Bharatiya Sanskruti me Jain Dharma ka Yogdan

Author(s): Hiralal Jain
Publisher: Madhyapradesh Shasan Sahitya Parishad Bhopal
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001705/1

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bhAratIya saMskRti jaina dharma kA yogadAna DA0 hIrAlAla jaina prakAzaka madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad bhopAla Jan Education International www jailenary org,

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bhAratIya saMskRti jaina dharma kA yogadAna

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bhAratIya saMskRti jaina dharma kA yogadAna DA0 hIrAlAla jaina samAsa Kahan KNOnmo prakAzaka madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad bhopAla

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna prakAzaka: madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad, bhopAla mUlya : Com rupaye 60.00 prathama saMskaraNa : 1962 punamudraNa : 1975 mudraka : vijaya prinTarsa 24, namakamaNDI, ujjana phona : 480

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prakAzakIya rAjya kI sAhityika pratibhAoM ko protsAhita aura sammAnita karane ke uddezya se zAsana dvArA varSa 1954 meM ma. pra. zAsana sAhitya pariSad kI sthApanA kI gaI thii| apane uddezya kI pUrti ke liye sAhityika viSayoM para likhita racanAoM ko puraskRta karanA, labdha-pratiSTha vidvAnoM ke vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana kara unheM pustakAkAra prakAzita karanA tathA anya anupalabdha kRtiyoM ko prakAzita karanA Adi pariSad ke apane niyamita kAryakalApa haiM / sAhityika racanAmoM ke prakAzana kAryakrama ke antargata pariSad aba taka bAIsa mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA prakAzana kara cukI hai, jisameM, 'bhAratIya saMskRti jainadharma meM kA yogadAna' (sva0 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina) 'sahaja sAdhanoM, (DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI) pANini paricaya' (DA0 vAsudevazaraNa upAdhyAya), 'kalacurI nareza aura usakA kAla' (DA0 vA0 vi0 mirAzI), 'bhArata meM Arya aura anArya' (DA0 sunIti

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kumAra cATurjyA ), 'kalA ke prANa buddha' (zrI jagadIza candra ) 'nATya kalA mImAMsA' (DA0 seTha govindadAsa), 'bhAratIya darzanoM kA samanvaya' (DA0 AdityanAtha jhA), 'madhyakAlIna hindI sAhitya aura tulasIdAsa' (DA0 bhAgIratha mizra ), 'anuSTupa' (paM0 sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa kI pratinidhi racanAeM), 'zrI rAmAnujalAla zrIvAstava kI pratinidhi racanAoM kA saMkalana ' ( saMpAdana ; zrI harizaMkara parasAI ) 'rIvAM rAjya kA itihAsa' (zrI rAma pyAre agnihotrI), 'niraMjanI sampradAya ke hindI kavi' (DA0 sAvitrI zukla), 'ma. pra. ke saMgItajJa' (zrI pyArelAla zrImAla ), Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiM / & "bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna" pariSad ke prakAzana kAryakrama kI 8 vIM bheMTa thI / isameM saMskRta pAlI va prAkRta sAhitya ke adhikArI vidvAn sva0 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ke zodhapUrNa cAra bhASaNa saMkalita haiM, jinameM jaina dharma se saMmbandhita saMskRti, itihAsa, darzana tathA vAstukalA, mUrtikalA aura citrakalA para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / sva0 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ke ina vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana pariSad dvArA mArca 1960 meM bhopAla meM Ayojita kiyA gayA thaa| DA0 jaina ne hI pustaka ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane ke uddezya se apane mUla bhASaNa meM Avazyaka parivartana-parivarddhana kiye the aura grantha ko kramabaddha kara ise upayogI tathA rocaka banAyA thA tAki pustaka sAmAnya pAThakoM ke atirikta viSaya ke zodhakartA vidvAnoM ko nayI sAmagrI upalabdha karA sake / aba isa grantha kA punarmudraNa prastuta hai / pustaka kA pahalA saMskaraNa bahuta pahale hI samApta ho cukA thA lekina isakI mAMga niraMtara banI huI thI / kaI kAraNoM se isake punaMprakAzana meM vilamba ho rahA thaa| vigata dinoM rAjya starIya bhagavAna mahAvIra kI 2500 vIM parinirvANa mahotsava samiti ne isake punarmudraNa ke liye pariSad ko anudAna svIkRta kiyA hai / phalasvarUpa pariSad isakA purnaprakAzana isI puNya varSa meM kara rahI hai / AzA hai pahale kI taraha pAThakoM aura vidvAnoM dvArA isa pustaka kA samucita Adara kiyA jAvegA / dinAMka 28-2-75 saciva, ma0 pra0 zAsana sAhitya pariSad, bhopAla

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Amukha madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad ke AmantraNa ko svIkAra kara maiMne bhopAla meM dinAMka 7, 8, 8 aura 10 mArca 1960 ko kramazaH cAra vyAkhyAna 'bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna' viSaya para diye| cAroM vyAkhyAnoM ke upaviSaya the jaina itihAsa, jaina sAhitya, jaina darzana, aura jaina kalA ina vyAkhyAnoM kI adhyakSatA kramazaH madhyapradeza ke mukhyamaMtrI DA0 kailAzanAtha kATajU, ma0 pra0vidhAna sabhA ke adhyakSa paM. kuMjIlAla dube, ma0pra0 ke vitta mantrI zrI mizrIlAla gaMgavAla aura ma0pra0 ke zikSA mantrI DA. zaMkaradayAla zarmA dvArA kI gaI thii| ye cAra vyAkhyAna prastuta grantha meM prakAzita ho rahe haiN| pAThaka dekheMge ki ukta cAroM viSayoM ke vyAkhyAna apane usa rUpa meM nahIM hai, jinameM ve ausatana eka-eka ghaMTe meM maMca para par3he yA bole jA sake hoN| viSaya kI rocakatA aura usake mahatva ko dekhate hue ukta pariSad ke adhikAriyoM, aura vizeSataH madhyapradeza ke zikSAmaMtrI DA0 zaMkaradayAla zarmA, jinhoMne antima vyAkhyAna kI adhyakSatA kI thI, kA anurodha huA ki viSaya ko aura adhika pallavita karake aise eka grantha ke prakAzana yogya banA diyA jAya, jo vidyArthiyoM va janasAdhAraNa evaM vidvAnoM ko yathocita mAtrA meM paryApta jAnakArI de sake / tadanusAra yaha grantha una vyAkhyAnoM kA vistRta rUpa hai| jaina itihAsa aura darzana para aneka grantha va lekha nikala cuke haiN| kintu jaina sAhitya aura kalA para abhI bhI bahuta kucha kahe jAne kA avakAza hai| isaliye ina do viSayoM kA apekSAkRta vizeSa vistAra kiyA gayA hai / grantha-sUcI aura zabda-sUcI vizeSa adhyetAoM ke liye lAbhadAyaka hogii| AzA hai, yaha prayAsa upayogI siddha hogaa| anta meM maiM madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad kA bahuta kRtajJa hU~, jisakI preraNA se maiM yaha sAhitya-sevA karane ke liye udyata huaa| hIrAlAla jaina .

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viSaya sUcI 1. jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa pRSTha 1-46 jaina dharma kI rASTrIya bhUmikA-1, udAra nIti kA saiddhAntika AdhAra-5, prAcIna itihAsa-9, Adi tIrthaMkara aura vAtarazanA muni-11, vaidika sAhitya ke yati aura vAtya-18, tIrthaMkara nami-16, tIthaMkara neminAtha-20, tIrthaMkara pArvanAtha-20, tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra-22, mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA aura upadeza-24, mahAvIra nirvANa kAla-25, gautama kezI-saMvAda-26, zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gaNabheda-28, prAcIna aitihAsika kAlagaNanA-26, sAta ninhava va digambarazvetAmbara sampradAya-30, digambara AmnAya meM gaNabheda-31, pUrva va uttara bhArata meM dhArmika prasAra kA itihAsa-33, dakSiNa bhArata va laMkA meM jaina dharma tathA rAjavaMzoM se sambandha-35, kadamba rAjavaMza-36, gaMga rAjavaMza-37, rASTrakUTa rAjavaMza-38, cAlukya aura hoyasala rAjavaMza-36, anya rAjavaMza-41, gujarAtakAThiyAvAr3a meM jaina dharma-41, jaina saMgha meM uttarakAlIna paMthabheda-44 / 2. jaina sAhitya pRSTha 49-211 ____sAhitya kA dravyAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka svarUpa-46, mahAvIra se pUrva kA sAhitya-51, aMga-praviSTa va aMga bAhya sAhitya-54, ardhamAgadhI jainAgama-55, ardhamAgadhI bhASA-70, sUtra yA sUkta-71, AgamoM kA TIkA sAhitya-72, zaurasenI jainAgama-73, SaTkhaMDAgama TIkA-75, zaurasenI Agama kI bhASA-76, nemicanda kI racanAeM-79, kundakunda ke grantha-83, dravyAnuyoga viSayaka saMskRta racanAeM-85, nyAya viSayaka prAkRta jaina sAhitya-86, nyAya viSayaka saMskRta jaina sAhitya-87, karaNAnuyoga sAhitya-63, caraNAnuyoga sAhitya-68, muniAcAra-prAkRta-68,muniAcAra-saMskRta-108,zrAvakAcAra-prAkRta-106, zrAvakAcAra-saMskRta-113, dhyAna va yoga-prAkRta-114, dhyAna va yoga-apabhraza-118, dhyAna va yoga-saMskRta-116, stotra sAhitya-122, prathamAnuyoga prAkRtapurANa127, prAkRta meM tIrthaMkara caritra-134, prAkRta meM vizeSa kathAgrantha padyAtmaka136 prAkRta kathAeM-gadya padyAtmaka 143, prAkRta kathAkoSa-146, apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa-152, apabhraza purANa-153, apabhraza meM tIrthaMkara-caritra-157, apabhraMza caritra kAvya-158, apabhraMza laghukathAeM-164, prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta .

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(chaha) purANa-164, tIrthaMkara caritra-166, anya caritra-171, kathAnaka-174, nATaka176, sAhitya-zAstra-180, vyAkaraNa-prAkRta 181 vyAkaraNa-saMskRta-184, chaMda zAstraprAkRta-160, chaMda zAstra-saMskRta-165, koza-prAkRta-165, koza-saMskRta166, ardhamAgadhI prAkRta avataraNa-200, zaurasenI prAkRta avataraNa-203, mahArASTrI prAkRta avataraNa-206, apabhraza avataraNa-206 / 3. jaina darzana pRSTha 215-278 ___ tatvajJAna-215, jIva tatva-215, jaina darzana meM jIva-tatva-217, ajIva tatva-220, dharma-dravya-220, adharma-dravya-221, AkAza-dravya-221 kAla-dravya222, dravyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa-223, Asrava-tatva-223, bandha tatva-225, karmaprakRtiyAM jJAnAvaraNa karma-226, darzanAvaraNakarma-226, mohanIya karma-227, antarAya karma-228, vedanIya karma-226, Ayu karma-226, gotra karma-226, nAma karma-226, prakRti bandha ke kAraNa-232, sthiti bandha-234, anubhAga bandha-235, pradeza bandha-236, karma siddhAnta kI vizeSatA-237, jIva aura karmabandha sAdi haiM yA anAdi-238, cAra puruSArtha 236, mokSa saccA sukha 240, mokSa kA mArga-241, samyagdRSTi-mithyAdRSTi puruSa-242, samyagjJAna-243, matijJAna 244, zrutajJAna-245, avadhijJAna-245, manaH paryayajJAna-246, kevalajJAna-246, jJAna ke sAdhana-247, pramANa va naya-247, anekAnta va syAdvAda 248, naya246, dravyArthika paryAyArthika naya-251, cAra nikSepa-252, samyak cAritra253, ahiMsA-254, zrAvaka dharma-255, ahiMsANu-vrata-256, ahiMsANuvrata ke aticAra 258, satyANuvrata va usake aticAra-258, asteyANuvrata va usake aticAra-256, brahmacaryANuvrata va usake aticAra-256, aparigrahANuvrata va usake aticAra-260, maitrI Adi cAra bhAvanAeM-261 tIna guNavata-261, cAra zikSAvrata-262, sallekhanA-262, zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAeM-263, munidharma 265, 22 parISaha-266, 10 dharma-268, 12 anuprekSAeM-266, 3 guptiyAM270, 6 prakAra kA bAhya tapa-271, 6 prakAra kA mAmyantara tapa-271, dhyAna (Arta aura raudra)-272, dharma dhyAna-272, zukla dhyAna-273, guNasthAna va mokSa-273, upazama va kSapaka zreNiyA~-276 / 4. jaina kalA pRSTha 276-374 __jIvana aura kalA-281, jaina dharma aura kalA-283, kalA ke bhedaprabheda284, vAstukalA meM jaina nimitiyoM ke Adarza-262, meru kI racanA 263, naMdIzvara dvIpa kI racanA-294, samavasaraNa racanA-265, mAnastambha-266,

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(sAta) caityavRkSa va stUpa - 267, zrI maNDapa - 267, caitya racanA - 300, jaina caitya va stUpa 300 jaina guphAeM barAbara pahAr3I - 306, nAgArjunI pahAr3I - 307, udayagiri khaNDagiri - 307, pabhosA - 306, jUnAgar3ha - 306, vidizA - 310, zravaNabelagolA- 311, usmAnAbAda - terApura - 311, sittannavAsala - 313, bAdAmI - 313, aihola - 314, elorA - 314, dakSiNa trAvanakora - 315, aMkAI-TaMkAI-316, gvAliyara- 317 gaMdhakuTI - 267, nagaravinyAsa - 268, mathurA kA stUpa - 303, jaina mandira nirmANa kI zailiyA~- 318, siddhakSetra - 316, aihola kA meghuTI mandira - 320, nAgara, drAviDa aura kesara zailiyA~ - 323, paTTadakala aura hu~vaca ke mandira - 322, tIrthahalli aura laku~DI ke mandira - 323, jinanAthapura aura halevIDa ke mandira - 324, dakSiNa meM drAviDa zailI ke anya jaina mandira - 325 pahADapura kA mahAvihAra - 325, devagar3ha - 327, khajurAho- 328, gyArasapura kA jaina maNDapa - 326, sonAgiri aura muktAgiri - 330, kuMDalapura aura Una- 331, baDalI kA stambhakhaNDa - 332, vardhamAnapura badanAvara kA zAntinAtha mandira - 332 osiyA - 333, sAdar3I kA naulakhA mandira - 332, AbU - delavAr3A - 334, rANakapura kA caturmukhI mandira - 337, cittaur3a kA kIrti stambha 338, zatruMjaya - 338, giranAra - 336, jaina mandiroM ke bhagnAvazeSa - 340, laMkA meM nirgrathoM ke devakula341, jAvA kA brambana mandira pu~ja - 341 jaina mUrtikalA - ati prAcIna jaina mUrtiyAM - 342, kuSANakAlIna jaina mUrtiyA~- 343, kucha mUrtiyoM kA paricaya - 344, guptakAlIna jaina mUrtiyAM- 346, tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke cinha 348, dhAtu kI mUrtiyA~ 350, bAhubali kI mUrtiyA~352, cakrezvarI padmAvatI Adi yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyAM 354, ambikA devI kI mUrti - 355, sarasvatI kI mUrti - 357, acyutA yA acchruptA devI kI mUrti - 35e naigameza ( naimeza) kI mUrti - 356 jaina citrakalA - citrakalA ke prAcIna ullekha - 361, bhitti-ciH 63, tAr3apatrIya citra - 365, kAgaja para citra - 366, kASTha - citra - 372, va tra para citrakArI - 373 / upasaMhAra pRSTha 375-376

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citra-sUco zivayAkA stUpavAlA prAyAgapaTa mathurA - 377, mathurA kA jinamUrti yukta AyAga paTa 378, dumaMjalI rAnI gumphA udayagiri 376 udayagiri kI rAnI gumphA ke toraNa dvAra para triratna va azoka vRkSa - 376, rAnI gumphA kA bhitti citra - 380, terApura kI pradhAna guphA ke stambhoM kI citrakArI - 380, terApura kI pradhAna guphA ke bhitti citra - 381, terApura kI tIsarI guphA kA vinyAsa va stambha381, elorA kI indrasabhA kI UparI maMjila - 382, lakuMDI kA jaina mandira - 353, khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kA sAmUhika dRzya - 383, khajurAho ke pArzvanAtha mandira ke bhitti citra -384, sonagiri ke jaina mandiroM kA sAmUhika dRzya385, AbU ke jaina mandiroM ke chata kI kArIgarI - 385, rANakapura kI jaina mandira - 386, cittor3a kA jaina kIrti stambha 387, zatruMjaya ke jaina mandiroM kA sAmUhika dRzya - 387, lohAnIpura kI mastaka hIna jina mUrti - 383, saMghaTI kI mastaka hIna nagna mUrti - 388, siMdhaghATI kI trizRMga yukta dhyAnastha mUrti386, RSabha kI khaDgAsana dhAtu pratimA, causA - 366, terApura guphA ke paMdmAsana pArzvanAtha - 360, terApura guphA ke khaDgAsana pArzvanAtha - 360, pArzvanAtha kI padmAsana mUrti udayagiri vidizA - 361, devagar3ha kI tIna padmAsana jina pratimAeM - 361-362, devagar3ha kI khaDgAsana jina pratimA- 363, jIvanta svAmI kI dhAtu pratimA AkoTa - 363, zravaNabelagolA ke gommaTezvara bAhubali 364, bAhubali kI dhAtu pratimA- 365, devagar3ha kI yugala pratimA - 366, candrapura kI yugala pratimA - 366, mUDabidrI ke siddhAnta granthoM ke tAr3apatrIya citra - 367, supAsagAha cariya kA kAgada citra - 368 / graMtha-sUcI zabda - sUcI 377-368 366-424 425-464

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vyAkhyAna-1 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa jaina dharma kI rASTrIya bhUmikA - isa zAsana sAhitya pariSad kI ora se jaba mujhe ina vyAkhyAnoM ke liye AmaMtraNa milA aura tatsaMbaMdhI viSaya ke cunAva kA bhAra bhI mujhahI para DAlA gayA taba maiM kucha asamaMjasa meM pdd'aa| Apako vidita hI hogA ki abhI kucha varSa pUrva bihAra rAjya zAsana kI ora se eka vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI gaI hai jisakA uddezya hai prAkRta jaina tatvajJAna tathA ahiMsA viSayaka snAtakottara adhyayana va anusaMdhAna / isa vidyApITha ke saMcAlaka kA pada mujhe pradAna kiyA gayA hai / isa bAta para mujha se aneka ora se prazna kiyA gayA hai ki bihAra sarakAra ne yaha kArya kyoM aura kaise kiyA ? unake isa prazna kI pRSThabhUmi yaha hai ki svataMtra bhArata kI rASTrIya nIti sarvathA dharma-nirapekSa nizcita ho cukI hai, aura tadnusAra saMvidhAna meM saba prakAra ke dhArmika, sAmpradAyika, jAtIya Adi pakSapAtoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| ataeva isa pRSThabhUmi para ukta prazna kA uThanA svAbhAvika hI hai| isa prazna kA sarala uttara merI ora se yahI diyA jAtA hai ki bihAra sarakAra ne kevala isa jaina vidyApITha kI hI sthApanA nahIM kI hai, kiMtu usake dvArA saMskRta va vaidika saMskRti ke adhyayana va anusaMdhAna ke liye mithilA vidyApITha, evaM pAli va bauddha tatvajJAna ke liye nava nAlaMdA mahAbihAra kI bhI sthApanA kI gaI hai| isa prakAra kA eka saMsthAna paTanA meM arabIphArasI bhASA sAhitya va saMskRti ke liye bhI sthApita kiyA gayA hai| bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRtiyoM ke ucca adhyayana, adhyApana va anusaMdhAna hetu ina cAra vidyApIThoM kI sthApanA dvArA zAsana ne apanA dharma-nirapekSa dRSTikoNa spaSTa kara diyA hai / dharmanirapekSatA kA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki zAsana dvArA kisI bhI dharma, tatvajJAna va tatsaMbaMdhI sAhitya ke adhyayana Adi kA niSedha kiyA jAya,

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa kiMtu usakA uddezya mAtra itanA hI hai ki kisI dharma- viSaze ke liye saba suvidhAyeM denA aura dUsare dharmoM kI upekSA karanA, aisI rASTra-nIti kadApi nahIM honA cAhiye / isake viparIta zAsana kA kartavya hogA ki vaha deza ke prAcIna itihAsa, sAhitya, siddhAnta va darzana Adi saMbaMdhI sabhI viSayoM ke adhyayana va anusaMdhAna ke liye jitanI ho sake utanI suvidhAyeM samAna dRSTi se, niSpakSatA ke sAtha, upasthita kare / isa udAtta va zreyaskara dRSTikoNa se kabhI kisI ko koI virodha nahIM ho sktaa| maiM samajhatA hU~ isI dharma-nirapekSa dRSTikoNa se prerita hokara isa zAsana pariSad ne mujhe ina vyAkhyAnoM ke liye AmaMtrita kiyA hai, aura usI dRSTi se mujhe jainadharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko yogadAna viSayaka yahA~ vivecana karane meM koI saMkoca nhii| dhyAna mujhe kevala yaha rakhanA hai ki isa viSaya kI yahA~ jo samIkSA kI jAya, usameM Atma-prazaMsA va paraniMdA kI bhAvanA na ho, kiMtu prayatna yaha rahe ki prastuta saMskati kI dhArA ne bhAratIya jIvana va vicAra evaM vyavasthAoM ko kaba kaisA puSTa aura pariSkRta kiyA, isakA yathArtha mUlyAMkana hokara usakI vAstavika rUparekhA upasthita ho jAya / mujhe isa viSaya meM vizeSa satarka rahane kI isa liye bhI AvazyakatA hai kyoMki maiM svayaM apane janma va saMskAroM se jaina hone ke kAraNa saralatA se ukta doSa kA bhAgI ThaharAyA jA sakatA huuN| kintu isa viSaya meM merA ukta uttara-dAyitva isa kAraNa vizeSa rUpa se halakA ho jAtA hai, ki jainadharma apanI vicAra va jIvana sambandhI vyavasthAoM ke vikAsa meM kabhI kisI saMkucita dRSTi kA zikAra nahIM banA / usakI bhUmikA rASTrIya dRSTi se sadaiva udAra aura udAtta rahI hai / usakA yadi kabhI kahIM anya dharmo se virodha va saMgharSa huA hai to kevala isI udAra nIti kI rakSA ke liye / jainiyoM ne apane deza ke kisI eka bhAga mAtra ko kabhI apanI bhakti kA viSaya nahIM banane diyA / yadi unake antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra videha (uttara bihAra) meM utpanna hue the, to unakA upadeza va nirvANa huA magadha (dakSiNa bihAra) meN| unase pUrva ke tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA janma huA uttarapradeza kI banArasa nagarI meM; to ve tapasyA karane gaye magadha ke sammedazikhara parvata para / unase bhI pUrva ke tIrthakara neminAtha ne apane tapazcaraNa, upadeza va nirvANa kA kSetra banAyA bhArata ke pazcimI pradeza kAThiyAvADa ko / saba se prathama tIrthaMkara AdinAtha kA janma huA ayodhyA meM aura ve tapasyA karane gaye kailAza parvata para / isa prakAra jainiyoM kI pavitra bhUmi kA vistAra uttara meM himAlaya, pUrva meM magadha, aura pazcima meM kAThiyAvADa taka ho gayA ina sImAoM ke bhItara aneka muniyoM va AcAryoM Adi mahApuruSoM ke

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jaina dharma kI rASTrIya bhUmikA janma, tapazcaraNa, nirvANa Adi ke nimitta se unhoMne deza kI pada pada bhUmi ko apanI zraddhA va bhakti kA viSaya banA DAlA hai| cAhe dharmapracAra ke liye ho aura cAhe AtmarakSA ke liye, jainI kabhI deza ke bAhara nahIM bhAge / yadi dumikSa Adi vipattiyoM ke samaya ve kahIM gaye to deza ke bhItara hI, jaise pUrva se pazcima ko yA uttara se dakSiNa ko| aura isa prakAra unhoMne dakSiNa bhArata ko bhI apanI isa zraddhAMjalI se bhI vaMcita nahIM rkhaa| vahAM tAmila ke sudUravartI pradeza meM bhI unake aneka bar3e bar3e prAcArya va granthakAra hue haiM, aura unake sthAna unake prAcIna maMdiroM Adi ke dhvaMsoM se Aja bhI alaMkRta haiN| karnATaka prAMta meM zravaNabelagolA va kArakala Adi sthAnoM para bAhubali kI vizAla kalApUrNa mUrtiyA~ Aja bhI isa deza kI prAcIna kalA ko gauravAnvita kara rahI haiM / tAtparya yaha ki samasta bhArata deza, prAja kI rAjanaitika dRSTimAtra se hI nahIM, kiMtu apanI prAcInatama dhArmika paramparAnusAra bhI, jainiyoM ke liye eka ikAI aura zraddhAbhakti kA bhAjana banA hai| jainI isa bAta kA bhI koI dAvA nahIM karate ki aitihAsika kAla ke bhItara unakA koI sAdhuoM yA gRhasthoM kA samudAya bar3e paimAne para kahIM deza ke bAhara gayA ho aura vahAM usane koI aise maMdira prAdi apanI dhArmika saMsthAyeM sthApita kI hoM, jinakI bhakti ke kAraNa unake dezaprema meM lezamAtra bhI zithilatA yA vibhAjana utpanna ho ske| isa prakAra prAntIyatA kI saMkucita bhAvanA evaM dezabAhya anucita anurAga ke doSoM se niSkalaMka rahate hue jainiyoM kI dezabhakti sadaiva vizuddha, acala aura sthira kahI jA sakatI hai| dezabhakti kevala bhUmigata ho ho so bAta nahIM hai / jainiyoM ne lokabhAvanAoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI apanI vahI udAra nIti rakhI hai| bhASA ke prazna ko le lIjiye / vaidika paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA kA bar3A Adara rahA hai, aura use hI 'daivI vAka' mAnakara sadaiva usI meM sAhitya-racanA kI hai| isa mAnyatA kA yaha pariNAma to acchA huA ki usake dvArA prAcInatama sAhitya vedoM Adi kI bhale prakAra rakSA ho gaI tathA bhASA bhI uttarottara khUba maMjatI gaI / kintu isase eka bar3I hAni yaha haI ki usa paramparA ke koI do tIna hajAra varSoM meM utpanna vizAla sAhitya ke bhItara tAtkAlika bhinna pradezIya loka-bhASAoM kA koI pratinidhitva nahIM ho paayaa| bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadeza kA mAdhyama usa samaya kI eka loka-bhASA mAgadhI ko banAyA aura apane ziSyoM ko yaha Adeza bhI diyA ki dharma upadeza ke liye lokabhASAoM kA hI upayoga kiyA jAya / kintu bauddha paramparA ke sAhityaka usa Adeza kA pUrNatayA pAlana na kara sake / unheM eka pAli bhASA se hI moha ho gayA aura vaha itanA ki laMkA, syAma,

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa barmA prAdi dUra dezoM meM jAkara bhI unake sAhitya kA mAdhyama vahI pAli bhASA banI rahI, aura vahAM kI loka bhASAyeM jItI maratI huI usa sAhitya meM koI sthAna prApta na kara skiiN| jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne lokopakAra kI bhAvanA se usa samaya kI subodha vANI arddhamAgadhI kA upayoga kiyA, tathA unake gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM unake upadezoM kA saMkalana kiyA / usa bhASA aura usa sAhitya kI ora jainiyoM kA sadaiva Adara bhAva rahA hai; tathApi unakI vaha bhAvanA kabhI bhI loka bhASAoM ke sAtha nyAya karane meM bAdhaka nahIM huI / jainAcArya jaba jaba dharma pracArArtha jahAM jahAM gaye, taba taba unhoMne unhIM pradezoM meM pracalita loka-bhASAoM ko apanI sAhitya racanA kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya meM hI bhinna bhinna pradezoM kI bhinna bhinna kAlIna zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, apabhrazaM Adi prAkRta bhASAmoM kA pUrA pUrA pratinidhitva pAyA jAtA hai| hiMdI, gujarAtI Adi prAdhunika bhASAoM kA prAcInatama sAhitya jainiyoM kA hI milatA hai| yahI nahIM, kiMtu dakSiNa kI sudUravartI tAmila va kannaDa bhASAoM ko prAcInakAla meM sAhitya meM utArane kA zreya saMbhavataH jainiyoM ko hI diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra jainiyoM ne kabhI bhI kisI eka prAMtIya bhASA kA pakSapAta nahIM kiyA, kiMtu sadaiva deza bhara kI bhASAoM ko samAna AdarabhAva se apanAyA hai, aura isa bAta ke liye unakA vizAla sAhitya sAkSI hai| dhArmika loka mAnyatAoM kI bhI jainadharma meM upekSA nahIM kI gaI, kita unakA sammAna karate hue unheM vidhivat apanI paramparA meM yathAsthAna sammilita kara liyA gayA hai / rAma aura lakSmaNa tathA kRSNa aura baladeva ke prati janatA kA pUjya bhAva rahA hai va unheM avatAra-puruSa mAnA gayA hai / jainiyoM ne tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha sAtha inheM bhI tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM meM AdaraNIya sthAna dekara apane purANoM meM vistAra se unake jIvana-caritra kA varNana kiyA hai| jo loga jainapurANoM ko halakI aura uthalI dRSTi se dekhate haiM, ve isa bAta para haMsate haiM ki ina purANoM meM mahApuruSoM ko jainamatAvalambI, mAnA gayA hai, va kathAoM meM vyartha hera phera kiye gaye haiN| unakI daSTi isa bAta para nahIM jAtI ki kitanI AtmIyatA se jainiyoM ne unheM apane bhI pUjya banA liyA hai, aura isa prakAra apane tathA anyadharmI deza bhAiyoM kI bhAvanA kI rakSA kI hai| itanA hI nahIM, kiMtu rAvaNa va jarAsaMgha jaise jina anArya rAjAoM ko vaidika parapaMrA ke purANoM meM kucha ghRNita bhAva se citrita kiyA gayA hai, unako bhI jaina purANoM meM uccatA aura sammAna kA sthAna dekara anArya jAtiyoM kI bhAvanAoM ko bhI Thesa nahIM pahuMcane dI / ina nArAyaNa kezatruoM ko bhI unhoMne pratinArAyaNa kA uccapada pradAna

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udAra nIti kA saiddhAntika AdhAra kiyA hai / rAvaNa ko dazamukhI rAkSasa na mAna kara use vidyAdhara vaMzI mAnA hai, . jisake svAbhAvika eka mukha ke atirikta gale ke hAra ke nau maNiyoM meM mukha kA pratibimba par3ane se loga use dazAnana bhI kahate the| agniparIkSA ho jAne para bhI jisa sItA ke satItva ke saMbaMdha meM loga niHzaMka nahIM ho sake, usa prasaMga ko jaina rAmAyaNa meM bar3I caturAI se nibAhA gayA hai| sItA kisIprakAra bhI rAvaNa se prema karane ke liye rAjI nahIM hai isa kAraNa rAvaNa ke dukha ko dUra karane ke liye use yaha salAha dI jAtI hai ki vaha sItA ke sAtha balAtkAra kare / kiMtu rAvaNa isake liye kadApi taiyAra nahIM hotA / vaha kahatA hai ki maiMne vrata liyA hai ki kisI strI ko rAjI kiye binA maiM kabhI use apane bhoga kA sAdhana nahIM banAUMgA / isa prakAra jaina purANoM meM rAvaNa ko rAkSasI vRtti se Upara uThAyA gayA hai, aura sAtha hI sItA ke akSuNNa satItva kA aisA pramANa upasthita kara diyA gayA hai, jo zaMkA se pare aura akATya ho / ina purANoM meM hanumAna, sugrIva Adi ko baMdara nahIM, kiMtu vidyAdhara vaMzI rAjA mAnA gayA hai, jinakA dhvaja cihna bAnara thA / isa prakAra jainapurANoM meM jo kathAoM kA vaiziSTya pAyA jAtA hai, vaha nirarthaka athavA dhArmika pakSapAta kI saMkucita bhAvanA se prerita nahIM hai / usakA eka mahAn prayojana yaha hai ki usake dvArA loka meM aucitya kI hAni na ho, aura sAtha hI Arya anArya kisI bhI varga kI janatA ko usase kisI prakAra kI Thesa na pahu~cakara unakI bhAvanAoM kI bhale prakAra rakSA ho / deza meM kabhI yakSoM aura nAgoM kI bhI pUjA hotI thI, aura isake liye unakI mUrtiyAM va mandira bhI banAye jAte the / prAcIna granthoM meM isa bAta ke pramANa haiM / inake upAsakoM ko itihAsavettA mUlataH anArya mAnate haiM / jainiyoM ne unakI hiMsAtmaka pUjA vidhiyoM kA to niSedha kiyA, kintu pramukha yakSa nAgAdi devI devatAoM ko apane tIrthaMkaroM ke rakSaka rUpa se svIkAra kara, unheM apane devAlayoM meM bhI sthAna diyA hai / rAkSasa, bhUta, pizAca Adi cAhe manuSya rahe hoM, athavA aura kisI prakAra ke prANI kintu deza ke kinhIM vargoM meM inakI kucha na kucha mAnyatA thI, jisakA Adara karate hue jainiyoM ne inheM eka jAti ke deva svIkAra kiyA hai / 5 udAra nIti kA saiddhAntika AdhAra jainiyoM kI ukta saMgrAhaka pravRttiyoM para se sambhavataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadharma avasaravAdI rahA hai, jisake kAraNa unameM aneka virodhI bAtoM kA samAveza kara liyA gayA hai / kintu gambhIra vicAra karane se yaha anumAna

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa nirmUla siddha ho jAyagA, kyoMki ukta sabhI bAteM kisI vyAvahArika suvidhA mAtra ke vicAra se nahIM lAI gaI haiM, kintu ve jainadharma ke AdhArabhUta dArzanika va saiddhAntika pRSThabhUmi se svabhAvataH hI utpanna huI haiN| isa bAta ko spaSTataH samajhane ke liye jainadarzana para yahAM eka vihaMgama dRSTi DAla lenA anucita na hogaa| vedAnta darzana meM kevala eka cidAtmaka tatva hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jise brahma kahA hai aura zeSa dRzyamAna jagata ke padArthoM ko asat va mAyAjAla rUpa se batalAyA gayA hai / eka anya darzana meM kevala bhautika tatvoM kI hI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai, aura unhIM se mela-jola se caitanya guNa kI utpattI mAnI gaI hai| isa mata ko cArvAk darzana kahA gayA hai| janadarzana jIva aura ajIva rUpa se donoM tatvoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| usameM maulika tatva eka nahIM, kintu chaha dravyoM ko mAnA hai| dravya vaha hai jisameM sattA guNa ho, aura sattA svayaM triguNAtmaka hai| isake ye tIna guNa haiM - utpAda, vyaya aura bhravya / tAtparya yaha hai ki na to vedAnta meM dravyoM kI pUrI sattA kA nirUpaNa pAyA jAtA hai, aura na cArvAka darzana meM / dravyoM meM vedAnta-sammata kUTastha nityatA bhI siddha nahIM hotI, aura na bauddha siddhAnta kI kSaNa-dhvaMsatA mAtra / saMsAra meM caitanya-guNayukta Atma-tatva bhI hai, aura caitanyahIna mUrtimAna, bhautika padArtha tathA, amatika kAla, AkAza Adi tatva bhI / ye sabhI dravya guNa-paryAyAtmaka haiM / apanI guNAtmaka avasthA ke kAraNa unameM dhra vatA hai, tathA paryAyAtmakatA ke kAraNa unameM utpatti - vinAzarUpa avasthAeM bhI vidyamAna haiM / jainadharma ke isa dArzanika tatvajJAna meM hI usakI vyApaka dRSTi pAI jAtI hai, aura isI vyApaka daSTi se vastuvicAra ke liye usane apanA syAdvAda va anekAnta rUpa nyAya sthApita kiyA hai| isa nyAya ko samajhane ke lie hama apane sAmane rakhI huI isa Tebila ko hI le lete haiM / ise hama caitanyahIna pAte haiM, isIlie ise mAtra jar3a tatva hI kaha sakate haiN| jar3a tatvoM meM yaha amUrta nahIM, kintu mUrtimAna hai, isIlie ise pudgala kaha sakate haiM / pudgaloM ke nAnA bhedoM meM se yaha kevala kASTha kI banI hai, isIliye ise kATha kaha sakate haiM, aura kATha ke bane AlamArI, kursI beMca, daravAje Adi nAnA rUpoM meM se isake apane vizeSa rUpa ke kAraNa hama ise Tebila kahate haiN| isa Tebila meM UMcAI, lambAI, caur3AI tathA raMga Adi kI dRSTi se aneka hI nahIM, ananta guNa haiN| ApekSika dRSTi se dekhane para yahI Tebila hameM kabhI choTI aura kabhI bar3I, kabhI UMcI aura kabhI nIcI dikhAI dene lagatI hai| isa prakAra jaba koI ise ukta dravyAtmaka, guNAtmaka yA paryAyAtmaka nAma se kahatA hai, taba usameM vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se hameM ekAMza satya kI jhalaka

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udAra nIti kA saiddhAntika AdhAra milatI hai, aura usase hamArA tAtkAlika kArya bhI cala jAtA hai| kintu yadi hama usI AMzika tathya ko paripUrNa satya mAna leM, to yaha hamArI bhUla hogii| nAnA kAloM meM, nAnA dezoM meM, nAnA manuSyoM meM vastuoM ko nAnA prakAra se dekhA, samajhA va varNana kiyA jAtA hai| ataeva hameM una saba kathanoM va varNanoM kA ThIka-ThIka dRSTikoNa samajhakara, unheM apane jJAna meM yathAsthAna samAviSTa karanA Avazyaka hai / yadi hama aisA nahIM kara pAte, to pada pada para hameM virodha dikhAI detA hai| kintu yadi hama bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM ko samajhakara unako sAmaMjasya rUpa se sthApita kara sakeM, to hameM usa vizAla satya ke darzana hone lagate haiM jo isa jagat kI vAstavikatA hai isI uddezya se jaina AcAryoM ne deza aura kAla, tathA dravya aura bhAva ke anusAra bhI vastu-vaicitya kA vicAra karane para jora diyA hai| isIlie eka jainAcArya ne samasta ekAntarUpa mithyA dRSTiyoM ke samanvaya se samyagdRSTi kI utpatti mAnI hai| jainadharma meM jo ahiMsA para jora diyA gayA hai, vaha bhI ukta tatva-cintana kA hI pariNAma hai / saMsAra meM eka nahIM, aneka, ananta prANI haiM, aura unameM se pratyeka meM jIvAtmA vidyamAna hai / ye AtmAeM apane apane karmabandha ke bala se jIvana kI nAnA dazAoM, nAnA yoniyoM, nAnA prakAra ke zarIroM tathA nAnA jJAnAtmaka avasthAoM meM dikhAI detI haiM / kintu una sabhI meM jJAnAtmaka vikAsa ke dvArA paramAtmapada prApta karane kI yogyatA hai / isa prakAra zaktirUpa se sabhI jIvAtmA samAna haiM / ataeva unameM paraspara sammAna sadbhAva aura sahayoga kA vyavahAra honA cAhiye / yahI jainadharma kI janataMtrAtmakatA hai| yadi Aja kI janataMtrAtmaka vicAradhArA se use pRthag nirdiSTa karanA cAheM, to use prANitantrAtmaka kahanA ucita hogA; kyoMki janataMtrAtmaka jo dRSTikoNa manuSya samAja taka sImita hai, use aura adhika vistRta va vizAla banAkara jainadharma prANimAtra ko usakI sadasyatA kA pAtra svIkAra karatA hai| isa vastu-vicAra se yaha svabhAvataH hI phalita hotA hai ki samasta prANiyoM meM paraspara apanI va parAI donoM kI rakSA kI bhAvanA honI caahiye| jaba sabhI ko eka uddiSTa sthAna para pahu~canA hai, aura ve eka hI patha ke pathika haiM, taba unameM paraspara sAhAyya kI bhAvanA honI hI cAhiye / isa viveka kA manuSya para sabase adhika bhAra hai, kyoMki manuSya meM anya saba prANiyoM kI apekSA adhika buddhi aura jJAna kA vikAsa huA hai| yadi eka ke pAsa moTarakAra hai, aura dUsarA paidala cala rahA hai, to honA to yaha cAhiye ki moTaravAlA paidala calane vAle ko bhI apanI gAr3I meM biThA le / kintu yadi kisI kAraNavaza yaha sambhava na ho, to yaha to kadApi honA hI na cAhiye ki moTaravAlA apane unmAda meM usa paidala calane vAle ko

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa apanI gAr3I ke pahiyoM ke nIce kucala de / ahiMsA siddhAnta kA yahI tatva aura marma hai / kintu jIvana kI jitanI viSama paristhitiyAM haiM aura prANiyoM meM jitanI virodhAtmaka vRttiyAM haiM, unameM ahiMsA siddhAnta ke pUrNarUpa se pAlana kiye jAne meM bar3I kaThinAiyAM haiM / jainadharma manuSya kI ina viSama paristhitiyoM ko svIkAra karake calatA hai, aura isIliye ahiMsA pAlana meM taratama praNAlI ko sthApita karatA hai / gRhastha eka sImA taka hI ahiMsA kA pAlana kara sakatA hai, ataeva usake liye aNuvratoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / usake Age mahAvratoM kA paripAlana muniyoM ke liye vihita hai / gRhastha mArga bhI bar3A vizAla hai, aura usakI bhI apanI nAnA paristhatiyAM haiM / ataeva usameM bhI gRhasthoM ke gyAraha darje sthApita kiye gaye haiM / ahiMsA bhI apane rUpa meM eka prakAra nahIM, bhAvanA aura kriyArUpa se vaha bhI do prakAra kI hai / kriyA rUpa meM bhI prayojanAnusAra vaha aneka prakAra kI hai / manuSya se calane-phirane, ghara-dvAra kI saphAI karane meM bhI hiMsA ho sakatI hai / kRSi, vANijya Adi vyavasAyoM meM bhI jIva-hiMsA bacAI nahIM jA sktii| ho sakatA hai svayaM apanI, apane baMdhu-bAndhavoM athavA apane gharadvAra va deza kI rakSA ke liye use AkramaNakArI manuSyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3e / gRhasthoM ke liye isa prakAra kI hiMsA kA niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA / use bacane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai usa hiMsA se, jo binA ukta prayojanoM ke, krodha, vaira Adi duSTa bhAvanAoM se prerita hokara saMkalpapUrvaka kI gaI ho / jaise zikAra khelane, baira cukAne yA dhanaharaNa karane Adi ke liye kisI kA vadha karanA, ityAdi / muni ukta vividha uttaradAyitvoM se mukta hote haiM, ataeva una para afare sUkSmatA se ahiMsA ke paripAlana kA bhAra DAlA gayA hai / athavA jainadharma ke isa ahiMsA ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se, jo usa para yaha kalaMka lagAyA jAtA hai ki usake kAraNa deza meM zaktihInatA utpanna ho gaI va usI kAraNa videzI AkrAmakoM dvArA deza kI parAjaya huI, vaha nirmUla siddhaho jAtA hai / itihAsa sAkSI hai ki prAcInatama kAla se aneka jaina dharmAvalambI vIrapuruSa hue haiM, jinhoMne apanA dharma bhI nibAhA hai, aura yoddhA va senApati kA kartavya bhI / jaina anekAnta dRSTi ne ina virodhAbhAsoM kA parihAra karake apane kartavyoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kI usake anuyAyiyoM ko adbhuta zakti dI hai / aba jabaki hamArA deza vaiyaktika vyavahAra meM hI nahIM, kintu rASTrIya va antarrASTrIya nIti ke nirdhAraNa meM bhI ahiMsA tatva ko maulika rUpa se svIkAra kara cukA hai, taba jainadharma kA yaha siddhAnta aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa siddha

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prAcIna itihAsa hotA hai, aura usake sUkSma adhyayana va vicAra kI bar3I AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai / isI samanvayAtmaka anekAMta siddhAMta ke AdhAra para Aja se lagabhaga Der3ha hajAra varSa pUrva hue samaMtabhadrAcArya ne apane yuktyanuzAsana nAmaka grantha meM mahAvIra ke jaina zAsana ko saba ApadAoM kA nivAraka zAzvata sarvodaya tIrtha kahA hai sarvApadAM antakaraM nirantaM sarvAdayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva / / (yu. 61). prAcIna itihAsa jaina purANoM meM bhArata varSa kA itihAsa usake bhaugaulika varNana ke sAtha kiyA gayA pAyA jAtA hai / bhArata jambUdIpa ke dakSiNI bhAga meM sthita hai / isake uttara meM himavAn parvata hai aura madhya meM vijayArddha parvata / pazcima meM himavAn se nikalI huI sindha nadI bahatI hai aura pUrva meM gaMgAnadI, jisase uttara bhArata ke tIna vibhAga ho jAte haiM / dakSiNa bhArata ke bhI pUrva, madhya aura pazcima dizAoM meM tIna vibhAga haiM / ye hI bhArata ke chaha khaMDa haiM, jinheM vijaya karake koI samrATa cakravartI kI upAdhi prApta karatA hai| ... bhArata kA itihAsa deza kI usa kAla kI avasthA ke varNana se prArambha hotA hai, jaba Adhunika nAgarika sabhyatA kA vikAsa nahIM huA thaa| usa samaya bhUmi ghAsa aura saghana vRkSoM se bharI huI thI / siMha, vyAghra hAthI, gAya, bhaiMsa, Adi sabhI pazu vanoM meM pAye jAte the / manuSya grAma va nagaroM meM nahIM basate the, aura koTumbika vyavasthA bhI kucha nahIM thii| usa samaya na loga khetI karanA jAnate the, na pazupAlana, na anya koI udyoga-dhandhe / ve apane khAna, pAna, zarIrAcchAdana Adi kI AvazyakatAeM vRkSoM se hI pUrI kara lete the| isIliye usI kAla ke vRkSoM ko kalpavRkSa kahA gayA hai / kalpavRkSa arthAt aise vRkSa jo bhanuSyoM kI saba icchAoM kI pUrti kara skeN| bhAI-bahana hI pati-patnI rUpa se rahane lagate the, aura mAtA-pitA apane Upara saMtAna kA koI uttaradAyitva anubhava nahIM karate the| isa paristhiti ko purANakAroM ne bhoga-bhUmi vyavasthA kahA hai, kyoMki usameM Age Ane vAlI karmabhUmi sambandhI kRSi aura udyoga Adi kI vyavasthAoM kA abhAva thaa| kramazaH ukta avasthA meM parivartana huA, aura usa yuga kA prArambha huA jise purANakAroM ne karma-bhUmi kA yuga kahA hai na jise hama Adhunika sabhyatA kA prArambha kaha sakate haiM / isa yuga ko vikAsa meM lAne vAle caudaha mahApuruSa mAne gaye haiM, jinheM kulakara yA manu kahA hai / inhoMne kramazaH apane apane kAla meM

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa logoM ko hiMstra pazuoM se apanI rakSA karane ke upAya batAye / bhUmi va vRkSoM ke vaiyAktika svAmitva kI sImAeM nirdhArita kii| hAthI Adi vanya pazuoM kA pAlana kara, unheM vAhana ke upayoga meM lAnA sikhAyA / bAla-baccoM ke lAlana-pAlana va unake nAmakaraNa Adi kA upadeza diyA / zIta tuSAra Adi se apanI rakSA karanA sikhAyA / nadiyoM ko naukAoM dvArA pAra karanA, pahAr3oM para sIr3hiyA~ banAkara car3hanA, varSA se chatrAdika dhAraNa kara apanI rakSA karanA Adi sikhAyA aura anta meM kRSi dvArA anna utpanna karane kI kalA sikhAI, jisake pazcAt vANijya, zilpa Adi ve saba kalAeM va udyoga dhandhe utpanna hue jinake kAraNa yaha bhUmi karmabhUmi kahalAne lgii| caudaha kulakaroM ke pazcAt jina mahApuruSoM ne karmabhUmi kI samyatA ke yuga meM dharmopadeza va apane cAritra dvArA acche bure kA bheda sikhAyA, aise tresaTha mahApuruSa hue, jo zalAkA puruSa arthAt vizeSa gaNanIya puruSa mAne gaye haiM, aura unhIM kA caritra jaina purANoM meM vizeSa rUpa se vaNita pAyA jAtA hai| ina tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau balabhadra, nau nArAyaNa aura nau prati-nArAyaNa sammilita haiM, jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM ___ 24 tIrthaMkara:- 1-RSabha, 2-ajita, 3-saMbhava, 4-abhinaMdana, 5-sumati, 6-padmaprabha, 7-supArzva, 8-candraprabha, 9-puSpadaMta, 10-zItala, 11-zreyAMsa, 12-vAsupUjya,13-vimala, 14-ananta, 15-dharma, 16-zAnti, 17-kunthu, 18-araha 16-malli, 20-munisuvrata, 21-nami, 22-nemi, 23-pArzvanAtha, 24-vardhamAna athavA mahAvIra / 12 cakravartIH- 25-bharata, 26-sagara, 27-maghavA, 28-sanatkumAra, 26-zAnti, 30-kunthu, 31-araha, 32-subhauma, 33-padma, 34-hariSeNa 35-jayasena, 36-brahmadatta / 6 balabhadra :- 37-acala, 38-vijaya, 36-bhadra, 40-suprabha, 41-sudarzana, 42-Ananda, 43-nandana, 44-padma, 45-rAma / vAsudeva-46-tripRSTha, 47-dvipRSTha, 48-svayambhU, 46-puruSottama, 50-puruSasiMha, 51-puruSapuNDarIka, 52-datta, 53-nArAyaNa, 54-kRSNa / 6 prati-vAsudevaH- 55-azvagrIva, 56-tAraka, 57-meraka, 58-madhu, 56-nizumbha, 60-bali, 61-prahalAda, 62-rAvaNa, 63-jarAsaMgha /

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Adi tIrthaMkara aura vAtarazanA muni Adi tIrthaMkara aura vAtarazanA muni ina tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM meM sabase prathama jainiyoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha haiM, jinase jainadharma kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai / unakA janma ukta caudaha kulakaroM meM se antima kulakara nAbhirAja aura unakI patnI marudevI se huA thA / apane pitA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt ve rAjasiMhAsana para baiThe aura unhoMne kRSi, asi, masi, zilpa, vANijya aura vidyA ina chaha AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM kI vizeSa rUpa se vyavasthA kI, tathA deza va nagaroM evaM varNa va jAtiyoM Adi kA suvibhAjana kiyA / inake do putra bharata aura bAhubali, tathA do putriyAM brAhmI aura sundarI thIM, jinheM unhoMne samasta kalAeM va vidyAeM sikhalAI / eka dina rAjya sabhA meM nIlAMjanA nAma kI nartakI kI nRtya karate karate hI mRtyu ho gii| isa durghaTanA se RSabhadeva ko saMsAra se vairAgya ho gayA, aura ve rAjya kA parityAga kara tapasyA karane vana ko cale gaye / unake jyeSTha putra bharata rAjA hue, aura unhoMne apane digvijaya dvArA sarvaprathama cakravartI pada prApta kiyA unake laghu bhrAtA bAhubali bhI virakta hokara tapasyA meM pravRtta ho gaye / 3 jaina purANoM meM RSabhadeva ke jIvana va tapasyA kA tathA kevalajJAna prApta kara dharmopadeza kA vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai / jainI isI kAla se apane dharma kI utpattI mAnate haiM / RSabhadeva ke kAla kA anumAna lagAnA kaThina hai / unake kAla kI dUrI kA varNana jaina purANa sAgaroM ke pramANa se karate haiM / saubhAgya se RSabha - deva kA jIvana caritra jaina sAhitya meM hI nahIM, kintu vaidika sAhitya meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / bhAgavata purANa ke pAMcaveM skaMdha ke prathama chaha adhyAyoM meM RSabhadeva ke vaMza, jIvana va tapazcaraNa kA vRtAnta varNita hai, jo sabhI mukhya mukhya bAtoM meM jaina purANoM se milatA hai / unake mAtA pitA ke nAma nAbhi aura marudevI pAye jAte haiM, tathA unheM svayaMbhU manu se pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM isa krama se hue kahA gayA hai-- svayaMbhU manu, priyavrata, agnIdhra, nAbhi aura Rssbh| unhoMne apane jyeSTha putra bharata ko rAjya dekara sanyAsa grahaNa kiyA / ve nagna rahane lage aura kevala zarIra mAtra hI unake pAsa thA / logoM dvArA tiraskAra kiye jAne, gAlI-galauca kiye jAne va mAre jAne para bhI ve mauna hI rahate the / apane kaThora tapazcaraNa dvArA unhoMne kaivalya kI prApti kI, tathA dakSiNa karnATaka taka nAnA pradezoM meM paribhramaNa kiyA / ve kuTakAcala parvata ke vana meM unmatta kI nAI nagnarUpa meM vicarane lage / bAMsoM kI ragar3a se vana meM Aga laga gaI aura usI meM unhoMne apane ko bhasma kara DAlA / 11

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12 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa bhAgavata purANa meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva ke isa caritra ko sunakara koMka, baiMka va kuTaka kA rAjA arhan kalayuga meM apanI icchA se usI dharma kA saMpravartana karegA, ityAdi / isa varNana se isameM koI sandeha nahIM raha jAtA ki bhAgavata purANa kA tAtparya jaina purANoM ke RSabha tIrthaMkara se hI hai, aura arhan rAjA dvArA pravartita dharma kA abhiprAya jainadharma se / ataH yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki bhAgavata purANa tathA vaidika paramparA ke anya prAcIna granthoM meM RSabhadeva ke saMbaMdha kI bAtoM kI kucha gaharAI se jAMca par3atAla kA jAya / bhAgavatapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki "bahiSi tasminneva viSNudatta bhagavAn paramarSibhiH prasAdito nAbhaH priyacikIrSayA tadavarodhAyane merudevyAM dharmAn darzayitukAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAm UrdhvamanthinAM zuklayA tnvaavttaar|" (bhA. pu. 5, 3,20) ___ "yajJa meM parama RSiyoM dvArA prasanna kiye jAne para, he viSNudatta, pArIkSita, svayaM zrI bhagavAn (viSNu) mahArAja nAbhi kA priya karane ke liye unake ranivAsa meM mahArAnI merudevI ke garbha meM aae| unhoMne isa pavitra zarIra kA avatAra vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharmoM ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se grahaNa kiyaa|" bhAgavata purANa ke isa kathana meM do bAteM vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya haiM, kyoMki unakA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke bhAratIya saMskRti meM sthAna tathA unakI prAcInatA aura sAhityika paraMparA se bar3A ghaniSTha aura mahatvapUrNa saMbaMdha hai / eka to yaha kI RSabha deva kI mAnyatA aura pUjyatA ke saMbaMdha meM jaina aura hindUoM ke bIca koI matabheda nahIM hai| jaise ve jainiyoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara haiM, usI prakAra ve hinduoM ke liye sAkSAt bhagavAna viSNu ke avatAra haiN| unake IzvarAvatAra hone kI mAnyatA prAcInakAla meM itanI baddhamUla ho gayI thI ki zivamahApurANa meM bhI unheM ziva ke aTThAisa yogAvatAroM meM ginAyA gayA hai (zivamahApurANa, 7,2,9) / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAcInatA meM yaha avatAra rAma aura kRSNa ke avatAroM se bhI pUrva kA mAnA gayA hai| isa avatAra kA jo hetu bhAgavata purANa meM batalAyA gayA hai usase zramaNa dharma kI paramparA bhAratIya sAhitya ke prAcInatama grantha Rgveda se niHssandeha rUpa se jur3a jAtI hai| RSabhAvatAra kA hetu vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharma ko prakaTa karanA batalAyA gayA hai| bhAgavata purANa meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'ayamavatAro rajasopapluta kaivalyopazikSaNArthaH' (bhA. pu. 5, 6, 12) arthAta bhagavAn kA yaha avatAra rajoguNa se bhare hue logoM ko kaivalya

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Adi tIrthaMkara aura vAta razanA muni kI zikSA dene ke lie huA / kintu ukta vAkya kA yaha artha bhI saMbhava hai ki yaha avatAra raja se upapluta arthAt rajodhAraNa (mala dhAraNa) vRtti dvArA kaivalya prApti kI zikSA dene ke lie huA thA' / jaina muniyoM ke AcAra meM asnAna, adantadhAvana, mala parISaha Adi dvArA rajodhAraNa saMyama kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| buddha ke samaya meM bhI rajojallika zramaNa vidyamAna the / buddha bhagavAna ne zramaNoM kI AcAra-praNAlI meM vyavasthA lAte hue eka bAra kahA thA ___"nAhaM bhikkhave saMghATikasya saMghATidhAraNamattena sAmanaM vadAmi, acelakassa acelakamattena rajojallikasya rajojallikamattena....jaTilakassa jaTAdhAraNamattena sAmayaM vadAmi / " (majjhimanikAya 40) __ arthAt-he bhikSuoM maiM saMghATika ke saMghATI dhAraNamAtra se zrAmaNya nahIM kahatA, acelaka ke acelakatvamAtra se, rajojallika ke rajojallikatva mAtra se aur| jaTilaka ke jaTAdhAraNa-mAtra se bhI zrAmaNya nahIM kahatA / ___ aba prazna yaha hotA hai ki jina vAtarazanA muniyoM ke dharmoM kI sthApanA karane tathA rajojallika vRtti dvArA kaivalya kI prApti sikhalAne ke liye bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA avatAra huA thA, ve kaba se bhAratIya sAhitya meM ullikhita pAye jAte haiN| isake liye jaba hama bhArata ke prAcInatama grantha vedoM ko dekhate haiM, to hameM vahA~ bhI vAtarazanA muniyoM kA ullekha aneka sthaloM meM dikhAI detA hai / Rgveda kI vAtarazanA muniyoM ke saMbaMdha kI RcAoM meM una muniyoM kI sAdhanAyeM dhyAna dene yogya haiM / eka sUkta kI kucha RcAyeM dekhiye munayo vAtarazanA : pizaMgA vasate mlaa| vAtasyAnu dhAji yanti yaddevAso avikSata // unmaditA mauneyena vAtA~ AtasthimA vayam / zaroredasmAkaM yUyaM mAso abhi pazyatha // (Rgveda 10,136,2-3) vidvAnoM ke nAnA prayatna hone para bhI abhI taka vedoM kA nissaMdeha rUpa se artha baiThAnA saMbhava nahIM ho sakA hai / tathApi sAyaNa bhASya kI sahAyatA se maiM ukta RcAoM kA artha isaprakAra karatA hUM:-atIndriyArthadarzI vAtarazanA muni mala dhAraNa karate haiM, jisase ve piMgala varNa dikhAI dete haiN| jaba ve vAyu kI gati ko prANopAsanA dvArA dhAraNa kara lete haiM, arthAt roka lete haiM, taba ve apanI tapa kI mahimA se dIpyamAna hokara devatA svarupa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| sarva laukika

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14 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa vyavahAra ko chor3akara hama maunavRtti se unmattavat (utkRSTa Ananda sahita ) vAyu raat (azarIrI dhyAnavRtti) ko prApta hote haiM, aura tuma sAdhAraNa manuSya hamAre bAhya zarIra mAtra ko dekha pAte ho, hamAre sacce AbhyaMtara svarUpa ko nahIM ( aisA ve vAtarazanA muni prakaTa karate haiM) / Rgveda meM ukta RcAoM ke sAtha 'kezI' kI stuti kI gaI hai - hrefgnaM kezI viSaM kezo birbhAta rodasI / kezI vizvaM svadRze kezIdaM jyotirUcyate // kezI agni, jala tathA svarga aura pRthvI ko dhAraNa karatA hai / kezI samasta vizva ke tatvoM kA darzana karAtA hai / kezI hI prakAzamAna ( jJAna - ) jyoti (kevalajJAnI) kahalAtA hai / kezI kI yaha stuti ukta vAtarazanA muniyoM ke varNana Adi meM kI gaI hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki kezI vAtarazanA muniyoM ke varNana ke pradhAna the / Rgveda ke ina kezI va vAtarazanA muniyoM kI sAdhanAoM kA bhAgavata purANa meM ullikhita vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi, unake adhinAyaka RSabha aura unakI sAdhanAoM kI tulanA karane yogya hai / Rgveda ke vAtarazanA muni aura bhAgavata ke 'vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi' eka hI sampradAya ke vAcaka haiM, isameM to kisI ko kisI prakAra ke sandeha hone kA avakAza nahIM dikhAI detA / kezI kA artha kezadhArI hotA hai, jisakA artha sAyaNAcArya ne 'keza sthAnIya razmiyoM ko dhAraNa karanevAle' kiyA hai, aura usase sUrya kA artha nikAlA hai / kintu usakI koI sArthakatA va saMgati vAtarazanA muniyoM ke sAtha nahIM baiThatI, jinakI sAdhanAoM kA usa sUkta meM varNana hai / kezI spaSTataH vAtazaranA muniyoM ke adhinAyaka hI ho sakate haiM, jinakI sAdhanA meM maladhAraNA, mauna vRtti aura unmAda bhAva kA vizeSa ullekha hai / sUkta meM Age unheM hI 'munirdevasya devasya saukRtyAya sakhA hitaH' (R. 10, 136, 4) arthAt deva devoM ke muni va upakArI aura hitakArI sakhA kahA hai / vAtarazanA zabda meM aura mala rUpI vasana dhAraNa karane meM unakI nAgnya vRtti kA bhI saMketa haiM / isakI bhAgavata purANa meM RSabha ke varNana se tulanA kIjiye / "urvarita zarIra-mAtra-parigraha unmatta iva gagana paridhAnaH prakIrNakezaH AtmanyAropitAhavanIyo brahmAvartAt pravabrAja | astndha-mUka-badhira pizAconmAdakavad avadhUtaveSo abhimAnyamANo'pi janAnAM gRhitamaunavRtaH tUSNoM babhUva / parAgavalambamAnakuTila-jaTila - kapiza-keza bhUri-bhAra: zravadhUta malina - nijazarIreNa gRhagRhIta ivAdRzyata / (bhA. pu. 5, 6, 28-31 ) *****S (Rgveda 10,136, 1 )

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Adi tIrthaMkara aura vAtarazanA muni arthAt RSabha bhagavAna ke zarIra mAtra parigraha baca rahA thA / ve unmatta ke samAna digambara vezadhArI, bikhare hue kezoM sahita zrAhavanIya agni ko apane meM dhAraNa karake brahmAvarta deza se prabrajita hue| ve jar3a, andha, mUka, badhira, pizAconmAda yukta jaise avadhUta veSa meM logoM ke bulAne para bhI mauna vRtti dhAraNa kie hue cupa rahate the |sb ora laTakate hue apane kuTila, jaTila, kapiza kezoM ke bhAra sahita avadhUta aura malina zarIra sahita ve aise dikhAI dete the, jaise mAnoM unheM bhUta lagA ho / yathArthataH yadi Rgveda ke ukta kezI saMbaMdhI sUkta ko, tathA bhAgavatapurANa meM varNita RSabhadeva ke caritra ko sanmukha rakhakara par3hA jAya, to purANa veda ke sUkta kA vistRta bhASya kiyA gayA sA pratIta hotA hai / vahI vAtarazanA yA gaganaparidhAna vRtti keza dhAraNa, kapiza varNa, maladhAraNa, mauna, aura unmAdabhAva samAna rUpa se donoM meM varNita haiM / RSabha bhagavAna ke kuTila kezoM kI paramparA jaina mUrtikalA meM prAcInatama kAla se Aja taka akSuNNa pAI jAtI hai / yathArthataH samasta tIrthaMkaroM meM kevala RSabha kI hI mUrtiyoM ke sira para kuTila kezoM kA rUpa dikhalAyA jAtA hai, aura vahI unakA prAcIna vizeSa lakSaNa bhI mAnA jAtA hai / isa saMbaMdha meM mujhe kezariyA nAtha kA smaraNa zrAtA hai, jo RSabhanAtha kA hI nAmAntara hai / kesara, keza aura jaTA eka hI artha ke vAcaka haiM 'saTA jaTA kesarayo:' / siMha bhI apane kezoM ke kAraNa kesarI kahalAtA hai / isaprakAra kezI aura kesarI eka hI kezariyAnAtha yA RSabhanAtha ke vAcaka pratIta hote haiM / kezariyAnAtha para jo kezara car3hAne kI vizeSa mAnyatA pracalita hai, vaha nAmasAmya ke kAraNa utpanna huI pratIta hotI haiN| jaina purANoM meM bhI RSabha kI jaTAoM kA sadaiva ullekha kiyA gayA hai / padmapurANa (3,288) meM varNana hai, 'vAtoddhatA jaTAstasya rejurAkulamUrtaya' aura harivaMzapurANa (6, 204) meM unheM kahA hai- 'sa pralambajaTAbhArabhrAjiSNuH / isa prakAra Rgveda ke kezI aura vAtarazanA muni, tathA bhAgavata purANa ke RSabha aura vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi evaM kesariyAnAtha RSabha tIrthaMkara aura unakA nirgrantha sampradAya eka hI siddha hote haiM / kezI aura RSabha ke eka hI puruSavAcI hone ke ukta prakAra anumAna karane ke pazcAt haThAt merI dRSTi Rgveda kI eka aisI RcA para par3a gaI jisameM vRSabha aura kezI kA sAtha sAtha ullekha AyA hai / vaha RcA isaprakAra kakarvave vRSabho yukta Asod avAvacIt sArathirasya kezI 15

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa dudharyuktasya dravrataH sahAnasa Rcchanti mA niSpado mudgalAnIm / / (Rgveda 10, 102, 6) jisa sUkta meM yaha RcA pAI hai usakI prastAvanA meM nirukta ke jo 'muda galasya hRtA gAvaH' Adi zloka uddhRta kie gae haiM, unake anusAra mudgala RSi kI gauvoM ko cora curA le gae the| unheM lauTAne ke lie RSi ne kezI vRSabha ko apanA sArathI banAyA, jisake vacana mAtra se ve gaueM Age ko na bhAgakara pIche kI ora lauTa pdd'iiN| prastuta RcA kA bhASya karate hue sAyaNAcArya ne pahale to vRSabha aura kezI kA vAcyArtha pRthak batalAyA hai| kiMtu phira prakArAntara se unhoMne kahA hai: 'athavA, asya sArathiH sahAyabhUtaH kezI prakRSTakezo vRSabhaH avAva cIt bhrazamazabdayat' ityaadi| sAyaNa ke isI artha ko tathA nirUkta ke ukta kathA-prasaMga ko bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAnusAra dhyAna meM rakhate hue prastuta gAthA kA mujhe yaha artha pratIta hotA hai mudgala RSi ke sArathI (vidvAn netA) kezI vRSabha jo zatruoM kA vinAza karane ke lie niyukta the, unakI vANI nikalI, jisake phala svarUpa jo mudgala RSi kI gauveM (indriyAM) jute hue durdhara ratha (zarIra) ke sAtha daur3a rahI thIM, ve nizcala hokara maudgalAnI (mudgala kI svAtmavRtti) kI aora loTa pdd'ii| tAtparya yaha ki mudgala RSi kI jo indriyAM parAGmukhI thIM, ve unake yogayukta jJAnI netA kezI vRSabha ke dharmopadeza ko sunakara antarmukhI ho gaI / isaprakAra kezI aura vRSabha yA RSabha ke ekatva kA svayaM Rgveda se hI pUrNata: samarthana ho jAtA hai| vidvAn isa ekIkaraNa para vicAra kreN| maiM pahale hI kaha cukA hU~ ki vedoM kA artha karane meM vidvAn abhI pUrNataH saphala nahIM ho sake haiN| vizeSataH vedoM kI jaisI bhAratIya saMskRti meM padapratiSThA hai, usakI dRSTi se to abhI unake samajhane samajhAne meM bahuta sudhAra kI AvazyakatA hai| mujhe AzA hai ki kezI, vRSabha yA RSabha tathA vAtarazanA muniyoM ke vedAntagata samasta ullekhoM ke sUkSma adhyayana se isa viSaya ke rahasya ko pUrNata: udghATana ho skegaa| kyA Rgveda (4, 58, 3) ke 'tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti mahAdevo mAnAviveza' kA yaha artha nahIM ho sakatA ki vidhA (jJAna, darzana aura cAritra se) anuvaddha vRSabha ne dharma-ghoSaNA kI aura ve eka mahAna deva ke rUpa meM mayoM meM praviSTa hue ? isI saMbaMdha meM Rgveda ke ziznadevoM (nagna devoM) vAle

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Adi tIrthakara aura vAtarazanA muni 17 ullekha bhI dhyAna dene yogya haiM (R. ve 7, 21, 5, 10, 66, 3) / isa prakAra Rgveda meM ullikhita vAtarazanA muniyoM ke nigraMtha sAdhuoM tathA una muniyoM ke nAyaka kezI muni kA RSabha deva ke sAtha ekIkaraNa ho jAne se jainadharma kI prAcIna paramparA para bar3A mahatvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai| vedoM ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke bIca bahuta matabheda hai| kitane hI vidvAnoM ne unheM I0 san se 5000 varSa va usase bhI adhika pUrva racA mayA mAnA hai| kintu Adhunika pAzcAtya bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA bahumata yaha hai ki vedoM kI racanA usake vartamAna rUpa meM I0 pUrva san 1500 ke lagabhaga huI hogii| cAroM vedoM meM Rgveda sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai / ataeva Rgveda kI RcAoM meM hI vAtarazanA muniyoM tathA 'kezI RSabhadeva' kA ullekha hone se jaina dharma apane prAcIna rUpa meM I0 pUrva san 1500 meM pracalita mAnanA anucita na hogaa| kezI nAma jaina paramparA meM pracalita rahA, isakA pramANa yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM pArzva sampradAya ke netA kA nAma kezIkumAra thA (uttarA. 13) / ukta vAtarazanA muniyoM kI jo mAnyatA va sAdhanAeM vaidika RcA meM bhI ullikhita haiM, una para se hama isa paramparA ko vaidika paramparA se spaSTataH pRthaka rUpa se samajha sakate haiM / vaidika RSi vaise tyAgI aura tapasvI nahIM, jaise ye vAtarazanA muni / ve RSi svayaM gRhastha haiM, yajJa sambandhI vidhi vidhAna meM AsthA rakhate haiM aura apanI ihalaukika icchAoM jaise putra, dhana, dhAnya, Adi sampatti kI prApti ke lie indrAdi devI-devatAoM kA AhvAna karate karAte haiM, tathA isake upalakSa meM yajamAnoM se dhana sampatti kA dAna svIkAra karate haiM / kintu isake viparIta ke vAtarazanA muni ukta kriyAoM meM rata nahIM hote| samasta gRha dvAra, strI-puruSa, dhana-dhAnya Adi parigraha, yahA~ taka kI vastra kA bhI parityAga kara, bhikSAvRtti se rahate haiN| zarIra kA snAnAdi saMskAra na kara mala dhAraNa kiye rahate haiN| mauna vRti se rahate haiM, tathA anya devI devatAoM ke ArAdhana se mukta AtmadhyAna meM hI apanA kalyANa samajhate haiN| spaSTataH yaha usa zramaNa paramparA kA prAcIna rUpa hai, jo Age calakara aneka avaidika sampradAyoM ke rUpa meM pragaTa huI aura jinameM se do arthAta jaina aura bauddha sampradAya Aja taka bhI vidyamAna haiM / prAcIna samasta bhAratIya sAhitya, vaivika, bauddha va jaina tathA zilAlekhoM meM bhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa sampradAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / jaina evaM bauddha sAdhu Ajataka bhI zramaNa kahalAte haiN| vaidika paramparA ke dhArmika guru kahalAte the RSi, jinakA varNana Rgveda meM bArambAra AyA hai| kintu zramaNa paramparA ke sAdhuoM kI saMjJA muni thI, jisakA ullekha Rgveda meM kevala una vAtarazanA muniyoM ke saMbaMdha ko chor3a, anyatra kahIM nahIM aayaa|

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- jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa RSi-muni kahane se donoM sampradAyoM kA grahaNa samajhanA cAhiye pIche paraspara ina sampradAyoM kA khUba AdAna-pradAna huA aura dUsare kA paryAyavAcI mAnA jAne lagA / donoM zabdoM ko prAyaH eka 18 vaidika sAhitya ke yati aura vrAtya - kA bhI ullekha bahutAyata se paramparA ke hI Rgveda meM muniyoM ke atirikta' yatiyoM AyA hai / ye yati bhI brAhmaNa paramparA ke na hokara zramaNa sAdhu siddha hote haiM, jinake liye yaha saMjJA samasta jaina sAhitya meM upayukta hote hue Ajataka bhI pracalita hai / yadyapi Adi meM RSiyoM, muniyoM aura yatiyoM ke bIca DhAramela pAyA jAtA hai, aura ve samAna rUpa se pUjya mAne jAte the / kintu kucha hI pazcAt yatiyoM ke prati vaidika paramparA meM mahAn roSa utpanna hone ke pramANa hameM brAhmaNa graMthoM meM milate haiM, jahA~ indra dvArA yatiyoM ko zAlAvRkoM ( zRgAloM va kuttoM) dvArA nucavAye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai (taitarIya saMhitA 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 2, 7, 5, tANDya brAhmaNa 14, 2, 28, 18, 1, 1 ) kintu indra ke isa kArya ko devoM ne ucita nahIM samajhA aura unhoMne isake liye indra kA bahiSkAra bhI kiyA (aitareya brAhmaNa 7, 28 ) / tANDaya brAhmaNa ke TIkA kAroM ne yatiyoM kA artha kiyA hai 'vedaviruddha niyamopeta, karmavirodhijana, jyotiSTomAvi akRtvA prakArAntareNa vartamAna' Adi, ina vizeSaNoM se unakI zramaNa paramparA spaSTa pramANita ho jAtI hai / bhagavatagItA meM RSiyoM muniyoM aura yatiyoM kA svarUpa bhI batalAyA hai, aura unheM samAna rUpa se yoga pravRta mAnA hai / yahA~ muni ko indriya aura mana kA saMyama karane vAlA icchA, bhaya va krodha radita mokSaparAyaNa va sadA mukta ke samAna mAnA hai ( bha0 gI05, 18) aura yati ko kAma-krodha-rahita, saMyata-citta va vItarAga kahA hai (ma0 gI05, 26, 8, 11 Adi ) atharvaveda ke 15 veM adhyAya meM vrAtyoM kA varNana AyA hai / sAmaveda ke tANDaya brAhmaNa va lATyAyana, kAtyAyana va ApastaMbIya zrautasUtroM meM vrAtyastomavidhi dvArA unheM zuddha kara vaidika paramparA meM sammilita karane kA bhI varNana hai / ye vrAtya vaidika vidhi se 'adIkSita va saMskArahIna' the, ve adurukta vAkya ko durukta rIti se, (vaidika va saMskRta nahIM, kintu apane samaya kI prAkRta bhASA ) bolate the,' ve 'jyAhRda' ( pratyaMcA rahita dhanuSa ) dhAraNa karate the / manusmRti ( 10 adhyAya) meM licchavi, nAtha, mala Adi kSatriya jAtiyoM ko vrAtyoM meM ginAyA hai / ina saba ullekhoM para sUkSmatA se vicAra karane se isameM sandeha nahIM rahatA ki ye vrAtya bhI zramaNa paramparA ke sAdhu va gRhastha the, jo veda-virodhI hone se vaidika anuyAyiyoM ke -

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tIrthaMkara nami kopa-bhAjana hue haiN| jaina dharma ke mukhya pAMca ahiMsAdi niyamoM ko vrata kahA hai / unheM grahaNa karane vAle zrAvaka deza virata yA aNuvratI aura munI mahAvratI kahalAte haiM / jo vidhivat vrata grahaNa nahIM karate, tathApi dharma meM zraddhA rakhate haiM, ve avirata samyagdRSTi kahe jAte haiM / isI prakAra ke vratadhArI vrAtya kahe gaye pratIta hote haiM, kyoMki ve hiMsAtmaka yajJa vidhiyoM ke niyama se tyAgI hote haiM / isIliye upaniSadoM meM kahIM kahIM unakI bar3I-prazaMsA bhI pAI jAtI hai, jaise praznopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai-vrAtyastvaM prAraNaka RSirattA vizvasya satpatiH' (2, 11) / zAMkara bhASya meM vrAtya kA artha 'svabhAvata eva zuddha ityabhiprAyaH' kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra zramaNa sAdhanAoM kI paramparA hameM nAnA prakAra ke spaSTa va aspaSTa ullekhoM dvArA Rgveda Adi samasta vaidika sAhitya meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| tIrthakara nami __ vedakAlIna Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha ke pazcAt jaina purANa paramparA meM jo anya teIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma yA jIvana-vRtta milate haiM, unameM bahutoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAdhanoM kA abhAva hai| tathApi antima cAra tIrthaMkaroM kI aitihAsika sattA ke thor3e bahuta pramANa yahAM ullekhanIya haiN| ikkIsaveM tIrthakara naminAtha the| nami mithilA ke rAjA the, aura unheM hindU purANa meM bhI janaka ke pUrvaja mAnA gayA hai / nami kI pravrajyA kA eka sundara varNana hameM uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke nauveM adhyAya meM milatA hai, aura yahAM unhIM ke dvArA ve vAkya kahe gaye haiM, jo vaidika va bauddha paraMparA ke saMskRta va pAli sAhitya meM gUMjate hue pAye jAte haiM, tathA jo bhAratIya adhyAtma saMbaMdhI niSkAma karma va anAsakti bhAvanA ke prakAzana ke liye sarvotkRSTa vacana rUpa se jahAM tahAM uddhRta kiye jAte haiM / ve vacana haiM suhaM vasAmo jIvAno jesi moM patthi kiMcaraNa / mihilAe DajhamANIe Na me DajjhaI kiNcnn|| (utta. 6-14) susukhaM vata jIvAma yesaM no natthi kiMcanaM / mithilAye dahamAnaya na me kiMci avayahatha / (pAli-mahAjanaka jAtaka) mithilAyAM pradIptAyAM na me kiJcana bahayate / (ma. mA. zAntiparva)

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jaina dharma kA udgama paura vikAsa nami kI yahI anAsakta vRtti mithilA rAjavaMza meM janaka taka pAI jAtI hai / pratIta hotA hai ki janaka ke kula kI isI AdhyAtmika paramparA ke kAraNa vaha vaMza tathA umakA samasta pradeza hI videha (deha se nirmIha, jIvanmukta) kahalAyA aura unakI ahiMsAtmaka pravRtti ke kAraNa hI unakA dhanUSa pratyaMcA-hIna rUpa meM unake kSatriyatva kA pratIkamAtra surakSita rahA / sambhavataH yahI vaha jIrNa dhanuSa thA, jise rAma ne car3hAyA aura tor3a ddaalaa| isa prasaMga meM jo vrAtyoM ke 'jyAhRda' zastra ke saMbaMdha meM Upara kaha pAye haiM, vaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai / tIrthaMkara neminAtha tatpazcAt mahAbhArata kAla meM bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha hue| inakI vaMza-paramparA isa prakAra batalAI gaI hai-zaurIpura ke yAdava vaMzI rAjA aMdhakavRSNI ke jyeSTha putra hue samudra vijaya, jinase neminAtha utpanna hue| tathA sabase choTe putra the vasudeva, jinase utpanna hue vAsudeva kRSNa / isa prakAra neminAtha aura kRSNa Apasa meM cacere bhAI the / jarAsaMgha ke prAtaMka se trasta hokara yAdava' zaurIpura ko chor3akara dvArakA meM jA base / neminAtha kA vivAha-saMbaMdha girinagara (jUnAgar3ha) ke rAjA ugrasena kI kanyA rAjulamatI se nizcita huaa| kintu jaba neminAtha kI bArAta kanyA ke ghara pahuMcI aura vahAM unhoMne una pazuoM ko ghire dekhA, jo atithiyoM ke bhojana ke lie mAre jAne vAle the, taba unakA hRdaya karuNA se vyAkula ho uThA aura ve isa hiMsAmayI gArhastha pravRtti se virakta hokara, vivAha kA vicAra chor3a, giranAra parvata para jA car3he aura tapasyA meM pravRtta ho gaye / unhoMne kevala-jJAna prApta kara usI zramaNa paramparA ko puSTa kiyA / neminAtha kI isa paramparA ko vizeSa dena pratIta hotI hai'ahiMsA ko dhArmika vRtti kA mUla mAnakara use saiddhAMtika rUpa denaa|' mahAbhArata kA kAla I. pUrva 1000 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| ataeva aitihAsika daSTi se yahI kAla ne minAtha tIrthakara kA mAnanA ucita pratIta hotA hai / yahAM prasaMgavaza yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva meM jo bhagavAn tIrthavit aura unake dvArA diye gaye upadeza kA vRttAnta milatA hai, vaha jaina tIrthaMkara dvArA upadiSTa dharma ke samarUpa hai / tIrthakara pArzvanAtha teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA janma banArasa ke rAjA azvasena aura unakI rAnI varmalA (vAmA) devI se huA thaa| unhoMne tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM gRha tyAga kara sammedazikhara parvata para tapasyA kI / yaha parvata Ajataka bhI pArasa

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tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha nAtha parvata nAma se suvikhyAta hai / unhoMne kevalajJAna prApta kara sattara varSa taka zramaNa dharma kA upadeza aura pracAra kiyA / jaina purANAnusAra unakA nirvANa bhAgavAna mahAvIra nirvANa se 250 varSa pUrva aura tadanusAra I0 pUrva 527 + 250 = 777 varSa meM huA thA / pArzvanAtha kA zramaNa paramparA para bar3A gaharA prabhAva par3A jisake pariNAma svarUpa Aja taka bhI jaina samAja prAyaH pArasanAtha ke anunAiyoM kI mAnI jAtI hai / RSabhanAtha kI sarvasva tyAga rUpa AkiJcana munivRtti, nami kI nirIhatA va neminAtha kI hiMsA ko unhoMne apane cAturyAma rUpa sAmayika dharma meM vyavasthita kiyA / cAturyAma kA ullekha nirgranthoM ke sambandha meM pAli granthoM meM bhI milatA hai aura jaina AgamoM meM bhI / kintu inameM cAra yAma kyA the, isake saMbaMdha meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai / jaina AgamAnusAra pArzvanotha ke cAra yAma isa prakAra the - ( 1 ) sarvaprANAtikrama se viramaNa, (2) sarva mRSAvAda se viramaNa, (3) sarva adattAdAna se viramaNa, (4) sarva bahisthAdAna se viramaNa / pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAmarUpa sAmAyika dharma mahAvIra se pUrva hI supracalita thA, yaha diga0, zve0 paramparA ke atirikta bauddha pAli sAhitya gata ullekhoM se bhalIbhAMti siddha ho jAtA hai / mUlAcAra (7, 36-38) meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki mahAvIra se pUrva ke tIrthaMkaroM ne sAmAyika saMyama kA upadeza diyA thA, tathA kevala arAva hone para hI pratikramaNa karanA Avazyaka batalAyA thA / kintu mahAvIra ne sAmAyika dharma ke sthAna para chedopasthApanA saMyama nirdhArita kiyA aura pratikramaNa niyama se karane kA upadeza diyA ( mU0 126 - 133 ) / ThIka yahI bAta bhagavatI (20, 8, 675, 25, 7, 785), uttarAdhyayana Adi AgamoM meM tathA tatvArtha sUtra (C, 18 ) kI siddhasenIya kI TIkA meM pAI jAtI hai / bauddha graMtha gu0 nikAya catukkanipAta ( vagga 5) aura usakI aTThakathA meM ullekha hai ki gautama buddha kA cAcA 'bappa zAkya' nirgrantha zrAvaka thA / pArzvApatyoM tathA nirgrantha zrAvakoM ke isI prakAra ke aura bhI aneka ullekha milate haiM, jinase nirgrantha dharma kI sattA buddha se pUrva bhalIbhAMti siddha ho jAtI hai / eka samaya thA jaba pArzvanAtha tathA unase pUrva ke jaina tIrthaMkaroM va jainadharma kI usa kAla meM sattA ko pAzcAtya vidvAna svIkAra nahIM karate the / kintu jaba jarmana vidvAn harmana yAkobI ne jaina va bauddha prAcIna sAhitya ke sUkSma adhyayana dvArA mahAvIra se pUrva nirgrantha sampradAya ke astitva ko siddha kiyA, taba se vidvAn pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA ko svIkAra karane lage haiM, aura unake mahAvIra nirvANa se 250 varSa pUrva nirvANa prApti kI jaina paramparA ko bhI mAna dene lage haiM / boddha granthoM meM jo nirgranthoM ke cAturyAma kA ullekha milatA hai| I 21

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22. jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa aura use nirgrantha nAtaputra (mahAvIra) kA dharma kahA hai, usakA sambandha avazya hI pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se honA cAhiye, kyoMki jaina sampradAya meM unake sAtha hI cAturyAma kA ullekha pAyA hai, mahAvIra ke sAtha kadApi nhiiN| mahAvIra, pAMca vratoM ke saMsthApaka kahe gaye haiN| bauddha dharma meM jo kucha vyavasthAeM nirgranthoM se lekara svIkAra kI gaI haiM, jaise uposatha, (mahAvagga 2, 1,1); varSAvAsa (ma0 3, 1, 1) ve bhI pArzvanAtha kI hI paramparA kI honI cAhiye, tathA buddha ko jina zramaNa sAdhuoM kA samakAlIna pAli granthoM meM batalAyA gayA hai, ve bhI pArzvanAtha paramparA ke hI mAne jA sakate haiM / tIrthakara vardhamAna mahAvIra antima jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI sampradAya ke anuyAyI the-aisA jaina Agama (AcArAMga 3, bhAvacUlikA 3, sUtra 401) meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne pravRjita hone para sAmAyika dharma grahaNa kiyA thA aura pazcAt kevala jJAnI hone para chedopasthApanA saMyama kA vidhAna kiyA (AcarAMga 2, 15, 1013) / unake pitA siddhArtha kuMDapura ke rAjA the, aura unakI mAtA trizalA devI licchavi vaMzI rAjA ceTaka kI putrI, athavA eka anya paramparAnusAra bahana, thIM / unakA paitRka gotra nAya, nAgha, nAta (saMskRta jJAtR) thaa| isI se ve bauddha pAli granthoM meM nAtaputta ke nAma se ullikhita kiye gaye haiN| bhagavAn kA janma sthAna kuMDapura kahAM thA, isake saMbaMdha meM pazcAtkAlIna jaina paramparA meM bhrAMti utpanna huI pAI jAtI hai / digambara sampradAya ne unakA janma sthAna nAlaMdA ke samIpa kunDalapura ko mAnA hai jabaki zvetAmbara sampradAya ne muMgera jile ke lachuAr3a ke samIpa kSatriyakuMDa ko unakI janmabhUmi hone kA sammAna diyA hai| kintu jaina prAgamoM va purANoM meM unakI janmabhUmi ke sambandha meM jo bAteM kahI gaI haiM, ve ukta donoM sthAnoM meM ghaTita hotI nahIM pAI jaatiiN| donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna kI janmabhUmi kuMDapura videha deza meM sthita mAnA gayA hai, (ha. pu. 2, 4 u. pu. 74, 251) aura isI se mahAvIra bhagavAna ko nidehaputra, videha sukumAra Adi upanAma diye gaye haiM aura yaha bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki unake kumArakAla ke tIsa varSa videha meM hI vyatIta hue the / videha kI sImA prAcInatama kAla se prAyaH nizcita rahI pAI jAtI hai| arthAt uttara meM himAlaya, dakSiNa meM gaMgA, pUrva meM kauzikI aura pazcima meM gaMDakI / kiMtu upayukta vartamAna meM janmabhUmi mAne jAne vAle donoM hI sthAna kuMDalapura va kSatriya

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tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra 23 kuMDa, gaMgA ke uttara meM nahIM, kintu dakSiNa meM par3ate haiM, aura ve videha meM nahIM kintu magadhadeza kI sImA ke bhItara Ate haiM / mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi ke samIpa gaMDakI nadI pravAhita hone kA bhI ullekha hai / gaMDakI, uttara bihAra kI hI nadI hai, jo himAlaya se nikala kara gaMgA meM sonapura ke samIpa milI hai| usakI gaMgA se dakSiNa meM hone kI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM / mahAvIra ko AgamoM meM aneka sthaloM para besAliya ( vaizAlIya ) kI upAdhi sahita ullikhita kiyA gayA hai, (sU. kR. 1, 2; uttarA . 6) jisase spaSTa hotA ki ve vaizAlI ke nAgarika the / jisaprakAra ki kauzala deza ke hone ke kAraNa bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko aneka sthaloM para kosalIya ( kauzalIya) kahA gayA hai / inhIM kAraNoM se DA0 hArnale, jaikobI Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko uparyukta paramparA mAnya donoM sthAnoM meM se kisI ko bhI mahAvIra kI yathArtha janmabhUmi svIkAra karane meM saMdeha huA hai, aura ve vaizAlI ko hI bhagavAn kI saccI janmabhUmi mAnane kI aura jhuke haiN| purAtatva kI zodhoM se yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki prAcIna vaizAlI Adhunika tirahuta maMDala ke mujaphpharapura jile ke antargata basAr3ha nAmaka grAma ke AsapAsa hI basI huI thI, jahAM rAjA vizAla kA gar3ha kahalAnevAlA sthala aba bhI vidyamAna hai / isa sthAna ke AsapAsa ke kSetra meM ve saba bAteM ucitarUpa se ghaTita ho jAtI haiM, jinakA ullekha mahAvIra janmabhUmi se saMbaddha pAyA jAtA hai| yahAM se samIpa hI are bhI gaMDaka nadI bahatI hai, aura vaha prAcIna kAla meM basAr3ha ke adhika samIpa bahatI rahI ho, yaha bhI saMbhava pratIta hotA hai / bhagavAn ne prabrajita hone ke pazcAt jo prathama rAtri karmAra grAma meM vyatIta kI thI, vaha grAma aba kammanachaparA ke nAma se prasiddha hai / bhagavAn ne prathama pAraNA kollAga saMniveza meM kI thI, vahI sthAna Aja kA kolhuA grAma ho to Azcarya nahIM / jisa vANijya grAma meM bhagavAna ne apanA prathama va Age bhI aneka varSAvAsa vyatIta kiye the, ant or after grAma kahalAtA hai / itihAsa isa bAta ko svIkAra kara cukA hai ki licchivigaNa ke adhinAyaka, rAjA ceTaka, isI vaizAlI meM apanI rAjadhAnI rakhate the / bhagavAn kA paitrikagotra kAzyapa aura unakI mAtA kA gotra vaziSTha thA / ye donoM gotra yahAM basanevAlI jathariyA nAmaka jAti meM aba bhI pAye jAte haiM / isa para se kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI anumAna hai ki yahI jAti jJAtRvaMza kI Adhunika pratinidhi ho to Azcarya nahIM / prAcIna vaizAlI ke samIpa hI eka vAsukuDa nAmaka grAma hai, jahAM ke nivAsI paraMparA se eka sthala ko bhagavAn kI janmabhUmi mAnate Ae haiM, aura usI pUjya bhAva se usa para kabhI hala nahIM calAyA gayA / samIpa hI eka vizAlakunDa hai jo aba bhara jotA - boyA jAtA hai / vaizAlI kI khudAI meM eka aisI prAcIna gayA hai aura mudrA bhI milI

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24 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa hai, jisameM 'vaizAlI nAma kuDe' aisA ullekha hai| ina saba pramANoM ke AdhAra para bahusaMkhyaka vidvAnoM ne isI vAsu-kunDa ko prAcIna kunDapura va mahAvIra kI saccI janma bhUmi svIkAra kara liyA hai, va isI AdhAra para vahAM ke ukta kSetra ko apane adhikAra meM lekara, bihAra rAjya ne vahAM mahAvIra smAraka sthApita kara diyA hai, aura vahA~ eka arddhamAgadhI padyoM meM racita zilAlekha meM yaha spaSTa ghoSaNA kara dI hai ki yahI vaha sthala hai, jahAM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| isI sthala ke samIpa bihAra rAjya ne prAkRta jaina vidyApITha ko sthApita karane kA bhI nizcaya kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvana saMbaMdhI kucha ghaTanAoM ke viSaya para digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparAoM meM thor3A matabheda hai| digambara paramparAnusAra ve tIsa varSa kI avasthA taka kumAra va avivAhita rahe aura phira pravajita hue| kintu zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra unakA vivAha bhI huA thA aura unake eka putrI bhI utpanna huI thI, tathA inakA jAmAtA jAmAlI bhI kucha kAla taka unakA ziSya rahA thaa| pravajita hote samaya digambara paramparAnusAra unhoMne samasta vastroM kA parityAga kara acela digambara rUpa dhAraNa kiyA thA kintu zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra unhoMne pravajita hone se Der3ha varSa taka vastra sarvathA nahIM chor3A thaa| Der3ha varSa ke pazcAt hI ve acelaka hue / bAraha varSa kI tapazcaryA ke pazcAt unheM RjukulA nadI ke taTa para kevalajJAna prApta huA aura phira tIsa varSa taka nAnA pradezoM meM vihAra karate hue, va upadeza dete hue, unhoMne apane tIrtha kI sthApanA kI, yaha donoM sampradAyoM ko mAnya hai| kiMtu unakA prathama upadeza digambara mAnyatAnusAra rAjagRha ke vipulAcala parvata para huA thA tathA zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra pAvA ke samIpa eka sthala para, jahAM hAla hI meM eka vizAla maMdira banavAyA gayA hai / donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra bhagavAn kA nirvANa bahattara varSa kI Ayu meM pAvApurI meM huaa| yaha sthAna paTanA jile meM bihArazarIpha ke samIpa lagabhaga sAta mIla kI dUrI para mAnA jAtA hai, jahA~ sarovara ke bIca eka bhavya maMdira banA huA hai| mahAvIra kI saMgha-vyavasthA aura upadeza ___ mahAvIra bhagavAn ne apane anuyAyiyoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA-muni, AryikA, zrAvaka va zrAvikA / prathama do varga gRhatyAgI parivrAjakoM ke the aura aMtima do gRhasthoM ke / yahI unakA caturvidha-saMgha khlaayaa| unhoMne muni aura gRhastha dharma kI alaga alaga vyavasthAe baaNdhii| unhoMne dharma kA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA ko banAyA aura usI ke vistAra rUpa pAMca vratoM ko sthApita kiyA - ahiMsA, amRSA, acaurya, amaithuna aura aparigraha / ina vratoM yA yamoM kA

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mahAvIra nirvANa kAla pAlana muniyoM ke liye pUrNarUpa se mahAvratarUpa batalAyA tathA gRhasthoM ke lie sthUlarUpa-aNuvrata rUpa / gRhasthoM ke bhI unhoMne zraddhAn mAtra se lekara, kopInamAtra dhArI hone taka ke gyAraha darje niyata kiye / doSoM aura aparAdhoM ke nivAraNArtha unhoMne niyamita pratikramaNa para jora diyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa tatvajJAna ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai:- jIva aura ajIva arthAt cetana aura jar3a, ye do vizva ke mUla tatva haiM, jo AditaH paraspara saMbaMddha pAye jAte haiM, aura cetana kI manavacana va kAyAtmaka kriyAoM dvArA isa jar3a-cetana saMbandha kI paramparA pracalita rahatI hai| ise hI karmAzrava va karmabaMdha kahate haiM / yarmo, niyamoM ke pAlana dvArA isa karmAzrava kI paramparA ko rokA jA sakatA hai, evaM saMyama va tapa dvArA prAcIna karmabaMdha kA naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra cetana kA jar3a se sarvathA mukta hokara, apanA anantajJAna-darzanAtmaka svarUpa prApta kara lenA hI jIvana kA parama lakSya honA cAhiye, jisase isa janma-mRtyu kI paramparA kA viccheda hokara mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti ho ske| mahAvIra ne apane upadeza kA mAdhyama usa samaya unake pracAra kSetra meM supracalita lokabhASA arddhamAgadhI ko bnaayaa| isI bhASA meM unake ziSyoM ne unake upadezoM ko AcArAMgAdi bAraha aMgoM meM saMkalita kiyA jo dvAdazAMga Agama ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| mahAvIra nirvANa kAla jaina paramparAnusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama kAla se 470 varSa pUrva tathA zaka kAla se 605 varSa pAMca mAsa pUrva huA thA, jo san IsavI se 527 varSa pUrva par3atA hai / yaha mahAvIra nirvANa saMvat Aja bhI pracalita hai aura usake granthoM va zilAlekhoM meM upayoga kI paramparA, koI pAMcavI chaThavIM zatAbdI se lagAtAra pAI jAtI hai| isameM sandeha utpanna karane vAlA kevala eka hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva kA ullekha hai jisake anusAra mahAvIra nirvANa se 155 varSa pazcAt candragupta (morya) rAjA huA / aura cUki candragupta se vikramAditya kA kAla sarvatra 255 varSa pAyA jAtA hai, ataH mahAvIra nirvANa kA samaya vikrama se 225 + 155 = 410 varSa pUrva (I0 pU0 467) ThaharA / yAkobI, cATiyara Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA yahI mata hai / isake viparIta DA0 jAyasavAla kA mata hai ki cUMki nirvANa se 470 varSa pazcAt vikrama kA janma huA aura 18 varSa ke hone para unake rAjyAbhiSeka se unakA saMvat calA, ataeva vikrama saMvat ke 470 +18 = 488 varSa pUrva vIra nirvANa kAla mAnanA cAhiye / vastutaH For Private. & Personal Use Only

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jainadharma kA udgama aura vikAsa ye donoM hI mata bhrAMta haiM / adhikAMza jaina ullekhoM se siddha hotA hai ki vikrama janma se 18 varSa pazcAt abhiSikta hue aura 60 varSa taka rAjyArUr3ha rahe, evaM unakA saMvat unakI mRtyu se prArambha huA aura usI se 470 varSa pUrva vIra nirvANa kA kAla hai| vIra nirvANa se 605 varSa 5 mAha pazcAt jo zaka saM0 kA prArambha kahA gayA hai, usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa kArtika kI amAvasyA ko huA aura isIliye pracalita vIra nirvANa kA saMvat kArtika zukla pratipadA se badalatA hai| isase ThIka 5 mAha pazcAt caitra zukla pratipadA se zaka saMvat prArambha hotA hai| zaka saMvat 705 meM racita jinasena kRta saM0 harivaMza purANa meM varNana hai ki mahAvIra ke nirmANa hone para unakI nirvANa bhUmi pAvAnagarI meM dIpamAlikA utsava manAyA gayA aura usI samaya se bhArata meM ukta tithi para prativarSa isa utsava ke manAne kI prathA clii| isa dina jaina loga nirvANotsava dIpamAlikA dvArA manAte haiM aura mahA vIra kI pUjA kA vizeSa prAyojana karate haiM / jahA~ taka patA calatA hai dIpamAlikA utsava jo bhAratavarSa kA sarvavyApI mahotsava bana gayA hai, usakA isase prAcIna anya koI sAhityika ullekha nahIM hai| gautama-kezI-saMvAda-- mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt jaina saMgha ke nAyakatva kA bhAra kramazaH unake tIna ziSyoM -gautama, sudharma aura jaMbU ne sNbhaalaa| inakA kAla kramaza: 12, 12 va 38 varSa = 62 varSa pAyA jAtA hai| yahAM taka AcArya paraMparA meM koI bheda nahIM pAyA jAtA isase bhI ina tInoM gaNadharoM kI kevalI saMjJA sArthaka siddha hotI hai| kintu inake pazcAtkAlIna AcArya paraMparAeM, digambara va zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM pRthak pRthak pAI jAtI hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki sampradAya bheda ke bIja yahIM se prArambha ho gye| isa sampradAya-bheda ke kAraNoM kI eka jhalaka hameM uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 'kesI-goyama saMvAda' nAmaka 23 veM adhyayana meM milatI hai| isake anusAra aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jisa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apanA acelaka yA nirgantha sampradAya sthApita kiyA, usa samaya pArzvanAtha kA prAcIna sampradAya pracalita thaa| hama Upara kaha Ae haiM ki svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA usI pArzva sampradAya ke anuyAyI mAne gaye haiM, aura usI se svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra bhI prabhAvita hue the| uttarAdhyayana ke ukta prakaraNa ke anusAra, jaba mahAvIra ke sampradAya ke adhinAyaka gautama the, usa samaya pArzva sampradAya ke nAyaka the kezIkumAra zramaNa / ina donoM gaNa

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gautama kezI-saMvAda dharoM kI bheMTa zrAvastIpUra meM huI aura una donoM meM yaha vicAra utpanna huA ki sampradAya eka hote hue bhI kyA kAraNa hai ki pArzva-sampradAya cAujjAma dharma tathA varddhamAna kA sampradAya 'paMcasivikhaya' kahA gayA hai / usIprakAra pArzva kA dharma 'saMtarottara' tathA varddhamAna kA 'acelaka' dharma hai isa prakAra eka-kAryapravRtta hone para bhI donoM meM vizeSatA kA kAraNa kyA hai ? kezI kumAra ke isa sambandha meM prazna karane para, gautama gaNadhara ne batalAyA ki pUrvakAla meM manuSya sarala kintu jar3a (Rju jar3a) hote the aura pazcimakAla meM vakra aura jar3a, kintu madhyakAla ke loga sarala aura samajhadAra (Rju prAjJa) the / ataeva purAtana logoM ke lie dharma kI zodha kaThina thI aura pazcAtkAlIna loMgoM ko usakA anupAlana kaThina thA / kintu madhyakAla ke logoM ke lie dharma zodhane aura pAlane meM sarala pratIta huA isIkAraNa eka ora Adi va antima tIrthaMkaroM ne paMcavrata rUpa tathA madhya ke tIrthaMkaroM ne use cAturyAma rUpa se sthApita kiyA / usIprakAra unhoMne batalAyA ki acelaka yA saMstara yukta veSa to kevala logoM meM pahacAna Adi ke lie niyata kiye jAte haiM, kintu yathArthataH mokSa ke kAraNabhUta to jJAna, darzana aura caritra haiM / gautama aura kezI ke bIca isa vArtAlApa kA pariNAma yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki kezI ne mahAvIra kA paMcamahAvrata rUpa dharma svIkAra kara liyA / kintu unake bIca veSa ke sambandha meM kyA nirNaya huA, yaha spaSTa nahIM batalAyA gyaa| anumAnataH isa sambandha meM acelakatva aura alpavastratva kA kalpa arthAt icchAnusAra grahaNa kI bAta svIkAra kara lI gaI, jisake anusAra hameM sthavira kalpa aura jinakalpa ke ullekha milate haiM / sthavira kalpa pArzvaparamparA kA alpa vastra dhAraNa rUpa mAna liyA gayA aura jinakalpa sarvathA acelaka rUpa mahAvIra kI paramparA kA / kintu svabhAvataH eka sampradAya meM aisA dvividha kalpa bahuta samaya taka cala sakanA saMbhava nahIM thA / bahuta kAla taka isa prazna kA uThanA nahIM ruka sakatA thA ki yadi vastra dhAraNa karake bhI mahAvratI banA jA sakatA hai aura nirvANa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, taba acelakatA kI AvazyakatA hI kyA raha jAtI hai ? isI saMgharSa ke phalasvarUpa mahAvIra nirvANa 1 se 62 varSa pazcAt jaMbU svAmI kA nAyakatva samApta hote hI saMghabheda hunA pratIta hotA hai / digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt pUrvokta tIna kelI; viSNu Adi pAMca zrutakevalI, vizAkhAcArya prAdi gyAraha dazapUrvI, nakSatra Adi pAMca ekAdaza aMgadhArI, tathA subhadra Adi lohArya paryanta cAra ekAgaMdhArI AcAryoM kI vaMzAvalI milatI hai / ina samasta aTThAisa AcAryoM kA kAla 62+100+183+220 + 118 683 varSa nirdiSTa pAyA jAtA hai / 27

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28 zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gaNabheda jaina saMgha sambandhI zvetAmbara paraMparA kA prAcInatama ullekha kalpasUtra antargata sthavirAvalI meM pAyA jAtA hai| isake anusAra zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the / indrabhUti gautama Adi gyArahoM gaNadhAroM dvArA par3hAe gaye zramaNoM kI saMkhyA kA bhI ullekha hai / ye gyArahoM gaNadhara 13 aMga aura 14 pUrva isa samasta gaNipiTaka ke dhAraka the, jisake anusAra unake kula zramaNa ziSyoM kI saMkhyA 4200 pAI jAtI hai / ina gyArahoM gaNadharoM meM se nau kA nirvANa mahA vIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI ho gayA thA kevala do arthAt indrabhUti gautama aura Arya sudharma hI mahAvIra ke pazcAt jIvita rahe / yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'Aja jo bhI zramaNa nirgrantha bihAra karate hue pAe jAte haiM, ve saba Arya sudharmaM muni ke hI apatya haiM / zeSa gaNadharoM kI koI santAna nahI calI / ' Age sthavirAvalI meM Arya sudharma se lagAkara Arya zANDilya taka tetIsa AcAryoM kI guru-ziSya paramparA dI gaI hai | chaThe AcArya Arya yazobhadra ke do ziSya bhUtivijaya bhadrabahu dvArA do bhinna-bhinna ziSya paramparAeM cala par3I / Arya sambhUta vijaya kI zAkhA meM nauveM sthavira prArya vajrasena ke cAra ziSyoM dvArA cAra bhinnabhinna zAkhAe~ sthApita huI, jinake nAma unake sthApakoM ke nAmAnusAra nAila, pomila, jayanta aura tAvasa par3e / usI prakAra prArya bhadrabAhu ke cAra ziSyoM dvArA tAmraliptikA, koTivarSakA, paunDravarddha nikA aura dAsIkhabaDikA, ye cAra zAkhAe~ sthApita huI / usIprakAra sAtaveM sthavira Arya sthUlabhadra ke rohagupta nAmaka ziSya dvArA 'terAsiya' zAkhA evaM uttarabalissaha dvArA uttara balissaha nAmaka gaNa nikale, jisakI puna: kauzAmbika, saurvArtikA, koDaMbANo aura candranAgarI, ye cAra zAkhAeM phUTIM / sthUlabhadra ke dUsare ziSya Arya suhasti ke ziSya rohaNa dvArA uddaha gaNa kI sthApanA huI, jisase punaH udu barijjikA Adi cAra- upazAkhAeM aura nAgabhUta Adi chaha kula nikale / Arya suhasti ke zrIgupta nAmaka ziSya dvArA cAraNa gaNa aura usakI hAryamAlAkArI Adi cAra zAkhAeM evaM balIya Adi sAta kula utpanna hue / Arya suhasti ke yazobhadra nAmaka ziSya dvArA uDavADiya gaNa kI sthApanA huI, jisakI puna: caMpijjiyA Adi cAra zAkhAeM aura bhadrayazIya Adi tIna kula utpanna hue / usI prakAra prArya suhasti ke kArmAddha nAmaka ziSya dvArA vesavADiyA gaNa utpanna huA, jisakI zrAvastikA Adi cAra zAkhAeM aura gaNika Adi cAra kula sthApita hue / unhIM ke anya ziSya RSigupta dvArA mANava gaNa sthApita huA, jisakI kAsavArthikA gautamAyikA, vasiSThakA aura saurASTrakA, ye cAra zAkhAeM tathA RSigupti Adi cAra kula sthApita hue / 1 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa --

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prAcIna aitihAsika kAlagaNanA 26 zAkhAoM ke nAmoM para dhyAna dene se anumAna hotA hai ki kahIM-kahIM sthAna bheda ke atirikta gotra-bhedAnusAra bhI zAkhAoM ke bheda prabheda hue / sthavira susthita dvArA koTikagaNa kI sthApanA huI, jisase uccAnAgarI, vidyAdharI, vajrI evam mAdhyamikA ye cAra zAkhAeM tathA bramhalIya, vasthAlIya vANijya aura paNhavAhaNaka, ye cAra kula utpanna hue| isa prakAra Arya suhasti ke ziSyoM dvArA bahuta adhika zAkhAoM aura kuloM ke bheda prabheda utpanna hae / Arya susthita ke arhaddatta dvArA madhyamA zAkhA sthApita huI aura vidyAdhara gopAla dvArA vidyAdharI zAkhA / Aryadatta ke ziSya zAMtisena ne eka anya uccAnAgarI zAkhA kI sthApanA kii| Aryadatta zAMtisena ke zreNika tApasa kuvera aura RSipAlikA ye cAra ziSya hue, jinake dvArA kramazaH prArya senikA, tApasI kuvera aura RSipAlikA ye cAra zAkhAeM nikalI / Arya-siMhagiri ke ziSya Arya-zamita dvArA brahmadIpikA tathA Arya vajra dvArA Arya vajrI zAkhA sthApita huI / Arya-vajra ke ziSya vajrasena, padma aura ratha dvArA kramazaH Arya-nAilI padamA aura jayantI nAmaka zAkhAeM niklii| ina vividha zAkhAoM va kUloM kI sthAna va gotra Adi bhedoM ke atirikta apanI apanI kyA vizeSatA thI, isakA pUrNataH patA lagAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| inameM ye kisI kisI zAkhA va kula ke nAma mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta mUrtiyoM Adi para ke lekhoM meM pAe gaye haiM, jinase unako aitihAsikatA siddha hotI prAcIna aitihAsika kAlagaNanA kalpasUtra sthavirAbalI meM ukta AcArya paramparA ke saMbaMdha meM kAla kA nirdeza nahIM pAyA jAtA / kintu dharmaghoSasUri kRta duSamakAla-zramaNasaMgha-stava nAmaka prAkRta paTTAvalI kI avacUri meM kucha mahatvapUrNa kAlasaMbaMdhI nirdeza pAye jAte haiM / yahAM kahA gayA hai ki jisa rAtri bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA, usI rAtrI ko ujjainI meM caMDapradyota nareza kI mRtyu va pAlaka rAjA kA abhiSeka huA / isa pAlaka rAjA ne udAyI ke niHsaMtAna marane para kuNika ke rAjya para pATaliputra meM adhikAra kara liyA aura 60 varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| isI kAla meM gautama ne 12, sudharma ne 8, aura jaMbU ne 44 varSa taka yugapradhAna rUpa se saMgha kA nAyakatva kiyA pAlaka ke rAjya ke sATha varSa vyatIta hone para pATaliputra meM nava nandoM ne 155 varSa rAjya kiyA aura isI kAla meM jaina saMgha kA nAyakatva prabhava ne 11 varSa, svayaMbhU ne 23, yazobhadra ne 50, saMbhUtivijaya ne 8, bhadramAhu ne 14 aura sthUlabhadra ne 45 varSa taka kiyaa| isa prakAra yahA~ taka vIra nirvANa ke 215 varSa vyatIta hue| isake pazcAt maurya vaMza kA rAjya 108 varSa rahA,

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa jisake bhItara mahAgiri ne 30 varSa, suhasti ne 46 aura guNasundara ne 32 varSa jaina saMgha kA nAyakatva kiyaa| mauryoM ke pazcAt rAjA puSpamitra ne 30 varSa tathA balamitra aura bhAnumitra ne 60 varSaM rAjya kiyaa| isa bIca guNasundara ne apanI Ayu ke zeSa 12 varSa, kAlika ne 40 varSa aura skaMdila ne 38 varSa jaina saMgha kA nAyakatva kiyA / isa prakAra mahAvIra nirvANa se 413 varSa vyatIta hue / bhAnumitra ke pazcAt rAjA naravAhana ne 40, gardabhilla ne 13 aura zaka ne 4 varSa paryanta rAjya kiyA aura isI bIca revatImitra dvArA 36 varSa tathA Arya-maMgu dvArA 20 varSa jaina saMgha kA nAyakatva claa| isa prakAra mahAvIra nirvANa se lekara 470 varSaM samApta hue / gardabhilla ke rAjya kI samApti kAlakAcArya dvArA karAI gaI aura usake putra vikramAditya ne rAjyArUr3ha hokara, 60 varSa taka rAjya kiyA / isI bIca jaina saMgha meM bahula, zrIvrata, svAti, hAri zyAmArya evaM zANDilya Adi hue. pratyeka buddha evaM svayaMbuddha paramparA kA viccheda huA, buddhabodhitoM kI alpatA, tathA bhadragupta, zrIgupta aura vratrasvAmI, ye AcArya hue| vikramAditya ke pazcAt dharmAditya ne 40 aura mAilla ne 11 varSa rAjya kiyA, aura isa prakAra vIra nirvANa ke 581 varSa vyatIta hue / tatpazcAt durvalikA puSpamitra ke 20 varSa tathA rAjA nAhaDa ke 4 ( ? ) varSa samApta hone para vIra nirvANa se 605 varSaM pazcAt zaka saMvat prAraMbha huA / vIra nirvANa ke 963 varSa vyatIta hone para kAlakasUri ne paryuSaNacaturthI kI sthApanA kI, tathA nirvANa ke 680 varSa samApta hone para Arya - mahAgiri kI saMtAna meM utpanna zrI devadvigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kalpasUtra kI racanA kI evaM isI varSa zrAnaMdapura meM dhruvasena rAjA ke putra maraNa se zaukArta hone para unake samAdhAna hetu kalpasUtra sabhA ke samakSa kalpasUtra kI vAcanA huI / yaha bahuzrutoM kI paramparA se jJAta huA / itanI vArtA ke pazcAt yaha 'duSamakAla zramaNa saMghastava kI abacUri' isa samAcAra ke sAtha samApta hotI hai ki vIra nirvANa ke 1300 varSa samApta hone para vidvAnoM ke ziromaNi zrI bappabhaTTi sUri hue / sAta ninhava va digambara - svetAmbara sampradAya 30 Upara jina gaNoM kuloM va zAkhAoM kA ullekha huA hai, unameM koI vizeSa siddhAnta-bheda nahIM pAyA jAtA / siddhAnta-bheda kI apekSA se hue sAta ninhavoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / pahalA ninhava mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI unakI jJAnotpatti ke caudaha varSa pazcAt unake eka ziSya jamAli dvArA zrAvastI meM utpanna huA / isa ninhava kA nAma bahurata kahA gayA, kyoki yahA~

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digambara AmnAya meM gaNabheda mUla siddhAnta yaha thA ki koI vastu eka samaya kI kriyA se utpanna nahI hotI, aneka samayoM meM utpanna hotI hai / dUsarA ninhava isake do varSa pazcAt tiSyagupta dvArA RSabhapura meM utpanna huA kahA gayA hai| isake anuyAyI jIvapradezaka kahalAe, kyoMki ve jIva ke aMtima pradeza ko hI jIva kI saMjJA pradAna karate the / avyakta nAmaka tIsarA ninhava, nirvANa se 214 varSa pazcAt ASAr3ha - AcArya dvArA zvetavikA nagarI meM sthApita huA / isa mata meM vastu kA svarUpa avyakta arthAta aspaSTa va ajJeya mAnA gayA hai / cauthA samuccheda nAmaka ninhava, nirvANa se 220 varSa pazcAt prazvamitra - AcArya dvArA mithilA nagarI meM utpanna huA / isake anusAra pratyeka kArya apane utpanna hone ke anantara samaya meM samasta rUpa se vyucchinna ho jAtA hai, arthAt pratyeka utpAdita vastu kSaNasthAyI hai / yaha mata bauddha darzana ke kSaNikatvavAda se mela khAtA pratIta hotA hai | pAMcavAM ninhava nirvANa ke 228 varSa pazcAt gaMga- AcArya dvArA ullukAtira para utpanna huaa| isakA nAma dvikriyA kahA gayA hai / isa mata kA marma yaha pratIta hotA hai ki eka samaya meM kevala eka hI nahIM, do kriyAoM kA anubhavana saMbhava hai / chaThavAM trairAzika nAmaka ninhava challuka muni dvArA puramaMtaraMjikA nagarI meM utpanna huA / isa mata ke anuyAyI vastu-vibhAga tIna rAziyoM meM karate the; jaise jIva, ajIva, aura jIvAjIva / sAtavAM ninhava abaddha kahalAtA hai, jisakI sthApanA vI0 nirvANa se 584 varSa pazcAt goSThA mAhila dvArA dazapura meM huI isa mata kA marma yaha pratIta hotA hai ki karma kA jIva se sparza mAtra hotA hai, bandhana nahIM hotA / ina sAta ninhavoM ke anantara, vIra nirvANa ke 606 varSa pazcAt boTika ninhava arthAta digambara saMgha kI utpatti kahI gaI hai (sthA 7, vi0 Avazyaka va tapA0 paTTA0 ) / digambara paramparA meM uparyukta sAta nanhoM kA to koI ullekha nahI pAyA jAtA, kintu vi0 saM0 ke 136 varSaM uparAnta zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti hone kA spaSTa ullekha ( darzanasAra gA0 11) pAyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM digambara sampradAya kI utpatti ke kAla meM, va digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke utpattikAla - nirdeza meM kevala 3 varSo kA antara pAyA jAtA hai / ina ullekhoM para se yaha anumAna karanA anucita na hogA ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM digambara - zvetAmbara saMpradAyoM kA spaSTa rUpa se bheda nirvANa se 600 varSa pazcAt huA / digambara AmnAya meM gaNabheda digambara mAnyatAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 683 varSa kI AcArya paramparA kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| kahA gayA hai ki 31

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa tatpazcAt kisI samaya ahaMbali AcArya hue| unhoMne paMcavarSIya yugapratikramaNa ke samaya eka vizAla muni sammelana kA Ayojana kiyA, jisameM sau yojana ke yati ekatra hue| unakI bhAvanAoM para se unhoMne jAna liyA ki aba pakSapAta kA yuga pA gyaa| ataeva, unhoMne naMdi bIra, aparAjita, deva paMcastUpa, sena, bhadra, gupta, siMha, candra Adi nAmoM se bhinna minna saMgha sthApita kiye, jinase ki nikaTa apanatva kI bhAvanA dvArA dharma vAtsalya aura prabhAvanA bar3ha sake / darzanasAra ke anusAra, vikrama ke 526 varSa pazcAt dakSiNa mathurA arthAt madurA nagara meM pUjyapAda ke ziSya vajranaMdi dvArA drAviDasaMgha kI utpatti huii| isa saMgha ke matAnusAra bIjoM meM jIva nahIM hotA, tathA prAzuka-aprAzuka kA koI bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA; evaM basa ti meM rahane, vANijya karane va zItala nIra se snAna karane meM bhI muni ke liye koI pApa nahIM hotaa| vi0 ke 205 varSa pazcAt kalyANanagara meM zvetAmbara muni zrIkalaza dvArA yApanIya saMgha kI sthApanA huI kahI gaI hai| vi0 kI pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI ke tAmrapaToM Adi meM bhI yApanIya saMgha ke AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai / kASThAsaMgha kI utpatti vi0 saM0 753 varSa pazcAt naMdItaTa grAma meM kumArasena muni dvArA huii| isa saMgha meM striyoM ko dIkSA dene, tathA pIchI ke sthAna meM muniyoM dvArA caurI rakhane kA vidhAna pAyA jAtA hai| mAthurasaMgha kI sthApanA, kASThAsaMgha kI sthApanA se 200 varSa pazcAt arthAt vi0 saM0 ke 653 varSa vyatIta hone para mathurA meM rAma sena muni dvArA huI kahI gaI hai| isa saMgha kI vizeSatA yaha batalAI gaI hai ki isameM muniyoM dvArA pIchI rakhanA chor3a diyA gyaa| kASThAsaMgha kI utpatti se 18 varSa pazcAt arthAt vi0 saM0 171 meM dakSiNadeza ke vindhyaparvata ke puSkala nAmaka sthAna para vIracandra muni dvArA bhillaka saMgha kI sthApanA huii| unhoMne apanA eka alaga gaccha banAyA, pratikramaNa tathA municaryA kI bhinna vyavasthA kI, tathA varNAcAra ko koI sthAna nahIM diyaa| isa saMgha kA darzanasAra ke atirikta anyatra kahIM ullekha nahIM miltaa| kintu isa eka ullekha para se bhI pramANita hotA hai ki nauMvI dasavIM zatAbdI meM eka jaina muni ne vindhyaparvata ke bhIloM meM bhI dharma pracAra kiyA aura unakI kSamatA ke vicArAnusAra dharmapAlana kI kucha vizeSa vyavasthAeM bnaaii| zravaNabelagolA se prApta hue 500 se bhI adhika zilAlekhoM dvArA hameM aneka zatAbdiyoM kI vividha AmnAyoM tathA ocArya-paramparAoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai / siddharabasti ke eka zilAlekha meM kahA gayA hai ki arhabali ne apane do ziSyo, puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali, dvArA bar3I pratiSThA prApta kI aura unhoMne mUla saMgha ko cAra zAkhAmoM meM vibhAjita kiyA-sena, naMdi, deva aura

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pUrva va uttara bhArata meM dhArmika prasAra kA itihAsa siMha / aneka lekhoM meM jo saMghoM, gaNoM, gacchoM Adi ke ullekha milate haiM unameM se kucha isa prakAra haiM:- mUlasaMgha, naMdisaMgha, namilUrasaMgha, mayUrasaMgha, kiTUrasaMgha, kollatUrasaMgha, naMdigaNa, dezIgaNa, dramila (tamila) gaNa kANUra gaNa, pustaka yA sarasvatI gaccha, vakragaccha, tagarilagaccha, maMDitaTagaccha, iMgulezvarabali, panasoge bali, aadi| pUrva va uttara bhArata meM dhArmika prasAra kA itihAsa ___ mahAvIra ne svayaM bihAra karake to apanA upadeza vizeSa rUpa se magadha, videha aMga, baMga, Adi pUrva ke dezoM, tathA pazcima kI ora kozala va kAzI pradeza meM hI phailAyA thA, evaM tatkAlIna magadharAja zreNika biMbasAra va unake putra kuNika ajAtazatru ko apanA anuyAyI banAyA thA / isakA bhI pramANa milatA hai ki naMda rAjA bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| I0 pU0 150 ke lagabhaga ke khAravela ke zilAlekha meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki jisa jaina pratimA ko naMdarAja kaliMga se magadha meM le gaye the, use khAravela punaH apane deza meM vApasa lAe / yaha lekha arahaMto aura siddhoM ko namaskAra se prArambha hotA hai, aura phira usameM khAravela ke kumArakAla ke zikSaNa ke pazcAt rAjyAbhiSikta hokara unake dvArA nAnA pradezoM kI vijaya tathA svadezA meM vividha lokopakArI kAryoM kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| kaliya (ur3IsA) meM jainadharma bihAra se hI gayA hai, isameM to sandeha hI nahIM; aura bihAra kA jainadharma se saMbaMdha itihAsAtIta kAla se rahA hai / bhaugolika paristhiti ke anusAra bihAra se uDIsA jAne kA mArga mAnabhUma aura siMhabhUma jiloM meM se thA / mAnabhUma ke brAhmaNoM meM eka varga aba bhI aisA vidyamAna hai jo apane ko 'pacchima brAhmaNa' kahate haiM, aura ve vardhamAna mahAvIra ke vaMzaja rUpa se varNana kiye jAne haiN| ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki ve usa prAcInatama Arya vaMza kI zAkhA ke haiM jisane prati prAcIna kAla meM isa bhUmi para paira rakhA / Aditama zramaNa-paramparA AryoM kI hI thI, kintu ye Arya vaidika AryoM ke pUrva bhArata kI ora bar3hane se pahale hI magadha videha meM rahate the, isameM aba koI sandeha rahA nahIM pratIta hotA / isa dRSTi se ukta pacchima brAhmaNoM' kI bAta bar3e aitihAsika mahatva kI jAna par3atI hai| yoM to samasta magadha pradeza meM jaina purAtatva ke pratIka bikhare hue haiM, jinameM paTanA jile ke rAjagira aura pAvA, tathA hajArIbAga jile kA pArzvanAtha parvata suprasiddha hI haiN| kintu ina sthAnoM meM vartamAna meM jo adhikAMza mUrtiyA~ Adi pAI jAtI haiM, unakI apekSA mAnabhUma aura siMhabhUma jiloM ke nAnA sthAnoM meM bikhare hue jaina mandira va mUrtiyAM adhika prAcIna siddha hote haiM / inameM se aneka Ajakala hinduoM dvArA apane dharmAyatana

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34 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa mAna kara pUje jAte haiM / kahIM jaina mUrtiyA~ bhaironAtha ke nAma se pujatI haiM aura kahIM ve pAMDavoM kI mUrtiyA~ mAnI jA rahIM haiM / yatra tatra se ekatra kara jo aneka jaina mUrtiyA~ paTanA ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM, ve gyArahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva kI pramANita hotI haiN| (dekhiye rAya caudharI kRta jainijima ina bihaar)| cInI yAtrI huenatsAMga (sAtavIM zatAbdI) ne apane vaizAlI ke varNana meM vahAM nirgranthoM kI bar3I saMkhyA kA ullekha kiyA hai / usane sAmAnyataH yaha bhI kahA hai ki digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke jaina muni pazcima meM takSazilA aura gUddhakUTa taka phaile hue the, tathA pUrva meM digambara nirgrantha puNDravardhana aura samataTa taka bhArI saMkhyA meM pAye jAte the / cInI yAtrI ke ina ullekhoM se sAtavIM zatI meM samasta uttara meM jaina dharma ke supracAra kA acchA patA calatA mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se eka ati prAcIna stUpa aura eka do jaina maMdiroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa mile haiM / yahAM pAI gaI purAtatvasAmagrI para se jJAta hotA hai ki I0 pU0 kI kucha zatAbdiyoM se lekara, lagabhaga dasavIM zatAbdI taka vahA~ jaina dharma kA eka mahAna kendra rahA hai / mUrtiyoM ke siMhAsanoM AyAgapaTToM Adi para jo lekha mile haiM, unameM se kucha meM kuSANa rAjAoM, jaise kaniSka, huviSka, vAsudeva Adi nAmoM aura unake rAjyakAla ke aMkoM kA spaSTa ullekha pAyA gayA hai, jisase ve I0 san ke prArambhika kAla ke siddha hote haiM / prAcIna jaina granthoM meM isa stUpa kA ullekha milatA hai, aura kahA gayA hai ki yaha stUpa supArzvanAtha kI smRti meM nirmANa karAyA gayA thA, tathA pArzvanAtha ke kAla meM isakA uddhAra karAyA gayA thA / use deva nirmita bhI kahA gayA hai / Azcarya nahIM jo vaha prAcIna stUpa mahAvIra se bhI pUrvakAlIna rahA ho hariSeNa kathAkoSa ke 'bairakumAra kathAnaka' (zloka 132) meM mathurA ke pA~ca stUpoM kA ullekha AyA hai / yahAM se hI saMbhavataH jaina muniyoM ke paMcastUpAnvaya kA prArambha huaa| isa anvaya kA eka ullekha gupta saMvat 159 (san 478) kA pahAr3apura (baMgAla) ke tAmrapaTa se milA hai jisake anusAra usa samaya vaTa gohAlI meM eka jaina vihAra thA, jisameM arahaMtoM kI pUjA ke liye nigrantha AcArya ko eka dAna diyA gayA / ye AcArya banArasa kI paMcastUpa nikAya ke AcArya muhanandi ke ziSya kahe gaye haiN| dhavalA TIkA ke racayitA vIrasena aura jinasena (8-6 vIM zatI) bhI isI zAkhA ke the| isI anvaya kA ullekha jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra ne uttara purANa meM senAnvaya ke nAma se kiyA hai| taba se isa anvayaM kI senagaNa ke nAma se hI prasiddhi lagAtAra Aja taka avicchinna rUpa se usakI aneka zAkhAoM va upazAkhAoM ke rUpa meM pAI jAtI

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dakSiNa bhArata va laMkA meM jaina dharma tathA rAjavaMzoM se saMbaMdha hai / mathurA ke stUpoM kI paramparA mugala samrATa akabara ke kAla taka pAI jAtI hai, kyoMki usa samaya ke jaina paMDita rAjamalla ne apane jambUsvAmI-carita meM likhA hai ki mathurA meM 515 jIrNastUpa the jinakA uddhAra ToDara seTha ne aparimita vyaya se karAyA thA / I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdi meM jaina munisaMgha kI ujjainI meM astitva kA pramANa kAlakAcArya kathAnaka meM milatA hai| isa kathAnaka ke anusAra ujjaina ke rAjA gardabhilla ne apanI kAmuka pravRtti se eka jaina ajikA ke sAtha atyAcAra kiyA, jisake pratizodha ke lie kAlakasUri ne zAhI rAjAoM se saMbaMdha sthApita kiyaa| inhoMne gardabhilla ko yuddha meM parAsta kara, ujjaina meM zaka rAjya sthApita kiyaa| isI vaMza kA vinAza pIche vikramAditya ne kiyaa| isa prakAra yaha ghaTanA-cakra vikrama saMvata se kucha pUrva kA siddha hotA hai / usase yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki prasaMgavaza atizAnta-svabhAvI aura sahanazIla jaina-muniyoM kA bhI kabhI-kabhI rAja zaktiyoM se saMgharSa upasthita ho jAyA karatA thaa| mathurA se prApta eka lekha meM ullekha milatA hai ki gupta saMvat 113 (I0san 432) meM zrI kumAra gupta ke rAjya kAla meM vidhAdharI zAkhA ke daMtilAcArya kI AjJA se zyAmADhya ne eka pratimA pratiSThApita kraaii| kumAragupta ke kAla (san 426) kA eka aura lekha udayagiri (vidizA mAlavA) se milA hai, jisameM vahA~ pArzvanAtha kI pratiSThA kA ullekha hai| guptakAla ke saM0 141 (I0 san 460) meM skaMdagupta rAjA ke ullekha sahita jo zilAlekha kahAyU (saMskRta kakumaH) se prApta huA hai usameM ullekha hai ki pAMca arahaMtoM kI sthApanA mandra nAmake dharma puruSa ne karAI thI aura zaila stambha khar3A kiyA thaa| dakSiNa bhArata va laMkA meM jaina dharma tathA rAjavaMzoM se saMbaMdha eka jaina paramparAnusAra mauryakAla meM jairamuni bhadrabAhu ne candragupta samrATa ko prabhAvita kiyA thA aura ve rAjya tyAga kara, una munirAja ke sAtha dakSiNa ko gae the| maisUra prAnta ke antargata zravaNabelagolA meM aba bhI unhIM ke nAma se eka pahAr3I candragiri kahalAtI hai, aura usa para vaha guphA bho batalAI jAtI hai, jisameM bhadrabAhu ne tapasyA kI thI, tathA rAjA candragupta unake sAtha anta taka rahe the / isa prakAra morya samrATa candragupta ke kAla meM jaina dharma kA dakSiNabhArata meM praveza huA mAnA jAtA hai / kintu bauddhoM ke pAli sAhityAntargata mahAvaMza meM jo laMkA ke rAjavaMzoM kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai, usake anusAra buddhanirmANa se 106 varSa pazcAt pAMDukAbhaya rAjA kA abhiSeka huA aura unhoMne apane rAjya ke prAraMbha meM hI anurAdhapura kI sthApanA kI, jisameM unhoMne

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa nirgrantha zramaNoM ke lie aneka nivAsa sthAna bnvaae| isa ullekha para se spaSTataH pramANita hotA hai ki buddha nirvANa saM0 ke 106 veM varSa meM bhI laMkA meM nirgranthoM kA astitva thA / laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA praveza azoka ke putra mahendra dvArA buddha dvArA buddhanirvANa se 236 varSa pazcAt huA kahA gayA hai / isa para se laMkA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra, bauddha dharma se kama se kama 130 varSa pUrva ho cukA thA, aisA siddha hotA hai / saMbhavataH siMhala meM jaina dharma dakSiNa bhArata meM se hI hotA huA pahu~cA hogA / jisa samaya uttara bhArata meM 12 varSIya durbhikSa ke kAraNa bhadrabAhu ne samrATa candragupta tathA vizAkha munisaMgha ke sAtha dakSiNApatha kI ora vihAra kiyA, taba vahA~ kI janatA meM jainadharma kA pracAra rahA hogA zraura isI kAraNa bhadrabAhu ko apane saMgha kA nirvAha hone kA vizvAsa huA hogA, aisA bhI vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai / candragupta ke prapautra samprati, eka jaina paramparAnusAra AcArya suhasti ke ziSya the, aura unhoMne jaina dharma kA stUpa, mandira Adi nirmANa karAkara, deza bhara meM usI prakAra pracAra kiyA jisa prakAra ki azoka ne bauddhadharma kA kiyA thaa| rAmanada aura TinnAvalI kI guphAoM meM brAhmI lipi ke zilAlekha yadyapi aspaSTa haiM, tathApi unase evaM prAcInatama tAmila granthoM se usa pradeza meM ati prAcIna kAla meM jaina dharma kA pracAra siddha hotA haiM / tAmila kAvya kurala va Tholakappiyama para jaina dharma kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / 36 maNimekalaI yadyapi eka bauddha kAvya hai, tathApi usameM digambara muniyoM aura unake upadezoM ke aneka ullekha Aye haiM / jIvaka cintAmaNi, silappaDikAraM nIlakezI yazodhara kAvya Adi to spaSTata: jaina kRtiyA~ hI haiM / suprasiddha jainAcArya samannabhadra ke kAMcI se sambaMdha kA ullekha milatA hai / kundakundAcArya kA sambandha, unake eka TIkAkAra zivakumAra mahArAja se batalAte haiM / prAkRta lokavibhAga ke kartA sarvanandi ( san 458 ) kAMcI nareza siMhavarmA ke samakAlIna kahe gaye haiM / darzanasAra ke anusAra drAviDa saMgha kI sthApanA pUjyapAda ke ziSya vajranandi dvArA madurA meM san 470 meM kI gaI thii| isa prakAra ke aneka ullekhoM aura nAnA ghaTanAoM se supramANita hotA hai ki IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM tAmila pradeza meM jaina dharma kA acchA pracAra ho cukA thA / kadamba rAjavaMza - kadambavaMzI avinIta mahArAja ke dAna patra meM ullekha hai ki unhoMne dezIgaNa kundakundAnvaya ke candranaMdi bhaTTAraka ko jaina mandira ke lie eka gAMva kA dAna diyA / yaha dAnapatra zaka saM0 388 ( I0 saM0 466 ) kA hai aura markarA nAmaka sthAna se milA hai / isI vaMza ke yuvarAja kAkutstha dvArA bhagavAn

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gaMga rAjavaMza 37 arhanta ke nimitta zrutakItti senApati ko bhUmi kA dAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai| isI rAjavaMza ke eka do anya dAnapatra bar3e mahatvapUrNa haiN| inameM se eka meM zrIvijaya zivamageza varmA dvArA apane rAjya ke caturtha varSa meM eka grAma kA dAna use tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTakara diye jAne kA ullekha hai| eka bhAga 'bhagavat arhad mahAjinendra devatA' ko diyA gayA, dUsarA 'zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha' ke upabhoga ke lie, aura tIsarA 'nirgrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha' ke upayoga ke lie / dUsare lekha meM zAnti varmA ke putra zrI mRgeza dvArA apane rAjya ke AThaveM varSa meM yApanIya, nirgrantha aura kUrcaka muniyoM ke hetu bhUmi-dAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai| eka anya lekha meM zAntivarmA dvArA yApanIya tapasviyoM ke liye eka grAma ke dAna kA ullekha hai / eka anya lekha meM harivarmA dvArA siMha senApati ke putra mRgeza dvArA nirmApita jainamaMdira kI aSTAnhikA pUjA ke liye, tathA sarvasaMgha ke bhojana ke lie eka gAMva kUrcakoM ke vAriSeNAcArya saMgha ke hAtha meM diye jAne kA ullekha hai / isa vaMza ke aura bhI aneka lekha haiM jinameM jinAlayoM ke rakSaNArtha va nAnA jaina saMghoM ke nimitta grAmoM aura bhUmiyoM ke dAna kA ullekha hai| usase spaSTa siddha hotA hai ki pAMcavIM chaThI zatAbdI meM jaina saMgha ke nirgrantha (digambara), zvetapaTa, yApanIya vA kUrcaka zAkhAeM supratiSThita suvikhyAta, lokapriya aura rAjya sammAnya ho cukI thiiN| inameM ke prathama tIna muni-saMpradAyoM kA ullekha to paTTAvaliyoM va jaina sAhitya meM bahuta AyA hai, kintu kUrcaka saMpradAya kA kahIM anyatra vizeSa paricaya nahIM miltaa| gaMga rAjavaMza zravaNabelagolA ke aneka zilAlekhoM tathA abhayacandrakRta gommaTasAra vatti kI utthAnikA meM ullekha milatA hai ki gaMgarAja kI nIMva DAlane meM jainAcArya siMhanadi ne bar3I sahAyatA kI thii| isa vaMza ke avinIta nAma ke rAjA ke pratipAlaka jainAcArya vijayakIrti kahe gaye haiN| suprasiddha tatvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA ke kartA AcArya pUjyapAda devanaMdi isI vaMza ke sAtaveM nareza duvinIta ke rAjagurU the, aise ullekha milate haiN| inake tathA zivamAra aura zrIpuruSa nAmaka narezoM ke aneka lekhoM meM jaina mandira nirmANa va jaina muniyoM ko dAna ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| gaMganareza mArasiMha ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne aneka mArI yuddhoM meM vijaya prApta karake nAnA durga aura kile jItakara evaM aneka jaina maMdira aura stambha nirmANa karA kara anta meM ajitasena bhaTTAraka ke samIpa baMkApura meM saMllekhanA vidhi se maraNa kiyA, jisakA kAla zaka saM0 866 (I. saM. 974) nirdiSTa hai| mArasiMha ke uttarAdhikArI rAca

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jaina dharmaM kA udgama aura vikAsa malla (caturtha) the, jinake maMtrI cAmuNDarAja ne zravaNabelagola ke vindhyagiri para cAmuNDarAya basti nirmANa karAI aura gomaTezvara kI usa vizAla mUrti kA udghATana karAyA jo prAcIna bhAratIya mUrtikalA kA eka gauravazAlI pratIka hai / cAmuNDarAya kA banAyA huA eka purANa grantha bhI milatA hai jo kannaDa bhASA meM hai / ise unhoMne zaka saM0 600 meM samApta kiyA thA / usameM bhI unhoMne apane brahmakSetra kula tathA ajitasena guru kA paricaya diyA hai / aneka zilAlekhoM meM vividha gaMgavaMzI rAjAoM, sAmantoM, maMtriyoM va senApatiyoM Adi ke nAmoM, unake dvArA diye gaye dAnoM Adi dharmakAryoM, tathA unake saMllekhanA pUrvaka maraNa ke ullekha pAye jAte haiM / kannaDa kavi pona dvArA san 633 meM likhe gaye zAntipurANa kI san 673 ke lagabhaga eka dharmiSTa mahilA Atimabbe ne eka sahastra pratiyAM likhAkara dAna meM ba~TavA dIM / 38 rASTrakUTa rAjavaMza - hotA hai ki rAjA amoghavarSa sAtavIM zatAbdI se dakSiNa bhArata meM jisa rAjavaMza kA bala va rAjyavistAra bar3hA, usa rASTrakUTa vaMza se to jainadharma kA bar3A ghaniSTha saMbaMdha pAyA jAtA hai / rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa prathama ne svayaM praznottara - ratnamAlikA kI racanA kI thI, jisakA tibbatI bhASA meM usakI racanA ke kucha hI pazcAt anuvAda ho gayA thA aura jisa para se yaha bhI siddha rAjya chor3akara svayaM dIkSita ho gaye the / unake viSaya meM yaha bhI kahA pAyA jAtA hai ki ve AdipurANa ke karttA jinasena ke caraNoM kI pUjA karate the / zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa para kI amoghavRtti nAmaka TIkA unake nAma se saMbaddha pAI jAtI hai, aura unhIM ke samaya meM mahAvIrAcArya ne apane gaNitasAra nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI / ve kannaDa alaMkArazAstra 'kavirAjamArga' ke karttA bhI mAne jAte haiM / unake uttarAdhikArI kRSNa tRtIya ke kAla meM guNabhadrAcArya ne uttarapurANa ko pUrA kiyA, indranandi ne jvAlA-mAlinI-kalpa kI racanA kI; somadeva ne yazastilaka campU nAmaka kAvya racA tathA puSpadaMta ne apanI vizAla, zreSTha apabhraMza racanAe~ prastuta kIM / unhoMne hI kannaDa ke suprasiddha jaina kavi pona ko umaya-bhASA cakravartI kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA / unake pazcAt rASTrakUTa nareza indrarAja caturtha ne zilAlekhAnusAra apane pUrvaja amoghavarSa ke samAna rAjyapATa tyAga kara jaina muni dIkSA dhAraNa kI thI, aura zravaNabelagolA ke candragiri parvata para samAdhipUrvaka maraNa kiyA thA / zravaNabelagolA ke aneka zilAlekhoM meM rASTrakUTa narezoM kI jainadharma ke prati AsthA, sammAna - vRddhi aura dAnazIlatA ke ullekha pAye jAte haiM / rASTrakUToM ke saMrakSaNa meM unakI rAjadhAnI

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cAlukya aura hoyasala rAjavaMza mAnyakheTa eka acchA jaina kendra bana gayA thA, aura yahI kAraNa hai ki saMvat 1026 ke lagabhaga jaba dhArA ke paramAravaMzI rAjA harSadeva ke dvArA mAnyakheTa nagarI lUTI aura jalAI gaI, taba mahAkavi puSpadaMta ke mukha se haThAt nikala par3A ki " jo mAnyakheTa nagara dInoM zraura anAthoM kA dhana thA, sadaiva bahujana pUrNa aura puSpita udyAnavanoM se suzobhita hote hue aisA sundara thA ki vaha indrapurI kI zobhA ko bhI phIkA kara detA thA, vaha jaba dhArAnAtha kI kopAgni se dagdha ho gayA taba, aba puSpadaMta kavi kahA~ nivAsa kareM" / (apa. mahApurANasaMdhi 50 ) cAlukya aura hoyasala rAjavaMza - cAlukyanareza pulakezI ( dvi0) ke samaya meM jaina kavi ravikIrti ne aihola meM meghuti mandira banavAyA aura vaha zilAlekha likhA jo apanI aitihAsikatA tathA saMskRta kAvyakalA kI dRSTi se bar3A mahatvapUrNa siddha huA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki ravikIrti kI kAvyakIrti kAlidAsa aura bhAravi ke samAna thI / lekha meM zaka 556 saM0 ( I0 san 634) kA ullekha hai aura isI AdhAra para saMskRta ke ukta donoM mahAkaviyoM ke kAla kI yahI uttarAvadhi mAnI jAtI haiM / lakSmezvara se prApta aneka dAnapatroM meM cAlukya nareza vinayAditya, vijayAditya aura vikramAditya dvArA jaina AcAryoM ko dAna diye jAne ke ullekha milate haiN| bAdAmI aura aihola kI jaina guphAyeM aura unameM kI tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAyeM bhI isI kAla kI siddha hotI haiM / 36 gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha se dakSiNa meM punaH cAlukya rAjavaMza kA bala bar3A / yaha rAjavaMza jainadharma kA bar3A saMrakSaka rahA, tathA usake sAhAyya se dakSiNa meM jainadharma kA bahuta pracAra huA aura usakI khyAti bar3hI | pazcimI cAlukya vaMza ke saMsthApaka tailapa ne jaina kannar3a kavi ranna ko Azraya diyA / tailapa ke uttarAdhikArI satyAzraya ne jainamuni vimalacandra paMDita deva ko apanA guru banAyA / isa vaMza ke anya rAjAoM, jaise jayasiMha dvitIya, somezvara prathama aura dvitIya, tathA vikramAditya SaSThama ne kitane hI jaina kaviyoM ko protsAhita kara sAhitya-srajana karAyA, tathA jaina maMdiroM va anya jaina saMsthAoM ko bhUmi Adi kA dAna dekara unheM sabala banAyA / hoyasala rAjavaMza kI to sthApanA hI eka jainamuni ke nimitta se huI kahI jAtI hai / vinayAditya nareza ke rAjyakAla meM jainamuni varddhamAnadeva kA zAsana ke prabandha meM bhI hAtha rahA kahA jAtA hai / isa vaMza ke do anya rAjAoM ke guru bhI jainamuni rahe / isa vaMza ke

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Yo jana dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa prAyaH sabhI rAjAoM ne jaina maMdiroM aura AzramoM ko dAna diye the| isa vaMza ke sabase adhika pratApI nareza viSNuvardhana ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki usane rAmAnujAcArya ke prabhAva meM par3akara vaiSNavadharma svIkAra kara liyA thaa| kintu isa bAta ke pracura pramANa milate haiM ki vaha apane rAjya ke anta taka jainadharma ke prati upakArI aura dAnazIla banA rhaa| I0 san 1125 meM bhI usane jaina muni zrIpAla vidyadeva kI ArAdhanA kI, zalya nAmaka sthAna para jaina vihAra banavAyA tathA jaina maMdiroM va muniyoM ke AhAra ke lie dAna diyaa| eka anya I0 san 1126 ke lekhAnusAra usane mallijinAlaya ke lie eka dAna kiyA / I0 san 1133 meM usane apanI rAjadhAnI dvArAsamudra meM hI pArzvanAtha jinAlaya ke lie eka grAma kA dAna kiyA, tathA apanI tatkAlIna vijaya kI smRti meM vahA~ ke mUla nAyaka ko vijaya-pArzvanAtha ke nAma se prasiddha kiyA aura apane putra kA nAma vijayasiMha rakkhA, aura isa prakAra usane apane paramparAgata dharma tathA naye dhAraNa kiye hue dharma ke bIca saMtulana banAye rkhaa| usakI rAnI zAMtaladevI Ajanma jaina dharma kI upAsikA rahI aura jaina maMdiroM ko aneka dAna detI rahI usake guru prabhAcandra siddhAntadeva the, aura usane san 1121 meM jaina samAdhi-maraNa kI saMhalekha nA vidhi se deha tyAga kiyaa| viSNuvardhana ke aneka prabhAvazAlI maMtrI aura senApati bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| usake gaMgarAja senApati ne aneka jainamaMdira banavAye, anekoM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA tathA anekoM jaina saMsthAoM ko vipuladAna diye| usakI patnI lakSmImati ne bhI jaina saMllekhanA vidhi se maraNa kiyA, jisakI smRti meM usake pati ne zravaNabelagolA ke parvata para eka lekha khudavAyA / usake anya aneka senApati, jaise boppa, punisa mariyAne va bharatezvara, jaina muniyoM ke upAsaka the aura jaina dharma ke prati bar3e dAnazIla the, isake pramANa zravaNabelagolA va anya sthAnoM ke bahuta se zilAlekhoM meM milate haiM / viSNuvarddhana ke uttarAdhikArI narasiMha prathama ne zravaNabelegolA kI vaMdanA kI tathA apane mahAna senApati hulla dvArA banavAye hue cavizati jinAlaya ko eka grAma kA dAna diyaa| hoyasala nareza vIra-ballAla dvitIya va narasiMha tRtIya ke guru jaina muni the| ina narezoM ne tathA isa vaMza ke anya aneka rAjAoM ne jaina maMdira banavAye aura unheM bar3e-bar3e dAnoM se puSTa kiyaa| isa prakAra yaha pUrNataH siddha hai ki hoyasala vaMza ke prAyaH sabhI nareza jaina dharmAnuyAyI the aura unake sAhAy evaM saMrakSaNa dvArA jaina maMdira tathA anya dhArmika saMsthAe~ dakSiNa pradeza meM khUba phailI aura samRddha huii|

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gujarAta kAThiyAvAr3a meM jaina dharma anya rAjavaMza - ukta rAjavaMzoM ke atirikta dakSiNa ke aneka choTe-moTe rAjagharAnoM dvArA bhI jainadharma ko khUba bala milaa| udAharaNArtha, karnATaka ke tIrthahalli tAlukA va usake AsapAsa ke pradeza para rAjya karanevAle sAntara narezoM ne prArambha se hI jaina dharma ko khUba apanAyA / bhujabala sAntara ne apanI rAjadhAnI pomburcA meM eka jainamaMdira banavAyA va apane guru kanakanaMdideva ko usa maMdira ke saMrakSaNArtha eka grAma kA dAna diyaa| vIra sAntara ke maMtrI nagularasa ko I0 san 1081 ke eka zilAlekha meM jainadharma kA gar3ha kahA gayA hai / svayaM vIra sAntara ko eka lekha meM jinabhagavAn ke caraNoM kA bhRMga kahA gayA hai / terahavIM zatAbdI meM sAntaranarezoM ke vIrazaiva dharma svIkAra kara lene para unake rAjya meM jainadharma kI pragati va prabhAva kucha kama avazya ho gayA, tathApi sAntara vaMzI nareza zaivadharmAvalaMbI hote hue bhI jainadharma ke prati zraddhAlu aura dAnazIla bane rahe / usI prakAra maisUra pradezAntagarta kurga va usake AsapAsa rAjya karanevAle kAMgalva narezoM ne gyAharavIM va bAharavIM zatAbdiyoM meM aneka jainamaMdira banavAye aura unheM dAna diye | cAMgalva nareza zaivadharmAvalaMbI hote hue bhI jainadharma ke bar3e upakArI the, yaha unake kucha zilAlekhoM se siddha hotA hai jinameM unake dvArA jainamaMdira banavAne va dAna dene ke ullekha milate haiM / ina rAjAoM ke atirikta aneka aise vaiyaktika sAmantoM; maMtriyoM, senApatiyoM tathA seTha sAhUkAroM ke nAma zilAlekhoM meM milate haiM, jinhoMne nAnA sthAnoM para jainamaMdira banavAye, janamUrtiyA~ pratiThita karAI, pUjA arcA kI; tathA dharma kI bahuvidha prabhAvanA ke liye vividha prakAra ke dAna diye / itanA hI nahIM, kintu unhoMne apane jIvana ke anta meM vairAgya dhAraNa kara jainavidhi se samAdhimaraNa kiyA / dakSiNa pradeza bhara meM jo Ajataka bhI aneka jainamaMdira va mUrtiyAM athavA unake dhvaMsAvazeSa bikhare par3e haiM, unase bhale prakAra siddha hotA hai ki yaha dharma vahAM kitanA supracalita aura lokapriya rahA, evaM rAjagRhoM se lagAkara janasAdhAraNa taka ke gRhoM meM praviSTa ho, unake jIvana ko naitika, dAnazIla tathA lokopakAronmukha banAtA rahA / gujarAta-kAThiyAvAr3a meM jainadharma- I0 san kI prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga kAThiyAvAr3a meM bhI eka jaina kendra supratiSThita huA pAyA jAtA hai / SaTkhaMDAgama sUtroM kI racanA kA jo itihAsa usake TIkAkAra vIrasenAcArya ne diyA hai, usake anusAra vIra nirvANa se 683 varSa kI zrutajJAnI AcAryoM kI avicchinna paramparA ke kucha kAla pazcAt dharasenAcArya hue, jo girInagara (girinAra, kAThiyAvAr3a) kI candra 41

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42 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa guphA meM rahate the| vahIM unhoMne puSpadaMta aura bhUtavali nAmaka AcAryoM ko bulavAkara unheM vaha jJAna pradAna kiyA jisake AdhAra para unhoMne pazcAt dravir3a deza meM jAkara SaTkhaDAgama kI sUtra-rUpa racanA kii| jUnAgar3ha ke samIpa atyanta prAcIna kucha guphAoM kA patA calA hai jo aba bAbA pyArA kA maTha kahalAtI haiN| unake samIpa kI eka guphA meM do khaMDita zilAlekha bhI mile haiM jo unameM nirdiSTa kSatrapavaMzI rAjAoM ke nAmoM ke AdhAra se tathA apane lipi para se I0 san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM ke siddha hote haiN| maiMne apane eka lekha meM yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki sambhavataH yahI guphA dharasenAcArya kI nivAsabhUmi thI aura saMbhavata vahI unakA samAdhImaraNa huA, jisakI hI smRti meM vaha lekha likhA gayA ho to Azcarya nhiiN| lekha jayadAman ke pautra rudrasiMha (pra0) kA pratIta hotA hai / khaMDita hone se lekha kA pUrA artha to nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA, tathApi usameM jo kevalajJAna, jarAmaraNa se mukti Adi zabda spaSTa par3he jAte haiM, unase usakA kisI mahAn jainAcArya kI tapasyA va samAdhimaraNa se saMbaMdha spaSTa hai| usa guphA meM aMkita svastika, bhadrAsana, mIna yugala Adi cihna bhI usake jainatva ko siddha karate haiM / DhaMka nAmaka sthAna para kI guphAe~ aura unameM kI RSabha, pArzva, mahAvIra va anya tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ bhI usI kAla kI pratIta hotI haiN| giranAra meM dharasenAcArya kA upadeza grahaNa kara puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali AcAryoM ke dravir3a deza ko jAne aura vahIM Agama kI sUtra-rUpa racanA karane ke vRtAnta se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki ukta kAla meM kAThiyAvAr3a-gujarAta se lekara sudUra tAmila pradeza taka jaina muniyoM kA nirbAdha gamanAgamana huA karatA thA / AgAmI zatAdiyoM meM gujarAta meM jainadharma kA uttarottara prabhAva bar3hatA huA pAyA jAtA hai| yahA~ vIra nirvANa ke 680 varSa pazcAt valabhInagara meM kSamAzramaNa devaddhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM jaina muniyoM kA eka vizAla sammelana huA jisameM jaina Agama ke aMgopAMga Adi ve 45-50 graya saMkalita kiye gaye jo zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvopari pramANabhUta mAne jAte haiM aura jo arddhamAgadhI prAkRta kI advitIya upalabhya racanAeM haiN| sAtavIM zatI ke do gurjaranarezoM, jayabhaTa (pra0) aura daDDa (dvi0) ke dAna patroM meM jo unake vItarAga aura prazAntarAga vizeSaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake jainAdharmAvalambitva ko nahIM to jainAnurAga ko avazya prakaTa karate haiM / isa pradeza ke cAvaDA (cApotkaTa) rAjavaMza ke saMsthApaka vanarAja ke jainadharma ke sAtha sambandha aura usake vizeSa protsAhana ke pramANa milate haiN| isa vaMza ke pratApI narendra mUlarAja ne apanI rAjadhAnI anahilavAr3A meM mUlavasatikA nAmaka jaina maMdira banavAyA, jo aba bhI vidyamAna

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gujarAta kAThiyAvAr3a meM jaina dharma 43 hai / zrIcandra kavi ne apanI kathAkoSa nAmaka apabhraMza racanA kI prazasti meM kahA hai ki mUlarAja kA dharmasthAnIya goSThika prAgvATavaMzI sajjana nAmaka vidvAna thA, aura usI ke putra kRSNa ke kuTuMba ke dharmopadeza nimitta kuMdakuMdAnvayI mani sahastrakIti ke ziSya zrIcandra ne ukta graMtha likhA / mani sahastrakIrti ke saMbaMdha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake caraNoM kI vaMdanA gAMgeya, bhojadeva Adi nareza karate the| anumAnataH gAMgeya se cedi ke kalacuri nareza kA, tathA bhojadeva se usa nAma ke paramAravaMzI mAlavA ke rAjA se abhiprAya hai / udyotanasUrikRta kuvalayamAlA (I0saM 778) ke anusAra guptavaMzI AcArya harigupta yavana rAja toramANa (haNavaMzIya) 6. guru the aura candrabhAgA nadI ke samIpa sthita rAjadhAnI pavaiyA (paMjAba) meM hI rahate the| harigupta ke ziSya devagupta kI bhI bar3I pada pratiSThA thii| devagupta ke ziSya zivacandra pavaiyA se vihAra karate hue bhinnamAla ( zrImAla, gujarAta kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI) meM aaye| unake ziSya yajJadatta va aneka anya guNavAna ziSyoM ne gurjara deza meM jainadharma kA khUba pracAra kiyA, aura use bahuta se jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa dvArA alaMkRta kraayaa| unake eka ziSya vaTezvara ne AkAza vA nagara meM vizAla mandira bnvaayaa| baTezvara ke ziSya tatvAcArya kuvalayamAlAkAra kSatriya vaMzI udyotanasUri ke guru the / udyotana sUri ne vIrabhadra AcArya se siddhAnta kI tathA haribhadra AcArya se nyAya kI zikSA pAkara zaka saMvat 700 meM jAvAlipura (jAlora-rAjaputAnA) meM vIrabhadra dvArA banavAye hue RSabhadeva ke mandira meM apanI kuvalayamAlA pUrNa kii| toramANa usa hUNa AkramaNakArI mihirakula kA uttarAdhikArI thA jisakI krUratA itihAsa prasiddha hai| usa para itane zIghra jaina muniyoM kA ukta prabhAva par3a jAnA jainadharma kI tatkAlIna sajIvatA aura udAtta dharma-pracAra-saraNi kA eka acchA pramANa hai| ___cAlukya nareza bhIma prathama meM jainadharma kA vizeSa prasAra huaa| usake mantrI prAgvATa vaMzI vimalazAha ne AbU para AdinAtha kA vaha jainamaMdira banavAyA jisameM bhAratIya sthApatyakalA kA ati utkRSTa pradarzana huA hai, aura jisakI sUkSma citrakArI, banAvaTa kI caturAI tathA sundaratA jagadvikhyAta mAnI gaI hai| yaha maMdira I0 san 1031 arthAt mahamUda gajanI dvArA somanAtha ko dhvasta karane ke sAta varSa ke bhItara banakara taiyAra huA thaa| khataragaccha paTTAvalI meM ullekha milatA hai ki vimalamaMtrI ne teraha sulatAnoM ke chatroM kA apaharaNa kiyA thA; candrAvatI nagarI kI nIMva DAlI thI, tathA abudAcala para RSabhadeva kA maMdira nirmANa karAyA thaa| spaSTataH vimalazAha ne ye kArya apane rAjA bhIma kI anumati se hI kiye hoMge aura unake dvArA usane somanAtha tathA

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jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa anya sthAnoM para kiye gaye vidhvaMsoM kA pratyuttara diyA hogA / cAlukya nareza siddharAja aura usake uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla ke kAla meM jainadharma kA aura bhI adhika bala bar3hA | prasiddha jainAcArya hemacandra ke upadeza se kumArapAla ne svayaM khulakara jainadharma dhAraNa kiyA aura gujarAta kI jaina saMsthAnoM ko khUba samRddha banAyA, jisake phalasvarUpa gujarAta pradeza sadA ke lie dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA evaM saMsthAoM kI samRddhi kI dRSTi se jainadharma kA eka sudRr3ha kendra bana gayA / yaha mahAna kArya kisI dhArmika kaTTaratA ke bala para nahIM, kintu nAnA-dharmoM ke sadbhAva va sAmaMjasya buddhi dvArA hI kiyA gayA thA / yahI praNAlI jainadharma kA prANa rahI hai, aura hemacandrAcArya ne apane upadezoM evaM kAryoM dvArA isI para adhika bala diyA thA / dharma kI avichinna paramparA evaM usake anuyAyiyoM kI samRddhi ke phalasvarUpa I0 san 1230 meM soma siMhadeva ke rAjyakAla meM poravADa vaMzI seTha tejapAla ne AbUparvata para ukta AdinAtha maMdira ke samIpa hI vaha neminAtha maMdira banavAyA jo apanI zilpakalA meM kevala usa prathama maMdira se hI tulanIya hai / 12 vIM 13 vIM zatAbdI meM AlU para aura bhI aneka jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa huA thA, jisase usa sthAna kA nAma delavAr3A ( devalavAr3A) arthAt devoM kA nagara par3a gayA / AbU ke atirikta kAThiyAvAr3a ke zatruMjaya aura giranAra tIrthakSetroM kI aura bhI aneka narezoM aura seThoM aura pariNAmataH vahAM ke zikhara bhI aneka sundara aura vizAla maMdiroM se alaMkRta ho gaye / khaMbhAta kA ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAtha maMdira I0 san 1908 meM banavAyA gayA thA aura 1265 meM usakA jIrNoddhAra karAyA gayA thaa| vahAM ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki vaha samaya samaya para mAlavA, sapAdalakSa tathA citrakUTa ke aneka dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke vipula dAnoM dvArA samRddha banAyA gayA thA / jaina saMgha meM uttarakAlIna paMthabheda kA dhyAna gayA 44 - jaina saMgha meM jo bhedopabheda, sampradAya va gaNa gacchAdi rUpa se, samayasamaya para utpanna hue, unakA kucha varNana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / kintu use jaina mAnyatAoM va muni AcAra meM koI vizeSa parivartana hue hoM, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA / kevala jo digambara zvetAmbara sampradAya bheda vikrama kI dUsarI zatI ke lagabhaga utpanna huA, usakA muni-AcAra para kramazaH gaMbhIra prabhAva par3A / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM na kevala muniyoM dvArA vastra grahaNa kI mAtrA bar3hI, kiMtu dhIre-dhIre tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM meM bhI kopIna kA cihna lagA / tathA mUrtiyoM kA AMkha, aMgI, mukuTa Adi dvArA mI prArambha ho gayA / isa kAraNa digambara aura zvetAmbara maMdira va mUrtiyA~ pradarzita kiyA jAne alaMkRta kiyA jAnA

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jaina saMgha meM uttarakAlIna paMthabheda jo pahale eka hI rahA karate the, ve aba pRthak pRthak hone lge| ye pravRttiyAM sAtavIM AThavIM zatI se pUrva nahIM pAI jaatiiN| eka aura prakAra se muni-saMgha meM bheda donoM sampradAyoM meM utpanna huA / jaina muni AditaH varSA Rtu ke cAturmAsa ko chor3a anya kAla meM eka sthAna para parimita dinoM se adhika nahIM Thaharate the, aura sadA vihAra kiyA karate the| ve nagara meM kevala AhAra va dharmopadeza nimitta hI Ate the, aura zeSakAla vana, upavana, meM hI rahate the, kintu dhIredhIre pAMcavIM chaThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt kucha sAdhu caityAlayoM meM sthAyI rUpa se nivAsa karane lge| isase zvetAmbara samAja meM vanavAsI aura caityavAsI muni sampradAya utpanna ho gaye / digambara sampradAya meM bhI prAyaH usI kAla se kucha sAdhu caityoM meM rahane lage / yaha pravRtti AditaH siddhAMta ke paThana-pAThana va sAhityastrajana kI suvidhA ke liye prArambha huI pratIta hotI hai kintu dhIre-dhIre vaha eka varga kI sthAyI jIvana praNAlI bana gaI, jisake kAraNa nAnA maMdiroM meM bhaTTakArakoM kI gaddiyAM va maTha sthApita ho gaye / isa prakAra ke bhaTTakArakoM ke AcAra meM kucha zaithilya tathA parigraha anivAryataH A gayA / kintu dUsarI ora usase eka bar3A lAbha yaha huA ki ina bhaTA raka gaddiyoM aura maThoM meM vizAla zAstra bhaMDAra sthApita ho gaye aura ve vidyAbhyAsa ke sudRr3ha kendra bana gye| nauvIM dasavIM zatAbdI se Age jo jaina sAhitya srajana huA, vaha prAyaH isI prakAra ke vidyA-kendroM meM huA pAyA jAtA hai| isI upayogitA ke kAraNa bhaTTAraka gaddiyAM dhIre-dhIre prAyaH sabhI nagaroM meM sthApita ho gaI, aura maMdiroM meM acchA zAstra-bhaMDAra bhI rahane lgaa| yahIM prAcIna zAstroM kI lipiyA~ pratilipiyA~ hokara unakA nAnA kendroM meM AdAna-pradAna hone lgaa| yaha praNAlI granthoM ke yaMtroM dvArA mudraNa ke yuga prArambha hone se pUrva taka barAbara avicchinna banI rhii| jayapura, jaisalamera, IDara, kAraMjA, mUDabidrI, kolhApura Adi sthAnoM para ina zAstra bhaMDAroM kI paramparA Aja taka bhI sthira hai| 15 vI, 16 vIM zatI meM ukta jaina sampradAyoM meM eka auramahAn krAnti utpanna huI / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM laukAzAha dvArA mUrtipUjA virodhI upadeza prArambha huA, jisake phalasvarUpa sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya kI sthApanA huii| yaha sampradAya DhUDhiyA nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA hai| isa sampradAya meM mUrtipUjA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / ve maMdira nahIM, kintu sthAnaka meM rahate haiM aura vahAM mUrti nahIM, AgamoM kI pratiSThA karate haiM / zvetAmbara sampradAya ke 45 prAgamoM meM se koI bAraha-caudaha AgamoM ko ve isa kAraNa svIkAra nahIM karate, kyoMki unameM mUrti pUjA kA vidhAna pAyA jAtA hai| isI sampradAya meM se 18 vIM zatI meM

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46 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa AcArya bhikSu dvArA 'terApaMtha' kI sthApanA huii| vartamAna ke isa sampradAya ke nAyaka tulasI gaNi hai, jinhoMne aNuvrata Andolana kA pravartana kiyA hai| digambara sampradAya meM bhI 16 vIM zatI meM tAraNa svAmI dvArA mUrti pUjA niSedhaka graMtha kI sthApanA huI, jo tAraNapaMtha kahalAtA hai| isa paMtha ke anuyAyI vizeSarUpa se madhyapradeza meM pAye jAte haiN| ina digambara-zvetAmbara sampradAya bhedoM kA pariNAma jaina gRhastha samAja para bhI par3A, jisake kAraNa jainadharma ke anuyAyI Aja inhIM paMthoM meM baMTe hue haiN| isa samaya bhAratavarSa meM jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA pichalI bhAratIya janagaNanA ke anusAra lagabhaga 20 lAkha hai|

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vyAkhyAna-2 jaina sAhitya

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vyAkhyAna-2 jaina sAhitya sAhitya kA dravyAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka svarUpa ___ bhArata kA prAcIna sAhitya pradhAnatayA dhArmika bhAvanAoM se prerita aura prabhAvita pAyA jAtA hai / yahA~ kA prAcInatama sAhitya RgvedAdi vedoM meM hai, jinameM prakRti kI zaktiyoM, jaise agni, vAyu, varuNa,(jala), mitra, (sUrya), dyAvApRthvI (AkAza aura bhUmi)uSaH (prAtaH) Adi ko devatA mAnakara unakI vandanA aura prArthanA sUktoM va RcAoM ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai / vedoM ke pazcAta race jAne vAle brAhmaNa granthoM meM unhIM vaidika devatAoM kA vaidika mantroM dvArA AhvAna kara homa Adi sahita pUjA-arcA kI vidhiyoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai, aura unhIM ke udAharaNa svarUpa unameM yajJa karAne vAle prAcIna rAjAoM Adi mahApuruSoM tathA yajJa karane vAle vidvAna brAhmaNoM ke aneka AkhyAna upasthita kiye gaye haiN| sUtra granthoM kI eka zAkhA zrota sUtra haiM, jisameM satra rUpa se yajJavidhiyoM ke niyama pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM, aura dUsarI zAkhA gRhyasUtra hai, jisameM gRhasthoM ke gharoM meM garbhAdhAna, janma, upanayana, vivAha Adi avasaroM para kI jAne vAlI dhArmika vidhiyoM va saMskAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha samasta vaidika sAhitya pUrNataH dhArmika pAyA jAtA hai| ___ isI vaidika sAhitya kA eka aMga AraNyaka aura upaniSat kahalAne vAle ve grantha haiM, jinameM bhArata ke prAcInatama darzana-zAstriyoM kA tatvaciMtana prApta hotA hai| yoM to ko addhA veda ka iha pravocat / kuta AjAtA kuta iyaM visRSTi : // (R. 10, 126, 6) arthAta kauna ThIka se jAnatA hai aura kauna kaha sakatA hai ki yaha sRSTi kahAM se utpanna huI ? aise tatvaciMtanAtmaka vicAroM ke darzana hameM vedoM meM bhI hote haiM /

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jaina sAhitya tathApi na to vahAM ina vicAroM kI koI avicchinna dhArA dRSTigocara hotI, aura na ukta praznoM ke samAdhAna kA koI vyavasthita prayatna kiyA gayA dikhAI detA, isa prakAra kA ciMtana pAraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM meM hameM bahulatA se prApta hotA hai| ina racanAoM kA prArambha brAhmaNa kAla meM arthAt I0pU0 AThavIM zatAbdI ke lagamaga ho gayA thA, aura sahastroM varSa pazcAt taka nirantara pracalita rahA. jisake phalasvarUpa saMskRta sAhitya meM saikar3oM upaniSat grantha pAye jAte haiN| ye grantha kevala apane viSaya aura bhAvanA kI dRSTi se hI nahIM, kintu apanI aitihAsika va bhaugolika paramparA dvArA zeSa vaidika sAhitya se apanI vizeSatA rakhate haiN| jahA~ vedoM meM devI devatAoM kA AhvAna, unakI pUjA-arcA tathA sAMsArika sukha aura abhyudaya sambandhI varadAnoM kI mA~ga kI pradhAnatA hai, vahA~ upaniSadoM meM una samasta bAtoM kI kaThora upekSA, aura tAtvika evaM AdhyAtmika ciMtana kI pradhAnatA pAI jAtI hai / isa citana kA Adi bhaugolika kendra veda-prasiddha paMcanada pradeza va gaMgA-yamunA se pavitra madhya deza na hokara vaha pUrva pradeza hai jo vaidika sAhitya meM dhArmika dRSTi se pavitra nahIM mAnA gayA / adhyAtma ke Adi-ciMtaka, vaidika RSi va brAhmaNa purohita nahIM, kintu janaka jaise kSatriya rAjarSi the, aura janaka kI hI rAjasabhA meM yaha AdhyAtmika ciMtanadhArA puSTa huI pAI jAtI hai / ___jainadharma mUlataH prAdhyAtmika hai, aura usakA Adita: sambandha kozala, kAzI, videha Adi pUrvIya pradezoM ke kSatriyavaMzI rAjAoM se pAyA jAtA hai / isI pUrvI pradeza meM jainiyoM ke adhikAMza tIrthaMkaroM ne janma liyA, tapasyA kI, jJAna prApta kiyA aura apane upadezoM dvArA vaha jJAnagaMgA bahAI jo Ajataka jainadharma ke rUpa meM supravAhita hai| ye sabhI tIrthaMkara kSatriya rAjavaMzI the| vizeSa dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki janaka ke hI eka pUrvaja nami rAjA jainadharma ke 21 veM tIrthaMkara hue haiN| ataeva koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM jo janaka-kula meM usa AdhyAtmika ciMtana kI dhArA pAI jAya jo jainadharma kA mUlabhUta aMga hai / upaniSatkAra pukAra pukAra kara kahate haiM ki eSa sarveSu bhUteSu gUDhotmA va prakAzate / dRzyate tvagrayA buddhayA sUkSmayA sUkSmavazimiH ||(kttho.1, 3, 12) ___ + + + + hanta te'dam pravakSyAmi guhyaM brahma sanAtanam / yathA ca maraNaM prApya AtmA bhavati gautama //

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mahAvIra se pUrva kA sAhitya yonimanye prapadyante zarIratvAya dehinaH / sthANumanye'nusaMyanti yathAkarma yathAzu taM ||(kttho. 2, 2, 6-7) arthAt prANimAtra meM eka anAdi ananta sajIva tatva hai jo bhautika na hone ke kAraNa dikhAI nahIM detA / vahI AtmA hai| marane ke pazcAt yaha AtmA apane karma va jJAna kI avasthAnusAra vRkSoM se lekara saMsAra kI nAnA jIvayoniyoM meM bhaTakatA phiratA hai, jabataka ki apane sarvotkRSTa caritra aura jJAna dvArA nirvANa pada prApta nahIM kara letA / upaniSat meM jo yaha upadeza gautama ko nAma lekara sunAyA gayA hai, vaha hameM jainadharma ke antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke una upadezoM kA smaraNa karAye binA nahIM rahatA, jo unhoMne apane pradhAna ziSya indrabhUti gautama ko gautama nAma se hI saMbodhana karake sunAye the aura jinheM unhIM gautama ne bAraha aMgoM meM nibaddha kiyA, jo prAcInatama jaina sAhitya hai aura dvAdazAMga Agama yA jaina zrutAMga ke nAma se pracalita huA pAyA jAtA hai / mahAvIra se pUrva kA sAhitya prazna ho sakatA hai ki kyA mahAvIra se pUrva kA bhI koI jaina sAhitya hai ? isakA uttara hAM aura nA donoM prakAra se diyA jA sakatA hai / sAhitya ke bhItara do tatvoM kA grahaNa hotA hai, eka to usakA zAbdika va racanAtmaka svarUpa aura dUsarA Arthika va vicArAtmaka svarUpa / inhIM donoM bAtoM ko jaina paramparA meM dravya-zruta aura bhAva-zruta kahA gayA hai| dravyazruta arthAt zabdAtmakatA kI dRSTi se mahAvIra se pUrva koI jaina sAhitya upalabhya nahI hai, kintu bhAvazruta kI apekSA jaina zrutAMgoM ke bhItara kucha aisI racanAe~ mAnI gaI haiM jo mahAvIra se pUrva zramaNa-paramparA meM pracalita thIM, aura isI kAraNa unheM 'pUrva' kahA gayA hai dvAdazAMga Agama kA bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda thA / isa dRSTivAda ke antargata aise caudaha pUrvo kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jinameM mahAvIra se pUrva kI aneka vicAra-dhArAoM, mata-matAntaroM tathA jJAna-vijJAna kA saMkalana unake ziSya gautama dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| ina caudaha pUrvo ke nAma isa prakAra haiM, jinase unake viSayoM kA bhI kucha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai-utpAdapUrva, agrAyaNIya, vIryAnuvAda, astinAstipravAda, jJAna-pravAda, satya-pravAda, AtmapravAda, karmapravAda, pratyAkhyAna, vidyAnuvAda kalyANavAda (zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra avandhya), prANAvAya,kriyAvizAla aura loka-bindusAra / prathama pUrva utpAda meM jIva, kAla, pudgala Adi dravyoM

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52 jaina sAhitya ke utpatti; vinAza va dhra vatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA thA / dvitIya pUrva a grAyaNIya meM ukta samasta dravyoM tathA unakI nAnA avasthAoM kI saMkhyA, parimANa Adi kA vicAra kiyA gayA thA / tRtIya pUrva vIryAnuvAda meM ukta dravyoM ke kSetrakAlAdi kI apekSA se vIrya arthAt bala-sAmarthya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA thaa| caturtha pUrva asti-nAsti pravAda meM laukika vastuoM ke nAnA apekSAoM se astitva nAstitva kA viveka kiyA gayA thA / pA~caveM pUrva jJAnapravAda meM mati Adi jJAnoM tathA unake bheda prabhedoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA thaa| chaThe pUrva satyapravAda meM vacana kI apekSA satyAsatya viveka va vaktAoM kI mAnasika paristhitiyoM tathA asatya ke svarUpoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA thaa| sAtaveM pUrva AtmapravAda meM AtmA ke svarUpa, usakI vyApakatA, jJAtRbhAva tathA bhoktApana sambandhI vivecana kiyA gayA thA / AThaveM pUrva karmapravAda meM nAnA prakAra ke karmoM kI prakRtiyoM sthitiyoM zaktiyoM va parimANoM Adi kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA thA / nauveM pUrva pratyAkhyAna meM parigraha-tyAga upavAsAdi vidhi, mana vacana kAya kI vizuddhi Adi AcAra sambandhI niyama nirdhArita kiye gaye the| dasaveM pUrva vidyAnuvAda meM nAnA vidhAoM aura upavidhAoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA thA, jinake bhItara aMguSTa prasenAdi sAtasau alpavidyAoM, rohiNI Adi pA~casau mahAvidyAoM evaM antarikSa bhauma, aMga, svara svapna, lakSaNa vyaMjana aura chinna ina ATha mahAnimittoM dvArA bhaviSya ko jAnane kI vidhi kA varNana thA / gyArahaveM pUrva kalyANavAda meM sUrya, candra, nakSatra aura tArAgaNoM kI nAnA gatiyoM ko dekhakara zakuna ke vicAra tathA baladevoM, vAsudevoM cakravatiyoM Adi mahApurUSoM ke garbhAvataraNa Adi ke avasaroM para hone vAle lakSaNoM aura kalyANoM kA kathana kiyA gayA thaa| isa pUrva ke abandhya nAma kI sArthakatA yahIM pratIta hotI hai ki zakunoM aura zubhAzubha lakSaNoM ke nimitta se bhaviSya meM hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kA kathana abandhya arthAt avazyambhAvI mAnA gayA thaa| bArahaveM pUrva prANAvAya meM Ayurveda arthAt kAyacikitsA-zAstra kA pratipAdana evaM prANa apAna Adi vAyuoM kA zarIra dhAraNa kI apekSA se kArya kA vivecana kiyA gayA thaa| terahaveM pUrva kriyAvizAla meM lekhana, gaNanA Adi bahattara kalAoM, striyoM ke cauMsaTha guNoM aura zilpoM, grantha racanA sambandhI guNa-doSoM va chandoM Adi kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA thA / caudahaveM pUrva lokabindusAra meM jIvana kI zreSTha kriyAoM va vyavahAroM evaM unake nimitta se mobha ke sampAdana viSayaka vicAra kiyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki ina pUrva nAmaka racanAoM ke antargata tatkAlIna na kevala dhArmika, dArzanika va naitika vicAroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA thA, kintu unake bhItara

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12 mahAvIra se pUrva kA sAhitya nAnA kalAoM va jyotiSa, Ayurveda Adi vijJAnoM tathA phalita jyotiSa, zakuna zAstra, va mantra-tantra Adi viSayoM kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra ye racanAe~ prAcInakAla kA bhAratIya jJAnakoSa kahI jAya to anucita na hogaa| kintu durbhAgyavaza yaha pUrva sAhitya surakSita nahIM raha sakA / yadyapi pAzcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM inakA sthAna-sthAna para ullekha milatA hai, aura unake viSaya kA pUrvokta prakAra prarUpaNa bhI yatra-tatra prApta hotA hai, tathApi ye grantha mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa pazcAt kramazaH vicchinna hue kahe jAte haiN| ukta samasta pUrvo ke antima jJAtA zra takevalI bhadrabAhu the / tatpazcAt 181 varSoM meM hue bizAkhAcArya se lekara dharmasena taka antimacAra pUrvo ko chor3a, zeSa daza pUrvo kA jJAna rahA, aura usake pazcAt parvo kA koI jJAtA AcArya nahIM rahA / SaTkhaMDAgama ke vedanA nAmaka caturthakhaNDa ke Adi meM jo namaskArAtmaka sUtra pAye jAte haiM, unameM dazapUrvo ke aura caudaha pUrvo ke jJAtA muniyoM ko alaga alaga namaskAra kiyA gayA hai (namo dasapugviyANaM, namo cuddspugviyaannN)| ina sUtroM kI TIkA karate hue vIra senAcArya ne batalAyA hai ki prathama dazapUrvo kA jJAna prApta ho jAne para kucha muniyoM ko nAnA mahAvidyAoM kI prApti se sAMsArika lobha va moha utpanna ho jAtA hai, / jisase ve Age vItarAgato kI ora nahIM bar3ha pAte / jo muni isa lobha moha ko jIta letA hai, vahI pUrNa zrutajJAnI bana pAtA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki anta ke jina pUrvo meM kalAoM, vidyAoM, mantra tantroM va indrajAloM kA prarUpaNa thA, ve sarvaprathama hI muniyoM ke saMyamarakSA kI dRSTi se niSiddha ho gaye / zeSa pUrvo ke vichinna ho jAne kA kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki unakA jitanA viSaya jaina muniyoM ke liye upayukta va Avazyaka thA, utanA dvAdazAMga ke anya bhAgoM meM samAviSTa kara liyA gayA thA, isIlie ina racanAoM ke paThana-pAThana meM samaya-zakti ko lagAnA ucita nahIM samajhA gyaa| isI bAta kI puSTi diga0 sAhitya kI isa paramparA se hotI hai ki vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga sAta zatAbdiyoM pazcAt hae girinagara kI candraguphA ke nivAsI AcArya dharasena ko dvitIya pUrva ke kucha adhikAroM kA vizeSa jJAna thA unhoMne vahI jJAna puSpadanta aura bhUtabali AcAryoM ko pradAna kiyA aura unhoMne usI jJAna ke AdhAra se satkarmaprAbhRta arthAt SaTkhaMDAgama kI sUtra rUpa racanA kI /

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jaina sAhitya aMga-praviSTa va aMga-bAhya sAhitya diga0 paramparAnusAra mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa sAhitya kI graMtha-racanA unake ziSyoM dvArA do bhAgoM meM kI gaI -eka aMga-praviSTa aura dUsarA aMga-bAhya aMga-praviSTa ke AcArAMga Adi ThIka ve hI dvAdaza grantha the, jinakA kramazaH lopa mAnA gayA hai, kintu jinameM se gyAraha aMgoM kA zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra vIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 10vIM zatI meM kiyA gayA saMkalana aba bhI upalabhya hai / inakA vizeSa paricaya Age karAyA jAyagA / aMga-bAhya ke caudaha bheda mAne gaye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM-sAmAyika, catuvizatistava, bandanA, pratikramaNa, vainayika, kRtikarma dazavakAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpAkalpa, mahAkalpa puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka aura niSiddhikA / yaha aMga-bAhya sAhitya bhI yadyapi digambara paramparAnusAra apane mUlarUpa meM aprApya ho gayA hai, tathApi zvetAmbara paramparA meM unakA sadbhAva aba bhI pAyA jAtA hai| sAmAyika Adi prathama chaha kA samAveza Avazyaka sUtroM meM ho gayA hai, tathA kalpa vyavahAra aura nizItha sUtroM meM anta ke kalpa, vyavahArAdi chaha kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana nAma kI racanAe~ vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya haiN| inakA zve.Agama sAhitya meM bar3A mahatva hai| yahI nahIM, ina granthoM kI racanA ke kAraNa kA jo ullekha diga0 zAstroM meM pAyA jAtA hai, ThIka vahI upalabhya dazavaikAlika kI racanA ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai / AcArya pUjyapAda ne apanI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA(1,20) meM likhA hai ki "ArAtIya AcAryoM ne kAladoSa se saMkSipta Ayu, mati aura balazAlI ziSyoM ke anugrahArtha dazavakAlikAdi graMthoM kI racanA kI; ina racanAoM meM utanI hI pramANatA hai jitanI gaNadharoM va zrutakevaliyoM dvArA racita sUtroM meM kyoMki ve artha kI dRSTi se sUtra hI haiM, jisa prakAra ki kSIrodaghi se ghar3e meM bharA huA jala kSIrodadhi se bhinna nahIM hai|" dazavakAlika niyukti va hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva meM batalAyA gayA hai ki svayaMbhava AcArya ne apane putra manaka ko alpAyu jAna usake anugrahArthaM Agama ke sArarUpa dazavakAlika sUtra kI racanA kii| isa prakAra ina racanAoM ke sambandha meM donoM sampradAyoM meM mataikya pAyA jAtA hai / zve. paramparAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa se 160 varSa pazcAt pATaliputra meM sthUlabhadra AcArya ne jaina zramaNa saMgha kA sammelana karAyA, aura vahAM gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA upasthita muniyoM meM se kisI ko bhI jJAna nahIM rahA thA; ataeva usakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isake pazcAt kI zatAbdiyoM meM yaha zruta-saMkalana punaH chinnabhinna ho gyaa| taba vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 840 varSa pazcAt Arya skandila

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama ne mathurA meM eka saMgha-sammelana karAyA, jisameM punaH Agama sAhitya ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA / isI samaya ke lagabhaga valabhI meM nAgArjuna sUri ne bhI eka muni sammelana dvArA Agama rakSA kA prayatna kiyA / kintu ina tIna pATaliputrI, mAthUrI aura prathama vallabhI vAcanAoM ke pATha upalabhya nhiiN| kevala sAhitya meM yatra-tatra unake ullekha mAtra pAye jAte haiN| anta meM mahAvIra nirmANa ke lagabhaga 680 varSa pazcAt valabhI meM devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA jo muni-sammelana kiyA gayA usameM koI 45-46 graMthoM kA saMkalana huA, aura ye graMtha Aja taka supracalita haiN| yaha upalabhya Agama sAhitya nimnaprakAra hai ardhamAgadhI jainAgama (zru tAMga-11) 1-AcArAMga (AyAraMga)-isa grantha meM apane nAmAnusAra muni-AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake do zru taskaMdha hai / pratyeka zru taskaMdha adhyayanoM meM aura pratyeka adhyayana uddezakoM yA cUlikAoM meM vibhAjita hai| isa prakAra zru ta prathama skaMdha meM 6 adhyayana va 44 uddezaka haiM; evaM dvitIya zru taskaMdha meM tIna cUlikAe~ haiM, jo 16 adhyayanoM meM vibhAjita haiN| isa prakAra dvitIya zrutaskaMdha prathama kI cUlikA rUpa hai / bhASA zailI tathA viSaya kI dRSTi se spaSTataH prathama zrutaskaMdha adhika prAcIna hai| isakI adhikAMza racanA gadyAtmaka hai, padya bIca bIca meM kahIM kahIM A jAte haiM / arddhamAgadhI-prAkRta bhASA kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie yaha racanA bar3I mahattvapUrNa hai| sAtaveM adhyayana kA nAma mahAparijJA to nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai, kintu usakA pATha upalabhya nahIM hai| upadhAna nAmaka navameM adhyayana meM mahAvIra kI tapasyA kA bar3A mArmika varNana pAyA jAtA hai| yahA~ unake lADha, vajrabhUmi aura zubhrabhUmi meM vihAra aura nAnA prakAra ke ghora upasarga sahana karane kA ullekha AyA hai / dvitIya zru taskaMdha meM zramaNa ke lie bhikSA mAMgane, AhAra-pAna-zuddhi, zayyA-saMstaraNa-grahaNa, vihAra, cAturmAsa, bhASA, vastra pAtrAdi upakaraNa, mala-mUtra-tyAga evaM vratoM va tatsambandhI bhAvanAoM ke svarUpoM va niyamopaniyamoM kA varNana huA hai /

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jaina sAhitya 2-sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagarDa)-yaha bhI do zru taskaMdhoM meM vibhakta hai, jinake punaH kramazaH 16 aura 7 adhyayana haiM / pahalA zra taskaMdha prAyaH padyamaya hai| kevala eka adhyayana meM gadya kA prayoga huA hai / dUsare zru taskaMdha meM gadya aura padya donoM pAye jAte haiN| isameM gAthA chanda ke atirikta anya chandoM kA bhI upayoga huA hai, jaise indravajrA, vaitAlika anuSTup Adi / grantha meM jainadarzana ke atirikta anya matoM va vAdoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai jaise kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda, jagatkartRtvavAda, Adi / muniyoM ko bhikSAcAra meM satarkatA, parISahoM kI sahanazIlatA, narakoM ke duHkha, uttama sAdhuoM ke lakSaNa, brAhmaNa, zramaNa, bhikSuka va nirgrantha Adi zabdoM kI vyutpatti bhale prakAra udAharaNoM va rUpakoM dvArA samajhAI gaI hai| dvitIya zru taskaMdha meM jIvazarIra meM ekatva, Izvara-kartRtva va niyativAda Adi matoM kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai / AhAra va bhikSA ke doSoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| prasaMgavaza bhaumotpAdAdi mahA-nimittoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / pratyAkhyAna kiyA batalAI gaI hai| pApa-puNya kA viveka kiyA gayA hai, evam gauzAlaka, zAkyabhikSu Adi tapasviyoM ke sAtha huA vAda vivAda aMkita hai / antima adhyayana nAlandIya nAmaka hai, kyoMki isameM nAlandA meM hue gautama gaNadhara aura pArzvanAtha ke ziSya udakapeThAlaputra kA vArtAlApa aura anta meM peThAlaputra dvArA cAturyAma ko tyAgakara paMca-mahAvrata svIkAra karane kA vRttAMta AyA hai / prAcIna matoM vAdoM, va dRSTiyoM ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha zrutA~ga bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI yaha vizeSa prAcIna siddha hotA hai / 3-sthAnAMga (ThANAMga)--yaha zrutA~ga dasa adhyayanoM meM vibhAjita hai, usameM sUtroM kI saMkhyA eka hajAra se Upara hai / isakI racanA pUrvokta do zrutAMgoM se bhinna prakAra kI hai| yahAM pratyeka adhyayana meM jaina siddhAMtAnusAra vastu-saMkhyA ginAI gaI hai| jaise prathama adhyayana meM batalAyA gayA hai-eka darzana, eka caritra eka samaya eka pradeza eka paramANu eka siddha Adi / usI prakAra dUsare adhyayana meM batalAyA gayA hai ki kriyAe~ do haiM, jIva kriyA aura ajIva kiyA / jIva kriyA punaH do prakAra kI hai, samyaktva kriyA aura mithyAtva kriyA / usI prakAra ajIva kriyA bhI do prakAra ko hai, iryApathika aura sAmparAyika, ityAdi / isI prakAra dasaveM adhyayana meM isI krama se vastubheda dasa taka gaye haiN| isa dRSTi se yaha zra tAMga pAli bauddha grantha aMguttara nikAya se tulanIya hai / yahA~ nAnA prakAra ke vastu-nirdeza apanI apanI daSTi se bar3e mahattvapUrNa haiM / yathAsthAna Rg, yajuH aura sAma, ye tIna veda batalAye gaye haiM, dharma, artha, aura kAma ye tIna prakAra

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama kI kathAeM batalAI gaI haiM / vRkSa bhI tIna prakAra ke haiM; patropeta, puSpopeta aura phalopeta / puruSa bhI nAnA dRSTiyoM se tIna-tIna prakAra ke haiM-jaise nAma puruSa, dravya puruSa aura bhAva puruSa athavA jJAnapuruSa, darzana puruSa aura caritrapuruSa; athavA uttamapuruSa, madhyamapuruSa aura jaghanyapuruSa / uttama bhI tIna prakAra ke haiM-dharma puruSa, moga puruSa aura karmapuruSa / arhanta dharmapuruSa haiM, cakravartI bhogapuruSa hai, aura vAsudeva karmapuruSa / dharma bhI tIna prakAra kA kahA gayA hai-zratadharma, caritra dharma aura astikAya dharma / cAra prakAra kI anta-kriyAe~ batalAI gaI haiM aura unake dRSTAnta-svarUpa bharata cakravartI, gajasukumAra, sanatkumAra aura marudevI ke nAma batalAye gaye haiN| prathama aura antima tIrthaMkaroM ko chor3a bIca ke 22 tIrthakara cAturyAma dharma ke prajJApaka kahe gaye haiN| AjIvikoM kA cAra prakAra kA tapa kahA gayA hai-ugratapa, ghoratapa, rasaniyUM yaNatA aura jihvendriya pratisalInatA zaravIra cAra prakAra ke batalAye gaye haiM, kSamAsUra, tapasUra, dAnazUra aura yuddhazUra AcArya vRkSoM ke samAna cAra prakAra ke batalAye gaye haiM aura unake lakSaNa mI cAra gAthAoM dvArA prakaTa kiye gaye haiN| koI prAcArya aura usakA ziSya parivAra donoM zAla vRkSa ke samAna mahAn aura sundara hote haiN| koI AcArya to zAlavRkSa ke samAna hote haiM, kintu unakA ziSya-samudAya eraMDa ke samAna hotA hai / kisI prAcArya kA ziSya-samudAya to zAlavRkSa ke samAna mahAna hotA hai kiMtu svayaM AcArya eraMDa ke samAna khokhalA; aura kahIM AcArya aura unakA ziSyasamudAya donoM eraMDa ke samAna khokhale hote haiM / saptasvaroM ke prasaMga se prAyaH gItizAstra kA pUrNa nirUpaNa A gayA hai| yahA~ bhaNiti bolI do prakAra kI kahI gaI hai-saskRta aura prAkRta / mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM hue bahurata prAdi sAta ninhavoM aura jAmAli Adi unake saMsthApaka AcAryoM evaM unake utpatti-sthAna zrAvastI Adi nagariyoM kA ullekha bhI AyA hai| mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM jina nau puruSoM ne tIrthaMkara gautra kA baMdha kiyA unake nAma isa prakAra haiM-zreNika, supArzva udAyI, proSThila, dar3hAyu, zaMkha, sajaga yA zataka (sayaya), sulasA aura revatI / isa prakAra isa zru tAMga meM nAnA prakAra kA viSaya-varNana prApta hotA hai, jo aneka daSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa haiM / 4- samavAyAMga-isa zru tAMga meM 275 sUtra haiM / anya koI skaMdha, adhyayana yA uddezaka Adi rUpa se vibhAjana nahIM hai| sthAnAMga ke anusAra yahA~ se krama se vastuoM kA nirdeza aura kahIM kahIM unake svarUpa va bhedopabhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, AtmA eka hai| loka eka hai; dharma adharma eka-eka haiM; ityAdi krama ke 2,3,4 vastuoM ko ginAte hue 178 veM sUtra meM 100 taka

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58 jaina sAhitya saMkhyA pahuMcI hai, jahAM batalAyA gayA hai ki zataviSA nakSatra meM 100 tAre haiM, pArzva arahaMta tathA sudharmAcArya kI pUrNAyu sau varSa kI thI ityAdi / isake pazcAt 200, 300 Adi krama se vastu-nirdeza Age bar3hA hai / aura yahAM kahA gayA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIna sau ziSya 14 pUrvo ke jJAtA the, aura 400 vAdI the / isI prakAra zatakrama se 161 veM sUtra para saMkhyA dasa sahastra para aura pahuMca gaI hai / tatpazcAt saMkhyA zatasahastra (lAkha) ke krama se bar3hI hai, jaise arahanta pAzvaM ke tIna zata-sahastra aura sattAIsa sahastra utkRSTa zrAvikA saMgha thA / isa prakAra 208 veM sUtrataka dazazata-sahastra para pahuMca kara Age koTi krama se kathana karate hue 210 veM sUtra meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara antima tIthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra varddhamAna taka kA antarakAla eka sAgaropama koTAkoTi nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt 211 veM se 227 veM sUtra taka AyA rAMga Adi bArahoM agoM ke vibhAjana aura viSaya kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai| yahA~ ina racanAoM ko dvAdazAMga gaNipiTaka kahA gayA hai / isake pazcAt jIvarAzi kA vivaraNa karate hue svarga aura naraka bhUmiyoM kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| 246 veM sUtra se anta ke 275 veM sUtra taka kulakaroM, tIrthaMkaroM cakravatiyoM tathA baladeva aura vAsudevoM evaM unake pratizatruoM (prativAsudevoM) kA unake pitA, mAtA, janmanagarI, dIkSAsthAna Adi nAmAvalI-krama se vivaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa bhAga ko hama saMkSipta meM jaina purANa kaha sakate haiN| vizeSa dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki sUtra kra. 132 meM uttama (zalAkA)puruSoM kI saMkhyA 54 nirdiSTa kI gaI hai, 63 nahIM arthAta nau prativAsudevoM ko zalAkA puruSoM meM sammilita nahIM kiyA gayA / 46 saMkhyA ke prasaMga meM dRSTivAda aMga ke mAtRkApadoM tathA brAhmI lipi ke 46 mAtRkA akSaroM kA ullekha huA hai| sUtra 124 se 130veM sUtra taka mohanIya karma ke 52 paryAyavAcI nAma ginAye gaye haiM, jaise krodha, kopa roSa, dveSa, akSama, saMjvalana , kalaha aadi| aneka sthAnoM (sU0 141 162) RSabha arahanta ko kosalIya vizeSaNa lagAyA gayA hai, jo unake kozala dezavAsI hone kA sacaka hai / isase mahAvIra ke sAtha jo anyatra 'vesAlIya' vizeSaNa lagA pAyA jAtA hai, unase unake vaizAlI ke nAgarika hone kI puSTi hotI hai / 150 ve sUtra meM lekha, gaNita, rUpa, nATya, gIta vAditra Adi bahatara kalAoM ke nAma nirdiSTa hue haiN| isa prakAra jaina siddhAMta va itihAsa kI paramparA ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha zru tA~ga mahatvapUrNa hai| adhikAMza racanA gadya rUpa hai, kintu bIca bIca meM nAmAvaliyAM va anya vivaraNa gAthAoM dvArA bhI prastuta hue haiN|

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama 56 5-bhagavatI vyAkhyA prajJapti (viyAha-paNNanti)-ise saMkSepa meM kevala bhagavatI nAma se bhI ullikhita kiyA jAtA hai| isameM 41 zataka haiM aura pratyeka zataka aneka uddezakoM meM vibhAjita hai| Adi ke pATha zataka, tathA 12-14, tathA 18-20 ye 14 zataka 10, 10 uddezakoM meM vibhAjita haiN| zeSa zatakoM meM uddezakoM meM saMkhyA hInAdhika pAI jAtI hai| pandrahava zataka meM uddezaka bheda nahIM hai| yahA~ maMkhaligozAla kA caritra eka svatantra grantha jaisA pratIta hotA hai / kahIM kahIM uddezaka saMkhyA vizeSa prakAra ke vibhAgAnusAra guNita krama se batalAI gaI hai; jaise 41 veM zataka meM 28 prakAra kI prarUpaNA ke guNA mAtra se uddezakoM kI saMkhyA 166 ho gaI hai| 33 veM zataka meM 12 avAntara zataka haiM, jinameM prathama ATha, gyAraha ke guNita krama se 88 uddezakoM meM evaM antima cAra, nau uddezakoM ke guNita krama se 36 hokara sampUrNa uddezakoM kI saMkhyA 124 ho gaI hai / isa samasta racanA kA sUtra-krama se hI vibhAjana pAyA jAtA hai, jisake anusAra kula sUtroM kI saMkhyA 867 hai| isa prakAra yaha anya zrutAMgoM kI apekSA bahuta vizAla hai / isakI varNana zailI praznottara rUpa meM hai| gautama gaNadhara jijJAsA-bhAva se prazna karate haiM, aura svayaM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra uttara dete haiN| TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne ina praznottaroM kI saMkhyA 36000 batalAI hai| praznottara kahIM bahuta choTe choTe haiM / jaise bhagavan jJAna kA kyA phala hai ?--vijJAna / vijJAna kA kyA phala hai ? pratyAkhyAna / pratyAkhyAna kA phala kyA hai ? saMyama; ityAdi / aura kahIM aise bar3e ki prAyaH eka hI prazna ke uttara meM maMkhaligozAla ke caritra sambandhI pandrahavAM zataka hI pUrA ho gayA hai| ina praznottaroM meM jaina siddhAnta va itihAsa tathA anya sAmayika ghaTanAoM va vyaktiyoM kA itanA vizAla saMkalana ho gayA hai ki isa racanA ko prAcIna jaina-koSa hI kahA jAya to anucita nahIM / sthAnasthAna para vivaraNa anya granthoM, jaise paNNavaNA, jIvAbhigama, uvavAiya, rAyapaseNijja, NaMdI Adi kA ullekha karake saMkSipta kara diyA gayA hai, aura isa prakAra uddezaka ke uddezaka bhI samApta kara diye gaye haiN| ye ullikhita racanAyeM nizcaya hI gyAraha zrutAMgoM se pazcAta-kAlIna haiN| naMdIsUtra to vallabhI bAcanA ke nAyaka devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI hI racanA mAnI jAtI hai / usakA bhI isa grantha meM ullekha hone se, tathA yahAM ke viSaya-vivaraNa ko use dekhakara pUrNa kara lene kI sUcanA se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki isa zrutAMga ko apanA vartamAna rUpa, naMdIsUtra kI racanA ke pazcAt arthAt vIra0 nirvANa se lagabhaga 1000 varSa pazcAt prApta huA hai| yahI bAta prAyaH anya zrutAgoM ke sambandha meM bhI ghaTita hotI hai / tathApi isameM sandeha nahIM ki viSaya-varNana prAcIna hai,

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jaina sAhitya aura AcArya paramparAgata hai / isameM hameM mahAvIra ke jIvana ke atirikta unake aneka ziSyoM gRhastha-anuyAyiyoM tathA anya taurthakoM kA paricaya milatA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai / AjIvaka sampradAya ke saMsthApaka maMkhaligozAla ke jIvana kA jitanA vistRta paricaya yahAM milatA hai, utanA anyatra kahIM nahIM / sthAna-sthAna para pAzrvApatyoM arthAt pArzvanAtha ke anuyAiyoM, tathA unake dvArA mAnya cAturyAma dharma ke ullekha milate haiM, jinase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM yaha nirgrantha sampradAya svataMtra rUpa se pracalita thA / usakA mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita paMcamahAvrata rUpa dharma se bar3A ghaniSTha sambandha thA, evaM usakA kramazaH mahAvIra ke sampradAya meM samAveza honA prArambha ho gayA thA / aitihAsika va rAjanaitika dRSTi se sAtaveM zataka meM ullikhita, vaizAlI meM hue mahAzilAkaNTaka saMgrAma tathA ratha- musala saMgrAma, ina do mahAyuddhoM kA varNana apUrva hai / kahA gayA hai ki ina yuddhoM meM eka aura vajjI evaM videhaputra the, aura dUsarI ora nau mallakI nau licchavI, kAzI, kauzala evaM aThAraha gaNarAjA the / ina yuddhoM meM vajjI, videhaputra kuNika ( ajAtazatru) kI vijaya huI | prathama yuddha meM 84 aura dUsare yuddha meM 66 lAkha loga mAre gaye / 21, 22 aura 23 veM zataka banaspati zAstra ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bar3e mahatvapUrNa haiM / yahA~ nAnAprakAra se banaspati kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai; evaM unake kaMda, mUla, skandha, tvacA, zAkhA, pravAla, patra, puSpa, phala aura bIja ke saMjIvatva, nirjIvatva kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 60 6 - jJAtRdharma kathA (nAyAdhammakahAo ) - yaha Agama do zrutaskaMdhoM meM vibhAjita haiM / prathama zrutaskaMdha meM 16 adhyAya haiM / isake nAma kI sArthakatA do prakAra se samajhAI jAtI hai / eka to saMskRta rUpAntara jJAtRdharmakathA ke anusAra, jisase pragaTa hotA hai ki zrutAMga meM jJAtR arthAt jJAtRputra mahAvIra ke dvArA upadiSTa dharmakathAoM kA prarUpaNa hai / dUsarA saMskRta rUpAntara nyAyadharmakathA mI sambhava hai, jisake anusAra isameM nyAyoM arthAt jJAna va nIti saMbaMdhI sAmAnya niyamoM aura unake dRSTAntoM dvArA samajhAne vAlI kathAoM kA samAveza hai | racanA ke svarUpa ko dekhate hue yaha dvitIya saMskRta rUpAntara hI ucita pratIta hotA hai, yadyapi pracalita nAma jJAtRdharmakathA pAyA jAtA hai / adhyayana meM rAjagRha ke nareza zreNika ke dhAriNI devI se utpanna rAjaputra meghakumAra kA kathAnaka hai / jaba rAjakumAra vaibhavAnusAra bAlakapana ko vyatIta kara va samasta vidyAoM aura kalAoM ko sIkhakara yuvAvasthA ko prApta huA, taba usakA aneka rAjakanyAoM se vivAha ho gayA / eka bAra mahAvIra ke upadeza prathama

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halings angr ardhamAgadhI jainAgama 61 ko sunakara meghakumAra ko munidIkSA dhAraNa karane kI icchA huI / mAtA ne bahuta kucha samajhAyA, kintu rAjakumAra nahIM mAnA aura usane pravrajyA grahaNa karalI / muni-dharmaM pAlana karate hue ekabAra usake hRdaya meM kucha kSobha utpanna huA, aura use pratIta huA jaise mAnoM usane rAjya chor3a, muni dIkSA lekara bhUla kI hai / kintu jaba mahAvIra ne usake pUrva janma kA vRtAnta sunAkara samajhAyA, taba usakA citta punaH munidhamaM meM dRr3ha ho gayA / isI prakAra anya anya adhyayanoM meM bhinna bhinna kathAnaka tathA unake dvArA tapa tyAga va saMyama saMbaMdhI kisI nIti va nyAya kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / AThaveM adhyayana meM videha rAjakanyA malli evaM solahaveM adhyayana ke dropadI ke pUrva janma kI kathA vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai | vratakathAoM meM supracalita sugaMdha dazamI kathA kA mUlAdhAra dropadI ke pUrvabhava meM nAgazrI va sukumAliyA kA caritra siddha hotA hai / dvitIya zrutaskaMdha daza vargoM meM vibhAjita hai, aura pratyeka varga punaH aneka adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai / ina vargoM meM prAyaH svargoM ke indroM jaise camarendra, asurendra vANavyaMtarendra, candra, sUrya, zakra va IzAna kI agramahiSI rUpa se utpanna hone vAlI puNyazAlI striyoM kI kathAe~ hai / tIsare varga meM devakI ke putra gajasukumAla kA kathAnaka vizeSa ullekhanIya hai, kyoMki yaha kathAnaka pIche ke jaina sAhitya meM pallavita hokara avatarita huA hai / yahI kathAnaka hameM pAli mahAvagga meM yasa pabbajjA ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / 7 - upAsakAdhyayana (uvAsagadasAo ) - isa zrutAMga meM, jaisA nAma meM hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai, daza adhyayana haiM; aura unameM kramaza: Ananda, kAmadeva, culanIpriya, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuMDakoliya, saddAlaputra, mahAzataka, naMdinIpriya aura sAlihIpriya ina dasa upAsakoM ke kathAnaka haiM / ina kathAnakoM ke dvArA jaina gRhasthoM ke dhArmika niyama samajhAye gaye haiM / aura yaha bhI batalAyA gayA hai ki upAsakoM ko apane dharma ke paripAlana meM kaise kaise vighnoM aura pralobhanoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai / prathama Ananda adhyayana meM pAMca atuvratoM, tIna guNavratoM aura cAra zikSAvratoM- ina bAraha vratoM tathA unake aticAroM kA svarUpa vistAra se samajhAyA gayA hai / inakA vidhivat pAlana vANijya grAma ke jaina gRhastha AnaMda ne kiyA thA / Ananda bar3A dhanI gRhastha thA, jisakI dhanya-dhAnya sampatti karor3oM svarNa mudrAoM kI thI / AnaMda ne svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra se gRhastha-vrata lekara apane samasta parigraha aura bhogopabhoga ke pariNAma ko sImita kiyA thA / usane kramazaH apanI dharmasAdhanA ko bar3hAkara bIsa varSa meM itanA avadhijJAna prApta kiyA thA ki usake viSaya meM gautama gaNa

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jaina sAhitya dhara ko kucha zaMkA huI, jisakA nirAkaraNa svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kiyaa| isa kathAnaka ke anusAra vANijya grAma aura kollAga sanniveza pAsa-pAsa the| kollAga sanniveza meM jJAtRkula kI prauSadhazAlA thI, jahAM kA kolAhala vANijya grAma taka sunAI par3atA thA / vaizAlI ke samIpa jo baniyA aura kolhuA nAmaka vartamAna grAma haiM, ve hI prAcIna vANijya grAma aura kollAga saniveza siddha hote haiN| agale cAra adhyayanoM meM dharma ke paripAlana meM bAhara se kaisIkaisI vighnabAdhAe~ AtI haiM, inake udAharaNa upasthita kiye gaye haiN| dvitIya adhyayana meM eka mithyAdRSTi deva ne pizAca Adi nAnA rUpa dhAraNa kara, kAmadeva upAsaka ko apanI sAdhanA chor3a dene ke liye kitanA DarAyA dhamakAyA, isakA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| aisA hI citraNa tIsare, cauthe aura pAMcaveM adhyayanoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / chaThaveM adhyayana meM upAsaka ke sammukha gosAla maMkhaliputra ke siddhAntoM kA eka deva ke vyAkhyAna dvArA usakI dhArmika zraddhA ko DigAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / kintu vaha apane zraddhAna meM dRr3ha rahatA hai tathA apane pratyuttaroM dvArA pratipakSI ko parAsta kara detA hai| isa samAcAra ko jAnakara mahAvIra ne usakI prazaMsA kii| ukta prasaMga meM gosAla maMkhaliputra ke niyativAdakA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / sAtaveM adhyayana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra AjIvaka sampradAya ke upAsaka saddAlaputra ko sambodhana kara apanA anugAmI banA lete haiN| (yahAM mahAvIra ko unake vividha mahApravRttiyoM ke kAraNa mahAbrAhmaNa, mahAgopa mahAsArthavAha, mahAdharmakathika, va mahAniryApaka upAdhiyA~ dI gaI haiN)| tatpazcAt usake sammukha pUrvokta prakAra kA devI upasarga utpanna hotA hai, kintu vaha apane zraddhAna meM aDiga banA rahatA hai, aura anta taka dharma pAlana kara svargagAmI hotA hai| AThaveM adhyayana meM upAsaka ko usakI adhArmika va mAMsalolupI patnI dvArA dharma-bAdhA pahuMcAI jAtI hai / anta ke kathAnaka bahuta saMkSepa meM zAMtipUrvaka dharmapAlana ke udAharaNa rUpa kahe gaye haiN| grantha ke anta kI bAraha gAthAoM meM ukta dasoM kathAnakoM ke nagara Adi ke ullekhoM dvArA sAra pragaTa kara diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha zrRtAMga AcArAMga kA paripUraka hai, kyoMki AcArAMga meM munidharma kA aura isameM gRhastha dharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| Ananda Adi mahAsampattivAn gRhasthoM kA jIvana kaisA thA, isakA paricaya isa grantha se bhalIbhAMti prApta hotA hai| -antakRdazA-(aMtagaDadasAo)-isa zrutAMga meM ATha varga haiM, jo kramazaH 10, 8, 13, 10, 10, 16, 13, aura 10 adhyayanoM meM vibhAjita haiM / inameM aise mahApuruSoM ke kathAnaka upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jinhoMne

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ardhamAgadhI jainAMgama mahApuruSoM ke kathAnaka upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jinhoMne ghora tapasyA kara anta meM nirvANa prApta kiyA, aura isI ke kAraNa ve antakRt khlaaye| yahAM koI kathAnaka apane rUpa meM pUrNatA se varNita nahIM pAyA jaataa| adhikAMza varNana anyatra ke varNanAnusAra pUrA kara lene kI sUcanA mAtra karadI gaI hai| udAharaNArtha, prathama adhyayana meM gautama kA kathAnaka dvArAvatI nagarI ke rAjA aMdhaka. vRSNi kI rAnI dhAraNI devI kI suptAvasthA taka varNana kara, kaha diyA gayA hai ki yahAM svapna darzana, putra-janma, usakA bAlakapana, kalA-grahaNa, yauvana, pANigrahaNa, vivAha, prasAda aura bhogoM kA varNana jisa prakAra mahAbala kI kathA meM anyatra (bhagavatI meM) kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra yahAM kara lenA cAhiye / Age to adhyayana ke adhyayana kevala AkhyAna ke nAyaka yA nAyikA kA nAmollekha mAtra karake zeSa samasta varNana anya AkhyAna dvArA pUrA kara lene kI sUcanA dekara samApta kara diye gaye haiN| isa zra tAMga ke nAma para se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isameM uvAsagadAsAo ke samAna mUlataH dasa hI adhyAya rahe hoMge / pazcAt pallavita hokara grantha ko usakA vartamAna rUpa prApta huaa| 9 : anuttaropapAtika dazA (aNuttarovAiya dasAo) - isa zra tAMga meM kucha aise mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNita hai, jinhoMne apanI dharma-sAdhanA ke dvArA maraNakara una anuttara svarga vimAnoM meM janma liyA jahAM se punaH kevala eka bAra hI manuSya yoni meM Ane se mokSa kI prApti ho jAtI hai| yaha zra tAMga tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama varga meM 10 dvitIya meM 13 va tRtIya meM 10 adhyayana hai| kintu inameM caritroM kA ullekha kevala sUcanA mAtra se kara diyA gayA hai / kevala prathama varga meM dhAraNIputra jAlI tathA tIsare meM bhadrAputra dhanya kA caritra kucha vistAra se varNita hai / ullakhita 33 anuttaravimAnagAmI puruSoM meM se prathama 23 rAjA zreNika kI dhAraNI, celanA va naMdA, ina tIna rAniyoM se utpanna kahe gaye haiM / aura anta ke dhanya Adi dasa kAkandI nagarI kI sArthavAhI bhadrA ke putra / tIsare varga ke prathama adhyayana meM dhanya kI kaThora tapasyA aura usake kAraNa usake aMga pratyaMgoM kI kSINatA kA bar3A mArmika aura vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha varNana pAli graMthoM meM buddha kI tapa se utpanna dehabhINatA kA smaraNa karAtA hai| 10 prazna vyAkaraNa (paNha-vAgaraNa)--yaha zrutAMga do khaDoM meM vibhAjita hai / prathama khaMDa meM pAMca AsravadvAroM kA varNana hai, aura dUsare meM pAMca saMvaradvAroM kA pAMca AsravadvAroM meM hiMsAdi pA~ca pApoM kA vivecana hai, aura saMvaradvAroM meM unhIM ke niSedha rUpa ahiMsAdi vratoM kaa| isa prakAra isameM ukta vratoM kA suvyavasthita

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jaina sAhitya varNana pAyA jAtA hai| kintu isa viSaya-vaNana se zrutAMga ke nAma kI sArthakatA kA koI patA nahIM cltaa| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga tathA nandIsUtra meM jo isa zrutAMga kA viSaya-paricaya diyA gayA hai, usase pratIta hotA hai ki mUlataH isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya sammata nAnA vidyAoM va maMtroM Adi kA praznottara rUpa se vivecana kiyA gayA thA, kintu yaha viSaya prastuta grantha meM aba prApta nahIM hotaa| 11 : vipAka sUtra (vivAga surya) - isa zrutAMga meM do zrutaskaMdha haiM, pahalA duHkha-vipAka viSayaka aura dUsarA sukha-vipAka viSayaka / prathama zruta-skaMdha dUsare kI apekSA bahuta bar3A hai / pratyeka meM dasa-dasa adhyayana hai, jinameM kramazaH jIva ke karmAnusAra duHkha aura sukha rUpa karmaphaloM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / karma-siddhAnta jaina dharma kA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| usake udAharaNoM ke liye yaha grantha bahuta upayogI hai / yahA~ lakar3I Tekakara calate hue va bhikSA mAMgate hue kahIM eka andhe manuSya kA darzana hogA, kahIM zvAsa, kapha, bhagaMdara, aSaM, khAja, yakSmA va kuSTa Adi se pIr3ita manuSyoM ke darzana hoNge| nAnA vyAdhiyoM ke auSadhiupacAra kA vivaraNa bhI milatA hai| garbhiNI striyoM ke dohale, bhrUNa-hatyA, narabali, krUra amAnuSika daDa vezyAoM ke pralobhanoM, nAnA prakAra ke mAMsa saMskAroM, pakAne kI vidhi Adi ke varNana bhI yahA~ milate haiN| unake dvArA hameM prAcIna kAla kI nAnA sAmAjika vidhiyoM, mAnyatAoM evaM andhavizvAsoM kA acchA paricaya prApta hotA haiN| isa prakAra sAmAjika adhyayana ke liye yaha zrutAMga mahatvapUrNa hai| 12 dRSTivAda (vidvivAda) - yaha zrutAMga aba nahIM milatA / samavAyAMga ke anusAra isake pAMca vibhAga the-parikarma, sUtra, pUrvaMgata, anuyoga aura cUlikA / ina pAMcoM ke nAnA bheda-prabhedoM ke ullekha pAye jAte haiM / jina para vicAra karane se pratIta hotA hai ki parikarma ke antargata lipi-vijJAna aura gaNita kA . vivaraNa thA / sUtra ke antargata chinna-cheda naya, achinna-cheda naya, trika naya, va caturnaya kI paripATiyoM kA vivaraNa thaa| chinna cheda va caturnaya paripATiyAM nirgranthoM kI evaM achinna cheda naya aura trika naya paripATiyA~ AjIvikoM kI thiiN| pIche ina sabakA samAveza jaina nayavAda meM ho gyaa| duSTivAda kA pUrvagata vibhAga sabase adhika vizAla aura mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| isake antargata utpAda, AgrAyaNI, vIryapravAda Adi ke 14 pUrva the jinakA paricaya Upara karAyA jA cukA hai| anuyoga nAmaka dRSTivAda ke caturtha bheda ke malaprathamAnuyoga aura gaMDikAnuyoga-ye do meda batalAye gaye haiN| prathama meM arahantoM ke garma, janma, tapa

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama jJAna aura nirvANa saMbaMdhI itivasta samAviSTa kiyA gayA thA, aura dUsare meM kulakara, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva Adi anya mahApuruSoM ke caritra kA / isaprakAra anuyoga ko prAcIna jaina purANa kahA jA sakatA hai / diga0 jaina paramparA meM isa bheda kA sAmAnya nAma prathamAnuyoga pAyA jAtA hai / paMcama bheda cUlikA ke saMbaMdha meM samavAyAMga meM kevala yaha sUcanA pAI jAtI hai ki prathama cAra pUrvo kI jo cUlikAe~ ginAI gaI haiM, ve hI yahA~ samAviSTa samajhanA caahiye| kintu diga0 paramparA meM cUlikA ke pAMca bheda ginAye gaye haiM, jinake nAma haiM - jalagata, sthalagata, mAyAgata, rUpagata aura AkAzagata ina nAmoM para se pratIta hotA hai ki unakA viSaya indrajAla aura mantra -tantrAtmaka thA, jo jaina dharma kI tAttvika aura samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se Age svabhAvataH adhika kAla taka nahIM Tika skaa| upAMga-12 upayukta zrutAMgoM ke atirikta vallamI vAcanA dvArA 12 upAMgoM, 6 cheda sUtroM 4 mUla sUtroM, 10 prakIrNakoM aura 2 cUlikA sUtroM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA gayA thaa| (1) prathama upAMga aupapAtika meM nAnA vicAroM, bhAvanAoM aura sAdhanAoM se marane vAle jIvoM kA punarjanma kisa prakAra hotA hai, isakA udAharaNoM sahita vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai / isa grantha kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki yahA~ nagaroM, caityoM, rAjAoM va rAniyoM Adi ke varNana sampUrNa rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM, jinakA varNana anya zrutAMgoM meM isI grantha kA ullekha dekara chor3a diyA jAtA (2) dUsare upAMga kA nAma 'rAya-paseNiyaM' hai, jisakA saM0 rUpAntara 'rAjapraznIya' kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki isakA mukhya viSaya rAjA paesI (pradezI) dvArA kiye gaye praznoM kA kezI muni dvArA samAdhAna hai / prAzcarya nahIM jo isa grantha kA yathArtha nAyaka kozala kA itihAsa-prasiddha rAjA paseMDI (saM0 prasenajit) rahA ho, jisake anusAra grantha ke nAma kA ThIka saM0 rUpAntara "rAja-prasenajit sUtra' honA cAhiye / isake prathama bhAga meM to sUryAbhadeva kA varNana hai, aura dUsare bhAga meM isa deva ke pUrva janma kA vRttAnta hai, jabaki sUryAbha kA jIva rAjA pradezI ke rUpa meM pAzrvanAtha kI paramparA ke muni kezI se milA thA, aura unase AtmA kI sattA va usake svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM nAnA prakAra se apane bhautika vAda kI dRSTi se prazna kiye the / anta meM kezI muni ke upadeza se vaha samyagdRSTi bana gayA aura usI ke prabhAva se dUsare janma meM mahAsamRddhizAlI sUryAbhadeva huA / yaha grantha jar3avAda aura adhyAtmavAda kI prAcIna paramparAoM ke adhyayana ke liye to mahatvapUrNa hai hI, sAtha hI sAhityika dRSTi se bhI yaha racanA sundara hai|

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jaina sAhitya (3) tIsare upAMga jIvAjIvAbhigama meM 20 uddezya the, kintu upalabhya saMskaraNa meM nau pratipattiyA~ (prakaraNa) haiM, jinake bhItara 272 sUtra haiM isameM nAmAnusAra jIva aura ajIva ke bheda-prabhedoM kA vivaraNa mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca praznottara rUpa se upasthita kiyA gayA hai| tIsarI pratipatti meM dvIpa sAgaroM kA vistAra se varNana pAyA jAtA hai / yahA~ prasaMgavaza lokotsavoM, yAnoM, alaMkAroM va miSTAnnoM Adi ke ullekha bhI Aye haiM, jo prAcIna loka-jIvana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| (4) cauthe upAMga prajJApanA (paNNavaNA) meM chattIsa pada (pariccheda)haiM, jinameM kramazaH jIva se sabaMdha rakhanevAle prajJApanA, sthAna, bahu vaktavya, sthiti evaM kaSAya, indriya, lezyA, karma, upayoga, vedanA, samudghAta Adi viSayoM kA prarU. paNa hai / jaina darzana kI dRSTi se yaha racanA bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai / jo sthAna aMgoM meM bhagavatI sUtra ko prApta hai, vahI upAMgoM meM isa sUtra ko diyA jA sakatA hai, aura use bhI usI ke anusAra jaina siddhAnta kA jJAna koSa kahA jA sakatA hai| isa racanA meM isake kartA Arya zyAma kA bhI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, jinakA samaya sudharma svAmI se 23 vIM pIr3hI vIra ni0 ke 376 varSa pazcAt arthAt I0 pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI siddha hotA hai| (5) pAMcavA upAMga sUrya prajApti (sUriyapaNNati) meM 20 pAhuDa haiM, jinake antargata 108 sUtroM meM sUrya tathA candra va nakSatroM kI gatiyoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya jyotiSa saMbaMdhI mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana ke liye yaha racanA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| (7) chaThA upAMga jambUdvIpa-prajJapti (jambUdIvapaNNa tti hai| isake do vibhAga haiM, pUrvAddha aura uttarArddha / prathama bhAga ke cAra vakkhakAroM (paricchedoM) meM jambUdvIpa aura bharata kSetra tathA usake parvatoM, nadiyoM Adi kA evaM utsarpiNI va aksarpiNI kAla-vibhAgoM kA tathA kulakaroM, tIrthaMkaroM aura cakravartI Adi kA varNana hai| (7) sAtavA~ upAMga candraprajJapti (caMdapaNNatti) apane viSaya-vibhAjana va pratipAdana meM sUryaprajJapti se abhinna hai / mUlataH ye donoM avazya apane-apane viSaya meM bhinna rahe hoMge, kintu unakA mizraNa hokara ve prAyaH eka se ho gaye haiN| (8)AThaveM upAMga kalpikA(kapyiyA) meM 10 adhyayana haiM jinameM kuNika ajAtazatru ke apane pitA zreNika bibisAra ko baMdIgRha meM DAlane, zreNika kI AtmahatyA tathA kuNika kA vaizAlI naregA ceTaka ke sAtha yuddha kA varNana hai, jinase magadha ke prAcIna itihAsa para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai| .

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama 67 (9) nauveM upAMga kalpAvataMsIkA (kaSpAvaDaMsiyAo) meM zreNika ke dasa pautroM kI kathAeM haiM, jo apane satkarmoM dvArA svargagAmI hue| (10-11) dasaveM va gyArahaveM upAMga puSpikA (pupphiyAo) aura puSpacUlA (pupphacUlAoM) meM 10-10 adhyayana haiM, jinameM aise puruSa-striyoM kI kathAe~ haiM jo dhArmika sAdhanAoM dvArA svargagAmI hue, aura devatA hokara apane vimAnoM dvArA mahAvIra kI vaMdanA karane Aye / (12) bAharaveM aMtima upAMga vRSNIdazA (vaNhidasA) meM bAraha adhya. yana haiM, jinameM dvArAvatI (dvArikA) ke rAjA kRSNa vAsudeva kA bAIsaveM tIryakara ariSTanemi ke raivataka parvata para vihAra kA evaM vRSNi vaMzIya bAraha rAjakumAroM ke dIkSita hone kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / ATha se bAraha taka ke pA~ca upAMga sAmUhika rUpa se nIrayAvaliyAoM bhI kahalAte haiM, aura unameM unheM upAMga nAma se nirdiSTa bhI kiyA gayA hai / Azcarya nahIM jo Adita: ye hI pA~ca upAMga rahe hoM aura ve apane viSayAnusAra aMgoM se sambaddha hoN| pIche dvAdazAMga kI dekhAdekhI upA~goM kI saMkhyA bAraha taka pahu~cA dI gaI ho| chedasUtra-6 chaha cheda sUtroM ke nAma kramazaH (1) nizItha, (nisIha)(2) mahAnizItha (mahAnisIha) (3) vyavahAra (vivahAra) (4) AcAradazA (AcAradasA) (5) kalpasUtra (kappasUtta) aura (6) paMcakalpa (paMcakappa) yA jItakalpa (jItakappa) haiM, jinameM bar3e vistAra ke sAtha jaina muniyoM kI bAhya aura Abhyantara sAdhanAoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai, aura vizeSa niyamoM ke bhaMga hone para samucita prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, prasaMgavaza yahA~ nAnA tIrthaMkaroM va gaNadharoM sambandhI ghaTanAoM ke ullekha bhI Aye haiM / ina racanAoM meM kalpasUtra vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha hai, aura sAdhuoM meM usake paThana-pAThana kI paramparA Aja taka vizeSa rUpa se supracalita hai / muniyoM ke vaiyaktika va sAmUhika jIvana aura usakI samasyAoM kA samucita jJAna prApta karane ke liye ye racanAe~ bar3e mahatva kI haiN|

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68 mUlasUtra- -4 cAra mUla sUtroM ke nAma haiM- uttarAdhyayana ( uttarajjhayaNa), Avazyaka ( Avasya) dazavekAlika (dasaveyAliya) aura piMDaniyukti (piMDa nnijjutti)| ye cAroM sUtra muniyoM ke adhyayana zraura cintana ke liye vizeSa rUpa se mahatvapUrNa mAne gaye haiM, kyoMki unameM jaina dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM, vicAroM va bhAvanAoM aura sAdhanAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / Avazyaka sUtra meM sAdhunoM kI chaha nityakriyAoM arthAta sAmAyika, caturviMzati- stava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsagaM aura pratyAkhyAna kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai / piMDaniyukti meM apane nAmAnusAra fus zrarthAt muni ke grahaNa yogya AhAra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isameM ATha adhikAra haiM- udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA, saMyojanA, pramANa, aMgAra, dhUma aura kAraNa, jinake dvArA AhAra meM utpanna hone vAle doSoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, aura unake sAdhu dvArA nivAraNa kiye jAne para jora diyA gayA hai / niryukti AgamoM para sabase prAcIna TIkAoM se kahate haiM, aura inake karttA bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiM / piMDa niyukti yathArthataH dazavaikAlika ke aMtargata piMDa eSaNA nAmaka pAMcave adhyayana kI isI prakAra kI prAcIna TIkA hai, jise apane viSaya ke mahatva va vistAra ke kAraNa Agama meM eka svataMtra sthAna prApta huA hai / zeSa do mUlasUtra arthAt uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika vizeSa mahatvapUrNa, supracalita aura lokapriya racanAyeM haiM, jo bhASA, sAhitya evaM siddhAnta, tInoM dRSTiyoM se apanI vizeSatA rakhatI haiM / uttarAdhyayana meM 36 adhyayana haiM / paramparAnusAra mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke uttarakAla meM nirvANa se pUrva ye upadeza diye the / ina chattIsa adhyayanoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai eka saiddhAntika, dUsarA naitika va subhASitAtmaka, aura tIsarA kathAtmaka / ina tInoM prakAra ke viSayoM kA pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM khUba anukaraNa va TIkAoM Adi dvArA khUba pahalavana kiyA gayA hai dazakAlika sUtra meM bAraha adhyayana haiM, jinameM vizeSataH muni AcAra kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / ye donoM racanAeM bahulatA se padyAtmaka haiM, aura subhASitoM, nyAyoM va rUpakoM se bharapUra haiN| inakI bhASA AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke sadRza apekSAkRta adhika prAcIna siddha hotI hai / ina donoM sUtroM kA ullekha diga0 zAstroM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / jaina sAhitya prakIrNaka- - 10 dasapaiNNA - nAmaka granthoM kI racanA ke sambandha meM TIkAkAroM ne kahA haiM ki tIrthaMkara dvArA diye gaye upadeza ke AdhAra para nAnA zramaNoM dvArA jo grantha

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama 66 likhe gaye, ve prakIrNaka kahalAye / aise prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA sahastroM batalAI jAtI hai, kintu jina racanAoM ko vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya Agama ke bhItara svIkRta kiyA gayA ve dasa haiM, jinake nAma haiM--(1) catuHzaraNa (causaraNa), (2) prAtura-pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa),(3) mahApratyAkhyAna(mahA-paccakkhANa) (4) bhaktaparijJA, (bhattapaiNNA) (5) taMdulavaicArika (taMdulaveyAliya, (6) saMstAraka (saMthAraga), (7) gacchAcAra (gacchAyAra),(8) gaNividyA (gaNivijjA), (6) devendrastava (deviMdratha) aura (10) maraNasamAdhI (mrnnsmaahi)| ye racanAyeM prAyaH padyAtmaka haiN| (1) catuHzaraNa meM prAraMbha meM chaH AvazyakoM kA ullekha karake pazcAt arahaMta, siddha, sAdhu aura jinadharma ina cAra ko zaraNa mAnakara duSkRta (pApa) ke prati niMdA aura sukRta (puNya) ke prati anurAga pragaTa kiyA gayA hai / isa meM tresaTha gAthAe~ mAtra haiM / aMtima gAthA meM kartA kA kA nAma vIrabhadra aMkita pAyA jAtA hai / (2)prAtura pratyAkhyAna meM bAlamaraNa aura paMDitamaraNa meM bheda sthApita kiyA gayA hai, aura pratyAkhyAna arthAt parityAga ko mokSaprApti kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai / isameM kevala 70 gAthAeM haiM, aura aMza gadya meM bhI hai| (3) mahApratyAkhyAna meM 142 anuSTup chaMdamaya gAthAoM dvArA duScaritra kI niMdApUrvaka, saccaritrAtmaka bhAvanAoM, vratoM va ArAdhanAoM aura antataH pratyAkhyAna ke paripAlana para jora diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra yaha racanA pUrvovata AturapratyAkhyAna kI hI pUraka svarUpa hai| (4) bhakta-parijJA meM 172 gAthAoM dvArA bhakta-parijJA iMginI aura pAdopagamana rUpa maraNa ke bhedoM kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai, tathA nAnA dRSTAntoM dvArA mana ko saMyata rakhane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / mana ko bandara kI upamA dI gaI hai, jo svabhAvataH atyanta caMcala hai aura kSaNamAtra bhI zAMta nahIM rhtaa| (5)taMdulavaicArika yA vaikAlika 123 gAthAoM yukta gadya-padya mizrita racanA hai, jisameM gautama aura mahAvIra ke bIca praznottaroM ke rUpa meM jIva kI garbhAvasthA, AhAra-vidhi, bAlajIvana-krIr3A Adi avasthAoM kA varNana hai / prasaMga vaza isameM zarIra ke aMga pratyaMgoM kA va usakI apavitratA kA, striyoM kI prakRti aura unase utpanna hone vAle sAdhuoM ke bhayoM Adi kA vistAra se varNana hai / (6) saMstAraka meM 122 gAthAoM dvArA sAdhu ke anta samaya meM tRNa kA Asana (saMthArA) grahaNa karane kI vidhi batalAI gaI hai, jisa para avicala rUpa se sthira rahakara vaha paMDita-maraNa karake sadgati ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isa prasaMga ke dRSTAta svarUpa subaMdhu va cANakya Adi nAmoM kA ullekha huA hai| (7) gacchAcAra meM 137 gAthAoM dvArA muniyoM va AryikAoM ke gaccha meM rahane va tatsaMbaMdhI vinaya va niyamopaniyamoM ke pAlana kI vidhi samajhAI gaI hai / yahAM muniyoM aura sAdhviyoM ko eka dUsare prati paryApta satarka rahane

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70 jaina sAhitya aura apane ko kAmavAsanA kI jAgRti se bacAne para jora diyA gayA hai| (8) gaNi vidyA meM 86 gAthAoM dvArA divasa, tithi, nakSatra, yoga, karaNa, muhUrta Adi kA jyotiSa kI rIti se vicAra kiyA gayA haiM jisameM horA zabda bhI AyA hai (8) devendrastava meM 307 gAthAeM haiM, jinameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karake, stutikAra eka prazna ke uttara meM kalpoM aura kalpAtIta devoM kA varNana karatA hai / yaha kRti bhI vIrabhadra kRta mAnI jAtI hai| (10) maraNa-samAdhi meM 663 gAthAeM haiM, jinameM ArAdhanA, ArAdhaka, Alocana, saMlekhana, kSamApana Adi 14 dvAroM se samAdhi-maraNa kI vidhi samajhAI gaI hai, va nAnA dRSTAntoM dvArA parISaha sahana karane kI AvazyakatA batalAI gaI hai / anta meM bAraha bhAvanAoM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / dasoM prakIrNakoM ke viSaya para vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakA uddezya pradhAnataH muniyoM ke apane anta samaya meM manako dhArmika bhAvanAoM meM lagAte hue zAMti aura nirAkulatA pUrvaka zarIra parityAga karane kI vidhi ko samajhAnA hI hai| cUlikA sUtra-2 antima do cUlikA sUtra naMdI aura anuyogadvAra haiM, jo apekSAkRta pIche kI racanAeM haiN| naMdIsUtra ke kartA to eka matAnusAra vallabhI vacanA ke pradhAna devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa hI haiM / naMdIsUtra meM 60 gAthAeM aura 56 sUtra haiN| yahAM bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA unake saMghavarti zramaNoM va paraMparAgata bhadramAhu, sthUlabhadra, mahAgirI Adi AcAryoM kI stuti kI gaI hai / tatpazcAt jJAna ke pA~cabhedoM kA vivecana kara, AcArAMgAdi bAraha zrutAMgoM ke svarUpa ko vistAra se vyakta kiyA gayA hai / yahAM bhArata, rAmAyaNa, kauTilya, pAMtajala Adi zAstrapurANoM tathA vedoM evam bahattara kalAoM kA ullekha kara muniyoM ke liye unakA adhyayana vayaM kahA gayA hai| (2) anuyogadvAra AyaMrakSita kRta mAnA jAtA hai| usameM praznottara rUpa se palyopamAdi upamA pramANa kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai, aura nayoM kA bhI prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta kAvyasambandhI navarasoM, svara, grAma, mUrcchanA Adi lakSaNoM evam caraka, gautama Adi anya zAstroM ke ullekha bhI Aye haiM / isa para haribhadra dvArA vivRtti bhI likhI gaI hai| addha mAgaghI bhASA uparyukta 45 Agama granthoM kI bhASA addhamAgadhI mAnI jAtI hai / arddha -mAgaghI kA artha nAnA prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai-jo bhASA prAdhe magadha pradeza meM .

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ardhamAgadhI jainAgama bolI jAtI thI, athavA jisameM mAgadhI bhASA kI AdhI pravRttiyA~ pAI jAtI thii| yathArthataH ye donoM hI vyutpattiyAM sArthaka haiM, aura isa bhASA ke aitihAsika svarUpa ko sUcita karatI haiM / mAgadhI bhASA kI mukhyataH tIna vizeSatAeM thiiN| (1) usameM ra kA uccAraNa la hotA thA, (2) tInoM prakAra ke USma Sa, sa, za vargoM ke sthAna para kevala tAlavya 'za' hI pAyA jAtA thA; aura (3) akArAnta katIkAraka eka vacana kA rUpa 'pro' ke sthAna para 'e' pratyaya dvArA banatA thA / ina tIna mukhya pravRttiyoM meM se arddha-mAgadhI meM kartIkAraka kI ekAravibhakti bahulatA se pAyI jAtI hai / ra kA la kvacit hI hotA hai, tathA tInoM sakAroM ke sthAna para tAlavya 'za' kAra na ho dantya 'sa' kAra hI hotA hai| isa prakAra isa bhASA meM mAgadhI kI AdhI pravRttiyA~ kahI jA sakatI haiM isakI zeSa pravRttiyAM zaurasainI prAkRta se milatI haiM, jisase anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki isa bhASA kA pracAra magadha ke pazcima pradeza meM rahA hogaa| vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI mata hai ki mUlataH mahAvIra evam buddha donoM ke upadezoM kI bhASA usa samaya kI arddha mAgadhI rahI hogI, jisase ve upadeza pUrva evam pazcima kI janatA ko samAna rUpa se subodha ho sake hoNge| kintu pUrvokta upalabhya pAgama granthoM meM hameM usa prAktana addhamAgadhI kA svarUpa nahIM milatA / bhASA-zAstriyoM kA mata hai ki usa kAla kI madhyayugIna Arya bhASA meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa athavA svarabhaktiAdi vidhiyoM se bhASA kA saralIkaraNa to prArambha ho gayA thA, kintu usameM vargoM kA viparivartana jaise ka-ga, ta-da, athavA inake lopa kI prakriyA prAraMbha nahIM huI thii| yaha prakriyA madhyayugIna Arya bhASA ke dUsare stara meM prAraMbha huI mAnI jAtI hai| jisakA kAla lagabhaga dUsarI zatI I0 siddha hotA hai / upalabhya pAgama grantha isI stara kI pravRttiyoM se prabhAvita pAye jAte haiM / spaSTataH ye pravRttiyAM kAlAnusAra unakI maukhika paramparA ke kAraNa unameM samAviSTa ho gaI haiN| sUtra yA sUkta ? ina AgamoM ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura vicAraNIya hai| unheM prAyaH sUtra nAma se ullikhita kiyA jAtA hai, jaise prAcArAMga sUtra, uttarAdhyana sUtra Adi / kintu jisa artha meM saMskRta meM sUtra zabda kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, usa artha meM ye racanAeM sUtra rUpa siddha nahIM hotI / sUtra kA mukhya lakSaNa saMkSipta vAkya meM adhika se adhika artha vyakta karanA hai, aura unameM punarAvRtti ko doSa mAnA jAtA hai| kintu ye jaina zra tAMga na to vaisI saMkSipta racanAeM haiM, aura na unameM viSaya va vAkyoM kI punarAvRtti kI kamI hai / ataeva unheM sUtra kahanA anucita sA pratIta hotA hai / apane prAkRta nAmAnusAra ye racanAeM sutta kahIM gaI

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72 jaina sAhitya haiM jaise AyAraMga sutta, uttarAdhyayana sutta aadi| isa sutta kA saMskRta paryAya sUtra bhramamUlaka pratIta hotA hai| usakA ucita saMskRta paryAya sUkta adhika yuktisaMgata pratIta hotA hai| mahAvIra ke kAla meM sUtra zailI kA prAraMbha bhI sambhavataH nahIM huA thA / usa samaya vizeSa pracAra thA vedoM ke sUktoM kA / aura saMbhavataH vahI nAma mUlataH ina racanAoM ko, bauddha sAhitya ke suttoM ko, usake prAkRta rUpa meM diyA gayA hogaa| AgamoM kA TIkA sAhitya uparyukta Agama granthoM se sambaddha aneka uttarakAlIna racanAeM haiM, jinakA uddezya AgamoM ke viSaya ko saMkSepa yA vistAra se samajhanA hai / aisI racanAe~ cAra prakAra kI haiM, jo niyukti (Nijjutti) bhASya (bhAsa), cUNi (cuNNi) aura TIkA kahalAtI haiM / ye racanAeM bhI Agama kA aMga mAnI jAtI haiM, aura unake sahita yaha sAhitya paMcAMgo Agama kahalAtA hai| inameM niyuktiyAM apanI bhASA, zailI, va viSaya kI dRSTi se sarvaprAcIna haiN| ye prAkRta padyoM meM likhI gaI haiM, aura saMkSepa meM viSaya kA pratipAdana karatI haiM / inameM prasaMgAnusAra vividha kathAnoM va dRSTAntoM ke saMketa milate haiM, jinakA vistAra hameM TIkAoM meM prApta hotA hai / vartamAna meM prAcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sUryaprajJapti, vyavahAra, kalpa, dazAtha taskaMdha, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka aura dazavaikAlika ina 6 AgamoM kI niyuktiyAM milatI haiM, aura ve bhadrabAhukRta mAnI jAtI haiN| dasavIM 'RSi bhASita niyukti' kA ullekha hai, kintu vaha prApta nahIM huii| inameM kucha prakaraNoM kI niyuktiyAM, jaise piNDaniyukti va aodhaniyukti muniyoM ke prAcAra kI dRSTi se itanA mahatvapUrNa samajhI gaI ki svataMtra rUpa se prAgama sAhitya meM pratiSThita kara lI gaI haiN| bhASya bhI prAkRta gAthAoM meM racita saMkSipta prakaraNa haiM / ye apanI zailI meM niyuktiyoM se itane milate haiM ki bahudhA ina donoM kA paraspara mizraNa ho gayA hai, jisakA pRthakkaraNa asaMbhava sA pratIta hotA hai| kalpa, paMcakalpa, jIta kalpa, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, nizItha aura vyavahAra inake bhASya milate haiN| inameM kathAeM kucha vistAra se pAyI jAtI haiN| nizItha bhASya meM zaza Adi cAra dhUrtoM kI vaha rocaka kathA varNita hai jise haribhadrasUri ne apane dhUrtAkhyAna nAmaka grantha meM sarasatA ke sAtha pallavita kiyA hai| kucha bhASyoM, jaise kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha ke kartA saMghadAsa gaNi mAne jAte haiM aura vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke kartA jinabhadra (I0 rUpa saM0 606) / yaha bhASya koI 3600 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huA hai aura usameM jJAna, naya-nikSepa, AcAra Adi sabhI viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa para svopajJa TIkA bhI hai|

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zaurasenI jainAgama cUrNiyA~ bhASA va racanA zailI kI dRSTi se apanI vizeSatA rakhatI haiM / ve gadya meM likhI gaI haiM, aura bhASA yadyapi prAkRta saMskRta mizrita hai, phira bhI inameM prAkRta kI pradhAnatA hai / AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, nizItha, dazAzrutaskaMdha, jItakalpa, uttarAdhyayana Avazyaka dazavaikAlika, naMdI aura anuyogadvAra para cUrNiyA~ pAI jAI haiM / aitihAsika, sAmAjika va kathAtmaka sAmagrI ke liye nizItha aura Avazyaka kI cUrNiyA~ bar3I mahatvapUrNa haiM / sAmAnyarUpa se cUrNiyoM ke kartA jinadAsagaNa mahattara mAne jAte haiM, jinakA samaya I0 kI chaThI sAtavIM zatI anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / 73 TIere apane nAmAnusAra granthoM ko samajhane samajhAne ke liye vizeSa upayogI haiM / ye saMskRta meM vistAra se likhI gaI haiM, kintu kahIM kahIM, aura vizeSataH kathAoM meM prAkRta kA Azraya liyA gayA hai | pratIta hotA hai ki jo kathAeM prAkRta meM pracalita thIM, unheM yahA~ jaisA kA taisA uddhRta kara diyA hai / Avazyaka, dazakAlika, naMdI aura anuyogadvAra para haribhadra sUri ( I0 saM0 - 750 ) kI TIkAeM upalabhya haiM / inake pazcAt AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para zIlAMka AcArya ( I0 saM0 876) ne TIkAeM likhI / 11 vIM zatAbdI meM vAdi vetAla zAntisUri dvArA likhita uttarAdhyayana kI ziSyahitA TIkA prAkRta meM hai, aura bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai / isI zatAbdI meM uttarAdhyayana para devendragaNi nemicandra ne sukhabodhA nAmaka TIkA likhI, jisake antargata brahmadatta agadatta Adi kathAeM prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke mahatvapUrNa aMga haiM, jinakA saMkalana DA0 harmana jaikobI ne eka pRthak grantha meM kiyA thA, aura jo prAkRta - kathA saMgraha ke nAma se muni jinavijaya jI ne bhI prakAzita karAI thIM / uttarAdhyayana para aura bhI aneka AcAryoM ne TIkAeM likhIM, jaise abhayadeva, droNAcArya, malayagirI, malaghArI hemacandra, kSemakIrti, zAMticaMdra Adi / TIkAoM kI yaha bahulatA uttarAdhyayana ke mahatva va lokapriyatA ko spaSTataH pramANita karatI hai / zaurasenI jainAgama uparyukta upalabhya Agama sAhitya jaina zvetAmbara sampradAya meM supracalita hai, kintu diga0 sampradAya use prAmANika nahIM maantaa| isa mAnyatAnusAra mUla Agama granthoM kA kramazaH lopa ho gayA, jaisA ki pahale batalAyA jA cukA hai / una AgamoM kA kevala AMzika jJAna muni-paraMparA meM surakSita rahA / pUrvI ke ekadeza- jJAtA AcArya dharasena mAne gaye haiM, jinhoMne apanA vaha jJAna apane puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali nAmaka ziSyoM ko pradAna kiyA aura unhoMne usa jJAna ke

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74 jaina sAhitya AdhAra se SaTkhaMDAgama kI sUtrarUpa racanA kii| yaha racanA upalabhya hai, aura aba sucAru rUpa se TIkA va anuvAda sahita 23 bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho cukI hai isake TIkAkAra vIrasenAcArya ne prAraMbha meM hI isa racanA ke viSaya kA jo udgama batalAyA hai, usase hameM pUrvo ke vistAra kA bhI kucha paricaya prApta hotA hai| pUrvo meM dvitIya pUrva kA nAma AgrAyaNIya thaa| usake bhItara pUrvAnta, aparAnta Adi caudaha prakaraNa the| inameM pAMcave prakaraNa kA nAma cayana labdhi thA, jisake antargata bIsa pAhuDa the| inameM caturtha pAhuDa kA nAma karma-prakRti thaa| isa kamaprakRti pAhuDa ke bhItara kRti, vedanA Adi caubIsa anuyogadvAra the, jinake viSaya ko lekara SaTkhaMDAgama ke chaha khaMDa arthAt jIvaTThANa, khuddAbaMdha, baMdhasvAmitva-vicaya, vedanA, vargaNA aura mahAbaMdha kI racanA huii| isameM kA kucha aMza arthAt samyakvotpatti nAmaka jIvasthAna kI AThavIM cUlikA bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke dvitIya bheda sUtrase tathA gati-agati nAmaka navamIM cUlikA vyAkhyAprajJapti se utpanna batalAI gaI hai| yahI Agama diga* sampradAya meM sarvaprAcIna grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isakI racanA kA kAla I0 dvitIya zatAbdI siddha hotA hai| isakI racanA jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI ko pUrNa huI thI aura usa dina jaina saMgha ne zratapUjA kA mahAn utsava manAyA thA, jisakI paramparAnusAra zra tapaMcamI kI mAnyatA diga0 sampradAya meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| isa Agama kI paraMparA meM jo sAhitya nirmANa huA, use cAra anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga, aura drvyaanuyog| prathamAnu yoga meM purANoM, caritoM va kathAoM arthAt AkhyAnAtmaka granthoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai / karaNAnuyoga meM jyotiSa, gaNita Adi viSayaka granthoM kA, caraNAnuyoga meM muniyoM va gRhasthoM dvArA pAlane yogya niyopaniyama saMbaMdhI AcAra viSayaka granthoM kA, aura dravyAnuyoga meM jIva-ajIva Adi tatvoM ke ciMtana se sambandha rakhane vAle dArzanika karmasiddhAnta sambandhI, tathA naya-nikSepa Adi viSayaka saiddhAMtika granthoM kaa| __ isa dhArmika sAhitya meM pradhAnatA dravyAnuyoga kI hai, aura isa varga kI racanAeM bahuta prAcIna, bar3I vizAla tathA lokapriya haiN| isameM sabase prathama sthAna pUrvollikhita SaTkhaMDAgama kA hI hai| isa grantha ke prakAza meM Ane kA bhI eka rocaka itihAsa hai| isa grantha kA sAhityakAroM dvArA pracuratA se upayoga kevala 11 vI 12 vIM zatAbdI taka gommaTasAra ke kartA AcArya nemicandra aura unake TIkAkAroM taka hI pAyA jAtA hai| usake pazcAt ke lekhaka ina granthoM ke nAma mAtra se paricita pratIta hote haiN| isa grantha kI do sampUrNa aura eka truTita, ye

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zaurasenI jainAgama 75 tIna pratiyAM prAcIna kannar3a lipi meM tAr3apatra para likhI huI kevala eka sthAna meM, arthAt maisUra rAjya meM mUDabadrI nAmaka sthAna ke siddhAMta vasti nAmaka maMdira meM hI surakSita bacI thIM, aura vahAM bhI unakA upayoga svAdhyAya ke liye nahIM, kintu darzana mAtra se puNyopArjana ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| una pratiyoM kI uttarottara jIrNatA ko bar3hatI dekhakara samAja ke kucha karNadhAroM ko citA huI, aura san 1865 ke lagabhaga unakI kAgaja para pratilipi karA DAlane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA / pratilekhana kArya san 1922 taka dhIre dhIre calatA huA 26-27 varSa meM pUrNa huaa| kintu isI bIca inakI eka pratilipi guptarUpa se bAhara nikalakara sahArapura pahuMca gii| yaha pratilipi bhI kannaDa lipi meM thii| ataeva isakI nAgarI lipi karAne kA prAyojana kiyA gayA, jo 1924 taka pUrA huaa| isa kArya ke saMcAlana ke samaya unakI. eka prati puna: gupta rUpa se bAhara A gaI, aura usI kI pratilipiyAM amarAvatI kAraMjA, sAgara aura ArA meM pratiSThita huI / inhIM guptarUpa ke pragaTa pratiyoM para se inakA sampAdana kArya prastuta lekhaka ke dvArA san 1938 meM prArambha huA, aura san 1958 meM pUrNa huA / harSa kI bAta yaha hai ki isake prathama do bhAga prakAzita hone ke pazcAt hI mUDabidrI kI siddhAnta basti ke adhikAriyoM ne mUla pratiyoM ke milAna kI bhI suvidhA pradAna kara dI, jisase isa mahAna grantha kA sampAdana-prakAzana prAmANika rUpa se ho skaa| SaTkhaMDAgama TIkA SaTkhaMDAgama ke upayukta chaha khaMDoM meM sUtrarUpa se jIva dvArA karmabaMdha aura usase utpanna honevAle nAnA jIva-pariNAmoM kA bar3I vyavasthA, sUkSmatA aura vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha vivecana prathama tIna khaMDoM meM jIva ke kartRtva kI apekSA meM aura antima tIna khaMDoM meM karmaprakRtiyoM ke svarUpa kI apekSA se humA hai / isI vibhAgAnusAra nemicandra AcArya ne inhIM ke saMkSepa rUpa gommaTasAra graMtha ke do bhAga kiye haiM-eka jIvakAMDa aura dUsarA karmakAMDa / ina granthoM para zrutAvatAra kathA ke anusAra kramazaH aneka TIkAeM likhI gaI jinake kartAoM ke nAma kuMdakuMda, zyAmakuMDa, tumbulUra, samantabhadra aura bappadeva ullikhita milate haiM, kintu ye TIkAeM aprApya haiM / jo TIkA isa grantha kI ukta pratiyoM para se milI hai, vaha vIrasenAcAryakRta dhavalA nAma kI hai, jisake kAraNa hI isa grantha kI khyAti dhavala siddhAnta ke nAma se pAI jAtI hai / TIkAkAra ne apanI jo prazasti grantha ke anta meM likhI hai, usapara se usake pUrNa hone kA samaya

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76 - jaina sAhitya kArtika zukla trayodazI, zaka saM0738 = I. san 816 siddha hotA hai| isa prazasti meM vIrasena ne apane paMcastUpa anvaya kA, vidyAgurU elAcArya kA, tathA dIkSAguru Aryanandi va dAdAguru candrasena kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / indranandi kRta zru tAvatAra kathA ke anusAra elAcArya ne citrakUTapura meM rahakara vIrasena ko siddhAnta par3hAyA thA / pazcAt vIrasena ne vATagrAma meM jAkara apanI yaha TIkA likhii| vIrasena kI TIkA kA pramANa bahattara hajAra zloka anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| zaurasainI Agama kI bhASA dhavalA TIkA kI bhASA gadyAtmaka prAkRta hai, kintu yatra tatra saMskRta kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha zailI jaina sAhityakAroM meM supracalita rahI hai, aura use maNi pravAla zailI kahA gayA hai / TIkA meM kahIM kahIM pramANa rUpa se prAcIna gAthAeM bhI ughRta kI gaI haiN| isa prakAra bhASA-zAstra kI dRSTi se isa grantha meM hameM prAkRta ke tIna stara milate haiM-eka sUtroM kI prAkRta jA spaSTataH adhi ka prAcIna hai tathA zaurasanI kI vizeSatAoM ko liye hue bhI kahIM kahIM arddhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hai,| zaurasainI prAkRta kA dUsarA stara hameM uddhata gAthAoM meM milatA hai, aura tIsarA TIkA kI gadya racanA meM yahAM uddhRta gAthAoM meM kI aneka gommaTasAra meM bhI jaisI kI taisI pAI jAtI haiM; bheda yaha hai ki vahA~ 'zaurasainI mahArASTrI kI pravRttiyAM kucha adhikatA se mizrita dikhAI detI haiN| ___yahA~ prAkRta bhASA ke aitihAsika vikAsa sambandhI kucha bAtoM kA spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / prAcInatama prAkRta sAhitya tathA prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM hameM mukhyataH tIna bhASAoM kA svarUpa, unake vizeSa lakSaNAM sahita, dRSTigocara hotA hai| mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasainI / mAgadhI aura arddhamAgadhI ke sambandha meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai| zaurasainI kA prAcInatama rUpa hameM azoka (I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI) kI giranAra zilA para khudI huI caudaha dharmalipiyoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| yahAM kAraka va kriyA ke rUpa meM ke saralIkaraNa ke atirikta jo saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM meM saralatA ke liye utpanna hue heraphera pAye jAte haiM, unameM mukhya parivartana haiM : saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa yA eka varNa kA lopa; jaise dharma kA 'dhamma' karma kA kamma, pazcati kA pasati, putra kA puta, kalyANa kA kalANa, Adi / tatpazcAt azvaghoSa (prathama zatI I0) ke nATakoM meM ukta parivartana ke atirikta hameM aghoSa vargoM ke sthAna para unake anurUpa saghoSa vargoM kA Adeza milatA hai; jaise ka kA ga, ca kA ja, ta kA da, aura tha kA dha / isake anantara kAla meM jo pravRtti mAsa, kAlidAsa Adi ke nATakoM kI prAkRtoM meM dikhAI detI hai, vaha hai-madhyavartI asaMyukta varNoM kA lopa tathA

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zaurasenI jainAgaprama / mahAprANa varNoM ke sthAna para 'ha' Adeza / yahI pravRtti mahArASTrI prAkRta kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, aura isakA prAdurbhAva prathama zatAbdI ke pazcAt kA svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / daNDI ke ullekhAnusAra prAkRta (zaurasenI ) ne mahArASTra meM Ane para jo rUpa dhAraNa kiyA, vahI utkRSTa prAkRta mahArASTrI kahalAI ( mahArASTrAyAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH kAvyAdarza) aura isI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM setubandhAdi kAvyoM kI racanA huI hai / jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, arddhamAgadhI Agama meM bhI ye mahArASTrI prAkRta kI pravRtiyAM praviSTa huI pAI jAtI haiN| bhArata ke uttara va pazcima pradezoM meM jo prAkRta graMtha likhe gaye, unameM bhI ina pravRttiyoM kA AMzika samAveza pAkara pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko 'jaina mahArASTrI' kI saMjJA dI hai kintu jina SakhaMDAgamAdi racanAnoM ke Upara paricaya diyA gayA hai, unameM pradhAna rUpa se zaurasenI kI hI mUla vRttiyA~ pAI jAtI haiM aura mahArASTrI kI pravRttiyA~ gauNa rUpa se uttarottara bar3hatI huI dikhAI detI haiM / isa kAraNa ina racanAoM kI bhASA ko 'jaina zaurasenI' kahA gayA hai | yahA~ prazna yaha utpanna hotA hai ki jaba mahArASTra pradeza aura usase uttara kI bhASA meM mahArASTrI prAkRta kI pravRttiyA~ pUrNa yA bahula rUpa se praviSTa ho gaI, taba mahArASTra se sudUra dakSiNa pradeza meM likhe gaye grantha isa pravRtti se kaise bace, yA apekSAkRta kama prabhAvita hue ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna yahI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jisa muni-sampradAya meM ye grantha likhe gaye usakA dakSiNa pradeza meM Agamana mahArASTrI pravRttiyA~ utpanna hone se pUrva hI ho cukA thA aura Aryetara bhASAoM ke bIca meM lekhaka apane usa prAntIya bhASA ke rUpa kA hI abhyAsa karate rahane ke kAraNa, ve mahArASTrI ke bar3hate hue prabhAva se bace rahe yA kama prabhAvita hue / isI bhASA vikAsa krama kA kucha svarUpa hameM ukta staroM meM dikhAI detA hai / - SaTkhaDAgama ke TIkAkAra ke sammukha jaina siddhAnta viSayaka vizAla sAhitya upasthita thA / unhoMne saMtakammapAhur3a, kaSAyapAhuDa, sammati sutta, tiloyapaNNatti susta, paMcasthipAhuDa, tatvArtha sUtra, AcArAMga, vaTTakera kRta mUlAcAra, pUjyapAda kRta sArasaMgraha, akalaMka kRta tatvArtha bhASya, tatvArtha rAjavArtika, jIvasamAsa, chedasUtra, kampavAda, dazakaraNI saMgraha Adi ke ullekha kiye haiM / inameM se aneka grantha to suvikhyAta haiM, kintu kucha kA jaise pUjyapAda kRta sAra - saMgraha, jIvasamAsa, chedasUtra, kammaMpravAda aura dazakaraNI saMgraha kA koI patA nahIM calatA / isI prakAra unhoMne apane gaNita saMbaMdhI vivecana meM parikarma kA ullekha kiyA hai, tathA vyAkaraNAtmaka vivecana meM kucha aise sUtra va gAthAeM uddhRta kI 77

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78 jaina sAhitya hai, jinase pratIta hotA hai ki unake sammukha koI padyAtmaka prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA grantha upasthita thA, jo aba prApta nahIM hai| svayaM SaTakhaMDAgama sUtroM kI unake sammukha aneka pratiyA~ thI, jinameM pAThabheda bhI the, jinakA unhoMne anekasthaloM para spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| kahIM kahIM sUtroM meM paraspara virodha dekhakara TIkAkAra ne satyAsatya kA nirNaya karane meM apanI asamarthatA prakaTa kI hai, aura spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki inameM kauna sUtra haiM aura kona asUtra isakA nirNaya Agama meM nipuNa AcArya kreN| kahIM kahA hai ---isakA nirNaya to caturdaza-pUrvadhArI yA kevala jJAnI hI kara sakate haiM; kintu vartamAna kAla meM ve hai nahIM, aura unake pAsa se upadeza pAkara Ae hue bhI koI vidvAna nahIM pAye jAte, ata: sUtroM kI prAmANikatA naSTa karane se Darane vAle AcAryoM ko donoM sUtroM kA vyAkhyAna karanA cAhiye / kahIM kahIM sUtroM para uThAI gaI zaMkA para unhoMne yahAM taka kaha diyA hai ki isa viSaya kI pUchatAcha gautama gaNadhara se karanA cAhiye; hamane to yahA~ unakA abhiprAya kaha diyaa| TIkA ke aneka ullekhoM para se jJAta hotA hai ki sUtroM kA adhyayana kaI prakAra se calatA thaa| koI sUtrAcArya the, to koI nikSepAcArya aura koI vyAkhyAnAcArya / inase bhI Upara mahAvAcakoM kA pada thA / kaSAya-prAbhUta ke prakANDa jJAtA Arya maMkSu aura nAgahasti ko aneka sthAnoM para mahAvAcaka kahA gayA hai / Arya naMdI mahAvAcaka kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| saiddhAntika matabhedoM ke prasaMga meM TIkAkAra ne aneka sthAnoM para uttara pratipatti aura dakSiNa pratipatti kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM se ve svayaM dakSiNa pratipatti ko svIkAra karate the, kyoMki vaha sarala, suspaSTa aura AcArya-paramparAgata hai| kucha prasaMgoM para unheM spaSTa Agama paramparA prApta nahIM huI, taba unhoMne apanA svayaM spaSTa mata sthApita kiyA hai aura yaha kaha diyA hai ki zAstra pramANa ke abhAva meM unhoMne svayaM apane yuktibala se amuka bAta siddha kI hai / viSaya cAhe dArzanika ho aura cAhe gaNita jaisA zAstrIya, ve usa para pUrNa vivecana aura spaSTa nirNaya kiye binA nahIM rukate the| isI kAraNa unakI aisI asAdhAraNa pratimA ko dekhakara hI unake vidvAn ziSya AcArya jinasena ne unake viSaya meM kahA hai ki yasya naisagikoM prajJA dRSTavA sarvAthaMgaminIm / jAtAH sarvajJa sadabhAve nirArekA manasvinaH // arthAt unakI svabhAvika sarvArthagAminI prajJA ko dekhakara vidvajjana sarvajJa ke sadbhAva ke viSaya meM nissandeha ho jAte the| isa TIkA ke Alor3ana se hameM tatkAlIna saiddhAMtika vivecana, vAdavivAda va guru-ziSya paramparA dvArA

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zaurasenI jainAgama adhyayana-adhyApana kI praNAlI kA bahuta kucha jJAna prApta hotA hai / nemicandra (11 vIM zatI) ko racanAeM jaisA Upara saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai, isI SaTkhaMDAgama aura usakI dhavalA TIkA ke AdhAra se gommaTasAra kI racanA huI jisake 733 gAthAoM yukta jIvakAMDa tathA 662 gAthAoM yukta karmakAMDa nAmaka khaMDoM meM ukta Agama kA samasta karmasiddhAnta sambandhI sAra nicor3a liyA gayA hai, aura anumAnata: isI ke pracAra se mUla SaTkhaMDAgama ke adhyayana-adhyApana ko praNAlI samApta ho gii| gommaTasAra ke kartA nemicandra ne apanI kRti ke anta meM garva se kahA hai ki jisa prakAra cakravartI SaTkhaMDa pRthvI ko apane cakra dvArA siddha karatA hai, usI prakAra maiMne apanI buddhi rUpI cakra se SaTkhaMDAgama ko siddhakara apanI isa kRti meM bhara diyA hai / isI saphala saiddhAMtika racanA ke kAraNa unheM siddhAMta cakravartI kI upAdhi prApta huI aura tatpazcAt yaha upAdhi anya aneka AcAryo ke sAtha bhI saMlagna pAI jAtI hai / saMbhavataH traividyadeva kI upAdhi ve AcArya dhAraNa karate the, jo isa SaTkhaMDAgama ke prathama tIna khaMDoM ke pAragAmI ho jAte the| ina upAdhiyoM ne dhavalAkAra ke pUrva kI sUtrAcArya Adi upAdhiyoM kA lopa kara diyaa| unhoMne apanI yaha kRti gommaTarAya ke liye nirmANa kI thI / gommaTa gaMganareza rAcamalla ke maMtrI cAmuMDarAya kA hI upanAma thA, jisakA artha hotA hai - sundara, svarUpavAn / inhIM cAmuDarAya ne maisUra ke zravaNa belagola ke vindhyagiri para bAhubali kI usa prakhyAta mUrti kA udghATana karAyA thA, jo apanI vizAlatA aura kalAtmaka saundarya ke liye koI upamA nahIM rkhtii| samasta upalabhya pramANoM para se isa mUrti ko pratiSThA kA samaya ravivAra dinAMka 23 mArca san 1028 caitra zukla paMcamI, zaka saM0 151 siddha huA hai / karmakAMDa kI racanA tathA isa pratiSThA kA ullekha karmakANDa kI 968 vI gAthA meM sAtha-sAtha AyA hai / ataeva lagabhaga yahI kAla gommaTasAra kI racanA kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| ina racanAoM ke dvArA SaTkhaMDAgama ke viSaya kA adhyayana usI prakAra sulabha banAyA gayA jisa prakAra uparyukta niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM dvArA zrutAMgoM kA / gommaTasAra para saMskRta meM do vizAla TIkAeM likhI gaIeka jIvaprabodhinI nAmaka TIkA kezava varNo dvArA, aura dUsarI maMdaprabodhinI nAmakI TIkA zrImadabhayacandra siddhAMta cakravartI ke dvArA / kucha saMketoM ke AdhAra se pratIta hotA hai ki gommaTasAra para cAmuDarAya ne bhI kannaDa meM eka vRtti likhI thI, jo aba nahIM miltii| inake AdhAra se hiMdI meM isakI samyagjJAna

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jaina sAhitya candrikA nAmaka vacanikA paM0 ToDaramala jI ne saM0 1818 meM samApta kI / gommaTasAra se sambaddha eka aura kRti labdhisAra nAmaka hai. jisameM Atmazuddhi rUpa labdhiyoM ko prApta karane kI vidhi samajhAI gayI hai / apanI bravyasaMgraha nAmaka eka 58 gAthAyukta anya kRti dvArA nemicandra ne jIva tathA ajIva tattvoM ko vidhivat samajhAkara eka prakAra se saMpUrNa jaina tattvajJAna kA pratipAdana kara diyA hai / labdhisAra ke sAtha sAtha eka kRti kSapaNAsAra bhI milatI hai, jinameM karmoM ko khapAne kI vidhi samajhAI gaI hai / isakI prazasti ke anusAra ise mAdhavacandra traividya ne bAhubali maMtrI kI prArthanA se likhakara zaka saM0 1125 ( I0 san 1203 ) meM pUrNa kiyA thA / 80 SaTkhaMDAgama kI paramparA kI dvitIya mahatvapUrNa racanA hai paMcasaMgraha jo abhI prakAzita huI hai / isameM nAmAnusAra pAMca adhikAra ( prakaraNa) haiM: jIvasamAsa, prakRti samutkIrtana karmastava, zataka aura sattari arthAt saptatikA, jinameM kramAnusAra 206, 12,77, 105 aura 70 gAthAeM haiM / prakRti samutkIrtana meM kucha bhAga gadyAtmaka bhI hai| isakI bahuta sI gAthAeM dhavalA aura gommaTasAra ke samAna hI haiM / aMtima do prakaraNoM para gAthAbaddha bhASya bhI hai, jisakI gAthAeM bhI gommaTasAra se milatI haiM / ye bhASya gAthAeM mUlagraMtha se mizrita pAI jAtI haiM / zataka nAmaka prakaraNa ke Adi meM kartA ne spaSTa kahA hai ki maiM yahA~ kucha gAthAeM dRSTivAda se lekara kahatA hU~ (vocchaM kavivada gAhAo diTThivAdAo ) / zataka ke aMta meM 103 vIM gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki yahA~ baMdha- samAsa kA varNana karma pravAda nAmaka zrutasAgara kA rasa mAtra grahaNa karake kiyA gayA hai / jaisA hama Upara dekha cukeM haiM, karmapravAda dRSTivAda ke antargata 14 pUrvo meM se AThaveM pUrva kA nAma thA / usI prakAra saptati ke prAraMbha meM kahA gayA hai ki maiM yahA~ dRSTivAda ke sAra ko saMkSepa se kahatA hUM (vocchaM saMkhevegaM nissaMvaM vidivAdAvI ) / pratyeka prakaraNa maMgalAcaraNa aura pratijJAtmaka gAthAoM se prAraMbha hotA hai, aura apane apane rUpa meM paripUrNa hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki AditaH ye pAMcoM prakaraNa svataMtra racanAoM ke rUpa meM rahe haiM / inapara eka saMskRta TIkA bhI hai, jisake kartA ne apanA paricaya zataka kI aMtima gAthA kI TIkA meM diyA hai / yahA~ unhoMne mUlasaMgha ke vidyAnaMda guru bhaTTAraka mallibhUSaNa, muni lakSmIcandra aura vIracandra, unake paTTavartI jJAnabhUSaNa gaNi aura unake ziSya prabhAcandra yati ke nAma liye haiM / ye prabhAcandra hI isa TIkA ke kartA pratIta hote haiM / ukta AcArya paramparAvartI prabhAcandra kA kAla saMvat 1625 se 1637 taka pAyA jAtA hai / ukta prazasti ke anta kI puSpikA meM mUla grantha ko paMcasaMgraha apara nAma laghugommaTasAra siddhAMta kahA hai / isa para se anumAna hotA hai ki

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zaurasenI jainAgama da mUla zataka athavA usakI bhASya-gAthAoM kA saMkalana gommaTasAra para se kiyA gayA hai| isI paMcasaMgraha ke AdhAra se amitagati ne saMskRta zlokabaddha paMcasaMgraha kI racanA kI, jo usakI prazasti ke anusAra vi0 saM0 1073 (I. san 1016) meM masUrikApura nAmaka sthAna meM samApta huii| isameM pAMcoM adhikAroM ke nAma pUrvAkta hI haiM, tathA dRSTivAda aura karmapravAda ke ullekha ThIka pUrvokta prakAra se hI bhAye haiM / yadi hama isakA prAdhAra prAkRta paMcasaMgraha ko na mAne to yahAM zataka aura saptati nAmaka adhikAroM kI koI sArthakatA hI siddha nahIM hotI, kyoMki inameM zloka-saMkhyA usase bahuta adhika pAI jAtI hai| kintu jaba saMskRta rUpAntakAra ne adhikAroM ke nAma ve hI rakhe haiM, taba unhoMne bhI mUla aura bhASya AdhArita zlokoM ko alaga alaga rakhA ho to Azcarya nahIM / prAkRta mUla aura bhASya ko sanmukha rakhakara, saMbhava hai zlokoM kA ukta prakAra pRthakatva kiyA jA ske| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bhI eka prAkRta paMcasaMgraha pAyA jAtA hai| jisake kartA pArzvarSi ke ziSya caMdrarSi haiN| unakA kAla chaThI zatI anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / isa grantha meM 663 gAthAyeM haiM jo zataka, saptati, kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkarma aura karmaprakRti nAmaka pAMca dvAroM meM vibhAjita haiN| grantha para malayagiri kI TIkA upalabdha hai| zivazarma kRta karma prakRti (kammapayaDi) meM 415 gAthAeM haiM aura ve baMdhana, saMkramaNa udvartana, apavartana udIraNA, upazamanA, udaya aura sattA ina ATha karaNoM (adhyAyoM) meM vibhAjita haiN| isa para eka cUrNi tathA malayAgiri aura yazovijaya kI TIkAeM upalabdha haiN| zivazamaM kI dUsarI racanA zataka nAmaka bhI hai / gargaSi kRta karmavipAka (kammavivAga) tathA jinavallabhagaNi kRta SaDazIti (saDa sIi) evaM karmastava (kammatthava) baMdhasvAmitva (sAmitta) aura saptatikA (sattarI) anizcita kartAoM kI upalabdha haiM, jinameM karma siddhAnta ke bhinna-bhinna prakaraNoM kA atisaMkSepa meM suvyavasthita varNana kiyA gayA hai| ye chahoM racanAeM prAcIna karmagrantha ke nAma se prasiddha haiM aura una para nAnA kartAoM kI cUNi, bhASya, vRtti, TippaNa mAdi rUpa TIkAeM pAI jAtI haiM / sattarI para abhayadeva sUri kRta bhASya tathA merutuga kI vRtti (14 vIM zatI) upalabdha haiN| IsvI kI 13 vIM zatI meM jagaccandra sUri ke ziSya devendra sUri ne karmavipAka (gA060), karmastava (gA0 34), baMdhasvAmitva (gA0 24), SaDazIti (gA0 86) aura zataka (gA0 100), ina pAMca granthoM kI racanA kI, jo naye karmagranthoM ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| ina para unhoMne svayaM vivaraNa bhI likhA hai| -

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82 jaina sAhitya chaThA navya karmagrantha prakRti baMdha viSayaka 72 gAthAoM meM likhA gayA hai, jisake kartA ke viSaya meM anizcaya hai| isa para malayagirikata TokA milatI hai| jinabhadra gaNI kata vizeSaNavatI (6vIM zatI) meM 400 gAthAoM dvArA darzana, jIva, ajIva Adi nAnA prakAra se dravya-prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| jinavallamasUri kRta sArdhazataka kA dUsarA nAma 'sUkSmArtha vicArasAra' hai jisameM siddhAnta ke kucha viSayoM para sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isa para eka bhASya mUnicandra kRta cUrNi tathA haribhadra, dhanezvara aura cakrezvara kRta cUNiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM / mUla racanA kA kAla lagabhaga 1100 IsvI pAyA jAtA jIvasamAsa nAmaka eka prAcIna racanA 286 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huI, aura usameM sat, saMkhyA Adi sAta prarUpaNAoM dvArA jIvAdi dravyoM kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai / isa grantha para eka vRhad vRtti milatI hai, jo maladhArI hemacandra dvArA 1107 IsvI meM likhI gaI 7000 zloka pramANa hai| jaina siddhAnta meM vacana aura kAya yoga ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana AtA hai gommaTasArAdi racanAoM meM yaha pAyA jAtA hai| yazovijaya upAdhyAya (18vIMzatI) ne apane bhASArahasya-prakaraNa kI 101 gAthAoM meM dravya va bhAva-Atmaka bhASA ke svarUpa tathA satyabhASA ke janapada-satyA, sammata-satyA, nAmasatyA Adi daza bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| SaTkhaMDAgama sUtroM kI racanA ke kAla meM hI guNadhara AcArya dvArA kasAyapAhuDa kI racanA huI / yathArthataH kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki dharasena aura guNadhara AcAryoM meM kauna pahale aura kauna pIche hue| zru tAvatAra ke kartA ne spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki ina AcAryoM kI pUrvopara paramparA kA unheM koI pramANa nahIM mila skaa| kasAyapAhuDa kI racanA SaTkhaMDAgama ke samAna sUtra rUpa nahIM, kintu padyabaddha hai / isameM 233 mUla gAthAeM haiM, jinakA viSaya kaSAyoM arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke svarUpa kA vivecana aura unake karmabaMdha meM kAraNIbhUta hone kI pratriyA kA vivaraNa karanA hai| ye cAroM kaSAya punaH do vargoM meM vibhAjita hote haiM-preyas (rAga) aura dveSa, aura isI kAraNa grantha kA dUsarA nAma pejjadosa pAhuDa pAyA jAtA hai| isa pAhuDa ko AryamaMkSu aura nAgahasti se sIkhakara, yativRSabhAcArya ne usa para chaha hajAra zloka pramANa va tisUtra likhe, jinheM uccAraNAcArya ne punaH pallavita kiyaa| ina para vIrasenAcArya ne apanI jayadhavalA TIkA likhii| ise ve bIsa hajAra zloka pramANa likhakara svargavAsI ho gaye; taba unake ziSya jinasenAcArya ne cAlIsa hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA aura likhakara use pUrA kiyaa| yaha racanA zaka saM0 756 (I0

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kundakunda ke grantha 3 san 837) meM pUrI huI, jabaki rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa kA rAjya thaa| isa TIkA kI racanA bhI dhavalA ke samAna maNi-pravAla nyAya se bahuta kucha prAkRta, kintu yatra-tatra saMskRta meM huI hai| isa racanA ke mUDabadrI ke siddhAnta vasati se bAhara Ane kA itihAsa vahI hai, jo SaTkhaMDAgama kaa| kundakunda ke grantha prAkRta pAhu DoM kI racanA kI paramparA meM kuMdakuMda AcArya kA nAma suvikhyAta hai / yathArthataH diga0 sampradAya meM unheM jo sthAna prApta hai, vaha dUsare kisI granthakAra ko nahIM prApta ho skaa| unakA nAma eka maMgala padya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama ke pazcAta hI tIsare sthAna para AtA hai- "maMgalaM bhagavAna vIro maMgalaM gautamo gnnii| maMgalaM kundakunvAryo jainadharmostu maMgalam / " dakSiNa ke zilAlekhoM meM ina prAcArya kA nAma koMDakuMda pAyA jAtA hai, jisase unake tAmila dezavAsI hone kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| zrutAvatAra ke kartA ne unheM koMDakuMDa-puravAsI kahA hai| madrAsa rAjya meM guMtakala ke samIpa kunDakunDI nAmaka grAma hai, jahAM kI eka guphA meM kucha jaina mUrtiyA~ sthApita haiN| pratIta hotA hai ki yahI kundakundAcArya kA mUla nivAsa sthAna va tapasyA-bhUmi rahA hogaa| AcArya ne apane graMthoM meM apanA koI paricaya nahIM diyA, kevala bArasa aNuvekkhA kI eka prati ke aMta meM usake kartA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kahe gaye haiN| isake anusAra kavi kA kAla I0 pU0 tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI mAnanA pdd'egaa| kintu eka to vIra nirvANa se 683 varSa kI jo AcArya paramparA susambaddha aura sarvamAnya pAI jAtI hai, usameM kundakunda kA kahIM nAma nahIM AtA, aura dUsare bhASA kI dRSTi se unakI racanAeM itanI prAcIna siddha nahIM hotii| unameM aghoSa vargoM ke lopa, ya-zruti kA Agamana Adi aisI pravRttiyA~ pAI jAtI haiM, jo unheM I0 san se pUrva nahIM, kintu usase pazcAt kAlIna siddha karatI haiN| pAMcavI zatAbdI meM hue AcArya devanaMdI pUjya pAda ne apanI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM kucha gAMyAeM uddhRta kI haiM, jo kundakunda kI bArasa-aNu vekkhA meM bhI pAI jAne se vahIM se lI huI anumAna kI jA sakatI hai / basa yahI kundakundAcArya ke kAla kI aMtima sImA kahI jA sakatI hai| markarA ke zaka saMvat 388 ke tAmrapatroM meM unake AmnAya kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai, kintu aneka prabala kAraNoM se ye tAmrapatra jAlI siddha hote haiN| anya zilAlekhoM meM isa AmnAya kA ullekha sAtavIM pAThavIM zatAbdI se pUrva nahIM pAyA jaataa| ataeva vartamAna pramANoM ke AdhAra para nizcayataH itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve I0 kI pAMcavI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha va usase pUrva hue haiN|

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jaina sAhitya mAnyatAnusAra kundakundAcArya ne koi caurAsI pAhuDoM kI racanA kii| kintu vartamAna meM inakI nimna racanAeM suprasiddha haiM :- (1) samayasAra (2) pravacanasAra, (3) paMcAstikAya, (4) niyamasAra, (5) rayaNasAra, (6) dazabhakti, (7) aSTa pAhuDa aura (8) bArasa annuvekkhaa| samayasAra jaina adhyAtma kI eka bar3I utkRSTa racanA mAnI jAtI hai, aura usakA Adara jainiyoM ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| isameM AtmA ke guNadharmoM kA, nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTiyoM se, vivecana kiyA gayA hai; tathA usakI svAbhAvika ora vaibhAvika pariNatiyoM kA sundara nirUpaNa aneka dRSTAntoM, udAharaNoM, va upamAoM sahita 415 gAthAoM meM huA hai / pravacanasAra kI 275 gAthAeM jJAna, jJeya va cAritra nAmaka tIna zrutaskaMdhoM meM vibhAjita haiN| yahA~ AcArya ne AtmA ke mUlaguNa jJAna ke svarUpa sUkSmatA se vivecana kiyA hai, aura jIva kI pravRtiyoM ko zubha hone se puNyabaMdha karane vAlI, azubha hone se pApa karma baMdhaka, tathA zuddha hone se karmabaMdha se mukta karane vAlI batalAyA hai / jJeya tatvAdhikAra meM guNa aura paryAya kA bheda, tathA vyavahArika jIvana meM hone vAle Atma aura pudgala saMbaMdha kA vivecana kiyA hai| cAritrAdhikAra meM zramaNoM kI dIkSA aura usakI mAnasika tathA daihika sAdhanAoM kA svarUpa samajhAyA hai| isa prakAra yaha graMtha apane nAmAnusAra jaina pravacana kA sAra siddha hotA hai / kuMdakuMda kI racanAoM meM abhI taka isI grantha kA bhASAtmaka va viSayAtmaka sampAdana va adhyayana prAdhunika samAlocanAtmaka paddhati se ho sakA hai| paMcAstikAya kI 181 gAthAeM do zrutaskaMdhoM meM vibhAjita haiM / prathama zrutaskaMdha 111 gAthAoM meM samApta huA hai aura isameM 6 dravyoM meM se pAMca astikAyoM arthAt jIva, pudgala, dharma adharma AkAza kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai| aMtima ATha gAthAeM cUlikA rUpa haiM, jinameM sAmAnya rUpa se dravyoM aura vizeSataH kAla ke svarUpa para bhI kucha prakAza DAlA gayA hai / dUsarA zruta. skaMdha mahAvIra ke namaskAra rUpa maMgala se prAraMbha huA hai, aura isameM nau padArthoM ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai; tathA darzana, jJAna aura cAritra ko mokSa kA mArga batalAkara, unakA AcaraNa karane para jora gayA hai| pAMca astikAyoM ke samavAya ko hI lekhaka ne samaya kahA hai, evaM apanI racanA ko saMgrahasUtra (gAthA 101, 180) kahA hai| samayasAra, pravacanasAra aura paMcAstikAya para do TIkAeM suprasiddha haiM--eka amRtacandra sUri kRti aura dUsarI jayasena kRta / amRtacandra kA samaya 13 vIM zatI kA pUrvArddha va jayasena kA 10 vIM kA antima bhAga siddha hotA hai / ye donoM hI TIkAeM bar3I viddhattApUrNa haiM, aura mUla granthoM ke marma ko tathA jainasiddhAnta saMbaMdhI

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dravyAnuyoga bAtoM ko spaSTatA se samajhane meM bar3I sahAyaka hotI haiM / amRtacandra kI samayasAra - TIkA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai / isameM unhoMne isa grantha ko saMsAra kA saccA sAra svarUpa dikhalAne vAlA nATaka kahA hai, jisapara se na kevala yaha grantha, kintu ukta tInoM hI grantha nATaka-traya ke nAma se bhI prakhyAta haiM; yadyapi racanA kI dRSTi se ve nATaka nahIM haiM / amRtacandra kI samayasAra TIkA meM Aye zlokoM kA saMgraha 'samayasAra kalaza' ke nAma se eka svataMtra grantha hI bana gayA hai, jisapara zubhacandra kRta TIkA bhI hai / inhIM kalazoM para se hindI meM banArasIdAsa ne apanA 'samayasAra nATaka' nAma kA AdhyAmika kAvya racA haiM, jisake viSaya meM unhoMne kahA hai ki nATaka ke par3hata hiyA phATaka so khulata hai' / amRtacandra kI do svataMtra racanAeM bhI milatI haiM - eka puruSArthasiddha yupAya jo jina pravacana - rahasyakoSa bhI kahalAtA hai, aura dUsarI tatvArthasAra, jo tatvArthasUtra kA padyAtmaka rUpAntara yA bhASya hai / kucha ullekhoM va avataraNoM para se anumAna hotA hai ki unakA koI prAkRta padyAtmaka grantha, saMbhavataH zrAvakAcAra, bhI rahA hai, jo abhI taka milA nahIM / gAthA - saMkhyA bhI 173, samaya amRtacandra aura jayasena kI TIkAoM meM mUla granthoM kI bhinna-bhinna pAI jAtI hai / amRtacandra anusAra paMcAstikAya sAra meM 415 aura pravacanasAra meM 275 gAthAeM haiM, jaba ki jayasena ke anusAra unakI saMkhyA kramaza: 181, 436 aura 311 hai / 85 ukta tInoM granthoM para bAlacandra deva kRta kannaDa TIkA bhI pAI jAtI hai, jo 12 vIM 13 vIM zatAbdI meM likhI gaI hai / yaha jayasena kI TIkA se prabhAvita hai / pravacanasAra para prabhAcandra dvArA likhita saroja - bhAskara nAmaka TIkA bhI hai, jo anumAnataH 14 vIM zatI kI hai aura ukta TIkAoM kI apekSA adhika saMkSipta hai / kuMdakuMda kRta zeSa racanAoM kA paricaya caraNAnuyoga viSayaka sAhitya ke antargata AtA hai / dravyAnuyoga viSayaka saMskRta racanAeM saMskRta meM dravyAnuyoga viSayaka racanAoM kA prArambha tatvArtha sUtra se hotA jisake kartA umAsvAti haiM / isakA racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai, kintu isakI sarvaprathama TIkA pAMcavIM zatAbdI kI pAI jAtI hai; ataeva mUla grantha kI racanA isase pUrva kisI samaya huI hogI / yaha eka aisI advitIya racanA hai, ki usapara diga0 khe0 donoM sampradAyoM kI aneka pRthak prathak TIkAeM pAI jAtI haiM / isa grantha kI racanA sUtra rUpa hai aura vaha dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita hai / prathama

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86 jaina sAhitya adhyAya ke 33 sUtroM meM samyagdarzanAdi ratnatraya ke ullekha pUrvaka samyagdarzana kI paribhASA, sAta tatvoM ke nAma nirdeza, pramANa aura nayakA ullekha evaM mati zrata Adi pAMcajJAnoM kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM 53 sUtroM dvArA jIvoM ke bhedopabheda batalAye gaye haiN| tIsare adhyAya meM 38 sUtroM dvArA adholoka aura madhyaloka kA, tathA cauthe adhyAya meM 42 sUtroM dvArA devaloka kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / pA~caveM adhyAya meM chaha dravyoM kA svarUpa 42 sUtroM dvArA batalAyA gayA hai, aura isa prakAra sAta tatvoM meM se prathama do arthAt jIva aura ajIva tattvoM kA prarUpaNa samApta kiyA gayA hai, chaThe adhyAya meM 27 sUtroM dvArA Astrava tatva kA nirUpaNa samApta kiyA gayA hai, jisameM zubhAzubha pariNAmoM dvArA puNya pApa rUpa karmAsrava kA varNana hai / sAtaveM adhyAya meM ahiMsAdi vattoM tathA unase sambaddha bhAvanAoM kA 36 sUtroM dvArA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pAThaveM adhyAya ke 26 sUtroM meM karmabandha ke mithyAdarzanAdi kAraNa, prakRti sthiti Adi vidhiyoM, jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha karmabhedoM aura unake upabhedoM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| nauveM adhyAya meM 47 sUtroM dvArA anAgata karmoM ko rokane ke upAya rUpa saMvara, tathA badhe hue karmoM ke vinAza rUpa nirjarA tatvoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM nau sUtroM dvArA karmoM ke kSaya se utpanna mokSa kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra choTe choTe 356 sUtroM dvArA jaina dharma ke mUlabhUta sAta tatvoM kA vidhivat nirUpaNa isa grantha meM A gayA hai, jisase isa grantha ko samasta jaina siddhAnta kI kuMjI kahA jA sakatA hai / isI kAraNa yaha grantha lokapriyatA aura suvistRta pracAra kI dRSTi se jaina sAhitya meM advitIya hai| diga0 pa ramparA meM isakI pramukha TIkAe devanaMdi pUjyapAda kRta sarvArthasiddhiH (5vIM zatI), akalaMka kRta tatvArtha rAjavArtika (mAThavIM zatI) tathA vidyAnaMdi kRta tatvArthazlokavArtika (nauvIM zatI) evaM zve0 paramparA meM svIpajJa bhASya tathA siddhasena gaNi kRta TIkA (AThavIM zatI) haiN| ina TIkAoM ke dvArA mUla grantha kA sUtroM dvArA saMkSepa meM varNita viSaya khUba pallavita kiyA gayA hai| inake atirikta bhI isa grantha para choTI bar3I aura bhI aneka TIkAeM uttara kAla meM likhI gaI haiN| tatvArtha sUtra ke viSaya ko lekara usake bhASya rUpa svataMtra padyAtmaka racanAeM bhI kI gaI haiN| inameM amRtacandrasUri kRta tatvArthasAra vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / nyAya viSayaga prAkRta jaina sAhitya jaina Agama sampata tatvajJAna kI puSTi aneka prakAra kI nyAyazailiyoM meM kI gaI hai, jinheM syAdvAda, anekAntavAda, nayavAda Adi nAmoM se kahA gayA hai| ina

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nyAya nyAya zailiyoM kA sphuTarUpa se ullekha va pratipAdana to jaina sAhitya meM Adi se hI yatra tatra AyA hai, tathApi isa viSaya ke svataMtra grantha cauthI pAMcavI zatAbdI se race gaye milate haiM / jaina nyAyakA prAkRta meM pratipAdana karane vAlA sarva prathama grantha siddhasena kRta 'sambhai sutta' (sanmati yA sammati tarka) yA sanmati prakaraNa hai | sanmati - tarka ko tatvArthasUtra ke samAna hI diga0 zve0 donoM sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM ne pramANa rUpa se svIkRta kiyA hai / SaTkhaMDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM isake ullekha va uddharaNa milate haiM, tathA vAdirAja ne apane pArzvanAthacarita (zaka 947) meM isakA va saMbhavataH usa para sanmati ( sumatideva ) kRtavivRti kA ullekha kiyA hai / isakA racanA kAla cauthI - pAMcavI zatAbdI I0 hai / isameM tIna kAMDa haiM, jinameM kramazaH 54, 43 aura 66 yA 70 gAthAeM haiM / isa para abhayadeva kRta 25000 zloka pramANa 'tatvabodha vidhAyinI' nAmakI TIkA hai, jisameM jaina nyAya ke sAtha sAtha jaina darzana kA sundara pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / isase pUrva mallavAdI dvArA likhita TIkA ke bhI ullekha milate haiM / prAkRta meM syAdvAda aura nayakA prarUpaNa karane vAle dUsare AcArya devasena haiM, jo dasavIM zatAbdI meM hue haiM / unakI do racanAeM upalabhya haiM: ena laghu-nayacakra, jisameM 87 gAthAoM dvArA dravyAthika, aura paryAyArthika ina do tathA unake naigamAdi nau nayoM ko unake bhedopabheda ke udAharaNoM sahita samajhAyA hai / dUsarI racanA bRhannayacakra haiM, jisameM 423 gAthAeM haiM, aura usameM nayoM va nikSepoM kA svarUpa vistAra se samajhAyA gayA hai / racanA ke aMta kI 6, 7 gAthAoM meM lekhaka ne eka yaha mahatvapUrNa bAta batalAI hai ki AditaH unhoMne 'davva -sahAva - payAsa' ( dravya svabhAva (prakAza) nAma se isa grantha kI racanA dohA baMdha meM kI thI, kintu unake eka zubhaM - kara nAmake mitra ne use sunakara haMsate hue kahA ki yaha viSaya isa chaMda meM zobhA nahIM detA; ise gAyA baddha kIjiye | ataeva use unake mAhalla-dhavala nAmaka ziSya ne gAthA rUpa meM parivartita kara DAlA / syAdvAda aura nayavAda kA svarUpa, unake pAribhASika rUpa meM, vyavasthA se samajhane ke liye devasena kI ye racanAyeM bahuta upayogI haiM / inakI nyAyaviSayaka eka anya racanA isakI racanA saMskRta gadya meM huI haiM / jaina nyAya meM saralatA se praveza pAne ke liye yaha choTA sA grantha bahuta sahAyaka siddha hotA hai / isakI racanA nayacakra ke pazcAt nayoM ke subodha vyAkhyAna rUpa huI hai / 'AlApa paddhati' hai / 87 nyAya viSayaka saMskRta jaina sAhitya jaina nyAya kI isa prAcIna zailI ko paripuSTa banAne kA zreya AcArya samaMtabhadra ( 5- vIM 6 ThI zatI) ko hai, jinakI nyAya viSayaka AptamImAMsA

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nyAya (114 zloka) aura yuktyanuzAsana, (64 zloka), ye donoM racanAeM prApta haiN| AptamImAMsA ko devAgama stotra bhI kahA gayA hai / ye donoM kRtiyAM stutiyoM ke rUpa meM racI gaI haiM, aura unameM viSaya kI UhApoha evaM khaMDana-maMDana syAdvAda kI saptabhaMgI va nayoM ke Azraya se kiyA gayA hai; aura una meM vizeSa rUpa se ekAMtavAda kA khaMDana kara anekAntavAda kI puSTi kI gaI hai| isI anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para yuktyanuzAsana meM mahAvIra ke zAsana ko sarvodaya tIrtha kahA gayA hai / isa racanA kA diga0 sampradAya meM bar3A Adara huA hai, aura usapara vizAla TIkA sAhitya pAyA jAtA hai / sabase prAcIna TIkA bhaTTAkalaMkakRta aSTazatI hai, jise AtmasAta karate hue vidyAnaMdi AcArya ne apanI aSTasahastrI nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isa TIkA ke prAptamImAMsAlaMkRti va devAgamAlaMkRti nAma bhI pAye jAte haiM / anya kucha TIkAeM vasunaMdi kRta devAgama-vRtti (10 vIM zatI) tathA laghu samaMtabhadra kRta aSTasahastrIviSamapada-tAtparyaTIkA (13 vIM zatI) nAmakI haiN| eka TipaNNa upAdhyAya yazovijaya kRta bhI upalabhya haiM / yuktyanuzAsana para vidyAnaMdi AcArya kRta TIkA pAI jAtI hai| isa TIkA kI prastAvanA meM kahA gayA hai ki samantabhadra svAmI ne AptamImAMsA meM 'anyayoga-vyavaccheda' dvArA tIrthaMkara bhagavAn ko vyavasthApita kiyA, aura phira yuktyanuzAsana kI racanA kii| isake dvArA hameM ukta donoM granthoM ke racanA-krama kI sUcanA milatI hai| vidyAnaMdI ne yahA~ jo 'anyayoga-vyavaccheda' pada AptamImAMsA ke sambandha meM prayoga kiyA hai, usakA Age bar3A prabhAva par3A, aura hemacandra ne apanI eka stuti rUpa racanA kA yahI nAma rakkhA, jisa para malliSeNa ne syAdvAda maMjarI TIkA likhii| apanI eka dUsarI stuti-rUpa racanA ko hemacandra ne ayogavyavacchedikA nAma diyA hai / samaMtabhadra kRta anya do granthoM arthAt jIva-siddhi aura tatvAnuzAsana ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai, kintu ye racanAyeM abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM aaii| saMskRta meM jaina nyAya viSayaka saMkSiptatama racanA siddhasena kRta nyAyAvatAra upalabdha hotI hai, jisameM pratyakSa, anumAnAdi pramANa-bhedoM ke pratipAdana dvArA jaina nyAya ko eka nayA mor3a diyA gayA hai| isase pUrva pramANa ke mati, zrata, avadhi, mana: paryaya aura kevala, pA~ca jJAnabheda kiye jAte the, jinameM prathama do parokSa aura zeSa tIna pratyakSa mAne jAte the| isake anusAra indriya-janya samasta jJAna parokSa mAnA jAtA thaa| kintu vaidika va bauddha paramparA ke nyAya zAstroM meM indriya aura padArtha ke sannikarSa se utpanna hue jJAna ko bhI pratyakSa hI mAnakara calA gayA hai / isa jJAna ko sambhavata: jinabhadragaNi ne apane vizeSA

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nyAya vazyaka bhASya meM prathama bAra parokSa ke sthAna para 'sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa' kI saMjJA pradAna kii| isI AdhAra para pIche ke nyAya granthoM meM pramANa ko pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda, ina tIna tathA upamAna ko milAkara cAra bhedoM meM vibhAjita kara UhApoha kI jAne lgii| nyAyAvatAra meM kula 32 kArikAeM haiM, jinake dvArA upayukta tIna pramANoM kA saMkSepa se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isI viSaya kA vistAra nyAyAvatAra kI haribhadra sUri (8vIM zatI) kRta vRtti, siddharSi gaNi (10vIM zatI) kRta TIkA, evaM devabhadra sUri (12 vIM zatI) kRta TippaNoM meM kiyA gayA hai / zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) ne nyAyAvatAra kI prathama kArikA para saTIka padyabaMdha vAttika racA hai / isI prathama kArikA para jinezvara sUri (11vIM zatI) ne apanA padyabaMdha pramAlakSaNa nAmaka grantha likhA, aura svayaM usapara vyAkhyA bhI likhii| __ jaina nyAya ko akalaMka kI dena bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai| aneka zilAlekhoM va prazastiyoM ke AdhAra se akalaMka kA samaya I0 kI AThavIM zatI kA uttarArddha vizeSataH I0 720-780 siddha ho cukA hai| inakI tattvArthasUtra tathA AptamImAMsA para likhI huI TIkAoM kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| una racanAoM meM hameM eka bar3e naiyAyika kI tarka zailI ke spaSTa darzana hote haiN| akalaMka kI nyAyaviSayaka cAra kRtiyAM prApta huI haiM - prathama kRti laghIyastraya meM pramANapraveza, nayapraveza tathA pravacana-praveza nAma ke tIna prakaraNa haiM, jo prathamataH svataMtra grantha the, aura pIche ekatra grathita hokara laghIyastrayanAma se prasiddha ho gye| pramANa, naya aura nirakSepa ina tInoM kA tAkika zailI se ekatra prarUpaNa karane vAlA yahI sarvaprathama grantha siddha hotA hai isa grantha meM unhoMne pratyakSa kA svataMtra lakSaNa sthira kiyA (1, 3), tArkika kasauTI dvArA kSaNikavAda kA khaMDana kiyA (2,1), tarka kA viSaya, svarUpa, upayoga Adi sthira kiyA; ityAdi / isapara svayaM kartA kI vivRtti nAmaka TIkA milatI hai| isI para prabhAcandra ne laghIyastrayAla kAra nAmakI vaha vizAla TIkA likhI jo 'nyAyakumuvacandra' nAma se prasiddha hai, aura jaina nyAya kA eka bar3A prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla I0 kI gyArahavIM zatI hai / akalaMka kI dUsarI racanA 'nyAyavinizcaya' hai, aura usapara bhI lekhaka ne svayaM eka vRtti likhI thii| mUla racanA kI koI svataMtra prati prApta nahIM ho sakI, kintu usakA uddhAra unakI vAdirAjasUri (13voM zatI) dvArA racita vivaraNa nAma kI TIkA para se kiyA gayA hai / isameM pratyakSa, anumAna aura pravacana nAma ke tIna prastAva haiM, jinakI tulanA siddhasena dvArA nyAyAvatAra meM sthApita pratyakSa, anumAna aura zruta; tathA bauddha granthakAra dharmakIrti ke pratyakSa, svArthAnumAna aura

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nyAya parArthAnumAna se karane yogya hai / tIsarI racanA 'siddhivinizcaya' meM pratyakSasiddhi, savikalpa siddhi, pramANantara siddhi va jIvasiddhi Adi bAraha prastAvoM dvArA pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa para anaMtavIryakRta (11vIM zatI) vizAla TIkA hai / inakA cauthA grantha 'pramANa-saMgraha' hai, jisakI 87.88 kArikAeM nau prastAvoM meM vibhAjita hai| isapara kartA dvArA svaracita vRtti bhI hai, jo gadya mizrita zailI meM likhI gaI hai| isameM pratyakSa anumAna Adi kA svarUpa, hetuoM aura hetvAbhAsoM kA nirUpaNa, vAda ke lakSaNa, pravacana ke lakSaNa, saptabhaMgI aura naigamAdi sAta nayoM kA kathana, evaM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA nirUpaNa bar3I praur3ha aura gaMbhIra zailI meM kiyA gayA hai, jisase anumAna hotA hai ki yahI akalaMka kI antima racanA hogI / isapara anantavIrya kRta pramANasaMgraha bhASya, apara nAma 'pramANasaMgraha-alaMkAra TIkA' upalabhya hai| ina racanAoM dvArA akalaMka ne jaina nyAya ko khUba paripuSTa kiyA hai, aura use ucca pratiSThA prApta karAI hai / ___ akalaMka ke anantara jaina nyAya viSayaka sAhitya ko vizeSa rUpa se paripuSTa karane kA zreya AcArya vidyAnaMdi ko hai, jinakA samaya I0 775 se 840 taka siddha hotA hai| unakI racanAeM do prakAra kI pAI jAtI haiM, eka to unase pUrvakAla kI vizeSa saiddhAntika kRtiyoM kI TIkAeM, aura dUsare apanI svataMtra kRtiyAM / unakI umAsvAti kRta ta0 sUtra para zloka vArtika nAmaka TIkA, samantabhadra kRta yuktyanuzAsana kI TIkA aura AptamImAMsA para aSTasahastrI TIkA ke ullekha yathAsthAna kiye jA cuke haiM / ina TIkAoM meM bhI unakI saiddhApratibhA evaM nyAya kI taka zailI ke darzana pada-pada para hote haiN| unakI nyAya viSayaka svataMtra kRtiyAM haiM-AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA, patraparIkSA aura satyazAsana-parIkSA / Apta-parIkSA sarvArthasiddhi ke 'mokSamArgastha netAraM' Adi prathama zloka ke bhASya rUpa likhI gaI hai| vidyA-naMdi ne apane pramANa-parIkSAdi granthoM meM usa varNanazailI ko apanAyA hai, jisake anusAra pratipAdana anya grantha kI vyAkhyA rUpa se nahIM, kintu viSaya kA svataMtra dhArAvAhI rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai| ina saba granthoM meM kartA ne akasaMka ke nyAya ko aura bhI adhika parimArjita karake camakAyA hai / unakI eka aura racanA 'vidyAnaMda-mahovaya' kA ullekha svayaM unake tatvArthazlokavArtika meM, tathA vAdideva sUri ke 'syAdvAda-ratnAkara' meM milatA hai, kintu vaha abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM A sakI hai| vidyAnaMdi ke pazcAt vizeSa ullekhanIya naiyAyika anaMtakIti (10 vIM zatI) aura mANikyanaMdi (11vIM zatI) pAye jAte haiN| ananta kIrti kI do racanAe~ 'vRhat sarvasiddhi' aura 'laghusarvazasiddhi' prakAza meM A cukI haiM / mANi .

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nyAya 61 kyanaMdi kRta parIkSA mukha meM hameM anumAna ke pratijJA, hetu dRSTAnta, upanaya aura nigamana, ina pAMcoM avayavoM ke prayoga kI svIkRti dikhAI detI hai (3, 27-46) yahA~ anuplabdhi ko eka mAtra pratiSedha kA hI nahIM, kintu vidhi-niSedha donoM kA sAdhaka batalAyA hai (3, 57 Adi) / yaha graMtha prabhAcandra kRta prameya-kamala. mArtaNDa' nAmaka TIkA ke dvArA vizeSa prakhyAta ho gayA hai / prabhAcandra kRta 'nyAyakumudacandra' nAmaka TIkA kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| prabhAcandra kA kAla I0 kI 11vIM zatI siddha hotA hai / 12vIM zatI meM anantavIrya ne prameya ratnamAlA, 15vIM zatI meM dharmabhUSaNa ne nyAyadIpikA, vimaladAsa ne saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI, zubhacandra ne saMzayavadanavidAraNa, tathA aneka prAcAryoM ne pUrvokta graMthoM para TIkA, vRtti va TippaNa rUpa se athavA svataMtra prakaraNa likhakara saMskRta meM jaina nyAyazAstra kI paramparA ko 17 vIM-18 vIM zatI taka barAbara pracalita rakhA, aura usakA adhyayana-adhyApana uttarottara sarala aura subodha banAne kA prayatna kiyA / jisa prakAra diga0 sampradAya meM pUrvokta prakAra se nyAyaviSayaka graMthoM kI racanA huI, usI prakAra zve0 sampradAya meM bhI siddhasena ke pazcAt saMskRta meM nAnA nyAyaviSayaka granthoM kI racanA kI paramparA 18vIM zatI taka pAI jAtI hai / mukhya naiyAyika aura unakI racanAe~ nimna prakAra haiM : mallavAdI ne chaThavIM zatI meM dvAdazAra nayacakra nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI jisa para siMhasUrigaNi kI vRtti hai aura usI vRtti para se isa graMtha kA uddhAra kiyA gayA hai - isameM siddhasena ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, tathA bhartRhari aura diGanAga ke matoMkA bhI ullekha humA hai / isa nayacakra kA kucha uddharaNa prakalaMka ke tattvArthavArtika meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / AThavIM zatI haribhadrAcArya ne na kevala jaina nyAya ko, kintu jaina siddhAMta ko bhI apanI vipula racanAoM dvArA paripuSTa banAyA hai, evaM kathA sAhitya ko bhI alaMkRta kiyA hai / unakI racanAoM meM anekAMta jayapatAkA (svopajJa vRtti sahita), anekAMta-vAda-praveza tathA sarvajJasiddhi jaina nyAya kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai| anekAMta-jayapatAkA meM 6 adhikAra haiM jinameM kramazaH sadasad-rUpa-vastu, nityAnityavastu, sAmAnya-vizeSa, abhilApyAnabhilApya, yogAcAra mata, aura mukti ina viSayoM para gambhIra va vistRta nyAyazailI se uhApoha kI gaI hai| ukta viSayoM meM se yogAcAra mata ko chor3akara zeSa pAMca viSayoM para haribhadra ne anekAMtavAda-praveza nAmaka grantha saMskRta meM likhA, jo bhASA, zailI tathA viSaya kI dRSTi se anekAMta jayapatAkA kA saMkSipta rUpa hI pratIta hotA hai / yaha grantha eka

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jaina sAhitya TippaNI sahita prakAzita ho cukA hai (pATana 1912 / unake aSTaprakaraNa nAmaka graMtha meM ATha ATha padyoM ke 32 prakaraNa haiM jimameM AtmanityavAda, kSaNikavAda nityAnitya Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa pAyA jAtA hai / isa para jinezvara sUri (11 vIM zatI) kI TIkA hai / isa TIkA meM kucha aMza prAkRta ke haiM jinakA saMskRta rUpAntara TIkAkAra ke ziSya abhayadeva sUri ne kiyA hai| unakI anya anya dArzanika racanAe~ haiM : SaTdarzana samuccaya, zAstravArtA samuccaya (saTIka) dharmasaMgrahaNI, tatvaraMgiNI va paralokasiddhi aadi| dharmasaMgrahaNI meM 1965 gAthAoM dvArA dharma ke svarUpa kA nikSepoM dvArA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prasaMgavaza isameM cArvAka mata kA khaNDana bhI AyA hai / isa para malayagiri kRta saMskRta TIkA upalabdha hai / unakI yogaviSayaka yogabiMdu, yogadRSTi-samuccaya, yoga-zataka, yogavizikA (viMzati vizikA meM 17vIM vizikA) evam SoDazaka (15 vAM, 16vAM SoDazaka) nAmaka racanAe~ pAtajjala yoga zAstra kI tulanA meM yoga viSayaka jJAna vistAra kI dRSTi se adhyayana karane yogya haiM / anyamatoM ke vivecana kI dRSTi se unakI dvija-vadana-capeTA nAmaka racanA ullekhanIya hai / vizeSa dhyAma dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki unhoMne bauddhAcArya diGnAga (5vIM zatI) ke nyAyapraveza para apanI TIkA likhakara eka to mUla grantha ke viSaya ko bar3e vizadarUpa meM suspaSTa kiyA aura dUsare usake dvArA jaina sampradAya meM bauddha nyAya ke adhyayana kI paramparA calA dI / AgAmI kAla kI racanAoM meM vAdideva sUri (12 vIM zatI) kRta pramANanayatAtvAlokAla kAra, syAvAda ratnAkara, hemacandra (12 vIM zatI) kRta pramANa-mImAMsA va anyayogavyavacchedikA aura vedAMkuza ratnaprabhasUri (13 vIM zatI) kRta syAdvAda-ratnAkarAvatarikA, jayasiMha sUri (15 vIM zatI) kRta nyAyasAra-dIpikA, zubha vijaya (17 vIM zatI) kRta syAdvAdamAlA, vinaya vijaya (17 vIM zatI) kRta nayakaNikA ullekhanIya haiN| samantabhadra kRta yuvatnuzAsana ke paricaya meM kahA jA cukA hai ki usa grantha ke TIkAkAra vidyAnaMdi ne AptamImAMsA ko 'anyayogavyavacchedaka' kahA hai, aura tadanusAra hemacaMdra ne apanI anyayogavyavacchedikA aura ayogavyavaccheda ye do dvAtrizikAe~ likhIM / anyayoga-vyacchedikA para malliSeNa sUri ne eka suvistRta TIkA likhI jisakA nAma syAdvAdamaMjarI hai, aura jise unhoMne apanI prazasti ke anusAra jinaprabhasUri kI sahAyatA se zaka saM0 1214(I01292) meM samApta kiyA thaa| isameM nyAya, vaizeSika pUrva mImAMsA, vedAnta, bauddha va cArvAka matoM kA paricaya aura unapara TIkAkAra ke samAlocanAtmaka vicAra prApta hote haiM / ima kAraNa yaha grantha jaina darzana ke ukta darzanoM se tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke liye vizeSa upayogI siddha huA hai|

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ka raNAnuyoga 63 aThAravIM zatAbdI meM AcArya yazovijaya hue, jinhoMne jainanyAya aura siddhAnta ko apanI racanAoM dvArA khUba paripuSTa kiyaa| nyAya kI dRSTi se unakI 'anekAnta-vyavasthA', 'jaina tarkabhASA', 'saptabhaMgI-naya-pradIpa', 'nayapradIpa' 'nayopadeza','nayarahasya' va jJAnasAra-prakaraNa, 'anekAnta-praveza', anekAnta-vyavasthA va vAda mAlA Adi ullekhanIya haiN| tarkabhASA meM unhoMne akalaMka ke laghIyastraya tathA praNAma-saMgraha ke anusAra pramANa naya aura nikSepa, ina tIna viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / bauddha paramparA meM mokSAkAra kRta tarkabhASA (12 vIM zatI) aura vaidika paramparA meM kezava mizra kRta tarkabhASA (13 vI 14 vIM zatI) ke anusaraNa para hI isa grantha kA nAma 'jaina tarka bhASA cunA gayA lagatA hai| unhoMne jJAnabindu, nyAyakhaNDakhAdya tathA nyAyAloka ko navya zailI meM likhakara jaina nyAya ke adhyayana ko nayA mor3a diyaa| jJAnabiMdu meM unhoMne prAcIna matijJAna ke vyaMjanAvagraha ko kAraNAMza, arthAvagraha aura IhA ko vyAparAMza, avAya ko phalAMza aura dhAraNA ko paripAkAMza kahakara jaina paribhASAoM kI nyAya Adi darzanoM meM nirdiSTa pratyakSa jJAna kI pakriyAoM se saMgati baiThAkara dikhalAI hai| karaNAnuyoga sAhitya uparyukta vibhAgAnusAra dravyAnuyoga ke pazcAt jaina sAhitya kA dUsarA viSaya hai karaNAnuyoga / isameM una granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai jinameM Urva, madhya va adholokoM kA, dvIpasAgaroM kA, kSetroM, parvatoM va nadiyoM Adi kA svarUpa va parimANa vistAra se, evaM gaNita kI prakriyAoM ke AdhAra se, varNana kiyA gayA hai / aisI aneka racanAoM kA ullekha Upara varNita jaina Agama ke bhItara kiyA jA cukA hai, jaise sUryaprajJapti,candraprajJapti jambUdvipa-prajJapti aura dvIpasAgara prajJapti / ina prajJaptiyoM meM samasta vizva ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-- lokAkAza va alokAkAza / alokAkAza vizva kA vaha ananta bhAga hai jahAM AkAza ke sivAya anya koI jar3a yA cetana dravya nahIM pAye jAte / kevala lokAkAza hI vizva kA vaha bhAga hai jisameM jIva, aura pudgala tathA inake gamanAgamana meM sahAyaka dharma aura adharma dravya tathA dravya parivartana meM nimittabhUta kAla ye pAMca dravya bhI pAye jAte haiN| isa dravyaloka ke tIna vibhAga haiM-Urdhva, madhya, aura adholoka / madhyaloka meM hamArI vaha pRthvI hai, jisapara hama nivAsa karate haiM yaha pRthvI golAkAra asaMkhya dvIpa-sAgaroM meM vibhAjita hai| isakA madhya meM eka lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA jambUdvIpa hai, jise valayAkAra veSTita kiye hue do lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA lavaNa samudra hai| lavaNasamudra ko cAra lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA dhAtakI khaMDa dvIpa veSTita kiye hue hai, aura use

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... 64 jaina sAhitya bhI veSTita kiye hue ATha lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA kAlodadhi samudra hai / kAlodadhi ke AsapAsa 16 lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA puSkaravara dvIpa hai| usake Age ukta prakAra dugune, dugane vistAra vAle asaMkhya sAgara aura dvIpa haiN| puSkaravara-dvIpa ke madhya meM eka mahAn dulaMdhya parvata hai, jo mAnuSottara kahalAtA hai, kyoMki isako lAMghakara usa pAra jAne kA sAmartha ya manuSya meM nahIM hai / isa prakAra jambUdvIpa, ghAtakI khaNDa aura puSkarAddha ye DhAI dvIpa milakara manuSyaloka kahalAtA hai / jambUdvIpa sAta kSetroM meM vibhAjita hai, jinakI sImA nirdhArita karane vAle chaha kula parvata haiM / kSetroM ke nAma haiM-bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airaavt| inake vibhAjaka parvata haiM-himavAn, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukmi aura shikhrii| inameM madhyavartI videha kSetra sabase vizAla hai, aura usI ke madhya meM meru parvata hai / bharatakSetra meM himAlaya se nikalakara gaMgA nadI pUrva samudra kI ora, tathA sindhu pazcima samudra kI ora bahatI haiN| madhya meM vindhya parvata hai / ina nadI-parvatoM ke dvArA bharata kSetra ke chaha khaMDa ho gaye haiM, jinako jItakara apane vazIbhUta karane vAlA samrATa ho SaTkhaMDa cakravatI kahalAtA hai| madhyaloka meM upayukta asaMkhya dvIpasAgaroM kI paramparA svayambhUramaNa samudra para samApta hotI hai / madhyaloka ke isa asaMkhya yojana vistAra kA pramANa eka rAju mAnA gayA hai / isa pramANa se sAta rAju Upara kA kSetra Urdhvaloka, aura sAta rAju nIce kA kSetra adholoka hai| Uvaloka meM pahale jyotirloka AtA hai, jisameM sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra aura tAroM kI sthiti batalAI gaI hai| inake Upara saudharma, IzAna, sanatkumAra, mAhendra, brahma brahmottara, lAntava, kApiSTha zukra, mahAzukra, zatAra, sahastrAra, prAnata, prANata, AraNa aura acyuta, ye solaha svarga haiN| inheM kalpa bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki inameM rahane vAle deva, indra, sAmAnika trAyastriMza, pAriSada, AtmarakSa, lokapAla, anIka, prakIrNaka, Abhiyogya aura kilviSika ina dasa uttarottara hIna padarupa kalpoM (bhedoM) meM vibhAjita haiM / ina solaha svargoM ke Upara nau greveyaka, aura unake Upara vijaya, vaijayanta, jayaMta aparAjita aura sarvArthasiddhi, ye pAMca kalpAtIta deva-vimAna haiM / sarvArthasiddhi ke Upara loka kA agratama bhAga hai, jahAM muktAtmAeM jAkara rahatI haiN| isake Age dharmadravya kA abhAva hone se koI jIva yA anya praveza nahIM kara pAtA / adholoka meM kramazaH ratna, zarkarA, bAlukA, paMka, dhUma, tama aura mahAtama prabhA nAma ke sAta uttarottara nIce kI ora jAte hue naraka haiN| jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM avasarpaNi aura usa sarpaNi rUpa se kAla-cakra

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karaNAnuyoga ghUmA karatA hai jisake anusAra suSamA-suSamA, suSamA, suSamA-duSamA, duSamA-suSamA duSamA aura duSamA-duSamA ye chaha avasarpiNI ke, aura ye hI viparIta krama se utsarpiNI ke Are hote haiM / prathama tIna AroM ke kAla meM bhogabhUmi kI racanA rahatI hai, jisameM manuSya apanI anna vastra Adi samasta AvazyakatAe~ kalpavRkSoM se hI pUrI karate haiM, aura ve kRSi Adi udyoga vyavasAyoM se anabhijJa rahate haiM / suSamA duSamA kAla ke antima bhAga meM kramazaH bhogabhUmi kI vyavasthA samApta hotI aura karmabhUmi kI racanA prArambha hotI hai / usa samaya karmabhUmi sambandhI yugadharmoM ko samajhAne vAle kramazaH caudaha kulakara hote haiN| vartamAna avasarpiNI ke suSamA-duSamA kAla ke anta meM pratizra ti, sanmati kSemaMkara, kSemaMdhara, sImaMkara, vimalavAhana, cakSuSmAn, yazasvI, amicandra, candrAbha, marudeva, prasenajIta, auranA bhirAja, ina caudaha kulakaroM aura vizeSataH aMtima kulakara nAbhirAja ne asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA vANijya, zilpa aura udyoga, ina SaTkarmo kI vyavasthAe~ nirmANa kI / inake pazcAt RSabha Adi 24 tIrthakara 12 cakravartI, 6 baladeva 6 vAsudeva, aura 6 prati-vAsudeva ye 63 zalAkA puruSa duSamA-suSamA nAmaka cauthe kAla meM hue / aMtima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt paMcama kAla duSama prArambha huA, jo vartamAna meM cala rahA hai / yahI sAmAnya rUpa se karaNAnuyoga ke granthoM meM varNita viSayoM kA saMkSipta paricaya hai| kinhIM grathoM meM yaha sampUrNa viSayavarNana kiyA gayA hai, aura kinhIM meM isameM se koI / kintu vizeSatA yaha hai ki inake viSaya ke pratipAdana meM gaNita kI prakriyAoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jisase ye grantha prAcIna gaNita ke sUtroM, aura unake krama-vikAsa ko samajhane meM bar3e sahAyaka hote haiN| isa viSaya ke mukhya grantha nimna prakAra haiM - diga* paramparA meM isa viSaya kA prathama grantha lokavibhAga pratIta hotA hai / yadyapi yaha mUlagrantha upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi isake pazcAt kAlIna saMskRta padyAtmaka rUpAntara siMhasUri kRta loka vibhAga meM milatA hai / siMhasUri ne apanI prazasti meM spaSTa kahA hai ki tIrthakara mahAvIra ne jagat kA jo vidhAna batalAyA use sudharma svAmI Adi ne jAnA, aura vahI AcArya paramparA se prApta kara siMhasUri RSi ne bhASA kA parivartana karake rcaa| jisa mUlagrantha kA unhoMne yaha bhASA parivartana kiyA, usakA bhI unhoMne yaha paricaya diyA hai ki vaha grantha kAMcI nareza siMhavarmA ke bAisaveM saMvatsara, tadanusAra zaka ke 380 veM varSa meM sarvanaMdi muni ne pAMDya rASTra ke pATalika grAma meM likhA thA / itihAsa se siddha hai ki zaka saMvat 38. meM pallavavaMzI rAjA siMhavarmA rAjya karate the, aura unakI rAjadhAnI kAMcI thI / yaha mUla grantha anumAnataH prAkRta meM hI rahA hogaa|

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&6 jana sAhitya kuMdakuMdakRta niyamasAra kI 17 vIM gAthA meM jo 'loyavibhAge suNadavvaM' rUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usameM sambhava hai isI sarvanaMdi kRta loka vibhAga kA ullekha ho / AgAmI tiloyapaNNati grantha meM loka vibhAga kA aneka bAra ullekha kiyA gayA hai| siMhasUri RSi ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki unhoMne apanA yaha rUpAntara ukta graMtha para se samAsa arthAta sakSepa meM likhA hai / jisa rUpa meM yaha racanA prApta huI hai usameM 2230 zloka pAye jAte haiM, aura vaha jambUdvIpa, lavaNasamudra, mAnuSakSetra, dvIpa-samudra, kAla, jyotirloka, bhavanavAsI loka, adholoka, bhyantaraloka, vargaloka, aura mokSa ina gyAraha vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai / grantha meM yatra-tatra talIyapaNNati, AdipurANa, trilokasAra va jambUdvIpa-prajJapti graMthoM ke avataraNa yA ullekha pAye jAte haiM, jisase isakI racanA 22 vIM zatI ke pazcAt huI anumAna kI jA sakatI hai| trailokya sambandhI samasta viSayoM ko paripUrNatA aura suvyavasthA se pratipAdita karane vAlA upalabhya prAcInatama graMtha tiloyapaNNatti hai jisakI racanA prAkRta gAthAoM meM huI hai| yatra-tatra kucha prAkRta gadya bhI AyA hai, evaM aMkAsmaka saMdRSTiyoM kI usameM bahulatA hai / grantha ina nau mahAdhikAroM meM vibhAjita hai- sAmAnyaloka, nArakaloka, bhavanavAsI loka, manuSyaloka, tiryakloka, vyantaraloka, jyotirloka, devaloka aura siddhaloka / grantha kI kula gAthA-saMkhyA 5677 hai / bIca bIca meM indravajA, sragdharA, upajAti, dodhaka, zArdUla-vikrIr3ita, vasantatilakA aura mAlinI chaMdoM kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| granthollekhoM meM aggAyaNI, saMgoyaNI, saMgAhanI, diThivAda, parikamma, mUlAyAra, loyaviNicchaya, logAiNI va lokavibhAga nAma pAye jAte haiN| manuSya lokAntargata tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kI aitihAsika rAjavaMzIya paramparA, mahAvIra nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt hue caturmukha kalki ke kAla taka varNita hai / SaTkhaMDAgama kI vIrasena kRta dhavalA TIkA meM tiloyapaNNatti kA aneka bAra ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ina ullekhoM para se isa grantha kI racanA- mUlataH I0 san ke 500 aura 800 ke bIca huI siddha hotI hai| kintu upalabhya grantha meM kucha prakaraNa aise bhI milate haiM jo ukta vIrasena kRta dhavalA TIkA para se jor3e gaye pratIta hote haiN| isa grantha ke kartA yati vRSabhAcArya hai, jo kaSAyaprAbhRta kI cUNi ke lekhaka se abhinna jJAta hote haiN| nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI kata trilokasAra 1018 prAkata gAthAoM meM samApta huA hai| usameM yadyapi koI adhyAyoM ke vibhAjana kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA, tathApi jina viSayoM ke varNana kI Arambha meM pratijJA kI gaI hai, aura usI anusAra jo varNana huA hai, usa para se isake loka-sAmAnya tathA

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karaNAnuyoga 67 bhavana vyantara, jyotiSa, vaimAnika aura nara-tiyakloka ye chaha adhikAra pAye jAte haiM / viSaya varNana prAyaH triloka prajJapti ke anusAra saMkSipta rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA racanAkAla I0 11 vIM zatI hai| padmanaMdi muni kRta jambUdvIpavapaNatti meM 2386 prAkRta gAthAeM haiM aura racanA tiloya paNNati ke AdhAra se huI spaSTa pratIta hotI hai| isake teraha uddezya nimna prakAra haiM:- upodghAta, bharata-erAvata varSa; zaila-naMdI-bhogabhUmi; sudarzana meru,maMdara jinabhavana, devottarakuru, kakSAvijaya, pUrva videha, apara videha, lavaNa samudra, dvIpa sAgara-adhaH-Urdhva-siddhaloka, jyotirloka aura pramANa pariccheda grantha ke anta meM kartA ne batalAyA hai ki unhoMne jinAgama ko RSi vijaya guru ke samIpa sunakara unhIM ke prasAda se yaha racanA mAghanaMdi, ke praziSya tathA sakalacandra ke ziSya zrInadi guru ke nimitta kii| unhoMne svayaM apane ko vIranaMdi ke praziSya va balanaMdi ke ziSya kahA hai; tathA grantha racanA kA sthAna pariyAtra deza ke antargata vArAnagara aura vahA~ ke rAjA saMti yA satti kA ullekha kiyA hai / zve. paramparA meM isa viSaya kI AgamAntargata sUrya, candra va jambUdvIpa prajJaptiyoM ke atirikta jinabhadragaNi kuta do racanAeM kSetrasamAsa aura saMgrahaNI ullekhanIya haiM / ina donoM racanAoM ke parimANa meM kramaza: bahuta parivarddhana huA hai, aura unake laghu aura vRhad rUpa saMskaraNa TIkAkAroM ne prastuta kiye haiM, upalabhya vRhatkSetramAsa, aparanAma trailopyadIpikA, meM 656 gAthAeM haiM, jo ina pAMca adhikAroM meM vibhAjita haiM- jambUdvIpa, lavaNodadhi, dhAtakIkhaMDa, kAlodadhi aura puSkarAddha / isa prakAra isameM manuSya loka mAtra kA varNana hai / upalabhya vRhatsaMgrahaNI ke saMkalanakartA maladhArI hemacandrasUri ke ziSya candrasUri (12 vIM zatI) haiN| isameM 346 gAthAeM haiM, jo deva, naraka, manuSya, aura tiryaca, ina cAra gati nAmaka adhikAroM meM, tathA unake nAnA vikalpoM evaM sthiti, avagAhanA Adi ke prarUpaka nAnA dvAroM meM vibhAjita hai| yahAM lokoM kI apekSA unameM rahane vAle jIvoM kA hI adhika vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| eka laghukSetramAsa ratmazekhara sUri (14 vIM zatI, kRta 262 gAthAoM meM tathA vRhatkSetra samAsa somatilaka sUri (14 vIM zatI) kRta 486 gAthAoM meM, bhI pAye jAte haiM / inameM bhI ar3hAI dvIpa pramANa manuSya-loka kA varNana hai / vicArasAra-prakaraNa ke kartA devasUri ke ziSya pradyumnasUri (13 vIM zatI)haiM / isameM 600 gAthAoM dvArA karmabhUmi, bhogabhUmi, Arya va anArya deza, rAjadhAniyAM, tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrvabhava, mAtA-pitA, svapna, janma Adi evaM samavazaraNa, gaNadhara, aSTamahAprAtihArya

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68 jaina sAhitya kalki, zaka va vikrama kAla gaNanA, dazaninhava, 84 lAkha yoniyAM va siddha, isa prakAra nAnA viSayoM kA varNana hai / isa para mANikyasAgara kRta saMskRta chAyAH upalabhya hai| (A0 sa0 bhAvanagara, 1983) / ukta samasta racanAoM se saMbhavataH prAcIna 'jyotiSakaraMDaka' nAmaka grantha hai jise mudrita prati meM 'pUrvabhUd vAlabhya prAcInatarAcArya kRta' kahA gayA hai (pra0 ratalAma 1628) / isa para pAdalipta sUri kRta TIkA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| upalabhya jyotiSakaraMDaka prakIrNaka meM 376 gAthAeM haiM, jinakI bhASA va zailI jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta racanAoM se milatI hai / grantha ke Adi meM kahA gayA hai ki sUryaprajJapti meM jo viSaya vistAra se varNita hai usako yahA~ saMkSepa se pRthak uddhata kiyA jAtA hai / grantha meM kAlapramANa, mAna, adhikamAsa-niSpatti tithi-niSpatti, omaratta (hInarAtri) nakSatra parimANa, candra-sUrya-parimANa, nakSatra candra-sUrya gati, nakSatrayoga, maMDalavibhAga, ayana AvRtti, muhUrtagati, Rtu, viSuvata (ahorAtri- samatva), vyatipAta, tApa,divasavRddhi, amAvasa-paurNamAsI, pranaSTaparva aura paurUSI, ye ikkIsa pAhuDa haiN| saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke purANoM meM, jaise harivaMzapurANa, mahApurANa,trizaSThi zalAkApuruSa caritra, tisaTThidahApurisaguNAlaMkAra meM bhI trailokya kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / vizeSataH jinasena kRta saMskata harivaMzapurANa (8 vIM zatI) isake liye prAcInatA va viSaya vistAra kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai / isake cauthe se sAtaveM sarga taka kramazaH adholoka, tiryagloka, Uchaloka aura kAla kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo prAyaH tiloya-paNNatti se mela khAtA hai| caraNAnuyoga-sAhitya jaina sAhitya ke caraNAnuyoga vibhAga meM ve grantha Ate haiM jinameM AcAra dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / hama Upara dekha cuke haiM ki dvAdazAMga Agama ke bhItara hI prathama AcArAMga meM munidharma kAtathA sAtaveM aMga upAsakAdhyayana meM gRhasthoM ke AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM ina donoM prakAra ke AcAra para nAnA grantha likhe gye| muniAcAra-prAkRta sarvaprathama kundAkundAcArya ke granthoM meM hameM muni aura zrAvaka sambandhI AcAra kA bhinna-bhinna nirUpaNa prApta hotA hai| unake pravacanasAra kA tRtIya zrutaskaMdha yathArthataH munitrAcAra sambandhI eka svataMtra racanA hai jo siddhoM, tIrthakaro aura zramaNoM ke namaskArapUrvaka zrAmaNya kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| yahA~ 75

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caraNAnuyoga-munidharma 66 gAthAoM dvArA zramaNa ke lakSaNa, pravajyA tathA upasthApanAtmaka dIkSA, aTThAIsa mUlaguNoM kA nirdeza, cheda kA svarUpa, utsarga va apavAda mArga kA nirUpaNa, jJAnasAdhanA, zubhopayoga, saMyamavirodhI pravRttiyoM kA niSedha tathA zrAmaNya kI pUrNatA dvArA mokSa tatva kI sAdhanA kA prarUpaNa kara antima gAthA meM yaha kahate hue grantha samApta kiyA gayA hai ki jo koI sAgAra yA anagAra AcAra se yukta hotA huA isa zAsana ko samajha jAya, vaha alpakAla meM pravacana ke sAra ko prApta kara letA hai| niyamasAra meM 187 gAthAeM haiN| lekhaka ne Adi meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki jo niyama se kiyA jAya, vahI niyama hai aura vaha jJAna, darzana aura cAritra rUpa hai| 'sAra' zabda se unakA tAtparya hai ki ukta niyama se viparIta bAtoM kA parihAra kiyA jAya / tatpazcAt grantha meM ukta tInoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| gAthA 77 se 157 taka 81 gAthAoM meM AvazyakoM kA svarUpa vistAra se samajhAyA hai, jise unhoMne muniyoM kA nizcayayAtmaka cAritra kahA hai| yahA~ SaDAvazyakoM kA krama evaM unake nAma anyatra se kucha bhinna haiM / jina AvazyakoM kA yahA~ varNana huA hai, ve haiM-pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna' AlocanA, kAyotsarga, sAmAyika aura paramabhakti / unhoMne kahA hai-pratikramaNa use kahate haiM jisakA jinavara-nirdiSTa sUtroM meM varNana hai (gAthA 89) aura usakA svarUpa vahI hai jo pratikramaNa nAmake sUtra meM kahA gayA hai (gAthA 64) / yahAM prAvazyaka niyukti kA svarUpa bhI samajhAyA gayA hai / jo apane vaza arthAt svecchA para nirbhara nahIM hai vaha avaza, aura avaza karane yogya kArya Ayazyaka hai| yukti kA artha hai upAya, vahI niravayava arthAt samaSTi rUpa se niyukti kahA jAtA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki lekhaka ke sammukha eka Avazyaka niyukti nAma kI racanA kI thI aura ve use prAmANika mAnate the (gAthA 142) / Avazyaka dvArA hI zrAmaNya guNa kI pUrti hotI hai| ataeva jo zramaNa Avazyaka se hIna hai, vaha cAritrabhraSTa hotA hai (147-48) / Avazyaka karake hI purANa puruSa kevalI hue haiM (gAthA 157) / isa prakAra grantha kA bahubhAga AvazyakoM ke mahatva aura unake svarUpa viSayaka hai| Age kI 10, 12 gothAoM meM kevalI ke jJAnadarzana tathA inake kramazaH para-prakAzakatva aura sva-prakAzakasva ke viSaya meM AcArya ne apane AlocanAtmaka vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM / yaha prakaraNa SaTkhaMDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM jJAna aura darzana ke vivecana viSayaka prakaraNa se milAna karane yogya hai / aMta meM mokSa ke svarUpa para kucha vicAra prakaTa kara niyamasAra kI racanA nijabhAvanA nimitta kI gaI hai, aisA kaha kara grantha samApta kiyA gayA hai / isa

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jaina sAhitya grantha kI 17 vIM gAthA meM manuSya, nArakI, tithaMca va devoM kA bheda - vistAra lAkavibhAga se jAnanA cAhiye, aisA kahA hai / isa ullekha ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM yaha matabheda hai ki yahAM loka-vibhAga nAmaka kisI vizeSa racanA se tAtparya haiM, athavA lokavibhAga saMbaMdhI sAmAnya zAstroM se / grantha ke TIkAkAra maladhAri deva ne to yahAM spaSTa kahA hai ki pUrvokta jIvoM kA bheda lokavibhAga nAmaka paramAgama meM dekhanA cAhiye (loka vibhAgAbhidhAna - paramAgame draSTavyaH ) / lokavibhAga nAmaka saMskRta grantha milatA hai, jisake karttA siMhasUri ne usameM sarvanaMdi dvArA zaka saM0 380 ( I0 saM0 458 ) meM likhita prAkRta lokavibhAga kA ullekha kiyA hai / Azcarya nahIM jo yahI loka vibhAga niyamasAra ke lekhaka kI dRSTi meM rahA ho / kisI bAdhaka pramANa ke abhAva meM isa kAla ko kuMdakuMda ke kAla kI pUrvAvadhi mAnanA anucita pratIta nahIM hotA 100 niyamasAra para saMskRta TIkA 'tAtparya vRtti' padmaprabha maladhArideva kRta pAI jAtI hai / isa TIkA ke Adi meM tathA pAMcaveM zrutaskaMdha ke anta meM karttA ne vIranaMdi muni kI vandanA kI hai| cAlukyarAja tribhuvanamalla somezvaradeva ke samaya zaka saM0 1107 ke eka zilAlekha (epI0 inDi0 1916-17) meM padmaprabha maladhArideva aura unake guru vIranaMdi siddhAntacakravartI kA ullekha hai / ye hI padmaprabha isa TIkA ke kartA pratIta hote haiM / niyamasAra meM gAthA 134 se 140 taka paramabhaktirUpa AvazyakatriyA kA nirUpaNa hai, jisameM sabhyaktva, jJAna va caraNa meM bhakti, nirvANabhakti, mokSagata puruSoM kI bhakti evaM yogabhakti kA ullekha AyA hai, aura anta meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki yogabhakti karake hI RSabhAdi jinendra nirvANa-sukha ko prApta hue ( gA0 140 ) / isa prasaMgAnusAra kuMdakuMda dvArA svayaM pRthak rUpa se bhaktiyAM likhA jAnA bhI sArthaka pratIta hotA hai / kuraMdakuda kRta upalabhya dazabhaktiyoM ke nAma ye haiM : -- tIrthakara bhakti ( gA0 8 ), siddhabhakti ( gA0 11), zrutabhakti (gA. 11), cAritrabhakti ( gA0 12), anagArabhakti (gA0 23). AcArya bhakti ( gA0 10 ), nirvANabhakti (gA0 27), paMcaparameSThibhakti (gA0 7) naMdIzvarabhakti aura zAnti bhakti / ye bhaktiyA~ unake nAmAnusAra vandanAtmaka va bhAvanAtmaka haiM / siddhabhakti kI gAthA - saMkhyA kucha anizcita hai / antima do arthAt naMdIzvarabhakti aura zAMtibhakti jisa rUpa meM milatI haiM, usameM kevala antima kucha vAkya prAkRta meM hai / unakA pUrNa prAkRta pATha aprApya hai / inakI prAcIna pratiyAM ekatra kara saMzodhana kiye jAne kI AvazyakatA hai / ye bhaktiyA~ prabhAcandra kRta saMskRta TIkA sahita 'kriyAkalApa' nAma se prakAzita huI haiM / ( pra0 zolApura 1621) /

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caraNAnuyoga-manidharma dharmAcaraNa kA mukhya uddezya hai mokSa prApti; aura mokSa kI mAMga hai samyag darzana, jJAna aura cAritra / inhIM tIna kA pratipAdana kundakunda nai kramazaH apane darzana, sUtra va cAritra pAhuDoM meM kiyA hai unhoMne darzana pAhuDa kI 15 vIM gauthA meM kahA hai ki samyaktva (darzana) se jJAna aura jJAna se saMba bhAvoM kI upalabdhi tathA zreya-azraya kA bodha hotI hai, jisake dvArA zIla kI prApti hokara antataH nirvANa kI upalabdhi hotI haiN| unhoMne chaha dravya aura nau padArthoM tathA pAMca astikAyoM aura sAta tatvoM ke svarUpa meM zraddhAna karane vAle ko vyavahAra se samyagdRSTi tathA Atma zraddhAnI ko nizcaya samyagdRSTi kahA~ hai (gAthA 16-20) / sUtra pAhuDe meM batalAyA gayA hai ki jisake artha kA upadeza arhat (tIrthaMkara) dvArA, evaM graMtha-racanA gaNadharoM dvArA kI gaI hai, vahI sUtra hai aura usI ke dvArA zramaNa paramArtha kI sAdhanA karate haiM (gAthA 1) / sUtra ko pakar3akara calane vAlI puruSa hI binA bhraSTa hue saMsAra ke pAra pahuMce sakatA hai, jisa prakAra ki sUtra (dhAgA) se piroI huI suMI surakSita rahatI hai aura binA sUtra ke kho jAtI hai (gAthA 3-4) / Age jinoMkta sUtra ke jJAna se hI saccI dRSTi kI utpatti tathA use hI vyavahAra paramArtha batalAyA gayA hai| sUtrArthapada se bhraSTa hue sAdhaka ko mithyAdRSTi jAnanA cAhiye (gAyA 5-7) / sUtra saMbaMdhI ina ullekhoM se pramANita hotA hai ki kundakunda ke sammukha jinAgama sUtra the, jinakA adhyayana aura tadnusAra varNana, ve muni ke liye Avazyaka samajhate the| Age kI gAthAoM meM unhoMne muni ke nagnatva va tila-tuSa mAtra parigraha se rahitapanA batalAkara striyoM kI pravRjyA kA niSedha kiyA hai, jisase anumAna hotA hai ki kartA ke samaya meM digambara-zvetAmbaraM sampradAya bheda baddhamUle ho gayA thA / caritra pAha ke Adi meM batalAyA gayA hai ki jo jAnA jAya vaha jJAna jo dekhA jAya vaha darzana, tathA ina donoM ke saMyoga se utpanna bhAva cAritra hotA hai, tathA jJAna-darzana yukta kriyA hI samyaka cAritra hotA hai / jIva ke ye hI tIna bhAva akSaya aura ananta haiM, aura inhIM ke zodhana ke liye jinendra ne do prakAra kA cAritra batalAyA hai-eka darzanajJAnAtmaka samyaktvaM cAritra aura dUsarA saMyama-dhAritra (gAthA 3-5) / Age samyaktvaM ke niHzaMkAdika ATha aMga (gAthA 7) saMyama caritra ke sAgAra aura anagAra rUpa do bheda (gAthA 21), darzana, preta Adi dezavatI kI gyAraha pratimAe~ (gAthA 22), aNuvrata-guNavata aura zikSAkta, dvArA bAraha prakAra kA sAMgAradharma (gAyA~ 23.27) tathA paMcendriya saMvara va pAMca vrata unakI paccIsa kriyAoM sahitaM, pAMca samiti aura tIna gupti rUpa anagAra saMyama kA prarUpaNa kiyA hai (gAthA 28 Adi) / bAraha

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102 jaina sAhitya zrAvaka vratoM ke saMbaMdha meM dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki yahAM dizA-vidizA pramANa anarthadaMDavarjana aura bhogopabhoga-pramANa ye tIna guNavrata tathA sAmayika, proSadha, atithi pUjA aura sallekhanA, ye cAra zikSA-vrata kahe gaye haiN| yaha nirdeza ta0 sU0 (7, 21) meM nirdiSTa vratoM se tIna bAtoM meM bhinna hai-eka to yahAM bhogopabhoga-parimANa ko anarthadaMDa vrata ke sAtha guNavatoM meM liyA gayA hai, dUsare yahAM dezavrata kA koI ullekha nahIM hai; aura tIsare zikSAvratoM meM saMllekhanA kA nirdeza sarvathA nayA hai / yahAM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhane yogya hai ki ta. sU. (7-21) meM digdezAdi sAta vratoM kA nirdeza eka sAtha kiyA gayA hai, usameM guNavatoM aura zikSAktoM kA pRthag nirdeza nahIM hai| inakA nirdeza hameM prathama bAra kundakunda ke isI pAhuDa meM dikhAI detA hai| haribhadrakRta zrAvakajJapti meM guNavatoM kA nirdeza kundakunda ke anukUla hai, kintu zikSAktoM meM vahAM saMllekhanA kA ullekha na hokara dezAvakAzika kA hI nirdeza hai| anagAra saMyama ke saMbaMdha meM ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki yahAM paMcaviMzati kriyAoM va tIna guptiyoM kA samAveza nayA hai tathA usameM loca Adi sAta vizeSa guNoM kA nirdeza nahIM pAyA jAtA, yadyapi pravacanasAra (gA0 3, 8) meM una sAtoM kA nirdeza hai, kintu tIna guptiyoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| bodha pAhuDa (gAthA 62) meM Ayatana, caitya-gRha, pratimA, darzana, biMba, jinamudrA, jJAna, deva, tIrtha, arhat aura pravRjyA ina gyAraha ke sacce svarUpa kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, aura paMcamahAvratadhArI maharSi ko saccA Ayatana, use hI caitya-gRha, vandanIya pratimA; samyakatva, jJAna va saMyama rUpa mokSamArga kA darzana karAnevAlA saccA darzana; usI ko tapa aura vrataguNoM se yukta saccI aMhaMta mudrA; usake hI dhyAna yoga meM yukta jJAna ko saccA jJAna, vahI artha, dharma kAma va pravRjyA ko denevAlA saccA deva, aura usI ke nirmala dharma, samyaktva, saMyama tapa va jJAna ko saccA tIthaM batalAyA hai| jisane jarA, vyAdhi, janma, maraNa, caturgati-gamana, puNya aura pApa evaM samasta doSoM aura karmoM kA nAzakara apane ko jJAnamaya banA liyA hai, vahI arhat hai, aura jisameM gRha aura parigraha ke moha se mukti, bAIsa parISaha va solahakaSAyoM para vijaya tathA pApAraMbha se vimukti pAI jAtI hai, vahI pravRjyA hai / isameM zatru aura mitra, prazaMsA aura niMdA, lAma aura alAbha evaM tRNa aura kAMcana ke prati samatAbhAva pAyA jAtA hai; uttama yA madhyama, daridra yA dhanI ke gRha se nirapekSamAva se piNDa (AhAra) grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, yathA jAta (nagna digambara) mudrA dhAraNa kI jAtI hai| zarIra saMskAra chor3a diyA jAtA hai; evaM kSamA mAdava prAdi bhAva dhAraNa kiye jAte haiM / isa pAhuDa ko kartA ne chakkAya suhaMkaraM (SaTkAya jIvoM ke liye sukhakara

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caraNAnuyoga-munidharma 103 nirdiSTa nAma hitakara ) kahA hai, aura sambhavataH yahI isa pAhuDa kA kartA dvArA hai, jise unhoMne bhavyajanoM ke bodhanArthaM kahA hai / isa pAhuDa meM prarUpita ukta gyAraha viSayoM ke vivaraNa ko par3hakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya nAnA prakAra ke Ayatana mAne jAte the, nAnA prakAra ke caityoM, maMdiroM, mUrtiyoM va biMboM kI pUjA hotI thI, nAnA mudrAoM meM sAdhu dikhalAI dete the, tathA deva, tIrtha va pravRjyA ke bhI nAnA rUpa pAye jAte the / ataeva kundakunda ne yaha Avazyaka samajhA ki ina loka- pracalita samasta viSayoM para saccA prakAza DAlA jAya / yahI unhoMne isa pAhuDa dvArA kiyA hai / bhAvapAhuDa : (gAthA 165 ) meM dravyaliMgI aura bhAvaliMgI zramaNoM meM bheda kiyA gayA hai aura kartA ne isa bAta para jora diyA hai ki muni kA veSa dhAraNa kara lete, vratoM aura tapoM kA abhyAsa karane, yahAM taka ki zAstra jJAna prApta kara lene mAtra se AtmA kA kalyANa nahIM ho sakatA / AtmakalyANa to tabhI hogA jaba pariNAmoM meM zuddhi zrA jAya, rAga dveSa Adi kaSAyabhAva chUTa jAyaM, aura AtmA kA AtmA meM ramaNa hone lage ( gA0 56-56 ) / isa saMbaMdha unhoMne aneka pUrvakAlIna dravya aura bhAva zramaNoM ke ullekha kiye haiM / bAhufo, dehAdi se virakta hone para bhI mAna kaSAya ke kAraNa dIrghakAla taka siddhi prApta nahIM kara sake (gAthA 44 ) | madhupiMga evam vaziSTa muni zrAhArAdi kA tyAga kara dene para bhI citta meM nidAna (zalya) rahane se zramaNatva ko prApta nahIM ho sake ( gAthA 45-46 ) | jinaliMgI bAhu muni Abhyantara doSa ke kAraNa samasta daMDaka nagara ko bhasma karake raurava naraka meM gaye ( gAthA 49 ) / dravya zramaNa dvIpAyana samyag darzana-jJAna aura cAritra se bhraSTa hokara ananta saMsArI ho gaye / bhayasena bAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrva par3hakara sakala zrutijJAnI ho gaye, tathApi ve bhAvazramagatva ko prApta na kara sake ( gAthA 52 ) / inake viparIta bhAvazramaNa zivakumAra yuvatI striyoM se ghire hote hue bhI vizuddha pariNAmoM dvArA saMsAra ko pAra kara sake, tathA zivabhUti muni tuSa-mASa kI ghoSaNA karate hue (jisa prakAra chilake se usake bhItara kA ur3ada bhinna hai, usIprakAra deha aura AtmA pRthak pRthak haiM) bhAva vizuddha hokara kevalajJAnI ho gaye / prasaMgavaza 150 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 67 ajJAnI, evaM 32 vainayika isa prakAra 363 pASaMDoM ( matoM) kA ullekha AyA hai ( gA0 137-142) / isa pAhuDa meM sAhityaka guNa bhI anya pAhuDoM kI apekSA adhika pAye jAte haiM / jisakA mati rUpI dhanuSa, zruta rUpI guNa aura ratnatrayarUpI bANa sthira haiM, vaha paramArthaM rUpI lakSya se kabhI nahIM cUkatA ( gA0 23 ) | jinadharma usI prakAra saba dharmoM meM zreSTha hai jaise ratnoM meM vajra aura vRkSoM meM candana ( gA0 82) /

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104 jaina sAhitya rAga-dveSa rUpI pavana ke jhakoroM se rahita dhyAna rUpI pradIpa usIprakAra sthiratA se prajvalita hotA hai jisa prakAra garbhagRha meM dvIpaka ( gA0 123) / jisa prakAra bIja dagdha ho jAne para usameM phira aMkura utpanna nahIM hotA, usIprakAra bhAvazramaNa ke karmabrIja dagdha ho jAne para bhava (punarjansa) rUpI aMkura utpanna nahIM hotA, ityAdi / isa pAhuDa ke avalokana se pratIta hotA hai ki kurtA ke samaya meM sAdhu loga bAhya veza tathA japa, tapa, vrata Adi bAhya kriyAoM meM adhika rata rahate the, aura yathArtha zrAbhyantara zuddhi kI ora yatheSTa dhyAna nahIM dete the / isI bAhyADambara se bhAvazuddhi kI aura sAdhuoM kI cittavRttiyoM ko mor3ane ke liyeyaha pAhuDa likhA gayA / isI abhiprAya se unakA agalA liMga pAhuDa bhI likhA gayA hai / saMcaya karatA hai, ligapAhuDa : ( gA0 22) meM muniyoM kI kucha aisI pravRttiyoM kI niMdA kI gaI hai jinase unakA zramaNatva sadhatA nahIM, kintu dUSita hotA hai / koI zramaNa nAcatA, gAtA va bAjA bajAtA hai ( gA0 4 ) ! koI rakhatA hai va ArtadhyAna meM par3atA hai ( gA0 5 ) / koI kalaha, vAda va dyUta meM anurakta hotA hai ( gA0 6) / koI vivAha jor3atA hai aura kRSikarma va vANijya dvArA jIvaghAta karatA hai ( gA0 ) / koI coroM lampaToM ke vAda-vivAda meM par3atA hai va copar3a khelatA hai ( gA0 10 ) / koI bhojana meM rasa kA lolupI hotA va kAma-krIr3A meM pravRtta hotA hai gA0 12 ) / koI binA dI huI vastuoM ko le letA hai ( gA0 14 ) koI IyApatha samiti kA ullaMghana kara kUdatA hai, giratA hai, daur3atA hai ( gA0 15) / koI zasya (phasala) kATatA hai, vRkSa kA chedana karatA hai yA bhUmi khodatA hai ( gA0 16) / koI mahilA varga ko rijhAtA hai, koI pravRjyAhIna gRhastha athavA apane ziSya ke prati bahuta sneha prakaTa karatA hai ( gA0 18) / aisA zramaNa bar3A jJAnI bhI ho to bhI bhAva - vinaSTa hone ke kAraNa zramaNa nahIM hai, aura marane para svarga kA adhikArI na hokara naraka va tiryaca yoni meM par3atA hai / aise bhAva - vinaSTa zramaNa ko pAsattha ( pArzvastha ) se bhI nikRSTa kahA hai ( gA0 20 ) / anta meM bhAvapAhuDa ke samAna isa liMga pAhuDa ko sambaM buddha (sarvajJa) dvArA upadiSTa kahA hai / jAna par3atA hai kartA ke kAla meM muni sampradAya meM ukta doSa bahulatA se dRSTigocara hone lage the, jisase kartA ko isa racanA dvArA muniyoM ko unakI aura se saceta karane kI AvazyakatA huI / zIlapAhuDa : ( gA0 44) bhI eka prakAra se bhAva aura liMga pAhuDoM ke viSaya kA hI pUraka hai / yahAM dharmasAdhanA meM zIla ke Upara bahuta adhika jora diyA gayA hai, jisake binA jJAnakI prApti bhI niSphala hai / yahAM saccaiputa ( sAtyakiputra) .

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caraNAnuyoga-munidharma 105 kA isa bAta para dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai ki vaha daza pUrvo kA jJAtA hokara bhI viSayoM kI lolupatA ke kAraNa narakragAmI huA (gA0 30-31) / vyAkaraNa, chaMda, vaizeSika, vyavahAra tathA nyAyazAstra ke jJAna kI sArthakatA tabhI batalAI hai jaba usake sAtha zIla bhI ho (gA0 16) / zIla kI pUrNatA samyagadarzana ke ke sAtha jJAna, dhyAna, yoga, viSayoM se virakti aura tapa ke sAdhana meM bhI batalAI gaI hai| isI zIlarUpI jala se snAna karane vAle siddhAlaya ko jAte haiM (gA0 37-38) / kudakuda kI ukta racanAoM meM se bAraha aNuvekkhA tathA liMga aura zIla pAhuDoM ko chor3a, zeSa para TIkArya bhI milatI haiN| barzana Adi chaha pAhuDoM para zrutasAgara kRta saMskRta TIkA upalabdha hai| inhIM kI ekatra pratiyAM pAye jAne se unakA sAmUhika nAma SaT prAbhUta (chappAhuDa) bhI prasiddha ho gayA hai| zralasAgara devendrakIrti ke praziSya tathA vidyAnanda ke ziSya the| ata: unakA kAla I0 san kane 15-16vIM zatI siddha hotA hai / ____rayaNasAra : (gA0 162) meM zrAtraka aura muni ke AcAra kA varNana kiyA yayA hai| Adi meM samyagdarzana kI AvazyakatA batalA kara usake 70 guNoM aura 44 doSoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai (gA. 7-8) / dAna aura pUjA gRhastha ke liye, tathA dhyAna aura svAdhyAya muni ke liye Avazyaka batalAye gaye haiM (gA0 11 Adi); tathA supAtradAna kI mahimA batalAI gaI hai (gA0 17 aadi)| Age azubha aura zubha bhAvoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / gurUbhakti para jora diyA gayA hai, tathA Atma tatva kI prApti ke liye zru tAbhyAsa karane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai, Age svecchAcArI muniyoM kI niMdA kI gaI hai, va bahirArama bhAva se bacane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| anta meM gaNagaccha ko hI ratnatraya rUpa, saMgha ko hI nAnA guNa rUpa, aura zuddhAtmA ko hI samaya kahA gayA hai / isa pAhuDa kA abhI taka sAvadhAnI se sampAdana nahIM huaa| usake bIca meM eka dohA va chaha padya apabhraza bhASA meM pAye jAte haiM; yA to ye prakSipta haiM, yA phira yaha racanA kundakunda kRta na hokara kisI uttarakAlIna lekhaka kI kRti hai| gaNa-gaccha Adi ke ullekha bhI usako apekSAkRta pIche kI racanA siddha karate vaTTakera svAmI kRta mUlAcAra digambara sampradAya meM munidharma ke liye sa:pari pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| kahIM kahIM yaha graMtha kudAkudAcArya kRta bhI kAhA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI, tathApi usase isa graMtha ke prati samAja kA mahAn AdarabhAva prakaTa hotA hai| dhavalAkAra vIrasena ne ise AcArAMga nAma se uddhRta kiyA haiN| isameM kula 1243 gAthAeM haiM, jo mUlagUNa,

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jaina sAhitya vRhatpratyAkhyAna, saMkSepa pratyAkhyAna, sAmAcAra, paMcAcAra, piMDazuddhi, SaDAvazyaka, dvAdazAnuprekSA, samayasAra, zIlaguNaprastAra aura paryApti, ina bAraha adhikAroM meM vibhAjita haiM / yaha saba yathArthataH muni ke una aTThAIsa guNoM kA hI vistAra hai, jo prathama adhikAra ke bhItara saMkSepa se nirdiSTa aura varNita haiM / SaDAvaSyaka adhikAra kI koI 8. gAthAeM Avazyaka niyukti aura usake bhASya se jyoM kI tyoM milatI haiN| isa para vasunaMdi kRta TIkA milatI hai| TIkAkAra sambhavataH ve hI haiM jinhoMne prAkRta upAsakAdhyAyana (zrAvakAcAra) kI racanA hai| __ muni AcAra para eka prAcIna racanA bhagavatI ArAdhanA hai, jisake kartA zivArya haiM ! inhoMne graMtha ke anta meM pragaTa kiyA hai ki unhoMne Arya jinanaMdigaNi, sarvaguptagaNi' aura mitranaMdi ke pAdamUla meM sUtra aura usake artha kA bhale prakAra jJAna prApta kara, pUrvAcArya-nibaddha racanA ke Azraya se apanI zakti anusAra isa ArAdhanA kI racanA kii| isase suspaSTa hai ki unake sammukha isI viSaya kI koI prAcIna racanA thii| kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM eka zivabhUti AcArya kA ullekha AyA hai, tathA Avazyaka mUla bhASya meM zivabhUti ko vIra nirmANa se 606 varSa pazcAt boDika (digambara) saMgha kA saMsthApaka kahA hai| kudakudAcArya ne bhAvapAhuDa meM kahA hai ki zivabhUti ne bhAva-vizuddhi dvArA kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| jinasena ne apane harivaMzapurANa meM lohArya ke pazcAdvartI AcAryoM meM zivagupta muni kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinhoMne apane guNoM se arhabali pada ko dhAraNa kiyA thaa| AdipurANa meM zivakoTi munIzvara aura aura unakI catuSTaya mokSamArga kI ArAdhanA rUpa hitakArI vANI kA ullekha kiyA hai / prabhAcandra ke ArAdhanA kathAkoza va devacandra kRta "rAjAvalI kathe' meM zivakoTi ko svAmI samantabhadra kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| prAzcarya nahIM jo ina saba ullekhoM kA abhiprAya isI bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke kartA se ho| grantha sambhavata: I0 kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM kA hai| eka mata yaha hai ki yaha racanA yApanIya sampradAya kI hai, jisameM digambara sampradAya kA acelakatva tathA zvetAmbara kI strI-mukti mAnya thI / isa graMtha meM 2166 gAthAeM haiM aura unameM bahuta vizadatA va vistAra se darzana, jJAna, cAritra aura tapa inhIM cAra ArAdhanAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jinakA kudakuMda kI racanAoM meM aneka bAra ullekha AyA hai| prasaMgavaza jainadharma saMbaMdhI sabhI bAtoM kA inameM saMkSepa va vistAra se varNana A gayA hai maniyoM kI aneka sAdhanAeM va vattiyAM aisI varNita haiM, jaisI digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM anyatra nahIM pAI jaatiiN| gAthA 1621 se 1891 taka kI 271 gAthAoM meM Arta, raudra, dharma aura zukla ina cAra dhyAnoM

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caraNAnuyoga-munidharma 107 kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| Avazyakaniyukti, vRhatkalpabhASya va nizItha Adi prAcIna granthoM se isakI aneka gAthAeM va vRttAnta milate haiN| isa para do TIkAeM vistIrNa aura suprasiddha haiM-eka aparAjita sUri kRta vijayodayA aura dUsarI paM0 AzAdhara kRta mUlArAdhanAvarpaNa / aparAjita sUri kA samaya lagabhaga 7 vIM, 8 vIM zatI I0, tathA paM0 AzAdhara kA 13 vIM zatI I0 pAyA jAtA hai| isa para eka paMjikA tathA bhAvArthadIpikA nAmakI do TIkAeM bhI milI haiN| ____ muni AcAra para zvetAmbara sampradAya meM haribhadrasUri (8vIM zatI) kRta paMcavatthuga (paMcavastuka) nAmaka grantha upalabhya hai| isameM 1714 prAkRta gAthAeM haiM jo viSayAnusAra nimna pAMca vastu nAmaka adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiM- (1) muni-dIkSA, (2) yatidinakRtya, (3) gacchAcAra, (4) anujJA aura (5) sallekha nA / inameM muni dharma saMbaMdhI sAdhanAoM kA vistAra tathA UhApoha pUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| (prakAzita 1927, guja0 anuvAda, ratalAma, 1637) / isa grantha para svopajJa TIkA bhI hai| haribhadrakRta samyaksva-saptati meM 12 adhikAroM dvAroM samyaktva kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai aura samyaktva kI prabhAvanA bar3hAnevAloM meM vajrasvAmI, mallavAdI, bhadrabAhu, pAdalipta, siddhasena Adi ke caritra varNana kiye gaye haiN| jIvAnuzAsana meM 323 gAthAoM dvArA munisaMgha, mAsakalpa, vaMdanA Adi muni cAritra saMbaMdhI viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / prasaMgavaza bimba-pratiSThA kA bhI varNana AyA hai / isa graMtha kI racanA vIracaMdra sUri ke ziSya devasUri ne vi0 saM0 1162 (1105 I0) meM kI thii| _ nemicandrasUri (13vIM zatI) kRta pravacanasAroddhAra meM lagabhaga 1600 gAthAeM haiM jo 176 dvAroM meM vibhAjita haiN| yahAM vaMdana, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna, kAyotsarga, mahAvrata, parISaha Adi aneka municAritra saMbaMdhI viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / pUjA-arcA ke saMbaMdha meM tIthaMkaroM ke lAMchana, yakSa-yakSiNI atizaya, jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa Adi kA vivaraNa bhI yahAM pracura mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai / jaina kriyAkANDa samajhane ke liye yaha graMtha vizeSa rUpa se upayogI hai / isa para devabhadra ke ziSya siddha senasUri (13vIM zatI) ne tatvajJAnavikAsinI nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI hai / jinavallabhasUri (11-12vIM zatI) kRta dvAdazakulaka meM samyakatva aura mityAtva kA bheda tathA krodhAdi kaSAyoM ke parityAga kA upadeza pAyA jAtA hai| isa para jinapAla kRtavRtti hai jo vi0 saM0 1263 (bambaI, san 1236) meM pUrNa huI thii|

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108 muniAcAra saMskRta : prazamarati prakaraNa umAsvIti kRta mAnA jAtA hai / isameM 313 saMskaMta padyoM meM jaina tatvajJAna, karma siddhAnta, sAdhu ve gRhasthaM zrAcAra, anityAdi bAraha bhAvanAoM, uttamakSamodi dezadhamoM evaM dharmadhyAna, kevalajJAna, aMyogI, va siddhIM kI svarUpa sarala aura sundara zailI meM varNita pAyA jAtA hai| TIkAkAra haribhadraM sUri ne isako viSaya kI dRSTi se 22 adhikAroM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai / ( saTIka hindI anu0 sahite prakA0 bambaI, 1650 ) * jaina sAhitya muni AcAra para eka cAritrasAra nAmaka saMskRta grantha kI puSpikA meM kahA gayA hai ki isa grantha ko ajitasena bhaTTAraka ke caraNakamaloM ke prasAda se cAroM anuyogoM rUpa samudra ke pAragAmI dharmavijaya zrImad cAmuNDarAya ne banAyA / isa puSpikA se pUrva zloka meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM anuyogavedI raNaraMgasiMha ne tatvArtha-siddhAnta, saMbhavataH tatvArtha (rAjevArtika, ) mahApurANa evaM AcAra zAstroM meM vistAra se varNita cAritrasAra kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA hai / kartA ke saMbaMdha meM isa paricaya se suspaSTa jJAta hotA haiM ki isakI racanA unhIM cAmuNDarAya ne athavA unake nAma se kisI anya ne saMgraharUpa se kI hai, jinake dvArA bAhubali mUrti zravaNagIlA meM pratiSThita kI gaI thI, tatha- jinake nimitta se nemicandra sikhAMgta cakravartI ne gommaTasAra kI racanA kI thI / ataH isa grantha kI racanAkAla 11 vIM zatAbdI nizcita hai / grantha kA dUsarA nAma 'bhAvanIsArasaMgraha bhI pratIta hotA hai | 0 AcAra viSayaka granthoM meM amRtacenda sUri kRta 'puruSArthasiddhyupAya' (apara nAma 'jina pravacana - rahasya - koSa' ) kaI bAtoM meM apanI vizeSatA rakhatA hai / yahA~ 226 saMskRta padyoM meM ratnatraya kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai, jisameM kramaza: cAritraviSayaka ahiMsAdi pAMca vrata, sAta zIla (3 guNavrata - 4 zikSAvrata ), sallekhanA, tathA samyavatva aura sallekhanA ko milAkara caudaha vrata - zIloM ke 70 aticAra, inakA svarUpa samajhAyA hai, aura 12 tarpa 6 avizyaka 3 daMDa, 5 samiti, 10 dharma, 12 bhAvanA aura 22 parISaha, ina sabe kA nirdeza kiyA hai| yahAM hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke svarUpa para sUkSma aura vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jaisA anyatra kahIM nahIM pAyA jaataa| yahI nahIM, kintu zeSa vratoM aura zIloM meM bhI mUlataH ahiMsA kI hI bhAvanA sthApita kI hai| Adi meM AtmA ko hI puruSa aura pariNAmI nitya batalAkara usake dvArA samasta vivarto ko pAra kara pUrNa sva kI prApti ko hI arthasiddhi batalAyA hai, aura yahI grantha ke nAma kI

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caraNAnuyoga-zrAvakadharma 106 sArthakatA hai| grantha ke anta meM unhoMne eka padya meM jaina anekAnta nIti ko gopI kI upamA dvArA bar3I sundaratA se spaSTa kiyA hai / grantha kI zailI Adi se anta taka vizada aura vivecanAtmaka hai| isa grantha ke koI 60-70 padya jayasenakRta dharma-ratnAkara meM uddhRta pAye jAte haiM / dharmaratnAkara kI racanA kA samaya svayaM usI ko prazasti ke anusAra vi0 saM0 1055 I0 668 hai| ataeva yahI puruSArthasiddhayupAya ke racanAkAla kI uttarAvadhi hai| vIranaMdi kRta prAcArasAra meM lagabhaga 1000 saMskRta zlokoM meM muniyoM ke mUla aura uttara guNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake 12 adhikAroM ke viSaya haiM-mUlaguNa, sAmAcAra, darzanacAra, jJAnAcAra, cAritrAcAra, tapAcAra, vIryAcAra, zuddhayaSTaka, SaDAvazyaka, dhyAna, jIvakarma aura dazadharmazIla / isakI racanA vaTTakera krata prAkata mUlAcAra ke AdhAra se kI gaI pratIta hotI hai| granthakartA ne apane guru kA nAma meghacandra pragaTa kiyA hai| zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha naM. 50 meM ina donoM guru-ziSyoM kA ullekha hai, evaM zilAlekha naM. 47 meM meghacandra muni ke zaka saMvat 1037 (I0 1115) meM samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isa para se prastuta grantha kA racanAkAla ukta tithi ke AsapAsa siddha hotA hai| ukta lekhoM meM vIranaMdi ko siddhAntavedI aura lokaprasiddha, amalacarita, yogi-janAgraNI Adi upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| somaprabha kRta sindUraprakara, va zRMgAra-vairAgyataraMgiNI (12vIM-13vIM zatI) ye do naitika upadeza pUrNa racanAeM haiN| dUsarI racanA vizeSa rUpa se praur3ha kAvyAtmaka hai aura usameM kAmazAstrAnusAra striyoM ke hAva-bhAva va lIlAoM kA varNana kara unase satarka rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| zrAvakAcAra-prAkRta : prAkRta meM zrAvakadharma viSayaka sarvaprathama svataMtra racanA sAvayapaNNatti hai, jisameM 401 gAthAoM dvArA zrAvakoM ke pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvata, ina bAraha vratoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prathama vrata ahiMsA kA yahA~ sabase adhika vistAra pUrvaka varNana 171 ke lekara 256 taka kI gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha ke kartRtva ke sambandha meM matabheda hai| koI ise umAsvAtikata mAnate haiM, aura koI haribhadrakRta / umAsvAti-kartRtva kA samarthana abhayadevasUri kRta paMcAzakaTIkA ke usa ullekha se hotA hai jahA~ unhoMne kahA hai ki 'vAcakatilakena zrImadumAsvativAcakena zrAvakaprajJaptau samyaktvAdiH zrAvakadharmoM vistareNa

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110 jaina sAhitya abhihitaH' / umAsvAti kRta zrAvaka prajJapti kA ullekha yazovijaya ke dharmasaMgraha tathA municandrasUri kRta dharmabiMdu-TIkA meM bArahaveM vRta ke saMbaMdha meM AyA hai / kintu svayaM abhayadevasUri ne haribhadrasUri kRta paMcAzaka kI hI vRtti meM prastuta gRtha kI saMpattadaMsaNAi-Adi dUsarI gAthA ko haribhadrasUri ke hI nirdezapUrvaka uddhRta kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki prastuta prAkRta grantha to haribhadrakRta hI hai| yadi umAsvAti kRta koI zrAvaka-prajJapti rahI ho to saMbhava hai ki vaha saMskRta meM rahI hogii| yahI bAta prastuta grantha ke antaH parIkSaNa se bhI siddha hotI hai / isa graMtha meM 280 se 328 gAthAoM ke bIca jo guNavata aura zikSAvratoM kA nirdeza aura krama pAyA jAtA hai vaha ta0 sUtra ke 7,21 meM nirdiSTa krama se bhinna hai| ta0 sUtra meM dig, deza aura anartha daMDa, ye tIna guNavata tathA sAmAyika, proSadhopavAsa, bhogopabhoga-parimANa aura atithi-saMvibhAga, ye cAra zikSAvrata nirdiSTa kiye haiN| parantu yahA~ digvata, bhogopabhoga-parimANa aura anarthadaMDavirati ye guNavrata, tathA sAmAyika, dezAvakAzika, proSadhopavAsa evaM atithisaMvibhAga ye cAra zikSAbrata batalAye haiM, jo haribhadrakata samarAiccakahA ke prathama bhava meM varNita vratoM ke krama se ThIka milate haiN| yahI nahIM, kintu samarAiccakahA kA ukta samasta prakaraNa zrAvaka-prajJapti ke prarUpaNa se bahuta samAnatA rakhatA hai, yahA~ taka ki samyaktvotpatti ke saMbaMdha meM jisa ghaMsaNagholana nimitta kA ullekha zrA0 pra0 kI 31 vI gAthA meM haiM, vahI sa0 kahA ke samyaktvotpatti prakaraNa meM bhI prAkRta gadya meM prAyaH jyoM kA tyoM milatA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha kRti haribhadrakRta hI hai| isa para unhIM kI saMskRta meM svopajJa TIkA bhI upalabhya hai| __zrAvakadharma kA prArambha samyaktva kI prApti se hotA hai, aura zrAvakaprajJapti ke Adi (gAthA 2) meM hI zrAvaka kA lakSaNa yaha batalAyA hai ki jo samyagdarzana prApta karake pratidina yatijanoM ke pAsa se sadAcArAtmaka upadeza sunatA hai, vahI zrAvaka hotA hai / tatpazcAt samyagdarzana kI utpatti ko vidhivata samajhAyA gayA hai / haribhadra kI eka anya kRti vaMsaNasatari apara nAma 'sammatta-sattari' yA 'daMsaNa-suddhi' meM bhI 79 gAthAoM dvArA samyagdarzana kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai / isa para saMghatilaka sUri (14 vIM zatI) kRta TIkA upalabhya hai (prakAzita 1616) / haribhadra kI eka aura prAkRta racanA sAbayadhammavihi nAmaka hai jisamoM 120 gAthAoM dvArA zrAvakAcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa para mAnadevasUri kRta vivRtti hai (bhAvanagara 1924) / haribhadrakRta 16 prakaraNa aise haiM, jinameM pratyeka meM 50 gAyAeM haiM, ataeva jo samaSTi rUpa .

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caraNAnuyoga-zrAvakadharma se paMcAsaga kahalAte haiM / ye prakaraNa haiM - ( 1 ) zrAvakadharma (2) dIkSAvidhAna ( 3 ) vandanavidhi ( caityavaMdana) (4) pUjAvidhi ( 5 ) pratyAkhyAnavidhi ( 6 ) stavavidhi (7) jinabhavana karaNa vidhi ( 8 ) pratiSThAvidhi ( 8 ) yAtrAvidhi (10) upAsakapratimAvidhi ( 11 ) sAdhudharma ( 12 ) sAmAcArI (13) piMDa vidhi (14) zIlAMga vidhi (15) AlocanA vidhi (16) prAyazcitta (17) sthitAsthita vidhi (18) sAdhu pratimA aura (16) tapovidhi / ina prakaraNoM meM zrAvaka aura muni AcAra saMbaMdhI prAyaH samasta viSayoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai / paMcAsaga para abhayadevasUri kRta ziSyahitA nAmaka saMskRta TIkA hai / ( bhAvanagara 1912. ratalAma 1941) / paMcAsaga ke samAna anya 20 prakaraNa isa prakAra ke haiM jinameM pratyeka meM 20 gAthAeM haiM / yaha saMgraha vIsavIsIo (viMzativizikA) ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / ina vizikAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM - ( 1 ) adhikAra (2) anAdi (3) kulanIti (4) caramaparivarta (5) bIjAdi (6) saddharmaM ( 7 ) dAna (8) pUjAvidhi ( 9 ) zrAvakadharmaM (10) zrAvakapratimA (11) yatidharmaM (12) zikSA (13) bhikSA (14) tadaMtarAya zuddhiliMga (15) AlocanA (16) prAyazcitta ( 17 ) yogavidhAna (18) kevalajJAna (10) siddhavibhakti aura (20) siddhasukha / ina vizikAoM meM bhI zrAvaka aura munidharmaM ke sAmAnya niyamoM tathA nAnAvidhAnoM aura sAdhanAoM kA nirUpaNa grantha para AnandasAgara sUri dvArA eka TIkA likhI gaI hai / 17 nAmaka vizikA para zrI nyA0 yazovijayagaNikRta TIkA bhI hai / pUnA, 1932) kiyA gayA hai / isa vIM yogavidhAna (pra0 mUlamAtra zAntisUri (12 vIM zatI) kRta dharmaratna prakaraNa meM 181 gAthAoM dvArA zrAvaka pada prApti ke liye saumyatA. pApabhIrutA Adi 21 Avazyaka guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai tathA bhAvazramaNa ke lakSaNo aura zIloM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai / isa para svopajJa vRtti bhI hai / 111 prAkRta gAthAoM dvArA gRhasthadharma kA prarUpaNa karane vAlA dUsarA grantha vasunaMdikRta upAsakAdhyayana (zrAvakAcAra ) hai, jisameM 546 gAthAoM dvArA zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM arthAt darjA kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / kartA ne apanA paricaya gratha kI prazasti meM diyA hai, jisake anusAra unakI guru-paraparA kuMdaku dAmnAya meM kramaza: zrInaMdi, nayanaMdi, nemicandra aura vasunaMdi, isaprakAra pAI jAtI hai / unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki maiMne apane guru nemicandra ke prasAda se isa AcArya - paramparAgata upAsakAdhyayana ko vAtsalya aura AdarabhAva -

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112 jaina sAhitya guru sUtra se bhavyoM ke liye racA / graMtha ke Adi meM unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki vipulA - cala parvata para indrabhUti ne jo zreNika ko upadeza diyA thA, usI ko paripATI se kahe jAne vAle isa graMtha ko suniye / isa prasaMga meM yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki dvAdazAMgAntargata sAtaveM zrutA~ga 'upAsaka dazA' meM hameM zrAvaka kI inhIM gyAraha pratimAoM kA prarUpaNa milatA hai / bheda yaha hai ki yaha vahA~ viSaya AnaMda zrAvaka ke kathAnaka ke antargata AyA hai, aura yahA~ svatantra rUpa se / isameM kI 25-301 taka kI, tathA isase pUrva kI anya kucha gAthAeM zrAvaka pratikramaNa se jyoM kI tyoM milatI haiM / kunda kundAcArya kRta cAritra pAhuDa ( gAthA 22 ) meM gyAraha pratimAoM ke nAma mAtra ullikhita haiM / unakA kucha vistAra se varNana kArtikeyAnuprekSA kI 305-310 taka 86 gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai / ina saba se bhinna vasunaMdi ne vizeSatA yaha utpanna kI hai ki unhoMne nizibhojana tyAga ko prathama darzana pratimA meM hI Avazyaka batalAkara chaThavIM pratimA meM usake sthAna para divA - brahmacarya kA vidhAna kiyA hai / graMtha kI racanA kA kAla nizcita nahIM hai, tathApi isa graMtha kI aneka gAthAeM devasena kRta bhAvasaMgraha ke AdhAra se likhI gaI pratIta hotI haiM, jisase isakI racanA kI pUrvAvadhi vi0 saM0 ( I0 933) anumAna kI jA sakatI haiN| AzAdharakRta sAgAra - dharmAmRta TIkA meM vasunaMdi kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA gayA hai / jisase unake kAla kI uttarAvadhi vi0 saM0 1296 ( I0 1236 ) siddha hotI hai / inhIM sImAoM ke bIca sambhavata: 11 vIM 12vIM zatI meM yaha graMtha likhA gayA hogA / apabhraMza meM zrAvakAcAra viSayaka graMtha 'sAvayadhammadohA' hai / isameM 224 dohoM dvArA zrAvakoM kI gyAraha pratimAnoM va bAraha vratoM kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai / bAraha vratoM ke nAma kuraMdakuda ke anusAra haiM, jinameM dezavrata sammilita na hokara sallekhanA kA samAveza hai / saptavyasanoM, abhakSyoM evaM kusaMgati, anyAya, cugalakhorI, jhUThe vyApAra Adi durguNoM ke parityAga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / zailI bar3I sarala, sundara, va kAvya guNAtmaka hai / prAyaH pratyeka dohe kI eka paMkti meM dharmopadeza aura dUsarI meM usakA koI sundara, hRdaya meM cubhane vAlA dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai / isa grantha ke kartRtva ke sambandha meM kucha vivAda hai / prakAzita graMtha (kAraMjA 1632 ) kI bhUmikA meM uhApoha pUrvaka isake kartA dasavI zatAbdI meM hue devasena ko sikha kiyA gayA hai / kintu kucha hastalikhita prAcIna pratiyoM meM ise yogIndra kRta bhI kahA gayA hai, aura kucha meM lakSmIcandra kUta zrutasAgara kRta SaTpAhuDa TIkA meM isa grantha ke kucha dohe uddhRta pAye jAte haiM jinheM lakSmIcandra kRta kahA gayA hai / yadi pUrNa grantha ke katartA lakSmIcandra haiM

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caraNAnuyoga- zrAvakadharma para yogIndrakRta to vaha 15 vIM zatI kI racanAsiddha hotI hai / grantha paramAtma prakAza tathA devasena kRta bhAvasaMgraha kA bahuta prabhAva pAyA jAtA hai / isakI eka prAcIna prati jayapura ke pATodI jaina maMdira meM vi0 saM0 1555 ( I0 san 1468 ) kI hai, aura isakI puSpikA meM " iti upAsakAcAre AcArya zrI lakSmIcandra viracite dohaka -sUtrANi samAptAni" aisA ullekha hai / zrAvakAcAra saMskRta : ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra - saMskRta meM zrAvaka dharma viSayaka bar3I suprasiddha racanA hai / isake 150 zlokoM meM kramazaH samyakdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA haiM / caritra meM pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvratoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / tatpazcAt sallekhanA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, aura isa prakAra kundakunda ke nirdezAnusAra ( caritra pAhuDa gA0 25-26) sallekhanA ko zrAvaka ke vratoM meM svIkAra kara liyA hai / anta meM gyAraha zrAvaka - padoM (pratimAnoM) kA bhI nirUpaNa kara diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra yahA~ zrAvaka dharma kA prarUpaNa, nirUpaNa kI donoM paddhatiyoM ke anusAra kara diyA gayA hai / granthakartA ne isa kRti meM apanA nAma pragaTa nahIM kiyA, kintu TIkAkAra prabhAcandra ne ise samantabhadra kRta kahA hai, aura isI AdhAra para yaha unhIM svAmI samantabhadra kRta mAna liyA gayA hai jinhoMne AptamImAMsAdi granthoM kI racanA kI kintu zailI Adi bhedoM ke atirikta bhI isameM AptamImAMsA sammata prApta ke lakSaNa se bheda pAyA jAtA hai, dUsare vAdirAja ke pArzvanAtha caritra kI utthAnikA meM isa racanA ko spaSTataH samantabhadra se pRthak 'yogIndra' kI racanA kahA hai; tIsare isase pUrva isa grantha kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA; aura cauthe svayaM grantha ke upAntya zloka meM 'vItakalaMka', 'vidyA' aura 'sarvArthasiddhi' zabdoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai jisase anumAna hotA hai ki akalaMkRta rAjavArtika aura vidyAnaMdi kRta zloka vArtika tathA pUjyapAda kRta sarvArthasiddhi, ina tInoM TIkAoM se graMthakAra paricita aura upakRta the / isake anusAra yaha racanA vidyAnaMdi aura vAdirAja ke kAloM ke bIca zrarthAt AThavIM se dasavIM - gyArahavIM zatI taka kisI samaya huI hogI / somadevakRta yazastilaka campU ke pA~ca se AThaveM taka ke cAra AzvAsoM meM cAritra kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| vizeSataH isake sAtaveM aura AThaveM AravAsoM meM zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kA vistAra se praur3ha zailI meM varNana kiyA hai / yaha grantha zaka saM0 881 ( I0 san 656 ) meM samApta huA thA / amitagati kRta zrAvakAcAra lagabhaga 1500 saMskRta padyoM meM pUrNa huA 113

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114 jaina sAhitya hai, aura vaha 15 adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita hai jinameM dharma kA svarUpa, mithyAtva aura samyaktva kA bheda, sapta tatva, aSTa mUlaguNa, bAraha vrata aura unake aticAra, sAmAyika Adi chaha Avazyaka, dAna pUjA va upavAsa, evaM bAraha bhAvanAoM kA suvistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai / antima adhyAya meM dhyAna kA varNana 114 padyoM meM kiyA gayA hai, jisameM dhyAna, dhyAtA, dhyeya aura dhyAnaphala kA nirUpaNa hai / amitagati ne apane aneka graMthoM meM unake racanAkAla kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM vi0 saM0 1050 se 1073 taka ke ullekha milate haiN| ataeva ukta grantha kA racanAkAla lagabhaga 1000 I. siddha hotA hai / AzAdhara kRta sAgAradharmAmRta lagabhaga 500 saMskRta padyoM meM pUrNa hA hai, aura usameM ATha adhyAyoM dvArA zrAvaka dharma kA sAmAnya varNana, aSTamUlaguNa tathA gyAraha pratimAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / vrata pratimA ke bhItara bAraha vratoM ke atirikta zrAvaka kI dinacaryA bhI batalAI gaI hai / antima adhyAya ke 110 zlokoM meM samAdhi maraNa kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| racanA zailI kAvyAtmaka hai / graMtha para kartA kI svopajJa TIkA upalabdha hai, jisameM usakI samApti kA samaya vi0 saM0 1266-I0 1236 ullikhita hai| (pra0 bambaI, 1615) guNabhUSaNa kRta zrAvakAcAra ko kartA ne bhavyajana-cittavallabha zrAvakAcAra kahA hai / isameM 266 zlokoM dvArA darzana, jJAna aura zrAvaka dharma kA tIna uddezyoM meM sarala rIti se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai, kintu usa para ratnakaraMDa, vasunaMdi zrAvakAcAra Adi kI chApa par3I dikhAI detI hai / anumAnataH yaha racanA 14vIM 15vIM zatAbdI kI hai / zrAvakadharma sambandhI racanAoM kI paramparA avicchinna rUpa se calatI prAI hai jisameM 17vIM zatAbdI meM akabara ke kAla meM rAjamalla dvArA racita lATIsaMhitA ullekhanIya hai / dhyAna va yoga prAkRta : municaryA meM tapa kA sthAna bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai / tapa ke do bheda haiM-bAhya aura Amyantara / Amyantara tapa ke prAyazcittAdi chaha prabhedoM meM antima tapa kA nAma dhyAna hai / ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM meM vizeSataH ThAraNAMga (a0 4 u0 1) meM Arta, raudra, dharma va zukla ina cAroM dhyAnoM aura unake bhedopabhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra niyuktiyoM meM aura vizeSataH Avazyaka niyukti ke kAyotsarga adhyayana (gA0 1462-86) meM dhyAnoM ke lakSaNa va ___

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caraNAnuyoga-dhyAna bheda-prabheda vaNita pAye jAte haiM / isa Agama-praNAlI ke anusAra dhyAna kA nirUpaNa jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne apanI dhyAnazataka nAmaka racanA meM kiyA hai| . vaidika paramparA meM dhyAna kA nirUpaNa yoga darzana ke bhItara pAyA jAtA hai, jisake Adi saMsthApaka maharSi pataJjali (I0 pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI) mAne jAte haiM / pAtaMjala yogasUtra' meM jo yoga kA lakSaNa 'cittavRttinirodha' kiyA hai aura usake prathama aMga yama ke ahiMsAdi pAMca bheda batalAye hai, isase usa para zramaNa paramparA kI saMyama vidhi kI chApa spaSTa dikhAI detI haiM / aSTAMga yoga kA sAtavAM aMga dhyAna hai jisake dvArA muni apane citta ko bAhya viSayoM se khIMcakara Atmacintana meM lagAne kA prayatna karatA hai| isa prakriyA kA yoga nAma se ullekha hameM kundakunda kRta mokSa pAhuDa meM milatA hai / mokSapAhuDa (gAthA 106) meM kundakunda ne Adi meM hI apanI kRti ko parama yogiyoM ke usa paramAtmArUpa paramapada kA vyAkhyAna karane vAlI kahA hai, jisako jAnakara tathA nirantara apanI sAdhanA meM yojita karake yogI avyAbAdha, ananta aura anupama nirvANa ko prApta karatA hai (gA0 2-3) / yahA~ AtmA ke bahiH, antara aura parama ye tIna bheda kiye haiM, jinake kramazaH indriya parAyaNatA, Atma cetanA aura karmoM se mukti, ye lakSaNa hai (gA.5) / paradravya meM rati mithyAdRSTi hai aura usase jIva ke durgati hotI hai; evaM sva-dravya (AtmA) meM rati sadgati kA kAraNa hai / sva-dravya-rata zramaNa niyama se samyagdRSTi hotA hai| tapa se kevala svarga hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu zAzvata sukha rUpa nirvANa kI prApti dhyAna yoga se hI sambhava hai (gA. 23) / kaSAyoM, mAna, mada rAga-dveSa, vyAmoha eva samasta loka-vyavahAra se mukta aura virakta hokara AtmadhyAna meM pravRtta huA jA sakatA hai (gA. 27) / sAdhaka ko mana, vacana, kAya se mithyAtva, ajJAna, puNya aura pApa kA parityAga kara maunavrata dhAraNa karanA cAhiye (gA. 28) / yoga kI avasthA meM samasta AsravoM kA nirodha hokara saMcita karmoM kA kSaya hone lagatA hai (gA. 30) / loka vyavahAra ke prati suSupti hone para hI AtmajAgRti hotI hai (gA. 31) / pAMca mahAvrata, pAMca samiti, tIna gupti aura ratnatraya se yukta hokara muni ko sadaiva dhyAna kA abhyAsa karanA cAhiye (gA. 33) / tabhI vaha saccA ArAdhaka banatA hai, ArAdhanA ke vidhAna ko sAdha sakatA hai aura ArAdhanA kA kevala jJAna rUpa phala prApta kara sakatA hai (gA. 34) / kintu kitane hI sAdhaka AtmajJAnI hokara bhI punaH viSayavimohita hokara sadbhAva se bhraSTa ho jAte haiM / jo viSaya-virakta bane rahate haiM, ve caturgati se mukta ho jAte haiM (gA. 67-68) / samyaktvahIna, cAritrahIna

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jaina sAhitya abhavya aura ajJAnI hI kahate haiM ki yaha dussamakAla dhyAna karane kA nahIM hai (gA. 74-76 ) / dhyAna do prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai, eka to zuddha Atmacintana, jisake dvArA yogI apane Apa meM surakta ho jAtA hai / yaha nizcayAtmaka dhyAnAvasthA hai / jisameM yaha yogyatA nahIM hai vaha AtmA kA puruSAkAra rUpa se dhyAna kare (gA. 83-84 ) | yaha dhyAna zramaNoM kA hai / zrAvakoM ko tatvacintana rUpa samyaktva kA niSkaMpa rUpa se dhyAna karanA cAhiye (gA. 86 ) / dhyAnAbhyAsa ke binA bahuta se zAstroM kA paThana aura nAnAvidha cAritra kA pAlana, bAla-zruta bAla-caraNa hI hai ( gA. 100 ) / anta meM do gAthAoM (104 105) meM paMca parameSThi, ratnaSaya va tapa kI jisa AtmA meM pratiSThA hai usakI hI zaraNa sambandhI bhAvanA kA nirUpaNa kara grantha samApta kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra isa pAhuDa meM hameM jaina yoga viSayaka atiprAcIna vicAra dRSTigocara hote haiM jisakA paravartI yoga viSayaka racanAoM se tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane yogya hai / yathArthataH yaha racanA yogazataka rUpa se likhI gaI pratIta hotI hai / aura usako 'yoga - pAhuDa' nAma bhI diyA jA sakatA hai / pAtaMjala yoga zAstra meM yoga ke jina yama niyamAdi ATha aMgoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, unameM se prANAyAma ko chor3a, zeSa sAta kA viSaya yahA~ sphuTarUpa se jaina paramparAnusAra varNita pAyA jAtA hai / 116 svarUpa saMkSepa meM bArasa aNuvekkhA ( gA060 - 61), meM adhra uva, azaraNa, ekatva, anyatva saMsAra, loka, azucitva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, dharma, aura bodhi ina bAraha bhAvanAoM kA Arambha meM nirdeza aura phira kramazaH unakA varNana kiyA gayA hai / gyArahavIM dharma bhAvanA ke nirUpaNa meM zrAvakoM ke darzana vrattAdi gyAraha pratimAoM ( gA0 66) tathA muniyoM ke uttama kSamAdi daza dharmoM kA ( gA0 70 ) nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, aura phira eka eka gAthA meM ina dazoM kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai / antima 61vIM gAthA meM kuMdakuMda muninAtha kA nAmollekha hai, kintu yaha gAthA prAcIna kucha pratiyoM meM nahIM pratiyoM meM nahIM milatI / isakI kucha gAthAe~ mUlAcAra aura sarvArthasiddhi meM pAI jAtI hai / isa racanA meM aisI koI bAta dikhAI nahIM detI jisake kAraNa vaha kundakunda kRta mAnI na jA sake / tatvArtha sUtrAnusAra anuprekSA dhArmika sAdhanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai; vahA~ bAhara anuprekSAoM kA nirdezana bhI kiyA gayA hai ! vika hI pratIta hotA hai, ki jaba kundakunda ne cAritra sambandhI viSayoM para likhA taba unhoMne bAraha anuprekSAoM kA nirUpaNa bhI avazya kiyA hogA / ataeva yaha svAbhA ukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki kundakundAcArya kI kRtiyoM meM kahIM saMkSepa aura

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caraNAnuyoga-dhyAna kahIM vistAra se zramaNoM aura zrAvakoM ke cAritra saMbaMdhI prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kA nirdeza va nirUpaNa A gayA hai| unakI ina kRtiyoM kA Age kI sAhitya racanAoM para paryApta prabhAva par3A dikhAI detA hai, aura unameM ukta viSayoM ko lekara pallavita kiyA gayA hai| kattigeyAnuvekkhA (kAttikeyAnuprekSA) meM 461 gAthAoM dvArA unhIM bAraha anuprekSAoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai, jinakA saMkSipta nirUpaNa hameM kundakunda ke bArasa aNuvekkhA meM prApta hotA hai| kintu yahA~ unakA krama kucha bhinna prakAra se pAyA jAtA hai / yahA~ saMsAra bhAvanA tIsare, azucitva chaThe, aura loka dasaveM sthAna meM pAI jAtI haiN| lokAnuprekSA kA varNana 115 se 283 taka kI 166 gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki usake bhItara samasta trailokya kA svarUpa aura unake nivAsI jIvoM kA, jIvAdi chaha dravyoM kA dravyoM se utpAdAdi paryAyoMkA tathA mati zruti Adi pAMca jJAnoM kA bhI prArUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, aura isa prakAra vaha prakaraNa triloka-prajJapti kA saMkSipta rUpa bana gayA hai| usI prakAra dharmAnuprekSA kA varNana gA* 302 se gA0 467 taka kI 186 gAthAoM meM huA hai, kyoMki yahA~ zrAvakoM kI gyAraha pratimAoM va bAraha vratoM kA (gA0 305. 361), sAdhu ke kSamAdi daza dharmoM kA (gA0 362-404), samyaktva ke ATha aMgoM kA (gA0 414-422) evaM anazanAdi bAraha tapoM kA (gA0 441-487) varNana bhI paryApta rUpa se kiyA gayA hai / bAraha vratoM ke nirUpaNa meM guNa aura zikSAvatoM kA krama vahI hai, jo kundakunda ke cAritrapAhuDa (gA0 25-26) meM pAyA jAtA hai| bheda kevala itanA hai ki yahA~ aMtima zikSAbata sallekhanA nahIM, kintu dezAvakAzika grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha guNa aura zikSAbatoM kI vyavasthA ta0 sU0 se saMkhyA kama se bhinna hai, aura zrAvaka-prajJapti kI vyavasthA se mela khAtA hai| grantha kI antima tIna gAthAoM meM kartA ne grantha ko samApta karate hue kevala itanA hI kahA hai ki svAmikumAra ne ina anuprekSAoM kI racanA parama zraddhA se, jina-vacanoM kI bhAvanA tayA caMcala mana ke avarodha ke liye jinAgama ke anusAra kI / antima gAthA meM unhoMne kumArakAla meM tapazcaraNa dhAraNa karane vAle vAsupUjya, malli aura antima tIna arthAt nemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra kI vandanA kI hai / isa para se granthakartA ke viSaya meM itanA hI paricaya prApta hotA hai ki ve svayaM (brahmacArI) the aura unakA nAma svAmikumAra (kAttikeya) thaa| grantha ke racanAkAla ke viSaya meM abhI koI anumAna lagAnA kaThina hai / grantha para maTTAraka zubhacandra kRta saMskRta TIkA (vi0 saM0 1613-I0 1556) meM samApta huI prApta hotI hai|

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118 jaina sAhitya kuMdakuMda ke pazcAt svataMtra rUpa se yoga viSayaka granthakartA A0 haribhadra haiM, jinakI yoga viSayaka svataMtra tIna racanAe~ prApta hai-yogazataka (prAkRta), yogabindu (saMskRta) aura yogadRSTisamuccaya (saM0) inake atirikta unakI viMzati vizikA meM eka ( 17 vIM vizikA) tathA SoDazaka meM 14 vA va 16 vAM ye do, isa prakAra tIna choTe choTe prakaraNa bhI haiM / yogazataka meM 101 prAkRta gAthAoM dvArA samyagdarzana Adi rUpa nizcaya aura vyavahAra yoga kA svarUpa, yoga ke adhikArI, yogAdhikArI ke lakSaNa evaM dhyAna rUpa yogAvasthA kA sAmAnya rIti se jaina paramparAnusAra hI varNana kiyA gayA hai / yogavizati kI bIsa gAthAoM meM atisaMkSipta rUpa se yoga kI vikasita avasthAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jisameM kartA ne kucha naye pAribhASika zabdoM kA upayoga kiyA haiM / yahA~ unhoMne yoga ke pAMca bhedoM yA anuSThAnoM ko sthAna, UrNa, artha, Alambana aura antarlambana saMjJAeM dekara (gA0 2), pahale do ko karmayoga rUpa aura zeSa tIna ko jJAnayoga rUpa kahA hai (gA0 3) / tatpazcAt ina pA~coM yoga bhedoM ke icchA, pravRtti, sthiratA aura siddhi, ye cAra yama nAmaka prabheda kiye haiM, aura anta meM inakI prIti, bhakti, vacana aura asaMga anuSThAna nAmaka cAra cAra avasthAeM sthApita karake Alambana yoga kA svarUpa samajhAyA hai| dhyAna va yoga-apabhraMza : __ yahA~ apabhraMza bhASA kI kucha racanAoM kA ullekha bhI ucita pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki ve adhyAtma viSayaka haiN| yogIndra kata paramAtma-prakAza 345 dohoM meM tathA yogasAra 107 dohoM meM samApta hue haiN| ina donoM racanAoM meM kudakuda kRta mokSapAhuDa ke anusAra AtmA ke bahirAtma antarAtma aura paramAtma ina tIna svarUpoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai, aura jIvoM ko saMsAra ke viSayoM se citta ko haTAkara, use Atmonmukha banAne kA nAnAprakAra se upadeza diyA gayA hai| yaha saba upadeza yogIndra ne apane eka ziSya bhaTTa prabhAkara ke ke praznoM ke uttara meM diyA hai / ina racanAoM kA kAla sampAdaka ne I0 kI chaThI zatI anumAna kiyA hai (prakAzita bambaI 1937) / paramAtma prakAza ke kucha dohe hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM uddhRta pAye jAte haiM, jisase isakI racanA hemacandra se pUrva kAla kI sunizcita hai| rAmasiMha muni kRta 'pAhuDa dohA' meM 222 dohe haiM, aura inameM yogI racayitA ne bAhya kriyAkAMDa kI niSphalatA tathA Atma-saMyama aura Atmadarzana meM hI sacce kalyANa kA upadeza diyA hai / jhUThe jogiyoM ko grantha meM khUba phaTakArA

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caraNAnuyoga-dhyAna . 116 gayA haiM / deha ko kuTI yA devAlaya aura AtmA ko ziva tathA indriya-vRttiyoM kA zakti rUpa se sambodhana aneka jagaha AyA hai / zailI meM yaha racanA eka ora bauddha dohAkozoM aura caryApadoM se samAnatA rakhatI hai; aura dUsarI aura kabIra jaise saMtoM kI vANiyoM se / do dohoM (88-100) meM deha aura AtmA athavA AtmA aura paramAtmA kA preyasI aura premI ke rUpaka meM varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo pIche ke sUphI sampradAya kI kAvya-dhArA kA smaraNa dilAtA haiM / isake 4,5 dohe atyalpa parivartana ke sAtha hemacandra kRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM uddhRta pAye jAte haiM / ataeva isa grantha kA racanAkAla I0 1100 se pUrva siddha hotA hai| (prakAzita kAraMjA, 1633) dhyAna va yoga saMskRta :-kudakuda ke pazcAt pUjyapAda kRta yoga viSayaka do saMkSipta saMskRta racanAeM ullekhanIya haiM / eka iSTopadeza hai, jisameM 51 zloka haiM / yahA~ yoga-sAdhaka kI una bhAvanAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jinake dvArA sAdhaka apanI indriyoM ko sAMsArika viSayoM se parAD-mukha karake mana ko AtmadhyAna meM pravRtta karatA hai, tathA usameM aisI adhyAtmavRtti jAgRta ho jAtI hai ki vaha samasta jagat ko indrajAla ke samAna dekhane lagatA hai, ekAntavAsa cAhatA hai, kAryavaza kucha kahakara turanta bhUla jAtA hai, bolatA huA bhI nahIM bolatA, calatA huA bhI nahIM calatA, dekhatA huA bhI nahIM dekhatA, yahA~ taka ki use svayaM apane deha kA bhI mAna nahIM rahatA (zlAka0 36.42) / isa prakAra vyavahAra se dUra haTakara va AtmAnuSThAna meM sthita hokara yogI ko paramAnanda prApta hotA hai (zlo0 46) / isa yogAvasthA kA varNana jIvanmukta kI avasthA se mela khAtA hai / / pUjyapAda kI dUsarI racanA samAdhizataka hai, jisameM 605 saMskRta zloka haiM / isameM bahirAtma, antarAtma aura paramAtma kA svarUpa batalAkara, antarAtmA dvArA paramAtmA ke dhyAna kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai| dhyAna-sAdhanA meM avidyA, abhyAsa va saMskAra ke kAraNa, athavA mohotpanna rAgadveSa dvArA citta meM vikSepa utpanna hone para sAdhaka ko prayatna pUrvaka mana ko khIMcakara, Atmatatva meM niyojita karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / sAdhaka ko avratoM kA tyAga kara vratoM meM niSThita hone, aura Atmapada prApta karane para una vratoM kA bhI tyAga karane ko kahA gayA hai (zlo0 23) liMga tathA jAti kA Agraha karane vAloM ko yahAM paramapada prApti ke ayogya batalAyA hai (zloka0 86) / AtmA apane se minna AtmA kI upAsanA karake usI ke samAna paramAtmA bana jAtA hai, jisa prakAra ki eka bAtI anya dIpaka ke pAsa se jvAlA grahaNa kara usI ke sadRza bhinna dIpaka bana jAtI hai (zloka0 07) / isa racanA ke sambandha meM yaha bAta dhyAna

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120 jaina sAhitya dene yogya hai ki viSaya kI dRSTi se isakA kudakuda kRta mokSapAhuDa se bahuta kucha sAmya ke atirikta usakI aneka gAthAoM kA yahA~ zabdazaH athavA kiMcit bheda sahita anuvAda pAyA jAtA hai, jaisA ki mokSa pA0 gA0 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 26, 31, 32, 42, va 62 aura samAdhizataka zloka 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 18, 78, 48, 83, va 102 kA kramazaH milAna karane para spaSTa patA laga jAtA hai| . AcArya haribhadra kRta SoDazaka ke 14 veM prakaraNa meM 16 saMskRta padyoM meM yoga sAdhanA meM bAdhaka kheda, uddhaga, kSepa, utthAna, bhrAnti, anyamuda, rug, aura AsaMga , ina ATha citta-doSoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai tathA 16 veM prakaraNa meM ukta ATha doSoM ke pratipakSI adveSa, jijJAsA,suzrUSA, zravaNa, bodha, mImAMsA, pratipatti aura pravRtti ina ATha cittaguNoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai; evaM yoga sAdhanA ke dvArA kramazaH svAnubhUti rUpa paramAnanda kI prApti kA nirUpaNa kiyA gavA hai / yogabiMdu meM 527 saMskRta padyoM meM jainayoga kA vistAra se prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ 'mokSa prApaka dharmavyApAra' ko yoga aura mokSa ko hI usakA, lakSya batalAkara, caramapudgalaparAvarta kAla meM yoga kI sambhAvanA, apunabardhaka bhinnagrathi, dezavirata aura sarvavirata (samyagdRSTi) ye cAra yogAdhikAriyoM ke stara, pUjA, sadAcAra, tapa Adi anuSThAna, adhyAtma, bhAvanA, dhyAna Adi yoga ke pA~ca bheda; viSa, garalAvi pAMca prakAra ke sad vA asad anuSThAna, tathA AtmA kA svarupa pariNAmI nitya batalAyA gayA hai| aura prasaMgAnusAra sAMkhya, baukha, vedAnta Adi darzanoM kA samAlocana bhI kiyA gayA hai| pAtaMjala yogaaura baukha sammata yoga bhUmikAoM ke sAtha jaina yoga kI tulanA vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / __ yogahaSTisamuccaya meM 227 saMskRta padyoM meM kucha yogabiMdu meM varNita viSaya kI saMkSepa meM punarAvRtti kI gaI hai, aura kucha navInatA bhI lAI gaI hai / yahAM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAoM kA tIna prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, eka mitrA, tArA, balA, dIprA sthirA, kAntA, prabhA aura parA nAmaka ATha yoga-ddaSThiyoM dvArA, dUsarA icchAyoga, zAstrayoga, sAmartha ya yoga ina tIna prakAra ke yoga-bhedoM dvArA; tathA tIsarA gotrayogI, kulayogI, pravRttacakramogI aura siddhayogI ina cAra yogI bhedoM dvArA / prathama vargIkaraNa meM nirdiSTa ATha yogaddaSTiyoM meM hI 14 guNasthAnoM kI yojanA kara lI gaI hai| mukta tatva kI vistAra se mImAMsA bhI kI gaI hai| ina racanAoM dvArA haribhadra ne apane vizeSa cintana, navIna vargIkaraNa tathA apUrva pAribhASika zabdAvalI dvArA jaina paramparA ke yogAtmaka vicAroM ko

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caraNAnuyoga-dhyAna 121 kucha naye rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai aura vaidika tathA bauddha paramparA sammata yogadhArAoM se usakA mela baiThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| yogadRSTi-samuccaya para svayaM haribhadrakRta, tathA yazovijayagaNi kRta TIkA upalabdha hai| yahI nahIM, kintu yazovijaya jI ne mitrA tArAdi ATha yogadRSTiyoM para cAra dvAtrizikAeM (21-24) bhI likhI hai, aura saMkSepa meM gujarAtI meM eka choTI sI samjhAya bhI likhI hai| ___ guNabhadra kRta AtmAnuzAsana meM 270 saMskRta padyoM dvArA indriyoM aura mana kI bAhya vRttiyoM ko rokakara AtmadhyAna paraka banane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| aura isa prakAra ise yogAbhyAsa kI pUrva pIThikA kaha sakate haiN| yaha kRti racanA meM kAvya guNa yukta hai / isake kartA ve hI guNabhadrAcArya mAne jAte haiM jo dhavalA TIkAkAra vIrasena ke praziSya aura jinasena ke ziSya the, tathA jinhoMne uttarapurANa kI racanA 6 vIM zatAbdI ke madhyabhAga meM pUrNa kI thI / ataeva prastuta racanA kA bhI lagabhaga yahI kAla siddha hotA hai / amitagati kRta subhASita-ratna-saMvoha (10 vI, 11 vIM zatI) eka subhASitoM kA saMgraha hai jisameM 32 adhyAyoM ke bhItara uttama kAvya kI rIti se naitika va dhArmika upadeza diye gaye haiN| prasaMgavaMza yatratatra abhyadharmI mAnyatAoM para AlocanAtmaka vicAra bhI prakaTa kiye gaye hai| amitagati kI eka dUsarI racanA yogasAra hai, jisake 6 adhyAyoM meM naitika va AdhyAtmika upadeza diye gaye haiN| saMskRta meM AcAra sambandhI aura prasaMgavaza yoga kA bhI vistAra se varNana karanevAlA eka grantha mAnArNava hai / isake kartA zubhacandra haiM, jo rAjAbhoja ke samakAlIna 11 vIM zatAbdI meM hue mAne jAte haiN| isa grantha kI eka hastalikhita prati pATana bhaNDAra se saM0 1248 kI likhI prApta huI hai / isa grantha meM 2000 se Upara zloka haiM, jo 42 prakaraNoM meM vibhAjita haiN| inameM jaina siddhAnta ke prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kA saMkSepa va vistAra se varNana A gayA hai| AcAra sambandhI vratoM kA aura bhAvanAoM Adi kA bhI vistAra se prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta Asana, prANAyAma Adi yoga kI prakriyAoM kA tathA dhyAna ke AjJA, vipAka va saMsthAna viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yahAM dhyAna ke nirupaNa meM piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta saMjJAoM kA prayoga maulika hai, aura ina dhyAna-bhedoM kA svarUpa bhI apUrva hai / ikkIsaveM prakaraNa meM zivatatva, garuDatatva aura kAmatatva kA varNana bhI isa grantha kI apanI vizeSatA hai / granthakartA ne prANAyAma kA nirUpaNa to paryApta kiyA hai, kintu use dhyAna kI siddhi meM sAdhaka nahIM, eka prakAra se bAdhaka kahakara usake abhyAsa kA niSedha kiyA hai| yaha varNana saMskRta gadya meM kiyA gayA hai aura usa para zrutasAgara kRta .

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122 jaina sAhitya eka saMskRta TIkA bhI upalabdha hai| isameM varNita viSayoM kA itanA bAhulya hai. ki ve isakA jJAnArNava nAma sArthaka siddha karate haiM / digambara paramparA meM yoga viSayaka dhyAnasAra aura yogapradIpa nAmaka do anya saMskRta padyapaddha racanAeM bhI milatI hai| hemacandra (12 vIM zatI I0) kRta yogazAstra meM lagabhaga 1000 saMskRta zloka haiN| inameM muni aura zrAvaka dharmoM kA va tatsambandhI vratoM kA kramavAra nirUpaNa hai / tatpazcAt yahA~ zrAvaka kI dinacaryA, kaSAya jaya dvArA manaHzuddhi tathA anitya Adi bAraha bhAvanAoM kA svarUpa batalAkara Asana, prANAyAma, pratyA hAra, dhAraNA; dhyAna ke piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha va rUpAtIna tathA AjJA-vicaya, apAya-vicaya, Adi dharmadhyAna, aura zukladhyAna, ke cAra bheda; kevali samudghAta aura mokSaprApti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha prAyaH samasta varNana spaSTa rUpa se zubhacandra kRta jJAnArNava se kahIM zabdazaH aura kahIM kucha heraphera athavA saMkoca vistAra pUrvaka liyA gayA hai / yahA~ taka ki prANAyAma kA vistAra pUrvaka koI 300 zlokoM meM prarUpaNa karane para bhI use jJAnANaMva ke samAna mokSaprApti meM bAdhaka kahA gayA hai| zubhacandra aura hemacandra ke kAla kI dRSTi se pUrvAparatva aura eka para dUsare kI chApa itanI suspaSTa hai ki hemacandra ko zubhacandra kA isa viSaya meM RNI na mAnane kA koI avakAza nhiiN| AzAdhara kRta adhyAtma-rahasya hAla hI prakAza meM AyA hai| isameM 72 saMskRta zlokoM dvArA Atmazuddhi aura Atmadarzana evaM anubhUti kA yoga kI bhUmikA para prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| AzAdhara ne apanI anagAradharmAmRta kI TIkA kI prazasti meM isa grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa grantha kI eka prAcIna prati kI antima puSpikA meM ise dharmAmRta kA 'yogIddIpana' nAmaka aThArahavA~ adhyAya kahA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma yogoddIna bhI hai aura ise kartA ne apane dharmAmata ke antima upasaMhArAtmaka aThAharaveM adhyAya ke rUpa meM likhA thaa| svayaM kartA ke zabdoM meM unhoMne apane pitA ke Adeza se Arabdha yogiyoM ke liye isa prasanna, gambhIra aura priya zAstra kI * racanA kI thii| stotra sAhitya : - jaina muniyoM ke liye jo chaha Avazyaka kriyAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, unameM caturviMzati-stava bhI eka hai| isa kAraNa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kI paramparA prAyaH utanI hI prAcIna hai, jitanI jaina saMgha kI suvyavasthA / ye stutiyA~ .

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caraNAnuyoga-strota 123 pUrva meM bhaktyAtmaka vicAroM ke prakAzana dvArA kI jAtI thIM, jaisAki hama pUrvo. kta kuMdakudAcArya kRta prAkRta va pUjyapAda kRta saMskRta bhaktiyoM meM pAte haiN| tatpazcAt ina stutiyoM kA svarUpa do dhArAoM meM vikasita huaa| eka ora buddhivAdI naiyAyikoM ne aisI stutiyAM likhIM jinameM tIrthakaroM kI, anyadevoM kI apekSA, utkRSTatA aura guNAtmaka vizeSatA sthApita kI gaI haiM / isa prakAra kI stutiyAM prAptImImAMsAdi samantabhadra kRta, dvAtrizikAeM siddhasena kRta tathA hemacandra kRta anyayoga va ayoga-vyavacchedikAeM Adi haiM, jinakA ullekha Upara jaina nyAya ke prakaraNa meM kiyA jA cukA hai| dUsarI dhArA kA vikAsa, eka ora caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmollekha aura yatra tatra guNAtmaka vizeSaNoM kI yojanAtmaka stutiyoM meM huaa| isa prakAra kI aneka stutiyA~ hameM pUjAoM kI jayamAlAoM ke rUpa meM milatI hai| kramazaH stotroM meM vizeSaNoM va paryAyavAcI nAmoM kA prAcurya bddh'aa| isa zailI ke carama vikAsa kA udAharaNa hameM jinasena (havIM zatI) kRta 'jinasahastranAma stotra' meM milatA hai / isa stotra ke Adi ke 34 zlokoM meM nAnA vizeSaNoM dvArA paramAtma tIrthakara ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai, aura phira daza zatakoM meM saba milAkara jinendra ke 1008 nAma ginAye gaye haiN| ina nAmoM meM prAyaH anya dharmoM ke devatAoM jaise brahmA, ziva, viSNu, buddha, bRhaspati, indra Adi ke nAma bhI A gaye haiN| isI ke anusAra paM0 AzAdhara (13vIM zatI), devavijayagaNi (16vIM zatI), vinayavijaya upAdhyAya (17 vIM zatI) va sakalakIrti Adi kRta aneka jinasahastranAma stotra upalabdha haiN| siddhasena divAkara kRta jinasahastranAmastotra kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / . dUsarI ora kAvya pratibhAzAlI stutikAroM ne aise stotra likhe, jinameM tIrthakaroM kA guNAnuvAda bhakti bhAva pUrNa, chanda, alaMkAra va lAlitya yukta kavitA meM pAyA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra ye racanAyeM jaina sAhitya meM gIti kAvya ke sundara udAharaNa haiM / prAkRta meM isa prakAra kA ati prAcIna uvasaggahara stotra hai, jo bhadra bAhu kRta kahA jAtA hai / isameM pAMca gAthAoM dvArA pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI stuti kI gaI hai| dhanapAla kRta RSabha paMcAzikA meM 50 padyoM dvArA prathama tIrthaMkara ke jIvana caritra saMbaMdhI ullekha Aye haiN| yaha stuti kalA aura kalpanA pUrNa hai, aura usameM alaMkAroM kI acchI chaTA pAyI jAtI hai / kavi ke zabdoM meM jIvana eka mahodadhi hai, jisameM RSabha bhagavAn hI eka naukA haiM / jIvana eka cora DAkuoM se vyApta vana hai, jisameM RSama hI eka rakSaka haiM / jIvana mithyAtva maya eka rAtri hai, jisameM RSabha hI udIyamAna sUrya haiM / jIvana vaha raMgamaMca hai jahAM se pratyeka pAtra ko anta meM prasthAna karanA hI

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124 jaina sAhitya par3atA hai, ityAdi / isa para prabhAcandra, nemicandra, mahImeka, dharmazekhara Adi kRta TIkAeM pAI jAtI haiN| isakA klATa dvArA jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda bhI huA hai| naMdiSeNa (6 vIM zatI) kRta prajiyasaMtitthava (ajita-zAnti-stava) meM dvitIya va solahaveM tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kI gaI haiM, kyoMki ina do tIrthakaroM ne, eka prAcIna mAnyatAnusAra zatrujaya parvata kI guphAoM meM varSA kAla vyatIta kiyA thA; evaM TIkAkAra ke anusAra, kavi isI tIrtha kI yAtrA se isa stuti kI racanA karane ke liye protsAhita huA thaa| inhIM do tIrthakaroM kI stuti jinavallabha (12 vIM zatI) ne ullAsikkamathaya dvArA kI hai| sumati gaNi ke anusAra jinavallabha pANinIya vyAkaraNa, mahAkAvya, alaMkAra zAstra, nATya, sAhitya, jyotiSa va nyAya ke mahAn paMDita the| vIra gaNi ne bhI eka prajiyasaMtitthaya stotra kI racanA kI hai / abhayadeva (11vIM zatI) kRta jayati huyaNa stotra bhI prAkRta kI eka lAlitya va bhaktipUrNa stuti hai, jisake phalasvarUpa, kahA jAtA hai, stutikartA ko eka vyAdhi se mukta hokara svAsthya lAbha huA thaa| nemijinastava eka choTA sA stotra hai jisameM la aura ma ke atirikta aura kisI vyaMjana kA upayoga nahIM kiyA gyaa| prAkRta meM mahAvIrastaba zabdAlaMkAra kA sundara udAharaNa hai, jisameM eka eka zabda lagAtAra tIna tIna bAra bhinna bhinna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai / kucha stutiyAM aisI haiM jinameM aneka bhASAoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jaise dharmabarddhana (13vIM zatI) kRta pArvajinastavana, evaM jinapadma (14 vIM zatI) kRta zAMtinAthastavana / inameM saMskRta, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, zaurasainI, paizAcI, aura apabhraMza, ina chaha bhASAoM ke padya samAviSTa kiye gaye haiM / kahIM kahIM eka hI padya AdhA saMskRta aura AdhA prAkRta meM racA gayA hai| dharmaghoSa kRta isimaMDala (RSimaMDala) stotra meM jambasvAmI, svayaMbhava, bhadrabAhu Adi AcAryoM kI stuti kI gaI hai / eka samavazaraNa stotra dharmaghoSa kRta (24 gAthAoM kA) aura dUsarA mahAkhyakRta (52 gAthAoM kA) pAye jAte haiN| saMskRta meM kAvya zailI kI sarva prAcIna do stutiyAM samantabhadra kRta upalabdha haiN| eka vRhatsvayambhU stotra ke nAma se prasiddha hai, kyoMki vaha 'svayambhuvA' zabda se prArambha hotA hai / isake bhItara 24 tIrthakaroM kI pRthak pRthak stutiyAM A gaI haiN| adhikAMza stava 5, 5 padyoMke haiM, evaM samasta padyo kI saMkhyA 143 hai / inameM vaMzastha, indravajA, vasaMtatilakA Adi 15,16 prakAra ke chaMdoM kA upayoga huA hai / artha va zabdAlaMkAra bhI khUba Aye haiN| tAttvik varNana aura naitika va dhArmika upadeza bhI khUba AyA hai isa para prabhAcandra kRta saMskRta TIkA milatI hai|

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caraNAnuyoga-stotra samantabhadrakRta dUsarI stotraparaka racanA stutividyA hai, jisake jinazataka va jinazatalaMkAra Adi nAma bhI pAye jAte haiM / isameM kavi kA kAvya- kauzala ati utkRSTa sImA para pahuMcA dikhAI detA hai / isameM 116 padya haiM, jo laMkAroM va citrakAvyoM dvArA kahIM kahIM itane jaTila ho gaye haiM ki binA TIkA ke unako bhale prakAra samajhanA kaThina hai / isapara vasunaMdi kRta eka mAtra TIkA pAI jAtI hai| isI koTi kA pUjyapAda devanaMdi (chaThI zatI) kRta alaMkAra pracura siddhapriya stotra hai, jo 26 padyoM meM pUrA huA hai / isameM caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI stuti kI gaI hai, va siddhapriya zabda se prArambha hone ke kAraNa ukta nAma se prasiddha hai / saMskRta meM mAnatuM gAcArya ( lagabhaga 5 vIM 6 ThavIM zatI) kRta 'bhaktAmara stotra' bahuta hI lokapriya aura supracalita evam prAyaH pratyeka jaina kI jihvA para ArUr3ha pAyA jAtA hai / diga0 paramparAnusAra isameM 48 tathA zvetAmbara paramparA meM 54 padya pAye jAte haiM / stotra kI racanA siMhonnatA chaMda meM huI haiM / isameM svayaM kartA ke anusAra prathama jinendra arthAt RSabhanAtha kI stuti kI gaI hai / tathApi samasta racanA aisI hai ki vaha kisI bhI tIrthaMkara ke liye lAgU ho sakatI hai / pratyeka padya meM bar3e sundara upamA, rUpaka Adi alaMkAroM kA samAveza hai / he bhagavan prapa eka adbhuta jagat prakAzI dIpaka haiM, jisameM na tela hai, na bAtI aura na dhUma; evaM jahAM parvatoM ko hilAdene vAle vAyu ke jhoMke bhI pahuMca nahIM sakate, tathApi jisase jagat bhara meM prakAza phailatA hai / he munIndra, ApakI mahimA sUrya se bhI bar3hakara hai, kyoMki Apa na kabhI asta hote, na rAhugamya haiM, na ApakA mahAn prabhAva meghoM se niruddha hotA, evaM eka sAtha samasta lokoM kA svarUpa suspaSTa karate haiM / bhagavan zrapahI buddha haiM, kyoMki ApakI buddhi va bodha kI vibudha jana arcanA karate haiM / Apa hI zaMkara hai, kyoMki Apa bhuvanatraya kA zam arthAt kalyANa karate hai / aura Apa hI vidhAtA brahmA haiM, kyoMki Apane ziva mArga (mokSa mArga) kI vidhi kA vidhAna kiyA hai, ityAdi / isakA sampAdana va jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda DA0 jaikobI ne kiyA hai / isa stotra ke AdhAra se bar3A vizAla sAhitya nirmANa huA hai / koI 20, 25 to TIkAeM likhI gaI haiM evaM bhaktAmara stotra kathA va caritra, chAyA stavana, paMcAMga vidhi pAdapUrti stavana, pUjA, mAhAtmya, vratodyApana Adi racanAe~ bhI 20, 25 se kama nahIM haiM / prAkRta meM bhI mAnaturaMga kRta bhayahara stotra pArzvanAtha kI stuti meM racA gayA pAyA jAtA hai / 125 bhaktAmara ke hI jor3a kA aura usI chaMda va zailI meM, tathA usI ke samAna lokapriya dUsarI racanA kalyANa maMdira stotra hai / usameM 44 padya haiM /

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126 jaina sAhitya antima bhinna chaMda ke eka padya meM isake kartA kA nAma kumudacandra sUcita kiyA gayA hai, jise kucha loga siddhasena' (lagabhaga 6ThI zatI kA hI dUsarA nAma mAnate haiM / dUsare padya ke anusAra yaha 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI stuti meM racA gayA hai / bhaktAmara ke sadRza hote hue bhI yaha stotra apanI kAvya kalpanAoM va zabda yojanA meM maulika hI hai| he jinendra, Apa una bhavyoM ko saMsAra se kaise pAra kara dete haiM, jo apane hRdaya meM ApakA nAma dhAraNa karate haiM ? hAM jAnA, jo eka mazaka (dRti) bhI jala meM taira kara nikala jAtI hai, vaha isake bhItara bhare hue pavana kA hI to prabhAva hai| he jineza, Apake dhyAna se bhavya puruSa kSaNamAtra meM deha ko chor3akara paramAtma dazA ko prApta ho jAte haiM; kyoM na ho, tIvra agni ke prabhAva se nAnA dhAtueM apane pASANa bhAva ko chor3akara zuddha suvarNatva ko prApta kara letI haiN| isa stotra kA bhI DA0 jaikobI ne sampAdana va jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai / bhaktAmara stotra ke samAna isa para bhI koI 20, 25 TIkAeM va chAyA stotra pAye jAte haiN| dhanaMjaya 7vIM zatI, 8vIM zatI) kRta viSApahAra stotra meM 40 indravajrA chaMda ke padya haiM / antima padya kA chaMda bhinna hai, aura usameM kartA ne apanA nAma sUcita kiyA hai| stotra ke dvitIya padya meM isa stuti ko pradhama tIrthakara vaSabha kI kahA gayA hai| isameM anya devoM se pRthaka karane vAle tIrthakara ke guNoM kA varNana vizeSa rUpa se AyA hai / he deva, jo yaha kahakara ApakA guNAnuvAda karate haiM ki Apa amuka ke putna haiM, amuka ke pitA haiM, va amuka kula ke haiM, ve yathArthataH apane hAtha meM Aye hue suvarNa ko patthara samajhakara pheMka dete haiN| he deva, maiM yaha stuti karake Apase dInatA pUrvaka koI vara nahIM mAMgatA hUM; kyoMki Apa upekSA (madhyastha bhAva) rakhate haiN| jo koI chAyA pUrNa vRkSa kA Azraya letA hai, use chAyA apane Apa milatI hI hai, phira chAyA mAMgane se lAbha kyA? aura he deva yadi Apako mujhe kucha dene kI icchA hI hai, aura usake liye anurodha bhI, to yahI varadAna dIjiye ki merI ApameM bhakti dar3ha banI rahe / stotra kA nAma usake 14veM padya ke Adi meM Aye hue viSApahAra zabda para se par3A hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki he bhagavana loga viSApahAra maNi, auSadhiyoM, maMtra aura rasAyana kI khoja meM bhaTakate phirate haiM; ve yaha nahIM jAnate ki ye saba Apake hI paryAyavAcI nAma hai / isa stotra para nAgacandra aura pArzvanAtha gommaTa kRta TIkAeM haiM va eka avacUri tathA devendrakIrti kRta viSApahAra vratodyApana nAmaka racanAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| vAdirAja (11vIM zatI) kRta ekIbhAva stotra meM 26 padya mandrAkrAntA chanda ke haiM / antima bhinna chandAtmaka padya meM kartA ke nAma ke sAtha unheM eka

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 127 utkRSTa zAiibdaka, tArkika kAvyakRta aura bhavyasahAyaka kahA gayA hai| isa stotra meM bhakta ke mana, vacana aura kAya ko svastha aura zuddha karanevAle tIrthaMkara ke guNoM kI vizeSa rUpa se stuti kI gaI hai| he bhagavan, jo koI Apake darzana karatA hai, vacana rUpI amRta kA bhaktirUpI pAtrase pAna karatA hai, tathA karmarUpI manase Apa jaise asAdhAraNa Ananda ke ghAma, durvAra kAma ke madahArI va prasAda kI advitIya bhUmirUpa puruSa meM dhyAna dvArA praveza karatA hai, use krUrAkAra roga aura kaMTaka kaise satA sakate hai ? he deva, na ApameM kopa kA Aveza haiM, aura kisI ke prati prasannatA; evaM ApakA citta parama upekSA se vyApta hai| itane para bhI bhuvana mAtra ApakI AjJA ke vaza hai, aura Apake sAmIpya mAtra se vaira kA apahAra ho jAtA hai| aisA bhuvanotkRSTa prabhAva Apako chor3a kara aura kisameM haiM ? isa stotra para eka svopajJa TIkA, eka zrutasAgara kRta TIkA va eka anya TIkA milatI hai, tathA jagatkIrti kRta vratodyApana kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| inake atirikta aura bhI aneka stotra likhe gaye haiM, jinakI saMkhyA saikar3oM para pahuMca jAtI hai, aura jinakI kucha na kucha chaMda, zabda-yojanA, alaMkAra va bhaktibhAva saMbaMdhI apanI apanI vizeSatA hai| inameM se kucha ke nAma ye haiM: (1) bappamaTTikRta sarasvatI stotra (6vIM zatI) (2) bhUpAlakRta jinacaturvizatikA, (3) hemacandra kata vItarAga stotra (13vIM zatI), (4) AzAdhara kata siddhaguNa stotra (13vIM zatI) svopajJa TIkA sahita, (5) dharmaghoSa kRta yamaka stuti va caturvizati jinastuti (6) jinaprabha sUri kRta caturvizati jinastuti (14vIM zatI,) (7) munisundara kRta jina stotra ratnakoSa (14vIM zatI), (8) somatilaka kRta sarvajJa stotra, (6) kumArapAla, (10) somaprabha, (11) jayAnaMda, aura (12) ratnAkara kRta pRthak pRthak 'sAdhAraNa jina stotra, (13) jina vallabha kRta naMdIzvara stavana (14) zanticandragaNi (16vIM zatI) kRta RSabhajinastava' va 'ajitazAnti stava' Adi / dharmasiMha kata sarasvatI bhaktAmara stotra tathA bhAvaratna kRta nemibhaktAmara stotra vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM, kyoMki inakI racanA bhaktAmara stotra para se samasyApUrti praNAlI dvArA huI hai, aura inameM kramazaH sarasvatI va nemi tIrthakara kI stuti kI gaI hai| prathamAnuyoga--prAkRta purANa : jainAgama ke paricaya meM kahA jA cukA hai ki bArahaveM zrutAMga dRSTivAda ke pAMca bhedoM meM eka bheda prathamAnuyoga thA, jisameM arahaMta va cakravartI prAdi mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA thaa| yahI jaina kathA sAhitya kA Adi

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jaina sAhitya 128 stotra mAnA jAtA hai / cauthe zrutAMka samavAyAMga ke bhItara 246 se 275 veM sUtra taka jo kulakaroM, tIrthaMkaroM, cakravartiyoM, baladevoM vAsudevoM aura prativAsudevoM kA varNana AyA hai, usakA bhI Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai / samavAyAMga ke usa varNana kI apanI nirAlI hI prAcIna praNAlI hai / vahAM pahale jambUdvIpa, bharata kSetra meM vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla meM caubIsoM tIrthakaroM ke pitA, mAtA, unake nAma, unake pUrvabhava ke nAma, unakI zivikAoM ke nAma, niSkramaNa bhUmiyA~, tathA niSkamaNa karane vAle anya puruSoM kI saMkhyA, prathama bhikSAdAtAoM ke nAma, dIkSA se prathama AhAra grahaNa kA kAlAntara, caityavRkSa va unakI U~cAI tathA prathama ziSya aura prathama ziSyanI, ina sabakI nAmAvaliyAM mAtra krama se dI gaI haiM / tIrthakaroM ke pazcAt 12 cakravartiyoM ke pitA, mAtA, svayaM cakravartI aura unake strIratna kramazaH ginAye gaye haiM / tatpazcAt 9 baladeva aura 9 vAsudevoM ke pitA, mAtA, unake nAma, unake pUrvabhava ke nAma va dharmAcArya, vAsudevoM kI nidAna bhUmiyAM aura nidAna kAraNa (sa0 263), inake nAma ginAye gaye haiM / vizeSatA kevala baladevoM aura vAsudevoM kI nAmAvalI meM yaha hai ki unase pUrva uttama puruSa, pradhAna puruSa, tejasvI, varcasvI, yazasvI kAnta, saumya, subhaga Adi koI sau se bhI Upara vizeSaNa lagAye gaye haiM / tatpazcAt inake pratizatru (prati vAsudeva) ke nAma diye gaye haiM / isake pazcAtu bhaviSya kAla ke tIrthakara Adi ginAye gaye haiM / yahAM yaha bAta vizeSa ullekhanIya hai ki yadyapi ukta nAmAvaliyoM meM tresaTha puruSoM kA vRttAnta diyA gayA hai; tathApi usase pUrva 132veM sUtra meM uttama puruSoM kI saMkhyA 54 kahI gaI hai, 63 nahIM; arthAt 6 prativAsudevoM ko uttama puruSoM meM sammilita nahIM kiyA gayA / yativRSabha kRta tiloya paNNatti ke caturthaM mahA adhikAra meM bhI ukta mahApuruSoM kA vRtAnta pAyA jAtA hai / isa adhikAra meM kI gAthA 421 se 506 taka caudaha manuoM yA kulakaroM kA ullekha karake kramazaH 1411vIM gAthA taka unakA vahI varNana diyA gayA hai jo Upara batalAyA jA cukA hai / kintu vizeSatA yaha hai ki yahAM aneka bAtoM meM adhika vistAra pAyA jAta hai, jaisetIrthakaroM kI janmatithiyAM aura janmanakSatra, unake vaMzoM kA nirdeza, janmAntarAla zrayu pramANa, kumAra kAla, utsedha, zarIra varNa, rAjyakAla cihna, rAjya pada, vairAgya kAraNa va bhAvanA; dIkSA sthAna, tithi, kAla va nakSatra aura vana tathA upavAsoM ke nAma-nirdeza; dIkSA ke pUrva kI upavAsa saMkhyA, pAraNA ke samaya nakSatra aura sthAna, kevalajJAna kA antarakAla, samosaraNa kI racanA kA vistAra pUrvaka varNana (gAthA 710 se 933 taka), yakSa-yakSiNI kevali-kAla gaNadharoM kI saMkhyA, RddhiyoM ke bheda, RSiyoM kI saMkhyA, sAta gaNa, AryikAoM kI sakhyA,

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 126 mukhya AryikAoM ke nAma, zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA, mukti kI tithi, kAla va nakSatra tathA sAtha meM mukta hue jIvoM kI saMkhyA; mukti se pUrva kA yoga-kAla, mukta hote samaya ke Asana anubaddha kevaliyoM kI saMkhyA, anuttara jAnevAloM kI saMkhyA muktiprApta yati-gaNoM kI saMkhyA, mukti prApta ziSyagaNoM kA muktikAla svargaprApta ziSyoM kI saMkhyA, bhAva zramaNoM kI saMkhyA Adi; aura aMtima tIrthakaroM kA muktikAla aura paraspara antarAla evaM tIrtha-pravartana kaal| yaha saba vistAra 1278vIM gAthA meM samApta hokara tatpazcAt cakravatiyoM kA vivaraNa prArambha hotA hai, jisameM unake zarIrotsedha, Ayu, kumArakAla, maMDalIka-kAla, digvijaya, vibhava, rAjyakAla, saMyamakAla aura paryAntara prApti (punarjanma) kA varNana gAthA 1410 taka kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt baladeva, vAsudeva aura unake pratizoM (prativAsudevoM) ke nAmoM ke atirikta ve kisa-kisa tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM hue isakA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, aura phira unake zarIra-pramANa prAyu-kumArakAla aura maMDalIka kAla; tathA zakti, dhanuSa Adi sAta mahAratnoM va musala Adi cAra ratnoM ke ullekha ke pazcAt gAthA 1436 meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta baladeva nidAna rahita hone se maraNa ke pazcAt UrdhvagAmI va saba nArAyaNa nidAna sahita hone se adhogAmI hote haiM / yaha gAthA kucha zAbdika hera-phera ke sAtha vahI hai jo samavAyAMga ke 263 veM sUtra ke antargata AI hai| isake pazcAt unake mokSa, svarga va naraka gatiyoM kA vizeSa ullekha hai| gA0 1437 meM yaha nirdeza kiyA gayA hai ki antima baladeva, kRSNa ke jyeSTha bhrAtA, brahmasvarga ko gaye haiN| aura agale janma meM ve kRSNa tIrthakara ke tIrtha meM siddhi ko prApta hoNge| isake pazcAt 11 rudra, 9 nArada aura 24 kAmadeva, inakA vRtAMta gA0 1436 se 1472vIM gAthA taka diyA gayA hai| aura tadanantara duHSama kAla kA praveza, anubuddha kevalI, 14 pUrvadhArI, 10 pUrvadhArI, 11 aMgadhArI, AcArAMga ke dhAraka, inakA kAla-nirdeza karate hue, zaka rAjA kI utpatti, usake vaMza kA rAjyakAla; guptoM aura caturmukha ke rAjyakAla taka mahAvIra ke nirvANa se 1000 varSa taka kI paramparA; tathA dUsarI aura mahAvIra nirvANa kI rAtri meM rAjyAbhiSikta hue avanti rAja pAlaka, vijayavaMza, muruNDa vaMza, puSyamitra, vasumitra, agnimitra, gandharva, naravAhana, bhRtyAndhra aura guptavaMza tathA kalki catumukha ke rAjyakAla kI paramparA dvArA vIra-nirvANa se vahI 1000 varSa kA vRtAnta diyA gayA hai| basa yahIM para tiloya paNNati kA paurANika va aitihAsika vRtAMta samApta hotA hai (gA0 1476-1514) / / jaina sAhitya meM mahApuruSoM ke caritra ko navIna kAvya zailI meM likhane kA

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jaina sAhitya prArambha vimalasUri ne kiyA / jisa prakAra saMskRta sAhitya meM Adi kAvya vAlmIki kRta rAmAyaNa mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra prAkRta kA Adi kAvya bhI vimalasUri kRta paumacariyaM (padmacaritam ) hai / isa kAvya ke pranta kI prazasti meM isake kartA va racanA - kAla kA nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai| yahAM kahA gayA hai ki sva-samaya auaura para samaya arthAt apane dharma tathA anyadharma ke jJAyaka rohU nAmake AcArya hue / unake ziSya the nAila kulavaMzI vijaya, aura vijaya ke ziSya vimalasUri ne pUrvagata meM se nArAyaNa aura sIri (baladeva) ke caritra sunakara isa kAvya kI racanA kI, jisakI samApti mahAvIra ke siddha hone ke uparAnta duSamAkAla ke 530 varSa vyatIta hone para huI / triloka- prajJapti Adi granthoM ke anusAra vIra nirvANa se 3 varSa 8 mAsa aura 1 pakSa vyatIta hone para duSamAkAla kA prArambha huA ( ti0 pa04, 1474) / aba yadi hama pahale kahe anusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 527 kI kArtika kRSNa amAvasyA ko mAnate haiM, to paumacariya kI samApti kA kAla AsAr3ha zukla pUrNimA san 7 I0 siddha hotA hai / kintu kucha vidvAna, jaise jaikobI, grantha racanA ke isa kAla ko ThIka nahI mAnate, kyoMki eka to grantha kI bhASA adhika vikasita hai, aura dInAra, lagna Adi aise zabda Aye haiM jo yUnAna se liye gaye pratIta hote haiM / dUsare usameM kucha aise chandoM kA upayoga huA hai, jinakA AviSkAra sambhavataH usa samaya taka nahIM huA thA / ataH vidvAn isakA racanA - kAla tIsarI cauthI zatI I0 anumAna karate haiM / yathArthataH ye mata bahuta kucha kAlpanika va aparyApta pramANoM para AdhArita haiM / vastutaH abhI taka aisA koI pramANa sammukha nahIM lAyA jA sakA, jisake kAraNa grantha meM nirdiSTa samaya pUrNataH asiddha kiyA jA sake / yaha bAta avazya hai ki isakI bhASA meM hameM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAyaH nikharA huA rUpa dikhAI detA hai; aura mahArASTrI ke vikAsa kA kAla lagabhaga I0 kI dUsarI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / dUsarI yaha bAta bhI cintanIya hai ki jaina sAhitya meM anya koI isa zailI kA prAkRta kAvyachaThI sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA nahIM milatA / 130 paumacariya ke karttA ne apane ntha viSayaka Adi strotoM ke viSaya meM yaha sUcita kiyA hai ki unhoMne nArAyaNa aura baladeva ( lakSmaNa aura rAma ) kA caritra pUrvagata meM se sunA thA ( u0 118, gA0 118) / yadyapi pUrvo ke prApta paricaya meM kathAtmaka sAhitya kA ullekha nahIM pAyA jAtA; tathApi 12 veM dRSTivAda ke bhedoM meM prathamAnuyoga aura pUrvagata, donoM sAtha sAtha nirdiSTa haiM / paumacariya meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo padmacarita pahale nAmAvalI nibaddha aura prAcArya, paramparAgata thA,

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 131 use unhoMne anupUrvI se saMkSepa meM kahA hai (1, 8) / yahAM spaSTataH kartA kA saMketa una nAmAvalI-nibaddha caritroM se hai, jo samavAyAMga va tiloyapaNNati meM pAye jAte haiN| ve nAmAvaliyAM yathArthataH smRti-sahAyaka mAtra haiN| unake AdhAra se vizeSa kathAnaka maukhika guru-ziSya paramparA meM avazya pracalita rahA hogA; aura isI kA ullekha kartA ne prAcArya-paramparAgata kahakara kiyA hai| jina sUtroM ke AdhAra para yaha gAthAtmaka kAvya racA gayA hai, unakA nirdeza grantha ke prathama uddeza meM kiyA gayA hai| kavi ko isa grantha racanA kI preraNA kahA~ se milI isakI bhI sUcanA grantha meM pAI jAtI hai| zreNika rAjA ne gautama ke sammukha apanA yaha sandeha prakaTa kiyA ki vAnaroM ne atiprabala rAkSasoM kA kaise vinAza kiyA hogA? kyA sacamuca rAvaNa Adi rAkSasa aura mAMsabhakSI the ? kyA sacamuca rAvaNa kA bhAI kumbhakarNa chaha mahIne taka lagAtAra sotA thA ? aura nidrA se uThakara bhUkhavaza hAthI aura bhaiMse nigala jAtA thA? kyA indra saMgrAma meM rAvaNa se parAjita ho sakA hogA ? aisI viparIta bAtoM se pUrNa rAmAyaNa kaviyoM dvArA racI gaI hai, kyA yaha saca hai ? athavA tathya kucha anya prakAra hai 1 zreNika ke isa sandeha ke samAdhAnArtha gautama ne unheM yayArtha rAmAyaNa kA kathAnaka kahakara sunAyA (2, 3) / isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki paumacariya ke lekhaka ke sammukha vAlmIki kata rAmAyaNa upasthita thI aura usI se preraNA pAkara unhoMne apane pUrva sAhitya va guru paramparA se prApta kathA-sUtroM ko pallavita karake prastuta grantha kA nirmANa kiyaa| paumacariya meM svayaM kartA ke kathanAnusAra sAta adhikAra haiN| sthiti, vaMzotpatti, prasthAna' raNa, lavakuza (lavaNAMkuza) utpatti, nirvANa aura aneka bhava / ye adhikAra uddezoM meM vibhAjita haiM, jinakI saMkhyA 118 hai| samasta racanA prAkRta gAthAoM meM hai ; kintu uddezoM ke anta meM bhinna bhinna chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| racanA prAyaH sarvatra sarala, dhArAvAhI kathA-pradhAna hai; kintu yatra-tatra upamA Adi alaMkAroM, sUktiyoM va rasa-bhAvAtmaka varNanoM kA bhI samAveza pAyA jAtA hai / ina vizeSatAoM ke dvArA usakI zailI bhASAbheda hone para bhI saMskRta ke rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata Adi purANoM kI zailI se mela rakhatI hai| isameM kAvya kA vaha svarUpa vikasita huA dikhAi nahIM detA jisameM alaMkArika varNana va rasa-bhAva-nirUpaNa pradhAna, aura kathA bhAga gauNa ho gayA hai / prathama 24 uddezoM meM mukhyata: viAdyadhara aura rAkSasa vaMzoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| rAma ke janma se lekara, unake laMkA se lauTakara rAjyAbhiSeka taka arthAt, rAmAyaNa kA mukhya bhAga 25 se 85 taka ke 61 uddezoM meM varNita hai| grantha ke zeSa bhAga meM sItA-nirvAsana (uddeza 94), lavaNaMkuza-utpatti, deza

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132 - jaina sAhitya vijaya va samAgama, pUrva bhavoM kA varNana Adi vistAra se karake anta meM rAma ko kevalajJAna kI utpatti, aura unakI nirvANa-prApti ke sAtha grantha samApta hotA hai / yahA~ rAma kA kathAnaka kaI bAtoM meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se apanI vizeSatA rakhatA hai| yahA~ hanumAna sugrIva Adi vAnara nahIM, kintu vidyAdhara the, jinakA dhvaja cihna vAnara hone ke kAraNa ve vAnara kahalAne lage rAvaNa ke dazamukha nahIM the; kintu usake gale meM pahanAye gaye hAra ke maNiyoM meM pratibimbita nau anya mukhoM ke kAraNa vaha dazamukha kahalAyA / sItA yathArthataH janaka kI hI aurasa kanyA thI; aura usakA eka bhAI bhAmaMDala bhI thA / rAma ne barbaroM dvArA kiye gaye AkramaNa ke samaya janaka kI sahAyatA kI; aura usI ke upalakSya meM janaka ne sItA kA vivAha rAma ke sAtha karane kA nizcaya kiyA / sItA ke bhrAtA bhAmaMDala ko usake bacapana meM hI vidyAdhara hara le gayA thaa| yuvaka hone para tathA apane sacce mAtA pitA se aparicita hone ke kAraNa use sItA kA citrapaTa dekhakara usa para moha utpanna ho gayA thA, aura vaha usI se apanA vivAha karanA cAhatA thaa| isI virodha ke parihAra ke liye dhanuSa-parIkSA kA Ayojana kiyA gayA, jisameM rAma kI vijaya huii| dazaratha ne jaba vRddhatva AyA jAna rAjyabhAra se mukta ho, vairAgyadhAraNa karane kA vicAra kiyA; tabhI gaMbhIra-svabhAvI bharata ko bhI vairAgya bhAva utpanna ho gyaa| isa prakAra apane pati aura putra donoM ke eka sAtha viyoga kI AzaMkA se bhayabhIta hokara kekayI ne apane putra ko gRhasthI meM bAMdhe rakhane kI bhAvanA se use hI rAjya pada dene ke liye dazaratha se ekamAtra vara mAMgA; aura rAma, dazaratha kI AjJA se nahIM, kintu svecchA se vana ko gaye / isa prakAra kaikeyI ko kisI durbhAvanA ke kalaMka se bacAyA gayA hai| rAvaNa ke Adhipatya ko svIkAra karane ke prastAva ko ThukarAkara bAli svayaM apane laghu bhrAtA sugrIva ko rAjya dekara pravRjita ho gayA thA; rAma ne use nahIM mArA / rAvaNa ko yahAM jJAnI aura vratI citrita kiyA gayA hai / vaha sItA kA apaharaNa to kara le gayA; kintu usane usakI icchA ke pratikUla balAtkAra karane kA kabhI vicAra yA prayatna nahIM kiyA; aura prema kI pIr3A se vaha ghulatA rahA / jaba svayaM usakI patnI maMdodarI ne rAvaNa ke sudhArane kA dUsarA koI upAya na dekha, saccI patnI ke nAte use balapUrvaka bhI apanI icchA pUrNa kara lene kA sujhAva diyA; taba usane yaha kahakara usa prastAva ko ThukarA diyA ki maiMne kisI strI ke sAtha usakI icchA ke viruddha kabhI saMbhoga na karane kA vrata le liyA hai| jise maiM kabhI bhaMga na kruuNgaa| rAvaNa ke svayaM apane mukha se isa vrata ke ullekha dvArA kavi ne na kevala usake caritra ko UMcA uThAyA hai, kintu sItA ke akhaNDa pAtidata kA bhI eka nirasaMdeha .

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 133 pramANa upasthita kara diyA hai| rAvaNa kI mRtyu yahAM rAma ke hAtha se nahIM, kintu lakSmaNa ke hAtha se kahI gaI hai| rAma ke putroM ke nAma yahAM lavaNa aura aMkuza pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra kI aneka vizeSatAeM isa kathAnaka meM pAI jAtI hai| jinakA uddezya kathA ko adhika svAbhAvika banAnA, aura mAnava caritra ko sabhI paristhitiyoM meM uMcA uThAye rakhanA pratIta hotA hai| kathAnaka ke bIca meM prasaMgavaza nAnA avAntara kathAeM va dharmopadeza bhI guthe hue haiN| paumacariyaM ke atirikta vimalasUri kI aura koI racanA abhI taka prApta nahIM huI; kintu zaka saMvata 700 (I0 san 778) meM banI kuvalayamAlA meM usake kartA udyotanasUri ne kahA hai ki buhayaNa-sahassa-vaiyaM harivaMsuppatti-kArayaM paDhamaM / vAmi vaMdiyaM pi hu harivaMsaM ceva vimalapayaM // arthAt maiM sahastroM budhajanoM ke priya harivaMzotpati ke prathama kAraka arthAt racayitA vimalapada harivaMza kI hI vandanA karatA hU~ / isa ullekha para se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sambhavataH vimalasUri ne harivaMza-kathAtmaka grantha kI bhI racanA kI thii| ___ Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki samavAyAMga sUtra meM yadyapi nAmAvaliyAM samasta tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kI nibaddha kI gaI haiM, tathApi unameM se 6 prativAsudevoM ko chor3akara zeSa 54 ko hI uttamapuruSoM kahA hai| inhIM 54 uttamapuruSoM kA caritra zIlAMkAcArya ne apane 'caupannamahApurisa-cariya' meM kiyA hai| jisakI racanA vi0 saM0 25 I0-san 868 meM samApta huI / yaha grantha prAkRta gadya meM va yatra tatra padyoM meM racA gayA hai / tIrthakaroM va cakravatiyoM kA caritra yahAM pUrvokta nAmAvaliyoM ke AdhAra se jaina paramparAnusAra varNana kiyA gayA hai| kintu vizeSa tulanA ke liye yahAM rAma kA AkhyAna dhyAna dene yogya hai / adhikAMza varNana to saMkSepa se vimalasUri kRta paumacariyaM ke anusAra hI hai, kintu kucha bAtoM meM ullekhanIya bheda dikhAI detA hai / jisa rAvaNa kI bhaginI ko paumacariyaM meM sarvatra candranakhA kahA gayA hai| usakA nAma yahAM sUrpanakhA pAyA jAtA hai / paumacariyaM meM rAvaNa ne lakSmaNa ke svara meM siMhanAda karake rAma ko dhokhA dekara sItA kA apaharaNa kiyA; kintu yahAM svarNamayI mAyAmRga kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| paumacariyaM meM bAli svayaM sugrIva ko rAjya dekara pravRjita ho gayA thA; kintu yahAM usakA rAma ke hAtha se vadha huA kahA gayA hai| yahAM sItA ko apaharaNa ke pazcAt sambodhana karane vAlI trijaTA kA ullekha AyA hai, jo paumacariya meM nahIM hai / ina bhedoM se suspaSTa hai ki zIlAMka kI racanA meM bAlmIki kRta rAmAyaNa kA prabhAva adhika par3A hai, yadyapi grantha ke anta meM

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jaina sAhitya 134 zIlAMka ne spaSTataH kahA hai ki rAma aura lakSmaNa kA caritra jo paumacariyaM meM vistAra se varNita hai, use unhoMne saMkSepa se kahA hai / bhadrezvara kRta 'kahAvali' meM tresaTha mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNita hai / bhadrezvara abhayadeva ke guru the / abhayaveda ke ziSya ASAr3ha kA samaya lagabhaga 1161 I0 pAyA jAtA hai; ataeva yaha racanA 12 vIM zatI ke prArambha kI siddha hotI hai / samasta racanA prAkRta gadya meM likhI gaI hai; kevala yatra tatra padya pAye jAte haiM / grantha meM koI adhyAyoM kA vibhAga nahIM hai; kintu kathAoM kA nirdeza 'rAmakahA bhaNNaI' 'vArakA bhaNNai' ityAdi rUpa se kiyA gayA hai / isa grantha meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA vimalasUri kRta 'paumacariyaM' ke hI anusAra hai / jo thor3A-bahuta bheda yatra-tatra pAyA jAtA hai, usameM vizeSa ullekhanIya sItA ke nirvAsana kA prasaMga hai / sItA garbhavatI hai aura use svapna huA hai ki vaha do parAkramI putroM ko janma degI | sotA ke isa saubhAgya kI bAta se usakI sapatniyoM ko IrSyA utpanna hotI hai : unhoMne sItA ke sAtha eka chala kiyA / unhoMne sItA se rAvaNa kA citra banAne kA Agraha kiyA / sItA ne yaha kahate hue ki maiMne usake mukhAdi aMga to dekhe nahIM, kevala usake pairoM kA citra banA diyA / ise una sapatniyoM ne rAma ko dikhAkara kahA ki sItA rAvaNa meM anurakta ho gaI hai; aura usI kI caraNa-vaMdanA kiyA karatI hai| rAma ne isa para jaba tatkAla koI pratikriyA nahIM dikhAI; taba una sapatniyoM ne janatA se yaha apavAda phailA diyA; jisake pariNAma svarUpa rAma sItA kA nirvAsana karane ke liye vivaza hue I rAvaNa ke citra kA vRttAnta hemacandra ne apane trizaSTizalA kApuruSacarita meM bhI nibaddha kiyA hai / 1 prAkRta meM tIrthaMkara caritra - zIlAMka kRta 'caupanna mahApurisacariya' ke pazcAt AgAmI tIna cAra zatAbdiyoM meM nAnA tIrthakaroM ke caritra prAkRta meM kahIM padyAtmaka, kahIM gadyAtmaka aura kahIM mizrita rUpa se kAvyazailI meM likhe gaye / prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha nAtha para abhayadeva ke ziSya varddhamAna sUri ne san 1103 I0 meM 11000 zloka pramANa AdiNAhacariyaM kI racanA kI / pA~caveM tIrthaMkara sumatinAtha kA caritra 12 vIM zatI ke madhya meM vijayasiMha ke ziSya somatabha dvArA lagabhaga 6000 gAthAoM meM racA gayA / chaThe tIrthaMkara padmaprabha kA caritra devasUri dvArA 13 vIM zatI meM racA gyaa| sAtaveM tIrthaMkara para lakSmaNa gaNikRta 'supAsaNAha - pariyaM eka suvistRta aura utkRSTa koTi kI racanA hai, jo vi0 saM0 1966 meM samApta huI hai / isameM lagabhaga 70 padya apabhraMza ke bhI samAviSTa pAye jAte haiM : AThaveM tIrthaMkara

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 135 candraprabha para yazodeva kRta (saM0 1178) tathA zrIcandra ke ziSya haribhadrakRta (saM0 1223), 11 veM zreyAMsa para ajitasiMha kRta aura 12 veM vAsupUjya para candraprama kRta caritra-grantha pAye jAte haiM / 14 veM tIrthakara anantanAtha kA caritra nemicandra dvArA vi0 saM0 1213 meM likhA gyaa| 16 veM tIrthakara zAntinAtha kA caritra devacandra sUri dvArA vi0 saM0 1160 meM tathA dUsarA munibhadra dvArA vi0 saM0 1353 meM likhA gayA / devasUri kRta racanA lagabhaga 12000 zloka pramANa haiM / 16 veM mallinAtha tIrthakara ke caritra para do racanAeM milatI haiM; eka zrIcandra sUri ke ziSya haribhadra dvArA sarvadevagaNi kI sahAyatA se; aura dUsaro jinezvara sUri dvArA / 12 vIM zatI meM hI 20 veM tIrthakara munisuvrata kA caritra zrIcandra dvArA lagabhaga 11000 gAthAoM meM likhA gayA / 22 veM neminAtha para bhI tIna racanAyeM upalabdha haiM, eka maladhArI hemacandra kata, dUsarI jinezvara sUri kRta vi0 saM0 1175 ko, aura tIsarI ratnaprabha sUri kRta vi0 saMvat 1223 kI / 23 veM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA caritra abhayadeva ke praziSya devabhadra sUri dvArA vi0 saM0 1168 meM racA gayA / racanA gadya-padya mizrita hai / antima tIrthaMkara para 'mahAvIraci-rayaM' nAmaka tIna racanAeM (prakA0 ama.dAbAda 1645) upalabdha haiM; eka sumati vAcaka ke ziSya guNacandra gaNikRta, dUsarI devendragaNi apara nAma nemicandra, aura tIsarI devabhadra sUrikata / ina sabase prAcIna mahAvIra caritra AcArAMga va kalpasUtra meM pAyA jAtA hai| kalpasUtra meM vaNita caritra apanI kAvyAtmaka zailI meM lalitavistara meM vaNita buddhacarita se milatA hai| yaha racanA bhadrabAha kRta kahI jAtI hai| ukta samasta racanAoM kI bhASA va zailI prAyaH eka sI hai / bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai, kintu kahIM kahIM zaurasenI kI pravRtiyAM bhI pAI jAtI hai| zailI prAyaH paurANika hai; kintu kavi kI pratimAnusAra unameM chaMda, alaMkAra, rasa-bhAva Adi kAvya guNoM kA taratama bhAva pAyA jAtA hai| pratyeka racanA meM prAyaH caritranAyaka ke aneka pUrva bhavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jo grantha ke eka tRtIya bhAga se kahIM arddha-bhAga taka pahu~ca gayA hai zeSa meM bhI upAkhyAnoM aura upadezoM kI bahulatA pAI jAtI hai| nAyaka ke caritra varNana meM janma-nagarI kI zobhA, mAtA-pitA, kA vaibhava, garbha aura janma samaya ke deva-kRta atizaya, kumAra-krIr3A aura zikSA-dIkSA, pravRjyA aura tapasyA kI kaThoratA, pariSahoM aura upasargo kA sahana, kevalajJAnotpatti, samavazaraNa-racanA dharmopadeza, deza-pradeza bihAra, aura antataH nirvANa, inakA varNana kahIM saMkSepa se aura kahIM vistAra se; kahIM sarala rUpa meM aura kahIM kalpanA, lAlitya aura pralaMkAra se bharapUra pAyA jAtA hai|

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136 prAkRta meM vizeSa kathAgrantha-padyAtmaka tIrthaMkaroM ke caritroM ke atirikta prAkRta meM aneka grantha upalabdha haiM, jinameM kisI vyaktivizeSa ke jIvana caritra dvArA jainadharma ke kisI vizeSa guNa, jaise saMyama, upavAsa pUjA, vidhi-vidhAna, pAtra dAna Adi kA mAhAtmya prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / ye racanAeM apanI zailI va pramANAdi kI dRSTi se tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kI jA sakatI hai / eka ve grantha haiM jinameM prAkRta padyAtmaka racanAeM hI pAI jAtI haiM, evaM jinameM chaMda, alaMkAra Adi kA bhI vaiziSTya dikhAI detA hai / ataeva inheM hama prAkRta kAvya kaha sakate haiM / dUsarI ve racanAeM haiM jinameM mukhyataH prAkRta gadya zailI meM kisI vyakti vizeSa kA jIvana vRttAnta kahA gayA hai / tIsare prakAra ve grantha haiM jo bahudhA kathAkoSa ke nAma se prakaTa kiye gaye haiM; aura jinameM kahIM padya, aura kahIM mizrita rUpa se apekSA kRta saMkSepa meM dhArmika strI-puruSoM ke caritra varNita kiye gaye haiM / jaina sAhitya sabase adhika prAcIna prAkRta kAvya pAdaliptasUri kRta taraMgavatI kathA kA ullekha aneka prAcIna granthoM, jaise anuyogadvAra sUtra, kuvalayamAlA, tilakamaMjarI Adi meM milatA haiM / 'visesanisIha cUNi' meM naravAhanadatta kI kathA ko laukika va taraMgavatI aura magadhasenA Adi kathAoM ko lokottara kahA gayA hai / hAlakRta gAthA saptazatI meM pAdalipta kRta gAthAoM kA saMkalana pAyA jAtA hai / prabhAcandra kRta prabhAvaka - caritra meM ( 13 vAM zatI) pAdaliptasUri kA jIvanavRtta pAyA jAtA hai, jisameM unake vidyAdhara kula va nAgahasti guru kA ullekha hai / ina ullekhoM para se isa racanA kA kAla I0 san 500 se pUrva siddha hotA hai / durbhAgyataH yaha grantha abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakA, kintu lagabhaga 15 vIM zatI meM vIrabhadra ke ziSya naimicandra ne isakA saMkSepa taraMgalolA nAma se 1643 gAthAoM meM prastuta kiyA hai, jo prakAza meM A cukA haiM / ( nemivijJAna granthamAlA vi0 saM0 2000 ) / isakA jarmana meM prophesara lAyamana dvArA, tathA gujarAtI meM narasiMha bhAI paTela dvArA kiye hue anuvAda bhI prakAzita ho cuke haiN| taraMgalolAkAra ne spaSTa kahA hai ki taraMgavatI kathA dezI-vacanAtmaka, bar3I vizAla aura vicitra thI, jisameM sundara kulakoM, kahIM gahana yugaloM aura kahIM durgama SaTkaloM kA prayoga huA thA / vaha vidvAnoM ke hI yogya thIM; janasAdhAraNa usase lAbha nahIM uThA sakate the / ataeva usa racanA kI gAthAoM ko saMkSeparUpa se yahAM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, jisase ukta kathA kA lopa na ho| isa kathA meM taraMgavatI nAmakI eka sAdhvI jaba bhikSA ke liye nagara meM gaI usake rUpa se AkRSTa hokara usakA jIvana-vRttAnta pUchA / sAdhvI ne batalAyA ki jaba vaha yuvatI thI, taba eka cakavA pakSI ko dekhakara use apane pUrva janma taba eka seThAnI ne

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 137 kA smaraNa ho AyA ki jaba vaha bhI cakavI ke rUpa meM gaMgA ke kinAre apane priya cakave se sAtha krIr3A kiyA karatI thii| vaha eka vyAdha ke bANa se viddha hokara mara gayA, taba maiMne bhI prANa parityAga kara yaha janma dhAraNa kiyaa| yaha jAti-smaraNa hone para maiMne apane pUrva janma ke vRttAnta kA citrapaTa likhakara kaumudI mahotsava ke samaya kauzAmbI nagara ke caurAhe para rakhavA diyA / ise dekha eka seTha ke putra padmadeva ko bhI apane pUrva janma kA smaraNa ho paayaa| hama donoM kA prema bar3hA, kintu pitAne usa yuvaka se merA vivAha nahIM kiyA; kyoMki vaha paryApta dhanI nahIM thaa| taba hama donoM eka rAtri nAva meM baiThakara vahAM se nikala bhAge / ghUmate bhaTakate hama eka coroM ke dala dvArA pakar3e gye| coroM ne kAtyAyanI ke sammukha hamArA balidAna karanA cAhA ! kintu mere vilApa se dravita hokara coroM ke pradhAna ne hameM chur3avA diyaa| hama kauzAmbI vApisa Aye; aura dhUmadhAma se hamArA vivAha ho gyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt maiM candanabAlA kI ziSyA bana gaI, aura unhIM ke sAtha vihAra karatI huI yahAM A phuNcii| isa jIvana-vRttAnta se prabhAvita hokara seThAnI ne bhI zrAvaka-vrata le liye| isa kathAnaka kI aneka ghaTanAeM subaMdhu, bANa Adi saMskRta kaviyoM kI racanAoM se mela khAtI hai / narabali kA prasaMga to bhavabhUti ke mAlatI-mAdhava meM varNita prasaMga se bahuta kucha milatA hai| haribhadrasUri (8 vIM zatI) kRta dhUrtAkhyAna meM 485 gAthAeM haiM, jo pAMca AkhyAnoM meM vibhAjita haiN| ujjanI ke samIpa eka udyAna thA, jisameM eka bAra pAMca dhUrtoM ke dala saMyoga vaza Akara ekatra ho gae / varSA lagAtAra ho rahI thI, aura khAne-pIne kA prabandha karanA kaThina pratIta ho rahA thaa| pAMcoM daloM ke nAyaka ekatra hue, aura unameM se eka mUladeva ne yaha prastAva kiyA ki hama pAMcoM apane-apane anubhava kI kathA kahakara sunaayeN| use sunakara dUsare apane kathAnaka dvArA use sambhava siddha kreN| jo koI aisA na kara sake, aura AkhyAna ko asambhava batalAve, vahI usa dina samasta dhUrtoM ke bhojana kA kharca uThAve / mUladeva, kaMDarIka, elASAr3ha aura zaza nAmaka dhUrtarAjoM ne apane apane asAdhAraNa anubhava sunAye; jinakA samAdhAna purANoM ke alaukika vRttAntoM dvArA dUsaroM ne kara diyaa| pAMcavA vRttAnta khaMDapAnA nAmakI dhUrtanI kA thaa| usane apane vRttAnta meM nAnA asambhava ghaTanAoM kA ullekha kiyA; jinakA samAdhAna kramazaH una dhUtoM ne paurANika vRttAntoM dvArA kara diyA; tathApi khaMDapAnA ne unheM salAha dI ki ve usako apanI svAminI svIkAra kara leM; to vaha unheM bhojana bhI karAvegI aura ve parAjaya se bhI baca jAyeMge / kintu apanI yahAM taka kI vijaya

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138 jaina sAhitya ke unmAda se unhoMne yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA; aura use apanA antima pAkhyAna sunAne kI cunautI dI / khaMDapAnA ne prasaMga milAkara kahA ki usake jo vastra havA meM ur3a gaye the, va usake cAra naukara bhAga gaye the, Aja usakI pahacAna meM A gaye / tuma cAroM ve hI mere sevaka ho; aura mere unhIM vastroM ko pahane hue ho / yadi yaha satya hai, to merI cAkarI svIkAra karo; aura yadi yaha asatya hai, to sabako bhojana kraao| taba saba dhUrtoM ne use apanI pradhAna nAyikA svIkAra kara liyA; aura usane svayaM saba dhUrtoM ko bhojana karAnA svIkAra kara liyaa| phira vaha zmazAna meM gaI aura vahAM se eka tatkAla mRtaka bAlaka ko lekara nagara meM pahU~cI / eka dhanI seTha se usane sahAyatA mAMgI aura use uttejita kara diyaa| usake naukaroM dvArA tAr3ita hone para vaha cillA uThI ki mere putra ko tuma logoM ne mAra DAlA / seTha ne use dhana dekara apanA pIchA chur3AyA / usa dhana se khaMDapAnA ne saba dhUrto ko AhAra kraay|| yaha racanA bhAratIya sAhitya meM apane DhaMga kI advitIya hai; aura purANoM kI atiraMjita ghaTanAoM kI vyaMgyAtmaka kar3I AlocanA hai / isI ke anukaraNa para apabhraMza meM hariSeNa aura zrutakIrti kRta; tathA saMskRta meM amitagati kRta dharmaparIkSA nAmaka granthoM kI racanA huii| (prakA0 bambaI, 1944) / jinezvara sUri ke ziSya dhanezvara sUri kRta 'surasundarI-cariyaM' 16 paricchedoM meM, tathA 4000 gAthAoM meM samApta huA hai| isakI racanA candrAvatI nagarI meM vi0 saM0 1065 meM huI thii| surasudarI kuzAgrapura ke rAjA naravAhanadatta kI putrI thii| vaha par3halikhakara bar3I viduSI yuvatI huii| buddhilA nAmaka parivAjikA ne use nAstikatA kA pATha par3hAnA cAhA; kintu surasundarI ke tarka se parAjita aura ruSTha hokara usane ujjaina ke rAjA zatrujaya ko usakA citrapaTa dikhAkara ubhAr3A / zatrujaya ne usake pitA se vivAha kI mAMga kI, jo asvIkAra kara dI gaI / isa kAraNa donoM rAjAoM meM yuddha chir3agayA / isI bIca vaitADhya parvata ke eka khecara ne surasundarI kA apaharaNa kara liyA aura use lejAkara eka kadalIgRha meM rakkhA / surasundarI ne AtmaghAta kI icchA se viSaphala kA bhakSaNa kiyaa| daivayoga se usI bIca usakA sacce premI makaraketu ne vahAM pahuMca kara usakI rakSA kI; tathA vahAM se jAkara usane zatrujaya kA bhI vadha kiyaa| kintu eka vairI vidyAdhara ne svayaM usakA apaharaNa kara liyaa| bar3I kaThinAIyoM aura nAnA ghaTanAoM ke pazcAt surasundarI aura makaraketu kA punarmilana aura vivAha huaa| dIrgha kAla taka rAjya bhogakara donoM ne dIkSA lI evaM kevalajJAna aura mokSa prApta kiyaa| yathArthataH nAyikA kA nAma va

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 136 vRttAnta 11 veM pariccheda se prArambha hotA hai| usase pUrva hastanApura ke seTha dhanadatta kA ghaTanApUrNa vRttAnta, aura antataH zrIdattA se vivAha; aura usI ghaTanAcakra ke bIca vidyAdhAra citravega aura kanakamAlA; tathA citragati aura priyaMgumaMjarI ke premAkhyAna samAviSTa haiN| prAyaH samasta racanA gAthA chaMda meM hai| kintu yatra-tatra anya nAnA chaMdoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai| kavi pratibhAvAn hai; aura samasta racanA bar3e sarasa aura bhAvapUrNa varNanoM se bharI huI hai / prAkRtika dRzyoM, putrajanma va vivAhAdi utsavoM, prAtaH va saMdhyA, tathA vana evaM sarovaroM Adi ke varNana bar3e kalApUrNa aura rocaka haiN| nRtyAdi ke varNanoM meM haribhadra kI samarAditya kathA kI chApa dikhAI detI hai| mahezvara sUri kRta 'NANapaMcamIkahA' kI racanA kA samaya I0 san 1015 se purva anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| ina racanA meM svataMtra 10 kathAe~ samAviSTa haiM, jinake nAma haiM-(1) jayasena, (2) naMda, (3) bhadrA, (4) vIra, (5) kamala, (6) guNAnurAga, (7) vimala, (8) dharaNa, (6) devI, aura (10) bhaviSyadatta / prathama aura antima kathAeM koI pAMca-pAMca sau gAthAoM meM, aura zeSa koI 125 gAthAoM meM samApta huI haiN| isa prakAra samasta gAthAoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 2000 hai / dasoM kathAe~ jJAnapaMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya dikhalAne ke liye likhI gaI haiM / kathAe~ bar3I sundara, sarala aura dhArAvAhI rIti se varNita haiM / yathAsthAna rasoM aura bhAvoM evaM lokoktiyoM kA bhI acchA samAveza kiyA gayA hai, jinase isa racanA ko kAvya pada prApta hotA hai| hemacandra kRta 'kumArapAla carita' mATha sargoM meM samApta huA hai / hemacandra kA janma vi0 saM0 1145 meM aura svargavAsa saM0 1226 meM huA / ataeva isI bIca prastuta kAvya kA racanA-kAla AtA hai / kumArapAla hemacandra ke samaya gujarAta ke cAlukyavaMzI nareza the; aura unhIM ke protsAhana se kavi ne apanI aneka racanAoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| prastuta grantha apanI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA rakhatA hai / hemacandra ne apanA eka mahAna zabdAnuzAsana likhA hai, jisake prathama sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta ke evaM antima aSTama adhyAya meM prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa kA sUtroM dvArA svayaM apanI vRtti sahita nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke udAharaNoM ke liye unhoMne dvayAzraya kAvya kI racanA kI hai, jisameM eka aura kumArapAla nareza ke vaMza kA kAvya kI rIti se varNana kiyA gayA hai; aura sAtha hI sAtha apane sampUrNa vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM ke usI krama se udAharaNa upasthita kiye gaye haiM / sampUrNa grantha meM aTThAIsa sarga haiM, jinameM prathama 20 sargo meM kumArapAla ke vaMza va pUrvajoM kA itihAsa, aura saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke udAha

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140 jaina sAhitya raNa haiM / zeSa 8 sargoM meM rAjA kumArapAla kA caritra, aura prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke udAharaNa haiM / yahI bhAga kumArapAla-carita ke nAmase prasiddha hai| isake prathama 6 tathA sAtaveM sarga kI 62 vI gAthA taka prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke Adi se lekara cauthe adhyAya ke 256 veM sUtra taka prAkRta sAmAnya ke udAharaNa Aye haiM / phira AThaveM sarga kI pAMcavIM gAthA taka mAgadhI, 11 vIM taka paizAcI, 13 vIM taka cUlikA paizAcI, aura tatpazcAt sarga ke antima 83 veM padya taka apabhraza ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| kathA kI dRSTi se prathama sarga meM anahilapura va rAjA kumArapAla kI prAtaH kriyA kA varNana hai / dvitIya sarga meM rAjA ke vyAyAma, kujarArohaNa, jinamaMdiragamana, pUjana va gRhAgamana kA varNana hai / tIsare sarga meM udyAnakrIr3A kA va cauthe meM grISma Rtu kA varNana hai / pAMcaveM meM varSA, hemanta aura zizira RtuoM kA, chaThaveM meM candrodaya kA, sAtaveM meM rAjA ke svapna va paramArtha-cintana kA, tathA aSTama sarga meM sarasvatI devI dvArA upadeza diye jAne kA varNana hai / isa prakAra kAvya meM kathAbhAga prAyaH nahIM ke barAbara hai| kintu ukta viSayoM kA varNana vizada aura suvistRta hai| kAvya aura vyAkaraNa kI ukta AvazyakatAoM kI eka sAtha pUrti bar3A duSkara kArya hai| isa kaThina kArya meM kucha kRtrimatA aura bojhalapana A jAnA bhI anivArya hai; aura ise hemacandra ne apanI isa kRti meM bar3I kuzalatA se nibAhA hai / isakI upamA saMskRta sAhitya meM eka bhaTTIkAvya meM pAI jAtI hai, jisameM kathA ke sAtha pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| kintu usameM vaha pUrNatA aura krama-baddhatA nahIM hai. jo hameM hemacandra kI kRti meM milatI hai / (prakA0 pUnA, 1636) prAkRta meM eka aura kumArapAla-parita pRthvIcandra sUri ke ziSya harizacandra kRta bhI pAyA jAtA hai, jo 654 zloka pramANa hai| vIradeva gaNi kRta 'mahIvAla kahA' lagAtAra 1800 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huI hai / anta meM kavi ne apanA itanA paricaya mAtra diyA hai ki ve candra gaccha ke devabhadra sUri, unake ziSya siddhasena sUri, unake ziSya municandra sUri ke ziSya the| unhoMne apane ko paMDitatilaka upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA hai| isa AcAryaparamparA kA pUrA paricaya to kahIM milatA nahIM, tathApi eka pratimA-lekha meM devabhadra sUri ke ziSya siMhasena sUri kA ullekha pAtA hai, jisameM saM0 1213 kA ullekha hai (paTTA0 samu0 pR0 205) / sambhava hai siMhasena aura siddhasena ke par3hane meM bhrAMti huI ho aura ve eka hI vyakti ke nAma hoN| isa AdhAra para prastuta racanA kA kAla I0 12 vIM zatI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / isI prantha kA saMskRta rUpAntara caritra sundara kRta saMskata 'mahIpAla-caritra' meM milatA hai, jisakA racanAkAla 15 vIM zatI kA madhya bhAga anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| -.

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 141 ujjanI ke rAjA narasiMha ne apane jJAnI aura vinodI mitra mahIpAla ko deza se isa kAraNa nirvAsita kara diyA ki vaha apanA pUrA samaya rAjA kI sevA meM na bitAkara, kucha kAla ke liye kalAoM kI upAsanA ke hetu anyatra calA jAtA thA / nirvAsita mahIpAla ne nAnA dvIpoM va nagaroM kA paribhramaNa kiyA, apane kozala, vijJAna va cAturya se nAnA rAjAoM va seThoM ko prasanna kara bahuta sA dhana prApta kiyA va aneka vivAha kiye / lauTakara Ane para punaH vaha rAjA kA kRpApAtra banA; aura anta meM donoM ne muni-upadeza sunakara vairAgya dhAraNa kiyA / sampUrNa kathA gAthA chaMda meM varNita hai; aura mahIpAla ke kalA va cAturya ke upAkhyAnoM se bharapUra hai / kathA-prasaMga kahIM bahuta nahIM TUTane pAyA / bhASA sarala, dhArAvAhI hai / sarala alaMkAroM va sUktiyoM kA samucita prayoga dikhAI detA hai| (prakA0 amadAbAda, vi0 saM0 1968) devendrasUri kRta 'sudaMsaNAcariyaM' kA dUsarA nAma 'zakunikA-vihAra' bhI hai| kartA ne apane viSaya meM kahA hai ki ve citrApAlaka gaccha ke bhuvanacandra guru, unake ziSya devabhadra muni, unake ziSya jagaccandra sUri ke ziSya the| unake eka gurubhrAtA vijayacandra sUri bhI the / tapAgaccha paTTAvalI ke anusAra ukta devabhadra Adi muni vastupAla maMtrI ke sama-sAmayika the, evaM vi0 saM0 1323 meM devabhadra sUri ne vidyAnaMda ko sUri pada pradAna kiyA thaa| ataeva isI varSa ke lagabhaga prastuta grantha kA racanAkAla siddha hai| grantha 16 uddezoM meM samApta huA hai, jinameM svayaM granthakAra ke anusAra samasta gAthAoM kI saMkhyA 4002 hai; aura dhanapAla, sudarzana, vijayakumAra, zIlavatI, azvAvabodha, bhrAtA, dhAtrIsuta aura dhAtrI, ye 8 adhikAra haiM / sudarzanA siMhaladvIpa meM zrIpura nagara ke rAjA candragupta aura rAnI candralekhA kI putrI thii| par3ha likhakara vaha bar3I viduSI aura kalAvatI nikalI / ekabAra usane rAjasabhA meM jJAnanidhi purohita ke mata kA khaMDana kiyaa| dharmabhAvanA se prerita ho vaha bhRgukaccha kI yAtrA para AI, aura yahA~ usane munisuvrata tIrthakara kA maMdira tathA zakunikA vihAra nAmaka jinAlaya nirmANa karAye; aura apanA zeSa jIvana dharma dhyAna meM vyatIta kiyA / sudarzanA kA yaha caritra hiraNyapura ke seTha dhanapAla ne raivataka giri kI vandanA se lauTakara apanI patnI dhanazrI ko sunAyA thA; jaisA ki usane raivataka giri meM aika kinnarI ke mukha se sunA thaa| kathA meM prasaMgavaza ukta puruSa-striyoM tathA nAnA anya ghaTanAoM ke rocaka vRtAnta samAviSTa haiM / dasaveM uddeza meM jJAna va caritra ke udAharaNa rUpa marudevI kA tathA unake putra RSamaprabhu kA caritra varNita hai| usI prakAra nAnA dhArmika niyamoM aura unake Adarza dRSTAntoM ke varNana kathA ke bIca guthe hue hai / yatra-tatra kavi ne apanA racanA-cAturya bhI pradarzita kiyA hai| 16 veM

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142 jaina sAhitya uddeza meM dhanapAla ne nemIzvara kI stuti pahale saMskRta gadya meM kI hai jo samAsa pracura hai; aura phira eka aise aSTaka stotra dvArA jisake pratyeka padya kA eka caraNa saMskRta meM, aura dUsarA caraNa prAkRta meM racA gayA hai / zikSAtmaka uktiyoM va upamAoM se to samasta racanA bharI huI hai| (prakA0 amadAbAda, vi0 saM0 1986) / devendrasUri kRta kRSNa caritra 1163 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huA hai / yathArthataH yaha racanA kartA ke zrAddhadinakRtya nAmaka grantha ke antargata dRSTAnta rUpa se AI hai| aura vahIM se uddhRta kara svatantra rUpa meM prakAzita kI gaI hai / (ratanapura, mAlavA, 1638) / isameM vasudeva ke pUrvabhavoM ke varNana se prArambha kara kramaza: vasudeva ke janma, bhramaNa, kRSNajanma, kaMsa-vadha, dvArikA-nirmANa, pradyumna-haraNa, pAMDava aura draupadI, jarAsaMdha-yuddha, neminAtha-caritra, draupadI-haraNa, dvArikA-dAha, baladeva-dIkSA, neminirvANa aura kRSNa ke bhAvI tIrthakaratva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / vasudeva-bhramaNa ke vRttAnta meM prasaMgavaza cArudatta aura vasantasenA kA ullekha bhI AyA hai / samasta kathA kA AdhAra vasudeva hiDI evaM jinasena kRta harivaMzapurANa hai / racanA Adyanta kathA-pradhAna hai| ratnazekhara sUri kRta zrIpAlacaritra meM 1342 gAthAeM haiN| grantha ke anta meM kahA gayA hai ki isakA saMkalana vajrasena gaNadhara ke paTTa ziSya, va prabhu hematilaka sUri ke ziSya ratnazekhara sUri ne kiyA; aura unake ziSya hemacandra sAdhu ne vi0 saM0 1428 meM isako lipibaddha kiyaa| yaha kathA siddha cakra ke mAhAtmya ko prakaTa karane ke liye likhI gaI hai / ujjainI kI rAjakumArI madanasundarI ne apane pitA kI dI huI samasyA kI pUrti meM apanA yaha bhAva prakaTa kiyA ki pratyeka ko apane puNya-pApa ke anusAra sukha-duHkha prApta hotA hai, isameM dUsare vyaktiyoM kA koI hAtha nahIM / pitA ne ise putrI kA apane prati kRtaghnatA-bhAva samajhA; aura kruddha hokara usakA vivAha zrIpAla nAmaka kuSTarogI se kara diyaa| madanasundarI ne apanI pati-bhakti tathA siddha-cakra pUjA ke prabhAva se use acchA kara liyA; aura zrIpAla ne nAnA dezoM kA bhramaNa kiyA, tathA khUba dhana aura yaza kamAyA / grantha ke bIca-bIca meM aneka apabhraMza padya bhI Aye haiM, va nAnA gadya chaMdoM meM stutiyAM nibaddha haiN| racanA Adi se aMta taka rocaka hai / jinamANakya kRta kummAputta-cariyaM choTI sI kathA hai jo 185 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huI hai| kavi ne apane guru kA nAma hemavimala pragaTa kiyA hai| ataeva tapAgaccha paTTAvalI ke anusAra ve 16 vIM sadI meM hue pAye jAte haiN| mahAvIra tIrthakara ne apane upadeza meM dAna, tapa, zIla, aura bhAvanA, ina cAra dharma ke T

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 143 bhedoM meM bhAvanA dharma kA Adarza udAharaNakummAputta kA diyA; tathA indrabhUti ke pUchane para usakA vRttAnta sunAyA / pUrva janma meM vaha durlabha nAma kA rAjaputra thA, jise eka yakSiNI apane pUrva janma kA pati pahacAna kara pAtAla loka meM le gii| vaha apanI alpAyu samajhakara durlabha dharmadhyAna meM laga gayA; aura dUsare janma meM rAjagRha kA rAjakumAra huaa| zAstra-zravaNa dvArA use pUrva janma kA smaraNa ho AyA, aura vaha saMsAra se virakta ho gayA / tathApi mAtA-pitA ko zoka na ho, isa vicAra se pravRjita na hokara ghara meM hI rahA; aura bhAvakevalI hokara mokSa gyaa| pUrvabhava-varNana meM manuSya jIvana kI cintAmaNi ke samAna durlabhatA ke udAharaNa rUpa eka AkhyAna kahA gayA hai, jisameM eka ratnaparIkSaka puruSa ne cintAmaNi pAkara bhI apano asAvadhAnI se use samudra meM kho diyA / racanA sarala aura sundara hai / (prakA0 pUnA, 5630) / ina prakAzita padyAtmaka prAkRta kathAoM ke atirikta anya bhI aneka racanAeM jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM kI sUciyoM meM ullikhita pAI jAtI haiM, jinameM jinezvara sUri kRta nirvANa lIlAvatI kA ullekha hameM aneka graMthoM meM milatA hai / vizeSataH dhanezvara kRta 'surasundarI cariya' (vi0 saM0 1065) meM use ati sulalita, prasanna, zleSAtmaka va vividhAlaMkAra-zobhita kahA gayA hai / durbhAgyataH isa graMtha kI pratiyAM durlabha ho gaI haiM, kintu usakA saMskRta padyAtmaka rUpAntara 6000 zlokoM meM jina ratna (13 vIM zatI) kRta pAyA jAtA hai| jabaki mUla grantha ke 18000 zloka pramANa hone kA ullekha milatA hai| prAkRta kathAeM-gadya-padyAtmaka jaina kathA-sAhitya apanI utkRSTa sImA para una racanAoM meM dikhAI detA hai / jo mukhyataH gadya meM, va gadya-padya mizrita rUpa meM likhI gaI haiM; ataeva jinheM hama campU kaha sakate haiN| inameM prAcInatama grantha hai vasudeva hiMDI, jo sau lambakoM meM pUrNa huA hai| ye lambaka do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM / prathama khaNDa meM 26 lambaka haiM, aura vaha lagabhaga 11000 zloka-pramANa hai / isake kartA saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka haiN| dUsare khaNDa meM 71 lambaka 17000 zloka pramANa haiM aura isake kartA dharmasena gaNi hai / grantha kA racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai, tathApi jinabhadragaNi ne apanI vizeSaNavatI meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| jisase isakA racanA-kAla chaThavIM zatI se pUrva siddha hotA hai / isa grantha kA abhI taka kevala prathama khaNDa hI prakAza meM AyA hai| isameM bhI 16 aura 20 veM lambaka anupalabdha haiM tathA 28 vA apUrNa pAyA jAtA hai| aMdhakavRSNi ke putroM meM jeThe samudra vijaya aura sabase

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144 jaina sAhitya choTe vasudeva the / samudra vijaya ke rAjA hone para vasudeva nagara meM ghUmA karate the, kintu inake atizaya rUpa va kalA-prAvINya ke kAraNa nagara meM anartha hote dekha, rAjA ne inakA bAhara jAnA roka diyaa| isa para vasudeva gupta rUpa se ghara se nikalakara deza-videza bhramaNa karane lge| isa bhramaNa meM unheM nAnA prakAra ke kaSTa bhI hue va aneka lomaharSaka ghaTanAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A, jinake vaicitrya ke varNana se sArA grantha bharA huA hai / prasaMgavaza isameM mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa evaM anya vividha AkhyAna Aye haiN| yaha graMtha lupta vRhatkathA ke AdhAra va Adarza para racita anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / bhASA, sAhitya, itihAsa Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se yaha racanA bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai / haribhadra kata samarAditya-kathA (8 vIM zatI) meM 'bhava' nAmaka prakaraNa haiM, jinameM kramazaH paraspara virodhI do puruSoM ke sAtha sAtha calane vAle 6 janmAtaroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / grantha kI utthAnikA meM maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt kathAvastu ko divya, divya-mAnuSa ke bheda se tIna prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai| kathA vastu cAra prakAra kI kathAoM dvArA prastAvita kI jA sakatI hai-artha, kAma, dharma aura saMkIrNa; jinake adhama, madhyama aura uttama, ye tIna prakAra ke zrotA hote haiM / granthakartA ne prastuta racanA ko divya-mAnuSa vastugata dharma-kathA kahA hai, aura pUrvAcAryo dvArA kathita ATha caritra-saMgrahaNI gAthAeM uddhRta kI haiM, jinameM nAyaka-pratinAyaka ke nau bhavAMtaroM ke nAma, unakA paraspara sambandha, unakI nivAsa-nagariyAM evaM unake maraNa ke pazcAt prApta svarga-narakoM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| antima bhava meM nAyaka samarAditya mokSagAmI humA aura pratinAyaka girisena ananta saMsAra-zramaNa kA bhaagii| prathama bhava meM hI inake paraspara vaira utpanna hone kA kAraNa yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki rAjaputra guNasena purohita-putra brAhmaNa agni-zarmA kI kurUpatA kI haMsI ur3AyA karatA thA, jisase virakta hokara agni zarmA ne dIkSA le lI; aura mAsopavAsa saMyama kA pAlana kiyA / guNasena rAjA ne tIna bAra use AhAra ke liye AmaMtrita kiyA, kintu tInoM bAra vizeSa kAraNoM se muni ko binA AhAra lauTanA par3A, jisase kruddha hokara usane mana meM yaha ThAna liyA ki yadi mere tapa kA koI phala ho to maiM janmajanmAntara meM isa rAjA ko kleza duu| isI nidAna-baMdha ke kAraNa usakI uttarottara adhogati huI, jaba taka ki anta meM use sambodhana nahIM ho gayA / ina nau hI bhavoM kA varNana pratibhAzAlI lekhaka ne bar3I uttama rIti se kiyA hai, jisameM kathA-prasaMgoM, prAkRtika varNanoM va bhAva-citraNa dvArA kathAnaka ko zreSTha racanA kA pada pApta huA hai| -

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145 prathamAnuyoga - prAkRta udyotana sUri kRta kuvalayamAlA kI racanA grantha ke ullekhAnusAra hI zaka saM0 700 ( I0 san 778) meM jAbAlipura (jAlora - rAjasthAna) meM huI thI / lekhaka ne apanA virud dAkSiNyacihna bhI pragaTa kiyA hai / caritra nAyikA kuvalayamAlA ke vaicitryapUrNa jIvanacaritra meM gumphita nAmA prakAra ke upAkhyAna, ghaTanAeM, sAmAjika va vaiyaktika citraNa, isa kRti kI apanI vizeSatAeM hai, jinakI samataula anyatra pAnA kaThina hai / prAkRta bhASA ke nAnA dezI rUpa va zailiyoM ke pracura udAharaNa isa grantha meM milate haiM / lekhaka kA dhyeya apanI kathAoM dvArA krodhAdi kaSAyoM va durbhAvanAoM ke duSpariNAma citrita karanA hai / ghaTanA - vaicitrya va upAkhyAnoM kI pracuratA meM yaha vasudeva- hiMDI ke samAna hai / yathAsthAna apanI praur3ha zailI meM vaha subaMdhu aura bANa kI saMskRta ranacAoM se samatA rakhatI hai / samarAditya kathA kA bhI racanA meM bahuta prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / svayaM kartA ne haribhadra ko apanA siddhAnta va nyAya kA guru mAnA hai, tathA unakI samaramiyaMkA (samarAditya) kathA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / devendragaNi kRta rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM meM kartA ne apanI guru-paramparA devasUri se lekara udyotana sUri dvi0 taka batalAI hai, aura phira kahA ki ve svayaM udyotana sUri ke ziSya upAdhyAya ambadeva ke ziSya the jinakA nAma nemicandra bhI thA / unhoMne yaha racanA iMDila padaniveza meM prArambha kI thI, aura caDDAvali pUrI meM samApta kI thI / nemicandra apara nAma devendra gaNi, ne apanI uttarAdhyayana TokA vi0 saM0 1126 meM tathA mahAvIra cariyaM vi0 1140 meM likhe the / ataeva prastuta grantha kI racanA isI samaya ke lagabhaga kI siddha hotI hai / kathA meM rAjA zreNika ke prazna ke uttara meM gautama gaNadhara ne kaMcanapura ke bakula nAmaka mAlAkAra ke RSabha bhagavAna ko puSpa car3hAne ke phalasvarUpa gajapura meM kamalasena rAjA ke putra ratnacUr3a kI utpatti kA vRttAnna sunAyA / ratnacUr3a ne eka madonmatta gaja kA damana kiyA; kintu vaha eka vidhAdhara nikalA, aura rAjakumAra kA apaharaNa kara le gyaa| ratnacUr3a ne nAnA pradezoM kA bhramaNa kiyA; vicitra anubhava prApta kiye; aneka sundariyoM se vivAha kiyA; aura Rddhi prApta kI; jisakA varNana bar3A rocaka hai / anta meM ve rAjadhAnI meM lauTa Aye; aura muni kA upadeza pAkara dhArmika jIvana vyatIta karate hue maraNoparAnta svargagAmI hue / kathA meM aneka upAkhyAnoM kA samAveza hai / yaha kathA 'nAyAdhammakahA' meM sUcita devapUjA Adi ke dharmaphala ke dRSTAnta rUpa racI gaI hai / ( prakA0 amadAbAda, 1642) kAlakAcArya ko kathA sabase prAcIna nizIthacUrNi, Avazyaka cUrNi vRhatkalpa bhASya Adi zrarddhamAgadhI Agama kI TIkAnoM meM pAI jAtI hai / isa para svataMtra

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146 jaina sAhitya racanAeM bhI bahuta likhI gaI haiM / jaina granthAvali meM prAkRta meM vinayacandra, mAvadeva jayAnaMdi sUri, dharmaprabha devakallola va mahezvara; tathA saMskRta meM kIrticandra aura samayasundara kRta kAlakAcArya kathAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / kintu ina sabase prAcIna, aura sAhityika dRSTi se adhika sundara kRti devendra sUri kRta kathAnaka-prakaraNa-vRtti meM samAviSTa pAI jAtI hai| isakA racanA kAla vi0 saM0 1146 hai / kAlaka eka rAjaputra the; kintu guNAkara muni ke upadeza se ve muni ho gaye / unakI choTI bahana sarasvatI bhI AryikA ho gii| usa para ujjainI kA rAjA gardabhilla mohita ho gayA; aura usane use pakar3avAkara apane anta:pura meM rkkhaa| rAjA ko samajhAkara apanI bahana ko chur3Ane ke prayatna meM asaphala hokara kAlakAcArya zaka deza ko gaye; aura gardabhilla ko pakar3akara deza se nirvAsita kara diyA gayA / kAlakAcArya ne sarasvatI ko punaH saMyama meM dIkSita kara liyaa| ujjaina meM eka rAjavaMza sthApita ho gayA; jisakA ujcheda rAjA vikramAditya ne karake apanA saMvat claayaa| kathA meM Age calakara kAlakAcArya ne marukaccha ora vahA~ se pratiSThAna kI ora vihAra karane kA vRtAnta hai| unakI rAjA sAtavAhana se bheMTa huI; aura unake anurodha se unhoMne bhAdrapada zuklA 4 se paryuSaNa manAye jAne kI anumati pradAna kara dI; kyoMki bhAdrapada zuklA 5 ko indra mahotsava manAyA jAtA thaa| apane ziSyoM kA sambodhana karate hue anta meM kA lakAcArya ne saMlekhanA vidhi se svargavAsa prApta kiyaa| isa kathA meM zakoM ke AkramaNa aura tatpazcAt unake vikramAditya dvArA mUlocchedana ke vRtAnta meM bahuta kucha aitihAsika tathya pratIta hotA hai| sAhityika dRSTi se bhI yaha racanA sundara hai / (prakA0 amadAbAda, 1946) sumatisUri kRta jinadattAkhyAna meM kartA ne apanA itanA hI paricaya diyA ki pADicchaya gaccha ke kalpadruma zrI nemicandra sUri hue jinheM zrI sarvadeva sUri ne utama pada para sthApita kiyA unake ziSya sumati gaNi ne yaha jinadata maharSi caritra racA / grantha kA racanA kAla nizcii nahIM hai; tathApi eka prAcIna prati meM usake anahilapATana meM saM0 1246 meM likhAye jAne kA ullekha hai, jisase grantha kI racanA usase pUrva honI nizcita hai| kathAnAyaka seTha dya takrIr3A meM apanA saba dhana khokara videza yAtrA ko nikala pdd'aa| dadhipura meM rAjakanyA zrImatI ko vyAdhi-mukta karake usase vivAha kiyA / samudra yAtrA meM use eka anya vyApArI ne samudra meM girA diyA; aura vaha eka phalaka ke sahAre taTa para phuNcaa| vahAM se rathanUpura cakravAla meM pahuMcakara vahAM kI rAja-kanyA se vivAha kiyaa| anta meM vaha punaH campAnagara ko lauTa AyA, aura vahAM

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 147 kI rAjakanyA ratisundarI se bhI vivAha kiyA / tatpazcAt aneka sukha bhogakara usane dIkSA dhAraNa kara lI, aura marakara svarga prApta kiyA / gadya aura padya donoM meM bhASA suparimArjita pAI jAtI hai| aura yatra tatra kAvya guNa bhI dikhAI dete haiN| eka aura jinadattAkhyAna nAmaka racanA pUrvokta grantha ke sAtha hI prakAzita huI hai (bambaI, 1953); jisameM kartA kA nAma nahIM milatA / kathAnaka pUrvAkta prakAra hI hai| kintu usakI apekSA kucha saMkSipta hai| pUrvokta kRti se yaha prAcIna ho, to Azcarya nahIM / isameM jinadatta kA parva bhava anta meM varNita hai| prArambha meM nhiiN| isakI hastalikhita prati meM usake citrakUTa meM maNibhadra yati dvArA saM0 1186 meM likhe jAne kA ullekha hai| rayaNaseharIkahA ke kartA jinaharSagaNi ne svayaM kahA hai ki ve jayacandra muni ke ziSya the aura unhoMne yaha kathA citrakUTa nagara meM likhI / grantha kI pATana bhaMDAra kI hastalikhita prati vi0 saM0 1512 kI hai; ataeva racanA usase pUrva kI honI nizcita hai| yaha kathA sAMvatsarika, cAturmAsika evaM caturdazI, aSTamI Adi parvAnuSThAna ke dRSTAnta rUpa likhI gaI hai| ratanapura kA rAjA kinnaroM se ralAvatI ke rUpa kI prazaMsA sunakara usapara mohita ho gayA / isa sundarI kA patA lagAne unakA maMtrI nikalA / eka saghana vana meM pahuMcakara usakI eka yakSakanyA se bheMTa huI, jisake nirdeza se vaha eka jalate hue dhUpakaMDa meM kUdakara pAtAla meM pahuMcA aura usa yakSa-kanyA ko vivAhA / yakSa ne ratnAvalI kA patA batalAyA ki vaha siMhala ke rAjA jayasiMha kI kanyA hai| yakSa ne use apane vidyAbala se siMhala meM pahuMcA bhI diyaa| vahAM vaha yoginI ke veSa meM ratnAvalI se milA / ratnAvalI ne yaha pratijJA kI thI ki jaba use apanA pUrva maga-janma kA pati milegA, tabhI vaha usase vivAha kregii| yoginI ne bhaviSya kA vicAra kara batalA diyA ki usakA vahI pati use zIghra hI kAmadeva ke maMdira meM gha takrIr3A karatA huA milegaa| isa prakAra ratnAvalI ko taiyAra kara vaha usI yakSa-vidyA dvArA apane rAjA ke pAsa pahuMcA, aura use sAtha lAkara kAmadeva ke maMdira meM siMhala rAjakanyA se usakI bheMTa karA dI / donoM meM vivAha ho gayA / eka bAra jaba ve donoM gIta kAvya kathAdi vinoda meM Asakta the, taba eka sUA rAjA ke hAtha para A baiThA, aura eka zukI rAnI ke hAtha para / sUe kI vANI se rAjA ne jAna liyA ki vaha koI vizeSa dhAmika prANI hai / viddhattApUrNa vArtAlApa karate hue zuka aura zukI donoM mUcchita hokara mRtyu ko prApta hue| eka mahAjJAnI muni ne rAjA ko batalAyA ki ve usake pUrva puruSa the; jo apanA vrata khaDita karane ke pApa se pakSiyoni utpanna hue the / usa pApa

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148 jaina sAhitya se mukta hokara aba ve dharaNendra paura padmAvatI rUpa deva-devI hue haiN| rAjA ratnazekhara aura rAnI ratnAvalI dharmapAlana meM utarottara dRr3ha hote huye anta meM marakara svarga meM deva-devI hue| isa kathAnaka kA vizeSa mahatva yaha hai ki vaha hindI ke suprasiddha kAvya jAyasI kRta padmAvata kI kathA kA mUlAdhAra siddha hotA hai / yahAM nAyaka ratnazekhara hai, to vahAM ratanasena; nAyikA donoM meM siMhala kI rAjakumArI hai; paraspara premAsakti kA prakAra bhI vahI hai| yahAM maMtrI joginI banakara siMhala jAtA hai, to vahAM svayaM nAyaka hI jogI banatA hai| donoM meM milane kA sthAna devAlaya hai / totA bhI donoM kathAoM meM AtA hai; yadyapi jAyasI ne isakA upayoga kathA ke Adi se hI kiyA hai| ratnazekharI ke kartA citrakUTa (cittaur3a) ke the aura jAyasI ke nAyaka hI cittaur3a ke rAjA the| ratnazekharI meM rAjA dvArA kaliMgarAja ko jItane kA ullekha hai; padmAvata meM kaliMga se jogiyoM kA jahAja ravAnA hotA hai / donoM kathAnakoM kA rUpaka va rahasyAtmaka bhAga bahuta kucha milatA hai / padmAvata kA racanAkAla zerazAha sulatAna ke samaya meM hone se ukta . racanA se pIche to siddha hotA hI hai| kyoMki zerazAha kA rAjya I0 san 1540 meM prArambha huA thaa| jambUsAmicaritta upayukta samasta prAkRta caritroM se apanI vizeSatA rakhatA hai kyoMki usakI racanA ThIka usI prakAra kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM usI gadyazailI se huI hai jaisI AgamoM kI; yahAM taka ki varNana ke saMkSepa ke liye yahAM bhI tadanusAra hI 'jAva', 'jahA' Adi kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa para se yaha racanA valabhI vAcanA kAla (5vIM zatI) ke AsapAsa kI pratIta hotI hai; jaisA ki sampAdaka ne apane 'pravezadvAra' meM bhI anumAna kiyA hai, (pra0 bhAvanagara, vi0 2004) / kintu grantha ke anta meM jo eka gAthA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ise vijayadayA sUrizvara ke Adeza se jinavijaya ne likhA hai, usa para se usakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1785 se 1809 ke bIca anumAna kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki tapAgaccha paTTAvalI ke anusAra 64 veM guru vijayAdayA sUri kA vahI samaya hai / kintu saMbhava hai yaha ullekha grantha kI pratilipi karAne kA ho, grantha racanA kA nahIM, vizeSataH jabaki grantha ke anta kI puSpikA meM punaH alaga se usake likhe jAne kA kAla saM0 1814 nirdiSTa hai / yadi Age khojazodha dvArA anya prAcIna pratiyoM ke bala se yahI racanAkAla siddha ho to samajhanA cAhiye ki 18 vIM zatI meM Agama zailI se yaha grantha likhakara ukta lekhaka ne eka asAdhAraNa kArya kiyaa| kathAnAyaka jambUsvAmI mahAvIra tIrthakara ke sAkSAt ziSya the aura unake

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 146 nirvANa se 62 varSa pazcAt taka jIvita rhe| jaina Agama kI paramparA meM unakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, kyoMki upalabhya dvAdazAMga kA bahubhAga sudharma svAmI dvArA unhIM ko upadiSTa kiyA gayA hai| prastuta racanAnusAra jambU kA janma rAjagRha meM huA thaa| unakI vairAgya-vRti ko rokane ke liye anake ATha vivAha kiye gaye ; tathApi unakI dhArmika pravRti rukI nahIM, bar3hatI hI gii| unhoMne apanI patniyoM kA saMbodhana kara, aura unakI samasta tarkoM va yuktiyoM kA khaMDana kara dIkSA le lI; yahAM taka ki jo prabhava nAmaka bar3A DAkU unake ghara meM corI ke liye ghusA thA, vaha bhI cupacApa unakA upadeza sunakara sauMsAra se virakta ho gayA / eka aura jambUcariyaM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hai, jo abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huaa| isake kartA nAilagacchIya guNapAla haiM, jo saMbhavataH ve hI haiM jinake prAkRta RSidattA caritra kA ullekha jainagranthAvalI meM pAyA jAtA hai, aura usakA racanA kAla vi0 saM0 1264 aMkita kiyA gayA hai| yaha jambUcaritra solaha uddezoM meM pUrNa huA hai / mukhya kathA va avAntara kathAeM bhI prAyaH ve hI haiM jo pUrvokta kRti meM bhI apekSAkRta saMkSepa rUpa meM pAI jAtI haiN| padmasundara kRta jambUcarita akabara ke kAla meM saM0 1632 meM racA gayA milA hai / ___ guNacandra sUri kRta garavikkamacariya yathArthataH granthakAra kI pUrvokta racanA 'mahAvIracariyaM' meM se uddhata kara pRthaka rUpa se saMskRta chAyA sahita prakAzita huA hai (nemi vijJAna pra0 mA0 20 vi0saM0 2008) / chattA nagarI ke jitazatru rAjA ke putra nandana ko upadeza dete hue poTTila sthAvira ne viSayAsakti meM dharmopadeza dvArA pravRjyA dhAraNa karane vAle rAjA narasiMha aura usake putra naravAhanadatta kA caritra varNana kiyA / kathA ke gadya aura padya donoM bhAga racanA kI dRSTi se praur3ha aura kAvya guNoM se yukta haiM / inake atirikta isI takAra kI anya aneka prAkRta racAyeM upalabdha haiM, jo abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huI / inameM se kucha ke nAma isa takAra haiM:-vijayasiMha kRta bhuvanasundarI (10vIM zatI), vardhamAna kRta manoramAcariyaM (11vIM zatI), RSivastA carita (13vIM zatI) pradyumnacarita, malayasundarI kathA, narmadAsundarI kathA, dhanyasundarI kathA, aura naradeva kathA / (dekhiye jaina granthAvalI) prAkRta kathAkoSa dharmopadeza ke nimita laghu kathAoM kA upadeza zramaNa-paramparA meM bahuta prAcIna kAla se pracalita rahA hai| dvAdazAMga Agama ke gAyAdhammakahAo meM

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150 jaina sAhitya isakA eka rUpa yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki ekAdha gAthA meM koI upadezAtmaka bAta kahI, aura usake sAtha hI usake dRSTAnta rUpa usa niyama ko apane jIvana meM caritArtha karane vAle vyakti ke jIvana kA vRttAnta gadya yA padya meM vistAra se kaha diyA / yahI praNAlI pAli kI jAtaka kathAmoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| saMskRta ke hitopadeza, paMcataMtrAdi prAcIna laghukathAtmaka granthoM kI bhI yahI zailI hai| AgamoM ke pazcAt isa zailI kI svataMtra prAkRta racanA dharmadAsa gaNI kRta upadezamAlA prakaraNa pAI jAtI hai| isameM 544 gAthAeM haiN| jinameM vinaya, zIla, vrata, saMyama, dayA, jJAna, dhyAnAdi viSayaka saikar3oM puruSa-striyoM ke dRSTAnta diye gaye haiM, va unake caritra vistAra se TIkAoM meM likhe gaye haiN| TIkAeM 10 vIM zatI se lekara 18 vIM zatI taka aneka likhI gaI haiM, aura ve jaina laghu kathAoM ke bhaMDAra haiM / kucha TIkAkAroM ke nAma haiM-jayasiMha aura siddharSi (10 vIM zatI), jinabhadra aura ratnaprabha (12vIM zatI) udayaprabha (13vIM zatI), abhayacandra (15vIM zatI), jayazekhara, rAmavijaya, sarvAnanda, dharmanandana Adi / mUla gAthAoM kA racanAkAla nizcita nahIM; kintu unakA muni-samAja meM itanA Adara aura pracAra hai ki unake kartA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samasAmayika mAne jAte haiN| tathApi gAthAoM kI bhASA para se ve 5 vIM 6 vIM zatI se adhika pUrvakI pratIta nahIM hotiiN| mUla kartA aura usake TIkAkAroM ke sanmukha bauddha dhammapada aura usakI buddhaghoSa kRta TIkA kA Adarza rahA pratIta hotA hai, jinameM kramazaH 425 gAthAeM aura 310 kathAnaka pAye jAte haiN| isI zailI para 8 vIM zatI meM haribhadra ne apane upadezapada likhe, jinakI gAthA saMkhyA 1040 hai / isa para municandrasUri kI sukhabodhanI TIkA (12 vIM zatI) aura vardhamAna kRta vRtti (13 vIM zatI) pAI jAtI haiN| kRSNamuni ke ziSya jayasiMha ne vi0 saM0 615 meM dharmadAsa kI kRti ke anukaraNa para 68 gAthAeM likhIM; aura unapara svayaM vivaraNa bhI likhA / unakI pUrI racanA dharmopadeza-mAlA-vivaraNa ke nAma se prakAzita hai (bambaI, 1946) / isameM 156 kathAeM samAviSTa haiM, jinameM zIla, dAna, Adi sadguNoM kA mAhAtmya tathA rAga-dveSAdi durbhAvoM ke duSpariNAma se lekara cora, juvAr3I, zarAbI taka sabhI staroM ke vyakti haiM, jinase samAja kA acchA citraNa sAmane AtA hai| prAkRtika bhAvAtmaka va rasAtmaka varNana mI sundara aura sAhityika haiM / jayasiMha sUri ke ziSya jayakIrtikRta zIlopadeza-mAlA bhI isI prakAra kI 116 gAthAoM kI racanA hai, jisapara somatilaka kRta TIkA (14vIM zatI) pAI

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prathamAnuyoga-prAkRta 151 jAtI hai / jinezvara sUri kRta kathAkoSa-prakaraNa (vi0 saM0 1108) meM 30 gAthAoM ke AdhAra se lagabhaga 40 kathAe~ varNita haiM, jinameM sarala bhASA dvArA jinapUjA, supAtradAna Adi ke suphala batalAye gaye haiM, aura sAtha hI rAjanIti samAja Adi kA citraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai| jinezvara kRta 60 gAthAtmaka upadezaratnakoSa aura usa para 2500 zloka pramANa vRtti devabhadrakRta bhI milatI hai| devendragaNikRta AkhyAna maNikoSa (11 vIM zatI), maladhArI hemacandra kRta bhavabhAvanA aura upadezamAlA prakaraNa (12 vIM zatI) laghu kathAoM ke isI prakAra ke saMgraha haiN| somaprabhakRta kumArapAla-pratibodha (vi0 saM0 1241) meM prAkRta ke atirikta kucha AkhyAna saMskRta va apabhraMza meM bhI race gaye haiN| isameM kula pAMca prastAva haiM jinake dvArA granthakAra ke anusAra AcArya hemacandra ne rAjA kumArapAla ko jaina dharmAvalambI bnaayaa| pAMcoM prastAvoM meM saba milAkara 54 kathAnaka haiM, jo bahuta sundara aura sAhityika haiN| mAnatuMga sUri kRta jayantI-prakaraNa kI racanA bhagavatI sUtra ke 12 veM zataka ke dUsare uddeza ke AdhAra se huI haiM / tadanusAra zramaNopAsikA jayantI kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI bahina thii| usane tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se dharmasambandhI nAnA prazna kiye the| isI AdhAra para kartA ne 28 gAthAyeM racI haiM, aura unake ziSya malayaprabha sUri ne vi0 saM0 1260 ke lagabhaga usa para vRtti likhI, jisameM aneka kathAyeM varNita hai / ujjainI kA rAjA pradyota rAjA ceTaka kI putrI va rAjA zatAnIka kI patnI mRgAvatI para Asakta thaa| isa para tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne use parastrItyAga kA upadeza diyaa| anya kathAyeM zIla, supAtradAna va tapa Adi guNoM kA phala dikhalAne vAlI haiM, jinameM RSabhadeva, bharata va bAhubalI kA vRttAMta bhI AyA hai| guNacandra kRta kathAratnakoSa (12vIM zatI) meM pacAsa kathAnaka haiM, jinameM kahIM kahIM apabhraMza kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| anya kathAkoSoM meM candraprabha mahattara kRta vijayacandra kevalI (11vIM zatI) jinacandrasUri kRta saMvega-raMgazAlA aura AsAr3ha kRta viveka-maMjarI evaM upadeza-kaMdalI (12 vIM zatI), munisundarakRta upadeza-ratnAkara (13vIM zatI), somacandra kRta kathAmahodadhi aura zubhavarghanagaNi kRta vardhamAna dezanA tathA dazazrAvaka-caritra (15 vIM zatI) ullekhanIya haiM / inake atirikta sphuTa aneka laghu kathAe~ haiM, jinameM vizeSa vratoM ke dvArA viziSTa phala prApta karane vAle puruSa striyoM ke caritra varNita haiM; jaise aMjanA sundarI kathA, zIlavatI, sarvAga-sundarI Adi kthaaeN| isa prakAra kI koI 20-25 prAkRta kathAoM kA ullekha jaina-granthAvalI meM kiyA gayA hai /

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152 apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa bhArata meM Arya bhASA kA vikAsa mukhya tIna staroM meM vibhAjita pAyA jAtA hai / pahale stara kI bhASA kA svarUpa vedoM, brAhmaNoM, upaniSadoM va rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi purANoM va kAvyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, jise bhASA - vikAsa kA prAcIna yuga mAnA jAtA hai / IsvI pUrva chaThavIM zatI meM mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA una bhASAoM ko apanAyA gayA jo usa samaya pUrva bhArata kI loka bhASAyeM thIM; aura jinakA svarUpa hameM pAli tripiTika va ardhamAgadhI jainAgama meM dikhAI detA hai / tatpazcAtu kI jo zaurasenI va mahArASTrI racanAyeM milatI haiM unakI bhASA ko madhyayuga ke dvitIya stara kI mAnA gayA hai, jisakA vikAsa kAla IsvI kI dUsarI zatI se pA~cavI zatI taka pAyA jAtA hai / tatpazcAt madhyayuga kA jo tIsarA stara pAyA hai, use apabhraMza kA nAma diyA gayA hai / bhASA ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama apabhraMza kA ullekha pAtaMjala mahAbhASya ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI) meM milatA hai; kintu vahA~ usakA artha koI vizeSa bhASA na hokara zabda kA vaha rUpa hai jo saMskRta se apabhraSTa, vikRta yA vikasita huA hai, jaise gau kA gAvI, goNI, gopotalikA Adi dezI rUpa / isI matAnusAra daNDI (chaThI zatI) ne apane kAvyAdarza meM kahA hai zAstra meM saMskRta se anya sabhI zabda apabhraMza kahalAte haiM, kintu kAvya meM AbhIroM Adi kI boliyoM ko apamAnA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki daNDI ke kAla arthAt IsA kI chaThI zatI meM apabhraMza kAvya-racanA pracalita thI / apabhraMza kA vikAsa dasavIM zatI taka calA aura usake sAtha Arya bhASA ke vikAsa kA dvitIya stara samApta hokara tRtIya stara kA prAdurbhAva huA; jisakI pratinidhi hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI baMgAlI Adi Adhunika bhASAe~ haiM / isaprakAra apabhraMza eka ora prAcIna prAkRtoM aura dUsarI ora Adhunika bhASAoM ke bIca kI kar3I hai / vastutaH apabhraMza se hI hindI Adi bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai; aura isa dRSTi se isa bhASA ke svarUpa kA bar3A mahatva hai / prAkRta kI apekSA apabhraMza kA mukhya lakSaNa yaha hai ki jahA~ akArAnta zabdoM ke kartA kAraka kI vibhakti saMskRta ke visarga va prAkRta meM o pAI jAtI hai, aura karma kAraka meM zrama donoM bhASAo meM hotA hai, vahIM apabhraMza meM vaha 'u' ke rUpa parivartita ho gaI; jaise saMskRta kA 'rAmaH vanaM gataH', prAkRta meM 'rAmo vaNaM gao' va apabhraMza meM 'rAma vaNu gayaka' ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai / isIliye bhArata muni ne isa bhASA ko 'ukAra - bahula kahA hai / dUsarI vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki apabhraMza meM kucha-kucha parasagoM kA upayoga hone lagA, jisake pratIka 'taNa' aura 'kera' bahutAyata se dikhAI dete haiM / bhASA yadyapi abhI bhI pradhAnatayA yogAtmaka hai, tathApi meM jaina sAhitya

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prathamAnuyoga apabhraMza 153. ayogAtmakatA kI ora usakI pravRtti spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / kAraka vibhaktiyA~ tIna cAra hI raha gaI haiM; aura kriyAoM kA prayoga banda sA ho gayA hai / unake sthAna para kriyAoM se siddha vizeSaNoM kA upayoga hone lagA hai / vyAkaraNa kI ina vizeSatAoM ke atirikta kAvya racanA kI bilakula naI praNAliyAM aura naye chandoM kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai / dohA aura paddhatiyA~ chaMda apabhraMza kAvya kI apanI vastu hai; aura inhIM se hindI ke doho va caupAiyoM kA AviSkAra huA hai / isa bhASA kA pracura sAhitya jaina sAhitya kI apanI vizeSatA hai / apabhraMza purANa jisa prakAra prAkRta meM prathamAnuyoga kAvya kA prArambha rAmakathA se hotA haiM; usI prakAra apabhraMza meM bhI / aba taka prakAza meM Aye hue apabhraMza kathA sAhitya meM svayambhU kRta paumacariu sarvaprathama hai / isameM vidyAdhara yodhyA, sundara yuddha aura uttara ye pA~ca kAMDa haiM, jinake bhItara kI samasta saMdhiyoM (paricchedoM) kI saMkhyA 90 hai / graMtha ke Adi meM kavi ne apane pUrvavartI bharata piMgala, bhAmaha, aura daMDI evaM pAMca mahAkAvya, inakA ullekha kiyA hai / yaha bhI kahA hai ki vaha rAmakathA rUpI nadI varddhamAna ke mukha kuhara se nikalI; aura gaNaghara devoM ne use bahate hue dekhI / pazcAt vaha indrabhUti AcArya, phira sudharma va kIrti - ghara dvArA pravAhita hotI huI, raviSeNAcArya ke prasAda se kavirAja ( svayambhU) ko prApta huI / apane vaiyaktika paricaya meM kavi ne apanI mAtA padminI aura pitA mArutadeva tathA zramRtAmbA aura prAjJityAmbA, ina do patniyoM kA ullekha kiyA haiM; aura yaha bhI batalA diyA hai ki ve zarIra se kRza aura kurUpa the; tathA unakI nAka capaTI aura dA~ta virala the / unhoMne apane zrAzrayadAtA dhanaMjaya kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / puSpadaMta kRta mahApurANa meM jahA~ svayaMbhU kA ullekha AyA hai, vahA~ para prAcIna prati meM 'sayaMmuha paddhaDibaMdhakartA ApalIsaMghIyaha aisA TippaNa pAyA jAtA hai; jisase anumAna hotA hai ki ve yApinIyasaMgha ke anuyAyI the / kavi dvArA ullikhita raviSeNAcArya ne apanA padmacarita vIra ni0 saM0 1203 arthAt I0 san 676 meM pUrNa kiyA thA; evaM svayaMbhUdeva kA ullekha san 656 I0 meM prArambha kiye gaye apabhraMza mahApurANa meM usake kartA puSpadaMta ne kiyA hai / ataeva paumacariu kI racanA ina donoM avadhiyoM ke madhyakAla kI siddha hotI hai / unakI kAlAvadhi ko aura bhI sImita karane kA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki jaisA unhoMne apane paumacariu meM raviSeNa kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaisA saMskRta harivaMzapurANa va usake kartA jinasena kA nahIM kiyA; ataeva sambhavataH

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154 jaina sAhitya ve saMskRta harivaMza ke racanAkAla, arthAt i0 san 783 ke pUrva hI hue hoNge| ataH prastuta graMtha kA racanAkAla I0 san700 ke lagabhaga siddha hotA hai| svayambhUdeva ne yaha racanA 82 yA 83vIM saMdhi paryaMta hI kI hai; aura sambhavata: vahIM unhoMne apanI racanA ko pUrNa samajhA thaa| kintu unake suputra tribhuvana svayaMbhU ne zeSa rUpa se sAta-AThaaura sarga racakara use padamacarita meM varNita viSayoM ke anusAra pUrNa kiyaa| samasta graMtha kA kathAbhAga saMskRta padmacarita ke hI samAna hai| hAM, isa racanA meM varNana vizeSarUpa se kAvyAtmaka pAye jAte haiN| sthAna sthAna para chaMdoM kA vaicitrya, alaMkAro kI chaTA, rasabhAva-nirUpaNa Adi saskRta kAvyazailI kI utkRSTa rIti ke anusAra huA hai / svayambhU kI dUsarI apabhraMza kRti 'riTThaNemi cariu' yA harivaMzapurANa hai / isakI utthAnikA meM kavi ne bharata, piMgala, bhAmaha aura daMDI ke atirikta vyAkaraNa jJAna ke liye indra kA, ghana-ghana akSarADambara ke liye bANa kA, tathA paddhaDiyA chaMda ke liye caturmukha kA RNa svIkAra kiyA hai| anta meM kathA kI paramparA ko mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama, sudharma, viSNu, naMdimitra, aparAjita, govarddhana aura bhadrabAhu se hotI huI saMkSepa meM sUtra rUpa sunakara, unhoMne paddhaDiyA baMdha meM manoharatA se nibaddha ko, aisA kahA hai| grantha meM tIna kAMDa hai - yAdava, kuru aura yuddha; aura unameM kula 112 saMdhiyA~ haiM / isakI bhI prathama 66 saMdhiyA svayaMbhU kRta haiM; aura zeSa unake putra tribhuvana svayaMbhUkata / ina antima sandhiyoM meM se cAra kI puSpakAoM meM muni yazaHkIrti kA bhI nAma AtA haiN| jisase bhI anumAna hotA hai ki unhoMne bhI isa grantha meM kucha saMzodhana, parivarddhana kiyA hogA / grantha kA kathAbhAga prAyaH vahI hai jo jinasena kRta harivaMza meM pAyA jAtA hai| yAdava kAMDa meM kRSNa ke janma, bAla-krIr3A, vivAha Adi sambandhI varNana bar3I kAvyarIti se kiyA gayA hai / usI prakAra kuru-kAMDa meM kauravoM-pAMDavoM ke janma, kumArakAla, zikSaNa, paraspara virodha, dyUtakrIr3A va vanavAsa kA varNana tathA yuddhakANDa meM kaurava-pANDavoM ke yuddha kA varNana rocaka va mahAbhArata ke varNana se tulanIya hai| apabhraza meM eka aura harivaMzapurANa dhavala kavi kRta milA hai, jo 122 sandhiyoM meM samApta huA hai| kavi vipra varNa ke the; aura unake pitA kA nAma sUra, mAtA kA kesulla aura guru kA nAma aMbasena thaa| graMtha kI utthAnikA meM unhoMne aneka AcAryoM aura unakI graMtha-racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM mahAsena kRta sulocanAcarita, raviSeNakRta padmacarita, jinasena kRta harivaMza,

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prathamAnuyoga-apabhraza 155 jaTilamuni kRta varAMgacarita, asagakRta vIracarita, jinarakSita zrAvaka dvArA vikhyApita jayadhavala evaM caturmukha aura droNa ke nAma suparicita, tathA kavi ke kAla-nirNaya meM sahAyaka hote haiN| unameM kAla kI dRSTi se sabase antima asaga kavi haiM, jinhoMne apanA vIracarita zaka saMvat 110 arthAt I0 san 688 meM samApta kiyA thA / ataeva yahI kavi ke kAla kI pUrvAvidhi hai| unakI uttarAvadhi nizcita karane kA koI sAdhana prApta nahIM hai / sambhavataH isa racanA kA kAla 10 vI, 11 vIM zatI hogA / vizeSa ullekhanIya eka bAta yaha hai ki apane kavi-kIrtana meM kavi ne mahAn zvetAmbara kavi govinda aura unake sanatkumAra carita kA ullekha kiyA hai (saNakumAra meM viraiu maNaharu, ka igoviMdu pavaru seyaMbaru) / apane viSaya varNana ke liye kavi ne jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa kA Azraya liyA hai| aura isa RNa kA unhoMne spaSTa ullekha kara diyA hai (jaha jiNaseNeNa kayaM, taha viraya mi ki pi uddesaM) / sandhiyoM kI saMkhyA saMskRta harivaMza se dugunI se kucha kama hai, kintu nirdiSTa pramANa ThIka Dyor3hA hai; kyoMki saMskRta harivaMza purANa kA pramANa 12 hajAra zloka aura isakA 18000 AMkA gayA hai| adhika vistAra varNana-vaicitrya ke dvArA huApratIta hotA hai / apanaza kAvya paramparAnusAra kAvyaguNoM kI bhI isa grantha meM apanI vizeSatA hai| chanda-vaicitrya bhI bahutAyata se pAyA jAtA hai| ___apabhraza meM aura bhI aneka kaviyoM dvArA harivaMza purANa kI racanA kI gaI hai / Upara svayambhU kRta harivaMza purANa ke paricaya meM kahA jA cukA hai ki usa grantha kI antima sandhiyoM meM yazaHkIrti dvArA bhI kucha saMvarddhana kiyA gayA hai / yazaHkIrti kRta eka svatantra harivaMzapurANa bhI vi0 samvat 1500 yA 1520 meM racita pAyA jAtA hai / yaha yoginIpura (dillI) meM agravAla vaMzI va gargagotrI diuDhA sAhU kI preraNA se likhA gayA thaa| yaha grantha 13 sandhiyoM yA sargoM meM samApta huA hai / kathAnaka kA AdhAra jinasena va svayambhU tathA puSpadanta kI kRtiyAM pratIta hotI haiN| eka aura harivaMza purANa zrutikIrti kRta milA hai, jo vi0 sa0 1553 meM pUrNa huA hai| isameM 44 sandhiyoM dvArA pUrvokta kathA-varNana pAyA jAtA / jisa prakAra prAkRta meM 'caUpanna-mahApuruSacarita' kI tathA saMskRta meM vesaTha zalAkA puruSa caritoM kI racanA huI, usI prakAra apabhraMza meM mahAkavi puSpadanta dvArA 'tisadimahApurisa-guraNAlaMkAra' mahApurANa kI racanA pAI jAtI hai / isakI racanA zaka sa0 881 siddhArtha savatatsara se prArambha kara 887 krodhana samvatsara taka 6 varSa meM pUrNa huI thii| usa samaya mAnyakheTa meM rASTrakUTa

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156 jaina sAhitya rAjA kRSNa (tRtIya) kA rAjya thaa| unhIM ke mantrI bharata kI preraNA se kavi ne isa racanA meM hAtha lagAyA thaa| mahApurANa kI eka saMdhi ke prArambha meM kavi ne mAnyakheTa purI ko dhArAnAtha dvArA jalAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai / dhanapAla kRta 'pAiya-lacchI-nAmamAlA' ke anusAra dhArAnagarI dhArAdhIza harSadeva dvArA vi0 sa0 1026 meM lUTI aura jalAI gaI thii| isa prakAra isa durghaTanA kA kAla mahApurANa kI samApti ke chaha-sAta varSa pazcAt siddha hotA hai / ataeva anumAnataH sandhi ke prArambha meM ukta saMskRta zloka grantha racanA ke pazcAt nibaddha kiyA gayA hogaa| isa grantha meM tathA apanI anya racanAoM meM kavi ne bahuta kucha apanA vaiyaktika paricaya bhI diyA hai, jisake anusAra unake pitA kA nAma kezava aura mAtA kA nAma mugdhA devI thA, jo prArambha meM zaiva the, kintu pIche jaina dharmAvalambI ho gaye the / kavi kahIM anyatra se maTakate hue mAnyakheTa pahu~ce, aura vahA~ bharata ne unheM Azraya dekara kAvya-racanA ke liye prerita kiyA / ve zarIra se kRza aura kurUpa the; kintu unakI kavva-pisalla (kAvya pizAca) kavi kulatilaka, kAvyaratnAkara, sarasvatI nilaya Adi upAdhiyA~ unakI kAvya-pratibhA kI paricAyaka haiM, jo racanA ke saundarya aura sauSThava ko dekhate hue sArthaka siddha hotI hai / samasta mahApurANa 102 sandhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| prathama 37 sandhiyoM kA kathAbhAga utanA hI hai, jitanA saMskRta Adi purANa kA; arthAt prathama tIrthakara AdinAtha aura unake putra bharata cakravartI kA jIvana caritra / zeSa sandhiyoM meM uttarapurANa ke samAna anya zalAkA puruSoM kA jIvanacaritra varNita hai| sandhi 66 se 76 taka kI 11 sandhiyoM meM rAma kI kathA AI hai, jisameM uttara purANa meM varNita kathA kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai / kintu yahA~ Adi meM gautama dvArA rAmAyaNa ke viSaya meM ve hI zaMkAe~ uThAI gaI haiM, jo prAkRta paumacariyaM va saMskRta padmapurANa tathA svayambhU kRta paumacariu meM pAI jAtI haiM / sandhi 81 se 12 taka kI 12 sandhiyoM meM kRSNa aura nemivAtha evaM kauravapANDavoM kA vRttAnta saMskRta harivanza purANa ke anusAra varNita hai| kintu yaha samasta varNana kavi kI asAdhAraNa kAvya-pratibhA dvArA bahuta hI sundara, rocaka aura maulika bana gayA hai / isameM Aye hue nagaroM parvatoM, nadiyoM, RtuoM, sUrya, candra ke asta va udaya, yuddhoM, vivAhoM, viyoga ke vilApoM, vivAhAdi utsava evaM zRgArAdi rasoM ke varNana kisI bhI saMskata va prAkRta ke utkRSTatama kAvya se hIna nahIM utarate / kavi ne svayaM eka saskRta padya dvArA apanI isa racanA ke guNa pragaTa kiye haiM, ve kahate haiM atra prAkRta-lakSaNAni sakalA nItiH sthitizcchandasAmarthAlaMkRtayo rasAzca vividhAstatvArthanirNItayaH //

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prathamAnuyoga apabhraMza fecAnyAdihAsti jainacarite nAnyatra tadvidyate / dvAvetau bharatezapuSpavazanau siddha yayorIdRzam // yahAM kavi ne jo yaha dAvA kiyA hai ki anyatra aisI koI vastu nahIM hai, jo isa jaina caritra meM na A gaI ho, vaha unake viSaya aura kAvya kI sImAoM ko dekhate hue prasiddha pratIta nahIM hotA hai | 157 apabhraMza meM tIrthaMkara - caritra -- puSyadaMta kRta mahApurANa ke pazcAt saMskRta ke samAna apabhraMza meM bhI vividha tIrthaMkaroM ke caritra para svataMtra kAvya likhe gaye / 'caMda paha cariu' yazaH kIrti dvArA huMmar3a kula ke siddhapAla kI prArthanA se 11 saMdhiyoM meM racA gayA hai| ye yazaHkIrti ve hI haiM, jinake harivaMzapurANa kA Upara ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / ataeva isakA racanA kAla bhI vahIM 15 vIM zatI I0 hai / 'sAMtinAha cariu' kI racanA mahIcandra dvArA vi0 saM0 1587 meM yoginIpura (dillI) meM bAbara bAdazAha ke rAjyakAla meM huI / kavi ne apanI guru-paramparA meM mAthura saMgha, puSkaragaNa ke yazaH kIrti, malayakIrti aura guNabhadrasUri kA ullekha kiyA hai; tathA agravAla vaMza ke garga-gotriya bhojarAja ke potra, va jJAnacandra ke putra 'sAdhAraNa ke kula kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai / NemiNAha cariu kI racanA haribhadra ne vi0 1216 meM kii| isakA abhItaka kevala eka anza 'sanatkumAra carita' susaMpAdita hokara prakAza meM AyA hai, / eka aura NemiNAha cariu lakhamadeva (lakSmaNadeva) kRta pAyA jAtA hai, jisameM cAra saMdhiyAM va 83 kaDavaka haiM / afa Ter meM apane nivAsa sthAna mAlava deza va gonaMda nagara kA varNana, aura apane puravADa vaMza kA ullekha kiyA hai / racanAkAla kA nizcaya nahIM hai, kintu isa grantha kI hastalikhita prati vi0 saM0 1510 kI milI hai, jisase usake racanAkAla kI uttarAvadhi sunizcita ho jAtI hai / pAsaNAha cariu kI racanA padmakIrti ne vi0 saM0 662 meM 18 saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa kI thI / kavi ne apanI guru-paramparA meM sena saMgha ke candrasena, mAdhavasena aura jinasena kA ullekha kiyA hai / dUsarA pAsaNAha cariu 12 saMdhiyoM meM kavi zrIdhara dvArA vi0saM0 1986 meM racA gayA hai / kavi ke pitA kA nAma kA nAma bIlhA thA / ve hariyANA se calakara jamanA pAra vahAM agravAla vaMzI naTTala sAhU kI preraNA se unhoMne pAsaNAha cari kavi asavAla kRta pAyA jAtA hai, jo hai / saMdhi ke anta meM ullekha milatA hai ki yaha graMtha saMghAdhipa sonI (soNiya ? ) golla aura mAtA dillI Aye; aura yaha racanA kI / tIsarA saMghiyoM meM samApta huA

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158 jaina sAhitya ke karNAbharaNarUpa arthAt unakI preraNA se unheM sunAne ke liye racA gayA thaa| isakA racanAkAla anumAnataH 15 vIM zatI yA usake AsapAsa hogaa| aMtima tIrthaMkara para jayamitra halla kRta vaDDhamANa-kanvu milatA hai, jisameM 11 saMdhiyAM haiM / yaha kAvya devarAya ke putra saMghAdhipa holivarma ke liye likhA gayA thaa| isakI eka hastalikhita prati vi0 saM0 1545 kI milI hai| ataeva graMtha isase pUrva racA gayA hai / isa kAvya kI aMtima 6 saMdhiyoM meM rAjA zreNika kA caritra varNita hai, jo apane rUpa meM pUrNa hai aura pRthaka rUpa se bhI milatA hai| rayadhakRta sammaiNAha cariu dasa saMdhiyoM meM samApta huA hai| isameM kavi ne apane guru kA nAma yazaHkIrti prakaTa kiyA hai| ataeva isakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1500 ke AsapAsa honA caahiye| narasena kRta vaDDhamANakahA vi0 saM0 1512 ke lagabhaga likhI gaI hai / jaina graMthAvalI meM jinezvara sUri ke ziSya dvArA racita apabhraza mahAvIra-carita kA ullekha hai / apabhraMza caritakAvya tIrthaMkaroM ke caritroM ke atirikta apabhraMza meM jo anya caritra kAvya kI rIti se likhe gaye, ve nimnaprakAra haiM : ___ 'tisaTThi-mahApurisa-guNAlaMkAra' ke mahAkavi puSyadaMta kRta anya racanAeM haiM---jasahara-cariu aura NAyakumAra-cariya / yazodhara kA caritra jaina sAhitya meM hiMsA ke doSa aura ahiMsA kA prabhAva dikhalAne ke liye bar3A lokapriya huA hai, aura usa para saMskRta meM somadeva kRta yazastilaka campU se lagAkara, 17vIM zatI taka lagabhaga 30 graMtha race gaye pAye jAte haiN| inameM kAvyakalA kI dRSTi se saMskRta meM somadeva kI kRti aura apabhraMza meM puSpadaMta kRta jasahara cariu sarvazreSTha haiN| ye donoM racanAe~ 10 vIM zatAbdi meM pAMca-sAta varSa ke antara se prAyaH eka hI samaya kI haiM / jasaharacariu cAra sandhiyoM meM vibhAjita hai / yaudheya deza kI rAjadhAnI rAjapura meM mAridatta rAjA kI eka kApAlikAcArya bharavAnaMda se bheMTa huIM; aura unake AdezAnusAra AkAzagAminI vidyA prApta karane ke liye rAjA ne narabali yajJa kA Ayojana kiyaa| isake lie rAjA ke sevaka jaina muni sudatta keruci ziSya abhaya aura usakI bahana abhayamatI ko pakar3a lAye / rAjA ne unake rUpa se prabhAvita hokara unakA vRtAMta pUjA / isa para prabhayaruci ne apane pUrva janmo kA vRtAMta kahanA prArambha kiyAH-avantI deza meM ujjainI ke rAjA yazoMbaMdhura kA pautra va yazoha kA putra maiM yazodhara nAmakA rAjA thA (1 s0)| yazodhara ne apano rAnI amRtamati ko eka kubar3e se vyabhicAra karate dekhA, aura virakta hokara

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prathamAnuyoga-apabhraMza 156 munidIkSA lene kA vicAra kiyA; kintu usakI mAM ne use rokA / amRtamati ne donoM ko viSa dekara mAra ddaalaa| tatpazcAt mAM-beToM ne nAnA pazu-yoniyoM meM paribhramaNa kiyA; jinameM svayaM usake putra jasavai va vyAbhicAriNI patnI ne unakA ghAta kiyA (2 saM0) / aneka pazuyoniyoM meM duHkha-bhoga kara anta meM ve donoM jasavai ke putra aura putrI rUpa se utpanna hue| eka bAra jasavai pAkheTa karane vana meM gayA thA, vahAM use sudatta muni ke darzana hue, aura usane una para apane kutte chodd'e| kintu muni ke prabhAva se kutte unake sammukha vinItabhAva se namana karane lge| eka seTha ne rAjA ko muni kA mAhAtmya samajhAyA, taba rAjA ko sambodhana huaa| muni ko avadhijJAnI jAna rAjA ne unase apane pUrvabhUta mAtA-pitA va mAtAmahI kA vRttAMta pUchA / muni ne unake bhava-bhramaNa kA saba vRttAnta sunAkara batalA diyA ki usakA pitA aura usakI mAtAmahi hI aba abhayarUci aura abhayamati ke rUpa meM usake putra-putrI hue haiM (3 saM0) / yaha vRttAnta sunakara aura sansAra kI vicitratA evaM asAratA ko samajhakara jasavai ne dIkSA le lI / usake putra-putriyoM ko bhI apane pUrvabhavoM kA smaraNa ho AyA; aura ve kSullaka ke vrata lekara sudatta muni ke sAtha vihAra karate hue mAridatta ke rAjapuruSoM dvArA pakar3a kara vahA~ lAye gye| yaha vRtAnta sunakara rAjA mAridatta unakI devI caMDamArI va purohita bhairavAnaMda Adi sabhI ko vairAgya ho gayA; aura unhoMne sudatta muni se dIkSA le lI (saM0 4) / isa kathAnaka ko puSpadaMda ne bar3e kAvya-kauzala ka sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| (kAraMjA, 1632) NAyakumAra-cariu meM puSpadaMta ne zruta-paMcamI kathA ke mAhAtmya ko pragaTa karane ke liye kAmadeva ke avatAra nAgakumAra kA caritra 6 sandhiyoM meM meM varNana kiyA hai| magadhadeza ke kanakapura nagara meM rAjA jayaMdhara aura rAnI vizAlanetrA ke zrIdhara nAmaka putra huA / pazcAt rAjA ne saurASTra deza meM girinagara kI rAjakumArI pRthvIdevI kA citra dekha, aura usa para mohita ho, use bhI vivAha liyA (sa0 1) / yathA samaya pRthvIdevI ne bhI eka putra ko janma diyA, jo zaizava meM jinamaMdira kI vApikA meM gira pdd'aa| vahAM nAgoM ne usakI rakSA kI; aura usIse usakA nAma nAgakumAra rakhA gayA nAgakumAra nAnA vidyAeM sIkhakarayauvana ko prApta huaa| usa para manohArI aura kinnarI nAmaka nartakiyAM mohita ho gaI; aura usane unheM vivAha liyaa| usakI mAtA aura vimAtA meM vidvaSa bar3hA; aura usakA sautelA bhAI zrIdhara bhI usase dvaiSa karake use maravA DAlane kA prayatna karane lgaa| isIsamaya eka madonmata hAthI ke AkramaNa se samasta nagara vyAkula ho utthaa| zrIdhara use damana karane meM asaphala rahA;

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160 jaina sAhitya kintu nAgakumAra ne apane parAkrama dvArA use vaza meM kara liyA / isase donoM ar vidveSa aura adhika bar3hA (saM0 3) / nAgakumAra ke parAkrama kI khyAti bar3hI aura mathurA kA rAjakumAra vyAla eka bhaviSya vANI sunakara usakA anucara bana gayA / zrIdhara ne aba nAgakumAra ko apanA paramazatru samajha mAra DAlane kI ceSTA kI / pitA ne saMkaTa nivAraNArthaM nAgakumAra ko kucha kAla ke liye dezAntara gamana kA Adeza de diyA (saM0 4 ) | nAgakumAra rAjadhAnI se nikalakara mathurA pahuMcA, jahAM usane kAnyakubja ke rAjA vinayapAla kI kanyA zIlavatI ko baMdIgRha se chur3Akara usake pitA ke pAsa bhijavA diyaa| yahAM se calakara vaha kAzmIra gayA, jahAM usane rAjA naMda kI putrI tribhuvanarati ko vINAvAdya meM parAjita karake vivAhA / yahAM se vaha ramyaka vana meMgayA; aura vahAM kAlaguphAvAsI bhImAsura ne usakA svAgata kiyA (saM0 5) / apane patha pradarzaka zabara kI sahAyatA se vaha kAMcana guphA meM pahuMcA; jahAM usane nAnA vidyAeM prApta kIM, va kAla-baitAla guphA se rAjA jitazatru dvArA saMcita vizAla dhanarAzi prApta kI / tatpazcAt usakI bheMTa girizikhara ke rAjA vanarAja se huI, jisakI putrI lakSmImati se usane vivAha kiyaa| yahAM muni zrutidhara se usane sunA ki vanarAja kirAta nahIM, kintu puNDravarddhana ke rAjavaMza kA hai; jahAM se tIna pIr3hI pUrva / nAgakumAra ke rAjA banA diyA usake pUrvajoM ko unake eka dAyAda ne nikAla bhagAyA thA Adeza se vyAla punDravarddhana gayA; aura vanarAja punaH vahAM kA gayA; (saM0 6 ) / tatpazcAt nAgakumAra Urjayanta parvata kI aura gayA / bIca meM girinagara para siMdha ke rAjA caMDapradyota ke AkramaNa kA samAcAra pAkara vahAM gayA, aura vahA~ usane apane mAmA kI zatru se rakSA kI, evaM usakI putrI guNavatI se vivAha kiyA / vahA~ se nikalakara usane alaMghanagara ke atyAcArI rAjA sukaMTha kA vadha kiyA, aura usakI putrI rUkmiNI ko vivAhA / vahAM se calakara vaha gajapura AyA, aura vahAM rAjA abhicandra kI putrI candrA se vivAha kiyA ( saM 7 ) / mahAvyAla ke dvArA ujjaina kI advitIya rAjakanyA kA samAcAra pAkara nAgakumAra vahAM AyA, aura usa rAjakanyA se vivAha kiyaa| vahAM se vaha phira kiSkindhamalaya ko gayA, jahAM mRdaMga vAdya meM kara vivAhA / vahA~ se vaha toyAvalI dvIpa ko gayA, aura apanI vidyAoM kI sahAyatA se vahA~ kI baMdinI kanyAoM ko chur3AyA (saM0 8 ) / pAMDya deza se nikalakara nAgakumAra Andhradeza ke dantIpura meM AyA aura vahAM kI rAjakanyA se vivAha kiyA / phira usakI bheMTa muni pihitAzrava se huI jinake mukha se usane apane va apanI priya patnI lakSmImati ke purvabhava kI kathA tathA zrutapaMcamI vrata ke upavAsa ke phala kA varNana sunA / isI samaya usake pitA kA maMtrI rAjakanyA ko parAjita

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prathamAnuyoga-apabhraMza 161 nayaMdhara use lene AyA / usake bhrAtA zrIdhara ne dIkSA le lI thii| mAtA-pitA bhI nAgakumAra ko rAjA banAkara dIkSita ho gaye / nAgakumAra ne dIrghakAla taka rAjya kiyaa| anta meM apane putra devakumAra ko rAjya dekara usane vyAla Adi subhaToM sahita digambarI dIkSA lI, aura marakara svarga prApta kiyA (sa0 6) / puSpadaMta ne isa jaTila kathAnaka ko nAnA varNanoM, vividha chaMda-prayogoM evaM rasoM aura bhAvoM ke citraNoM sahita atyanta rocaka banAkara upasthita kiyA hai / (kAraMjA, 1633) bhavisabatta-kahA (bhaviSyadatta kathA) ke katrtA dhanapAla vaizya jAti ke dhakkaDa baMza meM utpanna hue the / unake pitA kA nAma mAesara (mahezvara ?) aura mAtA kA nAma dhanazrI thaa| inake samaya kA nizcaya nahIM, kintu dasavIM zatI anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| yaha kathA 22 sadhiyoM meM vibhAjita hai| caritranAyaka bhaviSyadatta eka vaNik putra haiN| vaha apane sautele bhAI baMdhudatta ke sAtha vyApAra hetu paradeza jAtA hai, dhana kamAtA hai, aura vivAha bhI kara letA hai| kintu usakA sautelA bhAI use bAra-bAra dhokA dekara duHkha pahuMcAtA hai| yahAM taka ki use eka dvIpa meM akelA chor3akara usakI patnI ke sAtha ghara lauTa AtA hai, aura usase vivAha karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isI bIca bhaviSyadatta bhI eka yakSa kI sahAyatA se ghara lauTa mAtA hai, apanA adhikAra prApta karatA, aura rAjA ko prasanna kara rAjakanyA se vivAha karatA hai| anta meM muni ke dvArA dharmopadeza va apane pUrva bhava kA vRttAnta sunakara, virakta ho, putra ko rAjya de, muni ho jAtA hai| yaha kathAnaka bhI zrutapaMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya prakaTa karane ke liye likhA gayA hai| grantha ke aneka prakaraNa bar3e sundara aura rocaka haiN| bAla krIr3A, samudrayAtrA, tokA-bhaMga, ujAr3a nagara, vimAna yAtrA, Adi varNana par3hane yogya hai / kavi ke samaya meM vimAna hoM yA na hoM, kintu usane vimAna kA varNana bahuta sajIva rUpa meM kiyA hai / (gAyakavAr3a ori. sIrIja, bar3audA) karakaMDacarIja ke kartA muni kanakAmara ne apanA svayaM paricaya diyA hai ki ve dvijavaMzI va candraSi gotrIya the| ve bairAgya se digambara ho gaye the, unake guru kA nAma budha maMgaladeva thA, tathA unhoMne AsAI nagarI meM eka rAjamaMtrI ke anurAga se yaha caritra likhaa| rAjamaMtrI ke viSaya meM unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki vaha vijayapAla narAdhipa kA snehabhAjana, nRpabhUpAla yA nijabhUpAla kA manamohaka va karNanarendra kA AzayaraMjaka thA, usake prAhula, ralhu aura rAhula, ye tIna putrIbhI muni ke caraNoM ke bhakta the| sambhavata; muni dvArA ullikhita karNa

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jaina sAhitya 162 ullekha kiyA hai, / yaha racanA 10 sadhiyoM paramparA meM eka pratyeka buddha usa nAmakA kalacuri vaMzIya rAjA va vijayapAla usakA sama-sAmayika caMdela vaMzIya rAjA thA / tadanusAra isa grantha kI racanAkAla 1050 I0 ke lagabhaga siddha hotA hai / kavi ne jo svayambhU aura puSpadaMta kA usase unakA I0 san 165 ke pazcAt honA nizcita hai meM pUrNa huI hai / kathAnAyaka karakaMDa jaina va bauddha mAne gaye haiM / ve aMga deza meM caMpAnagarI ke rAjA ghAr3IvAhana aura rAnI padmAvatI ke putra the, kintu eka duSTa hAthI dvArA rAnI ke apaharaNa ke kAraNa unakA janma daMtIpura ke samIpa zmazAna - 2 -bhUmi meM huA thA / usakA paripAlana va zikSaNa eka mAtaMga ke dvArA huA / dantIpura ke rAjA ke marane para daivayoga se vaha vahAM kA rAjA banAyA gyaa| caMpA se rAjA ghAr3IvAhana ne usake pAsa adhInatA svIkAra karane kA prastAva bhejA, jise ThukarA kara usane caMpApura para AkramaNa kiyA / pitA-putra ke bIca jaba ghamAsAna yuddha ho rahA thA, taba usakI mAtA padmAvatI ne prakaTa hokara yuddha kA nivAraNa aura pitA-putra kI pahacAna karAI / aba karakaMDU caMpApura kA rAjA bana gayA / usane dakSiNa ke coDa, cera va pAMDya dezoM kI vijaya ke liye yAtrA kI / mArga meM terApura ke samIpa kI pahAr3I para eka prAcIna jaina guphA kA patA lagAyA va eka do naye layaNa banavAye / phira unhoMne siMhala dvIpa taka vijaya kI, aura nAnA rAjakumAriyoM se vivAha kiyA aMta zIla gupta muni se dharma zravaNa kara, tapasyA dhAraNa kI, aura mokSa prApta kiyA / isa kathAnaka meM aneka choTI-choTI upakathAeM karakaMDu ke zikSaNa ke liye mAtaMga dvArA sunAI gaI haiN| tIna bhavAntara kathAeM itanI bar3I bar3I haiM ki ve pUrNa ekaeka saMdhi ko ghere hue haiN| pAMcavIM saMdhi meM terApura kI prAcIna guphA banane va pahAr3I para jinamUrti ke sthApita kiye jAne kA vRttAnta hai / chaThI saMdhi meM karakaMDa kI priya patnI madanAvalI kA eka duSTa hAthI dvArA apaharaNa hone para unakI viyoga-paur3A ke nivAraNArthaM rAjA naravAhanadatta kA AkhyAna kahA gayA hai, evaM AThavIM saMdhi meM karakaMDa kI patnI rativegA ko usake pativiyoga meM saMbodhana ke liye devI dvArA aridamana aura ratnalekhA ke viyoga aura punirmilana kA AkhyAna sunAyA gayA hai / grantha meM zmazAna kA, gaMgAnadI kA prAcIna jinamUrti ke bhUmi se nikalane kA evaM rativegA ke vilApa Adi kA varNana bahuta sundara bana par3A hai / ( kAraMjA, 1934) paumasiri-cariu (padyazrI carita) ke kartA dhAhila ne apane viSaya meM itanA batalAyA hai ki unake pitA kA nAma pArzva va mAtA kA mahAsatI sUrAI (sUrAdevI ?) thA, aura ve zizupAla kAvya ke kartA mAgha ke vaMza meM utpanna hue the / samaya kA nizcaya nahIM, kintu isa kRti kI jo eka prAcIna prati vi0 saM0

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prathamAnuyoga apabhraMza 163 11966 kI milI hai, usase isa racanA kI uttarAvadhi bhI nizcita ho jAtI hai / yaha racanA cAra saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huI hai / nAyikA padmazrI apane pUrva janma meM eka seTha kI putrI thI, jo bAla vidhavA hokara apanA jIvana apane do bhAiyoM aura unakI patniyoM ke bIca eka ora IrSyA aura santApa, tathA dUsarI ora sAdhanA meM bitAtI rhii| dUsare janma meM pUrva puNya ke phala se vaha rAjakumArI huI / kintu jo pApakarma zeSa rahA thA, usake phalasvarUpa use pati dvArA parityAga kA dukha bhoganA par3A / tathApi saMyama aura tapasyA ke bala se anta meM usane kevalajJAna prApta kara mokSa pAyA / kAvya meM dezoM va nagaroM kA varNana, hRdaya kI dAha kA citraNa, sandhyA va candrodaya Adi prAkRtika varNana bahuta sundara haiM / (siMdhI jaina sIrIja, bambaI) saNa kumAra - cariu ( sanatkumAra carita) ke kartA haribhadra zrIcandra ke ziSya va jinacandra ke praziSya the, aura unhoMne apane miNAha cariu kI racanA vi0 saM0 1216 meM samApta kI thI / prastuta racanA usI ke 443 se 785 taka ke 343 raDDA chaMdAtmaka padyoM kA kAvya hai, jo pRthak rUpa se susaMpAdita aura prakAzita huA hai | kathA - nAyaka sanatkumAra gajapura nareza azvasena ke putra the / ve eka bAra madanotsava ke samaya vegavAn azva para savAra hokara videza meM jA bhaTake / rAjadhAnI meM hAhAkAra maca gayA / unake mitra khoja meM nikale aura mAnasarovara para pahuMce / vahAM eka kinnarI ke mukha se apane mitra kA guNagAna sunakara unhoMne unakA patA lagA liyA / isI bIca sanatkumAra ne aneka sundara kanyAoM se vivAha kara liyA thA / mitra ke mukha se mAtA pitA ke zoka saMtApa kA samAcAra pAkara ve gajapura lauTa Aye / pitA ne unheM rAjya sauMpakara dIkSA le lI / sanatkumAra ne apane parAkrama aura vijaya dvArA cakravartIpada prApta kiyA va anta meM tapasyA dhAraNa kara lI / isI sAmAnya kathAnaka ko kartA ne apanI kAvyapratibhA dvArA khUba camakAyA hai| yahAM RtuoM Adi kA varNana bahuta acchA huA hai / (DaoN. jaeNkobI dvArA romana lipi meM sampAdita, jarmanI) ina prakAzita caritroM ke atirikta aneka apabhraMza carita grantha hastalikhita pratiyoM ke rUpa meM nAnA jaina zAstrabhaMDAroM meM surakSita pAye jAte haiM, aura sampAdana prakAzana kI bATa joha rahe haiM / inameM kucha vizeSa racanAeM isa prakAra haiM / vIra kRta jaMbusvAmi carou (vi0 saM0 1076), nayanaMdi kRta 'sudaMsaNa- carIu' ( vi0 saM0 1200 ), zrIdhara kRta sukumAla - cariu / ( vi0 saM0 1208), devasena gaNi kRta sulocanA - carita, siMha (yA siddha) kRta pajjuSNacariu ( 12vIM 13vIM zatI), lakSmaNakRta jinadatta - cariu (vi0 saM0 1275), dhanapAla kRta bAhubalIcariu (vi0 saM0 1454), rayadhU kRta sukosala - cariu, dhannakumAra-cariu, mehe

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164 jaina sAhitya sara-cariuaura zrIpAla-cariu (15 vIM zatI), narasena kRta sirivAla-cariu (vi0 saM0 1576) va gAvayakumAra ca0 (vi0 sa0 1579), tathA bhagavatIdAsa kRta sasilehA yA mRgAMbhalekhA-cariu (vi0 sa0 1700) ullekhanIya haiM / harideva kRta mayaNa-parAjaya aura anaprabhasUri kRta moharAja-vijaya aisI kavitAeM haiM, jinameM tapa. sayama Adi bhAvoM ko mUrtimAn pAtroM kA rUpa dekara moharAja aura jinarAja ke bIca yuddha kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai / apanaza laghukathAeM jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, ye caritra-kAvya kisI na kisI jaina vrata ke mAhAtmya ko prakaTa karane ke liye likhe gaye haiN| isI uddezya se aneka laghu kathAeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| vizeSa laghukathA-lekhaka aura unakI racanAeM ye haiM:nayanaMdi kRta 'sakalavidhividhAnakahA~' (vi0 saM0 1100), zrIcandra kRta kathAkoSa aura ratnaka raMuzAstra (vi0 saM0 1123), amarakIrti kRta chakkammovaesu (vi0 saM0 1247), lakSmaNa kRta aNuvaya-rayae-paIu (vi0 saM0 1313), tathA rayadhU kata puNNAsabakahAkoso (5 vIM shtii)| inake atirikta aneka vratakathAeM sphuTa rUpa se bhI milatI haiM : jaise bAlacandra kRta sugaMdhadahamIkahA evaM NiddahasattamIkahA, vinaya candra kRta NijjharapaMcamIkahA, yaza:kIrti kRtta jiNararitavihANakahA va ravivratakahA, tathA amarakIti kRta puraMdaravihANakahA, ityAdi / inameM se kucha jaise vinayacandra kRta Nijjhara-paMcamI-kahA, apabhraza meM gItikAvya ke bahuta sarasa aura sundara udAharaNa haiN| eka anya prakAra kI apabhraMza kathAeM bhI ullekhanIya haiM / haribhadra ne prAkRta meM dhUrtAkhyAna nAmase jo kathAe~ likhI haiM, unameM aneka paurANika atiraMjita bAtoM para vyaMgAtmaka bhAkhyAna likhe haiM / isake anukaraNa para apabhraMza meM hariSeNa ne dhammaparikkhA nAmaka grantha 11 saMdhiyoM meM likhA hai, jisakI racanA vi. sa0 1044 meM huI hai| isI ke anusAra zrutakIrti ne bhI dhammaparikkhA nAmaka racanA 15 vIM zatI meM kii| prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta jisa prakAra prAkRta meM kathAtmaka sAhitya kA prArambha rAmakathA se hotA hai usI prakAra saskata meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| raviSeNa kRta padamacarita kI racanA svayaM grantha ke ullekhAnusAra vIra nirvANa ke 1203 varSa pazcAt arthAt I0 san 676 meM huI / yaha grantha bimalasUri kRta 'paumacariyaM ko sammukha rakhakara racA

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prathamAnuyoga-saskRta gayA pratIta hotA hai / isakI racanA prAyaH anuSTup zlokoM meM huI hai / viSaya aura varNana prAyaH jyoM kA tyoM adhyAya-pratiadhyAya aura bahutAyata se padya-pratipadya milatA jAtA hai / hA~, varNana-vistAra kahIM kahIM padmacarita meM adhika * dikhAI detA hai, jisase usakA pramANa prAkRta paumacariyaM se Dayaur3he se bhI adhika ho gayA hai| (hindI anuvAda sahita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, se prakAzita) padmacarit ke pazcAt saMskRta meM dUsarA paurANika racanA jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa hai, jo zaka saM0 705 arthAt I0 san 783 meM samApta huI thI, jabaki uttara bhArata meM indrAyudha, dakSiNa meM kRSNa kA putra zrIvallabha, pUrva meM avanti napa tathA pazcima meM vatsarAja, evaM sauramaMDala meM vIravarAha rAjAoM kA rAjya thaa| isameM 66 sarga haiM, jinakA kula pramANa 12000 zloka hai| yahAM bhI sAmAnyataH anuSTupa chaMda kA prayoga huA hai| kintu kucha sagoM ke anta meM drutavilambita, vasantatilakA, zArdUlavikrIDita Adi chaMdoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai / grantha kA mukhya viSaya harivaMza meM utpanna hue 22 veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA caritra varNana karanA hai kintu isake prastAvanA rUpa se grantha meM anya sabhI zalAkA puruSoM kA kIrtana kiyA gayA hai, tathA trailokya va jIvAdi dravyoM kA varNana bhI pAyA hai| harivaMza kI eka zAkhA yAdavoM kI thii| isa vaMza meM zaurIpura ke eka rAjA vasudeva kI rohiNI aura devakI nAmaka do patniyoM se kramazaH baladeva aura kRSNa kA janma humA / vasudeva ke bhrAtA samudravijaya kI zivA nAmaka bhAryA ne ariSTanemi ko janma diyaa| yuvaka hone para inakA vivAha-sambandha rAjImatI nAmaka kanyA se nizcita huaa| vivAha ke samaya yAdavoM ke mAMsa bhojana ke liye ekatra kiye gaye pazuoM ko dekhakara karuNA se neminAtha kA hRdaya vihvala aura saMsAra se virakta ho gayA, aura binA vivAha karAye hI unhoMne pravRjyA dhAraNa kara lii| ye hI kevalajJAna prApta karake 22 veM tIrthakara hue / prasaMgavaza kauravoM aura pANDavoM kA, tathA balarAma aura kRSNa ke vaMzajoM kA bhI vRttAnta mAyA hai / graMtha meM vasudeva ke bhramaNa kA vRttAnta vistAra se AyA hai jo vasudevahiMDI kA smaraNa karAtA hai| kintu neminAtha ke caritra kA varNana isase pUrva anyatra kahIM svataMtra grantha ke rUpa meM dikhAI nahIM detaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 'rahanemijja' nAmaka 22 veM adhyayana meM avazya yaha caritra varNita pAyA jAtA hai kintu vaha ati saMkSipta kevala 46 gAthAoM meM hai / vimalasUri kRta paumacariyaM ke paricaya meM Upara kahA jA cUkA hai ki sambhavataH usI graMthakAra kI eka racanA 'harivaMza caritra' bhI thI jo aba aprApya hai| yadi vaha rahI ho to prastuta racanA usa para AdhArita anumAna kI jA sakatI hai / graMtha meM jo cArudatta aura vasantasenA kA vRttAnta vistAra se AyA hai, Azcarya nahIM, vahI mRccha

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jaina sAhitya kaTika nATaka kA AdhAra rahA ho / (hindI anuvAda sahita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, se prakAzita) sakalakIrti (vi0 saM0 1450-1510) kRta harivaMza purANa 36 sargoM meM samApta huA hai / isake 15 se anta taka ke sarga unake ziSya jinadAsa dvArA likhe gaye haiN| isameM raviSeNa aura jinasena kA ullekha hai, aura unhIM kI kRtiyoM ke AdhAra se yaha graMtha-racanA huI pratIta hotI hai| zubhacandra kata pANDavapurANa (1551 I0) jaina mahAbhArata bhI kahalAtA hai, aura usameM jinasena va guNabhadra kRta purANoM ke AdhAra se kathA varNana kI gaI hai| maladhArI devaprabhasUri kRta pANDava-caritra (I0 1200 ke lagabhaga) meM 18 sarga haiM, aura unameM mahAbhArata ke 18 parvo kA kathAnaka saMkSepa meM varNita hai| chaThe sarga meM dhuta-krIr3A kA varNana hai, aura yahAM vidura dvArA cUta ke duSpariNAma ke udAharaNa rUpa nala-kUbara (nala-damayantI) kI kathA kahI gaI hai / kUbara nala kA bhAI thA / 16 veM sarga meM ariSTanemi tIrthaMkara kA caritra AyA hai, aura 18 veM meM unake va pANDavoM ke nirvANa tathA baladeva ke svarga-gamana kA vRttAnta hai| isa purANa kA gadyAtmaka rUpAntara rAjavijaya sUri ke ziSya devavijaya gaNI (160 I0) kRta pAyA jAtA hai| isameM yatra-tatra devaprabha kI kRti se tathA anyatra se kucha padya bhI uddhata kiye gaye haiN| saMskRta meM tIsarI mahatvapUrNa paurANika racanA mahApurANa hai / isake do bhAga haiM-eka AdipurANa aura dUsarA uttarapurANa / AdipurANa meM 47 parva yA adhyAya haiM, jo samasta 12000 zloka pramANa haiN| inameM ke 42 parva aura 43 veM parva kA kucha bhAga jinasena kRta hai, aura zeSa Adi purANa tathA uttarapurANa kI racanA unake ziSya guNabhadra dvArA kI gaI hai / yaha samasta racanA zaka saMvat 820 se pUrva samApta ho cukI thii| AdipurANa kI utthAnikA meM pUrvagAmI siddhasena, samantabhadra, zrIdatta, prabhAcandra, zivakoTi, jaTAcArya, kANabhikSu, deva (devanaMdi pUjyapAda) bhaTTAkalaMka, zrIpAla, pAtrakesari, vAdIbhasiha, vIrasena, jayasena aura kavi paramezvara, ina AcAryoM kI stuti kI gaI hai / guNADhya kRta vahatkathA kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / AdipurANa pUrA hI prathama tIrthakara AdinAtha ke caritra-varNana meM hI samApta ho gayA hai| isameM samasta varNana bar3e vistAra se hue haiM, tathA bhASA aura zailI ke sauSThava evaM alaMkArAdi kAvya guNoM se paripUrNa hai / jainadharma sambandhI prAyaH samasta jAnakArI yahAM nibaddha kara dI gaI hai, jisake kAraNa graMtha eka jJAnakoSa hI bana gayA hai / zeSa teIsa tIrthaMkara Adi zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra uttarapurANa meM apekSAkRta saMkSepa se varNita hai / isa

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prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta 167 nahIM / prakAra sarvaprathama isa graMtha meM tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra vidhivat eka sAtha varNita pAyA jAtA hai / uttara purANa ke 68 veM parva meM rAma kA caritra AyA hai, jo vimalasUri kRta paumacariyaM ke varNana se bahuta botoM meM bhinna hai / uttara purANa ke anusAra rAjA dazaratha kAzI deza meM vArANasI ke rAjA the, aura vahIM rAma kA janma rAnI subAlA se tathA lakSmaNa kA janma kaikeyI ke garbha se huA thA / sItA maMdodarI ke garbha se utpanna huI thI, kintu use aniSTakAriNI jAna rAvaNa ne maMjUSA meM rakha kara marIci ke dvArA mithilA meM jamIna ke bhItara gar3avA diyA, jahAM se vaha janaka ko prApta huI / dazaratha ne pIche apanI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA meM sthApita kara lI thI / janaka ne yajJa meM nimaMtrita karake rAma ke sAtha sItA kA vivAha kara diyA / rAma ke banavAsa kA yahAM koI ullekha nahIM / rAma apane pUrva puruSoM kI bhUmi banArasa ko dekhane ke liye sItA sahita vahAM Aye, aura vahAM ke citrakUTa vana se rAvaNa ne sItA kA apaharaNa kiyA | yahAM sItA ke ATha putroM kA ullekha hai, kintu unameM lava-kuza kA kahIM nAma lakSmaNa eka asAdhya roga se pIr3ita hokara mRtyu ko prApta hue, taba rAma ne unhIM ke putra pRthvIsundara ko rAjA tathA apane putra ajitaMjaya ko yuvarAja banAkara sItAsahita jina dIkSA dhAraNa kara lI / isa prakAra isa kathA kA strota paumacariyaM se sarvathA bhinna pAyA jAtA hai / isakI kucha bAteM bauddha va vaidika paramparA kI rAmakathAoM se mela khAtI haiM; jaise pAli kI dazaratha jAtaka meM bhI dazaratha ko vArANasI kA rAjA kahA gayA hai / adbhuta rAmAyaNa ke anusAra bhI sItA kA janma maMdodarI ke garbha se huA thA / kintu yaha garbha use rAvaNa kI anupasthiti meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa, chupAne ke liye vaha vimAna meM baiThakara kurUkSetra gaI, aura usa garbha ko vahAM jamIna meM gar3avA diyaa| vahIM se vaha janaka ko prApta huI / uttarapurANa kI anya vizeSa bAtoM ke strotoM kA patA lagAnA kaThina hai / isa racanA meM saMbhava jisane mahApuruSoM ke nAma vaidika purANoM ke anusAra hI haiM, aura nAnA saMskAroM kI vyavasthA para bhI usa paramparA kI chApa spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / jayadhavalA kI prazasti meM jinasena ne apanA bar3A sundara varNana diyA hai| unakA karNa chedana jJAna kI zalAkA se huA thA / ve zarIra se kRza the, kintu tapa se nahIM / ve AkAra se bahuta sundara nahIM the, to bhI sarasvatI unake pIche par3I thIM, jaise use anyatra kahIM Azraya na milatA ho / unakA samaya nirantara jJAna kI ArAdhanA meM vyatIta hotA thA, aura tatvadarzI unheM jJAna kA fus kahate the / ityAdi / ( hindI anuvAda sahita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, se prakAzita ) 1 isake pazcAt hemacandra dvArA triSaSThizalAkA-puruSa- carita nAmaka purANa

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jaina sAhitya 168 kAvya kI racanA huI / yaha gujarAta nareza kumArapAla kI prArthanA se likhA gayA thA, aura I0 san 1160 va 1172 ke bIca pUrNa huA / isameM dasa parva haiM, jinameM ukta caubIsa tIrthaMkarAdi tresaTha mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA hai / grantha ke sAtaveM parva meM rAma kathA varNita hai, jisameM prAkRta 'paumacariyaM tathA saMskRta padmapurANa kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai / dasaveM parva meM mahAvIra tIrthaMkara kA jIvana caritra varNita hai, jo svataMtra pratiyoM ke rUpa meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / isameM sAmAnyataH zrAcArAMga va kalpasUtra meM varNita vRttAnta samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai / hAM, mUla ghaTanAnoM kA vistAra va kAvyatva hemacandra kA apanA hai| yahAM mahAvIra ke mukha se vIra nirvANa se 1669 varSa pazcAt hone vAle Adarza nareza kumArapAla ke sambandha kI bhaviSya vANI karAI gaI hai| isameM rAjA zreNika, yuvarAja abhaya evaM rohiNeya cora Adi kI upakathAeM bhI aneka bhAI haiM / isa grantha kA antima bhAga pariziSTa parva yathArthataH | eka svataMtra hI racanA hai, aura vaha aitihAsika dRSTi se bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai / isameM mahAvIra ke pazcAt unake kevalI ziSyoM tathA dazapUrvI AcAryoM kI paramparA pAI jAtI hai / isa bhAga ko ' sthavirAvalI carita' bhI kahate haiM / yaha kevala AcAryoM kI nAmAvalI mAtra nahIM hai, kintu yahA~ unase saMbaddha nAnA lambI lambI kathAeM bhI kahI gaI haiM, jo unase pUrva AgamI kI niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi TIkAoM se aura kucha sambhavataH maukhika paramparA para se saMkalita kI gaI haiM / inameM sthUlabhadra bhora koSA vezyA kA upAkhyAna, kuverasenA nAmakagaNikA ke kuveradatta aura kuberadattA nAmaka putraputriyoM meM paraspara prema kI kathA, Arya svayambhava dvArA apane putra manaka ke liye dazavekAlikA sUtra kI racanA kA vRttAnta, tathA Agama ke saMkalana se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle upAkhyAna, naMda rAjavaMza saMbaMdhI kathAnaka, evaM cANakya aura candragupta dvArA usa rAjavaMza ke mUloccheda kA vRtAnta Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai / granthakartA ne apane isa purANa ko mahAkAvya kahA hai / yadyapi racanA bahubhAga kathAtmaka hai, aura purANoM kI svAbhAvika sarala zailI kA anusaraNa karatA hai, tathApi usameM aneka sthAnoM para rasa, bhAva va alaMkAroM kA aisA samAveza hai, jisase usakA mahAkAvya pada bhI pramANita hotA hai / terahavIM zatI meM mAlavA ke suprasiddha lekhaka paMDita AzAdhara kRta 'triSaSThi - smRti-zAstra' meM bhI uparyukta 63 zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra apekSAkRta saMkSepa se varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisameM pradhAnataH jinasena aura guNabhadra kRta mahApurANa kA anusaraNa pAyA jAtA hai / arashcchIya jinadattasUri ke ziSya amaracandra kRpta caturviMzati-jinacarita

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prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta 166 (13 vIM zatI) meM 1802 zloka 24 adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita hai, aura unameM kramazaH 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA hai| amaracandra kI eka aura racanA bAlabhArata bhI hai (pra0 bambaI, 1926) / merutuga kRta mahApurANa-carita ke pAMca sargoM meM RSabha, zAMti, nemi, pArva aura varddhamAna, ina pAMca tIrthaMkaroM kA caritra varNita hai| isa para eka TIkA bhI hai, jo sambhavataH svopajJa hai aura usameM ukta kRti ko 'kAvyopadeza za taka' va 'dharmopadeza zataka' bhI kahA gayA hai| merutuga kI eka anya racanA prabandhacintAmaNi 1306 I0 meM pUrNa huI thI, ataeva vartamAna racanA bhI usI samaya ke AsapAsa likhI gaI hogii| padmasundara kRta rAyamallAbhyudaya (vi0 saM0 1615 akabara ke kAla meM caudharI rAyamalla kI preraNA se likhA gayA hai, aura usameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA caritra varNita hai / eka dAmanandi kRta purANasAra-saMgraha bhI abhI do bhAgoM meM prakAzita huA hai, jisameM zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra atisaMkSepa meM saMskata padyoM meM kahA gayA hai| tIthaMkaroM ke jIvana-carita sambandhI kucha pRthaka-pRthaka saMskRta kAvya isa prakAra haiM :-prathama tIrthaMkara AdinAtha kA jIvanacaritra catuviMzati-jinacarita ke kartA amaracandra ne apane padamAnaMda kAvya meM 19 sargoM meM likhA hai| kAvya ko ukta nAma dene kA kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha padma nAmaka maMtrI kI prArthanA se likhA gayA thA / kAvya meM kula 6281 zloka haiN| (pra0 bar3audA, 1932) AThaveM tIrthaMkara candraprabha para vIranaMdi, vAsupUjya para varddhamAna sUri aura vimalanAtha para kRSNadAsa racita kAvya milate haiN| 15 veM tIrthakara dharmanAtha para haricandra kRta 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' eka utkRSTa saMskRta kAvya hai, jo suprasiddha saMskRta kAvya mAdhakRta 'zizupAla vadha' kA anukaraNa karatA pratIta hotA hai, tathA usa para prAkRta kAvya 'gauDavaho' evaM saMskRta 'naiSadhIya carita' kA bhI prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / yaha racanA 11 vI-12 vIM zatI kI anumAna kI jAtI hai / 16 veM tIrthaMkara zAMtinAtha kA caritra asaga kRta (10 vIM zatI), devasUri (1282 I0) ke praziSya ajitaprabha kRta, mANikyacandra kRta (13 vIM zatI) sakalakIrti kRta (15 vIM zatI), tathA zrIbhUSaNa kRta (vi0 saM0 1656) upalabdha haiN| vinayacandra kRta mallinAtha carita 4000 se adhika zlokapramANa pAyA jAtA hai / 22 veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA caritra sUrAcArya kRta (11 vIM zatI) aura maladhArI hemacandra kRta (13 vIM zatI) pAye jAte hai / vAgbhaTTa kRta nemi- nirvANa kAvya (12 vIM zatI) eka utkRSTa racanA hai, jo 15 sagoM meM samApta huI hai / saMgana ke putra vikrama kRta nemidUtakAvya eka vizeSa kalAkRti hai, jisameM rAjImatI ke vilApa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha eka

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170 jaina sAhitya samasyApUrti kAvya hai, jisameM kAlidAsa kata meghadUta kI paMktiyAM pratyeka padya ke antacaraNa meM nibaddha kara lI gaI haiN| pArzvanAtha para prAcIna saMskRta kAvya jinasena kRta (9 vIM zatI) pAzrvAbhyudaya hai| isameM uttama kAvya rIti se samasta meghadUta ke eka-eka yA do-do caraNa pratyeka padya meM samAviSTa kara liye gaye haiN| pArzvanAtha kA pUrNa caritra vAdirAjakata (1025 I0) pAzrvanAtha carita meM pAyA jAtA hai / isI caritra para 13 vI va 14 vIM zatI meM do kAvya likhe gaye, eka mANikyacandra dvArA (1216 I0) aura dUsarA bhAvadeva sUri dvArA (1355 I0) / bhAvadeva kRta carita kA anuvAda aMgrejI meM bhI huA hai / 15 vIM zatI meM sakalakIti ne va 16 vIM zatI meM padmasundara aura hemavijaya ne saMskRta meM pArzvanAtha caritra banAye / 16 vIM zatI meM hI zrIbhUSaNa ke ziSya candrakIrti ne pAzavapurANa kI racanA kii| vinayacandra aura udayavIragaNi kRta pArzvanAtha caritra milate haiM / inameM se udayavIra kI racanA saMskRta gadya meM huI hai / mahAvIra ke caritra para 18 sargoM kA sundara saMskRta kAvya vardhamAna caritra (zaka 910) asaga kRta pAyA jAtA hai / guNabhadra kRta uttarapurANa meM tathA hemacandra kRta triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa ca0 ke dazaveM parva meM jo mahAvIra caritra varNita hai, vaha svatantra pratiyoM meM bhI pAyA aura par3hA jAtA hai / sakalakIrti kRta vardhamAnapurANa (vi0 saM0 1518) 19 sargoM meM hai / padmanandi, kezava aura vANIvallabha kRta vardhamAna purANa mI pAye jAte haiN| jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke upayukta caritroM meM se adhikAMza saMskRta mahAkAvya ke utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| unakI viSayAtmaka rUpa-rekhA kA vivaraNa unake prAkRta caritroM ke prakaraNa meM diyA jA cukA hai| bhAva aura zailI meM ve una saba guNoM se saMyukta pAye jAte haiM, jo kAlidAsa, bhAravi, mAgha, prAdi mahAkaviyoM kI kRtiyoM meM pAye jAte haiM, tathA jinakA nirUpaNa kAvyAdarza Adi sAhitya-zAstroM meM kiyA gayA hai| jaise, unakA sargabandha honA, AzIH, namaskriyA yA vastunirdeza pUrvaka unakA prArambha kiyA jAnA, tathA unameM nagara, vana, parvata, nadiyoM tathA RtuoM Adi prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana, janma vivAhAdi sAmAjika utsavoM evaM rasoM, zRgArAtmaka hAva, bhAva, vilAsoM; tathA sampatti-vipatti meM vyakti ke sukha-duHkhoM car3hAva-utAra kA kalAtmaka hRdayagrAhI citraNa kA samAveza kiyA jAnA / vizeSatA ina kAvyoM meM itanI aura hai ki unameM yathAsthAna dhArmika upadeza kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke caritroM ke atirikta nAnA anya sAmAjika mahApuruSoM va striyoM ko caritra-citraNa ke nAyaka-nAyikA banAkara va yathAsambhava bhASA, zailI va bhAvoM meM kAvyatva kI rakSA karate hue jo aneka racanAyeM Jain-Education International :

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prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta 171 jaina sAhitya meM pAI jAtI haiM, ve kucha pUrNarUpa se padyAtmaka haiM, kucha gadya aura padya donoM ke upayoga sahita campU kI zailI ke haiM, aura kucha bahulatA se gadyAtmaka haiM, jinakA saMkSipta paricaya nimna prakAra hai : somadeva sUri kRta yazastilaka campU (zaka 881) utkRSTa saMskRta gadyapadyAtmaka racanA hai / isakA kathAnaka guNabhadra kRta uttarapurANa se liyA gayA hai, aura puSpadanta kata apabhraMza-jasahara cariu ke paricaya meM diyA jA cukA hai| antima tIna adhyAyoM meM gRhastha dharma kA savistAra nirUpaNa hai, aura upAsakAdhyayana ke nAma se eka svatantra racanA bana gaI hai / isI kathAnaka para vAdirAja sUri kRta yazodhara carita (10 vIM zatI) cAra sargAtmaka kAvya, tathA vAsavasena (13 vIM zatI) sakalakIrti (15 vIM zatI) somakIrti (15 vIM zatI) aura padmanAbha (16-17 vIM zatI) kRta kAvya pAye jAte haiN| maNikyasUri (14 vIM zatI) ne bhI yazodhara-carita saMskRta padya meM racA hai, aura apanI kathA kA AdhAra haribhadra kRta kathA ko batalAyA hai / kSamAkalyANa ne yazodhara-carita kI kathA ko saMskRta gadya meM saMvat 1836 meM likhA aura spaSTa kahA hai ki yadyapi isa caritra ko haribhadra munIndra ne prAkRta meM tathA dUsaroM ne saMskRta padya meM likhA hai, kintu unameM jo viSamatva hai, vaha na rahe; isaliye maiM yaha racanA gadya meM karatA huuN| haribhadra kRta prAkRta yazodhara carita ke isa ullekha se spaSTa hai ki kartA ke sammukha vaha racanA thI, kintu Aja vaha anupalabhya hai / haricandra kRta jIvaMdhara campU (15 vIM zatI) meM vahI kathA kAvyAtmaka saMskRta gadya-padya meM varNita hai, jo guNabhadra kRta uttarapurANa (parva 75), puSpadanta kRta apabhraMza purANa (saMdhi 68), tathA oDeyadeva vAdIsiMha kata gadyacintAmaNi evaM vAdImasiMha kRta kSatracUDAmaNi meM pAI jAtI hai| isa antima kAvya ke aneka zloka prastuta racanA meM prAyaH jyoM ke tyoM bhI pAye jAte haiN| anya bAtoM meM bhI isa para usakI chApa spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / kSatracUDAmaNi aura gadyacintAmaNi ke kartA donoM vAdIsiMha eka hI vyakti haiM yA bhinna, yaha abhI taka nizcayataH nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa sambandha meM kucha dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki isameM kartA ke nAma ke sAtha oDeyadeva kA va gurupuSpasena kA ullekha nahIM hai| racanAzailI va zabda-yojanA bhI donoM granthoM kI bhinna hai| gadyacintAmaNi kI bhASA ojapUrNa hai| jabaki kSatracUDAmaNi kI bahuta sarala, prasAdaguNayukta hai; aura prAyaH pratyeka zloka ke ardhabhAga meM kathAnaka aura dvitIyArdha meM nIti kA upadeza rahatA hai| vijayakIrti ke ziSya zubhacandra kRta jIvaMdhara-caritra (vi0 saM0 1566) pAyA

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172 jaina sAhitya jAtA hai / devendra sUri ke ziSya zrIcandra sUri kRta manatkumAra-caritra (vi0 saM0 1214) meM unhIM cakravartI kA caritra varNita hai, jinakA ullekha ukta nAma kI prAkRta racanA ke sambandha meM kiyA jA cukA hai / isI nAma kA eka aura saMskRta kAvya jinacandra sUri ke praziSya tathA jinapatisUri ke ziSya jinapAla kata prakAza meM A cukA hai / maladhArI devaprabha kRta mRgAvatI-caritra (12vIM zatI) saMskRta padyAtmaka racanA hai aura usameM udayana-vAsavadattA kA kathAnaka varNita hai| mRgAvatI udayana kI mAtA, rAjA ceTaka kI putrI thI, aura mahAvIra tIrthaMkara kI upAsikA thii| usakI nanada jayantI ne to mahAvIra se nAnA prazna kiye the aura anta meM pravajyA le lI thii| jisakA vRttAnta bhagavatI ke 12 veM zataka ke dUsare uddeza meM pAyA jAtA hai ukta kathA ke Azraya se prastuta grantha meM nAnA upakathAe~ varNita haiN| maladhArI devaprabha pANDava-caritra ke bhI kartA haiM / jinapati ke ziSya pUrNabhadra kRta dhanya-zAlibhadra caritra (vi0 saM0 1285) 6 paricchedoM va 1460 zlokoM meM samApta huA hai| isa racanA meM kavi kI sarvadevasUri ne sahAyatA kI thii| isa kAvya meM dhanya aura zAlibhadra ke caritroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / dhanya-zAli caritra bhadragupta kRta (vi0 saM0 1428), jinakIrti kata (15vIM zatI) va dayAvarddhana kata (15vIM zatI) bhI pAye jAte haiN| dharmakumAra kRta zAlibhadra-carita (1277 I0) meM 7 sarga haiN| kathAnaka hemacandra ke mahAvIracarita meM se liyA gayA hai, aura kAvya kI rIti se chanda va alaMkAroM ke vaiziSTaya sahita varNita hai / lekhaka kI kRti ko pradyumna sUri ne saMzodhita karake usake kAvya-guNoM ko aura bhI adhika camakA diyA hai| zAlibhadra mahAvIra tIrthaMkara ke samaya kA rAjagRha-nivAsI dhanI gRhastha thA, jo pratyeka buddha huaa| candragacchIya haribhadrasUri ke ziSya bAlacandrasUri kata vasanta-vilAsa (vi0 saM0 1266) 14 sagoM meM samApta huA hai, aura isameM gujarAta nareza bIradhavala ke mantrI vastupAla kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA hai (bar3audA, 1917) / isI ke sAtha zrItilakasUri ke ziSya rAjazekhara kRta vastupAla-tejapAla prabandha bhI prakAzita hai / vastupAla mantrI aura unake bhrAtA tejapAla ne AbU ke mandira banavA kara, tathA anya bhaneka jainadharma ke utthAna sambandhI kAryoM dvArA apanA nAma jaina sampradAya meM amara banA liyA hai| ukta racanAoM ke dvArA unake caritra para jayacandra ke ziSya jinaharSa gaNi kata (vi0 saM0 1467, prakA0 bhAvanagara, 1674) tathA vardhamAna, siMhakavi, kIrtivijaya Adi kRta racanAeM bhI milatI haiM / inake atirikta unakI saMskRta prazastiyAM jayasiMha, bAlacandra, narendraprabha Adi dvArA racita milatI haiN| jinezvara sUri ke ziSya candratilaka kRta pramayakumAra-caritra (vi0 saM0

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prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta 173 1312) nau soM meM samApta huA hai| kavi ke ullekhAnusAra unheM sUraprabha ne vidyAnanda vyAkaraNa par3AyA thA / (pra0 bhAvanagara, 1917) / , sakalakIrti kRta abhayakumAra-carita kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| dhanaprama sUri ke ziSya sarvAnanda sUri kRta jagaDu-caritra (13 vIM zatI) 7 sargoM kA kAvya hai, jisameM kula 388 padya haiM / isa kAvya kA vizeSa mahatva yaha hai ki usameM bIsaladeva rAjA kA ullekha hai, tathA vi0 saM0 1312-15 ke gujarAta ke bhISaNa durbhikSa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / racanA usa kAla ke samIpa hI nirmita huI pratIta hotI hai| kRSNarSi gacchIya mahendrasUri ke ziSya jayasiMhasUri kRta (vi0 saM0 1422) kumArapAla-caritra 10 sargoM meM samApta huA hai, aura usameM unhIM gujarAta ke rAjA kumArapAla kA caritra va dhArmika kRtyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jina para hemacandra ne apanA kumArapAla carita nAmaka dvayAzraya prAkRta kAvya likhaa| saMskRta meM anya kumArapAla carita ratnasiMha sUri ke ziSya cAritrasundara gaNi kRta (vi0 saM0 1487), dhanaratnakRta (vi0 saM0 1537) tathA somavimala kuta aura somacandra gaNi kRta bhI pAye jAte haiN| merUtuga ke ziSya mANikyasundara kRta mahIpAla-caritra (15 vIM zatI) eka 15 sargAtmaka kAvya hai jisameM vIradevagaNi kRta prAkRta mahivAlakahA ke AdhAra para usa jJAnI aura kalAkuzala mahIpAla kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisane ujjainI se nirvAsita hokara nAnA pradezoM meM apanI ratna-parIkSA, vastra-parIkSA va puruSa-parIkSA meM mipuNatA ke camatkAra vikhA kara dhana aura yaza prApta kiyA / vRttAnta rocaka aura zailI sarala, sundara aura kalApUrNa hai| bhaktilAbha ke ziSya cArucanda kata uttamakumAra-caritra 606 padyoM kA kAvya hai jisameM eka dhArmika rAjakumAra kI nAnA sAhasapUrNa ghaTanAoM aura aneka avAntara kathAnakoM kA varNana hai / isake racanA-kAla kA nizcaya nahIM ho skaa| isI viSaya kI do aura padyAtmaka racanAyeM milatI haiN| eka somasundarasUri ke ziSya jinakIrti kRtaM aura dUsarI somasundara ke praziSya va ratnazekhara ke ziSya somamaMDana gaNI kata / ye vAcArya tapAgaccha ke the| paTTAvalI ke anusAra somasundara ko vi0 saM0 1457 meM sUripada prApta huA thaa| eka aura isI viSaya kI kAvyaracanA zubhazIlagaNI ta pAI jAtI hai| cArucandra kRta uttamakumAra-kathA kA eka gadyAtmaka rUpAntara bhI hai / vebara ne isakA sampAdana va jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda san 1864 meM kiyA hai| kRSNarSi gaccha ke jayasiMhasUri kI ziSya-paramparA ke nayacandrasUri (15 vIM

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174 jaina sAhitya zatI) kRta hammIra-kAvya 14 sargoM meM samApta huA hai, aura usameM usa hammIra vIra kA caritra varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo sulatAna alAuddIna se yuddha karatA huA san 1301 meM vIragati ko prApta huA / kAvya likhane kA kAraNa svayaM kavi ne yaha batAyA hai ki tomara vIrama kI sabhA meM yaha kahA gayA thA ki prAcIna kaviyoM ke samAna kAvya-racanA kI zakti aba kisI meM nahIM hai| isI bAta ke khaMDana ke liye kavi ne zrRgAra, vIra aura adbhuta rasoM se pUrNa tathA amaracandra ke sadRza lAlitya va zrIharSa kI vakrimA se yukta yaha kAvya likhA / jinadattasUri ke ziSya amaracandra sUri kRta caturvizati-jina-carita, padmAnanda-kAvya aura bAla bhArata kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / bramhanemidatta kRta zrIpAla-carita (san 1528 I0) meM 6 sargoM meM rAjakumArI madanasundarI ke kuSTa vyAdhi se pIr3ita zrIpAla ke sAtha vivAha, aura siddhacakra vidhAna ke mAhAtmya se usake niroga hone kI kathA hai, jisakA paricaya usI nAmake prAkRta kAvya ke sambandha meM diyA jA cukA hai| zrIpAla kA kathAnaka jaina samAja meM itanA lokapriya huA hai ki usa para prAkRta, apabhraza aura saMskRta kI koI 30-40 racanAyeM milatI haiN| (dekhiye jinaratnakoza- DaoN. velaMkara kRta) nAgendra gacchIya vijayasena sUri ke ziSya udayaprabha kRta dharmAbhyudaya caudaha sargoM kA mahAkAvya hai, jisameM gujarAta ke rAjA vIradhavala ke suprasiddha maMtrI vastupAla ke caritra kA sundaratA se varNana kiyA gayA hai / siddharSi kRta upamitimava-prapaMcakathA (606 I0) saMskRta gadya kI eka anupama racanA hai, jisameM bhAvAtmaka saMjJAoM ko mUrtimAna svarUpa dekara dharmakathA va nAnA avAntara kathAeM kahI gaI haiM / udAharaNa ke liye- yahAM nagara anantapura va nivRttipura hai| rAjA karmapariNAma; rAnIkAla pariNati; sAdhu sadAgama; va anya vyakti saMsArI niSpujyaka Adi / ise par3hate hue aMgrejI kI jaoNna banayana kRta 'pilgrimsaprogresa' kA smaraNa ho AtA hai, jisameM rUpaka kI rIti se dharmavaddhi, aura usameM Ane vAlI vighna-bAdhAoM kI kathA kahI gaI hai| isa kRti kA jaina saMsAra meM bar3A Adara va pracAra huA, aura usake sAra rUpa aneka racanAeM nirmita huI, jaise vardhamAnasUri kRta upamiti-bhavaprapaMcA-sAra-samuccaya (11vIM zatI) devendrakRta u0 sAroddhAra (13 vIM zatI), haMsaratnasUri kRta sArovAra Adi / saMskRta gadyAtmaka AkhyAnoM meM dhanapAla kRta tilakamaMjarI (970 I0) kI bhASA va zailI bar3I ojasvinI hai / pramarasundara kRta aMbaDacaritra bar3I vilakSaNa . kathA hai / kathAnAyaka aMbaDa zavadharmoM hai aura maMtra-taMtra ke bala se gorakhA

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prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta 175 devI dvArA nirdiSTa sAta duSkara kArya sampanna kara dikhAtA, 32 sundariyoM se vivAha karatA aura apAra dhana va rAjya pAtA hai| aMtataH upadeza pAkara vaha jaina dharma meM dIkSita aura pravRjita hokara sallekhanA vidhi se maraNa karatA hai| aMbaDa nAma ke tAMtrika kA nAma ovAiya upAMga meM AtA hai, kintu ukta kathAnaka isI kartA kI kalpanA hai| amarasundara kA nAma vi0 saM0 1457 meM sUripada prApta karanevAle somasundara gaNI ke ziSyoM meM AtA hai, aura vahAM unheM 'saMskRta-jalpa-paTu' kahA gayA hai / isa kathAnaka kA jarmana anuvAda cArlasa krAusa ne kiyA hai / yahI kathA harSa samudra vAcaka (16 vIM zatI) va jayameru kRta bhI milatI hai| jJAnasAgara sUri kRta ratnacUDa kathA (15vIM zatI) kA yadyapi devendramUri kRta prAkRta kathA se nAmasAmya hai, tathApi yaha kathA usase sarvathA bhinna hai| yahAM anItapura ke anyAyI rAjA aura durbuddhi maMtrI kA vRttAnta hai| usa nagarI meM coroM aura dharmoM ke sivAya koI dhArmika vyakti nahIM rahate / kathA meM nAnA upakathAnaka bhare haiM / rohaka apanI vilakSaNa buddhi dvArA jese duSkara kArya karake dikhalAtA hai, unase pAli kI mahA-ummagga jAtaka meM varNita mahosadha nAmaka puruSa ke adbhuta kAranAmoM kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| ratnacUDa ke videza ke liye prasthAna karate samaya usake pitA ke dvArA diye gaye upadezoM meM eka prora vyavahArika cAturI, aura dUsarI ora andhavizvAsoM kA mizraNa hai| mahApuruSa ke 32 cihUna bhI isameM ginAye gaye haiN| - aghaTakumAra-kathA meM jinakIrti kata campaka-zreSThi-kathAnaka ke sadaza patravinimaya dvArA nAyaka ke mRtyu se bacane kI ghaTanA AI hai| isakA jarmana anuvAda cArlasa krAusa ne kiyA haiN| isake do padyAtmaka saMskaraNa bhI milate haiM, kintu kisI ke bhI kartA kA nAma nahIM milatA, aura racanA kAla bhI anizcita hai / yaha anumAnataH 15-16 vIM zatI kI racanA hai| jinakIti kRta campakaSThikathAnaka (15 vIM zatI) kA AkhyAna suprasiddha hai| isameM ThIka samaya para patra mila jAne se saubhAgyazAlI nAyaka mRtyu ke mukha meM se baca jAtA hai / kathA ke bhItara tIna aura sundara upAkhyAna haiN| yaha kathA merutuga kI prabandha cintAmaNi va anya kathAkoSoM meM bhI milatI hai| isakA sampAdana va prakAzana aMgrejI meM harTela dvArA huA hai / jarmana anuvAda bhI prakAzita huA hai| jina kIti kI isIprakAra kI dUsarI racanA pAla-gopAlakathAnaka hai, jisameM ukta nAma ke do bhrAtAoM ke paribhramaNa va nAnAprakAra ke sAhasoM va pralobhanoM ko pAra kara, anta meM dhArmika jIvana vyatIta karane kA rocaka vRttAnta hai|

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176 jaina sAhitya mANikyasundara kRta mahAvala-malayasundarI kathA (15vIM zatI) saMskRta gadya meM likhI gaI hai aura upAkhyAnoM kA bhaMDAra hai / jayavijaya ke ziSya mAnavijaya kRta pApabuddhi-dharma buddhi-kathA kA dUsarA nAma kAmaghaTa kathA hai isa saskRta gadyAtmaka kathAnaka ke racayitA hIravijaya sUri dvArA sthApita vijayazAkhA meM hue pratIta hote haiM, ataeva unakA kAla 16-17 vIM zatI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake kathAnAyaka siddharSikRta upamiti bhava prapaMcA kathA ke anusAra bhAvAtmaka va kalpita haiN| ve kramaza: rAjA aura maMtrI haiN| rAjA dhana aura aizvarya ko hI saba kucha samajhatA hai, aura maMtrI dharma ko| antataH muni ke upadeza se ve sambodhita aura pravRjita hote haiN| yaha kathAnaka yathArthataH kartA kI bar3I racanA dharma-parIkSA kA eka khaMDamAtra hai| isakA sampAdana va iTailiyana anuvAda lovarinI ne kiyA hai / kucha racanAeM pRthaka ullekhanIya haiM kyoMki unameM tIrtha Adi sthAnoM va puruSoM ke sambandha meM kucha aitihAsika vRttAnta bhI pAyA jAtA hai jo prAcIna itihAsa-nirmANa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| aisI kucha kRtiyAM nimnaprakAra ___dhanezvarasUri kRta zatrujaya-mAhAtmya (7-8vIM zatI) svayaM kartA ke anusAra saurASTra nareza zIlAditya ke anurodha se balabhI meM likhA gayA thaa| isameM 14 sarga haiM, aura vaidika paramparA ke purANoM kI zailI para zatrujaya tIrtha kA mAhAtmya varNana kiyA gayA hai| loka-varNana ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara RSabha va unake bharata aura bAhuvalI putroM kA tathA bharata dvArA mandiroM kI sthApanA kA vRttAnta hai| meM sarga meM rAmakathA va 10 se 12 veM sarga taka pAMDavoM, kRSNa aura neminAtha kA caritra, aura 14 ce meM pArva aura mahAvIra kA caritra AyA hai| yahAM bhImasena ke saMbaMdha kA bahuta sA vRttAnta aisA hai, jo mahAbhArata se sarvathA bhinna aura navIna hai| prabhAcandra kRta prabhavAka-caritra (1277 I0) meM 22 jaina AcAryoM va kaviyoM ke caritra baNita haiM, jinameM haribhadra, siddharSi, bappaTTi, mAnatuMga, .. zAntisUri aura hemacandra bhI sammilita haiM / isa prakAra yaha hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva kI pUraka racanA kahI jA sakatI hai, aura aitihAsika dRSTi se upayogI hai / isa kA bhI saMzodhana pradyumna sUri dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| prabhAcandra ke prabhAvaka-caritra kI paramparA ko merutuMga ne apane prabandhacintAmaNi (1306 I0) tathA rAjazekhara ne prabandhakoSa (1346 I0) dvArA pracalita rakhA / inameM bahubhAga to kAlpanika hai, tathApi kucha mahatvapUrNa aiti

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prathamAnuyoga-saMskRta 177 hAsika bAteM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, vizeSata: lekhakoM ke samIpavartI kAla kii| rAjazekhara kI kRti meM 24 vyaktiyoM ke caritra varNita haiM, jinameM rAjA zrIharSa aura AcArya hemacandra bhI haiM, jisaprakAra prabhAcandra, merutuga aura rAjazekhara ke prabandhoM meM hameM aitihAsika puruSoM kA caritra milatA hai, usI prakAra jinaprabhasUri kRta tIrthakalpa yA kalpapradIpa aura rAjaprAsAda (lagabhaga 1330 I0) meM jaina tIrthoM ke nirmANa, unake nirmAtA va dAnadAtAoM Adi kA vRttAnta milatA hai| racanA meM saMskRta va prAkRta kA mizraNa hai| jaina laghukathAoM kA saMgraha bahulatA se kathA-koSoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, aura unameM padya, gadya yA mizrarUpa se kisI puruSa-strI kA caritra saMkSepa se varNita kara, usake sAMsArika sukha-dukhoM kA kAraNa usake svayaM kRta puNya-pApoM kA pariNAma siddha kiyA gayA hai / aise kucha kathAkoSa ye haiM: hariSeNa kRta kathAkoSa (zaka 853) saMskRta padyoM meM racA gayA hai, aura upalabhya samasta kathAkoSoM meM prAcIna siddha hotA hai / isameM 157 kathAyeM haiM / jinameM cANakya, zakaTAla, bhadrabAhu, vararuci, svAmI kArtikeya Adi aitihAsika puruSoM ke caritra bhI haiN| isa kathA ke anusAra bhadrabAhu ujjainI ke samIpa bhAdrapada (bhadAvara ?) meM hI rahe the, aura unake dIkSita ziSya rAjA candragupta, aparanAma vizAkhAcArya, saMgha sahita dakSiNa ke punnATa deza ko gaye the| kathAoM meM kucha nAma va zabda, jaise medajja (metArya) vijjadAr3ha (vidya ddaSTra), prAkRta rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM, jisase anumAna hotA hai ki racayitA kathAoM ko kisI prAkRta kRti ke AdhAra se likha rahA hai| unhoMne svayaM apane kathAkoSa ko 'ArAdhanoddhRta' kahA hai jisase anumAnataH bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kA abhiprAya ho / hariSeNa usI punnATa gaccha ke the, jisake AcArya jinasena; aura unhoMne usI vardhamAnapura meM apanI graMtha-racanA kI thI, jahAM harivaMzapurANa kI racanA jinasena ne zaka 705 meM kI thii| isase siddha hotA hai ki vahAM punnATa saMgha kA AThavIM zatAbdI taka acchA kendra rahA / yaha kathAkoSa bRhatkathAkoSa ke nAma se prasiddha hai| anumAnataH usake pIche race jAne vAle kathAkoSoM se pRthaka karane ke liye yaha vizeSaNa jor3A gayA hai| amitagati kRta dharmaparIkSA kI zailI kA mUla srota yadyapi haribhadra kRta prAkRta dhUrtAkhyAna hai, tathApi yahAM aneka choTe-bar3e kathAnaka sarvathA svataMtra va maulika haiN| graMtha kA mUla uddezya anya dharmoM kI paurANika kathAoM kI asatyatA ko unase adhika kRtrima, asaMbhava va UTapaTAMga AkhyAna kaha kara siddha karake, saccA dhArmika zraddhAna utpanna karanA hai| inameM dhUrtatA aura mUrkhatA kI kathAoM kA bAhulya hai|

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jaina sAhitya prabhAcandra kRta kathAkoSa (13 vIM zatI) saMskRta gadya meM likhA gayA hai / isameM bhadrabAhu-candragupta ke atirikta samantabhadra aura akalaMka ke caritra bhI varNita haiM / nemidatta kRta ArAdhanA kathAkoSa (16 vIM zatI) padyAtmaka hai, aura prabhAcandra kRta kathAkoSa kA kucha vistRta rUpAntara hai| isI prakAra kA eka anyasaMgraha rAmacandra mumukSu, kRta puNyAzrava kathAkoSa hai|| rAjazekhara kRta antarkathA-saMgraha (14 vIM zatI) kI kathAoM kA saMkalana Agama kI TIkAoM para se kiyA gayA hai / isakI 8 kathAeM pulle dvArA iTAliyana bhASA meM anuvAdita huI haiM / isakI eka kathA kA 'jajameMTa oNpha solomana' nAma se TesITorI ne aMgrejI anuvAda kiyA hai| (i0 enTI0 42) usake sAtha nandisUtra kI malayagiri TIkA kI kathA bhI hai, aura batalAyA hai ki ukta kathA kA hI yUropa kI kathAoM meM rUpAntara huA hai / lakSmIsAgara ke ziSya zubhazIlagaNI (15 vIM zatI) kRta paMcazatI prabodhasambandha meM lagabhaga 600 dhArmika kathAeM haiM, jinameM nanda, sAtavAhana, bhartRhari, bhoja, kumArapAla, hemasUri Adi aitihAsika puruSoM ke caritra bhI haiM / isI kartA kA eka anya kathAkoSa 'bharatAdikathA' nAmaka hai / jinakIti kRta dAnakalpaduma (15vIM zatI meM dAna kI mahimA batalAne vAlI rocaka aura vinodapUrNa aneka laghu kathAoM kA saMskRta padyoM meM saMgraha hai / udaya dharma kRta dharmakalpaduma (15 vIM zatI) meM padyAtmaka kathAeM haiN| samyakatva-kaumudI laghu kathAoM kA eka koSa hai / arhaddAsa seTha apanI ATha patniyoM ko sunAtA hai ki use kisaprakAra samyaktva prApta huA, aura ve phira pati ko apane anubhava sunAtI haiM / isa caukhaTTe ke bhItara bahuta se kathAnaka gUMthe gaye haiN| samyatva-kaumudI nAmakI aneka racanAyeM upalabdha haiM, jaise jayacandrasUri ke ziSya jinaharSa gaNI kRta (vi0 saM0 1487), guNakarasUri kRta (vi0 saM0 1504) mallibhUSaNa kRta (vi0 saM0 1544 ke lagabhaga) siMhadattasUri ke ziSya somadevasUri kRta (vi0 saM0 1573) zubhacandra kRta (vi0 saM0 1680 ke lagabhaga), evaM ajJAta samaya kI vatsarAja, dharmakIrti, maMgarasa, yazaH kIrti va vAdibhUSaNa kRt| hemavijaya kRta kathA-ratnAkara (1600 I0) meM 258 kathAnaka haiM jinameM adhikAMza uttama gadya meM, aura kucha thor3e se padya meM varNita haiN| yatra-tatra kRprAta aura apabhraMza padya bhI pAye jAte haiM / isa racanA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki prAyaH Adi anta meM dhArmika upadeza kI kar3I jor3anevAle padyoM ke atirikta kathAoM meM

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prathamAnuyoga - saMskRta 176 jainatva kA ullekha nahIM pAyA jAtA / kathAeM va nIti vAkya paMcataMtra ke DhAMce ke haiM / nATaka jaina muniyoM ke liye nATaka Adi vinodoM meM bhAga lenA niSiddha hai, aura yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya meM nATaka kI kRtiyAM bahuta prAcIna nahIM milatI / pazcAt jaba ukta muni-caryA kA baMdhana utanA dRr3ha nahIM rahA, athavA gRhastha bhI sAhitya-racanA meM bhAga lene lage, taba 13 vIM zatI se kucha saMskRta nATakoM kA sarjana huA, jinakA kucha paricaya nimnaprakAra hai : rAmacandrasUri (13vIM zatI) hemacandra ke ziSya the| kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne 100 prakaraNoM ( nATakoM ) kI racanA kI, jinameM se nirbhaya bhIma - vyAyoga, nalavilAsa, aura kaumudI - mitrAnanda prakAzita ho cuke haiM / raghuvilAsa nATaka kI pratiyAM milI haiM, tathA rohiNImRgAMka va banamAlA ke ullekha kartA kI eka anya racanA nATyadarpaNa meM milate haiM / nirbhaya bhIma - vyAyoga eka hI aMka kA hai, aura isameM bhIma dvArA baka ke vadha kI kathA hai / nalavilAsa 10 aMkoM kA prakaraNa hai, jisameM nala-damayantI kA caritra citraNa kiyA gayA hai / tIsare nATaka meM nAyikA kaumudI aura usake pati mitrAnanda seTha ke sAhasapUrNa bhramaNa kA kathAnaka hai / yaha mAlatI - mAdhava ke jor3a kA prakaraNa hai / hastimalla kRta ( 12 vIM zatI) cAra nATaka prakAzita ho cuke haiM- vikrAntakaurava, subhadrA, maithilIkalyANa, aura aMjanApavanaMjaya | kavi ne prastAvanA meM apanA paricaya diyA hai, jisake anusAra ve vatsagotrI brAhmaNa the, kintu unake pitA govinda, samantabhadra kRta devAgamastotra ( AptamImAMsA ) ke prabhAva se, jainadharmI ho gaye the / kavi ne apane samaya ke pANDya rAjA kA ullekha kiyA hai, para nAma nahIM diyaa| itanA hI kahA hai ki ve karnATaka para zAsana karate the / prathama do nATaka mahAbhArata aura zeSa do rAmAyaNa para AdhArita haiM, tathA kathAnaka guNabhadra kRta uttarapurANa ke caritrAnusAra hai / hastimalla ke udayanarAja, bharatarAja, arjunarAja aura meghezvara, ina cAra anya nATakoM ke ullekha milate haiM / I jinaprabha sUri ke ziSya rAmabhadra ( 13 vIM zatI) dvArA racita prabuddha - rauhiroya ke chaha aMkoM meM nAyaka kI caura-vRtti va upadeza pAkara dharma meM dIkSita hone kA vRttAnta citrita kiyA gayA hai / yaha nATaka cAhamAna (cauhAna) nareza samarasiMha dvArA nirmApita RSabha jinAlaya meM utsava ke samaya khelA gayA thA / yazaHpAla kRta moharAja parAjaya (13 vIM zatI) meM bhAvAtmaka pAtroM ke ati

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180 jaina sAhitya rikta rAjA kumArapAla bhI Ate haiN| rAjA dharmaparivartana dvArA jaina dharma meM dIkSita va kRpAsundarI se vivAhita hokara rAjya meM ahiMsA kI ghoSaNA, tathA nissaMtAna vyaktiyoM ke marane para unake dhanake apaharaNa kA niSedha kara detA hai rAjA kA vivAha karAnevAle purohita hemacandra haiM / yaha nATaka zAkaMbarI ke cauhAna rAjA ajayadeva ke samaya meM racA gayA hai| vIrasUri ke ziSya jayasiMha sUri kRta hammIramadamardana ke pAMca aMkoM meM rAjA vIradhavala dvArA mleccha rAjA hammIra (amIra-zikAra-sultAna sumasuduniyA) kI parAjaya kA, aura sAtha hI vastupAla aura tejapAla maMtriyoM ke caritra kA varNana hai / isameM rAjanIti kA ghaTanAcakra mudrArAkSasa jaisA hai / isakI eka hastalikhita prati vi0 saM0 1286 kI milI hai, ata: racanAkAla isase kucha pUrva kA siddha hotA hai| - padmacandra ke ziSya yazazcandra kRta mudrita-kumudacandra nATaka meM pAMca aMka haiM, jina meM aNahilapura meM jayasiMha cAlukya kI sabhA meM (vi0 saM0 1181) zvetAmbarAcArya devasUri va digambarAcArya kumudacandra ke bIca zAstrArtha karAyA gayA hai| vAda ke anta meM kumudacandra kA mukha mudrita ho gyaa| racanAkAla kA nizcaya nahIM / saMbhavataH kartA ke guru ve hI padmacandra haiM, jinakA nAma ladhu paTTAvalI (paTTAvalI-samuccaya, pR0 204) meM AyA hai, aura jinakA samaya anumAnataH 14- 15 vIM zatI hai| munisundara ke ziSya ratnazekhara suri kRta prabodha-candrodaya nATaka meM bhAvAtmaka pAtroM dvArA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha isI nAmake kRSNa mizra racita nATaka (11 vIM zatI) kA anukaraNa pratIta hotA hai isameM prabodha, vidyA viveka Adi nAmaka pAtra upasthita kiye gaye haiN| meghaprabhAcArya kata dharmAbhyudaya svayaM kartA ke ullekhAnusAra eka chAyA nATya prabandha hai, jo pArzvanAtha jinAlaya meM mahotsava ke samaya khelA gayA thaa| isameM darzanabhadra muni kA vRttAnta citrita kiyA gayA hai| isakA jarmana bhASA meM bhI anuvAda huA hai| haribhadra ke ziSya bAlacandra kata karuNAvajrAyudha nATaka meM vajrAyudha nRpa dvArA zyena ko apane zarIra kA mAMsa dekara kapota kI rakSA karane kI kathA citrita hai, jaisA ki hindU purANoM meM rAjA zivi kI kathA meM pAyA jAtA hai / sAhitya-zAstra*sAhitya ke AnuSaMgika zAstra haiM vyAkaraNa, chaMda aura koza / jaina paramparA meM ina zAstroM para bhI mahatvapUrNa racanAeM pAI jAtI haiN|

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa 181 vyAkaraNa-prAkRta-- maharSi pataMjali ne apane mahAbhASya meM yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki jaba lokapracalita bhASA kA jJAna loka se svayaM prApta ho jAtA hai, taba usake liye zabdAnuzAsana likhane kI kyA AvazyakatA ? isa prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne batalAyA hai ki binA zabdAnuzAsana ke zabda aura apazabda meM bheda spaSTataH samajha meM nahIM AtA, aura isake liye zabdAnuzAsana zAstra kI AvazyakatA hai| jaina sAhitya kA nirmANa Adita: jana-bhASA meM huA, aura bahuta kAla taka usake anuzAsana ke liye svabhAvataH kisI vyAkaraNa zAstra kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM huii| sAhitya meM vacana-prayogoM ke liye itanA hI paryApta thA ki vaise prayoga loka meM pracalita ho / dhIre-dhIre jaba eka ora bahutasA sAhitya nirmANa ho gayA, aura dUsarI ora nAnA dezoM meM pracalita nAnA prakAra ke prayoga sammukha Aye, tathA kAlAnukrama se bhI prayogoM meM bheda par3atA dikhAI dene lagA, taba usake anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| prAkRta ke upalabhya vyAkaraNoM meM caMDa (candra) kRta prAkRta-lakSaraNa sarva-prAcIna siddha hotA hai / isakA sampAdana raoNDalpha hArnale sAhaba ne karake vivaliothikAiMDikA meM 1880 I0 meM chapAyA thA, aura use eka jaina lekhaka kI kati siddha kiyA thaa| tathApi kucha logoM ne isake sUtroM ko bAlmIki kRta mAnA hai, jo spaSTataH asambhava hai| grantha ke Adi meM jo vIra (mahAvIra) tIrthaMkara ko praNAma kiyA gayA hai, va vRttigata udAharaNoM meM arhanta (sU0 46 va 24), jinavara (sU0 48), kA ullekha AyA hai; usase yaha niHsaMdeha jaina kRti siddha hotI hai / grantha ke sUtrakAra aura vRttikAra alaga-alaga haiM, isake koI pramANa nhiiN| maMgalAcaraNa meM jo vRddhamata ke Azraya se prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke nirmANa kI sUcanA dI gaI hai, usase yaha abhiprAya nikAlanA ki sUtrakAra aura vRttikAra bhinnabhinna haiM, sarvathA nirAdhAra hai| adhika se adhika usakA itanA hI abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai ki prastuta racanA ke samaya bhI sUtrakAra ke sammukha koI prAkRta vyAkaraNa athavA vyAkaraNAtmaka matamatAntara the, jinameM se kartA ne apane niyamoM meM prAcInatama praNAlI kI rakSA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / yadyapi prAkRta-lakSaNa ke racanA-kAla saMbaMdhI koI pratyakSa pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi grantha ke antaHparIkSaNa se usakA kucha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / isameM kula sUtroM kI saMkhyA 66 yA 103 hai, aura isa prakAra yaha upalabhya vyAkaraNoM meM saMkSiptatama hai| prAkRta sAmAnya kA jo nirUpaNa yahAM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha azoka kI dharmalipiyoM kI bhASA aura vararuci dvArA 'prAkRta-prakAza' meM

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182 jaina sAhitya varNita prAkRta ke bIca kA pratIta hotA hai| vaha adhikAMza azvaghoSa va alpAMza bhAsa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRtoM se milatA huA pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki isameM madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kI bahulatA se rakSA kI gaI hai, aura unameM se prathama vargoM meM kevala ka, va tRtIya vargoM meM ga ke lopa kA eka sUtra meM vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, aura isa prakAra ca Ta ta pa varNoM kI, zabda ke madhya meM bhI, rakSA kI pravatti sUcita kI gaI hai| isa prAdhAra para prAkRta lakSaNa kA racanA-kAla IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI anumAna karanA anucita nhiiN| prAkRta-lakSaNa 4 pAdoM meM vibhakta hai| Adi meM prAkRta zabdoM ke tIna rUpa sUcita kiye gaye haiM tadbhava, tatsama aura dezI; tathA saMskatavat tInoM liMgoM aura vibhaktiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt inameM kvacid vyatyayA kI cauthe sUtra se sUcanA karake, prathama pada ke antima 35 veM sUtra taka saMjJAoM aura sarvanAmoM ke vibhakti rUpoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / inameM yad aura idam ke SaSThI kA rUpa 'se' aura ahama kA kartA kAraka 'hAM' dhyAna dene yogya hai| jaisA ki hama jAnate haiM, hAM apabhraMza bhASA kA vizeSa rUpa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu sUtrakAra ke samaya meM usakA prayoga to pracalita ho gayA thA, phira bhI vaha abhI taka apabhraMza kA vizeSa lakSaNa nahIM banA thaa| dvitIya pAda ke 26 sUtroM meM prAkRta meM svara-parivartanoM, zabdAdezoM va avyayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yahAM go kA gAvI Adeza va pUrvakAlika rUpoM ke liye kevala tu, tA, cca, TTa, tu, taNa, o aura ppi vibhaktiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| dUNa, UNa, va ya kA yahAM nirdeza nahIM hai| tIsare pAda ke 35 sUtroM meM vyaMjanoM ke viparivartanoM kA vidhAna hai| inameM dhyAna dene yogya niyama haiM-prathama varNa ke sthAna meM tRtIya kA Adeza, jaise eka egaM, pizAcI=visAjI, kRtaM-kadaM, pratiSiddhaM = padisiddhaM / pAda ke antima sUtra meM kaha diyA gayA hai ki ziSTaprayogAd vyavasthA arthAt zeSa vyavasthAeM ziSTa prayogAnusAra samajhanI caahiye| isa pAda ke anta meM sUtroM kI saMkhyA 66 pUrNa ho jAtI hai, aura hArnale sAhaba dvArA nirIkSita eka prAcIna prati ke Adi meM grantha meM 66 sUtroM kI hI sUcanA milatI hai| sambhava hai mUla vyAkaraNa yahIM samApta huA ho| kintu anya pratiyoM meM 4 sUtrAtmaka . caturtha pAda bhI milatA hai, jisake eka-eka sUtra meM kramaza: apabhraMza kA lakSaNa adhorepha kA lopa na honA, paizAcI meM r aura N ke sthAna para la aura n kA Adeza, mAgadhikA meM r aura s ke sthAna para la aura z Adeza, tathA zauraunI meM t ke sthAna para vikalpa se d kA Adeza batalAyA gayA hai| prAkRta-lakSaNa kA pUrvokta svarUpa nizcayataH usake vistAra, racanA va bhASA-svarUpa kI dRSTi se use upalabhya samasta prAkata vyAkaraNoM meM prAcInatama siddha karatA hai| isa

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa vyAkaraNa kA AgAmI samasta prAkRta vyAkaraNoM para bar3A gaMbhIra prabhAva par3A hai aura racanAzailI va viSayAnukrama meM vahAM isI kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai / caMDa ne prAkRta vyAkaraNakAroM ke liye mAno eka Adarza upasthita kara diyA / vararuci, hemacandra Adi vyAkaraNakAroM ne jo saMskRtabhASA meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhe, Adi meM prAkRta ke sAmAnya lakSaNa diye, aura anta meM zaurasenI Adi vizeSa prAkRtoM ke eka-eka ke vizeSa lakSaNa batalAye, vaha saba caMDa kA hI anukaraNa hai / hemacandra ne to caMDa ke hI anusAra apane vyAkaraNa ko cAra pAdoM meM hI. vibhakta kiyA hai, aura cUlikA paizAcI ko chor3a zeSa unhIM cAra prAkRtoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai, jinakA caMDa ne kiyA, aura caMDa ke samAna svayaM sUtroM kI vRtti bhI likhI / 183 prAkRta - lakSaNa ke pazcAt dIrghakAla taka kA koI jaina prAkRta vyAkaraNa nahIM milatA / samantabhadra kRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA ullekha milatA hai, kintu yaha grantha abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakA / samantabhadra kI eka vyAkaraNAtmaka racanA kA ullekha devanaMdi pUjyapAda kRta jainendra vyAkaraNa meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, jisase unake kisI saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA astitva siddha hotA hai / Azcarya nahIM jo samantabhadra ne aisA koI vyAkaraNa likhA ho, jisameM kramaza: saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA ho, jaisA ki Age calakara hemacandra kI kRti meM pAyA jAtA hai / hemacandra ( 12 vIM zatI) ne zabdAnuzAsana nAmaka vyAkaraNa likhA, jisake prathama sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta, tathA AThaveM adhyAya meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA / yaha vyAkaraNa upalabhya samasta prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM sabase adhika pUrNa aura suvyavasthita svIkAra kiyA gayA haiM / isake cAra pAda haiM / prathama pAda ke 271 sUtroM meM saMdhi, vyajaMnAnta zabda, anusvAra, liMga, bisarga svara - vyatyaya aura vyaMjana- vyatyaya; inakA kramase nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai / dvitIya pAda ke 218 sUtroM meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke viparivartana, samIkaraNa, svarabhakti, varNa-viparyaya, zabdAdeza taddhita, nipAta aura avyaya evaM tRtIya pAda ke 182 sUtroM meM kAraka vibhaktiyoM tathA kriyA racanA saMbaMdhI niyama batalAye gaye haiM / cauthe pAda meM 448 sUtra haiM, jinameM se prathama 259 sUtroM meM dhAtvAdeza aura phira zeSa meM kramazaH zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza bhASAoM ke vizeSa lakSaNa batalAye gaye haiM / anta ke 2 sUtroM meM yaha bhI kaha diyA hai ki prAkRtoM meM ukta lakSaNoM kA vyatyaya bhI pAyA jAtA hai; tathA jo bAta yahAM nahIM batalAI gaI, vaha saMskRtavat siddha samajhanI cAhiye / sUtroM ke atirikta usakI vRtti bhI svayaM hemacandra kUta hI hai, aura isake dvArA unhoMne sUtramata

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184 jaina sAhitya lakSaNoM ko bar3I vizadatA se udAharaNa de-dekara samajhAyA hai| Adi ke prastAvika sUtra athaprAkRtama kI vRtti vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai / isameM granthakAra ne prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti yaha dI hai ki prakRti saMskRta hai, aura usase utpanna va Agata prAkRta / spaSTataH yahAM unakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki prAkRta zabdoM kA anuzAsana saMskRta ke rUpoM ko Adarza mAnakara kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne yahAM prAkRta ke tatsama, tadbhava va dezI, ina tIna prakAra ke zabdoM ko bhI sUcita kiyA hai, aura usameM se saMskRta aura dezya ko chor3akara tadbhava zabdoM kI siddhi isa vyAkaraNa ke dvArA batalAne kI pratijJA kI hai| unhoMne tRtIya sUtra meM va anya aneka sUtroM kI vRtti meM ArSa prAkRta kA ullekha kiyA hai aura usake udAharaNa bhI diye haiM / ArSa se unakA abhiprAya usa arddhamAgadhI prAkRta se hai, jisameM jaina Agama likhe gaye haiN| hemacandra se pUrvakAlIna caMDakRta prAkRta-lakSaNa aura vararuci kRta prAkakRtaprakAza nAmaka vyAkaraNoM se hemavyAkaraNa kA milAna karane para donoM kI racanAzailI va viSayakrama prAyaH ekasA hI pAyA jAtA hai / tathApi 'haima' vyAkaraNa meM prAyaH sabhI prakriyAeM adhika vistAra se batalAI gaI haiM, aura unameM aneka naI vidhiyoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai, jo svAbhAvika hai; kyoMki hemacandra ke sammukha vararuci kI apekSA lagabhaga pAMca-chaha zatiyoM kA bhASAtmaka vikAsa aura sAhitya upasthita thA, jisakA unhoMne pUrA upayoga kiyA hai| cUlikApaizAcI aura apabhraMza kA ullekha vararuci ne nahIM kiyaa| hemacandra ne ina prAkRtoM ke bhI lakSaNa batalAye haiM, tathA apabhraMza bhASA kA nirUpaNa antima 118 sUtroM meM bar3e vistAra se kiyA hai; aura isase bhI bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina niyamoM ke udAharaNoM meM unhoMne apabhraMza ke pUre padya uddhRta kiye haiM, jinase usa kAla taka ke apabhraMza sAhitya kA bhI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| hemacanda ke pazcAt trivikrama, zrutasAgara aura zubhacanda dvArA likhita prAkRta vyAkaraNa pAye jAte haiM / kintu yaha saba racanA, zailI va viSaya kI apekSA hemacandra se Age nahIM bar3ha sake / apabhraMza kA nirUpaNa to utanI pUrNatA se koI bhI nahIM kara paayaa| hAM, udAharaNoM kI apekSA trivikrama kRta vyAkaraNa meM kucha maulikatA pAI jAtI hai| vyAkaraNa-saMskata-- jaina sAhitya meM upalabhya saMskRta vyAkaraNoM meM sabase adhika prAcIna jaindra vyAkaraNa hai, jisake kartA devanandi pUjyapAda kadambavaMzI rAjA duvinIta ke

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa 185 samakAlIna, ataeva 5 vIM-6 vIM zatI meM hue siddha hote haiM / yaha vyAkaraNa pAMca adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai, aura isa kAraNa paMcAdhyAyI bhI kahalAtA hai| isameM ekazeSa prakaraNa na hone ke kAraNa, kucha lekhakoM ne usakA anekazeSa vyAkaraNa nAma se bhI ullekha kiyA hai / pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi, akalaMkakRta tatvArtharAjavAtika aura vidyAnandi-kRta zlokavArtika meM isa vyAkaraNa ke sUtra ullikhita pAye jAte haiN| pratyeka adhyAya cAra pAdoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM kula milAkara 3000 sUtra pAye jAte haiM / isakI racanAzailI aura viSayakrama pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa ke hI samAna hai / jisa prakAra pANini ke pUrvatrAsiddham sUtra dvArA apane vyAkaraNa ko sapAda-saptAdhyAyI aura tripAdI, ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai, usI prakAra usI sUtra (5-3-27) ke dvArA yaha vyAkaraNa bhI sAdhadvipAda-caturAdhyAyI aura sArdhekapAdI meM vibhAjita pAI jAtI hai| tathApi isa vyAkaraNa meM apanI bhI aneka vizeSatAeM haiN| isameM vaidikI aura svara prakriyA ina do prakaraNoM ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| parantu pANini ke sUtroM meM jo apUrNatA thI, aura jisakI pUrti kAvyAyana va pataMjali ne vArtikoM va bhASya dvArA kI thI usakI yahAM sUtrapATha meM pati kara dI gaI hai / aneka saMjJAeM bhI nayI praviSTa kI gaI hai; jaise pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI prathamA, dvitIyA Adi kArakavibhaktiyoM ke liye yahAM vA, ip prAdi; niSThA ke liye ta, Amanepada ke liye da, pragRhya ke liye di, uttarapada ke liye dya Adi eka dhvanyAtmaka nAma niyata kiye gaye haiM / ina bIjAkSaroM dvArA sUtroM meM alpAkSaratA to avazya A gaI hai, kintu sAtha hI unake samajhane meM kaThinAI bhI bar3ha gaI hai| jainendra vyAkaraNa para svabhAvataH bahuta sA TIkA-sAhitya racA gyaa| zrutakIti kRta paMcavastu-prakriyA (13 vIM zatI) ke anusAra yaha vyAkaraNa rUpI prAsAda sUtrarUpI staMbhoM para khar3A hai; nyAsa isakI ratnamaya bhUmi hai; vRtti rUpa usake kapATa haiM; bhASya isakA zayyAtala haiM; aura TIkAyeM isake mAle (maMjileM) haiM; jinapara car3hane ke liye yaha paMcavastuka rUpI sopAna-patha nirmita kiyA jAtA hai / paMcavastu-prakriyA ke atirikta isa vyAkaraNa para abhayanandi kRta mahAvRtti ( 8 vIM zatI), prabhacanda kRta zadvAmbhojabhAskara nyAsa (11 vIM zatI), aura nemicandra kRta prAkriyAvatAra pAye jAte haiN| inake atirikta aura koI TIkA-graMtha isa para nahIM milate, kintu bhASya aura prAcIna TIkAeM honA avazya cAhiye / mahAcandrakRta laghujanendra, vaMzIdhara kRta jainendra-prakriyA va paM0 rAjakumAra kRta jainendralaghuvRtti hAla hI kI kRtiyAM haiM / upalabhya TIkAoM meM prabhayanandi kRta mahAvRtti bAraha hajAra zloka-pramANa haiM, aura bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiM, usameM aneka naye udAharaNa pAye jAte haiM jo aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI mahatvapUrNa haiN| inameM zAli

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186 jaina sAhitya bhadra, samantabhadra, siMhanaMdi, siddhasena, abhayakumAra, zreNika Adi nAmoM kA samAveza karake grantha meM jaina vAtAvaraNa nirmANa kara diyA gayA hai| unhoMne zrIdatta kA nAma, jo sUtra meM bhI AyA hai, bAraMbAra isa prakAra liyA hai jisase ve unase pUrva ke koI mahAn aura suvikhyAta vaiyAkaraNa pratIta hote haiN| vidyAnandi ne tatvArtha-zloka-vArtika meM zrIdatta kata jalpanirNaya kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisameM jalpa ke do prakAra batalAye gaye the / jinasena ne AdipurANa meM bhI unheM 'tapaHzrIdIptamUrti va 'vAdIbhakaNThIrava' kahakara namaskAra kiyA hai| jainendra vyAkaraNa kA parivardhita rUpa guNanandi kRta zabdArNava meM pAyA jAtA hai, jisameM 3700 sUtra arthAt mUla se 700 adhika sUtra haiM / jainendra sUtroM meM jo aneka kamiyAM thIM, unakI pUrti abhayanandi ne apanI mahAvRtti ke vArtikoM dvArA kii| guNanandi ne apane saMskaraNa meM una saba ke bhI sUtra banAkara jainendra vyAkaraNa ko apane kAla taka ke liye apane-Apa meM pUrNa kara diyA hai| yahAM vaha ekazeSa prakaraNa bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai, jisake abhAva ke kAraNa candrikA TIkA ke kartA ne mUla graMtha ko 'anekazeSa vyAkaraNa' kahA hai| yadyapi guNanandi nAma ke bahuta se muni hue haiM; tathApi zabdArNava ke kartA ve hI guNanandi pratIta hote haiM, jo zravaNa belgola ke aneka zilAlekhoM ke anusAra balAka piccha ke ziSya, tathA gRdhrapiccha ke praziSya the, evaM tarka, vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya ke mahAn vidvAna the / vAdi rAjasUri ne apane pArzva-carita meM inakA smaraNa kiyA hai| AdipaMpa ke guru devendra inake ziSya the| inakA samaya karnATaka-kavi-carita ke anusAra vi0 saM0 657 ThIka pratIta hotA hai| zabdArNava kI abhI taka do TIkAyeM prApta huI haiM--eka somadeva muni kRta .. zabdArNava-candrikA hai jo zaka saM0 1127 meM zilAhAra vaMzIya rAjA bhojadeva dvi0 ke kAla ke kharjurikA nAmaka grAma ke jina mandira meM likhI gaI thii| lekhaka ke kathanAnusAra unhoMne ise meghacandra ke ziSya nAgacandra (bhujaMgasudhAkara) aura unake ziSya haricandra yati ke liye racA thaa| dUsarI TIkA zabdArNava-prakriyA hai, jo bhrama-vaza jainendraprakriyA ke nAma se prakAzita huI hai / isameM kartA ne apanA nAma prakaTa nahIM kiyA; kintu apane ko zrutakItideva kA ziSya sUcita kiyA hai / anumAnata: ye zrutakIrti ve hI haiM, jinakI zravaNabelgolA ke 108 veM zilAlekha meM bar3I prazaMsA kI gaI hai, aura jinakA samaya vi0 saM0 1180 mAnA gayA hai / anumAnataH inake ziSya cArukIrti paMDitAcArya hI zabdArNava-prakriyA ke kartA haiM / upayukta paMcavastuprakriyA ke ko zrutakIrti bhI isa kartA ke gurU ho sakate haiN| isameM paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI

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saMskRta vyAkaraNa kevala yaha Apatti prakaTa kI hai ki prastuta prakriyA ke kartA ne apane guru ko kavipati batalAyA hai, vyAkaraNajJa nahIM / kintu yaha koI bar3I Apatti nahIM / 187 devanandi ke pazcAt dUsare saMskRta ke mahAna jaina vaiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana hue jinhoMne zabdAnuzAsana kI racanA rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa ke samaya meM kI, aura jisakA racanA - kAla zaka saM0 736 va. 789 ke bIca siddha hotA hai / eka TIkAkAra tathA pArzvanAtha carita ke kartA vAdicandra ne isa vyAkaraNa ke kartA kA pAlyakIrti nAma bhI sUcita kiyA hai / yaha nAma unhoMne sambhavataH isa kAraNa liyA jisase pANini dvArA smRta prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana se bhrAnti na ho / isa zabdAnuzAsana meM kartA ne una saba kamiyoM va truTiyoM kI pUrti kara dI hai, jo mUla jainendra vyAkaraNa meM pAI jAtI thI / aneka bAteM yahA~ maulika bhI haiM / udAharaNArtha, Adi meM hI isake pratyAhAra sUtra pANinIya paramparA se kucha bhinna haiM / RlRl ke sthAna para kevala Rk pATha hai, kyoMki R aura lR meM abheda svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / hayavaraT aura laN ko milAkara, vaT ko haTAkara yahAM eka sUtra banA diyA gayA hai, tathA upAntya sUtra za Sa sa r meM visarga, jihavAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gayA hai, ityAdi / jainendrasUtra va mahAvRtti meM 'pratyAhAra' sUtra pANinIya hI svIkAra karake calA gayA hai; kintu jainendra paramparA kI zabdArNavacandrikA meM ye zAkaTAyana 'pratyAhAra' sUtra svIkAra kiye gaye haiM / jainendra kA TIkAsAhitya zAkaTAyana kI kRti se bahuta upakRta huA pAyA jAtA hai; aura jAna par3atA hai isa adhika pUrNa vyAkaraNa ke hote hue bhI unhoMne jainendra kI paramparA ko akSuNNa rakhane ke hetu use isa AdhAra se apane kAlataka sampUrNa banAnA Avazyaka samajhA hai / zAkaTAyana ne svayaM apane sUtroM para vRtti bhI likhI hai, jise unhoMne apane samakAlIna amoghavarSa ke nAmase amoghavRtti kahA hai / isa vRtti kA pramANa 18000 zloka mAnA gayA hai / isakA 6000 zloka pramANa saMkSipta rUpa yakSavarmA kRta citAmaNi nAmaka laghIyasIvRtti meM milatA hai / isake viSaya meM kartA ne svayaM yaha dAvA kiyA hai ki indra, candrAdi zAbdoM ne jo bhI zabda kA lakSaNa kahA hai, vaha saba isameM hai; aura jo yahAM nahIM hai, vaha kahIM bhI nahIM / isameM gaNapATha, dhAtupATha, liMgAnuzAsana, uNAdi Adi niHzeSa prakaraNa haiM / isa niHzeSa vizeSaNa dvArA saMbhavataH unhoMne anekazeSa jainendra vyAkaraNa kI kiyA hai / yakSavarmA kA yaha bhI dAvA hai ki unakI bAlaka va abalA jana bhI nizcaya se eka varSa meM samasta vAGmaya ke vettA bana apUrNatA kI isa vRtti ke ora saMketa abhyAsa se

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188 jaina sAhitya sakate haiM / isa cintAmaNi vRtti para ajitasena kRta maNiprakAzikA nAmaka TIkA hai / mUla sUtroM para laghukaumudI ke samAna eka choTI TIkA dayApAla muni kRta rUpasiddhi hai / kartA ke guru matisAgara pArzvanAtha-carita ke kartA vAdirAja sUri ke samasAmayika hone se 11 vIM zatI ke siddha hote haiN| eka siddhAnta kaumudI ke DhaMga kI 'prakriyAsaMgraha' abhayacandra kRta prakAza meM A cukI hai (bambaI, 1907 eka aura TIkA hai vAdiparvatavajra bhAvasena vidyadevakRta zAkaTAyana TIkA hai / isake kartA anumAnataH ve hI haiM jinhoMne kAtaMtra kI rupamAla nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| tathA jinakA eka vizvatatvaprakAza nAmaka grantha bhI pAyA jAtA hai / amoghavRtti para prabhAcandra kRta nyAsa bhI hai, kintu abhI taka isake kevala do adhyAya prApta hue haiM / mAdhavIya dhAtuvRtti meM isake tathAsamantabhadrakRta citAmaNi viSama pada-TIkA ke avataraNa milate haiN| eka aura maMgarasakRta pratipada nAmaka TIkA ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| ___eka tIsarI vyAkaraNa-paramparA sarvavarmAkRta kAtaMtra vyAkaraNa sUtra se prAraMbha huI pAI jAtI hai / isake racanAkAla kA nizcaya nhiiN| kintu hai vaha ati prAcIna aura zAkaTAyana se bhI pUrva kI hai, kyoMki isakI TIkAoM ko paramparA durgasiMha se prArambha hotI hai, jo lagabhaga 800 I0 meM hue mAne jAte haiM / kAccAyana pAli-vyAkaraNa kI racanA meM kAtaMtra kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isakI racanA meM nAnA vizeSatAeM haiM, aura paribhASAoM meM bhI yaha pANini se bahuta kucha svatantra hai| isakI sUtra-saMkhyA 1400 se kucha adhika hai| durgasiMha kI vRtti para trilocanadAsa kRta vatti-vivaraNa paMjikA, aura usa para jinezvara ke ziSya jinaprabodha kRta 'vRttivivaraNapajikA-durgapadaprabodha' (vi0 saM0 1361 se pUrva) pAye jAte haiM / anya upalabhya TIkAyeM haiM dur3haka ke putra mahAdeva kRta zabdasiddhi vRtti (vi0 saM0 1340 se pUrva), mahendraprabha ke ziSya merutugasUri kRta bAlabodha (vi0 saM0 1444), vardhamAna kRta vistAra (vi0 saM0 1458 se pUrva), bhAvasena vidyakRta rupamAlAvRtti, gAlhaNakRta catuSkavRtti mokSezvara kRta AkhyAna-vRtti va pRthvIcandrasUri kRta vRtti / eka 'kAlApaka-vizeSa vyAkhyAna' bhI milatA hai, jisase mUlapatha kA nAma kAlApaka bhI pratIta hotA hai| eka padyAtmaka TIkA 3100 zloka-pramANa kaumAra-sammuccaya nAma kI bhI hai| kAtaMtra-saMmrama aura vidyAnandasUrikRta kAtantrottara nAmaka TIkAyeM bhI pAI gaI haiM; aura kucha anya bhI, jinameM kartA kA nAma nahIM / ina kRtiyoM meM kucha ke kartA ajaina vidvAn bhI pratIta hote haiN| ina saba racanAoM se isa vyAkaraNa kA acchA pracAra rahA siddha hotA hai / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki yaha jainendra va zAkaTAyana kI

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saMskRta vyAkaraNa 186 apekSA bahuta saMkSipta hai / cauthe mahAn jaina vaiyAkaraNa haiM hemacandra, jinakA zabdAnuzAsana apanI sarvAMga paripUrNatA va nAnA vizeSatAoM kI dRSTi se advitIya pAyA jAtA hai| isakI racanA unhoMne gujarAta ke cAlukyavaMzI rAjA siddharAja jayasiMha ke protsAhana se kI thI; aura usI ke upalakSya meM unhoMne usakA nAma siddha-haimazabdAnuzAsana rakhA / siddharAja kA rAjyakAla vi0 saM0 1151 se 1199 taka pAyA jAtA hai, aura yahI isa racanA kI kAlAvadhi hai| haima zabdAnuzAsana pANini ke aSTAdhyAyI ke samAna 4-4 pAdoM vAle ATha adhyAyoM meM likhA gayA hai / AThavAM adhyAya prAkRta-vyAkaraNa viSayaka hai, jisakA paricaya Upara diyA jA cukA hai| prathama sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI 3566 sUtra haiM, jinameM kramazaH saMjJA, saMdhi, kAraka, samAsa, AkhyAta, kRdanta aura taddhita kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| sUtroM ke sAtha apane gaNapATha, dhAtupATha, uNAdi aura liMgAnuzAsana bhI jur3e hue haiM, jisase yaha vyAkaraNa paMcAMgapUrNa hai / sUtra-racanA meM zAkaTAyana kA vizeSa anukaraNa pratIta hotA hai| yoM usapara apane se pUrva kI prAyaH sabhI jaina va ajaina vyAkaraNoM kI kucha na kucha chApa hai| isa para kartA ne svayaM chaha hajAra zloka pramANa laghuvRtti likhI hai, jo prAraMbhika adhyetAoM ke bar3e kAma kI hai; aura dUsarI aThAraha hajAra zlokapramANa vRhada-vatti bhI likhI hai; jo vidvAnoM ke liye haiN| isameM aneka prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke nAma lekara unake matoM kA vivecana bhI kiyA hai / ina pUrva vaiyAkaraNoM meM devanandi( jainendra) zAkaTAyana va durgasiMha (kAtaMtravRttikAra) bhI haiM; aura yAska, gArgya, pANini, pataMjali bhata hari, vAmana, jayAditya, kSIrasvAmI bhoja Adi bhii| udAharaNoM meM bhI bahuta kucha maulikatA pAI jAtI hai| vidhi-vidhAnoM meM kartA ne isameM apane kAla taka ke bhASAtmaka vikAsa kA samAveza karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai / uNAdi sUtroM para bhI kartA kA svopajJa vivaraNa hai, aura liMgAnuzAsana kI padyAtmaka racanA para bhii| kartA ne svayaM eka laghu aura dUsarA bRhat nyAsa bhI likhe the, jinakI bhI pratiyAM milatI hai| bRhatnyAsa kA pramANa nau hajAra zloka kahA jAtA hai / kintu vartamAna meM yaha kebala bhinnabhinna 8-6 pAdoM para 3400 zloka pramANa milatA hai| yaha samasta vyAkaraNa savA lAkha zloka pramANa prAMkA jAtA hai| bIsoM anya mahAkAya granthoM ke racayitA kI eka itanI vizAla racanA ko dekhakara hamAre jaise sAmAnya manuSyoM kI buddhi cakita hue binA nahIM rahatI; aura yahIM isa vyAkaraNa-sAmagrI kI samApti nahIM hotii| hemacandra ne apane dvayAzvayakAvya ke prathama bIsa sargoM meM isa vyAkaraNa ke kramabaddha udAharaNa bhI upasthita kiye haiN| aisI racanA para anya

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160 jaina sAhitya lekhakoM dvArA TIkA-TippaNI ke liye avakAza zeSa nahIM rhtaa| phira bhI isapara munizekharasUri kRta laghuvRttiDhuMThikA, kanakaprabhakRta laghunyAsa para durgapadavyAkhyA, vidyAkarakRta vahan-vRttidIpikA, ghanacandra kRta laghuvRtti-avacUri, abhayacandra kRta vRhavRtti-pravacUri evaM jinasAgara kRta dIpikA Adi koI do darjana nAnA prakaraNoM kI TIkAyeM upalabdha haiM, jinase isa kRti kI racanA ke prati vidvAnoM kA Adara va lokapracAra aura prasiddhi kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ inake atirikta aura bhI aneka saMskRta vyAkaraNa likhe gaye haiM, jaise malayagiri kRta zabdAnuzAsana apara nAma muSTivyAkaraNa svopajJa TIkA sahita; dAnavijaya kRta zabdabhUSaNa, Adi / kintu unameM pUrvokta granthoM kA hI anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai, aura koI racanA yA viSaya saMbaMdhI maulikatA nahIM pAI jaatii| chaMdaHzAstra-prAkRta jaina paramparA meM upalabhya chaMdaHzAstra viSayaka racanAoM meM nanditADhya kRta gAthA-lakSaNa, prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM caNDakRta prAkRta lakSaNa ke samAna, sarvaprAcIna pratIta hotA hai / grantha meM kartA ke nAma ke atirikta samayAdi saMbaMdhI koI sUcanA nahIM pAI jAtI, aura na abhI taka kisI pichale lekhakoM dvArA unakA nAmollekha sammukha AyA, jisase unakI kAlAvadhi kA kucha anumAna kiyA jA sake / tathApi kartA ke nAma, unakI prAkRta bhASA, grantha ke viSaya va racanA zailI para se ve ati prAcIna anumAna kiye jAte haiN| Arambha meM gAthA ke mAtrA, aMza Adi sAmAnya guNoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jisameM zara Adi saMjJAoM kA prayoga piMgala, virahAMka Adi chaMdaHzAstriyoM se bhinna pAyA jAtA hai / tatpazcAt gAthA ke pathyA, vipulA aura capalA, tathA capalA ke tIna prabheda aura phira unake udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| phira eka anya prakAra se vargoM ke hasvadIrghatva ke AdhAra para gAthA ke viprA, kSatriyA, vaizyA aura zUdrA, ye cAra bheda aura unake udAharaNa batalAye haiN| isake pazcAt akSara-saMkhyAnusAra gAthA ke chabbIsa bhedoM ke kamalA Adi nAma ginAkara phira unake lakSaNa diye gaye haiM, aura gAthA ke laghugurutva taula, prastAra, saMkhyA, nakSatra-graha Adi pratyaya batalAye gaye haiN| anta meM gAthA meM mAtrAoM kI kamI bar3hI se utpanna hone vAle usake gAthA, vigAthA, udgAthA gAthinI aura skaMdhaka, ina prabhedoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| ye prathama tIna nAma hemacandra Adi dvArA prayukta upagIti, udgIti aura gIti nAmoM kI apekSA adhika prAcIna pratIta hote haiM / grantha kA itanA viSaya usakA abhinna aura maulika aMza pratIta hotA hai,

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prAkRta chanda zAstra 161 jo lagabhaga 70 gAthAoM meM pUrA A gayA hai| kintu DA0 velaMkara dvArA sampAdita pATha meM 66 gAthAe~ haiN| adhika gAthAoM meM gAthA ke kucha udAharaNa, tathA 75 vI gAthA se Age ke paddhaDiyA Adi apabhraMza chaMdoM ke lakSaNa aura udAharaNa aise haiM jinheM vidvAn sampAdaka ne mUla grantha ke aMza na mAnakara, sakAraNa pIche jor3e gaye siddha kiyA hai| kintu unhoMne jina do gAthAoM ko maulika mAnakara una para kucha Azcarya kiyA hai, unakA yahAM vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / 38 veM padya meM gAthA ke daza bheda ginAye gaye haiN| kintu yathArtha meM uparyukta bheda to nau hI hote haiN| dasavAM mizra nAma kA bheda vahAM banatA hI nahIM hai / usakA jo udAharaNa diyA gayA hai, vaha mizra kA koI udAharaNa nahIM, aura use sampAdaka ne ThIka hI prakSipta anumAna kiyA hai| mere matAnusAra dasa bhedoM ko ginAne vAlI gAthA bhI prakSipta hI samajhanA cAhiye / jaba Upara nau bheda lakSaNoM aura udAharaNoM dvArA samajhAye jA cuke, taba yahAM unheM punaH ginAne kI aura unameM bhI eka aprAsaMgika bheda jor3a dene kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jaatii| kartA kI saMkSepa racanA-zailI meM usake liye koI avakAza bhI nahIM raha jaataa| ukta bhedoM kA mizra rUpa bhI kucha hotA hI hogA, isa bhrAnta dhAraNA se kisI pAThaka ne use jor3a kara grantha ko pUrA kara denA ucita samajhA, aura usakA manacAhA, bhale hI ayukta, vaha udAharaNa de diyA hogaa| gAthA 31 meM kahA gayA hai ki jaise vaizyAoM ke sneha, aura kAmIjanoM ke satya nahIM hotA; vaise hI nanditADhya dvArA ukta prAkRta meM jiha, kiha, tiha, nahIM haiM / svayaM granthakAra dvArA apane Upara hI isa anucita upamA para DA0 velaMkara ne svabhAvataH Azcarya prakaTa kiyA hai, tathApi use grantha kA maulika bhAga mAnakara anumAna kiyA hai ki granthakAra jaina yati hotA huA Agamokta gAthA chaMda kA pakSapAtI thA, aura apabhraMza bhASA va chaMdoM kI ora tiraskAra dRSTi rakhatA thaa| kintu merA anumAna hai ki yaha gAthA bhI grantha kA mUlAMza nahIM, aura vaha apabhraza kA tiraskAra karane vAle dvArA nahIM, kintu usake kisI vizeSa pakSapAtI dvArA jor3I gaI hai, jise apane kAla ke lokapriya aura vAstavika apabhraMza rUpoM kA isa racanA meM abhAva khaTakA, aura usane kartA para yaha vyaMga mAra diyA ki unakA prAkata eka vezyA va kAmuka ke sadaza ukta prayogoM kI priyatA aura satyatA se hIna pAyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra ukta padya kA anaucitya doSa puSTArthatA guNa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, aura granthakartA apabhraMza ke mati anucita aura aprAsaMgika vidveSa ke aparAdha se baca jAte haiN| isa grantha kI do TIkAe~ milI haiM, eka ratnacandrakRta aura dUsarI ajJAtakartRka avacUri / ina donoM meM samasta prakSipta anumAna kI jAne vAlI gAthAeM svIkAra kI gaI haiM, jisase

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192 jaina sAhitya pratIta hotA hai ki ve unase pUrva samAviSTa ho gaI thiiN| anya prAcIna pratiyoM kI bar3I AvazyakatA hai / / prAkRta meM chaMdaHzAstra kA kucha sarvAMgINa nirUpaNa karane vAle suprAcIna kavi svayaMbhU pAye jAte haiM, jinake paumacariu aura harivaMzacariu nAmaka apabhraMza purANoM kA paricaya pahale karAyA jA cukA hai, aura jisake anusAra unakA racanAkAla 7-8 vIM zatI siddha hotA hai / svayaMbhUchaMdasa kA patA hAla hI meM calA hai, aura usa eka mAtra hastalikhita prati meM Adi ke 22 patra na mila sakane se grantha kA utanA bhAga anupalabdha hai / yaha grantha mukhyataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai, eka prAkRta aura dUsarA apabhraMza viSayaka / prAkRta chaMdoM kA nirUpaNa tIna paricchedoM meM kiyA gayA hai Adividhi, ardhasama aura visamavRtta; tathA apabhraMza kA nirUpaNa ucchAhAdi chappaajAti, cauppaa, duvaa, zeSa dvipadI aura utthakka Adi / isa prakAra isameM kula 6 pariccheda haiN| prAkRta chaMdoM meM prathama pariccheda ke bhItara zakvarI Adi 13 prakAra ke 63 chaMdoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jinameM 14 akSaroM se lekara 26 akSaroM taka ke cAra caraNa hote haiN| 1 se 13 akSaroM taka ke vRttoM kA svarUpa aprApta aMza meM rahA hogaa| isase adhika akSaroM ke vRtta daNDaka kahe gaye haiN| dUsare pariccheda meM vegavatI Adi ardhasama vRttoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jinake prathama aura dvitIya caraNa paraspara bhinna va tIsare aura cauthe ke sadaza hote haiN| tIsare pariccheda meM udgatAdi viSama vRttoM kA varNana hai, jinake cAroM caraNa paraspara bhinna hote haiM / apabhraMza chaMdoM meM pahale utsAha, dohA aura usake bheda, mAtrA, raDDA Adi 12 vRttoM kA, phira pAMcaveM pariccheda meM chaha padoM vAle dhruvaka, jAti, upajAti Adi 24 chaMdoM kA, chaThe meM sau argha sama aura ATha sarvasama, aise 12 catuSpadI dhra vaka chaMdoM kA, sAtaveM meM 40 prakAra kI dvipadI kA, AThaveM meM cAra se dasa mAtrAoM taka kI zeSa dasa dvipadiyoM kA, aura anta meM utthavaka, dhra vaka, chaDDanikA aura dhattA Adi vRttoM kA nirU paNa kiyA gayA hai| svayaMbhU-chaMdas kI apanI aneka vizeSatAeM haiM / eka to usakI samasta racanA aura samasta udAharaNa prAkRta-apabhraMzAtmaka haiN| dUsare, unhoMne mAtrA gaNoM ke liye apanI maulika saMjJAeM jaise da, ta, ca Adi prayukta kI haiN| tIsare, unhoMne akSara aura mAtrA-gaNoM meM koI bheda nahIM kiyA; tathA saMskRta ke akSara-gaNa vRttoM ko bhI prAkRta ke da mAtrA-gaNa ke rUpa meM darzAyA hai / cauthe, svayaMbhU ne pAda bIca yati ke sambandha meM do paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM se mAMDavya, bharata, kazyapa, aura saitava ne yati nahIM maanii| svayaMbhU ne apane ko isI paramparA kA prakaTa kiyA hai| aura pAMcaveM, unhoMne jo udAharaNa diye haiM, ve unake samaya

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prAkRta chaMdazAstra 163 ke prAkata loka-sAhitya meM se, binA kisI dhArmika va sAmpradAyika bheda bhAva ke liye haiM, aura adhikAMza ke sAtha unake kartAoM kA bhI ullekha kara diyA hai| kula udAharaNAtmaka padyoM kI saMkhyA 206 hai, jinameM se 128 prAkata ke aura zeSa apabhraMza ke haiN| ullikhita kaviyoM kI saMkhyA 58 hai| jinameM sabase adhika padyoM ke kartA suddhasahAva (zuddhasvabhAva) aura suddhasIla pAye jAte haiM / Azcarya nahIM, ve donoM eka hI hoN| zeSa meM kucha paricita nAma haiM-kAlidAsa, govinda, caumuha, mayUra, vetAla, hAla Adi / do strI kaviyoM ke nAma rAhA aura vijjA dhyAna dene yogya haiN| apabhraza ke udAharaNoM meM govinda aura catumuMkha kI kRtiyoM kI pradhAnatA hai, aura una para se unakI kramazaH harivaMza aura rAmAyaNa viSayaka racanAoM kI saMbhAvanA hotI hai| uparyukta pratyeka pariccheda ke antima padya meM svayaMbhU ne apanI racanA ko paMcaMsasArabhUtaM kahA hai, jisase unakA abhiprAya hai ki unhoMne apanI isa racanA meM gaNoM kA vidhAna dvimAtrika se lekara chaha mAtrika taka pAMca prakAra se kiyA hai| kavivarpaNa nAmaka prAkRta chanda-zAstra ke kartA kA nAma ajJAta hai / isakA sampAdana eka mAtra tADapatra prati para se kiyA gayA hai, jisake Adi aura anta ke patra aprApta hone se donoM ora kA kucha bhAga ajJAta hai / kartA kA bhI prApta aMza se koI patA nahIM calatA / sAtha meM saMskRta TIkA bhI milI hai, kintu usake bhI kartA kA koI patA nhiiN| tathApi nandiSeNakRta ajita-zAntistava ke TIkAkAra jinaprabhasUri ne isa grantha kA jo nAmollekha va usake 34 padya uddhRta kiye haiM, usa para se itanA nizcita hai ki usakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1365 se pUrva hai| grantha meM ratnAvalI ke kartA harSadeva, hemacandra, siddharAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla Adi ke nAma Aye haiM, jinase grantha kI pUrvAvadhi 13 vIM zatI nizcita ho jAtI hai / arthAt yaha grantha IsvI san 1972 aura 1308 ke bIca kabhI likhA gayA hai / grantha meM chaha uddeza haiN| prathama uddeza meM mAtrA aura varNa gaNoM kA, dUsare meM mAtrA chaMdoM kA, tIsare meM varNa-vRttoM kA, cauthe meM 26 jAtiyoM kA, pAMcaveM meM vaitAlIya Adi 11 ubhayachaMdoM kA aura chaThe meM chaha pratyayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kula milAkara 24 sama, 15 arghasama aura 13 mizra arthAt 52 prAkRta chaMdoM kA yahAM nirUpaNa hai, jo spaSTa hI apUrNa hai; vizeSataH jaba ki isakI racanA svayaMbhU aura hemacandra kI kRtiyoM ke pazcAt huI hai| tathApi lekhaka kA uddezya saMpUrNa chaMdoM kA nahIM, kintu unake kucha supracalita rUpoM mAtra kA prarUpaNa karanA pratIta hote haiM / udAharaNoM kI saMkhthA 69 hai, jo sabhI svayaM granthakAra ke svanirmita pratIta hote haiN| TIkA meM anya 61 udAharaNa pAye jAte haiM, jo anyatra se uddha ta haiN| dvitIya uddeza antargata mAtrAvRttoM kA

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164 jaina sAhitya nirUpaNa bahuta kucha to hemacandra ke anusAra hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM kucha maulikatA pAI jAtI hai| chaMdaHkoSa ke kartA ratnazekhara nAgapurIya tapAgaccha ke hematilakasUri ke ziSya the, jinakA janma, paTTAvalI ke anusAra, vi0 saM0 1372 meM huA thA, tathA jinakI anya do racanAyeM zrIpAlacaritra (vi0 saM0 1428) aura guNasthAnakramAroha (vi0 saM0 1447) prakAzita ho cukI haiN| grantha meM kula 74 prAkata va apabhraMza padya haiM aura inameM kramazaH laghu-guru akSaroM va akSara gaNoM kA, ATha varNavattoM kA, 30 mAtrA-vRttoM kA, aura anta meM gAthA va usake bhedaprabhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta-piMgala meM jo 40 mAtrAvRtta pAye jAte haiM, unase prastuta grantha ke 15 vatta sarvathA navIna haiM / inake lakSaNa va udAharaNa saba apabhraMza meM haiM, va eka hI padya meM donoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai / gAthAoM ke lakSaNa Adi prAkRta gAthAoM meM haiN| apabhraMza chaMdoM ke nirUpaka padyoM meM bahuta se padya anyatra se uddhata kiye hue pratIta hote haiM, kyoMki inake sAtha unake kartAoM ke nAma, jaise gulha, arjuna, piMgala Adi jur3e hue haiN| inameM piMgala ke nAma para se sahaja hI anumAna hotA hai ki chaMdaHkoza ke kartA ne ve padya upalabhya prAkRtapiMgala meM se liye hogeM, kintu bAta aisI nahIM hai| ve padya isa prAkata piMgala meM nahIM milate / kucha padya aise bhI haiM jo yahAM gulha kavi kata yA binA kisI kartA ke nAma ke pAye jAte haiM, aura ve hI padya prAkRta piMgala meM piMgala ke nAma-nirdeza sahita vidyamAna haiN| isase vidvAn sampAdaka DaoN0 velanakara ne yaha ThIka hI anumAna kiyA hai ki yathArthataH donoM ne hI unheM anyatra se liyA hai; kintu ratnazekhara ne unheM sacAI se jyoM kA tyoM rahane diyA hai, aura piMgala ne pUrva kartA kA nAma haTAkara apanA nAma samAviSTa kara diyA hai| piMgala ko vartamAna racanA meM se ratnazekhara dvArA avataraNa liye jAne kI yoM bhI saMbhAvanA nahIM rahatI, kyoMki piMgala meM ratnazekhara se pazcAtkAlIna ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / ataeva siddha hotA hai ki piMgala kI jisa racanA kA chandaHkoza meM upayoga kiyA gayA hai, vaha vartamAna prAkata piMgala se pUrva kI koI bhinna hI racanA hogI, jaisA ki anya aneka piMgala sambandhI ullekhoM se bhI pramANita hotA hai| saMskRta meM racita hemacandra kata chaMdonuzAsana (13vIM zatI) kA ullekha chaMda cUr3AmaNi nAma se bhI AtA hai / yaha racanA ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai, aura usapara svopajJa TIkA bhI hai| isa racanA meM hemacandra ne, jaisA unhoMne apane vyAkaraNAdi granthoM meM kiyA hai, yathAzakti apane samaya taka AviSkRta tathA pUrvA

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saMskRta chaMdazAstra cAryoM dvArA nirUpita samasta saMskRta, prAkRta, aura apabhraMza chaMdoM kA samAveza kara dene kA prayatna kiyA hai, bhale hI ve unake samaya meM pracAra meM rahe hoM yA nahIM / bharata aura piMgala ke sAtha unhoMne svayaMbhU kA bhI Adara se smaraNa kiyA ' hai / mANDavya, bharata, kAzyapa, saitava, jayadeva, Adi prAcIna chaMdaH zAstra praNetAoM ke ullekha bhI kiye haiM / unhoMne chaMdoM ke lakSaNa to saMskRta meM likhe haiM, kintu unake udAharaNa unake prayogAnusAra saMskRta, prAkRta yA apabhraMza meM diye haiM / udAharaNa unake svanirmita haiM; kahIM se uddhRta kiye hue nahIM / hemacandra ne aneka aise prAkRta chaMdoM ke nAma lakSaNa aura udAharaNa bhI diye haiM, jo svayaMbhU-chaMdas meM nahIM pAye jAte / svayaMbhU ne jahAM 1 se 26 akSaroM taka ke vRttoM ke lagabhaga 100 bheda kiye haiM, vahAM hemacandra ne unake 286 bheda-prabheda batalAye haiM, jinameM daNDaka sammilita nahIM haiM / saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke samasta prakAra ke chaMdoM ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM va udAharaNoM ke liye yaha racanA eka mahAkoSa hai / chaMdaHzAstra-saMskRta saMskRta meM anya bhI aneka chaMda viSayaka grantha pAye jAte haiM, jaise nemi ke putra vAgbhaTa kRta 5 adhyAyAtmaka chaMdonuzAsana, jisakA ullekha kAvyAnuzAsana meM pAyA jAtA hai; jayakIrti kRta chaMdonuzAsana, jo vi0 saM0 1992 kI racanA hai / jinadatta ke ziSya amaracandra kRta chaMdo- ratnAvalI, ratnamaMjUSA aparanAma chaMdoMviciti ke kula 12 adhyAyoM meM ATha adhyAyoM para TIkA bhI milatI hai, Adi ina racanAoM meM bhI apanI kucha vizeSatAeM haiM, tathApi zAstrIya dRSTi se unake sampUrNa viSaya kA prarUpaNa pUrvokta granthoM meM samAviSTa pAyA jAtA hai / 165 koSa-prAkRta prAkRta koSoM meM sarvaprAcIna racanA dhanapAla kRta paiyalacchI- nAmamAlA hai, jo usakI prazasti ke anusAra kartA ne apanI kaniSTha bhaginI sundarI ke liye dhArAnagarI meM vi0 saM0 1026 meM likhI thI, jabaki mAlava narendra dvArA mAnyakheTa lUTA gayA thA / yaha ghaTanA anya aitihAsika pramANoM se bhI siddha hotI hai / dhArA nareza harSadeva ke eka zilAlekha meM ullekha hai ki usane rASTrakUTa rAjA khoTigadeva kI lakSmI kA apaharaNa kiyA thaa| isa koSa meM amarakoSa kI rIti se prAkRta padyoM meM lagabhaga 1000 prAkRta zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI zabda koI 250 gAthAoM diye gaye haiM / prAraMbha meM kamalAsanAdi 18 nAma-paryAya eka-eka gAthA meM, phira lokAgra Adi 167 taka nAma AdhI-AdhI gAthA meM, tatpazcAt 567 taka eka

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166 jaina sAhitya eka caraNa meM, aura zeSa chinna arthAt eka gAthA meM kahIM cAra kahIM pAMca aura kahIM chaha nAma kahe gaye haiM / grantha ke ye hI cAra pariccheda kahe jA sakate haiN| adhikAMza nAma aura unake paryAya tadbhava haiN| sacce dezI zabda adhika se adhika paMcamAMza hoNge| dUsarA prAkRta koSa hemacandra kRta dezI-nAma-mAlA hai / yathArthata: isa grantha kA nAma svayaM kartA ne kRti ke Adi va anta meM spaSTataH vezI-zabda-saMgraha sUcita kiyA hai, tathA anta kI gAthA meM use ratnAvalI nAma se kahA hai / kintu grantha ke prathama sampAdaka DA0 pizaila ne kucha hastalikhita pratiyoM ke AdhAra se ukta nAma hI adhika sArthaka samajhakara svIkAra kiyA hai, aura pIche prakAzita samasta saMskaraNoM meM isakA yahI nAma pAyA jAtA hai| isa koSa me apane DhaMga kI eka paripUrNa krama-vyavasthA kA pAlana kiyA gayA hai / kula gAthAoM kI saMkhyA 783 hai, jo ATha vargoM meM vibhAjita haiM, aura unameM kramaza: svarAdi, kavargAdi, cavargAdi TavargAdi, tavargAdi, pavargAdi, yakArAdi aura sakArAdi zabdoM ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / sAtaveM varga ke Adi meM koSakAra ne kahA hai ki isa prakAra kI nAma-vyavasthA vyAkaraNa meM prasiddha nahIM hai, kintu jyotiSa zAstra meM prasiddha hai; aura usI kA yahAM Adara kiyA gayA hai| ina vargoM ke bhItara zabda puna: unakI akSara-saMkhyA arthAt do, tIna cAra, va pAMca akSaroM vAle zabdoM ke krama se rakhe gaye haiM, aura ukta saMkhyAtmaka zabdoM ke bhItara bhI akArAdi varNAnukrama kA pAlana kiyA gayA hai / isa krama se ekArthavAcI zabdoM kA AkhyAna ho jAne para phira unhIM akArAdi khaMDoM ke hI bhItara isI krama se anekArthavAcI zabdoM kA AkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| isa kramapaddhati ko pUrNatA se samajhane kelaye prathama varga kA udAharaNa lIjiye / isameM Adi kI chaThI gAthA taka do, 16 taka tIna, 37 taka cAra aura 46 vIM gAthA taka pAMca akSaroM vAle akArAdi zabda kahe gaye haiN| phira 60 taka akArAdi, zabdoM ke do akSarAdi krama se unake anekArtha zabda saMgrahita haiN| phira 72 taka ekArthavAcI aura 76 taka anekArthavAcI AkArAdi zabda haiM / phira isI prakAra 83 taka ikArAdi, 84 meM IkArAdi, 136 taka ukArAdi, 143 meM UkArAdi, 148 taka ekArAdi, aura antima 174 vIM gAthA taka okArAdi zabdoM ke krama se ekArtha va anekArthavAcI zabdoM kA cayana kiyA gayA hai / yahI krama zeSa saba vargoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| sphuTapatraka praNAlI (kArDiga sisTema) ke binA yaha krama-paripAlana asaMbhava sA pratIta hotA hai; ataeva yaha paddhati jyotiSa zAstriyoM aura hemacandra va unakI praNAlI ke pAlaka vyAkaraNoM meM avazya pracalita rahI hogii|

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prAkRta koza dezInAmamAlA meM zabdoM kA cayana bhI eka vizeSa siddhAntAnusAra kiyA gayA hai / kartA ne Adi meM kahA hai ki je lakkhaNe Na siddhA Na pasiddhA sakkayAhihANesu / raNa ya gauDalakkhaNAsattisaMbhavA te iha NibaddhA ||3|| arthAt jo zabda na to unake saMskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM dvArA siddha hote, na saMskRta koSoM meM milate, aura na alaMkAra - zAstra - prasiddha gauDI lakSaNA zakti se abhISTa artha dete, unheM hI dezI mAnakara isa koSa meM nibaddha kiyA hai / isa para bhI yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kyA deza deza kI nAnA bhASAoM meM pracalita va ukta zreNiyoM meM na Ane vAle samasta zabdoM ke saMgraha karane kI yahAM pratijJA kI gaI hai ? isakA uttara agalI gAthA meM granthakAra ne diyA hai ki desavisesapasiddhIi bhaNNAmANA aNatayA huMti / tamhA anAi - pAiya-payaTTa-bhAsAvisesano desI // 4 // 167 arthAt bhinna-bhinna dezoM meM prasiddha zabdoM ke AkhyAna meM laga jAyaM, taba to ve zabda ananta pAye jAte haiM / ataeva yahAM kevala unhIM zabdoM ko dezI mAnakara grahaNa kiyA gayA hai jo anAdikAla se pracalita va vizeSa rUpa se prAkRta kahalAne vAlI bhASA meM pAye jAte haiM / isase koSakAra kA dezI se abhiprAya spaSTataH una zabdoM se hai jo prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA aura usakI boliyoM meM pracalita haiM, tathApi na to vyAkaraNoM se yA alaMkAra kI rIti se siddha hote, aura na saMskRta ke koSoM meM pAye jAte haiM / isa mahAna kArya meM udyata hone kI preraNA unheM kahAM se milI, usakA bhI kartA ne dUsarI gAthA aura usakI svopajJa TIkA meM spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA hai / jaba unhoMne upalabhya niHzeSa dezI zAstroM kA parizIlana kiyA, taba unheM jJAta huA ki koI zabda hai to sAhitya kA, kintu usakA pracAra meM kucha aura hI artha ho rahA hai, kisI zabda meM varNoM kA anukrama nizcita nahIM hai; kisI ke prAcIna aura vartamAna deza-pracalita artha meM visaMvAda (virodha) hai; tathA kahIM gatAnugati se kucha kA kucha artha hone lagA hai / taba AcArya ko yaha AkulatA utpanna huI ki are, aise apabhraSTa zabdoM kI kIcar3a meM phaMse hue logoM kA kisa prakAra uddhAra kiyA jAya ? basa, isI kutUhalavaza ve isa dezI zabdasaMgraha ke kArya meM pravRtta ho gaye / dezI zabdoM ke sambandha kI ina sImAoM kA koSakAra ne bar3I sAvadhAnI se pAlana kiyA hai; jisakA kucha anumAna hameM unakI svayaM banAI huI TIkA ke

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198 jaina sAhitya avalokana para se hotA hai| udAharaNArtha; grantha ke prArambha meM hI 'ajja' zabda grahaNa kiyA hai aura usakA prayoga 'jina' ke artha meM batalAyA hai / TIkA meM prazna uThAyA hai ki 'ajja' to svAmI kA paryAyavAcI Arya zabda se siddha ho jAtA haiM ? isakA uttara unhoMne yaha diyA ki use yahA~ grantha ke Adi meM maMgalavAcI samajha kara grahaNa kara liyA hai| 18 vI gAthA meM 'aviNayavara' zabda jAra ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| TIkA meM kahA hai ki isa zabda kI vyutpatti 'avinaya-vara' se hote hue bhI saMskRta meM usakA yaha artha prasiddha nahIM hai, aura isaliye use yahAM dezI mAnA gayA hai| 67 vI gAthA meM 'AraNAla' kA artha kamala batalAyA gayA hai / TIkA meM kahA gayA hai ki usakA vAcika artha yahA~ isaliye nahIM grahaNa kiyA kyoMki vaha saMskRtodbhava hai / 'Asiyaa' lohe ke ghar3e ke artha meM batalAkara TIkA meM kahA hai ki kucha loga ise ayas se utpanna Ayasika kA apabhraMza rUpa bhI mAnate haiM, ityAdi / ina TippaNoM para se koSakAra ke apane pUrvokta siddhAnta ke pAlana karane kI nirantara cintA kA AbhAsa mila jAtA hai| unakI saMskRta TIkA meM isa prakAra se zabdoM ke spaSTIkaraNa va vivecana ke atirikta gAthAoM ke dvArA ukta dezI zabdoM ke prayoga ke udAharaNa bhI diye haiN| aisI kula gAthAoM kI saMkhyA 634 pAI jAtI hai| inameM 75 pratizata gAthAeM zRMgArAtmaka haiM / lagabhaga 65 gAthAeM kumArapAla kI prazaMsA viSayaka haiM, aura zeSa anya / ye saba svayaM hemacandra kI banAI huI pratIta hotI hai / zabda vivecana ke sambandha meM abhimAnacinha, avantisundarI, gopAla, devarAja, droNa, dhanapAla, pAThodUkhala, pAdaliptAcArya, rAhulaka, zAmba, zIlAMka aura sAtavAhana. ina 12 zAstrakAroM tathA sArataradezI aura abhimAmacinha, ina do dezI zabdoM ke sUtra-pAThoM ke ullekha milate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dezI zabdoM ke aneka koSa granthakAra ke sammukha upasthita the / Adi kI dUsarI gAthA kI TIkA meM lekhaka ne batalAyA hai ki pAdaliptAcArya Adi dvArA viracita dezI zAstroM ke hote hue bhI unhoMne kisa prayojana se yaha grantha likhA / uparyukta nAmoM meM se dhanapAla kRta 'pAi-lacchInAmamAlA' koSa to milatA hai, kintu zeSa kA koI patA nahIM calatA / TIkA meM kucha avataraNa aise bhI haiM jo dhanapAla kRta kahe gaye haiM; kintu ve unakI upalabhya kRti meM nahIM milate / mRcchakaTika ke TIkAkAra lAlA dIkSita ne 'dezI-prakAza' nAmaka dezI koSa kA avataraNa diyA hai, tathA kramadIzvara ne apane saMkSipta-sAra meM 'dezIsAra' nAmaka dezI koSa kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu durbhAgyataH ye saba mahatvapUrNa grantha aba nahIM milate / dezI-nAmamAlA ke prathama sampAdaka DA0 pizala ne isa koSa kI udAharaNAtmaka gAthAoM ke bhraSTa pAThoM kI bar3I zikAyata kI thii| pro. muralIghara banarjI ne apane saMskaraNa meM pAThoM kA bahuta kucha saMzodhita rUpa

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saMskRta koza 166 upasthita kiyA hai, kintu aneka gAthAoM ke saMzodhana kI abhI bhI AvazyakatA hai| koSa meM saMgrahIta nAmoM kI saMkhyA prophe0 banarjI ke anusAra 3978 hai, jinameM ve yathArtha dezI kevala 1500 mAnate haiN| zeSa meM 100 tatsama, 1850 tadbhava aura 528 saMzayAtmaka tadbhava zabda batalAte haiM / ukta dezI zabdoM meM unake matAnusAra 800 zabda to bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM, kintu zeSa 700 ke srota kA koI patA nahIM cltaa| taa|' koza-saMskRta___ saMskata ke prAcInatama jaina kozakAra dhanaMjaya pAye jAte haiN| inakI do racanAeM upalabdha haiM eka nAmamAlA aura dUsarI anekArthanAmamAlA / inakI banAI haI nAmamAlA ke anta meM kavi ne akaMlaka kA pramANa, pUjyapAda kA lakSaNa (vyAkaraNa) aura dvisaMdhAna kartA arthAt svayaM kA kAvya, isa ratnatraya ko apUrva kahA hai / isa ullekha para se koSa ke racanAkAla kI pUrvAvadhi AThavIM zatI nizcita ho jAtI hai| anekArtha nAmamAlA kA 'hetAvevaM prakArAdi' zloka vIrasena kRta dhavalA TIkA meM uddha ta pAyA jAtA hai, jisakA racanAkAla zaka saM0 738 hai / isa prakAra ina koSoM kA racanAkAla I0 san 780-816 ke bIca siddha hotA hai| nAmamAlA meM 206 zloka haiM, aura inameM saMgrahIta ekArthavAcI zabdoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 2000 hai / koSakAra ne apanI sarala aura sundara zailI dvArA yathAsambhava aneka zabda-samUhoM kI sUcanA thor3e se zabdoM dvArA kara dI hai| udAharaNArtha, zloka 5 aura 6 meM bhUmi Adi pRthvI ke 27 paryAyavAcI nAma ginAye haiM, aura phira sAtaveM zloka meM kahA hai tatparyAyadharaH zailaH tatparyAyapatipaH / tatparyAyaraho vRkSaH zabdamanyacca yojayet // isa prakAra isa eka paloka dvArA koSakAra ne parvata, rAjA, aura vRkSa, inake 27-27 paryAyavAcI 81 nAmoM kI sUcanA eka choTe se zloka dvArA kara dI hai| isI prakAra 15 veM zloka meM jala ke 18 paryAyavAcI nAma ginAkara 16 veM zloka meM ukta nAmoM ke sAtha cAra jor3akara matsya, da jor3akara dhana, ja jor3akara padma aura dhara jor3akara samudra, inake 18-18 nAma banA lene kI sUcanA kara dI hai| anekArtha-nAmamAlA meM kula 46 zloka haiM, jinameM lagabhaga 60 zabdoM ke aneka arthoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / jaina sAhitya ke isa saMkSipta paricaya se hI spaSTa ho jAyagA ki usake

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200 jaina sAhitya dvArA bhAratIya sAhitya kI kisa prakAra paripuSTi huI hai| usakA zeSa bhAratIya dhArA se mela bhI hai, aura bhASA, viSaya va zailI sambandhI apanA mahAn vaiziSTya bhI hai jisako jAne binA hamArA jJAna adhUrA raha jAtA hai / jaina sAhitya abhI bhI na to pUrA-pUrA prakAza meM AyA aura na avagata huaa| zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM saikar3oM, Azcarya nahIM sahastroM, graMtha abhI bhI aise par3e haiM jo prakAzita nahIM hue, va jinake nAma kA bhI patA nahIM hai / prakAzita sAhitya ke bhI AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, anuvAdAdi ke kSetra meM vidvAnoM ke prayAsa ke liye paryApta avakAza hai|

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jina prAkRta bhASAoM-ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza-kA ullekha jaina sAhitya ke paricaya meM yathAsthAna kiyA va svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai unake kucha sAhityika avataraNa anuvAda sahita yahAM prastuta kiye jAte haiM / avataraNa-1 ardhamAgadhI prAkRta pucchisu NaM samaNA mAhANA ya agAriNo ya parititthiyA ya / se kei negantahiyaM dhammamAhu aNelisaM sAhu samikkhayAe // 1 // kahaM ca nANaM kaha daMsaNaM se sIlaM kahaM nAyasuyassa Asi / jANAsi NaM bhikkhu jahAtaheNaM ahAsuyaM brUhi jahA nisaMtaM // 2 // kheyannae se kusalAsupanne anantanANI ya anntdNsii| jasaMsiNo cakkhupahe Thiyassa jANAhi dhammaM ca dhiiM ca pehi // 3 // uDhDaM ahe ya tiriyaM disAsu tasA ya je thAvara je ya paannaa| se niccaniccehi samikkha panne dIve va dhamma samiyaM udAhu // 4 // se savvadaMsI abhibhUyanANI nirAmagaMdhe dhiimaM ThiyappA / aNuttare savvajagaMsi vijjaM gaMthA aIe abhae aNAU // 5 // se bhUipanne aNieacArI ohaMtare dhIre aNaMtacakkhU / aNuttaraM tappai sUrie vA vairoyaNide va tamaM paNAse // 6 // ( sUyagaDaM 1, 6, 1-6)

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202 . jaina sAhitya (anuvAda) zramaNa, brAhmaNa, gRhastha tathA anyadharmAvalaMbiyoM ne (gaNadhara svAmI se) pUchA-ve kauna haiM jinhoMne sundara samIkSA pUrvaka isa sampUrNa hitakArI asAdhAraNa dharma kA upadeza diyA hai ? isa dharma ke upadeSTA jJAtaputra (mahAvIra) kA kaisA jJAna thA, kaisA darzana aura kaisA zIla thA ? he bhikSu, tuma yathArtha rUpa se jAnate ho| jaisA sunA ho, aura jaisA dhAraNa kiyA ho, vaisA kaho / isapara gaNadhara svAmI ne kahA-ve bhagavAn mahAvIra kSetrajJa (arthAt prAtmA aura vizva ko jAnane vAle) the; kuzala AzuprajJa, anaMtajJAnI va anaMtadarzI the| una yazasvI, sAkSAt arahaMta avasthA meM sthita, bhagavAn dvArA upadiSTa dharma aura dhuti (saMyama meM rati) ko dekha lo aura jAna lo| Urdhva, adhaH evaM uttara-dakSiNa Adi tiryaka dizAoM meM jo bhI trasa yA sthAvara jIva haiM, una sabake nityaanitya guNadharmoM kI samIkSA karake una jJAnI bhagavAn ne samyak prakAra se dIpaka ke samAna dharma ko prakaTa kiyA hai| ve bhagavAn sarvadazI, jJAnI, nirAmagaMdha (niSpApa), dhRtimAn, sthitAtmA, sarva jagat meM advitIya vidvAn, graMthAtIta (arthAt parigraha rahita nigrantha), abhaya aura anAyu (punarjanma rahita) the| ve bhUtiprajJa (dravya-svabhAva ko jAnane vAle), aniketacArI (gRhatyAga kara vihAra karane vAle) saMsAra samudra ke tarane vAle, dhIra, anaMtacakSu (anantadarzI) asAdhAraNa rUpa se usI prakAra taptAyamAna va aMdhakAra meM prakAza vAle haiM, jaise sUrya, vairocana (agni) va indra / avataraNa-2 ardhamAgadhI-prAkRta kammasaMgehiM sammUDhA dukkhiyA bahuveyaNA / amANasAsu joNIsu viNihammati pANiNo // 1 // kammANaM tu pahANAe ANupuvI kayAi u| jIvA sohimaNuppattA AyayaMti maNussayaM / / 2 / / mANussaM viggahaM laddhasuI dhammassa dullhaa| jaM soccA paDivajjati tavaM khaMtimahiMsayaM // 3 // Ahacca savaNaM laddha saddhA paramadullahA / soccA neAusaM maggaM bahave paribhassaI // 4 //

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ardhamAgadhI prAkRta suiM ca laddha saddha N ca vIriyaM puNa dullahaM / bahave royamAraNAvi no ya jaM paDivajjae // 5 // mANusattama AyAu jo dhammaM socca saddahe / tapassI vIriyaM laddha saMbuDe niddhaNe rayaM // 6 // sohI ujjayabhUyassa dhammo suddhassa ciTThaI | nivvANaM paramaM jAi ghayasitti vva pAvae ||7|| ( uttarAdhyayana, 3-6-12) (anuvAda) karmoM ke saMsagaM se mohita hue prANI dukhI va bahuta vedanAoM se yukta hote hue amAnuSika (pazu-pakSI Adi tiryaca) yoniyoM meM par3ate haiM / kadAcit anupUrvI se karmoM kI kSINatA hone para jIva zuddhi prApta kara manuSyatva grahaNa karate haiM / manuSya zarIra pAkara bhI aisA dharma-zravaNa pAnA durlabha hai, jisako sunakara (jIva ) kSamA, ahiMsA va tapa kA grahaNa karate haiM / yadi kisI prakAra dharma-zravaNa mila bhI gayA, to usameM zraddhA honA parama durlabha hai, aura isalie bahuta se loga uddhAra karane vAle mArga (dharma) ko sunakara bhI bhraSTa ho jAte haiM / dharma-zravaNa pAkara va zraddhA prApta hone para bhI vIrya (dharmAcaraNa meM puruSArtha ) durlabha hai / bahuta se jIva ruci (zraddhA) rakhate hue bhI sadAcaraNa nahIM karate / manuSya yoni meM Akara jo dharma kA zravaNa karatA hai aura zraddhAna rakhatA hai, evaM tapasvI ho puruSArthaM lAbha karake Atma-saMvRtta hotA hai, vaha karma-raja ko jhar3A detA hai / sarala svabhAvI prANI ko hI zuddhi prApta hotI hai aura zuddha prANI ke ho dharma sthira hotA hai vahI parama nirvANa ko jAtA hai, jaise dhRta se sIMcI jAne para agni ( Upara ko jAtA hai ) / avataraNa -3 zaurasenI prAkRta raNAraNI rAgappajaho savvadavvesu kammamajjhagado / go lippadi kammaraeNa du kaddamamajjhe jahA kaNayaM // 1 // 203

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204 jaina sAhitya aNNANI puNa ratto savyadavvesu kmmmjjhgdo| lippadi kammaraeNa du kaddamamajjhe jahA lohaM // 2 // NagaphaNIe mUlaM gAiNi-toeNa gabbhaNAgeNa / NAgaM hoi suvaNNaM dhammataM bhacchavAeNa // 3 // kammaM havei kiTTa rAgAdI kAliyA aha vibhaao| sammattaNANacaraNaM paramosahamidi viyANAhi // 4 // jhANaM havei aggI tavayaraNaM bhattalI smkkhaado| jIvo havei lohaM dhamiyavvo paramajoIhiM // 5 // bhujjaMtassa vi davve saccittAcittamissiye vivihe / saMkhassa sedabhAvo Navi sakkadi kiNhago kAdu // 6 // taha NANissa du vivihe saccittAcittamissie dave / bhujjaMtassa vi NANaM Navi sakkadi rAgado(NANado)Nedu // 7 // (kundakundaH samayasAra 226-235) (anuvAda) jJAnI saba dravyoM ke rAga ko chor3akara karmoM ke madhya meM rahate hue bhI karmaraja se lipta nahIM hotA, jaise kardama ke bIca suvarNa / kintu ajJAnI samasta dravyoM meM rakta huA karmoM ke madhya pahuMca kara karma-raja se lipta hotA hai, jaise kardama meM par3A lohA / nAgaphaNI kA mUla, nAginI toya garbhanAga se mizrita kara (lohe ko) manikA kI dhoMkase agni meM tapAne para zuddha suvarNa bana jAtA hai| karma kITa hai, aura rAgAdi vibhAva usakI kAlimA / inako dUra karane ke liye samyagdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra hI parama auSadhi jAnanA cAhiye / dhyAna agni hai, tapazcaraNa dhauMkanI (bhasrikA) kahA gayA hai / jIva lohA hai jo parama yogiyoM dvArA dhauMkA jAtA hai, (aura isa prakAra paramAtmA rUpI survaNa-banA liyA jAtA hai)| sacitta, acitta, va mizrarUpa nAnA prakAra ke dravyoM ke saMyoga se bhI zaMkha kI saphedI kAlI nahIM kI jA sktii| usI prakAra jJAnI ke sacitta, acitta va mizra rUpa vividha dravyoM kA upayoga karane para bhI rAga dvArA usake jJAna svabhAva kA apaharaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA (arthAt jJAna ko ajJAna rUpa pariNata nahIM kiyA jA sktaa)|

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zaurasenI prAkRta 205 avataraNa-4 zaurasenI prAkRta jIvo gANasahAvo jaha aggI uNhavo shaavenn| . atyaMtara-bhUdeNa hi gANeNa Na so have gANI // 1 // jadi jIvAdo bhiNNaM savva-payAreNa havadi taM gANaM / guNa-guNi-bhAvo ya tahA dUreNa paNassade duNhaM // 2 // jIvassa vi NANassa vi guNi-guNa-bhAveNa kIrae bheo| jaM jANadi taM gANaM evaM bheo kahaM hodi // 3 // NANaM bhUya-viyAraM jo maNNadi so vi bhUda-gahidavyo / jIveNa viNA NANaM kiM keNa vi dIsade kattha // 4 // sacceyaNa-paccakkhaM jo jIvaM Neva maNNade mUDho / so jIvaM Na muNaMto jIvAbhAvaM kahaM kuNadi // 5 // jadi Na ya havedi jIvo tA ko vededi sukkha-dukkhANi / iMdiya-visayA savve ko vA jANadi viseseNa // 6 // saMkappa-mao jIvo suha-dukkhamayaM havei saMkappo / taM ciya vedadi jIvo dehe milido vi savvattha // 7 // deha-milido hi jIvo savva-kammANi kuJcade jamhA / tamhA pavaTTamANo eyatta bujjhade doNhaM // 8 // . (kAttikeyAnuprekSA, 178-185) (anuvAda) jIva jJAna svabhAvI hai, jaise agni svabhAva se hI uSNa hai| aisA nahIM haiM ki kisI padArthAntara rUpa jJAna ke saMyoga se jIva jJAnI banA ho / yadi jJAna sarvaprakAra se jIva se bhinna hai, to una donoM kA guNaguNI bhAva sarvathA naSTa ho jAtA hai (arthAt unake bIca guNa aura guNI kA saMbaMdha nahIM bana sakatA) / jIva aura jJAna ke vIca yadi guNI aura guNa ke bhAva se bheda kiyA jAya, to jaba jo jAnatA hai vahI jJAna hai, yaha jJAna kA svarUpa hone para donoM meM bheda kaise

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206 jaina sAhitya banegA ? jo jJAna ko bhUta-vikAra (jar3atattva kA rUpAntara) mAnatA hai, vaha svayaM bhUta-gRhIta (pizAca se AviSTa) hai, aisA samajhanA cAhiye / kyA kisI ne kahIM jIva ke binA jJAna ko dekhA hai / jIva ke svacetana (sksaMvedana) pratyakSa hone para bhI jo mUrkha use nahIM mAnatA, vaha jIva nahIM hai, aisA vicAra karatA huA, jIva kA abhAva kaise sthApita kara sakatA hai ? (arthAt vastu ke sadbhAva yA abhAva kA vicAra karanA, yahI to jIva kA svabhAva hai)| yadi jIva nahIM to sukha aura duHkha kA vedana kauna karatA hai, evaM samasta indriyoM ke viSayoM ko vizeSa rUpa se kauna jAnatA hai ? jIva saMkalpamaya hai, aura saMkalpa sukha-duHkha maya hai| usI ko sarvatra deha se milA huA jIva vedana karatA hai| kyoMki deha se milA huA jIva hI samasta karma karatA hai, isI kAraNa dono meM pravarttamAna ekatva dikhAI detA hai| avataraNa-5 mahArASTro prAkRta ee rivU mahAjasa, jiNami ahaM na ettha saMdeho / vacca tumaM aiturio, kantAparirakkhaNaM kuNasu // 1 // eva bhaNio Niyatto, tUranto pAvio tamuddesaM / na ya pecchai jaNayasuyaM, sahasA omucchio rAmo // 2 // puNaravi ya samAsattho,diTThI nikkhivai tattha trughnne| ghaNapemmAulahiyao, bhaNai tao rAhavo vayaNaM // 3 // ehehi io sundari, vAyA me dehi, mA cirAvehi / diTThA si rukkhagahaNe, kiM parihAsaM ciraM kuNasi // 4 // kantAviogaduhio, taM raNaM rAhavo gavesanto / pecchai tao jaDAgi, keMkAyantaM mahiM paDiyaM / / 5 / / pakkhissa kaNNajAvaM, dei marantassa suhayajoeNaM / mottaNa pUidehaM, tattha jaDAU saro jAo // 6 // puNaravi sariUNa piyaM, mucchA gantUNa tattha Asattho / paribhamai gavesanto, sIyAsIyAkaullAvo // 7 //

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mahArASTrI prAkRta bho bho matta mahAgaya, etthAraNe tume bhamanteNaM / mahilA somasahAvA, jai diTThA kiM na sAhehi // 8 // taruvara tumapi vaccasi, dUrunnayaviyaDapattalacchAya / etthaM apuvvavilayA, kaha te no lakkhiyA raNe // 6 // soUNa cakkavAI, vAharamANI sarassa majjhatthA 1 mahilAsaMkAbhimuho, puNo vi jAo cciya nirAso // 10 // ( paumacariyaM, 44, 50-58) 207 (anuvAda) ( rAvaNa ke siMhanAda ko lakSmaNa kA samajhakara jaba rAma kharadUSaNa kI yuddha bhUmi meM pahu~ce, taba unheM dekha lakSmaNa ne kahA ) - he mahAyaza, ina zatruoM ko jItane ke liye to maiM hI paryApta hU~, isameM saMdeha nahIM; Apa atizIghra loTa jAiye aura jaldI-jaldI apanI kuTI para Aye; kintu unheM vahAM janaka - sutA dikhAI na dI / taba ve sahasA mUcchita ho gaye / phira cetanA jAgRta hone para ve vRkSoM ke vana meM apanI dRSTi pheMkane lage, aura saghana prema se vyAkula hRdaya ho kahane lage -- he sundarI, jaldI yahAM Ao, mujhase bolo, dera mata karo; maiMne tumheM vRkSoM kI vIhar3a meM dekha liyA hai, aba dera taka parihAsa kyoM kara rahI ho ? kAMta ke viyoga meM dukhI rAghava ne usa araNya meM DhUDhate DhUMDhate jaTAyu ko dekhA, jo pRthvI para par3A tar3aphar3A rahA thA / rAma ne usa marate hue pakSI ke kAna meM NamokAra maMtra kA jApa sunAyA / usa zubhayoga se jaTAyu apane usa prazuci deha ko chor3akara deva huaa| rAma phira bhI priyA kA smaraNa kara mUcchita ho gaye, va Azvasta hone para hAya sItA, hAya sItA, aisA pralApa karate hue unakI khoja meM paribhramaNa karane lage / hAthI ko dekhakara ve kahate haiM - he matta mahAgaja, tumane isa araNya meM bhramaNa karate hue eka saumya svabhAva mahilA ko yadi dekhA hai, to mujhe batalAte kyoM nahIM ? he taruvara, tuma to khUba unnata ho, vikaTa ho aura patroM kI chAyA yukta ho; tumane yahAM kahIM eka apUrva strI ko dekhA ho to mujhe kaho ? rAma ne sarovara ke madhya se cakavI kI dhvani sunI, ve vahAM apanI patnI kI zaMkA (AzA) se usa ora bar3he, kintu phira bhI ve nirAza hI hue /

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208 jaina sAhitya avataraNa-~-6 mahArASTrI prAkRta jattha kulukka-nivANaM parimala-jammo jaso kusuma-dAmaM / nahamiva savva-gao disa-ramaNINa sirAiM surahei // 1 // savva-vayANaM majjhima-vayaM va sumaNANa jAi-sumaNaM va / sammANa mutti-sammaM va puhai-nayarANa jaM seyaM // 2 // camma jANa na acchI NANaM acchIiM tANa vi muNINa / viasanti jattha nayaNA kiM puNa annANa nayaNAiM // 3 // guruNo vayaNA vayaNAiM tAva mAhappamavi ya mAhappo / tAva guNAI pi guNA jAva na jassiM buhe niai // 5 // hari-hara-vihiNo devA jatthannAi~ vasanti devAiM / eyAe mahimAe hario mahimA sura-purIe // 5 // jatthaJjaliNA kaNayaM rayaNAi~ vi aJjalIi dei jaNo / kaNaya-nihI akkhINo rayaNa-nihI akkhayA taha vi // 6 // tattha siri-kumAravAlo bAhAe savvao vi dharia-dharo / supariTTha-parIvAro supaiTTho Asi rAindo // 7 // (kumArapAla-carita, 1, 22-28) (anuvAda) usa aNahilapura nagara meM cAlukya-vaMzI rAjAoM kA yaza AkAza kI samasta dizAoM meM aisA phaila rahA thA, jaise mAnoM dizA rUpI ramaNiyoM ke mastakoM ko unake jUr3e kI puSpamAlA kA parimala sugaMdhita kara rahA ho / jaise saba bayoM meM madhyama-vaya (yauvana), puSpoM meM camelI kA puSpa va sukhoM meM mokSa kA sukha zreSTha mAnA gayA, usI prakAra pRthvI bhara ke nagaroM meM aNahilapura zreSTha thaa| jinake carma cakSu nahIM haiM, kevala jJAna rUpI A~kheM haiM, aise muniyoM ke netra bhI usa nagara ko dekhane ke liye vikasita ho uThate the, dUsaroM ke netroM kI to bAta hI kyA ? guru (bRhaspati) ke vacana tabhI taka vacana the, mAhAtmya bhI tabhI taka mAhAtmya thA, aura guNa bhI tabhI taka the, jaba taka kisI ne isa nagarI ke vidvAnoM ko nahIM

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apabhraMza 206 dekhA / yahA~ viSNu mahAdeva, brahmA evaM anya bhI aneka devatA nivAsa karate the, jisase isakI mahimA ne (eka mAtra indradeva bAlI) sura-purI kI mahimA ko tiraskRta kiyA thaa| yahAM loga aMjali bhara-bhara kara suvarNa aura ratna dAna karate the, to bhI unake suvarNa aura ratnoM kI nidhiyAM akSaya banI huI thiiN| aise usa anahilapura nagara meM apane bAhu para samasta dharA ko dhAraNa kiye hue supratiSTha parivAra sahita rAjendra zrI kumArapAla supratiSThita the| avataraNa- 7 apabhaza sahuM dohi mi gehaNihiM turaMgeM sahuM vIreNa teNa maayNgeN| gau jhasaciMdhu Navara kassIraho kssiiry-primiliysmiirho| kassIrau paTTaNu saMpAiu cAmarachattabhiccaraha-rAiu / NaMdu rAu sayaDaMmuhaM Aiu garihe pemmajarullau lAiu / kA vi kaMta jhUravai ducittI kA vi aNaMgaloyaNe rttii| pAeM paDai mUr3ha jAmAyaho dhoyai pAya ghaeM gharu aayho| ghivai tellu pANiu maNNeppiNu kuThu dehI chuDu dAru bhaNeppiNu / ai aNNamaNa DiMbhu ciMteppiNu gaya majjArayapillau leppiNu / dhUvai khIru kA vi calu maMthai kA vi asuttau mAlau guthai / Dhoyai suhayaho suhaI jaNerI bhAsai hauM piya dAsi tuhArI / (NAyakumAracariu-5, 8, 6-15) (anuvAda) nAgakumAra apanI donoM gRhiNiyoM, ghor3e, aura usa vyAla nAmaka vIra ke sAtha usa kAzmIra deza ko gayA jahAM kA pavana kezara kI gaMdha se mizrita thaa| kAzmIrapaTTaNa meM pahu~cane para vahAM kA rAjA naMda caMvara, chatra, sevaka va rathAdi se virAjamAna svAgata ke lie sammukha aayaa| udhara nagara-nAriyoM ko prema kA jvara car3hA / koI kAntA duvidhA meM par3I jhurane lagI, aura koI usa kAmadeva ke avatAra nANakumAra ke darzana meM tallIna ho gii| koI mUr3ha avasthA meM apane ghara Aye hue jAmAtA ke pAMva par3akara unheM ghRta se dhone lgii| pAnI ke dhokhe

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210 jaina sAhitya pIne ke liye tela le AI, aura pAna meM katthe kI jagaha lakar3I kA burAdA DAla diyaa| koI ati anyamanarakA bAlaka samajhakara billI ke pille ko uThAkara leclii| koI maThThA samajhakara dUdha ko hI dhUmAyita karatI thii| koI jala ko hI dUdha samajhakara mathane lagI, aura koI binA sUta ke mAlA gUthane lgii| koI subhaga nAgakumAra ke pAsa jAkara sukha kI icchA se kahane lagI-he priya, maiM tumhArI dAsI huuN| avataraNa-8 apabhraMza taM tehau dhaNakaMcaNapauru dicha kumAri varaNayaru / siyavaMtu viyaNu vikchAyachavi NaM viNu NIri kamalasaru / / taM puraM pavissamANaeNa teNa diTTayaM / taM Na titthu kiM pi jaM Na loyaNANa iTThayaM // 1 // vAvikUvasuppavahUsuppasaNNavaNNApaM / mar3havihAradehurehiM suTTa, taM ravaNayaM // 2 // devamaMdiresu / tesu aMtaraM nniycche| so Na titthu jo kayAi pujjiUNa picchae // 3 // surahigaMdhaparimalaM pasUaehiM phasae / so Na titthu jo kareNa gihiUNa vAsae / / 4 / / pikkasAliNNayaM paNaTThayammi tANae / so Na titthu jo gharammi levi taM parANae // 5 // saravarammi paMkayAiM bhmirbhmrkNdire| so Na titthu jo khuDevi Nei tAI maMdire // 6 // hatthagijjhavaraphalAiM vibhaeNa pikkhe| keNa kAraNeNa ko vi toDiuM Na bhakkhae // 7 // picchiUNa paradhaNAiM subbhae Na lubbhe| appaNammi appae viyappae sucitae // 5 // (bhavisayattakahA-4, 7,)

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apabhraMza (anuvAda) bhaviSyadatta kumAra ne usa dhanakaMcana se pUrNa samRddha nagara ko nirjana hone ke kAraNa aisA zobhAhIna dekhA, jaise mAnoM jalarahita kamala sarovara ho / kumAra ne nagara meM praveza kiyA aura dekhA ki vahAM aisI koI vastu nahIM hai jo locanoM ko iSTa na ho / vApI aura kUpa vahAM khUba svaccha jala se pUrNa the / maThoM, vihAroM va devagRhoM se nagara khUba ramaNIka thA / usane devAlayoM meM praveza kiyA, kintu vahAM use esA koI nahIM dikhAI diyA jo pUjA karanA cAhatA ho / phUloM kI khUba sugaMdha A rahI thI; kintu vahAM aisA koI nahIM thA, koI unheM hAtha se tor3akara sUMghanA cAhe / pakA huA zAlivAnya khetoM meM hI naSTa ho rahA thA, koI unheM bacAkara ghara le jAne vAlA vahAM nahIM thA / sarovara meM bhauMroM ke bhramaNa aura gu MjAra se yukta kamala vidyamAna the, kintu vahAM koI aisA nahIM thA, jo unheM tor3akara maMdira meM le jaave| usane vismaya se dekhA ki vahAM uttama phala lage haiM, jo hAtha se hI tor3e jA sakate haiM; kintu na jAne kisa kAraNa se koI unheM tor3akara nahIM khAtA / vahAM parAye dhana ko dekhakara kSubdha yA lubdha hone vAlA koI nahIM thA / nagara kI aisI nirjana avasthA dekhakara kumAra apane Apa meM vikalpa aura cintana karane lagA / 211

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vyAkhyAna -3 jaina darzana

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tatva-jJAna vyAkhyAna- 3 jaina darzana , samasta jainadarzana kA paricaya saMkSepa meM isa prakAra diyA jA sakatA hai / vizva ke mUla meM jIva aura ajIva ye do mukhya tatva haiM / inakA paraspara saMparka pAyA jAtA hai, aura isa saMparka dvArA aise bandhanoM yA zaktiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, jinake kAraNa jIva ko nAnA prakAra kI dazAoM kA anubhava hotA hai / yadi yaha saMparka kI dhArA roka dI jAya aura utpanna hue bandhanoM ko jarjarita yA vinaSTa kara diyA jAya, to jIva apanI zuddha, buddha va mukta avasthA ko prApta ho sakatA hai / ye hI jaina darzana ke sAta tatva haiM, jinake nAma haiM- jIva, jIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara nirjarA aura mokSa / jIva aura ajIva, ina do prakAra ke tatvoM kA nirUpaNa jaina tatvajJAna kA viSaya hai Asrava aura baMdha kA vivecana jaina karma siddhAnta meM AtA hai, aura vahI usakA manovijJAna - zAstra hai / saMvara aura nirjarA cAritra viSayaka hai, aura yahI jaina dharma gata AcAra-zAstra kahA jA sakatA hai, tathA mokSa jaina-dharmAnusAra jIvana kI vaha sarvotkRSTa avasthAM hai jise prApta karanA samasta dhArmika kriyA va AcaraNa kA antima dhyeya hai / yahAM jaina darzana kI inhIM mukhya zAkhAnoM kA kramazaH paricaya va vivecana karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai | / jIva tatva saMsAra meM nAnA prakAra kI vastuoM aura unakI agaNita avasthAoM kA darzana hotA hai / dRzyamAna samasta padArthoM ko do vargoM ke vibhAjita kiyA jA

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216 jaina darzana sakatA hai --cetana aura acetana / padArthoM kI cetanatA kA kAraNa unameM vyApta, kintu indriyoM ke agocara, vaha tatva hai, jise jIva yA AtmA kahA gayA hai| prANiyoM ke acetana tatva se nirmita zarIra ke bhItara, usase svataMtra isa Atmatatva ke astitva kI mAnyatA yathArthataH bhAratIya tatvajJAna kI atyanta prAcIna aura maulika zodha hai, jo prAyaH samasta vaidika va avaidika darzanoM meM svIkAra kI gaI hai, aura yaha mAnyatA samasta bhAratIya saMskRti meM pratyakSa va parokSa rUpa se sUpratiSThita pAI jAtI hai| kevala ekamAtra cArvAka yA bArhaspatya darzana aisa milatA hai jisameM jIva yA AtmA kI zarIrAtmaka bhautika tatvoM se pRthak sattA nahIM mAnI gii| isa darzana ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, jaise jar3a padArthoM ke saMyoga-vizeSa se hI vaha zakti utpantra hotI hai, jise caitanya kahA jAtA hai| yathArthataH prANiyoM meM ina jar3a tatvoM ke sivAya aura koI aisI vastu nahIM hai, jo koI apanI pRthaka sattA rakhatI ho, prANiyoM kI utpatti ke samaya kahIM anyatra se AtI ho, athavA zarIrAtmaka bhautika saMtulana ke bigar3ane se utpanna honevAlI acetanAtmaka maraNAvasthA ke samaya zarIra se nikalakara kahIM anyatra jAtI ho| isa darzana ke anusAra jagat meM kevala ekamAtra ajIva tatva hI hai / kintu bhAratavarSa meM isa jar3avAda kI paramparA kabhI panapa nahIM skii| isakA pUrNarUpa se pratipAdana karanevAlA koI prAcIna grantha bhI prApta nahIM huaa| kevala usake nAnA avataraNa va ullekha hameM AtmavAdI dArzanikoM kI kRtiyoM meM khaMDana ke liye grahaNa kiye gaye prApta hote haiN| tathA tatvoMpaplavasiMha jaise kucha prakaraNa aise bhI milate haiM, jinameM isa anAtmadarzana kI puSTi kI gaI hai| bauddhadarzana AtmavAdI hai yA anAtmavAdI, yaha prazna vivAdagrasta hai| buddha ke vacanoM se lekara pikhale bauddhAcAryoM kI racanAoM taka meM donoM prakAra kI vacAradhArAoM ke poSaka vicAra prApta hote haiN| isameM eka ora AtmavAda arthAt jIva kI sattA kI svIkRti ko mithyAdRSTi kahA gayA hai| jIvana kI pradhArA ko nadI kI dhArA ke samAna ghaTanA-pravAha rUpa batalAyA gayA hai; evaM nirvANa kI avasthA ko dIpaka kI usa lau kI avasthA dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai, jo AkAza yA pAtAla tathA kisI dizA-nidizA meM na jAkara kevala bujhakara samApta ho jAtI hai| yathA--dIpo yathA ni timabhyupeto navAni gacchati nAntarikSam / vizaM na kAMcit vivizaM na kAMcit snehamayAt kevalameti zAMtim // jIvo tathA nirvRtimamyupeto navAni gacchati nAntarikSam / vizaM na kAMcit vidizaM na kAcit klezakSayAt kevalameti zAntim / /

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jIva tattva 217 dUsarI ora yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA pAyA jAtA hai ki jIvana meM aisA bhI koI tatva hai jo janma-janmAntaroM meM se hotA huA calA AtA hai| jo zarIra rUpI ghara kA nirmANa karatA hai| zarIra-dhAraNa ko duHkhamaya pAtA hai, aura usase chUTane kA upAya socatA aura prayatna karatA hai; citta ko saMskAra rahita banAtA aura tRSNA kA kSaya kara nivANa prApta karatA hai; yathA-- aneka-jAti-saMkhAraM saMdhAvissaM animbisN| gahakArakaM gavasaMto dukkhA jAti punappunaM // gahakAraka viTThosi puna gehaM na kAhisi / sabbA te phAsukA bhaggA gahakaTaM visaMlitaM / visaMkhAragataM citta taNhA me khayamajmagA / (dhammapada, 153-54) yahAM spaSTataH bhautika zarIra ke atirikta AtmA jaise kisI anya anAdi ananta tatva kI svIkRti kA pramANa milatA hai| jaina darzana meM jIva tattva_jaina siddhAnta meM jIva kA mukhya lakSaNa upayoga mAnA gayA hai| upayoga ke do bheda haiM.--darzana aura jJAna / darzana zabda kA prayoga aneka arthoM meM kiyA jAtA hai / sAmAnya bhASA meM darzana kA artha hotA hai-kisI padArtha ko netroM dvArA dekhane kI kriyA / zAstrIya dRSTi se darzana kA artha hai-- jIvana va prakRti sambandhI vyavasthita jJAna, jaise sAMkhya, vedAnta yA jaina va bauddha darzana / kintu jaina siddhAnta meM jIva ke darzana rUpa guNa kA artha hotA hai-Atma-cetanA / pratyeka jIva meM apanI sattA ke anubhavana kI zakti kA nAma darzana hai, va bAhya padArthoM ko jAnane samajhane kI zakti kA nAma hai jJAna / jIva ke inhIM do arthAt darzana aura jJAna, athavA svasaMvedana va para-saMvedana rUpa guNoM ko upayoga kahA gayA hai| jina padArthoM meM yaha upayoga-zakti hai, vahAM jIva va AtmA vidyamAna hai, aura jahAM isa upayoga guNa kA sarvathA abhAva hai, vahAM jIva kA astitva nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra jIva kA nizcita lakSaNa caitanya hai| isa caitanya-yukta jIva kI pahacAna vyavahAra meM pAMca indriyoM, mana vacana va kAya rUpa tIna baloM, tathA zvAsocchvAsa aura Ayu, ina dasa prANa rUpa lakSaNoM kI hInAdhika sattA ke dvArA kI jA sakatI hai paMca vi iMdiyANA manavacakAyesu tiSNi balapANA / prANappANappANA AugapAraNega hoti dasa pANA // (go0 jI0 126)

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218 jaina darzana jIva ke aura bhI aneka guNa haiM / usameM kartRtva-zakti hai, aura upabhoga kA sAmarthya bhI / vaha amUrta hai; aura jisa zarIra meM vaha rahatA hai usake samasta aMga-pratyaMgoM ko vyApta kiye rahatA hai jIvo uvaogamao amutti kattA sadeha-parimANo / mottA saMsArattho mutto so vissasoDDhagaI // (dravyasaMgraha, gA0-2) saMsAra meM isaprakAra ke jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| pratyeka zarIra meM vidyamAna jIva apanA svataMtra astitva rakhatA hai, aura usa astitva kA kabhI saMsAra meM yA mokSa meM vinAza nahIM hotA / isa prakAra jIva ke saMbaMdha meM jaina vicAradhArA vedAnta darzana se bhinna hai, jisake anusAra brahma eka hai, aura usakA dRzyamAna anekatva satya nahIM, mAyAjAla hai| jaina darzana meM saMsAravartI ananta jIvoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-sAdhAraNa aura pratyeka / pratyeka jIva ve haiM, jo eka-eka zarIra meM eka-eka rahate haiM, aura ve indriyoM ke bhedAnusAra pAMca prakAra ke haiM--ekendriya jIva ve haiM jinake eka mAtra sparzendriya hotI hai| inake pAMca bheda haiM-pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, agnikAya, vAyukAya, aura vanaspatikAya / sparza aura rasanA jina jIvoM ke hotA hai, ve dvIdinya haiM, jaise laTa Adi / isI prakAra cIMTI varga ke sparza, rasanA aura ghrANa yukta prANI trIndriya, bhramaravarga ke netra sahita caturindriya, evaM zeSa pazu, pakSI va manuSya vargoM ke zrotrendriya sahita jIva paMcendriya kahalAte haiM / ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara aura dvIndriyAdi itara saba jIvoM ko isa saMjJA dI gaI hai / ina eka-eka zarIra dhArI vRkSAdi samasta prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM aise sAdhAraNa jIvoM kI sattA mAnI gaI hai, jinakI AhAra, zvAsocchavAsa Adi jIvana-kriyAeM sAmAnya arthAt taka sAtha hotI hai| una ke isa sAmAnya zarIra ko nigoda kahate haiM, aura pratyeka nigoda meM eka sAtha jIne va marane vAle jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai ega-nigoda-sarIre nIvA davyappamANado diTThA / siddhehiM anantaguraNA, sanveNa vidIdakAleNa // __ (go0 jI0 194) ina nigodavatI jIvoM kA Ayu-pramANa atyalpa mAnA gayA hai| yahAM taka ki eka zvAsocchavAsa kAla meM unakA aThAraha bAra jIvana va maraNa ho jAtA hai / yahI vaha jIvoM kI ananta rAzi hai jisameM se kramazaH jIva Upara kI yoniyoM meM

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jIva tattva Ate rahate va mukta jIvoM ke saMsAra se nikalate jAne para bhI saMsArI jIvanadhArA ko ananta banAye rakhate haiM / isa prakAra ke sAdhAraNa jIvoM kI mAnyatA jaina siddhAnta kI apanI vizeSatA haiM / anya darzanoM meM isa prakAra kI koI mAnyatA nahIM pAI jAtI / vartamAna vaijJAnika mAnyatAnusAra eka milImITara ( 1 /26") pramANa rakta meM koI 50 lAkha jIvakoSa (selsa) gine jA cuke haiM / Azcarya nahIM jo jaina dRSTAoM ne isI prakAra ke kucha jJAna ke AdhAra para ukta nigoda jIvoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA ho / ukta samasta jIvoM ke zarIroM ko bhI do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-- sUkSma aura bAdara / sUkSma zarIra vaha hai jo dravya se bAdhita nahIM hotA, aura jo bAdhita hotA hai, vaha bAdara kahA gayA hai / pUrvokta paMcendriya jIvoM ke punaH do bheda kiye arthAt mana sahita, aura dUsare prasaMjJI arthAt manarahita / anya kisI bhI (sthUla ) zarIra gaye haiM- eka saMjJI suphala bhogane ke ina samasta saMsArI jIvoM kI dRzyamAna do gatiyAM mAnI gaI haiM - eka manuSyagati aura dUsarI pazu-pakSi Adi saba itara prANiyoM kI tiryacagati / inake atirikta do aura gatiyAM mAnI gayI haiM - eka devagati aura dUsarI narakagati / manuSya aura tiryaMcagativAle puNyavAn jIva apane satkarmoM kA liye devagati prApta karate haiM, aura pApI jIva apane duSkarmoM kA daMDa bhogane ke liye naraka gati meM jAte haiM / jo jIva puNya aura pApa donoM se rahita hokara vItarAga bhAva aura kevalajJAna prApta kara lete haiM, ve saMsAra kI ina cAroM gatiyoM se nikala kara mokSa ko prApta karate haiM / saMsArI jIvoM kI zarIra - racanA meM bhI vizeSatA hai / manuSya aura tiyaMcoM kA zarIra praudArika arthAt sthUla hotA hai, jisameM usI jIvana ke bhItara koI viparivartana sambhava nahIM / kintu devoM aura narakavAsI jIvoM kA zarIra vaikrimika hotA hai, arthAt usameM nAnA prakAra kI vikriyA yA viparivartana sambhava hai / ina zarIroM ke atirikta saMsArI jIvoM ke do aura zarIra mAne gaye haiM-tejasa aura kArmaNa / ye donoM zarIra samasta prANiyoM meM sadaiva vidyamAna rahate haiM / maraNa ke pazcAt dUsarI gati meM jAte samaya bhI jIva se inakA saMga nahIM chuutttaa| tejasa zarIra jIva aura pudgala pradezoM meM saMyoga sthApita kiye rahatA hai, tathA kArmaNa zarIra una pudgala paramANuoM kA puMja hotA hai, jinheM jIva nirantara apane mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyA ke dvArA saMcita karatA rahatA hai / ina do zarIroM ko hama jIva kA sUkSma zarIra kaha sakate haiM / ina cAra zarIroM ke atirikta eka aura vizeSa prakAra kA zarIra mAnA gayA hai, jise zrAhAraka zarIra kahate haiM / isakA nirmANa RddhidhArI muni apanI zaMkAoM ke nivAraNArtha durgama pradezoM meM vizeSa jJAniyoM ke pAsa jAne ke liye athavA tIrthavandanA ke hetu karate haiM / 216

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220 jaina darzana zarIradhArI saMsArI jIva apane-apane karmAnusAra bhinna-bhinna liMgadhArI hote haiM / ekendriya se lekara caturindriya taka ke tiryaca evaM nArakI jIva niyama se napusaka hote haiM / paMcendriya manuSya aura tiryaca puruSa-vedI, strIvedI na naseka vedI tInoM prakAra ke hote haiM / devoM meM napusaka nahIM hote / unake kevala deva aura deviyAM, ye do hI bheda haiM / __ jIvoM kA zarIradhAraNa rUpa janma bhI nAnAprakAra se hotA hai| manuSya va tiryaca jIvoM kA janma do prakAra se hotA hai-garbha se yA sammUrchaNa se / jo prANI mAtA ke garbha se jarAyu-yukta athavA aNDe yA pota (jarAyu rahita avasthA) rUpa meM utpanna hote haiM, ve garbhaja haiM, aura jo garbha ke binA bAhya saMyogoM dvArA zIta USNa Adi avasthAoM meM jIvoM kI utpatti hotI hai, use sammUrchana janma kahate haiM / deva aura nArakI jIvoM kI utpatti ukta donoM prakAroM se bhinna upapAda rUpa batalAI gaI hai| 'ajIva tatva-- ___ajIva dravyoM ke pAMca bheda haiM-pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / inameM rUpavAna dravya pudgala hai, aura zeSa saba arUpI haiN| jitane bhI mUrtimAna padArtha vizva meM dikhAI dete haiM, ve saba pudgala davya ke hI nAnA rUpa haiM / pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu-ye cAroM tatva, vRkSoM. pazu-pakSI Adi jIvoM va manuSyoM ke zarIra, ye saba pudgala ke hI rUpa haiN| pudgala kA sUkSmatama rUpa paramAraNa hai, jo atyanta laghu hone ke kAraNa indriya-grAhya nahIM hotaa| aneka paramANuoM ke saMyoga se unameM parimANa utpanna hotA hai aura unameM sparza, rasa, gaMdha va varNaye cAra guNa prakaTa hote haiM, tabhI vaha pudgala-skandha (samUha) indriya-grAma hotA hai / zabda, baMdha, sUkSmatA, sthUlatA, saMsthAna, andhakAra chAyA va prakAza ye saba pudgala dravya ke hI vikAra mAne gaye haiN| pudgaloM kA sthUlatama rUpa mahAn parvatoM va pRthiviyoM ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai / inase lekara sUkSmatama karma-paramANuoM taka pudgala drazya ke asaMkhyAta bheda aura rUpa pAye jAte haiN| pudgala skandhoM kA bheda aura saMghAta nirantara hotA rahatA hai| aura isI pUraNa va galana ke kAraNa inakA pudgala nAma sArthaka hotA hai| pudgala zabda kA upayoga jaina siddhAnta ke atirikta bauddha granthoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, kintu vahAM usakA artha kevala zarIrI jIvoM se hai / acetana jar3a padArthoM ke liye vahAM pudgala zabda kA prayoga nahIM pAyA jaataa| dharma-dravya dUsarA ajIvadravya dharma hai / yaha arUpI hai, aura samasta loka meM vyApta hai|

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jIva tattva 221 isI dravya kI vyApti ke kAraNa jIvoM va pudgaloM kA eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM gamana sambhava hotA hai, jisaprakAra ki jala machalI ke gamanAgamana kA mAdhyama banatA hai / isa prakAra 'dharma' zabda kA yaha prayoga zAstrIya hai, aura usakI naitika AcaraNa Adi arthavAcaka 'dharma' se bhrAnti nahIM karanI cAhiye / adharma-dravya jisa prakAra dharma davya jIva aura pudgaloM ke sthAnAntaraNa rUpa gamanAgamana kA mAdhyama hai, usI prakAra adharma-dravya calAyamAna padArtha ke rukane meM sahAyaka hotA hai, jisaprakAra ki vRkSa kI chAyA zrAnta pathika ko rukane meM nimitta hotI hai| AkAza-dravya cauthA ajIva dravya AkAza hai, aura usakA guNa hai -jIvAdi anya saba dravyoM ko avakAza pradAna karanA / AkAza ananta haiM; kintu jitane AkAza meM jIvAdi anya dravyoM kI sattA pAI jAtI hai vaha lokAkAza kahalAtA hai, aura vaha sImita hai / lokAkAza se pare jo ananta zuddha AkAza hai, use alokAkAza kahA gayA hai| usameM anya kisI dravya kA astitva na hai, aura na ho sakatA; kyoMki vahAM gamanAgamana ke sAdhanabhUta dharma dravya kA abhAva hai / AkAza dravya kA astitva sabhI darzanoM tathA Adhunika vijJAna ko bhI mAnya hai| kintu dharma aura adharma dravyoM kI kalpanA jaina darzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai| dravya kI AkAza meM sthiti hotI hai, gamana hotA hai aura rukAvaTa bhI hotI hai| sAmAnyataH ye tInoM arthakriyAeM AkAza guNa dvArA hI sambhava mAnI jAtI haiM / kintu sUkSma vicArAnusAra eka dravya dvArA apane zuddha rUpa meM eka hI prakAra kI kriyA saMbhava mAnI jA sakatI hai| vizeSataH jaba ve kriyAeM paraspara kucha vibhinnatA ko liye hue hoM, taba hameM yaha mAnanA hI par3egA ki unake kAraNa va sAdhanabhUta dravya bhinna bhinna hoMge / isI vicAradhArAnusAra lokAkAza meM ukta tIna artha-kriyAoM ke sAdhanarUpa tIna pRthak-pRthak dravya arthAt AkAza, dharma aura adharma kI kalpanA kI gaI hai / Adhunika bhautika vaijJAnikoM kA eka aisA bhI mata hai ki AkAza meM jahAM taka bhautika tatvoM kI sattA pAI jAtI hai, usake pare unake gamana meM vaha AkAza rukAvaTa utpanna karatA hai| jaina siddhAntAnusAra yaha paristhiti isa kAraNa utpanna hotI hai, kyoMki usa alokAkAza meM gamana ke sAdhanabhUta dharma dravya kA abhAva hai|

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222 jaina darzana kAla-dravya pAMcavAM ajIva dravya kAla hai, jisakA svarUpa do prakAra se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai-eka nizcayakAla aura dUsarA vyvhaarkaal| nizcayakAla apanI dravyAtmaka sattA rakhatA hai, aura vaha dharma aura adharma dravyoM ke samAna samasta lokAkAza meM vyApta hai / tathApi ukta samasta dravyoM se usakI apanI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha unake samAna astikAya arthAt bahupradezI nahIM hai, usake eka-eka pradeza ekatra rahate hue bhI apane-apane rUpa meM pRthak haiM; jisa prakAra ki eka ratnoM kI rAzi, athavA bAlukApuja, jisakA eka-eka kaNa pRthak-pRthaka hI rahatA hai, aura jala yA vAyu ke samAna eka kArya nirmANa nahIM karatA / ye ekaeka kAla-pradeza samasta padArthoM meM vyApta haiM, aura unameM pariNamana arthAta paryAya parivartana kiyA karate haiN| padArthoM meM kAlakRta sUkSmatama viparivartana hone meM athavA pudgala ke eka paramANu ko AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza meM jAne ke liye jitanA adhvAna yA avakAza lagatA hai, vaha vyavahAra kAla kA eka samaya hai / aise asaMkhyAta samayoM kI eka Avali, saMkhyAta AvaliyoM kA eka ucchavAsa sAta ucchvAsoM kA eka stoka, sAta stokoM kA eka lava, 383 lavoM kI eka nAlI, 2 nAliyoM kA eka muhUrta aura 30 muhUrta kA eka ahoratra hotA hai / ahorAtra ko 24 ghaMTe kA mAnakara ukta krama se 1 ucchvAsa kA pramANa eka sekaMDa kA 2880/3773 vAM aMza arthAt lagabhaga 3/4 sekaMDa hotA hai / isake anusAra eka minaTa meM ucchvAsoM kI saMkhyA 78.6 AtI hai, jo Adhunika vaijJAnika va prAyogika mAnyatA ke anusAra hI hai / Avali va samaya kA pramANa sekaMDa siddha hotA hai| ahorAtra se adhika kI kAlagaNanA pakSa mAsa Rtu, ayana, varSa, yuga, pUrvAga, pUrva, nayutAMga, nayuta, Aikrama se acalapa taka kI gaI hai jo 84 ko 84 se 31 vAra guNA karane ke barAbara AtI hai / ye saba saMkhyAtakAla ke bheda haiM, jisakA utkRSTa pramANa isase kaI guNA bar3A hai| tatpazcAt asaMkhyAta-kAla prArambha hotA hai, aura usake bhI jaghanya, madhyama, aura utkRSTa bheda batalAye gaye haiN| usake Upara anantakAla kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai. aura usake bhI jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa bheda batalAye gaye haiN| jisa prakAra yaha vyavahAra-kAla kA pramANa utkRSTa ananta (anantAnanta) taka kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra AkAza ke pradezoM kA, samasta dravyoM ke avimAgI praticchedoM kA, evaM kevala jJAnI ke jJAna kA pramANa bhI anantAnanta kahA gayA hai| dravyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa jaina darzanAnusAra ye hI jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma AkAza aura kAla

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Astrava tattva 223 nAmaka chaha mUla drazya haiM, jinase vizva ke samasta sattAmaka padArthoM kA nirmANa huA hai / isa nirmANa meM jo vaicitrya dikhalAI detA hai vaha dravya kI apanI eka vizeSatA ke kAraNa sambhava hai| dravya vaha hai jo apanI sattA rakhatA hai (sada dravya-lakSaNam) / kintu jaina siddhAnta meM sat kA lakSaNa vedAnta ke samAna kUTasthanityatA nahIM mAnA gyaa| yahAM satkA svarUpa yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki jo utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya, ina tInoM lakSaNoM se yukta ho (utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyayuktaM sat) / tadanusAra ukta sattAtmaka dravyoM meM pratikSaNa kucha na kucha navInatA AtI rahatI hai, kucha na kucha kSINatA hotI rahatI hai, aura isa para bhI eka aisI sthiratA bhI banI rahatI hai jisake kAraNa vaha dravya apane dravya-svarUpa se cyuta nahIM ho pAtA / dravya kI yaha vizeSatA usake do prakAra ke dharmoM ke kAraNa sambhava hai| pratyeka dravya guNoM aura paryAyoM se yukta hai (guma-paryayavad dravyam) guNa vastu kA vaha dharma hai, jo usase kabhI pRthaka nahIM hotA, aura usakI dhruvatA ko surakSita rakhatA hai| kintu paryAya dravya kA eka aisA dharma hai jo nirantara badalatA hai, aura jisake kAraNa usake svarUpa meM sadaiva kucha navInatA aura kucha kSINatA rUpa parivartana hotA rahatA hai| udAharaNArtha-suvarNa dhAtu ke jo vizeSa gurutva Adi guNa haiM, ve kabhI usase pRthaka nahIM hote| kintu usake mudrA, kuMDala kakaNa Adi AkAra va saMsthAna rUpa paryAya badalate rahate haiN| isaprakAra dRzyamAna jagat ke samasta padArthoM ke yathArtha svarUpa kA paripUrNa nirUpaNa jaina darzana meM pAyA jAtA hai; aura usameM anya darzanoM meM nirUpita dravya ke AMzika svarUpa kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai| jaise, bauddha darzana meM samasta vastuoM ko kSaNadhvaMsI mAnA gayA haiM, jo jaina darzanAnusAra dravya meM nirantara honevAle utpAda-vyaya rUpa dharmoM ke kAraNa hai; tathA vedAnta meM jo sat ko kUTastha nitya mAnA gayA hai, vaha dravya kI dhrauvya guNAtmakatA ke kAraNa hai| Astrava-tatva jaina siddhAnta ke sAta tatvoM meM prathama do arthAt jIva aura ajIva tatvoM kA nirUpaNa Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| aba yahAM tIsare aura cauthe Asrava baMSa nAmaka tatvoM kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| yaha viSaya jaina karma-siddhAnta kA hai, jise hama Adhunika vaijJAnika zabdAvalI meM jaina manovijJAna (sAikolojI) kaha sakate haiM / sacetana jIva saMsAra meM kisI na kisI prakAra kA zarIra dhAraNa kiye hue pAyA jAtA hai| isa zarIra ke do prakAra ke aMga-upAMga haiM, eka hAtha paira Adi; aura dUsare jihvA, nAsika netrAdi / inheM kramazaH karmendriyAM aura

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224 jaina darzana jJAnendriyAM kahA gayA hai, aura inhIM ke dvArA jIva nAnAprakAra kI kriyAeM karatA rahatA hai| vikasita prANiyoM meM ina kriyAoM kA saMcAlana bhItara se eka anya zakti dvArA hotA hai, jise mana kahate haiM; aura jise no-indriya nAma diyA gayA hai| jihvA dvArA, rasanA ke atirikta, zabda yA vANI ke uccAraNa kA kAma bhI liyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jIva kI kriyAoM meM kAya, vAk aura mana, ye vizeSarUpa se prabala sAdhana siddha hote haiM, aura inakI hI kriyA ko jaina siddhAnta meM yoga kahA gayA hai| inake arthAt kAyayoga, vAgyoga aura manoyoga ke dvArA AtmA ke pradezoM meM eka parispaMdana hotA hai, jisake kAraNa AtmA meM eka aisI avasthA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisameM usake AsapAsa bhare hue sUkSmAtisUkSma pudgala paramANu AtmA se A cipaTate haiN| isI AtmA aura pudgala paramANuoM ke saMparka kA nAma Azrava hai; evaM saMparka meM AnevAle paramANu hI karma kahalAte haiM; kyoMki unakA Agamana uparyukta kAya, vAk va mana ke karma dvArA hotA hai| isaprakAra AtmA ke saMsarga meM AnevAle una pudgala paramANuoM kI karma saMjJA lAkSaNika hai| kAya Adi yogoM rUpa Atma-pradezoM meM utpanna hone vAlA upayukta parispaMdana do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai--eka to kisI krodha, mAna Adi tIvra mAnasika vikAra se rahita sAdhAraNa kriyAoM ke rUpa meM; aura dUsarA krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha, ina cAra tIvra manovikAra rUpa kaSAyoM ke vega se prerita / prathama prakAra kA karmAsrava IryApathika arthAt mArgagAmI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usake dvArA Atma aura karmapradezoM kA koI sthira baMdha utpanna nahIM hotaa| vaha AyA aura calA gayA; jisa prakAra kI kisI vizuddha sUkhe vastra para baiThI dhUla zIghra hI jhar3a jAtI hai| dera taka vastra se cipaTI nahIM rhtii| isa prakAra kA karmAsrava samasta saMsArI jIvoM meM nirantara huA karatA hai, kyoMki unake kisI na kisI prakAra kI mAnasika, zArIrika yA vAcika kriyA sadaiva huA hI karatI hai| kintu usakA koI vizeSa pariNAma AtmA para nahIM pdd'taa| parantu jaba jIva kI mAnasika Adi kriyAe~ kaSAyoM se yukta hotI hai, taba Atma-pradezoM meM eka aisI parapadArthagrAhiNI dazA utpanna ho jAtI haiM jisake kAraNa usake saMparka meM Ane vAle karmaparamANu usase zIghra pRthak nahIM hote / yathArthataH krodhAdi vikAroM kI isI zakti ke kAraNa unheM kaSAya kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH vaTavRkSa ke dUdha ke samAna cepavAle drava padArthoM ko kaSAya kahate haiM, kyoMki unameM cipakAne kI zakti hotI hai| usI prakAra krodha, mAna Adi manovikAra jIva meM karmapara- mAzuoM kA AzleSa karAne meM kAraNIbhUta hone ke kAraNa kaSAya kahalAte haiM /

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baMdha tattva 225 isa sakaSAya avasthA meM utpanna huA karmAstrava sAmparAyika kahalAtA hai, kyoMki usakI AtmA meM samparAya calatI haiM, aura vaha apanA kucha na kucha prabhAva dikhalAye binA AtmA se pRthaka nahIM hotaa| bandha tattva ukta prakAra jIva kI sakaSAya avasthA meM Aye hue karma-paramANuoM kA AtmapradezoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha ho jAne ko hI karmabaMdha kahA jAtA hai| yaha baMdha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga, aura pradeza / prakRti vastu ke zIla yA svabhAva ko kahate haiN| ataeva karma paramANuoM meM jisa prakAra ko pariNAma-utpAdana zaktiyAM AtI haiM, unheM karmaprakRti kahate haiN| karmoM meM jitane kAla taka jIva ke sAtha rahane kI zakti utpanna hotI hai, use karma-sthiti kahate haiN| unakI tIvra yA manda phaladAyinI zakti kA nAma anubhAga hai, tathA AtmapradezoM ke sAtha kitane karma-paramANuoM kA baMdha huA, ise pradeza baMdha kahate haiN| isa cAra prakAra kI baMdha-vyavasthA ke atirikta karma siddhAnta meM karmoM ke satva, udaya, udIraNA, utkarSaNa, apakarSaNa. saMkramaNa, upazama, nidhatti aura nikAcanA kA bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| baMdhAdi ye hI daza karmoM ke karaNa arthAt avasthAeM kahalAtI haiN| baMdha ke cAra prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hI jA cukA hai| baMdha hone ke pazcAt karma kisa avasthA meM AtmA ke sAtha rahate haiM, isakA vicAra satva ke bhItara kiyA jAtA hai| apanI sattA meM vidyamAna karma jaba apanI sthiti ko pUrA kara phala dene lagatA hai, taba use karmoM kA udaya kahate haiM / kabhI kabhI AtmA apane bhAvoM kI tIvratA ke dvArA karmoM kI sthiti pUrI hone se se pUrva hI unheM phalonmukha banA detA hai, ise udIraNA kahate haiM / jisaprakAra kacce phaloM ko vizeSa tApa dvArA unake pakane ke samaya se pUrva hI pakA liyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra yaha karmoM kI udIraNA hotI hai| karmoM ke sthiti-kAla va anubhAga (phaladAyinI zakti) meM vizeSa bhAvoM dvArA vRddhi karane kA nAma utkarSaNa hai| usI prakAra usake sthiti-kAla va anubhAga ko ghaTAne kA nAma apakarSaNa hai| karmaprakRtiyoM ke upabhedoM kA eka se dUsare rUpa parivartana kiye jAne kA nAma saMkramaNa hai / karmoM ko udaya meM Ane se roka denA upazama hai| karmoM ko udaya meM Ane se, tathA anya prakRti rUpa saMkramaNa hone se bhI roka denA nittikaraNa hai; aura karmoM kI aisI avasthA meM le jAnA ki jisase usakA udaya, udIraNa, saMkramaNa, utkarSaNa yA apakarSaNa, ye koI viparivartana na ho sake, use nikAcana kahate haiN| karmoM ke ina daza karaNoM ke svarUpa se spaSTa hai ki jaina karma-siddhAnta

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jaina darzana niryAtavAdI nahIM hai, aura sarvathA svacchandavAdI bhI nahIM hai / jIva ke pratyeka karma dvArA kisI na kisI prakAra kI aisI zakti utpanna hotI hai, jo apanA kucha na kucha prabhAva dikhAye binA nahIM rahatI; aura sAtha hI jIva kA svAtantrya bhI kabhI isa prakAra avaruddha va kuMThita nahIM hotA ki vaha apane karmoM kI dazAoM meM sudhAra- vadhAra karane meM sarvathA asamartha ho isa prakAra jaina siddhAnta meM manuSya ke apane karmoM ke uttaradAyitva tathA ko badala DAlane kI zakti, ina donoM kA bhalI-bhAMti samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai / jAya / puruSArtha dvArA apanI paristhitiyoM 226 karma- prakRtiyAM - (jJAnAvaraNa karma) baMdhe hue karmoM meM utpanna hone vAlI prakRtiyAM do prakAra kI haiM--mUla aura uttara / mUla prakRtiyAM ATha haiM-jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya, antarAya vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotra / ina ATha mUla prakRtiyoM kI apanI-apanI bhedarUpa vividha uttara prakatiyAM batalAI gaI haiM / jJAnAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke jJAnaguNa para aisA AvaraNa utpanna karatA hai jisake kAraNa saMsArAvasthA meM usakA pUrNa vikAsa nahIM hone pAtA; jisa prakAra ki vastra ke AvaraNa se sUrya yA dIpaka kA prakAza manda par3a jAtA hai| isakI jJAnoM ke bhedAnusAra pAMca uttara prakRtiyAM haiM, jisase kramazaH jIva kA matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna manaHparSaya jJAna va kevalajJAna AvRtta hotA hai / darzanAvaraNakarma darzanAvaraNIya karma zrAtmA ke darzana nAmaka caitanya guNa ko AvRtta karatA hai / isa karma kI nidrA, nidrA-nidrA, pracalA, pracalApracalA, styAnagRddhi; tathA cakSudarzanAvaraNIya, acakSudarzanAvaraNIya, avadhidarzanAvaraNIya, aura kevala darzanAvaraNIya, ye nau uttama prakRtiyAM haiM / nidrA karmodaya se jIva ko nidrA AtI hai / usako gAr3hatara avasthA athavA punaH punaH vRtti ko nidrA nidrA kahate haiM / pracalA karma ke udaya se manuSya ko aisI nidrA AtI hai ki vaha sote-sote calane-phirane athavA nAnA indriya vyApAra karane lagatA hai / pracalApracalA isI kA gAr3hatara rUpa hai, jisameM ukta kriyAeM bAra-bAra va adhika tIvratA se hotI haiM / styAnagRddhi karmoMdaya ke kAraNa jIva svapnAvasthA meM hI unmatta hokara nAnA rauda karma kara DAlatA hai / cakSudarzanAvaraNIya karma ke kAraNa netrendriya kI darzanazakti kSINa hotI hai /

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mohanIya karma 227 pracakSuvarzanAvaraNIya se zeSa indiyoM kI zakti manda par3atI hai; tathA avadhi va kevala darzanAvaraNIyoM dvArA una-una darzanoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhA upasthita hotI hai| ukta bhinna-bhinna jJAnoM va darzanoM ke svarUpa kA varNana mAge kiyA jAyagA / mohanIya karma mohanIya karma jIva ke moha arthAt usakI rUci va cAritra meM aviveka, vikAra va viparItatA Adi doSa utpanna karatA hai / isake mukhya bheda do haiMeka varzana-mohanIya, aura dUsarA cAritra-mohanIya, jo kramazaH darzana va cAritra meM ukta prakAra dUSaNa utpanna karate haiM / darzana mohanIya kI uttaraprakRtiyAM tIna haiM-mitthyAtva, samyagmithyAtva aura samyaktva / cAritra-mohanIya ke cAra bheda haiM-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / ye cAroM hI pratyeka anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAna, pratyAkhyAna aura saMjvalana ke bhedAnusAra cAra-cAra prakAra ke hote haiM, jinakI kula milAkara solaha uttaraprakRtiyAM hotI haiN| inameM hAsya, rati, arati, kheda, bhaya, glAni evaM puruSa, strI va napuMsaka veda-ye 6 nokaSAya milAne se mohanIya karma kI samasta uttara-prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA aTThAisa ho jAtI hai| mohanIya karma saba se adhika prabala va prabhAvazAlI pAyA jAtA hai, aura pratyeka prANI ke mAnasika jIvana meM atyanta vyApaka va usake loka-cAritra ke nirmANa meM samartha siddha hotA hai / jIvana kI kriyAoM kA Adi srota jIva kI manovRtti hai / vizuddha manovRtti va dRSTi kA nAma hI samyagdarzana hai / isa darzana kI, vikAra kI taratamatAnusAra, agaNita avasthAeM hotI haiM, jinheM mukhyataH tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| eka sarvathA vaha mUr3ha avasthA jisameM vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke grahaNa kI yogyatA sarvathA nahIM hotI, evaM vastu ko viparIta bhAva se grahaNa karane kI saMbhAvanA hotI hai| yaha darzana-mohanI karma kI mithyAtva prakRti hai| dUsare, jahAM isa mithyAtva prakRti kI jaTilatA kSINa hokara, usameM samyagdRSTi kA bhI prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai, taba use darzana-mohanIya kI mizra yA samyagmithyAtva prakRti kahA jAtA hai / aura tIsarI, jahAM mithyAtva kSINa hokara dRSTi zuddha ho jAtI hai. yadyapi usameM kucha cAMcalya, mAlinya va agAr3hatva banA rahatA hai, taba use samyaktva prakRti kahA jAtA hai / dhArmika jIvana ko samajhane ke liye ina tIna mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna bar3A Avazyaka hai, kyoMki mUlataH ye hI avasthAeM cAritra ko sadoSa va nirdoSa banAtI haiN| cAritra meM spaSTa vikAra utpanna karane vAle mAnasika bhAva ananta haiN| kintu unheM hama do suspaSTa vargoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM--eka rAga jo para padArtha kI ora manako AkarSita va Asakta karatA hai| ise zAstra meM pejja (saM0 preyas) kahA

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228 jaina darzana gayA hai; aura dUsarA dveSa jo bhinna padArthoM se ghRNA utpanna karatA hai / yathArthataH ye hI do mUlakaSAya yA kaSAya-bhAva haiM, aura inhIM ke prabheda rUpa krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye cAra kaSAya mAne gaye haiN| inameM se pratyeka kI tIvratA aura mandatAnusAra agaNita bheda ho sakate haiM, kintu suvidhA ke liye cAra bheda mAne gaye haiM, jo bhautika dRSTAntoM dvArA spaSTa samajhe jA sakate haiN| anantAnubandhI krodha pASANa kI rekhA ke samAna bahuta sthAyI hotA hai| usakA apratyAkhyAna rUpa pRthvI kI rekhA ke sadRza,pratyAkhyAna rUpa dhUli kI rekhA ke samAna; aura saMjvalana, jala kI rekhA ke samAna kramazaH tIvratama se lekara mandatama hotA hai| isI prakAra mana kI cAra avasthAeM, usakI kaThoratA va lacIlepana ke anusAra, pAsANa, asthi, kASTha aura vetra ke samAna; mAyA kI, usakI vakratA kI jaTilatA va hInatA ke anusAra, bAMsa kI jar3a, mer3he ke sIMga, gomUtra tathA khurape ke sadRza; evaM lobha kaSAya kI kRmirAga, kITa (oMgana) zarImala aura haladI ke samAna tIvratA se mandatA kI ora ukta anantAnubandhI Adi cAra cAra avasthAyeM hotI haiM / 'no' kA artha hotA hai-ISat yA alpa / tadanusAra nokaSAya ve mAnasika vikAra kahe gaye haiM, jo ukta kaSAyoM ke prabheda rUpa hote hue bhI apanI vizeSatA va jIvana meM spaSTa pRthak svarUpa ke kAraNa alaga se ginAye gaye haiN| ina nokaSAyoM kA svarUpa unake nAma se hI spaSTa hai| isaprakAra mohanIya karma kI una aTThAisa uttara prakRtiyoM ke bhItara apanI eka vizeSa vyavasthAnusAra una saba mAnasika avasthAoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai, jo anyatra rasa va bhAvoM ke nAma se saMkSepa yA vistAra se varNita pAI jAtI haiM / inhIM mohanIya karmoM kI tIvra va manda avasthAoM ke anusAra ve AdhyAtmika bhUmikAeM vikasita hotI haiM jinheM guNasthAna kahate haiM jinakA varNana Age kiyA jaavegaa| antarAyakarma jo karma jIva ke bAhya padArthoM ke AdAna-pradAna aura bhogopabhoga tathA svakIya parAkrama ke vikAsa meM vighna-bAdhA utpanna karatA hai, antarAya karma kahA gayA hai / usakI pAMca uttara prakRtiyAM hai-dAnAntarAya, lAbhAntarAya, bhogAntarAya, upabhogAntarAya aura viiryaantraay| ye kramazaH jIva ke dAna karane, lAbha lene, bhojya va bhogya padArthoM kA eka bAra meM, athavA aneka bAra meM, sukha lene, evaM kisI bhI paristhiti kA sAmanA karane yogya sAmarthya rUpa guNoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiN|

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nAma-karma 226 vedanIya karma jo karma jIva ko sukha yA duHkha rUpa vedana utpanna karatA hai, use vedanIya kahate haiM / isakI uttara prakRtiyAM do haiM-sAtA vedanIya, jo jIva ko sukha kA anubhava karAtA hai, aura asAtA vedanIya, jo duHkha kA anubhava karAtA hai / yahAM antarAya karma kI bhoga aura upabhoga prakRtiyAM, tathA vedanIya kI sAtA-asAtA prakRtiyoM ke phalodaya meM bheda karanA Avazyaka hai| kisI manuSya ko bhojana, vastra, gRha Adi kI prApti nahIM ho rahI; ise usake lAbhAntarAya karma kA udaya kahA jAyegA / inakA lAbha hone para bhI yadi kisI paristhitivaza vaha unakA moga yA upabhoga nahIM kara pAtA, to vaha usake bhoga-upabhogAntarAya karma kA udaya mAnA jAyegA; aura yadi ukta vastuoM kI prApti aura unakA upayoga hone para bhI use sukha kA anubhava na hokara, duHkha hI hotA hai, to yaha usake asAtA vedanIya karma kA phala hai / sambhava hai kisI vyakti ke lAmAntarAya karma ke upazamana se use bhogya vastuoM kI prApti ho gaI ho, para vaha unakA sukha tabhI pA sakegA jaba sAtha hI usase sAtA-vedanIya karma kA udaya ho| yadi asAtA-vedanIya karma kA udaya hai, to una vastuoM se bhI use duHkha hI hogaa| Ayu karma jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kI deva, naraka, manuSya yA tithaMca gati meM Ayu kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai, vaha Ayu karma hai; aura usakI ye hI cAra arthAt devAyu, narakAyu, manuSyAyu va tiryacAyu uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM / gotra karma__ loka vyavahAra saMbaMdhI AcaraNa ko gotra mAnA gayA hai / jisa kula meM loka pUjita AcaraNa kI paramparA hai, use uccagotra, aura jisameM lokanindita AcaraNa kI paramparA hai, use nIcagotra nAma diyA gayA hai| ina kuloM meM janma dilAne vAlA karma gotra karma kahalAtA hai, aura usakI tadanusAra uccagotra va nIcagotra, ye do hI uttara prakRtiyAM haiM / yadyapi gotra zabda kA vaidika paramparA meM bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, tathApi jaina karma siddhAnta meM usakI uccatA aura nIcatA meM AcaraNa kI pradhAnatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| nAma kama jisaprakAra mohanIya karma ke dvArA vizeSarUpa se prANiyoM ke mAnasika

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230 jaina darzana guNoM va vikAroM kA nirmANa hotA hai| usI prakAra usake zArIrika guNoM ke nirmANa meM nAmakarma vizeSa samartha kahA gayA hai| nAmakarma ke mukhyameva 42, tathA unake upabhedoM kI apekSA 63 uttara prakRtiyAM mAnI gaI haiM, jo isaprakAra (1) cAra gati (naraka, tiryaca, manuSya aura deva), (2) pAMca jAti (ekendrIya, dvIndriya, zrIndriya, caturindriya aura paMcendriya), (3) pAMca zarIra (audArika, va kriyika, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmaNa ), (4-5) audArikAdi pAMcoM zarIroM ke pAMca baMdhana va unhIM ke pA~ca saMghAta, (6) chaha zarIra saMsthAna (samacaturasra, nyagrodhaparimaNDala. svAti, kubja, vAmana aura huNDa ), (7) tIna zarIrAMgopAMga (audArika, vaikriyika aura AhAraka), (8) chaha sahanana (vajravRSabhanArAca, vajranArAca, nArAca, arddha nArAca, kIlita, aura asaMprAptAstrapATikA), (6) pAMca varNa (kaSNa, nIla, rakta, harita aura zukla), (10) do gaMdha (sugandha aura durgandha), (11) pAMca rasa (tikta, kaTu, kaSAya, Amla aura madhura), (12) ATha sparza (kaThora, mRdu, guru, laghu, snigdha, rukSa, zIta aura uSNa), (13) cAra AnupUrvI (narakagatiyogya, tiryaggatiyogya, manuSyagatiyogya aura devagatiyogya), (14) agurulaghu, (15) upaghAta, (16) paradhAta, (17) ucchvAsa, (18) Atapa, (16) udyota, (20) do vihAyogati (prazasta aura aprazasta), (21) trasa, (22) sthAvara, (23) bAdara, (24) sUkSma, (25) paryApta, (26) aparyApta, (27) pratyeka zarIra, (28) sAdhAraNa zarIra,(26) sthira, (30) asthira, (31) zubha, (32) azubha, (33) subhaga, (34) dubhaMga, (35) susvara, (36) duHsvara, (37) Adeya, (38) anAdeya, (36) yaza kIti (40) ayazaHkIrti, (nirmANa aura (42) tIrthaMkara / uparyukta karma prakRtiyoM meM se adhikAMza kA svarUpa unake nAmoM para se athavA pUrvokta ullekhoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| zeSa kA svarUpa isaprakAra haipAMca prakAra ke zarIroM ke jo pAMca prakAra ke bandhana batalAye gaye haiM, unakA kartavya yaha hai ki ve zarIra nAmakarma ke dvArA grahaNa kiye hue pudgala paramANuoM meM paraspara baMdhana va saMzleSa utpanna karate haiM, jisake abhAva meM vaha paramANupuja ratnarAzivat virala (pRthak) raha jAyagA / baMdhana prakRti ke dvArA utpanna hue saMzaliSTa zarIra meM saMghAta arthAt nizchidra Thosapana lAnA saMghAta prakRti kA kArya hai| saMsthAna nAmakarma kA kArya zarIra kI AkRti kA nirmANa karanA hai / jisa zarIra ke samasta bhAga ucita pramANa se nirmANa hote haiM, vaha samacaturastra kahalAtA hai / jisa zarIra kA nAbhi se Upara kA bhAga ati sthUla, aura nIce kA

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nAma karma 231 bhAga ati laghu ho, use nyagrodhaparimaNDala (arthAt vaTavRkSAkAra) saMsthAna kahA jAtA hai / isake viparIta, arthAt Upara kA bhAga atyanta laghu aura nIce kA atyanta vizAla ho, vaha svAti (arthAt valmIka ke AkAra kA ) saMsthAna kahalAtA hai / kubar3e zarIra ko kubja, sarvAMga hRsva zarIra ko vAmana, tathA sarva aMgopAMgoM meM viSamAkAra (Ter3he mer3he) zarIra ko huNDa saMsthAna kahate haiN| inhIM chaha bhinna zarIra-AkRtiyoM kA nirmANa karAne vAlI chaha saMsthAna prakRtiyAM mAnI gaI haiN| uparyukta audArikAdi pAMca zarIra-prakRtiyoM meM se taijasa aura kArmaNa, ina do prakRtiyoM dvArA kinhIM bhinna zarIroM va aMgopAMgoM kA nirmANa nahIM hotaa| isaliye una do ko chor3akara aMgopAMga nAmakarma kI zeSa tIna hI prakRtiyA~ kahI gaI haiM / vRSabha kA artha asthi, aura nArAca kA artha kIla hotA haiM / ataeva jisa zarIra kI asthiyAM va unheM jor3ane vAlI kIleM vajra ke samAna dRr3ha hotI haiM, vaha zarIra vana-vaSama-nArAca saMhanana kahalAtA hai / jisa zarIra kI kevala nArAca arthAt kIleM vajravat hotI hai, use vajra-nArAca saMhanana kahA jAtA haiM / nArAca saMhanana meM kIleM to hotI haiM, kiMtu vajra samAna dRr3ha nhiiN| arddhanArAca saMhanana vAle zarIra meM kIla pUrI nahIM, kintu AdhI rahatI hai| jisa zarIra meM asthiyoM ke jor3oM ke sthAnoM meM donoM ora alpa kIleM lagI ho, vaha kolaka saMhanana hai; aura jahAM asthiyoM kA baMdha kIloM se nahIM, kiMtu snAyu, mAMsa Adi se lapeTakara saMghaTita ho, vaha asaMprAptAstrapATikA saMhanana kahA gayA hai| inhIM chaha prakAra ke zarIra-saMhananoM ke nirmANa ke liye ukta chaha prakRtiyA~ grahaNa kI gaI haiM / mRtyukAla meM jIva ke pUrva zarIrAkAra kA vinAza hue binA usakI navIna gati kI ora le jAne vAlI zakti ko dene vAlI prakRti kA nAma AnupUrvI hai, jisake gatiyoM ke anusAra cAra bheda haiN| zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM kI aisI racanA jo svayaM usI dehadhArI jIva ko klezadAyaka ho, use upaghAta ; aura jisase dUsaroM ko kleza pahu~cAyA jA sake, use paraghAta kahate haiN| ina pravRttiyoM ko utpanna karane vAlI prakRtiyoM ke nAma bhI kramazaH upadhAta aura paraghAta haiM / bar3e sIMga, lambe stana, vizAla toMda evaM vAta, pitta, kapha Adi dUSaNa upaghAta karmodaya ke; tathA sarpa kI DAr3ha va bicchU ke DaMka kA viSa, siMha vyAghrAdi ke nakha aura daMta Adi paraghAta karmodaya ke udAharaNa haiM / Atapa kA artha hai USNatA sahita, tathA udyota kA artha hai USNatA rahita prakAza, jaisA ki sUrya aura candra meM pAyA jAtA haiM / jIva-zarIroM meM ina dharmoM ko prakaTa karane vAlI prakRtiyoM ko Atapa va upaghAta kahA hai, jaisA ki kramazaH sUryamaNDalavartI pRthvIkAyika zarIra va khadyota / sthAnAntaraNa kA nAma gati hai jo vihAyas arthAt AkAza-avakAza meM hotI hai / kinhIM jIvoM kI gati prazasta arthAt sundara va

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232 jaina darzana uttama mAnI gaI hai, jaise hAthI, haMsa Adi kI; aura kitanoM kI aprazasta, jaise gaghA, UMTa Adi kii| inhIM do prakAra kI gatiyoM kI vidhAyaka prazasta va aprazasta vihAyogati nAmaka karma-prakRtiyAM mAnI gaI haiM / paryApta zarIra vaha hai jinakI indriya Adi pudgala-racanA pUrNa ho gaI haiM yA hone vAlI haiM / aparyApta zarIra vaha hai jisakI pudgala-racanA pUrNa hone ke pUrva hI usakA maraNa avazyambhAvI hai| inhIM do bhinna-bhinna pravRttiyoM kI vidhAyaka paryApta aura aparyApta ye do prakRtiyAM mAnI gaI haiN| jisa karma ke udaya se zarIra meM rasa, rudhira, mAMsa, meda, majjA, asthi aura zukra, ina dhAtuSoM meM sthiratA utpanna hotI hai use sthira; aura jisake dvArA unhIM dhAtuoM kA kramazaH viparivartana hotA hai usakA nAma asthira prakRti haiM / rakta va prANa vAyu kA jo zarIra meM niraMtara saMcAlana hotA rahatA hai asthira prakRti kA, tathA asthi Adi dhAtuoM meM jo sthiratA pAI jAtI hai use sthira prakRti kA, kArya kahA jA sakatA hai| zarIra ke aMgopAMgoM ke zubha-lakSaNa, zubha-prakRti evaM azubha-lakSaNa, azubha-prakRti ke kAraNa hote haiM / usI prakAra unake saundarya va kurUpatA ke kAraNa subhaga va dubhaMga prakRtiyAM haiN| jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kI AdeyatA arthAt bahumAnyatA utpanna hotI hai vaha Adeya; aura usase viparIta bhAva prakRti anAdeya kahI gaI hai| jisa karma ke udaya se loka meM jIva ke guNoM kI khyAti hotI haiM vaha yazaHkoti ora jisase kukhyAti hotI hai vaha ayazaHkIti prakRti hai| jisa karma ke dvArA zarIra ke aMgopAMgoM ke pramANa va yathocita sthAna kA niyaMtraNa hotA hai, use nirmANa nAma karma kahate haiM / jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko triloka-pUjya tIrthakara paryAya prApta hotI hai, vaha tIrthakara prakRti haiM / isa prakAra nAmakarma kI ina vividha prakRtiyoM dvArA jIvoM ke zarIra, aMgopAMgoM va dhAtu-upadhAtuoM kI racanA aura unake kArya-vaicitrya kA nirdhAraNa va niyamana kiyA gayA hai / prakRtibandha ke kAraNa Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki karmabandha kA kAraNa sAmAnya rUpa se jIva kI kaSAyAtmaka mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyAM haiM / kauna sI kaSAyAtmaka pravRttiyAM kina karma-prakatiyoM ko janma detI hai, isakA bhI sUkSma vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai:-tatvajJAna mokSa kA sAdhana hai / isa sAdhanA kI bAdhaka pravRttiyAM haiM- isa tatvajJAna ko dUsaroM se chupAnA, yA jAnabUjhakara use vikRta rUpa meM prastuta karanA; jJAna ke viSaya meM kisI se mAtsarya bhAva rakhanA; unake jJAnArjana meM bAdhA upasthita karanA, yA use arjana se rokanA; va sacce jJAna meM dUSaNa utpanna karanA / ye kuTila vRttiyAM jaba samyagdarzana ke saMbaMdha meM

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baMdha ke kAraNa upasthita hotI hai, taba darzanAvaraNa; va jJAna ke saMbaMdha meM utpanna hone para jJAnAvaraNa karma-prakRti kA baMdha karAtI hai, va bhAvavaicitraya ke anusAra ina karmoM kI uttara prakRtiyAM baMdhatI haiM / usI prakAra parama jJAniyoM, uttama zAstra, sacce dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM, dharmAcaraNoM va sacce deva ke sambandha meM niMdA aura apamAna phailAnA, darzana mohanIya karma ke kAraNa haiM; tathA krodhAdi kasAyoM se jo bhAvoM kI tIvratA utpanna hotI hai, usase cAritra-mohanIya karma baMdhatA haiM / dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga va zakti (vIrya) upArjana jIvana ko sukhI banAne kI sAmAnya pravRttiyAM haiN| inameM kuTilabhAva se vighna upasthita karane ke kAraNa antarAya karma kI vividha prakRtiyoM kA baMdha hotA hai| ye cAroM karma jIva ke guNoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiM, arthAt unakI sattA vidyamAna rahane para jIva apane jJAna-darzanAdi guNoM ko pUrNa rUpa se vikasita nahIM kara pAtA, isakAraNa ina karmoM ko ghAti evaM pApa-karma kahA gayA hai| zeSa jo cAra vedanIya, Ayu, gotra va nAma karma haiM, unakA astitva rahate hue bhI jIva ke kevala jJAna kI prApti rUpa pUrNa AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhA nahIM pdd'tii| isaliye ina karmoM ko aghAti karma mAnA gayA hai / svayaM ko yA dUsaroM ko duHkha, zoka, tApa, Akrandana, vadha Adi rUpa pIr3A dene se asAtAvedanIya karma kA baMdha hotA hai tathA jIvoM ke prati dayAbhAva, vratI va saMyamI puruSoM ke prati anukampA va dAna, tathA saMsAra se chUTane kI icchA se svayaM vrata-saMyama ke abhyAsa se sAtA-vedanIya karma kA baMdha hotA hai / isa prakAra vedanIya karma do prakAra kA siddha huA-eka duHkhadAyI, dUsarA sukhadAyI aura isaliye eka ko pApa va dUsare ko puNya kahA gayA hai| yahAM yaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki puNya aura pApa, ye donoM hI pravRttiyAM karmabaMdha utpanna karatI haiN| hA~, unameM se prathama prakAra kA karmabaMdha jIva ke anubhava meM anukUla va sukhadAyI; aura dUsarA pratikUla va dukhaHdAyI siddha hotA hai| isIliye puNya aura pApa donoM ko zarIra ko bA~dhane vAlI ber3iyoM kI upamA dI gaI hai| pApa rUpa ber3iyAM lohe kI hai; aura puNya rUpa ber3iyAM suvarNa kI, jo alaMkAroM kA rUpa dhAraNakara priya lagatI haiN| jIva ke ina puNya aura pApa rUpa pariNAmoM ko zubha va azubha bhI kahA gayA hai| ye donoM hI saMsAra-bhramaNa ke kAraNIbhUta haiM; bhale hI puNya jIva ko svargAdi zubha gatiyoM meM le jAkara sukhAnubhava karAye; athavA pApa narakAdi va pazu yoniyoM meM le jAkara duHkhadAyI ho| ina donoM zubhAzubha pariNAmoM se pRthak jo jIva kI zuddhAvasthA mAnI gaI hai, vahI karmabaMdha se chur3Akara mokSa gati ko prApta karAne vAlI hai / sAMsArika kAryoM meM ati Asakti va ati parigraha narakAyu baMdha kA kAraNa

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234 jaina darzana kahA gayA hai| mAyAcAra tiyaMca mAyu kA; alpAraMbha, alpa parigraha, va svabhAva kI mRdutA manuSya Ayu kA; tathA saMyama va tapa vevAyu kA baMdha karAte haiM / inameM deva aura manuSya Ayu kA baMdha zubha va naraka aura tiryaca Ayu kA baMdha azubha kahA gayA hai / para-niMdA, Atma-prazaMsA, sadbhUtaguNoM kA AcchAdana tathA asadbhUta guNoM kA udbhAvana, ye nIcagotra; tathA inase viparIta pravRtti, evaM mAna kA abhAva aura vinaya, ye uccagotra baMdha ke kAraNa haiN| yahAM para spaSTataH uccagotra kA baMdha zubha va nIca gotra kA baMdha azubha hotA hai| nAmakarma kI jitanI uttara prakRtiyAM batalAI gaI haiM, ve unake svarUpa se hI spaSTataH do prakAra kI haiM-zubha va azubha / inameM azubha nAmakarma-baMdha kA kAraNa sAmAnya se mana-vacana-kAya yogoM kI vakratA va kutsita kriyAeM; aura sAtha-sAtha mithyAbhAva, paizunya, citta kI caMcalatA, jhUThe nApa-tola rakhakara dUsaroM ko Thagane kI vRtti Adi rUpa burA AcaraNa hai; aura inase viparIta sadAcaraNa zubha nAma karma ke baMdha kA kAraNa hai / nAmakarma ke bhItara tIrthakara prakRti batalAI gaI hai, jo jIva ke zubhatama pariNAmoM se utpanna hotI hai / aise 16 uttama pariNAma vizeSa rUpa se tIrthaMkara gotra ke kAraNa batalAye gaye haiN| jo isa prakAra haiM samyagdarzana kI vizuddhi, vinaya-saMpannatA, zIloM aura vratoM kA nirdoSa paripAlana, nirantara jJAna-sAdhanA, mokSa kI ora pravRtti, zakti anusAra tyAga aura tapa, bhale prakAra samAdhi, sAdhu janoM kA sevA-satkAra, pUjya AcArya vizeSa vidvAna va zAstra ke prati bhakti, Avazyaka dharmakAryoM kA nirantara paripAlana dhArmika-protsAhana va dharmIjanoM ke prati vAtsalya-bhAva / sthitibandha ye karma-prakRtiyAM jaba baMdha ko prApta hotI haiM, tabhI unameM jIva ke kaSAyoM kI maMdatA va tIvratA ke anusAra yaha guNa bhI utpanna ho jAtA hai ki ve kitane kAla taka sattA meM raheMge, aura phira apanA phala dekara jhar3a jaayeNge| ise hI karmoM kA sthitibaMdha kahate haiN| yaha sthiti jIva ke pariNAmAnusAra tIna prakAra kI hotI haiM jaghanya madhyama aura utkRSTa / jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, va antarAya, ina tIna karmoM kI jaghanya arthAt kama se kama sthiti antarmuhUrta aura utkRSTa arthAt adhika se adhika sthiti tIsa koDAkor3I sAgara kI hotI hai / vedanIya kI jaghanya sthiti bAraha muhUrta aura utkRSTa sthiti 30 kor3Akor3I sAgara kii| mohanIya karma kI jaghanyasthiti antamuhUrta, aura utkRSTa sthiti sattara kor3A. kor3I sAgara kii| Ayukarma kI kramazaH antamuhUMta aura 33 sAgara kI; tathA

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anubhAga baMdha 235 nAma aura gotra ina donoM kI ATha antarmuhUrta aura 20 koDAkor3I sAgara kI kahI gaI hai| jaghanya aura utkRSTa ke bIca kI samasta sthitayA~ madhyama kahalAtI haiM / eka muhUrtakAla kA pramANa Adhunika kAlagaNanAnusAra 48 minaTa hotA hai / eka muhUrta meM eka samaya hIna kAla ko bhinnamuhUrta aura bhinnamuhUrta se eka samaya hIna kAla se lekara eka Avali taka ke kAla ko antamuhUrta kahate haiM / 1 Avali 1 sekenDa ke alpAMza ke barAbara hotA hai / sAgara athavA sAgaropama eka upamA pramANa hai, jisakI saMkhyA nahIM kI jA sakatI, arthAt saMkhyAtIta varSoM ke kAla ko sAgara kahate haiM / koDAkor3I kA artha hai 1 karor3a kA varga (1 karor3a41 krodd')| isa prakAra karmoM kI utkRSTa sthiti jo 20,30,33 yA 70 kor3Akor3I sAgaropama kI batalAI gaI hai, vaha hameM kevala unakI paraspara dIrghatA va alpatA kA bodha mAtra karAtI hai| sAmAnyataH kabhI karmoM kI utkRSTa sthitiyAM aprazasta mAnI gaI haiM, kyoMki unakA baMdha saMkleza rUpa pariNAmoM se hotA hai| saMkleza meM jitanI mAtrA meM hInatA aura vizuddhi kI vRddhi hogI, usI anupAta se sthitibaMdha hIna hotA jAnA hai; aura jaghanyasthiti kA baMdha utkRSTa vizuddhi kI avasthA meM hotA hai| vizuddhi aura saMkleza kA lakSaNa dhavalAkAra ne batalAyA hai ki sAtA-vedanIya karma ke baMdha yogya pariNAma ko vizuddhi, aura asAtA-vedanIya ke baMdha yogya pariNAma ko saMkleza mAnanA cAhiye / anubhAga baMdha karmaprakRtiyoM meM sthiti-bandha ke sAtha-sAtha jo unameM tIvra yA manda rasadAyinI zakti bhI utpanna hotI hai, usI zakti kA nAma anubhAga bandha haiM; jisaprakAra ki kisI phala meM usake miThAsa va khaTAsa kI tIvratA va mandatA bhI pAI jAtI hai| yaha anubhAga bandha bhI bandhaka jIvoM ke bhAvAnusAra utpanna hotA hai / vizuddha pariNAmoM dvArA sAtA vedanIyAdi puNya prakRtiyoM kA utkRSTa anubhAga bandha hotA hai; aura asAtA vedanIyAdi pApa prakRtiyoM kA jaghanya / tathA saMkliSTa pariNAmoM se asAtA vedanIyAdi pApa prakRtiyoM kA utkRSTa anubhAga bandha hotA hai, va sAtA vedanIyAdi puNya prakRtiyoM kA jaghanya / isaprakAra sthiti bandha aura anubhAga bandha kA paraspara yaha saMbadha pAyA jAtA hai ki jahAM sthiti bandha ko utkRSTatA aura jaghanyatA kramaza: saMkleza aura vizuddhi ke adhIna hai, vahAM anubhAga bandha kI utkRSTatA aura jaghanyatA, prazasta va aprazasta prakRtiyoM meM bhinna prakAra se utpanna hotI hai / prazasta prakRtiyoM kA utkRSTa anubhAga vizuddhi ke adhIna hai, aura aprazasta kA saMkleza ke; evaM jaghanyatA isake viparIta / karmoM kI yaha anubhAga rUpa phaladAyinI zakti udAharaNoM dvArA samajhAyI jA

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236 jaina darzana sakatI hai / jisa prakAra latA, kASTha, asthi aura pASANa meM komalatA se kaThoratA kI ora uttarottara vRddhi pAI jAtI hai, usI prakAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA anubhAga mandatA se tIvratA kI ora bar3hatA jAtA hai / latA bhAga se lekara kASTha ke kucha aMza taka ghAtiyA karmoM kI zakti dezaghAtI kahalAtI hai, kyoMki isa avasthA meM vaha jIva ke guNoM kA AMzika rUpa se ghAta yA AvaraNa karatI hai / aura kASTha se Age pASANa taka kI zakti sarvaghAti hotI hai-- arthAt usa anubhAga ke udaya meM Ane para AtmA ke guNa pUrNatA se DhaMka jAte haiM / aghAtiyA karmoM meM se prazasta prakRtiyoM kA anubhAga, gur3a khAMDa, mizrI aura amRta ke samAna; tathA aprazasta prakRtiyoM kA nIma, kAMjI, viSa aura halAhala ke samAna kahA gayA hai, jisakA baMdha uparyukta vizuddhi va saMkleza kI vyavasthAnusAra uttarozara tIvra va maMda hotA hai / pradezabandha - pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyA ke dvArA jIva AtmapradezoM ke saMparka meM karma rUpa pudgala paramANuoM ko le AtA hai, aura unameM vividha prakAra kI karmazaktiyAM utpanna karatA hai / isaprakAra pudgala paramANuoM kA jIva - pradezoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha honA hI pradeza bandha hai / jina pudgala paramANuoM ko jIva grahaNa karatA hai, ve atyanta sUkSma mAne gaye haiM; aura pratisamaya baMdhane vAle paramANuoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gayI hai| jitanA karmadravya baMdha ko prApta hotI hai usakA baTavArA jIva ke pariNAmAnusAra ATha mUla prakRtiyoM meM ho jAtA hai / inameM Ayu karma kA bhAga saba se alpa, usase adhika nAma aura gotra kA paraspara samAna; usase adhika jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya, ina tIna ghAtiyA karmo kA paraspara meM samAna; usase adhika mohanIya kA, aura usase adhika vedanIyakA bhAga hotA hai / isa anupAta kA kAraraNa isa prakAra pratIta hotA hai - AyukamaM jIvana meM kevala eka bAra baMdhatA hai, aura sAmAnyataH usameM ghaTA-bar3hI na hokara jIvana bhara kramazaH kSaraNa hotA rahatA hai, isaliye usakA dravyapuMja saba se alpa mAnA gayA hai| nAma aura gotra karmoM kI ghaTA jIvana meM Ayukarma kI apekSA kucha adhika hotI hai; kintu jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya kI apekSA usa dravya kA hAni lAbha kama hI hotA hai / mohanIyakarma saMbaMdhI kaSAyoM kA udaya, utkarSa aura apakarSa ukta karmoM kI apekSA adhika hotA hai; aura usase bhI adhika sukha-dukha: anubhavana rUpa vedanIya karma kA kArya pAyA jAtA hai / isI kAraNa ina karmoM ke bhAga kA dravya ukta krama se errfan kahA gayA hai / jisa prakAra pratisamaya ananta paramANuoM kA pudgala

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karma siddhAnta kI vizeSatA puMja baMdha ko prApta hotA hai, usI prakAra pUrva saMcita karma dravya apanI-apanI sthiti pUrI kara udaya meM AtA rahatA hai, aura apanI apanI prakRti anusAra jIva ko nAnAprakAra ke anukUla-pratikUla anubhava karAtA rahatA hai / isaprakAra isa karma- siddhAntAnusAra jIva kI nAnAdazAoM kA mUla kAraNa usakA apane dvArA utpAdita pUrva karma-baMdha hai / tAtkAlika bhinna-bhinna dravyAtmaka va bhAvAtmaka paristhitiyAM karmoM ko phaladAyinI zakti meM kucha utkarSaNa, apakarSaNa, saMkramaNa Adi vizeSatAeM avazya utpanna kiyA karatI haiM; kintu sAmAnya rUpa se karmaphalabhoga kI dhArA avicchinna rUpa se calA karatI hai; aura yaha gItAnusAra bhagavAn kRSNa ke zabdoM meM pukAra kara kahatI rahatI hai ki uddharedAtmanAtmAnaM nAtmAnamavasAdayet / Atmaiva mano bandhuH Atmaiva ripurAtmanaH // ( bha0gI0 6, 5) 237 karmasiddhAnta kI vizeSatA yaha hai saMkSepa meM jaina darzana kA karma siddhAnta / 'jaisI karanI, taisI bharanI' 'jo jasa karahi to tasa phala cAkhA' (As you sow, so you reap ) eka ati prAcIna kahAvata hai / prAyaH sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke AdikAla meM hI mAnava ne prakRti ke kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha ko jAna liyA thA; kyoMki vaha dekhatA thA ki prAyaH pratyeka kArya kisI kAraNa ke AdhAra se hI utpanna hotA hai; aura vaha kAraNa usI kArya ko utpanna karatA hai| jahAM use kisI ghaTanA ke liye koI spaSTa kAraNa dikhAI nahIM diyA, vahAM usane kisI adRSTa kAraNa kI kalpanA kI; aura ghaTanA jitanI adbhuta va asAdhAraNa sI dikhAI dI, utanA hI adbhuta va asAdhAraNa usakA kAraNa kalpita karanA pdd'aa| isI chupe hue rahasyamaya kAraNa ne. kahIM bhUta-preta kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA; kahIM Izvara yA IzvarecchA kA, kahIM prakRti , aura kahIM, yadi vaha ghaTanA manuSya se sambaddha huI to, usake bhAgya athavA pUrvakRta adRSTa karmoM kA / jaina darzana meM isa antima kAraNa ko AdhArabhUta mAnakara apane karma siddhAnta meM usakA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / anya adhikAMza dharmoM meM Izvara ko yaha kartRtva sauMpA gayA hai; jisake kAraNa unameM karma - siddhAnta jaisI mAnyatA yA to utpanna hI nahIM huI, yA utpanna hokara bhI vizeSa vikasita nahIM ho pAI / vedAnta darzana meM Izvara ko mAnakara bhI usake kartRtva ke saMbaMdha meM kucha doSa utpanna hote hue dikhAI diye / bAdarAyaNa ke sUtroM meM aura unake zaMkarAcArya kRta bhASya ( 2,1, 34) meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki yadi Izvara ko manuSya ke sukha-duHkhoM kA kartA mAnA jAya to vaha pakSapAta

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238 jaina darzana aura krUratA kA doSI ThaharAtA hai; kyoMki vaha kucha manuSyoM ko atyanta sukhI banAtA haiM, aura dUsaroM ko atyanta duHkhI / isa bAta kA vivecana kara antataH isI mata para pahu~cA gayA hai ki Izvara manuSya ke viSaya meM jo kucha karatA hai, vaha usausa vyakti ke pUrva karmAnusAra hI karatA hai| kintu aisI paristhiti meM Izvara kA koI kartRtva-svAtaMtrya nahIM tthhrtaa| jaina karma siddhAnta meM manuSya ke karmoM ko phaladAyaka banAne ke liye kisI eka pRthak zakti kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI gaI; aura usane apane karma-siddhAnta dvArA manuSya ke vyaktitva, usake guNa, AcaraNa va sukha-dukhAtmaka anubhavana ko utpanna karanevAlI karmazaktiyoM kA eka suvyavasthita vaijJAnika svarUpa upasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| isake dvArA jaina dArzanikoM ne apane paramAtmA yA Izvara ko, usake kartRtva meM upasthita hone vAle doSoM se mukta rakhA hai; aura dUsarI ora pratyeka vyakti ko apane AcaraNa ke saMbaMdha meM pUrNataH uttaradAyI banAyA hai| jaina zarma siddhAnta kI yaha bAta bhagavadgItA ke una vAkyoM meM dhvanita huI pAI jAtI hai, jahAM kahA gayA hai ki na kartRtvaM na karmANi lokasya srajati prbhuH| na karma-phala-saMyogaM svabhAvastu pravartate / / nAdatte kasyacit pApaM na puNyaM kasyacit vibhuH| ajJAnenAvRtaM jJAnaM tena muhyanti jantavaH ||(bh0gii0 5, 14-15) jIva aura karmabaMdha sAdi haiM yA anAdi ? karma siddhAnta ke vivecana meM dekhA jA cukA hai ki jIva kisa prakAra apane mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyAoM evaM rAgadveSAtmaka bhAvanAoM ke dvArA apane antaraMga meM aisI zaktiyAM utpanna karatA hai jinake kAraNa use nAnAprakAra ke sukhadukha rUpa anubhavana huA karate haiM; aura usakA saMsAracakra meM paribhramaNa calatA rahatA hai / prazna yaha hai ki kyA jIva kA yaha saMsAra-paribhramaNa, jisaprakAra vaha anAdi hai, usI prakAra usakA ananta taka calate rahanA anivArya hai ? yadi yaha anivArya nahIM hai, to kyA usakA anta kiyA jAnA vAMchanIya hai ? aura yadi vAMchanIya hai, to usa kA upAya kyA hai ? ina viSayoM para bhinna bhinna dharmoM va darzanoM ke nAnA matamatAntara pAye jAte haiN| vijJAna ne jahA~ prakati ke anya guNadharmoM kI jAnakArI meM apanA asAdhAraNa sAmarthya bar3hA liyA hai, vahA~ vaha jIva ke bhUta va bhaviSya ke saMbaMdha meM kucha bhI nizcaya-pUrvaka kaha sakane meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai| ataeva isa viSaya para vicAra hameM dhArmika darzanoM kI sImAoM ke bhItara hI karanA par3atA hai / jo darzana jIvana kI dhArA ko sAdi arthAt anAdi na hokara

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cAra puruSArtha 236 kisI eka kAla meM prArambha huI mAnate haiM, unake sammukha yaha prazna khar3A hotA hai ki jIvana kA prArambha kaba aura kyoM huA? kaba kA to koI uttara nahIM de pAtA; kintu kyoM kA eka yaha uttara diyA gayA hai ki Izvara kI icchA se jIva kI utpatti huI / tAtparya yaha ki jIva jaise cetana dravya kI kalpanA karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai; aura isa mahAna cetana dravya kI sattA ko anAdi mAnanA bhI anivArya hotA hai / jaisA Upara batalAyA jA cukA hai, jaina dharma meM isa doharI kalpanA ke sthAna para sIdhe jIva ke anAdi kAla se saMsAra meM vidyamAna hone kI mAnyatA ko ucita samajhA gayA hai| kintu adhikAMza jIvoM ke liye isa saMsAra-bhramaNa kA anta kara, apane zuddha rUpa meM Anantya prApta karanA sambhava mAnA hai| isa prakAra jina jIvoM meM saMsAra se nikala kara mokSa prApta karane kI zakti hai, ve jIva bhavya arthAt hone yogya (honahAra) mAne gaye haiM; aura jinameM yaha sAmarthya nahIM hai, unheM abhavya kahA gayA hai / cAra puruSArtha jIva ke dvArA apane saMsArAnubhavana kA anta kiyA jAnA vAMchanIya hai yA nahIM; isa sambandha meM bhI svabhAvata: bahuta matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki jIvana kA antima dhyeya kyA hai ? bhAratIya paramparA meM jIvana kA dhyeya va puruSArtha cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-dharma, artha, kAma, aura mokSa / ina para samucita vicAra karane se spaSTa dikhAI de jAtA hai ki ye cAra puruSArtha yathArthataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karane yogya haiMeka ora dharma aura artha; va dUsarI ora kAma aura mokSa / inameM yathArthataH puruSArtha antima do hI haiM-kAma aura mokss| kAma kA artha hai-sAMsArika sukhaH mokSa kA artha hai-sAMsArika sukha, dukha va baMdhanoM se mukti / ina do paraspara virodhI puruSArthoM ke sAdhana haiM-artha aura dharma / artha se dhana-daulata Adi sAMsArika parigraha kA tAtparya hai| jisake dvArA bhautika sukha siddha hote haiM; aura aura dharma se tAtparya hai una zArIrika aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM kA jinake dvArA mokSa kI prApti kI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM kevala eka cArvAka mata hI aisA mAnA gayA hai, jisane artha dvArA kAma puruSArtha kI siddhi ko hI jIvana kA antima dhyeya mAnA hai; kyoMki usa mata ke anusAra zarIra se bhinna jIva jaisA koI pRthaka tatva hI nahIM hai jo zarIra ke bhasma hone para apanA astitva sthira rakha sakatA ho| isaliye isa mata ko nAstika kahA gayA hai / zeSa vedAntAdi vaidika va jaina, bauddha jaise avaidika darzanoM ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM jIva ko zarIra se bhinna eka zAzvata tatva svIkAra kiyA hai| aura isIliye ye mata Astika kahe gaye haiN| tathA ina matoM ke anusAra jIva kA antima puruSArtha

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240 jaina darzana kAma na hokara mokSa hai, jisakA sAdhana dharma svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| dharma kI isI zreSThatA ke upalakSya meM use cAra puruSArthoM meM prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai, aura mokSa kI carama puruSArthatA ko sUcita karane ke lie use anta meM rakhA gayA hai| artha aura kAma ye donoM sAdhana, sAdhya-jIvana ke madhya kI avasthAeM haiN| isIliye inakA sthAna puruSArthoM ke madhya meM pAyA jAtA hai| mokSa saccA sukha isa prakAra jainadharmAnusAra jIvana kA antima dhyeya kAma arthAt sAMsArika sukha ko na mAnakara mokSa ko mAnA gayA hai| svabhAvataH prazna hotA hai ki pratyakSa sukhadAyI padArthoM va pravRttiyoM ko mahatva na dekara mokSa rUpa parokSa sukha para itanA bhAra diye jAne kA kAraNa kyA hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki tatvajJAniyoM ko sAMsArika sukha saccA sukha nahIM, kintu sukhAbhAsa mAtra pratIta huA hai / vaha cirasthAyI na hokara alpakAlIna hotA haiM aura bahudhA eka sukha kI tRpti uttarottara aneka naI lAlasAoM ko janma denevAlI pAI jAtI hai| aura jaba hama ina sukhoM ke sAdhanoM arthAt sAMsArika sukha-sAmagrI ke pramANa para vicAra karate haiM, to vaha asaMkhya prANiyoM kI lAlasAmoM ko tRpta karane ke lie paryApta to hogI, eka jIvakI abhilASA ko tRpta karane ke yogya bhI nhiiN| isaliye eka AcArya ne kahA hai ki AzAgataH pratiprANi yasmin vizvamaNUpamam / kasya kiM kiyadAyAti vRthA vo viSayeSatA // arthAta pratyeka prANI kA abhilASA rUpI garta itanA bar3A hai ki unameM vizvabhara kI sampadA eka aNu ke samAna na kucha ke barAbara hai| taba phira sabakI AzAoM kI pUrti kaise, kise, kitanA dekara kI jA sakatI hai| ataeva sAMsArika viSayoM kI vAsanA sarvathA vyathaM hai| vaha bAhya vastuoM ke adhIna hone ke kAraNa bhI usakI prApti anizcita hai; aura usake liye prayatna bhI prAkulatA aura vipatti se paripUrNa pAyA jAtA hai| usa ora pravRtti ke dvArA kisI kI - kabhI pyAsa nahIM bujha sakatI, aura na use sthAyI sukha-zAnti mila sakatI / isIliye sacce sthAyI sukha ke lie manuSya ko arthasaMcaya rUpa pravRtti-parAyaNatA se mur3akara dharmasAdhana rUpa virakti-parAyaNatA kA abhyAsa karanA cAhiye, jisake dvArA sAMsArika tRSNA se mukti rUpa mAtmAdhIna mokSa sukha kI prApti ho / AcAryoM ne duHkha aura sukha kI paribhASA bhI yahI kI hai ki

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mokSa kA mArga 241 sarva paravaza duHkha sarvamAtmavaza sukham / etad vidyAt samAsena lakSaNaM sukha-duHkhayoH // (manu. 4,160) jo kucha parAdhIna hai vaha saba antataH dukhadAyI hai; aura jo kucha svAdhIna hai vahI saccA sukhadAyI siddha hotA hai / mokSa kA mArga jainadharma meM mokSa kI prApti kA upAya zuddha darzana, jJAna aura cAritra ko batalAyA gayA hai / tasvArthazAstra kA prathama sUtra hai-samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / inhIM tIna ko ratnatraya mAnA gayA hai; aura dharma kA svarUpa isI ratnatraya ke bhItara gabhita hai| dharma ke ye tIna aMga antataH vaidika paramparA meM bhI zraddhA yA bhakti, jJAna aura karma ke nAma se svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| manusmRti meM vahIM dharma pratipAdita karane kI pratijJA kI gaI hai jisakA sevana va anujJApana sacce (samyagdRSTi) vidvAna (jJAnI) rAga-dveSa-rahita (saccAritravAna) mahApuruSoM ne kiyA hai / bhagavadgItA meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki zraddhAvAna hI jJAna prApta karatA aura tatpazcAt hI vaha saMyamI banatA hai / yathA vidbhiH sevitaH sadbhinityamadveSarAgibhiH : hRdayenAbhyanujJAto yo dharmastannibodhata // (manu 2. 1) zraddhAvAna labhate jJAnaM tatparaH saMyatendriyaH (bha.gI. 4, 36) darzana ke aneka artha hote haiM, jinakA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| mokSamArga meM pravatta hone ke liye jo pahalA paga samyagdarzana kahA gayA hai, usakA artha hai aisI dRSTi kI prApti jisake dvArA zAstrokta tatvoM ke svarUpa meM saccA zraddhAna utpanna ho / isa saccI dhArmika dRSTi kA mUla hai apanI AtmA kI zarIra se pRthaka sattA kA bhAna / jaba taka yaha bhAna nahIM hotA, taba taka jIva mithyAtvI hai / isa mithyAtva se chuTakara Atmabodha rUpa samyaktva kA prAdurbhAva, jIva kA pranthi-bheda kahA gayA hai, jo sAMsArika pravAha meM kabhI kisI samaya vividha kAraNoM se siddha ho jAtA hai / kinhIM jIvoM ko yaha akasmAt gharSaNagholana-nyAya se prApta ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra ki pravAha-patita pASANa khaMDoM ko paraspara ghisate-pisate rahane se nAnA vizeSa AkAra, yahAM taka ki devamUrti kA svarUpa bhI, prApta ho jAtA hai| kinhIM jIvoM ko kisI vizeSa avasthA meM pUrva kA janma smaraNa ho AtA hai; aura usase unheM samyaktva kI prApti ho jAtA hai| kinhIM jIvoM ko kisI vizeSa avasthA

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242 jaina darzana jAtI hai / kabhI tIva-duHkha-vedana ke kAraNa, aura kahIM dharmopadeza sunakara athavA dharmotsava ke darzana se samyaktva jAgRta ho jAtA hai / samyaktva prApta ho jAne para usameM dRr3hatA taba AtI hai jaba vaha kucha doSoM se mukta aura guNoM se saMyukta ho jAya / dhArmika zraddhAna ke saMbaMdha meM zaMkAoM kA banA rahanA yA usakI sAdhanA se apanI sAMsArika AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti karane kI bhAvanA rakhanA, dharmopadeza yA dhArmika pravRttiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM sandeha yA ghRNA kA bhAva rakhanA, evaM kutsita deva, zAstra va guruoM meM AsthA rakhanA, ye samyaktva ko malina karane vAle doSa haiN| ina cAroM ko dUra kara dharma kI niMdA se rakSA karanA, dharmIjanoM ko satpravRtti meM dRr3ha karanA, unase sadbhAvapUrNa vyavahAra karanA, aura dharma kA mAhAtmya pragaTa karane kA prayatna karanA, ina cAra guNoM ke jAgRta hone se aSTAMga samyaktva kI pUrNatA hotI hai / samyagdRSTi puruSa prazna ho sakatA hai ki mithyAtvI aura samyaktvI manuSya ke cAritra meM dRzyamAna bheda kyA hai ? mithyAtva ke pA~ca lakSaNa batalAye gaye haiM-viparIta, ekAMta, saMzaya, vinaya prajJAna / mithyAtvI manuSya kI viparItatA yaha hai ki vaha asat ko sat, burAI ko acchAI va pApa ko puNya mAnakara calatA hai| usameM haThagrAhitA pAI jAtI hai, arthAt usakA dRSTikoNa aisA saMkucita hotA hai ki vaha apanI dhAraNA badalane va dUsaroM ke vicAroM se usakA mela baiThAne meM sarvathA asamartha hotA hai / usameM udAra dRSTi kA abhAva rahatA hai, yahI usakI ekAntatA hai| saMzayazIla vRtti bhI mithyAtva kA lakSaNa hai| acchI se acchI bAta meM mithyAtvI ko pUrNa vizvAsa nahIM hotA; evaM prabalatama tarka aura pramANa usake saMzaya ko dUra nahIM kara pAte / vinaya kA artha hai niyama-paripAlana kintu yadi binA viveka ke kisI bhI prakAra ke acche-bure niyama kA pAlana karanA hI koI zreSTha dharma samajha baiThe to vaha vinaya mithyAtva kA doSI hai / jaba taka kisI kriyA rUpa sAdhana kA sambandha usake Atmazuddhi Adi sAdhya ke sAtha spaSTatA se dRSTi meM na rakhA jAya, taba taka vinayAtmaka kriyA phalahIna va kabhI-kabhI , anarthakArI bhI hotI hai / tatva aura atatva ke sambandha meM jAnakArI yA sUjha-bUjha ke abhAva kA nAma ajJAna hai / ina pAMca doSoM ke kAraNa manuSya ke mAnasika vyApAra, vacanAlApa tathA AcAra-vicAra meM saccAI yathArthatA va sva-para kI bhalAI nahIM hotii| isa kAraNa vaha mithyAtvI kahA gayA hai| isake viparIta uparyukta Atma-zraddhAna rUpa samyaktva kA udaya hone se manuSya ke cAritra meM jo sadbhAva utpanna hotA hai usake mukhya cAra lakSaNa haiM-prazama, saMvega, anukaMpA

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samyagjJAna 243 aura prAstikya / samyaktva kI cittavRtti rAgadveSAtmaka bhAvoM se vizeSa vicalita nahIM hotI; aura usakI pravRtti meM zAMta bhAva dikhAI detA hai| zArIrika va mAnasika AkulatAoM ko utpanna karanevAlI sAMsArika vRttiyoM ko samyaktvI ahitakara samajhakara unase virakta va bandha-mukta hone kA icchuka ho jAtA hai; yahI samyaktva kA saMvega guNa hai| vaha jIvamAtra meM Atmatatva kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA huA unake duHkha se duHkhI, aura sukha se sukhI hotA huA, unake duHkhoM kA nivAraNa karane kI ora prayatnazIla hotA hai; yaha samyaktva kA anukampA guNa haiM / samyaktva kA antima lakSaNa hai Astikya / vaha isa loka ke pare bhI AtmA ke zAzvatapane meM vizvAsa karatA hai va paramAtmatva kI ora bar3hane meM bharosA rakhatA huA, sacce devazAstra va sacce guru ke prati zraddhA karatA hai / isa prakAra mithyAtva ko chor3a samyaktva ke grahaNa kA artha hai adhArmikatA se dhArmikatA meM AnA; athavA asabhyatA ke kSetra se nikalakara sabhyatA va sAmAjikatA ke kSetra meM praveza karanA / samyagdarzana kI prApti se jIvana ke pariSkAra va usameM krAnti kA digdarzana manusmRti (6,74) meM bhI uttamatA se kiyA gayA hai samyagdarzanasampannaH karmabhirna nibadhyate / darzanena vihInastu saMsAraM pratipadyate // samyagjJAna upayukta prakAra se samyaktva ke dvArA zuddha dRSTi kI sAdhanA ho jAne para mokSa mArga para bar3hane ke liye dUsarI sAdhanA jJAnopAsanA hai| samyagdarzana ke dvArA jina jIvAdi tatvoM meM zraddhAna utpanna huA hai unakI vidhivat yathArtha jAnakArI prApta karanA jJAna hai / darzana aura jJAna meM sUkSma bheda kI rekhA yaha hai ki darzana kA kSetra hai antaraMga, aura jJAna kA kSetra hai bahiraMga / darzana AtmA kI sattA kA mAna karAtA hai, aura jJAna bAhya padArthoM kA bodha utpanna karatA hai| donoM meM paraspara sambandha kAraNa aura kArya kA hai| jabataka AtmAvadhAna nahIM hogA, tabataka bAhya padArthoM kA indriyoM se sannikarSa hone para bhI bodha nahIM ho sktaa| ataeva darzana kI jo sAmAnyagrahaNa rUpa paribhASA kI gaI hai usakA tAtparya Atma-caitanya kI usa avasthA se hai, jisake hone para mana ke dvArA vastuoM kA jJAna rUpa grahaNa sambhava hai| yaha caitanya va avadhAna para-padArtha-grahaNa ke liye jina vizeSa indriyoM mAnasika va AdhyAtmika vRttiyoM ko jAgRta karatA hai| unake anusAra isake cAra bheda haiM-cakSu-darzana, acakSudarzana, avadhidarzana aura

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244 jaina darzana kevaladarzana / cakSa indriya para-padArtha ke sAkSAta sparza kiye binA nirdiSTa dUrI se padArtha ko grahaNa karatI hai| ataeva isa indriya-grahaNa ko jAgRta karane vAlI cakSudarzana rUpa vRtti una zeSa acakSu-darzana se ubuddha honevAlI indriya-vRttiyoM se bhinna hai, jo vastuoM kA zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA va sparza indriyoM se avirala sannikarSa hone para hotA hai| indriyoMke agocara, sUkSma, tirohita yA dUrastha padArthoM kA bodha karAne vAle avadhi jJAna ke udbhAvaka Atma-caitanya kA nAma avadhidarzana hai; aura jisa AtmAvadhAna ke dvArA samasta jJeya ko grahaNa karane kI zakti jAgRta hotI hai, usa svAvadhAna kA nAma kevala darzana hai| matijJAna isaprakAra AtmAvadhAna rUpa darzana ke nimitta se utpanna honevAle jJAna ke pAMca bheda haiM-mati, zruta, avadhi, manaH paryaya aura kevala / jJeya padArtha aura indriya-vizeSa kA sannikarSa hone para mana kI sahAyatA se jo vastubodha utpanna hotA hai yaha matijJAna hai| padArtha aura indriya kA sannikarSa hone para mana kI saceta avasthA meM jo Aditama 'kucha hai' aisA bodha hotA hai, vaha avagraha kahalAtA hai| usa aspaSTa vastubodha ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnane kI icchA kA nAma IhA hai| usake phalasvarUpa vastu kA jo vizeSa bodha hotA hai vaha avAya; aura usake kAlAntara meM smaraNa karane rUpa saMskAra kA nAma dhAraNA hai / isaprakAra matijJAna ke ye cAra bheda haiN| jJeya padArtha saMkhyA meM eka bhI ho sakatA hai, yA eka hI prakAra ke aneka / prakAra kI apekSA se ve bahuta arthAt vividha prakAra ke ekaeka hoM, yA bahuvidha ; arthAt aneka prakAra ke aneka / unakA Adi grahaNa zIghra bhI ho sakatA hai yA dera se| vastu kA sarvAMga-grahaNa bhI ho sakatA hai, yA ekAMga / ukta kA grahaNa ho yA anukta kA; evaM grahaNa dhra va rUpa bhI ho sakatA hai, va hInAdhika adhrava rUpa bhii| isaprakAra gRhIta padArtha kI apekSA se avagrahAdi cAroM bhedoM ke 12-12 bheda hone se matidAna ke 48 bheda ho jAte haiN| grahaNa karane vAlI pAMcoM indriyoM aura eka mana, ina chaha kI apekSA se ukta 48 . bheda 6 guNita hokara 288 (4846) ho jAte haiN| ye bheda jJeya-padArtha aura grAhaka-indriyoM kI apekSA se haiM / kintu jaba padArtha kA grahaNa adhyakta praNAlI se kramazaH hotA hai, taba jisaprakAra ki miTTI kA korA pAtra jalakaNoM se sikta hokara pUrNa rUpa se gIlA kramazaH ho pAtA hai, taba usa prakriyA ko vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiN| isake IhAdi tIna bheda na hokara, tathA cakSu aura mana kI apekSA sambhava na hone se usake kevala 1x1244=48 bheda hote haiN| inheM pUrvokta For 'Private & Personal Use Only

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zruta jJAna 245 288 bhedoM meM milAkara matijJAna 336 prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai / isaprakAra jaina siddhAnta meM yahAM indriya-janya jJAna kA bar3A sUkSma cintana aura vivecana pAyA jAtA hai; jise pUrNataH samajhane ke liye padArthabheda, indriya-vyApAra va manovijJAna ke gahana cintana kI AvazyakatA hai / zrutajJAna -- matijJAna ke Azraya se yukti, tarka anumAna va zabdArtha dvArA jo parokSa padArthoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai / isaprakAra dhueM ko dekhakara agni ke astitva kI; hAtha ko dekhakara yA zabda ko sunakara manuSya kI; yAtrI ke mukha se yAtrA kA varNana sunakara videza kI jAnakArI va zAstra ko par3hakara tatvoM kI, isa loka-paraloka kI, va AtmA-paramAtmA Adi kI jAnakArI; yaha saba zratajJAna hai zrutajJAna ke ina saba prakAroM meM saba se adhika vizAla, prabhAvazAlI aura hitakArI vaha likhita sAhitya hai, jisameM hamAre pUrvajoM ke cintana aura anubhava kA varNana va vivecana saMgRhIta haiN| isIkAraNa ise hI vizeSa rUpa se zrutajJAna mAnA gayA hai / jainadharma kI dRSTi se usa zrutajJAna ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai jisameM antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dharmopadezoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| isa zrutasAhitya ke mukhya do bheda haiM - aMgapraviSTa aura aMga-bAhya / aMga praviSTa meM una AcArAMgAdi 12 zrutAMgoM kA samAveza hotA hai, jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAkSAt ziSyoM dvArA race gaye the; va jinake viSayAdi kA paricaya isase pUrva sAhitya ke vyAkhyAna meM karAyA jA cukA hai| aMga bAhya meM ve dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayanAdi uttarakAlIna AcAryoM kI racanAeM AtI haiM, jo zrutAMgoM ke Azraya se samaya samaya para vizeSa prakAra ke zrotAoM ke hita kI dRSTi se vizeSa-vizeSa viSayoM para prayojanAnusAra saMkSepa va vistAra se racI gaI haiN| aura jinakA paricaya bhI sAhitya-khaMDa meM karAyA jA cukA hai| ye donoM ArthAt matijJAna aura zrutajJAna parokSa mAne gaye haiN| kyoMki ve AtmA ke dvArA sAkSAt rUpa se na hokara, indriyoM va mana ke mAdhyama dvArA hI utpanna hote haiN| tathApi pazcAtkAlIna jaina nyAya kI paramparA meM matijJAna ko indriya-pratyakSa hone kI apekSA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa mAnA gayA hai| avadhijJAna AtmA meM eka aisI zakti mAnI gayI hai jisake dvArA use indriyoM ke agocara atisUkSma, tirohita va indriya sannikarSa ke pare dUrastha padArthoM kA bhI

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246 jaina darzana jJAna ho sakatA hai / isa jJAna ko avadhijJAna kahA gayA haiM; kyoMki yaha deza kI maryAdA ko liye hue hotA hai / avadhijJAna ke do bheda haiM - eka bhava- pratyaya aura dUsarA guNa- pratyaya | devoM aura nArakI jIvoM meM svabhAvataH hI isa jJAna kA astitva pAyA jAtA hai, ataeva vaha bhava- pratyaya haiM / manuSyoM aura pazuoM meM yaha jJAna vizeSa guNa yA Rddhi ke prabhAva se hI prakaTa hotA hai, aura isa kAraNa ise guNa- pratyaya avadhijJAna kahA gayA hai / isake 6 bheda haiM--anugAmI, ananugAmI, varddhamAna, hIyamAna, avasthita aura anavasthita / anugAmI avadhijJAna jahAM bhI jJAtA jAya, vahIM usake sAtha jAtA hai; kintu ananugAmI avadhijJAna sthAna - vizeSa se pRthak hone para chUTa jAtA hai / vaddhamAna avadhi eka bAra utpanna hokara kramazaH bar3hatA jAtA hai, aura isake viparIta hIyamAna ghaTatA jAtA hai / sadaiva ekarUpa rahanevAlA jJAna avasthita, evaM akrama se kabhI ghaTane va kabhI bar3hane vAlA anavasthita avadhijJAna kahalAtA hai / vistAra kI apekSA avadhijJAna tIna prakAra kA hai - dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura sarvAvadhi / inameM jJeya kSetra va padArthoM kI paryAyoM ke jJAna meM uttarottara adhika vistAra va vizuddhi pAI jAtI hai / dezAvadhi eka bAra hokara chUTa bhI sakatA hai aura isa kAraNa vaha pratipAtI hai / kintu paramAvadhi va sarvAvadhi avadhijJAna utpanna hokara phira kabhI chUTate nahIM, jabataka ki unakA kevalajJAna meM laya na ho jAya / mana:paryayajJAna mana:paryaya jJAna ke dvArA dUsare ke mana meM cintita padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai / isake do bheda haiM-Rjumati aura vipulamati / Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati mana:paryayajJAna adhika vizuddha hotA hai Rjumati eka bAra hokara chUTa bhI sakatA hai; kintu vipulamati jJAna apratipAtI hai; arthAt eka bAra hokara phira kabhI chUTatA nahIM / kevalajJAna 1 kevalajJAna ke dvArA vizvamAtra ke samasta rUpI-arUpI dravyoM aura unakI trikAlavartI paryAyoM kA jJAna yugapat hotA hai / ye avadhi Adi tInoM jJAna pratyakSa mAne gaye haiM; kyoMki ve sAkSAt AtmA dvArA binA indriya va mana kI sahAyatA ke utpanna hote haiM / mati aura zrutajJAna se rahita jIva kabhI nahIM hotA, kyoMki yadi jIva inake sUkSmatamAMza se bhI vaMcita ho jAya, to vaha jIvatva se hI cyuta ho jAvegA, aura jar3a padArtha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara legA / kintu yaha honA asambhava hai. kyoMki koI bhI mUla dravya dravyAntara meM pariNata nahIM ho sakatA / mati aura

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jJAna ke sAdhana 247 zrutajJAna kA anubhava sabhI manuSyoM ko hotA hai / avadhi aura mana:paryaya jJAnake bhI kahIM kucha udAharaNa dekhane sunane meM Ate haiM; kintu ve haiM Rddhi-vizeSa ke pariNAma / kevala jJAnayogi gamya hai; aura jaina mAnyatAnusAra isa kAla va kSetra meM kisI ko usakA utpanna honA asambhava hai / mati, zruta aura avadhijJAna mithyAtva avasthA bhI ho sakate haiM aura taba una jJAnoM ko kumati, kuzruti aura kuprabadhi kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usa avasthA meM artha-bodha ThIka hone para bhI vaha jJAna dhArmika dRSTi se sva-para hitakArI nahIM hotA; usase hita kI apekSA ahita kI hI sambhAvanA adhika rahatI haiM / isaprakAra jJAna ke kula ATha bheda kahe gaye haiM / jJAna ke sAdhana nyAya darzana meM pramANa cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura zabda / ye bheda uttarakAlIna jaina nyAya meM bhI svIkAra kiye gaye haiM; kintu inakA uparyukta pA~ca prakAra ke jJAnoM se koI virodha yA vaiSamya upasthita nahIM hotaa| yahAM pratyakSa se tAtparya indriya- pratyakSa se hai; jise uparyukta pramANabhedoM meM parokSa kahA gayA hai; tathApi use jaina naiyAyikoM ne sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa . kI saMjJA dI hai / isaprakAra vaha matijJAna kA bheda siddha ho jAtA hai / zeSa jo anumAna, upamAna aura zabda pramANa haiM, unakA samAveza zrutajJAna meM hotA hai / pramANa va naya padArthoM ke jJAna kI utpatti do prakAra se hotI hai - pramANoM se aura nayoM se ( pramANanayeradhigamaH / ta0 sU0 1, 6) abhI jo pAMca prakAra ke jJAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA vaha saba pramANa kI apekSA se / ina pramANabhUta jJAnoM ke dvArA dravyoM kA unake samagrarUpa meM bodha hotA hai / kintu pratyeka padArtha apanI ekAmaka sattA rakhatA huA bhI anantaguNAtmaka aura anantaparyAyAtmaka huA karatA hai / ina ananta guNa- paryAyoM meM se vyavahAra meM prAyaH kisI eka vizeSa guNadharmaM ke ullekha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / jaba hama kahate haiM usa moTI pustaka ko le Ao, to isase hamArA kAma cala jAtA hai, aura hamArI abhISTa pustaka hamAre sammukha A jAtI hai / kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki usa pustaka meM moTAI ke atirikta anya koI guNa-dharma nahIM hai / ataeva jJAna kI dRSTi se yaha sAvadhAnI rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai ki hamArA vacanAlApa, jisake dvArA hama dUsaroM ko jJAna pradAna karate haiM, aisA na ho ki jisase dUsare ke hRdaya meM vastu kI aneka guNAtmakatA ke sthAna para ekAntikatA kI chApa baiThA jAya / isIliye

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248 jaina darzana ekAnta ko mithyAtva kahA gayA hai, aura siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM aisI vacanazailI ke upayoga kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jisase vaktA kA eka-guNollekhAtmaka abhiprAya bhI pragaTa ho jAya; aura sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa banA rahe ki vaha guNa anya-guNa-sApekSa hai / jaina darzana kI yahI vicAra aura vacanazailI anekAnta va syAdvAda kahalAtI hai| vaktA ke abhiprAyAnusAra eka hI vastu hai bhI kahI jA sakatI hai; aura nahIM bhii| donoM abhiprAyoM ke mela se hAM-nA eka mizrita vacanabhaMga bhI ho sakatA hai; aura isI kAraNa use avaktavya bhI kaha sakate haiM / vaha yaha bhI kaha sakatA hai ki prastuta vastusvarUpa hai bhI aura phira bhI avaktavya haiM nahIM hai, aura phira bhI avaktavya hai; athavA hai bhI, nahIM bhI hai, aura phira bhI avaktavya hai| inhIM sAta sambhAvanAtmaka vicAroM ke anusAra sAta pramANabhaMgiyAM mAnI gayI haiM-syAd asti, syAd nAsti, syAd asti-nAsti, syAd avaktavyam syAd asti-avaktavyam, syAd-nAsti-avaktavyam aura syAd asti-nAsti-avaktavyam / sambhavataH eka udAharaNa ke dvArA isa syAdvAda zailI kI sArthakatA adhika spaSTa kI jA sakatI hai| kisI ne pUchA Apa jJAnI haiM ? isake uttara meM isa bhAva se ki maiM kucha na kucha to avazya jAnatA hI hU~-maiM kaha sakatA hU~ ki "maiM syAd jJAnI huuN|" sambhava hai mujhe apane jJAna kI apekSA ajJAna kA bhAna adhika ho aura usa apekSA se maiM kahUM ki "maiM syAd ajJAnI hU~" kitanI bAtoM kA jJAna haiM, aura kitanI kA nahIM hai; ataeva yadi maiM kahUM ki "maiM syAd jJAnI ha~ bhI aura nahIM bhI;" to bhI anucita na hogA; aura yadi isI duvidhA ke kAraNa itanA hI kahUM ki "maiM kaha nahIM sakatA ki maiM jJAnI hUM yA nahIM" to bhI merA vacana asatya na hogA / inhIM AdhAroM para maiM satyatA ke sAtha yaha bhI kahatA hUM ki "mujhe kucha jJAna hai to, phira bhI kaha nahIM sakatA ki Apa jo bAta mujhase jAnanA cAhate haiM, usa para maiM prakAza DAla sakatA hUM yA nhiiN|" isI bAta ko dUsare prakAra se yau bhI kaha sakatA hUM ki "maiM jJAnI to nahIM hU~, phira bhI sambhava hai ki ApakI bAta para kucha prakAza DAla sakU"; athavA isa prakAra bhI kaha sakatA hUM ki "maiM kucha jJAnI hUM bhI, kucha nahIM bhI hUM; ataeva kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki prAkRta viSaya kA mujhe jJAna hai yA nhiiN|" ye samasta vacana-praNAliyAM apanI-apanI sArthakatA rakhatI hai, tathApi pRthak-pRthak rUpa meM vastusthiti ke eka aMza ko hI prakaTa karatI haiM; usake pUrNa svarUpa ko nhiiN| isaliye jaina nyAya isa bAta para detA hai ki pUrvokta meM se apane abhiprAyAnusAra vaktA cAhe jisa vacana-praNAlI kA upayoga kare, kintu usake sAtha syAt pada avazya de, jisase yaha spaSTa prakaTa hotA rahe ki vastusthiti meM anya saMbhAvanAyeM bhI haiM, prataH usakI bAta sApekSa rUpa se hI samajhI jAya / isa prakAra yaha syAdvAda praNAlI

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24e koI advitIya vastu nahIM haiM, kyoMki vyavahAra meM hama binA syAt zabda kA prayoga kiye bhI kucha usa sApekSabhAva kA dhyAna rakhate hI haiM / tathApi zAstrArtha meM kabhIkabhI kisI bAta kI sApekSatA kI ora dhyAna na diye jAne se bar3e-bar3e virodha aura matabheda upasthita ho jAte haiM, jinameM sAmaMjasya baiThAnA kaThina pratIta hone lagatA hai / jaina syAdvAda praNAlI dvArA aise virodhoM aura matabhedoM ko avakAza na dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, aura jahAM virodha dikhAI de jAya, vahAM isa syAt pada meM use sulajhAne aura sAmaMjasya baiThAne kI kuMjI bhI sAtha hI lagA dI gaI hai / vyAkaraNAtmaka vyutpatti ke anusAra syAt as dhAtu kA vidhiliMga anya puruSa, eka vacana kA rUpa hai; jisakA artha hotA hai 'aisA ho' 'eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai' / jaina nyAya meM isa pada ko sApekSa -vidhAna kA vAcaka avyaya banAkara apanA anekAnta vicArazailI ko prakaTa karane kA sAdhana banAyA gayA hai| ise anizcaya-bodhaka samajhanA kadApi yuktisaMgata nahIM hai / naya naya ke dvArA hI padArthoM ke ananta guNa aura paryAyoM meM se prayojanAnusAra gharmaM sambandhI jJAtA ke abhiprAya kA nAma naya hai; aura nayoM nAnA guNAMzoM kA vivecana sambhava hai / vANI meM bhI eka samaya guNa-dharma kA ullekha sambhava hai, jisakA yathocita prasaMga nayavicAra sambhava ho sakatA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki jitane prakAra ke vacana sambhava haiM, utane hI prakAra ke naya kahe jA sakate haiM / tathApi vargIkaraNa kI suvidhA ke liye nayoM kI saMkhyA sAta sthira kA gaI hai, jinake nAma haiM- naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / naigama kA artha hai-na ekaH gamaH arthAt eka hI bAta nahIM / jaba sAmAnyataH kisI vastu kI bhUta, bhaviSyat, vartamAna paryAyoM ko milAjulAkara bAta kahI jAtI hai, taba vaktA kA abhiprAya naigama-nayAtmaka hotA hai / jo vyakti Aga jalA rahA hai, vaha yadi pUchane para uttara de ki maiM roTI banA rahA hUM, to usakI bAta naigama nayakI mAnI jA sakatI hai; kyoMki usakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki Aga kA jalAnA use pratyakSa dikhAI dene para bhI, usake pUchane kA abhiprAya yahI thA ki agni kisaliye jalAI jA rahI hai / yahA~ yadi naigama naya ke Azraya se praznakartA aura uttaradAtA ke abhiprAya ko na samajhA jAya, to prazna aura uttara meM hameM koI saMgati pratIta nahIM hogI / isI prakAra jaba caitra zuklA trayodazI ko kahA jAtA hai ki zrAja mahAvIra tIrthaMkara kA janma-divasa hai, taba usa hajAroM varSa purAnI bhUtakAla kI ghaTanA kI Aja ke isa dina se saMgIta naMgama naya ke dvArA hI baiThakara batalAI jA sakatI hai / saMgrahanaya ke dvArA hama uttarottara vastuoM ko vizAla apekSA saca kisI eka guNa dvArA hI vastu ke meM kisI eka hI

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250 jaina darzana dRSTi se samajhane kA prayatna karate haiM / jaba hama kahate haiM ki yahAM ke sabhI pradezoM ke vAsI, sabhI jAtiyoM ke, aura sabhI paMthoM ke cAlIsa karor3a manuSya bhAratavAsI hone kI apekSA eka haiM, athavA bhAratavAsI aura cInI donoM eziyAI hone ke kAraNa eka haiM, athavA sabhI dezoM ke samasta saMsAravAsI jana eka hI manuSya jAti ke haiM, taba ye sabhI bAteM saMgrahanaya kI apekSA satya hai / isake viparIta jaba hama manuSya jAti ko mahAdvIpoM kI apekSA eziyAI, yUropIya, amerikana Adi bhedoM meM vibhAjita karate haiM, tathA inakA punaH avAntara pradezoM evaM prAntIya rAjanaitika, dhArmika, jAtIya Adi uttarottara alpa-alpatara vargoM meM vibhAjana karate haiM, taba hamArA abhiprAya vyavahAra nayAtmaka hotA hai / isa prakAra saMgraha aura vyavahAranaya paraspara sApekSa haiM, aura vistAra va saMkocAtmaka dRSTiyoM ko prakaTa karane vAle haiM / donoM satya haiM, aura donoM apanI-apanI sArthakatA rakhate haiN| unameM paraspara virodha nahIM, kintu ve eka dUsare ke paripUraka haiM, kyoMki hameM abhedadRSTi se saMgraha naya kA, va bheda dRSTi se vyavahAra naya kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| ye naigamAdi tInoM naya dravyAthika mAne gaye haiM; kyoMki inameM pratipAdya vastu kI dravyAtmakatA kA grahaNa kara vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, aura usakI paryAya gauNa rahatA hai / RjusUtrAdi agale cAra naya paryAyAthika kahe gaye haiM, kyoMki unameM padArthoM kI paryAya-vizeSa kA hI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| __ yadi koI mujhase pUche ki tuma kauna ho, aura maiM uttara dUM ki maiM pravaktA hUM, to yaha uttara RjusUtra naya se satya ThaharegA; kyoMki maiM usa uttara dvArA apanI eka paryAya yA avasthA-vizeSa ko prakaTa kara rahA hU~, jo eka kAla-maryAdA ke liye nizcita ho gaI haiN| isa prakAra vartamAna paryAyamAtra ko viSaya karane vAlA naya RjusUtra kahalAtA hai / agale zabdAdi tIna naya vizeSa rUpa se sambandha zabda-prayoga se rakhate haiN| jo eka zabda kA eka vAcyArtha mAna liyA gayA hai, usakA liMga yA vacana bhI nizcita haiM, vaha zandanaya se yathocita mAnA jAtA hai| jaba hama saMskRta meM strI ke liye kalatra zabda kA napusaka liMga meM, athavA dArA zabda kA puliMga aura bahuvacana meM prayoga karate haiM, evaM deva aura devI zabda kA inake vAcyArtha svargaloka ke prANiyoM ke liye hI karate taba yaha saba zabdanaya kI apekSA se uparyukta siddha hotA hai| isI prakAra vyutpatti kI apekSA bhinnArthaka zabdoM ko jaba hama rUr3hi dvArA ekArthavAcI banAkara prayoga karate haiM, taba yaha bAta samamirur3ha naya kI apekSA ucita siddha hotI hai| jaise-devarAja ke liye indra, purandara yA zakra; athavA ghor3e ke liye azva, avaM, gandharva, saindhava Adi

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naya 251 zabdoM kA pryog| ina zabdoM kA apanA-apanA pRthak artha hai; tathApi rUr3hivazAt ve paryAyavAcI bana gaye haiM / yahI samabhirUr3ha naya hai| evambhUtanaya kI apekSA vastu kI jisa samaya jo paryAya ho, usa samaya usI paryAya ke vAcI zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jaise kisI manuSya ko par3hAte samaya pAThaka, pUjA karate samaya pujArI, evaM yuddha karate samaya yoddhA kahanA / dravyAthika-paryAyAthika naya ina nayoM ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAyagA ki kisa prakAra jaina siddhAnta meM ina nayoM ke dvArA kisI bhI vaktA ke vacana ko sunakara usake abhiprAya kI susaMgati yathocita vastusthiti ke sAtha dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| upayukta sAta naya to yathArthataH pramukha rUpa se dRSTAMta mAtra haiM; kintu nayoM kI saMkhyA to aparimita hai; kyoMki dravya-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM jitane prakAra ke vicAra va vacana ho sakate haiM, utane hI unake dRSTakoNa ko spaSTa karane vAle naya kahe jA sakate haiM / udAharaNArtha jaina tatvajJAna meM chaha dravya mAne gaye haiM; kintu yadi koI kahe ki dravya to yathArthataH eka hI hai, taba nayavAda ke anusAra ise sattAmAtra-grAhI zuddhadravyAthika naya kI apekSA se satya svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / siddhi va mukti jIva kI paramAtmAvasthA ko mAnA gayA hai; kintu yadi koI kahe ki jIva to sarvatra aura sarvadA siddha-mukta hai, to ise bhI jainI yaha samajhakara svIkAra kara legA ki yaha bAta karmopAdhinirapekSa zuddhadravyArthika naya se kahI gaI hai / guNa aura guNI, dravya aura paryAya, inameM yathArthataH bhAvAtmaka bheda haiM; tathApi yadi koI kahe ki jJAna hI AtmA hai; manuSya amara hai; kaMkaNa hI suvarNa hai; to ise bhedavikalpa-nirapekSa zuddhadravyAthika naya se saca mAnA jA sakatA hai / siddhAntAnusAra jJAna-darzana hI AtmA ke guNa haiM; aura rAgadveSa Adi usake karmajanya vibhAva haiM; tathApi yadi koI kahe ki jIva rAgI-dveSI hai, to yaha bAta karmopAdhi sAkSepa azuddha-dravyAthika naya se mAnI jAne yogya hai| cIMTI se lekara manuSya taka saMsArI jIvoM kI jAtiyAM haiM; aura jIva paramAtmA taba banatA hai, jaba vaha vizuddha hokara ina samasta sAMsArika gatiyoM se mukta ho jAya; tathApi yadi koI kahe ki cIMTI bhI paramAtmA hai, to isa bAta ko bhI paramamAvagrAhaka dravyAthika naya se ThIka samajhanA cAhiye / sabhI dravya apane dravyatva kI apekSA cirasthAyI haiM; kintu jaba koI kahatA hai ki saMsAra kI samasta vastueM kSaNabhaMgura haiM, taba samajhanA cAhiye ki yaha bAta vastuoM kI sattA ko gauNa karake utpAda-vyaya guNAtmaka pranitya zuddhaparyAyAthika naya se kahI gaI hai / kisI vastu, kA dRzya yA manuSya kA citra usa vastu Adi se sarvathA pRthak

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252 jaina darzana hai; tathApi jaba koI citra dekhakara kahatA hai-yaha nAraMgI hai, yaha himAlaya hai, ye rAmacandra haiM, taba jaina nyAya kI dRSTi anusAra ukta bAta sva-jAti asadabhUtaupanaya se ThIka hai / yadyapi koI bhI vyakti apane putra kalatrAdi bandhuvarga se, va gharadvArAdi sampatti se sarvathA pRthaka hai; tathApi jaba koI kahatA hai ki maiM aura ye eka haiM; ye mere haiM, aura maiM inakA hUM, to yaha bAta asadbhUta upacAra naya se yathArtha mAnI jA sakatI hai| ___isa prakAra nayoM ke aneka udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiM, jinameM isa nyAya ke pratipAdaka AcAryoM kA yaha prayatna spaSTa dikhAI detA hai ki manuSya ke jaba, jahA~, jisa prakAra ke anubhava va vicAra utpanna hue, aura unhoMne unheM vacanabaddha kiyA, una saba meM kucha na kucha satyAMza avazya vidyamAna hai| aura pratyeka jJAnI kA yaha kartavya honA cAhiye ki vaha usa bAta ko sunakara, usameM apane nirdhArita mata se kucha virodha dikhAI dene para, usake khaMDana meM pravRtta na ho jAya, kintu yaha jAnane kA prayatna kare ki vaha bAta kisa apekSA se kahA~ taka satya ho sakatI hai| tathA usakA apane nizcita mata se kisa prakAra sAmaMjasya baiThAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina syAdvAda, anekAnta yA nayavAda kA dAvA to yaha hai ki vaha apanI nyAyazailI dvArA samasta viruddha dikhAI dene vAle matoM aura vicAroM meM vaktAoM ke dRSTikoNa kA patA lagAkara unake virodha kA parihAra kara sakatA hai| tathA virodhI ko apane spaSTIkaraNa dvArA usake mata kI sImAoM kA bodha karAkara, unheM apane jJAna kA aMga banA le sakatA hai / cAra-nikSepa jaina nyAya kI isa anekAnta-praNAlI se prerita hokara hI jainAcAryoM ne prakRti ke tatvoM kI khoja aura pratipAdana meM yaha sAvadhAnI rakhane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki unake dRSTikoNa ke sambandha meM bhrAnti utpanna na hone pAve / isI sAvadhAnI ke pariNAmasvarUpa hameM cAra prakAra ke nikSepoM aura unake nAnA bheda-prabhedoM kA vyAkhyAna milatA hai| dravya kA svarUpa nAnA prakAra kA hai, aura usako samajhane-samajhAne ke liye hama jina padatiyoM kA upayoga karate haiM, ve nikSepa kahalAtI haiN| vyAkhyAna meM hama vastuoM kA ullekha vividha nAmoM va saMjJAoM ke dvArA karate haiM, jo kahIM apanI vyutpatti ke dvArA, va kahIM rUr3hi ke dvArA unakI vAcya vastu ko pragaTa karate haiN| isa prakAra pustaka, ghor3A va manuSya, ye dhvaniyAM svayaM ve-ve vastueM nahIM haiM, kintu una vastuoM ke nAma nikSepa haiM, jinake dvArA loka-vyavahAra calatA hai| isI prakAra yaha spaSTa samajha kara calanA cAhiye ki

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samyak cAritra 253 mandiroM meM jo mUrtiyAM sthApita haiM ve devatA nahIM, kintu una devoM kI sAkAra sthApanA rUpa haiM; jisa prakAra ki zataraMja ke mohare, hAthI nahIM, kintu unakI sAkAra yA nirAkAra sthApanA mAtra haiM; bhale hI hama unameM pUjya yA apUjya buddhi sthApita kara leN| yaha sthApanA nikSepa kA svarUpa hai! isI prakAra dravya-nikSepa dvArA hama vastu kI bhUta va bhaviSyakAlIna paryAyaryoM yA avasthAoM ko prakaTa kiyA karate haiN| jaise, jo pahale kabhI rAjA the, unheM unake rAjA na rahane para aba bhI, rAjA kahate haiM; yA DAkTarI par3hanevAle vidyArthI ko bhI DAkTara kahane lagate haiN| inake viparIta jaba hama jo vastu jisa samaya, jisa rUpa meM hai, use, usa samaya, usI arthabodhaka zabda dvArA prakaTa karate haiM, taba yaha bhAvanikSepa kahalAtA hai; jaise vyAkhyAna dete samaya hI vyakti ko vyAkhyAtA kahanA, aura dhyAna karate samaya dhyAnI / irI prakAra vastuvivecana meM dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke sambandha meM satarkatA rakhane kA; vastu ko usakI sattA, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva va alpa-bahutva ke anusAra samajhane; tathA unake nirdeza svAmitva, sAdhana, adhikaraNa, sthiti aura vidhAna kI ora bhI dhyAna dete rahane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai; aura isa prakAra jaina zAstra ke adhyetA ko ekAnta dRSTi se bacAne kA pUrNa prayatna kiyA gayA hai| samyak cAritra samyaktva aura jJAna kI sAdhanA ke atirikta karmoM ke saMvara va nirjarA dvArA mokSa siddhi ke liye cAritra kI AvazyakatA hai / Upara batAyA jA cukA hai ki jIvana meM dhArmikatA kisaprakAra utpanna hotI hai / adhArmikatA ke kSetra se nikAla kara dhArmika kSetra meM lAnevAlI vastu hai samyaktva jisase vyakti ko eka naI cetanA milatI hai ki maiM kevala apane zarIra ke sAtha jIne-maranevAlA nahIM hU~; kintu eka avinAzI tatva huuN| yahI nahIM, kintu isa cetanA ke sAtha kramazaH use saMsAra ke anya tatvoM kA jo jJAna prApta hotA hai, usase usakA apane jIvana kI ora tathA apane AsapAsa ke jIvajagat kI ora daSTikoNa badala jAtA hai| jahAM mithyAtva kI avasthA meM apanA svArtha, apanA poSaNa va dUsaroM ke prati dveSa aura IrSyA bhAva pradhAna thA, vahAM aba samyaktvI ko apane AsapAsa ke jIvoM meM bhI apane samAna Atmatatva ke darzana hone se, unake prati sneha, kAruNya va sahAnubhUti kI bhAvanA utpanna ho jAtI hai| aura jina vRttiyoM ke kAraNa jIvoM meM saMgharSa pAyA jAtA hai, unase use virakti hone lagatI hai| usakI dRSTi meM aba eka ora jIvana kA anupama mAhAtmya,

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254 jaina darzana aura dUsarI ora jIvoM kI ghora duHkha utpanna karanevAlI pravRttiyAM spaSTataH sammukha A jAtI haiN| isa naI dRSTi ke phalasvarUpa usakI apanI vRtti meM jo samyaktva ke uparyukta cAra lakSaNa-prazama, saMvega anukampA aura zrAstikya pragaTa hote haiM, usase unakI jIvanadhArA meM eka nayA mor3a A jAtA hai; aura vaha durAcaraNa chor3akara sadAcArI bana jAtA hai / isa sadAcAra kI mUla preraka bhAvanA hotI haiM-- apanA aura parAyA hita va kalyANa / zrAtmahita se parahita kA mela baiThAne meM jo kaThinAI upasthita hotI hai, vaha hai vicAroM kI viSamatA aura kriyA - svAtaMtrya | vicAroM kI viSamatA dUra karane meM samyagjJAnI ko sahAyatA milatI hai syAdvAda va anekAnta kI sAmaMjasyakArI vicAra-zailI ke dvArA; aura AcaraNa kI zuddhi ke liye jo siddhAnta usake hAtha AtA hai, vaha hai apane samAna dUsare kI rakSA kA vicAra arthAt ahiMsA / ahiMsA jIva jagat meM eka maryAdA taka ahiMsA kI pravRtti svAbhAvika hai / pazu-pakSI aura unase bhI nimna stara ke jIva-jantuoM meM apanI jAti ke jIvoM mArane va khAne kI pravRtti prAyaH nahIM pAI jAtI / siMha, vyAghrAdi hiMsra prANI bhI apanI santati kI to rakSA karate hI haiM; aura anya jAtI ke jIvoM ko bhI kevala tabhI mArate haiM, jaba unheM bhUkha kI vedanA satAtI hai / prANimAtra meM prakRti kI ahiMsonmukha vRtti kI paricAyaka kucha svAbhAvika cetanAeM pAI jAtI haiM, jinameM maithuna. saMtAna pAlana, sAmUhika jIvana Adi pravRttiyA~ pradhAna haiM / prakRti meM yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki jo prANI jitanI mAtrA meM ahiMsakavRtti kA hotA hai, vaha utanA hI adhika zikSA ke yogya va upayogI siddha huA hai / bakarI, gAya, ghor3A, UMTa, hAthI Adi pazu mAMsabhakSI nahIM haiM, aura isIliye ve manuSya ke vyApAroM meM upayogI siddha ho sake haiM / yathArthataH unhIM meM prakRti kI zItoSNa zrAdi dvandvAtmaka zaktiyoM ko sahane aura parizrama karane kI zakti vizeSa rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai / ve hiMsra pazuoM se apanI rakSA karane ke liye dala bAMdha kara sAmUhika zakti kA kA upayoga bhI karate hue pAye jAte haiM / manuSya to sAmAjika prANI hI hai; aura samAja tabataka bana hI nahIM sakatA jabataka vyaktiyoM meM hiMsAtmaka vRtti kA parityAga na ho / yahI nahIM, samAja banane ke liye yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vyaktiyoM meM paraspara rakSA aura sahAyatA karane kI bhAvanA bhI ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki manuSya-samAja meM jitane dharma sthApita hue haiM, unameM, kucha maryAdAoM ke bhItara, ahiMsA kA upadeza pAyA hI jAtA hai; bhale hI vaha kuTuMba, jAti, dharma yA manuSya mAtra taka hI sImita ho / bhAratIya sAmAjika jIvana meM bhaiMsa,

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zrAvaka dharma 255 AditaH jo zramaNa-paramparA kA vaidika paramparA se virodha rahA, vaha isa ahiMsA kI nIti ko lekara / dhArmika vidhiyoM meM narabali kA pracAra to bahuta pahile uttarottara manda par3a gayA thA; kintu pazubali yajJakriyAoM kA eka sAmAnya aMga ' banA rahA / isakA zramaNa sAdhu sadaiva virodha karate rhe| Age calakara zramaNoM ke jo do vibhAga hue, jaina aura bauddha, una donoM meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para jora diyA gayA jo abhI taka calA AtA hai| tathApi bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA cintana, vivecana va pAlana bahuta kucha parimita rhaa| parantu yaha siddhAnta jainadharma meM samasta sadAcAra kI nIMva hI nahIM, kintu dharma kA sarvotkRSTa aMga bana gayA / ahiMsA paramo dharmaH vAkya ko hama do prakAra se par3ha sakate haiM-tInoM zabdoM ko yadi pRthak-pRthak par3heM to usakA artha hotA hai ki ahiMsA hI parama dharma hai; aura yadi ahiMsA-paramo ko eka samAsa pada mAneM to vaha vAkya dharma kI paribhASA bana jAtA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai ki dharma vahI hai jisameM ahiMsA ko zreSTha sthAna prApta ho / samasta jainAcAra isI ahiMsA ke siddhAMta para avalambita hai; aura jitane bhI AcAra sambandhI vrata niyamAdi nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiM, ve saba ahiMsA ke hI sarvAMga paripAlana ke liye haiM / isI tathya ko manusmRti (2, 156) kI isa eka hI paMkti meM bhale prakAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai- ahiMsayaiva bhUtAnAM kArya zreyo'nusazAnam / zrAvaka-dharma- mukhya vrata pAMca haiM-ahiMsA, amRSA, asteya, amaithuna aura aparigraha / isakA artha hai hiMsA mata karo, jhUTha mata bolo, corI mata karo, vyAbhicAra mata karo, aura parigraha mata rkho| ina vratoM ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se eka to yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ina vratoM ke dvArA manuSya kI una vRttiyoM kA niyaMtraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, jo samAja meM mukhya rUpa se vaira-virodha kI janaka huA karatI haiN| dUsarI yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki AcaraNa kA pariSkAra saralatama rIti se kucha niSedhAtmaka niyamoM ke dvArA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| vyakti jo kriyAeM karatA hai, ve mUlata: usake svArtha se prerita hotI haiM / una kriyAoM meM kauna acchI hai, aura kauna burI, yaha kisI mApadaMDa ke nizcita hone para hI kahA jA sakatA hai| hiMsA, corI, jhUTha, kuzIla aura parigraha, ye sAmAjika pApa hI to haiN| jitane hI praza meM vyakti inakA parityAga, utanA hI vaha sabhya aura samAja-hitaiSI mAnA jAyagA; aura jitane vyakti ina vratoM kA pAlana kareM utanA hI samAja zuddha, sukhI aura pragatizIla bnegaa| ina vratoM para jaina zAstroM meM bahuta adhika bhAra diyA gayA hai, aura unakA sUkSma

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jaina darzana 256 evaM suvistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai; jisase jaina zAstrakAroM ke vaiyaktika zrIra sAmAjika jIvana ke zodhana ke prayatna kA patA calatA hai / unhoMne prathama to yaha anubhava kiyA ki saba ke liye saba avasthAoM meM ina vratoM kA ekasA paripAlana sambhava nahIM haiM; ataeva unhoMne ina vratoM ke do stara sthApita kiye-atu aura mahat arthAt ekAMza aura sarvAMza / gRhasthoM kI AvazyakatA aura anivAryatA kA dhyAna rakhakara unheM inakA AMzika aNuvrata rUpa se pAlana karane kA upadeza kiyA; aura tyAgI muniyoM ko paripUrNa mahAvrata rUpa se| ina vratoM ke dvArA jisa prakAra pApoM ke nirAkaraNa kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, usakA svarUpa saMkSepa meM nimna prakAra hai / ahiMsANuvrata - pramAda ke vazIbhUta hokara prANaghAta karanA hiMsA hai / pramAda kA artha hai-mana ko rAgadveSAtmaka kaSAyoM se achUtA rakhane meM zithilatA; aura prANa ghAta se tAtparya hai, na kevala dUsare jIvoM ko mAra DAlanA, kintu unheM kisI prakAra kI pIr3A pahuMcAnA / isa hiMsA ke do bheda haiM- dravyahiMsA aura bhAvahiMsA | apanI zArIrika kriyA dvArA kisI jIva ke zarIra ko prANahIna kara DAlanA, yA vadhabandhana Adi dvArA use pIr3A pahuMcAnA dravya hiMsA hai; aura apane mana meM kisI jIva kI hiMsA kA vicAra karanA bhAvahiMsA hai yathArthaH pApa mukhyata: isa bhAva hiMsA meM hI hai, kyoMki usake dvArA dUsare prANI kI hiMsA ho yA na ho cintaka ke svayaM vizuddha aMtaraMga kA ghAta to hotA hI hai / isIliye kahA hai: svayamevAtmanAtmAnaM hinastyAtmA pramAdavAn / pUrva prANyantarANAM tu pazcAtsyAdvA nA vadhaH // ( sarvArthasiddhi sU0 7,13 ) arthAt pramAdI manuSya apane hiMsAtmaka bhAva ke dvArA Apa hI apane kI hiMsA pahale hI kara DAlatA hai; tatpazcAt dUsare prANiyoM kA usake dvArA vadha ho yA na ho| isake viparIta yadi vyakti apanI bhAvanA zuddha rakhatA huA zakti bhara jIva rakSA kA prayatna karatA hai, to dravyahiMsA ho jAne para bhI vaha pApa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA / isa sambandha meM do prAcIna gAthAeM ullekhanIya haiM - uccAdimmi pAde iriyAsamidasta rigaggamadvAro / zrAvAdejja kuliMgo marejja taM jogamAsena // 1 // ALAY

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zrAvaka dharma raMga hi tassa taNimitto baMdho sumo vi desido samaye / jamhA so prapamatto sA u pamAu ti NiddiTThA // 2 // arthAt gamana sambandhI niyamoM kA sAvadhAnI se pAlana karanevAle saMyamI ne jaba apanA paira uThAkara rakhA, tabhI usake nIce koI jIva-jantu capeTa meM Akara mara gayA / kintu isase zAstrAnusAra usa saMyamI ko lezamAtra bhI karmabandhana nahIM huA, kyoMki saMyamI ne pramAda nahIM kiyA; aura hiMsA to pramAda se hI hotI haiM / bhAvahiMsA kitanI burI mAnI gayI hai, yaha isa gAthA se prakaTa haiM-- maradu va jiyadu va jIvo zrayadAcArassa ricchidA hiMsA / Natthi bandho hiMsAmitteNa samidassa || arthAt jIva mare yA na mare, jo apane AcaraNa meM yatnazIla nahIM haiM, vaha bhAvamAtra se hiMsA kA doSI avazya hotA hai; aura isake viparIta, yadi koI saMyamI apane AcaraNa meM satarka hai, to dravyahiMsA mAtra se vaha karmabandha kA bhAgI nahIM hotA / isase spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA ke upadeza meM bhAra yathArthataH manuSya kI mAnasika zuddhi para haiM / payadassa 257 gRhastha aura muni jo ahiMsA vrata kramazaH aNu va mahat rUpa meM pAlana karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai vaha jaina vyavahAra dRSTi kA pariNAma hai / muni to sUkSma se sUkSma ekendrI se lagAkara kisI bhI jIva kI jAnabUjhakara kabhI hiMsA nahIM karegA, cAhe use jIva rakSA ke liye svayaM kitanA hI kleza kyoM na bhoganA par3e / kintu gRhastha kI sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhakara usakI suvidhA ke liye vanaspati Adi sthAvara hiMsA ke tyAga para utanA bhAra nahIM diyA gayA / dvIndriyAdi sa jIvoM ke sambandha meM hiMsA ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM- prArambhI, udyogI, virodhI aura saMkalpI hiMsA / calane-phirane se lekara jhAr3anA buhAranA va cUlhAarat Adi gRhasthI saMbaMdhI kriyAeM Arambha kahalAtI haiM; jisameM anivAryataH honevAlI hiMsA ArambhI hai / kRSi, dukAnadArI, vyApAra, vANijya, udyogadhandhe Adi meM honevAlI hiMsA udyogI hiMsA haiM / apane svajanoM va parijanoM ke, tathA dharma, deza va samAja kI rakSA ke nimitta jo hiMsA aparihArya ho vaha virodhI hiMsA hai; evaM vinoda mAtra ke liye, baira kA badalA cukAne ke liye apanA pauruSa dikhAne ke liye, athavA anya kisI kutsita svArthabhAva se jAna-bUjhakara jo hiMsA ,

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258 jaina darzana kI jAtI hai, vaha saMkalpI hiMsA hai / ina cAra prakAra kI hiMsAoM meM se gRhastha, vratarUpa se to kevala saMkalpI hiMsA kA hI tyAgI ho sakatA hai / zeSa tIna prakAra kI hiMsAoM meM use svayaM apanI paristhiti aura vivekAnusAra saMyama rakhane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| ahiMsANuvrata ke atikAra prANaghAta ke atirikta anya prakAra pIr3A dekara hiMsA karane ke aneka prakAra ho sakate haiM, jinase bacate rahane kI vratI ko AvazyakatA hai / vizeSataH parijanoM va pazuoM ke sAtha pAMca prakAra kI krUratA ko aticAra (atikramaNa) kahakara unakA niSedha kiyA gayA hai--unheM bAMdhakara rakhanA, daMDoM, kor3oM Adi se pITanA, nAka-kAna Adi chedanA-kATanA, unakI zakti se adhika bojhA lAdanA, va samaya para anna-pAnI na denA / ina aticAroM se bacane ke atirikta, ahiMsA ke bhAva ko dar3ha karane ke liye pAMca bhAvanAoM kA upadeza diyA gayA hai-apane mana ke vicAroM, vacana-prayogo, gamanAgamana, vastuoM ko uThAne rakhane tathA bhojana-pAna kI kriyAoM meM jAgarUka rahanA / isa prakAra jainazAstra-praNIta hiMsA ke svarUpa tathA ahiMsA vrata ke vivecana se spaSTa hai ki isa vrata kA vidhAna vyakti ko suzIla, susabhya va samAjahitaiSI banAne, aura use aniSTakArI pravRttiyoM se rokane ke liye kiyA hai, aura isa saMyama kI Aja bhI saMsAra meM atyadhika AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra yaha vrata vyakti ke AcaraNa kA zodhana karatA hai, usI prakAra vaha deza aura samAja kI nIti kA aMga banakara saMsAra meM sukha aura zAnti kI sthApanA karAne meM bhI sahAyaka ho sakatA hai / ahiMsA ke isI sadguNa ke kAraNa hI yaha siddhAnta jaina va bauddha dharmoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahA, kintu vaha vaidika paramparA meM bhI Aja se zatAbdiyoM pUrva praviSTa ho cukA hai, tathA eka prakAra se samasta deza para chA gayA hai; aura isIliye hamAre deza ne apanI rAjanIti ke liye ahiMsA ko AdhArabhUta siddhAntarUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai / satyANavata va usake aticAra asad vacana bolanA-anRta, asatya, mRSA yA jhUTha kahalAtA hai| asat kA artha hai jo sat arthAt vastusthiti ke anukUla evaM hitakArI nahIM hai| isIliye zAstra meM kahA gayA hai satyaM bayAta, priyaM bra yAt, na brUyAt satyapriyam / arthAt satya bolo, priya bolo, satya ko isa prakAra mata bolo ki vaha dUsare ko apriya ho jAya / isa prakAra satya-bhASaNa vrata kI mUla bhAvanA Atma-pariNAmoM kI zuddhi tathA sva va parakIya pIr3A va ahita rUpa hiMsA kA nivAraNa hI haiM /

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zrAvaka dharma 256 isake pAlana meM gRhastha ke aNuvrata kI sImA yaha hai ki yadi sneha yA mohavaza tathA sva-para-rakSA nimitta asatya bhASaNa karane kA avasara A jAya, to vaha usase vizeSa pApa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA, kyoMki usakI bhAvanA mUlataHdUSita nahIM hai; aura pApa-puNya vicAra meM dravyakriyA se bhAvakriyA kA mahatva adhika hai / kintu jhUThA upadeza denA, kisI kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa kara denA, jhUThe lekha taiyAra karanA, kisI kI dharohara ko rakhakara bhUla jAnA yA use kama batalAnA, athavA kisI kI aMga-ceSTAoM va izAroM Adi se samajhakara usake mantra ke bheda ko khola denA, ye pA~ca isa vrata ke aticAra haiM, jo spaSTata: sAmAjika jIvana meM bahuta hAnikara haiN| satyavrata ke paripAlana ke liye jina pAMca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai ve haiM-krodha, lobha, bhIrutA, aura haMsI-maz2Aka ina cAra kA parityAga, tathA bhASaNa meM aucitya rakhane kA abhyaas| asteyANuvrata va usake aticAra binA dI huI kisI bhI vastu ko le lenA adattAdAna rUpa steya yA corI hai / aNuvratI gRhastha ke liye Avazyaka mAtrA meM jala-mRttikA jaisI una vastuoM ko lene kA niSedha nahIM, jina para kisI dUsare kA spaSTa adhikAra va roka na ho / mahAvratI muni ko tila-tuSa mAtra bhI binA diye lene kA niSedha hai / svayaM corI na kara dUsare ke dvArA corI karAnA, corI ke dhana ko apane pAsa rakhanA, rAjya dvArA niyata sImAoM ke bAhara vastuoM kA AyAta-niryAta karanA, mApataula ke bAMTa niyata pariNAma se hInAdhika rakhanA, aura nakalI vastuoM ko asalI ke badale meM calAnA- ye pAMca acaurya aNuvrata ke aticAra haiM, jinakA gRhastha ko parityAga karanA cAhiye / muni ke liye to yahAM taka vidhAna kiyA gayA hai ki unheM kevala parvatoM kI guphAoM meM va vRkSakoTara yA parityakta gharoM meM hI nivAsa karanA caahiye| aise sthAna kA grahaNa bhI na karanA cAhiye jisameM kisI dUsare ke nistAra meM bAdhA phuNce| bhikSA dvArA grahaNa kiye hue anna meM yahAM taka zuddhi kA vicAra rakhanA cAhiye ki vaha Avazyaka mAtrA se adhika na ho / muni apane sahadharmI sAdhuoM ke sAtha mere-tere ke vivAda meM na par3e / isa prakAra isa vrata dvArA vyApAra meM sacAI aura ImAnadArI tathA sAdhu-samAja meM pUrNa nispRhatA kI sthApanA kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / vahyacaryANuvrata va usake aticAra strI-anurAga va kAmakrIr3A ke parityAga kA nAma avyabhicAra yA brahmacarya vrata hai / aNuvratI zrAvaka yA zrAvikA apane pati-patnI ke atirikta zeSa samasta

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260 jaina darzana strI-puruSoM se mAtA, bahana, putrI athavA pitA, bhAI va putra sadRza zuddha vyavahAra rakheM aura mahAvratI to sarvathA hI kAma-krIr3A kA parityAga kreN| dUsare kA vivAha karAnA, gRhIta yA vezyA gaNikA ke sAtha gamana, aprAkRtika rUpa se kAmakrIr3A karanA, aura kAma kI tIvra abhilASA honA, ye pAMca isa vrata ke aticAra haiN| zrRMgArAtmaka kathAvArtA sunanA, strI-puruSa ke manohara aMgoM kA nirIkSaNa, pahale kI kAma-krI / prAdi kA smaraNa, kAma-poSaka rasa auSadhi Adi kA sevana, tathA zarIra-zRgAra, ina pAMcoM pravRttiyoM kA parityAga karanA isa vrata ko dRr3ha karane vAlI pAMca bhAvanAeM haiM / isa prakAra isa vrata ke dvArA vyakti kI kAma-vAsanA ko maryAdita tathA samAja se tatsambandhI doSoM kA parihAra karane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA gayA hai| aparigrahANuvrata va usake aticAra pazu, parijana Adi sajIva, evaM ghara-dvAra, dhana-dhAnya Adi nirjIva vastuoM meM samatva buddhi rakhanA parigraha hai| isa parigraha rUpa lobha kA pArAvAra nahIM, aura isI lobha ke kAraNa samAja meM bar3I Arthika viSamatAeM tathA baira-virodha va saMgharSa utpanna hote haiN| isaliye isa vRtti ke nivAraNa va niyaMtraNa para vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai / rAjya-niyamoM ke dvArA parigrahavRtti ko sImita karane ke prayatna sarvathA asaphala hote haiM; kyoMki unase janatA kI manovRtti to zuddha hotI nahIM, aura isaliye bAhya niyamana se unakI mAnasika vRtti chala-kapaTa anAcAra kI aura bar3hane lagatI hai| isIliye dharma meM parigrahavRtti ko manuSya kI Abhyantara cetanA dvArA niyaMtrita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| mahAvratI muniyoM ko to tilatuSamAtra bhI parigraha rakhane kA niSedha hai / kintu gRhasthoM ke kuTumba-paripAlanAdi kartavyoM kA vicAra kara unase svayaM apane liye parigraha kI sImA nirdhArita kara lene kA anurodha kiyA gayA hai| eka to unheM usa sImA se bAhara dhana-dhAnya kA saMcaya karanA hI nahIM cAhiye; aura yadi anAyAsa hI usakI Amada ho jAve, to use auSadhi, zAstra, abhaya aura AhAra, arthAt auSadhi-vitaraNa va auSadha-zAlAoM kI sthApanA, zAstradAna yA vidyAlayoM kI sthApanA, jIva-rakSA sambandhI vyavasthAoM meM, tathA anna-vastrAdi dAna meM usa dravya kA upayoga kara denA cAhiye / niyata kiye hue bhUmi, gharadvAra, sonA-cA~dI, dhana-dhAnya, dAsa-dAsI tathA bartana-mAMDoM ke pramANa kA atikramaNa karanA isa vrata ke aticAra haiM / isa parigraha-parimANa vrata ko dRr3ha karAne vAlI pAMca bhAvanAe~ haiM-pAMcoM indriyoM sambandhI manojJa vastuoM ke prati rAga va amanojJa ke prati dveSabhAva kA parityAga, kyoMki isake binA mAnasika parigrahatyAga nahIM ho sakatA /

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zrAvaka dharma maitrI Adi cAra bhAvanAeM uparyukta vratoM ke paripAlana yogya mAnasika zuddhi ke liye aisI bhAvanAoM kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jinase ukta pApoM ke prati aruci aura sadAcAra ke prati ruci utpanna ho / vratI ko bArambAra yaha vicAra karate rahanA cAhiye ki hiMsAdika pApa isa loka aura paraloka meM duHkhadAyI haiM; aura unase jIvana meM bar3e anartha utpanna hote haiM, jinake kAraNa antataH ve saba sukha kI apekSA duHkha kA hI adhika nirmANa karate haiM / ukta pApoM ke pralobhana kA nivAraNa karane ke liye saMsAra ke va zarIra ke guNadharmoM ko kSaNabhaMguratA kI ora bhI dhyAna dete rahanA cAhiye, jisase viSayoM ke prati Asakti na ho aura sadAcArI jIvana kI ora AkarSaNa utpanna ho / jIvamAtra ke prati maitrI bhAvanA, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda, dIna-dukhiyoM ke prati kAruNya, tathA virodhiyoM ke prati rAgadveSa va pakSapAta ke bhAva se rahita mAdhyastha-bhAva, ina cAra vRttiyoM kA mana ko abhyAsa karAte rahanA cAhiye, jisase tIvra rAgadveSAtmaka anarthakArI durbhAvanAeM jAgRta na hone pAveM / ina samasta vratoM kA mana se, vacana se, kAya se paripAlana karane kA anurodha kiyA gayA hai aura unake dvArA tyAge jAne vAle pApa ko kevala svayaM na karane kI pratijJA mAtra nahIM, kintu anya kisI se unheM karAne va kiye jAne para usa kukRtya kA anumodana karane ke virUddha bhI pratijJA arthAt unakA kRta, kArita va anumodita tInoM rUpoM meM parityAga karane para jora diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra isa naitika sadAcAra dvArA jIvana ko zuddha aura samAja ko susaMskRta banAne kA pUrNa prayatna kiyA gayA hai / 261 tIna guNavrata ukta pA~ca mUlavratoM ke atirikta gRhastha ke liye kucha anya aise vratoM kA vidhAna bhI kiyA gayA hai ki jinase usakI tRSNA va saMcayavRtti kA niyaMtraNa ho, indriya- lipsA kA damana ho, aura dAnazIlatA jAgRta ho / use cAroM dizAoM meM gamanAgamana, AyAta-niryAtAdi kI sImA bA~dha lenI cAhiye -- yaha divrata kahA gayA hai / alpakAla maryAdA sahita digvata ke bhItara samudra, nadI, parvata, pahAr3I, grAma va dUrI pramANa ke anusAra sImAeM bAMdhakara apanA vyApAra calAnA cAhiye, yaha usakA dezavrata hogA / pApAtmaka cintana va dUsaroM ko astra-zastra, viSa, bandhana Adi aisI vastuoM kA dAna, svayaM upayoga nahIM karanA cAhatA, anarthadaNDa kahA gayA hai, jinakA upadeza tathA jinakA vaha gRhastha ko

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262 jaina darzana tyAga karanA cAhiye / ina tIna vratoM ke abhyAsa se mUlavratoM ke guNoM kI vRddhi hotI hai| aura isIliye inheM guNavata kahA gayA haiN| cAra zikSAvata gRhastha ko sAmayika kA bhI abhyAsa karanA cAhiye / sAmayika kA artha hai-samatAbhAva kA AhvAna / manakI sAmyAvasthA vaha hai jisameM hiMsAdi samasta pApavRttiyoM kA zamana ho jAya / isIliye sAmAyika kI apekSA samasta vrata eka hI kahe gaye haiM, aura isI para mahAvIra se pUrva ke tIrthaMkaroM dvArA jora diye jAne ke ullekha milate haiN| isa bhAvanA ke abhyAsa ke lie gRhastha ko pratidina prabhAta, madhyAhna sAyaMkAla Adi kisI bhI samaya kama se kama eka bAra ekAnta meM zAnta aura zuddha vAtAvaraNa meM baiThakara, apane mana ko sAMsArika cintana se nivRtta karake, zuddha dhyAna athavA dharma-cintana meM lagAne kA Adeza diyA gayA hai / ise hI vyavahAra meM jaina loga sandhyA kahate haiN| khAna-pAna va gRha-vyApArAdi kA tyAgakara deva-vandana pUjana tathA japa va zAstra-svAdhyAya Adi dhArmika kriyAoM meM hI dina vyatIta karanA proSadhopavAsa kahalAtA hai| ise gRhastha yathAzakti pratyeka pakSa kI aSTamI-caturdazI ko kare, jisase use bhUkha pyAsa kI vedanA para vijaya prApta ho / pratidina ke AhAra meM se vizeSa prakAra khaTTe-mIThe rasoM kA, phala-annAdi vastuoM kA tathA vastrAbhUSaNa zayanAsana va vAhanAdi ke upayoga kA tyAga karanA va sImA bA~dhanA bhogopabhogaparimANa vrata hai / apane gRha para Aye hue muni Adi sAdhujanoM ko satkAra pUrvaka AhAra auSadhi Adi dAna denA atithisaMvibhAga vrata hai| ye cAroM zikSAvata kahalAte haiM; kyoMki inase gRhastha ko dhArmika jIvana kA zikSaNa va abhyAsa hotA hai / sAmAnya rUpa se ye sAtoM vrata saptazIla yA sapta zikSApada bhI kahe gaye haiN| ina samasta vratoM ke dvArA jIvana kA parizodhana karake gRhastha ko maraNa bhI dhArmika rIti se karanA sikhAyA gayA hai / sallekhanA mahAn saMkaTa, durbhikSa, asAdhya roga, va vRddhatva kI avasthA meM jaba sAdhaka ko yaha pratIta ho ki vaha usa vipatti se baca nahIM sakatA, taba use karAha-karAha kara vyAkulatA pUrvaka marane kI apekSA yaha zreyaskara hai ki vaha kramazaH apanA AhArapAna isa vidhi se ghaTAtA jAve jisase usake citta meM kleza va vyAkulatA utpanna na ho; aura vaha zAntabhAva se apane zarIra kA usI prakAra tyAga kara sake; jaise koI dhanI puruSa apane gRha ko sukha kA sAdhana samajhatA huA bhI

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zrAvaka dharmaM usameM Aga lagane para svayaM surakSita nikala Ane meM hI apanA kalyANa samajhatA hai / ise sallekhanA yA samAdhimaraNa kahA gayA hai| ise AtmaghAta nahIM samajhanA cAhiye; kyoMki AtmaghAta tIvra rAgadveSavRtti kA pariNAma hai; aura vaha zastra va viSa prayoga, bhRgupAta Adi ghAtaka kriyAoM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, jinakA ki sallekhanA meM sarvathA abhAva hai / isa prakAra yaha yojanAnusAra zAntipUrvaka maraNa, jIvana sambandhI suyojanA kA eka aMga hai / zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAeM pUrvokta gRhastha dharma ke vratoM para dhyAna dene se yaha spaSTa dikhAI degA ki vaha dharma saba vyaktiyoM ke liye, saba kAla meM, pUrNataH pAlana karanA sambhava nahIM hai / isIliye paristhitiyoM, suvidhAoM tathA vyakti kI zArIrika va mAnasika vRttiyoM ke anusAra zrAvakadharma ke gyAraha darjeniryata kiye gaye haiM jinheM zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAeM kahate haiM / gRhastha kI prathama pratimA usa samyagdRSTi (darzana) kI prApti ke sAtha Arambha ho jAtI hai, jisakA varNana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / yaha prathama pratimAdhArI zrAvaka kisI bhI vrata kA vidhivat pAlana nahIM karatA / sambhava hai vaha cANDAla karma karatA ho, tathApi AtmA aura para kI sattA kA bhAna ho jAne se usakI dRSTi zuddha huI mAnI gaI hai, jisake prabhAva se vaha pazu va naraka yoni meM jAne se baca jAtA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki bhale hI paristhiti vaza vaha ahiMsAdi vratoM kA pAlana na kara sake; kintu jaba dRSTi sudhara gaI, taba vaha bhavya siddha ho cukA; aura kabhI na kabhI cAritra -zuddhi prApta kara mokSa kA adhikArI hue binA nahIM raha sakatA / 263 zrAvaka kI dUsarI pratimA usake ahiMsAdi pUrvokta vratoM ke vidhivat grahaNa karane se prArambha hotI hai; aura vaha kramazaH pAMca astuvratoM va sAtoM zikSApadoM kA niraticAra pAlana karane kA abhyAsa karatA jAtA hai| tIsarI pratimA sAmayika hai / yadyapi sAmAyika kA abhyAsa pUrvokta zikSAvratoM ke bhItara dUsarI pratimA meM hI prArambha ho jAtI hai, tathApi isa tIsarI pratimA meM hI usakI vaha sAdhanA aisI pUrNatA ko prApta hotI hai jisase use apane krodhAdi kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta ho jAtI hai, aura sAmAnyataH sAMsArika utta ejanAoM se usakI zAnti bhaMga nahIM hotI; tathA vaha apane mana ko kucha kAla AtmadhyAna meM nirAkulatApUrvaka lagAne meM samartha ho jAtA hai / cauthI proSadhopavAsa pratimA meM vaha usa upavAsavidhi kA pUrNataH pAlana karane

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264 jaina darzana meM samartha hotA hai jisakI abhyAsa vaha dUsarI pratimA meM prArambha kara cukA hai| aura jisakA svarUpa Upara varNita kiyA jA cukA hai / pAMcavIM sacitta-tyAga pratimA meM zrAvaka apanI sthAvara jIvoM sambandhI hiMsAvRtti ko vizeSarUpa se niyaMtrita karatA hai aura hare zAka, phala, kanda-mUla tathA aprAzuka arthAt binA ubale jala ke AhAra kA tyAga kara detA hai / chaThI pratimA meM vaha rAtri bhojana karanA chor3a detA hai, kyoMki rAtri meM kITa pataMgAdi kSudra jantuoM dvArA mAhAra ke dUSita ho jAne ko sambhAvanA rahatI hai / sAtavIM pratimA meM zrAvaka pUrNa brahmacArI bana jAtA hai, aura apanI strI se bhI kAma-krIr3A karanA chor3a detA hai, yahAM taka kI rAgAtmaka kathA-kahAnI par3hanA-sunanA bhI chor3a detA hai, va tatsaMbaMdhI vArtAlApa bhI nahIM karatA / AThavIM pratimA Arambha-tyAga kI hai, jisameM zrAvaka kI sAMsArika Asakti itanI ghaTa jAtI hai ki vaha ghara-gRhasthI sambandhI kAmadhaMdhe va vyApAra meM ruci na rakha, usakA bhAra apane putrAdi para chor3a detA hai / , nauvIM pratimA parigraha-tyAga kI hai / zrAvaka ne jo aNuvratoM meM parigraha-pari mANa kA abhyAsa prArambha kiyA thA, vaha isa pratimA meM Ane taka aise utkarSa ko pahuMca jAtA hai ki gRhastha ko apane ghara-sampatti va dhana-daulata se koI moha nahIM rahatA vaha aba isa sabako bhI apane putrAdi ko sauMpa detA hai aura apane liye bhojana-vastra mAtra kA parigrahaNa rakhatA hai / dasavIM pratimA meM usakI virakti eka darje Age bar3hatI hai, aura vaha apane putrAdi ko kAma dhaMdhoM sambandhI anumati denA bhI chor3a detA hai / gyArahavIM pratimA uddiSTa-tyAga kI hai, jahAM para zrAvaka dharma apanI carama sImA para pahuMca jAtA hai / isa pratimA ke do avAntara bheda haiMeka 'kSullaka' aura dUsarA 'ailaka' / prathama prakAra kA addiSTatyAgI eka vastra dhAraNa karatA hai; kaiMcI, chure se apane bAla banavA letA hai, tathA pAtra meM bhojana kara letA hai / kintu dUsarA uhiSTa-tyAgI vastra ke nAma para kevala kopIna mAtra dhAraNa karatA haiM, svayaM kezalauMca karatA hai, pIchI-kamaMDala rakhatA hai, aura bhojana kevala apane hAtha meM lekara hI karatA hai, thAlI Adi pAtra se nhiiN| isa uddiSTasyAga pratimA kA sArthaka lakSaNa yaha hai ki isameM zrAvaka apane nimitta banAyA gayA bhojana nahIM krtaa| vaha bhikSAvRtti svIkAra kara letA hai / ina pratimAoM meM dikhAI degA ki jina vratoM kA samAveza bAraha-vratoM ke bhItara ho cukA hai; aura jinake pAlana kA vidhAna dUsarI pratimA meM hI kiyA jA cukA hai, unhIM kI prAyaH anya pratimAoM meM bhI punarAvRtti huI hai| kintu unameM bheda yaha hai ki jina-jina vratoM kA vidhAna Upara kI pratimAoM meM kiyA

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muni dharma 265 gayA hai, unakI paripUrNatA vahIM para hotI hai / abhyAsa ke liye bhale hI nicalI pratimAoM meM bhI unakA grahaNa kiyA gayA ho / yoM vyavahAra meM prathama pratimA se hI nizi-bhojana tyAga para jora diyA jAtA hai, jisakA pratimAnusAra vidhAna chaThaveM darje para AtA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha gurujanoM ke sammukha pratijJA lekara usI pratimA meM kiyA jAtA hai, aura phira usa vrata kA ullaMghana karanA bar3A dUSaNa samajhA jAtA hai| yaha vyavasthA eka udAharaNa dvArA samajhAI jA sakatI hai| prathama varga meM par3hanevAle vidyArthI kI eka pAThya-pustaka niyata hai, jisakA yathocita jJAna hue binA vaha dUsarI kakSA meM jAne yogya nahIM mAnA jaataa| kintu usa varga meM hote hue bhI dvitIyAdi vargoM kI pustakoM kA par3hanA usake liye vajyaM nahIM, apitu eka prakAra se vAMchanIya hI hai / tathApi vaha prathama varga meM usake pUrNa jJAna va parIkSA kA viSaya nahIM mAnA jaataa| isIprakAra vratoM kI sAdhanA yathAzakti pahalI yA dUsarI pratimA se hI prArambha ho jAtI hai, kintu unakA vidhivat pUrNa paripAlana uttarottara Upara kI pratimAoM meM hotA hai / yaha vyavasthA jaina-anekAnta dRSTi ke anukUla hai / munidharma___upayukta zrAvaka kI sarvotkRSTa gyArahavIM pratimA ke pazcAt munidharma kA prArambha hotA hai, jisameM Adi parigraha kA pUrNarUpa se parityAga para nagna-vRtti dhAraNa kI jAtI hai, aura ahiMsAdi pAMca vrata mahAvatoM ke rUpa meM pAlana karane kI pratijJA lI jAtI hai| muni ko apane calane-phirane meM vizeSa sAvadhAnI rakhanA par3atI hai| apane Age pAMca-hAtha pRthvI dekha-dekha kara calanA par3atA hai, aura andhakAra meM gamana nahIM kiyA jAtA; isI kA nAma Irya samiti hai / nindA va cApalUsI, haMsI, kaTu Adi dUSita bhASA kA parityAga kara muni ko sadava saMyata, napItulI, satya, priya aura kalyANakArI vANI kA hI prayoga karanA cAhiye / yaha muni kI bhASA samiti hai| mikSA dvArA kevala zuddha nirAmiSa AhAra kA nirlobha bhAva se grahaNa karanA muni kI eSaNA samiti hai / jo kucha thor3I bahuta vastueM nigraMtha muni apane pAsa rakha sakatA hai, ve jJAna va cAritra ke paripAlana-nimitta hI huA karatI haiMjaise jJAnArjana ke liye zAstra, jIva rakSAnimitta picchikA evaM zauca-nimitta kamaMDala / ye kramazaH jJAnopadhi, saMyamopadhi aura zaucopadhi kahalAtI haiN| inake rakhane va grahaNa karane meM bhI jIvarakSA nimitta sAvadhAnI rakhanI AvAnanikSepa samiti hai / mala-mUtrAdi kA tyAga kisI dUra, ekAnta, sUkhe va jIva-jantu rahita' aise sthAna para karanA jisase kisI ko koI Apatti na ho, yaha muni kI pratisthApana samiti hai|

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266 jaina darzana cakSu Adi pAMcoM iMdriyoM kA niyaMtraNa karanA, unheM apane-apane viSayoM kI ora lolupatA se AkarSita na hone denA, ye muniyoM ke pAMca indriya-nigraha haiN| jIva mAtra meM, mitra-zatru meM, duHkha-sukha meM, lAbha-alAma meM, roSa-toSa bhAva kA parityAga kara samatAbhAva rakhanA, tIrthaMkaroM kI guNAnukIrtana rUpa stuti karanA, arhanta va siddha kI pratimAoM va AcAryAdi kI mana-vacana-kAya se pradakSiNApraNAma Adi rUpa vandanA karanA; niyamitarUpa se Atmazodhana-nimitta apane aparAdhoM kI nindA-gardA rUpa pratikramaNa karanA; samasta ayogya AcaraNa kA parivarjana, arthAt anucita nAma nahIM lenA, anucita sthApanA nahIM karanA, evaM anucita dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kA parityAga rUpa pratyAkhyAna; tathA apane zarIra se bhI mamatva chor3ane rUpa visargabhAva rakhanA, ye chaha muniyoM kI mAvazyaka kriyAeM haiN| samaya-samaya para apane hAthoM se kezalauMca acekalavRtti, snAnatyAga, dantadhAvana-tyAga, kSitizayana, sthitibhojana arthAt khar3e raha kara AhAra karanA, aura madhyAnha kAla meM kevala eka bAra bhojana karanA, ye muni kI anya sAta vizeSa sAdhanAeM haiN| isaprakAra muniyoM ke kula aTThAisa mUlaguNa niyata kiye gaye haiN| 22 parISaha uparyukta niyamoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki sAdhu kI mukhya sAdhanA hai samatva, jise bhagavadgItA meM bhI yoga kA mukhya lakSaNa kahA hai (samatvaM yoga ucyte)| isa samatAbhAva ko bhagna karane vAlI aneka paristhitiyoM kA muni ko sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, aura ve hI sthitiyAM muni ke samatva kI parIkSA ke vizeSa sthala haiN| aisI paristhitiyAM to agaNita ho sakatI haiM kintu unameM meM bAIsa kA vizeSarUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai, aura sanmArga se cyuta na hone ke liye tatsambandhI klezoM para vijaya prApta karane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| sAdhu apane pAsa na khAne-pIne kA sAmAna rakhatA, aura na svayaM pakAkara khA sktaa| use isake liye bhikSA vRtti para avalaMbita rahanA par3atA hai; so bhI dina meM kevala eka bAra / use samaya-samaya para eka va aneka dinoM ke liye upavAsa bhI karanA / par3atA hai / ataeva bIca-bIca meM use bhUkha-pyAsa satAveMge hii| isIliye kSudhA (1) aura tRSA (2) parISaha use Adi meM hI jItanA cAhiye / vastroM ke abhAva meM use zIta, uSNa (3-4), DAMsa-macchara (5) va nagnatA (6) ke kleza honA anivArya hai, jinheM bhI use zAntipUrvaka sahana karanA caahiye| ekAnta meM rahane, ukta bhUkha-pyAsa Adi kI bAdhAeM sahane tathA indriya-viSayoM ke abhAva se use muni avasthA se kabhI aruci bhI utpanna ho sakatI hai / isa parati

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muni dharma 267 parISaha ko bhI use jItanA cAhiye (7) / muni ko jaba-taba aura vizeSataH bhikSA ke samaya nagara va grAma meM paribhramaNa karate hue va gRhasthoM ke gharoM meM sundara va yuvatI striyoM kA evaM unake hAva-bhAva-vilAsoM kA darzana honA anivArya hai| isase usake mana meM caMcalatA utpanna ho sakatI hai, jise jItanA strI-parISaha-jaya kahalAtA hai (8) muni ko varSARtu ke cAra mAha chor3akara zeSa-kAla meM eka sthAna para adhika na raha kara deza-paribhramaNa karate rahanA caahiye| isa niraMtara yAtrA se use mArga kI aneka kaThinAiyAM sahanI par3atI haiM; yahI muni kA paryA parISaha hai (9) / Thaharane ke liye muni ko zmazAna, vana, Ujar3a ghara, parvata-guphAoM Adi kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jahAM unheM nAnA-prakAra kI, yahAM taka kI siMha-vyAghrAdi hiMsra pazuoM dvArA AkramaNa kI, bAdhAeM sahanI par3atI haiM; yahI sAdhu kA niSadyA parISaha-vijaya hai (10) / muni ko kiMcit kAla zayana ke liye khara viSama, zilAtala Adi hImileMge; isakA kleza sahana karanA zayyA-parISaha-jaya hai (11) / virodhI jana muni ko bahudhA gAlI-galauca bhI kara baiThate haiM, ise sahana karanA prAkroza-parISaha-jaya hai (12) / yadi koI isase bhI Age bar3hakara mAra-pITa kara baiThe, to use bhI sahana karanA vadha-parISaha-jaya hai (13) muni ko apane AhAra, vasati, auSadha Adi ke liye gRhasthoM se yAcanA hI karanI par3atI hai (14) / kintu isa kArya meM apane meM dInatA bhAva na Ane dene ko yAcanA-parISaha-jaya; tathA yAcita vastu kA lAbha na hone para ruSTa na hokara alAbha se use apanI tapasyA kI vRddhi me lAbha hI huA, aisA samajhakara santoSa bhAva rakhane ko alAbha-vijaya kahate hai (15) / yadi zarIra kisI roga, vyAdhi va pIr3A ke vazIbhUta ho jAya to use zAntipUrvaka sahane kA nAma roga-vijaya hai (16) / caryA, zaiyA va niSadyAdi ke samaya jo kucha tRNa, kAMTA kaMkar3a Adi cubhane kI pIr3A ho, use sahanA tRNasparzavijaya hai (17) / sAdhu ko apane zarIra se moha chor3ane ke liye jo snAna na karane, dantAdi aMga-pratyaMgoM ko sApha na karane tathA zarIra kA anya kisI prakAra bhI saMskAra na karane ke kAraNa utpanna honevAlI malinatA se ghRNA va kheda kA bhAva utpanna na hone dene ko mala parISaha-vijaya kahate hai (18) / sAmAnyatayA vyakti ko vizeSa satkAra-puraskAra milane se harSa, aura na milane se roSa va kheda kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| kintu muni ko ukta donoM avasthAoM meM roSatoSa kI bhAvanA se vicalita nahIM honA cAhiye / yaha usakA satkAra-puraskAra vijaya hai (19) / vizeSa jJAna kA mada honA bhI bahuta sAmAnya hai| sAdhu isa mada se mukta rahe, yaha usakA prajJA-vijaya (20) / evaM jJAna na hone para udvigna na ho, yaha usakA ajJAna-vijaya hai (21) / dIrgha kAla taka tapa karate rahane para bhI

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268 jaina darzana avadhi yA manaH paryayajJAnAdi kI prApti rUpa Rddhi-siddhi upalabdha na hone para muni kA zravAna vicalita ho sakatA hai ki ye saba siddhiyAM prApya haiM yA nahIM, kevalajJAnI RSi, muni, tIrthaMkarAdi hue haiM yA nahIM, yaha saba tapasyA nirarthaka hI hai, aisI azraddhA utpanna na hone denA avarzana-vijaya hai (22) / ye bAIsa parISaha-jaya muniyoM kI vizeSa sAdhanAeM haiM, jinake dvArA vaha apane ko pUrva indriya-vijayI va yogI banA letA hai / 10 dharma upayukta bAIsa parISahoM meM mana ko ubhAr3a kara vicalita karake, rAgadveSa rUpa durbhAvoM se dUSita karanevAlI jo mAnasika avasthAeM haiM unake upazamana ke liye daza-dharmoM aura bAraha anuprekSAoM (bhAvanAoM) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| dharmoM ke dvArA mana ko kaSAyoM ko jItane ke liye unake virodhI guNoM kA abhyAsa karAyA jAtA hai; tathA anuprekSAoM se tatva-cintana ke dvArA sAMsArika vRttiyoM se anAsakti utpanna kara vairAgya kI sAdhanA meM vizeSa pravRtti karAI jAtI hai / daza dharma haiM-uttama kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, zauca, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, AkiMcanya aura brahmacarya / krodhotpAdaka gAlI-galauca, mArapITa, apamAna Adi paristhitiyoM meM bhI mana ko kaluSita na hone denA kSamA dharma haiN| (1) kula, jAti, rUpa, jJAna, tapa, vaibhava, prabhutva evaM zIla Adi saMbaMdhI abhimAna karanA mada kahalAtA hai / isa mAna kaSAya ko jItakara mana meM sadaiva mRdutA bhAva rakhanA mArdava dharma hai / (2) mana meM eka bAta socanA, vacana se kucha aura kahanA tathA zarIra se karanA kucha aura, yaha kuTilatA yA mAyAcArI kahalAtI hai| isa mAyA kaSAya ko jItakara mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyA meM ekarUpatA (RjutA) rakhanA Arjava dharma hai| (3) mana ko malina banAne vAlI jitanI durbhAvanAeM haiM unameM lobha sabase prabala aniSTakArI haiM / isa lobha kaSAya ko jItakara mana ko pavitra banAnA zauca dharma haiN| (4) asatya vacana kI pravRtti ko rokakara sadaiva yathArtha hita-mita-priya vacana bolanA satya dharma hai| (5) indriyoM ke viSayoM kI ora se mana kI pravatti ko rokakara use satyapravRttiyoM meM lagAnA saMyama dharma hai| (6) viSayoM va kaSAyoM kA nigraha karake Age kahe jAnevAle bAraha prakAra ke tapa meM citta ko lagAnA tapa dharma hai| (7) binA kisI pratyupakAra va svArtha bhAvanA ke dUsaroM ke hita va kalyANa ke liye vidyA Adi kA dAna denA syAga dharma hai / (8) ghara-dvAra, dhana-daulata, bandhu-bAndhava, zatru-mitra sabase mamatva chor3anA, ye mere nahIM haiM, yahAM taka ki zarIra bhI sadA mere sAtha rahanevAlA nahIM

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muni dharma 266 hai, aisA anAsakti bhAva utpanna karanA akiMcana dharma hai, (9) tathA rAgotpAdaka paristhitiyoM meM bhI mana ko kAma vedanA se vicalita na hone denA va use Atma cintana meM lagAye rahanA brahmacarya dharma hai (10) / isa daza dharmoM ke bhItara sAmAnyataH cAra kaSAyoM tathA aNuvrata va mahAvratoM dvArA nirdhArita pAMca pApoM ke abhAva kA samAveza pratIta hotA hai| kintu dharmoM kI vyavasthA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM kaSAyoM aura pApoM ke abhAva mAtra para nahIM, kintu unake upazAmaka vidhAnAtmaka kSamAdi guNoM para jora diyA gayA hai| cAra kaSAyoM ke upazAmaka prathama cAra dharma haiM, tathA hiMsA asatya, caurya, abrahma va parigraha ke upazAmaka kramazaH saMyama, satya, tyAga, brahmacarya aura akiMcana dharma haiM / ina nau ke atirikta tapa kA vidhAna munizaryA ko vizeSa rUpa se gRhastha dharma se Age bar3hAne vAlA hai| 12 anuprekSAeM- anAsakti yoga ke abhyAsa ke liye jo bAraha anuprekSAeM yA bhAvanAeM batalAI gaI haiM. ve isa prakAra haiM-ArAdhaka yaha cintana kare ki saMsAra kA svabhAva bar3A kSaNabhaMgura hai; yahAM merA-terA kahA jAne vAlA jo kucha hai, saba anitya hai, ataeva usameM Asakti niSphala hai; vaha anitya bhAvanA hai (1) / janma-jarAmRtyu rUpa bhayoM se koI kisI kI rakSA nahIM kara sakatA; ina bhayoM se chuTane kA upAya AtmA meM hI hai, anyatra nahIM; yaha prAraNa bhAvanA hai (2) / saMsAra meM jIva jisa prakAra cAroM gatiyoM meM ghUmatA hai, aura mohavaza du:kha pAtA rahatA haiisakA vicAra karanA saMsAra bhAvanA hai (3) / jIva to akelA hI janmatA va bAlya, yauvana va vRddhatva kA anubhava karatA huA akelA hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| yaha vicAra ekatva bhAvanA hai (4) / dehAdi samasta indriya-grAhya padArtha prAtmA se bhinna haiM, inase AtmA kA koI saccA nAtA nahIM hai, yaha anyatva bhAvanA hai (5) / yaha zarIra rudhira, mA~sa va asthi kA piMDa hai; aura mala-mUtrAdi azuci padArthoM se bharA huA hai. inase anurAga karanA va use sajAnA-dhajAnA niSphala hai, yaha azucitva bhAvanA hai (6) / krodhAdi kaSAyoM se tathA mana-vacana kAya kI pravRttiyoM se kisa prakAra karmoM kA Asrava hotA hai, isakA vicAra karanA mAnava bhAvanA hai (7) / vratoM tathA samiti, gupti, dharma, parISahajaya va prastuta anuprekSAoM dvArA kisa prakAra karmAnava ko rokA jA sakatA hai, yaha cintana saMvara bhAvanA hai (8) / vratoM Adi ke dvArA tathA vizeSa rUpa se bAraha

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jaina darzana prakAra ke tapoM dvArA baMdhe hue karmoM kA kisa prakAra kSaya kiyA jA sakatA hai, yaha cintana nirjarA bhAvanA hai ( 6 ) / isa ananta AkAza, usake loka va Aloka vibhAga, unake anAditva va akartRtva tathA loka meM vidyamAna samasta jIvAdi dravyoM kA vicAra karanA loka bhAvanA hai (10) / isa anAdi saMsAra meM yaha jIva kisa prakAra ajJAna aura moha ke kAraNa nAnA yoniyoM meM bhramaNa ke duHkha pAtA rahA hai, kitane puNya ke prabhAva se ise yaha manuSya yoni milI hai, tathA isa manuSya janma ko sArthaka karane vAle darzana - jJAna cAritra rUpa tIna ratna kitane durlabha haiM, yaha cintana bodhidurlabha bhAvanA hai ( 11 ) | sacce dharma kA svarUpa kyA hai, aura use prApta kara kisa prakAra sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukti prApta kI jA sakatI hai, yaha cintana dharma bhAvanA hai ( 12 ) / isa prakAra ina bAraha bhAvanAoM se sAdhaka ko apanI dhArmika pravRtti meM dRr3hatA va sthiratA prApta hotI hai / 270 3 guptiyAM diyA gayA hai / mana hai-- satya, asatya, bAtoM kA samAveza Upara aneka bAra kahA jA cukA hai ki mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyA rupa yoga ke dvArA karmAsrava hotA haiM, aura karmabandha ko rokane tathA baMdhe hue karmoM kI nirjarA karane meM isa triyoga kI sAdhanA vizeSa rupa se Avazyaka haiM / yathArthataH samasta dhArmika sAdhanA ke mUla meM mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRtti - nivRtti hI to pradhAna hai / ataeva inakI sadasat pravRtti kA vizeSa rupa se svarupa batalAkara sAdhaka ko unake sambandha meM vizeSa sAvadhAnI rakhane kA Adeza aura vacana ina donoM kI pravRtti cAra prakAra kI kahI gayI ubhaya aura anubhaya / satya meM yathArthatA aura hita, ina donoM mAnA gayA haiM / isI satya ke anucintana meM pravRtta mana kI mana, usase viparIta asatyamana, mizrita bhAva ko ubhaya donoM se hIna mAnasika avasthA ko anubhaya rupa mana kahA gayA haiM / ina avasthAoM meM se satya manoyoga kI hI sAdhanA ko manogupti kahA gayA hai / zabdAtmaka vacana yathArthataH mana kI avasthA ko vyakta karane vAlA pratIka mAtra hai / ataeva ukta cAroM manodazAoM ke anukUla vacana - paddhati bhI cAra prakAra kI huI / tathApi loka vyavahAra meM satya vacana bhI dasa prakAra kA rupa dhAraNa kara letA hai / kahIM zabda apane mUla vAcyArtha se cyuta hokara bhI janapada, sammati, sthApanA, nAma, rUpa, apekSA, vyavahAra, sambhAvanA, rUr3hiyoM dvArA satya ko pragaTa karatA hai / vANI ke anya prakAra se bhI nau bheda bhAva va upamA sambandhI avasthA ko satya mana, aura satyAsatya

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muni dharma 271 kiye gaye haiM, jaise - AmaMtraNI, AjJApanI, yAcanI, ApRcchanI, prajJApanI, pratyAkhyAnI, saMzayavacanI, icchAnulomanI aura anakSaragatA / inakA satya-asatya se koI sambandha nahIM / ataeva inheM anubhaya vacanarupa kahA gayA hai / sAdhaka ko isa prakAra mana aura vacana ke satyAsatya svarupa kA vicArakara, apanI manavacana kI pravRtti ko sambhAlanA cAhiye; aura tadanusAra hI kAyika kriyA meM pravRtta honA cAhiye; yahI muni kA trigupti rupa AcaraNa haiM / 6 prakAra kA bAhya tapa ukta samasta vratoM Adi kI sAdhanA karmAsrava ke nirodha rUpa saMvara va baMdhe hue karmoM ke kSaya rUpa nirjarA karAnevAlI hai / karma-nirjarA ke liye vizeSarUpa se upayogI tapa sAdhanA mAnI gaI haiM, jisake mukhya do bheda haiM-- bAhya aura prabhyantara / anazana, avamaudarya, vRtti parisaMkhyAna rasa parityAga, vivikta- zayyAsana evaM kAyakleza, ye bAhya tapa ke chaha prakAra haiM / saba prakAra ke AhAra kA parityAga anazana; tathA alpa AhAra mAtra grahaNa karanA zravamaudarya yA Unodara tapa hai / eka hI ghara se bhikSA lUMgA; isa prakAra diye hue AhAra mAtra ko grahaNa karUMgA; ityAdi rUpa se AhAra sambandhI paristhitiyoM kA niyantraNa karanA vRtti parisaMkhyAna; tathA ghRtAdi vizeSa pauSTika evaM vikAra vastuoM kA tyAga, tathA miSTAdi rasoM kA niyamana karanA rasa - parityAga hai / zUnya gRhAdi ekAnta sthAna meM vAsa karanA viviktazayyAsana hai; tathA dhUpa, zIta, varSA Adi bAdhAoM ko vizeSa rUpa se sahane kA evaM Asana-vizeSa se lambe samaya taka sthira rahane Adi kA abhyAsa karanA kayakleza tapa hai / 6 prakAra kA Abhyantara tapa ---- Abhyantara tapa ke chaha bheda haiM- prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga aura dhyAna / pramAdavaza utpanna hue doSoM ke parihAra ke liye Alocana, pratikramaNa Adi cittazodhaka kriyAoM meM pravRtta honA prAyazcita tapa hai / jJAna, darzana, cAritra va upacAra kI sAdhanA meM vizeSa rUpa se pravRtta honA vinaya tapa hai | jJAna-darzana - cAritra kA svarUpa batAyA hI jA cukA hai / AcAryAdi gurujanoM va zAstroM va pratibhAoM Adi pUjya pApoM kA pratyakSa meM va parokSa meM mana-vacanakAya kI kriyA dvArA Adara-satkAra va guNAnuvAda Adi karanA upacAra vinaya hai / AcArya, upAdhyAya, tapasvI, zikSAzIla, rogI, gaNa, kula, saMgha, sAdhu tathA loka-sammata anya yogyajanoM kI pIr3A - bAdhAoM ko dUra karane ke liye sevA meM pravRtta

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272 jaina darzana honA vayAvRtya tapa hai / dharma zAstroM kI vAcanA, pRcchanA, anucintana, bAra-bAra avRtti va dharmopadeza, yaha saba svAdhyAya tapa hai / gRha, dhana-dhAnyAdi bAhyopAdhiyoM tathA krodhAdi antaraMgopAdhiyoM kA tyAga karanA vyutsarga tapa hai| dhyAna- (Arta va raudra) chaThA antima antaraMga tapa dhyAna hai, jisake cAra bheda mAne gaye haiM-AtaM, raudra, dharma aura zukla / aniSTa ke saMyoga, iSTa ke viyoga, dukha kI vedanA tathA bhogoM kI abhilASA se jo saMkleza bhAva hote haiM, tathA isa aniSTa paristhiti ko badalane ke liye jo cintana kiyA jAtA hai, vana saba Arta dhyAna hai / jhUTha bolane, corI karane, dhana-sampatti kI rakSA karane tathA jIvoM ke ghAta karane meM jo krUra pariNAma utpanna hote haiM, vaha raudra dhyAna hai / ye donoM dhyAna vyakti ko svayaM duHkha dete haiM, samAja meM bhI azAnti utpanna karane ke kAraNa hote haiM, evaM inase azubhakarmoM kA bandha hotA haiN| isaliye ye dhyAna azubha aura tyAjya mAne gaye haiM, zeSa do dhyAna jIva ke liye kalyANakArI hone se zubha haiN| dharma dhyAna___indriyoM tathA rAga-dveSa bhAvoM se mana kA nirodha karake use dhArmika cintana meM lagAnA dharmadhyAna hai / isa cintana kA viSaya cAra prakAra kA ho sakatA haiAjJA-vicaya, apAya-vicaya, vipAka-vicaya aura saMsthAna-vicaya / jaba dhyAtA zAstrokta tatvoM ke svarUpa, karmabandha Adi jJAna kI vyavasthA va caritra ke niyama Adi ke sUkSma cintana meM dhyAna lagAtA hai, taba prAmAvicaya nAmaka dhyAna hotA hai / AjJA kA artha haiM-zAstrAdeza; aura vicaya kA artha hai-khoja yA gaveSaNa / isa prakAra zAstrAdeza kA gaveSaNa, arthAt dharma ke siddhAntoM ko tarka, nyAya, pramANa, dRSTAnta Adi kI yojanA dvArA samajhane kA mAnasika prayatna dharma-dhyAna hai / apAya kA artha hai vighna-bAdhA, ataeva dharma ke mArga meM jo vighna-bAdhAeM upasthita hoM, unheM dUrakara dharma kI prabhAvanA bar3hAne ke liye jo cintana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha apAya-vicaya dharmadhyAna hai / jJAnAvaraNAdi karma kisa prakAra apanA phala dete haiM; tathA jIvana ke nAnA anubhavana kisa-kisa armodaya se prApta hue; isa prakAra karmaphala sambandhI cintana vipAka-vicaya dharmadhyAna hai; aura loka kA svarUpa kaisA hai, usake UvaM adhaH tiryak lokoM kI racanA kisa prakAra kI hai, aura unameM jIvoM kI kaisI-kyA dazAeM pAI jAtI hai, ityAdi cintana saMsthAna-vicaya

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dhyAna 273 nAmaka dharmadhyAna haiN| ina cAra prakAra ke dharmadhyAnoM se dhyAtA kI dRSTi zuddha hotI hai, zraddhAna dRr3ha, buddhi nirmala, tathA cAritra-pAlana vizuddha va sthira hotA hai| isaliye dharma-dhyAna kA Atma-kalyANa ke liye bar3A mAhAtmya hai| zukla dhyAna zukla dhyAna ke bhI cAra bheda haiM-pRthaktva-vitarka-vIcAra, ekatva-vitarkaavIcAra, sUkSma-kriyA-pratipAtI aura vyuparata-kriyA-nivRtti / aneka jIvAdi dravyoM va unakI paryAyoM kA apane mana-vacana-kAya ina tInoM yogoM dvArA cintana pRthaktva kahalAtA hai / vitarka kA artha hai zruta yA zAstra, aura vIcAra kA artha hai-vicaraNa yA viparivartana / ataH dravya se paryAya va paryAya se dravya, eka zAstravacana se dUsare zAstravacana, tathA eka yoga se dUsare yoga ke Alambana se dhyAna kI dhArA calanA pRthaktva-vitarka-vIcAra dhyAna kahalAtA hai| jaba AlambanabhUta dravya va usakI paryAya kA va yoga kA saMkramaNa na hokara, eka hI dravya paryAya kA kisI eka hI yoga ke dvArA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai, taba ekatva-vitarka-pravIcAra dhyAna hotA hai / jaba dhyAna meM na to vitarka arthAt zruta-vacana kA Azraya rahatA, aura na vIcAra arthAt yoga-saMkramaNa hotA, kintu kevala sUkSma kAyayoga mAtra kA avalambana rahatA hai, taba sUkSma-kriyA-pratipAtI nAmaka tIsarA zukladhyAna hotA hai; tathA jaba na vitarka rahe, na vIcAra na yoga kA avalambana; taba vyuparatakriyAnivatti nAmaka sarvotkRSTa zukla dhyAna hotA hai yaha dhyAna kevalajJAna kI carama avasthA meM hI hotA hai; aura AtmA dvArA zarIra kA parityAga hone para siddhoM ke AtmajJAna kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| isa prakAra zukladhyAna dvArA hI yogI kramazaH AtmA ko uttarottara karma-mala se rahita banAkara antataH mokSa pada prApta karatA hai| 24 guNasthAna va mokSa Upara mokSa-prApti ke hetu samyagdarzana, jJAna va cAritra kA prarupaNa kiyA gayA hai / mithyAtva se lekara mokSaprApti taka jina AdhyAtmika dazAoM meM se jIva nikalatA hai, ve guNasthAna kahalAte haiN| sAmAnyataH ina dazAoM meM parivartana karanevAle ve karma haiM jinakI nAnA prakRtiyoM kA svarUpa bhI pahale batalAyA jA cukA hai| ina karmoM kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra jIva ke jo bhAva hote haiM, ve cAra prakAra haiM-audayika, aupazamika, kSAyika va kssaayopshmik| karmoM ke udaya

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274 jaina darzana se utpanna honevAle bhAva audayika kahalAte haiM; jaise rAga, dveSa, ajJAna, asaMyama rati Adi bhAva / karmoM kI upazama arthAt udayarahita avasthA meM honevAle bhAva praupazamika kahe gaye haiM; jaise samyaktva kI prApti, sadAcAra, vrata-niyama-pAlana Adi / karmoM ke upazama kAla meM jIva kI usI prakAra zuddha avasthA ho jAtI hai, jaise jala meM phiTakirI Adi zodhaka vastuoM ke prabhAva se usakA saba maila nIce baiTha jAtA hai aura Upara kA samasta jala nirmala ho jAtA hai| kintu AtmapariNAmoM kI yaha vizuddhi cirasthAyI nahIM hotI; kyoMki jisaprakAra upazAnta huA mala pAnI meM thor3I bhI halacala utpanna hone se punaH Upara uThakara samasta jala ko malina kara detA hai, usI prakAra upazAnta hue karma zIghra hI punaH kaSAyodaya dvArA ubhara uThate haiM, aura jIva ke pariNAmoM ko punaH malina banA dete haiM / kintu yadi ekatra hue mala ko chAnakara jala se pRthak kara diyA jAya, to phira vaha jala sthAyI rUpa se zuddha ho jAtA hai / usI prakAra karmoM ke kSaya se jo zuddha Atma-pariNAma hote haiM, unheM jIva ke kSayika bhAva kahA jAtA hai; jaise kevalajJAna-darzana Adi / karmoM ke sarvaghAtI sparddhakoM kA udaya-kSaya va sattAgata sarvaghAtI sparddhakoM kA upazama, tathA dezaghAtI sparddhakoM kA udaya hone se jIva ke jo pariNAma hote haiM, ve kSAyopazamikabhAva kahalAte haiN| ye pariNAma kSAyika va aupamika bhAvoM kI apekSA kucha malinatA liye hue rahate haiM; jisa prakAra ki gaMdale pAnI ko chAna lene se usakA bahuta kucha mala to usase pRthak ho jAtA hai, zeSa meM se kucha bhAga pAtra kI talI meM baiThA jAtA hai, aura kucha usI meM milA raha jAtA hai, jisake kAraNa usa jala meM alpa malinatA banI rahatI hai| sAmAnya mati-zruta jJAna, aNuvratapAlana Adi kSAyopazamika bhAvoM ke udAharaNa haiN| ina cAra bhAvoM ke atirikta jIva ke jIvatva, bhavyatva, dravyatva prAdi svAbhAvika guNa pAriNAmika bhAva kahalAte haiM / ina jIvagata bhAvoM kA sAmAnyataH samasta karmoM se, kintu vizeSataH mohanIya karma kI prakRtiyoM se ghaniSTha sambandha hai; aura usI kI nAnA avasthAoM ke anusAra jIva kI ve caudaha AdhyAtmika bhUmikAeM utpanna hotI haiM, jinheM guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| mohanIya karma kI mithyAtva prakRti ke udaya se jIva ke ve samasta mithyAbhAva utpanna hote haiM, jinameM adhikAMza jIva anAdi kAla se vidyamAna hai| yaha jIva kA mithyAtva nAmaka prathama guNasthAna hai / nimitta pAkara jaba jIva ko aupazamika, kSAyika va kSAyopazamika bhAvarUpa samyaktva kI prApti ho jAtI haiM, taba vaha cauthe samyaktva nAmaka guNasthAna meM pahuMca jAtA hai| inameM se kSAyika samyaktva to sthAyI hotA hai; aura aupazamika samyaktva anivAryataH alpakAlIna /

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guNasthAna 275 kSAyopazamika samyaktva dIrghakAlIna bhI ho sakatA hai, alpakAlIna bhii| yadyapi inameM se koI bhI samyaktva prApta hone para eka niyata kAla-maryAdA ke bhItara vaha jIva nizcayataH mokSa kA adhikArI ho jAtA hai; tathApi usake liye use kabhI na kabhI kSAyika samyaktva prApta karanA anivArya hai| jaba taka use isakI prApti nahIM hogI; taba taka vaha pariNAmoM ke anusAra Upara-nIce ke guNasthAnoM meM car3hatA-utaratA rahegA / yadi vaha samyaktva se cyuta huA to use tIsarA guNasthAna bhI prAsa ho sakatA hai, jo usameM honevAle mizra bhAvoM ke kAraNa, samyagmithyAtva guNasthAna kahalAtA hai; athavA dUsarA guNasthAna bhI, jI sAsAdana kahalAtA hai| kyoMki isameM jIva samyaktva se cyuta hokara bhI pUrNataH mithyAtva bhAva ko prApta nahIM ho pAtA, aura usameM samyaktva kA kucha prAsvAdana (anubhavana) banA rahatA hai / yaha yathArthataH caturthaM guNasthAna se girakara prathama sthAna meM pahuMcane se pUrva kI madhyavartI avasthA hai, jisakA kAla svabhAvataH atyalpa hotA haiM, aura jIva usa bhAva se nikala kara zIghra hI prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A giratA hai| samyaktva nAmaka caturtha guNasthAna meM Atma-cetanA rUpa dhArmika dRSTi to prApta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki kaSAyoM kI anantAnubandhI cAra prakRtiyoM kA, upazama,kSaya, yA kSayopazama ho jAtA hai| kintu apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kA udaya banA rahatA haiM; aura isIliye yaha guNasthAna avirata-samyaktva kahalAtI hai| jaba ina prakRtiyoM kA bhI upazamAdi ho jAtA hai, to jIva ke aNuvrata dhAraNa karane yogya pariNAma utpanna ho jAte haiM aura vaha vezavirata va saMyanAsaMyata nAmaka pAMcavA guNasthAna prApta kara letA hai| isa guNasthAna kI sImA aNuvrata taka hI haiM, kyoMki yahAM pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAyoM kA udaya banA rahatA haiN| jaba ina kaSAyoM kA bhI upazamAdi ho jAtA hai, taba jIva ke pariNAma aura bhI vizuddha hokara vaha mahAvrata dhAraNa kara letA hai / yaha chaThA va isase Upara ke samasta guNasthAna sAmAnyataH saMyata kahalAte haiN| kintu unameM bhI vizuddhi kA taratamabhAva pAyA jAtA hai, jisake anusAra chaThA guNasthAna pramattavirata kahalAtA hai; kyoMki yahAM saMyamabhAva pUrNa hote hue bhI pramAda rUpa manda kaSAyoM kA udaya rahanA hai, jisake kAraNa usakI pariNati strIkathA, corakathA, rAjakathA Adi vikathAoM va indriyoM Adi kI aura jhuka jAtI hai, kyoMki usake saMjvalana kaSAya kA udaya rahatA hai / jaba saMjvalana kaSAyoM kA bhI upazamAdi ho jAtA hai, taba use apramatta saMyata nAmaka sAtaveM guNasthAna kI prApti hotI hai| yahAM se lekara Age kI samasta avasthAeM dhyAna kI haiM; kyoMki dhyAnAvasthA ke sivAya pramAdoM kA abhAva sambhava nhiiN| isa dhyAnAvasthA meM jaba saMyamI yathApravRttakaraNa arthAt vizuddhi kI pUrvadhArA ko

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jaina darzana calAtA huA aura pratikSaNa zuddhatara hotA huA aisI asAdhAraNa AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ko prApta ho jAtA haiM, jaisI pahale kabhI nahIM huI thI, taba vaha apUrvaka raraNa nAmaka AThaveM guNasthAna meM A jAtA haiM / isa guNasthAna meM kiMcit kAla rahane para jaba dhyAtA ke pratisamaya ke eka-eka pariNAma apanI vizeSa vizuddhi ko liye hue bhinna rUpa hone lagate hai, taba anivRttikararaNa nAmaka nauvAM guNasthAna Arambha ho jAtA hai / isa guNasthAnavartI samasta sAdhakoM kA usa samayavartI pariNAma ekasA hI hotA hai; arthAt prathama samayavartI samasta dhyAtAoM kA pariNAma ekasA hI hogA; dUsare samaya kA pariNAma prathama samaya se bhinna hogA; aura vaha bhI saba kA ekasA hI hogaa| isaprakAra isa guNasthAna meM rahane ke kAla ke jitane samaya hoMge, utane hI bhinna pariNAma hoMge; aura ve sabhI sAdhakoM ke usI samaya meM ekase hoMge, anya samaya meM nahIM / isa guNasthAna sambandhI vizeSa vizuddhi ke dvArA jaba karmoM kA itanA upazamana va kSaya ho jAtA hai ki lobha kaSAya ke atisUkSmAMza ko chor3akara zeSa samasta kaSAya kSINa yA upazAnta hojAte haiM, taba jIva ko sUkSma sAmparAya nAmaka dazavAM guNasthAna prApta ho jAtA hai, yahAM Atmavizuddhi kA svarUpa aisA batalAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kezara se raMge hue vastra ko dho DAlane para bhI usameM kezarI raMga kA atisUkSma AbhAsa raha jAtA hai, usI prakAra isa guNasthAna vartI ke lobha saMjvalana kaSAya kA sadbhAva raha jAtA hai / 276 upazama va kSapaka zreNiyAM sAtaveM guNasthAna se Age jIva upazama va kSapaka, ina do zreNiyoM dvArA Upara ke guNasthAnoM meM bar3hate haiM / yadi ve karmoM kA upazama karate hue dasaveM guNasthAna taka Aye haiM, taba to usa avaziSTa lobha saMjvalana kaSAya kA bhI upazamana karake upazAMta moha nAmaka gyArahavAM guNasthAna prApta karegeM; aura usameM kiMcita kAla rahakara niyamataH nIce ke guNasthAnoM meM gireMge / isa prakAra upazamazreNI kI yahI caramasImA haiM / kintu jo jIva sAtaveM guNasthAna se kSAyikaraNI dvArA arthAt karmoM kA kSaya karate hue Upara bar3hate haiM, ve dasaveM guNasthAna ke pazcAt usI zeSa lobha saMjvalana kaSAya kA kSaya karake, gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM na jAkara, sIdhe kSIraNamoha nAmaka bAra bAharaveM guNasthAna ko prApta kara lete haiM / isaprakAra gyAharaveM va bArahaveM doMno guNasthAnoM meM mohanIya karma ke abhAva se utpanna Atmavizuddhi kI mAtrA eka sI hI hotI haiM, aura jIva pUrNataH tavIrAga ho jAte haiM; kintu jJAnAvaraNIyAdi karmoM ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa kevalajJAna prApta nahIM hotA; isIlie chadmastha vItarAga kahalAte haiN| ina donoM guNasthAnoM meM bheda yaha hai ki gyAharaveM guNasthAna meM mohanIya

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guNasthAna karma upazAnta avasthA meM abhI bhI zeSa rahatA hai, jo anrtamuhUrta ke bhItara punaH umarakara jIva ko nIce ke guNasthAna meM Dhakela detA hai; kintu bArahaveM guNasthAna * moha sarvathA kSINa ho jAne ke kAraNa isa patana kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / ise aba kevala apane jJAnAvaraNI aura darzanAvaraNI karmoM ko zeSa prakRtiyoM kA kSaya karake kevalajJAna prApta karanA raha jAtA hai / yaha kArya sampanna hone para jIva ko saMyoga kevalI nAmaka terahavAM guNasthAna prApta ho jAtA hai / isa guNasthAnavartI jIvoM ko vaha kevalajJAna prApta hotA hai, jisake dvArA unheM vizva kI samasta vastuoM kA hastAmalakavat pratyakSa jJAna ho jAtA hai / ina kevaliyoM ke do bheda haiM- eka sAmAnya, aura dUsare ve jo tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ke udaya se dharma kI vyavasthA karane vAle tIrthaMkara banate haiM / isa guNasthAna ko saMyogI kahane kI sArthakatA yaha hai ki ina jIvoM ke abhI bhI zarIra kA sambandha banA huA hai; va nAma, gotra, Ayu aura vedanIya ina cAra aghAtiyA karmoM kA udaya vidyamAna hai / jaba kevalI kI Ayu svalpa mAtra zeSa rahatI hai, taba yadi usake nAma, gotra aura vedanIya, ina tIna karmoM kI sthiti Ayukarma se adhika ho to vaha use samudghAta - kriyA dvArA AyupramANa kara letA hai / isa kriyA meM pahale Atma- pradezoM ko daMDa rUpa se lokAna taka phailAyA jAtA hai, phira donoM pAvoM meM phailAkara kapATarUpa caur3A kara liyA jAtA hai, tatpazcAt Age pIche kI ora zeSa do dizAoM meM phailAkara use pratara rUpa kiyA jAtA hai; aura antataH loka ke avaziSTa koNa rUpa bhAgoM meM phailAkara samasta loka ko bhara diyA jAtA haiM / ye kriyAeM eka-eka samaya meM pUrNa hotI haiM; aura ve kramaza: daMDa, kapATa, pratara lokapUraNa samudghAta kahalAtI haiM / anya cAra samayoM meM viparIta krama se Atma pradezoM ko punaH sameTa kara zarIra pramANa kara liyA jAtA hai / isa kriyA se jisa prakAra gIle vastra ko phailAne se usakI ArdratA zIghra nikala jAtI hai, usI prakAra AtmapradezoM ke phailane se unameM saMsakta karma-pradezoM kA sthiti va anubhAgAMza kSINa hokara AyupramANa ho jAtA hai / isake pazcAt kevalI kAyayoga se bhI mukta hokara, prayoga kevalI nAmaka caudahavAM guNasthAna prApta kara letA hai / isa aSTakarma-vimukta sarvotkRSTa sAMsArika avasthA kA kAla atisvalpa kucha samaya mAtra hI haiM, jise pUrNakara jIva apanI zuddha, zAzvata, ananta jJAna-darzanasukha aura vIrya se yukta parama avasthA ko prApta kara siddha bana jAtA haiM / samyagjJAnatrayeNa pravidita- nikhilajJeyatattvaprepaJcAH proddhaya dhyAnavAtaiH sakalamatha rajaH prAptakaivalyarUpAH / 277

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278 jaina darzana kRtvA sattvopakAraM tribhuvanapatibhirdattayAtrotsavA ye te siddhAH santu lokatrayazikharapurIvAsinaH siddhaye vaH //

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vyAkhyAna -4 jaina kalA

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vyAkhyAna-4 jaina kalA jIvana aura kalA-- jaina tattvajJAna ke sambandha meM kahA jA cukA haiM ki jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga hai, aura vaha upayoga do prakAra kA hotA hai-eka to jIva ko apanI sattA kA bhAna hotA hai ki maiM hU~; aura dUsare use yaha bhI pratIta hotA hai ki mere AsapAsa anya padArtha bhI haiN| prakRti ke ye anya padArtha use nAnA prakAra se upayogI siddha hote haiN| kitane hI padArtha, bhojya banakara usake zarIra kA poSaNa karate haiM; tathA anya kitane hA padArtha, jaise vRkSa, parvata, guphA Adi use prakRti kI viparIta zaktiyoM-tUphAna, varSA, tApa Adi se rakSA karate va Azraya dete haiM / anya jIva, jaise pazu-pakSI Adi, to prakRti ke padArthoM kA itanA hI upayoga lete hue jIvana-yApana karate haiM, kintu manuSya apanI jJAna-zakti ke kAraNa inase kucha vizeSatA rakhatA hai / manuSya meM jijJAsA hotI hai| vaha prakRti ko vizeSa rupa se samajhanA cAhatA hai / isI jJAna-guNa ke kAraNa usane prakRti para vizeSa adhikAra prApta kiyA hai; tathA vijJAna aura darzana zAstroM kA vikAsa kiyA hai / manuSya kA dUsarA guNa hai-acche aura bure kA viveka / isI guNa kI preraNA se usane dharma, nIti va sadAcAra ke niyama aura Adarza sthApita kiye haiM, aura unhIM AdarzoM ke anusAra hI jIvana ko parimArjita aura susaMskRta banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isI kAraNa mAnava-samAja uttarottara sabhya banatA gayA hai, aura saMsAra meM nAnA mAnava saMskRtiyoM kA AviSkAra huA haiM / manuSya kA tIsarA vizeSa guNa hai-saundarya kI upAsanA / apane poSaNa va rakSaNa ke liye manuSya jina padArthoM kA grahaNa va rakSaNa karatA hai, unheM vaha uttarottara sundara banAne kA bhI prayatna karatA hai| vaha apane khAdya padArthoM ko sajAkara khAne meM

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282 jaina kalA adhika santuSTi kA anubhava karatA hai / Adi meM usane zIta, dhUpa Adi se rakSA ke liye jina valkala, mRgachAlA Adi zarIrAcchAdanoM ko grahaNa kiyA, unameM kramazaH pariSkAra karate-karate nAnA prakAra ke sUtI, UnI va rezamI vastroM kA aviSkAra kiyA, aura unheM nAnA rItiyoM se kATachAMTakara va sIkara sundara veSa-bhUSA kA nirmANa kiyA hai| kintu jina bAtoM meM manuSya kI saudaryopAsanA carama sImA ko pahuMcI hai, aura mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa meM vizeSa sahAyaka huI haiM, ve haiM--gRhanirmANa, mUrtinirmANa, citranirmANa tathA saMgIta aura kAvya kRtiyAM / ina pAMcoM kalAoM kA prArambha unake jIvana ke liye upayoga kI dRSTi se hI huaa| manuSya ne prAkRtika guphAoM Adi meM rahate-rahate kramazaH apane Azraya ke liye lakar3I, miTTI, va patthara ke ghara banAye; apane pUrvajoM kI smRti rakhane ke liye prArambha meM nirAkAra aura phira sAkAra pASANa Adi kI sthApanA kI; apane anubhavoM kI smRti ke liye rekhAcitra khIMce; apane baccoM ko sulAne va unakA mana bahalAne ke liye gIta gAye va kisse kahAnI sunaaye| kintu ina pravRttiyoM meM usane uttarottara aisA pariSkAra kiyA ki kAlAntara meM unake bhautika upayoga kI apekSA, unakA saundaryapakSa adhika prabala aura pradhAna ho gayA, aura isa prakAra una upayogI kalAoM ne lalita kalAoM kA rupa dhAraNa kara liyA, aura kisI bhI deza va samAja kI sabhyatA va saMskRti keye hI anivArya pratIka mAne jAne lage / bhinna-bhinna dezoM, samAjoM, va dharmoM ke itihAsa ko pUrNatA se samajhane ke liye unake Azraya meM ina kalAoM ke vikAsa kA itihAsa jAnanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| Upara jo kucha kahA gayA usase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kalA kI maulika preraNA, manuSya kI jijJAsA ke samAna, saundarya kI icchArUpa usakI svAbhAvika vRtti se hI milatI hai / isaliye kahA jA sakatA hai ki kalA kA dhyeya kalA hI hai / tathApi ukta prAkRtika saundarya-vatti ne apanI abhivyakti ke liye jina AlambanoM ko grahaNa kiyA hai, unake prakAza meM yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA haiM ki kalA kA dhyeya jIvana kA utkarSa haiN| yaha bAta sAmAnyataH bhAratIya, / aura vizeSa rupa se jaina kalA-kRtiyoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai / yahAM kA kalAkAra kabhI prakRti ke jaise ke taise pratibimba mAtra se santuSTa nahIM huaa| usakA sadaiva yaha prayatna rahA hai ki usakI kalAkati ke dvArA manuSya kI bhAvanA kA pariSkAra va utkarSaNa ho / usakI kRti meM kucha na kucha va kahIM na kahIM dharma va nIti kA upadeza chupA yA prakaTa rahatA hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yahA~ kI prAyaH samasta kalAkRtiyAM dharma ke aMcala meM palI aura puSTa huI hai / yUnAna ke

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jaina dharma aura kalA kalAkAra ne prakRti ke yathArtha pratibimbana meM hI apanI kalA kI saphalatA mAnI hai, isa kAraNa usa kalA ko hama pUrNataH Adhibhautika va dharma nirapekSa kaha sakate haiM / kintu bhAratIya kalAkAroM ne prakRti ke isa yAntrika (phoTo-grAphika) citraNa mAtra ko apane kalA ke Adarza kI dRSTi se paryApta nahIM samajhA / unake mana se unakI kalAkRti dvArA yadi darzaka ne kucha sIkhA nahIM, samajhA nahIM, kucha dhArmika, naitika va bhAvAtmaka upadeza pAyA nahIM, to usa kRti se lAbha hI kyA huA ? isI jana-kalyANa kI bhAvanA ke phalasvarupa hamArI kalAkRtiyoM meM naisagikatA ke atirikta kucha aura bhI pAyA jAtA haiM, jise hama kalAtmaka atizayokti kaha sakate haiM / sthApatya kI kRtiyoM meM hamArA kalAkAra apanI divya vimAna kI kalpanA ko sArthaka karanA cAhatA hai / devoM kI mUrtiyoM meM to vaha divyatA bharatA hI hai, mAnavIya mUrtiyoM va citroM meM bhI usane AdhyAtmika utkarSa ke Aropa kA prayatna kiyA hai| pazu-pakSI va vRkSAdi kA citraNa yathAvat hote hue bhI use aisI bhUmikA dene kA prayatna kiyA hai ki jisase kucha na kucha zraddhA, bhAva-zuddhi va naitika pariSkAra - utpanna ho / isa prakAra jaina kalA kA uddezya jIvana kA utkarSaNa rahA hai, usakI samasta preraNA dhArmika rahI hai, aura usake dvArA jaina tattvajJAna va AcAra ke AdarzoM ko mUrtimAna rupa dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / jaina dharma aura kalA - bahudhA kahA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma ne jIvana ke vidhAna-pakSa ko puSTa na kara niSedhAtmaka vRttiyoM para hI vizeSa bhAra diyA hai / kintu yaha doSAropaNa yathA taH jaina dharma kI apUrNa jAnakArI kA pariNAma hai / jaina dharma meM apanI anekAnta dRSTi ke anusAra jIvana ke samasta pakSoM para yathocita dhyAna diyA gayA hai | acche aura bure ke viveka se rahita mAnava vyavahAra ke pariSkAra ke liye . kucha Adarza sthApita karanA aura unake anusAra jIvana kI kutsita vRttiyoM kA niSedha karanA saMyama kI sthApanA ke liye sarvaprathama Avazyaka hotA hai / jaina dharma ne AtmA ko paramAtmA banAne kA carama Adarza upasthita kiyA; usa ora gatizIla hone ke liye apane karma - siddhAnta dvArA pratyeka vyakti ko pUrNata: uttaradAyI banAyA aura prerita kiyA; tathA vrata niyama Adi dhArmika vyavasthAoM ke dvArA vaiyaktika, sAmAjika va AdhyAtmika ahita karane vAlI pravRttiyoM se use rokane kA prayatna kiyA / kintu usakA vidhAna -pakSa sarvathA apuSTa rahA ho, so bAta nhiiN| isa bAta ko spaSTataH samajhane ke liye jainadharma 283

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284 jaina kalA ne mAnava jIvana kI jo dhArAeM vyavasthita kI hai, unakI ora dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai / munidharma ke dvArA eka aise varga kI sthApanA kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jo sarvathA niHsvArtha, nispRha aura nirIha hokara vItarAga bhAva se apane va dUsaroM ke kalyANa meM hI apanA samasta samaya va zakti lagAve / sAtha hI gRhastha dharma kI vyavasthAoM dvArA una saba pravRttiyoM ko yathocita sthAna diyA gayA haiM, jinake dvArA manuSya sabhya aura ziSTa banakara apanI, apane kuTumba kI, tathA samAja va deza kI sevA karatA huA unheM unnata banA sake / dayA dAna va paropakAra ke zrAvakadharma meM yathocita sthAna kA nirupaNa jaina-cAritra ke prakaraNa meM kiyA jA cukA hai / jaina paramparA meM kalA kI upAsanA ko jo sthAna diyA gayA haiM, usase usakA yaha vidhAna pakSa aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| kalA ke bheda-prabheda prAcInatama jaina Agama meM bAlakoM ko unake zikSaNa-kAla meM zilpoM aura kalAoM kI zikSA para jora diyA gayA hai, aura inheM sikhAne vAle kalAcAryoM va zilpAcAryoM kA alaga-alaga ullekha milatA haiM / gRhasthoM ke liye jo SaTkarma batalAye gaye haiM unameM masi, kRSi, vidyA va vANijya ke atirikta zilpa kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM sthAna-sthAna para bahattara kalAoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / samavAyAMga sUtra ke anusAra 72 kalAoM ke nAma ye haiM-1 lekha, 2 gaNita, 3 rupa, 4 nRtya, 5 gIta, 6 vAdya, 7 svaragata, 8 puSkaragata, 6 samatAla, 1. dhUta, 11 janavAda, 12 pokkhaccaM, 13 aSTApada, 14 dagamaTTiya (udakamRttikA), 15 annavidhi, 16 pAnavidhi, 17 vastravidhi, 18 zayana vidhi, 19 ajja (AryA), 20 prahelikA, 21 mAgadhikA, 22 gAthA, 23 zloka, 24 gaMdhayukti, 25 madhusiktha, 26 AbharaNa vidhi, 27 taruNIpratikarma, 28 strIlakSaNa, 26 puruSalakSaNa, 30 hayalakSaNa, 31 gajalakSaNa, 32 goNa (vRSabha lakSaNa), 33 kukkuTalakSaNa, 34 meMDhAlakSaNa, 35 cakralakSaNa, 36 chatralakSaNa, 37 daMDalakSaNa, 38 asilakSaNa, 36 maNilakSaNa, 40 kAkanilakSaNa, 41 carmalakSaNa, 42 caMdralakSaNa, 43 sUryacarita, 44 rAhucarita, 45 grahacarita, 46 saubhAgyakara, 47 durbhAgyakara, 48 vidyAgata, 46 mantragata, 50 rahasyagata, 51 sabhAsa, 52 cAra, 53 praticAra, 54 vyUha, 55 prativyUha, 56 skaMdhAvAramAna, 57 nagaramAna, 58 vAstumAna, 56 skaMdhAvAraniveza, 6: vAstuniveza, 61 nagaraniveza, 62 IsatthaM (iSvastra), 63 charuppavAyaM (sarUpravAda), 64 azvazikSA, 65 hastizikSA, 66 dhanurveda, 67 hiraNyapAka, suvarNapAka, maNipAka,

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kalA ke bheda-prabheda dhAtupAka, 68 bAhuyuddha, daMDayuddha, muSTiyuddha, yaSTiyuddha, yuddha, niryuddha, judvAiMjuddha, 66 sUtrakIr3A, nAlikAkrIr3A, vRtakrIr3A, dharmakrIr3A, carmakrIr3A, 70 patrachedya, kaTakachedya, 71 sajIva nirjIva, 72 zakunaruta / 1. lekha kA artha hai akSara - vinyAsa | isa kalA meM do bAtoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai - lipi aura lekha kA viSaya / lipi dezabhedAnusAra 18 prakAra kI batalAI gaI hai / unake nAma ye haiM: -1 brAhmI, 2 javaragAliyA, 3 dosAUriyA, 4 kharoSThikA, 5 kharasAviyA, 6 pahArAiyA, 7 uccattariyA, 8 akkharamuTThiyA, & bhogavaiyA, 10 beragatiyA, 11 ninhaiyA, 11 aMkalipi, 12 gaNitalipi, 13 gandharvalipi 14 bhUtalipi, 15 zrAdarzalipi, 16 mAhezvarIlipi, 17 dAmililipi aura (18) bolidi (polidiAndhra) lipi / ina lipi-nAmoM meM se brAhmI aura kharoSThI, ina do lipiyoM ke lekha pracuratA se mile haiM / kharoSThi kA prayoga I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI ke maurya samrATa azoka ke lekhoM se lekara dUsarI-tIsarI zatI I0 taka ke paMjAba va pazcimottara pradeza se lekara cInI turkistAna taka mile haiN| brAhmI lipi kI paramparA deza meM Aja taka pracalita hai, va bhArata kI prAyaH samasta pracalita lipiyAM usI se vikasita huI haiM / isakA sabase prAcIna lekha saMbhavata: bAralI ( ajamera) se prApta vaha choTA sA lekha hai jisameM vIra (mahAvIra ) 84, sambhavataH nirvANa se 84 vAM varSa, tathA madhyamika sthAna kA ullekha / azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM isakA pracuratA se prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, aura taba se Aja taka bhinna-bhinna kAla va bhinna-bhinna pradeza ke lekhoM meM isakA anukrama se prayoga va vikAsa milatA hai / brAhmI lipI ke viSaya meM jaina AgamoM va purANoM meM batalAyA gayA hai ki AviSkAra Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha ne kiyA aura use apanI putrI brAhmI ko sikhAyA / isI se isa lipi kA nAma brAhmI par3A / samavAyAMga sUtra meM brAhmI lipi ke 46 mAtRkA akSaroM (svaroM va vyajaMnoM) kA ullekha hai / pAMcaveM jainAgama bhagavatI viyAhapaNNatta sUtra ke Adi meM arahaMtAdi paMcaparameSThI namaskAra ke sAtha 'namo vaMmIe livIe / namo suyassa' isa prakAra brAhmI lipI va zruta ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / anya ullikhita lipiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM / sambhava haiM javaragAliyA se yavanAnI yA yUnAnI lipi kA tAtparya ho / akSaramuSThikA kathana ko vAtsyAyana ne apane kAmasUtra meM 64 kalAoM ke bhItara ginAyA haiM, aura unake TIkAkAra yazodhara ne akSaramuSTikA ke sAbhAsA va nirA bhAsA ina do bhedoM kA ullekha kara kahA hai ki kA sAbhAsA prakaraNa AcArya ravigupta ne 'candraprabhAvijaya' kAvya meM pRthak kahA hai / unake udAharaNoM se pratIta 285

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286 hotA hai ki akSara mAtra se pUre zabda kA saMketa karanA sAbhAsA tathA aMgulI - Adi ke saMketoM dvArA zabda kI abhivyakti ko nirAbhAsA akSaramuSTikA kahate the / inakA samAveza sambhavata: prastuta 72 kalAoM meM 50 aura 51 vIM rahasyagata va sabhAsa nAmaka kalAoM meM hotA haiM / kalipi se 1, 2 Adi saMkhyAvAcaka cinhoM kA gaNitalipi se jor3a (+), bAkI ( - ), guNA (X), bhAga ( : ) Adi cinhoM kA, tathA gandharvalipi se saMgIta zAstra ke svaroM ke cinhoM kA tAtparya pratIta hotA hai / Adarzalipi anumAnataH ulTe akSaroM ke likhane se banatI hai, jo darpaNa Adarza) meM pratibimbita hone para sIdhI par3hI jA sakatI hai / Azcarya nahIM jo bhUtalipi se bhoTa (tibbata) deza kI, mAhezvarI se mahezvara (oMkAramAMdhAtA - madhyapradeza) kI, tathA dAmililipi se dravir3a ( damilatAmila) deza kI vizeSa lipiyoM se tAtparya ho / isI prakAra bhogavaiyA se abhi prAya nAgoM kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI bhogavatI meM pracalita kisI lipi - vizeSa se ho to Azcarya nahIM / jaina kalA 18 lipiyoM kI eka anya sUcI vizeSa Avazyaka sUtra ( gA0 464 ) kI TIkA meM isa prakAra dI hai:- -1 haMsalipi, 2 bhUtalipi, 3 yakSalipi, 4 rAkSasalipi, 5 proDa ( ur3iyA) lipi, 6 yavanI, 7 turuSkI, 8 korI, 6 drAviDI 10 saiMdhava, 11 mAlavinI, 12 naDI 13 nAgarI 14 lATI, 15 pArasI, 16 animittI 17 cANakyo, 18 mUladevI / yaha nAmAvalI samavAyAMga kI lipisUcI se bahuta bhinna hai / inameM samAna to kevala tIna haiM-- bhUtalipi, yavanI aura drAviDI / zeSa nAmoM meM adhikAMza spaSTataH bhinna-bhinna jAti va dezavAcI haiM / prathama cAra haMsa, bhUta, yakSa, aura rAkSasa, una una anArya jAtiyoM kI lipiyAM va bhASAeM pratIta hotI hai / ur3iyA se lekara pArasI taka kI 11 bhASAeM spaSTataH dezavAcI haiM / zeSa tIna meM se cANakyI aura mUladevI kI paramparA bahuta kAlataka calatI AI hai, aura unakA svarUpa kAmasUtra ke TIkAkAra yazodhara ne kauTilIya yA durbodha, tathA mUladevIya ina nAmoM se batalAyA hai / yazodhara ne eka tIsarI bhI gUr3halekhya nAmaka lipi kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai, jisakA svarUpa spaSTa samajha meM nahIM AtA / sambhavata: vaha koI aMkalipi thI / Azcarya nahIM jo animittI se usI lipi kA tAtparya ho / yazodhara ke anusAra pratyeka zabda ke anta meM kSa akSara jor3ane tathA hasva aura dIrgha va anusvAra aura visarga kI adalAbadalI kara dene se kauTalIya lipi bana jAtI hai, evaM a aura ka, kha aura ga, gha aura Ga, cavarga aura Tavarga, tavarga aura pavarga tathA ya aura za, inakA paraspara vyatyaya kara dene se maladevI bana jAtI hai / mUladeva prAcIna jaina kathAoM ke bahuta 1

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kalA ke bheda-prabheda 287 prasiddha catura va dhUrta nAyaka pAye jAte haiM / (dekho mUladeva kathA u0 sU0 TIkA ) / lekha ke AdhAra patra, valkala kASTha, daMta, loha, tAmra, rajata Adi batalAye gaye haiM, aura una para likhane kI kriyA utkIrNana ( akSara khodakara ) syUta (sIkara), vyUta ( bunakara ), chinna (chedakara), bhinna ( bhedakara), dagdha ( jalAkara ), aura saMkrAntita ( ThappA lekara ) ina paddhatiyoM se kI jAtI thI / lipi ke aneka doSa bhI batalAye gaye haiM / jaise pratikRza, atisthala, viSama, Ter3hI paMkti aura bhinna varNoM ko eka jaMsA likhanA ( jaise gha aura dha, bha aura ma, ma aura ya Adi), va padaccheda na karanA, Adi / viSaya ke anusAra bhI lekhoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA thA / tathA svAmi bhutya, pitA-putra, guru-ziSya, pati-patnI, zatru-mitra, ityAdi ko patra likhane kI bhinna-bhinna zailiyAM sthira kI gaI thIM / jaina samAja meM lekhana praNAlI kA prayoga bahuta prAcIna pAyA jAtA hai / tathApi r3er3ha-do hajAra varSa se pUrva ke likhita granthoM ke spaSTa udAharaNa prApta na hone kA eka bar3A kAraNa yaha huA ki vidyApracAra kA kArya prAcInakAla meM muniyoM dvArA vizeSa rUpa se hotA thA, aura jaina muni sarvathA aparigrahIM hone ke kAraNa apane sAtha grantha na rakhakara smRti ke sahAre hI calate the / antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko unake sAkSAta gaNadharoM ne tatkAla grantha racanA kA rUpa de diyA thA / kintu mauryakAla meM unake eka aMza kA jJAna luptaprAya ho gayA thA, aura pATaliputra ko vAcanA meM bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake ekamAtra jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa munisaMgha meM sammilita nahIM ho sake / vIranirvANa kI dasavIM zatI meM Akara punaH AgamoM kI asta-vyasta avasthA ho gaI thI / ataeva mathurA meM skaMdila AcArya aura usake kucha pazcAt balabhI meM devadvigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM AgamoM kI vAcanAeM kI gaI / pATaliputrIya va mAthurIya vAcanAoM ke grantha to aba nahIM milate, kintu valabhI vAcanA dvArA saMkalita AgamoM kI pratiyAM taba se nirantara tAr3apatra aura tatpazcAt kAgajoM para uttarottara sundara kalApUrNa rIti se likhita milatI haiM, aura ve jaina lipikalA ke itihAsa ke liye bar3I mahatva - pUrNa haiM / uparyukta tInoM vAcanAoM kA nAma hI yaha sUcita karatA haiM ki unameM grantha bAMce yA par3he gaye the / isase likhita granthoM kI paramparA kI prAcInatA sidhda hotI haiM / dazavaikAlika sUtra kI haribhadrIya TIkA meM pAMca prakAra kI pustakoM kA varNana milatA haiM-gaMDI, kacchapI, muSTi, saMpuSTa-phalaka aura chedapATI laMbAI-caur3AI meM samAna arthAt caukora pustaka ko gaMDI, jo pustaka bIca meM caur3I va donoM bAjunoM meM saMkarI ho vaha kacchapI, jo kevala cAra aMgula kI

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288 jaina kalA golAkAra va caukora hone se muTThI meM rakhI jA sake vaha muSTi, lakar3I ke paTTe para likhI huI pustaka saMpuTa-phalaka, tathA choTe-choTe pannoM vAlI moTI yA lambe kintu saMkare tAr3apatra jaise pannoMvAlI pustaka chedapATI kahI gaI hai| (2) gariNata zAstra kA vikAsa jaina paramparA meM karaNAnuyoga ke antargata khUba huA hai| jahA~ ina 72 kalAoM kA saMkSepa se ullekha hai, vahAM prAyaH unheM lekhAdika va gaNita-pradhAna kahakara sUcita kiyA gayA hai| isase gaNita kI mahattA siddha hotI hai / (3) rUpagata se tAtparya mUrtikalA va citrakalA se haiM, jinakA nirUpaNa Age kiyA jaaygaa| (4-6) natya, gIta, bAdya, svaragata, puSkaragata, aura samatAla kA viSaya saMgIta haiN| ina kalAoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaina zAstroM va purANoM meM bahuta kucha varNana kiyA gayA hai / aura unheM bAlaka-bAlikAoM kI zikSA kA Avazyaka aMga batalAyA gayA hai / kathA-kahAniyoM meM prAyaH vINAvAdya meM pravINa tA ke AdhAra para hI yuvaka-yuvatiyoM ke vivAha-saMbaMdha ke ullekha milate haiM / (10-13) dyUta, janavAda, pokkhaccaM va aSTApada ye dyUtakrIr3A ke prakAra haiN| (14) dagamaTTiyA,-udakamRtti kA pAnI se miTTI ko sAnakara ghara, mUrti Adi ke AkAra krIr3A, sajAvaba va nirmANa hetu banAne kI kalA hai| (15-16) anmavidhi va pAnavidhi bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke khAdya, svAdya, lehya va peya padArtha banAne kI kalAeM haiM / (17) vastranidhi nAnA prakAra ke vastra bunane va sIne kI evaM (18) zayanavidhi aneka prakAra ke khATa-palaMga bunane va zaiyA kI sAja-sajAvaTa karane kI kalA hai (16-23) AryA, prahelikA, mAgaSikA va gAthA aura iloka inhIM nAmoM ke chaMdoM va kAvya-rItiyoM meM racanA karane kI kalAeM haiN| (24) gaMdhayukti nAnA prakAra ke sugaMdhI. dravyoM ke rAsAyanika saMyogoM se naye-naye sugaMdhI dravya nirmANa karane kI kalA hai| (25) madhusiktha alaktaka, lAkSArasa yA mAhura (mahAvara) ko kahate haiN| isa dravya se paira raMgane kI kalA kA nAma hI madhumiktha hai| (26-27) AbharaNavidhi va taruNI pratikarma bhUSaNa va alaMkAra dhAraNa karane va striyoM kI sAja-sajjA kI kalAeM tri0 pra0 (4, 361-64) meM puruSa ke 16 va strI ke 14 AbharaNoM kI vikalpa rUpa meM do sUciyAM pAI jAtI haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM :- . prathama sUcI: 1 kuMDala, 2 aMgada, 3 hAra, 4 mukuTa, 5 keyUra, 6 bhAlapaTTa, 7 kaTaka, 8 pAlamba, 6 sUtra, 10 nupura, 11 mudrikA-yugala, 12 mekhalA, 13 praiveyaka

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kalA ke bheda-prabheda 289 (kaMThA), 14 karNapUra, 15 khaDga aura 16 churI / dUsarI vaikalpika sUcI meM 13 AbharaNoM ke nAma samAna haiM kintu keyUra, bhAlapaTTa, karNapUra, ye tIna nAma nahIM haiM, tathA kirITa, arddhAhAra va cUr3AmaNi, ye tIna nAma naye haiM sambhava hai keyUra aura aMgada ye AbhUSaNa eka hI yA eka samAna hI rahe hoM, aura usI prakAra bhAlapaTTa va cUr3AmaNi bhii| arddhAhAra kA samAveza hA roM meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| kirITa eka prakAra kA mukuTa hI hai| isa prakAra dUsarI sUcI meM koI nayA AbharaNa-vizeSa nahIM rahatA kintu prathama sUcI ke karNapUra nAmaka AbharaNa kA samAveza nahIM pAyA jAtA / ukta 16 alaMkAroM meM khaDga aura churI ko chor3akara zeSa 14 striyoM ke AbhUSaNa mAne gaye haiN| bhUSaNa, AbharaNa va alaMkAroM kI eka vizAla sUcI hameM aMgavijjA (pR0 355-57) meM milatI hai, jisameM 350 nAma pAye jAte haiN| yaha sUcI kevala AbharaNoM kI hI nahIM haiM, kintu usameM eka to dhAtuoM kI apekSA bhI alaga-alaga nAma ginAye gaye haiM jaise suvarNamaya, rUpyamaya, tAmramaya Adi; athavA zaMkhamaya, daMtamaya, bAlamaya, kASThamaya, puSpamaya, patramaya Adi / dUsare usameM bhinna-bhinna aMgoM kI apekSA AmaraNa-nAmoM kI punarAvRtti huI hai, jaise zirAbharaNa, karNAbharaNa, aMgulyAbharaNa, kaTiAbharaNa, prAdi / aura tIsare usameM aMjana, cUrNa, alaktaka, gaMdhavarNa Adi tathA nAnA prakAra ke sugandhI cUrNa va tela, paridhAna, uttarAsaMga Adi vastroM va chatra patAkAdi zobhA-sAmagrI kA bhI saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| tathApi zuddha alaMkAroM kI saMkhyA koI 100 se adhika hI pAI jAtI hai / isa prantha meM nAnA prakAra ke pAtroM, bhojya va peya padArthoM, vastroM va AcchAdanoM evaM zayanasanoM kI suvistRta sUciyA~ alaga-alaga bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jinase uparyukta nAnA kalAoM aura vizeSata: annavidhi (15), pAnavidhi (16), vastravidhi (17), zayana vidhi (18), gaMdhayukti (24), madhusiktha (25), AbharaNavidhi (26), taruNIpratikarma (27), patrachedya tathA kaTakachedya (70), ina kalAoM ke svarupa va upayoga para bahuta prakAza par3atA hai| strI-lakSaNa se carma-lakSaNa (28-41) taka kI kalAeM una-una strI, manuSyoM, pazuoM va vastuoM ke lakSaNoM ko jAnane va guNa-doSa pahacAnane kI kalAeM haiM / strI puruSoM ke lakSaNa sAmudrika zAstra sambandhI nAnA granthoM tathA hAthI, ghor3oM va bailoM ke lakSaNa bhinna-bhinna tatutadviSayaka jIvazAstroM meM vistAra se varNita pAye jAte haiM / caMdralakSaNa se grahacarita (42-45) taka kI kalAeM jyotiSazAstra viSayaka haiM aura unameM una-una jyotiSa maNDaloM ke jJAna kI sAdhanA kI jAtI thii| saubhAgyakaraM se maMtragataM (46-46) taka kI kalAeM

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260 maMtra-tantra vidyAoM se sambandha rakhatI hai, jinake dvArA apanA va apane iSTajanoM kA iSTasAdhana va zatru kA aniSTa sAdhana kiyA jA sakatA hai / rahasyagata aura sabhAsa (50-51 ) ke viSaya meM Upara kahA hI jA cukA hai ki ve saMbhavataH vAtsyAyanokta akSaramuSTikA ke prakAra haiM / cAra praticAra, vyUha va prativyUha (52-55) ye yuddha sambandhI vidyAeM pratIta hotI haiM, jinake dvArA kramazaH senA ke Age bar3hAne, zatrusenA kI cAla ko viphala karane ke liye senA kA saMcAra karane, cakravyUha Adi rUpa se senA kA vinyAsa karane va zatru kI vyUha racanA ko tor3ane yogya senA vinyAsa kiyA jAtA thA / skaMdhAvAra-mAna se nagara niveza ( 56-61 ) taka kI kalAoM kA viSaya zivira Adi ko basAne va usake yogya bhUmi, gRha Adi kA mAna pramANa nizcita karanA haiM / Isattha (iSu astra ) arthAt vAvidyA (62) aura charuSpavAya ( tsarupravAda) (63) churI, kaTAra, khaDga Adi calAne kI vidyAeM haiM / azvazikSA Adi se yaSTi-yuddha (64-68) taka kI kalAeM unake nAma se hI spaSTa haiM / yuddha niryuddha evaM juddhAiMjuddha (68) ye bhI nAnA prakAra se yudhda karane kI kalAeM haiM / sUtrakrIr3A DorI ko aMguliyoM dvArA nAnA prakAra se racakara camatkAra dikhAnA va dhAge ke dvArA putaliyoM ko nacAne kI kalA hai / nAlikA kIr3A eka prakAra kI dyUtakrIr3A haiM / vRttakrIr3A, dharmakrIr3A va carmakrIr3A, ye kramazaH maMDala bAMdhakara, vAyu phUMkakara jisase zvAsa na TUTe va carna ke Azraya se kIr3A (khelane) ke prakAra hai ( 66 ) patrachedya va kaTaka chedya ( 70 ) kramazaH pattoM va tRNoM ko nAnA prakAra se kATa-chA~Takara sundara AkAra kI vastueM banAne kI kalA haiM / sajIva-nirjIva (71) vahI kalA pratIta hotI haiM jisakA ullekha vAtsyAyana ne yaMtramAtrikA nAma se kiyA hai, va jisake sambandha meM TIkAkAra yazodhara ne kahA haiM ki vaha gamanAgamana va saMgrAma ke liye sajIva va nirjIva yaMtroM kI racanA kI kalA haiM jisakA svayaM vizvakarmA ne svarUpa batalAyA hai / zakuniruta ( 72 ) pakSiyoM kI bolI ko pahacAnane kI kalA hai / jaina kalA bahattara kalAoM kI eka sUcI aupapAttika sUtra (107) meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM / vaha samavAyAntargata sUcI se milatI hai; kevala kucha nAmoM meM hera-phera pAyA jAtA haiM / usameM uparyukta nAmAvalI meM se madhusiktha (25) meDhAlakSaNa, daMDalakSaNa, candralakSaNa se lagAkara sabhAsa paryanta (42 - 51 ) daMDayuddha, yaSTiyuddha, aura dharmakrIr3A ye nAma nahIM haiM, tathA pAzaka (pA~sA se juA khelanA ), gItikA (geya chaMda racanA), hiraghyayukti suvarNayukti, cUrNayukti (cA~dI, sonA va motiyoM Adi ratnoM se milA-julAkara bhinna-bhinna AbhUSaNa banAnA ), garuDavyUha, zakaTavyUha, latAyuddha evaM muktAkrIr3A, ye nAma navIna haiM / aupapAttika sUtra meM ginAI gaI kalAeM

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kalA ke bheda-prabheda 261 yadyapi 72 kahI gaI haiM, tathApi pRthak rupa se ginane se unakI kula saMkhyA 80 hotI hai / isake atirikta bhinna-bhinna jaina purANoM va kAvyoM meM jahAM bhI zikSaNa kA prasaMga AyA haiM, vahA~ prAyaH kalAeM bhI ginAI gaI haiM jinake nAmoM va saMkhyA meM bheda dikhAI detA hai| udAharaNArtha, dasavIM zatAbdI meM puSpadaMta kRta apabhraMza kAvya nAgakumAra-carita (3, 1) meM kathAnAyaka kI eka nAga dvArA zikSA ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki usane unheM 'siddhoM ko namaskAra kahakara nimna kalAeM sikhAI:-(1) aThAraha lipiyAM, (2) kAlAkSara, (3) gaNita, (4) gAMdharva, (5) vyAkaraNa, (6) chaMda, (7) alaMkAra, (8) nighaMTa, (6) jyotiSa (graha gamana-pravRttiyA~), (10) kAvya, (11) nATakazAstra, (12) praharaNa, (13) paTaha, (14) zaMkha, (15) taMtrI, (16) tAla Adi vAdya, (17) patrachedya, (18) puSpachedya, (16) phala chedya, (20) azvArohaNa, (21) gajArohaNa, (22) candrabala, (23) svarodaya, (24) saptabhaumaprAsAda-pramANa, (25) taMtra, (26) maMtra, (27) vazIkaraNa, (28) vyUha-viracana, (26) prahAraharaNa, (30) nAnAzilpa, (31) citralekhana, (32) citrAbhAsa, (33) indrajAla, . (34) stambhana, (35) mohana, (36) vidyA-sAdhana, (37) janasaMkSobhana, (38) nara-nArIlakSaNa, (36) bhUSaNa-vidhi, (40) kAmavidhi, (41) sevA vidhi, (42) gaMdhayukti, (43) maNiyukti, (44) auSadha-yukti aura (45) narezvara-vRtti (raajniiti)| uparyukta samavAyAMga kI kalA-sUcI meM kahIM-kahIM eka saMkhyA ke bhItara aneka kalAoM ke nAma pAye jAte haiM, jinako yadi pRthak rupa se ginA jAya to kula kalAoM kI saMkhyA 86 ho jAtI hai| mahAyAna bauddha paramparA ke lalitavistara nAmaka grantha meM ginAI gaI kalAoM kI saMkhyA bhI 86 pAI jAtI hai, yadyapi vahAM aneka kalAoM ke nAma prastuta sUcI se bhinna haiM, jaise akSuNNa-vedhitva, marmavedhitva, zabdavedhitva, vaiSika Adi / kalAoM kI anya sUcI vAtsyAyana kata kAmasUtra meM milatI hai| yahI kucha hera-phera ke sAtha bhAgavata purANa kI TIkAoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| ise meM kalAoM kI saMkhyA 64 haiM, aura unameM prastuta kalAsUcI se aneka bhinnatAeM pAI jAtI haiN| aisI kucha kalAeM haiM-vizeSaka chedya (lalATa para candana Adi lagAne kI kalA), taMDula kusuma balivikAra (pUjAnimitta taDuloM va phUloM kI nAnA prakAra se sundara racanA), citrayoga (nAnA prakAra ke Azcarya), hastalAdhava (hAtha kI saphAI), takSa karma (kATachAMTakara yatheSTa vastu banAnA), utsAdana, saMvAhana, kezamadaMna, puSpazakaTikA Adi / kAmasUtra ke TIkAkAra yazodhara ne apanI eka

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262 jaina kalA svataMtra sUcI dI hai, aura unheM zAstrAntaroM se prApta 64 mUla kalAeM kahA hai| aura yaha bhI kahA hai ki inhIM 64 mUla kalAoM ke bhedopapeda 518 hote haiN| unhoMne ukta mUlakalAoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI kiyA hai, jisake anusAra zIta Adi 24 karmAzraya; AyuprApti Adi 15 nirjIva, dyUtAzraya; upasthAna vidhi Adi 5 sajIva Azraya, puruSa bhAvagrahaNa Adi 16 zayanopacArika; tathA sAzrupAta, pAtazApana Adi cAra uttara kalAeM kahI gayI haiN| inake atirikta aneka purANoM va kAvya granthoM meM bhI kalAoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo saMkhyA va nAmoM meM bhI bhinna-bhinna pAye jAte haiN| jaise kAdambarI meM 48 kalAeM ginAI gaI haiM, jinameM pramANa, dharmazAstra, pustaka-vyApAra, Ayurveda, suru gopabheda Adi vizeSa haiN| vAstukalA jaina nimitiyoM kA Adarza upayukta kalAsUcI meM vAstukalA kA bhI nAma tathA skandhAvAra, nagara aura vAstu inake mAna va niveza kA pRthak-pRthak nirdeza bhI pAyA jAtA hai| vAstuniveza va mAnonmAna sambandhI apanI paramparAoM meM jainakalA jainadharma kI railokya sambandhI mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita huI pAI jAtI hai| ataeva yahAM usakA sAmAnyarUpa se svarUpa samajha lenA Avazyaka hai / jaina sAhitya ke karaNAnuyoga prakaraNa meM batalAyA jA cukA hai ki ananta AkAza ke madhya meM sthita lokAkAza U~cAI meM caudaha rAjU pramANa hai, aura usakA sAta rAjU pramANa Upara kA bhAga Urdhvaloka kahA jAtA hai, jisameM 16 svarga Adi sthita haiN| sAta rAjU pramANa nIce kA bhAga adholoka kahalAtA hai, aura usameM sAta naraka sthita haiN| inake madhya meM jhallarI ke AkAra kA madhyaloka hai, jisameM golAkAra va valayAkAra jaMbU dvIpa, lavaNasamudra Adi uttarottara dugune pramANa vAle asaMkhya dvIpasamudra sthita haiM / inakA vistAra se varNana hameM yativRSabha kRta triloka-prajJapti meM milatA hai| inameM vAstu-mAna va vinyAsa sambandhI jo prakaraNa upayogI haiM unakA saMkSipta paricaya nimna prakAra hai| tiloya paNNatti ke tRtIya adhikAra kI gAthA 22 se 62 taka asurakumAra adi bhavanavAsI devoM ke bhavanoM, vedikAoM, kUToM, jina mandiroM va prAsAdoM kA varNana hai / bhavanoM kA AkAra samacatuSkoNa hotA hai| pratyeka bhavana kI cAroM dizAoM meM cAra vediyAM hotI haiM, jinake bAhya bhAga meM azoka, saptacchada, campaka aura Amra, ina vRkSoM ke upavana rahate haiN| ina upavanoM meM caityavRkSa sthita haiM, jinakI cAroM dizAoM meM toraNa, pATha mahAmaMgala dravya aura mAnastamma

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meru kI racanA sahita jina - pratimAeM virAjamAna haiM / vediyoM ke madhya meM vetrAsana ke AkAra vAle mahAkUTa hote haiM, aura pratyeka kUTa ke Upara bhI eka-eka jinamandira sthita hotA haiM / pratyeka jinAlaya kramazaH tIna koToM se ghirA huA hotA hai, aura pratyeka koTa ke cAra-cAra gopura hote haiM / ina koToM ke bIca kI vIthiyoM meM eka-eka mAnastambha, va nau-nau stUpa, tathA vana evaM dhvajAeM aura caitya sthita haiM jinAlayoM ke cAroM ora ke upavanoM meM tIna-tIna mekhalAoM se yukta vApikAeM haiM / dhvajAeM do prakAra kI haiM, mahAdhvajA aura kSudradhvajA / mahAdhvajAoM meM siMha gaja, vRSabha, garur3a, mayUra, candra, sUrya, haMsa, padma va cakra ke cinha aMkita haiM / jinAlayoM meM vandana, abhiSeka, nRtya, saMgIta aura Aloka, inake liye alagaalaga maMDapa haiM, va krIr3AgRha, guNanagRha ( svAdhyAyazAlA ) tathA paTTazAlAeM (citrazAlA) bhI haiM / mandiroM meM jinendra kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta devacchaMda ke bhItara zrIdevI, zrutadevI, tathA yakSoM kI mUrtiyAM evaM aSTamaMgala dravya bhI sthApita hote haiM / ye ATha maMgala dravya haiM-jhArI, kalaza, darpaNa, dhvaja, camara, chatra, vyajana aura supratiSTha / jinapratimAoM ke AsapAsa nAgoM va yakSoM ke yugala apane hAthoM meM camara liye hue sthita rahate haiM / asuroM ke bhavana sAta, ATha, nau, dasa Adi bhUmiyoM (maMjiloM) se yukta hote haiM, jinameM janma, abhaSeka, zayana, paricaryA aura mantraNA, inake liye alaga-alaga zAlAeM hotI hai / unameM sAmAnya gRha, garbhagRha, kadalIgRha, citragRha, AsanagRha, nAdagRha va latAgRha Adi vizeSa gRha hote haiM; tathA toraNa, prAkAra, puSkaraNI, vApI aura kUpa, mattavAraNa ( auMTeM) aura gavAkSa dhvajApatAkAoM va nAnA prakAra kI putaliyoM se susajjita hote haiM / meru kI racanA jinendra mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA ke samaya unakA paMca- kalyANa mahotsava manAyA jAtA hai, jinakA sambandha tIrthaMkara ke garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna aura nirvANa, ina pAMca mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM se hai / janma mahotsava ke liye mandara meru kI racanA kI jAtI hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkara kA janma hone para usI mahAn parvata para sthita pAMDuka zilApara indra unakA abhiSeka karate haiM / mandara meru kA varNana trilokaprajJapti (4,1780) Adi meM pAyA jAtA hai / mandara meru jaMbUdvIpa ke va mahAvideha kSetra ke madhya meM sthita hai / yaha mahAparvata golAkAra hai usakI kula UMcAI eka lAkha yojana, va mUla AyAma 10090 yojana se kucha adhika haiM / isakA 1000 yojana nicalA bhAga nIMva ke rUpa meM pRthvItala ke bhItara va zeSa pRthvItala se Upara AkAzatala kI ora haiM / usakA vistAra Upara kI ora uttarottara 263

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264 jana kalA kama hotA gayA hai, jisase vaha pRthvItala paTa 10000 yojana tathA zikharabhUmi para 1000 yojana mAtra vistAra yukta haiN| pRthvI se 500 yojana Upara 500 yojana kA saMkoca ho gayA hai, tatpazcAt vaha 11000 yojana taka samAna vistAra se Upara uThakara va vahAM se kramazaH sikur3atA huA 51500 yojana para saba ora se punaH 500 yojana saMkIrNa ho gayA hai / tatpazcAt 11000 yojana taka samAna vistAra rakhakara punaH krama-hAni se 25000 yojana Upara jAkara vaha 464 yojana pramANa sikur3a gayA hai| (1000+500 + 11000+51500 +11000+25000 = 100000 yojana / 1000 yojana vistAra vAle zikhara ke madhya bhAga meM bAraha yojana vistAra vAlI cAlIsa yojana UMcI cUlikA haiM, jo kramazaH sikUr3atI huI Upara cAra yojana pramANa raha gaI haiN| meru ke zikhara para va cUlikA ke talabhAga meM use cAroM ora se gherane vAlA pAMDu nAmaka vana haiM, jisake bhItara cAroM ora mArgoM, aTTAlikAoM, gopuroM va dhvajApatAkAoM se ramaNIka taTavedI hai / usa vedI ke madhyabhAga meM parvata kI cUlikA ko cAroM ora se ghere hue pAMDu vana-khaMDa kI uttaradizA meM arddhacandramA ke AkAra kI pAMDuka zIlA haiM, jo pUrva-pazcima 100 yojana lambI va uttara-dakSiNa 50 yojana caur3I evaM 8 yojana UMcI haiN| isa pAMDuzilA ke madhya meM eka sihAMsana haiM, jisake donoM ora do bhadrAsana vidyamAna haiN| abhipeka ke samaya jinendra bhagavAn ko madhya siMhAsana para virAjamAna kara saudharmendra dakSiNa pITha para tathA IzAnendra uttara pITha para sthita ho abhiSeka karate haiN| naMdozvara dvIpa kI racanA madhyaloka kA jo madhyavartI eka lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA jaMbUdvIpa haiM, usako kramazaH veSTita kiye hue uttarottara dugune-dugune vistAra vAle lavaNasamudra va dhAtakI-khaMDadvIpa, kAlodasamudra va puSkaravaradvIpa puSkaravara samudra va vAruNIvara dvIpa evaM vAruNIvara samudra, tathA usI prakAra eka hI nAmavAle kSIravara, ghRtavara va kSaudravara nAmaka dvIpa-samudra haiN| tatpazcAt jambUdvIpa se AThavAM dvIpa naMdIzvara nAmaka hai, jisakA jainadharma meM va jaina vAstu evaM mUrtikalA kI paramparA meM vizeSa mAhAtmya pAyA jAtA hai| isa valayAkAra dvIpa kI pUrvAdi cAroM dizAoM meM valaya sImAoM ke madhyabhAga meM sthita cAra aMjanagiri nAmaka parvata haiN| pratyeka aMjanagiri kI cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka caukoNa draha (vApikA) hai, jinake nAma kramazaH naMdA, naMdavatI, naMdottarA va naMdIghoSA haiN| inake cAroM ora azoka saptacchada, campaka va Amra, ina vRkSoM ke cAra-cAra vana haiN| cAroM vApiyoM ke

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265 madhya meM eka-eka parvata hai jo dadhi ke samAna zvetavaNa hone ke kAraNa dadhimukha kahalAtA hai / vaha golAkAra hai, va usake UparI bhAga meM taTavediyAM aura vana haiM / naMdAdi cAroM vApiyoM ke donoM bAharI konoM dara eka-eka suvarNamaya golAkAra ratikara nAmaka parvata hai / isa prakAra eka-eka dizA meM eka aMjanagiri, cAra dadhimukha va ATha ratikara, isa prakAra kula milAkara teraha parvata hue / isI prakAra ke 13- 13 parvata cAroM dizAoM meM hone se kula parvatoM kI saMkhyA 52 ho jAtI hai / ina para eka-eka jinamaMdira sthApita hai, aura ye hI naMdIzvara dvIpa ke 52 maMdira yA caityAlaya prasiddha haiM / jisa prakAra pUrva kI dizA cAra vApiyoM ke pUrvokta naMdAdika cAra nAma haiM, usI prakAra dakSiNa dizA kI cAra vApikAoM ke nAma arajA virajA azokA aura vItazokA, pazcima dizA ke vijayA, vaijayantI, jayantI va aparAjitA; tathA uttara dizA ke ramyA, ramaNIyA, suprabhA va sarvatobhadrA ye nAma haiM / pratyeka vApikA ke cAroM ora jo azokAdi vRkSoM ke cAra-cAra vana haiM, unakI cAroM dizAoM kI saMkhyA 64 hotI hai / ina vanoM meM pratyeka ke bIca eka-eka prAsAda sthita hai, jo AkAra meM caukora tathA UMcAI meM laMbAI se dugunA kahA gayA hai / isa prAsAdoM meM vyantara deva apane parivAra sahita rahate haiM / (tri0 pra0 5, 52-82) vartamAna jaina maMdiroM meM kahIM-kahIM naMdIzvara parvata ke 52 jinAlayoM kI racanA mUrtimAn athavA citrita kI huI pAI jAtI hai / hAla hI meM sammedazikhara ( pArasanAtha ) kI pahAr3I ke samIpa pUrvokta prakAra se 52 jina maMdiroM yukta naMdIzvara kI racanA kI gaI hai / samavasaraNa racanA samavasaraNa racanA tIrthaMkara ko kevalajJAna utpanna hone para indra kI AjJA se kubera unake samavasaraNa arthAt sabhAbhavana kI racanA karatA hai, jahAM tIrthaMkara kA dharmopadeza hotA hai / samavasaraNa kI racanA kA bar3e vistAra se varNana milatA hai, aura usI ke AdhAra se jaina vAstukalA ke nAnA rUpa prabhAvita hue pAye jAte haiM / tri0 pra0 ( 4,711 - 942 ) meM samavasaraNa saMbaMdhI sAmAnya bhUmi, sopAna, vIthi, dhUlizAla, caitya prAsAda, nRtyazAlA, mAnastaMbha, stUpa, maMDapa, gaMdhakuTI Adi ke vinyAsa, pramANa, AkAra Adi kA bahuta kucha varNana pAyA jAtA hai / vahI varNana jinasena kRta AdipurANa ( parva 23 ) meM bhI AyA hai / samavasaraNa kI racanA lagabhaga bAraha yojana AyAma meM sUryamaNDala ke sadRza golAkAra hotI hai / usakA pITha itanA UMcA hotA haiM ki vahAM taka pahuMcane ke liye samavasaraNa bhUmi kI cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka hAtha UMcI 2000 sIr3hiyAM hotI haiM / vahAM se Age vIthiyAM --

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266 hotI haiM, jinake donoM ora vedikAeM banI rahatI haiN| tatpacAt bAhirI dhUlizAla nAmaka koTa banA rahatA haiM, jisakI pUrvAdika cAroM dizAoM meM vijaya, vaijayaMta, jayanta aura aparAjita nAmaka gopuradvAra hote haiM / ye gopura tIna bhUmiyoM vAle va aTTAlikAoM se ramaNIka hote haiM, aura unake bAhya, madhya va Abhyantara pArzva bhAgoM meM maMgala dravya, nidhi, va dhUpaghaToM se yukta bar3I-bar3I putaliyAM banI rahatI haiM / aSTha maMgaladravya bhavanoM ke prakaraNa meM ( pR0262) ginAye jA cuke haiM / nava nidhiyoM ke nAma haiM-kAla, mahAkAla, pAMDu, mANavaka, zaMkha, padma, nesarpa, piMgala, aura nAnA ratna, jo kramazaH RtuoM ke anukUla mAlyAdika nAnA dravya, bhAjana, dhAnya, Ayudha, vAditra, vastra, mahala, AbharaNa aura ratna pradAna karane kI zakti rakhatI haiM / gopuroM ke bAhya bhAga meM makara- toraNa tathA Abhyantara bhAga meM ratnatoraNoM kI racanA hotI haiM, aura madhya ke donoM pAvoM meM eka-eka nATyazAlA ina gopuroM kA vdArapAla jyotiSka deva hotA haiM, jo apane hAtha meM ratnadaMDa dhAraNa kiye rahatA hai| koTa ke bhItara jAne para eka-eka jinabhavana ke antarAla se pAMca-pAMca caMtya prAsAda milate haiM, jo upavana aura vApikAoM se zobhAyamAna haiM, tathA vIthiyoM ke donoM pArzvabhAgoM meM do-do nATyazAlAeM zarIrAkRti se 12 gunI UMcI hotI haiN| eka-eka nATyazAlA meM 32 raMgabhUmiyAM aisI hotI haiM jinameM pratyeka para 32 bhavanavAsI kanyAeM abhinaya ya nRtya kara sakeM / jaina kalA mAnastaMbha / atthiyoM ke bIcoMbIca eka-eka mAnastaMbha sthApita hotA hai / yaha AkAra meM gola, aura cAra gopuradvAroM tathA dhvajApatAkAoM se yukta eka koTa se ghirA hotA haiM / isake cAroM ora sundara vanakhaMDa hote haiM, jinameM pUrvAdika dizAkrama se soma, yama, varuNa aura kuvera, ina lokapAloM ke ramaNIka krIr3Anagara hote haiM / mAnastaMbha kramazaH choTe hote hue tIna golAkAra pIThoM para sthApita hotA hai / mAnastaMbha kI UMcAI tIrthaMkara kI zArIrAkRti se 12 gunI batalAI gaI mAnastaMbha tIna khaMDoM meM vibhAjita hotA hai / isakA mUla bhAga vajradvAroM se yukta madhyama bhAga sphaTika maNimaya vRttAkAra tathA uparima bhAga veDUrya maNimaya hotA haiM; aura usake cAroM ora caMvara, ghaMTA, kiMkiNI, ratnahAra va dhvajAoM kI zobhA hotI hai / mAnastaMbha ke zikhara para cAroM dizAoM meM ATha-ATha prAtihAryoM se yukta eka-eka jinendra - pratimA virAjamAna hotI haiN| prAtihAyoM ke nAma haiM - azokavRkSa, divya puSpavRSTi, divyadhvani, cAmara, Asana, bhAmaMDala, dundubhi aura Atapatra / pratyeka mAnastaMbha kI pUrvAdika cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka vApikA hotI hai / pUrvAdi dizA

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caityavRkSa va stUpa 267 vartI mAnastaMbha kI vApikAoM ke nAma haiM-naMdottara, naMdA, naMdImatI aura naMdIghoSA / dakSiNa mAnastaMbha kI vApikAeM haiM-vijayA, vaijayantA, jayantA aura aparAjitA / pazcima mAnastaMbha saMbaMdhI vApikAeM haiM- azokA, supratiyuddhA, * kumudA, aura puDarIkA; tathA uttara mAnastaMbha kI vApikAoM ke nAma haiM hRdayAnaMdA, mahAnaMdA, supratibuddhA aura prabhaMkarA / ye vApikAeM caukora vedikAoM va toraNoM se yukta tathA jala-krIr3A ke yogya divya dravyoM va sopAnoM se yukta hotI haiM / mAnastaMbha kA prayojana yaha batalAyA gayA haiM ki usake darzanamAtra se darzakoM kA mada dUra ho jAtA hai, aura unake mana meM dhArmika zraddhA utpanna ho jAtI hai / caityavRkSa va stUpa samavazaraNa kI Age kI vana bhUmiyoM meM azoka, saptacchada, campaka aura Amra, ye cAra caitya vRkSa hote haiM, jinakI UMcAI bhI tIrthaMkara ke zarIra ke mAna se 12 gunI hotI hai, aura pratyeka caityavRkSa ke Azrita cAroM dizAoM meM pATha prAtihAyoM se yukta cAra-cAra jina pratimAeM hotI haiM / vanabhUmi meM devabhavana va bhavana bhUmi ke pArzvabhAgoM meM pratyeka vIthI ke madhya nau-nau stUpa hote haiN| ye stUpa tIrthaMkaroM aura siddhoM kI pratimAoM se vyApta tathA chatra ke Upara chatra evaM ATha maMgala dravyoM va dhvajAroM se zobhita hote haiN| ina stUpoM kI UMcAI bhI caityavRkSoM ke samAna tIrthaMkara kI zarIrAkRti se 12 gunI hotI hai| zrImaMDapa-- samavasaraNa ke ThIka madhya meM gaMdhakuTI aura usake AsapAsa golAkAra bAraha bhomaMDapa arthAt koThe hote haiN| ye zrImaMDapa pratyeka dizA meM vIthIpatha ko chor3akara 4-4 bhittiyoM ke antarAla se tIna-tIna hote haiM, aura unakI UMcAI bhI tIrthaMkara ke zarIra se 12 gunI hotI hai| dharmopadeza ke samaya ye koThe kramazaH pUrva se pradakSiNA krama se (1) gaNadharoM, (2) kalpavAsinI deviyoM, (3) prAyikA va zrAvikAoM, (4) jyotiSI deviyoM, (5) vyaMtara deviyoM, (6) bhavanavAsinI deviyoM, (7) bhavanavAsI devoM, (8) vyaMtara devoM, (6) jyotiSI devoM, (10) kalpavAsI devoM va indroM, (11) cakravartI Adi manuSyoM va (12) hAthI, siMhAdi samasta tiryaca jIvoM ke baiThane ke liye niyata hote haiM / gaMdhakuTI zrImaMDapa ke bIcoMbIca tIna pIThikoM ke Upara gaMdhakuTI kI racanA hotI hai, jisakA prAkAra caukora hotA hai / antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI gaMdhakuTI

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268 jaina kalA kI UMcAI 75 dhanuSa arthAt lagabhaga 500 phuTa batalAI gaI hai / gaMdha kuTI ke madhya meM uttama siMhAsana hotA hai, jisapara virAjamAna hokara tIrthakara dharmopadeza dete haiN| nagara vinyAsa jainAgamoM meM deza ke aneka mahAn nagaroM, jaise caMpA, rAjagRha, zrAvastI, kauzAMbI, mithilA Adi kA bAra-bAra ullekha pAyA hai; kintu unakA varNana ekasA hI pAyA jAtA hai / yahAM taka ki pUrA varNana to kevala ekAdha sUtra meM hI diyA gayA hai, aura anyatra 'vaNNo ' (varNana) kahakara usakA saMketa mAtra kara diyA gayA hai / isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa kAla ke una nagaroM kI racanA prAyaH eka hI prakAra kI hotI thii| usa nagara kI racanA va svarUpa ko pUrNataH samajhane ke liye yahAM uvavAiya sUtra (1) se caMpA nagarI kA pUrA varNana prastuta kiyA jAtA hai "caMpAnagarI dhana-sampatti se samRddha thI, aura nagaravAsI khUba pramudita rahate the / vaha janatA se bharI rahatI thii| usake AsapAsa ke khetoM meM hajAroM hala calate the, aura murgoM ke jhuDa ke jhaMDa carate the| va ganne, jau va dhAna se bharapUra thii| vahA~ gAya, bhaisa, va bher3a-bakariyAM pracuratA se vidyamAna thiiN| vahAM sundara prAkAra ke bahuta se caitya bane hue the, aura sundarI zIlavatI yuvatiyAM bhI bahuta thii| vaha sabora, baTamAra, gaMThamAra, duHsAhasI, taskara, durAcArI va rAkSasoM se rahita hone se kSema va nirupadrava thii| vahAM bhikSA sukha se milatI thI, aura loga nizcita hokara sukha se nivAsa karate the| karor3oM kuTumba vahAM sukha se rahate the / vahA~ naToM, nartakoM, rasse para khela karane vAle naTa, malla, muSTiyuddha karane vAle (boksarsa), nakalacI (vidUSaka), kathaka, kUdane vAle, lAsyanRtya karane vAle AkhyAyaka, maMkha (citradarzaka), laMkha (bar3e bAMsa ke Upara nAcane vAle), tAnapUrA, tubI va vINA bajAne vAle tathA nAnA prakAra ke vAditra bajAne vAle pAte jAte rahate the / vahA~ ArAma, udyAna, kUpa, tAlAba, dIpikA va vApiyA~ bhI khUba thI, jinase vaha naMdanavana ke samAna ramaNIka thii| vaha vipula aura gaMbhIra khAI se ghirI huI thiiN| cakra, gadA, musuThi (mUTha), avarodha, zataghnI tathA dRr3ha saghana kapAToM ke kAraNa usameM praveza karanA kaThina thaa| vaha dhanuSa ke samAna golAkAra prAkAra se ghirI huI thI, jisapara kapizIrSaka (kaMgUre) aura gola gummaTa bane hue the / vahA~ UMcI-UMcI aTTAlikAeM, cariyApatha, dvAra, gopura, toraNa tathA sundara rIti se vibhAjita rAjamArga the / prAkAra tathA gRhoM ke pariSa va indrakhIla (laMgara va caTakinI) kuzala kArIgaroM dvArA nirmANa kiye gaye the|

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nagara vinyAsa 266 vahAM dukAnoM meM vyApAriyoM dvArA nAnA prakAra ke zilpa tathA sukhopabhoga kI vastueM rakhI gaI thI / vaha sighATaka (trikoNa), caukona va caukoM meM vividha vastueM kharIdane yogya dukAnoM se zobhAyamAna thI / usake rAjamArga rAjAoM ke gamanAgamana se suramya the, aura vaha aneka sundara-sundara uttama ghor3oM, mara - hAthiyoM, rathoM va DolA - pAlakI Adi vAhanoM se vyApta thI / vahAM ke jalAzaya nava praphulla kamaloM se zobhAyamAna the / vaha nagarI ujjavala, zveta mahAbhavanoM se jagamagA rahI thI, aura prAMkhe phAr3a-phAr3akara dekhane yogya thI / use dekhakara mana prasanna ho jAtA thA / vaha aisI darzanIya, sundara aura manojJa thI / " gayA hai / ina dvAroM meM prAcIna nagara kA yaha varNana tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai - ( 1 ) usakI samRddhi va dhana-vaibhava sambandhI, (2) vahAM nAnA prakAra kI kalAoM, vidyAoM va manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM sambandhI, aura (3) nagara kI racanA saMbaMdhI / nagara-racanA meM kucha bAteM suspaSTa aura dhyAna dene yogya haiM / nagara kI rakSA ke nimitta usako cAroM ora se ghere hue parikhA yA khAI hotI thI / tatpazcAt eka prAkAra yA koTa hotA thA, jisakI cAroM dizAoM meM cAra-cAra dvAra hote the / prAkAra kA zrAkAra dhanuSa ke samAna gola kahA gopura aura toraNoM kA zobhA kI dRSTi se vizeSa sthAna thA / koTa kaMgUredAra kapizIrSakoM se yukta banate the, aura unapara zataghnI Adika nAnA prakAra ke astra-zastroM kI sthApanA kI jAtI thI / nagara meM rAjamArgoM va cariyApatha (mena roDsa evaM phuTapAthsa) bar3I vyavasthA se banAye jAte the, jisameM tirAhoM va caurAhoM kA vizeSa sthAna thA / sthAna-sthAna para sambhavataH pratyeka caukoM (khule maidAna - pArkas ), udyAnoM, sarovaroM va kUpoM kA jAtA thA / ghara katAroM se banAye jAte the, aura devAlayoM; kI suvyavasthA thI / jaina sUtroM se prApta nagara kA yaha varNana purANoM, bodha granthoM, tathA kauTiate arthazAstra Adi ke varNanoM se milatA haiM, tathA purAtatva saMbaMdhI khudAI se jo kucha nagaroM ke bhagnAvazeSa mile haiM unase bhI pramANita hotA hai / udAharaNArtha prAcIna pAMcAla deza kI rAjadhAnI ahicchatra kI khudAI se usakI parikhA va prAkAra ke avazeSa prApta hue haiM / yaha vahI sthAna hai jahAM jaina paramparAnusAra teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke tapa meM upasarga hone para dharaNeMdranAga ne unakI rakSA kI thI, aura isI kAraNa isakA nAma bhI ahicchatra par3A / prAkAra pakAI huI IToM kA banA va 40-50 phuTa taka UMcA pAyA gayA hai| koTa ke dvAroM se rAjapatha sIdhe nagara ke kendra kI bhora jAte hue pAye gaye vizAla devAlaya ke cinha mile haiM / bhArata, sAMcI, haiM, aura kendra meM eka amarAvatI, mathurA zrAdi mohalle meM vizAla nirmANa bhI kiyA bAjAroM va dukAnoM

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300 jaina kalA sthAnoM se prApta pASANotkIrNa citrakAro meM jo rAjagRha, zrAvastI, vArANasI, kapilavastu, kuzInagara Adi kI pratikRtiyA~ (moDelsa) pAI jAtI haiM, unase bhI parikhA, prAkAra tathA dvAroM, gopuroM va aTTAlikAoM kI vyavasthA samajha meM AtI hai| deza ke prAcIna nagaroM kI banAvaTa va zomA kA paricaya hameM maiMgasthanIja, phAhiyAna Adi yUnAnI va cInI yAtriyoM dvArA kiye gaye suprasiddha pATaliputra nagara ke varNana se bhI prApta hotA hai, aura usakA samarthana paTanA ke samIpa bulaMdIbAga aura kumarAhara nAmaka sthAnoM kI khudAI se prApta hue prAkAra va rAjaprAsAda Adi ke bhagnAvazeSoM se hotA hai / maiMgasthanIja ke varNanAnusAra pATaliputra nagara kA prAkAra kASThamaya thA / isakI bhI prApta bhagnAvazeSoM se puSTi huI hai; tathA upalabdha pASANa stambhoM ke bhagnAvazeSoM se zAlAoM va prAsAdoM kI nirmANa-kalA kI bahuta kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, jisase jaina granthoM se prApta nagarAdi ke varNana kA bhale prakAra samarthana hotA hai| catya racanA-- . jaina sUtroM meM nagara ke varNana meM tathA svataMtra rUpa se bhI caityoM kA ullekha bAra-bAra pAtA hai| yahAM aupapAtika sUtra (2) se caMpAnagarI ke bAhara uttarapUrva dizA meM sthita pUrNabhadra nAmaka caitya kA varNana diyA jAtA hai| vaha caitya bahuta prAcIna, pUrva puruSoM dvArA pahale kabhI nirmANa kiyA gayA thA, aura suvidita va suvikhyAta thA / vaha chatra, ghaMTA, dhvajA va patAkAoM se maMDita thA / vahAM camara (lomahasta-pIchI) laTaka rahe the| vahAM gozIrSa va sarasa raktacandana se hAtha ke paMjoM ke nizAna bane hue the aura candana-kalaza sthApita the| vahAM bar3I-bar3I golAkAra mAlAeM laTaka rahI thiiN| pacaraMge, sarasa, sugaMdhI phUloM kI sajAvaTa ho rahI thii| vaha kAlAguru, kudurukka evaM turuSka va dhUpa kI sugaMdha se mahaka rahA thaa| vahAM naToM, nartakoM, nAnA prakAra ke khilAr3iyoM, saMgItakoM, bhojakoM va mAgadhoM kI bhIr3a lagI huI thii| vahAM bahuta loga Ate jAte rahate the; loga ghoSaNA kara-karake dAna dete the va arcA, vaMdanA, namaskAra, pUjA, satkAra, sammAna karate the| vaha kalyANa, maMgala va devatArUpa cetya vinayapUrvaka paryupAsanA karane ke yogya thA / vaha divya thA, saba manokAmanAoM kI pUrti kA satyopAya-bhUta thaa| vahAM prAtihAryoM kA sadbhAva thA / vaha cetya yAga ke sahastrabhAga kA pratIkSaka thA / bahuta loga A-Akara usa pUrNabhadra cetya kI pUjA karate the|" jaina caitya va stUpa samosaraNa ke varNana meM caitya vRkSoM va stUpoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai|

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caitya va stUpa 301 bhagavatI vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra (3, 2, 143) meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke apanI chaMdmastha avasthA meM susumArapura ke upavana meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce dhyAna karane kA varNana hai / tri0pra0 (4.915) meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa vRkSa ke nIce jisa kevalI ko kevala jJAna prApta huA, vahI usa tIrthaMkara kA azoka vakSa kaha laayaa| isa prakAra azoka eka vRkSa vizeSa kA nAma bhI hai, va kevalajJAna saMbaMdhI samasta vRkSoM kI saMjJA bhI / anumAnata: isI kAraNa vRkSoM ke nIce pratimAeM sthA pita karane kI paramparA prArambha huI / svabhAvataH vRkSamUla meM mUrtiyAM sthApita karane ke lie vakSa ke cAroM ora eka vedikA yA pIThikA banAnA bhI Avazyaka ho gyaa| yaha vedI iSTakAdi ke cayana se banAI jAne ke kAraNa ve vRkSa caityavRkSa kahe jAne lage hoMge / iSTakoM (ITI) se banI vedikA ko citi yA cayana kahane kI prathA bahata prAcIna hai| vaidika sAhitya meM yajJa kI vedI ko bhI yaha nAma diyA gayA pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra cayana dvArA nirmApita stUpa bhI caityastUpa khlaaye| Avazyaka niyukti (gA0 435) meM tIrthaMkara ke nirvANa hone para stUpa, caitya va jinagRha nirmANa kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / isa para TIkA karate hue haribhadra sUrI ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke nirvANa ke pazcAt unakI smRti meM unake putra bharata dvArA unake nirvANa-sthAna kailAza parvata para eka caitya tathA siMha-niSadyAAyatana nirmANa karAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai / arddhamAgadhI jUbadIvapaNNatti (2, 33) meM to nirvANa ke pazcAt tIrthakara ke zarIra-saMskAra tathA caitya-stUpa nirmANa kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra hai "tIrthaMkara kA nirvANa hone para devendra ne AjJA dI ki gozIrSa va caMdana kASTha ekatra kara citikA banAo, kSIrodadhi se kSIrodaka lAo, tIrthaMkara ke zarIra ko snAna karAo, aura usakA gozIrSa caMdana se lepa karo / tatpazcAt zakra ne haMsacinha-yukta vastrazATikA tathA sarva alaMkAroM se zarIra ko bhUSita kiyA, va zivikA dvArA lAkara citA para sthApita kiyaa| agnikumAra deva ne citA ko prajvalita kiyA, aura pazcAt meghakumAra deva ne kSIrodaka se agni ko upazAMta kiyA / zakra devendra ne bhagavAna kI Upara kI dAhinI va IzAna deva ne bAMyI sakthi (asthi) grahaNa kI, tathA nIce kI dAhinI camara asurendra ne va bAMyI bali ne grahaNa kI / zeSa devoM ne yathAyogya avaziSTa aMga-pratyaMgoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| phira zaka devendra ne AjJA dI ki eka atimahAn caitya stUpa bhaga vAna tIrthaMkara kI citA para nirvANa kiyA jAya; eka gaNadhara kI citA para aura eka zeSa anagAroM kI citA para / devoM ne tadanusAra hI parinirvANa-mahimA

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302 jaina kalA kii| phira ve saba apane-apane vimAnoM va bhavanoM ko lauTa Aye, aura apane-apane caitya-staMbhoM ke samIpa Akara una jina-asthiyoM ko vajramaya, gola vRttAkAra samudgakoM (peTikAoM) meM sthApita kara uttama mAlAoM va gaMdhoM se unakI pUjAarcA kii|" isa vivaraNa se suspaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparAnusAra mahApurUSoM kI citAoM para stUpa nirmANa karAye jAte the| isa paramparA kI puSTi pAli granthoM ke buda nirvANa aura unake zarIra-saMskAra saMbaMdhI vRttAMta se hotI hai| - mahAparinimbAnasutta meM kathana hai ki buddha bhagavAna ke ziSyoM ne unase pUchA ki nirvANa ke pazcAt unake zarIra kA kaisA satkAra kiyA jAya, taba isake uttara meM buddha ne kahA-he AnaMda, jisa prakAra cakravartI rAjA ke zarIra ko vastra se khUba veSTita karake taila kI droNI meM rakhakara citaka banAkara zarIra ko jhA~pa dete haiM, aura caturmahA patha para stUpa banAte haiM, isI prakAra mere zarIra kI bhI satpUjA kI jAya / isase spaSTa hai ki usa prAcIna kAla meM rAjAoM va dhArmika mahApurUSoM kI citA para athavA anyatra unakI smRti meM stUpa banavAne koprathA thI / stUpa kA gola AkAra bhI isI bAta kI puSTi karatA haiM, kyoMki yaha AkAra zmazAna ke AkAra se milatA hai / isa saMbaMdha meM zatapatha brAhmaNa kA eka ullekha bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki AryoM ke deva zmazAna caukora, tathA anAryoM ke Asurya zmazAna golAkAra hote haiM / dhArmika mahApuruSoM ke smAraka hone se stUpa zraddhA aura pUjA kI vastu bana gaI, aura zatAbdiyoM taka stUpa bana vAne aura unakI pUjA-arcA kiye jAne kI paramparA cAlU rhii| dhIre-dhIre ina kA AkAra-pariNAma bhI khUba bddh'aa| unake AsapAsa pradakSiNA ke liye eka va aneka vedikAeM bhI banane lagIM / unake AsapAsa kalApUrNa kaTaharA bhI banane lgaa| aise stUpoM ke utkRSTa udAharaNa abhI bhI sAMcI, bharahuta, sAranAtha Adi sthAnoM meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| durbhAgyataH upalabdha stUpoM meM jaina stUpoM kA abhAva pAyA jAtA haiM / kintu isa bAta ke pracura pramANa upalabdha haiM ki prAcInakAla meM jaina stUpoM kA bhI khUba nirmANa huA thaa| jinadAsa kRta AvazyakacariNa meM ullekha hai ki atiprAcIna kAla meM bIsaveM tIrthaMkara munisuvrata kI smRti meM eka stUpa vaizAlI meM banavAyA gayA thaa| kintu abhI taka isa stUpa ke koI cinha va bhagnAvazeSa prApta nahIM kiye jA sake / tathApi mathurA ke samIpa eka atyanta prAcIna jaina stUpa ke pracura bhagnAvazeSa mile haiM / hariSeNa kRta vRhatkathAkoSa (12, 132) ke anusAra yahA~ ati prAcInakAla meM vidyAdharoM dvArA pAMca stUpa banavAye gaye the| ina pAMca stUpoM ko vikhyAti aura smRti eka muniyoM kI vaMzAvalI se saMbaddha pAI jAtI hai / pahAr3apura (baMgAla) se jo pAMcavI zatAbdI kA guhanaMdi prAcArya

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mathurA kA stUpa 303 kA tAmrapatra milA hai, usameM isa paMcastUpAnvaya kA ullekha hai / dhavalATIkA ke ke kartA vIrasenAcArya va unake ziSya mahApuruSa ke kartA jinasena ne apane ko paMcastUpAnvayI kahA hai / isI anvaya kA pIche senaanvaya nAma prasiddha huA pAyA jAtA hai| jinaprabhasUrI kRta vividha-tIrtha-kalpa meM ullekha hai ki mathurA meM eka stUpa supArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kI smRti meM eka devI dvArA pratiprAcIna kAla meM bana vAyA gayA thA, va pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara ke samaya meM usakA jIrNoddhAra karAyA gayA thA, tathA usake eka hajAra varSa pazcAt punaH usakA usakA udAra bappabhaTTi sUri dvArA karAyA gayA thaa| rAjamalla kRta jaMbUsvAmicarita ke anusAra unake samaya meM (mugala samrATa akabara ke kAla meM) mathurA meM 515 stUpa jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM vidyamAna the, jinakA uddhAra toDara nAma ke eka dhanI sAha ne agaNita dravya vyaya karake karAyA thaa| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se prApta hae bhagnAvazeSoM meM eka jina-siMhAsana para ke (dUsarI zatI ke) lekha meM yahAM ke devanirmita stUpa kA ullekha hai| isakA samarthana pUrvokta hariSeNa va jinaprabha sUri ke ullekhoM se bhI hotA hai| haribhadrasUrI qata Avazyaka-niyukti-vRtti tathA somadeva kata yazastilaka-campU meM bhI mathurA ke devanirmita stUpa kA varNana AyA hai| ina saba ullekhoM se isa stUpa kI atiprAcInatA siddha hotI hai / mathurA kA stUpa___ mathurA ke stUpa kA jo bhagnAMza prApta huA hai, usase usake mUla-vinyAsa kA svarUpa pragaTa ho jAtA hai / stUpa kA talabhAga golAkAra thA, jisakA vyAsa 47 phUTa pAyA jAtA hai| usameM kendra se paridhi kI aora bar3hate hue vyAsArdha vAlI 8 divAleM pAI jAtI hai, jinake bIca ke sthAna ko miTTI se bharakara stUpa Thosa banAyA gayA thaa| dIvAleM IToM se cunI gaI thii| ITa bhI choTI-bar3I pAI jAtI haiN| stUpa ke bAhya bhAga para jina-pratimAeM banI thii| pUrA stUpa kaisA thA, isakA kucha anumAna bikharI huI prApta sAmagrI ke AdhAra para lagAyA jA sakatA hai| aneka prakAra kI citrakArI yukta jo pASANa-staMbha mile haiM, unase pratIta hotA hai ki stUpa ke AsapAsa gherA va toraNa dvAra rahe hoMge / do aise bhI AyAga paTTa mile haiM, jina para stUpa kI pUrNa prAkRtiyAM citrita haiM, jo saMbhavataH yahIM ke stUpa va stUpoM kI hoNgii| stUpa paTTikAoM ke ghere se ghirA huA hai, va toraNa dvAra para pahu~cane ke liye sAta-mATha sIr3hiyAM banI huI haiN| toraNa do khaMbhoM va Upara thor3e-thor3e antara se eka para eka tIna Ar3e khaMbhoM se banA haiN| inameM sabase nicale khaMbhe ke donoM pAzvaMbhAga makarAkRti siMhoM se AdhArita haiM / stUpa ke dAyeM-bAyeM do sundara staMbha haiM, jiva para kramazaH dharmacakra va naiThe hue siMhoM

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/ 304 jaina kalA kI AkRtiyAM banI haiM / stUpa kI bAjU meM tIna ArAdhakoM kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiM / Upara kI ora ur3atI huI do AkRtiyAM saMbhavataH cAraNa muniyoM kI haiN| ve nagna haiM, kintu unake bAye hAtha meM vastrakhaMDa jaisI vastu evaM kamaMDalu dikhAI dete haiM, tathA dAhinA hAtha mastaka para namaskAra mudrA meM haiM / eka aura prAkRti yugala suparNa pakSiyoM kI haiM, jinake puccha va nakha spaSTa dikhAI dete haiM / dAMyI prora kA suparNa eka puSpaguccha va bAMyI ora kA puSpamAlA liye hue haiN| stUpa kI gumbaja ke donoM ora vilAsapUrNa rIti se jhukI huI nArI AkRtiyAM sambhavataH yakSiNiyoM kI haiM / ghere ke nIce sIr3hiyoM ke donoM ora eka-eka AlA haiN| dakSiNa bAjU ke Ale meM eka bAlaka sahita puruSAkRti va dUsarI ora strI-AkRti dikhAI detI hai / stUpa kI gummaTa para chaha paMktiyoM meM eka prAkRta kA lekha hai, jisameM arhanta varddhamAna ko namaskAra ke pazcAt kahA gayA hai ki 'zramaNa-zrAvikA AryA-lavaNozobhikA nAmaka gaNikA kI putrI zramaNa-zrAvikA vAsu-gaNikA ne jina maMdira meM arahaMta kI pUjA ke liye apanI mAtA, bhaginI, tathA duhitA putra sahita nirganthoM ke arahaMta Ayatana meM arahaMta kA devakula (devAlaya), AyAga sabhA, prapA (pyAja) tathA zilApaTa (prastuta AyAgapaTa) pratiSThita kraaye|" yaha zilApaTa 2 phuTa X 1 iMcax 14 phuTa tathA akSaroM kI AkRti va citrakArI dvArA apane ko kuSANakAlIna (pra0 dvi0 zatI I0) siddha karatA hai| __ isa zilApaTa se bhI prAcIna eka dUsarA AyAgapaTa bhI milA haiM, jisakA UparI bhAga TUTa gayA hai, tathApi toraNa, gherA, sopAnapatha evaM stUpa ke donoM ora yakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyAM isameM pUrvokta zilApaTa se bhI adhika suSpaSTa haiN| isa para bhI lekha hai jisameM arahaMtoM ko namaskAra ke pazcAt kahA gayA hai ki 'phaguyaza nartaka kI bhAryA zivayazA ne arahaMta-pUjA ke liye yaha yAgapaTa banavAyA' / vi0 smitha ke anusAra isa lekha ke akSaroM kI AkRti I0 pU0 150 ke lagabhaga zuga-kAlIna bharahuta stUpa ke toraNa para aMkita dhanabhUti ke lekha se kucha adhika prAcIna pratIta hotI hai / bulara ne bhI unheM kaniSka ke kAla se prAcIna svIkAra kiyA hai / isa prakAra lagabhaga 200 I0 pU0 kA yaha AyAgapaTa siddha kara rahA hai ki stUpoM kA prakAra jaina paramparA meM usase , bahuta prAcIna hai / sAtha hI, jo koI jana stUpa surakSita avasthA meM nahIM pAye jAte, usake aneka kAraNa hai / eka to yaha ki guphA-caityoM aura mandiroM ke adhika pracAra ke sAtha-sAtha stUpoM kA nayA nirmANa banda ho gayA, va prAcIna stUpoM kI surakSA kI ora vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA gyaa| dUsare, uparyukta stUpa ke AkAra va nirmANakalA ke varNana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki bauddha va jaina stUpoM kI kalA prAyaH eka sI hI thii| yathArthataH yaha kalA zramaNa saMskRti kI

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mathurA kA stUpa 305 samAna dhArA thI / isa kAraNa aneka jaina stUpa bhrAntivaza bauddha stUpa hI mAna liye gaye / ina bAtoM ke spaSTa udAharaNa bhI upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM / mathurA ke pAsa jisa sthAna para ukta prAcIna jaina stUpa thA, vaha vartamAna meM kaMkAlI TIlA kahalAtA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jainiyoM kI upekSA se, athavA kinhIM bAhya vidhvaMsaka AghAtoM se jaba usa sthAna ke stUpa va mandira naSTa ho gaye, aura usa sthAna ne eka TIle kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA, taba mandira kA eka staMbha usake Upara sthApita karake vaha kaMkAlIdevI ke nAma se pUjA jAne lgaa| yahAM ke stUpa kA jo AkAra-prakAra uparyukta 'vAsu' ke zrayAgapaTTa se pragaTa hotA hai, ThIka usI prakAra kA stUpa kA nIvabhAga takSazilA ke samIpa 'sarakaoNpa' nAmaka sthAna para pAyA gayA hai| isa stUpa ke sopAna - patha ke donoM pAvoM meM usI prakAra ke do Ale rahe haiM, jese ukta AyAgapaTa meM dikhAI dete haiM / isI kAraNa purAtatva vibhAga ke DAyarekTara sara jAnamArzala ne use jaina stUpa kahA haiM, aura use bauddha dharma se saba prakAra asaMbaddha batalAyA hai / to bhI pIche ke lekhaka use bauddha stUpa hI kahate haiM, aura isakA kAraNa ve yaha batalAte haiM ki usa sthAna se jainadharma kA kabhI koI aitihAsika saMbaMdha nahIM pAyA jAtA / kintu ve yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki takSazilA se jainadharma kA bar3A prAcIna saMbaMdha rahA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne yahA~ apane putra bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI sthApita kI thii| unhoMne yahAM vihAra bhI kiyA thA, aura unakI smRti meM yahAM dharmacakra bhI sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| yahI nahIM, kintu prati prAcIna kAla se sAtavIM zatAbdI taka pazcimottara bhArata meM aphagAnistAna taka jainadharma ke pracAra ke pramANa milate haiM / huenacvAMga ne apane yAtrA varNana meM likhA hai ki usake samaya meM "husInA (gajanI ) va hajArA ( yA hosalA ) meM bahuta se tIrthaMka the, jo kSNadeva ( zizna yA nagna deva ) kI pUjA karate the, apane mana ko vaza meM rakhate the, va zarIra kI parvAha nahIM karate the / " isa varNana se una devoM ke jaina tIrthaMkara aura unake anuyAiyoM ke jaina muni va zrAvaka hone meM koI saMdeha pratIta nahIM hotA / pAli granthoM meM niggaMTha nAtaputta (mahAvIra tIrthaMkara) ko eka tIrthaMka hI kahA gayA hai 'sarakaoNpa' stUpa ko jaina stUpa svIkAra karane cAhiye / / ataeva takSazilA ke samIpa meM koI Apatti nahIM honI mathurA se prApta anya eka AyAgapaTa ke madhya meM chatra camara sahita jina mUrti virAjamAna hai va usake AsapAsa triratna, kalaza, matsya yugala, hastI Adi maMgala dravya va alaMkArika citraNa hai / prayAgapaTa citrita pASANapaTTa hote the aura unakI pUjA kI jAtI thI /

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jaina guphAeM prAcInatama kAla se jaina muniyoM ko nagara-grAmAdi bahujana-saMkIrNa sthAnoM se pRthak parvata va vana kI zUnya guphAoM vA koTaroM Adi meM nivAsa karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, aura aisA ekAntavAsa jaina muniyoM kI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga batalAyA gayA hai (ta0 sU0 7, 6 sa0 siddhi) / aura jahAM jaina muni nivAsa karegA, vahAM dhyAna va vaMdanAdi ke liye jaina mUrtiyoM kI bhI sthApanA hogii| prArambha meM zilAoM se AdhArita prAkRtika guphAoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hogA / aisI guphAeM prAyaH sarvatra parvatoM kI talahaTI meM pAI jAtI hai| ye hI jaina paramparA meM mAnya akRtrima caityAlaya kahe jA sakate haiM / kramazaH ina guphAoM kA vizeSa saMskAra va vistAra kRtrima sAdhanoM se kiyA jAne lagA, aura jahA~ usake yogya zilAeM milIM unako kATakara guphAvihAra va mandira banAye jAne lge| aisI guphAoM meM sabase prAcIna va prasiddha jaina juphAeM barAbara va nAgAarjunI pahAr3iyoM para sthita haiM / ye pahAr3iyAM gayA se 15-20 mIla dUra paTanA-gayA relave ke belA nAmaka sTezana se 8 mIla pUrva kI ora haiM / barAbara pahAr3I meM cAra, va usase koI eka mIla dUra nAgArjunI pahAr3I meM tIna guphAeM haiM / barAbara kI guphAeM azoka, va nAgArjunI kI usake pautra dazaratha dvArA AjIvaka muniyoM ke hetu nirmANa karAI gaI thiiN| AjIvaka sampradAya yadyapi usa kAla (I0 pU0 tRtIya zatI) meM eka pRthaka sampradAya thA, tathApi aitihAsika pramANoM se usakI utpatti va vilaya jaina sampradAya meM hI huprA siddha hotA hai| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra isa sampradAya kA sthApaka maMkhaligozAla kitane hI kAla taka mahAvIra tIrthaMkara kA ziSya rahA, kintu kucha saiddhAntika matabheda ke kAraNa usane apanA eka pRthaka sampradAya sthApita kiyaa| parantu yaha sampradAya pRthak rUpa se kevala do-tIna zatI taka hI calA, aura isa kAla meM bhI prAjIvaka sAdhu jaina muniyoM ke sadRza nagna hI rahate the, tathA unakI bhikSAdi saMbaMdhI caryA bhI jaina nirgrantha sampradAya se bhinna nahIM thii| azoka ke pazcAt isa sampradAya kA jaina saMgha meM hI vilInIkaraNa ho gayA, aura taba se isakI pRthak sattA ke koI ullekha nahIM pAye jaate| isa prakAra AjIvaka muniyoM ko dAna kI gaI guphAoM kA jaina aitihAsika paramparA meM hI ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| barAbara pahAr3I kI do guphAeM azoka ne apane rAjya ke 12 veM varSa meM, aura tIsarI 19 veM varSa meM nirmANa karAI thii| sudAmA aura vizva jhopar3I T,

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jaina guphAeM 307 nAmaka guphAoM ke lekhoM meM AjIvakoM ko dAna kiye jAne kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sudAmA guphA ke lekha meM use nyagrodha guphA kahA gayA hai| isameM do maMDapa haiM / bAhirI 33'x 20' kA va bhItarI 19' X 16' lambA-caur3A hai| UMcAI lagabhaga 12' haiM / vizva-jhopar3I ke lekha meM isa pahAr3I kA 'khalaTika parvata' ke nAma se ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| zeSa do guphAoM ke nAma 'karaNa caupAra' va 'lomasaRSi' guphA haiM / kintu karaNacaupAra ko lekha meM 'supiyAguphA' kahA gayA hai, aura lomasa-RSi guphA ko 'pravaragiriguphA' / ye sabhI guphAeM kaThora teliyA pASANa ko kATa kara banAI gaI haiM, aura una para vahI camakIlA pAliza kiyA gayA hai, jo maurya kAla kI vizeSatA mAnI gaI hai| nAgArjunI pahAr3I kI tIna guphAoM ke nAma haiM-gopI guphA, bahiyA kI guphA, aura vedathikA guphA / prathame guphA 45'X16' lambI-cor3I hai| pazcAt kAlIna anantavarmA ke eka lekha meM ise 'vindhyabhUdhara guhA' kahA gayA hai, yadyapi dazaratha ke lekha meM isakA nAma gopika guhA spaSTa aMkita hai, aura AjIvaka bhadantoM ko dAna kiye jAne kA bhI ullekha hai| aisA hI lekha zeSa do guphAoM meM bhI hai / I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI kI mauryakAlIna ina guphAoM ke pazcAt . ullekhanIya haiM ur3IsA kI kaTaka ke samIpavartI udayagiri va khaMDagiri nAmaka parvatoM kI guphAeM jo unameM prApta lekhoM para se I0 pU0 dvitIya zatI kI siddha hotI haiN| udayagiri kI 'hAthIguphA' nAmaka guphA meM prAkRta bhASA kA yaha suvistRta lekha pAyA gayA hai jisameM kaliMga samrATa khAravela ke bAlyakAla va rAjya ke 13 varSoM kA caritra vidhivat varNita hai / yaha lekha arahaMtoM va sarvasiddhoM ko namaskAra ke sAtha prArambha huA hai, aura usakI 12 vIM paMkti meM spaSTa ullekha hai, ki unhoMne apane rAjya ke 12 veM varSa meM magadha para AkramaNa kara vahAM ke rAjA vRhaspatimitra ko parAjita kiyA, aura vahAM se kaliMga-jina kI mUrti apane deza meM lauTA liyA jise pahale naMdarAja apaharaNa kara le gayA thaa| isa ullekha se jaina itihAsa va saMsthAnoM sambandhI aneka mahatvapUrNa bAteM siddha hotI haiN| eka to yaha ki naMdakAla arthAt I0 pU0 pAMcavIM-cauthI zatI meM bhI jaina mUrtiyAM nirmANa karAkara unakI pUjA-pratiSThA kI jAtI thii| dUsare yaha ki usa samaya kaliMga deza meM eka prasiddha jaina maMdira va mUrti thI, jo usa pradeza bhara meM lokapUjita thii| tIsare yaha ki vaha naMda-samrATa jo isa jaina mUrti ko apaharaNa kara le gayA, aura use apane yahAM surakSita rakhA, avazya jaina dharmAvalaMbI rahA hogA, va usane usake liye apane yahAM bhI jaina maMdira banavAyA hogaa| cauthe yaha ki kaliMga deza kI janatA va rAjavaMza meM usa jaina mUrti ke liye barAbara do-tIna

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308 jaina kalA zatI taka aisA zraddhAna banA rahA ki avasara milate hI kaliMga samrATa ne use vApasa lAkara apane yahAM pratiSThita karanA Avazyaka samajhA / isa prakAra yaha guphA aura vahAM kA lekha bhAratIya itihAsa, aura vizeSataH jaina itihAsa, ke liye bar3e mahatva kI vastu hai / udayagiri kI yaha rAnI guphA (hAthI guphA) yathArthataH eka suvistRta bihAra rahA hai jisameM mUrti-pratiSThA bhI rahI, va muniyoM kA nivAsa bhii| isakA aMta-. raMga 52 phuTa lambA va 28 phuTa caur3A hai, tathA dvAra kI UMcAI 111 phuTa hai / vaha do maMjiloM meM banI hai / nIce kI maMjila meM paMktirUpa se ATha, va Upara kI paMkti meM chaha prakoSTha haiM / 20 phuTa lambA barAmadA Upara kI maMjila kI eka vizeSatA hai / barAmadoM meM dvArapAloM kI mUrtiyAM khudI huI haiM / nIce kI maMjila kA dvArapAla susajjita sainika sA pratIta hotA hai| barAmadoM meM choTe-choTe ucca prAsana bhI bane haiN| chata kI caTTAna ko sambhAlane ke liye aneka staMbha khar3e kiye gaye haiN| eka toraNa-dvAra para triratna kA cinha va azoka vRkSa kI pUjA kA citraNa mahatvapUrNa hai| triratna-cinha siMdhaghATI kI mudrA para ke AsIna deva ke mastaka para ke trizRga mukuTa ke sadRza hai / dvAroM para bahuta sI citrakArI bhI hai, jo jaina paurANika kathAoM se sambandha rakhatI hai / eka prakoSTha ke dvAra para eka pakSayukta hariNa va dhanuSabANa sahita puruSa, yuddha, strI-apaharaNa Adi ghaTanAoM kA citraNa bar3A sundara huA hai| eka matAnusAra yaha jaina tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke jIvana kI eka ghaTanA kA citraNa hai, jisake anusAra unhoMne kaliMga ke yavana nareza dvArA haraNa kI gaI prabhAvatI nAmaka kanyA ko bacAyA aura pazcAt usase vivAha kiyA thaa| eka mata yaha bhI hai ki yaha vAsavadattA va zakuntalA sambandhI prAkhyAnoM se sambandha rakhatA hai| kintu usa jaina guphA meM isakI sambhAvanA nahIM pratIta hotI / citrakArI kI zailI sundara aura suspaSTa hai, va citroM kI yojanA pramANAnusAra hai / vidvAnoM ke mata se yahAM kI citraNa kalA bharahuta va sAMcI ke stUpoM se adhika sundara hai| udayagiri va khaMDagiri meM saba milAkara 19 guphAeM haiM, aura unhIM ke nikaTavartI nIlagiri nAmaka pahAr3I meM aura bhI tIna guphAeM dekhane meM AtI haiN| inameM uparyukta rAnIguphA ke atirikta maMcapurI aura vaikuThapurI nAmaka guphAeM bhI darzanIya haiM, aura vahA~ ke zilAlekhoM tathA kalAkRtiyoM ke AdhAra se khAravela va unake samIpavartI kAla kI pratIta hotI haiM / khaMDagiri kI navamuni nAmaka guphA meM dasavIM zatI kA eka zilAlekha hai jisameM jaina muni zubhacandra kA nAma AyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha sthAna I0pU0 dvitIya zatI se lagAkara kama se kama dasavIM zatI taka

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guphAeM jaina dharma kA eka sudRr3ha kendra rahA hai / rAjagiri kI eka pahAr3I meM maniyAra maTha ke samIpa sona bhaMDAra nAmaka jainaguphA ullekhanIya hai / nirmANa kI dRSTi se yaha atiprAcIna pratIta hotA hai / pra0-dvi0 zatI kA brAhmI lipi kA eka lekha bhI hai jisake anusAra prAcArya ratna vairadevamuni ne yahAM jaina muniyoM ke nivAsArtha do guphAeM nirmANa karavAI, aura unameM arhantoM kI mUrtiyAM pratiSThita karAI / eka jainamUrti tathA caturmukhI jainapratimA yukta eka stambha vahA~ aba bhI vidyamAna haiM / jisa dUsarI guphA ke nirmANa kA lekha meM ullekha hai, vaha nizcayataH usake hI pArzva meM sthita guphA hai, jo aba viSNu kI guphA bana gaI hai / digambara paramparA meM vairajasa kA nAma AtA hai, aura ve trilokaprajJapti meM prajJAzramaNoM meM antima kahe gaye haiM / zve0 paramparA meM ajja - ra kA nAma AtA hai, aura ve padAnusArI kahe gaye haiM / prajJAzramaNatva aura padAnusAritva, ye donoM buddhi Rddhi ke upabheda haiM, aura SaThkhaMDAgama ke vedanAkhaMDa meM padAnusArI tathA prajJAzramaNa donoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / isaprakAra ye donoM ullekha eka hI prAcArya ke hoM to Azcarya nahIM / kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra zrAvera kA kAla vIra nirvANa se 496 se lekara 584 varSa taka pAyA jAtA hai, jisake anusAra ve prathama zatI I0 pU0 va pazcAt ke siddha hote haiM / sona bhaMDAra guphA unhIM ke samaya meM nirmita huI ho to Azcarya nahIM / prayAga tathA kausama (prAcIna kauzAmbI) ke samIpavartI pabhosA nAmaka sthAna meM do guphAeM haiM, jinameM zuMga-kAlIna ( I0 pU0 dvitIya zatI) lipi meM lekha haiM / ina lekhoM meM kahA gayA hai ki ina guphAoMoM ko ahicchatrA ke ASAr3hasena ne kAzyapIya arhantoM ke liye dAna kiyA / dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kazyapa gotrIya the / sambhava hai unhIM ke anuyAyI muni kAzyapIya arhat kahalAte the / isase yaha bhI anumAna hotA hai ki usa kAla meM mahAvIra ke anuyAiyoM ke atirikta bhI koI anya jainamuni saMgha sambhavata pArzvanAtha ke anuyAiyoM kA rahA hogA jo kramazaH mahAvIra kI muni paramparA meM hI vilIna ho gayA / 306 jUnAgar3ha (kaThiyAvAr3a) ke bAbA pyArAmaTha ke samIpa kucha guphAeM haiM, jo tIna paMktiyoM meM sthita haiM / eka uttara kI bhora, dUsarI pUrva bhAga meM aura tIsarI usI ke pIche se prArambha hokara pazcimottara kI ora phailI hai / ye saba guphAeM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kI jA sakatI haiM - eka to caitya- guphAeM aura tatsaMbaMdhI sAdhAraNa koThariyAM haiM jo varjesa sAhaba ke matAnusAra sambhavataH I0 pU0 dvitIya zatI kI hai, jabaki prathama bAra bauddha bhikSu gujarAta meM phuNce| dUsare bhAga meM ve guphAeM va zAlAgRha haiM jo prathamabhAga kI guphAoM se kucha unnata zailI ke bane hue haiM;

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310 jaina kalA aura jinameM jaina cinha pAye jAte haiM / I0 kI dvitIya arthAt kSatrapa rAjAoM ke kAla kI siddha hotI haiN| jainaguphAoM meM kI eka guphA vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| isa guphA se jo khaMDita lekha milA hai usameM kSatrapa rAjavaMza kA tathA caSTana ke prapautra va jayadAmana ke pautra rudrasiMha prathama kA ullekha hai / lekha pUrA na par3he jAne para bhI usameM jo kevalajJAna, jarAmaraNa se mukti Adi zabda par3he gaye haiM unase, tathA guphA meM aMkita svastika, bhadrAsana, mInayugala Adi prakhyAta jaina mAMgalika cinhoM ke citrita hone se, ve jaina sAdhuoM kI va sambhavataH digaMbara paramparAnusAra aMtima aMga-jJAtA dharasenAcArya se sambandhita anumAna kI jAtI haiN| dhavalATIkA ke kartA vIrasenAcArya ne dhara senAcArya ko girinagara kI candraguphA ke nivAsI kahA hai (dekho mahAbaMdha bhAga2 prastA0) prastuta guphAsamUha meM eka guphA aisI hai jo pArzvabhAga meM eka arddhacandrAkAra vivikta sthAna se yukta hai / yadyapi bhAjA, kArlI va nAsika kI bauddha guphAoM se isa bAta meM samatA rakhane ke kAraNa yaha eka bauddha guphA anumAna kI jAtI hai, tathApi yahI dhavalAkAra dvArA ullikhita dharasenAcArya kI candraguphA ho to Azcarya nahIM / (de0 barjesaH eMTIkviTIja propha kaccha eNDa kAThiyAvAr3a 1874-75 pR0 136 Adi, tathA sAMkaliyAH ArkeprolojI Apha gujarAta, 1941) / isI sthAna ke samIpa DhaMka nAmaka sthAna para bhI guphAeM haiM, jinameM RSabha pArzva, mahAvIra prAdi tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ hai| ye sabhI guphAe~ usI kSatrapa kAla arthAt pra0 dvi0 zatI kI siddha hotI hai / jaina sAhitya meM DhaMka parvata kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha pAyA hai| vaha pAdalipta sUri ke ziSya nAgArjuna yahIM ke nivAsI kahe gaye haiM / (dekho rA0 ze0 kRta prabandhakoza va vivdhtiirthNklp)| pUrva meM udayagiri khaMDagiri va pazcima meM jUnAgar3ha ke pazcAt deza ke madhyabhAga meM sthita udayagiri kI jaina guphAe~ ullekhanIya haiM / yaha udayagiri madhyapradeza ke antargata itihAsa prasiddha vidizA nagara se uttara-pazcima kI ora betavA nadI ke usa pAra do-tIna mIla kI dUrI para hai| ina pahAr3oM para purAtatva vibhAga dvArA aMkita yA saMkhyAta 20 guphAeM va maMdira haiN| inameM pazcima kI paura kI prathama pUrva dizA meM sthita bIsavIM, ye do spaSTa rUpa se jana guphAeM haiN| pahalI guphA ko kanighama ne jhUThI guphA nAma diyA hai, kyoMki vaha kisI caTTAna ko kATakara nahIM banAI gaI, kintu eka prAkRtika kaMdarA hai, tathApi Upara kI caTTAna ko chata banAkara nIce dvAra para cAra khaMbhe khar3e kara diye haiM, jisase use guphA-maMdira kI AkRti prApta ho gaI hai| stambha ghaTa va patrAvali-praNAlI ke bane hue haiM / jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA haiM, Adi meM jaina muni isI prakAra kI prAka

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jaina guphAeM 311 tika guphAoM ko apanA nivAsasthAna banA lete the| usa apekSA se yaha guphA bhI I0 pU0 kAla se hI jaina muniyoM kI guphA rahI hogii| kintu isakA saMskAra guptakAla meM jaisA ki vahAM ke stambhoM Adi kI kalA tathA guphA meM khude hue eka lekha se siddha hotA hai / isa lekha meM candragupta kA ullekha hai / jisase gupta samrATa candragupta dvitIya kA abhiprAya samajhA jAtA hai| aura jisase usakA kAla cauthI zatI kA aMtima bhAga siddha hotA hai| pUrva dizAvartI bIsavIM guphA meM pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kI atibhavya mUrti virAmAna hai| yaha aba bahuta kucha khaMDita ho gaI hai, kintu usakA nAga-phaNa aba bhI usakI kalAkRti ko prakaTa kara rahA hai| yahAM bhI eka saMskRta padyAtmaka lekha khudA huA hai, jisake anusAra isa mUrti kI pratiSThA gupta saMvat 106 (I0 san 426, kumAragupta kAla) meM kArtika kRSNa paMcamI ko AcArya bhadrAnvayI AcArya gozarma muni ke ziSya zaMkara dvArA kI gaI thii| ina zaMkara ne apanA janmasthAna uttara bhAratavartI kurudeza batalAyA hai / jaina aitihAsika paramparAnusAra antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu maurya samrATa candragupta ke kAla (I0pU0 cauthI zatI) meM hue the, aura uttara bhArata meM bAraha varSa kA ghora durbhikSa par3ane para jaina saMgha ko lekara dakSiNa bhArata meM gaye, tathA maisUra pradezAntargata zravaNabelagolA nAmaka sthAna para unhoMne jaina kendra sthApita kiyaa| isa samaya bhArata samrATa candragupta bhI rAjyapATa tyAgakara unake ziSya ho gaye the, aura unhoMne bhI zravaNabelagolA kI usa pahAr3I para tapasyA kI, jo unake nAma se hI candragiri khlaaii| isa pahAr3I para prAcIna maMdira bhI hai, jo unhIM ke nAma se candragupta basti kahalAtA hai / isI pahAr3I para eka atyanta sAdhAraNa va choTI sI guphA hai, jo bhadrabAhu kI guphA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| kahA jAtA hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI ne isI guphA meM dehotsarga kiyA thaa| vahA~ unake caraNa-cinha aMkita haiM aura pUje jAte haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM yahI sabase prAcIna jaina guphA siddha hotI hai / ____ mahArASTra pradeza meM usmAnAbAda se pUrvottara dizA meM lagabhaga 12 mIla kI dUrI para parvata meM eka prAcIna guphA-samUha hai / ve eka pahAr3I dareM ke donoM pAzvoM meM sthita hai; cAra uttara kI ora va tIna dUsare pArzva meM puurvottrmukhii| ina guphAoM meM mukhya va vizAla guphA uttara kI guphAoM meM dUsarI hai| durbhAgyataH isakI aparI caTTAna bhagna hokara gira par3I hai| kevala kucha bAharI bhAga naSTa hone se bacA hai / usakI hAla meM marammata bhI kI gaI hai| isakA bAharI barAmadA 78x10.4, phuTa hai| isameM chaha yA ATha khaMbhe haiM, aura bhItara jAne ke liye pAMca dvAra / bhItara kI zAlA 80 phuTa gaharI hai, tathA caur3AI meM dvAra kI ora 76 phuTa va pIche kI ora 85 phuTa hai| isakI chata 32 stambhoM para

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jaina kalA AdhArita hai, aura ye khaMbhe caukora do paMktiyoM meM bane hue haiN| chata kI UMcAI lagabhaga 12 phuTa hai / isakI donoM pArzva kI dIvAloM meM ATha-ATha va pIche kI dIvAla meM chaha koThariyAM haiM, jo pratyeka lagabhaga 6 phuTa caukora hai / ye koSTha sAdhAraNa rIti ke bane hue haiM, jaise prAyaH bauddha guphAoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM / pazcimottara kone ke koSTha ke talabhAga meM eka gaDDhA hai, jo sadaiva pAnI se bharA rahatA hai / zAlA ke madhya meM pichale bhAga kI ora devAlaya hai, jo 16.3 X 15 phuTa laMbA-caur3A va 13 phuTa UMcA hai, jisameM pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kI bhavya pratimA virAjamAna hai / zeSa guphAeM apekSAkRta isase bahuta choTI hai / tIsarI va cauthI guphAoM meM bhI jina pratimAeM vidyamAna haiN| tIsarI guphA ke stambhoM kI banAvaTa kalApUrNa hai / barjesa sAhaba ke mata se ye guphAeM anumAnataH I0 0 pU0 500-650 ke bIca kI hai / ( Arke0 sarve 0 oNpha vesTarna iMDiyA vo0 3 ) isa guphA - samUha ke saMbaMdha meM jaina sAhityika paramparA yaha hai ki yahAM terApura ke samIpa parvata para mahArAja karakaMDa ne eka prAcIna guphA dekhI thI / unhoMne svayaM yahAM anya kucha guphAeM banavAI, aura pArzvanAtha kI mUrti kI pratiSThA kI / unhoMne jisa prAcIna guphA ko dekhA thA, usake talabhAga meM eka chidra se jalavAhinI nikalI thI, jisase samasta guphA bhara gaI thI / isakA, tathA prAcIna pArzvanAtha kI mUrti kA sundara varNana kanakAmara muni kRta apabhraMza kAvya 'karakaMDacariu' meM milatA hai, jo 11 vIM zatI kI racanA hai / karakaMDa kA nAma jaina va bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM pratyeka buddha ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai / unakA kAla, jaina mAnyatAnusAra, mahAvIra se pUrva pArzvanAtha ke tIrtha meM par3atA hai / isa prakAra yahAM kI guphAoM ko jaMnI ati prAcIna ( lagabhaga I0 pU0 6 vIM zatI kI) mAnate haiM 312 itanA to sunizcita hai ki 11 vIM zatI ke madhyabhAga meM jaba muni kanakAmara ne karakaMDacariu likhA, taba terApura (dhArAziva) kI guphA bar3I vizAla thI, aura bar3I prAcIna samajhI jAtI thI / terApura ke rAjA ziva ne karakaMDu ko usakA paricaya isa prakAra karAyA thA etthathi deva pacchimadisAhi / zrairiNayaDau pavvau rammu tAhi // tahi zratthi laya rAyaNAvahAri / thaMbhAraga sahAsaha jaM pi dhAri // ( ka0 ca0 4, 4) / karakaMDu ukta parvata para car3he aura aise saghana vana meM se cale jo siMha, hAthI, zUkara, mRga, va bAnaroM Adi se bharA huA thA / thovaMtari tahiM so caDai jAma / karakaMDaI diTThau layaNu tAma // hariNa amara-vimANu viTTha / karakaMDa garAhiu taha viTTha //

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jaina guphAeM so dhaNNu salakkhara hariya vaMbhu / jeM layaNa karAviu sahasakhaMbhu // 313 arthAt parvata para kucha Upara car3hane para unhoMne usa layaNa (guphA) ko aise dekhA jaise indra ne devavimAna ko dekhA ho / usameM praveza karane para karakaMDu ke mukha se haThAt nikala par3A ki dhanya hai vaha sulakSaNa puNyavAn puruSa jisane yaha sahastrastaMbha layana banavAyA hai / ( ka 0 ca0 4, 5 ) / dakSiNa ke tAmila pradeza meM bhI jaina dharma kA pracAra va prabhAva bahuta prAcIna kAla se pAyA jAtA hai / tAmila sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna bhAga 'saMgama yuga' kA mAnA jAtA hai, aura isa yuga kI prAya: samasta pradhAna kRtiyAM tirukurula Adi jaina yA jainadharma se suprabhAvita siddha hotI hai / jaina drAvir3asaMgha kA saMgaThana bhI suprAcIna pAyA jAtA hai / ataeva svAbhAvika hai ki isa pradeza meM bhI prAcIna jaina saMskRti ke avazeSa prApta hoM / jaina muniyoM kA eka prAcIna kendra puDukoTTAI se vAyavya dizA meM 8 mIla dUra sittannavAsala nAmaka sthAna rahA hai / yaha nAma siddhAnA vAsaH se apabhraSTa hokara banA pratIta hotA hai / yahAM ke vizAla zilA - TIloM meM banI huI eka jaina guphA bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai / yahA~ eka brAhmI lipI kA lekha bhI milA hai, jo I0 pU0 tRtIya zatI kA (azokakAlIna) pratIta hotA hai / lekha meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki guphA kA nirmANa jaina muniyoM ke nimitta karAyA gayA thA / yaha guphA bar3I vizAla 100 x 50 phuTa hai / isameM aneka koSThaka haiM, jinameM samAdhi - zilAeM bhI banI huI haiM / ye zilAeM 6x4 phuTa haiM / vAstukalA kI dRSTi se to yahu guphA mahatvapUrNa hai hI, kintu usase bhI adhika mahatva usakI citrakalA kA hai, jisakA vivaraNa Age kiyA jAyagA / guphA kA yaha saMskAra pallava nareza mahendravarman ( AThavIM zatI) ke kAla meM huA hai / devAlaya hai, aura haiM / stambhoM kI dakSiNa bhArata meM bAdAmI kI jaina guphA ullekhanIya hai, jisakA nirmANa kAla anumAnataH sAtavIM zatI kA madhyabhAga hai / yaha guphA 16 phuTa gaharI tathA 31X16 phuTa lambI-caur3I hai / pIche kI ora madhya bhAga meM tInoM pAvoM kI dIvAloM meM muniyoM ke nivAsArtha koSThaka bane AkRti elIphenTA kI guphAoM ke sadRza hai / yahAM camaradhAriyoM tIrthaMkara kI mUla padmAsana mUrti ke atirikta dIvAloM va stambhoM para bhI jinamurtiyAM khudI huI haiN| mAnA jAtA hai ki rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa (8 vIM zatI) ne rAjya tyAgakara va jaina dIkSA lekara isI guphA meM nivAsa kiyA thA / guphA ke barAmadoM meM eka ora pArzvanAtha va dUsarI ora bAhubalI kI lagabhaga 73 sahita mahAvIra "

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314 jaina kalA phuTa UMcI pratimAeM utkIrNa haiN| bAdAmI tAluke meM sthita aihola nAmaka grAma ke samIpa pUrva aura uttara kI ora guphAeM haiM, jinameM bhI jainamUrtiyAM vidyamAna haiM / pradhAna guphAoM kI racanA bAdAmI kI guphA ke hI sadRza hai / guphA barAmadA, maMDapa va garbhagRha meM vibhakta hai| barAmade meM cAra khaMbhe haiM, aura usakI chata para makara, puSpa Adi kI AkRtiyAM banI huI haiN| bAMI bhitti meM pArzvanAtha kI mUrti hai, jisake eka ora nAga va dUsarI ora nAginI sthita hai| dAhinI ora caitya-vRkSa ke nIce jinamUrti banI hai| isa guphA kI sahastraphaNA yukta pArzvanAtha kI pratimA kalA kI dRSTi se bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai| anya jaina AkRtiyAM va cinha bhI pracura mAtrA meM vidyamAna haiN| siMha, makara va dvArapAloM kI AkRtiyAM bhI kalApUrNa haiM, aura ailIphenTA kI AkatiyoM kA smaraNa karAtI haiM / guphAoM se pUrva kI ora vaha meghuTI nAmaka jaina maMdira hai jisameM cAlukya nareza pulakezI va zaka saM0 556 (I0 634) kA ullekha hai| yaha zilAlekha apanI saMskRta kAvya zailI ke vikAsa meM bhI apanA sthAna rakhatA hai / isa lekha ke lekhaka ravikIrti ne apane ko kAvya ke kSetra meM kAlidAsa aura bhAravi kI kIrti ko prApta kahA hai| yathArthataH kAli dAsa va bhAravi ke kAla-nirNaya meM yaha lekha bar3A sahAyaka humA hai, kyoMki isI se unake kAla kI antima sImA prAmANika rUpa se nizcita huI hai| aihola sambhavataH 'Aryapura' kA apabhraSTa rUpa hai| guphA-nirmANa kI kalA elorA meM apane carama utkarSa ko prApta huI hai| yaha sthAna yAdava narezoM kI rAjadhAnI devagiri (daulatAbAda) se lagabhaga 16 mIla dUra hai, aura vahAM kA zilAparvata aneka guphA-maMdiroM se alaMkRta hai / yahI kailAza nAmaka ziva maMdira hai jisakI yojanA aura zilpakalA itihAsa-prasiddha hai| yahAM bauddha, hindU va jaina, tInoM sampradAyoM ke zaila maMdira bar3I sundara praNAlI ke bane hue haiN| yahAM pAMca jaina guphAeM haiM, jinameM se tIna arthAt choTA kailAza, indrasabhA va jagannAtha sabhA kalA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiM / choTA kailAza eka hI pASANa-zAlA ko kATakara banAyA gayA hai, aura usakI racanA kucha choTe AkAra meM upayukta kailAza maMdira kA anukaraNa karatI hai| samUcA maMdira 80 phuTa caur3A va 130 phuTa UMcA hai / maMDapa lagabhaga 36 phuTa lambA-caur3A hai, aura usameM 16 stambha haiN| indrasabhA nAmaka guphA maMdira kI racanA isa prakAra haiM:-pASANa meM bane hue dvAra se bhItara jAne para koI 50450 phuTa caukora prAMgaNa milatA hai, jisake madhya meM eka pASANa se nirmita drAvir3I zailI kA caityAlaya hai| isake sammukha dAhinI ora eka hAthI kI mUrti hai, va usake sammukha bAI ora 32 phuTa U~cA dhvaja-staMbha hai / yahAM se ghUmakara pIche kI ora

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jaina guphAeM 315 jAne para vaha dutallA sabhAgRha milatA hai jo indrasabhA ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| donoM talloM meM pracura citrakArI banI huI haiM / nIce kA bhAga kucha apUrNa sA rahA pratIta hotA hai, jisase yaha bAta bhI siddha hotI hai ki ina guphAoM kA utkIrNana Upara se nIce kI ora kiyA jAtA thaa| Upara kI zAlA 12 sukhacita stambhoM se alaMkRta haiM / zAlA ke donoM ora bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vizAla pratimAeM haiM, aura pArzva kakSa meM indra va hAthI kI mUrtiyAM banI huI haiN| indrasabhA kI eka bAhirI dIvAla para pArzvanAtha kI tapasyA va kamaTha dvArA una para kiye gaye upasarga kA bahuta sundara va sajIva utkIrNana kiyA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha kAyotsarga mudrA meM dhyAnastha haiM, Upara saptaphaNI nAga kI chAyA hai, va eka nAginI chatra dhAraNa kiye haiM / do anya nAginI bhakti, Azcarya va duHkha kI mudrA meM dikhAI detI haiN| eka ora bhaiMse para savAra asura raudra mudrA meM zastrAstroM sahita AkramaNa kara rahA haiM, va dUsarI ora siMha para savAra kamaTha kI rudra mUrti AghAta karane ke liye udyata haiN| nIce kI ora eka strI va puruSa bhaktipUrvaka hAtha jor3e khar3e haiM / dakSiNa kI dIvAla para latAoM se lipaTI bAhubali kI pratimA utkIrNa hai| ye saba tathA anya zobhApUrNa AkRtiyAM atyanta kalApUrNa haiN| anumAnataH indrasabhA kI racanA tIrthaMkara ke janma kalyANakotsava kI smRti meM huI haiM, jabaki indra apanA airAvata hAthI lekara bhagavAn kA abhiSeka karane jAtA haiN| indrasabhA kI racanA ke saMbaMdha meM parsI brAuna sAhaba ne kahA hai ki "isakI racanA aisI sarvAMgapUrNa, tathA zilpakalA kI cAturI itanI utkRSTa haiM ki jitanI elorA ke anya kisI maMdira meM nahIM pAI jAtI / bhittiyoM para AkRtiyoM kA utkIrNana aisA sundara tathA stambhoM kA vinyAsa aise kauzala se kiyA gayA hai ki usakA anyatra koI dUsarA udAharaNa nahIM miltaa|" indrasabhA ke samIpa hI jagannAtha sabhA nAmaka caityAlaya haiM, jisakA vinyAsa indrasabhA ke saddaza hI haiM, yadyapi pramANa meM usase choTA haiM / dvAra kA toraNa kalApUrNa haiM / cetyAlaya meM siMhAsana para mahAvIra tIrthaMkara kI padmAsana mUrti haiN| dIvAloM va stambhoM para pracuratA se nAnA prakAra kI sundara mUrtiyAM banI huI hai| kiMtu apane rUpa meM saundaryapUrNa hone para bhI saMtulana va sauSThava kI dRSTi se jo utkarSa indrasabhA kI racanA meM dikhAI detA hai, vaha yahAM va anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM haiM / ina guphAoM kA nirmANakAla 800 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| basa, isa utkarSa para pahuMcakara kevala jana-paramparA meM hI nahIM, kintu bhAratIya paramparA meM guphA nirmANa kalA kA vikAsa samApta ho jAtA hai, aura svataMtra maMdira nirmANa kI kalA usakA sthAna grahaNa karatI hai| navamI zatI kA eka zilAmaMdira dakSiNa trAvaNakora meM trivendramanagarakoila

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316 jaina kalA / mArga para sthita kujIyura nAmaka grAma se pAMca mIla uttara kI ora pahAr3I para hai, jo aba zrI bhagavatI maMdira ke nAma se prasiddha hai| yaha maMdira pahAr3I para sthita eka vizAla zilA ko kATakara banAyA gayA hai, aura sAmane kI ora tIna ora pASANa-nirmita bhittiyoM se usakA vistAra kiyA gayA hai / zilA ke guphA-bhAga ke donoM prakoSThoM meM vizAla padmAsana jinamUrtiyAM siMhAsana para pratiSThita haiM / zilA kA samasta AbhyaMtara va bAhya bhAga jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI koI 30 utkIrNa pratimAoM se alaMkRta haiN| kucha ke nIce kerala kI prAcIna lipi vattajetthu meM lekha bhI haiM, jinase usa sthAna kA jainatva tathA nirmitikAla nauvIM zatI siddha hotA hai / yatra-tatra jo bhagavatI devI kI mUrtiyAM utkIrNa haiM, ve spaSTataH uttarakAlIna haiM / (jai0 eNTI0 8 / 1, pR0 26) ___ aMkAI-taMkAI nAmaka guphA-samaha yevalA tAluke meM manamAr3a relave jaMkazana se nau mIla dUra aMkAI nAmaka sTezana ke samIpa sthita hai| lagabhaga tIna hajAra phuTa UMcI pahAr3iyoM meM sAta guphAeM haiM, jo haiM to choTI-choTI, kintu kalA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM / prathama guphA meM barAmadA, maMDapa va garbhagRha haiM / sAmane ke bhAga ke donoM khaMbhoM para dvArapAla utkIrNa haiN| maMDapa kA dvAra pracura AkRtiyoM se pUrNa hai; aMkana bar3I sUkSmatA se kiyA gayA hai| vargAkAra maMDapa cAra khambhoM para AdhArita hai / garbhagRha kA dvAra bhI zilpapUrNa hai / guphA dutallI hai, va Upara ke talle para bhI zilpakArI pAI jAtI hai| dUsarI guphA bhI dUtallI haiN| nIce kA barAmadA 234 12 phuTa haiN| usake donoM pAvoM meM svataMtra pASANa kI mUrtiyAM haiM, jinameM indra-indrANI bhI haiM / sIr3hiyoM se hokara dUsare tala para pahuMcate hI donoM pAryoM meM vizAla siMhoM kI AkRtiyA~ milatI haiM / garbhagRha 9X 6 phuTa hai| tIsarI guphA ke maMDapa kI chata para kamala kI AkRti bar3I sundara hai / usakI pakhur3iyAM cAra katAroM meM dikhAI gaI haiM, aura una paMkhur3iyoM para deviyAM vAdya sahita nRtya kara rahI haiN| deva-deviyoM ke aneka yugala nAnA vAhanoM para ArUr3ha hai / spaSTataH yaha dRzya tIrthaMkara ke janma kalyANaka ke utsava kA hai| garbhagRha meM manuSyAkati zAMtinAtha va unake donoM ora pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyAM haiM / zAMtinAtha ke siMhAsana para unakA mRga lAMchana, dharmacakra, va bhakta aura siMha kI AkRtiyAM - banI haiN| kaMdhoM ke Upara se vidyAdhara aura unase bhI Upara gajalakSmI kI AkatiyAM haiN| Upara se gaMdhoM ke jor3e puSpavRSTi kara rahe haiN| sabase Upara toraNa banA hai / cauthI guphA kA barAmadA 30X8 phuTa hai, evaM maMDapa 18 phuTa UMcA va 24- 24 phuTa laMbA-caur3A hai / barAmade ke eka stambha para lekha bhI hai, jo par3hA nahIM jA sakA; kintu lipi para se 11 vIM zatI kA anumAna kiyA jAtA haiM / zailI Adi anya bAtoM para se bhI ina guphAoM kA nirmANa-kAla yahI pratIta

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jaina guphAeM 317 hotA haiM / zeSa guphAeM dhvasta avasthA meM hai| yadyapi guphA-nirmANa kalA kA yuga bahuta pUrva samApta ho cukA thA; tathApi jainI 15 vIM zatI taka bhI guphAoM kA nirmANa karAte rahe / isake udAharaNa haiM tomara rAjavaMza kAlIna gvAliyara kI jana guphAeM / jisa pahAr3I para gvAliyara kA kilA banA huA hai, vaha koI do mIla lambI, AdhA mIla caur3I, tathA 300 phuTa UMcI hai / kile ke bhItara sthita sAsa-bahU kA maMdira san 1063 kA banA huA hai, aura AditaH jaina mandira rahA hai| kintu isa pahAr3I meM jana guphAmoM kA nirmANa 15 vIM zatI meM huA pAyA jAtA hai / sambhavataH yahA~ guphA nirmANa kI prAcIna paramparA bhI rahI hogI, aura vartamAna meM pAI jAne vAlI kacha gaphAeM 15 vIM zatI se pUrva kI hoM to Azcarya nahIM / kintu 15 vIM zatI meM to jainiyoM ne samasta pahAr3I ko hI guphAmaya kara diyA hai| pahAr3I ke Upara, nIce va cAroM ora jaina guphAeM vidyamAna haiN| ina guphAoM meM vaha yojanA-cAturya va zilpa-sauSThava nahIM hai jo hama pUrvakAlIna guphAoM meM dekha cuke haiM / parantu ina guphAnI kI vizeSatA hai unakI saMkhyA, vistAra va mUrtiyoM kI vizAlatA / guphAeM bahuta bar3I-bar3I haiM, va unameM tIrthaMkaroM kI lagabhaga 60 phuTa taka UMcI pratimAeM dekhane ko milatI haiN| urvAhI dvAra para ke prathama guphA-samUha meM lagabhaga 25 vizAla tIrthakara mUrtiyAM haiM, jinameM se eka 57 phuTa UMcI hai| AdinAtha va neminAtha kI 30 phuTa UMcI mUrtiyAM haiN| anya choTI-bar3I pratimAeM bhI haiM, kintu unakI racanA va alaMkaraNa Adi meM koI saundarya va lAlitya nahIM dikhAI detA / yahAM se AdhA mIla Upara kI ora dUsarA guphA-samUha hai, jahAM 20 se 30 phuTa taka kI aneka mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| bAvar3I ke samIpa ke eka guphANju meM pAzvanAtha kI 20 phuTa UMcI padmAsana mUrti, tathA anya tIrthakaroM kI kAyotsarga mudrAyukta aneka vizAla mUrtiyAM haiN| isI ke samIpa yahAM kI sabase vizAla guphA hai, jo yathArthataH maMdira hI kahI jA sakatI hai| yahA~ kI pradhAna mUrti lagabhaga 60 phuTa U~cI hai| ina guphA-maMdiroM meM aneka zilAlekha bhI mile haiM, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki ina guphAoM kI khudAI san 1441 se lekara 1474 taka 33 varSoM meM pUrNa huI / yadyapi kalA kI dRSTi se ye guphAeM avanati kI sUcaka haiM , tathApi itihAsa kI dRSTi se unakA mahatva hai| inake atirikta anya bhI saikar3oM jaina guphAeM deza bhara ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM kI pahAr3iyoM meM yatra-tatra bikharI huI pAI jAtI haiN| inameM se aneka kA aitihAsika va kalA kI dRSTi se mahatva bhI hai| kintu unakA ina dRSTiyoM se pUrNa adhyayana kiyA jAnA zeSa hai / sTailA kaimariza ke matAnusAra, deza meM 1200 pASANotkIrNa maMdira pAye jAte haiM, jinameM se 900 bauddha, 1.0 hindU aura 20. jaina guphA maMdira haiN| (hindU Tempilsa, pR0 168) /

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jaina mandira bhAratIya vAstukalA kA vikAsa pahale stUpa-nirmANa meM, phira guphA-caityoM va bihAroM meM, aura tatpazcAt maMdiroM ke nirmANa meM pAyA jAtA hai| stUpoM va guphAoM kA vikAsa jaina paramparA meM kisa prakAra huA, yaha Upara dekhA jA cukA hai| kintu vAstukalA ne maMdiroM ke nirmANa meM hI apanA carama utkarSa prApta kiyA hai| ina mandiroM ke sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa 11 vIM zatI va usake pazcAt kAla ke upalabdha haiM / ina mandiroM ke nirmANa meM abhivyakta yojanA va zilpa ke cAturya kI ora dhyAna dene se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ina mandiroM kA nirmANa binA unakI dIrghakAlIna pUrva paramparA ke nahIM ho sakatA / pASANa ko kATakara guphA caityoM ke nirmANa kI kalA kA caramotkarSa hama elorA kI guphAoM meM dekha cuke haiN| kahA jA sakatA hai ki usI ke AdhAra para Age svatantra mandiroM ke nirmANa kI paramparA calI / kintu usa kalA se svatantra saMracanAtmaka (sTrakcarala) mandiroM ke zilpa meM bar3A bheda hai, jisake vikAsa meM bhI aneka zatiyAM vyatIta huI hogii| isa sambandha meM ukta kAla se prAcInatama mandiroM kA abhAva bahuta khaTakatA hai / prAcInatama bauddha va hindU mandiroM ke nirmANa kI jo pA~ca zailiyAM niyata kI gaI haiM, ve isa prakAra hai-(1) samatala chata vAle caukora mandira, jinake sammukha eka dvAramaMDapa rahatA hai| (2) dvAramaMDapa va samatala chata vAle ve caukora mandira jinake garbhagRha ke cAroM ora pradakSiNA bhI banI rahatI hai / ye mandira kabhI kabhI dutalle bhI banate the| (3) caukora mandira jinake Upara choTA va capaTA zikhara bhI banA rahatA hai| (4) ve lambe catuSkoNa mandira jinakA pichalA bhAga arddhavattAkAra rahatA hai, va chata koThI (bairala) ke prAkAra kA banatA thaa| (5) ve vRttAkAra mandira jinakI pIThikA caukora hotI hai| ina zailiyoM meM se caturtha zailI kA vikAsa bauddhoM kI caityazAlAoM se va pA~cavIM kA stUpa-racanA se mAnA jAtA hai| caturtha zailI ke udAharaNa usamAnAbAda jile ke tera nAmaka sthAna ke mandira va cejaralA ( kRSNA jilA ) ke. kapotezvara mandira meM pAye jAte haiM / ye cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI ke bane haiM, aura AkAra meM choTe haiN| isa zailI ke do avAntara bheda kiye jAte haiM, eka nAgara va dUsarA drAvir3a, jo Age calakara vizeSa vikasita hue; kintu jinake bIja uparyukta udAharaNa meM hI pAye jAte haiN| pA~cavI zailI kA udAharaNa rAjagRha ke maNiyAra maTha (maNinAga kA mandira) meM milatA hai| prathama zailI ke bane hue

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jaina mandira 316 mandira sA~cI, tigavA aura airaNa meM vidyamAna haiN| dUsarI zailI ke udAharaNa haiM-nAcanA-kuThArA kA pArvatI mandira tathA bhUmarA ( ma0 pra0 ) kA ziva mandira (5-6 vIM zatI) aadi| isI zailI kA uparyukta aihola kA meghuTI mandira hai / tIsarI zailI ke udAharaNa haiM-devagar3ha (jilA jhA~sI) kA dazAvatAra mandira tathA bhItaragA~va (jilA kAnapura) kA mandira va bodha gayA kA mahAbodhi mandira, jisa rUpa meM ki use cInI yAtrI hventsAMga ne dekhA thaa| ye mandira chaThI zatI ke anumAna kiye jAte haiN|| __ jaina Ayatana, caityagRha, biba aura pratimA, va tIrtha Adi ke pracura ullekha prAcInatama jaina zAstroM meM pAye jAte haiM (kuMdakuMdaH bodhapAhuDa, 62, Adi) digambara paramparA kI nitya pUjA-vandanA meM una siddhakSetroM ko namana karane kA niyama hai jahAM se jaina tIrthaMkaroM va anya muniyoM ne nirvANa prApta kiyA / nirvANa kAMDa nAmaka prAkRta namana strota meM nimna siddhakSetroM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA siddhakSetra 1 aSTApada mA 2 campA 3 Urjayanta 4 pAvA 5 sammedazikhara 6 tAranagara 7 pAvAgirI 8 zatrujaya 6 gajapaMtha jJAta nAma va sthiti kisakA nirvANa huA (kailAza himAlaya meM) pra. tIrthaMkara RSabha, nAga kumAra, vyAla-sahAvyAla bhAgalapura (bihAra) 12 ve tIrtha0 vAsupUjya giranAra (kAThiyAvAr3a) 22 veM tIrtha0 neminAtha, pradya mna, pAvApura (paTanA, bihAra) 24 veM tIrtha0 mahAvIra pArasanAtha (hajArIbAga, zeSa 20 tIthaMkara bihAra) tAraMgA varadatta, varAMga, sAgaradatta Una (kharagona, ma. pra.) lATa narendra, suvarNabhadrAdi kAThiyAvAr3a pAMDava va dravir3a narendra nAsika (mahArASTra) balabhadra va anya yAdava narendra mAMgItugI (mahArASTra) rAma, hanu, sugrIva, gavaya, gavAkSa, nIla, mahAnIla sonAgirI (jhAMsI, u. pra.) naMga-anaMgakumAra oMkAra mAndhAtA (ma.pra. rAvaNa ke putra , do cakravartI vAvanagajA (bar3avAnI, ma. pra.) indrajit, kukarNa 10 tugIgirI 11 suvarNagirI 12 revAtaTa 13 siddhavarakUTa 14 cUlagirI

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*320 jana kalA 15 droNagirI phalahor3I(phalaudI,rAjasthAna) gurudattAdi 16 meDhagirI muktAgira baitUla, (ma.pra.) sAr3he tIna koTI muni 17 kuthalagirI vaMzasthala (mahArASTra) kulabhUSaNa, dezabhUSaNa 18 koTizilA kaliMgadeza (?) yazodhara rAjA ke putra 16 reziMdAgirI (?) varadattAdi pAMca muni pArzvanAtha kAla ke inake atirikta prAkRta atizaya kSetrakAMDa meM maMgalApura, assAramya, podanapura, vArANasI, mathurA, ahicchatra, jaMbuvana nivaDakuDalI, holAgirI aura gombhaTezvara kI vandanA kI gaI hai / ina sabhI sthAnoM para, jahAM taka unakA patA cala sakA hai, eka va aneka jinamandira, nAnA kAla ke nirmApita, tIrthaMkaroM ke caraNa-cinhoM va pratimAoM sahita Aja bhI pAye jAte haiM aura prativarSa sahastroM yAtrI unakI vandanA kara apane ko dhanya samajhate haiN| ___ sabase prAcIna jaina mandira ke cinha bihAra meM paTanA ke samIpa lohAnIpura . meM pAye gaye haiM, jahAM kumarAhara aura bulaMdIbAga kI mauryakAlIna kalA-kRtiyoM kI . paramparA ke pramANa mile haiN| yahAM eka jaina maMdira kI nIMva milI hai| yaha maMdira 8.10 phuTa vargAkAra thA / yahAM kI ITeM mauryakAlIna siddha huI haiN| yahIM se eka mauryakAlIna rajata sikkA tathA do mastakahIna jinamUrtiyAM milI hai, jo aba paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| vartamAna meM sabase prAcIna jaina maMdira jisakI rUpa rekhA surakSita hai, va nirmANa kAla mI nizcita hai, vaha hai dakSiNa bhArata meM bAdAmI ke samIpa aihola kA medhuTI nAmaka jaina maMdira jo ki vahAM se upalabdha zilAlekhAnusAra zaka saMvat 556 (I0634) meM pazcimI cAlukya nareza pulakezI dvitIya ke rAjyakAla meM ravikIrti dvArA banavAyA gayA thaa| ye ravikIrti maMdira-yojanA meM hI nahIM, kintu kAvya-yojanA meM bhI atipravINa aura pratIbhAzAlI the| yaha bAta ukta zilAlekha kI kAvya-racanA se tathA usameM unakI isa svayaM ukti se pramANita hotI hai ki unhoMne kavitA ke kSetra meM kAlidAsa va bhAravi kI kIrti prApta kI thii| isa ullekha se na kevala hameM ravikIrti kI kAvyapratibhA kA paricaya hotA hai, kintu usase ukta do mahA-kaviyoM ke kAla-nirNaya meM bar3I sahAyatA milI hai, kyoMki isase unake kAla kI antima sImA sunizcita ho jAtI hai / yaha maMdira apane pUrNa rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha sakA / usakA bahuta kucha aMza dhvasta ho cukA hai / tathApi usakA itanA bhAga phira bhI surakSita hai ki jisase usakI

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jaina mandira 321 yojanA va zilpa kA pUrNajJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha mandira gupta va cAlukya kAla ke ukta zailiyoM saMbandhI aneka udAharaNoM meM sabase pazcAt kAlIna hai / ataeva svabhAvata: isakI racanA meM vaha zailI apane caramotkarSa ko prApta huI pAI jAtI hai| isake taMtra va sthApatya meM eka vizeSa unnati dikhAI detI hai, tathA pUrNa mandira kI kalAtmaka saMyojanA meM aisA saMskAra va lAlitya dRSTigocara hotA hai jo anyatra nahIM pAyA jaataa| isakI bhittiyoM kA bAhya bhAga saMkare stambhAkAra prakSepoM se alaMkRta hai aura ye stambha bhI koSThakAkAra zikharoM se suzobhita kiye gaye haiM / stambhoM ke bIca kA bhisti bhAga bhI nAnA prakAra kI AkRtiyoM se alaMkata karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / mandira kI samasta yojanA aisI saMtulita va susaMgaThita hai ki usameM pUrvakAlIna anya saba udAharaNoM se eka vizeSa pragati huI spaSTa pratIta hotI hai / mandira lambA catuSkoNa AkRti kA hai aura usake do bhAga haiM : eka pradakSiNA sahita garbhagRha va dUsarA dvAramaMDapa / maMDapa stambhoM para AdhArita hai, aura mUlataH saba ora se khulA huA thA; kintu pIche dIvAloM se ghera diyA gayA hai| maMDapa aura garbhagRha eka saMkare dAlAna se jur3e hue haiN| isa prakAra alaMkRti meM yaha maMdira apane pUrvakAlIna udAharaNoM se spaSTataH bahuta bar3hA-car3hA hai, tathA apanI nirmita kI apekSA apane Age kI vAstukalA ke itihAsa para mahatvapUrNa prabhAva DAlane vAlA siddha hotA haiN| gupta va cAlukya yuga se pazcAtkAlIna vAstukalA kI zilpa-zAstroM meM tIna zailiyAM nirdiSTa kI gaI haiM-nAgara, drAvir3a aura vesara / sAmAnyataH nAgarazailI uttara bhArata meM himAlaya se vindhya parvata taka pracalita huI / drAvir3a dakSiNa meM kRSNAnadI se kanyAkumArI taka, tathA vesara madhya-mArata meM vindhya parvata aura kRSNAnadI ke bIca / kintu yaha prAdezika vibhAga kar3AI se pAlana kiyA gayA nahIM pAyA jaataa| prAyaH sabhI zailiyoM ke mandira sabhI pradezoM meM pAye jAte haiM, tathApi AkRti-vaiziSTya ko samajhane ke liye yaha zailI-vibhAjana upayogI siTa huA hai / yadyapi zAstroM meM ina zailiyoM ke bheda vinyAsa, nirmiti tathA alaMkRti kI choTI choTI bAtoM taka kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai; tathApi inakA spaSTa bheda to zikhara kI racanA meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| nAgarazailI kA zikhara gola AkAra kA hotA hai, jisake agrabhAgapara kalazAkRti banAI jAtI hai| Adi meM sambhavataH isa prakAra kA zikhara kevala vedI ke Upara rahA hogA; kintu kramazaH usakA itanA vistAra huA ki samasta mandira kI chata imI AkAra kI banAI jAne lgii| yaha zikharAkati auroM kI apekSA adhika prAcIna va mahatvapUrNa mAnI gaI hai| isase bhinna drAvir3a zailI kA mandira eka stambhAkRti grahaNa

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322 jaina kalA karatA hai, jo Upara kI ora kramazaH cAroM ora sikur3atA jAtA hai, aura Upara jAkara eka stUpikA kA AkAra grahaNa kara letA hai / ye choTI-choTI stUpikAeM va zikharAkRtiyA~ usake nIce ke taloM ke koNoM para bhI sthApita kI jAtI hai jisase mandira kI bAhyakati zikharamaya dikhAI dene lagatI hai| vesara zailI ke zikhara kI AkRti va lAkAra Upara ko uThakara agrabhAga para capaTI hI raha jAtI hai, jisase vaha koThI ke AkAra kA dikhAI detA hai / yaha zailI spaSTataH prAcIna caityoM kI AkRti kA anusaraNa karatI hai / AgAmI kAla ke hindU va jaina mandira inhIM zailiyoM, aura vizeSataH nAgara va drAvir3a zailiyoM para bane pAye jAte haiN| bola kA meghaTI jaina mandira drAvir3a zailI kA sarvaprAcIna kahA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra kA dUsarA jaina mandira isI ke samIpa paTTadakala grAma se pazcima kI ora eka mIla para sthita haiM / isameM kisI prakAra kA utkIrNana nahIM hai, va prAMgaNa kA gherA pUrA bana bhI nahIM pAyA haiM / kintu zikhara kA nirmANa spaSTataH drAvir3I zelI kA hai jo kramazaH sikur3atI huI bhUmikAoM dvArA Upara ko uThatA gayA hai| kramonnata bhUmikAoM kI kapota-pAliyoM meM usakI rUparekhA kA vahI AkAra-prakAra abhivyakta hotA gayA hai| sabase Upara sundara stUpikA banI haiM / isa maMdira ke nirmANa kA kAla bhI vahI 7 vI 8 vIM zatI hai / yahI zailI madrAsa se 32 mIla dakSiNa kI ora samudrataTa para sthita mAmallapura ke suprasiddha rathoM ke nirmANa meM pAI jAtI haiN| ve bhI prAyaH isI kAla kI kRtiyAM haiM / drAvir3a zelI kA AgAmI vikAsa hameM dakSiNa ke nAnA sthAnoM meM pUrNa va dhvasta avasthA meM vartamAna aneka jaina maMdiroM meM dikhAI detA hai| inameM se yahAM kevala kucha kA hI ullekha karanA paryApta hai| tIrthahalli ke samIpa havaca eka prAcIna jaina kendra rahA hai va san 867 ke eka lekha meM vahAM ke maMdira kA ullekha haiN| kintu vahA~ ke aneka maMdira 11 vIM zatI meM vIrasAntara Adi sAntaravaMzI rAjAoM dvArA nirmApita pAye jAte haiM / inameM vahI drAvir3a zailI, vahI alaMkaraNarItI tathA sundaratA se utkIrNa stambhoM kI sattA pAI jAtI hai, jo isa kAla - kI vizeSatA hai / jaina maTha ke samIpa AdinAtha kA maMdira vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / yaha dutallA haiN| jisakA UparI bhAga abhI kucha kAla pUrva TIna ke takhtoM se DhaMka diyA gayA haiM / bAharI dIvAloM para atyutkRSTa prAkRtiyAM utkIrNa haiM / kintu ye bahuta kucha ghisa va TUTa phUTa gaI haiM / Upara ke talle para jAne se maMdira kA zikhara aba bhI dekhA jA sakatA haiN| isa maMdira meM dakSiNa bhAratIya zaMlI ko kAMsya mUrtiyoM kA acchA saMgraha haiM / isI maMdira ke samIpa kI pahAr3I para

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jaina mandira maMdira ke garbhAlaya meM bAhubalI maMdira dhvasta avasthA meM vidyamAna hai / kintu usakA garbhagRha, sukhanAsI, maMDapa va sundara sopAna patha tathA garbhagRha ke bhItara kI sundara mUrti aba bhI darza nIya haiN| isa kAla kI kalA kA pUrNa paricaya karAne vAlA vaha paMcakUTa basti nAmaka maMdira haiM jo grAma ke uttarI bAhya bhAga meM sthita haiM / eka choTe se dvAra ke bhItara prAMgaNa meM pahu~cane para hameM eka vizAla stambha ke darzana hote haiM, jisa para pracuratA se sundara citrakArI kI gaI haiN| Age mukhya eka stambhamaya maMDapa se hokara pahu~cA jAtA hai| maMDapa meM yakSiNiyAM sthApita haiM / garbhagRha ke donoM pArzvo meM bhI do apekSAkRta choTI bhittiyAM haiN| isa maMdira se uttara kI ora vaha choTA sA pArzvanAtha maMdira haiM jisakI chata kI citrakArI meM hameM tatkAlIna dakSiNa bhAratIya zailI kA sarvotkRSTa aura adbhuta svarUpa dekhane ko milatA hai / isI ke sammukha candranAtha maMdira hai, jo apekSAkRta pIche kA banA hai / bhI jaina deviyAM va 323 halli se agumbe kI ora jAne vAle mArga para guDDa nAmaka tIna hajAra phuTa se adhika U~cI eka pahAr3I hai, jisa para aneka dhvaMsAvazeSa dRSTigocara hote haiM, aura usa sthAna ko eka prAcIna jaina tIrthaM siddha karate haiM / eka pArzvanAtha mandira aba bhI isa pahAr3I para zobhAyamAna hai, jo AsapAsa kI suvistRta parvata zreNiyoM va urvarA ghATiyoM ko bhavyatA pradAna kara rahA hai / parvata ke zikhara para eka prAkRtika jalakuNDa ke taTa para isa maMdira kA ucca adhiSThAna hai / dvAra sundaratA se utkIrNa hai / sammukha mAnastambha hai / maMDapa ke stambha bhI citramaya haiM, tathA garbhagRha meM pArzvanAtha kI vizAla kAyotsarga mUrti hai / jise eka dIrghakAya nAga lapeTe hue hai, aura Upara apane saptamukhI phaNa kI chAyA kiye hue hai / mUrti ke zarIra para nAga ke do lapeTe spaSTa dikhAI dete haiM, jaisA anyatra prAyaH nahIM dekhA jaataa| pahAr3a ke nIce utarate hue hameM jaina mandiroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa milate haiM / tIrthaMkaroM kI sundara mUrtiyA~ va citrakArI - yukta pASANa khaMDa pracuratA se yatra-tatra bikhare dikhAI dete haiM, jinase isa sthAna kA prAcIna samRddha itihAsa AMkhoM ke sammukha jhUla jAtA hai / dhAravAr3a jile meM gaDaga relave sTezana se sAta mIla dakSiNa-pUrva kI ora lakuMDI ( lokki guMDI) nAmaka grAma hai, jahA~ do sundara jaina mandira haiM / inameM ke bar3e mandira meM san 1972 I0 kA zilAlekha hai / yaha bhI aihola va paTTadakala ke mandiroM ke samAna vizAla pASANa - khaMDoM se binA kisI cUne -sImenTa ke nirmita kiyA gayA hai / nAnA bhUmikAoM dvArA Upara ko uThatA huA drAvir3I zikhara suspaSTa hai yahA~ khurahare retIle patthara kA nahIM, kintu cikane kAle patthara kA

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324 jaina kalA upayoga kiyA gayA; aura isa parivartana ke anusAra sthApatya meM bhI kucha sUkSmatA va lAlitya kA vaiziSTaya A gayA hai Upara kI ora uThatI huI bhUmikAoM kI kapotapAliyAM bhI kucha vizeSa sUkSmatA va lAlitya ko liye hue haiN| konoM para va bIca-bIca meM TopiyoM ke nirmANa ne eka navIna kalAtmakatA utpanna kI hai, jo AgAmI kAla meM uttarottara bar3hatI gaI hai| Upara ke talle meM bhI garbhagRha va tIrthakara kI mUrti hai, tathA zikhara-bhAga itanA U~cA uThA huA hai ki jisase eka vizeSa bhavyatA kA nirmANa huA hai| zikhara kI stUpikA kI banAvaTa meM eka vizeSa saMtulana dikhAI detA hai / bhittiyoM para bhI citrakArI kI vizeSatA hai| choTe-choTe kamAnIdAra AloM para kIrtimukhoM kA nirmANa eka naI kalA hai; jo isase pUrva kI kRtiyoM meM prAyaH dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| aise pratyeka Ale meM eka-eka padmAsana jinamUt iutkIrNa hai / mittiyAM stambhAkRtiyoM se vibhAjita haiM, jinake kucha antarAloM meM choTI-choTI maMDapAkRtiyAM banAI gaI haiN| yahAM mahAvIra bhagavAn kI bar3I sundara mUrti virAjamAna thI jo idhara kucha varSoM se durbhAgyataH vilupta ho gaI hai| bhItarI maMDapa ke dvAra para pUrvokta lekha khudA huA hai| Upara padmAsana jinamUrti hai aura usake donoM ora candra-sUrya dikhAye gaye / hai| lakuDI ke isa jaina mandira ne drAvir3a vAstu-zilpa ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| drAvir3a vAstu-kalA cAlukya kAla meM jisa prakAra puSTa huI vaha hama dekha cuke / isake pazcAt hoyasala rAjavaMza ke kAla meM (13 vIM zatI meM) usameM aura bhI vaiziSTya va sauSThava utpanna huA jisakI vizeSatA hai alaMkaraNa kI rIti meM samunnati / isa kAla kI vAstu-kalA, na kevala pUrvakAlIna pASANokIrNana kalA ko Age bar3hAtI hai, kintu usa para tatkAlIna dakSiNa bhArata ko caMdana, hAthIdAMta va dhAtu kI nirmitiyoM Adi kA bhI prabhAva par3A hai| isake phalasvarUpa pASANa para bhI kArIgaroM kI chanI adhika kauzala se calI hai / isa kauzala ke darzana hameM jinanAthapura va haleboDa ke jaina mandiroM meM hote haiM / jinanAthapura zravaNa belagolA se eka mIla uttara kI ora hai| grAma kA nAma hI batalA rahA hai ki vahAM jaina mandiroM kI prakhyAti rahI hai| yahAM kA zAMtinAtha mandira vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| ise recimayya nAmaka sajjana ne banavAkara san 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga sAgaranandi siddhAntadeva ko sauMpA thaa| garbhagRha ke dvArapAloM kI mUrtiyAM dekhane yogya haiN| navaraMga ke stambhoM para bar3I sundara va bArIka citrakArI kI gaI hai| chatoM kI khudAI bhI dekhane yogya hai| bAhya bhittiyoM para rekhA-citroM va bela-bUToM kI pracuratA se khudAI kI gaI hai tathA tIrthaMkaroM va yakSayakSiyoM Adi kI pratimAeM bhI saundarya-pUrNa banI haiN| garbhagRha meM zAntinAtha

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jaina mandira 325 bhagavAn kI siMhAsanastha mUrti bhI kauzalapUrNa rIti se banI hai| halebIDa meM hoTasalezvara mandira ke samIpa halli nAmaka grAma meM eka hI ghere ke bhItara tIna jaina mandira hai, jinameM pArzvanAtha mandira vizeSa ullekhanIya hai mandira ke adhiSThAna va bAhya bhittiyoM para bar3I sundara AkRtiyAM banI haiN| navaraMga maMDapa meM zikhara yukta aneka vedikAeM hai, jinameM pahale 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM pratiSThita rahI hoNgii| chata kI citrakArI itanI utkRSTa hai ki jaisI sambhavataH halebIDa bhara meM anyatra kahIM nahIM pAI jaatii| yaha chata 12 atisundara AkRti vAle kAle pASANa ke stambhoM para AdhArita hai / ina stambhoM kI racanA, khudAI aura saphAI dekhane yogya hai / unakI ghuTAI to aisI kI gaI hai ki usameM Aja bhI darzaka darpaNa ke samAna apanA mukha dekha sakatA hai| pArzvanAtha kI 14 phuTa UMcI vizAla mUrti saptaphaNI nAga se yukta hai| marti kI mukhamudrA sacce yogI kI dhyAna va zAnti kI chaTA ko liye hue hai| zeSa do AdinAtha va zAMtinAtha ke mandira bhI apanA apanA saundarya rakhate haiM / ye sabhI mandira 12 vIM zatI kI kRtiyA~ haiN| hoyasala kAla ke pazcAt vijayanagara rAjya kA yuga prArambha hotA hai, jisameM drAvir3a vAstu-kalA kA kucha aura bhI vikAsa huaa| isa kAla kI jaina kRtiyoM ke udAharaNa ganIgitti, tirUmala lAi, tirupattikuMDarama, tiruppanamara, maDabidrI Adi sthAnoM meM pracuratA se pAye jAte haiN| ina vartamAna meM sabase prasiddha mUDabidrI kA candranAtha mandira hai, jisakA nirmANa 14 vIM zatI meM huA hai| yaha mandira eka ghere ke bhItara hai dvAra se praveza karane para prAMgaNa meM atisundara mAnastambha ke darzana hote haiM / mandira meM lagAtAra tIna maMDapa-zAlAeM haiM, jinameM hokara vimAna (zikhara yukta garbhagRha) meM praveza hotA hai / maMDapoM ke alaga-alaga nAma hai-tIrthaMkara maMDapa, gaddI maMDapa va citra maMDapa / mandira kI bAhyAkRti kASTharacanA kA smaraNa karAtI hai / kintu bhItarI samasta racanA pASANocita hI hai / stambha bar3e sthUla aura koI 12 phuTa UMce haiM, jinakA nicalA bhAga caukora hai va zeSa UparI bhAga golAkAra ghumAvadAra va kamala- kaliyoM kI AkRtiyoM se alaMkRta hai| citramaMDapa ke stambha vizeSa rUpa se utkIrNa haiM / una para kamaladaloM kI khudAI asAdhAraNa sauSThava aura sAvadhAnI se kI gaI hai| jaina bihAra kA sarvaprathama ullekha pahAr3apura (jilA rAjazAhI-baMgAla) ke usa tAmrapatra ke lekha meM milatA hai jisameM paMcastUpa nikAya yA kula ke nirgrantha zramaNAcArya guhanaMdi tathA unake ziSya-praziSyoM se adhiSThita bihAra mandira meM arhantoM kI pUjA-arcA ke nimitta akSayadAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai / yaha gupta

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jaina kalA saM0 156 (I0 472) kA hai / lekha meM isa vihAra kI sthiti baTa-gohAlI meM batalAI gaI hai| anumAnata: yaha vihAra vahI honA cAhiye jo pahAr3apura kI khudAI se prakAza meM AyA hai| sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAtU kisI samaya isa vihAra para bauddhoM kA adhikAra ho gayA, aura vaha somapura mahAbihAra ke nAma se prakhyAta huaa| kintu 7 vIM zatI meM havenatsA~ga ne apane yAtrA varNana meM isa vihAra kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA, jisase spaSTa hai ki usa samaya taka vaha bauddha kendra nahIM banA thaa| bainjAmina rolenca (ArTa enDa ArkiTekcara oNpha inDiyA) ke matAnusAra anumAnata: pahale yaha brAhmaNoM kA kendra rahA hai, aura pIche isa para bauddhoM kA adhikAra huaa| kintu yaha bAta sarvathA itihAsa-viruddha hai / eka to usa prAcIna kAla meM ukta pradeza meM brAhmaNoM ke aise kendra yA devAlaya Adi sthApita hone ke koI pramANa nahI milate; aura dUsare bauddhoM ne kabhI brAhmaNa AyatanoM para adhikAra kiyA ho, isake bhI udAharaNa pAnA durlabha hai| ukta tAmrapatra lekha ke prakAza se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki yahAM pAMcavI zatAbdI meM jaina bihAra vidyamAna thA, aura isa sthAna kA prAcIna nAma vaTagohAlI thA / sambhava hai yahAM usa samaya koI mahAn vaTavakSa rahA ho, aura usake AsapAsa jaina muniyoM ke nivAsa yogya guphAoM kI AvalI (paMkti) rahI ho, jisase isakA nAma vaTa-gohAlI (vaTa-guphA-AvalI) par3a gayA ho| jaisA anyatra kahA jA cukA hai, SaTkhaDAgama ke prakANDa vidvAna TIkAkAra vIrasena aura jinasena isI paMcastUpAnvaya ke prAciyaM the| ataeva yaha jaina bihAra vidyA kA bhI mahAn kendra rahA ho to Azcarya nhiiN| pratIta hotA hai I0 kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM pUrva meM yaha vaTa-gohAlo bihAra, uttara meM mathurA kA vihAra, pazcima meM saurASTra meM girinagara kI candraguphA, aura dakSiNa meM zravaNa belagolA, ye deza kI cAroM dizAoM meM dharma va zikSA pracAra ke sudRr3ha jaina kendra rahe haiM / khudAI se abhivyakta pahAr3apura vihAra bar3e vizAla AkAra kA rahA hai, aura apanI racanA va nirmiti meM apUrva ginA gayA hai| isakA parakoTA koI eka hajAra varga kA rahA hai, jisake cAroM ora 175 se. mI. adhika guphAkAra koSTha rahe hai / isa cauka kI cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka vizAla dvAra rahA hai, aura cauka ke ThIka madhya meM svastika ke AkAra kA sarvatobhadra mandira hai, jo lagabhaga sAr3he tIna sau phuTa lambA-caur3A hai| usake cAroM ora pradakSiNA banI huI hai| mandira tIna talloM kA rahA hai, jisake do talle pratyakSa dikhAI dete haiM / vidvAnoM ne isa vihAra kI racanA ko bar3A vilakSaNa (apUrva) mAnA hai, tathA usakI tulanA barmA ke paigAma tathA jAvA ke loroM jonprAMga Adi mandiroM se kI hai| kintu spaSTataH jaina paramparA meM caturmukhI maMdiroM kA pracAra barAbara calA AyA

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jaina mandira 327 hai va AbU ke caumukhI maMdira meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, aura dIkSita mahodaya ne isa saMbhAvanA kA saMketa bhI kiyA hai / (bhA0 vi0 bha0 iti0 bhAga 5-637) / madhyabhArata meM Ane para hameM do sthAnoM para prAcIna jaina tIrthoM ke darzana hote haiN| inakI vikhyAti zatAbdiyoM taka rahI, aura kramazaH adhikAdhika maMdira nirmANa hote rahe aura unameM mUrtiyAM pratiSThita karAI jAtI rahI, jinase ye sthAna devanagara hI bana gye| inameM se prathama sthAna hai---devagar3ha jo jhAMsI jile ke antargata lalitapura relave sTezana se 16 mIla tathA jAravalauna sTezana se 6 mIla dUra betavA nadI ke taTa para hai| devagar3ha kI pahAr3I koI eka mIla lambI va 6 pharlAga caur3I hai / pahAr3I para car3hate hue pahale gar3ha ke khaMDahara milate haiM, jinakI pASANa-kArIgarI darzanIya hai / isa gar3ha ke bhItara kramazaH do aura koTa haiM, jinake bhItara aneka mandira jIrNa avasthA meM dikhAI dete haiN| kucha maMdira hindU haiM, kintu adhikAMza jaina, jinameM 31 maMdira gine jA cuke haiN| inameM mUrtiyoM, stambhoM, dIvAloM, zilAoM Adi para zilAlekha bhI pAye gaye haiM, jinake AdhAra se ina maMdiroM kA nirmANa AThavIM se lekara bArahavIM zatI taka kA siddha hotA hai| sabase bar3A 12 veM nambara kA zAMtinAtha mandira hai, jisake garbhagRha meM 12 phuTa UMcI khaDgAsana pratimA hai / garbhagRha ke sammukha lagabhaga 42 phuTa kA caukora maMDapa hai jisameM chaha-chaha stambhoM kI chaha katAreM haiN| isa maMDapa ke madhya meM bhI vedI para eka mUrti virAjamAna hai / maMDapa ke sammukha kucha dUrI para eka aura choTA sA cAra stambhoM kA maMDapa hai jinameM se eka stambha para bhojadeva ke kAla (vi0 saM0 616, I0 san 862) kA eka lekha bhI utkIrNa hai / lekha meM vi0 saM0 ke sAtha-sAtha zaka saM0 784 kA bhI ullekha hai / bar3e maMDapa meM bAhubalI kI eka mUrti haiM jisakA vizeSa varNana Age kreNge| yathArthataH yahI maMdira yahAM kA mukhya devAlaya hai, aura isI ke AsapAsa anya va apekSAkRta isase choTe maMdira haiN| garbhagRha aura mukhamaMDapa prAyaH sabhI maMdiroM kA dikhAI detA haiM, yA rahA hai| stambhoM kI racanA vizeSa darzanIya hai| inameM prAyaH nIceUpara cAroM dizAoM meM cAra-cAra mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa pAI jAtI hai| yatra-tatra bhittiyoM para bhI pratimAeM utkIrNa haiN| kucha mandiroM ke toraNa-dvAra bhI kalApUrNa rIti se utkIrNa haiN| kahIM-kahIM mandira ke sammukha mAnastambha bhI dikhAI detA hai / prathama mandira prAyaH 12 veM mandira ke sadRza, kintu usase choTA hai / pAMcavAM mandira sahastrakUTa caityAlaya haiM, jo bahuta kucha akSata haiM aura usake kUToM para koI 1008 jina pratimAeM utkIrNa haiN| jina maMdiroM ke zikharoM kA AkAra dekhA yA samajhA jA sakatA hai, una para se inakA nirmANa nAgara zailI kA suspaSTa haiM / purAtatva vibhAga kI san 1918 ko vArSika riporTa ke anumAra

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328 jaina kalA devagar3ha se koI 200 zilAlekha mile haiM, jinameM se koI 60 meM unakA lekhana kAla bhI aMkita haiM, jinase ve vi0 saM0 616 se lekara vi0 saM0 1876 taka ke pAye jAte haiN| tAtparya yaha ki isa kSetra kA mahatva 16 vIM zatI taka banA rahA hai| lipi-vikAsa va bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI ina lekhoM kA bar3A mahatva haiN| madhya bhArata kA dUsarA devAlaya-nagara khajarAho chatarapura jile ke pannA nAmaka sthAna se 27 mIla uttara va mahovA se 34 mIla dakSiNa kI ora haiN| yahA~ ziva, viSNu va jaina maMdiroM kI 30 se Upara saMkhyA hai| jaina mandiroM meM vizeSa ullekhanIya tIna haiM--pArzvanAtha, AdinAtha, aura zAMtinAtha-jinameM prathama pArzvanAtha sabase bar3A haiM / isakI lambAI caur3AI 68X 34 phuTa haiM / isakA mukhamaNDapa dhvasta ho gayA hai / mahAmaNDapa, antarAla aura garbhagRha surakSita haiM aura ve eka hI pradakSiNA-mArga se ghire hue hai / garbhagRha se saTakara pIche kI ora eka pRthak devAlaya banA huA hai, jo isa mandira kI eka vizeSatA hai / pradakSiNA kI dIvAra meM prAbhyantara kI ora stambha haiM, jo chata ko AdhAra dete haiN| dIvAra meM prakAza ke liye jAlIdAra vAtAyana hai| maNDapa kI chata para kA utkIrNana utkRSTa zailI kA hai| chata ke madhya meM lolaka ko bela bUToM va ur3atI huI mAnavAkRtiyoM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| pravezadvAra para garur3avAhinI dazabhuja (sarasvatI) mUrti bhI bar3I sundara banI hai| garbhagRha kI bAhya bhittiyoM para apsarAoM kI mUrtiyA~ itanI sundara haiM ki unheM apane DhaMga kI sarvotkRSTa kahA jA sakatA hai| uttara kI ora bacce ko dUdha pilAtI huI, patra likhatI huI, paira meM se kAMTA nikAlatI huI evaM zRgAra karatI huI striyoM Adi kI mUrtiyA~ itanI sajIva aura kalApUrNa haiM ki vaisI anyatra milanA durlabha hai| ye saba bhAva laukika jIvana ke sAmAnya vyavahAroM ke haiM, dhArmika nhiiN| yaha isa mandira kI kalAkRtiyoM kI apanI vizeSatA haiN| sabase bAhara kI bhittiyoM para nicale bhAga meM kalApUrNa utkIrNana haiM aura Upara kI ora aneka paTTiyoM meM tIrthaMkaroM evaM hindU deva-deviyoM kI bar3I sundara AkRtiyAM banI haiN| isa prakAra isa mandira meM hama nAnA dharmoM, evaM dhArmika va laukika jIvana kA adbhuta samanvaya pAte haiM / mandira ke garbhagRha meM vedI bhI bar3I sundara AkRti kI banI haiM, aura usa para baila kI AkRti utkIrNa haiM / isase pratIta hotA haiM ki AditaH isa mandira ke mUla nAyaka vRSabhanAtha tIrthaMkara the, kyoMki vRSabha unhIM kA cinha hai| anumAnataH vaha mUrti kisI samaya naSTa-bhraSTa ho gaI aura tatpazcAt usake sthAna para pArzvanAtha kI vartamAna mUrti sthApita kara dI gii| mandira va siMhAsana kI kalApUrNa nirmiti kI apekSA yaha mUrti hIna-kalAtmaka hai / isase bhI vahI bAta siddha hotI hai| aisI hI kucha sthiti AdinAtha maMdira

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jaina mandira 326 kI bhI hai, kyoMki usameM jo AdamanAtha kI mUrti virAjamAna haiM vaha siMhAsana ke pramANa se choTI tathA kalA kI dRSTi se sAmAnya hai| yaha maMdira pArzvanAtha mandira ke samIpa hI uttara kI ora sthita hai| isa mandira meM bhI pUrvokta prakAra se tIna hI koSTha haiM, jinameM se arddhamaMDapa bahuta pIche kA banA huA hai / isake praveza dvAra para caturbhuja devI kI mUrti hai aura usase Upara 16 svapnoM ke cinha utkIrNa haiM / zAntinAtha mandira kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM zAntinAtha tIrthakara kI 15 phuTa UMcI khaDgAsana pratimA virAjamAna hai, jisakI pratiSThA kA kAla vi0 saM0 1085 I0 (san 1028) aMkita hai| isI se kucha pUrva isa mandira kA nirmANa huA hogaa| zeSa mandiroM kA nirmANakAla bhI isI ke kucha Age-pIche kA pratIta hotA hai / isa mUrti ke atirikta vahAM pAI jAne vAlI anya tIrthaMkaroM va yakSa-yakSaNiyoM kI mUrtiyAM kalApUrNa haiM / tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke donoM pAvoM meM prAyaH do camara-vAhaka, sammukha baiThI huI do upAsikAeM tathA mUrtiyoM ke agala-bagala kucha Upara hasti-Arur3ha indra va indrANI kI AkRtiyAM pAI jAtI hai, tathA pITha para donoM ora siMha kI AkRtiyA~ bhI dikhAI detI haiN| khajarAho ke ye samasta mandira adhiSThAna se zikhara taka nAnA prakAra kI kalApUrNa AkRtiyoM se utkIrNa haiN| ___ khajarAho ke jaina mandiroM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM maMDapa kI apekSA zikhara kI racanA kA hI adhika mahatva hai / anyatra ke samAna bhamiti aura devakulikAeM bhI nahIM hai, tathA racanA va alaMkRti meM jinamUrtiyoM ke atirikta anya aisI vizeSatA nahIM hai jo unheM yahAM ke hindU va bauddha mandiroM se pRthak karatI ho / eka hI kAla aura sambhavataH udAra sahiSNu eka hI nareza ke saMrakSaNa meM banavAye jAne se unameM vicAra-pUrvaka samatva rakhA gayA pratIta hotA hai| kintu hA~ pAye jAne vAle do anya mandiroM ke sambandha meM jemsa phargusana sAhaba kA abhimata ullekhanIya hai / cauMsaTha yoginI mandira kI bhamiti va deva-kulikAoM ke sambandha meM unakA kahanA hai ki "mandira nirmANa kI yaha rauti yahA~ taka jaina vizeSatA liye hue hai ki isake mUlataH jaina hone meM mujhe koI saMzaya nahIM hai|" madhyavartI mandira aba nahIM hai, aura phargusana sAhaba ke matAnusAra Azcarya nahIM jo vaha prAcIna bauddha caityoM ke samAna kASTha kA rahA ho| aura yadi yaha bAta ThIka ho to yahI samasta prAcInatama jaina mandira siddha hotA hai| usI prakAra ghaMTAI mandira ke avaziSTa maMDapa ko bhI ve usakI racanAzailI para se jaina svIkAra karate haiN| isameM prAsa khaMDita lekha kI lipi para se kaniMghama sAhaba ne use chaThI-sAtavIM zatI kA anumAna kiyA hai, aura phargusana sAhaba usakI zailI para se bhI yahI kAla-nirNaya karate haiN|

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330 jaina kalA gvAliyara rAjya meM vidizA se 140 mIla dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora gyArasapura meM bhI eka bhagna jaina mandira kA maMDapa vidyamAna hai, jo apane vinyAsa va stambhoM kI racanA Adi meM khajarAho ke ghaMTAI maMDapa ke hI sadRza hai / usakA nirmANa-kAla bhI phargusana sAhaba ne sAtavIM zatI, athavA nizcaya hI 10 vIM zatI se pUrva, anumAna kiyA hai / isI gyArasapura meM saMbhavataH isI kAla kA eka anya mandira bhI hai jo itanA jIrNa-zIrNa ho gayA hai aura usakA jINoddhAra isa taraha kiyA gayA hai ki usakA samasta maulika rUpa DhaMka gayA hai / yahA~ grAma meM eka saMbhavataH 11 vIM zatI kA atisundara pASANa-toraNa bhI hai| yathArthataH phargusana sAhaba ke matAnusAra vahAM AsapAsa ke samasta pradeza meM itane bhagnAvazeSa vidyamAna hai ki yadi unakA vidhivat saMkalana va adhyayana kiyA jAya to bhAratIya vAstu-kalA, aura vizeSataH jaina vAstu-kalA, ke itihAsa ke bar3e dIrgha rikta sthAnoM kI pUrti kI jA sakatI hai / ___ madhyapradeza meM tIna aura jaina tIrtha haiM jahA~ pahAr3iyoM para aneka prAcIna mandira bane hue haiM, aura Aja taka bhI naye mandira avicchinna kama se banate jAte haiN| aisA eka tIrtha bundelakhaNDa meM datiyA ke samIpa suvarNagiri (sonAgiri) hai| yahAM eka nIcI pahAr3I para lagabhaga 100 choTe-bar3e evaM nAnA AkRtiyoM ke jaina mandira haiN| jisa rUpa meM ye mandira vidyamAna haiM vaha bahuta prAcIna pratIta nahIM hotaa| usameM musalamAnI zailI kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| unake zikhara prAya: mugalakAlIna gumbaja ke AkAra ke haiM / zikhara kA prAcIna svadezIya rUpa kvacit hI daSTigocara hotA hai, aura khule bhAgoM kA rUpa musalamAnI koNAkAra toraNa jaisA dikhAI detA hai / yadyapi isakA itihAsa spaSTa nahIM hai ki isa tIrthakSetra meM prAcInatama mandira kaba, kyoM aura kaise bane tathApi isakI kucha sAmagrI vahA~ ke ukta mandiroM, mUrtiyoM va lekhoM ke adhyayana se saMkalita kI jA sakatI hai| dUsarA tIrthakSetra baitUla janapadAntargata muktAgiri hai / yahA~ eka atisundara pahAr3I kI ghATI ke samatala bhAga meM koI 20-25 jaina mandira haiM, jinake bIca lagabhaga 60 phuTa U~cA jalaprapAta hai / isakA dRzya vizeSataH varSAkAla meM atyanta ramaNIka pratIta hotA hai / ye mandira bhI sonAgiri ke samAna bahuta prAcIna nahIM haiM, aura apane zikhara mAdi ke saMbaMdha meM musalamAnI zailI kA anukaraNa karate haiN| kintu yahAM kI mUrtiyoM para ke lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki 14 vIM zatI meM yahAM kucha maMdira avazya rahe hoNge| isa tIrtha ke viSaya meM zrI jemsa phargusana sAhaba ne apanI hisTrI praoNpha iMDiyA enTa IsTarna ArkiTekcara (laMdana, 1876) meM kahA hai ki "samasta bhArata meM isake sadRza dUsarA sthAna pInA durlabha hai, jahAM

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jaina mandira prakRti kI zobhA kA vAstukalA ke sAtha aisA sundara sAmaMjasya huA ho / " madhyapradeza kA tIsarA jaina tIrtha damoha ke samIpa kuMDalapura nAmaka sthAna hai, jahAM eka kuDalAkAra pahAr3I para 25-30 jaina maMdira bane hue haiN| pahAr3I ke madhya eka ghATI meM banA huA mahAvIra kA maMdira apanI vizAlatA, prAcInatA va mAnyatA ke liye vizeSa prasiddha hai| yahAM bar3ebAbA mahAvIra kI vizAla mUrti hone ke kAraNa yaha bar3ebAbA kA maMdira kahalAtA hai / pahAr3I para kA prathama maMdira bhI apane saundarya va racanA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / apane zikhara ke chaha talloM ke kAraNa yaha chaha ghariyA kA maMdira kahalAtA hai / adhikAMza maMdiroM meM pUrvokta tIrtha-kSetroM ke sadaza mugalazailI kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| pahAr3I ke nIce kA tAlAba aura usake taTavartI naye maMdiroM kI zobhA bhI darzanIya haiM / madhyapradeza ke jilA nagara kharagona se pazcima kI ora dasa mIla para Una nAmaka grAma meM tIna-cAra prAcIna jaina mandira haiN| inameM se eka pahAr3I para hai jisakI marammata hokara acchA tIrthasthAna bana gayA hai zeSa mandira bhagnAvasthA meM purAtatva vibhAga ke saMrakSaNa meM haiN| mandira pUrNataH pASANa-khaMDoM se nirmita capaTI chata va garbhagRha aura sabhAmaMDapa yukta tathA pradakSiNA-rahita haiM jinase unakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| bhittiyoM aura stambhoM para sarvAMga utkIrNana hai jo khajurAho ke mandiroM kI kalA se mela khAtA hai| caturdAra hone se do mandira caubArA DerA kahalAte haiN| khaMbhoM para kI kucha puruSa-strI rUpa prAkRtiyAM zRMgArAtmaka atisundara aura pUrNataH surakSita hai| kucha pratimAoM para lekha haiM jinameM saMvat 1258 va usake AsapAsa kA ullekha hai / ataH yaha tIthaM kama se kama 12-13 vIM zatI kA to avazya hai| isa tIrtha sthAna ko prAcIna siddhakSetra pAvAgiri ThaharAyA gayA hai jisakA prAkRta nirvANakANDa meM nimna prakAra do bAra ullekha AyA hai: rAyasuA veNNi jaNA lADa-NariMdANa paMca-koDIo / pAvAgiri-vara-sihare NivvANa gayA Namo tesi / / 5 / / pAvAgiri-vara-sihare suvaNNabhaddAi-muNivarA curo| calaNA-NaI-taDagge NivvANa gayA Namo tesi // 13 // yahAM pAvAgiri se lATa (gujarAta) ke narezoM tathA suvarNabhadrAdi cAra muniyoM dvArA nirvANa prApta kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| yaha pradeza gujarAta se lagA huA hai| ullikhita calanA yA celanA nadI saMbhavataH Una ke samIpa bahane vAlI vaha saritA hai jo aba caMderI yA cirUDha kahalAtI hai| ni. kAM. kI upa

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332 jaina kalA yukta 13 vIM gAthA se pUrva hI revA (narmadA) ke ubhayataTa, usake pazcima taTa para siddhavara kUTa tathA bar3avAnI nagara ke dakSiNa meM cUlagiri zikhara kA siddha kSetra ke rUpa meM ullekha haiN| inhIM sthaloM ke samIpavartI hone se yaha sthAna pAvAgiri pramANita hotA hai| grAma ke AsapAsa aura bhI aneka khaMDahara dikhAI dete haiN| janazruti hai ki yahAM ballAla nAmaka nareza ne vyAdhi se mukta hokara sau mandira banavAne kA saMkalpa kiyA thA, kintu apane jIvana meM vaha 66 hI banavA pAyA / isa prakAra eka mandira kama raha jAne se yaha sthAna 'Una' nAma se prasiddha huA (indaura sTeTa gajeTiyara, bhAga 1 pR0 669) / ho sakatA hai Una nAma kI sArthakatA siddha karane ke liye hI yaha pAkhyAna gar3hA ho| kintu yadi usameM kucha aitihAsikatA ho to ballAla nareza hoyasala vaMza ke vIra-ballAla (dvi0) ho sakate haiM jinake guru eka jaina muni the| (pR0 40) madhyapradeza ke pazcAt hamArA dhyAna rAjapUtAne ke maMdiroM kI ora jAtA hai / ajamera ke samIpa bar3alI grAma se eka stambha-khaMDa milA hai jise vahAM ke bhairoMjI ke maMdira kA pujArI tamAkhU kUTane ke kAma meM lAyA karatA thaa| yaha SaTkoNa stambha kA khaMDa rahA hai jisake tIna pahalu isa pASANa-khaMDa meM surakSita hai, aura unapara 134 103 iMca sthAna meM eka lekha khudA huA hai / isakI lipi vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra azoka kI lipitroM se pUrvakAlIna hai| bhASA prAkRta hai, aura upalabdha lekha-khaMDa para se itanA spaSTa par3hA jAtA haiM ki vIra bhagavAn ke liye, athavA bhagavAn ke, 84 veM varSa meM madhyamikA meM kucha nirmANa karAyA gyaa| isa para se anumAna hotA hai ki mahAvIra-nirvANa se 84 varSa pazcAt (I0 pU0 443) meM dakSiNa-pUrva rAjapUtAne kI usa atiprAcIna va itihAsaprasiddha madhyamikA nAmaka nagarI meM koI maMDapa yA caityAlaya banavAyA gayA thaa| durbhAgyataH isake dIrghakAla pazcAt taka kI koI nirmitiyAM hameM upalabdha nahIM hai / kintu sAhitya meM prAcIna jaina mandiroM Adi ke bahuta se ullekha milate haiM / udAharaNArtha, jaina harivaMzapurANa kI prazasti meM isake kartA jinasenAcArya ne spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki zaka saMvat 705 (I0 783) meM unhoMne vardhamAnapUra ke pAAlaya (pArzvanAtha ke maMdira) kI annarAja-vasati meM baiThakara harivaMzapurANa kI racanA kI aura usakA jo bhAga zeSa rahA use vahIM ke zAntinAtha mandira meM baiThakara pUrA kiyA / usa samaya uttara meM indrAyudha, dakSiNa meM kRSNa ke putra zrIvallalma va pazcima meM vatsarAja tathA sauramaMDala meM vIravarAha nAmaka rAjAoM kA rAjya thA / yaha vardhamAnapura saurASTra kA vartamAna bar3havAna mAnA jAtA hai / kintu maiMne apane eka lekha meM siddha kiyA hai ki hari

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jaina mandira vazapurANa meM ullikhita varSamAnapura madhyapradeza ke dhAra jile meM sthita vartamAna badanAvara hai, jisase 10 mIla dUrI para sthita vartamAna dutariyA nAmaka gAMva prAcIna dostarikA honA cAhiye, jahAM ki prajA ne, jinasena ke ullekhAnusAra usa zAntinAtha maMdira meM vizeSa pUjA arcA kA utsava kiyA thaa| isa prakAra vardhamAnapura meM AThavIM zatI meM pArzvanAtha aura zAntinAtha ke do jaina maMdiroM kA honA siddha hotA hai / zAntinAtha mandira 400 varSa taka vidyamAna rhaa| isakA pramANa hameM badanAvara se prApta acchuptAdevI kI mUrti para ke lekha meM pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM kahA gayA hai ki samvat 1226 (I0 1172) kI vaizAkha kRSNa saptamI ko vaha mUrti vardhamAnapura ke zAntinAtha caityAlaya meM sthApita kI gaI (jaina si0 bhA0 12, 2, pR0 6 Adi, tathA jaina enTIkverI 17, 2, pR0 59) isake pazcAt vahAM ke ukta mandira kaba dhvasta hue, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| __ jodhapura se pazcimottara dizA meM 32 mIla para prosiyA relve sTezana ke samIpa hI osiyA nAmaka grAma ke bAhya bhAga meM aneka prAcIna hindU aura jaina maMdira haiM, jinameM mahAvIra maMdira aba bhI eka tIrtha kSetra mAnA jAtA hai / yaha mandira eka ghere ke bIca meM sthita hai| dhere se saTe hue aneka koSTha bane haiM / mandira bahuta sundarAkRti hai / vizeSataH usameM maMDapa ke stambhoM kI kArIgarI darzanIya hai / isakI zikharAdi-racanA nAgara zailI kI hai| yahA~ eka zilAlekha bhI hai, jisameM ullekha hai ki prosiyA kA mahAvIra maMdira gurjara-pratihAra nareza vatsarAja (nAgabhaTa dvitIya ke pitA 770-800 I0) ke samaya meM vidyamAna thA, tathA usakA mahAmaMDapa I0 san 626 meM nirmANa karAyA gayA thaa| maMdira meM pIche bhI nirmANa kArya hotA rahA hai, kintu usakA maulika rUpa naSTa nahIM hone paayaa| usakA kalAtmaka saMtulana banA huA hai, aura aitihAsika mahatva rakhatA mAravAr3a meM hI do aura sthAnoM ke jaina maMdira ullekhanIya haiM / phAlanA relave sTezana ke samIpa sAdaDI nAmaka grAma meM 11 vIM zatI se 16 vIM zatI taka ke aneka hindU va jaina maMdira hai| vizeSa mahatvapUrNa jaina maMdira vartamAna jaina dharmazAlA ke ghere meM sthita hai| zailI meM ye maMdira pUrvokta prakAra ke hI haiM, aura zikhara nAgara zailI ke hI bane hue haiM / mAravAr3a-jodhapura relave lAIna para mAravAr3a-pallI sTezana ke samIpa naulakhA nAmaka vaha jaina maMdira hai jise alhaNadeva samvat 1218 (I0 san 1161) meM banavAyA thA / kintu isameM jo tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyAM haiM unameM vi0 saM0 1144 se 1201 taka ke lekha pAye

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334 jAte haiM jinase pratIta hotA hai ki ukta maMdira se pUrva bhI yahA~ mandira rahA hai / aba hama prAbU ke jaina mandiroM para Ate haiM, jahA~ na kevala jaina kalA, kintu bhAratIya vAstukalA apane sarvotkRSTa vikasita rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai / AbUroDa sTezana se koI 18 mIla, tathA AbU kaimpa se savA mIla para delavAr3A nAmaka sthAna hai, jahAM ye jaina maMdira pAye jAte haiN| grAma ke samIpa samudratala se cAra-pAMca hajAra phuTa UMcI pahAr3I para eka vizAla parakoTe ke bhItara vimala vasahI, lUNa - vasahI, pitalahara, caumukhA aura mahAvIra svAmI nAmaka pAMca mandira haiM / ina mandiroM kI ora jAne vAle patha kI dUsarI bAjU para eka digambara jaina mandira hai / ina saba maMdiroM meM kalA kI dRSTi se sarvazreSTha haiM prathama do / vimalavasahI ke nirmANa kartA vimalazAha poravAr3a vaMzI, tathA cAlukyavaMzI nareza bhImadeva prathama ke maMtrI va senApati the / unake koI putra nahIM thA / unhoMne apanA apAra dhana vyaya karake, prAcIna vRttAntAnusAra svarNa mudrAeM bichAkara vaha bhUmi prApta kI, aura usapara AdinAtha tIrthaMkara kA mandira banavAyA / yaha mandira pUrA kA pUrA zveta saMgamaramara patthara kA banA huA hai / janazruti ke anusAra isa mandira ke nirmANa meM 18 karoDa 53 lAkha suvarNa mudrAoM kA vyaya huA / saMgamaramara kI bar3I-bar3I zilAeM pahAr3I ke tala se hAthiyoM dvArA utanI UMcI pahAr3I para pahuMcAI gaI thIM / tathA AdinAtha tIrthaMkara kI suvarNamizrita pItala kI 4 phuTa 3 iMca kI vizAla padmAsana mUrti DhalavAkara pratiSThita kI / yaha pratiSThA vi0 saM0 2088 ( I0 1031) meM muhammada gaurI dvArA somanAtha mandira ke vinAza se ThIka sAta varSaM pazcAt huI / yaha mUrti praur3ha dAdA ke nAma se vikhyAta huI pAI jAtI hai / isa mandira ko bIca-bIca meM do bAra kSati pahuMcI jisakA punaruddhAra vimalazAha ke vaMzajoM dvArA vi0 saM0 1206 aura 1245 meM va 1368 meM kiyA gayA / isa mandira kI racanA nimna prakAra hai: jaina kalA eka vizAla catuSkoNa 128475 phuTa lambA-caur3A prAMgaNa cAroM bhora devakuloM se ghirA huA hai / ina deyakuloM kI saMkhyA 54 hai, aura pratyeka meM eka pradhAna mUrti tathA usake Azrita anya pratimAeM virAjamAna haiM / ina devakuloM ke sammukha cAroM ora dohare stambhoM kI maMDapAkAra pradakSiNA hai / pratyeka devakula ke sammukha 4 stambhoM kI maMDapikA A jAtI hai, aura isa prakAra kula stambhoM kI saMkhyA 232 hai / prAMgaNa ke ThIka madhya meM mukhya mandira hai / pUrva kI ora se praveza karate hue darzaka ko mandira ke nAnA bhAga isa prakAra milate haiM: ( 1 ), hastizAlA - ( 25 X 30 phuTa) isameM 6 stambha haiM, tathA hAthiyoM para

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jaina mandira 335 ArUr3ha vimalazAha aura unake vaMzajoM kI mUrtiyAM haiM jinheM unake eka vaMzaja pRthvIpAla ne 1150 I0 ke lagabhaga nirmANa karAyA / (2) isake mAge 25 phuTa lambA-caur3A mukha-maMDapa hai / (3) aura usase Age devakuloM kI paMkti va bhamiti aura pradakSiNA-maMDapa hai, jisakA Upara varNana kiyA jA cukA hai / tatpazcAt mukhya mandira kA raMgamaMDapa yA samA-maMDapa milatA hai, jisakA gola zikhara 24 stambhoM para AdhArita hai| pratyeka stambha ke agrabhAga para tirache zilApaTa Aropita haiM jo usa bhavya chata ko dhAraNa karate haiN| chata kI padmazilA ke madhya meM bane hue lolaka kI kArIgarI advitIya aura kalA ke itihAsa meM vikhyAta hai / uttarottara choTe hote hue candramaMDaloM (dadarI) yukta kaMculaka kArIgarI sahita 16 vidyAdhAriyoM ki AkRtiyAM atyanta manojJa haiM / isa raMgamaMDapakI samasta racanA va utkIrNana ke kauzala ko dekhate hue darzaka ko aisA pratIta hone lagatA hai, jaise mAnoM vaha kisI divya loka meM A pahuMcA ho / raMgazAlA se Age calakara navacaukI milatI hai, jisakA yaha nAma usakI chata ke 6 vibhAgoM ke kAraNa par3A haiM / isase Age gUr3hamaMDapa hai / vahAM se mukhya pratimA kA darzana-vaMdana kiyA jAtA hai| isake sammukha vaha mUla garbhagRha hai, jisameM RSabhanAtha kI dhAtu pratimA virAjamAna hai| isI maMdira ke sammukha laNa-vasahI hai jo usake mUlanAyaka ke nAma se neminAtha mandira bhI kahalAtA hai, aura jisakA nirmANa DholakA ke baghelavaMzI nareza vIra dhavala ke do maMtrI bhrAtA tejapAla aura vastupAla ne san 1232 I0 meM karAyA thaa| tejapAla maMtrI ke putra lUNasiMha kI smRti meM banavAye jAne ke kAraNa mandira kA yaha nAma prasiddha huaa| isa mandira kA vinyAsa va racanA bhI prAyaH AdinAtha mandira ke sadRza hai / yahA~ bhI usI prakAra kA prAMgaNa, devakula tathA stamma-maNDapoM kI paMkti vidyamAna hai / vizeSatA yaha hai ki isakI hastizAlA usa prAMgaNa ke bAhara nahIM, kintu bhItara hI hai / raMgamaMDapa, navacaukI, gUr3hamaMDapa aura garbhagaha kI racanA pUrvokta prakAra kI hI hai| kintu yahAM raMgamaMDapa ke stambha kucha adhika U~ce haiM, aura pratyeka stambha kI banAvaTa va kArIgarI bhinna hai / maNDapa kI chata kucha choTI hai, kintu usakI racanA va utkIrNana kA saundarya vasahI se kisI prakAra kama nahIM hai| isake racanA-saundarya kI prazaMsA karate hue phagusana sAhaba ne kahA hai ki "yahA~ saMgamaramara patthara para jisa paripUrNatA, jisa lAlitya va jisa santulita alaMkaraNa kI zailI se kAma kiyA gayA hai, usakI anya kahIM bhI upamA milanA kaThina hai| ina donoM maMdiroM meM saMgamaramara kI kArIgarI ko dekhakara bar3e-bar3e kalA

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jaina kalA vizArada Azcaryacakita hokara dAMtoM tale aMgulI dabAye binA nahIM rahate / yahAM bhAratIya zilpiyoM ne jo kalA-kauzala vyakta kiyA hai, usase kalA ke kSetra meM bhArata kA mastiSka sadaiva garva se UMcA uThA rhegaa| kArIgara kI chainI ne yahA~ kAma nahIM diyA / saMgamaramara ko ghisa ghisa kara usameM vaha sUkSmatA va kAMca jaisI camaka va pAradarzitA lAI gaI hai, jo chainI dvArA lAI jAnI asambhava thii| kahA jAtA hai ki ina kArIgaroM ko ghisakara nikAle hue saMgamaramara ke cUrNa ke pramANa se vetana diyA jAtA thaa| tAtparya yaha ki ina mandiroM ke nirmANa se, eca0 jimmara ke zabdoM meM, "bhavana ne alaMkAra kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai, jise zabdoM meM samajhAnA asambhava hai|" mandiroM kA darzana karake hI koI unakI adbhuta kalA ke saundarya kI anubhUti kara sakatA hai / binA dekhe usakI koI kalpanA karanA zakya nhiiN| lUNavasahI se pIche kI ora pittalahara nAmaka jaina mandira hai, jise gurjara vaMza ke bhImAzAha ne 15 vIM zatI ke madhya meM bnvaayaa| yahAM ke vi0 saM0 1483 ke eka lekha meM kucha bhUmi va grAmoM ke dAna diye jAne kA ullekha hai, tathA vi0 saM0 1486 ke eka anya lekha meM kahA gayA hai ki AbU ke cauhAnavaMzI rAjA rAjadhara devar3A cuDA ne yahAM ke tIna mandiroM arthAt vimalavasahI, lUNa. vasahI aura pittalahara-kI tIrthayAtrA ko Ane vAle yAtriyoM ko sadaiva ke liye kara se mukta kiyaa| isa maMdira kA pittalahara nAma par3ane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki yahAM mUlanAyaka AdinAtha tIrthaMkara kI 108 mana pItala kI mUrti pratiSThita hai| isa mUrti kI pratiSThA saM0 1525 meM sundara aura gaDA nAmaka vyaktiyoM ne karAI thii| guru-guNa-ratnAkara kAvya ke anusAra, ye donoM ahamadAbAda ke tatkAlIna sultAna mahamUda begar3A ke mantrI the| isase pUrva kI pratiSThita mUrti kisI kAraNaghaza yahAM se mevAr3a ke kumbhala meru nAmaka sthAna ko pahuMcA dI gaI thii| isa mandira kI banAvaTa bhI pUrvokta do mandiroM jaisI hI hai| mUla garbhagRha, gUr3hamaNDapa aura nava-caukI to paripUrNa hai, kintu raMga-maNDapa aura bhamiti kucha apUrNa hI raha gaye haiM / gUr3hamaNDapa meM AdinAtha kI paMcatIthika pASANa pratimA hai, tathA anya tIrthakara pratimAeM haiN| vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya yahAM mahAvIra ke pramukha gaNadhara gautama svAmI kI pIle pASANa kI mUrti hai| bhamiti kI devakulikAoM meM nAnA tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM virAjamAna hai| eka sthAna para bha. AdinAtha ke gaNadhara puMDarIka svAmI kI pratimA bhI hai| caumukhA maMdira meM bhagavAn pAzvanAtha kI catumukhI pratimA pratiSThita hai| isa mUrti kI pratiSThA kharatara gaccha ke muniyoM dvArA karAI jAne se yaha maMdira

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jaina mandira kharatara vasahI bhI kahalAtA hai / kucha mUrtiyoM para ke lekhoM se isa maMdira kA nirmANakAla vi0 saM0 1515 ke lagabhaga pratIta hotA hai / maMdira tIna tallA hai, aura pratyeka tala para pArzvanAtha kI comukhI pratimA virAjamAna hai / pAMcavA mahAvIra maMdira delavAr3A se pUrvottara dizA meM koI sAr3he tIna mIla para hai / isakA nirmANa bhI 15 vIM zatI meM huA thA / vartamAna meM isake mUlanAyaka bha0 AdinAtha haiM, jinake pArzvoM meM pArzvanAtha aura zAntinAtha tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM haiM, kintu maMdira kI khyAti mahAvIra ke nAma se hI hai / anumAnataH bIca meM kabhI mUlanAyaka kA sthAnAntaraNa kiyA gayA hogA / vaha maMdira eka parakoTe ke madhya meM sthita hai aura garbhagRha ke sammukha zikharayukta gUr3hamaMDapa bhI hai / usake sammukha khulA cabUtarA hai, jisapara yA to navacaukI aura sabhAmaMDapa banAye hI nahIM jA sake, athavA banakara kabhI vidhvasta ho gaye / 337 delavAr3A kA viga jaina maMdira vahAM se acalagar3ha kI ora jAne vAle mArga ke mukha para hI hai / isa maMdira meM eka zilAlekha hai, jisake anusAra vi0 saM0 1494 meM goviMda saMghAdhipati yahAM mUlasaMgha, balAtkAra gaNa, sarasvatI gaccha ke bhaTTAraka padmanaMdI ke ziSya bhaTTAraka zubhacandra sahita tIrthayAtrA ko Aye, aura unhoMne usa maMdira kA nirmANa kraayaa| usa samaya zrAbU ke rAjA rAjadharadevar3A cUr3A kA rAjya thA / rAjapUtAne kA eka anya ullekhanIya jaina maMdira jodhapura rAjyAntargata gor3avAr3a jile meM rANakapura kA hai jo san 1439 meM banavAyA gayA thA / yaha vizAla caturmukhI maMdira 40,000 varga phuTa bhUmi para banA huA hai, aura usameM 26 maMDapa haiM, jinake stambhoM kI saMkhyA 420 hai / ina samasta stambhoM kI banAvaTa va zilpa pRthaka-pRthaka hai, aura apanI-apanI vizeSatA rakhatI hai / maMdira kA AkAra caturmukhI hai / bIca meM mukhya maMdira hai jisakI cAroM dizAoM meM punaH cAra maMdira / inameM zikharoM ke atirikta maMDapoM ke bhI aura unake AsapAsa 86 devakulikAoM ke bhI apane - apane zikhara haiM, jinakI AkRti dUra se hI atyanta prabhAvazAlI dikhAI detI hai / zikharoM kA saundarya aura santulana bahuta cittAkarSaka hai aura yahI bAta usakI antaraMga kalAkRtiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI pAI jAtI hai / sarvatra vaicitrya aura sAMmajasya kA adbhuta saMyoga dikhAI detA hai / darzaka maMdira ke bhItara jAkara maMDapa, unake stambhoM va khule prAMgaNoM meM se jAtA huA prakAza aura chAyA ke adbhuta prabhAvoM se camatkRta ho jAtA hai / mukhya garbhagRha svastikAkAra haiM aura usake cAroM ora cAra dvAra haiM / yahA~ AdinAtha kI zveta saMgamaramara kI caturmukhI mUrti pratiSThita hai / yaha dutallA hai, aura dUsare

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338 jaina kalA tala meM bhI yahI racanA hai / isa caumukhI maMdira kA vinyAsa prAyaH usI prakAra kA hai, jaisA ki pahAr3apura ke mahAvihAra kA pAyA jAtA hai| rAjapUtAne kI eka aura sundara va kalApUrNa nirmiti hai cittaur3a kA kotistambha / isake nirmAtA va nirmANa kAla ke sambandha meM bar3A matabheda rahA / kiMtu hAla meM hI nAMdagAMva ke digambara jaina maMdira kI dhAtumayI pratimA para saM0 1541 I0 (san 1484) kA eka lekha milA hai jisake anusAra medapATa deza ke citrakUTa nagara meM isa kIrtistambha kA nirmANa candraprabha jinendra ke caityAlaya ke sammukha jIjAzAha ke putra pUrNasiMha ne karavAyA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki stambha kI racanA 15 vIM zatI meM I0 san 1484 se pUrva hI ho cukI thii| jIjAzAha ke putra pUrNasiMha bagheravAla jAti ke the / aura unhoMne kAraMjA (jilA akolAbarAra) ke mUlasaMgha, senagaNa, puSkaragaccha ke bhaTTAraka somasena ke upadeza se isa stambha ke atirikta 108 zikharabaddha maMdiroM kA uddhAra karAyA, jinabiMba banavAye aura pratiSThAeM karAI; aneka zrutabhaMDAroM kI sthApanA karAI, aura savA lAkha baMdI chur3avAye, aisA bhI ukta lekha meM ullekha hai / lekha se spaSTa hai ki yaha stambha eka jaina maMdira ke sammukha banavAyA gayA thA, jisase vaha mAnastambha pratIta hotA hai / yaha stambha lagabhaga 76 phuTa UMcA hai, aura usakA nIce kA vyAsa 31 phuTa tathA Upara kA 15 phuTa hai| isameM sAta talle haiM, jinake Upara gaMdhakuTI rUpa chatarI banI huI hai| yaha chatarI eka bAra vidyuta se Ahata hokara dhvasta ho gaI thI, kintu use mahArANA phatahasiMha ne lagabhaga assI hajAra ke vyaya se punaH pUrvavat hI nirmANa karA diyA / isa zikhara kI kuTI meM avazya hI caturmukhI tIrthakara mUrti rahI hogii| stambha ke samasta taloM ke cAroM bhAgoM para AdinAtha va anya tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyAM virAjamAna haiM, jisase AditaH yaha stambha Adi tIrthaMkara kA hI smAraka pratIta hotA haiM / isa kIrtistambha kI bAhya nirmiti alaMkRtiyoM se bharI huI haiN| cittaur3a ke kile para kucha isI prakAra kA eka dUsarA kIrti-stambha bhI haiM jisameM 9 tala haiM, aura jo hindU devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM se alaMkRta haiM / yaha pUrvokta stambha se bahuta pIche usI ke anukaraNa rUpa mahArANA kumbha kA banavAyA huA hai| jaina tIrthoM meM saurASTra pradeza ke zatrujaya (pAlItANA) parvata para jitane jaina maMdira haiM, utane anyatra kahIM nhiiN| zatraMjaya mAhAtmya ke anusAra yahAM prathama tIrthakara ke kAla se hI jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa hotA AyA hai| vartamAna meM vahAM pAye jAne vAle maMdiroM meM sabase prAcIna unhIM vimalazAha (11 vIM zatI)

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339 jaina mandira kA hai| jinhoMne AbU para vimalavasahI banavAyA hai; aura dUsarA rAjA kumArapAla (12 vIM zatI) kA banavAyA huA hai / vizAlatA va kalAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se vimalavasahI TraMka kA AvinAtha maMdira sabase mahatvapUrNa hai / yaha maMdira san 1530 meM banA hai; kintu isake bhI pramANa milate haiM ki usase pUrva vahAM I0 san 960 kA banA huA eka maMdira thaa| yahAM kI 10vIM zatI kI nirmita puNDarIka kI pratimA saundarya meM atizreSTha mAnI gaI hai| cauthA ullekhanIya catumukha mandira haiM jo san 1618 kA banA huA hai / isakI cAroM dizAoM meM praveza-dvAra hai / pUrvadvAra raMgamaMDapa ke sammukha hai, tathA tIna anya dvAroM ke sammukha bhI mukhamaMDapa bane hue haiM / ye sabhI maMDapa dutalle haiM aura Upara ke tala meM mukhamaMDapikAoM se yukta vAtAyana bhI haiM / uparyukta va anya maMdira, garbhagRha, maMDapoM va devakulikAoM kI racanA, zilpa va saundarya meM delavAr3A vimalavasahI va lUNavasahI kA hI hInAdhika mAtrA meM anukaraNa karate haiN| saurASTra kA dUsarA mahAn tIrthakSetra hai| giranAra / isa parvata kA prAcIna nAma Urjayanta va raivataka giri pAyA jAtA hai, jisake nIce base hue nagara kA nAma girinagara rahA hogA, jisake nAma se aba svayaM parvata hI girinAra (girinagara) kahalAne lagA / jUnAgar3ha se isa parvata kI ora jAne vAle mArga para hI vaha itihAsa-prasiddha vizola zilA milatI hai jisa paraM azoka, rudradAman aura skandagupta samrAToM ke zikhAlekha khude hue haiM, aura isa prakAra jisa para lagabhaga 1000 varSa kA itihAsa likhA huA hai / jUnAgar3ha ke samIpa hI bAbApyArA maTha ke pAsa vaha jaina guphA hai, jo pUrvokta prakAra se pahalI dUsarI zatI kI dharasenAcArya ko candraguphA pratIta hotI hai| isa prakAra yaha sthAna aitihAsika va dhArmika donoM dRSTiyoM se atiprAcIna va mahatvapUrNa siddha hotA hai / girinagara parvata kA jainadharma se itihAsAtIta kAla se sambandha isalie pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki yahA~ para hI 22 veM tIrthakara neminAtha ne tapasyA kI thI aura nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| isa tIrtha kA sarvaprAcIna ullekha samantabhadrakRta vRhatsvayaMbhUstotra (5 vIM zatI) meM milatA hai jahA~ neminAtha kI stuti meM kahA gayA hai ki kakuvaM bhuvaH khacara-yoSiduSita-zikharairalaMkRtaH megha-paTala-parivIta-taTastava lakSaNAni likhitAni vjrinnaa| bahatIti tIrthamRSibhizca satatamabhigamyate'dya ca prIti-vitata-havayaiH parito bhRzamarjayanta iti vizruto'calaH // 128 / / isa stuti ke anusAra samantabhadra ke samaya meM Urjayanta (giranAra) parvata para neminAtha tIrthakara kI mUrti yA caraNacihna pratiSThita the, zikhara para vidyAgharI ambikA kI mUrti bhI virAjamAna thI, aura RSimuni vahAM kI niraMtara

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340 jaina kalA tIrtha-yAtrA kiyA karate the| vartamAna meM yahAM kA sabase prasiddha, vizAla va sundara maMdira neminAtha kA hai| raivataka giri-kalpa ke anusAra isakA nirmANa cAlukya nareza jayasiMha ke daMDAdhipa sajjana ne khaMgAra rAjya para vijaya prApta karane ke pazcAt saMvat 1185 meM banavAyA thaa| isake zikhara para suvarNa kA Amalaka mAlava deza ke mukhamaMDana mAvar3a ne aura padyA (sopAna-patha) kA nirmANa kumArapAla narendra dvArA niyukta saurASTra ke daMDAdhipa kisI zrImAla kula ke vyakti ne samvat 1220 meM karAyA thaa| maMdira ke mUlanAyaka kI pratimA AditaH lepamaya thI, aura usakA lepa kAlAnusAra galita ho gayA thA, taba kAzmIra se tIrthayAtrA para Aye hue ajita aura ratana nAmaka do bhAiyoM ne usake sthAna para dUsarI pratimA sthApita kii| maMdira ke prAMgaNa meM koI sattara devakulikAeM haiN| inake bIca maMdira banA huA hai jisakA maMDapa bar3I sundaratA se alaMkRta hai / mukhya maMdira ke vimAna ke vizAla zikhara ke AsapAsa aneka choTe-choTe zikharoM kA puja hai, jisase usakA dRzya bahuta bhavya dikhAI detA haiM / isa kAla kI jaina vAstu-kalA kA yaha eka vaiziSTya hai / yahAM kA dUsarA ullekhanIya maMdira haiM vastupAla dvArA nirmApita mallinAtha tIrthaMkara kA / isa maMdira kA vinyAsa eka viziSTa prakAra kA hai| raMgamaMDapa ke praveza-dvAra kI dizA ko chor3akara zeSa tIna dizAoM meM usase saTe hue tIna maMdira haiN| madhya kA maMdira mUlanAyaka mallinAtha kA hai| AjU-bAjU ke donoM maMdira racanA meM stambhayukta maNDapoM ke sadRza haiM aura unameM Thosa pASANa kI bar3I kArIgarI dikhAI detI hai / uttara dizA kA maMdira caukora adhiSThAna para meru kI racanA se yukta hai, tathA dakSiNa dizA kA maMdira sammedazikhara kI pratikRti hai| yaha prAcIna aura zailI va kalA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa upalabhya jaina maMdiroM kA ati saMkSipta aura sphuTa paricaya mAtra hai / yathArthataH to samasta deza himAlaya se dakSiNI samudra taka va saurASTra se baMgAla taka jaina maMdiroM va unake bhagnAvazeSoM se bharA viSaya huA hai / jahA~ aba jaina maMdira nahIM haiM, yA unake khaMDahara mAtra avaziSTa haiM, vahAM ke viSaya meM jemsa phargusana sAhaba kA abhimata dhyAna dene yogya hai / unakA kathana hai "gaMgApradeza athavA jahAM bhI musalamAna saMkhyA meM base vahAM prAcIna jaina maMdiroM ke pAne kI AzA karanA vyartha hai| una logoM ne apane dharma ke joza meM maMdiroM ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara DAlA hai, tathA jina sundara stambhoM, toraNoM Adi ko naSTa nahIM kiyA, unakA bar3e cAva se apanI masjidoM Adi ke nirmANa meM upayoga kara liyA / ajamera, dillI, kannauja, dhAra va ahamadAbAda kI vizAla masjideM yathArthataH jaina-maMdiroM kI hI parivartita nirmitiyAM haiN|"

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341 jaina mandira phargusana sAhaba ne yaha bhI samajhAyA hai ki kisa prakAra se jaina maMdira masjidoM meM viparivartita kiye gaye haiN| "prAbU ke vimalavasahI kI racanA kI ora dhyAna dIjiye jahAM eka vizAla prAMgaNa ke cAroM ora bhamiti aura madhya meM mukhya maMdira va maMDapa hai| yaha prAcIna jaina mandiroM kI sAdhAraNa racanA thii| isa madhya ke mandira aura maMDapa ko naSTa karake tathA devakUlikAoM ke dvAra baMda kara ke eka aisA khulA prAMgaNa apane cAroM ora stambhoM ko doharI paMkti sahita mila jAtA hai, jo masjida kA vizeSa AkAra hai| isameM masjida kA eka vaiziSTya raha jAtA hai, aura vaha hai makkA (pazcima) kI ora usakA pramukha dvaar| isa vaiziSTya ko isa dizA ke choTe stambhoM ko haTAkara unake sthAna para madhya maMDapa se suvizAla stambhoM ko sthApita karake prApta kiyA gayA hai| yadi mUla meM do maMDapa rahe, to donoM ko usa daravAje ke donoM ora punarnirmita kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra binA eka bhI naye stambha ke eka aisI masjida taiyAra ho jAtI thI, jo suvidhA aura saundarya kI dRSTi se unake liye apUrva thii| isa prakAra ke racanA-parivartana ke udAharaNa ajamera kA ar3hAI dina kA jhopar3A dillI kI kutubamInAra ke samIpa kI masjida, evaM kannauja, mAMDU (dhAra rAjya), ahamadAbAda Adi kI masjideM Aja bhI vidyamAna haiM, aura ve musalamAna kAla se pUrva kI jaina vAstu-kalA ke adhyayana ke liye bar3e upayukta sAdhana hai / " (hisTrI oNpha iMDiyA enDa IsTarna ArkiTekcara, pR 263-64) yahAM prazna ho sakatA hai ki kyA deza ke bAhara bhI jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa huA ? anyatra kahA jA cukA hai ki mahAvaMza ke anusAra laMkA meM bauddha dharma ke praveza se bahuta pUrva hI vahAM nirgrantha muni pahuMca cuke the, aura unake liye anurAdhapura meM pAMDukAbhaya nareza ne I0 pU0 360 ke lagabhaga nivAsa sthAna va devakula (maMdira) nirmANa karAye the| jAvA ke brambanam nAmaka sthAna kA eka maMdirasamUha, phargusana sAhaba ke matAnusAra, mUlataH jaina rahA hai / na kevala usakI madhyavartI maMdira va bhamiti kI saikar3oM devakulikAeM jaina maMdiroM kI suvikhyAta zailI kA anusaraNa karatI haiM, kintu unameM pratiSThita jina dhyAnastha padmAsana mUrtiyoM ko sAmAnyataH bauddha kahA jAtA hai, ve saba jina mUrtiyAM hI pratIta hotI haiM / itihAsa meM bhale hI isa bAta ke pramANa na mileM ki jaina dharma kaba jAvA dvIpa meM pahuMcA hogA, kintu yaha udAharaNa isa bAta kA to pramANa avazya hai ki jaina maMdiroM kI vAstukalA ne dasavIM zatI se pUrva jAvA meM praveza kara liyA thaa| avanitalagatAnAM kRtrimAkRtrimANAM vanabhavanagAnatAM divyavaimAnikAnAm / iha manujakRtAnAM devarAjAcitAnAM jinavara-nilayAnAM bhAvato'haM smarAmi / / "

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jaina kalA jaina mUrtikalA atiprAcIna jaina mUrtiyAM jaina dharma mUrtipUjA sambandhI ullekha prAcInatama kAla se pAye jAte haiN| jainAgamoM meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM va yakSoM kI mUrtiyoM sambandhI ullekhoM ke atirikta kaliMga nareza khAravela ke I0 pU0 dvitIya zatI ke hAthIgumphA vAle zilAlekha se pramANita hai ki naMdavaMza ke rAjyakAla arthAt I0 pU0 cauthI-pAMcavI zatI meM jina-mUrtiyAM pratiSThita kI jAtI thIM / aisI hI eka jinamUrti ko naMdarAja kaliMga se apaharaNa kara le gaye the, aura use khAravela koI do-tIna zatI pazcAt vApisa lAye the| kuSANa kAla kI to aneka jina-mUrtiyAM mathurA ke kaMkAlI Tole kI khudAI se prApta huI haiM, jo mathurA ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiN| eka prAcIna mastakahIna jina-pratimA paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai, jo lohAnIpura se prApta haI thii| isa mUrti para camakadAra pAliza hone se usake mauryakAlIna hone kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| inase prAcIna mUrtiyAM bhAratavarSa meM kahIM prApta nahIM hotI thI, kintu siMdhughATI kI khudAI meM mohenajodar3o va har3appA se jo mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM, unase bhAratIya mUrtikalA kA itihAsa hI badala gayA hai, aura usakI paramparA uktakAla se sahastroM varSa pUrva kI pramANita ho cukI hai| sindhaghATI kI mudrAoM para prApta lekhoM kI lipi abhI taka ajJAta hone ke kAraNa vahAM kI saMskRti ke sambandha meM abhI taka nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| tathApi jahAM taka mUrti- nirmANa, AkRti va bhAvAbhivyaMjana ke AdhAra para talanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai, usa para se ukta lohAnIpura kI mastakahIna nagna mUrti va haDappA se prApta mastakahIna nagna mUrti meM bar3A sAmya pAyA jAtA hai, aura pUrvottara paramparA ke AdhAra se har3appA kI mUrti vaidika va bauddha mUrtipraNAlI se sarvathA visadRza va jaina-praNAlI ke pUrNatayA anukUla siddha hotI hai / Rgveda meM zizna devoM arthAt nagna devoM ke jo ullekha haiM, unameM ina devoM athavA unake anuyAyiyoM ko yajJa se dUra rakhane va unakA ghAta karane kI indra se prArthanA kI gaI hai| (Rgveda 7, 21, 5 va 10, 66, 3) / jisa prakAra yaha mUrti khaDgAsana kI dRSTi se samatA rakhatI haiM, usI prakAra aneka mudrAoM para kI dhyAnastha va mastiSka para trizugayukta mUrti jaina padmAsana mUrti se tulanIya hai / eka mudrA meM isa mUrti ke AsapAsa hAthI, baila, siMha va mRga Adi vanacara jIva dikhAye gaye haiM, jina para se usake pazupatinAtha kI pUrvagAmI mUrti hone kI

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jaina mUrtiyAM kalpanA kI jAtI hai / jo ho, isa mUrti meM hameM jaina, bauddha va zaiva dhyAnastha mUrtiyoM kA pUrvarUpa spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / yathArthataH to isa prakAra ke AsAna se dhyAna kA sambandha jitanA zramaNa paramparA se hai, utanA vaidika paramparA se nahIM; ora zramaNa paramparA kI jitanI prAcInatA jaina dharma meM pAI jAtI hai, utanI bauddha dharma meM nahIM / mUrti ke sira para sthApita trizUla usa trizUla se tulanIya hai jo pratiprAcIna jaina tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke hasta va caraNa taloM para pAyA jAtA hai, jisapara dharmacakra sthApita dekhA jAtA hai, aura vizeSataH jo rAnI - gumphA ke eka toraNa ke Upara citrita hai / isa viSaya meM yaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki pazcima bhArata se jaina-dharma kA atiprAcIna sambandha pAyA jAtA hai / evaM jisa asura jAti se sambaddha sindhaghATI kI sabhyatA anumAnita kI jAtI hai, una asuroM, nAgoM aura yakSoM dvArA jainadharma va muniyoM kI nAnA saMkaToM kI avasthA meM rakSA kiye jAne ke ullekha pAye jAte hai / kuSANakAlIna jaina mUrtiyAM itihAsa - kAlIna jaina mUrtiyoM ke adhyayana kI pracura sAmagrI hameM mathurA ke saMgrahAlaya meM ekatrita una 47 mUrtiyoM meM prApta hotI hai, jinakA vyavasthita paricaya DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne vahA~ kI sUcI ke tRtIya bhAga meM karAyA hai / inameM se aneka mUrtiyoM ke AsanoM para lekha bhI khude mile hai, jinase unakA kAla-vibhAjana bhI sulabha ho jAtA hai / kuSANa kAlIna mUrtiyoM para pA~caveM se lekara 60 veM varSa taka kA ullekha hai / aneka lekhoM meM ye varSa zaka samvat ke anumAna kiye jAte haiM / kucha lekhoM meM kuSANavaMzI kaniSka, huviSka va vAsudeva rAjAoM kA ullekha bhI huA hai| tIrthakaroM kI samasta mUrtiyAM do prakAra kI pAI jAtI hai - eka khar3I huI, jise kAyotsarga yA khaDgAsana kahate hai, aura dUsarI baiThI huI padmAsana | samasta mUrtiyA~ nagna va nAsAgra dRSTi, dhyAnamudrA meM hI hai / nAnA tIrthaMkaroM meM bheda sUcita karane vAle ve baila Adi cinha ina para nahIM pAye jAte, jo paravartI kAla kI pratimAoM meM / adhikAMza mUrtiyoM ke vakSasthala para zrIvatsa cinha pAyA jAtA hai, tathA hastatala va caraNatala evaM siMhAsana para dharmacakra, uSNISa tathA UrarNA ( bhauhoM ke bIca romaguccha) ke cinha bhI bahuta sI mUrtiyoM meM pAye jAte haiM / anya parikaroM meM prabhAvala ( bhAmaNDala), donoM pAva meM camaravAhaka tathA siMhAsana ke donoM ora siMha bhI utkIrNa rahate haiM / kabhIkabhI ye siMha Asana ko dhAraNa kiye hue dikhAye gaye haiM / kucha mUrtiyoM kA siMhAsana uThe hue padya ( utthita padmAsana) ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / kucha meM tIrthaMkara kI mUrti para chatra bhI aMkita hai, aura eka ke siMhAsana para bAlaka ko 343

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344 jaina kalA goda meM baiThAye bhadrAsana ambikA kI pratimA bhI hai| ye usa kAla kI jinamUrtiyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa pratIta hote haiN| kevala do tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ apane kisI vizeSa lakSaNa se yukta pAI jAtI haiM, ve haiM AdinAtha, jinakA kezakalApa pIche kI ora kaMdhoM se nIce taka bikharA huA dikhAyA gayA hai, aura jinake sira para saptaphaNI nAga chAyA kiye hue hai / mAdinAtha ke tapasyAkAla meM unakI lambI jaTAoM kA ullekha prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM aneka sthAnoM para AyA hai| udAharaNArtha raviSeNAcArya kRta padmapurANa (676 I0) meM kahA gayA hai-- vAtoddhRtA vaTAstasya rejurAkulamUrtayaH / dhUmAlaya iva dhyAna-vanhisaktasya karmaNaH // (pa0 pu0 3, 288) tathA sa reje bhagavAn dIrghajaTAjAlahutAMzumAn // ( vahI 4, 5) usI prakAra pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara ke nAgaphaNa-rUpI chatra kA bhI eka itihAsa hai, jisakA sundara saMkSipta varNana samantabhadra kRta svamyabhUstotra meM isa prakAra milatA hai tamAlanIlaH saghanustaDidguraNeH prakIrNabhImAzani-vAyuvRSTibhiH / balAhakarvairivartarupadrato mahAmanA yo na cacAla yogataH // 131 // bRhatpharaNAmaNDala-maNDapena yaM sphUrattaDitpigarucopasagiNAm / jugUha nAgo dharaNo dharAdharaM virAgasandhyA taDidambudo yathA jisa samaya pArzvanAtha apanI tapasyA meM nizcala bhAva se dhyAnArUr3ha the taba unakA pUrvajanma kA bairI kamaThAsura nAnA prakAra ke upadravoM dvArA unako dhyAna se vicalita karane kA prayatna karane lgaa| usane pracaNDa vAyu calAI, ghanaghora va STi kI, meghoM se vajrapAta karAyA, tathApi bhagavAn dhyAna se vicalita nahIM hue| unakI aisI tapasyA se prabhAvita hokara gharagendra nAga ne pAkara apane vizAla phaNA-maNDala ko unake Upara tAna kara, unakI upadrava se rakSA kii| isI ghaTanA kA pratIka hama pArzvanAtha ke nAga-phaNA cinha meM pAte haiM / kucha mUrtiyoM kA paricaya (1) mahArAja vAsudevakAlIna samvatsara 84 ko AdinAtha ko mUrti (bI 4)-- mUrti dhyAnastha padmAsIna hai / yadyapi mastaka aura bAhu khaMDita haiM, tathApi kharauMcA huA kinArIdAra prabhAvala bahuta kucha surakSita hai| vakSasthala

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jaina mUrtiyAM para zrIvatsa evaM hAthoM aura caraNoM ke taloM para cakracinha vidyamAna haiM / Asana para eka stambha ke Upara dharmacakra hai / usakI 10 strI-puruSa pUjA kara rahe haiM, jinameM se do dharmacakra stambha ke samIpa ghuTanA Teke hue haiM, aura zeSa khar3e haiM / kucha ke hAthoM meM puSpa hai, aura kucha hAtha jor3e hue haiN| sabhI kI mukhamudrA vaMdanA ke bhAva ko lie hue hai / isa mUrti ko lekha meM spaSTataH bhagavAn arhanta RSabha kI pratimA kahA hai / (2) pArzvanAtha kI eka sundara mUrti ( bI 62) kA sira aura usa para nAgaphaNA mAtra surakSita milA hai / phaNoM ke Upara svastika, ratnapAtra, triratna, pUrNaghaTa aura monayugala, ina maMgala-dravyoM ke cinha bane huye haiN| sira para ghuMgharAle bAla haiM / kAna kucha lambe, A~khoM kI bhauMheM UrNA se jur3I huI va kapola bhare hue haiM / 345 (3) pASANa - staMbha ( bI 68) 3 phuTa 3 iMca UMcA haiM, aura usake cAroM aura cAra nagna jina-mUrtiyAM haiN| zrIvatsa sabhI ke vRkSa sthala para hai, aura tIna mUrtiyoM ke sAtha bhAmaNDala bhI haiM, va unameM se eka ke sira kI jaTAeM kaMdhoM para bikharI huI haiM / caturtha mUrti ke sira para saptakaNI nAga kI chAyA hai| inameM se aMtima do spaSTataH AdinAtha aura pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyAM haiM / ( 4 ) itihAsa kI dRSTi se eka stambha kA pITha ullekhanIya haiM / isake Upara kA bhAga jisameM cAroM ora jinapratimAyeM rahI haiM, TUTa gayA hai, kintu unake caraNoM ke cinha bace hue haiM / isa pITha ke eka bhAga para dharmacakra khudA huA hai, jisakI do puruSa va do striyAM pUjA kara rahe haiM, tathA do bAlaka hAthoM meM puSpamAlAeM lie khar3e haiM / isa pASANa para lekha bhI khudA hai, jisake anusAra yaha abhisAra nivAsI bhaTTidAma kA Arya RSidAsa ke upadeza se kiyA huA dAna haiM / DA0 agravAla kA mata hai ki yaha ukta dhArmika puruSa usI abhisAra pradeza kA nivAsI rahA hogA jisakA yUnAnI lekhakoM ne bhI ullekha kiyA haiM, aura jo vartamAna pezAvara vibhAga ke pazcimottara kA hajArA jilA siddha hotA haiM / usane mathurA meM Akara jaina dharma svIkAra kiyA hogA / kintu isase adhika ucita yaha pratIta hotA hai ki hajArA nivAsI vaha vyakti pahale se jaina dharmAvalambI rahA hogA aura mathurA ke stUpoM aura mandiroM kI tIrthayAtrA ke lie AyA hogA, tabhI vaha sarvatobhadra pratimA pratiSThita karAI / pazcimottara pradeza meM jaina dharma kA astitva asambhava nahIM haiM / prathama zatI meM (5) eka aura dhyAna dene yogya pratimA (2502) haiM, tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI / isake dAhinI ora cAra bhujAoM va sapta phaNoM yukta nAgarAja kI pratimA haiM, jisake Upara ke bAeM hAtha meM hala kA cinha hone se vaha balarAma kI mAnI

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346 jaina kalA gaI haiM / bAyIM ora caturbhaja viSNu kI mUrti haiM, jinake Upara ke dAhine hAtha meM gadA va bAeM hAtha meM cakra haiM / tIthaMkara kI mUrti ke Upara vetasa-patroM kA khudAva hai| samavAyAMga sUtra ke anusAra vetasa neminAtha kA bodhivRkSa hai| hindU purANAnusAra balarAma zeSanAga ke avatAra mAne gaye haiN| isa prakAra kI, aise hI balarAma aura vAsudeva kI pratimAoM se aMkita, aura bhI aneka matiyAM pAI gaI haiM, (jaina enTI0 bhAga 2, pRSTha 61) / aisI hI eka aura pratimA (2488) hai, jisameM tIrthakara ke dAhinI ora phaNAyukta nAga hAtha jor3e khar3A hai| yaha bhI balarAma upAsaka sahita neminAtha kI mUrti mAnI gaI haiN| neminAtha kI mUrti ke sAtha vAsudeva aura balabhadra ke sambaddha hone kA ullekha samantabhadra ne apane vRhatsvayambhUstotra meM kiyA hai / neminAtha kI stuti karate hue ve kahate haiM : dhtimd-rthaaNg-rvivimbkirnn-jttilaaNshumNddl:| nIla-jalajadalarAzi-vapuHsahabandhubhirgaruDaketurIzvaraH // halabhRcca te svajanabhaktimuditahRdayau janezvarau / dharmavinaya-rasikau sutarAM caraNAraviMda-yugalaM praraNematuH / / 126 / / arthAt cakradhArI garuDaketu (vAsudeva) aura haladhara, ye donoM bhrAtA prasannacitta hokara vinaya se ApakI vandanA karate haiN| guptakAlIna jaina mUrtiyAM-- ___ kuSANakAla ke pazcAt aba hama guptakAlIna tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kI ora dhyAna deN| yaha yuga IsA kI cauthI zatI se prArambha hotA hai| isa yuga kI 37 pratimAoM kA paricaya ukta mathurA saMgrahAlaya kI sUcI meM karAyA gayA hai / usa para se isa yuga kI nimna vizeSatAyeM jJAta hotI hai / tIrthakara mUrtiyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa to ve hI pAye jAte haiM jo kuSANakAla meM vikasita ho cuke the, kintu unake parikaroM meM aba kucha vaiziSTya dikhAI detA hai| pratimAoM kA uSNISa kucha adhika saundarya va ghugharAlepana ko liye hue pAyA jAtA hai / prabhAvala meM vizeSa sajAvaTa dikhAI detI hai (bI 1, bI 6, Adi) dharmacaka va usake upAsakoM kA citraNa pUrvavat hote hue kahIM-kahIM usake pAvoM meM mRga bhI utkIrNa dikhAI dete haiM / bauddha mUrtiyoM meM isa prakAra mRgoM kA citraNa buddha bhagavAn ke sAranAtha ke mRgadAva meM prathama bAra dharmopadeza kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai| sambhava hai yahAM bhI usI alaMkaraNa zailI ne sthAna pA liyA ho| Age calakara hama mRga ko zAntinAtha bhagavAna kA vizeSa cinha svIkRta pAte haiM / isa prakAra kI eka pratimA (bI 75) ke siMhAsana para eka pArzva meM apanI thailI

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jaina mUrtiyA~ 347 sahita dhanapati kubera aura dUsare pArzva meM apanI bAI jaMghA para bAlaka ko baiThAye hue mAtRdevI (ambikA) kI pratimA dikhAI detI hai| inake Upara donoM ora cAra-cAra kamalAsIna pratimAeM dikhAI gaI haiM, jo sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani, aura rAhu, ina ATha gRhoM kI pratIka mAnI gaI haiN| isa alaMkaraNa ke AdhAra para yaha pratimA yuga-yuga se madhya-yuga ke saMdhikAla kI mAnI gaI hai, kyoMki yaha pratimAzailI usa kAla meM adhika vikasita huI thI (bI 65, 66) / navagraha aura aSTa-prAtihArya yukta eka jina-pratimA madhyapradeza meM jabalapura ke samIpa salImAnAbAda se bhI eka vRkSa ke nIce prApta huI thI, jo vahAM kI janatA dvArA khairAmAI ke nAma se pUjI jAtI hai (dekho-khaMDaharoM kA vaibhava, pR-180) / isI prakAra kI saMdhikAlIna vaha eka pratimA (1388) hai jisake siMhAsana para pArzvastha siMhoM ke bIca mIna-yugala dikhalAyA gayA hai jinake mukha khule hue haiM, aura unase sUtra laTaka rahA haiN| Age calakara mIna aranAtha tIrthaMkara kA cinha pAyA jAtA hai| AdinAtha kI pratimA abhI taka unhIM kandhoM para bikhare hue kezoM sahita dikhAI detI hai| usakA vRSabha, tathA anya tIrthaMkaroM ke alaga-alaga cinha yahAM taka adhika pracAra meM Aye nahIM pAye jAte; tathApi unakA upayoga prArambha huA pramANita hotA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM rAjagira ke vaibhAra parvata kI neminAtha kI vaha mUrti dhyAna dene yogya hai jisake siMhAsana ke madhya meM dharmacakra kI pITha para dhAraNa kiye hue eka puruSa aura usake donoM pAzvoM meM zaMkhoM kI AkRtiyAM pAI jAtI haiM / isa mUrti para ke khaMDita lekha meM candragupta kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai, jo lipi ke AdhAra para guptavaMzI nareza candagupta-dvitIya kA vAcI anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / gupta samrATa kumAragupta prathama ke kAla meM gupta saM0 106 kI banI huI vidizA ke samIpa ko udayagiri kI guphA meM utkIrNa vaha pArzvanAtha kI mUrti bhI isa kAla kI mUrtikalA ke lie dhyAna dene yogya hai / durbhAgyata: mUrti khaMDita ho cukI hai, tathApi usake Upara kA nAgaphaNa apane bhayaMkara dAMtoM se bar3A prabhAvazAlI aura apane deva kI rakSA ke liye tatpara dikhAI detA hai / uttarapradeza ke kahAUM nAmaka sthAna se prApta gupta saM0 141 ke lekha sahita vaha stambha bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya hai jisameM pArzvanAtha kI tathA anya cAra tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM utkIrNa haiN| isI kAla kI aneka jaina pratimAyeM gvAliyara ke pAsa ke kile, besanagara, bUr3hI caMderI va devagar3ha Adi aneka sthAnoM se prApta huI hai| devagar3ha kI kucha mUrtiyoM kA vahAM ke mandiroM ke sAtha ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| yahA~ kI mUrtiyoM meM gupta va guptottara kAlIna jaina mUrtikalA ke adhyayana kI pracura sAmagrI vidyamAna hai / do-cAra mUrtiyoM kI banAvaTa kI ora dhyAna dene se vahAM

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348 jaina kalA kI zailiyoM kI vividhatA spaSTa kI jA sakatI hai / vahAM ke 12 veM mandira ke maNDapa meM Asanastha jinapratimA ko dekhiye, jisakA mastaka vizAla, adhara sthUla va khUba saTe hue tathA bhRkuTiyAM kucha adhika Upara ko uThI huI dikhAI detI haiM / yahA~ dhyAna va ekAgratA kA bhAva khUba puSTa hai, kintu lAvaNya evaM parikarAtmaka sAja-sajjA kA abhAva hai| usI mandira ke garbhagRha meM zAntinAtha kI vizAla khaDgAsana pratimA kI ora dhyAna dIjiye, jo apane kalAtmaka guNoM ke kAraNa vizeSa gauravazAlI hai / bhAmaNDala kI sajAvaTa tathA pArzvastha dvArapAloM kA lAvaNya va bhAvabhaMgimA guptakAla kI kalA ke anukUla hai, phira bhI parikaroM ke sAtha mUrti kA tAdAtmya nahIM ho paayaa| darzaka ke dhyAna kA kendra pradhAna mUrti hI hai, jo apane gAmbhIrya va viraktibhAva yukta kaThora mudrA dvArA darzaka ke mana meM bhayamizrita pUjyabhAva utpanna karatI hai| ukta donoM mUrtiyoM se sarvathA bhinna zailI kI vaha padmAsana pratimA hai jo 15 veM mandira ke garbhagRha meM virAjamAna hai| isa mUrti meM lAvaNya, prasAda, anukampA Adi sadguNa utane hI suspaSTa hai, jitane dhyAna aura virakti ke bhAva / jJAna, dhyAna aura loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA isa mUrti ke aMga-aMga se phUTa phUTa kara nikala rahI hai| parikaroM kI sajAvaTa bhI anukUla hI hai| prabhAvala khUba alaMkRta hai| donoM pAvoM ke dvArapAla, Upara chatra-traya va gaja-lakSmI Adi kI AkRtiyA~ bhI sundara aura AkarSaka hai / ye guNa 21 veM mandira ke dakSiNa-kakSa ke devakulA meM sthita pratimA meM aura bhI adhika vikasita dikhAI dete haiM / yahA~ cAroM ora kI AkRtiyA~ va alaMkaraNa itane samRddha hue hai ki darzaka ko unakA AkarSaNa mukhya pratimA se kama nahIM rahatA / isa kAraNa mukhya pratimA samasta dRzya kA eka aMga mAtra bana gaI hai / yaha alaMkaraNa kI samRddhi madhyakAlA kI vizeSatA hai| tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke cinha__pratimAoM para pRthak-pRthak cinhoM kA pradarzana madhya yuga meM (8 vIM zatI I0 se) dhIre-dhIre pracAra meM AyA pAyA jAtA hai| isa yuga kI ukta mathurA saMgrahAlaya kI sUcI meM jina 33 tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, unameM AdinAtha kI mUrti (bI 21 va bI 76) para vRSabha kA cinha, neminAtha kI pratimA (bI 22, saM0 1104; bI 77) para zaMkha kA, tathA zAMtinAtha kI mUrti (1504) para mRga kA cinha pAyA jAtA hai| zeSa mUrtiyoM para aise vizeSa cinhoM kA aMkana nahIM hai / eka mUrti (e060) para laMgoTI kA cinha dikhAyA gayA hai / kucha ke cUcakoM ke sthAna para cakrAkRti banI hai / kucha ke hasta-taloM para caturdala puSpa pAyA jAtA hai| mUrtiyoM para tIna chatroM kA aMkana bhI dekhA

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jaina mUrtiyAM 346 jAtA hai| kucha mUrtiyoM para kubera va goda meM bAlaka sahita mAtA (bI 65) tathA navagraha (bI 66) bhI bane haiM / tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI mUrti ke pAvoM meM baladeva ko eka hAtha meM pyAlA liye hue, tathA apane zaMkha cakrAdi lakSaNoM sahita vAsudeva kI catubhuja mUrtiyAM bhI haiM (2738) / yakSa-yakSiNI Adi zAsana devatAoM kA AsanoM para aMkana bhI pracuratA se pAyA jAtA haiM / AdinAtha kI eka padmAsana mUrti ke sAtha zeSa 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI bhI padmAsanastha pratimAeM utkIrNa haiM / isase pUrva kuSANa va gupta kAloM meM prAyaH cAra tIrthaMkaroM vAlI sarvatobhadra mUrtiyAM pAI gaI haiN| pramAvala va siMhAsanoM kA alaMkaraNa vizeSa adhika pAyA jAtA hai / eka AdinAtha kI mUrti (bI 21) ke siMhAsana kI kinArI para se puSpamAlAeM laTakatI huI va dharmacakra ko sparza karatI huI dikhAI gaI haiM / kucha mUrtiyAM kAle va zveta saMgamaramara kI banI huI bhI pAI gaI haiN| kucha mUrtiyoM ke Upara devoM dvArA dudubhI bajAne kI AkRti bhI aMkita hai| ye hI saMkSepataH isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatAeM haiN| isa kAla meM tIthaMkaroM ke jo vizeSa cinha nirdhArita hue, va jo yajJa-yakSiNI pratyeka tIrthakara ke anucara ThaharAye gaye, va jina caityavakSoM kA unake kevala jJAna se sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA, unakI tAlikA (tri0 pra0 4, 604-05, 616-18, 634-40 ke anusAra) nimna prakAra hai / kramasaMkhyA tIrthakaranAma cinha caityavRkSa yajJa yakSiNI 1 RSabhanAtha baila nyagrodha govadana cakrezvarI 2 ajitanAtha gaja saptaparNa mahAyakSa rohiNI saMbhavanAtha prazva zAla trimukha prajJapti aminaMdananAtha bandara sarala yakSezvara vajrazRkhalA sumatinAtha cakavA priyaMgu tumburava vajrAMkuzA padmadrabhu kamala mAtaMga aprati cakrezvarI supAzvanAtha naMdyAvarta zirISa vijaya puruSadattA candraprabhu arddhacandra nAgavRkSa ajita manovegA puSpadanta makara akSa (baher3A) brahma kAlI zItalanAtha svastika dhUli(mAlivRkSa)brahmezvara jvAlAmAlinI zreyAMsanAtha geMDA palAza kumAra mahAkAlI vAsupUjya bhaiMsA SaNmukha gaurI 13 vimalanAtha zUkara pATala pAtAla gAMdhArI anaMtanAtha sehI pIpala kinnara vairoTI 15 dharmanAtha vajra dadhiparNa kiMpuruSa solasA priyaMgu xxur 17 024

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350 16 zAntinAtha hariNa 17 kuMthunAtha chAga 18 arahanAtha tagarakusuma ( matsya ) 16 mallinAtha kalaza 20 munisuvratanAtha kUrma 21 neminAtha utpala 22 neminAtha zaMkha 23 pArzvanAtha sarpa 24 mahAvIra siMha naMdI tilaka Amra garuDa gaMdharva kuvera kaMkelI (azoka) varuNa campaka bhRkuTi gomegha pArzva bakula meSa ga dhava zAla mAtaMga guhyaka jaina kalA anantamatI mAnasI mahAmAnasI jayA vijayA aparAjitA bahurUpiNI samavAyAMga sUtra meM bhI prAyaH yahI caityavRkSoM kI nAmAvalI pAI jAtI hai / bheda kevala itanA hai ki vahA~ cauthe sthAna para 'priyaka' chaThe sthAna para chattAha, nauve para mAlI, 10 veM para pilaMkhu, 11, 12, 13, para tiduga, pATala aura jambU, va 16 veM para azoka, 22 veM para veDasa nAma aMkita haiM / kumA padmA siddhAyinI vizAlatA kI dRSTi se madhyapradeza meM bar3avAnI nagara ke samIpa cUlagiri nAmaka parvazreNI ke talabhAga meM utkIrNa 84 phuTa UMcI khaDgAsana pratimA hai jo bAvanagajA ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isake eka ora yakSa aura dUsarI ora yakSiNI bhI utkIrNa haiM / cUlagiri ke zikhara para do mandiroM meM tIna-cAra mUrtiyoM para saMvat 1380 kA ullekha hai jisase isa tIrthakSetra kI pratiSThA kama se kama 14 vIM zatI se siddha haiN| deza ke prAyaH samasta bhAgoM ke digambara jaina mandiroM meM aisI jina - pratimAeM virAjamAna pAI jAtI haiM, jinameM unake zAha jIvarAja pApar3IvAla dvArA saM0 1548 (1460 I0) meM pratiSThita karAe jAne kA, tathA bhaTTAraka jinacandra yA bhAnucandra kA sthAna mur3AsA kA, va rAjA yA rAvala zivasiMha kA ullekha milatA hai / mur3AsA pazcima rAjasthAna meM IDara se pA~cachaha mIla dUra eka gA~va hai / eka kiMvadaMtI pracalita hai pApar3IvAla ne eka lAkha mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita karAkara unakA vitaraNa karAyA thA / ki seTha jIvarAja sarvatra pUjAnimitta dhAtu kI mUrtiyAM - yahAM taka jina mUrtiyoM kA paricaya karAyA gayA ve pASANa nirmita haiM / dhAtunirmita pratimAeM bhI atiprAcIna kAla se pracAra meM pAI jAtI hai / bronja (tAmra va zIzA mizrita dhAtu) kI banI huI eka pArzvanAtha kI pratimA bambaI priMsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM hai / durbhAgya se isakA pAdapITha naSTa ho gayA

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jaina mUrtiyA~ hai, aura yaha bhI patA nahIM ki yaha kahAM se prApta huI thI / pratimA kAyotsargaM mudrA meM hai, aura usakA dAhinA hAtha va nAgaphaNa khaMDita hai, kintu nAga ke zarIra ke mor3a pRSTha bhAga meM pairoM se lagAkara Upara taka spaSTa dikhAI dete haiM / isakI AkRti pUrvokta lohAnIpura kI mastakahIna mUrti se tathA har3appA ke lAla-pASANa kI sira-hIna mUrti se bahuta sAmya rakhatI hai / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha mUrti mauryakAlIna honI cAhiye, aura vaha I0 pU0 100 varSa se isa ora kI to ho hI nahIM sakatI / isI prakAra kI dUsarI dhAtu pratimA AdinAtha tIrthaMkara kI hai, jo bihAra meM ArA ke causA nAmaka sthAna se prApta huI hai, aura paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai | yaha bhI khaDgAsana mudrA meM hai, aura rUpa-rekhA meM uparyukta pArzvanAtha kI mUrti se sAmya rakhatI hai / tathApi aMgoM kI AkRti, keza vinyAsa evaM prabhAvala kI zobhA ke AdhAra para yaha gupta-kAlIna anumAna kI jAtI hai / isI ke sAtha prApta huI anya pratimAeM paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM haiM, jo apanI banAvaTa kI zailI dvArA maurya va gupta kAla ke bIca kI zrRMkhalA ko prakaTa karatI haiM / 351 I dhAtu kI vastra jina - pratimA rAjapUtAne meM sirohI janapada ke antargata vasantagar3ha nAmaka sthAna se milI hai / yaha RSabhanAtha kI khaDgAsana pratimA hai, jisa para saM0 744 ( I0 687 ) kA lekha hai / isameM dhotI kA pahanAvA dikhAyA gayA hai / usakI dhotI kI sikur3ana bAeM paira para vizeSa rUpa se dikhAI gayI hai / isase saMbhavataH kucha pUrva kI ve pAMca ghAtu pratimAeM haiM jo valabhI se prApta huI haiM, aura prinsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / ye pratimAeM bhI savastra haiM, kintu inameM dhotI kA pradarzana vaise ugra rUpa se nahIM pAyA jAtA, jaisA vasantagar3ha kI pratimA meM / isa prakAra kI dhotI kA pradarzana pASANa mUrtiyoM meM bhI kiyA gayA pAyA jAtA hai, jisakA eka udAharaNa rohataka (paMjAba) meM pArzvanAtha kI khaDgAsana mUrti hai / prinsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya kI cAharaDI (khAnadeza) se prApta huI AdinAtha kI pratimA 10 vIM zatI kI dhAtumaya mUrti kA eka sundara udAharaNa hai / isI prakAra kI dhAtu pratimAoM meM ve mUrtiyAM bhI ullekhanIya haiM jo jIvanta svAmI kI kahI jAtI haiM / AvazyakacUNa, nizIthacUrNa va vasudeva haMDI meM ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra tIrthaMkara ke kumArakAla meM jaba ve apane rAja- prAsAda meM hI dharma-dhyAna kiyA karate the, tabhI unakI eka candana kI pratimA nirmANa karAI gaI thI, jo votibhaya paTTana (siMdhu - sauvIra) ke nareza udayana ke hAtha par3I / vahAM se ujjaina ke rAjA pradyota usakI anya kASTha-ghaTita pratikRti (pratimA) ko

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352 jaina kalA usake sthAna para chor3akara mUla pratimA ko apane rAjya meM le Aye, aura use vidizA meM pratiSThita karA diyA, jahAM vaha dIrghakAla taka pUjI jAtI rhii| isa sAhitya kathAnaka ko hAla hI meM akoTA (bar3audA janapada) se prApta do jIvantasvAmI kI bronja-dhAtu nirmita pratimAoM se aitihAsika samarthana prApta huA hai / inameM se eka para lekha hai, jisameM use jIvanta-sAmi-pratimA kahA hai, aura yaha ullekha hai ki use candrakulakI nAgezvarI zrAvikA ne dAna diyA thA / lipi para se yaha chaThI zatI ke madhyabhAga kI anumAna kI gaI hai / ye mUrtiyAM kAyotsarga dhyAnamudrA meM haiM, kintu zarIra para alaMkaraNa khUba rAjakumArocita hai / mastaka para UMcA mukuTa hai, jisake nIce kezakalApa donoM kaMdhoM ke nIce jhUla rahe haiM / gale meM hArAdi AbharaNa, kAnoM meM kuDala, donoM bAhuoM para caur3e bhujabaMdha va hAthoM meM kar3e aura kaTibandha Adi AbhUSaNa haiM / muha para smita va prasAda bhAva jhalaka rahA hai| inakI mAvAbhivyakti va alaMkaraNa meM guptakAlIna va taduttara zailI kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| lagabhaga 14 vIM zatI se pItala kI jinamUrtiyoM kA bhI pracAra huA pAyA jAtA hai / kahIM kahIM to pItala kI bar3I vizAla bhArI Thosa mUrtiyAM pratiSThita haiM / AbU ke pittalahara maMdira meM virAjamAna AdinAtha kI pItala kI mUrti lekhAnusAra 108 mana kI hai, aura vaha vi0 saM0 1525 meM pratiSThita kI gaI thii| mUrti apane parikara sahita 8 phuTa U~cI padmAsana hai, aura vaha mehasAnA (uttara gujarAta) ke sUtra dhAra maMDana ke putra devA dvArA nirmANa kI gaI thii| bAhubali kI mUrtiyAM bronz2a kI pratimAoM meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai bAhubali kI vaha pratimA jo abhI kucha varSa pUrva hI bambaI ke prinsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM AI hai| bAhubali Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke putra va bharata cakravartI ke bhrAtA the, aura unheM takSazilA kA rAjya diyA gayA thaa| pitA ke tapasyA dhAraNa kara lene ke pazcAt bharata cakravartI hue, aura unhoMne bAhubali ko apanI adhInatA svIkAra karane ke liye vivaza karanA caahaa| isa para donoM bhAiyoM meM yuddha huaa| jisa samaya yuddha ke bIca vijayazrI saMzayAvasthA meM par3I huI thI, usI samaya bAhubali ko isa sAMsArika moha aura Asakti se vairAgya ho gayA, aura unhoMne apane lie kevala eka paira bhara pRthvI rakhakara zeSa samasta rAjya-vaibhava bhUmi va parigraha kA parityAga kara diyaa| unhoMne potanapura meM nizcala khar3e hokara aisI ghora tapasyA kI ki unake pairoM ke samIpa valmIka car3ha gaye va zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM se mahAsarpa va latAeM lipaTa gaI / bAhubali kI isa ghora tapasyA kA varNana jinasena

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jaina mUrtiyA~ 353 kRta mahApurANa (36, 104-185) meM kiyA gayA hai| raviSeNAcArya ne apane padmapurANa meM saMkSepataH kahA hai-- saMtyajya sa tato bhogAn bhUtvA nirvastrabhUSaNaH / varSa pratimayA tasthau meruvanniSprakampakaH / valmIkavivarodyayAtairatyupraiH sa mahoragaiH / zyAmAdInAM ca ballIbhi: veSTitaH prApa kevalam // (pa0 pu0 4,76-77) isa varNana meM jo vamIThoM va latA ke zarIra meM lipaTane kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lekhaka ke sammukha bAhubali kI ina lakSaNoM se yukta koI mUrtimAn pratimA thiiN| kAla ko dRSTi ke usa samaya bAvAmI kI guphA kI bAhubali mUrti bana cukI siddha hotI hai| raviSeNAcArya usase paricita rahe ho to Azcarya nhiiN| bAdAmI kI yaha mUrti lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM nirmita sAr3he sAta phuTa UMcI hai / dUsarI pratimA ailorA ke choTe kailAza nAmaka jaina-zilAmaMdira kI indrasabhA kI dakSiNI dIvAra para utkIrNa hai / isa guphA kA nirmANa kAla lagabhaga 8 vIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| tIsarI bhUrti devagar3ha ke zAntinAtha mandira (862 I0) meM haiM, jisakI upayukta mUrtiyoM se vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM vAmI, kukkuTa sarpa va latAoM ke atirikta mUrti para reMgate hue bicchU, chipakalI Adi jIva-jantu bhI aMkita kiye gaye haiM, aura ina upasargakArI jIvoM kA nivAraNa karate hue eka deva-yugala bhI dikhAyA gayA haiN| kintu ina sabase vizAla aura suprasiddha maMsUra rAjya ke antargata zravaNabela golA ke vidhyagiri para virAjamAna vaha mUrti hai jisakI pratiSThA gaMganareza rAjamalla ke mahAmaMtrI cAmuMDarAya ne 10-11 vIM zatI meM karAI thii| yaha mUrti 56 phuTa 3 inca UMcI hai aura usa parvata para dUra se hI dikhAI detI hai / usake aMgoM kA santulana, mukha kA zAMta aura prasanna bhAva, valmIka va mAdhavI latA ke lapeTana itanI sundaratA ko lie hue hai ki jinakI tulanA anyatra kahIM nahIM pAI jAtI / isI mUrti ke anukaraNa para kArakala meM san 1432 I0 meM 41 phuTa 6 inca UMcI, tathA veNara meM 1604 I0 meM 35 phuTa UMcI anya do vizAla pASANa mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita huii| dhIre-dhIre isa prakAra kI bAhubali kI mUrti kA uttara bhArata meM bhI pracAra huA hai / idhara kucha dinoM se bAhubali kI mUrtiyAM aneka jaina maMdiroM meM pratiSThita huI haiN| kintu jo bonja-dhAtu nirmita mUrti aba prakAza meM AI hai| vaha uparyukta samasta pratimAoM se prAcIna anumAna kI jAtI hai / usakA nirmANakAla

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jaina kalA yaha pratimA sambhavataH sAtavIM zatI va usake mI kucha varSa pUrva pratIta hotA hai / eka golAkAra pITha para khar3I hai, aura usakI UMcAI 20 inca hai / mAdhavI - latA pattoM sahita pairoM aura bAhuoM se lipaTI huI hai / sira ke bAla jaise kaMdhI se pIche kI ora lauTAye hue dikhAI dete haiM, tathA unakI jaTAeM pITha va kaMdhoM para bikharI hai / bhauheM Upara ko car3hI huI va uthalI banAI gaI haiM / kAna nIce ko utare va chide hue haiN| nAka painI va jhukI huI hai / kapola va dAr3hI khUba mAMsala va bhare hue haiM / mukhAkRti lambI va gola hai / vakSasthala caur3AI ko lie hue cikanA hai va cUcUka cihna mAtra dikhAye gaye haiM / nitamba-bhAga gulAI lie hue hai| paira sIdhe aura ghuTane bhale prakAra dikhAye gaye haiM / bAhueM vizAla kaMdhoM se nIce kI ora zarIra AkRti ke valana kA anukaraNa kara rahI hai / hastatala bAhuoM ko sahArA mile / isa jaMghAoM se guTToM ke dvArA jur3e hue haiM jisase pratimA kA AkRti - nirmANa atisundara huA hai kA teja bhale prakAra jhalakAyA gayA hai / isa / mukha para dhyAna va AdhyAtmikatA AkRti nirmANa meM zrI umAkAMta 354 zAha ne isakI tulanA - bAdAmI guphA meM upalabdha bAhubali kI pratimA se tathA aihola kI mUrtiyoM se kI hai, jinakA nirmANa-kAla 6 vI 7 vIM zatI hai / cakrezvarI padmAvatI Adi yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyAM - jaina mUrtikalA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta jina anya devI-devatAoM ko rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai, unameM yakSoM aura yakSiNiyoM kI pratimAeM bhI dhyAna dene yogya haiM / pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke anuSaMgI eka yakSa aura eka yakSiNI mAne gaye haiM / Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI yakSiNI kA nAma cakrezvarI hai / isa devI kI eka DhAI phuTa UMcI pASANa mUrti madhurA saMgrahAlaya meM virAjamAna hai / yaha mUrti eka garuDa para AdhArita Asana para sthita hai / isakA sira va bhujAeM TUTa-phUTa gaI haiM, tathApi usakA prabhAvala praphulla kamalAkAra sualaMkRta vidyamAna hai / bhujAeM daza rahI haiM, aura hAtha meM eka cakra rahA hai| mUrti ke donoM pAvoM meM eka-eka dvArapAlikA hai, unameM dAyI prora vAlI eka camara, tathA bAyIM ora vAlI eka puSpamAlA liye hue hai| ye tInoM pratimAeM bhI kucha khaNDita haiM / pradhAna mUrti ke Upara padmAsana va dhyAnastha jina pratimA hai, jisake donoM ora vaMdanamAlAeM lie hue ur3atI huI mUrtiyAM banI haiN| yaha mUrti bhI kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai, aura kaniMghama sAhaba ne ise brAhmaNa paramparA kI dazabhujI devI samajhA thA / yaha koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM / madhyapradeza ke jabalapura jile meM hI kaTanI ke samIpa vilaharI grAma ke lakSmaNasAgara ke taTa para eka mandira meM cakrezvarI kI mUrti khairAmAI ke nAma se pUjI jA rahI hai, kintu mUrti ke mastaka

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jaina mUrtiyA~ para jo prAdinAtha kI pratimA hai, vaha use spaSTata: jaina paramparA kI ghoSita kara rahI hai / cakrezvarI kI mUrtiyAM devagar3ha ke mandiroM meM bhI pAI gaI haiM / zravaNabela golA (maisUra) ke candragiri parvata para zAsana basti nAmaka AdinAtha ke mandira ke dvAra para AjU-bAjU gomukha yakSa aura cakrezvarI yakSI kI sundara pratimAeM haiM yaha mandira lekhAnusAra zaka 1049 (1117 I0) se pUrva bana cukA thA / vahAM ke anyAnya mandiroM meM nAnA tIrthaMkaroM ke yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kI pratimAeM vidyamAna haiM (dekhie jaM0zi0 saM0 bhAga eka, prastAvanA) / inameM akkana basti nAmaka pArzvanAtha mandira kI sAr3he tIna phuTa UMcI dhareraNendra yakSa aura padmAvatI yakSI kI mUrtiyA~ vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / isa mandira kA nirmANakAla vahAM ke lekhAnusAraM zaka 1103 (1181 I0 ) hai | kattale basti meM bhI yaha mUrti hai / padmAvatI kI isase pUrva ke pazcAt kAlIna mUrtiyAM jainamandiroM meM bahutAyata se pAI jAtI hai / inameM khaMDagiri (ur3IsA) kI eka guphA mUrti sabase prAcIna pratIta hotI hai | nAlaMdA va devagar3ha kI mUrtiyAM 7 vIM 8 vIM zatI kI hai / madhyakAla se lagAkara isa devI kI pUjA vizeSa rUpa se loka pracalita huI pAI jAtI hai / ambikA devI kI mUrti tIrthaMkaroM ke yakSa-yakSiNiyoM meM sabase adhika pracAra va prasiddhi neminAtha kSiNI ambikA devI kI pAI jAtI hai / isa devI kI sabase prAcIna va vikhyAta mUrti giranAra ( Urjayanta) parvata kI ambAdevI nAmaka ToMka para hai jisakA ullekha samantabhadra ne apane bRhatsvayaMmbhU stotra ( ( padya 127) meM khacarayoSita (vidyAdharI) nAma se kiyA hai ( pR0 339 ) / jinasena ne bhI apane harivaMza purANa (zak 705) meM isa devI kA smaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai- 355 grahItacakrApraticakradevatA tathorjayantAlaya - siMhavAhinI / zivAya yasminniha sannidhIyate kva tatra vighnAH prabhavanti zAsane || (ha0 pu0 prazasti) isa devI kI eka ullekhanIya pASANa-pratimA 1 phuTa 6 iMca UMcI mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM hai / ambikA eka vRkSa ke nIce siMha para sthita kamalAsana para virAjamAna hai / bAMyA paira Upara uThAyA huA va dAhinA pRthvI para hai / dAhine hAtha meM phaloM kA gucchA hai, va bAMyA hAtha bAyIM jaMghA para baiThe hue bAlaka ko sambhAle hai / bAlaka vakSasthala para jhUlate hue hAra se khela rahA hai / adhobhAga vastrAlaMkRta hai aura Upara vakSasthala para donoM skaMdhoM se pIche kI ora DAlI huI or3hanI hai /

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356 jaina kalA sira para sundara mukuTa hai, jisake pIche zobhanIka prabhAvala bhI hai / gale meM do lar3iyoM vAlA hAra, hAthoM meM cUr3iyA~, kaTi meM mekhalA va pairoM meM nupura AbhUSaNa hai / bAlaka nagna hai, kintu gale meM hAra, bAhuoM meM bhujabaMdha, kalAI meM kar3e tathA kamara meM karadhanI pahane hue hai| ambikA kI bAjU se eka dUsarA bAlaka khar3A hai, jisakA dAhinA hAtha ambikA ke dAhine ghuTane para hai / isa khar3e hue bAlaka ke dUsarI ora gaNeza kI eka choTI sI mUrti hai, jisake bAeM hAtha meM modaka pAtra hai, jise unakI sUDa sparza kara rahI hai| usake ThIka dUsare pArzva meM eka anya AsIna mUrti hai jisake dAhine hAtha meM eka pAtra aura bAeM meM moharoM kI thailI hai, aura isalie dhanada-kubera kI mUrti pratIta hotI hai| kubera aura gaNeza kI mUrtiyoM ke apane-apane kucha lambAkAra prabhAvala bhI bane hai| ina sabake donoM pAzvoM meM camaradhArI mUrtiyA~ hai / Asana se nIce kI paTTI meM ATha nartakiyAM hai| Upara kI ora puSpa-maMDapikA banI hai, jisake madhya bhAga meM padmAsana va dhyAnastha jinamUti hai / isake donoM ora do caturbhujI mUrtiyAM kamaloM para tribhaMgI mudrA meM khaDI haiM / dAhinI ora kI mUrti ke hAthoM meM hala va mUsala hone se vaha spaSTataH balarAma kI, tathA bAyIM ora kI caturbhuja mUrti ke bAeM hAthoM meM cakra va zaMkha tathA dAhine hAthoM meM padma va gadA hone se vaha vAsudeva kI mUrti hai| donoM ke galoM meM vaijayantI mAlAeM par3I huI hai / balabhadra aura vAsudeva sahita neminAtha tIrthakara kI svataMtra mUrtiyAM mathurA va lakhanaU ke saMgrahAlayoM meM vidyamAna haiM / prastuta ambikA kI mUrti meM hameM jaina va vaidika paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM kA sundara samIkaraNa milatA hai, jisakA varNAnAtmaka pakSa hama jaina purANoM meM pAte haiN| puNyAzrava-kathAkoSa kI yakSI kI kathA ke anusAra girinAra kI agnilA nAma kI dharmavatI brAhmaNa-mahilA apane pati kI kopa-bhAjana banakara apane priyaMkara aura zubhaMkara nAmaka do alpa-vayaska putroM ko lekara girinAra parvata para eka munirAja kI zaraNa meM calI gii| vahAM bAlakoM ke kSudhAgrasta hone para usake dharma ke prabhAva se vahA~ eka AmravRkSa akAla meM hI phUla uThA / usakI lumbikAoM (gucchoM) dvArA usane una bAlakoM kI kSudhA ko zAnta kiyaa| udhara usake pati somazarmA ko apanI bhUla kA patA calA to vaha use manAne AyA / agnilA samajhI ki vaha use mArane AyA hai| ataeva vaha tatkAlIna tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA dhyAna karatI huI parvata ke zikhara se kUda paDI, aura zubha dhyAna se marakara neminAtha ko yakSiNI ambikA huI / usakA pati yathAsamaya marakara siMha ke rUpa meM usakA vAhana huaa| isa prakAra ambikA ke do putra, prAmavRkSa aura AmraphaloM kI lambikA aura siMhavAhana, ye usa devI kI mUrti ke lakSaNa bane /

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" jaina mUrtikalA 357 isI kathAnaka kA sAra AzAdhara kRta pratiSThAsAra (32 vIM zatI) meM ambikA ke vandanAtmaka nimna zloka meM milatA hai savyakavyupaga-priyaMkarasutaprItyai kare bibhratI / vidhyAmrastabakaM zubhaMkara-karazliSTAnyahastAMgulim // siMhabhartR care sthitAM haritabhAmAmradumacchAyagAm / vaMdAraM dazakAmukocchyajinaM devImihAmbA yaje / / ambikA kI aisI mUrtiyAM udayagiri-khaMDagiri kI navamuni guphA tathA DhaMka kI guphAoM meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM / inameM isa mUrti ke do hI hAtha pAye jAte haiM, jaisA ki Upara varNita mathurA kI guptakAlIna pratimA meM bhI hai| kintu dakSiNa meM jinakAMcI ke eka jaina maTha kI dIvAla para citrita ambikA caturbhuja hai / usake do hAthoM meM pAza aura aMkuza haiM, tathA anya do hAtha abhaya aura varada mudrA meM haiM / vaha AmravRkSa ke nIce padmAsana virAjamAna hai, aura pAsa meM bAlaka bhI hai / maisara rAjya ke aMgaDi nAmaka sthAna ke jainamaMdira meM ambikA kI dvibhujamUrti khar3I huI bahuta hI sundara hai| usakI tribhaMga zarIrAkRti kalAtmaka aura lAlityapUrNa hai / devagar3ha ke maMdiroM meM tathA AbU ke vimala-vasahI meM bhI ambikA kI mUrti darzanIya hai| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM hAla hI AI huI (3382) pUrvamadhyakAlIna mUrti meM devI do staMbhoM ke bIca lalitAsana baiThI hai| dAMyAM para kamala para hai| devI apanI goda ke zizu ko atyata vAtsalya se donoM hAthoM se pakar3e hue hai / kezapAza va kaMThahAra tathA kuDaloM kI AkRtiyAM bar3I sundara haiM / bAMeM kinAre siMha baiThA hai| sarasvatI kI mUti mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta sarasvatI kI mUrti (je 24) lakhanaU ke saMgrahAlaya meM eka phuTa sAr3he nau iMca U~cI haiN| devI caukora Asana para virAjamAna hai / sira khaMDita hai| bAyeM hAtha meM sUtra se baMdhI huI pustaka hai / dAhinA hAtha khaMDita hai, kintu abhaya mudrA meM rahA pratIta hotA hai / vastra sAr3I jaisA hai, jisakA aMcala kaMdhoM ko bhI AcchAdita kiye hai| donoM hAthoM kI kalAiyoM para eka-eka cUr3I hai, tathA dAhine hAtha meM cUr3I se Upara japamAlA bhI laTaka rahI hai / devI ke donoM ora do upAsaka khar3e haiM, jinake keza sundaratA se saMvAre gaye haiM / dAhinI ora ke upAsaka ke hAtha meM kalaza hai, tathA bAMI ora kA upAsaka hAtha jor3e khar3A hai / dAhinI ora kA upAsaka koTa pahane hue hai, jo zaka jAti

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358 jaina kalA ke TyUnika jaisA dikhAI detA hai / pAda-pITha para eka lekha bhI hai, jisake anusAra "saba jIvoM ko hita va sukhakArI yaha sarasvatI kI pratimA siMhaputra-zobha nAmaka luhAra kAsaka (zilpI) ne dAna kiyA, aura use eka jaina mandira kI raMgazAlA meM sthApita kii"| yaha mUrtidAna koTika-gaNa vAcakAcArya Aryadeva ko saMvat 54 meM kiyA thaa| lipi Adi para se yaha varSa zaka saMvat kA pratIta hotA hai / ataH isakA kAla 78+54=132 I0, kuSANa rAjA huviSka ke samaya meM par3atA hai| lekha meM jo anya nAma Aye haiM ve sabhI usI kaMkAlI TIle se prApta samvat 52 kI jaina pratimA ke lekha meM bhI ullikhita haiN| jaina paramparA meM sarasvatI kI pUjA kitanI prAcIna hai, yaha isa mUrti aura usake lekha se pramANita hotA hai / sarasvatI kI itanI prAcIna pratimA anyatra kahIM prApta nahIM huii| isa devI kI hindU mUrtiyAM guptakAla se pUrva kI nahIM pAyI jAtI, arthAt ve saba isase do tIna zatI pazcAt kI hai| sarasvatI kI mUrti aneka sthAnoM ke jaina mandiroM meM pratiSThita pAI jAtI hai, kiMtu adhikAMza jJAta pratimAeM madhyakAla kI nimitiyAM haiM / udAharaNArtha, devagar3ha ke 16 veM mandira ke bAhirI barAmade meM sarasvatI kI . khar3I huI caturbhuja mUrti hai, jisakA kAla vi0 saM0 1126 ke lagabhaga siddha hotA hai| rAjapUtAne meM sirohI janapada ke ajArI nAmaka sthAna ke mahAvIra jaina mandira meM pratiSThita mUrti ke Asana para vi0 saM0 1266 khudA huA hai| yaha mUrti kahIM dvibhuja, kahIM caturbhuja, kahIM mayUravAhinI aura kahIM haMsavAhinI pAI jAtI hai| eka hAtha meM pustaka avazya rahatI hai| anya hAtha va hAthoM meM kamala, akSamAlA, aura vINA, athavA inameM se koI eka yA do pAye jAte haiM, athavA dUsarA hAtha abhaya mudrA meM dikhAI detA hai / jaina pratiSThA-granthoM meM isa devI ke ye lakSaNa bhinna-bhinna rupa se pAye jAte haiM / usakI jaTAoM aura candrakalA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / dhavalA TIkA ke kartA vIrasenAcArya ne isa devI kI zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM vandanA kI hai, jisake dvAdazAMga vANIrUpa bAraha aMga haiM, samyagdarzana rUpa tilaka hai, aura uttama caritra rUpa prAbhUSaNa hai / prAkoTA se prApta sarasvatI kI dhAtu-pratimA ( 12vIM zatI se pUrva kI, bar3odA saMgrahAlaya meM ) dvibhuja khar3I huI hai mukha-mudrA bar3I prasanna hai / mukuTa kA prabhAvala bhI hai / aisI hI eka pratimA vasantagar3ha se bhI prApta huI hai| deviyoM kI pUjA kI paramparA bar3I prAcIna hai; yadyapi unake nAmoM, svarUpoM tathA sthApanA va pUjA ke prakAroM meM niratara parivartana hotA rahA hai| bhagavatI sUtra (11, 11, 426) meM ullekha hai ki rAjakumAra mahAbala ke vivAha ke samaya use pracura vastrAbhUSaNoM ke atirikta zrI, hrI, dhRti, kIrti, buddhi, lakSmI, nandA aura bhadrA kI pATha-pATha pratimAyeM bhI upahAra rUpa dI gaI thiiN| isase anumAnataH vivAha ke pazcAt pratyeka

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jaina mUrtikalA 356 sampanna kuTumba meM ye pratimAyeM kuladevatA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kI jAtI thiiN| acyutA yA acchaptA devI kI mUrti acyutA devI kI eka mUrti badanAvara (mAlavA) se prApta huI hai / devI ghor3e para ArUr3ha hai / usake cAra hAtha haiN| donoM dAhine hAtha TUTa gaye haiN| Upara ke bAMye hAtha meM eka DhAla dikhAI detI hai, aura nIce kA hAtha ghor3e kI rAsa samhAle hue hai / dAhinA paira rakAba meM hai aura bAyAM usa paira kI jaMghA para rakhA huA hai / isa prakAra mUrti kA mukha sAmane va ghor3e kA usakI bAyIM ora hai / devI ke gale aura kAnoM meM alaMkAra hai / mUrti ke Upara maMDapa kA AkAra hai, jisa para tIna jina-pratimAeM banI haiN| cAroM konoM para choTI-choTI jaina prAkRtiyAM haiM / yaha pASANa-khanDa 3 phuTa 6 iMca U~cA hai| isa para eka lekha bhI hai, jisake anusAra acyutA devI kI pratimA ko sambat 1226 (I0 1172) meM kucha kuTumboM ke vyaktiyoM ne vartamAnapura meM zAntinAtha caityAlaya meM prasthApita kI thI / isa lekha para se siddha hai ki Adhunika badanAvara prAcIna varddhamAnapura kA apabhraMza rUpa hai| maiM apane eka lekha meM batalA cukA hU~ tathA Upara maMdiroM ke sambandha meM bhI ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai, ki sambhavataH yahI vaha varddhamAnapura kA zAntinAtha mandira hai jahAM zaka saM0 705 (I0 783) meM AcArya jinasena ne harivaMza-purANa kI racanA pUrNa kI thii| naMgameSa (nemeza) kI mUrti mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta bhagnAvazeSoM meM eka toraNa-khaMDa para nemeza deva kI pratimA banI hai aura usake nIce bhagava nemeso aisA likhA hai / isa nemeza deva kI mathurA-saMgrahAlaya meM aneka mUrtiyAM haiM / kuSANa kAlIna eka mUrti (I0 1) eka phuTa sAr3he tIna iMca U~cI hai / mukhAkRti bakare ke sadRza hai va bAeM hAtha se do zizuoM ko dhAraNa kiye haiM, jo usakI jaMghA para laTaka rahe haiN| usake kaMdhoM para bhI sambhavataH bAlaka rahe haiM, jo khaMDita ho gaye hai, kevala unake paira laTaka rahe haiM / eka anya choTI sI mUrti (naM0 606) sAr3he cAra iMca kI hai, jisameM kadhoM para bAlaka baiThe hue dikhAI dete haiM / yaha bhI kuSANa kAlIna hai / tIsarI mUrti sAr3he ATha iMca UMcI hai aura usameM donoM kaMdhoM para eka-eka bAlaka baiThA huA hai / dAhinA hAtha abhaya mudrA meM hai, aura bAMe meM moharoM kI thailI jaisI koI vastu hai / kadhoM para bAlaka baiThAe hue negameza kI aura do mUrtiyAM (naM0 1151, 2482) haiN| eka mUrti kA kevala sira mAtra surakSita hai (naM0 1001) / eka anya mUrti (naM0 2547)eka phuTa pAMca iMca UMcI hai,

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jaina kalA jisameM pratyeka kaMdhe para do-do bAlaka baiThe dikhAI dete haiM tathA dAhinA hAtha abhaya mudrA meM hai / kucha mUrtiyAM prajAmukha devI kI haiM / eka mUrti (I 2) eka phuTa cAra iMca UMcI hai, jisameM devI ke stana spaSTa haiN| usake bAeM hAtha meM eka takiyA hai, jisa para eka bAlaka apane donoM hAtha bRkSasthala para rakhe hue laTakA hai / devI kA dAhinA hAtha khaMDita hai; kintu anumAnataH vaha kaMdhe kI ora uTha rahA hai / isI prakAra kI dUsarI mUti (I 3) meM stanoM para hAra laTaka rahA hai / tIsarI mUrti (naM0 796) sAr3he ATha iMca UMcI hai| devI ajAmukha hai, kintu vaha kisI bAlaka ko dhAraNa nahIM kiye hai| usake dAhine hAtha meM kamala aura bAMe hAtha meM pyAlA hai / eka anya mUrti (naM. 1210) dasa iMca UMcI hai, jisameM devI apanI bAMyIM jaMghA para bAlaka ko baiThAye hai, aura bAeM hAtha se use pakar3e hai| dAhinA hAtha abhaya mudrA meM haiM / sira para sAr3he pAMca iMca vyAsa kA prabhAvala bhI hai| stanoM para suspaSTa hAra bhI hai / eka anya choTI sI mUrti vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / yaha kevala pAMca iMcI UMcI hai, kintu usameM ajAmukha devI kI cAra bhujAe haiM, aura vaha eka parvata para lalitAsana virAjamAna hai / usakI bAMyI jaMghA para bAlaka baiThA hai, jo pyAle ko hAthoM meM lie dUdha pI rahA hai / devI ke hAthoM meM trizUla, pyAlA va pAza hai / usake dAhine paira ke nIce usake vAhana kI AkRti kucha aspaSTa hai, jo sambhavataH baila yA bhaiMsA hogA kucha mUrtiyAM aisI bhI haiM jinameM yaha mAtRdevI ajAmukha nahIM, kintu strI-mukha banAI gaI hai / aisI eka mUrti (I 4 ) 1 phuTa 2 iMca U~cI hai jisameM devI eka ziza ko apanI godI meM sulAye hue hai| devI kA dAhinA hAtha abhayamudrA meM hai / mUrti kuSANakAlIna hai| isI prakAra kI balika ko sulAye hue eka dUsarI mUrti bhI hai| bAlakoM sahita eka anya ullekhanIya mUrti (naM0 278) 1phuTa sAr3he sAta iMca U~cI va 6 iMca caur3I hai, jisameM eka strI va puruSa pAsa-pAsa eka vRkSa ke nIce lalitAsana meM gaiThe haiM vRkSa ke UparI bhAga meM choTI sI dhyAnastha jina mUrti banI huI hai, aura vRkSa kI pIr3a (tanA) para giragiTa car3hatA huA dikhAI detA hai / pAda-pITha para eka dUsarI AkRti hai, jisameM bAyAM paira Upara uThAyA huA hai, aura usake donoM ora 6 bAlaka khela rahe haiM / isa prakAra kI eka mUrti canderI (ma0 pra0) meM bhI pAI gaI hai, tathA eka anya mUrti prayAga nagarapAlikA ke saMgrahAlaya meM bhI hai| upayukta samasta mUrtiyAM mUlataH eka jaina AkhyAna se sambadhita hai, aura apane vikAsa krama ko pradarzita kara rahI haiN| kalpa-sUtra ke anusAra indra kI

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jaina citrakalA 361 AjJA se unake harinaMgamezA nAmaka anucara deva ne mahAvIra ko garbharUpa meM devAnandA kI kukSi se nikAla kara trizalA rAnI kI kukSi meM sthApita kiyA thaa| isa prakAra harinagamezI kA sambandha bAla-rakSA se sthApita huA jAna par3atA hai| isa harinaigamezI kI mukhAkRti prAcIna citroM va pratimAoM meM bakare jaisI pAI jAtI hai / neminAtha caritra meM kathAnaka haiM ki satyabhAmA kI pradyumna sadRza putra ko prApta karane kI abhilASA ko pUrA karane ke lie kRSNa ne naigameza deva kI ArAdhanA kI, aura usane prakaTa hokara unheM eka hAra diyA jisake pahanane se satyabhAmA kI manokAmanA pUrI huii| isa AkhyAna se naigameza deva kA saMtAnotpatti ke sAtha vizeSa sambandha sthApita hotA hai / ukta deva va devI kI prAyaH samasta mUrtiyAM hAra pahane hue haiM, jo sambhavataH isa kathAnaka ke hAra kA pratIka hai / DA. vAsudevazaraNajI kA anumAna hai ki upalabhya mUrtiyoM para se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki saMtAna pAlana meM deva kI apekSA devI kI upAsanA adhika aucitya rakhatI hai, ataeva deva ke sthAna para devI kI kalpanA prArambha huI / tatpazcAt ajAmukha kA parityAga karake sundara strI-mukha kA rUpa isa deva-devI ko diyA gayA, aura phira deva-devI donoM hI eka sAtha bAlakoM sahita dikhalAe jAne lage (jaina enaTI0 1637 pra0 37 Adi) saMbhava hai zizu ke pAlana poSaNa meM bakarI ke dUdha ke mahatva ke kAraNa isa prajAmukha devatA kI pratiSThA huI ho ? kucha mUrtiyoM meM, udAharaNArtha devagar3ha ke mandiroM meM va candrapura (jhAMsI) se prApta mUrtiyoM meM, eka vRkSa ke Asa-pAsa baiThe hue puruSa aura strI dikhAI dete haiM, . aura ve donoM hI eka bAlaka ko lie hue haiM / purAtatva vibhAga ke bhUtapUrva saMcAlaka zrI dayArAma sAhanI kA mata hai ki yaha dRzya bhogabhUmi ke yugala kA jaina citrakalA . citrakalA ke prAcIna ullekha bhAratavarSa meM citrakalA kA bhI bar3A prAcIna itihAsa haiM / isa kalA ke sAhitya meM bahuta prAcIna ullekha pAye jAte haiM, tathApi isa kalA ke sundaratama udAharaNa hameM ajantA kI gupta-kAlIna bauddha guphAoM meM milate haiM / yahAM yaha kalA jisa vikasita rUpa meM prApta hotI hai, vaha svayaM batalA rahI hai ki usase pUrva bhI bhAratIya kalAkAroM ne aneka vaise bhitticitra dIrghakAla taka banAye hoMge, tabhI unako isa kalA kA vaha kauzala aura abhyAsa prApta ho sakA jisakA

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jaina kalA 362 pradarzana hama una guphAoM meM pAte haiM / kintu citrakalA kI AdhArabhUta sAmagrI bhI usakI prakRti anusAra hI bar3I lalita aura komala hotI hai / bhitti kA lepa aura usapara kalAkAra ke hAthoM kI syAhI kI rekhAeM tathA raMgoM kA vinyAsa kAla kI tathA dhUpa, varSA, pavana Adi prAkRtika zaktiyoM kIkarAlatA ko utanA nahIM saha sakatI jitanA vastu va mUrtikalA kI pASANamayI kRtiyA~ | isa kAraNa gupta kAla se pUrva ke citrakalAtmaka udAharaNa yA to naSTa ho gaye yA bace to aisI jIrNazIrNa avasthA meM jisase unake maulika svarUpa kA spaSTa jJAna prApta karanA asambhava ho gayA hai / prAcInatama jaina sAhitya meM citrakalA ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM / chaThe jaina zrutAMga nAyAdhamma-kahAo meM dhAraNI devI ke zayAnAgAra kA sundara varNana hai jisakA chata latAoM, puSpavalliyoM tathA uttama jAti ke citroM se alaMkRta thA ( nA0 ka0 19 ) / isI zrutAMga meM malladinna rAjakumAra dvArA apane pramadavana meM citrasabhA banavAne kA varNana hai / usane citrakAroM kI zreNI ko bulavAyA aura unase kahA ki mere lie eka citra sabhA banAo aura use hAva, bhAva, vilAsa, vibhramoM se susajjita karo / citrakAra zreNI ne isa bAta ko svIkAra kara liyA aura apane-apane ghara jAkara tUlikAeM aura varNa ( raMga ) lAkara ve citra-racanA meM pravRtta ho gaye / unhoMne bhittiyoM kA vibhAjana kiyA, bhUmi ko lepAdi se sajAyA aura phira ukta prakAra ke citra banAne lage / unameM se eka citrakAra ko aisI siddhi prApta thI ki kisI bhI dvipada va catuSpada prANI kA eka aMga mAtra dekhakara usakI pUrI rUpAkRti nirmANa kara sakatA thA / usane rAjakumArI mahila ke caraNAMguSTa ko parde kI oTa se dekhakara usakI yathAvat sarvAMgAkRti citrita kara dI ( nA0 ka08, 78 ) / isI zrutAMga meM anyatra (13, 66) maNikAra zreSThi naMda dvArA rAjagRha ke udyAna meM eka citra sabhA banavAne kA ullekha hai, jisameM saikar3oM stambha the, va nAnA prakAra ke kASThakarma (lakar3I kI kArIgarI), pustakamaM ( cUne simeMTa kI kArIgarI ), citrakarma ( raMgoM kI kArIgarI ) lepyakarma (miTTI kI AkRtiyA~) tathA nAnA dravyoM ko gUMthakara, veSTitakara, bharakara va jor3akara banAI huI vividha AkRtiyAM nirmANa karAI gaI thIM / bRhat kalpasUtra bhASya (2, 5, 262 ) meM eka gaNikA kA kathAnaka hai, jo 64 kalAoM meM pravINa thI / usane apanI citrasabhA meM nAnA prakAra ke, nAnA jAtiyoM va vyavasAyoM ke puruSoM ke citra likhAye the / jo koI usake pAsa AtA use vaha apanI usa citra sabhA ke citra dikhalAtI, aura usakI pratikriyAoM para se usakI ruci va svabhAva ko jAnakAra usake sAtha tadanusAra vyavahAra karatI thI / zrAvazyaka TIkA ke eka padya meM citrakAra kA

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jaina citrakalA udAharaNa dekara batalAyA hai ki kisI bhI vyavasAya kA abhyAsa hI, usameM pUrNa pravINatA prApta karatA hai| cUrNikAra ne isa bAta ko samajhAte hue kahA hai ki nirantara abhyAsa dvArA citrakAra rUpoM ke samucita pramANa ko binA nApetole hI sAdha letA hai| eka citrakAra ke hasta-kauzala kA udAharaNa dete hue Avazyaka TIkA meM yaha bhI kahA hai ki eka zilpI ne mayUra kA paMkha aise kauzala se citrita kiyA thA ki rAjA use yathArtha vastu samajhakara hAthoM meM lene kA prayatna karane lgaa| Ava0 cUrNikAra ne kahA hai ki sUtra ke artha ko spaSTa karane meM bhASA aura vibhASA kA vahI sthAna hai jo citrakalA meM / citrakAra jaba kisI rUpa kA saMtulita mApa nizcaya kara letA hai, taba vaha bhASA aura pratyeka aMgopAMga kA pramANa nizcita kara letA hai taba vibhASA, evaM jaba netrAdi aMga citrita kara letA hai vaha vArtA kI sthiti para pahuMcatA hai| isa prakAra jaina sAhityika ullekhoM se pramANita hai ki jaina paramparA meM citrakalA kA pracAra ati prAcIna kAla meM ho cukA thA aura yaha kalA suvikasita tathA suvyavasthita ho cukI thii| bhitti-citra jaina citrakalA ke sabase prAcIna udAharaNa hameM tAmila pradeza ke taMjora ke samIpa sistannavAsala kI usa guphA meM milate haiM jisakA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / kisI samaya isa guphA meM samasta mittiyA va chata citroM se alaMkRta the, aura guphA kA vaha alaMkaraNa maheMdravarmA prathama ke rAjya kAla (I0 625) meM karAyA gayA thaa| zaiva dharma svIkAra karane se pUrva yaha rAjA jaina dharmAvalambI thA / vaha citrakalA kA itanA premI thA ki usane dakSiNa-citra nAmaka zAstra kA saMkalana karAyA thaa| guphA ke adhikAMza citra to naSTa ho cuke haiM, kintu kucha aba bhI itane suvyavasthita haiM ki jinase unakA svarUpa prakaTa ho jAtA hai / inameM AkAza meM meghoM ke bIca nRtya karatI huI apsarAoM kI tathA rAjA-rAnI kI AkRtiyAM spaSTa saura sundara haiN| chata para ke do citra kamala-sarovara ke hai| sarovara ke bIca eka yugala kI AkRtiyAM hai, jinameM strI apane dAhine hAtha se kamalapuSpa tor3a rahI hai, aura puruSa usase saTakara bAeM hAtha meM kamala-nAla ko kaMdhe para lie khar3A hai / yugala kA yaha citraNa bar3A hI sundara hai| aisA bhI anumAna kiyA gayA hai ki ye citra tatkAlIna nareza maheMdravarmA aura unakI rAnI ke hI hai / eka ora hAthI aneka kamalanAloM ko apanI sUDa meM lapeTakara ukhAr3a rahA hai, kahIM gAya kamalanAla cara rahI haiM, haMsa-yugala krIr3A kara rahe hai, pakSI kamala mukuloM para baiThe hue haiM, va matsya pAnI meM cala-phira rahe haiN| dUsarA citra bhI isI kA kramAnugAmI haiN| usameM eka manuSya tor3e hue kamaloM se bharI huI TokarI liye hue haiM, tathA hAthI aura baila krIr3A kara rahe haiM / hAthiyoM kA raMga bhUrA va

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364 jaina kalA baloM kA raMga maTiyAlA haiM / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki ye citra tIrthakara ke samavasaraNa ko khAtikA-bhUmi ke hai, jinameM bhavya-jana pUjA-nimitta kamala tor3ate haiN| isI citra kA anukaraNa elorA ke kailAzanAtha mandira ke eka citra meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / yadyapi yaha mandira zava hai, tathApi isameM ukta citra ke atirikta eka aisA bhI citra hai jisameM eka digambara muni ko pAlakI meM baiThAkara yAtrA nikAlI jA rahI hai / pAlakI ko cAra manuSya pIche kI ora va Age eka manuSya dhAraNa kiye haiN| pAlakI para chatra bhI lagA huA hai| Age-Age pAMca yoddhA bhAloM aura DhAloM se susajjita cala rahe haiM ina yoddhAoM kI mukhAkRti, kezavinyAsa bhauMheM, AMkhoM va mUchoM kI banAvaTa tathA karNa-kuNDala bar3I sajIvatA ko lie hue haiM / bAMyI ora inake svAgata ke liye AtI huI sAta striyAM, aura unake Age usI prakAra se susajjita sAta yoddhA dikhAI dete haiM / yoddhAoM ke pIche Upara kI ora chatra bhI lagA huA hai| striyAM siroM para kalaza Adi maMgala dravya dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| unakI sAr3I kI pahanAvaTa dakSiNI DhaMga kI sakakSa hai, tathA uttarIya dAhinI bAjU se bA~ye kaMdhe para DAlA huA hai| usake pIche baMdanavAra bane hue dikhAI dete haiN| isa prakAra yaha dRzya bhaTTAraka sampradAya ke jainamuni ke rAjadvAra para svAgata kA pratIta hotA hai / DA0 motIcandajI kA anumAna hai ki eka hiMdU mandira meM isa jaina dRzya kA astitva 22 vIM zatI meM mandira ke jainiyoM dvArA balAt svAdhIna kiye jAne kI sambhAvanA ko sUcita karatA hai| kintu samasta jainadharma ke itihAsa ko dekhate hue yaha bAta asambhava sI pratIta hai / yaha citra sambhavataH citra nirmApaka kI dhArmika udAratA athavA usapara kisI jaina muni ke vizeSa prabhAva kA pratIka hai| elorA ke indrasamA nAmaka zailamandira (8 vIM se 20 vIM zatI I0) meM bhI raMgIna bhitticitroM ke cihna vidyamAna haiM, kintu ve itane chinna-bhinna haiM, aura dhUdhale ho gaye haiM ki unakA vizeSa vRttAnta pAnA asambhava hai| 10-11 vIM zatI meM jainiyoM ne apane mandiroM meM citranirmANa dvArA dakSiNa pradeza meM citrakalA ko khUba puSTa kiyA / udAharaNArtha, tiru malAI ke jainamandira meM aba bhI citrakArI ke sundara udAharaNa vidyamAna hai jinameM devatA va kiMpuruSa AkAza meM meghoM ke bIca ur3ate hue dikhAI dete hai / deva paMktibaddha hokara samosaraNa kI ora jA rahe haiM / gaMdharva va apsarAeM bhI bane haiN| eka deva phUloM ke bIca khar3A huA hai| zveta vastra dhAraNa kiye apsarAeM paMktibaddha sthita haiM / eka citra meM do muni paraspara sammukha baiThe dikhAI dete haiM / kahIM digambara muni AhAra

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jaina citrakalA dene vAlI mahilA ko dharmopadeza de rahe haiM / eka devatA caturbhuja va trinetra dikhAI detA hai, jo sambhavataH indra hai / ye saba citra citra kAlI bhitti para nAnA raMgoM se banAe gaye haiN| raMgoM kI caTaka ajantA ke citroM ke samAna hai| devoM, AryoM va muniyoM ke citroM meM nAka va ThuDDI kA aMkana koNAtmaka tathA dUsarI AMkha mukhAkRti ke bAhara ko nikalI huI sI banAI gaI hai / Age kI citrakalA isa zailI se bahuta prabhAvita pAyI jAtI haiN| zravaNabelagolA ke jainamaTha meM aneka sundara bhitti-citra vidyamAna haiN| eka meM pArzvanAtha samosaraNa meM virAjamAna dikhAI dete haiN| neminAtha kI divyadhvani kA citraNa bhI sundaratA se kiyA gayA hai / eka vRkSa aura chaha puruSoM dvArA jaina dharma kI chaha lezyAoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai, jinake anusAra vRkSa ke phaloM ko khAne ke lie kRSNalezyA vAlA vyakti sAre vRkSa ko kATa DAlatA hai, nIlalezyA vAlA vyakti usakI bar3I-bar3I zAkhAoM ko, kapotalezyA vAlA usakI TahaniyoM ko, pItalezyA vAlA usake kacce-pake phaloM ko aura padmalezyA vAlA vyakti vRkSa ko lezamAtra bhI hAni nahIM pahuMcAtA huA pakakara gire hue phaloM ko cunakara khAtA hai / maTha ke citroM meM aise anya bhI dhArmika upadezoM ke dRSTAMta pAye jAte haiM / yahA~ eka aisA citra bhI hai, jisameM maisUra nareza kaSNarAja oDayara (tRtIya) kA dazaharA darabAra pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| tAr3apatrIya citra- jaina mandiroM meM mitti-citroM kI kalA kA vikAsa 11 vIM zatI taka vizeSa rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai / tatpazcAt citrakalA kA AdhAra tAr3apatra banA / isa kAla se lekara 14-15 vIM zatI taka ke hastalikhita tAr3apatra graMtha jaina zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM sahastroM kI saMkhyA meM pAye jAte haiM / citra bahudhA lekha ke Upara nIce va dAyeM-bAeM hAziyoM para, aura kahIM patra ke madhya meM bhI bane hue haiM / ye citra bahudhA zomA ke lie, athavA dhArmika ruci bar3hAne ke lie aMkita kiye gaye haiN| aise citra bahuta hI kama haiM jinakA viSaya graMtha se sambandha rakhatA ho| ____ sabase prAcIna citrita tAr3apatra graMtha dakSiNa meM maisUra rAjyAntargata mUDadrIbi tathA uttara meM pATana (gujarAta) ke jaina bhaMDAroM meM mile haiM / mUDabidrI meM padavaMDAgama kI tADapatrIya pratiyAM, usake graMtha va citra donoM dRSTiyoM se bar3I mahatvapUrNa haiN| digambara jaina paramparAnusAra surakSita sAhitya meM yahI racanA sabase prAcIna hai| isakA mUla dvitIya zatI, tathA TIkA 6 vIM zatI meM racita

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366 jaina kalA siddha hotI hai| mUDabidrI ke isa graMtha kI tIna pratiyoM meM sabase pIche kI prati kA lekhana kAla 1113 I0 ke lagabhaga hai| isameM pAMca tAr3apatra sacitra haiN| inameM se do tAr3apatra to pUre citroM se bhare haiM, do ke madhyabhAga meM lekha hai, aura donoM tarapha kucha citra, tathA eka meM patra tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai, aura tInoM bhAgoM meM lekha hai, kintu donoM choroM para eka-eka cakrAkRti banI hai| cakra kI paridhi meM bhItara kI ora aneka koNAkRtiyA~ aura madhyabhAga meM usI prakAra kA dUsarA choTA sA cakra hai / ina donoM ke valaya meM kucha antarAla se chaha caukoNa AkRtiyA~ banI hai| jina do patroM ke madhya meM lekha aura AjUbAjU citra hai , unameM se eka patra meM pahale belabUTedAra kinArI aura phira do-do vividha prakAra kI sundara golAkRtiyAM hai| dUsare patra meM dAI ora khaDgAsana nagna mUrtiyA~ haiM, jinake sammukha do striyA~ nRtya jaisI bhAva-mudrA meM khar3I hai| inakA kezoM kA jUr3A cakrAkAra va puSpamAlA yukta hai, tathA uttarIya dAeM kaMdhe ke nIce se bAeM ke Upara phailA huA hai| patra ke bAyIM ora padmAsana jinamati prabhAvala-yukta hai| siMhAsana para kucha pazuoM kI AkRtiyAM banI hai| mUrti ke donoM ora do manuSya-AkRtiyA~ hai, aura unake pArzva meM svatantra rUpa se khar3I huI, aura dUsarI kamalAsIna hasayukta devI kI mUrtiyA~ hai| jo do patra pUrNataH citroM se alaMkRta hai, unameM se eka ke madhya meM padmAsana jinamUrti hai, jisake donoM ora eka-eka deva khar3e haiM / isa citra ke donoM ora samAna rUpa se do-do padmAsana jina mUrtiyA~ haiM, jinake sira ke pIche prabhAvala, usake donoM ora camara, aura Upara kI ora do cakroM kI AkRtiyA~ hai| tatpazcAt donoM ora eka-eka caturbhujI devI kI bhadrAsana mUrti hai, jinake dAhine hAtha meM aMkuza aura bAeM hAtha meM kamala hai / anya do hAtha varada aura abhaya mudrA meM hai / donoM choroM ke citroM meM guru apanesammukha hAtha jor3e vaiThe zrAvakoM ko dharmopadeza de rahe hai| unake bIca meM sthApanAcArya rakhA hai| dUsare patra ke madhya bhAga meM padmAsana jina mUrti hai, aura usake donoM ora sAta-sAta sAdhu nAnA prakAra ke AsanoM va hasta mudrAoM sahita baiThe hue hai| ina tAr3apatroM kI sabhI prAkRtiyA~ bar3I sajIva aura kalA-pUrNa hai| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki ina citroM meM kahIM bhI paralI A~kha mukharekhA se bAhara kI ora nikalI huI dikhAI nahIM detii| nAsikA va ThuDDI kI AkRti bhI koNAkAra nahIM hai, jaise ki hama Age vikasita huI pazcimI jainazailI meM pAte haiN| .. ukta citroM ke samakAlIna pazcima kI citrakalA ke udAharaNa nizItha-cUNi kI pATana ke saMghavI-pAr3A ke bhaNDAra meM surakSita tADapatrIya prati meM milate haiN| yaha prati usakI prazasti anusAra bhRgukaccha (bhar3auMca) meM solaMkI nareza jayasiMha

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jaina citrakalA 367 (I0 1064 se 2243) ke rAjyakAla meM likhI gaI thii| isameM alaMkaraNAtmaka cakrAkAra AkRtiyAM bahuta haiM, aura ve prAyaH usI zailI kI haiM jaisI Upara varNita SaTkhaMDAgama kii| hAM, eka cakra ke bhItara hastivAhaka kA, tathA anyatra puSpamAlAeM lie hue do apsarAoM ke citra vizeSa haiN| inameM bhI SaTkhaMDAgama ke citroM ke samAna pahalI AMkha kI prAkRti mukha-rekhA ke bAhara nahIM niklii| 1127 I0 meM likhita khambhAta ke zAntinAtha jainamandira meM sthita nagInadAsa bhanDAra kI jJAtAdharmasUtra kI tAr3apatrIya prati ke padmAsana mahAvIra tIrthaMkara AsapAsa caurI vAhakoM sahita, tathA sarasvatI devI kA tribhaMga citra ullekhanIya haiN| devI caturbhuja hai| Upara ke donoM hAthoM meM kamalapuSpa tathA nicale hAthoM meM akSamAlA va pustaka hai / samIpa meM haMsa bhI hai| devI ke mukha kI prasannatA va aMgoM kA hAva-bhAva aura vilAsa sundaratA se aMkita kiyA gayA hai| bar3audA janapada ke antargata chANI ke jaina-grantha-bhaNDAra kI odhaniyukti kI tADapatrIya prati (I0 1161) ke citra vizeSa mahatva ke haiM, kyoMki inameM 16 vidyAdeviyoM tathA anya deviyoM aura yakSoM ke sundara citra upalabdha haiM / vidyAdeviyoM ke nAma haiM:- rohiNI, prajJapti, vajrazRkhalA, vajrAMkuSI, cakrezvarI, puruSadattA, kAlI, mahAkAlI, gaurI, gAMdhArI, mahAjvAlA, mAnavI, vairoTyA, acchaptA, mAnasI, aura mahAmAnasI / anya deva-devI haiM :-kApardIyakSa, sarasvatI, ambikA, mahAlakSmI, brahmazAnti / sabhI deviyAM caturbhuja va bhadrAsana haiM / hAthoM meM varada va abhaya mudrA ke atirikta zakti, aMkuza, dhanuSa, varaNa, zRkhalA, zaMkha, asi, DhAla, puSpa, phala va pustaka prAdi cinha haiN| mastaka ke nIce prabhAvala, sira para mukuTa, kAna meM karNaphUla va gale meM hAra bhI vidyamAna haiN| ambikA ke do hI hAtha haiM / dAhine hAtha meM bAlaka, aura bAeM hAtha meM pAmraphaloM ke gucche sahita ddaalii| ina saba AkRtiyoM meM paralI A~kha nikalI huI, hai tathA nAka va ThuDDI kI koNAkRti spaSTa dikhAI detI hai| zobhAMkana samasta rUr3hi-Atmaka haiN| isa jainanatha meM ina citroM kA astitva yaha batalAtA hai ki isa kAla kI kucha jaina upAsanA vidhiyoM meM aneka vaiSNava va zaivI devI-devatAoM ko bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA thaa| san 1288 meM likhita subAhu-kathAdi kathA-saMgraha kI tAr3apatra prati meM 23 citra haiM, jinameM se aneka apanI vizeSatA rakhate haiM / eka meM bhagavAn neminAtha kI varayAtrA kA sundara citraNa hai / kanyA rAjImatI vivAha-maNDapa meM baiThI huI hai, jisake dvAra para khar3A huA manuSya hasti-ArUr3ha neminAtha kA hAtha jor3akara svAgata kara rahA hai / nIce kI ora mRgAkRtiyAM banI haiM / do citra baladeva muni ke haiM / eka meM mRgAdi pazu baladeva muni kA upadeza zravaNa kara rahe haiM, aura dUsare meM

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368 ve eka vRkSa ke nIce mRga sahita khar3e rathavAhI se prahAra grahaNa kara rahe haiM / isa grantha ke citroM meM DA0 motIcanda ke matAnusAra pazu va vRkSoM kA citraNa tAr3apatra meM prathama bAra avatarita huA hai, tathA ina citroM meM pazcimI bhArata kI citra-zailI sthiratA ko prApta ho gaI hai| koNAkAra rekhAMkana va nAsikA aura ThuDDI kA citraNa tathA paralI AMkha kI AkRti mukha rekhA se bAhara nikalI huI yahAM rUr3hibaddha huI dikhAyI detI hai / jaina kalA isa citrazailI ke nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM matabheda hai / nArmana brAuna ne ise zvetAmbara jaina zailI kahA hai; kyoMki unake matAnusAra isakA prayoga zve 0 jaina granthoM meM huA hai, tathA paralI AMkha ko nikalI huI aMkita karane kA kAraNa saMbhavataH usa sampradAya meM pracalita tIrthakara mUrtiyoM meM kRtrima A~kha lagAnA hai / DA0 kumAra svAmI ne ise jainakalA, tathA zrI ena0 sI0 mehatA ne gujarAtI zailI kahA hai / zrI rAmakRSNadAsa kA mata hai ki isa zailI meM hameM bhAratIya citrakalA kA hrAsa dikhAI detA hai / ataH use isa kAla meM vikasita huI bhASA ke anusAra apabhraMza zailI kahanA ucita hogA / kintu ina sabase zatAbdiyoM pUrvaM tibba tIya itihAsajJa tArAnAtha ( 16 vIM zatI I0) ne pazcima bhAratIya zailI kA ullekha kiyA hai, aura DA0 motIcanda ne isI nAma kA aucitya svIkAra kiyA hai, kyoMki upalabdha pramANoM para se isa zailI kA udgama aura vikAsa pazcima bhArata meM hI, vizeSataH gujarAta-rAjapUtAnA pradeza meM, huA siddha hotA hai / tArAnAtha ke matAnusAra pazcimI kalA - zailI mArU ( mAravAr3a) ke zrRMgadhara nAmaka kuzala citrakAra ne prArambha kI thI, aura vaha harSavardhana (610 se 650 I0) ke samaya meM huA thA / yaha zailI kramazaH nepAla aura kAzmIra taka pahuMca gii| isa zailI ke upalabdha pramANoM se spaSTa hai ki yadi isakI utpatti nahIM to vizeSa puSTi avazya hI jaina paramparA ke bhItara huI, aura isIlie usakA jainazailI nAma anucita nahIM / pIche isa zailI ko anya pazcima pradeza ke bAhara ke logoM ne tathA jainetara sampradAyoM ne bhI apanAyA to isase usakI utpatti va puSTi para AdhArita 'pazcimI' va 'jaina' kalA kahane meM koI aucitya pratIta nahIM hotA / isa AdhAra para zrI sArAbhAI navAba ne jo isa zailI ke liye pazcimI jainakalA nAma sujhAyA haiM vaha bhI sArthaka hai / Upara jina tAr3apatrIya citroM kA paricaya karAyA gayA hai, usake sAmAnya lakSaraNa ye haiM: - viSaya kI dRSTi se ve tIrthaMkaroM, deva-deviyoM, muniyoM va dharmarakSakoM kI AkRtiyoM taka hI prAyaH sImita haiN| saMyojana va pRSThabhUmi kI samasyAeM citrakAra ke sammukha nahIM uThIM / ukta AkRtiyoM kI mudrAeM bhI bahuta kucha sImita aura rUr3higata haiM AkRti-zraMkana rekhAtmaka haiM, jisase unameM triguNAtmaka

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jaina citrakalA gaharAI nahIM A skii| raMgoM kA prayoga bhI parimita hai| prAyaH bhUmi lAla pakI huI IToM ke raMga kI, aura AkRtiyoM meM pIse, siMdUra jaise lAla, nIle aura sapheda tathA kvacitU hare raMga kA upayoga huA hai| kintu san 1350 aura 1450 I0 ke bIca meM eka zatI ke jo tAr3apatrIya citroM ke udAharaNa mile haiM, unameM zAstrIya va saundarya kI dRSTi se kucha vaiziSTya dekhA jAtA hai| AkRti-aMkana adhika sUkSmatara va kauzala se huA hai / prAkRtiyoM meM viSaya kI dRSTi se tIrthakaroM ke jIvana kI ghaTanAeM bhI adhika citrita huI haiM, aura unameM vivaraNAtmakatA lAne kA prayatna dikhAI detA hai, tathA raMgalepa meM vaicitrya aura vizeSa caTakIlApana pAyA hai / isIkAla meM suvarNaraga kA prayoga prathamavAra ddaSTigocara hotA hai| yaha saba musalamAnoM ke sAtha AI huI IrAnI citrakalA kA prabhAva mAnA jAtA hai, jisake bala se Age calakara akabara ke kAla (16 vIM zatI) meM vaha bhAratIya IrAnI citrazailI vikasita huI, jo mugalazailI ke nAma se suprasiddha haI pAI jAtI haiM, isa zailI kI pratinidhi racanAeM adhikAMza kalpasUtra kI pratiyoM meM pAI jAtI hai, jinameM sabase mahatvapUrNa IDara ke 'AnaMda jI maMgalajI per3hI' ke jJAnabhaNDAra kI vaha prati hai jisameM 34 citra haiM, jo mahAvIra ke aura kucha pArzvanAtha va neminAtha tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvana-ghaTanAoM se sambaddha haiM / isameM suvarNa raMga kA prathama prayoga huA hai| Age calakara to aisI bhI racanAeM milatI haiM jinameM na kevala citroM meM hI suvarNa raMga kA pracura prayoga huA hai, kintu samasta grantha lekha hI suvarNa kI syAhI se kiyA gayA hai, athavA samasta bhUmi hI suvarNalipta kI gaI hai, aura usapara cAMdI kI syAhI se lekhana kiyA gayA hai / kalpasUtra kI ATha tAr3apatra tathA bIsa kAgaja kI pratiyoM para se lie hue 374 citroM sahita kalpasUtra kA prakAzana bhI ho cukA hai / (pavitra kalpasUtra ahamadAbAda 1652 ) / prophesara nArmana brAuna ne apane dI sTorI oNpha kAlaka (vAziMgaTana, 1933) nAmaka grantha meM 36 citroM kA paricaya karAyA hai tathA sArAbhAI navAba ne apane kAlaka kathA-saMgraha ( ahamadAbAda, 1658 ) meM 6 tAr3apatra aura kAgaja kI pratiyoM parase 88 citra prastuta kiye haiN| DA. motIcanda ne apane 'jaina minIecara peTiMgsa phrAma vaisTarna iMDiyA' (ahamadAbAda, 1946) meM 262 citra prastuta kie haiM, aura unake AdhAra se jaina citrakalA kA ati mahatvapUrNa AlocanAtmaka madhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| kAgaja para citra kAgaja kA AviSkAra cIna deza meM 105 I0 meM huA mAnA jAtA hai / 10 vI 11 vIM zatI meM usakA nirmANa araba dezoM meM hone lagA, aura vahAM se

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jaina kalA bhArata meM aayaa| muni jinavijaya jI ko jaisalamera ke jaina bhaMDAra se dhvanyAloka-locana kI usa prati kA antima patra milA hai jo jinacandrasUri ke liye likhI gaI thI, tathA jisakA lekhanakAla, jinavijayajI ke kahe anusAra, san 1160 ke lagabhaga hai| kAraMjA jaina bhaNDAra se upAsakAcAra (ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra) kI prabhAcandra kRta TIkA sahita kAgaja kI prati kA lekhanakAla vi0 saM0 1415 (I0 san 1358) hai| kintu kAgaja kI sabase prAcIna citrita prati I0 1427 meM likhita vaha kalpasUtra hai jo laMdana kI iNDiyA Aphisa lAyabrerI meM surakSita hai| isameM 31 citra hai aura usI ke sAtha jur3I huI kAlakAcAryakathA meM anya 13 / isa grantha ke samasta 113 patra cAMdI kI syAhI se kAlI va lAla pRSThabhUmi para likhe gaye haiN| kucha pRSTha lAla yA sAdI bhUmi para suvarNa kI syAhI se likhita bhI haiN| prati ke hAsiyoM para zobhA ke lie hAthiyoM va haMsoM kI paMktiyA~, phUla-pattiyA~ athavA kamala Adi bane hue hai| lakSmaNagaNI kRta supAsaraNAha-cariyaM kI eka sacitra prati pATana ke zrI hemacandrAcArya jaina-jJAna bhaMDAra meM samvat 1476 (I0 1422) meM paM0 bhAvacandra ke ziSya hIrAnanda muni dvArA likhita hai / isameM kula 37 citra he jinameM se 6 pUre patroM meM va zeSa patroM ke arddha va tRtIya bhAga meM hAsiyoM meM bane haiN| inameM supAvaM tIrthakara ke atirikta sarasvatI, mAtRsvapna, vivAha, samavasaraNa, dezanA Adi ke citra bar3e sundara hai / isake pazcAtkAlIna kalpasUtra kI aneka sacitra pratiyAM nAnA jaina bhaNDAroM meM pAI gaI hai, jinameM vizeSa ullekhanIya bar3odA ke narasiMhajI jJAna bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai / yaha prati yavanapura (jaunapura, u0 pra0) meM husainazAha ke rAjya meM vi0 saM0 1522 meM harSiNI zrAvikA ke Adeza se likhI gaI thii| isameM 86 pRSTha hai, aura samasta lekhana suvarNa-syAhI se huA hai / isameM ATha citra hai, jinameM RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhipeka, bharata-bAhubali yuddha, mahAvIra kI mAtA ke svapna, kozA kA nRtya Adi citrita hai / ina citroM meM lAla bhUmi para pIle, hare, nIle Adi raMgoM ke atirikta suvarNa kA bhI pracura prayoga hai / AkRtiyoM meM pazcimI zailI ke pUrvokta lakSaNa suspaSTa hai / striyoM kI mukhAkRti vizeSa pariSkRta pAI jAtI hai, aura unake oSTha lAktArasa se raMjita dikhAe gae hai| anya vizeSa ullekhanIya kalpasUtra kI ahamadAbAda ke devasena pAr3A kI prati hai, jo bhar3auca ke samIpa gaMdhArabaMdara ke nivAsI sANA aura jUDA zreSThiyoM ke vaMzajoM dvArA likhAI gaI thii| yaha bhI suvarNa syAhI se likhI gaI hai / kalA kI dRSTi se isake koI 25-26 citra isa prakAra ke graMthoM meM sarvazreSTha mAne gaye haiM, kyoMki inameM bharata nATya zAstra meM varNita nAnA nRtya-mudrAoM kA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| eka citra meM mahAvIra dvArA caMDakauzika

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jaina citrakalA 371 nAga ke vazIkaraNa kI ghaTanA dikhAI gaI hai| isakI kinAriyoM kA citraNa bahuta sundara huA hai, aura vaha IrAnI kalA se prabhAvita mAnA jAtA hai / usameM akabarakAlIna mugala zailI kA prabhAsa milatA hai / kAgaja kI uparyukta sacitra pratiyAM zvetAmbara - paramparA kI haiM, jo prakAza meM A cukI haiM, aura vizeSajJoM dvArA unake citroM kA adhyayana bhI kiyA jA cukA hai| durbhAgyataH digambara jaina bhaNDAroM kI isa dRSTi se abhI taka khoja zodha honI zeSa hai / aneka zAstra bhaNDAroM meM sacitra pratiyoM kA patA calA hai / udAharaNArtha - billI ke eka zAstra bhaNDAra meM puSpadaMta kRta apabhraMza mahApurANa kI eka prati hai, jisameM saikar3oM citra tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ko pradarzita karane vAle vidyamAna haiN| nAgaura ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM eka yazodharacaritra kI prati hai, jisake citroM kI usake darzakoM ne bar3I prazaMsA kI hai / nAgapura ke zAstra bhaNDAra se sugaMdhadazamI kathA kI prati milI hai jisameM usa kathA ko udAharaNa karane vAle 70 se adhika citra haiM / bambaI ke ailaka pannAkAla digambara jaina sarasvatI bhavana meM bhaktAmara strota kI sacitra prati hai jisameM lagabhaga 40 citra haiM, jinameM AdinAtha kA caturmukha kamalAsana pratifare bhI hai / isake eka ora diga0 sAdhu va dUsarI ora koI mukuTa-dhArI nareza upAsaka ke rUpa meM khar3e haiM / nemIcandra kRta trilokasAra kI sacitra pratiyAM milatI haiM, jinameM nemIcandra va unake ziSya mahAmantrI cAmuNDarAya ke citra pAye jAte haiM / ina saba citroM ke kalAtmaka adhyayana kI bar3I AvazyakatA hai / usase jaina citrakalA para prakAza par3ane kI ora bhI adhika AzA kI jA sakatI hai / kAgaja kA AdhAra milane para citrakalA kI rIti meM kucha vikAsa aura parivartana huA / tAr3apatra meM vistAra kI dRSTi se citrakAra ke hAtha baMdhe hue the / use do-DhAI iMca se adhika caur3A kSetra hI nahIM mila pAtA thA / kAgaja meM yaha kaThinAI jAtI rahI, aura citraNa ke lie yatheSTa lambAna-caur3Ana milane lagA, jisase ruci anusAra citroM ke bar3e-choTe AkAra nirmANa va sampUjana meM bar3I suvidhA utpanna ho gaI / raMgoM ke cunAva meM bhI vistAra huA / tAr3apatra para raMgoM ko jamAnA eka kaThina kArya thA / kAgaja raMga ko saralatA se pakar3a letA hai / isake atirikta sone-cAMdI ke raMgoM kA bhI upayoga prArambha huA / isake pUrva suvarNa ke raMga kA bhI upayoga bahuta hI alpa mAtrA meM tUlikA ko thor3A sA DUbAkara kevala prAbhUSaNoM ke aMkana ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / sambhavataH usa samaya suvarNa kI mahaMgAI bhI isakA eka kAraNa thA / kintu isa kAla meM suvarNa

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jaina kalA kucha adhika sulabha pratIta hotA hai / athavA citrakalA kI bhora dhanika ruciyoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huA, jisake pariNAma svarUpa na kevala citraNa meM, kintu graMtha lekhana meM bhI suvarNa va cAMdI kI syAhiyoM kA pracuratA se prayoga hone lagA suvarNa kI camaka se citrakAra yahAM taka prabhAvita hue pAye jAte haiM ki bahudhA samasta citrabhUmi suvarNa-lipta kara dI jAne lagI, evaM jaina muniyoM ke vastra bhI suvarNa-raMjita pradarzita kiye jAne lge| jitanA adhika suvarNa kA upayoga, utanA adhika saundarya, isa bhAvanA ko kalAbhiruci kI eka vikRti hI kahanA cAhie / tathApi isameM saMdeha nahIM ki nAnA raMgoM ke bIca suvarNa ke samucita upayoga se kAgaja para kI citrakArI meM eka apUrva saundarya utpanna ho gayA hai / 372 kASTha citra paTa ke madhya meM jaina / mUrti ke donoM jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM meM kASTha ke Upara bhI citrakArI ke kucha namUne prApta hue haiM / ye kASTha AditaH tAr3apatroM kI pratiyoM kI rakSA ke lie unake UparanIce rakhe jAte the / aisA eka sacitra kASTha citrapaTa muni jinavijayajI ko jaisalamera ke jJAna bhaNDAra se prApta huA hai / yaha 27 iMca lambA aura 3 iMca caur3A hai| raMga aise pakke haiM ki ve pAnI se dhulate nahIM / mandira kI prakRti hai, jisameM eka jina mUrti virAjamAna hai ora paricAraka khar3e haiM / dAhinI ora koSTaka meM do upAsaka aMjali - - mudrA meM khar3e haiM, do vyakti DiMDima bajAne meM masta haiM, aura do nata kiyAM nRtya kara rahI haiN| Upara kI ora AkAza meM eka kinnarI ur3a rahIM haiM / bAeM prakoSTha meM tIna upAsaka hAtha jor3e haiM, aura eka kinnara AkAza meM ur3a rahA hai / isa madhyavartI citra ke donoM ora vyAkhyAna-sabhA ho rahI hai / eka meM AcArya jinadatta sUri virAjamAna haiM, aura unakA nAma bhI likhA hai / unake sammukha paM0 jinarakSita baiThe hue haiM / anya upAsaka upAsikAeM bhI haiN| muni ke sammukha sthApanAcArya rakhA huA hai aura usa para mahAvIra kA nAma bhI likhA hai / dAhinI ora kI vyAkhyAna-sabhA meM AcArya jinadatta, guNacandrAcArya se vicAra-vimarza kara rahe haiM / ina donoM ke bIca meM bhI sthApanAcArya banA huA hai| muni jinavijayajI kA anumAna hai ki yaha citrapaTa jinadatta sUri ke jIvana kAla kA hI ho to AzcaryaM nahIM / unakA janma vi0 saM0 1132, aura svargavAsa vi0 saM0 1211 meM huA siddha hai / sambhava hai upayukta citraNa unake mAravAr3a antargata vikramapura ke maMdira meM dIkSAgraharaNa ke kAla kA hI ho| muni jinavijayajI dvArA jaisalamera ke jJAna bhaNDAra se eka aura sacitra kASTha-paTa kA patA calA hai, jo 30 iMca lambA aura 3 iMca caur3A hai / isameM vAdideva sUri aura AcArya kumudacandra ke

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jaina citrakalA 373 bIca hue zAstrArtha sambandhI nAnA ghaTanAoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| zrI sArAbhAI navAba ke saMgraha meM eka 12 vIM zatI kA kASTha-paTa 30 iMca lambA tathA paune tIna iMca caur3A hai, jisameM bharata aura bAhubali ke yuddha kA vivaraNa citrita hai / isameM hAthI, haMsa, siMha, kamalapuSpa Adi ke citra bahuta sundara bane haiM / vi0 saM0 1456 meM likhita sUtrakRtAMgavRtti kI tAr3apatrIya prati kA kASThapaTa sAr3e cauMtIsa iMca caur3A mahAvIra kI ghaTanAoM se citrita pAyA gayA hai / isI prakAra saM0 1425 meM likhita dharmopadezamAlA kA kASTha-paTa savA paitIMsa iMca laMbA aura savAtIna iMca caur3A hai, aura usa para pArzvanAtha kI jIvana-ghaTanAeM citrita haiM / ye sabhI kASTha-citra sAmAnyataH usI pazcimI zailI ke haiM, jisakA Upara paricaya diyA jA cukA hai| vastra para citrakArI-- vastra para banAne kI kalA bhAratavarSa meM bar3I prAcIna hai| pAli graMthoM va jaina AgamoM meM isake aneka ullekha milate haiN| mahAvIra kA ziSya, aura pazcAt virodhI bharavali gozAla kA pitA, va dIkSita hone se pUrva svayaM gozAla citrapaTa dikhAkara jIvikA calAyA karate the / kintu vastra bahuta nazvara dravya hai, aura isalie svabhAvataH isake bahuta prAcIna udAharaNa upalabdha nahIM haiN| phira bhI 14 vIM zatI ke Age ke aneka sacitra jaina vastra-paTa pAye jAte haiM / eka cintAmariNa nAmaka vastra-paTa sAr3he unnIsa iMca lambA tathA sAr3he sataraha iMca caur3A vi0 saM0 1411 (I. 1354) kA banA bIkAnera nivAsI zrI agaracadra nAhaTA ke saMgraha meM hai| isameM padmAsana pArzvanAtha, unake yakSa-yakSiNI dharaNendrapadmAvatI tathA caurI-vAhakoM kA citraNa hai| Upara kI ora pArzvayakSa aura vairoTyA-devI tathA do gaMdharva bhI bane hue haiN| nIce taruNaprabhAcArya aura unake do ziSyoM ke citra haiN| aisA hI eka maMtra-paTa zrI sArAbhAI navAba ke saMgraha meM haiM, jisameM mahAvIra ke pradhAna gaNadhara gautama svAmI kamalAsana para virAjamAna haiM, aura unake donoM ora muni sthita haiN| maNDala ke bAhara azvArUr3ha kAlI tathA bhairava evaM dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ke bhI citra haiN| yaha citrapaTa bhAvadeva sUri ke lie vi0 saM0 1412 meM banAyA gayA thaa| eka jana vastra-paTa DA0 kumArasvAmi ke saMgraha meM bhI hai, jo unake matAnusAra 16 vIM zatI kA, kintu DA0 motIcandra jI ke matAnusAra 15 vIM zatI ke prArambha kA hai / paTa ke vAmapAvaM meM pArzvanAtha ke samavasaraNa kI racanA hai / isake AjU-bAjU yakSayakSiNiyoM ke atirikta oMkAra kI pAMca AkRtiyAM, candrakalA kI AkRti para AsIna sambhavataH pAMca sita, tathA sudharmAsvAmI aura navagrahoM ke citra haiM / paTa

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374 jaina kalA ke madhya meM pAzrvanAtha kI pratimA dhvajAyukta va zikharabaddha mandira meM virAjamAna citrita kI gaI hai ki yaha mandira zatrujaya kA hai, aura ve pAMca siddhamUrtiyA~ pA~ca pANDavoM kI haiM, jinhoMne zatrujaya se mokSa prApta kiyA thaa| aise aura bhI aneka vastrapaTa prApta hue haiN| inakA upayoga sambhavataH upAsanA va Rddhi-siddhi prApta karane ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| kintu kalA kI dRSTi se bhI inakA bar3A mahatva hai|

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upasaMhAra upayukta cAra vyAkhyAnoM meM jaina jainadharma ke itihAsa, sAhitya tatvajJAna aura kalA kA jo saMkSepa paricaya diyA gayA hai usase usakI maulika preraNAoM aura sAdhanAoM dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti kI paripuSTi kA svarUpa samajhA jA sakatA hai / isa dharma kI AdhAra-bhUmi utanI hI prAcIna hai jitanI prAcInatama vaidika paramparA, kyoMki Rgveda meM hI kezI jaise vAtarazanA muniyoM kI una sAdhanAoM kA ullekha hai jo unheM vaidika RSiyoM se pRthak tathA zramaNa muniyoM se abhinna pramANita karatI haiM / kezI aura Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA ekatva bhI hindU aura jaina purANoM se siddha hotA hai / koza la se prArambha hokara yaha zramaNa dharma pUrva kI ora bideha aura magadha, tathA pazcima kI aura takSazilA va saurASTra taka phailA; evaM antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra dvArA IsvI pUrva chaThI zatI meM apanA suvyavasthita svarUpa pAkara unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA akhila deza vyApI banA / usane samaya-samaya para uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata ke vibhinna rAjavaMzoM evaM bahujana samAja ko prabhAvita kiyA, tathA apane Antarika guNoM ke phala-svarUpa vaha avicchinna dhArAvAhI rUpa se Aja taka deza meM apanA astitva surakSita rakha hue haiN| jina Antarika guNoM ke bala para jainadharma gata tIna-cAra hajAra varSoM se isa deza ke jana-jIvana meM vyApta hai ve haiM usakI AdhyAtmika bhUmikA, naitika vinyAsa evaM vyavahArika upayogitA aura saMtulana / yahA~ prakRti ke jar3a aura cetana tatvoM kI sattA ko svIkAra kara cetana ko jar3a se Upara uThAne aura paramAtmatva prApta karAne kI kalA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / vizva ke anAdi-ananta pravAha se jar3a cetana rUpa dravyoM ke nAnA rUpoM aura guNoM ke vikAsa ke liye yahAM kisI eka Izvara kI icchA va adhInatA ko svIkAra nahI kiyA gayA, jIva aura ajIva tattvoM ke pariNAmI nityatva guNa ke dvArA hI samasta vikAra aura vikAsa ke marma ko samajhane-samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| sattA svayaM utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai, aura aisI sattA rakhane vAle samasta dravya guNa-paryAya-yukta hai| inhIM maulika siddhAntoM meM jaina-darzana-sammata padArthoM ke nityAnityatva svarUpa kA marma antarnihita hai| isa jAnakArI ke abhAva meM prANI bhrAnta hue bhaTakate aura bandhana meM par3e rahate haiM / isa tathya kI ora saccI dRSTi aura usakA saccA jJAna evaM tadanusAra pAcaraNa ho jAne

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376 jaina saMskRti para hI koI pUrNa svatantrya va bandhana-mukti rUpa mokSa kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai / yahI, jaina darzanAnusAra, jIvana kA sarvocca dhyeya aura lakSya hai / _ vyAvahArika dRSTi se virodha meM sAmaJjasya, kalaha meM zAnti va jIva mAtra ke prati AtmIyatA kA bhAva utpanna honA hI saccA darzana, jJAna aura caritra hai jisakI AnuSaMgika sAdhanAyeM haiM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha rUpa niyama tathA kSamA, mRdutA Adi guNa / nAnA prakAra ke vratoM aura upavAsoM, bhAvanAoM aura tapasyAoM, dhyAnoM aura yogoM kA uddezya yahI vizvajanIna AtmavRtti prApta karanA hai / samatva kA bodha aura abhyAsa karAnA ho anekAnta va syAdvAda jaise siddhAntoM kA sAdhya haiM / jIvana meM isa vRtti ko sthApita karane ke liye tIthaMkaroM aura AcAryoM ne jo upadeza diyA vaha sahastroM jaina granthoM meM grathita hai| ye grantha nAnA pradezoM aura bhinna bhinna yugoM kI vividha bhASAoM meM likhe gaye / ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza prAkRtoM aura saMskRta meM jaina dharma kA vipula sAhitya upalabhya hai jo apane bhASA, viSaya, zailI va sajAvaTa ke guNoM dvArA apanI vizeSatA rakhatA hai / Adhunika loka-bhASAoM va unakI sAhityika vidhAoM ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke liye to yaha sAhitya advitIya mahattvapUrNa sAhitya ke atirikta guphAoM, stUpoM, mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM tathA citroM Adi lalita kalA kI nirmitiyoM dvArA bhI jaina dharma ne, na kevala loka kA AdhyAtmika va naitika stara uThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, kintu samasta deza ke minna-bhinna bhAgoM ko saundarya se sajAyA hai| inake darzana se hRdaya vizuddha aura Ananda vibhora ho jAtA hai / jaina dharma kI ina vividha aura vipula upalabdhiyoM ko jAne-samajhe binA bhAratIya saMskRti kA jJAna paripUrNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina dharma me varNajAti-rUpa samAja vibhAjana ko kabhI mahattva nahIM diyaa| yaha bAta rASTrIya dRSTi se dhyAna dene yogya hai| Aja ke IrSyA aura saMgharSa ke viSa se dagdha saMsAra ko jIvamAtra ko kalyANa aura utkarSa kI bhAvanAoM se ota-prota isa upadezAmRta kI bar3I AvazyakatA hai / 'akkhara-payastha-hIraNaM mattA-hoNaM ca mae bhariNayaM / taM khamau jANadevaya mAjha vi dukkhakkhayaM vintu / / ' "akSara-mAtra-pada-svarahInaM vyaMjana-saMdhi-vivajita-repham / sAdhubhiratra mama kSamitavyaM ko na vimuhyati zAstra-samudre / '

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 377 S 888 eaHAS 1. zivayazA kA stUpavAlA AyAgapaTa, mathurA (pR0 304)

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378 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna - jainakalA 2. mathurA kA jinamUrtiyukta prayAgapaTa ( pR0 305)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 376 3. dumaMjalI rAnI gumphA (pR0 308) 4. udayagiri rAnIgumphA ke toraNa dvAra para triratna va azoka vRkSa (pRSTha 308 naM. 343)

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380 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA / 5. rAnI gumphA kA bhitti citra (pR0 308) 6. terApura kI pradhAna guphA ke stambhoM kI citrakArI (pR0 311)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 381 7. terApura kI pradhAna guphA ke bhitticitra (pR0 311 va 363) 8. terApura kI tIsarI guphA kA vinyAsa va stambha (pR0 311)

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382 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna--jainakalA SITAT 6. elorA kI indrasabhA kI uparI maMjila ( pR0 314 ) 10. aihola kA meghuTI jaina maMdira ( pR0 322)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna- jainakalA 11. lakuMDI kA jaina maMdira (pR0 323) 12. khajarAho ke jaina maMdiroM kA sAmUhika dRzya (pR0 328)

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384 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 13. khajarAho ke pArzvanAtha maMdira ke bhitti citra (pR0 328) Main Education International

Page #398
bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna -- jainakalA 14. sonAgiri ke jaina maMdiroM kA sAmUhika dRzya ( pR0 330 ) 15. AbU jaina maMdira ke chata kI kArIgarI ( pR0 335) 385

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA MAHILA H 0000000 80 Soodoog Pracuuuuuuut MicRISR0000000000000 AREERESTREGERMIRE 000 Cere 16. rANakapura kA jaina maMdira (pR0 337) uction m EENERY HALI Jan Education International

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 387 17. cittaur3a kA jaina kIrtistambha (pR0 338) 18. zajaya ke jaina maMdiroM kA sAmUhika dRzya (pR0 338)

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388 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna--jainakalA 20. siMdhaghATI kI mastakahIna mRti (pR0342) 16. lohAnIpura kI mastakahIna jina mUrti (pR0 342) in Education International

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna --jainakalA XX 21. siMdhaghATI kI trizrRMgayukta dhyAnastha mUrti ( pR0 342 ) 386 22. RSabha kI khaGgAsana dhAtu pratimA, causA, bihAra ( pR0 351 )

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360 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 24. terApura guphA ke khaGgAsana pArzvanAtha (pR0 312) 23. terApura guphA ke padmAsana pArzvanAtha (pR0 312) ain Education International

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 25. pArzvanAtha kI padmAsana mUrti, udayagiri vidizA (pR0 311 va 347) 26. devagar3ha kI padmAsana jina pratimA (pR0 327 va 347)

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362 bhAratIya saMskRti meM janadharma kA yogadAna- jainakalA et 26. devagar3ha kI padmAsana jina pratimA (pR0 327 va 347) 28. devagar3ha kI padmAsana jina pratimA (pR0 327 va 347)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA e 26. devagar3ha kI khaGgAsana jina pratimA (pR0 327 va 347) 30. jIvanta svAmI kI dhAtu pratimA, akoTa (pR0 352)

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364 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 31. zravaNa velgolA ke gommaTezvara bAhubali (pR0 353)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna--jainakalA 365 KRAM SHARE Misodelive HOME 32. bAhubali kI dhAtu pratimA (pR0 353) .

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366 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna --jainakalA in Education International 34. candrapura,jhA~sI, kI yugala pratimA ( pR0 361) 33. devagar3ha jaina maMdira kI yugala pratimA ( pR0 361)

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bhAratIya saMskRti ko jainadharma kA yogadAna--jainakalA OTOSXXXY 35. mar3avidrI ke siddhAMta granthoM ke tAr3apatrIya citra (pR0 365)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-jainakalA 36. supAsagAha cariya kA kAgada citra (pR0 370)

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grantha-sUcI sUcanA: - vyAkhyAnoM meM prAyaH AdhArabhUta graMthoM kA kucha saMketa yathAsthAna kara diyA gayA hai / vizeSa paricaya va adhyayana ke liye nimna grantha upayogI hoMge: 1 History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. I-V (Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay). vyAkhyAna 1 jaina itihAsa 2 Mysore and Coorg from the Inscriptions, by B. Rice (London, 1909). 3 Studies in South Indian Jainism, by M.S.R. Iyyangar & B. Seshgiri Rao (Madras, 1922). 4 Rashtrakutas and their Times-A.S. Altekar (Poona, 1934). 5 Mediaval Jainism, by B. A. Saletore (Bombay, 1938). 6 Jainism and Karnataka Culture, by S.R. Sharma (Dharwar, 1940). 7 Traditional Chronology of the Jainas, by S. Shah (Stuttgart, 1935). 8. Jainism in North India, by C.J. Shah (London, 1932). 9 Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jaina Canons, by J. C. Jain (Bombay, 1947). 10 Jainism, the oldest living religion, by Jyotiprasad Jain (Banaras, 1951). 11 Jainism in South India, by P.B. Desai (Sholapur. 1957). 12 Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, by K. K. Handiqui (Sholapur, 1949) 13 Jainism in Gujrat, By C.B. Seth (Bombay, 1953). 14 Jaina System of Education, by B.C. Dasgupta (Calcutta, 1942). 15 Jain Community A Social Survey. by V. A. Sangave (Bambay, 1959). 16 History of Jaina Monachism, by S. B. Deo (Poona, 1956). 17 Repertoire di Epigraphie Jaina, by A. Guerinot (Paris, 1908).

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400 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 18 zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra-kalyANavijaya (jAlora, 1941) 16 vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jainakAla gaNanA-kalyANa vijaya, (nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA 10-4 kAzI, 1630) 20 jaina lekha saMgraha (bhA. 1-3) pU. caM. nAhara (kalakattA, 1618-26 21 paTTAvalI samuccaya-darzanavijaya (vIramagAma, gujarAta, 1933) 22 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 1-3 (mA. di. jai. graMthamAlA, bambaI) 23 bhaTTAraka sampradAya-vi. jauharApurakara (zolApura, 1958) 24 jaina siddhAnta bhAskara (patrikA) bhA. 1-22, siddhAMta bhavana, ArA 25 anekAnta (patrikA) mA. 1-12 (vIra sevAmandira, dillI)

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jaina sAhitya-graMtha sUcI 401 vyAkhyAna 2 jaina sAhitya 26 Outline of the Religious Literature of India, by J. N. ____ Farquhar (Oxford, 1920). 27 A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II (Jaina Lit.), by M. Winternitz (Calcutta, 1933). 28 History of the Jaina Canonical Literature, by H. R. ____Kapadia (Bombay 1441). 29 Die Lehre Der Jainas, by W. Schubring, (Berlin 1935). 30 Die Jaina Handschriften, by W. Schubring, (Leifozing, 1944) 31 Essai De Bibliography Jaina, by A Guerinot (Paris, 1906) 32 Jaina Bibliography : Chhotelal Jain (Calcutta, 1945.) 33 Catalogue of Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts in C.P. & ' Berar (Nagpur, 1926). 34 Prakrit Languages and their contribution to Indian Culture, by S.K. Katre (Bombay. 1945). 35 Die Kosmographic der Inder. by H. Kierfel (Leipzig. 1920) 36 jaina graMthAvali - (jai. zve. kAMphareMsa, bambaI, 1608) 37 jina ratna koza-ha. dA. velaNakara (pUnA, 1944) 38 rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM kI graMtha-sUcI, bhA. 1-4, kastUracandra kAsalIvAla (jayapura) 36 jaina sAhityano saMkSipta itihAsa-(guja.)-mo. da. desAI (bambaI, 1933) 40 prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-jagadIzacandra jaina (caukhaMbhA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, 1961) 41 prAkRta aura usakA sAhitya-haradeva vAharI (rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI) 42 apabhraMza sAhitya- harivaMza kochar3a (dillI, 1956) 43 jaina graMtha aura granthakAra-phatehacanda velAnI (jai0 sa. sa. maNDala, banArasa, 1950) 44 jaina graMthaprazasti saMgraha-ju. ki. mukhtAra aura paramAnanda zAstrI, (dillI, 1954) 45 purAtana jaina vAkya sUcI (prastAvanA)-ju. ki. mukhtAra (sahAranapura 1950) 46 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza-ju. ki. mukhtAra (kalakattA, 47 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa-nAthUrAma premI (bambaI, 1956) 48 prakAzita jaina sAhitya-jaina mitra maMDala, dharmapurA, dillI 1958

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402 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna graMthamAlAyeM jinameM mahatvapUrNa grantha prakAzita hue haiM 1 Agamodaya samiti, sUrata va bambaI 2 jIvarAja jaina graMthamAlA (jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura) 3 jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara 4 jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA bhAvanagara 5 devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaMDa. bambaI va sUrata 6 mANikacandra digambara jaina graMthamAlA, bambaI 7 mUrtidevI jaina granthamAlA (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI) 8 yazovijaya jaina graMthamAlA, banArasa va bhAvanagara 6 rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA (paramazra ta prabhAvaka maMDala, bambaI) 10 siMghI jaina graMthamAlA (bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI) ardhamAgadhI jainAgama pR. 55 se 75 taka jina 45 Agama graMthoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai unakA . mUlapATha TIkAoM sahita do tIna bAra kalakattA, bambaI va ahamadAbAda se san 1875 aura usake pazcAt prakAzita ho cukA hai| ye prakAzana AlocanAtmaka rIti se nahIM hue| inameM kA antima saMskaraNa Agamodaya samiti, dvArA prakAzita hai / kintu yaha bhI aba durlabha ho gayA hai| sthAnakavAsI sampradAya meM mAnya 32 sUtroM kA pahale amolaka RSi dvArA hindI anuvAda sahita haidarAbAda se (1918) va hAla hI mUlamAtra prakAzana sUtrAgama prakAzana samiti dvArA kiyA gayA haiM (guDagAMva, paMjAba, 1951) vizeSa sAvadhAnI se bhUmikAdi sahita prakAzita kucha graMtha nimna prakAra haiM :46 AcArAGga-ha. yAkobI (pA. Tai. so. laMdana, 1882) unhIM kA aMgrejI anuvAda (sai. bu. I. 22) prathama zru taskaMdha (zabdakoSa va pATha-bhedoM sahita)-vA. zubriga, lIpajiMga 1610, (ahamadA bAda, saM. 1980) 50 sUtrakRtAGga (niyukti) sahita - pa. la. vaidya (pUnA, 1628) zIlAGkakRta TIkA va hindI anuvAdAdisahita bhA. 1-3-javAhiralAla mahArAja (rAjakoTa vi. saM 1963-65 51 bhagavatI, zataka 1-20 hindI viSayAnuvAda, zabdakoSa Adi, madanakumAra mehatA (kalakattA vi. saM. 2011)

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jaina sAhitya-grantha sUcI 403 52 jJAtRdharma kathA (NAyAdhammakahAo) pAThAntarasahita pUrNa tathA adhyayana 4 aura 8 evaM ha aura 16 kA aMgrejI anuvAda-ena. vhI. vaidya ( pUnA, 1940) 53 upAsaka dazA-aMgrejI anuvAda, bhUmikA va TippaNa Adi sahita-hArnale (kala kattA 1885-88) bhUmikA varNakAdivistAra va aMgrejI TippaNI sahita pa. la. vaidya (pUnA, 1630) 54 antakRdazA / aMgrejI bhUmikA, anuvAda, TippaNa va zabdakoSa sahita55 anuttaropapAtika S ema. sI. modI ( ahamadAbAda, 1632) va aMgrejI bhUmikA, skaMdaka kathAnaka va zabdakoza sahita-pa.la. vaidya (pUnA, 1632 56 vipAka sUtra-aMgrejI bhamikA, varNakAdi vistAra va zabdakoSa sahita-pa. la. vaidya (pUnA 1933) va anuvAda va TippaNa sahita - caukasI aura modI (ahamadAbAda, 1935) 57 aupapAtika sUtra-mUlapATha va pAThAntara - ena. jI. surU (pUnA, 1636) 58 rAyapaseNiya -aMgrejI anuvAda va TippaNoM sahita bhAga 1-2 -ena. vhI. vaidya (ahamadAbAda, 1638)va hIrAlAla bI. gAMdhI (sUrata, 1638) 56 nirayAvaliyAo (antima 5 upAMga) aMgrejI bhUmikA va zabdakoSa sahita pI. ela. vaidya (pUnA, 1632) / 60 jItakalpa sUtra-bhASyasahita-puNyavijaya (ahamadAbAda, vi. saM. 1964,) vyAkhyA va cUrNa sahita -jinavijaya (ahamadAbAda, vi. saM. 1983) 61 kalpa-vyavahAra-nizIthasUtra pAThAntara sahita-vAlTara zubriga (lAipajiMga va ahamadAbAda) 62 nizItha-eka adhyayana -dalasukha mAlavaNiyA (AgarA, 1659) 63 sTUDiena ina mahAnizItha -hema eNDa zubiMga. hemavarga, 1651 64 uttarAdhyayana -aMgrejI prastAvanA, TippaNa Adi sahita-jAla cATiyara (upasAlA, 1914) 65 dazavakAlika - aMgrejI bhUmikA, anuvAda va TippaNa sahita -lyUmana aura vAlTara zubiMga (ahamadAbAda, 1932) 66 nandIsUtra-hindI anuvAda, prastAvanA, zabdakoSa Adi sahita -hastimalla muni (mUthA, satArA, 1942)

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404 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna zaurasenI jainAgama-dravyAnuyoga 67 SaTkhaMDAgama (dhavalA TIkA sa.) bhAga 1-16 bhUmikA, hindI anuvAda, ___ anukramaNikA di. sahita - DaoN. hIrAlAla (amarAvatI va vidizA 1639-1656) 68 mahAbaMdha-bhAga 1-7 hindI bhUmikA anuvAdAdi sahita (bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, 1947-1958) 66 kasAya pAhuDa (jaya dhavalA TIkA sa. ) (jaina saMgha mathurA, 1644 Adi) 70 kasAya pAhuDa- sUtra aura cUNi anuvAdAdi sahita (vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, 1955) 71 gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa va karmakANDa-aMgrejI anuvAda sahita-je. ela. jainI (sekreDa buksa Apha di jainsa. ArA graM. 5, 6, 7) hindI anu vAda sahita (rAyacandra zAstramAlA, bambaI 1927-1928) 72 paJcasaMgraha (prAkRta)- saMskRta TIkA va prAkRta vRtti, hindI bhUmikA ana __ vAdAdi sahita (jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1960) 73 paJcasaMgraha (amitagati saM.) (mA. graM. bambaI, 1927) 74 paJcasaMgraha (candrarSi) svopajJavRtti sa. (Agamodaya samiti bambaI, 1927) __ malayagiri TIkA sahita (jAmanagara, 1678) 75 karmaprakRti (zivazarma)malayagiri aura yazovi. TIkAoM sahita (jainadharma prasA. sabhA, bhAvanagara) 76 karmavipAka (karmagraMtha 1)-paM. sukhalAlakRta bhUmikA va hindI anuvAda sahita (AgarA, 1636) 76 karmastava (karmagraMtha 2) -hindI anuvAda sahita (AgarA 1618). 78 baMdhasvAmitva (karmagrantha 3) hi. a. sahita (AgarA, 1927) 76 SaDazIti (karmagrantha 4) paM. sukhalAla kRta prastAvanA anuvAdAdi sahita (AgarA, 1922) 80 zataka (karmagrantha 5) pa. kailAzacandrakRta bhUmikA vyAkhyA sahita (AgarA 1942) 81 saptatikA prakaraNa (ka. grantha 6) paM. phUlacandrakRta prastAvanA vyAkhyA sahita (AgarA 1948) 82 pravacanasAra (kundakunda)-amRtacandra va jayasenakRta saMskRta TIkA, hemarAja kRta hindI vyAkhyA va DaoN. upAdhye kRta aMgrejI prastAvanA anuvAdAdi sahita (rAyacandra zA. mA. bambaI; 1935)

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- jaina sAhitya-grantha sUcI 405 83 samayasAra (kuMdakuMda)-pro. cakravartI kRta aMgrejI prastAvanA va anuvAda sahita (jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1950) amRtacandra va jayasena kRta saMskRta TIka va jayacandra kRta hindI TIkA sahita (ahiMsA mandira, dillI, 1956) ja. jainIkRta aMgrejI anuvAda sahita (ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1630) 84 paJcAstikAya (kuMdakuMda) -pro. cakravartI kRta aMgrejI bhUmikA va anuvAda sahita (ArA 1620) amRtacandra va jayasena kRta saM. TIkA tathA manoharalAla kRta hindI anu. sahita (rAyacandra jai. zA. mA. bambaI, 1604) 85 niyamasAra (kundakunda)-ugrasena kRta aMgrejI anu. sahita (ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1931) padmaprabha kRta saMskRta TIkA va brahma. zI. pra. kRta hindI vyAkhyA sa. (bambaI, 1916) 86 aSTapAhuDa (kundakunda) jayacandra kRta hindI vacanikA sa. (anantakoti graM. mA. bambaI, 1623) 87 SaTprAbhUtAdi saMgraha (kundakunda) zrutasAgara kRta saMskRta TIkA va liMga aura zIla prAbhRta, rayaNasAra va dvAdazAnuprekSA saMskRta chAyA mAtra sa. (mA. di. ja. graM. bambaI vi. saM. 1677) 88 kundakuMdaprAbhRta saMgraha paM. kailAzacandra kRta hindI anuvAda sa. (jIvarAja jaina graM. zolApura, 1660) dravyAnuyoga saMskRta 86 tatvArthasUtra (umAsvAti) - ju. jainIkRta aMgrejI anuvAda sa. (ArA, 1920) bhASya va hi. anu. sa. (rA. jai. zA. bambaI, 1632) pUjyapAdakRta sarvArtha siddhi TIkA sa. (zolApura, 1936) sarvArthasiddhi TIkA paM. phUlacandra kRta bhUmikA va anuvAda sa. (jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1955) prakalaMka kRta tatvArtha vArtika TIkA va hindI sArAMza sa. bhA. 1-2 (jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1946 va 1657). vidyAnandi kRta zlokavArtika sa. (nAthAraMga jai. graM. bambaI 1918) zrutasAgara kRta tattvArthavRtti sa. (jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1946) sukhalAla kRta hindI bhUmikA va vyAkhyA sa. (mArata jaina mahAmaMDala vardhA, 1952) paM phUlacandra kRta hindI bhUmikA va vyAkhyA sa. (ga. varNA graM. kAzI, vI. ni. 2476) 60 puruSArthasiddhyupAya (amRtacandra) ajitaprasAda aMgrejI anuvAdAdi sa. (ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1933) hindI anu. sa.(rAyacandra jai. zA. bambaI 1904)

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406 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna jaina nyAya 61 sanmatisUtra (siddhasena) abhayadeva TIkA sa. bhA. 1-5 gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda, 1621-31) aMgrejI anu. va bhUmikA sa. (jai. zve. ejyU. borDa. bambaI, 1938) 62 nayacakrasaMgraha (devasena) saM. chAyA sa. (mA. di. jai. graM. 16. bambaI, 1920) . nayacakra-hindI anu. sa. (zolApura 1946) 63 AlApa paddhati (devasena) -(sanAtana jaina graM. bambaI 1920 va mA. di. jaina graM. bambaI 1920) 14 aptimImAMsA (samantabhadra) -jayacandakRta hindI artha sa.(anantakIti graM. mA. 4 bambaI, akalaMka kRta aSTazatI va vasunandi TIkA (sana. je. banArasa 1914) vidyAnandi kRta aSTasahastrI TIkA (akaloja, zolApura, 1615) 65 yuktyanuzAsana (samantabhadra) (mUla mA. di. jai. graM. 16 bambaI) ju. mukhtAra kRta hindI vyAkhyA sa. (vIrasevA mandira, sarasAvA 1951) 96 anyayoga vyavaccheda (hemacandra) malliSeNa kRta syAdvAda maJjarI TIkA jaga dIzacandra kRta hindI anuvAda sa. (rAyacandra jai. zA. bambaI, 1935) 97 nyAyAvatAra (siddhasena) -satIzacandra vi. bhU. kRta aMgrejI anuvAda va candra prabhasUri kRta vivRti ke avataraNoM sa. (kalakattA 1606) siddharSi kRta TIkA va devabhadrakRta TippaNa va pa. la. vaidyakRta aMgrejI prastAvanA sa. (zve. jaina sabhA bambaI, 1928) 18 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (jinabhadra) -hemacandra TIkA sa. (ya. ja. graM. banArasa ni. saM. 2427-41) guja. anu. sa. (Agamodaya bambaI, 1924-27) 66 akalaMka graMtha traya (laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha) mahendra ku. kata prastAvanA va TippaNoM sa. (siMghI jaina granthamAlA, ahamadAbAda kalakattA, 1939) 100 nyAyakumudacandra (prabhAcandra) bhA. 1-2 mahendra ku. kRta prastAvanA sa. (mA. di. jai. graM. bambaI, 1933, 1941) 101 nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa (vAdirAja) bhA. 1-2 mahendra ku. kRta prastAvanA sa. (bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, 1946, 1954)

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jaina sAhitya-graMtha sUcI 102 siddhivinizcaya TIkA (anantavIryaM bhA. 1-2 DaoN. mahendra ku. kRta aMgrejI va hindI prastAvanA sa. ( bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1659 ) 103 AptaparIkSA ( vidyAnanda) svopajJa TIkA va pa. darabArIlAla koThiyA kRta hindI prastAvanA va anuvAda sa. ( vIra sevA mandira, sarasAvA 1946 ) Apta parIkSA aura patra parIkSA ( jaina dharma pracAriNI sabhA, banArasa, 1913) 104 laghusarvajJasiddhi aura bRhattasarvazasiddhi (anantakIrti) (mA. di. je. pra. bambaI, vi. saM. 1972) 105 parIkSAmukha ( mANikyanandI ) ananta vIryakRta prameyaratnamAlA TIkA va TippaNoM sahita (banArasa, 1928) hindI anuvAda sa. (jhAMsI, ni. saM. 2465) zaraccandra ghoSAlakRta aMgrejI prastAvanA va anuvAda sa. ( ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1640 ) anantavIrya kRta TIkA. sa. satIzacandra vi. bhU. dvArA sampAdita ( biba iMDikA kalakattA, 1906) 106 prameyakamala mArtaNDa ( prabhAcandra ) - paM. mahendra ku. bhUmikA sa. ( nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1941 ) 107 nyAyadIpikA (dharmabhUSaNa ) paM. darabArIlAla koThiyA kRta TippaNa, hindI prastAvanA anuvAda sa ( vIrasevA, mandira, sarasAvA, 1645) 108 saptabhaGgitaraGgiNI (vimaladAsa ) - pa. ThAkuraprasAdakRta hindI anuvAda sa. (rAyacandra zA. bambaI, 1916 ) 106 anekAntajayapatAkA ( haribhadra) svopajJa TIkA sahita (ya. jai. graM. bhAvanagara ni. saM. 2436 Adi) 110 anekAMtavAda praveza (haribhadra ) - ( hemacandra sabhA, pATana, 1616 ) 111 aSTaka prakaraNa ( haribhadra) jinezvara kRta saM. TIkA sahita ( manasukha bhA ahamadAbAda vi. saM. 1968 ) 407 112 viMzativizikA ( haribhadra ) saMskRta chAyA va aMgrejI TippaNoM sahita (ke. vhI. abhyaMkara, ahamadAbAda, 1932) 113 pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra ( vAdideva ) svopajJa TIkA sa. ( motIcanda lADhajI, pUnA, ni. saM. 2553 - 57) ratnAkarAvatArikA va anya TIkAoM sa. (ya. jai. graM. banArasa ni. saM. 2431-37 ) 114 pramANamImAMsA ( hemacandra ) paM. sukhalAla kI prastAvanA evaM bhASA TippaNoM (siMghI graM. bambaI ahamadAbAda - kalakattA, 1939)

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 115 jainatarka bhASA ( yazovijaya) tAtparya saMgraha vRtti sa. (siMghI gra. 1938 ) 116 jJAnabindu ( yazovijaya ) - paM. sukhalAla kRta prastAvanA va TippaNoM sa. ( siMdhI graM. 1642 ) 408 karaNAnuyoga 117 lokavibhAga ( siMhasUri ) bhASAnuvAda sa. ( jIvarAja graM. zolApura, 1962) 118 tiloyapaNatti ( yativRSabha ) bhA. 1-2 prastA. va hindI anu. sa. ( jIvarAja graM. zolApura 1643, 1652 ) 116 trilokasAra ( nemIcandra ) mAdhavacaMdrakRta TIkA sa. ( mA. graM. bambaI, ni. saM. 2444 ) 120 jambUdvIpapaNNatti (padmanandi ) prastA. hindI anu. sa. ( jIvarAja graM. zolApura, 1958) 121 laghukSetrasamAsa ( ratnazekhara ) - sacitra, guja. vyAkhyA sa. ( muktikamala jaina mohanamAlA, bar3audA, 1934) 122 bRhatkSetra samAsa ( jinabhadra) malayagiri TIkA sa. ( jainadharma pra. sa. bhAvanagara, saM. 1977) 123 bRhatsaMgrahaNI sUtra ( candrasUri ) sacitra guja. vyAkhyA sa. ( muktikamala jaina mo. bar3audA 1936) 124 vicArasAra (pradma umna sUri ) - Agamodaya sa. sUrata, 1923 ) 125 jyotiSkaraNDaka - saTIka ( ratalAma, 1628 ) caraNAnuyoga 126 mUlAcAra ( vahakera ) mA. 1-2 vasunandI TIkA sa. ( mA. gra. bambaI, vi. saM. 1677, 1680) manoharalAla kRta hindI anu. sa. ( anantakIrti graM. bambaI 1616 ) 127 bhagavatI ArAdhanA ( zivArtha ) - sadAsukhakI kIrti graM. bambaI vi. saM. 1686 ) bhASAvacanikA sa. (anantamUlArAdhanA - aparAjita aura AzAdhara kI saM. TIkAoM va hindI anu. sa . ( zolApura, 1635) 127 anagAra dharmAmRta (AzAdhara ) svopajJa TIkA sa. ( mA. graM. bambaI, 1916 ) 126 paJcavastuka (haribhadra ) - svopajJa TIkA sa. ( devacanda lAlabhAI graM. bambaI 1932) 130 samyaktvasaptati (haribhada) - saMghatilaka TIkA sa. (de. lA. ga. 1913) 131 jIvAnuzAsana ( devasUri ) - hemacandra - graMthA. pATana, 1928 ) * bambaI,

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jaina sAhitya-graMtha sUcI . 132 pravacana sAroddhAra (nemicandra)-siddhasena TIkA sa. (hI. haM. jAmanagara, 1914, de. lA. gra. bambaI, 1922) 133 dvAdazakulaka (jinavallama) -jinapAla TIkA sa. (jinadatta sUri prA. pu. bambaI, 1934) 134 prazamarati (umAsvAti) saTIka (jaina dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, saM. 1966) saTIka hindI anu. sa. (rA. jai. zA. bambaI, 1950) 135 cAritrasAra (cAmuNDArAya) - (mA. di. jai. graM. bambaI, ni. saM. 2443) 136 AcArasAra (vIranandi) - (mA. di. jai. graM., bambaI sa. 1974) 137 sindUraprakara (somaprabha yA somadeva) -harSakIrti TIkA sa. (ahamadAbAda, 1624) 138 zrAvaka prajJapti (haribhadra) -saTIka guja. anu. sa. (jaina jJAna prasAraka maNDala, bambaI, 1905) 136 paJcAzaka sUtra (haribhadra) -abhayadeva TIkA sa. (jai. dha. pra. sa. bhAva nagara 1612) 140 dharmaratna (zAntisari) stropajJa TIkA sa. (jai. A. sa. bhAvanagara saM. . 1970) devendra TIkA sa. (ja.dha. prasAraka, pAlItAnA, 1605-6) 141 vasunandi zrAvakAcAra -prastAvanA va hindI anu. sa. (bhAratIya jJAnapITha . kAzI , 1652) 142 sAvayadhammadohA - DaoN. ho. lA. jaina kRta prastAvanA hiMdI anu. Adi sa. (kAraMjA jaina graM. 1932) 143 ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra (samantabhadra)-prabhAcandra TIkA va ju. mukhtAra kRta prastAvanA sa. (mA. di. je. graM., bambaI, vi. 1982) samIcIna dharmazAstra nAma se hindI vyAkhyA sa. (vIra sevA maM. dillI, 1655) campatarAya kRta aM. anu. sa. (bijanaura, 1631) .144 yazastilakam (somadeva) bhA. 1-2 paMcama AzvAsa ke madhya taka zruta sAgara TIkA sa. (nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1616) 145 zrAvakAcAra (Amitagati) - bhAgacandra kRta vacanikA sa. anantakIrti graM. bambaI, vi. 1976) 146 sAgAradharmAmRta (prAzAdhara) -svopajJa TIkA sa. (mA. graM. bambaI vi. 1972) 147 zrAvakAcAra (guNabhUSaNa) bhA. 1-2 hindI anu. sa.(di, jai. pu. sUrata, 1625)

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410 bhAratIya saMskati meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna dhyAna-yoga 149 kArtikeyAnuprekSA ( svAmikumAra ) zubhacandra TIkA paM. kailAzacandra kRta hi. anu. DaoN. upAdhye kRta aM. prastAvanAdi sa ( rAyacandra zA. agAsa, 1960) 150 yogabindu (haribhadra ) - saTIka ( jaina dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, 1611 ) 151 yogadRSTi samuccaya (haribhadra ) svopajJa TIkA sa. (de. lA. bambaI, 1913 ) 152 yogaviMzikA (haribhadra ) pAtaJjala yogasUtra saTIka va paM. sukhalAla kI bhUmikA sa. ( a. graM. bhAvanagara, 1922) 153 SoDazaka (haribhadra yazobhadra va yazovijaya TIkAoM sa. (de. lA. bambaI, 1611) 154 paramAtma prakAza ( yogIndra) brahmadeva kRta saM. TIkA va daulatarAma kRta hindI, TIkA DaoN. upAdhye kRta aM. prastAvanA va paM. jagadIzacandra kRta hindI anu. sa. (rAyacandra zA., agAsa, 1960 ) 155 pAhuDa dohA (rAmasiMha) DaoN. hI. lA. jainakRta bhUmikA, hindI anu. pradi sa. ( kAraMjA jaina sIrIja, 1933 ) 156 iSTopadeza ( pUjyapAda) AzAdhara TIkA, dhanyakumAra kRta hi. anu. va campatayakRta aM. anu. aura TippaNoM sa. (rAyacandra zA. bambaI, 1954 ) 157 samAghitantra ( pUjyapAda) prabhAcandra TIkA, paramAnanda kRta hi. anu. va, ju. mukhtAra kRta prastAvanA sa. ( vIra sevA mandira sarasAvA, 1936) 158 dvAtriMzad dvAtriMzikA ( yazovijaya ) - saTIka (jai. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara saM. 1966) 156 AtmAnuzAsana ( guNabhadra ) - prabhAcandra TIkA, aMgrejI, hindI prastA. hindI anu. sa. ( jIvarAja jai. graM. solApura 1661) ju. jainI kRta aMgrejI anu. sa. ( ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, 1928) baMzIdhara kRta hindI TIkA ( jaina graM. ra. kA. bambaI, 1916 ) 160 subhASitaratnasaMdoha ( amitagati) - nirNayasAgara bambaI, 1606) hi.. anu. sa. (hari. de. kalakattA, 1917 ) 161 yogasAra ( amitagati) - 1 - sanAtana jaM. graM. kalakattA 1198 ) 162 jJAnArNava ( zubhacandra) - hi. anu. sa. ( rAyacandra zA., bambaI, 1907 ) 163 yogazAstra (hemacandra ) svopajJa vRtti sa. (jai. gha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara 1926 ) 164 adhyAtma rahasya ( AzAdhara ) hindI vyAkhyA ju. mukhtAra kRta ( vIra sevA mandira, dillI, 1957 ) Jain Education international

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jaina sAhitya-graMtha sUcI stotra 165 jina sahastranAma - zrAzAvara, jinasena, sakalakIrti, hemacandra kRta stotroM kA pAThamAtra va AzAdhara kRta svopajJavRtti, paM. hIrAlAla kRta anuvAda va zratasAgara TIkA sa. ( bhAratIya jJA. kAzI 1954) 166 jenastotra saMgraha, mA. 1-2 ( yazo. jai. graM. banArasa, ni. saM. 2439 ) 167 jaina nityapATha saMgraha - jinasahastranAma, bhaktAmara kalyANa mandira, ekIbhAva viSApahAra Adi stotroM sa. (nirNaya sA. bambaI, 1925) 168 upasargahara stotra ( bhadrabAhu ) pArzvadeva, jinaprabha, siddhicandra, harSa kIrti TIkAoM sa. (de. lA. bambaI naM. 80-811932) pUrNacandra TIkA sa. ( zAradA graM. mA. bhAvanagara, 1621, jaina stotra saMgraha ke antargata ) 166 RSabhapaJjAzikA ( dhanapAla ) - saM. va guja. TIkA sa. (jai. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, kApar3iyA dvArA sampA. de. bhA. bambaI ) 170 ajita - zAntistava ( nandiSeNa ) govinda aura jinaprabha TIkAoM sa. (de. 411 lA. bambaI) 171 jayatihuyaNa stotra ( abhayadeva) munisundara TIkA sa. ( phUlakuMvarabAI ratalAma, ahamadAbAda, 1860 ) 172 RSimaNDala stotra ( dharmaghoSa ) - avacUrI sa. ( jinastotra sa. 1 pR. 273 sA. bhA. navAba, ahamadAbAda 1932 ) 173 samavasaraNa stotra ( dharmaghoSa ) jaM. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, 1617 ) 174 svayaMbhUstotra ( samantabhadra) ju. mukhtAra kRta prastAvanA va anu. sa. ( vIra sevA mandira, sarasAvA, 1651 ) 175 stutividyA ( samantabhadra ) - vasunandI TIkA, ju. mukhtArakRta prastAvanA va paM. pannAlAla kRta anu. sa. ( vI. se. maM. sarasAvA, 1950) 176 siddhapriya stotra ( devanandi ) nirNaya sAgara, bambaI 1926 ( kAvyamAlA 7 pR. 30) 177 bhaktAmara stotra (mAnatuGga ) - guNAkara, meghavijaya va kanakakuzala TIkAoM sa. (de. lA. bambaI, 1632) 178 mayaharastavana (mAnatuGga ) avacUri sa. ( de. lA. bambaI; 1932) 176 kalyANamandira stotra (kumudacandra ) kanakakuzala va mANikyacandra TIkAoM sa. (de. lA. bambaI, 1932) candrakIrti TAkA; banArasIdAsa va giridhara zarmA ke padyAnuvAda va paM. pannAlAla gadyAnu. saM. ( sanmati kuTIra candAvAr3I; bambaI; 1656 )

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412 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna 180 viSApahAra stotra (dhanaJjaya)-candrakIrti TIkA, nAthUrAma premI kRta padyAnuvAda va paM. pannAlAla kRta gadyAnuvAda sa. (sanmati kuTIra caMdAvAr3I, bambaI 1956) 181 ekIbhAvastotra (vAdirAjya)-candrakIrti TIkA va paramAnanda zAstrI kRta anu. sa. (vIrasevA maM, sarasAvA, 1940) 182 jinacaturvizatikA (bhUpAla) -AzAdhara TIkA, bhUdharadAsa va dhanyakumAra kRta padyAnu. va paM. pannAlAla kRta gadyAnu. sa. (sanmati kuTIra, caMdA vAr3I, bambaI; 1958) 183 sarasvatI stotra (bappamaTTi) Agamo. sa. bambaI, 1926, (caturvizikA pR. 264) 184 vItarAga stotra (hemacandra)-prabhAnaMda aura somodaya gaNi, TIkAoM sa. (de. lA. bambaI, 1911) 185 yamakamaya caturvizati jinastuti (jinaprama) - bhImasI mANaka, bambaI, prakaraNa ratnAkara-4 186 jinastotraratnakoza (munisundara) - yazo. banArasa 1606 187 sAdhAraNa jinastavana (kumArapAla) - bambaI, 1636 (somatilaka) Agamo. bambaI, 1926 188 nemibhaktAmara stotra (bhAvaratna) Agamo. bambaI, 1926 186 sarasvatI bhaktAmarastotra (dharmasiMha) Agamo. bambaI, 1927 prathamAnuyoga prAkRta 160 paumacariyaM (vimalasUri) -mUlamAtra yAkobI sambA. (jai. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, 1914) 161 caupannamahApurisacariya(zIlAGka)-prAkRta graMtha pariSad, vArANasI, 1961) 162 pAsanAhacariya, (guNacandra) ahamadAbAda, 1945, guja. anu. AtmA. bhAvanagara, saM. 2005 163 supAsanAhacariya (lakSmaNa gaNi) -paM. harago. seTha sampA. (jaina vividha sAhitya zAstramAlA banArasa, 1916) 94 mahAvIracariya (guNacandra) de. lA. bambaI, 1926, guja. anu. AtmA. saM. 1664) 165 mahAvIracarita (nemicandra-devendragaNi) jaina AtmA. bhAvanagara saM. 1973 166 taraGgalolA -(nemivijJAna graM. saM. 2000) guja. anu. (pAlItAnA, saM. 1986)

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jaina sAhitya-graMthasUcI 413 167 dhUrtAkhyAna (haribhadra) DaoN. upAdhye kRta aM. prastAvanA sa. (bhAratIya vi. bha. bambaI, 1944) 198 dharmaparIkSA (amitagati) hi. anu. sa. (jaina graM. ra. bambaI, 1901) 166 surasundarI cariaM (dhanezvara) harago. seTha banArasa, 1616 200 NANapaMcamIkahA (mahezvara)a. gopanIkRta aM. prastA. sa. (siMghI jai. graM. bambaI, 1646) 201 kumArapAlacarita (hemacaMdra) DaoN. pa. la. vaidya kRta saM.prastA. sa. (bhaMDArakara o., pUnA, 1636) 202 mahIvAla kathA (vIradeva) -ahamadAbAda, saM. 1968 203 sudaMsaNAcariya-zakunikA vihAra (devendra) Atmavallabha graM. valAda, ahama __ dAbAda, 1632 204 kRSNacarita (devendra) ratanapura, 1938 205 zrIpAlacarita (ratnazekhara)de. lA. bambaI, 1923) bhA. 1-vADIlAla jIvAbhAI caukasI kRta aM. anu. bhUmikAdi sa. ahamadAbAda, 1632) 206 kummAputtacariyaM (jinamANikya) DaoN. pa. la. vaidya kI aM. bhUmikA sa. pUnA 1930 abhyaMkara sampA. ahamadAbAda, 1932 207 vasudeva hiMDI (saMghadAsa-dharmasena) prathama khaNDa jai. mAramA. sabhA. bhAvanagara, 1630 208 samarAdityakathA (haribhadra)-yAkobI kI aM. prastA.) sa. (biba. iMDikA kalakattA, 1926) bhava 1, 2, 6 ma. modI ke aM. anu. bhUmikA sa (ahamadAbAda 1633, 36) bhava 2 gorekRta aM. bhU. anu. sa. (pUnA, 1955) 206 kuvalayamAlA (udyotana) DaoN. upAdhye dvArA pAThAntara sa. (siMdhI graM. bambaI, 1956) 210 rayaNacUDarAyacariya (devendra)-paM. maNivijaya graM. ahamadAbAda, 1946 211 kAlakAcAryakathA -pro. ena. DablyU. brAuna kRta sTorI oNpha kAlaka ke antargata (vAziMgaTana, 1933) saMskRta (de. lA. bambaI, 1914 kalpasUtra ke anta meM) prabhAvaka carita kA saM. pATha (nirNaya sA. baMbaI) pR. 36-46 kathA saMgraha (30 kathAeM) aM. pre. zAha ahamadAbAda,1946 212 jinadattAkhyAna (sumati) do AkhyAna (siMghI. bambaI, 1953) 213 rayaNaseharIkahA (jinaharSa) je. AtmA. bambaI, saM. 1674 214 jambUcariyaM-siMghI jai. graM. bambaI, 1960 215 Naravikkamacariya (guNacandra) -nemivijJAna aM. saM. 2008

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414 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 216 upadezamAlA (dharmadAsa) rAmavijaya va siddharSi TIkAe (hIrAlAla hansa rAja, jAmanagara. saM. 1934) RSabhadevajI kezarImala saMsthA indaura, 217 upadezapada (haribhadra) -municandra TIkA sa. jainadharma pra. va., pAlItAnA, 1906, maktikamala gai. mo. bar3audA, 1923-25) 218 dharmopadezamAlA vivaraNa (jayasiMha) -siMdhI. bambaI, 1946 216 zIlApadezamAlA (jayakIrti) taraGgiNI TIkA sa. (hIrAlAla hansarAja, jAmanagara 1606) 220 pAkhyAnamaNikoza (devendra nemicandra) Amradeva kRta TIkA sa. (prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI) 221 bhavabhAvanA (mala-hemacandra) sopajJa vRtti sa. RSabhadeva ke. jai. zve. saMsthA, ratalAma, saM. 1992 222 kumArapAlapratibodha (somaprabha) gA. o. sI. bar3audA, 1920, guja. anu. AtmAsabhA., saM. 1983, DaoN. AnsaDarpha kRta apabhraMza saMkalana jarmana prastA. anu. sa. hemavarga, 1928 223 jayantIprakaraNa (mAnatuGga) -panyAsa maNivi graM. ahamadAbAda, saM. 2006 224 kathAralakoSa (guNacandra) -jainaAtmA. graM. bhAvanagara, 1644 / 225 vijayacandracarita (candraprabha) jai. dha.pra. sa. bhAvanagara, 1906, guja. anuvAda vahI saM. 1962 226 saMvegaraMgazAlA (jinacandra) nirNayasAgara, bambaI. 1624 227 vivekamaMjarI (AsAr3ha) -bAlacandra TIkA sa. vividha sA. zA. mA. banA rasa, saM. 1975 228 upadeza ratnAkara (munisundara) jai.dha. vi. pra. varga, pAlItAnA. saM. 1964, de. lA. bambaI, 1922 226 kathAmahodadhi (somacandra) karpara prakara sa. hI. haM. jAmanagara, 1616 230 vardhamAnadezanA (zubhavardhana) jai. dha. pra. sabhA. bhAvanagara, bAlAbhAI chagana. lAla, ahamadAbAda, saM. 1960 prathamAnuyoga apabhraza : 231 paumacariya (svayaMbhU) bhAga 1-3 ha. cU. bhAyANI kRta prastA. sa. (siMdhI mA. vi. bha. bambaI, 1653, 1660) devendrakumAra kRta hi. anu. sa. 1-56 saMdhi bhA. 1-3 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1957-58

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jaina sAhitya-graMtha sUcI 415 232 mahApurANa (puSpadanta) bhA. 1-3 DaoN. pa. la. vaidya sampA. (mA. di. graM. bambaI 1937-47), pari. 81-62 harivaMzapurANa DaoN. AlsaDarpha kata jarmana prastA . anu. sa. hemavarga, 1636 233 sanatkumAra carita (haribhadra) yAkobI sampA. mucena, jarmanI, 1621 234 pAsaNAhacariu (padmakIrti) prAkRta TaiksTa sosA. mudraNAdhIna) 235 jasaharacariu (puSpadanta) pa. la. vaidya sampA. (kAraMjA sIrIja, 1931) 236 NAyakumAracariu (puSpadanta) hI. lA. jaina. sampA. (kAraMjA sIrIja 1632) 237 bhavisayatakahA (dhanapAla) yAkobI sampA. jarmanI 1918; dalAla va desAI sampA. gA. o. sI. bar3audA, 1923 238 karakaMDacariu (kanakAmara) hI. lA. jaina sampA. (kAraMjA sI. 1914) 236 paumasiricariu (dhAhila) modI aura bhAyANI sampA. siMghI bhAratIya vi. bha. bambaI, saM. 2005 240 sugaMdhadazamIkathA (bAlacandra) bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI (mudraNAdhIna) prathamAnuyoga saMskRta : 241 padmacarita (raviSeNa) -mUlamAtra bhAga 1-3 (mA. di. jai. graM. bambaI, saM. 1985) hi. anu. sa. bhA. 1-3 (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1958-59) 242 harivaMzapurANa (jinasena) mUlamAtra bhA. 1-2 (bhA di. jai. graM. bambaI,) hi. anu. sa. (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1962) 243 pANDavapurANa (zubhacandra) hi. anu. sa. (jIvarAja jai. grantha zolApura 1654) ghanazyAmadAsa kRta hi. anu. sa. (jaina sA. pra. kAryA, bambaI, 1616, jinavANI pra. kA, kalakattA 1636) 244 pANDavacaritra (devaprama) nirNaya sAgara, bambaI, 1911 245 mahApurANa (jinasena guNabhadra) syAdvAda graMthamAlA, indaura saM. 1673-75 hi. anu. sa. (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, bhA. 1-3 1651-54) 246 triSaSThizalAkA pu. ca. (hemacandra) jai.dha.pra. sa. bhAvanagara, 1606-13; parva 1 kA aM. anu. jAnasana kRta. gA. o. sI. bar3audA 1631, parva 21-pariziSTa parva yAkobI sampA. biba. iM. kalakattA, 1861 dvi. saM. 1932 247 triSaSThismRti zAstra (prAzAdhara) marAThI anu. sa. mA. di. jai. grantha bambaI. 1937 248 caturvizati jinacarita yA padmAnanda kAvya (amaracandra) -gA. o. sI. bar3audA 1932

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416 24e bAlabhArata (amaracandra) nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1894, 1626 ) 250 purANasAra saMgraha ( dAmanandi) - hi. anu. sa. (bhA. jJA. kAzI. bhA. 1-2, 1954-55) bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 251 candraprabhacaritra ( vIranandi ) ni. sA. bambaI. 1612, 1926 252 vAsupUjyacaritra ( vardhamAna ) jai. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, saM 1966) hIrAlAla hansarAja jAmanagara, 1928 - 30 253 dharmazarmAbhyudaya ( haricandra) ni. sA. bambaI, 1888 254 zAntinAtha carita (ajitaprabha ) jai. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara, saM. 1973 255 zAntinAtha purANa (sakalakIrti) hi. anu. jinavANI pra. kalakattA, 1936 dulAcanda pannAlAla devarI, 1923 256 mallinAtha caritra (vinayacandra ) yazo. jai. graM. bhAvanagara, ni. saM. 2438 257 neminirvANa kAvya (vAgbhaTa ) ni. sA. bambaI, 1866 258 nemidUta kAvya (vikrama) ni. sA. bambaI, kAvyamAlA naM. 2 256 pAzvabhyudaya ( jinasena ) - yogirAja TIkA sa. ni. sA. bambaI. 1906, isameM grathita meghadUta, pAThaka kRta aM. anu. sa. pUnA, 1864, 1916 260 pArzvanAtha caritra ( vAdirAja ) 1 - mA. di. jai. graM. bambaI, 1916, hi. a. paM. zrIlAla kRta, jayacandra jaina, kalakattA. 1922 261 pArzvanAtha caritra (bhAvadeva ) - yaH jai. graM. banArasa, 1612 aM. bhAvArtha blUmaphIlDa kRta bAlTImora, 1916 262 vardhamAna ( mahAvIra ) caritra ( asaga ) paM. khUbacandra kRta hi. anu. sa. ( mUlacanda ) kisanadAsa kApaDiyA, sUrata, 1918; marAThI anu. sa. zolApura, 1931 263 yazAstilakacampU ( somadeva ) zrutasAgara TIkA sa., ni. sA. bambaI 1901 264 yazodhara caritra ( vAdirAja ) sarasvatI vilAsa sI. taMjora, 1912 hi. anu. udayalAla kRta, hindI jai. sA. prasA. kAryA. bambaI. 1614 265 jIvaMdhara campU (haricandra ) sara. vi. taMjora 1605. hi. anu. sa. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1658 266 gadyacintAmaNi (vAdIbhasiMha) TI. esa. kuppUsvAmI zAstrI sampA. nATesana ka., madrAsa, 1602 267 kSatracUDAmaNi (vAdIbhasiMha) sa. vi. gra N. ra. kAryA. bambaI 1610, pUrvArdha. 1632. uttarArdhaM 1640 taMjora, 1603. hi. anu. sa. jai. sarala prajJA pustakamAlA, maMDAvarA,

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jaina sAhitya-grantha sUcI 417 268 varAGgacaritra (jaTAsiMhanandi) DaoN. upAdhye dvArA sampA. mA. di. jai. graM. bambaI, 1938 bhASA padya kamalanayana kRta, jaina sA. samiti, . jasavantanagara, 1636 266 mRgAvatI caritra (devaprama) -hI. he. jAmanagara, 1906 270 zAlibhadracarita (dharmakumAra) - ya. jai. graM. banArasa, 1610 271 vasantavilAsa kAvya (bAlacandra) gA. o. sI. bar3audA, 1917 272 vastupAla-tejapAla prabandha (rAjazekhara) gA. o. sI. bar3audA, 1917 273 vastupAla caritra (jinaharSagaNi) hI. haM. jAmanagara, guja. ana. je. dha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara saM. 1674 274 abhayakumAra caritra (candratilaka) bhA. 1-2 jai. prA. sa. bhAvanagara, 1917 275 jagaDucaritra (sarvAnanda) bambaI, 1896 276 kumArapAlacaritra (jayasiMhasUri) hI. haM. jAmanagara 1915. goDIjI jaina upAzraya, bambaI, 1926 277 kumArapAla caritra (cAritra sundara) jai. A. sa. bhAvanagara saM 1973 278 kumArapAla prabandha (jina maNDana gaNi) jai. A. sa. bhAvanagara saM. 1971 276 mahIpAla caritra (cAritrasundara) hI. haM. jAmanagara 1606, (1917) 280 uttamakumAra caritra (cArucandra) hI. haM. jAmanagara, 1608 281 hammIrakAvya (nayacandra) -bambaI 1876 282 zrIpAlacaritra (satyarAja) vijaya dAnasUrIzvara graM. mA. sUrata, saM. 1965 283 zrIpAlacaritra (jJAnavimala) -devacandalAla bhAI pu. bambaI 1917 284 zrIpAlacaritra (jayakIrti) hI. ha. jAmanagara. 1908 285 zrIpAlacaritra (labdhimuni) jinadattasUri bhaM. pAyadhUnI, bambaI, saM. 1961 286 upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA (siddharSi) biba. inDI. kalakattA, 1869-1914 de. lA. bambaI, 1618-20 kirphala kRta jarmana anu. lIpajiga 1924 287 tilakamaJjarI (dhanapAla)- nirNaya sAgara bambaI, 1903 288 tilakamaJjarI kathAsAra (lakSmIdhara) hemacandra sabhA. pATana, 1616 286 ambaDacaritra (amarasundara) hI. haM. jAmanagara, 1610 DaoN. kAusakRta jarmana anu. lIpajiga 1922 290 ratnajuDakathAnaka (jJAnasAgara) yazo. jai. graM. bhAvanagara, 1617 harTalakRta jarmana anu. lIpajiga, 1922 261 aghaTakumArakathA -cA. kAusa kRta jarmana anu. lIpajiga, 1922 saMkSipta padyAnu. ni. sA. bambaI. 1917

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418 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 292 campakazraM SThikathAnaka ( jinakIrti) harTalakRta aM. va jarmana anu. sa. lIpajiga 1622 263 pAlagopAla kathAnaka ( jinakIrti) harTala, lIpajiga 1617 264 malayasundarI kathA ( mANikyasundara) bambaI, 1618 25 pApabuddhidharmabuddhi kathA ( kAmaghaTakathA ) hI. haM. jAmanagara 1606 296 zatruJyamAhAtmya ( dhanezvara ) hI. haM. jAmanagara, 1608 267 prabhAvakacaritra ( prabhAcandra) ni. sA. bambaI, 1906 268 prabandhacintAmaNi (merutuGga) siMdhI je. sI. zAntiniketana, 1933, TAnIkRta aM. anu. biba iMDI. kalakattA, 1866 - 1601 guja. anu. sa. rAmacandra dInAnAtha, bambaI, 1888 266 prabandhakoza ( rAjazekhara) siMdhI je. sI. zAntiniketana, 1635, hI. haM. jAmanagara 1613, hemacandra sabhA. pATana, 1621 300 bRhatkathAkoza (hariSeNa) DaoN. upAdhye kRta aM. prastA. sa. bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI, 1643 301 dharmaparIkSA (amitagati) - hi. anu. sa. jI. graM. ra. bambaI, 1608 jai. si. pra. kalakattA, 1608 302 ArAdhanA kathAkoSa ( nemidatta ) (hi. anu. sa.) jai. hIrAbAga, bambaI, 1615 303 antarakathAsaMgraha ( rAjazekhara) bambaI 1678 guja. anu. je. gha. pra. sa. bhAvanagara saM. 1678 iTeliyana anu. 7-14 kathAoM kA, venejiyA, 1888 304 bharatezvara bAhubalivRtti ( kathAkoza- zubhazIla) de. lA. bambaI 1932 guja. anu. maganalAla hAthIsiMha, ahamadAbAda 1606 305 dAnakalpadruma (jinakIrti) de. lA. bambaI 1606 306 dharmakalpadruma (udayadharma) de. lA. bambaI, saM. 1973 307 samyakatvakaumudI (jinahaSaM) je. A. sa. bhAvanagara, saM. 1670 308 kathAratnAkara ( hemavijaya) hI. haM. jAmanagara, 1611 harTala kRta jarmana anu. munacena, 1620 saMskRta nATaka 309 nirbhayabhImavyAyoga (rAmacandra ) yazo. je. graM. naM. 16 bhAvanagara 310 nalavilAsa ( rAmacandra ) gA. o. sI. bar3audA, 1926 311 kaumudI nATaka ( rAmacandra ) je. A. sa. naM. 56, bhAvanagara saM. 1973

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jaina sAhitya-graMtha sUcI 419 312 vikrAnta kaurava (hastimalla) mA. di. jai. bambaI, saM. 1972 313 maithilI kalyANa mA. di. jai. bambaI, 1973 / 314 aJjanApavanaJjaya (hastimalla) paTavardhanakRta aM. prastA. bambaI, saM. 2006 315 subhadrA (hastimalla) paTavardhanakata aM. prastA. sa. saM. 2006 316 prabuddha rauhiNeya (rAmabhadra) jai. A. sa. naM. 50, bhAvanagara, 1617 317 moharAja parAjaya (yazaHpAla) dalAla kRta aM. prastA. sa. gA. o bar3odA, 1618 318 hammIramadamardana (jayasiMha) gA. o. sI. naM. 10, bar3audA, 1920 (nayacandra) bambaI, 1876 316 mudrita kumudacandra (yazazcandra) yazo. je. graM. naM. 8 banarasa 1605 320 dharmAbhyudaya-chAyA nATya prabaMdha (meghaprabha) jai. A. sa. bhAvanagara 1918 321 karuNavajrAyudha (bAlacandra) jai. A. sa. bhAvanagara, 1616, guja. anu. ahamadAbAda 1986 vyAkaraNa 322 prAkRtalakSaNa (caNDa) hArnale sampA. biba. iDI. kalakattA, 1883 323 prAkRta vyAkaraNa (hemacandra) pa. la. vaidya sampA. motIlAla lADhajI, pUnA, 1928, pizela kRta jarmana anu. sa. halle, 1877-80 DhUDhikA TIkA sa. bhAvanagara saM. 1960 324 prAkRta vyAkaraNa (trivikrama) pa. la. vaidya sampA. jaina saM. saM. saM. zolApura 1954 325 jainendravyAkaraNa (devanandi) abhayanandi TIkA sa. bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI 1956 sanAtana jai. graM. banArasa, 1615 326 jainendra prakriyA (guNanandi) sanAtana jai. graM. banArasa, 1614 327 zabdAnuzAsana (zAkaTAyana) abhayacandra TIkA sa. jeThArAma mukundajI baMbaI, 1907 328 kAtaMtra vyA. sUtra (sarvavarmA) rUpamAlAvRtti sa. hIrAcandra nemicanda bambaI, saM. 1952 bihArIlAla kaThanerA bambaI, 1927 326 zabdAnuzAsana (hemacandra) svopajJalaghu vRti sa. yazo. jai. graM. banArasa / 1905, svopajJa vRtti aura nyAsa tathA kanakaprabha nyAyasAramuddhAra sa. rAja nagara vijayanebhisUri graM. 33 va 50, jaina graM. prakA. sabhA, ni. saM. 2477, 2483

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420 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 330 gAthAlakSaNa (nandinATya chandaHsUtra)velaNakara sampA. bhaM. o.ri. iMH enalsa 14 1-2, pR. 1 Adi, pUnA 1933 331 svayaMbhUchandas (svayaMbhU) 1-3 velaNakara sampA. bambaI, rA. e. so. jarnala 1935 4-8 bambaI, yUni. jarnala, nava. 1636 332 kavidarpaNa-velaNakara sampA. bhaM pro. ri. I. jarnala pUnA, 1635 333 chandaHkoza (ratnazekhara) velaNakara sampA. bambaI yUnI. ja. 1912 334 chandonuzAsana (hemacandra) devakarana mUlajI, bambaI 1612 335 ratnamaJjUSA (chandoviciti) sabhApya velaNakara sampA. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1646 koza 336 pAiyalacchInAmamAlA (dhanapAla) bhAvanagara saM. 1973 337 dezInAmamAlA (hemacandra) pizela aura bhalara sampA. bambaI saM. sI. 1880; mu. banarjI sampA. kalakattA, 1631 338 nAmamAlA va anekArthanighaNTu (dhanaJjaya) amarakIrti bhASya sa. bhAratIya jJA. kAzI, 1950 336 abhidhAna cintAmaNi (hemacandra svopajJa TIkA sa. yazo0 jai. graM. 41-42 bhAvanagara ni. sA. 2441, 2446 mUlamAtra, jasavantalAla giradharalAla zAha, ahamadAbAda saM. 2013

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jaina darzana-graMtha sUcI 421 vyAkhyAna 3 jaina darzana 340 The Heart of Jainism by S. Sinclair (Ox. Uni. Press, 1915). 341 Outlines of Jainism--J.L. Jaini (Cambridge, 1916). 342 Der Jainismas, by H. Glasenapp (Berlin, 1926). (Gujrati Translation--Bhavnagar, 1940). 343 Doctrine of Karma in Jaina Philosophy, by H. Glassenapp Bombay, 1942) 344 Jaina Philosophy of Non-Absolutism by S. Mookerjee (Calcutta. 1944). 345 Studies in Jaina Philosophy, by N. Tatia (Benaras. 1951). 346 Outlines of Jaina Philosophy, by M. L. Mehta ( laina ___Mission Society, Bangalore, 1954) 347 Jaina Psychology, by M. I. Mehta (S.J.P. Samiti, Amritsar, 1955). 348 Some Problems in Jaina Psychology, by T. G. Kalghatgi (Karnataka University. Dharwar. 1961) 349 Jaina Philosophy and Modern Science, by Nagraj (Kan pur, 1959) Chapters on Jainism from the following works (350-353). 350 History of Indian Philosophy, by Dasgupta, 351 Indian Philosophy, by Radhakrishnan. 352 Outlines of Indian Philosophy, by M. Hirayapna. 353 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. 354 Jaina Monistic Jurisprudence-S.B. Deo (Poona. 1956). 355 Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics, by ___Sukhlalji Singhvi (Calcutta, 1961). 356 jaina dharma -kailAzacandra zAstrI (mathurA, mA. di. jaina saMgha, ni. saM. 2475) 357 jaina darzana -mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya (kAzI 1655 2475) / 358 jaina zAsana-sumerucandra divAkara (kAzI 1650) 356 jaina darzana -nyAya vijaya (pATana gujarAtI 1652, hindI 1656) 360 darzana ane cintana (guja.) sukhalAla (gu. vi. ahamadAbAda 1657) 361 darzana aura cintana (hindI) sukhalAla (gu. vi. ahamadAbAda 1957) 362 bhAratIya tatva vidyA -sukhalAla (jJAnodaya TrasTa ahamadAbAda 1960)

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422 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna vyAkhyAna 4 jaina kalA 363 Origin and Early History of Caityas. V. R. R. Dikshitar (Ind. Hist. Q. XIV. 1938). 364 Jaina Stupa and other Antiquities from Mathura. V. Smith (Allahabad, 1901). 365 Mohenjodaro and the Indus Valley Civilization, Vol. I III, J. Marshall (London, 1931). 366 Note on Pre-Historic Antiquities, from Mohenjodaro R.P. Chanda (Modern Review, 1924)367 History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon ---V. Smith (Oxford, 1930) 368 Indian Architecture--Percy Brown (Bombay). 369 Paharpur Copperplate Grant of Gupta Year 159 (Ep Ind. XX p. 61 ff). 370 Yakshas --Part III--A.K. Coomarswamy (Washington, 1928-31) 371 Yaksha Worship in Early Jain Literature--U.P. Shah (J.0. Instt. III 1953), 372 Muni Vairadeva of Sona Bhandar Cave Inscription U. P. Shah (J. Bihar R. S. Patna, 1953). 373 Studies in Jaina Art --U.P. Shah (J.C.S.Banaras, 1955) 374 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture-J. Fergusson (London, 1910) 375 Jaina Temples from Devagadh Fort -- H. D. Sankalia (J.I.S.O.A. IX. 1951). 376 Khandagiri -- Udayagiri--Caves --T.N. Ramchandran & Chhotclal Jain (Calcutta, 1951). 377 The Mancapuri Cave -- T. N. Ramchandran (I.H.Q. XXVII, 1951). 378 Holy Abu-Jaina Vijay (Bhavnagar, 1954). 379 A Guide to Rajgir ---Kuraishi & Ghose (Delhi, 1939) 380 Archaeology in Gwalior State -- M.B. Garde (Gwaliar, 1934). 381 Cave Temples of India -- Fergusson & Burgess (Lon don, 1880).

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jaina kalA graMtha sUcI 423 382 List of Antiquarian Remains in the Central Provinces & Berar - H. Cousens (Arch. S.I. XIX, 1897). 383 Architectural Antiquities of Western India-H. Cousens (London, 1926). 384 Somnath and other Mediaeval Temples in Kathiawad-- H. Cousens (A.S. of Ind. XLX, 1931). 385 Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh --J. Burgess (A.S. of Ind. II, 1876). 386 Architectural Antiquities of Northern Gujrat -- Burgess Cousens (A.S. of Western India, IX. 1903). 387 Indian Sculpture -- Stella Kramrisch (Calcutta, 1933). 388 Development of Hindu Iconography -- J. N. Banerjee (Calcutta, 1941). 389 Jaina Iconography B. C. Bhattacharya (Lahore, 1930) 390 Jaina Images of The Mauryan Period -- K. P. Jayaswal (J B.O.R.S. XXIII, 1937). 391 Specimens of Jaina Sculpture from Mathura--G. Buhler (Ep. Ind. II, 1894). 392 An Early Bronze of Parshwanath in the Prince of Wales Museum --U.P. Shah (Bulletin of P.W.M. Bombay 1954). 393 Age of Differentiation of Svetambara and Digambara Images and a few Early Bronzes from Akota-- U.P. Shah (Bulletin P.W.M. Bombay, 1951). 394 The Earliest Jain Sculptures in Kathiawad--H.D. Sank alia (J.R.A.S., London, 1938). 395 Iconography of the Jaina Goddess Saraswati--U.P. Shah (J.U. of Bombay, X. 1941). 396 Iconography of the Jaina Goddess Ambika-U.P. Shah (J.U. of Bombay, 1940). 397 A Note on Akota Hoard of Jaina Bronzes --U.P. Shah (Baroda Through Ages, App, IV, p. 97 fi). 398 Catalogue of Jaina Paintings and Manuscripts--A. K. Coomarswamy (Boston, 1924).

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424 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 399 Jaina Miniature Paintings from Western India -- Motichandra (Ahmedab, 1914). 400 A Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of Miniature Paintings of the Jaina Kalpasutra as executed in the Early Western Indian Style -- W. N. Brown (Washington, 1934) 401 Conqueror's Life in Jaina Paintings - A.K. Coomars wamy(J.I.S. of Or. Art, III, 1935) 402 The Story of Kalaka-W. N. Brown (Washington, 1933). 403 tIrtharAja AbU (guja.) jinavijaya (bhAvanagara 1954) 404 jaina citra kalpadrUma - na. sArAbhAI (ahamadAbAda 1636) 405 jaisalamera citrAvalI -puNya vijaya (ahamadAbAda, 1951)

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zabda-sUcI sUcanA-yahA~ nAmoM aura pAribhASika zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai / aMkalipi 285 agaDadatta 73 aMkAI taMkAI 316 agaracandra nAhaTA 373 agaM 33, 162 agumbe 323 aMgada 288 agurulaghu 230 aMpraviSTa 54, 245 aggAyaNI 66 aMgabAhya 54, 245 agnikAya 218 aMgavijjA 289 agnikumAradeva 301 aguttaranikAya 56 agnimitra 126 aMgulyAbharaNa 286 agnizarmA 144 aMjanagiri 264, 265 agnighra 11 aMjanApavanaMjaya 176 agrAyaNIya 51 aMjanAsundarIkathA 151 aghaTakumArakathA 175 aMdhakavRSNi 20, 63, 143 aghAtikarma 233 aMdhakAra 220 acakSudarnanAvaraNIya 227, 244 aMbaDa 175 acala 10 aMbaDa caritra 174 acetana 216 akabara 35, 146, 166, 603, acelaka 13, 26, 27, 106, 266 366, 371 acaurya 24 akalaMka 77, 86, 87, 61, 63, acchuptAdevI 333 113, 166, 185, 166 acyuta 64 akRtrima caityAlaya 306 achinnachedanaya 64 rakkharamuTThiyA 285 ajayadeva 380 akriyAvAda 56, 103 ajita 10 akSaramuSTikA 286 ajitaMjaya 167 akSuNNavedhatva 261 ajitaprabha 166

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426 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna ajita ajita-zAntistava 127, 163 ajitasena ( bha.) 67, 108 ajitasena guru 38 ajitasena 188 ajitasiMha 135 ajiyasaMtitthava 124 ajIvatatva 220 ajIvakriyA 56 ajjaM ( AryA ) 284 ajjavara 308 ajJAna 242 ajJAnavAda 56 ajJAnavijaya 268 ajJAnI 103 aTTAlikAeM 288 aThAraha lipiyAM 291 aNahilapura 180 aNuvayaraNapaIu 164 aNuvrata 8, 25, 46, 101, 113 aticAra 258 atithipUjA 102 atithisaMvibhAga 110, 262 atizaya 107 atizayakSetrakANDa 320 atharvaveda 18 adattAdAna 256 adarzana vijaya 268 adRSTa 237 adveSa 120 adharma 220 adharmadravya 221 adhikAra 111 adholoka 64, 66 adhyAtmarahasya 122 adhruva 116 anagAradharmAmRta 122 anagArabhakti 100 anagAra bhAvanA 105 ananugAmI (avadhijJAna) 246 ananta 10 anantakIrti 60 anantanAtha 135 anantapura 174 anantavarmA 307 anantavIrya 60, 61 anantAnanta 222 anantAnubandhI 227, 228 anarthadaMDavarjana 102 anarthadaNDa 262, 110 anavasthita 246 anazana 271 anahilapATana 146 anahilapura 140 anahilavAr3A 42 anAtmavAdI 216 anAdi 111, 238 anAdeya 230 anArya 4 anitya bhAvanA 266 animittI 286

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abhaya ] zabda sUcI 427 anivRttikaraNa 276 anIka 64 anItapura 175 anukampA 243 anugAmI ( avadhijJAna ) 246 anucintana 272 anujJA 107 anuttaropapAtikadazA 63 anuprekSA 268, 266 anabhAga 225, 235 anumAna 247 anuyoga 64 anuyogadvAra 70 anuyogadvArasUtra 136 anuyogavedI raNaraMgasiMha 108 anurodhapura 35 anekAnta 6, 8, 6, 248 anekAntajayapatAkA 61 anekAnta praveza 63 anekAntavAdapraveza 61 anekAnta vyavasthA 63 anekArthanAmamAlA 166 anekazeSavyAkaraNa 185 antaHkriyAe~ 57 antakRdazA 62 antarAtma 118 antarAya 226, 234, 236 antarAya karma 233, 288 antarakathA saMgraha 178 antarmuhUrta 234, 235 antarlambana 118 annarAjavasati 332 annavidhi 284, 288, 286 anyatva 116 anyatva bhAvanA 269 anyamud 120 anyayoga vyavaccheda 88, 92,123 apakarSaNa 225 apabhraMza 4, 124, 140, 152, 282 183, 184, 161, 376 apabhraMzapurANa 171, 371 aparAjita 14, 154 aparAjita saMgha 32 aparAjita sUri 107 aparAjitA 265, 266 aparAMta 74 aparAMta 74 aparigraha 25 aparigrahANuvrata 260 aparyApta 230 apavartana 81 apAyavicaya 122, 272 apunavardhaka 120 apUrvakaraNa 276 apratipAti 246 apratyAkhyAna 227, 228 aprazasta 230, 235 abaddha 31 aphagAnistAna 305 amaya 168

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428 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [abhayakumAra abhayakumAra 186 abhayakumAra carita 173 abhayacandra 150, 188, 160 abhayanandi 185 abhayadeva 56, 73 81,87, 62, 106, 110, 111, 124, 134, 135 abhayamatI 158, 156 abhaya ruci 158, 159 abhavya 236 abhicandra 65, 130 abhinandana 10 abhimAnacihna 168 amarakIrti 164 amarakoSa 165 amaracandra 168, 166, 174, 195 amara sundara 174, 175 amarAvatI 266 amitagati 81, 113, 114, 121 138, 177 amRtacandra sUri 84, 85, 86, 108 amRtamati 158, 159 amRtAmbA 156 amRSA 24 amaithuna 24 amoghavarSa 38, 82, 187, 313 . amoghavRtti 38, 187, 188 ambadeva 145 ambasena 154 ayaza:kIrti 230 ayoga kevalI 277 ayoga vyaccheda 92, 123 bhayoga vyacchedikA 88 ayodhyA 2, 167 arajA 295 arati 207 aratiparISaha 267 araha 10 aridamana 162 ariSTanemi 165, 166 arjuna 164 arjunarAja 176 arthAvagraha 63 ardhanArAca 230 mardhamAgadhI 4, 25, 42, 70, 76 152. 376 (Agama) 114, 145 ardhamAgadhI prAkRta 148 ardhasama 192 arddhAhAra 288 arbudAcala 43 ahaMt 102 ahahata 26 arhaddAsa 178 arhabali 32, 106 alaGkAra 261 . alaMghanagara 160 alAbudIna 174 alAbhavijaya 267 alokAkAza 63, 221 .

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asti nAstipravAda ] alpArambha 233 avagraha 244 avacUrI 192 avadhijJAna 226, 244, 245 avadhidarzana 244 avadhidarzanAvaraNIya 227 avantinRpa 165 avantisundarI 168 zravamaudarya 271 avarodha 165 avasarpiNI 64 avasthita 246 avAya 63, 244 avinIta (rAjA) 36, 37 avibhAgI 222 avirata - samyaktva 275 avaidika darzana 240 avyakta 35, 248 avyAbAdha 115 azaraNa 116 azaraNabhAvanA 266 azucitva 116 prazucitva bhAvanA 266 azuddha dravyArthikanaya 251 azubha 230, 233 azoka 36, 76, 264, 306 prazokavRkSa 301 azokA 265 266 azvagrIva 10 azvaghoSa 76 zabda sUcI azvamitra 31 azvazikSA 284 azvasena 20, 136 azvArohaNa 291 azvAvabodha 141 aSTapAhuDa 84 aSTaprakaraNa 61 aSTamaGgala dravya 263 aSTazatI 58 aSTasahastrI * praSTasahastrI viSama pada tAtaparya TIkA 85 aSTAdhyAyI 185, 186 aSTApada 264,288,318 aSTAMgayoga 115 aSTAnhikA pUjA 37 asaMga 155, 166 asaMga anuSThAna 118 zrasaJjJI 216 asatya 270 prasadbhUta upacAranaya 252 samprAptAsRpATikA 230 asabAla 157 asAtAvedanIya 226, 233 asi 65 asilakSaNa 284 asurakumAra 262 asurendra 61 astikAya dharmaM 57 astinAstipravAda 51 426

Page #443
430 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadhamaM kA yogadAna asteyANuvrata 256 asthira 230 assAramya 320 mahiMsA 7, 8, 24, 115, 254 ahicchatra 266, 306, 320 ahiMsANuvrata 256 AkAza 220 zrAkAzagata 65 prAkAzadravya 221 AkAzavapra 43 AkaJcinya 268 zrAkrozaparISaha 267 AkhyAnamaNikoza 151 AkhyAnavRtti 188 AkhyAyaka 298 AgrayANI 64 AgrAyaNI 74 AcAradazA 67 AcArasAra 106 AcArAMga 25, 55, 62, 71, 72, 77, 68, 105, 135, 168 AcAryabhakti 100 AjIvaka sampradAya 60, 62, 306 307 AjJA 121, 122, 272 zrAtapa 230 atimabbe 38 AturapratyAkhyAna 66 AtmA 7 AtmapravAda 51 AtmarakSa 64 AtmavAdI 216 AtmAnuzAsana 121 Adarza lipi 285 pradAna nikSepa 265 AdiNAhacariyaM 134 AdinAtha 2, 166 AdityAmbA 153 AdipurANa 38, 16, 156, 166 186 265 Adipampa 186 Adividhi 192 [ asteyANuvrata Adeya 230 Anata 64 Ananda 10, 61, 302 Anandapura 30 AnandazrAvaka 112 AnandasAgara sUri 111 AnupUrvI 230 Andhradeza 160 AptaparIkSA 60 AptamImAMsA 88, 86, 60, 62 113, 123, 176 prAptamImAMsAlaMkRti 88 AbU 53, 44, 172, 334 AbharaNavidhi 284288 286 abhiyogya 64 AmIra 152 Abhyantara 271 Amra 264

Page #444
indrakhIla ] Amla 230 AyAga paTTa 303 AyAga sabhA 304 zrAyu 226 Ayu karma 226, 236 Ayurveda 292 AraNa 64 AraNyaka 46, 50 zrArammatyAga 264 ArambhI 257 ArAtIya 54 ArAdhaka 115 _ArAdhanA 115 ArAdhanAkathAkoza 106, 178 ArAdhanoddhRtta 177 Arjava 268 Arta 272 Aryadatta 26 Aryanandi 76, 78 AryanAilI 26 Aryapura 314 AryamaMkSu 78, 82 Arya maMgu 30 prAryarakSita 70 Aryavara 306 Aryazamita 26 AryazyAma 66 siMhagiri 29 AryA 288 Alambana 118 zabda sUcI AlApa paddhati 87 AlocanA 66, 111 Avazyaka 67, 72 Avazyaka cUrNi 145 302 Avazyaka niyukti 96, 106, 207 114, 301 Avazyaka niyukti vRtti 303 AvRtti 272 AzAdhara 107, 112, 114, 122 123, 168, 227 Azrava 224 ASAr3ha - AcArya 31 ASAr3hasena 306 AsaMga 120 Asana 121, 122 AsanagRha 293 AsAI nagarI 161 Asurya zmazAna 302 Astitakya 243 Asrava 116 AsravaH tattva 223 Asrava bhAvanA 269 AhAra 218 prAhAraka 219 230 Ahula 161 icchA 116. icchAyoga 120 igulezvarabali 33 indra 94 indrakhIla 296 na 431

Page #445
432 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [indrajAla indrajAla 261 146, 151, 158, 160 indranandi 38 76 173, 177 indrabhUti 28, 51, 112, 143, 153 uDuvADiya 28 indramahotsava 146 utkIrNana 286 indrarAja 38 utkarSa 225 indravajrA 66 utkRSTa 234 indrasabhA 314 utkRSTa anubhAga 235 indrAyudha 165, 322 uttamakumAragaNi 173 indriya nigraha 266 uttamakumAra (caritra) 173 iSTopadeza 119 uttara kalAeM 262 isimaMDala 124 uttarapurANa 34, 38, 156, 166 IDara 45 167, 170, 172, 179 IrAnI citrakalA 366 uttaraprakRtiyA~ 230 IryApatha samiti 104, 265 uttarapratipatti 78 IryApathika 56, 224 uttarabalissaha 28 IzAna 64 uttarosaGga 286 IzAna deva 301 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16, 21, 26, 54 Izvara 238 67, 71, 72. 73, 165 IzvarecchA 237 uttarAdhyayana TokA 145 245 Isattha 284 uttarAsaGga 286 IhA 63, 244 utthakka 162 ugratapa 57 utthAna 120 ugrasena 20 utpatti-vinAza 6 ucca gotra 226, 234 utpAda 6, 64, 223 uccattariyA 285 utpAdapUrva 51 uccAnAgarI (zAkhA) 26 utsarpiNI 64 uccAraNAcArya 82. utsAdana 261 uchvAsa 230 utsAha 192 ucchAhAdi 162 udakapeThAlaputra 56 ujjanI 26, 35, 138, 140, 140 udaya 81, 225, 237

Page #446
RSabha ] zabda sUcI udayagiri 35, 307, 308, 310 udayadharma 178 udayanarAja 176 udayanavAsavadattA 172 udayaprama 150, 174 udayavIragaNi 170 udAyI 26, 57 udIraNA 81, 225 udubarijjikA 28 udgatA 162 udmAthA 160 udgIti 160 uddiSTatyAga 264 uddehagaNa 28 udyoga 65 udyogI 257 udyota 230 udyotanasUri 43, 133,145 uddhartana 81 udvega 120 upagIti 160 upaghAta 230 upacAra vinaya 271 upajAti 66, 162 upadeza kaMdalI 151 upadezapada 150 upadeza mAlA prakaraNa 150, 151 upadezaratnakoSa 176 upadezaratnAkara 151 upaniSad 46, 50, 152 upabhogAntarAya 228 upamAna 247 upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA 174, 176 upayogI kalAe~ 282 upazama 225, 276-nA 81 upazama zreNI 276 upasthAna 261 upAsakadazA 112 upAsakapratimAvidhi 111 upAsAkAcAra 370 upAsakAdhyayana 61, 68, 106, 111 172 uposatha 22 umAsvAti0mi0, 108, 108, 110 ullAsiyakkamathaya 124 uvavAiya 56 uvasaggaharastotra 123 uSNa 230, 266 usmAnAbAda 311 Una 331 Urjayanta 160, 316 UrNa 118 UdhvaMloka 64 Rg 56 Rgveda 12, 15, 46, 375 RjukUlA 24 Rjumati 246 RjusUtra 246 RSabha 10, 11, 15, 17, 21, 23, 58, 141, 151, 166

Page #447
434 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [RSabhajinastava 176, 301, 305, 310 RSabhajinastava 127 RSabhapaJcAzikA 123 RSabhapura 31 RSabhAvatAra 12 RSigupta 28 RSigupti 28 RSidattA 146 RSidattAcaritra 146 RSipAlikA 26 RSibhASita niyukti 72 ekatva 116 ekatva bhAvanA 266 ekatva vitarka-avIcAra dhyAna 273 ekazeSa prakaraNa 186 ekAdaza aMgadhArI 27 ekAMgadhArI 27 ekAnta 242 ekAnta dRSTi 253 ekIbhAvastotra 126 ekendriya jIva 218 elAcArya 76 elASAr3ha 137 elIpheNTA 313 elorA 314 evambhUtanaya 246 eSaNA 265 aitareya brAhmaNa 18 airAvata 64 ailaka 264 aihola 36, 314, 316, 322, 323 proDa lipi 286 oDeyadeva 171 provAiya upAMga 175 mosiyA 333 audayika 273 praudArika 216, 230 aupapAtika 65, 260, 300 aupazamika, 273, 274 aupazamika samyakatva 274 auSadha-yukti 261 kaMkAlI TIlA 26, 34, 303, 305 kaMkAlI devI 305 kaMcanapura 145 kaMDarIka 236 kacchapI 287 kaTaka 287 kaTakachedya 284, 289 kaTi AbharaNa 286 kaTu 230 kaThora 230 attigeyANuvekkhA 227 kathaka 288 kathAkoSa 43, 177, 178 kathAkoSa prakaraNa 151 kathAnaka-prakaraNavRtti 146 kathAmahodadhi 151 kathAraratnakoSa 151 kathAratnAkara 178 kadaMbavaMza 36

Page #448
kalpa ] kadalIgRha 263 kanakanandideva 41 kanakapura 156. kanakaprabha 160 kanakamAlA 136 kanakAmara ( muni) 161, 312 kaniMghama 310, 326 kaniSka 34, 304 kannaDa 4 kanyAkumArI 321 kapATarUpa 277 kapilavastu 300 kapizIrSaka 288 kapotapAliyAM 324 kapotezvara mandira 318 kamaTha 315 kamala 136 kamalasena 145 kammana chaparA 23 karakaNDa 162, 312 karakaNDacariu 161, 312 karaNa 226 karaNa caupAra 307 karaNAnuyoga 74, 63, 262 karuNAvacAyudha 180 karNa narendra 161 karNapUra 288 karNAbharaNa 286 karnATaka 3, 176 karnATaka- kavi-carita 186 zabda sUcI karma 224 karmakANDa 75, 76 karma prakRti 74, 81, 225 karmapravAda 51, 77, 80 karmabandha 25, 238 karmabandha 6, 10, 65 karmayoga 118 karmavipAka 81 karma siddhAnta 238 karmastava 80, 81 karmasthiti 225 karmAragrAma 23 karmAzrayakalA 261 karmAstrava 25 karmendriyA~ 224 karmopAdhinirapekSa 251 karmopAdhisApekSa 251 kalacuri 161 kalacuri nareza 43 kalA kA dhyeya 282 kalA ke bheda-prabheda 284 kalAtmaka atizayokti 283 kaliyuga 12 kaliMga 33 kaliMga jina 307 kaliMga rAja 148 kaliMgasamrATa 307 kalki 67 kalki caturmukha 126 kalpa 72, 64 435

Page #449
bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [kalpapradIpa kalpapradIpa 177 kalpavRkSa : kalpavyavahAra 54 kalpasUtra 28, 30, 67, 106, 135, 168, 366, 370 kalpasUtra sthavirAvali 300 kalpAkalpa 54 kalpAtIdevavimAna 64 kalpAvatataMsikA 67 kalpikA 66 kalyANa nagara 32 kalyANa mandira stotra 125 kalyANavAda 51 kavidarpaNa 163 kavi paramezvara 166 kavirAja 153 kavirAja mArga 38 kavvapisalla 156 kazyapa 162 kazyapagotrIya 306 kaSAya 224, 225, 230 kaSAyapAhuDa (prAbhUta) 77, 78, 81 82, 96, kahAyU (kakubha) 35 kahAvali 134 kAMgalva 41 kAMcI 36 kAkani lakSaNa 284 kAkandI nagarI 63 kAkutstha 37 kAgaja kA AviSkAra 366 kAThiyAvADa 2 kANabhikSu 166 kANUragaNa 33 kAtantra 188 kAtantravRttikAra 186 kAtantra vyAkaraNa 188 kAtantra sambhrama 188 kAtantrottara 188 kAtyAyana 185, 188 kAtyAyanI 137 kAdambarI 262 kAntA 120 kApAlikAcArya bhairavAnanda 158 kApiSTha 64 kAma 236 kAmatatva 121 kAmadeva 61, 126, 156 kAddhi 28 kAmavidhi 261 kAmasUtra 286 kAyakleza 271 kAyayoga 224 kAyotsarga 18, 207 kArakala 3 kAraNAMza 63 kAraMjA 45 kAraMjA jaina maNDAra 370 kAruNya 261

Page #450
kumudA kArtikeya 117 kArtikeyAnuprekSA 112 kArmaNa 216 kArlI 310 kAla 96, 220, 266 kAladravya 222 kAla sUri 30 kAlaka kathA saMgraha 366 kAlakAcArya 30, 145, 146 kAlakAcAryaM kathA 35, 370 kAlaguphAvAsI bhImAsura 160 kAla baitAlaguphA 160 kAvyaratnAkara 156 kAvyAdarza 152, 166, 170 kAzI 33, 60, 167 kAzmIra 160 kAzyapa 23, 195 kAzyapIya arhanta 306 kASThacitra 372 zabda sUcI kASThAsaMgha 32 kAsavAryikA 28 kiTTUrasaMgha 33 kinnarI 156 kAlAkSara 261 kAlAkSara 261 kAlApaka- vizeSa - vyAkhyAna 188 kAlika 30 kAlidAsa 36, 76, 170, 163, 314 kuberadatta 168 kAlodadhisamudra 13, 214 kuberadattA 168 kAvya 282, 291 kuberasenA 168 kirITa 288 kilviSaka 94 kiSkindhamalaya 160 korI 286 kIrticandra 146 kIrtidhara 153 kIrtivijaya 172 kIlita 230 kukkuTa - lakSaNa 284 kujIpura 315 kuTaka 12 kuTakAcala 11 kuNika 26 kuNika ajAtazatru 33 kuNika (videhaputra) 60 kubera 26, 265 kubja 230 kumazahara 300, 320 kumAragupta 35 kumArapAla 43, 127, 131, 140 151, 168, 173, 178 176, 163 kumArapAla caritra 140, 173 kumArapAlapratibodha 151 kumArasena (muni) 32 kumudacandra 126, 180, 372 kumudA 266 437

Page #451
438 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [ kummAputta kummAputta 143 kRpAsundarI 180 kummAputta cariyaM 142 kRSi 65 kurala (kAvya) 36 kRSNa 4, 10, 12, 20, 126, kuru 154 237, 332, (dvi0) 36, kurukSetra 167 (tR0) 155 kulakara 10, 58, 128 kRSNacaritra 142 kulanIti 111 kRSNadAsacarita 166 kulayogI 120 kRSNamizra 180 kuvalayamAlA 43, 129, 136 kRSNamuni 150 kuzAgrapura 138 kRSNaSigaccha 172 kuzInagara 300 kRSNarSigacchaya mahendrasUrI 173 kuMDakuMDI (grAma) 83 kRSNA nadI 321 kuMDakoliya 61 keyUra 288 kuMDapura 22, kevala 244, 227 kuNDala 24, 288 kevalajJAna 111, 115, 216, 226, kuNDalapura 22, 331 246 kuMthalagiri 320 kevaladarzana 244 kunthu 10 kevalisamudghAta 122 kundakunda 75, 83, 66, 18, 100, kevalI 27 102, 105, 106 112, kezamardana 261 113, 115, 116, 117, kezalauMca 266 118, 120, 122 kezava 156, 170 kundakundAnvaya 0AmnAya 36, 111 kezavamizra 63 kundakundAnvayI 43 kezI 14, 15, 375 kumbhakarNa 131 kezIkumAra 27 kUTastha-nityatA 6, 223 kezI muni 17, 56 kUbaranala 165 kezI vRSabha 16 kUrcaka 37 kesulla 154 kRti 74 kRtikarma 54 kailAza 2, 314 kaikeyI 167

Page #452
kSIravara] zabda sUcI 436 kailAza parvata 301 kaivalya 13 koMka 12 koMDakuMda 83 koMDakuMDapura 83 koTa 262 koTikagaNa 26 koTivarSikA 28 koTizilA 320 koDaMbANI 28 kor3Akor3I 234, 235 kollAga saMniveza 23, 62 kolhApura 45 kolhuA (grAma) 23, 62 kosala 33 kosalIya 58 kozala 375 koSA 168 kauTilIya 286 koTilIya arthazAstra 266 kauTilya 70 kaumAra samuccaya 188 kaumudI 179 kaumudImahotsava 137 kaumudI-mitrAnanda 176 kaurava 165 kauzala deza 23, 60 kauzAMbika 28 kauzAmbI 137, 151, 298, 309 kauzikI 22 kosama 306 kramadIzvara 168 kriyAkalApa 100 kriyAvAda 56 kriyAvAdI 103 kiyAvizAla 51 krIr3AgRha 263 kIr3A nagara 266 krodha 227 kSaNadhvaMsatA 6 kSatracUDAmaNi 171 kSatrapakAla 310 kSatraparAjavaMza 310 kSatriya kuMDa 22 kSapaNAsAra 80 kSamA 268 kSamAkalyANa 171 kSamAzramaNa 30,42 kSamAsUra 57 kSAyika 273 kSAyikabhAva 274 kSAyika zreNI 276 kSAyopizamika bhAva 273, 274 kSAyopazamika samyakatva 274 kSitizayana 266 kSINamoha 276 kSIrasvAmI 186 kSIrodaka 301 kSIrodadhi 301 kSIravara 264

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440 kSuNadeva 305 kSudradhvajA 293 kSudhA 266 kSullaka 234 kSetrasamAsa 67 kSepa 120 kSemaMkara 95 kSemakIrti 73 kSemandhara 65 kSaudravara 264 khajarAho 328 khaGga 288 khaNDagiri 307, 308, 310 khaMDapAnA 137 khaMbAta 44 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna kharataragaccha 336 kharataragacchapaTTAvalI 43 kharatara vasahI 336 kharoSThikA 285 kharjurikA 186 kharasAviyA 285 laTika parvata 307 khAravela 33, 307 khAravela zilAlekha 33 khudda baMdha 74 kheda 120, 127 khoTigadeva 165 gauDavaho 169 gacchAcAra 66, 107 gajapaMtha 316 gajapura 145, 160, 163 gajaNakSaNa 284 gajasukumAra 57 gajArohaNa 261 gaNacandra gaNi 135 gaNadhara 28 gaNarAjA 60 gaNasundara 26, 30 gaNasena 144 gaNika 28 gaNita 204, 288, 261 gaNitalipi 285 gaNitasAra 38 gaNipiTaka 27, 48 gaNividyA 66 gaNDI 287 gati 226 gadA 288 gaddImaNDapa 325 gadyacintAmaNi 172 ganIgitti 325 gandha 230 gandhakuTI 265, 267 gandhayukti 284,288, 286 gandharva lipi 285 gandhAra bandara 370 garuDatatva 121 garuDavyUha 290 garSi 81 garda bhilla 30, 35, 146 [kSuNadeva

Page #454
gummaTa ] zabda sUcI 441 garbha 220 garbhagRha 263, 323 garbhaja 220 gavAkSa 263 gaMga AcArya 31 gaMgarAja 37 (senApati) 40 gaMga vaMza 37 gaMgA (nadI) 22, 94 gaMDaka 23 gaMDakI 22, 23 gaMDikAnuyoga 64 gAMgeya 43 gAthA 160, 284, 288 gAthAlakSaNa 160 gAthA saptazatI 136 gAthinI 160 gAndharva 291 gArgya 186 gAlhaNa 188 giranAra 44 giranAra zilAbhilekha 76 girinagara 20, 42, 53, 156, 160, 310, 326 girizikhara 160 girisena 144 gIta 284, 288 gItA 237 gIti 16. gItikA 260 gItizAstra 57 gujarAta 136, 168, 172, 173, 174, 189 gujarAtI 4 guDDa 323 guNacandra 145, 151 guNacandrAcArya 372 guNadhara AcArya 82 guNanagRha (svAdhyAya zAlA) 263 guNanandi 186 guNaparyAyAtmaka 6 guNapratyaya 246 guNabhadra 34, 121, 157, 166, 170, 172, 176 guNabhadrAcArya 38 guNabhUSaNa 114 guNavatI 160 guNavrata 101, 102, 113, 161 guNasthAna 273 guNasthAna kramAroha 194 guNAkaramuni 146 guNAkara sUri 178 guNADhya 166 guNAnurAga 136 guptakAla 321 guptavaMza 126 guptasaMgha 32 guptiyA~ 270 guphA caitya 304 guphAbihAra 360 gummaTa 268

Page #455
442 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [ gRru guru 230 gurjaradeza 42 gurjara pratihAra nareza vatsarAja (nAga bhaTa dvi0) 333 gulha 164 guhanandi 34, 303, 325 gUDhamaNDapa 335 gRddha kUTa 34 gRdhrapiccha 186 gRhanirmANa 282 gRhyasUtra 46 goNa (vRSabha lakSaNa) 284 . gotra 226 gotrakarma 226 gotra yogI 120 gonanda nagara 157 gopAla 168 gopikA guhA 307 gopI guphA 307 gopura 262, 268 gopuradvAra 265 gommaTasAra 74, 76, 76, 108 gommaTezvara 38, 320 golha 157 govarddhana 154 govinda 155, 179, 163 gozarma muni 311 gozAlaka 56 gozIrSacandana 301 goSThAmAhila 31 gosAla maMkhaliputra 62 gautama 26, 26, 51, 56, 62, 145, 154, 156 gotamAryikA 28 gyArasapura 326 granthibheda 241 graha 14 graha carita 284 graiveyaka 14, 288 glAni 227 gvAliyara kI jaina guphAeM 317 dhattA 162 dharmakrIDA 284, 260 gharSaNa-gholana-nyAya 241, 110 ghAti karma 233 ghRtavara 264 ghoratapa 57 caupannamahApurisacariya 133, 134 cauppana 162 caumuha 163 cakra 268 cakralakSaNa 284 cakravartI 6, 11, 58, 128 cakrezvara 82 cakSudarzana 244 cakSudarzanAvaraNIya 226 cakSupmAna 65 caDDAvalipurI 145 caNDa 181, 183, 184, 160

Page #456
caritra ] zabda sUcI 443 caNDakauzika nAga 371 candranAgarI 28 caNDapradyota 26 candranAthamaMdira 325 caNDamArI 156 candraprajJapti 66, 63 catuHzaraNa 66 candraprabha 10, 134, 135, 169 caturnaya 64 candraprabha mahattara 151 caturmahApatha 302 candrabala 261 caturmukha kalki 96; 154, 155 163 candrabhAgA nadI 43 caturmukhI jainapratimA 309 candraSi 81 catarmukhI mandira 326 candralakSaNa 284 caturvidha saMgha 24 candralekhA 141 caturvizati jinacarita 168,166,174 candrasaMgha 32 caturvizatijinastuti 127 candrasUri 67 catuvizatistava 54, 122 candrasena 157 catuSkavRtti 188 candrA 160 catuSpadI 192 candrAma 95 caderI 331 candrAvatI nagarI 43, 138 caMderI 360 capalA 160 candanabAlA 137 camara asurendra 301 caMdappaha cariu 157 camarendra 61, 264 caMdela vaMzIya 162 campakaveSThikathAnaka 175 candra 64 campA 298, 316 candrakIrti 170 campAnagara 146, 162, 300 candragiri 35, 38, 311 campijjiyA 28 candraguphA 42, 310, 326 / cayana 74 candragupta (samrATa) 35, 36, 141 caraNa 136 168, 177, 178, 311 caraNAnuyoga 74, 68 candragupta basti 311 caraNAbharaNa 286 candratilaka 173 caramaparivarta 111 candranakhA 133 caramapudgalaparAvartakAla 120 candranandi bhaTTAraka 36 caritra 27, 146

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444 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [caritradharma caritradharma 57 caritrapAhuDa 101 caritrasundara 140 cariyApatha 268 carmakrIDA 284 carmalakSaNa 284 caryApada 116 caryA parISaha 267 caSTana 310 cAujjAma 27 cAMgalva 41 cANakya 168, 177 cANakyI 286 cA~dI kI syAhI 366 cAturyAma 21, 22, 27, 56, 57 cAturyAma dharma 60 cATiyara 25 cAmuNDarAja 38, 76, 108, 371 cAvaDA 42 cAra 284, 286 cAraNagaNa 28 cAraNa muni 304 cAritramohanIya 227, 233 cAritrapAhuDa 117 cAritrabhakti 100 cAritrasAra 108 cAritrasundaragaNi 173 cAritrAcAra 106 cArUkIrti paNDitAcArya 186 cArUcandra 173 cArudatta 142, 165 cArvAka 216 cArvAkadarzana 6 cArvAka mata 238, 236 cAlukya kAla 321, 324 cAlukya nareza 320 cAlukya vaMzI 136, 189 cAhamAna (cauhAna) 176 citaka 302 citikA 301 citraguNa 120 cittadoSa 120 cittavRttinirodha 115 citrakalA 361 citrakUTa 44, 76, 147, 148 citrakUTavana 165 citragati 136 citragRha 293 citramaNDapa 325 citrayoga 26.1 citralekhana 261 citravega 136 citrApAlaka gaccha 142 citrAbhAsa 291 cintAmaNI 187, 373 citAmaNI pArzvanAtha maMdira 44 cintAmaNiviSamapada-TIkA 188 cintAmaNi-vRtti 188 ciruDha 331

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jaTilaka] zabda sUcI 445 culanI priya 61 culla zataka 61 cUDAmaNi 288 cUrNayukti 260 cUNi 72, 81, 66, 168 cUlagiri 316, 332 cUlikA 64, 65, 183 cUlikApaizAcI 140, 183 cejaralA 318 ceTaka 23, 151, 172 cetana 216 cetana dvavya 236 cera 162 celanA 63 caitya 300 caityaguphAe~ 306 caityagRha 102 caitya prAsAda 265, 266 caityaracanA 300 caityavAsI 45 caityavRkSa 262, 301 caityastambha 302 caityastUpa 301 caitya stUpa nirvANa 301 coDa 162 corakathA 275 caubArA DerA 331 caumukhA 334 causaTha yoginI mandira 329 cauhAna 180. 336 chakkammovaesa 164 chakkAya suhaMkara 102 chaDDanikA 162 chattAnagarI 146 chatra-lakSaNa 284 chanda 261 chandaHkoSa 164 chanda cUDAmaNi 164 chandonuzAsana 194, 165 chandoratnAvalI 165 chandoviciti 165 chappaajAti 162 charuppavAyam (tsarupravAda) 284 challuka 31 chAyA 220 chinna 166, 287 chinnachedanaya 64 churI 288 chedapATI 287 chedasUtra 77 khedopasthApanA (saMyama) 21 choTA kailAsa 314 jagaccandrasUri 81, 141 jagaDu caritra 173 jagatkarta tvavAda 56 jagatkIti 127 jagannAtha sabhA 314 jaghanya 234, 235 jaTAcArya 166 jaTilaka 13

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [jaTilamuni jaTilamuni 154 jathariyA 23 janaka 50, 167 janavAda 284, 288 janasaMkSobhana 261 jambU 26, 26, 156 jambUcaritra 146 jambUcariyaM 146 jambUdvIpa 63, 66, 263 jambUdIvapaNNatti 67, 301 jambUdvIpaprajJapti 66, 63 jambUvana 320 jambUsAmicarita 148, 163 jambUsvAmI 148 jambUsvAmicarita 303 jayakIrti 150 jayacandra 172 (muni) 147 (sUri) 178 jayatihuyaNa stotra 124 jayadAman 42, 310 jayadeva 165 jayadhavala 155 jayaghavalA (TIkA) 82, 167 jayanta 28, 64 jayantA 266 jayantI 26, 151, 172, 265 jayantI prakaraNa 151 jayaMghara 156 jayapura 45 jayabhaTa (gurjara nareza) 42 jayamitra halla 158 jayavijaya 176 jayazekhara 150 jayasiMha (dvi0) 39, 172, 150, 186 jayasiMha cAlukya 170 jayasiMha sUri 62, 150, 172, 173, 180 jayasena 10, 84, 106, 136, 166 jayAditya 186 jayAnanda 127, 146 jarAsandha 4, 10, 20 jalakAya 218 jalagata 65 jalpanirNaya 186 javaNAliyA 285 jasavai 156 jasahara cariu 158, 171 jAtaka 150 jAti 162, 229 jAna mArzala 305 jAmAli 30, 57 jAyasavAla DaoN0 25 jAyasI 148 jAvAlipura 43, 145 jijJAsA 120, 281 jitazatru 149, 160 jinakalpa 27, 207 jinakIti 172, 173, 175, 178 jinacaturvizatikA 127

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jIvaMdharacarita ] zabda sUcI 447 jinacandrasUri 151, 163, 172, jinavallabhasUri 82, 107 370 jinazataka 125 jinadatta 146, 165 jinazatakAlaMkAra 125 jinadattacariu 163 jinasahastranAmastotra 123 jinadattasUri 168, 174, 372 jinasAgara 160 jinadattAkhyAna 146, 147 jinasena 34, 38, 106, 123, jinadAsa 166, 302 142, 153, 154, 155, jinadAsargANa mahattara 73 157, 165, 166, 170, jinanandigaNi 106 177, 186, 195, 303, jinanAthapura 324 326, 332, 333 jinapadma 124 jinastotraratnakoza 127 jinapatisUri 172 jinahaSaMgaNi 147, 172, 178 jinapAla 172 jinezvara 188 (sUri) 86, jinapAla kRta vRtti 107 62, 135, 138, 143, jinaprabodha 188 151, 158, 173 jinaprabhasUri 62, 127, 177, 179, jimmara 336 163, 303 jItakalpa 67, 72 jinapravacanarahasyakoSa 85, 108 jIvakacintAmaNi 36 jinabhadra 72, 150 jIvakarma 106 jinabhadragaNi 82, 86, 97, 115, jIvakAMDa 75, 76 143 jIvakoSa 216 jinabhavana karaNavidhi 111 jIvakriyA 56 jinamANakya 142 jIvaTThANa 74 jinamudrA 102 jIvatattva 215, 217 jinarakSita 155, 372 jIvapradezaka 31 jiNarattivihANakahA 164 jIvaprabodhinI 76 jinaratna 143 jIvasamAsa 77, 80, 82 jina vijaya 148, 370, 372 jIvasiddhi 88 jinavallama 124, 127 jIvaMdharacampU 171 jinavallabhagaNi 81 jIvaMdharacarita 171

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448 mAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [ jIvAjIvAbhigama jIvAjIvAbhigama 66 jIvAnuzAsana 107 jivAbhigama 56 judAijuddha 284 jUThA seTha 370 jUnAgar3ha 42, 306, 310 jekobI 23 jesalamera 45 jaina guphAe~ 306 jaina granthAvalI 146 jaina caitya 300 jaina jJAna bhaNDAra 370 jaina tarkabhASA 93 jaina darzana 6 jaina dArzanika 238 jaina manovaijJAnika 223 jaina mandira 318, 320 jainendra 186 jainendraprakriyA 185, 186 / jainendralaghuvRtti 185 jainendra vyAkaraNa 183, 184, 185 186, 187 jaisalamera 372 jyAhRda 18 jyotirloka 64, 66 jyotiSa 261 jyotiSakaraMDaka 68 jyotiSakaraMDakaprakIrNaka 68 jyotiSkadeva 286 jvAlAmAlini kalpa 38 jhUThI guphA 310 jJAtukula 62 jJAtRdharmakathA 60 jJAtRvaMza 23 jJAna 27, 102 jJAnacandra 157 jJAnavidhi 141 jJAnapaMcamIvrata 136 jJAnapravAda 51 jJAnabindu 63 jJAnabhUSaNagaNi 80 jJAnayoga 118 jJAnasAgarasUri 175 jJAnasAraprakaraNa 63 jJAnAcAra 106 jJAnArNava 121, 122 jJAnAvaraNa 232, 236 jJAnAvaraNa karma 226 jJAnAvaraNIya 234 . jJAnendriyA~ 224 TinnAvalI 36 ToDara (seTha) 35 ToDaramala 80 ThANAMga 114 DhaMka 42, 310 DhuDhaka 188 TUDiyA 45 DaMDila 145 DAMsa-macchara 266 NadI 56 5

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tithaMca gati- ] zabda sUcI 446 garavikkamacariya 146 tapAgacchapaTTAvalI 142 NANapaMcamIkahA 136 tapAcAra 106 NAyakumAracariu 158, 156, 164 tapovidhi 111 NAyAdhammakahAno 146 tama 64 NijjharapaMcamIkahA 164 taraMgalolA 136 NiddahasattamIkahA 164 taraMgavatI kathA 136 NemiNAha cariu 157, 163 taruNaprabhAcArya 373 taMdulavaicArika 66 taruNIpratikarma 284, 288, 289 takSakarma 261 tarkabhASA 63 takSazilA 34, 305, 375 tANDya brAhmaNa 18 tagarila gaccha 33 tAtparyavRtti 100 taNDula kusuma balivikAra 261 tAmila 3, 4, 42 tadaMtarAyazuddhiliMga 111 tAmramaya 286 tatvajJAnavikAsinI 107 tAmraliptikA 28 tatva taraMgiNI 62 tAraka 10 tatvabodhavidhAyinI 87 tAraNapaMtha 46 tatvAcArya 43 tAraNa svAmI 46 tatvAnuzAsana 88 tAranagara 316 tatvArthabhASya 77 tArA 64, 120 tasvArtharAjavArtika 77, 86, 185 tAla Adi vAdya 291 tatvArthavArtika 61 tAvasa 28 tatvArthazlokavArtika 86, 10, 186 tikta 230 tatvArthasAra 85, 86 tirukurula 313 tatvArthasUtra 21, 37, 77, 85, 89, tiruparantikuNDarama 325 tiruppanamUra 325 tantra 291 tirumallAi 325 tantrI 261 tirahuta 23 tapa 25, 120, 268, 271 tiryagaloka 66 tapasUra 57 tiryaggatiyogya 230 tapAgaccha 173, 164 tiryaca gati 216

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450 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [tiryacAyu tiryacAyu 226, 233 tailapa 36 tilakamaMjarI 136, 174 tomara rAjavaMza 317 tiloyapaNNatti 77, 66,128, 126, tomara vIrama 174 toyAvalI 160 tiSyagupta 31 toraNa 262, 268 tisaTTimahApurisaguNAlaMkAra 68,155, toraNa dvAra 303, 308 158 toramANa 43 tIrtha 102 tolakappiyam 36 tIrthaMka 305 tyAga 268 tIrthakalpa 177 trasa 218, 230 tIrthavit 20 trAyastriza 64 tIrthahalli 41, 323 trAvaNakora 315 tIrthakara 58, 128, 129, 230, trika naya 64 277 tripAdI 185 tIrthaMkaraprakRti 234 tripiTaka 152 tIrthakarabhakti 100 tripRSTha 10 tIrthaMkaramaNDapa 325 tribhuvana 154 tuGgIgiri 319 tribhuvanarati 160 tumbulUra 75 virala 305, 308 turuSkI 286 trilokaprajJApti 117, 230, 262, tulasIgaNi 46 263, 306 taNsparzavijaya 267 trilokasAra 66, 371 tRSA 266 trilocanadAsa 188 tejapAla 44, 171, 180. 318, trivikrama 184 335 trivendrama nagara 315 terApaMtha 46 triSaSThizalAkApuruSa 167 terApura 162, 312 triSaSThizalAkApuruSacaritra 68, 134, terAsiya 28 376 taMjasa 216 triSaSThismRtizAstra 168 taitarIya saMhitA 18 trizalAdevI 22

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dAsI bar3akA ] trizRGga mukuTa 308 trairAzika 31 trailokya dIpikA 67 vidyadeva 76 daMtilAcArya 35 daMsaNasattari 110 daMsaNasuddhi 110 dakSiNakarnATaka 11 dakSiNapratipatti 78 dagamaTTiya ( udakamRttikA) 284, 288 dagdha 287 daDDa 42 daNDaka 165 daNDakanagara 203 daNDayuddha 284, 260 daNDalakSaNa 284 daNDI 77, 152, 154 datta 10 dadhipura 146 dadhimukha 264, 265 dantadhAvanatyAga 266 dantIpura 160, 162 damayantI 176 dayApAla muni 188 dayAvardhana 172 darzana 27,102 darzana pAhuDa 101 darzanabhadra muni 180 darzana mohanIya 227, 233 Jain Education. International zabda sUcI darzanasAra 36 darzanAcAra 106 darzanAvaraNa 226, 232, 234, 236 davvasahAvapayAsa 87 dazaninhava 68 dazakaraNI saMgraha 77 daza dharmazIla 106 dazapura 31 daza pUrva 53 dazapUrvI 27 dazabhakti 84 dazaratha 167, 306, 307 dazaratha jAtaka 167 dazavaikAlika 54, 68, 72, 161 168,245, 287 dazakAlika niyukti 54 dazazrAvakacaritra 151 dazAnana 5 dazAvatAra mandira 316 dazAzru taskaMdha 72 dAkSiNyacinha 145 dAna 111 dAnakalpadrama 178 dAnavijaya 160 dAnasUra 57 dAnAntarAya 228 dAmanandi 166 dAmili lipi 285 451 dArAsamudra 40 dAsIkhabar3ikA 28

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452 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna delavAr3A 44, 334 deva 33, 102, 166 devakallola 146 diuDhA sAhu 155 divrata 261 diTTivAda 66 dillI 157 dIkSAvidhAna 111 dIkSita 326 dIrghikA 268 dInAra 130 dIpamAlikA 26 dIpikA 160 dIprA 120 dI sTorI Apha kAlaka 366 duHkhavipAna 64 durgandha 230 durgapadavyAkhyA 160 durgasiMha 188, 186 durvalikA puSpamitra 30 dubhaMga 230 durbhAgyakara 284 durvinIta 37 duvaa 192 duSamakAlazramaNa saMgha 26, (stava ) 30 duSamA 65 duSamA-duSamA 65 duSamAsuSamA 65 du:svara 230 dussamakAla 116 dRDhAyu 57 dRSTivAda 51,54,58,64,74, 80, 227, 287 devakI 165 devakula 305, 334 devakulikA 329 devagar3ha 316, 327 devagati 216 devagatiyogya AnupUrvI 230 devagiri 314 devagupta 43 devacandra 106, 135 [ diuDhA sAhU devacchaMda 293 devanandi ( pUjyapAda ) 37, 83, 86, 184, 1857 devanirmita stUpa 303 devaprabha sUri 166, 172 devabhadra 8, 107, 135, 140, 141, 151 devarAja 168 devarAya 158 devagaNa 30, 42, 55, 56, 70, 287 devaloka 66 devavijaya gaNi 123, 166 devasaMgha 32 devasUri 97, 107, 134, 135, 145, 166, 180 devasena 112, 163 devasena pAr3A 370

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dvikriyA ] zabda sUcI 453 devAgamavRtti 88 devAgamastotra 189 devAgamAlaMkRti 88 devAyu 226, 234 devI 136 devendra 174, 186 devendrakIrti 105, 126 devendragaNi (nemicandra) 73 devendragaNi 135, 145, 151 devendra sUri 81, 141, 142, 146, 172, 175 devendrastava 66 dezaghAtI 236 dezavirata 120, 275 dezavrata 102, 261 dezAvakAzika 102, 117 dezAvadhi 246 dezIgaNa 33, 36 dezI-nAma-mAlA 196, 197 dezIprakAza 168 dezIzabdasaMgraha 166 dezIsAra 168 daiva smazAna 302 dodhaka 66 dosAUriyA 285 dostarikA 333 dohakasUtra 113 dohA 192 dohAkoza 116 dyUta 284, 288 dyUtAzraya 261 dramilagaNa 33 draviDa 42 dravya 6 dravya nikSepa 253 dravyaliMgI 103 dravyaloka 63 dravyazramaNa 103 dravyazruta 51 dravyasaMgraha 80 dravyahiMsA 256 dravyAnuyoga 74 dravyAthika naya 251 drAviDa saMgha 32, 313 drAviDI 286, 318, 321 drutavilaMbita 165 droNa 155, 165 droNagiri 320 droNacArya 73 draupadI 61 dvayAzrayakAvya 136, 173, 186 dvAtrizikA 121, 123 dvAdazakulaka 107 dvAdazAMga Agama 25, 146 dvAdazAnuprekSA 1.5 dvAdazAranayacakra 61 dvArakA 20 dvArapAla 266 dvArAvatI 63 dvikriyA 31

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454 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [dvijavadanacapeTA 268 dvijavadanacapeTA 62 dvipadI 162 dvipRSTa 10 dvisandhAna kAvya 166 dvIpasamudra 66 dvIpasAgara prajJapti 93 dvIpAyana 103 dhakkar3a 161 dhanacandra 160 dhanaJjaya 126, 153, 166 dhanadatta 136 dhanapAla 123, 141, 142, 156, 163, 174, 165, 168 dhanaprabha sUri 173 dhanabhUti 304 dhanaratna 173 dhanazrI 141, 161 dhanurveda 284 dhanezvarasUri 82, 138, 143, 176 dhannakumAra cariu 164 dhanya 172 dhanya (bhadrAputra) 63 dhanyazAlicaritra 172 dhanyasundarI kathA 146 dhammapada 150 dhammaparikkhA 164 dharaNendra 148, 266, 373 dharasena 53, 74, 82, dharasenAcArya 41, 42, 310 dharma 10, 116, 220, 236 dharmakalpadruma 178 dhanakIrti 178 dharmakumAra 172 dharmaghoSa 124, 127 dharmacakra 305 dharmadAsagaNi 150 dharmadravya 64, 220 dharmadhyAna 272 dharmanandana 150 dharmanAtha 166 dharmaparIkSA 138, 177 dharmaprabha 146 dharmabindu TIkA 110 dharmabhAvanA 266 dharmabhUSaNa 61 dharmaratnaprakaraNa 111 dharmaratnAkara 106 dharmavarddhana 124 dharmazarmAbhyudaya 166 dharma zekhara 124 dharmasaMgraha 110 dharmasaMgrahaNI 62 dharmasiMha 127 dharmasena 53 dharmasenagaNi 143 dharmAditya 30 dharmAnuprezA 117 dharmAbhyudaya 180, 174 dharmAmRta 122

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nandIzvara bhakti ] dharmopadeza 272 dharmopadezamAlA 373 dharmopadezamAlA vivaraNa 150 dharmopadeza zataka 166 dhavalA ( TIkA ) 34, 75, e6, CC, 154, 166, 303, 310 ghAr3IvAhana 162 dhAtakIkhaMDa dvIpa 93, 264 dhAtupAka 284 dhAtrI 141 dhAtrIta 141 dhAraNA 63, 244 dhAravAr3a 323 dhArAnagarI 156, 165 dhArAnareza 165 dhArAnAtha 36, 156 dhArAziva 312 dhAriNI devI 60, 63 dhAriNIputra 63 dhAhila 162 dhUma 64 dhUrtAkhyAna 72, 137, 177, 164 dhUlIzAla 265 dhyAna 106, 115, 121, 272 dhyAnazataka 115 dhyAnasAra 122 dhruvaka 162 dhavasena 30 dhauvya 6 ghrauSya 223 zabda sUcI dhvanyAloka locana 370 nakSatra 64 nagara niveza 284 nagara mAna 284 nagara vinyAsa 268 nagnatA 266 nagna vRtti 265 naTThalasAhU 157 naDI (lipi) 286 nanda 136, 160, 178 nanda kAla 307 nandana 10, 146 nandana vana 268 nanda rAjA 33, 307 nandavatI 264 nanda samrAT 307 nandA 63, 264, 266 nandi 32, 33 nandigaNa (saMgha) 33 nanditADhya 160 nandinIpriya 61 nandimitra 154 nandiSeNa 124, 163 nandI sUtra 56, 64, 70, 178 nandIghoSA 294, 296 nandItaTa (grAma) 32 nandImatI 266 nandIzvara dvIpa 264 nandIzvara parvata 265 nandIzvara bhakti 100 455

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456 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna nandIzvarabhavana 127 nandottarA 264, 266 napuMsaka veda 227 (dI) 230 nami 10, 16, 21, 450 naminAtha 16 namilUra saMgha 33 nava 246 nayakaNikA 62 nayacandra sUri 172 nayadhara 161 navanandi 111, 163, 164 nayapradIpa e3 nayarahasya 63 nayopadeza 3 narakagati 216 narakagati yogya AnupUrvI 230 narakA 226, 233 naradeva kathA 146. nara-nArI lakSaNa 261 naravAhana 30, 126 naravAnadatta 138, 149, 162, ( kathA ) 136 narasiMha ( prathama ) 40 (tRtIya) 40 narasiMha 140, 146 narasiMhajI jJAnabhaNDAra 370 narasiMha bhAI paTela 136 narasena 158, 164 narendraprabha 172 narezvara - vRtti (rAjanIti) 291 nala 176 nala kUbara 166 nara vilAsa 176 navagraha 373 navacaukI 337 nava nanda 26 nava-nidhi 266 nava muni 308 nAila 28 nAila kulavaMzI 130 nAila gaccha 146 nAga 5, 263 nAgakumAra 156, 160 nAgacandra 126, 186 nAgapura 371 nAgapurIya 164 nAgabhUta 28 nAgara 318, 321 nAgarI 286 nAgazrI 61 [ nandIzvarabhavana nAgahasti 78, 82, (guru) 136 nAgArjuna 310 ( sUri ) 55 nAgArjuna pahAr3iyA~ 306 nAgendra gacchIya 174 nAgaura 371 nAcanA- kuThArA 318 nATaka zAstra 261 nATya darpaNa 176 nATya zAlA 266 nAta 22 nAtha 18

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nIlagiri] zabda sUcI nAdagRha 263 nAgha 22 nAnazilpa 261 nAbhirAja 11, 65 nAma 226 nAma karma 229 nAma nikSepa 253 nAmamAlA 166 nAya 22 nAyAdhammakahA 145 nAraka loka 66 nArada 126 nArAca 230 nArAyaNa 4,10 . nArmana brAuna 366 nAlandA 22, 56 nAlandIya 56 nAlikA krIDA 284 nAsika 310 nAhaDa 30 nikAcanA 225 nikSepAcAyaM 78 nigoda 218 niggaMTha nAtaputta 305 nighaNTa 261 nidrA 226 nidrA-nidrA 226 nidhatti 225 ninhaIyA 285 niyati vAra 56, 226, niyamasAra 84, 96, 96 nirayAvaliyAo 67 nirAkAra sthApanA 253 nirAbhAsA 285 nigrantha 26, 37 nirgranya nAtaputra 22 nigrantha sAdhu 17 nirjarA 116, 253 (bhAvanA) 270 nirbhaya-bhIma-vyAyoga 179 nirmANa 230 niyukti 72, 168 niyuddha 284 nirvANa 25 nirvANa kANDa 316, 331 nirvANa bhakti 100 nirvANa lIlAvatI 143 nivaDa kuNDalI 320 nizItha 67, 72, 107 nizItha cUNi 145 nizumbha 10 nizcayakAla 222 nizcayAtmaka dhyAnAvasthA 116 niSadyA parISaha 267 niSadha 64 niSidhikA 54 nilava 57 (sAta) 30 nIcagotra 226, 234 nIla 64, 230 nIlakezI 36 nIlagiri 308

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458 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna nIlAMjanA 11 nupura 288 nRtya 284, 288 nRtyazAlA 265 nemi 10, 117, 166, 165 nemicandra ( TIkAkAra) 124 mindra (devendra ) 73, 135, 145 nemicandra ( prakriyAvatAra kartA) 185 nemicandra ( vasunandi ke guru) 111 nemicandra ( vIrabhadra ke ziSya ) 136 nemicandra (si. ca. ) 74, 76 66, 108, 371 nemicandra sUri 107 nemicandra sUri ( pADicchayagaccha) 146 nemijinastava 124 nemidatta 174, 178 nemidatta kAvya 166 neminAtha 2, 20, 21, 135, 156, 165 neminAtha caritra 166, 176 minirvANa kAvya 166 nemibhaktAmara stotra 127 nemIzvara 142 naigama 246 naiSadhIyacarita 166 naisarpa nidhi 266 no 228 noindriya 224 nokaSAya 227, 228 naulakhA mandira 333 nyagrodha guphA 307 nyagrodharimaNDala 230 nyAya - mukuda - candra 86, 62 nyAya - khaNDa - khodya 63 nyAya dIpikA 61 nyAya vinizcaya86 nyAya sAradIpikA 62 nyAyAloka 63 [ nIlAMjanA nyAyAvatAra 88, 86 nyAsa ( vya . ) 185, 188 paumacariu 153, 162 paumacariya 30, 133, 134, 156, 164, 165 paumasiricariu 162 esI rAjA 65 paGka naraka 64 pacchimabrAhmaNa 33 paMcakalpa 67, 72 paMcakUTabasti 323 paMcatantra 150, 176 paMcatIrthika pASANa pratimA 336 paMcatthi pAhur3a 77 paMcaparameSThi bhakti 100 paMcamahAvrata 27, 56 paMcavatthuga 107 paMcavastu prakriyA 185, 187 paMcavrata 24, 27 paMcazatI prabodha sambandha 178 paMcasaMgraha 80, 81 paMcasaMsArabhUtam 163

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parigRha tyAga] zabda sUcI 456 paMcasikkhiya 27 paMcastUpa saMgha 32, 34, 76, 303, 325, 326 paMcAcAra 105 paMcAdhyAyI 185 paMcAzaka 110 paMcAzaka TIkA 106 paMcAsaga 111 paMcAstikAya 84 paMcAMgI Agama 72 pajjuNNacariu 163 paTanA 24 paTaha 261 paTTadakala-grAma 322, 323 paTTazAlAe~ 263 paTTAvalI kI avacUrI 26 paNNavaNA 56 paNDitatilaka 140 paNhavAhaNaka zAkhA 26 pataMjali 115 181, 185, 186, patrachedya 284, 286, 261 patraparIkSA 60 pathyA channa 160 padastha 121, 122 padAnusAritva 309 padAnusArI 306 paddhar3iyA 161 (baMdha) 154 padma 10, 26, 166, 266 padmakIrti 157 padmacandra 180 padmacarita 153, 154 padmanandi 97, 170 padmanAbha 171 padmapurANa 15, 156, 168 padmaprabha 10, 134 padmaprabhamaladhArI deva 100 padmazrI 162 padmasundarI 146, 169, 170 padmA 26 padmAnanda kAvya 166, 174 padmAvata 148 padmAvatI rAnI 148, 162 padmanI 153 panasoge vali 33 paMthabheda 44 pabhosA 306 paraghAta 230 paramabhakti 66 paramabhAvagrAhaka 251 paramANu 220 paramAtma 118, 238 paramAtmapada 7 paramAtma prakAza 118 paramAvadhi 246 paramAravaMzI 43 paralokasiddhi 62 parA yogadRSTi 120 parikamma 66 parikarma 64, 77 parigRha tyAga 264

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460 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna (parigha parigha 268 paripAkA 289 parinirvANa-mahimA 301 paripAkAza 63 paraziSTaparva 54,168 176 parIkSAmukha 60 parISaha 266, 277 paryApta 230 paryApti 106 paryAya 223 paryAyAthika naya 251 pavitrakalpasUtra 366 pavaiyA 43 paseMDI rAjA 65 pahAr3apura (baMgAla) 34, 302, 325 / pANDukazilA 263, 264 pADukAbhaya 35 pANDaya 162 pANDayadeza 160 pANDadharAjA 179 pANDayarASTra 65 pANinIya 187 pAtaMjala mahAbhASya 152 pAtaMjalayoga 70, 120 pAtaMjalayoga zAstra 116 pAtazApana kalA 162 pAtrakesari 166 pAdalipta (sUri) 18, 107, 136 198,310 pAnavidhi 284, 288, 286 pApa 233 pApabuddhi dharmabuddhi kathA 176 pArasI 286 pAriNAmika bhAva 274 pAriyAtra 67 pAriSada 64 pArvatI mandira 316 pArzva 58, 117, 162, 166, 176 310, (carita) 113, 135 170, 186, 187, 188 pArzvajinastavana 124 / / pArzvanAtha 2, 10, 20, 22, 56, 65 170, 266, 306, (tIrthakara) 303, 311, 314, 315 pahArAiyA-lipi 285 pAiyalacchInAmamAlA 156, 165 198 pAJcAladeza 266 pATalika (grAma) 95 pATaliputra 26, 54, 55, 300 pATaliputra vAcanA 287 pATodI jaina mandira 113 pAThodUkhala 168 pADicchaya gaccha 146 pANDava 34, 165, 374 pANDava caritra 166, 172 pANDavapurANa 166 pANDu (vana) 264, 266

Page #474
puSkala] zabda sUcI 461 pAzrvanAtha gommaTa 126 pArzvanAtha carita 87 pArzva paramparA 27 pArzvaparvata 33, (maMdira) 323 pAvapurANa 170 pArzvarSi 81 pArzvasampradAya 26 pApitya 21, 60 pAzvobhyudaya 170 pAlaka rAjA 26, 126 pAlagopAla kathA 175 pAli 3 pAli vyAkaraNa 188 pAlyakIti 187 pAvA 24, 33, 316, (giri) 316, puNDarIka 44, 297 puNDravardhana 34, 160 puNNAsavakahAkoso 164 puNya 233 puNyAzrava kathA koSa 178 pudgala 6, 220 pudgala dravya 220 pudgala skandha 220 punisa senApati 40 punnATaka gaccha 177 punnATa deza 177 punnATa saMgha 177 puraMdaravihANakahA 164 puramaMtaraMjikA 31 purANa 266 purANasAra saMgraha 166 puruSa 227 purUSapuNDarIka 10 puruSalakSaNa 284 puruSasiMha 10 puruSArtha 236 puruSArthatA 240 puruSArthasidhyupAya 85, 108 puruSottama 10 pulakezI 36, 314, 320 puSkaragaNa 157 puSkaragata 284, 288 puSkaraNI 263 puSkaravaradvIpa 64 264 puSkala (sthAna) 32 pAzaka 260 pASaNDa mata 103 pAsaNAha cariu 157 pAhuDadohA 118 piMgala 154, 190, 164, (nidhi) 266 piMDaniyukti 68 piMDavidhi 111 piMDazudhdi 105 piMDastha dhyAna 121, 122 pittalahara 334, 336 pizAca 5 pihitAtrava 160 puDukoTTAi 313

Page #475
462 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna puSpacUlA 67 puSpachedya 261 puSpadaMta 32, 153, 155, 158, 161, 162, 171 puSpadaMtakavi 38, 36, 260, 371 putpatatIrthakara 10 puSpadaMtAcArya 42, 53, 74 puSpasena 171 puSpazakaTikA 261 puSpikA 67 puSpamitra 30, 126 pustakagaccha 33 pustakavyApAra 162 pUjA 120 pUjAvidhi 111 pUjyapAda 32, 36, 54, 77, 113, 116, 123, 125, 184, 166 pUrNabhadra 172, 300 pUrva 51 ( gata ) 64, 130 pUrvAnta 74 pRcchanA 272 pRthaktva 273 pRthaktva - vitarka - vIcAra - dhyAna 273 pRthvIkA 218 pRthvIcandrasUri 188 pRthvI devI 156 pRthvIsundara 167 paizAcI 124, 140, 182, 183 pokkhakhaccaM 284, 288 poTTala 146 podanapura 320 ponna (kavi ) 38 pomila 28 pomburcA 41 pauNDravaddhanakA 28 prakAza 220 prakIrNaka 68, 4 prakRti 225 prakRti baMdha 8 1 prakRti samutkIrtana prakriyA saMgraha 188 pracalA 226 80 pracalApracalA 226 prajJApanA 66 prajJAvijaya 237 prajJAzramaNa 306 pratara 277 pratikramaNa 21, 26,54, 66, 107, 266 praticAra kalA 284, 286 praticcheda 222 pratinArAyaNa 4 pratipattI 120 pratipada TIkA 188 pratipAtI 246 pratibhA 102 prativAsudeva 128 prativyUha 284, 286 pratizruti 65 pratiSThAna 146 ( puSpa calA

Page #476
prahAraharaNa ] zabda sUcI pratiSThAvidhi 111 prabhAvatI 308 pratisthApana 265 prabhattavirata 275 pratyakSa 247 pramANaparIkSA 60 pratyAkhyAna 51, 56, 66, 107, pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra 62 227, 228, 266 pramANa mImAMsA 92 pratyAkhyAnavidhi 111 pramANa saMgraha 60, 63 pratyAhAra 122 pramANa saMgraha alaMkAra 60 pratyeka 218 pramANa saMgraha bhASya 60 pratyekabuddha 30, 162 pramANalakSaNa 86 pratyeka zarIra 230 prameyakamalamArtaNDa 61 prathamAnuyoga 65, 74, 127, 134 prameyaratnamAlA 61 pradakSiNAmaNDapa 335 pramoda bhAvanA 261 pradeza 225 prayAga 306 pradezabandha 225 pravacanasAra 84,68 pradyumnacaritra 146 pravacanasAroddhAra 107 pradyumnasUri 67, 72, 176 pravaragiri guphA 307 pradyota 151 pravRjyA 102 prapA 304 pravRjyAhIna 104 prabandhakoSa 176 pravRttacakrayogI 120 prabandha cintAmaNi 166, 175, 176 / pravRtti 118, 120 prabuddha rohiNeya 176 prazama 243 prabodha candrodaya 180 . prazamaratiprakaraNa 108 prabhaGkarA 267 prazasta karma 230, 325 prabhava 26 prazna vyAkaraNa 63 prabhA yogadRSTi 120 praznottara ratnamAlikA 38 prabhAcandra 40, 80, 85, 86, 61, praznopaniSad 16 100, 106, 113, 124, prasenajit 15 136, 166, 176, 177, praharaNa 261 178, 185, 188, 370 pralAda 10 prabhAvakacaritra 136, 176 prahAraharaNa 261

Page #477
464 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna prahelikA 284, 288 prAkAra 263 prAkRta 4, 71 prAkRta piMgala 164 prAkRta prakAza 181, 184 prAkRta mUlAcAra 106 prAkRta lakSaNa 181, 102, 183, 184, 110 prAkRta vyAkaraNa 116, 184 prAkRtika guphAeM 306 prANata svarga 94. prANAyAma 121, 122 prANAvAya 51 prAtihArya 266 prAyazcitta 111, 114, 271 prAlamba 288 priyaMgumaMjarI 136 priyavrata 11 prIti anuSThAna 118 proSadha 102 proSadhopavAsa 110, 262, 263 proSThila 57 baMkApura 37 baMga 33 baMdha 220 baMdhatatva 225 baMdhana 81, 230 baMdhasvAmitva 51 dhazcAmitva vicaya 74 baMdhudatta 161 baka 176 bar3havAna 332 bar3alI 332 batthAlIya 26 banArasa 2 banArasIdAsa 85 baniyA (grAma) 62 bappadeva 75 bappabhaTTi sUri 30, 127, 176, 303 bappa zAkya 21 bamlIya kula 26 barAbara pahAr3I 306 barjesa 312 barthalIya kula 28 varmA 4 baladeva 4, 58, 128,126, 165 balanandI 67 balamitra 30 balarAma 165 balA (yoga) 120 balAkapiccha 186 bali 10, 301 ballAla nareza 332 [ prahelikA basAr3ha 23 bahiyA kI guphA 307 baharAma 118 bahurata 31, 57 bahula 30 bANa 137, 145

Page #478
brahma] zabda sUcI 465 bAdara 216, 230 bAdarAyaNa 227 bAdAnI 36, 313 bAbara bAdazAha 157 bAbA pyArA maTha 4, 306 bArasa aNuvekkhA 83, 85, 116 bArhaspatya darzana 216 bAlacandra deva 85, 164,172, 180 bAlabodha 188 bAlabhArata 166, 174 / bAlukA 64 bAhubali 3, 11, 80, 103, 108, 151, 176, 305, 313, 373 vAhubalicariu 163 bAhubali mandira 323 bAhumuni 103 bAhuyuddha 284 biMba 102 bihArazarIpha 24 bIjadi vizikA 111 bIthi 263 bIlhA 157 buddha 3, 13, 216, 302 buddhaghoSa 150 buddhacarita 135 buddhabodhita 30 bulandIbAga 300, 320 bulhara 304 bRhatkathA 144, 166 bRhat kathAkoSa 177, 302 bRhat kalpa 145 bRhat kalpabhASya 107 bRhat kSetrasamAsa 67 bRhat pratyAkhyAna 105 bRhad vRtti 186 bRhad vRtti-avacUri 160 bRhad vRttidIpikA,160 bahat saMgrahaNI 97 bRhatsarvajJasiddhi 60 bRhatsvayaMbhUstotra 124 bRhannayacakra 87 bRhan nyAsa 186 bRhaspatimitra 307 betavA nadI 310 baiMka (deza) 12 benjAmina roleNDa 326 boTika nihnava 31 boDika saMgha 106 bodha guNa 120 bodha gayA 316 bodhapAhuDa 102 bodhi 116 bodhi durlabha 270 boppa 40 bolidi (polidi-Andhra) lipi 285 bauddha 120, 220 bauddha darzana 216 bauddhAcArya 216 brahma (svarga) 64, (tatva) 218

Page #479
466 brahmakSatra 38 brahmacaryaM 268 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna brahmacaryANuvrata 256 brahmadatta 10, 73 brahma dIpikA 26 brahmAvarta 15 brahmottara 94 brAhmaNa 17, 46, 152 brAhmaNakAla 50 brAhmI 11 brAhmI lipi 58, 285 maktaparijJA 66 bhaktAmara stotra 125, 126, 371 bhakti 118 bhakti lAbha 173 bhagavatI ArAdhanA 106, 177 bhagavatIdAsa 164 bhagavatI sUtra 21, 66, 151, 172 bhagavadgItA 238, 241 bhaTTAraka 45 bhaTTikAvya 140 bhar3oca 370 bhadra 10 bhadragupta 30, 172 bhadrabAhu 28, 29, 35, 53, 70, 83, 107 123, 154 177, 178, 311 bhadrabAhu guphA 311 bhadrayazIya 28 bhadrasaMgha 32 bhadrA 63, 136 bhadrAnvayI AcArya 311 bhadrAputra dhanya 63 bhadrAsana 42, 310 bhadrezvara 134 bhaya ( nokaSAya ) 227 bhayahara stotra 125 bharata 10, 11, 57, 64, 151, 154, 156, 176, 176, 162 15, 301, 373 bharata - airAvata varSa 67 bharata nATya zAstra 370 bharatAdikathA 178 bharatezvara 40 bharahuta 302, 308 bharahuta stUpa 304 bhartRhari 178, 186 bhavana (deva ke) 262 bhavanavAsI deva 262 bhavanavAsI loka 66 bhavapratyaya 246 bhavabhAvanA 151 bhavabhUti 137 bhaviSyadatta 131, 139 bhavisayattakA 161 [brahmakSatra bhavyasena 103 bhAgavata purANa 11, 15, 261 bhAjA 310 bhAdrapada 177 bhAnumitra 30

Page #480
bhrAtA] zabda sUcI 467 bhAmaha 154 bhamiti 329, 335 bhArata 70 bhAratIya darzana 236 bhAravi 36, 170, 314 bhArahuta 266 bhAlapaTTa 288 bhAvacandra 370 bhAvadeva 146, 170, 373 / bhAvanAe~, 258 bhAvanAsAra saMgraha 108 bhAvanikSepa 253 bhAvapAhuDa 103, 106 bhAvaratna 127 bhAvaliMgI 103 bhAvavinaSTa 104 bhAvazramaNa 103, 111 bhAva ta 51 bhAvasaMgraha 112, 113 bhAvasena vidya 188 bhAvahiMsA 256 bhAvArtha dIpikA 107 bhASA rahasya prakaraNa 82 bhASA samiti 265 bhASya 72, 145, 168, 185 bhAsa 182 bhikSA 111 bhikSAcAra 56 bhinna (lekhana) 287 bhinnagranthi 120 bhinnamAla 43 bhillaka saMgha 32 bhItaragAMva 316 bhIma 43, 176 bhImadeva 334 bhImasena 176 bhujabala (sAntara) 41 bhuvanacandra guru 141 bhuvana sundarI 146 bhUta 5 . bhUtabali 32, 42, 53, 74 bhUta lipi 285, 286 bhUpAla 127, 161 bhumarA 316 bhUmikAeM 324 bhUSaNa-vidhi 261 bhagukaccha 141 bhatyAndhra 126 bheda (skaMdhoM kA) 220 bhedavikalpa nirapekSa 251 bhairavAnanda 156 bhaironAtha 34 bhogabhUmi 6, 65 bhogavaiyA 285 bhogAntarAya 228 bhogopabhoga pariNAma (vrata) 102, 110, 262 bhoja 43, 157, 178, 186, 186 bhautika vAda 65 bhrAtA 141

Page #481
bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [ bhrAnti bhrAnti 120 madana sundarI 142, 174 maMkhaligozAla 56, 60, 306, 373 madanAvalI 162 maMgarasa 178, 188 madanotsava 163 maMgaladeva 161 madurA 32 maMDitaTagaccha 33 madhu (prativAsudeva) 10 makaraketu 138 . madhupiMga 103 makara toraNa 266 madhura 230 magadha 2, 23, 33, 156, 375 madhusiktha 284, 288, 289 magadhasenA 136 madhyapradeza 46, 50 maghavA 10 madhyama 234 maGkha 268 madhyamA (zAkhA) 26 maGgalApura 320 madhyamikA 332 maJcapurI 308 madhyaloka 63 maNipAka 284 manaka 168 maNiprakAzikA 188 manaH paryaya (jJAna) 244, 246 maNi-pravAla zailI 76 maniyAra maTha 308 maNibhadra yati 147 / manu 10 maNimekalai 36 manuSya gati 216 maNiyAra maTha 318 (yogya) 230 maNiyukti 261 manuSya loka 64, 66 maNilakSaNa 284 manuSyAyu 226, 234 maNDapa 263, 265, 323 manusmRti 18, 241, 243 matijJAna 226, 244 manoyoga 224 matisAgara 188 manoramA cariyaM 146 mattavAraNa 263 manoharI 156 matsya yugala 305 mantra 261 mathurA 26, 30, 32, 34, 160 mantragata 284 287, 266, 302, 303, mantrapaTa 373 305 mandaprabodhinI 76 mathurA kA stupa 303 mandara jina bhavana 67

Page #482
mahAbhASya ] zabda sUcI 466 mandara meru 263 mandira nirvANa zailiyAM 318 mandodarI 167 mandra 35 mayaNa parAjaya 164 mayUra 163 mayUra saMgha 33 maraNa samAdhi 66 mariyAne 40 marIci 167 marudeva 65 marudevI 57 markarA 36, 83 marma bedhitva 261 maladhArI 73 (deva) 100 malaparISaha vijaya 267 malaya kIrti 157 malayagiri 73, 81, 62, 160 (TIkA) 178 malayaprabha sUri 151 malla 18 mallakI 60 mallavAdI 86, 61, 107 malli 10, 61, 117 mallinAtha 135 mallinAtha caritra 166 mallibhUSaNa 80, 178 maliSeNa 88 (sUri) 62 masi 65 masUrikApura 81. mahamUdagajanI 43 mahaummaggajAtaka 175 mahAkalpa 54 mahakAla 166 mahAkUTa 262 mahAgiri 30, 70 mahAgopa 62 mahAcandra 185 mahAjanaka jAtaka 16 mahAjinendra devatA 37 mahAtama (naraka) 64 mahAdeva 188 mahAdharmakathika 62 mahAdhvajA 263 mahAnandA 267 mahAniryApaka 62 mahAnizItha 67 mahAparinibbAnasutta 302 mahApuDarIka 54 mahApurANa 68, 153, 156, 166 303 mahApurANa carita 166 mahApratyAkhyAna 66 mahAbalamalayasundarIkathA 176 mahAbandha 74 mahAbodhi mandira 316 mahAbrAhmaNa 62 mahAbhArata 16, 131, 144, 152 166, 176, 179 mahAbhASya 181 .

Page #483
470 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna mahA maGgala dravya 262 mahAyAna 261 mahArASTra 4,76, 124, 130, 146, 152, 376 mahAvaMza 35 mahAvAcaka 78 mahAvideha kSetra 263 mahAvihAra 326 mahAvIra 2, 4, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 58, 56, 117 142, 150-152, 154, 168, 172, 175, 306, 306, 310, 313, 334 mahAvIra carita 158, 172 mahAvIra cariyaM 135, 145, 146 mahAvIrastava 124 mahAvIrAcArya 38 mahAvRtti 185 mahAvyAla 160 mahAvrata 5, 25, 107, 265 mahAzataka 61 mahAzramaNa saMgha 37 mahAzilAkaMTakasaMgrAma 60 mahAzukra 64 mahAsArthavAha 62 mahAsena 154 mahAhimavAn 94 mahIcandra 157 mahIpAla 141, 173 mahIpAlacaritra 140, 173 [mahA maGgala dravya mahI merU 124 mahavAkA 140, 173 mahendra 36 mahendraprabha 188 mahendravarman 313 mahezvara 146 mahezvarasUri 139 mahosava 175 mAilla 30 mAesara 161 mAgadhikA 182, 284, 288 mAgadhI 140, 183 mAgha 162, 166, 170 mAghanandI 67 mANavaka (nidhi) 266 mANava gaNa 28 mANikyacandra 166, 170 mANikyanaMdi 90 mANikyasAgara 62 mANikyasundara 173, 175 mANikyasUri 171 mANDaNya 192 mAtRkApada 58 mAtrA 162 mAthurasaMgha 32, 157 mAthurI vAcanA 55, 287 mAdhavacandra vidya 80 mAdhavasena 157 mAdhavIya dhAtuvRtti 188 mAdhyamikA 26

Page #484
musu Thi] mAdhyasthabhAva 261 mAna kaSAya 227 mAnatu gAcArya 125, 151, 176 mAnadevasUri 110 mAnabhUma 33 mAnavijaya 176 mAnyakheTa 36, 155,156, 195 mAnastambha 262, 265, 266 mAnuSakSetra 96 mAnuSottara 64 mAmallapura 322 mAyA 6, 227 mAyAgata 65 mAravAr3a pallI 333 mArasiMha 37, 38 mAridatta 158, 156 mArutadeva 153 mArdava 268 mAlatImAdhava 137 mAlavanarendra 165 mAlavA 44, 157 mAlavinI 286 mAlinI 66 * mAhalla dhavala 87 mAhendra 94 mAhezvarI lipi 285 mitranandi 106 mitrA 120 mitrAnanda 176 mithilA 167, 268 zabda sUcI mithyAtva 227, 274, mithyAtvakriyA 56 mithyAtvI 241 mithyAdRSTi 7, 216 mihirakula 43 mInayugala 42, 310 mImAMsA 120 k mukuTa 288 muktAkrIDA 260 muktAgiri 330 mugala zailI 366, 371 mugdhAdevI. 156 mujaphpharapura 23 mudgala 16 mudrArAkSasa 150 mudrikA - yugala 288 mudrita kumudacandra 180 municandra 82, 110, 140, 150 munidIkSA 107 munidharma 265 munibhadra 135 munizekhara sUri 110 munisundara 127, 151, 180 munisuvrata 10, 135, 141, 302 muralIdhara banarjI 198 muruNDa vaMza 126 muSTi 287 muSTiyuddha 284, 28 muSTi vyAkaraNa 160 musuThi 268

Page #485
472 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [mUDabidrI mUDabidrI 45, 325 merutuga 166, 173, 175, 188 mUrtinirmANa 282 meruparvata 14 mUlaguNa 105, 266 mehesara cariu 164 mUladeva 137 maigasthanIja 300 mUladevI 286 maMtrI 261 mUla prathamAnuyoga 64 maithilI kalyANa 176 mUlarAja 42 mokSa 66, 216, 236, 240, 273 mUla vasatikA 42 mokSapAhuDa 115, 118, 120 mUlasaMgha 32, 33 mokSAkara 93 mUlAcAra 21, 77, 66, 105, 106, mokSezvara 188 116 mohammada gaurI 334 mUlArAdhanAdarpaNa 107 mohana 261 mRgAMkalekhA-cariu 164 mohanIya karma 226, 227, 236 mRgAvatI 151, 172 (caritra) 172 moharAjaparAjaya 179 mRcchakaTika 165, 198 moharAja-vijaya 164 mRdu (sparza bheda) 230 mauryakAla 287 mekhalA 288 mauryakAlIna 320 meghakumAra 60, 61 mauryakAlIna rajatasikkA 320 megha kumAra deva 301 mauryavaMza 26 medhacandra 106, 186 yakSa 5, 107, 263 meghadUta 170 yakSa lipi 286 meghaprabhAcArya 180 yakSavarmA 187 meghuTI 314 yakSiNI 107 meghuTI mandira 316, 322 yajuH 56 meghezvara 176 yajJadatta 43 meDhagiri 320 yati 18, 162 meMDhAlakSaNa 284 yatidharma 111 medajja (metArya) 177 yati dinakRtya 107 meraka 10 yativRSabhAcArya 82, 128, 262 meru 263 yathApravRttakaraNa 275

Page #486
ratana sena ] yama 115, 118 kastuti 127 yavanapura 370 yavanI 286 yazaH kIrti 154, 155, 157, 158, 164, 178, 230 yazapAla 176 yazazcandra 150 yazastilaka campU 38, 113, 158 171, 303 yazasvI 65 yazodeva 134 yazodhara 158, 286, 261 yazodhara kAvya 36 yazodhara caritra 171, 371 yazobaMdhura 158 yazobhadra 28, 26 yazorha 158 yazovijaya 81, 82, 88, 12, 110, 111, 121 yaSTiyuddha 284, 20 yAkobI 21, 25 yAcanA parISaha 267 yAtrAvidhi 111 yAdava 20, 154, 165 yApanIya saMgha 32, 37, 106, 153 yAska 186 yuvatyanuzAsana 6, 88, 10, 12 yuddha 284 yuddhasUra 57 zabda sUcI yevalA tAlukA 316 yogadRSTi 120 yogadRSTi samuccaya 62, 118, 120 yogapAhuDa 116 yoga pradIpa 122 yogabindu 92, 118, 120 yoga bhakti 100 yogabheda 120 yoga vidhAna 111 yoga vidhAna viMzikA 111 yogavizati 118 yogavizikA 2 yogazataka 62, 116 ( prAkRta ) 118 yogazAstra 122 yogasAra 118, 181 yogasUtra 115 yogAdhikArI 120 yoginIpura 155, 157 yogIndra 112, 113 yogoddIpana 122 yaudheya 158 rakta (varNabheda ) 230 raMgabhUmi 266 raghuvilAsa 176 rajojallika zramaNa 13 raDDA 163, 162 raNagasiMha 108 473 ratanapura 147 ratanasena 148

Page #487
474 . bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [rati rayaNAsAra 84, 105 rayaNaseharIkahA 147 rayadhU 158, 163, 164 rati 227 ratikara parvata 295 rativegA 162 ratisundarI 147 ratna 64 ratnakaraMDa 114 ratnakaraMDazAstra 164 ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra 113 ratnacandra 162 ratnacUr3a 145, 175 ratnacUr3akathA 175 ratnatoraNa 266 ratnadaNDa 266 ratnaprabha 150 ratnaprabhasUri 62, 135 ratnamaJjUSA 165 ratnalekhA 162 ratnazekhara 148, 173, 194 ratnazekhara sUri 97, 180, 173 ratnAkara 127 ratnAvatI 147, 148 ratnAvalI 163, 196 ratha 26 rathamusalasaMgrAma 60 rana (kavi) 36 ramaNIyA 265 ramyaka kSetra 64 ramyakavana 160 ramyA 265 rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM 145 ravikIrti 36, 314, 320 ravigupta candraprabhA vijaya kAvya 285 ravivratakahA 164 raviSeNa 154, 164, 166 raviSeNAcArya 153 rasa 230 rasaniyUyaNatA 57 rasaparityAga 271 rahane mijaM 165 rahasyagata 284 rAkSasa 5, 131 rAkSasalipi 286 rAcamalla 38, 86 rAjakathA 275 rAjagiri 33, 308 rAjagRha .24, 143, 146, 268,266 rAjadhara devar3A 336 rAjapura 158 rAjaprAsAda 177 rAjamalla 35, 114, 303 rAjavAtika 113 rAjavijayasUri 166 rAjazekhara 172, 176, 177, 178 rAjAvalIkathA 106 rAjA ziva 312 rAjImatI 165, 166

Page #488
lakSmImati ] rAju 94 raoNlpha hArnale 181 rAnI gumphA ( hAthI gumphA) 308 rAma 4, 10, 12, 167 rAmakathA 164, 176 rAmacandra mumukSu 178 rAmacandra sUri 176 rAmanada kI guphA 36 rAmabhadra 176 rAmavijaya 150 rAmasiMha muni 118 rAmasena muni 32 rAmAnujAcArya 40 rAmAyaNa 70, 126, 131, 144, 152, 156, 179, 163 rAyapaseNijja ( 0 paseNiyaM ) 56, 65 rAyamalla 166 rAyamallAmyudaya 166 rAvaNa 4, 5, 10 rASTrakUTa 38, 155, 165 rAhA ( kavitrI) 193 rAhucarita 284 rAhula 161 rAhulaka 168 riTThami cariu 154 rukmi 64 rukmiNI 160 rug 120 rudra 126 rudrasiMha (pra0) 42, 310 zabda sUcI rUkSa 230 rUpa 284 rUpagata 65, 288 rUpamAlA 188 rUpamAlAvRtti 188 rUpasiddhi 188 rUpastha dhyAna 121, 122 rupAtIta dhyAna 121, 122 rUpyamaya 259 recimayya 324 revatI 30, 57 revAtaTa 316 rezindAgiri 320 raivataka giri 141 roga vijaya 267 rohaka 175 rohagupta 28 rohaNa 28 rohiNI 165 rohiNImRgAMka 176 rohU 130 raudra 272 rohiNeya 168 laMkA 4 laMkha 268 lakuNDI 323 lakSmaNa 4, 163 lakSmaNa gaNi 134, 370 lakSmIcandra muni 80, 160 lakSmImati 40, 160 475

Page #489
476 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [lakSmIsAgara lakSmIsAgara 178 lakSmezvara 36 lakhamadeva 157 laghIyastraya 86, 63 laghIyastrayAlaGkAra 86 laghu (sparzabheda) 230 laghukaumudI 188 laghukSetrasamAsa 97 laghu gommaTasArasiddhAnta 80 laghu jainendra 185 laghu nayacakra 87 laghu nyAsa 160 laghu paTTAvalI 180 laghu vRtti 186 laghuvRtti-avacUri 160 laghuvRtti-duNDhikA 190 laghu samaMtabhadra 88 laghu sarvajJasiddhi 60 lachuADa 22 latAgRha 263 latAyuddha 260 labdhi 74 labdhisAra 80 lalita kalAeM 282 lalitavistara 135, 261 lavakuza 167 lavaNazobhikA 304 lavaNasamudra 63, 66, 262, 264 lATI lipi 286 lATIsaMhitA 114 lAntava 64 lAbhAntarAya 285 lAyamana (pro0) 136 lAlA dIkSita 198 lAsya nRtya 268 liMgapAhuDa 104 licchavi 18, 60 lUNa vasahI 334, 336 lekha 284 loka 116, 277 lokapAla 64 lokapUraNa samudghAta 277 lokabindusAra 51 lokabhAvanA 270 lokavibhAga 95, 66, 100 lokAkAza 93, 221, 262 lokAnuprekSA 117 logAiNI 96 lobha 227 lomasa RSi guphA 307 loyaviNicchaya 66 lohAnIpura 320 lohAyaM 106 lokAzAha 45 vaMzIdhara 185 vakragaccha 33 vacana 118 dhajjI 60 vaja 26

Page #490
vastrazATikA 477 vajrabAra 266 vajranandi 32, 36 vacanArAca 230 vajrabhUmi 55 vajravRSabhanArAca 230 vajrasena 28, 29, 142 vajrasvAmI 30, 107 vajrAyudha 180 vajrIzAkhA 26 vaTa guphA AvalI 326 vaTagohAlI 34, 326 vaTezvara 43 vaTTa kara svAmI 77, 105, 109 bar3avAnI nagara 332 baDDamANa kavvu 158 vaDDamANa kahA 156 vatsagotrI 176 vatsarAja 165, 178, 332 badanAvara 333 vadha parISaha 237 banakhaNDa 296 vanarAja 42,160 vanavAsI 45 vanaspatikAya 218 vandana 107 vandanavidhi 111 vandanA 54, 266 vararuci 177, 181, 183, 184 varAMga carita 155 vargaNA 74 zabda sUcI varNa 230 vartamAna 10, 149, 150, 166, 172, 188, 246, 304, (caritra) 170 vaddha mAnadeva 36 vaImAnadezanA 151 varva mAnapura 177, 332, 333 vardamAnapurANa 170 vartamAnasUri 134, 166, 174 varmalA 20 varSAvAsa 22 valabhI nagara 42 vallabhI vAcanA 55, 56, 65, 66 vaziSTha gotra 23 (muni) 103 vazIkaraNa 261 vasaMtatilakA 96, 165 vasaMta vilAsa 172 vasaMtasenA 142, 165 vasudeva 20, 142, 144, 165 vasudevahiMDI 142, 143, 145 vasunandi 88, 106, 111, 112, vasunandi zrAvakAcAra 114 vasumitra 126 vastupAla 172, 174, 180, 335 vastupAla-tejapAla prabandha 172 vastra citrakArI 373 vastravidhi 284, 288, 289 vastrazATikA 301

Page #491
478 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [ vAgbhaTa vAgbhaTa 166, 165 vAgyo ga 224 vAcanA 271 vANijya 26 vANijya grAma 23, 61, 62 vANIvallabha 170 vAtarazanA muni 11, 12, 13, 14 / 17, 375 vAtsalya bhAva 234 vAtsyAyana 286 vAdamAlA 93 vAdicandra 187 vAdidevasUri 60, 62, 372 vAdiparvatavajra 188 vAdibhUSaNa 178 vAdirAjasUri 87, 86, 113, 126 170, 171, 186, 188 vAdIbhasiMha 166, 171 | vAdya 284, 288 vApikA 266 vAmana 186, 230 vAyaDagacchIya 168 vAyukAya 218 vArANasI 167, 266, 300, 320 vArA nagara 67 vAriSeNAcArya 37 vAruNIvara dvIpa-samudra 264 vAlmIki 130 vAsavadattA 308 vAsavasena 171 vasiSThikA 28 vAsukuMDa 23, 24 vAsu gaNikA 304 vAsudeva 35, 58, 128 vAsupUjya 10, 117, 135, 166 vAstukalA 262 vAstuniveza 284, 262 vAstumAna 284, 262 vikathA 275 vikrama 97, 169 vikramapura 372 vikramAditya 30, 39, 146 vikrAntakaurava 176 vigAthA 160 vicaya 121 vicArasAra prakaraNa 67 vijaya 10, 14, 130 vijayakIrti 37, 171 vijaya kumAra 141 vijaya guru 67 vijaya candra 141, 151 vijayadayA sUri 148 vijaya nagara rAjya 325 vijayapAla 161 vijaya vaMza 126 vijaya zAkhA 176 vijayasiMha 40, 134, 146 vijayasenasUri 174 vijayA 265, 266 vijayAditya 36

Page #492
vizativizikA zabda sUcI 476 vijayAddha vijayodayA 107 vijjadADha (vidya dRSTra) 177 vijjA 163 bitarka 273 vidizA nagara 310, 326 vidura 166 videha 2, 22, 23, 33, 64, 375 videha putra 22, 60 videha sukumAra 22 vidyAkara 160 vidyAgata 284 vidyAdhara 5, 131 vidyAdhara kula 136 vidyAdhara gopAla 26 vidyAdharI 26 vidyAdharI (zAkhA) 26, 35 vidyAnanda 141 vidyAnandasUri 185 vidyAnanda mahodaya 60 vidyAnanda vyAkaraNa 173 vidyAnandi (guru) 80 vidyAnandi 86, 88, 10, 12, 105, 113, 105, 186 vidyAnuvAda 51 vidyAvANijya 95 vidyAsAdhana 261 vinaya 242 vinaya tapa 271 vinayacandra 146, 164, 166, 170 vinayapAla 160 vinayavijaya 62 vinayavijaya upAdhyAya 123 vinayAditya 36 vindhya (parvata) 32, 37, 76, 64, 307, 321 viparIta 242 vipAka 121 vipAka vicaya 272 vipAkasUtra 64 vipulamati 246 vipulA gAthA 190 vipulAcala 24 vimala 10, 130, 133, 134, 136, 164, 165, 167 vimalacandra paNDita 36 vimaladAsa 61 vimalanAtha 166 vimalavasahI 334 vimala vAhana 15 vimalazAha 43, 334 virajA vApikA 295 virakti parAyaNatA 240 virahAGka 160 vivaraNa TIkA (nyAya vi. kI) 89 viviktazayyAsana 271 vividha tIrtha kalpa 303 viveka 281 viveka maMjarI 151 viMzativizikA 111, 118

Page #493
480 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [vizAkha vIradevagaNi 140, 173 vIradhavala 172, 174, 180, 335 vIranandi 67, 100, 106, 169 (muni) 100 vIrabhadra 136 (AcArya) 43 vIra ballAla 40,332 vIra varAha 165, 332 vIrazaiva 41 vIra saMgha 32 vIra (sAntara) 41, 322 vIrasUri 180 vIrasena 34, 76, 66, 166, 196 vizAkha (muni) 36 vizAkhAcArya 27, 53, 177 / / vizAla (rAjA) 23 vizAlanetrA 156 vizuddhi 235. vizva jhopar3I guphA 306 vizvatattva prakAza 188, vizeSaka chedya kalA 261 vizeSaNavatI 82, 143 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 86 viSApahAravratodyApana 126 . viSApahAra stotra 126 viSNu 27, 154 viSNuvarddhana 40 visama vRtta 162 visagaM bhAva 266 visesa nisIha cUNi 136 vistAra TIkA 188 . . vihAyogati 230 vIcAra 273 vItakalaMka 113 vItarAga 219 vItarAgastotra 127 vItazokA 265 vIthi 265 vIthIpatha 297 vIra 136, 166 vIragaNi 124 vIracandra (muni) 32, 80, 107 vIracaritra 155 vIrasenAcArya 41, 56, 74, 75, 82. 303, 310 vIyaMpravAda 64 vIryAcAra 106 vIryAnuvAda 51 vIryAntarAya 228 vIsaladeva 173 vIsavIsIo (vizativizikA) 111 vRtakrIDA 284 vRtti (jainendra) 185 vRttiparisaGakhyAna 271 vRttivivaraNapaJjikA 188 vRttivivaraNa paJjikA-durgapada prabodha 188 vRttisUtra 82 vRSabhAcArya 66 vaSNidazA 67.

Page #494
zataghnI ] veNatiyA 285 vetAla 163 vetAla zAnti sUri 73 veda 152 vedadhikA guphA 307 vedanA khaNDa 53, 74, 306 vedanIya 226 vedanIya karma 226, 234, 236 vedAMkuza 2 velaMkara 161, 164 vesara ( zilpa zailI) 321 vesavADiyA zAkhA 28 vesAlIya 23,58 vaikriyika 216, 230 vaikunThapurI 308 vaijayanta 14 vaijayantA vApikA 266 vaijayantI vApikA 265 vaitADhya parvata 138 vaitAlIya 163 vaidika RSi 17 vaidika sAhitya 50 vainayika 54, 103 vaiyAvRtya tapa 271 vairajasa 306 varakumArakathAnaka 34 varadeva muni 306 vairoTyA devI 373 vaizAlI 23, 60, 62, 302 vaiSika kalA 261 zabda sUcI vaiSNava dharma 40 vyaMjanAvagraha 93, 244 vyantara loka 66 vyaya 6,223 vyavahAra 67, 72, 246 vyavahAra kAla 222 vyAkaraNa 261 vyAkhyAnAcArya 78 vyAkhyAprajJapti 56, 74, 301 vyApArAMza 63 vyAla 161 vyuparatakriyA nivarti 273 vyUta lekhana 286 vyUha kalA 284, 286 vyuha - viracana 261 vrata 16, 263 vratodyApana 127 vrAtya 18 zaMkarAcArya 237 zaka 30, 67 zakaTavyUha 260 zakaTAla 177 zaka rAjA 126 zakunaruta 285 zakunikA vihAra 141 zakuntalA 308 zaMkha (bhAvi tIrthaM 0 ) 57, (nivi ) 266, (vAdya) 261 zataka karmagraMtha 80, 81 zataghnI 268 481

Page #495
482 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [zatapatha brAhmaNa zatapatha brAhmaNa 302 zatabhiSA (nakSatra) 58 zatAnIka 151 zatAra svarga 64 zatrujaya 44, 138, 316, 374 zatraMjayamAhAtmya 176 zabda (pudgala) 220, (pramANa) ___247, (naya) 246 zabdabhUSaNa vyAkaraNa 160 zabdavedhitva 261 zabdasiddhivRtti 185 zabdAnuzAsana 136, 183, 187 186, 190, 161 zabdAmbhojabhAskara 185 zabdArNava 186 zabdArNava candrikA 186, 187 zabdArNava prakriyA 186 zayanavidhi 284, 288, 289 zayanopacArika' 262 zayyA parISaha 267 zarIra kama 230 zarIra saMsthAna 230 zarkarA naraka 64 zalAkA puruSa 4, 10 zaza 137 zAkaTAyana 187, 186 zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa 38 zAkambarI 180 zAkyabhikSu 56 zANDilya 28, 30 zAMtaladevI 40 zAnti 10, 166 zAnticandra 73 zAnticandra gaNi 127 zAntinAtha 135, 166 zAntinAtha mandira 324, 333 zAntinAthastavana 124 zAntiparva 20 zAntipurANa 38 zAntibhakti 10. zAntivarmA 37 zAntisUri 73, 86, 111, 176 zAntisena 26 zAmba 198 zArdUlavikrIDita 96, 165 zAlibhadra 172, 186 zAlibhadracarita 172 zAstrayoga 120 zAstravArtAsamuccaya 92 zAhI rAjA 35 zikSA vizikA 111 zikSAprata 101, 102, 113 zikSAvata 117 zikharI 94 zirAbharaNa 286 zilApaTa 304 zilAhAra 186 zilpa 65 zivakumAra 103 zivakoTi 106, 166

Page #496
zravaNabelagolA ] zivagupta 106 zivacandra 43 ziva tatva 121 zivabhUti AcArya 166 zivabhUti muni 103 ziva mandira 316 zivamahApurANa 12 zivamAra 37 zivamRgeza varmA 37 zivayazA 304 ziva rAjA 312 zivazarma 81 zivA 165 zivArya 106 zivikA 301 ziznadeva 16 zizupAla vadha kAvya 162, 166 ziSyahitA (TIkA) 73, 111 zIta 230, 266 zItala 10 zIlaguNaprastAra 106 zIla gupta muni 162 zIlapAhuDa 104 zIlavatI 141, 151, 160 zIlAMka AcArya 73, 131, 134, 168 zIlAMgavidhi prakaraNa 111, zIlAditya 176 zIlopadezamAlA 150 zukra 64 zabda sUcI zukla 230 zukladhyAna 122, 273 zuGgakAlIna lekha 306 zuddhadravyAthikanaya 251 zuddhaparyAyArthikanaya 252 zuddhyaSTaka 106 zuddhAvasthA 233 zubha karma 230, 233 zubhacandra 85 61, 117, 121,122, 166, 172, 178, 184, 308 zubhaMkara 87 zubhavardhana gaNi 151 zubhazIlagaNi 173, 178 zubhra bhUmi 55 zRMgAra vairAgya taraMgiNI 106 zerazAha sulatAna 148 zailanandI bhogabhami 67 zailastambha 35 483 zauca 268 zaurasenI prAkRta 4, 72, 76, 124 152, 182, 183, 376 zaurIpura 20, 165 zyAmakuMDa 75 zyAmADhya 35 zyAmArya 30 zramaNa 17 zravaNa cittaguNa 120 zravaNabelagolA 3, 35, 37, 38, 76, 108, 106, 186,

Page #497
484 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 311, 326 zrAddhadinakRtya 142 zrAmaNya 13, 66 zrAvakadharma 111 zrAvakapada 113 zrAvakaprajJapti 102, 117 zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtra 112 zrAvakapratimA 111 zrAvakAcAra 85, 113, 114 zrAvastikA zAkhA 28 zrAvastI 30, 57, 268, 266 zrAvastIpura 27 zrIkalaza 32 zrIgupta 28, 30 zrIcandra (kavi ) 43 zrIcandra 134, 135, 163, 164 zrIcandra sUri 172 zrItilakasUri 172 zrIdatta 166, 186 zrIdattA 136 zrIdevI 263 zrIghara 157, 156, 160, 161, 163 zrInanda 67, 111 zrIpAla 142, 166, 174 zrIpAla cariu 164 zrIpAlacaritra 142, 174, 194 zrIpAla vidyadeva 40 zrIpura nagara 141 zrIpuruSa 37 zrIbhUSaNa 166, 170 zrI maNDapa 267 zrImRgeza 37 zrIvallabha 165, 332 zrI vijaya ziva mRgeza varmA 37 zrIvrata 30 zrIharSa 174, 177 zruta 244 [ zraddhAdinakRtya zrutakIrti 37, 138, 155, 164 185-187 zratavalI 27 zrutajJAna 226, 245 zrutadevI 263 zrutadharma 57 zrutapaMcamI 74 0kathA 156 0vrata 161 zrutasAgara 105, 112, 127 zrutAGga 245 zrutAvatAra 82 0kathA 76 zrutidhara 160 zreNika 33, 57, 60, 112, 145, 158, 168, 186, 0tApasa 26 zreyAMsa 10, 135 zrautasUtra 49 zloka 284, 288 zlokavArtika 60, 113, 185 zvAsocch vAsa 218 zvetapaTa 37 zvetavikA 31

Page #498
sajaga] zabda sUcI 485 zvetAmbara 42 SaDazIti 81 SaDAvazyaka 69, 105, 106, 109 SaTkarma 81 SaTkhaMDa cakravartI 64 SaTakhaMDAgama 41, 42, 53, 74,79, ___66, 66, 306, 326 SaTdarzana samuccaya 62 SaTpAhuDa TIkA 112 SaTprAbhUta 105 SoDaSaka 62, 120 saMkalpI 257 saMkramaNa 81, 225 saMkrAntita 287 saMkleza 235 saMkSiptasAra 198 saMkSepapratyAkhyAna 105 saMgana 166 saMgAhanI 66 saMgIta 282 saMgoyaNI 66 saMgraha 241 saMgrahaNI 67 saMghadAsagaNI 72, 143 saMghabheda 27 saMghATika 13 saMghAta 220, 230 saMjvalana kaSAya 227, 228, 275 saMjJI 216 saMtakammapAhuDa 77 saMtarottara 27 saMtti (satti) 67 saMbhava 10 saMbhUtivijaya 28,26 saMyata 275 saMyatAsaMyata 275 saMyama 25, 268 saMlekhanAvidhi 37 saMvara 116, 253 saMvarabhAvanA 269 saMvAhana 261 saMvega 243 savega raMgazAlA 151 saMzaya 242 saMzayavadanavidAraNa 61 saMsAra bhAvanA 116, 266 saMskRta 124 saMstara 27 saMstAraka 66 saMsthAna 121, 220 saMsthAnavicaya 272 saMhanana 230 sakalakIti 123, 165, 166, 170 172, 173 sakalacandra 97 sakalavidhividhAnakahA 164 sagara cakavartI 10 sacita-tyAga 264 saccaIputta 104 sajaga 57

Page #499
486 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna sajIva 284 sajIva Azraya 262 sajjana ( prAgvATa vaMzI) 43 sajjhAya 121 saNakumAracariu 163 satkarma prAbhUta 53 satkAra puraskAra vijaya 267 sattarI 50 sattA 6, 81 sattAmAtragrAhI 251 satya 266, 270 satyapravAda 51 satyazAsanaparIkSA 60 satyAzraya 36 sattva 225 sadAcAra 120 saddAlaputra 61, 62 saddharma 111 sanatkumAra 10, 57, 64, 155 163 sanatkumAracarita 157, 163, 172 sanmati 65 sanmatiprakaraNa 87 sapAdalakSa 44 sapAdasaptAdhyAyI 185 saptacchada 264 saptati 81 saptatikA 81 saptaphaNInAga 315 saptabhaMgitaraMgiNI 61 saptabhaMgInayapradIpa 63 saptabhaumaprAsAda - pramANa 261 sapta svara 57 sabhAmaNDapa 335 sabhAsa 284 sabhyatA 282 samacaturastra 230 samataTa 34 [sajIva samatAbhAva 265 samatAla 254, 288 samantabhadrAcArya 6, 36, 75, 87, 62, 106, 113, 122, 123, 125, 166, 176, 182, 156, 188 samabhirUDha 246 samaya 144, ( kathA ) 136 samuccheda 31 samudghAta - kriyA 277 samudra vijaya 20, 143, 144, 165 samayasAra 84, 106 samayasArakalaza 85 samayasAra TIkA 85 samayasAra nATaka 85 samayasundara 146 samaramiyaMkA 145 samarasiMha 176 sanarAiccakahA 110 samarAditya kathA 144, 145 samavasaraNa 265 samavasaraNastotra 124

Page #500
sAMcI] zabda sUcI 487 samavAyAMga 57, 64, 65, 128, 131, 133, 286, 261 samAdhimaraNa 114, 263 samAdhizataka 116, 120 samAdhizilA 313 samosa raNa 300 sampuSTa phalaka 287 samprati 36 sammaiNAha cariu 158 sammaisutta 77, 87 sammattasattari 110 sammUcrchana 220 sammedazikhara 2, 21, 295, 316 samyak cAritra 253, samyaktva 227, 274 samyaktva kaumudI 178 samyaktvakriyA 56 samyaktvasaptati 107 samyaktvotpatti 110 samyagjJAnacandrikA 80 samyagdarzana 241 samyagdarzana vizuddhi 234 samyagdRSTi 7, 263 sabhyagmithyAtva 227 samyagmithyAtva guNasthAna 275 samrAT candragupta 311 sayoga keyalI 277 sarakApa 305 sarasvatI 146 sarasvatInilaya 156 sarasvatIbhaktAmarastotra 127 sarasvatIstotra 127 sarojabhAskara 85 sarvagupta gaNi 106 sarvadhAtI 236 sarvajJasiddhi 61 sarvajJastotra 127 sarvatobhadra mandira 326 sarvatobhadrA 265 sarvadevagaNi 135 sarvadevasUri 172 sarvanandi 95, 66, 100 sarvavarmA 188 sarvavirata 120 sarvodayatIrtha : sarvAMgasundarI 151 sarvAnanda 150 (sUri0) 173 sarvArthasiddhi 86, 64, 113, 185 sarvArthasiddhi TIkA 37, 54, 83 sarvAvadhi 246 sallekhanA 37, 102 107, 112, 113, 117, 262 savvaMbuddha 104 sasilehA 164 sahastrakIti 43 sahastrastambhalayana 313 sahastrAra 64 sAMkaliyA 310 sAMkhya 120 sAMcI 266, 302 308

Page #501
488 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [sAMvyAvahArika sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa 86, 245, 247 sAkAra sthApanA 253 sAgara 234 sAgaropama 235 sAgAra dharmAmRta 114 sAgaradharmAmataTIkA 112 sANA (seTha) 360 . sAtavAhana 146, 178, 168 sAtA vedanIya 226, 233 sAdaDI 333 sAdi 238 sAdhAraNa 157, 218 sAdhAraNajinastotra 127 sAdhAraNa zarIraM 230 sAdhudhameM 111 sAdhupratimA 111 sAntara nareza 41 sAntaravaMzIrAjA 322 sAntiNAhacariu 157 sAbhAsA 285 sAma 56 sAmarthyayoga 120 sAmaveda 18 sAmAcAra 105, 106 sAmAcArI 111 sAmAnika 64 sAmAnyagrahaNa 243 sAmAnyaloka 96 sAmAyika 54, 68, 102, 110, 262, 263 sAmAyika dharma 21, 22 sAmparAyika 56, 225 sAyaNabhASya 13 sArataradezI 168 sAranAtha 302 sArasaMgraha 77 sArAbhAI navAba 372, 373 sAroddhAra 174 sAdhaMdvipAda-caturAdhyAyI 185 sArdhazataka 82 sArdhekapAdI 185 sAlihIpriya 61 sAvayadhammadohA 112 sAvayadhammavidhi 110 sAvayapaNNatti 106 sAzrupAta 262 sAsAdana 275 siMghATaka 296 siMdha ghATI kI mudrA 308 siMdhu 64 siMha 33, 163 siMhakavi 172 siMhamUrigaNi 61 siMhadattasUri 178 siMhanandi 37, 186 siMhaniSadyA-Ayatana 301 siMhabhUma 33 siMhala 36, 148 siMhala dvIpa 141, 162

Page #502
sudharma svAmI ] 65 siMhavarmA 36, siMhasUri 65, 100 siMhasenasUri 140 sittannavAsala 313 sindUrakara 106 siddhakSetra 316 siddhajuNastotra 127 siddhapAla 157 siddhapriyastotra 125 siddhabhakti 100 siddhayogI 120 siddharabasti 32 siddharAja ( cAlukyanareza) 44 siddharAja 186 siddharAja jayasiMha 193 siddha loka 66 sidhdavarakUTa 316, 332 sidhdabhakti 111 siddharSi gaNi siddharSi 150, 174, 176 siddhasukha 111 siddhasena gaNi 86 sidhdasena 87 88, 86, 61, 123, 126, 166, 186, ( sUri) 107, 140 sidhdasenIyaTIkA 21 siddhamazabdAnuzAsana 186 sidhdAntakaumudI 188 sidhdArtha 22 sidhdi 118 zabda sUcI siddhivinizcaya 60 sirivAla cariu 164 silappaDikAram 36 sItA 5, 167 sImaMdhara 65 sukaMTha 160 sukumAlacariu 163 sukumAliyA 61 sukosalacariu 164 sukhanAsI 323 sukhabodhanITIkA 150 sukha bodhA 73 sukhavipAka 64 sugandha 230 sugandhadazamIkathA 61, 371 sugandhadahamIkahA 164 sugrIva 5 sutta 72 sudaMsaNacariu 163 sudaMsaNAcariyaM 141 sudatta 158 sudattamuni 156 sudarzana 10, 141 sudarzana meru 67 sudarzanA 141 sudAmA 306 suddhasahAva 193. suddhasIla 193 sudharma 26, 28, 26, 153, 154 sudharma svAmI 373 46

Page #503
49. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [ [sudharmAcArya sudharmAcArya 58 sundarI 11 supAvaM 10, 57 (nAtha) 34 supArzvanAtha tIrthakara 303 supAsaNAha cariya 134, 370 supiyA guphA 307 supratibuddhA 266, 297, suprabha 10 suprabhA 165 subandhu 137, 145 subAlA 167 sumaga.230 subhadrA 176 subhASitaratnasandoha 121 subhoma 10 sumati 10 (gaNi) 146 sumatideva 87 sumatinAthacaritra 134 sumativAcaka 135 sumatisUri 146 surasundarI 138 surasundarIcariyaM 138, 143 surAdeva 61 suruMgopabheda 262 . sultAna 43 sulatAna mahamUda begar3A 336 sulasA 57 sulocanAcaritra 154, 163 suvarNagiri 316, (sonAgiri) 330 suvarNapAka 284 suvarNamaya 286 suvarNayakti 260 suvarNaraMga 369 suzrUSA 120 suSamA 65 suSamA-duSamA 65 suSamAsuSamA 65 suSupti 115 susumArapura 301 susthita 26 susvara 230 suhasti (AcArya) 28, 30, 36 sUkta 71, 72 sUkSma 216, 230 sUkSmakriyApratipAtI 273 sUkSmatA 220 sUkSmazarIra 219 sUkSbhasAmparAya 276 sUkSmArthavicArasAra 82 sUtra 64, 288 sUtrakRtAMga 56, 72 sUtrakRtAMga vRtti 373 sUtrakrIDA 284 sUtrapAhuDa 101 sUtrAcArya 78 sUra 154 sUraprabha 173 sUrAI (sUrAdevI) 162 sUrAcArya 169 sUrIzvara 148

Page #504
strI vedI] zabda sUcI 461 sUrpaNakhA 133 somasundarIsUri 73 sUrya 14 somezvara 36, 100 sUryacarita 284 saudharma 94 sUryadevasUri 146 saundarya 261 sUryaprazapti 66, 72, 63, 68 saubhAgyakara 284 sUryAbhadeva 65 sauramaMDala 165, 332 sugdharA 66 saurASTra 156, 176, 375 setubandha 77 saurASTrikA 28 senagaNa 32, 33, 34, 303 sautikA 28 sevAvidhi 261 skandagupta 25 satava 162, 165 skandila 30, 55 saindhavI 286 skandila AcArya 97, 287 soNiya 157 skandhaka 160 sonabhaNDAra 308 skandhAvAraniveza 284 sopAna 265 skandhAvAramAna 284 sopAna patha 323 sTailA kramariza 317 somakIti 272 stambhana 261 somacandra 151 (gaNi) 173 stara 120 somatilaka 127, 150 stavavidhi 111 somatilakasUri 67 stuti 266 somadeva 38, 113, 158, 303, stutividyA 125 (sUri0) 171, 178 stUpa 295, 267, 300, 302 somadevamuni 186 stUpa paTTikAe~ 303 somanAtha 43 stUpikA 322, 324 somapura mahAvihAra 326 styAnagRddhi 226 somaprama 106, 127, 134, 151 / / strI 227 somamaMDana gaNi 173 strI kathA 275 somavimala 173 strI parISaha 267 somasiMha deva 44 strI lakSaNa 284 somasundaragaNi 175 strI vedI 220

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462 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna [sthalagata sthalagata 65 sthavirakalpa 27, 107 sthavirAvalI 28, 106 sthavirAvalI caritra 168 .. sthAna 118 sthAnAMga 56, 64 sthApatyakalA 43 sthApanAcArya 372 sthAvara 218, 230 sthitAsthita vidhi 111 sthiti 225 sthitibandha 234 sthitibhojana 266 sthira 230 sthiratA 118 sthirA yogadRSTi 120 sthUlatA 220 sthUla bhadra (AcArya) 28, 26, 54, 70, 168 snAna tyAga 266 snigdha sparza 230 , sparza 230 smitha 304 syAdvAda 6, 248 syAdvAdamaMjarI 88 syAdvAdamAlA 62 syAdvAvaratnAkara 60, 62 syAdvAdaratnAkarAvatArikA 92 syAma deza 4 syUta lekhana 286 svacchandavAdI 226 svajAti-asadbhUta-upanaya 252 svayaMbuddha 30 svayaMbhava 165 svayaMbhU 10, 26, 153, 154, 155, 162, 162, 163 svayaMbhU chandas 162, 165 svayaMbhU manu 11 svayaMbhUramaNa samudra 64 svaragata 284, 288 svarodaya 261 svargaloka 66 svastika 42, 310 svAti 30, 230 svAdhyAya tapa 272 svAmikIrtikeya 177 svAmikumAra 117 svopajJa vivaraNa 186 haMsaratnasUri 174 haMsalipi 286 hajArA 305 hajArIbAga 33 hanumAna 5 hammIra 174, 180 hammIrakAvya 174 hammIra mada mardana 180 hayalakSaNa 284 hari 64 harigupta (AcArya) 43 haricandra yati 186

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hemacandra ] harita 230 haribhadra (AcArya) 43, 118 haribhadrasUri 72, 73,82,86,61, 102, 107, 108, 106, 110, 121, 135, 137, 136, 144, 145, 150, 157, 163, 164, 176, 177, 180, 301, 303, haribhadrasUri candragacchIya 172 haribhadrIya TIkA 287 hariyANA 157 harivaMza 154, 163 harivaMza cariu 162 harivaMza caritra 165 harivaMza purANa 15, 68, 106, 142, 155, 157, 165, 166, 177, 332 zabda sUcI 302 harizcandra 16, 172 harSadeva (paramAra) 36, 156, 193, 195. harSiNI zrAvikA 370 ilebIDa 324, 325 halli 325 harivarmA 37 hariSeNa 10, 34, 138, 164, 177, huenatsA~ga 33, 316, 326 hue cvAMga 305 havenatsAMga 326 hastanApura 136 hastalAghava 261 hastimalla 179 hastizAlA 334 hastizikSA 284 hAthIgumphA 307 hAra 288 hAri AcArya 30 hAryamAlAkArI 28 hAla 136 193 hAsya 227 hitopadeza 150 hindI 4 himAlaya 2, 6, 22, 64 hiraNyapAka 284 hiraNyapura 141 hiraNyayukti 210 hiMsA 256 hIyamAna avadhijJAna 246 hIrAnanda muni 370 hIravijayasUri 176 huNDa 230 huvaca 322 sA~ga 319 463 157 hulla ( senApati) 40 huviSka 34 husInA 305 husainazAha 370 hRdayAnandA 267 hemacandra (AcArya) 44, 54, 73

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424 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 88, 12, 116, 122, 123 127, 134, 136, 140, 151167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 180, 183, 184 186, 160, 193, 194, 165, 16, 168, 370 hemacandra ( maladhArI) 82, 67, 135, 16e hemacandra sAdhu 142 hematalakasUri 142, 194 [hemacandra ho livarma 24 hemavijaya 170, 178 hemavimala 142 hemavata 64 haraNyavata 64 haimavyAkaraNa 184 hoyasalakAla 325 hoyasala vaMza 332 hoysalezvara mandira 325 holAgiri 320 holiva 158

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