Jain Sahitya Ka Bruhad Itihas Part 7

Author(s): Ambalal P Shah
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002100/1

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pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA :24: jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 7 [ kannar3a, tamila evaM marAThI jaina sAhitya ] prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5

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pAzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA :24: sampAdaka DaoN. sAgaramala jUna jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 7 [ kannaDa, tamila evaM marAThI jaina sAhitya ] lekhaka paM0 ke0 bhujabalI zAstrI zrI TI0 pI0 mInAkSI sundaram pillai DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara [ tamila vibhAga ke anuvAdaka zrI ra0 zorirAjana ] Tong Shi Ke Ke Se Ke Da Kai vArANasI-5 saccaM logammi sArabhUyaM prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5

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prakAzaka : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI - 221005 prakAzana varSa : san 1981 mUlya : paiMtIsa rupaye * mudraka : ejUkezanala prinTarsa, golA dInAnAtha, vArANasI - 221001

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prakAzakIya jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 7 ko pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM prastuta karate hue hameM atyadhika prasannatA ho rahI hai| vastutaH isakA prakAzana eka dazaka pUrva hI ho jAnA thA, kintu kucha apratyAzita kAraNoM se isake prakAzana meM vilamba hotA gyaa| yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki isa jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa ke kannaDa vibhAga ke lekhaka paM0 ke0 bhujabalI zAstrI Aja isa prakAzana ko dekha pAne ke lie hamAre bIca nahIM rhe| ____ isa khaNDa ke antargata hamane dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAoM meM racita jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isake tIna upavibhAga haiN| jinameM kramazaH kannaDa, tamila aura marAThI jaina sAhitya kI kRtiyoM aura kRtikAroM kI saMkSipta jAnakArI prastuta kI gaI hai| tamila evaM kannaDa jaina sAhitya ke sambandha meM yadyapi aMgrejI bhASA meM kucha pustakeM likhI gaI haiM kintu hindI bhASA meM abhI taka koI bhI pustaka nahIM likhI gaI hai| mAtra yatra-tatra kucha lekha prakAzita avazya hue, ataH isa dRSTi se isa dizA meM yaha prathama prayAsa hai| isa sambandha meM hameM aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A hai| mUla kaThinAI to tamila evaM kannaDa vibhAga ke lekhakoM ke sambandha meM hI thii| tamila vibhAga ko tamila meM likhavA kara phira hindI meM anuvAda karavAnA par3A, kintu yaha anuvAda bhI tamila bhASI ne hI kiyA hai| kannaDa vibhAga yadyapi hindI meM likhA gayA phira bhI tamila ke anuvAdaka evaM kannaDa vibhAga ke lekhaka hindIbhASI nahIM hone ke kAraNa granthoM kI bhASA meM vAkyavinyAsa, vibhakti Adi kI dRSTi se unakI mAtRbhASAoM kA spaSTa prabhAva A gayA hai| yadyapi hamane bhASA ko yathAsambhava saMzodhita karane kA prayAsa kiyA phira bhI bhASA meM apekSita kasAvaTa evaM ekarUpatA AnA taba taka saMbhava nahIM thA jaba taka ki isakA punarlekhana nahIM hotaa| hamArI apanI kaThinAI yaha thI ki hama kannaDa evaM tamila sAhitya bhASA evaM uccAraNa zailI se hI aparicita the| lekhakoM kI

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( kha bhASA meM AmUlacUla parivartana karanA bhI khatare se khAlI nahIM thA / isalie bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM yathAsthiti rakhanA hI hameM adhika ucita lagA / kahIM nAma Adi ke saMbaMdha meM bhI mUla lekhakoM kI apanI viziSTatAeM thIM, dUsare kucha nAmoM ke saMbaMdha meM hameM tamila evaM kannaDa ke lekhakoM meM bhI uccAraNabheda mile / ataH kauna-sA sahI hai, yaha nizcita kara pAnA bhI kaThina thA, aiso sthiti meM unheM bhI yathAvat rakhA gayA hai, jaise cAmuNDarAya ke sthAna para cAuNDarAya / kahIM tamila evaM kannaDa ke lekhakoM ne hI ekarUpatA nahIM baratI hai jaise vaDDArAdhanA aura vaDDArAdhane / ise bhI hamane yathAvat rakhA hai / yadyapi ye saba kaThinAiyA~ marAThI vibhAga meM nahIM haiM / hamArI apekSA yahI hai ki sudhI pAThaka hameM truTiyoM se avagata karAveM tAki inheM bhaviSya meM sudhArA jA sake / isa grantha ke prakAzana meM yadi hameM jIvana jagana ceriTebala TrasTa se Arthika sahAyatA nahIM milI hotI to saMbhavataH isake prakAzana meM aura bhI adhika vilamba hotA / isa Arthika sahayoga ke lie hama ukta TrasTa ke TrasTI maNDala ke atyanta AbhArI haiM jinhoMne isa hetu hameM pA~ca hajAra rupaye kI dhanarAzi pradAna kI / hama saMsthAna ke maMtrI zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ke AbhArI haiM jinhoMne isa prakAzana ke lie na kevala preraNA dI apitu samaya-samaya para hamArI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti bhI karate rahe / hama DaoN0 harihara siMha, zrI jamanAlAla jI jaina, zodhachAtra zrI maMgala prakAza mehatA evaM zrI ravizaMkara mizra ke bhI AbhArI haiM jinhoMne grantha kI bhASA ke sampAdana tathA prUpharIDiMga Adi kAryoM meM hamArI sahAyatA kI hai / anta meM hama ejUkezanala priMTarsa ke bhI AbhArI haiM jinhoMne isake mudraNa kArya ko sampanna kiyA / -sAgaramala jaina nidezaka

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jinheM yaha grantha samarpita hai- . sva0 lAlA haMsarAjajI jaina, amRtasara janma I0 san 1898 svargavAsa I0 san 1974 .

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lAlA haMsarAja jaina kA jIvana-paricaya lAlA haMsarAjajI jaina kA janma I0 san 1898 meM amRtasara ke eka pratiSThita evaM sampanna sthAnakavAsI osavAla parivAra meM huA thaa| Apake pitA lAlA jagannAtha jaina the| apane parivAra meM Apa tIna bhAI the-lAlA ratanacaMdajI, lAlA haMsarAjajI aura lAlA hrjsraayjii| lAlA ratanacaMdajI Apake bar3e bhAI the| Apane apane kaThora parizrama tathA vicakSaNa buddhi se pArivArika vyApAra ko amRtasara se dillI, bambaI tathA kalakattA taka phailaayaa| Apa meM eka kuzala vyavasAyI ke sabhI guNa the| Apa kaThora parizramI evaM dRr3ha vicAroM ke vyakti the| nirantara vyApAra ke zramasAdhya kArya meM lage rahane ke bAvajUda Apa samAjakalyANa-sambandhI acche kAryoM ke lie samaya nikAla hI lete the| zrI sohanalAla jainadharma pracAraka samiti ke dvArA saMcAlita pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna meM Apako ruci prArambha se rahI thI aura udAra hRdaya se usake kAryoM meM sahayoga dete the| Apa nirantara karmazIla vyakti the| jaina samAja meM cetanA evaM sakriyatA lAne ke lie Apa sadaiva prayatnazIla bane rahate the| Apa eka bAra jo dRr3ha nizcaya kara lete the, phira usase kabhI vicalita nahIM hote the| sArA samAja Apake vicAroM kI dRr3hatA, spaSTatA tathA vyavahAra meM prAmANikatA ke kAraNa Apako Adara kI dRSTi se dekhatA thaa| Apake ekamAtra putra kA svargavAsa san 1947 I0 meM nau varSa kI alpAyu meM ho gyaa| Apa pAMca putriyoM tathA eka dattaka putra kA bharA-pUrA parivAra chor3akara 19 agasta, 1974 I0 ko svargavAsI he|

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M.A.R. E.I. A.R.E. S.I.I. I.M.P. E.C. saMketa sUcI Mysore Archaeological Report. Epigraphia Indica. Annual Report on South Indian Epigraphy. South Indian Inscriptions. Inscriptions of Madras Presidency. Epigraphia Carnatica.

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viSaya-sUcI (a) kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 1-96 adhyAya 1 kannaDa sAhitya kA Arambha kAla 1-12 zrIvardhadeva 8, duvinIta 8, zrI vijaya 8, nRpatuMga 9, asaga 10, guNanandi 10, guNavarma 10, ziva koTyAcArya 11 adhyAya 2 paMpa yuga 13-62 Adikavi paMpa 14, ponna 19, ratna 20, cAuNDa rAya 27, zrIdharAcArya 29, divAkaranandI 30, zAMtinAtha 31, nAgacandra 32, kaMti 39, nayasena 41, rAjAditya 46, kIrtivarma 47, brahmaziva 48, karNapArya 50, somanAtha 56, vRttavilAsa 57, nAgavarma 60 adhyAya 3 campU yuga 63-81 nemicandra 63, boppaNa paNDita 65, aggala 66, baMdhuvarma 68, pAzvaM paNDita 69, janna 70, guNavarma dvitIya 74, kamalabhava 76, mahAbala 77, AMDayya 78, mallikArjuna 79, kezIrAja 79, nAgarAja 80, bAhu bali aura madhura 81, maMgarAja athavA maMgarasa 81 adhyAya 4 SaT padi aura sAMgatya yuga 82-91 bhAskara 82, kalyANakIrti 82, vijayaNNa 85, zizumAyaNa 85, maMgarasa 87, abhinavavAdi vidyAnanda 88, sAlva 88, doDDayya 89, bAhubali 89, guNacandra 89, bhaTTAkalaMka 90, dharaNi paNDita 91, devacandra 91 aitihAsika granyoM kI sUcI 92-96 (ba) tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 97-198 adhyAya 1 jaina dharma aura tamila deza 99-129 jaina nAmoM kA tamila rUpa 99, jaina dharma kI paramparA 99, dakSiNa meM jaina dharma kA praveza 100, AdikAla

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[ i ] 101, kalana 102, vajranandI kA saMgha 103, tamila bhASI jainAcArya coLoM ke pUrva 104, coLoM ke kAla meM 105, tolakAppiyam 108, paNNatti 113, tamila vyAkaraNa kA vikAsa 1153 tolakAppiyam aura jaina prabhAva 116, saMghakAlIna grantha 119, saMgha graMthoM para jaina prabhAva 120 saMghakAla kA nirNaya 121, tirukkuraLa 123, tiruvaLLuvara aura jaina dharma 126, tirukkura ke upadeza 127 adhyAya 2 dharmagrantha padinaeNNkILa kaNakku (aThAraha dharmagrantha) 130, jaina dharma ke viziSTa graMtha aruMkala caeNppu aura aranaeNrisAram 132, patinaeNNkILa kaNakku ke lakSaNa 123, nala DinAnuru aura paLamaoNLi nAnaru 135, cirupaMcamUlam aura elAdi 138, patinaeNNkILa kaNavaku kI anya vizeSatAeM 140, dhArmika aura naitika laghukathAe~ 142 adhyAya 3 kAppiyam ( mahAkAvya ). - 1 adhyAya 4 kApiyam ( mahAkAvya ) - 2 130-144 usakI kAvya nAmakaraNa 148, zilappadhikAram ke racayitA 145, kathA 145, zilappavikAram kA kavi kA sAmpradAyika pakSa 149, maNimekhale 155, nIlakezI 157, vaLeyApati 159, peruM kathai 160 racanAkAla 151 145 - 162 jIvaka cintAmaNi 163, usakI kAvyakathA 163; vizeSatAe~ 165, racanAkAla 166, cULAmaNi 169, vizeSatAe~ 171, kathAvastu 171, laghukAvya - yazodhara kAvya 174, zAntipurANam aura nAradacaritai 176, merumandara purANam 176, jaina sAdhvI kavayitriyA~ 177, kuvantI 177, abbai 178, anya 178, prabandhakAvya -- kaligattu paraNi 179, bhakti gItoM kI dhArA 181, anya jaina grantha 182 163 - 185.

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[ iii ] adhyAya 5 gadya graMtha, ilakkaNam nighaMTu Adi 186-200 gadya graMtha : zrIpurANam 186; nighaMTu graMthaH divAkaram 188, piMgalandai 189, cUDAmaNi nighaMTu 189; ilakkaNam 189, pATTiyala 190, yAppIMgalam (alaMkAragraMtha) 192, iLampUraNar 193, neminAthara 194, aDiyAkku nallAra 194, nannUla 195, nambi ahapporUL 195, nacinAkkiyar 196, anya ( aprApya ) jaina grantha 197, upasaMhAra 197, hamArA dAyitva 198 (sa) marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 201-248 adhyAya 1 prAstAvika 201-206 mahArASTra pradeza aura jaina dharma 201, marAThI bhASA kA udbhava 201, marAThI jaina sAhitya kA adhyayana 203, marAThI jaina sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa 204, prArambhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 204, Adhunika marAThI jaina sAhitya 205 adhyAya 2 prArambhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ 207-234 guNadAsa 207, guNakIrti 208, jinasa 209, megharAja 210, kAmarAja 210, sUrijana 211, nAgo AyA 211, guNanandi 211, abhayakIti 212, vIradAsa (pAsakIvi ) 212, dAmApaNDita 213, bhAnukIrti 214, dayAsAgara ( dayAbhUSaNa ) 214, cimanApaNDita 214, puNyasAgara 216, vizAlakIrti (prathama) 216, paMtasAbAjI 216, vizAlakIrti (dvitIya) 217, padmakIrti 217, rAya 217, ratnAsA 217, gaMgAdAsa 218, hemakIti 218, makaranda 219, mahIcandra 219, mahAkIti 220, cintAmaNi 220; rAmakIrti 221, devendrakoti 221, puNyasAgara (dvitIya) 221, chatrasena 221, saTavA 222, nIbA

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[ iv ] 222, yAdavasuta 222, mANikanaMdi 223, jinasAgara 223, lakSmIcandra 225, sayA 225, soyarA 225, yamAsA 226, tAnU paMDita 226, nyAhAla 227, ratana 227, dinAsA 227, vRSabha 227, devendra kIrtiziSya 227, anantakIrti 228, janArdana 228, bhImacandra 228, rAghava 228, kavIndra sevaka 229, bopa 230, mahatisAgara 230, dayAsAgara ( dvitIya ) 231, ratnakIrti 231, candrakIrti 232, nAgendrakIrti 232, dilasukha 232, mANika 233, jinasena 233, lakSmIsena ziSya 233, ThakAppA 233, tukujI 234, rAyA 234, kucha ajJAtakartRka grantha 234, adhyAya 3 vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ seTha hirAcaMda dozI 235, cavaDe bandhu 236, kRSNAjI nArAyaNa jozI 236, nAnA rAmacandra nAga 236, kallAppA bharamAppA niTave 237, tAtyA neminAtha pAMgaLa 237, jIvarAja gautamacanda dozI 237, dattAtraya bhimAjI raNadive 238, rAvajI nemacanda zahA 239, tAtyA kezava copar3e 239, rAvajI sakhArAma dozI 239, jinadAsa pArzvanAtha phaDakule 240, kaMkubAI 241, AcArya zrI Ananda RSi jI 241, motIcanda hirAcanda gAMdhI 241, AbagauMDA bhujagauMDA pATIla 242, appAbhAI magadUma 242, zAntinAtha yazavanta nAndre 242, sumera jaina 242, subhASa akkoLe 243, anya mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ 243, patrikAe~ 247, upasaMhAra 248 235-248.

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kannaDa sAhitya kA ArambhakAla kannaDa meM sAhitya-nirmANa kA kArya kaba se prArambha huA yaha kahanA kaThina hai / vannar3a ke zilAlekha I0 san chaThI sadI se hI milate haiN| isase pahale ke zilAlekha saMskRta prAkRta meM upalabdha hue haiN| ye zilAlekha gadya meM haiM aura AkAra meM choTe haiN| eka-do hI zilAlekha padya meM mile haiN| I0 san 9vIM sadI ke arthAt paMpayuga ke uttarakAla ke kannaDa ke zilAlekha gadya-padya kI kAvyazailiyoM meM upalabdha hue haiM jo ki AkAra meM bhI bar3e haiN| rASTrakUTanareza nRpatuMga I0 san 817 se 877 taka zAsana karate rhe| inakA kavirAjamArga hI kannaDa kA prAcInatama upalabdha graMtha hai| isa graMtha se vidita hotA hai ki kannaDa bhASA meM madhuratA, kuMtala deza ke kopaNa evaM puligere kI bolI ke saMparka se AyI hai / usa samaya kannaDa meM bedaNDe, cattANa nAmake kAvya bheda hI the aura kannaDa meM gadya-padya kI zailiyoM ke racanAkAra bhI maujUda the / kavirAjamArga meM katipaya kaviyoM ke nAma milate haiM aura udAharaNa ke taura para kucha uddharaNa bhii| isa se mAlUma hotA hai ki I0 san 9vIM sadI se pUrva bhI kannaDa meM graMtha avazya race gaye the| paMpa, pona, rana Adi jaina mahAkavi 10vIM sadI meM hue haiN| para inakI kRtiyoM se pUrvavartI racanAoM para koI prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| ye kisI pUrvavartI racanAkAra kA ullekha bhI nahIM karate / kevala ponna asaga nAma ke kavi kA ullekha karatA hai / paMpa ne bar3e garva se avazya kahA hai ki merI racanAoM kI tulanA meM pUrvavartI kAvya nIrasa haiN| usane AtmavizvAsa ke sAtha yaha bhI ghoSita kiyA hai ki pUrva kA koI kavi mahAbhArata kA samIcIna varNana karane meM samartha nahIM huA hai| paMpa-praNIta vikramArjunavijaya meM mahAbhArata ke samasta upAkhyAna varNita haiM, jabaki rana-racita gadAyuddha eka upAkhyAna para hI AdhArita kAvya hai / ataH yahI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki paMpa pUrva-yuga meM kannaDa meM mahAbhArata kI kathA para AdhArita koI ullekhanIya kAvya nahIM thaa| para nRpatuMga ke uddharaNoM se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki AraMbhika yuga meM koI rAma-kAvya avazya rahA hogaa| kannaDa meM IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI se pahale na koI zilAlekha thA, na koI

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa racanA thI aura na koI anya prakAra ke lekha hI the| yaha kahanA kaThina hI hai ki nRpatuMga kI racanAoM meM jina kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve isase pUrvakAla ke the aura usa kAla meM apanI kAvya-racanA kiyA karate the| unakI racanAeM prAyaH parimANa athavA guNa kI dRSTi se U~ce stara kI nahIM rahI hoNgii| daNDI ke alaMkAragraMtha ke AdhAra para nRpatuMga ne kavirAjamArga likhA thaa| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki paMpa kI racanAyeM paravartI kaviyoM ke lie Adarza kRtiyAM siddha huii| ataH kannaDa ke Adikavi kA sammAna paMpa ko prApta hai| bhASA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI yahI sthiti hai| kahA jAtA hai ki draviDa parivAra se telugu pahale hI alaga ho gii| tamila, kannaDa aura malayAlama ye tInoM bhASAyeM kucha samaya taka sAtha thiiN| bAda meM ye bhI svataMtra ho gaI aura svayaM apanI alaga sattA banAne lgiiN| lagabhaga I0 san pAMcavIM-chaThIM sadI meM kannaDa bhASA svatantra huI hogI aura kannaDa pradeza ke nareza ise protsAhana dene lage hoMge / parantu vidvAnoM kI rAya hai ki IsA se pUrva hI banavAsi meM kannaDa kA koI rUpa avazya pracalita rahA hogaa| kahA jAtA hai ki dUsarI sadI ke eka yUnAnI nATaka meM kannaDa vAkya upalabdha hote haiN| kintu nRpatuMga dvArA diye gaye uddharaNoM se bhI spaSTa hai ki usa yuga meM kannaDa bhASA anagar3ha hI thii| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki kannaDa sAhitya prArambha se hI saMskRta sAhitya se sphUrti grahaNa karatA AyA hai| kannaDa para saMskRta bhASA kA prabhAva bhASA tathA sAhitya donoM dRSTiyoM se nirvivAda hai| aba yaha dhAraNA bhI puSTa hotI jA rahI hai ki lagabhaga chaThIM sadI se pahale kannaDa meM graMtha-nirmANa nahIM huA hogaa| nupatuMga ke zAsanakAla taka Ate-Ate saMskRta-sAhitya hrAsonmukhI ho uThA thaa| hA~, usa samaya mahAbhArata, bhAgavata, harivaMza, rAmAyaNa aura vibhinna purANa Adi graMtha suvikhyAta the / zikSita samAja meM kAlidAsa, bhAravi, mAgha, bhavabhUti, bhaTTanArAyaNa, bhartRhari, bANa aura subaMdhu jaise kavi evaM bharata, daNDI, vAmana Adi AlaMkArika suparicita ho gaye the| usa yuga meM saMskRta kI sphUrti aura protsAhana se kannaDa bhASA rUpI bAlikA bhAvabhaMgimAoM ke sAtha nAcane lagI thii| nRpatuMga aura paMpa kI dekha-rekha meM vaha bAlikA uttarottara bddh'ii| inakI racanAoM meM saMskRta kI bharamAra hI isakA puSTa pramANa hai| nRpatuMga gadya-zailI ke lie bANa-viracita harSacarita, kAdambarI Adi ko Adarza batAte haiN| isI prakAra padya-zailI ke lie ve

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ArambhakAla nArAyaNa, bhAravi, kAlidAsa aura mASa Adi saMskRta kaviyoM ke nAmoM kA gaurava ke sAtha ullekha karate haiM / saMskRta kaviyoM kA ullekha paMpa kI racanAoM meM nahIM miltaa| kintu zrIharSa, kAlidAsa, bhAravi, bANa, bhaTTanArAyaNa Adi saMskRta-kaviyoM ke bhAva tathA zilpa paMpa kI kRtiyoM meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| racanA-taMtra meM kAlidAsa se apane ko saugunA bar3hA-car3hAkara kahane meM ponna saMkoca nahIM karatA hai| hAM, ranna ne bar3I namratA se rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata ke kaviyoM aura padya-zailI meM kAlidAsa, gadyavidhAna meM bANa Adi ke prati abhinaMdana ke sAtha Adara bhI vyakta kiyA hai| isase yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki AraMbhika kannaDa kavi saMskRta ke vikhyAta racanAkAroM kA avazya anusaraNa karate Aye haiN| bhAva, rIti aura vastu ke atirikta kannaDa kaviyoM ne saMskRta ke chanda bhI apanAye hue the / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, raghuvaMza aura itara nATaka Adi saMskRta kI zreSTha racanAoM meM anuSTup, indravajJA, vaMzastha, mAlinI aura AryA bar3e lokapriya chanda the| nupatRga, nAgavarma aura kezirAja ne jo uddharaNa diye haiM, usa AdhAra para pUrvokta niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai| varNavRttoM meM aneka prayoga karane ke bAda unheM kannaDa kI prakRti ke anukUla na dekhakara kaviyoM ne unakA parityAga kara, kaMda,* caMpaka mAlA, SaTpadi Adi kA prayoga AraMbha kiyA hogaa| kAlAntara meM jaba saMskRta meM caMpUzailI lokapriya huI to kannaDa ke jaina kaviyoM ne bhI isa kAvyavidhA ko khUba apnaayaa| __ saMskRta kI kAvyaparamparA se anuprANita hokara kannaDa kAvya ke suni rUpa dhAraNa karane ke pUrva kannaDa pradeza meM saMskRta bhASA dvArA pracArita sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kA prabhAva kama nahIM thaa| yaha prabhAva IsA pUrva tIsarI sadI se hI dekhane meM AtA hai| citradurga ke AsapAsa upalabdha azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekha hI isake sudRr3ha pramANa haiN| AraMbha meM saMskRta tathA prAkRta rAjyAzrita bhASAyeM thiiN| dhIre-dhIre yaha gaurava dezI-bhASAoM ko prApta huA / kannaDa bhI kAvyopayogI mAnI gii| azoka ke ye abhilekha brAhmI-lipi meM haiM / isI brAhmI se kannaDa lipi kA vikAsa huA hogaa| kannaDa meM prAkRta kI padAvaliyAM yatheSTa haiN| vaiyAkaraNoM ke kathanAnusAra ye pada saMskRta se apabhraMza kI avasthA ko prApta karane ke pUrva ke haiN| ina padoM kA vikAsa dharma, darzana, sabhyatA aura itihAsa Adi se saMbaddha thA / *kannaDa kA apanA chaMda /

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kannaDa pradeza meM brAhmaNa, jaina aura bauddha dharma pramukha the| hAM, zurU meM brAhmaNoM ne dharma-pracAra karane ke lie dezI bhASA kA vyavahAra nahIM kiyaa| unakA kArya saMskRta meM hI calatA rhaa| bauddhoM ne dezI bhASA kA vyavahAra kiyA hogaa| para usa yuga meM prAkRta kA hI sarvAdhika pracAra thA / kannaDa meM bauddhoM ne kucha likhA thA yA nahIM, isakA koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| yadi unhoMne kannaDa meM kucha likhA bhI ho to 8vIM-9vIM sadI taka bauddha dharma ke dakSiNa meM luptaprAya ho jAne ke kAraNa, unake vihAroM ke sAtha ye racanAyeM bhI kAlakavalita huI hoNgii| Aja upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para hama itanA nissaMdeha kaha sakate haiM ki jaina dharma-saMbaMdhI sAhitya kannaDa meM pracura parimANa meM upalabdha hai| AraMbha meM ina graMthoM kA rUpa vIrazaivadharmakAlIna vacanazailI meM rahA hogA jisameM siddhAnta ke nirUpaNa tathA darzana saMbaMdhI vyAkhyA ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA thaa| usa samaya tIrthaMkaroM kI kathAyeM aura purANa puruSoM kI jIvaniyA~ caritakAvya kI zailI meM racI gaI hoNgii| kannaDa jaina kaviyoM ne rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura harivaMza kA varNana jaina saMpradAya ke anusAra hI kiyA hai| vidvAnoM kI rAya hai ki prathama se AThavIM sadI taka jainAcAryoM ne zAstrArtha meM anya dharmAvalaMbiyoM ko parAjita kara rAjAoM se dvArA vizeSa rUpa se sammAna prApta kiyA thaa| samaMtabhadra, kavi parameSTi, pUjyapAda, akalaMka Adi aneka AcArya aise haiM jinakA guNagAna jaina kaviyoM ne muktakaMTha se kiyA hai / kheda hai ki inakI koI racanA Aja taka kannaDa meM dikhAI nahIM detii| saMkSepa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM sadI taka kannaDa pradeza meM saMskRta kA hI pracAra thA aura saMskRta meM hI dharma ke udbodhana kA kArya hotA rahA / itihAsa, purANa, kathAvRtta meM hI upalabdha the / AraMbha meM saMskRta aura prAkRta kI padAvaliyoM se dezI-bhASA cetanA-saMpanna banAI gaI thii| yaha taiyArI pUrI hote hI kannaDa meM kAvya-nirmANa kA AraMbha huaa| aba yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki saMskRta sAhitya ke pracAra se pahale dakSiNabhArata meM arthAt dakSiNa ke nivAsiyoM meM kyA kavi-pratibhA hI nahIM thI ? usa prAcInatama kAla meM bhale hI bhASA eka hI rahI ho athavA cAra-pAMca, parantu janatA meM sabhyatA kA pracAra avazya huA thaa| isake lie itihAsakAra vipula pramANa upasthita karate haiN| usa yuga meM kannaDa kevala jana-bolI hI nahIM rahI hogI apitu usameM kAvya-racanA bhI hotI rahI hogii| ho sakatA hai ki usakA maukhika rUpa hI rahA ho, likhita rUpa meM kucha bhI prApta na ho|

Page #18
ArambhakAla saMbhava hai ki vaha smRti-paraMparA meM surakSita bhI rahatA AyA ho, kintu dhIredhIre uttama sAhitya kA prabhAva chA jAne se dezI-bhASA kI kavitA kA astitva lupta ho gayA ho| yaha kevala kannaDa kI hI bAta nahIM hai, anya kaI bhASAoM ke Adima rUpa kI bhI yahI dazA dikhAI detI hai| kannaDa meM AraMbha meM laghu racanAyeM hI banI hoMgI aura padya-zailI meM hI inakA nirmANa huA hogaa| kannaDa kSetra meM paheliyAM, phasala kaTAI, madyapAna, vivAha aura mRtyu Adi viSayoM para aneka lokagIta Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| lokagItoM meM yuddha kA aura kalaha kA bhI varNana hotA thaa| inameM rocaka evaM prasaMgocita laghukathAyeM bhI rahI haiN| inhIM se usa yuga kI kavitA ke lie sAmagrI sulabha huI hogii| Aja samAja meM pracalita lokagIta prAcIna loka gItoM ke Dharre para hI cala par3e hoNge| striyAM dhAna kUTate samaya ye gIta gAyA karatI thIM / hAM, ina gItoM ke racayitA kAvya ke lakSaNoM se avazya aparicita the| aise vyaktiyoM ko zAstrIya paramparA ke anuyAyI duSkavi kahA karate the aura unakI upekSA hI karate the| ahaMmanya kaviyoM ke hAsa-parihAsa ke pariNAma svarUpa ye lokagIta upekSita ho gaye aura inakA astitva nahIM raha skaa| hAM, inake astitva ke pramANa avazya raha gye| kavi saMskRta aura prAkRta meM hI nhiiN| dravir3a dezI-bhoSAoM meM bhI kAvya-nirmANa kiyA karate the| inake rUpa, bhAva aura bandha svatantra hote the| zikSita samAja meM usa samaya dharma se sambandha rakhanevAle graMtha, AkhyAna Adi hI pracalita the| para janatA meM, vizeSataH striyoM meM, dezI-bhASAoM ke chandoM meM upalabdha racanAyeM hI lokapriya thii| dhIre-dhIre lokabhASA ke ye namUne ziSTa sAhitya ke lakSaNa graMthoM meM bhI svIkRta hote gaye / lakSaNakAroM ke anusAra dezI, mArgI ke bheda kA yahI AdhAra pratIta hotA hai / jaina sAhitya kI apekSA jaba vIrazaiva sAhitya kA pracAra bar3hane lagA taba ina vIrazaiva kaviyoM ne inhIM dezI chandoM kA prayoga kiyA aura inheM sAhityika gaurava prApta huaa| nAgavarmaracita chandombudhi meM ye chanda saMskRta ke chandoM se pRthaka vaNita milate haiM / brahmA, viSNu aura rudra ina tIna akSaroM se inakA nirmANa huA hai| inameM prAsa kA nirvAha to huA hai, para yati kA koI niyama nahIM rahA / dvipadI, 'tripadI, caupadI, akkaragItikA ( akSaragIti kA ), eLe, SaTpadI,' Adi 1. kannaDa ke chanda /

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kannaDa jaina sAnitya kA itihAsa isI koTi ke chanda haiN| tAla va laya ke anusAra ye gAye jA sakate haiM / inake prabhAva se prAkRta ke chandoM se prApta kaMda, ragaLe kannaDa kI prakRti ke anukUla lge| ye mAtrAgaNa haiM aura geya haiN| ataH saMskRta aura prAkRta se virAsata meM mile padyavRttoM para bhI inakA paryApta prabhAva par3A hai| prAsa kA nirvAha tathA yatibhaMga inake sAdhAraNa lakSaNa ho gaye the| kaI zilAlekha isI chanda meM mile haiM / lagabhaga 700 I0 meM racita bAdAmI ke zilA; lekha tripadI meM haiN| sAdhuge sAdhu mAdhuryaMge mAdhurya bAdhippa kalige kaliyuga viparItaM mAdhavanItan peranalla // [sAdhu ke lie sAdhu, madhura ke lie madhura, satAnevAle kali ke lie kaliyuga kA parama virodhI yaha mAdhava asAdhAraNa hai ] kaTTida siMdhaman keTode, nemagendu biTTabola kalige viparItaMgahitarkaLa kaTTara meNa sattaravicAraM // [baMdhana meM par3e siMha ko koI isa vicAra se baMdhanamukta kara de, ki apanA to isase koI nukasAna nhiiN| hA~, isakI upekSA karo to isase dUsaroM kA bar3A ahita honA nizcita hai / dUsaroM ko mRtyumukha meM jAnA par3atA hai / ] zravaNabeLagoLa meM I0 san 942 meM utkIrNa zilAlekha isa prakAra akkara. chanda meM hai olagaM dakSiNasukaraduSkaramaM poragaNa sukaraduSkarabhedamaM oLage vAmadaviSamamanalliya vissmdusskrmnindrporg| galikeyenipati viSamamanadarati viSamaduSkaramevaduSTaraM e yoLovane cArisala ballaM nAlku prakaraNamanindrarAjaM / [mana ke bhItara anukUla sarala aura jaTila haiM, bAhara bhI sarala aura jaTila kA bheda hai| bhItara pratikUla viSamatA hai / isake bAhara viSama jaTilatA bhI hai / inase Upara viSamatara aura viSamatama jaTilatA hai| ina cAroM avasthAoM ko Adi meM hI rokanevAlA ekamAtra samartha vyakti hai indrarAja / ] 1. kannaDa ke chanda /

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ArambhakAla nRpatuMga ne anuSTup kA jo uddharaNa diyA hai usameM prAsa kA nirvAha hai tArA jAnakiyaM poni tArA taraLanetreyaM / tArAdhipatitejasvI tAradivijodayA / / 2.128 / / preranAvaM dharAcaka kreyaM keLe pavaM / nereyAreNeryevannaM kuritabdha bannamaM // [ jAnakI ko sAtha bulA le jAo / caMcala netravAlI ko sAtha le jAo / candramA ke samAna tejasvI vijaya kA sandeza lAo / dharitrI ke lie dUsarA kauna bar3A hai ? kauna sAthI hai ? kauna sahArA hai ? kauna barAbara hai ?......] paMpa ke samaya taka anuSTup jaise vRtta luptaprAya ho gaye the / usa vakta vRtta aura kaMda donoM pramukha mAne jAte the / caMpUkAvyoM meM ye chanda prayukta milate haiM, para virala ho / gIta, AkheTa, nagaravarNana, strIvarNana, vivAha aura gIta Adi ke lie tripadI, akkara aura ragaLe kA hI prayoga hotA rahA / caMpU aura carita Adi kAvyoM meM lokagItoM kI dhuna kA samAveza huA, jinheM saMskRta ke lakSaNa graMthoM meM koI sthAna nahIM milA hai / isa vistRta vivecana kA yahI Azaya hai ki lagabhaga I0 san chaThIM -sAtavIM sadI taka kannaDa pradeza meM saMskRta meM varNita dharma, sabhyatA tathA sAhitya kA pracAra thA / isase kannaDa bhASA paripuSTa hone lagI tathA usameM kavitA racI jAne lagI / Arambha meM saMskRta kA prabhAva vyApaka thA / usa samaya bhI TheTha bhASA meM dezI chandoM meM racanAyeM avazya huI hoMgI, para ve Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| ho sakatA hai ki usa yuga ke graMthoM meM ye lokagIta chAyA ke rUpa meM rahakara vIrazaiva sAhityakAroM kI kRpA se punarujjIvita hue hoM / lagabhaga sAtavIM se dasavIM sadI ke bIca upalabdha graMthoM para zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para kannaDa sAhitya kI aitihAsika rUparekhA nimna prakAra dI jA sakatI hai zilAlekhoM evaM bhaTTAkalaMka aura devacandra ke anusAra; zrIvardhadeva aura nupatuMga ke anusAra, durvinIta, zrIvijaya, kezirAja, mallikArjuna aura vidyAnanda ke anusAra / zrIvijaya, asaga, guNanaMdi aura guNavarma isa yuga ke mukhya kavi

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* kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa mAne jAte haiN| ye sabhI jaina-dharmAvalambI the| inakI kRtiyAM do rUpoM meM milatI haiM / siddhAntapratipAdaka tathA tIthaMkaravRttAtmaka / tatkAlIna racanAoM ke avalokana se nupatuMga ko unameM jo truTiyAM dikhAI dIM, unheM dUra kara paravartI kaviyoM kA mArgadarzana karane ke lie usane 'kavirAja mArga' nAmaka lakSaNagrantha racA hogaa| pratyeka jaina kavi kA saMkSipta paricaya nIce diyA jA rahA haizrIvardhadeva ( lagabhaga 650 I0) nupatuga ne inakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| parantu I0 san 1129 meM utkIrNa zravaNabeLagoLa ke 67veM zilAlekha meM ullekha hai ki inhoMne cUDAmaNi kAvya racA thA aura daNDI ne inakA guNagAna kiyA thaa| kavi daNDI sAtavIM sadI meM hue the / ataH ye bhI usI samaya ke mAlUma hote haiM / bhaTTAraka akalaMka ne ( 1604 I0 ) kannaDa kI mahimA kA varNana karate hue isa grantha ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki 'cUDAmaNi' tattvArtha mahAzAstra kI vyAkhyA hai aura isake racayitA 96 hajAra granthoM ke nirmAtA haiM / devacandra ( 1830 I0 ) likhate haiM ki tuMbulUra nAmaka AcArya 24 hajAra graMthoM ke racayitA haiM aura inhoMne kannaDa meM cUDAmaNi kI vyAkhyA bhI likhI hai / cAmuNDarAya ne ( 978 I0 ) tuMbulUrAcArya nAmaka guru kA stavana kiyA hai| hA~, isa bAta kA nizcita pramANa nahIM hai ki cUDA. maNi-kAvya aura cUDAmaNi-vyAkhyA eka hI graMya hai yA bhinna-bhinna / duvinIta, zrIvijaya nRpatuMga ke anusAra vimalodaya, nAgArjuna, jayabandhu, duvinIta, zrIvijaya aura kavIzvara Adi kannaDa ke kaI kavi hue haiN| ye sabhI jaina hI mAlUma hote haiM / abhilekhoM se vidita hotA hai ki duvinIta gaMgarAja the| duvinIta sAtavIM sadI ke Arambha meM jIvita the aura inake darabAra meM kucha kAla taka kavi bhAravi rahe the / bhAraviracita kirAtArjunIya ke 15veM sarga kI vyAkhyA durvinIta ne hI kI hai| zrIvijaya kA ullekha kezirAja ne bhI kiyA hai| durgasiMha ne ( 1145 I0 ) zrIvijaya kI kavitA ko kaviyoM ke lie darpaNa evaM dIpaka batAyA hai| maMgarasa ( 1508 I0 ) aura doDDayya ( 1550 I0 lagabhaga ) ina donoM kA kahanA hai ki zrIvijaya ne 'candraprabhapurANa' caMpUzailI meM likhA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI anumAna hai ki zrIvijaya ne hI nRpatuga ke upanAma se kavirAjamArga kA praNayana kiyA thaa|

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ArambhakAla nRpatuMga ( 814-877 I0) ye rASTrakUTa vaMza ke rAjA the| mAnya kheTa inakI rAjadhAnI thii| amoghavarSa aura atizayadhavala nupatuMga kI upAdhiyAM thIM / saMskRta ke 'AdipurANa' ke racayitA jinasena inake pUjya guru the| 'praznottararatnamAlikA'' nAmaka saMskRta grantha meM inhoMne likhA hai ki virakta ho, maiMne svayaM rAjya kA parityAga kiyA hai| . kavirAjamArga inakA lakSaNagrantha hai| isameM doSAdobAnuvarNatanirNaya, zabdAlaMkAra tathA aryAlaMkAra nAma ke tIna pariccheda haiM / pratyeka pariccheda ke aMta meM 'nRpatuMgadevAnumataM' aMkita hai / Azcarya hai ki isameM 'kRtam' na hokara 'anumatam' hai| pariccheda ke aMtima padya meM 'zrI vijayaprabhUtam' likhA milatA hai / sAtha hI sAtha grantha ke aMta meM 'nRpatuga ke sabhAsada dvArA kathitakAvyam' kahA hai| inhIM kAraNoM se vidvAnoM ne anumAna lagAyA hai ki zrIvijaya nRpatuga ke sabhAsada the aura inhoMne hI nRpatuMga ke nAma se yaha grantha likhA hogaa| kucha logoM kI yaha bhI rAya hai ki kavirAjamArga ke racayitA zrIvijaya nahIM, kintu kavIzvara haiN| nAgavarma aura bhaTTAraka akalaMka ina donoM kI mAnyatA hai ki nRpatuga hI kavirAjamArga ke praNetA haiM / agara graMtha zrIvijaya yA kavIzvara ke dvArA nirmita hotA to spaSTa rUpa se apane hI nAma 'parama zrIvijaya' yA 'kavIzvara' dene meM koI roka to thI nahIM / saMskRta meM nRpatuMga-praNIta eka graMtha hai bhii| kavirAjamArga maulika graMtha nahIM hai| daNDo ke graMtha kA kannaDa rUpAntara hai| daNDI kI mAnyatAoM se sahamata hone ke nAte graMtha meM 'anumatam' likhA hogaa| nahIM to ve 'kRtam' hI kA prayoga kara sakate the| inhIM kAraNoM se kavirAjamArga ke racayitA nRpatuMga hI Thaharate haiM, zrIvijaya yA kavIzvara nhiiN| ___ isa graMtha meM alaMkArazAstra kA nirUpaNa to huA hI hai, sAtha hI sAtha usa yuga kI kannaDa ke sambandha meM jo tathya yahA~ upalabdha hotA hai, vaha sAhitya ke itihAsakAra kI dRSTi se kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| isameM kannaDa bhASA kI bhaugolika sImA ke bAre meM ullekha hai 'kannaDa pradeza kAverI se , 1. vizeSa jijJAsu 'vIravANI' varSa 22, aMka 13-14. ( jayapura ) meM prakAzita merA lekha dekheN|

Page #23
10 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa godAvarI taka phailA hai|' isase spaSTa hai ki usa yuga meM mahArASTrI bhASA ne kannaDa ko aura dakSiNa meM nahIM ThelA thaa| I0 san 17vIM sadI ke kavi naMjuNDa ne isa pada kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai- 'kAverI se godAvarI taka vasubAtala meM phailA kannaDa janapada ( karNATaka janapada ) varNanAtIta hai|' __ kavirAjamArga meM kannaDa janapada ke madhyavartI bhAga arthAt paTTakallu koghala, lakSmezvara Adi ko zuddha kannaDa pradeza mAnA gayA hai / isI prakAra kannaDa bhASAbhASiyoM ko sUkSma buddhisaMpanna tathA kAvyagata doSoM ko pahacAnane meM tIkSNamati kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI sAtha isameM kannaDa bhASA ke uttara-dakSiNa do bheda bhI batAye gaye haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa isameM alaga-alaga zabdabheda bhI nirUpita haiN| bedaMDe tathA cattANa nAma kI dvividha padyazailiyoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai| kanda, vRtta yA eka-eka jAti kA nAma bedaMDe evaM kaI kanda, vRtta, akSara, caupadI, gItikA aura tripadI Adi kA nAma cattANa kahA gayA hai / kavirAjamArga kI bhASA purAnI kannaDa hai / kanda hI isameM prayukta pradhAna chanda hai / isameM gItikA aura saMskRta ke varNavRttoM kA prayoga virala hai aura pratyeka pariccheda ke anta meM gadya kA vyavahAra parilakSita hotA hai| kannaDa kA Adya grantha kavirAjamArga kannaDa sAhitya ke itihAsa kI nAMdI hokara Age kI kannaDa paramparA ke dhairyotsAha ke lie Akara huaa| vastutaH yaha grantha kannaDa bhASA-bhASiyoM ke lie gaurava kI vastu hai| isameM tatkAlIna kannaDa bhASAbhASiyoM kA paricaya bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se diyA gayA hai| kisI bhI bhASA meM eka lakSaNa grantha racA jAne ke pUrva usa bhASA meM anyAnya granthoM kA racA jAnA bhI sarvathA anivArya hai| isa niyamAnusAra nRpatuMga ne apanI bahumUlya kRti meM apane se pUrva ke aneka kaviyoM ke kevala nAma hI nahIM diye haiM, balki una pUrva kaviyoM ke padya bhI uddhRta kiye haiN| asaga, guNanandi aura guNavarma kezirAja ke vyAkaraNa meM ina kaviyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ponna kavi kA kathana hai ki asaga kannaDa kaviyoM meM saugune pratibhAzAlI the / guNanandi aura guNavarma kA kAla I0 san 900 mAnA gayA hai| nRpatuga ne ina kaviyoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| ataH ye paravartIkAla ke pratIta hote haiM / mallikArjuna ne apane 'sUktisudhArNava' meM kahA hai ki guNanandi ke udAharaNa mere isa grantha meM diye jA rahe haiM / guNavarma nAma ke do vyakti mAne gaye haiM / janna

Page #24
ArambhakAla 11 kavi ( 1209 ) ne eka guNavarma kA tathA nayasena ( 1212 I0 ) ne dUsare guNavarma kA guNagAna kiyA hai / yahA~ para guNavamaM prathama ( 900 I0 ) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kA kezirAja ne guNavarma ko 'harivaMza' kA racayitA mAnA hai / isI grantha ko pArzva ne 'neminAthapurANa' kahA hai / 'bhuvanaikavIra' inakA dUsarA grantha hai / vidyAnanda ke kAvyasAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'zUdraka' nAmaka grantha bhI inhIM / isameM gaMgarAja e reyappa ( 886-913 I0 ) kI tulanA zUdraka se kI gaI hai| gaMgarAja kI mahendrAMtaka, kAmada Adi upAdhiyAM thIM / yaha ullekhanIya hai ki apane AzrayadAtA ke guNagAna meM pratyeka jaina kavi eka laukika kAvya aura tIrthakaroM kI jIvanI se saMbaddha dUsarA dhArmika kAvya prAyaH likhatA A rahA hai / isa paramparA ke pravartaka guNavarma mAne gaye haiM / paravartI kavi pampa, ponna aura ranna ne yahI paddhati apanAI hai / pampa se pahale hI kannaDa meM campU zailI meM saphala graMtha racane kA zreya guNavarma ko prApta hai / zivakoTyAcArya paMpa se pahale zivakoTyAcArya kA nAma AtA hai / yaha 'vaDDArAdhane' ke racayitA haiM / kannaDa sAhitya kI yaha asAdhAraNa racanA mAnI gaI hai / kannaDa kA prathama gadyakAvya yahI hai / isameM 29 manoraMjaka kahAniyA~ haiM / pratyeka kahAnI ke Arambha meM eka prAkRta gAhA ( gAthA ) hai / SaTpadI kAvyoM meM sUcaka padya kI taraha yaha gAhA kahAnI kA sAra batA detI hai / ina gAhAoM kA kannaDa meM artha dete hue kavi kAvya ko prArambha karatA hai / isakI varNana zailI bar3I rocaka aura mana ko moha lenevAlI hai / pada-yojanA bhI bejor3a hai / saMvAda-zailI sadhI huI hai aura yaha kahAnI kI gati ko bar3hAne meM saphala hai / kAvya kI sarasa, sattvapUrNa dezI zailI zivakoTyAcArya kI pratibhA ko pratibiMbita karatI hai / prAdhyApaka DI0 ela0 narasiMhAcAryajI kA kahanA hai ki baDDArAdhane kA dUsarA nAma ' upasarga kevaliyoM kI kathA' rahA hai / pratyeka kahAnI kA nAyaka eka na eka upasarga ke kAraNa deha tyAgane ko prastuta hokara svarga pahu~catA hai / kahAnI meM yahI vRtta hone se yaha nAma sArthaka huA hai / saMllekhanAvrata ke dvArA samAdhi ko prApta karanevAloM ke lie ye kathAe~ virakti ko jagAne meM pUrNa sahAyaka haiN| yahI nahIM, isa racanA meM usa yuga kI

Page #25
12 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa bhASA zailI ke sundara namune bhI mila jAte | kannaDa sAhitya kA yaha mahattva - pUrNa grantha apane yuga kA sAMskRtika jIvana citrita karane meM bhI saphala huA hai / 'kavirAjamArga' meM isa anupama kRti kA ullekha nahIM hai / ataH yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki pampapUrva yuga meM arthAt san 920-930 I0 ke lagabhaga isakA praNayana huA hogA / isameM purAnI kannaDa ke prayoga sahaja evaM sundara DhaMga se motI -sadRza padoM ke dvArA vyakta kiye gaye haiM / saMkSepa meM yahI paMpapUrvayuga ke jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa hai /

Page #26
paMpayuga isa yuga ke sAhitya meM varNita janajIvana ucca varga taka sImita thaa| rAjadarabAra yA kahIM-kahIM sainikoM kA jIvana bhI yahA~ aMkita milatA hai| isa yuga kI rAjanaitika, sAmAjika tathA dhArmika paristhitiyAM bhI praur3ha racanAoM ke nirmANa ke lie preraka siddha huii| IsA kI dasavIM sadI ke pUrvArddha meM rASTrakUTa vaMza ke nareza zaktizAlI hue / isa sadI ke aMta taka ve uSkarSa ko prApta hote gye| sAhasA unakA vaibhava lupta ho gyaa| ho, vemalavAr3a ke cAlukya tathA dakSiNa ke gaMga vaMza ke rAjA barAbara rASTrakUTa rAjAoM kI sahAyatA karate rhe| I0 san gyArahavIM sadI meM kalyANI meM cAlukya prabala hue| cola vaMza ke sAtha inakA saMgharSa barAbara jArI rhaa| coloM ke pratApa ke kAraNa gaMgarAjya kA patana ho gayA / akele cAlukya rAjyakula para karNATaka kI rakSA kA bhAra A pdd'aa| rAjakula kI ApasI phUTa ke kAraNa yaha vaMza kucha samaya taka durbala avazya thA, kintu jaba vikramAditya SaSTha apane bhAI ko kaida kara I0 san 1076 meM gaddI para virAjamAna huA, taba se karNATaka kA bhAgya phira camakane lagA / vaha eka ke bAda eka kaI yUddhoM meM vijayI huaa| sAtha hI sAtha karNATaka kA sAmrAjya vistRta hone lgaa| isake bAda cAlukya vaMza kA vaibhava ghaTane lagA aura bArahavIM sadI ke anta taka hoyasala sAmrAjya kI nIMva par3ate hI cAlukya lupta ho gye| ___karNATaka meM rAjanaitika paristhiti ke anurUpa zastrAstroM kI jhaMkAra bhI sunAI pdd'ii| yuddha kA nAma sunate hI saMbhavataH jana-jana kI bhujAe~ phar3aka uThatI rahI hoMgI / usa vakta nagara yA gAMva kI rakSA ke lie, striyoM kI lajjA bacAne ke lie, caupAyoM kI rakSA ke lie prANa tyAgane kA saMkalpa sAnaMda loga karate rahe / vIroM kI agaNita smAraka-zilAyeM hI isakA jvalaMta pramANa haiM / ye zilAyeM karNATaka meM sarvatra milatI haiN| vIroM kI yaha dhAraNA ho gayI thI ki yuddha meM prANa tyAgane para svarga milegaa| yaha dhAraNA usa yuga ke zUra-vIra zAsakoM ke protsAhana se aura bhI dRr3ha ho gayI thii| usa yuga ke kavi kalama calAne meM hI nahIM, talavAra calAne meM bhI pravINa the| mahAkavi hI nahIM the, bar3e raNakuzala bhI the / nAgavarma, cAmuNDarAya Adi bhI bar3e pratApI the| isIlie yaha yuga kannaDa sAhitya kA 'vIrayuga' bhI kahalAtA hai|

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa isa yuga kI dhArmika paristhiti bhI bar3I avyavasthita thI / karNATaka meM isa samaya vaidika aura jaina ina do hI saMpradAyoM kA prabhutva thA / isa yuga ke karNATaka ke zAsaka adhikAMza vaidika saMpradAya ke anuyAyI the / parantu inhoMne jaina dharma ko bhI protsAhita kiyA / dharma ke nAma para kahIM bhI vaira-virodha nahIM dikhAI par3atA thA / dakSiNa meM gaMgavaMza kA vizeSa prabhutva thA / usake zAsaka jaina dharmAvalaMbI the aura be isakI pragati meM vizeSa abhiruci lete the / dasavIM sadI ke anta meM cAmuNDarAya ne zravaNabeLagoLa meM gommaTezvara kI bejor3a pratimA pratiSThApita kI aura dhArmika evaM kalA jagat meM inhoMne amaratva prApta kiyA / gyArahavIM sadI ke AraMbha ke sAtha dharma-saMpradAyoM ke bIca kaTutA bar3hatI gaI / colavaMza ke pratApa ke sAmane gaMgavaMza kA prabhutva nisteja huA / jaina-dharma kA hrAsa bhI anivArya - sA ho gayA / para cAlukyavaMza ke pauruSa ke kAraNa cola kucha dabe-se rahe aura jaina dharmaM lupta hone se baca gayA / parantu usameM pahale jaisI kAMti na raha gaI / phalasvarUpa bArahavIM sadI meM jaina sAhitya bhI tarka - bahula aura zAstrArthapradhAna ho gayA / 14 1 isa yuga ke adhikAMza kavi jaina the / isameM paramparAgata praur3ha zailI ke prabaMdha mahAkAvya hI likhe gaye / inheM mArga zailI ke kAvya bhI kahate haiM / campU isa yuga kA pradhAna kAvya rUpa hone se isa yuga kA nAma 'campU-yuga' bhI hai / campUkAvya - yuga ke 'ratnatraya' paMpa, ponna, tathA ratna mAne jAte haiN| tInoM hI jaina the / tInoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM kI prazaMsA meM eka ora laukika kAvya aura dharma ke pracArArtha dUsarI ora dhArmika kAvya likhe haiM / ina racanAoM meM ina mahApuruSoM ke jIvanavRtta bhI bikhare par3e haiM / ina tInoM kA vivecana nIce kiyA jAtA hai / Adi kavi paMpa 'vistRta kSetra meM phailI huI kannaDa bhASA meM ekamAtra satkavi paMpa haiM / dharatI para samrATa, svarga meM devarAja, pAtAla meM nAgarAja, gagana meM ravi ke samAna paMpa jagat meM vaMdanIya hai / unakI kRpA se mujhe vAgvilAsa sulabha ho / ' yaha abhilASA vyakta karanevAlA niSpakSa kavi nAgarAja hai jo Aja se chaH sau varSa pahale huA thA / isa stavana se Adi kavi paMpa kI adbhuta pratibhA kA anumAna sahaja hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai / anya kaviyoM ne bhI rasa, bhAva, vyaMjanA, nAdasaundarya Adi guNoM kA varadAna apane-apane kAvya meM saharSa mA~gA hai / anya koI kavi paMpa ke Takkara kA nahIM hone se 'kannaDa kA ekamAtra kavi paMpa hai' yaha lokokti pracalita hai / 'kavitA pharamAiza yA paise ke badale nahIM,

Page #28
paMpayuga 15 sRSTi ke saubhAgya se bana jAtI hai|' kavi nAgacandra kI yaha ukti paMpa para hI caritArtha hotI hai| paMpasadRza sarasvatI kI sAdhanA meM pravRtta kavi virala hI hai| ___ kannaDa sAhitya kA Adi kavi paMpa IsA kI dasavIM sadI kA pratibhAsaMpanna viziSTa racanAkAra hai / use navayuga kA pravartaka bhI mAnA jAtA hai / isI yuga meM prabaMdhazailI kA utkarSa huaa| ataH isa kAla ko kannaDa sAhitya kA svarNa yuga kahA jAtA hai| lagabhaga dasavIM sadI ke madhya kAla se lekara do sadiyoM taka mahAkavi evaM Adikavi paMpa kA kannaDa sAhitya para amiTa prabhAva thaa| ataH isa yuga kA nAma 'paMpayuga' par3a gayA hai| bArahavIM sadI ke aMta meM kannaDa sAhitya meM kavi harihara kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura usake sAtha hI kannaDa sAhitya kA 'navayuga' AraMbha hotA hai / paMpa ke asAdhAraNa kavivyaktitva kA prabhAva isa yuga meM bhI avazyaka rahA hai, phira bhI ina donoM ke bIca kA kAla hI kannaDa meM paMpayuga ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| isI se Adikavi paMpa ke kRtitva kI mahimA ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| __ paMpa kI do pradhAna racanAeM haiM-AdipurANa aura vikramArjuna vijaya / ye donoM kramazaH tIna tathA chaH mahInoM meM pUrI huI thiiN| AdipurANa tIrthaMkara kI jIvanI se sambandha rakhatI hai| isameM Adi tIthaMkara kA jIvanacaritra vistAra se aMkita hai| kaI janmoM meM unhoMne jo bhoga kA anubhava kiyA thA, usakI smRti se ve isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki bhogalAlasA kA koI anta nahIM hai / na svarga meM, na martyaloka meM hI tRSNA kI pUrti ho pAtI hai| yaha tRSNA bujhe kaise ? ina saba bAtoM kA gaharA vicAra karate hue ve kaivalya pada kI prApti ke lie tapasyA karane vana kI ora nikala par3ate haiN| isameM AdinAtha ke suputra bharata aura bAhubalI ke prasaMga bhI bar3e bhAvapUrNa DhaMga se aMkita kiye gaye haiN| AdinAtha kI dIkSA ke uparAnta bharata samrAT huaa| apane cakraratna ke pratApa se vaha chaho khaNDoM para apanA prabhutva sthApita karane meM samartha huaa| parantu use apane bhAiyoM kA virodha bhI sahanA pdd'aa| bharata ne unheM apane adhikAra meM karanA cAhA / parantu ve rAjyabhoga se pUrNa virakta hokara tapasAdhanA meM lIna ho gaye / bhAiyoM kA yaha vairAgya bharata ko vismayakAraka pratIta huaa| bAhubalI se lar3ate samaya bharata dRSTiyuddha, jalayuddha tathA mallayuddha tInoM meM parAsta huA / anta meM usane bAhubalI para cakraratna kA prayoga kiyA / isase bAhubalI kA koI ahita nahIM huaa| parantu bar3e bhAI ke isa vyavahAra se khinna

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa hokara bAhubalI bhI apanA vijita sAmrAjya chor3akara vana meM tapasyA ke liye cala pdd'e| muktiyAtrA para nikalA yaha jIva janmajanmAntara ke saMskAra se pariSkRta hokara krama-krama se apane lakSya kI ora agrasara hotA hai| jIva kI isa alaukika yAtrA ke sopAna isa kAvya yA purANa meM sundara DhaMga se varNita haiN| isa racanA meM kavi ne kAvya ke sAtha-sAtha dharmopadeza bhI diye haiM / jaina dharma ke nirUpaNa meM yaha purANa kAvya pUrNa saphala huA hai / mahAkavi paMpa kI dUsarI racanA vikramArjunavijaya' eka laukika mahAkAvya hai / isameM kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA cAlukya nareza arikesarI kA guNagAna kiyA hai / arikesarI rASTrakUToM kA sAmanta thaa| use sAmanta cUDAmaNi mAnA jAtA thaa| arikesarI ke sneha kI kRpA se pampa ko vipula vaibhava, yaza evaM sammAna milA / purANa meM pratipAdita karNa duryodhana kI aura itihAsa meM pratipAdita zrIharSa bANa mitratA kA jo Adarza thA, vahI pampa-arikesarI kI mitratA kA Adarza hai| arikesarI guNArNava kahalAe to paMpa 'kavitAguNArNava' upAdhi se vibhUSita hue| paMpa kalama tathA talavAra donoM calAne meM nipuNa the / vikramArjuna jaisI mahAn kalAkRti ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kI rAya hai ki kavi ne isa kuzalatA se kAvya-racanA kI hai ki yaha kAvya kannaDa sAhitya meM advitIya siddha huaa| isa taraha kA kAvya racanevAle kavi virala hI haiN| mahAkavi pampa kI isa racanA meM kathA kI rocakatA tathA varNana kI manoharatA kA paripAka huA hai| yaha kavi ke AtmavizvAsa kA dyotaka hai / racanA ke Arambha meM bar3I namratA se kavi kahatA hai ki maiM vyAsa munIndra dvArA nirmita vacanAmRtarUpa agAdha samudra ko tairane nikalA huuN| hAM, kavi vyAsa hone kA koI merA dAvA nahIM hai / anta meM pampa vizvAsa karatA hai ki maiM athAha sAgara tairane meM avazya saphala huA huuN| isalie kavi kI ghoSaNA hai ki pUrvavartI samasta kAvya apane bhArata ( vikramArjuna vijaya ) tathA AdipurANa ke sAmane phIke haiM / isa mahAkAvya ke nAyaka arikesarI haiN| kavi kI mAnyatA hai ki ari. kesarI mahAbhArata ke arjuna ke samAna mahApratApI hai aura pUrvakAlIna rAjAoM kI apekSA usameM kaI asAdhAraNa guNa maujUda haiM / ataH kavi ne Adi se anta taka arjuna ke lie pracalita sabhI upAdhiyoM kA vyavahAra arikesarI ke lie kiyA 1. vizeSa jijJAsu 'kavi paMpa kA vikramArjunavijaya' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheM / jaina darzana, varSa 2, aMka 13, 1935 /

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paMpayuga 17 hai| abhedarUpaka kA nirvAha isameM atha se iti taka avicchinna rUpa se huA hai / isIlie kavi ne apanI racanA ko samasta bhArata kahA hai| isa mahAkAvya se arikesarI prasanna huA aura usane kavi ko amita vaibhava hI nahIM, dharmapura nAma kA eka grAma bhI saharSa pradAna kiyaa| kavi isa mahAn grantha kI mahimA kA kAraNa kucha aura batAtA hai / usakA kahanA hai ki chala meM duryodhana, satya guNa meM sUryaputra karNa, parAkrama meM bhIma, bala meM zalya, aunnatya meM bhISma, dhanurvidyA meM droNa, sAhasa meM arjuna aura dharmaguNa meM parizuddhAtmA dharmarAja ye saba mahAbhArata kI mahimA ke kAraNa haiN| isIliye merA yaha 'bhArata' loka meM samAhata hai| paMpa-bhArata meM zrIkRSNa kA koI U~cA sthAna nahIM hai| isameM arjuna kA Adara sabase bar3hakara hai| arjuna zrIkRSNa se vIrocita Adarza kA varNana isa prakAra karatA hai, "he kRSNa ! jo AkramaNakArI zatru-rAjA rUpI vizAla vRkSa kI jar3e dharatI se ukhAr3akara AkAza meM na pheMke, zaraNAgatoM kI rakSA na kare, tyAgarUpI guNa kI chApa na aMkita kare to kyA vaha mAnava hai ? vaha mAnava nahIM kIr3A hai|" yahA~ arjuna zrIkRSNa kA kRpAkAMkSI nahIM hai| dRSTikoNa kI yaha bhinnatA hI ise laukika kAvya ghoSita karatI hai| anya pAtroM ke sAtha duryodhana aura karNa jo mUla mahAbhArata meM duSTacantuSTaya meM gine jAte haiM, isameM ina donoM kA bar3A sammAna kiyA gayA hai| duryodhana kavi kI dRSTi meM abhimAna dhana hai| vaha apanI bAta kA pakkA hai evaM apanI jida para anta taka aDiga rahA hai| duryodhana praNa pUrA karane ke lie eka hI patha para barAbara kadama bar3hAtA gayA, na DarA, na ghbraayaa| prANa tyAgane ke samaya bhI usakA pratApa kama na huaa| aba pratinAyaka karNa kA citraNa dekhiye / kavi ise bhI prema, Adara tathA gaurava pradAna karatA hai| vizvasAhitya meM isake jaisA abhAgA dUsarA pAtra nahIM hai| sUrya kA putra, pRthA kI kukSi meM janmA yaha vIra pANDavoM kA agraja hote hue bhI paidA hote hI gaMgA kI dhArA meM bahA diyA gayA aura sUtaputra ke yahAM pAlA-posA gyaa| parantu vaha apane dhIrodAtta guNa se vaMcita na huaa| yauvana meM padArpaNa karate hI vaha kahane lagA ki 'merA koI virodha na kare, jo bhI sahAyatA cAhe mujhase mAMga le| vaha eka bAra tIra pratyaJcA para car3hA de to usakI TaMkAra se hI pratApI zatru rAjAoM para bijalI TUTa-sI par3atI aura ve bhayabhIta hokara dharAzAyI ho jAte / karNa sonA kATa-kATakara detA jAtA tI

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18 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa svarNarAzi kA saMcaya karanevAle bandI aura mAgadha Adi kA arthAbhAva dUra ho jAtA thA / brAhmaNaveSadhArI devarAja ko kavaca-kuNDala dene meM bhI use koI saMkoca nahIM huA thA / kalpanA kI samAhAra zakti aura bhASA kI sAmAsikatA ko karNa-prasaMga ke citraNa meM kavi ne samyak abhivyakti pradAna kI hai / lagA, guru parazurAma ke krodha se zApagrasta karNa duryodhana kA antaraMga sAthI huA / karNa ko duryodhana se phor3ane ke lie zrIkRSNa ne bar3I gaharI cAla calI / zrIkRSNa bole, "pyAre karNa ! duryodhana jAnatA hai ki tU pANDavoM kA sabase bar3A bhAI hai / tuma donoM zikAra khelane sAtha-sAtha gaye the aura donoM usa samaya satyatapa RSi ke Azrama meM pahu~ce the / usa vakta RSi ne sabase pahale tumhArA hI sAdara svAgata kiyA thA / duryodhana ko yaha vyavahAra bahuta burA usane tumheM kisI kAma para bAhara bheja kara RSi se pUchA ki mere rahate hue Apane pahale sUtaputra kA sammAna kaise kiyA aura yaha kahA~ taka ucita hai ? isa para RSi ne tere janma rahasya ko use batA diyA / taba duryodhana bolA ki "acchA huA, kAMTe se hI kAMTe ko nikAlanA hogA / " hI, karNa zrIkRSNa kI bAtoM meM na AyA / duryodhana se droha karane ko rAjI na huA / senApati kA pada suzobhita karate hue karNa zarazayyA para leTe hue pitAmaha ke pAsa jAtA hai| aura unake caraNoM meM praNAma karatA hai / sAtha hI sAtha unase kSamAyAcanA karatA hai / karNa kI svAmibhakti se abhibhUta Arya bhISma karNa ko bhI apanA prapatra sambodhita karate haiM / kavi ne karNa ke pAtra nirUpaNa meM bar3A kauzala dikhAyA hai / yahA~ kavi apane nAyaka ko bhI bhUlakara kahatA hai ki bhArata meM Apa kisI kA smaraNa karanA cAhate haiM to anya kisI ko yAda mata kIjiye, ekaniSTha ho karNa kA hI smaraNa kIjiye / karNa kI samAnatA kauna kara sakatA hai / usakI zUratA, saccAI aura sAhasa Adi janatA meM vikhyAta haiM / karNa tyAga kA to pratirUpa hI hai / karNa grIka duHkhAnta nATakoM ke nAyaka kI yAda dilAtA hai / vanavAsa meM bacapana aura yauvana kA sunahalA samaya bitAnevAle mahAkavi paMpa ko yadi kannaDa sAhitya kA Adi aura ekamAtra kavi mAnA gayA hai to isameM koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai / kavitAcAturya, varNanasAmarthya, pAtranirUpaNa, rasapuSTi, hitA hitamRduvacana rUpI zailI, sundara evaM mArmika kahAvateM, dezAbhimAna dyotaka, vAggumphana ye saba mahAkavi paMpa ko karnATaka kA sArvabhauma kavi ghoSita karate haiM / paMpa kI garimA ko pUrNa rUpa se vyakta karanA sambhava nahIM hai /

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paMpayuga ponna yaha mahAkavi rASTrakUTanareza kRSNa tRtIya (I0 939-968) ke darabArI kavi the / inakI racanA kA kAla I0 san 950 ke AsapAsa kA rahA hogaa| yaha bhI vegimaMDalAMtargata puMganUra ke nivAsI the| veMgimaMDala ke puMganUra meM nAgamayya nAma kA eka jaina brAhmaNa thaa| mallapayya aura punnamayya usake do vIra putra the / vANiyavADi ke jinacandradeva inake guru the aura apane guru ke gauravArtha vinayapUrvaka ina donoM bhAiyoM ne 16veM tIrthakara zAMtinAtha kI jIvanI para AdhArita mahAkavi ponna ke dvArA 'zAMtipurANa' kI racanA kraaii| isakA dUsarA nAma 'purANacUDAmaNi' hai| mallapayya kI eka beTI thI attimbbe'| 'dAna cintAmaNi' isa mahilA kI upAdhi thI kyoMki isakI dAnazIlatA sarvatra vikhyAta rhii| isa devI ne mahAkavi ponna ke zAMtipurANa kI eka hajAra pratiyAM likhavAkara ratna evaM suvarNa kI jinapratimAoM ke sAtha unakA sampUrNa karNATaka meM dAna kiyaa| attimabbe kA nAma Aja bhI karNATaka meM bar3e gaurava ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai / isane gadaga tAluka ke lakkuMDi nAmaka sthala meM saikar3oM jinAlaya banavAye the| una sundara jinAlayoM meM aba lakkuMDi meM kevala tIna jinAlaya avaziSTa haiM aura ye sarvathA darzanIya haiM / 'bhuvanaikarAmAbhyudaya' ponna kA dUsarA kAvya hai| yaha abhI taka upalabdha nahIM hai / yaha graMtha upalabdha hotA to hameM ponna ke AzrayadAtA ke saMbaMdha meM pracura sAmagrI prApta ho jAtI / ponna kA kahanA hai bhuvanaikarAmAbhyudaya meM 24 AzvAsa haiM jo 24 lokoM ke mUlya ke barAbara haiM / rASTrakUTa kRSNa (I0 939-968) ke sAmanta zaMkaragaMDa kI 'bhuvanaikarAma' upAdhi thii| isalie vidvAnoM kI rAya hai ki yaha graMtha bhuvanaikarAma upAdhi se samalaMkRta zaMkaragaMDa ke pratApa ko athavA takkola meM cola rAjAditya ko parAjita karane vAle mummaDi kRSNa ke zaurya ko varNana karanevAlA kAvya hogaa| 'zabdamaNidarpaNa' me kezirAja (I0 1260) ne isa kAvya ke kucha aMza uddhRta kiye haiM jise dekhane se yaha kAvya niHsandeha utkRSTa evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se upayukta mAlUma hotA hai| parantu durbhAgya se yaha kAvya abhI taka samagra rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM huA hai / ponna ratnatraya meM anyatama haiM aura mummaDi kRSNa ke dvArA Adara pUrvaka 1. attimabbe ke jIvanavRtta ke lie dekheM, 'candAbAI abhinandana graMtha' meM prakAzita 'dAnacintAmaNi attimabbe' nAmaka merA lekha /

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa. 'kavicakravartI' upAdhi ko prApta karanevAle bhAgyazAlI mahAkavi haiN| Adikavi paMpa ko bhI arikesarI dvArA yaha upAdhi nahIM milI thii| 'kavicakravartI' kI upAdhi ko prApta karanevAle dUsare do jaina kavi aura bhI haiM ranna aura janna / ponna ne isa 'kavicakravartI' upAdhi kA ullekha apanI kRti meM svayaM kiyA hai| ponna ke ponniga, ponnamayya, savaNa Adi nAma bhI the| ponna apane pUrvakAlIna paMpa Adi kisI bhI kavi kA nAma nahIM letA hai / vidvAnoM kA abhiprAya hai ki apane kavitAsAmarthya kI prazaMsA karate hue kavi ponna prazaMsA kI maryAdA ko ekadama bhUla gayA hai| zAMtipurANa meM prAraMbha ke 9veM AzvAsa taka tIthaMkara zAMtinAtha ke 11veM pUrvabhavoM kA varNana hai| kevala aMtima tIna AzvAsoM meM zAMtinAtha kA caritra pratipAdita hai / ponna kI isa zAMtipurANa kathA meM aura kamalabhava (I01235) ke zAMtipurANa kI kathA meM aneka sthaloM para aMtara dRSTigocara hotA hai| isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai / zAMtipurANa meM lokAkAra, dezanivezana, caturgatisvarUpa Adi jainapurANa ke ATha lakSaNoM ke sAtha-sAtha mahAkAvyoM ke 18 lakSaNa bhI maujUda haiM / jahA~-tahAM vividha rasotpatti ke anurUpa racanAe~ bhI vartamAna haiM, phira bhI kahanA par3egA ki paMpa aura ranna kI racanAoM meM upalabdha varNana-sauMdarya aura pAtraracanAkauzala ponna kI kRtiyoM meM nahIM hai / hA~, ponna kA baMdha praur3ha hai| vastutaH pAribhASika zabda aura saMskRta bhASA kA vyAmoha ina donoM ne mahAkavi ponna kI kRtiyoM kI zailI ko kliSTa banA diyA hai / tathApi kavitA meM svAbhAvikatA, niragalatA aura pAMDitya maujUda haiN| kavi ne isameM 19 chandoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| kAvya meM campUkAvya ke anukUla suprasiddha akSaravRtta evaM kaMda adhika haiN| unameM bhI zAMtarasAbhivyakti ke sahAyaka kaMda atyadhika haiN| isa purANa meM kula 1636 padya, ragaLe evaM tripAdiyAM bhI haiN| isameM yatra-tatra sundara kahAvateM bhI maujUda haiN| 'jinAkSaramAlA' ponna kI dUsarI racanA hai / yaha eka jinastuti hai| 'gatapratyAgata' nAmaka ponna kA eka aura graMtha batAyA hai / kintu yaha graMtha abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai| ranna ___ mahAkavi ranna mudhoLa ke nivAsI the| inakA janma saumya saMvatsara (I0 949) meM huA thA / ranna kI mAtA kA nAma abbalabbe evaM pitA kA nAma jinavalla.

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paMpayuga 21 bhendra thaa| kavi ke sahodara dRr3habAhu recaNa aura mArathya the| javika evaM zAMti unakI patnI thiiN| putra kA nAma rAya aura putrI kA nAma attimabve thaa| ranna ke pUjya guru AcArya ajitasena the| inakA yaha paricaya svaracita 'ajitapurANa' ke 12veM AzvAsa meM milatA hai| mahAkavi ranna kI pratibhA kA vikAsa atimabbe' aura cAuNDarAya sadRza sAmaMta tathA mANDalikoM ke Azraya meM huaa| aMta meM tailapa cakravartI (I0 973-997) aura yuvarAja satyAzraya ke Azraya meM rahate hue usake prabhutva kA sikkA jama gyaa| isa bAta ko kavi ranna ne svayaM kahA hai| ___ mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAkavi ranna ko kaviratna, kavicakravartI, kavikuMjarAMkuza, ubhayakavi, kavitilaka Adi kI upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| inhoMne apane se pUrva ke kannaDa kaviyoM meM kahAkavi paMpa aura ponna ko smaraNa kiyA hai| ranna kA kahanA hai ki kaviyoM meM jainadharma ko dIpta karanevAle paMpa ponna aura ranna ye tIna hI 'ratnatraya' ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| yaha AtmazlAghA mAtra nahIM hai, kavi kI kavikarma kuzalatA kA bhI paricAyaka hai| anyatra kavi kahatA hai ki . 'apane ko ratna kA pArakhI mAnane vAlA zeSanAga ke phaNa meM vidyamAna anarghya ratna ko aura kApasamIkSaka ke nAte ranna ke bahumUlya kAvya-ratna ko parakhane kA dussAhasa na kreN|' kavi kA dAvA hai ki 'isase pUrva koI kavi vAgdevI ke bhAMDAra kI muhara nahIM tor3a sakA thaa| ranna ne hI apanI sarasa racanAoM ke dvArA vAgdevI ke bhAMDAra kI muhara tor3a dI, arthAt sarasvatI kI saMpadA kA svAmI banA / ' kavi kA yaha koI pralApa nahIM hai| balki usakI adbhuta kAvyasAdhanA kA phala hai| mahAkavi ranna kI prAraMbhika zikSA-dIkSA lokAditya ko prAcIna rAjadhAnI, vartamAna dhAravAra jilAMtargata baMkApura meM AcArya ajitasena kI dekharekha meM huI thii| kannaDa aura saMskRta donoM meM usa vakta upalabdha sAre graMtha ranna ko upalabdha the / dAnacitAmaNi attimabbe aura cAuNDarAya ina donoM kI kRpA se ranna ko paryApta vaibhava evaM yaza prApta huaa| aMta meM pUrvokta cAlukya nareza tailapa evaM usake suputra satyAzraya ke AsthAna meM vaha vizeSa sammAnita huaa| jainoM ke prasiddha tIrtha zravaNabeLagoLa ke choTe parvata para eka caTTAna hai, jisa para 'zrIkavi *isake viSaya meM vizeSa jAnane ke liye 'caMdAvAI abhinandana graMtha' meM prakAzita 'dAnacintAmaNi atimanne' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheM /

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2 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ratna' ye pAMca akSara khude milate haiN| aisI kiMvadantI hai ki ranna ne hI ina akSaroM ko khodA hai| yaha bahuta saMbhava hai kyoMki mahAkavi ranna zravaNabeLagoLa barAbara jAtA rhaa| cakravartI ke yogya koza, kaMThikA, zvetapatra, siMhAsana Adi kavicakravartI ranna ko apane AzrayadAtA satyAzraya se sAnanda prApta thaa| nAgacandra (I0 1100), nayasena (I0 1112), pAva (I0 1205), madhura (I0 1385) aura maMgarasa ina kaviyoM ne ranna kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| ranna kI do pradhAna racanAe~ haiN| eka 'ajitapurANa' (I0 993 ) tathA dUsarA 'sAhasabhImavijaya' yA 'gdaayuddh'| ajitapurANa dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha kI punIta gAthA hai| yaha 22 AzvAsa kA campUkAvya hai| isameM vyartha kA vRtta nahIM AyA hai| isakI racanA mahAkavi ranna ne attimabbe kI preraNA se kii| graMtha meM attimabbe kA itivRtta vistAra se dete hue usakI dAnazIlatA kA guNagAna kiyA gayA hai| ise 'kAvyaratna' yA 'purANatilaka' bhI kahA gayA hai| isameM bhavAvaliyoM kI jaTilatA nahIM hai| cUMki yaha eka jaina purANa kAvya hai, isalie laukika kAvya gadAyuddha kI taraha pAtranirUpaNa, sannivezaracanA Adi meM kavi svataMtra nahIM hai| phira bhI bhakti, jJAna aura vairAgya ke pAvana citraNa ke dvArA ranna ne apane adbhuta kavitA-sAmarthya ko sundara DhaMga se vyakta kiyA hai| zailI meM sauMdarya hai| kavi ubhaya bhASAoM meM paNDita hotA huA saMgIta evaM nATyazAstra meM bhI pravINa mAlUma hotA hai / etadartha jinazizu kA janmAbhiSeka Adi prasaMga sarvathA paThanIya haiN| ajita. purANa ke tilakaprAya sanniveza ke dvitIyAzvAsa meM susImAnagara ke rAjA vimalavAhana kA vairAgya prakaraNa Adi kaI marmasparzI aise sthala haiM jo sahRdaya pAThaka ko moha lene ke lie paryApta haiN| ayodhyAnagarI se ajitanAtha tapasyA ke lie cala par3ate haiM to ranivAsa meM gaharA avasAda chA jAtA hai aura ranivAsa kI rAniyAM guNanidhi, bhuvanapUjita ajitanAtha kA nAma raTate-raTate mahala se bAhara A jAtI haiN| yaha bar3A karuNApradhAna prasaMga hai| apitu tIrthakara ke samakAlIna sagaracakravartI kA prakaraNa bhI bar3A talasparzI hai / sagara ke sATha hajAra putra the| saMtAnamoha sagara kI sabase bar3I durbalatA thii| sagara kA yaha moha dUra kara saMsAra kI asAratA kA use bodha ho, isa uddezya se ranna kavi ne eka naI udbhAvanA kI hai| eka bAra pitA ke pAsa lar3ake Aye aura kAma karane kI icchA prakaTa kii| pitA bole-jAo, khAo-- pio aura mauja kro| lar3akoM ko puruSArthahIna yaha jIvana pasanda na aayaa|

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paMpayuga sagara samrATa ne yaha jAnakara Adeza diyA ki kailAsa parvata para bharata samrATa ne ratnanirmita pratimAe~ banAkara rakhI haiN| ve loka ke mAnavoM kI dRSTi meM na Ae, aisA koI upAya soco| sagara ko saceta karanevAlA usakA mitra cetana maNiketu nAmaka dRSTiviSasarpa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara AyA aura bhagIratha ko chor3akara bAkI sabako mAra ddaalaa| pIche vaha brAhmaNaveza meM rAjamahala ke samIpa AyA aura zora macAne lgaa| jaba usase zora kA kAraNa pUchA gayA to javAba meM usane kahA ki kaI manautiyoM ke mAnane ke phalasvarUpa paidA huA usakA ikalautA beTA yamaloka sidhAra gyaa| ataH maiM tumhAre paira par3ane AyA huuN| mere lie mRtyu yA Azraya tumhI pradAna kara sakate ho| sagara usa brAhmaNa ko sAMtvanA dete hue bole, "bhAI ! tuma aise ghara se tinakA aura Aga le Ao jahA~ mRtyu kI chAyA taka na par3I ho| maiM tumhAre beTe ko bacA duuNgaa|" kapaTI brAhmaNa gayA aura lauTakara bolA ki aisA eka bhI ghara nahIM milaa| isa para sagara ne usa brAhmaNa ko mRtyu kI anivAryatA kI bAta isa taraha samajhAI, 'yamarAja ke paMje se kauna bacA hai ? devatA, mAnava, rAkSasa, pazu ina sabakA sarvanAza usakA khela hai| zavayAtrA ke avasara kA jo bAjA bajatA hai, vaha yama kA vijayaghoSa hai| citA.dhUma usakI vijayapatAkA hai| parijanoM kA vilApa usakI saphalatA kA pratIka hai| yama kI rAjasattA ke ye hI saMketa haiM ." ye sArI bAteM sunane ke vAda brAhmaNa bolA, "yaha dharmacarcA kevala mere lie hai yA Apake jIvana meM bhI isakA koI mahattva hai ?" sagara ne turanta uttara diyA, "isakA AcaraNa maiM pahale kruuNgaa|" turanta brAhmaNa ke mu~ha se bAta nikalI, 'tumhAre 60 hajAra putra jIvita nahIM rhe|' bhagIratha ne bhI isa bAta kI puSTi kii| yaha zokavArtA suna kara parijanoM aura ranivAsa meM kraMdana maca gyaa| mAtAoM ne putroM kI prANabhikSA mAMgI aura vadhuoM ne patibhikSA maaNgii| yadyapi sagara zokasAgara meM DUbane-utarAne lage, parantu raMcamAtra bhI vicalita na hue| usI kSaNa unhoMne saMsAra se virakta hokara bhagIratha ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI banAyA aura tapasyA ke lie cala pdd'e| nirveda kI bar3I hI gaMbhIra vyaMjanA, mahoM kI vizeSatA hai| vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki ajitapurANa meM kAvyasaundarya kA abhAva nahIM hai| phira bhI paMparacita AdipurANa kI bhavyatA yahA~ dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| ratna kA laukika kAvya gadAyuddha yA sAhasabhImavijaya kannaDa kA apUrva 'kRtiratna' mAnA gayA hai| kavi ne isameM Azraya dAtA satyAzraya nareza kA

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24 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa guNagAna kiyA hai| paMpabhArata ke 23veM AzvAsa meM varNita 'gadAsauptika' parva kI kathA isakI viSayavastu hai| kavi ne isa racanA meM samUce mahAbhArata kI pradhAna ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa dilAyA hai / nATakIya zailI kA utkarSa isakA bahuta bar3A AkarSaNa hai| saMvAdayojanA, kAryavyApArazRkhalA aura vidUSaka pAtra ke nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se gadAyuddha adbhuta racanA hai| isa prakAra kI vidUSaka kI pAtrayojanA anya kisI bhI kAvya meM nahIM milatI hai| isa racanA kA nAyaka bhIma hai| duryodhana pratinAyaka hai| paMpabhArata meM karNa para jo sahAnubhUti umar3a AtI hai, vahI gadAyuddha ke duryodhana para sahasA utpanna hotI hai| mahAbhArata ke yuddha kA aMtima dina hai| duryodhana raNakSetra meM kadama bar3hA rahA hai| use apane pakSa ke samasta vIra dharAzAyI dikhAI de rahe haiN| pratyeka ko dekha-dekha usakA kalejA muMha ko AtA hai / karNa aura duHzAsana ina donoM ko dekhakara vaha hatacetA ho jAtA hai| abhimanyu kA zava dekhate hI usake nayanoM ke sAmane usa vIra bAlaka kI mUrti sajIva ho uThatI hai| usake mana meM yaha vicAra AtA hI nahIM ki abhimanyu zatrapakSa kA hai| anAyAsa usake muMha se nikala par3atA hai, "tujhe janma denevAlI koI stana zobhita strI nhiiN| vIrajananI nAma sArthaka karanevAlI sAdhvI hai|" duryodhana mRta abhimanyu se anurodha karatA hai, "advitIya parAkramI abhimanyu ! yaha saMbhava nahIM ki tuma-sA koI dUsarA parAkramI ho| merA yahI anurodha hai ki mRtyurUpa meM tere pauruSa kA thor3A-sA hI hissA mujhe mila jAya / " yahI udAtta bhAva upapANDavoM kI hatyA kI sUcanA pAne ke bAda vyakta huA hai| aMtima kSaNa meM duryodhana ko saMtuSTa karane ke lie azvatthAmA upapANDavoM ke mastaka lAtA hai to duryodhana bar3A duHkhI hotA hai aura azvatthAmA ko spaSTa kaha detA hai ki zizuhatyA kA pApa tumhAre sira para aayegaa| duryodhana ke isa lokottara guNoM ko lakSya kara vidvAn Alocaka use 'mahAnubhAva' mAnane lage haiN| Alocaka use 'sAhasa kA dhanI' aura 'chaladaMkamalla' bhI kahA karate haiN| duryodhana raNakSetra kI ora bar3ha rahA hai| rAste meM dhRtarASTra aura gAMdhArI donoM usase milane A rahe hai| dhRtarASTra sulaha karane para Agraha karate haiM aura AdhA rAjya dharmarAja ko dene ke lie jora lagAte haiM / gAMdhArI lar3AI banda karane hetu use khUba samajhAtI hai| vaha itane se hI sAMtvanA prApta kara letI hai ki jo gaye loTa nahIM skte| kintu duryodhana hI baca gayA, calo acchA huaa| isa prakAra vaha bhAgya se samajhautA karane ko taiyAra hai| parantu duryodhana para

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25 paMpayuga mAtA-pitA kI ArttavANI kA koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| usakA eka bhI bhAI jIvita nahIM rhaa| udhara dharmarAja kI yaha pratijJA hai ki merA koI bhAI mArA jAvegA to mai Aga meM kUda paDUgA / duryodhana kI bar3I dayanIya dazA hai / vaha mAtA-pitA se kahatA hai, "mApa mere jIvita rahane kI bAta para koI bharosA na rakheM / apane bhAiyoM para jo bItA hai vahI mere lie bhI taya maaniye|" kabhI-kabhI vaha bar3A uttejita ho jAtA hai aura kahane lagatA hai--"pyAre bhAI karNa ! arjuna se tumheM maiM chIna lUgA / pyAre bhAI duHzAsana ! bhIma kA peTa cIrakara tumheM pA luugaa| ina donoM kA zikAra kara lU to pIche nirdoSI dharmarAja ke sAtha jIvana bitAne kI samasyA apane Apa hala ho jaaygii|" duHkha kI tIvratA usake muMha se kahalA detI hai, "kyA maiM hI ApakA putra haiM, dharmarAja nahIM ? Apa usake sAtha jIvanayApana kIjiye, merI koI cintA na kiijiye|" duryodhana ke mana kI udAratA kA yaha sundara prabhAva hai| bar3I dhUmadhAma se calanevAle duryodhana ko ekAkI aura udAsa Ate dekha bhISmapitAmaha dravita hote haiN| pitAmaha isa avasthA meM samajhaute kI carcA cher3ate haiM / duryodhana ko prastAva jaMcatA nahIM hai / vaha pitAmaha se yaha jAnane ke lie utsuka hai ki yuddha meM zatru ko parAsta kaise kiyA jAya / vaha pitAmaha se nivedana karatA hai, "maiM rAjya ke lie lAlAyita nahIM huuN| maiM praNa kA pAlana karane ke lie adhIra huuN| pANDavoM ke sAtha maiM rAjya kA upabhoga nahIM kara sakatA / yaha rAjya usa dazA meM zmazAna se bhinna nahIM hogaa| karNa kI hatyA ke lie uttarAdAyI yaha rAjya bhogane yogya nahIM hai| maiM kisake lie yaha rAjya sa~bhAlU ? na Apa haiM, na droNAcArya rahe, na karNa, na duHzAsana hI hai| kauna merA vaibhava dekhakara prasanna hogA ? itanA sunakara bhISma niruttara ho jAte haiN| pitAmaha duryodhana ko salAha dete haiM ki vaizampAyana sarovara meM sArA dina bitAkara dUsare dina balarAma ke sAtha milakara lar3AI jArI rakhI jAya / duryodhana yaha salAha mAnakara calA jAtA hai| parantu bAra-bAra samajhaute kI carcA sunakara vaha bar3A khinna hotA hai / vaha bar3oM kI salAha mAnakara sarovara meM raha to jAtA hai| kintu bhIma kI lalakAra sunate hI sarpadhvajI duryodhana roSa ke mAre jala meM rahane para bhI ubalane lgaa| pralayakAlIna rudra kI bhAMti vaha dharatI kA antara bhedate hue bAhara nikala par3A aura bhIma se jamakara lar3A tathA svarga sidhArA / isa prakAra gadAyuddha satyAzraya kA stutigAyana to hai hI, duryodhana kI

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A 26 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa mahimA kA bhI sundara citraNa karanevAlA mahAkAvya hai / vastutaH ranna kA dhavala yaza gadAyuddha kAvya se hI amara huA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki rasika vIra ratna ne isameM vAgdevI ke bhANDAra kI muhara avazya tor3I hai / campUrUpa isa kAvya meM 20 AzvAsa haiM / mahAkavi ranna ne paMpa kA ziSya banakara paMpa-bhArata ke 23beM AzvAsAMtargaMta bhIma-duryodhana sambandhI gadAyuddha ko hI kAvya kI vastu banAkara eka sarvazreSTha kAvya kI racanA kI hai / kavi kA kahanA hai ki sAhasabhIma, akalaMkacarita Adi upAdhiyoM ke svAmI satyAzraya ko kathAnAyaka banA kara bhIma ke sAtha usakI tulanA karate hue maiMne isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai / yuddhAnta meM paMpa apane kAvya meM jahAM arjuna evaM subhadrA kA paTTAbhiSeka karatA hai, vahIM ranna apanI racanA meM bhIma aura draupadI kA paTTAbhiSeka karatA hai / rana ke isa mahAkAvya meM eka vaiziSTaya aura hai / vaha hai, sampUrNa kAvya meM dRSTigocara honevAlI nATakIyatA / yahA~ para bhaTTanArAyaNa kA veNusaMhAra aura bhAsa kA UrubhaMga ina donoM kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai / phira bhI zrI bI0 e0 zrIkaMThayya kA kahanA hai ki bhaTTanArAyaNa aura bhAsa se bhI dRSTi se kama nahIM haiN| balki ranna unase bhI bar3hakara hai / gadAyuddha kA eka vaiziSTya yaha hai ki usameM siMhAvalokana-krama se bhAratAMtargata kathAoM ko pAtroM ke mukha se hI kahalAyA gayA hai / mahAkavi ranna kisI bhImasena kI pratijJA, duryodhana kA pralApa, bhIma-duryodhana kI pArasparika kaTUkti Adi sandarbhoM meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA mukhyAMza sucAru rUpa se nirUpita hai / ranna kI zailI, pAtroM kA caritracitraNa, rasapuSTividhAna, sanniveza nirmANa Adi vizeSa guNoM ke jijJAsu eka bAra "rannakaviprazasti" nAmaka vidvAnoM ke vimarzAtmaka lekha saMgraha ko avazya par3heM / ranna pratibhAzAlI mahAkavi haiM / unake dvArA citrita duryodhana kA pAtra kannaDa sAhitya meM anyatra milanA durlabha hai / pratinAyaka duryodhana kA patana durbhAgyavaza anivArya hI thA / phira bhI usameM nirUpita katipaya udAtta guNa indrajAla kI taraha hameM duryodhana ke prati sahRdaya banA dete haiM / anta meM kavi ne samayogAlaMkAra meM nibaddha eka sundara gIta dvArA yaha bhAva vyakta kiyA hai, 'idhara martyaloka meM kurukulArka asta huA to udhara AkAza meM arka bhI asta huA / ' 1. vizeSa ke lie 'premI abhinandana graMtha' meM prakAzita 'mahAkavi ranna kA duryodhana' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheM /

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paMpayuga 27 isa yuga ke anya kaviyoM meM cAuNDarAya, nAgavarma, zAMtinAtha, nAgacandra, nayasena, brahmaziva, karNapArya, vRttavilAsa Adi ullekhanIya haiN| cAuNDarAya cAuNDarAya brahmakSatriyavaMzodbhava haiN| inake guru AcArya ajitasena haiN| ye gaMgakulacUDAmaNi rAcamalla ( I0 974-984 ) ke mantrI evaM senAnI the| yaha sarvavidita hai ki zravaNabeLagoLa meM gommaTezvara kI pratimA pratiSThApita karane kA zreya cAuNDarAya ko hI hai / samaraparazurAma, vIramArtaNDa, pratipakSarakSaka Adi aneka upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita cAuNDa rAya bar3e dharmapremI aura udAra the| ranna kavi ke AzrayadAtA ke rUpa meM bhI inakA bar3A mAna thaa| inhoMne 'triSaSTilakSaNa mahApurANa' nAmaka gadyakAvya kI racanA kI / 'vaDDarAdhane' kI prApti se pahale isI grantha ko kannaDa kA prathama gadyakAvya mAnA jAtA thaa| yaha grantha 'cAuNDarAyapurANa' ke nAma se bhI vikhyAta hai| isameM tIthaMkara, cakravartI Adi 63 zalAkApuruSoM kI gAthAoM kA saMkalana hai / yaha guNabhadraviracita uttarapurANa para AdhArita racanA hai / pratyeka caritra ke AdimaMgalasvarUpa eka-eka padya ko chor3akara cAuNDarAyapurANa eka zuddha gadyagraMtha hai| yaha prAcIna kannaDa gadyaracanA kI eka bahumUlya kRti hai| isameM cAuNDarAya ne mUla kathAvastu meM kisI bhI prakAra kA antara nahIM Ane diyA hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa kavi kI dhArmika dRSTi hI mAlUma hotI hai / isa purANa meM kavi ko svapratibhA aura kAvyazakti ko pradarzita karane kI svatantratA nahIM hone se vaDDArAdhane meM jo vaiziSTaya hai, vaha vaiziSTaya isameM nahIM A pAyA hai| cAuNDarAyapurANa meM dhArmikatA to hai kintu kAvyadharma kA abhAva hai| phira bhI yaha purANa usa vakta kI gadyazailI kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki isake kaI padya bahuta hI sarala, lalita aura bhaktipUrNa haiM / yaha sambhava hai ki jaina purANakathAoM se aparicita vyakti ko cAuNDarAyapurANa vizeSa rucikara pratIta na ho| yadyapi isameM bhavAvaliyAM, nirvega Adi purANasahaja bAtoM kI adhikatA hai, phira bhI vizvanandi-vizAkhananda kA yuddha Adi katipaya prakaraNa vizeSa cittAkarSaka haiN|ye| prakaraNa cAuNDarAya ke kathana kauzala ke spaSTa sAkSI haiM / bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se cAuNDarAyapurANa kA gadya kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai|

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28 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa cAuNDarAya ne saMkRta meM bhI eka graMtha racA hai| isa graMtha kA nAma 'cAritrasAra' hai| isameM aNuvrata, zikSAvata, saMyama, bhAvanA, parISahajaya, dhyAna, anu'prekSA Adi AcAra dharma kA varNana hai| cAuNDarAya bar3A udAra thA / inake dvArA nirmita aparimita vyayasAdhya, sarvAMgasundara pUrvokta gombhamUrti evaM candragiri meM virAjamAna kalApUrNa jinAlaya usakI udAratA ke jvalanta pramANa haiM / candragiri meM vidyamAna yaha jinamandira usa parvata para sthita sabhI mandiroM meM manojJa hai| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki yahI cAuNDarAya mahAkavi ranna ke AzrayadAtA the| svabandhu evaM svajanmabhUmi ko tyAgakara vidyAdhyayana kI pipAsA se Agata ranna ke vidyAdhyayana kI sampUrNa vyavasthA cAuNDarAya ne hI kI thii| cAuNDarAya kavi hI nahIM apitu eka yoddhA bhI the| vibhinna avasaroM para prApta isakI samaradurandhara, vIramAtaMDa, raNaraMga siMha pratipakSarAkSasa, subhaTa cUDAmaNi Adi upAdhiyAM isa bAta kI puSTi karatI haiN| ina bAtoM kA vizada varNana vidhyagiri ke vartamAna 109 (281) veM zilAlekha tathA cAuNDarAyapurANa meM upalabdha hotA hai / cAuNDa rAya ko upayukta upAdhiyoM ke atirikta samyaktva ratnAkara, zocAbharaNa, satyayudhiSThira, guNaratnabhUSaNa Adi dhArmika guNoM ko vyakta karanevAlI bhI upAdhiyAM pradAna kI gii| ye sabhI upAdhiyA~ kavi ke sadAcArapUrNa dhArmika jIvana kA digdarzana karAtI haiN| cAuNDarAya rAya, aNNa Adi gauravapUrNa nAmoM se bhI pukArA jAtA thaa| cAuNDarAya kA AzrayadAtA gaMgakulacUDAmaNi, jagadekavIra Adi upAdhiyoM se samalaMkRta pUrvokta rAcamalla yA rAjamalla ( caturtha ) gaMgavaMzI nareza mArasiMha kA uttarAdhikArI thaa| mArasiMha ke zAsanakAla meM bhI cAuNDa rAya maMtrI evaM senApati ke pada para AsIna the| mArasiMha bhI jainadharma ke prati dRr3ha zraddhAlu the / inhoMne aneka jinamaMdiroM evaM mAnastaMbhoM kA nirmANa karA kara antataH baMkApura meM AcArya 1. vizeSa ke liye 'jaina sandeza' 20 zodhAMka ( meM prakAzita ) 'mahAkavi ranna ko cAuNDarAya kA AzrayadAna' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheN| 2. vizeSa jijJAsu 'jaina siddhAnta-bhAskara' meM prakAzita 'vIra mArtaNDa cAuNDarAya' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheN| (bhAga 6, kiraNa 4,) /

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paMpayuga 29 ajitasena ke pAdamUla meM samAdhimaraNapUrvaka zarIratyAga kiyaa|' prArambha se hI gaMgarAjya kIjainadharma se ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai| zravaNabeLagoLa ke zilAlekha naM0 54 (67) evaM gaMgavaMza ke anyAnya dAnapatroM se nirvivAdarUpa se yaha siddha hai ki munisiMhanandI hI gaMgavaMza ke saMsthApaka the / ise gommaTasAravRtti ke racayitA abhayacandra vidyacakravartI bhI svIkAra karate haiN| zrIdharAcArya __ yaha beluvala nADAntargata nariMgunda ke nivAsI the| inhoMne apane ko 'viprakulottama' batalAyA hai| abhI taka to inakA 'jAtakatilaka' nAmaka eka jyotiSa grantha hI upalabdha ho sakA hai, jo ki prakAzita ho cukA hai / yadyapi jAtaka tilaka ke antima padya se patA calatA hai ki inhoMne 'candraprabhacarita' bhI racA thaa| parantu yaha grantha abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai| kavi kA kahanA hai ki vidvAnoM ne mujhase kahA ki 'abhI taka kannaDa meM kisI ne jyotiSa grantha nahIM likhA hai, isalie tuma jAtakatilaka avazya likho|' isa prakAra vidvAnoM kI preraNA se hI maiMne jAtakatilaka kI racanA kI hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki kannaDa meM jyotiSa sambandhI graMtha likhane vAloM meM zrIdharAcArya prathama haiN| isa bAta kI puSTi bAhubali ( lagabhaga 126. I0 kI 'nAgakumAra-kathA' se bhI hotI hai| kannaDakavicarite ke mAnya lekhaka ke mata se zrIdharAcArya kA kAla I0 san 1049 evaM zA0 zaka 971 hai| zrIdharAcArya ko gadyapadyavidyAdhara aura budhajanamitra ye do upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| inhoMne apane ko vidhuvizadayazonidhi, kAvyadharmajinadharmagaNitadharmamahAmbhonidhi, budhamitra, nijakulAmbujAkara mitra, rasabhAvasamanvita, subhaga, akhilavedI Adi aneka vizeSaNoM se saMbodhita kiyA hai| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki jAtakatilaka eka jyotiSa graMtha hai| yaha kaMda vRttoM meM likhA gayA hai| isameM 24 adhikAra haiN| yadyapi kavi ne apane grantha kI utkRSTatA kaI padyoM meM batalAI hai tathApi sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa una padyoM ko yahAM para uddhRta karanA apekSita nahIM hai| zrIdharAcArya ne jyotiSa kA prayojana isa prakAra batalAyA hai "bhavabaddha zubhAzubha kamavipAka kA phala jAnane ke lie jyotirjJAna aMdherI koTharI meM rakhI huI vastuoM ko spaSTa dikhAne vAle pradIpa ke samAna hai|' 1. vizeSa jijJAsu 'sammati sandeza' (dillI), varSa 10, aMka 7, meM prakAzita 'gaMganareza mArasiMha kA samAdhimaraNa' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheN|

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jAtakatilaka eka sundara kRti hai| kavi ne vivecya viSayoM ko sarala zailI meM sundara DhaMga se likhA hai / yaha maisUra rAjakIya pustakAlaya kI ora se prakAzita ho cukA hai / graMtha hindI meM anuvAda karane yogya hai / ' divAkaranandi inhoMne umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra kI kannaDavRtti likhI hai| isa bAta kA ullekha hameM nagara ke 57 veM abhilekha meM upalabdha hotA hai| divAkaranandi ke guru bhaTTAraka candrakIti the| mAlUma hotA hai ki divAkaranandi 'siddhAnta ratnAkara' nAmaka bahumUlya upAdhi se vibhUSita the| nagara ke 57veM evaM 58veM abhilekhoM meM inakI bar3I prazaMsA kI gaI hai| upayukta abhilekhoM ke lekhaka mallinAtha inhIM ke praziSya the / divAkaranandi ke ziSya sakalacandra aura sakalacandra ke ziSya mallinAtha the| mallinAtha ke pitA paTTaNasvAmI nokka bhI divAkaranandi ke hI ziSya the / ukta zilAlekhoM meM paTTaNasvAmI nokka ke dvArA pradatta dAna kA vistRta ullekha hai| uparyukta zilAlekha cAlukya zAsaka trailokyamalla ke zAsanakAla meM tathA vIra zAMtAra ke samaya meM likhe gaye the / 58veM zilAlekha meM usakA lekhanakAla bhI aMkita hai, yaha zA0 zaka 984 ( I0 san 1062 ) meM likhA gayA thaa| sva0 Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ne apane 'kavicarite' meM divAkaranandi kA jo samaya nirdhAraNa kiyA hai, vaha isI zilAlekha ke AdhAra para kiyA hogaa| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki divAkaranandi eka suyogya vidvAn the| ye kevala kannaDa ke hI vidvAn nahIM the, apitu saMskRta ke bhI vidvAn the| inhoMne apanI tattvArthavRtti kA maMgalAcaraNa saMskRta meM nimna prakAra kiyA hai 'natvA jinezvaraM vIraM vakSye' krnnaattbhaassyaa| tattvArthasUtramUlArtha maMdabuddhadhanurodhanaH // divAkaranandi kI ukta tattvArthavRtti ke anta meM eka gadya hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki inake guru kevala pUrvokta bhaTTAraka candrakIrti hI nahIM the, balki padmanandi siddhAntadeva bhI the / isa vRtti meM vRttikAra divAkaranandi ne apanI isa vRtti kA laghuvRtti ke nAma se hI ullekha kiyA hai| sAtha hI sAtha isa gadya meM divAkaranandi ne apane ko 'AsAdhitasamastasiddhAMtAmRtapArAvAra' 1. vizeSa jijJAsu 'jAtakatilaka'--'jaina saMdeza' (zodhAMka 28), bhAga-27, saM0 48, mathurA-1964, meM prakAzita merA lekha dekheM /

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paMpayuga 31 batalAyA hai / umAsvAtikRta tattvArthasUtra meM dasa adhyAya haiM isalie vRtti meM bhI dasa hI prakaraNa rakhe gaye haiN| vastutaH divAkaranandi vizuddha caritra evaM sadguNoM ke dhAraka, yogI zreSTha, jainadharma ke prati dRr3ha zraddhAlu aura dezIgaNa ke bhUSaNarUpa eka praur3ha vidvAn bhI haiN| zAMtinAtha inhoMne 'sukumAracarite' nAmaka campUkAvya likhA hai| yaha bAta zikAripura ke 136veM zilAlekha meM bhI aMkita hai| zilAlekha zA0 zaka 990 ( kIlaka saMvatsara ) meM likhA gayA hai| kavi zAntinAtha bhuvanaikamalla ( I0 san 1068-1076 ) ke sAmanta lakSma nRpa ke mantrI the| inake guru vrati vardhamAna, pitA govindarAja, agraja kannapArtha, anuja vAgabhUSaNa aura revaNa the| nRpa lakSma inake svAmI the| inhoMne apane ko daNDanAthapravara, paramajinapadAmbojinIrAjahaMsa, sarasvatImukhamukuraM, sahajakavi, caturakavi, nissahAyakavi batAyA hai| ye inakI upAdhiyA~ mAlUma hotI hai / zAntinAtha nRpa lakSma ke mantrI hI nahIM the, banavase ke arthAdhikArI, kAryadhuraMdhara aura tadrAjyasamuddhAraka bhI the| pUrvokta zilAlekha ke AdhAra se kavi zAntinAtha kA kAla I0 san 1068 nizcita kiyA gayA hai / zAntinAtha ke Adeza se nRpa lakSma ne baligrAma ke zAntinAtha jinAlaya kA zilAnyAsa kiyA thaa| pUrvokta zikAripura ke zilAlekha meM kavi zAntinAtha kI bar3I stuti kI gaI hai| sukumAracarite meM 12 AzvAsa haiN| tiryagupasargoM kA varNana karanevAlI bhavAvaliyoM se yukta yaha paurANika kathA manohara evaM mArmika hai| vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki zAntinAtha ne kisI anirdiSTa prAkRta mala se vaDArAdhanA meM Agata 'sukumArasvAmikathA' se hI isa grantha kI kathAvastu lI hogii| saMskRta aura kannaDa meM upalabdha anyAnya sukumAracaritra zAntinAtha ke isa sukumAracaritra ke bAda kI racanA haiM / isa kAvya meM sUradatta tathA yazobhadrA ke putra sukumAra kA caritra sundara DhaMga se varNita hai / sukumAra yazobhadrAcArya ke upadeza se jAtismaraNa jJAna prApta kara virakta ho jAtA hai tathA ukta AcArya se hI dIkSA grahaNa kara anta meM mokSa prApta karatA hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki zAntinAtha kA yaha kAvya mahAkAvya ranna, ponna Adi ke kAvyoM se nimna stara kA nahIM hai| vastutaH zAntinAtha eka praur3ha kavi the / apanI pratijJAnusAra ve isa kAvya

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32 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa racanA se kRtakRtya hue haiM / kavi ne apanI kRti meM pAribhASika zabdoM kI apekSA sulabha zabdoM kA hI prayoga adhika kiyA hai / kAvya kA varNana hRdayaMgama evaM sajIva hai / pAtra - racanA meM kavi ne apanI kuzalatA kA acchA paricaya diyA hai / isa kAvya kA eka aura baiziSTaya hai isakA kathA nirUpaNakrama / isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki nayasena sadRza kathAlekhakoM ke lie zAntinAtha mArgadarzaka haiM / yadyapi kavi zAntinAtha para vaDarAdhane kA prabhAva rahA ho, isakI bahuta kucha sambhAvanA hai / 'sukumAracarite' meM vAtAvaraNa kA nirUpaNa bar3A hI svAbhAvika hai / yaha kAvya zivamogga ke karNATakasaMgha kI ora se prakAzita ho cukA hai / nAgacanda inhoMne apanI racanAoM meM apane deza, kAla aura vaMza Adi ke sambandha meM kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / pariNAmataH inake deza, kAla aura vaMza Adi ke bAre meM isa samaya nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya, zrI dattAtreya bendre Adi katipaya vidvAnoM kI rAya hai ki vijayapura arthAt vartamAna bIjApura nAgacandra kA janmasthala ho sakatA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha batalAyA jAtA hai ki kavi ne svayaM likhA hai ki 'vijayapura meM zrI mallinAtha - jinAlaya kA nirmANa karAkara maiMne mallinAtha purANa kI racanA kI hai / ' parantu zrI govinda pai maMjezvara isase sahamata nahIM haiM / Apa nAgacandra kI kRtiyoM (paMparAmAyaNa tathA mallinAthapurANa ) ke katipaya padyoM ke AdhAra para banavAsi yA isakI pazcima sImA para avasthita samudratIravarttI kisI sthAna ko kavi kA janmasthala anumAna karate haiM (dekheM - abhinava paMpa meM prakAzita unakA lekha ) / govinda pai kA kahanA hai ki koI bhI janazruti nirAdhAra nahIM hotI hai / yadi yaha bAta yathArtha hai to mAnanA par3egA ki nAgacandra apanI pUrvAvasthA meM cAlukya cakravartI ke mahAmaNDalezvara hoysala viSNuvardhana kI rAjadhAnI dvArasamudra meM jAkara kucha samaya taka rahe aura vahA~ para inhoMne kavayitrI kaMti ko samasyAyeM dI thIM / mallinAthapurANa (AzvAsa 1, padya 40) meM pratipAdita jinakathA ko nAgacandra ne prAyaH viSNuvardhana ( I0 san 1110-1115 ) ke AsthAna meM hI racA hogA / jisa prakAra inake pUrvavartI mahAkavi ratna prathamataH sAyanna ke, bAda meM mahAmaNDalezvara ke aura aMta meM cAlukya cakravartI ke AsthAna meM pahu~ce the, usI

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paMpayaga prakAra nAgacandra bhI viSNuvardhana ke mAsthAna se bIjApura jAkara vahAM ke cAlukya yuvarAja mallikArjuna ke AsthAna meM rahe hoMge aura lagabhaga 1120 I0 meM bIjApura kA zilAlekha likhA hogaa| bIjApura ke zilAlekha ke padya 6 meM ullekhita mallikArjuna ke protsAhana evaM sahAyatA se hI kavi nAgacandra ne vijayapura (bIjApura) meM mallideva ke sanAma mallijinendra kA mandira banavAyA hogA aura vahIM para 'mallinAthapurANa' kI racanA kI hogii| sambhavataH graMtha samApta hone ke pUrva hI mallikArjuna svargavAsI ho gayA hogA aura isIlie bAda meM usake anuja tRtIya somezvara ke AsthAna meM rahakara kavi nAgacandra ne uparyukta mallinAthapurANa pUrA kiyA hogaa| ___ mallinAthapurANa ke 'nijavibhavodayaM saphalamAyata' nAmaka padya se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi nAgacandra kAphI saMpanna thaa| inake graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi ko bhAratIkarNapUra, kavitAmanohara, sAhitya vidyAdhara, caturakavi, janAsthAnaratnapradIpa, sAhitya-sarvajJa aura sUktimuktAvataMsa upAdhiyA~ prApta thiiN| nAgacandra ke guru muni bAlacandra the| parantu bAlacandra nAma ke kaI vyakti hue haiN| isalie inameM kavi nAgacandra ke guru muni bAlacandra kauna se the, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| zrI govinda pai maMjezvara kA mata hai ki zravaNabeLagoLa ke 158veM zilAlekha meM aMkita bAlacandra hI nAgacandra ke guru hoNge| kintu isa zilAlekha ke bahuta se akSara jahAM-tahAM ghisa gaye haiM jisase muni bAlacandra ke sambandha meM vizeSa kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA haiM / durbhAgya se zilAlekha meM lekhanakAla bhI nahIM diyA gayA hai| phira bhI zrI govinda pai kA yaha sunizcita mata hai ki nAgacandra ke dvArA apane mallinAthapurANa (AzvAsa 1, padya 20) evaM paMparAmAyaNa ( AzvAsa 1, padya 19 ) meM stuta svaguru bAlacandra upayukta bAlacandra hI haiM ( dekheM, 'abhinava paMpa' meM prakAzita govinda pai kA lekha ) / karNapArya ( lagabhaga 1140 I0) durgasiMha ( lagabhaga 1545 I0 ), pArzva ( I0 san 1205 ), janna (I0 san 1209), madhura (I0 san lagabhaga 1385), maMgarasa (I0 san 1508) Adi mAnya kaviyoM ne nAgacandra kI stuti kI hai| nAgavarma kezirAja Adi lakSaNa graMthakAroM ne bhI udAharaNa ke rUpa meM nAgacandra ke graMthoM ke padyoM ko udhata kiyA hai| janmasthAna Adi kI taraha kavi nAgacandra ke kAla ke sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| 'karNATakakavicarite' ke vidvAn lekhaka zrI narasiMhA

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34 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa cArya kA anumAna hai ki nAgacandra kA samaya lagabhaga 1100 I0 meM rahA hogA (karNATakakavicarite, pRSTha 99) / zrI govinda pai kA anumAna hai ki kavi nAgacandra kA janma lagabhaga I0 san 1090 meM huA hogaa| yaha bhI kahanA hai ki mallinAthapurANa kI racanA ke samaya kavi kI avasthA cAlIsa kI aura paMparAmAyaNa kI racanA ke samaya pacAsa kI rahI hogii| isa prakAra unakA anumAna hai ki mallinAthapurANa kA racanAkAla I0 san 1130 se pUrva aura paMparAmAyaNa kA racanAkAla I. san 1140 rahA hogA ( 'abhinavapaMpa' meM prakAzita unakA lekha dekheM ) / ataH upayukta donoM vidvAnoM ke mata se kavi nAgacandra kA samaya nissandeha gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha athavA bArahavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha rahA hogA / nAgacandra ke kAlanirNaya ke lie apane 'kavicarite' meM Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ne jo pramANa upasthita kiye haiM, una para kucha anya pramANoM ke sAtha zrI govinda pai ne apane vimarzAtmaka lekha meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki isa mahattvapUrNa lekha meM isa sambandha meM kAphI prakAza DAlA gayA hai / yadyapi devacandra (I0 san 1838) ke mata se 'jinamunitanaya' aura 'jinAkSara mAlA' bhI nAgacandra kI kRtiyA~ haiM, parantu jinamunitanaya ke sAhityika prastutI. karaNa ko dekhate hue ise nAgacandra kI kRti mAnanA ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki nAgacandra kI racanAoM se isakA bilakula mela nahIM baiThatA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha kRti paravartI kisI sAmAnya kavi dvArA racI gaI hai / Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ko prApta jinamunitanaya kI tADapatrIya prati ke aMtima padya meM 'muninUtanAgacandra' zabda aMkita hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki jinamunitanaya ke racayitA ne apanA nAma abhinava nAgacandra rakha liyA thaa| parantu jinamunitanaya kI mudrita prati meM uparyukta 'kavinUtanAgacandra' ke sthAna para 'yativinUtanAgacandra' chapA huA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki isI se yaha kRti nAgacandra racita samajhI gaI hai| jahAM taka jinAkSaramAlA kA saMbaMdha hai, isa nAma kI eka laghukAya kRti paM0 eca0 zeSaayyaMgAra ne saMpAdita kara madrAsa se prakAzita kI hai / isake racayitA mahAkavi ponna haiM / saMbhavataH isI nAma kI dUsarI kRti nAgacandra dvArA racI gaI ho / nAgacandra kA dUsarA nAma abhinava paMpa thaa| inake upalabdha do graMthoM meM pahalA mallinAthapurANa aura dUsarA paMparAmAyaNa hai| pamparAmAyaNa kA aparanAma rAmacandracaritapurANa hai| zrI govinda pai, dattAtreya vendre Adi vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki inameM se pahale mallinAthapurANa aura bAda meM paMpa

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35 paMpayuga rAmAyaNa kI racanA kI gayI thii| pahale graMtha kA graMthapramANa gadya-padya milAkara 2031 haiM jabaki dUsare grantha meM kevala 2343 padya haiN| donoM kA baMdha bahuta hI lalita evaM manohara hai| donoM graMthoM ke AzvAsoM ke anta meM nimna gadyAMza likhA huA milatA hai, "idu (yaha) paramajinasamayakumudanIzaraccandrabAlacandra munIndracaraNanakhakiraNacandrikAcakoraM bhAratIkarNapUraM zrImadabhinava-paviracitamappaH / __mallinAthapurANa kI kathA choTI hai| kevala rasapuSTi evaM anuSAMgika varNanoM ke kAraNa grantha kA pramANa bar3ha gayA hai / yadyapi isameM kalpanAsvAtantrya ke lie paryApta gumAiza thii| mallinAtha kI apekSA paMparAmAyaNa bar3I hai| isameM pAtroM kA caritracitraNa bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se huA hai / graMtha meM laukika anubhava kA puTa bhI yatheSTa rUpa meM milatA hai| nAgacandra ne mallinAthapurANa ke eka-do hI nahIM, balki anekoM mahattvapUrNa sundara padyoM ko paMparAmAyaNa meM le liyA hai| kavi Agama, adhyAtma, arthazAstra, sAhitya Adi sabhI viSayoM meM niSNAta the| isake guru muni bAlacandra bhI sakalaguNasampanna uccakoTi ke vidvAnoM meM se the| isalie ziSya nAgacandra kA tadanurUpa honA sarvathA svAbhAvika hai / zAMtarasa kavi ko adhika priya thaa| isIlie isakI donoM kRtiyAM zAMtarasapradhAna haiN| isameM niHzreyasa padaprApti kI lAlasA ke sAtha-sAtha guru kA prabhAva bhI mukhya hetu ho sakatA hai / apane zraddhaya guru para nAgacandra kI asIma bhakti thii| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki kavi ke tana, mana aura dhana ye tInoM hI jinendradeva kI sevA ke lie hI arpita the / isIlie jinArcanA aura jinaguNavarNana ke sAtha-sAtha isane vijayapura meM mallinAtha-jinAlaya kA nirmANa karAkara apane vaibhava ko maphala banAyA thaa| paramajinabhakta, AcAryapAdapadmopajIvI nAgacandra apane kAbya evaM sadAcaraNa ke lie amara raheMge / bendre jI kA anumAna hai ki mahAkavi hone ke pUrva nAgacandra ko zilAlekhoM ke kavi kA saubhAgya bhI prApta thA kyoMki vijayapura ke zilAlekha meM hI nahIM apitu zravaNabeLagoLa ke kaI zilAlekhoM meM inake bahuta se padya vidyamAna haiM / isameM kiMcita bhI saMdeha nahIM hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne hI mukhyataH zAMtarasa ko apanAyA hai| kAvyAdhyayana kA uddezya rAgadveSoM kA pracodana nahIM hai, pratyuta anaMta sukha kI AdhArabhUta darzana vizuddhi kI prApti hai / eka dharmaniSTha vyakti kaviyoM se cakravartI ke asIma vaibhava yA devendra ke svargIya sukha ke varNana nahIM sunanA cAhatA hai, kyoMki ye saba nazvara haiM / vaha cAhatA hai akSaya sukha ko pAne kA sugama evaM niSkaMTaka upAya batalAne vAle mahApuruSoM kI saphala jIvanI jo

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36 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa usake hRdaya ko sakaMpa evaM dravIbhUta karake usI ke caraNoM meM tallIna kara ske| pratibhApuJja mahAkavi nAgacandra meM yaha guNa maujUda thaa| varNanIya caritra eka hI janma kA ho yA aneka janmoM kA, yadi kavi usameM eka krama nirdhArita karane meM samartha hotA hai to usakI pratibhA prazasta hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki nAgacandra ne mallinAtha ke ubhaya janmoM ke pAvana caritra ko bar3I hI buddhimattA se eka mahAjanma ke pUrvApara ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| isameM uttara janma sambaMdhI madhura phaloM ke mukhya bIja pUrva janma ke caritra meM spaSTa jhalakate haiM / kathAvastu meM apUrvatA lAne meM kavi samartha huA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki kavi kA racanA-kauzala sarvathA prazaMsanIya hai| nAgacandra ne apane mallinAthapurANa meM mahAkavi paMpa ke dvArA pratipAdita (1) bhuvana (2) deza (3) pura (4) rAjavRtta (5) arhadvibhava (6) caturgati (7) tapomArga aura (8) phala ina ATha kathAnakoM ko hI saharSa apanAyA hai| zrI bendre ke anusAra, mallinAthapurANa ke 2031 gadya-padyoM meM se lagabhaga 2350 gadya-padya deza, pura rAjavRtta Adi meM varNana ke lie hI race gaye haiM / janasAdhAraNa kI jIvanazailI ko kavi ne vistArapUrvaka bahuta hI cittAkarSaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai / isameM mAnavasukha kI carama sthiti ke sAtha hI sAtha jainendra pada kI sarvotkRSTatA kA bhI varNana hai| nAgacandra arthAntara nyAsa kA adhika premI thA, phalasvarUpa mallinAthapurANa meM isakI bahulatA hai| paMparAmAyaNa eka sarasa mahAkAvya hai| isakA Adarza IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM AcArya ra viSeNa dvArA saMskRta meM racita padmapurANa hai| saMskRta padmapurANa kA Adarza I0 san prathama zatAbdI meM vimalasUri dvArA racita prAkRta 'paumacariyam' hai| jaina paramparAgata rAmacaritra hI isa paMpa-rAmAyaNa kA pratipAdya viSaya hai| isameM nAyaka rAmacandra ke caritra ke aMgasvarUpa vAsudeva lakSmaNa aura prativAsudeva rAvaNa kA caritra, cakravartI, gaNadhara evaM kulakaroM ke caritra tathA caturgati, lokasvarUpa aura kAlasvarUpa Adi viSayoM kA bhI vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai (paMparAmAyaNa, AzvAsa 1, padya 41) / rAmacandra, lakSmaNa, rAvaNa, sItA, nArada, hanumAna, bAli tathA sugrIva paMparAmAyaNa ke pradhAna pAtra haiN| jIva kA aMtima lakSya mokSa kI sAdhanA tapasyA hai| tapasyA meM pravRtti virakti ke dvArA hI hotI hai| ataH pAThakoM ko isameM inakI

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yuga 37 virakti ke apUrva dRzya bhI dekhane ko mileMge / isI prakAra isameM janmAMtara kI kathAoM ke dRzya bhI varNita haiM / vaibhavazAlI bar3e-bar3e rAjA-mahArAjA bhI sAmAnya se sAmAnya nimitta pAkara kisa prakAra saMsAra se virakta hokara Atma hitArtha kaThina se kaThina tapasyA karane meM pravRtta ho jAte haiM, aisI adbhuta ghaTanAeM bhI paMpa rAmAyaNa meM pracura parimANa meM milatI haiM / dhma yahA~ para vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa evaM paMparAmAyaNa meM pAye jAnevAle kucha pramukha bhedoM kA bhI ullekha kara denA Avazyaka hai| paMparAmAyaNa meM rAma kI mAtA aparAjitA aura zatru kI mAtA suprabhA batAI gaI haiN| sumitrA ke lakSmaNa ekamAtra putra the / jainapurANa ke anusAra rAma viSNu kA avatAra nahIM haiM, apitu baladeva haiM aura lakSmaNa zeSa ke avatAra nahIM haiM, apitu vAsudeva haiM / isI prakAra rAvaNa prativAsudeva hai / rAma dharmanAyaka, lakSmaNa vIranAyaka aura rAvaNa prati vAsudeva hai / rAvaNa kA vadha rAma nahIM apitu lakSmaNa karate haiM / sItA bhUmijA nahIM, balki janaka kI putrI haiN| sItA ko prabhAmaMDala nAmaka bhAI bhI thA / isameM vizvAmitra, parazurAma aura mantharA kI carcA hI nahIM hai / sugrIva, bAli Adi bandara nahIM apitu vAnaravaMzIya vidyAdhara the / inake dhvajoM para kapi kA cihna hotA thA / rAvaNa se inakA sambandha bhI thA / varuNa ke yuddha meM hanumAna ne rAvaNa kI sahAyatA kI thI / yahA~ para rAma ke dvArA bAli ke vadha kA ullekha hI nahIM hai / isI prakAra paMpa- rAmAyaNa meM setubaMdha kA ullekha nahIM hai / kapidhvaja vidyAdharI AkAzagAminI vidyA ke bala se samudra pAra karate haiM / paMparAmAyaNa ke anusAra rAkSasa aura vAnara donoM hI vidyAdharavaMza ke the / hanumAna rAvaNa kI bahana ke jAmatR the / rAvaNa ke durAcAra se ruSTa hokara hI hanumAna aura vibhISaNa rAma ke sAtha Akara mila gaye / rAvaNa rAkSasa nahIM thA, kintu rAkSasavaMza kA thA / usake daza mastaka bhI nahIM the| zaMbuka rudra na hokara, rAvaNa kI bahana candranakhA kA lar3akA thA / 'sUryahAsa' khaDga ke lie tapasyA karate hue use lakSmaNa ne bhrAntivaza mArA thA jo rAvaNa dvArA sItApaharaNa kA ekamAtra kAraNa bana gayA / rAma kA varNa gaura aura lakSmaNa kA zyAma thA aura lakSmaNa ne hI rAvaNa ko mArA thA, rAma ne nahIM / rAma usI bhava meM mokSa gaye haiM / 1 1. vizeSa ke lie 'jaina sandeza' zodhAMka 12 meM prakAzita 'jaina rAmAyaNa ke vividha rUpa' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheM |

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38 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa paMparAmAyaNa meM sItA dvArA agnipraveza kI ghaTanA rAma-rAvaNa yuddha ke bAda tathA ayodhyA jAne ke pUrva ghaTita nahIM hotI hai pratyuta lava-kuza ke janma ke bAda ghaTita hotI hai| vastutaH agnipraveza ke bAda virakta ho, vaha jinadIkSA hI le letI hai| virakti kA kAraNa ekamAtra usa para lagAyA gayA mithyA lAMchana hI thaa| lakSmaNa kA adbhuta bhrAtRprema, sItA kA asIma pati prema, vaibhavazAlI sundara aura zUravIra hone para bhI paradArAbhikAMkSI rAvaNa kA sItA dvArA tiraskAra, ahiMsAdi vratoM kA mArmika varNana, bandara, hAthI Adi pazuoM kA dharma para acala prema, muni-AryikA Adi tyAgI-tapasviyoM ke Adarza caritroM kA sajIva varNana Adi prasaMga sAmAnya janatA para bhI apanA gaharA prabhAva DAlate haiN| paMparAmAyaNa meM vijJa pAThaka rAvaNa ko mAnavocita dayA, kSamA, saujanya, gAmbhIrya evaM audArya Adi mahAna guNoM se yukta pAyeMge / jaina rAmAyaNa meM hI nahIM, apitu vAlmIkirAmAyaNa meM bhI kaI sthAnoM para rAvaNa ko 'mahAtmA' zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai ( sundarakANDa, sarga 5,10,11) itanA hI nahIM, vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki rAvaNa kI rAjadhAnI meM ghara-ghara meM vedapAThI vidvAn the aura pratyeka ghara meM havana kuMDa thaa| dharmAtmA rAvaNa ke mahaloM meM kabhI koI bhI azubha kArya nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, apitu vedapratipAdita zubha karma hI kiye jAte the (sundarakANDa, sarga 6 tathA 18) / ' paMparAmAyaNa ke nimnalikhita prakaraNoM kA varNana vizeSa ullekhanIya hai(1) svayambara ke uparAnta sItA ko dekhane ke kutUhala se nArada muni rUpa meM AkAza mArga se mithilA Ate haiM aura avasara pAkara antaHpura meM praveza kara jAte haiN| chadmavezI nArada ko sItA acAnaka dekha letI hai aura unake vicitra rUpa se bhayabhIta ho, vaha jora se cillA uThatI hai / isa dayanIya AvAja ko sunakara anta:pura kI rakSikAe~ daur3a AtI haiN| taba taka nArada apane anucita vyavahAra ke lie svayaM lajjita hokara, vahA~ se vApisa cala par3ate haiN| yaha varNana svAbhAvika sundara evaM bahuta hI hRdayagrAhI hai| isakA anubhava eka bhuktabhogI hI kara sakatA hai| isa varNana meM satya, saundarya evaM cAturya Adi sabhI antahita haiM (paMparAmAyaNa, AzvAsa 4, padya 80-88) / 1. "jaina siddhAntabhAskara", bhAga 6, kiraNa 1 meM prakAzita 'jaina rAmAyaNa kA rAvaNa' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheN|

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paMpayuga (2) mAlUma hotA hai ki nAgacandra uddaNDa ghor3oM kI cAla se acchI taraha paricita the| sAtha-hI-sAtha aise ghor3oM para car3hanA vaha adhika pasanda karate the / isIlie etajjanya kavi kA anubhava sarvathA zlAghanIya hai (paMparAmAyaNa, AzvAsa 4, padya 105, 206, 208, 111, 112, 114, 118 aura 120) (3) sItA kA pativiyogajanya tathA rAma kA patnIviyogajanya asIma duHkha paMparAmAyaNa meM bahuta hI hRdayavidAraka DhaMga se varNita hai| isa varNana ko par3hane se vastutaH pAThakoM kI AMkheM bhara AtI haiM aura maryAdApuruSottama rAmacandra evaM pativratAziromaNi sItA ke prati sahAnubhUti paidA hotI hai ( paMparAmAyaNa, AzvAsa 7, padya 107, 111, 113, 116, 117 aura 118) / (4) isI prakAra 'mallinAthapurANa' meM vasantotsava kA varNana bhI sarvathA paThanIya hai / isa varNana meM khAsakara mAmara-mallikAlatAoM kA vivAhavarNana eka kutUhalotpAdaka vastu hai ( mallinAthapurANa, AzvAsa 6, padya 40, 43, 44, 45 aura 46 ) / __nAgacandra eka rasika kavi thaa| sAtha-hI-sAtha isameM agAdha pAMDitya bhI maujUda thaa| ina kRtiyoM meM sarvatra kavi kI anuprAsapriyatA spaSTa dRSTigocara hotI hai| yamaka ke prayoga se inakA kAvyasaundarya bar3ha gayA hai| sArAMzataH nAgacandra ke granthoM meM anunAsika, daMtya aura anusvAra ke Adhikya se prApta saundarya vastutaH darzanIya hai| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM kannaDa kI bherI ko bajAne vAle prathama kavi abhinavapaMpa ke nAma se vikhyAta nAgacandra hI haiN| mahAkavi nAgacandra eka uddAma kavi haiN| unake granthoM meM kSAtradharma kI apekSA bhakti evaM vairAgya kA pravAha hI vizeSa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| kavi kI kRtiyA~ sarvatra zAnta rasa se otaprota haiN| isI rasa ke anurUpa kavi kI kAvyazailI bhI hai| mahAkavi paMpa aura rana kI apekSA nAgacandra kI zailI lalita aura sarala hai| kati abhI taka isa kavayitrI kA koI svatantra graMtha nahIM milA hai| kevala 'kati haMpana samasyegaL' nAma se isake kucha phuTakara padya avazya mile haiM / dvArasamudra ke ballAlarAya kI sabhA meM mahAkavi abhinavapaMpa dvArA jo samasyAe~ rakhI gaI thIM, unhIM samasyAoM kI pUrti isane kI thii| uparyukta saMgraha meM pUrvokta sama

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa syAeM tathA unakI pUrtiyA~ saMgRhIta haiM / kavi bAhubali ( lagabhaga 1560 I0 ) ne apane 'nAgakumAracarita' meM dora ( ballAla ) - sabhA kI maMgalalakSmI, zubhaguNacaritA, abhinava vAgdevI Adi sundara vizeSaNoM dvArA stuti kI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kaMti dvArasamudra ke ballAlarAya kI sabhA meM paNDitA rahI hoMgI / abhinavavAgdevI isakI upAdhi thI / isa kavayitrI ke bAre meM devacandra ne apanI 'rAjAvalI - kathe' meM isa prakAra likhA hai 40 'dorarAya dvArasamudra nAmaka eka vizAla jalAzaya kA nirmANa karAkara tathA dharmacandra nAmaka eka brAhmaNa ko apanA mantrI niyuktakara sucArurUpa se vahA~ kA rAjya kArya karatA thA / mantriputra svayaM adhyApana kArya samhAlatA huA bAlakoM ko chanda, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa aura kAvya Adi sabhI viSayoM ko par3hAyA karatA thA / adhyApaka mandabuddhivAle bAlakoM ke mati - prakAzanArtha 'jyotiSmatI' nAmaka buddhivardhaka eka viziSTa taila taiyAra karake usameM se mandabuddhivAle bAlakoM ko ardha bindu ke parimANa se diyA karatA thA / tailasevanavidhi se anabhijJa kaMti ne prAyaH adhika lAbha ke lobha se gurujI kI anupasthiti meM pAtrastha pUre taila ko eka hI bAra meM pI DAlA / phalataH auSadhajanya asahya garmI ko na sahana kara turanta vaha daur3akara kue meM gira gii| vahA~ para kaMThapramANa pAnI meM adhika samaya taka rahane se jaba taila kI garmI kama huI aura vaha kueM meM khar3I hokara sundara kavitAe~ banAne lagI taba usa apUrva ghaTanA ko dekhakara sabhI Azcarya meM par3a ge| baha vicitra samAcAra turanta dorarAya ke AsthAna ( sabhA maNDapa ) meM bhI pahuMca gayA / isa bAta kI vAstavikatA kA patA lagAne ke lie rAjA dora ne apane AsthAna ke khyAtiprApta mahAkavi abhinavapampa ko bhejA / ubhaya bhASA kavi pampa ne ghaTanAsthala para pahuMcakara kaMti se eka do nahIM, saikar3oM prazna kiye / kavayitrI kaMti ne bhI sabhI praznoM ko samucita uttara dekara suyogya parIkSaka mahAkavi ko cakita kara diyaa| bAda meM mahAkavi pampa ne kaMti ko rAjadarabAra meM pahuMcAyA / darabAra meM dora ne isakI kavitA se prasanna hokara kaMti ko apane AsthAna kI kavIzvarI ghoSita kiyA aura kavayitrI ko apane AsthAna meM hI rakhA / sambhavataH kaMti ko 'abhinava vAgdevI' kI upAdhi ballAlarAya dora ke dvArA hI pradAna kI gaI thI / yadi abhinavapampa dvArA kaMti ko samasyAeM dene

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paMpayuga 41 kI bAta yathArtha hai to kaMti, pampa kI samasAmayika siddha hotI hai / abhinavapampa kA samaya lagabhaga 1100 I0 hai / uparyukta dora bhI dvArasamudra kA tatkAlIna zAsaka ballAla ( I0 san 1100 - 1106 ) hI honA cAhie / mAlUma hotA hai ki isakI sabhA meM paMpa, kaMti Adi suyogya kavi avazya maujUda the / Aja taka ke anveSaNa se kannaDa kavayitriyoM meM kaMti hI prathama kavayitrI hai / kucha phuTakara ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAkavi paMpa aura kaMti meM barAbara saMvAda calatA rahA / sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki kisI prakaraNa meM eka roja paMpa ne kaMti ke samakSa yaha praNa kara liyA ki jo bhI ho kisI dina maiM tuma se avazya apanI stuti karA lU~gA / isa jaTila samasyA ko hala karane ke lie abhinavapaMpa ne eka roja kaMti ke pAsa apanI mRtyu kI duHkhada khabara bhejI / isa khabara se kavayitrI kaMti bahuta du:khI huI aura daur3atI huI paMpa ke ghara pahu~cakara 'kavirAya, kavipitAmaha, kavikaMThAbharaNa, kavizikhA pampa' Adi padyoM dvArA kaMti ne mahAkavi pampa kI muktakaMTha se prazaMsA kI taba pampa uThakara bAhara AyA aura prasanna hokara kaMti se kahA ki 'Aja merA pUrva praNa pUrA ho gayA / kaMti bhI mahAkavi ko sAmane pAkara bar3I prasanna huI / 'kaMtihaMpanasamasyegaLa' nAma ke jo padya isa samaya upalabdha hote haiM, ve sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhI sundara haiM / kavayitrI kaMti ke sambandha meM isase anya koI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai / nayasena inhoMne 'dharmAmRta' kI racanA kI hai / nAgavarma ( lagabhaga 1145 I0 ) ne apane 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke 'dIrghoktirnayasenasya' nAmaka sUtra ( 72 ) meM uparyukta nayasena ke matAnusAra sambodhana meM dIrghaM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki nayasena ne eka kannaDa vyAkaraNa bhI racA thA / para abhItaka usakA patA nahIM calA hai / kavi kI kRtiyoM meM ekamAtra dharmAmRta hI upalabdha hai / zrI narasiMhAcArya ke anusAra nayasena ne isa dharmAmRta ko vartamAna dhAravAra jilAntargata muLa gunda meM racA thA / zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ne apane 'kavicarite' meM 'girizikhivAyumArgazazisaMkhye' nAmaka dharmAmRta ke isa asamagra padya ke AdhAra para isa graMtha kA racanAkAla zA0 za0 1037 batalAyA hai / parantu unhoMne zaMkA prakaTa kI hai

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42 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ki ukta padya ke uttarArddha meM prayukta nandana saMvatsara 1037 meM na Akara 1034 meM AtA hai| isase vaha anumAna karate haiM ki 'prAyaH jainamatAvalaMbI giri zabda se 4 kA aMka lete haiM aura yadi merA yaha anumAna ThIka hai to dharmAmRta I0 san 1011 meM racA gayA thaa|' parantu merI jAnakArI meM giri zabda se 4 kA artha lenA jainadharma ko bhI mAnya nahIM hai| isalie upayukta aMtara kA kAraNa aura bhI kucha honA cAhie / isa kAraNa ko DhUDhanA paramAvazyaka hai / AzvAsa ke Adyanta ke padyoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki nayasena ko 'sukavinikarapikamAkanda' aura 'sukavijanamanaHpadminIrAjahaMsa' kI upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| isake atirikta AzvAsoM ke aMta ke gadhoM meM inhoMne apane ko digambaradAsa nUnakavitAvilAsa bhI batalAyA hai ( karNATaka kavicarite, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 228) / sva. DA0 zAmazAstrI aura jI0 veMkaTasubbayya kI rAya se 'vAtsalya ratnAkara' aura nUnakavitAvilAsa bhI kavi kI upAdhiyAM thIM ( nayasena, pRSTha 6 aura dharmAmRta kA uttraarddh)| veMkaTasubbayya kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki 'nayasena ne apane vaMza, mAtA-pitA, AzrayadAtA adi ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai| isI prakAra inhoMne apane guru kA smaraNa to avazya kiyA hai, parantu spaSTa nAma lekara nahIM, apitu vidya cUr3AmaNi, vidyacakrezvara, vidyalakSmIpati aura vidyacakrAdhipa Adi upAdhisUcaka zabdoM ke dvArA hI kiyA' hai ( kavicarite, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 228 ) / kavi ne dharmAmRta meM apane vaMza, mAtA-pitA, AzrayadAtA Adi kA nAma isalie nahIM likhA hogA ki dharmAmRta ke racanAkAla ke samaya vaha muni ho gayA thaa| kyoMki inhoMne apanI kRti meM nayasenadeva aura nayasenamunIndra Adi zabdoM ke dvArA hI apane ko spaSTa muni sUcita kiyA hai| vastutaH nayasena muniyoM kA nAma hai, na ki gRhasthoM kaa| muni avasthA meM kavi apane pUrvavaMza mAtA-pitA, AzrayadAtA Adi ke bAre meM kucha bhI nahIM likha sakatA thaa| yadyapi apanI guruparamparA ke viSaya meM vaha bahuta kucha likha sakatA thaa| inake isa taraha mauna rahane kA kAraNa ajJAta hai| phira bhI dharmAmRta ke 'guru vidyAbdhinarendrasenagurupaM" nAmaka padya ke dvArA 'vidyacakrezvara' muni narendrasena ko kavi ne apanA guru spaSTa sUcita kiyA hai / nAma ke AdhAra para narendrasena tathA nayasena ye donoM hI guru-ziSya digambarAmnAya ke usI suprasiddha senagaNa ke muni siddha hote haiM, jisameM prAtaH smaraNIya AcArya vIrasena, jinasena aura guNabhadrAdi mahAn AcArya ho cuke haiN| isa

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paMpayuga silasile meM eka bAta aura raha jAtI hai, vaha yaha hai ki yadi nayasena ne 'dharmAmRta' ko apanI muni avasthA meM muLagunda meM racA hai, to phira muLagunda ko kavi kA janmasthala mAnanA ThIka nahIM hogA, kyoMki digambara muni kisI bhI sthAna para dIrghakAla taka nahIM Thahara sakate haiN| ve sadaiva vihAra karate rahate haiM / kevala cAturmAsa meM zAstroktarItyA cAturmAsa kI samApti taka eka sthAna para Thaharate haiN| aisI avasthA meM muni nayasena muLagunda ke nivAsI nahIM, pravAsI hI rahe hoNge| __dharmAmRta kI racanA inhoMne muLagunda meM hI kI thI arthAt upayukta graMtha ke samApti kAla meM nayasena muLagunda meM avazya rahe / nayasena ke pUrva hI kannaDa sAhitya meM kathA-sAhitya kA janma ho cukA thA, vaDDArAdhanA isakA prabala pramANa hai| vaDDArAdhanA ke bAda nayasena ke kAlataka kA dUsarA koI isa prakAra kA kathAgraMtha kannaDa sAhitya meM abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai| isI dRSTi se jI0 veMkaTasubbayya kA yaha kathana ThIka hai ki janasAmAnya kI sAhityaracanA meM nayasena hI pathapradarzaka rhaa| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki nayasena isa bAta ko acchI taraha jAnatA thA ki dharma ke prasAra-pracAra meM aisI kathAeM atyadhika upayogI hotI haiM, kyoMki pratyeka mAnava janma se hI kathA sunane kA AdI hotA hai| bUr3hI nAnI kI vicitra kathAoM se hI baccoM kA vidyAbhyAsa AraMbha hotA hai / baccoM ko kathA sunAne meM nAnI ko bhI kama dilacaspI nahIM hotii| isa prakAra jaise-jaise kathA sunane aura sunAne kI abhiruci bar3hatI jAtI hai vaise-vaise hI kathA sAhitya kA bhaNDAra bharatA jAtA hai| kannaDa meM kathA sAhitya kA janma kaba haA yaha kahanA kaThina hai| hA~, itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki kannaDa ke anyAnya aMgoM kI taraha kathA sAhitya ke janmadAtA bhI jaina kavi hI haiN| kannaDa kathA sAhitya ke Aja taka ke upalabdha graMthoM meM jaina graMtha vaDDArAdhanA hI sabase prAcIna hai| __ jI. veMkaTasubbayya ke isa abhiprAya ko maiM bhI svIkAra karatA hU~ ki prAraMbha meM kannaDa kaviyoM ne purANoM meM saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI hI zailI ko apanAkara apane graMthoM ko janasAdhAraNa kI apekSA vidvatbhogya hI adhika banAyA hai| dIrgha-samAsa, zleSa Adi kliSTa alaMkAra, aSTAdaza varNana, kaThina bhASA aura dharma ko pratipAdita karanevAlI praur3ha zailI Adi ke kAraNa ye purANa sAmAnya janatA kI jijJAsA ko tRpta nahIM kara ske| isa vicAra ko svIkAra karane meM kaviyoM ko paryApta samaya laga gyaa| prAyaH kaviyoM ne 12vIM

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM isa ora lakSya kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isakA sArA zreya nayasena ko diyA jAtA hai| ___ yadyapi jI0 veMkaTasubbayya kI isa bAta se maiM sahamata nahIM hU~ ki jainoM kA sArA kathA sAhitya vaidika aura bauddha kathA sAhitya kA rUpAntara hai| isa sambandha meM unase itanA hI nivedana karanA cAhatA hU~ ki niSpakSa dRSTi se sAre jaina kathA sAhitya kA eka bAra bArIkI se adhyayana kara ddaaleN| kisI bhI viSaya ke kevala satahI adhyayana ke AdhAra para apanA mata de denA ThIka nahIM hai| nayasena ko kannaDa meM saMskRta ke dIrgha samAsoM vAlI purAnI praur3ha zailI kA anukaraNa pasanda nahIM thaa| isIlie inhoMne apane eka padya meM aise purAne kaviyoM kA khule zabdoM meM majAka bhI kiyA hai| kathana hai ki 'saMskRta meM likho yA zuddha kannaDa meM, parantu kannaDa meM saMskRta ke dIrgha samAsoM ko dekara, zailI ko gahana mata bnaao| isase taila aura ghI ke milAvaTa kI taraha donoM meM koI bhI bhogayogya nahIM hogaa|' yadyapi isakA abhiprAya yaha nahIM hai ki nayasena kannaDa meM saMskRta zabdoM ko apanAne kA hI niSedha karate the, uparyukta padya meM hI taila aura ghRta ina saMskRta zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai / kahane kA abhiprAya itanA hI hai ki saMskRta ke sulabha zabdoM ko kannaDa meM lene se koI hAni nahIM hai| hA~, kaThina zabdoM ke prayoga se kavi ke Azaya ko jAnane meM jana-sAdhAraNa ko bar3I dikkata hotI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki koI bhI graMtha sulabha zailI meM likhe jAne para hI lokamAnya ho sakatA hai / nayasena kRta dharmAmRta meM kula 14 AzvAsa haiN| ina AzvAsoM meM kramazaH samyagdarzana, usake ATha aMga tathA ahiMsA Adi pAMca aNuvratoM kA niraticAra anuSThAna karake sadgati ko prApta karanevAle mahAtmAoM kI pavitra kathAe~ sundara DhaMga se nirUpita haiN| graMtha kI zailI sarala svAbhAvika hai| kavi sarala zailI kA hI pakSapAtI hai| isameM prasiddha vRtta hI adhika haiM, aprasiddha vRtta bahuta kama haiM / isI prakAra isameM kandoM (chanda vizeSa) kI bhI adhikatA hai| vilakSaNatA inake gadya meM hI dRSTigocara hotI hai / kannaDa campU graMthoM meM AnevAle gadya adhika mAtrA meM kAdambarI, harSacarita Adi kI zailI ke haiN| parantu isa zailI meM aura nayasena kI zailI meM bahuta antara hai| nayasena kI zailI meM khojane para bhI prAcIna 1. isa sambandha meM 'upAyana' Adi abhinandana graMthoM meM prakAzita 'jaina kathA sAhitya' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheN|

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45 paMpayuga kaviyoM ke priya parisaMkhyA, virodhAbhAsa, zleSa, atyukti Adi alaMkAra nahIM milate haiM / kahIM bhI dekheM, sarvatra upamA, mAlopamA, dainaMdina anubhava ke prAsaMgika dRzyoM kA sAdRzya aura lokoktiyA~ Adi hI upalabdha hotI haiN| isalie paNDitoM ko yaha graMtha camatkArarahita aura nIrasa pratIta ho sakatA hai, parantu sAmAnya janatA isI taraha ke graMthoM ko adhika pasanda karatI hai| use camatkAritA aura alaMkAravaicitrya Adi pasaMda nahIM hote haiN| kannaDa zabdoM ke prayoga meM bhI nayasena ne vyAkaraNasammata evaM pUrvakaviyoM ke dvArA prayukta zuddha prAcIna kannaDa ko na apanAkara apane kAla kI navIna kannaDa meM hI graMtha racane kI pratijJA kI hai| harSa kI bAta hai ki kavi ne apanI isa pratijJA ko aMta taka nibhAyA hai| hAM, pratijJAnusAra dharmAmRta meM tatkAlIna kannaDa ke sAtha hI sAtha gadyakAlIna kannaDa bhI upalabdha hai| jainoM ke anuyoga-catuSTaya ke antargata prathamAnuyoga sambandhI purANa, kAvya tathA caritra Adi graMthoM kA ekamAtra Azaya mAnava ko durAcAra se haTAkara sadAcAra meM lagAnA hai| isalie isa anuyoga se sambandha rakhanevAle pratyeka graMtha meM pAThakoM ko hiMsA Adi durAcAra se honevAlI hAni tathA ahiMsA Adi sadAcAra se honevAlI upalabdhiyoM ko sundara DhaMga se darzAyA gayA hai| jisa prakaraNa meM jisakI pradhAnatA hai, usameM usI ko prazaMsA kI gayI hai| jisakI zAdI hai usakA gIta' kI lokokti yahA~ caritArtha huI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki mahApuruSoM ke caritrazravaNa se thor3e samaya ke lie hI sahI, mana meM pApabhIti evaM saMsAra se virakti avazya hotI hai| vastutaH mana kI pavitratA hI AtmakalyANa kI jar3a hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki 'mana eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM baMdhamokSayoH' / saMpUrNa rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko sunane ke bAda eka sAmAnya vyakti bhI itanA avazya jAna jAtA hai ki rAvaNa kI taraha na calakara rAma kI taraha calanA caahie| rAmAyaNa sunane kA yahI astu, nayasena kA dharmAmRta bhI prathamAnuyoga saMbaMdhI graMtha hai| isakA bhI uddezya vahI hai jo prathamAnuyogasaMbaMdhI aura graMthoM kA hotA hai| zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ke zabdoM meM nayasena kA yaha graMtha mRdumadhurapadaguMphita, nItizlokapuMjaraMjita lalita kRti hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki dharmAmRta ke racayitA nayasena eka praur3ha kavi haiN| * .

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa rAjAditya inhoMne vyavahAragaNita, kSetragaNita, vyavahAraratna, lIlAvati, citrahasuge, jainagaNitasUtraTIkodAharaNa Adi gaNita graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| inake graMthoM se vidita hotA hai ki inake bhAskara, vAcavAcayya, vAcirAja Adi aneka nAma the / sAtha-hI-sAtha inheM gaNitavilAsa, ojebeDaMga, padyavidyAdhara Adi upAdhiyA~ prApta thiiN| kUDimaMDalAntargata pUvinabAge inakI janmabhUmi thii| rAjAditya kI patnI kA nAma kanakamAlA thaa| kavi ne apane ko 'kavIzvaranikarasabhAyogya' kahA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha darabArI paNDita rahA hogaa| kavi ne zubhacandra ko apanA guru batalAyA hai / rAjAditya ne apanI racanA meM viSNunRpAla kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| anyAnya AdhAroM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki hoyasala rAjA viSNuvardhana ne lagabhaga I. san 1111 1142 taka rAjya kiyA thA / sambhavataH kavirAjAditya isI viSNuvardhana kA samakAlIna thA / zravaNabeLagoLa ke 117veM abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki eka zubhacandra 1123 meM svargavAsI hue the| yahI kavi ke guru mAlUma hote haiM / yadi yaha bAta ThIka hai to rAjAditya viSNuvardhana kA AsthAnapaNDita hokara lagabhaga 1120 meM jIvita rahe hoMge / rAjAditya ne apane pANDitya evaM guNoM ko samastavidyAcaturAnana, vibudhAzritakalpamahIraha, AzritakalpamahIja, vizrutabhuvanakIrti, ziSTeSTa-janakAzraya, amalacaritra, anurUpa, satyavAkya, parahitacarita, susthira, bhogI, gaMbhIra, udAra, saccaritra, akhilavidyAvid, janatAsaMstutya, urvIzvara nikarasabhAsevya Adi zabdoM dvArA vyakta kiyA hai| inakI racanAoM meM vyavahAragaNita eka gadyapadyAtmaka kRti hai| isameM sUtroM ko padyarUpa meM likhakara TIkA tathA udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / graMtha ATha adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka adhikAra ko hAra saMjJA dI gayI hai| isameM kavi ne svayaM kahA hai ki isa graMtha ko maiMne sirpha pAMca dinoM meM likhA hai| sAtha hI sAtha inhoMne apane graMtha kI paryApta prazaMsA bhI kI hai| rAjAditya ke vyavahAragaNita meM sahajatrayarAzi, vyastatrayarAzi, sahajapaMcarAzi, vyastapaMcarAzi, sahajasaptarAzi, vyastasaptarAzi, sahajanavarAzi, vyastanavarAzi Adi kaI viSaya haiN| zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ke mata se kannaDa meM gaNitazAstra ko likhanevAle kaviyoM meM rAjAditya hI prathama kavi haiN| inhoMne gaNitazAstra se sambandha rakhanevAle prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kA apane graMthoM meM saMgraha kiyA hai| janatA ko sulabhatA se samajhAne ke lie gaNitazAstra ko padyarUpa meM

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paMpayuga likhanA bahuta kaThina hai, phira bhI inhoMne sUtroM evaM udAharaNoM ko bahuta hI lalita padyoM meM abhivyakta karane kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai| ina padyoM se yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki ve kevala gaNitazAstra ke marmajJa hI nahIM the, balki eka praur3ha kavi bhI the| yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki rAjAditya ke ina graMthoM kA Adarza kauna-sA graMtha thaa| rAjAditya kA dUsarA graMtha kSetragaNita. aura tIsarA vyavahAraratna hai| vyavahAraratna meM kula pAMca adhikAra haiM / kavi kA cauthA graMtha jainagaNitasUtrodAharaNa hai| isameM prazna dekara uttara pAne kA vidhAna batalAyA hai| rAjAditya kA pAMcavA graMtha citrahasuge hai / yaha sUtraTIkArUpa hai| inakA chaThavAM graMtha lIlAvati hai, jo padyarUpa hai| isameM gaNitIya samasyAoM ko udAharaNa sahita samajhAyA gayA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki rAjAditya eka acche gaNitajJa the| saMbhava hai ki vidvAnoM kI dRSTi se ojhala inakA gaNitazAstra sambandhI anya bhI koI mahattvapUrNa graMtha rahA ho| kIrtivarma inhoMne 'govaidya' nAmaka grantha likhA hai / inake pitA trailokyamallAdhipa, agraja vikramAMka narendra aura guru devacandra muni the| inake lagabhaga samakAlIna kavi brahmaziva ne bhI apanI 'samayaparIkSA meM uparyukta bAtoM kA samarthana kiyA hai balki brahmaziva ke kathanAnusAra kavi ke pitA trailokyamallAdhipa cAlukyavaMzI siddha hote haiM / cAlukya vaMza meM trailokyamalla ne I0 san 5042 se 1068 taka tathA unake putra vikramAditya ne I0 san 1076 se 1126 taka rAjya kiyA thA / yahI vikramAditya kavi ke bar3e bhAI hoMge / aisI avasthA meM kIrtivarma kA samaya I0 san 1125 mAnanA ayuktisaMgata nahIM hai / yahI mata zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya kA bhI hai| vikramAditya ke do bhAI the| eka jayasiMha ( tRtIya ) aura dUsare viSNuvardhanavijayAditya / yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki kIrtivarma inhIM do meM se eka thA yA tIsare / mAlUma hotA hai ki trailokyamalla kI ketaladevI nAmaka eka jainadharmAnuyAyinI rAnI bhI thI aura usane apanI ora se kucha jinAlaya bhI banavAye the| saMbhava hai ki kavi usI kA putra ho / zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya kA kahanA hai ki zravaNabeLagoLastha 64veM abhilekha (1168 I0) meM pratipAdita guruparamparA 9. Antiquity, Vol. XIX, P. 268.

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48 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa meM rAghavapANDavIya ke racayitA zrutakIti ke samakAlIna kisI devacandra kI bhI stuti kI gii| yahI devacandra kavi ke guru rahe hoNge| kIrtivarma ne apane sambandha meM kavikIrticandra, kandarpamUrti, samyaktvaratnAkara, budhabhavyabAndhava, vaidyaratna, kavitAbdhicandram, kIrtivilAsa Adi vizeSaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vastutaH yaha eka ullekhanIya bAta hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne pratyeka viSaya para apanI kalama calAI hai| ina kaviyoM ne kevala mAnava hita ke lie hI nahIM, pazu-pakSiyoM ke maMgala ke lie bhI bahuta kucha kiyA hai| vaise ahiMsA-pradhAna jainadharma ke anuyAyI ke lie yaha koI naI bAta nahIM hai| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI samavasaraNasabhA meM bhI kisI bheda-bhAva ke binA prANImAtra ko praveza karane kA evaM unake kalyANakArI upadeza ko sunane kA pUrNa adhikAra prApta thA / vastutaH jisa dharma meM isa prakAra kI udAratA nahIM hai, vaha vizvadharma kahalAne kA dAvA nahIM kara sktaa| isalie kIrtivarma kA yaha prayAsa vAstava meM stutya hI nahIM, anukaraNIya bhI hai / saMskRta meM 'mRgapakSizAstra' nAmaka eka aura jainagraMtha hai jo ki apane viSaya kI eka amUlya kRti hai| isa graMtha kI prazaMsA kevala paurvAtya vidvAnoM ne hI nahIM, pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI muktakaMTha se kI hai| isa samaya yaha graMtha aprApya hai| kIrtivarma ke govaidya meM govyAdhiyoM kI auSadha, maMtra aura yaMtra Adi vistAra se batalAye gaye haiN| yaha graMtha prakAzanIya hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki kItivarma kA prayAsa prazaMsanIya hai|' brahmaziva ___ inhoMne samaya parIkSA evaM trailokyacUDAmaNistotra kI racanA kI hai| inakA gotra vatsa, janmasthala poTTaNagere aura pitA siMgarAja haiN| kavi ne apane ko aggala kA mitra batalAyA hai| kiMtu yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki yaha aggala kauna se the ? kama se kama ye candraprabhapurANa ke racayitA aggaladeva (1189) to nahIM hI haiM / brahmaziva ke guru muni vIranandi haiM / samayaparIkSA ke eka padya se kavi saura, kaulottara Adi sampradAyoM tathA veda aura smRti Adi dharma granthoM kA vizeSajJa mAlUma hotA hai| inhoMne uparyukta dharmagraMthoM ko sArahIna ThaharAyA hai| inake eka padya se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki pahale yaha zaiva the| use sArahIna anubhava kara, bAda meM inhoMne jainadharma ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| isakI puSTi kavi 1. vizeSa jijJAsu 'lokopayogI jaina kannaDa graMtha' zIrSaka merA lekha dekheN|

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paMpayuga ke nAma se bhI hotI hai| trailokya cUr3AmaNistotra ke aMtima padya se siddha hotA hai ki rAjasammAna ke sAtha-sAtha inheM 'kavicakravartI' kI upAdhi bhI prApta thii| brahmaziva ne apanI samaya parIkSA kA Arambha cAlukya trailokyamalla ke putra kIrtivarma kI stuti se kiyA hai| isase brahmaziva kIrtivarma kA samakAlIna (I0 san 1125) mAlUma hotA hai| inake guru muni vIranandi I. san 1115 meM svargastha meghacandra-vidya ke ziSya vidita hote haiN| ye vIranandi ve hI haiM, jinhoMne zaka saMvat 1076 (I. san 1153) meM svakRta AcArasAra kI eka kannaDa vyAkhyA likhI thI ( kannaDakavicarite, pRSTha 168) / yadyapi zravaNabeLagoLa ke uparyukta zilAlekha meM AcArya vIranandi kA ullekha meghacandra ke AtmajAta' ke rUpa meM huA hai, zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ne apane 'kavicarite' meM AtmajAta kA artha putra kiyA hai, kintu yahA~ para AtmajAta zabda kA artha putra na karake ziSya karanA hI sarvathA ucita hai, kyoMki muni avasthA meM kisI ke bhI sAtha putra, pautrAdi pUrva kA sambandha jor3anA sarvathA Agamaviruddha hai| jaba ve eka bAra saba kucha tyAgakara ekAntataH akiMcana bana gaye, unake sAtha putrAdi kA pUrva sambandha kaise jor3A jA sakatA hai / vastutaH ziSya ke putratulya hone ke kAraNa AlaMkArika zabdoM meM use AtmajAta, Atmaja, tanuja Adi kahA jAtA hai| kezirAja ne apane 'zabdamaNidarpaNa' ke 75veM sUtra ke nIce brahmaziva ke eka padya ke aMtima bhAga ko udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| kavi ne jainamArganizcitacitta, jinasamayasudhArNava-dharmacandra, jinadharmAmRtavAdhivardhanazazAMka, tIvramithyAtvabaMdhanacaNDAMzu Adi zabdoM dvArA apane guNoM ko prakaTa kiyA hai| samayaparIkSA meM dharma ko AptAgamadharma aura anAptAgamadharma ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne isameM saura, zaiva, vaiSNava Adi dharmoM ko amAnya tathA sadoSa ThaharAkara jaina dharma ko sarvotkRSTa batalAyA hai / graMtha prAraMbha se aMta taka kaMda padyoM meM hI racA gayA hai / yaha pandraha adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| grantha kA baMdha sarala evaM lalita hai| kannaDa sAhitya ke marmajJa isa prakAra kI samIkSAgraMthoM ko likhanevAle kannaDa kaviyoM meM brahmaziva ko prathama kavi mAnate haiN| pratyeka vicArazIla vyakti isa bAta ko avazya svIkAra karegA ki hara eka lekhaka para deza ke tatkAlIna vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva avazya par3atA hai, ise

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa koI roka nahIM sktaa| isalie sarvaprathama brahmazivakAlIna vAtAvaraNa kA adhyayana karanA bahuta hI Avazyaka hai| vastutaH yaha yuga khaNDana-maNDana kA yuga 'thaa| karNATaka meM hI nahIM apitu sampUrNa deza meM khaNDana-maNDana kI pravRttiyA~ cala rahI thI ataH anya matoM kA khaNDana karake brahmaziva ne koI anucita kAma nahIM kiyaa| punaH koI bhI dharma apanI sattA ko taba hI kAyama rakha sakatA hai jaba ki vaha deza ke tatkAlIna vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla apane bAhyarUpa meM kuchana-kucha parivartana svIkAra kregaa| isake lie dhArmika itihAsa meM eka-do nahIM saikar3oM dRSTAnta dekhane ko milate haiN| isI ko lakSya meM rakhakara AcArya jinasena ne apane kAla meM jaina dharma ke bAhya rUpa meM bahuta kucha parivartana kara DAlA thaa| isakA ekamAtra kAraNa deza kA kSubdha vAtAvaraNa hI thA / vAstava meM agara ve usa samaya rUr3hivAdI bane rahate to patA nahIM karNATaka meM jaina dharma kI kyA sthiti hotI ? AcArya jinasena ne usa samaya bar3I hI dUradarzitA se kAma liyA, anyathA bar3A anartha ho jaataa| jainAcAryoM meM paraspara dikhAI dene vAle mAnyatA-bheda kA mUlakAraNa bhI deza kA tatkAlIna vAtAvaraNa hI hai / niSpakSa netara vidvAnoM kI bhI rAya hai ki samayaparIkSA se tatkAlIna samAja kI pari. sthiti kA bodha hotA hai| brahmaziva kI dUsarI kRti trailokyacUDAmaNistotra hai| isameM chabbIsa (26) vRta haiN| isakA aparanAma chattIsaratnamAlA bhI hai| pratyeka padya trailokya cUDAmaNi zabda se samApta hotA hai| isameM brahmaziva ne anya matoM kI mAnyatAoM kA khule zabdoM meM khaNDana kiyA hai| vaise samAlocanA koI burI cIja nahIM hai, phira bhI usameM kar3e zabdoM kA upayoga na karake saumya zabdoM kA prayoga Avazyaka hai| kisI bhI bAta ko kaTu zabdoM kI apekSA mIThe zabdoM ke dvArA samajhAnA adhika lAbhadAyI hotA hai / balki kaTu zabdoM ke prayoga se kabhI-kabhI bar3A anartha bhI ho jAtA hai| samAlocanA kA bhI eka stara honA caahie| karNapAyaM __ inhoMne neminAthapurANa kI racanA kI hai| kaNNapa, kaNNamayya Adi inake kaI nAma the| karNapArya ko paramajinamatakSIravArAzicandra, samyaktvaratnAkara, bhuvanakabhUSaNa, gAMbhIryaratnAkara, bhavyavanajavanamArtaNDa Adi aneka upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| inhoMne apanI racanA meM kahIM bhI apanA kAla nahIM batalAyA hai| isIlie karNapArya ke kAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| Ara. narasiMhA

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51 yaMpayuga cArya ke mata se karNapArya kA kAla I0 san 1140, DA0 veMkaTasubbayya aura ema0 govinda pai ke anusAra I. san 1974 aura eca0 zeSaayyaMgAra ke mata se I0 san 1930 se 1135 hai| kucha bhI ho, yaha sarvasammata hai ki karNapArya 12vIM zatAbdI ke kavi haiN| neminAthapurANa ke racayitA karNapArya ke zraddheya guru maladhArI deva ke ziSya kalyANakIrti haiN| zrI eca. zeSaayyaMgAra ke mata se zravaNabeLagoLastha zilAlekha saMkhyA 69 meM aMkita maladhArI hemacandra ke athavA inake sadharmA mAdhanaMdi ke ziSya kalyANakIti hI karNapArya ke guru haiN| guru kalyANakIrti ke bAda karNapArya ke dvArA saMstuta bAlacandra, zubhacandra Adi kalyANakIrti ke hI sadharmA mAlUma hote haiM, kyoMki pUrvokta abhilekha meM mUlasaMgha ke dezIyagaNa kI vakragacchIya zAkhA bAlacandra ke sAtha-sAtha zubhakIrti Adi aura bhI kaI vyakti maladeva ke sadharmA kahe gaye haiN| yadyapi pUrvokta zilAlekha meM usake lekhanakAla aura usameM varNita guruparamparA kA kAla nahIM diyA gayA hai| Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ne canarAyapaTTaNa ke 168veM zilAlekha ke AdhAra para gopanaMdi ke ziSya maladhArI deva aura unake sadharmA kalyANakIti ke nAmollekha karanevAle zravaNabeLagoLa ke uparyukta zilAlekha kA kAla I0 san 110. nirdhArita kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki zravaNabeLagoLa ke vakta zilAlekha meM pratipAdita maladhArI deva ke guru gopanandi ko I0 san 1094 meM vikramAditya ke putra yarayaMga dvArA eka dAna kiyA gayA thaa| isIlie zilAlekhAntargata gopanaMdi, unake ziSya maladhArI deva aura tatsadharmA kalyAgakIrti kA kAla I0 san 1100 honA cAhie / parantu zrI eca0 zeSa ayyaMgAra zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ke isa mata se sahamata nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki vikramAditya ke putra yarayaMga se dAna grahaNa karane vAle gopanaMdi se unake ziSya maladhArI deva kA kAla binA prabala AdhAra ke kevala 6 varSa pIche nirdhArita karanA ThIka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| balki cannarAyapaTTaNa tAluka tagaDUra ke naM0 198 ( I0 san 1130 ) ke zilAlekha meM pratipAdita kalyANakoti aura zravaNabeLagoLa ke zilAlekha meM aMkita karNapArya ke guru kalyANakIrti ye donoM eka hI haiN| aisI avasthA meM kalyANakIrti kA kAla I0 san 1130 ke bAda hI mAnanA samucita hai / balki tagaDUra ke uparyukta zilAlekha meM I0 san 1111 se 1141 taka rAjya karanevAle hoyasala viSNuvardhana ke pAdapadmopajIvI daMDanAyaka mariyAne evaM bharata kA ullekha

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pAyA jAtA hai / ataH tagaDUra kA yaha zilAlekha I0 san 1111 se 1141 ke madhya arthAt 1130 meM likhA gayA thA, yaha mAnanA ucita hI hai| kavi karNapArya ne apane guru kalyANakIrti kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki muni kalyANakIrti vastutaH eka asAdhAraNa vyakti the / ve caritra se hI nahIM, kintu jJAna aura guNoM se bhI sampanna the| isIlie nikhilavidvatsamAja unake samakSa natamastaka thaa| cAroM ora unakI nirmala kIrti phailI huI thI / amala, svaccha tathA anindya vizeSaNa hI unakI ujjvalatA ko vyakta karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki karNapArya ne muni kalyANakIrti ko neminAthapurANa ke pratyeka AzvAsa ke aMtima padya meM 'sAzcaryacAritra cakravartI' ke rUpa meM sAdara smaraNa kiyA hai| isIlie to ye 'sadbhavyasaMse vya' mAne gaye the| zravaNabeLagoLa ke zilAlekha meM bhI kalyANakIrti kI bar3I prazaMsA milatI hai| vAstava meM karNapArya jaise rAjamAnya evaM lokamAnya sukavi ke guru sAmAnya vidvAn kaise ho sakate the? aba kavi karNapArya ke AzrayadAtA ko lIjie / rAjA vijayAditya kA maMtrI lakSma yA lakSmaNa hI karNapArya kA AzrayadAtA mAnA jAtA hai / karNapArya ne apane neminAthapurANa meM pitA gaNDarAditya, putra vijayAditya evaM vijayAditya kI rAnI ponnaladevI kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| balki kavi ne ponnaladevI ko vividha kalAoM kI pravINatA meM sarasvatI, rUpa meM rati, sauMdarya meM hemavatI, darzanavizuddhi meM revatI aura patibhakti meM arundhatI batalAyA hai| isI prakAra karNapArya ne apane AzrayadAtA lakSmaNa kI bhI bahuta prazaMsA kI hai| isI prasaMga meM kavi karNapArya ne lakSmaNa ke anuja vardhamAna aura zAMta tathA zAMta ke pitA govardhana yA gopaNa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM kavi ne vardhamAna ko akhilAzAvartitakIrti, makaradhvajamUrti aura urvInuta guNavidhAna aura zAMta ko akhilavidyAkAMta urvIjanasevya Adi vizeSaNoM ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA hai| zAnta ke zraddheya pitA gopaNa ko kavi ne darzana pratibhA se lekara parigrahatyAga taka kI pratimAoM ko pAlanevAlA zrAvakottama batalAyA hai / isI prakAra graMthAMta meM apane ArAdhya deva neminAtha ke sAtha-sAtha usane lakSmaNa ke anuja vardhamAna aura zAMta aura zAMta ke pUjya pitA gopaNa kI bhI prazaMsA kI hai| yadyapi graMthArambha meM lakSmaNa kI patnI ke bAre meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai kiMtu yahA~ para usakI kAphI prazaMsA kI gaI hai / use jina pUjA meM zacI, caturvidha dAna meM attimabbe aura jinabhakti meM zAMtalAdevI batAyA

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paMpayuga gayA hai| use zIlaratnamaNDitA, ziSTajanakalpalatA Adi vizeSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya kA kahanA hai ki rAjAgaNDarAditya, lakSmaNa, lakSmIdhara, vardhamAna aura zAMta isa prakAra pAMca lar3ake the| kavi karNapArya kA AzrayadAtA lakSma athavA lakSmaNa vijayAditya kA sahodara lakSmaNa hI hai / paraMtu DA0 veMkaTasubbayya zrI narasiMhAcArya ke isa mata se sahamata nahIM haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki gaNDarAditya aura lakSmaNa kA pitA govardhana ( gopaNa) bhinnabhinna vyakti haiN| gaNDarAditya ko vijayAditya nAmaka eka hI lar3akA thaa| karNapArya kA AzrayadAtA lakSmaNa kevala usakA maMtrI thaa| isake do bhAI the vardhamAna aura zAMta / veMkaTasubbayya kA yaha kathana karNapArya ke nemipurANa ke kathana se bilkula mela khAtA hai| isalie mujhe bhI yahI kathana samucita lagatA hai / veMkaTasubbayya kA yaha mata ki vijayAditya kA koI sahodara bhAI nahIM thA; I. san 1165 ke eksAMbi ke abhilekha se mela nahIM khAtA hai kyoMki usameM spaSTa likhA hai ki vijayAditya gaNDarAditya kA jyeSTha putra thaa| sAtha hI sAtha kavi karNapArya ke dvArA prayukta rUpanArAyaNa upAdhi se bhI mAnanA hogA ki isakA AzrayadAtA lakSmaNa rAjavaMzIya avazya thA kyoMki kavi ne gaNDarAditya tathA vijayAditya ke lie bhI isI upAdhi kA prayoga kiyA hai / neminAthapurANa ke sampAdaka eca0 zeSaayyaMgAra ne isakI prastAvanA meM anyAnya sthaloM ke kaI zilAlekhoM kA havAlA dekara yaha siddha kiyA hai ki una zilAlekhoM meM pratipAdita rAjA vijayAditya aura kavi karNapArya dvArA neminAtha purANa meM ullikhita vijayAditya ye donoM abhinna haiN| isa vijayAditya kA kAla I0 san 1143 se 1164 taka honA caahie| aba taka hamane karNapArya ke kAla ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyaa| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki karNapArya kA janmasthala kauna-sA hai| yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki isane apanI kRti meM 'kahIM bhI apane janmasthala, vaMza aura mAtA-pitA Adi kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / aisI avasthA meM kavi ke janmasthala, vaMza Adi ke sambandha meM nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| neminAtha ke samavasaraNa ke varNana meM tIrthakara neminAtha dvArA dharmapracArArtha 1. maisUra ArkolAjikala riporTa-1916, pRSTha 48-50 / 2. neminAthapurANa, AzvAsa 1, paca 30 /

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54 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa vihAra kie gae dezoM meM sarvaprathama karahATa ( kolhApura ) kA nAma AyA hai ( AzvAsa 13, padya 103 ) karNapArya ko karahATa ke zilAhAra vaMzI rAjA vijayAditya ke mantrI lakSma yA lakSmaNa kA saMrakSaNa prApta thaa| isa lie vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki kolhApura hI karNapArya kA janmasthala hogaa| para baliSTha pramANoM ke abhAva meM yaha mAnanA samucita nahIM hai ki kolhApura hI kavi kA janmasthala hai, kyoMki samavasaraNa ke vivaraNa meM kavi ne sarvaprathama karahATa kA nAma jo liyA hai, usakA aura bhI koI adRSTa kAraNa ho sakatA hai / ataH usake vaMza, mAtA-pitAdi ke sambandha meM isa samaya kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aba karNapArya ke amarakAvya neminAtha-purANa ke bAre meM bhI do zabda kahanA Avazyaka hai| isa purANa meM dezanivezavarNana, puNDarI kiNI nagara kA aizvaryavarNana, rAjyavaibhavavarNana aura devagativarNana ( AzvAsa 1) cittAkarSaka haiN| isI prakAra bhagavAn neminAtha ke garbhAvataraNa evaM janmAbhiSeka ( AzvAsa 8) vairAgya, dAna, tapa, kevalajJAnotpatti evaM samavasaraNa varNana (AzvAsa 13) aura nirvANa kA varNana bhI mArmika hai| sAtha hI pradyumnakumAra, pANDava evaM baladeva kI tapasyA kA varNana ( AzvAsa 14 ) bhI vizeSa cittAkarSaka haiM / jahA~ taka rasa kA sambandha haiM jaina kAvya evaM purANoM kA pradhAna rasa zAnta rasa hai / parantu yaha bhI eka sarvamAnya tathya hai ki AsvAdakoM ko eka hI rasa se santoSa nahIM ho sktaa| isIlie zAntarasa ke sAtha-sAtha jainapurANoM evaM kAvyoM meM zRgArAdi zeSa rasa bhI yathAsthAna prakaraNAnukUla ucita mAtrA meM nibaddha kara die gae hai| mahAkavi nAgacandra kA kathana hai ki jisa prakAra siddharasa se lauha suvarNa bana jAtA hai usI prakAra zAntarasa ke samparka se pApa pravRtti ke janaka zRMgArAdi rasa bhI puNya kA kAraNa bana jAte haiN| prastuta kAvya meM bhI zAntarasa evaM usakA sthAyIbhAva nirveda vizeSa rUpa se vaNita hai / prathama. AzvAsa meM nAgadatta ibhaketu aura prItimati-cintAgati ke vairAgya prasaMgoM meM tathA dvitIya AzvAsa meM arhaddAsa amitagAmI amitateja aura supratiSTha ke vairAgya prasaMgoM meM zAntarasa, tRtIya AzvAsa meM zAntanu aura pANDu-kunti ke prasaMgoM meM zRgArarasa, supratiSTha ke upasarga meM karuNa rasa kI abhivyakti. huI hai| caturtha tathA paMcama AzvAsa meM zmazAna ke varNana meM bIbhatsarasa, vivAhoM ke prasaMgoM meM zRMgArarasa tathA SaSTha AzvAsa meM kaMsa ke caritra meM mAtsaryAdi bhAvoM ke sAtha-sAtha vIrarasa kI sRSTi kI gaI hai| saptama AzvAsa

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paMpayuga 55 meM hAsya, vIra aura zRMgAra ke sAtha-sAtha adbhutarasa kA prayoga huA hai| neminAtha ke garbhAvataraNa tathA janmAbhiSeka Adi meM bhakti ke sAtha adbhutarasa pAyA jAtA hai| navama AzvAsa se lekara dvAdaza AzvAsa taka kaurava aura pANDavoM ke caritra meM mAtsaryAdi bhAvoM ke sAtha raudrarasa kI tathA baladeva, vAsudeva, jarAsaMgha aura kaurava evaM pANDavoM ke yuddha prasaMga meM vIrarasa kI pradhAnatA hai| dvAdaza AzvAsa ke anta meM vIra tathA raudrarasa, trayodaza AzvAsa ke Adi meM zRgArarasa aura anta meM zuddha zAntarasa tathA caturdaza AzvAsa ke prArambha meM zAnta, baladeva ke pralApa prasaMga meM karuNa evaM anta meM svaccha zAnta rasa kA varNana prApta hotA hai| karNapArya 'vAkyaM rasAtmakaM kAvyaM' isa pUrva paramparA ke pakke anuyAyI the| isIlie kathAbhAga tathA rasa kI ora inakA jitanA lakSya thA, utanA varNana aura alaMkAra kI ora nahIM thaa| inake kAvya meM varNana aura alaMkAra bahuta kama haiM / kavi ke adhikAMza padyoM meM yutyanuprAsa nAmaka zabdAlaMkAra hI dRSTigocara hotA hai (AzvAsa 6, padya 34; AzvAsa 7, padya 131; AzvAsa 8, padya 130; AzvAsa 11, padya 99; AzvAsa 12, padya 118, 127, ___ isa purANa meM upamA, dRSTAnta, rUpaka, utprekSA, arthAntaranyAsa Adi alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa sImita mAtrA meM hI milate haiN| alaMkAroM meM karNapAryako upamAlaMkAra adhika priya thaa| isake lie AzvAsa 10, 11 aura 12 vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| karNapArya kI zailI meM vizeSataH pAMvAlI tathA vaidarbhI rIti hI dRSTigocara hotI hai, yadyapi kahIM-kahIM vIra, bIbhatsa aura raudra rasa ke anukUla gaur3I rIti bhI milatI hai ( AzvAsa 12, padya 273 Adi ) / svatantra racanAkAra hote hue bhI karNapArya ne prAcIna saMskRta evaM kannaDa kaviyoM ke bhAvoM ko bhI yathAbasara grahaNa kiyA hai| pratipAdya viSaya ko surucipUrNa banAne ke lie inhoMne saMskRta ke vyAvahArika vAkyoM evaM kahAvatoM ko jor3akara viSaya ko sundara banAyA hai / kavi karNapArya ne prAcIna vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA pAlana avazya kiyA hai, phira bhI aneka sthAnoM para inhoMne kannaDa ke nUtana rUpoM ko bhI apanAyA hai| - anyAnya jaina kaviyoM kI taraha inhoMne bhI vaidika purANoM meM varNita trimUrti, samudramanthana, samudramanthana se lakSmI kI utpatti Adi vaidika bAtoM ko

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa dRSTAnta rUpa meM le liyA hai| neminAthapurANa kI kathAvastu meM kevala neminAtha kA caritra jaina paramparA ke anusAra varNita hai / zeSa baladeva-vAsudeva kA caritra vaidika bhAgavata kathA se, kaurava-pANDavoM kA caritra vaidika mahAbhArata kI kathA se nyUnAdhika milatA hai / yahAM ullekhanIya hai ki jahAM vaidika purANa meM devakI ke vivAha ke pUrva vasudeva ke caritra ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai, vahA~ neminAthapurANa meM isa prasaMga para paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vistAra ke bhaya se vaha yahAM para nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| doDDayya (lagabhaga I0 san 1550), maMgarasa ( I0 san 1508 ) Adi kaviyoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM karNapArya kI 'vIrezacaritra' nAmaka aura eka kRti kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu vaha kRti abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huI hai / somanAtha __inhoMne kalyANakAraka nAmaka vaidyaka graMtha kannaDa meM likhA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki inheM 'vicitrakavi' nAmaka upAdhi prApta thii| somanAtha ne apanI racanA meM likhA hai ki mere isa graMtha kA saMzodhana sumanobANa tathA abhayacandra siddhAntI ne kiyA hai / isa ullekha se spaSTa hai ki somanAtha sumanobANa kA samakAlIna thaa| sumanobANa kA kAla lagabhaga I0 san 1950 hai / somanAtha ke isa , kAla kI puSTi zravaNabeLagoLa ke lagabhaga 1125 I. ke zilAlekha naM0 384 se bhI hotI hai| lekha meM gaMgarANa ke putra boppa ke guru mAdhavacandra kA ullekha hai| inhIM mAdhavacandra kI stuti somanAtha ne apane graMtha meM kI hai| isalie zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ke matAnusAra somanAtha kA kAla lagabhaga 1140 I. hai / 'somanAtha kA kalyANakAraka vaidyaka graMtha AcArya pUjyapAdakRta kalyANakAraka nAma ke saMskRta vaidyaka graMtha kA hI kannaDa anuvAda hai| somanAtha ne vAgbhaTa, caraka Adi ke vaidyaka graMthoM se pUjyapAda ke 'kalyANakAraka' ko zreSTha batalAyA hai| sAtha hI sAtha isa meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki kalyANakAraka kI cikitsApaddhati meM madya, mAMsa tathA madhu niSiddha haiN| graMtha ke prArambha meM tIrthakara candraprabha aura sarasvatI ke sAtha mAdhavacandra siddhAntacakravartI, abhayacandra kanakacandra paNDitadeva kI bhI stuti kI gaI hai| kavi somanAtha ke dvArA saMstuta upayukta mAdhavacandra, abhayacandra aura kanakacandra ye tInoM samakAlIna the| inameM se mAdhavacandra trilokasAra ke TIkA. kAra, mabhayacandra gommaTasAra kI maMdaprabodhikA TIkA ke racayitA aura kanakanandi gommaTasAra kI racanA meM sahAyaka pratIta hote haiM / yadi merA yaha anumAna

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paMpayuga .57 yathArtha hai to ina AcAryoM ke sambandha meM nimnalikhita bAteM jAnane yogya haiN| trilokasAra ke TIkAkAra mAdhavacandra AcArya nemicandra ke ziSya mAlUma hote haiN| mUla graMtha meM bhI inakI kaI gAthAeM sammilita hai| balki saMskRta TIkA kI utthAnikA se jJAta hotA hai ki gommaTasAra meM bhI inakI kaI gAthAyeM samAviSTa kI gayI haiN| saMskRta gadyamaya kSapaNasAra bhI jo ki labdhisAra meM zAmila hai, inhIM mAdhavacandra kI racanA hai| siddhAntacakravartI nemicandra ke gommaThasAra kI racanA meM kevala mAdhavacandra kA hI nahIM apitu bAcArya kanakanandi kA bhI sahayoga rahA hai| sva0 nAthUrAmajI premI ke matAnusAra gaMganareza rAcamala ke mahAmaMtrI cAuNDarAya, siddhAntacakravartI nemicandra vIranandi, indranaMdi, kanakanaMdi aura mAdhavacandra ina saba kA kAla vikrama saMvat 12 vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvAddha hai|' aisI avasthA meM narasiMhAcArya dvArA anumita somanAtha ke kAla meM aura premI jI dvArA anumita kAla meM thor3A-bahuta aMtara avazya par3egA / isakA yahI samAdhAna hai ki upayukta donoM kAla kevala anumAnita haiN| isalie somanAtha ke kAla meM thor3A-bahuta ghaTAne-bar3hAne meM koI bAdhA upasthita nahIM hogii| kIrtivarma (I0 san 1125 ) ke govaidya ko chor3akara Aja taka ke upalabdha sabhI kannaDa vaidyaka graMthoM meM kannaDa kalyANakAraka prAcIna evaM prakAzanIya hai| . vRttavilAsa inhoMne dharmaparIkSA likhI hai / prAkkAvyamAlikA meM prakAzita zAstrasAra ke kucha aMzoM se patA lagatA hai ki inhoMne zAstrasAra nAmaka eka anya graMtha bhI racA hai| kavi ne apanI racanA meM apane sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai| ataH kavi ke kAlanirNaya kA AdhAra unake dvArA stuta guruparamparA hI hai / isa guruparamparA meM unhoMne vratI zubhakIrti, siddhAMtI mAdhavanaMdi, yati bhAnukIrti, dharmabhUSaNa, amarakIrti, vAgIzvara aura abhayasUri nAma ginAye haiN| zrI Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ne upayukta AcAryoM ke kAla ke AdhAra para vRttavilAsa kA kAla I0 san 1160 nirdhArita kiyA hai| kavi ke sambandha meM vizeSa kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| vRttavilAsa ke zraddheya guru amarakIrti haiN| dhAcArya amitagatikRta dharmaparIkSA ko hI vRttavilAsa ne kannaDa bhASA bhASiyoM 1. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 300 /

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58 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ke hitArtha kannaDa meM likhA hai| isa bAta ko kavi ne apanI racanA meM svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai| dharmaparIkSA campU graMtha haiN| isameM daza AzvAsa haiN| graMtha kI zailI sugama evaM lalita hai| kathA kahane kA DhaMga bhI cittAkarSaka hai| phira bhI kucha samaya ke uparAMta vRttavilAsa kI yaha dharmaparIkSA nAmavakRti sAmAnya janatA ko kaThina lagane lgii| isaliye sthAnIya zrAvakoM ne zravaNabeLagoLa ke tatkAlIna maThAdhIza cArukIti jI se isakI kannaDa vyAkhyA taiyAra karane ke lie prArthanA kii| isa kArya ke lie cArukIti jI ne caMdrasAgara jI ko AjJA dii| tadnusAra caMdrasAgarajI ne zA0 20 1770 meM sulabha kannaDa gadya meM dharmaparIkSA ko rUpAMtarita kiyaa| caMdrasAgara jI kI dharmaparIkSA meM bhI daza adhyAya haiN| isa prakAra kannaDa meM abhI taka dharmaparIkSA sambandhI ye hI do racanAeM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta, apabhraMza aura saMskRta bhASAoM meM isI viSaya ko nirUpita karanevAle dharmaparIkSA nAma ke kaI pratha upalabdha hote haiM / unameM nimnalikhita graMtha pramukha haiM jayarAma nAmaka kavi ne gAthAprabaMdha meM eka 'dharmaparIkSA' kI racanA kI thii| vaha prAyaH prAkRta bhASA meM rahI hogii| kiMtu isa dharmaparIkSA kI koI bhI prati abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huI hai| isI ke AdhAra para hariSeNa ne bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM dharmaparIkSA nAmaka graMtha likhA thaa| ye hariSeNa mevAr3adezavAsI govardhana evaM unakI dharmapatnI guNavatI ke putra the| hariSeNa kAryavaza citrakUTa se acalapura gaye aura vahAM para unhoMne chaMda, alaMkAra Adi kA adhyayana kara vi0 saM0 1044 meM apabhraMza dharmaparIkSA kI racanA kii| hariSeNa ke guru siddhasena the aura unhIM kI kRpA se yaha dharmaparIkSA likhI gayI thii| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki jayarAma hariSeNa ke pahale hue haiN| isI ke bAda mAdhavasena ke ziSya AcArya amitagati ne vi0 saM0 1070 meM saMskRta dharma. parIkSA kI racanA kii| amitagati kI dharmaparIkSA hariSeNa kI dharmaparIkSA se 26 varSa bAda kI racanA hai| jayarAma kI dharmaparIkSA kI koI prati nahIM milI hai| hariSeNa kI dharmaparIkSA bhI abhI hastalikhita avasthA meM hI hai| paraMtu amitagati kI dharmaparIkSA mudrita ho cukI hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, isakA sAra hiMdI, marAThI Adi bhASAoM meM bhI prakAzita ho cukA hai| amitagati kA anukaraNa karate hue

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paMpayuga 59 aura unake graMtha se bahuta se aMzoM ko hU-ba-hU lekara vi0 saM0 2645 meM kavi padmasAgara ne bhI eka dharmaparIkSA kI racanA kI thI, jo ki mudrita ho cukI hai 1 " vRttavilAsa kI dharmaparIkSA ke abhyAsiyoM ko amitagati kI dharmaparIkSA kA paricaya denA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki vRttavilAsa ne amitagati ke graMtha ke AdhAra para hI apane graMtha kI racanA kI hai / amitagati eka praur3ha kavi the / saMskRta bhASA para unakA pUrNa adhikAra thaa| ve Azukavi bhI the / saMskRta meM unhoMne kaI graMtha race haiM / DA0 upAdhye kA anumAna hai ki jayarAma ke prAkRta graMtha kA anukaraNa karake hI amitagati ne apanI saMskRta dharmaparIkSA ko racA hogA / dharmaparIkSA kI racanA-prakriyA kA pUrNarUpeNa anukaraNa karanevAlA eka graMtha aura hai / usakA nAma dhUrtAkhyAna hai / yaha graMtha mudrita ho cukA hai / dhUrtAkhyAna prAkRta bhASA kA eka laghukAya grantha hai / usake racayitA haribhadra haiM haribhadra eka mahAn kavi haiM / unakA kAla 7vIM zatAbdI hai / unhoMne saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASAoM meM aneka mahattvapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kI hai / haribhadra ekavicakSaNa kavi hI nahIM the apitu apratima naiyAyika tathA kuzala kathAkAra bhI the / haribhadra ne eka hI taraha kI vividha kathAoM kA vaidika purANoM se saMgraha kara una kathAoM kI asaMbaddhatA ko spaSTa kiyA hai / asaMbaddha kathAoM evaM una para vizvAsa karanevAloM ke aMdhavizvAsa kA upahAsAtmaka vivaraNa haribhadra ne apanI isa racanA meM bar3I kuzalatA se prastuta kiyA hai / bhAratIya vAGmaya meM pUrNatayA upahAsaparaka kRtiyA~ durlabha hI haiM / nATakoM evaM dharmagraMthoM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM upahAsAtmaka prasaMga pAye jAte haiM, kintu dhUrtAkhyAna meM saharA zuddha, bauddhika evaM upahAsaparaka graMtha prAcIna bhAratIya vAGmaya dUsarA nahIM hai / dharmAbhiniveza ko chor3akara prAcIna vAGmaya ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie yaha eka durlabha ratna hai / 2 dhUrtAkhyAna kI bhASA sugama evaM prAcIna hai / vRttavilAsa kI dharmaparIkSA kI pRSThabhUmi ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhane ke lie amitagati kI dharmaparIkSA tathA haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna kA parizIlana Avazyaka hai / vRttavilAsa kI dharmaparIkSA kA prAraMbha isa prakAra hotA hai - manovega 1. 'prabuddha karNATaka' rajatajayaMtI aMka meM prakAzita DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye kA dharmaparIkSA sambandhI lekha dekheM / 2. edatathaM prabuddha karNATaka rajata jayaMtI aMka dekheM /

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa aura pavanavega nAma ke do rAjakumAra pATalIpura jAkara vahAM ke brahmAlayastha nagAr3e ko bajAkara vahAM rakhe hue siMhAsana para baiTha jAte haiM / isake bAda brAhmaNa vidvAnoM dvArA unheM yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jo vidvAn isa nagAr3e ko bajAkara zAstrArtha meM vijaya prApta karate haiM, ve hI isa siMhAsana para baiThane ke adhikArI hote haiM / ataH batalAie ki Apaloga kisa viSaya ke vizeSajJa haiN| isa bAta ko sunakara rAjakumAroM ne javAba diyA ki hama vidvAn nahIM haiM / kintu yoM hI Akara isa siMhAsana para baiThe haiN| itanA kahakara ve siMhAsana se uThakara nIce baiTha jAte haiN|' bAda meM una rAjakumAroM ne brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ko jaina dharma kA svarUpa samajhAyA aura unake dharma kA aneka prakAra se nirAkaraNa kara jayapatra prApta kiyaa| nAgavarma (prathama) unhoMne chandoMbudhi evaM karNATaka kAdambarI kI racanA kI hai| unheM vIramArtaNDa cAuNDarAya kA saMrakSaNa prApta thaa| ve AcArya ajitasena ke ziSya the| Ara0 narasiMhacArya ke mata se inakA samaya lagabhaga 990 I0 hai / mahAkavi pampa tathA ponna kI taraha yaha bhI veMgiviSaya ke nivAsI the| nAgavarma ke pitA vaiNNamayya vaidika brAhmaNa the yadyapi nAgavarma jainadharma ke anuyAyI ho gaye the / pampa evaM ponna kI taraha inhoMne kisI dhArmika grantha kI racanA nahIM kI hai / inhoMne apane ko yuddhavIra aura satkavi kahA hai| kannaDa sAhitya meM kAdambarIsadRza utkaSTa racanA dUsarI nahIM milatI hai| bANabhaTTa kI saMskRta meM racita kAdambarI kAvyamaya gadya meM hai aura vaha aneka sthaloM para durbodha banI huI hai| aisI mahAkRti ko campUrUpa meM kannaDa meM likhanevAle nAgavarma vAstava meM abhinandanIya haiN| nAgavarma kA yaha graMtha saMskRta meM racita kAdambarI kA mAtra kannaDa anuvAda nahIM hai| isameM aneka varNana chor3a bhI diye gaye haiN| phira bhI mUla ke saundarya kI rakSA karate hue nAgavarma ne ise apane hI DhaMga se eka svataMtra kRti kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| kavi kI bhASA sugama evaM sazakta aura kathAnirUpaNa pravAhamaya hai| nAgavarma kI dUsarI kRti chandoMbudhi chandazAstra se sambandhita eka sundara kRti hai / nAgavarma (dvitIya) inhoMne kAvyAvalokana, karNATakabhASAbhUSaNa, vastukoza aura abhidhAnaratnamAlA nAmaka graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| ye sabhI grantha vidvattApUrNa evaM

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paMpayuga 61 kannaDa bhASA ke adhyetAoM ke lie atyanta upayogI lakSaNa grantha haiM / vidvAnoM kI rAya meM inakA samaya lagabhaga 1145 I0 hai / nAgavarma ke nAkiga aura nAki nAma bhI the / yaha jaina brAhmaNa the / inake pitA kA nAma dAmodara thA / inheM abhinava zarvavarma kavikarNapUra kavitA guNodaya aura kavi kaMThAbharaNa nAmaka upAdhiyA~ prApta thIM / 4 AcaNNa, janna, sALava aura devottama Adi kaviyoM ne bhI inakI stuti kI hai / mahAkavi janna ( I. san 1209 ) ke kathanAnusAra inakA eka graMtha jinapurANa bhI thA / paraMtu abhI taka graMtha upalabdha nahIM huA hai / kavi ne apanI racanAoM meM apane ko eka asAdhAraNa paMDita tathA aneka rAjasabhAoM meM pratiSThA arjita karane vAlA batAyA hai / nAgavarma ne apane nivAsasthAna evaM samaya Adi ke bAre meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai / kannaDa lakSaNa graMtha racanevAloM meM nAgavarma ( dvitIya ) nAyaka maNi tulya haiM / inhoMne kannaDa bhASA se sambaMdhita sabhI kSetroM kI anupama sevA kI hai / kavi kA kAvyAvaloka nAmaka prathama graMtha alaMkArazAstra kA mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai / yaha graMtha nRpaturaMga ke kavirAjamArga se adhika paripUrNa hai / isameM sUtroM ko kaMda padyoM meM dekara pUrva kaviyoM ke graMthoM se udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / yaha graMtha nimnalikhita pA~ca adhikaraNoM meM vibhakta hai (1) zabdasmRti nAmaka prathama adhikaraNa meM saMdhiprakaraNa, nAmaprakaraNa, samAsaprakaraNa, taddhitaprakaraNa aura AkhyAnaprakaraNa nAmaka pA~ca prakaraNoM meM kannaDa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kA zAstrIya evaM lAlityapUrNa nirUpaNa hai / kannaDa vyAkaraNa ke lie zabdasmRti prathama racanA hai / (2) kAvyamalavyAvRtti nAmaka dvitIya adhikaraNa ke padapadArthasaMdhidoSavinizcaya aura vAkyavAkyArthadoSAnukIrtana nAmaka do prakaraNoM meM pada aura vAkyoM kI racanA meM honevAle doSoM ko batAyA gayA hai / (3) guNavivekAdhikaraNa nAmaka tRtIya adhikaraNa va mArgavibhAgadarzana, 1. abhidhAnavastukoza, padya 36 / 2. kAvyAvalokana kI prazasti / 3. karNATakakavicarite, bhAga 1, pRSTha 144 / 4. kAvyAvalokana aura vastukoza /

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62 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa zabdAlaMkAranirNaya aura arthAlaMkAranirNaya nAmaka tIna prakaraNoM meM samasaMzliSTa Adi daza guNoM evaM zabdAlaMkAroM kA anukrama se vivecana hai / (4) rItikramarasanirUpaNAdhikaraNa nAmaka caturtha adhikaraNa meM rItiprakaraNa aura rasaprakaraNa nAmaka do prakaraNa haiN| (5) kavisamayAdhikaraNa nAmaka paJcama adhikaraNa meM asadAkhyAti, sadkIrtana, niyama, artha aura aikya nAmaka pA~ca prakaraNa haiN| yahAM ina sabakA vistRta varNana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| nAgavarma ke mata se kRtiyA~ tIna prakAra kI hotI haiMpadyamaya, gadhamaya aura mizrita / kathA athavA AkhyAyikA gadyamaya evaM sargabaMdha kAvya padyamaya tathA caMpU gadyapadyamizrita hotA hai| nAgavarma ( dvitIya ) ne apane kAvyAvalokana kI racanA meM prasiddha saMskRta lAkSaNika vAmana, rudraTa, bhAmaha aura daNDI kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / kavi kA dUsarA graMtha karNATaka bhASAbhUSaNa haiN| yaha saMskRta bhASA meM racita kannaDa vyAkaraNa graMtha hai / sambhavataH kannaDa se anabhijJa saMskRta vidvAnoM ko kannaDa bhASA ke sAmarthya evaM saundarya kA paricaya dene ke lie nAgavamaM ne yaha prayAsa kiyA hogaa| Age calakara bhaTTAraka akalaMka ( I0 san 1604 ) ne bhI zabdAnuzAsana nAmaka eka vyAkaraNa grantha kI racanA kI thii| bhASAbhUSaNa meM saMjJA, saMdhi, vibhakti, kAraka, zabdarIti, samAsa, taddhita, AkhyAnaniyama, avyayanirUpaNa aura nipAtanirUpaNa nAmaka dasa pariccheda haiN| ___ nAgavarma kA tIsarA graMtha abhidhAnavastukoza hai| yaha kanda vRttoM meM racita saMskRta-kannaDa koza hai| kannaDa meM upalabdha bRhad kozoM meM yaha prathama koza hai| ekArthakAMDa, nAnArthakAMDa aura sAmAnyakAMDa, isa prakAra isa koza meM tIna vibhAga haiN| isameM prAcIna kannaDa' kaviyoM ke dvArA prayukta saMskRta padoM kA kannaDa meM artha diyA gayA hai| isameM kavi ne vararuci, halAyudha Adi kI kRtiyoM se sahAyatA lI hai| inakA cauthA graMtha abhidhAnaratnamAlATIkA hai| isameM halAyudhakRta abhidhAnaratnamAlA nAmaka saMskRta koza ke saMskRta zabdoM ke samAnArthaka kannaDa zabda diye gaye haiN| isa TIkA meM TIkAkAra nAgavarma ne halAyudha ke vibhAgakrama kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| kannaDa kAvyoM meM prayukta saMskRta zabdoM ke artha ko jAnane ke lie yaha TIkA vizeSa upayogI hai| .

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campUyuga nemicandra isa yuga meM paramparAgata campUzailI kA adhika anusaraNa hone lagA thaa| kintu jahAM pampayuga ke campUkAvya meM vIrarasa kI vyaMjanA pradhAna thI, vahAM isa yuga kI racanAoM meM zrRMgArarasa kI abhivyakti adhika hone lagI thii| pampayuga ke mahAkAvya ke Adarza kA anukaraNa karanevAle kaviyoM meM nemicandra kA nAma sabase pahale AtA hai| zreSTha campU mahAkaviyoM kI paMkti meM nemicandra bhI eka haiN| karNapArya kA AzrayadAtA sAmaMta raTTa rAjA lakSmaNadeva hI nemicandra kA bhI AzrayadAtA hai| kavi kA kahanA hai ki vIraballAla (I. san 1173. 1220 ) ke pradhAna padmanAbha ne isa neminAthapurANa ko racavAyA hai| isa AdhAra para nemicandra kA samaya lagabhaga 1170 I0 hai| inheM kavirAjakujara, sAhitya vidyAdhara, sukavikaMThAbharaNa, bhAratIcittacora, caturbhASAkavi cakravartI, vAgvallakI vaiNika Adi upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki jahAM nemicandra ne apane pUrva kaviyoM kA smaraNa karate hue kisI bhI kannaDa kavi kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, vahIM janna, pAva, madhura, maMgarasa Adi kannaDa kaviyoM ne inakI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai|| _zRMgArarasa ke varNana meM nemicandra siddhahasta haiN| vastutaH inake kavitA sAmarthya meM svAbhAvikatA hai| asAdhAraNa zabdasaMpatti evaM pravAhamaya gaMbhIra zailI ne inakI racanAoM ko vizeSa rUpa se hRdayasparzI banA diyA hai / nemicandra ne neminAthapurANa nAmaka dhArmika kAvya kI aura lIlAvati nAmaka laukika kAvya kI racanA kI hai| lIlAvati inakI pahalI racanA hai| yaha kAvya zRMgArarasapradhAna hai| neminAthapurANa lIlAvati kI apekSA bRhadkAya aura eka saphala racanA hai| 14vIM zatAbdI ke aMta meM honevAle kavi madhura ne nemicandra kI kavikarmakuzalatA ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki 'yaha koI garvokti nahIM hai apitu sarvAnumodita tathya hai ki laukika evaM dhArmika racanAoM ke lie kannaDa kaviyoM meM nemicandra tathA janna ullekhanIya haiN| ye donoM kannaDa kI kRtiyoM ke lie sImApuruSa mAne jA sakate haiN|" _lIlAvati kannaDa sAhitya kI prathama zRMgArika racanA hai| isakI kathAvastu subaMdhuracita vAsavadattA para AdhArita pratIta hotI hai| banavAsi kA

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa rAjakumAra kaMdarpadeva svapna meM kisI sundarI ko dekhatA hai aura usakI khoja meM apane sAthI makaraMda ke sAtha nikala par3atA hai| svapna meM gocara huI vaha sundarI kusumapura ke nareza zRMgArazekhara kI kanyA lIlAvati thii| lIlAvati bhI svapna dekhatI hai aura priya kandarpadeva ke anveSaNa meM dUta bhejatI hai| kaI vighna bAdhAeM pAra karane ke bAda nAyaka-nAyikA kA milana hotA hai| zRMgAra ke citraNa meM kavi ne kaI naI udbhAvanAeM kI haiM aura kathApravAha ko rocaka banAyA hai| 'strIrUpa hI rUpa hai, zRMgAra hI rasa hai' yaha nemicandra kI mAnyatA thI / yaha racanA eka varSa meM pUrI huii| bAhubali (I0 san 1500) ke nAgakumAracarita, doDDayya (I. san 1550 ) ke candraprabha carita aura devacandra ( I0 san 1838) kI rAjAvalIkathA meM lIlAvati kI bar3I prazaMsA kI gaI hai| jisa prakAra kannaDa sAhitya ko nAgavarma ke dvArA kAdaMbarI jaisI sundara kRti milI hai, usI prakAra nemicandra dvArA lIlAvati jaisI racanA prApta huii| lIlAvati kI kathA choTI hai| yaha zRMgArarasapradhAna racanA hai| uddIpana ke lie kRti meM sarvatra cittAkarSaka varNana bhare par3e haiM isameM kaMdarpa aura lIlAvatI kA pAtracitraNa bahuta hI sundara huA hai| _neminAthapurANa nemicandra kI prasiddha racanA hai| isameM 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke caritra ke sAtha-sAtha vasudeva, acyuta, kaMdarpa Adi ke caritra ke samAveza kA saMkalpa to kavi ne kiyA thA, parantu kaMsavadha ke prakaraNa ke bAda kAvya samApta ho gayA hai| kAvya adhUrA hone ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma ardha nemipurANa par3a gayA hai| kavi ne kRSNa kI kathA ke citraNa meM kAvya rasAyana kI sRSTi hI kara DAlI hai| trivikrama veSadhArI vAmana kA virATa rUpacitraNa, govardhanalIlA kA prasaMga aura mallayuddha jaise prasaMga bar3e sarasa bana par3e haiN| kavi kI varNanazailI apUrva hai| isI viSayavastu ko lekara isake pUrva karNapArya ne campU meM aura cAuNDa rAya ne gadya meM kAvyaracanA kI hai| nemicandra ne ina do purANoM ke atirikta uttarapurANa kA bhI anusaraNa kiyA hai| kAvyadRSTi se uparyukta do kannaDa purANoM kI apekSA neminAthapurANa zreSTha hai| isameM nemicandra kA pAtraracanAkauzala nikharA hai| kavi nemicandra saMskRta ke bhI acche vidvAn the| inakI caturbhASA kavi cakravartI kI upAdhi se jJAta hotA hai ki nemicandra kannaDa ke hI nahIM, apitu saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza bhASA ke bhI jJAtA kavi the| kavi ne svayaM ko

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campUyuga 'tArkikatilaka' bhI kahA hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki nemicandra kAvya, siddhAnta Adi ke sAtha nyAyazAstra ke bhI vizeSajJa the / kavi ke anya kisI graMtha kA patA nahIM lagA hai| boppaNa paNDita inhoMne bAlacandra ke sahayoga se 27 kannaDa padyoM meM zravaNabeLagoLastha zrI gommaTezvara kI stuti kI hai / ye padya lagabhaga 1180 I0 ke zravaNabeLagoLa ke 234 veM zilAlekha meM utkIrNa haiN| nirvANalakSmIpatinakSatramAlikA nAmaka inakI eka anya laghukAya kRti bhI milatI hai / 'sujanottaMsa' zabda se pUrNa hone vAle aneka nItibodhaka kanda padya bhI inake hI mAlUma hote haiM kyoMki kavi kI upAdhiyoM meM 'sujanottaMsa' bhI eka upAdhi hai / inake atirikta inhoMne anya kisI graMtha kI racanA kI hai, yaha jJAta nahIM hai / zilAlekha meM utkIrNa padyoM ko inhoMne adhyAtmara sika bAlacandra ke sahayoga se racA hai| ata: ye unake samakAlIna hone cAhie / bAlacandra kA samaya lagabhaga 1170 I0 hai| zravaNabeLagoLa ke jisa zilAlekha meM boppaNa ke ye padya utkIrNa haiM, usa zilAlekha kA samaya lagabhaga 1180 I0 hai / ataH kavi kA samaya bhI lagabhaga yahI honA caahie| boppaNa ke preraka adhyAtma rasika bAlacandra jinastuti ke racayitA evaM prAbhRtatraya, paramAtmaprakAza Adi saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke anyAnya AcAryoM dvArA praNIta AdhyAtmika graMthoM ke saphala kAnaDa TIkAkAra haiM / Agama graMthoM ke TIkAkAra hone ke kAraNa hI ye adhyAtmarasika bAlacandra ke nAma se prasiddha hue hoge / bAlacandra mUlasaMgha ke dezIyagaNa ke pustaka. gacchAntargata kundakundAnvaya ke anuyAyI the| ye I0 san 1176 meM svargastha nayakIti' ke ziSya the / dAma nandi nAmaka inakA eka bar3A bhAI bhI thaa| ___ AcaNNa ne apane vardhamAna purANa meM aura pAla ne apane pArzvanAthapurANa meM boppaNa kI prazaMsA kI hai / kezirAja ne bhI apane zabdamaNi darpaNa meM udAharaNasvarUpa inake kucha padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| inakI gommaTastuti eka manohara bhAvagIta hai| isameM kavi ne bar3I bhakti se zrI bAhabalI kI stuti kI hai| stuti ke ye 'sundara padya cittAkarSaka haiN| inakI dUsarI 1. dekheM, zravaNabeLagoLa kA zilAlekha nN06|| 2. nAgamaMgala 70 ( 1178) / 3. zabdamaNidarpaNa, pRSTha 107, 112 aura 164 /

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kRti nirvANalakSmIpatinakSatramAlikA 27 vRttoM kI eka laghukalevara kRti hai / pratyeka padya 'nirvANalakSmIpati' se samApta hotA hai / granthArambha meM diye gaye padya se jJAta hotA hai ki isakI racanA bhavya-janoM kI preraNA se kI gayI thii| bahuta sambhava hai ki boppaNa ne ina laghu kRtiyoM ke atirikta koI mahattvapUrNa anya bRhat graMtha bhI racA ho, kyoMki pArzva Adi samAjamAnya kaviyoM ne isakI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| kezirAja ne bhI apanI kRti meM udAharaNasvarUpa inakI kRtiyoM se padyoM ko liyA hai| svayaM kavi ne bhI apane ko spaSTa rUpa se 'sukavisamAjanuta' kahA hai| aggala inhoMne candraprabhapurANa kI racanA kI hai| yaha bhI mUlasaMgha-dezIyagaNapustakagaccha-kundakundAnvaya ke haiN| inake pitA zAMtIza, mAtA pocAmbikA aura guruzrutakIrti traividya the| kavi iMgalezvaranivAsI hai| inheM bhAratIbhAlanetra, kAvyanIkarNadhAra, sAhityavidyAvinoda Adi kaI upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| aggala kisI AsthAna ke pramukha kavi bhI the| yaha bAta inakI kRti se hI siddha hotI hai| inhoMne candraprabhapurANa kI racanA I0 san 1189 meM kI thii| kavi ne apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM meM paMpa, pona aura rana kA smaraNa kiyA hai| dUsarI ora AcaNNa, devakavi, aNDayya, kamalabhava, bAhubali, pArzva Adi kaviyoM ne inakI prazaMsA kI hai| aggala kA candraprabhapurANa 16 AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hai| eka zilAlekha se vidita hotA hai ki yaha purANa unhoMne apane zraddheya guru zrutakIrti kI AjJA se hI racA hai / kannaDa meM upalabdha tIrthakara candraprabha sambandhI kathA graMthoM meM yaha prathama racanA hai| kavi ne isa racanA kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| 12vIM zatAbdI ke anya campU graMthoM kI taraha yaha bhI saMskRtabhUyiSTha ho, sudRr3ha bandha se adhika praur3ha banA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki aggala kavihRdaya haiM aura unake varNanoM meM kalpanAvilAsa hai / inhoMne apane samaya ke vIratApUrNa jIvana para bhI prakAza DAlA hai, yadyapi isakI racanA zailI bahuta kliSTa hai| candraprabhapurANa meM bhavAvaliyAM nahIM haiM, isalie kathA samajhane meM kaThinAI nahIM hotI hai| AcaNNa ___ inhoMne vardhamAnapurANa tathA zrIpadAzIti kI racanA kI hai| ye bhAradvAja gotrIya haiM / inake pitA kezavarAja, mAtA mallAmbikA aura guru nandiyogIzvara 1. biLigi zAsana ( 1592 ) /

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67 campUyuga the / AcaNNa puligere ke nivAsI the| 'vasudhaikabAndhava' upAdhidhArI camUpati recaNa kI satpreraNA se kavi ke pitA kezavarAja tathA unake mitra tikkaNa cAmaNa, ina donoM ne milakara vardhamAnapurANa likhanA prAraMbha kiyA thaa| parantu bIca meM hI kezavarAja ke dehAvasAna ho jAne ke kAraNa yaha kArya Age nahIM bddh'aa| bAda meM recaNa kI preraNA se AcaNNa ne ise pUrNa kiyA / ___ AcaNNa ko 'vANIvallabha' nAmaka upAdhi prApta thii| uparyukta camUpati recaNa pahale kalacuriyoM ke yahA~ aura bAda meM hoyasala zAsaka vIra ballAla (I0 san 1173-1220) ke yahA~ maMtrI jaise uttaradAyitvapUrNa ucca pada para sammAnapUrvaka AsIna the (Arasikere zilAlekha 07) / madrAsa prAcya graMthakozalayastha eka abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki AcaNNa ke guru nandiyogIzvara I. san 1189 meM vidyamAna the| vidvAnoM ne AvaNNa kA samaya I0 san 1195 nirdhArita kiyA hai| kavi ne apanI racanA meM pUrva kaviyoM meM zrI vijaya, gajAMkuza, guNavarma, nAgavarma, asaga, haMpa, ponna, aggala aura boppa kI stuti kI hai / kavi pArzva ne zrI guNavarma, kIrtikalAgarbha, jainAgamagarbha, jagadguru, prasannaguNa, mRduhRdaya Adi vizeSaNoM se AcaNNa kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki ye eka praur3ha kavi haiM / inakI racanA meM 12vIM zatAbdI ke anya caMpU kAvyoM kI apekSA zabdAlaMkAra atyadhika hai / AcaNNa kA vardhamAnapurANa aMtima tIrthaMkara vardhamAna (mahAvIra svAmI) ke caritra se sambandhita hai| yaha 26 AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hai| tIthaMkara vardhamAna ke caritra ke sambandha meM likhI gaI kannaDa kRtiyoM meM yaha graMtha prathama hai| AcaNNa ne apanI dUsarI kRti zrI padAzIti meM paMcaparameSThiyoM kI mahimA gAyI hai| isameM 94 kanda padya haiN| yaha bhaktirasa se paripUrNa eka sundara racanA hai| graMtha kA baMdha praur3ha hai| isakI prazaMsA kavi ne svayaM kI hai| mahAvIracaritrapratipAdaka svataMtra saMskRta kRtiyoM meM mahAkavi asaga (vikrama saMvat 11vIM zatAbdI) kA vardhamAnapurANa tathA AcArya sakalakIrti (vikrama saMvat 15vIM zatAbdI) kA vardhamAnacaritra ye donoM paryApta prasiddha haiN| vardhamAnapurANa solApura se aura vardhamAnacaritra kA mAtra hindI anuvAda baMbaI se prakAzita huA hai / kannaDa graMthoM meM AcaNNa ke isa vardhamAnapurANa ke atirikta kavi padma (vikramIya 11vIM zatAbdI ) kA eka anya vardhamAnapurANa bhI upalabdha hai / sAhitya kI dRSTi se kavi padma kA graMtha bhI eka sundara racanA hai|

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68 . kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa baMdhuvarma inhoMne 'harivaMzAbhyudaya' tathA 'jIva saMbodhana' kI racanA kI hai| ye vaizya kavi haiN| kavi ne apanI racanA meM apane varNa ke atirikta janmasthala, mAtApitA Adi anya kisI bhI bAta kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kavi kamalabhava (lagabhaga 1235 I0) ne apanI racanA meM svargavAsI baMdhuvarma kA smaraNa kiyA hai, isase jJAta hotA hai ki baMdhuvarma kamalabhava ke pUrvavartI the| Ara0 narasiMhA. cArya ke mata se inakA samaya I. san bArahavIM zatAbdI hai| nAgarAja, maMgarasa Adi kaviyoM ne baMdhuvarma kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| kintu Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki baMdhuvarma ne apanI racanA meM kisI bhI pUrva kavi kA smaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| balki inhoMne apane kavi cAturya kI prazaMsA svayaM kI hai| harivaMzAbhyudaya meM 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA caritra sundara DhaMga se vaNita hai| isameM 24 AzvAsa haiN| graMtha kI zailI sahaja evaM sundara hai| kavi kA baMdha lalita aura kalpanAvilAsa cittAkarSaka hai / isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki isa racanA meM sauMdarya aura lAlitya donoM hI upasthita haiN| baMdhuvarma kA dUsarA graMtha jIvasaMbodhana hai| yaha nItivairAgyabodhaka graMtha hai| isameM 12 adhikAra haiM / jainasAdhanA meM 12 anuprekSAoM kA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai| vastuta: ye hI mAnava ko vairAgya kI parAkASTA para pahu~cAtI haiN| tIrthaMkara bhI inhIM ke dvArA apanI vairAgya dazA ko puSTa karate haiN| pApabhIru evaM saccA dharmazraddhAlu vyakti pratidina niyama se ina anuprekSAoM kA smaraNa karatA hai| anuprekSA kA artha hai vastu svabhAva kA gahana ciMtana / jaba vastusvabhAva kA ciMtana gahana evaM tAttvika hogA to rAgadveSa Adi vRttiyAM kSINa hotI jaayeNgii| jina viSayoM kA ciMtana hamArI rAga dveSa kI vRttiyoM ke zodhane meM vizeSa upayogI ho sakatA hai, aise bAraha viSayoM ko cunakara unake ciMtana ko hI bAraha anuprekSAoM ke rUpa meM ginAyA gayA hai| anuprekSAoM ko bhAvanA bhI kahate haiN| ____ baMdhuvarma ne jIvasaMbodhana meM ina anuprekSAoM kA bahuta hI sarala, svAbhAvika evaM cittAkarSaka DhaMga se varNana kiyA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki kavi apane kArya meM pUrNa saphala huA hai| adhyAtmapremI-jainetara vidvAn bhI isa graMtha kI mukta kaMTha se prazaMsA karate haiN| isameM dharma ke sAtha hI sAtha sodAharaNa nIti kI zikSA dI gaI hai| graMtha kI zailI lalita evaM sundara hai| tamila bhASA meM bhI isI nAma kA eka graMtha hai| prAyaH donoM ke viSaya milate-julate haiN| jIvasaMbodhana kA hindI-anuvAda honA cAhiye /

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campUyuga pArzvapaNDita inhoMne pArzvanAthapurANa kI racanA kI hai| inake pitA lokaNanAyaka, mAtA kAmiyakka, agraja nAgaNa aura guru vAsupUjya haiN| kavi ne pArzvanAthapurANa ko I. san 1222 meM racA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki pArzva sauMdatti ke zAsaka kArtavIrya caturtha (I. san 1202-1220 ) kI sabhA meM AsthAna kavi the kyoMki inhoMne apanI racanA meM apane ko spaSTa rUpa se kArtavIrya kA AsthAnakavi ghoSita kiyA hai| kavi pArzva kA samakAlIna raTTavaMzIya zAsaka kArtavIrya caturtha hI hai| ___ kavi ne rAjA lakSmaNa ko kArtavIrya kA putra batalAyA hai| anyAnya zilAlekhoM se siddha hotA hai ki rAjA lakSmaNa I0 san 1229 meM zAsanArUr3ha thaa| uparyukta ullekhoM ke atirikta rAyala aiziyATika sosAiTI kI bambaI zAkhA ke jarnala (bhAga 10, pRSTha 220) meM prakAzita eka zilAlekha ke aMtima padyameM usa zilAlekha ke lekhaka kA nAma pArzva batalAyA gayA hai| ukta zilAlekha I0 san 1205 meM likhA gayA thaa| isameM kUDi maNDalAntargata veNu grAma ke raTTAnvaya zAsaka kArtavIrya tathA mallikArjuna kA ullekha hai| isake sAtha hI kArtavIrya dvArA maNDalAcArya zubhacandra bhaTTAraka ko diye gaye dAna kA bhI ullekha hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ukta zilAlekha kavi pArzva dvArA stuta kArtavIrya ke zAsanakAla meM hI likhA gayA hogA kyoMki pArzva kI racanAoM meM unake lie prayukta 'kavikulatilaka' kI upAdhi zilAlekha ke aMtima padya meM bhI maujUda hai| pArzva ko sukavijanamanoharSasasyapravarSa, vividhajanamanaHpadminIpadmamitra tathA kavikulatilaka kI upAdhiyA~ prApta thiiN| inhoMne pUrva kaviyoM meM paMpa, potra, rana, karNapArya, guNavarma Adi kannaDa kaviyoM kA tathA dhanaMjaya evaM bhUpAla nAmaka saMskRta kaviyoM kA sAdara smaraNa kiyA hai / dhanaMjaya 'dvisaMdhAnakAvya' ke evaM bhUpAla 'jinacaturvizatikA' ke racayitA mAlUma hote haiM / mahAkavi dhanaMjaya apane dvisaMdhAnakAvya ke kAraNa vikhyAta haiN| isa kAvya kA aparanAma rAghavapANDavIya hai| isa kAvya meM rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata donoM kI kathA eka sAtha varNita hai| kavi pArzva kA pArzvanAthapurANa campU kAvya hai| isameM 16 AzvAsa haiN| isa purANa meM 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke caritra kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne apane isa purANa kI prazaMsA svayaM kI hai| pArzva ne apane grantha ke AraMbha meM sabhI prasiddha kannaDa evaM saMskRta-prAkRta jaina kaviyoM kA smaraNa kiyA hai|

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kavi kA baMdha lalita aura madhura hai| pArva saMgIta tathA nRtya ke bhI vizeSajJa the| apanI racanA meM inhoMne ina kalAoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha purANa ke 12veM AzvAsa ke 19veM se 31veM padya taka saMgIta aura nutya kA varNana bahuta hI sundara hai / pArzva kannaDa evaM saMskRta donoM bhASAoM ke marmajJa kavi the / inakI racanA meM saMdarbhAnusAra alaMkAra, nIti tathA lokoktiyoM kA suMdara DhaMga se prayoga huA hai| kathA bhAga sarasa, zailI pravAhamaya aura varNana sundara hai / kamaTha kA caritra-citraNa bhI cittAkarSaka hai| janna yaha yazodharacarita tathA anantanAthapurANa ke racayitA haiM / 'mohAnubhavamukura' (lagabhaga 1400 I0) nAmaka graMtha se jJAta hotA hai ki inakA 'smarataMtra' nAmaka eka anya grantha bhI thaa| kiMtu vaha abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai| janna kAzyapagotrIya haiN| inake pitA zaMkara aura mAtA gaMgAdevI haiM / zaMkara hoysala rAjA narasiMha (I0 san 1141-1173) kA kaTakopAdhyAya (senA-zikSaka) thaa| inheM 'sumanobANa' nAmaka upAdhi prApta thii| kavi janna kA janma ASAr3ha kRSNa trayodazI ke zubha dina revatI nakSatra meM zivayoga meM huA thA (anantanAtha purANa, A0 4, padya 136-137 tathA mA0 14, padya 75) / inakI dharmapatnI daNDAdhipati recaNa kI putrI lakumAdevI thiiN| kAnUrgaNIya mAdhavacandra ke ziSya gaNDa vimukta muni rAmacandradeva inake guru the| jagadekamalla (I. san 11381150) ke kaTakopAdhyAya (senA-zikSaka) abhinavazarvavarma nAmaka upAdhidhArI dvitIya nAgavarma janna ke upAdhyAya (zikSaka) the (anaMtanAthapurANa, A0 2, padya 34) / 'sUktisudhArNava' ke racayitA mallikArjuna (lagabhaga I0 san 1245) kavi ke bahanoI the| 'zabdamaNidarpaNa' ke racayitA kezirAja (lagabhaga I0 san 1260) janna ke bhAgineya the| isa prakAra kavi janna bar3e bhAgyazAlI the, unake sambandha ucca gharAnoM se the / janna tarka, vyAkaraNa, sAhitya, nATya Adi zAstroM ke hI pAragAmI nahIM the (yazodharacarita, A0 1, padya 18-19) balki ve dRr3hakAya tathA sAhasI the tathA zastravidyA meM bhI pAraMgata the| isa taraha zastra-zAstra donoM meM pravINa hone ke kAraNa ve tatkAlIna zAsaka vIranarasiMha ke yahAM maMtrI tathA daNDAdhIza jaise garimAmaya ubhaya padoM para AsIna the (anaMtanAthapurANa, AzvAsa 1, padya 24) / vastutaH kavi ke zastra-zAstra sambandhI adbhuta pANDitya ne hI guNagrAhI rAjA

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campUyuga ... 71 vIranarasiMha ko unakI ora AkRSTa kiyA thaa| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki kavi kA prabhAva pahale janatA meM aura bAda meM rAjasabhA meM pahu~cA hogaa| yadyapi janna sabhI kalAoM meM pravINa the parantu unheM kAvyakalA meM vizeSa ruci thii| bAlyAvasthA se hI sarasvatI unapara mugdha ho gayI thiiN| isakA spaSTa pramANa kavi dvArA racita cennarAyapaTTaNa (zaka saMvat 1112-I0 san 1191-naM. 179) tathA tarIkere (zaka saMvat 1119 I0-san 1197, naM0 45) ke zilAlekha haiM / isa prakAra bAlyAvasthA meM hI aMkurita kavi kI kavitvazakti unake avirata prayAsoM se yathAzIghra latA bana gaI, jisameM yazodhayanti tathA anaMtanAthapurANa jaise do manohara sugaMdhita puSpa vikasita hue aura jinakI gaMdha se rasika evaM bhAvuka sAhityika AkarSita hue| kevala bhAvuka sAhityika hI nahIM, svayaM rAjA vIraballAla bhI upayukta kAvyoM kI rasAnubhUti se apane ko vaMcita nahIM rakha skaa| sahRdaya guNagrAhI rAjA vIraballAla ne janna kI kavitA se mugdha hokara unheM kavicakravartI kI upAdhi pradAna kI (anaMtapurANa, mAzvAsa 1, padya 25) / kavi ne yazodharacarita kI racanA vIraballAla (I. san 1173--1220) ke zAsanakAla meM zukla saMvatsara arthAt I0 san 1209 meM tathA anaMtanAthapurANa kI racanA vIraballAla ke putra vIranarasiMha (I0 san 1220--1235) ke rAjyakAla meM vikRta saMvatsara arthAt I0 san 1230 meM kI thI (anaMtanAtha. purANa, AzvAsa 14, padya 84) / janna sAhityaratnAkara, kavibhAlalocana; kavicakravartI, vineyajanamukhatilaka, rAjavidvatsabhAkalahaMsa, kavivRndArakavAsava, kavikalpalatAmandAra Adi ucca upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita haiM / kavi janna ko laukika vidyA meM jitanI ruci thI, utanI hI adhyAtmavidyA meM bhI thii| isakI pUrti hetu vaha usa samaya ke prasiddha vidvAn mAdhavacandra travidya ke ziSya gaNDavimukta, muni rAmacandra ke caraNoM meM pahu~ce / vahA~ para jainadharma ke tattvoM kA acchI taraha adhyayana kara unhoMne apane agAdha pANDitya kA sadupayoga jainadharma ke punaruddhAra ke lie kiyA / vastutaH janna kI dhana-sampadA, buddhi-kauzala evaM kavitva-zakti jaina-dharma ke pracArArtha hI samarpita thii| loka meM sAmAnyatayA lakSmI aura sarasvatI meM paraspara asahiSNutA dekhI jAtI hai, isalie vidvAn prAyaH nirdhana hote haiM / parantu kavi janna vaibhava saMpanna the / inhoMne 'saubhAgyasaMpanna' Adi zabdoM kA prayoga karake apanI racanAoM meM svayaM isa bAta ko vyakta kiyA hai / janna bar3e udAra the tathA sadA garIboM kI

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72 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa madada karate rahate the / kavi kA kathana hai ki "maiMne apane hAthoM ko kabhI dUsaroM ke sAmane nahIM pasArA hai balki barAbara dUsaroM ko diyA hai" (anaMtanAthapurANa, AzvAsa 14, padya 80 ) / janna ne gaNDarAditya ke rAjya meM anaMtanAthatIrthaMkara kA bhavya maMdira aura dvArasamudra meM vijayapArzva jinezvara ke jinAlaya kA dvAra banavAyA thaa| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki kavi janna kA sArA jIvana sAhitya tathA dharmasevA meM vyatIta huA hai / inake yazodharacarita aura anaMtanAthapurANa donoM hI jainadharma ke pracArArtha race gaye haiM / isa bAta ko kavi ne svayaM apanI racanA meM spaSTa kahA hai / jaina kaviyoM kA yaha Adarza rahA hai ki ve apanI bahumUlya kAvya pratibhA ko mahApuruSoM ke pavitra jIvanacaritroM kI racanA ke dvArA sArthaka banAte rahe haiM / kavi janna ne apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM meM guNatrarma, pampa, ponna, ranna, nAgacandra Adi prasiddha sabhI jaina kaviyoM kA smaraNa kiyA hai / dUsarI ora paravartI aNDayya, kamalabhava, mallikArjuna, kumudendu, maMgarasa Adi mAnya kaviyoM ne janna kI stuti kI hai / janna ke yazodharacarita meM gadya nahIM hai, kevalavRtta haiM / zeSa sabhI kanda padya haiM / yaha sundara kAvya cAra avatAroM meM vibhakta hai / isameM kula 311 kanda padya haiM / prastuta kAvya meM kavi ne paMca aNuvratoM meM anyatama evaM pramukha ahiMsANuvrata kI mahimA ko bar3e hI AkarSaka DhaMga se samajhAyA hai / rAjA mAridatta ke dvArA apanI kuladevI ko bali dene hetu lAye gaye manuSya yugala ke dvArA kahI gayI janmAntara kathAoM ko sunakara rAjA svayaM hiMsA ko sarvathA tyAgakara saMsAra se virakta ho jAtA hai / yahI isa kAvya kA kathAsAra hai / saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM etadviSayaka kaI graMtha haiM; jaise, yazastilakacampU, yazodharakAvya, jasaharacariu Adi / inameM yazastilakacampU eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa mahAkAvya hai / isake racayitA rAjanIti zAstra ke marmajJa AcArya somadevasUri haiM / kavi ne kAvyAraMbha meM kundakunda, samaMtabhadra, pUjyapAda Adi AcAryoM ke smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha sala, vinayAditya, yareyaMga Adi hoyasala vaMza kI paramparA kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai aura apane AzrayadAtA vIraballAla kI vizeSa rUpa se prazaMsA kI hai / Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ke zabdoM meM isakA baMdha lalita, madhura, gaMbhIra aura hRdayaMgama hai / kavi madhura ke dvArA janna ko karNATakakavitA kA sImA puruSa kahA jAnA sarvathA samucita hai / nirargala rUpa se pravAhita

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campUyuga honevAlI isakI kavitA ke pravAha ko dekhakara bar3A Azcarya hotA hai| pro. DI0 ela0 narasiMhAcArya ne apane eka lekha meM vAdirAja ke saMskRta yazodhara kAvya se janna ke isa yazodharacarita kI tulanA kI hai aura aneka dRSTiyoM se yazodharakAvya kI apekSA yazodharacarita ko uttama siddha kiyA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki mahAkavi janna vastutaH kannaDa sAhitya ke mahAn kaviyoM meM se eka haiN| kavi kA dUsarA graMtha anantanAthapurANa hai / yaha eka campU kAvya hai| isameM 14veM tIrthakara anantanAtha kI pavitra jIvanI citrita hai| sAtha-sAtha isameM isI vaMza ke baladeva suprabha, vAsudeva puruSottama aura prativAsudeva madhukaiTabha kA caritra bhI varNita hai| anantanAthapurANa 14 AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM kavi ne alaMkAroM ko vizeSa sthAna nahIM diyA hai| yaha purANa dorasamudra ( halebIDu ) ke zAntIzvara jinAlaya meM pUrNa huA thaa| isameM yazodharacarita ke bhI aneka padya upalabdha hote haiM / isameM spaSTa hai ki yaha graMtha yazodhara carita ke bAda kA hai| ___ AcArya guNabhadraracita uttarapurANa, cAuNDarAya racita cAuNDarAyapurANa Adi prAcIna kRtiyoM ko Adarza mAnakara kavi ne navIna sannivezoM kI kalpanA kI hai| paMpa Adi pUrva kaviyoM ke mArga kA anusaraNa karate hue mahAkavi janna ne isa surucipUrNa evaM kAvyalakSaNa se yukta purANa kI racanA karake apane kavitva kI praur3hatA ko vyakta kiyA hai| vastutaH isake paThana se jahA~ rasikoM kA manoraMjana hotA hai, vahIM bhAvuka bhavya jIvoM kI jinendra bhagavAn meM ananya evaM avicala bhakti utpanna hotI hai / isa grantha meM mahAkavi janna ne dainaMdina anubhava kI ghaTanAoM ko cittAkarSaka zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| isa kAvya ne sabhI ko AkRSTa kara diyA thaa| isa purANa meM jaina siddhAntoM ke mArmika upadeza evaM tapasyA ke vizad varNana ke sAtha hI isameM tIrthaMkara anaMtanAtha ke paMcakalyANakoM kA varNana hai / isameM unakI bAlalIlA, yauvana-prApti para mAtApitA ke dvArA kanyAnveSaNa evaM vivAha kA Ayojana, sAMsArika sukha-bhoga aura unake uddIpaka vasanta Rtu, candrodaya Adi kA sajIva prastutIkaraNa hai / bAda meM saMsAra se virakti, tapasyA, kevalajJAna, nirvANa prApti Adi kA suMdara citraNa hai| zRgAra, vIra, karuNa, aura hAsyAdi vividha rasoM kI sRSTi karake janna ne prastuta purANa ko bahuta hI AkarSaka banAyA hai| eka bAra isake AdyopAnta

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa paThana se rasika pAThakoM kA hRdaya avazya praphullita ho utthegaa| khAsakara sAdhvI sunaMdA tathA caMDazAsana ke upAkhyAna mahAkavi janna kI anupama kavitva zakti ke paricAyaka haiM / duSTa aura krUra caMDazAsana ke dvArA pativratA ziromaNi sunaMdA kA kArAgAra meM rakhA jAnA, vahA~ para use burI taraha satAyA jAnA, usake pUjyapati vasuSeNa ke mastaka ko sAmane lAkara rakhanA, use dekhakara sunaMdA kA dehatyAga karanA Adi dRzya vastutaH hRdaya vidAraka haiM / ina varNanoM meM karuNarasa kI nirmala gaMgA nirbAdha rUpa se pravAhita huI hai / 74 janna ne graMthAraMbha meM sabhI prasiddha AcAryoM evaM kaviyoM kA smaraNa kiyA hai aura graMthAnta meM apane AzrayadAtA rAjA vIranarasiMha ko hRdaya se AzIrvAda diyA hai / janma ke uparyukta saMkSipta paricaya se vidvAn pAThakoM ko usa medhAvI mahAkavi ke agAdha pANDitya, gahana lokAnubhava, vyApaka zAstrAdhyayana, anupama varNanavaiduSya kA patA cala jAtA hai| vastutaH janna eka mahAkavi haiM aura unakI kAvyapratibhA spRhaNIya hai / vidvAnoM kI dRSTi se janna hitamitabhASI aura ucita padaprayoga meM siddhahasta the / anAvazyaka kaThina zabdoM kA prayoga kavi ne kahIM bhI nahIM kiyA hai / samucita suMdara zabda janma ke kAvya meM prayukta haiM / lAlitya, mAdhuryAdi guNoM se paripUrNa janna kA kathA-kauzalya sarvAMga sundara hai / guNava (dvitIya) yaha puSpadaMtapurANa tathA candranAthASTaka ke racayitA haiM / inakA AzrayadAtA rAjA kArtavIrya kA sAmaMta zAMtivarma hai / kArtavIrya ke guru municandra hI inake bhI guru haiM / guNavarma ne pUrva kaviyoM kI stuti meM mahAkavi janna ( I0 san 1230 ) kI stuti kI hai / ataH yaha nirvivAda siddha hai ki kavi guNavarma janna ke bAda hue / mallikArjuna ( I0 san 1245 ) ne inake puSpadaMta purANa ke katipaya padyoM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / isalie yaha bhI siddha hai ki guNavarma mallikArjuna ke pUrva ke haiM / ina AdhAroM para Ara0 narasiMhAcArya kI rAya hai ki kavi guNavarma lagabhaga 1225 I0 meM jIvita rahe hoMge / narasiMhAcArya jI ke matAnusAra I0 san 1229 meM utkIrNa sauMdatti ke zilAlekha meM ullikhita kArtavIryaM municandra aura zAMtinAthavarmaM hI, nissandeha guNavarma ke dvArA smRta kArtavIryaM municandra tathA zAMtivarma haiM / zilAlekha meM zAMtinAtha ko municandra kA Atmaja batalAyA gayA hai / isake atirikta zilAlekha meM inheM 'iSTaziSTa cintAmaNi' bhI kahA gayA hai / puSpadaMtapurANa meM

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campUyuga kavi guNavarma ne bhI 'iSTaziSTakalpakuMja' ke rUpa meM zAMtivarma kI stuti kI hai| kArtavIrya I0 san 1202 se 1220 taka zAsana karatA rahA thaa| isakI sabhA meM hI zAMtivarma ne kavi guNavarma ko puSpadaMtapurANa kI racanA ke lie preraNA dI thii| yaha bAta puSpadaMtapurANa se bhI siddha hotI hai| __kArtavIrya kuMtaladezastha kUDi meM rAjya karatA rahA / ataH kavi kA janmasthala bhI kUDi hI rahA hogaa| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki guNavarma ke pUjya guru municandradeva the| kavi ne svayaM apanI racanA meM bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki maiM inakI kRpA se hI kavitA banAne meM samartha huA huuN| guNavarma ko kavi tilaka, sarasvatIkarNapUra, sahajakavisarovarahasa, prabhuguNAbjinIkalahaMsa, guNaratnabhUSaNa, bhavyaratnAkara, mAnameru tathA kAvyasatkalArNavamRgalAMchana Adi aneka upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| kavi guNavarma ne pUrva kaviyoM meM guNavarma ( prathama ), paMpa, ponna, ranna, aggala, nAgavarma, nemicandra, janna tathA nAgacandra kA sAdara smaraNa kiyA hai| vividhakalAbhijJa, kavitAcatura, suvivekanidhAna, nRpaja timahita Adi vizeSaNoM ke dvArA inhoMne svayaM apane guNoM kA bakhAna kiyA hai| AtmaprazaMsA kI ina bAtoM ko eka ora rakhane para bhI itanA to avazya svIkAra karanA par3egA ki guNavarma eka praur3ha kavi the aura inakI racanAyeM paThanIya haiN| puSpadaMtapurANa campUkAvya hai| isameM 14 AzvAsa haiN| isakI kula padya saMkhyA 1365 hai / isameM 9veM tIrthakara puSpadaMta kI jIvanI varNita hai / graMtha kA baMdha lalita evaM suMdara hai / isameM jahAM-tahAM karNATaka meM pracalita lokoktiyA~ bhI sammilita kara dI gayI haiM / inakI racanAoM meM kAvya ke rasAsvAdana ke bAdhaka aura paMpa Adi mahAkaviyoM se parityakta vRtyanuprAsa, yamakAdi zabdAlaMkAra bhI pAye jAte haiM, jinheM alaMkArazAstriyoM ne dUSita mAnA hai| kavi ne isa bAta kA pUrNarUpa se dhyAna rakhA hai ki dhvani kAvya kA prANa hotI hai / zAstrIya tathA saMskRta sAhitya meM pracura parimANa meM pAye jAnevAle 'kAkatAlIya' Adi aneka nyAya bhI puSpadaMtapurANa meM pAye jAte haiN| isa purANa kA kathA bhAga anya purANoM ke kathA bhAga kI taraha aneka janmAntara kI kathAoM ke kAraNa pAThaka meM aruci utpanna nahIM karatA hai| isakA kathA bhAga bahuta hI saMkSipta hai| aisI saMkSipta kathA ko bar3hAkara 14 AzvAsoM meM parivartita kara denA bhI eka asAdhAraNa kArya hai, isase kavi kI

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kavitvazakti kA patA lagatA hai / isa vistAra meM koI bhI bhAga aprakRta athavA asaMbaddha nahIM mAlUma hotA hai| jaina purANoM kA pradhAna rasa zAMtarasa hai| zRMgArAdi anya rasa isa pradhAna rasa ke sahAyaka mAtra haiN| kavi kA kahanA hai ki jisa taraha tikta auSadhiyoM meM pravRtti karAne ke lie abodha bAlakoM ko zarkarA Adi madhura vastu dI jAtI hai, usI taraha mokSa ke prati aruci rakhanevAle vyaktiyoM ko usa ora AkarSita karane ke lie hI zRMgArAdi rasoM kA prayoga jaina purANoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| aisI dazA meM zAMtarasapradhAna kAvyoM meM zRMgArAdi rasoM ko adhika mahattva na dekara usake pradhAna rasa kI yathAvat rakSA karanevAle kavi kA pratibhAcAturSa vastutaH prazaMsanIya hai| ___ jaina kaviyoM meM purANa ke aMgoM ke prazna para matabheda haiM, kucha loga purANa ke ATha aMga mAnate haiM to kucha pAMca aMga mAnate haiN| puSpadaMtapurANa meM AThoM aGga liye gaye haiN| vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki guNavarma kA baMdha praur3ha evaM anuprAsayukta hai / graMthAraMbha meM kavi ne tIrthaGkara puSpadanta, siddha, sarasvatI, yakSayakSI, kevalI, zrutakevalI, dazapUrvadhArI, ekAdazAMgadhArI, AcArAMgadhArI aura kuMdakuMda Adi sabhI prasiddha AcAryoM kI sAdara stuti kI hai| guNavarma ke candranAthASTaka meM sirpha 8 padya haiN| ye padya mahAsragdharA vRtta meM race gaye haiN| pratyeka padya 'candra nAtha' zabda se prArambha hotA hai / yaha aSTaka kolhApura ke tribhuvanatilaka jinAlaya ke candranAthaprabhu kI stutirUpa meM racita hai| isameM gambhIra zailI meM tIrthaGkara candra nAtha kA guNagAna kiyA gayA hai| guNavarma kI ye donoM kRtiyAM madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya se prakAzita ho cukI haiN| kamalabhava inhoMne zAntIzvarapurANa likhA hai| inake guru dezIyagaNa, pustakagaccha aura kundakundAnvaya ke yati mAdhanandI haiN| kamalabhava ne pUrva kaviyoM meM janna kA smaraNa kiyA hai| isalie itanA to spaSTa hai ki ye janna ke bAda hue haiN| mallikArjuna ne apane 'sUktisudhArNava' meM kamalabhava ke grantha se aneka padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| ataH kavi kamalabhava kA mallikArjuna ke bhI pahale honA sunizcita hai| isa AdhAra para inakA samaya lagabhaga 1235 I. nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| ___'kusumAvali' ke racayitA deva kavi kamalabhava kI graMtha racanA ke preraka rahe hoNge| yahI kAraNa hai ki kusumAvali ke katipaya padya kamalabhava ke graMtha

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campUyuga meM upalabdha hote haiN| vidita hotA hai ki kamalabhava ko kavikaMjagarbha aura sUktisaMdarbhagarbha kI upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| kamalabhava ne pUrvakaviyoM meM paMpa, ponna, nAgacandra, ranna, bandhuvarma tathA nemicandra Adi kA smaraNa kiyA hai| inhoMne apanI racanA meM apane guNa evaM kavitA-cAturya kI prazaMsA bhI svayaM kI hai| kamalabhava kA zAntIzvarapurANa 16 AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hai| grantha ke prArambha meM kavi ne zAntIzvara evaM siddhoM kI stuti ke anantara prAyaH sabhI prasiddha AcAryoM evaM kannaDa kaviyoM kI stuti kI hai| Ara0 narasiMhAcArya ke mata meM yaha eka lAlityapUrNa kAvya racanA hai| isameM kavi kI kAvya dhArA nirbAdha rUpa se pravAhita huI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki kamalabhava eka pratibhAzAlI kavi haiM / inakA zAntIzvarapurANa maisUra sarakAra kI ora se *prakAzita ho cukA hai| saMbhava hai ki kamalabhava ke dvArA anya koI grantha bhI racA gayA ho / parantu abhI taka kevala zAntIzvarapurANa hI upalabdha ho sakA hai| mahAbala inhoMne neminAthapugaNa kI racanA kI hai| ye bhAradvAja gotra ke haiN| inake pitA rAyideva, mAtA rAjiyakka, guru meghacandra the| pratyeka AzvAsa ke anta meM gadya meM kavi ne 'mAghacandratravidyacakravartizrIpAdaprasAdAsAdhita. sakalakalAkalApa' yoM vidyacakravartI mAdhavacandra ko sAdara smaraNa kiyA hai| sambhavataH mAdhavacandra mahAbala ke vidyAguru the| neminAthapurANa kA racanA . kAla zaka saMvat 1176 ( I0 san 1254 ) hai, isakA ullekha kavi ne svayaM kiyA hai| ketayanAyaka athavA kSemaMkara ne mahAbala ke dvArA neminAthapurANa kI racanA karAI thii| ketayanAyaka svayaM kavi the| yaha bAta upayukta purANa se hI vidita hotI hai| ketaya kI patnI zrIpati kI putrI marudevI thii| marudevI kI eka putrI thI, jisakA vivAha kalideva ke sAtha huA thaa| ketayanAyaka ne koTibAge jinAlaya meM vrata liyA thaa| kavi mahAbala zrIpati ke putra lakSma kA guru thaa| mahAbala ne apane ko 'saciva' likhA hai; sambhavataH ye ketayanAyaka ke 'saciva' rahe hoMge / kavi ne likhA hai ki usane apane grantha neminAthapurANa ko zrutAcArya Adi kI upasthiti meM sabhA meM sunAkara apane ziSya (pUrvokta ) lakSma se likhavAyA hai| mahAbala ko 'sahajakavimanogehamANikyadIpa' aura 'vizvavidyAvirici' nAmaka upAdhiyA~ prApta thiiN| inhoMne apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM kA smaraNanahIM kiyA /

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78 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa , hai / mahAbala ne apane kavitA-cAturya kI svayaM prazaMsA kI hai| inakA neminAthapurANa eka campUgraMtha hai| yaha 16 AzvAsoM meM pUrNa huA hai| isameM harivaMza tathA kuruvaMza donoM kI kathA varNita hai| granthArambha meM sabhI kaviyoM kI taraha siddha, sarasvatI Adi kI stuti ke uparAnta AcArya evaM kaviyoM kI stuti kI gaI hai / neminAthapurANa kA bandha praur3ha hai / yaha purANa abhI aprakAzita hai| AMDayya AMDayya ke kAvya kA nAma kabbigarakAva arthAt madanavijaya hai| kannar3a bhASAbhASiyoM ke nivedana para inhoMne isa kAvya kI racanA kI thii| vastutaH yaha racanA kannaDa bhASAbhASiyoM ke lie kavi kI eka apUrva dena hai| madana vijaya kAvya meM vaidika purANokta ziva aura kAma kA yuddha varNita hai| kisI. bhI jaina mUla grantha meM anupalabdha eka navIna kathA ko kavi ne svapratibhAcAturya ke dvArA sundara DhaMga se nirUpita kiyA hai| apanI pUrva sthiti ke sambandha meM anajAna banA huA kAma rati ke dvArA kAmavijaya sambandhI apanI hI kathA ko sunakara zApa se mukta ho jAtA hai / vastutaH yaha kavi kI eka navIna udbhAvanA hai| AMDayya kannaDa sAhitya ko eka navIna kathAvastu pradAna karane ke lie hI nahIM, apitu apanI kathana-zailI aura bhASA-vaiziSTa ke lie bhI cirasmaraNIya haiN| pUrva ke kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM meM saMskRta samAsapadoM kI kliSTatA ko dekhakara kavi kA mana duHkhI huA hogA aura isIlie usane dezya evaM tadbhava zabdoM ko apanAne kA prayAsa kiyA hogaa| AMDayya kI bhASA-zailI lalita evaM madhura tathA varNana cittAkarSaka haiM / isake kAvya meM prayukta 'muktapadagrAsa' nAmaka zabdAlaMkAra svAbhAvika tathA lalita hai| kavi ne apane kAvya meM jaina dharma kI zreSThatA ko bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se citrita kiyA hai| etadartha kevala eka udAharaNa paryApta hogaa| eka hI bANa se ziva ko ardhanArIzvara banAnevAlA mahAzUra manmatha ( kAmadeva ) eka zramaNa ( muni ) ko dekhakara thara-thara kAMpane lagA aura usa zramaNa kI mahAn tapasyA se prabhAvita hokara vaha bhakti se vinamra bana gyaa| jaba eka zramaNa meM hI itanI sAmarthya ho to phira tIrthaGkara kI mahimA kA kyA kahanA? jina aura ziva meM kyA samAnatA? jaina dharma kI mahimA ko dikhAne ke lie kavi ADayya kA yaha kathA-cAturya prazaMsanIya hai| vastutaH AMDayya ke isa kAvya meM lAlitya evaM mAdhurya donoM hI upasthita haiN|

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campUyuga mallikArjuna evaM kezirAja 13vIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM hue ina donoM pitA-putra kA kannaDa sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka viziSTa sthAna hai / ye donoM hI kavi the / parantu kheda kI bAta hai ki abhI taka inakA koI bhI svaracita kAvya grantha upalabdha nahIM huA hai| mallikArjuna malla aura mallappa nAma se bhI prasiddha haiM / mallikAjuna ne apane se pUrva ke kannaDa sAhitya se 'sUktisudhArNava' nAmaka eka padya saMkalana avazya taiyAra kiyA hai / isameM 19 AzvAsa haiM / isa saMkalana graMtha ke pUrvapIThikA nAmaka prathama AzvAsa meM inake svaracita aneka padya upalabdha hote haiM, mAtra itanA hI nahIM, isa AzvAsa meM inake dvArA racita bahuta se aise padya bhI milate haiM jo abhilekhoM meM utkIrNa haiM | kezirAja 79 inhoMne apane grantha zabdamaNidarpaNa meM colapAlacarita, subhadrAharaNa, prabodha candra aura kirAta nAmaka apanI svaracita kRtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / paraMtu abhI taka inameM se eka bhI grantha prApta nahIM ho sakA hai / vidvAnoM kI rAya se prabodhacandra nATaka grantha hogA / yadi yaha eka nATaka grantha ho to kannaDa sAhitya meM isakA bar3A mahattva hogA, kyoMki prAcIna kannaDa sAhitya meM nATaka graMthoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai / isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki kezirAja eka zreSTha kavi haiM / mallikArjuna ke sUktisudhArNava kI pUrvapIThikA nAmaka prathama AzvAsa ko chor3akara zeSa 18 AzvAsoM meM 18 prakAra ke varNana milate haiM / isa varNanoM ke padya bahuta hI sarasa haiM / isa saMkalana meM kaMda aura vRtta hI liye gaye haiM / sUktisudhArNava kannaDa sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mUlyavAn hai / abhI taka anupalabdha evaM aprApya aneka kAvyaracanAoM ke katipaya aMza isa saMkalana meM milate haiM / kaviyoM ke kAlanirNaya ke lie bhI yaha graMtha AdhArabhUta hai / isa saMkalana meM uddhRta padyakAvyoM ke racayitA I0 san 1250 ke pUrva ke siddha hote haiM / jabaki isameM anuddhRta sabhI kavi paravartI siddha hote haiM / sUktisudhANaMva ke saMgrahakArya meM pitA ke sAtha kezirAja kA bhI yogadAna rahA hogA / pUrvavartI sabhI kAvya graMthoM ke avalokana se kezirAja ko apane vyAkaraNa grantha zabdamaNidarpaNa kI racanA meM paryApta sahAyatA milI hogI / kezirAja ne inhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA saMgraha kiyA hogA / zabdamaNidarpaNa eka sundara vyAkaraNa graMtha hai / isake sUtra kaMda

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa padyoM meM haiM tathA vRtti gadya meM hai aura udAharaNa pUrvakaviyoM ke kAvyoM se liye gaye haiN| vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAne ke lie kaMda padya hI sarala hotA hai / isake sabhI udAharaNa bahuta sarasa hone ke kAraNa yaha vyAkaraNa grantha bhI kAvya kI anubhUti detA hai / kavi kI prAmANikatA prazaMsanIya hai, usake sabhI kathya sapramANa haiN| purAnI bhASA meM vyavahRta azuddha prayogoM ko dUra kara, bhASA ko parizuddha banAnA hI kezirAja kA pradhAna lakSya rahA / kannaDa dhAtupATha ke nirmANa kA zreya kezirAja ko hI hai| inake pitA mallikArjuna svayaM vidvAn aura kavi the / inakI mAtA sumanobANa kI suputrI thIM tathA mAtula prasiddha mahAkavi janna the| sumanobANa bhI svayaM kavi thIM / ataH bAlyakAla se hI use sAhityika pariveza upalabdha rhaa| kavi malla ne apane 'manmathavijaya' meM isako loka kA ekamAtra zabdajJa kahA hai| usakA yaha kathana kama se kama kannaDa bhASA kI dRSTi se to sarvathA satya hai| nirdoSa pAMDitya ko prApta karane ke lie 'zabdamaNidarpaNa' kA abhyAsa Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya hai / nAgarAja inakA samaya lagabhaga I0 san 1331 hai / kavi ke pitA viveka viThThaladeva aura mAtA bhAgIrathI thiiN| nAgarAja kA sahodara tipparasa evaM guru anantavIrya kevalI the| bhAratIbhAlanetra aura sarasvatImukhatilaka inakI upAdhiyA~ thiiN| inakI racanA 'puNyAzravakathA' hai| kavi kA kahanA hai ki pUjya guru kI AjJA se sagara ke nivAsiyoM ke lie maiMne isa puNyAzravakathA kI racanA kI hai| isa racanA meM devapUjA, gurUpAsti, svAdhyAya, saMyama, dAna aura tapa ina sabakA varNana karake inake AcaraNa ke dvArA svargApavarga ko prApta karanevAle purANapuruSoM kI kathAe~ varNita haiN| ___ yadyapi nAgarAja ne nayasena kI taraha paradharma kA sIdhA upahAsa nahIM kiyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne jaina dharma kI zreSThatA ko spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdita kiyA , hai / vaDDArAdhanA kI katipaya kathAeM inake puNyAzrava meM bhI milatI haiM / nAgarAja kathAnirUpaNa meM kuzala haiN| kAvya dezIya zailI meM likhe gaye haiM jo sarala evaM lalita haiN| isake sAtha hI sAtha varNana meM svAbhAvikatA bhI hai / 'puNyAzravakathA' sAmAnya janatA ke lie upayogI kathAgraMtha hai|

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campUyuga bAhubali aura madhura 14vIM zatAbdI ke purANaracayitAoM meM bAhubali aura madhura ko bhI sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bAhubali kA samaya lagabhaga I0 san 1352 aura madhura kA samaya I0 san 1385 hai| donoM ke kAvya kI viSayavastu eka hI hai aura vaha hai 15veM tIrthaMkara dharmanAtha kA caritra / 'ubhayabhASAkavicakravartI' upAdhidhArI bAhubali kA graMtha dharmanAthapurANa eka prauDha grantha hai| isameM 16 bAzvAsa haiN| madhura ke graMtha meM saMprati kevala cAra hI AzvAsa upalabdha haiN| madhura ne apanI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| sambhavataH yaha vijayanagara ke rAjA harihara ke AsthAna meM kavi the| inake varNana meM svAbhAvikatA hai| abhinava vidyAnanda aura bhaTTAraka akalaMka ne apanI-apanI kRtiyoM meM madhura ke padyoM ko liyA hai| madhura kI eka gommaTastuti bhI hai| jaina campU kaviyoM meM madhura antima kavi haiM / bAhubali aura madhura donoM jaina paramparA ke kavi haiM / inake kAvyoM meM bhI jaina purANoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| maMgarAja athavA maMgarasa caudahavIM zatAbdI ke campU racayitAoM meM 'khagendramaNi darpaNa' nAmaka vaidyaka graMtha ke racayitA maMgarAja ( I0 san 1360 ) eka viziSTa kavi haiN| inhoMne apane ko hoyasala dezAntargata mugulipura kA adhipa evaM pUjyapAda kA ziSya batalAyA hai| inakI patnI kA nAma kAmalatA thA aura inake tIna saMtAna thii| ye saba bAteM inakI kRtiyoM se jJAta hotI haiM / kavi ne vijayanagara ke rAjA harihara kI prazaMsA kI hai| ataH maMgarAja usakA samakAlIna thaa| ise 'su. lalitakavipikavasaMta', 'vibhuvaMzalalAma' Adi kaI upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| maMgarAja kA kahanA hai ki janatA ke nivedana para maiMne sarvajanopakArI isa vaidyaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| ___ isameM kevala auSadhiyAM hI nahIM haiM, apitu maMtra-yaMtra bhI haiN| kavi kA mata hai ki 'auSadhiyoM se Arogya, Arogya se deha, deha se jJAna, jJAna se mokSa prApta hotA hai| isIlie maiM auSadhazAstra ko batalA rahA huuN|' maMgarAja ne sthAvara aura jaMgama donoM prakAra ke viSa ko auSadha batalAyA hai| khagendramaNidarpaNa eka zAstrIya graMtha hai phira bhI isameM kAvya ke guNa upasthita haiN| isakI racanA lalita aura zailI bhI sundara hai /

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SaTpadi aura sAMgatyayuga bhAskara kavi bhAskara 15vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM hue haiN| inhoMne bhAminI SaTpadi meM 'jIvandharacarite' likhA hai| isa kAvya grantha ke AdhAra para ve basavAMka nAmaka jaina brAhmaNa ke putra mAlUma hote haiN| bhAskara ne ukta kAvya ko penagoMDe ke zAntIzvara jinAlaya meM zAlivAhana zaka saMvat 1345 ( I0 san 1423 ) meM racA thA / kAvya kA kathAbhAga manohara hai / sanniveza racanA meM kavi ne apane kauzala ko sundara DhaMga se abhivyakta kiyA hai / bhAskara kI zailI sarala, lalita evaM nAdamaya hai| kavi kA kalpanAcAturya hRdayagrAhI hai| mahAkavi vAdIbhAsita sUri ke kSatracUr3AmaNi kAvya kA hI yaha kannaDa rUpAntara hai| yaha kAvya prakAzita ho gayA hai| kalyANakIti yaha 15vIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM hue mAlUma hote haiM kyoMki inhoMne apane 'jJAnacandrAbhyudaya' ko I0 san 1439 meM racA thaa| kavi kalyAgakIti ne jJAnacandrAbhyudaya, kAmanakathe, anuprekSe, jinastuti aura tattvabhedASTaka ina graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| 'jJAnacandrAbhyudaya' nAmaka isa kathA grantha meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jJAnacandra rAjA ne tapasyA dvArA kisa prakAra apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kiyaa| lagabhaga 900 padyoM kA yaha kAvya vAdhika bhAmini aura parivAdhini SaTpadi nAmaka chandoM meM hai| dUsarI racanA jainadharma se sambandhita kAmanakathe hai / yaha sAMgatya chanda meM hai| kavi ne ise tulu deza ke zAsaka bhairavasuta pANDayarAya kI preraNA se racA thaa| isameM lagabhaga 330 padya haiM / isakI zailI sarasa hai| kalyANakIti ke zeSa tIna grantha bhI jainadharma se sambandhita haiN| kavi kA eka anya kAvya siddharAzi hai, para vaha abhI taka upalabdha nahIM hai| jJAnacandrAbhyudaya ko chor3a kara inake zeSa graMtha aprakAzita haiN| ratnAkara varNI ___ratnAkara varNI ke ratnAkarasiddha, ratnAkaraaNNa Adi kaI nAma the, kiMtu kavi ko ratnAkarasiddha nAma hI vizeSa priya thaa| ratnAkara ne apane ko karnATakavAsI, kSatriyavaMzI evaM zrI mandarasvAmI kA putra batalAyA hai tathA thArukIrti ko dIkSAguru aura haMsanAtha ko mokSaguru kahA hai| ratnAkara ne 10

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SaTpadi aura sAMgatyayuga 83 hajAra padya parimita apane 'bharatezavaibhava' nAmaka mahAkAvya ko kevala 9 mAha meM pUrNa kiyA thaa| yadyapi yaha bAta thor3I atizayoktipUrNa mAlUma hotI hai / parantu mahAkavi ratnAkara ke lie yaha asaMbhava nahIM hai| devacaMdra ke kathanAnusAra ratnAkara ne bharatezavaibhava ke atirikta aparAjitezvarazataka, trilokazataka evaM ratnAkarAdhIzvarazataka nAmaka zatakAma kI tathA do hajAra adhyAtmagItoM kI racanA kI hai| kavi ne trilokazataka meM apanA janmasthala muDabidrI batAyA hai| isa zataka kA racanAkAla I0 san 1457 hai / sambhavataH yaha zataka kavi kI prathama kRti hai / isa prakAra ratnAkara ne 15vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM hI apanI kRtiyoM kI racanA kI hai| - ratnAkara ke pratyeka zataka meM 128 padya haiN| ina zatakoM meM lokasvarUpa ko batalAnevAlA trilokazataka kaMda padya meM hai| zeSa do zataka vRtta meM nirUpita haiN| inameM ratnAkarazataka kavi kI pratyutpannamati ko pratibimbita karanevAlo eka sarvazreSTa grantha hai| zeSa zatakoM kI taraha nIti nirUpaNa karanA hI isakA lakSya hai| phira bhI isameM oja tathA teja hai| ratnAkara eka svataMtracetA kavi haiN| unakI vANI saTIka evaM marmasparzI hai yadyapi karma pratipAdana evaM tattvajijJAsA ke sandarbha meM unakA dRSTikoNa udAra hai| jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI ratnAkara bhoga se vimukha hone kI bAta nahIM kahate; balki vaha kahate haiM ki bhoga ko bhogate hue bhI zAzvata sukha prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahI kavi ke bharatezavaibhava mahAkAvya kA sAra hai / bharatezavaibhava bharatacakravartI ke caritra se sambandhita eka mahAkAvya hai| kathA bahuta purAnI hai| bharata prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke jyeSTha putra, solahaveM manu, prathama cakrI aura caramazarIrI haiN| anya sabhI zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanacaritra kI taraha bharata ke jIvanacaritra kA AdhAra bhI AcArya jinasena kA AdipurANa hI hai| ratnAkara ne jinasena dvArA vaNita bharata kI kathA ke mUlarUpa ko svIkAra karate hue bhI usake vivaraNa meM paryApta parivartana kiyA hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI kathA ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM varNita isa kathA ke AdhAra para eka svatantra kRti kI racanA karanA ratnAkara kI vizeSatA hai / isase pahale kisI bhI kannaDa kavi ne aisI racanA nahIM kI thii| ratnAkara ne jo kucha kathAvastu upalabdha thI use apanI navIna kalpanAoM se sa~joyA hai tathA apane kathAnAyaka ke caritra ko navIna UMcAiyoM taka pahuMcAyA hai| apane .

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa isa prayatna meM vaha avazya saphala huA hai| isa mahAkavi ne tIrthaMkaroM ke paMca kalyANakoM kI hI taraha bhogavijaya, digvijaya, yogavijaya, arkakIrtivijaya aura mokSa vijaya nAma ko pAMca saMdhiyoM meM bharata kI kathA kA vistAra kiyA hai| bharatezavaibhava ke bhogavijaya kathA bhAga meM bharata ke dvArA anubhUta laukika sukha bhogoM kA evaM usake aizvarya aura samRddhi kA AkarSaka citra prastuta kiyA gayA hai jo hameM sahasA tIrthakara ke garbhAvataraNa-kalyANaka kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| vastutaH bhogasaMdhi zrRMgArarasa kA eka mahAsAgara hai| bharata cakravartI ke jIvana kA zRMgArika citraNa AcArya jinasena ke pUrvapurANa meM bhI milatA hai| vAstava meM ratnAkara ne bharata ko eka atyaMta vaibhavazAlI evaM sukhI vyakti ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| ratnAkara ne 'bhogavijaya' nAmaka isa sandhi adhyAya ) meM purANokta bharata kI kathAvastu meM koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM kiyA hai, yadyapi isakA varNana bhAga kavi kA apanA hai| ratnAkara ne digvijaya kI kathAvastu meM avazya parivartana kiyA hai| purANa kA bharata nirdayI tathA kaThora hai, parantu ratnAkara kA bharata dayAlu evaM mRduhRdayI hai| usakA bharata yuddha ko pasanda nahIM karatA hai, balki virakta hokara tapasyA ke lie gaye hue apane sahodaroM ke lie bahuta duHkhI hotA hai| ratnAkara eka svataMtracetA kavi hai, use jo bhI bAta ThIka lagatI hai, svIkAra kara letA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki muDabidrI kA zrAvakavarga ratnAkara se asantuSTa ho gayA thA, yadyapi zrAvakavarga ke asantoSa ke lie tatkAlIna sthAnIya bhaTTAraka bhI eka kAraNa mAne jAte haiN| ratnAkara ke zeSa tIna kathA bhAgoM meM mUla kathA kI dRSTi se koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM hai| 'bharatezavaibhava' kI mahattA kavi kI kAvya dRSTi ke kAraNa hai| mahAkavi ko apane kathAnAyaka karmavIra bharata ke prati apAra bhakti thii| kavi sAMsArika bhoga-vilAsa ko AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA Atyantika virodhI nahIM mAnatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki niSkAma bhAva se saMsAra meM rahate hue AdhyAtmika vikAsa sambhava hai / isalie vaha apanI kathA kA prArambha bharata ke bhoga-vilAsa ke varNana se karatA hai| bharata SaT khaNDa kA adhipati evaM navanidhi kA svAmI thaa| bhoga-vilAsa kI sAdhanarUpa sundara striyoM kI bhI use kamI nahIM hai, phira bhI bharata dharma kI upekSA nahIM karatA hai| rAjya lakSmI kA saMcaya evaM kAma kA sevana karate hue bhI vaha gRhastha-dharma ke mUlA

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SaTapadi aura sAMgatyayuga dhAra paMcANuvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai / bharata dharma kI maryAdA ke bhItara rahakara sAMsArika sukha-bhoga karanevAlA eka rAjarSi hai| vastutaH bhoga aura tyAga meM avirodha pradarzita kara, bhoga aura yoga ke madhya samanvaya karanA hI mahAkavi ratnAkara ke kAvya kA ekamAtra lakSya hai / kavi kuveMdu ke zabdoM meM bharatezavaibhava meM tyAga aura bhoga ke samanvayarUpI yoga. darzana ko ratnAkara ne sundara DhaMga se pratipAdita kiyA hai| usane isa Adarza ko sirpha bharata ke jIvana meM hI nahIM apitu samUce kAvya meM kuzalatApUrvaka vyakta kiyA hai / isa prakAra kI kAvyasRSTi saMsAra ke kisI bhI sAhitya ke lie gaurava kI vastu hai / isa dRSTi se bharatezavaibhava eka mahAn kRti hai| ratnAkara kA kAgya carvitacarvaNa yA piSTapeSaNa nahIM hai| vaha sAMpradAyikatA se bhI bahuta dUra hai| sAmAnya janatA usake kAvya se lAbha uThAve, yahI kavi kA pramukha lakSya thaa| ratnAkara kI zailI sarasa aura sarala hai| kavi ke varNana meM svAbhAvikatA hai| kavi ne jo kucha likhA hai vaha AtmAnubhava ke AdhAra para likhA hai| ratnAkara kannaha kavi rUpa mAlA kI eka dedIpyamAna maNi hai| inake kAvyoM ke kaI saMskaraNa nikala cuke haiN| vijayaNNa vijayaNNa mUDabidrI ke nivAsI the| inhoMne dvAdazAnuprekSA kI racanA kI hai| yaha kRti sAMgatya chanda meM hai, bIca-bIca meM kahIM kaMda vRtta bhI haiN| graMtha meM jaina dharma meM pratipAdita bAraha bhAvanAoM kA varNana hai| sAhitya kI dRSTi se yaha racanA bahuta mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| kavi kA nirUpaNa sarala, sugama evaM hRdaya grAhI hai| vijayaNNa kA samaya lagabhaga I0 san 1450 hai| kavi kA AzrayadAtA devakavi hai| usI kI preraNA se prastuta graMtha racA gayA hai / dvAdazAnuprekSA ko kannaDa meM lAne kA zreya vijayaNNa ko hI hai| yaha graMtha paThanIya hai / yaha prakAzita bhI ho gayA hai| zizumAyaNa hoyasala dezAMtargata kAverI nadI ke taTa para avasthita nayanApura zizu. mAyaNa kA janmasthala thaa| kavi ke pitA bommiseTTi aura mAtA nemAMbikA thiiN| kavi ke zraddheya guru kANUrgaNa ke bhAnumuni the| belukere nagara ke svAmI gommaTadeva kI preraNA se kavi ne 'aMjanAcarite' kI racanA kI thii| tripura. dahana nAmaka inakA eka anya grantha bhI hai| zizumAyaNa kA samaya I. san 1472 hai| kavi ke donoM kAvya sAMgatya chanda meM nirUpita haiN| donoM sarala

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86 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa tathA pravAhapUrNa hai / sAMgatya kAvyoM kI abhivRddhi meM zizumAyaNa kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / zizumAyaNa kA tripuradahana 282 sAMgatya padyoM kI eka laghukAya kRti hai / yaha saMskRta prabodhacandrodaya nATaka kI taraha eka lakSya kAvya hai / kavi ne zivapurANa kI prasiddha tripuradahana kI kathA meM parivartana kara usameM jinezvara deva ko janma-jarA-maraNarUpI tripuroM kA saMhArakartA batalAyA hai / ta kavi ne mohAsura ko tripura kA rAjA; mAyA ko usakI rAnI; manuSya, deva, tithaMca aura naraka gatiyoM ko cAra putra, krodha, lobhAdi ko maMtrI tathA nAnA vidha karmoM ko usakA parivAra nirUpita kiyA hai / zivapurANa kI sabhI ghaTanAoM ko yahA~ para sAMketika rUpa diyA gayA hai / jinezvaradeva ke lalATa para kevalajJAnarUpI tIsarA netra prakaTa hotA hai, jisake dvArA tripura ( mohAsura ) saparivAra parAjita kara diyA jAtA hai / parama dayAlu jinezvara deva ne mohAsura ko mArA nahIM, balki hAtha-paira bAMdhakara use apane caraNoM meM jhukAyA aura svatantra chor3a diyA / isa prakAra kavi ne isa kAvya meM jinezvaradeva ko ziva se adhika dayAlu siddha kiyA hai / zizumAyaNa kA aMjanAcarite 6 hajAra padyoM kA eka vRhad graMtha hai / isameM AcArya raviSeNaviracita saMskRta padmacaritra meM varNita aMjanA kI kathA kA hI vistAra kiyA gayA hai / kavi ke varNana meM svAbhAvikatA hai / kavi kA dRSTikoNa janasAdhAraNa ko paritoSa denA hI rahA hai aura isa kArya meM kavi zizumAyaNa pUrI taraha saphala huA hai / bommarasa terakaNAM binivAsI bommarasa sanatkumAracarite aura jIvaMdharasAMgatya nAmaka ina do graMthoM ke racayitA haiM / inakA samaya lagabhaga I0 san 1485 hai / kavi ke pitA kA nAma bhI bommarasa hI thA / sambhavataH inake pitA bommarasa bhI vidvAn the / bhAmini SaTpadi ke isa sanatkumAracarite meM 870 padya haiM / isameM hastinApura ke yuvarAja sanatkumAra kI kathA varNita hai / kavi kA kathAnirUpaNa sundara hai, padyoM kA pravAha ThIka hai aura varNana meM navInatA hai / mAlUma hotA hai ki kavi bommarasa bhojanapriya thA kyoMki inake kAvya meM bhakSyabhojya padArthoM kA varNana vizeSa rUpa se milatA hai / kavi ke jIvaMdhara sAMgatya meM karIba 1450 padya haiM / isameM rAjapurI ke mahArAja satyaMdhara ke suputra jIvaMdhara kI kathA nirUpita hai / kathA sarala evaM

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SaTpadi aura sAMgatyayuga jana-bhogya hai / varNana sudara hai| yadyapi bommarasa ko mahAkavi nahIM kahA jA sakatA phira bhI ve eka zreSTha kavi haiN| kavi koTIzvara ne bhI lagabhaga I0 san 1500 meM, bhAmini SaTpadi meM eka jIvaMdharacarite likhA hai, kintu vaha graMtha apUrNa hai| ta maMgarasa (dvitIya) pahale maMgarasa khagendramaNi darpaNa nAmaka vaidyaka graMtha ke racayitA haiN| dUsare maMgarasa maMgarAjanighaMTu ke racayitA haiN| tIsare maMgarasa jalanRpakAvya, nemijinezasaMgati, zrIpAlacarite, prabhaMjanacarite, samyaktvakomudi aura sUpazAstra nAmaka graMthoM ke racayitA haiN| ceMgAlva sacivakulodbhava kallahallikA vijayabhUpAla inake pitA haiN| inakI mAtA devile aura guru cikkaprabhendu haiN| kavi ko prabhurAja, prabhukula aura ratnadIpa nAmaka upAdhiyA~ prApta thIM / kavi ke pitA yuddhavIra mAlUma hote haiM kyoMki kavi ne apane pitA ko 'raNakabhinavavijayaM' kahA hai| maMgarasa tRtIya 16vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke kavi haiN| ____ maMgarasa kA jayanupakAvya parivadhinI SaTpadi meM, sUpazAstra vArdhakaSaTpadi meM, samyaktvakaumudi uiMDaSaTpadi meM aura zeSatAnagraMtha sAMgatya meM haiM / jayanupakAvya meM kurujAMgaNa ke rAjakumAra jayanupa kI kathA hai / isakA mUla AdhAra AcArya jinasenaracita saMskRta kathA hai| kathAnAyaka prathama cakavartI bharata kA senApati thaa| yaha eka zRMgArika kAvya hai / maMgarasa kA padabaMdha lalita evaM svabhAvokti hRdayagrAhI hai| kavi kI kalpanA navIna evaM manohAriNI hai| parivadhinI SaTpadi meM racita isa kAvya meM kavitA maMgarasa kI mAnoM cerI hI hai| maMgarasa kA sUpazAstra 356 padyoM eka pAkazAstra graMtha hai| isakA AdhAra piSTapAka, pAnaka, kalamAnnapAka, zAkapAka Adi saMskRta graMtha rahe haiN| sabhI kI carcA isa grantha meM huI hai| maMgarasa kahate haiM ki yaha pAkazAstra striyoM ke lie atyaMta priya aura upayogI hai| kavi rasanendriyatuSTi ko hI laukika aura pAralaukika sukha mAnatA hai / samyaktvakomudi 792 padyoM kA eka suMdara kAvya hai / isameM vaizya arhaddAsa kI striyoM dvArA kathA sunAne tathA unheM sunakara rAjA uditodita ko samyaktva evaM svarga prApta hone kI kathA varNita hai| yaha kathA pUrva meM gautama gaNadhara ne magadhanareza zreNika ko sunAyI thii| isa kathA meM aura bhI kaI upakathAe~

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88 kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa zAmila haiN| ye saba suMdara kathAe~ janapada kathAoM ke varga kI haiN| ina kathAoM meM nIti-upadeza bhare par3e hue haiM / sabhI kathAeM paThanIya haiN| ____ maMgarasa kA prabhaMjanacarite apUrNa hai| zeSa do graMtha bRhadAkAra haiN| inameM eka hai zrIpAlacarite jisameM puNDarikiNI nagara ke rAjA guNapAla ke putra zrIpAla kI kathA varNita hai| unake anya kAvyoM kI taraha isameM bhI navInatA, manoharatA aura svAbhAvikatA hai| kavi ke apUrNa prabhaMjanacarite meM zumbhadeza ke jambhApura ke rAjA devasena ke putra prabhaMjana kI kathA varNita hai| yaha kAvya bhI sarala evaM sarasa hai| nemijinezasaMgati meM 22veM tIrthakara neminAtha kA puNyacaritra nirUpita hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha racanA kavi kI prathama kRti hai, kyoMki isakI ghaulI kavi ke anya kAvyoM kI taraha praur3ha nahIM hai| phira bhI isameM kavi hRdaya mojUda hai aura isake yuddhavarNana se jJAta hotA hai ki maMgarasa kSatriya thA aura yuddha meM usane avazya bhAga liyA hogaa| isake jayanRpakAvya, sUpazAstra, sammaktvakaumudi aura nemijinezasaMgati prakAzita ho cuke haiN| abhinavavAdi-vidyAnaMda __ inhoMne 'kAvyasAra' nAmaka eka saMkalana graMtha kI racanA kI hai| nagara tAlukAntargata hoMbuja ke eka zilAlekha meM inakI bar3I prazaMsA kI gaI hai| prativAdiyoM ko jItane meM evaM upanyAsa meM yaha advitIya kahA gayA hai| isIlie vAdividyAnaMda nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hogaa| inakA samaya I0 san solahavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAlUma hotA hai| inake uparyukta saMkalana graMtha meM 1140 padya haiN| sambhavataH inhoMne anya graMthoM kI racanA bhI kI hogii| vidyAnaMda ko 'dazamalyAdi mahAzAstra' nAmaka eka graMtha mujhe upalabdha huA hai| yaha graMtha prAkRta, saMskRta aura kannaDa bhASA meM likhita hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha graMtha mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA vistRta paricaya maiMne anyatra eka lekha meM diyA hai| sAlva ___ inhoMne apane AzrayadAtA sAlvamalla aura rAjA sAlvadeva kI preraNA se bhAminI SaTpadi meM 'bhArata' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI hai| isa graMtha ke atirikta sAlva ne rasaratnAkara aura vaidyasAMgatya nAmaka aura do graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| vidvAnoM kI rAya se 'zAradAvilAsa' nAmaka eka anya kRti bhI inhIM

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SaTpadi aura sAMgatyayuga 89 kI hai| kavi ke pitA dharmacandra aura guru zrutakIrti haiM / sAlva 16vIM zatAbdI ke madhya yA uttara bhAga meM hue hoNge| sAlva ke 'bhArata' ko nemIzvaracarite bhI kahate haiN| anya jaina bhAratoM kI taraha yahAM bhI harivaMza-kuruvaMza kI kathA dI gayI hai| yaha eka dhArmika graMtha hai| kavi sAlva eka vidvAn kavi haiM / inakA kAvya madhyama varga kA hai| kavi kA rasaratnAkara nAmaka eka alaMkArazAstrIya grantha bhI hai| isameM cAra AzvAsa haiN| sAlva ne isa kati kI racanA meM amRtAnandI, rudrabhaTTa, hemacandra, nAgavarma Adi kaviyoM ke graMthoM se sahAyatA lI hai / isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki yaha graMtha vistAra se likhA gayA hai| yaha bAta kavi ne svayaM kahI hai| yadyapi kavi ne sabhI nau rasoM kA varNana kiyA hai| tathApi use zRMgArarasa adhika priya thaa| sAlva ke 'zAradAvilAsa' meM kAvya kI jIvasvarUpa dhvani hI pratipAdita hai| kannaDa meM dhvani pratipAdaka graMthoM meM yaha prathama racanA hai| yaha grantha abhI taka pUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM huA hai| isakA kevala dUsarA AzvAsa hI milA hai / sAlva kA vaidyasAMgatya eka sundara vaidyagraMtha hai| isa prakAra kavi sAlva apanI bahumukhI pratibhA se kannaDa bhASAsAhitya kI tuSTi-puSTi ke avazya hissedAra haiM / doDuyya ____ inhoMne candradevaprabhacaritaM kI racanA kI hai inakA nizcita samaya jJAta nahIM hai / sambhavataH ye 16vIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM hue| inake pratha kA mUla AdhAra kaviparameSThI aura AcArya guNabhadra kI kRtiyAM haiN| isameM laga. bhaga 4500 padya haiM / sAhitya kA dRSTi se yaha graMtha sAmAnya stara kA hai / bAhubali ye zRMgerivAsI vaizyaziromaNi saNNaNNa ke putra the / inakI mAtA bommaladevI thiiN| eka dina rAjA bhairavendra ke AsthAna meM bhaTTAraka lalitakIrti ne purANa zravaNa karAte hue bhairavendra ko zrIpaMcamI kI mahimA sunAyI / isa kathA ko likhane ke lie rAjA ne bAhubali ko Adeza diyaa| lalitakIrti ne bhI isakA samarthana kiyaa| una donoM kI preraNA se kavi ne nAgapaJcamI kI mahimA ko prakaTa karanevAle nAgakumAracarite kI racanA kii| bAhubali kA samaya I0 san 1560 hai| kavi kA nAgakumAracarite eka sundara kRti hai / yaha 3700 padyoM kA eka vRhad kAvyagraMtha hai| kavi ko kavirAjahaMsa aura saMgItasudhAbdhicandram nAmaka upAdhiyAM prApta thiiN| guNacaMdra guNacaMdra eka lAkSaNika kavi haiN| inakA samaya karIba I0 san 1650 hai / inhoMne indassAra nAmaka eka saMgraharUpa chandograMtha likhA hai / isameM pAMca

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa adhyAya haiM / prArambha ke cAra adhyAyoM meM kavi ne prAyaH saMskRta chandoM ke sambaMdha meM hI likhA hai / paraMtu aMtima adhyAya meM anya kannaDa graMthoM meM anupalabdha kannaDa chaMdoM ke prANabhUta chaMda dhruva, bhaTTa, tripuTa, rUpaka, jaMpaka, aSTa aura eka AditAla pratipAdita haiM / isI prakAra dvipadi tripadi, lAvaNi Adi ke sundara lakSya evaM lakSaNa bhI diye gaye haiM / graMtha kA aMtima adhyAya vaiziSTyapUrNa hai / yaha laghukAya chaMdograMtha chaMdazAstra ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI hai / lagabhaga I0 san 13vIM zatAbdI meM jIvita kavi raTTa kA 'raTTamata' nAmaka eka jaina jyotiSa graMtha bhI milatA hai / yaha 818 vividha chaMdoM meM racita, 12 adhyAyoM kA eka vRhad graMtha hai / vastutaH 'raTTa' kavi kI upAdhi hai / inakA vAstavika nAma dUsarA hI hogA / isa kRti meM kevala varSA ke lakSaNa vizeSa rUpa se pratipAdita haiM / varSA, phasala Adi kRSi se sambaddha viSaya isameM suMdara DhaMga se vistArapUrvaka varNita haiN| kRSakoM ke lie yaha graMtha vizeSa upayogI hai | jyotiSazAstra evaM apane anubhava ke AdhAra para kavi ne apane isa graMtha meM kRSakoM ke lAbhaprada aneka upayukta viSayoM kI carcA kI hai / isameM jamIna para pAnI ko khoja nikAlane, azuddha pAnI ko zuddha karane Adi viSayoM kA vidhAna bhI nirUpita hai / 16vIM zatAbdI ke anya jaina kAvya lekhakoM meM 'vijayakumArikathe' ke racayitA zrutakIrti, 'candraprabhaSaTpadi' ke racayitA doDDuNAMka, zRMgArapradhAna 'sukumAracarite' ke racayitA padmarasa aura 'vajrakumAracarita' ke racayitA brahma kavi pramukha haiM / I0 san 1600 meM devottama ne 'nAnArtharatnAkara' nAma se aura zRMgAra kavi ne 'karNATakasajIvana' nAma se do nighaMTuoM kI bhI racanA kI hai / kavi zAMtarasa ne yogazAstraviSayaka 'yogaratnAkara' nAmaka eka suMdara yogazAstra bhI likhA hai / I sambhavataH 17vIM zatAbdI ke bAda jaina kavi racanA se sarvathA vimukha ho gaye / saMkhyA meM hI nahIM, sArasvata sampadA meM bhI yaha kAla jainoM kI avanati kA kAla hai / isa kAla meM jaina kaviyoM kI saMkhyA kevala 25-30 hI rahI / inameM bhI sAhitya kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya kavi kevala 5-6 hI haiM / ullekhAI katipaya kaviyoM kA paricaya nimna prakAra hai : bhaTTAkalaMka inhoMne 'karNATakazabdAnuzAsana' kI racanA kI hai / inakA samaya I0 san 1604 hai | kavi devacandra ne inakI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai / katipaya zilAlekhoM meM bhI inakI bar3I prazaMsA kI gayI hai / isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki bhaTTAkalaMka sacamuca isa prazaMsA ke pAtra haiM / yaha prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa nAgavarma ( dvatIya ) aura kezirAja se bar3hakara haiM / vastutaH bhaTTAkalaMka mahAvaiyAkaraNa the / inhoMne kevala 562 sUtroM meM hI bhASA viSayaka samasta viSayoM ko bhara diye haiM / ullekhanIya yaha hai. ki bhaTTAkalaMka ne kannaDa vyAkaraNa ko saMskRta meM likhA hai / itanA hI nahIM,

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SaTpadi aura sAMgatya yuga inhoMne etadartha 'bhASAmaJjarI' nAmaka saMskRta vRtti evaM 'maarImakaraMda' nAmaka saMskRta vyAkhyA bhI likhI hai| kavi ne svayaM apane ko saMskRta aura kannaDa donoM bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNoM kA marmajJa batalAyA hai / nissandeha bhaTTAkalaMka apAra evaM agAdha pANDitya ke dhanI the| yaha dakSiNa kannaDa jilA ke akalaMkadeva ke ziSya the / ataH bhaTTAkalaMka vahIM ke nivAsI rahe hoNge| dharaNi paNDita _inhoMne 'varAGganRpacarite' aura 'bijjalacarite' kI racanA kI hai / inakA samaya lagabhaga I0 san 1650hai| inake pitA viSNuvardhanapura ke padmapaMDita the| varAGganupacarite ko sarvaprathama jaTAsiMhanandi ne saMskRta meM racA-mayA thA / isI ko baMdhavama ne 'jIvasambodhana' meM saMgraharUpa meM diyA thaa| dharaNipaMDita ne isa kathA ko bhAmini SaTpadi meM vistAra se likhA / yaha graMtha pUrNarUpa meM nahIM milA hai| ___ kavi kA dUsarA graMtha 'bijjalarAyacarite' sAMgatya chaMda meM hai / isameM lagabhaga 1950 padya haiM / isameM basavaNNa kA itihAsa likhA gayA hai| basavaNNa kalyANapura ke jaina rAjA bijjala kA senApati thaa| isane bijjala ko viSapUrNa Ama dilAkara maravA ddaalaa| isase ruSTa hokara senA bijala ko mArane ke lie prastuta huii| yaha jAnakara basavaNNa vRSabhapura gayA aura vahA~ eka kUpa meM kUdakara AtmahatyA kara lii| yahI graMtha kA sAra hai / nUtananAgacaMdra aura cidAnaMda nUtananAgacandra ne lagabhaga I. san 1650 meM 'jinamunitanaya' kI aura cidAnaMda ne lagabhaga I0 san 1680 meM 'munivaMzAbhyudaya' kI racanA kI hai| jinamunitanaya nIti aura dharma pratipAdaka eka laghukAya kRti hai| isameM kevala 109 kaMda padya haiN| inakA pratyeka padya jinamunitanaya zabda se pUrNa hotA hai| isIlie isakA nAma jinamunitanaya pdd'aa| munivaMzAbhyudaya sAMgatya meM hai / isameM jaina guruparamparA dI gaI hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha isameM zruta kevalI bhadrabAhu aura samrATa candragupta kI dakSiNa-yAtrA kA vivaraNa bhI diyA gayA hai| devacaMdra inhoMne 'rAjAvalIkathe' aura 'rAmakathAvatAra' nAmaka do graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya I0 san 1770-1841 hai| devacandra maisUranareza summaDi kRSNarAja ke samakAlIna the| rAjAzrita vaidya sUri paMDita ke protsAhana se hI inhone 'rAjAvalIkathe' kI racanA kI thii| isameM jainadharma ke itihAsa kI aneka bAteM tathA rAjA evaM kaviyoM kI jIvaniyAM dI gayI haiM / isameM maisUra ke rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI bhI dI gaI hai / devacandra kA 'rAmakathAvatAra' eka campU graMtha hai / mahAkavi nAgacandra ( abhinavapaMpa ) se inhoMne kevala kathA evaM bhAvoM ko hI nahIM liyA hai balki unake aneka padyoM kA anuvAda bhI kiyA hai| graMtha sAmAnya stara kA hai|

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ponna aitihAsika graMthoM kI sUcI grantha pranthakAra prakAzana kavirAjamArga nRpatuMga karNATaka saMgha ArTa sa aiNDa sAiMsa kAleja, beMgalUra vikramArjuna vijaya paMpa kannaDa sAhitya pariSad, beMgalUra zAMtipurANa vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa (purANacUDAmaNi) gadAyuddha (sAhasabhImavijaya) ranna saM0 pro0 tI0 naM0 maisUra / chandombudhi nAgavarma lalita prakAzana, vI0 vI0 mohallA, maisuur| cUDAmaNi-kAvya zrIvardhadeva ( anupalabdha ) , cUDAmaNi vyAkhyA tuMbulUra kirAtArjunIya duvinIta vyAkhyA (sarga 17) candraprabhapurANa zrIvijaya paznottararatnamAlikA nRpatuMga vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / vardhamAnapurANa ( anupalabdha ) harivaMza guNavarma neminAthapurANa bhuvanaikavIra vaDDArAdhane zivakoTyAcArya zAradAmandira, rAmayya raste, upasargakevaliyoM kI kathA maisUra 4.5 / AdipurANa paMpa candraprabha presa, belagA~va / bhuvanaikarAmAbhyudaya ponna ( anupalabdha ) zAMtipurANa kamalabhava maM0 A0 rAmAnujayyaMgAra, sahAyaka adhyApaka mahArAnI kAleja, maisUra / ajitapurANa jaina sAhitya prakAzana saMgha, banumayya raste, maisUra / triSaSTilakSaNamahApurANa cAuNDa rAya padmanAbhazarmA, banumayya raste, maisUra / asaga

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kaMti aisihAsika graMthoM kI sUcI jAtakatilaka zrIdharAcArya prAcya vidyA saMzodhAlaya, mAnasa gaMgotrI; maisUra / candraprabhacarita (anupalabdha) " tatvArthasUtra-kannaDavRtti divAkaranaMdi sukumAracarita zAMtinAtha kannaDa saMgha, zivamogga, maisUra / mallinAthapurANa nAgacandra kannaDa adhyayana naM. saMsthe, mAnasa gaMgotrI, maisuur| paMparAmAyaNa abhinavapaMpa (nAgacandra) (rAmacandra caritapurANa) kaMtihapana samayasyegaDhu lokanAtha zAstrI, mRddbidrii| dharmAmRta nayasena prAcya vidyA saMzodhanAlaya, mAnasa gaMgotrI, masUra / vyavahAragaNita rAjAditya ( aprakAzita) kSetragaNita vyavahAratna lIlAvati citrahasuge jainagaNitasUtraTIkodAharaNa govaidya kIrtivarma samaya-parIkSA brahmaziva kannaDa saMzodhana saMsthe, dhAravAra / trailokyacUDAmaNistotra neminAthapurANa karNapArya(kaNNama, kaNNapa) vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / kalyANakAraka somanAtha prAcya saMzodhanAlaya, mAnasa gaMgotrI, maisuur| dharma-parIkSA vRttavilAsa zAstrasAra samuccaya kAvyAvalokana nAgavarma (dvitIya) prAcya vidyA saMzodhanAlaya, mAnasa gaMgotrI, maisUra / karNATakabhASAbhUSaNa kannaDa sAhitya pariSad, beNgluur| vastukoza vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / abhidhAnaratnamAlA nAgavarma (dvitIya) vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / - - "

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neminAtha purANa lIlAvati gommaTezvara-stuti 'nirvANalakSmIpatinakSatra vardhamAnapurANa pArzvanAthapurANa zabdamaNi darpaNa kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa nemicandra karnATaka vishvvidyaaly,dhaarvaar| zAradA mandira, rAmayya raste, maisUra 4. / boppaNa jI. brahmayya, zravaNabeLagoLa / saMgrahoM meM prakAzita hai| AcaNNa vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / pArzvapaMDita (pArva) kezirAja zAradA mandira, rAmayya raste, maipura / aggala vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / candraprabhapurANa kAvanagella kabbigarakAva madanavijaya vardhamAnacaritra vardhamAnapurANa harivaMzAbhyudaya jIvasaMbodha yazodharacarita aNDayya (AMDayya) zAradAmandira, rAmayya raste, ( aprakAzita ) maisUra, 4.4 / sakalakIrti (saMskRta ) padma ( aprakAzita ) baMdhuvarma ca00 brahmasUrayya,zramaNabeLagoLa / janna zAradAmandira, rAmayya raste, maisUra-4.3, 1961. kannaDa adhyayana saMsthe, mAnasa gaMgotrI, maisUra / guNavarma (dvitIya) vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / anaMtanAthapurANa " puSpadaMtapurANa candranAthASTaka neminAthapurANa suktisudhArNava mahAbala (aprakAzita ) mallikArjuna prAcya saMzodhanAlaya, mAnasa gaMgotrI maisUra / ( ajaina ) aprakAzita kezIrAja colapAlacarita subhadrAharaNa prabodhacandra kirAta puNyAzravakathA dharmanAthapurANa nAgarAja bAhubali madhura ( aprakAzita )

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aisihAsika graMthoM kI sUcI khagendramaNidarpaNa __ maMgarAja yA maMgarasa vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa / jIvaMdharacarite bhAskara karNATaka vishvvidyaaly,dhaarvaar| jJAnacandrAbhyudaya __ kalyANakIrti atibala grantha mAlA, belgaaNv| . kAmanakathe aprakAzita anuprekSe jinastuti tattvabhedASTaka bharatezavaibhava ratnAkaravarNI jI0 brahmayya, zravaNabeLagoLa / aparAjitezvarazataka maisUra, mUDabidrI Adi aneka sthaloM meN| trilokazataka ratnAkarAvadhIzvarazataka dvAdazAnuprekSA vijayaNNa padmarAja paMDita, beMgalUra / aMjanAcarite zizumAyaNa aprakAzita tripuradahanasAMgatya sanatkumAracarite bemmarasa jIvaMdharasAMgatya jayanRpakAvya maMgarasa (tRtIya) rAmAnuja ayyaMgAra, maisUra / nemijineza saMgati saM0-paM0 zAMtirAja zAstrI,maisUra / zrIpAlacarite aprakAzita prabhaMjanacarite samyaktvakaumudi saM0-50 zAMtirAja shaastrii| prakA0 atibala graMthamAlA,belagAMva sUpazAstra prAcya saMzodhanAlaya, maisUra / mAnasagaMgotrI, maisuur| maMgarAjanighaMTu maMgarasa (dvitIya) (aprkaashit)| khagendramaNidarpaNa maMgarasa (prathama) vizvavidyAlaya madrAsa / / (viSavaidya) kAvyasAra abhinavavAdi- rAmAnuja ayyaMgAra, mahArAnI vidyAnaMda kAleja, maisUra /

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa sAlva bhArata (nemIzvaracarite) rasaratnAkara vaidyasAMgatya zAradAvilAsa candraprabhacarite vizvavidyAlaya madrAsa / aprakAzita / - - doDDuyya rAmAnuja ayyaMgAra, mahArAnI, kAleja, maisUra / saM0-50 zAMtirAja zAstrI, maisUra aprakAzita / prakAzita (patA ajJAta) aprakAzita / nAgakumAracarite chandassAra raTTamata vijayakumArikathe candraprabhaSaTpadi sukumAracarite vajrakumAracarite nAnArtharatnAkara karNATakasaMjIvana yogaratnAkara karNATakazabdAnuzAsana bAhubali guNacandra kaviraTTa zrutikIrti doDDuNAMka pArasa brahmakavi devottame zRMgArakavi kavizAMtarasa bhaTTAkalaMka hosaMgaDi viNNANi, hosaMgaDi / rAjakamala prakAzana, balepeTe beMgalUra / dharaNipaMDita bhASAmaMjarI maMjarImakaraMda varAMganRpacarite bijjalacarite jIvasaMbodhana varAMgacarite jinamunitanaya munivaMzAbhyudaya rAjAvalIkathe rAmakathAvatAra bandhuvarma jaTAsiMhanaMdi nUtananAgacandra cidAnaMda devacaMdra aprakAzita / brahmayya, hola lakere, maisUra / (Upara likhA gyaa)| (saMskRta) aneka sthaloM meM prakAzita / aprakAzita / - 'mAnasagaMgotrI maisUra vizvavidyAlaya kA nAma hai|

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tamila jaina sAhitya itihAsa

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jainadharma aura tamila deza prArambha-kAla nAma . bhAratIya itihAsa meM jainadharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai| jaina sAdhuoM aura vidvAnoM ne apane dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM janatA kI vyAvahArika bhASA ko mAdhyama banAyA / unhoMne Ama logoM ko bacapana se hI jaina saMskAra dene kA prayAsa kiyA aura etadartha jaina darzana tathA sAhitya ko bhI unakI mAtRbhASA meM prastuta kiyA / yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina vidvAnoM ne dakSiNa pradeza kI tamila bhASA meM bhI apanA sAhitya racA aura tamila ke vikAsa meM paryApta yogadAna diyaa| 'jina' usa pUtAtmA ko kahate haiM, jo pUrNatayA jitendriya ho aura bhava paramparA se vimukta ho gayA ho / tamila bhASA meM 'jina' ke dvArA upadiSTa dharma ko 'jainam' kahate haiM, tathA usa dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko 'jainara' kahate haiN| jaina sAdhu ko saMskRta bhASA meM 'zramaNa' tathA prAkRta bhASA meM 'samaNa' kahA jAtA hai| yahI zabda tamila meM Akara 'camaNara' aura 'amaNara' ho gayA hai| aba to yaha zabda sAmAnya jaina arthAt jaina zramaNa evaM jaina gRhastha donoM ke lie vyavahRta hotA hai / 'jina' ko hI 'arukara' bhI kahate haiM jo ki saMskRta zabda arhat kA tamila rUpa hai| isI AdhAra para jainiyoM ko 'Aruhatara' ( saMskRta rUpaArhata ) ke nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA hai / jaina-mata meM rAga-dveSa rUpI graMthiyoM se pUrNatayA chuTakArA pA jAne kI avasthA ko kevaladazA yA vItarAga dazA kahate haiM, isIlie jainoM ko 'nirgrantha' kI saMjJA milI, jisakA prAkRta rUpa 'nigaMTha' hai| isI kAraNa jaina mata ko 'nigaMThavAdam' bhI kahate haiN| 'piNDimaram' (azokavRkSa) ke nIce arhat bhagavAn ke virAjane kI anuzruti ke AdhAra para jainoM ko 'piNDiyara' (arthAt azokavRkSa ke nIce virAjanevAle bhagavAn ke upAsaka) nAma se tamila graMthoM meM nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| 'cAvakara' (zrAvaka) una jainoM ko kahate haiM, jo gRhastha hote haiM / paramparA jainoM kI dhAraNA hai ki jainadharma ati prAcIna hai| jaina dharma ke antima caubIsaveM tIrthakara jJAtaputra vardhamAna mahAvIra hue the| unakA nirvANa IsavI

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100 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pU0 527 meM huA / jaina granthoM ke anusAra unakI AcArya paraMparA nimna krama se hai - (zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra ) mahAvIra svAmI gautama sudharmA I jambUsvAmI | prabhava | zayyambhava | yazobhadra | sambhUti vijaya bhadrabAhu (digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra ) - mahAvIra svAmI | gautama T sudharmA | jambUsvAmI | viSNunandI naMdimitra | aparAjita | govardhana | bhadrabAhu dakSiNa meM praveza 1 digambara paraMparA kI pracalita anuzruti ke AdhAra para uparyukta AcArya paramparA ke antima jaina AcArya bhadrabAhu ne dakSiNa pradeza meM sarvaprathama praveza kiyA thA / bhadrabAhu magadhanareza candragupta maurya ke guru the / usa samaya uttara bhArata meM bahuta bar3A akAla par3A / aisI vikaTa dazA meM vahA~ vipula sAdhusaMgha kA bharaNa-poSaNa kaThina ho gayA, ataH AcArya bhadrabAhu ne apane aneka ziSyoM ke sAtha magadha chor3akara dakSiNa ko prasthAna kiyA aura 'zravaNabeLakuLam ' nAmaka sthAna para Akara Thahara gaye / bhadrabAhu ne vahA~ se apane ziSya vizAkha ko cola aura pAMDiya narezoM ke zAsanakSetra tamilanADu meM jainadharma kA pracAra karane ke hetu bhejA thA / inhIM AcArya vizAkha ke sAnnidhya meM caMdragupta maurya ne vidhivat samAdhi maraNa prApta kiyA thA / ukta tathyoM kI puSTi jaina graMthoM evaM zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai / 1. yaha sthAna maisUra se 62 mIla aura cannarAyapaTTaNa se karIba aThAraha mIla kI dUrI para hai / kannaDa meM isakA nAma 'zramaNabeLagoLa' hai /

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 101 kintu kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha saba ullekha IsA kI navIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke nahIM haiM / ataH usa daMtakathA meM ullekhita candragupta caMdragupta dvitIya aura bhadrabAhu bhadrabAhu-tRtIya ho sakate haiM / magara bauddhadharma ke prAcIna evaM prAmANika aitihAsika graMtha 'mahAvaMza' meM isa bAta kA ullekha milatA hai ki caMdragupta maurya ke samaya meM siMhalanareza pANDukAbhaya ne nigaMThoM (jainoM) kI sahAyatA kI thI / isake atirikta prathama yA dvitIya zatI ke tathA brAhmI lipi meM aMkita kucha jaina zilAlekha dakSiNa tamilanADu kI guphAoM meM pAye jAte haiM, yadyapi kucha loga - inheM bauddha zilAlekha kahate haiM, kintu adhikAMza vidvAn unheM jaina- zilAlekha mAnate haiM / ataH yaha nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne IsA kI dUsarI sadI meM hI tamilanADu meM Akara, tamila bhASA dvArA apane sampradAya kA prasAra karanA zurU kara diyA thA / yadyapi Aja tamilanADu meM prAcIna jaina paramparA luptaprAya ho gayI hai, phira "bhI eka samaya aisA thA, jaba tamiladeza ke kone-kone meM jainadharma kI duMdubhI gUMja uThI thI / jainoM ke isa svarNayuga kA patA upalabdha zilAlekhoM aura aneka sthAnoM para bhUgarbha se prApta prastara mUrtiyoM dvArA spaSTatayA calatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, amaNappAkkam, arukatturai, namaNa samudram, jinAlayam paMcapANDavamalai, amaNakuDi, zamaNartiDala, zamaNamale, arukamaMgalam, pastipuram Adi jainasucaka zabdoM se bane sthaloM ke nAmoM se bhI jainadharma kI vyApakatA tathA loka'priyatA kA paricaya milatA hai / kaI sthaloM ke nAma ke aMta meM 'paLika' (jainamaTha - upAzraya) zabda pAyA jAtA hai | AdikAla jaina paraMparA meM kuMdakuMdAcArya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ye I0 pUrva, yA I0 san kI pahalI zatI meM hue the / ye tamila pradeza ke nivAsI the / inake dvArA racita granthoM kA digaMbara-paraMparA meM vizeSa bahumAna hai / hindUdharma meM jo sthAna 'prasthAnatrayI' arthAt upaniSad, brahmasUtra aura bhagavadgItA kA hai, vahI sthAna digambara jaina paraMparA meM kuMdakuMdAcArya ke 'prAbhRtatraya' arthAt paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra aura samayasAra kA hai / anusaMdhAna se patA calatA hai ki kuMdakuMdAcArya ke ziSya 'balAka piccha' kahalAte the / inake bAda guNanaMdI - kA nAma liyA jAtA hai / IsavI dUsarI zatI meM AcArya samantabhadra ne kAMcInareza ko bAda meM parAjita kiyA / phalasvarUpa kAMcInareza saMnyAsa grahaNa kara 'zivakoTi AcArya ke nAma se prakhyAta hue / yahI jainoM kA AdikAla thA, - jisakA tamiladeza meM apanA aitihAsika mahattva thA /

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102 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa katipaya zodhakartAoM kA mata hai ki bhAcArya akalaMkadeva ne kAMcInareza himazItala (I0 788) ke darabAra meM bauddha bhikSuoM ko zAstrArtha meM harAyA thaa| phira unhoMne rAjA sAhasatuMgan kI sabhA meM jAkara apanA paricaya diyA / usakA dUsarA nAma 'daMtidurgan' thA / vahA~ kucha samaya taka rahane ke bAda, AcArya akalaMkadeva tamilanADu ke tiruppanampUra meM rahane lge| inake bAda krmshH| suprasiddha jaina grantha 'harivaMzapurANa' ke racayitA jinasena (prathama), vIrasena, jinasena (dvitIya) aura inake ziSya guNabhadra tamilanADu meM Aye / inameM, AcArya vIrasena ne 'jayadhavalA TIkA' nAmaka grantha likhanA prAraMbha kiyA, lekina isako pUrA kiyA unake manISI ziSya AcArya jinasena (dvitIya) ne| isI prakAra AcArya jinasena ke mahApurANa ke adhUre kArya ko unake ziSya guNabhadra ne I0898 meM 'uttarapurANam' nAmaka grantha likhakara pUrA kiyaa| inake bAda, tamila ke suvikhyAta paMca mahAkAvyoM meM tRtIya 'jIvakacintAmaNi' ke racayitA tikttakka debara, 'cULAmaNi' (jaina mahAkAvya) ke kavi tolAmoLi devara aura guNabhadra ke ziSya arthabalI-tInoM usa samaya ke khyAtilabdha jainAcArya the| karNATaka meM yaha daMtakathA hai ki suprasiddha zaivAcArya tirajJAnasambandhara ke sAtha huI tarkagoSThI meM AcArya jinasena ne bhI bhAga liyA thaa| para yaha kathA nirAdhAra pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki tamila granthoM meM usa ghaTanA kA koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| tirujJAnasaMbandhar ko AcArya jinasena ke samakAlIna mAnane ke koI pramANa nahIM haiN| vAstava meM jainadharma kA AdikAla tirujJAnasambandhara ke samaya meM hI ( IsavI sAtavIM zatI) aMtima caraNa meM pahuMca cukA thaa| AcArya: jinasena (dvi0) kA samaya navIM zatAbdI hai / kalabhra karNATaka ke rAjya zAsana ko sthira karanevAle jainoM kA prabhAva, 'karanaTara' (kannaDa yA karNaTa) mAne jAnevAle kala bhroM ke zAsana ke sAtha hI tamilanADu meM phailA / isI samaya AcArya vajranaMdI ne madhurai nagarI meM eka jainasaMgha kI sthApanA kI thii| yaha I. pAMcavIM zatI kI ghaTanA hai| AcArya devasena ne I. 933 meM racita apane 'darzanasAra' nAmaka grantha meM likhA hai ki vi0 saM0 526 ( I0 470 ) meM vajranaMdI ne madhurai meM drAvir3a-saMgha kI sthApanA kii| pUjyapAda ne jisa drAviDa-gaNa ( aMtavibhAga ) ko dekhA, vahI vajranaMdI ke samaya meM vizAla saMgha bnaa| suprasiddha zaiva saMta appara ke samaya taka tiruppAtirippuliyU' 1. yaha sthala madrAsa zahara se karIba 125 mIla dakSiNa meM hai|

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 103 'pATalipuram' ke nAma se prasiddha jaina kendra thaa| vahA~ ke jaina saMgha ke pramukha AcArya sarvanaMdI ne I0 458 meM 'loka vibhAgam' nAmaka grantha likhaa| usa samaya kAMcI meM siMhavarma kA zAsana thaa| isakA ullekha sarvanaMdI ne apane prantha meM kiyA hai| yaha kAla jaina dharma kI dRSTi se 'ujjvala yuga' rahA hai| vajranaMdI kA saMgha kucha vidvAnoM kA mata haiM ki vajranaMdI navIM zatI ke the aura isa saMgha ke sthApaka the AcArya arthabalI (Saletore---Mediaeval Jainism, p.233) / apane mata ke pramANa meM unhoMne jo zilAlekha uddhRta kiye ( E. C. II--254 p. 109, 110 : 258--p. 117); unase yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki devasaMgha, naMdIsaMgha, siMhasaMgha aura senasaMgha-ina cAra vibhAgoM meM ba~Takara hI janasaMgha kAma karatA thaa| para, tamilanADu ke vidyAkendra madurai nagarI meM tamilabhASI jainoM ke prabhAva se jo 'drAviDasaMgha' dinoMdina pragati karatA huA khyAti pA rahA thA, usakI carcA taka una zilAlekhoM meM nahIM miltii| yaha drAviDasaMgha AdikAla kI mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika ghaTanA thii| AcArya devasena ne apane grantha 'darzanasAra' meM to isakA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki I0 470 meM vajranaMdI ne madhurai meM 'drAviDasaMgha' kI sthApanA kI thii| kucha logoM kI dhAraNA hai ki arthabalI ne drAviDasaMgha kA kahIM ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, ataH vaha saMgha arvAcIna ho sakatA hai| kiMtu yaha dhAraNA galata hai, kyoMki aisA mAna lene para mAnadevasena ke kAla-nirNaya meM bAdhA khar3I ho sakatI hai aura unake prAmANika grantha kI upekSA hogii| zaivasaMta tirujJAnasambandhara, sundara Adi kaviyoM ke gItoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki drAviDasaMgha meM deva, sena, vIra; (siMha), naMdI Adi nAmavAle jainAcArya rahate the| una vidvAnoM ke bhrama kA kAraNa yahI hai ki janasaMgha 'naMdIgaNa' ke antavibhAga ke rUpa meM eka drAviDagaNa thA, jisakA dUsarA nAma 'aru kalAnvayam' ( uttamakalAkendra ) thaa| kintu 'drAviDasaMgha' usase bhinna thaa| isake sAtha kaI tamila granthoM aura zilAlekhoM meM kundakunda, samaMtabhadra Adi AcAryoM kA bhI jikra huA hai / I0 sAtavIM zatI ke samApta hote-hote jainadharma kA AdikAla luptaprAya ho gyaa| jainoM dvArA sthApita 'drAviDasaMgha' bhI tamilanADu meM vigataprabhAva ho gyaa| ataeva karNATaka bar3A prabhAvazAlI jaina kendra bnaa| taba tamilanADu se kaI jainAcArya zravaNabeLagoLa kI ora jAne lge| isa astonmukha sthiti meM drAviDasaMgha kA nAma 'drAviDagaNa' par3anA sahaja sambhava thaa| vahAM ke AcArya puSpasena apane nAma kA nirdeza tamila-rIti ke anusAra 'purapacenara' hI karate the|

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104 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa idhara tamilanADu meM arthabalI ke ziSya 'bhUtabalI' puSpadaMta aura tamila mahAkAvya jIvakacintAmaNi tathA cULAmaNi ke racayitA tiruttakkadebar aura tolAmoLi devar Adi jaina sAdhu lokavizruta the, ata: jaina-dharma kI lokapriyatA bar3hane lagI / isI samaya kSINakAya jainasaMgha kA vibhAgaM 'drAviDa-gaNa' ' drAviDasaMgha' ke nAma se punaH prasiddha huA / ajJAta jainAcArya dvArA racita tamila ke 'yazodhara kAvyam' kA mUla AdhAra graMtha AcArya puSpadanta kI racanA hI mAnA jAtA hai / AcArya puSpasena ke ziSya guNasena aura kanakasena donoM I0 893 meM dharmapurI meM the aura yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki varaguNa vikramAditya ke zAsanakAla meM AcArya guNasena jIvita the / tamilabhASI jainAcArya coLoM ke pUrva tirujJAna sambandhar Adi zaiva saMtoM ke athaka prayAsa se tamilanADu meM bhale hI jainadharma kA prabhAva kSINa huA ho, phira bhI yatra-tatra usakA asara dikhAI detA hI rahA / jainAcAryoM kI tamila sAhitya sevA dharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke sAtha sucAru DhaMga se cala rahI thI aura 'jIvaka - cintAmaNi' Adi kAvyagranthoM kA nirmANa huA / idhara, upalabdha zilAlekhoM se jJAta honevAle jainAcAryo kA ullekha kareMge / 'IsavI tIsarI - cauthI zatI meM candranaMdI aura ilaiyabhaTArar nAmaka do jaina sAdhuoM ne saMlekhanA dvArA deha kA tyAga kiyaa| IsavI AThavIM zatI ke aMta meM rAjA naMdibodha ke samaya meM AcArya nAganaMdI jIvita the / 2 pANDiya ( pANDya ) nareza mAran caDaiyana ke zAsana kAla meM tiruviruntale nAmaka sthAna meM ( dakSiNa pANDiya deza) aruLALattu aura accanaMdI donoM bhaTTArar (bhaTTAraka) rahate the / ye sambhavataH uttaravartI aruLALa prAnta se dakSiNI chora taka gaye hoNge| eka RgvedI se prazaMsita malayadhvaja nAmaka jainamuni bhI usa samaya the / * zeMtalai - zilAlekhoM meM ArambhavIra aura gaNasena bhaTTAraka kA ullekha hai / aNuoM ke samanvaya se jagat kI utpatti kA varNana 'ArambhavAda' kahalAtA hai 9. M. A. R. 1904, 288. 2. E. I. Vol. IV, p. 136. 3. A. R. I. E. 1916, p. 122. 4. pudukoTTai zilAlekha saM0 9 /

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 105 yaha siddhAnta Arhata mata meM (jainadharma meM ) svIkRta hai / ataH 'ArambhavIra' kA ullekha eka jainAcArya ke rUpa meM huA hai| rAjA somAran jaTaiyan ke kAla meM jainadharma kI prabhAvanA karanevAle bhaTTArakoM ke jIvananirvAha ke lie kI gayI vyavasthA kA patA kaLagumalai (gRdhraparvata) ke zilAlekhoM se calatA hai| I0 893 ke eka zilAlekha se isa prakAra ke dharmapracAraka vinayasena siddhAnta bhaTTAraka tathA unake ziSya kanakasena siddhAnta bhaTTAraka ke viSaya meM jAnakArI milatI hai| isI prakAra dUsare zilAlekha se, rAjA Aditya ke samakAlIna guNakIrti bhaTTAraka aura unake ziSya kanakavIrakkurattiyara kI jAnakArI milatI hai| coLoM ke kAla meM pUrvokta donoM jainAcArya coLa-zAsana ke kAla ke the| coLAdhIza parAntakan-1 ke samaya (I0 945) ke eka zilAlekha meM jainAcArya vinabhAsuraguru aura unake ziSya vardhamAna periya aDigaL (paramAcArya) kA ullekha hai / / satyavAk nAmaka gaMganareza ne vaLiLa giri para eka maMdira kA nirmANa kraayaa| vahA~ kucha zramaNoM kI prastaramUrtiyAM haiN| vahAM ke zilAlekhoM dvArA bAlacandara bhaTTArar, govardhana bhaTTArar, zrI bANarAyar ke guru bhavanaMdI (bhavaNanaMdI) bhaTTArar aura inake ziSya devasena bhaTTArar Adi kI jAnakArI milatI hai| pUrvokta AcArya bhavanaMdI ko hI arvAcIna tamila vyAkaraNa-grantha 'nannUla' ke racayitA kahA jAtA hai| kintu nannUla-lekhaka bhavanaMdI rAjA cIyagaMgan (siMha gaMga) ke samakAlIna the aura unhoMne usI nareza ke lie nannUla-grantha racA thaa| pUrvokta zilAlekha se aisA koI pramANa nahIM milatA ki ve zrI bANarAyar ke guru the| ____ malaya koyil ( jaina maMdira ) meM AcArya guNasena rahate the, yaha bAta paTrakkoTTai zilAlekha-4 meM ullikhita hai| cittaNNavAyil (pudukkoTTai ke nikaTavartI jaina guphAmaMdira ) ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM 'toLu kunrattu kaDavuLan (pUjya zikharavartI bhagavAn-tIrthakara yA jainamuni ), nIlan tiruppUraNan . 1. S. I. I. Vol. v. 2. I. M. P. ( Salem ) 74. 3. S. I. I. Vol. III p. 92 evaM I. M. P. ( Arkat ) 744. 4. I. M. P. ( North Arkat ) 216. 5. E. I. Vol. IV. p. 140. ,

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106 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ( zrIpUrNa ), tiTcai caraNan ( dIkSAcaraNa 1), tirucAttan, zrI pUrNacandran, niyattak karan paTTakkALi Adi jainAcAryoM ke nAma diye hue haiN| samaNara male madhurai ke 'samaNara malai' (zramaNa giri) meM IsavI dasavIM-gyArahavIM sadiyoM ke zilAlekha haiN| unameM nimnalikhita jaina-nAma milate haiN|' 1. kuraNDi aSTa upavAsI bhaTTArakar 2. inake ziSya-guNasenadeva 3. inake ziSya-kanakavIra periyaDigaLa 4. aSTa upavAsI ke dUsare ziSya-mahAnaMdI periyAra (svAmI) 5. kuraNDi kanakanaMdI bhaTTArakar ( inhIM kA nAma abhinandan bhaTTArakara 6. guNasena deva ke ziSya-vardhamAna paMDitara 7. inake ziSya-guNasena periyaDigaL 8. guNasena deva caTTan 9. daivabala devan 10. andalayAn 11. araiyaM kAviti saMgharnabi 12. zrI accaNaMdI kI mAtA guNavatI 13. AccAn zrIpAlan, aura 14. knknNdii| kaLugu malai kaLagu malai (gRdhra parvata) prAcIna jaina kendra thaa| uttarakAlIna zilAlekhoM meM jainoM ke nimna nAma milate haiM, jaise 1. guNasAgara bhaTTArar ( inake ziSya the, pereMyikrkuDi zAttan devan / ) 2. tirukkoTTATra, pAdamUlattAn 3. kanman puTapanaMdI . 4. malai kuLatta zrIvardhamAna perumANAkkar zrInaMdI 5. tirukkoTTATra, uttanaMdI guruvaDigaL 6. unake ziSya-zAMti senA pariyAra 7. tiru naraM kunDram baladeva guruvaDigaL 1. A. R. I. E. 1908/2, 3-30, 332; 1910.61-68.

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 8. unake ziSya-kanakavIra aDigaL . 9. paTiccamaNa bhaTTArar 10. unake ziSya-bhavaNaMdI periyAra (bhavaNanaMdI svAmI) 11. tiru malaiyar maoNni (muni) bhaTArar 12. unake ziSya-dayApAlap pariyAra 13. puSpanaMdI bhaTArar 14. unake ziSya-paeNrunanda bhaTArara 15. ariTTanemI bhaTArara (ariSTanemI bhaTTAraka) 16. tirukkoTTAda, vimalAcandra guruvaDigaLa 17. unake ziSya-zAMtisena aDigaL karNATaka ke zravaNabeLagoLa kI taraha, tamilanADu ke gudhragiri aura madurai ke giri jainadharma ke pradhAna kendra the| anya sthala tiNDivanam ke velUra meM jayasena nAmaka jainAcArya the taoNNDUra meM vajra iLampaeNrumAnaDigaL rahate the| tirumalai ( uttara ArkATa jilA ) meM AcArya paravAdimalla aura inake ziSya ariSTanemI AcArya donoM rahate the| inake sAtha siMhalavAsI jainoM ke nAma bhI upalabdha hote haiM / ___ dasavIM zatI ke eka zilAlekha meM koyilUra ( dakSiNa ArkATa jilA ) ke kuranti guNavIra bhaTTArar kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjarAja coLan ke samaya ( I0 985-1014 ) meM guNavIra mahAmuni ne poLUra tAlukA ke tirumala para eka 'kaliMgu' (bAMdha kA dvAra ) kI sthApanA kI thii| sundara mANDiyan ke zAsana kAla meM, kanakacandra paNDita aura inake ziSya dharmadevAcArya donoM jIvita the (puTukkoTTai zilAlekha saMkhyA 474) / gyArahavIM zatI ke coLanareza rAjendran se samakAlIna evaM tamila ke suprasiddha chandagrantha 'yAppaeNrukalA kArika' aura 'yApparukala vRtti' ke racayitA amita sAgara ( yA amRtasAgarar ) ke viSaya meM zilAlekha se paryApta jAnakArI milatI 1. S. I. I. Vol. V p. 121. 2. A. R. I. E. 1919/12, 41. 3. M. A. R. 1934-35 p. 83. 4. S. I. I. Vol. I p. 95-98 & p. 104. 105. 5.M.A. R. 1936-37, p. 68. 6. S. I. I. Vol. I p. 95.

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108 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa hai / eka anya zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki vijayanagara-zAsana-kAla meM ( I0 caudahavIM zatI) tihapparutti kuMDram meM jaina purANagrantha 'merumanyara purANam' ke racayitA vAmana muni aura unake ziSya paravAdimalla donoM virAjamAna the / ' uparyukta zilAlekhoM meM eka hI nAma bAra-bAra AyA hai| sambhavatayA eka vyakti kA nAma unameM duharAyA gayA hogA aura yaha bhI sambhava hai ki eka hI nAma ke kaI sAdhu bhinna-bhinna samaya meM hue hoN| isake samucita samAdhAna ke lie granthakartA jainacAryoM ke nAmoM kA vargIkaraNa evaM zodha ati Avazyaka hai| jo ho, itane muniyoM tathA AcAryoM ke nAma aura paricaya prApta hone se spaSTa hai ki jainadharma kA tamilanADu meM paryApta prabhAva thaa| - tolakApiyam paricaya . tamila bhASA kA prAcInatama graMtha hai tolakAppiyam / yaha eka zreSTha vyAkaraNagrantha hI nahIM, prAmANika lakSaNagrantha bhI hai| vyAkaraNagranthoM meM to adhika. tara zabdoM kI vyutpatti, niSpatti, nirukti Adi kA bAhulya hotA hai; para AcArya tAlakAppiyara ne, jinake nAma para hI prastuta grantha prasiddha huA hai, na kevala zabdoM kA, kintu akSaroM taka kA vizad vizleSaNa kiyA hai| aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki inhoMne apane grantha meM kAvya, chanda, alaMkAra, lakSaNa Adi ke vizad varNana ke sAtha hI sAtharasa, dhvani, uktivaicitrya, rIti (Convention), vAcya, arthabheda Adi kI viziSTa tamila paramparA kA prAmANika paricaya bhI diyA hai| tolakApiyar kA mata hai ki AMtarika saMvedana kAma ( tIsarA puruSArtha ) aura bAhya AcAra dharma tathA artha kAvya yA graMtha ke pradhAna dhyeya haiN| tolakAppiyara ke vyAkaraNa-sUtra pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI kI taraha pratyAhAra ke rUpa meM na hokara, aindra vyAkaraNa kI taraha arthavat zabdAnta ( vAkyavinyasta) haiN| isI kAraNa, prAcIna kavivaroM ne usakI prazaMsA meM kahA-'aindiram nirainda tolakAppiyan (aindra vyAkaraNazAna se pUrNa paMDitavara tolakAppiyara)'' paDimai ( tapazcaryA ) kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki tolakAppiyar jaina the| unake grantha 'tola kAppiyam' ke 'zirappu pAyiram' ( paricAyaka abhinandana-padya ) meM kavivara paNambAranAra ne granthakartA kI prazaMsA meM 'paDiyon' zabda prayukta kiyA hai / 'paDima' zabda kA artha jaina-paramparA ke muniyoM kA pavitra AcaraNa yA tapasyA 1.A. R. I. E. 1923/97 D.

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 109. hai / jaise kAyaklezapUrvaka tapasyA karanevAle tapasviyoM ke lie sAdhAraNataH 'zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai, usI prakAra 'paDimaiyon ' yA ' paDiyon' ( tapasvI ) zabda kA prayoga kevala jaina muniyoM ke lie huA hai, aisI bAta nahIM / suprasiddha zaiva sAhitya 'sevAram' meM, tapazcaryA aura vratAnuSThAna ke artha meM 'paDimam' (paDi maiM ) zabda kA prayoga milatA hai / usa zabda kA dUsarA artha hai mUrti, vigraha yA zarIra / svayaM tolakAppiyar ne bhI usa artha meM 'paDimai' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / ataH 'paDima' zabda kA artha sAdhAraNata: svarUpa yA mUrti mAnanA ucita hogA | AcArya tolakAppiyar ne brAhmaNa kSatriyAdi varNavAloM ke pavitrAcaraNa ke artha meM bhI 'paDimeM' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| unhIM kA yaha prayoga hai 'enor paDiyam' ( brAhmaNa kSatriyAdi kA pavitrAcaraNa ) / saMghakAlIna kaviyoM ke padyasaMgraha 'pati, pattu' meM eka hindU rAjA kA varNana hai 'nin paDimaiyAna' arthAt, pavitra AcaraNavAlA / isI prakAra, 'paDimeM' aura 'paDiyon' zabdoM ke vyApaka artha ke lie kaI pramANa anya vidvAnoM ne bhI prastuta kiye haiM / ataH tolakApiyam ke 'zirappu pAyiram' ke racayitA paNambAranAr ke 'paDimeyona' zabda prayoga ke AdhAra para, AcArya tolakAppiyar ko jaina siddha karanA kaThina hai / Aravuiyir ( chaha prakAra ke jJAnavAle jIva ) tolakAppiyar ko jaina siddha karane ke lie dUsarA tarka yaha diyA jAtA hai ki unhoMne jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra chaha prakAra ke jJAna bheda se jIvoM kA vibhAjana kiyA thA / - chaha prakAra ke jJAnavAle jIvoM kA vibhAjana isa prakAra hai1. sparzajJAnavAle jIva- per3a, paudhe, ghAsa Adi / 2. do jJAnavAle - sparzajJAna ke sAtha jIbha dvArA rasajJAna pAnevAle jIva- sIpa, kIr3A, ghoMghA Adi / 3. tIna jJAnavAle -- pUrvokta donoM jJAnoM ke sAtha gaMdhajJAnavAle jIvacIMTI, dImaka Adi / 4. cAra jJAnavAle- una tInoM ke sAtha rUpajJAna ( dekhane kI zakti) vAle - bhramara Adi / jIva 5. pA~ca jJAnavAle una cAra jJAnoM ke sAtha zravaNajJAnavAle jIva choTe-bar3e pazu-pakSI / -

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11. tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 6. chaha jJAnavAle-una pAMcoM jJAnoM ke alAvA, ciMtana aura abhivyaMjanA kI zaktivAle 'pakuttaritu' (vivecanajJAna ) hone se, manuSya 'Ararivuyira' (chaha jJAnavAle ) hote haiN| AcArya tolakAppiyar kA yaha vibhAjana jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra bana par3A hai| isIlie unheM jaina siddha karanevAlA tarka peza kiyA jAtA hai| kiMtu, jaina siddhAMta ke anusAra, pAMca jJAnavAle jIvoM kI zreNI meM hI manuSya, jAnavara Adi A jAte haiM phira bhI saMvedana tathA vivecana kA jJAna manuSya kI bhAMti jAnavaroM ko nahIM hai / tolakAppiyara ne apane vibhAjana meM 'Ararivuyira' nAmaka chaThA bheda karake mAno jaina paddhati ko vizad kiyA hai| tamila meM jIvoM ke vibhAjana kI apanI viziSTa rIti hai| vastuoM ke do vibhAga haiM-1. uyar tiNe ( U~cA kula ) aura 2. aha.riNe ( usase bhinna kula ) / chaha prakAra ke jJAnavAle manuSya Adi 'U~ce kula' meM gine jAte haiM aura chaha se kama jJAnavAle manuSyoM tathA anya jIvoM ko 'usase bhinna (nimna) kula' meM ginA jAtA hai| isa AdhArabhUta siddhAnta kA hI AcArya tolakAppiyara ne apane grantha meM samarthana kiyA hai| isa adhyAya kA nAma unhoMne 'marapiyala' (rItiprakaraNa ) rakhA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki tolakAppiyara ne tamila kI viziSTa rIti kA ullekha kiyA, na ki apane yA kisI ke siddhAnta kA samarthana kiyaa| yahAM siddhAnta-samarthana yA mata-pracAra kI koI naubata hI nahIM AyI; vaha bhI, eka prAmANika vyAkaraNa-rIti-grantha meM sAmpradAyika siddhAnta kA samAveza, jahA~ taka tolakAppiyara kI bAta hai, kadApi sambhava nahIM lgtaa| unakA uddezya to tamila kI rIti-nIti kA prAmANika paricaya denA thaa| unhoMne indra, varuNa Adi devatAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA / ataH yaha kahanA kyA ucita hogA ki tolakAppiyar vaidika mata ke anuyAyI the ? antatogatvA, hameM isa nirNaya para pahu~cane meM koI Apatti nahIM ki tola kAppiyara ne nilipta tathA taTastha bhAva se tatkAlIna rIti-nIti kA prAmANika paricaya diyA, aura yaha bhI sambhava hai ki unako jaina dharma kI jAnakArI thI, tathA unake samaya meM jaina dharma tamilanADu meM phaila cukA thaa| tolakAppiyara ke 'Ararivuyira' (SaDjJAnI jIva ) kA vibhAjana grahaNa kara, unako 'vaidika dharmAnuyAyI' mAnanevAle bhI kama nahIM haiN| unakI dalIla hai-'jaina vidvAn jIvoM ko pAMca jJAnabhedoM ke AdhAra para pAMca vibhAgoM meM

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 111 vibhAjita karate haiM / isakA AdhAra prasiddha jainAcArya bhavaNaMdI ( bhavaNanaMdI) ke lokapriya tamila vyAkaraNa grantha 'nannUla' meM milatA hai| yadyapi jainoM ne 'aiyarivuyira' ( paMcajJAnI jIva ) ko cintanazIla aura acintanazIla nAmaka do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA thA, phira bhI unhoMne 'Arariyira' nAmaka chaThA vibhAga nahIM maanaa| paMcendriyoM ke sAtha mana ko bhI bhinna indriya mAnane kI paramparA hindUdharma meM hI pAyI jAtI hai| isakA AdhAra gItA Adi meM milatA hai| ataH vaidika dharma ke isa siddhAnta kA samarthana hI 'tolakAppiyam' grantha meM huA hai| isakA uddharaNa tayA anumodana tamila veda 'tirukkuraLa' ke suvikhyAta vyAkhyAkAra zrI parimeLagar ne tathA saMghakAlIna grantha kalittAkai ke vyAkhyAtA zrI naccinAkkiniyara ne apanI vyAkhyA meM kiyA hai| kintu yaha dalIla bhI ekataraphA hI mAnI jaaygii| bhale hI jainoM ne 'SaDjJAnI jIva' kA vibhAjana na kiyA ho, phira bhI ve paMcajJAnI jIva meM hI 'saMjJI' aura 'asaMjJI' ke bheda mAnakara, pUrvokta naye vibhAjana kA samanvaya kara cuke the| jainagrantha 'aSTa padArthasAra' meM mana ko prANa kI koTi meM rakhA gayA hai| ataH uparyukta jIva-vibhAjana ko kisI mukhya mata yA siddhAnta ke dAyare meM na baiThAkara, 'viziSTa tamila-rIti' mAna lenA samucita hogaa| karmabandha se vimukta ___tolakAppiyara ne apane grantha 'tolakAppiyam' ke 'marapiyala' (rIti. prakaraNa ) meM, mUla grantha tathA anukaraNa-grantha ke antara para prakAza DAlate hae, mUla grantha ke bAre meM likhA thA 'vinai yin nIgi viLagiya arivan' (arthAt, karmabaMdha se vimukta evaM ujjvala jnyaanvaale)| isa pada kI apane DhaMga se vyAkhyA karate hue kucha vidvAn kahate haiM, 'pahale karmabaMdha meM phaMsakara, phira usase vimukta honevAle tathA satyajJAna (kevala jJAna) vAle arhat bhagavAn kA hI ullekha isa vacana meM kiyA gayA hai| ataH tolakAppiyar jaina mAne jAte haiN|' jainetara vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki 'vinaiyin nIMgiya' (karmabaMdha se vimukta) kA artha hai, svabhAva se hI svayaM karmabaMdha se vimukta tathA satyajJAnI bhagavAn srveshvr| isa prakAra vidvAn loga apane-apane mata-siddhAMta ke anusAra isa vacana kA artha lagAte haiM / aise artha-vinyAsa kI koI sImA nahIM hai| taTastha dRSTi se vicAra karane para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki tamilabhASI janatA ke

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112 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa citta kI prabhAvazAlI chApa--jainadharma kI vikasita paramparA kI praticchAyAAcArya tolakAppiyar ke rItigraMtha 'tolakAppiyam' meM spaSTa dikhAI detI hai| 'na'-kArAMta varNAvalo: tamila kI varNAvalI 'a' se zurU hokara 'na' para samApta hotI hai|' tolakAppiyara ne apane grantha meM eka sUtra dvArA varNa-krama nirdhArita kiyA hai| vyAsyAtAoM ne usa krama ke uddezya ke bAre meM vibhinna yuktiyAM prastuta kI haiN| iLaMpUraNara nAmaka vyAkhyAkAra ne likhA hai, 'na' akSara puMliMgadyotaka hai| ( udA0 rAjan, rAman Adi zabdoM kA antyAkSara 'na' puMliMga rUpa meM AtA hai|) digambara-mAnyatA ke anusAra striyoM ko mokSa nahIM hotaa| tapasyA karake strIliMga ko chedakara punaH puruSarUpa meM janma lene ke bAda hI mokSalAbha kara sakatI haiN| dUsarI ora zvetAmbara-mAnyatA ke anusAra strI ko mokSa ho sakatA hai| zvetAmbara-mAnyatA hai ki 'malli' nAmaka tIrthaMkara strI thI / digambaroM kA kahanA hai ki mallIdevI strI paryAya meM tapasyA karane ke bAda agale janma meM puruSa paryAya dhAraNa karane para ve tIrthakara malilnAtha kahalAye aura mokSa prApta kiyaa| ata: 'na' kAra ko tamila varNamAlA kA antyAkSara banAne kA uddezya yahI honA cAhie ki vaha akSara mokSa prApti ke yogya puruSatva kA dyotaka hai| isalie usakI vizeSatA tathA mahattA dikhAne ke lie tolakAppiyara ne usa akSara ko aMta meM rakhA hai|" isa bAta kA ullekha vaidika dharma ke paMDita zrI naccinAkiniyara ne bhI apanI vyAkhyA meM kiyA hai| "paMDita zrI naccinArkinayar kucha kAla taka jaina dharmAnuyAyI rahane ke bAda, vaidikadharma meM vApasa Aye'-isa anuzruti kI puSTi zAyada ukta ullekha se hI hotI hai| kintu, vyAkhyAtA kI dalIla ko mAnakara AcArya tolakAppiyara ko jaina siddha karanA ucita nahIM lgtaa| hA~, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'na'-kArAnta varNamAlA kI vyavasthA jainAcAryoM kI dena thii| magara, isake prAmANika AdhAra kI AvazyakatA hai| vidvAnoM ko isa viSaya meM khoja karanA caahie| 1. yaha 'na' akSara 'ta'varga kA antima akSara nahIM hai| yaha tamila kA viziSTa akSara hai| uccAraNa 'na' aura 'Na' ke bIca kA hotA hai| yaha adhikatara padAnta meM AtA hai|

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 113 'mAttirai' ( mAtrA) tolakAppiyara ne mAtrA kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki cuTakI bajAne yA palaka mArane kI avadhi ko 'mAtrA' kahate haiM bhaTTaLaka nAmaka jaina paMDita ne apane kannaDa vyAkaraNagrantha meM 'mAtrA' kI yahI vyAkhyA kI hai aura pramANa meM eka prAcIna saMskRta zloka bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| usa zloka ke racayitA kA nAma jJAta nhiiN| jainAcArya apane lakSaNagrantha meM mUla tathA AdhAra ke rUpa meM kevala apane pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM kI hI uktiyoM ko uddhata kareMge, yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| unake granthoM meM jainetara AcAryoM ke granthoM ke kaI uddharaNa bhI sahaja-prApya haiM / pratyuta, vAgbhaTa Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ne 'mAtrA' para paryApta kArya kiyA hai| ataH tolakAppiyara ne mAtrA kI jo vyAkhyA kI vaha sarvasammata anusaMdhAna kA hI pariNAma hai| ataH isa AdhAra para unake dharma kA nirNaya karanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hogaa| peraeNNkaLa' ( bahusaMkhyAe~) 'tolakAppiyara ne apane grantha ke 'eLuttadhikAram' ( akSarAdhikAra ) meM bahusaMkhyAvAcaka 'tAmarai' (kamala), 'vaLaLam' (bAr3ha ), 'Ambala' ( kumuda ) Adi saMjJAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| saMskRta meM bhI usa prakAra-bahusaMkhyAke vAcaka zabda haiM, phira bhI 'kumuda' zabda kevala AcArya umAsvAtiracita 'svopajabhASyam' meM prayukta huA hai| umAsvAti jaina AcArya the, isalie tolakAppiyara ne bhI jaina hone ke kAraNa umAsvAti kA anukaraNa kara 'kumuda' zabda apnaayaa|'-yh kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai| kintu, dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki tolakAppiyara ne na to kisI saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA samarthana kiyA, na jaina gaNitazAstra kA hI pracAra kiyaa| unhoMne kevala apane samaya meM pracalita bhASApaddhati aura usakI vyAvahArika rIti kA hI vivecana kiyA / upayukta bahusaMkhyAvAcaka zabda unake samaya se hI loka-vyavahAra meM pracalita ho cuke the| yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne tamila meM likhanA usa samaya prArambha kara diyA aura unhIM ke dvArA ve zabda janasAdhAraNa ke vyavahAra meM A gaye hoNge| 'paNNatti' ( eka kAvya-vizeSa ) tamila kAvya-vizeSa 'paNa tti' kI carcA tolakAppiyara ne kI hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki tolakAppiyara ne prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina-chanda zAstra ke AdhAra para hI ukta paNNatti kA vivecana kiyaa| kintu yaha kahanA

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114 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jyAdA ucita hogA ki tolakAppiyar ke kAla meM jainAcAryoM ne tamila meM hI chaMdazAstraviSayaka graMthoM kI racanA kI, jinakA pracAra vidvanmaNDalI meM huaa| ataH isa kAraNa se tolakAppiyar ko jaina nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / unhoMne kevala pracalita rIti kA ullekha apanI racanA meM kiyaa| jainazAstrajJoM athavA vyAkhyAkAroM ne 'paNNatti' kI vyAkhyA karate samaya kisI bhI mula jaina-grantha ko AdhAra rUpa meM uddhRta nahIM kiyA hai| isake atirikta, tolakAppiyara ne :paNNatti' ko pahelI-kathA kA aMga batAyA, jaina chandazAstra ke anusAra kevala chaMda-grantha nahIM khaa| ___tolakAppiyar ke viSaya meM vyAkhyAkAra teyvaccilaiyAra ne apanI TIkA meM kahA-'in nUla raoNyadAn vaidika munivan ( isa grantha tolakAppiyam ke racayitA vaidika muni the ) / ' tolakAppiyara ne AkAza ko paMcamahAbhUtoM meM se eka maanaa| unhIM kA sUtra hai "nilantI nIrvaLi vizumpoDaindum kalanda mayakkam ulakamAdalin" -marapiyal-89 arthAt, pRthvI, agni, jala, vAyu, AkAza ina pAMcoM bhUtoM kA samUha hI jagat hai| 'tolakAppiyara paMca bhUtoM kI mAnyatAvAle vaidika mata ke hI anuyAyI the| jainAcArya yadyapi AkAza kA astittva svIkAra karate haiM, tathApi ve use paMcabhUtoM ke antargata nahIM maante| ataH unheM jaina mAnane kA paryApta pramANa nhiiN|' yaha hai dUsare pakSa kA tarka / ullekha-nirdeza kI bAteM lekara kisI racayitA ke abhimata yA dharma kA nirNaya karanA ucita nhiiN| tolakAppiyara ne eka sthAna para durgA kI stuti kI hai, to dUsarI jagaha viSNu kI vandanA kI hai aura vedavaidika, U~ca-nIca Adi kI bhI carcA kI hai| ina saba tathyoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki unake samaya meM hI vaidika tathA jaina donoM dharmoM kA prabhAva lokajIvana para thaa| jainAcArya nAra kavirAja nambI Adi ne tamila ke AcAravicAra para likhI gaI apanI pustakoM meM niSpakSa bhAva se donoM dharmoM ke prabhAva kA varNana kiyA hai| 1. dekhie, 'kAlam ulagam ...' nAmaka sUtra kI TIkA ( tolakAppiyam ) /

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 115 ataH tolakAppiyara ko kisI viziSTa dharma yA sampradAya kA siddha karane kA prayAsa vyartha hI pratIta hotA hai| ve zuddha vidyopAsaka the aura unakI dRSTi meM kevala tamila bhASA thI, tamila kA sAhitya tathA AcAra-vicAra the / ataH ve taTastha bhAva se jahAM jo upAdeya viSaya milatA thA, use apanAte the| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne apane lakSaNagraMtha tolakAppiyam ke Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa hI nahIM kiyaa| isIlie saba dharmavAle unheM apane dharma kA anu. yAyI siddha karanA cAhate haiM / tamila vyAkaraNa kA vikAsa kahanA cAhie ki vaidika, jaina tathA bauddha paNDitoM ke tulanAtmaka bhASAjJAna ke prabhAva se tamila vyAkaraNa kA paryApta vikAsa huA hai| una sabakI apAra vidvattA tathA saMskRta Adi anya samRddha bhASAoM kA mArmika jJAna-- yaha saba tamila vyAkaraNa ke vikAsa ke lie bahuta sahAyaka siddha hue| unakI yaha vizeSatA thI ki unhoMne dUsarI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko tamila meM balAt ghuser3A nahIM; pratyuta, tamila kI apanI viziSTa rIti-nIti tathA vyAkaraNa paddhati kA prAmANikatA pUrvaka pAlana kiyaa| ise unakI Adarza sevA kahA jA sakatA hai| tolakAppiyara ke samaya meM nATakIya saMvAda jaise phuTakara padya adhika pramANa meM pracalita the| unakA saMkalana kara, 'akam' ( Atmagata ) tathA 'puram' (bahirgata ) kI zreNI meM unheM vibhAjita kiyA gyaa| yaha tattva-ciMtana ke AdhAra para honevAlI padya racanA ke vikAsa kA paricAyaka hai| jo sabake lie sAdhAraNa jIvanatattva, saMvedana (prema Adi), utkarSa ( sadAcAramUlaka) Adi bAtoM ko abhivyakta karatA ho, use 'akam' (Atmagata padya ) kahate haiN| jo kisI nirdiSTa caritanAyaka kI anubhUti yA usake AcaraNa kA varNana karatA ho, use 'puram' (bahirgata yA vyaktigata padya ) kahate haiM / yaha vibhAjana vaidika tathA jaina dharma ke prasAra kI dena mAlUma hotA hai| lakSya ( sAhitya ) graMthoM ke upayukta lakSaNagrantha prastuta karane kA zreya unhIM logoM ko hai| unakA anubhava tathA mahatvapUrNa sahayoga tamila ke vikAsa ke lie bhI mukhya sAdhana evaM saMbala sAbita huA / padyaracanA sAhitya-sAmAnya ke lie tolakAppiyam meM 'ceyyuL' ( padya ) kA nAma

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116 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa AyA hai aura lakSaNa, rIti tathA vyAkaraNa graMthoM ko 'nUl' ( sUtra ) zabda se nirdiSTa kiyA hai / jaise parvata ko bhI choTA darpaNa hotA hai / praticchAyA dvArA dikhA detA hai, vaise hI choTA sUtra bar3I durUha bAtoM ko bhI vyakta kara detA hai / padyagadya kA vibhAjana tathA pracalana usa samaya thA / padyoM ke bIcobIca gadya prayukta kiyA gayA, jaise campU-kAvya meM sampUrNa gadyagraMtha bhI usa samaya ke pAye jAte haiM / una gadya graMthoM meM adhikAMza paMcataMtra - jaise naitika itivRtta, pazu-pakSiyoM ke mu~ha se vyakta karAye gaye nIti - upadeza evaM upahAsa- vyaMgya, upamA-dRSTAnta Adi alaMkAra dvArA varNita pahelI bujhauvala, jana-jIvana kI afat-bharI lokoktiyA~, muhAvare aura maMtravAkya- ye hI the / inake atirikta choTe-choTe vAkyoMvAle graMtha, chandoM ke udAharaNavAle padya, gadyapadyAtmaka prAcIna kathAe~, zrRMkhalAbaddha laMbI padyaracanA jisameM U~ce Adarza batAye jAte haiM, udbodhaka nIti kathAe~ jo dehAtI evaM dezI bhASAoM ke mizrita rUpa meM racI gayI haiM, sarasa lokagIta aura gIti nATaka --- yaha saba prakAra bhI tolakAppiyar ke samaya meM pracalita the / inameM jainadharma kI chApa spaSTa pratIta hotI hai / tolakAppiyam aura jaina prabhAva yadyapi tolakAppiyar ko jainAcArya siddha karane kA koI upayukta yA Thosa pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai tathApi unake graMtha 'tolakAppiyam' se yaha patA avazya calatA hai ki tamila bhASA tathA sAhitya ke vikAsa meM jainadharma kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai / jainadharma ko tamilanADu meM janamaMgalapoSaka banane kA gaurava isalie prApta ho sakA ki tatkAlIna jaina sAdhuoM tathA AcAryoM ne bar3I tatparatA evaM niHsvArtha bhAva se pavitra lokasevA kI / unake zuddhAcaraNa aura prakANDa pANDitya ne bhI janasAdhAraNa ko AkRSTa kiyA thaa| AcAryaM siddhasena divAkara aura vRddhavAdI muni kI jIvaniyoM se uparyukta kathana kI satyatA prakaTa hai aura jainAcAryoM ke dharmapracAra kI yaha bhI vizeSatA rahI ki ke rAjA-raMka kA bheda nahIM mAnate the / unakA kAryakSetra jitanA vizAla thA, utanA hI pavitra tathA preraNAdAyaka thA unakA udAra bhAva / mukhyataH ve usa hI pradeza kI vyAvahArika bhASA para adhikAra prApta kara, usake dvArA hI apane dharma kA pracAra karate the / isI kAraNa, anya dharma kI apekSA jainadharma bahuta zIghra hI atizaya vega se tamilanADu meM pAmara se paMDita taka phaila gayA / tolakAppiyam kA racanA - kAla kyA thA, isakA nirNaya karanA kaThina hai /

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 117 usameM batAye gaye kaI niyama saMghakAlIna sAhitya meM hI lupta ho gaye / udAharaNataH, upamA nirdezaka pratyaya, rItiprakaraNa kI viziSTa vidhiyA~, 'ca' - kAra ke vAkyArambha meM na Ane kI vidhi, 'cel' (jAo), 'vA' (Ao) ke viziSTa prayoga - yaha saba arvAcIna saMghakAla meM, jo tIsare saMgha ke nAma se prasiddha thA ( I0 pU0 2 zatI se I0 4 zatI taka ), vyavahAralupta ho gaye / isalie usase bhI pUrvavartI sAhitya ke AdhAra para hI tolakAppiyara ne vidhi-niyamoM kA nirddhAraNa kiyA hogA / ataH unako I0 pUrva dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kA mAnanA ucita hogA / tolakAppiyara graMtha ko 'aindiram nirainda tolakAppiyam' (aindra vyAkaraNa ke prabhAva se pUrNa tolakAppiyam grantha) kahA gayA hai / isase pratIta hotA hai ki aindra vyAkaraNa ke samaya meM tolakApiyara rahe hoMge / pANini ke bAda aindra vyAkaraNa kA pracalana nahIM rahA / - idhara kucha vaidika vidvAn pANini kA mArgadarzaka grantha aindra vyAkaraNa hI mAnate haiM / isakA ullekha prasiddha zaivasanta appara ne isa prakAra kiyA hai'iMdirata inidAka IndAr' (indra vyAkaraNa ko 'prastuta kiyA) / ' sundara DhaMga se tolakAppiyara ne jaina vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki 'aindra' zabda jainAcArya devanaMdI ke, jinakA aparanAma pUjyapAda thA, 'jainendra vyAkaraNa' kA paricAyaka hai aura tolakAppiyara ne isI jainendra vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para apane graMtha kI racanA kI hai / aisA mAnane para tolakAppiyara kA kAla-nirNaya karane meM bAdhA khar3I ho jAtI hai / ataH 'aindra' zabda se pANini ke pUrvavartI aindra vyAkaraNa mAnanA hI samucita pratIta hotA hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki pahale vidvAnoM dvArA upekSita aindra nyAvyAkaraNa ko jainAcAryoM dvArA samAdara milane tathA AcArya pUjyapAda ke naye vyAkaraNa ke kAraNa vidvajjanAnumodana prApta huA ho / cAra prakAra ke zabda kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yAska ne zabda ke jo cAra vibhAga nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAta ke rUpa meM kiye unhIM ko tolakAppiyara ne 'peyar', 'vina', 'iDai col' aura 'uri col' ke nAma se aMgIkAra kiyA / iDa cola kA artha sambandha sUcaka ( conjunction ) aura uri cola kA artha vizeSaNa ( attributive ) hai / ata: inheM yAska ke anusAra upasarga aura nipAta batAnA ucita nahIM hogA /

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118 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa isI prakAra yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki 'pANini ke sUtra 'suptihantam padam' kA anuvAda tolakApyira ne peyara (saMjJA) aura vinai ( kriyA ) ke rUpa meM kiyA hai|' saMjJA aura kriyA kA vibhAjana saba bhASAoM meM sAmAnya bAta hai| ataH pANini aura pataMjali ke maMtavyoM kA nirdeza tolakAppiyam meM yatra-tatra hone se hI, usa natha kI maulikatA para saMdeha kadApi nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ilakkaNam 'ilakkaNam" zabda tamila meM vyAkaraNa ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| yaha zabda 'lakSaNa' kA apabhraMza mAlUma hotA hai / vararuci aura pataJjali donoM ne apane graMthoM meM lakSaNa zabda kA prayoga vyAkaraNa ke artha meM kiyA hai / isalie unake samaya ke pUrva se hI 'lakSaNa' zabda kA pracalana rahA hogA / tola kAppiyam ke sUtroM meM vararuci ke pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM ke mata kA anukaraNa dikhAI detA hai; ataH usa graMtha ko vararuci ke samaya se pahale kA mAnanA ucita hogaa| __ tolakAppiyam ke 'AMgavai oNrupAlAka...' vAle sUtra meM battIsa (32) vyabhicArI bhAvoM kA ullekha hai| bharata muni ke nATayazAstra meM taitIsa (33) vyabhicArI bhAva nirdiSTa haiN| kAdhyaprakAza meM bhI 33 hI vyabhicArI bhAva kahe gaye haiM / isI prakAra, 'meyappADu' ( rasa ) ke ATha bheda tola kAppiyam meM batAye gaye haiM, jaba ki saMskRta graMthoM meM nava rasoM kA vidhAna huA hai / avasthA yA dazA ke viSaya meM bhI thor3A matabheda dikhAI detA hai| ina saba tathyoM se, yaha. anumAna lagAnA ucita hogA ki AcArya bharata ke pUrva hI yaha matabheda cala par3A thA, jo tarakAlIna kucha vidvAnoM meM samAdRta bhI thA / isa krama meM, tolakAppiyara ko jo aMza jaMcA, use apanA liyaa| bharatamuni ne sapta samRddha bhASAoM meM eka kA nAma 'dAkSiNAtyA' batAyA haiM / yaha nizcaya hI tamila bhASA honI caahie| kyoki, tamila meM nATayadharma, lokadharma, rasa, chaMda, rAga tathA abhinaya Adi ke bAre meM prAcIna kAla se svataMtra anusaMdhAna hotA AyA thaa| una saba bAto ko dRSTi me rakhakara hI AcArya bharata ne tamila kA ullekha kiyaa| prAcIna kAla meM anusaMdhAnapUrvaka sAhitya meM jo niSkarSa yA tathya sAmane Aye unameM se aneka to koppiyam meM pAye jAte hai, jaba ki unakA uralekha taka anyatra anupalabdha hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'ilavakaNam' ( lakSaNa ) zabdaH vyAkaraNa ke artha meM pahale prayukta huA thA; para kAlAMtara meM usakA alaMkAra meM

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 119 arthAntara ho gayA / usakA mUla svarUpa tolakAppiyam meM aba bhI surakSita hai| isI prakAra 'ceyyuL' (padya) zabda kA pracalana prAcIna kAla meM thaa| 'ceyyula' kA vyutpatti paraka artha hai, jo kiyA jAtA hai, vaha / isI kA samAnArthaka kriyA' zabda prAcIma graMtha 'lalitavistara' meM, padya ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| dhvani ke bAre meM kaI prAcIna niSkarSa tathA anusaMdhAna tolakAppiyam ke 'iraicci', 'uLLurai' nAmaka adhyAyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| , saMskRta ke prAcIna graMthoM ke ThIka-ThIka kAlanirNaya ke abhAva meM tolakAppiyam meM ullikhita tathyoM ke bAre meM jinake mUla srota saMskRta graMtha haiM, niSkarSa nikAlanA kaThina hai| kucha prAmANika zodhoM se, loga isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki I0 dUsarI zatI ke kAvyagraMthoM se, jo antima saMghakAlIna mAne jAte haiM, tolakAppiyam pUrvavartI graMtha hai| antima saMgha ke pUrva bhayaMkara samudraplAvana huaa| isakA kAla siMhala ke 'mahAvaMza' meM I0 pU0 145 kahA gayA hai| usa samaya pANDiya deza kI kumari nadI samudraplAvana se naSTa ho gyii| pAMDiyanareza nilantaru tiruvir pAMDiyana ke zAsana kAla meM kumari nadI kI carcA milatI hai / usa rAjA ne hI tolakAppiyam kA prakAzana karAyA / arthAt samudraplAvana ke pUrva hI tolakAppiyam kI racanA ho gayI thI, jisase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki aMtima saMgha kAla ke pahale hI isa natha kA pracAra ho gayA thaa| saMghakAlIna grantha tolakAppiyam prAcInatama lakSaNa graMtha hai / ataH usase pUrva bhI paryApta lakSaNa graMtha hoNge| ve hI saMghakAlIna grantha haiM / 'eTuttaoNkai' (ATha laghu granthoM kA saMgraha ), 'patta pATu' ( dasa gAthAeM) Adi saMgraha saMghakAlIna grantha haiN| ye phuTakara racanAoM tathA kavitAoM ke saMgraha haiM / saMghakAlIna vidvAnoM ne vidvatsaMgha sthApita kara tamila kI zrIvRddhi kii| bhASA tathA sAhitya para kaI pahaluoM se zodha-kArya unhoMne kiyA / ___sAhityika ullekhoM tathA anuzrutiyoM se patA calatA hai ki tamila vidvAnoM ke tIna saMgha the / pahalA saMgha dakSiNa madurai meM thA, jo hindamahAsAra ke garbha meM vilIna ho cukA / dUsarA saMgha kapATapuram meM thaa| isa nagara kA varNana vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke suMdara kAMDa meM milatA hai / yaha nagara bhI samudraplAvana se vinaSTa ho gyaa| tIsarA saMgha vartamAna madurai nagara meM thaa| prathama aura dvitIya saMghoM kA samaya

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120 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 1 saMskRtapurANa kAla kahA jA sakatA hai| aisI anuzruti hai ki tolakAppiyam dvitIya saMgha kAlIna pAMDyanareza nilantaru tiruvin pAMDiyan kI sabhA meM, paMDitavara ataMkoTTAzana kI adhyakSatA meM tolakAppiyam kA prathama prakAzana huA / yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki tolakAppiyara agastya ke ziSya the / agastya kI adhyakSatA meM hI dvitIya saMgha sthApita huA aura ve tamila ke prathama vyAkaraNAcArya mAne jAte haiM / kintu unakA eka bhI padya upalabdha nahIM hai / Aja jitane saMghakAlIna grantha milate haiM, unameM se adhikAMza grantha antima saMgha ke haiM / anya kucha grantha pUrvavartI saMgha ke kahe jAte haiM, para isa bAre meM mataikya nahIM hai / saMgha graMthoM para jaina prabhAva saMgha sAhitya ke kaI padyoM meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai / 'yAdum Ure yAvarum keLir ......1 vAle padya meM samadarzitA, sArvajanIna sevAvRtti aura vasudhaiva kuTumbakam kI bhAvanA ke sAtha karma phala kI anivAryatA kA bhI varNana hai / yadyapi ye vacana anya dharmoM meM bhI milate haiM, tathApi unakA viziSTa vivecana jainadharma meM hI huA hai / isake atirikta, saMghakAlIna kaviyoM meM kucha nAma aise milate haiM, jinake jainI hone kI sambhAvanA hai / unameM se do kaviyoM kA paryApta paricaya upalabdha hai / uloccanAra muni dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya, kezaluzcana karane kI jo viziSTa kriyA kI jAtI hai, use tamila meM 'uloccu' kahate haiM / kezaloca ke anuSThAna kA varNana karane athavA kezaloca karane ke kAraNa saMgha ke eka kavi kA nAma 'uloccanAra' par3A / inake nAma para taiMtIsa padya upalabdha hote haiM, jo unhIM ke race hue pratIta hote haiM / ina padyoM meM jaina dharma sammata sAMsArika jIvana kI kaSTa bahulatA kI bhAMti antarjIvana kI dukhapradhAna dazA kA varNana hai / nigaSTanAr dUsare saMghakAlIna kavi kA nAma hai, nigaMTana kalaikkoTTut taNDanAra / inakA eka padya 'naTriNa' nAmaka saMghakAlIna grantha meM upalabdha hai / usameM 'ney 1. isa saMghakAlIna padya ke racayitA the kaNiyan paMkunDranAra aura isa paMkti kA artha hai, sArA deza hamArA janmasthAna hai aura samasta dezavAsI hamAre bandhu haiN| .

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jainadharma aura talima deza 121 dala nilam' ( samudra-taTavartI pradeza ) kI kaSTabahula sthiti kA varNana hai / inake paravartI vyAkhyAkAroM ne likhA hai ki 'kalaikkoTTut taNDu' nAmaka grantha ukta jaina kavi kI racanA hai, kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki vaha grantha nighaMTu ( zabda koza ) rahA hogaa| inake jainatva ko sUcita karane ke lie hI, unake nAma ke pUrva 'nigaNTan' ( nigaNTha < nirgrantha ) kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / sambhavataH ye digambara muni rahe hoNge| nighaMTu ke racayitA hone ke kAraNa, inake nAma ke pUrva 'nigaNTan' ( nighaMTukartA ) kA vizeSaNa laga gayA hai, yaha bhI kaI zodhakartAoM kA mata hai| phira bhI, lakSaNagraMtha, vyAkaraNa tayA koza-nighaMTu Adi granthoM kI racanA dvArA jaina vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya vAGmaya tathA bhASAoM kI jo anupama sevA kI hai, usakA bhArata ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / saMghakAla kA nirNaya adhikAMza saMgha sAhitya tIsare saMgha kA hI milatA hai / ataH 'saMghakAla' tathA 'saMgha sAhitya' zabda aMtima arthAt tRtIya saMgha kA nirdezaka hai| sAdhAraNataH pallavoM ke Agamana ke pUrva kA samaya saMghakAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| I0 tRtIya zatI ke madhya meM pallavoM kA samparka tamilanADu ke kAMcIpuram meM bar3hane lgaa| itihAsavetAoM ke matAnusAra I0 cauthI sadI ke anta meM pATalIpura kA dhvaMsa huaa| pATalIpura kI samRddhi naMdoM dvArA vahAM bhUgarbha meM surakSita kI gayI dhanarAziyoM kI carcA sona ( zoNa ) nadI ke taTa para usa nagarI ke avasthita hone kI bAta saMghakAlIna padyoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki pATalIpura ke dhvaMsa ke pUrNa saMghakAla thaa| __ yUnAna aura rUma ke yAtriyoM ne I0 prathama aura dUsarI zatiyoM kI apanI bhAratayAtrA ke saMsmaraNoM meM tamilanADu ke vANijya-vyavasAya tathA AcAravicAra kA jo A~khoM dekhA varNana kiyA hai, vaha saMgha-padyoM se adhika sAmya rakhatA hai| ataH saMghakAla kA samaya aura bhI pahale mAnA jA sakatA hai| zilappadhikAram ke vaMci kANDam meM ullekha hai ki siMhala-nareza kayavAhu ne ceranareza ceMguTuvana dvArA Ayojita satI devI kaNNakI kI mUrti pratiSThA ke utsava meM bhAga liyA thaa| zilappadhikAram ( tamila mahAkAvya ) ke racayitA iLagoM aDigaLa ke mukhya kAvyapAtra ceranareza ceMguTuvana ke choTe bhAI the 1. ahanAnUru padya-saM0 205 aura kuruntaoNka, padya0saM0 75.

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122 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa aura ve svayaM kAvyavRttAMta ke samakAlIna the| aitihAsika chAnabIna se patA calatA hai ki siMhalanareza kayavAhu kA samaya I0 dUsarI sadI thA / anya pramANoM se bhI ukta mahAkAvya kA racanA kAla I0 dUsarI zatI siddha hai| saMgha kAla kI vikasita evaM pariSkRta kAvyadhArA kA ekamAtra pratIka hai 'zilappadhikAram' ataH usake pUrNa ke saMghasAhitya kA kAla-nirNaya karate samaya hameM I0 dUsarI zatI se bhI Age bar3hanA hogaa| dramiLa saMgha 'bauddha saMgha', 'zramaNa saMgha' Adi zabda tattad matAvalambI bhikSuoM yA sAdhuoM ke dala ke lie prayukta hote rahe haiM / sambhavatayA, 'tamiLa saMgham' ukta nAmoM ke anukaraNa se vyavahAra meM cala par3A hogaa| kiMtu, 'tamiLa saMgham' ko sAmpradAyika saMgaThana-saMgha samajhanA bhrama hogaa| eka drAviDa saMgha ke hone kI bAta kannaDa ke zilAlekhoM meM ullikhita hai|' vahA~ ullekha 'dramiLa saMgham' ke rUpa meM huaa| jaina graMtha 'darzanasAra' meM draviDa saMgha kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / usake racayitA devasena ne svayaM likhA hai ki ukta saMgha kI sthApanA I0 470 meM AcArya vajranaMdI ne kI thii| yaha dravir3a saMgha tamila sAhitya ke itihAsa ke suprasiddha saMdhatraya meM nahIM AtA / eka hI saMgha meM ekatrita hue jaina sAdhuoM kA mUla saMgha cAra gaNoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| unake nAma the, naMdIgaNa, senagaNa, siMhagaNa aura devagaNa / ina gaNa-saMghoM ke vidvAnoM ne apane nAma ke aMta meM svagaNa ke nAma ko bhI jor3a liyaa| naMdIsaMgha se damiLasaMgha ke alaga hone kI bAta paravartI zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotI hai| dramiLasaMgha kA eka vibhAga hI 'aru kalAnvayam' thaa| 'anvaya' zabda idhara kakSA yA vibhAga ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / isa 'aruMkalam' vibhAga ke vidvAnoM ne 'aru kAla-cappu' Adi granthoM kI racanA kI, jinake sAtha apane saMgha vibhAga ke nAma ko bhI jor3a diyaa| aruMkalAnvayam ko naMdIgaNa ke vibhAga ke rUpa meM kannaDa-zilAlekhoM meM nirdiSTa kiye jAne se, yaha bAta spaSTa pratIta hotI hai ki usa samaya sabhI jainasaMghoM meM 'aruMkalam' (uttama AbhUSaNa ) Adi kaI tamila zabda vyavahRta hue the| deva aura naMdI zabdoM ko kaI jainAcAryoM ne apane nAmoM ke aMta meM jor3a liyaa| aise aneka 1. Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. V., Hassan Jq. 131; Epi. Carn. Vol. IV, Gurdlupet Jq. 27.

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123 jainadharma aura tamila deza jainoM kA nirdeza 'tevAram' Adi zaiva saMta sAhitya aura zilA lekhoM meM hai| yaha jainasaMgha tamila kI zrIvRddhi meM sadA tatpara rahA hai, ataH use bhI 'tamiLa saMgham ke nAma se gauravAnvita kenA ucita hI hogaa| tirukkuraLa zaiva saMta sAhitya tevAram ke samaya ( I0 sAtavIM zatI ) taka jainadharma tamilanADu meM apanI jar3a jamA cukA thaa| isake sAtha hI tamila sAhitya meM bhI kaI navIna prayoga hone lge| 'akaval pA' nAmaka chaMda vizeSa hI adhikAMza saMghakAlIna racanAoM ke lie vyavahRta huA thaa| isakA svaramAdhurya upadeza ko hI pradhAna mAnanevAle jaina racanAkAroM ke lie anapekSita hone se, unhoMne apane uddezya ke lie upayukta 'veN pA' nAmaka chaMda meM hI kAvyaracanA zurU kii| yadyapi saMghapadyoM meM yaha chaMda yatra-tatra prayukta huA hai, tathApi isakA adhika prAdhAnya saMghakAla ke avasAna meM yA 'tevAram' Adi bhakti sAhitya ke kAla meM hI huA thaa| tirukkuraL aura saMghagrantha isa parivartana kA mArgadarzana tirukkuraLa ne hI kiyA thaa| tirukkuraLa ke racayitA svanAmadhanya maharSi tiruvaLLuvara ke kaI Azaya saMghagranthoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa, 'caeNdi kaoNNDrokkU urida illaeNna' yaha saMgha padya ( 'puranAkara' kA padyAMza ); tirukkuraLa kA yaha kuraLa aMza-uville cayananDri kaoNNDra makavarku' (kRtaghnoM kI unnati sarvathA asambhava hai)-sarala vyAkhyAsA lagatA hai| isI prakAra kapilar naccakaiyAra Adi saMghakAlIna kaviyoM ke padyoM meM bhI tirukkuraLa ke bhAva pAye jAte haiN| tiruvaLLuvamAle yaha graMtha tirukkuraLa kI prazaMsA meM race gaye padyoM kA saMgraha hai / ina padyoM ke racayitA saMghakAlIna kavi batAye jAte haiN| magara yaha bhramamUlaka tathA sunI sunAI bAta hai| bArahavIM zatI ke jainAcArya neminAthar ke 'neminAtham' nAmaka tamila vyAkaraNa graMtha kI samakAlIna vyAkhyA meM ukta 'tiruvaLa La vamAla' kA eka padya uddhRta hai| isI prakAra 'kallADam' nAmaka bhaktigraMtha meM bhI usa 'mAla' kA eka padya uddhRt hai / saMghakAla meM hindU paurANika kathAoM ke samA--

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124 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa veza ke samaya I0 sAtavIM zatI meM 'tiruvaLLuvamAle' kI racanA huI hogI / paurANika kathAoM ke samAveza ke pramANa I0 sAtavIM zatI ke zaivasaMta tirunAcukkarazara ke padyoM aura prAcIna pAMDya rAjAoM ke zilAlekhoM tathA antima saMghakAlIna graMtha 'iraiyanAr akappaoNruLa' ( bhAvapakSa kA lakSaNa graMtha ) meM spaSTa milate haiM / saMghakAlIna grantha mAne jAne vAle 'eNTTuttAM' aura pattupATTu' ( padyasaMgraha ) kI zailI ko tirukkurala aura zilappadikAram kI zailI se bhinna siddha karane ke lie kucha vidvAn zabdoM ke prayogabheda ko pramANasvarUpa prastuta karate haiM / 'kalitaoNka' aura 'pAripADal' meM bhI, jo saMghasAhitya meM gine jAte haiM, vaha zailI bheda pAyA jAtA hai / ve donoM grantha 'gandhavaM mArga' yA caeNnduraimArgam' nAmaka gItapraNAlI ke haiM / 'zilappadikAram' meM una donoM zailiyoM ke sAtha 'veN turai mArgam' nAmaka nATakIya zailI bhI apanAyI gayI hai / ataH paMDitoM se nirdhArita zailiyoM ke sAtha samayAnukUla navIna zailI ko apanAnA unmukta ciMtaka kaviyoM ke lie sahaja hI hai / tiruvaLLuvara ne apane lokahitakArI mahAn grantha ke lie sArvajanIna evaM sarala zailI apanAyI / isIlie isa navIna zailI meM bolacAla kI sarala bhASA kA-sA pravAha hai / tirukkuraL meM eka sau paccIsa saMskRta zabda milate haiM / tatkAlIna jana bhASA meM ghule-mile zabdoM ko hI spaSTa abhivyaMjanA ke lie tiruvaLLuvara ne apanAyA thA / I0 pU0 dUsarI-tIsarI zatI ke guphA - zilAlekhoM meM bhI kaI saMskRta zabda pAye jAte haiM / yadyapi una 125 zabdoM meM sabako saMskRta mAnane ke lie kaI vidvAn taiyAra nahIM haiM, tathApi sabako saMskRta mAnane para bhI yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki do pratizata saMskRta zabda bhI tirukkurala meM nahIM haiM / takai (samAsa ) kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki tirukkurala ke prathama padya kA 'Adibhagavan' zabda jo tA~kai caoNla ( samastapada ) hai, nayI zailI kA paricAyaka hai, jo saMghakAlIna sAhitya meM nahIM milatI / kintu aisI bAta nahIM hai / cittiramADam ( suMdara bhavana yA citroMvAlA bhavana ) zabda, 'cittiramADat tuMciya nanmAran ' nAmaka pANDyanareza ke sAtha saMghakAlIna padya meM prayukta huA hai / isI prakAra 'gUDhAkAram' samastapada ke rUpa meM saMgha - sAhitya meM AyA hai| tamila zabda ke sAtha saMskRta zabda ke sammilita rUpa ko harisamAsa kahate haiM / yaha prayoga prAcIna

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 129 sAhityakAroM dvArA vyavahAra meM lAyA gyaa| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki vaha harisamAsa telugu aura kannaDa bhASAoM meM upekSita hone para bhI, tiruvakuraLa meM pAyA jAtA hai / isake lie jo pada udAharaNa meM diyA gayA thA, vaha 'oNrUbandam' pada, saMskRtamizrita nahIM hai, pUrA tamila pada hI hai / ataH 'dazanAnku' ( dasa cAra-cAlIsa yA caudaha ) Adi harisamAsa ke namUne saMghakAlIna kavi jakkIrar ke 'naeNDanalvADai' nAmaka grantha meM pAye jAte haiM / ataH yaha samAsa-prayoga prAcInakAla se hI vyavahAra meM hai / tiruvakuraLa meM jo-jo prAcIna pratyaya, kriyArUpa aura mAtrApUraka pAye jAte haiM, ve saba saMghakAlIna padyoM meM bhI haiM aura jinheM kucha vidvAn arvAcIna mAnate haiM, ve bhI saMgha-sAhitya meM milate haiM / ataH aise apUrNa pramANa dvArA tirukkuraLa ko arvAcIna siddha karane kI jo koziza kucha loga karate haiM, usameM kitanA sAra hai, yaha ve hI jAneM ! eka kathA calI A rahI hai ki tiruvaLLavara rAjA elolasiMgana ke AcArya the aura unhIM ke anugraha se rAjA ke jahAja saMkaTa se bacakara pAra hue / isa ghaTanA kA smaraNa, Aja bhI nAvika tathA gAr3IvAna 'elelo elarA !' ke tarAne dvArA karate rahate haiN| isako AdhAra mAnakara kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki elola siMgan I0 pU0 145 meM siMhala meM zAsana karane vAle tamilanareza siMgana hI the; ata: tisvaLLuvara kA samaya I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI mAnanA ucita hogaa| pro0 cakravartI nayinAra ne tiruvaLavara ke bAre meM yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai- 'elAcArya nAmaka jaina paMDita ne 'tirukkuraLa' kI racanA kI hai| inhIM kA asalInAma kuMdakuMdAcArya thaa|' ye I0pU0 prathama zatI meM madrAsa ke nikaTavartI 'vaMdavAzi' nAmaka sthAna ke pAsa eka parvata para tapasyA kara rahe the| inake caraNacihna vahAM aba bhI haiM jinakI pUjA zraddhAlu jainI roja karate haiN| inhIM ke zrAvaka ziSya ye tiruvalluvara / tiruvaLbara apane AcArya ke grantha 'tirukkuraLa' ko saMgha (vidvanmaNDalI) meM le jAkara svIkArArtha prathamatayA vahAM par3ha. sunAyA / yaha vRttAnta jaina paraMparA meM prAcIna kAla se hI mAnyatA prApta hai| kintu isa anuzruti kA koI prAmANika AdhAra nahIM milatA hai| 1. yaha nAma tamila meM 'kundana kundanAcAriyara' aura 'kuNDana koNDanAcAriyara' ke rUpoM meM bhI vyavahRta hotA hai|

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126 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa tiruvaLa La vara aura jainadharma tiruvalluvara ko lambe samaya se jaina grantha siddha karane kA prayAsa calatA AyA hai / unake nAmoM meM eka 'devara' hai, jo jaina vAcI mAnA jAtA hai aura 'nAyanAra' kA jo upAdhi-pada tiruvalluvara ko bAda meM prApta huA, vaha bhI kevala jaina paramparA meM, vizeSatayA dakSiNa meM, supracalita nAma hai| kintu tirumALikai devara, tirunIlakaNTha nAyanAra Adi zaivasaMtoM ke nAma bhI pUrvokta padoM ke sAtha milate haiN| ve upAdhipada madhya kAla meM anya dharmAvalambiyoM ke sAtha bhI prayukta hone lage / 'nIlakezI' nAmaka tamila jaina grantha ke vyAkhyAtA zamaNa (zramaNa) divAkara munivara ne tirukkuraL ko 'emadu mottu' ( hamArA grantha ) batAyA hai| kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki tirukkuraL ko saba loga 'paoNdu marai' ( sAmAnya veda ) kahate-mAnate Aye haiN| AcArya tiruvaLLUvara ne apane grantha meM jana-jIvana ko sabhI pahaluoM meM samunnata tathA susampanna banAnevAlI upAdeya bAtoM ko sUtra zailI meM nibaddha kiyA hai / unako janamaMgalaprerita virAT bhAvanA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unake vedatulya amara grantha tirukkuraL meM sabhI dharmAvalambiyoM ke sarvajanahitakArI upadeza sthAna pA gaye haiN| sambhavataH isI kAraNa, usa grantha ko pratyeka matAvalambI apanA kahane meM gaurava kA anubhava karate haiN| yaha bAta to nizcita hai ki jaina tathA bauddha dharmoM ne sarvabhUta dayA evaM ahiMsA kA jo vicAra diyA, usake AdhAra para, sadAcAra se vicalita na hokara sAdhAraNa manuSya bhI gArhasthya saMnyAsa, sAmudAyika jIvana, rAjya-zAsana tathA premamArga-kisI ke dvArA bhI mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| isa siddhAnta ko kAvyamaya DhaMga se hI nahIM, uttama zAstrIya rIti se bhI abhivyakta karanevAlA sarvadarzanasammAnya pUjya grantha tirukkuraLa ko chor3akara aura dUsarA nahIM ho sktaa| yaha grantha 'aram' (dharma ), 'paoNruL' ( artha ) aura 'inbam' ( kAma )-ina tIna adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| tirukkuraLa ko jaina grantha siddha karane ke lie diye jAnevAle pramANoM meM yaha bhI eka hai-'jaise, taoNlakAppiyam ke prArambha kI IzvaravandanA meM prayukta vinayin nIMgi viLaMgiya arivan' ( karmabandhana se mukta evaM ujjvala jJAnavAlA ) maMgalAcaraNa arhat bhagavAn kA nirdeza karatA hai, usI prakAra tirukkurala ke chaThe 'kuraL' ( padya ) meM varNita 'paoNrivAyil aindavittAn' (paMca

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 127 indriya-sukhoM para vijaya pAne vAle bhagavAn ) vAkya bhI jinadeva kA hI nirdeza karatA hai| yaha to mAnI huI bAta hai ki tirukkuraL meM jahAM-jahAM bhagavAn kA ullekha yA varNana AyA hai, vaha hindU tathA jaina donoM dharmoM para lAgU hotA haiM / ataH yaha svIkAra karanA ucita hogA ki tiruvaLLuvara ne Izvara ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko hI vyakta kiyA, jisakI mAnyatA samasta sampradAya vAloM meM hai| tirukkuraLa ke upadeza 'aram' (dharma) ___ sabhI dharmoM aura matoM ke sArabhUta tattvoM kA samanvayasthala tirukkuraLa hai| svaccha prema hI jIvanatattva hai, zuddha prema aura zraddhAmayI gRhaNI tathA saMtAna hI jIvanAdhAra haiM tathA Atithya satkAra kI mahimA, priya evaM hita mitavacana, kRtajJatA kI anivAryatA, saMyama kI mahattA, sadAcaraNa kI vizuddhatA, nirAmiSa bhojana kI vizeSatA, tapasyA kI mahimA, satya, asteya, ahiMsA evaM zAMtipriyatA kI upAdeyatA ityAdi kaI lokamaMgalakArI sadupadeza tirukkuraLa, ke prathama vibhAga meM haiN| apane-parAye kI bhedabuddhi se mukta tapasvI kI dazA kA acchA varNana hai| janma-maraNa kA tattvavivecana, mokSajJAna, anAsakti aura karmaphala ke anugamana kA varNana yaha saba prathama 'aram' adhyAya meM suMdara rIti se varNita hai| sabhI dharmoM ke netrabhUta prema, dayA aura tattvajJAna kA samarthana pradhAnatayA kiyA gayA hai| tiruvaLLUvara ne 'paoNraiyuDaimai' (sahiSNutA) kA jo Adarza sthApita kiyA, vaha sacamuca apUrva evaM ucca koTi kA hai / usa prakaraNa kA pahalA padya hai "akaLvArait tAMgum nilambolat tammai ikaLvApa paoNruttala talai / " arthAt, jaise dharatI apane para phAvar3e mAranevAle ko bhI khar3e hone kI jagaha detI hai, usI prakAra manuSya ko apane aparAdhI ke duSkarma sahakara use apanAnA cAhie / yahI saccI sahiSNutA hai, jo uttama dharma mAnA jAtA hai| Age calakara, sahiSNutA kI jo parAkASThA unhoMne batAyI, vaha hai, parakRta aparAdhoM ko saha lenA to sAdhAraNa dharma hai, para unake svalpa smaraNa taka ko apane mana meM ghara karane nahIM denA; arthAt, usI kSaNa unheM udAratA ke sAtha

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128 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ekadama bhUla jAnA hI sarvottama dharma hai| isa prakAra, pratyeka dharma ke varNana meM tiruvalluvara ne apanA Adarza pratiSThita kiyA hai / 'paoNruL' (artha) tirukkuraLa ke dUsare 'paoNruLa pALa' (arthavibhAga) meM rAjanIti tathA sAmu. dAyika jIvana ke bAre meM kaI upAdeya bAteM varNita haiN| yadyapi isameM kathita viSaya rAjanIti se adhika sambandhita haiM, tathApi sAdhAraNa janajIvana ke lie bhI ve upayogI evaM AcaraNIya haiN| isIlie rAjatantra ke samaya meM batAyI gayI bAteM, aba gaNatantra ke svatantra janajIvana ke lie bhI lAgU hotI haiM / tiruvaLa La vara ne isa adhyAya meM apanA spaSTa nirNaya diyA hai ki zAsanasattA kI sthiratA evaM nirdoSa paricAlana ke lie vidvAnoM, acche vicArakoM tathA yogya rAjanItijJoM se bharI maMtraNAsabhA (saMsad), aura vidyA tathA tadanurUpa anuSThAna vAle manISI-ye tInoM sAdhana anivArya haiN| tiruvaLLUvara rAjanaitika dAMvapeMcoM tathA kucakroM se bhalIbhAMti paricita the, kintu saphalatA yA vijaya ko ekamAtra uddezya mAnakara sAdhana yA AcaraNa kI bhraSTatA kA aMgIkAra unhone kabhI nahIM kiyaa| ve sAdhya kI taraha sAdhana ko bhI pavitra evaM Adarzonmukha rakhane ke pakSapAtI the| 'vinattUyamai' (kArya kI pavitratA) nAmaka alaga adhikAram (prakaraNa) unhoMne tirukkuraLa meM likhA / rAjanIti aura sAmUdAyika jIvana ke lie udAracitta aura sadAcaraNa ko hI unhoMne AdhAra maanaa| isIlie, isa adhyAya ke aMta meM, janma kI garimA, acchI saMskRti, snehaguNa, adharmabhIrutA, samadarzitA, satyabhASitA aura AtmasammAna ko prANavat mAnanevAle bhadra manuSyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 'inbam' (kAma) tirukkuraLa ke tRtIya adhyAya 'inbam' meM Adarza dAmpatya jIvana kA, saMghakAlIna sAhitya se anumodita rIti-nIti ke AdhAra para vizad varNana kiyA gayA hai| usakA sArAMza yaha hai-eka strI kA eka hI pati ho sakatA hai tathA pati bhI ekapatnIvrata nibaahegaa| aisA strI-puruSa-yugala apanA Adarza rakhegA tathA anupama khlaaegaa| zarIra se bhinna hone para bhI donoM patipatnI AcAra-vicAra tathA aTUTa sneha-saujanya se abhinna ekaprANa-se rheNge| ve paramparAgata sadAcAra se kabhI vicalita nahIM hoNge| unakA jIvana ni:svArtha bhAvanA se otaprota ho, parahita tathA paropakAra meM apanI saphalatA maanegaa|

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jainadharma aura tamila deza 129 kAmazAstra ko isa prakAra kI gaMbhIra evaM pavitra rIti se zAyada hI kisI AcArya ne prastuta kiyA hai / sambhavatayA, prAcIna tamila sAhitya kI viziSTa zAkhA 'ahappAruLa' ( jIvana kA antarmukhI pakSa ) se paricita hone ke kAraNa, tiruvaLLuvara kAmazAstra viSayaka apUrva adhyAya prastuta karane meM saphala hue / isameM unhoMne yaha parivartana yA kaheM ki krAntikArI parizodhana kiyA ki saMghakAla meM pracalita tathA AcAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta gaNikAsaMgama kI paramparA kA apane adhyAya meM saMketa taka nahIM kiyaa| yogya yuvaka-yuvatI ke svaccha prema ke vikasita rUpa tathA unake pavitra dAmpatya meM nikhare zobhana pariNAma ko hI tiruvaLLuvara ne apane adhyAya kA AdhAra banAyA / udAtta bhAvanAoM se pUrNa unake 'inbam' (kAma) adhyAya kI yahI vizeSatA hai, jo anyatra durlabha hai /

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2. padinaeNNakILa kaNavaku jaina sAhitya kI dhArA tolakAppiyam kI / isameM zabdoM kI dUsarI dhArA meM, jaina sAhitya kI dhArA tIna zAkhAoM meM ba~Ta gayI / taraha vyAkaraNa ko sarala-subodha rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA nirukti tathA vargIkaraNa karanevAle nighaMTugrantha bhI zAmila haiN| kAvyagrantha Ate haiN| tIsarI dhArA meM ve grantha haiM jinameM jaina dharma kI vizeSatAoM ko prabhAvanA ke DhaMga para prastuta kiyA gayA hai / dharma siddhAntoM ko sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie sundara tathA rocaka rUpa meM sAhityika vidhA meM prastuta karanA sarala bAta nahIM hai | AcArya tiruvaLLakuvara ne duHsAdhya kArya ko susAdhya banA diyA / unakI baha abhUtapUrva saphalatA hI anya AcAryoM tathA sAhityanirmAtAoM ke lie pathapradarzaka bnii| isa prakAra, jainAcAyoM ne vyAkaraNa, lakSaNa tathA nighaMTu granthoM, kAvyagranthoM aura dharmagranthoM - ina tIna vidhAoM dvArA tamila vANI ko susampanna banAyA / Upara tirukkuraLa, kA kiMcit paricaya diyA gayA hai / isa silasile meM usase sambandhita anya granthoM kA paricaya denA ucita hogA, jinakA nAma hai 'padinaeNNa koLa, kaNavaku' (aThAraha dhArmika yA naitika granthoM kA saMgraha ) / ina aThAraha racanAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM My grantha kA nAma 1. nAlaDiyAra 2. nAn maNi kaDikai 3. iniyavai nAdu dharmagrantha racayitA aneka jaina muniyoM ke phuTakara padyoM vilambi nAganAra pUtam cendanAr kapilar madurai kaNNan kUttanAra paoNkayAr 4. innA nAdu 5. kAra nAdu 6. kaLavaLi nAdu 1. isakA artha hai 'aThAraha dhArmika yA naitika granthoM kA saMgraha, ! kA saMgraha

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dharmagrantha 131 grantha kA nAma racayitA 7. aiMtiNa aiMpadu mAran paoNraiyanAra 8. aiMtiNe elupadu mUvAdiyara 9. tiNe maoNli aipadu kaNNan cendanAr 10. niNa mAle nUTrampadu kaNi medhAviyAr 11. tirukkurala tiruvalluvara 12. tirukaDukam nallAtanAr 13. AcArak kovai paeNruvAyin mulliyAr 14. palamaoNli nAnUru munturai araiyanAr 15. cira paMca mUlam mAkkAyan mANAkkanAra mAkkAri aahaar' 16. mudu maoNli kAMci madurai kUDalUra kilAr 17. elAdi kaNi medhAviyA 18. kainila azAta ye aThArahoM grantha prAya: 'mUdurai' ( lokokti yA kahAvata-sambandhI-Gnomic Verses ) gItoM ke saMgraha haiM / jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM ko satya ke AdhAra para citrita karanevAlI kahAvateM aura lokoktiyAM samasta bhASAoM meM surakSita haiM / tolakAppiyara ne bhI inakA ullekha apane grantha meM kiyA hai / inako kevala kahAvateM yA lokoktiyAM na mAnakara, vidvAnoM kA sAhityika bhASA meM praNIta sarala janapadIya sAhitya mAnanA caahie| inameM tatkAlIna janajIvana kA pratibimba par3ane para bhI praNetA tathA saMkalanakartA vidvAnoM ke bahubhASAjJAna kA prabhAva bhI spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| unakA mukhya dhyeya yahI rahA ki ye sUktiyAM kisI eka pradezavAsiyoM kI na rahakara, sarvadezIya hoN| ina granthoM ke nAmakaraNa meM racayitAoM ne apanI viSayavastu kI jhalaka bhI de dI hai| 'iniyavai nAppaMdu' ( madhura hita cAlIsI) aura 'innA nArpa' ( ahita cAlIsI ) se grantha kA uddezya prakaTa hotA hai / vibhinna tattvoM ke saMkalanoM ke lie 'nAn maNikkaDikai' (cAra maNiyoM kI maMjUSA ), 'ciru paMca 1. inhoMne 10veM grantha 'tiNa mAle nUTraimpadu' kI bhI racanA kI hai| 2. kucha vidvAn isake sthAna para 'inila' nAmaka grantha ko mAnate haiM, jisake .. racayitA the poNykaiyaar| /

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132 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa malam' ( pA~ca mUla tattva ) Adi nAma diye gaye haiN| sAdhAraNa tattvoM ko bAlaMkArika zailI meM batAne kA krama ina granthoM ke samaya meM khUba cala par3A mAlUma hotA hai| dharmopadezaparaka grantha ukta aThAraha granthoM meM, dharmopadezaparaka grantha bhI haiN| kintu donoM rItiyoM (sUkti tathA dharmatattva ) kA samanvaya ina granthoM meM isa prakAra huA hai ki unakA alaga-alaga vibhAjana karanA kaThina hai| inake adhikAMza padya dharmopadeza zailI ke haiN| upamA, dRSTAnta Adi alaMkAroM dvArA abhivyakta kiye jAne se, ve bahuta prabhAvakArI hue haiM / jaina vidvAnoM kI viziSTa zailI ke anusAra adhikAMza grantha 'ADUTha munnila' (puruSasambodhaka ) aura 'makaDUu mugnila' ( strI. sambodhaka ) ke rUpa meM racita hone se, unheM par3hate samaya aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve padya hamAre hI hitArtha, aura hamako hI sambodhita karake likhe gaye haiM / jaina dharma ke viziSTa grantha ina aThArahoM granthoM meM adhikAMza jainAcAryoM dvArA racita haiN| unakA nIti paraka tathA dharma-upadeza pradhAna sAhitya tamila vAGmaya kA abhinna evaM mahattvapUrNa aMga bana gayA hai| arvAcIna nIti grantha ke rUpa meM hindU tapasvinI tathA kavayitrI auvaiyAra ke prasiddha padya nannaeNri, nItinUla, nItinaeNri viLapakam Adi racanAoM para aSTAdaza granthoM kA prabhAva spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai| (a) arukala caeNppu yaha nIti nirdeza ke sAtha-sAtha jainadharma kI vizeSatA ko abhivyakta karane vAlA grantha hai| yaha grantha ukta aSTAdaza granthoM se arvAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| yaha grantha 'kuraLa pA" chanda meM likhA gayA hai| yaha 'aruMkalAnvayam' nAmaka jainasaMgha ke paMDitoM dvArA racita hai| (A) aranaeNri sAram isakA artha hai dharmAcaraNoM kA sAra / munaippADiyAra nAmaka jainAcArya ne 'vaN pA' chanda meM isa grantha kI racanA kI hai| isakA sAratattva hai, 'dhanalipsA aura bhoga lipsA saMgrasta isa saMsAra meM dharmAcaraNa para zraddhA rakhanevAle sAdhu puruSa, 1. 'kuraL pA' saMskRta ke anuSTup vRtta kI taraha choTA tathA AkarSaka tamila chanda hai|

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dharmagrantha 133 hI karmabandhana se mukti pA sakate haiN|' dharmajijJAsuoM ke lakSaNa aura kartavya ke viSaya meM lekhaka ne granthArambha meM vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| tadanantara batAyA hai ki zraddhAlu ziSyoM tathA dharmajijJAsuoM ke nimitta hI 'dharmAcaraNasAra' grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| apane dharmAnuyAyiyoM tathA zraddhAluoM ke lie grantha racane kA prArambha sambhavataH inhIM ke samaya meM huA hai| apane mata-siddhAMta kI sthApanA aura prabhAvanA ke lie anya matoM yA dharmoM kA khaNDana Adi bhI isa grantha meM hai| isameM ziva ko ahaMta batAyA gayA hai / ekAntavAda kA khaNDana anya jainAcAryoM kI bhAMti isa granthakartA ne bhI kiyA hai / yaha 'aranaeNrisAram' grantha saMghakAlIna padyoM, 'patinaeNNa kILa kaNakku' granthoM tathA anya kAvyagranthoM ke saMkalanoM meM sthAna pA cukA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla vahI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo nemInAthar bora bhavaNandI ( bhavaNanandI ) kA hai arthAt I0 caudahavIM shtii| dUsarA grantha 'aruMkala caeNppu' lagabhaga sAta sau varSa pUrva racA gayA, aisA mAna sakate haiN| ina aSTAdaza laghu granthoM ke prabhAva se jo pravRti tamila sAhitya meM bar3hane lagI, usakA kiMcit digdarzana yahA~ karAyA gyaa| zilappadhikAram, maNimekhale Adi mahAkAvyoM kA avataraNa usI pravRtti kI niSpatti hai / tamila veda (tirukkurala ) kI mahattA batAte samaya, usake sahasaMkalanoM para bhI prakAza DAlanA ucita hogaa| 'patinaeNNkoLa, kaNakku' ke lakSaNa ammai ukta grantha-saMgraha kA pAribhASika nAma hai 'ammai'| isakA ullekha tolakAppiyara ne apane lakSaNa grantha meM kiyA hai| 'ammai' granthoM meM zabdalAdhava, arthagAMbhIrya tathA mAdhurya kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| dharma, artha aura kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kA vivecana evaM udbodhaka vyAkhyA hI varNya viSaya hotI hai / 'maMDUkapluti' kI zailI ke kAraNa viSaya varNana kI vizRMkhalatA hone para bhI, uddezyapUrti meM zithilatA nahIM aatii| unake padya choTe, kintu prabhAvazAlI aura komala chaMda ke hote haiN| kaNakku 'naeNDu kaNakku', 'kaNakkAyanAra', 'samayak kaNakkara' Adi tamila zabdoM meM 'kaNaku' zabda grantha ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| "divAkaram' nAmaka tamila

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134 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa nighaMTu meM 'kaNavaku' kA artha akSara bhI batAyA gayA hai / prathA, niyama, kramaye artha bhI 'kaNakku' zabda ke haiM / ataH kramabaddha akSaroM yA bhAvoM se yukta granthoM ko bhI 'kaNakku' kahate haiM / inake antargata 'pereDu' aura 'kaiyeDu' nAmaka sAMketika zabdoM ko, paravartI zaivasaMta tirunAvukkarazar ne apane gItoM meM 'varinaeNDum pustakam' ( kramabaddha laMbI pustaka - kavitA ) evaM 'kILa, kaNakku' zabdaprayoga dvArA nirdiSTa kiyA hai / akSaramAlikA yA akSaramAlA ko bhI 'naeNDuG kaNakku' yA 'aric cuvaDi' kahate haiM / kintu yahA~ 'kaNavaku' zabda grantha ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai / isake pramANasvarUpa, 'kILa kaNava ku' ( laghugrantha ) aura 'merrkaNakku' ( bar3A grantha ) - ina donoM kA tamila sAhitya meM viziSTa sthAna hai / jo grantha choTe-choTe padyoM meM, zAstrIya viSaya yA hokara, svataMtra tathA sphuTa bhAvoM yA naitika viSayoM kA 'kILa, kaNakku' kahate haiM / kaI paMktiyoMvAle padyoM meM varNana karatA hai, use 'panniru pATTiyal' nAmaka lakSaNa ( bar3A grantha ) kahA gayA hai / kathA kI taraha kramabaddha na varNana karatA hai, use vistRta viSaya kA jo grantha meM 'mevarkaNakku' ina nAmoM kA pracalana anumAnataH dasavIM zatI se huA hogA / gyArahavIM sadI ke grantha 'vIra coLiyam' kI vyAkhyA meM 'patinaeNNU kILa kaNavaku' kA nirdeza / aura, dasavIM zatI ke chaMdazAstra 'yApparaMkala phArikai' ke vyAkhyAkAra ne bhI ukta grantha kA nirdeza kiyA hai / aSTAdaza granthoM kA samuccaya jise tamila meM 'patinaeNNa kILa, kaNakku tA~kai ' kahate haiM, saMghakAla ke anaMtara hI apanI viziSTa saMjJA se prasiddha huA / phira bhI, kaI grantha tolakAppiyam ke batAye 'ammai' nAmaka lakSaNa ke aMtargata usa samuccaya meM Ate haiM / unakI prAcInatA aura lokapriyatA ke kAraNa hI, iLaMpUraNAr, guNasAgara Adi lakSaNagrantha- vyAkhyAtAoM ne apane samakAlIna 'tevAram' Adi zaiva sAhitya ke padyoM kA uddharaNa na dekara isa samuccaya ke laghu granthoM ke padyoM ke hI uddharaNa apanI vyAkhyAoM meM diye haiM / 'innA nArpadu' ( ahita cAlIsI ) nAmaka grantha meM ziva, balarAma, kRSNa aura kArtikeya - ina devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kA varNana hone se vaha saMghakAlIna yA usake AsapAsa kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra brahmA, viSNu aura rudra - ina tridevoM kI pUjA kA varNana 'iniya nApaMdu' ( hita madhuracAlIsI ) grantha meM hai / yaha grantha saMghakAla kA paravartI ho sakatA hai /

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dharmagrantha zaivasaMta sAhitya 'tevAram' ke samaya meM ( I0 tIsarI zatI se sAtavIM taka) 'Atan' zabda apar3ha, mUrkha aura aMdhe ke artha meM vyavahRta hotA thaa| para ukta samuccaya ke eka grantha 'tirukaDukam' ke racayitA kA nAma 'nallAtanAra / ( uttama Atan ) hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki 'tevAram' ke samaya ke pUrva hI ukta grantha kA praNayana evaM prasAra ho gayA thaa| 'Atan' zabda ke dUsare prAcIna artha haiM-arhat bhagavAn, unakA bhakta, prANa aura guru / ataH ina arthoM meM se kisI eka upayukta artha ke AdhAra para hI, vaha 'nallAtanAra' ( uttama guru yA prANa athavA uttama arhat-bhakta ) nAma rakha liyA gayA hogaa| isa lie usa 'nallAtanAra' ke 'tirikaDukam' grantha ko bhI tIsarI zatI ke pUrva kA mAnanA ucita hogA / usa nAma se hI pratIta hotA hai ki 'nallAtanAra' eka jainAcArya the| isake atirikta chaMda, varNanazailI, bhASA ke gaThana Adi se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki 'mudu maoNLi kAMci', 'kaLabaLi nArpadu' aura 'tirukkuraLa' ina tInoM granthoM ko chor3akara anya saba grantha saMghakAla ke paravartI hI hone caahie| inameM adhikAMza grantha jinake racayitA jainAcArya the, saMghakAlIna mAne jAte haiN| isakI puSTi eka prAcIna padya se hotI hai| isakA tAtparya saMbhavataH AcArya vajranaMdI dvArA sthApita evaM saMcAlita drAviDa saMgha ho sakatA hai| yaha saMgha I0 470 meM madurA ( madurai) nagarI meM jainAcAryoM ke tattvAvadhAna meM pratiSThApita hokara apane sampradAya ke sAtha, tamila bhASA-sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi meM sakriya thaa| ina aSTAdaza laghu granthoM ke adhikAMza racayitA madurA athavA pANDya deza ke nivAsI the| isa bAta kA AdhAra yaha hai ki una AcAryoM ke nAmoM ke sAtha sthAna vAcakazabda jur3e haiM / udAharaNArtha, madurai tamilAziriyara makanAra ( tamila AcArya ke putra ) pUtaMcendanAra, ma0 ta0 makanAra pUtaMcendanAra ke ziSya kAriyAzAn aura kaNi medaiyAra, madurai kaNNaG kUttanAra, madurai kUDalara kiLAra, pArokkattu (pANDiya deza kA eka bhAga ) pullaMkADanAra, mAran pauraiyanAra aadi| nalaDi nAnUru aura phaLamaoNLi nAnUru 'nAla Di nAnUru' kA artha hai cAra caraNavAle cAra sau chanda / ise 'nAlaDiyAra' bhI kahate haiM / yaha cAra sau chandoM kA uttama saMgraha hai, jinake racayitA

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136 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa baneka jainAcArya the / ise jainasampradAya kA smRti-graMtha kahA jA sakatA hai / isa anya ke bAre meM eka anuzruti pracalita hai "eka samaya pAMDya deza meM bhArI akAla pdd'aa| usa samaya vahAM sahasroM jainAcArya rahate the| dubhikSa kI bhISaNatA jaba asahya ho gayI, taba jainAcAryoM ne upahArasvarUpa eka-eka padya racakara pAMDyanareza ko apita kara, vahAM se prasthAna kara diyaa| una padyoM meM se bahuta-se padya to vinaSTa ho gaye the| zeSa bace hue cAra sau padyoM kA saMgraha hI, bAda meM 'nAlaDi nAnUru' yA 'nAlaDiyAra' ke nAma se prasiddha huaa|" ___isa saMgraha kI madhurimA se mugdha hokara prasiddha pAzcAtya vidvAn DaoN0 popa ne usa saMgraha ke kaI gItoM kA aMgrejI anuvAda kiyA thaa| yaha grantha tirukkuraL kI taraha viSayavibhAjana ke AdhAra para adhikAroM (adhyAyoM) meM vargIkRta nahIM hai| isameM kaI adbhuta tattvoM kA mArmika varNana hai| aise sarala, subodha tathA acUka prabhAvapUrNa sundara nItipadya anyatra zAyada hI mileM / kaI padyoM meM saMskRta ke nItizlokoM kA bhAvAvataraNa avazya huA hai, phira bhI unameM tamila vANI kI sahaja madhurimA evaM viziSTa abhivyaMjanA avazya bharI huI haiN| __ 'nAlaDiyAra' saMgraha meM jainadharma ke jIvanasambandhI tathA janamaMgalakArI adhikAMza mUla tattva haiM, jo bar3e mArmika zailI meM likhe hue haiN| padumanAra nAmaka jainAcArya ne ina cAra so padyoM kA saGkalana kiyA aura una padyoM ko adhikAroM (adhyAyoM) meM vibhakta kiyaa| unhoMne hI isa saMgraha kI suMdara va vizada vyAkhyA bhI tamila meM kii| kAla-nirNaya _ 'nAlaDiyAra' saMgraha meM 'muttaraiyara' nAmaka sAmanta rAjAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 'muttaraiyara' tInoM rAjAoM (pANDya, cola aura pallava) ke sAmantoM kA nAma mAlUma hotA hai| 'taraiyara' hI sAmanta yA choTe rAjA kA upAdhinAma thaa| pallava taraiyara pANDya taraiyara Adi nAma itihAsa meM pAye jAte haiN| ina sAmantoM ne sAtavIM zatI meM pallava mahArAjAoM kI sahAyatA kara bar3I khyAti prApta kii| ye pAMDya deza ke taMjAvUra ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAkara zAsana karate the| "nAlaDiyAra' ke saGkalanakartA AcArya padumanAra ne apane samakAlIna perumuttaraiyara nAmaka sAmanta kA ullekha kiyA hai| kucha itihAsavettAoM kA kahanA

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dharmagrantha hai ki sAtavIM zatI ke pepiDuku muttaraiyara kA hI nAma perumutaraiyara honA caahie| sAtavIM zatI ke madhyavartIkAla meM pallavanareza paramezvara pallavan kI upAdhi 'perupiDuku' thI / ataH yaha siddha hotA hai ki sAmanta perumuttaraiyara paramezvara pallavan kA samarthaka rAjA thA aura 'nAlaDiyAra' grantha kA saGkalana sAtavIM zatI meM hI huA thaa| yadyapi isa graMtha kA saGkalana sAtavIM zatI meM huA thA, phira bhI racanAkAla usase pUrva thA / usake kaI padya 'ADUu munnila' (puruSa sambodhaka) aura 'makaDUu munila' (strI sambodhaka) kI prAcIna paddhati meM race gaye haiN| 'kAnakanADan' (kAnanadezIya), 'malanADan' (parvata pradezIya), 'kaDakarai cerpan' (samudrataTa dezIya) Adi narezoM ke nAma una padyoM meM upalabdha haiM, kintu patA nahIM ye rAjA kisa kAla aura rAjya ke the / bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se nAlaDiyAra' ke padya 'tirukkuraL' ke bAda race hue pratIta hote haiN| paLamALi nAnUru 'paLamaoNLi nAnUru' (cAra so dhArmika lokoktiyoM kA padyAtmaka grantha) bhI jainadharma kA pratinidhitva karanevAlI kRti hai / isake racayitA the jainAcArya munturai araiyanAra / munturai pANDya dezavoeka sthAna kA nAma hai| usa sthAna ke nivAsI hone ke kAraNa unhoMne apane nAma ke sAtha 'munturai' ko jor3a liyA hogaa| isa 'paLamaoNLi nAnUru' graMtha kA maMgalAcaraNa arhat bhagavAn kI stuti ke rUpa meM hai| isameM kaI suvikhyAta saMghakAlIna mahArAjAoM kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| ataH yaha graMtha nizcaya hI saMghakAla ke bAda racita hai| isa grantha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tamilanADu meM pracalita lokoktiyoM ko antima caraNa ke rUpa meM rakhakara, paurANika kathAoM evaM dhArmika tattvoM ke dvArA lokokti kI nidhi kI mahattA spaSTa kI gaI hai| vasudhaiva kuTumbakam, sarvajanahitAya, sarvajanasukhAya-Adi udAtta bhAvanAeM AcArya munturai araiyanAra ke pratyeka padya meM jhalakatI haiM / isa grantha kI zailI se prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha racanA 'nAlaDiyAra' saMgraha ke padyoM se bhI pUrvavartI hai| 'nAlaDiyAra' ke padyoM kI apekSA isa graMtha kI zailI sazakta evaM gambhIra pratIta hotI hai|

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138 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ciru paMca mUlam aura elAdi ( samuccaya ke antargata do racanAe~ ) 'cirupaMcamUlam' so padyoM kA eka laghu graMtha hai / isake racayitA haiM mAkkAyan mANAkkanAra' 'mAkkAri AzAn' / inhoMne granthArambha meM, arhat bhagavAn kI stuti meM likhA hai- muLa duNanrdu munnALittu mUvAdAn' (sampUrNa jJAnavAle tathA Adi-anta rahita bhgvaan)| tamila kI svanAmadhanya kavayitrI auvaiyAra ke nItipadyoM ko 'cirupaMcamUlam' se preraNA milii| isa grantha meM guru, ziSya, siddha puruSa aura kavi ke bAre meM lAkSaNika evaM prazaMsAtmaka padya haiN| 'Atar aura 'bhUtara' ye donoM zabda mUrkhavAcaka artha meM inake samaya meM prayukta kiye gaye the, jisakA pramANa isa laghu grantha ke padyoM meM hI milatA hai| ataH 'tirikaDukam' ke racayitA 'nallAtanAra' ('Atara' kA dUsarA rUpa hI 'AtanAra' ke bAda hI, arthAt tIsarI yA usake paravartI zatI meM hI, isa 'ciru paMca mUlam' kI racanA huI hogii| 'nallAtanAra' uttama guru yA arhat bhakta ke ziSTa artha meM pahale vyavahRta huA thaa| bAda ke zaivAcAryoM ne artha vaiparItya kA pracAra vyaMgyaprayoga dvArA kiyA hogA; jaise ki 'buddha' zabda kA 'budhU' (mUrkha) rUpa pracalita huaa| isa grantha meM jIva hiMsA ko ghora pApa ke rUpa meM prabhovapUrNa DhaMga se darzAyA gayA hai aura sAtha hI, jIva-rakSA kI mahattA bhI acchI taraha darzAyI hai| isa granyakartA kA mata hai ki jo dharmAcaraNa se avicalita raha cuke haiM, ve hI rAjA ke rUpa meM avatarita hote haiM / 'ciru paMca mUlam' kA vyaMjaka evaM vyavahAra-pracalita artha hai, pA~ca kandoM se banI auSadha (lehya) / isI prakAra, isa grantha meM pAMca uttama dharmatattvoM ko vyakta karanevAle jainadharma kA tathyapUrNa varNana hai / elAdi yaha bhI jainadharmaviSayaka laghu grantha hai / isake racayitA 'kaNimedhAviyAra' haiM / inako 'kaNimedhaiyAra' bhI kahate haiN| ye pUrvokta 'ciru paMca mUlam' ke racayitA mAkkAri AzAn ke sahapAThI the| 'elAdi' kA artha hai 'ilAyacI Adi'; tAtparya yaha hai ki ilAyacI Adi chaha vastuoM ko milAkara banAyI gayI 1. isakA artha hai, AcArya mAkkAman ke ziSya /

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dharmagrantha 139 auSadha aura isI prakAra yaha graMtha bhI janajIvana ko pavitra evaM svastha banAne vAle chaha uttama dharmoM kA varNana karatA hai / chaha uttama dharmoM kA sammilita nirdeza hone se yaha bhI 'elAdi' auSadhi ke samAna tana-mana ko svastha tathA pavitra banAtA hai| kaNimedhaiyAra ne pUrvasaMcita puNya kI avazyaMbhAvitA para jora diyA hai| isa grantha meM unhoMne mukti kI mahattA aura use prApta karane ke upAyoM kA suMdara varNana kiyA hai| vidyA aura zikSA kI mahattA ko hI inhoMne adhika upAdeya samajhA / 'vidyAdhanaM sarvadhanAt pradhAnam', 'vidyAbhUSaNameva bhUSaNam' Adi bhAva inake padyoM meM adhika pAye jAte haiN| inhIM kaNimedhayAra ne nAyaka-nAyikA bhAva aura svastha gArhasthya jIvana para 'tiNamAle nUTraimpadu' nAmaka Der3ha-sau padyoMvAle dUsare graMtha kI racanA kii| isI prakAra ke granthoM meM kAra nArpadu, aiMtiNe aiMpadu, aiMtiNa eLa padu, tiNa moli aiMpadu aura kaipnilai ullekhanIya haiM, jo janetara kaviyoM dvArA racita hone para bhI samuccaya ke aThAraha laghu graMthoM ke antargata haiN| inake dvArA tatkAlIna svastha pArivArika jIvana kA patA calatA hai aura inameM saMskRta ke tatsama evaM tadbhava zabda adhika hI pAye jAte haiM / jainetara hone para bhI jainatattva-prabhAvita grantha _ 'innA nArpadu' ( ahita cAlIsI ), 'iniya nArpadu' (hita cAlIsI ), 'tiri kaDukam', 'nAn maNi ghaTikai', 'AcAra kovai', 'mudu maoNLi kAMji' Adi graMtha jo ukta samuccaya ke aMtargata haiM, jainetara kaviyoM dvArA viracita hone para bhI, pradhAnatayA jainadharma tattvoM kA samarthana karate haiM / ___ 'Unat tinha Unap paeNruttal mun inA' mAMsa-bhakSaNa kara mAMsa ko (apane zarIra ko) bar3hAnA pApa yA ahita hai / 'innA nArpadu' kA yahI upadeza 'iniya narpidu' graMtha meM bhI hai| usameM kahA hai, 'Unat tinha Unap paeNrukkAmai mun inide' mAMsa khAkara mAMsa ( zarIra ) ko na bar3hAnA hI acchA yA hitakArI hai| isI prakAra 'tirukaDukam' meM bhI isa upadeza kA dUsarA rUpa diyA gayA hai ki 'jo roja mAMsabhakSaNa karatA huA, dUsare jIva se sneha karane kA dambha bharatA ho, usake usa DhoMgI sneha se kyA lAbha hai ?' 'nAn maNi ghaTikai' meM jIvahatyA, mAmiSabhojana Adi kA prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se khaMDana hai| ina saba ghAmika tattvoM ke upadeza saMghakAlIna graMtha 'paTTinappAlai' meM bhI gauNa rUpa meM haiM,

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140 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jo 'patinaeN kILa, kaNakku' ke samaya meM pradhAna varNya viSaya the / isase yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki jIvanopayogI dhArmika tattva apane vipakSI yA virodhI sampradAya dvArA pracArita hone para bhI zaiva, vaiSNava Adi kaviyoM ne unakA -samAdara kiyA aura yathAsambhava unako janamana meM biThAne kA prayAsa bhI kiyA / 'patineMNa kILa kaNakku' ko anya vizeSatAe~ 20 ina graMthoM dvArA tatkAlIna sAmAjika dazA kA patA calatA hai / 'ciru paMca mUlam' ke eka padya kA Azaya yaha hai ki camar3e ke nakalI bachar3e ko pAsa meM khar3Akara dUdha duhate haiM, aise nikRSTa dUdha ko, jisakI pavitra peya padArthoM meM mukhya gaNanA hai, ziSTa loga chUnA bhI pApa samajheMge / bhrUNahatyA, garbhapAta, zizumaraNa, akAlamRtyu Adi usa samaya kI sahaja ghaTanAe~ thIM / '' iniya nApedu' meM 'zizuoM ko svastha rakhanA parama hita hai' kA upadeza hai / 'ciru paMca mUlam' meM bhrUNahatyA, garbhapAta Adi ko ghora pApa kahakara, kumArI kanyAoM kI rakSA aura dekharekha bar3I sAvadhAnI se karane kI AvazyakatA para jora diyA gayA hai / 'atyutkaTaiH puNyapApaiH ihaiva phalamaznute' puNya yA pApa kI ati ho jAne para, usakA phala isI janma meM mila jAtA hai - isa tattva kA samarthana ina graMthoM meM adhikatara huA hai / dAna ko parama dharma mAnane kI jo paramparA purAne samaya se calI AyI hai, usameM paristhiti ke anukUla kucha sudhAra bhI ina graMthakartAoM ne kiye aura unako bhI dharma kA colA pahanAkara janatA ke samakSa peza kiyA / apanA sabakucha nichAvara karake bhI apanI dAnazIlatA kA paripAlana karanevAle " pArivaLLal, kumaNan, pekan, karNa, harizcandra Adi mahAdAniyoM kI guNagAthA gAnevAlI sAhitya paramparA meM eka nUtana prakSipta rIti kA samAveza kara diyA jainAcAryoM ne / 'innA nAdu' ( ahita cAlIsI ) kI eka paMkti dekhie, 'innA paoNruLillAra vaNmai purivu' ( apane pAsa paryApta dhana na rakhanevAloM ke lie dAnI bananA ahitakara hai ) / " isI mata kA pRSThapoSaNa 'iniya nArpadu' ( hitacAlIsI meM isa prakAra huA hai, 'varuvAyarindu vaLU gal inide' ( AmadanI ke anusAra hI dAnapuNya karanA hitakara hai ) / isa viSaya meM 'tirikaDukam' kA upadeza dekhiye, 'varuvAmuLe kAl vazhagi vALU dala (AmadanI kA eka cauthAI hissA dAna meM bAMTanA saphala jIvanayApana karanevAle kA kartavya hai / ' )

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dharmagrantha isake atirikta karja na lenA bhI dharmAcaraNa mAnA gyaa| 'kaDamuNDu vALAmai kANDalinide ( RNI na banakara jInA hI hitakara hai )-'iniya naarpdu'| saMskRta prabhAva ___ 'patinaiNa kIla kaNakku' saMgraha ke graMthoM meM saMskRta ke smRti tathA nIti-- graMthoM kA prabhAva bhI paryApta rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| isa saMgraha ke eka grantha 'pAcAra kovai' ke racayitA paeNruvAyila muli ke bAre meM eka padyAMza batAtA hai ki purAne graMthoM evaM AcAryoM dvArA prApta kiye sadAcAroM ko saMgRhIta kara subodha bhASA meM ukta vidvAn ne yaha graMtha likhaa| pracalita jana-prathAoM kA varNana bhI isameM hai| udAharaNArtha, bhojana Arambha karane ke pUrva hathelI para jala lekara 'pariSecana' (thAlI yA pattala kI maMDalAkAra jalarekhA banAnA) karanA Adi dainandinI AcAra-prathAeM varNita haiN| saMskRta ke AcAragraMthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki binA pariSecana kiye khAne se, bhojana apavitra hI nahIM hotA, balki bhUta-pizAcAdi usake poSaka tattva ko le jAte haiN| kintu tamila ke 'AcArakovai' meM batAyA gayA hai, "binA snAna kiye, paira dhoye aura pari-. Secana kiye khAne para bhI itanA pApa nahIM, jitanA kevala kullA taka na karake khAne se lagatA hai|" isase ukta granthakartA kA Azaya yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki kevala kullA karake bhojana karanA bhI mAnya AcAra hI hogaa| ataH kucha smRtiyoM tathA AcAra granthoM ke pUrva hI isakI racanA ho cukI hogI, aisA lagatA hai| dAyabhAga ke jo niyama smRtigraMthoM meM varNita haiM, unako jainAcAryoM ne bhI apane una laghugraMthoM dvArA anukaraNIya batAyA hai| ye niyama dakSiNa ke lie zAyada jainAcAryoM dvArA hI saMskRta se lAye gaye mAlUma hote haiN| jainAcArya kaNi medhAviyAra ne apane grantha 'elAdi' meM dAyabhAga ke bAre meM jo niyama batAyA hai, usakA padya yaha hai "mANDavar mANDa ari vinAla makkaLa p pUNyavar poTri purakkugAla-pUNDa aurasane' kotiracan kaaniinn| kuuttn| kiritan paunavan' per. 1. aurasa (putr)| 2. gotraja / 3. kAnIna / 4. gUDhaputra / 5. krItaputra / 6. punarbhavika /

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142 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa mattam mayilanna zAyalAya maniya zIra dattan' cakoTan kirittiraman-puttiriputran' pavittanoDu" paoNyilupakRtan ittiratta eMvinAra per. pitA ke dehAvasAna ke uparAnta unakI sampatti ke ye bAraha putra kramazaH uttarAdhikArI ho sakate haiM aura inameM aurasa putra ko chor3akara anya pratyeka putra apane se pUrva-nirdiSTa putra ke na hone kI sthiti meM hI paitRka sampatti kA bhAgIdAra ho sakatA hai| ina aThAraha laghugranthoM kI ullekhanIya vizeSatAe~ haiM-zabdalAghava, saMgata upamA, rocaka tathA prabhAvapUrNa dRSTAntarUpa upakathAe~, sarala sarasa bhASA aura abhivyNjnaa| tamila kI lokapriya tathA svanAmadhanyA kavayitrI ovaiyAra tathA anya AcAryoM dvArA racita evaM sarvAdhika samAdRta nannaeNri, nItinaeNriviLakkam, nal vaLi; vAkkuNDAm, nItinUla, aranaeNrisAram Adi nItigraMthoM kA preraNAsrota 'patinaeNN kILa kaNakku saMgraha hI hai| jainAcAryoM ne bauddha bhikSuoM kI taraha sAdhAraNa janatA kI sevA vidyAbhyAsa, snehapUrNa sahayoga tathA hArdika sahAnubhUti dvArA kI aura usa yuga ke adhikAMza jainAcArya labdhapratiSTha vaidya bhI the| ataH sevA-zuzrUSA ke sAtha acchI auSadhiyoM dvArA janatA kI cikitsA kara lokapriyatA evaM zraddhA prApta karane kA suyoga jainiyoM ko prApta thaa| isI kAraNa unhoMne vaidya ke rUpa meM janatA se prApta zraddhA-AsthA kI kRtajJatAsvarUpa apane graMthoM ke nAmoM meM bhI 'tirikaTukam' (tIna auSadha-vastuoM se banI davA cUrNa), elAdi (ilAyacIAdi chaha vastuoM se taiyAra kiyA gayA ledya auSadha ), 'ciru paMca mUlam' (pAMca kaMdoM se banAyA gayA lehya auSadha ) Adi kA prayoga kiyA hai| dhArmika aura naitika gghu kathAe~ jAnavaroM ko mukhya pAtra banAkara, unake AcAraNa yA AkhyAna dvArA dhArmika aura naitika tattvoM kA rocaka DhaMga se pratipAdana karane kI paripATI purAtana kAla se calI AyI hai / upaniSadoM aura itihAsa-purANoM meM bhI aisI bodhaka kathAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| paMcataMtra, hitopadeza; buddhajAtaka aura Isapa kI 1. dattaka / 2. sagotra / 3. kRtrima / 7. putrI kA putra-dauhitra / 5. pautra / 6. upakRtaputra /

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dharmagranya 143 preraka kathAe~, jo pazu-pakSiyoM ko pAtra banAkara racI gayI thIM, Aja bhI sArvajanIna prasiddhi se gauravAnvita haiN| nevale-brAhmaNI kI kathA tamila mahAkAvya 'zilappadhikAram' meM bhI praveza pA gayI, aura tatkAlIna kaI granthoM meM bhI uddharaNa, dRSTAnta Adi ke rUpa meM kaI naitika kathAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| aThAraha 'kILa kaNakku' granthoM meM to mukhyatayA paMcataMtra, jAtaka, jaina mahApurANa Adi kI bodhaka nItikathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki aisI lokakathAe~ sudUra deza-videza taka phailakara, vahA~ ke sAhitya dvArA jana-mana meM ghara kara cukI haiN| prAcInatama lakSaNa grantha 'tolakAppiyam' meM bhI paMcataMtra kI kaI rocaka kathAeM varNita haiN| tamila mahAkAvya 'jIvaka cintAmaNi' ke racayitA jaina kavi tisttakka devara ke nAma se 'nariviruttam' (gIdar3a kA vRttAnta ) nAmaka eka choTA padya grantha pAyA jAtA hai| isameM paMcataMtra ke 'mitralAbha' kI kathA sundara padyoM meM varNita hai| zaiva saMta sAhitya 'tevAram' meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki jainAcAryoM ne dhArmika aura naitika tattvoM ko janasAdhAraNa meM prasArita karane ke uddezya se mukhyatayA bAlopayogI sAhitya ke rUpa meM, 'eli viruttam' (cUhe kI kathA ), 'nari viruttam', kiLi viruttam ( tote kI kathA ) Adi choTe-choTe padya-granthoM kI racanA kii| inameM nirdiSTa 'nari viruttam' gIdar3a vRttAnta' se bhinna hai| 'vRttam' kA artha chanda bhI hai| usake anusAra prAcIna jainAcAryoM ke 'eli viruttam' Adi grantha 'kalitturai' nAmaka tamila chanda meM racita the| tamila meM mukhyatayA kalitturai ko hI, jisakA aparanAma 'kaTTaLe kalitturai' hai, 'viruttam' ( vRtta ) kahate haiN| ataH ve grantha 'viruttam' chanda meM race jAne ke kAraNa bhI 'eli viruttam' Adi nAma pA gye| jaina kavi tiruttakka devara racita 'nari viruttam' meM to 'viruttam' chanda nahIM hai| ata: usakA artha 'gIdar3a kA vRtta ( vRttAnta )' lenA saMgata hogaa| "kiLi viruttam' sambhavatayA saMskRta kI 'zuka saptazatI' se sambandhita ho sakatA hai / jainAcAryoM ne kaI aisI lokakathAoM kA prAntIya bhASAoM se saMskRta meM anuvAda kiyA thaa| isakI carcA eka zvetAmbara jaina vidvAn ne apane saMskRta grantha meM kI hai| ataH yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ukta 'kiLiviruttam' Adi nIti-kathAe~ tamila se hI 'zuka saptazatI' Adi ke rUpa meM saMskRta meM AyI hoNgii|

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tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jainAcAryoM ne sAdhAraNatayA dhArmika aura naitika tattvoM ke pracAra ke lie aisI bodhaka laghukathAoM kI racanA kI thI / deza, kAla, paristhiti Adi ke anukUla paramparAgata kathAoM meM thor3A-bahuta parivartana bhI ve kara dete the / aisI prAcIna aura navIna kathAe~ jainAcAryoM dvArA hI tamila ko milIM, jo padya aura gadya donoM ke rUpa meM racI gayI thIM / kheda kI bAta hai ki aba taka kaI gadyAtmaka nIti grantha mudrita nahIM hue aura ve tAr3apatroM ke rUpa meM surakSita haiM / 144 'maNipravAla' zailI ( tamila saMskRta mizrita zailI ) ke pravartana meM jainAcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rhaa| isa bAta kA ullekha zaiva 'tevAram' meM isa prakAra pAyA jAtA hai ki 'jainoM ne zuddha madhura tamila ( caeNntamiLa ) kA prayojana nahIM jAnA / ' matalaba yaha ho sakatA hai ki saMskRta ko AvazyakatA se adhika milAkara tamila ke viziSTa evaM svatantra svarUpa ko kaluSita kara diyA gayA / jaba ki saMskRta, prAkRta Adi jo bhI ho, kalanoM ke zAsana kAla meM bhASAoM ke Adhikya se tamila kI durgati huI, taba jainAcAryoM ne hI apanI sAhityasevA tathA dharmapracAra dvArA tamila kI rakSA kI thI / unhoMne apane dhArmika pracAra kA mAdhyama banAyA tamila bhASA ko; isI kAraNa bhASA tathA dharmaM donoM kA sAtha-sAtha vikAsa evaM prasAra hotA gayA / jainAcAryoM ke vizuddha tamilaprema kA eka jvalanta udAharaNa hai 'tirunAtha kunDram' ( zrInAtha giri ) kA zilAlekha / yaha zilAlekha tamila ke prAcInatama abhilekhoM meM se hai / isameM utkIrNa tamila paMktiyA~ haiM- "aiMpadeLa cainam noTra caMtira naMti Acirikar nicItikai arthAt sattAvana jaina sAdhuoM kI paricaryA yA ArAdhanA (sevA) karanevAle candranandI AcArya kI nicItikA (?) / "

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kAppiyam-1 zilappadhikAram _ 'kAppiyam' ( kAvya grantha ) yA 'taoNDara nilacaeNyyuL' (eka viSaya yA carita para AdhArita padyasamUha ) saMghakAla meM pracalita nahIM hue| 'paeNrum paMca kAviyam' yA 'aimpaeNrum kAppiyam' (paMca mahAkAvya ) aura 'cita paMca kAviyam' yA 'aiMciru kAppiyam' (paMca laghukAvya ) ke nAma para bAda meM hI vibhAjana huA thaa| paMca mahAkAvya ye haiM : 1. zilappadhikAram, 2. maNi-mekhale, 3. jIvaka cintAmaNi, 4. kuNDala kezI aura, 5. vlyaapti| 'zilappadhikAram' ke racayitA zIrSasthAnIya mahAkAvya 'zilappadhikAram' ke racayitA zrI iLaMgo aDigaLa the| ve kAvya ke pramukha pAtra ceranareza ceMguTuvan ke choTe bhAI the / isa mahA. kAvya kI asAdhAraNa vizeSatA yaha hai ki isakA caritanAyaka kovalan eka sAdhAraNa vaNika hai aura caritanAyikA bhI unakI patnI kaNNaki, jo vaNikaputrI thii| vaNik pUrva prathAnusAra rAjA, mahArAjA yA kisI avatAra puruSa ko caritanAyaka na mAnakara, eka vaNik-yuvaka aura usakI patnI ko pramukha pAtra banAne kI zuruAta isI kAvya se huI hai| ataH isase patA calatA hai ki usa kAla meM vaNikoM kI samAja meM khUba pratiSThA thii| kAvya kathA kovalan aura kaNNaki donoM ke Anandamaya jIvana meM, sundara nartakI mAdhavI kA praveza khalabalI macA detA hai / bhogalipsu kovalan mAdhavI ke mohapAza meM par3akara satI kaNNaki ko bhUla jAtA hai| jaba sArI sampatti mAdhavI kI bheMTa car3ha gayI to kovalan ko svayaM apanI dIna dazA para glAni hotI hai| aba mAdhavI kI mIThI upahAsabharI jhir3akiyAM usake khinna mana meM gar3ane lgiiN| vaha preyasI se rUThakara hamezA ke lie use chor3a, apanI patnI kaNNaki ke pAsa calA jAtA hai / kaNNaki ke eka bahumUlya nUpura ko becakara usase phira vyava. sAya karane kA nizcaya karatA hai / donoM apane janmasthAna, pUmpuhAra nagarI ko

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tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa chor3akara, pANDya rAjadhAnI madurai kI ora cala par3e / mArga meM jaina sAdhvI kavunti aDigaL ke darzana hue| usa sabhya evaM guNI dampati ke prati jainasAdhvI kA sneha sahaja hI umar3a AyA aura unhoMne donoM ko jainadharma ke siddhAntoM kA vizad jJAna kraayaa| ve satI kaNaki ke sadAcaraNa tathA uttama vyaktitva se itanI prabhAvita huI ki usako 'kapyu kaDavuL' ( pAtivratya kI devI ) ke nAma se vibhUSita karane lgiiN| tInoM madurA nagarI pahu~ce / mArga meM hI kovalan ko apanI preyasI mAdhavI ke prema kI jAnakArI eka brAhmaNa dvArA milatI hai| madurA nagarI kI sImAvartI gvAloM kI bastI meM, jainasAdhvI kavuntI aDigaL kI abhyarthanA para, eka bhvAlina ke atithi banakara kovalan-kaNNaki Thahare / kovalan apanI patnI se eka nUpura lekara, use becane ke lie zahara meM gayA aura rAjapatha meM eka darabArI svarNakAra se usakI bheMTa huI / vaha svarNakAra dhUrta aura cora thaa| usane pahale hI mahArAnI kA marammata ke lie prApta eka nUpura har3apa liyA thaa| saMyoga se, aina mauke para kovalan apanI patnI ke nUpura ke sAtha usake cakkara meM phaMsa gyaa| khAsa bAta yaha thI ki mahArAnI kA nUpura aura kovalan kA nUpura donoM eka jaise dIkhate the / isalie cAlAka svarNakAra ko apanI cAla calane kA eka avasara mila gayA / vaha kovalan ko eka sthAna para biThAkara, turanta pANDya nareza ke pAsa pahu~cA aura kovalan ko mahArAnI ke nUpura kA cora btaayaa| usa samaya pANDyanareza praNayakalaha ke kAraNa rUThI huI apanI rAnI ko manAne ke lie jaldI jA rahA thaa| eka to kAmodreka se usakI mati asaMtulita thI, aura dUsare, mahArAnI se sambandhita zikAyata thii| ataH turanta rAjA ne, "agara cora hAthoM hAtha mila hI gayA ho, to use mArane ke lie le Ao !"-yaha kahane ke badale krodhAveza meM yaha kaha diyA ki "usa cora ko mArakara aao|" rAjAjJA zIghra hI kAryAnvita kI gyii| yaha duHkhada vRttAnta kAnokAna zahara bhara meM phaila gayA / jaba kaNNa ki ne sunA, to zokavihvala ho mUcchita ho gayI / vaha pativratA eka ora apane prANapriya bhartA ke anyAyapUrvaka mAre jAne se asIma duHkhI thI, to dUsarI ora guNI patideva para corI kA mithyA aparAdha lagane kA use asahya santApa bhI thaa| krodhAviSTa kaNNaki muktakezinI bana sIdhe pAMDya rAjA kI sabhA meM gayI aura use lalakAratI huI bolI, ''mere pati deva nirdoSa haiN| mere pAsa isakA pramANa hai|"

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kAppiyam-1 147 ___ turanta kaNNaki ne apane pati ke chIne gaye nUpura ko bharI rAjasabhA meM jora se paTaka diyA / Azcarya ! usa TUTe nUpura meM se camakate mANika nikalakara cAroM ora bikhara pdd'e| rAnI ke nUpura meM to pAMDya deza ke sampatti srota motI bhare hue the / aba rahasya khula gayA aura pAMDya rAjA ko apane nikRSTa anyAya para itanA duHkha huA ki tatkAla hI usakI hRdayagati ruka gayI aura vahIM siMhAsana se nIce girakara niSprANa ho gyaa| usakI devI bhI pativiyoga ko jvAlA se jhulasakara vahIM 'satI' ho gyii| zoka evaM krodha se saMtapta satI kaNNaki kA hRdayatApa isase bhI zAMta nahIM huaa| aise bhraSTAcArI vaMcaka svarNakAra aura vAsanA ke vaza meM par3akara nyAyatulA se vicalita pANDya nareza kI rAjadhAnI ko bhasmasAt kara denA hI kaNNaki ko ucita pratIkAra aNcaa| usane apane dAhine stana ko maror3akara alaga kiyA aura rudhirasikta usa stanamAMsa ko madurA nagarI para pheMka diyaa| rakta par3ate hI sahasroM jvAlAoM ke sAtha bhISaNa anala ne madurA ko ghera liyA; aura pala-bhara meM vaha nagara agni zikhAoM kA grAsa bana gyaa| usa samaya madurA nagarI kI adhiSThAtrI devI kaNNaki ke sAmane prakaTa hokara bolI, "ye saba durghaTanAe~ pUrva-janmakRta karma ke phala haiM / ataH tuma duHkhI mata hoo|" aura, usI devI ke nirdezAnusAra kaNNaki zAnta hokara vaigainadI ke kinAre se pAMDyadeza chor3akara ceradeza (kerala ) kI ora paidala hI cala pdd'ii| pandrahaveM dina ceradeza kI sImAvartI eka pahAr3I para 'veMgeM' vRkSa ke nIce phuNcii| usa samaya devapuruSa ke rUpa meM kovalan eka vimAna para ArUDha hokara nIce utara AyA aura apanI satI. sAdhvI patnI kaNNaki ko sAtha lekara gaganapatha se calA gyaa| isa adbhuta dRzya ko vahAM ke 'kuravar' nAmaka pahAr3I logoM ne dekhA aura turanta jAkara ceranareza caMguTuvan se apanI A~khoMdekhI ghaTanA kA varNana kiyA / ceranareza satI kaNNaki kA sArA vRttAnta apane mitra evaM kavivara cAttanAra se sunakara gadgada ho gyaa| zraddhA-bhakti se prerita ho usane nizcaya kiyA ki himAlaya se zilA lAkara satI devI kaNNaki kI mUrti banavAI jAya, ataeva dala-bala sahita cerarAjA ne uttara kI ora vijayayAtrA kI aura mArga meM saMgharSa karane vAle uttara bhAratIya narezoM ko parAsta kiyaa| mukhyatayA kanaka aura vijaya nAmaka donoM pratidvandviyoM ko 'kuyilAluvam' ( himAcala meM eka sthAna )' 1. vyAkhyAtA ne isa sthAna ke bAre meM likhA hai ki yaha himagiri para __ avasthita hai aura yahAM eka ardhanArIzvara kA mandira thA /

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148 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa nAmaka pradeza para raNAMgaNa meM parAjita kiyaa| aura ceMguTuvan himAlaya se lAyI zilA ko gaGgA meM nahalAkara, una parAjita narezoM ke siroM para ladavAkara apanI rAjadhAnI lauTa aayaa| use mandira meM vidhivat pratiSThita kiyaa| usa samaya kaNNa ki devI svayaM prakaTa rUpa meM AvirbhUta hokara ceranareza ko AzIrvAda detI haiM, pANDyanareza kA aparAdha kSamAkara use pitAtulya kahakara usakI prazaMsA karatI haiM / isa mahotsava meM bhAga lenevAloM meM siMhala ( laGkA ) ke tatkAlIna rAjA kayavAhu ( gajabAhu ) bhI the aura uttara bhArata se bandI banAkara lAye gaye rAjA kanaka aura vijaya donoM ko ceranareza ne mukta kara sammAnya mitra banA liyaa| 'zilappadhikAram' kA nAmakaraNa ___ isa mahAkAvya ke tIna pramukha pratipAdya viSaya haiM, (1) pratyeka vyakti ko pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se bhoganA par3atA hai| (2) pativratA strI kI manuSya hI nahIM, devatA bhI pUjA karate haiN| aura (3) jo zAsaka janamaMgala-prerita prajApAlana ke apane pavitra kartavya se cyuta ho jAtA hai, vaha vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| inhIM tIna muddoM ke AdhAra para isa kAvya kI racanA huI hai| eka abalA (strI) pAtivratya kI niSThArUpI anala meM apane jJAta-ajJAta doSoM ko jalAkara tapta, svaccha svarNamUrti-sI prakAzita hotI hai-yaha bhI isa kAvya kA eka sandeza hai| isa utpreraka kathA kI antarmukhI bhAvanAeM vastutaH nUpura ko mAdhyama banAkara hI dhvanita hotI haiN| satI kaNNaki apane zubha vivAha ke avasara para nUpura pahana letI hai aura jaba pati kovalan usakI avahelanA kara nartakI mAdhavI. ke prema-pAza meM phaMsa jAtA hai, taba vaha nUpuroM ko apane pairoM se nikAla detI hai| mAdhavI se rUThakara jaba kovalan vApasa lauTa AyA, to vyavasAya calAne ke lie eka nUpura sandUkacI se nikAlakara kaNNaki pati ko sauMpa detI hai| pAvana satItvacihna kI yahI vilakSaNa mahimA thI ki satI kaNNaki ke paira ko alaMkRta karanevAlI vastu kadApi becI nahIM jA sakatI aura use paNya vastu banAne kA pariNAma bhayaMkara hogaa| aMtataH yahI huaa| isakA phala na kevala kovalan ko, balki samasta madurAvAsiyoM ko bhI bhoganA par3A-apane prANoM kI bali car3hAkara ! usa nUpura ko apahRta karanevAle sunAra kA sArA varga

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kAppiyam-1 142 hI Aga meM jhulasakara marA aura usI ke kAraNa pANDya nareza kI mRtyu huI, -sAtha hI pati viyoga se tar3apatI huI mahArAnI bhI mara gyii| aMta meM, satI kaNNaki devI ke rUpa meM prasannatA ke sAtha ceranareza ceMguTuvan ko darzana detI hai aura usa samaya usake pairoM ko nUpura alaMkRta karate haiN| isa prakAra nUpura isa kAvya kI pramukha ghaTanAoM ke lie kendravartI avalaMba bana gayA hai| isa kAraNa isa mahAkAvya kA nAma 'zilambu ko adhikRta kiyA gayA kAvya' ke artha meM ye 'zilappadhikAram'' pdd'aa| kavi kA sAmpradAyika pakSa kavivara iLaMgo aDigaL jainasAdhu mAne jAte haiN| kucha loga unheM zaiva bhI mAnate haiN| donoM mAnyatAoM ke viSaya meM paryApta pramANa upalabdha haiM / inake bar3e bhAI ceranareza ceMguTuvan zivabhakta the| ataH paramparA se ye bhI zaivamatAvalambI ho sakate haiM / kintu kAvyavarNana meM jaina dharma kI jitanI pramukhatA hai, anya matoM kI nahIM hai / kAvya ke carita nAyaka kovalan aura usakI patnI kaNNaki donoM jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the| unakI mArgadarzikA evaM upadezikA kavunti aDigaL jaina sAdhvI hI thii| isa sAdhvI ke mu~ha se hI nahIM, jaina kAvya kI paddhati ke anusAra, do cAraNoM, RddhidhArI (gaganacArI) sAdhuoM ke dvArA bhI jaina dharma kA vizad varNana kavi ne karAyA hai| ataH isa 'zilappadhikAram' ko jaina kAvya mAnanA hI saMgata hogaa| kavi iLaMgo aDigaL kI vizeSatA yahI hai ki unhoMne taTastha tathA samAdara bhAva se usa kAla meM pracalita evaM prakhyAta samasta dharmoM kA prAmANika evaM sundara varNana kiyA hai / isI prakAra unake kAvyapAtra bhI apane-apane dharma, guNa evaM vyaktitva kI abhivyakti meM sahaja-svAbhAvika haiM, sampUrNa haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki koI bhI samIkSaka athavA anveSaka iLaMgo aDigaLa ko kisI viziSTa sampradAya kA pakSapAtI sAbita nahIM kara pAtA / yadyapi ve jaina dharmAnuyAyI the, tathApi unhoMne vaiSNava tathA zaiva mata kA varNana itanI uttama rIti se kiyA hai ki pAThaka unake sarvadharmasamabhAva yA samanvayadRSTi kA Adara kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa| jaba zramaNadharma ( jaina dharma ) kA varNana karate haiM, 1. tamila meM 'zilambu' kA artha hai nUpura, aura saMdhi niyamAnusAra zilambu+AdhikAram ='zilappadhikAram' bnaa|

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150 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa taba kavi svayaM zreSTha jinadharmI mAlUma hote haiM; jaba 'kuravar' ( bhIla jaise pahAr3I vyAdha loga ) logoM ke dvArA kiye gaye 'muskan' ( kArtikeya ) kI stuti gAthA kA prasaMga AtA hai, to pratIta hotA hai ki kavi svayaM 'murukan ' ke upAsaka haiM / jaba 'veDuvar' ( kAnanavAsI vyAdha ) logoM dvArA kI gayI kAlIdevI kI pUjA kA varNana AtA hai, to saMdeha hotA hai ki yaha kavi kAlIupAsaka to nahIM hai ? aura isI prakAra gvAloM ke dvArA gopAla - kanhaiyA ( viSNu ) kI pUjA ke upalakSya meM kiye gaye 'Azciyar kuravai' ( gvAlinoM kA gAna sahita sAmUhika nRtya ) kA sajIva varNana par3hakara pAThaka avazya kavivara ko kisI vaiSNava bhaktakavi ALvAra kA pratirUpa samajheMge / pratyeka dharma evaM devatA ke varNana meM kavizreSTha ne tattad dharmAvalaMbI bhaktoM kI zraddhA evaM svAnubhUti kA sajIva darzana karAyA hai| isa prAcIna mahAkAvya meM itanI udAra bhAvanA kA samAveza sacamuca asAdhAraNa mahattva kI bAta hai / maMgalAcaraNa kAvya kA prArambha "tiMgaLe poTa dum ( candramA kI vaMdanA kareMge... ) se hotA hai / yahI kAvya kA maMgalAcaraNa hai / kavi prakRtipUjaka athavA viziSTa devatApUjaka bhI nahIM hai / kavi kA uddezya to colanareza aura unakI rAjadhAnI pumpuhAranagarI kI prazasti karanA rahA hai / paravartI vyAkhyAkAroM ne bhI eka svara se kavi ke isI Antarika uddezya kA samarthana kiyA hai / kavi yaha nahIM cAhate the kisI bhI matAvalaMbI kI yaha dhAraNA bane ki kavi amuka mata yA sampradAya kA poSaka aura pracAraka hai / pAtroM ke vyaktitva evaM vizeSatAoM kA nirvAha tathA prAsaMgika rUpa meM jainadharma ke tattva kA itane sundara DhaMga se varNana kiyA gayA hai ki vaha anya dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke 'yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatA:' kA kAram' meM nahIM huA, apitu eka nArI apane hai aura deza-videza meM usake lie maMdira khar3e pratimA pratiSThita kI jAtI hai / kavi ne nArI ke zIla, usakI maryAdA, mahattA tathA zaktimattA kA bar3A hI prabhAvakArI varNana kiyA hai / lie anukaraNIya udAharaNa hai / hI vizad varNana 'zilappadhisatItvabala se devI bana jAtI kara diye jAte haiM aura usakI saMghakAla meM isakA sthAna 'zilappadhikAram' meM jaina dharma ke tattvoM ke atirikta, tamila ke viziSTa saMgIta, nRtya aura raMgamaMca sambandhI kaI adbhuta tattva varNita haiM / isIlie

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kAppiyam-1 151 adhikAMza samAlocaka isa mahAkAvya ko 'nATakakAppiyam' ( nATyakAvya ) kahate haiN| isakI tIsoM gAthAe~ ( kavitAe~ ) saMghakAlIna phuTakara kavitAoM kI taraha apane meM svatantra evaM pUrNa haiM / kathAvastu eka hone ke kAraNa eka gAthA se dUsarI gAthA kA kramika saMbaMdha banA huA hai, jo saMghakAlIna kavitAoM meM alabhya hai| isIlie isa grantha ko saMghasAhityadhArA kA nUtana vikasita pratIka kahA jAtA hai| saMghakAlIna kavitAoM meM vIragAthAoM evaM prazastiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha mAnavajIvana ke sAdhAraNa para pavitra yA prazaMsanIya pahaluoM kA svAbhAvika citraNa bhI paryApta mAtrA meM hai| yaha kAvya bhI mAnava-jIvana kI mahattA tathA pavitratA kA pUrNatayA samarthaka hai| isameM kavi Atma-vibhora hokara apanI anubhUtiyoM kA jo sajIva citraNa karatA hai, vaha bhI saMgha sAhitya ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai| phira bhI kavi kI maulika pratibhA kA camatkAra pade-pade jhalakatA hai| isalie kaha sakate haiM ki yaha mahAkAvya saMghakAla ke paryAvasAna ke samaya kI athavA usake pazcAt kI racanA hai| isa kAvya meM pallavoM kA saMketa taka nahIM hai, isalie itanA to nizcita hI hai ki pallavoM ke pUrva hI yaha kAvyaratna nirmita ho cukA hai| racanA kAla satI kaNNa ki dvArA madurai nagarI ko bhasmasAt karane kI tithi ke bAre meM kavivara ne yaha nirdeza kiyA hai, 'ASAr3ha mAsa ke kRSNapakSa ke zukravAra ko jaba aSTamI tithi aura kArtika nakSatra kA milana hogA, agnideva pANDya rAjadhAnI madurai kA vinAza kareMge aura pANDyanareza kI bhI durgati avazyaMbhAvI hai|'' isa tithi ke viSaya meM tamila vAGmaya tathA jyotiSa-zAstra ke prakAMDa vidvAn sva0 ela0 DI0 sAmi kaNNu pillai ke anusAra vaha samaya tA0 23 julAI 756 I0 thaa| Apane apane isa nirNaya kI puSTi ke lie mahAkAvya ke suprasiddha vyAkhyAkAra aDiyAkkU nallAra kI TippaNiyoM kA sahArA liyA hai| kintu pillaijI dUsare sthaloM para mAnya vyAkhyAkAra kI bAtoM ko asaMgata sAbita karane meM bhI nahIM hicake the| suvikhyAta itihAsavettA rAmacandra dIkSitar jI ne eka adhikArI khagola zAstrI ke nAte paryApta anusaMdhAna ke bAda yaha nirNaya prakaTa kiyA ki madhurai nagarI IsvI dUsarI zatI meM analakavalita huI aura unhIM TippaNiyoM ko pramANa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA 1. de0 zilappadhikAram, madurai kANDam, padya paMkti, 133-36.

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152 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jinheM svamatasamarthana meM pillajI ne prayukta kiyA hai| yahA~ eka bAta para dhyAna denA ucita hai ki jaba ki pillajI ne vyAkhyAtA kI TippaNIgata bAtoM ko asaMgata mAnA, taba unakA kAlanirNaya bhI, jo prAyaH usa TippaNI para hI avalaMbita hai, kaise saMgata mAnA jA sakatA hai ? aura bAda meM zrI dIkSitar jI ne akATya pramANoM se yaha sAbita kara diyA ki madurai kA agnikAMDa dUsarI zatI meM hI huA thaa| kAvya kI anya bAtoM aura pahaluoM para taTasthatApUrvaka vicAra kiyA jAe to dIkSita jI kA nirNaya hI saMgata pratIta hotA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki 'jIvaka cintAmaNi' peruM kathai' (bRhatkathA) Adi kAvyagranthoM ke nirmANakAla meM hI 'zilappadhikAram' kI bhI racanA huI hogii| zaivasaMta sAhitya tevAram ke samaya meM saMskRta aura tamila kA sAhityika samanvaya prAraMbha ho cukA thA; ataH saMbhava hai ki tatkAlIna vidvAnoM tathA kaviyoM ko saMskRta kAvyazailI kA anukaraNa kara apanI bhASA meM bhI kAvyagrantha racane kI icchA evaM preraNA huI ho| _ 'kAppiyam' ( kAvya ) zabda kA prayoga zilappadhikAram meM nahIM milatA hai| kintu vizva-bhara meM AdikAlIna mahAn graMthoM ko kAvya yA mahAkAvya hI kahA gayA hai| homara kA grIka bhASA meM racita grantha, vAlmIki kA saMskRta rAmAyaNa graMtha Adi mahAkAvya 'AdikAvya' nAma se vikhyAta haiM / tamila sAhitya meM saMskRta bhASA tathA sAhitya kA prabhAva 'aranAnUru', 'pUranAnUru' Adi viziSTa granthoM meM nahIM ke barAbara hai / paravartI jaina tathA bauddha AcAryoM ne saMskRta kA sammizraNa lokabhASA aura sAhityika bhASA meM adhika kiyaa| I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI ke guhAvartI zilAlekhoM se isake paryApta pramANa milate haiM / sAmpradAyika evaM bhaktiparaka graMthoM meM saMskRta zabdoM kI pracuratA sahaja hai| isalie zilappadhikAram meM dharma tathA devatA saMbaMdhI varNanoM meM saMskRta ke tatsama-tadbhava zabda milate haiN| mukhyatayA arhat bhagavAn kI stuti varNana meM pUrI nAmAvalI hI de dI gayI hai| tatkAlIna tamila vidvAn saMskRta graMthoM ke adhyayana meM ruci rakhate the aura sIdhe saMskRta na jAnanevAle bhI anUdita aura AdhArita tamila graMthoM dvArA bhI apanI jJAnapipAsA zAMta kara lete the| isIlie mayamata, karavaTamata evaM bharata ke nATyazAstra Adi se bhalIbhAMti paricita the| isake atirikta usa

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. 153 kAppiyam-1 samaya deza meM bahupracalita kathAoM (daMtakathAoM, lokakathAoM aura purANaitihAsa-aitihya vRttAntoM) se ve loga anabhijJa nahIM the / paJcatantra kI brAhmaNI nakulavAlI prasiddha kathA isIlie "zilappadhikAram' meM sthAna pA sakI ki janamana meM sahaja hI paiTha gayI thii| 'patinaeNNkoL kaNakku' saMgraha aura zilappadhikAram ___ iLaMgo ADigaLa ne zilAppadhikAram meM tirakkuraLa kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha kAvya usase bAda kA siddha hotA hai| kintu patinaeNNkILa kaNakku arthAt aThAraho agthoM ke saMgraha graMtha ke bAda hI zilappadhikAram kI racanA huI, aisI bAta nahIM hai| usa saMgraha meM se 'nAn maNikaDikai', 'AcAra kovai' Adi graMthoM kI bAtoM ke uddharaNoM ke jo pramANa peza kiye jAte haiM, unheM prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki donoM granthoM kI samAna bAteM prAcIna granthoM kI apanI nahIM haiM / ve tatkAlIna lokoktiyAM aura nItivANiyAM thiiN| ataH saMbhava hai ki ve "zilappadhikAram' ke racanAkAla meM bhI pracalita rahI hoN| unhIM ko iLagoM aDigaLa ne apane mahAkAvya meM prayukta kiyA hogaa| 'zilappadhikAram' meM ullekha hai ki kapilavastu meM buddhadeva avatarita hokara dharmopadeza deMge aura vaha upadeza sunane ke bAda hI kovalan kaNNaki ko nirvANa-prApti hogii| isa bAta ko lekara kucha vidvAnoM kA AkSepa hai ki yaha ghaTanA buddha deva kI samasAmayika kaise ho sakatI hai| kintu isakA samAdhAna yaha kiyA gayA hai ki kAvya meM ullikhita buddhadeva zuddhodhana putra zAkyavaMzIya nahIM haiN| buddha ke kaI avatAra batAye jAte haiN| ataH sambhava hai ki I0 dUsarI zatI meM avatarita kisI apara buddhadeva kI carcA usameM ho| kovalan kaNNaki kI kathA Age calakara tamila deza meM phaila gyii| satrahavIM zatI meM 'akavala' chaMda meM usI kathA para laghukAvya kI racanA huii| isameM se kaI padya, parimelaLa kara, mayilanAthara, naccinAkkiniyara, perAziriyara, 'yApperuMgalavRtti' ( chaMdazAstra ) ke vyAkhyAkAra iLaMpUraNara Adi vidvAnoM dvArA apanI vyAkhyAoM tathA TippaNiyoM meM uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| isake atirikta satI kaNNaki kI amara kathA bhI kaI lokagItoM, laghukAvyoM aura nibandhoM dvArA samAhata thii| ye padya Adi prAcIna vyAkhyAkAroM kI vyAkhyAjoM, TippaNiyoM Adi meM upalabdha haiN| saMghakAlIna grantha 'nattiNa' nAmaka grantha meM isa ghaTanA kA varNana hai ki "tirumA uNNi nAmaka eka satI strI

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154 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 'gai' vRkSa ke nIce khar3I thI, jisakA eka stana svayaM usIne naSTa kara diyA thaa| 'uNNi' kA artha hai kaNikA jo kamalabIja mAnA jAtA hai| sambhavatayA kaNNaki kA saMskRta rUpa 'kaNikA' banAkara, usake anuvAda ke rUpa meM 'uNNi' kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| 'zilappadhikAram' meM bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vyAdha logoM ne jinako 'kuravara' kahate haiM, kaNNaki ko 'gai' vRkSa ke nIce dekhA / ataH donoM ghaTanAoM meM samAnatA avazya hai| saMghakAla meM 'zilappadhikAram' kathA tathA kAvya kA pracAra-prasAra kAphI ho cukA thaa| isa mahAkAvya ko saMghakAla kA uttarakAlIna grantha mAnanA ucita hogaa| isake paryApta pramANa haiN| AkSepa kI jo guMjAiza dikhAI detI hai, vaha zAyada bhramapUrNa hai| athavA bAda ke kAvyapremiyoM dvArA jor3I gayI bAtoM ke AdhAra para hI hogii| isa grantha ko saMghakAlIna mAna lene ke lie kevala yaha eka pramANa hI paryApta hogA ki tatkAlIna dhArmika sthiti kA pUrA yathArtha citraNa isameM milatA hai / balarAma, murugan ( kArtikeya ), viSNu, ziva Adi devatAoM ke mandira ke varNana hI nahIM, apitu vandanAeM bhI kavi ne apanI ora se aura apane pAtroM se kraayiiN| aisI sAmAsika evaM samarasa saMskRti aura dhArmika sthiti ko ALa vAra tathA nAyanmAra ( vaiSNava-zaiva ) Adi saMtoM ke samaya ke pahale hI adhika phailI huI pAte haiN| iLaMgoM aDigaLa ne ukta saMskRti aura dhArmika sthiti kA samarthana apane kAvya meM kiyA hai| suprasiddha itihAsakAra zrI rAmacandra dIkSitar ne bhI kaI akATya pramANoM se yaha siddha kiyA hai ki I0 dUsarI zatI meM hI zilappadhikAram' kA praNayana ho cukA thaa| isa grantha meM dhArmika kaTTaratA kA AbhAsa taka nahIM miltaa| isameM viziSTa tamila saMskRti ke mUla tattvoM kA paripoSaNa hai jo 'yAdum Ure, yAvarum keLira' (deza-videza saba hamArI janma bhUmi hai aura sAre loga hamAre priya baMdhu haiM )' Adi uttamottama siddhAntoM se anuprANita hai| ___ maNimekhale maNimekhale eka lar3akI kA nAma hai| yahI isa kAvya kI caritanAyikA hai| 'zilappadhikAram' ke caritanAyaka vaNika-putra kovalan kI premikA nartakI 1. yaha paMkti saMghakAlIna kavivara zrI kaNiyan kunranAra ke padya kA aMza hai|

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155 kAppiyam-1 kI kokha se utpanna lar3akI thI maNimekhalai / isa kAvya meM bauddha tattvoM kI pracuratA hai, isalie bauddha kAvyagrantha ke rUpa meM isakI gaNanA hotI hai / caritanAyikA maNimekhale apane rUpasaundarya para mohita cola yuvarAja udayanakumAra kI premabhikSA ko bhI asvIkAra kara detI hai aura apane mana ko jabaradastI kaThora banA letI hai| usakI mahattvAkAMkSA bhoga-upabhoga kI paMkila jIvanadhArA se AkRSTa nahIM thii| isa jIvana kI nazvaratA aura daihika sukhoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA se sadA ke lie mukti pAkara ajara-amara ( nirvANa ) pada kI prApti kI adamya AkAMkSA thii| buddhadeva ke 'Arya satyoM' ne usake aMdhakArAcchanna jIvanapatha meM jvalaMta dIpastambha khar3A kara diyaa| 'Atma hitAya' kI apekSA 'loka hitAya' kI unnata preraNA use sadA karmapatha para agrasara karatI rahI / isIlie prANimAtra ke uddhAra ke lie aura akAlapIr3ita janatA kI bubhukSA miTAne ke lie maNi mekhale apanA sarvasva tyAgakara bhikSuNI banakara nikala pdd'ii| mAno usakI punIta abhilASA jAnakara hI bhagavAn ne use 'amuda surabhi' (amRtasurabhi) nAmaka akSayapAtra sulabha kara diyA / usI ke sahAre usa sAdhvI ne bahuta lokopakAra kiyaa| kaI pathabhraSToM ko satyapatha para lgaayaa| ___ 'maNimekhalai' kAvya ke racayitA kA zubhanAma thA zIttalai cAttanAra / ve tamila ke prakANDa vidvAn aura madhuravAk kavi the| bauddha dharmAvalambI to the hI kintu 'zilappadhikAram' ke racayitA zrI iLago aDigaLa ke mitra hone para bhI una-jaise udAra evaM taTastha nahIM raha sake / kaNNaki-kovalan kI kathA ko inhoMne hI iLa goaDigaLa ko sunAyA; ataH ye pUrI kathA jAnate the aura ghaTanA ke samasAmayika bhI the| isa bAta kA bhI pramANa milatA hai ki inhoMne iLagojI se yaha prArthanA kI ki 'Apa satI kaNNaki kI punIta kathA para kAvya racanA kIjie aura maiM kovalan kI premikA, nartakI gaNikA mAdhavI kI putrI Adarza guNavatI maNimekhala ke carita ko kAvya kI bhASA duuNgaa|' iLago jI ne apane mitra kI abhyarthanA svIkAra kara mahAkAvya 'zilappadhikAram' kI racanA kii| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki zrI cAttanAra ne udAratA, sarvadharmasamarasatA sambandhI apanI kamI kA svayaM anubhava karake hI usa mahattvapUrNa punIta kArya ko nisargodAra iLago jI ke hAtha meM sauMpA hogaa| isa 'maNimekhale' kAvya meM piTaka granthoM kI pracura paurANika bauddha kathAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| isI hetu, ise kaI alaukika ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana mAnanA par3atA hai| gaNikA kI putrI hokara bhI, lokoddhAra karane yogya sammAnya

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156 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 'bhikSuNI banI eka nissvArtha sevikA kA caritracitraNa isa kAvya meM hai| varNa vyavasthA kI nindA, bauddhadharma kI upAdeyatA evaM sAdhAraNa janatA taka ke lie sulabhatA kA varNana, bauddha tattvoM kA tarka-pUrNa samarthana aura anya dharmoM kA khaMDana bhI isa 'maNimekhala' kAvya meM huA hai| _isa kAvya meM nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya ke pradhAna paMDita diGnAga aura dharma"pAla ke tArkika mantavyoM meM se kucha aMza anuvAda-rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| ye aMza bAda meM prakSipta rUpa meM jor3a diye gaye mAlUma hote haiN| . yadyapi yaha bauddha mahAkAvya hai, tathApi isameM jaina dharma kA bhI sundara varNana hai| ghaTanA kI paramparA ko dekhane para yaha spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha kAvya 'zilappadhikAram' kA uttarArddha hai aura usake praNayana ke bAda hI isakI racanA huI hai| 'maNimekhale' grantha kA dhArmika pakSa ___ isameM prathama gAthA 'viLA arai kAtai' (parva kA varNana karanevAlI gAthA ) meM yaha ghaTanA varNita hai 'sudhAmati ke pitA jo brAhmaNa the, bhISaNa udara roga se pIr3ita hokara jaina mandira meM Azraya lene gye| para jainoM ne anya dharmI ko apane yahAM rakhanA nahIM cAhA aura tatkAla usa rogI brAhmaNa ko bAhara kara diyaa| phira jaba vaha rogI rakSA kI prArthanA karate hue vIthI meM bhaTakatA rahA, taba bauddhoM ne dayA kara bauddha-vihAra meM Azraya diyA aura yathocita upacAra kI vyavasthA kii|' ___isa ghaTanA se bauddhoM kI udAratA kA paricaya to milatA hI hai, lekina jainoM kI dharma-parirakSaNa kI jAgarUkatA bhI prakaTa hotI hai| ___'maNimekhala' kI 27vIM gAthA 'samayakkaNakkara taMtiram keTTa kAtai' (dharmAcAryoM se maNimekhalA dvArA pUchI gayI dhArmika bAtoM kI gAthA ) meM batAyA gayA hai ki maNimekhalA ne pramANavAdI, zaivavAdI, brahmavAdI, vaiSNavavAdI, vaidika ( vedavAdI), AjIvaka, nigaMThavAdI, sAMkhyavAdI, vaizeSikavAdI aura bhUtavAdI-ina matavAdiyoM se unake dhArmika tattvoM ko samajhAne kI abhyarthanA kI aura una vidvAnoM ne bhI maNimekhalA kI prArthanA pUrI kii| saba dharma-matoM para gambhIra vicAra karane ke uparAnta vaha sAdhvI isa nirNaya para pahu~cI ki bauddha-dharma adhika vyavahArasulabha evaM zreyaskara hai / ... isa gAthA ke anta meM maNimekhalA ke bAre meM kavi ne likhA hai, 'ai vahai samayamum arindanaLa / ' (pAMca prakAra ke sampradAyoM yA matoM ko bhI jAna

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kAppiyam-1 liyaa)|" kintu, gAthA meM dasa vAdiyoM kA ullekha hai| vaidika mata aura pramANa mata donoM eka hI the / AjIvaka tathA nigaMTha (jaina) mata ke pArasparika sambandha kA darzana 'zilappadhikAram' meM bhI hai / 'lokakAyatika mata' ke nAma se prakhyAta bhUtavAda bhI usa samaya kAphI pracAra meM thaa| ataH anta meM nirdiSTa 'ai vahai samayam' ( pA~ca prakAra ke mata ) ye ho sakate haiM : vaidika mata, pramANa mata, AjIvaka mata, nigaMTha ( jaina ) mata aura lokAyatika / bAda ke bauddhagrantha 'nIlakezI' meM ina pAMcoM matoM ke sAtha sAMkhya aura vaizeSika matoM ko bhI jor3a liyA gayA hai / ata: mAlUma hotA hai, 'maNimekhalai' meM atirikta rUpa se vaNita vAdoM ko bAda meM jor3a diyA gayA hai / __ isa kAvya meM vAda-prativAda, paramatakhaNDana evaM svamatamaNDana Adi bAteM spaSTa sthAna nahIM pA sakIM; phira bhI maNimekhalA pracalita samasta matoM para chAnabIna athavA TIkA-TippaNI prahAra avazya karatI hai; vaha bhI apane abhISTa dharma para dRr3hatara vizvAsa ke lie| eka bAta to hameM mAnanI hI par3egI ki zuSka dhArmika carcA ko lekara sundara kAvya-grantha racane kI paramparA isa 'maNimekhale' se prArambha huI hai / isI krama meM kaTTara dharma-grantha 'kuNDalakezI' nAmaka bauddha-grantha kI racanA huii| isa grantha ke pratyuttarasvarUpa 'nIlakezI' nAmaka adbhuta jaina kAvya grantha kA praNayana huaa| nIlakezI 'nIlakezI' arvAcIna racanA hai| isake racayitA ke nAma kA kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai| racayitA ne likhA hai ki usane eka sapanA dekhA aura usakI preraNA se yaha grantha racA hai| pAMcAla deza, kuNDalavartanam nAmaka nagara, usake rAjA samudrasAran, usa nagara ke cAroM ora phaile 'palAlyam' nAmaka zmazAna, usa pradeza ke mandira, unameM kiye jAnevAle hatyAkAMDa tathA bhUta-pizAcoM ke ghora kRtya ityAdi kA rocaka varNana 'nIlakezI' grantha meM hai| yaha 'aiMciru kAppiyam ( paMca laghukAvyoM) meM eka hai|' kAlI devI ke maMdira meM honevAlI balisvarUpa jIvahatyA ko muni candra ne roka diyaa| isase asaMtuSTa huI kAlI devI nIlI nAmaka strI ke sAtha, apanA 1. paMca laghukAvyoM ke nAma ye haiM : 1. yazodharakAvyam, 2. cULAmaNi, 3. nAgakumAra kAvyam, 4. udayaNakAvyam aura 5. niilkeshii|

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158 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa veza badalakara candra muni ke pAsa phuNcii| ve tapasyA meM lIna the| donoM striyoM ne muni ko vicalita karane ke kaI prayatna kiye; para muni ko ve DigA na sakI / nIlI viduSI thI aura munivara kI acaMcala niSThA dekha apanI parAjaya mAna gayIM / tatkAla hI unakI ziSyA banakara, unase dharmopadeza sunane kA suyoga bhI prApta kiyaa| kramazaH ahiMsAdharma para usakI AsthA dRr3hatara hotI gyii| jaina dharma kI pAraMgata viduSI ke rUpa meM usakA nAma sarvatra vikhyAta ho gyaa| nIlI 'nIlakezI' ke nAma se ghUma-ghUmakara ahiMsA dharma kA pracAra evaM prabhAvanA karane lgii| isI dharmayAtrA meM prasiddha bauddha bhikSuNI kuNDalakezI ko nIlakezI ne vAdavivAda meM parAjita kiyaa| bAda meM ardhacandra, moggalAyana Adi bauddhAcAryoM ko parAsta kiyA / phira AjIvaka, sAMkhya, bhedavAdI aura lokAyatavAdI se bhI zAstrArtha kara vijayI huI / saba parAjita matavAdiyoM ko apane buddhibala se jainadharmAvalaMbI banA diyaa| aisI apratihata pratibhA evaM vAdakuzalatA sampanna nIlakezI ko rAjA ne pradhAna dharma saMsthApikA ke rUpa meM ghoSita kiyA aura usakA saba jagaha samAdara karAne kI ghoSaNA karAyI / isa zubha vArtA ke sAtha yaha kathA samApta hotI hai| 'nIlakezI' ke vyAkhyAkAra isa grantha kI mahattA isakI pANDityapUrNa vyAkhyA se hI prakaTa hai / vyAkhyAkAra kA nAma hai samayadivAkara vAmana munivara / ye hI merumanthara purANam ( prasiddha tamila jaina grantha ) ke racayitA haiN| ye mallisenAcAriyara nAma se prasiddha the| inake ziSya puSpasenAcArya the, jo vijayanagara ke rAjA harihara ke maMtrI hirukappa ke guru the| inakA samaya caudahavIM zatI hai| batalAyA jAtA hai ki vAmana muni 'timpparutti kunDram' meM rahate the| nIlakezI' kA racanAkAla prasiddha tamila chaMdazAstra 'yApperuMgalavRtti' kI vyAkhyA meM 'nIlakezI' kI carcA hai jo dasavIM zatI kI racanA hai / ataH yaha nizcita hai ki usase pUrva hI isa kAvya kA praNayana ho cukA thaa| isa grantha meM arvAcIna mata, advaita vedAnta mata kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| zaivasaMta grantha 'tevAram' meM AjIvaka mata kA ullekha nahIM hai, para 'nIlakezI' meM hai| ataH yaha 'tevAram' ke pUrva kI hI racanA hai| 'tevara' ke nAma se prasiddha tiruvaLLavara ke eka ziSya ne hI isa 'nIlakezI' grantha kI racanA kI thii| tamila ke prasiddha jaina vidvAn zrI e. cakravartI nAyinAra isa nirNaya para pahuMce haiN|

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kAppiyam-1 zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para vidvAn loga isI nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki AjIvakamata tamilanADu meM arvAcIna cola rAjAoM ke zAsanakAla meM bhI pracalita thaa| yaha to nizcita hai ki nIlakezI kAvya bauddha mahAkAvya 'maNimekhala' ke bAda hI racA gayA thaa| bauddhoM ke sAtha hue prabala virodha meM isa jaina grantha kI racanA huI hai| I0 sAtavIM zatI meM cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga ne apane yAtrAvRttAnta meM likhA hai ki tamilanADu meM bauddhadharma kA prasAra bahuta kama ho gayA hai / isase yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai ki usake paryaTana-kAla ke pUrva hI 'nIlakezI' grantha racA gayA hogA, kyoMki usake racanAkAla meM bauddha dharma kA kAphI prabhAva tamila deza meM thaa| __ vaLa yApati 'vaLeyApati' tamila ke paMca mahAkAvyoM meM aMtima mAnA jAtA hai| isa kAvya kI kathA pUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hai / thor3e padya hI apane nAmazeSa kAvya kA paricaya dete haiN| ye padya bhI samagra rUpa meM kahIM eka sthAna para nahIM mile / ye saba suprasiddha vidvAn vyAkhyAkAra aDiyAkkU nalAra, iLaMpUraNAra, naccinA' iniyAra aura parimelalagara kI vyAkhyAoM meM bikhare hue the| ye karIba assI padya the jinakA saMkalana zantamiLa' nAmaka patrikA ne kiyA thaa| ___isa saMgraha ke padyoM meM 'nikkanta veDattu iruDigaNam' (nirgrantha vezadhArI RSigaNa ) 'arivan' ( jo jJAna pA gayA ho-jinadeva ) Adi prayoga milate haiM / ataH ise eka jaina grantha mAnane meM koI Apatti nhiiN| ina padyoM meM kucha to cAra caraNavAle haiM, kucha do-do caraNavAle tathA kucha kucha chaha caraNavAle bhI haiM / tamila ke chandazAstra 'yApparuMgalavRtti' se prAcIna hone ke kAraNa isakA racanAkAla dasavIM zatI se bhI pUrva kA sambhava hai / pUrA kAvya na milane se, isake rasAsvAdana kI suvidhA nahIM hai| jitane padya mile, unase isa nirNaya para pahuMcate haiM ki yaha grantha prAMjala zailI meM dhArmika viSayoM kA varNana karanevAlA komala kAvya rahA hogaa| isakI zreSThatA tathA vizeSatA isase prakaTa hai ki prakAMDa paMDitoM ne apanI vyAkhyAoM meM isake padya sAdara uddhRta kiye haiN| sabase anUThI bAta yaha hai ki 'takkayALa paraNi' (takSa yAga paraNi) nAmaka prasiddha prabandha grantha ke vyAkhyAkAra ne usake racayitA 'kavicakravartI oTTakkUttara' ke bAre meM AdarapUrvaka likhA hai ki 'kaviyaLagu veNDi baLeyApatiyai ninattAra arthAt kavitAmAdhurya kI khoja karate hue kavi ne (oTTakUttara ne) 'vaLayApati' kAvya kA manana kiyA / '

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1 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kaTTara eka to oTTakkUttara ucca koTi ke madhuravAk kavi the, aura dUsarI ora ve zaiva the / phira bhI unhoMne kAvyamAdhurya para rIjhakara 'vaLeyApati kAvya ' kA manana kiyA, jo ki eka dharmavirodhI arthAt jaina kavi kA jainadharmIya grantha thA / kAza, yaha samagra graMtha mila jAtA ! 160 peruM kathai isa kAvya ko paMca mahAkAvyoM meM sthAna na milane para bhI, racanAzailI tathA kAvyasauSThava kI dRSTi se ise mahAkAvya kaha sakate haiM / 'kuMDalakezI' aura 'vaLayApati' donoM kI apekSA isakA kAvyastara UMcA hI hai / zilappadhikAram aura maNimekhale kI taraha yaha kAvya bhI ' akaval' chanda meM hai / isake racayitA kA nAma koMkuveLir hai / isake padya 'zilappAdhikAram' aura 'maNimekhalai' ke padyoM kI taraha 'na'-kArAnta haiM / isa paddhati ko prathama lakSaNagranthakAra tolakAppiyara ne 'iyaipu' aura 'vanappu' kahA hai / una mahAkAvyoM kI hI bhAMti yaha kAvya bhI kathAnaka ke anukUla eka hI chanda meM hai aura 'antAdi' nAmaka zabdAlaMkAra se bhI yukta hai / vyAkhyAkAroM kI TippaNiyoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki isa 'perum kathai' kAvya kA aparanAma 'udayaNan kathai' bhI thA / vastutaH yaha kAvya bhI guNADhya ke suvikhyAta grantha 'vRhatkathA' kA hI parimArjita tamila rUpa hai| tamila kAvyazailI ke anusAra pradezavarNana ke prasaMga meM, uttara bhArata kA varNana tamila deza ke rUpa meM hI kiyA gayA hai / udayaNa aura vAsavadattA kI jor3I kamban ke rAma va sItA kI taraha tamila saMskRti ke raMga meM raMga gayI hai / premI-premikA kA saMdarzana, sammilana aura premavikAsa kI paramparA tamila kAvyazailI ke anusAra hI upasthita kI gayI hai / yadyapi isa kAvya meM vimAna Adi kA kAlpanika varNana huA hai, tathApi samaya, samAja aura janajIvana ko yaha kAvya jitanA adhika pratibimbita karatA hai, utanA anya kAvya meM anupalabdha hai / nArI kI mahimA, vidyA kA prabhAva, logoM kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa, rAjanIti kI cAleM, sattAdhIzoM kI cAleM Adi kaI bAteM bahuta hI rocaka DhaMga se isa 'udayaNan kathai' meM varNita haiM / isake caritanAyaka udayaNa haiM, phira bhI usake mitra yUgI ko bhI caritanAyakaH mAnanA par3atA hai / samagra kAvyakathA meM gati tathA ghaTanApravAha yUgI ke hI astitva se hotA hai /

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kAppiyam - 1 161 duHkha kI bAta hai ki yaha sundara kAvya pUrA nahIM milA, prArambha aura anya bIca ke hI aMza, jinako bhI avicchinna ke aMza aba taka upalabdha nahIM hue / nahIM kahA jA sakatA, aba pustakAkAra meM milate haiM / racayitA kAvyakAra koMkuveri jainAcArya the / kAvya meM kaI sthAnoM para jainatattvoM kA varNana pratyakSa tathA parokSa rUpa se kavi ne kiyA hai / ye koMkumaMDalam ke 'kurumpu kSetravartI vijayamaMgalam nAmaka sthAna meM paidA hue| eka anuzruti ke anusAra kavivara ne isa kAvya ko pUrA karane ke lie tIna bAra janma liyA, taba jAkara yaha kAvya pUrA ho pAyA / aDiyAvarku nallAra Adi zreSTha vidvAnoM ne isa kAvya kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| anumAna hai ki koMkuveLira AcArya bajranandI ke saMgha meM vidyamAna the / yaha pahale hI batAyA jA cukA hai ki yaha kAvya guNADhyakRta 'bRhat kathA' para AdhArita hai| Andhranareza kI sabhA ke kavivaroM meM guNADhya bhI eka the / unhoMne hI paizAcI bhASA meM 'bRhat kathA' kI racanA kii| ye I0 prathama zatI ke the / zUdraka nAmaka nareza ne 'vINAvAsavadattam' nAmaka nATaka likhA / isakA tamila meM anuvAda kiyA thA kAMcIpuram ke eka kathAzilpI ne jo kavi daNDI kA mitra thA / isakA ullekha daNDI ne apane 'avanti sundarI kathA' meM kiyA hai / dakSiNa ke nATakakAroM ne bhAsa ke nATakoM meM se vAsavadattA kI kathA para kucha racanAe~ kI haiM / mahAkAvya 'maNimekhale' meM bhI vAsavadattA - AkhyAna kA ullekha hai / prasiddha vaiSNava santa kavi tirumaMgai ALvAra ne apane 'ciriya tirumaDal' nAma padya-saMgraha meM vAsavadattAkathA kI carcA kI hai / ataH yaha bAta jarUra spaSTa hotI hai ki udayaNa aura vAsavadattA kI kathA tamilanADu meM bhI sarvatra kahI- sunI jAtI thI aura apanI lokapriyatA ke kAraNa, jaise ki kAlidAsa ne bhI 'meghasandeza' meM kahA thA- - udayaNakathAkovidagrAma vRddhAn janamana kI bhAvuka saMvedanAoM ko mugdha kara rahI thI / ..... isa sundara kAvya ke praNetA koMkuveLira jaina dramiLasaMgha ke vidvAn the / yaha saMgha karNATaka meM hI unnata dazA meM thA / koMkunADu karNATaka aura TheTha tamilanADu kA sImApradeza hai / ataH usa saMgha kA pUrA prabhAva una para parilakSita hotA hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai, I0 5vIM yA 6ThIM zatI ke gaMganareza durvinIta ne saMskRta meM eka 'bRhatkathA' kI racanA kI, jisameM anya 'bRhat kathA' granthoM kI 11

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162 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa taraha zaivadharma kA prabhAva bilakula na lAkara, jainadharma kA utkarSa darzAyA gayA hai| usI kA anuvAda hai koMkuveLira kA yaha 'perumkthai'|" kintu yaha nirNaya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| tamila racanAzailiyoM kA samAveza karake kavi ne isa kAvya meM apanI molika pratibhA kA acchA paricaya diyA hai| isa 'perumkathai' kAvya kA racanAkAla sAtavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai / 'udayaNakumArakAvyam' nAmaka eka laghu kAvya pAyA jAtA hai jo jaina kavi kI racanA hai| para yaha to bahuta arvAcIna grantha hai / koMkuveLira kA 'perum kathai' kAvya to tirumaMgai ALvAra ke bhI pUrva kA honA caahie| 'maNimekhale' ke racanAkAla ke AsapAsa bhI isakI racanA huI hogI, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| isalie isa komala kAvya ko sAtavIM zatI kA hI mAnanA yukti yukta hai|

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'kAppiyam'-2 jIvaka cintAmaNi yaha paMca mahAkAvyoM meM se eka hai jo sarvasAdhAraNa ko hI nahIM, ucca koTi ke mahAkaviyoM ko bhI mugdha kara cukA hai / prasiddha zaiva paMDita zaMkara namazzivAyara ne likhA hai, 'upalabdha mahAkAvyoM meM yaha sarvAMgasundara hone ke kAraNa, isakA nAma 'cintAmaNi' ucita hI hai|' kintu grantha kA nAma, caritanAyaka jIvakan ke janma ke samaya usakI jananI rAjamahiSI dvArA kahe gaye 'cintAmaNiye kiTattiyAya ( tuma mujhe cintAmaNi kI hI taraha prApta hue ho ) vAkya ke AdhAra para rakhA gayA hai| phira bhI ukta vidvAn kA abhimata bhI sArthaka hai| isa kAvya ko 'maNanUlazubhavivAha-graMtha' bhI kahate haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki samUcI kAvyakathA kaI vaivAhika ghaTanAoM tathA AyojanAoM se bharI hai / isake atirikta caritanAyaka jIvakan ke vidyAbhyAsa ko 'sarasvatI se vivAha', yuddha meM vijayI hone kI ghaTanA ko 'vijayazrI kA pANigrahaNa', rAjyAbhiSikta hone ko 'bhami ke sAtha pariNaya' aura mokSaprApti ko 'muktidevI ke sAtha vivAha'isI prakAra pratyeka ghaTanA ko kavi maGgala vivAha ke rUpa meM hI citrita karate haiM / isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA the suprasiddha jaina sAdhu tathA kavivara tiruttakka devara / kAvyakathA sarayUnadI ke taTavartI emAMgadam ( hemAMgadam ) deza ko rAjadhAnI rAjamApuram ( rAjamahApuram ) meM rAjA saccaMdana ( satyaMdhara ) kA zAsana thA / vaha apanI rAnI vijayAdevI ke sAtha kAmabhoga meM itanA Asakta ho gayA ki zAsana kA sArA bhAra mahAmantrI kaTTiyaMkAran ( kASThAMkArika ) ko sauMpa diyA / kuTilamati mahAmantrI ne rAjA ko chala se mArakara rAjya kA zAsana apane adhikAra meM kara liyaa| jaba rAjA saccaMdana ke pAsa kArya adhikAra nahIM rahA aura vipatti sAmane AyI taba usane apanI mahiSI ko eka mayUravimAna para biThAkara nagara se bAhara bheja diyaa| usa samaya vaha pUrNa garbhiNI thiiN| duHkhAdhikya se devI ardhamUcchita ho gayIM aura daiva yoga se mayUravimAna rAjadhAnI ke sImAvartI zmazAna meM utara gyaa| vahAM vijayAdevI ko prasavapIr3A

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164 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa sAtha huI aura tatkAla hI eka sukumAra putraratna kA janma huA / zmazAna kI adhiSThAtrI devI ne svayaM eka sahelI ke rUpa meM Akara vijayAdevIM kI sahAyatA kI aura navajAta zizu ko kisI dUsare ko sauMpane kI salAha dii| usa samaya nagara ke prasiddha vaNik kandukkaTana ( gandhotkaTa ) apane mRta zizu kA dAhasaMskAra karane ke lie zmazAna meM AyA / vijayAdevI apane zizu ko bhUmi para liTAkara eka per3a kI Ar3a meM chipa gayI / vaNika bar3e Ananda ko lekara ghara gayA aura logoM meM kahA ki merA mRta hI punaH jIvita ho gayA hai / para usako to mAlUma hI thA ki zmazAna meM labdha zizu rAjA saccaMdana kA suputra thA / zizu ke hAtha meM rAjamudrAMkita aMgUThI dekhakara usako yaha tathya jJAta huA / zizu ko uThAte samaya devavANI-sI sunAyI par3I, "jIba ! " isalie vaNik ne usa putra kA nAma jIvakan rakhA aura bahuta pyAra se usakA lAlana-pAlana kiyA / idhara jIvakanu kI jananI vijayA devI calI gayI / tapasyA karane jIvan kaI vidyAoM meM pAraMgata huA / 'accaNaMdI ( AryanandI ) se vaha vidyAgrahaNa karatA thA; eka dina AcArya ne jIvakan ko usakI jIvanI kA rahasya batA diyA aura yaha salAha bhI dI ki eka varSa taka apane ko prakaTa na kro| isa bIca rAjamApuram ke gvAloM ne eka dina apane zAsaka kaTTiyaMkArana ke pAsa Akara zikAyata kI, "mahArAja hamArI gAyoM ko jaMgala ke bhIloM ne ghera liyA aura hameM bhI mArakara bhagA diyaa| gAyoM ko unase chur3Akara hamArI rakSA kreN|" rAjA ke sainika bhIloM ke sAmane hArakara bhAga Aye, to jIvakan svayaM apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha jAkara bhIloM se gAyoM ko usakI khyAti phailI / phira, nagara ke pradhAna zreSThI zrIdattan kI gaMdharvadattA ko 'vINAsvayambara' meM, yAzh ( vINA ) - spardhA meM diyA aura usa sundarI ke sAtha jIvakan kA vidhivat vivAha huA / guNamAlA nAmaka yuvatI ko matta gaja kI capeTa se bacAne ke kAraNa, vaha bhI jIvakan kI jIvanasaMginI bnii| jIvakan ne sAMpa ke Dasane se mRtaprAya padmottamA ko jIvita kara diyA / upahArasvarUpa vaha sundarI bhI jIvakan kI patnI huI / isI prakAra kemacarI, kanakamAlA, vimalA, suramaJjarI aura lakSaNAdevI nAmaka sundariyoM ke sAtha bhI jIvakan ke vivAha hue| apane mAmAjI tathA videha deza ke rAjA govindana kI sahAyatA se jIvakan ne kuTila mantrI kaTTiyaMkAran kA vadha kara, apanA khoyA rAjya prApta kara liyaa| janatA ke apAra Ananda aura chur3A lAyA / pAlitA putrI parAjita kara

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kAppiyam-2 165 satkAmanA ke sahAre jIvakan ne apanI AThoM rAniyoM ke sAtha sukhI jIvana bitaayaa| usake Adarza suzAsana meM sArA deza susampanna thA, janatA ke sukhaharSa kA kyA kahanA? eka dina jIvakan nikaTastha tapovana meM gyaa| vahAM eka azokavRkSa ke nIce do cAraNaRddhidhArI muni dhyAnastha khar3e the| jIvakan ne unake caraNoM meM praNAma kara muktiprApti ke sAdhana niyamAnuSThAnoM kA upadeza dene kI prArthanA kii| unhoMne vistAra se jaina dharma kA tattvopadeza kiyA aura batAyA ki jIvana kA mUla dhyeya muktiprApti hai / yaha saba grahaNa kara jIvakan mahala meM lauTa AyA aura apanI AThoM deviyoM ke samakSa dIkSA grahaNa karane kA vicAra prakaTa kiyaa| deviyAM bhI usI ke sAtha saMnyAsa grahaNa karane ke lie taiyAra ho gyiiN| eka zubha dina jIvakan ne apane AThoM putroM ko pAsa bulAkara unako zAsana kA bhAra sauMpA aura tapasyA ke lie nikala pdd'aa| jIvakan kI AThoM rAniyAM bhI apanI sAsa sAdhvI vijayAdevI kI sevA meM calI gayIM aura vidhivat dIkSA grahaNa kara tapasyA meM lIna ho gyiiN| jIvakan ne samavazaraNa meM jAkara tIthaMkara vardhamAna ke sAkSAt darzana kiye aura sudharma nAmaka gaNadhara ke pAsa sarvasaMga-parityAga kara vidhivat dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| tadanaMtara usane vipulagiri para ghora tapasyA kii| tapasyA ke prabhAva se jIvakan apane karmabaMdhana se mukta ho gyaa| kAvya kI vizeSatAe~ jIvakacintAmaNi kAvya racanAzilpa tathA rasavyaMjanA kI dRSTi se tamila bhASA kA anupama aura samujjvala kaNThAbharaNa hai| kavi tiruttakkadevara kAvyArambha meM kramazaH deza, nagara, vIthI, mahala, nareza, mahiSI Adi kA rocaka varNana karate haiN| yadyapi ye sthAna tathA pAtra kAlpanika hI haiM, tathApi inake citraNa meM kavi kI maulika pratimA tathA Adarzonmukha preraNA spaSTa dIkha par3atI hai / 'yuTopiyA' ( Utopia ) jaise kAlpanika Adarzadeza ke rUpa meM hI isa kAvya kA emAMgadam ( hemAMgada ) deza bhI hai| isI kAvya zailI ke anusaraNa meM paravartI kaviyoM ne nATu paTalam ( dezavarNana-sarga ), nagara-paTalam Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| sthAnoM ke atirikta pAtroM ko bhI tamila saMskRti tathA tamila prakRti ke anurUpa citrita karane meM kavi ne kahIM bhI saMkoca nahIM kiyaa| kyA prakRtivarNana, kyA premagAthA, kyA samaracitraNa, kyA rASanaitika SaDyaMtroM kA ullekha,

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tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kyA nIrasa dhArmika tattvoM kA vivecana-saba jagaha kavi kI pratibhA unmukta rUpa se prakaTa huI hai| 'kAvyaM yazase arthakRte vyavahAravide zivetarakSataye / sadyaH phala nirvRttaye kAntAsammitatayA upadezayuje |'-is kAvyalakSaNa kA sacamuca kisI sarvAMgapUrNa kRti meM darzana karanA ho, to vaha yahIkrahAkAvya 'jIvakacintA. maNi' hai, jo kaI mahAkaviyoM ke lie Adarza staMbha thA aura preraNA-srota bhii| 'cintAmaNi' kA racanAkAla zravaNabelagola meM prApta eka zilAlekha meM AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ve haiM mahApurANa ke uttara bhAga ke racayitA guNabhadra, inake bAda cintAmaNi AcArya aura inake paravartI zrIvarddhadeva jo 'cULAmaNi' (mUlagrantha ) ke racayitA the, Adi / AcArya guNabhadra to rASTrakUTa nareza akAla varSa ke samakAlIna the| akAlavarSa navIM zatI ke aMta meM abhiSikta huaa| prastuta mahA. kAvya 'jIvakacintAmaNi' ke kavi apane nAma ke aMta meM 'devara' zabda ko lagAte the / isalie patA calatA hai ki ye 'devagaNa' ke the jo jaina drAviDasaMva kA eka bhAga thaa| kavi kA nAma tiruttakka 'devara' saMbhavatayA isIlie par3A ki ve drAviDa saMgha ke aMtargata devagaNa ke the| 'zirappu pAyiram'' isameM eka aMza yaha hai, "vaNa paeNruvaMcip paoNyyAmoLippuhaLa maiyaru cItti tiruttakka munivan / " arthAt 'prakhyAta vaMcideza ( Ajakala karavUra ke nAma se mazahUra ) ke nareza paoNyyAmoli dvArA abhinaMdita aura mAnyavara tiruttakka munivan ( muni )" / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha paoNyyAmoLi 'satyavAk' kA anuvAda ho sakatA hai| itihAsa se patA calatA hai ki satyavAk nAmaka gaMganareza dasavIM zatI ke pUrva bhAga meM zAsanArUr3ha thaa| isane 'vaLLi mala' ( rajata giri ) para eka jinamaMdira khar3A kiyaa| vaMci pradeza, jo karuvUra ke nAma se prasiddha hai, cola aura cera rAjyoM ke sammilita bhAga ko kahate haiN| 'vaMci' kA dUsarA artha hai samarayAtrA ( car3hAI ) / viziSTa yuddha-kauzala ke kAraNa bhI saMbhava hai, ukta gaMganareza ko 'vaNupukaLa vaMci' ( samara yAtrA meM 1. 'ziruppu pAyiram' use padya ko kahate haiM, jo granthakAra ke gurU, sahapAThI, yogya ziSya aura nipuNa vyAkhyAkAra-inameM se kisI eka ke dvArA grantha aura granthakAra ke bAre meM racA jAtA hai, isase grantha tathA granthakAra kA paricaya saMkSipta meM mila jAtA hai /

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kAppiyam-2 167 dakSa ) kI upAdhi milI ho| ataH prastuta mahAkAvya 'jIvakacintAmaNi' ko navIM zatI kI racanA mAna sakate haiN| dasavIM zatI ke chaMdazAstra 'yApparugala. vRddhi' meM isa kAvya ke uddharaNa milate haiN| isalie ise dasavIM zatI ke pUrva kI racanA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai| ___ naccinAkkiniyara ne apanI vyAkhyA meM tiruttakka devara ke kula ke bAre meM yaha saMketa kiyA hai, ... munnIra valaMpuri ( coLakularUpI sAgara meM utpanna uttama zaMkha hai yaha kavi ) / " ataH mAlUma hotA hai ki ve coLakulabhUSaNa the| pAramparika anuzruti bhI isa bAta kA samarthana karatI hai / ariJjayan caritanAyaka jIvakan kI mAtA vijayAdevI kI mahimA meM kavivara ne likhA hai- "arzavilApa puravi sLLattu arijayan kulattuLa tonDri vazaiyilA varattin vaMdAL..." ( cintAmaNi-201.) arthAt "atyadhika azva samUha ke svAmI vIrazreSTha arijayan ke kula meM janmI aura pavitra varadAna ke rUpa meM AyI yaha vijyaadevii|" ___ arijayan coLarAjAoM kI upAdhi hai| arIn ( zatruoM ko ) jayatiiti ( harA detA hai - isa kAraNa se )- yaha 'arijaya' nAma pdd'aa| isI ko 'arindaman' bhI kahate haiM, jo vyavahAra meM thaa| 'arikulakesarI' ( zatrusamUha ke lie siMha ) bhI coloM kA upAdhinAma thaa| prathama vikhyAta colanareza ariJjayan ke eka putrI thI jisakA nAma 'ariJjakai pirATTi' thaa| itihAsa sAkSI hai ki ariJjayan ke putra colAdhIza rAjarAjan ne apane pitAjI kI smRti meM 'arijayezvaram' nAmaka bar3e maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA aura inake nAma para 'arinda (yA arija) maMgalam' nAmaka nagara bhI basAyA / inake bAda 'arijayan' nAma ke aura koI cola nareza nahIM hue| inakA samaya dasavIM zatAbdI thA / 'ariJjayan, arindaman aura arikulakesarI' nAma logoM ko athavA svayaM rAjA ko bahuta pasaMda Aye hoMge; isalie tamila nAmoM ko chor3a, usa nAma se ve prakhyAta hue| ye parAntakan (prathama) ke putra the aura AdityacoLan ( prathama ) ke pautra the| inake aura inake pUrvajoM ke zAsana kAla meM voratA, yuddhakauzala Adi kI pradhAnatA rahI hai| inake pUrvaja vijayAlaya coLan kI vIratA aura zUratA kA varNana karate hue itihAsakAroM ne kavivarNana ko sAdara uddhata kiyA, 'Apa apane vakSasthala meM 96

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168 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (chiyAnabe ) vraNacihnoM se vibhUSita haiM jo ApakI vipula vijayavaijayaMtI ke uttama dyotaka haiN|' colAdhIza arijayan ke pazcAtvartI rAjAoM ko 'uttamazIlI', 'uttaman' Adi upAdhiyAM miliiN| bAda ke rAjarAjan ke sAtha 'cakravartI', 'sArvabhauma' Adi bhAvoM ke upanAma jor3e gaye the| kintu, kavivara tiruttakka devara ne vijayAdevI ke pitA ke rUpa meM jisa 'arijayan'kI carcA kI, vaha to videhanareza' thaa| patA nahIM, videhoM aura coLoM meM kaba vaivAhika saMbaMdha sthApita huaa| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki mUla grantha ke nAma ko chor3akara tamilanADu meM supracalita nAma ko apanA liyA ho aura svayaM coLakulasaMtAna hone ke kAraNa, apane sammAnanIya pUrvaja kA nAma rakhane meM gaurava kA anubhava kiyA ho| kAvya kA uddezya aura saMketa kavi coLakula ke the, ataH unake mana meM coLa sAmrAjya kA bhAvI yA vartamAna DhA~cA sAkAra huA hogaa| apanI icchA yA kalpanA ko rUpa dene ke lie hI jaina purANAMtargata jIvakan kI kathA ko kAvya kA viSaya banA liyA gyaa| jaise vIravara jIvakan ne kaI rAjaparivAroM se sambandha sthApita kara apane ko mahAbalI banA liyA, vaise hI coLarAjAoM ko bhI rAjaparivAroM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha sthApita karanA ucita hai-isa Azaya ko kavivara ne apane kAvya meM Adi se anta taka vyakta kiyA hai| isI kA pariNAma yA prabhAva hai ki coLanarezoM ne Asa-pAsa ke pallava, Andhra Adi anya rAjakuloM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha jor3a liyA thaa| __ atyadhika kAmAsakti ke kAraNa jaise saccaMdana ( satyandhara ) ke rAjya kI aura suzAsana kI durgati huI, vaise hI apane samaya meM coloM kI sthiti bhI avanata thii| sambhavataH unako jAgRta karane ke lie hI kavi ko aise prabhAvazAlI grantha kI racanA kI antaHpreraNA huI / coLa nareza ke 'cakravartI' hone kA jo svapna kavi ne apanI racanA meM dekhA, vaha bAda meM rAjendra coLan ke samaya meM sAkAra huaa| sabase bar3I vizeSatA isa kAvya kI yaha hai ki 1. tamila meM 'viteya' diyA gayA hai / saMbhava hai, isakA asalIrUpa videza yA videha ho|

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kAppiyam-2 169 logoM ke mana meM jaina dharma ko kevala vairAgya, saMnyAsa, tapasyA Adi kA hI poSaka hone kI jo dhAraNA thI, usako badalakara 'laukika AnaMda ke hote hue bhI bhoga-upabhogoM meM nimagna hone para bhI jaina dharma ke sahAre mukti-prApti sahaja sambhava hai'-isa dhAraNA ko sthira kara diyaa| isIlie bhAvuka kavivara ne, jo svayaM sarvasAmAnya saMnyAsI sAdhu the, isa samUce kAvya ko 'vaivAhika grantha' hI banA diyaa| isa kAvya kA mukhya saMdeza ahiMsA dharma kA samarthana hai| gAyoM ko jaMgalI bhIloM se chur3A lAne ke prasaMga meM jIvakan ne sacce ahiMsaka kA paricaya diyA / yadyapi anta meM kuTila aura kra ra amAtya kaTTiyaMkAran ( kASThAMkArika ) kI hatyA hotI hai, phira bhI rAjanIti kI dRSTi se vaha zatruvadha nyAyya hI mAnA jAtA hai| kavivara ne sacce ahiMsaka sAmrAjya kA citraNa kiyA hai| zAsana rIti, prajApAlana Adi saba prakAra ke rAjakAryoM meM ahiMsA aura sneha kI hI pradhAnatA batAyI gayI hai / kavivara tiruttakka devara kI taraha Adarza sAmrAjya kA sapanA kama hI kaviyoM ne dekhA aura usakA varNana kiyA aura kisI ne kiyA ho, to bhI unake bAda hI isameM jainadharma ko garva karane kA adhikAra hai hI; phira bhI kavivara kI maulika pratibhA kA bhI lohA mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| cULAmaNi mahAkAvya 'jIvaka cintAmaNi' ke prakaraNa meM pahale batAyA gayA hai ki zravaNabeLagoLa se prApta zilAlekha meM 'cULAmaNi' ke racayitA kA nAma 'varddhamAna devara' pAyA jAtA hai| kintu tamila meM yaha nAma nahIM milatA; tamila kA rUpa hai, 'tolA moLitevara' / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha lekhaka kA dUsarA nAma ho sakatA hai| yaha bhI vivAdAspada hai ki zravaNabeLagoLa ke zilAlekha meM jisa 'cULAmaNi' grantha kA ullekha hai, vaha tamila kAvya hai yA dUsarA / ataH usake AdhAra para isa tamila kAvya kA kAlanirNaya karanA ThIka nahIM hogaa| 'cULAmaNi' ke upodghAta padya 'pAyiram' kahA gayA hai ki cendana nAmaka tamila premI nareza kI sabhA meM yaha grantha prathamataH prakAzita kiyA gyaa|' 1. kisI anya ko prathamataH sabhA meM prakAzita karane ko tamila meM 'araMgedram' (samArohaNa) kahate haiM / usa sabhA meM bar3e-bar3e samAlocaka vidvAn hoMge / unakI svIkRti evaM anumodana prApta karane ke bAda hI vaha grantha janatA dvArA samAta hotA thaa|

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170 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa rAjA cendana ke bAre meM varNana hai, 'cendanannum tUmAn timiLin kiLavan', arthAt cendana nAma rAjakulabhUSaNa aura tamila premI / 'tamila- premI' ke viziSTa vizeSaNa ke kAraNa yaha rAjA pAMDyavaMzI ho sakatA hai / yaha vizeSaNa prAyaH pAMDya rAjAoM kA hI hai aura 'cendana' nAma kevala pAMDyoM ke lie vyavahRta huA hai / sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva bhAga meM 'jayantavarman avani cULAmaNi mAravarman ' nAmaka pAMDyanareza ho gayA thA, jo prasiddha kUn pAMDayan kA pitA thA / isa aitihAsika AdhAra para kucha vidvAn mAnate haiM ki 'cULAmaNi' usa pAMDya rAjA ke nAma para racA honA cAhie / isalie usakA racanA kAla sAtavIM zatI mAnanA ucita hogA / kintu mayilenAthara Adi vyAkhyAkAroM kA mata hai ki apanI utkRSTatA ke kAraNa hI grantha kA nAma 'cULAmaNi' ( cUDAmaNi ) par3A, jo sArthaka bhI hai / isake atirikta isa kAvya ke caritanAyaka tiviTTana ( tripRSTha ) ke pitA payApati ( prajApati ) kI, anta meM 'cUlAmaNi' ( cUDAmaNi - jaise sarvavaMdya evaM sarvazreSTha ) kahakara prazaMsA kI gayI hai / kavi kA hI vAkya dekhiye, 'ulahin muDikkaoNru cULAmaNi AnAn; arthAt jagat ke sira ke lie ( vaha rAjA payApati ) vastuta: cULAmaNi ( uttama aMga kA uttama AbhUSaNa ) bana gaye ! ' isI maMgalavAkya ke sAtha kAvya samApta hotA hai / kavi ne isa kAvya meM eka sthAna para ratnapallava nagara ko bhI 'cULAmaNi'' batAyA hai aura rAjA kA nAma bhI 'cULAmaNi' likhA hai / caritanAyaka tiviTTana ke sira kI kAMti kA varNana karate samaya bhI unhoMne 'cULAmaNi' kA upayoga kiyA hai / ataH kavi kA priyatama zabda jo kAvya ke bhItara bahuza:prayukta huA hai, mahAkAvya kA bhI zIrSaka bana gayA hai / eka 'tanippADal' ( phuTakala padya meM kahA gayA hai ki vijayan kAraveTTi araiyan ' kI abhyarthanA para tolAmoLi devar ne 'cULAmaNi' kAvya kI racanA kI thI / 'kAraveTTi' zabda 'kADu veTTi' ( jaMgala kA nAza karanevAlA ) kA apabhraMza rUpa hai | yaha nAma pallavanarezoM kA upAdhisUcaka hai / usa nAma meM, 'vijayan' zabda usakA nAma na hokara, 'jItanevAle' ke artha meM prayukta huA lagatA hai / taba pUrvokta 'pAthiram' ( prAraMbhika paricAyaka padya ) meM varNita vendan ko hI usa nAma se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA ho sakatA hai, 'tamiLin kiLavan ( tamila kA premI yA abhibhAvaka ) zabda kevala pAMDaghanareza kA hI nirdezakaH

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kAppiyam-2 171 hai, aisI bAta nahIM hai / 'candan divAkaram' grantha kI racanA ke lie samucita protsAhana evaM sahayoga eka pallavanareza ne diyA thaa| usI prakAra 'cULAmaNi' ke praNayana ke hetu bhI, utpreraka evaM sahAyaka banane kA gaurava kisI pallavanareza ko ho sakatA hai| ataH saMbhava hai ki zravaNabeLagoLa se prApta zilAlekha meM jisa grantha kA ullekha hai, vaha tamila kAvya 'cULAmaNi' hI ho| pUrvokta 'tanippADala' ( phuTakala padya ) meM cULAmaNi ke kavi tolAmoLi devar ko dharmatIrtha kA zrIcaraNasevI batAyA gayA hai, isalie yaha nirNaya karanA ucita jaeNcatA hai ki sAtavIM aura navIM zatAbdiyoM ke madhya 'cULAmaNi' kI racanA huii| dasavIM zatI kI chandaracanA 'yApparuMgalavRtti' kI vyAkhyA meM 'cULAmaNi' ke padya uddhRta haiM / ataH yaha siddha hai ki dasavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI 'cULAmaNi' kA praNayana ho cukA thA tathA vaha prasiddha bhI ho gayA thaa| 'cULAmaNi' kI vizeSatAe~ ____ yaha kAvyakathA 'zrIpurANam' se lI gayI hai| AcArya guNabhadra ne saMskRta meM zrIpurANam ( uttarapurANa ) kI racanA kI hai| vaha kathA samApta huI, tamila kI uccAraNa evaM prayoga-paramparA ke anusAra nAmoM kA rUpaparivartana huA hai-kintu yaha bhI sambhava hai ki kAvyapAtroM aura sthAnoM ke nAmoM ke rUpaparivartana meM mUla nAmoM se sahArA liyA gayA ho| udAharaNArtha kAvyapAtroM ke nAma dekhie / mahArAja payApati (prajApati); mahArAnI migAvatI (mRgAvatI), rAjakumAra tiviTTan (tripRSTha), sayaMpavai (svayaMprabhA) Adi / sthAnoM ke nAma haiM-suramai suramya deza, puTapamAkaraNDam (puSpamahAkaraNDam ) puSpavATikA, Adi / kathAvastu rAjA payApati ( prajApati ) ke donoM putra tiviTTana ( tripRSTha ) aura vijayan donoM ne vidyAdhara-cakravartI azvakaMTha kI adhInatA svIkAra nahIM kii| ataeva azvakaMTha ne apane eka vIra ko yaha AjJA dekara bhUloka meM bhejA ki una rAjakumAroM kI hatyA kara do| vaha vidyAdhara vIra siMha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rAjadhAnI kI ora dahAr3atA huA aayaa| yaha bAta sunakara vIravara tiviTTan svayaM lalakAratA huA nikala aayaa| usakI saMtrAsaka mUrti dekha siMharUpI vidyAdhara bhayakaMpita ho nikaTavartI eka guphA ke aMdara ghusa gayA, jahA~ eka vAstavika siMha pahale se so rahA thA / tiviTTan vidyAdhara siMha kA

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172 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pIchA karate hue usa guphA taka calA gyaa| rAjakumAra kI garjanA suna tandrAmukta zera bAhara nikalA aura tiviTTan para prpttaa| donoM meM dhamAsAna dvandva chir3a gayA aura tiviTTana ne usa zera ke muMha ko phAr3akara mAra ddaalaa| rAjakumAra kA parAkrama dekha, dUsare vidyAdhara nareza jvalanajaTI ne apanI putrI svayaMprabhA kA usake sAtha vivAha kara diyaa| yaha jAna azvakaMTha bahuta kruddha huA aura apanI vipula senA ke sAtha tiviTTan se lar3ane AyA / donoM pakSoM meM ghamAsAna yuddha huaa| anta meM tiviTTan ke hAthoM azvakaMTha kA vadha huA / rAjya meM yuvarAja-pada para abhiSikta hone ke bAda tiviTTan 'koTi kuna' nAmaka pahAr3I ko hAtha se Upara uThA lene ke upalakSya meM 'vAsudevan' ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| usakI putrI cotimAla ( jyotimAlA ) ne apane mAmA ke putra amudasenan ( amRtasena ) ko svayaMvara meM mAlA pahanAkara pati ke rUpa meM vara liyaa| usI svayaMvara meM tiviTTan ke putra vijayan aura usake mAmA kI lar3akI-donoM kA vivAha huA / anta meM mahArAja payApati ne dIkSA grahaNa kara tapasyA kI aura karmanirjarA kara ke kaivalyapada prApta kiyaa| kAvyAnta meM kavi kahate haiM, 'kAladeva aura kAmadeva donoM para vijaya pAkara mahArAja payApati ne kaivalyajJAna ko prApta kara liyaa| unakI sAdhanAkIrti samasta dizAoM meM phaila gyii| vastutaH apane jJAna kI prabhA se ve samasta jagat ke lie samujjvala 'cULAmaNi' (cUDAmaNi) bana gye|' isa kathA ko bahuta madhura zabdoM meM kavivara tolAmoLi devara ne saMjoyA hai / rAjanaitika bAteM, zAsana ke vidhi-vidhAna, dUta-saMdeza kI rItiyAM, janatA ke tyauhAra aura vyavahAra, amAtyoM kI maMtraNA-sabhA, svayaMvara, mAyAvI yuddha Adi rocaka viSayoM kA samAveza kara isa komala kAvya kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| tamila kAvya paramparA ke anusAra aiMtiNa ( pAMca prakAra ke pradeza ) kA paricaya aura deza-nagarAdi kA varNana karane para bhI, saMskRta kAvya-paramparA kA nirvAha paryApta mAtrA meM huA hai / prasiddha zaivasaMta purANa ke racayitA labdhapratiSTha kavi zrI zekkiLAra ne 'cULAmaNi' kAvya kI zailI apane grantha ke lie apanAyI hai| viSNu ke avatAra kaNNan (kRSNa) kI kathA aura unakI upAsanA tamilanADu meM bahuta pracalita huii| janamanahAriNI vaha bhaktidhArA mukhyatayA pallavoM ke zAsana kAla meM pravAhita thii| usI samaya kaI vaiSNava kaviyoM ne kRSNa sambandhI aneka gIta tathA prabaMdha-kAvya Adi race / vaiSNavetara kavi bhI usa :

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kAppiyam-2 173 sAhitya-paramparA ke athavA usa mohaka kAvya-pravAha ke anuyAyI bane / unameM prAkRta kAvya 'cULAmaNi' ke racayitA tolAmoLi devar agragaNya dIkhate haiM / cULAmaNi kAvya kA koI mahAn uddezya yA ucca Adarza nahIM rahA / kevala, rAjA payApati ( prajApati ) ko jagadvandya tathA khyAti aura samAdara prApta 'cUDAmaNi' ke rUpa meM citrita karanA hI kavi kA mukhya uddezya rahA hai| kAvya ke anta meM yadyapi payApati kA utkarSa dikhAyA gayA hai, tathApi samUce kAvya meM unake kaniSTha putra tiviTTan ( tripRSTha ) kA caritra-citraNa hI, kAvya kI gati evaM saundarya kA paricAyaka hai| samagra kAvya se yahI bhAva utpanna hotA hai ki tiviTTana ke Age payApati kA astitva phIkA par3a jAtA hai| phira bhI, kRSNasama tiviTTan jaise mahimAvAn evaM prabhAvazAlI putra ke pitA hone kA gaurava rAjA payApati ko avazya prApta hotA hai| ___ kavi kI madhura vANI ke prabhAva se ye choTI-moTI TiyA~, jo mUla kathA ke pravAha meM A gayIM, luptaprAya ho jAtI haiN| saMskRta ke zabda, vAkyavinyAsa evaM bhAva pAye jAne para bhI, tamila kI madhurimA ke prabhAva ke Age vaha saba tirohita ho jAtA hai| 'aiMperum kAppiyaMgaL' (paMca mahAkAvyoM ) ke nAma haiM, zilappadhikAram, jIvakacintAmaNi, maNimekhale, vaLeyApati aura kunnddlkeshii| inameM zilappa. dhikAram, cintAmaNi aura vaLayApati-tInoM jaina kAvya haiM / anya donoM bauddha kAvya haiN| 'aiMciru kAppiyaMgaL' (paMca laghukAvyoM ) ke rUpa meM, cULAmaNi, nIlakezI, yazodhara kAvya, udayaNakumAra kAvya aura nAgakumAra kAvya mAne jAte haiN| inameM 'cULAmaNi' ko chor3akara anya-graMtha saphala kAvya nahIM kahe jA sakate / 'nIlakezI' ke bAre meM pahale hI varNana kiyA jA cukA hai / 'uMdayaNa kumAra kAvya' bRhatkathA nahIM hai| vaha kevala 367 padyoMvAlI racanA hai| nAgakumAra kAvya to nAmamAtra kA hai| 'aiMperumkAppiyam' kA nAmavibhAjana prasiddha tamila vidvAn mayilanAthara ke samaya meM hI ( 13-14 vIM zatI) ho cukA thaa| isI samaya 'aiMcikakAppiyam' kA bhI nAmanirdeza huA hogaa| phira bhI, 'cULAmaNi' kAvyalakSaNa evaM racanAzilpa kI dRSTi se mahAkAvyoM kI koTi meM rakhane yogya haiN| mahAkAvya ( peruMm kAppiyam ) kA lakSaNa batAte hae vidvAnoM ne likhA hai ki dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-ina cAroM puruSArthoM kA samagra varNana jisameM kiyA jAtA hai, vaha mahAkAvya hai aura unameM eka-do kI nyUnatA ho, to vaha 'cirukAppiyam' ( laghukAvya ) kI koTi meM AtA hai|

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174 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ataH isa dRSTi se bhI 'cULAmaNi' cAroM puruSArthoM kA varNana hone ke kAraNa mahAkAvya kI hI zreNI meM AtA hai| laghukAvya : yazodhara kAvya pUrvokta paJca laghu kAvyoM ( jinheM rasakAvya bhI kaha sakate haiM / ) meM yazodharakAvya bhI eka hai| isameM kula 330 padya haiM / sukarma duSkarma ke pariNAmoM ko prakaTa karanA tathA 'karma kaH svakRtamatra na bhuGkte ?' ( kona vyakti isa jagat meM apane kiye karma kA phala nahIM bhogatA ? ) kI vAstavikatA kA samarthana hI isa kAvya kI pradhAna kathA hai| kAvya kathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai : udaya deza kA nareza mAridattan caNDamArI ( caMDikA-sI balipriyA devI) ko bali dvArA prasanna karane ke lie yugala ( bhAI bhAI, bhAI bahana Adi kI jor3I ) kI khoja kara rahA thaa| saMyoga se usake karmacAriyoM kI dRSTi meM yuvA jaina sAdhu ayariSi aura usakI bahana abhayamati donoM par3a gye| becAre bhAIbahana paMcaparameSThI kA smaraNa karate hue bali hone ko sannaddha hue| unakI prasanna evaM gambhIra mukhAkRti dekha rAjA mAridattan vismayAbhibhUta huA / usane unakI usa moharahita evaM nilipta tyAga bhAvanA kA kAraNa pUchA, to yuvaka sAdhuvara ne rAjA ko jaina tattvoM se avagata kraayaa| donoM (bhAI-bahana) ne rAjA ke pUrvajanmoM kA vizad varNana kiyA / saMkSepa meM vaha.pUrvajanma kA vRttAnta isa prakAra thA-"azoka nAmaka rAjA bur3hApe ke kAraNa apane sapheda bAloM ko dekhakara sAMsArika sukha-bhoga se virakta huA aura saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyaa| usakA putra yazodharan apanI patnI amRtamati ke sAtha rAjagaddI para baitthaa| usake rAjya meM aTTapaMgan ( aSTabhaMga ) nAmaka eka hAthIvAna ( mahAvata ) thA, jisakA kaNTha svara bahuta madhura thA tathA uttama saMgItaza thaa| mahArAnI amRtamati ne eka dina use gAte hue sunA aura nikaTa jAkara dekhaa| rAnI kA mana usa mahAvata para rIjha gayA aura donoM kA saMsarga dinoMdina bar3hane lgaa| ina donoM ke pArasparika prema kA patA jaba rAjA yazodharan ko calA to vaha bahuta duHkhI huA aura virakta hokara saMnyAsa lene kA vicAra kiyaa| rAjamAtA ko isa bAta kA patA calA to usane putra yazodharan ko salAha dI ki caNDamArI devI ko bali car3hAI jAya to saba amaGgala dUra ho sakatA hai| rAjA yazodharan ahiMsApremI thA, ataH ATe kA murgA banAkara bali ke lie usako mArane kI yukti nikAla lii| kintu balikarma ke bAda vaha sattU-kukkuTa jIvita ho uThA aura do Tukar3oM ke rUpa meM hI chaTapaTAte hue karuNa kraMdana karatA rahA / isI

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kAppiyam-2 175 bIca, rAnI amRtamati ne bhojana meM viSa milAkara rAjA aura rAjamAtA ( sAsa ) donoM ko mAra ddaalaa| ve donoM kaI janmoM taka pazu ke rUpa meM bhUmi para paidA hue aura anta meM murge-murgI ke rUpa meM janme / usa samaya yazodharan kA putra yazomati zAsaka thA / eka jaina muni ne usake pUrva janmoM kA vRttAMta btaayaa| vyAkulacitta yazomati mana bahalAne ke hetu zikAra khelane vana meM gayA aura vahAM munivara ( jaina sAdhu ) sudatta ke sannidhya meM unake upadezoM se mukti prApta kii| usake eka putra aura putrI the| ve hI kramazaH yazodharan aura usakI mAtA the, jo usa yazomati ke pitA aura dAdI the|" / aba udaya deza ke nareza mAridattana ko jJAta ho gayA ki ve donoM apane pitA aura buA haiM, aura dAdA aura paradAdI bhI haiN| phira bali car3hAne kA vicAra tyAgakara, usa yuvaka sAdhu aura usakI bahana ko AdarapUrvaka mukta kiyaa| tadanantara mAridattan saMnyAsa grahaNa kara, tapasyA karake mukti kA adhikArI bnaa| mUla racanA dasavIM zatI meM yaha yazodhara kathA lokapriya huii| somadevasUri, vAdirAjasUri, puSpadanta Adi jaina kaviyoM ne usa kathA ko apanI saMskRta racanAoM kA viSaya banA liyaa| eka padya se patA calatA hai ki puSpadanta kI racI saMskRta racanA ke AdhAra para hI prastuta tamila kAvya 'yazodharakAviyam' likhA gayA thA aura usake racayitA kA nAma thA 'veNNAvaluDaiyAra veL' yadyapi inakI racanA kA srota saMskRta grantha rahA, tathApi apanI viziSTa maulikatA se kavi ne kAvya ke samasta aMgoM ko paripuSTa kiyA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra saMgIta kAmavAsanA yA Asakti kA kAraNa hai| isa dRSTi se kavi ne isa kAvya meM eka mahAvata ko gAyaka ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA aura mahArAnI ko usa para mohita batAkara yaha siddha kiyA ki saMgIta Asakti kA hetu hai| __ kAvyavarNana ke anusAra, mahAvata ne jisa rAga meM gIta gAyA thA, usakA nAma mAlavapaMcama' thaa| isa 'paNa' ( rAga ) kA ullekha kevala tIna sI varSa pUrva ke graMthoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai, usase pahale ke graMthoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha graMtha saMbhavataH vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke samaya meM racA gayA hai|

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176 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa laghukAvya : zAntipurANam aura nAradacaritai / 'purattiraTu' nAmaka phuTakala padyoM kA eka saMgrahagrantha cAra-pAMca sau varSa pUrva saMkalita kiyA gyaa| usameM 'zAntipUrANam' aura 'nAradacarita' nAmaka do jaina granthoM ke kucha padya milate haiM / jo padya 'zAnti-purANam' ke nAma se nirdiSTa haiM, unameM do merumandarapurANam' (jaina tamila purANagraMtha ) meM bhI haiN| saMbhava hai, 'merumandara purANam' ke racayitA ne pUrvavartI jainamatAnuyAyI kavi ke padoM ko Adaravaza apanI racanA meM yathAvat sthAna diyA ho| 'zAntipUrANam' graMtha navIM zatI meM kannaDa meM racA gayA, jisameM solahaveM tIrthakara zAntinAtha kA caritra hai| isI prakAra tamila meM bhI huA hogaa| 'nAradapurANam' meM eka ahiMsopAsaka nareza kI kathA hai, jo hatyA yA hiMsA kA nAma taka nahIM letA thaa| isameM saMnyAsa aura tapasyA ke prabhAva kA vizad varNana hai| zrIpurANa meM nArada aura parvata kI prasiddha kathA hai, usI ke AdhAra para yaha grantha bhI racA gayA lagatA hai / laghukAvya : merumandara purANam dhyAtavya hai ki 'nIlakezI' kAvya ke vyAkhyAkAra vAmanamuni ne 'merumandara purANam' nAmaka kAvya kI racanA kI hai / ve solahavIM zatI ke the| kAvyakathA vaijayantan aura usake do bhAI jayantana tathA sajayantan tInoM 'suyaMbhU (svayaMbhU) tIrthakara ke sadupadeza se muni bana gaye / vaijayantam tInoM lokoM ke lie suvandha 'cUDAmaNi' bana jAte haiM / unake bhAI saMjayantamuni apane ko satAne vAle eka vidyAdhara ko udAratApUrvaka kSamA kara dete haiN| unakI isa Adarza zAnta prakRti ne unheM bhI sarvavandha bnaayaa| inake bhAI jayantan vidyAdhara ke atikrama se Rddha ho utthe| usa samaya adhyApan nAmaka sAdhu ne pUrvajanmavRntAntoM se jayantan ko avagata kraayaa| vaha vRttAnta isa prakAra hai 'bhadra mitrana nAmaka vaNik (zreSThI) apanI cirasaMcita sampatti gupta rUpa se eka mantrI ke pAsa dharohara ke rUpa meM rakhakara videza gayA aura lauTane para jaba usane apane mitra mantrI se apanI dharohara kI mAMga kI, to mantrI ne Azcarya prakaTa kiyA ki tuma kyA koI nazA kara ke Aye ho| isa apratyAzita pravaM. canA se kSubdha ho bhadramitran zora macAne lgaa| usakI.uttejanA aura bAkoza kA mantrI ne lAbha uThAyA aura logoM ke samakSa yaha sAbita karanA, usake lie

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kAppiyam-2 sulabha ho gayA ki yaha vaNik pAgala hai, isIlie aisA kara rahA hai| anta meM mahArAnI ko satya kA patA cala gyaa| duSkarma kA phala samajhie ki mantrI kI akAla mRtyu ho jAtI hai aura vaha sApa ke rUpa meM paidA hotA hai / vaNika bhadramitran jainamuni ke dharmopadeza se dharmArAdhana meM zraddhApUrvaka tatpara huaa| apane putra kI isa sthiti se asaMtuSTa hokara vaNika-mAtA AtmahatyA kara letI hai, aura bAghina ke rUpa meM paidA hotI hai / vaNik apanI sahaja mRtyu ke uparAnta mahArAnI ke garbha se jnmaa| udhara mantrI kA jIva, jo ki sarpayoni meM janmA thA, usake Dasane se mahArAja kI mRtyu ho gayI aura sAMpa bhI tatkAla mara gayA jisane phira eka jAnavara ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| rAjA bhI marakara hAthI bnaa| rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM janmA vaNik bhadramitran dharmopadeza sunakara tapasyA ke prabhAva se cAraNaRSidhArI muni huaa| gaja ke rUpa meM janme rAjA ko sAMparUpI mantrI puna: Dasa letA hai| rAjA janmabaMdhana se sadA ke lie chUTa jAtA hai|...' isa prakAra eka hI vyakti ke vividha janmoM kA varNana isa purANam meM hai| ina sabako antataH svarga yA mokSa mila jAtA hai / kathArambha meM batAyA gayA vidyAdhara hI, jisane sAdhuvara saMjayanta muni ko kaSTa diyA thA, mantrI aura sAMpa ke rUpa meM janmatA rahA / apanI janma paramparA kA vRttAMta sunakara vaha durmati vidyAdhara bhI sadgati prApta karane ke lie tapasyA karane lgaa| jayantana aura unakI mAtA, donoM jo vaNik bhadramitran aura usakI mA~ ke rUpa meM janme the, bAda ko meru tathA mandaran ke nAma se rAjakumAroM ke rUpa meM avatarita hue| phira tapasyA-sAdhanA karake prabhu ke samavasaraNa meM pahuMca gye| ___ isa prakAra sukarma aura duSkarma ke phalAphaloM kI zRMkhalAbaddha pAramparika anugati ko vividha vRttAntoM ke dvArA vyakta karanA hI isa jainagraMtha 'merumaMdara purANam' kA viSaya hai| ___isa graMtha ke racayitA vAmana muni tamila aura saMskRta donoM bhASAoM ke prakANDa paMDita the| ____ isa grantha meM kula 1405 padya haiN| isa graMtha ke do padya 'zAntipurANa' ke padya ke nAma se 'purattiraTu' meM saMkalita haiN| saMbhava hai, apane pUrvavartI granthakAroM ke par3oM ko vAmanamuni ne yathAvat uddhRta kiyA hai| jaina-sAdhvI kavayitriyA~ 1. kavuntI jaina sAdhviyoM ko 'kurattihaLa' kahA jAtA hai / prAcIna abhilekhoM meM tathA vAGmaya meM bhI yahI nAma milatA hai / sAtha hI 'AriyAMganahaLa' (AryikAe~), 12

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178 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 'iyakkihaLa' (yakSiNiyA~) aura 'kavuntihaL' Adi nAma bhI pracalita haiM / 'zilappAdhikAram' kI pramukha nArI pAtra jainasAdhvI kavuntI aDihaL (sAdhvI) kA ullekha usa kAvyaprasaMga meM huA hI hai / 'jIvakacintAmaNi' meM upalabdha prasiddha padyoM ke bAre meM, usake vyAkhyAkAra naccinAkkiniyara ne likhA hai ki ye saba 'kavuntiyAra pADala', arthAt kavuntI jI ke padya haiM / nacinAvikaniyara ke samaya ke pUrva hI (I0 caudahavIM zatI ke pUrva) ye padya usa kAvya meM sthAna pA cuke hoNge| usa komala mahAkAvya ke anurUpa, usI stara para kAvyasRjana kI yogyatA usa sAdhvI kavayitrI meM thii| 2. avve sAdhviyoM tathA saMnyAsiyoM ko avvai bhI kahA jAtA thaa| 'jIvakacintA. maNi' meM isa zabda kA prayoga bAra-bAra huA hai| tamila sAhitya meM, jo 'azvaiyAra pADalahaLa' ( avvaiyAra ke padya ) ke nAma se milate haiM, ve sAdhviyoM ke race padya hone caahie| gaganacArI jaina sAdhuoM kI bhAMti, sAdhviyAM bhI dezATana karatI huI dharma kA pracAra karatI rahatI thiiN| anyanAma __ inake atirikta, aura bhI aneka sAdhvI kavayitriyAM huI hoNgii| unakA spaSTa ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai| zilAlekhoM meM, pirutivi viTaMga kuratti ( 356 / 1909), aura guNakIti bhaTArakar ( bhaTTAraka ) kI chAtrA 'kanaka vIra kurattiyAra'2 donoM kavayitriyoM ke nAma pAye jAte haiN| colAdhIza zrI madurai koNDa koTparakesari varman ke zAsanakAla meM ariSTanemI paTArar ( bhaTTAraka ) nAmaka jainamahApaMDita the| unakI eka ziSyA yI paTTiNI kuratti, jo acchI kavayitrI thiiN| strI pAThazAlA aura kUpa ke bAre meM eka zilAlekha meM ullekha 1. pRthivI viTaMka gurvI kA apabhraMza rUpa hai| tamila meM guru ko 'kuravar' kahate haiM aura usake strIvAcI zabda ke lie 'kuratti' kA abhidhAna hai| AcAryANI, upadezikA, adhyApikA, sAdhvI, viduSI bAdi arthoM meM 'kuratti' kA prayoga hotA thaa| ataH ise guru ( kuravar ) kA strIvAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu mukhyatayA sAdhvI aura saMnyAsinI ke artha meM hI 'kuratti' kA prayoga hotA hai, jisa prakAra sAdhu-saMtoM ke lie 'kuravara' (gurUjI) kA vyavahAra hotA hai| 2. S. I. I. Vol. III, No. 92. 3. S. I. I. Vol. VI, No. 56.

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kAppiyam-2 179 hai / inake atirikta zrI miLaL kuratti, ziriviza kuratti; nAlakUra kuratti, ariTTanemi kuratti, tiruppatti kuratti, kUDar kuratti, iLaneccurak kuratti, ityAdi sAdhvI kavayitriyoM ke nAma bhI jo apane-apane vAsasthAna yA janmasthAna se sambandhita haiM, zilAlekhoM meM upalabdha haiN| ye nAma sAdhAraNatayA saMnyAsiniyoM yA sAdhviyoM ke lie vyavahRta hote the / kevala jaina-sAdhviyoM ko kanti, avbai, ammai, paimmai, zAmi paeNrumATTi, AzALa , talaivi, aiyai, Adi kahA jAtA thaa| ina nAmoM ke nirdeza-sthaloM se usa samaya jaina dharma ke saphala evaM suvyavasthita pracAra kA patA calatA hai / ye sAdhviyAM gRhaNiyoM tathA anAtha va vipadagrasta striyoM meM jainadharma kA pracAra karatI thIM aura vidyA, sadAcAra, lokavyavahAra Adi kA upadeza detI thii| zravaNabeLagoLa ke zilAlekhoM meM nAgamati kaMtiyAra, zazimati kaMtiyAra, navilUra rAtrimati katiyAra, anaMtamati kaMtiyAra, zramatI kaMtiyAra, mAMgappa kaMtiyAra Adi sAdhviyoM ke nAma milate haiN| ye sAdhvI kavayitriyAM adhikatara saMskRta ke nIti granthoM kA anusaraNa karake, tamila meM choTe-bar3e laghu padyagraMthoM ko racanA karatI thIM / avvaiyAra ke nAma para jo padya pAye jAte haiM, ve prasiddha tamila kavayitrI ovaiyAra ke padyoM se bhinna ho sakate haiN| bAda meM anya matAbalambI sAdhviyoM ke lie bhI 'avvai' kA vidhAna huA hai| viziSTa prabaMdha kAvya : 'kaligatta paraNi' 'paraNi' usa prabaMdha kAvya ko kahate haiM, jisameM sahasra gajoM ko samarAMgaNa meM mAranevAle vIravara kA prabhAvakArI varNana ho / 'paraNi' kA dUsarA artha hai 'kADukiLAL' ( vana kI adhiSThAtrI devI kAlI mAtA ) / 'paraNi' (bharaNI) kAlI devI kA janma-nakSatra hone ke kAraNa, isa prabaMdha meM mukhyatayA kAlI mAM kA adhika varNana hai aura samarAMgaNa kI adhiSThAtrI devI ke rUpa meM usakA sammAna kiyA gayA hai| devI kA pradeza marubhUmi aura bIhar3a vana prAntara, usakA bhayAvaha mandira, devI ke parijana bhUta-pizAcAdi, bhUkhe pizAcoM kA ArtanAda, unameM navAgata pizAca ke dvArA deza-videza ke rAjAoM kA varNana tathA caritanAyaka vIra nareza kA prabhAva, usakI samarasajjA, samarAMgaNa meM prApya mRta dehoM kA varNana jo pizAcoM ke lie svAdiSTa padArtha mAnA jAtA hai, samara aura samarAMgaNa kA rocaka varNana, bhoja-taiyAra karane ke prakAra, susvAdu khAdya-peyAdi kA baMTavArA tathA mila-julakara pizAcoM kA bhojana karanA-ityAdi bAteM paraNi' prabaMdha meM hotI haiN|

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18. mila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa paraNi-prabaMdhakAvya ke prArambha meM ArAdhya devI ke sAtha, apane deza ke nareza kA vandanAtmaka AkhyAna kiyA jAtA hai aura kavi devatA se prArthanA karatA hai ki rAjA kA sadA maMgala ho aura vaha sarvavijayI bane / phira parAjita rAjA ke deza se baMdinI ke rUpa meM lAyI gayI nagara nAriyoM kA varNana rahatA hai| una nAriyoM ke AvAsa ko tamila meM 'beLam' harama ( harem ) kahate haiM, jisakA artha hai kamanIya sthAna / kavi granthArambha meM rAjAsakta una nAriyoM kA nakha-zikhavarNana karake, unase prArthanA karatA hai ki dvAra kholeM aura nareza kI samarayAtrA aura vijayavArtA kA varNana suneM / aisI kaI viziSTa paramparAoM tathA nItiyoM ko hama 'paraNi' prabaMdhoM se jAna lete haiN| ina 'paraNi' prabaMdhoM meM 'kaliMgattu paraNi' sabase uttama mAnA jAtA hai| colanarezoM ne jaba anya dezIya zatru narezoM para car3hAI kI aura unako parAsta kara lauTa Aye, taba 'samara kathA' ke rUpa meM yaha prabaMdha racA gyaa| saMghakAlIna kAvya meM, samara ke vIbhatsa kANDa kA varNana pizAcoM ke bhoja ke rUpa meM huA hai / pazcAtvartI kAvyoM meM yaha AMzika sthAna pAne lgaa| kintu, samara dRzya ko pUrNa prabaMdha kA rUpa kevala 'paraNi' kAvyoM meM hI milatA hai| isa prabaMdha meM bIbhatsa, raudra, vIra, bhayAnaka, adbhuta Adi rasoM ke sthAyI bhAvoM kA varNana adhika mAtrA meM huA hai| kavi ke apUrva camatkAra se asundara bhI sundara dIkhate haiM, kutsita dRzya bhI komala dRzya bana jAte haiN| pizAcoM kA varNana kavi-kalpanA kI uttama upaja hai, jo par3hate hI banatA hai / usa varga ke anurUpa iMdrajAla, mAyAvI ceSTA, aTTahAsa aura vismayakArI kRtyoM ke sajIva citraNa haiN| anya 'paraNi' prabaMdha colanarezoM kI vijayavArtAoM ko 'kaoNppattu paraNi' 'kUDala saMghamattu paraNi' 'kaliMgattu paraNi' ( kulottuga colan ke zAsanakAla meM, usake senApati karuNAkara taoNNDamAn dvArA kaliMga deza para kI gayI car3hAI kA prazastimaya prabaMdha) aura vikrama colan dvArA prApta kaliMga-vijaya kA varNana karanevAlA prabaMdha-isa taraha do 'kaliMgattu paraNi' haiM ) Adi kaI 'paraNi' prabaMdha the| unameM kevala 'kaliMgattu paraNi' hI jisake racayitA jayaMkoNDAra the, Aja taka usa paramparA kA zIrSastha prabaMdha mAnA jAtA hai| ina 'paraNi' granthoM se bahutasI aitihAsika bAteM udghATita hotI hai| 'kaliMgattu paraNi' ke racayitA . isa suprasiddha prabaMdha-kAvya ke racayitA bhI kama vikhyAta nahIM the| unakA

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185 kAppiyam-2 pUrA nAma thA dIpaMkuDi jayaMkoNDAra / 'jayaMkoNDAra' kA artha hotA hai vijaya prApta ( rAjA ), jo mukhyatayA cola rAjAoM kI upAdhi thii| cola-zAsana meM yaha prathA thI ki rAjA kI upAdhi yA prazastisaMjJA amAtya aura darabArI zreSTha (pradhAna) kavi ke nAmoM ke sAtha jor3I jAtI thii| kavivara 'jayaMkoNDAra' ko tatkAlIna kaviyoM ne 'kavicakravartI' nAma se alaMkRta kiyA hai| 'dIpaMkuDi' tatkAlIna zramaNasaMgha kA nAma thaa| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki zreSTha 'paraNi' prabaMdha (kaliMgattu paraNi) ke racayitA kavicakravartI jayaMkoNDAra zramaNasaMgha ke sAdhu the| cola-nareza kulottuMga (gyArahavIM zatAbdI) ke samakAlIna the| bhakti-gItoM kI dhArA ___tamilanADu meM pallavoM ke zAsanakAla meM bhaktidhArA adhika vyApaka aura vegavatI huI / zaivasaMtakAvya 'tevAram' aura vaiSNava saMta aLa vAroM kI amRtamayI vANI 'nAlAyira divya prabaMdham' Adi kA nirmANa tathA bahujanahitAya prasAra isI kAla meM huA thaa| isakA dUsarA pakSa bhI achUtA na rahA / sAmpradAyika kalaha, eka-dUsare ke matoM ko nIcA dikhAne kI dhuna, mayaMkara spardhA-pratispardhA aura inake pariNAmasvarUpa pratizodha Adi kA jora bhI kama nahIM thaa| sampradAya tathA dharma (mata) rAjyazAsana kI Ar3a meM apane kriyA-kANDoM para jora dene lge| phira uttejanA, unmAda, ucchRkhalatA aura uddaNDatA kI kyA kamI ho sakatI hai ? phira bhI ye dharma-kalaha pAzcAtya dezoM kI taraha ghoratama mahAyuddhoM ke rUpa meM pariNata nahIM hue| kaI dharmakaTTaroM ke madhya aise Adarza samanvaya poSaka nareza bhI hue jo bigar3I sthiti ko sudhArane kA prayAsa karate the| pallavanareza mahendrana ne svayaM zaiva hone para bhI, zramaNoM (jainoM) ko sammAnita karane meM koI kasara nahIM rakhI / jaina zilAlekhoM meM isake paryApta pramANa milate haiN| usa samaya zramaNadharma kI kaI bAteM jIvana ke AdhAra tattvoM ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho cukI thiiN| sAmudAyika utthAna ke lie ve prabala saMbala bane / ahiMsA, janasevA, bhagavAn kI upAsanA, dayAlutA, sadAcAra Adi kaI tattva na kevala jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM, balki anya matAvalambI logoM ke lie bhI anivArya jIvanasUtra bane / zaiva mahAgraMtha 'periyapurANam' meM ina bAtoM para adhika jora diyA gayA hai| suprasiddha zaivAcArya tirunAbukkarazad pahale jaina the, aura bAda meM zaiva bane / unhoMne apane ArAdhya deva ziva ko 'dayAmUlatattva' btaayaa| isa prakAra kaI bAteM jo jaina dharma kI thIM, usa kAla meM anya matoM meM samAhita ho gyiiN| kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra, isa zaiva mata ke navotthAna ko jaina dharma kA navodaya bhI kaha sakate haiN|

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182 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa yaha bhaktipravAha jaina dharma ko Age calakara eka prakAra se nAmazeSa kara cukA thA / jaina kavi racita 'yApparuMgalavRtti' (chaMdagrantha) meM kaI padya tatkAlIna zaivavaiSNava bhakti-dhArA ke dyotaka haiN| jo padya jaina matapoSaka haiM, ve bhI tatkAlIna ALa vAra aura nayanmAroM ke gItoM kI taraha sumadhura haiN| zaivAcArya tirunAvukkaraza ke kaI padya, jo unhoMne jaina hone ke samaya race the, aba bhI jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha haiN| anya jaina-grantha pallavoM ke zAsanakAla meM hI 'paraNi' ke atirikta 'ulA', 'kalambakam', 'antAdi' Adi prabaMdhagrantha prasiddha ho gaye the| 'panniru pATTiyala nAmaka lakSaNagrantha meM ukta prabaMdhoM ke vistRta lakSaNa varNita haiM / 'yApparuMgalavRtti' (jaina paMDita. racita tamila chaMdagrantha) meM uddhRta padyoM se patA calatA hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne bhI kaI prabaMdha kAvya race the| kintu kAlakavalita ho jAne se, unameM se kaI eka aba pUrNatayA nahIM milate / 'tirukkalambakam' aura 'nirunUTrantAdi' nAmaka do pustakeM aba pUrI milI haiM jo uttama jaina prabaMdha granthoM ko paricAyaka haiN| ye donoM arvAcIna grantha haiN| tirukkalambakam' ke racayitA kA nAma udIci devara hai / 'udIcI' kA artha hai uttara dishaa| tirunUntAdi' ke racayitA avirodhiyAra the| isa grantha meM 'mayilenAthara' kA varNana hai, jo neminAtha tIrtha. kara ke maMdira ke rUpa meM prasiddha thA aura Ajakala 'mayila' yA 'mayilApUra' (madrAsa zahara kA eka hissA) ke nAma se prasiddha hai| ina kaviyoM kA prAkRta, pAlI Adi apabhraMza bhASAjJAna, ukta granthoM ke dvArA prakaTa hotA hai / arvAcIna prabaMdhoM meM 'AdinAtha pillai tamiLa ' bhI eka hai / yaha vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke abhyudaya ke prabhAva se utpanna gAthA prabaMdha pratIta hotA hai / nAmoM kA spaSTIkaraNa 'kalambakam' vaha prabaMdha hai, jisameM vividha kavitAoM kA saMkalana ho| sAhityika evaM vyAvahArika paramparAoM kA anusaraNa kara ye kavitAe~ racI jAtI haiM / inakA kadamba (samAhAra) hI 'kalambakam' hai| antAdi kavitA kI taraha, isa prabaMdha kI kavitAeM haiN| pahalI kavitA kA anta, dUsarI kA prAraMbha bana jAtA hai| isI prakAra pUrA prabaMdha hI eka dUsarI kavitA se saMbaddha hokara mAlAkAra bana jAtA hai| "pillaM tamiLa' bAlaprabandha ko kahate haiN| isameM kavi apane priya devatA yA rAjA kA varNana bAhaka rUpa meM karatA hai| bAlaka kI vividha dazAoM,

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kAppiyam - 2 183 avasthitiyoM aura bolI, krIDA Adi kA vistRta evaM rocaka varNana isameM hotA hai / aise kaI jaina prabandha race gaye the, para aba nahIM milate / vijayanagara sAmrAjya vijayanagara ke sAmrAjyakAla meM sabhI dharmoM aura sampradAyoM kA samucita Adara hotA thA / yaha sAmrAjya varNAzramadharmoM kA jAgrata pAlaka-poSaka thA / isa sAmrAjya meM ye cAroM sampradAya rAjAzrita tathA AdarAspada the; 1. mAhezvara mata, 2. bauddha mata, 3. vaiSNavamata aura 4. Arhata mata ' / isa kAla meM jaina matAvalambI atIta kI apekSA adhika udAra the tathA apane vidhi-niyamoM meM pariSkAra kara liyA thA / I0 1151 ke eka zilAlekha meM ullekha hai ki 'ziva, tAdri ( totAdri ? ), aura ( sukha pradAyI jina paramAtmA ko praNAma / ... 12 tatkAlIna hindU bhI jinAlaya meM jAkara ArAdhanA Adi karane ke lie hAthoM meM 'kAppU' (rakSA sUtra ) bAMdhane lage the / jainoM ne bhI hinduoM kI aneka vidhiyA~ apanA lI thIM / itihAsa se patA calatA hai ki yaha samanvaya sthiti vijayanagara sAmrAjya kI sthApanA ke pUrva bhI rahI / isa samanvaya kA eka uttama udAharaNa milA hai / I virUpAkSa uDaiyAra aura bukkarAya ke zAsanakAla meM hinduoM aura jainoM ke madhya sthala sImA sambandhI vivAda khar3A huA / sthiti vikaTa thI / Akhira rAjAjJA se yA nAgarikoM kI abhyarthanA para donoM pakSa ke loga eka sthAna para ekatra hue aura khule mana se carcA huI / antataH vidvAnoM ne yaha nirNaya kiyA ki jaina darzana aura vaiSNava darzana meM koI vicchedaka antara nahIM hai; ataH donoM pakSavAle Apasa meM mila-julakara raha sakate haiM aura unheM rahanA hogA / usakA supariNAma yaha huA ki jinAlayoM ke dvArarakSaka aura pujArI vaiSNava niyukta kiye gaye aura cUnA potane kA kaiGkarya ( sevA ) bhI vaiSNavoM ko hI sauMpA gyaa| isa ghaTanA ko usI samaya abhilekha ke rUpa meM zilAMkita kiyA gayA / yaha prabala AjJApatra se kama na thA / isI prakAra, solahavIM zatAbdI ke zramaNoM meM bhI samanvaya kI bhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI hai / tatkAlIna jaina sAhitya aura abhilekhoM meM svamata prakhyApana 1. E. C. XI. C. K. 13, 14, 20, 2 2. E. C. XII, Tr. 9. 3. 3. E. C. II, 334. 21.

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184 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ke sAtha, AdivarAhamUrti aura zambhu ( viSNu aura ziva ) devatAoM kI bhI vandanA kI gayI hai / ' yadyapi vIrazaivoM aura jainoM meM bhISaNa saMgharSa hue the, tathApi donoM kI samanvayAtmaka sthiti bhI A gayI thI / vIrazaivoM ne yaha Ama ghoSaNA prasArita kI ki jo jaina virodhI hote haiM, ve saba zivadrohI aura 'saMgamar' ( zaivAcArya ) ke zatru mAne jAeMge 2 isI kAla meM, tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke sAtha zivaliMga mUrtiyA~ bhI rakhI aura pUjI jAne lagIM / isakA pramANa eka zilAlekha meM prApta hotA hai / 3 vijayanagara - zAsakoM kI kaI striyoM jainadharma kI anuyAyI thIM / tatkAlIna rAjAoM aura rAniyoM ne kaI jinAlaya nirmita karAye aura unake saMcAlana ke nimitta paryApta sampatti devasva ke rUpa meM rakha chodd'ii| unakI sabhAoM meM kaI jaina paNDita AsthAna vidvAnoM aura kaviyoM ke rUpa meM vidyamAna the / kRSNadeva rAya ke samaya meM, vAdi vidyAnanda nAmaka suprasiddha jainamahApaNDita evaM suvaktA the / unhIM ke samaya meM, maMDala puruSar nAmaka jainavidvavar ne 'cULAmaNinighaMTu' nAmaka bRhat tamilakoza kI racanA kI / usa nighaMTu aura usake racayitA ko tamila bhASI Aja bhI AdarapUrvaka smaraNa karate haiM / usa samaya ke kaI jainagraMtha aba taka prakAza meM nahIM Aye haiM / agara vaha sAhitya prakAza meM Aye to aneka mahattvapUrNa tathya jJAta ho sakate haiM / jaina vidvAnoM aura unakI amUlya racanAoM kA samAdara jainetara vidvAn bhI karate the aura karate haiM / vaidika mata ke vipravara naccinAvikaniyara ne jainamahAkAvya 'jIvakacintAmaNi' kI vyAkhyA likhane ke lie jainadarzana kA vidhivat sAMgopAMga adhyayana kiyA / samanvaya kI yaha paramparA Aja taka calI A rahI hai / isa yuga meM cakravarti nayinAr prasiddha jainatattvavettA vidvAn ho gaye haiM / unake pUjya pitA appAsAmi nayinAra ke pAsa hI 'tamila dAdA' sva0 DaoN0 u0 ve0 svAminAthan ayyara ne jaina tattva kA adhyayana kiyA thA / nayinAr jI kA gA~va viDUra jaina dharma kA kendra mAnA jAtA hai / 'cittAmUra maTha' tamilabhASI jainiyoM ke lie uttama vidyApITha yA jJAnapITha bana gayA / tiru0 vi0 1. E. C. VII. K. p. 47. 2. E. C. V, BL. 128. . M. A. R. 1925 p. 15.

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kAppiyam-2 185 kalyANasundara mudaliyAra-jaise vidvAnoM ne zramaNadharma kI sArvajanInatA ke bAre meM kAphI likhA hai| ___DaoN. u0 ve0 svAminAthan ayyara ne likhA hai ki eka jainadharmI sajjana kI zrImatI jI apane tattvajJAna meM parama viduSI thIM aura pAribhASika tathA sAMketika zabdoM aura vAkyoM kA bhI unako acchA jJAna thA / ayyara jI ne bhI unakI sahAyatA se paryApta tAttvika jAnakArI prApta kii| isase jJAta hotA hai ki striyAM bhI apane dharma mata kI paryApta jAnakArI rakhatI thiiN|

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gadyagraMtha, ilakkaNam, nighaMTu Adi gadyagrantha : 'zrIpurANam' tamila meM gadyagranthoM kA mahattva IsAI pAdariyoM ne hI bar3hAyA / 'tola kAppiyam' meM saMvAda yA gadyamaya kavitA kI carcA hai / 'ziragurI kathai' Adi kathAeM usI zailI meM likhI gayI thIM / kintu unheM zuddha yA gadya - sAhitya nahIM kaha sakate / " zilappadhikAram' aura peruntevanAra virarati 'bhAratam' meM bhI gadya milatA hai lekina inheM bhI pUrNatayA gadya sAhitya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bAda meM 'ilakkaNa' ( lakSaNa - vyAkaraNa, chaMdAdi ) granthoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM 'iraiyanAr ahappAruLa' Adi gadyagrantha likhe gaye / inakI zailI aura bhASA pravAha aisA hai ki inako sAhityika kaha sakate haiM, phira bhI inako pUrNa evaM saphala gadya sAhitya meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA / isI prakAra vaiSNava AcAryoM ne 'IDu', 'panIrAyirappaDa', 'mUvAyirappaDi' Adi adbhut vyAkhyAe~ vaiSNava saMta ALvAroM kI vANiyoM ( nAlAyira divyaprabandham ) ke lie racI thIM, jo saMskRta- tamila mizrita 'maNipravAla' zailI meM nirmita haiM / ye vyAkhyAe~ sAhityika dRSTi se uccakoTi kI racanAe~ haiM aura inakI bhAvagambhIratA aura prAMjala abhivyaMjanA kI sarAhanA na kevala vaiSNava apitu vaiSNavetara vidvAn bhI muktakaMTha se karate haiM / phira bhI inheM zuddha gadya sAhitya nahIM kaha sakate / purANam tamila gadya-sAhitya kA Adigrantha zrIpurANam mAnA jA sakatA hai / IsAI pAdariyoM ke prayAsa ke pUrvapracalita gadya sAhitya kA jo rUpa thA, vaha isameM milatA hai / yaha eka pramukha jaina grantha hai / navIM zatAbdI meM guNabhadrAcArya ne tresaThazalAkApuruSacarita ke rUpa meM jinasenAcArya ke mahApurANa ke antargata 'uttarapurANa' nAmaka grantha likhA thA / usI ke anusaraNa meM 'zrI purANam' likhA gayA / zrIpurANam grantha 'maNipravAla' zailI meM racita hai / jaba anya bhASApravaNa vidvAn koI grantha likhate haiM, to usameM racayitA ke bhASAntara- jJAna kA spaSTa prabhAva, usa bhASA ke zabdaprayoga dvArA par3a hI jAtA hai / jaba samaya kI mAMga, ruci, Agraha Adi utpreraka sAdhana sAtha dete haiM, to bhASAsammizraNa

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gadyagraMtha - 187 kI bAta hI kyA ? I0 pU0 tIsarI sadI ke guphAzilAlekhoM meM aisI mizrita bhASA kA rUpa milatA hai| bauddha tathA jaina vidvAnoM ne dharmapracAra ke lie Avazyaka pAribhASika zabda mUla bhASA se ( pAlI, prAkRta, saMskRta Adi se ) liye the| isa zailI kI avahelanA, tatkAlIna tirujJAnasambandhIra jaisezaivAcAryoM ne kii| para aisI kaTu AlocanA-avahelanA se Takkara lekara bhI vaha zailI panapatI rhii| perundevanAra racita 'bhAratam' kI vyAkhyA meM maNipravAla zailI dikhAI detI hai| yaha 'bhAratam' grantha toLa LArU erinda ('toLLArU' pradeza ke vijetA ) nandivarman ke samaya meM ( I0 navIM zatI ) racita ho sakatA hai / I0 988 ke zilAlekha meM yaha vAkya hai-"mANikkaMgaLiraNDinAla mAgadhairaSTAbhiruSNAMzu digvaraiH.......""pAyAt / " isa vAkya kA pahalA aMza tamila hai jisakA artha hai, 'do mANikoM se' aura bAda kA aMza to zuddha saMskRta kA hai| maNipravALam ___ yaha zailI bahupracalita ho jAne ke kAraNa gyArahavIM zatI meM praNIta vyAkaraNa-grantha yA lakSaNa-grantha 'vIra coLyim' meM maNipravAla zailI kA lakSaNa pratipAdita hai / isa grantha kI racanA vIracoLan nAmaka nareza ke nAma para AcArya buddhamitra ne kI thii| motI aura pravAla ke dAnoM se guthI mAlA kI taraha, tamila aura saMskRta ke zabdoM se banI bhASA-zailI ko maNipravAla zailI kahate haiN| malayAlama bhASA meM isa zailI kA viviSTa mahattva hai| malayAlam lakSaNagrantha 'lIlAtilakam' meM kahA gayA hai ki lAla mANika maNiyoM aura pravAloM se banI mAlA meM jisa taraha donoM dAne eka hI lAlimA meM ekAkAra ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra malayAlam aura saMskRta ke zabda bhASA-pravAha meM ekarUpa ho jAte haiN| zrI purANam ke racayitA inake nAma kA grantha meM kahIM ullekha nahIM hai| madrAsa ke nikaTavartI 'perumaNDara' meM rahanevAle eka jaina paMDita ne zravaNabeLagoLa meM jAkara mUla zrI purANa kA adhyayana kiyA, phira usakA tamila meM anuvAda kiyA-aisI ekaanuzruti calI A rahI hai| kucha vidvAn likhate haiM ki isa grantha ke racayitA 'maMDalapuruDara (puruSa)' the, jo 'cULAmaNi'nighaMTu ke bhI racayitA the| unhoMne apane nighaMTu meM likhA hai,

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188 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa "tiruntiya kamala vUrti tiruppuhaLa purANam zeydon guNabhadran tALa paNinda maMDalavan / " arthAt, 'kamala para vicaranevAle jinadeva kI mahimA ko purANa grantha ke rUpa meM racanevAle AcArya guNabhadra ke caraNoM meM zaraNa pAnevAle (praNAma karanevAle ) mNddlvn"""|' isI prakAra aura bhI do-tIna sthAnoM para AcArya guNabhadra kA ullekha hai| AcArya guNabhadra navIM zatI ke the aura unhoMne saMskRta meM 'uttarapurANam' kI racanA kI thii| guNabhadra AcArya jinasena ke ziSya the| maMDala puruSara inhIM guNabhadra ke ziSya the / kintu ye kRSNadevarAya ke samakAlIna nahIM the| nighaMTukartA guNabhadra to kRSNadevarAya ke samakAlIna the| ataH kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki maMDala puruSara ko zrI purANa ke racayitA mAnane para kaI asaMgatiyAM utpanna ho sakatI haiN| zrI veMkaTa rAyalu reDDiyAra ne apane saMskaraNa meM isa viSaya kI kaI yuktiyoM ke sAtha chAnabIna kI hai| kintu mere anuzILana ke anusAra maMDalapuruSa hI zrI purANam ke racayitA hone caahie| granthakAra ne granthArambha meM arhat bhagavAn kI vandanA karanA hI paryApta samajhA, isIlie apane guru kI vandanA nahIM kI tathA Atma-paricaya bhI nahIM diyaa| maiM paryApta vicAra-vimarza ke uparAnta isa nirNaya para pahuMcA huuN| ataH kaha sakate haiM ki yaha solahavIM zatAbdI kI kRti hai| nighaMTu grantha prasiddha nighaMTu grantha : 'divAkaram' . koza, nighaMTu Adi vastutaH bhASA ke parama upayogI khajAne hote haiM / isa kSetra meM tamila bhASA ko susamRddha banAne kA zreya mukhyatayA jaina paMDitoM ko hai| tamila ke prAcInatama graMtha ( lakSaNa grantha ) 'tolakAppiyam' kA 'uri iyala' adhyAya nighaMTu-sA lagatA hai| anumAna yaha hai ki usa samaya meM hI nighaMTuracanA kA prayAsa cala rahA thaa| kintu usakA pUrNarUpa pallavoM ke zAsanakAla meM milatA hai| upalabdha nighaMTu graMthoM meM pracInatama tathA pUrNa grantha hai 'divaakrm'| isI ko 'AdidivAkaram' bhI kahate haiM / ambara nAmaka pradeza ke zAsaka zendana ke protsAhana se race jAne ke kAraNa ise 'zendanadivAkaram' bhI kahate haiN| divAkaramuni isake racayitA haiM / yadyapi yaha grantha zivavaMdanA ke sAtha prArambha hotA hai, tathApi hai yaha jaina grantha hii| yaha nighaMTu rASTrakUSToM ke utkarSa kAla

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gadyagraMtha 189 meM likhA gayA hogA, arthAt AThavIM zatAbdI ke uttara bhAga meM 9500 zabdoM kI vyAkhyA aura paryAyavAcI zabda isameM haiN| bahu-arthabodhaka zabdoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 384 hai| dUsarA nighaMTu grantha : piMgalandai ____ 'divAkaram' ke bAda piMgalandai nighaMTu kA sthAna hai| piMgalar isake praNetA haiM / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki ye divAkara ke putra the| para prazna yaha uThatA hai ki ye divAkara nighaMTukartA the yA aura koii| bArahavIM zatI ke tamila vyAkaraNa graMtha 'nannUla' meM isa graMtha kA ullekha hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha bArahavIM zatI ke pUrva kI racanA hai| isake prathama bhAga meM 14700 zabdoM kI nirUkti Adi hai aura dasarve bhAga meM anekArthavAcI zabda 1091 haiN| pUrvokta nighaMTu 'divAkaram' se bhI yaha bRhatkAya evaM parivaddhita graMtha hai| tIsarA cUr3AmaNi nighaMTu yahI samprati bahupracalita evaM arvAcIna nighaMTu graMtha hai| isako 'nighaMTu cUDAmaNi' bhI kahate haiN| isake racayitA maNDalapuruSara the jinakI carcA Upara ho cukI hai| unhoMne vijayanagara ke prazasta zAsaka kRSNadevarAya kI khUba prazaMsA kI hai| ataH unake sabhA-paMDitoM meM ye rahe hoNge| inakA samaya solahavIM zatI kA aMtima bhAga ho sakatA hai| inake AcArya guNabhadra the ( ye navIM zatI ke guNabhadra se bhinna haiM ) / eka zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki I0 1583 meM guNabhadradeva ke ziSya vIrasenadeva ko dAna meM eka bhUmi milI / ataH ina guNabhadra ko solahavIM zatI kA mAnanA hI saMgata hai| isa nighaMTu ke antima padya meM kahA gayA hai ki granthakAra maNDalapuruSara 'vIrai' nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI the| isake prArambhika prazasti padya meM jise tamila meM 'zirappu pAyiram' kahate haiM, kahA gayA hai ki ye maNDalapuruSa AcArya guNabhadra ke ziSya the| yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki yahI maNDala puruSa zrIpurANam ke praNetA haiN| ilakkamam tamila meM 'ilakkaNam' kA artha hai lakSaNa / vaha vyAkaraNa, chanda, alaMkAra tathA rItigranthoM kA nirdeza karatA hai| lakSaNa yA rIti granthoM ke nirmANa dvArA 1. M. A. R, 1931, p. 106.112; E. C. VI, K. p. 21-24. p. 79. -

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tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa tamila ko samRddha banAne kA zreya mukhyatayA jaina paMDitoM ko hai| tamila vyAkaraNa meM prathamataH lipi, zabda aura artha tInoM kA vivecana rahatA thaa| 'iraiyanAra ahapporuLa' kI vyAkhyA ke samaya meM, 'yAppu' ( chaMda ) alaga hokara lakSaNa kI eka zAkhA bana gyaa| saMskRta ke chandazAstra kI taraha tamila chanda bhI kaI bAtoM meM apatI viziSTatA rakhate haiN| prAcIna kAla se hI lakSaNa grantha do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta the-zoLa adhikAram (zamdAdhikAra) aura poruL adhikAram (arthAdhikaraNa ) / inameM poruLiyala ilakkaNam ( arthAdhikaraNa-lakSaNa ) ke ahapporuL ( Antara pakSa ) aura purap poL ( bAhya pakSa ) ye do bhAga haiM / poL adhikAram kI gaveSaNA aura prasAra bahuta kama huA aura isa bAta kI puSTi 'iraiyanAra ahappo. ruL' kI vyAkhyA se hotI hai| 'purapporuLa' (bAhya pakSa ) kI vivecanA ke lie 'purappokaLa veNpA mAla' ko avataraNa huaa| isakA mUla srota. 'pannirU paDalam' nAmaka laghu padya saMgraha hai jisameM agastya ke bAraha ziSyoM ke eka-eka 'padya saMgRhIta haiN| pATTiyala _ 'pATTiyal' chandarIti ko kahate haiM jisameM vividha padyoM kA svarUpa lakSaNa rahatA hai| pUrvokta 'pannira paDalam' isa 'pATTiyala' (chandarIti ) kI vivecanapradhAna racanA hai| padya ke gyAraha samaMjasa lakSaNoM ke vivecana ke bAda bArahaveM aMga varNa kA vivecana usameM kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM teraha kaviyoM (paMDitoM) ke padya uddhRta kiye gaye haiM; AcArya agastya ko chor3a anya bAraha paNDitoM ke padya isameM samAhita haiN| unake nAma haiM: poyhaiyAra, pANad, indira kALiyAra, avinayanAra, kallADara, kapilara, ghendam bhUtanAra, kovara kiLAra, mAbhUtanAra, zIttalaiyAra, palakAyanAra aura peruM kuNDra ra kiLAra / isa grantha ke atirikta 'mAmUlara pATTiyal' (mAmUlara racita pATTiyala ) aura 'pATriyala' marapuDaiyAra' nAmaka do granthoM ke nAma prAcIna lakSaNagranthoM kI vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiN| inake atirikta kevala chandavivecana ke lie racita kaI granthoM ke nAma 'yApparuMgalavRtti' ( eka arvAcIna tamila chanda grantha ) meM milate haiM, jaise-saMghayAppu, ziru kAkkaip pADiniyam, perum kAkkaip pADiniyam, mAyeccurar yAppu, avinayara yAppu, nakkIrar nAlaDi nArpadu, vAy piyam, ityAdi / aNi ( alaMkAra ) grantha : iraiyanAra ahappoL' grantha kI vyAkhyA ke prakAza meM Ane ke uparAnta

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gadyagraMtha 191 alaMkAra yA aNi lakSaNadhArA kA pAMcavAM aMga bana gayA / AcArya daNDI ke, jo prasiddha AlaMkArika the, tamilanADu ke nivAsI hone se, alaMkAra grantha tamila meM anUdita huA aura 'daNDi alaMkAram' ke nAma se prasiddha huA / kintu unhIM ke samaya meM arthAlaMkAra kA prAdurbhAva aura prasAra tamilanADu meM huA, aisI bAta nahIM / unake pUrva hI tamilanADu meM divAkaram, piMgalandai Adi nighaMTu granthoM ke dvArA arthAlaMkAra kA prasAra ho cukA thA aura una granthoM meM AlaMkArika vivecana bhI kAphI ho cukA hai| isI pAramparika dhArA ko 'yApparaMgalam' Adi zabdAlaMkAra - grantha Age bar3hAte rahe / yaha dhArA pradhAnatayA aura vaijJAnika rIti se gatimAna huI sAtavIM se nauvIM zatI meM, jabaki pallavanarezoM kA zAsana unnata avasthA meM thA / ina alaMkAra granthoM meM nirdiSTa nAmoM se kucha vidvAnoM ko bhrama ho gayA ki yaha dhArA saMghakAla se hI calI AyI hogii| kintu satya to yaha hai ki kalanoM ke bAda, pallavoM ke samaya meM tamila kA utkarSa saMskRta kI samakoTi meM bar3hane lagA, to prAcInatama nAmoM kA punarvyavahAra hone lagA / isIlie usa samaya ke granthoM meM saMghakAlIna zabdoM kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA hone lagA / avinayam pallavoM ke zAsanakAla meM bahuta sAre alaMkAra granthoM kA praNayana huA / phira bhI unake upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa yaha taya karanA kaThina hai ki inameM se kitane grantha jaina vidvAnoM ke the / phira bhI yaha to nirvivAda tathya hai ki 'aNi iyal' ( alaMkAra yA rIti-zAkhA ) meM bhI jaina vidvAnoM kA paryApta sakriya sahayoga rahA hai / prAcIna alaMkAra granthoM meM eka hai 'avinayam' jisake racayitA the avinayanAr / ve jaina the / arvAcIna zabdAlaMkAra grantha 'yApparaMgal vRtti' meM ukta prAcIna grantha ke kaI padya uddharaNa ke rUpa meM Aye haiM / suprasiddha . tamila vyAkaraNa ' nannUla' ke vyAkhyAkAra mayilenAthara ne bhI apanI vyAkhyA meM spaSTa likhA hai ki sAdhu avinayanAr jaina paMDita the / 'varNoM ( akSaroM ) kA mUla kAraNa aNusamUha hai|' isa mata kA samarthana jaise AcArya pavandi ( bhavaNanandI ) ne apane 'nannUla' grantha meM kiyA thA, vaise hI AcArya avinayanAra ne bhI apane grantha meM kiyA / sambhava hai, isakA anusaraNa bAda ke jaina vidvAnoM ne kiyA ho / 'avinayam' tola kAppiyam kI taraha apane samaya kA khyAtiprApta evaM supracalita AlaMkArika grantha hai / isa grantha kI eka prAmANika vyAkhyA rAja

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192 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pavitra pallava taraiyara nAmaka vidvAna ne likhii| bAda ke vidvAn vyAkhyAtA mayilanAthara ne usa bAta kA ullekha karate hue 'avinayam' kI bar3I prazaMsA kii| 'tolakAppiyam' meM nirdiSTa lakSaNa-rIti Adi ke niyamoM se bhinna niyama 'mavinayam' meM haiN| sambhava hai ki 'avinayam' aura usake samarthaka anuyAyI granthoM ke vyApaka prabhAva ke kAraNa 'tolakAppiyam' ke niyamoM kA vyavahAra kama hone lgaa| yApparuMgalam 'avinayam' ke bAda khyAtiprApta alaMkAra grantha 'yApparuMgalam' hai| isameM tamila ke viziSTa chanda, varNa, mAtrA Adi kA vizad vivecana hai / isake racayitA the jaina sAdhu amitasAgara ( inako amudasAgara yA amRtasAgara bhI kahate haiM ) / inhoMne 'yApparuMgala kArikai' nAmaka dUsarA alaMkAra grantha bhI likhA hai, jo 'yApparugalam' kA sarala-subodha prAraMbhika rUpa hai / ye 'kaLattara' ke nivAsI the, jo madrAsa zahara ke nikaTa hai| inakI khyAti se usa sthAna kA nAma 'kArika kaLattUra' pdd'aa| isI nAma se gyArahavIM zatI kA eka zilAlekha milatA hai jo colarAjA rAjendra ke samaya kA hai| ataH 'yApparuMgala kArikai' gyArahavIM zatI ke pUrva kI kRti mAnI jA sakatI hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki isa grantha kA racanAkAla dasavIM zatI mAnanA ucita hogaa| __ 'yApparuMgalam' arvAcIna hone para bhI, apane pUrvavartI alaMkAra granthoM se adhika prazasta aura vidvajjana samAhata huaa| Aja taka tamila ke ucca zikSArthI pradhAnatayA 'yApparuMgalam' aura 'yApparuMgalavRtti' kA hI adhyayana karate haiM, aura vastutaH, prAmANika aura vizad alaMkAravivecana, viSayoM kA vargIkaraNa tathA sarala abhivyaMjanA anya granthoM meM utanI sundara nahIM hai, jitanI ina donoM granthoM meM hai| 'yApparagala kArika' ke vyAkhyAkAra guNasAgara the| grantha ke prAraMbhika padya se patA calatA hai ki yaha guNasAgara granthakartA amitasAgara ke AcArya the| para yaha vivAda kI bAta hai ki prAkRta vyAkhyAkAra guNasAgara dUsare the yA vahI AcArya / ziSya ke grantha kI uttamatA se prabhAvita hokara AcArya ko usakI vyAkhyA likhane kI icchA honA anokhI bAta nahIM hai| isako mAna bhI leM, to yApparuMgalam (jisakA dUsarA nAma 'yApparuMgalavRtti' thA) kI vyAkhyA 'yAppaiMgalavRtti urai' bhI inhIM AcArya guNasAgara kI hogii| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki

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gadyagraMpa 'vRtti urai' ke bAda hI 'kArika urai' (vyAkhyA) kI racanA huI hogI / kArika kI vyAkhyA meM 'vRtti urai' kI bAteM uddhRta kI gayI haiN| vidvAnoM kA eka mata hai ki 'vRtti urai' hI zreSTha hai| donoM vyAkhyAoM ke racayitA eka hoM yA do, ve jaina paNDita the-isameM sandeha nahIM / 'vRtti urai ( yApparuMgala vRtti kI dhyAkhyA) ke racayitA bArabAra AcArya mAyeccurar (mAyezvara) ko zivajI ke nAma ke sAtha ullikhita karate haiN| isalie kucha vidvAnoM kA mata yaha rahA ki 'vRtti urai' ke lekhaka zaiva the| para yaha nirNaya tathya se dUra par3atA hai| yaha to kevala jaina paNDita kI udAratA kA paricAyaka hai| AcArya mAyeccurar ne eka chaMdaHzAstra kI racanA kI, jo 'mAyeccurara yAppu' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| mAcArya mAyeccurar kI ziSya paramparA meM 'vRtti urai' ke racayitA guNasAgara rahe hoMge, isIlie AdarapUrvaka apane prAcArya kI carcA kara apanA AbhAra prakaTa kiyA hogaa| zabdAlaMkAra kI maulika bAtoM se avagata hone ke lie 'vRtti urai atyanta upayogI racanA hai| pallavakAlIna tamila sAhityadhArA kA paricaya prApta karane ke lie yaha vyAkhyA atyaMta sahAyaka hai| pallava narezoM kI kaI prazastiyAM isa vyAkhyA meM haiM jo chaMdoM ke lakSaNa-udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM uddhata haiN| gaNasAgara kA bahubhASAjJAna ___vyAkhyAkAra AcArya guNasAgara 'paNittiyam' nAmaka prAkRta vyAkaraNa, chaMdopizitam, guNasAMkhyam, (kannaDa chaMdagrantha), nirukta Adi ke acche jJAtA the| yApparuMgala kArika ( tamila chaMdagrantha) kI prazaMsA meM vyAkhyAkAra guNa. sAgara ne likhA hai, 'Aryam (saMskRta) rUpI mahAsAgara ko (saMskRta chaMdazAstra se tAtparya hai) tamila meM lAne kI mahAnatama sAdhanA karanevAle uttama tapasvI udAracetA amitasAgara ne 'yApparagala kArika' kI racanA kI hai|' yadyapi bhAcAryoM kI bahubhASAbhijJatA kI carcA huI hai, tathApi isakA yaha artha nahIM ki amitasAgara ne saMskRta kI bAtoM ko tamila meM haThAt ghuser3ane kI ceSTA kii| bhale hI, apanI racanAoM meM saMskRta granthoM kI racanA zailI kA anukaraNa kiyA ho, kintu 'yApparuMgala kArikai' ke dhyAnapUrvaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai ki usameM tamila ke viziSTa chaMdabhedoM kA hI vivecana huA hai| iLampUraNara amitasAgara aura guNasAgara ke pazcAtvartI lakSaNa granthakAroM se iLampUra raNar kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| tolakAppiyam' ke 'zeyyuLa, iyala' (pacha vicAra-bhAga) kA vikAsa AcArya amitasAgara ke dvArA huaa| phira bhI 13

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194 __ tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 'tolakAppiyam' se bhinna yA viruddha bAteM bhI unake grantha meM milatI haiN| kintu, isa paramparA meM AcArya iLampUraNar ne sarvaprathama 'tolakAppiyam' ke astagAmI vidhi-niyamoM kA samarthana evaM prasAra apanI suprasiddha vyAkhyA dvArA kiyA / isI kAraNa inako 'uraiyAziriyara' (vyAkhyA ke AcArya) kI gauravapUrNa upAdhi prApta huii| prArambhika prazasti meM nirdiSTa hai ki ye maNakkuDi ke nivAsI the aura inake pitA kA nAma iLampUti thaa| mayilenAthara ne inako saMnyAsI likhA hai / ye jainadharma premI the| inhIM ke mArgadarzana meM 'tolakAppiyam' kA anusaMdhAnapUrvaka vivecana huaa| AcArya iLampUraNar kA samaya gyArahavIM zatI mAnA jA sakatA hai| neminAthar tamila meM 'zolaadhikAram' ( zabdAdhikaraNa ) hI ilakkaNam (vyAkaraNa) ke nAma se pracalita hone lgaa| I0 bArahavIM zatI meM 'tolakAppiyam' ke 'zol-adhikAram' ko guNavIra paNDita ne 'veNa-pA' chaMda meM saMgRhIta kiyA aura apane usa laghu lakSaNagrantha kA nAma rakhA 'neminaathm'| isI kAraNa, granthakartA kA nAma hI neminAthar par3a gayA aura inhIM ko 'perAziriyara' (mahAcArya) kahA / 'tamila nAvalara carita' ( tamila kaviyoM kA carita ) meM isakI carcA hai aura usameM batAyA gayA hai ki AcArya neminAthara kavivara oTTakkUttara ke samakAlIna the| tamila chaMdoM aura padyoM ke viSaya meM neminAthar ne 'vaccaNandi mAla' nAmaka grantha likhA hai| usakI TippaNI se patA calatA hai ki tribhuvana deva ke samaya usa grantha kA praNayana huaa| bArahavIM zatI ke uttara bhAga meM zAsana karanevAle cola rAjA kulottuMga ( tRtIya ) hI tribhuvanadeva haiM / guNavIra paNDita ( neminAtha ) ke AcArya kA nAma thA vaccaNaMdI ( vajranaMdI) aura neminAthar ne granthArambha meM arhat bhagavAn kI vaMdanA kI hai| ataH AcArya neminAthara ko jaina mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai| 'paccaNaMdimAla' kA mUlagrantha 'indirakAlIyam' likhA gayA hai| sambhava hai ki yaha bhI kisI jaina paMDita kI racanA ho| __ aDiyAkku nallAra tamila mahAkAvya "zilappadhikAram' ke vyAkhyAkAra hone kA gaurava paMDitavar aDiyAoM nallAra ko prApta huA hai| inakI vyAkhyA ke pUrva 'arUmpada urai' ( viziSTa yA kaThina zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ) nAmaka eka TippaNa pracalita thA, jo upalabdha hai / kakuveLa vijayamaMgala ke nikaTavartI 'nimpai' nAmaka sthAna meM inakA janma huaa| poppaNNa gAMgeya inake abhibhAvaka the, jo rAjA yA sAmanta the| rAmAnujAcArya ke prabhAva se vaiSNava bane bhojaLa viSNuvardhana

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gadyagraMtha 195 - mahArAja ke maMtrI aura senApati the podapaNNa gAMgeya, jo svayaM jainadharmAvalambI the / inakA samaya I0 bArahavIM zatAbdI thA / AcArya aDiyAku~ nallAra ke mata yA sampradAya ke bAre meM aba bhI kisI nirNaya para 'pahu~canA kaThina hai / ata: unako jaina dharma premI yA jainadarzana ke jJAtA kahanA mAtra paryApta hogA / nannUla nannUla tamila kA bahuta upayogI tathA upAdeya vyAkaraNa grantha hai / kulotuMga-tRtIya ke samayavartI jIyagaMgam nAmaka gaMganareza kI abhyarthanA para janakApura nivAsI' AcArya bhavaNaMdI ( bhavaNanaMdI ) ne 'nannUl' ( uttama aura subodha grantha ) kI racanA kI thI / upalabdha ' nannUl' grantha meM 'eLa ttilakkaNam' ( varNa lakSaNa ) aura 'zollilakkaNam' ( zabdalakSaNa ) - ye do bhAga hI haiM / kintu grantha ke 'zirappu pAthiram ' ( prAraMbhika paricayAtmaka padya ) se yaha anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai ki isameM varNa, zabda, artha, chaMda aura alaMkAra - ina pA~ca aMgoM kA vizada vivecana huA hogA / samakAlIna aura paravartI vidvAnoM ne isa upAdeya grantha kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai / Agattiyam ( agastya vyAkaraNa ) aura avinayam ( AcArya avinayakRta lakSaNagranya ) ke sAtha aura vizeSakara tolakAppiyam kA anusaraNa karake yaha grantha racA gayA hai / isa graMtha meM viSaya-vivecana bahuta hI suMdara tathA komala zailI meM huA haiM / jainapaMDita malinAyara ne isa grantha kI vyAkhyA likhI hai / zivajJAna muni ne 'vRtti urai' nAmaka nayI vyAkhyA upasthita kI / nambi ahapporuLa tamila meM vyAkaraNa ke pA~coM aMgoM (varNa, zabda, artha, chanda aura alaMkAra ) para alaga-alaga racanAeM likhI gyiiN| isI prakAra 'poL ArAyacci' (bhAva yA arthakA anusandhAna) ko bhI 'aTTapporuLa' (antara pakSa ) aura 'purapporuLa' ( bAhya pakSa) ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA / 'purapporuLa' meM jIvana ke bAhya pakSa ( AcAra-vicAra, vyavahAra Adi) kA anuzIlana kiyA gayA jisakA ekamAtra prAmANika graMtha hai ' purapporuLa veN pA-mAle' | usakA mUlasrota tolakAppiyam thA, ataH usake viSayoM kA anukaraNa tathA vizleSaNa ukta graMtha meM bahuta sundara DhaMga se huA hai, vaha bhI usa 'veN-pA mAle' graMtha ko vyAkhyA dvArA hI / ! ahapporuLa' (jIvana kA Antara pakSa ) kA vizleSaNa iraiyanAr kRta grantha 1. janakApuram ko kucha anusaMdhAnakartAoM ne 'jananAtha puram' sAbita kiyA hai, jo koyampattUra jile meM hai /

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196 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ( iraiyanAr ahapporuL) dvArA huA, jo zaiva saMta sAhitya tevAram ke pUrva racita thaa| phira bhI usakA anusaraNa kara kucha eka graMtha race gaye hoMge, jo upalabdha nahIM haiM / usa paramparA meM arvAcIna hone para bhI, pUrva graMthoM kI apekSA atyanta upAdeya tathA subodha racanA hai 'nambi ahapporuL' jo Aja taka bahujana samAhata hai, isake racayitA the 'nAr kavirAja nambi' / inhoMne 'tolakAppiyam' ke 'ahapporuL ilakkaNam' ( Antara - pakSa kA lakSaNa ) aura anya prasiddha kAvyagraMthoM kA pUrNa adhyayana kara, vaijJAnika DhaMga se apane anusandhAnapUrNa niSkarSa nikAle, jinakA samAveza 'nambi ahapporuL' meM huA / graMthakartA nAr kavirAja nambi ke pitA 'muttamiLa, AzAn' the, jisakA artha hai ki 'iyal' (sAhitya) 'iza (saMgIta) aura 'nATakam' (nATaka) ina tInoM zAkhAoM meM niSNAta / (tamila meM 'suttamila' kA artha hai tamila kI tIna zAkhAyeM, jo 'iyala', 'ize' mora 'nATakam' ke nAma se prasiddha haiM) aura unakA nAma 'puliyaMguDi uyyavandAra thA / unakI prazasti meM gAyA gayA hai, 'iru perum kalaikkum oru peham kurizil' (arthAt do mahAn kalAoM ke saMskRta aura tamila sAhitya ke ekamAtra uttama jJAtA, mAnyavara paMDita ) / inake putra nAr kavirAja nambi jo prastuta 'namba ahappoLU' grantha ke racayitA haiM, jaina the| isa bAta kA samarthana unakI Izvara - vandanA se hotA hai / usa graMtha kI eka prAcIna vyAkhyA se patA calatA hai ki yaha nambi kulazekhara pANDyan ke samakAlIna the / yaha pANDya nareza caDaiyavarman kulazekharan- prathama thA / usakA zAsanakAla bArahavIM zatI thA / 'nambi ahapporULa' ke AdhAra para, usake lakSyagraMtha ke rUpa meM kavivara poTayA moli pulavara ne 'taMjaivANan kovai' nAmaka eka prabandha kAvya racA thaa| 'bANa' jAti ke loga terahavIM zatI meM pANDya deza meM jAkara basane lage / isa bAta kI puSTi kaI zilAlekhoM dvArA huI hai / terahavIM zatI meM, pANDya nareza ke senApati jaivANan ne cerarAjA para car3hAI kara vijaya prApta kI / usI vIravara kI stutigAthA ke upalakSya meM 'taMjaivANan kovai' kA praNayana huA / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki terahavIM zatIM meM 'nambi ahapporuL' (lakSaNagrantha) kAphI prasiddha ho cukA thA aura usakA prabhAva vidvAnoM kI maMDalI ko AkRSTa kara cukA thaa| naccinAvikaniyar vyAkhyAkAroM meM 'naccinAvakuM iniyar' kA nAma bar3e Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai / ye vaidika brAhmaNa the / inakA samaya terahavIM zatI ke bAda hI honA caahie| inakA janmasthAna madurai thA, jo pANDya rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thI / tolakAppiyam, jIvaka cintAmaNi, kalittokai, kurun tokai Adi prAcIna graMthoM

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gadyagraMtha 197 kI vidvattApUrNa vyAkhyAeM naccinAo iniyara ne likhI haiM / yaha kahanA atyukti na hogI ki zodhapUrNa vyAkhyAoM ke kAraNa hI ve sAhitya-premiyoM ke Adara prApta yazasvI hue| eka anuzruti batAtI hai ki AcArya naccinAka' iniyara ne 'jIvakacintAmaNi' kI vyAkhyA racane ke hetu, jaina dharma meM dIkSita hokara, jainadarzana kA -sAMgopAMga adhyayana kiyA aura usameM pUrNa adhikAra prApta kara lene ke bAda hI ukta mahAkAvya kI vyAkhyA likhii| usake bAda ve svamata meM lauTa gaye hoNge| __ inakI vyAkhyAoM ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki inhoMne pahale 'tolakAppiyam' ke kucha aMzoM kI vyAkhyA likhI aura usake bAda meM 'jIvaka-cintAmaNi' kI vyAkhyA likhii| 'cintAmaNi' kI vyAkhyA meM 'tolakAppiyam'-vyAkhyA viSayoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, bAda meM likhita 'tolakAppiyam' kI vyAkhyA meM, jo anya aMzoM para likhI gayI thI, 'cintAmaNi'vyAkhyA ke viSaya ullikhita haiM / inako sampUrNatayA jaina na kaheM to bhI jainadharma premI aura jaina tattvavettA to avazya kaha sakate haiN| anya (aprApya ) jainagrantha tamila meM gaNita aura jyotiSa ke kaI uttama grantha race gaye the, jinakI carcA vyAkhyAoM meM milatI hai| una granthoM ko, mAlUma hotA hai, jaina paNDitoM ne hI pradhAnatayA prakAza meM lAne kA prayatna kiyaa| sambhava hai ki unameM adhikAMza grantha jainAcAryoM dvArA racita hoN| Ajakala 'kaNakkadhikAram' jaise katipaya grantha prApta hue haiM / jyotiSa viSayaka granthoM meM 'jinendra mAle' jainoM ke jyotiSa tathA khagola jJAna kA paricAyaka hai / yaha grantha 'veN-pA' chanda meM racita hai| bhASA subodhasundara hone ke sAtha, chanda-niyamoM se askhalita bhI hai| aise hI kaI uttama grantha usa samaya likhe gye| jaina paNDita maNDala puruSa ne apane AcArya guNabhadra kI paricayAtmaka prazasti meM likhA hai ki ve jyotiSazAstra meM pAraMgata the| isa prakAra, jainAcAryoM ne na kevala sAhitya kI, tathA anya vijJAna, zAstra Adi kI zAkhAoM ko bhI apanI AdhikArika vidvattA, nisvArtha sevA bhAvanA evaM athaka sAdhanA dvArA susamRddha kiyA hai| upasaMhAra yaha sarvamAnya satya hai ki jainoM ne jIvana tathA sAhitya ke, AcAra tathA vicAra ke, adhyAtma tathA bhautikatA ke-aura na jAne aise kitane hI kSetroM ko apanI dharma bhAvanA aura sAdhanA dvArA samRddha kiyA hai| tamila bhASA ko lokapriya banAkara, usakA pracAra paNDita se lekara sAmAnyajanoM taka karane kA zreya jainoM ko kama nahIM hai / usa samaya, jainoM ne 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kA Adarza

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198 tamila jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa apane AcaraNa se sthApita kiyaa| adhikAMza uttama lakSaNa grantha to jainAcAryoM kI hI dena haiM / yadyapi, 'tolakAppiyam' ko jainagrantha nahIM kaha sakate, phira bhI jaina vicAradhArA ke prabhAva-kAla meM hI usakA avataraNa huA thaa| jainAcAryoM dvArA mAnya niyamoM kA nirvAha tathA lakSaNa 'tolakAppiyam' meM spaSTa dikhAI dete haiN| - iraiyanAra ahappohaL, purapporuLa veNa pAmAla, vIra coLiyama, ilakkaNa viLakkam, tonnUla, prayoga vivekam Adi lakSaNa granthoM ko chor3a, anya samasta vikhyAta grantha jainAcAryoM dvArA hI racita the| aura upayukta grantha bhI jainoM ke granthoM se bahuta prabhAvita haiM, aura unhIM ke anusaraNa meM race gaye haiN| tamila ke viziSTa chandoM ko sArvajanIna banAne kA ekamAtra zreya 'yApparuMgalam' ke racayitA svanAmadhanya amita sAgara ko hI hai| isI prakAra tamila ke vyAkaraNa ko kAvya kI taraha par3hane-samajhane yogya banAne kA zreya 'nannUla' ke racayitA vidvadar bhavaNaMdi (bhavaNanaMdI) ko hI hai|| nighaMTu granthoM kI buniyAda jainAcAryoM ne hI rkhii| paJca mahAkAvyoM aura laghu kAvyoM meM adhikAMza to jainoM ke hI haiN| kambara-jaise diggaja paNDitoM ke preraNA-srota the jIvakacintAmaNi jaise jainakAvya / tamila kA Adima gadya grantha hone kA gaurava jaina paNDita kRta zrIpurANam ko hI hai, jo jainapurANa ke rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| nIti tathA dharmagrantha jitane jainoM ne prastuta kiye, utane anya dharmAvalambiyoM dvArA nahIM hue| isa prakAra pratyeka kSetra meM apanI jJAna vibhUtiyoM ke mUrta upahAra samarpita karanevAle nisvArtha sevI jainAcAryoM ko tamila janatA aharniza AdarapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA karatI hai, aura bhaviSya meM bhI karatI rhegii| hamArA dAyitva yaha saba kucha hone para bhI du:khada bAta to yaha hai ki 'lokAH samastAsukhino bhavantu' kI vizAla bhAvanA se prerita hokara jainAcAryoM ne jitane upayogI grantha bahujana hitAya evaM bahujana sukhAya tamila vANI dvArA samarpita kiye the, ve saba kyA kevala tamila bhASiyoM kI gupta nidhi rahegI ? tamiletara bhASI kyA unake jJAnalAbha se sadA vaMcita hI raheMge ? vizvamAnava kI bAta to dUra, kama se kama bhAratavAsI to, jo tamila rAjya se bAhara rahate haiM, una bahumUlya jainagranthoM kA rasAsvAdana avazya kara sakate haiM; yaha unakA kartavya bhI hai| bhArata meM phaile hue jainoM kA yaha prathama kartavya honA cAhie ki ve una tamila jainagranthoM ko apanI-apanI prAntIya bhASA meM tathA rAjabhASA hindI meM bhI prakAza meM lAveM aura aMgrejI dvArA unako vizvavyApI banAne kA satprayAsa kiyA jaae| yaha eka mahAnatama puNyakarma yA jJAnayajJa hogaa|

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marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa

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prAstAvika mahArASTra pradeza, jisakI janabhASA marAThI kahalAtI hai, se jainadharma kA sambandha purAtana hai / isa pradeza ke gajapaMtha parvata ko sAta balabhadroM kA nirvANasthAna mAnA gayA hai, tuMgI parvata ko rAma tathA kuMthugiri parvata ko kulabhUSaNadezabhUSaNa kA muktisthAna mAnA gayA hai / 1 prabhAvakacarita kI kathAoM ke anusAra vajrasena, kAlaka, pAdalipta, siddhasena Adi AcAryoM ne mahArASTra meM vihAra kiyA thA / nayanandi ke sakala - vidhividhAna kAvya ke anusAra AcArya vIrasena, jinasena, mahAkavi dhanaMjaya, va mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva kA nivAsasthAna vATagrAma vahADa (vidarbha) deza meM thA jo mahArASTra ke pUrvI bhAga (vizeSata: amarAvatI, akolA, yavatamAla aura bulaDANA jiloM) kA pracalita nAma hai / 3 dhArAziva (usmAnAbAda), aMkAI ( manamADa ke pAsa), aMjanerI (nAsika ke pAsa), elorA Adi ke guhAmandiroM se tathA kolhApura, paiThana, zirapura Adi ke - mandiroM se isa pradeza meM jaina samAja kI samRddha avasthA kA patA calatA hai / 1. mahArASTra ke itihAsa kA prArambha IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM sAtavAhana rAjavaMza se hotA hai / taba mahArASTrI prAkRta isa pradeza kI janabhASA aura rAjabhASA thI / kAlAntara meM isa bhASA kA jo parivartita rUpa loka vyavahAra meM rUr3ha huA use apabhraMza bhASA kahA jAtA hai / sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM praur3ha sAhitya ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM pratiSThita isa apabhraMza se hI marAThI, gujarAtI, hindI Adi bhASAe~ vikasita huI / isalie kucha vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza racanAoM ko prAcIna hindI kahA hai to kucha ne unheM rASTrakUTakAlIna marAThI bhI kahA hai / * 1. tIrthaM kandanasaMgraha (jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, 1965), pRSTha 130, 137 tathA 147 / 2. prabhAvakacarita ( nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1909), pRSTha 12, 44, 67, 102 / 3. jaina grantha prazasti saMgraha, bhAga 2, (vIrasevA mandira, dillI, 1963), pRSTha 27 / 4. dekheM, sahyAdri mAsika (pUnA, apraila, 1941 ) meM prakAzita DA0 tagAre kA lekha / na

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202 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa AThavIM zatAbdI meM apabhraMza se pRthak marAThI kA svatantra vikAsa hone lagA thaa| isakA saMketa jaina graMtha kuvalayamAlA (san 778) meM milatA hai|' prAcInatama marAThI zilAlekhoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa zilAlekha zravaNabelagola meM dasavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita gommaTezvara mahAmUrti ke caraNoM ke pAsa hai| karNATaka ke mahAkavi pampa ke vikramArjuna-vijaya (san 932) tathA janna ke anantanAthapurANa (san 1210) meM kucha marAThI vAkyoM kA prayoga milatA hai evaM gujarAta ke mahAkavi yazazcandra ke rAjImatIprabodha (san 1128) tathA nayacandra kI rambhAmaMjarI (caudahavIM zatAbdI) meM bhI kucha marAThI paMktiyAM haiN| dasavIM zatAbdI ke zrIpati kI jyotiSaratnamAlA athavA bArahavIM zatAbdI ke mukundarAja kA vivekasindhu marAThI sAhitya kA Adyagrantha mAnA jAtA hai / terahavIM zatAbdI meM jJAnezvara aura cakradhara dvArA tathA caudahavIM zatAbdI meM inake ziSyoM dvArA marAThI meM vipula sAhitya-racanA huii| durbhAgya se ina pAMca zatAbdiyoM meM kisI jaina lekhaka dvArA marAThI meM likhA huA koI grantha aba taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai| isa avadhi ke kaI jaina zilAlekha kolhApura akkalakoTa, aMjanerI, pAtUra, vajIrakheDa Adi sthAnoM meM mile haiM, kintu ve saMskRta yA kannaDa meM haiM / " marAThI jaina sAhitya pandrahavIM sadI se upalabdha hotA hai| isake pUrva ke grantha yA to abhI prakAza meM nahIM A pAye haiM yA likhe hI nahIM gaye the| 1. kuvalayamAlA (siMghI granthamAlA, bambaI, 1959) pRSTha 152, yahA~ aThAraha dezI bhASAoM kA upayoga karanevAle vyApAriyoM kA eka-eka gAthA meM varNana hai, jisameM eka marahaTTa bhI hai| 2. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 1 ( mANikacandra granthamAlA, bambaI, 1928) pRSTha 157 / 3. prAcIna marAThI jaina sAhitya (suvicAra prakAzana maMDala, nAgapura, pUnA, 1968) pRSTha 10 / (Age isa anya ke sandarbha prA0 ma0 isa saMketa se sUcita 4. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 (mANikacandra granthamAlA, bambaI, 1952) pRSTha 85, 482, bhAga 3 (1957) pRSTha 39, 53, 335; bhAga 4 (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1965) pRSTha 86, 113, 135, 162, 166, 209 /

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prAstAvika marAThI jaina sAhitya kA adhyayana vartamAna zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM lagabhaga 20 purAnI marAThI jaina racanAe~ mudrita huI thIM, kintu marAThI sAhitya ke itihAsakAroM kA dhyAna inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM huaa| prasiddha itihAsa grantha mahArASTra sArasvata (1924) meM zrI vinAyakarAva bhAve ne 'marAThI meM jaina mata kA vistRta anuvAda huA hogA' aisI saMbhAvanA prakaTa kI hai ( caturtha saMskaraNa pRSTha 232 ), kintu kAmarAjakRta sudarzanacaritra ke nAmamAtra ullekha ( pRSTha 58 ) ke atirikta anya kucha bhI vivaraNa unheM prApta nahIM huA thaa| bambaI ke mAsika vividhajJAnavistAra ( maI 1924 ) meM zrI zeSarAva pArisavADa ne taMjaura ke tIna hastalikhita graMthoM-guNadAsakRta zveNikacaritra, mahIcandrakRta AdipurANa tathA devendrakIrtikRta kAlikApurANa kA paricaya diyA, kintu unheM yaha jJAta nahIM thA ki AdipurANa aura kAlikApurANa chapa cuke haiN| AdipurANa ke kartA kA nAma unhoMne brahmajinadAsa samajha liyA thaa| san 1946 meM TIkamagar3ha se prakAzita premI abhinandana grantha meM zrI rAvajI nemacanda zahA ne apane eka lekha meM marAThI jaina sAhitya kA vivaraNa diyA hai| isameM purAne sAhityikoM meM kevala kavIndrasevaka aura mahatisAgara kA ullekha mAtra hai, zeSa saba vivaraNa Adhunika marAThI lekhakoM ke viSaya meM hai| purAne marAThI jaina sAhitya kA prathama vistRta vivaraNa hamane sanmati mAsika (bAhubalI, ji. kolhApura, navambara 1955 ) tathA mahArASTra sAhitya patrikA traimAsika,. pUnA ( janavarI-pharavarI-mArca 1956 ) meM prakAzita do lekhoM meM diyA thaa| inameM 12 kaviyoM kA vivaraNa thaa| agale kucha varSoM meM prakAzita pustakoM aura lekhoM se jJAta kaviyoM kI saMkhyA 20 ho gii| san 1961 meM kalakattA se prakAzita bhikSu smRti grantha meM prA0 zAMtikumAra killedAra ne apane lekha meM 32 kaviyoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai / tadanaMtara prA0 subhASacandra akkole ne isI viSaya para pI-eca. DI. upAdhi ke lie prabandha likhA jo pUnA vizvavidyAlaya dvArA san 1964 meM svIkRta huA tathA suvicAra prakAzana maMDala, nAgapura-pUnA dvArA san 1968 meM prakAzita huaa| isameM 54 kaviyoM kI racanAoM kA vivecana huA hai| prastuta prakaraNa meM hamane ukta prabandha ke prakAzana ke bAda jJAta hue ATha kaviyoM kA paricaya bhI zAmila kiyA hai tathA pUrvajJAta kaviyoM kI kucha naI racanAoM kA paricaya bhI diyA hai|

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2 . 4 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa marAThI jaina sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa upalabdha marAThI jaina sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa cAra vibhAgoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama varga meM san 1450 se 1550 taka ke pAMca-cha: kavi Ate haiM / ye gujarAtI paMDitoM ke ziSya the tathA inakI racanAoM ke lie gujarAtI grantha AdhArabhUta the| dUsare varga meM san 1550 se 1850 taka ke lagabhaga 50 kavi Ate haiN| kAraMjA, lAtUra aura auraMgAbAda ke bhaTTArakoM tathA unake ziSyoM kA inameM pramukha sthAna hai| inakI racanAe~ gujarAtI, saMskRta aura kvacita kannaDa granthoM para AdhArita haiN| tIsare varga meM kolhApura ke bhaTTAraka aura unake ziSya Ate haiN| inhoMne saMskRta aura kannaDa granthoM kA AdhAra lekara 19vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAdhaM meM sAhitya-racanA kI hai| cauthA varga Adhunika-san 1850 ke bAda ke lekhakoM kA hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, kannaDa va hindI sAhitya ke anuvAda ke atirikta Adhunika lekhakoM ne kathA, kavitA, nATaka, nibandha, itihAsa Adi vividha viSayoM para vipula lekhana kiyA hai| mudrita marAThI jaina pustakoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 400 hai| isake atirikta samaya-samaya 'para prakAzita caudaha patrikAoM meM bhI kAphI upayogI sAhitya kA prakAzana huA hai| prastuta vivecana ke adhyAya 2 meM hama purAne marAThI jaina sAhitya ke tIna vargoM ke sabhI lekhakoM kA samayakrama se saMkSipta paricaya de rahe haiM tathA adhyAya 3 meM cauthe varga ke Adhunika lekhakoM meM se kucha pramukha vyaktiyoM ko kRtiyoM kA paricaya de rahe haiN| prArambhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya isameM san 1450 se 1850 taka ke cAra sau varSoM meM hue 62 kaviyoM kI lagabhaga 200 choTI-bar3I racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| inameM padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa tathA kAlikApurANa ye 3 bar3e purANa haiN| 20 kAvyoM meM zreNika, yazodhara, jambUsvAmI, sudarzana, bhaviSyadatta Adi kI kathAe haiN| samyaktvakaumudI, dharmaparIkSA, puNyAsava, ArAdhanAkathAkoza Adi 7 grantha kathA saMgrahAtmaka haiN| ananta, Aditya, sugandhadazamI Adi vratoM kI 26 kathAeM haiM / AdinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha Adi kI kathAoM para AdhArita gItoM kI saMkhyA 30 hai tathA vibhinna upadezAtmaka gItoM kI saMkhyA bhI 30 hai tathA upadezAtmaka padoM meM kavIndrasevaka ke 545 tathA mahatisAgara ke 200 abhaMga va pada ullekhanIya haiN| samakAlIna dharmAcAryoM kA prazaMsAtmaka varNana 12 gItoM meM

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prAstAvika 205 tathA vibhinna tIrthakSetroM kA varNana 10 gItoM meM hai| pUjA-pAThoM kI saMkhyA 4, stutiyoM kI saMkhyA 16 tathA bhAratiyoM kI saMkhyA 40 hai| gambhIra viSayoM ke 10 grantha haiM jinameM tattvavicAraviSayaka 5 tathA zrAvakAcAraviSayaka 5 grantha haiN| yahAM varNita kaviyoM meM lagabhaga Adhe bhaTTAraka yA unake ziSya-sAdhu yA brahmacArI the, zeSa gRhastha the / prAyaH saba kaviyoM ne apane guru kA Adarasahita ullekha kiyA hai| isase jahAM unakI gurubhakti prakaTa hotI hai, vahIM unake samaya nirNaya meM bhI sahAyatA milatI hai / dharmAcAryoM ke ina samakAlIna prazaMsAtmaka varNanoM se mahArASTra ke dhArmika itihAsa kI jAnakArI milane meM bahuta sahAyatA huI hai| guNakIrti, megharAja Adi 15 kaviyoM ne marAThI ke atirikta gujarAtI, hindI aura saMskRta bhASAoM meM bhI sAhitya-racanA kI hai| kaI lekhakoM ne apane AdhArabhUta granthoM ke spaSTa ullekha kiye haiN| lagabhaga 20 racanAoM meM gujarAtI ke, 10 racanAoM meM saMskRta ke tathA 5 meM kannar3a ke graMthoM kA AdhAra ke rUpa meM upayoga huA hai| gItoM kI racanA prAyaH svatantra rUpa se huI hai aura marAThI ke sahaja-sundara rUpa kI abhivyakti inhIM meM uttama rUpa se huI hai| sAhityika dRSTi se padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa tathA zreNika, jamba.. svAmI, sudarzana, yazodhara Adi ke carita-kAvya paThanIya haiM / vizeSataH guNadAsa aura janArdana ke zreNikacaritra kAvya guNoM se paripUrNa haiM / bhaktibhAva kA prakaTIkaraNa pUjA, AratI aura stutiyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se huA hai| ye racanAe~ gAyana kI dRSTi se vizeSa upayukta haiM / laya aura tAla ke anurUpa inakI zabda racanA yogya vAdyoM kI saMgati meM anUThe Ananda kI sRSTi karatI hai| Adhunika marAThI jaina sAhitya san 1850 ke bAda aMgrejI zikSA paddhati aura mudraNa-vyavasAya tathA DAka vyavasthA ke prasAra se sabhI bhAratIya sAhityika kAryoM meM vyApaka parivartana huaa| marAThI bhASI jaina samAja meM isa navayuga kA sUtrapAta seTha hirAcanda nemacanda dozI dvArA san 1884 meM sthApita mAsika jainabodhaka se huaa| taba se aba taka lagabhaga cAra sau pustakeM prakAzita huI haiM / viSayoM kI vividhatA, lekhakoM tathA pAThakoM meM vibhinna vargoM ke vyaktiyoM kA samAveza, gadya kI pradhAnatA tathA bhASA kI saralatA ye Adhunika sAhitya meM pAI jAne vAlI pramukha vizeSatAeM haiM / prakAzita pustakoM meM lagabhaga AdhI prAcIna saMskRta-prAkRta graMthoM ke anuvAdoM

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206 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ke rUpa meM haiM / sarala kathAoM kI 30 pustakeM haiM / prAya: itanI hI pustakeM kAvya saMgrahAtmaka haiM | zrAvakoM kI nitya naimittika vidhiyoM kA varNana dasa pustakoM meM hai tathA itanI hI pustakeM pUjApATha kI haiM / itihAsa aura tIrtha varNanAtmaka viSayoM para 30 pustakeM haiM tathA sarala rUpa meM dharma tattvoM kA varNana lagabhaga dasa pustakoM meM prApta hotA hai / sAmayika praznoM kA vicAra 20 pustakoM meM hai / prAcIna marAThI sAhitya kI lagabhaga 30 pustakeM bhI chapI haiM / purAne sAhitya ke Adhe lekhaka sAdhuvarga ke the, jabaki Adhunika sAhityikoM meM sAdhuoM kI saMkhyA nagaNya hai / purAne sAhitya kI racanA pUrva mahArASTra (vidarbha) tathA madhya mahArASTra ( marAThavADA) meM hI adhika huI thI jabaki Adhunika sAhitya kI racanA adhikatara dakSiNa mahArASTra meM huI hai / aba hama lekhakoM kA samayakrama se varNana kareMge /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ guNadAsa aba taka jJAta marAThI jaina lekhakoM meM guNadAsa sarvaprathama haiM / ye IDara ke bhaTTAraka sakala kIti ke ziSya brahmajinadAsa ke ziSya the| jinadAsa ke rAmAyaNarAsa ( saMvat 1508) aura harivaMzarAsa ( saMvat 1520 ) kI prazastiyoM meM guNadAsa kA ullekha hai| isase inake sAhityika jIvana kA Arambha san 1450 ke AsapAsa kA spaSTa hotA hai| marAThI meM inakI pAMca racanAeM upalabdha haiN| inameM sabase bar3I racanA zreNika caritra meM cAra adhyAya aura 3000 ovI haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlIna magadha ( dakSiNa bihAra ) ke rAjA zreNika bimbasAra kI manoraMjaka kathA isameM vaNita hai| zreNika kI jIvana-kathA bahuvidha prasaMgoM se paripUrNa hai| bacapana meM sotele bhAiyoM kI spardhA, usake phalasvarUpa ajJAtavAsa, nandA se vivAha, putra abhaya kA janma, punaH rAjyaprApti, videha kI rAjakanyA celanA se vivAha tathA usake Agraha se jainadharma kA svIkAra, putra kUNika kA virodha aura anta meM kArAgRha meM duHkhada mRtyu-ina saba prasaMgoM kA guNadAsa ne sarala aura sarasa bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai| inakI anya kRtiyoM kA paricaya isa prakAra hai-rAmacandra haladuli-yaha 30 padyoM kA gIta rAma vivAha ke viSaya meM hai| gAnhANe-yaha 6 padyoM kA gIta hai jisameM zikAyata ke rUpa meM jinadeva kI prArthanA hai| 1. bhaTTAraka sampradAya (jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura 1958 ) pRSTha 139 / 2. pra. jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, 1964, saM0 subhASacandra akkole| 3. ovI marAThI kA sarvAdhika pracalita chanda hai| isameM aniyamita akSarasaMkhyA ke cAra caraNa hote haiM tathA sAmAnyataH prathama tIna caraNoM meM antya yamaka kA prayoga hotA hai / 4. sanmati, navambara 1959 meM prakAzita, saM0 vi0 joharApurakara / 5. sanmati, jUna 1960 meM prakAzita, saM. vi. joharApurakara /

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208 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kSamAgIta meM kSamA kA mahattva 6 padyoM meM varNita hai tathA viMcUgIta ke 5 padyoM meM viSayavAsanArUpI bicchU kA prabhAva vairAgyarUpI jhADU se dUra karane kA upadeza hai|' guNadAsa ne apanA nAma brahmaguNadAsa yA guNabrahma ina do rUpoM meM likhA guNakIti inakI racanAoM meM bhI sakalakIti, bhuvanakIrti aura brahmajinadAsa kA gururUpa meM ullekha hai| isase anumAna hotA hai ki guNadAsa kA hI munidIkSA ke bAda kA nAma guNakIrti hogaa| inakI sabase bar3I racanA padmapurANa hai|' guNakIrti ne isake 28 adhyAya likhe the| do sau varSa bAda cintAmaNi nAmaka kavi ne isameM sAta adhyAya jor3e tathA unake kucha hI varSa bAda puNyasAgara ne ATha adhyAya aura jor3akara ise pUrNa kiyaa| pUre grantha meM 15000 ovI haiM / jaina paramparA meM pracalita rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA isameM vistAra se varNana hai| isameM bha0 AdinAtha ke vairAgya-prasaMga ke varNana meM 345 ovI vistAra vAlA dvAdazAnuprekSA (saMsAra kI anityatA Adi bAraha bhAvanAoM kA cintana) yaha prakaraNa hai| jisakI kaI svatantra pratiyAM bhI milatI haiN| guNakIrti kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa racanA dharmAmRta' gadya meM hai| zrAvakoM ke AcAra kA upadeza isakA pramukha viSaya hai / sAtha hI jaina kathA, gaNita, tIrtha, tattvavarNana Adi kA bhI saMkSipta varNana isameM hai| tyAjya viSayoM ke rUpa meM jainetara devatA, sAdhu, sAhitya Adi ke aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa ullekha isameM milate haiN| graMtha kI bhASA sarala aura prabhAvapUrNa hai / guNakIti ke chaH gIta bhI upalabdha haiM jinakA paricaya isa prakAra hai' neminAtha pAlanA 19 kaDavakoM kA hai, isameM bAlaka 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 16-17 / 2. zrI jayacandra zrAvaNe, vardhA dvArA 1902 se 1908 taka pAMca bhAgoM meM prakAzita / 3. sanmati, agasta 1959 meM prakAzita, saM0vi0 joharApurakara; mudrita padmapurANa meM yaha prakaraNa nahIM pAyA jAtA / 4. pra. jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, 1960, saM0vi0 joharApurakara; isakA eka saMskaraNa dharmavilAsapurANa nAma se adappA bApU pasobA ne bandhu padmaNNA kI smRti meM kurundavADa se san 1904 meM prakAzita kiyA thA, taba isake kartA kA paricaya nahIM mila sakA thaa|

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra 209 neminAtha ke jhUle meM jhUlane kA varNana hai; neminAtha-vivAha meM 44 kaDavaka haiM, isameM zrIkRSNa dvArA neminAtha ke vivAhasambandha kA nizcaya aura vivAha ke avasara para mAre jAne vAle pazuoM kA karuNa krandana sunakara neminAtha kA virakta honA vaNita hai; neminAtha-jinadIkSA meM 45 kaDavakoM meM neminAtha kI tapasyA aura mukti kA varNana hai, rukmiNIharaNa meM 64 kaDavakoM meM zrIkRSNa dvArA rukmiNI ke haraNa kI manoraMjaka kathA kA varNana hai, isakI prazasti meM kavi ne apanA janma jaisavAla jAti meM huA aisA batAyA hai,2 rAmacandra phAga meM 31 kaDavakoM meM rAma ke vasanta-utsava kA varNana hai tathA dhandA gota meM 6 padyoM meM ihaloka kA dhandhA chor3akara paraloka kA dhandhA karane kA upadeza hai| vivekavilAsa, nemIzvara-rAjamatI-phAga tathA sItAdivyagIta ye guNa kIrti kI gujarAtI racanAe~ bhI upalabdha haiN| unake caupadI nAma ke pada bhI mile haiM jinakI bhASA meM gujarAtI aura marAThI kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA hai / jinadAsa ye bhaTTAraka bhuvanakIrti ke ziSya ujjatakIti ke ziSya the| ataH inakA samaya pandrahavIM sadI kA antima caraNa nizcita hotA hai| inakA janma devagiri (daulatAbAda ) meM huA thaa| vahIM inhoMne chaMda, vyAkaraNa, tarka Adi kA adhyayana kiyaa| inakI ekamAtra kRti harivaMzapurANa' hai jisameM bha0 neminAtha tathA zrIkRSNa sambandhI jaina paramparA kI kathAe~ vistAra se varNita haiN| jinadAsa ne isa purANa ke 55 adhyAya likhe the| do sau varSa bAda puNyasAgara ne 12 adhyAya aura jor3akara yaha racanA pUrNa kii| pUre grantha kI ovI saMkhyA 11000 hai| jinadAsa kI racanA meM pANDitya aura kavitva donoM kA darzana hotA hai| 1. dharmAmRta ke pariziSTa meM hamane ye tIna gIta prakAzita kiye haiN| 2-3. ye do gIta sanmati meM san 1965 meM dhArAvAhika rUpa se prakA* zita hue haiM, saM0 subhASacaMdra akkoLe / 4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 24 / 5. inakI hastalikhita pratiyAM hamAre saMgraha meM haiN| 6. pra. jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 1907 /

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210 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa megharAja ye brahmajinadAsa ke ziSya brahmazAntidAsa ke ziSya the| isase inakA samaya solahavIM sadI kA prathama caraNa nizcita hotA hai| marAThI meM inakI chaha kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiN| inameM sabase bar3I kRti jasodhararAsa meM 5 adhyAya aura 1164 ovI haiN| yaudheya deza ke rAjA yazodhara kI kathA para kaI jaina kaviyoM ne kAvya likhe haiN| megharAja ne isa paramparAgata kathA kA sarasa varNana kiyA hai| patnI ke durAcAra se udvigna rAjA yazodhara mAtA ke Agraha se pazubali kA saMkalpa karatA hai aura isa pApa ke phalasvarUpa kaI janmoM taka pazugati ke duHkha sahatA hai, anta meM jinadharma kA upadeza prApta karane para usakA uddhAra hotA hai| kathA rocaka DhaMga se varNita hai| megharAja kI anya racanAoM kA paricaya isa prakAra hai2-pArzvanAtha bhavAntara meM 47 kaDavakoM meM bha0 pArzvanAtha aura mAtA vAmAdevI ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM unake pUrvajanmoM kA varNana hai, rAmAyaNI kathA meM rAjA dazaratha ko unake cAra putra eka-eka kathA batalAte haiN| kRSNagIta meM 76 kaDavaka haiM tathA rukmiNI, satyabhAmA aura jAmbavatI dvArA zrIkRSNa kI kathAoM kA varNana hai, gommaTasvAmI gIta meM tIna kaDavakoM meM zravaNabelagola ke bha0 bAhubalI kI stuti hai tathA gujarI mahATI gIta meM giranAra kI yAtrA karanevAlI eka gujarAtI aura eka marAThI mahilA kA saMvAda hai, isakI eka paMkti gujarAtI meM aura dUsarI marAThI meM hai, isameM 13 kaDavaka haiN| megharAja ne gujarAtI meM zAntinAtha carita aura tIrthavandanA ye do racanAe~ bhI likhI haiN| kAmarAja ye bhI brahmazAntidAsa ke ziSya the| inakI mukhya racanA sudarzanacaritra' meM 14 adhyAya aura lagabhaga eka hajAra ovI haiN| brahmacarya aNuvrata ke pAlana ke lie rAjA kI paTarAnI kI praNaya-prArthanA ThukarAne vAle sudarzana zreSTI kI 1. pra. jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, 1959, saM0 subhASacandra akkoLe / 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 30-32 / 3. jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA tathA jayacaMdra zrAvaNe, vardhA ne isake do saMskaraNa prakAzita kiye the ( varSa mAlUma nahIM ho sakA ), kintu donoM ne grantha kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga chor3akara saMkSipta saMskaraNa nikAle the|

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211 prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya "rocaka kathA isameM varNita hai| kAmarAja kI dUsarI racanA caitanyaphAga meM 14 padya haiN| isa gIta meM zarIrarUpI piMjar3e meM bandI caitanyarUpI rAgho ( totA). ko mukti kA mArga dikhAyA gayA hai| inakI tIsarI racanA dharmaphAga hai|' isameM 13 padyoM meM dharma se prApta hone vAle sukhoM kA varNana hai| sUrijana ye bhI brahmazAntidAsa ke ziSya the| inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA paramahaMsa kathA hai| yaha gadya-padyamaya mizra racanA hai tathA lagabhaga eka hajAra zlokoM jitanA isakA vistAra hai| yaha rUpaka kathA, hai-paramahaMsa (AtmA) rAjA, cetanA rAnI, rAjaputra mana, sautelI mAM mAyA, zatru moha aise rUpakoM dvArA AtmA kI mukti-prApti kI kathA isameM varNita hai| sUrijana ne antima prazasti meM samakAlIna bhaTTAraka jJAnabhUSaNa' kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| nAgo AyA __ ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka mANikasena ke ziSya the / inakA samaya san 1540 ke AsapAsa kA hai| inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA yazodharacaritra meM 5 adhyAya aura 292 ovI haiN| vAdirAja ke saMskRta grantha ke AdhAra para yaha kAvya likhA gayA hai| isakI racanA vairATa deza ke koTa nagara (saMbhavataH vartamAna AkoTa, ji0 akolA ) ke AdinAtha mandira meM huI thii| guNanandi ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka dharmabhUSaNa ke ziSya the| isase inakA samaya san 1. sanmati, navambara 1959 meM prakAzita, saM0 vi0 joharApurakara / 2. svAdhyAya traimAsika, agasta 1965 meM zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA dvArA likhita kAmarAju racita marAThI phAgukAvya zIrSaka lekha meM caitanyaphAga aura dharmaphAga chape haiN| 3. pra. jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, 1960, saM. subhASacaMdra akkoLe / 4. jJAnabhUSaNa kI prazaMsA sahita marAThI meM likhita eka AratI hamAre saMgraha meM hai| isameM 4 kaDavaka haiM, kintu lekhaka ke nAma kA patA nahIM cltaa| 5. megharAja kRta jasodhararAsa ke pariziSTa meM prakAzita (jIvarAja -granthamAlA, zolApura, 1959), saM. vi. joharApurakara /

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212 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsA 1580 ke AsapAsa nizcita hotA hai / inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA yazodhara purANa meM ATha adhyAya aura 1316 ovI haiM / " moraMbapura ke mAlAtIrtha caityAlaya meM kavi ne yaha grantha likhA / isakI racanA sakalakIti ke saMskRta grantha ke AdhAra para huI / marAThI meM yazodhara kI kathA para yaha tIsarI kRti hai jo kAvyadRSTi se pUrvaracita do granthoM kI apekSA sarasa hai / abhayakIti ye ajitakIrti ke ziSya the / inakI AdityavratakathA zaka 1535 meM tathA anaMtavratakathA zaka 1538 ( san 1616 ) meM pUrNa huIM thI / 2 anaMtavratakathA meM 255 ovI haiM / bhAdrapada zukla ekAdazI se trayodazI taka ekAzana aura caturdazI ko upavAsa kara prathama caudaha tIrthaMkaroM kI pUjA anaMtavrata meM kI jAtI hai / isake pAlana se soma brAhmaNa kI daridratA naSTa huI tathA agale janma meM use rAjavaibhava prApta huA / vIradAsa ( pAsa kIrti) inakA janma sohitavAla jAti meM huA thA / kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka kumudacandra tathA unake uttarAdhikArI bha0 dharmacandra kA inhoMne gurUrUpa meM ullekha kiya hai / inake hAtha kI likhI guNakIrtikRta anuprekSA kI prati upalabdha hai tathA inake dvArA adhyayana meM prayukta vizvatattvaprakAza tathA paMcastavanAvacUriye do hastalikhita grantha bhI prApta hue haiM / inakA pahalA nAma vIradAsa tathA munidIkSA ke bAda kA nAma pAsakIrti thA / dharmacandra ne inheM auraMgAbAda meM bhaTTAraka pada para pratiSTita kiyA thA / inake dvArA san 1647 meM pratiSTita jinamUrti bAlApura ke jinamaMdira meM hai / marAThI meM inakI cAra racanAe~ prApta haiM / inameM sabase bar3I kRti sudarzanacaritra hai / isameM 25 adhyAya aura 1650 ovI haiM / isakI racanA zaka 1549 ( san 1627 ) meM pUrNa huI thI / kAmarAja ke 1. bALAppA AlAse, kurundavADa dvArA prakAzita ( varSa mAlUma nahIM ho sakA ) / 2. AdityavratakathA kI sUcanA hameM sva0 paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI ke patra se milI thI / anaMtavratakathA hamane sanmati ( maI 1958 ) meM prakAzita kI hai / 3. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 44-46 /

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AraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 213 1 sudarzanacaritra kA yaha vistRta saMskaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha vistAra mukhyataH zrAvakadharma ke vistRta vivaraNa ke kAraNa huA hai / vIradAsa kI anya racanAoM kA paricaya isa prakAra hai- navakAra maMtraprakRti meM 22 otrI haiM tathA namaskAra maMtra kA mahatva batalAyA hai; " bahutarI meM nAma ke anusAra 72 movI haiM tathA pratyeka ovI kA prAraMbha kA akSara varNamAlA ke krama se rakhA gayA hai, isameM vividha dhArmika vicAroM kA saMgraha hai; ra neminAtha vanhADa 40 padyoM kA gIta hai, jisameM neminAtha ke apUrva vivAha samAroha kA varNana hai / 3 dAmA paMDita 2 ye dayAsAgara ke ziSya the / inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha hai / inakI do racanAe~ upalabdha haiN| jambUsvAmIcaritra meM 16 adhyAya aura 1915 ovI haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda kI AcArya paramparA ke tIsare AcArya tathA antima kevalajJAnI ke rUpa meM prasiddha jambUsvAmI kI kathA isameM varNita hai| taruNa avasthA neM unakA vairAgya, ATha patniyoM ko saMsAra kI asAratA samajhAne ke lie kahI gaI kathAeM, dIkSA aura tapasyA kA kavi ne sarasa varNana kiyA hai| isa grantha kA eka parivardhita saMskaraNa ratnasA ne pacAsa varSa bAda taiyAra kiyA thaa| dAmA paNDita kI dUsarI racanA dAnazIlatapabhAvanA meM 468 ovI haiN| isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva apanI-apanI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karate haiM / dAmA paNDita ne isakI 285 ovI taka racanA kI thI, zeSa bhAga bhAnukIrti ne pUrNa kiyA / 1. prA0 ma0 pRSTha 44-46 / 2. sanmati, navambara 1959 meM prakAzita, saM0 vi0 joharApurakara | 3. sanmati, jUna 1960 meM prakAzita, saM0 vi0 joharApurakara | 4. Ayu meM dayAsAgara dAmA paNDita se kAphI choTe hoMge kyoMki dAmA- paNDita kI dAnazIlatapabhAvanA pUrNa karane vAle bhAnukIrti ke bAda unheM bhaTTAraka pada milA thA jaisA ki Age diye hue bhAnukIrti aura dayAsAgara ke paricaya se spaSTa hogA / 5. pratiSThAna mAsika, auraMgAbAda, maI 1960 meM isakA paricaya hamane diyA thA / 6. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 50 /

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214 bhAnukIrti ye auraMgAbAda pITha ke bhaTTAraka pAsakIrti ( jinakA paricaya Upara A cukA hai ) ke bAda bhaTTAraka hue the / kAraMjA ke bha0 dharmabhUSaNa ne unheM isa pada para pratiSThita kiyA thA / dharmabhUSaNa kI jJAta tithiyA~ san 1650 se 1675 taka haiM, isI ke AsapAsa bhAnukIrti kA samaya samajhanA cAhie / dAmA paNDita kI dAnazIlatapabhAvanA kA antima aMza inhoMne pUrNa kiyA thA isake cAra pada bhI upalabdha haiM jinakI padyasaMkhyA 4, 5, 7 aura 14 hai / pahale pada meM pArzvanAtha kI stuti hai, dUsare meM AtmAnubhava ke Ananda kI carcA hai. tIsarA aura cauthA vairAgya ke upadeza ke lie hai / dayAsAgara (dayAbhUSaNa) ye uparyukta bhAnukIti ke bAda bhaTTAraka hue the / pahalA nAma thA aura dayAbhUSaNa bhaTTArakapada prApta hone ke nAma thA / inakA janma soheravAla jAti meM huA thaa| inake labdha haiM / dharmAmRtapurANa' meM dasa adhyAya haiM / samyagdarzana ke ATha aMgoM ke pAlana ke lie prasiddha aJjanacora, anantamatI Adi kI kathAoM kA yaha sarasa saMgraha hai / bhaviSyadatta bandhudatta purANa meM bhI 10 adhyAya haiM / dvIpAntaroM kI yAtrA karane vAle sAhasI vyApArI bhaviSyadatta aura usake lobhI sAthI bandhudatta kI manoraMjaka kathA isameM varNita hai / samyaktvakaumudI meM 11 adhyAya aura 2380 ovI haiN| seTha vRSabhadAsa aura unakI ATha patniyoM ko samyaktva kI prApti hone se nimittabhUta adbhuta kathAoM kA yaha saMgraha hai / kavi ne bhaviSyadatta kI kathA rAsa bhASA (gujarAtI) ke grantha ke AdhAra para tathA zeSa do graMtha saMskRta graMthoM ke AdhAra para likhe the / marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa 1. pra0 jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 1907 / 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 52 / 3. pra0 jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, cimanA paNDita inhoMne kAraMjA ke bha0 dharmabhUSaNa tathA lAtUra ke bha0 ajitakIrti kA guru ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai / ataH inakA samaya san 1650 se 1675 1908 / inakA dayAsAgara samaya rakhA gayA tIna grantha upa

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 215 ke AsapAsa nizcita hotA hai| ye paiThana nagara meM rahate the| inakI 20 racanAeM' marAThI meM upalabdha haiN| tIrthavandanA meM 36 zloka haiM tathA nirvANakANDa meM varNita tIrthoM aura kucha anya tIrthoM kA saMkSipta varNana hai| kacanera grAma ( auraMgAbAda ke pAsa ) ke mandira ke mUla nAyaka pArzvanAtha kI AratI meM 5 padya haiN|' bhUpAlI meM 7 padya haiM, yaha prAtaHkAla meM jinanAmasmaraNa karane ke lie likhA gayA gIta hai| koraMjA ke mandira ke mUlanAyaka candraprabha ko AratI meM 5 padya haiN| trikAla tIrthakara pUjA meM 9 padya haiM, bhUtakAla, vartamAnakAla va bhaviSyakAla meM hone vAle tIrthaMkaroM kI yaha pUjA hai / 2 neminAtha pAlanA 18 padyoM kA gIta hai, jisameM bAlaka neminAtha ke jhUle meM jhUlane kA varNana hai| 3 gurugIta meM kAraMjA ke bha0 dharmabhaSaNa kI stuti hai| jinamAtA ke 16 svapnoM kA varNana 6 padyoM ke gIta meM hai / neminAtha-bhavAntara 11 padyoM kA gIta hai, jisameM mAtA zivAdevI aura neminAtha ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM unake pUrvajanmoM kA saMkSipta varNana hai| gommaTasvAmI stotra ke 6 zlokoM meM zravaNabelagola ke bha0 bAhubalI kI stuti hai / bAlaka chATI 11 padyoM kA gIta hai, bAla rakSA ke lie prArthanA kA yaha gIta hai| AdinAtha AratI meM 6 padya haiN| mahArASTra meM pracalita kucha kheloM meM bAlaka-bAlikAeM nAcate hue gIta gAte haiM, aise kucha gIta bhI cimanA paMDita ne likhe haiM / inake nAma aura padya saMkhyA isa prakAra haiMphugaDI 3, aMpA 5, piMgA 4, layalAkhoTA 5, ceMDUphalI 11 TiparI (do gIta) 4 aura 6 / ina gItoM ke mAdhyama se kheloM meM bhI dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA samA. veza kiyA gayA hai| cimanA paMDita kI sabase bar3I racanA anantavratakathA meM 58 kaDavaka haiM / gIta ke rUpa meM isameM anantavratapAlana ke phala kI kathA kA varNana hai| isakI prazasti meM paiThana nagara kA aura guru ajitakIti kA ullekha hai / paiThana ke munisuvrata kI vinatI yaha cimanA paMDita kI gujarAtI racanA bhI upalabdha hai| 1. tIrthavandanA aura pAzvanAtha AratI hamAre tIrthavandana saMgraha ( jIvarAja graMthamAlA, zolApura, 1965 ) meM prakAzita hue haiN| 2. jineMdra maMgala ArAdhanA (pra. jayakumAra doDala, hiMgolI, 1956 ) meM ye tIna racanAe~ prakAzita haiN| 3. jainI pAlane (pra. jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 1910 ) meM prakAzita / 4. gurugIta aura Age kI racanAoM ke lie dekhie prA0 ma0, pRSTha 56-57 //

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216 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa puNyasAgara ye bhA lAtUra ke bha0 ajitakIrti ke ziSya the, ataH inakA samaya bhI san 1650 se 1675 ke AsapAsa nizcita hai| inhoMne jinadAsaracita apUrNa harivaMzapurANa meM 12 adhyAya jor3akara use pUrNa kiyA thaa| inakI dUsarI racanA ravivAravratakathA ke do saMskaraNa milate haiN| eka meM 18. aura dUsare meM 332 ovI haiN| ravivAravrata yA Adityavrata ASAr3ha zukla pakSa ke antima ravivAra se prArambha kara nau ravivAra taka kiyA jAtA thaa| isameM upavAsa yA ekAzana kara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| isake pAlana se guNadhara nAmaka zreSThiputra aura usake parivAra kI daridratA naSTa huI aura padmAvatI devI kI kRpA se saMpannatA prApta huI / / vizAlakIrti (prathama) ye ajitakIrti ke bAda bhaTTAraka hue the| inake dvArA zaka 1592 ( san 1670) meM sthApita nandIzvara mUrti nAgapura ke bar3e pArzvanAtha mandira meM upalabdha hai| inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA rukmiNIvratakathA meM 152 ovI haiN| zrIkRSNa kI paTarAnI rukmiNI ne pUrvajanma meM jo vrata kiyA thA, usakA zubhaphala isa kathA dvArA batAyA gayA hai| yaha vrata bhAdrapada zukla aSTamI ke dina upavAsa karake kiyA jAtA thA tathA pratyeka prahara meM eka bAra ke hisAba se ATha bAra jinapUjA kI jAtI thii| paMta sAbAjI upayukta vizAlakIrti ke ziSya paMta sAbAjI kI sugandhadazamIvratakathA upalabdha hai| isameM 261 ovI haiM tathA isakI racanA zaka 1587 ( san 1665 ) meM pUrNa huI thii| muni ko dUSita AhAra dene ke pariNAmasvarUpa eka rAnI ko aneka janmoM taka kaSTa sahanA par3A, usakA zarIra durgandhayukta huA, phira bhAdrapada zukla dazamI ko upavAsa kara jinapUjA karane ke phalasvarUpa agale janma meM use uttama sugandhayukta zarIra prApta huA, sautelI mAM dvArA diye gaye 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 60 / 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 62 / 3. isakA paricaya hamane 'pratiSThAna' mAsika, auraMgAbAda, maI 1960 meM apane lekha meM diyA thaa|

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 217 kaSTa ke bAvajUda vaha rAjarAnI banI / brahmajinadAsa kI gujarAtI kathA ke AdhAra para yaha racanA likhI gaI thii| vizAlakIti (dvitIya) ye devendrakIrti ke ziSya the| inakA samaya nizcita nahIM hai, kintu inakI racanA dharmaparIkSA kI eka prati zaka 1610 kI likhI upalabdha hai, ataH san 1688 se pahale ke ye kavi haiN| dharmaparIkSA meM 5 adhyAya aura 958 ovI haiN| vizAlakIrti ne brahmajinadAsa ke rAsabhASA ( gujarAtI ) ke grantha kA yaha marAThI rUpAntara taiyAra kiyA tathA jJAnasAgara ne ise lipibaddha kiyA, aisA prazasti se jJAta hotA hai / isa grantha meM hindU purANoM kI kaI kathAoM kI avizvasanIyatA vistRta udAharaNoM dvArA spaSTa kI gaI hai|' padmakIti ye lAtUra ke bhaTTAraka vizAlakIrti ke paTTaziSya the| inakI eka choTI sI racanA pArzvanAtha-AratI upalabdha hai jisameM 5 kaDavaka haiM tathA cakrapura ke bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI stuti hai| padmakIrti dvArA san 1680 aura 1686 meM sthApita kucha mUrtiyAM upalabdha haiM / 2 rAya inakI eka choTI sI racanA jinavaravinatI upalabdha hai jisameM 16 zloka haiN| nirmalagrAma meM zaka 1606 ( san 1684 ) meM yaha racanA pUrNa huI thI, aisA antima zloka se jJAta hotA hai| eka zloka meM kavi ne apane pitA kA nAma mallAjI batAyA hai| ratnasA inhoMne zaka 1610 aura 1615 meM kaI marAThI jaina granthoM kI pratiyAM taiyAra kI thiiN| deulagAMva ke bagheravAla jAti ke sAhuA gotra meM inakA janma huA thaa| inhoMne dAmA paMDita ke jambUsvAmIcarita kA parivadhita saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA thaa| isa saMskaraNa meM 14 adhyAya haiN| ratnasA ne kAraMjA ke senagaNa ke bhaTTAraka jinasena kA gururUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 64 / 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 66 / 3.4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 66-67 /

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218 gaMgAdAsa ye mUlata: gujarAtI the aura kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka dharmacanda ke ziSya the / guru kI AjJA se marAThI meM bhI kucha racanAe~ inhoMne likhIM / inameM sabase bar3A pArzvanAthabhavAntaragIta hai jise kavi ne DaphagAna kahA hai- Dapha nAmaka vAdya kI saMgata ke sAtha yaha gAyA jAtA thA / isameM 47 kaDavakoM meM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke nau pUrvajanmoM kA varNana hai / isakI racanA zaka 1612 ( san 1690) meM huI thI / cakravartI - pAlanA gaMgAdAsa kI dUsarI racanA 21 kaDavakoM kI hai / isameM bharata cakravartI ke zizu avasthA meM jhUle meM jhUlane kA madhura varNana hai / 2 neminAtha bhAratI ( 4 kaDavaka) 3 tathA zrIpura- pArzvanAtha AratI (5 kaDavaka) ye gaMgAdAsa kI anya marAThI racanAeM haiN| gujarAtI meM ravivratakathA, trepana kriyA vinatI aura jaTAmukuTa tathA saMskRta meM pUjA, saMmedAcalapUjA evaM tuMgIbalabhadrapUjA ye inakI anya hema kIrti paMcame rupUjA, kSetrapAlaracanAe~ upalabdha haiM / marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa paTTaziSya the / inake dvArA san ye lAtUra ke bhaTTAraka vidyAbhUSaNa ke 1696 se 1731 taka sthApita pA~ca mUrtiyoM aura yantra nAgapura aura sindI (vardhA) ke mandiroM meM upalabdha haiM / marAThI meM inakI cAra choTI racanAe~ upalabdha haiM / inameM arahaMtapUjA (9 padya) aura bArasabhA AratI ( 3 padya) prakAzita ho cuke haiM" tathA dazalakSaNadharma AratI ( 4 padya) evaM tIrthavandanA ( 19 padya ) aprakAzita haiM / inhoMne gujarAtI meM arahaMtapUjA tathA saMskRta meM pArzvanAthastotra va padmAvatIstotra kI bhI racanA kI thI / 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 68 / 1904 ) meM prakAzita / 2. jainI pAlane ( pra 0 jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 3. AratI saMgraha (pra0 jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 4. AratI saMgraha (pra0 jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 5. pahalI kRti jinendra maMgalaArAdhanA ( pra0 jayakumAra doDala, hiMgolI, san 1956) meM tathA dUsarI AratI saMgraha (pra0 jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, san 1904 ) meM prakAzita huI thI / 6. hastalikhita hamAre saMgraha meM hai / 1910) meM prakAzita / 1926) meM prakAzita /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 219 makaranda ye bha0 hemakIti ke ziSya the, ataH inakA samaya bhI san 1696 se 173 // ke Asa-pAsa samajhanA caahie| inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA rAmaTeka inda' meM 16 padya haiN| nAgapura se 30 mIla uttarapUrva meM rAmaTeka nagara hai, jahA~ ke bhagavAn zAntinAtha kI mahimA kA varNana isa gIta meM hai| mandira ke prAkAra Adi ke nirmANa meM bhAga lenevAle zrImAn lekurasaMgavI aura lADa gAhAnakArI kA isameM ullekha hai| samIpa ke hindU mandiroM kA bhI kavi ne ullekha kiyA hai| mahIcandra __ye lAtUra ke bhaTTAraka vizAlakIti ke paTTaziSya the| marAThI meM inakI gyAraha racanAeM upalabdha haiN| inameM sabase bar3I racanA AdinAthapurANa' zaka 1618 ( san 1696 ) meM AzApura meM pUrNa huI thii| isameM 15 adhyAya aura 3253 ovI haiN| brahmajinadAsa ke AdinAtharAsa para AdhArita isa purANa meM prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI kathA pUrvajanmoM ke varNana ke sAtha vistAra se kahI gaI hai| mahIcandra kI dUsarI bar3I racanA samyaktvakaumudI meM 13 adhyAya aura 1681 ovI haiN| isakI kathAe~ dayAsAgara kI samyaktvakaumudI ke samAna hI haiN| inakI choTI racanAoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hainaMdIzvaravratakathA meM 150 ovI haiN| ASAr3ha, kArtika aura phAlguna meM zukla aSTamI se paurNimA taka aSTAhnikA utsava manAyA jAtA thA jisameM naMdIzvara dvIpa ke jina-maMdiroM kI pUjA hotI thii| isI vrata ke pAlana kI mahimA isa kathA meM varNita hai| ise aThAIvratakathA bhI kahA gayA hai| garuDapaMcamIvratakathA' meM 91 ovI haiM / zrAvaNa zukla paMcamI aura SaSThI ko upavAsapUrvaka 1. tIrthavandana saMgraha (jIvarAja graMthamAlA, zolApura, 1965) meM prakAzita (pRSTha 97.-99) saM0 vi0 joharApurakara / 2.pra. jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 1901 / ____3. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 69, Age kI racanAoM kA paricaya bhI isI sthAna para prApta ho sakatA hai| 4. koMDhAlI (ji. nAgapura) meM upalabdha pothI meM isakA racanA kAla zaka 1607 batAyA gayA hai|

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220 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jinapUjA ke vrata ke pAlana se garUDa nAmaka rAjA ko prApta hue zubha phala kI yaha kathA hai / nirdoSasaptamIvratakathA meM 120 ovI haiM / bhAdrapada zukla saptamI - ko upavAsa kara yaha vrata kiyA jAtA thA / isake phala se rUpalakSmI nAmaka zrAvikA ko uttama sukha prApta huA, par3osina dvArA IrSyAviza bhejA gayA - kRSNa sarpa bhI usake puNya prabhAva se ratnahAra bana gayA / 1 neminAtha-bhavAntara meM 71 kaDavakoM meM mAtA zivAdevI ke sAtha samvAda ke rUpa meM neminAtha ke 'pUrvajanmoM kI kathA varNita hai / nemIzvaragIta meM 10 kaDavakoM meM rAjamatI kI viraha vedanA kA varNana hai / mahAvIrapAlanA 16 kaDavakoM kA gIta hai, isameM bhagavAn ke janmotsava kA varNana hai / zAntinAthastotra 11 zlokoM kI bhaktipUrNa racanA hai / cintAmaNi- AratI meM ambApura ke jinamaMdira kI tathA arahaMtaAratI meM naMdIpura ke jinamaMdira kI mukhya jina mUrtiyoM ke prazaMsAtmaka varNana haiM / mahIcandra kI eka hindI racanA kAlIgorIsamvAda upalabdha hai / inake cAra ziSyoM kI marAThI racanAoM kA paricaya Age diyA hai / ( mahAkoti ye mahIcandra ke ziSya the / inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA zIlapatAkA - zaka 1620 ( san 1698 ) meM pUrNa huI thii| isameM 3 adhyAya aura 552 ovI haiM / vezyAsakta pati ko caturAI se sanmArga para lAnevAlI satI campAvatI kI rocaka kathA brahmajinadAsa kI gujarAtI racanA ke AdhAra para kavi ne marAThI meM likhI hai / cintAmaNi ye bhI mahIcandra ke ziSya the / guNakotiracita apUrNa padmapurANa meM inhoMne sAta adhyAya jodd'e| kulabhUSaNa dezabhUSaNa, jaTAyu, candranakhA Adi kI kathAe ina adhyAyoM meM varNita haiM / 1. hamAre saMgraha meM yaha hastalikhita kathA upalabdha hai / 2. zIlapurANa nAma se jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA dvArA prakAzita, san 1909 / isakA do bAra punarmudraNa bhI huA thA / zIlataraMginIpurANa nAma se jayacandra zrAvaNe, vardhA dvArA bhI yaha kathA prakAzita huI thI, prakAzanavarSa mAlUma nahIM ho sakA /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 221 rAmakoti ye bhI mahIcandra ke ziSya the / inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA padmAvatI AratI meM 14 kaDavaka haiN| devI padmAvatI kI pUjAvidhi isa bhaktipUrNa racanA meM varNita hai|' devendrakIti ye bhI mahIcandra ke ziSya the| inakI vistRta racanA kAlikApurANa kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| padmapurANa ke jinadAsakRta gujarAtI rUpAntara kA ullekha AdhAra ke rUpa meM kavi ne kiyA hai| kintu isakI kathAvastu se yaha ullekha pramANita nahIM hotaa| 48 adhyAya aura lagabhaga 7000 ovI meM racita isa grantha meM kAlikA ( padmAvatI) kI mahimA batAnevAlI kathAe~ haiN| sAtha hI samyaktvakaumudI, dharmaparIkSA aura anantavrata kI kathAeM bhI isameM zAmila kara lI gaI haiN| isakA vizeSa mahattvapUrNa bhAga vaha hai jisameM mahArASTra ke jaina samAja kI bogAra jAti kA liMgAyatoM se virodha, bogAroM meM antargata virodha, musalamAna rAjyakartAoM ke atyAcAra Adi kI kathAe~ vistAra se varNita haiN| puNyasAgara (dvitIya) ye auraMgAbAda ke bhaTTAraka bhuvanakIrti ke ziSya AnaMdasAgara ke ziSya the|" isase inakA kAryakAla san 1700 ke AsapAsa siddha hotA hai| guNa kIti ke apUrNa padmapurANa meM cintAmaNi ne sAta adhyAya jor3e the, puNyasAgara ne ATha adhyAya aura jor3akara yaha grantha pUrA kiyaa| ina adhyAyoM meM sItA-nirvAsana, lava-kuza kA janma, sItA kA agnidivya, rAma kA vairAgya, tapasyA tathA nirvANa Adi kathAbhAga vaNita hai / chatrasena ye senagaNa kI kAraMjA zAkhA meM samantabhadra ke bAda bhaTTAraka hue the| kAgala ( kolhApura ke samIpa ) nagara meM zaka 1625 ( san 1703 ) meM inhoMne AdIzvara-bhavAntara nAmaka gIta kI racanA kii| isameM 67 kaDavakoM meM 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 73 / 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 76 /

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222 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa mahApurANa kI kathA ke anusAra bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke dasa pUrvajanmoM kA varNana hai| sarasvatI AratI (5 padya), ratnatraya AratI (8 padya) tathA nandIzvara AratI ( apUrNa rUpa meM prApta ) ye chatrasena kI anya upalabdha marAThI racanAe~ haiN|' -saMskRta meM paMcamerupUjA, pArzvanAthapUjA, anantanAthastotra va padmAvatIstotra tathA hindI meM draupadIharaNa, samavasaraNa SaTpadI va jhUlanA ye chatrasena kI anya upalabdha racanAeM haiN| inake ziSya hIrA, bihArI aura arjunasuta kI kucha hindI racanAe~ bhI upalabdha haiN| saTavA ye lAtUra ke bhaTTAraka mahIcandra ke ziSya bha0 mahIbhUSaNa ke ziSya the| isase inakA samaya san 1718 ke AsapAsa siddha hotA hai| inakI tIna racanAeM marAThI meM upalabdha haiM / 2 zivAnemisaMvAda 20 kaDavakoM kA gIta hai, jisameM neminAtha ke vairAgya-prasaMga kA varNana hai| kaMsAce pada 8 kaDavakoM kA gIta hai. kaMsa dvArA zrIkRSNa kI hatyA ke lie kiye gaye viphala prayatnoM kA isameM varNana hai / jinastuti meM 14 ovI haiM tathA arahaMtadeva kA guNa varNana hai| neminAtha ke vairAgya viSayaka inakA eka hindI gIta bhI upalabdha hai| nIbA __inake do gIta zaka 1648 ke hastalikhita meM upalabdha hue haiM', ataH inakA samaya san 1726 se pahale kA siddha hotA hai, kitane pahale-yaha abhI anizcita hai / eka gIta meM zirapura ke antarikSa pAzvanAtha kI stuti 5 kaDavakoM meM hai / ise ahirANI gIta kahA gayA hai / dhUliyA-jalagAMva jiloM meM pracalita ahIra bolI kA prabhAva isakI bhASA para hai| dUsare nemIzvara gIta meM 3 kaDavaka haiM / isameM neminAtha ke vairAgyaprasaMga kA varNana hai| yAdavasuta ye guNasAgara ke ziSya the| isase inakA samaya san 1718 ke AsapAsa anumAnita hai| inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA aSTakarmaprakRti hai, jisameM vividha vRttoM ke 222 padya haiM / jJAnAvaraNa Adi ATha karmoM kA paraMparAgata varNana isameM 1. prA0 ma0; pRSTha 79, ratnatraya AratI hamAre saMgraha meM upalabdha hai| 2. prA0ma0, pRSTha 80, tIsarI racanA hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM hai| 3. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 109 /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 223 nibaddha hai| marAThI meM isa viSaya para anya koI racanA prApta nahIM hai| dUsarI vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki isake racayitA andhe the aisA unake prazastizlokoM se jJAta hotA hai| mANikanaMdi ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka devendrakIrti ke ziSya the| inakI pAMca choTI raca. nAeM upalabdha haiN| guru-AratI meM 4, candranAtha-AratI meM. 5, zItalanAtha AratI ( ise samavasaraNa AratI bhI kahA gayA hai ) meM 4 tathA anantanAtha AratI meM 5 kaDavaka haiM / anantanAtha AratI meM racanAkAla zaka 1646 batAyA gayA hai / 2 mANikanaMdi kI pAMcavIM racanA RSabhapUjA meM 9 padya haiN| jinasAgara ye bhI kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka devendrakIrti ke ziSya the| inakA pahalA nAma jinadAsa thaa| guru ke sAtha inhoMne giranAra Adi tIrthoM kI yAtrA kI thii| marAThI meM inakI 26 racanAe~ prApta haiN| inameM sabase bar3I racanA jIvandharapurANa meM 10 adhyAya aura 1530 ovI haiN| uttarapurANa aura jIvaMdhararAsa ke AdhAra para isakI racanA zaka 1656 meM huI thii| rAjadrohI maMtrI kASTAMgAra dvArA jIvaMdhara ke pitA kI hatyA, nirvAsita sthiti meM bItA usakA bacapana, vidyAdhyayana, sAhasapUrNa yAtrAeM, ATha vivAha, rAjyaprApti, vairAgya, tapasyA aura mukti ke prasaMga jinasAgara ne sarasa bhASA meM aMkita kiye haiN| Adityavrata, anantavrata, puSpAMjalivrata, nirdoSasaptamIvrata, kalazadazamIvrata tathA sugandhadazamIvrata kI kathAe~ jinasAgara ne likhI haiN| inameM Aditya, ananta 1. pra0 ma0, pRSTha 81 / 2. jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA dvArA 1904 meM prakAzita AratIsaMgraha meM guru AratI prakAzita hai, inhIM ke 1925 ke AratIsaMgraha meM zeSa tIna AratiyAM prakAzita haiM / RSabhapUjA hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM hai| 3. 'jinasAgara kI samagra kavitA' yaha saMkalana hamane saMpAdita kiyA thA jo jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura dvArA 1959 meM prakAzita huaa| anyatra .. prakAzita racanAoM kI sUcanA Age dI hai| 4. jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA dvArA san 1904 meM yaha prakAzita huA thaa| isameM racanA varSa galatI se zaka 1666 chapA hai|

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224 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa nirdoSasaptamI aura sugandhadazamI kI kathAeM pahale bhI kucha kaviyoM ne marAThI meM likhI thIM, yaha Upara likha cuke haiN| ye pUrvavartI racanAe~ ovI chanda meM tathA sarala bhASA meM haiN| jinasAgara kI kathAe~ vividha vRttoM meM aura praur3ha alaMkArayukta bhASA meM haiM ataH inakA adhika prasAra huA hai| zaka 1646 meM racita AdityavratakathA meM 46 padya haiM / ziraDa grAma (ji. parabhaNI) meM zaka 1653 meM racita anantavratakathA meM 73 padya haiM / nirdoSasaptamIkathA meM 113 aura sugandhadazamIkathA meM 136 padya haiN| puSpAMjalivratakathA meM 102 padya haiN| yaha vrata bhAdrapada zukla paMcamI se navamI taka hotA thA tathA isameM paMcamerusthita jinabimboM kI pUjA hotI thii| kalazadazamIkta zrAvaNa zukla dazamI ko hotA thA, isakI kathA meM 49 padya haiN| jinasAgara kI tIna anya kathAe~ bhI prApta haiN| zaka 1649 meM kAraMjA meM racita jinakathA ( ise jinAgamakathA yA jambUdvIpakathA bhI kahA gayA hai ) meM 212 ovI haiN| isameM chaha kAla, caubIsa tIrthakara aura bAraha aMga granthoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| lahu-aMkuza kathA ziraDa grAma meM zaka 1653 meM likhI gaI thii| isake 79 padyoM meM sItA kA nirvAsana, lava-kuza kA janma, unakA bacapana, rAma se yuddha aura anta meM tapasyA aura nirvANa kA kathAbhAga vaNita hai / ziraDa meM hI zaka 1652 meM racita padmAvatIkathA meM 65 padya haiN| mathurA ke ugravaMzIya rAjakumAra jinadatta dvArA karNATaka ke humaca nagara aura vahA~ ke padmAvatImaMdira kI sthApanA kI kathA isameM varNita hai / jinasAgara kI anya racanAoM kI padyasaMkhyA isa prakAra hai ( viSaya inake nAmoM se hI spaSTa hai )-bhaktAmarastotra ( mAnatuMgakRta saMskRta stotra kA samavRtta manuvAda ) 50, AdinAthastotra 10, zAntinAthastotra 10, pArzvanAthastotra 18, vItarAgastotra 29, padmAvatIstotra 14, kSetrapAlastotra 9, zAntinAtha AratI 3, mahAvIra AratI 5, sarasvatI AratI 5, padmAvatI AratI (do saMskaraNa ) 4 aura 5, dazalakSaNadharma AratI ( do saMskaraNa ) 6 aura 7, jyeSTha jinavarapUjA 16 tathA kayako 14 ( isa gIta meM padmAvatIdevI paMcamakAla aura SaSThakAla kA bhaviSya batalAtI haiM aisI kalpanA hai)| saMskRta meM paMcamerupUjA, naMdIzvarapUjA aura navagrahapUjA tathA hindI meM 1. sugandhadazamI kathA kI 73 citroM se yukta eka prati anya cAra bhASAoM meM racita isI kathA ke sAtha bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, dvArA san 1966 meM DA. hIrAlAla jaina ke saMpAdana meM prakAzita huI hai|

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225 prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya dazalakSaNadharma savaiyA tathA sphuTa 25 savaiyA ye jinasAgara kI anya racanAe~ prApta haiN| lakSmIcandra ye kRpAsAgara ke ziSya the| inakI do racanAeM prApta haiN| meghamAlAbata kathA zaka 1650 (sana 1728 ) meM mAnanagara meM pUrNa huI thii| isameM 69 ovI haiN| bhAdrapada ke zukla pakSa ke prArambhika pAMca dinoM meM meghamAlAvrata kiyA jAtA thA, isI kA mAhAtmya isa kathA meM varNita hai| inakI dUsarI racanA jinarAtrivratakathA meM 158 ovI haiN| yaha bhI mAnanagara meM hI likhI gaI thii| mAgha kRSNa caturdazI ke jinarAtrivrata kA mAhAtmya isameM varNita hai| kavi kA kathana hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pUrvajanma meM isa vrata kA pAlana kiyA thaa| sayA inakI do racanAeM upalabdha haiM / 2 covIsa tIrthakarastuti meM 26 padya haiN| isameM munisuvrata tIrthakara sambandhI zloka meM pratiSThAna ( paiThana ) ke munisuvratamandira kA ullekha hai| dUsarI racanA neminAthabhavAntara meM vividha vRttoM ke 128 padya haiN| zaka 1660 (san 1738) meM racita isa kAvya meM neminAtha kI kathA pUrvajanmoM ke sAtha varNita hai / soyarA . ye bagheravAla jAti ke cavariyA gotra ke arjuna ke putra the| kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka samantabhadra inake guru the| inhoMne saMvat 1802 ( san 1746 ) meM deulagAMva meM karmASTamIvratakathA kI racanA kI thii| bhASAr3ha, kArtika va phAlguna kI zukla aSTamI. ko karmASTamIvata kiyA jAtA thaa| isakA mAhAtmya dikhAnevAlI isa kathA meM 117 ovI haiN| kisI kannaDa racanA kA AdhAra lekara kavi ne yaha kathA likhI thii| 8 padyoM kI supArzvanAtha-AratI soyarA . 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 86 / 2. inakA paricaya hamane sAptAhika jaina bodhaka, solApura, ke di0 29. 9.69 ke aMka meM diyA hai| 3. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 87 /

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226 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kI dUsarI racanA hai|' hindI meM kailAsa chappaya nAmaka choTIsI racanA bhI inhoMne likhI thii| inhoMne apanA nAma arjunasuta likhA hai| yamAsA inhoMne bhI apanA nAma arjunasuta isa rUpa meM likhA hai, kintu uparyukta soyarA ke sAtha inakA kyA sambandha thA, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai / kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka zAntisena ke ye ziSya the| vatsagulma ( vAsima ) nagara meM zaka 1673 (= san 1751) meM vividha vRttoM ke 326 padyoM kI AdityabratakathA inhoMne likhI thii| isa kathA para racI gaI kRtiyoM meM yaha sabase adhika alaMkRta aura vistRta hai| arjunasuta racita kASThAsaMgha ke bhaTTAraka vijayakIrti kI eka AratI upalabdha hai, kintu yaha soyarA kI racanA hai yA yamAsA kI, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| yamAsA kI tIna AratiyA~ bhI upalabdha haiN| paMcaparameSThI AratI meM 6, pArvanAtha AratI meM 6 aura supArzvanAtha AratI meM 7 padya haiN| inameM kAraMjA aura kAMcanapura ke mandiroM kA ullekha hai| hindI meM AdinAtha-AratI, pArzvanAtha-AratI, padmAvatI-AratI tathA kucha chappayoM kI racanA bhI yamAsA ne kI thii| tAnU paMDita ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka zAntisena ke ziSya the| ataH inakA samaya san 1751 se 1768 ke AsapAsa kA hai| inakI pAMca choTI racanAe~ upalabdha haiN| kacanera ke pArzvanAtha kI stuti meM 11 padya haiN| padmAvatI AratI meM 5, kSetrapAla AratI meM 7, samavasaraNa AratI meM 5 tathA pArzvanAtha AratI meM 5 padya haiN| hindI meM gurustuti ke kucha padya bhI inhoMne likhe the| 1. yaha hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM hai| 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 88 / 3. pahalI AratI jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA dvArA san 1926 meM prakAzita bhAratI saMgraha meM chapI hai, zeSa do hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM upalabdha haiN| 4 prA0 ma0, pRSTha 88 / prathama do racanAe~ hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM haiN| antima racanA jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA dvArA sana 1904 meM prakAzita AratI saMgraha meM chapI hai|

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya nyAhAla ye bhI zAntisena ke ziSya the / guru kI prazaMsA meM 7 padyoM kI eka AratI inhoMne likhI thI / " ratana kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka siddha inakI cAra choTI racanAeM upalabdha haiM / 2 sena kI AratI meM 10 padya haiM / yaha saMvat 1826 ( san 1700 ) meM likhI gaI thii| jinezvara AratI meM 5, neminAtha AratI meM 6 tathA aMtarikSa pArzvanAtha AratI meM 4 padya haiM / hindI meM rAmaTeka zAMtinAtha vinatI tathA caubIsa tIrthakara AratI ye do racanAe~ bhI prApta haiM / 227 dinAsA ye bagheravAla jAti ke the| inakI do choTI racanAe~ prApta huI haiM / zaka 1692 (san 1770 ) meM racita bArAmAsI meM 13 padya haiM / neminAtha ko - munidIkSA se vyathita rAjamatI ke virahodgAra isameM varNita haiM / dUsarI racanA 6 kavakoM kA eka pada hai jo vairAgya kI preraNA detA hai 1 vRSabha ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka dharmacandra ke ziSya the / marAThI meM inake do stotra prApta haiM | candraprabha aura padmAvatI ke ina stotroM meM nau-nI zloka haiN| hindI meM ravivratakathA ( do saMskaraNa) evaM navavADI tathA saMskRta meM nirdoSa saptamIvratodyApana ye vRSabha kI anya racanAeM haiM jinase unakA samaya san 1772-77 ke AsapAsa nizcita hotA hai / devendrako ti ziSya jayasiMganagara meM zaka 1693 ( san 1772 ) meM hue padmAvatIdevI ke 1-2. ye racanAe~ hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM haiN| inameM se siddhasena AratI kA kucha aMza hamAre 'bhaTTAraka saMpradAya' ( jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, 1958 ) meM prakAzita hai (pRSTha 23) / 3. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 91 / suSamA mAlika, nAgapura, apraila 1960 meM bArAmAsI prakAzita huI hai, saM0 subhASacandra akkole / A 4. gopALa gaMgAsA rAULa, kAraMjA dvArA prakAzita aSTakapUjA saMgraha meM ye stotra chape the / prakAzanavarSa mAlUma nahIM ho sakA / 1

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228 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUjA-mahotsava kA varNana 18 kaDavakoM ke padmAvatIpAlanA nAmaka gIta meM milatA hai / isake racayitA ne apane guru kA nAma devendra kIti batAyA hai kintu svayaM apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai|' anantakIti ye candrakIrti ke ziSya the / inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA dazalakSaNavratakathA meM 188. ovI haiN| jayasiMgapeTha meM zaka 1697 ( san 1775 ) meM isakI racanA huI thii| bhAdrapada zukla paMcamI se caturdazI taka uttama kSamA Adi dasa dharmAMgoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| isI kA mAhAtmya isa kathA meM varNita hai| janArdana ye bhI candra kIrti ke ziSya the| vAsima ke pAsa zarkarAgrAma meM zaka 1697 (san 1775 ) meM inhoMne zreNikacaritra kI racanA kii| isa vistRta graMtha meM 40 adhyAya haiM / guNadAsa ke zreNikacaritra kA yaha parivadhita saMskaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| navarasapUrNa kathA likhane kA saMkalpa janArdana ne kiyA thA aura vaha kAphI hada taka apane prayAsa meM saphala rhe| marAThI jaina sAhitya meM kAvya-guNoM kI dRSTi se inakI racanA kAphI U~ce stara kI hai| bhImacandra , . . inakI ekamAtra upalabdha racanA guru-AratI meM 6 kaDavaka haiN| kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka devendra kIrti kI prazaMsA isa AratI meM kI gaI hai / bhImacandra ke hAtha kI saMvat 1837 ( san 1780 ) kI likhI eka pothI upalabdha hai, isI ke AsapAsa inakA samaya samajhanA cAhie / rAghava inhoMne kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka siddhasena kI stuti likhI hai| isameM 6 padya haiN| inakI dUsarI racanA seTimAhAtmya meM 11 kaDavaka haiN| nAgapura ke . . 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 112 / 2. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 93 / 3. pra..jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, 1904 / / 4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 96 ,.. 5. isakA kucha aMza hamAre 'bhaTAraka saMpradAya' (pRSTha 27) meM prakAzitaH hai (jIvarAja graMthamAlA, zolApura 1958) /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 229 bhosale-rAjadarabAra meM sammAnita seTha varadhAsAhajI ne san 1788 meM eka jinamandira kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| isa avasara para unakI prazaMsA meM kavi ne yaha seTimAhAtmya likhA thA / rAghava kI tIsarI racanA muktAgiri-pArzvanAtha AratI meM 17 kaDavaka haiM / 2 guNakIrtikRta dharmAmRta ke kucha paricchedoM kA padyamaya rUpAntara kara rAghava ne paMcanamaskArastuti aura AdinAya paMcakalyA'Nika stuti ina do kavitAoM kI racanA kI thii| jinastuti, gurustuti aura vairAgya upadeza ke viSaya meM inake 25 sphuTa pada bhI upalabdha haiN| inhoMne apanA nAma raghu aura rAghava likhA hai| inakI kavitAoM meM siddhasena ke atirikta mahatisAgara, padmakIti, vizAlakIti, lakSmIsena Adi samakAlIna dharmAcAryoM ke AdarapUrNa ullekha haiN| . .: kavIndrasevaka inakI racanAoM kI eka hastalikhita prati san 1809 meM likhI huI milI hai, ataH inakA samaya isase pahale kA hai kintu kitanA pahale hai, yaha mAlUma nahIM ho skaa| inakI mukhya racanA sumatiprakAza meM 2372 ovI haiM / dillI-darabAra meM bAda meM vijaya prApta karanevAle jaina AcAryoM kI kathA isameM varNita hai|" inake 545 abhaMga5 bhI upalabdha haiN| ina sphuTa racanAoM meM jinastuti, tIrthavandanA, gurustuti, dharmopadeza, dAMbhika vyavahAra kI AlocanA Adi vividha viSayoM kA bhAvapUrNa varNana hai| . 1. yugavANI mAsika, nAgapura, agasta 1958 meM prakAzita, saM0 vi0 joharApurakara / 2. hamAre tIrthavandanasaMgraha (pR0 105) meM prakAzita (jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura, san 1965) / ___ 3. sanmati, sitambara 1963 meM hamane inakA kucha aMza prakAzita kiyA hai| 4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 111 / 5. yaha ovI ke samAna marAThI meM bahupracalita chaMda hai, isameM do-do yA cAra-cAra paMktiyoM ke kucha padya hote haiM, do-do paMktiyoM ke padyoM meM antyayamaka kA prayoga hotA hai, cAra paMktiyoM ke padyoM meM prAyaH dUsarI aura tIsarI paMkti meM antyayamaka hotA hai| 'kavIndrasevakAce abhaMga' yaha lagabhaga 200 abhaMgoM kA saMkalana zrI hIrAcanda dozI, zolApura, ne 1922 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa|

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230 bopa 1. inakI eka choTI sI racanA tIrthaMkara bhUpAlI prApta hai / prAtaH kAla jinanAma smaraNa karane ke lie racA huA yaha gIta 16 padyoM kA hai / lekhaka ke guru kA nAma dayAlakIrti thA / inakI racanA san 1809 ke hastalikhita meM milI hai ataH isase pahale inakA samaya nizcita hai, kintu kitane pahale yaha mAlUma nahIM ho sakA / ' marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ! mahatisAgara 7 inakA janma saitavAla jAti meM huA thaa| ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka devendrakIrti ke ziSya the / san 1772 ke AsapAsa inakA janma samaya anumAnita hai / lagabhaga 40 varSa kI Ayu taka vidarbha meM inhoMne nivAsa kiyA tathA kAphI sAhitya racanA kii| phira dakSiNa mahArASTra ke humaDa-gujara samAja ke zrAvakoM meM dharma prasAra karate hue inheM kAphI lokapriyatA prApta huI / san 1832 meM dahigAMva meM inakA svargavAsa huA thA / riddhapura meM san 1801 meM racita 29 zlokoM kI ravivratakathA inakI prathama racanA pratIta hotI hai / bAlApura meM san 1810 meM 147 zlokoM meM AdinAtha paMcakalyANakakathA kI racanA inhoMne kI thI / dazalakSaNa vratakathA ( 94 padya ), SoDazakAraNavratakathA ( 52 padya ) va ratnatrayavratakathA ( 38 padya ) / inameM mahatisAgara ne samaya aura sthAna kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / ina vratakathAoM kI apekSA mahatisAgara kI sphuTa racanAe~ - abhaMga aura pada-adhika bhAvapUrNa aura mahattva kI haiM / tIrthaMkarastuti, paMcaparameSThIstuti, dAnaprazaMsA Adi viSayoM para lagabhaga 200 abhaMga haiM | saMbodhasahasrapadI meM vividha dhArmika viSayoM para upadezaprada eka hajAra pada likhane kA saMkalpa mahatisAgara ne kiyA thA, kintu 64 padoM kI racanA ke bAda unakA svargavAsa hone se yaha kArya adhUrA rahA ! arahaMta, pArzvanAtha, candraprabha, paMcaparameSThI; guru devendra kIrti tathA devI jvAlAmAlinI kI AratiyA~ inhoMne likhI haiM, inakI sammilita padya saMkhyA 50 hai / guru devendrakIrti ke jIvana kA paricaya dete hue 10 padyoM kI eka lAvaNI kI racanA bhI inhoMne kI hai - 1 saMskRta meM arahaMtapUjA aura jvAlAmAlinIpUjA ye inakI racanAe~ bhI prApta haiM / mahatisAgara kI racanAe~ sarala-subodha bhASA aura 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 112 /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitya 231 gAyana anukUla zabda yojanA ke kAraNa marAThI jaina samAja meM bahuta lokapriya huI haiN| dayAsAgara (dvitIya) inakI ekamAtra racanA hanumAnapurANa zaka 1735 ( san 1813 ) meM pUrNa huI thii| brahmajinadAsa ke hanumaMtarAsa ke AdhAra para yaha sAta adhyAyoM kA purANa likhA gayA hai, aisA prazasti meM kahA gayA hai| aMjanA-pavanaMjaya kI prema aura viraha kI kathA tathA rAma-rAvaNa yuddha meM vIra hanumAna ke parAkramoM kA kavi ne rocaka bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai / 2 ratnakIti ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka siddhasena ke ziSya the| amarAvatI nagara meM saMvat 1869 ( san 1813 ) meM 40 adhyAyoM ke vistRta upadezaratnamAlA grantha kI racanA inhoMne kI thii| sakalabhUSaNa kI saMskRta racanA kA yaha vividha vRttoM meM tathA vividha dRSTAntoM dvArA suzobhita kiyA gayA marAThI rUpAntara hai / zrAvakoM ke chaha kartavyoM-devapUjA, gurubhakti, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa va dAna-- kA upadeza isa grantha meM vistRta rUpa meM milatA hai| ___ratnakIti kI dUsarI vistRta kRti ArAdhanA kathAkoza hai|' nemidatta kI saMskRta racanA kA yaha rUpAntara 52 adhyAyoM meM pUrNa huA hai / jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa kI ArAdhanA karanevAle purANapuruSoM kI 120 kathAeM isameM varNita haiN| ratnakIti isake 27 adhyAya likha paaye| zeSa bhAga unake ziSya candrakIrti ne zaka 1743 ( san 1821) meM dhArAziva (usmAnAbAda) meM pUrNa kiyA thA / 1. mahatikAvyakuMja nAma se ina saba racanAoM kA saMgraha vIracaMda kodara jI gAMdhI, phalaTaNa ne san 1935 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| isake pahale san 1903 meM jinadAsa cabar3e, vardhA, san 1922 meM sakhArAma nemacaMda dozI, solApura tathA san 1928 meM nAnA rAmacaMda nAga, phalaTaNa ne kucha abhaMga va padoM kI choTI pustakeM prakAzita kI thiiN| 2. pra0 jayacandra zrAvaNe, vardhA, prakAzanavarSa mAlUma nahIM ho skaa| 3. bhaTTAraka lakSmIsenasvAmI, kolhApura, dvArA san 1965 meM prakAzita / 4, amarAvatI meM isakI hastalikhita prati upalabdha hai|

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232 candra kIrti inakI tIna choTI racanAe~ prApta haiM / " sammedazikharamAhAtmya 64 zlokoM kA hai tathA padmAvatI zRMgAra varNana 24 kaDavakoM kA / pahalI racanA zaka 1737 (san 1815 ) meM aura dUsarI isake agale varSa meM pUrNa huI thI / ina donoM meM kavi ke guru kA nAmollekha nahIM hai / phira bhI sambhavataH ye vahI candra kIrti haiM at ratnakIti ke ziSya the| inakI eka anya racanA ravivratakathA meM 174 ovI haiM / isakI prazasti ke anusAra inakA pahalA nAma antAjI panta avadhUta thA / kAraMjA meM ye ratnakIrti ke ziSya hue the tathA bAda meM vizAlakIrti guru ne inheM maMDalAcArya kA pada diyA thA / nAgendrakIti marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ye lAtUra ke bhaTTAraka pada para the| inake dasa sphuTa pada prApta haiM / do padoM meM candra kIrti kA aura do meM vizAlakIrti kA guru-rUpa meM ullekha hai / eka pada meM rAmakSetra ( rAmaTeka ) ke zAntinAtha kI aura eka meM deulaghATa ke candraprabha kI stuti hai / sabhI pada jinabhakti, gurubhakti aura vairAgya bhAva se paripUrNa haiM / 3 inakA samaya unnIsavIM sadI kA pUrvArdha -- san 1825 ke Asa pAsa kA hai / dilasukha ye kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka padmanandi ke ziSya the / isase inakA samaya san 1793 se 1823 ke AsapAsa nizcita hotA hai / inakA svAtmavicAra nAmaka gadya grantha upalabdha hai / 4 saMskRta tarka-graMthoM kI zailI meM AtmA sambandhI vividha darzanoM ke vicAroM kI isameM samIkSA kI gaI hai / purAnI marAThI meM tarkazAstra kA vistRta vivecana isI eka grantha meM milatA hai / 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 102 / 2. isakI hastalikhita prati acalapura meM upalabdha huI / P. 3. isakI eka jIrNa pothI hamAre saMgraha meM hai / jinapadyaratnAvalI nAmaka choTI-sI pustaka meM inake kucha pada chape bhI the / kintu isake prakAzaka Adi kA vivaraNa hameM nahIM mila sakA / 4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 107 /

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prAraMbhika evaM madhyayugIna marAThI jaina sAhitva 233 mANika ye bhI bha0 padmanandi ke ziSya the| inakI tIna choTI racanAeM upalabdha haiM-guru-AratI, navagraha AratI tathA devI padmAvatI lAvaNI / ina tInoM kI padya-saMkhyA 5-5 hai| jinasena ye kolhApura ke bhaTTAraka the| marAThI meM inake tIna grantha upalabdha haiM / jambUsvAmIpurANa meM 11 adhyAya haiN| saMskRta meM sakalakIrti dvArA racita grantha ke AdhAra para jambUsvAmI kI kathA isameM sundara zabdoM meM varNita hai| sakalabhUSaNa kI saMskRta racanA ke AdhAra para upadeza ratnamAlA nAmaka dUsarA vistRta grantha jinasena ne zaka 1743 (san 1821) meM likhA / zrAvakoM ke chaha karmoM kA acchA vargana isameM hai| inakA tIsarA graMtha puNyAsrava kathAkoza zaka 1751 meM pUrNa huA thaa| isameM nAgakumAra, sukumAra, cArudatta, bhaviSyadatta Adi kI 79 kathAeM vistAra se grathita haiN| yaha graMtha eka kannaDa racanA ke AdhAra para likhA gayA thaa| lakSmIsenaziSya kAraMjA ke senagaNa ke bhaTTAraka pada para zaka 1754 ( san 1832 ) meM lakSmIsena baiThe the / isa samAroha kA varNana unake eka ziSya ne 5 kaDavakoM ke eka gIta meM kiyA hai / isa kavi ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| ThakAppA inakA eka mAtra grantha pAMDavapurANa zaka 1772 ( san 1850) meM 1. 'devIcI lAvaNI' yaha gIta jinadAsa cavaDe, vardhA, dvArA san 1913 meM prakAzita padmAvatIcI gANI ina pustaka meM milA, zeSa do hamAre hastalikhita saMgraha meM haiN| 2. pra. kallAppA upAdhyAya, nAndaNI ( kolhApura), varSa mAlUma nahIM ho skaa| 3. pra. kallAppA niTave, kolhApura, san 1898 / 4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 105 / 5. yaha gIta hamane anekAnta damAsika, dillI, ke varSa 18 (pR. 223 ) meM prakAzita kiyA thaa|

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234 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa kolhApura ke samIpa koganolI nagara meM likhA gayA thA / ' nAgarAja kI kannaDa kRti kA yaha rUpAntara 32 adhyAyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| giriAppA ke putra hone ke nAte kavi ne apanA nAma girisuta bhI likhA hai| ye kolhApura ke bhaTTAraka jinasena ke ziSya the| tukujI / inakI 5 kaDavakoM kI eka choTI-sI racanA kotako upalabdha hai| yaha devI padmAvatI kI prArthanA kA gIta hai| kavi ne apanI jAti kA ullekha 'somavaMza isa zabda se kiyA hai / inake samaya kA nizcaya nahIM ho pAyA hai| rAyA inakI likhI kucha AratiyAM upalabdha haiN| inameM bAlakuDa ke pArzvanAtha, yAdagirI ke mANikasvAmI, vaDagAMva ke zAntinAtha, sItAnagara ke zAntinAtha, jeuragI ke kSetrapAla tathA gommaTasvAmI ( zravaNabelagola ) kI stuti hai / inakI kula padyasaMkhyA 20 hai| rAyA ke samaya kA nizcaya nahIM ho pAyA hai| kucha ajJAtakartRka grantha jJAnodaya nAmaka 99 ovI kA eka prakaraNa upalabdha hai / AtmajJAna kI prApti kA isameM vivecana hai| isake lekhaka ne guru kA nAma zakrakIti batAyA hai, kintu svayaM apanA koI paricaya nahIM diyA hai| kundakundAcArya ke samayasAra kI amRtacandrAcArya kRta AtmakhyApti TIkA kA marAThI rUpAntara upalabdha hai| isake kartA ke viSaya meM koI jAnakArI nahIM mila sakI hai| samantabhadrAcArya ke ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra kI marAThI TIkA bhI upalabdha hai| isakI bhASAzailI guNakIti ke dharmAmRta jaisI hai| isake racayitA kA bhI koI paricaya nahIM mila sakA hai| 1. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 108, yaha grantha chapa cukA hai, kintu isake prakAzaka Adi kA vivaraNa nahIM mila skaa| 2.3. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 110,111 / 4. prA0 ma0, pRSTha 112 / 5. yaha TIkA sanmati mAsika meM san 1965 meM dhArAvAhika rUpa meM prakAzita huI hai, saM0 subhASa candra akkole /

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vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda dozI (1856-1936) - marAThI sAhitya-racanA kA prArambha gujarAtI vidvAnoM dvArA huA, yaha Upara batA cuke haiN| Adhunika marAThI sAhitya ke pramukha unnAyaka bhI gujarAta se mahArASTra meM Akara sthAyI rUpa meM basane vAle humaDa-gujara jAti ke zrAvaka the| inameM solApura ke dozI parivAra kA sthAna pramukha hai| saMpatti aura vidyA kA durlabha saMgama isa parivAra meM dIrghakAla banA rahA aura isake phalasvarUpa marAThI jaina sAhitya kI kAphI vRddhi huii| seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda isa parivAra ke pramukha the|' san 1884 meM inhoMne jainabodhaka mAsika patra kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| marAThI jaina samAja ko jAgRta karane meM isa patra kA yogadAna mahattvapUrNa rahA / samAja ke samAcAra, purAne tIrthoM aura granthoM kA paricaya, rUr3hiyoM meM Avazyaka sudhAra kI preraNA Adi viSayoM para vistRta lekha isa mAsika patra meM prakAzita hue| seThajI ne teraha varSa taka isakA sampAdana aura prakAzana kiyaa| san 1901 meM solApura ke yUniyana klaba meM seThajI ne jainadharma ke mUlatattvoM para bhASaNa diyA thA, jo 'jainadharmAcI mAhitI' nAmaka pustaka meM prakAzita huA hai / san 1923 se 1928 taka samyaktvavardhaka nAmaka patrikA kA prakAzana seThajI ne kiyaa| sAmAjika rUr3hiyoM meM sudhAra kI preraNA denA isa patrikA kA pramukha uddezya thaa| isI dRSTi se zAsanadevatApUjanacarcA, azocanirNayacarcA, nirmAlyadravyacarcA, navadhAbhakticarcA ye pustakeM bhI inhoMne sampAdita aura prakAzita kii| samantabhadrAcArya ke ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra kA marAThI aura hindI anuvAda sahita pAkeTabuka jaisA saMskaraNa, amRtacandrAcArya ke tattvArthasAra ke caturtha adhyAya para AdhArita 'pApapuNyAcI kAraNe', sarala kathAoM .. . 4. dInAnAtha bApUjI maMguDakara dvArA likhita vistRta jIvanacarita meM seThajI aura unake parivAra ke kAryoM kA paricaya milatA hai| yaha pustaka seThajI ke suputra ratanacanda hirAcaMda ne san 1967 meM prakAzita kI hai|

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"236 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ke rUpa meM prakAzita pArzvanAthacaritra tathA mahAvIracaritra evaM SoDazakAraNabhAvanA Adi upadezaprada nibandhasaMgraha seThajI kI anya pustakeM haiN| cavaDe bandhu purAne marAThI jaina sAhitya ke prakAzaka ke rUpa meM zrI jinadAsa nArAyaNa cavaDe, vardhA, kA kaI bAra ullekha kara cuke haiN| inake do bandhu nemacanda cavaDe aura gaNapatarAva cavaDe ne Adhunika marAThI meM acchI racanAe~ listrI haiM / jaina dharmAmRtasAra, jaina vratakathA saMgraha tathA saMgIta nirvANakSetrapUjA ye tIna racanAe~ san 1894 meM nemacanda cavaDe ne likhI aura prakAzita kii| 'saMgIta suzIla manoramA' nATaka san 1902 meM prakAzita huaa| jaina bhajanAmRta -saMgIta pada (1910), saMgIta jaina kIrtanAvalI (1918) tathA sItAzIla mAhAtmya va lavAMkuza caritra (1925) ye inakI anya kRtiyAM haiN| gaNapatarAva cavaDe ne saMgIta garvaparihAra nATaka (1907) tathA hanumAnacaritra (1912) ye "pustakeM likhI haiN| inhoMne jainabandhu mAsika patra (prArambha san 1908) bhI kucha varSa sampAdita kiyA thaa| kRSNAjI nArAyaNa jozI belagAMva ke isa vidvAn dvArA san 1897-98 meM amRtacandrAcAryakRta 'puruSArthasiddhayupAya, nemicandrAcAryakRta dravyasaMgraha, haricandrakRta dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya ( prathama tIna sarga ), bhaTTAraka sakalakIti subhASitAvalI, malliSeNAcAryakRta sajjanacittavallabha tathA samantabhadrAcAryakRta jinacaturviMzati ( svayambhU ) stotra ina chaha granthoM kA marAThI meM anuvAda huA thaa| bAlacanda kastUracanda gAndhI, dhArAziva ne ye pustakeM prakAzita kI thiiN| nAnA rAmacandra nAga phalaTaNa ke isa brAhmaNa vidvAn ne brahmacArI hirAcanda amolika ke upadeza se jainadharma svIkAra kiyA thaa| san 1895 meM inhoMne hirAcanda viracita padoM kA eka saMgraha prakAzita kiyA, isameM lagabhaga 100 pada hindI ke 1.hirAcanda amolika ( 1839-1892) ne nalacaritra, paMcapUjA tathA jaina rAmAyaNa ye pustakeM bhI likhI thIM aisA varNana milatA hai kintu ye "pustakeM hamAre avalokana meM nahIM A skiiN|

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vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ 2370 aura 12 marAThI ke haiM / tattvArthasUtra ( 1905 ), pratikramaNa ( 1913 ) tathA SaTpAhuDa ( 1928) ina granthoM ke anuvAda tathA bhAratI sacitra bAlabodha chAtropayogI pAThya pustaka ke do bhAga ye nAga mahodaya kI prakAzita pustakeM haiN| kallAppA bharamAppA niTave ye kolhApura ke jainendra mudraNAlaya ke saMcAlaka the / san 1898 meM inhoMne jainabodhaka kA sampAdaka pada svIkAra kiyA tathA lagabhaga 18 varSa taka isa mAsika patra ke mAdhyama se kaI mahattvapUrNa prAcIna graMthoM kA marAThI anuvAda prakAzita kiyaa| samantabhadrAcAryakRta AptamImAMsA, kundakundAcAryakRta paMcAstikAya tathA rayaNasAra, amitagati AcAryakRta zrAvakAcAra, somasenabhaTTArakakRta traivaNikAcAra, ajJAtakartRka samyaktvakaumudI, paNDita AzAdharakRta sAgAradharmAmRta tathA jinasenAcAryakRta mahApurANa ye Apake dvArA rUpAntarita grantha haiN| zrAvakoM ke nityakarma-pUjA Adi kA varNana kriyAmaMjarI pustaka meM Apane saMkalita kiyA thaa| tAtyA neminAtha pAMgaLa ye bArzI ke pratiSThita vidvAn the| inake pitAmaha anantarAja ne marAThI meM kaI bhaktipUrNa padoM kI racanA kI thii| ratnatrayamArgapradIpa ( 1905) pustaka meM unake putra ne ye pada saMkalita kiye the| tAtyAsAhaba ne pitAmaha kI isa paramparA ko kAyama rkhaa| paMcakalyANika tathA satI anantamatI (1906) inakI prArambhika kAvya racanAeM haiN| kundakundAcAryacaritra meM Apane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda kI pAMca zatAbdiyoM kA jaina samAja kA itihAsa saMkalita kiyA thA ( 1907) / vande jinavaram ( prArambha 1908) mAsika patra kA sampAdana Apane kaI varSa taka kiyaa| sAmAjika pragati aura aitihAsika jJAna kI vRddhi ke lie upayogI mahattvapUrNa lekha isa patra meM prakAzita hue the| tIrthakaracaritra ( 1909 ) meM guNabhadrAcArya ke uttarapurANa kA saMkSipta rUpAntara Apane prastuta kiyA thaa| pUnA kI vasantavyAkhyAnamAlA meM diye hue Apake bhASaNa ko 'jainadharma' nAmaka pustaka ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gayA thA ( 1921) / isI pustaka meM lokamAnya tilaka kA jainadharma viSayaka bhASaNa bhI saMkalita hai| jIvarAja gautamacanda dozI solApura ke dozI parivAra ke sAhityAnurAgI zrImAnoM meM seTha hirAcandaH

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238 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ke bAda ApakA sthAna pramukha hai|' jainabodhaka kA sampAdana kArya Apane lagabhaga pAMca varSa taka kiyA ( 1914-18) / isake pahale tattvArthasUtra aura AtmAnuzAsana granthoM kA marAThI anuvAda Apa kara cuke the| paMDita gopAla dAsa baraiyA kI jaina siddhAnta pravezikA aura sArvadharma tathA paMDita jugalakizora mukhtArakRta granthaparIkSA pustakoM kA bhI marAThI anuvAda Apane kiyaa| pUnA ke viSNuzAstrI bApaTa ne jaina darzanasAra nAmaka pustaka likhI thii| isameM kI gaI AlocanA kA paNDita vaMzIdhara ne hindI meM uttara diyA jise Apane marAThI meM rUpAntarita kiyA (1918) / AcArya zAntisAgaracarita (1924), jAti kI momAMsA ( 1925 ), paMDita sadAsukhakRta ratnakaraNDavacanikA kA anuvAda ( 1954 ), paMDita pannAlAlakRta mahApurANa kI AlocanA kI samIkSA ( 1954 ) tathA bhagavAn neminAtha ( 1958 ) yaha sarala kathArUpa pustakaye ApakI racanAeM prakAzita huI haiM / dattAtraya bhimAjI raNadive mirajagAva (ji. ahamadanagara ) ke isa kavi ne alpa Ayu meM hI kAvya aura upanyAsa lekhana meM ullekhanIya saphalatA prApta kI thii| kulabhUSaNadezabhUSaNacarita ( 1909), nIlIcarita (1915), gajakumAracarita (1949) jayakumAra-sulocanA, sItAzIlaparIkSA ina prAcIna kathAoM ke Adhunika kAvyamaya rUpAntaroM ke atirikta jinaguNAlApa ( 1913 ) yaha bhaktipUrNa padasaMgraha tathA ratnakaraNDa kA padya rUpAntara ( 1919 ) bhI Apa ne likhA thA / vibhinna mAsika patrikAoM meM ApakI 64 bhAvapUrNa kavitAeM samaya samaya para prakAzita huii| sumati aura jaina vAgvilAsa ina mAsika patroM kA sampAdana bhI Apane kucha samaya taka kiyA thaa| rUpiNI nAmaka ApakA upanyAsa zreNika kI paurANika kathA para AdhArita thaa| aJjanAsundarI upanyAsa bhI anjanA-pavanaMjaya kI purANaprasiddha kathA kA Adhunika rUpAntara thaa| jaina kathAoM ke atirikta sarva 1. dozIjI ne apanI samasta sampatti- (lagabhaga tIna lAkha rupaye ) pradAna kara jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha kI sthApanA kii| isa saMgha dvArA saMcAlita jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA meM saMskRta-prAkRta, hindI, aMgrejI, marAThI aura kannaDa meM 50 se adhika grantha chape haiN| 2. inakI kavitA kA saMgraha inake suputra ne 1931 va 1949 meM do saMDoM meM prakAzita kiyA thaa|

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vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ 239 janopayogI lalita kathAoM kI racanA bhI Apane vistRta rUpa meM kI thIcandrakAntA, jaTAzaMkara, nayanatArA, nagaratArakA, manoramA Adi 25 upanyAsa Apane likhe the| samaya-samaya para jaina-jainetara patroM meM Apake saikar3oM lekha prakAzita hue| inameM samAja-sudhAra ke lie pragatizIla vicAroM kA bhAvapUrNa pratipAdana kiyA gayA thaa| jainetara patrikAoM meM jinakI racanAe~ chapI aise jaina lekhakoM meM Apa pahale pramukha lekhaka the| rAvajI nemacanda zahA ye solApura ke pratiSThita vakIla aura sAhityakAra the| jainadharmAdarza ( 1910 ) inakI pahalI racanA thii| isameM praur3ha kintu subodha zailI meM jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA vistRta varNana hai / AcArya amitagati kA sAmAyika pATha tathA AcArya pUjyapAda kA samAdhizataka ina do granthoM kI vizada vivecana sahita marAThI TIkAe~ Apane likhIM ( 1912) / jinasenAcArya va guNabhadrAcArya carita ( 1915 ) aura ina AcAryoM kI prasiddha racanA kA sarala marAThI rUpAntara mahApurANAmRta ( 1915 ) ye ApakI sarasa racanAe~ haiN| pUjyapAdAcArya aura amRtacandrAcArya ke carita bhI Apane likhe haiM / jaina-jainetara patroM meM samaya-samaya para Apake vidvattApUrNa kaI lekha prakAzita hue| sAmAjika aura sAhityika kAryoM meM eka pragatizIla netA ke rUpa meM Apa prasiddha the| jaina dharma viSayaka AkSepoM kA nirasana ( 1938) tathA tIrthaMkaroM kI prAcInatA ( 1950) nAmaka Apa kI uttarakAlIna kRtiyAM bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM / tAtyA kezava copaDe bhilavaDI ke ye vidvAn acche saMgItajJa the| mahArASTra ke jaina samAja meM kIrtanakAra ke rUpa meM Apane kAphI kIrti paaii| jainabhajanAmRta padyAvalI (1911) nAmaka ApakI pahalI racanA saMgIta ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie upayukta hai / pUjA va sadyaHsthiti ( 1924 ), jagaduddhAraka jainadharma ( 1938), jaina va hindU ( 1944 ), paMDharapura kA viThobA ( 1947 ) ina pustakoM dvArA bApane jaina samAja kI asmitA jAgRta kara pragati kA mArga dikhAne kA prazaMsanIya prayatna kiyA thaa| rAvajI sakhArAma dozI Apa solApura ke dozI parivAra ke tIsare ujjvala ratna the| AcArya indranaMdikRta zrutAvatAra (1912) tathA paMDita daulatarAmakRta chahaDhAlA (1913) ke

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240 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa marAThI rUpAntara ApakI prArambhika kRtiyAM thiiN| chAtroM ke lie upayogI pAThya pustakoM ke rUpa meM bAlabodha jaina dharma ke cAra bhAgoM kA Apane saMpAdana aura prakAzana kiyaa| mahArASTra meM jaina dharma ke jJAna ke prasAra meM ina pustakoM kA yogadAna bahuta mahattvapUrNa rhaa| jainakathAsaMgraha (1930) tathA jaina kIrtanataraMgiNI (1931) ApakI anya marAThI kRtiyAM haiN| rAvasAhaba ne lagabhaga 20 varSa taka mAsika jaina bodhaka kA sampAdana kiyaa| ina varSoM ke isa patra ke kaI vizeSAMka pustakoM jaise hI saMgrahaNIya haiN| kathA, kavitA, itihAsa Adi vividha rUpoM kI bahumUlya sAmagrI ina aMkoM meM upalabdha hai| apane samaya ke kaI taruNa sAhityikoM kI kRtiyA~ prakAzita karane ke lie rAvasAhaba ne hajAroM rupaye vyaya kiye| marAThI jaina sAhitya kI pragati meM unakA yaha yogadAna kabhI bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| jinadAsa pArzvanAtha phaDakule Apa solApUra ke pratiSThita vidvAn haiN| gadya aura padya para ApakA samAna adhikAra hai| prAcIna saMskRta-prAkRta sAhitya ko marAThI meM rUpAntarita karane meM Apa nirantara prayatnazIla rhe| ApakI prakAzita kRtiyoM meM nimnalikhita granthoM ke anuvAda pramukha haiM-samantabhadrAcAryakRta svayambhUstotra (1920), AcArya pAtrakesarIkRta jinendraguNasaMstuti tathA AcArya vidyAnandakRta zrIpura pArzvanAthastotra (1920), kundakundAcArya tathA pUjyapAdAcAryakRta dazabhakti (1921), zivakoTiyAcAryakRta ratnamAlA (1921), somadevasUrikRta dvAdazAnuprekSA (1923), AcArya amitagatikRta tattvabhAvanA (1924), devasena AcAryakRta bhAvasaMgraha (1927), malliSeNa AcAryakRta nAgakumAracarita (1927), sakalakIti bhaTTAraka viracita sudarzanacarita (1927) tathA zrIpAlacarita (1963), asaga kavikRta vardhamAnacarita (1931), kunthusAgara muni viracita bodhAmRtasAra (1938), pUjyapAda AcAryakRta dazabhakti (1952) tathA nemidatta paMDitakRta rAtribhojanatyAgakathA (1956) / ApakI sabase vistRta aura mahattvapUrNa racanA jaina rAmAyaNa (1965) raviSeNAcArya ke padmapurANa kA padyabaddha rUpAntara hai| Apane pANDavapurANa, siddhAntasArasaMgraha Adi granthoM kA hindI anuvAda bhI kiyA hai| jaina bodhaka ko sAhityika rUpa pradAna karane meM ApakI kavitAoM aura lekhoM kA yogadAna mahattvapUrNa rhaa| Adhunika yuga meM Apa jaise nirantara sAhitya-sAdhanA karane vAle RjuprakRti ke vidvAn durlabha haiN|

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24 vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ kaMkubAI mAdhunika yuga meM kucha mahilAoM ne bhI sAhityaracanA meM yaza prApta kiyaa| inameM seTha hirAcanda nemacanda kI suputrI kuMkubAI kA sthAna pahalA hai / alpa Ayu meM vaidhavya prApta hone para inhoMne apanA sArA jIvana dharma aura sAhitya kI sevA tathA jaina mahilA-samAja meM jJAna-prasAra ke lie arpita kara diyaa| cAritrazuddhivratakathA tathA jainavratakathAsaMgraha ( 1921), devasenAcAryakRta tattvasAra tathA amRtacandrAcArya kRta samayasAraTIkA ke zloka ( jo samayasArakalaza ke nAma se prasiddha haiM ) kA anuvAda (1923) evaM papanandi AcArya kRta anityapaMcAzat kA anuvAda (1925) ApakI prakAzita racanAe~ haiN|' AcArya zrI AnanbASi jI __ sabarmabodha ( amolaka RSi jI ) kA marAThI anuvAda ( 1924 ) inakI prathama racanA hai| nAgapura kI rasnagraMthamAlA. meM ApakI anya kRtiyAM prakAzita huI jo isa prakAra haiM-jaina dharma ke viSaya meM ajaina vidvAnoM ke abhiprAya sayA jaina dharma kI vizeSatA (1928), jaina-dharma kA ahiMsA tattva (jinavijaya) kA anuvAda tathA upadezaratnakoza (jinezvarasUri ) kA anuvAda (1929) / motIcanda hirAcanda gAMdhI usmAnAbAda ke ye pratiSThita sAhityakAra haiM / gadya aura paba donoM meM ina kA samAna adhikAra hai / kaI prAcIna prAkRta aura saMskRta racanAoM ko marAThI meM rUpAntarita kara Apane mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| inakI pramukha rUpAntarita racanAe~ isa prakAra haiM-muni sundarasUrikRta sAdhuzikSA ( 1926 ), hariSeNAcAryakRta bRhatkathAkoza (1936), paNDita AzAdharakRta triSaSTismRtizAstra ( 1937 ), tamilaveda rUpa meM prasiddha kurala kAvya ( 1937), paMca saMgraha (pUjyapAdAcAryakRta iSTopadeza va samAdhizataka, yogIndudeva kRta yogasAra va paramAtmaprakAza tathA somaprabhasUrikRta sUktimuktAvalI ) ( 1951 ), paNDita ahaMddAsakRta munisuvratakAvya ( 1958), vAdIbhasiMha sUrikRta kSatracUDAmaNi ( 1958) tathA siddharSikRta upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA ( 1962) / kunda kundAcArya ke sabhI granthoM kA padyabaddha rUpAntara Apake grantha AcArya kundakunda ... 1 mahAvIra brahmacaryAzrama, kAraMjA meM ApakI smRti meM kuMkubAI dhArmika pAThya pustaka mAlA sthApita kI gii| isameM aba taka dasa pustakoM ke kaI saMskaraNa prakAzita hue haiN|

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242 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa meM prakAzita huA hai / mahAvIracaritra (1931 ) tathA tIrthavandanA ye ApakI vistRta pustakeM bhI paThanIya haiM / Apane 'ajJAta' upanAma se sAhityaracanA kI hai / bAbagauMDA bhujagauMDA pATIla beLagAMva-sAMgalI vibhAga meM dakSiNa mahArASTra jaina sabhA ke netAoM meM Apa pramukha the| sabhA ke mukhapatra pragati ANi jinavijaya kA Apane kucha varSa sampAdana kiyA / aitihAsika jaina vIra ( 1934 ) tathA dakSiNa bhArata va jainadharma ( 1938 ) Apake ye grantha marAThI samAja ko jaina itihAsa kA paricaya karAne meM bahuta mahatvapUrNa siddha hue / ratnakaraNDa kA Apa kA saMskaraNa ( 1943 ) anuvAda ke sAtha maulika vivecana se bhI alaMkRta hai / ahiMsA ( 1946 ) tathA mahAvIravANI ( 1956 ) ApakI anya racanAe~ haiM / AppA bhAU magadUma sAMgalI kI vIra granthamAlA ke saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM Apane jaina samAja meM itihAsa kI abhiruci utpanna karane meM prazaMsanIya yoga diyA / nemisAgaracarita ( 1934 ); sapta samrATa ( 1936 ), jaina vIra striyA~ ( 1936 ), caudA ratne ( AcArya-jIvana-paricaya ) ( 1941 ) tathA vanarAja ( 1945 ) ye ApakI pramukha kRtiyAM haiM / zAntinAtha yazavaMta nAndre Apane seTha rAvajI sakhArAma dozI tathA AcArya zAntisAgara ke jIvana-carita likhe the / kathAko mudI ( 1936 ) meM samyaktva ke pAlana ke kathArUpa udAharaNa Apane sarala bhASA meM aMkita kiye the / jambUkumAra kI virakti ( 1959 ) tathA satI campAvatI ( 1963 ) ApakI anya sarala kathA-rUpa pustakeM prakAzita huI haiM / sumera jaina solApura gurukula se ( aura bAda meM bAhubalI gurukula se ) prakAzita mAsika patra sanmati ke sampAdana meM inakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA / gambhIra aura lalita donoM zailiyoM para inakA adhikAra hai / jaTAyu nAmaka nibandha saMgraha meM inake vicArottejaka aura manoraMjaka lekha saMkalita hue haiM / vardhamAna mahAvIra ( 1958 ), samrATa karakaMDu ( 1964 ), amara kathA (1970) ye prAcIna

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vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ 243 kathAoM ke Adhunika sarasa rUpAntara inhoMne likhe haiN| hindI-marAThI aura marAThI-hindI amara koza tathA sacitra bAla vizvakoza jaisI sarvajanopayogI pustakoM kA. sampAdana bhI Apane kiyA hai / subhASacandra akkoLe solApura kI jIvarAja granthamAlA ke kAryavAhaka ke rUpa meM inhoMne mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA thaa| prAcIna marAThI jaina sAhitya ke viSaya meM Apake zodhakArya kA pahale ullekha kara cuke haiM / jasodhararAsa, paramahaMsakathA, zreNikacaritra Adi prAcIna racanAoM ke saMpAdana ke atirikta mahAmAnava sudarzana ( 1955 ), pANDavakathA ( 1956 ), samyaktvakaumudI (1957 ), cakravartI subhIma (1961) ye prAcIna saMskRta kathAoM ke Adhunika marAThI sarala rUpAntara bhI Apane likhe haiN| solApura-bAhubalI ke mAsika sanmati ke sampAdana meM bhI Apane kaI varSoM taka bhAga liyA thaa| Apa bArAmatI ke tulajArAma caturacaMda mahAvidyAlaya ke prAcArya rahe haiM / anya mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ ___ aba taka jina lekhakoM kI pAMca yA adhika racanAeM prakAzita huI hai unakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| zeSa racanAoM meM vibhinna dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa kucha racanAoM kA aba samayakrama se ullekha kreNge| ___ kAraMjA.ke bhaTTAraka devendrakIti ( kAlurAmajI ) ke lagabhaga 200 hindI padoM kA marAThI anuvAda san 1895 meM prakAzita huyA thA, isameM anuvAdaka kA upanAma anAtha batAyA gayA hai / mUla padoM ke samAna hI yaha anuvAda sarasa hai| - phulacanda kALusakara, kolhApura, ke bhaktipUrNa padoM kA saMgraha jinapadyaratnamAlA 1896 meM prakAzita huA thaa| - brahmacArI jItamala kI racanA jinasatyanArAyaNapUjA vardhA se 1904 meM prakAzita huI thii| jaina samAja ko hindU pUjAvidhi se chuTakArA dilAne meM isa pustaka kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA / bhAra0 mAra0 bobaDe, akolA, dvArA sampAdita jaina purohita (1910) khathA jinAcAra-vidhi (1911) nAmaka pustakeM bhI jaina samAja meM hindU paramparA kI vivAha vidhi Adi kA andhAnukaraNa rokane meM kAphI saphala rhiiN| ... mANikasA motIsA khaMDAre, kAraMjA, kI jinapAkusumamAlA ( 1912) meM gAyanopayogI bhAvapUrNa pada prApta hote haiN|

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marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa hirAcanda amIcanda zahA, solApura kA yazodharacaritra sarala kathAvarNana kI dRSTi se lokapriya huA thA ( 1912 ) / inakI dUsarI racanA vratazIlakathAsaMgraha bhI rocaka hai / 244 zAntinAtha govinda kaTake tathA inake bandhu mANika govinda kaTake ke bhaktipUrNa padoM kA saMgraha padya kusumAvalI 1918 meM prakAzita huA thA / paMca parameSThI - guNavarNana (1919) va paMcakalyANikavarNana (1927) ye mANikarAva kI tathA covIsatIrthaMkara pUjA yaha zAntinAtha kI racanA bhI kAphI lokapriya huI thI / ratnanandi bhaTTAraka ke bhadrabAhupurANa kA anuvAda (1921) kallAppA anaMta upAdhyAya ne kiyA thA / nemacanda vAlacanda gAMdhI, usmAnAbAda ne nemicandrAcArya ke gommaTasAra kA marAThI rUpAntara kiyA thaa| isa gahana grantha ke viSaya ko saMkSepa meM samajhAne ke lie inhoMne guNasthAna carcA va saptatattvavicAra nAmaka choTI pustakeM bhI likhI thIM ( 1922 ) / zAMtisAgarAcAryacaritasudhA yaha padyabaddha racanA devendratanaya, zamanevADI, dvArA 1924 meM tathA devendra kIrticaritasudhAnidhi yaha padyabaddha racanA sonAbAI jintUrakara, kAraMjA, dvArA 1925 meM likhI gaI thI / apane samakAlIna dharmAcAryoM ke ye caritakAvya paThanIya haiM / kAraMjA ke bhaTTAraka vIrasena ke AdhyAtmika pravacanoM se prabhAvita hokara brahmaya svAmI, kurundavADa ne anubhavaprakAza nAmaka gadyapadyamizra racanA 1929 meM likhI thI / isakA AtmAnubhavavarNana purAnI marAThI racanAoM kI zailI kA hai / bhaTTAraka akalaMka ke ratnatrayasAra nAmaka kannaDa grantha kA marAThI anuvAda (1929) bAhubalI zarmA ne kiyA thA / vRttivilAsa kI kanaDa dharmaparIkSA kA marAThI anuvAda ( 1931 ) inakI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai / viSNukumAra DoNagAMvakara, kAraMjA ne samantabhadrAcAryakRta ratnakaraNDa tathA nemicandrAcArya kRta dravyasaMgraha ke chAtropayogI marAThI saMskaraNa taiyAra kiye the ( 1930 ) / narendranAtha bhisIkara, kAraMjA ne paMDita gopAladAsa baraiyA kI jaina siddhAMta pravezikA kA chAtropayogI marAThI saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA thA ( 1932 ) | inhoMne vAdIbhasiMhasUri ke kSatracUDAmaNi kAvya kA marAThI anuvAda (1938) tathA kundakundAcArya ke niyamasAra kA marAThI vivecana ( 1963 ) bhI prakAzita kiyA / inakI ye racanAe~ bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM /

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vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaiva sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ 245 anaMtarAja bopalakara, solApura ne purAne marAThI sAhitya ke eka pramukha kavi mahatisAgara kA jIvanacarita kAvyabaddha kiyA thA ( 1934 ) / bhUdharadAsa ke pArzvapurANa kA marAThI rUpAntara bhI inhoMne padyabaddha rUpa meM kiyA thA ( 1939 ) / vidyAkumAra devIdAsa jaina ne bhaktAmara Adi pAMca stotra ( 1935 ) tathA dhanaMjaya kI nAmamAlA ( 1937 ) kA marAThI rUpAntara kiyA thA / gopAla bAlAjI bIDakara ( upanAma bAlasuta ) ne akalaMka - niSkalaMka kI paurANika kathA para AdhArita kharA svArthatyAga ( 1936 ) nATaka kI racanA kI thI / kulabhUSaNa - dezabhUSaNacarita ( 1939 ) nAmaka inakI kAvyabaddha racanA bhI paThanIya haiM / amarAvatI ke zrImAn natthUsA pAsUsA kalamakara ne purAne marAThI sAhitya kI zailI meM jainavratakathAsaMgraha ( 1936 ) kI racanA kI thI / caubIsatIrthaMkarapUjA inakI dUsarI padyabaddha racanA hai / kAlacandra jinacandra upAdhyAya ne AcArya mANikyanandi ke parIkSAmukha kA marAThI rUpAntara taiyAra kiyA thA ( 1937 ) / inakI dUsarI bRhad racanA jainendravratakathAsaMgraha ( 1854 ) meM jaina samAja meM pracalita prAyaH sabhI vratoM kI vidhi aura kathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / priyaMkara ziraDhoNakara ne sAMgalI kI vIra granthamAlA se karNATaka jaina kavikula (1941) tathA prAcIna jainAcArya (1942) nAmaka pustakeM prakAzita kI thiiN| lAtUra ke maTTAraka vizAlakIrti dvArA racita pUjA stuti, AratI tathA sphuTa kavitAoM kA saMgraha bhAvAMkura ( 1948 ) lalita zabdaracanA kI dRSTi se paThanIya haiM / muni zrI cauthamala jI ke nirgrantha pravacana kA marAThI rUpAntara zrI pratApamalakocara ne prastuta kiyA thA ( 1954 ) tathA kIrtivijaya jI dvArA marAThI meM pAntarita bArhatadharmaprakAza ( 1955 ) bambaI se prakAzita huA thA / jayakumAra AlaMdakara ne jIvandhara kI purAtana kathA kA Adhunika sarala rUpAntara prastuta kiyA (1956 ) tathA paNDita kailAzacandra jI ke bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA anuvAda bhI kiyA ( 1958 ) / paNDita kAzAvara ke sAgAradharmAmRta kA vizad marAThI vivecana rabIndrakumAra nAMdagAMvakara ne prastuta kiyA ( 1957 ) / ArthikA rAjulamatI kA jIvanacarita vidyullatA zahA ne likhA thA( 1957 ) /

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246 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa vAdirAjasUri ke yazodharacarita kA sarala rUpAntara jayakumAra kSIrasAgara ne kiyA ( 1960 ) / vAdImasiMhasUri ke kSatracUDAmaNi kA inhoMne padyabaddha rUpAntara kiyA jo mAsika sanmati meM dhArAvAhika rUpa se prakAzita huA hai| paNDita kailAzacandra jI ke jaina dharma kA marAThI anuvAda premacandra zahA dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA ( 1963 ) / a. ji. hupare kA gItamahAvIra yaha zrutimadhura gItoM kA saMgraha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jIvanakathA bhAvapUrNa zabdoM meM prastuta karatA hai ( 1963 ) / Apane mainAsUndarI kI kathA bhI gIta rUpa meM prastuta kI hai| solApura ke zrAvikAzrama kI pramukha paNDitA sumatibAI ne kaI varSa taka mAsika jaina mahilAdarza ke marAThI vibhAga kA sampAdana kiyA hai| rAmAyaNa ( 1965 ) isa choTI sI pustaka meM inhoMne padmapurANa kI kathA Adhunika rUpa meM varNana kI hai| nemicandrAcArya ke dravyasaMgraha kA subodha rUpAntara bhI Apane prastuta kiyA hai ( 1968) / hAla hI meM AdigItA nAmaka ApakA vistRta kAvyagrantha prakAzita huA hai| pahilA samrAT ( candragupta maurya ) vAsantI zahA kI yaha sarasa pustaka (1965 ) jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se paThanIya hai| saMskRtigaMgA inakI dUsarI 'pustaka prAcIna bhAratIya nAriyoM kI bodhaprada kathAoM ko prastuta karatI hai| kundakundAcArya ke samayasAra kI amRtacandrAcArya viracita AtmakhyAti TIkA kA vizada vivecana paMDita dhanyakumAra bhore, kAraMjA ne prastuta kiyA hai ( 1968) / isake pahale inhoMne paMDita ToDaramala viracita mokSamArgaprakAzaka kA marAThI rUpAntara bhI kiyA thaa| gajakumAra zahA kI pavanaputra hanumAn tathA AdikumAra beDage* kI kumAra prItikara ye sarala kathArUpa pustakeM jIvarAja granthamAlA, solApura se prakAzita huI haiM ( 1965) / zirapura ke antarikSa pArzvanAtha mandira ke viSaya meM zvetAmbara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa muni jambUvijaya jI dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA thA jise vAlacanda hirAcanda ne marAThI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ( 1960 ) / isI kSetra ke viSaya meM digambara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa nemacanda DoNagAMvakara ne prastuta kiyA hai| hemacandra vaidya, kAraMjA gata kucha varSoM se mAsika sanmati ke sampAdakamaMDala meM haiN| prAcIna dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA Adhunika spaSTIkaraNa dete hue bAtacIta * ye aba mAsika sanmati ke saMpAdakamaMDala meM haiM /

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vartamAnakAlIna marAThI jaina sAhityakAra evaM unakI racanAe~ 247. ke DhaMga meM kailAsa kAkA lekhamAlA Apane sammati meM likhI thI jo aba pustakarUpa meM prakAzita huI hai| sItA ke agnidivya kI kathA para zIlasamrAjJI vATikA bhI Apane likhI hai| muni zrI samantabhadra ke pravacanoM se saMkalita subhASitoM kA sAnuvAda saMgraha udbodhana nAma se Apane saMpAdita kiyA hai| ___ Adhunika samaya meM bahuta thor3e sAdhuoM ne sAhityaracanA kI hai| inameM makaradhvajaparAjaya rUpakAtmaka nATaka ke praNetA kSu0 AdisAgara pramukha haiN| Apane padmapurANa kA kAvyabaddha rUpAntara bhI kiyA hai| patrikAeM marAThI jaina sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA sUtrapAta mAsika jaina bodhaka dvArA san 1884 meM huA thaa| hirAcanda nemacanda dozI, kallAppA niTave, jIvarAja gautamacanda dozI tathA rAvajI sakhArAma dozI ke sampAdana meM isa patra ne uttarottara pragati kii| Ajakala yaha varddhamAna pArzvanAtha zAstrI dvArA sAptAhika rUpa meM sampAdita ho rahA hai| jaina vidyAdAnopadezaprakAza mAsika patra jaina sabhA, vardhA ke mukhapatra ke rUpa meM bakArAma paikAjI roDe dvArA lagabhaga dasa varSa taka sampAdita evaM prakAzita huA thaa| isakA prArambha san 1892 meM huA thaa| pannAlAla jaina, vardhA dvArA 1898 meM prArambha kiye gaye mAsika jaina bhAskara meM hindI aura marAThI donoM bhASAoM ke lekha the| dakSiNa mahArASTra jaina sabhA ke mukhapatra ke rUpa meM aNNAsAheba laTTha dvArA pragati-jinavijaya sAptAhika san 1901 meM zurU kiyA gayA thaa| sabhA ke nirNayAnusAra samaya-samaya para vibhinna sAmAjika kAryakartA isakA sampAdana karate rahe haiM / Ajakala yaha bI. bI. pATIla ke sampAdana meM prakAzita ho rahA hai| tAtyAsAheba pAMgala dvArA sampAdita mAsika vande jinavaram tathA gaNapata nArAyaNa cavaDe, vardhA ke mAsika jaina bandhu kA Upara ullekha kara cuke haiN| mAsika sumati, vardhA, kavi raNadive ke sampAdana meM kucha varSa prakAzita huA thaa| inhIM dvArA jaina vAgvilAsa mAsika bhI zurU kiyA gayA thA ( 1913) / isI samaya, ke AsapAsa jayakumAra devIdAsa cavare dvArA mAsika jaina bhAgyodaya kA kucha varSa sampAdana kiyA gayA thaa| rAmacanda gulAbacanda vhorA, solApura dvArA mAsika prabhAvanA san 1925 meM prArambha kiyA gayA thaa| vA0 de0 dhumALe, kAraMjA tathA ke0 pI0 bhAgavatakara, nAgapura ne san 1935 meM mAsika sArvadharma kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa|

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248 marAThI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa jaina gurukula, solApura ( tathA bAda meM bAhubalI, ji. kolhApura ) ke mukhapatra ke rUpa meM mAsika sanmati kA prakAzana san 1950 se mANikacanda bhisIkara ke sampAdana meM ho rahA hai| isake sahAyaka sampAdaka sumera jaina tathA subhASacandra akkoLe haiN| __ zreNika annadAte, bambaI dvArA sampAdita pAkSika patra tIrthakara pragatizIla vicAroM kA pratinidhitva karatA hai (prArambha 1968 ) / ____ kAntilAla coraDiyA, pUnA dvArA 1969 meM pAkSika jaina jAgRti kA prakAzana prArambha kiyA gayA hai| upasaMhAra sarvajanopayogI dainika patroM ke saMpAdana meM bhI kucha jaina vidvAnoM ne pramukha sthAna prApta kiyA hai| inameM solApura samAcAra ke sahasaMpAdaka nAnacanda zahA tathA dainika satyavAdI, kolhApura ke saMpAdaka bAlAsAheba pATIla pramukha haiN| pichale dasa varSoM meM marAThI sAhitya ke chiTapuTa prakAzana hI hue haiN| jIvarAja granthamAlA dvArA ratnakIrti aura candrakIti kA ArAdhanA kathAkoSa (sampAdaka prA0 zAMtikumAra killedAra) prakAzita huA hai tathA pahale marAThI jaina lekhaka guNakIti kI eka choTI gujarAtI racanA viveka vilAsa (vi0 joharApurakara dvArA sampAdita) isI granthamAlA ne prakAzita kI hai / 2500veM mahAvIra nirvANotsava ke avasara para kaI pustikAe~ aura smArikAeM nikalI haiN| prAcIna marAThI kathApaMcaka (vi0 joharApurakara dvArA sampAdita) meM cimanApaMDita kI anantavratakathA, puNyasAgara kI AdityavratakathA, mahIcaMdra kI nirdoSasaptamI kathA tathA lakSmIcaMdra kI meghamAlA kathA jIvarAja granthamAlA se prakAzita huI hai| ___ marAThI jaina sAhitya ke prAcIna aura Adhunika pramukha nirmAtAoM kA saMkSipta paricaya dene kA prayAsa isa prakaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai| vistAra bhaya se ina lekhakoM kI kRtiyoM kI aitihAsika, sAhityika yA tAttvika vizeSatAoM kA vivecana yahIM nahIM kiyA jA skaa| phira bhI hameM AzA hai ki viSaya kI sthUla rUparekhA vidvAnoM ke samakSa rakhane kA hamArA uddezya saphala mAnA jaayegaa| isa prakaraNa ko vartamAna svarUpa dene meM prA0 zAntikumAra killedAra tathA DA0 subhASacandra akkoLe, ina do mitroM kI sahAyatA mahatvapUrNa rahI hai| anya jina vidvAnoM ke granthoM kA upayoga huA hai unakA yathAsthAna nirdeza kiyA hai| una saba ke prati hama kRtajJatA prakaTa karate haiN|

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kannaDa jaina sAhitya-zabdAnukramaNikA aMjanAcarite-85, 86 akalaMka-4 maggaladeva-48,66,67, 75 ajitapurANa-21, 22, 23 aNDayya-66, 72, 78 anantanAthapu rANa-7071, 72, 73 anuprekSe-82 aparAjitezvarazataka-83 abhayacandra-29, 56 abhidhAnaratnamAlA-60, 62 abhidhAnavastukoza-62 amitagati-57, 58,59 amRtAnandI-89 asaga-1, 7, 10, 67 AcaNNa-61, 65, 66, 67 AdipurANa-9, 15, 26, 83, 84 indassAra-89 uttarapurANa-27, 73 upasarga kevaliyoM kI kathA-11 umAsvAti-30, 31 karubhaMga-26 kaMti-39, 40, 41 kaMtihaMpana samasyegaLa-39, 4 // kannaDakavicarite-29 kanakacandra-56 kanakanandi-56 kabbigarakAva-78 kamalabhava-66, 68, 72, 76, 77 karNapArya-27, 33, 50,51, 51. 53, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64, 69 karNATakakavicarite-33 karNATakakAdambarI-60, 64 karNATakabhASAbhUSaNa-60, 62 karNATakazabdAnuzAsana-90 karNATakasaMjIvana-90 kalyANakAraka-56, 57 kalyANakIrti-82 kavicarite-41, 49 kaviparameSThI-89 kavirAja-12 kavirAjamArga-1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 61 kavIzvara-8,9 kAdambarI-2, 44, 60 kAmanakathe-82 kAlidAsa-2,3 kAvyaratna-22 kAvya sAra-11,88 kAvyAvalokana-60, 61, 63 kirAta-79 kirAtArjunIya-8 kIrtivarma-47, 48, 57 kundakunda-72 kumudendu-72 kusumAvali-76

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76 kettanAyaka-77 cAuNDarAyapurANa-27, 73 kezirAja-3, 7, 8, 10, 19, 33, cAritrasAra-28 49, 65, 66, 70,79, 80, 9. citrahasuge-46, 40 kSatracUDAmaNi-82 cidAnanda-11 khejagaNita-46, 47 cUDAmaNi-8 semaMkara-77 colapAlacarita-79 khagendramaNidarpaNa-81, 87 chandombadhi-5, 60 pajAMkuza-67 chabbIsa ratnamAlA-50 matapratyAmata-20 jaTAsiMhanandi-91 badAyuddha-1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 janna-10, 20, 33, 61, 63, 70, sadAsauptika-24 71, 52, 73, 74, 75, 76 guNacandra-89 jayabandhu-8 muSanandi-7, 10 jayarAma-58, 59 aNabhadra-27, 73, 89 jayanRpakAvya-87, 88 guNavarma-7, 10, 11, 67, 69, 72, jasaharacariu-72 jAtakatilaka-29, 30 guNavamaM (prathama)-75 jinacaturvizatikA-69 puNavarma (dvitIya)-74 jinamunitanaya-34, 91 gommaTasAra-57 jinasena-9, 50, 83 mommaTasAra kI mandaprabodhinI TIkA- jinastuti-65, 82 jinAkSaramAlA-20, 34 bommaTasAravRtti-29 jIvandharacarite-82, 87 bommaTastuti-65, 81 jIvandharasAMgatya-86 movaidha-47, 48, 57 jIvasaMbodhana- 68, 91 candradevaprabhacarita-89 jainagaNitasUtraTIkodAharaNa-46, 47 candranAthASTaka-74, 76 jainapurANa-37, 61 candraprabhacarita-29, 64 jJAnacandrAbhyudaya-82 candraprabhapurANa-8,48, 66 tattvabhedASTaka-82 candraprabhaSaTpadi-90 tattvArthavRtti-30 candrasAgara-58 tattvArthasUtra-30, 31 gharaka-56 tripuradahana-85, 86 cAuNDarAya-13, 27, 28,64,73 trilokazataka-83

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trilokasAra-56 nAgavarma (prathama)-60 triSaSTilakSaNa mahApurANa-27 nAgavarma (dvitIya)-60, 61, 62, trailokyacUDAmaNistotra-48,49,50 daNDI-2, 8, 9, 62 nAgArjuna-8 dazamalayAdi mahAzAstra-88 nAnAtharatnAkara-90 divAkaranandi-30, 31 nirvANalakSmIpatinakSatramAlikA-65, durgasiMha-8, 33 duvinIta-7, 8 nUtananAgacandra-91 devakavi-66 nemicandra-63, 64, 75, 77 devacandra-7, 8, 40, 64, 83, 90, nemijinezasaMgati-87, 88 91 neminAthapurANa-11, 50, 51, 53, devottama-61, 90 54, 56, 63, 64, 77, 78 doDaNAMka-90 nemIzvaracarite-89 doDDayya-8, 56, 64, 89 nupatuMga-1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, dvAdazAnuprekSA-85 61 dvisandhAnakAvya-69 paumacariyam-36 dhanaMjaya-69 padmacaritra-86 dharaNi paMDita-91 padmapurANa-36 dharmanAtha purANa-81 padmarasa-90 dharmaparIkSA-57, 58, 59 padmasAgara-59 dharmAmRta-41, 42, 43, 44, 45 pampa-1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 14, 15, dhUrtAkhyAna-59 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 34, 317 nayasena-11, 22, 27, 32, 41, 39, 40, 41, 60, 66, 67, 69, 42,43, 44,45,80 72, 73, 75, 77, nAgakumAra kathA-29 pamparAmAyaNa-33, 34, 35, 36, nAgakumAracarita-40; 14, 89 37, 18 nAgacandra-15, 22, 27, 320 33; paramAtmaprakAza-65 34, 35, 36, 39, 54, 70, 72, parameSThi-4 pAvaM-11, 22, 33, 63, 65, 66, nAgarAja-14, 68,80 nAgavarma-3, 5, 9, 13, 20, 33, pArzvanAthapurANa-65, 69, 70 pArzvapaMDita-69

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puNyAsavakathA - 80 purANacUDAmaNi- 19 purANatilaka - 22 puSpadaMtapurANa- 74, 75, 76 pUjyapAda- 4, 56, 72 pona - 1, 3, 10, 11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 31, 60, 66, 67, 69, 72, 75, 77 prabodhacandra- 79 prabodhacandrodaya - 86 prabhaMjanacarite - 87, 88 praznottararatnamAlikA - 9 ( 4 ) prAbhRtatraya - 65 bandhuvarma - 68, 77, 91 bANa - 2, 3, 60 bAlacandra - 65 bAhubali - 29, 40, 64, 66, 81, 89 bijjalacarite - 91 boppaNa paMDita - 65, 66, 67 bommarasa - 86 brahmakavi - 90 brahmaziva - 27, 47, 48, 49, 50 bhaTTanArAyaNa - 2, 3, 26 bhaTTAkalaMka - 7, 8, 9, 62, 81, 90, 91 bharata-2 bhartRhari-2 bhavabhUti - 2 bhAgavata - 2 bhAmaha - 62 bhArata-89 bhAratezavaibhava - 83, 84, 85 bhAravi - 2, 3, 8 bhAsa - 26 bhAskara -82 bhASA bhUSaNa - 41 bhASAmaMjarI - 91 bhuvanaikarAmAbhyudaya- 19 bhuvanaikavIra- 11 bhUpAla - 69 maMgarasa -8, 22, 33, 56, 63, 68, 72, 81, 88 maMgarasa (dvitIya) -87 maMgarAja - 81 maMgarAja nighaNTu - 87 maMjarImakaraMda - 91 madana vijaya - 78 madhura - 22, 63, 63, 72, 81 manmathavijaya-80 malla -80 mallikArjuna - 7, 10,70,72,74, 76, 79 mallinAthapurANa- 33, 34, 35, 36, 39 mahAbala - 77, 78 mahAbhArata - 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 26 69 mAgha - 2, 3 mAghavacandra - 56, 57 muni vaMzAbhyudaya - 91 mohAnubhavamukura - 70 mRgapakSizAstra - 48 yareyaMga - 72

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yazastilakacampU-72 yazodharakAvya-72, 73 yazodharacarita-70,71, 72, 73 yogaratnAkara-90 raghuvaMza-3 raTTa-90 raTramata-90 ratnAkara-83, 84, 85 ratnAkara varNI-82 ratnAkarAdhIzvarazataka-83 rana-1, 3, 11,14,20, 21, 22. 23, 26, 27, 28, 33, 32, 66, 69, 72, 75, 77 ranakaviprazasti-26 raviSeNa-36, 86 rasaratnAkara-88, 89 rAghavapANDavIya-48, 69 'rAjAditya-46, 47 rAjAvali kathe-40, 64, 91 rAmakathAvatAra-91 rAmacandracaritamurANa-34 rAmAyaNa-2, 3, 4, 69 rudra maTTa-89 rudraTa-62 lIlAvati-46, 47, 63, 64 vajra kumAracarite-90 rite... vaDDArAdhane-11, 27, 31, 32, 43, vastukoza-60 vAgbhaTa-56 vAdirAja-73 vATIbhasiMhasari-82 vAmana-2, 62 vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa-37, 38 vAsavadattA-63 vikramArjunavijaya-1, 15, 16 vijayakumArikathe-90 vijayaNNa-85 vidyAnanda-7, 11,81, 88 vinayAditya-72 vimalasUri-36 vimalodaya-8 vIrezacaritra-56 veNIsaMhAra -26 vaidyasAMgatya-88, 89 vyavahAragaNita-46 vyavahAraratna-46, 47 vRttavilAsa-27, 57, 58, 59 zabdamaNidarpaNa-19, 49, 65, 70, 79, 80 zabdAnuzAsana-62 zAntarasa kavi-90 zAntinAtha-27, 31, 32 zAntipurANa-19, 20 zAntIzvarapurANa-76, 77 zAradAvilAsa-88, 89 zAstra sAra-57 zivakoTyAcArya-11 zivapurANa-86 zizumAyaNa-85, 86 vararuci-62 varAGganupavarite-91 vardhamAnacaritra-67 vardhamAnapurANa-65, 66, 67

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zudraka-11 zRMgAra kavi-90 zrIdharAcArya-29 zrIpadAzIti-66, 67 zrIpAlacarite-87, 88 zrIvardhadeva-7,8 dhIvijaya-7, 8, 9, 67 zrIharSa-3 zrutakIrti-48, 90 sakala kIrti-67 sanatkumAracarite-86 samantabhadra-4, 72 samayaparIkSA-40,48, 49 samyakatvakaumudI-87, 88 sala-32 sAlva-88,89 sALava-61 sAhasabhImavijaya-12, 23 sukumAracarite-31, 32, 90 sukumArasvAmikathA-31 subandhu-2, 63 subhadrAharaNa-79 sUktisudhArNava-10, 70,76, 79 sUpazAstra-87, 88 somadeva sUri-72 somanAtha-56, 50 smaratantra-70 haribhadra-59 harivaMza-2, 4, 11 harivaMzAbhyudaya-68 hariSeNa-58 harihara-15 harSacarita-2, 44 halAyudha-62 hemacandra-89

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tamila jaina sAhitya - zabdAnukramaNikA attAri - 182 amitasAgara - 107, 192 aranaoNri sArag - 132, 133, 142 aranAnUra- 152 akala caMppu - 122, 132, 133 avinaya nATa - 191 avinayam - 191, 192 avirodhi yAra - 182 aSTa padArthasAra - 111 aSTAdhyAyI - 108 AdinAtha pillai tamiL- 182 AcAra kovai - 131, 153 iniyavai nArpadu-- 130, 131, 134, 139, 140, 141 innA nArpadu-- 130, 131, 134, 139, 140 iraiyanAT akappA ruLa - 124 iraiyanAra aTTapporuL-- 190 iLaMgo aDigaL- - 121, 145, 149, 153, 154 uttara purANam - 102, 186, 188, udayaNa kumAra kAvyam - 162 udayaNan katheM-- 160 umAsvAti -- 113 utsa-- 182 eTTuttaoNka -- 119, 121 elAcArya - 125 139, 141, elAri-- 131, 138, 141, 146 aitirNe elupadu-- 131 aittirNa eMpadu-- 131 oTTakkattUra - 159, 162 kaNimedhAviyATa - 131, 138, 139 kaNNan cendanATa-- 131 kapilaTa-- 130 kalambakam -- 182 kaLavaLi nArpadu - 130, 135 kaligattu paraNi-- 179, 180 kalittakai -- 124 kalaikkoTtutataNDu-- 121 kallADam--123 kAranAdu-- 130 kAvyaprakAza 118 kiLi viruttam- - 143 kuNDala kezI -- 145, 157, 1608 173 kundakundAcArya - 101, 103, 125 kainnilai-- 131 guNabhadra - 102, 166, 171, 186 ciriya tirUmaDal -- 161 ciru paMca mUlam - - 131, 138, 1400 142 cULAmaLi - 102, 104, 169, 170 171, 172, 173 cULAmaLi nighaMTu - 184, 187, 1896 cendan divAkaram - 17

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jakkIrara - 125 jayadhavalA TIkA-- 102 jAtaka - 142 jinasenA - 102 jIvaka cintAmaNi- 102, 104, 143, 145, 152, 163, 165, 166, 167, 169, 173, 189 jainendra vyAkaraNa - 177 takkayALapa paraNi-- 159 tanippADala - 170, 171 tiNaimali aiMpaDu -- 131 timAlai nuTrempadu-- 139 ( 8 ) tiru kaDukam - - 131, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142 123, tirukkalambakam --182 tirukkuraL-- 111, 125,126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 135, 137, tirujJAnasambandhar--102, tirutakkadevar - 102, 104, 143, 165 124, 130, tirutAvukkarazara - 134 tirumaMgai ALvAra - 161, 162 tiruvaLLu vamAle 123, 124 tiruvaLLuvar.- 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 131, 158 teyvacci laiyAra - 114 levAram - 109, 123, 134, 135, 143, 144, 153, 158, 181, tesaTha zalAkA puruSa caritam - 186 tolakappiyam - - 108, 111, 112, 115, 116 117, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130, 134, 143, 186, 188, 192 tolakappiyara - 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,117, 118, 131, 133 tolAmoLi devar -- 102, 173 daNDi alaMkAram - 191 darzanasAra - 102, 103, 122 divAkaram - 133, 188, 189, 191 divAkara muni - 126 dIpaMkuDi jayaM koNDAra - - 181 deva sena - 102, 103, 122 dharmAcaraNasAra--133 naTTiNe - 120 neDunal vADai-- 125 nannari--142 nannala. - 105, 111, 191 nattirNa--153 naLavaLi - 142 nallAtanATa--131, 135, 138 nATyazAstra--118 nAn maNi kaDikai - 130, 131, 153 nAt maNi ghaTikai - 139 nArada caritai-- 176 nAla DiyAra - 130, 135, 136, 137 nigaMTana kalaikkoTTut tanDanATa - 120 tirNa mAla muTraimpadu-- 131 nirunUTTattAri--182

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nItinATa viLa kim ..142 maMDala puruDara--187, 188 nIti nUla..142 ( maNDala puruSaT ) nIla kezI--126, 157, 158, 159, maNamUla zubhavivAha grantha--163 maNi meThAlaiM--133, 145, 154, neminAtham .-123 155, 156, 157, 10, 161, paMcatantra--142, 193 162, 173 paMvAstikAyasAra--101 madurai kaNNan kuntanAra--130 piMgalandai--129, 191 madurai kUDalUra kilA-131 paTTinapAla-139 malli sejAcAriyar..158 paNamvAranATa--108 mahApurANa --166 pataMjali-118 mahAvaMza--101, 119 patidrupattu..104 mAkkAyan mANAkkanAra--131, 138 pattupA?..119, 124 mAkkAri AzAn padumanAra--136 mAmUlaTa paTTiyala--190 pani pATTiyala--134, 182 mAran paoNraiyanAra.-131 paruvayina mulliyAra--131 mRdu mauli koci.-131, 135, 139 paruvAyila muLi- 141 munai pADiyAra--132 paLa mALinAnUra-131, 137 munturai araiyanAra-131 pATTiyala marapuDaiyAra--190 mUvAdiyara.-131 pANini--118 merumanthara purANam-108, 158; paoNyakaiyAra.-130 176, 177 pAripADala--124 yazodhara kAvyam-104, 174, 175 puratti ra?--176, 177 yAppara kalakArikai--134 pUtam cendanAra-130 yApparuMgala vRtti--159, 166, 171, pUranAnUra--152 182, 191 periyam purANam-181 yApparuMgalam--192 peru kathai-152, 160, 162 yApparukala kakArikai--107 peruntevanAra--186 yAppazkala vRti--107 pravacanasAra--101 rAmAyaNa--152 bharata muni--118 lalita vistAra--119 bhavanandI--105, 111 lIlAtilakam-187 bhAratam--186, 187 lokavibhAgam..103 For Private & Petsonal Use Only

Page #271
( 10 ) vararuci--118 zilappadhikAram--121, 122, 124, varddhamAna devara--169 133, 143, 145, 148, 150, vaLeyA pati--145, 159, 160, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 173, 178, 186 vAkkuNDAm--142 zItalaicAttanAra-135 vAmana muni--108, 176, 177 zuka saptazatI--143 vAsavadattA-161 samaya divAkara vAmana muni--158 viLambi nAganATa.-130 samayasAra-101 vIra coLiyam--134, 187 sarvanandI-103 vIrasena--102 svepajJabhAvayam-.113 veNNAvaluDaiyAra veLa--175 harivaMza purANa--102 bRhatkathA--160, 161 hitopadeza.-142 saeNttamiLa --159 hvenasAMga.-159 zAnti purANam--176, 177 zrIpurANam 171, 176, 186

Page #272
marAThI jaina sAhitya-zabdAnukramaNikA . aMjanA sundarI-238 upadezaratnamAlA--231, 233 aMtarikSa pArzvanAtha AratI-227 RSabhapUjA--223 aThAIvratakathA-219 kaMsAce pada--222 anantakIrti-228 kayako--224 anantanAtha AratI-223 karmASTamIvratakathA--225 anantanAtha stotra-222 kAlikApurANa-221 anantavratakathA-212, 215, 221, kallAppA bharamAppA niTave.-237. 224 kavIndrasevaka--229 abhayakIti-212 kAmarAja--210 amRtacandrAcAryacarita-239 kundakundAcAryacarita--237 arahaMta AratI-220 kulabhUSaNadezabhUSaNacarita--238 arahaMtapUjA-218, 230 kailAsa chappaya-226 arjunasuta-226 kotako-234 azocanirNayacarcA-235 kRSNagIta--210 aSTakarmaprakRti-222 kRSNAjInArAyaNa jozI--236 ahirANI gIta-222 kriyAmaMjarI--237 AcAryazAntisAgaracarita-238 kSamAgIta--208 mAtmAnuzAsana--238 kSetrapAla AratI..226 AdityavratakathA--212, 224, 226 kSetrapAla pUjA-218 AdinAtha AratI-215, 226 kSetrapAlastotra--224 AdinAthapaMcakalyANakathA-230 gaMgAdAsa--218 AdinAthapurANa-219 gajakumAracarita-238 AdinAtharAsa--219 garur3apaMcamIvratakathA-219 AdinAthastotra--224 gAnhANe-207 AdIzvara bhavAntara--221 guNakIrti 208, 220, 221, 226. mAptamImAMsA-237 guNakIti anuprekSA-212 ArAdhanA kathAkoza--231 guNadAsa--207, 228 uttara purANa-223, 237, guNanandi-211

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(12) guNa madrAcAryacarita--239 jinadAsa--207, 209, 216, 221 guNabrahma-208 jinadAsa pArzvanAtha phaDakale..240 guru AratI-223, 228, 232 jinamAtA ke 16 svarUpoM kA varNanaguru gIta--215 215 gommaTasvAmI gIta-210 jinarAtrivratakathA-225 gommaTasvAmIstotra.-215 jinavaravinatI--217 granthaparIkSA--238 jinasAgara-223, 224 cakravartI pAlanA--218 jinasena--233 candrakAntA--239 jinasenAcArya carita--239 candrakIrti-232 jinastuti-222 candranAtha AratI..223 jinendraguNasaMstuti--240 candraprabha kI AratI--215 jinezvara AratI-227 cavaDe bandhu--236 jIvandhara purANa- 223 cintAmaNi--208, 220, 221 jIvandhara rAsa--223 cintAmaNi AratI--220 jIvarAja gautamacandra dozI--237 cimanA paNDita-214, 215 jainakathAsaMgraha--240 caitanya phAga-211 jainakIrtanataraMgiNI--240 covIsa tIrtha karastuti..225 jainadarzanasAra--238 caubIsa tIrtha kara AratI--227 jainadharma viSayaka AkSepoM kA nirasana-- chatrasena-221 chahaDhAlA--239 jainadharmAcI mAhitI--235 jagaduddhAraka jainadharma-239 jainadharmAdarza-.239 jaTAmukuTa --218 jainadharmAmRtasAra-.238 jaTAzaMkara--231 jainabodhaka--235, 237, 238 janArdana--228 jainabhajanAmRta padyAvalI--239 jammUsvAmI caritra-213, 217 jainabhajanAmRta saMgItapada.236 jayakumAra sulocanA- 238 jainarAmAyaNa--240 jasodhararAsa..210 jaina va hindU--239 jAti kI mImAMsA.-238 jainavAgvilAsa.-238 "jinakathA.-224 jainavratakathAsaMgraha--236 'jinaguNAlApa--238 jyeSTha jinavarapUjA--224 'jina caturvizati--236 jvAlAmAlinIpUjA--230

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( 13 ) jJAnodaya-234 devendrakIti-221 jhUlanA--222 devendrakIrtiziSya-227 ThakAppA--233 daupadIharaNa--222 tattvabhAvanA- 240 bAdazAnuprekSA.-240 tattvArthasUtra--237, 238 dravyasaMgraha-236 tAtyAkezava copaDe--239 dhandA gIta--209 tAtyA neminAtha pAMgaLa--237 dharmaparIkSA.-221 tAnU paMDita-226 dharmaphAga--211 tIrthakaroM kI prAcInatA--239 dharmAmRta-208, 229 tIrthakara caritra.-237 dharmAmRtapurANa-214 tIrthakara bhUpAlI.-230 dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya--236. tIrthakarastuti-230 nandIzvara AratA.-222 tIrthavandanA--210, 215, 218 nandIzvara pUjA--224 tugIbalabhadrapUjA-218 nandIzvara vratakathA--219 tukujI--234 nagaratArako.-269 trikAla tIrthakara pUjA--215 nayanatArA--239 panakriyA vinatI--218 navakAramantraprakRti--213 zreNikAcAra--237 navagraha AratI-232 dattAtrayabhimAjI raNadive-238 navagraha pUjA-224 dayAbhUSaNa-214 navadhAbhakti carcA-235 dayAsAgara--214, 219 navavADI--227 dayAsAgara (dvitIya )-231 nAgakumAracarita--240 dazabhakti--240 nAgendrakIrti--232 dazalakSaNadharma AratI-298, 224 nAgo AyA.-211 dazalakSaNa dharma savaiyA-225 nAnA rAmacandra nAga--236 dazalakSaNa vratakathA--228, 230 nirdosssptmiikthaa--224|| dAnaprazaMsA-230 nirdoSasaptamIvratakathA--220 dAnazIlatapabhAvanA-213, 214 nirdoSasaptamIvratodyApana--227. dAmA paNDita-213, 214, 217 / nirmAlya dravyacarcA-235 dinAsA--227 nobA--222 dilasukha-232 nIlIcarita-238 devIpadmAvatIlAvaNI-232 nemidatta--231

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neminAtha AratI -218, 227 neminAtha jinadIkSA - 209 neminAtha pAlanA - 208, 215 neminAtha bhavAntara - 215, 220, 225 neminAtha vanhADa -213 neminAtha vivAha - 209 nemIzvara gIta--220, 222 nemIzvara rAjImatI phAga - 209 nyAhAla -- 227 paMcakalyANika-- 237 paMcaparameSThi AratI - 226 paMcaparameSThI stuti - 230 paMcamerupUjA - 218, 222, 224 paMcastavanAvacUri-- 212 paMcAstikAya - 237 paMDharapura kA viThobA -- 239 paMta sAbA jI -- 216 pAMDavapurANa - 233, 240 padmakIrti-217 padmapurANa - 208, 220, 221, 240 padmAvatI AratI -221, 224, 226 padmAvatI pAlanA -- 228 padmAvatI zrRMgAra- 232 padmAvatI stotra - 218, 222, 224 paramahaMsakathA -- 211 pArzvanAtha AratI -- 217, 226 pArzvanAtha kI AratI -215 pArzvanAtha kI stuti - 226 pArzvanAtha caritra - 236 pArzvanAthapUjA--222 ( 14 ) pArzvanAtha bhavAntara--210 pArzvanAtha bhavAntaragIta - 218 pArzvanAtha stotra - 218, 224 pAsa kIrti - 212, 214 puNyasAgara - 208, 209, 216 puNyasAgara ( dvitIya ) -- 221 puNyAzravakathAkoza - 233 puruSArtha siddhayupAya--236 puSpAMjalivratakathA - 224 pUjA va sadya:sthiti-- 239 pUjyapAdAcAryaM carita -- 239 pratikramaNa - 237 bahutarI - 213 bArasabhA AratI - 218 bArAmAsI--227 bAlaka chATI -- 215 bodhAmRtasAra--240 bopa- 230 brahmaguNadAsa - 208 brahmajinadAsa - 208, 217, 219, 220 bhaktAmara stotra - 224 bhagavAn neminAtha- 238 bhaviSyadatta-bandhudattapurANa - 214 bhAnukIrti - 214 bhAratI sacitra bAlabodha-- 237 bhAvasaMgraha-- 240 bhImacandra--228 bhuvanakIrti - 208 bhUpAlI - 215 makaranda-- 219 manoramA - 239 manhArI gIta-- 210 mahatisAgara - 230

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( 15 ) mahAkIrti-220 rAtribhojanatyAmakathA- 240 mahApurANa--222, 237 rAmakIrti--221 mahApurANa kI AlocanA kI samIkSA rAmacandra.-209 238 rAmacandra haladuli.-207 mahApurANAmRta--239 rAmaTekachanda--219 mahAvIra AratI--224 rAmaTeka zAMtinAtha vinatI--227 mahAvIra caritra--236 rAmAyaNa- 208 mahAvIra pAlanA--220 rAmAyaNarAsa-207 mahIcandra.219, 220 rAmayaNI kathA--210 mANika--232 rAya--217 mANikanandi--223 rAyA--234 muktAgiri pArzvanAtha AratI--229 rAvajI nemacanda zahA.-239 munisuvrata kI vinatI-215 rAvajI sakhArAma dozI--239 meghamAlAvratakathA-225 rukmiNIvratakathA--216 megharAja--210 rukmiNIharaNa-209 yamAsA--226 rUpiNI.-238 yazodhara caritra--211 lakSmIcandra--225 yazodharapurANa-212 lakSmIsena ziSya-233 yAdavasuta--222 lavAMkuza caritra236 ratana-227 lahu-aMkuza kathA--224 ratnakaraNDavacanikA kA anuvAda--238 lAvaNI--230 ratnakIti-231 viMcUgIta-208 ratnatraya AratI-222 vande jinavaram -237 ratnatrayamArga pradIpa--237 vivekavilAsa--209 ratnatrayavrata kathA-230 vizAlakIti (prathama )--216 vizAlakIti ( dvitIya )-217 ratnamAlA--240 vizvatattvaprakAza--212 ratnasA.-217 rayaNasAra--237 vItarAgastotra--224 ravivratakathA-218, 227, 230, vIradAsa-212, 213 vRSabha--227 ravivAravratakathA:-216 vardhamAnacarita-240 rAghava--228 zAntinAtha AratI.-224

Page #277
( 16 ) zAntinAtha carita-210 zAntinAthastrotra-220, 224 zAsanadevatApUjanacarcA-235 zivAnemisaMvAda--222 zItalanAtha AratI--223 zIlapatAkA--220 zrAvakAcAra-237 zrIpAlacarita-240 zrIpura pArzvanAtha AratI-218 zrIpura pArzvanAthastotra.-240 . zrutAvatAra..239 zreNikacaritra--207, 228 SaTpAhuDa--237 SoDazakAraNabhAvanA--236 SoDazakAraNavratakathA.-230 saMgItagarvaparihAranATaka-236 saMgIta jaina kIrtanAvalI.-236 saMgItanirvANa kSetrapUjA.-236 saMgItasuzIla manoramA--236 saMbodhasahasrapadI--230 saMmedAcalapUjA--218 sakalakIti- 208, 233 sakalabhUSaNa--231, 233 sajjanacittavallabha--236 saTavA.-222 satI anantamatI-237 samavasaraNa bhAratI-226 samavasaraNa SaTpadI-222 sammedazikharamAhAtmya--232 samyaktvakaumudI-214, 219, 221, 237 sayA-225 sarasvatI AratI-222, 224 sAgAradharmAmRta-237 sArvadharma-238 siddhasena kI AratI--227 siddhAnta pravezikA--238 siddhAnna sAra saMgraha.-240 sItAdivya gIta--209 sItAzIlaparIkSA--238 sItAzIlamAhAtmya-236 sugandhadazamIkathA--224 sugandhadazamIvratakathA-266 sudarzanacaritra--210, 212, 213, 240 supArzvanAtha AratI.-225, 226 subhASitAvalI--236 sumati-238 sumatiprakAza--29 sUrijana-211 seTimAhAtmya--229 seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda dozI--235 soyarA-225, 226 svayambhustotra-240 svAtmavicAra--232 hanumAnacaritra.-236 hanumAna purANa--231 harivaMzapurANa-209, 216 harivaMzarAsa.-207 hemakIrti-218

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pRSTha 7 11 13 15 D7 17 18 19 19 20 23 27 28 29 36 37 97 40 41 46 17 " paMkti 20 29 om P 18 30 1 18 6 12 17 17 18 12 22 11 27 27 9 17 29 R 10 13 27 zuddhipatraka azuddha suni akSaragIti kA se bora mAnyaroMTa banA sAhasA avazyaka rakhatI duSTacatuSTaya kaNa antimabbe ko Shi yahA~ kI haiM ye vidyAdhyayayana ke se zatru bhI kI isake ke ye narasiMhAcAra zuddha samyak akSaragItikA meM aura mAnyakheTa batA sahasA avazya rakhatA duSTacatuSTaya karNa attimambe kA kI isakI haiM / ye vidyAdhyayana kA meM zatrughna kI An Zai isakI se the narasiMhAcArya

Page #279
pRSTha 49 50 52 53 55 5 57 58 5, 59 " 10 63 67 70 71 72 " 73 05 76 77 79 * 1 82 83 paMkti 27 18 1 3 13 18 11 5 16 25 1 30 20 25 C 8 14 15 30 .13 14 10 29 15 17 18 8 ( 2 ) azuddha kI chattIsa ha rAjA vyatyanuprAsa karNaparyaM 22vIM nAma kAI kI 2645 etartha hai chando budhi cakravartI arasikere 2400 racita kumudedunda kevalavRtta hRdayaMgama isameM nRpata timahita cAturtha vizvavidyAvirici inameM isa the vAdIbhAsitaM zatakanAma zuddha ke chabbIsa rAjA ke vRtyAnuprAsa karNapArtha ko 12vIM nAmaka koI kI / 1645 etadartha hai / chandombudhi cakravartI Arasikere 1400 carita kumudendu kevala vRtta hRdayagrAhI isase nRpatimahita cAturya vizvavidyAviraMci isameM ina yI vAdIbhasiMha zatakatraya

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azuddha kI pUrvapurANa jinezvara deva dvitIya upAdhiyAM kA AdipurANa jinezvara deva ne tRtIya upAdhiyA~ kI a 9 9 9 : * * * + * * * * * racA gayA bijjala 10 102 bhadravAhu, kramazaH, kyoki bhUtabalI' jainAcAyo dIkSAcaraNa ? kI racA basavaNNa inhoMne bhadrabAhu kramazaH kyoMki 'bhUtabalI' jainAcAryoM dIkSAcaraNa the| jainAcAryoM sAtha rasa 104 106 * * * jainacAryoM sAtha rasa 108 hai. 109 112 113 malilnAtha bhaTTaLaka dhama vyA-vyAkaraNa kyoki ta va prAcIga 118 * * * * * * * * * * * * * mallinAtha bhaTTAkalaMka dharma vyAkaraNa kyoMki taka prAcIna nigaMTan karanA nigaTan 120 123 kanA no no Bhond

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azuddha tiruvaLaLakuvara vAcakazabda a , * * zuddha tiruvaLLuvara vAcaka zabda 135 137 142 deza AcAraNa deza ke AcaraNa 141 * 151 thA 153 156 madhurai zilAppadhikAram unase madurai zilappadhikAram unake 158 thoM * * * * * * * * thI zilappAdhikAram vRhatkathA zilappadhikAram bRhatkathA gayI gayA 164 165 mRta samavazaraNa anarUpa kahAkAvya use saMkSipta tandrAmukta mRtaputra samavasaraNa anurUpa mahAkAvya usa saMkSepa tandrAyukta 172 173 174 * * * * * * * * * * * * ng 175 178 sannidhya zilappAdhikAram bhoja-taiyAra prabaMdha), tirunAvukkarazara pATTiyal sAnnidhya zilappadhikAram bhoja taiyAra prabaMdha tirunAvukkarazad pATTiyala 180 182

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pRSTha 183 " 184 186 188 189 196 198 201 203 204 219 220 224 237 238 paMkti 17 22 17 13 9 22 26 * 16 29 19 12 19 18 4 28 ( 5 ) azuddha rAjAzrita the / cakravarti pUrva pracalita anuzIlana dasarve zatIM 7 dete haiM apabhraza racanAa 9850 rANa apUrNa madira diya dA O zuddha rAjyAzrita the : cakravartI pUrva pracalita anuzIlana dasaveM zatI detA hai apabhraMza racanAoM, 1850 purANa apUrNa maMdira diye do

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