapAsa rAjya karatA haze ema mAne che. tyAMthI emaNe mAravADa, sidha ane gujarAtamAM sattA prApta karI haze. te agnivaMzI rAjapUtA tarIke oLakhAtA thayA te pahelAM brahmakSatriya kulanA jaNAya che. rAjA muMjane darabAranA kavi padmagupta brahmakSatriya kahe che.120 rAsamALA' jaNAve che te pramANe pArakarathI ceDA paramArA dukALanA mAryAM saurASTramAM AvI vasyA, emane vaDhavANanA vAdhelA rAjAe bhIle sAme humalA karavA rAkathA te emAM emane saphaLatA maLatAM rAjAe emane mULI, thAna, ceATIlA ne cAbArI e cAra tAlukA ApyA. musalamAneAe emane 11 mI sadImAM kaccha-saurASTramAMthI hAMkI kADhavA jaNAya che. 121 munazI jaNAve che ke harasAlanA dAnapatramAM te agnikuMDamAMthI utpanna thayA evA ullekha nathI. emanA AdipuruSa ghUmarAja pratIhArAnA sAmata jaNAya che. pratIhAra, cAhamAna, cAlukaya ne paramAra e paraspara saMbaMdha (ane lagnasaMbaMdha paNu) dharAvatI jAtie zarUAtamAM agnikuMDamAMthI udbhava thayAne dAvA karyAM nahAtA ne te paradezI paNa nahAtA; lAhI ne praNAlikAnA saMbaMdhathI temaja mULa vatana gur-dezanA saMbadhathI A cAra jAti I. sa. 550 thI 1300 sudhInA samayamAM sAmrAjya banAvavAnI mahattvAkAMkSA seve che te tadanusAra paraspara athaDAmaNumAM paNa Ave che, evA mata munazI rajU kare che.122

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prAcIna jAtie utpatti ane Agamana f 450 12 sudha] pratIhA| ( paDhiyA ) pratIhAra' e rAjyAdhikAranA pada parathI vaMzanuM nAma paDayu` haze, mULa puruSanA nAma parathI niha. yunA agnikuMDamAMthI agnivaMzI rAjapUta tarIke jANItA thayA te pahelAM teo sUryavaMzI tarIke eLakhAtA. te paradezI gurjarA nathI ema ojhA, munazI vagere vidrAnA mAne che. haricadrane gurjara-pratIhAra vaMzanA AdipuruSa mAnavAmAM Ave che. e brAhmaNa hateA ane e strIone paraNyA hatA-eka brAhmaNI ne khIjI kSatriyA. kSatriya rANInA putra kSatriya pratIhAra. e zAstra mUkI zastra dhAraNa kare che ane pratIhAra vaMza zarU kare che.123 pratIhAro paNa gurjara jAtinA ne paradezI che tathA Akhu paranA agnikuMDamAMthI pratIhAra rAjapUta' tarIke bahAra Ave che te rAjasattA prApta kare che evA bIjo mata che.124 dakSiNanA lAkAnuM gujarAtamAM Agamana rASTrakUTanA rAjya-amala sAthe dakhkhaNanA--mahArASTra ane karNATakanA leAkeA gujarAtamAM AvIne vasyA hoya evA purAvA maLe che. rASTrakUTa rAjAoe mahArASTriya ane kAnaDI brAhmaNeAne dAnazAsana ApIne bharUca ane surata jillAmAM vasAvyAnA ullekha maLe che. vaLI A kAla daramyAna dakSiNamAMthI jaina sAdhue paNa AvyA che.125 jaina 'riva'zapurANu' tathA 'bRhatkathAkAza'mAM va mAnapura(vaDhavANa )nA jaina punnATasadhanA sAdhuonA ullekha maLe che.126 e parathI punnATa--jhurNATakathI jaina sAdhuo paNa gujarAtamAM AvelA jaNAya che. vaLI senAmAM te rAjyavahIvaTa arthe paNa leka dakSiNamAMthI gujarAtamAM AvyA haze ema anumAna karI zakAya. brAhmaNA rASTrakUTa dAnazAsaneAmAM brAhmaNanA ullekha maLe che. jema maitrakakAlIna brAhmaNAmAM ja khusara ane bharUcanI AsapAsanA brAhmaNAnA sAthI vadhu ullekha jovA maLe che tema anumaitraka kAlanAM dAnazAsaneAmAM gAvaTTana (vaDAdarA najIka ) sthaLanA brAhmaNAnA sAthI vadhu ullekha jovA maLe che. ja bhusara (bharUca najIka),

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| [ pra. 458 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA gevana (vaDodarA najIka) tathA berasada (kheDA najIka) e dakSiNa tathA madhya gujarAtamAM brAhmaNanI vasAhatanAM keMdra jaNAya che. 128 e uparAMta karNATakamAMnA bAdAmI, tigAvI ane beMgIthI AvelA brAhmaNone ne baMgALAmAMnA puMDravardhanathI AvelA brAhmaNane paNa ullekha maLe che. 29 brAhmaNanAM ulikhita gAtrAmAM sauthI vadhu bhAradvAja (10) gAtra ne anya getromAM vatsa (6), gautama (4), kAtyAyana (3), kauza (3), lAvANa (), vAparNaya (3), kauzika (1), kuThina (1), lAkSAyaNa (1), lakSmaNa (1), mAThara (4), pArAzara (1), zADilya (1), saundAna (1), vamukha (1), vAtyAyana (1), yaugana (1) ityAdi gotra che emAM bhAradvAja getranA ardhA brAhmaNa yajurvedanI kAvuM zAkhAnA ne ardhA sAmavedanI kauthumI zAkhAnA jovA maLe che. rAjasattA dakSiNathI AvelA rASTraTi vaMzanI che, chatAM tyAMthI AvelA brAhmaNonuM pramANu zeThuM che. A uparathI dakSiNanA brAhmaNo tarapha pakSapAta jaNAto nathI ane A rAjAoe badhA brAhmaNane samAnatAe protsAhana ApeluM jaNAya che. 130 musalamAnanA Agamanane AraMbha A samaya daramyAna I. sa. 711 mAM musalamAnI siMdha para prathama caDAI thaIne emaNe siMdha kabaje karyuM. vaLI saurASTra sAthe suleha karyAne ullekha maLe che, e parathI zarUmAM teo vigrahamAM UtaryA haze ne pAchaLathI teoe suleha karI haze ema mAnI zakAya.13 araba tavArIkhamAM ne maitrakakAlIna dAnazAsanamAM surASTra ane enI AsapAsanA pradeza para araba humalA thayAnA ullekha jovA maLe che. zarUmAM navasArikA, nAMdIpurI ne valabhInA rAjAoe teone zikasta ApI, paraMtu A rAjyone nAza lAvavAmAM araba AkramaNone moTe phALo gaNavAmAM Ave che. rASTra rAjAo ane pitAnA rAjyamAM U cA hedA ApatA ne arabe rASTrakUTa sAthe gADha saMbaMdha dharAvatA, jyAre gurjara-pratIhAra rAjAo siMdhanA ane sattA phelAvavA detA nahi 133 I. sa. 761 nA arasAmAM bharUcanI uttare AvelA gaMdhAra baMdaramAM sau prathama marijada baMdhAI evo ullekha maLe che. 134 gujarAtanA kAMThA para araba ane hiMdI musalamAne moTI saMkhyAmAM vasatA hovAnuM araba tavArIkhakAra zahariyA (I. sa. 900-940) jaNAve che.

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane samAgamana ala-masadI (I. sa. 942) khaMbhAta tathA aNahilavADa nagaromAM musalamAnI marijada ane jAme bhajide hevAnuM tathA tyAM musalamAne AbAda hovAnuM naidhe che. 135 pArasIonuM Agamana pArasIo sau prathama dIva baMdare UtaryA. tyAM ogaNIsa varSa rahI, I. sa. 936 mAM gujarAtanA saMjANanA rANu pAsethI dUdhamAM sAkara bhaLe tema ahIMnI varatImAM bhaLI javAnI zarate rAjyAzraya maLe eTale teo saMjANamAM AvI rahyA, e ullekha che.136 pAsIo zAMta Azraya mATe ahIM AvyA, tathA upadrava karyA vagara ahIM vasavATa karavA lAgyA jaNAya che. emaNe pitAne dharma sAcavyo ne hiMduonA rItarivAje paNa apanAvyA ane saMgharSamAM utaryA vagara ahIMnI vastI sAthe anukULatA sAdhIne rahyA che. selaMkI kAla (I. sa. 942-1304) selaMkI rAjAonA dIrghazAsana daramyAna gujarAte rAjakIya ne sAMskRtika jAherajalAlIne anubhava karyo. vaLI A pradezane "gurjaradeza" athavA "gujarAta" evuM nAma paNa A samaya daramyAna ja maLyuM.37 solaMkI kALa daramyAna caulukya (solaMkI), paramAra, cAhamAna, cUDAsamA, vALA, jhAlA, jeThavA, mera, rAThoDa, herela, gohila, AbhIra, kAThI tathA bhIlanI rAjasattAo jovA maLe che. emAMthI keTalAkane paricaya pahelavahela A kAlamAM thAya che. cUDAsamA bee gejheTiyara pramANe sAtama-AThamI sadI daramyAna bhAratamAM AvelI tRka samA ToLIno eka phAMTa siMdhamAM Ave che ne siMdhamAM ThaThThAmAM rAjya kare che; dasamI sadInI zarUAtamAM kacchamAM praveze che ne tyAMthI saurASTra thaI 15mI sadI sudhI vaMthaLI-jUnAgaDhanA pradezamAM rAjasattA dharAve che. teo pitAne zrIkRSNanA vaMzanA yAdavo gaNe che ne gujarAtanA yAdavonI jema anya rAjapUtethI pitAne caDiyAtA mAne che. 38 A samA vaMzanA mULa puruSanuM nAma caMdracUDa hatuM tethI A vaMza "cuDAsamA" kahevA lAge che. 39

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[. 40] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vALA vaLAnI AsapAsa pradeza vALAka kahevAtA. selaMkI kAlamAM tyAM vALA vaMzanA rAjAo rAjya karatA. vaLA uparAMta taLAjA paNa emane tAbe hatuM. e valabhInA maitrakonA vaMzaja hatA ne mevADathI saurASTramAM pAchA vaLyA tethI "vALA" kahevAyA e zabdotpatti, dekhItI rIte kRtrima che. "vALA" nAma "vaLA" (valabhI) parathI ja thayuM hovuM saMbhave che. 140 jhAlA jha lA kulane mULa puruSa harapAla kacchanA makavANuM kulano hato. enA vaMzajoe AgaLa jatAM pATaDImAM rAjasattA sthApI; e sattA haLavada sudhI prasarI.141 harapAlanI patnI zaktidevIe hAthInA upadrava samaye bALakane jharUkhAmAMthI jhAlI lIdhA tethI teo "jhAlA" kahevAyA H e kapolakalpita gaNAya.142 zrI. jayacaMdra vidyAlaMkAra "jhAlA" zabdanI utpatti "jhala" parathI tArave che ne "jhalane "lla" nuM rUpAMtara mAne che143 keTalAka jhala" eTale sarovara parathI A nAma ghaTAve che.144 jhAlAonA nAma parathI saurASTrane A pradeza paNa "jhAlAvADa" kahevAya. herola dvArakAmAM rAThoDa-vATenI sattA sthapAI te pahelAM tyAM heronuM varcasa hatuM. e paramAra vaMzanI zAkhAnA gaNAyA.145 gAhila sejaka gohile teramI sadInA madhyamAM mAravADamAMthI saurASTra AvI, cUDAsamA rAjAnI othathI pUrva saurASTramAM pitAnI rAjasattA sthApI ne samaya jatAM e sattA AsapAsanA pradezamAM prasarI, AthI A pradeza "gohilavADa" tarIke oLakhAyo. gehila rAjAo pitAne zAlivAhana rAjAnA vaMzaja gaNAve che. A zAlivAhana te sAmAnyata: dakhaNanA pratiSThAna (paiThaNa) nagarane prasiddha prAcIna rAjA zAlivAhana manAya che; vaLI e mevADanA guhila vaMzane rAjA zAlivAhana (saM. 1030) hevAne saMbhava paNa manAya che. guhila, gohila, guhalota vagere nAme oLakhAtA A vaMzane mULa puruSa guhila ke guhadatta gaNAya che, paraMtu e valabhInA chellA maitraka rAjA zIlAdityane putra

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12 su] prAcIna jAtio : utpatti ane Agamana (461 hevAnA saMbhava nathI.147 A vaMzanA rAjAe pazrima bhAravADanA kheragaDhamAM rAjya karatA hatA. te tyAMthI rAThoDAe emane nasADayA hatA.148 sejakajI AvyA te pahelAM paNa dakSiNa saurASTramAM geAhilA hatA. emAMnA eka mUluka gAli saMvata 1202(I. sa. 1146)mAM mAMgareALA zAsaka adhikArI hatA, jenA pitAnuM nAma sahajiga hatuM. A saginA nAma uparathI cAravADathI taLAjAnA mArgamAM eka vAva ane sahajigezvara mahAdevanuM maMdira karavAmAM AvelAM.149 kAThI barbara kAThInA ullekha maLe che. cakravartI jayasiMhadeve siddhapura pAse vasatA RSinA AzrameA para upadrava karanAra ajeya rAkSasa kharakane harAvyA. ahIM barbaraka kAmanA ullekha jovA maLe che. saurASTramAM AgaLa jatAM bAbariyAvADa tarIke jaNItA thayelA pradezanA khAkharA e kharaka leAkeA ja gaNAya che. khAkharA e kAThInI eka peTA zAkhA che. kAThI rAjapUtA karatAM ghaNA dUranA madhya eziyAnA pradezamAMthI AvyA che ema " kAThiyAvADa sa saMgraha "mAM jaNAvyu che.150 kAThIe vALAe sathe gADha saMbaMdha dharAvatA; vALAonI eka zAkhA kAThIemAM bhaLI gaI che. brAhmaNA seAlakI vaMzanA 5 / nAkhanAra mUlarAje kurukSetra, naimiSAraNya, kaneAja, prayAga, kAzI, gauDa vagere pradezeAmAMthI karmakAMDI brAhmAne teDAvI siddhapura, sihAra, khabhAta vagere sthaLeAe vasAvyA * evI anuzruti sthalamAhAtmyAmAM ApelI che.151 e uparathI uttaranA brAhmaNAne gujarAtamAM protsAhana maLyuM hAya ema lAge che. seAlaMkI kAlanAM dAnazAsaneAmAM brAhmaNa jJAtinA ullekhA maLe che. mUlarAjanA purAhita nAgara brAhmaNa hatA. nAgarA paramAra rAjA sIyaka 2 jAnAM vi. saM. 1005 nAM dAnazAsaneAmAM, audIcyA bhImadeva 1 lAnA vi. saM. 1086 nA lekhamAM, meDhA e rAjAnA vi. saM. 1120nA dAnazAsanamAM ane rAyakavAlanA bhImadeva 2 jAnA vi. saM. 1256 nA dAnapatramAM ullekha maLe che.152 Ama sau prathama brAhmaNAnI peTA-jJAtienA ullekha jovA maLe che 2

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462] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA ane gotra ane vedazAkhAne sthAne pradeza dvArA thatI oLakha vadhu mahattvapUrNa gaNavAnI zarUAta thaI hoya ema lAge che. audIcya eTale uttaranA. moDha, nAgara, rAyavAla e nAme pradeza parathI paDelAM jaNAya che. vaizya selaMkI kAlanAM dAnazAsanemAM ane sAhityamAM vaizya jJAtione ulekha vadhu maLe che, temAM dhaMdhA paratve ne sthaLa para astitvamAM AvatI peTAjJAtionA temaja vyAvasAyika pada(heddA)nA ullekha noMdhapAtra che. peTA jJAtiomAM prAgvATa, moDha, osavALa, zrImALa, gurjara, dharaskaTa (Aje rAjasthAnamAM jovA maLe che) ane pahelI jovA maLe che. A vaizyanAM nAme mAM aprAkRta-asaMrakata nAme vadhu jovA maLe che e parathI A nAma dhAraNa karanArA paradezI zaka-gurjara ToLInA haze ane jaina dharma aMgIkAra karIne vaizyavRttimAM ThIka ThIka paisA kamAIne gujarAtanA rAjyamAM AvyA haze evuM sAMkaLiyA anumAna kare che.153 jaina jJAtiomAM prAgvATa, moDha, osavALa, zrImALa ane dharakaTa che, temAM prAgvATa, zrImALa ane osavALa-kuLanA zabdo pAchaLathI jAti mATe vaparAyA hoya athavA te mULa puruSanAM nAma parathI jAtione nAma maLyAM hoya evo saMbhava che. vaLI A nAmo pradeza-sucaka paNa jaNAya che, pelI" nAma spaSTataH sthaLa parathI paDeluM che. pada( designation)nAM nAmamAM mudI (modI), sAdhu (zAha), zreSThI (zeTha), saMdhavI, dhruva, Thakakara (Thakkara), pAri. (pArekha), bhaNa. (bhaNasALI) jevAM padamAM AjanI keTalIka vaizya aTakonuM Adya svarUpa jaNAya che. 154 bharamaMDala(mAravADa)nA pallI gAmane vaNika kAkU valabhImAM AvyAne ulekha prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM maLe che.papa A parathI uttaranA rAjasthAna, mAravADa ityAdi pradezamAMthI vainA thayelA Agamanane eka vadhu purA maLe che. 55 Ama rAjarathAna ne uttaranA pradezamAMthI jaina vANiyAonI ThIka ThIka vastI gujarAtamAM AvIne vaselI jaNAya che. kAyastho lahiyA tarIke rAjyavahIvaTamAM kAma karatA kAyarano ullekha maLe che. mUlarAjanuM vi. saM. 104 (I.sa. 987)nuM dAnapatra kaMcana nAmanA kAyastha lakheluM che.151 vaLI kAyasthAmAM valabhIne "vAlabha kAyastha" evo peTA-vibhAga

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtie utpatti ane Agamana kara paNa jovA maLe che. 157 vAlabha kAyasthanI utpatti aMgenI paurANika kathA "udayasuMdarIkathA"mAM jovA maLe che.158 A uparathI kAyasthAnA vyavasAyI vargane khyAla Ave che. rAjAonA darabAramAM sAMdhivigrahika ane divirapati jevA hoddA hatA te ja prakArane lahiyAne hedo jaNAya che 58 ane zarUmAM A heddA para kAmagIrI bajAvanAranI bharatI niyamita rIte vaMzaparaMparAgata rIte nahi thatI hoya ane brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya. zaDha badhA varNomAMthI emanI pasaMdagI thatI haze ema jaNAya che. Ama e eka dhaMdhAdArI jUtha haze. A samaya daramyAna kAyastha-lahiyAnA vyAvasAyika vargamAM paNa peTA jJAti vAlabha kAyara the.nI jaNAya che. sAMkaLiyA jaNAve che tema caulukya kAlanAM kAyasthanAM nAme mAM keTalAMka zaka-gurjara jevAM ne keTalAMka kSatriya jevAM ane eka kissAmAM brAhmaNa jevAM jovA maLe che.1 10 A uparathI A vargamAM ghaNI badhI jAtio ane vargonuM mizraNa thayuM hovA saMbhava che. A uparAMta kheDUta, suthAra, luhAra, kaDiyA, kuMbhAra, atyaMja ane cAMDAlanA ullekha paNa jovA maLe che. 161 araba pravAsI abIrUnI lakhe che ke cAra varNanA loke ekaThA rahe che ne ekabIjAnA hAthanuM khAya che. vyAsa muni ene Teko Ape che. "kapUramaMjarI"mAM kajanA rAjA mahedrapAlane guru rAjazekhara kahe che ke mArI viduSI patnI avantisundarI cauhANa kuTuMbanI kSatriya hatI. AvA ulekho parathI anumAna karI zakAya ke tyAre jJAti-jAti ane varSo vacce khAnapAna ne lagnavyavahAranI chUTachATa haze. 162 staMbhatIrtha(khaMbhAta)nA daMDanAyaka tarIke vastupAle chAsanI dukAnee sparzAsparzanA niSedha mATe alaga alaga vedikA karAvarAvI hatI. cAMDAle ne aspRzya gAma bahAra rahetA ane gAmamAM dAkhala thatI vakhate emane judI judI cihayaSTi rAkhavI paDatI evo ullekha "dayAzraya kAvya"mAM Ave che. 63 A parathI aspRzyatA ne AbhaDacheTanuM pAlana thatuM haze ema jaNAya che. gulAmI paNa pracalita haze ema jaNAya che. gulAmo "dAsa" kahevAtA ne sAmAnya ne karacAkara "bhUtaka" kahevAtA. yuddha samaye pakaDelA, kharIda karelA, dAnamAM maLelA, gharanA dAsathI janmelA, vArasAmAM maLelA, peTano khADo pUravA ApameLe gulAma thayelA ke Arthika jarUriyAtane kAraNe dAsa thayelA evA aneka jAtanA dAsa hatA. 24

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464]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA siddharAja (194-1143) khaMbhAtanA musalamAna vepArIo upara humalA thayelA enI tapAsa kare che, hiMduone daMDa kare che ane navI masjida bAMdhavA musalamAnene paisA Ape che evo ullekha che.15 vepAradhaMdhArthe AvelA abonI vastI ThIka ThIka pramANamAM hoya evA ullekha maLe che. harmaja dezanA kheja nAkhudA pIreje somanAtha pATaNanI bahAra jamIna kharIdI tyAM marijada baMdhAvI ane ene. amuka Avaka bAMdhI ApI evo I. sa. 1264 nA saMskRta lekhamAM ullekha che. AthI tyAre tyAM muslimonI vastI paNa haze.26 devala kRtikAre musalamAna banelA hiMduone pharIthI hiMdu dharmamAM apanAvavA mATenI zuddhikriyA paNa darzAvI che. 17 AthI muslima banelAne pharI pAchA svadharmamAM svIkAravAmAM AvatA haze. A samayane samAja ghaNe jaTila banele jaNAya che. vyAvasAyika vargo ne varNonI sAthe sAthe brAhmaNa-vANiyAmAM peTAjJAtionA vibhAge baMdhAvAnI zarUAta thaI ane aspRzyatAnuM pAlana paNa kaDaka rIte thatuM cAlyuM. musalamAnenA AgamananA samaya sAthe varNajJAtivyavasthAvALo samAja custa banavA lAgyo heya ema jaNAya che. atyAra sudhI ApaNe prAcIna gujarAtanA mukhya mukhya atihAsika tabakkAvAra prApta mAhitIne AdhAre tatkAlIna jAtione khyAla karyo. A badhI hakIkate uparathI prAcIna kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM gujarAtanI dharatI kayA kayA vargo-jJAtio-kememAM vaheMcAyelI jaNAya che e joIe. prAcIna gujarAtanI jUnI ane navI vasAhatanAM mahattvanAM kendra ke pavitra dhAmamAM mukhya mukhya joIe to uttara gujarAtamAM berasada, moDherA, siddhapura, vaDanagara, khaDAla, aDAlaja, DIsA, ghoghA, harasela, kheDA, mAMDala, aNahilavADapATaNa, rAyakA ane visanagara, saurASTramAM giranAra, gomatI, sihora, taLAjA ane UnA, dakSiNa gujarAtamAM anAvala bharUca, jaMbusara, kAmareja, kAvI ane nAda; ane madhya gujarAtamAM sada, sAThoda ane vaDedarA e mukhya jaNAya che. AmAMnA ghaNuM badhAM sthaLenAM nAma uparathI AjanI ghaNI badhI brAhmaNa, vANiyA ane keTalIka senI, suthAra jevI dhaMdhAdArI temaja vasavAyA peTA jJAtionAM nAma paDyAM che. saMbhava che ke A jJAtijanonA pUrvajo A prAcIna samaya daramyAna te te sthaLe jaI vasyA heya. pUratA purAvAone abhAve Ama khAtarIpUrvaka kahI zakAtuM nathI.

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12 muM] prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane Agamana [ 45 brAhmaNe bebe gejheTiyara'18 dhAre che te pramANe gujarAtanA sauthI jUnA brAhmaNo mAM bharUca ane enI AsapAsanA bhArgava, jAMbu ane sajodarA brAhmaNa, surata najIkanA anAvila ane metAlA brAhmaNa, kheDA najIkanA berasadA ane kheDAvALa bra bhaNe tathA mahI nadInA mukha najIkanA kAvInA kapila brAhmaNe che. tyAra pachInA brAhmaNemAM 5 mIthI 8mI sadI daramyAna jemanA jUnAgaDha, vaDanagara ane valabhInAM tAmrazAsanemAM ullekha maLe che te nAgara brAhmaNo Ave che. I. sa. 961-1292 daramyAna aNahilavADanA rAjAonA protsAhanathI uttaramAMthI AvIne vaselA kaDaLiyA, audIca, haraselA, khaDAyatA, meha, rAyakavALa ane zrImALI jevI peTA jJAtione nAme oLakhAtA brAhmaNo; tevI ja rIte mAravADa ane rajapUtAnAmAMthI musalamAnanA Agamana pahelAM duSkALane kAraNe AzrayAthe AvelA ane Aje disAvALa, jhAlerA, mevADA, pAlivAla, zrIgauDa, udubarA ane unevALa peTA jJAtione nAme oLakhAtA brAhmaNa che. A badhI brAhmaNonI peTAjJAtione cokkasa purAvA maLatA nathI; saMbhava che ke AjanI A brAhmaNa jJAtionA keTalAka jananA pUrvaje prAcIna samaya daramyAna te te sthaLe varasyA hoya. prAcIna samayanA brAhmaNo aMgenA cokkasa purAvA te brAhmaNanI nAgara, audI, maDha ane rAyakavAla peTA jJAtionA ja maLe che. A uparAMta dakSiNa bhAratamAMthI AvelA mahArASTra ane kAnaDI brAhmaNanI vastI paNa A kAlanA gujarAtamAM jaNAya che. kAyastha rAjyavahIvaTamAM kAma karanAra kAyastha ane emAMya vAlabha kAyastha jevI peTA jJAtinA kAyasthanA ullekho parathI vastImAM A varga jaNAya che. 19 vANiyA TheTha prAcIna samayathI vepAravANijya karanAra vANiyAonI vastI gujarAtamAM mahatvapUrNa che ja. uparAMta 10 mI sadInI AsapAsa rajapUtAnA tathA mAravADathI jaina vANiyA vipula pramANamAM gujarAtamAM AvI vasyA che. poravADa, moDha, osavALa, zrImALa, gurjara, parakkaTa ane pallI nAme oLakhAtI vANiyAnI peTAjJAtio A samayamAM ja baMdhAI cUkelI jovA maLe che.170

Page #493
itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA rAjapUto A samaya daramyAna aneka rAjaku (sthAnika ane bahArathI AvelAM) thaI gayAM che-maitrake, saiphUTake, gAlake, saidha ke jeThavA, cAhamAne, gurjara, cauhANa, seke, paramAre, pratIhAro, cUDAsamA, rASTrakUTa ke rAThoDa, solaMkI, kAThI, mera, AbhIra ke AhIra-A badhAM rAjavaMzI kula rAjasattAe hoya tyAMsudhI UMcI kSatriya tarIkenI pratiSThA-sattA dharAvatAM hoya e svAbhAvika che. rAjasattA gumAvI besatAM kulanAM badhAM kuTuMbo mATe pratiSThA ne saMpatti TakAvavAM muzkela bane; keTalAMka kuTuMba saradAre ke sinika tarIke cAlu rahe, keTalAMka jAgIradArarUpe rAjapUta tarIke oLakhAya, to keTalAMka vepAra, khetI ke anya dhaMdhAone svIkAra karIne te divase vANiyA, kaNabI ke dhaMdhAdArI vargomAM sthAna pAme e saMbhavita che. Aje vANiyA ane keTalIka dhaMdhAdArI ne vasavAyA jJAtiomAM rAjapUta aTake jovA maLe che ane keTalIka jJAtionI utpatti vizenI daMtakathAomAM mULa puruSa rAjapUta hoya evuM jovA maLe che; je. ke AvA purAvA parathI teo mULe rAjapUta ja haze ema cokkasapaNe kahI zakAya nahi; potAnI jJAtine darajajo UMco ANavA hetupUrvaka rAjapUta aTake dhAraNa karI hoya ema bane. evI ja rIte rAjapUto joDe potAnAM kulane sAMkaLyAM hoya ema paNa saMbhavI zake. bIjI taraphathI vaizya, brAhmaNa ne anya jJAti-jAtinI vyaktio rAjapUta banI hoya ema paNa jovA maLe che. Ama rAjapUta vastI anya varNa-jJAtimAM, te anya varNa-jJAtinA loko ane asalI AdivAsI ke AgaMtuka paradezI jAtio rAjapUtamAM bhaLe, ema be pakSI prakriyA kAma karatI jovA maLe che 171 kaNabI prAcIna kAlathI khetI karato kaNabI kheDUtone varga gujarAtanI vastImAM bahu saMkhyAnA pramANamAM hoya e asaMbhavita che. prAcIna kAlanA kaNabIkheDUtemAMnA keTalAka Aje kaDavA ne leuA pATIdAra tarIke oLakhAtA pAladAranA pUrvajo hoya evo saMbhava che. purAvAone AdhAre te mAtra kaNabIone ja ullekha jovA maLe che. kaNabIomAM khAsa te Aje leuA ane kaDavA nAme oLakhAtA kaNabIomAM gurjara jAtinA paradezIone aMza vyApaka pramANamAM che ema bombe gejheTiyara darzAve che. 172

Page #494
12 suM] dhaMdhAdArI vargo prAcIna jAtio : utpatti ane Agamana [ 467 dhaMdhAdArI vargamAM seAnI, suthAra, kaMsArA, luhAra, darajI, kuMbhAra, vALaMda, vaNakara, mALI ityAdinA ullekhA maLe che. emanAmAM peTA jJAtionA ullekhA sAMpaDatA nathI, paNa vANiyA-brAhmaNanI jema A vargomAM paNa ( khAsa teA sthaLa paratve te jAti paratve ) peTA jJAtie paDavA lAgI hAya evA saMbhava che.173 aspRzya va udhADe mAthe, gaLAmAM thUMkadAnI laI ne ne pagalAM lUMchavA keDe jhADu bAMdhIne karatA DheDa, bhaMgI-araNyeA caulukaya samayamAM jovA maLe che. A varga kevI rIte anyeA haze e aMge dhaNAM anumAna thayAM che; emAMnA keTalAka jaNa dronA ke cAkarI karanAra varganA leAkeAnA vaMzajo hAI zake, teA keTalAka pratilAma lagnathI thayelI ( khAsa teA brAhmaNa strI te zUddha puruSanI) saMtati, teA keTalAka padacyuta ke bahiSkRta rAjapUtAnI saMtati heAI zake, teA kreTalAka mULa vatanI AdivAsImAMnA lAMbA samaya sudhI tAkhe thavAnA nakAra karatA leAkeAnI saMtati pazu hAI zake. 1 174 A uparAMta Aje kALA, bhIla, dUbaLA, dheADiyA, ceAdharA, gAmita, nAyaka, nAyakaDA jevAM nAme oLakhAtA AdivAsIe paNu vastImAM hovA sa'bhava che.175 vaLI IrAnI, arakha ane pArasI kAme paNa prAcIna gujarAtamAM sthira vasavATa karatI jovA maLe che. A pacaraMgI mizra vastImAM mULa vatanI keNu ane paradezI kANu ? badhA ja vargo, varNo ane jJAtiemAM paradezI ane sthAnika prajAenuM vattAochA pramANamAM saMmizraNa thayeluM che. brAhmaNAmAM sauthI jUnA bhAva mane anAvila jevI asalanI vastI ThIkra ThIka pramANamAM bhaLI heAvA saMbhava che, te nAgara brAhmaNAmAM paradezIo(gurjara)nA aMza hAvA sabhava che. kSatriya-rAjapUtAnAM aneka kuleAmAMnA keTalAka asalI AdivAsI lokamAMthI, tA keTalAka bahArathI AvelI gurjara jevI jAtiomAMthI anelA hAI zake.

Page #495
468 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ praka vaLI keTalAMka rAja kule brAhmaNa ane vaizya vargomAMthI paNa banelAM jaNAya che. vANiyA-vemAM prAcIna kAlanI vaizyadharma bajAvatI prajAnA vaMzajo, temaja gurjara jevI keTalIka paradezI jAtionA aMza (zrAvaka vANiyAmAM khAsa) hevA saMbhava che, te keTalAka rAjapUtoe talavAra mUkIne tAjuDI lIdhI heya ema paNa jaNAya che. dhaMdhAdArI vargomAM paNa AdivAsI jAtio tathA AgaMtuka paradezI jAtio ThIka ThIka pramANamAM bhaLI hoya ema jaNAya che. Ama prAcIna kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM gujarAtamAM paNa aneka sthAnika ane AgaMtuka prajAonA samAgamathI banele bhAratane varNo ane jJAtivALa samAja jovA maLe che. pAdaTIpo 1. juo upara pR. 8. 2. juo upara pR. 87, 87, 89, 89. 3. juo upara pR. 14-148. 4. juo upara pR. 148-149. 5. juo upara pR. 149. $. S. K. Chatterjee, Presidential Address, Proceedings and Trans actions of the 17th All India Oriental Conference, pp. 15 ff. 7. juo u5ra prakaraNa 8. ha. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa", pR30-36 10. juo upara prakaraNa 9. 11. ke. kA. zAstrI, "purANamAM gujarAtanI Adima jAtio', "vidyApITha", varSa 5, pR. 140 12. ejana, pR. 142 13. ejana, pR. 132 14. ejana, pR. 137 15-17. ejana, pR. 178 26. M. R. Majmudar, Cultural History of Gujarat, p. 35 19. ke. kA. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 139 20. ejana, 5. 144 31. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. IX, Part 1, p. 455 22. Ibid, p. 461 27. Ibid, p. 56. ThaMDA pradezamAM barapha paDato hoya tevI RtumAM barapha do. gabaDAvIe to AsapAsa paDelo rapha DAne ceTa ane daDo maTe ne meTe banato jAya, e prakAranI vadhavAnI gati.

Page #496
1ra muM] prAcIna jAtioH utpatti ane Agamana [49 78. D. R. Bhandarkar, 'Foreign Element in Hindu Population', Indian Antiquary, Vol. XL, p. 37 24. S. K. Chatterjee, op. cit., pp. 50 ff. 26. kaI paNa varNano puruSa enA karatAM nIcalA varNanI strI sAthe lagna kare te anulAma lagna, jyAre koI paNa varNane puruSa potAnA karatAM UMcA varNanI strI sAthe lagna . kare te pratima lagna. 120. P. V. Kane, ' History of L harmosastra', Vol. II, pt. 1, pp. 69 ff. 26. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. IX, pt. 1, pp. 433, 441 ff. 24. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. IX, pt. 1, pp. 434 ff. 30. Ibid, pp. 432 f. 31. Ibid, pp. 453 ft. 32. Ibid, pp. 492 ft. 33. M. R. Majmudar, Cultural History of Gujarat, p. 36; je aMga, vaMga, kaliMga, rASTra ke magadha jAca teNe tAjI zuddhi karavI joIe, sivAya ke e tIrthayAtrA mATe hAya." -visuppurAga 2, 27 38. J. H. Hutton, Caste in India, p. 119 35, ha. gaM. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa", pR. 50 34. H. D. Sankalia, SHCGEG, pp. 104 f. 37. ha. gaM. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 54-57 36. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, p. 42 39. Ibid. p. 65 39 a. graMtha 2, pR. 104 40. juo gaM. 2, pR. 520-11, 41. juo gaM. 2, pra. 6-7, 4ra. . eN. le. bhA. 1, lekha naM. 6 43. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 163 YX. M R. Majmudar Cultural History of Gujarat, p. 37 84. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, p. 90 Ye. D. R. Bhandarkar, op. cit., p. 16 Yu. V V. Mirashi, Inscriptions of the Kalchuri-Chedi Era, p. xxxii re. D. R. Bhandarkar, op. cit., p. 16 re. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., p. xxxii. 40. Ibid., pp. xxxiii-xxxiv 41. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, p. 67 42. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., pp. xxvii, xxv 53. Ibid, pp. x-xliv 54. A. B. O. R. I, Vol. IX, pp. 283 f. 44. H D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 107 44. Rapson, Catalogue, Introduction, p. clxi, f. n. 6 . 40-46. Mirashi, op. cit., p. xH

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA paha. . ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta", pR. 186 60. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, pp. 116 f. 61, graMtha 2, pR. 224 * 17. D. R. Bhandarkar, op. cit., p. 31 63-14. ha. naM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhA. 1, pR. 16-30 65. ejana, pR. 25-216 66. ejana, 5 232-239 90. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. VIII, pp. 278 f; 566 sc. M. R Majmudar, op. cit., pp. 259 f. 69, ha, gaM. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 239 60. H. R. Trivedi, "Mers of Saurashtra", pp. 102 f. 1. Ibid, pp. 103 1. 92. D. B. Diskalkar, " Inscriptions of Kathiawad", no. 27 03. V. V. Mirashi, op. cit., pp. lvii-lix . V. V. Mirashi, op, cit., pp. xliv-xlv 75. du. ke. zAstrI, "gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta itihAsa", pR. 75-77 76. ha gaM, zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 327 thI 77, B. G, Vol. X, Pt. 1, p. 128 78. Ibid, p. 129 UE. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, p. 148 80-84. ka. mAmunazI, "cakravatI gujare", pR. 9-11 85 ranamaNirAva bhImarAva, "gujarAtane sAMskRtika itihAsa-IslAma yuga", bhA -2, 6. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 109 80. zau. hI. golA, "rAgapUtAne tihAsa," vi. 1, pR. 81. 88-20. ka. mA. munazI, uparyukta, pR. 9-13 <<9-62. D. R. Bhandarkar, Indian Antiquary, Vol. XL, pp. 21 ff. <3 H D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 140 94. ka. mA. munazI, uparyukta, pR. 12-13 64. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 109 44. D. R. Bhandarkar, op. cit., p. 25 97 , hI. solA, "sAnapUrane tahAsa,. 1, . 13 18, 6 ke. zAstrI, " gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta ItihAsa", pR. 135-136 29. gi. va. AcArya (saM), gu. e. le, bhA. 1, lekha 12; bhA. 3, lekha 239 10. du. ke. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 132 101, ejana pu. 128 102 ejana, pR. 127 103, ejana, pR. 127-128 208. D. R. Bhandarkar, op. cit., p. 24

Page #498
12 muM] prAcIna jAtio utpatti ane Agamana kI 904. A. K. Majumdar, Chaulukyas of Gujarat, pp. 15 ff. 10. lau. hI. mA, "rAjapUtAne vaI tiTTA", ni. 1, pR. 8-28 107 hariprasAda zAstrI, mai. gu, bhA. 2, pR. 510-511 18-109, H. D. Sankalia, op. cit, pp. 113-125, 130-137 110. Ibid, pp. 120 ft. 111. Ibid, pp. 125 ft. 112. D. R. Bhandarkar, op. cit., pp. 31 ff. 113. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit, pp. 120-122 114. ha gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhA. 2, pR. 311 thI 115. ejana, pR. 621-622 116. gi va. AcArya (saM.), "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhe", bhA. 3, lekha na. 236, pR. 36 120. Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Pt. 1, p. 105 118, 6. ke. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 50 119-120. ka. mA. munazI, "cakravatI gujare", pR. 33-14 121. "rAsamALA", bhA. 1, pR. 398-399 122. ka. mA. munazI, uparyukta, pR. 34 123. ejana, pR. 27-29 | 124. ejana, pR. 25 124. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., pp. 120 ff. 126-127. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhA. 2, pR. 478-79 926. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 128 129. Ibid., p. 127 130. Ibid, pp. 126 ft. 131. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhA. 1, pR. 142-143 132. ejana, pR. 295-296; 320-322 133. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa", pR. 164 134 ejana, pR. 103 135. ejana, pR. 164 136. ejana, pR. 163 137. juo upara, pR. 283. 138. B. G, Vol. IX, Pt. 1, p. 125 139. za. ha dezAI, "saurASTrane ItihAsa", pR. 138 14. B. G, Vol. VIII, p. 672; ha. gaM. zAstrI, mai. gu, bhA. 1, pR.164-65 11. B G., Vol. IX, Pt. 1, p. 127 142-144, za. ha. dezAI, uparyukta, pR. 214-265 15 ejana, 5 285-286 146. ejana, pR. 21-193 147. jI. dI. monnA, rAgapUtAne vaI tira, pR. 1; pR. 383 se 148. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara, "kAThiyAvADa sarvasaMgraha", pR. 62 149. gu. e. le, bhA. 2, le. 145 150. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara, "kAThiyAvADa sarvasaMgraha", pR. 70

Page #499
ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 15, 6. ke. zAstrI, "gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta ItihAsa", pR. 176 152. gi. va, AcArya, "gu. e. le.", bhA. 1, lekha naM. 147, 140 a, 157 ba, 168 143. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 140 154. Ibid, p. 141 155. pR. 100-109 156. gu. e. le, bhA. 2, lekha ne..137 157. ejana, lekha naM. 100 158. ha. gaM. zAstrI, mai. gu, bhA. 1, pR. 154, pAdaTIpa 92 159-162. H. D. Sankalia, op. cit, pp. 146 ft. 12. 6. ke. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 21 163, ha. gaM. zAstrI, ga. prA. I, pR. 27 164. ejana, pR. 300 15, ejana, pR. 98 16. ejana, pR. 228 167, ejana, pR. 299 186. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. IX, Pt. 1, pp. 1 ff. 134. Ibid., pp. 64 ff. 100. Ibid, pp. 69 ft. 17. Ibid, pp. 123 ft. 172. Ibid, pp. 154 ff. 103. Ibid, pp. 177 ft. 174. Ibid, pp. 228 ft. 175. Ibid, pp. 237 f; 290 ft.

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prakaraNa 13 kAlagaNanA kAlagaNanA e itihAsanI karoDarajaju che. rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika ItihAsanI ghaNI ghaTanAo te te samayanA pracalita saMvatanAM varSomAM noMdhI heya che. ene AdhAre te te ghaTanAno pUrvApara saMbaMdha sAMkaLI zakAya che temaja te te ghaTanAne cokkasa samaya nakkI karI zakAya che, AthI gujarAtano itihAsa AlekhatAM pahelAM emAM prayojAyela kAlagaNanAnI judI judI paddhatione paricaya karo prApta thAya che. kAlagaNanAmAM sUryanA udaya-asta pramANe prakAza-aMdhakAra darzAvato divasa (ahorAtra), caMdranI kalAnI vadhaghaTane niyata krama darzAvato mAsa, ane RtuonA parivartanane nityakrama darzAvatuM varSa, e traNa mahattvanA ekama che. emAM ItihAsanI ghaTanAonI bAbatamAM varSanI saMkhyA sahuthI mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. mAsa, pakSa, tithi, vAra ityAdi emAM vigate pUre che. varSa vinAnI miti e ekaDA vinAnAM mIMDAM che. kAlagaNanAnI bAbatamAM jyAre koI saLaMga saMvata prajAto nahoto tyAre agatyanA banAvone samaya sAmAnyataH te te samayanA rAjAnA rAjyakAlanAM varSomAM ApavAmAM Avato. maurya kAlamAM koI saLaMga saMvata vaparAte nahote.' maurya samrATa azoke potAnA abhilekhamAM ghaTanAone samaya pitAnA rAjyakAlanAM varSomAM Ape che. je maurya kALa daramyAna caMdragupta maurye zarU karela maurya saMvata vaparAto hota, to azoke enA rAjyakAlanA banAvo mATe maurya saMvatanAM varSo ApyA heta, potAnA rAjyAbhiSekanAM nahi. vaLI maurya saMvata jemAM prayojAyo hoya tevI koI mitio koI anya lakhANomAM upalabdha thaI nathI. - ghaTanAone samaya rAjyakAlanAM varSomAM ApavAnI praNAlI bhAratIya-yavana rAjAonA zAsanakAlamAM paNa cAlu rahI hatI.

Page #501
474 ) itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [.. gujarAtanAM lakhANAmAM kAlagaNanAne lagatA sauthI prAcIna ullekha abhilekhAmAM Ave che. emAM vaparAyelA dhaNA saMvatA AgaLa jatAM gujarAtanAM sAhityika lakhANAmAM paNa maLe che. emAMnA keTalAka saMvata vahelAmeADA bhAratanA khIjA bhAgamAM paNa prayAjAyA che, jyAre kAI kAI saMvata kevaLa gujarAtamAM ja vaparAyA che. gujarAtanAM Abhilekhika ane sAhityika lakhANAmAM judA judA saMvatAnA pratyeAga kramazaH nIce pramANe maLe che : 1. zaka savaMta pazcimanA zaka kSatrapa rAjAnA rAjyakAla daramyAna bhAratIya kAlagaNanA vizenI mAhitI pUrI pADatA sikkAe ane zilAlekhA upalabdha thayA che. pazcimanA kSatraponI e mukhya zAkhAomAM kSaharAta kSatrapa rAjA nahapAnanA abhilekha varSa 41 thI 463 sudhInA che. A varSasakhyA pahelAM mAtra ' varSa ' zabda prayAjAyA che. A varSAMte keTalAka enA rAjyakAlanAM varSo gaNe che, jyAre khIjA keTalAka amuka saMvatanAM va pa gaNe che. emAM AvatI mitiomAM va, mAsa ane tithinA ullekha jovA maLe che. pazcimanA kSatrapeAnI khIjI zAkhAnA kAImaka kSatrapAnA zilAlekha va pa2 thI 228 sudhInA maLyA che. A zilAlekheAmAMnI mitiomAM va, mAsa, pakSa, tithinA ane koI vakhata nakSatranA ullekha jovA maLe che. kAmaka kSatrapAnA sikkA sAmAnyataH samayanirdezavALA jovA maLe che ane emAM varSa 102 thI 7121 ke 3207 sudhInAM maLyAM che. kAmaka kSatraponA abhilekheAmAM AvatAM varSe spaSTataH kAI saLaMga saMvatanAM bhAlUma paDe che. kSaharAta kSatrapAnA lekhAmAM prayAjAyelAM va e saMvatanAM hAvA sabhava nathI. A saMvatanuM keAI viziSTa nAma vaparAyuM nathI. ene pachIthI 'zaka saMvata ' tarIke eLakhavAmAM Ave che. zaka saMvatanI utpatti vize vividha matA pracalita che. keTalAka kuSANu rAjA kaniSkane zaka saMvatanA pravaka mAne che, te keTalAka zaka kSatrapa rAjA nahapAnane, keTalAka kSatrapa rAjA cAnane,10 teA vaLI keTalAka pallava rAjA vAnAnasa 1 3 kuSANu rAjA vIma kreDaphIsIsane12 A saMvatanA sthApaka mAne che.

Page #502
13 muM] . kAlagaNanA A saMvatane upayoga pahelAM khAsa karIne pazcimanA kSatrapa rAjAonA abhilekhomAM thayele mAluma paDe che, AthI e pazcimanA kSatrapoe zaka saMvata pravartAvyo haze evo eka sAmAnya mata pracalita che. kSaharAta kSatrapa lekhonA pahelA cAra dAyakAnAM varSa nahi maLatAM hovAthI temaja nahapAna ane ene puregAmI bhUmaka khaMDiyA rAjAnuM sthAna dharAvatA hovAthI laharAta kSatrapone A saMvatanA pravartaka mAnavA bhAgyeja ucita gaNAya. kAlAnukramanI dRSTie pazcimanA kSatrapa kAmaka prAyaH kuSANa rAjAonA Adhipatya nIce hatA. A kuSANoe kaniSka 1 lAnA samayathI potAne eka saLaMga saMvata vAparele ane ene AraMbha saMbhavata: I. sa. 78 mAM thayela jaNAya che. AthI zaka saMvata kuSANa rAjA kanike pravartAvyo ane kuSANonA maMDiyA evA kArdamaka kSatrapa rAjAoe paNa ene ja upayoga karyo che e pracalita mata sahuthI vadhu svIkArya lAge che. zarUAtanA saikAomAM jyAre kuSANa tathA kSatrapa rAjAo ja A saMvatane prayoga karatA hatA tyAre ene mATe keI viziSTa nAma prajAtuM nahi, paraMtu AgaLa jatAM jyAre bIjA saMvata pracalita thayA tyAre e saMvatothI alaga pADavA A saMvatane "zaka kAla" (zaka saMvata) evuM nAma apAyuM 13 kemake e saMvata tyAre zaka jAtinA kSatrapa rAjAonA abhilekhomAM lagabhaga traNa saikAthI vaparAye hoI zaka rAjAo sAthe khAsa saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. - jyotiSIoe nizcita karyA mujaba zaka saMvatanuM AraMbhavarSa I. sa. 77-78 manAya che. 14 bhAratanA ghaNAkharA bhAgomAM A saMvatanAM varSa gata varSonI paddhati" anusAra gaNAya che. e gaNatarIe A saMvatanuM paheluM vartamAna varSa 3 jI mArca, I. sa. 78 thI 20 mI phebruArI, I. sa. 70 sudhInuM ane paheluM gata varSa 21 mI phebruArI, I. sa. 79 thI 10 mI mArca, I. sa. 80 sudhInuM gaNAya che.17 e mujaba zaka varSanI barAbaranuM IsvI sananuM varSa kADhavA mATe zaka saMvatanA varSamAM caitrathI Disembara daramyAna 78 ane jAnyuArIthI phAgaNa daramyAna 79 umeravA paDe che.18 zaka saMvatanuM paheluM gata varSa vi. saM. 15136nI barAbara hoI zaka saMvatanA varSamAM caitrathI Adhina daramyAna 134 ne kArtikathI phALuna daramyAna 135 umeravAthI vikrama saMvatanA samakAlIna varSane mAMkaDo nIkaLe che. 19

Page #503
[5. 476] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA AkhA bhAratamAM A saMvatanAM varSa caitrAdi gaNAya che ane varSane AraMbha caitra zukla pratipadAthI thAya che, paraMtu mahinAonI gaNanA--paddhatimAM taphAvata che. uttara bhAratamAM A saMvatanA mAsa pUrNimAMtara che, jyAre dakSiNa bhAratamAM amAMtara che. 23 gujarAtamAM zaka kSatrapa rAjAonI sattAne arata thatAM zaka saMvatane upayoga lupta thato gaye. gupta kALa daramyAna ahIM ene badale "gupta saMvata" pracalita thayo. A kALa daramyAna zaka saMvatanA prayogavALA Abhilekhika ke sAhityika ullekha upalabdha thayA nathI. maitraka kALa daramyAna zaka saMvatanI mitiovALA thaDA Abhilekhika24 tathA sAhityika ullekha maLe che. A kAlamAM zaka saMvatane upayoga jvale thato. have anya saMtone upayoga thatAM A saMvatanAM varSo sAthe " zaka" e nAmane prayoga thavA lAge.26 A daramyAna zaka saMvata dakhaNamAM pracalita che. maitraka kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM zaka saMvata dakSiNanA rASTrakUTa rAjAonI asara heThaLa gujarAtamAM pharIthI pracalita banyo. emaNe tyAMnA prAcIna cAlukyo pAsethI A saMvata apanAvela jaNAya che. 27 anumaitraka kALa daramyAna dakSiNanA rASTrakUTa rAjAoe gujarAta para pitAnI sattA sthApita karI ane gujarAtanA lATa pradeza para lagabhaga I. sa. 930 sudhI sIdhuM zAsana karyuM. A samaya daramyAna rASTrakUTa rAjAoe potAnAM dAnazAsanamAM zaka saMvatane upayoga karyo. emanAM dAnapatromAM zaka saM. 30(I. sa. 800) thI zaka saM. 85ra(I. sa. 930) sudhInI miti maLe che. A mitiomAM varSa, mAsa, pakSa ane tithi Apela che; koIka vAra vAra ullekha jovA maLe che. emAM paNa evo spaSTa nAmollekha che. parva, grahaNa, nakSatra ane saMvatsarane ullekha paNa jovA maLe che. - A samayanI keTalIka sAhityika kRtiomAM paNa zaka saMvata vaparAya hevAnuM mAluma paDe che. enI mitie zaka saM. 72(I. sa. 850)thI zaka saM. 853( I. sa. 931) sudhInI upalabdha thAya che. emAM varSa, mAsa, pakSa, tithi ane koIka vAra saMvatsarane prayoga thayele mAlUma paDe che. rASTrakUTa rAjAonAM dAnapatromAM AvatA grahaNa ane parvanA ullekho parathI mAlUma

Page #504
13 muM ] kAlagaNanA [ 477 paDe che ke A samaya daramyAna ahIM caitrAdi varSagaNanAnI paddhativALA zaka saMvatanA mAsa amAMta paddhatie gaNAtA. zaka saMvatanI keTalIka mitiomAM sATha saMvatsaronA cakrano 28 prayoga thayelo jovA maLe che. A saMvatsarAnI gaNatarI parathI evuM phalita thAya che ke enI gaNanA prAyaH "brahmasiddhAMta pramANe thatI, je siddhAMta gujarAta ane rAjasthAnamAM pracalita hatora9 selaMkI kALa daramyAna zaka saMvatanI mitivALA abhilekhanuM pramANa atyaMta jUja che; sAhityika lakhANamAM paNa enuM pramANa ghaNuM maryAdita che. abhilekhomAMnI enI badhI ja upalabdha mitio lATanA cAlukya rAjAo ane emanA maMDalezvaronAM dAnazAsanamAMnI che. mitiomAM varSa, mAsa, pakSa, tithi ane keIka vAra vAra, grahaNa temaja saMvatsarane prayoga thayele mAluma paDe che. vAra ane prahaNane meLa caitrAdi varSa ane amAMta bhAsanI paddhatie besatA hevAthI A samaya daramyAna caitrAdi paddhativALA zaka saMvatanA mAsa amAMta paddhati anusAra gaNAtA ema phalita thAya che. saMvatsaranI gaNatarI parathI evuM mAlUma paDe che ke e samaye ahIM saMvatsaro dakSiNa bhAratanI paddhativALA "bAhaspatya saMvatsaracakra anusAra gaNAtA. zilAlekhamAM ApelI mitio parathI mAlUma paDe che ke dilhI salatanatanA zAsana daramyAna vikrama saMvatanA varSanI sAthe zaka varSa bhAgyeja ApavAmAM AvatuM. gujarAtanI svataMtra satanatanA amala daramyAna, khAsa karIne lagabhaga I. sa. 1481 thI, vi. saM.nA varSanI sAthe sAthe thatA zika varSanA ullekhanuM pramANa 60 TakAthI vadhu jovA maLe che. mughala kAlanA zilAlekho temaja khatamAM ApelI mitiomAM A pramANe lagabhaga 40 TakA jeTaluM jaNAya che. marAThA kAla daramyAna zaka varSane upayoga vadhAre pramANamAM thato hovAnI apekSA rahe che, paraMtu upalabdha khato ane zilAlekhomAM maLatI mitiomAM enuM pramANu enAthIye ghaTIne 35 TakA jeTaluM thayeluM dekhAya che. briTiza kAla daramyAna A pramANa enAthIye vadhu ne vadhu ghaTatuM jAya che. arvAcIna kAlamAM gujarAtamAM zaka saMvatane upayoga, khAsa karIne jyotiSIomAM (tathA gujarAtamAM vasatA mahArASTrIomAM), maryAdita rahyo.

Page #505
78] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA janmapatrikAmAM vikrama saMvatanA varSanI sAthe haMmezAM "zrImamUtirAjiyAnakata. zA (varSa) ApavAmAM Ave che. AjhAda bhArate je rASTriya paMcAMga paddhati apanAvI che temAM zaka saMvata prayojavAmAM Avyo che. 31 thI have A saMvata bhAratabharamAM vizeSa pracalita thavA lAge che. 2. kathika saMvata sAbarakAMThA hilAnA zAmaLAjI pAse AvelA devanI morI nAme gAma pAse khodakAma karatAM eka bauddha ratUpa maLI Avyo hato. enA peTALamAMthI paththarane eka dAbaDo paNa maLI Avela hato. enA paranA abhilekhamAM ApelI mitinuM varSa "rudrasenanA rAjyakALa daramyAnanuM kathika rAjAonuM 127 muM varSa ' che.32 A kathika rAjAone saMvata koI navo ja saMvata hato ke koI pracalita saMvatanA paryAya tarIke vaparAyeluM hatuM e vize vidvAnomAM matabheda che. abhilekhanI mitimAM susena rAjAne ullekha Avato hoI pahelAM e rusenane pazcimane kSatrapa rAjA rudrasena pahele (zaka saM. 121 thI 2. saM. 144) mAnavAmAM Avela ane kathika rAjAonA 127 mA varSane zaka saMvatanuM mAnavAmAM AveluM 33 paraMtu keTalAka Amilekhika, lipividyAkIya ane purAvatukIya purAvAothI kathika rAjAonA 127 mA varSane zaka saMvatanuM mAnavuM saMbhavatuM nathI. keTalAka vidvAne A mitine kalacuri saMvatanI 4 gaNAve che ane rusenane kSatrapa vaMzane rAjA susena trIje (I. sa. 348 thI 379-80) mAne che. A gaNatarIe varSa 127 e I. sa. 376-77 Ave. koI vaLI A varSane koI ajJAta saMvatanuM ane A rAjAne kathika vaMzano mAnavAnuM sUcave che, paraMtu A rastUpanAM khaMDiyeramAM kSatrapa rAjAonA aneka sikkA maLyA hoI A rAjA kSatrapa rudrasena trIjo hovAnuM taddana saMbhavita che, jyAre kSatrapa rAjAonA badhA ja abhilekhamAM zaka saMvata vaparAyo hoI ane kSatrapa kAla daramyAna kalacuri saMvata mAtra dakSiNa gujarAtamAM ja vaparAte heI uparanI miti kalacuri saMvatanI bhAgyeja hoI zake. AthI keTalAka vidvAne A abhilekhamAMnA rukasenane kSatrapa rAjA rusena trIje (I. sa. 348 thI 379) mAnavA chatAM kathika saMvatane eka judo ja saMvata mAne che.

Page #506
13 muM] kAlagaNanA [ see A rIte jotAM kathika saMvatanuM AraMbhavarSa I. sa. 220 thI spa0 vacce hoI zake. kathika rAjAo paMjAbanA kaThako athavA kAThIo hoya ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. 36 devanI morImAM AvIne vasela bauddha saMdha paMjAbanA kathikAnA rAjyamAMthI Avyo hoya ane A saMghe ahIM kathika rAjAonA saMvatane prayoga karyo hoya e vizeSa saMbhave che. e anusAra e samaye e sthaLe rAjasattA te kSatrapa vaMzanI ja cAlu rahelI, paraMtu A bhikSusaMdhe pitAnA Agavo e kathika saMvata vAparyo, evuM phalita thAya che. A saMvatane ullekha bhAratamAM keI anya sthaLe thayele maLe nathI; gujarAtamAMya eno ekamAtra ullekha maLe che. A saMvata ahIM jhAjho vakhata pracalita rahyo jaNAto nathI tema gujarAtamAM anyatra prasaryo paNa lAgato nathI. 3, gupta saMvata gupta rAjavIonA rAjyakAlanA mukhyatve keTalAka abhilekha upalabdha thayA che. A abhilekhomAM sikkA lekho maLe che. sikkAo para (gupta) "saM. 80 thI 90 + 4" eTale ke "saM. 91 thI 94" sudhInAM varSovALA sikakA maLe che. kumAragupta ane skaMdaguptanA, gujarAta mATenA, sikkAomAM bahu thoDI mitio maLe che, ane emAM paNa 100 no aMka ja spaSTa rIte vAMcI zakAya che, jyAre dazakanA ane ekamanA aMka bilakula vAMcI zakAtA nathI. gupta kAla daramyAna gujarAtamAM skaMdaguptanA samayano gu. saM. 136, 137 ane 138nA samayanirdezavALe eka lekha maLI Avela che. 37 AmAMnA pahelA be nirdezamAM varSa, mAsa ane tithi ApavAmAM AvyAM che. magadhanA gupta rAjAoe vAparela saMvatane mATe zarUAtamAM kaMI viziSTa nAma prajAtuM nahi, paNa skaMdaguptanA samayathI ene "gupta kAla" (guptane saMvata) tarIke oLakhavAmAM Avato.38 gupta saMvatanI utpatti vize eka sAmAnya mata pracalita che ke gupta vaMzanA pahelA samrATa caMdragupta pahelAe A saMvata pravartAvyo ane enA sajayAbhiSekanA pahelA varSathI A saMvatanuM paheluM varSa gaNAvA lAgyuM.

Page #507
itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA [gna, ala-khIrUnInA jaNAvyA mujaba gupta saMvatane Arbha zaka savata pachI 241 varSa thayeA ne guptakAnI mitie paNa e rIte baMdha bese che. 39 480 ] A anusAra gupta saMvatanuM paheluM varSa zaka varSe 242 (26 mI phebruArI, I. sa. 320 thI 15 mI mArcI, I. sa. 321 sudhI) barAbara gaNAya che, AthI gupta saMvatanA varSoM barAbaranu I.. sa. nuM pa meLavavA gupta saMvatamAM caitrathI Disembara sudhI 319 ane jAnyuArIthI phAgaNa sudhI 320 umeravA paDe che.40 gupta savatanI varSagaNanAmAM uttara bhAratamAM vatA Arbha caitrathI thAya che ane enA mAsa pUrNimAMta che,41 paraMtu jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM ApelI mitimAM vArane ullekha nahi hovAthI gujarAtamAM vagaNanA ane mAsagaNunAnI kaI paddhati pracalita hatI e vize nizcita anumAna thaI zakatuM nathI. uttara bhAratamAM A sa MvatanAM varSa caitrAdi hAvAthI gujarAtamAM paNa e caitrAdi gaNAtAM haze. temaja maitraka kAlanI mAsagaNunAnI pUrNimAMta paddhati enI agAunA A samaya daramyAna paNa pracalita haze ema anumAna karI zakAya. gupta zAsananA aMta pachI A saMvata gujarAtamAM valabhI saMvatanA sudhArelA svarUpe pracalita rahyo, paraMtu enA mULa svarUpe te traNasoeka va bAda. pharI pazcima saurASTramAM pracalita thayo. maitraka kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM tyAM sidhathI AvI vaselA saidhava rAjAoe ene mULa svarUpe pAche. pracalita karyAM. AthI anumaitraka kAlanAM saiMdhava rAjAonAM dAnazAsanamAM A saMvata dekhA de che. A rAjAonAM dAnazAsaneAmAM gupta saMvatanI miti varSAM 513 thI 596 sudhInI maLe che.42 mitionA nirIkSaNa parathI mAlUma paDe che ke A zAsanAmAM vaparAyelA gupta saMvata uttara bhAratanI jema caitrAdi vaSa~nI paddhativALA hatA ane enA mAsa paNa pUrNimAMta hatA. saiMdhava rAjyanA aMta pachI gujarAtamAM gupta saMvata sada Mtara lupta thayA. 4. valabhI saMvata maitraka kAla daramyAna maitraka rAjAnAM dAnazAsaneAmAM Apela mitinAM varSAM kAI eka saLaMga saMvatanAM havAnuM mAlUma paDe che; paraMtu A dAnazAsanemAM e saMvatanuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI, AthI A sa Mvata kayA haze . e mATe judA judA vidvAnee alaga alaga mata rajU karelA. prinsepa43 ane

Page #508
13 muM] kAlagaNanA [481 nyUTana jevA vidvAnoe A saMvatane vikrama saMvata mAnela, Tomasa" ane bhAu dAjI jevA vidvAnoe ene zaka saMvata mAnele, paraMtu samakAlIna ghaTanAonA abhyAsa parathI maitrakanAM dAnazAsanamAM vaparAyela saMvatanAM varSa valabhI saMvatanAM manAvA lAgyAM. sau prathama phargyusane A mitionAM varSa valabhI saMvatanAM che evuM sUcana karyuM che ane kulI vigatapUrNa abhyAsathI A matane pratipAdita karyo.8 yuana svAMge potAnA pravAsa daramyAna, arthAta I. sa. 640 nA arasAmAM, valabhImAM zIlAdityano bhatrIjo dhruvapaTu rAjya karato hovAnuM ane e kane janA rAjA zilAdityane arthAta harSavardhanane jamAI thato hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che, e AdhAre dhruvasena bIjo yuana svAMga ane harSavardhanane samakAlIna hato e nizcita che. dhruvasena bIjAnAM dAnapatronI miti saM. 310 thI 321 nI che. A mitione I. sa 319 nA arasAmAM zarU thayelA gaNAtA valabhI saMvatanI mAnavAmAM Ave to uparane saMbaMdha barAbara baMdha bese che. vaLI nAMdIpurInA da6 2 jA(I. sa. 629-41)nA saMbaMdhamAM harSanA samayanA valabhIpatine ullekha Ave che ene paNa AnAthI samarthana maLe che. lipizAstranI dRSTie paNa valabhInAM dAnazAsana I. sa. 500 thI 800 nA arasAmAM manAya che. Ama maitrakanAM dAnazAsanamAM prajAyelA A saMvatane "valabhI saMvata" mAnavo ITa che. maitrakanAM dAnazAsanemAM saM. 183 thI 447 sudhInI mitio maLe che. 49 teomAM saMvatanuM kaI nAma jaNAvyuM nathI, paraMtu maitraka kAla pachInA kAlanA abhilekhomAM "valabhI saMvata" nAme saMvatano ullekha Ave che, je valabhInA trika rAjyamAM pracalita thayela saMvata hovo joIe. alabIranI (I. sa. 1030) paNa bhAratanA saMtomAM valabhI saMvatanI neMdha kare che.50 gupta saMvatanI jema valabhI saMvata AraMbha paNa zaka saMvata pachI 241 varSe thayo hovAnuM alubIrUnI jaNAve che. arjunadevanA verAvaLavALA zilAlekhomAM valabhI saMvata 945 nI barAbara vi. saM. 1320 nuM varSa ApavAmAM AvyuM che e parathI paNa A matane samarthana maLe che.para vadhAre saMbhavita te e che ke valabhInA maitraka rAjyamAM A saMvata vyApaka rIte pracalita hovAthI emAM enuM "valabhI saMvata" evuM spaSTa nAma prayojavAnI bhAgyeja jarUra jaNAtI haze; saMvatanA nAma-nirdeza vinA sIdhuM varSa ja ApavAmAM AvatuM.53

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482] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [. valabhI saMvatanAM varSa ane bhAsane AraMbha kaI rIte thate e vize verAvaLanA arjunadevanA lekhanI mitinI vigato parathI jaNAya che ke "surASTramAM e samaye kArtikAdi varSa pralita hatAM. maitrakanAM dAna zAsanamAMnI mitiomAM tithinI sAthe vAra Ayo nahi hovAthI e kAlanI A saMvatanI varSagaNanA temaja mAsagaNanAnI paddhati nakakI karavA mATe bahu jUja sAmagrI upalabdha che. A dAnazAsanamAMnI eka mitimAM saryagraha 54 ane traNa mitiomAM dvitIya mAsane 5 ullekha Ave che e parathI mitiomAM varSa ane mAsanI gaNatarI kevI rIte thatI e tapAsI zakAya che. 56 mitimAM AvatuM sUryagrahaNa pUrNimAMta paddhatie baMdha bese che. adhika mAsanI mitio tapAsatAM mAlUma paDe che ke maitraka kALa daramyAna adhika mAsa gaNavAmAM madhyama gaNitanI dhUla paddhati pracalita hatI ane mAsanAM nAma ApavAmAM hAlanI mInAdi paddhatine badale meSAdi paddhati pracalita hatI.57 adhika mAsanI A mitio kArnikAdi varSanI gaNatarI pramANe ja baMdha bese che. e parathI valabhI saMvatanAM varSa kArtikAdi hevAnuM ane enA mAsa pUrNimAMta hovAnuM phalita thAya che. maitraka kAla pachInI valabhI saMvatanI upalabdha mitio58 tapAsatAM mAluma paDe che ke "surASTramAM valabhI saMvata pracalita rahyo tyAM sudhI enAM varSa ane enA mAsa e ja paddhatie gaNAtA. A samaya daramyAna dAnazAsanamAM vaparAyela mitiomAM vacamI saMvat evuM spaSTa nAma jovA maLe che59 valabhI saMvatanuM paheluM varSa vi. saM. 375 nI kArtika zukala pratipadA (arthAta I. sa. 318 nA okaTobaranI 12 mI)e zarU thaI vi. saM. 375 nA Adhina mAsanI amAvAsyAe (arthAta I. sa. 319 nA sabaranI 30 mIe) pUruM thAya che. gujarAtamAM vikrama saMvatanAM varSa kArnikAdi hovAthI vikrama saMvata ane valabhI saMvatanAM varSomAM kAyama ekasarakho taphAvata rahe che. valabhI saMvatanI barAbara vikrama saMvatanuM varSa kADhavA valabhI saMvatanAM varSomAM 35 umeravA paDe che. zaka varSa rautrAdi hovAthI valabhI saMvatanI barAbaranuM zaka saMvatanuM varSa zodhavA valabhI saMvatanA varSamAM kArtika zukalathI phAguna kRSNa sudhInA pakSa mATe 240 ne rautra zukalathI Azvina kRSNa sudhInA pakSa mATe 241 umeravA paDe che. e ja pramANe IravI sananuM varSa zodhavA valabhI saMvatanA varSamAM kArtikathI Disembara sudhInI bhiti mATe 318 ne jAnyuArIthI Aso sudhInI miti mATe 319 umeravA paDe che. 20

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13 muM ) kAlagaNanA [483 valabhInA maitraka rAjyanA aMta pachI gujarAtamAM judA judA rAjavaMzanI sattAo pravartI, jemaNe zaka, gupta ane vikrama jevA anya saMvata vAparya ema chatAM zatakathI gujarAtamAM rUDha thayele valabhI saMvata anumaitraka kAla daramyAna paNa thoDA pramANamAM pracalita rahyo. anumaitraka kAlanA gupta saMvatanI mitione e kAlanA valabhI saMvatanI mitio sAthe sarakhAvatAM jaNAya che ke e kAla daramyAna paNa gupta saMvatamAM caitrAdi varSanI ane valabhI saMvatamAM kArtikAdi varSanI paddhatino spaSTa pharaka hato. surASTranA lekhonI je je mitio gupta saMvata anusAra ApavAmAM AvI hoya temAM hamezAM uttara bhAratanI caitrAdi varSanI paddhati jaLavAI hovAnuM ane je je mitio valabhI saMvata anusAra ApavAmAM AvI hoya temAM haMmezAM kArti kAdi varSanI sthAnika paddhati pracalita hovAnuM tadana spaSTa che. solaMkI kALa daramyAna valabhI saMvatanA prayogavALI thoDIka mitio upalabdha thAya che. e mitionI cakAsaNI parathI mAlUma paDe che ke A samaya daramyAna paNa kArtikAdi varSa ane pUrNimAMta mAsanI paddhati pracalita rahI. solaMkI kAlanA aMta pachI valabhI saMvata samULe lupta thaye. 5. kalayuri saMvata gupta kAla tathA maitraka kALa daramyAna dakSiNa gujarAtamAM eka jude ja saMvata pracalita hatA, je AgaLa jatAM kalacuri tarIke jANIto thayo. gujarAtanA upalabdha abhilekhamAM A saMvata pahelavahele dakSiNa gujarAta ane uttara koMkaNanA trakUTaka vaMzanA rAjAonA abhilekhomAM vaparAyela jovA maLe che. emAM e saMvatanAM varSa 207 thI 245 no ullekha Ave che, tyAra pachI bhakacchanA rAjA saMgamasiMhanA dAnazAsana(varSa 292)mAM, nAsika ane vaDodarA jillAmAMthI maLelAM prAcIna kalacuri vaMzanA rAjAonAM dAnazAsane (varSa 347 thI 361)mAM, nAMdIpurI-bharukacchanA gurjara rAjAonAM dAnazAsane (varSa 30 thI 486)mAM, dakSiNa gujarAta ane khAnadezanA seMdraka rAjAonAM dAnapatro(varSa 404 ane 406)mAM ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA prAcIna cAlukya rAjAonAM dAnapatro (varSa 4ra1 thI 490)mAM A saMvatanI mitio maLe che. Ama dakSiNa gujarAtanA abhilekhAmAM A saMvata varSa 207 thI 400 sudhI prayojAyela jovA maLe che.

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [y. - dakSiNa gujarAta ane enI AsapAsanA pradezomAMthI maLelA abhilekhonI mitiomAM A saMvatanAM varSa ApavAmAM AvyAM che, paraMtu kyAMya e saMvatanuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI. A saMvatane pahelo prayAga saikUTaka vaMzanA kaherI tAmrapatramAM thayo jaNAtAM keTalAka ene kaikUTaka saMvata kahetA, paraMtu saiphaTakonA lekhomAM vahelAmAM vahelI 2017 nI miti hoI A saMvata e rAjavaMze zarU karyo hoya e saMbhavita nathI. pachInA abhilekhamAM A saMvatane enI 9-10 mI sadI daramyAna "kalayuri saMvata" tathA "cedi saMvata" evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che. 63 A parathI pahelAMnA abhilekhomAM vaparAyela saMvatane paNa kaluri" ke "cedi' saMvata tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu saiphUTakAnA samayamAM A saMvatane kalacuri vaMza ane cedi deza sAthe sIdho saMbaMdha hoya evo koI ullekha prApya nathI. AthI A saMvatanuM mULa nAma "kalayuri ke cedi' saMvata evuM bhAgyeja hoI zake, chatAM enA mULa nAmanI mAhitInA abhAve sagavaDa khAtara pahelAMnA kAlanA saMvatane paNa "kalayuri saMvata' (ke cedi saMvata') tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. kalayuri saMvatanA AraMbha vize sau prathama paMDita bhagavAnalAla idrajIe tulanAtmaka abhyAsa parathI jaNAvyuM ke A saMvatano AraMbha I. sa. 244-45 nA arasAmAM thayela che. 14 anukAlIna kalacuri saMvatanA lekhomAM ahaNadevI (varSa 907) ane enA pitAmaha udayAditya(I. sa. 1050 ne 1100 vacce)nA samayanI tulanA parathI hele A saMvatane AraMbha I. sa. 250 nA arasAmAM thayo ema sUcana karyuM.15 kalacuri saMvatanI mitinI gaNatarI parathI kaniMgahame e saMvatane I. sa. 249 mAM zarU thayo hovAnuM pratipAdita karyuM. 21 A mitiomAM ApelI vAra vagerenI vigata parathI kilahone enAM varSa prAya: bhAdrapadAdi ane saMbhavata: AzvinAdi, temaja enA mAsa pUrNimAMta hevAnuM nizcita karyuM. 17 bhAdrapadAdi varSanI paddhati vize abIrUnInA pustakamAM ullekha AvatA hovAthI kilahorne kalacuri saMvatanA varSa 1 ne AraMbha vi. saM. 305 nI bhAdrapada zukala pratipadAe (I. sa. 249 nA julAInI 28 mIe) thata hovAnuM sUcaveluM, 8 paraMtu AgaLa jatAM bIjI keTalIka mitione meLa bhAdrapadAdi varSane badale AzvinAdi varSanI paddhati sAthe maLato jaNAtAM enA 1 lA varSane AraMbha vi. saM 306 nI Adhina zukala pratipadA(I. sa. 249 nA ogasTanI

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13 muM] kAlagaNanA [ reu 26 mI)e thayela gaNAvA lAgyo. 19 mirAzIe vadhArAnI mitionI gaNatarI karI A saMvatanAM varSa AzvinAdi nahi, paNa kAtti kAdi hovAnuM sAbita karI enA varSa 1 no AraMbha I. sa. 249 nI 25 mI sapTembare thayo hevAnuM ane enA mAsa pUrNimAMta nahi, paraMtu amAMta havAnuM pratipAdita karyuM.70 dakSiNa gujarAtanA abhilekhomAM prayojAyela kalacuri saMvatanI mitiomAM ApelAM varSa, mAsa, pakSa ane tithinI gaNatarI parathI paNa phalita thAya che ke kalayuri saMvatanA varSa 1 ne AraMbha vikrama saMvata 206 nI kArtika zukala pratipadA(I. sa. ra49 nI 25 mI sapTebara)nA roja thayo. e saMvatanAM varSa gata ane kArtikAdi hatAM ane enA mAsa amAMta hatA. AthI kalacuri saMvatanA varSamAM 305 umeravAthI enI barAbaranuM vikrama saMvatanuM varSa Ave. A gaNatarIe kalacuri saMvatanA varSanI barAbaranuM I. sa. nuM varSa kADhavA mATe kalacuri saMvatanA varSamAM kArtikathI Disembara sudhInA samaya mATe 248 ane jAnyuArIthI phAgaNa sudhInA samaya mATe 249 umeravA paDe.71 A saMvatanI utpatti vize aneka judAM judAM maMtavya rajU thayAM che. bhagavAnalAla IMdrajIe pahelAM kaherI tAmrapatrane AdhAre A saMvatane saiphUTakone saMvata mAnyo, paNa saiphUTaka rAjAonA abhilekhomAM e saMvatanAM varSo 207 thI 245 sudhInAM maLI AvatAM e saMvatano AraMbha enI pahelAMnA samayamAM saurASTramAM kSatrapa kALa daramyAna thayelA rAjA Izvaradatte karyo hovAnuM sUcavyuM. A Izvaradattane emaNe AbhIra vaMzane mAnya ane ene zAsanakAla zaka varSa 171-76(I.sa. 249-54)nA vacagALAmAM mUkyo. emaNe AbhIrone ane pachInA kala- curione eka vaMzanA mAnyA, paraMtu AgaLa jatAM vacagALAnA kSatrapa sikakAo maLI AvatAM rAjA Izvaradattano samaya zaka varSa 110-12(I. sa. 188-90) nA vacagALAmAM mUkavAmAM AvyA. AthI A saMvata Izvaradatte zarU karyo hoya evI kalpanA svIkArya gaNAtI nathI. 2. ca. majumadAre kuSANa samrATa kaniSkane A saMvatane pravartaka mAnyo.72 jayasvAle vAkATaka vaMzanA samrATa pravarasena 1 lAe A saMvata zarU karyo hovAne mata rajU karyo, 98 paraMtu tulanAtmaka abhyAsa parathI hAla A mate ravIkArya gaNAtA nathI. saikUTakenI pahelAM anya kaI rAjavaMze A saMvata vAparyo hovAnI khAtarI paDatI nathI. mirAzAe AbhIra rAjA IzvarasenanA

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA nAsika guphAnA lekhamAM AvatA varSa 9 ne A saMvatanuM mAnIne tathA purANamAM jaNAvelA 10 AbhIra rAjAone vaMza e IzvarasenathI zarU thaye hevAnuM mAnI laIne A saMvata AbhIra rAjyamAM IzvarasenanA sattArohaNathI pracalita thayo hovAnuM sUcavyuM che.94 IzvarasenanA lekhanuM varSa rapaSTataH enA rAjyakAlanuM varSa che ne ene kaI anugAmI rAjAonA abhilekha maLyA nathI, nahi te enA vaMzajoe IzvarasenanA rAjyakAlathI saLaMga saMvata pracalita karyAnI pratIti thAta. chatAM AMdhrabhutya AbhIrenA saMbhavita samayAMkana parathI temaja emanA zAsana-pradeza parathI mahArASTra, koMkaNa ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAM vaparAyele A saMvata AbhAra rAjA IzvarasenanA samayathI zarU thayuM hoya e ghaNe aMze saMbhavita gaNAya. paurANika anuzruti anusAra mirAzI sUcave che tema95 AbhIra rAjAoe 167 varSa rAjya karyuM hoya to emane zAsanakAla I. sa. 207 thI 464 ne gaNAya. e pachI e pradezamAM saiphUTanI sattA sthapAI e samayAnvaya paNa baMdha bese che. chatAM A saMvata AbhIroe zarU karyo hevAne tarka paryApta pramANathI pratipAdita na thAya tyAMsudhI ene haju kalacuri saMvata tarIke oLakhe salAmata gaNAya. kalacuri saMvata ahIM saikUTakothI mAMDIne cAlukAnA samaya sudhImAM lagabhaga 300 varSa sudhI (Azare ka. saM. 200 thI 500) pracalita rahyo hovAnuM mAluma paDe che. e pahelAM mahArASTranI jema dakSiNa gujarAta para paNa AbhArenI sattA pravatI hoya to e saMvata ahIM enA cheka AraMbhakAlathI paNa pracalita rahyo hoya, arthAta AMdhrabhUtya AbhIe pravartAvele A prAcIna saMvata dakSiNa gujarAtamAM 1 lA thI 5 mA zataka sudhI pracalita rahyo hoya e saMbhavita che. naikUTaka rAjyanA aMta pachI paNa A pradezanA judA judA rAjavaMzae, khAsa karIne prAcIna kalayurio, lATanA prAcIna guja re, suMdraka ane lATanA prAcIna cAlukAnA rAjavaMzae, e rUDha saMvatane upaga cAlu rAkhyo. A rAjavaMzanA lekhamAM 292 thI varSa 490 sudhInAM varSone ullekha Ave che. dakSiNanA cAlukAnI sattA mahArASTra, kekaNa ane dakSiNa gujarAta para prasaratAM dhIme dhIme curi saMvatanI jagyAe zaka saMvata pracalita thavA lAgyo. cAlu pachI A pradezamAM sattArUDha thayelA rASTronAM sarva dAnazAsanamAM zaka saMvata ja prayojAya che. dakSiNa gujarAtamAM kalacuri saMvatanI chelAmAM chelI upalabdha miti varSa 490(I. sa. 740)nI maLe che, jyAre zAka

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13 su'1 kAlagaNanA f 487 saMvatanI vahelAmAM vahelI upalabdha miti zaka varSa 679( I. sa. 757 )nI maLe che. A parathI dakSiNa gujarAtamAM A sa Mvata I. sa. 750nA arasAmAM lupta thayelA jaNAya che. A pradezanA kalacuri rAjAe AgaLa jatAM cedi dezamAM sattArUDha thayA tyAre emaNe A saMvata cedi dezamAM pracalita karyAM.76 tyAM e saMvata cedi saMvata' tathA 'lasuri saMvata' tarIke oLakhAyA. 6. vikrama saMvata maitraka kAlanA chevaTanA bhAgamAM temaja anumaitraka kAla daramyAna gujarAtamAM uttaranA pratIhArAnA zAsananI asarathI vikrama saMvata vaparAvA lAgyA. jAIkadevanA dhINuMkIvALA dAnazAsanamAM jaNAvelu' vikrama saMvata 794 nuM varSa e gujarAtanA prAcIna lekheAmAM ApeluM vikrama saMvatanu' paheluM upalabdha varSa thAya, paraMtu e dAnazAsana banAvaTI hAI enI miti kapAlakalpita che.77 cAhamAna rAjA bhavaddha 2 jAnA hAMseTavALA dAnazAsananI mitimAM ApelA varSe 813nI sAthe enA saMvatanuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI, paraMtu e vavikrama saMvatanuM hAvAnuM pratipAdita thayu' che.78 Ama vikrama saMvata je zatakAthI gujarAtamAM mukhya saMvata tarIke pracalita che te ahI enA navamA zataka pahelAM pracalita thayeA heAvAnuM jaNAtuM nathI.79 A saMvata I. pu. 58 thI zarU thayA gaNAya che. anuzruti anusAra A saMvata ujjananA rAjA zakAri vikramAdityanA rAjyakAlathI zarU thayA haiAvAnu manAya che, paraMtu IsvI sana pUrve pahelI sadImAM evA kAI zakapravaka rAjA thayA hovAnuM sapramANa 'tihAsamAM pratipAdita thayuM na hoI temaja A saMvatanA nAmanirdezavALI mitie enAM aneka AraMbhika zatakAne lagatI80 maLatI na hAI enI utpatti saMbaMdhamAM aneka bhinna bhinna mata rajU thayA che. phargyusana jevAnA mata anusAra mALavAnA rAjA harSa vikramAditye I. sa. 544 mAM kUNAne harAvI vikrama saMvata zarU karyAM ane A saMvatane prAcInatA ApavA I. sa. pUrve 57-56 mAM zarU thayela saMvata sAthe sAMkaLI dIdhA. kaniMgahama jevAe kuSANu samrATa kaniSkane A saMvatane pravartaka mAnyA.82 philahAne eka vicitra mata rajU karyAM : emaNe kAI rAjAne A sa MvatanA pravartaka na mAnyA, paraMtu

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tjha. 498 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vikramakAla( parAkramane kAla arthAt zarada Rtu thI A saMvatane prAraMbha thayo. ema jaNAvyuM.83 keTalAke mahAkSatrapa cAkhanane,84 keIke mAlava rAjA yazodharmAne,85 to mArzala jevAe gaMdhAranA zaka rAjA aja 1 lAne 8 ane jayasvAla jevAe gautamIputra zAtakaNane vikrama saMvatane sthApaka bhA.87 cothA saikAnA aMtabhAgamAM gupta samrATa caMdragupta 2 jAe pazcima bhAratanA zake para vijyA meLavI ujana jItI lIdhuM tyArathI e "zakAri vikramAditya" tarIke prasiddha thayo. AthI caMdragupta 2 jA( vikramAditya) sAthe vikrama saMvata'mAMnuM "vikrama" nAma sAMkaLavAmAM AvyuM haze e mata paNa pracalita che. ujajananA prasiddha rAjA vikramAditye mAlava dezane zakonA zAsanamAMthI mukta karI I. pU. 57- 56 mAM vikrama saMvata zarU karyo evI anukRti paNa pracalita che. 89 pAMDeyanA mata anusAra vikrama saMvata e rIte mAlavagaNe zarU karela, kRtayuga jevA samaya darzAvatA A saMvatane "kRta saMvata" kahevAmAM AvyA ne AgaLa jatAM mAlavagaNanA mukhya agraNI vikramanuM nAma A saMvata sAthe joDavAmAM AvyuM.90 di. caM. sarakAranA mata anusAra videzI vaMzo dvArA saLaMga saMvatanI prathA ahIM pracalita banI; sAthe-pArthiyana rAjA nenase A saMvata zarU karyo, je zarUAtamAM kRti , pachI mAlava prajAne laIne mAravaLa ane caMdragupta 2 jA(vikramAditya)ne laIne vikrama nAme oLakhAyA.91 je samaye uttara gujarAtamAM valabhI saMvata pracalita hato ane dakSiNa lATamAM rASTrakUTa dvArA zaka saMvata pracalita thavA lAge te samaye uttara lATanA cAhamAna rAjA bhavaDaDha 2 jAna (vi.) saM. 813 nI mitivALA dAnapatramAM vikrama saMvatane prayAga ekAeka dekhA de che, enI pAchaLa spaSTa rIte tyAMnA cAhamAna rAjAo para sattA dharAvatA uttaranA gurjara-pratIhAra narezonA AdhipatyanI asara jaNAya che. maitraka kAla pachI paNa dakSiNa saurASTramAM gupta-valabhI saMvata uparAMta vikrama saMvata pracalita thavA lAgyo ane enI pAchaLa paNa gurjara-pratIhAronI asara jaNAya che. e pachI paramAra ane caulukya (solaMkI) vaMzanA zAsana daramyAna gujarAtamAM vikrama saMvata khUba pracalita banyo. vikrama saMvatanuM paheluM varSa I.pU. 58-57 barAbara gaNAya che. gujarAtamAM vikrama saMvatanI varSagaNanA ane mAgaNanAnI kaI paddhatio hatI e nakakI karavA cAhamAna bhartavaDha 2 jAnuM (vi.) saM. 813nI mitivALuM tAmrapatra upayogI nIvaDatuM nathI, kAraNa ke emAM mAsano nirdeza ja karavAmAM Avyo nathI.

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kAlagaNanA [ 489 A saMdarbhamAM uttara gujarAtanA cAvaDA vaMzanI anukRtiomAM ApelI mitionI cakAsaNI karavI yogya gaNAya. aNahilapATakanA sthApaka vanarAjanA rAjyAbhiSeka mATe judA judA graMtha temajalekhomAM judI judI mitio darzAvelI che. vikrama saMvatamAM darzAvelI A badhI mitionI gaNatarI parathI mAluma 'paDe che ke moTA bhAganI mitiomAM Apela tithi sAthe vArane meLa besata nathI. prAyaH A badhI mitio pachInA samayamAM upajAvI kADhelI mAlUma paDe che. anumaitraka kALa daramyAna vikrama saMvatanA prayogavALA bahu ochA lekha upalabdha thAya che. cAlukaya rAjA avanivarmA ra jAnuM UnAvALuM dAnazAsana (vikrama) saM. 956 nuM che. sAhityika lekhamAM hariSaNanI kRti jayA 93 (vi. saM. 989) ane saMpatimagzva-kathAka (vi.saM. 962) upalabdha thAya che. A mitionI gaNatarI parathI mAlUma paDe che ke A kAla daramyAna vi. saM. nA varSonI gaNatarI kAnnikAdi paddhati mujaba thatI hatI. mAsagaNanA vize pUratI mAhitI prApta thatI nathI. cAvaDA rAjyanI anuzrutiomAM A kAlane lagatI keTalIka mitio prApta thAya che, paraMtu gaNatarI parathI A mitio pAchaLathI upajAvI kADhelI jaNAya che. solaMkI kALa daramyAna gujarAtamAM vikrama saMvatane upayoga pracura pramANamAM thavA lAgyo. mUlarAjanA pUrvajo pratIhAranA zAsana nIcenA dakSiNa rAjasthAnamAMnA gurjaradeza' sAthe saMkaLAyelA hatA ane pratIhAranA rAjyamAM vikrama saMvata pracalita hato, AthI gujarAtamAM solaMkI kAlanA moTA bhAganA abhilekhamAM temaja sAhityika lakhANamAM rAjyanA saMvata tarIke vikrama saMvatane vaparAza thayele mAlUma paDe e svAbhAvika che. A kAlanA zilAlekho, dAnapatro, mUrtilekhe ane prazastiomAM vi. saM. 1005(I.sa. 949)thI vi. saM. 1358(I. sa. 1302) sudhInI mitio upalabdha thAya che. A mitiomAM varSa, mAsa, pakSa, tithi ane vArane ullekha sAmAnyataH jovA maLe che; keIka vAra adhika mAsa ane saMvatsarane prayoga thayele mAlUma paDe che; prazastiomAM nakSatra ane yogane prayoga paNa jovA maLe che. uttara bhAratamAM sautrAdi varSa ane pUrNimAMta mAsanI paddhati pracalita hatI, jyAre gujarAtamAM kArtikAdi varSanI paddhati cheka maitraka kAlathI vyApaka pramANamAM pracalita hatI, ne kalacuri saMvatanI tathA AgaLa jatAM mahArASTramAMthI Avela zaka saMvatanI asarathI amAMta mAsanI paddhati pracalita thaI hatI, AthI uttara

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA bhAratane vikrama saMvata jyAre gujarAtamAM pracalita thayo tyAre enI mULa paddhatimAM sthAnika asarane laIne parivartana thatuM gayuM. solaMkI kAlanI upalabdha mitionI cakAsaNI karatAM mAlUma paDyuM che ke ahIM vikrama saMvatanAM varSa moTe bhAge gata" hatAM. enI varSagaNanAnI paddhatimAM autrAdi karatAM kArtikAdi paddhati vadhu pracalita hatI. kaccha ane pazcima saurASTra(hAlAra)mAM prAyaH ASADhAdi varSanI paddhati pracalita hatI. evI rIte A saMvatanI mAgaNanAmAM pUrNimAMta paddhati karatAM amAMta paddhati vadhu pracalita hatI. saMvatsaronI gaNatarI parathI mAlUma paDayuM che ke saMvatsara kranI gaNanAmAM sAcA bArhaspatya saMvatsaronuM cakra pracalita hatuM, je utara bhAratanI spaSTa asara darzAve che. sAmAnyataH adhika mAsanI gaNatarI brahmasiddhAMtanI sama paddhati anusAra thatI haze evuM adhikamAsavALI mitionI cakAsaNI parathI mAlUma paDe che. solaMkI kAla pachInI vikrama saMvatanI upalabdha mitionI cakAsaNI karatAM paNa mAlUma paDyuM che ke A saMvatanAM varSa prAyaH "gata" hatAM; enAM varSa prAyaH kArtikAdi ane mAsa prAyaH amAMta hatA. ekaMdare jotAM selaMkI kAlathI vikrama saMvatano upayoga gujarAtamAM pracura pramANamAM jovA maLe che. tyArathI mAMDI atyAra sudhI gujarAtamAM vikrama saMvata ja vyApaka rIte pracalita rahe che. briTiza zAsanakALa daramyAna vyavahAramAM anya pradezonI jema gujarAtamAM IsvI sana pracalita thatAM vikrama saMvatane upayoga maryAdita thato jAya che chatAM dhArmika prasaMgoe enuM mahattava cAlu rahyuM che. gujarAtamAM besatA varSanI ujavaNI paNa vikrama saMvatanA kArtika sudi paDavAe bhAre dhAmadhUmathI thatI hoya che.95 vikrama saMvatanA varSanI barAbaranuM IsvI sananuM varSa kADhavA mATe vikrama saMvatanA varSamAMthI kArtikathI Disembara sudhInA samaya mATe 57 ane jAnyuArIthI Aso sudhInA samaya mATe 56 bAda karavA paDe che. je 7. siMha saMvata selaMkI rAjAonA keTalAka abhilekhomAM siMha saMvatane prayoga thayele mAlUma paDe che. A badhA abhilekha seraTha(dakSiNa saurASTra)mAMthI upalabdha thayA che. A

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13 su'1 kAlagaNunA | rev saMvatanI miti si.... sa. 72 thI 151 sudhInI maLe che.97 A mitimAM 'siMha saMvata ' evuM spaSTa nAma jovA maLe che. emAM mAsa, pakSa, tithi ane vArane ullekha mAlUma paDe che. A saMvatanI sAthe vikrama ke valabhI sa MvatanuM varSa paNa Apelu hAya che. siMha saMvatanI utpatti vize judA judA vidvAnee alaga alaga mata rajU karyAM che. jemsa ToDa jevAe saurASTramAMnA dIvanA gAhilAe A saMvata sthApyA ema jaNAvyuM.98 vallabhajI AcAyaeN mAMgareALanA gohila rAjA sahajigane A sa MvatanA rathApaka mAnyA.99 gau. hI. AjhA100 jevAe saurASTranA bhaDalezvara zrI sihune A saMvatanA pravartIka mAnyA, paraMtu pArabaMdaranA kAI paNa lekhamAM zrI siMhanA mahAma`Dalezvara tarIkenA ullekha jovA maLatA nathI. paMDita bhagavAnalAla IMdrajIe siMha saMvatane gaiAlukaya rAjA siddharAja jayasiMha sAthe sAMkaLyA ane jaNAvyu` ke siddharAje seraTha ane kheMgAranI jItanI yAdagIrIrUpe A sa Mvata zarU karyAM.101 eka rIte A mata vadhu svIkArya che, chatAM eka muddo upasthita thAya che ke siddharAja jayasiMhe A sa Mvata zarU karyAM hAya teA pachI seAraTha pUratA ja ene prayAga maryAdita kema rahyo. saMbhavataH A saMvata siddharAje seAranA vijayanI smRtirUpe zarU karyo haze. A sa Mvata sAra dezanA kAI rathAnika rAjAe zarU karyA hAya e saMbhavita nathI, kAraNa ke jo e rathAnika rAjAe zarU karyAM hota teA saurASTranA mAMDalezvarAe A saMvatanA upayAga cAlu rAkhyA hAta. hemacaMdranA saMskRta dvAzraya kAvyamAM102 AvatA ullekha mujakha kumArapAlane pRthvIne RNamukata karI navA saMvata zarU karavAnI preraNA maLI hatI. jayasiMhasarinA mAravAmUva ritamAM103 paNa mUlarAja pahelAnA pUrvaja siMhavikramanA saMdarbhamAM A hakIkata jaNAvavAmAM AvI che. uparanA ullekhA parathI jaNAya che ke rAjAe rAjayane RNamukta banAvI saMvata zarU karavAne rahetA.04 dvAzraya kAvyamAMnA ullekha mujaba siddharAja jayasiMhe siddhasa dvArA meLavela rava'siddhinAM sAdhanA dvArA peAtAnA rAjyane karamukata karelu' ane e rIte e siddharAja banyA hatA.105 A vidhAnane kumArapAlane lagatA vidhAna sAthe sAMDaLIe te| emAMthI evuM phalita thAya che ke siddharAje rAjyane RNamukta karI navA saMvata pravartAyeA haze. game tema, A saMvata mAtra sAraThamAM pracalita rahyo e hakIkata che, te siddharAja navA jItelA seAraTha dezane ja RNamukata karI zakayA haze ?

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pra. A saMvatanAM varSo sAthe ApelAM vikrama saMvata tathA valabhI saMvatanAM varSo parathI mAlUma paDe che ke siMha saMvatane AraMbha vi. saM. 1170 (valabhI saMvata 95) arthAta I.sa. 1113-14 nA arasAmAM thayele. A saMvatanI varSagaNanAnI bAbatamAM valabhI saMvata ane vikrama saMvatanI sAthe ApelI enI mitionA e saMvatonI mitio sAthenA taphAvata parathI mAlUma paDe che ke siMha saMvatanAM varSa kArtikAdi nahi, paNa caitrAdi ke ASADhAdi hatAM, paraMtu rautrathI jeSTha sudhInI keI nirNAyaka miti maLI na hoIe bemAMthI kaI paddhati anusarAtI haze e nakakI thaI zakatuM nathI. A saMvatanI cakAsaNI" nI mitio bahu thoDI upalabdha hovAthI enA mAsa pUrNimAMta hatA ke amAMtA 'e paNa haju nizcita thaI zakyuM nathI. ' hAla siMha saMvatanAM varSa gautrAdi hovAnuM gaNIe, te enI barAbaranuM IsvI sananuM varSa kADhavA siMha saMvatanA varSamAM caitrathI Disembara sudhInA samaya mATe 1113 ane jAnyuArIthI phAgaNa sudhInA samaya mATe 1114 umeravA paDe. A saMvatane upayoga soraThamAM maryAdita raheze tyAM paNa ene uoga vAghelA - solaMkI kAlanA aMta sudhImAM sadaMtara lupta thayo lAge che. 8, vIranirvANa saMvata jenenAM sAMpradAyika lakhANomAM ghaNI vAra vIranirvANa saMvata' paNa prayojAya che. A saMvata covIsamA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmInA nirvANathI zarU thayo gaNAya che. 07 keTalIka vAra ene "jinakAla" tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A saMvatane ulekha mahAvIra svAmInA nirvANa pachInI pahelI sahastrAbdImAM thayo jaNAto na hoI, e saMvata e pachI pracalita thayo lAge che. 108 zvetAMbara jaina kavi nemicaMdrAcAryanA "mahAvIracariya" (I.sa. 1084)mAM jaNAvyuM che ke vIranirvANa pachI zaka rAjA 605 varSa ane 5 mAse thaze. 09 zvetAMbara merUtuMgasUrie pitAnI, "vivALImAM noMdhyuM che ke jinakAla vikramanI pahelAM 470 varSe zarU thayo. 10 digaMbara saMpradAyanA nemicaMdra racelA "tileyasAra"(11mI sadImAM paNa "mahAvIracariya"nA jevo ullekha kare che.111 digaMbara jinasenasUrinA harivaMzapurANamAM tathA meghanaMdinA zrAvakAcAramAM paNa vIranirvANa pachI 605 varSe zaka rAjA thavAne ullekha che.

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13 muM ). kAlagaNanA [40 * Ama zvetAMbara tathA digaMbara saMpradAyamAM vIranirvANu saMvatane AraMbha vikrama saMvatanI pUrve 470 varSa pahelAM ane zaka saMvatanI pUrve 605 varSa ane 5 mAsa pahelAM thayo hevAnI paraMparA lAMbA kAlathI pracalita che. mahAvIra svAmInuM nirvANa divALIne divase thayuM gaNAtuM hoI A saMvata kArtika sudi 1 thI zarU thaya gaNAya che, AthI vikrama saMvatanA kArnikAdi varSamAM hamezAM 470 umeravAthI vIranirvANa saMvatanuM varSa Ave che, jayAre zaka saMvatanA varSamAM rautrathI Aso sudhI 604 ane kArtikathI phAgaNa sudhI 605 umeravA paDe.113 vIra nirvANa saMvatanA varSamAMthI kA. su. 1 thI 31 mI Disembara sudhI para7 ane 1 lI jAnyuArIthI phA. va. 30 sudhI parada bAda karavAthI IsvI sananuM varSa Ave che.114 A saMvata bahudhA jaina graMthamAM ane kavacita jaina abhilekhAmAM prayojAyo che. 115 jaina paMcAMgamAM vIranirvANa saMvata tathA vikrama saMvatanAM varSa ApavAmAM Ave che. 9. hijarI sana arjunadevanA verAvaLavALA lekhamAM A saMvatane sau prathama prayoga thayele jovA maLe che. A lekhamAM A saMvatanuM nAma vora rajUra mahaMmad saMvat evuM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. payagaMbara mahaMmadanI hijaratathI zarU thayelA A saMvatane hAla hijarIsana tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. gujarAtamAM A saMvatanA progavALo A sauthI prathama lekha che. 117 A lekhamAM A saMvatanI sAthe bIjA traNa saMvata-vikrama, valabhI ane siMha-no paNa ullekha thayelo che; joke A lekhamAM mAsa ane tithine nirdeza bhAratIya praNAlI anusAra thayo che. - hijarI sana mULa arabastAnamAM utpanna thayela. "hijarI' zabda "hi" dhAtu parathI banela che, jene artha chUTA paDavuM e thAya che. IslAmanA sthApaka mahammada payagaMbare makkAthI madInA hijarata karI tyArathI A saMvatano AraMbha thayela manAya che. mahammada sAhebe I. sa. 622 nI 22 mI sapTebare eTale ke IslAmanA prathama rabiyA mAsanA 9mA divase makakAthI haja zarU karelI, paraMtu hijarI saMvatanI zarUAta I.sa. 622 nI 15 mI julAI 118 eTale ke islAmanA pahelA mAsa mahoramanA prathama divasathI arthAta mahammada payagaMbaranI hajanA AraMbhanA divasathI 68 divasa vahelI thayelI mAnavAmAM Ave che. 119

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kaha4] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA mi. AraMbhamAM hijarI sananAM varSa cAM-saura hatAM. mahammada payagaMbaranA jIvananA aMtabhAga sudhI arthAta hi. sa. 10 (I.sa. 632) sudhI A saMvatamAM adhika mAsa umeravAmAM AvatuM. tiSazAstranI dRSTie 8 varSamAM 3 vakhata athavA 19 varSamAM 7 vakhata adhika mAsa umeravAmAM AvatA, paraMtu A adhika mAsane lIdhe araba loko gUMcavaNamAM paDavA lAgyA ane dhIre dhIre adhika mAsa nAbUda karI 12 cAMdra mAsanuM hijarI varSa gaNAvuM zarU thayuM. arabastAnamAM divase sUryAstathI zarU thatA ane bIjA divasanA saryarata samaye pUrA thatA. mahinAne AraMbha paNa caMdranI pahelI kalAnA darzanathI thato. hijarI sananA mAsanI laMbAI ra9 divasa, 12 kalAka, 44 miniTa ane 2 sekanDa120 hevAthI enA mAsa ekAMtare 30 divasanA ane ra9 divasanA gaNAya che, paraMtu cAMdra mAsanuM pramANa 29 divasa karatAM 44 miniTa vadhAre hoI dareka 30 varSamAMthI 11 varSamAM chellA mahinAmAM 1 divasa umeravAmAM Ave che. je hijarI saMvatanA varSane 30 vaDe bhAgatAM zeSa 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 ke 29 rahe to ja "luta varSa" gaNAya. emAM chele mAsa 29 ne badale 30 divasane gaNavAmAM Ave che. 121 cAMdra varSa saura varSa karatAM 11 divasa TUMkuM hoI saura varSanAM mAsa ane Rtuo sAthe eno meLa maLato nathI, AthI hijarI sananuM varSa vikrama saMvatanA cAMda-saura varSa ane IsvI sananA saura varSa karatAM AgaLa jatuM jAya che, AthI vikrama saMvata tathA IsavI sana ane hajarI sana vaccenuM aMtara dhaTatuM jAya che. hijarI sananuM paheluM varSa I. sa. 622 mAM zarU thAya che, jyAre arjunadevanA lekhamAM AvatA hijarI sana 422 ane IsvI sana vaccenuM aMtara 602 rahe che. e ja pramANe hijarI sananuM 1 luM varSa vikrama saMvatanA 677 varSa pachI zarU thAya che, jyAre hijarI sana 6dara ane vikrama saMvata 130 vacce taphAvata 658 no rahe che. Ama vikrama saMvata ane hijarI sana 22 temaja Ivo sana ane hijarI sana vacceno taphAvata ekasarakhe raheto nathI. hijarI sana 66ra vALA lekhamAM A sananA mahinA ane tArIkhane ullekha karavAmAM Avyo nathI, paraMtu vikrama saMvatanI sAthe A saMvatane prayoga thayo hovAthI ane bhAratIya praNAlinAM mAsa, tithi ane vArano ullekha thayo heI vikrama saMvatanAM varSa kArnikAdi hatAM ema sAbita karavAmAM hijarI sananuM varSa sahAyarUpa thayuM che.

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13 3] 10. Armeniyana savata hatA. gujarAtamAM Armeniyana pritIe mudhala kAlamAM vasatA amadAvAda, surata125 vagere thaLeAe emanI kabare AvelI che. 124 phAlaganA 45 123 A saMvatane prasAra kraranAra Armeniyana lokeAno pradeza ArmeniyA kALA samudranI dakSiNe temaja IrAnanI uttarapazcime Avela che. Armeniyana leAkAne sa.vata Armeniyana sa vata' tarIke oLakhAya che. A saMvatanA AraMbha 11 mI julAI, I. sa. 152 thI thayelA manAya che. vyavahAramAM Armeniyana leAkeAe ijiptanA jUnA saMvatanAM anizcita varSonA prayAga karyAM, paraMtu dhArmika rIte te| juliyana kaeNlenDaranAM varSA mujaba te gaNatarI karatA. e anusAra dara cothuM varSa 3766 divasanu hAya che, AthI tahevAro badhI ja RtuomAM ane vyavahAramAM eka ja vakhate Ave che. Armeniyana leAkA yurApiyanA sAthenA vyavahAramAM Armeniyana saMvata ane juliyana kaeNlenDaranAM varSAnA prayAga 126 karatA. A saMvatanA mahinA temaja divasa judI rIte gaNAtA, paraMtu ahI prayeAjAyelI mitie te IravI sananAM mahinA ane tArIkho pramANe gaNAtI. IravI sana ane A saMvata vaccene taphAvata 552 nA rahe che, eTale ke A saMvatanA varSomAM 55ra umeravAthI IravI sananeA AMkaDA meLavI zakAya che. 11. khristI saMvata khristI saMvata hAla samasta pRthvI upara atipracalita che. enA AraMbha rezama zaheranI sthApanAnA 754 mA varSanI pahelI jAnyuArIthI thayelA manAya che. A saMvata jemanI sAthe sakaLAyela che te Isu khristanA janma tyAre remasthApanAnA 753 mA varSoMnI 25mI Disembare thayelA mAnavAmAM AvelA. AgaLa jatAM saMzodhananA pariNAme emanA janma vastutaH enI pahelAM 4 (ke 8 )va vahelA, prAya: I. pU. jana 5 mI eprila ne zukravAre thayelA ema pratipAdita thayuM che. 127 A saMvatanA pravaka iTAlIne zaka jAtine DienisIsa esIgasa nAmanA sAdhu ( lagabhaga I. sa. 49 6-540) hatA. eNe I. sa. 525 mAM pepa seInTa jona 1 lAnI vinaMtIthI Isa. 28 thI zarU thatA elekajhAnDriyana saMvatamAM sudhArA karI Isu khristanA janmathI gaNanA karI khristI saMvatanA AraMbha karyAM.

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496] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kAlagaNake I. pU 1 lI sadI ane I. sa. nI 1 lI sadI vacce zUnya varSane svIkAra karatA nathI. 128 khristI saMvatamAM itihAsa ane kAlagaNanAnuM saMkalana hovAthI e khUba ja pracalita bane. IleMDamAM e 8mI sadIthI ane phrAnsa, bejiyama, jarmanI temaja svijhaleMDamAM 8 mI sadIthI tathA bIjA ghaNA khristI dezamAM I. sa. 1000 thI pracalita bane. spenanA ghaNAkharA bhAgamAM I. sa. nI 14 mI sadI thI ane grIsamAM 15 mI sadI pachIthI A saMvata prajAvA lAgyA. 29 A saMvatanuM varSa 365 (buta varSamAM 366) divasanuM heI saura gaNatarInuM che. enA jAnyuArI phebruArI mArca vagere bAra mahinA che. emAM amuka mAsa 31 divasanA 30 to bIjA amuka mAsa 30 divasanA 31 che, jyAre phebruArI mAsa sAmAnya rIte 28 divasa hoya che. A rIte varSa 365 divasanuM thAya che, paraMtu saura varSa lagabhaga 365 divasanuM hoI dara cAra varSe phebruArImAM ra9 me divasa umeravAmAM Ave che. A varSane skuta varSa (leapyear) kahe che. je varSanI saMkhyAne cArathI bhAgatAM zeSa na vadhe te varSane luta varSa gaNavAmAM Ave che, jemake I.sa. 1968, 1972, 1976 vagere.132 tArIkha madhyarAtrithI madhyarAtrinI gaNAya che. yuropIyanA vasavATa tathA zAsana dvArA A saMvata dhIme dhIme bhAratamAM pracalita thayuM. I. sa. 1818 thI zarU thatA briTiza zAsana daramyAna e gujarAtamAM paNa pracalita thayo. deza svataMtra thayA pachI paNa, enAM zatakanA rUTa upagane laIne tathA enA AMtararASTriya prasArane laIne, vyavahAramAM IsvI sanano upayoga ghaNo vyApaka thayelo che, AthI bhAratIya itihAsamAM paNa kAlagaNanA prAyaH IvI sanamAM ApavAmAM Ave che. IsavI sananAM varSa saura hoI emAM RtukAla barAbara jaLavAya che, 133 paraMtu enA mahinAonA AraMbha- aMta kRtrima heI emAM saryanI saMkrAMti ke caMdranI kakSAnI vadhaghaTane khyAla Avato nathI. vaLI enA mahinAonI tArIbenI saMkhyAne krama ghaNe aniyamita ane aTapaTo che, AthI vizvapaMcAMga(VWorld Calendar )nI sUcita janAmAM enA amuka mahinA saLaMga rIte 30-30 divasanA ane bAkInA mahinA saLaMga rIte 31-31 divasanA rAkhavAnI bhalAmaNa karavAmAM AvI che, jethI enI saMkhyA yAda rAkhavI te gaNavI saraLa paDe.13

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13 su] kAlagaNanA 12. rASTriya paMcAMga ( National Calendar ) [97 bhAratamAM hAla kAlagaNanAnI aneka judI judI paddhatie cAle che. e sa paddhationA tulanAtmaka abhyAsa karI samagra deza mATe eka zuddha ane ekasarakhI paddhati sUcavavA mATe bhArata sarakAre 1952mAM adhyA. medhanAda zahAnA pramukhapade - paMcAMga-sudhArA samiti ' nImI hatI. ene ahevAla 1954 mAM sarakArane suparata karavAmAM Avela.137 A navI ceAjanAnA amala 1957 nI 22 mI mArca te zukravArathI thayela che. . A paMcAMga--paddhati nIce mujaba cheH (1) dezanA judA judA bhAgeAmAM je judA judA savata cAle che temAMthI zAlivAhana zaka' tarIke oLakhAtA zaka saMvatane rASTriya poMcAMga mATe * pasaMda karavAmAM AvyA che. A saMvata bhAratanA dhaNA bhAgamAM pracalita che ane jyAtiSIoe ene pahelethI apanAvela che. emAM 78-7+- umeravAthI IsvI sananuM ane 134-135 umeravAthI vikrama saMvatanu` varSa Ave che. (2) A saMvatanAM varSoM saOnI vArSika gati anusAra gaNAya che. e varSanA Ara'bha sAmAnya rIte vasatasa`pAta pachInA divase thAya che. vasa'tasa`pAta nI sAyana meSa saMkrAMtie, arthAt 21 mI mArcanA ceAvIsa kalAka daramyAna adhavaca thatA hAya che, tethI rASTriya paMcAMganu` va` sAmAnyataH 22 mI mArce zarU karavAmAM Ave che. (3) sAmAnya varSa 365 divasanu hAya che, dara cAra varSe emAM eka divasa umeravAmAM Ave che. zaka saMvatanA je varSomAM 78 umeratAM saravALAne ( arthAt e samaye cAlatI IsvI sananI saMkhyAne ) cAra vaDe niHzeSa bhAgI zakAya te varSane 'dbhuta varSa' gaNI emAM eka divasa umerAya che; dA.ta. zaka varSa 1890, 1894, 1898 vagere. paraMtu jyAre saravALAne 100 vaDe bhAga cAlatA haiAya tyAre ene 400 vaDe bhAgI zakAtA hoya teA ja vruta varSa ' gaNavAmAM Ave che, nahi te e sAmAnya varSa gaNAya che; dA.ta. zaka varSa 1922, 2022, 2122, 2222, 2722 ityAdimAM mAtra 1922 ane 2322 'dbhuta varSa' gaNAze, bAkInAM sAmAnya gaNAze. A gaNatarI spaSTataH te te zaka varSe AvatA IsvI sananA varSa pramANe rAkhavAmAM AvI che. 6

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[pra. 48 ]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (4) varSanA bAre mAsa che, jenA AraMbha-aMta sUryanI saMkrAMtinA divasanI najIka Ave che. emAM pahele mAsa sAmAnyataH 30 divasa ne huta varSa hoya tyAre 31 divasane hoya che. stuta varSa hoya tyAre ene AraMbha 22 mI mArcane badale 21 mI mArce thAya che. pachInA pAMca mAsa 31-31 divasanA ne e pachInA cha mAsa 30-30 divasanA gaNAya che, AthI dareka mAsa hamezAM mukarara tArIkhe ja zarU thAya che. A mAsa sAyana varSanA hoI RtukAla sAthe ene pUro meLa rahe che. (5) A mahinA saura hovA chatAM ene cAMdra mahinAonAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che, 138 paraMtu A mahinA caMdranI kalAnI vadhaghaTa darzAvatA nathI. (6) divasanA AraMbha-aMta madhyarAtrithI madhyarAtrinA gaNAya che. rASTriya paMcAgane upayoga sarakAre potAnA patravyavahAramAM tathA AkAzavANImAM IravI sananI sAthe sAthe karavA mAMDayo che, AthI kelenDaro tathA paMcAMgamAM ene samAveza karavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu A paddhati lokomAM pracalita thatI nathI. AkhA dezamAM kAlagaNanAnI ekasarakhI paddhati pracalita thAya e hetu spaSTataH AvakArya che ne bhAratIya paraMparAnA cokaThAmAM rAkhI ene ghaNuM vaijJAnika svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM che, paraMtu bhAratanAM lagabhaga badhAM dhArmika vrata tathA tahevAre cAMdra mAsanI tithi pramANe gaNAya che, AthI e mATe to cAMda mAsavALA paMcAMganI jarUra cAlu rahe che. ne laukika vyavahAramAM IsvI sanane upayoga lAMbA kAlathI ghaNo rUDha thayo hoI temaja vadhatA jatA AMtararASTriya vyavahArane laIne ene upaga dinapratidina vadhato jato hoI aneka pradezonI bhinna bhinna paraMparAonA mizraNavALI A navI paddhati lekavyavahAramAM bhAgyeja pracalita thAya ema che. pAdaTIpe 1. khAravelanA lekhamAM AvatA "muLarA-dA" evA eka saMbhavita pATha parathI keTalAke "maurya kAla' nAme saMvata hovAnuM anumAna tAreluM ane e saMvata caMdragupta maurye zarU karelo hovAnuM dhAreluM (Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 187, p. 1-2). paraMtu "muLarAja" e pATha saMdigdha ja nahi, asvIkAra Olta D (Barua, Old Brahmi Inscriptions in the Udayagiri Khandagiri Caves, p. 4). 2. sAtavAhana rAjAonA abhilekhamAM paNa e ja paddhati rahelI che. 3. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book II, Nos. 58, 62

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13 muM ] kAganA [499 4. Ghosh, PIHT, 1931, p. 122; Altekar, PIHC , 1950, pp. 39 f; Sudhakar Chattopadhyay, Sakas in India, pp. 43.ff.; K. A. Nilkanta Sastri, Comprehensive History of India, Part II, p. 310 5. kaniMgahame kSaharAta kSatraponA abhilekhamAM prayojAyelA saMvatane vikrama saMvata mAnyo (Numismatic Chronicles, 1888, p. 232), jayAre resane (JRAI 1999, * p. 365), bhAMDArakare (IA, 1978, pp. 16 f) ane rAyacaudharIe (PHAI, pp. 488 f) A saMvatane zaka saMvata mAnyo, 6. JASB (NS), No. 47, p 95 7. jamInadAra, "kSatrapakAlIna gujarAta ItihAsa ane saMskRti', pR. 189, pA TI. 100 ci Fergusson, JRAS, Vol. XII, pp. 259 ff.; Oldenburg, IA, Vol X, p. 214; Ranson, CICBM, p. 105, f, n.4; Banerji, IA, Vol. XXXVII, p. 25; Raychaudhuri, PHAI, pp. 296 ff.; Ghosh, IHQ, Vol. V, p 49; J. E. Van Lohuizen De Leeuw, The Scythian Period, Chapters 1 and 7; Sudhakar Chattopadhyay, EHNT, p. 78; Sircar, Indian Epigraphy, pp. 258 ff. 4. Bhau Daji, JBBRAS, Vol. IX, pp. 139 ff; Indraji, BG, Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. 26 f.; Fleet, JRAS, 1913, pp. 966 ff. lo. Cunningham, NC, 1888, p. 232; 1892, p. 44; Dubreuil, AHD, p. 35 11. D. R. Bhandarkar, ,,BBRAS., Vol. XX, pp. 269 ff. 12 Sten Konow, EI, Vol. XIV, p. 141 13. rAkRtirADyArisaMvatsara (varSa 500), rAkRtisaMvatsara (varSa 534), i gRpAMva sara(varSa 735), anuvA(varSa 716), rAva saMvat (varSa 832) (Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 191) zaka saMvata sAthe zAlivAhana nAma to ghaNuM moDuM saMkaLAyuM. A nAmane prayoga sau prathama kanaDa bhASAmAM lakhAyela semarAjanI kRti(zaka saM. 1144-I. sa. 1222)mAM maLe che. babhilekhamAM sau prathama prayoga yAdava rAjA kRSNanAM tAsagAMva dAnapatro(zaka saM. 1172-I. sa. 1251)mAM jovA maLe che (Sincar, IE, p. 262). have "za" ne "rA' e zabada saMvatanA sAmAnya arthamAM prayojAvA lAgyA. 14. IA, Vol. XVII, p. 208 15. gata varSonI paddhati eTale varSasaMkhyA ApavAmAM vartamAna (cAlu) varSanI nahi, paNa gata (vyatIta) varSa, arthAt chellA pUrA thayela varSanI saMkhyA gaNAya e paddhati; dA. ta. gata paddhatie varSa 1890 = vartamAna paddhatie varSa 1891. 16. tAmilanADamAM zaka saMvatamAM vartamAna varSonI paddhati haju paNa jaLavAI rahI che (Fleet, Cl, Vol. III, p 101).

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pa00 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA [ . 17. IA, Vol. XVII, p 208 8. dA. ta. zaka varSa 1860nI barAbara I. sa. nuM varSa kADhavuM hoya te e varSanA caitra sudi (29 mI mArca)thI poSa sudi 12 (31 mI DiseMbara) sudhI I. sa. 1968 Ave, jyAre poSa suda (1 lI jAnyu.)thI phAgaNa vada 30 (18 mI mArca) 1 sudhI I. sa. 1969 Ave - 19 dA. ta. zaka varSa 1890 nA caitra sudi 1 thI Aso vadi 30 sudhI vi. saM. 2024 ane zaka varSa 1890 nA kArataka suda 1 thI phAgaNa vada 30 sudhI vi. saM. 2025 Ave. 20. arthAta rautra mAsathI zarU thatAM. 21. arthAta pUrNimAnI tithithI pUrA thatA, 22. arthAta amAvAsyAnI tithithI pUrA thatA. 22. zoSA, mA4i, pR. 173 24. lATanA rASTrakUTa rAjA kaka bIjAnAM AMtarelI-chArelI tAmrapatromAM miti zaka saMvata 679 (I. sa. upaka)nI che (JBBRA, Vol. XVI, pp. 105 ff). 25 jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNanA vizeSAvaracavAmAO mAM kRtinA racanAkAlanI miti zaka saM. 531 (I. sa. 19)nI, jinadAsagaNi mahattaranI vanyasUtrai mAM zaka saM. 598 (I. sa. 176-07)nI, udyatanamani kuvarImAtrA mAM zaka varSa 700(I. sa. 779)nI ane jinasenasUrinA rivaMzapurA mAM zaka saM. 705(I. sa. 783-84)nI jaNAvela che. A saMvatanI sAthe "zaka" zabda prayojAyo hoya tevo sau prathama lekha uttara bhAratamAM varAhamihiranI "vasiddhAti" mAM jovA maLe che, jyAre dakSiNa bhAratamAM cAlukya rAjA pulakezI 1lAnA zaka saM. 465(I. sa. 543)nI mitivALA abhilekhamAM jovA maLe che (incar, IE, p. 259, f, n. 2). 27. dakhaNamAM cAlukya rAjAoe sau prathama zaka saMvatano prayoga karyo hovAno ullekha pulakezI pahelAnA zaka saM. 465(I. sa. 543)nI mitivALA bAdAmIne khaDaka lekha(Sincar, IE, p. 259)mAM maLe che. dakhkhaNanA prAcIna cAlakoe A saMvata gujarAtamAMthI apanAvyuM che saMbhave che evuM mirAzIe sUcavyuM che (V. V. Mirashi, Studies in Indology, Vol. II, pp. 95 ff.). 28. AmAMnA dareka saMvatsarane alaga nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che. A saMvatsaracakane sAmAnyataH "bAhaspatya saMvatsaracakrI tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu dakSiNa bhAratamAM je saMvatsAcaka pracalita che te vastutaH sATha saura varSonuM che, jyAre uttara bhAratamAM sAcA bArhaspatya saMvatsara prayojAya che. baMne paddhatiomAM saMvatsarAnAM nAma sarakhAM che, paraMtu dakSiNa bhAratamAM ene AraMbha prabhAva saMvatsarathI thAya che, jyAre uttara bhAratamAM vijaya saMvatsarathI thAya che. zaka saMvata sAthe vaparAyelA saMvatsara dakSiNa bhAratanI paddhatinA che. 24. V. B. Ketkar, Indian and Foreign Chronology, p. 42

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13 muM kAlagaNanA [52 30. taraNetarano zilAlekha, je gAyakavADanA senApati viThThala bAbAjIne lAgato che, temAM pahelAM zaka varSa ane pachI saMvatanuM varSa ApeluM che. A lekha I sa. 18 ne ( Inscriptions of Kathiawad, No. 185 ). rASTriya paMcAganI paddhatine paricaya A prakaraNane aMte ApavAmAM Ave che. 32. R. N. Mehta and S. N. Chowdhary, "Preliminary Note on the Excavations of the Devninori Stupa,' JOI, Vol. XII, pp. 173 ff. 33. Sircar, 'Thc Reckoning of the Kathika Kings,' JOI, Vol. XIV, p. 337 34. juo nIce saMvata naM. 5. 34. K. V. Soundara Rajan, 'Andhra Ikshvaku Chronology and its Significance for Early History of Gujarat,' JGRS, Vol. XXV, p. 289. 35. K. F. Somfura, 'The Problem of the Kathika Dynasty in Gujarat,' JOI, Vol. XV, pp. 62 ff. 31. Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III, No. 14; Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, Book ||, No. 25; gi, va, AcArya, "gujarAtanA etihAsika lekhe," naM. 15 36. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, pp. 29 ff. 39. gupta saMvatanA AraMbhakAla vize keTalAka vidvAne bhinna bhinna maMtavyo dharAve che ne guptakAlanI mitionI gaNatarI parathI ene badale bIjA judA judA AraMbhakAla sUcave che. kaniMgahame gupta saMvatanA AraMbha mATe Isa. 166-67nuM varSa gaNAvyuM hatuM (48I, Vol. X, pp. ill f; A Book of Indian Eras, pp. 53 ft.), zAma zAstrIe gupta-valabhI saMvatanA AraMbha mATe I. sa. 200-01 nuM varSa 2ja karyuM hatuM (MAD, An. Rep, 1923, pp. 7 f.), jyAre goviMda pAIe A saMvatano AraMbha I. sa. 272-73 mAM thayo hovAnuM jaNAvyuM hatuM (JIH, Vol. XI, pp. 175 1). ke. jI. zaMkare geviMda pAInA matane samarthana ApyuM ane valabhI saMvata AraMbha paNa e ja varSamAM thayo hovAnuM sUcavyuM (NIA, Vol. IV, pp. 419 ffi). moTA bhAganA vidvAne gupta saMvatanuM AraMbha-varSa I. sa. 310-20 hovAne mata dharAve che. - 40. dA. ta. gupta saMvata 176 ne ce. su. 15 mI mArcathI mAgha ru. 7 (31 mI | DiseMbara) sudhI I. sa. 455 ane mAdha su. 8(1 lI jAnyuArI)thI phA. va. 30 (21 mI phebruArI) sudhI I. sa 456 Ave. . 81. Fleet, Cli, Vol. III, p. 80 42. IA, Vol. ||, p 257; EI, Vol. XXVI, pr. 203 f; "gujarAta itihAsa " saMdarbha sUci, khaMDa 2, naM. 178, 184, 186, 190, 192 47, JRA, Vol. VII, p. 354

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502] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA tpra. 88. JBBRAS, Vol. VII, p. 30 84. JRAS, Vol. XII, p. 5 Yf. JBBRAS, Vol. VII, p. 115; Vol. VIII, p. 247 89. JRAS (NS), Vol. IV, p. 90 xc. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, Introduction 49. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", pariziSTa 1-2 40-41. Sachau, Alberuni's India, Vol. II, p. 7 42. IA, Vol. XI, p. 242 53. varSa mATe tyAre saMvata zabda prayojAto, je vastuta: savAsara nuM saMkSipta rUpa che. saMvata ne badale saMva ke tuM evuM vadhu saMkSipta rUpa paNa prajAtuM. hAla jene saMvata (Era) kahIe chIe te arthamAM tyAre ja zabda prayojAto. 14 dharasena bIjAnA saM. 254ne dAnapatramAM vaizAkha vada 15 ne divase sUryagrahaNa jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che (mai. gu, pari. 1, naM 29). 55. dharasena cothAnA saM. 330nA dAnazAsanamAM dvitIya nAgarikane mai. ga, pari. 1, naM. 59), zIlAditya 3 jAnA saM. 13 nA dAnazAsanamAM dvitIya ASADhane (ejana, naM. 63) ane e ja rAjAnA saM. 357 nA dAnazAsanamAM dvitIya poSane (ejana, na. ) ullekha Ave che. pa6, ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", pR. 77 thI jayAre cAMdra mAsa daramyAna sUryanI eka rAzimAMthI bIjI rAzimAM saMkrAMti na thAya tyAre e mAsane "adhika mAsa" gaNavAmAM Ave che. madhyama mAnanI sthala paddhati pramANe cAMdra mAsa haMmezAM saura mAsa karatAM ke raheto hovAthI emAM game te mAsa adhika hovo saMbhave che, paraMtu spaSTa mAnanI saphalma paddhati pramANe ziyALAmAM cAMdra mAsa karatAM saura mAsa ke thato hovAthI mAgasara ane poSamAM sUryanI saMkrAti na thAya evuM bhAgyeja saMsave che ne e kAraNe e be mAsamAM adhika mAsa Ave evuM javalle ja bane che (ha. gaM. zAstrI, mi. gu, pR. 579, pA. TI. 73). meSAdi paddhatinA prAcIna niyamane anusaratA kAlamAM adhika mAsa haMmezAM dvitIca mAsa ja gaNAtA ne maitraka rAjyanAM dAnazAsanamAM dvitIya mAsanI je mitio ApavAmAM AvI che te adhika mAsanI ja hovAnuM jaNAya che. dAnane mahimA adhika mAsamAM gaNAto e kAraNe A svAbhAvika gaNAya. hAla cAMdra mAsanuM nAma e mAsanA AraMbhamAM rahelI suryanI rAzi anusAra pADavAmAM Ave che. emAM saryanI mInAdi rAzimAM zarU thato cAMdra mAsa anukrame caitrAdi kahevAya che, paraMtu prAcIna kALamAM sUryanI mInAdi rAzimAM zarU thatA cAMdra mAsane badale sUryanI meSAdi rAzimAM pUre thato cAMdra mAsa anukame citrAdi gaNAya evI paddhati pracalita hatI. mAsanA AraMbhe sUryanI mInAdi rAzi hoya ne mAsanA aMte enI meSAdi rAzi hoya e baMne paddhati anusAra mAsanuM citrAdi nAma pADavAmAM sAmAnya rIte kaMI pharaka paDato nathI, paraMtu adhika mAsanA nAmakaraNamAM phera paDe che. dA.ta. mInAdi paddhatie je adhika mAsa prathama caitra gaNAya te meSAdi paddhatie dvitIya phAlgana gaNAto (ejana, pR. 580, pA, TI, cha7).

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13 muM kAlagaNanA 58. maitraka kAla pachI va. saM. 500 thI 245 sudhInI mitio maLe che (mai. gu, pR. pa82, 5. TI. 80). " gujarAta ItihAsa saMdarbhasUci", khaMDa 2, naM. 174, 188, ra58, ra59, 703 ane 392; D. B. Diskalkar, Inscriptions of Kathiawad, Nos. 5 and 9 59. anu-maitraka kAlathI saMva7 zabda hAlanA arthamAM prayojAvA lAgyo hato. 60. dA. ta. valabhI saMvata 183 kA. su. 1(29 mI sapTembara)thI mAgha sudi (31mI DiseM.) sudhI I. sa 101 ane mAgha sudi (1 lI jAnyu.thI Aso vada 30 (17 mI okaTobara) sudhI I sa. 502 Ave. 11. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, Nos. 11, 12, 14 to 30; EI, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 117 f; "gujarAta ItihAsa saMdarbhasUci", khaMDa 2, lekha naM. 2, 70, 82, 91, 94, 9, 101, 11, 17, 12, 122, 128, 135, 16, 179-141 82 Rapson, Catalogue of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Kshatrapas, the Traikutaka Dynasty etc., pp. 135 ff. 13 u. ta. juo Bhandarkar's List, No. 1232 K. 896), 1233 K. 898), 1239 (K. 910), 1212 (Ch. 919), 1249 (Ch. 983). 64. I.A, Vol. Xill, p. 76 65. JAOS, Vol. VI, p. 501 16. ASI, Yol IX, pp. 112 1. 17. IA, Vol XVII, pp. 215 ft. sc. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, p. 10 69. mokSA, mAratIya jJAna viSADhA, pR. 174 vo. Mirashi, op. cit., pp. 11 ff. 71. 6. ta. kalacuri saMvata 207 barAbara vikrama saMvata 112 bAve ne enA kArataka suda 1 (28 mI sapTebara)thI mAgha su. 7 (31 mI DiseMbara) sudhI I. sa. 455 ane mAgha sa. 8(1 lI jAnyuArI)thI Aso vada 30 (15 mI okaTobara) sudhI I. sa. 456 Ave. 07. Mirashi, CII, Vol IV, p. 9 63. History of India, p. 30 98-04. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, Intro., pp. xxii ff. 71. A saMvatanuM vahelAmAM vaheluM upalabdha varSa paha3 nuM maLe che. e pachI lagabhaga 131 varSanA gALA bAda kalacuri saMvata 724 thI 967 sudhInA varSa maLe che. 7. IA, Vol. XII, pp. 155 ft. 08. Eaa, Vol. XII, pp. 197 f. 09. amarelInA mRtpAtra-khaMDa lekhamAM saM. 344nI miti ApavAmAM AvI che, ane e rIte A varSa vi. saMnuM sau paheluM upalabdha varSa gaNAya (S. P. Rao, Excavations at Amreli, p. 92), paraMtu gujarAtamAM A saMvata eTalo vahelo pracalita thayo hoya evuM bhAgyeja saMbhave che. prAyaH A varSanI saMkhyA 344 ne badale 244 hoya ane e varSa zaka saMvatanuM hoya.

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pa04] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 80. vikrama saMvatanA nAmavALo prayoga cAhamAna rAjA caMDamahAsenanA vi. saM. 898 (I. sa. 84-843nI mitivALA dhaulapura zilAlekhamAM upalabdha thAya che (Bhandar kar's List, no. 27). 81, JRAI, 1870, p. 81 82. ASI, Vol. 11, p. 68 83. , Vol. XX, p. 407 cx. Velendai Gopal Ayar, Chronology of Ancient India, pp. 175 ff. 64. Vikrama Volume, p. 119, f. n. 4 96. JRAI, 1954, p. 978; 1915, p. 119 CV. JBBRAS, Vol. XVI, pp. 251 f. cc. Sircar, IE, pp. 254 f. ck. Vikrama Volume, pp. 483 ff. to. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, pp. 198 ff. 1. D. C. Sincar, IE, pp. 254 ft. 92. za. cu. medI, "pATaNa sthApanAnAM tArIkha vAra tithi, "kAntamAlA", pR. 157-58 93. , vRkrayAjIrA, pR. 94. siharSi, samitimavarUpathA , pR. 776 64. R. K. Trivedi, Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat, p. 48 che. dA. ta. vi. saM. 2025nA kArataka suda (22 mI okaTobara)thI poSa suda 14 (31 mI DiseMbara) sudhI I. sa 18 ane piSa suda 14(1 lI jAnyuArIthI Aso vada 0 (9mI naveMbara) sudhI I. sa. 1919 Ave. 40. Bhandarkar's List, Nos. 1461, 1463 1465 and 1466 tc. James Tod, Travels in Western India, p. 506, f, n. 1 . 99. BG, Vol. VII, p. 543 100. V. G. Ojha, Bhavnagar Pracina Sodhasangraha, pp. 2 F 101, BG, Vol. I, Part 1, p. 176 102, sarga 20, zloka 102 103. sarga 1, zloka 21 ja. . cu. modI, saMskRta dvayAzraya kAvyamAM madhyakAlIna gujarAtanI sAmAjika sthiti", 5 75 105. patraya jAgya, sa 11, roja 50 106. dA. ta. siha saMvata 151 mAM citra suda 1(29mI pheza)thI poSa suda 2 (31 mI DiseM) sudhI I. sa. 1ra64 Ave ane poSa suda 13(1 lI jAnyu)thI phAgaNa vala 30 (18 mI mArca sudhI I. sa. 1265 Ave. mahAvIra svAmInA nirvANanA kharA varSa vize arvAcIna vidvAnomAM matabheda pravarte che (muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 149-50), paraMtu ahIM A saMvatane AraMbha vartamAna rUDha varSathI ja gaNAya che.

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kAlagaNanA t505 216. D. C. Sircar, Indian Epigraphy, p. 322 19. nau. TI. volA, bhAratIya prAcIna vimAtrA, pR. 163, TI. 2 110. gjhana, rI 1. 111. o % 848 (gara, TI. rU) 112. gana, TI. rU. AgaLa jatAM keTalAka digaMbara jaina lekhakoe vIra-nirvANa saMvata zaka saMvatane badale vikrama saMvatanI pUrve 605 varSo thayo hovAnI gerasamaja karI che. bIjA keTalAka digaMbara jaina lekhakoe vaLI zaka saMvatathI 46, 775 ke : 14393 varSa pahelAM vIranirvANu thayAnuM lakhyuM che (kujhana, pR. 163).. 113 . ta vI ni saM. 245 barAbara vi. saM. 2025 Ave, jyAre kAratakathI phAgaNa sudhI zeka varSa 1890 ane citrathI Aso sudhI zeka varSa 181 Ave. 114. dAta. vIra nirvANa saMvata 245 barAbara kA. su. 1(22 mI oNkaTobara)thI po. su 12 (31 mI DiseMbara) sudhI I. sa. 1918 ane piA. su. 13(1 lI jAnyuArI)thI Aso vada 30 (9mI naveMbara) sudhI I. sa. 1969 Ave che. 114. R B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, Part I, p. 181 116. IA, Vol. XI, p. 241 117. bhAratamAM A saMvatane pahelavahelo prayoga mahamUda gajhanavInA lAhoramAMthI bahAra pADavAmAM AvelA be bAjunA lakhANavALA sikkAomAM jovA maLe che, jemAM hijarI sana 418-19(I. sa. 1027-28)ne halekha che (mokSA, bhAratIya prAcIna jivimAThA,pR.111). sikkA paranA lakhANamAM saMskRtamAM A saMvatane tAjInIyasaMvata eTale tAjika (Araba) lokone saMvata kahevAmAM Avyo che (D. C. Sincar, Indian Epigraphy, p. 309). 118. A divasa vi. saM. 678nI zrAvaNa zukala ne guruvAranI barAbara che. pse. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. VI, p. 317 120. Report of the Calendar Reform Committee, p. 182 12. Ibid, p. 180 122. I. sa. 1943-76 daramyAna hijarI sananA barAbara varSanI saMkhyA 580 jeTalI eAchI Ave che. Ama A taphAvata samaya jatAM uttarottara ghaTato hovAthI taphAvatane eka nizcita AMkaDe rahetuM nathI, chatAM hijarI sanamAMthI IsvI sana zodhavAnI ane IsvI sanamAMthI hijarI sana kADhavAnI paddhatio zodhavAmAM AvI che. 123. M. S, Commissariat, History of Gujarat, Vol. 11, p. 337 124 leDara sTIphananA samayane (Armeniyana) saMvata 1077(I. sa. 1628-29)ne eka kabara-zilAlekha amadAvAdamAM kAMkariyA taLAva pAse maLelo che (E. L, Rapp, * An Armenian Epigraph at Ahmedabad', J. O. I., Vol. XVII, pp. 22 ff.

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 224. M. S. Commissariat, op. cit., pp. 377 f. 224 Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. VI, pp. 316 ff. 220 D. C Sircar, IE., p 279 128-29. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. VI, pp. 316 f. 130 jAnyuArI, mArca, me, julAI, ogasTa, okTobara, DiseMbara 131. eprila, jUna, sapTebara, naveMbara. 12. kharI rIte sAyana saura varSa ka65 divasa, 5 kalAka, 48 miniTa, sekanDanuM hoya che, eTale dara cAra varSe eka divasa umeravAthI varSanI sarerAza laMbAI 11 miniTa 11 sekanDa jeTalI vadhI jAya, AthI dara 400 varSe bAkInAM traNa varSone Duta varSa na gaNIne e pharakane ghaNe bhAga ghaTADavAmAM Ave che. zataka varSomAM je varSanI saMkhyAne 400 vaDe bhAgatAM zeSa na vadhe tene ja "Duta varSa" gaNavAmAM Ave che, jemake I. sa. 2000ne, paNa 19, 200, 2200, 2300 ne nahi. 13. saura saMkrAMti pramANe Avato ahIMne makarasaMkrAMtine tahevAra AthI dara varSe eka ja tArIkhe bAve che 134. bhAratIya saMvatamAM 12 cAMdra mAsanuM varSa hoya che ne emAM lagabhaga rA varSe eka adhika mAsa umerIne ene saura varSamAna sAthe meLa meLavavAno rahe che, tethI cAMdra mitio pramANenA tahevAranA RtukAlamAM thoDA divasone ja pharaka rahe che. hijarI sananAM varSomAM cAMdra mAsanI sAthe e kaMI umere karAto na hoI emAM tahevArane tukAla haMmezAM badalAyA kare che. 135. IrAnano jarathostrI saMvata, je ahIMnA pArasIonA dhArmika vyavahAramAM pracalita che temAM bAreya mahinA 30-30 divasanA gaNIne chevaTe pAMca phAlatA divasa umeravAmAM Ave che. ene gAthAnA divasa kahe che. ene laIne jarAstrI saMvatanAM varSa 365 divasanAM hoya che. e sara mAnane anusare che, paNa emAM Duta varSane prabaMdha na hoI enuM varSa kharA saura varSa karatAM lagabhaga be divasa TaluM TUMkuM rahe che. A saMvatanA varSamAM 31 mI DiseMbara sudhI 630 ane e pachI 629 umeravAthI IsvI sananuM varSa Ave che, 130. bhAratanA rASTriya paMcAMgamAM AvI ja paddhati apanAvavAmAM AvI che. 134. Report of the Calendar Reform Committee (Government of India), 1995. vaLI juo ha gaM. zAstrI "rASTriya kelenDaranI sakArI yojanA" buddhiprakAza", pu. 104, pR. 60-12, 71-79. 138, baMgALAmAM saura mAsa pracalita che ne ene niyana meSAdi saMkrAti pramANe vaizAkha Adi cAMdra mAsanAM nAma apAyelAM che. tAmilanADamAM e citra Adi nAme oLakhAya che, jyAre malabAramAM ene meSa Adi saMkrAMtionAM nAma 2414414i 241241 (Pillai, Indian Chronology, Table II).

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t500 vaMzAvaLIo 1, zAryAto zaryAti .. 2, bhaguo bhRgu Anarta uzanA sukanyA (5. cyavana) yuvane (5. sukanyA) romAna AmavAna dadhIca revata kaphadamI sArasvata aurva 3, haihayo RcIka kRtavIrya jamadagni arjuna (kArtavIrya) parazurAma 4. yAdava savaMta bhIma sAtvata lajAna devAvRdha aMdhaka bhajamAna zami kaMbalabahiSa Ahuka devaka ugrasena hedIka kesa, kRtavarmA zatadhanvA...

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108 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vRSNi sumitra yudhAjita devamIDhaSa anamitra ' zini : vRzmi phaka citraka zara, | vasudeva satrAjita prasena satyaka anUra ... ariSTanemi yuyudhAna (sAtyaki) balarAma pradyumna aniruddha vaja.

Page #536
[509 saMdarbhasUci 1. sAmAnya 1. mULa saMdarbhe (a) veda vera saMhitA, mAga 1-4 sAyaNAcAryanA bhASya sAthe Ed. by Max Muller vArANasI, 1966 taittirIya saMhitA saM. AgAze kAzInAtha zAstrI pUnA; 1000 maitrAyaNI saMhitA saM. zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavaLekara dha; vi. saM. 1998 atharvaveda saMhitA sAyaNAcAryanA bhASya sAthe muMbaI, 1895 etareya brAhmaNa sAyaNAcAryanA bhASya sAthe pUnA; 1896 zatapatha brAhmaNa sAyaNacAryanA bhASya sAthe kalakattA; 1905 gopatha brAhmaNa saM. rA. lA. mitra ane ha. caM. vidyA bhUSaNa, kalakattA; 1872 paMcaviMza brAhmaNa Eng. trans. by Dr. W. Caland Calcutta; 1931 taittirIya vAraNyaka, bhA. 1-2 sAyaNAcAryanA bhASya sAthe pUnA; 1897-98 bRhadArANyaka upaniSat saM. surezvarAcArya pUnA; 1892 jaiminIya upaniSad brAhmaNa saM. paM. rAmadeva lAhera; 1921 kauzika sUtra Ed. by M. Bloomfield New Haven; 1890 'baudhAyama dharmasUtra Ed. by E. Hultzch Leipzig; 1884

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9] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA (A) ItihAsa-purANa mahAbhArata mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva 'harivaMza rAmAyaNa agnipurANa kUrmapurANa garuDapurANa devIbhAgavata purANa padmapurANa brahmapurANa brahmANDapurANa bhaviSyapurANa bhAgavatapurANa graMtha 1 thI 17; pUnA; 1933-1961 saM. kRSNAcArya ane vyAsAcArya kuMbhakoNama; 1907 -saM. rAmacaMdra zAstrI kiMjavaDekara pUnA (citrazALA); 1936 -saM. pI. ela. vaidya pUnA; 1969 graMtha -4; vaDedarA, 1960-1965 pUna; 1900 muMbaI vi. saM. 1983 muMbaI, vi. saM. 1963 muMbaI, 1888 pUnA; 1894 5nA; 1895 muMbaI vi. saM. 1992 muMbaI 1959 gorakhapura; vi. saM. 2008 (punarmudraNa) vi.saM. 2010 pUnA; 1907 muMbaI, 1967 muMbaI, 1894 Eng. trans. by F. E. Pargiter Calcutta; 1904 kalyANa; 1981 muMbaIvi. saM. 1980 muMbaI vi. saM. 1986 pUnA; 1905 saM. munilAla gupta; vi. saM. 1990 muMbaI, vi. saM. 1966-67 matsyapurANa mArkaNDeya purANa kutarAtI-(ra) Markandeya Purana liMga purANa varAha purANa vAmana purANa vAyu purANa viSNu purANa ndra khaMDa 1, 5, 7

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kAlikA purANa garga saMhitA pAvAna bhA. 1-2 AryamantuzrInUpa bhA. 1-3 saphazi ( 4 ) auddha graMthA saM. kSemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa muMbaI; vi. sa. 1964 muMbaI; 1910 anuyogadvAra sUtra - maladhArihemacandrasUrikRta vRtti sAthe ( 4 ) jaina Agama saM. bhikhkhu je. kazyapa paTaNA; 1959 saM. gaNapati zAstrI trivendrama; 1920, 1922, 1925 muMbaI; 1924 aMta zAMta ane anuttaropavAtisUtra bhAvanagara; ( sAnuvAra ) vi. saM. 1990 viMkaniyuktti, mayaMziriSkRta TIza sAthe vizeSAvazyakabhASyA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNakRta bhA. 1-2 AcArAMga sUtra-ninavAsALimattaradhrutavRddhi sAthe ratalAma; vi. saM. 1998 AvazyakasUtra cUrNi (pUrva bhAga ane uttara bhAga) ratalAma [ 11 valpasUtra-zAntilALarasUriSkRta kaumuvI TIjA ratalAma; vi. saM. 1992 gambUDhIpaprajJapti, yAna zAntivandradyuta TInnA muMbaI, vi. saM. 1976 jJAtAdharmajyA, mayavasUriSkRta vRtti sAthe muMbaI, 1916 jJAtAdharmacAsUtrA, mAga 1--2 (sAnuvAra ) bhAvanagara; vi. sa. 1986 naMdisUtra - jina dAsagaNi mahattarakRta cUrNi nizIyasUtra, sthULa sAthe bRhatkalpa sUtra tatkAma; 1928 amadAvAda; 1952 saM. muni caturavijaya ane muni puNyavijaya; bhAvanagara; 1933-1942 amadAvAda; vi. saM. 1974 saM. rAjendravijayajI amadAvAda, vIra sauM. 2489

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512] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vRSNidazA (niryAvalikA bhAM bhukti) mahesANuM; saM. 1978 sUtrakRtAGga cUrNi, jinadAsagaNimahattarakRta 2tadAna; vi. sa. 1eel (8) sAsameta na mayA kSemendra aucityavicAracarcA muMbaI, 1895 jinadattasUri gaNaghara sArdhazataka jana pustaka prazastisaMgraha, jinaviNyajI (saM.) bhA. 1; bhuma, vi. sa. itke ~~~-vividhagacchIyapahAvalIsaMgraha muMbaI, 1961 (a) uo mane thaa| candrasUri munisuvratasvAmicaritra ( Peterson's Fifth Report, pp. 7f.) Bombay; 1896 jinaprabhasUri vividhatIrthakalpa (sani viya) zAMtiniketana: 1934 jinavijaya muni (saM.) purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgraha sattA, 1931 satyapurIyazrImahAvIrautsAha (saM. jinavijaya) "haina sAhitya sazAya", ma sabhahAvA; saM. 1884 nAlha visaladevarAso (saM. satyajIvana varmA) kAzI; bi. saM. 1981 prabhAcandra prabhAvakacarita (sa'. nivinaya muni) bhuga; 1940 merutuGgAcArya prabandhIcantAmaNi (sa'. niviya bhuni) zAMtiniketana, 1933 rAjazekharasUri prabandhakoza ( caturvizatiprabandha) saM. jinavijaya; zAMtiniketana; 1975 dhanapAla

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saMdarbhasUci [513 sidarSisUri hariSeNa amarasiMha udbhaTa bhaTa Tilya : pANini upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA Bombay; .918 ziyArA ( Ed. by A. N. Upadhye ); Bombay; 1943 (e) zAstrIya che nAstrijAnurAsana (rAmarArA; 4 thI AvRtti, saM. vAsudeva lakSmaNa zAstrI paNusIkara, muMbaI, 1913 jAvyAcArasaMgha; muMbaI 1928 arthazAstra (bhA. 1); saM. R. P.Kangle muMbaI, 1960 -Eng. Trans, by R. Shamsastry Ed. 7th; Mysore; 1961 3rAcArTI (graMtha 1-2), saM. zrIza candravasu dilhI; 1962 mUtrapATha, pAnapATa sahita, muMbaI, 1970 -AnanIya zikSA (juo siddhAntacaumut). tattvopaplavasiMha saM. paMDita sukhalAlajI ane pre. 2. che. parIkha; vaDodarA1940 rAhya saM. paMDita kedAranAtha muMbaI, 1943 siddhAnta caumuvI (TIva), muMbaI 1933 kAvyaprakAza-saTIka saM. rasikalAla cho. parIkha jayapura, 1959 #AvyamImAMsa AvRtti 3 jI. saM. Dalal and Sastry vaDodarA: 1934 ayarAzi mA . bharata bhaTojI dIkSita ! mamaTa rAjazekhara

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514] varAhamihira vAgbhaTa vAmara (uttarIna) vinayacandrasUri itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA siddhArita, lAhera; 1930 , , - vRtsaMhitA, Pts.I-II, saM. sudhAkara dvivedI Banaras, 1895-1899 #AvyAnurAsana, muMbaI, 1894 rAmacaMnnAra, muMbaI, 1933 vyarakSA, saM. ha. gaM. zAstrI amadAvAda, 1964 pAiasahamahaNNavo saM. vA. za. agravAla ane mAlavaNiyA vArANasI, 1963 haragoviMdadAsa hI. zeTha (e) lalita sAhitya udyotanasUri kAlidAsa kRSNa jayasiMhasUri kuvalayamAlAkathA saM. A. ke. upAdhe, muMbaI 1959 ghuvaMza, muMbaI, 1898 --vahUta, muMbaI, 1975 namAjhA, (saM. ane anu.) kavi dalapatarAma DA, amadAvAda, 1903 tumaLA-nArA, saM. motIcandra tathA vA. za. agravAla, muMbaI, 1959 dRzmIrAmana nATa, saM. c. D. Dalal, vaDedarA, 1920 rivara-purANa (pUrvArdha-uttarArdha) saM. paMDita darabArIlAla nyAyatIrtha muMbaI, 1930 jesalamera jainabhANDAgArIya pranthAnAM sUcIpatram saM. dalAla ane gAMdhI, vaDodarA, 1927 dazakumAracarita saM. gaDabale ane zarmA , muMbaI 1936 pazcanTa mA. 1-; muMbaI, 1891-96 ninasenamUri

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varAma bhojadeva mAgha bANabhaTTa bilhaNa saMdarbha sUci [pa15 zAkagvaMdha, AvRtti rajI saM. DAhyAbhAI pI. derAsarI amadAvAda, 1926 -guja. anu. DAhyAbhAI pI derAsarI amadAvAda, 1924 prAcIna gurjara kAvyasaMgraha saM. ci. DA. dalAla, vaDodarA, 1928 sarasvatIjhAmara, muMbaI, 1925 zizazupAvadha (saTI), muMbaI, 1905 jArI, saM. pI. ela. vaidya pUnA; 1935 -rSacarita (saMjana 6), muMbaI, 1917 vikramAGkadevacarita mahAkAvya saM. vizvanAtha zAstrI bhAradvAja vArANasI; 1958-1964 moharAjaparAjaya nATaka saM. muni caturavijyajI vaDodarA; 1918 mudritakumudacandra prakaraNa banArasa; vIra saM. 2432 bAlarAmAyaNa - saM. paMDita goviMdadeva zAstrI banArasa, 1869 jAmasUtra (sI), (hindI anuvAda) vArANasI; 1964 sAcina (raTIza), muMbaI, 1951 vasudevaSTiI (va8 1-2) saM. caturavijaya ane puNyavijaya bhAvanagara; 1930-1931 kathAsaritsAra, muMbaI, 1930 -hiMdI ana. bhA. 1-2 yazaHpAla cazana rAjazekhara bAtsyAyana vizvanAtha saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka somadeva bhaTTa

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516 somaprabhAcAya zva hemacandra Barua, B M. Diskalkar, D. B. Fleet, J. F. Gadre, A. S. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Mirashi, V. V. anu. pa`Dita kedAranAtha zarmA paTaNA, 1960-61 mAravA MpratioSa, saM. muni jinavijaya vaDAdarA; 1920 Old Brahmi Inscriptions in Udayagiri-Khandagiri Caves Calcutta, 1929 Bhandarkar, D. R. (Ed.) "A List of Inscriptions of Northern India" (EI, Vols. XIX-XXI) Delhi, 1932, 1933, 1934 Inscriptions of Kathiawad Bombay; 1938-41 nIti rImuvI, sa puNyavijayasari muMbaI, 1961 - surathotsava mahAkAvya sa, paoNMDita ane paraba, muMbaI, 1902 dvayAzraya mahAkAvya (saMskRta), sa. athavaTe, muMbaI; 1925-1921 ( e ) abhilekhA Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III: Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and Their Successors, Calcutta; 1888 Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State, Vol. I Baroda; 1943 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. IV: In-f scriptions of the Kalachuri

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saMdarbhasUSyi " [pAchuM Chedi Era (2 Parts) Ootacammund; 1955 Sircar, D. C. Select Inscriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. 1 Calcutta; 1942 AcArya, girajAzaMkara vallabhajI (saM.) gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho, bhA. 1-3 muMbaI, 1937, 1935, 1942 31, a. tit. (a.) bhAvanagara prAcIna zodhasaMgraha Bhavnagar; 1887 upAdhyAya, vAsudeva prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhAMkA adhyayana dillI; 1961 (aul) uls-dler McCrindle, J. W. Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy; Calcutta; 1927 The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Eng. Trans. by Wilfred H. Schoff, Calcutta; 1912 -udy. 24. 04 4341 24141414131; 1650 (5) all Hiuen Tsiang Buddhist Records of the Western World, Eng. Trans. by S. Beal, London, 1906 I-tsing A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malaya Archipelago, Eng. Trans. by: 1. Takakusu Oxford; 1896

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41EUR) itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 2. zafalla ual Agrawala, V. S. India as Known to Panini Lucknow; 1953 Altekar, A. S. A History of Ancient Towns and Cities of Gujarat and Kathiawad, Bombay; 1926 Apte, V. S. Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Pts. 1-III Poona, 1957-1959 Bhagvanlal (Vide Jackson) Bloomfield, M. Hymns of Atharvaveda Oxford; 1897 Campbell, J. M. (Ed.) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vols. V, VIII, IX, Pt. 1 Bombay; 1880, 1884 & 1901 Commissariat, M. S. History of Gujarat, Vols. I-II London; 1938; Bombay; 1957 Cowell, E. B. Jataka Stories, Vol. IV London; 1927 Cunnigham, A. Ancient Geography of India, Calcutta; 1924 Dey, N. L. The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India London; 1927 Elliot and Dowson History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. I London, 1867 Jackson, A. M, T. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. I. Part I: History of Gujarat; Early

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saMdarbhasUci [1496 History prepared from notes by Bhagvanlal, Bombay; 1896 Macdonell, A. A. & Keith, Vedic Index, Vols. 1 & 11 A. B. London; 1912 (Reprint) Varanasi; 1958 Macdonell, A. B. Vedic Mythology Strassburg: 1897 -A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Oxford; 1924 Majmudar, M, R. (Ed.). Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I Baroda; 1960 Majumdar, A. K. Chaulukyas of Gujarat Bombay; 1956 Majumdar, R. C. (Ed.) The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. II : Age of Imperial Unity (2nd edition), Bombay; 1953 Mehta, Mohanlal Prakrit Proper Names, Vol. 1 Ahmedabad; 1970 Pandya, P. P. " Excavation at Prabhas Patan", Indian Archaeology 1956-57 -A Review, New Delhi; 1957 Pargiter, F. E. Tke Puranic Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age London; 1913 Parikh, R. C. " Introduction to the History of Gujarat as Background to the Life and Times of Hemachandra", Kavyanusasana, Vol. II, Bombay; 1938

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Rao, S. R. . para ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA "Excavations at Rangpur," Indian Archaeology 1953-54 --A Review New Delhi, 1954 Sachau, Edward (Ed.) Alberuni's India, Vol. I London; 1914 Sankalia, H. D. Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat Poona; 1949 - Pre-history and Proto-history in India and Pakistan Bombay; 1962 Woolner, A. C. Asoka Text and Glossary, Parts 1-II, London; 1924 Watters, Th. On Yuan Chuang's Travels in India, Vol. II, London; 1905 jozI, u. je. purANomAM gujarAta (bhaugolika khaMDa) amadAvAda, 1946 parIkha, rAmalAla (saM.) gujarAta eka paricaya, bhAvanagara; 1961 dalAla, sI. DI. (saM) prAcIna gurjarakAvyasaMgraha vaDedarA, 19ra0 mahetA, 2. nA. purAvastuvidyA, vaDodarA, 1961 munazI, kanaiyAlAla mA. gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAda, 1968 vA, bApAlAla ga. nighaMTu Arza, graMtha 1-2 haseTa; 192-28 zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa amadAvAda, 1964

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sAMkaLiyA, ha. dhI. sAMDesarA, bhA. ja. Desai, B. N. 2. prakaraNavAra [sAmAnya soMdarbhasUcimAM jaNAvelA graMthA sivAyanA graMthaiAnI tathA nirdiSTa lekhAtI ] prakaraNa 1 Janki, V. A. Merh, S. S. Oza, H. P. Trivedi, R. K. (Ed.) sadarbha sUci joTa, ratnamaNirAva bI. dave, narmadAza Mkara lA. desAI IzvaralAla che, rAThoDa, rAmasiMha. "prAgaitihAsika gujarAta," gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAda; 1968 jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta amadAvAda; 1952 "" Metereology '', Indian National Congress, 66 th Sessiam, Bhavnagar, Souvenir, A Glimpse of Gujarat (INC.GC) Bhavnagar; 196' ( pa "Physical Features", INC.GG Bhavnagar; 1961 ''Mineral Resources', INC GG Bhavnagar; 1961 k Sea-Coast ', INC. GG Bhavnagar; 1961 Census of India, 1961, Vol. V : Gujarat, Part I-A(i) Delhi; 1965 khaMbhAtanA itihAsa amadAvAda; .1935 gujarAta sarvasaMgraha, muMbaI, 1887 sUrata seAnAnI mUrata, sUrata; 1958 / kacchanuM saMskRtidarzIna amadAvAda; 1959

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ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA zAha, pu. cha. ane zAha, caM . (saM.) carotara sarvasaMgraha, vibhAga 1 naDiyAda, 1954 zAha, caMdulAla bhUmiprakAre" gujarAta eka paricaya bhAvanagara; 1961 zukala, zivazaMkara pahADa, nadIo ane yAtrAdhAma" gujarAta eka paricaya bhAvanagara; 1961 prakaraNa 2 Merh, S. S. Pigott, Stuart derAsarI, DA. pI. "Geology and Mineral Resources", INC, GG, Bhavnagar; 1961 Prehistoric India (Reprint) Middlesex; 1952 bhUstara vijJAna, uttarArdha amadAvAda, 1932 "saurASTranI bhUstara-racanA", pathika, va.7, amadAvAda, 1968 "gujarAtanI bhUstararacanA", gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAda, 1968 sAMkaLiyA, ha. dhI. vaDiyA, DI. ena. prakaraNa 3 Bhandarkar, D. R. Divetia, N. B. Asoka (3rd Ed.) Calcutta; 1955 Gujarati Language and Literature, Vol. 11 Bombay; 1932 Census of India, 1961, Vol. V: Gujarat, Part I-A (i) Trivedi, R. K. (Ed.)

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saMdarbhasUthi jamInadAra, raseza ca. kSatrapakAlIna gujarAtaH itihAsa ane saMskRti H (aprakaTa mahAnibaMdha) amadAvAda, 1966 jozI, umAzaMkara purANomAM gujarAta amadAvAda, 1946 desAI goviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI gujarAtane arvAcIna ItihAsa amadAvAda, 1918 zAstrI, ke. kA. anuzIlana, vaDedarA, 1948 saurASTranI aitihAsika nagarIoH mAMgaroLa-seraTha, ribaMdara, 1967 - "saMskRta vADmayamAM gujarAtanA bhaugolika ulekhane AraMbha", Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Vol. XI, Bombay zAstrI, durgAzaMkara ke. gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta ItihAsa (bIjI AvRtti). amadAvAda, 1953 zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhA. 1-2 amadAvAda: 1955 prakaraNa 4-5 Childe, Gordon Ehrhardt, Sophie and . Kennedy, Kenneth What Happened in History (Reprint), Middlesex; 1957 Excavations at Langhnaj, Port III: The Human Skeletat Remains, Poona; 1965 The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities : Catalogue, Raisonne, Madras; 1914 Foote, R. B.

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4%) Ghosh, A. (Ed.) 11 Heras, S. J. Malinowski Rao, S. R. Sankalia, H. D. itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA -The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities, Notes on their Ages and Distribution, Madras; 1916 "Exploration and Excavation", Indian Archaeology 1957-58 -A Review, New Delhi; 1958 "Pre-history or Proto-history?" JBORAS, Vol. XXVIII Patna; 1942 "Culture", Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, Vol. IV (Reprint) New York; 1935 "Excavation at Rangpur ", Indian Archaeology 1953-54 -A Review New Delhi; 1954 Investigations into Prehistoric Archaeology of Gujarat Baroda; 1946 -An Introduction to Archaeology, Poona; 1965 -Excavation at Langhnaj: 1944 -63, Part I: Archaeology Poona; 1965 "Prehistory and Early History of Kutch", JGRS, Vol. XXX Bombay; 1968

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C "gujarAtanI bhUstararacanA sAsathi Soundara Rajan * Middle Stone: Age, Sites from Kaira District in Gujarat," JOI, Vol. X, Baroda; 1960 Subbarao, B. The Personality of India (20ded.), Baroda, 1958 --" Archaeological Exploration in the Mahi Valley", JGRS, Vol. 1 Bombay; 1939 jozI, umAzaMkara je. purANomAM gujarAta (bhaugolika aMze amadAvAda, 1946 "" mahetA, 2. nA. purAvastuvighA, vaDodarA, 1961 , vADiyA, DI. ena. gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAdaH 1968 sAMkaLiyA, ha. dhI. "prAgaitihAsika gujarAta", gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAda, 1968 - saurASTranA pASANayuga", "pathika" va. 7 amadAvAda, 1968 -kacchamAM Adi azmayuga fect pathika dIpotsavI aMka, saM. 2024 amadAvAda, 1968 prakaraNa-7 Agrawala, V. S. India as Known to Panini Lucknow; 1953 satis Bibby, G. " Kurul 1966", Antiquity, Vol. XXXII, Cambridge; 1958 Bridget and Raymond, Allchin The Birth of Indian 2011 Civilization, Middlesex; 1968

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itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Briggs, Buchanan " A Dated Seal connecting Babylonia with Ancient India", Archaeology, 20, No. 2 (1967) Chatterjee, B. K. & Anthropology on the March Kumar R. D. Madras; 1963 Childe, V. G. New Light on the Most Ancient East (Last Reprint) London; 1954 Desai, B. N. " Meteorology", INC. GG Bhavnagar; 1961 Dhaky, M. A. " The Indian Civilization: Its Origins, Authors, Extent and Chronology'', Indian Prehistory: 1964, Poona; 1965 Dikshit, M. G. " Excavation at Rangpur, " Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Vol. XI Poona; 1950 Ghosh, A. (Ed.) "Excavation & Exploration" Indian Archaeology 1954-55 to 1962-63-A Review New Delhi; 1955-1963 Heras, H. Studies in Proto Sudo-Medi terrian Culture, Bombay; 1953 Hrozny, B. Ancient History of Western Asia, India ond Crete New York, 1953 Hunter, A. A. The Script of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, London;: 1934

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Kane, P. V. Knorozov and others Kramer, S. N. Lele, V. S. Oppenheim, A. L. Pandya, P. P. saMdarbhasUci History of Dharmasastra, Vol. IV, Poona; 1953 * Proto Indica, Moscow; 1968 "Dilmun : Quest for Paradise", Antiquity; June, 1963 "Docks at Lothal"; The Journal of the Institution of Engineers, India, Poona Centre " The Seafaring Merchants of U. S.", The Journal of American Oriental Society, 1954 "Excavation at Prabhas Patan", Indian Archaeology 1956-57 -A Review, New Delhi; 1957 Decipherment of the ProtoDravidian Inscriptions of the Indus Civilization Copenhagan; 1969 Prehistoric India (Reprint) Middlesex; 1952 " The Excavation at Lothal", Lalit Kala, Nos. 3-4 New Delhi; 1956-57; Illustrated London News London; Feb. 25, 1961 and March 11, 1961 -"A Persian Gulf Seal from Lothal", Antiquity, Vol. XXXVII, 146 Cambridge, 1963 Parpola Asko & Thers Piggott, Stuart Rao, S. R.

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1 MORE! ] - ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA -- "The Indus Civilization : Its/ Origin, Authors, Extent and Chronology".. Indian Prehistory : 1964 ) Poona; 1965 :-"Lothaland Susa", Summary of Papers, International Congress Orientalists, New Delhi; 1965 _" Shipping; and Maritime Trade of the Indus People", Expedition, Vol. VII, No. 3 Pennsylvania; 1965 -Presidential Address, Proceedings of Historical Corference on Kelady Dynasty Shimoga; 1969 Roy, S. K Irdus Script Alemorandum, No. 1, New Delhi; 1963 - Indus Script Memorandum. No. 2; New Delhi; 1965 Sankalia, H. D. " Early Man in India", Journal Asiatic of Bombay Vols. 41-42, Bombay; 1968 Sarkar, S. S. Excavation ut Lothal (in the press) - Ancient Races of Baluchistan, Punjab and Sindh Calcutta; 1964 Sewell Seymour, R. B. "Human Remains ", Mohenjoand Guha, B. S. daro and the Indus Civilization, Vol. II, London; 1931

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Subbarao, B. Thapar, B. K. saMdarbhasUci [ vigt "Archaeology and Tradition," The Personality of India Baroda; 1956 Relations of the Indian Chalcolithic Cultures,' Indian Presonality : 1964 Poona; 1965 Early India and Pakistan London; 1959 Wheeler, Sir Mortimer prakaraNa 8- Ansari, z. D. and Mate, M. S. Athavale, V. B. Bhattasali, N. K. . Cowell, E. B. Excavations at Dwarka Poona, 1966 Solution of Dwarka Controversy', Bhartiya Vidya, Vol. VIII Bombay; 1947 Location of Krsna's Capital Dvaravati', Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, No.3 Calcutta; 1934 Jataka Stories, Vol. IV London; 1957 Historical Value of Pauranik Works," Journal of Gujarat Research Society, Vol. 1 Bombay; 1939 Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, New York; 1967 A Guide to Historical Method (4th Printing), New York; 1927 Diwanji, P. C. Edwards, Paul (Ed.) Garraghan, G. J.

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430 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Ghosh, A. (Ed) Indian Archaeology 1956-57 -A Review, New Delhi; 1957 Hazra, R. C. Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs Dacca; 1940 Katri, B. K. Mother Goddess Kamakhya Munshi, K. M. Early Aryans in Gujarat Bombay; 1941 Munshi, K. M. (Ed.) Glory that was Gurjarades'a. Part I, Bombay; 1943 Pargiter, F. E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi; 1965 Saletore, B. A. " The Submarine Fire in Indian History," Indian Culture, Vol. U Calcutta; 1936 Sankalia, H. D. Excavations at Maheshwar and Navadatoli, Poona; 1958 -"Dwarka in Archaeology and Tradition", The Times of India, Bombay; 2nd June, 1963 -"Dwarka in Literature and Archaeology", Journal of Asiatic Society of Bombay (N. S.), Vol. XXXVIII Bombay; 1963

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saMdarbhasUthi ( 431 prakaraNa 10-11 Altekar, A. S. "Six Saindhava. Copper-plate Giants from Ghumli", Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVI Delhi, 1942 Ansari, Z. D. and Mate M. S. Excavations at Dwarka Poona, 1960 Belvalkar, S. K. Systems of Sanskrit Grammars Poona, 1915 Commissariat, M. S. History of Gujarat, Vol. I London, 1958 Diskalkar, D. B. "Some Copper-plate Grants Recently Discovered JBBRAS (N. S.), Vol. III Bombay, 1928 Divatia, N. B. Gujarati Language and Literature, Vol. 11 Bombay, 1932 Gadre, A. S. "The Viidi Copper-plates of Sam. 297", Proceedings and Transactions of the VII All India Oriental Conference Baroda, 1935. - "The Watson Museum Plates of Dharasena Il", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XV, Calcutta, 1939 Joshi, Kalyanrai N. "Existing Ancient Sites of Dwarka". Sarada-pitha

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432) ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Pradipa, Vol. VIII, No. 2, Dwarka, 1968 Katri, B. K. Mother Goddess Kamakhya Khakhkhar, Dalpatram. Report on Architectural and Archaeological Remains in the Province of Kacch, Bombay Kielhorn,, F. "Daultpura Plate of Bhojadeva I of Mahodaya", Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V New Delhi, 1960 Law, B. C. Ancient Indian Tribes Lahore, 1926 - Mountains of India Calcutta, 1944 --- Rivers of India Calcutta, 1944 Majumdar, R. C. "Rise and Fall of the Pratihara Empire", Age of Imperial Kanauj, Bombay, 1955 Mankad, D. R. Puranic Chronology Anand, 1951 Mehta, R. N. Excavation at Nagara Baroda, 1968 -"Sculptures at Dholaka" Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, Nos. 6 & 7 Surat, 1960 Motichandra Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahabharata :

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Munshi, K. M. Pandya, A. V. Pargiter, F. E. Sankalia, H. D. Shah, Umakant P. Shastri, H. G. saMdarbhasUci (433 Upayana Parva Lucknow, 1945 Glory that was Gurjaradesa, Part III, Bombay, 1944 New Dynasties of Medieval Gujarat Vallabh Vidyanagar, 1969 Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi, 1962 Archaeology of Gujarat Bombay, 1941 Akota Bronzes Bombay, 1959 "A Maitraka Copper-plate Grant from Kasindra", Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. XIX, Part 4 Bombay, 1951 -"Palitana Plates of the Maitraka King Dhruvasena l", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XII, No. 1, Baroda, 1962 -- "The Location of the Raivataka Hill near Dwarka", Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, No. 10, Surat, 1963 -"Two Maitraka Copper-edicts from Vadnagar", JOI, Vol. XVII, Baroda, 1967

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534] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA --"Tarasadi Plates of Amoghavarsa l", JOI, Vol. XX, Baroda, 1970 Shastri, H. G., and "Ambalas Plates of Saindhava Dholakia, P. V. King Ahivarman ", JOI, Vol. XIX, Baroda, 1970 Sircar, D. C. " Rastrakuta Charters from Chinchani" and "Three Grants from Chinchani", Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXII Delhi, 1959 -"Ghumli Plates of Bashkaladeva, V. S. 1045", Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XXXI New Delhi, 1960 -"Devali Plates of Govinda, Valabhi 500", EI, Vol. XXXV New Delhi, 1962 gake, a. zaM. "vaLAnAM pAMca tAmrapatra." "buddhiprakAza" varSa 82, amadAvAda, 1935 -aNastunAM be tAmrapatra", "buddhiprakAza", varSa 88, amadAvAda, 1941 gAMdhI, na na. ane mahetA, "pathadIpa" dI. je. (saM.) dhoLakA, 1963 gaudAnI, harilAla, DhAMkI, madhusUdana "mahisAne nandI ane brAhma pratimAo, ane zAstrI, harizaMkara "vAdhyAya", va. 6, vaDodarA, saM. 2025 jeTa, ratnamaNirAva bhI. gujarAtanuM pATanagara : amadAvAda amadAvAda, 1928 -khaMbhAtane ItihAsa amadAvAda, 1935

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saMdarbhasUci -gujarAtane sAMskRtika itihAsaH islAma yuga, khaMDa 1, amadAvAda, 1945 jozI, umAzaMkara purANomAM gujarAta (bhaugolika khaMDa) amadAvAda, 1946 dave, ka. bhA. "gujarAtanA saMskRta sAhityakAra, Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Vol. XX. Bombay, 1958 dvivedI, maNibhAI purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta navasArI, 1940 dezAI, zaMbhuprasAda ha. zrIkRSNanI dvArakA", "janasattA", tA. 30-11-70 tathA tA. 31-13-70 rAjakoTa, 1970 muva, AnaMdazaMkara bA. digdarzana, amadAvAda, 1942 dhruva, ha. ha. karNAvatInA purAtana lekhanI khaMDita saMskRta prata', "buddhiprakAza", pu. 27 amadAvAda, 1880 -naDiyAdanI vAvane lekha" "buddhiprakAza, va. 30, amadAvAda, 1883 pAThaka, jagajIvana kALidAsa makaradhvajavaMzI mahIpavALA, porabaMdara bhaTTa, narmadAzaMkara caM. (anu.) kumArikA khaMDa athavA taMbhatIrtha mAhAo, khaMbhAta, 1961 mahetA, devazaMkara nA. nAgara mahimA visanagara, 1958 mahetA, mAnazaMkara pI. nAgarotpatti bhAvanagara, 1922 mahetA, ramaNalAla nA. nAgarakhaMDa-samayAMkana", "ravAdhyAya", 5.7 vaDedarA, vi. saM. 2025

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536] mAMkaDa, DolararAya raM. rAThoDa, rAmasiMhajI vaidya, bApAlAla ga. zAstrI, ke. kA. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA surASTra ane Anarta", "svAdhyAya", pR. 6 vaDedarA, vi. saM. 2025 kacchanuM saMskRtidarzana amadAvAda, 1950 nighaMTu Adarza, graMtha 2 hAMseTa, 1928 "revataka giri ane dvArakA', "pathika', varSa 6, aM. 2, amadAvAda, saM. 2022 - saurASTranI aitihAsika nagarIo : mAMgaroLa-seraTha, ribaMdara, 1967 -purANomAM gujarAtanI Adima jAtio, "vidyApITha", varSa 5 amadAvAda, 1967 - amadAvAdane saMskAra-vAraso "svAdhyAya, va. 9 vaDedarA, vi. saM. 2026 gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta ItihAsa, vibhAga 1-2 (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAda, 1953 nAgarapurAvRtta (hastaprata) phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhA. 1-2 amadAvAda, 1955 - saMjANanA sthAnika itihAsa para paDele prakAza', "gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada : 21muM saMmelanaH hevAla kalakattA, 1962 -AzApallI-karNAvatI-amadAvAda, "vidyApITha", va. 2, amadAvAda, 1964 zAstrI, durgAzaMkara ke. zAstrI, vrajalAla kA. zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM.

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t537 saMdarbhasUci -"rASTraTa rAjAonAM be aprasiddha dAnazAsana", "buddhiprakAza', varSa 117 amadAvAda, 1970 -mahisAnA naMdInA lekha para eka daSTipAtara, "svAdhyAya", varSa 7 vaDodarA, saM. 2025 zAha, umAkAnta che. "gujarAtanA keTalAka prAcIna paMDita', "buddhiprakAza", varSa 99 amadAvAda, 1952 - gujarAtamAM bauddha dharma, "svAdhyAya", pu. 1 vaDodarA, vi. saM. 2020 saDisarA, bhegIlAla jayacaMdabhAI jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta amadAvAda, 1952 semezvara kItikaumudI (guja. anu.-vallabhajI haridatta AcArya) amadAvAda, 1908 roNA, rAi, aura zarmA, rAya (saM) rAsa aura rAsAnvayI kavitA-AbUrAsa vArANasI, vi. saM. 2016 rIkSita, saM. vA. bhAratIya jyotiSa, hiMdI anu.- jhArakhaDI zivanAtha, prayAga, 1957 prakaraNa 12 Bhandarkar, D. R. "Foreign Elements in the Hindu Population", Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, Bombay, 1911 "Presidential Address", Proceedings and Transactions of the All India Oriental Conference, Chatterji; S. K.

Page #565
538 ]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 17th Session Ahmedabad, 1953 Hiralal "The Kalacuris of Tripuri", Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol.LX, Parts Il-IV, Poona, 1928 Hutton, J. H. Caste in India Bombay, 1951 Kane, P. V. History of Dharmasastra, Voll. II. P. I, Poona, 192 Majmudar, M. R. (Ed.) Chronology of Gujarat Baroda, 1960 Majmudar, M. R. Cultural History of Gujarat Bombay, 1965 Majumdar, A. K. Chaulukyas of Gujarat Bombay, 1956 Rapson, E. J. Catalogue of the Coins of Andhra Dynasty, the Western Kshatrapas etc., London, 1908 Tod, James Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vols. I-III London, 1920 Trivedi, H. R. The Mers of Saurashtra Baroda, 1961 jora, ratnamaNirAva bhI. gujarAtane sAMskRtika itihAsa-IslAma yuga, khaMDa 1 (AvRtti 2 ) amadAvAda, 159 dave, narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara kAThiyAvADa sarvasaMgraha, muMbaI, 1886 dezAI, zaMbhuprasAda ha. saurASTrane ItihAsa, jUnAgaDha, 1968

Page #566
(539 phArbasa e. ki. munazI, kanaiyAlAla mA. zAstrI, kezavarAma kA. zAstrI, durgAzaMkara ke. saMdarbha sUci rAsamALA, bhA. 1 (anu. raNachoDabhAI udayarAma), 3 jI AvRtti, muMbaI, 1922 cakravartI gurja, amadAvAda, 1966 purANomAM gujarAtanI Adima jAtio, " vidyApITha", va. 5 amadAvAda, 1967 gujarAtano madhyakAlIna rAjapUta itihAsa, vibhAga-1-2 (bIjI AvRtti) amadAvAda, 1953 maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhA. 1-2 amadAvAda, 1955 -gujarAtano prAcIna itihAsa amadAvAda, 1964 jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta amadAvAda, 19para rAjapUtAnekA itihAsa, jilda 1-2 ajamera, 1927, 1932 zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. sAMDesarA, bho. ja. yojJA, gaurIzaMkara hIM. prakaraNa 13 Aiyar, Valendai Gopal Altekar, A. S. Chronology of Ancient India Madras, 1901 "Six Saindhava Copper-plate Grants from Ghumli', El., Vol. XXVI, Delhi, 1942 _"The Date of Nahapana", Proceedings of Indian History Congress, Nagpur Session, 1950

Page #567
480] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Benerji, R. D. "The Scythian Period of Indian History", Indian Antiquary, Vol XXXVII, Bombay, 1908 Bhandarkar, D. R. "Dekkan of the Satavahana Period", Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLVII-XLIX Bombay, 1918-1920 Bhandarkar, R. G. "The Morbi Copper-Plate", IA, Voll. II, Bombay, 1883 Bhattasali, N. K. "Location of Krsna's Capital Dvaravati", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. X Calcutta, 1934 Chattopadhyay, Sudhakar Early History of North India Calcutta, 1958 -Sakas in India (Ed. 2nd) Santiniketan. 1967 Cunningham, A. A Book of Indian Eras Calcutta, 1883 _"The Gupta Era", ASI, Vol. X Calcutta, 1880 Dubernil, G. J. Ancient History of the Deccan Pondicherry, 1920 William, L. R. C. " Chronology", Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. VI (11th ed.), Cambridge, 1910 Fleet, J. F. "A Note on the Epoch and Reckoning of the Saka Era, IA, Vol. XVII, Bombay, 1888

Page #568
saMdasUci . [484 Ghosh, H. C. "The Date of Kaniska", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. V, Calcutta, !929 Govind Pai, M. "The Gupta and the Valabhi Eras', Journal of Indian History, Vol. XI, Madras, 1933 Hultzsch, E. "A Grant of Arjunadeva of Gujarat, dated 1264 A. D." 1A, Vol. XI, Bombay, 1882 Indraji, Pandit Bhagwanlal "A New Gujara Copper-plate Grant", IA, Vol XIII Bombay, 1884 Jayaswal, K. P. History of India-150 A. D. to 350 A. D., Lahore, 1933 Ketkar, V. B. Indian and Foreign Chronology Bombay, 1923 Kielhorn, F. "The Epoch of the Kalachuri or Chedi Era", IA, Vol. XVII Bombay, 1888 Lahiri, N. C. (Ed.) Report of the Calendar Reform Committee, Government of India, New Delhi, 1955 Mehta, R. N. and . "Preliminary Note on the Chowdhary, S. N. Excavation of the Devnimori Stupa ", JOI, Vol. XII Baroda, 1962 Mirashi, V. V. Studies in Indology, Vol. II Nagpur, 1961 Mookerji, R. K. (Ed.) Vikrama Volume Ujjain, 1948

Page #569
482 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA Nilkant Sastri, K. A. (Ed.) Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, Bombay, 1957 Oldenburg, H. "On The Dates of Ancient Indian Inscriptions and Coins", IA, Vol. X, Bombay, 1881 Pandey, R. B. Indian Paleography (2nd Ed.) Varanasi, 1957 Pillai, L D. Indian Chronology Madras, 1911 Rao, S. R. Excavation at Amreli Baroda, 1966 Rapp, E. L. "An Armenian Epigraph at Ahmedabad", JOI, Vol. XVII Baroda, 1967 Rapson, E. J. Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum, Vol. IV London, 1908 Raychaudhuri, H. C. Political History of Ancient India (5th Ed.), Calcutta, 1950 Sachau, E. C. (Ed.) Alberuni's India, Vol. II London, 1910 Sanker, K. G. " The Epoch of the Gupta Era", NIA, Vol. II! Bombay, 1941 Sircar, D. C. Indian Epigraphy Delhi, 1965 - Mudgapadra Grant of Yuvaraja Sryasraya Siladitya", EI, Vol. XXXIV, Delhi, 1961

Page #570
Sompura, K. F. Soundara Rajan, K. V. Tod, James Trivedi, R. K. parIkha, pravINacaMdra ci. (sa.) meAdI, rA. cu. zAstrI, ha. gaM. muni, kalyANavijaya sadabha`sUci [ 543 -"The Reckoning of the Kathika Kings '', JOI, Vol. XIV Baroda, 1964 Van Lohuizen De Leeuw, J. F. The Scythian Period Leiden, 1949 mokSA, gaurIrAja ii. "The Problem of the Kathika Dynasty in Gujarat", J0I, Vol. XV, Baroda, 1965 "Andhra-Ikshvaku Chronology, its Significance for Early History of Gujarat '', JGRS, Vol XXV, Bombay, 1963 Travels in Western India London, 1839 Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat Ahmedabad, 1961 gujarAta RtihAsa saMdarbha sUci, khaDa 2, abhilekhA, amadAvAda, 1962 t ' pATaNathApanAnAM tArIkhavAra tithi', kAntamAlA ", amadAvAda, 1924 --saMskRta yAzraya kAvyamAM madhyakAlIna sAmAjika sthiti, amadAvAda, 1942 * rASTrIya kaeNlenDaranI sarakArI yojanA ', r ' zuddhiprakAza '", amadAvAda, 1957 vIranirvANa aura jaina kAlaMgaNanA jAlora, vi. saM. 1987 bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA (tIsarA saMskaraNa) vichI, vi. saM. 2016

Page #571
agnivedI fire altar ajakula ibex family paribhASA ajImaya azoic ativyApa overlap antarhuima inter-glacial adhaH-Adhunika sub-recent anupacayana de-oxidising anuzruti traditicn abarakhavALuM lAla mRtpAtra micacious red ware abhilekhavidyA epigraphy aaukikApyAna myth avasthA phase azmIbhUta avazeSa-fossil aMtya-pASANayuga Late Stone Age aMtarAla-maNukA spacer-bead Akucita corrugated Adya-itihAsa proto-history Adhunika ka - atya5eligocene adhikatama pleistocene a5yuga miocene aruNAdaya eocene ArakSita-lepana. mRtpAtra reserved slip ware ADu' beam AMkaDI-kaDI loop=ring AMkaDIvALA gala barbed fish-hook uttara haDappIya Late Harappan uttala plano-convex uttarAMga_bust uparakATa acropolis upala pebble upastara mid-rib UMdhuM pakavavAnI kriyA inverted firing technique ekazRMga unicorn ALasa plumb kamAnadAra vaulted kANAvALA zarIranu foraminifera kAMgarIvALuM carinated kinArIne upasAvavAnI kriyApaddhati crested-ridge guilding kiraNeAtsarga-14 carbon-14 kriyApaddhati technique krIDApaTa, krIDAklaka game-board kulapu" crucible kuMbhArakAma ceramic art kezAkaSaNa prakriyA capillary action kANu-kais corner-tower khaDaMcI IMTa brick-on-edge khALakUvAcess-pool, sockage jar khAMcA, kheAbhaNa groove . gaDhI fortress gAbhA cle

Page #572
paribhASA. [ paNa gUMcaLAM ane pAMdaDAM loops and nirgama dvAra na fronds Guze 41019 } spill-way ghaDatara fabric ghaDI paranI rakAbI dish-on-stand ghaDI paranuM tAsaka bow-on-stand aislaial stemmed caMdA-ghATanA truncated bicone 2113 cretaceous citralipi pictographic writing BallcH45 pictographic 09145 pannier orel-2461El water-tight erd alle fall saddle-quern el trapeze .. . DubAu bhAta sunken pattern tapAsa-kuMDI inspection-chamber tA-pASANa chalcolithic : ge4314414 synchronism : ansiyel header and stretcher tri-pattI trefoil daphana, ekavaDuM burial, single | bevaDuM joint darzaka svara index vowel dvayaMza (ThayAvartaka) binary dipRSTha, kimukha bifacial. 1989-dock, embankment, wharf dhUsara mRtpAtra grey ware naSTa mINa cire perdue nikAlabAruM flow-channel nibiDa-khAdyasaMgraha bhUmikA intensive food-collection stage 18 97474 neozoic -tana pASANayuga neolithic age patarI blade, cleaver, flake : parNa-rekhAMkana leaf-pattern pAna-ne-kAcalI ghATa leaf-and -almond shape 41201 schist pArSadaSTa zarIra body in profile pAza ane parNa bhAta loop-and frond pattern y?lazglasil archaeology pUrNa mUrta kalA art-in-the round pita fabric prakAravidyA typology prakSepaNa-nirmita corbelled prasaraNazIla uttejanA diffussional stimulus bahirgoLa convex bhAva motif 641914745 ideographic cladet podium bha-gaTara sew madhya jIvamaya mesozoic mahAzilAyugIna megalithic Hindusaej terracotta mANasa-bAkoruM man-hole mAtRdevI Mother Goddess 7149414d' anthropomorphic mAnavavidyA anthropology H244 212/2419molluse ...

Page #573
$ ] mudrA-ukiraNa seal-engraving mudrAMkana sealing mAtra ceramic ware, earthen ware, pottery itihAsanI pUva bhUmikA rUpakSamatA plasticity rekhAMkita hatched laghupASANu microlithic vRkSa wristle vikaryuM diagonal vRkSa-samAMkana paddhati denda zarIravijJAna anatomy zuvaidaka surgery zailImaya stylised mrutyAtmaka syllabic sakendra concentric sabhyatA civilization samatala horizontal chronology samataleAttala plano-convex samayAMkana chronology samAMtara dvibhuja catuSkANu trapezoid samAccaa'dha contour bunding sarvekSaNu survey samukha dRSTa front view saMskRti culture sAMketika citralekhana hieroglyphic selakhaDI steatite stara stratum fal stratigraphy staMbhI capital sthaLatapAsa exploration sthAnavinyAsaplacement hAtha-kuhADI hand-axe himayuga glacial age hunnarakriyA hunnarapaddhati } technique

Page #574
a. ku. majumadAra kalezvara 452 325, 397 akrUra 227, 230, 231 akrUrezvara 48 A, 397 393 akoTA, kASTaka akoTA cAryAzI 351 akSaya RE agatya 29 agastyAzrama 294 ageDa 161 agga 2 jo azruka 3 jo agnikumAra agnikheTa 358, 359 357, 358 292, 223 333 - * agnipurANu ' 277 agrinagara 276 acalezvara 284 acchadaM ta aja 1 lA 48 ajamera 47, 334, 360 292, 353 ajayapAla 369 275 aja TA ajita kakka 454 ajita vihAra 334 ajajAhera 336, 348 aTTAlaja, aTTAlayAja 375 aDAlaja 305, 464 zabdasUci aDAlaya, aDAliyaja, aDAlaja, aDAlija aDuka, aDDANuka 383 aNugAra 345 aNuhilapattana 402 aNuhilapATaka 368, 402, 489 aNahilapura 300, 31, 367, 308, 387, 34, 42 375 aNahilapura pATaNa 348, 402 aNahilavADa 402, 45, 465 aNuhilavADa-pAraNuM 455, 464 aNahilla 361, 434 aNahilsanayara 402 aNahilapATaNuM 36, 402, 434 aNahillapura 280, 281, 3}}; 367 aNahilapura pATaNa 402 aNuhilavADa 276 atri 208, 294 athaNuM 220 athavavedI 453 aditi 235 333 aditi vAva anahilapATaka, anahilapATaka 402 anAvaDA 366, 368 anAvala 464 anAsa 14 aniruddha 229, 2316 je

Page #575
548 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA anupAzva 258 "anugArasanna' 261 anuviMda 266 anuzAsana parva" 293, 329, 336 anupa 234, 253, 254 26-270, 272, 337 aneDiyA-koTa 69 apabhraMza 281, 348 aparasurASTrAmaMDala 259, 357-359 aparAMta 48, 48 a, 253, 255, * : 258, 259, 267-270, 273, 274, 283, 316, 326, 331, 434, 443 aparAMtikA 276 apAdAna' 262 aphaghAnistAna 16ra abhayadevasUri 316, 375, 381, - 386, 389 'abhaleDa 326 abhinava siddharAja 371, 376 abhinaMdanadeva 317 amadAvAda 13, 17, 29, 46, 49. 51, 2, 84, 108, 211, 320, 323, 333, 336, 374, 375, 377, 379-384, 386, 421, 434, 495, 505 amarakaMTaka 14, 289, 316 amarakeza" rara, 44ra amaracaMdra 348 amarapalikA 36 amarAvatI nadI 15 amarelI 11, 46, 49, 81, 356, 357, 361, 34, 53 amalasADa 401 amerikA 88 amoghavarSa 1 le 353, 398, 401 ayodhyA 270, 294 "ayodhyAkAMDa' 294 "araNyakAMDa 294 araba 263, 343, 439, 440, 445, 458 arabastAna 168, 493, 494 arabI 269 arabI samudra 3, 4, 6, 15, 21, 23, 31, 41, 261, 277 aravallI 6, 7, 283, 288, 28, 439 : are bhaDA 25 ariSTanemi ra24, 232, 288, 291, 373 aruNA 264, 314 arkaliMga 283 arkasthalI 371 arjuna 212, 213, 224, 229-231, 241, 254, 256, 264, 26, 274, 286, 247, 323, 326, 337, 339, 340, 447 arjunadeva 260, 272, 276, 349, 365, 389, 481, 482, 493, 494

Page #576
zakhasucita 549 arthazAstra" 252, 258, 439 azoka 261, 262, 43, 439, arbada 255, 265, 268, 273, 440, 447,473 274 azvaghoSa upara artha dakSetra 334 azvatthAmA 337 "abuMdakhaMDa" 334 azvamedha 228 abuMdakhaMDamAhAbhya' 327 azvAvabodhatIrthaka95 317, abudagiri 334 342, 343 arbudAcala 453 azvine 210, 220 . alakara 278, 358 aSTakaMpra 397 ala-masaudI 59 "aSTAdhyAyI' 25, 254, 258, alAudIna 348, 378 - 270, 279 aliyAbADA 20 asamaujA 225 alINA 13 asalAlI 376 alIrAjapura 40 asAmalI 320 alekajhAnDiyA 269 asikAno DuMgara 9 abIrUnI 276, 279, 280, 282, asita parvata 207, 322 343, 35ra, 463, 480, astakaMpra 353 481, 484 asti 225 alamasUdI 277, 282. aspRzyavarga-peTAjJAtio 467 * ala 276 asmAra 154, 160 abalAdurI 282 ahamadanagara 40 adalAbaMdha 330 ahamadazAha 379, 380 allAhajo baMdha 5 ahamadazAhanI masjida 386 avara 224, 236 . ahicchatra 364, 45, 453, 454 , ahaNadevI 484 ativamAM 357 : " avanijanAzraya pulakezI 30, 400 aMklezvara 15, 18, 24, 48 A, avanivama 260, 349, 488 192, 325, 363, 398 avaMtI 48, 253, 258, 265-267, aMkalezvara 397 288, 334, 342, 463 aMkoTaka-caturazIti 351, 093 6 avAra 435, 448 akAdaka 792 ' azilAlikA 377 aMgirasa 208 * 448

Page #577
550 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA aMjAra 12, 27, 336, 348 ADAvalI -9, 16, 32, 3, 74, "aMtakRdazA" 284, ra01, ra92 102, 25, 27, 283, aMtaratrA 348 288, 289, 314, 320 aMtarmada 273 ANaMda 370, 387, 42 aMtarnarmadA viSaya 267 ANaMdapura 9 aMtarmalI 399 AtarasuMbA 13 aMtALI 269 AbhavAna 212 aMtima 269 Atreya 453 aMdhaka 224, 230, 23, 234, AdityANuM 21 256 AdinAtha ra91, 346, 781 aMdhaka-vRSNuio ra25, 226, 23ra "Adiparva 268, 273, 286, 287, aMdho 433 289, 323, 326, 37 aMbareNu 364 Adya-aitihAsika kAla 48 a, 262, aMbaSTha 385 429, 431 aMbAjI 7, 10, 33, 285, 314, Anarta 48 a, 48 A, 233, 157 234, 237, 240, aMbAdevI 285, 357, 439 253-256, 261, 263, aMbikA 275, 324 264, 261-268, 273, aMbikAtIrtha 334 274, 276, 278, 284, aMbikA nadI 16, 25, 7, 80 332, 339, 344, 370, 433, 449. aMbucIca 353 Anartaka 268 aMbucIcanupaprabaMdha' 353 Anartanagara 254, 255, 32, aMgullaka 348 337, 370 Akara. 48, 253 AnartanagarI 261 Akhaja 82, 89 Anartapura 48 a, 255, 25, "Agamika vicArasAraprakaraNa 378 - - 261, 337, 36, 370 AcArAMgasUtra' 270 AnartapurI 370 'AcArAMgasutracUrNi" 265, 390, Analezvara 374 AnaMdanagara 361 AcArAMgasutravRtti' 385 AnaMdapura 48 a, 48 A, 255, ATakeTa 105, 184 . 256, 271, 276, 369, 371, 454, 454 - ADabaMdha 330

Page #578
Ana za kara dhruva 256 Anuma jI 363, 364 AphrikA 35, 39, 41, 73, 78, 431 AkhiriyA 265 Ayu 8, 12, 47, 213, 253, 203, 280, 307, 332, 3}}, 437, 439, 45, 456, 457 ' ' AmurAsa o 282 ASu rA 49, 313 rAzi AbhaparA AbhIra 10, 245, 280, 341 263265, 268, 271, 27, 323, 433, 434, 442, 443, 449, 459 279 AbhIraka AbhAra deza 442 AbhyaMtarikA vihAra Ama 338, 349 AmaraNa 336, 364 AmarA 107 mUrAya 319 AmrakUTa 289 AmrabhaTa 343 AyaMgara 44. Ara. DI. kumAra 146 " . * AraNyaka parva ' 254, 257, 266, 287, 284, 288-290, 293, 294, 313, 31, 317, 319, 322, 326, 329, 330, 337 Armeniyana puruSa Armeniyana saMvata 495 334 AmenAIDa 430, 431 A khapurAcArya 343 " A ma'jUzrImUlakalpa ' 275 ' A siddhAMta ' 274 , Ar'bhasiddhi 309 ArAsura 7, 8, 12 AArikAkA 277 ' AlaTTa 274 AlamagIrapura 151 AlAbaMdha 330, 332 AliyA 24 Aleca 10, 358 AlpAIna 148 AvalasADhi 401 'Avazyaka' 224 " ( pata < ' AvazyakacUrNi 269, 316 " AvazyasUtra 342 , 48 mA, ' AvazyakasUtrasRSTi 345, 386 AvazyakasUtra-niyu`kti ' 354 Avatya 330 * Avatya-khAMDa ' 334 AzApallI 320, 377-380, 389, 402, 4:4 380, 434 AsAvalI 333 AzA bhIla 434 AbhiliyA-kADAgrAma 326 AsAya vidyAr 346 AsAma 80,235, 291, 340, 341 AsAvadha 320, 377, 208,

Page #579
52 ] ItihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA AsAvallI 374, 378 IDara 8, 17, 33, 34, 39 AsAbilI 320 - - 48 A, 50, 222, 447 AoNDiyA (377, 380 IrAna 168, 148, 149, AhADa 156, 179, 195 441, 495 AhIra 258, 279, 390, 434, 442 IrAnI 439, 440, 446 AMtara narmada 48 a, 267, 268, 316 IrAnI akhAta 130, 156, 157, AMdhra 133,202, 261, 268, 433 161 adhi-gauDa 45ra Izvaradatta 43, 485 AMdha-sara 182 . Izvarasena 443, 486 AMbaLAsa 357 Isu 45 AMbA DuMgara, 32, IsvI sana 490, 494, 495 buriNi grAma 336 ITavA 335 ikvAku 233 ugnasaNagaDha 340, 346 ikvAkuvaMza 266 ugraNa-gaDha-dugu 341 Ijita 495 ugrasena 225, 226, 232, 347 ITAlI 495 ugrasenagaDha 345-347 IsiMga 275, 35ra ugrasenadurga 340 inAmagAMva 100 uccAnagara-pratyardha 369 IrAka 87. ucApurI 369 irAvatI 319 ujana 43, 48, 253, 275, IriNa, irina ra71 ra76, 280, 334, 386, IlA 224, 318, 319, 324 440, 449, 487, 488 iliyaTa 265 ujajayaMta 242, 257, 283-288, IsaroDA 374 292, 3ra7, 329, 330, ismAilI khojA 365 331, 335, 336, 340, islAma, 440 : 345 * * Idraprastha 228, 231, 26, "ujajayaMtastava" 292 : - :: 64, 273 ujajayinI 193, 261, 276, 38 dva : rata7, 284, 235, 321 ujijata 284, 285 dvarAja 275, 388, 399, 401 uttara kekaNuM 443 iMglenDa 73,496 uttaranarmada' 316 .

Page #580
: zabdasUcita t553 uttaranAtha 386 upasuMda 289 uttara pradeza 229, 323 upAzva-anupAvRdha 258 uttarApatha 323 upalaheTa 386 uttarezvara 386 umaragAma 25, 401 * * udakezvara 287 umarasADI 25 ullaTa 277 umarA 396 udayana maMtrI ka62, 378, 379, 389 umareTha 336, 387 udayanavihAra 378, 421 umApura 369 udayaprabhasUri 379 umAmahezvara 367 udayamatI umAzaMkara jozI para, 53, 93, "udayasuMdarIkathA" 353, 453, 463 256, 265, 267, 268, udayaMta giri 285 270, 274, 278, 288, udayAditya 484 290, 323, 3ra3, 388 udyogaparva' 264, 339 ura 160 - : udyotanasUri 25, 277, 280, urjayantI 284 ubaNa 20, 324, 347 ulUkhAna 348, 378 udavADA 25 ulalATa 274 urdubara gavara 396 uvaTa 370 udepura 102 uSavadAta 318, 319, 324 - udhanA 19 uSA 348 unnatadurga 229, 241 UkezavaMza 379 - unnatAyu 348 - UnA 326, 336, 348, 249, unnATa 274 464,489 : upakeza ga7 ka79 UbhaleDa pathaka 326 upagiri 339 - UmiyA 39 upamanyu 453 Urjata 242, 284, 285, 287, "upamitibhavaprapaMcakyA" 489 344 uparakoTa 241, 292, 336, 341, UrjayantI 347 345, 147, 381 UMcha 14, 394 upaleTa 386 UMjhA 369, 374 upaleTA 58 UMDa 20, 25

Page #581
itihAsana pUrvabhUmikA RkSa 248, 249, 36 okhA baMdara 26 RkSavAna 226, 288, 289 okhAmaDhI 26 kSu 322 okhAmaMDaLa 49, 81, 238, "Rgvada" 284, 314, 3ra3, 327, 239, 241, 243. 347 eDa 10 RSabhadeva 291, 346, 374 ojhata 20, 26, 267 , RSabhA 289 ojhA 448, 450, 45ra RSyazRMga 290 455-457 ekalavya 286 eTalapura 82 eDvarTana 269 oDedarA 446 ena. ke. bhaTTasAlI 269 e-tIna-pe-ci-le 271 eraNa 179, 187, 15, 317 epasvasti 453 elama 137 openaTAIma 161 elekajhAndriyana saMvata 495 era 14, 394 eziyA 35, 167, 188 orasaMga 71, 74, 76, 77, esa. esa. sarakAra 144, 146 81, 82 esa. ke. basu 146 orisA 39 esa. ke. rAva 150 elapADa 397, 400 esa. Ara. rAva 143 olDavAI gorja 78. esa. esa. kemara 161 Trika 291, 341, 432 esIriyana 163 osTreliyA 39 aitareya brAhmaNa" 433 osTrelaiIDa 146, 430, 422 ehelI 280 aucityavicAracaya' 281 aihelI-prazasti" 275 oraMgA 16, 25 okhA 25, 28, 41 aurva 212

Page #582
zabdasUri (555 kakudhI revata 255 kahavela AhAra 399 kakka bIje 298 kaNahI 399 kakka vihAra ka74 kaherI 484,485 ka7 3,6,11,12,20,21,25,28, katAragAma 48-A325,398 31,34-36,39,40,42,44 kathAkeza" 362 46-49,51,70-72,74, "kathAsaritsAgara 342,35,382 cha7-80,92,93,12,13, kathika saMvata 478 106-104,172,192,253- kadaMbapadraka 364 255,265-267,270-273, kadaMbo 446 279,332,363,365,384, kanaka 266 53,59,460,490 kanakAvatI 22 -nuM raNa 264,277,ra74,314,715 kanAna 151 318, 329 kaniSka 437, 474, 475, 487 -no akhAta 4,257261,315.39 kaniMgahama 262, 271, 319, 481, kacchamaMDala 270. 498, 501 kaccha-vAgaDa 263,264,269 kanaiyAlAla munazI 395 kacchI 279 kane ja 326, 349, 447, 45ra, karachIya 255,271,276 465, 463, 481 kaTamyuri 270,447,453 kanaDa 447 kaTArA 434 kapaDavaNaja 385 kaThalAla 13 kapaDavaMja 13, 17, 84, 36, kaThora 397 365, 386, 387 kaDaka 47e kapaDavaNaja 333, 35 kaDANuM 17 kapilakeTa 365 kaDI 50,81,82,281,377,774 kapilaTTa 364, 365 kaDiyANa 32 kapila 453 kaNajetara 106, 107 kapilA 315 kaNabInI peTA jJAtio 436 kaEramaMjarI 463 kaNavIrikA 323,349 kapUrA 400 kaNava 399 kabIravaDa 15, 24 kAhavala 399 kamarelI 400

Page #583
ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 437 338. : kammaNija ra75 kamaNija 399 * kammaNIya 397, 398 kamenI 397 karajaNa 14, 15, 71, 74, 76, 77 karabeNuM 318, 319, 324 karalI 351 karADA karAMcI 27 karSa 279 kakka ra je 351 karka suvarNavarSa 275, 280, 35 . karNa 378 karNadeva 282, 3 17, 370, 376, 378, 400, 401 karNasAgara 377, 421 kaNuMTa 369 karNATaka 276, 78, 447, 45, 457, 858 karNAvatI ka20, 377, 378-380, 388, 402 kaNezvara 337, 421 kardama 266 karnala 133 kaTa 333, 385 karpaTavANijya 385, 386 karmAtapura 397, 398 kalakattA 146 kalayuri 443, 487 kalayuricedi 443 kalacurisaMvata 478, 483 405, 487 kaliyuga 320, 333, 370 lela 17 , kalpasUtra', 224, 292 kalyANa 400 kalyANapara rara . . kalyANarAya na. jozI 33ra. kahaNa 177 kava i354 kavarikA 40 kaTakezvarI 366 kaMThI 338 kaMThIne akhAta 338 kaMDalA 28 kaMtAragrAma 18-A 325, 398 kaMboja 270 - kaMsa 225 kAkU 352, 462 kAchIka 268 kAThiyAvADa 46, 48-a, 40 , kAThiyAvADa sarvasaMgraha' 413. kAThI 53, 45, 465, 479 kAvazAkhA 458 - - - kAtyAyana - 458 - kAtyAyanazrautasUtra 434 kAdaMbarI' 284 1, kAnama 18 : kAnyakuja 280,382 kAnha 393 : kAnhaDade prabaMdha" 39

Page #584
zabdasUci 557 kaoNpikA - 397 kApI 324 kApUra 399 kApUra AhAra 400 kAmanAtha 329 kAmareja 15, 275, 397-399, 414 kAmasUtra 252, 268, 274 * kAmyaka vana 313 kAle 22 kAyavya 271 kAyasthanI peTA-jJAtio 465 kAyAvatAra 393, 394 kAyAvarohaNa 394 kAraNa 276, 303 kAravADa 268 kArUSa 434 - kArohaNa 276, 394 kArta 266 kArtavIrya sahastrArjuna 224, 226, * 267, 337" - kArtikeya 333, 371 kArdamaka 253,258,338,441,474, 475 kAya 397,398 kAyAta 357 kAryAyAta kucha 317 kAlakasUri 343 - kAlakA 285 kAlakUTa 254,339 kAlanagara 371 kAlamahI 317 kAlasvAmI 369 kAlaMba 391 kAlApaka 362 kAlApaka pathaka 325,362 kAlikA 397,439 kAlikApurANuM 340 kAlidAsa 252,26,268,289,443 kAlibangana 88,126,151 kAliMdI 317 kAlela 392 kAvI 14,24,324,397,397,464, 465 kAverI 15,16,276,31,324 "kAvyamImAMsA' 255,259,270,27, 284,285,289, 315-320 342 kAvyazikSA 387,402,404 "kAvyAlaMkAra saMgraha 277 kAzakula 397 kAzaUda 366,380,381 kAsaddhaha. 373 . kAzAkula 397 - kAzAkula viSaya 397 kAzika 279 "kAzikAvRtti' 442 kAzI 381,461 kAzmIra 265,270,271,45ra kAzyapa 453 kAzyaparapitanagara 381 kAsabA - 397 :

Page #585
558 ] 381 kAsahada kAsI durA kAsIMdrA 336 380,381 kALakA 10 kALI 22 kALegAMva 79 kALA samudra 45 kAMkariyA 421,505 kAMkareja 17 kAMcanaja}ra kAMTAmeLiyA 293 kAMTelA 259,276 kAMtArAma 398,400 krAMtInagara 321 kAMpiyatI 335 kAMpilyanagara 261 itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA kukara 354 kukSipura kukSima ta 274 ku-ce-lA 279 258 kirADa 46 kirAta 229, 226, 273, 339, 432, 4para kilahAna 484, 487 kiza 146, 160 kiSkiMdhAkAMDa' 258, 267, 289, 290, 315, 317 340 phITa 201 kItha 284 kIma 15, 18, 24, 25, 81, 106, 172, 267 'kIrti'kaumudI' 316, 382, 391 kIrtirAja 451 jhIlezvara 330 kI ddurakheDA 106, 107, 341 48, 224, 234, 253, 267, 268 kuTa kuDasada 397 kuDagezvara 374, 391, 392 385 kuNA kuNi da 254, 3329 458 kRzmina kutiyANA 19, 351 kutumudIna 421 kuntisurASTra 257 kumberanagara 240, 357 kumarasara 34 kumarisa dha369 kumA' Re kumAragupta 274, 1729 kumAradevI 346 kumArapAlakAritAmAri prakha'dha' 343 'kumArapAla deva-tI yAtrA prabaMdha' 363 'kumArapAla-pratimAdha'282 'kumArapAla-bhUpAla-carita' 491 kumArapALa 259, 260, 347, 350, 353, 357, 362, 369, 371, 303, 305, 376, 382, 383, 387, 389, 491 kumArikA kSetra 333 kumudacaMdra 378-380

Page #586
kumudatI 289 291293, 338, 339, kurukSetra 229, 25, 313, 315, 341, 323, 373, 433, 461 459 kullI 125 kRSNa 2 je 374, 380, 386, kuvara taLAva 113 307, 398 kuvalayamAlA 270, 20, 500 kRSNa 3 jo 401 kuzasthalI 48-a, 204, 225, kRSNa 182. 188 255, ra61, 26, 286, kejya 258 336, 337, 432, 437 kekA. zAstrI 434 kuzahida 31 ke. jI. zaMkara 501 kuzAvatI 264, 322 kedAragaMgA 229 kaNezvaranAbhayadeva ka5 343 435 kuMtala 449 kena nadI rara4 kumI 228, 234, 257 kenetha keneDI 89 kuMtIja 225, 26 kerala 80, 276 kuMdaparAMta 268 kerAkoTa 365 kuMbhakArakara 93 , kevaTa 442 kuMbhakoNa ka24 kezava 770, 302 kuMvArakA 12 : kezavArA 146 kUbaDA 57 kezoda 750 pharmapurANuM 319 kaiyala 82 kRtavatI 20 kocaraba 377, 8, 421 kRtavIrya 213, 227, 229, 200, kecarabA devI 421 231, 266, 447 kocharabA 377, 78 kRta saMvata 488 kerArA 22 kRtammara 243, 288, 290 keTaDA-pIThA 9 kRSNa 200, 22, 224, 226, koTaDAsAMgANI 50 227, 247, 229, 232, keTinagara 356, 37 235-237, 240, 243, keTinapura 397 246, 254-257, 263, keTezvara 7, 12, 27, 273, 14, 25, 28, 247,

Page #587
56 ]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA kaMTha 172, 177, 180 keDInAra 21, 106, 239, 241, 23, 287, 288, 332, 351, 356, 357, 361, 439 koNaka 385 keNuka pathaka 325 kapAlInI khADI 23 misariyeta 383 kele DuMgara 240 kerilApura 394 kerilA 394 keriTakA 368 keriMTa vana 293, 317 karInALa 4, 5, 22, 12, 332 kola 431 kolaka 16, 25 : kosaMbaNuM 292 . ke saMbA 29 . . kesIMdarA 381 kasuMbAraNuM 292, 353 kekaNa 3, 6, 75, 48, 214, 261, 25, 268, 294, 369,400, 401, 406, 483 kauTilya 223, 252, 258, 439 kauDinya 453 kauthumI zAkhA 458 kaumArikA khaMDa 380, 388, 391 kaumudI-TIkA" 292 kaula 262, 433 kaza 458 kauzalyA 377 kauzika 221, 453, 458 kauzikAcArya 257 kauzravasa 453 kausAMbI 442 kasuMbA rana 292 kasuMbhavana 292 kausaMbhAraNya 292 kauDinyapura 350, 351 208 kSaharAta 341, 342, 360, 400, 435, 441, 474, 475 kSAravaha 326 kSiprA 289 kSIrajAdevI tIrtha 34 kSemakIrti 371 kSemarAja 31, 337 kSemendra 281 khajara 448 khajhara 435 khaDAla 464 khaDIra 5, 2002 khapuTAcArya 396 264 kharagraha 356, 363, 380 kharagraha 2 je 360, 392 kharataragaccha 379 . kharerA nadI 16 khalla 389 khara

Page #588
sadasUci [561 aSa kheTaka viSaya 380 : kheTakAdhAra 402 kheTakAdhAra maMDala 185 kheTakAhAra 377, 385-388, 28, 402. 279 khaMgAragaDha 336, 41, 33, 346, 347 khaMgAradurga 350 khaMDerAya-sAMbUlAka 389 khaMbhAta 13, 14, 18, 41, 44, 50, 103, 108, 132, 333-336, 355, 388- 391, 402, 409, 459, 461, 463, 464 khaMbhAtano akhAta 6, 14, 19, 41, 261, 315, 18 320, 351, 397 khaMbhAtano ItihAsa 37 khaMbhAtanuM raNa 109 - khaMbhAlIDA 335 : khaMbhALiyA 60, 362 khAMDa AMbAne DuMgara 8 : khAnadeza 3, 6, 15, 35, 483 khAravela 498 khArADA 34 khArA vokaLo 326 khArI 5, 13, 21, 22 khAroDa 22 khAvaDA 5 khirasarA 50 kheTaka, 48-a, 254, 275, 380, 384, 385, 402, 453 kheTakapura 385 kheTaka maMDala 275, 384, 385 kheTaka viSaya 325 kheDa kaka6, 385 kheDabrahmA 8, 3ra3, 333, 324, 384 kheDA 13, 33, 46, 48-A, 49, 80, 271, 275, 28, 318, 20, 121, 336, 369, 3 381, 384388, 91, 396, 7, 402, 458, 464, 465, kheragaDha 461 : kherALu 371, 402 : kheMgAra 491 : khristI saMvata 495, 46 : gaDakhola 396 gaI 26 : gaDeda 396 gaDhaDA 82 gaNadevI 16, 25, 401 gaNadharasArdha zataka 281 "gaNapATha 254, 256, 258, 266, 270, ra74, 279, 284, 286, 317, 323, 323, 336, 345, 51, 35ra, 384 gatarADa 380

Page #589
373 para ] * itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA gadra - 364 girinagara 48, 239, 241, 25e, gabarane DuMgara 7 : 262, 276, 285, 344, gayatrADa 380 345, 351, 333, 439, gayAsura 459 gvAliyara 448 giripattana 345, 354 gaLatI 14 giripura 234, 255, 266, 344 gaLatIzvara 14 girijja 284 gaMgA 183, 211, 323, 323, 448 giripRSTha 434 gaMgA-yamunA 193 girimALA 16 gaMdhAra 270,458, 488 gIra 11, 19, 24, 251, 314. gaMbhIrA 14. 315, 326, 338, 351 gaMbhUtA 371, 376, 403 gIra paMthaka 349, 357 gADara 318 - gujarAnavAlA 448 gAtarADa devI 380 gujajara 280 gAyakavADI 373 gujajaranA 263, 279, 281 gArulaka vaMza 331, 338, 444, 445 guja 263 gArce 453 gujata 267, 273, 279 280 gArgIya 453 guDazAstra 396 gALA 376 guNamati para gAMdhAra 217 guNarAja 380 gAMdhInagara 46, 49, 75 guptakSetra 348 gAMdhIvADA 382 gupta saMvata 360, 406, 479gAMbhU 371, 376, 403 giranAra 10, 11, 32, 41, 238- gurjaragaDha 448 242, 247, 257, 284, gurjaratrA 263, 273, 279, 374, 286, 292, 327, 330, 335, 336, 344-346, gurjaratrA maMDala 280 357, 369, 381, 383, gurjaratrA bhUmi 280 387, 389, 394, 464 gurjara deza 48-a, 273, 27giri 206 281, 381, 382, 459, girikarNikA 320 489 481

Page #590
zabasUci - Ni gurjaradharA 378, 381, 382 gepa 10, 20, 107, 231, 340 gurjaradharitrI 376 gapagiridurga 372 gurjara-nRpativaMza 270, 280, 325 gopanAtha 26 34ra gopamaMdira 359 gurjarabhU 366 gopAlaka7 260 gurjarabhUmi 48-A gomaTA 356 gurjaramaMDala ra79, 281, 381 gomatI 264, 3ra3, 323, 464 gurjarATa 279 gemala 3ra3 gurjaratra ra79 gomaMDala 358, 403 guru7 445 gemaMta 240 gulAmazAha 4 gAmUtrikA 357 guhadatta 460 gorakhanAtha 10, 285 guhasena 360, 36ka. goraja 393. gurjaratrA 402 gorajA 383 gUrjaradeza 281 gArajajAbhaga 393 gUrjarAta 279 gorDana cAIDa 148 gUMdA 443 - golAdarA 396 gRtsamada 207 gevaTTana 457, 58 gRhagupta 356, 385 govardhana 318 geDI 272, 365 : gevA gokuLa 225 geviMda 342 goganArAyaNa 392 goviMda 4 the 351 godAvarI 72, 79, 182, 188, goviMda pAI 501 289, 23, 24, 317 goviMdarAja-prabhUtavarSa 354, 387 gadraha 391 geviMdasutta 337 godrahaka 326, 391, 392 gAviMdasUri 385 godhara 333 goviMdAcArya 372 godharA 17, 43, 48-A, paM1, gejIMga * 273 318, 326, 333, 391, gohaka vihAra 34 - 392 goharI 34 godhA 318, 291 : gohilavATi - 363. 218

Page #591
pa4]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA gohilavADa 20, 49, 50, 353, 363, 460 gehada maMDala 374 gaDavAnA kara gAMDaLa 49, 335, 357, 358, 403 gauDa 350, 449, 461 gautama 288, 58 gautamakumAra 291 gautamabuddha 200, 2002 gautamIputra zAtakarNI 488 gI. hI. ojhA 491 grAharipu 326, 364 griphitha 232 | ciyarsana 148 grIka 261, 448 ghaDahaDikA 365 dharAya 398 gharAya viSaya 325, 398 ghalA 398 ghasArI 350 ghAghara 154, 313 ghAsara 350 ghI nadI 20 ghuDakhara 22 ghUghula maMDalika 301 dhUmaka. 34 dhUmalI 259, 335, 341, 358- 360, 445 ghUsaDI 376 dhRtaghaTI ra2, kaMpa gheDa 26, 267 gheghA 26, 27, 34, 106, 11, - 354, 464 ghoDAdarA 396 ghaDAsara 13 ghoSa 443 cakuMDa 240 cakratIrtha 240 cakrapAlita 259, 346 cakravAna 290 caturazIti mahA tIrthanAmasaMgrahakalpa' 343 "caturattarazata' 387 camatkArapura kSetra 332, 370, 371 camabheda 257, 314, 315 camasanmajajana ra54, 257, 314, * 326, 329 . carakasaMhitA" 45ra : catara 13, 16, 18, 29, 37, 387 : , carmavatI 283, 317 caMgadeva 383 caMDamahAsena 504 caMdanA 320. caMdelI 100, 179, 182, 183 caMdra 326 caMdraga7 366 caMdragupta 1 le 345, 473, 279 , caMdragupta 2 je 488 caMdracUDa 459 caMdraprabha 327, 349, 350, 35ra

Page #592
- zakhasuci caMdraprabhAcarita" 371, 379 citapAvana 437 . . caMdrabhAgA 211, 212, 264, 3ra0, citale 94 322, 323 citraka 225 : caMdralekhA 321 citrakUTa 294 caMdravallI 43 citti 257 : caMdrasUri 281 cintisurASTra 257 caMdrAvatI 12, 47 cimanalAla dalAla 319 : caMpakanagara 382 ciraMda 100 : caMbala 224, 289, 317, 318 ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAtha 355, 389 cAIda 146 ciMtAmaNirAva vava 448 cAuDa 367 cIna 39, 275 cAciga 379 cInA 266, 339, 45ra cAcA 379 cInAI sAhitya 261 - cADavA 21, 22 culika para cANakya 258 cuMvALa 17, 439 : cANasmA 366, 372 cUDA 50 - cAturvigha (moDha) 333 ceula 44 . cAhu-daDe 137, 139 cekitAna 229 , cApa 362, 383, 455 cedi 459, 487 * cApotkaTa 367, 55 cedirAja 226. * : cAmuMDarAja 348, 401 cedi saMvata 484 cArutara 37 cemUra 277 : : - cAruSNa 230 ceSIka 265 cArlsa yunivarsiTI 150 cokhaMDAnA mahAdeva 271, kapa cArvAka saMpradAya 382 coTIlA- 1056 re cArjana 474, 488 * coDa ra94 - - cAhaDa 378 bArI 456 - cAMga 22 eravADa 414, 461 cahU 382 ciyAvADa 14 cadida-karanALI 14 : cauyAsI tAluke 399 cAMpAnera 8, 51, 093 cauli 353 :

Page #593
56 ] caulika 452 cyavana itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA 203, 208-211, 219, 220, 322 woI 4 chAMdAgya 453 chinnurAja 401 cheTA udepura 8, 14, 17, 32, 33, 4, 50, 57 jakhaunI 27 jagajIvana kAlidAsa pAThaka 287 jagamala 355 jagamAla .347 jaDezvara 395 jamADa 14 jamadagni 213, 214, 226 jamanA 448 jamAlapura 377, 380 jaya 25ra jayacaMdra vidyAlaMkAra 460 jayataladeva 348 jayadAmA 441 jayadratha 356, 35, 445, 44} jayapura 224, 279, 280, 324, 49 jayabhaTTa 3 ja 345, 297-395 jayabhaTTa 4 thI 396 jayavarAha 362 jayazikharI 366 jayasiMha 282, 377, 782, 41 jayasiMhasUri 315, 491 jayasenasUri 362 jayasvAla jayaMtasiMha jayaMtIdevI 277, 421 jaradva 274 jarA jarAkumAra jarAsadha trikA jarmanI 45, 488 ja khumAlI ja khusara 371, 376, 389 230 496 jalAlapura 16 jasadaNa 'jIrA 292 225, 228, 286, 373 435 19, 10, 103 47 326, 364 14, 34, 396, 397, 40, 413, 45, 464 ja jIvAnaka 364 ja'bhUkhaDa 254, 268, 270 jAIka 360, 487 jAIka 1 leA 45ra jAka 2 jo 358 1 'jAtaka sAhitya' 252, 342 jAtismara 290 jApharAbAda 4 jAbAlipura 378 jAmaka DeAraNA 358 jAmajodhapura 359 jAmanagara 21, 21, 28, 4, 49, 78, 106, 232, 26, 325, 336, 359, 362, 364, 445

Page #594
zakhaci [ 537 276, 336, 445-348, 350, 351, 356, 358, 360, 361, 363, 364, 380, 43, 45, 4pa, 478 jUnAgaDha zailalekha 253, 58,. 267, 268, 270, 272, 273, 284, 285, 286, 320, 324, 344 . jUnAgaDha 346 jUrNadurga 346 jesana 448, 451 je. je. medI 401 jetapura 19, 20, 326, 31, 357 jAlamapurA 82 jAda ha4, 277 jAvaDa 356 jAvaDi 356 jAsora 7 jAdunavI 313 jAMbavatI ra26, 27, 264, 3rara jAMbavAna 226 jAMbughoDA 33, 34 jAMbuDA 364 jitazatru 368 jinakAla 492 jinadattasUri 281 jinadAsagaNi mahattara 500 jinapadvari 379 jinaprabhasUri 336 jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa 500 jinabhadrasUri 379 jinavijyajI 282, 383 jinasenasUri ra01, 492, 500 jinezvara 498 jImUtavAhana 35ra jIrNadurga 347 jIvadAmAM 441 juAM-juo | 435, 448 jue-jue ! juNadugA 341, 346, 347 juliyana ra71, 495 jUnAgaDha 19, 21, 34, 46, 49, 5, 7, 82, 97, 278-242,60, 267, 358 395 jetapura piThaDiyA 50 - jetapara 1017 jetalasara jemsa ToDa +91 jesalamera 369 445 . jaitrasiMha jaina Agama sAhitya 291 gaNiyo DuMgara 324 . khA 82 joDave 179, 182, 195 joDiyA 25, 364 jodhapura 47, 224, 280 jena 1 le, senTa 495 jezabhAsA 364 jJAtAdharmakathA" 261, 284, 292, 345, 402

Page #595
$8 ] jyeSThuka pradeza 351, 360 jyArjiyA 446 jhadhaDiyA 15, 24, 80 364 364 4. 4 459 jhAlAvADa 49, 50, 325, 460 jhAMjhaNu jhINAvALI gA5 359 379 zrI jhurIjhara 335, 361 TaMkArI 24 jhara ra jhAThavA jhArA jhAlA TATA InsTiTayUTa 83, 90 17 448 107 TuvA TADa TADiyA TAmasa 481 itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA mAnA 267 ThAsarA 13, 14, 386, 387 DAMgAnA DuMgara 10 Thepaka 355 DabhAI 16, 394, 402, 403 DAkAra 13, 38} DAMga 9, 16, 17, 46, 49, 50, 70, 71,74, 76, 77, 92, 253, 264, 293, 294 DAMgaravA ra DiyeAnisIsa ekasIgasa 491 DIsA 12, 32, 464 Dumasa 25 DuMgarapura 13, 47, 253, 300, 318, 374, 378, 434 DeDiyApADA 397 Desara OMMDavANuka 280 DAlararAya mAMkaDa 261, 340, 360 * 335, 336, 358, 361 DhADhara 14, 18, 24, 108 DhAMka 335, 358 talATa 195 'tattvApaplavasiMha' 382 387 tatha--uMbarA 399 tapAgaccha 379 tamariyAM 25 taraNetara 501 taralasvAmI 395 tarasADI 398 taruNAditya 349 talapATaka 401 talabhadrikA 401 talavADA 41 taLAjA 11, 26, 335, 355, 446, 460, 41, 464 395 ta ulapaka tAjika 400, 505 453 tApasa tApI 8, 9, 14, 23-25, 34, 81, 92, 100, 108, 182, 188, 192, 193, 265, 266, 289, 294, 316, 319, 324 tApI--mAhAtmya' 319

Page #596
' 'zabdasRSi " - pa9 tAluka: 39 : tAmrakAMsya yuga 429, 431 tAmralipti 384, 389-391 tAmilanADa 498, 506 tArakapura 388 tArakAsura 333 tAraNagiri 335 tAraMgagiri 335 tAraMga nAga 335 tAraMgA 8, 12, 335 tArA 199, 290 tArAtaMtra 265 tArAdevI 335 tArApura 388 tArApArano DuMgara 9 tAladhvaja 355 tAMdaLaja 395 tigAvI 458 tilakamaMjarI' 366 tileyasAra kara tIthala 16, 25 turuka 318, 348 tuvaMza() 231, 232 tulakheTa 333 " tulazIzyAma 11 tuSArpha tuMgabhadrA 100, 182 tuMbara 275 tejapAla 346, 363, 376, - 381, 387, 389, 294 tejalapura 345-347 tena; tena 399 : terAvALI 22 telada 108 taigrisa 154, 160, 147, toyA 289 telemI 261, 25, 277, 278, 316, 337, 338, 34, 350, 400, 434, 441 travaNa 255 traMbAvatI 388 trikaliMga, 443 trikUTa 443. trigata 385 tribhuvanapAla 369, 374, 375 trilecanapAla 451 trivikramapAla 395 triveNI saMgama 314, 323, 324 trizIrSa 294 tA 320, 333 * treyaNa 399 vaividha brAhmaNe 375 tharapArakara 25, 258, 265 tharAda 366 thalateja 333 thalatyaja 333 thaMbhaNapura 321 thaMbhaNaya 348 thANA : 25, 256, 276, 277, - 293, 324 .. thANA devaLI 50 thAna 10, 20, 21. 325, 440

Page #597
dha70 ] ItihANanI pUrvabhUmikA thAmaNuM 13, 321, 336, 387, darbhAvatI 394, 402, 403 403 dazakumAracarita' 260, 352, 356 thArA58 366 dezapura 318, 453 thArApadra ga7 366 dazAha 224, 231, 22, 234 thAvasthA 345 dazeraka 255 theriyama 33. dasakroI 336, 380, 381, 421 dakSiNApatha 261, 288, 289, 293, dasakrozI 13 294, 3ra 6 dasAre 261 dakSiNodadhi ka20 dasya 432 dakhaNa 167, 447,457, 460, dahANu 324 476 daheja baMdara 24 dattAtreya 10, 285 dahasena 399 dattAtreya bA. 293, 294 DisakaLakara 347 daMDakA 293 da6 2 je 280, 325, 352, 395, daMDakAraNya 293, 294, 319 307, 399, 481 daMDarAjapura 47 dadhitIthe 316 daMDAhI deza 374 dadhipadra 392, 403 daMDAhI pathaka 374, 402 dadhipadrapatana 403 daMDAhI viSaya 374' dadhipadra maMDala 392 daMDI 25, 26, 35ra dadhimatI 326 daMtidurga 280 dadhIca 211 dAImAbAda 97, 179, 195 dadhIci 212, 220, 323, 323 dANamAtA 383 damaSa 234 dAtAra DuMgara 10 damaNa 9, 25, 50, 51, 307, dAda 184 318, 319, 324, 402 dAdarA-nagara havelI 37 damaNagaMgA 6, 16, 25, 3ra4 dAdhIca 210 damana 402 dAmasena 441 damayaMtI 319 dAdara 285, 338 darada 271 dAmodara kuMDa 287, 324, 338, darbhavatI 394, 407. 045

Page #598
| zabdasUci pachI durlabharAja durvibhAga dUdhezvara dUSaNa dRSaDhatI deDiyApADA delavADA 400 271 320, 380. 294 . . 264, 313 396 26, 348, 349, dAmodara maMdira ra32, 247, 331 dArayasa 440 dAruka 230 dAvuM 271 dAzAjJa 231 dAhAnukA 318, 319, 324 dAhoda 8, 259, 281, 326, 391, 392, 403, 439 dAMDI 25 dAMtA 7, 24, 34, 69 digaMbara saMpradAya 363, 368 di. caM. sarakAra 401, 488 diyAlA 160 diyALa 162 dilamUna 161 dilhI 378 'dIghanikAya' 337 dIpavaMsa" 275 dIpAyana 292 dIpikA 382 dIva 26, 50, 307, 357, 403, 491 dudAvihAra 4 kurmamA 289 durgati ' kaha6 durgA ra62 durgAcArya 75 durgAzaMkara zAstrI para, 238, 383 durgAsaptazatI' 262 duryodhana rara, rara9 devaka 225, 226 devakI 230, 242 devagaDha 265 devagaDha DuMgara 8 devagaDhabAriyA 50 devacaMdra 38 devacaMdrasUri 366, 383 devacaMdrAcArya 374 devanI morI 335 devapaTTaNa 348-350 devapaTTaNa-prazasti' 276, 349 devapattana ra90, 349, 350, 403 devapATaNa-prazasti 349 devayAnI rara devarakSitapATaka 25 devarana ri 378 devarhigaNi kSamAzramaNa 35ra devala 64 . valavADauM, 48, 749 devalI 351, 354 devazrI 382 desalapara 12, 10, 106, 126,

Page #599
paha2] ItihAsanA pUrvabhUmikA 130, 172, 177-179 dvArakAdhipati, 241, 36 . devasabha 255 dvAravatI 8a, 225, 226, 228, devasUri 369, 378 230, 232, 237-239, devaLiyA 107 242, 246, 254258, devAcArya 378, 379 26, 284-286, 16, devAditya 385, 390 329, 330, 337, 339, devAta 390 340, 345, 370 devAvRdha 224 - dayAzraya 282, 316, 317, 320, devendrasUri 375 326, 364, 402, 463, desenaka 324, 356 491 dehamaI 326 dhanapati 321 dehatsarga 314 dhanasurA 374, 375 deAba 193 dhanezvara 343 dauDakIya 453 dharakkaTa 462 draviDa 276, 432, 436 dharaNIvarAha362, 383, 455 drAviDa 261, 449 dharaNudra 373 drupada 451 dharamapura 16, 47, 50, 51, 253, droNasiMha 351, 353 274 droNAyana 453 , dharasena 2 jo 259, 325, 348, ghutimA 213 dhApara 320, 333, 370 350, 356, 370, 377, dvArakA 26, 75, 53, 101, 398, pa02 106, 226-228, 230- dharasena ke je 259, 323, 354, 232, 236-243, 246, 32, 380, 385 254, 255, 257, 263, dharasena 4 the 20, 342, 354, 264, 271, 285-288, 55, 370, 387, 388,. 292, 323, 323, 326, 39, 396, 52 kara7329, 330, 332, dharAsaNa 16, 25 336-340, 323, 361, dharUDa - 177 370, 439, 447 dharoI 75 dvArakAkSetra-mahAmya" 239, 264, 322, 323, 327, 332 dharmagupta ra75 1/4 *

Page #600
na zamasuci [ pADyuM dharmanetra 266 dharmapura 240 dharmAditya 362, 370 dharmAraNya 332, 333, 372, 375, 392 dharmAraNyamAhAbhya' 368, 375, 385 dhavala - 281, 382 dhavalaka. 381 dhavalakapura 391 dhavalakkaka 362, 381, 382, 386, 389-391, 394, 402, 403 dhavalakakaka-taTagrAma 381 - dhaMturiyA beTa 24. dhaMdha 384 dhaMdhAdArI vargo peTA jJAtio 467 , dhaMdhuka 383, 384 dhaMdhukA 19, 180, 378, 383, 384. dhaMdhuka 383, 384 dhaMdhukkapura 383 dhaMdhUka 380. dhaMdhezvara 383, 384 dhAmodane DuMgara 17 dhAra 11 dhAravADa 40, 98, 1911 dhArA 277, 374, 3781 dhArAkheTa 364 , ne dhArAgaDha 24 : dhArAnagara 147, 381 dhArI 357 dhArukA 364 . dhArtarASTra 226, 229 dhiNodhara DuMgara 11 dhiMgezvara 335 : dhINakI 360, 487 dhurUDa thara : dhuvAraNa 14, 18 dhUmarAja 456 dhUmrAyaNa 453 dhRtarASTra 254 dhoDa 72 : dhorAjI 358. . lerA 19, 23, 26. dhULakA 13, 19, 108, 149, 363, 382, 383, 402, 403, 421 : : dhALA 365 , " dhaumya 254, 256 dholapura 504 dhrAMgadhrA 10, 33, 29, 49,71, 74, 80 . dhruva 462 yuva5Tu 481 dhruvasena 1 ke 259, 355, 36, 370, 386, 388, 392 dhruvasena 2 je 275, 325, 345. : 356, 262, 380, 385, - 388, 36, 48 - - - dhruvasena 3 je 380, 382

Page #601
pat ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA dhroLa 49 nakula 385 nakrapura 354 nakSisapura 349 nakSisapura-caturazIti 326, 349 - nakhatrANA 11, 12, 75, 75, 78, 106 nagara 371 nagaraka 388, 453 nagarakapathaka 388 nagarakoTa 454 nagaraThaThThA 25, 258 nagara mahAsthAna 388 nagarA 132, 333335, 388, 390, 409 nagInAbAga 421 naTapa 386 naTapadra 386 naTapiTaka, nakaputra 186 naDiyAda 375, 386 nakUla 46 nandIsatra 500 nannasUri 372, 385 navAhana 342 nama(de) 36 nammadula 16 nayacakra' para naraka 227, 228, 240, 291, 340 narakAsura - 227, 228, 235, 337, 341, 360 navarAha 382 narasiMgapura 72 narmadA 8, 14, 24, 34, 36, 40, 47, 71, 82, 100, 108, 162, 182, 19, 204, 209, 211, 213, 224, 253, 265-267, 269, 270, 27, 289, 294, 316, 317, 319, 322, 337, 34-344, 394, 397, 433, 448 narmadAzaMkara caeN. bhaTTa 409 nala 319 navaghaNa 362 navalakhI 25. 28 navasArikA 48-A, 275, 400, 453, 458 * navasArI 16, 19, 25, 48-A, 50, 81, 28, 282, 319, 400, 406, 403 navasurASTrA 359 navAgAma 15 navAnagara 34, 49, 51 navIbaMdara 19 nahapAna 318, 319, 324, 342, 360, 400, 441, 474, naLakAMThA 6 naLasarovara 109, 15 naMda 201, 225 naMdana 288 , " :

Page #602
22 naMdanavana 292 nAthakUvA 33 naMda58 395 nAthadvAra 318 naMdapaDhIya 395 nAnAka 371 naMdapura 395 nAyara naMdarabAra 47 nAra 388, 402 naMdalAla de 317 nArada 230, 238 naMdigrAma 204 nArA 22 naMdIkuMDa 320 nArAyaNa 211, 279, 370 naMdIsara, 325 nArAyaNa-kavaca 316, 330 nAIla 167 nArAyaNa-sara 331, 332 nAga 431 nArAyaNa-sthAna 331 : nAgaDasa 357 nArAyaNazrama 331 nAgadA 129, 179 nArAyaNa 229 nAgadAsara 12 nAmuM 284 nAgadinnAnaka 358 nAlaMdA 35ra nAganaha 445 nAvaDA 188 nAgapati 433 nAvaDAtalI 100 nAgapura 448 nAsika 3, 47, 179, 195, nAgamatI 20, 22 258, 26, 29, nAgarakhaMDa 323, 332, 364 069, 318, 319, 324, 371 760, 483, 48, nAgarAja AstIka 437 nAsikya 269, 294 nAgala 192 nAMdIpura(rI) 48-A, 270, 28, nAgasArikA 282, 395, 400, 403 * 393, 395, 396, nAgArjuna 323, 322, 335, 35ra, 45ra, 453, 458, 353, 387 481, 483 nAgila 378 nadeda 15, 48-A, 51, nAgo bhedatIrtha 257, 114 280, 395, 396, nAgara 47 464, 467, "nATayazAstra' 252, 258 nimitI 240 : ' nANAvaTI 241 nikuMbha-19zakti 99 ke..

Page #603
57$ '] 325 nikAlanI khADI nizria| 431, 439 nispriMTeDa-nigrA 431 nimADa 40, 254, 267 nimnakUpa 364 nirigkSaka 395 niruta 396 nirALAvALI 22 nirjhara 400 'nirvANalIlAvatI kathA' nivijyA 289 'nizIthacUrNi'261, 293 niSadha 266, 27, 2:4, 434 niSA 274 niSadhAvatI 274 niSAda 431, 434 48, 230, 253, 254, 26, 273, 274, 313, niSAdabhUmi 273 nigala 162 nibaY=pasthalI 325 ni`khavatI 385 ni khAka kula nImanAliyA 326 266 385 itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA nIla nIlaka mahAdeva 245 nIlaratana sarakAra meDIkala nIvRt 213, 266 bhRgarAjA 319 tekapeAla 189 379 kaoNleja 146 naimicaMdra 492 `mijina 989 neminAtha 284, 285, 288, 335, 336, 338, 354, 355, 369, 371, 373, 378, 281, 389 379 -ziva 336 -nerAcha 325 -tevAsA 79, 134, 17:9, naimiSyAraNya 461 273 naiRtya naiSadha 182, 188, 195 22 naiSadhIyacarita' 382 nausAriyA 400 315 nya nya'kumatI 240 : nyUTana 481 putrI 358, 359 pacchama 5 pacchegAma 364 paccara 273 paDavANa 402 pataMjali 252, 279 patiyALA 313 pattana 327, 348, 349, 350, 367, 368, 389; 390, 393, 402 pattalInI 265 pathara 289

Page #604
zabamayi (577 padmakuMDa 329 padmagupta 456 padmanAbha 390 'padmapurANa 270, 280, 318, 20 323, 333, 380, 384, 391, 292 padmavarNa 234 pAvatI 773 pazcimatti 325 pabumaTha 106 pANI 288, 289, 293,294, 16, 19 parazurAma 213, 214, 221 parAzara 265 parAMta 268 parIkSita 201 parItaLAva 346 paruththI 232 parNadata 440 paNuMzA 264, 318 parbatI 322 palasANa 16, 399 palAzinI 284, 285, 24 palI 462 pavaranayara 348 paLAsavA 24 paMca-kapeTa 385 paMcataMtra 200 paMcanada 231, 263-265, 284 323. paMcanada tIrtha 254 : paMcamahAla 10, 20, 3ra, 33, 38, 40, 46, 49, 110, 253, 318, 386, 291 303, 400 paMcavarNa 238, 286 paMcavaTI 294 . paMcasihAninakA 500 paMcAla deza 261 paMcAzraya 366 paMcAsara 12, 3, 367, 372, 376 . . paMcAsarA-pArzvanAtha 366 paMcAMgasudhArAsamiti 497 paMjAba 148, 25, 264, 25, 431, 439 442, 448, * 479 pAkistAna 3, 4, 27, 330, 391 pAchatara 58 * * : pATaDI 460 : pATaNa 12, 1751, 190, 307, 314, 16, 18, 367, ka68, 777, 393 pATalanagara 380 pANini 68-a, 251, 254, 256, 258, 26, 272, 204, 279, 284,286, 317, 322, 32336, 336, 45, 354, 35ra, 384 pAtAla 265 pAdatADitaka ra.

Page #605
578 ] pAdarA 391 pAdaliptapura 354 pAdaliptAcArya 335, 343, 354, 387 pAnama 14 pApavatI 388 pAra pAraDI 16, 71 16, 399 pArada 201 pAranera 9 itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA pAlItANA pAllA pArasaphUla 345 pArasIkA 206 pArA 3rara pArAdA 318, 319, 324 pArAzara 453, 458 pAriyAtra 288-290, 317, 318, 321, 322 pArjiTara 238, 288, 289, 317, 319, 321, 322 pArzvanAtha 346, 348, 349, 352, 367, 373, 375, 381, 387 pAla 14 pAlaDI 377, 378, 421 pAlaNa(na)pura 33, 29, 50, 363, 3}} pAli 262 pAlittayapura 54 pAlittAyu 353, 354 pAlittAnaka 354 pAlItANuka 14 11, 49, 353 13 pAmhaNapura 3}} pAvAgaDha 7, 8, 14, 41, 323, 393 pAzupata saMpradAya pAMcajanya pAMDavA pAMDu pAMDeya pAMDava 286, 373 324, 403, 445 227-229, 238, 254, 291, 292, 313, 31 225 45 294 pitAmaharmukha 354 pipariyA 15 pipaLAva 369 279 pippalAvI 369 pilA-melA pi'galavADA 14 pi kUpikA 325 piMDatAraka 243, 338 'piMDaniyukita' 368 piMDAraka 238, 242, 254, 250, 326, 329, 330 238 piDArA pIpalulAtaDAga 3 67 pIramabeTa 72 pIrAja pIDArA pIpaLanera 15 puNyajana 433 44 25, 76, 78, 240, 242

Page #606
puNyAka 364 punnATa 457 purAtanaprabaMdha-saMgraha' 316, 718, 30, 323, 327, 231, 335, 343, 348, 350, 35ra-354, 356-358, 363, 365, 366, 369 372, 375, 376, 378, 379, 381-383, 385, 387, 389, 391, 393 pulakezI avanijanAzraya 280 pulakezI 1 le 500 pulakezI 2 je 280 pulasya 208 puliza 274 puliMdayavana ra70,433 pulaha 208 pulemA 219 puSkara 47, 284, 334 puSagiri 28, 284 puSpa vatI 382 puSyasAbapura 362 pusALakara 238 puLabhAvi 258, 260 puMDarIka 291 puMDra 229, 273 paMDravardhana 458 pUnA 104 - " pUraNa 4 pUrNabhaTTAvihAra 374 pUrNabhadra 282 pUNa 15, 19, 4 pUrNAzA 18 pUrvagaMgA 323 pRthA 225 pRthivIsena 41 "pRthurAjarAso' 450, 488 peTalAudra 386 peTalAudrapura 363 peTalAda 363, 387, 402 piTalA58 402 peDhAmalI-69, 82 pethaDazAha 368 penasilveniyA 155 periplasa" 26, 270, 271, 27, 316, 337, 338, 34, 353, 397 perU 88 pelesTAIna 87 14. pezAvara 448 paiThaNa 40 ribaMdara 26, 28, 34, 35, 49, 106, 240, 245, 351, 360 pirTugIjha-sIkhyA 49 pi-la-ka-che-pa 343 pauDUka vAsudeva 29, 26 pIrava 226 pauravelAkula 351 paulomI 208 prakAza .. 179195 pracaMDa 74 - - -

Page #607
58] ItihAsa pUrvabhUmikA pra. caM. dIvAnajI 240 190, 191, 200, 24, pratiSThAna 460 25, 257, 268, 286, pratiSThAnanagara 369 288, 290, 314-316, pratiSThAnapattanakalpa" 343 318, 322, 26, 27, pradyumna 230, 231 328-330, 332, 235, pradyumnasUri 378 336, 238, 349, 356pradyota 342 358, 361, 364, 379, prabaMdhAza" 316, 318, 335, 380, 407 343, 346, 348, prabhAsakSetra 290, 327, 349 350, 32, 354, 363, -mAhAmya 315 366, 369, 272, 373, "prabhAsakhaMDa 285, 290, 715, 376, 381, 383, 385, 326, 333, 324, 335, 387, 389, 391 345 - "prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi 285, 291, prabhAsa tIrtha 313, 315 316, 317, 20-322, prabhAsatriveNI saMgama 257 ka27, 335, 343, 34pa, prabhUtavarSa goviMdarAja 397 348-50, 35-355, pramuda 273 362, 365, 366, 369, prayAga 461 374-383, 385, 287 pravarasena 1 le 485 389, 303, 462 pravarA 72, 9, 188 prabhAkaravardhana ra75 prazAMtarAga 394, 399 prabhAcaMdra 338 prazAMtavarSa 342 prabhAvacarita' 285, 291, 321, praznAvaDA 361, ka64 32, 35, 338, 34, prasannapura 363, 364 349, 352, 354, 355, prasena 225, 226 357, 366, 368, 372, praphalAdana 366 377, 378, 380, 381, pralAdanapura 363, 366, 403, 405 383, 387, 389, 390 prabhAsa (prabhAsa pATaNa) 19, 82, 97, prAtiSa ra28, 340, 341, 433 99, 106, 107, 133, 15, 10, 185-8, prAyotiSadurga 30, 340

Page #608
prAgTayAtiSapura 227, 235, 245, 254, 266, 290, 291, 336, 339, 340, 360 prAcItI 257, 314, 329, 338 prAcI sarasvatI 242, 243, 714, 316, 327, 33 0 prApti 225 prAtRSaya 26, 273 prAMtIja 13, 16, 374 5 prAMthaDa prinsepa 480 plinI 262 phaNAdrivaMza 447 phara'gaTA 361 phargyusana 481, 987 klI 22 kkaprasavaSNu 338, 361 kriniziyA 151 phudeDA 1 phulajhara 20 phUTa ra phrAnsa 28, 496 lITa 221, 369, 39, 481 aNumarA 39 bajANA 50 majhAna 279 bhaThTha 402 khadalapura 23 zabdaza | paTele ana sakAMThA 7, 8, 12, 17, 32-34, 38, 46, 49,:50, 21, 264, 273, 315, 318, 336, 433 318 anAsa 7, 12, 82, 24, 389, 318 bantAsA anI 22 bappapAdIya vihAra 334 khapaTTisUri 358, 372 bappalaTTisUricarita'338, 372, 385 a 230, 234 kharagAsA 343 291 aTaka kharaDAnA DuMgara 10, 238, 245, 259, 287, 291, 330, 331, 335, 341, 360, 446 323 271, 277, 328 araDiyA kharAkA kharAkenA akhAta 337 sI 443 arusa, aruSa marIjha 343 * aneM sa 370 bAMmrA akhara 943 318 : 279, 454,461 arka 461 baladeva 207 balabhadra 356, 385 alamitra 440 balarAma 225-227, 229, 230, 2626. 2992,4053, 443

Page #609
582] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA balavamAM 326, 349 bali 347 balitIrtha, 331 balirAjA 34ra. balucistAna 447 bahala 195 bahAdarapura 82 bahirbhaDalI 399 baherAmapura 377 bahucarAjI 17, 439 baherIne 154, 155, 157, 160, 161, 168 baLeja 414 , baMgALa 3, 9, 381, 390, 391, 439, 454 baMTiyA 351 baMDarijidi 421 baMDarijidipaka 377 baMdhuvamAM 274, 444 bAgalANa 47 : bANa 229, 25, 279, 282, 294, 447 bANAsura 373 bAdAmI 451, 458, 500 bApAka 443 bAbarATa 107 : bAbarA 41 bAbariyAvADa 50, 431 bAbIvaMza 260 brAhmaNagAma 14 bAlI 299 bAramAsI 28 bAvana 364 bArigAjhA 270, 277, 16, 343 bAriyA 32, 50 bArejaDI 421 bArejA ka77, 421 bAsA 319 bAhe spatya saMvatsara 477, 90, 500 bAlakAMDa' 258 bAlamukuMda 284 bAlarAmAyaNa 276 bAlahaMsasUri 33 bAlArAma 7 bAlerA 281 bAhIka 263 bAvanaka 364 bASkaladeva 351 bAhaDa 378 bAhirikA 399 bAhuleDanagara 382, 383 bAlIka 340 biyAsa 264 bilimerA 19, 25, 324 bilvakhAta 331, 364 bisalI 139, 140 biharaja 276, 343 bihAra 29 bilaNa 252, 281 biMbisAra 59, 22 bI. ke katrI 341. '

Page #610
It 58 bI. ke. ceTarajI 146 bI. bI. lAla 138 bIla 271 bIlakhA 50, 331, 364 bIlezvara 330 bI. sI. lo 288, 13, 319 budhagupta 317 buddhadAsavihAra 434 buddhavamAM 393 buddhisAgarajI 379 buza 66 bRhatkathA 342, 489 bRhatkathAkeza 457 bRhatkalpasUtra' 37 bRhatsaMhitA 25, 256, 259, 265 268, 26, 274, 284, 285 bRhagaccha 369 baeNkaTriyana grI 435, 442, 45ra beTa 25 beTa dvArakA 44pa beTavA ra24, 235, 21 beDI 25, 28 bebileniyA 167 belAvAkara, De. 268 belA 5 belArI 167. bejiyama 56. beharIna 129 bacI 22 . beTAda 58 , beDelI 82 bodhivaMza 440 bebe gejheTiyara26ra, 282, 70, 435, 45, 465 , berasada 381, 388,58, 464 bariyAstUpa 35 khUlara 370, 195 brahma 283 brahmakSetra-mAhAsya 35. brahmakheTaka kSetra 303 brahmakheDa 384 brahmagupta 274 brahmapura 333 brahmapurANuM 317, 318, 33 brahmasara 314 brahmasiddhAMta' 477, 400 brahmA 314, 316, 384, 451 brahmAnI kheDa 333, 384 - brahmA-maMdira 334 brahmA-sAvitrI 382 brahmAMDa purANuM 259, 273, 289, 267, 269, 17, 319, bAka 160 brAhmakhaMDa 33 brAhmaNa peTAjJAtio 65 brAhmaNavAha 255 brAhmI 316 briTiza 48-a, 48, 477, 490 musa phUTa 91

Page #611
584]. ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA bharUca 343, 390, 323, 39, 432, 483 16, 18, 24, 2, 34, 35, 40, 41, 43, 4, 48 , 49, 51, 80, 101, 192, 193, 208, 221, 269, 276, 277, 293, 366, 317, 319, 336, 386, 389, 395307, 437, 444, 450, 453, 457, 464, 465, brusa, robaTa 81 bhagadatta 235, 254, 339, 340 bhagavadAya 239 bhagavA ra5 bhagavAnalAla IdrajI 276, 282, 395, 445, 448, 451, 484, 485 bhacAu 11 bhaTArka 351 bhaTArkavihAra 334 bhakapatra(ka) 350, 51 bhaTTasALI 240 bhadi 252, 352 bhaTTI 44 bhadra 386 bhadrapAna 356 bhapATaka 356 bhadrazya 266 bhadrA 230, 326, 331 bhadrANuka-macchapikA 26 bhadrezvara 27, 271, 365 bhadrezvaravelAkula 272 bharata 252, 258, 294 bharata cakravatI' 271 bharatavana 10, 292 bharAja 451 bharANuM 260 bharuM 343 bharUa7 317, 147, 403 bharukaccha 269, 20, 274, 293, 317, 318, 336, 341, bhadAmA 441 bhavaDha 487, 488 bhartuhari 443 bhatrIzvara tAvaha 325 bhallATa 274 bhavanAtha 285, 324, 345 bhaviSyaparva" 290, 340. bhaviSyapurANuM 270, 280 bhaMbherI 369 bhAudAjI : 181 'bhAgavatapurANuM 237, 239, 242, 263, 277, 287, 316, 321, 328-31, 337, 342 bhAgavata-mAhAmya 280 bhAgAtaLAva 108, 177 bhADala bhANa jeThavo 360 bhANavaDa 359

Page #612
zakAbhAi . [585 bhAtagAma 381 bhAdara 10, 14, 19, 26, 71, 74, 77, 80, 100, 103, 180, 181, 267, 326, 331, 351, 357 . bhAdaroDa 356 bhAnu 30, 368 bhAnubhaTTa 351, 393 bhAnumitra 440 bhAyAvadara 34 bhArata-irAnI 151 bhArata-kAspiyana 147 bhAratayuddha 229, 241, 242, 338 bhAratavijaya 339 bhAratIya vana 440, 473 bhAradvAja 453, 458 bhAruka7 48/a, 48/A, 209, 267, 268, 273, 341, 344 bhArgava 221, 268, 273, 432, 433, 453 bhAla 16, 30, 19, 387, 384 bhAla-naLakAMThA 6, 105 bhAliyA 402 bhAleja 402 : bhAvaDa 756 . . bhAvanagara 26, 28, 41, 46, 48, 106, 16, 292, 354 356, 364 bhAskara 376 che . bhAM. e. insTiTayUTa 26 bhAMDArakara 406, 441, 444, 48, 450-45, 454 bhiloDA 8, 13 bhila 278, 432, 434 bhillamAla 48A, 275, ra79, 280, 401 bhInamAla 279, 280, 149, 455 bhIma ra75 bhImadeva 1le 260, 318, 341, 349, 374-371, 394, 461 bhImarathI 319 bhIma sAvaMta 224, 234 bhImasiMha 365 bhImasena ra70 bhImA 72 bhIlasA 47, 48 bhISmaka 226 bhISmaparva 254, 268, 270, 273, 288, 13, 317-19, 322, 324 : bhujagaMdra 477 bhujavarmA 270 bhUgaDa 367 bhUkhI 14, 22, 74, 75, 70, 78 bhUja 5, 11, 9, 101, 170, 365 . bhUtAMbiMlikA 259, 341, 359 bhUtAMbilI 341, 350, , bhabhatpallI 360

Page #613
586 ] ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA bhUmaka 341, 36, 475 bhUmakapalikA 60 bhUmadhyasamudra 29, 89, 471, 43ra bhUmalikA 359 360 bhUmalI 34, 60 bhUmipAla 281 bhUmilikA 359, 360 bhRgu 208, 213, 218, 322, 342, 343 bhRguRSi 34ra bhRgukaccha ra55, 270, 276, 28, 336, 342, 343, 403, 432, 440 bhRgukula 342 bhRgukSetra 343. bhRgutIrtha 343 bhRgupattana 336 bhRgupura 317, 143, 147, 394, : 434 meTaDiyA bhANa 83 bheMsale 11, 242, 247, 285, 287, 324, 335 bheMsANa 19 taimarathI 319 me 234 . . bhairavajapa 29 bhairavI devI 277 bhegapura 402 bhagavatI 388, 402 bhegA 10, 108, 109 bhogIlAla ja. sAMDesarA 26, ra3ra bhoja 225, 228, ra7, 277, 372 bhojadeva 281 bhe jarAja 347 bhojarAjo 286, 287 bhoja vRSNi 232 bho. je. vidyAbhavana 421 bheje ra24, 229, 230, 232, 204 bhopALa 321 bhomapaliA 341 bhoLAda 383 bheDAnaka 363 bhaumapatrikA 341, 361 bhaumAsura 339, 34, 360 bhauma 334 makaradhvaja 446 makkana 161 makkA 493 makkA pAsagAra 77 maga 450. magadallA 25 magadha 225, 26, 479 bhagadharAja 59 magana 155, 161 macchu 20, 50 macchuMdarI 348 majevaDI 363, 364, maNibhAI dvivedI 397, 399 matikalA 378

Page #614
zAsaSi masyapurANa 252, 25, 267, marUpradeza 257 269, 270, 27, 289, bharUbhUmi 265 290, 316, 319, 340, marumaMDala 462 342, 43, 446, 45ra marusthalI 378 mathurA 224-226, 241, 265, bhareDI 318 286, 292. 433 bharelI 25 bhadasara mahuvA 385 bhadAvI 325 malaka 283 madirA 230 maladhArI caMdrasUri 379 madro 435 malabAra 116, 506 . madhu ra24, 233, 234, 266 bhalayagiri-TIkA 368 madhu dAnava 255 malAva taLAva 382 madhu daitya 344 malivApIvaha 325 madhumata 270 bhalavAdiprabaMdha 385 madhumatI 233, 234, 325, 356, malavAdisari 343, 35ra, 386 385, 406, 403 malalATa 274 madhumatIdhAra 325 mallinAthacarita' 371 madhusUdana 401 maskata 162 madhya eziyA ra75, 441, 446 mahatI 317 madhyapradeza 3, 6, 15, 47, 147, mahamUda gajanI (gajhanavI) 348, 505 225, 290, 317, 318 mahammada 401, 94 336. "maharSicarita-prazasti' 282 manuM 211, 255, 432 mahaMmada 493 manuputra 203 . " . mahAkAla ra76, 234 "manusmRti 442, 444 mahAkAlI 382 :.. * mammaTa 277 | mahAgaurI 2e : mayaNalladevI 382 : mahAdurgAdhikaraNa ka60 :: marIci 208 mahAbhArata" 209 22, 237, 238 bharu 48, 253, 254, 267, 272, 24, 242,243, 147, 391 . . 252, 254257, 26, bhara-dhanvA 26, 313 265-267, 2671,

Page #615
paheTa ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 273, ra74, 279, 282 mahIsA 13, 386 - 284, 28-290, 293, mahIsAgarasaMgama kSetra 733, 388 313, 324, 316, 317- mahISa 355 319, 323, 323, 324, mahuvA 15, 325, 356, 364, 326, 327, 32-331, 376, 380, 385, 403 335-337, 339, 342, mahegAma 108, 162 344, 370, 385, 413, mahendra 288 432, 44, 406, 442 mahendrapAla 326, 349, 463 "mahAbhASya" 279 mahendrasUri 343 mahArASTra 3, 6, 46, 47, 71, mahemadAvAda 17, 385, 391 72, 79, 261, 276, mahera 355 294, 369,442, 443, mahezvara 100, 337, 443 446, 45, 457, 486 mahesANuM 8, 17, 34, 46, 49, "mahAvaMsa 275 82, 190, 277, 368, mahAvIra 19, 200, 202, 354, 269, 31-374, 400, 372, 373, 381, 385, 402 492, 49, 504 mahera 13 "mahAvIracariya' 492 maMkaNikA 395 mahitA 317 maMgalapura 350, 351 mahiSmAna 266 maMgalAnaka 280 . mahisANA 374 maMjuma 322 mahI 6, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, maMDapadurga 379 24, 29, 44, 70, 71; 74, maMDalikA 348 75, 82, 25, 268, 276, maMDalI 756, 364, 375, 376, ra78, 315, 17, 318, 321, 407. 324, 375, 291,02, 45 maMDalIga 356, 376 mahIkAMThA 46/a, 50, 268, 26, maMDukezvara 316 : - : 318, 402 maMdasora 47, 444 - - mahIdhara 256, 434 maMdelI 195 . .: mahAnagara, 12, 388 mAdha 252, 285 , "mahIpAlarAsa 379 mAjhuma 13, 84, 2 -

Page #616
zabdasathi [58 bhAThara 453, 58 mADAgAskara 29, 41 mANaIjijakA 325 mANAvadara 26, 50, 358 mANijyasUri 389 mAtara 13, 20, 402 mAdhurI vAcanA" 352 mAdhava 234, 378 mAdhavadeva 338 mAdhavapura 26, 240, 243, 338 mAdhavamaMdira, 338 mAnavagAtra 53 mAnavya 451 mAnasara 364 mAnyakheTa 306 : " bhAyasAra 133 mArava 369 bhAravADa 3, 6, 35, 253, 263, 275, 277 ra79-281, 283, 352, 430, 447, 456, 465, 465, 465 mArIca ra94 mArkaDeyapurANa 262, 267, 269, 273, 283, 288-290, 316-319, 43, 443, para mArTina, seM. 271 mArtikAvata 231, 236 mArzala 136, 488 mAlaNa 22 bhAlana 325 : mAlava 253, 261, 265, 275, 276, 280, 369, 378, 385, 388, 442, 449, 488 mAlavaka 48/A, 25 mAle 278 mAlya 288 mAhika 269 . mAhiSaka 268 mAhiSmatI 202, 267, 267, 289, 294, 316, 336, 337 mAhisaka 386 mA hisati 336 mAheya 48/a, 268, 27, 317 mALavA 6, 13-15, 75, 47, 18, - 48/A, 148, 288, 289, 317, 323, 324, 15, 439, 53 : ..* mALiyA 21, 50 : mAMkaNI 395 mAMgaroLa 9, 10, 2, 34, 5, 25, 260, 29, 30, 347, 350, 67, 380, 399, 431, 49 mAMDala 261, 16, 756, 375, 376, 403, 464 mAMDalA 14 mAMglI 376 mAMDava DuMgara 10 mAMDavA 15 mAMDavI 22

Page #617
itihAsau pUrvabhUmikA mAMdhAtA 336 mitraviMdA kAliMdI ra27, mithilA rara7 - miyANI 26, 240 mirAzI 264, 265, 30, 400, 44, 443, 485, 486, 500 : - misara 87, 124, 125, 129 mihira 435-437, 444 mihira kula 437: mihirabhaja 280, 282 mIThApura 26 mInanagara 132 mInalasara 382 mIMDhoLA 15, 25, 325, 335 mughala 47, 49, 477, 495 mucakuMda 234 : mujhapharazAha 007 muherA 772 mudritakumudacaMdra prakaraNuM 380 munazI 221, 448, 456, 457 muni suvrata 343. munisuvrata-svAmicarita' 281, 379 munisuda 228 muDAsaya 374, 378 muMja 281, 374, 381, 456 muMDA 26ra muMdrA 27, 130, 365 muMbaI 46, 47, 49, 92, 114, - 105, 117 mUra ka23 mUlanAtha deva 376 mUlarAja ra3, 280, 281, 326, 364, 365, 468, 301, 372, 375, 376, 461, 462, 489, 491 malavAsara 338 mUlasaNa 82 mUluka gRhila 260, 347, 350461 mUlezvara 375, 376 mULadvArakA 239, 240, 243, 245, 287, 288, 331, 23ra, 356, 361, 439 mULI 50, 456 meu 82 mekonala 284 mela parvata 14 meghadUta 289, 321 meghanaMdi 42 . meghanAda zAha 497 meDa 446 meDiyA 446 melA 370 "medinIkAza 256 meru 205, 443 meratuMgAcArya 345, 362, 492 meluhA 155, 161 mevADa 3, 6, 35, 47, 51, 183, 289, 318, 320, 460 mevAsa 50 mezvo 13, 325 mesarI 14

Page #618
mesopoTemiyA 129, 154, 155, 168. manAka parvata 322 maimUra 162, 191, 269 mekhaDIdhAra 15 majadIna 389 moTI bora 383 moDAsA 13, 374, 378, 402 moDhera 366, 372 meheramAM 372 moDheraka 371 moDherakIya adhakhama 372 moDheraga 372 moDherA 332, 333, 336, 72, mahezvarI 333, 372 meneDIsa 262 moglosana 350 meradhAra 11, morabI 10, 21, 49, 364, 445, maulistAna 391 mausalaparva 237, ra39, 267, 287, 323, 337 mausalayuddha 228 yakSazara vihAra 334 yajurveda 370, 45, 458 , yadu 232, 234 yamunA 264, 313, 319, 321, 323 yayAti 224, 234 yazapAla 282 yazodAmA 379 yazodevasUri 348 : yazodhara 348 yazodharmA 488 ; yAdavAsthaLI 264 yAyAta yadu 334 . yAska 796 - yuanazvAga 48IA, ra1, 275, 279, 285, 34, 5ra, 370, 384, 447, 449, 481 . . yuecI 435 yuyena 88 yudhiSThira 228, 254, 257, 279, 339 , . yukretisa-taigrisa 154, 160, 167 yuyudhAna 229 yuro5 35, 42, 88, 94 yula 276 ceta 435 miza 4 mehaDavAsa 402 mohaDavAsaka 374 mahArAjaya' 282 maheraka 333, 372 moheM-jo-daDe 113, 118, 120, 125, 130, 135, 137, 139, 143, 147, 148, 155, 157, 471, 43ra mekigAIDa 471, 422

Page #619
52 ] celsI 452 yeAgarAja 367 yogata 458 sAmeAtika 360 'dhruva za' 2. ya. majumadAra 485 rajaputAnA 465 26 kara Thika ra6ra raNajitasAgara 232 raNuEAjI maMdira - 245 raNuEADapurA 82 raNachoDarAyajI 23 44} raNadhIrajI raNasiMha 31 267, 262 itihAsanI khUba bhUmikA ratanapura 41, 84 ratanamALa DuMgara 8, 9 ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva 20, 278, 315, 323, 390, 448 }} 356 vALa' ratnavatI ratnazekhara sUri 379 ratnAditya 367 ramaNalAla nA. mahetA 320, 332, 301 vAya 365 ravikIti 205 ravecI 202, 365 rasikalAla che!. parIkha 383 24381 raMgapura 82, 97, 101, 104, 105, 126, 129, 138, 139, 149, 151, 172, 105- 177, 179, 18, 182, 183, 185-187, 430 raMgamatI 20 rAdhama 325 rAjakATa 9, 10, 46, 49, 71, 98, 357, 358, 362, 373 rAjagRha 'rAjatara'giNI' 437 rAjapIpaLA 8, 9, 15, 33, 34, 41, 50, 74, 84, 162, 395 rAjapUtA-peTAjJAtio 435 rAjazekhara 252, 255, 259, 200, 271, 296, 278, 284, 285, 28, 289, 294, 315, 316, 318-321, 323, 342 rAjazekharasUri 318 rAjaya 228, 239, 339, 340, 342 3, }, 7, 40, 4, 48,48-A, 49, 126, 152, 178, 182, 190, 213, 224, 253, 289, 313, 318, 439, 442, 462,463, 471, 489, 280 rAji rAjimatI 232 rAjasthAna

Page #620
rAjImatI chiMpikA 378 rAjulA 21, 356 rAhi 447 rANaka 358, 359 rANakadevI 285 rANupura 180, 335 rANA khemAjI 287 rANInI vAva 368 rANIpa 323 rAdhanapura 12, 50, 21, 375 rApara 11, 365 rAbaDAla 326 rAma 213, 214, 221, 258, 263, 276, 293, 294, 368, 305, 392 rAmakRSNa gA. bhAMDArakara 370 rAmatIrtha 293 rAmadeva 389 zabdasUci rAmanagara 47, 51 rAmabhadra 276 rAmalAla cu. mAdI 383 37 rAmasiMha rAMTheDa 'rAmAyaNa' 252, 258, 267, 289, 290, 293, 294, 315, 317, 319, 340, 344, 432 rAme|pAkhyAna' 294 rAyakA 464 rAyakhaDa 377, 380 rAyapura 198 rAyacaudharI 498 rAyapura 133 rAva 431 294 rAvaNa 'rAvaNavadha'352 rAvala 360 rAvI 232 rASTrika 403, 434, 447 rASTriya paMcAMga 496 'rAsamALA' 456 rAMdera 15 riSTika 262 rihanasUra 276 rukamatI 21, 22 rumiNI-226, 227, 232, 240 rumI 226, 255 rudra 227 rudradAmA para, 57, 253, 258, 26, 268, 270, 21, 273, 284, 320, 334, 345, 441 rudrabhUti 447 rudra mahAkAla prAsAda 368 rudramAtA 22 rudramALa 38 rudrasiddha 441, 443 rudrasena 328, 441, 468 rudrasenavihAra 335 rkhala 396 rUpaDa 151 rUpArela 20 rUpeNu [ va 12, 16

Page #621
594] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA rUMDha 15 reNakI 58 reNukA 213 reNiyA beTa 27 resana 443, 498 rebArTa brusa 69 reva 205, 255 rema 246, 269 revata 234 ramaka ra71 revatadhAra 287 romA 269, 342 "revaMtagiri rAsa 282,285, 292, rohA 12 341, 346 rohANaka 358 revatI 206 rohiNI 225-227, 270, 232 revA 14, 267, 316, 342 rohiNI jAMbavatI 227 revAkAMThA 40, 47, 50, 432 - rahIzALA 358 revAkhaMDa 316 lakulIza 394, 445 raivata 216, 237-239, 242, 283, 286, 287, 290, lakSArAma 292 365, 433 lakSmaNa 27, 284, 453, 458 raivataka 228, 236, 239-243, lakSmaNa 227, 264, 322 256, 268, ra74, 284- lakSmIsAgarasUri 379 288, 292, 324, 331, lakhatara 450 336, 357, 368 lakhapata 4, 11, 12, 27, 332 raivata kakuvI 433 lakhArAma 366 raivatakakSetra 331 lagAza 160 raivataka giranAra 240 laghu pASANayuga 430 raivatakagiri 238, 284, 326, 337, laTTo 278 347 lalitA devI 354 raivata giri, raivata vana 292 lalitA mAtA 380 rocamAna 205 lavaNaprasAda 282, 376, 382 rejaDI 99, 105, 106, 151, lasuMdrA 13, 17 158, 159, 175, 179, laMparka para 183-185 lAkSAgRha 227 jhaDI 74, 80 lAyAkSa 458 rANI Tapu 25 lAkhAka 365

Page #622
zabdasayi lAkhA TApu 292 lAkhApara 106 lAkhA phUlautra 365 lAkhAbAvaLa 106, 107 lATa 48/A, 255, 256, 274- 280, 317, 369, 384, 391 394, 400, 402, 433, 444 448, 474, 483, 488 lATadeza maMDala 402 lAdezya 276 lATa maMDala 48/A lATAvana 278 lATiyA 277 lATI 277, 278 loTezvara maMDala ra7pa lAvyAyana 278 lAThI 50, 364 lADa 276 lANAsarI 5 lAvANuM 458 lAra 277 lArakhAnA 277 lAra deza 343 lArikA 274, 277, 278, 750 lArtA 162 lASAka 365 lAsana 350 lAkha 275, 355 lAMghaNaja 70, 82, 87, 87, - 89-91, 97, 103 liptikhaMDa 36 lImaDI 49 lIMbaDI 107, 104 lIMbaDA 364 luviga 284 luNAvADA 50, 3ra3, 326 lUNapasAya 376 lUNuM 106 lUNa 4, 13, 264 leze, vI. esa. 117 lothala 82, 7, 101-103, 105, 107, 111-117, 115-122, 124-126, 129-12, 135, 138-150, 15-162, 165, 168, 16, 171, 173, 175, -178, 180-182, 184,181, 189, 190, 430-432 lela 275 leliyANaka 348 391 lehAra 505 lehArI 391 hAsura 373 hiMgakakSa 396 vakamAta 390 vaccaDa deza 374, 178 vaja 231 vaja, Arya 265 vagaNa - 453 vajudata 205, 329 vajasvAmiprabaMdha 335 vajavAnI 356 lahANuM

Page #623
ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA vaTapatra vaTapura vajiNI 315 vaTanagara 363, 364 363 vaTapadra 393 vaTapadraka 351, 392, 393, 403 vaTapalikA 764 393 vaDanagara 48-a, 53, 205, 255, 372, 364, 369-371, 388,464, 465 vaDanagaraprazasti' 371 * vaDa(Ta)padraka 393 vaDalI, vaDAlI 48-A, 364 vaDiyA 50 vaDIyAra 376 vaDelI 82 vaDedarA 14, 16, 18, 30, 32, 33, 34, 41, 43, 46, 49, 51, 81, 276, 322, 333, 364, 381, 39ra- 395, 400, 40, 457, 458, 464, 483 vamukha 458 vaDhavANa 10, 39, 40, 43, 4, 71, 362, 363, 383, 455-457 vaDhiyAra 17 vaDhIyAra 363, 376 vaNAkaborI 17 valsa 50, 45, 58, vasaMgama 268 vasavahaka 325 vadarasiddhi 387, 388 vadhUsarA 219 vanarAja 366, 367, 372,434, 489 vanarAjavihAra 366 vanasthalikA, vanasthalI 347 vaneDA 14 vAIkA 325 varadAnakSetra 329-331 varaMDA 325 varAha 290, 291, 340 varAhadAsa raje 138, 361 varAhamihira 25, 259, 268, 274, 285, 500 varAhamaMdira 382 varasI 13 variavi 388 variyAva 15, 398 varuNa 207, 208, 214 varNAzA 318 vaNuM 270 vardhamAna bhukti 32, 363 vahiMpathaka 371, 375, 376 vaddhiviSaya 376 vardhamAna mahAvIra 352, 362, 363 vardhamAnapura 363, 457 vardhamAnasUri 372 valaIja 414

Page #624
zabdasUci [ 597 valabhI 26, 35, 48-a, 255, 259, 260, 275, 376, 349, 351 -33, 356, 357, 362, 364, 367, 370, 372, 373, 381, 384, 385, 432, 453 -455, 458, 460, 465, 481, 483, 491 valabhInAtha 373, 381 "valabhIbhaMgaprabaMdha' 350 valabhI vidyApITha 35ra valabhI saMvata 479-482, 488, 492 493 valasADa 16, 19, 25, 43, 46, 49, 70, 324, 400, 401 valAsaNa 75 valkalinI 322 valmIka 353 vallabhajI ha. AcArya 413, 491 vallabhavidyAnagara 409 valleIsa 148 vavaNathalI 383 vasaI 47. vasiSa 208, 262, 283, 324, 20 , 450, 453 vasiSTha Azrama 374 vasu 234 vasudeva 225, 226, 270, 232, 234 vastupAla 318, 27, 331, 343, 348, 350, 354, 363, 372, 376, 381, 382, 387, 389, 390, 394, 413 vastupAlatejapAlaprabaMdha' 343 vastrApathakSetra 326, 330, 331, 335, 345, 347 , vastrApathakSetra-mahAbhya 285, 26, 327 * vahara-vasara 399 vahAra 99 vaherA khADI 14, 23 vaLA 50, 81, 357, 370, 460 vaMthaLI 20, 331, 345, 347, 348, 351, 360, 364, 370, 414, 45 . vaMda-kharI 325 . . vaMzakaTa 325 vaMzaTikA 325 vAkaLa 18 "vAkayapadIya' 443 vAgaDa 5, 14, 22, 27, 253, 267, 264, 22,.307, 365, 374, 434 vAgarA 396 vAbhaTa 343 vAbhaTa, vRddha 277 "vATAlaMkAra 277 vAgharA 378 vAghezvarI maMdira 285, 331 vAghaDiyA 14, 383 , vAjasaneyI yajusaMhitA' 414, 453 vATadhAna 263 vATapadraka viSaya 394, 25 :

Page #625
itihAsana pUrvabhUmikA vADaja 323, 380 vArNaya 458 vADavanagara 380 vAlakka 353, 354 vADAsinora 14, 17, 34, 40, 50 valabhI vAcanA 35ra vADiyA 93. vAlama 12 vANiyA-peTAjJAtio 465 vAlAka 35-355 vAtApi 451 vA. zi. ANe 278 vAtraka 13, 14, 81, 275, vAlmama 353, 384 315, 323, 384, 392 vAlhIka 258, 263 vAsyAyana 25, 268, 274, 458 vAsada 14, 23, 75, 82 vAdasthala 379 vAsiSThIputra 258, 260 vAdidevasari 34, 179 vAsukinAga 335 vApI ka24 vAsudeva 206, 224, 346 vAmaNathalI 348 vAsudeva viSNu mirAzI 263 vAmana ra7, 28, 289, 336, vAhIka 263 347 vAMkAnera 10, 49 vAmananagara, vAmanapura 331, 345, vAMkI nadI 16 347 vAMsadA 16, 50, 253, 274 "vAmana purANa 259, 269, 316, vAMsavADA 13, 47, 257, 307, 317, 434 318, 374 vAmanasthalI 345, 346, 348, 363, vikilie 325 378, 379, 383, 414 vikrama 360, 488, 491 vAyaDa 236 vikrama saMvata 481, 482, 485, vAyu 28, 289 487-490, 40-494, "vAyupurANa 255, 259, 265, 267, 457 269, 27, 284, 318, vikramAditya 374, 390, 392, 319, 434, 45ra 487, 488 vAraNuMvata 27 vikramAMkadevacarita' 281 vArANasI 327, 354 "vicArazreNI 492 vArtadhI 715, 318, 321 vijaya 386 vArbadhI 21 vijayanagara 8, 50 vAzI--sAmatasaMgamatIrtha 321 vijyapura 400, 401

Page #626
zakhasuci [598 vijayarAja 303, 397, 400 "vividhatIrthakalpa' 285, 286, rahe. vijayasAgara 22 292, 316, 323, 325, vijayasiMharicarita' 343, 366, 327, 335, 336, 338, 340, 343, 346, 348, vijayasena 441 , 349. 35ra-357, 367, vijayAnaMda 360 372-374, 376, 378, vijApura 69, 2, 400 381, 385, 387, 389, vijaja rANaka 401 391 vijaladeva 400, 401 viviyana da senTa mATe 70 : viThThala bAlAjI 501 vizAkhApaTTanama 117, vitastA 319 vizeSAvazyakabhASya" 500 vidarbha 224, 226, 319 vizvagarbha 234 vidarbharAja 319 vizvanAtha 277 , vidarbha 319 vizvamAlA 289 vidAruNa 92 vizvasiha 441 vidura 353 vizvasena 441 vidyApura 263 vizvAmitra 27, 221,230, 314, vighupura 403 320 vinayacaMdra 787, 402 vizvAmitrA : 14, 209, 022vinazana 268. vizvAmitrI | vinazana-kurukSetra 313 viSNu 382 vinsenTa smitha 448 viSNugayA 240 vimalagiri 336 viSNugupta 258 vimalagupta vihAra 364 "viSNupurANa 216, 237, 259, vimalanAtha 255 265, 287, 329, vimalamaMtrI 371 337, 4 vimalAdi 354 viSNuprayAga 240 virATa 262 visanagara 464 virAdha 294 visAvADA 245, 287, 33 vilAsinI 285, 24 viMda 266

Page #627
100 . itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA viMdhya 6, 7, 13, 13, 253, 267, vRddhanagara 370 274, 276, 283, 288, vRddhavAdisUri 343 289, 716, 319, 222, vRddhinagara 332 434 vRSNi rara4, 226, 28-30, vIjApura-vijApura pattana 32 3, 403 256 viI. bI. AThavale 240, 340 : vRSNi-aMdhake 231, 240 vIma kephIsIsa 474 "vRSNidazA" 224, 292 vIradAmA 441 vekamaSThala 272 viradhavala ka20, 335, 347, 348, vekamI 322 366, 381, 382, 387- veTelina 146 389, 291 - veDroIDa 146 viranA zeTha 343 veNuM 265, 289 viranArAyaNaprAsAda 421 veNAsA 318 vIranirvANu saMvata 492, 493 veNuM 287, 241 vIrapura 50, 757 veNumaMta 238 virama 363, 376, 387 veNumAna 28, 287 viramagAma 16, 261, 375, 376, veNu-vezyA 318, 319 : 439 vetravatI 321, 392 viramezvara 376 vedagarbha rAzi 375 viravarmataTAvaha 325 vedabhavana 332, 333 vIrasena 262 verAvaLa 26, 28, 35, 97, 106, vIrasavAmI 772 349, 444, 482, 43 visaladeva ra76, 360, 363, veMgI 451, 458 366, 371, 375-377, vaijayaMtIkeza 444 379, 386, 787, 394, vaiDUrya 316, 319, 322 vaidarbha 227 vIsala paMDita 348 vaidikI sarasvatI 314, 315, 323 vRka 283 vaidyanAthaprazasti 394, 403 vRtra 321 vaidyanAtha mahAdeva 394, 403 ghaadhI ' 321 vaicamaka ra71 hakiTa : 396 vairasiMha 66 403

Page #628
vaivasvata 255, 432 vaizvAmitrI nadI 393, 395 vAkaLA 177 vaoNTasa 201 veneAnasa 474, 488 vauThA 13, 321 'vyAkaraNa-mahAbhASya'25ra vyAsa vratanI vhIlara 264, 399, 400, 463 321 154 zabdasUci zaka saMvata 474, 420, 481 zakAri vikramAditya 488 zakunikA vihAra 327, 336, 342, 343 - zaktidevI 46 0 zatanuM 323 zatadhanvA 227, 230 zatruMjaya 291, 336, 354-356, 365, 303, 381 zatala bAga 151 zakhara 270, 434 zarbha'ga 294 zarabha'gAzrama 23, 294 zaryAti 203, 209, 255, 256, 432, 433 'zalyaparva' 263, 334, 327, 329 biMdu 224 zaheriyA 458 zakara 455 za karagaNu 395 za'karAcAya 241, 338 zaMkha 343, 389 zaMkhakUpa, zaMkhapura 373 za'khezvara, zu'khesara 372, 373, 305 zakhAdvAra 25, 340, 242, 338 zaMbhuprasAda ha. dezAI 335, 361 zAkala 339 zANDilya 458 zAtavAhana 321 zAmazAstrI 501 zAmaLAjI 335, 375 zAradApITha 338 zArka rAkSi 453 zAryAta 48-a, 204, 205, 236, 337, 432, 433 zAlivAhana 460, 497 zAva [ 601 228, 236, 240, 254, 256 zAvadeza 213 zAha pUnaH 346 zAMkhAyana 208 zAMDilya 453 zAMti' 288 zAMtila 395 zAMtisAgarasUri 292 zAMtisUri 36 'zikSA' zikhi 2358 385 zinakhaTaka 364 ziyANakATa 339 ziravANiyA 34

Page #629
Fdeg2 ] ziAhI ziyA zilAhAra 401, 401 ziva itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA 33, 40, 307 289 335, 382, 394 zivapadraka 348 zivapattana 350 zivabhAga pura 48- A, 392, 193 zivarAjapura 8, 32, 48-A zivA 232 zivAdvaita 381 ziveAbheda 314, 315 zizupAla 226, 228, 255, 286, 287, 239 26 'zizupAlavadha' 285 zihAra 11, 353 zide 447 zIla zIlaguNasUri, zIlAcA 366, 367, 32 zIlAditya 1lA 53, 275, 350, 356, 362, 363, 370, 45 jo 362 3jo 270, 325, 345, 354-350, 222, 381, 388, 396, 102 5mA 259, 362, 363, 369 6ThTho 35, 391, 392 7mA 386, 460, 481 zIlAditya vihAra 301 zIlAMdeva 354, 372 zuktimAna 288 zukalatIrthaM 15, 24, 383 zulika 452 zuga 202 drAbhIra 263-265 252 225, 265, 201 zUrasena 224 zarAbhIra 258, 263, 264, 340 zUrpaNakhA 294 zarpAraka zeDhI zeNuvI zetrujI zerathA 257, 293, 294 13, 321 437 11, 12, 355 17 zeSAvana 10 zaineya zailaka 341 zailakapura 345 zaithunAga 201 230 zANu 211, 317 zANitapura 229 zArpArga 318 zauripura 354 zauriyapura 232 zyAmasarAvara 335 zraddikA 393 zrAvakAcAra'492 zrAvastI 202 zrAvAyaNa 453 zrIhotra 342, 368

Page #630
zabdasUci zrIdhara 349 zrInagara 240 zrInAthagaDha 74, 80, 8, 9, 103, 105, 107 zrIpati 270 zrIpAda kRSNa belavelakara 264 zrIpAlakavi 368 zrImAla ra75, 462 zrImAlanagara 371 zrImAlapura 352, 372, 381 zrIsthala 336, 368, 369 zreyasa 354 zrautasUtro' 278 zyAzraya zIlAditya 298-400 phaka 225 zva 48, 48-a, 253, 254, 267, 272, 320 zvabhravatI 272, 315, 318, 320, 321 paDIra deza 272 sakaladIpa 339 sagatipa 401 sagamatI 717 sacIna 25, 50 sajoda 464 satalaja 264 satiyAdeva 9 satyaka 225 satyadAmAM 441 satyapura 51, 281 satyapuraka95 348 "satyapuratIrthakalpa 363 satyapura maMDana mahAvIra utsAha 348 satyapura maMDala 280 satyabhAmA 227 230 satyamaMdira 332 satyavatI 213, 221 satyA nAgnajitI rara7 satrAjita 225-227, ra30 savaMta 234 sanALA 358 saptagodAtIrtha 293 saptagodAvarI 276 saptadvIpa 254 saptarSine Aro 378 saphadarajaMga myujhiyama 125 "sabhAparva 237, ra39, 255, 26, 265, 266, 268-ra71, 273, 24, 286, 287, 293, 9, 340, 342, 385 samAdarA 13 samAdhi 262 samita Arya 265 samI 373 samudravijaya 232, 261 sarakAra, . 144-148 sarakheja 368 sarasvatI 4, 7, 12,48-a, 190, 231, 24, 256, 257, 263-265, 290, 31318, 320, 321, 323, 329, 100, 404

Page #631
}deg4 ] sarasvatI--aruNA saMgama 314 'sarasvatIka'ThAbharaNu' 206, 27, 281 'sarasvatIpurANu' 315 sarasvatIsAgarasaMgama 14, 315, 327, 329 381 itihAsanI pUrva bhUmikA saMprati sayAna sava`deva salAyA 25 sasAI 20 sahajiMga 461, 491 sahajiMgezvara 461 sahadeva 257, 26, 269, 273, 342 sahasraliMgasara 316, 318 sahasrAmavana 292 sahastrArjuna }} saghagiri--sahyAdri 6, 9, 16, 41, 268, 288, 289 sa`khar-sakhapura 373 sakheDA 14, 16, 18, 33, 18/A, 50, 381, 394, 395 saMgapurI 353 saMgamakheTaka 48/A, 394 saMgamasiMha 267, 342, 483 sadhAmA 441 saMdhavI 42 sajaya - 254 saMjANu-sa'jAna 353, 400, 401, 459 sa'tarAmapura 17 21 41 sayAnapattana 401 sayAnamala 401 11 sAkaralA sAkhaDa 367 sAgarApa 266, 339 sAThoda 464 sANaMda 333 sANA 11, 335 sAtapUDA 8, 14, 16, 41, 204, 209, 228, 289, 322, 443 sAtyaki 229-231 sAvrata 224, 231 sAdAliyA 69 sAdhI 393 sAnadIyA 333 sAbarakAMThA 8, 17, 33, 34, 38, 4, 4, 45, 48, 110, 162, 253, 272, 274, 320, 321, 333335, 374, 384, 434 sAbaramatI 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 29, 44, 6-71, 7477, 79, 81, 84, 93, 100=102, 105, 109, 190, 211, 272, 273, 314, 320-323, 377, 380 sAbhramatI 320, 323

Page #632
sadasRSTi' [ 65 sAbhramatI-mAhAtma" ka20, 3ra1, 333, 380 sAmaveda 453, 458 sAmaMtasiMha 367, 376 sAmetrA 447 sAmera 362 sAyalA 50 sAraNa 22, 230 sArasa 234 sArasvata 48/e, pa1, 268, 273 sArasvata maMDala 280, 281, sAraMgadeva vAghelA 272, 326, 347, 349, 360, 366, '377 sArgona 157, 161 sArgoniDa 155 sAligalasahikA prAsAda 389 sAleramulera 9 sAva ra70, 274 sAvano TIMbo 290 "sAhityadarpaNa 277 sAhaMja 266 sagaNuM 348 sAcAra 281 sAMba 226, 230, 292 sabakA 374 sAMbhara 47 sikaMdara 36 sikkA 25, 28 siktA 285, 324, 325 sithiyA 265 siddhaphUTa 291 siddhapura 12, 82, 34-316, 336, 368, 369, 40, 461, 464 siddharAja jayasiMha 259, 271, 281, 282, 316, 320, 326, 350, 355, 362, 365, 268, 369, 378, 379, 382, 388, 392, 464 : siddhasena divAkara 372, 374 siddhikSetra 336 siddhigiri 336 simalA 313 siyAlaka 148, 149 siramura 313 ' sirAvAtAnaka 364 sirASTra 350 silena 89, 43 sihoDA 387 sihora 376, 323, 355, 461, siMganapallI 182 | siMdha 3, 4, 5, 5,92, 102, 105, 106, 134, 148, 253, 258, 25, 270, 277, 278, 431, 456, 459, 480 siMdhala 381 siMdhu 4, 5, 6, 4,48, 90, 95, 104, 113, 118,

Page #633
itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA 148 119, 125, 126, 129- siMha saMvata 490-493 11, 135, 136, 139, siMhAditya 361 149, 151, 153, 154, sItA 258, 263, 28, 293, 161-15, 167, 171, 172, 104-181, 13- . sIyaka 371, 374, 384, 461 186, 197, 194, 253, sIriyA 162, 269 256, 258, 23, 265, sIMhADa 318 268, 270, 272, 275, suara 262 277, 285, 315, 317, suari 262 323, 329, 331, 332, sukanyA 255 369, 30, 48 sukabhAdara 384 -khINa 103, 104, 107, 147, sugrIva 258, 267, 28, 290 sujanIpura 190 - tIrtha 13, 14 sutIkSaNa 294 -Ipa 270 sutrApADA 26 -deza 445 sudattA zailyA 227 -nagaro 110, 115 sudarzana 284, 324 -mudrA 160 sudarzana tAka 35 --saMskRti 430, 431 sudANuM 273 siMdhusamudrasaMgamatIrtha kara9, 30 sunarmada 316 siMdhurAja 286 sunItikumAra ceTarajI, De. 401 siMdhava ra70 suprabhA 234 siMha 36, 491 subata 401 siMhaNu nadI 20 subArA 277 siMhapalikA 387 subhagA siMhapura 275, 320, 336, 353- subhadrA 229, 241, 286, 287, 355, 453 326, 337 siMhapurI 354 subhAkSa 234 siMhabAhu 355 sumatisvAmI 326 siMhala-saMskRti 355 sumera 137, 155, 161 siMhavikrama 41 sumerI 162 385

Page #634
zabdasRSi [ , sumaMtra 258 surendranagara 46, 49, 2, 363 surakoTaDA 106 surelI 392 suraTha 48-a, 258, 260-262 su-laca 261 surA 402 sulatAnapura 184 surata 9, 13, 33, 41, 46, sulathika 262 48-a, 49-51, 82, sulavADa 47, 282 319, 297-400, 4pa7, sulemAna 47, 282 495 suvaNarehA 325 suratha 262 suvarNamaMjarI 358, 359 "suratsava 282 suvarNarekhA 324, 325, 345, surapANa 15 346 surapANezvara 15 . suvarNavarSa karkarAja 90 surapriya 292 suvarNasiktA 284, 24 surASTra 48-a, 48-A, 253- suvizAkha 440 257, 25-22, 25- suzIlA mAdrI ra27 268, 270, 27-274, suSeNa 234, 290 276, 284285, 290, suMda 289 292, 314, 327, 340, "sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi" 261 341, 344, 345, 50, "sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 345, 354, 72 35, 356, 358, 42, sUnala 285 449, 454, 482 samalezvara 376 surASTraka 268 sUrya deva 226 surASTrapura 262 sUryapAlikA 392 surASTra maMDala 259, 260, 147, " sUryApura 48-A, 325, 392 360 sUryApura viSaya 092 surASTrA 259, 20, 262, 263, saMtha 47, 50 48 2 segamatI 317 surASTrIna 265 sejaka 460, 461 suriasa 434 seTikA 321, 387 surilA 400 seTI 21 - surUpa 368 seDI, seDhI 321 ,

Page #635
108 ] itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA somezvara pAna 338, 34, 357 somesasa 349 soraTha 10, 34, 35, 48-a, 49, 51, 25-261, 267, 329, 348, 350, 364, 370, 378, 490, serIsaka, serIsaya, 375 selyukasa 269 sevAliyA 18 sesAvana 292 sane 224 saimUra 277 saiyada 343 seyina 452 seDhaLI-vAva 347, 350 senagaDha 9, 15, 33 senapura 358 senarekha ka24, 325, 346 sonavaDiyA 359 sopArA 277, 278, 293, 440 sophI erahArDa 89 sema 320 somacaMdra 389 samajI RSi 378 emanAtha 51, 240, 285, 378, 383 seminAtha pATaNa 349, 350, 382, 439, 464 semaprabha 282 samabhaTTa 57 semarAja 34, 499 somalabdhi 309 sAmAyi 348 semezvara 25, 282, 285, 314, 316, 327, 349, 50, 358, 381, 282, 391, 421 . solI 400 saundAna 458 sauptikaparva 237, 337 saubha 236 saubhanagara 228 saurASTra 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 19, 28, 30, 32-35, 3942, 45, 46, 48, 48a, 4, 5, 53, 7072, 74, 78-81, 90, 92, 97, 101-103, 105-107, 110, 131, 148, 149, 154, 11, 164, 167, 172, 175, 179, 182, 183, 18, 189, 191, 192, 204, 224, 251, 25-261, 268, 279, 284, 290, 325, 326, 334, 369, 452, 453, 460. saurASTrikA nArI 258 saivIra 48, 253, 258, 262, 267, 265, 267, 268 kasmAditya 290

Page #636
[109 harAva 322, 334 haraprasAda zAstrI : 289 , harapAla 460 harasiddha mAtA 349 , harasela ka74, 384, 402, 456, - 464 skaMdagupta 259, 287, 324, 479 skaMdapura 371 skaMdapurANuM 242, 267, 270, 276, 283, 285, 287, 290, 315, 316, 319, 22deg, 322, 323, 326, 330, 332-335, 342, 345, 347, 364, 369, 371, 372, 375, 380, 385, 388, 391, 394, 404 sTivansana 360 sTIphana, lorDa 505 staMbhatIrtha 333, 336, 344, 387-391, 394, 403, 463 staMbhana 321, 387 rataMbhanaka 336, 348, 387, 094, 403 taMbhapura 388, 390 staMbhezvara 333, 388 bo 261, 343 sthAparapalikA 397 sthiramati 5ra syamaMtaka 226, 227 rivajharlenDa 496 hajIrA 25. haDappA 118, 121, 124, 126, 129- 31, 134, 137, 138, 143, 148, 151, 251, 431, 432 haDALA 383 che : hanumAna 446 " " hammIra 374, 378 hammIramadamardana' 315, 33Y harAsaNI 355 harAha 45ra harijana Azraya 20, 3ra3 hariNuM 315, 322 hariNI-sarasvatI saMgama 327. harita 234 hariprasAda zAstrI 52, 5, 68, 242, 267, 267, 269, 291, 347, 351 358, 359, 366, 323, 364, 395, 39-401, 445 haribhadrasUri 252, 371, 3bda "harivaMza 195, 203, 223, 237, 238, 251, 255, 256, 261, 266, 267, 286, 287, 290, 291, 329, 24034, 36, 432, 442, 45, 492, 500 harizcaMdra 45cha hariSaNa 275, 362, 489 harisaula 374 harihara 350, 381 harnala - 448 , haja 464 haryAzva 233, 255, 266, 344 harSa 381, 487 harSacarita 275, 279, 447, 449

Page #637
[110 ItihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA harSapadra, harSa pura 374 80, 42 hiDiMbA 315 harSavardhana ra79, 481 hirAIta 150 halvara 191 hipeTasa 147 hasamukha dhI. sAMkaLiyA, De. 92, 9, himAvAna 283 221, 241, 4, 50, himAlaya 39, 42, 216, 26, 454, 42, 467. 274, 289, 323, 3ra3, hastavama 292, 353 448 hastaprAharaNa 386 hiraNyapura 333 hastikalpa 292, 5, 54 hiraNyamayI 322 hastika5pura 35 hiraNyA 19, 374 hastikuMDI 281 hisara 139 hastinApura 192, 202, 225, 226, hiMdano pravAsa' 280 270, 231, 241 hiMmatanagara 13, 33 hastimatI 320, 321 hIraNa 14, 19, 81, 2, 290, haLadharavAsa 14. 314, 322 haLavada 460 hIrapura 82, 83, 89 hajamana 401 hIrAnaMda zAstrI 239 haMsthala 25, 28 hIrAlAla, rA. ba. 443 hATakezvara 33ra, 369, 301 hIruyANa 402 hAthaba 107, 292, 353, 297 hadika 225 hAthamatI 13, 720, 321 hemacaMdra 252, 282, 323, 317, hAthIpagA 324 326, 323, 349, 350, 352, 357, 364, 368, hAthIbhAI zAtrI 239, 240 369, 308, 379, 383, hArIja 373, 381 389, 491 hArIta 453 "hemasUriprabaMdha 316, 363. hArItI 451 hemahaMsagaNi 379 hAlAra 49, 50, 490 herAna 397 hAla 392, 393 herola 459, 46 hAphezvara 15 heje kutuba 421 hAMsoTa 396 hela 484 hijarI sana 439, 444 hozaMgAbAda 72

Page #638
pAkistAna S: nI, / 'ka - 1 ka-chaco a ta ') " . . 1 wekha kheM, - Poke 7 - ke * * ke * * amalI papa mate . - saMkuruko 8 - - mAnano * " ane 5 gujarAta-bhUracanA The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #639
63.12.2 TT T T TT TT TT TT T . 2121 bici : 2 2 1 ane pAkistAna banAsa kAMThA miDa rAjarAta rAjya lapura mahesANA A&Banda? - sAbarakAMThA Reem : m y kacchakhya artha amadAvAda surendranagara ( amadAvAdag paMcamahAla surenadanagara vist 0i eAkheDA che kaa - vaDodarA 1 jAmanagara rAjakoTa amarelI bhAvanagara bhAvanagara a a 2 khaMbhAtano ' ' surata suta bI valasADa, ja sa : mu da. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #640
- 1 1 - - -sy- - - - - - - - AMdha ane madhya pASANayuganAM sthaLa oI valAsa yata) | - - - - - - - - - - - - dazvara ' ' kacchano ane fiscal mara, _ zna : 2 Baat 42 pI bITa - anAjano a* / 2 da - * * * ** . The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles.. measured, from the appropriate base line...

Page #641
kapha thai ; khAnapA sley Jche tu tema pura . bAMdanI, M kama e khAna ' ja 11 aMtya pASANa yuganAM sthALa The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #642
siMdhu sAmrAjava ane eno dariyApALo vepAra kAspiyana samudra " A ma* 0 0 1 . .. bhUmadhya samudake 5 185 ift:16 kAgavA 'sara karavA samAra - asamAra IrAna 5:41 ura phighAnistAna .'/'. kAlI baMgaDakara AlamIpure TaeNlakA - moheMjo-daDo saDajhA kolAda, bhArata A samAta ! joto takugena -do karAMcI che arabastAna somanAghe raMgapurA ha hAthala . bhakata... 4 khuda khaMbhAtano akhAta karI muMbaI 2bI samudra * prAcIna sthaLo arvAcIna zahero TALZA siMdhu sAnnAtha FrAsura The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #643
gujarAtano chaDye sthaLe | - I * aMtva hagIya A haDappIya - | NA - paba pherAsA hiMsalapara - sUkkoTaDA 1 lAkhAparA raDiyA -DAnuM zaru navInALa sujIpura che sAbamatI. chano akhA * - 'mahI nadI pradeza pa de za koTA gopa visaI aDaca lothala jhAma (sakhAbAvaLa 2pa00 bA2pheTe *lyANapura ATakoTa dhAiThI kIMja kheDA rojaDI (zrInAtha) ( mahegAma naNayAvada20 thaM , moTA mAciyALA teloda mA taLAva * Ava - prabhAsa kaNata prabhAtano akhAta | / 5 - STra K bha hA 2 * nakazo ?

Page #644
mada paNA nadI sA 1 7 . 01. muvis maNahilapATapha Ajae AnatI hastimatI -47 maNyama pRnayarI mATaraka ca hapura vAtIlA karavANijya kArAda calakukA na SNot Avad PAL paryamAla Teror zivanAgapura . kapAscalA . bhAraka Panta 48marakacchalamela *nAMdIpura bAra garinajara hastadhana MAA A nsarana apara surAba Urjayata maMgalapura.y 4 MIG makSa satI madhamalA. WelanA kAmeNeya *kansArAma dhamArikA daMDakAraNya | gujarAtanAM prAcIna sthaLa. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #645
(dvArakA pIDArA / koyala bimArI himAvAi zrInagara gi2nA2 nAgaDha prAcI koDInAra mULa kaTho: 0mAM -3 pramANamA nakaze 8. dvArakAne dA karatAM sthaLa

Page #646
Adya aitiphAsika bhArata saurASTra narmadA : tApI godAvarI kRSNA - tuMgabhadA khINa | khINa | " mINa raMgapu2 zrI nAthaia| |[bhAga14 khApara kheDA sanaya lothala mAciyALa: jAjaDIyujanIpu2 |desalapa2, mahegAma prakAza ciMDoLI, DacI satNI masjI ! samaya moTA prabhAta | rAjapa2 | mAladhAra pallI 10 o o { 1000 kALAM ane lAla vAsaNA ---- lokhaMDa miAla 1100 lokhaMDa 11 0o | nAMkhala | mAlavAmAM kharecakA 1200 , 1200 macayAdA moTA prabhAsa 2-I prabhAsa caMDoLI, jo2ve mALavAne caLakatAM lAla vAsAe 13oo - avAta caLakata lAla vAgaDa,mAnI Ri5 -nara jaDI-2 - - - - i raMgapu2 hasanapura cikano lAla vArANaoil prakoNa nUtana pASANa saMskRti 1500 hAthe ghaDelAM lAla vAsa, aMtya chaNIne khago 16(I prakAza 6- a roja-1 I. tibakko gapura |prabhAsa -- 5 | 2 che 1- A raoNjaDI 1 ) sAvalaMDAkA sAthe vAsama | 13oo mahegAma mAlavaNa kAla - A aMtya haDappA saMskRti 100 bhAgA taLAva khApa2 kheDA 1-a ya harappA ja vAsaNo bhAgAtaLApa: 1-e sAvADA vAsaNa gapura jaDI tabakko repara 2 aL. , haDappA saMkRti - 1900 20 oo pramANa 1- 2hao. FbakSa 1-ca mae. Je --- + 2200 - + 23 00 24 00 tabakke 24oo + 2pa00 abarakhiyAM lAla vAsaNa 2500 kATa-dIjI vAsaNa pramu-raDaul + 29 0e uDappA) 26eo Alekha naM. 9

Page #647
paTTa 1 P 93 2 h 3 10 AkRti 1 thI 16. laghupASANu hathiyAra Emma nadi bad.1 11.

Page #648
5 deg deg deg degmITara - 5 50 mITara = kAcI ITonI dIvAla viDInI dIvAla mata - IAL. assesPage #649
pa1 7 [ KT7 (9 -- -- G 55 SE pa. SN. T bda 6ma. AkRti 19 thI 74. mATInAM vAsaNa, lothala

Page #650
ra uka jo che 75 " WAY jaminut ) atthias All I in:/PSI TIP" che , ParlouthAS . 07 illusiii * ke * Ilil IIIIII . 0i0 HAITINIDility Akati 75 thI 78. citrita vAsaNo, levala

Page #651
5 5 - : * FASSA) || - 0 M II da clipe et le AkRti 78 thI 87. mudrAo, lethala

Page #652
10 106 6 106 wo ooo 101 22 : ujethe :

Page #653
8 a 8 + g S & s 2 - 2 w 110 a. AkRti 109 nadInuM dazya (hIrapurA pAse)

Page #654
AkRti 112. patarI AkRti 113. hAtha-kuhADI AkRti 114. hAtha-kuhADI

Page #655
paTTa 9 AkRti 115-116. patarI ane hAtha-kuhADI karajaNa, rA AkRti 117-118. patarI ane hAtha-kuhADI, rojhaDI

Page #656
paTTa 10 AkRti mr ` m h h h AkRti 119-120. madhya pASANa yuganAM hathiyAra AkRti 122, ekamukha hAtha-kuhADI AkRti 123. sTepara, kaccha

Page #657
paTTa 11 AkRti 124. geMDAnA khabhAnuM hADakuM, lAMghaNaja AkRti 12 5. strInuM hADapiMjara, lAMdhaNaja

Page #658
piTTa 12

Page #659
paTTa 13 AkRti 127. gaTara' ane khALa-koThI lothala

Page #660
AkRti 128. khAnagI meArIe ane jAhera gaTara, lAthala paTTe 14

Page #661
paTTa 15 AkRti 129 bajAranAM rastA lothala

Page #662
paTTa 16 A 130,

Page #663
53 17 AkRti 131. nima-mAga, dhakko, lothala

Page #664
AkRti 132. maNakAnI bhaThThI, leAthala 59 18 AkRti 133. citrita vAsaNa, leAthala

Page #665
paTTa 19 AkRti 134.

Page #666
Ati 135. mATIne pakavelA vRSabha, lothala AkRti 136. irAnI akhAtanI mudrA

Page #667
5 21 tha) | (ST) AkRti 137. mukA, lethala AkRti 138. mudrA, lothala AkRti 139. mudrA, lothala AkRti 140, mudrA, lethala AkRti 141. mudrAMka, lothala AkRti 142. mudrAMka, lothala

Page #668
1 AkRti 143. sAnAnA dAgInA, leAthala 53 22

Page #669
ke 23 AkRti 146. maNakA, lothala

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AkRti 145. =ra da6-44 la O AkRti 146. tAMbAnAM ejArA ane hathiyArA, lAthala 53 24

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56 25 1 AkRti 147. sAgaTAM, lothala

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54 2 AkRti 148. va 3 na leAthala

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5 27 AkRti 149. ekavaDuM ane bevaDuM daphana, lethala

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? * AkRti 150./ praNItA sAthenI vedI, lothala AkRti 151. vedImAM maLelA avazeSa, lothala

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* k : ' - } a ka cha A ja 4 15ra. AkRti

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paTTa 30 AkRti 153, caLakatAM lAla mRtapAtra, raMgapura

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3 31 AkRti 154. prabhAsa mRtpAtra, sAmanAtha

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