Vratya Darshan

Author(s): Mangalpragyashreeji Samni
Publisher: Adarsh Sahitya Sangh
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003131/1

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vrAtya - darzana Private & Personal Use Cully

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vrAtya darzana

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Adarza sAhitya saMgha prakAzana

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POOOOOODDDDDDDDDY 8 vrAtya darzana (jainadarzana -nibandhAvalI) QAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3000333333333333300000000003 samaNI maMgalaprajJA Qocaccccccccccccd

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(c) Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU (rAjasthAna) ci. dinezakumAra ke zubha vivAha ke avasara para zAha zAntilAlajI evaM zrImatI pistAdevI saMkalecA nivAsI asAr3hA (rAjasthAna) evaM __ pravAsI sUrata (gujarAta) ke saujanya se prakAzita prakAzaka : kamaleza caturvedI / prabandhaka : Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU (rAjasthAna) mUlya : sattara rupaye / prathama saMskaraNa : 2000 / mudraka : pavana priMTarsa, dillI-32 VRATYA DARSHAN by Samani Mangalprajna Rs. 70.00

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AzIrvacana prastuta pustaka meM prakIrNa lekhoM kA saMgraha hai| samaya-samaya para vibhinna viSayoM para likhe gae lekha viSaya kI vividhatA se jur3e hue haiM, yaha svAbhAvika hai| samaNI maMgalaprajJA ne darzana ke kSetra meM kucha vizeSatAeM arjita kI haiM, isalie prastuta pustaka ko darzana kI pustaka kahane meM koI atizayokti nahIM hai| darzana ke sAtha kriyA yoga Adi viSaya saMlagna haiN| yoga kA saMbaMdha adhyAtma se hai| adhyAtma kA bhI apanA darzana hai| darzana ko saMkucita paribhASA meM bAMdhanA ucita nahIM hai| prastuta pustaka darzana ke vidyArthI tathA darzana ke jijJAsu ke lie upayogI hogii| karNapurA (rAjasthAna) AcArya mahAprajJa 3 janavarI 2000

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maMgala saMdeza sarasvatI kI ArAdhanA eka mahAn tapaHsAdhanA hai| vaha paThana, manana, lekhana Adi vibhinna rUpoM meM kI jA sakatI hai| samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI eka pratibhA saMpanna samaNI haiN| unhoMne darzana ke adhyayana meM apanI pratibhA kA upayoga kiyA hai| usakI eka niSpatti hai prastuta pustk-vraaty-drshn| lekhikA kI bauddhika kSamatA ke dvArA mahattvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM kA nirmANa bhaviSya meM bhI zRMkhalAbaddha rUpa meM hotA rhe| mNglkaamnaa| DAbar3I yuvAcArya mahAzramaNa 25 disaMbara 1666

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maMgala bhAvanA bhArata meM do saMskRtiyAM pallavita huIM-zramaNa saMskRti aura brAhmaNa sNskRti| zramaNa saMskRti kI do dhArAeM haiM-jaina aura bauddh| jaina saMskRti vrAtyoM kI saMskRti hai| vrAtya zabda kA mUla hai vrt| vrata kA sambandha antarmukhatA yA anAsakti ke sAtha hai| yaha jaina saMskRti kA adhyAtma pakSa hai| usakA dArzanika pakSa bhI kAphI gaMbhIra aura mahattvapUrNa hai| _ 'vrAtya darzana' samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI dvArA likhita nibandhoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina vizva bhAratI, mAnya vizvavidyAlaya meM darzana vibhAga meM vyAkhyAtA ke pada para kAryarata samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI ne darzana kA gaharA adhyayana kiyA hai| isIlie ve naya, nikSepa, anekAnta, karma Adi dArzanika viSayoM ko apanI lekhanI kA viSaya banA pAI haiN| unake kucha lekha tulanAtmaka haiM, kucha vivecanAtmaka haiM aura kucha zodha pradhAna haiN| prastuta saMkalana Ama pAThaka ke buddhigamya ho pAe yA nahIM, prabuddhavarga ke lie kAphI upayogI ho sakatA hai| parama pUjya AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI kI pAvana preraNA aura maMgala mArgadarzana meM terApaMtha dharmasaMgha ke sAdhu-sAdhviyAM evaM samaNa-samaNiyAM adhyAtmayAtrA ke sAtha sAhitya yAtrA meM bhI nirantara gatizIla haiN| samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI apane viSaya ke gaMbhIra bodha aura sundara prastuti kI dizA meM kucha aura naI khir3akiyAM khole, yahI maMgalabhAvanA hai| jaina vizva bhAratI sAdhvIpramukhA kanakaprabhA lADanUM 11/12/1666

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prarocanA adhyAtma-vikAsa ke lie vratoM kA svIkaraNa jaina-paramparA kA mAnya siddhAnta rahA hai| jaina sAdhanA paddhati ke do mukhya ghaTaka tatva haiM-saMvara aura nirjraa| saMvara kI sAdhanA ke dvArA Ate hue karmo ke pravAha ko avaruddha kara diyA jAtA hai tathA nirjarA kI sAdhanA se pUrva saMcita karmamala vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| sAdhaka saMbara evaM nirjarA ke patha para ArUr3ha hokara apane parama lakSya mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM nirjarA se bhI adhika mahattA saMvara kI sAdhanA ko prApta hai| nirjarA to prathama guNasthAnavI jIva ke bhI hotI hai kiMtu saMvara paMcama guNasthAna se prArambha hotA hai| vrata svIkAra kiye binA saMvara ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| samyak-dRSTi jIva bhI yadi tyAga-pratyAkhyAna nahIM karatA hai to usake saMvara nahIM hotaa| vrata svIkAra kiye binA vaha adhyAtma ke agrima sopAnoM kA ArohaNa nahIM kara sktaa| AcArya hemacandra ne saMsAra aura mokSa ke hetu ko prastuta karate hue kahA hai Azravo bhavahetuH syAt saMvaro moksskaarnnm| itIyamArhatIdRSTiranyadasyAH prapaJcanam // unhoMne saMvara ko hI mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA hai| saMvara kI sAdhanA vratoM ke svIkaraNa se hI prArambha hotI hai| tatvArthasUtra meM saMvara kI sAdhanA ke upAyoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA-- 'sa guptisamitidharmAnuprekSAparISahajayacAritraiH' gupti, sapiti, dazadharma, anuprekSA, parISahajaya evaM cAritra kI ArAdhanA saMvara ke sAdhana haiN| zramaNa saMskRti meM vratoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai ataH ise 'vrAtya saMskRti' kahA jA sakatA hai| jo vratoM kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha vrAtya hotA hai| AcAryazrI tulasI ne 'zrAvaka saMbodha' meM vrata kA sambandha zramaNa saMskRti se jor3A

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'vratoM kI vizruta vidhA yaha zramaNa-saMskRti se calI, avicchinna paramparA adhyAtma DhAMce meM ddhlii| sAdhanA ArAdhanA hita zaraccandra-samujjvalA, calI jyoM calatI rahe, jinadharma kI avikala kalA / ' 'vrAtya' zabda kA prayoga veda meM anekazaH huA hai| atharvaveda kI zaunaka zAkhA kI saMhitA ke 15veM kANDa kA nAma hI 'brAtyakANDa' hai| AcArya sAyaNa ne vrAtya ko vidvattama, mahAdhikAra, puNyazIla aura vizva-sammAnya kahA hai 'kaJcid vidvattamaM mahAdhikAraM puNyazIlaM vizva-sammAnyaM karmaparairbrAhmaNairvidviSTaM vrAtyamanulakSya vacanamiti mntvym| (atharvaveda 15/1/1 saMskRta bhUmikA) sAmAnyataH vrAtya usa manuSya ko kahA jAtA hai jisakA janma to dvijakula meM huA ho kiMtu usakA upanayanAdi saMskAra nahIM huA ho, aisA bhanuSya vaidika kRtyoM ke lie anadhikArI mAnA jAtA hai| sAyaNa ne vrAtya kI prazaMsA meM likhA hai- 'yadi koI vrAtya vidvAn aura tapasvI hai, usase brAhmaNa bhale hI dveSa kare parantu vaha sarvapUjya hogA aura devAdhideva paramAtmA ke tulya hogaa| zrI baladeva upAdhyAya ne vrAtya kA artha brahma kiyA hai| 'AcAra-vicAra se rahita tathA niyama kI zrRMkhalA meM baddha na hone vAle vyakti kA dyotaka hone ke kAraNa vrAtya zabda kA lAkSaNika artha huA-brahma, jo jagat ke niyamoM kI zrRMkhalA meM na baddha hai aura na jo kAryakAraNa kI bhAvanA se otaprota hai| 'vrAtyo vA idama agra AsIt' paiplAda zAkhA ke isa vAkya se spaSTa hai ki jagat ke Adi meM vrAtya hI kevala vidyamAna thaa| phalataH 'vrAtya' zabda se brahma kA hI yahAM saMketa hai| zrI sampUrNAnaMdajI ne 'vrAtya' kA artha paramAtmA kiyA hai| sAyaNa jaise prAcIna bhASyakAra se lekara zrI baladeva upAdhyAya taka ki Adhunika vaidika vidvAnoM ne vrAtya ko viziSTa sammAnajanaka sthAna diyA hai| vrAtya ko brahma athavA paramAtmasvarUpa mAnA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ke anusAra atharvaveda ke vrAtya-kANDa kA sambandha kisI brAhmaNetara paramparA se hai| vrAtyakANDa meM pratipAdita sUtroM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki vrAtya kA sambandha kisI dehadhArI vyakti se hai| vrAtya kANDa meM varNita kucha sUtroM se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'yadi kisI ke ghara aisA vidvAn vrAtya atithi A jAe to svayaM usake

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sAmane jAkara kahe, vrAtya! Apa kahAM rahate haiM? vrAtya (yaha) jala (grahaNa kiijie|) vrAtya (mere ghara ke loga Apako bhojana Adi se) tRpta kreN| jaisA Apako priya ho, jaisI ApakI icchA ho, jaisI ApakI abhilASA ho, vaisA hI ho arthAt hama vaisA hI kreN| tad yasyaivaM vidvAn vrAtyo'tithiguhAnAgacchet svayamenamabhyudetya brUyAd vrAtya kvA'vAtsIH vrAtyodaka vrAtya tarpayantu vrAtya yathA te priyaM tathAstu vrAtya yathA te vazastathAstu vrAtya yathA te nikAmastathAstviti atharvaveda 15/2/11/1, 2 'jisake ghara meM vidvAna vrAtya eka rAta atithi rahe, vaha pRthvI meM jitane puNya-loka haiM una sabako vaza meM kara letA hai|' tad yasyaivaM vidvAn vrAtya ekAM rAtrimatithigRhe vasati ye pRthivyAM puNyA lokAstAneva tenAvarunddhe ___ atharvaveda 15/2/13/1, 2 vrAtyakANDa meM pratipAdita sUtroM kI viSaya vastu se bhagavAn RSabha ke jIvanavRta kI tulanA hotI hai| ve dIkSita hone ke bAda eka varSa taka tapasyA meM sthira rahe the| eka varSa taka bhojana na karane para bhI zarIra meM puSTi aura dIpti ko dhAraNa kiye hue the| municaryA ko dhAraNa karane vAle bhagavAna jahAM-jahAM jAte the, vahAM ke loga prasanna hokara aura bar3e saMbhrama ke sAtha Akara unheM praNAma karate the| unameM se kitane hI loga kahane lagate the-he deva! prasanna hoiye aura kahiye ki kyA kAma hai? bhagavAna RSabha anta meM apunarAvRtti sthAna ko prApta huye, jahAM jAne ke pazcAt koI lauTa kara nahIM aataa| ina saba samAnatAoM ke AdhAra para yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki vrAtyakANDa meM bhagavAna RSabha kA jIvana rUpaka kI bhASA meM citrita hai| RSabha ke prati kucha vaidika RSi zraddhAvAn the aura ve unheM devAdhideva ke rUpa meM mAnya karate the| AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI kA yaha abhimata nizcita rUpa se mananIya hai, jo vrAtya ke sambandha meM eka nayI avadhAraNA prastuta kara rahA hai| saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra vrAta evaM vrata ina do zabdoM se vrAtya zabda

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kI siddhi hotI hai| 'vAtAt (samUhAt) cyutaH' isa vigraha meM 'digAdibhyo yat' (pANinI aSTAdhyAyI 4/3/54) se 'yat' pratyaya tathA 'yasyeti ca' (pA. a. 6/4/148) se ta meM sthita 'a' kA lopa hone se 'vrAtya' zabda niSpanna hotA hai| vrAta zabda se niSpanna 'vrAtya' kA artha hotA hai-samUha se cyuta vykti| vrAtya kI isa vyutpatti se isakA artha muni ho jAtA hai| muni gRhastha jIvana kA tyAga kara detA hai| eka prakAra se vaha sAMsArika samUha se cyuta ho jAtA hai ataH gRhatyAgI saMta 'vrAtya' hai| jaina paramparA meM muni dharma ko utkRSTatA prApta hai| jaina saMskRti ko zramaNa saMskRti kahA jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke lie AgamoM meM sthAna-sthAna para zramaNa vizeSaNa prayukta huA hai| zramaNa zabda jaise muni kA vAcaka hai vaise hI vrAtya bhI muni kA vAcaka ho jAtA hai ataH jaina darzana ko vrAtya darzana kahA jA sakatA hai| vrata zabda se bhAva evaM karma artha meM 'vrAtya' zabda niSpanna hotA hai| 'vratasya bhAvaH karma vA' isa vigraha meM 'guNavacanabrAhmaNAdibhyaH karmaNi ca' (pA. a. 5/1/124) se 'Syam' pratyaya, yasyeti ca' (pA. a. 72/1/6) se pUrva akAra kI vRddhi hone se 'vrAtya' zabda niSpanna hotA hai| jisakA artha hai-vrata kA bhAva yA vrata kA krm| jisakA tAtparya hai-jo vratoM kI anupAlanA karatA hai vaha vrAtya hai| jaina saMskRti kA vrata ke sAtha pragAr3ha sambandha hai| jaina saMskRti arthAt vrAtya sNskRti| jaina darzana arthAt vrAtyadarzana / vrAta evaM vrata donoM hI zabdoM se niSpanna vrAtya zabda jaina vicAradhArA kA saMvAhaka hai| prastuta 'vrAtya darzana' nAmaka pustaka meM jainadarzana se sambandhita kucha lekhoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| ina nibandhoM kA lekhana rASTrIya, antarrASTrIya saMgoSThiyoM Adi vibhinna prasaMgoM para kiyA gayA thaa| 'ArhatI dRSTi' nAmaka pustaka meM nibaddha lekhoM kI taraha hI isa 'vrAtya darzana' pustaka meM bhI jainadarzana se sambandhita vividha viSayoM ke katipaya lekhoM kA samAkalana huA hai| viSaya se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa aMgrejI bhASA meM likhita cAra lekhoM ko bhI prastuta pustaka meM saMyojita kiyA gayA hai| svayaM kI jJAnArAdhanA ke lie nibaddha prastuta nibandha, kisI kI bhI jJAnArAdhanA ke hetu bane, isI meM mere zrama kI sArthakatA hai| parama zraddhAspada pUjya gurudevazrI tulasI kI divya sannidhi ke prati maiM zraddhApraNata huuN| usa alaukika vyaktitva se Aloka razmiyAM prApta hotI rahatI haiN| parama zraddhAspada yugapradhAna AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kI vAtsalyamayI anuzAsanA evaM preraka mArgadarzana mere jIvana meM jJAna, darzana evaM cAritra kI ArAdhanA ke alabhya

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avasara pradAna karatA rahA hai aura karatA rahe, yahI AzIrvAda cAhatI haiN| zraddheya yuvAcAryazrI mahAzramaNajI kI preraka mauna-mukhara preraNA mujhe sadaiva adhyAtma patha para agrasara hone ke lie protsAhita karatI rahI hai| __zraddheyA sAdhvIpramukhAzrI kanakaprabhAjI kA samaya-samaya para prApta vAtsalyayukta preraNA pAtheya mere lekhana ko protsAhita karane meM zreyobhAgI banA hai| maiM isa adhyAtma catuSTayI ke prati apanI ananta-ananta zraddhA ke sumana samarpita kara rahI huuN| ___sAdhvI aNimAzrIjI dvArA prApta preraNA mujhe sadaiva vikAsa ke mArga para agrasara karatI rahI hai| ina lekhoM kI pratilipi karane meM samaNI sudhAprajJAjI kA smaraNIya sahayoga prApta huaa| samaNI niyojikAjI evaM samaNIvRnda dvArA prApta sahayoga ke lie hArdika kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| bhAratIya vidyA ke agraNI, vizruta vidvAn, pro. dayAnanda bhArgava kA prastuta pustaka meM saMkalita lekhoM ke nirIkSaNa, parIkSaNa evaM saMzodhana meM amUlya yogadAna rahA hai, maiM unakI hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| prastuta kArya ke saMpAdana meM jinakA bhI pratyakSa evaM parokSa sahakAra prApta huA hai una sabhI ke prati hArdika kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| maiM nirantara zIla aura zruta ke nirjhara meM abhisnAta hotI rahUM, isI maMgalakAmanA ke sAtha jaina vizva bhAratI samaNI maMgalaprajJA lADanUM 13/12/1666

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viSayAnukrama 1-15 16-21 22-38 36-46 47-51 52-56 60-74 7-85 86-62 63-68 66-105 1. kevalajJAna : katipaya vimarzanIya bindu 2. bahuzrutapUjA : eka parizIlana 3. anekAnta, syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI 4. jaina darzana meM naya kI avadhAraNA 5. nirvikalpa evaM savikalpa bodha 6. arthanIti aura anekAnta 7. nikSepa kA udbhava, vikAsa aura svarUpa 8. vibhinna darzanoM meM karma : eka tulanAtmaka vimarza 6. AcAra mImAMsA aura karma 10. manovijJAna aura karma 11. zarIravijJAna aura karma 12. jaina, bauddha, yoga evaM vedAnta ke karma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka vimarza 13. jaina, bauddha evaM vedAnta darzana ke anusAra sat kI avadhAraNA 14. tattva saMrakSaNa kA sAdhana : vAda 15. anumAna meM prayukta udAharaNa kI ayathArthatA 16. zAstrArtha meM jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA ke niyama 17. jAtyuttara evaM usakA samAdhAna 18 kArakasAkalya kA prAmANya vimarza 16. pAtaJjalayogadarzana meM kriyAyoga kI avadhAraNA 20. maMtra vicAraNA 21. jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ko AcArya mahAprajJa kA yogadAna 22. jaina paramparA meM Arya kI avadhAraNA 106-117 118-132 133-135 136-138 136-142 143-156 160-162 163-174 175-176 180-188 186-166

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23. jaina paramparA meM mAnya pAMca zarIra : eka vizleSaNa 24. Embodiment of peace and Love 25. Ecological Survival : Global Survival 26. A Princely way to world peace 27. Contribution of Acarya Umasvati to The Concept of Existence. 200-217 218-221 222-226 227-232 233-241

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1. kevalajJAna : katipaya vimarzanIya bindu jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA jJAna kA adhikaraNa nahIM hai kiMtu vaha svayaM jJAna-svarUpa hai-'je AyA se viNNAyA" AtmA svabhAva se hI jJAna svarUpa hai| sarvajJatA AtmA kA svabhAva hai| isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki cetana AtmA kA jo nirAvaraNa svarUpa hai, vahI kevalajJAna hai| AtmA kA yaha jJAna-svabhAva saMsArI avasthA meM karma ke AvaraNa se AvRta rahatA hai phalasvarUpa cetanA-zakti ko pUrNa evaM svataMtra rUpa meM kArya karane meM bAdhA upasthita hotI rahatI hai| AvaraNa kI saghanatA evaM viralatA ke kAraNa vaddha-AtmA meM jJAna kA tAratamya banA rahatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki AvaraNa kitanA hI saghana kyoM na ho kiMtu vaha AtmA kI jJAna zakti ko sarvathA naSTa nahIM kara sktaa| megha-samUha sUrya ko kitanA hI AcchAdita kyoM na kare, kiMtu dina-rAta kA vibheda to banA hI rahatA hai| vaise hI akSara kA anantavAM bhAga saba jIvoM meM nitya udghATita rahatA hai| yadi vaha AvRta ho jAe to jIva ajIvatva ko prApta ho jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA prArambha se hI rahI hai| dharma-darzana kA AdhAra Apta-puruSoM kI vANI hai| Izvara ke dUta paigambara kI vANI hone se kurAna ko prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| bAibila Izvara ke putra kI vANI hone se prAmANika hai kiMtu jaina darzana meM Izvara, Izvara dUta athavA Izvara putra ke astitva kI avadhAraNA nahIM hai| jaina ke samakSa yaha prazna to upasthita thA hI ki vaha apane dharma graMthoM kA prAmANya kisa AdhAra para mAnatA hai| jaina ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna sarvajJatA ke AdhAra para kiyaa| rAga-dveSa se mukta tathA paripUrNa jJAna se yukta Apta ke vacana pramANa hai| jaina dharma ke sarvAdhika prAcIna mAne jAne vAle AcArAMga sUtra meM bhI sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA kA spaSTa ullekha hai| 'je egaM jANai se savvaM jANai / '5 'savvaM jANai' sarvajJatA kA dyotaka hai| samavAyAMga sUtra meM mahAvIra ke lie sarvajJa zabda vrAtya darzana - 1

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kA prayoga huA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, prajJApanA, rAjapraznIya, kaSAya-pAhur3a Adi graMthoM se lekara aba taka ke sAhitya meM sarvajJatA kA vimarza hotA rahA hai| sarvajJatA kI tArkikatA Agama yuga meM sarvajJatA kA varNana kevalajJAna ke rUpa meM hotA rhaa| kevalajJAna kI siddhi meM vahAM tarka kA sahArA nahIM liyA gayA aura yaha ucita bhI thA kyoMki svabhAva kabhI tarka kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| svbhaavo'trkgocrH| AgamakAra ko isa bAta kA anubhava thA ki AtmA ke usa kevala jJAnamaya vizuddha svarUpa ko zabda, tarka evaM buddhi kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA ataH AcArAMga spaSTa udghoSaNA karatA hai- 'savve sarA NiyaTRti, takkA jattha Na vijjai, maI tattha Na gaahiyaa| dArzanika yuga meM sarvajJatA ko bhI tarka ke kSetra meM lAyA gyaa| usake pakSa-vipakSa meM aneka tarka upasthita kiye gye| yahAM usa dArzanika vimarza kA Alor3ana sambhava nahIM hai, kiMtu eka tarka jo jaina-paramparA meM sarvajJatA ke sambandha meM pracalita rahA hai usakA vimarza yahAM kiyA jA rahA hai| jaina vicAra-dhArA ke anusAra eka vastu saMsAra kI anya samasta vastuoM se kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM jur3I huI hai| anya vastuoM se jo vastu kA sambandha hai, vaha usa vastu ke paryAya haiN| eka vastu ko pUrNatayA jAnane kA artha-ina sAre sambandhoM ko jaannaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jo eka vastu ko samagratA se jAnatA hai, vaha sampUrNa vastuoM ko bhI samagratA se jAnatA hai| yadi ye sAre sambandha vAstavika hai tathA ina sabako jAnA jA sakatA hai to sarvajJatA kI tArkika siddhi ho jAtI hai| 'AcArAMga' meM kahA gayA je egaM jANai se savvaM jaanni| je savvaM jANai se egaM jANai // AcArAMga cUrNikAra ne isI tathya ko vizleSita karate hue kahA ki eka paramANu kA jJAna bhI samasta vastuoM ke jJAna ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| dravya kI traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnane vAle vyakti kA jJAna itanA vikasita hotA hai ki usameM saba dravyoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA hotI hai| jisameM saba dravyoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA hotI hai, vahI vAstava meM eka dravya ko jAna sakatA hai| 2 . vrAtya darzana

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kevalajJAna kI paribhASA jo jJAna sarvadravya, sarvakSetra, sarvakAla aura sarvabhAva ko jAnatA dekhatA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai| jo saba dravyoM, unake pariNAmoM ko jAnatA hai, anaMta, zAzvata, apratipAti aura eka prakAra kA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai| AcArya kunda-kunda ne nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya ke AdhAra para kevalajJAna ko paribhASita kiyA hai| unake anusAra kevalI bhagavAna vyavahAra naya se saba kucha jAnate haiM tathA nizcaya naya se ve mAtra apanI AtmA ko jAnate haiN|12 kevalajJAna kA sarvajJAyakatva svabhAva sabhI jaina ciMtako ko mAnya rahA hai| zabdAntara se ve isI bhAva ko apane-apane grantha meM prastuta karate haiN| tattvArthabhASya meM kevalajJAna ke svarUpa kA vistRta vivecana huA hai| kevalajJAna saba bhAvoM kA grAhaka, sampUrNa loka aura Aloka ko jAnane vAlA hai| isase atizAyI anya koI jJAna nahIM hai| aisA koI jJeya nahIM hai jo kevalajJAna kA viSaya na ho|13 kevalajJAna ke bheda naMdI sUtra 33/1 meM kevalajJAna ko eka prakAra kA kahA hai| usake bheda nahIM hote kiMtu usI naMdI sUtra ke sUtra 26 se 42 taka ke sUtroM meM bhavastha kevalajJAna evaM siddhakevalajJAna ye do mukhya bheda karake unake bheda, prabhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina donoM vaktavyoM para ciMtana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki inameM virodha nahIM hai| kevalajJAna eka prakAra kA hotA hai isakA tAtparya hai ki vaha saba jIvoM ke eka jaisA hotA hai usake svarUpa meM koI bheda nahIM hai tathA vaha aneka prakAra kA hai yaha vaktavya kevalajJAna ke dhAraka kI apekSA se hai| yadi kevalajJAna saMsAra meM sthita puruSa ke hai to vaha bhavastha kevalajJAna kahalAtA hai tathA mukta jIva ke hotA hai taba siddha kevalajJAna kahalAtA hai, aise hI anya bheda bhI ho jAte haiN| naMdI meM prApta bhavastha kevalajJAna evaM siddha kevalajJAna ye kevalajJAna ke do bheda sApekSa hai|14 mImAMsaka darzana kA abhimata hai ki manuSya sarvajJa nahIM ho sakatA aura vaizeSika mata kA abhyupagama hai ki mukta jIva meM jJAna nahIM hotaa| ye donoM abhimata jaina darzana ko svIkArya nahIM hai| bhavastha kevalajJAna isa svIkRti kA sUcaka hai ki manuSya sarvajJa ho sakatA hai| siddha kevalajJAna isa svIkRti kA sUcaka hai, ki mukta AtmA meM kevalajJAna vidyamAna rahatA hai| zarIra kI pravRtti aura kevalajJAna meM koI virodha nahIM hai, isa tathya kI sUcanA sayogI bhavastha kevalajJAna se prApta hotI hai|15 vrAtya darzana -3

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rAga-dveSa evaM moha kA nAza hue binA kevalajJAna kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI, yaha sarvavidita tathya hai| kucha dArzanika ina rAga Adi ko karmajanya na mAnakara zarIragata vaiSamya evaM bAhya paristhiti se udbhUta mAnate haiM, ataH unakA abhimata hai ki sazarIra avasthA meM rAga Adi naSTa nahIM ho sakate tathA unake naSTa huye binA sarvajJatA prApta nahIM ho sakatI / AcArya yazovijayajI ne jJAnabindu meM aise tIna matoM kA ullekha kara unakA nirasana kiyA hai / bRhaspati darzana ke anuyAyI rAga Adi ko karma nimittaka nahIM mAnate haiM, unakA mantavya hai ki rAga kA hetu kapha, dveSa kA hetu pitta evaM moha kA hetu vAtA hai| ve zarIra meM sadaiva vidyamAna rahate hai ataH vItarAgatApUrvaka hone vAlI sarvajJatA sazarIra avasthA meM saMbhava hI nahIM hai| eka dUsarA mata rAga ko zukropacayahetuka mAnatA hai| tIsare mata ke anusAra zarIra meM pRthvI evaM jala tattva kI vRddhi se rAga paidA hotA hai| teja aura vAyu tattva kI vRddhi se dveSa paidA hotA hai tathA jala aura vAyu kI vRddhi se moha paidA hote haiM / ve karmakRta nahIM hai / upAdhyAyajI ne ina tInoM mato kA nirasana kiyA hai tathA rAga-dveSa ko karmakRta hI mAnA hai / naMdI meM Agata kevalajJAna kA sayogI kevalI bheda isI avadhAraNA ko puSTa karatA hai ki zarIra avasthA meM karmakRta rAga, dveSa Adi naSTa ho jAte haiM kyoMki ve kapha Adi doSa janya nahIM hai / rAga evaM dveSa karma ke kAraNa hai / jaba karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai taba ve bhI samApta ho jAte haiM inake samApta hone se jIva, vItarAga evaM sarvajJa bana jAtA hai " manuSya kI sarvajJatA sarvajJatA darzana jagat kA bahucarcita evaM vimarzanIya bindu rahA hai| manuSya kI sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA pazcima ke darzana meM nahIM hai vahAM mAtra Izvara ko sarvajJa (Omni-science) kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAnyarUpa se yaha siddhAnta yaugika siddhi athavA mokSa se jur3A huA hai| yoga ke dvArA sarvajJatA prApta hotI hai| do prakAra ke yogI hote haiM - 1. yukta yogI, 2. yuJjAna yogI / yukta yogI ko nirantara evaM eka sAtha saba vastuoM kA jJAna hotA rahatA hai jabaki yuJjAna yogI ko saba vastuoM kA jJAna karane ke lie ekAgratA kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai, binA upayoga lagAye vaha vastuoM kA jJAna nahIM kara sktaa| yogadarzana meM RtambharA prajJA kA ullekha prApta hai, jo eka sAtha sAre viSayoM ko jAnatI hai, jaina darzana meM isa avasthA ko sarvajJatA / kevalajJAna kahA jAtA hai / dharmamegha samAdhi 4 * vrAtya darzana

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RtambharA prajJA kI prApti kA kAraNa banatI hai| jaina ke anusAra zukladhyAna kevalajJAna kA kAraNa banatA hai| arhat, buddha, jIvanamukta ko bhAratIya darzana meM sarvajJa arthAt pUrNajJAnI mAnA gayA hai| muktAvasthA AtmA kI sarvotkRSTa pUrNatA hai| usa avasthA meM AtmA meM kisI bhI vastu kI nyUnatA nahIM rahatI, jJAna bhI paripUrNa ho jAtA hai| ataH usa avasthA meM sarvajJatA kI bhAratIya darzana meM svAbhAvika svIkRti hai| sarvajJatA evaM mukti mUlyaparaka siddhAnta hai| bhAratIya darzana mUlya AdhArita darzana hai| sarvajJatA evaM mukti manuSya kA uddezya hai| sAdhanA ke patha para calakara manuSya apane sarvocca lakSya ko prApta karane meM samartha ho sakatA hai| kevalajJAna ke utpAdaka kAraNa mImAMsA darzana ko chor3akara prAyaH sabhI Astika darzanoM ne sarvajJatA svIkAra kI hai| apanI paramparA meM mAnya sampUrNa tattvoM kA sAkSAtkAra karane vAle ko hI vibhinna paramparAyeM sarvajJa mAnatI hai| ina dArzanika paramparAoM meM sarvajJa ke utpAdaka kAraNoM kA vaividhya hai| kevalajJAna ke utpAdaka kAraNa aneka haiM, jaise-bhAvanA. adRSTa, viziSTa zabda evaM AvaraNakSaya / ina kAraNoM meM vibhinna dArzanikoM ne kisI kAraNa ko kevalajJAna kI utpatti meM mukhya evaM anya ko gauNa batAkara usake pRthak-pRthak kAraNa upasthita kiye haiN| udAharaNArtha-sAMkhya-yoga aura bauddha kevalajJAna ke janaka ke rUpa meM bhAvanA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| nyAya evaM vaizeSika darzana yogaja adRSTa ko kevalajJAna kA janaka mAnate haiN| vedAnta darzana ke anusAra 'tatvamasi' jaise mahAvAkya kevalajJAna ke janaka hai| jaina darzana jJAna ke AvaraNa rUpa karma ke kSaya hone se hI kevalajJAna kI utpatti mAnatA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne kevalajJAna ke janaka ke rUpa meM karmakSaya ko hI kAraNa mAnA hai, anya bhAvanA Adi pakSoM kA unhoMne nirAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH sarvajJa kI utpatti meM avyavahita kAraNa karmakSaya hI hai| bhAvanA jo zukladhyAna kA hI nAmAntara hai, vaha kevalajJAna kI utpatti meM sahAyaka avazya banatI hai kiMtu vaha vyavahita kAraNa hai| bhAvanA se karmakSaya hotA hai tathA karmakSaya se kevalajJAna prApta hotA hai| ataH bhAvanA karmakSaya meM kAraNa hone kI apekSA se sarvajJatA kI utpatti meM apradhAna kAraNa hI hai| isI prakAra adRSTa, viziSTa zabda Adi kevalajJAna kI utpatti meM sahakArI kAraNa bana sakate haiM kitu usake sAkSAta kAraNa nahIM hai| sAkSAta kAraNa to karmakSaya hI hai| vrAtya darzana * 5

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sarvajJatA kI utpatti kA krama saba darzanoM meM samAna hI hai| isakA avabodha nimna tAlikA ke mAdhyama se prApta ho jAtA hai6 jaina bauddha sAMkhya-yoga nyAya-vaizeSika vedAnta 1. samyakdarzana 1. samyagdRSTi 1. vivekakhyAti 1. samyagjJAna 1. samyagdarzana 2. kSapaka zreNI 2. rAgaAdi 2. prasaMkhyAna- 2. rAgaAdi 2. rAgaAdi dvArA rAgAdi klezoM ke samprajJAta ke hAsa ke hrAsa kaSAyoM ke hrAsa kA samAdhi kA kA prArambha kA prArambha hrAsa kA prArambha prArambha prArambha 3. zukladhyAna 3. bhAvanA ke 3. asamprajJAta- 3. asamprajJAta 3. bhAvanA ke bala se rAga bala se klezA- dharmamegha dharmamegha nididhyAsana Adi doSa kA varaNa kA samAdhi ke dvArA samAdhi ke ke bala se Atyantika kSaya Atyantika rAga Adi dvArA rAga klezoM kA kSaya kleza karma kI Adi kleza kSaya Atyantika karma kI Atyantika nivRtti nivRtti 4. jJAnAvaraNa 4. bhAvanA ke 4. prakAzAvaraNa 4. samAdhi- 4. brahma ke sarvathA nAza prakarSa se ke nAza dvArA janya dharma sAkSAtkAra dvArA sarvajJatva jJeyAvaraNa ke sarvajJatva kI dvArA sarvajJatva ke dvArA kI prApti sarvathA nAza se prApti kI prApti ajJAna Adi sarvajJatva kI prApti kA vilaya sarvajJatA evaM vItarAgatA sarvajJatA jaina darzana kA lakSya nahIM hai| vItarAgatA kI prApti hI usameM mukhya hai| vItarAgatA ke binA jJAna vastuniSTha nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka moha rahegA jJAna vyaktiniSTha banA rhegaa| yadi vItarAgatA rahita sarvajJatA kI parikalpanA kI jAye to do sarvajJoM kA jJAna eka jaisA nahIM ho sktaa| moha ke abhAva ke binA niSpakSatA nahIM A sakatI ataH sarvajJatA se pUrva vItarAgatA anivArya hai| jaina darzana kA prArambha bindu mumukSA hai aura usakA sAdhya vItarAgatA hai| sarvajJatA prAsaMgika rUpa meM vahAM phalita hotI hai| vedAnta darzana ke anusAra jijJAsA sAdhanA kA prArambha bindu hai 'athAto brahma-jijJAsA' aura sampUrNa jJAna kI prApti sAdhya hai| unakA maMtavya hai ki jaba jJAna pUrNa hogA to doSa kA abhAva ho hI jaayegaa| yadyapi donoM kA niSkarSa eka jaisA hai| eka kA mAnanA hai vItarAgatA se jJAna tathA dUsare kA 6 . vrAtya darzana

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abhimata hai jJAna se vItarAgatA hogii| ___jaina darzana ke anusAra sarvajJatA ke lie vItarAgatA anivArya hai| sampUrNa klezAvaraNa ke dUra hone para hI sampUrNa jJeyAvaraNa dUra ho sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM klezAvaraNa arthAt moha ke nAza ho jAne para jJAnAvaraNa darzanAvaraNa evaM antarAya karma ko anivAryataH naSTa honA pdd'egaa| moha karma ke abhAva meM ve nahIM raha skte| anya bhAratIya paramparAoM meM klezAvaraNa ke dUra ho jAne para jJeyAvaraNa kA nAza honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| kiMtu jaina paramparA meM klezAvaraNa ke nAza ke bAda jJeyAvaraNa kA nAza anivArya hai| kevalajJAna akelA hotA hai ___ AtmA cetanA svabhAva hai| saMsArI avasthA meM usa para karma kA AvaraNa rahatA hai jo cetanA-zakti ko pUrNa rUpa se kArya karane meM rokatA hai| yaha AvaraNa pUrNajJAna kA pratibandhaka hone se kevalajJAnAvaraNa kahalAtA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne kevalajJAnAvaraNa ko pUrNa jJAna arthAt kevalajJAna kA pratibandhaka mAnA hai kiMtu isake sAtha hI use apUrNa jJAnoM kA janaka bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM mati, zruta, avadhi evaM manaHparyava ye cAra apUrNa jJAna mAne gaye haiM tathA unake matijJAnAvaraNa Adi cAra pRthaka AvaraNa bhI mAne jAte haiN| aisI paristhiti meM eka jijJAsA svataH hI upasthita hotI hai ki kevalajJAnAvaraNa ko apUrNa jJAnoM kA janaka kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne isakA samAdhAna zAstra sammata kahakara diyA hai| jaina paramparA meM jJAna ke sambandha meM eka pakSa yaha bhI rahA hai ki jaise kevalajJAnAvaraNa ke haTa jAne para kevalajJAna prakaTa hotA hai vaise hI matijJAnAvaraNa Adi ke haTa jAne se mati Adi jJAna bhI utpanna hote haiM ataH kevalI meM kevalajJAna ke sAtha anya mati Adi jJAna bhI rahate hai kiMtu ve kevalajJAna se abhibhUta ho jAne ke kAraNa usa avasthA meM kAryakArI nahIM hote haiM jaise sUrya ke udita hone para tArAsamUha astitva meM rahate huye bhI niSprabhAvI bana jAtA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne isa mantavya kA yauktika nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| unhoMne apanI yukti prastuta karate hue kahA ki apUrNa jJAna to kevalajJAnAvaraNa kA hI kArya hai| una apUrNa jJAnoM meM bhI paraspara vaividhya evaM tAratamya rahatA hai vaha matijJAnAvaraNa Adi ke kSayopazama se hotA hai kiMtu apUrNa jJAnAvasthA kevalajJAnAvaraNa ke kAraNa hI hotI hai ataH jaba kevalI ke kevalajJAnAvaraNa kA vinAza ho jAtA hai taba usameM kevalajJAnAvaraNa janya mati Adi apUrNa jJAna bhI nahIM ho sakate vrAtya darzana - 7

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haiN|17 upAdhyAyajI kA yaha vaktavya AgamAnukUla hai| Agama meM kevalajJAna ko eka kahA gayA hai arthAt kevalajJAna akelA hI hotA hai usake sAtha anya kSAyopazamika jJAna nahIM ho skte| yahI tathya tatvArthasUtra meM ullikhita hai| kevala kA artha eka yA asahAya hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNa kA vilaya hone para jJAna ke avAntara bheda samApta ho jAne se jJAna eka ho jAtA hai| zrImad jayAcArya ne isa avadhAraNA ko cAMdI kI cokI ke udAharaNa se spaSTa kiyA hai| jaise koI cAMdI kI caukI dhUla se DhakI huI hai| usake kinAroM se dhUla haTane lgii| eka konA dikhA hamane eka cIja mAna lI vaise hI anya kone dRggocara hone para cAra pRthak cIje mAnane lge| jaba caukI ke madhya kI dhUla bhI haTa gayI taba ve cAroM cIje jinheM hama alaga mAna rahe the usI meM samA gyii| ThIka vaise hI kevalajJAna DhakA rahatA hai taba taka usake alpa vikasita choroM ko bhinna-bhinna jJAna mAnA jAtA hai| jaba jJAnAvaraNa kA sarvathA vilaya ho jAtA hai taba kevalajJAna hotA hai aura anya apUrNa jJAna usameM hI vilIna ho jAte haiN| phira AtmA meM saba dravya aura dravyagata saba parivartanoM kA sAkSAt karanevAlA eka hI jJAna rahatA hai jo kevalajJAna kahalAtA hai| kevalajJAna ke utpanna ho jAne para anya mati Adi kSAyopazamikajJAna kA astitva hI nahIM rahatA hai kyoMki usake janaka kevalajJAnAvaraNa kA abhAva ho jAne se usake janya mati Adi jJAna kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai| - AcArya yazovijayajI ne kevalajJAnAvaraNa ke do kArya mAne haiM-kevalajJAna ko AvRta karanA evaM mati Adi ko utpanna krnaa| yaha avadhAraNA vedAnta kI mAyA jaisI hai| mAyA meM AvaraNa evaM vikSepa nAma kI do zaktiyAM hotI haiN| mAyA AvaraNa zakti se brahma ke svarUpa ko AcchAdita kara detI hai aura vikSepa zakti ke dvArA mithyArUpa saMsAra ko prastuta kara detI hai| yadyapi jaina darzana mati Adi jJAna ke dvArA jJAta prameyoM ko bhI mithyA nahIM mAnatA unakI bhI vAstavika sattA hai jabaki vedAnta meM brahma ke atirikta sAre padArtha mithyA hai| ___ mati Adi jJAna vastutaH to kevalajJAna ke hI bheda haiN| AvaraNa dazA meM kevalajJAna mati Adi rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai tathA cetanA ke nirAvaraNa ho jAne para kevalajJAna apane vAstavika svarUpa meM AvirbhUta ho jAtA hai| kevalajJAna evaM zrutajJAna kI samAnatA jaina jJAna paramparA meM matijJAna ko chor3akara zeSa cAra jJAna ke adhikArI 8. vrAtya darzana

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kevalI kahalAte haiN| zruta kevalI,20 avadhijJAna-kevalI, manaHparyAyajJAnakevalI aura kevalajJAnakevalI / inameM zrutakevalI aura kevalajJAnakevalI kA jJeya viSaya samAna hai| inameM kevala jAnane kI paddhati kA antara rahatA hai| zruta-kevalI zAstrIya jJAna ke mAdhyama se tathA kramazaH apane jJeya ko jAnatA hai jabaki kevalajJAna kevalI jJeya padArthoM ko sAkSAt tathA eka sAtha jAnatA hai / 22 zrutopayoga kI avasthA meM viziSTa zrutajJAnI bhI kevalajJAnI ke sadRza hotA hai| zrutakevalI zabda zrutajJAna kI isI anantatA kA sUcaka hai| pUrvo kI ananta rAzi ko hI nahIM apitu pratyeka aMgagrantha ko bhI ananta gama (bhaMga-racanA) evaM anantaparyaya vAlA batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zrutajJAna kA viSaya ananta ho jAtA hai| zrutajJAna kA mUla AdhAra abhilApya padArtha hai| artha-paryAya vANI kA viSaya nahIM banatI hai tathA saba vyaJjana paryAya bhI prajJApana yogya nahIM hai tathA jo bhAva kevalI dvArA prajJApita kiye jAte haiM unakA anantavAM bhAga zrutanibaddha hotA hai| isa prakAra zAstra nibaddha zrutajJAna kI apekSA kevalajJAna kA viSaya anantagunA adhika hotA hai| kevalajJAna evaM zrutajJAna ye do hI aise jJAna haiM to Atma-sAkSAtkAra evaM amUrta tattvoM kA bodha karane meM sakSama haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne zrutakevalI ko kevalI ke samAna loka pradIpakara tathA Atma svabhAva kA prajJApaka kahA hai|23 jayasenAcArya ne apanI tAtparya vRtti meM kevalajJAna ko sUrya evaM zrutajJAna ko dIpaka kI upamA se upamita kiyA hai| kevalajJAnI meM sampUrNa jJAna zakti anAvRta rahatI hai ataH vaha dravya kI samasta paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai aura zrutajJAna meM usakA jitanA deza anAvRta hotA hai usake anusAra prakAza svabhAvatA vikasita hotI hai para artha avabodha kI dRSTi se donoM samatulya hai|24 __ AcArya samantabhadra ne syAdvAda ko kevalajJAna ke samAna hI sarva tattva prakAzaka batAyA hai| unake anusAra syAdvAda aura kevalajJAna meM jJeyakRta bheda mukhya nahIM hai, mukhyataH donoM kI jAnane kI prakriyA bhinna hai| kevalajJAna samasta dravyoM evaM usakI samasta paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai vaise hI syAdvAda bhI jAnatA hai| vizeSatA yahI hai ki kevalajJAna sAkSAt jAnatA hai zrutajJAna asAkSAt rUpa se jAnatA hai| bRhatkalpa bhASya meM kevalajJAna evaM zrutajJAna kI tulanA karate huye batAyA gayA ki jaise samasta jJeya ko kevalajJAna aparokSa rUpa se yathArtha jAnatA hai vaise hI zrutajJAnI gItArtha bhI unheM yathAzruta jAna sakatA hai, pratipAdita kara sakatA vrAtya darzana - 6

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hai| jJAna kI dRSTi se dvAdazAMgadhara zrutajJAnI kI apekSA kevalI viziSTa hai para prajJapti kI dRSTi se donoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai kyoMki kevalajJAna svarUpa pratipAdana meM mukhara nahIM hai| kAmaM khalu savvannU nANeNAhio duvaalsNgiito| pannatIi u tullo kevalanANaM Nao mUaM // 25 kevalI zrutajJAna kA avalambana nahIM lete zrutajJAna para pratipAdana paTu hai| zruta bhI utane hI arthoM kA prajJApana kara sakatA hai jitane arthoM kA eka sarvajJa kara sakatA hai| isI samAnatA ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI bhramavaza yaha kaha diyA jAtA hai ki kevalI bhI zrutajJAna kA sahArA lete haiM kiMtu yaha kathana yathArtha nahIM hai naMdI, Avazyakaniyukti evaM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kevalI ko zrutajJAna kA avalambana lene kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai kyoMki kevalajJAna kSAyikajJAna hai, usakA udaya hone para chAdmasthika jJAnoM kA lopa ho jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara kevalajJAna ke dvArA arthoM ko jAnate haiM, unameM jo prajJApana yogya hai unakA nirUpaNa karate haiN| vaha unakA vacanayoga hai, dUsaroM ke lie vaha dravyazruta hai| ___ kevalaNANeNa tthe nAuM je tattha pnnvnnjogge| te bhAsai titthayaro vaijoga suyaM havai sesaM // 26 kevalI kA vAgyoga zrotAoM ke bhAva zruta kA kAraNa banatA hai, ataH puMgalamaya zabda prayoga ko bhAvazruta kA kAraNa hone se dravyazruta kahA jAtA hai| kevalajJAna se zrotA ke bhAvazruta banane kI prakriyA kA AkAra isa prakAra banatA hai-kevalajJAna-arthAvabodha-vacanayoga-zabdotpatti (drvyshrut)-bhaavshrut| jaina darzana ke anusAra vacanayoga kA kAraNa nAmakarma kA udaya aura zrutajJAna kA kAraNa zrutajJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama hai| kevalI ke samasta ghAtI karmoM kA sampUrNa nAza ho jAne se usake kSAyopazamika jJAnoM kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| nAma karma bhavopagrAhI karma hai ataH usakA udaya caudahaveM guNasthAna taka calatA rahatA hai| isa prakAra karma siddhAnta kI dRSTi se bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki kevalI ke vacanayoga hotA hai zrutajJAna nahIM hotaa| kevalI evaM sarvajJa meM bhinnatA vartamAna meM pracalita mAnyatA ke anusAra jaina dharma-darzana meM kevalI evaM sarvajJa 10. vrAtya darzana

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ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga eka hI artha meM ho rahA hai kiMtu bhagavatI sUtra ke pAMcaveM zataka meM chadmastha evaM kevalI kI bhinnatA ke sambandha meM upasthApita praznoM para vimarza karane para prApta hotA hai ki bhagavatI ke usa prasaMga meM kevalI aura sarvajJa eka nahIM hai| vahAM para prazna upasthita kiyA gayA-kyA kevalI zabda Adi ko indriyoM se jAnatA hai? samAdhAna prastuta karate huye kahA gayA ki 'kevalI indriyoM se nahIM jaantaa| vaha saba dizAoM meM sthita mita, amita sabako jAnatA hai kyoMki usake ananta jJAna evaM ananta darzana hai| ye prazna kevalI aura sarvajJa ko eka mAnane para upasthita karane Avazyaka nahIM the| anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM kaivalya zabda kA prayoga kahIM bhI sarvajJatA ke artha meM nahIM huA hai| arhat Adi artha meM huA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti se pRthak puruSa ke lie kevala zabda kA prayoga huA hai| kaivalya mukti kI avasthA hai, jisameM puruSa tInoM duHkhoM se mukta hokara svarUpa meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM prakRti ke tInoM guNa punaH prakRti meM hI antarlIna ho jAte haiN| yogadarzana ke anusAra kaivalya mAnasika saMtulana kI sthiti hai, jahAM mana apanI caJcalatA ko chor3a detA hai| vedAnta darzana ke anusAra brahma ke sAtha ekatva hone kA nAma kaivalya hai| uparyukta darzanoM meM kaivalya zabda kA sarvajJatA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| bauddha sAhitya meM 'kevala' zabda kA prayoga eka evaM pUrNa ina donoM arthoM meM huA hai| suttanipAta kI aTThakathA meM kevalI ko sarvaguNa sampanna, paripUrNa, sarvazakti sampanna evaM viSayamukta kahA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM arhat ke lie kevalI zabda kA prayoga huA hai kiMtu bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna ke saba padArthoM ko jAnanevAle sarvajJa ke artha meM kevalI zabda kA prayoga bauddha sAhitya meM nahIM huA hai| kevalajJAna kA paripUrNa jJAna ke artha meM arthAt sarvajJatA ke artha meM prayoga mAtra jaina sAhitya meM hI upalabdha hai| isase saMbhava aisA lagatA hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI kevalI zabda kA prayoga vItarAga ke lie huA hai kiMtu vItarAga banane ke tatkAla bAda sarvajJatA prApta ho jAtI hai ataH una donoM avasthAoM meM sthUla kAlakSepa na hone ke kAraNa ye donoM avasthAeM eka hI pratIta hotI hai ataH kAlAntara meM jaina dharma meM kevalI zabda sarvajJa kA vAcana bana gyaa| kevalI ke mana hotA hai prajJApanA sUtra meM kevalI ko no saMjJI evaM no asaMjJI kahA gayA hai|30 mana jJAnAvaraNa evaM darzanAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se honevAlA jJAna hai| kevalI kA jJAna vrAtya darzana - 11

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kSAyika hotA hai ataH kevalI ke kSayopazama rUpa mana nahIM hai yaha tathya prajJApanA meM prastuta hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM kevalI meM mana ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|31 ina donoM vaktavyoM kI saMgati dravyamana evaM bhAvamana ke AdhAra para ho sakatI hai| mana do prakAra kA hotA hai-dravyamana aura bhaavmn| dravyamana paudgalika hotA hai tathA bhAvamana jJAnAtmaka hotA hai| kevalI ke bhAvamana nahIM hotA kyoMki unheM isakI koI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai kintu unake dravya mana hotA hai isa apekSA se kevalI ke mana kA astitva hai| bhagavatI sUtra ke 5/103-106 sUtroM meM mAnasika saMpreSaNa kA siddhAnta pratipAdita huA hai| anuttara vimAna ke devoM ke mana meM koI prazna upasthita hotA hai to ve vahAM baiThe-baiThe manuSyaloka meM vidyamAna kevalI ke sAtha mAnasika AlApa-saMlApa karate haiN| kevalI unake prazna jAnakara mAnasika stara para usakA uttara dete haiN| ve praznakartA deva kevalI kI manodravya vargaNA ke AdhAra para use jAna lete haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki kevalI ke mana hotA hai| kevalI ke jJAnAtmaka bhAvamana nahIM hotA kiMtu yogarUpa mAnasika pravRtti hotI hai| kevalI kucha kahanA cAhate haiM taba unake Atma-pradezoM meM spandana hotA hai| usase manodravya vargaNA (mAnasika pudgala skandhoM) kA grahaNa hotA hai|32 una pudgaloM ke mAdhyama se anuttara deva apane praznoM kA samAdhAna prApta kara lete haiN| zrImad jayAcArya ne apanI caubIsI meM isakA ullekha karate huye kahA hai 'sura anuttara vimAna nA sevaire prazna pUchyA jina uttara deve re / avadhijJAna kari jANa laive, prabhu naminAtha jI mujha pyArA re23 ina tathyoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kevalI ke bhI mana hotA hai| sarvajJatA evaM niyativAda kevalI sarvadravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ko jAnate haiN| yaha Agamika vaktavya hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki kevalI yathArthadarzI hote haiN| jo bhAva jaisA hotA hai use vaisA hI jAnate haiM arthAt niyata ko niyata jAnate haiM, aniyata ko aniyata jAnate haiN| kucha vyakti sarvajJatA ke sAtha niyativAda ko jor3a dete haiM kiMtu yaha bhrAmaka hai kyoMki sarvajJa niyata ko hI niyata jAnatA hai aniyata ko niyata nahIM jaantaa| 12 . vrAtya darzana

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jo bhAva aba taka niyata huA hI nahIM hai usako yadi sarvajJa niyata rUpa meM jAnane lagegA to usakA jJAna yathArthatA kI sImA kA atikramaNa karanevAlA khlaayegaa| kevalI meM samyagdarzana nahIM hotA tatvArthasUtra ke svopajJa bhASya meM samyagdarzanI evaM samyagdRSTi ko bhinna-bhinna mAnA gayA hai| bhASya ke anusAra kevalI samyagdRSTi hote haiN| samyagdarzanI nahIM hote| samyagdarzana meM matijJAna kA bheda apAya rahatA hai, kevalI ke jJAnAvaraNa kA sarvathA nAza ho gayA hai| unake apAyAMza nahIM rahatA ataH ve samyagdarzanI nahIM hai|34 isakA tAtparya huA bArahaveM guNasthAna taka ke samyaktvI jIvoM ke samyagdarzana hotA hai usake bAda ke jIva samyagdRSTi to kahalAte hai kiMtu samyagdarzanI nahIM khlaate| isa apekSA se kevalI meM samyagdarzana nahIM hotA, yaha vaktavya samIcIna kevalajJAna ke saMdarbha meM katipaya binduoM para vicAra vimarza kiyA gayA aura bhI aise biMdu ho sakate haiM, jo kevalajJAna kI avadhAraNA para vizeSa prakAza DAla sakate haiN| saMdarbha 1. AcArAMga 5/104 2. jJAnabindu, pR. 1 'kevalanANamaNaMtaM jIvasarUpaM tayaM nirAvaraNam' / 3. pramANa-mImAMsA 1/15 tat sarvathAvaraNavilaye cetanasya svarUpAvirbhAvo mukhyaM kevlm| 4. naMdI sUtra 71 savvajIvANaM pi ya NaM akkharassa aNaMtabhAgo niccugghADio, ___ jai puNa so vi AvarijjA, teNa jIvo ajIvattaM paavijjaa| 5. AcArAMga 3/74 6. samavAyAMga 1/2 7. AcArAMga 5/123-25 8 AcArAMga 3/74 6. AcArAMga cUrNi pR. 126 10. naMdI, sUtra 33 11. vahI 33/1 aha savvadavvapariNAma-bhAva-viNNatti kaarnnmnntN| sAsayamappapaDivAI, egavihaM kevalaM nANaM // vrAtya darzana . 13

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12. niyamasAra, gAthA 156 jANadi passadi savvaM vavahAraNaeNa kevalI bhgvN| kevalaNANI jANadi passadi NiyameNa appANaM // 13. tatvArthabhASya, 1/30, sarvadravyeSu sarvaparyAyeSu ca kevalajJAnasya viSayanibaMdho bhvti| taddhi sarvabhAvagrAhakaM saMbhinnalokAlokaviSayam / nAtaH paraM jnyaanmsti| na ca kevalajJAna-viSayAt kiJcidanyajJeyamasti / kevalaM paripUrNa samagramasAdhAraNaM nirapekSaM vizuddhaM sarvabhAvajJApaka lokAlokaviSayamanaMtaparyAyamityarthaH / 14. naMdI sUtra 26 15. naMdI sUtra TippaNa, pR. 66 16. darzana aura ciMtana, pR. 433 17. jJAnabindu, pR. 1 18 tatvArtha sUtra 1/31 kSayopazamajAni catvAri jJAnAni pUrvANi kSayAdeva kevlm| tasmAnna kevalinaH zeSANi jJAnAni sntiiti| 16. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 84, kevalamegaM suddhaM sagalamasAharaNaM aNaMtaM c| 20. abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, 1/31 zrutakevalino hi sstt| 21. ThANaM, 3/513 tao kevalI paNNattA taMjahA : ohiNANakevalI, maNapajjavaNANa kevalI, kevlnnaannkevlii| 22. Apta mImAMsA 105 syAdvAdakevalajJAne sarvatatvaprakAzane bhedaH sAkSAdasAkSAcca hyavastvanyatamaM bhavet 23. pravacanasAra 1/33 24. pracavanasAra kI tAtparya vRtti 1/33 25. bRhadkalpabhASya, gAthA 663 26. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 826 27. bhagavatI 5/106 28. (ka) pAtaJjalayogasUtra 2/25 tad dRzeH kaivalyam (kha) sAMkhyakArikA 17 26. pAtaJjalayogasUtra 4/34 kaivalyaM svarUpapratiSThA 30. prajJApanA 31/4 maNUsA saNNI vi asaNNI vi no saNNI no asaNNI vi| 31. bhagavatI 5/102-103 32. pa. khaM. dhavalA pu. 1 bhA. 1 sU. 123 pR. 368 jIvapradezaparispandahetu karmajanitazaktyastitvApekSayA vA tatsatvAnna virodhH| 33 caubIsI 20/5 14 . vrAtya darzana

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34. tatvArthabhASyAnusAriNI pR. 66 apAyasadvyatayA samyagdarzanam, apAya-Abhinibodhikam, tadyogAtsamyagdarzanam / tat kevalino nAsti, tasmAt na kevalI samyagdarzanI, samyagdRSTistu bhvti| vrAtya darzana - 15

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2. bahuzrutapUjA : eka parizIlana zikSA kA jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| balki yoM kahanA cAhie ki zikSA hI jIvana hai, yahAM zikSA kA artha kitAbI jJAna se nahIM parantu jIvana ke sampUrNa AcAra-vyavahAra se hai| aneka bAra zikSA ko sAkSaratA se jor3a diyA jAtA hai kintu yaha ucita nahIM hai| sAkSara bhI azikSita ho sakatA aura nirakSara zikSita / sAkSaratA zikSA kA eka aMga hai para sAkSaratA hI zikSA nahIM hai| zikSA kI paribhASA zikSA zabda saMskRta kI zikS dhAtu se niSpanna hotA hai jisakA tAtparya hai-sIkhanA aura sikhaanaa| pleTo, TAmsana, harabArTa, mahAtmA gAMdhI Adi zikSAvidoM ne zikSA kI bhinna bhinna paribhASAeM prastuta kI haiN| English meM zikSA ko Education kahA jAtA hai jisakI vyutpatti leTina bhASA ke Educatum: Educare aura Educere zabda se huI hai| Educatum kA artha hai adhyaapn-kriyaa| Educare kA artha hai vikasita karanA tathA Educere kA artha hai-zikSita krnaa| kucha logoM kA mAnanA hai ki Education do zabdoM ke saMyoga se banA hai-E & duco arthAt bAhara prerita karanA ataH Education kA artha huA Antarika zaktiyoM ko jAgRta krnaa| yaha mata zikSA kI bhAratIya mAnyatA ke anukUla pratIta hotA hai| zikSA kA uddezya vartamAna meM zikSAzAstra kA prArambha san 1854 ke buDa Dispaica se mAnA jAtA hai, yadyapi prAcIna bhAratIya manISiyoM ne zikSA ke sambandha meM gambhIra evaM mahattvapUrNa ciMtana kiyA hai| taitarIyopaniSad kI zikSAvallI, gItA, jaina AgamoM Adi meM zikSA 16 . vrAtya darzana

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sambandhI vicAra yatra-tatra prakIrNa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM para adhunAtana bhAratIyoM kI yaha kamI rahI hai ki ve apane prAcIna jJAna bhaMDAra ko Adhunika pariveza meM prastuta nahIM kara pAye ataH zikSA jagat meM zikSA kA tarIkA bhAratIya na hokara pAzcAtya hai| Aja kI zikSA kA moto hai 'To learn to earn' jIvikA ke lie par3ho kintu bhAratIya ciMtana meM jIvikA kabhI bhI pramukha nahIM rhii| usakA Adarza hai-How to live jInA kaise cAhie? isameM pUrA zikSA darzana samAhita ho jAtA hai| zikSA prApti kI arhatA zikSA prApti ke arha kauna hai? zikSA guru ke pAsa se kaise prApta karanI cAhie? vartamAna zikSA ciMtana meM ina pahaluoM para vicAra hI nahIM kiyA gayA hai, parantu bhAratIya manISiyoM ne zikSA prApti kI arhatA, anarhatA para paryApta vicAra kiyA hai| vyakti ke AcaraNa ke AdhAra para zikSA prApti kI yogyatA evaM ayogyatA kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| prAcIna zikSAvidoM ne sAhitya zailI meM zikSA ke ayogya vyakti kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| vidyA brAhmaNa se kahatI hai-he brAhmaNa ! mujhe asUyAvAna, kapaTI tathA asaMyamI vyaktiyoM se bcaanaa| merA unake sAtha kabhI gaThabandhana mata kara denaa| isakA tAtparya hai ki IrSyAlu, daMbhI, asaMyamI vyakti zikSA prApti kA adhikArI nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 'bahuzruta pUjA' adhyayana meM zikSA prApti ke arha vyakti kA ullekha bahuta sundara DhaMga se kiyA hai| vahAM batAyA gayA ki ATha lakSaNoM se yukta vyakti ko zikSA prApti hotI hai| ina guNoM se rahita vyakti zikSA ke yogya nahIM hai| zikSA prApti ke jina ATha guNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve sAre vyakti ke caritra se jur3e huye haiN| ve ATha guNa nimna haiM-1. jo hAsya nahIM krtaa| 2. jo indriya aura mana kA damana karatA hai| 3. jo marma prakAzita nahIM krtaa| 4. jo cAritravAn hotA hai| 5. jo duHzIla nahIM hotaa| 6. jo rasoM meM atigRddha nahIM hotaa| 7. jo krodha nahIM krtaa| 8 jo satya meM rata rahatA hai| ina AThoM meM se eka bhI lakSaNa aisA nahIM hai jo vyakti kI buddhi athavA smRti se jur3A huA ho, isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki zikSA prApti kI zarta cAritra hai buddhi nahIM hai| buddhimAna vyakti yadi acche cAritravAlA nahIM hai to vaha samasyAoM ko utpanna karane vAlA hI hogaa| isIlie bhAratIya ciMtakoM ne zikSA ke adhikArI kI yogyatA kA pahale nirdhAraNa kiyA hai| 'vedAntasAra' meM brahmavidyA ke adhikArI vrAtya darzana * 17

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kI yogyatA kA varNana karate haye kahA gayA-jo nitya-anitya vastu kA viveka karane vAlA hai| ihaloka aura paraloka ke phala meM anAsakta hai, zama, dama, titikSA, uparati, samAdhi evaM zraddhA ina chaha sampattiyoM se yukta hai vaha brahmavidyA kA adhikArI hai| jo prazAntacitta hai, jitendriya hai, guru kI dRSTi kA anugamana karane vAlA hai, pavitra hai aise vyakti ko brahmajJAna sadA hI denA cAhie prazAntacittAya jitendriyAya ca prahINadoSAya ythoktkaarinne| guNAnvitAnugatAya sarvadA pradeyametat satataM mumukSave // isase phalita hotA hai ki sampUrNa bhAratIya ciMtana AcAra evaM jJAna kI samanviti ko hI zreya samajhatA hai| AcaraNa zUnya jJAna aMkarahita zUnya ke samAna hai| vartamAna meM bhI 'emotional inteligence' kI carcA ho rahI hai| jo vyakti ke cAritra se hI jur3I huI hai| bahuzrutatA kI prApti kA pramukha kAraNa hai-vinaya / jo vyakti vinIta hotA hai usakA zruta phalavAna hotA hai| jo vinIta nahIM hotA usakA zruta phalavAna nahIM hotaa| vidyA aura vinaya kA paraspara tAdAtmya sambandha bhAratIya ciMtana kA phalita hai| jo avinIta hotA hai vaha par3hA likhA hone para bhI abahuzruta hai| uttarAdhyayana meM abahuzruta ko vyAkhyAyita karate huye kahA gayA je yAvi hoi nivvijje, thaddhe luddhe aNiggahe / abhikkhaNaM ullavaI, aviNIe abahussue // jo vidyAhIna hai. vidyAvAna hote hae bhI jo abhimAnI hai, jo sarasa AhAra meM lubdha hai, jo ajitendriya hai, jo bAra-bAra asambaddha bolatA hai, jo avinIta hai, vaha abahuzruta hai| zikSA ke vighna zikSA ke do prakAra haiM-grahaNa aura aasevn| jJAna prApta karane ko grahaNa aura usake anusAra AcaraNa karane ko Asevana zikSA kahA jAtA hai| pAMca kAraNoM se vyakti zikSA prApta nahIM kara sakatA, ve zikSA ke vighna haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM isakA ullekha karate hue kahA aha paMcahiM ThANehiM, jehiM sikkhA na lbbhii| thaMbhA kohA pamAeNaM, rogeNA'lassaeNa ya // 18. vrAtya darzana

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ahaMkAra, krodha, pramAda, roga evaM Alasya ina pAMca hetuoM se zikSA prApta nahIM hotii| abhimAnI vyakti vinaya nahIM karatA, isalie use koI nahIM pddh'aataa| krodhI vyakti kA saMsarga koI rakhanA nahIM cAhatA ataH use zikSA prApta nahIM ho sktii| pramAda, roga evaM Alasya bhI zikSA meM bAdhaka banate haiN| zArIrika svAsthya ke abhAva meM vyakti vinamratA Adi guNoM se yukta hone para bhI jJAna prApta nahIM kara sakatA ataH vidyArthI ke lie zArIrika svAsthya bhI Avazyaka hai| zikSA kA darzana AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ke anusAra Aja zikSA ke sAmane do yakSa prazna hai ki vaha vyakti ko kyA mAnatI hai aura use kyA banAnA cAhatI hai| pUrA zikSA darzana ina do praznoM meM samAhita ho jAtA hai| jaina zikSA paddhati vyakti meM kSAyopazamika yogyatA arthAt anAvaraNa kI yogyatA svIkAra karatI hai| isakA uddezya bauddhika sImA kA atikramaNa karake prajJA ke kSetra meM avataraNa karAnA hai| vartamAna zikSA paddhati meM vyakti ke zArIrika evaM bauddhika vikAsa kI tarapha pracura dhyAna kendrita kiyA gayA hai jabaki jaina zikSA darzana meM ina donoM vikAsoM ke sAtha mAnasika evaM bhAvanAtmaka vikAsa ko samucita sthAna diyA gayA hai| vArtamAnika jIvana-vijJAna kI paddhati jaina zikSA kA pratirUpa hai aisA kahanA zAyada atizayoktipUrNa nahIM hogaa| vyakti ke sarvAMgINa vyaktitva kA vikAsa karanA hI zikSA kA uddezya hai| isI meM sampUrNa zikSA darzana kRtArthatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| jainazikSA darzana ke anusAra jisakA AvegoM/saMvegoM para niyantraNa hotA hai jisameM mAnasika saMkalpa kI dRr3hatA hotI hai vaha vyakti zikSA kI pUrNa arhatA se sampanna hai| usakA bauddhika evaM zArIrika vikAsa janamaMgala ke lie hotA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sarvAMgINa vyaktitva ke dhanI puruSa ko hI bahuzruta kahA jAtA hai| bahuzruta kI paribhASA bahuzruta zabda jainaparamparA kA mahattvapUrNa, bahupratiSThita evaM pracalita zabda hai| jisakA zruta vyApaka evaM vizAla hotA hai use bahuzruta kahA jAtA hai| bahuzruta zabda bahu aura zruta ina do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai| zruta zabda jJAna kA vAcaka hotA hai kintu prastuta prasaMga meM vaha kore jJAna kA vAcaka nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana vrAtya darzana * 16

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ke gyArahaveM 'bahuzruta pUjA' adhyayana meM prApta bahuzruta kI vizeSatAoM tathA avinIta ke sAtha prayukta abahuzruta se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zruta zabda mAtra jJAna kA vAcaka nahIM hai| jo avinIta hai vaha abahuzruta hai aura jo vinIta hai vaha bahuzruta hai| TIkAkAra ne bhI bahuzrutatva evaM abahuzrutva meM vinaya evaM avinaya ko mUla kAraNa mAnA hai ataH sambhava aisA lagatA hai ki bahuzruta zabda meM Agata zruta zabda se jJAna evaM AcaraNa donoM kA grahaNa huA hai| jainazikSA grahaNa aura AsevanAtmaka hai| jaina paramparA meM korI grahaNa zikSA ko mUlyavattA prApta nahIM hai| Asevanayukta grahaNa zikSA hI mUlyavAna hai| bahuzruta kI jIvanacaryA meM Asevana agrasthAnIya hai| bahuzruta vaha hotA hai jo jJAna evaM zIla se sampanna ho| bahuzruta ke prakAra jaina sAhitya meM bahuzruta ke kaI prakAra batalAye gaye haiN| nizItha-bhASyacUrNi ke anusAra bahuzruta tIna prakAra ke hote haiM 1. jaghanya bahuzruta-jo nizItha kA jJAtA ho| 2. madhyama bahuzruta-jo nizItha aura caudaha pUrvo kA madhyavartI jJAtA ho| 3. utkRSTa bahuzruta-jo caturdaza-pUrvI ho| bahuzruta kA mukhya artha caturdazapUrvI hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM jaghanya, madhyama evaM utkRSTa ke bheda se tIna prakAra ke bahuzruta kA parigaNana hai tiviho bahussuo khalu, jahaNNao majjhimo u ukkoso| AyArakappe kappa navamadasame ya ukkoso // 1. jaghanya bahuzruta-AcAra prakalpa arthAt nizItha kA dhaark| 2. madhyama bahuzruta-kalpa evaM vyavahAra kA dhaark| 3. utkRSTa bahuzruta-naveM aura dazaveM pUrva kA dhaark| bahuzruta ke prakAroM kA avalokana karane se aisA lagatA hai ki vahAM bahuzrutatA ko mAtra jJAna ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai, usake sAtha AcAra kA koI sambandha nahIM hai kintu jaisA ki hamane pahale spaSTa kiyA thA AcAra ke binA bahuzrutatA jaina paramparA meM mAnya nahIM hai| 'bahuzrutapUjA' adhyayana meM Agata bahuzruta kI vizeSatAoM se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai| bahuzruta kI vizeSatA nirmalatA, jAgarUkatA, labdhi-sampannatA, bhAra-nirvAhakatA, duSpradharSatA, aparAjeyatA 20 * vrAtya darzana

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Adhipatya, tejasvitA, kalAoM se paripUrNatA, saumyatA, darzanazruta sampannatA, jJAna kI nirmalatA Adi guNoM se bahuzruta abhimaNDita hotA hai| ___ uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM sUtrakAra ne bahuzruta ko aneka upamAoM se upamita kiyA hai| ve sArI upamAeM bahuzruta kI AMtarika zakti aura tejasvitA ko prakaTa karatI hai| bahuzruta ke lie prayukta kucha upamAoM kA ullekha prastuta hai jo mananIya hai 1. bahuzruta kamboja ke ghor3oM kI taraha zIla se zreSTha hotA hai| 2. bahuzruta dRr3ha parAkramI yoddhA kI taraha ajeya hotA hai| 3. bahuzruta ugate huye sUrya kI bhAMti tapa ke teja se prajvalita hotA hai| 4. bahuzruta pUrNimA ke candramA kI bhAMti sakala kalAoM se paripUrNa hotA hai| 5. bahuzruta dhAna se bhare koThoM kI bhAMti zruta se paripUrNa hotA hai| isa prakAra kI aneka upamAoM se bahuzruta ko upamita kiyA gayA hai| praznavyAkaraNa meM Agata muni ke vizeSaNoM se bahuzruta kI ina vizeSatAoM kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| bahuzruta kA sammAna bahuzruta vyakti kA saMgha evaM saMgaThana meM bahuta sammAna hotA hai| usakI apane samUha meM atyanta pratiSThA hotI hai| bahuzruta Adeyavacana ho jAtA hai| AcArya bhikSu ne apanI saMghIya vyavasthA meM sthAna-sthAna para bahuzruta ke prati sammAna ke bhAva prakaTa kiye haiN| bahuzruta kA AcAra aura vyavahAra zaikSa ke lie anukaraNIya hotA vArtamAnika pariprekSya meM bahuzruta kI avadhAraNA kA yathArthIkaraNa zikSA jagat kI aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAyaka ho sakatA hai| zruta evaM zIla sampannatA akhaNDa vyaktitva kI anivArya zarta hai| jJAna pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha vyakti kA AcAra pakSa bhI atyanta ujjvala ho yaha atyanta apekSita hai, vyakti korA kitAbI zikSA se jJAnI nahIM bane kintu zIla kI sugandha se suvAsita hokara bahuzruta bane, yaha kAmya hai| vrAtya darzana - 21

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3. anekAnta, syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI jeNa viNA logassa vavahAro savvahA Na nivvddi| tassa bhuvaNekkaguruNo, Namo aNegaMtavAyassa // anekAntavAda ko namaskAra hai, kyoMki usake binA isa saMsAra kA vyavahAra bhI saMcAlita nahIM ho sktaa| anekAnta kI avadhAraNA nizcaya evaM vyavahAra donoM ke kendra meM hai| anekAnta sampUrNa jagat kA mArgadarzaka hai / usake abhAva meM dArzanika evaM vyAvahArika donoM hI prakAra kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| __anekAnta jaina-darzana kA prANa tattva hai| anekAnta arthAt vastu ko, satya ko aneka dRSTikoNoM se dekhanA evaM smjhnaa| vastu kA yathArtha mUlyAMkana vastu ke kisI eka pakSa para pratibaddha na hote huye samagra dRSTikoNa se usakA mUlyAMkana anekAnta ke Aloka meM hI ho sakatA hai| anekAnta kI paribhASA jaina darzana meM anekAnta para atyadhika vicAra-vimarza kiyA hai| anekAnta zabda aneka aura anta ina do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai| aneka kA artha hai-nAnAtva evaM anta kA artha hai-dharma yA svbhaav| eka hI vastu meM aneka virodhI dharmoM ko svIkAra karanA anekAnta hai| eka hI vastu meM eka hI kAla meM ananta virodhI dharma eka sAtha rahate haiM, yaha anekAnta darzana kI mahattvapUrNa svIkRti hai| anekAnta ko paribhASita karate hue AcArya amRtacandra ne likhA hai ki eka hI vastu sat-asat, eka-aneka, nitya-anitya svabhAvavAlI hai| aisI eka hI vastu ke vastutva ke niSpAdaka paraspara virodhI zaktiyukta dharmoM ko prakAzita karane vAlA anekAnta hai| 22 * vrAtya darzana

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yadeva tat tadeva atat, yadevaikaM tadevAnekam, yadeva sat tadevAsat yadeva nityaM tadevAnityam, ityekavastuvastutvaniSpAdakaparasparaviruddhazaktidvayaprakAzamanekAntaH (AtmakhyAti 10/247) vastu aneka dharmoM kA samudAya mAtra nahIM hai kintu paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle aneka dharmoM kA AdhAra hai| ve aneka dharma paraspara virodhI hai ataH dravya kA dravyatva banA huA hai| virodhI dharmoM ke abhAva meM dravya kA astitva hI surakSita nahIM raha sktaa| vastu kI dravya-paryAyAtmakatA astitva virodhI dharma yugaloM kA samavAya hai| anekAnta ne isa satya kA darzana kiyA hai| virodhI yugaloM ke saha astitva kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI unake madhya meM rahe samanvaya sUtroM kA anveSaka bhI anekAnta hai| astitva dravya-paryAyAtmaka hai| dravya kI pradhAnatA meM dravyArthika naya kA mantavya ThIka hai paryAya kI pradhAnatA meM paryAyArthika naya kA mantavya ThIka hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya evaM paryAya donoM kI hI vAstavika sattA hai| anya ekAntavAdI darzana jahAM dravya evaM paryAya meM kisI eka ko hI satya mAnane kA Agraha karate haiN| usa avasthA meM anekAnta satya kI vyAkhyA prastuta karate hue kahatA hai ki satya ubhayAtmaka hai| dravyaparyAyAtmaka hai| astitva virodhI dharmayukta dravya meM zAzvata aura azAzvata, eka aura aneka, sAmAnya aura vizeSa, vAcya aura avAcya Adi virodhI yugala vidyamAna hai| una saba meM saha-astitva hai| virodhI aura unakA saha-astitva vizva-vyavasthA kA aTala niyama hai| jaina darzana kA yaha mAnanA hai ki jo sata hai vaha pratipakSa se yukta hotA hai- 'yat sat tat sapratipakSam' pakSa aura pratipakSa meM saha-astitva hai| ve donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiN| yaha dArzanika satya aba vaijJAnika satya bhI bana rahA hai| vaijJAnika jagat kA pratikaNa evaM pratipadArtha kA siddhAnta anekAnta ke Aloka meM naye tathya udghATita kara sakatA hai| vaijJAnika isa niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM ki pratikaNa, kaNa kA pratidvaMdvI hote hue bhI usakA pUraka hai| ve donoM sAtha-sAtha rahate haiN| paraspara eka-dUsare kA sahayoga karate haiM aura isameM kriyA-pratikriyA kA vyavahAra bhI calatA hai| hara vastu eka kSaNa meM eka sAtha sata-asat, nitya-anitya, vAcya-avAcya Adi ananta virodhI tathA avirodhI svabhAvoM ko apane meM sameTe huye haiN| eka-eka vrAtya darzana + 23

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dharma akhaNDa vastu nahIM hai una saba dharmoM kA saMyukta rUpa hI akhaNDa vastu hai| una ananta vastu svabhAvoM ko jAnane ke lie ananta dRSTiyoM kI apekSA hotI hai, kyoMki eka dRSTi vastu ke eka pahalU ko hI abhivyakta kara sakatI hai| eka dRSTikoNa se prApta jJAna sampUrNa satya nahIM hai kintu satyAMza hai| sampUrNa dRSTiyoM kA sAmUhika rUpa hI sampUrNa satya hotA hai| ciMtana kI isa paddhati kA nAma anekAnta hai| ekAnta dRSTi hameM satya se bhaTakA detI hai| cAra vyaktiyoM ne eka makAna ke vibhinna dizAoM se phoTo lie| cAroM hI phoTo cAra prakAra ke the| cAroM vyaktiyoM meM vivAda chir3a gyaa| sabhI ne apane phoTo ko sahI aura dUsare ko galata tthhraayaa| lekina saca yaha thA ki unameM se galata kisI kA bhI phoTo nahIM thaa| virodhI dizAeM unake vivAda kA kAraNa bana gyii| eka dizA se liye gaye phoTo meM makAna kA eka bhAga hI abhivyakta ho sakatA hai| cAroM ko milAkara dekhane se virodha svataH vilIna ho gyaa| vaise hI hamArI eka dRSTi vastu ke eka koNa kA hI saMsparza kara pAtI hai, phalataH vastu kA samyak bodha nahIM ho paataa| isa sthiti meM aneka ulajhane sAmane AtI hai| una dRSTiyoM ke samanvaya se samAdhAna svataH hI prApta ho jAtA hai| anekAnta una virodhI dRSTiyoM meM samanvaya sthApita karatA hai ataH anekAnta vastu ke sahI svarUpa kA bodha karAne meM samartha hai| virodha kA samAhAra anekAnta eka hI vastu meM nitya-anitya Adi virodhI dharmoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| zrI bhikSunyAyakarNikA meM anekAnta ko paribhASita karate huye kahA gayA-'ekatra vastuni virodhyavirodhInAmanekadharmANAM svIkAra anekaantH|' eka hI vastu meM virodhI, avirodhI aneka dharmoM kI svIkRti anekAnta hai| eka hI vastu meM eka sAtha virodhI dharma kaise raha sakate haiM, isako hama udAharaNoM se samajha sakate haiN| apekSA bheda se eka hI vastu meM aneka virodhI dharmoM kA avasthAna tarka saMgata hai| yathA-AtmA nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhI hai| sAmAnya vicAra karane se prApta hotA hai eka hI vastu donoM kaise ho sakatI hai? vaha vastu yA to nitya honI cAhie athavA anity| anekAnta ke Aloka meM isa prazna kA samAdhAna prApta hai| nityatA AtmA kA eka dharma hai| AtmA zAzvata hai| AtmA na kabhI miTI, na miTatI hai aura na mittegii| vaha thI, hai aura rhegii| usakA asaMkhya pradezAtmaka svarUpa hamezA banA rhegaa| usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM hogA ataH 24 + vrAtya darzana

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isa zAzvata dharma kI apekSA AtmA nitya hai| AtmA vibhinna yoniyoM meM vibhinna avasthA ko prApta karatI rahatI hai| manuSya gati meM manuSya rUpa meM rahane vAlI AtmA anya gati meM jAkara nAraka, deva, tiryaJca Adi bana jAtI hai| usakI manuSya paryAya kA nAza evaM deva Adi anya paryAya kA utpAda ho jAtA hai isa utpAda, vyaya ke kAraNa AtmA anitya hai| AtmA kA cetanAmaya svarUpa kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hogA ataH vaha nitya hai kintu usameM bhI svAbhAvika pariNamana ho rahA hai| ataH binA kisI bAharI hetu ke bhI usameM arthaparyAya janya utpAda vyaya ho rahA hai| ataH vaha svarUpataH nitya evaM anitya donoM hai| utpanna honA, naSTa honA tathA sthita (dhruva) rahanA yaha sat (vastu) kA svarUpa hai| tatvArthasUtra meM AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA- 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat / ' astitvavAn padArtha meM yaha tripadI niyamataH rahatI hai| paryAya kI apekSA se pratyeka padArtha utpanna evaM naSTa ho rahA hai tathA dravya kI apekSA se vaha dhruva evaM zAzvata hai usameM koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne Apta-mImAMsA meM eka udAharaNa dvArA isa tathya ko samajhAyA hai| udAharaNa se spaSTatA eka rAjA hai| usake eka putra hai, eka putrii| rAjA ke yahAM eka svarNa-nirmita kalaza hai| rAjakumArI svarNa kalaza ko cAhatI hai| rAjakumAra svarNa-mukuTa cAhatA hai| vaha kahatA hai-svarNa kalaza ko tur3avA deM, mere lie isakA mukuTa banavA deN| rAjA rAjakumAra kA haTha pUrA karatA hai, kalaza ko tur3avA detA hai, mukuTa banavA detA hai| isakI tIna pratikriyAeM hotI haiM-kalaza TUTa jAne se rAjakumArI duHkhita hotI hai| mukuTa bana jAne se rAjakumAra pramudita hotA hai| rAjA ko ina donoM sthitiyoM meM na duHkha hotA hai, na pramoda hotA hai| use to kevala svarNa cAhie jo kalaza rUpa meM thA, aba vaha mukuTa rUpa meM hai| ghaTamauliH suvarNArthI naashotpaadsthitissvym| zokapramodamAdhyasthyaM jano yAti shetukm| svarNa eka padArtha hai| vaha dravyAtmaka dRSTi se nahIM mitttaa| usakA mUla svarUpa avicchinna rahatA hai, kevala usakI avasthAeM badalatI rahatI hai| svarNakalaza kA nAza, mukuTa kA utpAda evaM donoM avasthAoM meM svarNa banA rahA, svarNatva kI hAni nahIM huii| isI prakAra pratyeka vastu meM pratikSaNa utpAda vinAza evaM dhruvatA ye tInoM vrAtya darzana * 25

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dharma eka sAtha ghaTita ho rahe haiN| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki eka hI padArtha meM nityatva aura anityatva jo virodhI pratIta hote haiM unameM koI virodha nahIM hai| pradhAnatA evaM gauNatA jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu ke svarUpa meM virodhI dharmoM kI saha-avasthiti hai, yaha spaSTa ho cukA hai| dravya kA dravyatva banAye rakhane ke lie virodhI dharmoM kA sahabhAva honA atyanta apekSita hai| asti aura nAsti kA paraspara avinAbhAva hai| ye eka dUsare ke abhAva meM nahIM raha sakate haiN| jahAM astitva hai vahAM nAstitva nizcita rUpa se hai| virodhI yugaloM meM saMgati sthApita karane kA AdhAra hai-vivkssaa| jisa samaya meM padArtha ke jisa guNa dharma kI vivakSA hotI hai, vaha pradhAna ho jAtA hai zeSa sAre dharma usa samaya gauNa ho jAte haiN| vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| usake pratyeka dharma kA artha bhinna hai| vastu ke dharmoM meM svataH pradhAnatA evaM gauNatA nahIM kintu vaktA kI vivakSA se ve dharma pradhAna yA gauNa bana jAte haiN| jaba vaktA vastu ke nityatva dharma kA pratipAdana karatA hai taba anityatA Adi anya dharma apradhAna bana jAte haiN| aisA kiye binA pratyeka padArtha hamAre lie anupayogI yA aprAsaMgika ho jAtA hai| gati kI sAmAnya prakriyA hai ki eka paira Age rahe aura eka pIche rhe| yadi donoM paira Age yA barAbara rahane kA Agraha kareM to gatikriyA nahIM ho sktii| bilaunA karate samaya mathanI kI rassI ko thAmane vAle donoM hAtha kramazaH Age pIche hote rahate haiN| tabhI maMthana hotA hai| navanIta nikalatA hai| eka samaya meM vastu ke eka dharma kI pradhAnatA aura zeSa samasta dharmoM kI apradhAnatA anekAnta kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne isI tathya ko abhivyaJjita karate huye kahA ekanAkarSayantI zlathayantI vstuttvmitrenn| antena jayati jainI nItirmanthAnanetramiva gopI // anekAnta jaina darzana kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anekAnta siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyaa| jaina AgamoM meM anekAnta zabda kA prayoga to upalabdha nahIM hai kintu anekAnta ke sampoSaka tathyoM se Agama grantha paripUrNa hai| anekAnta Agama yuga se darzana yuga taka evaM darzana yuga se vartamAna yuga taka apanI nirantara vikAsa yAtrA karatA A rahA hai| alaga-alaga yuga ke alaga prazna aura samAdhAna 26 . vrAtya darzana

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hote haiN| Aja vyavahAra jagat meM anekAnta ke prayoga ke dvArA vyavahAra jagat kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| anekAnta kA vyavahAra anekAnta sahiSNutA kA darzana hai| rAjanIti kA kSetra ho yA samAjanIti kA, dharmanIti kA ho yA zikSAnIti kA, saphalatA ke lie anekAnta darzana ko vyavahArya banAnA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka saha-astitva, sahiSNutA, sAmaJjasya Adi mUlyoM ko vyAvahArika nahIM banAyA jAyegA taba taka samAdhAna upalabdha nahIM hogaa| sahiSNutA Adi sAre mUlya anekAnta ke hI parikara haiN| manuSya anekAnta ko samajhe aura isake anurUpa AcaraNa kare to yugIna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai| anekAnta dRSTi se samasyA kA samAdhAna khojane para Agraha-vigraha kA prasaMga upasthita nahIM hotaa| anekAnta dRSTivAlA vyakti kisI eka mAnyatA, siddhAnta, prathA Adi meM Asakta nahIM hotaa| vaha hitAhita kA vicAra karatA hai| anekAntI mAnyatA, paramparAoM kA tyAga nahIM karatA kintu una para vicAra kara heya, upAdeya kA viveka karatA hai| anekAnta meM kaTTaratA, haThadharmitA evaM saMkIrNatA ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| anekAntI dRSTi vAlA vyakti anAgrahI hogaa| vaha samasyA ke samAdhAna meM apane dRSTikoNa ko lacIlA banAye rkhegaa| vaha paristhiti ke anusAra apanA samAyojana karane meM sakSama hogaa| anekAnta kA vibhinna saMdarbho meM mahattvapUrNa upayoga hai| vaha na kevala dArzanika samasyAoM kA samAdhAyaka hai| balki usake dvArA vyAvahArika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| syAdvAda jaina darzana kI ciMtanazailI kA nAma anekAnta evaM pratipAdana zailI kA nAma syAdvAda hai| anekAnta parikalpita siddhAnta nahIM hai apitu vaha yathArtha jagat kA satya hai| vastu AdhArita satya hai| jJAtA kI parikalpanA nahIM hai| jaina ke anusAra jJeya arthAt vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai, 'anantadharmakaM vastu' aura vaha jJeya, saMkhyA meM ananta hai| jaina darzana vedAnta ke brahma kI taraha kisI eka tattva kI sattA nahIM mAnatA usake anusAra tattva aneka haiN| jJeya ananta haiN| jJAna ananta hai kintu bhASA ananta nahIM hai| jJAna zakti asIma hai kintu zabda zakti sImA meM Abaddha hai ataH ananta jJAna eka kSaNa meM ananta jJeya ko jAna sakatA hai kintu vANI ananta jJeya ko abhivyakta nahIM kara sktii| sampUrNa satya ko yugapat abhivyakta vrAtya darzana * 27

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karane kA sAmarthya bhASA meM nahIM hai| isI samasyA ke samAdhAna meM jaina ciMtakoM ne syAdvAda siddhAnta ko prakaTa kiyaa| syAdvAda ke dvArA satya kA ApekSika kathana hotA hai jisase samasyA kA samAdhAna prApta hotA hai| syAdvAda kA udgama sthala anekAntAtmaka vastu hai| anekAntAtmaka vastu ke yathArtha grahaNa ke lie anekAnta dRSTi hai| syAdvAda usako vANI dvArA vyakta karane kI paddhati hai| syAdvAda svarUpa evaM paribhASA anekAntAtmaka vastu ke pratipAdana kI zailI ko syAdvAda kahA jAtA hai| yaha jaina darzana kI tattva pratipAdana kI viziSTa zailI hai| 'anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syAdvAdaH' anekAntAtmaka vastu kA pratipAdana syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se hI ho sakatA hai| AcAryazrI tulasI ne zrIbhikSunyAyakarNikA meM syAdvAda ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai arpaNAnarpaNAbhyAmanekAntAtmakArthapratipAdanapaddhatiH syAdvAdaH pradhAnatA evaM gauNatA ke dvArA anekAntAtmaka vastu kA pratipAdana karane vAlI paddhati syAdvAda kahalAtI hai| syAdvAda syAt aura vAda ina do zabdoM se niSpanna hai| syAt kA artha hai dRSTikoNa-vizeSa yA apekSA-vizeSa aura vAda kA artha hai kathana yA prtipaadn| isa prakAra syAdvAda kA artha hogA sApekSa prtipaadn| 'syAt' pada meM bhrAnti 'syAt' zabda ke artha ke saMdarbha meM jitanI bhrAnti dArzanikoM kI rahI hai sambhavataH utanI bhrAnti anya kisI zabda ke sambandha meM nahIM rahI hai| vidvAnoM dvArA hindI bhASA meM syAt kA artha, zAyada, sambhavataH, kadAcit aura aMgrejI bhASA meM Probable, may be, perhaps, some how Adi kiyA hai aura inhIM arthoM ke AdhAra para syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda, sambhAvanAvAda, anizcayavAda samajhane kI bhUla hotI rhii| Adya zaMkarAcArya se lekara Adhunika yuga taka ke vidvAna isake artha nirUpaNa meM bhrAmaka rahe haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne syAt zabda kA prayoga eka viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM kiyA hai| yadi syAdvAda ke Alocaka vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda sambandhI kisI mUla grantha kA pArAyaNa kiyA hotA to yaha bhrAnti sambhavataH unako nahIM hotii| 28 * vrAtya darzana

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syAt zabda kA artha vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra 'as' dhAtu se vidhiliMga meM syAt zabda banatA hai kintu syAdvAda meM prayukta syAt zabda vidhiliMga niSpanna zabda nahIM hai| vaha tiGnta pratirUpaka nipAta hai| tiGnta pada jaisA hai kintu tiGnta nahIM hai, vaha avyaya hai| syAt zabda ke prazaMsA, astitva, vivAda, vicAraNa, anekAnta, saMzaya, prazna Adi aneka artha haiN| syAdvAda meM syAt zabda anekAnta artha meM prayukta hai| isase yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM syAt zabda saMzayaparaka na hokara nizcayAtmaka artha kA dyotaka hai| sApekSa nizcayAtmaka kathana paddhati hI syAdvAda hai| sammantabhadra, vidyAnanda, amRtacandra, malliSeNa Adi sabhI jainAcAryoM ne 'syAt' zabda ko nipAta yA avyaya mAnA hai tathA use anekAnta artha kA dyotaka svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne syAt zabda ke artha ko spaSTa karate huye likhA hai ki syAt ekAntatA kA niSedhaka, anekAnta kA pratipAdaka tathA kathaMcit artha kA dyotaka eka nipAta hai- 'sarvathAtvaniSedhako'nekAMtatAdyotakaHkathaMcidarthe syAt zabdo nipAtaHsyAdityavyayamanekAMtadyotakam / syAt zabda kathaMcit (kisI sunizcita) apekSA ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, saMzaya, saMbhAvanA yA kadAcit artha meM nhiiN| 'syAdastyeva ghaTaH, syAnnAstyeva ghaTaH ityAdi vAkyoM meM syAt zabda anekAnta kA dyotana karatA hai| vastu anekAntAtmaka hai| sat, asat, nitya-anitya Adi sarvathaikAnta ke nirAkaraNapUrvaka ukta virodhI dharmoM kA eka vastu meM pAyA jAnA anekAnta hai| 'syAt' zabda isI anekAnta kA dyotana karatA hai| 'syAdasti ghaTaH' yahAM syAt zabda kahatA hai ki ghaTa asti rUpa hI nahIM hai, kintu usameM astitva dharma ke atirikta nAsti Adi anya dharmoM kA bhI sadbhAva hai| ghaTa sarvathA asti rUpa nahIM hai kintu kathaMcit nAsti rUpa hai| ghaTa ko sarvathA asti rUpa mAnane se vaha paTa Adi kI apekSA bhI asti rUpa hogA tathA sarvathA nAsti rUpa mAnane se usakA astitva hI nahIM rhegaa| isalie 'syAt' zabda kA mukhya kArya hai anekAnta kA dyotana krnaa| syAt zabda batalAtA hai ki vastu eka rUpa hI nahIM kintu anekarUpa bhI hai| vastu . meM sat, asat Adi aneka dharma rahate haiN| 'syAt' zabda kA dUsarA kArya hai gamya (abhidheya) artha kA vizeSaNa bana vrAtya darzana - 26

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kara usakA samarthana krnaa| syAdasti ghaTaH yahAM ghaTa kA astitva gamya hai aura syAnnAsti ghaTaH yahAM ghaTa kA nAstitva abhidheya hai| syAt zabda ghaTa meM kisa apekSA se astitva hai evaM kisa apekSA se nAstitva hai isakA pratipAdana karatA hai| syAt ke sAtha jainAcAryoM ne 'eva' pada kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai 'syAdastyeva ghaTaH' isakA tAtparya hai ghaTa amuka apekSA se hai hii| isa prakAra syAdvAda vastu kA nizcayatA se pratipAdana karatA hai| vaha saMzaya yA saMbhAvanAvAda ho hI nahIM sktaa| __ AcArya sammantabhadra ne 'syAt' zabda ko nipAta mAnA hai jo artha ke sAtha sambandhita hone para vAkya meM anekAnta kA dyotaka hai tathA gamya artha kA vizeSaNa hotA hai| vAkyeSvanekAntadyoti gamyaM prati vizeSaNam / syAnnipAto'rthayogitvAttava kevalinAmapi // 'syAt' zabda pUrNa satya ke pratipAdana kA mAdhyama hai| eka dharma kI mukhyatA se vastu ko batAte huye bhI hama usakI ananta dharmAtmakatA ko ojhala nahIM krte| isa sthiti ko saMbhAlane vAlA syAt zabda hai| yaha pratipAdya dharma ke sAtha zeSa apratipAdya dharmoM kI ekatA banAye rakhatA hai| isalie ise pramANavAkya yA sakalAdeza kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| hama ina ananta dharmoM se kucha ko hI jAnate haiM tathA usameM se bhI kucha hI dharmoM kA pratipAdana kara sakate haiN| jisa prakAra kaI aMdhe manuSya kisI hAthI ke bhinna-bhinna avayavoM ko hAtha se TaTolakara hAthI ke una bhinna-bhinna avayavoM ko hI pUrNa hAthI samajhakara vivAda utpanna karate haiM, isI prakAra jo satya ke eka aMza ko jAnatA hai tathA use hI sampUrNa satya mAna letA hai| taba dArzanika jagat meM samasyAeM utpanna hotI haiN| syAdvAda evaM anekAnta dRSTi se ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prApta hotA hai| eka dArzanika kahatA hai vastu sAmAnyAtmaka hai dUsarA usase viparIta vastu kA kathana karatA huA use vizeSa pratipAdita karatA hai| syAdvAda ina donoM virodhI vaktavyoM meM samanvaya sthApita karatA hai| vaha samAdhAna karate huye pratipAdana karatA hai ki saMgraha naya kI apekSA se vastu sAmAnyAtmaka hai evaM RjusUtra naya kI apekSA se vaha vizeSAtmaka hai| vastu ko jo sAmAnyAtmaka kaha rahA hai usakA dhyAna vastu ke dravya svarUpa para kendrita hai tathA vizeSa kahane vAlA vastu ke paryAya rUpa ko mukhyatA de rahA hai, jabaki vastu svabhAvataH hI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai| 30. vrAtya darzana

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jaina sAhitya meM syAdvAda ko samajhAne ke lie kaI vyAvahArika udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka puruSa vizeSa meM putratva, pitRtva, mAtulatva, bhAgineyatva Adi vibhinna avasthAeM rahatI haiN| jaise-devadatta nAmaka vyakti pitA bhI hai, putra bhI hai, mAmA bhI hai, bhAnajA bhI hai| prazna ho sakatA hai eka hI vyakti pitA-putra, mAmA-bhAnajA kaise ho sakatA hai? devadata apane putra kI apekSA pitA hai evaM apane pitA kI apekSA putra hai| apane bhAnaje kI apekSA mAmA hai aura mAmA kI apekSA bhAnajA hai| vibhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna virodhI dharmoM kA astitva eka hI vastu meM saMbhava hai| eka apekSA se vibhinna virodhI dharma eka sAtha ghaTita nahIM ho skte| yathA-devadatta apane pitA kI apekSA pitA bhI hai evaM putra bhI hai, yaha vaktavya mithyA hogA kyoMki devadatta apane pitA kI apekSA se putra hI hai, vaha apane pitA kI apekSA se kabhI pitA ho hI nahIM sakatA ataH syAdvAda siddhAnta kA avabodha karane ke lie apekSA ko samajhanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| syAdvAda aura samanvaya syAdvAda sampUrNa jainetara darzanoM kA samanvaya karatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sampUrNa jainetara darzanoM kA samAveza nayavAda meM ho jAtA hai, ataeva sampUrNa darzana naya kI apekSA se satya hai| sAre ekAntavAdI darzana paraspara nirapekSa hokara mithyA hote haiM kintu jaba ve paraspara sApekSa ho jAte haiM taba ve yathArtha bana jAte haiN| ye nayarUpa samasta darzana paraspara virUddha hokara bhI samudita hokara yathArtha kahe jAte haiN| jisa prakAra bhinna-bhinna maNiyoM ke ekatra gUMthe jAne se sundara mAlA taiyAra ho jAtI hai, usI taraha bhinna-bhinna darzana paraspara sApekSa hokara yathArtha bana jAte haiN| jisa prakAra dhana, dhAnya Adi vastuoM ke lie vivAda karane vAle puruSoM ko koI sAdhu puruSa samajhA kara zAMta kara detA hai, usI taraha syAdvAda paraspara eka dUsare para AkramaNa karane vAle darzanoM ko sApekSa satya mAnakara unameM samanvaya sthApita karatA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ke zabdoM meM saccA anekAntavAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM krtaa| vaha sampUrNa nayarUpa darzanoM ko vAtsalya kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai jaise koI pitA apane putroM ko dekhatA hai| yasya sarvatra samatA nayeSu tnyessviv| tasyAnekAntavAdasya kva nyUnAdhikazemuSI // tena syAdvAdamAlambya srvdrshntulytaaN| mokSoddezAvizeSeNa yaH pazyati saH shaastrvit| vrAtya darzana - 31

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syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se samanvaya ko prasthApita karake vyakti sukha aura zAMti se jIvana yApana kara sakatA hai| saptabhaMgI kI paribhASA saptabhaMgI jaina-nyAya kA vastu-vizleSaNa aura pratipAdana kA viziSTa siddhAnta hai| isameM sAta prakAra ke vizeSa prakathanoM ke mAdhyama se kisI vastu athavA dharma ko samagratA se abhivyakta karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| syAdvAda vastu ke ananta dharmoM kA pratipAdana sAta bhaMgoM aura nayoM ke mAdhyama se karatA hai| 'saptabhaMganayApekSaH syAdvAdaH' pratyeka vastu meM ananta dharma hote haiM, aura pratyeka dharma kA kathana apane virodhI dharma kI apekSA se sAta prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai| pratyeka dharma kA sAta prakAra se kathana karane kI zailI kA nAma hI saptabhaMgI hai| isameM sAta bhaMga (vikalpa) hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma saptabhaMgI hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva ne saptabhaMgI ko paribhASita karate huye kahA-'praznavazAdekasmin vastunyavirodhena vidhipratiSedhakalpanA saptabhaMgI' arthAt eka hI vastu meM avirodhapUrvaka vidhi aura pratiSedha kI kalpanA karanA saptabhaMgI hai| 'saptAnAM bhaMgAnAM samAhAraH saptabhaMgI' sAta bhaMgoM (vikalpoM) kA samUha saptabhaMgI hai| sAta bhaMga jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM saptabhaMgI eka aisA siddhAnta hai jo vastu kA AMzika kathana karake bhI vastu kI samagratA ko dRSTi se ojhala nahIM hone detA hai| saptabhaMgI syAdvAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke sAmAnya vikalpoM ko prastuta karatA hai| hamArI bhASA asti (hai) aura nAsti (nahIM) vidhi aura niSedha kI sImA meM Abaddha hai hamAre prAyaH sAre vaktavya vidhirUpa hote haiM athavA niSedha rUpa hote haiM kintu kabhI-kabhI aisI samasyAeM bhI AtI hai jaba kevala vidhi-mukha se yA kevala niSedha-mukha se kathana ko spaSTa karanA asambhava ho jAtA hai aisI sthiti meM eka tIsare vikalpa kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai jise jaina darzana meM avaktavya yA avAcya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kisI vastu ke pratipAdana ke samaya vastu ke vidhi dharma, kA athavA niSedha dharma kA athavA avaktavya dharma kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| asti, nAsti evaM avaktavya se tIna bhaMga maulika hai| inhIM tIna bhaMgoM kI vizeSa prakAra kI saMyojanA se apunarukta sAta bhaMga bana jAte haiN| sAta bhaMga nimnAMkita haiM 32 . vrAtya darzana

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1. syAt asti 2. syAt nAsti 3. syAt avaktavyam 4. syAt asti-nAsti 5. syAt asti avaktavyam 6. syAt nAsti avaktavyam 7. syAt asti syAt nAsti syAt avaktavyam bhaMga sAta hI kyoM? uparyukta sAta bhaMgoM meM prathama tIna maulika bhaMga hai zeSa cAra unake saMyogaja bhaMga hai| tIna maulika bhaMgoM ke apunarukta bhaMga sAta hI bana sakate haiN| isa bhaMga saMyojanA ko jainAcAryoM ne gaNita ke niyama ke AdhAra para siddha kiyA hai jisako hama pratIka ke mAdhyama se samajha sakate haiN| asti = A nAsti = B evaM avaktavya = C ye tIna maulika bhaMga huye| aba ina A, B, C ke cAra saMyogaja bhaMga banate 4. A - B 5. A - C 6. B - C 7. A - B - C tIna ke sAta se adhika bhaMga bana hI nahIM skte| ataH vastu ke pratyeka dharma para AdhArita ananta saptabhaMgiyAM bana sakatI hai kintu eka dharma para ananta bhaMga nahIM bana sakate isakA tAtparya hai ki vastu ke jitane dharma haiM una saba para eka-eka pRthak saptabhaMgI bana sakatI hai kintu eka dharma para anantabhaMgI nahIM bana sktii| saptabhaMgI kI vastu meM samAyojanA ina saptabhaMgI ke sAtoM bhaMgoM ko ghaTa ke udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| prathama bhaMga padArtha ke astitva kA, usake vidhi-pakSa kA prakAzana karatA hai| 1. syAt astyeva ghaTa:-kathaMcit ghaTa hai hii| eka vizeSa prakAra kI apekSA se ghaTa astivAn hI hai| saptabhaMgI meM asti bhaMga vastu ke svadravya kSetra, kAla evaM vrAtya darzana * 33

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bhAva kI apekSA se hai| ghaTa apanI svacatuSTayI kI apekSA se hai / svacatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu ke bhAvAtmaka dharma kA vidhAna hotA hai / ghaTa svacatuSTayI kI apekSA se asti rUpa hai / isako hama isa rUpa meM samajha sakate haiM--- 1. svadravya dRSTi 2. svakSetra dRSTi yaha ghaTa miTTI kA banA hai / yaha ghaTa lADanUM meM banA huA hai yaha ghaTa sardI meM banA huA hai 1 1 3. svakAla dRSTi 4. svabhAva dRSTi yaha lAla raMga kA hai| saptabhaMgI ke prathama bhaMga se ghaTa ke ananta dharmoM meM se eka asti dharma vivakSita huA hai| 2. syAt nAstyeva ghaTaH - ghaTa kathaMcit nahIM hai| dUsarA bhaMga vastu ke abhAvAtmaka dharma, nAstitva kI sUcanA detA hai / ghar3A jaise svacatuSTaya se asti rUpa hai / vaise hI paracatuSTaya kI apekSA vaha nAsti rUpa hI hai / isako hama isa rUpa meM samajha sakate haiM 1. paradravya dRSTi yaha sone kA ghar3A nahIM hai / 2. parakSetra 3. parakAla yaha sujAnagar3ha kA banA huA ghar3A nahIM hai 1 yaha garmI kI Rtu meM banA huA ghar3A nahIM hai / yaha kAle raMga kA ghar3A nahIM hai / 4. parabhAva dvitIya bhaMga yaha bhI spaSTa karatA hai ki ghar3A pustaka, Tebala, kalama Adi nahIM hai| prathama bhaMga jahAM yaha kahatA hai ki ghar3A ghar3A hI hai, vahAM dvitIya bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki ghar3A ghaTa se itara anya kucha bhI nahIM hai / kahA bhI gayA hai-'sarvamastisvarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca' arthAt sabhI vastuoM kA astitva svarUpa se hai pararUpa se unakA astitva nahIM hai / yadi vastu meM anya vastuoM ke I guNa dharmoM kI sattA mAna lI jAye to phira vastuoM kA pArasparika bheda hI samApta ho jAyegA aura vastu kA svarUpa bhI nahIM bana sakegA ataH vastu meM paracatuSTaya kA niSedha karanA dvitIya bhaMga hai / prathama bhaMga batAtA hai ki vastu kyA hai, jabaki dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki vastu kyA nahIM hai / 3. syAt avaktavyameva ghaTaH - ghaTa kathaMcit avaktavya hai / saptabhaMgI kA yaha tRtIya bhaMga bhASA kI akSamatA kA spaSTa bodha karA rahA hai / ghaTa meM vidyamAna vidhi evaM niSedha donoM dharmoM kA eka sAtha kathana kisI bhI zabda se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jaba vidhi kA kathana hogA taba niSedha kA kathana nahIM hogaa| jaba niSedha kA kathana hogA taba vidhi kA kathana nahIM ho sakegA / jaba eka hI samaya 34 * vrAtya darzana

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meM vidhi aura niSedha kI vivakSA hotI hai, taba donoM ko eka hI samaya meM eka sAtha kahane vAlA koI zabda na hone se ghar3A avaktavya hai| yaha avaktavya bhaMga spaSTa karatA hai ki asti aura nAsti eka sAtha vANI ke viSaya nahIM bana sakate, isa apekSA se ghaTa avaktavya hai| __4. syAd astyeva ghaTaH syAd nAstyeva ghaTaH-kathaMcit ghaTa hai, kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai| isa vAkya meM kramazaH pahale ghaTa ke vidheyAtmaka svarUpa kI vivakSA hai tathA bAda meM usake niSedhAtmaka svarUpa kI vivakSA hai| jaba ghaTa se asti nAsti dharma ko kramazaH kahane kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai| taba vastu meM isa caturtha dharma kI saMyojanA hotI hai| 5. syAd asti syAd avaktavyameva ghaTaH-ghaTa kathaMcit hai aura kathaMcit avaktavya hai| jaba ghaTa ke saMdarbha meM prathama svadravya Adi catuSTaya kI apekSA asti dharma vivakSita evaM bAda meM asti-nAsti ko eka sAtha kahane kA prasaMga hotA hai taba yaha pAMcavAM bhaMga banatA hai| 6. syAt nAsti avaktavyameva ghaTaH-ghar3A kathaMcita nahIM hai aura kathaMcita avaktavya hai| yaha bhaMga pahale paradravya Adi catuSTayI kI apekSA ghaTa ke nAsti dharma ko prakaTa karatA hai evaM asti-nAsti dharma ko yugapat kahane kI vivakSA meM ghaTa ko kathaMcit avaktavya mAnatA hai| 7. syAt asti syAt nAsti syAt avaktavyameva ghaTa:-kathaMcit ghaTa hai, kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai, kathaMcita ghaTa avaktavya hai| isa bhaMga se pahale vastu ke vidhi dharma, phira niSedha dharma aura bAda meM vidhi-niSedha donoM kI yugapat kathana kI apekSA se avaktavyatA abhivyajita ho rahI hai| AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne 'jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA' grantha meM ina sAtoM bhaMgoM ko eka udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| vaha udAharaNa yahAM prastuta hai-"eka vidyArthI meM yogyatA aura ayogyatA ye dharma mAnakara sAta bhaMgoM kI parIkSA karane se ina bhaMgoM kI vyAvahArikatA kA patA laga skegaa| kisI vyakti ne adhyApaka se pUchA-amUka vidyArthI par3hane meM kaisA hai?' adhyApaka ne kahA-bar3A yogya hai| yahAM par3hAI kI apekSA se usakA yogyatA dharma mukhya bana gayA aura zeSa dharma usake andara chipa gaye-gauNa bana gye| dUsare ne pUchA-vidyArthI namratA meM kaisA hai? adhyApaka ne kahA-bar3A ayogya hai| yahAM uddaNDatA kI apekSA se usakA ayogyatA dharma mukhya bana gayA aura zeSa saba dharma gauNa bana ge| vrAtya darzana - 35

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kisI tIsare vyakti ne pUchA- vaha par3hane meM aura vinaya vyavahAra meM kaisA hai? adhyApaka ne kahA- 'kyA kaheM yaha bar3A vicitra hai / isake bAre meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / ' yaha vicAra usa samaya nikalatA hai, jaba usakI par3hAI aura ucchRMkhalatA, ye donoM eka sAtha mukhya bana dRSTi ke sAmane nAcane laga jAtI haiM aura kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI uttara hotA hai, bhAI ! acchA hI hai par3hane meM yogya hai kintu vaise vyavahAra meM yogya nahIM hai| uparyukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM tIsarA evaM cauthA uttara prApta hotA hai / pAMcavAM uttara - 'yogya hai phira bhI bar3A vicitra hai, usake bAre meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / ' chaThA uttara- 'yogya nahIM hai, phira bhI bar3A vicitra hai, usake bAre meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ' sAtavAM uttara - 'yogya bhI hai, nahIM bhI / ' are ! kyA pUchate ho bar3A vicitra lar3akA hai, usake bAre meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / uttara dene vAle kI bhinna-bhinna manaH sthitiyAM hotI haiM / kabhI usake sAmane yogyatA kI dRSTi pradhAna ho jAtI hai aura kabhI ayogyatA kii| kabhI eka sAtha donoM aura kabhI kramazaH / kabhI yogyatA kA bakhAna hote-hote yogyatA - ayogyatA donoM pradhAna banatI haiM, taba AdamI ulajha jAtA hai / kabhI ayogyatA kA bakhAna hote-hote donoM pradhAna banatI haiM aura ulajhana AtI hai / kabhI yogyatA aura ayogyatA donoM kA kramika bakhAna calate-calate donoM para eka sAtha dRSTi daur3ate hI kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA aisI vANI nikala par3atI hai| saptabhaMgI ke sAta bhaMga vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa kA kathana karane kA eka yuktisaMgata vacana prakAra hai / ina bhaMgoM meM syAt zabda ke prayoga kA apanA vizeSa mahattva hai / yaha vivakSita dharma kI mukhyatA pratipAdita karane ke sAtha-sAtha avivakSita dharma kA sarvathA niSedha nahIM karatA kintu gauNa rUpa se una avivakSita dharmoM kI sUcanA de detA hai / saptabhaMgI kI prakriyA ke dvArA vastu kA samyak evaM Avazyaka bodha prApta ho jAtA hai / hama isa saccAI se avagata ho cuke haiM ki akhaNDa vastu jAnI jA sakatI hai kintu eka zabda ke dvArA eka samaya meM kahI nahIM jA sktii| manuSya jo kucha kahatA hai, usameM vastu ke kisI eka pahalU kA nirUpaNa hotA hai / vastu ke jitane pahalU haiM, utane hI satya haiM; utane hI draSTA ke vicAra haiM / jitane vicAra haiM utanI 36 * vrAtya darzana

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hI apekSAeM haiN| jitanI apekSAeM haiM utane hI kahane ke tarIke haiN| jitane tarIke haiM, utane hI matavAda haiN| eka se aneka sambandha jur3ate haiM, satya yA asatya ke prazna khar3e hone lagate haiN| anekAnta evaM naya dRSTi se hama satya kI, vastu kI samyak vyAkhyA karane meM samartha ho jAte haiM tathA jaba bhI anekAnta dRSTi ojhala ho jAtI hai; samasyAoM kA ambAra laga jAtA hai ataH samasyAoM ke samyaka nirAkaraNa ke lie anekAnta dRSTi Avazyaka hai| syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI usa anekAnta dRSTi ke hI upajIvI haiN| isa prakAra hamane jAnA ki anekAnta aura syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se hama padArtha kA samyak bodha aura samyak pratipAdana kara sakate haiN| anekAnta evaM syAdvAda kI upAdeyatA kevala vastu jagat taka hI parisImita nahIM hai| hamAre jIvana kA pratyeka pahalU isase saMspRSTa tathA ujAgara hotA hai| hamArA jIvana ekatA aura vividhatA kA yoga hai| manuSya-manuSya eka hai| yaha samAnatA kI anubhUti samUcI mAnava jAti ko ekatva ke sUtra meM piroe rakhatI hai| sabakI ruciyAM, apekSAeM, jIne kI paddhatiyAM aura apekSA pUrti ke srota bhinna haiM ataH vaha vividha rUpoM meM vibhakta ho jAtI hai| vyakti kA jisake sAtha adhika lagAva yA mamatva hotA hai, use vaha adhika mahattva detA hai| phalataH vibhinna varga, jAti, bhASA, sampradAya Adi kI rekhAeM ubhara AtI haiN| kisI ko mahattva denA burA nahIM, yadi usase dUsaroM kA mahattva aura hita khaNDita na ho| samasyA yahIM utpanna hotI hai ki vyakti sva ko jitanA mahattva detA hai, 'para' ko utanA hI nakArane laga jAtA hai| yahIM se mAnavIya ekatA khaNDita hone lagatI hai| ___eka parivAra meM aneka sadasya hote haiN| una sabake hita, svArtha, ruciyAM aura yogyatAeM bhinna hotI haiN| isa sthiti meM kisI eka ke hitoM, yogyatAoM Adi ko mahattva evaM sammAna dene se tathA dUsaroM kI upekSA karane se paraspara TakarAva evaM durAva kI sthitiyAM paidA hotI hai aura alagAva kI dIvAreM khiMca jAtI haiN| dhIre-dhIre vaimanasya, ghRNA pratihiMsA aura pratizodha kI bhAvanAeM valavalI hotI jAtI haiN| sarasa pArivArika jIvana meM virasatA kA viSa ghulane laga jAtA hai| isake viparIta yadi apekSAnusAra sabake hitoM ko prAthamikatA de to svayaM kA hita kabhI vighaTita nahIM hotA, vaha adhika sadhatA hai aura pArivArika jIvana madhumaya bana jAtA hai| nirapekSa vyavahAra jahAM ekatva meM bikharAva paidA karatA hai vahAM sApekSa vyavahAra vikharI huI maNiyoM ko sundara mAlA kA AkAra pradAna karatA hai| sApekSa dRSTikoNa zAnta, vrAtya darzana * 37

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1 sarasa aura sukhI jIvana kA mUla maMtra hai / dRSTi kI ekAMgitA Agraha ko janma detI hai / Agraha hiMsA hai, jisakI bhUmikA meM vaimanasya aura durbhAvanAoM ke bIja aMkurita hote haiM, jo eka dina viSa-vRkSa ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane prastuta hote haiM vArtamAnika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM bhI anekAnta vicAra kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna ho sakatA hai| zoSaNahIna samAja kI saMracanA, niHzastrIkaraNa, vizvamaitrI, saha-astitva Adi dRSTiyoM evaM siddhAntoM kA pallavana, unnayana syAdvAda ke dvArA saMbhava hai / apekSA hai anekAMtavAda aura syAdvAda - ina donoM kA hI vartamAna samasyAoM ke pariprekSya meM adhyayana kiyA jAe aura mAnavIya vyavahAra ke sAtha isa mahAn darzana ko jor3akara jAgatika stara para samanvaya aura saha-astitva ko pratiSThita kiyA jAye / 38 * vrAtya darzana

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4. jaina darzana meM naya kI avadhAraNA 'anantadharmakaM vastu' vastu kA svarUpa anantadharmAtmaka hai| vastu kI anantadharmAtmakatA jJAna kA viSaya bana sakatI hai kintu zabda zakti sasIma hai vaha use vyakta nahIM kara sktii| vastu svarUpa kI abhivyakti meM yaha vyAvahArika samasyA thii| usakA samAdhAna naya siddhAnta meM prApta hotA hai| jaina darzana meM ciMtana kI zailI kA nAma anekAnta dRSTi aura pratipAdana kI zailI kA nAma syAdvAda hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM pramANa aura naya kA spaSTa bheda nahIM thaa| usa samaya pratyeka dravya kI mImAMsA naya ke AdhAra para hotI thii| nayavAkya ke sAtha bhI Agama yuga meM syAt zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| siya atthi siya natthi-ye vAkya naya ke AgamayugIna udAharaNa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt jaba pramANa vyavasthA huI taba pramANa, naya aura durnaya ye tIna vibhAga kiye gye| syAdvAda pramANa kA, sadvAda naya kA evaM sadevavAda durnaya kA pratinidhi zabda hai| vastu vyavasthA meM pramANa evaM naya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| tatvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA-'pramANanayairadhigamaH' pramANa evaM naya ke dvArA vastu kA bodha hotA hai| vastu ke samyak avabodha kA sAdhana pramANa evaM naya hai| durnaya vastu ke avabodha ko truTita karatA hai| ananta dharmAtmaka dravya yA akhaNDa vastu kA yathArtha jJAna pramANa hai| dravya ke eka dharma kA sApekSa jJAna naya hai, tathA vastu ke eka dharma kA nirapekSa jJAna durnaya hai 'anekAMzadhIH pramANaM tadekAMzadhI nayo dharmAntarApekSI durNayastannirAkRtaH' vastu sat hI hai, vastu sat hai, vastu syAt sat hai-ye kramazaH durnaya, naya evaM pramANa ke udAharaNa hai| AcArya hemacandra ne anyayogavyavacchedikA meM isako spaSTa karate huye kahA'sadeva sat, syAt saditi, tridhArtho, mIyeta durnItinayapramANaiH' vrAtya darzana * 36

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dravya ke ananta dharma hote haiM / una ananta dharmoM ko jAnane ke lie ananta hI naya hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne kahA 'jAvaiyA vayaNapahA tAvaiyA ceva huMti NayavAyA' jitane naya ke prakAra haiM utane hI naya haiN| saMkSepa meM naya do hote haiM - dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika / vastu dravya-paryAyAtmaka hai / vastu ke dravyAMza kA grAhI dravyArthika evaM paryAyAMza kA grAhI paryAyArthika naya hai / ina do nayoM ke dvArA hI vizva ke sabhI padArthoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika naya ke aura bhI avAntara bheda upalabdha hote haiM 1 jaina paramparA meM naya ke bheda ke sambandha meM tIna paramparAeM prApta haiM / Agama paramparA meM naigama Adi naya ke sAta bheda upalabdha haiM / siddhasena divAkara naigama naya ko chor3akara avaziSTa chaha nayoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / tatvArthasUtra meM naya ke naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra evaM zabda ye pAMca bheda upalabdha haiM / tatvArtha meM hI naigama ke dezaparikSepI evaM sarvaparikSepI ye do bheda bhI prApta haiM / antima zabda naya ke sAmprata, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM / 1 sAta nayoM kA do meM samAhAra jaina darzana meM nayoM kI sAta bhedoM vAlI paramparA hI adhika pracalita evaM mAnya hai / ina sAta nayoM kA samAhAra dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika ina do nayoM meM ho jAtA hai / naigama, saMgraha evaM vyavahAra ye tIna dravyArthika evaM RjusUtra, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ye cAra paryAyArthika naya ke antargata haiM / tatvArthazlokavArtika meM yaha tathya abhivyakta huA hai saMkSepAd dvau vizeSeNa dravyaparyAyagocarau / dravyArtho vyavahArAntaH paryAyArthastato'paraH || jJAnanaya, arthanaya evaM zabdanaya meM bhI ina sAta nayoM kA samAhAra kiyA jAtA hai / saMkalpapradhAna vicAra jJAna ke Alambana se hotA hai / naigama naya saMkalpagrAhI hai ataH vaha jJAnanaya kahalAtA hai| artha ke Azraya se hone vAlA vicAra arthAzrayI ( padArthAzrayI) kahalAtA hai / naigama se RjusUtra taka ke naya arthanaya bhI kahalAte haiN| zeSa tIna zabdAzrayI hai ataH ve zabdanaya hai / anuyogadvAra meM zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ko zabda naya kahA gayA hai ataH zeSa cAra kA arthanaya meM samAveza svataH hI ho jAtA hai / jJAnAzrayI, arthAzrayI evaM zabdAzrayI samasta vyavahAroM kA 40 * vrAtya darzana

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samanvaya ina nayoM meM ho jAtA hai| naya paribhASA anekAnta kA vyAvahArika rUpa naya hai| nayoM kI kalpanA na tIrthAntarIya ciMtana se prabhAvita hai na vaha nirAdhAra hai kintu vastu AdhArita abhyupagama hai| tatvArthasUtra meM kahA hai ki 'naite tantrAtarIyA nApi matibhedena pradhAvitA jJeyasya tvarthasyAdhyavasAyAntarANyetAni' / vastutaH jJAtA kA jo abhiprAya hai vahI naya hai| nayo jnyaaturbhipraayH| AptamImAMsA meM naya kA eka prAcInatama lakSaNa upalabdha hai| hetu ke dvArA kisI sAdhya vizeSa kI siddhi karanA naya hai| naya vizeSa ko abhivyakta karatA hai 'sadharmaNaiva sAdhyasya saadhaadvirodhtH|' syAdvAdapravibhaktArtha vizeSavyaJjako nayaH // udAharaNa ke sAtha sAdhya ke sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya ke AdhAra para tattva svarUpa kA nirNaya karanA hI naya hai| dhavalA meM naya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA-prAmANaparicchinnavastunaH ekadeze vastutvArpaNA nayaH' pramANa se jJAta vastu ke ekadeza meM vastutva kI arpaNA naya hai| zrI bhikSunyAyakarNikA meM naya ko paribhASita karate huye kahA gayA'anirAkRtetarAMzo vastvaMzagrAhI jJAturabhiprAyo nayaH' vastu ke eka aMza kA grAhaka evaM anya aMzoM kA nirAkaraNa na karane vAle jJAtA ke abhiprAya ko naya kahA jAtA hai| zabdabheda se prAyaH naya kI eka jaisI paribhASAeM upalabdha hai| aba saMkSepa meM naigama Adi sAta naya evaM nayAbhAsoM kA vivecana prastuta hai| naigamanaya _ 'bhedAbhedagrAhI naigamaH' guNa aura guNI, avayava aura avayavI Adi meM bheda aura abheda kI vivakSA karanA naigamanaya hai| naikaM gamo naigamaH' jo dharma aura dharmI meM se eka ko hI nahIM jAnatA kintu gauNatA evaM mukhyatA se donoM ko jAnatA hai vaha naigama naya hai| "saMkalpagrAhI ca' saMkalpagrAhI vicAra ko bhI naigama kahA jAtA hai| nigama zabda kA artha, deza, saMkalpa aura upacAra hai, inameM hone vAlA abhiprAya naigama naya hai| nigamaH dezaH saMkalpa upacAro vA tatra bhavo naigamaH / naigama naya ke bhAva aura abhAva donoM hI viSaya hai, ataH saMkalpagrAhI vicAra ko bhI naigama naya vrAtya darzana * 41

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kahA jAtA hai| deza, kAla, upacAra, lokarUr3hi Adi ke anusAra saMkalpa aneka prakAra kA hotA hai| jaise-IMdhana, jala Adi sAmagrI lAne meM pravRtta vyakti se pUchane para vaha kahatA hai-maiM cAvala pakAtA hUM, yaha apUrNa kriyA meM pUrNatA kA saMkalpa hai| Aja bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa dina hai yaha atIta meM vartamAna kA saMkalpa hai| yaha navajAta zizu vidvAn hai yaha vartamAna meM bhaviSya kA saMkalpa hai| naigama naya meM ina sabakA samAveza ho jAtA hai| naigamAbhAsa dharma, dharmI meM sarvathA bheda mAnanA, eka dharmI ke do dharmoM meM sarvathA bheda mAna lenA naigamAbhAsa hai| eka dharmI ke do dharmoM kI gauNa pradhAna bhAva se vivakSA karanA naigama hai| isake viparIta naigamAbhAsa hai| guNapradhAnabhAvena dhrmyorekdhrminnii| vivakSA naigamo'tyantabhedoktiH syaattdaakRtiH| saMgrahanaya sAmAnya yA abheda kA grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi saMgraha naya hai| abhedagrAhI sNgrhH| para evaM apara ke bheda se saMgrahanaya do prakAra kA hai| 'mahAsAmAnyaviSayaH paraH' mahAsAmAnya kA grahaNa karanevAlA parasaMgraha naya hai| parasaMgraha meM jIva, ajIva Adi sakala padArthoM kA ekatva abhipreta hai| 'vizvamekaM sato vizeSAt' vizva eka hai kyoMki astitva kI dRSTi se koI bhinna nahIM hai| ___ 'avAntarasAmAnyaviSayo'paraH' apara saMgraha naya dravyatva Adi avAntara sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai| saba dravya eka haiM kyoMki dravyatva kI dRSTi se koI bhinna nahIM hai, saba paryAya eka haiM kyoMki paryAyatva kI dRSTi se koI bhinna nahIM hai| saMgrahAbhAsa ___ nirapekSa abheda kI svIkRti saMgrahAbhAsa hai kyoMki bheda se zUnya sanmAtra tattva kA svarUpa pramANa se siddha nahIM hotaa| jitane bhI dvaita nirapekSa advaita haiM ve saMgrahAbhAsa ke udAharaNa haiN| AcArya akalaMka ne saMgraha evaM saMgrahAbhAsa ko eka hI zloka meM nibaddha kiyA hai sadabhedAt samastaikya saMgrahAt saMgraho nyH| durnayo brahmavAdaH syAttatsvarUpAnavAptitaH // 42 . vrAtya darzana

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vyavahAranaya saMgraha dvArA gRhIta artha kA vidhipUrvaka vizleSaNa karane vAlA vyavahAra naya hai| vyavahAra bheda kA grAhaka hotA hai| bhedagrAhI vyvhaarH| sampUrNa sat saMgraha naya dvArA gRhIta thaa| vyavahAra usameM bheda karatA hai| jo sat hai, vaha dvirUpa hai-dravya aura pryaay| dravya chaha prakAra kA hai| vyavahAra naya dravyayArthika naya kA hI bheda hai ataH paramANu taka isakA jJeya kSetra hai| artha paryAya isakA viSaya nahIM ho sktii| ___apara saMgraha aura vyavahAra naya kA viSaya samAna hone para bhI apara saMgraha abhedAMza pradhAna hai jabaki vyavahAra naya bheda pradhAna hai| apara saMgraha naya bheda meM abheda kA grahaNa karatA hai| vyavahAra naya abheda meM bhI bheda kA grahaNa karatA hai| yahI ina donoM naya meM antara hai| jo dravya aura paryAya kA kAlpanika vibhAga mAnatA hai vaha vyavahArAbhAsa hai| RjusUtranaya nitya dravya kI upekSA karake jo vartamAna kSaNavartI paryAyamAtra ko pradhAnatA se svIkAra karatA hai vaha RjusUtra naya hai| vartamAnaparyAyagrAhI RjusUtraH, yathA-sAmprataM sukhaM vartamAna meM sukha hai| yahAM mukhya rUpa se kSaNa sthAyI sukha nAmaka korA paryAya vivakSita hai| sukha ke AdhArabhUta Atma dravya ko gauNa mAnakara usakI vivakSA nahIM jo dravya kA nirAkaraNa karake kevala paryAya ko hI sat mAnatA hai vaha RjusUtrAbhAsa hai| kSaNikavAdI bauddhoM kA mantavya isakA udAharaNa hai| zabda naya kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA Adi ke bheda se artha bheda ko svIkAra karane vAlA zabda naya hai| 'kAlAdibhedena dhvanerarthabhedakRcchabdaH' zabda naya eka hI vastu meM kAla, kAraka, liMga Adi ke bheda se bheda mAnatA hai| kAlabheda-rAjagRha thA, rAjagRha hai aura rAjagRha hogaa| ina vAkyoM meM jo artha bheda hai vaha zabda naya ke kAraNa hai| kAraka bheda-rAma ne, rAma ke lie, ina vAkyoM meM kAraka kRta bheda hai jo zabda naya kA viSaya hai| isI prakAra anya bheda bhI isa naya ke mAdhyama se ho jAte haiN| vrAtya darzana - 43

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samabhirUr3hanaya paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM nirukta ke bheda se artha bheda ko svIkAra karane vAlA naya samabhirUDha kahalAtA hai-paryAye niruktibhedenArthabhedakRt samabhirUDhaH / isa naya ke anusAra koI zabda paraspara paryAyavAcI nahIM ho sktaa| yaha naya vyutpattimUlaka zabda bheda se bhI arthabheda ko mAnya karatA hai| jaise-jo bhikSAzIla hai vaha bhikSa hai| jo vANI kA saMyama karatA hai vaha vAcaMyama aura tapasyA karane vAlA tapasvI kahalAtA hai| isake anusAra bhikSu, vAcaMyama evaM tapasvI ye alaga-alaga padArtha ke bodhaka zabda haiN| ina vibhinna zabdoM se eka artha abhivyaJjita nahIM ho sktaa| vibhinna zabda vibhinna prakAra ke artha ke hI vyaJjaka hote haiN| zabda evaM samabhirUr3ha meM antara zabdanaya zabda meM niruktakRta bheda hone para bhI artha ke abheda ko svIkAra karatA hai aura samabhirUr3ha naya niruktakRta bheda hone ke kAraNa artha meM bhI bheda mAnatA hai| yahI ina donoM nayoM meM paraspara antara hai| evaMbhUtanaya dravya kI kriyA pariNati ke anurUpa hI zabda prayoga ko svIkAra karane vAlA naya evaMbhUta naya hai| 'kriyApariNatamarthaM tacchabdavAcyaM svIkurvannevaMbhUtaH'-jaise bhikSaNa kriyA meM pravRtta vyakti ke lie hI bhikSu zabda kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| pravacana, mauna Adi bhikSA ke atirikta anya kriyA karate samaya use bhikSu nahIM kahA jA sktaa| samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta meM antara samabhirUr3ha naya zabdagata kriyA meM apravRtta vyakti ke lie bhI tavAcaka zabda prayoga mAnya karatA hai jabaki evaMbhUtanaya zabda abhivyajita kriyA meM pravRtta vastu ke lie hI tad vAcaka zabda kA prayoga karatA hai| isalie evaMbhUtanaya evaM samabhirUr3ha naya paraspara bhinna hai| nayoM kI paraspara kAraNa-kAryatA ina sAtoM naya meM paraspara kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai| pUrvavartI naya kAraNa evaM 44 . vrAtya darzana

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uttaravartI naya kArya hotA hai| jaise-naigama naya kAraNa evaM saMgraha usakA kArya hai, aise hI anya nayoM ke bAre meM jAna lenA caahie| pUrvavartI naya kramazaH bahuviSaya vAle evaM kAraNabhUta hote haiM tathA uttaravartI naya alpaviSaya vAle evaM kAryarUpa hote haiN| nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya nizcaya evaM vyavahAra ke bheda se bhI naya do prakAra kA parigaNita hai| tAttvika artha ko svIkAra karane vAlA nizcaya naya kahalAtA hai| loka prasiddha artha kA pratipAdana karane vAle ko vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai| 'bhramara paMcavarNa vAlA hai' yaha nizcaya naya kI vaktavyatA hai| 'bhramarakAlA hai' yaha vyavahAra naya kI vaktavyatA hai| nayAbhAsa vasta ke eka aMza ko svIkRta karane vAle tathA anya aMzoM kA apalApa karane vAlA vicAra nayAbhAsa yA durnaya kahalAtA hai| kevala dravya athavA kevala paryAya kA grahaNa kara paraspara eka-dUsare kA nirasana karane vAle vicAra kramazaH dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika nayAbhAsa hai| nirapekSa naya mithyA hote haiN| sApekSa naya arthavAn nirapekSA nayA mithyAH sApekSA vastu te'rthakRt jaina darzana saba nayoM ko sApekSa dRSTi se dekhatA hai| isalie vaha sarvasaMgrAhI darzana hai| yadi sApekSa dRSTi kA avalambana lekara mImAMsA kareM to bauddhadarzana RjusUtra naya, vedAnta, sAMkhya saMgraha naya, naiyAyika, vaizeSika naigama naya, zabdAdvaita zabda naya ke nidarzana ho jAte haiM kintu ye nirapekSa haiM to mithyA haiN| nayAbhAsoM ke udAharaNa bana jAte haiN| jainetara darzanoM ke mantavyoM kI nayoM se tulanA karate huye kahA gayA bauddhAnAmRjusUtrato matamabhUd vedAntinAM saMgrahAt, sAMkhyAnAM tata eva naigamanayAd yogazca vaizeSikaH / zabdAdvaitavido'pi zabdanayataH sarvairnayairgumphitA, jainI dRSTiritIha sArataratA pratyakSamuvIkSyate // jaina darzana saba nayoM kA samUha rUpa hai| jaise samudra meM sArI nadiyAM samAhita ho jAtI hai vaise hI jaina darzana meM sArI dRSTiyAM samAhita ho jAtI hai| jisa prakAra alaga-alaga nadiyoM meM samudra dRSTigocara nahIM hotA vaise hI vibhakta dRSTiyoM meM vrAtya darzana * 45

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vItarAga kA darzana nahIM hotA udadhAviva sarvasandhivaH, samudIrNAstvayi nAtha ! dRSTayaH / na ca tAsu bhavAn pradRzyate pravibhaktAsu saritsvodadhiH / anekAnta darzana vastu kI samyak vyavasthA karane meM sakSama hai| naya kI usa vastu vyavasthA meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| naya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| dArzanika jagat ko yaha jaina darzana kA bahumUlya avadAna hai| 46 * vrAtya darzana

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5. nirvikalpa evaM savikalpa bodha nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka bodha kI carcA sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM meM rahI hai / nirvikalpaka arthAt vikalpa rahita, zabda rahita, nirvizeSaNa jJAna / savikalpaka arthAt vikalpasahita, savizeSaNa jJAna, sazabda jJAna / savikalpaka jJAna ko sabhI dArzanika paramparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai tathA nirvikalpaka ko tIna dArzanika paramparAoM ko chor3akara nAmAntara se sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai / zabdAdvaitavAdI bhartRhari ne kahA 'na so'sti pratyayo loke ya zabdAnugamAdRte anuviddhamiva jJAnaM sarvaM zabdena bhAsate' unakA mAnanA hai ki aisA koI bhI bodha nahIM ho sakatA jisameM kisI prakAra kA vizeSaNa - vizeSya sambandha bhAsita na ho / unake anusAra prathamadazApanna jJAna bhI vizeSa se yukta hotA hai / vaha kisI na kisI vizeSa ko prakAzita karatA hI hai| ataeva jJAnamAtra savikalpa hai| isI paramparA kA anugamana madhva aura vallabha ina do vedAnta prasthAnoM ne kiyA hai 1 jisa bodha meM vastu kA nirvizeSaNa svarUpa mAtra pratibhAsita ho use nirvikalpaka jJAna kahate haiM / jaina paramparA meM isI nirvikalpaka ko darzana kahA gayA hai| gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA- bhante ! upayoga kitane haiM? mahAvIra ne kahA - sAkAra aura anAkAra ye do upayoga haiM / ye do upayoga hI darzanAntaroM meM ullikhita savikalpaka evaM nirvikalpaka sthAnIya haiN| sAkAropayoga savikalpaka aura anAkAropayoga nirvikalpaka hai / anAkAra upayoga ko darzana tathA sAkAropayoga ko jJAna kahA jAtA hai| pramANanaya tattvAloka meM darzana ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA- ' -'viSayaviSayisannipAtAnantarasamudbhUtasattAmAtragocaradarzanAt ' - sattA mAtra kA jJAna darzana vrAtya darzana * 47

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hai| jaina paramparA jise darzana kahatI hai usako hI nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, vedAnta, bauddha, mImAMsaka nirvikalpaka yA AlocanA mAtra kahate haiN| nyAya vaizeSikoM ne pratyakSa pramANa ke lakSaNa meM hI savikalpakatva evaM nirvikalpakatva kI carcA kI hai| unakA pratyakSa savikalpaka, nirvikalpaka ubhayaprakAra kA hai-indriyArthasannikarSotpannamavyapadezyamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM pratyakSam' yahAM para avyapadezya pada nirvikalpa tathA vyavasAyAtmaka pada savikalpa kA dyotana kara rahA hai| nirvikalpaka avyapadezya hotA hai tathA sazabda huye binA jJAna meM vyavasAyAtmakatA nahIM ho sktii| bauddha darzana meM usa sattAmAtra bodha kA nirvikalpaka nAma prasiddha hai| vaha pratyakSa ko nirvikalpa svIkAra karatA hai| anumAna pramANa kI sazabdatA use mAnya hai| uparyukta sAre darzana jJAnavyApAra ke utpatti krama meM sarvaprathama aise bodha kA sthAna anivArya mAnate haiM jo grAhya viSaya ke sanmAtra ko grahaNa kare, para usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA vizeSaNa-vizeSya rUpa bhAsita na ho| isa prakAra tIna paramparAoM ko chor3akara anya sabhI paramparAeM nirvikalpaka ke astitva ko nirvivAda svIkRta karatI hai| nirvikalpa kA astitva svIkAra karane vAlI sabhI dArzanika paramparAeM indriya sannikarSajanya nirvikalpa ko to svIkAra karatI haiM sAtha hI indriya sannikarSa ke atirikta usake alaukika astitva ko bhI ve svIkAra karatI haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM usa prakAra ke abhyupagama kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ! bauddha paramparA usa alaukika nirvikalpaka ko yogI saMvedana kahatI hai| jaina paramparA meM vaha avadhi aura kevaladarzana ke nAma se prasiddha hai| nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, pUrvottaramImAMsaka vividha kakSAvAle yogiyoM kA tathA unake yoga janya alaukika astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM ataeva unake matAnusAra bhI alaukika nirvikalpaka ke astitva ko svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA dRSTigocara nahIM ho rahI hai| yadi yaha avadhAraNA samyak hai to siddha ho jAtA hai ki sabhI nirvikalpaka astitvavAdiyoM ne usake ubhayarUpa ko mAnya kiyA savikalpaka jJAna kI taraha nirvikalpaka pratyakSa evaM parokSa rUpa nahIM hai| nirvikalpakavAdiyoM ne use pratyakSa kI zreNI meM sthApita kiyA hai| nirvikalpaka cAhe vaha indriyajanya ho athavA Atmajanya, anyajJAna se vyavahita na hone ke kAraNa use pratyakSa hI mAnA hai kintu jaina paramparA ke anusAra nirvikalpa kI gaNanA pratyakSa evaM parokSa donoM meM honI caahie| jaina-paramparA meM matijJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| darzana mati ke bheda avagraha kA nizcaya rUpa se pUrvavartI hai| ataeva 48 vrAtya darzana

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usako bhI sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kI koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| parantu Agamika paramparAnusAra matijJAna parokSa hI hai ataH darzana bhI parokSa kI paridhi meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai| saMkSepataH indriyasannikarSa janya nirvikalpa pratyakSa evaM parokSa donoM hai tathA avadhi evaM kevala vizuddha rUpa se pratyakSa hai| tArkika mAnyatAnusAra cakSudarzana, acakSudarzana pratyakSa evaM parokSa donoM hai| jabaki Agamika mAnyatAnusAra indriyajanyadarzana parokSa hI hai tathA avadhi evaM kevala Atmajanya hone se pratyakSa hai| nirvikalpaka ke prAmANya ke saMdarbha meM dArzanika paramparAeM ekamata nahIM hai| koI usakA pAramArthika prAmANya svIkAra karatI hai| kucha usako prAmANya ke kSetra meM bhI praveza nahIM detI hai| bauddha tathA vedAnta darzana to nirvikalpaka ko hI pAramArthika pratyakSa mAnate haiN| unake matAnusAra savikalpaka jJAna kA prAmANya vyAvahArika hai, saMvRtti sat hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM isake prAmANya ke sambandha eka vicAra nahIM hai| prAcIna paramparA ke anusAra zrIdhara evaM vizvanAtha ne isako pramA rUpa mAnA hai, parantu gaGgeza kI paramparA ke anusAra yaha na pramA hai na aprmaa| unake anusAra pramAtva evaM apramAtva prakAratA (vizeSa prakAra) ghaTita hone se hotA hai| nirvikalpaka prakAratA rahita hai ataeva vaha na pramA hai na apramA kiMtu usase vilakSaNa hai| sAMkhya evaM pUrvamImAMsaka sAmAnyataH aise viSayoM meM nyAya vaizeSika matAnusArI hai ataH inake anusAra bhI nirvikalpaka pramA evaM apramA se vilakSaNa hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra isake prAmANya evaM aprAmANya ke saMdarbha meM do dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA hogaa| darzana (nirvikalpaka) ke prAmANya-aprAmANya kI carcA tarka yuga meM hone lgii| usase pUrva Agamika dRSTi thii| usameM prAmANya aprAmANya kI carcA kA prazna hI nahIM thaa| Agama paramparA meM to darzana yA to samyak ho sakatA thA athavA mithyaa| usake samyaktva evaM mithyAtva kA AdhAra AtmA kI samyak athavA mithyAdRSTi hai| jo AtmA samyak dRSTi sampanna hai usake darzana evaM jJAna samyak hai| yadi vaha mithyAdRSTi hai to usakA darzana evaM jJAna bhI mithyA hai| vyavahAra meM mithyA samajhA jAnevAlA darzana bhI samyaktvadhArI AtmA ke hotA hai to vaha samyak hai, mithyA nahIM hai tathA vyavahAra meM satya, abAdhita samajhA jAnevAlA darzana yadi mithyAdRSTiyukta AtmA ke hai to vaha mithyA hai samyaka nahIM hai| sanmati TIkAkAra AcArya abhayadevasUri ne isI Agamika AdhAra para darzana ko pramANa kahA hai tathA AcArya yazovijayajI ne bhI saMzaya ityAdi jJAnoM ko samyak dRSTiyukta hone se samyak kahA usakA AdhAra bhI Agamika dRSTikoNa hai| Agamika aura prAcIna zvetAmbara, digambara ubhaya paramparA meM darzana ko samyak vrAtya darzana . 46

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mithyA ina bhedoM meM vibhAjita hI nahIM kiyA hai| jaise mati, zruta evaM avadhijJAna kI samyak evaM mithyA kalpanA samyakdRSTi, mithyAdRSTi bheda se hai| vaisI darzana ke sambandha meM avadhAraNA nahIM hai| darzanaupayoga nirAkAra hone se usameM mithyA samyakadRSTiprayukta antara kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| yahI kAraNa hai jo darzana pahale guNasthAna meM hai vahI caturtha guNasthAna meM hai| yaha tathya gandhahasti siddhasena ne sUcita kiyA hai-atra ca yathA sAkAra dazAyAM samyamithyAdRSTyorvizeSaH naivamasti darzane, anAkAratve dvayorapi tulyatvAdityarthaH' / tarka yuka ke Agamana se darzana ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kA prazna upasthita huaa| jaisA ki jainetara vidvAna isakA tArkika dRSTi se vivecana kara rahe the| isa tArkika dRSTi ke anusAra jainoM ko nirvikalpaka ke prAmANya-aprAmANya ko spaSTa karanA thA ki vaha pramANa hai athavA aprmaann| ubhaya hai athavA ubhybhinn| tArkika dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM darzana ke pramAtva apramAtva ke pakSa meM eka vicAradhArA nahIM hai| sAmAnyataH zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM ne isako pramANa kI koTi se bAhara rakhA hai| unhoMne apane pramANa ke lakSaNa meM vyavasAya, nirNaya Adi padoM kA samAveza karake jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnA aura nirvikalpaka ke prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa kiyaa| bauddha dArzanika nirvikalpaka ko pratyakSa pramANa mAnate haiN| jaina ne usakA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| mANikyanandI aura vAdI devasUri ne to darzana ko pramANAbhAsa bhI kahA hai| abhayadevasUri ne darzana ko pramANa kahA hai unakA vaha kathana AgamAnusArI hai tArkika sammata nahIM hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ke darzana sambandhI prAmANya-aprAmANya ke vicAra meM kucha virodha parilakSita ho rahA hai| eka tarapha to ve darzana ko vyaJjanAvagraha antarabhAvI naizcayika avagraha batalAte hai jo mati vyApAra hone ke kAraNa pramANa kI koTi meM AtA hai aura dUsarI tarapha vAdI devasUri ke pramANa lakSaNa vAle sUtra kI vyAkhyA ke samaya jJAnapada kA prayojana spaSTa karate samaya usako pramANa kSetra se bahirbhUta rakhate haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa-mImAMsA meM darzana se sambandha rakhanevAle vicAroM ko prasaMgavaza tIna sthAnoM para spaSTa kiyA hai| avagraha ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karate vakta darzana ko usakA pariNAmI kAraNa kahA hai kintu nirvikalpaka hone se avagraha nahIM hai| vaha indriyArtha sambandha ke pazcAtvartI tathA avagraha se pUrvavartI hai| hemacandrAcArya ne bauddhoM ke nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ke pramANatva kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai nirvikalpaka anadhyavasAya rUpa hone se pramANa nahIM hai| pramANa 50 + vrAtya darzana

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nirNayAtmaka jJAna vizeSa ko bhAsita karane vAlA jJAna hI ho sakatA hai| apane pramANa lakSaNa meM pradatta nirNaya zabda kA artha batAte huye unhoMne kahA hai- saMzaya, anadhyavasAya tathA avikalpaka se atirikta jJAna hI nirNaya hai| hemacandrAcArya ne bauddhoM ke nirvikalpaka ko tathA jaina ke darzana kA svarUpa eka jaisA svIkAra kiyA hai / isa prakAra unhoMne darzana ke pramANatva kA niSedha kiyA hai| pramANa jJAna hI ho sakatA hai / nirAkAra upayoga pramANa nahIM ho sakatA / darzana ke prAmANya kA niSedha tArkika dRSTi se kiyA hai na ki Agamika dRSTi se / isa prakAra prAcIna jaina tArkikoM se lekara Aja taka ke sabhI jaina vidvAnoM ne darzana ko pramANa svIkAra nahIM kiyA usako pramANa kI koTi se bahirbhUta rakhA hai| darzana ke pramANya evaM aprAmANya ke saMdarbha meM yaha vimarzanIya hai ki jaina darzana ne cetanA kA svarUpa jJAnadarzanAtmaka svIkAra kiyA hai / 'jJAnadarzanAtmikA cetanA' isa svarUpa ko svIkAra karake usake eka rUpa ko pramANa tathA dUsare ko apramANa kahA hai| prazna upasthita hotA hai AtmA ke eka svabhAva ko pramANa kI paridhi meM praviSTa kiyA hai dUsare ko usa kSetra se bahirbhUta / kevalajJAnI ko bhI kevala darzana hotA hai| unake sampUrNa AvAraka karma jJAnAvaraNa darzanAvaraNa kA nAza ho cukA hai| unakA darzana kaisA hogA? apramANa rUpa hogA yA pramANarUpa? isa prakAra darzana ko apramANa kahA hai, yaha tathya darzana ke kSetra meM naye vimarza kI apekSA rakhatA hai / pramANatva kI kasauTI kyA hogI / kevalI samyak dRSTi bhI hai tathA unakA jJAna mithyA bhI nahIM ho sakatA phira unakA darzana kisa koTi meM antarbhUta hogA ? sampUrNa AvAraka karmoM ke naSTa ho jAne para apramANatva kA prasaMga hI upasthita nahIM hogA / ataH chAdmasthika darzana ko pramANa - apramANa ubhayarUpa evaM kevaladarzanI ke darzana ko sarvathA pramANarUpa svIkAra karanA yuktisaMgata pratIta hotA hai / vrAtya darzana * 51

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6. arthanIti aura anekAnta anekAnta jaina darzana kA sarvamAnya evaM pratiSThita siddhAnta hai / anekAnta kA vastuniSTha astitva hai, arthAt sampUrNa prameya jagat anekAntAtmaka hai / vastu virodhI yugaloM kI samanviti hai / virodhI yugaloM ke kAraNa hI vastu kA astitva hai / yadi vastu meM virodhI yugala na rahe to usakA astitva hI nahIM ho sakatA / jaina ciMtakoM ne isa vastu jagat ke yathArtha kA upayoga tattva-mImAMsIya evaM dArzanika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM kiyA / Agama yuga meM anekAnta kA prayoga tattva - mImAMsA kI vicAraNA ke saMdarbha meM huA / bhagavAn mahAvIra se gautama ne pUchA- bhaMte! AtmA zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ? bhagavAna ne uttara diyA- dravyArthikanaya kI apekSA se AtmA zAzvata hai aura paryAyArthika naya kI apekSA se vaha azAzvata hai| darzana yuga meM anekAnta ke dvArA pramANa, prameya Adi se sambandhita samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA / anekAnta kA eka siddhAnta hai jisake prayoga kA kSetra vyApaka hai / jisa prakAra vaha dArzanika samasyAoM kA samAdhAyaka hai vaise hI vyavahAra jagat kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI isase ho sakatA hai / yadyapi prAcIna sAhitya meM vyavahAra jagat kI samasyAoM ke saMdarbha meM isakA prayoga atyalpa hai kintu jainAcArya isa saccAI se avagata the ki isase vyavahAra jagat meM bhI samAdhAna ke dvAra udghATita ho sakate haiN| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne sanmati tarka meM isa tathya kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai / anekAnta ko namaskAra hai, kyoMki usake abhAva meM loka vyavahAra bhI saMcAlita nahIM ho sakatA / AcArya yazovijayajI taka anekAnta kA dArzanika svarUpa hI vimarza kA viSaya rahA kintu vartamAna meM usake vyAvahArika svarUpa para evaM vyAvahArika kSetra ke upayoga ke saMdarbha meM carcA-paricarcA prArambha ho gayI hai / 52 * vrAtya darzana

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darzana ko jIvana ke sAtha jur3anA caahiye| jo darzana jIvana ke sAtha nahIM jur3atA. yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM detA usa darzana/ciMtana/vicAra kI prAsaMgikatA para praznacihna laga jAtA hai| anekAnta yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna dene meM samartha hai| vartamAna yuga ke vimarzanIya viSaya rAjanIti, samAjanIti, arthanIti, vijJAna Adi ke praznoM kA samAdhAna anekAnta ke Aloka meM khojA jA sakatA hai| Arthika vyavasthA, artha kI samAyojanA, Arthika vikAsa Adi kI avadhAraNAeM arthanIti se sambaddha hai| anekAnta ke Aloka meM ina avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana mAnava jAti ke lie mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai| jIvana ke do pakSa haiM-bAhya evaM aabhyntr| donoM ke samucita vikAsa se hI jIvana kI sarvAMgINa mUlyavattA ho sakatI hai| bhAratIya ciMtana meM jIvana kA vizleSaNa khaNDa-khaNDa meM nahIM kintu akhaNDa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| abhyudaya nizreyas se saMyukta hokara hI jIvana kalyANakArI bana sakatA hai| 'yato'bhyudayanizreyasassiddhiH sa dharmaH' abhyudaya evaM nizreyas donoM sAtha-sAtha calane caahie| nizreyas rahita abhyudaya vikAsa vinAza kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| bhAratIya manISiyoM ne artha, kAma, dharma evaM mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM kI carcA kii| artha evaM kAma jIvana ke vAhya pakSa ko poSaNa pradAna karate haiM tathA dharma evaM mokSa jIvana ke Abhyantara pakSa ko puSTa karate haiN| zarIra, mana, buddhi evaM AtmA ye cAra vyaktitva ke ghaTaka tattva haiN| zarIra artha se, mana kAma se, buddhi dharma se evaM AtmA mokSa se jur3I huI hai| manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai| jIvana-yApana ke lie use artha kI anivArya apekSA hai| artha ke abhAva meM vaha roTI, kapar3A aura makAna jaisI jIvana kI nyUnatama apekSAoM kI pUrti bhI nahIM kara sktaa| artha aura kAma samAja vyavasthA ke AdhArabhUta tattva haiN| sAmAjika samAyojana meM artha kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| pUMjIvAda evaM sAmyavAda vartamAna arthavyavasthA kI mUla avadhAraNAeM haiN| pUMjIvAda vyaktigata sampatti kI dhAraNA ko mahattva pradAna kara Arthika kriyAoM ko saMgaThita karatA hai| 'vyaktigata sampatti kA maMtra reta ko bhI sone meM parivartita kara detA hai', isa vicAra ko AdhAra mAnate hue pUMjIvAda Arthika svatantratA, pratiyogitA aura vyaktigata pUMjI saMcaya ko sadaiva prAthamikatA pradAna karatA hai| pUMjIvAda meM utpAdana ke sAdhanoM para vyakti vizeSa kA adhikAra rahatA hai| sAmyavAda ke anusAra artha para vyakti kA adhikAra nahIM hai| usa para rAjya kA adhikAra hai| utpAdana ke sAdhanoM para bhI vyakti kA nahIM kintu rAjya kA ekAdhikAra hai| lakSya prApti ke lie pratyeka sAdhana ucita hai yaha sAmyavAda kA vrAtya darzana * 53

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pradhAna siddhAnta hai| koI bhI vyaktigata pUMjI kA saMcaya nahIM kara sktaa| sAmyavAdI arthavyavasthA ko krAntikArI samAjavAdI Arthika vyavasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| mArksa ko isa vyavasthA kA janaka mAnA jAtA hai| koI bhI vyavasthA sarvathA pUrNa nahIM hotI aura na hI sarvathA bhraant| pUMjIvAdI arthavyavasthA meM bhautika sAdhanoM kI vRddhi ko hI vikAsa kA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| artha ke AdhAra para vyakti vizeSa kA vibhAjana huaa| pUMjIvAdI vyavasthA meM vyakti ko artha/dhana ke baTakharoM se tolA jAne lgaa| jisake pAsa jitanA adhika dhana vaha utanA hI bar3A vyakti, isa ciMtana se samAja meM ApasI mela-milApa kama huaa| vaimanasya ke bIja aMkurita hue| bhAI-bhAI kA Apasa meM baMTavArA ho gyaa| jitanI Arthika samRddhi bar3hI utanI hI mAnasika vyathAeM bhI bar3ha gyii| tanAva evaM azAMti bhI bar3ha gyii| sAmyavAdI vyavasthA meM mAtra samUha/samAja para dhyAna kendrita kiyA gyaa| vyakti ko mAtra yaMtra samajhA gyaa| vyakti kA zoSaNa huA, usakI vaiyaktikatA kuMThita ho gyii| kArya kI abhipreraNA hI samApta ho gyii| sAmyavAda meM vyavasthA ko to badalA gayA kintu vyakti ko upekSita kara diyaa| phalasvarUpa Arthika vikAsa kA mArga avaruddha ho gyaa| vyakti kartavya evaM dAyitva se unmukha hone lgaa| anekAnta ke Aloka meM arthanIti para vimarza karane para naye tathya prApta hote haiN| anekAnta kI arthanIti meM vyakti evaM samUha ko sApekSa mahattva diyA jAtA hai| vyakti kI vyaktigata cetanA kuMThita bhI na ho ki vaha koI kArya hI na kara sake aura na hI itanI ucchRkhala ho ki usakI upasthiti meM anya kI svatantratA kA/astitva kA hI hanana ho jaaye| mahAvIra anekAnta siddhAnta ke vyAkhyAtA the| ve adhyAtmazAstrI the, arthazAstrI nahIM the kintu unake darzana evaM ciMtana ke Aloka meM eka abhinava artha-vyavasthA sphurita hotI hai| anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA meM sarvodaya kI saMstuti hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne sarvaprathama sarvodaya zabda kA prayoga kiyA thaa| sarvodaya kA tAtparya hai sabakA udaya, prANI mAtra kA udaya/vikAsa / prastuta prasaMga meM sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI hita ciMtA isa siddhAnta meM nihita hai| jIvana ke hara pahalU para sabakA samAna vikAsa ho, yaha abhilaSaNIya hai| anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA vikendrita hogii| kisI vyakti yA samUha ke pAsa artha kA ekAdhikAra nahIM hogaa| jahAM sattA, sampadA evaM zakti kendrita hote haiM, vyakti athavA samUha niSTha bana jAte haiM vahAM aneka samasyAoM kA janma hotA hai| anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA meM (Wholestic approach) hogI jisase maryAdita 54 . vrAtya darzana

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evaM saMtulita arthavyavasthA kA vikAsa hogaa| ___ arthazAstra kA sUtra hai 'AvazyakatA bar3hAo, utpAdana bddh'egaa|' Arthika vikAsa ke lie isa vicAra kI upayogitA ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA kintu ise hI ekamAtra satya mAnanA ekAnta hai| Arthika vikAsa ke ciMtana ke sAtha Aja paryAvaraNa kI surakSA ke saMdarbha meM vimarza Avazyaka hai| Arthika vikAsa kI hor3a ne prakRti kA anAvazyaka dohana kiyA hai phalasvarUpa prakRti kA saMtulana gar3abar3A gayA hai| paryAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa isa sthiti meM pahuMca gayA hai jahAM mAnava kA hI nahIM, prANI mAtra kA astitva vinAza ke kagAra para hai| yadi vartamAna raphtAra se Arthika vikAsa kI oTa meM prakRti ke sAtha cher3achAr3a hotI rahI to vaha manahUsa dina dUra nahIM jisa dina sampUrNa sRSTi pralaya kI Agoza meM hogii| aNubama se bhI adhika khataranAka paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA hai| anekAnta kA darzana isa sthiti meM Aloka stambha bana sakatA hai| anekAnta kI arthanIti kA prathama sUtra hogA-icchA kA primaann| sAmAjika manuSya icchA aura AvazyakatAoM ko samApta karake apane jIvana kA nirvAha nahIM kara sktaa| kintu icchAoM kA niyamana to use apane astitva kI surakSA ke lie bhI karanA hogaa| icchA parimANa mAtra dharma ke kSetra kA sUtra nahIM kintu paryAvaraNa kI surakSA kA sUtra hai| Aja mAnavatAvAdI arthazAstrI kahane lage haiM ki acchA jIvana kevala dhArmika dRSTikoNa se hI Avazyaka nahIM hai kintu mAnavatA ko vinAza se bacAne ke lie anivArya hai| Right living is no longer only the fullfilment of an ethical and religious demand. For the first time in history the physical survival of the human race depends on a redical change of the human heart. __ bhagavAna mahAvIra aparigraha ke pravaktA the kintu unhoMne sAmAjika vyakti ke lie sampUrNa aparigraha kA siddhAnta nahIM diyaa| zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM meM sampUrNa aparigraha kA vrata nahIM hai kintu icchA ke niyamana kA vrata hai| hameM yaha ciMtana karanA hai ki artha kisake lie hai? arthanIti ke nirdhAraNa ke kendra meM kauna hai? vyakti ke lie artha hai athavA artha ke lie vyakti hai? siddhAntataH to sabhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki artha vyakti ke lie hai kintu vyavahAra meM viparyaya ho rahA hai| vyakti artha paidA karane kI mazIna mAtra bana gayA hai| artha prApti kI daur3a meM vyakti kI svatantratA samApta-sI ho gyii| AvazyakatAoM kA asImita dabAva vyakti meM zArIrika, mAnasika evaM bhAvanAtmaka tanAva ko utpanna kara rahA vrAtya darzana * 55

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hai| bar3hatI huI Arthika pratispardhA ne ucca raktacApa, hArTaaTaika Adi jAnalevA bImAriyoM ke pratizata ko zataguNita kara diyA hai| ataH vartamAna arthanIti para punarvicAra kI atyanta apekSA hai| Arthika vikAsa ke svapnila svapnoM meM manuSya digbhramita ho rahA hai| aparAdha, bhraSTAcAra, krUratA Adi amAnavIya vyavahAra bar3hate jA rahe haiN| prakhyAta arthazAstrI 'merI selI' kA kahanA hai Science requires not genious but moral wisdom Aja naitika dRSTi kI apekSA hai jisake dvArA mAnavatAvAdI arthazAstra kI racanA kI jA ske| Arthika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha mAnasika azAMti carama bindu para pahuMca rahI hai| laMdana meM 1968 meM Gall-up sarve huA thaa| usa sarve ke daurAna eka praznAvalI janatA ke sAmane prastuta kI aura usake uttara prApta kiye gye| 1666 meM vaisA hI sarve punaH huA aura cauMkAne vAle tathya sAmane aaye| 1668 evaM 1666 ke sarve se prApta kucha AMkar3oM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vizleSaNa karane para mana kI vArtamAnika sthiti kI bhayAvahatA kA Akalana sahaja hI ho jAtA hai| prastuta hai sarve ke AMkar3e 166 166 1. prasannatA ghaTa rahI hai / 33% 53% 2. mAnasika azAMti bar3ha rahI hai| 48% 76% 3. pArasparika vyavahAra kharAba ho rahe haiM 62% 62% vibhinna vyaktiyoM se san 68 evaM 66 meM prasannatA, mAnasika azAMti evaM vyavahAra meM vaimanasya ke sambandha meM pUche gaye praznoM ke uttara meM prApta AMkar3e vartamAna yuga kI bar3hI huI tanAvapUrNa sthiti ko spaSTa karane meM paryApta haiN| isa yuga meM Arthika vikAsa ke sAtha hI mAnasika saMtApa bhI bar3hA hai| kenItha klArka ne World Bank aura international monetary fund, Washington kI saMyukta mITiMga meM kahA-iMglaiNDa kI Arthika sthiti bahuta hI sudRr3ha hai| pacAsa varSa taka ise koI bhI caileMja nahIM kara sktaa| DeviDa nikAlasana lorDa ne sarve ke saMdarbha meM kenItha kI bAta ko uddhRta karate hue kahA-'Healthy economy but unhealthy society' artha to bar3hA hai kintu usake sAtha mAnasika azAMti carama zikhara para hai| Objective reality, kAra, phrija Adi bar3he haiM kintu Subjective feelings kharAba ho rahI hai| artha kI asIma Asakti ne suvidhAvAda ko janma diyA hai| svastha samAja vaha hotA hai jahAM na artha kA abhAva hotA hai, na hI prbhaav| 56 - vrAtya darzana

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anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA meM abhAva evaM prabhAva donoM ke madhya saMtulana hogaa| artha ke abhAva meM jIvana yAtrA cala nahIM sktii| artha kA prabhAva vilAsitA ko janma detA hai| anekAnta madhyama mArga hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA-saba dharmoM kA mUla samyaka darzana hai| artha ke sambandha meM bhI samyaka dRSTikoNa kA jAgaraNa Avazyaka hai| artha kA asIma prabhAva jIvana yAtrA ko bAdhita karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| bAraha hI vrata svastha samAja saMracanA meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna dene meM samartha hai| arthavyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM acaurya-aNuvrata, icchAparimANa, bhoga-upabhoga virati evaM digvrata kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA ko ina cAra vratoM ke Aloka meM vyAkhyAyita karake arthanIti ko nayA AyAma pradAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA meM sAdhya prApti meM sAdhana zuddhi kI tarapha dhyAna diyA jaayegaa| icchAoM ke alpIkaraNa kA siddhAnta isa vyavasthA kA kendrIya bindu hogaa| vyaktigata bhoga kI sImA kA svIkAra vartamAna arthanIti kI visaMgatiyoM ko dUra karane meM samartha hogaa| digvrata kI avadhAraNA kA mUlyAMkana svadezI kI avadhAraNA kI spaSTatA meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatA hai| ___icchA ke AdhAra para tIna vibhAga kiye jA sakate haiM-mahecchA, alpecchA evaM anicchaa| jisa samAja yA vyakti meM mahecchA arthAt asIma, aniyaMtrita icchA hotI hai, usakA AkarSaNa mAtra bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI prApti kI tarapha hI hogaa| phalasvarUpa bhraSTAcAra, anaitikatA Adi rASTrIya samasyAoM kA tathA tanAva, hArTa aTaika Adi bhayaMkara zArIrika samasyAoM kA prAdurbhAva hogaa| mahecchA ke AdhAra para nirmita arthazAstra hiMsA prerita, svArtha prerita evaM asaMyama prerita hogA, jisase vikAsa nahIM kintu vinAza ke dvAra udghATita hoNge| prakRti ke asaMtulana evaM paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa jaisI mAnava jAti ke astitva kI vinAzaka samasyAoM kA AvirbhAva hogA jo vyakti ko duHkha ke sAgara meM nimajjita kara degii| __ anicchA arthAt icchA kA abhAva aparigrahI zramaNoM kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai| adhyAtma kI pAvana srotasvinI ko pravAhita kara sakatA hai kintu Adarza samAja athavA arthavyavasthA kA nirmANa isase sambhava nahIM hai| alpecchA arthAt madhyama mArga, na hI icchAoM kI asImatA tathA na hI icchAoM kA abhAva kintu donoM ke madhya kA mArga icchA-parimANa hai| isa vicAra ke AdhAra para anekAnta kI arthavyavasthA kA janma hogaa| jo mAnava mAtra ke lie hitAvaha hogii| madhyama mArga ke upAyoM ke dvArA garIba evaM amIra ke bIca vrAtya darzana . 57

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kI darAra ko pATA jA skegaa| anekAMta choTe evaM madhyama AkAra ke vyAvasAyika sAdhanoM ke dvArA sampUrNa jagat ke sarvodaya kI vicAradhArA se anuprANita arthavyavasthA pradAna kregaa| pazcima ke mAnavatAvAdI arthazAstriyoM ne aisI prakalpanA ko AkAra pradAna karane ke lie kucha prayoga bhI kiye haiN| samAja vyavasthA meM icchA parimANa evaM vaiyaktika svAmitva kI sImA ko mUrta rUpa dene vAlA eka anUThA prayoga pazcima meM zrI arneSTa beDara dvArA 'skoTa beDara kampanI' ko 'skoTa beDara.kAmanaveltha' meM badala kara kiyaa| jisakA ullekha zUmAkara kI pustaka Small is beautiful meM huA hai| arthavyavasthA ko yadi mAtra ekAMgI bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke AdhAra para khar3A kiyA gayA to sampUrNa jagat ke vinAza ko AmantraNa hogaa| Aja arthazAstriyoM ne artha kI kRtrima bhUkha ko bar3hAkara pUre mAnava samAja ko saMkaTa meM DAla diyA hai| AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ko ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu kRtrima kSudhA kI zAMti honA asambhava hai Alvin Toffler ne apanI pustaka Future shock meM ati yAntrikI vikAsa evaM ati prAdyogikI ke bhayAvaha pariNAmoM se AgAha karate hue niSkarSa prastuta kiyA hai ki-'bhaviSya ke bhayaMkara khataroM ke virodha ke lie hameM parama audyogika samAja ke niyojana meM mAnavatA ke pakSa ko kendra meM rakhanA hogaa| hamAre rAjanaitika DhAMce ke niyojana meM bhI mAnavIkaraNa pratibimbita honA caahiye| ___mAnava ne apane Arthika vikAsa ke lie prakRti meM jIne vAle anya prANiyoM ke jIvana ko upekSita kiyaa| unakA samyak mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyaa| pazcima ke dharma ke anusAra prakRti kA nirmANa mAtra manuSya ke lie huA hai| usa vicAra ke pariprekSya meM palane vAlI arthavyavasthA manuSya se itara kisI ko bhI mUlyavattA dene ko taiyAra nahIM hai| bhArata kI saMskRti meM manuSya ko zreSThatA pradAna kI gayI vaha isalie nahIM ki vaha prakRti kA upabhoga karane meM svatantra hai balki isalie kI gayI ki vaha hitAhita kA vicAra kara tyAga cetanA ke dvArA sampUrNa cetana jagat ke sAtha tAdAtmya sthApita karatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kA kendra manuSya nahIM kintu vasudhaiva-kuTumba kI avadhAraNA hai| TAMga khIMcane vAlI pratispardhA nahIM kintu 'parasparopagraha jIvAnAm' kA sUtra hai| anekAnta usa saMskRti kA saMvAhaka - manuSya ko hI ekamAtra kendra meM rakhane vAlI vicAradhArA ko bhI paryAvaraNa ke saMkaTa ko dekhate hue Arthika vikAsa ke mApadaNDoM ko punarvyAkhyAyita karanA 58 . vrAtya darzana

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hogA / paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa se mAnava jAti kA astitva hI saMkaTagrasta ho gayA hai / prakRti ke sampUrNa srotoM kA anAvazyaka dohana karane se ve samApta ho jAyeMge tathA aisI sthiti meM mAnava saMtati ke astitva kI kalpanA nahIM ho sakegI / ataH arthavyavasthA ke sUtroM kA samAkalana bhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko sAmane rakhakara sApekSa dRSTi se usa para vicAra karane se hI samasyA kA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai anekAnta dRSTi ke pariprekSya meM udbhUta hone vAlI arthavyavasthA saMtulita, vyakti evaM samAjopayogI hogI, jisameM vyakti evaM samAja ke sAtha-sAtha sampUrNa vaizvika hita ko sAmane rakhA jAyegA / 1 vrAtya darzana * 56

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7. nikSepa kA udbhava, vikAsa aura svarUpa pramANa evaM naya ke dvArA vastu kA jJAna prApta hotA hai| vastu kA samyaka avabodha prApta karane ke lie sarvaprathama usa vastu kA nAma, sthApanA, dravya evaM bhAva rUpa meM nikSepaNa/sthApana kiyA jAtA hai| nAma, sthApanA Adi meM vastu ko sthApita kara dene se usa vastu kA jJAna karanA sugama ho jAtA hai| isa tathya ko hama udAharaNa se samajha sakate haiN| 1. yathA-kisI bhI padArtha kA koI na koI nAma avazya hogaa| eka padArtha vizeSa kA nAma 'ghaTa' rakha diyA yaha usa vastu kA nAma nikSepa hai| 2. padArtha kA AkArAzrita vyavahAra sthApanA nikSepa hai| jaise ghaTa ke citra ko 'ghaTa' kahanA yaha ghaTa kA sthApanA nikSepa hai| kisI padArtha vizeSa meM yaha sthApita kara denA ki yaha 'amuka' hai| jaise kisI kaur3I, lakar3I Adi ko kahanA yaha ghaTa hai| sthApanA bhI do prakAra kI hotI hai| ghaTa kI AkRti vAlI vastu ko ghaTa kahanA sadbhAva sthApanA hai tathA lakar3I, patthara Adi ghaTa se asadRza AkAra vAle padArtha ko ghaTa kahanA asadbhAva sthApanA hai| 3. padArtha kI atIta evaM anAgata avasthA meM 'amuka' zabda kA prayoga karanA dravya nikSepa hai| jaise-ghaTa kI pUrva paryAya miTTI ko ghaTa kahanA athavA ghaTa kI uttara paryAya kapAla ko ghaTa kahanA dravya ghaTa nikSepa hai| 4. vivakSita kAryApanna padArtha ke lie usa zabda vizeSa kA prayoga karanA bhAva nikSepa hai| jaise jala Adi lAne kI kriyA meM prayukta artha ko hI ghaTa khnaa| 'yaha ghaTa hai' -isa vAkya kI vyAkhyA meM kama se kama cAra prazna upasthita hote haiN| yaha ghaTa kiM rUpa hai-kisI kA nAma ghaTa hai usako yahAM ghaTa kahA jA rahA hai athavA kisI padArtha vizeSa meM ghaTa kI sthApanA karake use ghaTa kaha rahe ho athavA jo vAstavika ghaTa hai usakI pUrva yA uttara paryAya ko ghaTa kaha rahe ho 60. vrAtya darzana

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yA jo padArtha vartamAna meM jala Adi lAne ke kAma meM A rahA hai usa padArtha ko ghaTa kaha rahe ho / ghaTa zabda kA prayoga ina vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM huA hai| ina sArI paristhitiyoM meM prayukta zabda kA kisa saMdarbha meM prastuta prakaraNa meM prayoga huA hai, isakA bodha nikSepa ke dvArA hotA hai / savizeSaNa zabda prayoga ke dvArA nikSepa prAsaMgika artha kA jJAna karavA detA hai / isa nikSepa paddhati kA jaina sAhitya meM bahulatA se prayoga huA hai| nikSepa jaina paramparA kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| jainAcAryoM ne nikSepa paddhati kA AviSkAra kyoM kiyA? isake prAdurbhAva kI pRSThabhUmi meM kyA kAraNa maujUda the ? nikSepa ke vicAra kA vikAsa kisa taraha huA ? nikSepa kA svarUpa, paribhASA, bheda, usake lAbha kyA haiM? ityAdi nikSepa siddhAnta se sambandhita vibhinna viSayoM kI prastuta nibandha meM vicAraNA hogI / nikSepa kA udbhava dravya anantaparyAyAtmaka hotA hai| una ananta paryAyoM ko jAnane ke lie ananta zabda Avazyaka hai / zabdakoza meM zabda bahuta sImita hai / hama saMketa vidha ke anusAra eka zabda kA aneka arthoM meM prayoga karate haiM / isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki pAThaka athavA zrotA vivakSita artha ko pakar3a nahIM pAtA hai, phalataH anirNaya kI sthiti bana jAtI hai / usa anirNaya kI sthiti kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie jainAcAryoM ne nikSepa vidhi kA AviSkAra kiyaa| nikSepa kA udbhava vyavahAra kI samyak saMyojanA ke lie huA / vyavahAra kI samyak yojanA karane ke lie jisa paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai usako nikSepa kahate haiN| nikSepa kA prayojana hai- ha-vAkya racanA kA aisA vinyAsa jisase pAThaka athavA zrotA vivakSita artha ko grahaNa kara ske| isake lie pratyeka paryAya ke lie vizeSaNa yukta vAkya racanA apekSita hai| nikSepa paddhati meM eka zabda kI aneka saMdarbhoM meM jAnakArI milatI hai I manuSya jJAtA hai aura padArtha jJeya hai / jJAtA aura jJeya kA sambandha kaise sthApita ho sakatA hai? yaha eka dArzanika prazna hai| isa prazna ko jaina darzana meM nikSepa paddhati dvArA sulajhAyA gayA hai| hamArA jJAna parokSa hai, isalie hama kisI bhI vastu ko sarvAtmanA sAkSAt nahIM jAna skte| hama use kisI mAdhyama se hI jAnate haiM / mAdhyama ke dvArA jJAtA kA jJeya ke sAtha sambandha sthApita hotA hai / mAdhyama kI zRMkhalA meM pramukha tattva do haiM-nAma aura rUpa / vastu kA jJAtA ke jJAna meM avataraNa vrAtya darzana * 61

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karane ke lie yA to vastu kA nAma meM nikSepaNa karanA hotA hai athavA kisI rUpa yA AkRti meM / 1 vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai / hama usa akhaNDa vastu ko nahIM jAna skte| use kisI eka paryAya ke mAdhyama se jAnate haiM / kAla kI dRSTi se usake tIna paryAya haiM- bhUtaparyAya, bhAvIparyAya aura vartamAna paryAya / bhUtaparyAya evaM bhAvI paryAya meM bhI vastu kA upacAra yA nikSepaNa kiyA jAtA hai / ina paryAyoM kA samyak jJAna karane ke lie vivakSita vastu ke pIche vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai jaise - jJazarIra dravya aura bhAvI zarIra dravya / ina donoM avasthAoM meM cetanA kI pravRtti nahIM hotI, isalie ye paryAya dravya nikSepa kahalAtI haiN| jisa kriyA ke sAtha cetanA jur3I rahatI hai use bhAva kahA jAtA hai 1 nikSepa kA vikAsa krama kSetra, kAla Adi aneka dharma haiM / unameM vastu kA AropaNa kiyA jAtA hai 1 isalie nikSepa aneka banate haiM / vastu ke Antarika aura bAhya jitane dharma haiM utane hI nikSepa ho sakate haiN| isalie sUtrakAra ne nikSepa saMkhyAtIta batAye haiM / uttarAdhyayana niryukti meM 'uttara' zabda ke pandraha nikSepa kiye gaye haiM nAmaM vA davie khitta disA tAvakhitta pannava / paikAlasaMcayapahANanANakamagaNaNao bhAve // * AcArAMganiryukti meM tathA kaSAyapAhur3a meM kaSAya zabda ke ATha nikSepa kiye NAmaM ThavaNA davie uppattI paccae ya Aeso / rasabhAvakasAe yA teNa ya kohAr3ayA cauro || AcArAMganiryukti, 160 kasAo tAva Nikkhiviyavvo NAmakasAo ThavaNakasAo davvakasAo paccayakasAo samutpattikasAo AdesakasAo rasakasAo bhAvakasAo cedi / kaSAyapAhu 257 nikSepakA vastu avabodha meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jisa vastu meM jitane nikSepa kiye jA sake utane karane cAhie kintu kama se kama cAra nikSepoM kA prayoga avazya 62 * vrAtya darzana

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kiyA jaaye| nAma aura sthApanA ke binA vastu kI pahacAna nahIM hotii| vastu kI pahacAna ke lie nikSepa Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra nAma, rUpa aura avasthA meM vastu kA nikSepaNa karanA nyUnatama apekSA hai| nikSepa ke ina cAra prakAroM kA hI prayoga granthoM meM bahulatayA upalabdha hotA hai| jinabhadragaNi ne eka hI vastu meM cAra paryAyoM kI saMyojanA kI hai ahavA vatthUbhihANaM NAmaM ThavaNA ya jo tyaagaaro| kAraNayA se davvaM kajjAvannaM tayaM bhAvo // vibhA, 60 vastu kA nAma apanA abhidhAna nAma nikSepa hai| vastu kA apanA AkAra sthApanA nikSepa hai| vastu kA jo kAraNa hai vaha dravya nikSepa hai| kAryarUpa meM vidyamAna vastu bhAva nikSepa hai| ghar3e kA 'ghaTa' nAma nAmanikSepa hai| ghaTa kA pRthu, bughna, udara AkAra hai vaha sthApanA nikSepa hai| mRttikA ghaTa kA atItakAlIna paryAya hai, kapAla ghaTa kA bhaviSyakAlIna paryAya hai| ye donoM paryAya ghaTa paryAya se zUnya hone ke kAraNa dravya nikSepa hai| kAryApanna paryAya arthAt ghaTa rUpa meM pariNata paryAya bhAva nikSepa hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI zAntyAcAryavRtti meM kahA gayA nAma, sthApanA dravya aura bhAva-ina cAra nikSepoM meM saba nikSepoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| jahAM kahIM inase adhika nikSepoM kA prayoga hotA hai, usake do prayojana haiM 1. zikSArthI kI buddhi ko vyutpanna karanA, 2. saba vastuoM ke sAmAnya, vizeSa aura ubhayAtmaka artha kA pratipAdana karanA / nAma Adi nikSepoM ke mAdhyama se zAstra kA pratipAdana aura grahaNa sahaja ho jAtA hai bhaNNai ghippai ya suhaM nikkheva payANusArao satthaM / dhavalA meM nikSepa kI upayogitA ke cAra koNa batalAe haiM 1. avyutpanna zrotA yadi paryAyArthika dRSTi vAlA hai to aprakRta artha kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie nikSepa karanA caahiye| 2. yadi vaha dravyArthika dRSTi vAlA hai to prakRta artha kA nirUpaNa karane ke lie nikSepa karanA caahiye| 3. yadi vyutpanna hone para bhI saMdigdha hai to usake saMdeha kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie nikSepa karanA caahiye| 4. yadi vaha viryasta hai to tatvArtha-nizcaya ke lie nikSepa karanA caahiye| vrAtya darzana - 63

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anuyogadvAra sUtra meM sAmAyika adhyayana ke cAra anuyogadvAra batAye haiM-upakrama, nikSepa, anugama evaM ny| anuyoga kA artha adhyayana ke artha kI pratipAdana paddhati hai arthAt sUtra kI vyAkhyA-paddhati ko anuyoga kahA jAtA hai| jisa nagara ke dvAra nahIM hotA vaha nagara vAstava meM nagara hI nahIM hotaa| eka dvAra vAle nagara meM jAnA-AnA kaThina hotA hai| kAryasiddhi meM vilamba hotA hai| cAra praveza dvAra hone para jAnA-AnA sarala ho jAtA hai, kArya belA kA atikramaNa nahIM hotaa| vaise hI vyAkhyA ke cAra dvAra hone se sUtra kI jAnakArI sugama ho jAtI hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM prathama upakrama dvAra kI vyAkhyA karate hue upakrama ke chaha prakAra batalAye haiM-1. nAma upakrama, 2. sthApanA upakrama, 3. dravya upakrama, 4. kSetra upakrama, 5. kAla upakrama aura 6. bhAva upkrm| nikSepa ke vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se yaha mananIya tathya hai ki isI sUtra meM Avazyaka, zruta evaM skandha ina zabdoM ke cAra-cAra nikSepa kiye gaye haiM jabaki sAmAyika adhyayana ke cAra anuyogadvAra batalAkara prathama upakrama dvAra ke chaH bheda kiye haiM unameM cAra prakAra to ve hI haiM jo nikSepa ke haiM tathA kSetra aura kAla ye do atirikta haiN| eka vizeSa bAta yaha bhI hai ki upakrama ke bhedoM kI vivecanA nikSepa jaisI hI hai| yahAM eka jijJAsA uThanI svAbhAvika hI hai ki jaba anayogadvAra ke rUpa meM nikSepa evaM upakrama ko alaga-alaga dvAra mAnA gayA hai taba nikSepa ke bhedoM ko hI upakrama ke bheda kyoM mAnA gayA? tathA usa prasaMga meM nikSepa kI carcA bhI kyoM nahIM hai? isI sUtra meM prakArAntara se upakrama ke chaH anya prakAroM kA bhI ullekha hai| una chaH prakAroM meM pahalA prakAra hai-aanupuurvii| usa AnupUrvI ke daza prakAroM kA varNana hai| una daza prakAroM meM cAra to ve hI nAma haiM jo nikSepa ke bheda haiM tathA unakI vyAkhyA bhI nikSepa jaisI hI hai| isa sampUrNa carcA se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nikSepa upakrama kA hI eka prakAra hai jabaki grantha meM isakA upakrama kI taraha hI pRthak dvAra mAnA hai, usakA kucha sthAnoM para pRthak ullekha evaM varNana bhI hai kintu upakrama ke prasaMga meM nikSepa kA usameM hI antarbhAva kara diyA hai| jisase pratIta hotA hai isa sUtra racanA taka nikSepa kA svataMtra evaM upakrama donoM rUpa se prayoga hotA rahA hai| yadyapi isa sUtra meM upakrama ke chaH bheda haiM evaM unake aneka prabheda prApta hai jabaki nikSepa ke cAra hI bheda upalabdha hai tathA unake anya prabheda bhI upalabdha hai| yaha bhI draSTavya hai jahAM nikSepa ke dvArA Avazyaka Adi kI svataMtra vyAkhyA kI hai vahAM upakrama se vyAkhyA nahIM kI hai tathA upakrama se jahAM vyAkhyA 64 . vrAtya darzana

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kI hai vahAM nikSepa kA usameM hI antarbhAva kara diyA hai| uttarakAlIna granthoM meM upakrama kI apekSA nikSepa hI adhika vyavahata huA hai tathA nikSepa ke nAma, sthApanA Adi cAra bhedoM kA hI mukhyatayA sabhI AcAryoM ne prayoga kiyA hai| niyukti sAhitya, anuyogadvAra evaM bhASya Adi granthoM meM jisa vistAra se nikSepa paddhati kA prayoga huA hai, unake paravartI granthoM meM nikSepa kA vaisA vistAra se ullekha nahIM haA hai| nikSepa ko sImita kara diyA gyaa| eka samaya meM nikSepa jaina AgamoM ke par3hane kI vidhi thI vartamAna meM vaha svayaM mAtra siddhAnta ke rUpa meM par3hI jAtI hai| usa vidhi se par3hane kI paramparA Aja pracalita nahIM hai| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke saMdarbha meM nikSepa paddhati kA bahulatA se prayoga huA hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM 'Avazyaka', 'zruta', skandha Adi zabda ke artha vimarza ke prasaMga meM nikSepa kA prayoga vistAra se huA hai| nikSepa ke dvArA granthakAra pratipAdya ke hArda ko hRdayaMgama karAne meM samartha ho jAtA hai| nikSepa ke bheda-prabheda evaM svarUpa vimarza ke dvArA yaha tathya spaSTa ho jaayegaa| vyavahAra jagat meM bhASA kI anivAryatA hai| bhASA ke abhAva meM vyavahAra kA saMvahana duSkara hai kintu bhASA kI apanI kucha sImAeM haiM, vivazatAeM haiM phalasvarUpa vaktA apane abhilaSita ko abhivyajita karane meM asamarthatA kA anubhava karatA hai| bhASA evaM vaktA kI ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna jaina paramparA meM nikSepa-vyavasthA ke dvArA karane kA zlAghanIya prayatna kiyA gayA hai| vastu svarUpataH ananta dharmAtmaka hai| usa ananta dharmAtmaka vastu kA avabodha pramANa evaM naya ke dvArA hotA hai| pramANa evaM naya ke viSayabhUta jIva Adi padArthoM kA nAma, sthApanA, dravya evaM bhAva ina cAra nikSepoM se nyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| tatvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA-'nAmasthApanAdravyabhAvatastannyAsaH' vastu ke samyak saMbodha meM pramANa, naya evaM nikSepa kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inake binA samyak prameya vyavasthA ho hI nahIM sktii| nikSepa kI AvazyakatA vyavahAra jagat meM bhASA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jahAM paraspara eka-dUsare se saMvAda sthApita karanA hotA hai, vahAM zabda atyanta apekSita haiM aura eka hI zabda ekAdhika vastu evaM unakI avasthAoM ke jJApaka hone se unake prayoga meM bhrama kI sthiti paidA ho jAtI hai, vastu kA yathArtha bodha durUha ho jAtA hai| nikSepa ke dvArA bhASA prayoga kI usa durUhatA kA saralIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| nikSepa bhASA vrAtya darzana * 65

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prayoga kI nirdoSa praNAlI hai| nikSepa ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA kA bhASA jagat ko mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| nikSepa kI paribhASA aitihAsika dRSTi se avalokana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki nikSepa paddhati kA prayoga, nikSepa zabda kA prayoga usake bheda-prabhedoM kA ullekha bhagavatI, anuyogadvAra, niyukti sAhitya Adi meM upalabdha hai kintu nikSepa kI artha mImAMsA, nirvacana, paribhASA Adi sarvaprathama vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM upalabdha hai| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa nikSepa kA nirvacana karate hue kahate haiM nikkhappai teNa tahiM tao va nikkhevaNaM va nikkhevo| niyao va nicchio vA khevo nAso tti jaM bhaNiyaM // vibhA., 612 arthAt pada ko nizcita artha meM sthApita karanA-amuka-amuka artha ke lie zabda kA nikSepaNa karanA nikSepa hai| vaha kSepaNa niyata yA nizcita hotA hai ataH use nyAsa kahA jAtA hai| anuyogadvAra cUrNi meM artha kI bhinnatA ke vijJAna ko nikSepa kahA hai-'nikkhevo atthabhedanyAsaH' / bhASyakAra ne nikSepa kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karate hue kahA-jisa vastu ke nAma Adi bhedoM meM zabda (vAcaka) artha (vAcya) aura buddhi (jJAna) ina tInoM kI pariNati hotI hai, vaha nikSepa hai| sampUrNa vastueM loka meM nizcita hI nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva ina cAra paryAyoM se yukta haiN| nAmAi bheyasaddatthabuddhipariNamabhAvao niyayaM / jaM vatthumatthi loe caupajjAyaM tayaM savvaM // vibhA., 73 nikSepa jainadarzana kA pAribhASika zabda hai| nikSepa kA paryAyavAcI zabda nyAsa hai jisakA prayoga tatvArthasUtra meM huA hai| nyAso nikssepH| nikSepa kI jaina granthoM meM aneka paribhASAeM upalabdha haiN| bRhad nayacakra meM nikSepa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA juttI sujuttamagge jaM caubheyeNa hoi khalu tthvnnN| vajje sadi NAmAdisu taM NikkhevaM have samaye // 66 . vrAtya darzana

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/ yuktipUrvaka prayojana yukta nAma Adi cAra bheda se vastu ko sthApita karanA nikSepa hai | dhavalA meM nikSepa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA - 'saMzayaviparyaye anadhyavasAye vA sthitastebhyo'pasArya nizcaye kSipatIti nikSepaH / saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya meM sthita vastu ko unase haTAkara nizcaya meM sthApita karanA nikSepa hai arthAt nikSepa vastu ko nizcayAtmakatA evaM nirNAyakatA ke sAtha prastuta karatA hai / jainasiddhAntadIpikA meM bhI yahI bhAva abhivyaJjita hai - 'zabdeSu vizeSaNabalena pratiniyatArthapratipAdanazakternikSepaNaM nikSepaH' zabdoM meM vizeSaNa ke dvArA pratiniyata artha kA pratipAdana karane kI zakti nihita karane ko nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| nikSepa padArtha aura zabda prayoga kI saMgati kA sUtradhAra hai / nikSepa bhAva aura bhASA, vAcya aura vAcaka kI sambandha paddhati hai / saMkSepa meM zabda aura artha kI prAsaMgika sambandha saMyojanA ko nikSepa kahA jA sakatA hai / nikSepa ke dvArA padArtha kI sthiti ke anurUpa zabda saMyojanA kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai / nikSepa savizeSaNa, susambaddha bhASA kA prayoga hai 1 nikSepa kA lAbha pratyeka zabda meM asaMkhya arthoM ko dyotita karane kI zakti hotI hai / eka hI zabda ke aneka artha hote haiN| vaha aneka vAcyoM kA vAcaka bana sakatA hai, aisI sthiti meM vastu ke avabodha meM bhrama ho sakatA hai| nikSepa ke dvArA aprastuta artha ko dUra kara prastuta artha kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai| aprastuta kA apAkaraNa evaM prastuta kA prakaTIkaraNa hI nikSepa kA phala hai / laghIyastrayI meM yahI bhAva abhivyaJjita hue haiM- 'aprastutArthApAkaraNAt prastutArthavyAkaraNAcca nikSepaH phalavAn / ' nikSepa ke bheda padArtha ananta dharmAtmaka hai ataH vistAra meM jAyeM to kahanA hogA ki vastu vinyAsa ke jitane prakAra haiM utane hI nikSepa ke bheda haiM kintu saMkSepa meM cAra nikSepoM kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai / anuyogadvAra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ' jattha ya jaM jANejjA nikkhevaM nikkhive niravasesaM / jattha vi ya na jANejjA caukkagaM nikkhive tattha || jahAM jitane nikSepa jJAta hoM vahAM una sabhI kA upayoga kiyA jAye aura jahAM adhika nikSepa jJAta na hoM vahAM kama se kama nAma, sthApanA, dravya evaM bhAva ina cAra nikSepoM kA prayoga avazya karanA cAhiye / vrAtya darzana 67

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padArtha kA koI na koI nAma tathA AkAra hotA hai tathA usake bhUta, bhAvI evaM vartamAna paryAya hote haiM ataH nikSepa catuSTayI padArtha meM svataH phalita hotI hai| padArtha ke nAma ke AdhAra para nAma nikSepa, AkAra ke AdhAra para sthApanA, bhUta, bhAvI paryAya ke AdhAra para dravya evaM vartamAna paryAya ke AdhAra para bhAva nikSepa kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| nikSepa kAlpanika nahIM hai apitu vastu ke svarUpa para AdhArita yathArtha hai| nAma Adi cAroM nikSepoM kA saMkSipta vivecana yahAM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| nAma-nikSepa vastu kA icchAnusAra abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha nAma nikSepa hai| nAma mUla artha se sApekSa yA nirapekSa donoM prakAra kA ho sakatA hai, kintu jo nAmakaraNa saMketamAtra se hotA hai, jisameM jAti, guNa, dravya, kriyA, lakSaNa Adi nimittoM kI apekSA nahIM hotI hai vaha nAma nikSepa hai| eka anakSara vyakti kA nAma adhyApaka rakha diyaa| eka garIba kA nAma lakSmIpati rakha diyaa| adhyApaka aura lakSmIpati kA jo artha honA cAhiye vaha unameM nahIM milatA isalie ye nAma nikSipta kahalAte haiN| nAma nikSepa meM zabda ke artha kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai| jaina-siddhAnta-dIpikA meM nAma nikSepa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA-'tadarthanirapekSaM sNjnyaakrmnaam|' mUla zabda ke artha kI apekSA na rakhane vAle saMjJAkaraNa ko nAma nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| jaise-'anakSarasya upAdhyAya iti naam|' pratyeka arthavAna zabda nAma kahalAtA hai| usake dvArA padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| padArtha aura nAma meM vAcya vAcaka sambandha hone ke kAraNa pratyeka nAma nikSepa bana jAtA hai| vastu kA koI bhI nAma rakhA jA sakatA hai| usa nAma ke sAtha artha kI saMgati Avazyaka nahIM hai| yaha nAma vivakSita artha se nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa mUla artha se usakA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA hai| nAma kisI eka saMketa ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai isalie isakA koI paryAyavAcI zabda nahIM hotA hai| nAmakaraNa karane meM mUla artha kI apekSA na ho phira bhI vaisA nAmakaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai isa siddhAnta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jinabhadragaNi ne nAma ko yAdRcchika batalAyA hai| sthApanA-nikSepa padArtha kA AkArAzrita vyavahAra sthApanA nikSepa hai| mUla artha se zUnya vastu ko usI abhiprAya se sthApita karane ko sthApanA nikSepa kahA jAtA hai-'tadarthazUnyasya 68. vrAtya darzana

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tadabhiprAyeNa pratiSThApanaM sthApanA / ' arthAt jo artha tadrUpa nahIM hai usako tadrUpa mAna lenA sthApanA nikSepa hai / jaise- upAdhyAyapratikRtiH sthApanopAdhyAyaH / ' sthApanA sadbhAva evaM asadbhAva ke bheda se do prakAra kI hotI haiM ataH sthApanA nikSepa bhI do prakAra kA ho jAtA hai / 1. sadbhAva sthApanA - eka vyakti apane guru ke citra ko guru mAnatA hai / yaha sadbhAva sthApanA hai - ' mukhyAkArasamAnA sadbhAvasthApanA / ' 2. asadbhAva sthApanA - eka vyakti ne zaMkha Adi meM apane guru kA Aropa kara liyA, yaha asadbhAva sthApanA hai / ' tadAkArazUnyA cAsadbhAvasthApanA / ' padArtha kA nAmakaraNa karane ke pazcAt 'yaha vahI hai ' - isa abhiprAya se usakI vyavasthApanA karane kA artha hai - sthApanA / nyAyakumudacandra meM ise paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - 'sthApyate iti sthApanA pratikRtiH, sA ca AhitanAmakasya adhyAropitanAmakasya dravyasya indrAdeH 'so'yam' ityabhisaMdhAnena vyavasthApanA' vivakSita artha se zUnya AkRti ko usa abhiprAya se sthApita karanA sthApanA | sthApanA nikSepa meM vivakSita artha ko sadRza aura asadRza donoM prakAra kI AkRtiyoM meM sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| anuyogadvAra meM sadRza AkRtiyoM ke lie kASThakarma Adi kA ullekha huA hai / manuSya, pazu yA kisI anya vastu kI kASTha nirmita AkRti kA nAma kASThakarma hai| kASTha kI pratimA zilpa ke vaiziSTya se yathArtha jaisI dikhAI detI hai| inako sadbhAva sthApanA kahA jAtA hai / asadRza AkRtiyoM ke lie akSa, varATaka Adi ko udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / pAsoM aura kaur3iyoM ko bhI pratIka mAnakara sthApita karane kI paramparA rahI hai / isI kAraNa sthApanA Avazyaka ke varNana meM anuyogadvAra meM kASThakarma Adi kI taraha akSa kA bhI grahaNa huA hai / prazna ho sakatA hai ki pratIka to koI bhI vastu bana sakatI hai phira akSa Adi kA hI ullekha kyoM ? isakA eka kAraNa to yaha ho sakatA hai ki zaMkha, kaur3A Adi vastuoM ko laukika dRSTi se maMgala mAnA jAtA hai| mAMgalika vastuoM ko pratIka banAne se mAnasika tuSTi bhI rahatI hai isalie asadbhAva sthApanA ke udAharaNa meM inakA ullekha hotA rahA hai / nayacakra meM sthApanA ke do anya prakAra nirdiSTa haiM-sAkAra aura nirAkAra / pratimA meM arhat kI sthApanA sAkAra sthApanA hai tathA kevalajJAna Adi kSAyika guNoM meM arhat kI sthApanA karanA nirAkAra sthApanA hai 'sAyAra iyara ThavaNA kittima iyarA hu biMbajA paDhamA / iyarA khAiya bhaNiyA ThavaNA ariho ya NAyavvo || ( nayacakra 274 ) vrAtya darzana * 66

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nAma aura sthApanA donoM hI vAstavika nahIM hai phira ina donoM meM kyA antara hai? AcArya haribhadra ne inameM kAlakRta bheda mAnA hai| nAma taba taka rahatA hai, jaba taka usase sambaddha dravya kA astitva hai| sthApanA alpakAlika bhI hotI hai aura dravya ke astitva ke sAtha jur3I huI bhI hai| Aja jo akSa Avazyaka kriyA karate hue sAdhu ke lie sthApita ho sakatA hai kAlAntara meM vaha anya kisI ke lie bhI ho sakatA hai| jabaki nAma meM isa prakAra kA badalAva nahIM hotaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki nAma nirAkAra hotA hai para sthApanA meM koI na koI AkAra hotA hai| nAma aura sthApanA kI carcA meM eka prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki sthApanA kI bhAMti nAma bhI parivartita ho sakatA hai phira ise yAvajjIvana kyoM mAnA gayA? nAma ke do rUpa haiM-nakSatra ke AdhAra para nirdhArita nAma aura bolacAla kA naam| nakSatra se sambandhita nAma aparivartanIya hotA hai| vyakti ke jIvana kI aneka bAtoM kA nirNaya isI nAma ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| jo nAma badala jAtA hai vaha upanAma hotA hai kucha vyaktiyoM ke nAma eka se adhika hote haiN| AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aneka nAmoM kA ullekha hai| yahA upanAmoM aura paryAyavAcI nAmoM kI vivakSA nahIM hai| anuyogadvAra kA mantavya hai ki nAma yAvatkathita arthAt sthAyI hotA hai| sthApanA alpakAlika evaM sthAyI donoM prakAra kI hotI hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke anusAra nAma mUla artha se nirapekSa aura yAdRcchika arthAt icchAnusAra saMketita hotA hai| sthApanA mUla padArtha ke abhiprAya se Aropita hotI hai| __maladhArI hemacandra ke anusAra meru, dvIpa, samudra Adi ke nAma yAvat dravyabhAvI hote haiN| devadatta Adi ke nAmoM kA parivartana bhI hotA hai| nAma aura sthApanA donoM vAstavika artha se zUnya hote haiN| nAma aura sthApanA meM eka antara yaha bhI hai ki jisakI sthApanA hotI hai usakA nAma avazya hotA hai kintu nAma nikSipta kI sthApanA honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| dravya nikSepa padArtha kA bhUta evaM bhAvI paryAyAzrita vyavahAra tathA anuyoga avasthAgata vyavahAra dravya nikSepa hai-ye tInoM vivakSita kriyA meM pariNata nahIM hote haiM, isalie inheM dravya nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| jo vyakti pahale upAdhyAya raha cukA hai athavA bhaviSya meM upAdhyAya banane vAlA hai, vaha dravya upAdhyAya hai| anupayoga dazA meM kI jAne vAlI kriyA bhI 7. vrAtya darzana

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dravyakriyA hai| dravya zabda kA prayoga apradhAna artha meM bhI hotA hai, jaise-AcAra guNa zUnya hone se aMgAramardaka ko dravyAcArya kahA jAtA hai| ___ anuyogadvAra meM dravya nikSepa ke do prakAra batAe gaye haiM-AgamataH evaM no aagmtH| AgamataH dravya nikSepa- 'jIvAdipadArthajJo'pi ttraa'nupyuktH| koI vyakti jIva viSayaka athavA anya kisI vastu kA jJAtA hai kintu vartamAna meM usa upayoga se rahita hai use AgamataH dravya nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| noAgamataH dravya nikSepa-Agama dravya kI AtmA kA usake zarIra meM Aropa karake usa jIva ke zarIra ko hI jJAtA kahanA noAgamataH dravyanikSepa hai| AgamataH dravyanikSepa meM upayoga rUpa jJAna nahIM hotA kintu labdhi rUpa meM jJAna kA astitva rahatA hai kintu no AgamataH meM labdhi evaM upayoga ubhaya rUpa se hI jJAna kA abhAva rahatA hai| noAgamataH dravyanikSepa mukhyarUpa se tIna prakAra kA hai-1. jJazarIra, 2. bhavyazarIra evaM 3. tdvytirikt| inake bheda-prabheda aneka haiN| 1. jJazarIra-jisa zarIra meM rahakara AtmA jAnatA, dekhatA thA vaha jJazarIra hai| jaise-AvazyakasUtra ke jJAtA kI mRtyu ho jAne ke bAda bhI par3e hue zarIra ko dekhakara kahanA yaha Avazyakasatra kA jJAtA hai| 2. bhavyazarIra-jisa zarIra meM rahakara AtmA bhaviSya meM jJAna karane vAlI hogI vaha bhavyazarIra hai| jaise-janmajAta bacce ko kahanA yaha AvazyakasUtra kA jJAtA hai| 3. tadvyatirikta-vastu kI upakAraka sAmagrI meM vastuvAcI zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai, yaha tadvyatirikta hai| jaise--adhyApana ke samaya hone vAlI hasta saMketa Adi kriyA ko adhyApaka khnaa| laukika, kuprAvacanika evaM lokottara ke bheda se yaha tIna prakAra kA hai| tadvyatirikta kA laukika, kuprAvacanika evaM lokottara yaha sApekSa vargIkaraNa hai| isameM Avazyaka kriyA karane vAle vyaktiyoM ko tIna vargoM meM saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai| prathama varga laukika yA sAmAjika hai| zeSa do varga dharma kI ArAdhanA karane vAle vyaktiyoM ke haiN| jaina dRSTi se ekAntavAda ko kupravacana mAnA gayA hai| jitanI bhI ekAntavAdI vicAradhArA hai vaha jaina dRSTi ke anusAra 'kuprAvacanika' isa vargIkaraNa meM samAhita hai| lokottara varga meM mAtra anekAnta pravacana kA saMgraha hotA hai| vrAtya darzana * 71

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dravya nikSepa tatparyAya pariNata aura tatpadArthopayukta nahIM hotA hai isalie vaha vartamAna paryAya sezUnya evaM jJAna paryAya se zUnya hai| dravya ke aneka artha hote haiN| jisameM bhUtakAlIna paryAya kI yogyatA thI, bhaviSyakAlIna paryAya kI yogyatA hogI, usakA nAma hai dravya / udAharaNasvarUpa jisa ghaTa meM ghI thA aura vartamAna meM vaha khAlI hai vaha bhUtakAlIna paryAya kI apekSA ghaTa, ghaTa hai| dravya nikSepa ke AgamataH (jJAnAtmaka) pakSa para sAta nayoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| naigama naya kA viSaya sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM haiM isalie usake anusAra dravyAvazyaka eka, do, tIna yAvat lAkha karor3a kitane hI ho sakate haiN| jitane anupayukta haiM ve saba dravyAvazyaka haiN| vyavahAra naya kA viSaya hai vizeSa athavA bhed| yaha naya loka vyavahAra ko mAnya karatA hai isalie isameM bhI naigama naya kI bhAMti dravyAvazyaka kI saMkhyA kA nirdeza kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMgraha naya kA viSaya hai-sAmAnya / isalie usameM dravyAvazyaka kA rAzikaraNa ho sakatA hai jaise eka dravyAvazyaka aura aneka dravyAvazyakoM kI rAzi arthAt saMgraha naya ke anusAra aneka kA astitva hI nahIM hai vaha eka ko hI svIkAra karatA hai, aneka hoMge vahAM para bhI unako samUha rUpa me eka hI svIkAra karegA ataH saMgraha naya ke anusAra dravyAvazyaka eka hI hogaa| RjusUtra naya kA viSaya hai-pryaay| isalie usake anusAra eka anupayukta vyakti AgamataH dravyAvazyaka hai, bahuvacana ise mAnya nahIM hai| tInoM zabda nayoM kA viSaya hai-shbd| unake anusAra koI vyakti jAnatA hai aura upayukta nahIM hai-aisA ho nahIM sktaa| ataH ina tInoM ko AgamataH dravyAvazyaka mAnya nahIM hai| uparyukta viSaya 'anuyogadvAra sUtra' meM vivecita huA hai| vahAM 'Avazyaka' zabda ke nAma, sthApanA Adi cAra nikSepa kiye haiN| Avazyaka kI AgamataH dravya nikSepa ke saMdarbha meM carcA karate hue vahAM para dravyAvazyaka kI naigama Adi sAta nayoM ke sAta saMyojanA kI hai jo bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| saMkSepa meM hama isa prakAra samajha sakate haiN| Avazyaka zabda kA dravya nikSepa = drvyaavshyk| 1. naigama naya sAmAnya-vizeSagrAhI hai ataH isa naya kI apekSA dravyAvazyaka aneka haiN| 2. vyavahAra naya bhedagrAhI hai ataH isakI apekSA bhI dravyAvazyaka aneka haiN| 3. saMgraha abhedagrAhI hai ataH isakI apekSA dravyAvazyaka eka hai| 4. RjusUtra naya vartamAna paryAyagrAhI hai ataH isakI apekSA eka anupayukta 72 . vrAtya darzana

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vyakti AgamataH dravyAvazyaka hai, bahuvacana ise mAnya nahIM hai| saMgrahanaya meM dravya kI apekSA se ekatva kA grahaNa hai RjusUtra ke anusAra paryAya eka kSaNa meM eka hI hotI hai isa apekSA se eka dravyAvazyaka mAnya hai| zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ina tInoM naya kA mantavya hai ki jo jAnatA hai vaha upayukta bhI hotA hai| jo vyakti jAnatA hai aura upayukta nahIM ho aisA ho hI nahIM sktaa| ataH ye tInoM AgamataH dravyAvazyaka ke astitva ko hI mAnya nahIM karate haiN| bhAva nikSepa padArtha kA vartamAna paryAyAzrita vyavahAra bhAva nikSepa hai| 'vivakSitakriyApariNato bhaav| vivakSita kriyA meM pariNata vastu ko bhAva nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| jaise svarga ke devoM ko deva khnaa| bhAva nikSepa bhI AgamataH, noAgamataH ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| AgamataH-upAdhyAya ke artha ko jAnane vAlA tathA usa anubhava meM pariNata vyakti ko AgamataH bhAva upAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai| no AgamataH-upAdhyAya ke artha ko jAnane vAlA tathA adhyApaka kriyA meM pravRtta vyakti ko noAgamataH bhAva upAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai| vartamAna paryAya se upalakSita dravya bhAva kahalAtA hai| bhAva nikSepa para bhI Agama aura noAgama ina do dRSTikoNoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jo 'Avazyaka' ko jAnatA hai, usameM upayukta hai, vaha jJAnAtmaka paryAya kI apekSA bhAva Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra jo maMgala zabda ke artha ko jAnatA hai tathA usake artha meM upayukta hai vaha jJAnAtmaka paryAya kI apekSA bhAva maMgala hai| isa vimarza ke anusAra ghaTa zabda ke artha ko jAnane vAlA aura usameM upayukta puruSa bhAva ghaTa kahalAtA hai| ___ ghaTa padArtha kA jJAtA evaM upayukta puruSa bhI bhAva ghaTa hai tathA ghaTa nAma kA padArtha jo jala AharaNa Adi kriyA kara rahA hai vaha bhI bhAvaghaTa hai| cAroM hI nikSepoM ko saMkSepa meM vyAkhyAyita karate hue kahA hai 'nAma jiNA jina nAmA ThavaNajiNA hu~ti pddimaao| davvajiNA jina jIvA bhAva jiNA samavasaraNatthA // ' naya aura nikSepa kA sambandha naya aura nikSepa kA viSaya-viSayI sambandha hai| AcArya siddhasenadivAkara vrAtya darzana - 73

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ne inake sambandha ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki 'nAma ThavaNA davie tti esa davvaTThiyassa nikkhevo| bhAvo u pajjavaTTiassa paruvaNA esa paramattho / ' nAma sthApanA evaM dravya kA sambandha tIna kAla se hai ataH isakA sambandha dravyArthika naya se hai tathA bhAva-nikSepa mAtra vartamAna se sambandhita hai| ataH yaha paryAyArthika naya kA viSaya hai| nikSepa kA AdhAra nikSepa kA AdhAra pradhAna-apradhAna, kalpita aura akalpita dRSTi bindu hai| bhAva akalpita dRSTi hai, isalie pradhAna hotA hai zeSa tIna nikSepa kalpita hai| ataH ve apradhAna hai| nAma meM pahacAna, sthApanA meM AkAra kI bhAvanA hotI hai| guNa kI vRtti nahIM hotii| dravya mUla vastu kI pUrvottara dazA yA usase sambandha rakhane vAlI anya vastu hotI hai ataH isameM maulikatA nahIM hotii| bhAva maulika hai| nikSepa paddhati jaina Agama evaM vyAkhyAgranthoM kI mukhya paddhati rahI hai| anuyoga paramparA meM isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| sampUrNa vyavahAra kA kAraNa nikSepa paddhati hai| nikSepa ke abhAva meM artha kA anartha ho jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM nikSepa paddhati bhASA prayoga kI vaha vidhA hai jisake dvArA hama vastu kA abhrAnta jJAna prApta kara sakate haiN| 74 - vrAtya darzana

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8 vibhinna darzanoM meM karma : eka tulanAtmaka vimarza bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne aneka viSayoM para cintana kiyA hai| AtmA, bandha, mokSa, punarjanma, karma Adi viSaya samAna rUpa se unakI vicAraNA ke bindu rahe haiN| yaha ho sakatA hai ki vibhinna dArzanikoM ne vibhinna viSayoM ko pRthak-pRthak rUpa se varIyatA pradAna kI ho| kisI ne AtmA para mukhya rUpa se bala diyA hai to anya ne bandha-mokSa ko sAmane rakhakara apanI medhA-yAtrA sampanna kii| karma para cArvAketara sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne vimarza kiyA hai kintu karma-siddhAnta ke vibhinna pakSoM para, jaise-karma kA svarUpa, karma-bandhana, karma-phala, karma-sthiti, karma-kSaya Adi viSayoM kA jitanA sUkSma, suvyavasthita evaM sarvAMgINa vivecana jaina-darzana meM milatA hai, utanA anya darzanoM meM nahIM hai| __ Atma svAtantrya kI pRSThabhUmi meM satkarmoM kI pratiSThA karanA karmavAda kA pramukha siddhAnta rahA hai| pratyeka vyakti meM AtmA kI parama zakti ko prApta karane kI kSamatA vidyamAna to hai kintu vaha avidyA, prakRti, ajJAna, adRSTa, moha, vAsanA, saMskAra Adi ke kAraNa pracchanna ho jAtI hai| isI pracchAdaka zakti ko jaina-darzana meM 'karma' zabda se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna darzanoM meM karma jaina paramparA meM jisa artha meM 'karma' zabda vyavahata huA hai, usase milate-julate artha meM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM mAyA, avidyA, prakRti, apUrva, vAsanA, Azaya, dharmAdharma, adRSTa, saMskAra, daiva, bhAgya Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| vedAnta darzana meM mAyA evaM avidyA zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| mImAMsA-darzana meM apUrva zabda prayukta hai| bauddha-darzana meM vAsanA aura avijJapti zabdoM kA viniyoga huA hai| sAMkhya-darzana meM Azaya zabda upanyasta hai| daiva, bhAgya, puNya-pApa Adi aise aneka zabda haiM, vrAtya darzana - 7

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jinakA prayoga sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI darzanoM meM huA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka-darzana hI aisA hai, jisakA karmavAda meM vizvAsa nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha AtmA kA traikAlika astitva hI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| AtmatraikAlikatA ke abhAva meM karma-siddhAnta kA koI prayojana hI nahIM hotaa| karma kI avadhAraNA nyAya-darzana ke abhimatAnusAra rAga, dveSa aura moha-ina tIna doSoM se preraNA prApta kara jIvoM meM mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRttiyAM hotI haiM aura usase dharma aura adharma kI utpatti hotI hai| ye dharma aura adharma saMskAra kahalAte haiN|' __ vaizeSika-darzana meM caubIsa guNa mAne jAte haiM, unameM eka adRSTa bhI hai| yaha guNa saMskAra se pRthak hai aura dharma-adharma ye donoM usake bheda haiN| isa taraha nyAya-darzana meM dharma, adharma kA samAveza saMskAra meM kiyA gayA hai| unhIM dharma-adharma ko vaizeSika-darzana meM adRSTa ke antargata liyA gayA hai| rAga Adi doSoM se saMskAra hotA hai, saMskAra ke janma, janma se rAga Adi doSa aura una doSoM se punaH saMskAra utpanna hote haiN| isa taraha jIvoM kI saMsAra-paramparA bIjAMkuravat anAdi hai| sAMkhya-yogadarzana abhimatAnusAra avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa aura abhiniveza ina pAMca klezoM se kliSTavRtti utpanna hotI hai| prastuta kliSTavRtti se dharmAdharma rUpa saMskAra paidA hotA hai| saMskAra ko isa varNana meM bIjAMkuravat anAdi mAnA mImAMsA-darzana kA abhimata hai ki mAnava dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA yajJa Adi anuSThAna apUrva nAmaka padArtha ko utpanna karatA hai aura vaha apUrva hI sabhI karmoM kA phala detA hai, arthAt veda dvArA prarUpita karma se utpanna hone vAlI yogyatA yA zakti kA nAma apUrva hai| vahAM para anya karmajanya sAmarthya ko apUrva nahIM kahA hai| vedAnta-darzana kA mantavya hai ki anAdi avidyA yA mAyA hI vizvavaicitrya kA kAraNa hai| Izvara svayaM mAyAjanya hai| vaha karma ke anusAra jIva ko phala pradAna karatA hai isalie phala prApti karma se nahIM apitu Izvara se hotI hai| bauddha-darzana kA abhimata hai ki manojanya saMskAra vAsanA hai aura vacana aura kAyajanya saMskAra avijJapti hai| lobha, dveSa aura moha se karmoM kI utpatti hotI hai| lobha, dveSa aura moha se bhI prANI mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRttiyAM karatA hai aura usase punaH lobha, dveSa aura moha paidA karatA hai, isa taraha anAdi kAla 76 * vrAtya darzana

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se yaha saMsAra-cakra cala rahA hai / " nyAya-vaizeSika jaina- darzana kI taraha nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM karma ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / naiyAyikoM ne rAga, dveSa aura moha rUpa - ina tIna doSoM ko mAnA hai / ina tIna doSoM se preraNA prApta kara jIvoM ke mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti hotI hai / isa pravRtti se dharma va adharma kI utpatti hotI hai / dharma va adharma ko unhoMne 'saMskAra' kahA hai| naiyAyikoM ne jina rAga, dveSa, moharUpa tIna doSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ve jainoM ko mAnya haiM aura jaina unheM bhAva - karma kahate haiM / naiyAyika jise doSajanya pravRtti kahate haiM, use hI jaina yoga kahate haiM / naiyAyikoM ne pravRttijanya dharmAdharma ko saMskAra athavA adRSTa kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai, jainoM meM paudgalika karma athavA dravya karma kA vahI sthAna hai| jainoM ne sthUla zarIra ke atirikta sUkSma zarIra bhI mAnA hai| use ve kArmaNa zarIra kahate haiM / isI kArmaNa zarIra ke kAraNa sthUla zarIra kI utpatti hotI hai / naiyAyika kArmaNa zarIra ko 'avyakta zarIra' bhI kahate haiM / jaina kArmaNa zarIra ko atIndriya mAnate haiM, isalie vaha avyakta hI hai / vaizeSika darzana kI mAnyatA naiyAyikoM ke samAna hai| prazastapAda ne jina caubIsa guNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unameM adRSTa bhI eka hai| yaha guNa saMskAra guNa se bhinna hai / " usake do bheda haiM-dharma aura adharma / isase jJAta hotA hai ki prazastapAda dharmAdharma kA ullekha saMskAra zabda se na kara adRSTa zabda se karate haiM / naiyAyikoM ke saMskAra ke samAna prazastapAda ne adRSTa ko AtmA kA guNa mAnA hai / nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM bhI doSa se saMskAra, saMskAra se janma, janma se doSa aura phira doSa se saMskAra evaM janma yaha paramparA bIja aura aMkura ke samAna anAdi mAnI hai / yaha jainoM dvArA mAnya bhAva-karma aura dravya-karma kI anAdi paramparA jaisA hI hai / " nyAya - darzana Izvara ko karmaphala kA niyAmaka mAnatA hai / 12 parantu jaina darzana karmaphala niyAmaka Izvara meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki karma svataH hI phala dene meM sakSama hai| yoga aura sAMkhya yoga-darzana kI karma-prakriyA kI jaina-darzana se atyadhika samAnatA hai| yoga-darzana ke anusAra avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa, abhiniveza-ye pAMca kleza vrAtya darzana * 77

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haiN| ina pAMca klezoM ke kAraNa kliSTavRtticitta vyApAra kI utpatti hotI hai aura usase dharma-adharma rUpa saMskAra utpanna hote haiN| klezoM ko bhAva-karma, vRtti ko yoga aura saMskAra ko dravya-karma samajhA jA sakatA hai| yoga-darzana meM saMskAra ko vAsanA, karma aura apUrva bhI kahA gayA hai| punazca isa mata meM kleza aura karma kA kAryakAraNa bhAva jainoM ke samAna bIjAMkura kI taraha anAdi mAnA gayA hai|14 sAMkhya mAnyatA bhI yoga-darzana jaisI hI hai| jaina matAnusAra moha, rAga, dveSa Adi bhAvoM ke kAraNa anAdikAla se AtmA ke sAtha paudgalika kArmaNa zarIra kA sambandha hai| isI prakAra sAMkhya mata meM liMga zarIra anAdi kAla se puruSa ke saMsarga meM hai| isa liMga zarIra kI utpatti rAga, dveSa, moha jaise bhAvoM se hotI hai aura bhAva tathA liMga zarIra meM bhI bIjAMkura ke samAna hI kAryakAraNa bhAva hai|15 jaina audArika sthUla zarIra ko kArmaNa zarIra se pRthak mAnate haiM, vaise hI sAMkhya bhI liMga-sUkSma zarIra ko sthUla zarIra se bhinna mAnate haiM / 16 jainoM ke kArmaNa zarIra evaM sAMkhyoM ke liMga zarIra meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| jaina sammata bhAva-karma kI tulanA sAMkhya sammata bhAvoM se, yoga kI tulanA vRtti se aura dravyakarma athavA kArmaNa zarIra kI tulanA liMga zarIra se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina tathA sAMkhya donoM hI karmaphala athavA karma-niSpatti meM Izvara jaise kisI kAraNa ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| ___ jaina aura yoga kriyA meM antara yaha hai ki yoga-darzana kI prakriyAnusAra kleza, kliSTavRtti aura saMskAra ina sabakA saMbaMdha AtmA se nahIM apitu citta athavA antaHkaraNa ke sAtha hai aura yaha antaHkaraNa prakRti kA vikAra-pariNAma hai| karma-vipAka kI carcA meM yoga-darzana meM karma kA vipAka tIna prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai-jAti, Ayu aura bhog| jAti pada manuSya, pazu Adi yoniyoM ko sUcita karatA hai| Ayu pada yaha saMketa karatA hai ki eka nizcita avadhi taka deha tathA prANa kA saMyoga rahatA hai| bhoga sukha evaM duHkha rUpa anubhUti ko abhivyaMjita karatA hai| isa prakAra yoga sammata ye tInoM pada eka dUsare se itane Abaddha haiM ki eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI saMbhAvanA asambhava hai| kyoMki vyakti apane dvArA kiye karmoM ke anusAra sukha-duHkha kA bhoga tabhI kara sakatA hai jaba usake pAsa Ayu ho aura Ayu bhI vaha tabhI dhAraNa kara sakatA hai jaba usane janma liyA ho| isa prakAra yoga-darzanAnusAra karma se milane vAlI jAti, Ayu evaM bhoga rUpa tInoM phala paraspara sambaddha hai| isa vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki yogasammata jAti jaina darzana ke nAmakarma 7. vrAtya darzana

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ke vipAka se tulanIya hai| isI krama meM yoga-darzana ke Ayu vipAka kI tulanA jaina-darzana ke Ayukarma ke vipAka se kI jA sakatI hai| yoga-darzana ke AyuvipAka karma ko do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-sopakrama evaM nirUpakrama / yoga-darzana meM bhoga ke tIna artha batAye gaye haiM-sukha-duHkha aura moha / 21 ataH jaina sammata vedanIya karma, yoga-darzana ke bhoga vipAka se sahaja hI tulanIya hai| yoga-darzana meM bhoga ke artha meM liyA gayA moha zabda jaina sammata mohanIya karma ke vipAka ke sadRza hai| pAtaMjala yoga-darzana evaM usake bhASya meM prakAzAvaraNa evaM viveka jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA ullekha huA hai, usakI tulanA jaina sammata jJAnAvaraNIya evaM darzanAvaraNIya karma se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzana meM karma vipAka kI niyatatA evaM aniyatatA donoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yogadarzana meM karmAzaya ko niyata vipAkI aniyata vipAkI ubhayavida mAnA hai|3 yoga-darzana meM karma vipAka kI aniyatatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| isameM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki pUrvajanmIya pAparAzi vartamAna janma ke puNya ke prabhAva se binA vipAka diye hue hI naSTa ho jAtI hai|24 anya dArzanika jise saMskAra, yogyatA, sAmarthya, zakti kahate haiM, use mImAMsaka apUrvazabda ke prayoga se vyakta karate haiN| parantu ve yaha avazya mAnate haiM ki veda vihita karma se jisa saMskAra athavA zakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai, usI ko apUrva kahanA cAhie, anya karmajanya saMskAra apUrva nahIM hai|25 karmaphala kI vyAkhyA meM pUrvamImAMsA apUrva yA adRSTa zakti ko mAdhyama banAtA hai, jabaki jainadarzana karma ko hI sIdhe phala dene meM sakSama mAnatA hai| jainadarzana aura pUrvamImAMsA donoM hI karmaphala kI vyavasthA ke lie Izvara ko mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM krte| parantu jahAM pUrvamImAMsA 'apUrva' ke mAdhyama se karmaphala kI vyavasthA mAnatI hai, vahAM jainadarzana karma vargaNAoM meM svataH phala pradAna karane kI zakti mAnatA hai| advaita vedAnta ____ advaita vedAnta meM bandhana aura mokSa saMbaMdhita vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| advaita vedAnta ke anusAra bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA yA ajJAna hai| avidyA AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa nahIM hai, balki jIva kI mithyA kalpanA kA pariNAma hai| pAramArthika satya to yaha hai ki jIva na kabhI bandhana meM par3atA hai aura na kabhI mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| zaMkara kahate haiM ki bandhana aura mokSa donoM kevala vrAtya darzana - 76

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vyAvahArika dRSTi se hI satya hai / zaMkara ne karma-bandhana ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM avidyA ko pramukha kAraNa mAnA hai, jabaki jainadarzana meM avidyA ke sAtha-sAtha avirati, pramAda, kaSAya evaM yoga ko karma - bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| advaita vedAnta meM bandhana aura mokSa ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se satya mAnA gayA hai, pAramArthika dRSTi se use avAstavika aura mithyA mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jainadarzana meM AtmA ke bandhana aura mokSa ko mithyA yA avAstavika na mAnakara satya mAnA hai / bauddha-darzana I jIvaloka kI vicitratA IzvarakRta nahIM hai / koI Izvara nahIM hai, jisane buddhipUrvaka isakI saMracanA kI ho| jaina darzana ke samAna bauddha darzana ne bhI lokavaicitrya ko karmakRta mAnA hai / 26 lokavaicitrya satvoM ke karma se utpanna hotA hai / karma do prakAra ke haiM - cetanA aura cetayitvA / 7 cetanA mAnasa karma hai| cetanA se jo utpanna hotA hai, vaha cetayitvA karma hai arthAt cetayitvA karma cetanAkRta hai | cetayitvA karma do haiM-kAyika aura vAcika / ina tIna prakAra ke karmoM kI siddhi Azraya, svabhAva aura samutthAna- ina tIna kAraNoM se hotI hai / yadi hama Azraya kA vicAra karate haiM to eka hI karma ThaharatA hai, kyoMki sabhI karma kAya para Azrita hai| yadi hama svabhAva kA vicAra karate haiM to vAkkarma hI eka karma hai, anya do kA karmatva nahIM hai, kyoMki kAya, vAk aura mana - ina tIna meM se kevala vAk svabhAvataH karma hai / yadi hama samutthAna kA vicAra karate haiM, to kevala manas karma hai, kyoMki saba karmoM kA samutthAna mana se hai / 26 karma ke do anya bheda bhI bauddhoM meM upalabdha hote haiM - vijJapti karma arthAt kAya, vAk dvArA citta kI abhivyakti aura avijJapti karma arthAt vijJapti se utpanna kuzala - akuzala karma / 'vizuddhimagga' meM karma ko arUpI kahA gayA hai para 'abhidharmakoza' meM use avijJapti arthAt rUpI va apratipadya mAnA gayA hai| sautrAntika darzana karma ko arUpI mAna kara jaina- darzana ke samAna use sUkSma mAnatA hai / bauddha darzana meM karma ko mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika mAnakara use vijJapti rUpa kahA hai| unheM 'saMskAra' bhI kahA jAtA hai / ve vAsanA aura avijJapti rUpa bhI hai / mAnasika saMskAra 'vAsanA' kahalAtA hai aura vAcika tathA kAyika saMskAra 'avijJapti' mAnA jAtA hai| ye donoM vijJapti aura avijJapti karma - bhAvoM ke anusAra zubha aura azubha 80 vrAtya darzana

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donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| jaina dharma ke dravya karma aura bhAva-karma kI tulanA kisI sImA taka inase kI jA sakatI hai| vAsanA aura avijJapti karma jaina dharma kA dravya-karma aura saMskAra tathA vijJapti-karma jaina dharma kA bhAvakarma mAnA jA sakatA hai| vijJaptivAdI bauddha karma ko vAsanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| prajJAkara gupta ke anusAra sAre kArya vAsanAjanya hote haiN| zUnyavAdI bauddha-darzana meM vAsanA kA sthAna mAyA yA avidyA ko diyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke sadRza hI bauddha-darzana ne bhI lobha, dveSa aura moha ko karma kI utpatti kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| rAga-dveSa aura mohayukta hokara prANI-satva, mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRttiyAM karatA hai aura rAga, dveSa, moha ko utpanna karatA hai| isa prakAra saMsAra-cakra calatA rahatA hai| isa cakra kA koI AdikAla nahIM, yaha anAdi hai|31 jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI dharmoM meM karma vipAka kI niyatatA evaM aniyatatA donoM ko samAna rUpa se svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| kucha karma niyata-vipAkI hote haiM aura kucha aniyata vipAkI hote haiN| jahAM jaina-darzana meM karma kI avasthAeM yathA-udIraNA, apavartanA, udvartanA evaM saMkramaNa karmavipAka kI aniyatatA ko aura nikAcanA karma-vipAka kI niyatatA ko sUcita karate haiM, vahIM bauddha-darzana meM dRSTadharmavedanIya niyata-vipAka karma, upapadya-vedanIya niyata vipAkakarma, dRSTadharma vedanIya aniyata vipAka-karma, upapadya-vedanIya aniyata vipAkakarma tathA aparaparyAyavedanIya aniyata vipAka karma Adi kramazaH karma vipAka kI niyatatA evaM aniyatatA para prakAza DAlate haiM / 32 IsAI mata yadyapi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki IsAI evaM islAma dharma meM karma kI avadhAraNA nahIM hai kintu kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki una dharmoM meM bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM karma kI avadhAraNA hai| IsAI dharma meM karma ke tattvoM ko ullekhita karate hue DaoN. e. bI. zivAjI ne likhA-masohI dharma meM karma ko mAnyatA dI hai| jaisA ki paulusa likhatA hai-'vaha hara eka ko usake kAmoM ke anusAra badalA degaa|33 naye niyama meM hI eka anya sthAna para paulusa likhatA hai-'dhokhA na khAo, paramezvara ThaTThoM meM nahIM ur3AyA jAtA, kyoMki manuSya jo kucha botA hai, vahI kaattegaa|'34 arthAt karma manuSya karatA hai aura karma kA nyAya koI adRSTa zakti karatI hai, jisako paramezvara, Izvara yA bhagavAna kahate haiN| jaina dharma aura vauddha dharma meM to Izvara ko bhI mAnyatA prApta nahIM hai| isa kAraNa manuSya hI apane karmoM ko svatantra vrAtya darzana - 1

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rUpa se karatA hai aura usake pariNAmoM ko bhogatA hai, kintu masohI dharma meM karma ke sAtha vizvAsa aura Izvara ke anugraha ko, jo prabhu yIzu masIha ke dvArA prApta hotA hai, mAnyatA dI gaI hai|35 islAma mata islAma dharma meM karma ke siddhAnta ko prastuta karate hue DaoN. nijAmuddIna kahate haiM- 'islAma dharma saMyama se jIvana vyatIta karane kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| isa loka ke sAtha paraloka para bhI usakI dRSTi rahatI hai aura paraloka ko ihaloka para prAthamikatA detA hai| manuSya karma karane meM pUrNataH svatantra hai, use apane karmoM kA phala bhI nizcita rUpa se bhoganA hai aura 'roje-mazahara' meM 'antima nirNaya' ke dina allAha ke darabAra meM hAz2ira hokara apane karmoM kA hisAba denA hotA hai| jo vyakti satkarma karegA, cAhe vaha strI ho yA puruSa, bazarte ki vaha momina hI, use hama saMsAra meM pavitra jIvana vyatIta karAyeMge aura paraloka meM aise vyaktiyoM ko unake pratikAra, puNya, uttama karmoM ke anusAra pradAna kiye jaayeNge|36 jaisA karma vaisA phala milegaa| svarga aura naraka kA nirNaya logoM ke haka meM karmoM ke AdhAra para hI hogaa| kurAna meM yaha udghoSa prApta hotA hai ki-'e paigmbr| khuzakhabarI sunA dIjie una logoM ko jo ImAna lAe aura kAma kiye acche, isa bAta kI ki niHsandeha unake lie jannateM (svarga) haiM, jinake nIce nahareM bahatI haiN|37 vibhinna darzanoM meM karma ke prakAra dArzanikoM ne vividha prakAra se karma ke bheda kie haiM parantu puNya-pApa, kuzala-akuzala, zubha-azubha, dharma-adharma rUpa bheda sabhI ko mAnya haiN| karma ke puNya-pApa athavA zubha-azubha bheda prAcIna haiN| karma-vicAraNA ke prArambhika kAla meM hI inakA udaya ho gayA hogaa| prANI jisa karma ke phala ko anukUla anubhava karatA hai, vaha puNya aura jisake phala ko pratikUla samajhatA hai, vaha paap| isa prakAra ke bheda upaniSada, jaina, sAMkhya, bauddha, yoga2, nyAya-vaizeSika3-ina saba darzanoM meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| phira bhI vastutaH darzanoM ne puNya evaM pApa-ina donoM karmoM ko baMdhana hI mAnA hai aura donoM se mukta honA apanA dhyeya nizcita kiyA hai| ataH vivekazIla vyakti karmajanya anukUla vedanA ko bhI sukha rUpa na mAnakara duHkha rUpa hI svIkAra karate haiN| karma ke puNya-pApa rUpa do bheda vedanA kI dRSTi se kie gae haiM, kintu vedanA 82 . vrAtya darzana

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ke atirikta anya dRSTiyoM se bhI karma ke bheda kie jAte haiN| karma ko acchA aura burA samajhane kI dRSTi ko sammukha rakhakara bauddha aura yogadarzana meM kRSNa, zukla, zukla-kRSNa tathA azuklAkRSNa nAmaka cAra bheda kie gae haiN| kRSNa pApa haiM, zukla puNya, zukla-kRSNa puNya-pApa kA mizraNa aura azuklAkRSNa donoM meM se koI bhI nahIM kyoMki yaha karma vItarAga puruSoM kA hI hotA hai| isakA vipAka na sukha hai aura na hI duHkh| kAraNa yaha hai ki unameM rAga-dveSa nahIM hotaa|45 isake atirikta kRtya, pAkadAna aura pAkakAla kI dRSTi se bhI karma ke bheda kie gae haiN| bauddhoM ke abhidharma aura vizuddhimagga meM samAna rUpa se kRtya kI dRSTi se cAra, pAkadAna kI dRSTi se cAra aura pAkakAla kI dRSTi se cAra-kula bAraha prakAra ke karmoM kA varNana haiM.6 kintu abhidharma meM pAkasthAna kI dRSTi se cAra bheda adhika pratipAdita kie gae haiN| yoga-darzana meM bhI ina dRSTiyoM ke AdhAra para karma sambandhI sAmAnya vicAraNA hai, kintu gaNanA bauddhoM se bhinna hai|47 / karmasiddhAnta para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vimarza karane se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya ciMtakoM ne karma kI avadhAraNA para vyApaka vimarza kiyA hai, jainadarzana meM karmasiddhAnta para vizeSa evaM vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya kA bahulAMza karma kI carcA se parivyApta hai| saMdarbha 1. nyAyabhASya : 1/1/2 2. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 47 3. yoga-darzana bhASya 1/5 4. (ka) zAbarabhASya, 2/1/5 (kha) tantravArtika, 2/1/5 5. zAMkara bhASya 2/1/14 6. vahI 3/2/38-41 7. (ka) aMguttara nikAya 3/33/1 (kha) saMyukta nikAya 15/5/6 8 (ka) nyAyasUtra 4/1/5-6 (kha) sa karmajanya saMskAro dhrmaadhrmgirocyte| 6. nyAyavArtika 3/2/68 10. prazastapAda bhASya, pR. 47 vrAtya darzana - 3

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11. nyAyamaMjarI, pR. 513 12. nyAyasUtra 4/16 IzvaraH kAraNaM puruSa krmphlaadrshnaat| 13. pAtaMjalayoga darzana 2/3 avidyAsmitArAgadveSAbhinivezAH paMcaklezAH / 14. yogadarzana bhASya 2/13 15. sAMkhya kA. mATharavRtti, 52 16. vahI, 36 17. vahI, 40 18 vahI 28-30 16. pAtaJjala yogasUtra 2/13 sati mUle tadvipAko jAtyAyurbhogAH / 20. pA. yo. da. bhA. 3/22 AyurvipAkaM karma dvividham-sopakramaM nirUpakramaM c| 21. yogabhASya 2/13 22. pA. yo. da. 2/52 (ka) tataH kSIyate prkaashaavrnnm| pA. yo. da. bhA. 2/52 (kha) ...yoginaH kSIyate vivekajJAnAvaraNIya krm| 23. pAtaMjala yoga darzana bhA. 2/13 24. bhAratIya darzana, DaoN. ena. ke. devarAja, pR. 443 25. tantravArtika, pR. 365 26. abhidharmakoza 4/1 karmajaM loka vaicitrym| 27. aMguttara 3/415 cetanAmahaM bhikSavaH karmavadAmi cetayitvA c| 28. abhidharmakoza 4/1 ...cetanA tatkRtaM ca tt| cetanAmAnasaM karma tajje vAkkAyakarmaNI // 26. bauddha dharma-darzana, pR. 250 30. aMguttaranikAya tikanipAta sUtra 33/1 31. saMyuttanikAya 15/5/6 32. bauddha dharma-darzana, adhyAya 13, pR. 267 33. romiyA 2/6 34. galatiyo 3/7 35. masohI dharma meM karma kI mAnyatA (lekha-uddhRta karma siddhAnta, pR. 202) 36. kuraAna, mahala 125 37. alabakara 25 38. bRhadAraNyaka 3/2/13 36. tatvArtha /26 84 + vrAtya darzana

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40. sAMkhyaka kA. 44 41. vizuddhimagga 1788 42. yogasUtra 2/14 43. nyAya maMjarI, pR. 472 44. (ka) yogadarzana 4/7 (kha) dIghanikAya 3/1/2 45. yoga-darzana 4/7 46. (ka) abhidhammattha saMgraha 5/16 (kha) vizuddhimagga 16/14-16 47. yoga-sUtra 2/12-14 vrAtya darzana - 5

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6. AcAramImAMsA aura karma satya kI zodha meM prasthita tattvadraSTA puruSoM ne tattva sAkSAtkAra se prApta anubhava ko prastuta kiyaa| unakA anubhava hI darzana jagat kA AdhArabhUta tattva bana gyaa| RSiyoM ke dvArA dRSTa evaM pratipAdita tattvoM kA anusaraNa hone se darzana bhI paramparA bana gyaa| satya ke anubhava meM dvaita nahIM hotaa| cAhe usakA anveSaNa kisI kSetra ke vyakti kreN| prAcIna yuga meM Atma-sAdhanA ke dvArA usakA anveSaNa huA tathA aneka bahumUlya siddhAntoM kA AvirbhAva huaa| vartamAna meM vijJAna bhautika upakaraNoM ke dvArA jagat ke rahasyoM ko anAvRta karane kA prayatna kara rahA hai, usameM use saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai| prAcIna RSiyoM ke tattva sAkSAtkAra ke viSaya AtmavAda, karmavAda, sRSTivAda Adi the| Adhunika yuga ke dArzanikoM evaM vaijJAnikoM ke anveSaNa/cintana ke viSayoM meM bhinnatA AI hai evaM yaha svAbhAvika bhI hai kintu kucha aise tattva, jinakA prAcIna evaM arvAcIna donoM dhArAoM meM anveSaNa huA hai| AcAra-zAstra kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha karmazAstrIya tattvoM kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa prastuta nibaMdha meM kAmya hai| kArmika tattvoM kI avadhAraNA kisa rUpa se samasyAoM ko samAhita kara sakatI haiM evaM navIna dRSTi pradAna kara sakatI haiM, isakA vimarza bhI yathAsambhava kiyA jaayegaa| bhAratIya-darzana meM AcAra-mImAMsAdarzana kA hI eka aMga hai| pramANamImAMsA, tattva-mImAMsA aura AcAra-mImAMsA-ye tInoM hI bhAratIya darzana meM parilakSita hote haiM tathA tInoM hI eka lakSyAnugAmI hai| bhAratIya darzana kI pratyeka zAkhA meM pramANa, tattva evaM AcAra kA saMkSipta evaM vistRta vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| nAstika kahalAne vAle cArvAka darzana meM bhI ina tInoM kA vivecana prApta hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM jJAna-mImAMsA, tattva-mImAMsA evaM AcAra-mImAMsA kA samanvita rUpa to prApta nahIM hotA kintu pRthak-pRthak rUpa se ye sAre hI tattva pAzcAtya dArzanikoM kI cintanA ke viSaya rahe haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI prAcInakAla meM AcAra-zAstra kA svatantra 86 . vrAtya darzana

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vibhAga thA kintu usakI samIcIna evaM svatantra abhivyaMjanA na hone ke kAraNa usakA svatantra astitva gauNa ho gyaa| jaina-paramparA meM cAra anuyogoM kI vyavasthA thii| isa anuyoga-vyavasthA ke AdhAra para spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki AcAra-zAstra kI sarvatra vyavasthA thii| vaha caraNakaraNAnuyoga ke antargata AtA thaa| bhAratIya-darzana meM jise AcAra-zAstra kahA jAtA hai, usI ko pAzcAtya-darzana meM nIti-zAstra ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| aneka pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne svatantra AcAra mImAMsIya grantha likhe haiN| AcAra zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA rahA hai-yathA dharma, nIti, kartavya aura naitikatA aadi| mAnava ke kartavya ke rUpa meM jina bAtoM kA athavA jina niyamoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, ve saba niyama AcAra meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| jIvana vikAsa evaM samAja ko sthira, sampanna banAne ke lie AcAra kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hotI hai| bhAratIya pAzcAtya sabhI cintakoM ke cintana-pravAha se AcAra kI srotasvinI pravAhita huI hai| sukarAta, pleTo evaM arastU ke darzana meM nIti ko sarvocca sthAna prApta hai| jJAna ko vahAM para sarvocca zubha mAnA gayA hai| vedAnta, nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAMsaka, sAMkhya, yoga, bauddha Adi sabhI darzanoM ne AcAra ke mahattva ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| jaina dharma-darzana meM bhI AcAra ko sarvopari sthAna prApta hai| Agama granthoM meM aneka Agama AcAra pratipAdaka grantha haiN| vicAra evaM AcAra kA paraspara sApekSa mahattva hai| 'NANassa sAramAyAro' jJAna kA sAra AcAra hai| yaha jaina AcAra zAstra kI udghoSaNA hai| __ jaina-darzana meM AcAra-mImAMsA kA mUla AdhAra karma hai| karma kI avadhAraNA ke pariprekSya meM AcAra kA nirdhAraNa dRSTigocara hotA hai| sAdhu jaba dIkSA svIkAra karatA hai, usakA svIkRta prathama saMkalpa hotA hai-savvaM sAvajjaM jogaM paccakkhAmi'sampUrNa pApakArI pravRttiyoM ko chor3ane ke saMkalpa ke sAtha hI usakI zramaNatva kI sAdhanA zurU hotI hai| sAdhu, zrAvaka sabake karaNIya-akaraNIya kA viveka karma-avadhAraNA para hI AdhArita hai| jisa pravRtti se zubha karma kA AzravaNa hotA hai, vaha pravRtti heya hai| akaraNijjaM pAvakamma-jinake dvArA karma kA nirjaraNa hotA hai, saMcita karma kA nAza evaM naye karma kA upArjana nahIM hotA, vaha kArya sAdhaka ke lie karaNIya hai| sAdhanA kA sarvocca lakSya mokSa hai| jo karma mukti ke sAtha hI jur3A huA hai| jainAcAra kA sampUrNa svarUpa karma-bandha evaM karma-mukti ke vicAra para avalambita vrAtya darzana - 7

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hai| nava tattvoM kA vizleSaNa AcAra-zAstra kA pramukha AdhAra hai tathA nava tattvoM kA vibhAga karma para hI AdhArita hai| mahAvIra ne sabase pahale nau tattvoM kA vivecana kiyA-yaha AcArAMga ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM nau tattvoM kA hI prayojana hai, unhIM ke AdhAra para sArI AcAra-vyavasthA kA nirdhAraNa huA hai| __AtmA kI traikAlikatA jaina-darzana meM mAnya hai| AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa zuddha hai kintu karmoM ke kAraNa vaha apane mUla svAbhAvika svarUpa se saMsArAvasthA meM upalabdha nahIM hai| karma ke kAraNa paribhramaNa kara rahI hai| AtmA kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki karma hai, kriyA hai unake dvArA anusaMcaraNa ho rahA hai| AcAra-mImAMsA ke sandarbha meM AyAro meM pradatta sUtra-'se AyAvaI, loyAvaI, kammAvAI, kiriyAvAI'" bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| sabase pahalA tattva hai-AtmA, AtmA ke jJAta ho jAne para yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki loka hai| loka kA artha hai--pudgala / jo AtmavAdI hai, vaha lokavAdI bhI hai| AtmA bhI ho, pudgala bhI ho kintu yadi unameM koI sambandha nahIM ho to ve eka dUsare ko prabhAvita nahIM kara skte| yadi kevala cetana hI hotA athavA kevala pudgala hI hotA to paribhramaNa kA koI hetu hI nahIM hotA kintu karma nAma kA tIsarA tattva AtmA evaM pudgala ke sambandha kA paricAyaka hai| yaha karma hI AtmA ke saMsAra paribhramaNa kA hetu hai| AtmA aura karma kA sambandha hai aura usa sambandha kA setu hai-kriyaa| akriya avasthA meM koI sambandha sthApita nahIM ho sktaa| jaise-jaise kapAya kSINa hote haiM, kaSAya kA saMvaraNa hotA hai, akriyA kI sthiti Ane lagatI hai, taba AtmA aura karma kA sambandha kSINa hone lagatA hai| jaba caudahaveM gaNasthAna meM pUrNa akriyA kI sthiti ghaTita ho jAtI hai, taba sAre sambandha kSINa ho jAte haiN| ____ AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda evaM kriyAvAda-ye cAroM vAda sampUrNa AcAra zAstra ke AdhAra haiN| karma AtmA ke maulika guNoM kA AcchAdana evaM ghAta karatA hai, phalasvarUpa Atma-vismati hotI jAtI hai aura ananta saMsAra paribhramaNa hotA rahatA hai| AcAra-mImAMsIya tattva isa vijAtIya sambandha ko tor3ane kA prayatna karate haiN| samyak-darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra rUpa ratnatraya ke parama prakarSa ke dvArA vaha vijAtIya sambandha samApta ho jAtA hai tathA AcAra kA parama zubha rUpa mokSa kA lakSya prApta ho jAtA hai| samyak-darzana, jJAna, cAritrarUpa ratnatraya samanvita rUpa se mokSa ke mArga haiN| 88 . vrAtya darzana

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bhAratIya AcAra-zAstra meM do dhArAoM kA anuzIlana aura anucintana huA hai-laukika aura aadhyaatmik| AcAra-zAstra ke laukika pakSa meM kAma aura artha para vicAra kiyA gayA aura AdhyAtmika pakSa meM dharma aura mokSa para cintana kiyA gayA hai| AcAra-zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai-AcAra-zAstra kI prerktaa| AcAra-zAstra kA preraka sUtra hai-sukha kI prApti evaM duHkha kI nivRtti / AcAra-zAstra ne sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para pratipAdita kiyA ki manuSya sukha cAhatA hai, duHkha nhiiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jisa AcAra-zAstra kA pratipAdana kiyA, usameM sukha-duHkha kI paribhASA badala gii| karma-mukti sukha hai evaM karma-bandhana duHkha hai| karma-bandhana evaM mukti hI AcAra kA kendrIya tattva hai| mArksa ne kahA hai-darzana AdamI ko jJAna detA hai para badalatA nahIM, isalie aisA darzana cAhie jo samAja ko badala ske| pazcimI dArzanikoM kA yaha dRSTikoNa niSkAraNa nahIM thaa| unake darzana kI pRSThabhUmi rahI thii| unhoMne tattvajJAna aura AcAra ko vibhakta kara diyaa| darzana aura AcAra ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ne korA darzana nahIM diyA apitu jIvana meM Acarita darzana pradAna kiyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pradatta ye do zabda-'bujjhejja, tiuTTejjA' isI ora saMketa karate haiN| jJAna prathama AvazyakatA hai| jAnane ke bAda AcaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| 'jAno aura karo' yaha mahAvIra-vANI kA udghoSa hai| yahI AcAra-zAstra kA srota hai| ziSya guru se pUchatA hai-jIvana-nirvAha ke lie calanA, phiranA, khAnA, sonA Avazyaka hai| unake abhAva meM deha dhAraNa karanA asambhava hai| Apa merA patha-pradarzana kareM, jisase ye kriyAyeM bhI kI jA sake aura pApa karmoM kA bandha bhI na ho|10 guru ziSya ko samAhita karate hue kahate haiM-ina sArI kriyAoM ko tuma yatanApUrvaka (saMyamapUrvaka) kro| tumhAre pApa-karmoM kA bandha nahIM hogaa| uparyukta saMvAda se spaSTa hai, sAdhaka kA sArA AcaraNa karma mukti kI dizA meM agrasara hai| usake AcAra evaM anAcAra kA nirdhAraka tattva karma hI hai| jisa AcaraNa se karma kA bandhana hotA hai, vaha AcaraNa tyAjya hai evaM jo AcaraNa karmoM kA saMvaraNa evaM nirjaraNa karatA hai, vaha upAdeya hai| karma-bandhana ke hetuoM meM bhI hameM AcAra-mImAMsIya dRSTikoNa kA avabodha prApta hotA hai| karma-bandha ke kAraNoM ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyakti kA dUsare ke prati kaisA vyavahAra hai, vaha yadi samyak hai to usase karmoM kA kSaya evaM zubha karmoM kA bandha hogaa| yadi vaha AcaraNa asad hai to azubha vrAtya darzana - 6

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karmoM kA upArjana hogaa| yathA jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke hetuoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai-yadi vyakti jJAna yA jJAnI ke prati asad vyavahAra karatA hai, jJAnI se dveSa rakhatA hai, usake jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hotA hai| isI prakAra anya karmoM ke nimitta kA ullekha bhI anya ke prati kiyA jAne vAlA vyavahAra hI hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki karma-bandha ke ye hetu AcAra nirUpaNa ke pramukha tattva haiN| jaina-darzana meM aneka sthAnoM para kahA gayA hai- 'kaDANa kammANaM na mokkha atthi'13 kriyA niSphala nahIM hotii| jaisA 'booge vaisA kAToge' ye pracalita lokoktiyAM bhI AcAra-mImAMsA evaM karma-mImAMsA ke sambandha ko spaSTa karatI hai| niSkaSartaH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jo vyakti karma-bandhana se nivRtti kA prayatna evaM karma-mukti kI dizA meM agrasara hogA usakA AcaraNa svataH hI uttama hogaa| - jaina-darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sraSTA hai| dazavakAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabake prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM krtaa|14 - pihiyAsavassa daMtassa pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI // sabhI ko jIvita rahane kI icchA hotI hai| koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla hai| isalie vahI AcaraNa zreSTha hai, jisake dvArA kisI bhI prANI kA hanana nahIM ho|15 / jaina AcAra-darzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika bala detA hai, ve sabhI samAja-sApekSa haiN| vastutaH karma ke zubhAzubhatva ke vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi pradhAna parilakSita hotI hai| yadyapi Atmika zuddhi to usakA parama lakSya hai hI kintu Atma-zuddhi ke kSetra meM sAmAjika sambandhoM ko vismRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| karma siddhAnta kI AcAra ke nirdhAraNa ke lie mahatI AvazyakatA hai aura AcAra-darzana karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para hI vyakti meM naitikatA ke prati niSThA jAgRta kara sakatA hai| pro. veMkaTaramaNa kA mAnanA hai ki karma-siddhAnta kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcaraNa ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM koI bhI ghaTanA saMyoga athavA svacchandatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai / 16 jagat kI ghaTanAeM svacchanda nahIM hai, niyamAdhIna hai| maiksamUlara ne bhI likhA hai ki- 'koI bhI acchA yA burA karma niSphala samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA yaha vizvAsa ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA ki bhautika jagata 60. vrAtya darzana

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meM UrjA kI avinAzitA ke niyama kA vizvAsa hai| karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAle vArtamAnika samasta mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika karma bhUtakAlIna karmoM se prabhAvita hote haiM aura bhaviSya ke karmoM para apanA prabhAva sthApita karane kI kSamatA se yukta hote haiN| pro. hiriyannA ke anusAra-'karma-siddhAnta kA Azaya yahI hai ki naitika jagat meM bhI bhautika jagat kI bhAMti, paryApta kAraNa ke binA kucha ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| yaha samasta duHkha kA Adi-srota hamAre astitva meM anveSita kara Izvara aura prativezI ke prati kaTutA nivAraNa karatA hai| atItakAla, vartamAna vyaktitva kA evaM vartamAna bhaviSya ke vyaktitva kA vidhAyaka hai| karmavAda AcAra-zAstra kI samasyAoM ko samAhita kara usameM pUrNatA sampAdita karatA hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne karma-siddhAnta kI sthApanA ke dvArA naitika kriyAoM ke phala kI anivAryatA prakaTa karane ke sAtha hI unake pUrvavartI kArakoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI prastuta kI tathA sRSTi ke vaiSamya kA sundaratama samAdhAna bhI kiyA hai| saMdarbha 1. Avazyaka sUtra 4/1 2. AcArAMga 1/174 3. vahI 1/7-8 4. vahI 1/4 5. manana mUlyAMkana, pR. 5 6. tattvArtha 1/2 samyagdarzanazAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH| 7. AcA. 2/63 savve pANA piyAuyA suhasAyAdukkhapaDikUlA appiyavahA piyajIviNo jiiviukaamaa| 8 bhagavatI 7160 je nijjiNNe se suhe| 6. sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/1 10. dazavaikAlika sUtra 4/7 kahaM care kahaM ciTThe kahamAse kahaM se| kahaM bhujjato bhAsaMto pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI // 11. dazavaikAlika sUtra 4/8 jayaM care jayaM ciThe jayamAse jayaM se| jayaM bhuMjato bhAsaMto pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI // 12. tatvArtha 6/11 vrAtya darzana * 61

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13. uttarAdhyayana 4/3 14. dazavaikAlika sUtra 4/6 savvabhUyappabhUyassa sammaM bhUyAI paaso| 15. vahI 6/11 savve jIvA vi icchaMti jiviuM na mrijjiuN| tamhA pANavahaM ghoraM niggaMthA vajjayaMti NaM // 16. philaoNsaoNphikala kvArTaralI, apraila 1632, pR. 72 62 . vrAtya darzana

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10. manovijJAna aura karma vyaktitva aura karma vyaktitva zabda aMgrejI ke 'parsanailiTI' zabda kA paryAya hai| parsanailiTI zabda 'parsenA' se liyA gayA hai| paryonA kA tAtparya veSa vadalane ke lie prayoga kie gae AvaraNa se thaa| nATaka ke pAtra isako pahana kara taraha-taraha ke rUpa badalA karate the| isa prakAra prArambha meM pInA zabda kA artha bAhya AvaraNa ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thA, parantu romana-kAla meM vizeSa guNa yukta pAtra ko hI parsanA kahA jAne lgaa| yaha dUsarA artha hI Adhunika manovijJAna meM parsanailiTI zabda se liyA jAtA hai| jana-sAdhAraNa meM vyaktitva kA artha vyakti ke bAhya rUpa se lagAyA jAtA hai parantu manovijJAna meM vyaktitva kA artha vyakti ke rUpa evaM guNoM kI samaSTi se hai| manovijJAna meM vyaktitva na to bAhya AvaraNa hI hai aura na korA Antarika tattva hai balki donoM hI hai| vyaktitva koI sthira avasthA na hokara eka gatizIla samaSTi hai jo ki pariveza ke prabhAva se badalatI rahatI hai| vyaktitva vyakti ke AcAra-vicAra, vyavahAra, kriyAoM, gatividhiyoM sabhI meM jhalakatA hai| manovijJAna ke kSetra meM vyaktitva kI aneka paribhASAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM manovijJAna jagat meM mAnya vyaktitva kI jaiva bhautika paribhASA para anucintana kiyA jA rahA hai| ___vyaktitva kI jaiva bhautika paribhASAeM sambhavataH sabase prAcIna hai| ina paribhASAoM meM sAmAjika guNoM se adhika jaivika guNoM para bala diyA jAtA hai| 'gelana' ne cittaprakRti ke jo cAra prakAra batAye haiM, ve zArIrika srAvoM se saMbaMdhita haiN| ina zArIrika srAvoM ke AdhAra para gelana ne cAra prakAra kI citta prakRti vAle vyaktiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai vrAtya darzana . 63

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1. utsAhI citta prakRti / 2. zleSmika citta prakRti / 3. viSAdI citta prakRti / 4. kopazIla citta prakRti / jaiva bhautika prakAra ke vyaktitva sambandhI paribhASAoM ke sandarbha meM kretsamara aura zailDana ne bhI vicAra kiyA hai| kretsamara ne zArIrika saMracanA aura citta-prakRti ko sammukha rakhakara cAra prakAra ke vyaktitva kA ullekha kiyA hai kRzakAya, puSTakAya, tundila aura mizrakAya / zailDana ne zarIra kI banAvaTa ke AdhAra para tIna prakAra ke vyaktitva batAye 1. golAkAra, 2. AyatAkAra, 3. lambAkAra zailDana ke anusAra vyaktiyoM ko zarIra kI banAvaTa ke anusAra ina tIna vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai / golAkAra vyaktitva vAle acchA bhojana karanA cAhate haiM aura atyadhika ArAma pasanda hote haiN| AyatAkAra vyaktitva vAle loga kArya pradhAna hote haiM / aise vyaktitva meM zArIrika zakti evaM gati kI pradhAnatA hotI hai / inameM sAhasa adhika hotA hai aura zrama karane ke lie tatpara rahate haiM / lambAkAra vyaktitva vAle serebroTonika athavA pramastiSka pradhAna hote haiM / isa prakAra ke vyakti bauddhika evaM mAnasika kAryoM meM adhika ruci rakhate haiM aura apanI vidvatA ke lie prasiddhi prApta karate haiM / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki vyaktitva kI jaiva bhautika paribhASAeM zarIra kI banAvaTa evaM usase sambandhita lakSaNoM para vizeSa bala detI hai / Ayurveda meM bhI vAta, pitta evaM kapha-ina tIna tattvoM ke AdhAra para vyaktitva kA vizleSaNa huA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kaha sakate haiM / jaina darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAma karma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai / karma - siddhAnta meM bhI vyaktitva vizleSaka aneka tathyoM kA pratipAdana prApta hotA hai / manovijJAna meM sAmAnya, asAmAnya vyaktitva Adi kA jo ullekha prApta hotA hai, vaha varNana pAMca bhAvoM ke sAtha vivecanIya hai| karma ke udaya evaM vilaya se utpanna cetanA kI jo pariNati hotI hai use bhAva kahA jAtA hai| karma ke kSayopazama, upazama evaM kSaya kI avasthA ko vilaya kahA jAtA hai / audayika, aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika evaM pAriNAmika ke bheda se bhAva ke pAMca prakAra hai / tatvArtha meM ina bhAvoM ko hI jIva kA svarUpa kahA gayA hai| ina bhAvoM ke 64 * vrAtya darzana

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AdhAra para vyaktitva kA sUkSma vivecana huA hai| manovijJAna ke kSetra meM isa dRSTi se kArya honA abhI bhI avaziSTa hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa jIva kA jJAna svarUpa AvRta ho jAtA hai| phalasvarUpa usakI jJAna-cetanA vikasita nahIM ho paatii| jaba AvaraNa kucha halkA hotA hai taba jJAna-cetanA kA bhI vikAsa hotA hai| hama dekhate haiM ki prANiyoM meM jJAna-cetanA kI taratamatA dikhAI detI hai| isakA hetu jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSayopazama hai, jisake kSayopazama adhika hogA, usakA jJAna-vikAsa bhI adhika hogaa| jJAna ke kSayopazama kI nyUnatA meM jJAna kama hogaa| zelDana ne lambAkAra AkRti vAle vyakti ke vyaktitva ko serebroTonika mAnA hai| karma-siddhAnta ne jJAna ke vikAsa ke lie vikasita zarIra kI AvazyakatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vajraRSabhanArAca Adi chaH saMhananoM meM zreSTha saMhananoM meM hI kevalajJAna kI prApti ho sakatI hai| viziSTa jJAna-zakti kA vikAsa amuka prakAra ke saMhanana meM hI ho sakatA hai| karma-siddhAnta kI yaha mAnyatA zelDana kI vyaktitva avadhAraNA ke sAtha tulanIya hai| ___ moha-karma ke aneka prakAra haiN| una vibhinna moha-karma kI prakRtiyoM ke udaya ke anusAra hI vyakti ke vicAra evaM vyavahAra parilakSita hote haiN| gelana ne jo viSAdI, kopazIla citta-prakRtivAle vyaktiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, usakA sambandha moha-karma kI prakRtiyoM ke udaya se hai| karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra vyaktitva ke aura bhI aneka prakAroM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| mohakarma kI kSaya, upazama, kSayopazama kI avasthA meM vyaktitva bhinna prakAra kA hogaa| pratidina ke anubhava meM yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki eka jaisI pratikUla paristhiti, eka jaisI ghaTanA, kintu usameM eka to zAnta raha sakatA hai aura isake viparIta dUsarA udvelita ho jAtA hai, isakA kyA kAraNa hai? karma-siddhAnta kI bhASA meM jisake mohanIya karma vilaya avasthA meM hai vaha khedakhinna nahIM bnegaa| ghaTanA ke prati bhI vaha samyak dRSTikoNa se cintana karegA kintu mohanIya-karma kI udayAvasthA meM udvelana ho jaayegaa| AcaraNa, vyavahAra kI jo taratamatA parilakSita hotI hai, usakA hetu karma kI vibhinna avasthAeM hI haiN| mAnasa-zAstra ko samajhane ke lie karma-zAstra ko samajhanA bhI Avazyaka hai| kyoMki karma-zAstra hamAre AcaraNoM kI kArya kAraNAtmaka mImAMsA hai| hama jo bhI AcaraNa karate haiM, usake do kAraNa hote haiM-bAhya evaM Abhyantara / bAharI kAraNa bahuta spaSTa haiN| Antarika kAraNa kA anveSaNa hI karma-siddhAnta kA janaka hai| vrAtya darzana * 65

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vyaktitva ke vikAsa evaM hrAsa meM karma ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| Avega-niyantraNa evaM karma mAnasa-zAstra ke anusAra Avega chaha prakAra ke haiM-bhaya, krodha, harSa, zoka, prema evaM ghRnnaa| sAre mAnavIya AcaraNoM kI vyAkhyA AvegoM ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| AvegoM ke kAraNa zArIrika kriyAoM meM rAsAyanika parivartana, zArIrika lakSaNoM evaM anubhUti Adi meM parivartana hotA hai| AvegoM kA jIvana meM bahuta bar3A prabhAva par3atA hai| karmazAstra meM mohanIya karma ke cAra Avega mAne gaye haiM-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| ye cAra mukhya Avega haiM, hAsya, rati, bhaya Adi nau upa-Avega haiN| IrSyA Adi ko mizrita Avega mAnA gayA hai| karmazAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra bhI ye mizrita hai| mUla Avega kaSAya-catuSTayI haiN| ___ AvegoM kA zodhana, parivartana Adi kI prakriyA para mAnasa zAstra meM vicAra huA hai| jaina karma-zAstra meM bhI Avega parizodhana kI vistRta prakriyA upalabdha hai| karma-zAstra kI bhASA meM Avega-niyantraNa kI tIna paddhatiyAM haiM-upazamana, kSayopazamana evaM kssyiikrnn| 1. upazamana-mana meM jo Avega utpanna hue unako zAnta kara denA, dabA denA upazamana prakriyA hai| isameM AvegoM kA vilaya nahIM hotA kintu ve eka bAra tirohita jaise pratIta hote haiM kintu punaH ubhara jAte haiN| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM ise damana kI paddhati kahA gayA hai| manovijJAna damana kI prakriyA ko svastha nahIM maantaa| karma-zAstra meM yaha mAnya hai| damana kI paddhati ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| krodha kA Avega AyA hai to tatkAla use eka bAra dabAnA hogaa| bAda meM usakA parizodhana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi karma-zAstra bhI mAnatA hai, upazamana kI paddhati lakSya taka nahIM pahuMcA sktii| upazama prakriyA se calane vAlA sAdhaka gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM pahuMcakara bhI vahAM se vApasa gira jAtA hai| 2. kSayopazama-isa prakriyA meM doSoM kA upazamana evaM kSaya sAtha-sAtha calatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM ise udAttIkaraNa kI paddhati kahA gayA hai| yaha mArgAntarIkaraNa kI prakriyA hai| 3. kSayIkaraNa-isa prakriyA meM Avega pUrNa kSINa kara diye jAte haiN| isameM upazamana nahIM hotA, sabakA nAza hotA jAtA hai| AvegoM kA upazamana, kSayopazamana evaM kSaya hotA hai, yaha karmazAstra kI bhASA hai| isI bhAvanA ko mAnasa-zAstra, 66 . vrAtya darzana

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damana, zamana, mArgAntarIkaraNa, udAttIkaraNa, zodhana Adi zabdoM se prastuta karate haiN| AvegoM para niyantraNa honA cAhie, yaha tathya donoM hI zAstra svIkAra karate haiN| moha-karma kA vizleSaNa mAnasa-zAstra ke vivecana se bahuta sAmya rakhatA hai| karmazAstra evaM mAnasazAstra ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dvArA hama Avega niyantraNa paddhati ke naye AyAma udghATita kara sakate haiN| maulika manovRttiyAM aura karma karmazAstra meM zarIra-racanA se lekara AtmA ke astitva taka, bandhana se lekara mukti taka sabhI viSayoM para gahana cintana aura manana huA hai| karmazAstrIya grantha prAcIna bhASA meM sUtrAtmaka zailI meM Abaddha hai| jaba taka sUtrAtmaka paribhASA meM guMthe hue vizAla cintana ko paribhASA se mukta kara vartamAna ke cintana ke sAtha nahIM par3hA jAtA, vartamAna kI zabdAvalI meM prastuta nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka eka mahAn siddhAnta bhI adhika upayogI nahIM bana sktaa| __Aja manovaijJAnika mana kI hara samasyA para adhyayana aura vicAra kara rahe haiN| karmazAstriyoM ne jina samasyAoM para vicAra kiyA, Aja unhIM samasyAoM para manovaijJAnika adhyayana aura zodha kara rahe haiN| yadi manovijJAna ke sandarbha meM karmazAstra ko par3hA jAe to aneka gutthiyAM sulajha sakatI haiN| manovijJAna meM mUla pravRttiyoM kI carcA mukhya rUpa se hotI hai| DaoN. maikDUgala ke anusAra mUla pravRtti eka janmajAta manaH zArIrika kSamatA hai| isa kSamatA ke kAraNa eka prANI kucha cIjoM kA bodha kara sakatA hai| usa bodha se usameM eka prakAra kA udvega yA saMvega utpanna hotA hai, jo use eka nizcita DhaMga se kArya karane ko prerita karatA hai| 'ginsabarga' ke anusAra mUla pravRttiyAM viziSTa preraka ke prati pratikriyA kI ve janmajAta praNAliyAM haiM, jo astitva ke lie saMgharSa meM upayogI hone ke kAraNa prajAtIya yA vaMzAnusaMkramaNa ke dvArA hastAMtarita hotI haiN| mUla pravRttiyoM ke sambandha meM vibhinna prakAra ke vicAra upalabdha hote haiN| mUla pravRttiyAM kitane prakAra kI hotI haiM? isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda haiN| aneka prakAra kA vargIkaraNa prApta hotA hai| DaoN. maikDUgala kA vargIkaraNa sabase adhika vyApaka mAnA gayA hai| maikDUgala ne caudaha mUla pravRttiyAM mAnI haiN| unake anusAra pratyeka mUla pravRtti eka vizeSa udvega ke dvArA anugamita hotI hai| palAyana mUla pravRtti hai tathA bhaya usakA sahavartI udvega hai| saMgharSa, jijJAsA, yuyutsA Adi mUla pravRttiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaba mohanIya karma kI avadhAraNA ko dekhA jAtA hai vrAtya darzana * 67

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to karmazAstrIya evaM mAnasa-zAstrIya cintana eka dhArA meM pravAhita hotA dRSTigocara hotA hai| karmazAstra ke anusAra mohanIya karma kI aThAIsa prakRtiyAM haiM aura usake utane hI vipAka haiN| mUla pravRttiyoM evaM saMvegoM ke sAtha inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI manovijJAna kA siddhAnta hai ki saMvega ke uddIpana se vyakti ke vyavahAra meM parivartana A jAtA hai| karmazAstra ke anusAra mohanIya karma ke vipAka se vyakti kA cAritra aura vyavahAra badalatA hai| satya meM koI dvaita nahIM hotaa| jo sUkSma rahasya dhArmika vyAkhyAgranthoM meM avyAkhyAta haiM athavA jinakI vyAkhyA ke srota upalabdha nahIM hai, unakI vyAkhyA vaijJAnika zodhoM ke sandarbha meM prAmANikatA se kI jA sakatI hai| darzana aura vijJAna kI sambandhita zAkhAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahuta apekSita hai| aisA hone para darzana ke aneka naye AyAma udghATita ho sakate haiN| saMdarbha 1. sAmAnya manovijJAna kI rUparekhA, pR. 478 2. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA 2/42 karmaNa udayavilayajanitaH cetanApariNAmo bhAvaH / 3. vahI, vR. 2/42 4. tatvArtha sUtra 2/1 aupazamikakSAyikau bhAvau mizrazca jIvasya svatatva maudayikapAriNAmikau c| 68. vrAtya darzana

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11. zarIravijJAna aura karma vijJAna prakRti ke rahasyoM ko anAvRta karatA jA rahA hai| Aja vaijJAnika vikAsa ne aneka udghATita satyoM ko prastuta kiyA hai| hara kSetra meM vijJAna ke vikAsa kA svara mukharita ho rahA hai| vyakti AdikAla se hI apane bAre meM jAnane ko lAlAyita rahA hai| svayaM kI avagati kI jijJAsA ne vyakti ke sAmane do dizAeM prastuta kii| eka dizA se vyakti adhyAtmonmukhI bnaa| vaha AtmA, karma, punarjanma Adi rahasyoM ko samajhane kA prayatna karatA rhaa| phalasvarUpa adhyAtma jagat meM sAdhanA ke vibhinna prayogoM se ajJAta jagat jJeya banane lagA kintu yaha anveSaNa mukhya rUpa se vaiyaktika thA arthAt mAtra vyaktigata anubhavoM para hI AdhArita thaa| bAhya jagat meM una anubhavoM para vastuparaka prayoga nahIM ho sakate the| dUsarI ora vijJAna mAtra bAhyajJAna evaM bAhyaprayoga para AdhArita hokara vastu satya ko prApta karane kA prayatna karane lgaa| phalasvarUpa bAhya jagat kA prAmANika, vastuparaka jJAna vijJAna ne prastuta kiyaa| svajJapti kI jijJAsA ne zarIra ko viSaya banAyA evaM zarIra se sambandhita aneka ajJAta tathya ko isa anveSaNa ne udghATita kiyaa| Aja zarIra ke bAre meM itanI adhika avagati zarIra vaijJAnikoM ne prApta kI hai ki jisakI pUrva meM kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| kozikA jaise zarIra ke sUkSmatama aMza kI bhI kAryapraNAlI jJAta kI hai| jaineTika vijJAna kA prAdurbhAva zarIra-vijJAna ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa prayoga hai| zarIra ke vibhinna avayavoM kI kArya-praNAlI ke adhyayana ko zarIra-kriyA vijJAna (hyUmana phijIolaoNjI) kahate haiN| isa vijJAna dvArA manuSya ke zarIra ke bhinna-bhinna avayavoM ke kAryoM aura una kAryoM ke hone ke kAraNoM ke sAtha-sAtha unase sambandhita cikitsA-zAstra ke niyamoM kA bhI jJAna hotA hai| kAna sunane kA kArya karate haiM, AMkhe dekhane kA kAma karatI haiN| zarIra-kriyA vijJAna kI avagati vrAtya darzana * 66

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ke lie zarIra-racanA vijJAna (enATomI) kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai| zarIra vaijJAnikoM ne zarIra ke sUkSma se sUkSma aMza ko bhI jJAta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai tathA usameM saphalatA bhI prApta kI hai| zarIra-zAstriyoM ne zarIra ke rahasyoM kA avabodha to prApta kiyA hai evaM kara rahe haiM kintu zarIra kA aisA nirmANa kyoM hotA hai? kisane kiyA hai? ina praznoM kA uttara unake pAsa nahIM hai, ve mAtra ghaTaka tattvoM taka hI pahuMce haiM kintu adhyAtma-vijJAna ne ina rahasyoM ko bhI anAvRta kiyA hai| karmavAda kA siddhAnta isa samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| zarIra-vijJAna kI vizeSa avagati kA upakrama ina tIna sau-cAra sau varSoM se hI vijJAna ke kSetra meM cala rahA hai, kintu adhyAtma ke AcAryoM ne hajAroM varSa pUrva hI zarIra-nirmANa ke hetu kA ullekha karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| jaina karmavAda meM jJAnAvaraNa Adi ATha karma svIkRta kiye gaye haiN| pratyeka karma ke pRthak-pRthak kArya kA nirdhAraNa bhI vahAM para hai| zarIra-racanA kA mukhya hetu 'nAma karma' ko mAnA gayA hai| nAma karma ko citrakAra kI upamA se upamita kiyA gayA hai jaise citrakAra apanI kalpanA kI upaja se naye-naye citroM kA nirmANa karatA hai, vaise hI karma zarIra, saMsthAna kI saMracanA ko aneka rUpa detA hai| karmazAstra meM nAma karma ke aneka bheda-prabheda kiye gaye haiM evaM unake dvArA vibhinna prakAra ke zarIra saMbaMdhI kArya sampAdita hote haiN| - jaise gati nAma karma ke prabhAva se jIva, manuSya, tiryaMca Adi gatiyoM meM jAtA hai, jAti nAma karma ke udaya se jIva ko AMkha, kAna, Adi indriyoM kI prApti hotI hai| zarIra nAma karma se audArika Adi zarIra kI prApti hotI hai| Aja zarIrazAstrI mAnate haiM ki granthiyoM ke amuka-amuka prakAra ke srAva se vyakti kA raMga sapheda, kAlA Adi hotA hai| karma ke anusAra varNanAmakarma zarIra ke vividha varNoM kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai, arthAt isI karma ke kAraNa zarIra ke kRSNa aura gaura Adi raMga hote haiN| zvAsocchvAsa kI kriyA vijJAna mAnatA hai, vaha kriyA zvasana-tantra ke dvArA hotI hai| karma ke anusAra ucchavAsa nAma karma zvAsocchvAsa kI kriyA kA hetu hai| karma granthoM meM nAma karma ke bayAlIsa, sar3asaTha, tirAnaveM yAeka sau tIna bheda upalabdha hote haiN| nAma karma kI prakRtiyAM, unake avAntara bhedoM evaM unake svarUpa ke vistRta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki inameM jIva kI zarIragata vaicitrya kI sampUrNa vizeSatAeM samAviSTa haiN| zarIra ke ghaTaka tattva kauna se haiM? zarIra ke sUkSma, sthUla Adi prakAra, usakI 100 . vrAtya darzana

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racanA, usakI vRddhi, hrAsa Adi aneka viSayoM para zarIrazAstrI vicAra karatA hai| karmazAstra meM bhI prAsaMgika rUpa se inhIM zarIra sambandhI viSayoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| ati prAcIna karma-zAstra meM bhI zarIra kI banAvaTa, usake prakAra, usakI dRr3hatA aura usake kAraNabhUta tattvoM para jo vicAra upalabdha hote haiM, ve isa zAstra kI mahattA ke abhivyaJjaka haiN| zarIravijJAna evaM karmavAda kA saMyukta zikSaNa evaM zodha isa sandarbha meM navIna tathyoM ko prastuta kara sakatA hai| vArtamAnika pariprekSya meM vaisA upakrama atyanta upayogI siddha ho sakatA hai| zarIra se sambandhita sabhI pahaluoM para kArmika dRSTikoNa se vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai kintu prastuta nibandha meM usake kucheka pahaluoM para hI vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| roga-pratirodha kSamatA evaM karma roga-pratirodha kSamatA zarIra kI eka rakSAtmaka vyavasthA hai, jo rogajanaka tattvoM se zarIra kI rakSA karatI hai| zarIra meM rogoM se apanI rakSA karane kI bar3I zakti hai| isake lie usameM aneka sAdhana haiN| inhIM sAdhanoM ke kAraNa rogoM se zarIra kI rakSA hotI rahatI hai| zarIra rogagrasta tabhI hotA hai, jaba rakSAtmaka praNAlI nirbala bana jAtI hai| karma-siddhAnta kI bhASA meM jaba sAtAvedanIya karma kA udaya hotA hai taba roga pratirodhaka kSamatA sabala hotI hai| kisI bhI paristhiti meM vaha asamartha nahIM bntii| yadi asAtAvedanIya karma kA udaya ho to roga-pratirodhAtmaka kSamatA nirbala bana jaayegii| vaisI sthiti meM zarIra meM roga-utpatti zIghratA se hogii| vijJAna yaha vyAkhyA to kara sakatA hai ki zarIra meM roga-pratirodhaka zakti hotI hai| vaha zakti kabhI sabala bana jAtI hai, kabhI nirbala bana jAtI hai| vaha zveta rakta kaNa kI jIvANu bhakSaNa zakti hai, kintu zarIra meM vaha kyoM hotI hai? sabala-nirbala kyoM hotI hai? isakA samAdhAna vijJAna ke pAsa nahIM hai| yaha samAdhAna karma-siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai| roga-pratirodhAtmaka zakti kI sabalatA evaM nirbalatA vedanIya-karma se sAtA evaM asAtA ke udaya para hI nirbhara karatI hai| antaHsrAvI granthiyAM evaM karma prAcIna zarIra-vizeSajJa hRdaya, snAyu-saMsthAna, gurdA Adi zarIra ke pramukha avayavoM ko zarIra kA saMcAlaka mAnate the kintu vartamAna zarIra-zAstra kI khojoM ne yaha pramANita kara diyA hai ki mUla kAraNa isase bhI bahuta Age hai| vartamAna vrAtya darzana - 101

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meM zarIrazAstra ke anusAra antaHsrAvI granthiyoM ke srAva hI zArIrika evaM mAnasika avasthAoM ke niyAmaka mAne jAte haiN| granthiyoM se nikalane vAle srAva zarIra aura mana ko jitanA prabhAvita karate haiM, utanA prabhAvita hRdaya, yakRta Adi snAyu-saMsthAna nahIM krte| granthiyoM ke srAva kI khoja ne cikitsA-jagat meM eka krAnti utpanna kI hai| isa anveSaNa ne mAnasa vizleSaNa evaM zArIrika vikAsa kI vidhA ko eka nayA AyAma pradAna kiyA hai| granthiyAM hamAre zArIrika aura mAnasika vikAsa ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| thAyarAiDa (kaNThamaNi) zarIra ke samUce vikAsa ko prabhAvita karatI hai| yadi isakA srAva santulita na ho to AdamI atyadhika lambA yA baunA raha jAtA hai| thAyarAiDa se utpAdita rasa kA nAma thAyareksina hai| yaha zarIra kI puSTi, vRddhi aura mana ke vikAsa kA ghaTaka rasa hai| yadi yaha rasa samucita rUpa se utpanna nahIM hotA hai to zarIra kamajora raha jAtA hai aura buddhi tathA mana kA vikAsa nahIM hotaa| bhaya aura krodha ke saMvegoM kI avasthA meM isakA srAva samucita nahIM hotA phalataH aneka zArIrika bImAriyAM utpanna ho jAtI haiN| pIniyala kI samucita kriyA ke abhAva meM pratibhA kA vikAsa nahIM hotaa| ina granthi ke srAva ke abhAva meM koI bhI vyakti pratibhAzAlI nahIM ho sktaa| ___ eDrInala granthi kA asantulita srAva vyakti ko uddaNDa, krodhI, dabbU Adi svabhAva kA banA detA hai| akAraNa hI bhaya, cintA Adi kI sthiti inake aniyamita srAva ke kAraNa hotI haiN| gonADa granthi se yauna uttejanA tathA zArIrika yauna-cihna utpanna hote haiN| karmazAstra kI bhASA meM jise veda kahA jAtA hai, usase isa granthi kA sambandha hai| liMga-parivartana strI se puruSa athavA puruSa se strI ho jAnA yaha sArA isa granthi ke srAva para nirbhara hai|| ___ granthiyoM ke srAvoM ke parivartana ke AdhAra para aneka prakAra kI vibhinnatAeM utpanna hotI haiM kintu ye granthiyAM yA inake srAva bhI mUla kAraNa nahIM haiN| inake pIche bhI sUkSma kAraNa haiM, jisako karma kahA jAtA hai| karma kA sambandha sthUla-zarIra se nahIM hai| usakA sambandha sUkSma-zarIra se hai| karma ke pudgala bahuta sUkSma haiN| granthiyoM ke srAva karma kI apekSA sthUla haiN| karma catuHsparzI pudgala haiM, jabaki granthiyoM ke srAva aSTa-sparzI haiN| catuHsparzI pudgala sUkSma haiN| ve abhI taka nirmita sUkSmatama upakaraNa ke dvArA adRzya hai| karma eka rAsAyanika prakriyA hai| jaise hamArI granthiyoM kI rAsAyanika prakriyA 102 - vrAtya darzana

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hotI hai, vaise hI karma kI bhI rAsAyanika prakriyA hotI hai| karma paudgalika hai, bhautika hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI yaha mahattvapUrNa sthApanA hai| mahAvIra hI eka akele vyakti hue haiM, jinhoMne yaha siddhAnta sthApita kiyA ki karma paudgalika hai| anyAnya karmavAdI dArzanikoM ne karma ko vAsanA evaM saMskAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai kintu karma ko paudgalika nahIM mAnA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI karma-paudgalikatva kI abhinava avadhAraNA hai, jo vijJAna ke tathyoM ke adhika sannikaTa hai| karmagranthiyoM ke srAvoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| granthi-vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM yadi hama karmoM ke zarIra meM prakaTa hone ke sthAna para vimarza kareM to sambhAvita prAkkalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| pIniyala evaM pIcyUTarI granthi jJAnAvaraNIya evaM darzanAvaraNIya karma ke kSayopazama evaM udaya kA sambhAvita kSetra ho sakatI hai| jaba ina granthiyoM kA asantulita srAva hotA hai taba vyakti pratibhA sampanna evaM buddhimAna nahIM ho sktaa| yaha vijJAna-mAnya siddhAnta hai| isa avasthA kI jJAnAvaraNa Adi kI udayAvasthA se tathA santulita yA viziSTa srAva AMzika rUpa se kSayopazama se tulanIya hai| thAyarAiDa granthi mukhya rUpa se zarIra ke hrAsa-vikAsa se sambandhita vijJAna meM mAnI gaI hai, jaina-darzana ke karma-siddhAnta ke prasaMga meM nAma karma se isakA sambandha sthApita ho sakatA hai| gonADa, eDrInala granthi mohakarma kI prakRtiyoM ke udaya ke sAtha kAphI sAmya rakhatI hai| karmazAstra meM moha ke upabheda-kAma, krodha, lobha, bhaya Adi ke saMvegoM ke udaya se jIva kI jo sthiti banatI hai, vijJAna ne vaisA ullekha ina granthiyoM ke sambandha meM kiyA hai| yadyapi karma sampUrNa AtmapradezoM se cipake haiN| AtmA bhI sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai ataH zarIra ke kisI bhI bhAga se karma kA prakaTIkaraNa ho sakatA hai kintu mukhya rUpa se granthiyoM ke prabhAva sthala ko karma kA prabhAva-kSetra mAnA jA sakatA hai| karma aura jIna Aja kA zarIra-vijJAna mAnatA hai ki zarIra kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka 'jIna' hai| yaha saMskAra-sUtra hai| zarIra meM kharaboM kozikAeM haiN| pratyeka kozikA meM kromosoma hai| jIna kA Azraya-sthala kromosoma-guNasUtra hai| kromosoma sUkSma hai| jIna usase bhI adhika sUkSma hai| pratyeka gaNa-sUtra meM hajAroM jIna hote haiM tathA pratyeka jIna para lAkhoM Adeza aMkita rahate haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| karmazAstra kI bhASA meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki karma-skandha meM anantAnanta Adeza likhe hue hote haiN| eka vrAtya darzana - 103

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bAra gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA-bhaMte vizva meM sarvatra taratamatA, vibhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai, usakA kyA kAraNa hai? bhagavAna ne karma ko saMsAra kI vicitratA kA hetu svIkAra kiyA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne bhI loka-vaicitrya ko karmaja mAnA hai| yadi eka zarIrazAstrI se pUchA jAye ki vyaktiyoM meM pArasparika viSamatA kA kAraNa kyA hai? to usakA uttara hogA 'jIna' saMskAra sUtra taratamatA ke kAraNa haiN| jaisA jIna hotA hai, AdamI vaisA hI bana jAtA hai| sAre vibhedoM kA mUla kAraNa jIna ko mAnA gayA hai| abhI taka vijJAna jIna taka hI pahuMca pAyA hai aura 'jIna' isa sthUla zarIra kA hI ghaTaka hai kintu karma sUkSma-zarIra kA ghaTaka hai| kArmaNa zarIra sUkSmatama hai, usase karma kA sambandha hai| vahAM se jaise spandana Ate haiM, AdamI vaisA vyavahAra karane lagatA hai| karmazAstra kI bhASA meM karma-vyavahAra, taratamatA kA niyAmaka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne karmavAda ke kSetra meM jo sUtra diye haiM, unakA dArzanika evaM vaijJAnika dRSTi se bahuta bar3A mahattva hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA-kiyA huA karma bhugatanA pdd'egaa| yaha sAmAnya siddhAnta hai| isake apavAda sUtra bhI haiN| karmavAda ke prasaMga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne udIraNA, saMkramaNa, udvartana aura apavartana ke sUtra bhI die| unhoMne kahA-karma ko badalA jA sakatA hai, karma ko pahale bhI udaya se lAkara tor3A jA sakatA hai| unake sthiti evaM vipAka ko kama, adhika bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| puruSArtha kI sakriyatA se karma ko badalA bhI jA sakatA hai| saMkramaNa kA siddhAnta karmavAda kI bahuta bar3I vaijJAnika dena hai| Adhunika 'jIna-vijJAna' kI jo naI vaijJAnika dhAraNAeM aura mAnyatAeM A rahI haiM, ve isI saMkramaNa-siddhAnta kI upajIvI hai| Aja vaijJAnika isa zodha meM lage hue haiM evaM saphalatA ko bhI prApta kara rahe haiN| saMkramaNa kA siddhAnta 'jIna' ko badalane kA siddhAnta hai| karma-paramANuoM ko badalA jA sakatA hai| karma kI sajAtIya prakRtiyoM kA paraspara parivartana saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa ke dvArA zubha karma azubha meM tathA azubha karma zubha meM parivartita ho sakatA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM karma ke saMkramaNa siddhAnta kI caturbhaMgI milatI hai-cauvihe kamme paNNatte, taM jahA 'subhe nAmamege subhavivAge, subhe nAmamege asubhavivAge, asubhe nAmamege subhavivAge, asubhe nAmamege asubhvivaage| saMdarbha 1. zarIra-kriyA vijJAna, pR. 2 104 . vrAtya darzana

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2. pannavaNA 23/1 3. karmagrantha 1/31-32 4. karmavAda, pR. 10 5. gAthA 16/1-2 6. abhidharma koza 4/1 karmajaM loka vaicitrym| 7. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 4/3 kaDANa kammANa Natthi mokkho| vrAtya darzana * 105

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12. jaina, bauddha, yoga evaM vedAnta ke karma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka vimarza yaha dRzyamAn carAcara jagat hamAre sAmane hai, kintu yaha kyoM hai? isakA samAdhAyaka tattva hamAre sAmane nahIM hai| jo kAraNa pratyakSa nahIM hotA usake bAre meM jijJAsA uThanI bhI svAbhAvika hai| jagat rUpa kArya hama sabake pratyakSa kA viSaya hai kintu isakA kAraNa pratyakSa nahIM hai| isake kAraNa kI khoja meM dArzanika jagat meM naye-naye prasthAnoM kA AvirbhAva huaa| jagat hai, isameM vibhinnatA bhI dikhAI de rahI hai| prANiyoM ke stara para bhI vibhinnatA hai| eka hI prajAti ke jIvoM meM bhI paraspara vibhinnatA hai| eka manuSya kA dUsare se vibheda hai| usakI apanI sukha-duHkha Adi kI anubhUti bhI pRthak prakAra kI hai| zArIrika racanA. AkAra-prakAra sabameM bheda parilakSita hai| jJAna cetanA kA vikAsa bhI eka jaisA nahIM hai, usameM taratamatA spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI de rahI hai| inhIM tathyoM ke kAraNa kI khoja meM darzana jagat meM kAla, svabhAva, niyati, Izvara, karma Adi siddhAntoM kA AvirbhAva huaa| jagat evaM jagat meM upasthita vaividhya kA kAraNa kAlavAdI cintakoM ne kAla ko, svabhAvavAdI cintakoM ne svabhAva ko, niyativAdI, IzvaravAdI, karmavAdI cintakoM ne kramazaH niyati, Izvara evaM karma ko svIkAra kiyaa| karma siddhAnta kA prAdurbhAva sRSTi vaicitrya, vaiyaktika-bhinnatA evaM vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUtiyoM ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prayAsoM meM hI huA hai| vastutaH jagat vaividhya evaM vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM kI tArkika vyAkhyA hI karma siddhAnta ke udbhava evaM vikAsa kA kAraNa banI hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne jagat ke kAraNa kI mImAMsA ke sandarbha meM aneka vicAra upasthita kiye haiN| jaina darzana ne spaSTa rUpa se jagat ke vaividhya kA kAraNa karma ko svIkAra kiyA hai| bhagavatIsUtra 106 - vrAtya darzana

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meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM jIva karma ke dvArA vibhaktibhAva arthAt vibhinnatA ko prApta hotA hai / 'kammao NaM jIve No akammao vibhattibhAvaM pariNamaI' bauddha darzana bhI jagat kI, loka kI vicitratA karma hetuka mAnatA hai / karmajaM lokavaicitryaM IzvaravAdI cintakoM ne bhI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM sahayogI kAraNa ke rUpa meM karma kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai ataH bhAratIya cintana kI dhArA meM karma siddhAnta eka sarvamAnya vicAra kA bindu rahA hai 1 karma kA svarUpa karma kA sAmAnya artha kriyA / pravRtti hai / karma arthAt kucha karanA / mana, vacana evaM zarIra ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI sampUrNa kriyA / pravRtti ko karma kahA jA sakatA hai| mImAMsaka paramparA meM yajJa-yAgAdi, nitya naimittika kriyAoM ko karma kI saMjJA gayI haiN| gItA meM kAyika Adi pravRttiyoM ko karma kahA gyaa| bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI karma zabda kA prayoga kriyA ke artha meM kiyA hai| bauddha darzana meM yadyapi zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika ina tInoM prakAra kI kriyAoM ke artha meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai, phira bhI ina tInoM meM cetanA ko hI pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| yoga evaM vedAnta darzana ko bhI karma ke viziSTa artha ke sAtha usakA kriyAtmaka artha bhI mAnya hai| jaina paramparA meM saMsArI kI pratyeka kriyA athavA pravRtti karma kahalAtI hai| jaina paribhASA meM isako bhAvakarma kahate haiN| isI bhAvakarma arthAt jIva kI zarIra, vANI evaM mana kI kriyA ke dvArA jo pudgala Akara AtmA ke cipaka jAte haiM unako jaina darzana meM dravyakarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina siddhAnta dIpikA meM kahA gayA- ' - 'AtmapravRttyAkRSTAstatprAyogyapudgalAH karma' AtmA kI pravRtti ke dvArA AkRSTa evaM karma rUpa meM pariNata hone yogya pudgaloM ko karma kahate haiM kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgaloM meM hI karma rUpa meM pariNata hone kI yogyatA hai / saMsAra meM alaga-alaga prakAra ke kArya karane vAle pudgaloM kA samUha upasthita hai / eka prakAra kA kArya karane vAle samAna jAti vAle pudgaloM ke samUha ko vargaNA kahate haiM / kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala skandhoM se hI karma kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai / ve pudgala skandha catuHsparzI hote haiM, arthAt unameM zIta, uSNa, snigdha evaM rUkSa ye cAra sparza hote haiN| ananta pradezI kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgaloM se hI dravya karma kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai isake atirikta pudgaloM meM karma rUpa meM pariNata hone kI yogyatA nahIM hai / prAyaH bhAratIya cintakoM ne karma kA kriyA ke atirikta anya artha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / prastuta nibaMdha meM jaina karma siddhAnta ke sAtha bauddha, 1 vrAtya darzana 107

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yoga evaM vedAnta darzana ke karma siddhAnta kI tulanA kA prayatna kiyA jaayegaa| bauddha darzana jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI darzana sRSTikartA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unake anusAra jagat kI vividhatA karmakRta hai| karma kA kartA prANI hai| vaha karma kA bandhana karatA hai phira karma use apanA phala dete haiM isa prakAra yaha krama calatA rahatA hai| karma ke bheda bauddha darzana meM mukhyarUpa se karma ke do prakAra haiM-1. cetanA aura 2. cetayitvA / cetanA mAnasa karma hai| cetanA se jo utpanna hotA hai vaha cetayitvA karma hai| cetayitvA karma do prakAra kA hai-kAyika aura vaacik| isa prakAra mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika ke bheda se karma ke tIna prakAra ho jAte haiN| Azraya, svabhAva aura samutthAna kI dRSTi se ina tInoM karmoM kA apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| Azraya kI dRSTi se kAyakarma pradhAna hai kyoMki saba karma kAya para Azrita hai| svabhAva kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to vAk karma hI eka karma hai, anya do kA karmatva nahIM hogA kyoMki kAya, vAk aura mana ina tIna meM se kevala vAk svabhAvataH karma hai| yadi samutthAna kI dRSTi se cintana kareM to kevala manas karma hai kyoMki saba karmoM kA prArambha mana se hI hotA hai| isa prakAra vizeSa prakAra kI apekSA se alaga-alaga karma kI pradhAnatA ho jAtI hai| karma ke ye tIna bheda prAcIna mAne jAte haiN| jaina darzana meM isa mana-vacana evaM kAyA kI pravRtti ko yoga kahate haiN| isase karma kA AkarSaNa hotA hai use dravyakarma kahA jAtA hai| dravya karma ke jJAnAvaraNIya Adi aneka bheda-prabheda haiN|| jaina darzana ke anusAra karma ke do prakAra haiM-dravyakarma evaM bhaavkrm| bhAvakarma AtmA kI pravRtti hai evaM dravyakarma usa pravRtti ke dvArA AkRSTa hokara AtmA ke cipakane vAle karma pudgala haiN| rAga, dveSa, moha Adi bhAvakarma haiN| jainoM ke sadRza bauddha ne bhI karma kI utpatti meM rAga, dveSa evaM moha ko kAraNa rUpa se mAnya kiyA hai| bauddha darzana meM karma mAtra caitasika hai| jaina ke anusAra karma caitasika to hai hI kintu dravyakarma paudgalika hai| karmoM ko paudgalika mAnanA jaina darzana kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| karma ke do anya bheda bhI bauddha darzana meM upalabdha hote haiM-vijJapti karma 108 . vrAtya darzana

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arthAt kAya evaM vANI ke dvArA citta kI abhivyakti aura avijJapti karma arthAt vijJapti se utpanna kuzala aura akuzala krm| vizuddhimagga meM karma ko arUpI kahA hai tathA abhidharmakoza meM use avijJapti rUpa mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM karma ko mAnasika vAcika aura kAyika mAnakara use vijJapti rUpa kahA hai| vijJapti aura avijJapti karma bhAvoM ke anusAra zubha aura azubha donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| jaina dharma ke dravya evaM bhAvakarma kI tulanA eka apekSA se inake sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| vAsanA aura avijJapti karma ko jaina dharma kA dravya karma tathA vijJapti karma ko jainadharma kA bhAvakarma kahA jA sakatA hai| karmavipAka kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana ke anusAra kRta karmoM kA phala bhoga kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM avazya prApta hotA hai| 'kaDANa kammANa Natthi mokkho' jo karma kiye haiM unakA phala bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM mila sktaa| kintu karma kI avasthAoM meM samaya, zakti, rasa Adi ke vipAka ko kama, adhika evaM parivartita bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina ke anusAra kucha karma niyata vipAkI hote haiM kucha aniyata vipAkI hote haiN| jinakA vipAka niyata hai, unameM kisI bhI prakAra se herApherI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| ve karma jaina paribhASA meM nikAcita karma kahalAte haiN| jina karmoM kA baMdha tIvra kaSAya ke dvArA huA hai ve pragAr3ha karma hai, unakA vipAka niyata hotA hai| isake viparIta jina karmoM ke baMdhana ke samaya kaSAya kI alpatA hotI hai ve aniyata-vipAkI karma haiM arthAt unake phala evaM samaya meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta kI saMkramaNa, udvartanA, apavartanA, udIraNA evaM upazamana kI avasthAeM karmoM ke aniyata vipAka kI ora saMketa karatI hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI karmoM ke vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA para vimarza kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM karmoM ko niyata vipAkI aura aniyata vipAkI donoM prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| niyata vipAkI arthAt jinakA phalabhoga usI rUpa meM bhoganA anivArya hotA hai, aniyata vipAkI jinakA phala bhoga niyata nahIM hotA parivartita ho sakatA hai| kucha bauddha AcAryoM ne niyata vipAkI aura aniyatavipAkI karmoM meM pratyeka ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| vrAtya darzana - 106

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niyatavipAkI karma 1. dRSTadharmavedanIya-vaha karma jisakA isI janma meM anivArya rUpa se phala prApta hotA hai| 2. upapadyavedanIya-vaha karma jisakA phala samanantara arthAt isa janma ke bAda meM hone vAle janma meM anivArya rUpa se prApta hotA hai| 3. aparaparyAyavedanIya-vaha karma jo vilamba se anivArya phala detA hai| 4. aniyata vedanIya kintu niyata vipAka-vaha karma jisakA svabhAva to badalA jA sakatA hai kintu usakA bhoga anivArya hai| yaha karma jaina mAnya karma kI saMkramaNa avasthA jaisA hai| arthAt karma kA baMdha jisa rUpa meM huA hai usako badalakara bhogA jA sakatA hai| aniyatavipAka karma 1. dRSTadharmavedanIya-vaha karma jo isI bhava meM phala dene vAlA hai kintu jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka nahIM hai| 2. upapadyavedanIya-vaha karma jo upapanna hokara samanantara janma meM phala dene vAlA hai kintu jisakA phalabhoga ho hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| 3. aparaparyAyavedanIya-vaha karma jo vilamba se phala dene vAlA hai kintu jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka nahIM hai| ___4. aniyatavedanIya-aniyatavipAka-vaha karma jo anubhUti evaM vipAka donoM dRSTiyoM se aniyata hai| isa prakAra bauddha vicAraka karmoM kI niyatatA evaM aniyatatA kI vistRta vyAkhyA karate haiN| jisakI tulanA jaina karma siddhAnta ke nikAcita evaM dalika karmoM ke sAtha hotI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra nikAcita karma niyatavipAkI hote haiM tathA dalika karma aniyata vipAkI hote haiN| karmaphala saMvibhAga karma siddhAnta ke saMdarbha meM eka vicAraNIya prazna hai ki kyA vyakti apane kiye huye zubha-azubha karmoM kA phala dUsare vyakti ko de sakatA hai athavA nahIM de sakatA? karmaphala ke saMvibhAga saMdarbha meM jaina, bauddha vicAradhArA meM bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prANI ke zubha-azubha karmoM ke pratiphala meM koI 110 . vrAtya darzana

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bhAgIdAra nahIM bana sktaa| jo karma karatA hai usI ko usakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai ki usake duHkha ko na jJAtijana bAMTa sakate haiM aura na mitra, putra, bNdhujn| vaha svayaM akelA hI prApta duHkhoM ko bhogatA hai kyoMki karma kartA ke pIche calatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki prANI svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga nahIM karate haiN| bauddha darzana ke anusAra karmaphala saMvibhAga meM dUsare ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha darzana meM bodhi-satva kA Adarza karmaphala saMvibhAga ke vicAra ko puSTa karatA hai| bodhi-satva to sadaiva kAmanA karate haiM ki unake kuzala karmoM kA phala vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ko mile| bauddha darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki kevala zubhakarmoM ke phala meM dUsare ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pApakarma kA phala to karma ke kartA ko hI bhoganA par3atA hai| karmaphala ke saMvibhAga ke saMdarbha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM ki sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki karma svakIya hai, jo karatA hai, vahI usakA phala bhogatA hai| kintu pAlinikAya meM puNya-pariNAmanA kA ullekha hai| bauddhoM ke anusAra vyakti apane puNya karma meM dUsare ko sammilita kara sakate haiM pApa meM nahIM kara skte| karmaphala kA niyAmaka karmaphala kI prApti ke viSaya meM nyAya, vaizeSika darzana evaM zaMkarAcArya Adi cintakoM kA mantavya hai ki karma acetana hote haiM ataH ve apanA phala svataH nahIM de skte| karmoM kA phala sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke adhIna hai kintu jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI darzana karmaphala ke saMdarbha meM Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| karma svayaM hI apane phala ko dene meM samartha hai| usake lie anya karmaphala pradAtA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI karma ko sUkSma mAnate haiN| unako sthUla padArthoM kI taraha indriya pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI zramaNa paramparA ke hai| ina paramparAoM meM karma ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| yogadarzana yogadarzana kI karma prakriyA kI jaina darzana se bahuta samAnatA hai| yoga darzana ke anusAra avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa evaM abhiniveza ye pAMca kleza haiM vrAtya darzana - 111

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'avidyAsmitArAgadveSAbhinivezAH paJca klezAH' / ina pAMca klezoM ke kAraNa kliSTavRtti citta vyApAra kI utpatti hotI hai aura usase dharma-adharma rUpa saMskAra utpanna hote haiN| jaina paribhASA meM klezoM ko bhAvakarma, vRtti ko yoga evaM saMskAra ko dravya-karma samajhA jA sakatA hai| yoga darzana meM saMskAra ko vAsanA, karma aura apUrva bhI kahA gayA hai| yahAM kleza aura karma kA kArya-kAraNabhAva jainadarzana ke samAna bIja aMkuravat anAdi svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana kI bhI mAnyatA yoga darzana jaisI hai / jaina matAnusAra moha, rAga, dveSa Adi ke kAraNa anAdikAla se AtmA ke sAtha paudgalika kArmaNa zarIra kA sambandha hai / isI prakAra sAMkhya mata meM liMga zarIra anAdikAla se puruSa ke saMsarga meM hai| isa liMga zarIra kI utpatti rAga, dveSa, moha jaise bhAvoM se hotI hai tathA bhAva evaM liMga zarIra meM bhI bIja evaM aMkura kI taraha kArya - kAraNa - bhAva hai / jaise jaina audArika sthUla zarIra ko kArmaNa zarIra se bhinna mAnate haiM, vaise hI sAMkhya bhI liMga (sUkSma) zarIra ko sthUla zarIra se pRthak mAnate haiM / jainoM ke kArmaNa zarIra evaM sAMkhya ke liMga zarIra meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| jaina sammata bhAvakarma kI tulanA sAMkhya sammata bhAvoM se, yoga kI tulanA vRtti se tathA dravyakarma athavA kArmaNa zarIra kI tulanA liMga zarIra se kI jA sakatI hai / jaina tathA sAMkhya donoM hI karmaphala athavA karma nippatti meM Izvara jaise kisI kAraNa ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / jaina aura yoga meM antara yaha hai ki yogadarzana kI prakriyA ke anusAra kleza, kliSTavRtti aura saMskAra ina sabakA sambandha AtmA se nahIM hai apitu citta athavA antaHkaraNa ke sAtha hai aura yaha antaHkaraNa prakRti kA vikAra hai| jaina ke anusAra inakA sambandha AtmA se hai jo pariNAmI nitya hai / karma ke prakAra 1 yoga darzana meM karma cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-kRSNa, zukla, zukla- kRSNa aura azuklakRSNa / kRSNa ko pApakarma tathA zukla ko puNya karma kahA jAtA hai inameM durAtmAoM kA karma kRSNa hai, kRSNa-zukla karma bAhya vyApAra se sAdhya hotA hai, usameM parapIr3ana tathA parAnugraha se karmAzaya saMcita hotA hai / tapasvI, svAdhyAyI aura dhyAnI vyaktiyoM kA karma zukla hai, yaha kevala mana ke adhIna hone ke kAraNa bAhyasAdhana zUnya hai, ataH yaha karma para-pIr3anapUrvaka nahIM hotA hai| klezahIna, caramadeha saMnyAsiyoM kA karma azuklAkRSNa hai| yogiyoM kA karmaphala saMnyAsa ke kAraNa azukla aura niSiddha karma-tyAga ke kAraNa akRSNa hotA hai / anya prANiyoM ke 112 * vrAtya darzana

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karma azuklAkRSNa ko chor3akara tIna prakAra ke hote haiN| jaina paribhASA meM kRSNa ko pApa evaM zukla ko puNyakarma kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ke anusAra vyakti jaisI pravRtti karatA hai usake anusAra hI usake karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| yadi prANI kI pravRtti zubha hai jisako jaina paribhASA meM zubhayoga kahA jAtA hai, usase zukla arthAt puNyakarma kA AkarSaNa hogaa| eka vyakti ke eka hI prakAra ke karma kA baMdha hogA aisI jaina avadhAraNA nahIM hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM bhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki I-pathikI kriyA arthAt vItarAga kI kriyA se kevala zukla karmoM kA hI baMdha hotA hai, kintu vItarAga ke zukla karmoM kA baMdha bhI do samaya vAlA hotA hai, pahale samaya meM vaha use bAMdhatA hai, dUsare meM bhoga letA hai, usa karma kI koI vAsanA yA saMskAra nahIM banate ataH eka apekSA se vItarAga ke karmabaMdha ko azuklAkRSNa kaha sakate haiN| samparAyakriyA arthAt sakaSAyI prANI kI kriyA se zukla evaM kRSNa, puNya evaM pApa donoM hI prakAra ke karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya darzanAvaraNIya, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra evaM antarAya ye mukhya rUpa se ATha karma jainadarzana meM mAne gaye haiN| unameM jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya evaM antarAya ye cAra karma ekAnta rUpa se kRSNa pApakarma hai| jainadarzana meM ina cAra karmoM ko ghAtI karma kahA jAtA hai| vedanIya, AyuSya, nAma evaM gotra karma zukla evaM kRSNa/puNya evaM pApa ubhayarUpa hai| ina cAra karmoM ko jaina darzana meM aghAtI karma kahA jAtA hai| karma kA vipAka yoga darzana ke anusAra karma kA phala/vipAka jAti, Ayu aura bhoga rUpa se tIna prakAra kA hotA hai| jAti pada manuSya, pazu, deva Adi yoniyoM kA sUcaka hai| eka nizcita avadhi taka deha tathA prANa ke saMyoga kI sUcanA Ayu pada se ho rahI hai tathA bhoga zabda sukha-duHkha rUpa anubhUti ko abhivyaJjita kara rahA hai| yoga sammata ye tInoM pada eka-dUsare se itane Abaddha haiM ki eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI saMbhAvanA hI asaMbhava hai kyoMki vyakti apane dvArA kiye gaye karmoM ke anusAra sukha duHkha kA bhoga tabhI kara sakatA hai jaba usake pAsa Ayu ho aura Ayu vaha tabhI dhAraNa kara sakatA hai jaba usane janma liyA ho| isa prakAra jAti (janma) Ayu (umra) evaM bhoga rUpa tInoM phala paraspara sambaddha hai| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki yoga sammata jAti jainadarzana ke nAma karma ke vrAtya darzana - 113

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vipAka se tulanIya hai| Ayu vipAka kI tulanA jainadarzana ke AyuSyakarma ke vipAka se kI jA sakatI hai| yoga evaM jainadarzana donoM meM hI sopakrama evaM nirUpakrama ke bheda se AyuvipAka ko ubhayarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai| kisI bAhya nimitta ko prApta kara yadi Ayu samApta ho jAtI hai to vaha sopakrama Ayu hai aura yadi bAhya nimitta se Ayu samApta nahIM kI jA sake vaha nirUpakrama Ayu hai| sukha, duHkha, rUpa bhoga kI tulanA vedanIya karma se kI jA sakatI hai| pAtaJjala yogadarzana meM prakAzAvaraNa evaM viveka jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA ullekha huA hai usakI tulanA jaina sammata jJAnAvaraNIya evaM darzanAvaraNIya karma se kI jA sakatI hai| yogadarzana meM jainadarzana kI bhAMti karmAzaya ko niyata-vipAkI evaM aniyata vipAkI ubhayavidha mAnA hai| yogadarzana meM karma vipAka kI aniyatatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pUrvajanma kI pApa rAzi vartamAna janma ke puNya prabhAva se binA vipAka diye hue hI naSTa ho jAtI hai| vipAka ke sambandha meM jaina mata meM pratyeka karma kA vipAka niyata hai vaise yogadarzana meM niyata nahIM hai| yoga mata ke anusAra sabhI saMcita karma milakara ukta jAti, Ayu aura bhogarUpa vipAka kA kAraNa banate haiN| karmAzaya kA vipAka do prakAra kA hai-adRSTajanma vedanIya aura dRSTajanma vedniiy| jisakA vipAka dUsare janma meM mile vaha adRSTajanma vedanIya kahalAtA hai tathA jisakA phala isa janma meM mila jAe vaha dRSTajanma vedanIya kahalAtA hai| yogadarzana ke anusAra adRSTajanma vedanIya ke jAti, Ayu evaM bhoga ye tInoM vipAka hote haiM kintu dRSTajanma vedanIya ke Ayu tathA bhoga athavA kevala bhoga rUpa vipAka hI hotA hai| janma rUpa vipAka nahIM ho sakatA yadi dRSTajanma vedanIya meM bhI janma rUpa vipAka svIkAra kara liyA jAye to vaha bhI adRSTajanma vedanIya hI ho jaayegaa| yogadarzana ke anusAra kRSNa karma kI apekSA zukla karma adhika balavAn hote haiN| zukla karma kA udaya hone para kRSNa karmaphala diye binA hI naSTa ho jAte haiN| karma kI avasthA jainadarzana meM karma kI baMdha Adi daza avasthAeM mAnI gayI haiN| pAtaJjala yoga darzana meM bhI klezoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA ullekha hai| jaina nyAya ke viziSTa vidvAn upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne bhAvoM ke sAtha pAMca klezoM ke AvirbhAva evaM tirobhAva kI tulanA kI hai| unhoMne avidyA, asmitA Adi pAMca klezoM ko mohanIya karma kA udayarUpa mAnA hai| pataJjali ke anusAra kleza prasupta, tanu, 114 - vrAtya darzana

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vicchinna evaM udAra ina cAra rUpoM meM vidyamAna rahate haiN| upAdhyAyajI ke anusAra kleza kI prasuptAvasthA jaina mAnya abAdhAkAla sadRza hai| tanu avasthA upazama evaM kSayopazama sthAnIya hai| vicchinna virodhI prakRti ke udaya se vyavahita sthAnIya hai| udAra avasthA udaya sthAnIya hai| yogadarzana evaM jainadarzana ke karma siddhAnta ke vimarza se avabodha prApta hotA hai ki ina donoM paramparAoM meM karma kI avadhAraNA ke saMdarbha meM nikaTatA hai| gaMbhIratA se vicAra karane se isa sambandha meM aneka naye tathya upalabdha ho sakate haiN| vedAnta darzana vaidika paramparA meM karma ke aneka rUpa parilakSita hote haiN| upaniSadoM ke pUrva ke graMthoM meM karma kA tAtparya mAtra yajJa, yAgAdi, nitya-naimittika kriyAoM se mAnA gayA hai| yajJa Adi se utpanna apUrva padArtha kI svIkRti bhI usa darzana meM huii| zaMkarAcArya ne mImAMsaka sammata isa apUrva kI kalpanA kA athavA sUkSmazakti kI kalpanA kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura yaha bAta siddha kI hai ki Izvara karma ke anusAra phala pradAna karatA hai| unhoMne isa pakSa kA samarthana kiyA hai ki phala kI prApti karma se nahIM apitu Izvara se hotI hai| karma svarUpa kI ekatA karma svarUpa ke vimarza se yahI niSkarSa prApta hotA hai ki bhAvakarma ke viSaya meM kisI bhI dArzanika ko Apatti nahIM hai| sabhI ke mata meM rAga-dveSa aura moha karma athavA karma ke kAraNa hai| vedAnta darzana meM avidyA yA mAyA karma sthAnIya hai| advaita vedAnta ke anusAra baMdhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA yA ajJAna hai| avidyA AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa nahIM hai apitu vaha jIva kI mithyA kalpanA kA pariNAma hai| zaMkarAcArya kA mantavya hai ki yadi hama yaha svIkAra kara leM ki avidyA AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai to aisI sthiti meM ajJAna kA kabhI bhI anta hI nahIM hogA, jIva kI mukti hI nahIM ho sakegI, vaha nirantara baMdhana meM hI par3A rhegaa| baMdhana kevala vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se hI satya hai| pAramArthika satya to yaha hai ki jIva na kabhI baMdhana meM par3atA hai tathA na kabhI mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| zaMkara ke anusAra baMdhana aura mokSa donoM hI vyAvahArika hai| zaMkara kI avidyA kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana sammata bhAvakarma ke sadRza hai| usa avidyA se hone vAle vrAtya darzana - 115

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baMdhana ko dravyakarma sthAnIya svIkAra kirA jA sakatA hai| vedAnta jJAna-mImAMsA para AdhRta hai use uttara-mImAMsA kahA jAtA hai| usane karma ke saMdarbha meM pUrva mImAMsA ke mantavya ko hI prAyaH svIkAra kiyA hai| pUrva mImAMsA karma kI mImAMsA para AdhRta darzana hai| pUrva mImAMsA meM yajJa Adi ko karma kahA gayA hai| mukhya karma tIna prakAra ke haiM 1. nityakarma-jinakA anuSThAna pratidina karanA anivArya hai| jinake nahIM karane se pApa kA bandha hotA hai| 2. naimittika karma-sUtaka, pAtaka Adi nimittoM ke AdhAra para kiye jAne vAle krm| 3. kAmyakarma-putra Adi kI prApti se kiye jAne vAle krm| ina yajJa Adi karma se apUrva nAma ke padArtha kI utpatti hotI hai| manuSya jo kucha bhI anuSThAna karatA hai vaha kriyA rUpa hone ke kAraNa kSaNika hai ataH usa anuSThAna se apUrva nAmaka padArtha kA janma hotA hai jo yajJa Adi anuSThAna kA phala pradAna karatA hai| vedavihita karma se jisa zakti athavA saMskAra kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai usI ko apUrva kahA jAtA hai| anya dArzanika jise saMskAra, yogyatA, zakti kahate haiM use mImAMsaka apUrva zabda ke prayoga se vyakta karate haiN| mImAMsaka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki apUrva athavA zakti kA Azraya AtmA hai aura AtmA ke samAna apUrva bhI amUrta hai| mImAMsaka ke anusAra kArya niSpAdana kA krama yaha hotA hai-kAmanA, kAmanA se yajJa Adi kI pravRtti, pravRtti se apUrva kI utptti| jaina paribhASA meM kAmanA yA tRSNA ko bhAvakarma, yajJa Adi kI pravRtti ko yoga aura apUrva ko dravyakarma kahA jA sakatA hai| mImAMsaka apUrva ko amUrta mAnatA hai yadyapi jaina kA dravya karma amUrta nahI hai tathApi vaha apUrva ke samAna atIndriya to hai hii| karma kI avasthA jaina darzana meM baMdha, sattA Adi karma kI daza avasthAeM mAnI gayI haiN| inameM kucha avasthAoM kA nAmAntara se ullekha vaidika paramparA meM bhI prApta hotA hai| vaidika paramparA meM karma kI saMcita, prArabdha aura kriyamANa-aisI tIna avasthAeM mAnI gayI hai| pUrva evaM vartamAna jIvana ke una karmoM ko saMcita kahate haiM jinakA phalopabhoga abhI zurU nahIM huA hai| saMcita avasthA kI tulanA jaina karma kI sattA 116 . vrAtya darzana

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nAmaka avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| jina karmoM kA phala bhoga prArambha ho jAtA hai use prArabdha kahate haiN| yaha udaya sthAnIya hai| jo karma kiye jA rahe haiM unako kriyamANa kahate haiM isakI tulanA badhyamAna karma se kI jA sakatI hai| DaoN. TATiyA saMcita karma kI tulanA jaina karma kI sattA se, prArabdha kI tulanA udaya evaM kriyamANa karma kI tulanA badhyamAna karma se karate haiN| donoM paramparA kI karma kI avasthAoM para vicAra karane se jJAta hotA hai ki unakA paraspara nAma kA bheda hai, svarUpa meM koI bheda pratIta nahIM hotaa| karmaphala saMvibhAga karmaphala saMvibhAga kA abhiprAya eka vyakti ke kiye hue karma ke phala kA dUsare ko milane se hai| isa paramparA meM karma saMvibhAga kI avadhAraNA svIkRta hai| petaroM Adi ke zrAddha-tarpaNa Adi kI vyavasthA isI AdhAra para hai| jainadarzana karmaphala ke saMvibhAga ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| karma-vipAka kRta karmoM kA phala prApta hotA hai| ye karma niyata evaM aniyata vipAkI hote haiN| karma ko mAnane vAlI prAyaH sabhI paramparAoM ne karma ko niyata evaM aniyatavipAkI mAnA hai| cArvAka ke atirikta sabhI bhAratIya paramparAoM ne karma ko svIkAra kiyA hai| karma ke siddhAnta ke binA punarjanma kI vyavasthA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| karma kI katipaya avadhAraNAoM ke sambandha meM unameM paraspara mataikya hai tathA aneka avadhAraNAoM ke saMdarbha meM matabheda bhI hai| karma kA vistRta evaM vyavasthita varNana jaisA jaina darzana meM haA hai vaisA anya paramparA meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| jaina paramparA meM karma-siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA karane vAle aneka svatantra grantha upalabdha haiN| jaina karma siddhAnta kA itara darzanoM ke karma siddhAnta se tulanAtmaka vivecana eka nayI dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| vrAtya darzana - 117

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13. jaina, bauddha evaM vedAnta darzana ke anusAra sat kI avadhAraNA vizva kA vaividhya dRggocara hai / jagat ke vistAra ko dekhakara usake mUla srota kI jijJAsA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai / vizva kA vistAra evaM mUla sat rUpa hai athavA asat rUpa hai / yaha jijJAsA bhI dArzanikoM ke cintA kA viSaya rahI hai / eka samAna dRSTigocara hone vAle jagat ke bAre meM cintakoM meM vicAra bheda rahA hai 1 vizva ke saMdarbha meM vicAra karane vAlI dRSTiyoM kI paraspara bhinnatA hone ke kAraNa usase prApta pariNAma meM bhinnatA honI svAbhAvika hI hai / tattva ke saMdarbha meM vimarza karane vAlI mukhyataH do dRSTiyAM haiM - abhedadRSTi evaM bhedadRSTi / abheda dRSTi anekatA meM ekatA kA darzana karatI hai / vaha sAmAnyagrAhiNI dRSTi hai| yaha dRSTi prArambha meM vizva ke samasta padArthoM meM samAnatA kA darzana karatI hai aura dhIre-dhIre abheda kI ora unmukha hote hue antatogatvA sampUrNa vizva kA eka kAraNa svIkAra kara letI hai aura nizcaya karatI hai ki jo kucha pratIti meM A rahA hai vaha tattva vAstava meM eka hI hai aneka nahIM hai, avidyA ke kAraNa aneka kI pratIti ho rahI hai / isa prakAra vaha abhedagAminI dRSTi samAnatA kI prAthamika bhUmikA ko chor3akara anta meM tAtvika ekatA kI bhUmikA para avasthita ho jAtI hai / isa dRSTi ke anusAra ekatva hI ekamAtra sat hai / abhedagrAhI hone ke kAraNa yaha vicArasaraNI yA to bhedoM kI tarapha dhyAna hI nahIM detI, yadi bheda para vicAra karatI bhI hai to unheM vyAvahArika yA apAramArthika yA bAdhita kahakara chor3a detI hai / isa dRSTi ke anusAra bheda mithyA yA kAlpanika hai / abheda yA ekatva hI vAstavika sat hai / isa dRSTi kA AdhAra samanvaya mAtra hai / isa sAmAnyagrAhiNI dRSTi ke dvArA 118 * vrAtya darzana

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samagra deza-kAla-vyApI tathA deza-kAla-vinirmukta eka mAtra sat-tattva yA brahmAdvaitavAda ke anusAra bheda tathA bheda ke grAhaka pramANa mithyA haiM / sat abheda rUpa hai tathA vaha tarka evaM vANI kA viSaya nahIM hai, mAtra anubhavagamya hai| vizva ke bAre meM anubhava karane vAlI dUsarI dRSTi vizeSagrAhiNI dRSTi hai / usakI tattvamImAMsA meM bheda hI pramukha tattva hai / isa dRSTi ke anusAra vizva meM samAnatA evaM abheda nAma kI koI vastu hai hI nahIM / yaha dRSTi vizva meM asamAnatA hI asamAnatA dekhatI hai aura zanaiH zanaiH asamAnatA ke mUla kA anveSaNa karatI huI anta meM vaha vizleSaNa kI usa bhUmikA para ArUr3ha ho jAtI hai jahAM use ekatva kI anubhUti to hotI hI nahIM balki vaha samAnatA ko bhI mithyA yA kRtrima hI svIkAra karatI hai / isa dRSTi ke anusAra saMsAra ke sampUrNa padArtha atyanta bhinna haiM / vizva bhedoM kA puJja mAtra hai / vizva meM eka tattva yA sAmya kA vAstavika astitva hI nahIM hai / avidyA ke kAraNa vyakti vibhinnatA meM ekatA kA darzana karatA hai| jaise dIpaka kI lau nirantara naI-naI paidA hotI rahatI hai mAtra dRSTi bhrama se vyakti use eka mAnatA rahatA hai| vaise hI yaha sampUrNa vizva paraspara atyanta bhinna hai / mithyAjJAna ke kAraNa usameM ekatva kA adhyAropa kara liyA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi ke anusAra sat padArtha kevala deza evaM kAla se hI bhinna nahIM hai balki svarUpa se bhI bhinna hai tathA ve mAtra anubhavagamya hai I 1 ekAnta abhedagrAhiNI dRSTi se advaita vedAnta kA mata prAdurbhUta huA tathA ekAnta bhedagrAhiNI dRSTi ke dvArA bauddha darzana kA kSaNabhaMgavAda utpanna huaa| ye donoM paraspara virodhI dRSTiyAM ekAnta kA Azraya lene ke kAraNa vizva ke mUlabhUta tattva ke saMdarbha se sarvathA virodhI ho jAtI hai tathA eka-dUsare para AkSepa - pratyAkSepa karatI rahI haiM / 1 darzana jagat meM vizva ke bAre meM cintana karane vAlI eka mahattvapUrNa dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jise anekAnta dRSTi kahA jAtA hai / isa dRSTi ke anusAra vizva meM dRSTigocara hone vAlA bheda evaM abheda donoM hI apanI vizeSa prakAra kI apekSA se satya hai / abheda evaM bheda donoM hI dRSTiyAM apane viSaya kSetra meM satya haiM evaM unase upalabdha tathya meM satyAMza avazya hai / abhedAtmaka evaM bhedAtmaka donoM hI pratItiyAM vAstavika haiM kintu unakI vAstavikatA paraspara sApekSa hone se hI ho sakatI / yadi abheda yA bheda dRSTi apane ko pUrNa evaM anya ko avAstavika mAnatI hai to ve svayaM hI aprAmANika ho jAtI haiM 1 1 sAmAnya evaM vizeSa kI pratIti apane viSaya meM yathArtha hone para bhI pUrNa vrAtya darzana * 116

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1 pramANa nahIM hai, pramANa kA aMzamAtra hai / vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa to bhedAbhedAtmaka hai / vaha na kevala abhedarUpa hai evaM na kevala bhedarUpa apitu ubhaya rUpa hai / vastu aneka virodhI dharmoM kA samudAya hai / usameM nityatA- anityatA, ekatA - anekatA, sAmAnya-vizeSa Adi paraspara viruddha dikhAI dene vAle dharma yugapat eka samaya meM rahate haiN| yaha vastu mAtra kA svarUpa hai / saMgraha naya kA Azraya lene vAlI abhedadRSTi ke anusAra sat ko abhedarUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu RjusUtra naya kA Azraya lene vAlI bhedadRSTi se prApta vastu kA svarUpa bhI yathArtha hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki anekAnta dRSTi ke anusAra bheda evaM abheda donoM hI vAstavika sat haiM / jalarAzi meM akhaNDa eka samudra kI pratIti bhI satya hai evaM aMtima jalakaNa kI pratIti bhI samyak hai / eka isalie vAstavika haiM ki abheda dRSTi bhedoM ko alaga-alaga rUpa se grahaNa na karake sabako eka sAtha sAmAnyarUpa se dekhatI hai / sthAna, samaya Adi kRta bheda jo eka-dUsare se vyAvRtta hai unako alaga-alaga rUpa se viSaya karane vAlI buddhi bhI vAstavika hai / ekamAtra sAmAnya kI pratIti ke samaya sat zabda kA artha itanA vizAla ho jAtA hai ki usameM koI zeSa bacatA hI nahIM hai kintu jaba hama vizva ko guNa, dharmakRta bhedoM se vibhAjita karate haiM, taba vizva eka sat rUpa na rahakara aneka sat rUpa pratIta hone lagatA hai / 'vizvamekaM sato'vizeSAt' kI dhvani bhI yathArtha hai evaM vizva kI anekatA bhI yathArtha hai / anekAnta dRSTi virodhI kA samAhAra karake vastu kI samyak vyavasthA karatI hai / isa dRSTi kA pakSakAra jainadarzana rahA hai| isake anusAra bhinna-bhinna apekSA se eka hI vastu nitya, anitya, sAmAnya- vizeSa rUpa hai / isa darzana meM sat ke svarUpa kA vimarza bhI anekAnta dRSTi se hI huA hai / vibhinna darzanoM kA avalokana karane se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki sabhI ne 'sat' rUpa meM padArthoM ko pahale svIkAra kara liyA phira usake lakSaNa evaM svarUpa para vimarza kiyA hai / vedAnta darzana ne brahma ke astitva ko svIkAra karake usake svarUpa ko kUTastha nitya apanI abhedagrAhiNI dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA hai / bauddha ne bhedagrAhI dRSTi ke dvArA sat ke svarUpa ko kSaNika svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana ne anekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para sat ko utpAda - vyaya evaM dhrauvyayukta svIkAra kiyaa| prastuta nibandha meM vedAnta, bauddha evaM jaina dRSTi se sat ke svarUpa ke bAre meM vimarza kiyA jAyegA / 120 * vrAtya darzana

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vedAnta darzana meM sat kA svarUpa sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM sat ke svarUpa, saMkhyA Adi ke viSaya meM vimarza huA hai| yadyapi unakI 'sata' ke svarUpa evaM saMkhyA sambandhI avadhAraNA meM mataikya nahIM hai| sabhI cintakoM ne svamantavya poSaka 'sat' kI vicAraNA prastuta kI hai| vedAnta darzana se hamArA tAtparya zaMkara advaita vedAnta se hai| isa darzana ke anusAra sampUrNa vizva brahmamaya hai| saMsAra meM nAnAtva nahIM hai| ekatva hI yathArtha hai| 'sarvaM khalvidaM brahma neha nAnAsti kiMcana' brahma kI hI vAstavika sattA hai| jagat kI sattA vyAvahArika hai| 'brahma satyaM jaganmithyA jIvo brahmaiva nAparaH' brahma satya hai, jagat mithyA hai tathA jIva brahma svarUpa hI hai, brahma se bhinna usakA koI svataMtra astitva nahIM hai, yaha vedAnta darzana kA mukhya siddhAnta hai| isa darzana ke anusAra brahma paramArtha sattA hai| yathArtha parama sat brahma hI hai| brahma mUla tattva hai| brahma ko vyAkhyAyita karate huye kahA gayA jisase ina saba bhUtoM kI utpatti huI hai aura utpanna hone ke bAda jisase ye jIvana dhAraNa karate haiM tathA mRtyu ke samaya jisameM samAhita ho jAte haiM vahI brahma hai| saMsAra ke padArtha sadA apanI AkRtiyAM badalate rahate haiM ataH paramArtha rUpa se saMsAra ko sat nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa parivartanazIla padArthoM se yukta nAmarUpAtmaka vizva kI pRSThabhUmi meM aisI sattA hai jo sthira hai, sarvadA evaM sarvathA aparivartanazIla hai vahI brahma hai evaM paramArtha sat hai| zaMkara ke anusAra brahma vizuddha, saba guNoM se mukta nirupAdhika sattA hai, jise nirguNa brahma bhI kahA jAtA hai| vaha avyAkhyeya, anirvacanIya yathArtha sattA hai| brahma eka, ananta evaM kUTastha nitya hai| brahma vizuddha hai, nitAnta AtmasvarUpa, eka evaM advitIya hai arthAt usa jaisI koI dUsarI sattA nahIM hai| vedAnta darzana ke anusAra brahma hI maulika tattva hai| saMsAra meM dRSTigocara hone vAlI aneka AtmAeM tathA anya padArtha usa eka maulika brahma rUpa AtmA ke kAraNa hI hai unakA svataMtra astitva nahIM hai| pratyeka jIvAtmA brahma kA hI aMza hai| avidyA ke nAza hone para punaH ve brahma meM hI vilIna ho jAtI haiN| zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki mUlarUpa se brahma eka hone para bhI anAdi avidyA ke kAraNa vaha aneka jar3a evaM cetana padArthoM ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| jisa prakAra viparyaya jJAna ke kAraNa rassI meM sarpa kI pratIti hotI hai| rassI sarpa rUpa meM na to utpanna hotI hai aura na hI vaha sarpa ko utpanna karatI hai phira bhI rajju vrAtya darzana . 121

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meM sarpa kA bhramajJAna hotA hai| ThIka isI prakAra brahma aneka jIvoM ke rUpa meM utpanna bhI nahIM hotA hai phira bhI aneka jIvoM ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| isa anekatA kI pratIti mAyA ke kAraNa hai| jIvoM kI anekatA mithyA hai| yadi jIva kA ajJAna dUra ho jAye to use brahmabhAva kI anubhUti ho sakatI hai| zaMkara ke mata ko 'kevalAdvaitavAda' bhI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki ve kevala eka advaita brahma AtmA ko hI satya mAnate haiM, zeSa samasta padArthoM ko mAyArUpa athavA mithyA mAnate haiN| jagat ko mithyA mAnane ke kAraNa inake mata ko mAyAvAda bhI kahA gayA hai, jisakA dUsarA nAma vivartavAda bhI hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa ho gayA hai ki zaMkara ke anusAra brahma kI hI pAramArthika sattA hai| zeSa padArtha vyAvahArika yA pratibhAsita sat haiN| vedAnta darzana meM sattA tIna prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai 1. pAramArthika, 2. vyAvahArika evaM 3. praatibhaasik| 1. pAramArthika sat-vedAnta ke anusAra eka, sarvavyApaka, aparivartanazIla, kUTastha, nitya brahma hI pAramArthika sat hai| 2. vyAvahArika sat-dRzyamAna carAcara jagat brahma kA vivartamAtra hai| isakI pAramArthika sattA nahIM hai| yaha vyAvahArika sat hai| jagat meM anubhava meM Ane vAle ghaTa paTa Adi padArthoM kI vyAvahArika sattA hai| 3. prAtibhAsika sat-svapna Adi meM pratibhAsita hone vAlA padArtha pAramArthika evaM vyAvahArika sat bhI nahIM hai| unakA pratibhAsa mAtra hotA hai ataH ve prAtibhAsika sat hai| vedAnta pratyayavAdI darzana hai| isakI avadhAraNA ke anusAra jo dRzya jagat hai, vaha vAstavika nahIM hai| pAramArthika satya indriya grAhya nahIM hai tathA usako vANI ke dvArA abhivyakta bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'yato vAcA nivartante aprApya manasA saha' ____ atIndriya cetanA ke dvArA gRhIta brahma tattva hI vAstavika hai sthUla jagat kI pAramArthika sattA nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM sat kI avadhAraNA bauddha darzana ke anusAra sampUrNa carAcara jagat kSaNika hai| kSaNabhaGgavAda bauddha darzana kA mUla siddhAnta hai| saMsAra ke samasta padArtha kSaNika haiM / ve pratikSaNa parivartita hote rahate haiN| pahale kSaNa ke padArtha kA dUsare kSaNa meM niranvaya vinAza ho jAtA 122 . vrAtya darzana

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hai| dUsare kSaNa kA padArtha prathama kSaNa ke padArtha se sarvathA bhinna ho jAtA hai| avidyA/ajJAna ke kAraNa padArthoM meM samAnatA dikhAI detI hai vastutaH vaha hotI nahIM hai / saMsAra kA pratyeka jar3a-cetana padArtha pratikSaNa parivartanazIla hai / vastu kA pratyeka kSaNa meM svAbhAvika nAza hotA hai| kSaNabhaMga ke kAraNa hI bauddha darzana vinAza ko nirhetuka mAnatA hai / pratyeka kSaNa meM vinAza svayaM hotA hai / vinAza ke lie kisI bAhya hetu kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| tarkabhASA meM kahA - ' nazvarameva tadvastu svahetorUpajAta-maGgIkarttavyam, tasmAdutpannamAtrameva vinazyati, utpattikSaNa eva sattvAt' / bauddhadarzana ke anusAra jo sat rUpa hai, vaha ekAnta rUpa se kSaNika hai yathA ghaTaH / saba astitvavAn padArtha kSaNika haiM / akSaNika/ nitya padArtha kI kalpanA zazazRMgavat nirarthaka hai / nitya padArtha krama athavA yugapat donoM hI prakAra se arthakriyA nahIM kara sakatA / jisameM arthakriyA nahIM hotI vaha sat rUpa bhI nahIM ho sakatA / sat vahI hai jo artha kriyA kare / bauddha darzana ke anusAra kSaNika padArtha hI arthakriyA karane meM samartha hai ataH ekamAtra kSaNika padArtha / vastu hI sat rUpa hai / vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra evaM mAdhyamika ye cAra bauddhadarzana ke pramukha sampradAya hai / bauddha darzana meM ina dArzanika zAkhAoM kI utpatti 'sattA' ke prazna ko lekara hI huI hai| bauddha ke anusAra sampUrNa prameya kSaNika hai, yaha to sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai kintu prameya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM ina dArzanika vicAradhArAoM meM gaMbhIra bhinnatA hai| sat ke vivecana ke saMdarbha meM ina cAroM hI vicAradhArAoM ke saMkSipta maMtavya ko prastuta prakaraNa meM abhivyakta kiyA jAyegA / vaibhASika mata ke anusAra isa nAnAtmaka jagat kI vAstavika sattA hai / bAhya tathA Abhyantara samasta dharmoM kA svataMtra astitva hai / bAhya padArtha kI svataMtra sattA kA anubhava hameM pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA pratikSaNa ho rahA hai / udAharaNArtha cakSu indriya ke dvArA ghaTa nAmaka padArtha kA jJAna huA / ghaTajJAna prApta karake hama ghaTanAmaka padArtha ko prApta karate haiM usa ghaTa padArtha se jala AharaNa Adi arthakriyA hotI hai / arthakriyAkAritA ke kAraNa yaha ghaTa yathArtha hai aura isa yathArthatA kA jJAna hameM indriyoM ke dvArA pratyakSa se ho rahA hai ataH jagat kI svataMtra sattA pratyakSagamya hai| vaibhASika mata ke anusAra bAhya evaM Abhyantara ke bheda se jagat bhI do prakAra kA hai| donoM prakAra ke jagat kI sattA paraspara nirapekSa hai / sthUla rUpa se yaha jagat 'nAmarUpAtmaka' hai| 'nAma' mana tathA mAnasika pravRttiyoM kI sAdhAraNa saMjJA hai, jinheM vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra tathA vijJAnarUpa se vibhakta vrAtya darzana 123

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karane para nAma ke cAra skandha bana jAte haiM tathA 'rUpa' jagat ke jar3a padArthoM kA sAmAnya adhivacana hai, rUpa se rUpa nAmaka skandha kA avabodha ho rahA hai| isa prakAra 'nAma rUpa' jagat kA hI vistRta vibhAjana karane se 'paJcaskandha' kI avadhAraNA sampuSTa ho jAtI hai| saMkSepa meM vaibhASika mata ke anusAra sat bAhya evaM Abhyantara ubhayarUpa hai evaM vaha kSaNika hai| jaisA ki kahA bhI gayA hai ki 'tatra te sarvAstivAdino bAhyamAntaraM ca vastu abhyupagacchati bhUtaM ca bhautika ca cittaM caittaM ca' bAhya evaM Abhyantara jagat ko vAstavika sat mAnane ke sAtha hI isa darzana kA yaha mukhya siddhAnta hai ki bAhyArtha kA pratyakSa ho sakatA hai| sautrAntika vicAradhArA bhI bAhya evaM Abhyantara jagat ko vAstavika/sat rUpa svIkAra karatI hai| inake anusAra kevala citta (vijJAna) kI hI vAstavika sattA nahIM hai apitu bAhya padArthoM kI bhI sattA nirvivAda hai| vaibhASika kI taraha hI yaha bAhya jagat ko to vAstavika mAnatA hai kintu usakA jJAna pratyakSa se nahIM ho sakatA hai vaha anumAnagamya hai yaha sautrAntikoM kA abhimata hai| unakA mantavya hai ki bAhya vastu kA hameM pratyakSa jJAna nahIM hotA kyoMki sampUrNa padArtha kSaNika haiM ataH kisI bhI vastu ke svarUpa kA pratyakSa jJAna saMbhava nahIM hai| jisa kSaNa meM kisI vastu ke sAtha hamArI indriyoM kA samparka hotA hai, usa kSaNa meM vaha vastu prathama kSaNa meM utpanna hokara atIta ke garbha meM calI jAtI hai| kevala tajjanyasaMvedana zeSa rahatA hai| pratyakSa hote hI padArthoM ke nIla, pIta Adi citra citta ke paTa para khIMca jAte haiN| jisa prakAra darpaNa meM pratibimba ko dekhakara bimba kI sattA kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai vaise hI mana para jo pratibimba utpanna hotA hai usI ko vaha dekhatA hai aura usake dvArA vaha usake utpAdaka bAharI padArthoM kA anumAna karatA hai| sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha meM isa tathya ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nIlapItAdibhizcitrairbudyAkArairihAntaraiH / sautrAntikamate nityaM bAhyArthastvanumIyate // niSkarSataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra bAhya jagat kA astitva vAstavika hai evaM usakA jJAna anumAna ke dvArA hotA hai| 124 . vrAtya darzana

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yogAcAra yogAcAra ke anusAra vijJAna hI ekamAtra paramArtha sat hai| bAhya padArtha kI sattA hI nahIM hai| citta ko chor3akara anya koI bhI padArtha mRga-marIcikA ke samAna niHsvabhAva tathA svapna ke samAna nirupAkhya hai| jise bAhya padArtha kahA jAtA hai unakA vizleSaNa kareM to vahAM AMkha se dekhe gaye raMga-AkAra hAtha se sparza kiye gaye rukSatA-snigdhatA Adi guNa hI milate haiM isake atirikta kisI vastu kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai| vijJAna hI vAstavika hai| laMkAvatArasUtra meM kahA hai cittaM vartate cittaM cittameva vimucyte| cittaM hi jAyate cittaM nAnyAccittameva nirudhyate // citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti hotI hai| citta ko chor3akara dUsarI vastu na to utpanna hotI hai na hI usakA nAza hotA hai citta hI ekamAtra tattva hai| isa jagat meM na to bhAva padArtha vidyamAna na hI abhAva / citta ke atirikta koI anya padArtha sat nhiiN| bAhya dRzya jagat kA astitva hI nahIM hai| citta ekAkAra hai tathA vahI isa jagat meM vicitra rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai dRzyate na vidyate bAhyaM, cittaM citraM hi dRshyte| dehayogapratiSThAnaM cittamAtraM vadAmyaham // citta hI kabhI deha rUpa meM aura kabhI upayoga kI vastuoM ke rUpa meM pratiSThata rahatA hai, ataH citta kI hI vAstavika sattA hai| jagat usa citta kA hI pariNamana hai| yaha sampUrNa jagat ko vijJAnamaya mAnatA hai, ataH yaha vijJAnAdvaitavAdI hai| sattAsvarUpa vimarza vijJAnAdvaitavAdI bauddha pAramArthika evaM vyAvahArika ke bheda se sattA ko do prakAra kI mAnate haiN| vyAvahArika sattA punaH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM-1. parikalpita sattA aura 2. paratantra sttaa| paramArtha ko pariniSpanna sattA kahA jAtA hai| inake anusAra sattA ke tIna rUpa bana jAte haiM 1. pariniSpanna sattA (paramArtha, vAstavika) 2. parikalpita sattA (vyAvahArika) 3. paratantra sattA (vyAvahArika) vyAvahArika sattA ko saMvRtti sat bhI kahA jAtA hai| vijJAnavAda ke anusAra vrAtya darzana * 125

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jagat kA samasta vyavahAra Aropa yA upacAra se saMcAlita hai / vastu meM avastu ke Aropa ko adhyAropa kahate haiM- jaise rassI meM sarpa kA Aropa / isa dRSTAMta se jJAta hotA hai ki rajju meM jo sarpa kA Aropa kiyA hai vaha mithyA hai kyoMki jaise hI usa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa hogA rajju kA rajjutva jJAtA ke sammukha upasthita ho jaayegaa| yahAM sarpa kI bhrAnti kA jJAna parikalpita hai / rajju kI sattA paratantra zabda se abhihita kI jAtI hai tathA vaha vastu jisase rajju banakara taiyAra huI hai vaha pariniSpanna sattA kahalAtI hai / parikalpita sat kalpanAmAtra hai paratantra sattA bAhya vastu sApekSa hai / paratantra zabda kA hI artha hai dUsare ke upara avalambita hone vAlA / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki paratantra sattA svayaM utpanna nahIM hotI apitu hetu- pratyaya se utpanna hotI hai| parikalpita sattA meM grAhya-grAhaka bhAva kA spaSTa AbhAsa hotA hai kintu yaha bheda kI kalpanA nitAnta bhrAnta hai / grAhya evaM grAhaka bhAva donoM hI parikalpita hai kyoMki vijJAna to ekAkAra hai usameM na to grAhakatva aura na grAhyatva | avidyA ke kAraNa aisI parikalpanA hotI rahatI hai| jaba taka yaha saMsAra hai taba taka yaha dvividha kalpanA calatI rahatI hai jisa samaya ye donoM bhAva nivRtta ho jAte haiM usa samaya pariniSpanna sattA kI avasthA prApta ho jAtI hai / paratantra sadA parikalpita lakSaNa ke sAtha mizrita hokara hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai / jisa samaya unakA mizraNa samApta ho jAtA hai aura vaha apane vizuddha rUpa meM pratIta hone lagatA hai vahI usakI pariniSpannAvasthA hai / yogAcAra mata meM sat / satya tridyA vibhakta hai / jaisA ki maitreyanAtha ne kahA bhI hai kalpitaH paratantrazca pariniSpanna eva ca / arthAdabhUtakalpAcca dvayAbhAvAcca kathyate // mAdhyamika (zUnyAdvaitavAdI ) mAdhyamika darzana kI vicAradhArA ke anusAra zUnya hI paramArtha sat hai / mAdhyamika mata ke prasiddha AcArya nAgArjuna ke anusAra yaha jagat mAyika hai / svapna meM dRSTa padArthoM kI sattA ke samAna jagat ke samagra padArthoM kI sattA kAlpanika hai / vizva vyAvahArika rUpa se satya hai, paramArtha rUpa se vaha zUnya hai / samagra jagat svabhAva- zUnya hai| yahAM zUnya kA artha abhAva nahIM hai kintu zUnya kA artha hai tattva kI avAcyatA / zUnya ( tattva) sat, asat ubhaya evaM anubhaya rUpa nahIM hai vaha 126 * vrAtya darzana

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catuSkoTi vinirmukta hai| jaisA ki mAdhyamika kArikA meM kahA gayA na san nAsan na sadasanna caapynubhyaatmkm| catuSkoTinirmuktaM, tattvaM mAdhyamikAH viduH // mAdhyamika mata ke anusAra sat do prakAra kA hai1. saMvRtti sat (avidyAjanita vyAvahArika sattA) 2. pAramArthika sat (prajJAjanita satya) Arya nAgArjuna kA abhimata hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne ina do satyoM ko lakSya karake hI dharma kA upadeza diyA thA Dhe satye samupAzritya buddhAnAM dhrmdeshnaa| lokasaMvRttisatyaM ca satyaM ca paramArthataH // sAMvRtika satya vaha hai jo saMvRtti ke dvArA utpanna ho| saMvRti zabda kI vyAkhyA kaI prakAra se kI jAtI hai usakA eka artha hai-avidyA / jo satya ke Upara AvaraNa DAla detI hai| 'saMviyata Aviyate yathAbhUtaparijJAnaM svabhAvAvaraNAd AvRtaprakAzanAccAnayati saMvRtiH' avidyA, moha tathA viparyAsa saMvRti ke hI paryAyavAcI nAma avidyA yA moha ke dvArA utpAdita kAlpanika satya ko sAMvRtika satya kahA jAtA hai| yaha satya do prakAra kA hai 1. lokasaMvRti tathA 2. aloka sNvRti| lokasaMvRti vaha hai jise sAdhAraNa janamAnasa satya mAnakara vyavahAra karatA hai, jaise ghaTa, paTa Adi pdaarth| aloka saMvRti use kahate haiM jise kucha vyakti hI grahaNa kara sakate haiM jaise zaMkha kA pIta rNg| prajJAkaramati ne lokasaMvRti ko tathyasaMvRti evaM alokasaMvRti ko mithyAsaMvRti kI saMjJA dI hai| lokadRSTi se prathama saMvRti satya evaM dUsarI prakAra kI saMvRti asatya hai kintu paramArtha rUpa se to donoM hI asatya haiN| paramArtha sat-paramArtha satya saMvRti sat se sarvathA bhinna hotA hai| vastu kA akRtrima svarUpa hI paramArtha hai| usa sat kA jJAna hone se saMvRtijanya klezoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai| paramArtha sat avAcya hai| zUnyatA, tathatA, bhUtakoTi aura dharmadhAtu ye paryAyavAcI haiN| paramArtha sat avaktavya hai usakA kathana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| parama tattva na to vANI kA viSaya hai na citta kaa| vAk aura mana-donoM hI usa tattva taka nahIM pahuMca sakate ataH vaha aciMtya evaM avAcya hai| usa tattva kI mAtra anubhUti kI jA sakatI vrAtya darzana - 127

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hai ataH vaha 'pratyAtma vedanIya' hai / saMvRti evaM paramArtha sad ko vyAkhyAyita karate huye kahA gayA yatra bhinne na tad buddhiranyApohe dhiyA ca tat / ghaTAmbuvat saMvRti sat paramArthasadanyathA // jaina darzana meM sat kA svarUpa bhAratIya darzana jagat meM sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna matabheda haiM / vedAnta darzana sat (brahma) ko eka evaM kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai / bauddha ke anusAra sat kSaNika hai, mAtra utpAda - vinAzazIla hai, nityatAyukta kisI padArtha kA jagat meM astitva hI nahIM hai| sAMkhyadarzana cetana tattva rUpa sat padArtha ko kUTastha nitya evaM prakRti rUpa sat ko pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika darzana aneka padArthoM meM se AtmA, paramANu kAla Adi sat tattvoM ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai tathA ghaTa, paTa Adi kucha padArthoM ko mAtra utpAda evaM vyaya yukta hI mAnatA hai nitya rUpa nahIM mAnatA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra sat / vastu nityAnityAtmaka ubhaya rUpa hai| vastu kevala kUTastha bhI nahIM hai aura kevala niranvayavinAzI bhI nahIM hai| sAMkhya darzana kI taraha usakA eka tattva sarvathA nitya evaM dUsarA tattva pariNAmi nitya bhI nahIM hai / nyAyavaizeSika kI bhAMti AtmA Adi kucha padArtha nitya evaM ghaTa, paTa Adi kucha anitya hai aisA bhI nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra cetana aura jar3a, amUrta aura mUrta, sUkSma aura sthUla sabhI sat padArtha utpAda vyaya evaM dhrauvyayukta haiN| sampUrNa vastu jagat trayAtmaka hai / vAcaka umAsvAti ne kahA bhI hai 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat' advaita vedAnta ne dravya ko pAramArthika satya mAnakara paryAya ko kAlpanika kahakara usake astitva ko hI nakAra diyaa| bauddhoM ne paryAya ko pAramArthika mAnakara dravya ko kAlpanika mAna liyA / jainadarzana ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya donoM pAramArthika satya hai / hamArA jJAna jaba saMzleSaNAtmaka hotA hai taba dravya upasthita rahatA hai aura paryAya gauNa ho jAtA hai aura jaba jJAna vizleSaNAtmaka hotA hai taba paryAya pradhAna evaM dravya gauNa ho jAtA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isa tathya ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA hai 'aparyayaM vastu samasyamAnamadravyametacca vivicyamAnaM' jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu dravyaparyAyAtmaka arthAt sAmAnya- vizeSAtmaka 128 * vrAtya darzana

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hai| sAmAnya evaM vizeSa kA paraspara avinAbhAva hai| ve eka-dUsare ke binA nahIM raha sakate arthAta eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kA astitva hI nahIM ho sktaa| isakA tAtparya huA paryAya rahita dravya evaM dravya rahita paryAya satya nahIM hai| dravyaM paryAyaviyutaM paryAyA drvyvrjitaaH| kva kadA kena kiMrUpA dRSTA mAnena kena vA // jaina darzana ke mantavyAnusAra vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| vastu meM eka hI kAla meM ananta virodhI dharma yugapat rahate haiN| eka hI vastu eka hI samaya meM utpattizIla, vinazvara evaM dhruvatA yukta hai| utpAda-vyaya evaM dhrauvyayukta trayAtmaka vastu hI artha kriyA karane meM samartha hai| ekAnta dravyavAda, ekAnta paryAyavAda evaM nirapekSa dravya evaM paryAyavAda ke AdhAra para vastu kI vyavasthA nahIM ho sktii| arthakriyAkAritva vastu kA lakSaNa hai evaM vaha lakSaNa ekAnta nitya evaM anitya tathA nirapekSa nitya evaM anitya padArtha meM ghaTita hI nahIM ho sktaa| arthakriyAkAritva dravyaparyAyAtmaka ubhayasvabhAvavAlI vastu meM ghaTita ho sakatA hai ataH ubhayAtmaka vastu kI hI vAstavika sattA hai| jaina darzana meM sat, tattva, tattvArtha evaM padArtha ina zabdoM kA prayoga prAyaH eka hI artha meM hotA rahA hai| jo sat rUpa padArtha haiM, ve hI dravya haiM, tAttvika haiN| darzana zAstra meM sarvaprathama svayaM ke darzana se sammata tattvoM kA nirdeza prArambha meM kara diyA jAtA hai| vaizeSika sUtra meM dravya Adi chaH padArtha svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| unameM se dravya guNa evaM karma ina tInoM ko 'sat' isa pAribhASika saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| nyAyasUtra meM pramANa Adi solaha tattvoM ko bhASyakAra ne sat zabda se vyavahata kiyA hai| vedAnta darzana meM brahma hI ekamAtra sat hai| jaina AgamoM meM saMkSepa meM jIva evaM ajIva ye do tattva tathA vistAra meM navatattvoM kA ullekha prApta hai| jainadharma ke pramukha AcArya tattvavyAkhyAtA vAcakamukhya ne sat kA bIja jo bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI meM thA, usakA pallavana kiyaa| AgamoM meM tiryak aura Urdhva donoM prakAra ke paryAyoM kA AdhAra dravya ko mAnA hai| jo sarvadravyoM kA avizeSa hai| 'avisesie dabve visesie jIva davve ajIva davve' kintu AgamoM meM dravya kI sat saMjJA nahIM thii| jaba anya darzanoM meM 'sat' isa saMjJA kA samAveza huA taba jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa bhI 'sat' kise kahA jAe yaha prazna upasthita huaa| umAsvAti ne kahA dravya hI sat hai| 'sad dravyalakSaNam' sat ko paribhASita vrAtya darzana * 126

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karate hue unhoMne kahA 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat' aisI paribhASA hone se jaina darzana kA sat anya darzanoM se svataH hI vilakSaNa ho gayA tathA jaina dRSTi se sarvathA anukUla siddha huaa| vAcaka ne satya ko nitya kahA kintu nitya kI svamantavya poSaka paribhASA karake use ekAnta ke Agraha se mukta rkhaa| 'tadbhAvAvyayaM nityam' utpAda aura vyaya ke hote hue bhI jisakA sadrUpa samApta nahIM hotA yahI sat kI nityatA hai| paryAyoM ke badala jAne para bhI dravya kI sattA samApta nahIM hotii| vaha nirantara-pUrva-uttara paryAyoM meM anusyUta hotI rahatI hai| umAsvAti ne caturvidha sat kI kalpanA kI hai| sat ko unhoMne cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-1. dravyAstika, 2. mAtRkApadAstika, 3. utpannAstika, 4. pryaayaastik| sat kA isa prakAra kA vibhAjana anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| yaha unakI maulika avadhAraNA hai| umAsvAti ne isa caturvidha sat kI vizeSa vyAkhyA nahIM kI hai| jJAna kI sthUlatA evaM sUkSmatA ke AdhAra para sat ke cAra padoM kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| TIkAkAra siddhasenagaNI ne inakI kucha spaSTatA kI hai| prathama do sat (dravyAzrita) dravyanayAzrita hai tathA aMtima do bheda paryAyanayAzrita hai| sat ke cAra vibhAgoM ke antargata AcArya umAsvAti ne sat kI sampUrNa avadhAraNA ko samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| dravyAstika sat kA kathana dravya ke AdhAra para hai, mAtRkApadAstika kA kathana dravya ke vibhAga ke AdhAra para, utpannAstika kA vyAkaraNa tAtkAlika vartamAna paryAya ke AdhAra para hai tathA paryAyAstika kA kathana bhUta evaM bhAvI paryAya ke AdhAra para huA hai aisA pratIta hotA hai| dravyAstika ke anusAra- 'asannAma nAstyeva dravyAstikasya' asat kucha hotA hI nahIM vaha sat ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| 'sarvavastu sallakSaNattvAdasatpratiSedhena sarvasaMgrAdezo drvyaastikm|' dravyAstika sat saMgraha naya ke abhiprAya vAlA hai| 'sarvamekaM sadavizeSAt' isa sat ke dvArA saptabhaMgI kA prathama bhaMga 'syAt asti' phalita hotA hai| mAtRkApadAstika sat ke dvArA dravyoM kA vibhAga hone se astitva evaM nAstitva dharma prakaTa hotA hai| mAtRkApada vyavahAranayAnusArI hai dravyAstika ke dvArA sampUrNa padArthoM ko sat kaha dene mAtra se vaha vyavahAra upayogI nahIM ho sktaa| vyavahAra vibhAga ke binA nahIM ho sktaa| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya kA dravyatva tulya hone para bhI ve paraspara bhinna svabhAva vAle haiN| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya nahIM ho sakatI yahI mAtRkApadAstika kA kathana hai| vibhakti kA nimitta hone ke kAraNa mAtRkApada, vyavahAra upayogI hai____ 'sthUlakatipayavyavahArayogyavizeSapradhAnamAtRkApadAstikam' / 130 . vrAtya darzana

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utpannAstika sat kA sambandha mAtra vartamAna kAla se hai| vaha atIta evaM anAgata ko svIkAra karatA hai| ataH yaha nAsti rUpa hai| vartamAna ko svIkAra karatA hai ataH asti hai| isase saptabhaMgI kA avaktavya nAma kA bhaMga phalita hotA hai| paryAyanayAnugAmI hone se isakI dRSTi bhedapradhAna hai| sampUrNa vyavahAra kI kAraNabhUta vastu nirantara utpAda-vinAzazIla hai| kucha bhI sthitizIla nahIM hai, yaha utpannAstika kA kathana hai| isakI mAnyatA utpatti meM hI hai| 'utpannAstikamutpanne'stimatiH' anutpanna sthiti ko yaha svIkAra hI nahIM krtaa| paryAyAstika sat vinAza ko svIkAra karatA hai| jo utpanna hue haiM ve avazya hI vinazvara svabhAva vAle haiN| jitanA utpAda hai utanA hI vinAza / 'vinAze'stimatiparyAyAstikam' kucha mAnate haiM ki paryAyAstika utpadyamAna paryAya ko hI mAnatA hai| 'utpadyamAnAH paryAyAHparyAyAstimucyate' ina donoM matoM kA samanvaya karane se phalita hotA hai ki paryAyAstika naya bhUta evaM anAgata ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA vartamAna kA niSedha karatA hai ataH yaha asti-nAsti rUpa hai| bhUta bhaviSya kI apekSA asti vartamAna kI apekSA nAsti hai| isase bhI avaktavya bhaMga kA kathana hotA hai| kyoMki asti-nAsti ko eka-sAtha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM dravyAstika se parama saMgraha kA viSaya bhUta sat dravya aura mAtRkApadAstika se sat dravya ke vyavahArAzrita dharmAstikAya Adi dravya kA vibhAga unake bheda-prabheda abhipreta hai| pratyeka kSaNa meM navanavotpanna vastu kA rUpa utpannAstika aura pratyeka kSaNa meM hone vAlA vinAza yA bheda paryAyAstika se abhipreta hai| pratyeka kSaNa meM navanavotpanna vastu kA rUpa utpannAstika aura pratyeka kSaNa meM hone vAlA vinAza yA bheda paryAyAstika se abhipreta hai| utpAda, vyaya evaM dhrauvya isa tripadI kA samAveza caturdhA vibhakta sat meM ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana vastuvAdI darzana hai| vaha jagat kI vAstavika sattA svIkAra karatA hai| sUkSma evaM sthUla donoM hI jagat kA tAtvika astitva hai| vastuvAda ke anusAra sat ko bAhya, Abhyantara, pAramArthika, vyAvahArika, parikalpita, paratantra, pariniSpanna Adi bhedoM meM vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| satya, satya hI hai, usameM vibhAga nahIM hotaa| pramANa meM avabhAsita hone vAle sAre tattva vAstavika hai| indriya, mana evaM atIndriya jJAna ina saba sAdhanoM se jJAta hone vAlA prameya vAstavika hai| ina sAdhanoM se prApta jJAna meM spaSTatA-aspaSTatA, nyUnAdhikatA ho sakatI hai kintu inase jJAta padArthoM kA apalApa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA arthAt sat pAramArthika, sAMvRtika ke bhedoM meM vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dravya evaM paryAya, nityatA evaM anityatA vrAtya darzana - 131

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ye saba vastu ke svarUpa haiN| inameM se kisI eka kA apalApa karanA jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu satya kA apalApa karanA hai| jaina ke anusAra sat arthAt vastu sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai / 132 * vrAtya darzana

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14. tattvasaMrakSaNa kA sAdhana vAda tattva kI jijJAsA se kisI viSaya para jo carcA kI jAtI hai, usako vAda kahA jAtA hai| 'tattvasaMrakSaNArthaprAznikAdisamakSaM sAdhanadUSaNavadanaM vAdaH' vAda kA uddezya tattvanirNaya hotA hai| isameM pakSa vipakSa kI bauddhika zreSThatA yA durbalatA kA pratipAdana mukhya nahIM hotA kiMtu sambaddha vastu ko, tattva ko spaSTatA se jAnane kI jijJAsA hotI hai| vAda kathA meM vAdI prativAdI jJAna-pipAsu hote haiM, mAtra jaya parAjaya ke icchuka vijigISu nahIM hote haiN| gautama ne vAda kI kasauTiyoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai 1. vAda meM svapakSa siddhi evaM parapakSa nirAkaraNa meM pramANa evaM yukti kA hI prayoga kiyA jAe chala, jAti Adi asad upAya kA prayoga vAda meM varjita 2. siddhAnta aviruddha carcA hI vAda meM ho sakatI hai| 3. paMcAvayavayukta anumAna kA prayoga vAda meM apekSita hai| 'pramANatarkasAdhanopAlambhaH siddhAntA'viruddhaH paMcAvayavopapannaH pakSapratipakSaparigraho vAdaH' vAda kA uddezya vicAra-vinimaya ke dvArA tattvajJAna karanA hai ataH vAdI prativAdI ise ekAnta meM bhI kara sakate haiN| isake lie caturaMga sabhA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| __ AcArya hemacandra ne vAda kA uddezya tattva saMrakSaNa hI prastuta kiyA hai kiMtu unake maMtavya ke anusAra vAda prAznika Adi ke samakSa hI hotA hai| vAda ke samaya vAdI, prativAdI, sabhApati evaM sabhya ye cAroM upasthita hone cAhie, kyoMki inhoMne vAdamAtra ko hI kathA kahA hai tathA kathA caturaMga hotI hai| eka avayava ke bhI vrAtya darzana , 133

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na hone para vaha kathA nahIM ho sktii| 'seyaM caturaGga kathA, ekasyApyaGgasya vaikalye kathAtvAnupapateH' (pramANa mImAMsA vRtti 2/1/30) bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ke anusAra vAda, jalpa evaM vitaNDA tInoM saMyukta hokara kathA kahalAte haiM jabaki AcArya hemacandra ne jalpa evaM vitaNDA ko kathA nahIM mAnA hai unake anusAra vAda hI kathA hai| isa tathya para unhoMne pramANa mImAMsA meM vistRta UhApoha kiyA hai tathA niSkarSa prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki 'tasmAjjalpavitaNDAnirAkaraNena vAda evaikaH kathAprathA' labhata iti sthitam' (pra. mI. 2/1/30/71) caraka saMhitA meM kathA ko sambhASA kahA gayA hai tathA vahAM para sambhASA ke do bheda nirdiSTa haiM-1. saMdhAya sambhASA 2. vigRhya smbhaassaa| saumanasya se kiyA jAne vAlA vicAra vinimaya saMdhAya sambhASA tathA jaya-parAjaya ke dhyeya se kiyA jAne vAlA vicAra vinimaya vigRhya sambhASA kahalAtA hai| prathama sambhASA ke aMtargata nyAyazAstrIya vAda kA evaM dvitIya meM jalpa evaM vitaNDA kA samAveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina ke anusAra yathArtha kathA to saMdhAya saMbhASA hI hai| jaina tArkika jalpa evaM vitaNDA ko kathA mAnate hI nahIM hai| ataeva jaina paramparA meM vAda zabda kA vahI artha hai jo caraka meM saMdhAya sambhASA aura nyAya paraMparA meM vAda kathA kA hai| prAcIna bauddha tArkika vAda, jalpa evaM vitaNDA tInoM ko kathA kA bheda mAnate the kiMtu uttaravartI bauddha tArkikoM ne jaina tArkikoM ke samAna hI jalpa aura vitaNDA ko kathA ke kSetra se pRthak kara 'vAda' ko hI kathA rUpa meM mAnya kiyA ataH uttaravartI bauddha mAnyatA aura jaina paraMparA ke madhya 'vAda' zabda ke artha meM koI antara nahIM rahA, yaha spaSTa hI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra caturaGgavAda ke adhikArI vijigISu hai| nyAya-vaidyaka paraMparA sammata vijigISu se jaina vijigISu kA bahuta bar3A aMtara hai| nyAya-vaidyaka paraMparA ke anusAra nyAya, anyAya, chala, jAti Adi kisI kA bhI prayoga karake jo vAdI ko parAsta kara de, vahI vijigISu hai jabaki jaina paraMparA ke anusAra vijigISu vaha hai jo pramANa evaM tarka ke dvArA apane pakSa kI siddhi kare usake lie chala jAti Adi kA prayoga na kre| isa dRSTi se jaina paraMparA sammata vijigISu nyAya-vaidyaka paraMparA sammata tattvabubhutsu kI koTi meM A jAtA hai kyoMki vaha vijigISu hone para bhI apanI vijaya ke lie azuddha sAdhanoM kA upayoga nahIM 134 . vrAtya darzana

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karatA hai| ___bhAsarvajJa ne kathA ke vAda Adi tIna bheda na mAnakara prakArAntara se usake bheda kie haiN| bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra kathA ke do prakAra haiM-1. vItarAga kathA, 2. vijigISu kthaa| vItarAga kathA ko vAda kahA hai tathA vijigISu kathA ke jalpa aura vitaNDA ye do bheda kie haiN| vItarAga kathA do vItarAgoM ke madhya hotI hai aura unameM se eka pakSa kI sthApanA karatA hai tathA dUsarA usakA tarka ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karatA hai kiMtu isa khaNDana-maNDana meM vijaya kI icchA kA uddezya nahIM rahatA hai apitu isakA uddezya tattva-nizcaya karanA hI hotA hai isalie hI kahA jAtA hai 'vAde vAde jAyate tattvabodhaH' jaina paramparA ke prAcIna tArkikoM ne vItarAga vyaktiyoM ke bhI vAda hotA hai, yaha svIkAra kiyA hai, yadyapi ve vijigISu nahIM hote haiM phira bhI tattva jijJAsA to karate hI haiN| unakA vAda caturaMga nahIM hotA, kyoMki ve asUyAmukta hote haiM ataH pakSa-pratipakSa lekara pravRtta hone para bhI unheM sabhApati yA sabhyoM ke zAsana kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai parArthAdhigamastatrAnudbhavadrAgagocaraH / jigISugocarazceti dvidhA zuddhadhiyo viduH // satyavAgbhi vidyAtavyaH prathamastatvavedibhiH / yathAkathAJcidityeSa caturaGgo na sammataH // tattvArthazlokavArtika pR. 277 brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jaina paraMparA ke anusAra kathA kA mukhya prayojana tattvajJAna kI prApti yA prApta tattva jJAna kI saMrakSA hI hai| kathA ke sAdhya meM kisI ko matabheda nahIM hai kiMtu sAdhana ke prayoga meM matabheda parilakSita hai| nyAya paramparA kathA meM chala jAti Adi ke prayoga ko mAnya karatI hai jabaki jaina evaM uttaravartI bauddha tArkika chala, jAti Adi ke prayoga ko anucita mAnate haiN| __ jaina paraMparA meM jaba chala Adi kA prayoga mAnya hI nahIM hai taba jalpa yA vitaNDA ko kathA mAnA hI nahIM jA sakatA, ataH sabhI jaina tArkikoM ne vAda ko hI kathA mAnA hai| jaina tArkikoM ne sAdhya prApti meM sAdhana kI zuddhatA ko anivArya mAnA hai| vrAtya darzana * 135

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15. anumAna meM prayukta udAharaNa kI ayathArthatA bhAratIya pramANa mImAMsA meM anumAna pramANa kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| anumAna ke pAMca avayava hote haiM-pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAnta, upanaya evaM nigmn| prastuta nibaMdha meM anumAna ke tIsare avayava dRSTAnta kI carcA kI jA rahI hai| loka vyavahAra ko jAnane vAle tathA zAstra meM nipuNa loga jisa viSaya meM ekamata ho, vaha dRSTAnta kahalAtA hai| jaisA ki nyAya sUtra meM kahA hai- 'laukikaparIkSakANAM yasminnarthe buddhisAmyaM sa dRSTAntaH (1/1/25) isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki laukika puruSa jisa artha ko jisa rUpa meM jAnate haiM yadi parIkSaka puruSa bhI usako vaisA hI svIkAra kareM to vaha dRSTAnta mAnA jAtA hai| kezava mizra ke anusAra jisa artha meM vAdI evaM prativAdI kI sahamati hai vaha dRSTAMta kahalAtA hai 'vAdIprativAdino saMpratipativiSayo'rtho dRssttaantH|' sarvadarzanasaMgrahakAra ke anusAra jisake AdhAra para vyApti sambandha kA jJAna hotA hai vaha dRSTAnta kahalAtA hai| dRSTAnta do prakAra ke hote haiM-sAdharmya evaM vaidhrmy| inako kramazaH anvaya evaM vyatireka dRSTAMta bhI kahA jAtA hai| sAdhya ke sAtha, samAnadharmatA se, jisa adhikaraNa meM, sAdhya kA dharma arthAt sAdhana rahatA ho, use sAdharmya dRSTAMta tathA usake kathana ko sAdharmya udAharaNa kahA jAtA hai| sAdhya ke sAtha, viruddha-dharmatA se, jisa adhikaraNa meM sAdhya ke dharma arthAt sAdhana kA abhAva ho vaha vaidharmya dRSTAMta tathA usake kathana ko vaidharmya udAharaNa kahA jAtA hai| dhUma ke dvArA parvata meM agni ke sadbhAva ko siddha karane meM pAkazAlA sAdharmya dRSTAMta hai evaM jalAzaya vaidharmya dRSTAMta hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki sAdhya-sAdhanabhAva rUpa anvaya vyApti kA pratipAdana hone se sAdharmya dRSTAMta ko anvaya dRSTAMta tathA sAdhyAbhAva-sAdhanAbhAva rUpa vyatireka vyApti ke pratipAdaka vaidharmya dRSTAMta ko vyatireka dRSTAMta kahate haiN| 136 . vrAtya darzana

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dRSTAMta ke bodhaka vAkya ko udAharaNa kahA jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne dRSTAMta ke samyak abhidhAna ko udAharaNa kahA hai jabaki hemacandrAcArya Adi ne dRSTAMta vacana ko hI udAharaNa kahA hai| unhoMne samyak zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne samyak pada kA salakSya prayoga kiyA hai| samyak pada se yahAM niyata avinAbhAva hI abhipreta hai ataH niyata avinAbhAva se yukta dRSTAMta ke kathana ko hI udAharaNa kahA jA sakatA hai anya ko nhiiN| 'samyagdRSTAMtavacanamudAharaNam' isa udAharaNa lakSaNa meM samyakpada udAharaNAbhAsoM kI vyAvRti ke lie hI prayukta kiyA gayA hai| dRSTAMta aura udAharaNa meM vAcyavAcaka bhAva sambandha hotA hai isIlie dRSTAMta vacana ko udAharaNa kahA jAtA hai| doSoM kA AropaNa dRSTAMta meM hI hotA hai, isalie udAharaNAbhAsa bhI vastutaH dRSTAMtAbhAsa hI hai| tarkazAstra meM udAharaNAbhAsa tathA dRSTAMtAbhAsa donoM hI nAma pracalita haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne dRSTAntAbhAsa kA prayoga kiyA hai| unhoMne apane mantavya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki parArthAnumAna kA prasaMga hone se udAharaNa ke doSa dRSTAnta se utpanna hote haiM ataH unheM dRSTAnta doSa kahanA ucita hai| nyAyasAra meM bhAsarvajJa ne udAharaNAbhAsa kA lakSaNa dete hue kahA hai ki-'udAharaNalakSaNarahitAH udAharaNavadavabhAsamAnA udAharaNAbhAsAH' jo udAharaNa ke lakSaNa se rahita hote haiM kiMtu udAharaNa jaise pratIta hote haiM unheM udAharaNAbhAsa, dRSTAntAbhAsa athavA nidarzanAbhAsa kahate haiN| jisa prakAra sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya ke bheda se dRSTAnta ke do prakAra haiM vaise hI dRSTAntAbhAsa bhI do prakAra kA hai tathA inake avAntara bheda aneka hote haiN| parArtha anumAna ke prasaMga meM hetvAbhAsa kA nirUpaNa bahuta prAcIna hai| hetvAbhAsa kA vizada varNana kaNAdasUtra evaM nyAyasUtra donoM meM upalabdha hai kiMtu udAharaNAbhAsa kA ullekha hetvAbhAsa jitanA prAcIna nahIM hai kyoMki nyAyasUtra, nyAyabhASya tathA nyAyavArtika meM udAharaNAbhAsoM kA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| prazastapAda ke vaizeSika bhASya meM dRSTAMtAbhAsa kI carcA upalabdha hai| unhoMne isake lie nidarzana zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi unhoMne nidarzanAbhAsa sAmAnya kA pRthak se koI lakSaNa nahIM diyA hai kiMtu unake 'anena nidarzanAbhAsA nirastA bhavanti' isa vAkya meM nidarzanAbhAsa kA ullekha huA hai| dRSTAMtAbhAsoM kI saMkhyA vibhinna AcAryoM ne alaga-alaga svIkAra kI hai| diGnAgakRta nyAya praveza meM pAMca sAdharmya aura pAMca vaidharmya aise dasa dRSTAntAbhAsoM vrAtya darzana * 137

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kA ullekha hai| unhoMne ubhayAsiddha dRSTAntAbhAsa ke do avAntara bheda aura kie haiM jisase vastutaH nyAyapraveza ke anusAra chaha sAdharmya evaM chaha vaidharmya dRSTAMtAbhAsa phalita hote haiN| prazastapAda ne bhI inhIM bAraha dRSTAMtAbhAsoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jayantabhaTTa ne donoM prakAra ke udAharaNAbhAsoM ke pAMca-pAMca bhedoM kA sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA hai| jayantabhaTTa ne prathama tIna bhedoM ko vastudoSakRta tathA zeSa do ko vacanadoSakRta mAnA hai| dharmakIrti ne donoM prakAra ke udAharaNAbhAsoM ke nau-nau bheda kie haiN| kumArila ne cAra dRSTAntabhAsoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| prabhAkaramatAnuyAyI zAlikAnAtha ne cAra prakAra ke sAdharmyadRSTAMtAbhAsa batAe haiN| inhoMne vaidharmya dRSTAntabhAsoM kA ullekha hI nahIM kiyA hai kyoMki inake anusAra vaidharmya-dRSTAntAbhAsa kI koI upayogitA hI nahIM hai| jaiminI, zabara, yoga aura vedAnta meM dRSTAMtabhAsoM kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai| sAMkhya meM bhI kevala mAThara ne dRSTAntAbhAsoM kI dasa saMkhyA batAI hai para unakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| jJAta tathyoM ke AdhAra para jaina paraMparA meM sarvaprathama dRSTAMtAbhAsa kA ullekha siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra meM milatA hai| siddhasena ne dRSTAMtAbhAsa kI saMkhyA kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| mANikyanaMdI ne sAdharmya, vaidharmya dRSTAMtAbhAsa ke cAra-cAra bheda mAne haiN| vAdIdevasUri ne dharmakIrti kI taraha aThAraha dRSTAMtAbhAsa svIkAra kie haiN| dharmakIrti evaM vAdidevasUri ke dRSTAMtAbhAsoM ke udAharaNoM meM jahAM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza jhalakatA hai, vahIM hemacandrAcArya ne vizuddha tArkika dRSTi kA hI anugamana kiyA hai| hemacandrAcArya ne ATha sAdharmya ke evaM ATha vaidharmya ke isa prakAra solaha dRSTAMtAbhAsa svIkAra kie haiN| unhoMne ananvaya evaM avyatireka ko pRthak dRSTAMtAbhAsa nahIM mAnA hai, unakA maMtavya hai ki ATha sAdharmya ke dRSTAMtAbhAsa vastutaH ananvaya rUpa evaM ATha vaidharmya ke dRSTAMtAbhAsa avyatireka rUpa haiM ataH unakA pRthak se ullekha karanA ucita nahIM hai| solaha dRSTAMtAbhAsoM kA samAveza ina do meM hI ho jAtA hai| 138 - vrAtya darzana

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16. zAstrArtha meM jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA ke niyama prAcIna zAstroM meM tattva-carcA ke niyamoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| prArambha meM jJAna kI vRddhi, tattva-nirNaya Adi ke lie ciMtakoM meM paraspara carcA paricarcA / vAda-vivAda hote the / kAlAntara meM usa carcA ke uddezya meM parivartana ho gayA, jo kathA vItarAga kathA hotI thI, vaha vijigISu kathA meM pariNata ho gii| jaya-parAjaya vAda kA mukhya prayojana bana gyaa| jaba vAda meM jaya-parAjaya kI pramukhatA ho gaI taba nirNaya kiyA gayA ki kathA caturaMga honI cAhie arthAt sabhApati, sabhya, vAdI evaM prativAdI ye cAra pakSa kathA ke samaya anivArya rUpa se upasthita hone caahie| inameM se eka bhI yadi anupasthita ho to kathA nahIM ho sakatI / vAdI, prativAdI kA pakSa paraspara virodhI hotA hai| eka-dUsare se viparIta hotA hai / vAdI, prativAdI sabhA ke madhya apane-apane pakSa kA apane tarkoM ke dvArA samarthana karate haiN| eka-dUsare ke pakSa kA nirAkaraNa karate haiM / usake dvArA paraspara eka-dUsare kI jaya athavA parAjaya hotI hai| prAcIna graMthoM meM usa jaya / parAjaya ke niyama bane hue haiN| 1 naiyAyika darzana meM jaya-parAjaya ke niyamoM ko nigrahasthAna kahA gayA hai| nigraha arthAt tiraskAra / vAda ke samaya vAdI kA kartavya hotA hai ki vaha samyak sAdhana ke prayoga ke dvArA svapakSa kI siddhi kareM tathA prativAdI dvArA prastuta kie gae dUSaNoM kA uddhAra kreN| prativAdI kA yaha kartavya hotA hai ki vAdI ke pakSa ko dUSita batAkara svapakSa kI siddhi kre| jaba vAdI yA prativAdI kathA ke samaya apane kartavya nirvahana meM skhalita ho jAte haiM taba ve nigRhita ho jAte haiM, parAjaya ko prApta ho jAte haiM / naiyAyikoM ke anusAra sAmAnyatayA parAjaya ke do hetu banate haiM - vipratipati evaM apratipati / viruddha yA kutsita pratipati ko vipratipati kahate haiN| pramANa-mImAMsA 1 vrAtya darzana 136

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meM vipratipati ko paribhASita karate hue kahA - sAdhanAbhAse sAdhanabuddhirdUSaNAbhAse ca dUSaNabuddhiH vipratipatiH arthAt sAdhanAbhAsa ko sAdhana mAnanA tathA dUSaNAbhAsa ko dUSaNa mAnanA vipratipati nAma kA nigraha sthAna hai / apratipatitvArambhaviSaye'nArambhaH arthAt jo karanA cAhie vaha nahIM karanA tathA jo nahIM karanA cAhie use karanA apratipati nAma kA nigraha sthAna hai / ina do mukhya nigrahasthAna ke pratijJAhAni, pratijJAsaMnyAsa Adi bAIsa bheda kie gae haiN| jinameM ananubhASaNa, ajJAna, apratibhA, vikSepa evaM paryanuyojyopekSaNa apratipatti ke bheda haiM tathA avaziSTa sataraha vipratipati ke bheda haiN| nyAya paramparA meM akSapAda ne jina bAIsa nigraha sthAnoM kA varNana kiyA thA, Aja taka ve hI nigrahasthAna binA kisI parivartana evaM parivardhana ke nyAya paramparA meM svIkRta hai, caraka ne bhI nigraha sthAna kI carcA kI hai, unakI akSapAdavarNita nigrahasthAnoM se akSarakSaH samAnatA to nahIM hai kiMtu una donoM ke varNana kI AdhArabhUmi eka hI hai / bauddha paramparA ke prAcIna graMthoM meM nigrahasthAna kI carcA akSapAda tathA kahIM-kahIM para caraka jaisI hai / nyAyadarzana varNita nigrahasthAnoM ko hI unhoMne svIkAra kiyA kiMtu uttaravartI bauddha vidvAnoM ko parAjaya kI yaha vyavasthA ucita nahIM lagI ataH unhoMne nyAyasammata nigrahasthAna kA nirAkaraNa kara svasammata nigrahasthAna kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| bauddha vidvAna dharmakIrti ne apane 'vAda - nyAya' nAmaka grantha meM nigrahasthAna kA lakSaNa eka kArikA meM svataMtra rUpa se nirUpita kiyA hai tathA akSapAda ke nigrahasthAna ke vicAra kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| AcArya dharmakIrti ne vAda nyAya meM akSapAdasammata nigrahasthAna ke nirAkaraNa karate hue likhA ki samyak sAdhanA ko prastuta karane vAle vAdI kI isalie parAjaya nahIM ho sakatI ki vaha kucha kama yA jyAdA vaktavya de de athavA kisI amuka prakAra ke niyama kA pAlana na kreN| yadi usake pakSa kI siddhi ho jAtI hai to use parAjita kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai? ataH vAdI ke lie asAdhanAGgavacana aura prativAdI ke lie adoSodbhAvana ye do hI nigrahasthAna / parAjaya ke hetu mAnane cAhie / vAdI kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha nirdoSa aura pUrNa sAdhana bole / isI prakAra prativAdI kA bhI yaha kartavya hai ki vaha yathArtha doSoM kI udbhAvanA kare / yadi vAdI nirdoSa sAdhana kA kathana nahIM karatA hai athavA jo sAdhana ke aMga nahIM hai aise vacanoM ko bolatA hai to vaha asAdhanAGga nAma ke nigraha sthAna se nigRhIta ho jAtA hai / prativAdI yadi yathArtha doSoM kA udbhAvana na kare athavA jo doSa 140 vrAtya darzana

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nahIM hai unakA doSa rUpa meM kathana kare to vaha adoSodbhAvana nigrahasthAna se nigRhIta ho jAtA hai| AcArya dharmakIrti dvArA nirUpita nigrahasthAna bhI parAjaya kI samyak vyavasthA nahIM kara skte| unhoMne asAdhanAGvacana kI vividha prakAra kI vyAkhyA kI hai| unake anusAra anvaya yA vyatireka dRSTAnta meM se kevala eka dRSTAnta se hI sAdhya kI siddhi sambhava hai to donoM dRSTAMtoM kA prayoga karanA asAdhanAGgavacana hai| trirUpavacana hI sAdhanAGga hai, unameM se kisI eka kA bhI kathana na karanA asAdhanAGgavacana hai| pratijJA, nigamana Adi jo sAdhana ke aMga nahIM hai unakA kathana bhI asAdhanAGvacana hai| isI prakAra jo dUSaNa nahIM hai unheM dUSaNa rUpa meM prarUpita karanA evaM jo dUSaNa haiM unakA udbhAvana/prakaTIkaraNa na karanA adoSobhAvana hai| AcArya dharmakIrti ne ina do nigrahasthAnoM kA vizada vivecana karake bhI anta meM likhA hai ki jaya lAbha ke lie svapakSa siddhi evaM parapakSa kA nirAkaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| nyAya paraMparA meM chala, jAti Adi kA prayoktA apane pakSa kI siddhi kie binA chala Adi ke dvArA hI jaya ko prApta kara letA hai arthAt nyAya paraMparA ke anusAra jaya lAbha ke lie svapakSa kI siddhi karanA anivArya zarta nahIM hai| AcArya dharmakIrti ne isa siddhAMta ko mAnya nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne kahA chala Adi kA prayoga satyamUlaka nahIM hai ataH vayaM hai| tattvarakSaNArthaM sadbhirUpaharttavyameva chalAdi tasmAnna jyAyAnayaM tattvarakSaNopAyaH vAdanyAya pR. 71 chala Adi ke dvArA kisI ko gauNa kara dene mAtra se jaya nahIM ho sakatI hai ataeva dharmakIrti ke kathanAnusAra eka kI parAjaya se dUsare kI jaya honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| isa prakAra dharmakIrti ne nyAyadarzana sammata jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA meM saMzodhana kiyA kiMtu unake dvArA pradatta asAdhanAGgavacana evaM adoSodbhAvana kI vyavasthA bhI atyaMta jaTila evaM durUha ho gaI usameM saMzodhana jainAcArya bhaTTa akalaMka ne kiyaa| jaina tArkikoM ne nyAyaparamparA sammata evaM bauddhaparamparA sammata nigraha sthAnoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA nigrahasthAna ke dvArA nahIM kI ataH akSapAda sammata bAIsa evaM bauddha sammata do nigrahasthAnoM kI unhoMne samIkSA kii| bhaTTa akalaMka ne sarvaprathama jaina paramparA meM jaya-parAjaya kI svataMtra vrAtya darzana , 141

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vyavasthA kii| unake anusAra svapakSa kI siddhi kara denA jaya evaM svapakSa kI siddhi na kara pAnA parAjaya hai| nirduSTa sAdhana vola kara svapakSa siddhi karane vAlA vAdI yadi kucha kama yA adhika bola bhI jAtA hai to usakI parAjaya nahIM ho sktii| prativAdI dvArA viruddha hetvAbhAsa kI udbhAvanA kara dene se hI usakI jaya ho jAtI hai phira use svatantra rUpa se apane pakSa ko siddha karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| prativAdI dvArA vAdI ke hetu meM asiddha athavA anekAntika hetvAbhAsa kI udbhAvanA karane para vAdI kI to parAjaya ho jAtI hai kiMtu prativAdI kI jaya taba hI hotI hai jaba vaha apane pakSa kI bhI siddhi kre| AcArya akalaMka dvArA sthApita jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA ko unake uttaravartI sabhI jaina tArkikoM ne eka svara se svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra bhI akalaMka kI usI paramparA kA anugamana karate hue kahate haiM ki 'svapakSasya siddhirjayaH, asiddhiH praajyH'| jainatArkikoM kI jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA navIna prakAra kI thI tathA nyAya vikAsa ke sampUrNa itihAsa meM yaha antima vyavasthA hai| isa vyavasthA kA kisI ne nirAkaraNa abhI taka nahIM kiyA hai| jaya-parAjaya ke sambandha meM jainoM kI yaha mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi evaM svIkRti hai| 142 . vrAtya darzana

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17. jAtyuttara evaM usakA samAdhAna sAdhana meM vidyamAna asiddha, viruddha Adi doSoM kA prakaTIkaraNa dUSaNa kahalAtA hai, jaisA ki pramANa -mImAMsA meM AcArya hemacandra ne dUSaNa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA - 'sAdhanadoSodbhAvanaM dUSaNaM / ' anumAna meM koI doSa nahIM hai phira bhI avidyamAna doSoM kA prakAzana karanA dUSaNAbhAsa kahalAtA hai / jisako AcArya hemacandra ne jAtyuttara bhI kahA hai / abhUtadoSodbhAvanAni dUSaNAbhAsA jAtyuttarANi / jAtyuttara ko saMkSepa meM jAti bhI kahA jAtA hai 1 asad uttara ko jAti kahA jAtA hai / nyAya ke kSetra meM dUSaNAbhAsoM arthAt jAti kI vizad carcA upalabdha hotI hai / dUSaNa evaM dUSaNAbhAsoM ke nirUpaNa kA prAthamika zreya gautama kI nyAya sUtra paramparA ko hai / vaidika graMthoM meM hI inakA sabase prAcIna ullekha milatA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM inakA praveza vaidika graMthoM evaM vaidika vidvAnoM ke sAtha saMparka hone se hI huA hai| jaina paramparA meM to inakA praveza bahuta bAda meM huA / bauddha ke sAtha vAda, carcA ke daurAna hI ( inakA ) jAti Adi kA jainanyAya ke sAhitya meM praveza huA hai| jaina paramparA meM siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra meM jAti kA prathama ullekha prApta hotA hai, tatpazcAt to adhikAMza jaina tArkikoM ke graMthoM meM inakA ullekha huA hai / 1 upAlambha, pratiSedha, dUSaNa, khaNDana, uttara ityAdi paraspara paryAyavAcI zabda haiM / dUpaNa artha meM inakA prayoga huA hai / vibhinna dArzanikoM ne eka hI artha meM ina vibhinna zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| upAlambha, pratiSedha Adi zabda nyAya - sUtra meM prayukta hue haiN| dUSaNa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga inake bhASya meM huA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM khaNDana evaM dUSaNa zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina sAhitya meM bhinna-bhinna graMthoM meM upAlambha, dUSaNa Adi sabhI zabdoM ke prayoga upalabdha hote haiM / vrAtya darzana 143

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jAti, asaduttara, asamyak khaNDana, dUSaNAbhAsa Adi paraspara ekArthavAcI zabda haiN| jAti kA prayoga pramukha rUpa se nyAya paramparA ke sAhitya meM huA hai| bauddha ke prAcIna graMthoM meM asamyak khaNDana tathA jAti zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| diGganAga se lekara sabhI bauddha tArkikoM ke graMthoM meM dUSaNAbhAsa ke prayoga kA prAdhAnya rahA hai| jaina tarka graMthoM meM jAti, mithyottara aura dUSaNAbhAsa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| sabhI paramparAoM ke tarka graMthoM meM dUSaNa tathA dUSaNAbhAsoM kI carcA kA mukhya uddezya yahI mAnA gayA hai ki inakA yathArthajJAna prApta ho jAe, jisase vAdI svayaM apane sthApanA vAkya meM una doSoM se baca jAe aura prativAdI dvArA udbhAvita dUSaNAbhAsoM meM doSa dikhAkara apane pakSa ko nirduSTa sthApita kara de| isI prayojana ke AdhAra para sabhI paramparA ke tArkikoM ne apane graMthoM meM inakA yathAyogya varNana kiyA hai| tarkagraMthoM meM inakA vivecana hone para bhI inake prayoga ke viSaya meM tArkikoM kA mataikya nahIM hai| vaidika paramparA meM chala, jAti Adi ke prayoga kI svIkRti prAraMbha se hI rahI hai| nyAyadarzana meM to chala, jAti evaM nigrahasthAna ko solaha tattvoM ke antargata svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddha paramparA ke prAcIna graMtha upAya-hRdaya Adi meM jAtyuttara ke prayoga kA samarthana prApta hotA hai kintu uttaravartI bauddha paramparA meM jAtyuttara kA ullekha to hai kintu unake prayoga kA sarvathA niSedha hai| jaina paramparA ke tarka graMthoM meM jAti Adi kA ullekha to prApta hotA hai kintu inake prayoga kA prAraMbha se hI niSedha rahA hai| chala, jAtiyukta kathA karaNIya hai yA nahIM? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM jaina tArkikoM ne eka svara se kahA-chala, jAtiyukta kathA karaNIya nahIM hai, vaha sarvathA tyAjya hai| yadyapi kucha-kucha jaina tarka graMthoM meM unake AMzika svIkRti kA kSINa svara sunAI detA hai kintu yaha sujhAva kabhI bhI jaina tArkikoM ko svIkAra nahIM ho sktaa| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI chala, jAti Adi ke svarUpa kA vimarza kiyA kintu inake prayoga kI anumati nahIM dI tathA jaina kI prakRti hI aisI hai ki vaha inake prayoga kI anumati apanI vairAgya pradhAna AcAra-mImAMsIya pRSThabhUmi ke kAraNa de hI nahIM sktaa| jAti kI saMkhyA ananta hai ataH unakI gaNanA saMbhava nahIM hai phira bhI nyAsa-sUtroM meM 24 jAti kA ullekha akSapAda ne kiyA hai| hemacandrAcArya ne bhI unhIM kA ullekha kiyA hai| asamyaka uttara ko hI jAti kahA jAtA hai| jaba koI vAdI udAharaNa sAdharmya se apane sAdhya kI siddhi karatA hai taba prativAdI 144 . vrAtya darzana

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vyApti kI upekSA karake udAharaNa vaidharmya se vAdI ke sAdhya kI asiddhi dikhalAtA hai athavA vAdI udAharaNa ke vaidharmya se apane sAdhya ko siddha karatA hai, taba prativAdI udAharaNa ke sAdharmya se vAdI ke sAdhya kI asiddhi dikhalAtA hai, isa prakAra vAdI ke kathana meM prativAdI mithyA doSa kI udbhAvanA karatA hai, use jAti kahA jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne jAti kA sAmAnya lakSaNa karate huye kahA hai ki-'prayukte hi hetau samIkaraNAbhiprAyeNa prasaMgo jAti' arthAt kisI sAdhya vizeSa ke anumAna ke lie vAdI dvArA hetu kA prayoga karane para prativAdI vAdI ke pakSa ke sAtha samAnatA ke abhiprAya se jo doSodbhAvana karatA hai, use jAti kahate haiN| jAti ke caubIsa hI bhedoM ke pIche sama zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaise-sAdharmyasama, vaidharmyasama aadi| sama zabda kI vyAkhyA aneka prakAra se kI gaI hai| udayanAcArya ke anusAra jAtivAdI dUsare ke sAdhana ke samAna apanA bhI virodha karatA hai, ataH dUsare ke samAna apanA vyAghAta karane ke kAraNa yaha uttarasama kahalAtA hai| yadyapi prativAdI kA uttara hetu se adhika uttama nahIM hai, tathApi yadi vAdI jAti (asad uttara) se ghabarAkara uttara na de sake to use bhI prativAdI ke samAna niranuyojyAnuyoga nigrahasthAna kA pAtra bananA hogaa| jisase vAdI aura prativAdI donoM samAna ho jaaeNge| sama zabda kA prayoga yaha abhiprAya bhI abhivyakta karatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne chala ko bhI jAti kI taraha asaduttara hone ke kAraNa jAtyuttara hI mAnA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke mantavya ke anusAra chala athavA jAti ina sabakA pratisamAdhAna yathArtha uttara ke dvArA hI karanA caahie| pramANa-mImAMsA meM isa maMtavya kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai-'pratisamAdhAnaM tu sarvajAtInAmanyathAnupapattilakSaNAnumAnaparIkSaNameva / ' pramANamImAMsA meM pratyeka jAti kA alaga-alaga uttara nahIM diyA gayA hai jabaki akSapAda, bhAsarvajJa Adi ne sabhI jAtiyoM kA pRthak-pRthak uttara diyA hai| jAtyuttara evaM unake samAdhAna ko saMkSepa meM yahAM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| 1-2 sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya jAti sAdharmya ke dvArA nirAsa karanA sAdharmyasamA jAti hai| jaise-zabda anitya hai, kRtaka hone se, ghaTa kI trh| aisA anumAna karane para sAdharmya prayoga ke dvArA hI usakA nirAsa kara denA, jaise zabda nitya hai kyoMki niravayava haiM, jaise aakaash| ghaTa ke samAna kataka hone se zabda anitya hai to AkAza ke samAna niravayava hone se zabda nitya hai arthAt zabda ghaTa kI taraha kRtaka hone se anitya hai to vrAtya darzana * 145

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niravayava hone se AkAza kI taraha nitya bhI honA caahie| vaidharmya ke dvArA khaNDana karanA vaidharmyasamA jAti hai| jaise-zabda anitya hai kRtaka hone se vaidharmya se isI anumAna kA prayoga karane para vahI virodhI hetu prayukta karanA, jaise-zabda nitya haiM, kyoMki niravayava hai jo anitya hotA hai, vaha sAvayava dekhA jAtA hai jaise-ghaTa aadi| ghaTa ke samAna kataka hone se yadi zabda anitya hai to ghaTa ke viparIta niravayava hone se nitya hai arthAta ghaTa se asadRza arthAt niravayava hone se zabda nitya hai, aisA prayoga hI vaidharmyasamA jAti hai| jAti samAdhAna sAdharmyasama evaM vaidhaya'samajAti vAdI dvArA anumAna prayoga-anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat prativAdI dvArA anumAna prayoga-'nityaH zabdo niravayavatvAdAkAzavat' vAdI ne yahAM para anvayavyApti ke AdhAra para hetu kA utthAna kiyA hai| zabda aura ghaTa ke katakatva rUpa sAdharmya ke AdhAra para zabda ko vAdI dvArA anitya batalAne para prativAdI zabda aura AkAza meM niravayavatA ke sAdharmya se zabda ko nitya batalAtA hai ataH yahAM para prativAdI ke dvArA sAdharmya se prayukta hetu kA sAdharmya se pratiSedha karane se yaha sAdharmyasama jAti kahalAtI hai| vaidharmya vAdI-anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt yanna kRtakaM tannAnityam, yathA AkAzaH prativAdI-nityaH zabdaH niravayavatvAt yanna niravayavaM tanna nityaM, yathA ghaTaH yadanityaM tad sAvayavaM, yathA-ghaTaH sAdhya ke avinAbhAvI sAdhana vizeSa se hI sAdhya kI siddhi ho sakatI hai, dRSTAMta kI sAmyatA mAtra se sAdhya siddha nahIM ho sktaa| sAdhya siddhi ke lie hetu kA nirduSTa honA anivArya hai| sAdharmya evaM vaidha-sama jAti meM jAtivAdI dvArA prayukta hetu apane sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha se nahIM rahatA hai jabaki vAdI dvArA prayukta hetu apane sAdhya meM avinAbhAva se raha rahA hai| vAdI dvArA prayukta kRtakatva hetu apane svasAdhya anityatva meM avinAbhAva se rahatA hai arthAt jo kRtaka hogA vaha anitya hogA hI jabaki prativAdI dvArA 146 . vrAtya darzana

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prayukta 'niravayavatva' hetu apane sAdhya nityatva ke sAtha avinAbhAvI nahIM hai kyoMki anitya vastueM bhI niravayava dekhI jAtI haiM, jaise-jnyaan| jJAna niravayava hone para bhI anitya hai| ataH samasta anityoM meM vidyamAna tathA samasta nityoM meM avidyamAna avinAbhUta kRtakatvAdi dharma hI anityatva ko siddha karane meM samartha hai, na ki avinAbhAva rahita niravayatvAdi dharma, kyoMki niravayavatva hetu nitya evaM anitya donoM meM raha rahA hai ataH yaha hetu anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa se dUSita hai tathA jaina darzana ke anusAra zabda paudgalika hai ataH sAvayava hai, isIlie prativAdI dvArA prayukta hetu pakSAsiddha bhI hai, kyoMki vaha pakSa zabda meM raha hI nahIM rahA hai tathA AkAza kA dRSTAMta bhI sAdhana vikala hai kyoMki AkAzapradezoM kI apekSA se tathA ghaTAkAza, paTAkAza Adi kI apekSA se AkAza bhI sAvayava hai ataH niravayavatva hetu se AkAza rUpa dRSTAMta rahita hai| 3-4 utkarSa arthAt adhikatA aura apakarSa arthAt nyUnatA ke dvArA nirasana karanA kramazaH utkarSasamA evaM apakarSasamA jAti hai| 'zabda anitya hai kRtaka hone se' isa anumAna meM dRSTAMta ke kisI dharma kA prativAdI sAdhya dharmI meM jor3akara utkarSasamA jAti kA prayoga karatA hai jaise-yadi ghaTa kI taraha kRtaka hone se zabda anitya hai taba zabda ko ghaTa kI taraha mUrta bhI honA cAhie yadi zabda mUrta nahIM hai to ghaTa kI taraha anitya bhI nahIM honA caahie| isa prakAra zabda meM dRSTAMta ke anya dharma kI adhikatA kA samAveza karate haiM arthAt zabda meM mUrtatA dharma ko aura jor3ate haiN| isI ko utkarSasamA jAti kahate haiN| apakarSa ke dvArA nirAsa karate hue kahate haiM ki ghaTa kRtaka hotA hai tathA azrAvaNa bhI hai, sunAI nahIM detA hai| isI prakAra zabda ko bhI azrAvaNa honA caahie| yadi ghaTa kI taraha zabda azrAvaNa nahIM hai to use ghaTa kI taraha anitya bhI nahIM honA caahie| isa prakAra zabda ke zrAvaNatva dharma kA apakarSa karate haiN| yahI apakarSasamA jAti hai| 5-6 varNya evaM avarNya dvArA khaNDana karanA (kramazaH) varNyasamA evaM avarNyasamA jAti hai jisakA kathana kiyA jAtA hai use varNya aura jisakA kathana nahIM kiyA jAtA hai use avarNya kahate haiN| siddha karane yogya sAdhya kA dharma varNya evaM dRSTAMta kA dharma avarNya kahalAtA hai| sAdhya evaM dRSTAMta ke dharma rUpa ina varNya aura avarNya kA viparyaya karatA huA arthAt sAdhya dharma ko dRSTAMta dharma evaM dRSTAMta dharma ko sAdhya dharma banAtA huA prativAdI kramazaH varNya evaM avarNya jAti kA prayoga karatA hai, jisa prakAra se kRtakatva zabda kA dharma hai usa prakAra se ghaTa kA dharma nahIM vrAtya darzana . 147

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hai tathA jaise vaha ghaTa kA dharma hai vaise zabda kA dharma nahIM hai arthAt zabda kA kRtakatva anya prakAra kA hai tathA ghaTa kA kRtakatva anya prakAra kA hai| zabda anya prakAra se utpanna hai tathA ghaTa anya prakAra se utpanna hotA hai 1 samAna dharma vAle anya padArtha ke dharma ke bheda se khaNDana karanA vikalpasamA jAti hai, jaise koI-koI kRtaka padArtha mRdu dekhA jAtA hai, jaise mRgacarma kI zayyA / koI-koI kRtaka padArtha kaThora dekhe jAte haiM, jaise kuThAra Adi, vaise hI koI kRtaka padArtha anitya hoMge, ghaTa Adi / koI kRtaka padArtha nitya hoMge, jaise zabda Adi / 7 samAna dharma vAle padArthoM meM vidyamAna dharmabheda ke sAmya se prakRta meM bhI dharmabheda mAnakara aniSTa dharma kA ApAdana karanA vikalpasamA jAti hai / jaise- buddhi, paTa aura ghaTa tInoM kRtaka haiM parantu jaise buddhi amUrta hai, paTa mUrta, ghaTa ktthin| isa taraha kRtaka padArthoM meM dharmabheda anubhava siddha hai / isI prakAra ghaTa kI taraha zabda ke kRtaka hone para bhI unameM nityatva evaM anityatva avAntara dharmabheda mAnakara zabda meM kRtakatva ke avAntara dharma nityatva kA ApAdana vikalpasamA jAti hai / sAdhya ke sAtha samAnatA dikhalAkara nirAsa karanA sAdhyasamA jAti hai| yathA-yadi jaisA ghaTa hai vaisA hI zabda hai, taba to isakA artha huA jaisA zabda hai vaisA hI ghaTa hai aura zabda jaba sAdhya hai taba ghaTa ko bhI sAdhya honA cAhie arthAt ghaTa evaM zabda ko sadRza batAkara eka ke sAdhya hone se dUsaroM ko bhI sAdhya batAnA sAdhyasamA jAti hai| jabaki donoM ko ekatra sAdhya banAnA kAmya nahIM hai| jaba donoM hI sAdhya haiM taba eka sAdhya dUsare sAdhya kA dRSTAnta nahIM ho sktaa| yadi aisA nahIM hai taba donoM eka dUsare se vilakSaNa hone ke kAraNa ghaTa kA adRSTAMta honA hI yauktika hai arthAt ghaTa rUpa dRSTAMta zabda se vilakSaNa hone ke kAraNa zabda kI anityatA siddha meM dRSTAnta nahIM bana sakatA / jAti samAdhAna utkarSasama, apakarSasama, varNyasama, avarNyasama, vikalpasama evaM sAdhya sama ina chahoM jAtiyoM kA prayoga jAtivAdI sAdhya evaM dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para karatA hai ataH nyAyasUtrakAra ne eka hI sUtra se ina chahoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai- 'kiMcitsAdharmyAdupasaMhArasiddhevaidharmyAdapratiSedhaH ( nyAyasUtra 5 / 1/6) 148 * vrAtya darzana

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sUtra meM Agata upasaMhAra zabda kramazaH dRSTAnta tathA sAdhya kA bodhaka hai| siddhi kA artha nizcaya hai| mahAnasa Adi sapakSa tathA parvata Adi pakSa meM dhUmavattvarUpa sAdhana kA kiJcit sAdharmya hI hai pUrNa sAdharmya nahIM hai| kiJcit sAdharmya se inameM upasaMhAra arthAt sAdhyadRSTAntabhAva vyavasthA ho jAtI hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki parvata Adi pakSa evaM mahAnasa Adi dRSTAMta ke sabhI dharma samAna ho| pakSa evaM sapakSa meM sarvathA sAdharmya na hone para bhI unameM sarvaloka prasiddha sAdhya dRSTAnta vyavasthA hone meM koI Apatti nahIM hai| isIlie yaha mAnanA hogA ki sAdhya aura dRSTAnta meM kiJcit sAdharmya se sAdhya, dRSTAnta bhAva vyavasthA ho jAne para anya asamAnatAoM ke AdhAra para usa vyavasthA kA pratiSedha ucita nahIM hai| zabda rUpa sAdhya evaM ghaTa rUpa dRSTAnata meM kiJcit sAdharmya hai usI ke AdhAra para unakI sAdhyadRSTAntabhAva vyavasthA ho jAtI hai ataH utkarSa, apakarSa Adi jAtyuttara isa anumAna ke utthAna ko dUSita nahIM kara sakate haiN| 'anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' yaha nirdoSa anumAna hai| 6-10 prApti aura aprApti ke vikalpa ke dvArA nirAsa karanA kramazaH prApti samA aura aprApti samA jAti hai| yathA-zabda ko siddha karane ke lie jo kRtakatva hetu sAdhana rUpa meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai to kyA vaha kRtakatva sAdhana, sAdhya ko prApta karake siddha karatA hai athavA binA prApta kiye hI sAdhya ko siddha kara detA hai? yadi prApta karake siddha karatA hai taba prApti to do vidyamAna padArthoM kI hI hotI hai| eka vidyamAna ho eka avidyamAna ho to prApti nahIM ho sakatI aura donoM ke hI vidyamAna hone se kauna kisakA sAdhya evaM sAdhana banegA, yadi aisA kahA jAye ki yaha kRtakatva hetu sAdhya ko prApta kiye binA hI sAdhana bana jAtA hai? yaha kathana yukti saMgata nahIM hai| aisA hone se atiprasaMga ho jAyegA arthAt koI kisI ko bhI siddha kara degaa| jAti samAdhAna prAptisama aura aprAptisama jAti kA nirAkaraNa karate hue nyAsUtrakAra ne kahA hai ki-ghaTAdiniSpattidarzanAt pIDane cAbhicArAdapratiSedhaH (nyA. sU. 5/1/8) isa sUtra ke prathamArdha meM prAptisama kA khaNDana hai aura uttarArdha meM aprAptisama kA khaNDana hai| ___prAptisama-jaise mRtpiNDa aura kumbhakAra saMyukta hai tathApi kumbhakAra Adi ke dvArA mRtpiNDa hI ghaTarUpa se nirmita hotA hai na ki mRtpiNDa kumbhakAra kA nirmANa vrAtya darzana * 146

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karatA hai| pradIpa aura ghaTa saMyukta hai parantu pradIpa hI ghaTa ko prakAzita karatA, ghaTa pradIpa ko prakAzita nahIM kara sktaa| isI prakAra vahni dhUma saMyukta hai / parantu sAdhakatva dhUma meM hI hai, vahni meM nahIM hai - yaha loka vyavasthA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki kucha kArya prApti se hote haiM jaise ghaTa kA niSpAdana | kartA - kumbhakAra, karaNa- daNDa, cakra Adi tathA adhikaraNa- bhUtala Adi, ina sabakA mRtpiNDa ke sAtha saMyoga prApti hone se hI hotA hai / aprAptisama - zatru pIDana ke lie jo abhicAra - mAraNa kriyAyeM kI jAtI haiM unameM kriyAkAraka ke sAtha zatru kA sammelana nahIM hotA hai phira bhI abhicAra karma dUrastha puruSa se saMyukta na hotA huA bhI use pIDita kara detA hai ataH yaha koI aikAntika niyama nahIM hai ki hetu sAdhya se saMyukta athavA asaMyukta hokara hI sAdhya kI siddhi kare ataH prApti yA aprApti se sAdhya sAdhanabhAva kA pratiSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / 11 atiprasaMga ko upasthita karake nirAsa karanA prasaMgasamA jAti hai / jaise-yadi anityatva ko siddha karane meM kRtakatva sAdhana hai taba kRtakatva ko siddha karane ke lie kyA hetu hai aura usa kRtakatva ko siddha karane vAle hetu ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kauna-sA hetu hai ? isa prakAra hetu kA kahIM anta hI nahIM hogA / anavasthA doSa hone se yaha prasaMgasamAjAti hai / 12 virodhI dRSTAnta ke dvArA khaNDana karanA pratidRSTAntasamA jAti hai / jaise- zabda anitya hai kyoMki prayatnajanya hai jaise-ghaTa / vAdI ke dvArA aisA kahane para jAtivAdI kahatA hai jaise-ghaTa prayatnajanya hone se anitya dekhA jAtA hai vaise hI vyatireka dRSTAntarUpa AkAza nitya hote hue bhI prayatnajanita dekhA jAtA hai kyoMki kUpa khanana ke prayatna ke pazcAt AkAza kA upalaMbha arthAt prApti hotI hai / jAti samAdhAna prasaMgasamA jAti kA nirAkaraNa karate hue nyAyasUtrakAra ne kahA ki - 'pradIpo - pAdAnaprasaMganivRttivattadvinivRttiH' ( nyAyasUtra 5/1/10) jisa prakAra ghaTa Adi ke prakAzana ke lie upAdIyamAna pradIpa ke svaprakAzI hone se usa pradIpa ko prakAzita karane ke lie anya pradIpa kI apekSA nahIM hotI, usI prakAra dRSTAnta meM anitya Adi dharma kI siddhi ke lie anya dRSTAMta kI apekSA nahIM hai, kyoMki usameM anityatA anya dRSTAnta ke binA pratyakSa pramANa se 150 * vrAtya darzana

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hI siddha hai aura pratyakSa meM kisI dRSTAnta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| pratidRSTAnta sama jAti kA nirAkaraNa sUtrakAra ne 'pratidRSTAnta hetutve ca nAheturdRSTAMtaH' (nyAyasUtra 5/1/11) sUtra se kiyA hai arthAt prativAdI ne vAdI ke anumAna meM pratidRSTAnta kA kathana mAtra kiyA hai, kintu dRSTAnta meM kisI prakAra ke doSa kA udbhAvana nahIM kiyA hai ataH dRSTAMta nirduSTa hai aura vaha sAdhya kA sAdhaka hai| pratidRSTAnta ke kathana mAtra se dRSTAnta sAdhya kA asAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai tathA pratidRSTAnta kA sAdhakatva mAnane vAle ko dRSTAnta kA sAdhakatva mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| jaba taka dRSTAnta kisI balavattara pramANa se bAdhita na ho taba taka pratidRSTAnta ke rahate hue bhI dRSTAnta kA sAdhakatva svIkAra karanA hogaa| 13 anutpatti arthAt ajanyatva ke dvArA khaNDana karanA anutpatti samA jAti hai| jaise-zabda nAma ke dharmI ke utpanna nahIM hone para kRtakatva nAma kA dharma kahAM rahatA hai? arthAt vaha hetu hotA hI nahIM hai| isa prakAra hetu kA abhAva hone se anityatva kI siddhi bhI nahIM hotii| 14 pahale jo sAdharmyasamA evaM vaidharmyasamA jAti kahI gayI thI, unakA hI saMzaya ke dvArA upasaMhAra hone se saMzayasamAjAti hotI hai| jaise-kyA ghaTa ke samAna kRtaka hone se zabda anitya hai athavA ghaTa se vilakSaNa evaM AkAza ke sadRza niravayava hone se nitya hai? arthAt zabda kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke bAre meM saMdeha banA rahatA hai| jAti samAdhAna anutpattisama jAti kA samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne 'tathAbhAvAdutpannasya kAraNopapatterna kAraNapratiSedhaH' (nyAyasUtra 5/1/13) sUtra ke dvArA kiyA hai| kisI vastu ko nitya yA anitya tabhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jaba usakA svarUpa siddha ho| khapuSpa ke samAna jisakA svarUpa hI siddha nahIM ho, use nitya yA anitya kucha bhI nahIM kaha sakate ataH utpatti se pUrva zabda rUpa dharmI kI sattA na hone se usameM nityatva dharma kI sattA kaise kahI jA sakatI hai? prayatnapUrvaka uccArita zabda kA svarUpa jaba niSpanna ho jAtA hai taba usameM anityatA kA sAdhaka kAryatva hetu utpanna ho jAtA hai, ataH nitya zabda kI utpatti anupapanna hone se hetu ko anutpatti sama batalAnA anucita hai| saMzayasama jAti kA samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne 'sAdhAtsaMzaye na saMzayo vaidhAdubhayathA vrAtya darzana - 151

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vA saMzaye'tyantasaMzayaprasaMgo nityatvAnabhyupagamAcca sAmAnyasyApratiSedhaH (nyAyasUtra 5/1/15) isa sUtra dvArA kiyA hai| kisI sAdharmya ke kAraNa saMzaya hone para vaidharmya ke dvArA saMzaya kI nivRtti ho jAtI hai| sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya donoM se hI saMzaya mAnane para atyanta saMzaya hogA aura usakI nivRtti nahIM hogI tathA sAmAnya sarvadA saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM hotA arthAt vizeSa darzanakAla meM sAmAnya darzana saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai anyathA sira, hAtha, pAMva Adi vizeSa darzana kAla meM UrdhvatA Adi dharma puruSa meM saMzaya ke kAraNa ho jAyeMge kintu aisA hotA nahIM hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki sAmAnyadharma darzana se saMzaya tabhI taka hotA hai jaba taka vizeSa darzana na ho| jaba puruSa meM vyApta sira, hAtha Adi vizeSa kA darzana ho jAne para UrdhvatA Adi sAmAnya sAmagrI saMzaya ko janma nahIM de sktii| prastuta anumAna meM kRtakatva hetu vizeSa darzana hai ataH usake sadbhAva meM zabda kRtaka hone se ghaTa kI taraha anitya hai athavA niravayava hone se AkAza kI taraha nitya hai isa saMzaya kA utthAna hI nahIM ho sktaa| 15 dUsare arthAt pratipakSI pakSa ko upasthita karane vAlI buddhi ke dvArA prayukta vahI sAdharmyasamA athavA vaidharmyasamA jAti prakaraNasamA ho jAtI hai| vahIM para arthAt usI anumAna vAkya meM zabda anitya hai kRtaka hone se ghaTa kI taraha aisA vAdI ke dvArA prayoga karane para jAtivAdI kahatA hai, zabda nitya hai kyoMki vaha zrAvaNa-sunA jAtA hai jaise-shbdtv| prakaTIkaraNa ke prakAra kA bheda mAtra hone se isa jAti ko bhinna kahA gayA hai| prakaraNasamA jAti meM jAtivAdI eka naye pakSa ko upasthita karake sAdhana kA khaNDana karatA hai| vAdI kRtakatva hetu ke dvArA zabda kI anityatA siddha karatA hai aura usake samarthana meM ghaTa kA dRSTAnta detA hai| vAdI kA yaha anumAna nirduSTa hai phira bhI prativAdI use nirAkRta karane kA prayatna karatA hai| vAdI ne zabda vizeSa ko sAdhya banAkara kRtakatva hetu se anityatA siddha kI hai| prativAdI zabda ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa ina do rUpoM meM se zabda ke sAmAnya rUpa ko sAmane rakhakara nayA pakSa sthApita kara detA hai| apane anumAna ko prastuta karate hue vaha kahatA hai ki zabda nitya hai kyoMki sunAI detA hai| jaise-shbdtv| zabdatva sAmAnya hai| sAmAnya nitya hotA hai isa kAraNa zabda bhI nitya hogaa| 16 hetu kI traikAlika anupapatti ke dvArA khaNDana karanA ahetusamA jAti hai| hetu arthAt saadhn| vaha sAdhana sAdhya se pahale hotA hai, yA sAdhya ke pazcAt hotA hai athavA sAdhya ke sAtha hI hotA hai? yadi vaha sAdhana sAdhya se pahale hotA 152 . vrAtya darzana

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hai to batAye ki sAdhya ke abhAva meM vaha kisakA sAdhana hogA? jaba sAdhya hI nahIM hai to sAdhana kaisA ? yadi sAdhana, sAdhya ke bAda meM hotA hai, taba isakA artha huA ki sAdhya, sAdhana se pahale hI vidyamAna hai, sAdhana se pahale hI sAdhya ke siddha ho jAne para bAda meM sAdhana kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? yadi sAdhya aura sAdhana eka sAtha yugapat hote haiM, taba gau ke dAye bAyeM sIMga ke samAna sAtha-sAtha vAle do padArthoM meM sAdhya-sAdhana bhAva hI nahIM hogA arthAt trikAla meM hI koI vastu kisI kA hetu bana hI nahIM sakegI / jAti samAdhAna prakaraNasama doSa kA parihAra sUtrakAra ne 'pratipakSAtprakaraNasiddheH pratiSedyAnupapattiH pratipakSopapatteH' ( nyAyasUtra 5 / 1 / 17 ) isa sUtra se kiyA hai / vAdi sammata prathama sAdhana se vAdipakSa kI siddhi ho jAne para usa hetu kI nirdoSatA ke kAraNa dvitIya pakSa kA utthAna hI nahIM ho sakatA ataH prakaraNa sama kI pravRtti ho hI nahIM sakatI / zabda kI anityatA kA sAdhaka kRtakatva hetu nirdoSa hai, isa nirduSTa hetu ke dvArA zabda kI anityatA siddha ho jAne para zabda kI nityatA ko siddha karane ke lie prayukta niravayava hetu kA utthAna hI saMbhava nahIM hai ataH yahAM para 'prakaraNasama jAti' ke dvArA doSa kI udbhAvanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai I ahetusama jAti kA samAdhAna karate hue sUtrakAra ne 'na hetutaH sAdhya siddhe traikAlyAsiddhi:' ( nyAyasUtra 5 / 1 / 16 ) isa sUtra kA ullekha kiyA hai| vastu kI kAlika asiddhi nahIM hai kyoMki hetu se sAdhya kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| kArya kA karanA tathA jJApya kA jJApana ye donoM hI jisa samaya hote haiM usa samaya ve apane kAraNa se hI hote haiM, yaha anubhava siddha hai / yadi loka siddha sAdhya sAdhanabhAva kA kutarka se apalApa kiyA jAye taba to phira sabhI hetu ahetu ho jAeMge aura kisI kI bhI kahIM para bhI pravRtti, nivRtti hI nahIM ho sakegI ataH hetu se sAdhya kI siddhi mAnanI hI hogI / sAdhyoM ke sAtha hetuoM kA pUrvabhAva, aparabhAva aura sahabhAva anubhava ke anusAra mAnA jAtA hai / jaise - kAraka hetu sadA sAdhya kArya se pahale hI hote haiN| koI jJApaka hetu sAdhya se pUrva tathA koI pazcAt bhAvI bhI hotA hai / jJAyamAna rUpa Adi ke jJApaka cakSu, sUrya Adi pUrvabhAvI hetu haiM / agni tathA AtmA ke jJApaka hetu dhUma, icchA Adi guNa sAdhya agni Adi ke kArya hone vrAtya darzana * 153

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se pazcAdbhAvI haiN| koI jJApaka hetu sAdhya sahabhAvI hotA hai| jaise-rUpa Adi sparzAdi ke jJApaka haiM aura ve jJApya, jJApaka dravya meM sAtha utpanna hone se sahabhAvI haiM ataH kRtakatva Adi hetu kI traikAlika asiddhi na hone se 'ahetusama jAti' se doSa udbhAvana asaMbhava hai| 17 arthApatti dvArA khaNDana karanA arthApattisamA jAti hai| yadi anitya ke sAdharmya se kRtaka hone se zabda anitya hai to isakA artha yaha huA ki nitya ke sAdharmya se zabda nitya bhI hai| isa zabda kI nitya AkAza ke sAtha niravayavatA ke kAraNa samAnatA hai| doSa prakaTIkaraNa ke prakAra ke bheda se hI isako pRthak jAti kahA gayA hai vastutaH bhinna nahIM hai| 18 avizeSa arthAt vizeSatA kA abhAva dikhalAkara khaNDana karanA avizeSasamA jAti hai| jaise-yadi zabda aura ghaTa kA eka hI dharma kRtakatva mAnate ho, taba samAna dharma hone se unameM ghaTa aura zabda meM koI vizeSatA nahIM hai| jaise ghaTa aura zabda ina donoM meM koI vizeSatA nahIM hai| vaise hI sAre hI padArthoM meM vizeSatA kA abhAva ho jAyegA kyoMki sabhI padArthoM meM paraspara kucha na kucha to samAnatA rahatI hI hai| jAti samAdhAna arthApattisama jAti kA samAdhAna nyAyasUtrakAra ne 'anuktasyArthApatteH pakSahAnerupapattiranaktattvAdanaikAntikatvAccArthApatteH' (nyAyasUtra 5/1/22) isa sUtra se kiyA hai| arthAt arthApatti dvArA anukta kA bhI arthAdApAdana mAnane vAle ko apane pakSa kI hAni uThAnI par3egI kyoMki usake pakSa meM bhI jo anukta hai usakA grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai ataH utpanna hone se 'zabda anitya hai' isakA arthApatti se yaha artha nikAlanA ki nitya sAdharmya se zabda nitya hai, yaha kathana sarvathA asaMgata hai arthAt jisa prakAra anukta nityatva pakSa kI siddhi arthApatti se prApta ho jAtI hai usI prakAra anukta anityatva pakSa kI bhI siddhi arthApatti se ho jAyegI tathA arthApatti anaikAntika doSa se bhI dUSita hai, kyoMki yaha arthApatti donoM pakSoM meM samAna rUpa se upasthita kI jA sakatI hai| yadi nitya sAdharmya tathA niravayavatva se AkAza kI taraha zabda kA nityatva siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai to prayatna ke pazcAt utpanna hone se vaha anitya bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka hetu aura hai ki arthApatti viparyayamAtra kA sahArA lekara sarvatra nahIM uThAyI jA sktii| jaise-'Thosa zilAdravya kA patana hotA hai' yaha kahane para drava dravyoM kA patana nahIM 154 * vrAtya darzana

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hotA, isa artha kI avagati hotI hai tathA yaha artha vyabhicArI hai kyoMki jalarUpa dravya kA patana bhI anubhava siddha hai ataH aisI anaikAntika arthApatti ke dvArA aniSTApAdana saMbhava nahIM hai / avizeSasama jAti kA samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne 'kvaciddharmAnupapatteH kvaciccopapatteH pratiSedhAbhAvaH' ( nyAyasUtra 5 / 1/24) isa sUtra se kiyA hai / samasta padArthoM meM sAmya siddha karane para pratyakSAdi se virodha upasthita hotA hai / yadi nityatva athavA anityatva se sabhI ke sAmya kA kathana kiyA jAye, to vaha anumAna Adi pramANa se viruddha hai arthAt kahIM kAryatva rUpa pramANa se ghaTa Adi meM anitya dharma kI yukti yuktatA hai tathA kahIM para anya hetu se vastu meM nityadharmatA bhI hai ataH sabhI padArthoM meM avizeSa rUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana pramANa viruddha hone se sambhava nahIM hai / tathA ghaTa Adi meM evaM zabda meM anityatva ke sAdhaka kAryatva dharma kI kAraNatvena upapatti saMbhava hai, ataH usameM sAmyatA kA ApAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai kiMtu sabhI padArthoM meM avizeSatA ke ApAdaka kisI dharma kI kAraNatvena upapatti saMbhava nahIM hai ataH una saba meM samAnatA kA svIkaraNa saMbhava nahIM hai / 16 upapatti - yukti ke dvArA nirAsa karanA upapattisamA jAti hai / jaise-yadi kRtakatva kI yukti se zabda anitya hai to niravayavatva kI yukti se nitya bhI kyoM nahIM hogA ? nityatA evaM anityatA ina donoM pakSoM kI yukti se siddhi hone se tathya kI anizcaya meM samApti hotI hai| yaha jAti bhI doSa ke prakaTIkaraNa ke prakAra ke kAraNa hI bhinna hai / 20 upalabdhi ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karanA upalabdhisamA jAti hai / jaise- zabda anitya hai kyoMki prayatnajanita hai aisA vAdI ke dvArA kahane para jAtivAdI khaNDana karate hue kahatA hai- prayatnajanyatA anityatva siddha karane meM sAdhana nahIM hai kyoMki sAdhana vahI kahalAtA hai jisake binA sAdhya kI upalabdhi hI na ho kiMtu vidyut Adi meM prayatnajanyatA ke binA bhI anityatA upalabdha hotI hai tathA vAyuvega se TUTane vAlI vanaspati Adi se utpanna zabda meM bhI prayatnajanyatA ke binA bhI anityatA pAI jAtI hai| isalie kRtakatva anityatA kA hetu nahIM hai / jAti samAdhAna 'upapattikAraNAbhyanujJAnAdapratiSedhaH' (nyAyasUtra 5 / 26 ) isa sUtra ke dvArA upapattisama jAti kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| vrAtya darzana 155

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jAtivAdI 'donoM kAraNoM kI upapatti' arthAt kRtakatva hetu se anityatva evaM niravayavatva hetu se nityatva kI yukti saMgatA se upapatti samadoSa kI udbhAvanA karatA hai kiMtu yaha ucita nahIM hai kyoMki kAryatva hetu se anityatA siddha hai ataH usakA pratiSedha nahIM ho sakatA tathA yadi vaha pratiSiddha hotI hai to 'ubhayakAraNopapatti nahIM bnegii| 'ubhayakAraNopapatti' se Apa anityatva kI upapatti svIkAra karate hI hai, ataH isa svIkRti se anityatA kA pratiSedha nahIM ho sakatA ataH upapattisama jAti bana hI nahIM sktii| kRtakatva hetu avyabhicArI hai, usase anityatA siddha hotI hai jabaki niravayavatva hetu vyabhicArI hai usase nityatA siddha ho sktii| isa jAti kA sAdharmyasama evaM vaidharmyasama se nAmamAtra kA antara hai ataH bhAsarvajJa ne isa jAti kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| upalabdhisamA jAti kA samAdhAna karate hue sUtrakAra kaha rahe hai ki 'kAraNAntarAdapi taddharmopapatterapratiSedhaH' arthAt zabda ke anityatva ke prasaMga meM kRtakatva hetu se anityatA batalAyI gayI hai na ki kArya kAraNa kA niyama batalAyA gayA yadi vahAM kRtakatva hetu bhinna kisI anya hetu se anityatA siddha ho jAye taba kRtakatva hetu kA pratiSedha karane se kyA prayojana? cAhe anya hetu se hI sahI sAdhya to siddha ho hI gayA ataH upalabdhisamA jAti upasthita karanA vyartha hai| 21 anupalabdhi ke dvArA khaNDana karanA anupalabdhisamA jAti hai vAdI ke dvArA yaha kahe jAne para ki zabda anitya hai kyoMki vaha prayatnajanya hai taba jAtivAdI kahatA hai-zabda prayatna kA kArya nahIM hai kyoMki uccAraNa se pahale bhI vaha rahatA hai kintu AvaraNa ke kAraNa pratIti meM nahIM aataa| yadi yaha kahA jAe ki AvaraNa pratIti meM AtA nahIM ataH AvaraNa hai hI nahIM, ataH zabda kA uccAraNa se pUrva pratIti meM na AnA yaha siddha karatA hai ki uccAraNa se pUrva zabda hai hI nahIM to yaha kathana ThIka nahIM hai, kyoMki AvaraNa kI anupalabdhi meM bhI anupalabdhi kA astitva to hai hI aura AvaraNa kI anupalabdhi kA na milanA yaha batAtA hai ki AvaraNa kI anupalabdhi kA abhAva hai aura AvaraNa kI anupalabdhi kA abhAva hone kA artha hai ki AvaraNa kI upalabdhi kA sadbhAva hai ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra miTTI meM chipI haI jar3e, kIla, jala ityAdi dikhAI nahIM dete usI prakAra AvaraNa ke astitva ke kAraNa uccAraNa se pUrva zabda kA grahaNa nahIM hotA aura isalie prayatnajanya nahIM hone ke kAraNa zabda nitya hai| 156 . vrAtya darzana

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22 sAdhyadharma meM nityatA evaM anityatA ke vikalpa ke dvArA zabda kI nityatA ko prakAzita karanA nityasamA jAti hai / jaise- ' zabda anitya hai' isa prakAra kI pratijJA kA prayoga karane para jAtivAdI prazna karatA hai ki - yaha jo zabda kI anityatA kahI gayI haiM vaha anityatA nitya hai yA anitya hai? yadi anitya hai taba yaha anityatA avazya hI naSTa hone vAlI hai aura taba anityatA ke nAza hone se zabda nitya ho jAyegA / yadi vaha anityatA nitya hI hai to phira dharma ke nitya hone se usakA Azraya zabda bhI nitya honA cAhie kyoMki dharma, dharmI ke binA nirAdhAra nahIM raha sakatA / zabda ke anitya hone para zabda kA dharma anitya, nitya nahIM ho sktaa| isa taraha donoM hI prakAra se zabda nitya siddha ho jAtA hai / jAti samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne anupalabdhisama doSa kA parihAra karate hue 'anupalambhAtmakatvAdanupalabdherahetuH nyAyasUtra (5/30) isa sUtra ko upasthita kiyA hai arthAt anupalabdhi upalambhAbhAvamAtra hai| hama itanI hI pratijJA karate haiM ki yahAM 'jo hai' vaha upalabdhi kA viSaya hai / 'jo nahIM hai' vaha anupalabdhi kA viSaya hai / 'nAsti isa AkAra vAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi hai - aura vaha jJAna ke abhAva rUpa se sarvAnubhava siddha hai, aura usI rUpa se sabako upalabdha hai / ataH anupalabdhi kI anupalabdhi nahIM bana sakatI aura anupalabdhi kI anupalabdhi na hone se anupalabdhi kA abhAva siddha nahIM ho sakatA ataH tadviparIta zabda Adi kI sattArUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana bhI saMbhava nahIM hai / zabda kI utpatti prayatnapUrvaka hI hotI hai ataH zabda anitya hai| usakI sattA sArvakAlika nahIM hai / anupalabdhi samajAti isa tathya ko nirAkRta nahIM kara sakatI / nityasama jAti kA parihAra sUtrakAra ne 'pratiSedhye nityamanityabhAvAdinitye'nityatvopapatteH pratiSedhAbhAvaH' (nyAyasUtra 5 / 36 ) isa sUtra se kiyA gayA hai arthAt jaba pratiSedhya zabda meM anityatva ke nitya rahane se, aisA kahane se jAtivAdI ke dvArA zabda meM anityatA svIkAra kara lI gayI hai ataH anityatva yukti se zabda anitya nahIM hai yaha pratiSedha nahIM banatA hai aura yadi zabda meM nitya, anityatva svIkAra nahIM karate ho to vaha hetu nahIM banegA ataH hetu ke abhAva meM usakA pratiSedha nahIM ho sakegA / hemacandrAcArya ne nityasama jAti kA ullekha anityasama se pahale kiyA hai| vrAtya darzana * 157

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jabaki nyAyasUtra meM anityasama ke bAda nityasama kA ullekha hai| 23 sampUrNa padArthoM kI anityatA ko prastuta karake nirAkaraNa karanA anityasamA jAti hai| jaise--anitya ghaTa ke sAtha zabda kI samAnatA hai| usa samAnatA ke kAraNa yadi zabda kI anityatA kA pratipAdana karate ho to, usa ghaTa ke sAtha saba hI padArthoM kI kucha na kucha samAnatA hai ataH isa hetu se sAre hI padArtha anitya ho jAne caahie| yadi aisA kaho ki ghaTa ke sAtha samAnatA hone para bhI AtmA, AkAza Adi anitya nahIM hai, taba zabda bhI anitya nahIM honA caahie| __ anityatvamAtra ke prakAzanapUrvaka vizeSa guNa kA prakAzana karane ke kAraNa avizeSasamA nAma kI aThArahavIM jAti se yaha jAti bhinna hai| 24 prayatnajanya kAryoM kA nAnAtva batalAkara nirAkaraNa karanA kAryasamA jAti hai| jaise-zabda anitya hai kyoMki vaha prayatnajanya hai| vAdI ke dvArA aisA kahane para jAtivAdI kahatA hai-prayatna do prakAra kA hotA hai-1. prayatna ke dvArA kisI asad padArtha ko hI paidA kiyA jAtA hai, jaise ghaTa aadi| 2. prayatna ke dvArA AvaraNa ke haTa jAne se sat padArtha hI abhivyaJjita hotA hai jaise-miTTI ke nIce dabI huI jar3a, kIla aadi| isa prakAra prayatna ke kArya kA nAnAtva hone se saMzaya utpanna hotA hai ki prayatna ke dvArA zabda abhivyakta hotA hai athavA prayatna se zabda utpanna hotA hai| saMzaya ke prakAzana ke prakAra meM bheda hone se saMzayasamA evaM kAryasamA jAti meM bheda hai arthAt saMzayasamA jAti meM samAnatA evaM vilakSaNatA ke AdhAra para saMzaya paidA huA thA aura kAryasamA meM prayatna ke kArya ke nAnAtva ke AdhAra para saMzaya utpanna huA hai| jAti samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne isa jAti kA parihAra 'sAdhAdasiddheH pratiSedhAsiddhiH pratiSedhyasAdharmyAcca' (nyAyasUtra 5/33) isa sUtra se kiyA hai| ghaTa ke sAtha astitva rUpa sAdharmya ke kAraNa sabhI padArthoM meM anityatva ApAdana kA kyA prayojana hai? isase zabda ke anityatva kA pratiSedha to bana nahIM sakatA, kyoMki sabhI padArthoM meM anityatva ke siddha hone para zabda meM anityatva hI siddha hotA hai| nityatva siddha nahIM hotA tathA sAdharmya se asiddhi mAnane para pratiSedha sAdharmya se pratiSedha kI bhI asiddhi hone lgegii| "kAryAnyatve prayatnAhetutvamanupalabdhikAraNopapatteH' (nyAyasUtra 5/38) isa sUtra 158 . vrAtya darzana

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se isa jAti kA parihAra hotA hai| prayatna kA dvaividhya hone para bhI zabda kI prayatnajanyatA meM koI saMzaya paidA nahIM hotA kyoMki prayatna tAratamya se zabda meM tIvra, madhya, manda Adi bhAva upalabdha hote haiM ve prayatna dvArA zabda kI utpatti mAnane para hI yuktisaMgata ho sakate haiN| abhivyakti meM prayatna tAratamya se kahIM tIvra, madhya Adi bhAva dRSTigocara nahIM hote haiM ataH prayatna zabda meM utpatti rUpa kArya kA hI hetu hai na ki abhivyakti rUpa kArya kaa| uparyukta jAti bhedoM se bhinna anya bhI jAti bheda haiM kintu unake ananta bheda hone se unake udAharaNa pradarzita karanA zakya nahIM hai| caubIsa jAti kA ullekha evaM unake samAdhAna kA ullekha saMkSepa meM karake madhyayugIna zAstrArtha kI sthiti para pAThaka kA dhyAna AkarSita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| vrAtya darzana - 156

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18 kArakasAkalya kA prAmANya vimarza bhAratIya darzanazAstra meM sarvaprathama pramANa kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai prameya kI bAda meN| prameya kA nizcAyaka pramANa hotA hai| pramANa ke binA prameya kA jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| 'prameyasiddhiH pramANAddhi' pramANa ke dvArA hI prameya kI siddhi hotI hai| prameya ke bAre meM dArzanikoM ke do mata haiN| kucha prameya kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, anya nakArate bhI haiM kintu pramANa kI avadhAraNA sarvamAnya hai| prameya kI vAstavikatA-avAstavikatA pramANAdhIna hai| ataeva sampUrNa bhAratIya dArzanika vAGmaya meM pramANa kI carcA upalabdha hai| pramANa nyAyazAstra kA mUlabhUta aMga hai| jaba isako svIkRti dI gaI to usake svarUpa ke bAre meM vibhinna dArzanikoM ne bhinna-bhinna rUpa se vicAra karake vivecana kiyA tathA usake lakSaNa ko sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| pramANasAmAnya ke lakSaNa meM kisI ko koI Apatti nahIM hai| pramANa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai---'pramAyAHkaraNaM pramANam' pramA kA karaNa hI pramANa hai| jo vastu jaisI hai usako vaisA hI jAnanA 'pramA' hai| pramANa sAmAnya ke lakSaNa meM mataikya hone para bhI 'karaNa' ke svarUpa ke bAre meM matabheda hai| karaNa kA artha hai-saadhktm| phalasiddhi meM jisakA vyApAra avyavahita hotA hai vahI karaNa kahalAtA hai| bauddha sArUpya aura yogyatA ko karaNa mAnate haiN| naiyAyika jayantabhaTTa kArakasAkalya ko karaNa mAnate haiM anya naiyAyika sannikarSa aura jJAna donoM ko karaNa mAnate haiN| jaina sirpha jJAna ko hI karaNa mAnatA hai| usake anusAra sannikarSa, yogyatA Adi arthabodha kI sahAyaka sAmagrI hai parantu arthabodha kA nikaTa saMbaMdhI jJAna hI hai| vahI jJAna aura jJeya ke bIca saMbaMdha sthApita karatA hai ataeva pramA utpatti meM jJAna sAdhakatama hone se jJAna hI pramANa hai yaha jaina kA abhyupagama hai| isI vicAra bindu ke AdhAra para pramANa ko paribhApita karate hue kahA gayA-'svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANaM' sva aura apUrva artha kA vyavasAyI jJAna pramANa hai| pramANa paribhASA meM pradatta apUrva zabda jaina paramparA 160 * vrAtya darzana

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meM bhI vivAda kA viSaya hai jisakI carcA pRthakrUpa se anyatra vAJchita hai| sUtra meM pradatta jJAna zabda kA prayojana spaSTa hai| jJAna se bhinna ajJAna rUpa kArakasAkalya, sannikarSa, indriyavRtti ityAdi ko jo pramANa mAnate haiM, unakA nirAkaraNa jJAna zabda se ho jAtA hai| kArakasAkalya jisako jayantabhaTTa pramANa mAnate haiN| usakA nirAkaraNa prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM jJAna zabda kI samIkSA meM sapUrvapakSa kiyA gayA hai| naiyAyika mata avyabhicArI Adi vizeSaNa viziSTa padArtha jJAna meM sAdhakatama kArakasAkalya pramANa hai| artha kA nirdoSa jJAna kisI eka kAraka se nahIM ho sakatA kintu kArakoM ke samUha se hI hotA hai| eka-do kArakoM ke hone para vaha niyama se utpanna hotA hai ataH kArakasAkalya hI jJAna kI utpatti meM karaNa hai, sAdhakatama hai ataH vahI pramANa hai jJAna pramANa nahIM hai| arthajJapti meM jJAna bhI eka mAdhyama hai ataH vaha bhI kArakasAkalya kA eka aMga hai| jJAnaprApti kA hetu hai| akelA jJAna pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| jJAna ke sadbhAva meM bhI anya kArakoM ke abhAva meM arthajJAna nahIM hotA hai ataeva jJAna aura ajJAna svarUpa kArakoM kA sAkalya hI pramANa hai| jaina abhimata jaina isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA ataeva pramANa paribhASA meM pradatta jJAna vizeSaNa ke dvArA kArakasAkalya kI mAnyatA svataH hI nirAkRta ho jAtI hai| kAraka sAkalya ajJAna rUpa hai| vaha sva-para kI paricchitti meM sAdhakatama nahIM ho sakatA, ataH pramANa bhI nahIM ho sktaa| jJAna sva-para jJapti meM sAdhakatama hai| jJAna aura jJeya ke madhya kisI dUsare kA vyavadhAna nahIM hai| kArakasAkalya jJAna ko paidA karatA hai phira padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| isa prakAra kArakasAkalya evaM pramiti ke madhya jJAna kA vyavadhAna hai| jJAna kA pramiti ke sAtha sIdhA saMbaMdha hai ataH jJAna hI pramANa hai| 'yadbhAve hi pramiterbhAvattA tadabhAve cAbhAvattA tattatra sAdhakatamam' jJAna kI sAdhakatamatA svataH sphuTa hai| phala svarUpa vahI pramANa hai| ajJAnarUpa chidi kriyA meM vyApta kuThAra sAdhakatama hone para bhI ajJAna svarUpa hone ke kAraNa pramANa nahIM hai| pradIpa Adi sva-para paricchiti meM sAdhakatama hai| yaha abhyupagama aupacArika hai, pAramArthika nahIM hai| kArakasAkalya ko bhI upacAra se pramANa mAnane meM jaina ko Apatti nahIM hai| kAraNa meM kAryopacAra ke dvArA aisA vrAtya darzana * 161

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kahA jA sakatA hai| jaise lokaprasiddha hai 'annaM vai prANA' yaha aupacArika kathana hai, anna jIvita rahane meM nimitta banatA hai use prANa kaha diyA gyaa| isa prakAra ke aneka kathana loka vyavahAra meM pracalita hai| aupacArika rUpa se use pramANa mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| zaktivikalatA ke kAraNa chadmastha prakAza, indriya Adi ke binA jJAna nahIM kara skte| unako inake sahAre kI apekSA hotI hai| unakI isa zaktivikalatA ke AdhAra para kArakasAkalya ko pramANa kahanA ucita nahIM hai| atIndriya jJAna jo vAdI-prativAdI donoM ko abhISTa hai kAraka sAkalya ko pramANa mAnane se atIndriya jJAna kA svarUpa hI siddha nahIM hogaa| pramANa kA lakSaNa kArakasAkalya ko svIkAra karane se vaha pramANa kA lakSaNa avyAptalakSaNAbhAsa se dUSita hogaa| kyoMki kAraka sAkalyatA svIkAra kareM bhI to vaha chadmastha jJAna meM praviSTa ho sktii| yogaja jJAna meM usakA pravezAdhikAra niSiddha hai ataH kArakasAkalya pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| sarva vizuddha nirdoSa jJAna hI pramANa hai| jJAna pramANa hone se 'likhitaM sAkSiNo bhukti pramANaM trividhaM smRtam' isakA nirAkaraNa ho gyaa| jJAna hI mukhya rUpa se pramANa zabda vyapadezAha hai| yathA 'yadyatrA'pareNa vyavahitaM na tattatra mukhyarUpatayA sAdhakatama vyapadezArham yathA hi chidikriyAyAM kuThAreNa vyavahito'yaskAraH, svaparaparichittau vijJAnena vyavahitaM ca paraparikalpitaM saaklyaadikmiti| tasmAt kArakasAkalyAdikaM sAdhakatamavyavapezArha na bhvti|' kAraka sAkalya sva para paricchitti meM jJAna vyApAra se vyavahita hone ke kAraNa sAdhakatama nahIM hai| jisa prakAra chidikriyA meM vyApta ayaskAra kuThAra se vyavahita hone ke kAraNa sAdhakatama nahIM hai| jo sAdhakatama nahIM hai vaha pramANa nahIM hai| ataeva niSpratipakSa yaha siddha ho jAtA hai jJAna pramANa hai| jJAna bhinna paraparikalpita kArakasAkalya pramANatva ke kSetra meM mukhya pramANa ke rUpa meM sthAna prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jJAna hI sAdhakatama hai| pramA kA karaNa hai ataH vahI sarvatobhAvena pramANa hai| 162 . vrAtya darzana

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16, pAtaJjalayogadarzana meM kriyAyoga kI avadhAraNA manuSya jo bhI prayatna karatA hai, vaha duHkha mukti aura sukhaprApti ke lie karatA hai| Ananda AtmA kA sahaja dharma hai| vaha hara manuSya ke antastala meM vidyamAna hai kintu mana jaba bAhya viSayoM meM nirata rahatA hai taba antastala meM chipe hue Ananda kA anubhava karane meM vaha samartha nahIM hotA hai| Ananda prApti ke lie, Atmadarzana ke lie citta kA antarmukhI honA atyanta Avazyaka hai| citta meM vibhinna prakAra ke vikSepa Ate rahate haiM phalataH vaha samAdhi kA anubhava nahIM kara paataa| samAdhizUnya citta meM duHkha, pIr3A kA hI prAdurbhAva ho sakatA hai| Ananda kA sphuraNa vahAM sulabha nahIM hai| samAdhi kA svarUpa pAtaJjalayogasUtra meM samAdhi evaM yoga ko ekArthaka mAnA gayA hai| yogaH smaadhiH| yoga hI samAdhi hai| yoga kI/samAdhi kI niSpatti cittavRtti ke nirodha se prApta ho sakatI hai| yogadarzana meM cittavRti ke nirodha ko hI yoga kahA gayA hai-yogshcittvRttinirodhH| kSipta, mUDha, vikSipta, ekAgra aura niruddha ke bheda se citta pAMca prakAra kA hai| yoga arthAt samAdhi citta kI saba bhUmioM meM hone vAlA dharma hai| kSipta citta rajoguNa pradhAna, mUr3hacitta tamoguNa pradhAna, kiJcit rajaH sahita satva bahula vikSipta, vizuddha satvaguNa pradhAna ekAgra aura saMskAramAtrazeSa niruddha citta kahalAtA hai| citta ke taraMgarUpa pariNAma ko vRtti kahate haiN| ina cittavRttiyoM ke svabhAva siddha pravAha kA svakAraNa citta meM vilIna ho jAnA nirodha hai| citta kI kSipta avasthA meM tamoguNa tathA satvaguNa kA nirodha hai| mUr3ha avasthA meM rajoguNa tathA satvaguNa kA nirodha hai| vikSipta avasthA meM kevala tamoguNa kA nirodha hai| ekAgra avasthA meM kevala dhyeyAkAra vRtti ko chor3akara bAhya Abhyantara sakala vRttiyoM kA nirodha hotA hai aura niruddha avasthA meM usa dhyeyAkAra vRtti kA bhI nirodha ho jAtA hai ataH citta kI pAMcoM bhUmiyoM meM kucha-na-kucha nirodha avazya rahatA vrAtya darzana - 163

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hai parantu sabhI bhUmiyoM kA nirodha yoga nahIM hai| mAtra ekAgra evaM niruddha avasthA kA nirodha hI yoga hai| ekAgra avasthA meM bAhya ghaTa Adi vRttiyAM tathA Antarika kAma Adi vRttiyAM lIna ho jAtI hai aura ekamAtra dhyeyAkArarUpa meM vRtti vidyamAna rahatI hai, isI ko samprajJAta samAdhi kahA jAtA hai| jaba paravairAgya ke satata sevana se vaha dhyeyAkAra vRtti bhI vilIna ho jAtI hai aura sAre saMskAra bhI vilIna ho jAte haiM taba asaMprajJAta yoga niSpanna hotA hai| samAdhi prApti ke hetu sAdhana ___ abhyAsa evaM vairAgya ke dvArA cittavRtti kA nirodha hone se samAdhi utpanna hotI hai| samAdhi utpAdana meM abhyAsa aura vairAgya donoM sAtha milakara hetu banate haiN| pRthak-pRthak rahakara samAdhi ke hetu nahIM hai| yahI abhimata gItA meM pratipAdita huA hai| arjuna zrIkRSNa se prazna karate haiM, prabho! yaha mana bahuta caMcala hai isako vaza meM kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai? zrIkRSNa samAdhAna dete hue kahate haiM asaMzayaM mahAbAho! mano durnigrahaM clN| abhyAsena tu kaunteya! vairAgyeNa ca nigRhyate // gItA 6/35 arjuna ! nizcitarUpa se yaha caMcala mana durnigRhya hai| isa para niyaMtraNa karanA kaThina hai kintu abhyAsa evaM vairAgya dvArA usako vaza meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| pAtaMjalayogasUtra kA abhimata hai ki samAhita citta vAle puruSa ke lie abhyAsa evaM vairAgya samAdhi utpAdana ke hetu banate haiM kintu vyutthita citta vAle ke lie ye sahaja hetu nahIM bana skte| samAhita citta vAlA vyakti yoga para ArUr3ha ho cukA hai kintu vyutthita citta vAlA to yoga kA ArurukSu hai arthAt yoga ke kSetra meM ArohaNa karanA cAhatA hai| usake lie samAdhi utpAdana kA hetu kriyAyoga banatA hai| yoga ke kSetra meM praveza karane vAloM ke lie kriyAyoga ko prathama kartavya batAyA gayA hai-'ArurukSormuneryogaM karma kaarnnmucyte|' samAhita cittavAlA yogI yoga kA uttama adhikArI hotA hai| vaha abhyAsa evaM vairAgya se samprajJAta evaM asamprajJAta yoga ko prApta kara letA hai kintu vyutthita citta vAle yoga ke madhyama adhikArI ko samAdhi ke sAdhanabhUta abhyAsa evaM vairAgya sahaja sulabha nahIM hai kyoMki unakA citta sAMsArika vAsanAoM tathA rAga-dveSa Adi se kaluSita hai| unakA citta bhI zuddha hokara abhyAsa aura vairAgya kA sampAdana kara sake isake lie kriyAyoga kA prAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai| 164 . vrAtya darzana

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kriyAyoga kI paribhASA karma se virata hone ke lie yoga ko lakSya banAkara jo karma kA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai use kriyAyoga kahate haiN| karmavirataye yogamuddizya karmAcaraNaM kriyaayogH| (bhAsvatI TIkA) jaise kAMTe ke dvArA kAMTA nikAlA jAtA hai vaise hI yoga ke aMgabhUta karma se yoga virodhI karmoM kA unmUlana kriyAyoga ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| tattvavaizAradI meM 'kriyaiva yogaH kriyAyogaH, yogasAdhanatvAt' kahakara kriyAyoga ko paribhASita kiyA hai| yahAM kriyA ko hI yogarUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| kriyAyoga ke aMga tapa, svAdhyAya evaM IzvarapraNidhAna ye kriyAyoga ke aMga haiM- 'tapaH svAdhyAyezvarapraNidhAnAni kriyaayogH|' isa kriyAyoga ke antargata jJAna, karma evaM bhaktiyoga tInoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| IzvarapraNidhAna yaha bhaktiyoga hai, prastuta prasaMga meM yaha kriyAyoga ke madhya samAhita hai| vArtikam meM isakA spaSTa ullekha bhI hai| 'IzvarapraNidhAnarUpo bhaktiyogo'pyatra kriyAyogamadhya eva pravezitaH' tapa evaM svAdhyAya kA kauna-se yoga meM samAveza hotA hai isakA ullekha vArtika meM prApta nahIM hai kintu vimarza karane se pratIta hotA hai ki tapa karmayogarUpa evaM svAdhyAya jJAnayogarUpa hai| tapa, svAdhyAya evaM IzvarapraNidhAna ko kriyAyoga svIkAra karane se karmayoga, jJAnayoga evaM bhaktiyoga ina tInoM kA antarbhAva eka kriyAyoga meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| tapaH kriyAyoga viSayasukha kA tyAga arthAt kaSTa sahana ke sAtha jina karmoM se ApAtataH sukha hotA hai una karmoM ke nirodha kI ceSTA karanA tapa hai| bhUkha-pyAsa, sardI-garmI, sthAna-Asana Adi dvandvoM ko jItanA tapa hai| 'tapo dvandvasahanam / ' ina dvandvoM ko jItane ke lie vibhinna prakAra ke vratoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra azva-vidyA meM kuzala sArathi caMcala ghor3oM ko sAdhatA hai isI prakAra zarIra, prANa, indriyoM aura mana ko ucita rIti se vaza meM karanA bhI tapa kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra agni meM tapAne se dhAtu kA mala kSaya ho jAne se usameM svacchatA aura camaka A jAtI hai, isI prakAra tapa kI agni meM zarIra, indriyoM Adi ke tamoguNI AvaraNa vrAtya darzana . 165

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ke nAza ho jAne para unakA satvarUpI prakAza bar3ha jAtA hai| tapa ke prakAra tapa ko tIna prakAra kA kahA gayA hai| zarIra tapa Asana, prANAyAma aura sAtvika AhAra, vihAra Adi ko zarIra tapa kahA jAtA hai| vArtika meM deva, brAhmaNa, guru evaM prAjJa kI pUjA, zauca, Arjava, brahmacarya evaM ahiMsA ko zarIra tapa kahA gayA hai| 'devadvijaguruprAjJapUjanaM shaucmaarjvm| brahmacaryamahiMsA ca zArIraM tapa ucyate // ' isI prakAra ke anya anukta kArya jo zarIra se sambandhita haiM unako zArIrika tapa kahA jA sakatA hai| vAcika tapa vANI para saMyama rakhanA vAcika tapa hai| satya, priya, AvazyakatAnusAra dUsaroM kA yathAyogya sammAna karate hue bolanA bhI vAcika tapa ke antargata AtA hai| jo krodha, lobha, bhaya, hAsya Adi kAraNoM se bhI vacana kA anyathA prayoga nahIM krtaa| hita, mita, saMtulita bhASA kA prayoga karatA hai vaha vAcika tapa kA prayoktA kahalAtA hai| mAnasika tapa hiMsAtmaka, kliSTa bhAvanAoM tathA apavitra vicAroM se mana ko haTAnA, mAnasika tapa hai| aSTAMga yoga kA eka bheda pratyAhAra-mAnasika tapa kA hI bheda hai| pratyAhAra kA artha hai pIche httnaa| isameM indriyAM apane bahirmakha viSaya se pIche haTakara antarmukha ho jAtI haiN| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pratyAhAra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna gItA meM sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa ke bheda se bhI tapa ko tIna prakAra kahA kahA hai 1. sAttvika-phala kI icchA na karane vAle niSkAma puruSoM ke dvArA parama 166 - vrAtya darzana

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zraddhA se jo zArIrika, vAcika evaM mAnasika ina tIna prakAra ke tapa kA anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai, use sAttvika tapa kahate haiN| zraddhayA parayA taptaM tapastata trividhaM nraiH| aphalakAMkSibhiryuktaiH sAtvikaM paricakSate // 1717 2. rAjasa-satkAra, sammAna evaM pUjA ke lie dambhapUrvaka jo tapa kiyA jAtA hai, use rAjasa tapa kahate haiN| vaha tapa cala evaM anitya hotA hai| satkAramAnapUjArthaM tapodambhena caiva yt| kriyate tadiha proktaM rAjasaM calamadhruvam // 1718 3. tAmasa-mUr3hatApUrvaka mana, vANI aura zarIra ko pIr3A dekara athavA dUsaroM kA aniSTa karane ke lie jo tapa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasa tapa hai| mUDhagrAheNAtmano yatpIDayA kriyate tpH| parasyotsAdanArtha vA tattAmasamudAhRtam // rAjasa evaM tAmasa tapa yoga siddhi meM bAdhaka haiN| sAttvika tapa kA hI antarbhAva kriyAyoga meM ho sakatA hai| tapa kI upAdeyatA __yogasiddhi ke lie tapa kI anivArya apekSA hai| atapasvI ke yoga kI siddhi nahIM hotii| 'nAtapasvino yogaH siddhayati / ' anAdikAlIna karma aura kleza kI vAsanA se vicitra (arthAt sahajabhAvapannA) tathA viSaya-jAla yukta jo azuddhi hai vaha tapasyA ke binA naSTa nahIM ho sakatI ataeva tapa kA sarvaprathama grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| tapasyA ke dvArA vyutthAnacitta samAhita hone lagatA hai| tapasyA karane meM viveka eka prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki svAdhyAya, IzvaraprANidhAna to tattvajJAna evaM Izvara ke anugraha ke kAraNa hone se yoga ke upakAraka ho sakate haiM kintu tapa ke dvArA zarIra evaM indriyoM kA zoSaNa hotA hai vaha yoga ke lie upakArI kaise ho sakatA hai? tapa ke dvArA citta meM kSobha bhI paidA ho jAtA hai ataH vaha samAdhi kA bAdhaka bana jAtA hai samAdhi kA sAdhaka nahIM bntaa| isa samasyA ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA ki tapa vivekapUrvaka hI karaNIya hai| vyAsa bhASya meM vrAtya darzana . 167

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kahA gayA ki jo tapa citta kI prasannatA kA heta tathA yogasAdhanA meM vighna paidA karane vAlA nahIM ho vahI tapa yogiyoM dvArA AcaraNIya hai| 'tacca cittaprasAdanamabAdhamAnamanenAsevyamiti mnyte|' vyAdhi, zarIra kI pIr3A, citta kI aprasannatA ye yoga ke vighna haiN| yadi tapa se yoga ke ye vighna paidA hote haiM to vaha akaraNIya hai| jaina paramparA ne bhI Abhyantara tapa ke upabRMhaNa ke lie bAhya tapa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| upavAsa Adi karane se yadi dhyAna, svAdhyAya Adi meM bAdhA upasthita hotI ho to vaisA bAhya tapa akaraNIya hai| gItA meM bhI kahA gayA ki atyadhika khone vAle athavA sarvathA na khAne vAle, adhika jAgane vAle athavA adhika sone vAle ke yoga nahIM ho sktaa| nAtyaznatastu yogo'sti na caikaantmnshntH| na cAtisvapnazIlasya jAgrato naiva cArjuna // jo AhAra-vihAra, zayana-jAgaraNa tathA anya kAryoM meM niyamita hai, usakA yoga duHkha kA nAzaka hotA hai| tapa ko zarIra kriyAyoga bhI kahA jAtA hai| tapasyA kA phala tapa ke dvArA AvaraNa kA kSaya ho jAne se kAyasiddhi evaM indriyasiddhi hotI hai| sampAdyamAna tapa azuddhijanita AvaraNamala ko naSTa kara detA hai| usa AvaraNa ke haTa jAne para aNimA Adi kAyasiddhiyAM evaM dUrazravaNa Adi indriyasiddhiyAM utpanna hotI hai| prANAyAma Adi tapasyA dvArA zarIra kI vazavartitArUpa azuddhi dUra ho jAtI hai| zarIra kA vazIbhAva dUra hone se tajjanita AvaraNa bhI dUra hotA hai| usa samaya zarIra nirapekSa citta avyAhata icchAzakti ke prabhAva se kAyasiddhi tathA indriyasiddhi kI prApti kara sakatA hai| yadyapi tapasyA ko yogI loga siddhi kI tarapha prayukta nahIM karate haiN| unakA paramArtha hI ekamAtra lakSya hotA hai kintu prAsaMgikarUpa se ye siddhiyAM bhI unheM prApta ho jAtI haiN| vinidratA, nizcalasthiti, nirAhAra, prANarodha Adi tapasyA mAnuSa prakRti ke viruddha aura daiva prakati ke anukUla hai ataH aisI tapasyA se kAya evaM indriya siddhi prApta ho jAtI hai| samAdhi ke lie tapasyA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| 168 . vrAtya darzana

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svAdhyAya kriyAyoga praNava (om) Adi pavitra maMtroM kA japa athavA mokSa zAstra ke adhyayana ko svAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai| 'svAdhyAyaH praNavAdipavitrANAM japaH, mokSazAstrAdhyayanaM vaa|' svAdhyAya bhI yoga kA sAdhana hai| paramezvara ke nAmoM kA uccAraNa tathA upaniSad Adi zAstroM kA vAcana vRttinirodharUpa yoga meM sAdhana banatA hai| svAdhyAya ke dvArA sAdhaka samAdhi kI avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai| samAdhi ke lie, paramAtmA kI prApti ke lie dhyAna evaM svAdhyAya kA Alambana lenA caahiye| dhyAna evaM svAdhyAya kI sampatti se paramAtmA prakAzita ho jAtA hai| kahA bhI hai svAdhyAyAd dhyAnamadhyastAM dhyAnAt svaadhyaaymaamnet| svAdhyAyadhyAnasampatyA paramAtmA prakAzate // japa aura zAstroM kA adhyayana-ye svAdhyAya ke do prakAra haiN| paramezvara kI prApti ke lie usakA japa kiyA jAtA hai| yogadarzana meM praNava arthAt om ko Izvara kA vAcaka kahA gayA hai 'tasyavAcakaH praNavaH / ' Izvara vAcya evaM praNava vAcaka hai| japa ke dvArA mAnasika ekAgratA prApta hotI hai aura antatogatvA isake mAdhyama se jJAtA kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| svAdhyAya kA phala svAdhyAya se iSTa devatA ke sAtha milana hotA hai| 'svAdhyAyAdiSTadevatAsamprayogaH' deva, RSi tathA siddhagaNa svAdhyAyazIla yogI ke pratyakSa hote rahate haiM aura unake dvArA yogI kA kArya bhI siddha hotA hai| sAdhAraNa avasthA meM japa karane ke samaya arthabhAvanA ThIka nahIM rhtii| japakartA ke zAbdika uccAraNa calatA rahatA hai aura usakA mana viSayAntara meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai| aisI sthiti meM svAdhyAya kA vAMchita lAbha prApta nahIM ho sktaa| iSTa ke sAtha tanmaya evaM tadAkAra hone se hI iSTa kI prApti saMbhava hai| svAdhyAya-sthairya hone para bahukAla taka maMtra tathA mantrArtha bhAvanA avicchinna rahatI hai| aisI prabala icchA ke sAtha deva Adi kI bhAvanA karane se ve darzana deMge hI, yaha asaMdigdha hai| vrAtya darzana . 166

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IzvarapraNidhAna kriyAyoga sampUrNa karmoM kA paramaguru Izvara meM arpaNa athavA karmaphalAkAMkSA kA tyAga IzvarapraNidhAna kahalAtA hai| 'IzvarapraNidhAnaM sarvakriyANAM paramagurAvarpaNaM tatphalasaMnyAso vA' pAtaMjala yogasUtra ke 1/23 sUtra meM bhI samAdhi lAbha ke lie IzvarapraNidhAna kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| usa sUtra meM praNidhAna kA artha bhakti vizeSa kiyA hai 'praNidhAnAd bhaktivizeSAd / ' arthAt Izvara ke prati vizeSa bhakti rakhane se samAdhi kI prApti ho jAtI hai| sAre saMdarbho meM Agata praNidhAna zabda para vimarza karane para Izvara praNidhAna ke tIna artha ho jAte haiM 1. Izvara ke prati vizeSa bhkti| 2. sampUrNa kAyika, vAcika, mAnasika kriyA ko paramAtmA meM arpaNa kara denaa| 3. karmaphala kI AkAMkSA kA tyaag| kriyAyoga ke saMdarbha meM do evaM tIna nambara ke arthoM kA ullekha Izvara praNidhAna artha meM huA hai| sampUrNa kriyA kA Izvara meM arpaNa arthAt laukika, vaidika evaM sAdhAraNa sabhI kriyAoM kA antaryAmI Izvara meM arpaNa kara denA Izvara-praNidhAna hai kyoMki taba taka kisI kriyA ke prati vyakti kA karttAbhAva banA rahatA hai usake ahaMkAra kA tyAga nahIM ho sktaa| 'maiM karatA hUM' aisA mAnasika sampratyaya banA rahatA hai aura jaba taka karttAbhAva kA visarjana nahIM hotA taba taka sAdhanA kI sarvocca avasthA prApta nahIM ho sktii| jaba sAdhaka ke mana meM yaha bhAva paidA hotA hai ki saba kucha karavAne vAlA paramezvara hai maiM to nimitta mAtra hUM taba vaha saba kucha Izvara ko samarpita kara detA hai| gItA meM kahA bhI hai 'kAmato'kAmato vApi yat karomi shubhaashubhm| tatsarvaM tvayi saMnyastaM tvatprayuktaH karomyaham // ' phalecchA se yA niSkAma bhAva se jo zubhAzubha karma kA maiM anuSThAna karatA hUM, vaha saba Apa meM (Izvara) samarpita karatA hUM kyoMki ye sAre kArya maiM Apake (Izvara) dvArA prerita hokara hI karatA huuN| arjuna ko upadeza dete samaya zrIkRSNa bhI samarpaNa kI bAta kahate haiM yatkaroSi yadaznAsi yajjuhoSi dadAsi yt| yattapasyasi kaunteya! tatkuruSva madarpaNam // 17 - vrAtya darzana

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arjuna! tuma jo bhI kArya karo, bhakSaNa karo, yajJa karo, dAna karo yA tapa karo vaha saba mujhako arpaNa kara do| jaba saba kucha IzvarArpaNa hogA taba vyakti cintA ke bhAra se mukta ho jAyegA aura nizcinta vyakti ko hI samAdhi lAbha sahajatA se prApta hotA hai| karmaphalasaMnyAsa IzvarapraNidhAna kA eka artha hai vyakti karma kare kintu karmaphala prApti kI icchA na kre| use yaha cintana karanA cAhiye ki karma karane meM maiM svataMtra hUM, usake phala kI kAmanA mujhe nahIM hai| kArya karanA mere adhIna hai kintu usakI phala prApti mere adhIna nahIM hai| mujhe karttavyabhAva se karma karate rahanA hai jo sAdhaka isa prakAra apane karaNIya kArya meM nirata rahatA hai vaha kabhI tanAva kA vedana nahIM krtaa| asamAdhistha nahIM bntaa| samAdhi kI prApti usake lie sulabha ho jAtI hai| gItA meM kahA gayA karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kdaacn| mA karmaphalaheturbhUrmA te saGgostvakarmaNi // anAsakta bhAva se kArya kA sampAdana karatA huA sAdhaka apane jIvana ke sarvocca lakSya ko prApta kara letA hai| karmaphala saMnyAsa kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki vyaki yaha cintana karatA rahe ki kArya karanA merA kartavya hai, mere adhikAra meM hai, isa kArya kA phalabhoktA to Izvara hI hai| vArtika meM kahA bhI hai ki-'karmaphalanAmIzvaro bhokteticiMtanaM krmphlsNnyaasH|' karmaphalasaMnyAsa kA siddhAnta sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hane kA mahattvapUrNa sUtra hai| yadi yathArtha rUpa meM isa sUtra kA jIvana meM avataraNa ho jAtA hai to sAdhaka apane lakSya ko prApta kara letA hai| Izvara-praNidhAna kA phala Izvara-praNidhAna yathAniyata Acarita hone para usake dvArA samAdhi kI siddhi sukhapUrvaka hotI hai| 'samAdhisiddhizvarapraNidhAnAt' Izvara-praNidhAna samAdhi kA sAkSAt sahAyaka hotA hai kyoMki vaha samAdhi ke anukUla bhAvanA svarUpa hai| vaha bhAvanA pragAr3ha hokara zarIra ko nizcala aura indriyoM ko viSaya virata karatI hai aura dhAraNA tathA dhyAna ke rUpa meM paripakva vrAtya darzana - 171

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hokara anta meM samAdhi meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| Izvara meM sarvabhAvArpita yogI ko samAdhisiddhi ho jAtI hai| usa samAdhisiddhi se yogI dehAntara, dezAntara evaM kAlAntara meM hone vAle sabhI abhISTa viSayoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAna sakate haiM tathA isake dvArA yogI kI prajJA yathAbhUtaviSaya ko jAnatI hai| Izvara kA svarUpa __ bhAratIya darzanoM meM 'Izvara' kI avadhAraNA hai kintu Izvara ke svarUpa ke bAre meM vibhinnatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana jagat kartA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra karatA hai| jagat kA nirmANa AtmA aura paramANu se hotA hai ye do tattva jagat ke upAdAna kAraNa haiN| Izvara jagat kA nimitta kAraNa hai| vedAnta meM eka hI satya hai caitny| jaba caitanya mAyA se upahita hotA hai to vyaSTi stara para jIva aura samaSTi stara para Izvara kahalAtA hai| jainadarzana vizuddha AtmA ko Izvara athavA paramAtmA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| jaina ke anusAra Izvara jagat kA kartA nahIM hai| karmabaddha AtmA apane prayatna se karmoM kA nAza kara apane zuddha svarUpa ko prApta kara letI hai vahI paramAtma svarUpa hai| yogadarzana ne bhI Izvara ko svIkAra kiyA hai kintu vaha bhI Izvara ko jagat kartA nahIM mAnatA, vaha sAdhaka kA ucca Adarza hai| yoga ke anusAra Izvara anAdimukta hai| vaha saMsAra meM kabhI bhI lipta huA hI nahIM thaa| Izvara ko paribhASita karate hue yogadarzana meM kahA gayA- 'klezakarmavipAkAzayairaparAmRSTaH puruSavizeSa IzvaraH / ' kleza, karma, vipAka evaM Azaya se aspRSTa puruSa vizeSa Izvara kahalAtA hai| avidyA Adi pAMca kleza haiM, una kalezoM se utpanna zubhAzubha karma haiN| puNya-pApa karma ke sukha-duHkha rUpa phala vipAka kahalAte haiM tathA sukhaduHkhAtmaka bhoga se janya nAnA prakAra kI vAsanA Azaya kahI jAtI haiN| ina kleza, karma, vipAka evaM Azaya se asambaddha puruSavizeSa hI Izvara hai, jo upAsaka kA upAsya hai| sa tu sadaiva muktaH sadaivezvaraH vaha puruSavizeSa sadaiva mukta hai evaM sadaiva hI IzvararUpa meM sthita hai| jisameM aizvarya parama prakarSa ko prApta ho jAtA hai vahI puruSa Izvara hai| Izvara sarvajJa hotA hai| 'sa sarvajJaH srvvit|' Izvara meM sarvajJabIja parAkASThA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| 'tatra niratizayaM srvjnybiijm|' Izvara bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna tInoM kAloM meM sthita prameya jagat ko yugapat jAnatA hai| 172 - vrAtya darzana

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Izvara kA vAcaka praNava Izvara kA vAcaka hai-tasya vAcakaH praNavaH / niratizaya jJAna-kriyA ke zaktirUpa aizvarya se yukta vyApaka Izvara praNava (om) kA vAcya artha hai| Izvara evaM praNava meM vAcya-vAcaka, pratipAdya-pratipAdaka bhAva sambandha hai| om zabda kA japa aura usake vAcya Izvara kA punaH-punaH cintana karanA, dhyAna karanA Izvara kA praNidhAna hai| 'tajjapastadarthabhAvanam' citta ko saba ora se nivRtta karake kevala Izvara meM sthira kara dene kA nAma bhAvanA hai| Izvara meM hI tadAkAra ho jAnA hai| yaha bhAvanA bAra-bAra ke abhyAsa se itanI dRr3ha ho jAye ki praNava kA uccAraNa karate hI Izvara kA sAkSAt hone lge| jaba sAdhaka abhyAsa se isa sthiti kA nirmANa kara letA hai taba vaha zIghra hI isa Izvara praNidhAnarUpa kriyAyoga se asaMprajJAta samAdhi ko prApta kara letA hai| kriyAyoga kA prayojana samAdhi ko utpanna karane ke lie evaM klezoM ko prakSINa karane ke lie kriyAyoga kA anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai| samAdhibhAvanArthaH kleshtnuukrnnaarthshc| samAdhi ko paidA karanA evaM klezoM ko kSINa karanA hI kriyAyoga kA prayojana hai| samyakarUpa se Acarita kriyAyoga samAdhi avasthA ko utpanna karatA hai aura avidyA, asmitA, rAga-dveSa evaM abhiniveza rUpa sava klezoM ko prakRSTarUpa se kSINa karatA hai| prakSINIkRta klezoM ko prasaMkhyAnarUpa agni ke dvArA dagdha kara dagdhabIja ke samAna utpAdaka zaktihIna kara detA hai| kriyAyoga se azuddhi kA kSaya hotA hai| azuddhi rajasa (caMcalatA) aura tAmasa (jar3atA) rUpa hai ataH azuddhi ke kSaya hone se citta samAdhi ke abhimukha hotA hai| azuddhi hI kleza kI prabala avasthA hai ataH azuddhi ke kSINa hone se kleza bhI pratana ho jAte haiN| dagdhabIja jaise aMkurita nahIM hotA vaise hI saMprajJAna dvArA dagdhabIja kleza dubArA citta meM nahIM uThate haiN| ___ maiM zarIra nahIM hUM, aise samAdhilabhya jJAna kA hetu samAdhi hai tathA kleza kI kSINatA usa jJAna kI sahAyikA hai| samAdhi aura klezakSINatA kA hetu kriyAyoga hai| tapasyA se zarIra, indriya kI sthiratA, svAdhyAya se sAkSAtkAra karane kI utsukatA evaM Izvara-praNidhAna dvArA citta sthiratA sAdhita hone para samAdhi udbhUta hotI hai aura prabala kleza pratanu hote haiM, yahI kriyAyoga kA prayojana hai| vrAtya darzana * 173

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sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kriyAyoga kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| samAhita citta vAle sAdhakoM ke lie kriyAyoga kA prayojana nahIM hai aisA yogasUtra kA mantavya hai kintu svataH hI samAhitacitta vAle sAdhaka nyUna hI hote haiM adhikAMzataH vyutthita citta vAle hI kriyAyoga ke dvArA samAhita citta kI bhUmikA para ArUr3ha hokara samAdhi ko prApta karate haiN| kriyAyoga bahujanahitAya sAdhanA kA prayoga hai| isa kriyAyoga kI samyak anupAlanA se sAdhaka sAdhanA ke abhinava sopAnoM kA ArohaNa karane meM samartha ho jAtA hai aura antatogatvA samAdhi kI utkRSTa sthiti ko prApta kara letA hai| 174 - vrAtya darzana

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20. maMtra-vicAraNa bhAratIya paramparA meM maMtra vidyA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| vaidika, vauddha evaM jaina Adi prAyaH sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM maMtra zAstroM kA praNayana huA hai| vaidika paramparA meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prAcIna RSiyoM ne tattva-darzana ke abhyAsakrama ke prasaMga meM brahmA se veda-vidyA upalabdha kI thii| RSiyoM ke eka anya samUha ne viSNu ko prasanna kara unase bhakti vidyA prApta kI thI tathA eka anya samUha ne ziva ko prasanna kara unase maMtra vidyA prApta kI thI aura usI paramparA se vaha maMtra-vidyA vartamAna taka pracalita hai| jaina paramparA ke caudaha pUrvo meM eka vidyAnupravAda nAma kA pUrva thaa| usameM maMtra-vidyA kA sAMgopAGga varNana thaa| kAla pravAha meM vaha jJAna rAzi vilupta ho gayI kiMtu usake avazeSa ke rUpa meM Aja bhI jaina paramparA meM maMtra-vidyA kA astitva hai tathA maMtroM ke viziSTa prakAra ke prayoga upalabdha haiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI maMtra, taMtra, vidyA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| vajrayAna bauddha paramparA kA to mUla AdhAra hI maMtra-taMtra-vidyA hai| vartamAna meM bhI ina sabhI paramparAoM meM maMtra ke prayoga pracalita haiN| maMtra kI paribhASA varNamAlA ke varNoM kI viziSTa prakAra kI saMracanA maMtra kahalAtI hai| niruktakAra yAska ne 'maMtrA mananAt' kahakara maMtra zabda kA nirukta kiyaa| jo zabda, pada athavA vAkya punaH punaH manana karane ke yogya hote haiM, unheM maMtra kahA jAtA hai| maMtra zabda kI vyutpatti vibhinna prakAra se upalabdha hotI hai| 'manyate jJAyate AtmAdezo'nena' iti maMtraH' jisake dvArA AtmA kA Adeza arthAt nijAnubhava kA bodha prApta ho, use maMtra kahate haiN| sammAna vAcaka 'man' dhAtu se 'tra' pratyaya lagAne para bhI maMtra zabda niSpanna hotA hai vrAtya darzana . 175

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'manyante satkriyante paramapade sthitA AtmAnaH yakSAdizAsanadevatA vA anena iti maMtra: ' arthAt jisake dvArA parama pada meM sthita AtmAoM kA athavA yakSAdi zAsana devoM kA satkAra kiyA jAye, vaha maMtra hai| maMtra vyAkaraNa ke anusAra maMtravettA jisakA gupta rUpa se saMbhASaNa karate haiM, vaha maMtra hai 'mantryante guptaM bhASyante mantravidbhiriti maMtrAH' paMcakalpa bhASya meM kahA gayA ki jo paThita siddha ho vaha maMtra hai- maMto puNa hoi paThiyasiddho / paMcAzaka kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadevasUri ne kahA hai ki-maMtro devAdhiSThito'sAvakSararacanAvizeSaH' arthAt devatA se adhiSThita akSara racanA vizeSa maMtra kahalAtI hai| jisake Adi meM om aura anta meM svAhA pada hotA hai tathA jo hrIM Adi varNa vinyAsa rUpa hotA hai, use maMtra kahate haiM / 'maMtra oMkArAdisvAhAparyantahIMkAradivarNavinyAsAtmakaH' (uttarAdhyayana zAntyAcAryavRtti) ina sabhI paribhASAoM kA samAsIkaraNa karane se phalita hotA hai ki vizeSa prakAra kI zabda saMracanA jo vizeSa prayojana ke lie huI hai use maMtra kahA jAtA hai / maMtrAkSara saMyojanA maMtra sAhitya meM akSara saMyojanA para vizeSa dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| maMtroM meM zabda saMyojanA ke vaiziSTya se hI sAmarthya udbhUta hotA hai / varNamAlA kA pratyeka akSara svayaM na zubha hotA hai aura na hI azubha hotA hai kintu usameM zubhatA evaM azubhatA virodhI evaM avirodhI vargoM ke yoga se AtI hai| bIjAkSaroM meM upakAraka evaM dagdhAkSaroM meM ghAtaka zakti nihita hotI hai / saba akSaroM meM maMtra banane kA sAmarthya hai kintu unakA ucita saMyojana karane vAlA maMtravettA durlabha hotA hai amaMtramakSaraM nAsti, nAstimUlamanauSadham / ayogyaH puruSo nAsti yojakastatra durlabham // mAtRkAvarNa maMtroM kA utpatti sthAna varNamAlA hI hai / akAra se lekara kSakAraparyanta varNa mAtRkAvarNa kahalAte haiM / ina mAtRkA varNoM kA sRSTi, sthiti evaM saMhAra rUpa se tIna prakAra kA nyAsa hotA hai / akArAdikSakArAntA varNAH proktAstu mAtRkAH / sRSTi- nyAsa-sthiti-nyAsa - saMhRtinyAsatastridhA // jayasenakRta pratiSThApATha ( 376) 176 * vrAtya darzana

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kakAra se lekara hakAra paryanta vyaMjana bIjasaMjJaka haiM aura akAra Adi svara zakti rUpa haiN| maMtra bIjoM kI niSpani bIja aura zakti ke saMyoga se hotI hai| sArasvata bIja, mAyA bIja, pRthvI bIja, agni bIja, praNava bIja, mAruta bIja, jalabIja, AkAza bIja Adi kI utpatti vyaMjana evaM svara ke saMyoga se hI huI hai| maMtra evaM vidyA jaina paramparA meM maMtra aura vidyA ina do zabdoM kA prayoga prApta hotA hai tathA donoM kI paraspara bhinnatA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| jisa maMtra meM strI devatA adhiSThAtrI ho, vaha vidyA hai tathA jisameM puruSa devatA adhiSThAtA ho vaha maMtra hai, athavA jise vizeSa prakAra kI sAdhanA ke dvArA sAdhA jAye vaha vidyA aura jo binA sAdhe hI paThita siddha ho vaha maMtra hai| itthI vijjA'bhihiyA, puriso maMtuni tvvisesoyN| vijjA sasAhaNA vA, sAhaNarahio a maMtutti // Avazyakaniyukti gA. 63 / maMtra ke prakAra ___ maMtra-zAstra meM maMtroM ke vibhinna bheda kiye gaye haiN| 'prayogasAra' nAmaka grantha meM bIjamaMtra, maMtra evaM mAlAmaMtra ke bheda se maMtroM ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiN| nau akSara taka ke maMtra bIja maMtra kahalAte haiN| bIsa akSara taka ke maMtra kahalAte haiM tathA unase adhika akSaroM vAloM ko mAlA maMtra kahA jAtA hai navAkSarAntA ye mantrA bIjamantrA prakIrtitAH / punarvizati varNAntA mantrA mntraastthoditaaH| tato'dhikAkSaramaMtrA mAlAmantrA iti smRtAH // maMtra-vyAkaraNa meM strIliMga, pulliMga evaM napuMsaka ke bheda se maMtra ke tIna prakAra nirdiSTa haiN| jina maMtroM ke aMta meM 'svAhA' pada kA prayoga hotA hai ve strIliMga maMtra, jina maMtroM ke aMta meM huM, vaSaT, phaT, dhe tathA, svadhA Adi padoM kA prayoga hotA hai ve pulliMgI maMtra evaM jinake anta meM 'namaH' pada kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai ve napuMsaka maMtra kahalAte haiM 'strI-puM-napuMsakatvena, mantrAste trividhA matAH / svAhA zabdAvasAnAH syurye mantrAstAn vidusstriyaH // vrAtya darzana - 177

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puMmAMso hu~ vaSaT-phaT-dhe-svAdhAprabhRtipallavAH / te napuMsakaliMgA syuryeSAmante namaH padam // ' Agneya evaM saumya ina do prakAra ke maMtroM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| pRthvI, agni evaM AkAza maMDala (samUha) vAle maMtra Agneya maMtra kahalAte haiM tathA jala evaM vAyu tattva vAle maMtra saumya kahalAte haiN| jina saumya maMtroM ke anta meM phaT zabda yojita hotA hai to ve Agneya maMtra bana jAte haiN| jina Agneya maMtroM ke anta meM 'nama' pada jur3a jAtA hai to ve saumya maMtra bana jAte haiN| AgneyAH saumyA iti, manyante te punardvidhA mantrAH / pRthvyagni-viyatprAyA ye te mantrAH syurAgneyAH // anye saumyAH saumyAneva phaDantAn vadanti cAgneyaH / AgneyAntameva syAt saumyatvaM namo'ntatve // bIjamaMtra jisa maMtra meM bIjAkSara tathA anya akSara hote haiM kintu maMtra devatA kA nAma nahIM hotA vaha bIjamaMtra kahalAtA hai| jaise-'oM aiM oM' yaha bIjamaMtra hai| 'om' bIja maMtra bhArata kI prAyaH sabhI paramparAoM meM mAnya rahA hai| praNava ko yogazAstra meM Izvara kA vAcaka kahA hai| bIjamaMtroM meM isako prathama sthAna prApta hai| maMtra saMyojanA meM prAyaH maMtroM meM om kA sanniveza kiyA jAtA hai| maMtra vyAkaraNa meM 'om' bIja teja, bhakti, vinaya, praNava, brahma, pradIpa, vAma, veda, kamala, agni, dhruva, AkAza Adi saMjJAoM ke nAma se prasiddha hai| tejo bhaktirvinayaH praNava brahmapradIpavAmAzca / vedo'bjadahanadhruvamAdidyubhiromiti syAt // "hIM' bIjamaMtra ko mAyA tattva, zakti, lokeza, trimUrti evaM bIjeza ke rUpa meM khyAti prApta hai| yaha bahuta zaktizAlI maMtra hai| hrIMkAra mAyA bIja arthAt zakti kA bIja hai| hrIM kA vaiziSTya isI se parilakSita hotA hai ki isa para hrIMkArakalpa jaise svatantra grantha nirmita huye haiN| mAyAtatvaM zakti lokezo hrIM trimUrtirbIjezaH hAM, hrIM, hUM, haiM, hrauM evaM hUM ye bIja zUnya rUpa mAne jAte haiN| 'aiM' vAgbIja athavA tattva bIja kahalAtA hai| 'zrIM' lakSmIbIja ke rUpa meM . 178 . vrAtya darzana

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vikhyAta hai| 'klIM' anaMga bIja athavA AkarSaNa bIja ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| 'aham' jaina paramparA kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa maMtra hai| prekSAdhyAna ke prayogoM meM isakI vizeSa sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| yaha vItarAgatA sUcaka bIjamaMtra hai| isa maMtra kA zarIra para nyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| kavaca nirmANa prakriyA meM bhI isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| 'arham' ke japa meM pracura roga nivAraka kSamatA vidyamAna hai| 'arha ko jJAnabIja evaM jagadvandha kahA gayA hai| yaha mantrarAja hai, isakA dhyAna karanA lAbhaprada hai jJAnabIjaM jagadvandyaM, janma-mRtyu-jarApaham / akArAdihakArAntaM rephabindukalAGkitam / bhuktimuktyAdidAtAraM, sravantamamRtAmbubhiH / mantrarAjamimaM dhyAyed, dhImAn vizvasukhAvaham // tattvArthasAradIpaka maMtra surakSA kavaca AcArya mahAprajJajI ke zabdoM meM 'maMtra eka pratirodhAtmaka zakti hai| maMtra eka kavaca hai| maMtra eka prakAra kI cikitsA hai|' saMsAra meM rahane vAle vyakti ke jIvana meM Aroha-avaroha ke prasaMga upasthita hote rahate haiM, maMtra viSama paristhiti meM bhI vyakti ke mAnasika manobala ko sudRr3ha banAye rakhatA hai| bAhya dUSita vAtAvaraNa se surakSA karatA hai tathA Abhyantara doSa kI zuddhi karatA hai| pratikUla prahAroM ke AghAtoM se surakSA pradAna karatA hai| maMtra sAdhanA kavaca banAne kI sAdhanA hai| AbhAmaMDala ko nirmala banAne kI sAdhanA hai| ___ maMtra vikalpa se nirvikalpa taka pahuMcane kI prakriyA hai| savicAra se nirvicAra taka pahaMcane kI paddhati hai| jahAM zabda, dhvani aura saMkalpa zakti tInoM kA yoga hotA hai, vahAM maMtra kI zakti jAgRta ho jAtI hai| maMtra kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai aura maMtra kA devatA prakaTa ho jAtA hai| jaba maMtra japa karane vAle kA zabda jyoti meM badala jAtA hai taba maMtra kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| maMtra caitanya ho jAtA hai| maMtra jaba caitanya banatA hai taba hI vaha viziSTa zakti kA saMvAhaka evaM prakaTa karane vAlA banatA hai| maMtra zabdAtmaka hotA hai| usameM aciMtyazakti hotI hai| usake dvArA AdhyAtmika unnayana hotA hai| vyakti kI cetanA antarmukhI bana jAtI hai, jo adhyAtma kA mUla lakSya hai| vrAtya darzana - 176

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21. jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ko AcArya mahAprajJa kA yogadAna jainadharma/darzana ke Agama AdhArabhUta grantha haiN| vartamAna meM upalabdha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI, jise Agama kahA jAtA hai, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke eka hajAra varSa bAda hone vAle devarddhigaNI kSamAkSamaNa kI vAcanA hai| kAla ke pravAha meM AgamoM kI vizAla jJAna-rAzi vilupta hotI rhii| Aja usa vizAla jJAnarAzi kA thor3A-sA bhAga hameM upalabdha hai| jitanA bhI upalabdha hai vaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai| vaha bhASA usa samaya kI janabhApA thI kintu Aja vaha bhASA jana sAmAnya ke lie sahaja grAhya nahIM hai| samaya ke pravAha meM zabdoM kI arthayAtrA meM bhI parivartana AtA hai| ina sabhI kAraNoM se Agama kI subodhatA meM antara AnA svAbhAvika hI hai| gurudevazrI tulasI ne jaina Agama saMpAdana kA saMkalpa svIkAra kiyaa| usa saMkalpa kI pUrNAhUti ke purodhA puruSa AcArya zrI mahAprajJa hI rahe haiN| AcArya zrI tulasI ke vAcanA pramukhatva meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne usa durbodha jJAnarAzi ko bodhagamya banAne kA zlAghanIya prayatna kiyA hai aura vartamAna meM bhI saMpAdana ke usa kArya meM satata saMlagna hai| jainaAgamoM ke saMpAdana kA kArya atyanta zrama-sAdhya to hai hI isake sAtha hI vahI vyakti usa satya hI atala gaharAI meM jA sakatA hai jo antardRSTi sampanna hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa Agama-saMpAdana kI ina sabhI arhatAoM se abhimaNDita haiN| Agama saMpAdana ke mAdhyama se unhoMne aneka satyoM kA udghATana kara sama-sAmAyika ciMtana ko eka nayI dizA pradAna kii| Agama saMpAdana kI duruhatA Agama saMpAdana kI duruhatA ko prakaTa karate hue svayaM AcAryazrI mahAprajJa 180 . vrAtya darzana

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ne likhA hai - 'saMpAdana kA kArya sarala nahIM hai -- yaha unheM suvidita hai jinhoMne isa dizA meM koI prayatna kiyA hai| do-DhAI hajAra varSa purAne graMthoM ke saMpAdana kA kArya aura bhI jaTila hai, jinakI bhASA aura bhAvadhArA Aja kI bhASA aura bhAvadhArA se bahuta vyavadhAna pA cukI hai... bhASA zAstra ke niyama ko jAnane vAlA yaha Agraha nahIM rakha sakatA ki do hajAra varSa purAne zabda kA Aja vahI artha sahI hai jo Aja pracalita hai | Agama sAhitya ke saikar3oM zabdoM kI yahI kahAnI hai ki ve Aja apane maulika artha kA prakAza nahIM de rahe haiM / isa sthiti meM hara ciMtanazIla vyakti yaha anubhava kara sakatA hai ki prAcIna sAhitya ke saMpAdana kA kAma kitanA duruha hai|' isa duruhatA kA anubhava karate huye bhI AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa kArya ko saMpAdita karane kA uttaradAyitva apane sabala kaMdhoM para or3hA / vilakSaNayugala jaina Agama smRti ke AdhAra para surakSita rahe kiMtu smRti meM viskhalana honA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai| smRti ke AdhAra para unheM lipibaddha kiyA gayA / una lipibaddha pratiyoM ke dvArA lambe samaya taka vyutpanna, avyutpanna lekhakoM dvArA unakA punaH lipikaraNa hotA rahA ataH lipi kI skhalanA bhI pratiyoM meM hotI rahI, yaha sarvavidita tathya hai| lipi-doSa ke sAtha hI artha- paramparA bhI pUrNatayA surakSita nahIM hai aisI sthiti meM AgamoM kI vyAkhyA karane kA sAhasa koI atyanta sAhasI evaM prajJAzIla vyakti hI kara sakatA hai| AcAryazrI tulasI evaM AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA yoga Agama saMpAdana kI ina sArI arhatAoM ko pUrNa karatA thA / saphala vyAkhyAkAra AcArya mahAprajJa jaina AgamoM ke pATha saMzodhaka, vyAkhyAkAra evaM bhASyakAra haiN| apanI medhA ke dvArA athavA atIndriya kSamatA ke dvArA unhoMne Agama ke arthoM kA punaH saMdhAna kiyA hai / apanI antardRSTi ke dvArA prAsaMgikatA ke AdhAra para Agama ke artha saMpAdana meM apanI maulika dRSTi kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| Agama jaise prAcIna granthoM kI Adhunika kAla meM vyAkhyA karate samaya vyAkhyAkAra ke sammukha tIna bindu rahate haiM 1. samyak vizleSaNa - Agama jaise ArSa grantha anubhava pradhAna haiM, tarkapradhAna nahIM, ataH yaha saMbhava hai ki aneka sthaloM para unameM tArkika saMgati pratIta na hotI ho, bhASyakAra apanI tarkabuddhi kA prayoga karake aise sthaloM kI saMgati bhI pradarzita vrAtya darzana * 181

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karatA hai tathA prAcInakAla meM abhivyakta kiye gaye tathyoM ko isa prakAra ucita pariprekSya meM rakhatA hai ki ve apane mUla artha ko abhivyakta kareM aura sAtha hI Adhunika pAThaka ko prAsaMgika bhI pratIta ho| prAcIna bhASyakAroM ne isa karma ko 'uktaciMtA' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| 2. samyak saMzodhana-AgamoM ke kAla se vartamAna kAla taka kI sudIrgha avadhi meM una para aneka kArya hue haiN| ve sabhI nirdhAnta ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| vyAkhyAkAra kA kAma aisI bhrAntiyoM ko dUra karane kA bhI hai| prAcIna bhASA meM isa kArya ko 'durukta ciMtA' kahA jAtA hai| 3. samyak parivardhana-ciMtana eka pravAha hai| yadi usa pravAha meM avarodha A jAye to ciMtana mara jAtA hai| bhASyakAra, vizeSakara bhAratIya bhASyakAra bhASya meM diye gaye tathyoM kA kevala anuvAda hI nahIM karate pratyuta apanI maulika sUjhabUjha se purAtana ciMtana ko Age bhI bar3hAte haiN| bhASyakAra ke isa kArya ko 'anuktaciMtA' kahA jAtA hai| hama katipaya udAharaNoM ke dvArA yaha pradarzita karane kA prayatna kareMge ki jaina AgamoM ke bhASyakAra ke rUpa meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne bhASyakAra ke ina tInoM hI dAyitvoM kA nirvAha kitane prazasta rUpa meM kiyA hai| samyak vizleSaNa AcAryazrI mahAprajJa dvArA kRta AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki ve viSaya kI spaSTatA ke lie eka hI zloka kI vyAkhyA meM prasaMgAnukUla cAra, pAMca TippaNiyoM kA prayoga bhI kara dete haiN| zabda vimarza ke mAdhyama se zabda kI arthAtmA taka pahuMcate haiM jisase pAThaka ko viSaya suspaSTa ho jaaye| prastuta prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana ke nimna zloka kI vyAkhyA draSTavya hai 'jAIjarAmaccubhayAbhibhUyA, bhirvihaarbhinivitttthcittaa| ___ saMsAracakkassa vimokkhaNaTThA, ThUNa te kAmaguNe virattA // uttarA. 14/4 prastuta zloka ke 'jAIjarAmaccu bahirvihAra, saMsAracakkassa evaM kAmaguNe virattA' ina cAra zabdoM kI mImAMsA kI hai| isa prakAra kI vimarzanA se zloka kA hRdaya pAThaka ko bar3I sugamatA se AtmasAt ho jAtA hai| apane kathyoM kI spaSTatA ke lie ve cUrNi, TIkA Adi ke atirikta anya graMthoM ko bhI uddhata karate haiN| artha vizleSaNa meM unakI tulanAtmaka dRSTi sahaja hI pAThaka ko AkarSita karatI hai| 182 . vrAtya darzana

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AcArAMga ke 3/28 sUtra kI vyAkhyA bhI vimarzanIya hai / 'tamhA tivijjo paramaMti NaccA, samattadaMsI Na kareti pAvaM' prastuta sUtra meM 'tivijjo' pATha hai jisameM AkAra ko lupta mAna 'tamhA'tivijjo' yaha pATha mAnA jAtA rahA hai| cUrNi evaM TIkA yahI pATha mAnakara isakA artha karatI hai / cUrNikAra ne 'vijja' kA artha vidvAn kiyA aura vaikalpika rUpa se usakA artha ativijJa kiyaa| TIkAkAra prastuta zabda kA artha 'atividya' karate haiM / cUrNi evaM TIkA kI isa vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para hI 'ativijja' pATha mAnakara isakA artha hotA rahA kiMtu AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kI sUkSma medhA isa artha se saMtuSTa nahIM ho pA rahI thI / unhoMne anveSaNa kiyA / tatkAlIna anya jainetara graMthoM kA bhI avalokana kiyaa| bauddha sAhitya ke nirIkSaNa ke samaya jJAta huA yaha 'tivijja' pATha hai jisakA artha hai - trividya-tIna vidyAoM ko jAnane vAlA / yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya kA prasiddha prayoga hai| bauddha sAhitya meM isakI spaSTa vyAkhyA upalabdha hai| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra 'tivijja' kA artha isa prakAra hai tIna vidyAeM 1. pUrva janmoM ko jAnane kA jJAna / 2. mRtyu tathA janma ko jAnane kA jJAna / 3. cittamaloM ke kSaya kA jJAna / bauddha sAhitya ke prastuta zloka meM 'tivijja' zabda kA ullekha prApta hai puvve nivAsaM yo vedI, saggApAyaM ca passati, atho jAtikkhayaM patto, abhijJA vosito muni / etAhi tIhi vijjAhi, tevijjo hoti brAhmaNo, taM ahaM vadAmi tevijjaM nAyaM lapitalApanaM // ( aMguttaranikAya bhASya 1 pR. 172) jaina paramparA ke anusAra 'trividya' kA artha hogA1. pUrvajanma kI smRti / 2. prANI jagat ko jAnane kI vidyA / 3. prANiyoM ke sukha-duHkha kA paryAlocana karane kI vidyA / AcAryazrI mahAprajJa yadi cUrNi aura TIkA ke AdhAra para 'ativijjaya' pATha ko svIkAra karake hI usakA artha kara dete to 'tivijja' kI prAcIna artha - paramparA vrAtya darzana * 183

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lupta ho jAtI / AcAryazrI ke gahana anusaMdhAna se aise aneka zabdoM kA prAcIna artha upalabdha ho sakA hai I samyak saMzodhana AcArya mahAprajJa apane pUrvAcAryoM ke prati atyanta vinamra evaM kRtajJabhAva se otaprota haiM phira bhI jahAM kahIM bhI unheM pada evaM artha kI asaMgatatA kA bodha huA vahAM para apanI vinamra asahamati spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta kI hai, jisakA nidarzana prastuta hai / kAMkSA - mohanIya ko darzana mohanIya kA upabheda mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM eka prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki kyA zramaNa-nirgrantha kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana karate haiM? samAdhAna diyA gayA ki nirgrantha bhI isa karma kA vedana karate haiN| jJAnAntara, darzanAntara Adi teraha kAraNoM kA prastuta prasaMga meM ullekha hai jinake kAraNa zramaNa-nirgrantha bhI kAMkSA - mohanIya kA vedana karate haiM 1 bhagavatI TIkAkAra evaM zrImad jayAcArya ne prastuta prasaMga meM kAMkSAmohanIya kA artha mithyAtva - mohanIya kiyA hai kiMtu AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne prastuta prasaMga meM kAMkSAmohanIya kA sambandha mohanIya karma se na mAnakara jJAnAvaraNa se mAnA hai / isa abhimata kA bhagavatI bhASya meM vistAra se vivecana huA hai / niSkarSa prastuta karate hue unhoMne kahA 'jahAM zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsA mUla tattva se sambaddha hote haiM, vahAM darzanamoha kA vedana hotA hai aura jahAM ve anya viSayoM se sambaddha hote haiM, vahAM jJAnamoha kA vedana hotA hai| teraha aMtaroM ke prasaMga meM kAMkSAmohanIya karma ke vedana kA sambandha jJAnamoha se pratIta hotA hai|' AcArya mahAprajJa ke prastuta vaktavya meM tarka kI gambhIratA ke sAtha-sAtha unakA satya ke prati anAgrahI dRSTikoNa bhI parilakSita ho rahA hai| unhoMne pUrvAcAryoM kRta vyAkhyA ko vinamratA ke sAtha asvIkAra karake bhI bhaviSya ke adhyetAoM/ anveSakoM ke lie isa mata para vicAra karane kA mArga avaruddha nahIM kiyA hai yaha unakI anekAnta dRSTi kA vyavahAra jagat meM nidarzana hai / samyak parivardhana jar3a aura jIva ke pArasparika sambandha kI samasyA dArzanika jagat meM mahattvapUrNa rahI hai / na kevala bhAratIya darzana meM apitu pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne bhI isa samasyA para prabhUta vicAra kiyA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa samasyA ke samAdhAna 184 * vrAtya darzana

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meM eka navIna AyAma pradAna kiyA hai| unhoMne svayaM kahA hai ki 'isa prazna kA nayA samAdhAna upalabdha hai| jIva aura pudgala donoM meM eka sneha nAma kA tattva hotA hai| isa tattva ke kAraNa una donoM meM sambandha sthApita ho jAtA hai| sneha kA sambandha jIva aura pudgala donoM se hai| jIva meM sneha hai-Azrava aura pudgala meM sneha hai-AkarSita hone kI arhtaa| isa ubhayAtmaka sneha ke dvArA paraspara sambandha sthApita ho jAtA hai|' AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI kI yaha vyAkhyA 'aNNamaNNasiNehapaDibaddhA' bhagavatI ke isa vAkyAMza ke AdhAra para hai| yadyapi isa vAkyAMza kI aneka vyaktiyoM ne vyAkhyA kI hai kiMtu yahAM taka mAtra AcAryazrI mahAprajJa pahuMce haiN| unakI isa maulika vyAkhyA ne sambandhavAda kI samasyA ke samAdhAna meM abhinava yogadAna diyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM Agata 'sahita' zabda kA jaina paramparA mAnya artha svIkAra karake bhI AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI na haThayoga paramparA meM svIkRta artha ko bhI mahattA pradAna kI hai| yoga graMthoM meM 'sahita' zabda kA prayoga kumbhaka prANAyAma ke artha meM huA hai| AcAryazrI kA mAnanA hai ki ....sahita kumbhaka karanevAlA Atmastha ho jAtA hai| ...jisa paramparA meM mahAprANa kI sAdhanA kA ullekha prApta hai vahAM 'sahie' kA kumbhaka artha hI rahA ho-isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai|' AcArya mahAprajJajI jaina dharma kI dhyAna-sAdhanA kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi se avagata haiN| unhoMne isa saMdarbha meM gambhIra maMthana kiyA hai tathA use anubhava ke stara para bhI jIyA hai tabhI to ve sahita zabda kA kumbhaka artha niHzaMka bhAva se prastuta kara dete haiN| AgamoM kI vyAkhyA meM vibhinna prakAra ke sAhitya kA upayoga ___ AgamoM kI vyAkhyA meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne veda, AraNyaka, upaniSada, gItA, yoga ke grantha, Ayurveda ke grantha, tripiTaka Adi bauddha sAhitya kA pracura mAtrA meM upayoga kiyA hai| pAzcAtya darzana, manovijJAna evaM parAmanovijJAna ke sAhitya kA bhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke saMdarbha meM yathocita prayoga huA hai| kAdambinI, dharmayuga, vijJAna sambandhI patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita Adhunika anveSaNoM kA bhI yathAyogya upayoga Apane apane graMthoM meM kiyA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA yaha prayAsa unakI bahuzrutatA ko prakaTa karatA hai| bAhuzrutya ke binA AgamoM kI samyaka vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sktii| alpazruta vyakti artha ke gAmbhIrya ko prastuta karane meM sakSama nahIM hotA hai| eka viSaya kA jJAna tabhI paripuSTa hotA hai jaba usake dhAraka ko anya viSayoM kA bhI jJAna ho| 'zAstraM zAstrAnubandhi' jJAna kI eka vrAtya darzana * 185

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zAkhA dUsarI zAkhA se jur3I rahatI hai| hama usako alaga karake nahIM dekha skte| yadi koI veda kA jJAtA hai to use itihAsa, purANa Adi kA bhI jJAna honA caahiye| veda kA artha unase hI samyaka rUpa se samarthita ho sakatA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki-veda alpazruta vyakti se bhayabhIta rahatA hai kyoMki vaha usake yathArtha ko prakaTa kara hI nahIM sakatA, apitu usakI mUla avadhAraNA ko bhI tor3a-maror3a ke prastuta kara . detA hai| itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedArthamupabRMhayet / bibhetyalpazrutAdvedo mAmayaM prahariSyati // isalie bhASyakAra kA bahuzruta honA atyanta apekSita hai anyathA artha kA anartha ho sakatA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne aneka prakAra ke aneka graMthoM kA talasparzI svAdhyAya kiyA hai, isalie unakA jJAna satahI nahIM, gaharA hai| Agama kI puSTi meM aneka graMthoM kA ve uddharaNa dete haiN| isase unakI bahuzrutatA prakaTa hotI hai| vaidika sAhitya kA prayoga AcArAMga ke 'jahA aMto tahA bAhiM, jahA bAhiM tahA aMto' 2/126 sUtra kA artha-'yaha zarIra jaisA bhItara hai vaisA bAhara hai, jaisA bAhara hai vaisA bhItara hai' yaha artha AcAryazrI ne kiyA kintu unheM svayaM ko isa artha se saMtuSTi nahIM huI taba pAdaTippaNa meM isakA vaikalpika anuvAda karake apane mantavya ko paripuSTa kiyA-'sAdhaka jaisA antas meM vaisA bAhara meM, jaisA bAhara meM vaisA aMtas meM rhe|' kucha dArzanika antas kI zuddhi para bala dete the aura kucha bAhara kI zuddhi pr| bhagavAna mahAvIra ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM karate the| unhoMne donoM ko eka sAtha dekhA aura kahA-kevala aMtas kI zuddhi hI paryApta nahIM hai| bAharI vyavahAra bhI zuddha honA caahiye| vaha aMtas kA pratiphala hai| kevala bAharI vyavahAra kA zuddha honA hI paryApta nahIM hai aMtas kI zuddhi ke binA vaha korA damana bana jAtA hai, isalie aMtas bhI zuddha honA caahiye| aMtas aura bAhara donoM kI zuddhi hI dhArmika jIvana kI pUrNatA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne AcArAMga ke uparyukta vaktavya kI tulanA 'yadantaraM tad bAhyaM yad bAhyaM tadantaram' 2/30 atharvaveda ke isa sUkta se kI hai, jo prastuta saMdarbha meM samIcIna hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne viSaya-vastu kI spaSTatA ke lie jainetara granthoM kA 186 . vrAtya darzana

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pracuramAtrA meM upayoga kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 'ISukArIya' adhyayana meM prAsaMgika rUpa meM brAhmaNa dharma kA ullekha huA hai| AcAryazrI ne usa brAhmaNa dharma ke saMkSipta ullekha kA vizada varNana usa paramparA ke mAnya graMthoM dvArA kiyA hai| smRti Adi graMthoM kA pramANa dete hue brAhmaNa dharma ko vyAkhyAyita karate hue kahate haiM-'brAhmaNa aura smRtizAstra kA yaha abhimata rahA hai ki jo dvija veda ko par3he binA, patroM ko utpanna kiye binA aura yajJa kiye binA mokSa kI icchA karatA hai, vaha naraka meM jAtA hai, isalie vaha vidhivat vedoM ko par3hakara, putroM ko utpanna kara aura yajJa kara mokSa meM mana lagAe-saMnyAsI bne|' aitareya brAhmaNa ko isa prasaMga meM upasthita karate haiM-nAputrasya loko'sti (73) manusmRti ke (6/3637) vaktavya se bhI isa avadhAraNA ko puSTa karate haiN| kisI paramparA kI avadhAraNA prastuti meM ve niSpakSa rahate haiM, bhale siddhAntataH usa avadharaNA se ve sahamata ho yA nahIM jaisA ki uparyukta udAharaNa se spaSTa hai| Ayurveda sAhitya kA upayoga AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne AgamoM kI vyAkhyA meM Ayurveda sAhitya kA bhI pracuramAtrA meM upayoga kiyA hai aura isa prakriyA se AgamoM ke aneka durbodha sthaloM ko subodhatA evaM susaMgatatA pradAna kI hai| kAla-pravAha meM jina zabdoM ke artha vismRta ho gaye the| TIkA evaM cUrNi se bhI prAsaMgika artha prApta nahIM ho rahA thA, aise ajJAta zabdoM ke artha isa prakriyA se prApta huye| aise zabda aneka hoMge, sabakA kathana yahAM sambhava nahIM hai, eka udAharaNa prastuta hai-bhagavatI sUtra meM garbhaprakaraNa ke antargata eka prasaMga AtA hai ki garbhagata jIva mukha se kavala AhAra karane meM sakSama nahIM hote kiMtu 'aparA' jo putrajIva se pratibaddha aura mAtRjIva se spRSTa hotI hai, usase garbhagata jIva caya aura upacaya karatA hai| (bha. 1/346) prastuta prasaMga meM 'aparA' kA artha spaSTa nahIM thaa| paM. becaradAsajI ne 'aparA' kA artha 'dUsarI' kiyA jo prastuta prasaMga meM samIcIna nahIM hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne caraka saMhitA meM Agata garbhaprakaraNa se isakA artha spaSTa kiyA hai| vahAM bhI aparA zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jisako vijJAna kI bhASA meM Placenta kahate haiN| 'aparA' pAribhASika zabda hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM Agata 'dhUma-netra' zabda kI vyAkhyA meM bhI usake TIkAkAra abhrAnta nahIM the| ve isake vibhinna artha kara rahe the| AcAryazrI ne Ayurveda ke graMthoM ke sahAre isa zabda kA samIcIna anveSaNa kiyaa| AcAryazrI ne vibhinna vrAtya darzana - 187

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viSayoM ke, vibhinna graMthoM ke AdhAra para prAsaMgi artha khojakara Agama vyAkhyA ko eka nayI dizA pradAna kI hai! AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA hara vaktavya sAdhAra hotA hai| 'nAmUlaM likhyate kiJcit nAnapekSitamucyate' yaha vAkya unakI zodha/khoja kA Adarza hai| prAcIna siddhAntoM ko tarka saMgata evaM Adhunika pariprekSya meM prastuta karane kI advitIya kSamatA unameM hai| isalie ve maulika likha/bola sakate haiN| AcArya mahAprajJa ke saMdezoM, vaktavyoM meM bodhagamyatA hai| tArkika bhUkha ko zAnta karane kI kSamatA hai| anubhava ke nirjhara se nisRta bhAvoM ko tarka kI vedI para pratiSThita kara unhoMne janabhogya satya parosA hai| 'sAkSAtkatadharmANa RSayaH' RSitva ko yaha abhidhA unake hara AcAra evaM vyavahAra meM parilakSita hai| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke pariprekSya meM unake yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana korA vArtamAnika nahIM hai kiMtu traikAlika hai| atIta ke Aloka me yukta vartamAna kA avadAna bhaviSya ke anvepaNa ko nayI dazA evaM dizA dene meM sakSama hai| 188 - vrAtya darzana

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22. jaina paramparA meM Arya kI avadhAraNA bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa meM AryaparamparA kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| bhASA aura sabhyatA kA anusaMdhAna karanevAloM kI yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki purAkAla meM AryajAti kisI eka sthAna meM nivAsa karatI thI, tatpazcAt katipaya kAraNoM se vaha eziyA aura yoropa meM phaila gyii| anveSakoM kA yaha bhI mantavya hai ki AryajAti kI eka zAkhA ne bhArata varSa meM praveza karake eka naye samAja kI saMracanA kii| AryoM ke bhArata Agamana, unake mUla sthAna Adi ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| sarvaprathama Florentine ke eka vyApArI Filippo Sassetti (1583-1588) (philipo saseTI) ne saMskRta evaM yoropa kI pramukha bhASAoM meM pArasparika sambandha kI bAta khii| usake bAda sara viliyama jonsa ne grIka, leTina, gothIka, selTika, saMskRta, parasIyana Adi bhASAoM kA udgama sthAna eka mAnA hai| una bhASAoM ko Aja vidvAn Indo-European bhASA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| isake bAda isa tathya ko antima caraNa taka pahuMcAte huye maiksamUlara ne bhASA sAmya ke AdhAra para hI Arya kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| unake anusAra Arya koI jAti nahIM thI kiMtu eka vizeSa prakAra kI bhASA bolane vAloM ko hI Arya kahA jAtA thaa| maiksamUlara ne kahA Aryan, in scientific language is utterly inapplicable to race. It means language is and nothing but language; and if we speak or Aryan race at all, we should know that it means no more than X+Aryan speech".! maiksamUlara ke viparIta Penka (peMkA) ne Arya ko jAti rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra Arya eka jAti thI tathA jo koI manuSya kA samUha vrAtya darzana * 186

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hotA hai, vaha koI-na-koI bhASA bolatA hai| bhASA kA jAti ke sAtha avicchinna sambandha hai| Penka who declared language to be "the organic product of an organism subject to organic laws."2 AryoM ke mUla nivAsa ke bAre meM tIna avadhAraNAeM upalabdha haiN| kucha AryoM ko madhya eziyA, kucha yoropa evaM kucha unheM bhAratIya hI mAnate haiN| madhya eziyA maiksamUlara ne bhASA sAmya ke AdhAra para AryoM kA mUla nivAsa-sthAna IrAna ko siddha kiyA hai| unhoMne IrAna meM prApta zilAlekhoM para utkIrNa hindu devoM ke nAmoM ke AdhAra para unheM 'IrAna' kA siddha kiyA hai| eDavarDa meyara ne AryoM ko pAmIra deza kA nivAsI svIkAra kiyA hai kintu pI. gAilsa ne isa mata ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| aise hI anya kaI vidvAna haiM jo AryoM ko madhya eziyA kA svIkAra karate haiN| yoropa pI. gAilsa ne haMgarI ko AryoM kA mUla sthAna mAnA hai| jarmana vidvAna peMkA ne AryoM kA udgama sthAna jarmanI ke kucha bhAga ko evaM skaiDineviyA ko mAnA hai| bhAratIya bhAratIya siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka itihAsakAra bhArata ko hI AryoM kA mUla deza mAnate haiN| DI. e. trivedI, ela. DI. kallA Adi isa siddhAnta ke purodhA mAne jAte haiN| unhoMne apanI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki vedoM meM kahIM bhI saMketa prApta nahIM hotA ki Arya bhArata se bAhara ke the athavA ve kahIM dUsare sthAna se bhArata meM Aye the| __megasthanIja ne likhA hai ki bhArata vizAla deza hai| yahAM kA eka bhI vyakti mUlataH videzI vaMzotpanna nahIM hai| yadi Arya bAhara se Aye hote to megasthanIja avazya hI isakA kahIM-na-kahIM ullekha krte| jaina AgamoM meM tathA anya jaina sAhitya meM Arya ke saMdarbha meM vicAra huA hai| kSetrArya ke varNana ke prasaMga meM vahAM sAr3he paccIsa dezoM meM utpanna manuSyoM ko Arya kahA hai| jina sAr3he paccIsa sthAnoM kA Arya ke prasaMga meM prajJApanA meM ullekha 160 * vrAtya darzana

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hai unameM se eka sthAna bhI bhArata se bAhara nahIM hai| prajJApanA kA yaha ullekha spaSTa rUpa se AryoM ke bhAratIya hone kA saMketa de rahA hai| prajJApanA meM upalabdha sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM kI sUcI uttara bhArata ke pradezoM kI sUcI hai| Rgveda saMhitA meM bhI AryoM kI rAjya sImA meM prAyaH uttara bhArata ke deza hI sammilita hai| ataH prajJApanA kA yaha prasaMga prastuta saMdarbha meM vizeSa mahattvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| tattvArthabhASya meM pandraha karma bhUmI meM utpanna vyaktiyoM ko tathA cakravartI ke dvArA vijita sthAnoM meM utpanna vyaktiyoM ko Arya kahA hai| isake sAtha hI bharata kSetra ke sAr3he paccIsa dezoM meM utpanna manuSyoM ko bhI Arya kahA hai| isa saMdarbha meM yaha vimarzanIya hai ki bharatakSetra bhI pandraha karmabhUmioM meM samAhita hai phira bhASya meM isakA pRthak ullekha kyoM kiyA gayA? pandraha karmabhUmioM kA ullekha jaina bhUgola meM huA hai kiMtu ve Aja kahAM para haiM, yaha jJAta nahIM hai kiMtu jina paccIsa Arya dezoM kA ullekha hai, ve uttara bhArata meM haiM ataH isa varNana se bhI 'AryoM' kA bhAratIya honA siddha hotA hai| ___jaina paramparA meM Arya-anArya kSetroM kI vyavasthA ke kaI mAnaka upalabdha haiN| prajJApanA ke anusAra ina sAr3he paccIsa dezoM meM tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, baladeva aura vAsudeva kI utpatti hotI hai ataH ye janapada Arya haiN| pravacanasAroddhAra meM bhI jina kSetroM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI utpatti hotI hai unheM Arya evaM zepa ko anArya kahA gayA hai| AvazyakacUrNi meM Arya aura anArya kI vyavasthA bhinna prakAra se upalabdha hai| cUrNi ke anusAra jina pradezoM meM yaugalika rahate the, jahAM 'hAkAra' Adi nItiyoM kA pravartana huA thA, ve pradeza Arya aura zeSa anArya haiN| isake anusAra Arya janapadoM kI sImA bahuta bar3ha jAtI hai| __ jaina sAhitya meM Arya-anArya kA bheda vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vahAM para Arya evaM anArya kI avadhAraNA mAtra jAti para hI AdhArita nahIM hai apitu bhASA, Rddhi, kSetra, zilpa, karma, jJAna Adi usake aneka hetu mAne gaye haiN| isa prasaMga meM yaha dhyAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM Arya evaM anArya kI vyutpatti evaM paribhASA mukhyataH guNAtmaka AdhAra para prastuta kI gayI hai| prajJApanA kI TIkA meM kahA gayA jo heya dharmoM se dUra rahate haiM tathA upAdeya dharmoM ko prApta karate haiM ve Arya haiN|' tatvArthabhASyAnusAriNI meM kSetra, jAti, zilpa, karma Adi se yukta ziSTalokanyAyadharma Adi se sammata AcaraNa se yukta ko Arya kahA gayA hai|0 prajJApanA meM anArya ke sthAna para mleccha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| anArya, mleccha ye paraspara paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| avyakta bhASA ko bolane vrAtya darzana - 161 ___

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vAloM ko anArya kahA jAtA thaa| bhASA ke AdhAra para anArya ko paribhASita kiyA hai yaha tathya Adhunika Arya samasyA ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa mananIya hai| maiksamUlara ne bhASA ke AdhAra para Arya kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa kiyA hai, vaise hI prajJApanA kI TIkA meM avyaktabhASA bolane vAle ko anArya kahA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yahI parilakSita hotA hai ki jo loga eka vizeSa prakAra kI spaSTa bhASA bolate the ve Arya the jo usa bhASA kA prayoga nahIM karate the ve anArya the| yadyapi usa TIkA meM bhASA grahaNa ke upalakSaNa se anya ziSTa jana asammata vyavahAroM kA saMyojana anArya ke sAtha huA hai| kiMtu yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki yahAM para Arya-anArya ke vibhAga kA mukhya hetu bhASA hI hai| bhAratavarSa ke prAyaH sabhI viziSTa dharma sampradAyoM ne vibhinna mAnyatAoM, avadhAraNAoM ke mAnakoM se Arya zabda kA mUlyAMkana kiyA hai| Arya zabda kA prayoga prArambha meM eka jAti athavA eka vizeSa prakAra kI bhASA bolane vAloM ke lie hotA thA kiMtu bAda meM vaha apane saMkucita artha ko chor3akara eka vyApaka artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| _ Arya zabda sabase pahale Rgveda meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, jahAM vaha apane ko AdivAsI jAtioM se pRthak karatA hai| samaya ke pravAha ke sAtha Arya zabda zaktizAlI banatA gyaa| kisI kA Arya honA sammAnajanaka mAnA jAtA thaa| jo vyakti AryoM ke dharma, jAti, bhASA Adi se sambaddha hotA thA usako Arya kahA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt Arya zabda zreSTha evaM anArya azreSTha artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| zreSTha artha meM Arya zabda kA prayoga vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM meM huA hai| bauddha darzana ne apane mUla siddhAntoM ko cAra Arya satya ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA hai| jaina paramparA ke Agama tathA Agametara sAhitya meM zreSTha artha meM Arya zabda kA prayoga bahulatA se huA hai| jainoM ke sabase prAcIna mAne jAne vAle AcArAMga sUtra meM tIrthaMkaroM ke lie Arya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| 'yaha mArga AryoM (tIrthaMkaroM) ke dvArA prajJapta hai|'14 AcArAMga kI racanA ke samaya Arya zreSThatA evaM anArya azreSThatA kA vAcaka bana cukA thaa| hiMsA kA pratipAdana karane vAloM ko anArya kahA gayA hai| AryoM ko ahiMsA dharma kA pravaktA kahA hai|15 AcArAMga ke bhASyakAra ne isake tAtparyArtha ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki jo ahiMsA dharma ko nahIM jAnatA vaha anArya hai| isakA pratipakSI hai Arya arthAt jo ahiMsA dharma ko jAnatA hai vaha Arya hai|16 AcArAMga meM nau bAra Arya zabda kA prayoga huA hai|17 162 . vrAtya darzana

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sUtrakRtAMga meM Arya zabda zreSTha artha meM prayukta huA hai| isa Agama meM mokSamArga ke lie AryamArga zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM jainendra zAsana meM pratipAdita mokSa mArga ko AryamArga kahA gayA hai|16 dharma ke kSetra meM mithyAdRSTi ko hIna mAnA jAtA hai ataH isa Agama meM mithyAdRSTi ke lie anArya zabda kA prayoga huA hai|20 sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM Arya evaM anArya ke madhya eka bhedarekhA khiMcI hai aura unake zArIrika evaM mAnasika vikAsa kA tAratamya batalAyA hai| yaha tAratamya anupAta ke AdhAra para hai| AnupAtika dRSTi se Arya ucca gotrI, lambe, gauravarNa tathA sundara AkRtivAle hote haiN| anArya nIca gotrI, nATe, kRSNavarNa evaM asundara AkRti vAle hote haiN|21| bhauma, utpAta, lakSaNa Adi nAnA prakAra ke pApazruta adhyayana haiM, jo vyakti ina vidyAoM kA dUsare ke lie prayoga karatA hai vaha anArya hai tathA vaha saghana aMdhakAra kI tarapha prasthAna karatA hai| prastuta vivecana se jJAta hotA hai ki jo bhI vyakti galata kArya karatA hai bhale hI vaha kisI deza vizeSa kA ho, kisI bhI bhASA ko bolane vAlA ho vaha anArya hai tathA usakA AgAmI jIvana bhI acchA nahIM hotA hai| Arya evaM anArya (mleccha) kI vistRta carcA hameM prajJApanA sUtra meM prApta hotI hai| jahAM anAryoM kA sthAna vizeSa kI apekSA se nAmollekha mAtra hai kiMtu AryoM kA varNana vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra pAMca bharata, pAMca airavata evaM pAMca mahAvideha ye pandraha karmabhUmiyAM haiN| karmabhUmija manuSya kAryazIla hokara apanI AjIvikA prApta karate haiN| una karmabhUmija manuSya ke Arya aura mleccha ke bheda se do prakAra prajJapta haiN|25 tatvArthasUtra meM bhI manuSya ke Arya evaM mleccha ye do bheda prApta haiN|20 prajJApanA meM RddhiprApta evaM Rddhirahita Arya ke ye do bheda prajJapta haiM tathA Rddhi prApta chaha prakAra ke tathA Rddhi rahita Arya vahAM nau prakAra ke prajJapta haiN| tatvArthabhASya meM RddhiprApta evaM Rddhirahita ye bheda nahIM hai| vahAM AryoM ke chaha bheda kiye gaye haiM jo prajJApanA meM pradatta Rddhirahita AryoM ke bhedoM se tulanIya haiN| prajJApanA meM Rddhirahita AryoM ke nau prakAra batAye gaye haiM jabaki tatvArtha meM Arya chaha prakAra ke hI prajJapta haiN| vahAM jJAnArya, darzanArya evaM cAritrArya kA ullekha nahIM hai tathA tatvArthabhASya meM pandraha karmabhUmi meM utpanna sabhI manuSyoM ko kSetrArya kahA hai jabaki prajJApanA ke anusAra karmabhUmija manuSya donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| tatvArthabhASya meM tIsa akarmabhUmi vrAtya darzana - 163

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ke manuSya kirUpa hai isakA ullekha upalabdha nahIM kiMtu antarvIpaja manuSyoM ko mleccha hI mAnA gayA hai| prajJApanA meM akarmabhUmi evaM antIpaja donoM ke hI sambandha meM ullekha prApta nahIM hai| prajJApanA meM cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva kA parigaNana RddhiprApta Arya ke rUpa meM kiyA gyaa| tatvArthabhASya inakA parigaNana kulArya meM karatA hai| kulakara, kulakaroM ke vaMza meM utpanna tathA jo vizuddha vaMza evaM prakRti ko dhAraNa karane vAle haiM ve bhASya ke anusAra kulArya haiN| prajJApanA meM kulakara Adi kA varNana Arya ke prasaMga meM nahIM hai| prajJApanA meM ugra, bhoja, rAjanya Adi kulArya ke bheda haiM, bhASya unako jAtyArya ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA hai| prajJApanA varNita jAtyArya ke videha, haraya evaM amvaSTha ye tIna bheda bhASya meM varNita hai, anya jAtiyoM kA ullekha nahIM hai kiMtu kuMvu, nAla Adi naye nAma jAtyArya ke prasaMga meM upalabdha hai| prajJApanA, jAtyArya chaha prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM jabaki bhASya meM unakI saMkhyA nirdhArita nahIM hai| prajJApanA meM usa samaya kI pracalita chaha dhanADhya jAtiyoM ko hI jAtyArya kahA hai jabaki bhASya meM aisA koI saMketa nahIM hai| kArya kI avadhAraNA bhI donoM graMthoM meM bhinna prakAra kI hai| prajJApanA ke anusAra jo ardhamAgadhI bhASA bolane vAle tathA brAhmI lipi meM likhane vAle haiM ve bhApArya haiN| tatvArtha bhApya ne ziSTa janoM kI bhASA ke niyata varNa, loka prasiddha, spaSTa zabdoM evaM pAMca prakAra ke Arya jisa bhASA ko bolate haiM, usa bhASA kA saMvyavahAra karane vAle ko bhApArya kahA hai| sarvArthasiddhi meM RddhiprApta evaM Rddhirahita donoM prakAra ke AryoM kA ullekha hai|5 prajJApanA meM RddhiprApta Arya chaha prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM, sarvArthasiddhi meM ve sAta prakAra ke mAne gaye tathA unake nAma bhI prajJApanA se sarvathA bhinna hai| prajJApanA meM arahaMta, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva, cAraNa evaM vidyAdhara ko RddhiprApta Arya kahA hai jabaki sarvArtha siddhi meM buddhi, vikriyA, tapa, vala, auSadha, rasa aura akSINa ko RddhiprApta Arya kahA hai| prajJApanA meM Rddhirahita Arya nau prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM, sarvArthasiddhi meM unakI saMkhyA pAMca hai| jJAnArya, kulArya evaM zilpArya kA ullekha savArthasiddhi meM nahIM hai| prajJApanA meM karmabhUmija ke Arya evaM mleccha do bheda haiN| vahAM antIpaja manuSyoM kA isa prakAra kA koI vibhAga nahIM hai| sarvArthasiddhi meM AryoM ke bheda meM kSetrArya kA to ullekha hai kiMtu unakA sthAna kauna-sA hai, isakA ullekha prApta nahIM hai jabaki mleccha manuSyoM ko antIpaja evaM karmabhUmija ke bheda se do prakAra kA svIkAra kiyA hai| sarvArthasiddhikAra kA yaha abhimata jAna par3atA hai ki unhoMne 164 . vrAtya darzana

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antarvIpaja manuSyoM ko mleccha hI mAnA hai tathA karmabhUmija donoM prakAra ke haiN|26 akarmabhUmi ke manuSyoM ke bAre meM ullekha nahIM hai| prajJApanA meM Rddhirahita AryoM kA vistArapUrvaka kathana hai, sarvArthasiddhi meM unakA nAmollekha mAtra hai| antarvIpaja manuSyoM meM jAti, kula Adi kI vyavasthA nahIM hotI hai tathA vahAM ke loga karma, zilpa Adi kA prayoga bhI nahIM karate haiM kyoMki vahAM para asi, masi evaM kRSi se AjIvikA nahIM hotI hai, kalpavRkSoM ke mAdhyama se hI ve loga apanA jIvanayApana karate haiN| jJAna, darzana evaM cAritra kI ArAdhanA kA bhI bhogabhUmi hone ke kAraNa avakAza nahIM hai| Arya kI avadhAraNA meM karma, zilpa, jAti, kula Adi hI mukhya hetu banate haiN| antarvIpoM meM inakA abhAva hai ataH saMbhava hai isI hetu se graMthakAroM ne antarvIpaja manuSyoM ko mleccha hI mAnA hai| __ prajJApanA evaM sarvArthasiddhi kI taraha hI tatvArthavArtika meM bhI RddhiprApta evaM Rddhirahita-ye do AryoM ke bheda haiN| AryoM ke bhedoM ke saMdarbha meM vArtikakAra ne pUjyapAda kA anugamana kiyA hai| yadyapi RddhiprApta AryoM ke sarvArthasiddhi ne sAta bheda kiye haiM jabaki vArtika meM unake ATha bheda kiye gaye haiN|27 vArtika meM kriyA nAma ke Arya kA adhika kathana hai tathA sarvArthasiddhi meM Agata akSINa ke sthAna para yahAM kSetra zabda kA prayoga huA hai| vArtika meM kSetrarddhi Arya ke vivecana meM akSINa mahAnasa evaM akSINa mahAlaya kA hI vivecana hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki sarvArthasiddhi meM prayukta akSINa zabda kA prayoga adhika saMgata hai kyoMki kSetrarddhi meM kSetra se sambandhita carcA nahIM hai| usakA ullekha to kSetrArya meM hI ho gayA hai| tatvArthavArtika meM kulArya kA samAveza jAtyArya meM hI kiyA gayA hai| prajJApanA meM kArya evaM zilpArya kA pRthak-pRthaka nirdeza hai jabaki vArtika meM kArya kA hI ullekha hai| tatvArthavArtika ke anusAra kArya tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-1. sAvadya kArya, 2. alpasAvadha kArya evaM 3. asAvadha kaary| asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, zilpa aura vaNika karma karane vAle sAvadha kArya haiN| zrAvaka aura zrAvikAeM alpa sAvadha kArya haiN| saMyamI muni asAvadya kArya haiN| isa grantha meM sAvadha karmoM kA to ullekha huA hai kintu alpa sAvadha karma kauna-se haiM? unakA ullekha nahIM hai| sAdhu kI sArI caryA niravadya hotI hai ataH unheM asAvadya karmArya kaha diyA gayA hai kiMtu zrAvaka to apane jIvana nirvAha ke lie vyApAra Adi karate haiM tathA jinakA sAvadyakarma ke rUpa meM varNana haiM ve hI AjIvikA ke pracalita sAdhana the taba unakA hI prayoga karane vAle zrAvaka alpa sAvadha kArya kaise hue? saMbhava aisA lagatA hai ki AjIvikA ke sAdhana to ve vrAtya darzana * 165

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hI the jinakA ullekha sAvadha karma ke antargata huA hai kiMtu zrAvaka saMyamAsaMyamI hote haiM ataH ina kAryoM ko karate hue bhI viveka se kama-se-kama hiMsA karate hoMge ataH unake alpa sAvadya kamArya kahA gayA hai| vArtika isI avadhAraNA ko sampuSTa karatA hai|6 prajJApanA meM kArya aneka prakAra ke prajJapta haiN| jo vastra, sUtra (dhAgA) kapAsa, baMjArA aura miTTI ke bartana Adi kA vyApAra karate haiM ve kArya haiN|30 tunnavAya, tantuvAya Adi ko prajJApanA meM zilpArya kahA gayA hai|" samyakjJAnI, samyakdarzanI aura samyakcAritrI ko kramazaH prajJApanA Adi graMthoM meM jJAnArya, darzanArya evaM cAritrArya kahA gayA hai| jJAnArya kA ullekha mAtra prajJApanA meM hai| prastuta graMthoM meM Arya kI avadhAraNA kA vivecana sApekSa dRSTi se hI huA hai| jJAnArya, darzanArya evaM cAritrArya ina tIna padoM kA sambandha dhArmika jagat se hai| jinheM samyak darzana Adi rUpa ratnatrayI prApta haiM ve Arya haiM jinheM yaha ratnatrayI prApta nahIM hai ve saba anArya haiM, bhale phira ve kisI bhI kSetra, jAti yA kula meM janme hoM, kauna-sA bhI kArya karate hoM aura kisI bhI bhASA ko bolate hoN| AryoM ke zeSa vibhAga bhaugolikatA, AjIvikA, jAti aura bhASA ke AdhAra para kiye gaye haiN| tIrthaMkara Adi kI utpatti ke kAraNa sAr3he paccIsa kSetroM ko jainAcAryoM ne Arya kSetra kahA hai tathA ina pradezoM meM zramaNa paramparA yA jainadharma kA vyApaka varcasva rahA, isIlie bhI sambhava hai inheM Arya janapada kahA gayA hai| ____ ambaSTha Adi usa samaya kI dhanADhya jAtiyAM thIM isalie inheM Arya kahA gayA hai| ugra, bhoga Adi kula AdinAtha RSabha ke samaya meM sthApita hue the isalie pradhAnatayA unhIM ko Arya kahA gayA hai|32 Rgveda meM Arya aura Aryetara ye do vibhAga milate haiN| anArya jAtiyoM meM aneka sampanna jAtiyAM thiiN| unakI apanI sabhyatA aura saMskRti thii| apanI sampadA aura dhArmika mAnyatAeM thiiN|33 jaba ve AryoM se mile taba unameM paraspara bahata bheda thaa| kramazaH ve paraspara ghula-mila gye| Arya vijetA bane isalie ve apane ko zreSTha mAnate the tathA Aryetara jAtiyAM parAjita huIM isalie unheM hIna mAnA jAne lgaa| kAlAntara meM Arya-anArya kA jAtigata artha apane saMkucita artha ko chor3akara kramazaH zreSTha evaM azreSTha artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| jaina paramparA meM Arya-anArya zabda kA prayoga mukhya rUpa se zreSTha evaM azreSTha artha meM hI huA hai| prajJApanA meM varNita Arya vimarza ke dvArA hameM tAtkAlika samAja vyavasthA evaM AjIvikA ke mukhya saMsAdhanoM kA bhI avabodha prApta hotA hai| prajJApanA ke 166 - vrAtya darzana

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samaya meM varNa vyavasthA kA pracalana nahIM thA athavA prajJApanA usa varNa vyavasthA ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, jo vyavasthA samAja meM vighaTana ko bar3hAvA detI hai / nApita, julAhA, bar3haI Adi kA samAveza varNavyavasthA meM zudravarNa meM hotA hai jisako samAja meM heya samajhA jAtA thA / prajJApanAkAra ne una vyaktiyoM ko unake zilpa ke AdhAra para Arya zreNI meM prasthApita karake sAmAjika jAgarUkatA kA paricaya diyA hai| kulArya evaM jAtyArya ke ullekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki prajJApanAkAra usa samaya kI pracalita vyavasthA ko pUrNatayA asvIkRta nahIM karate haiM ataH usa samaya kI dhanADhya jAtiyoM tathA zreSTha samajhe jAne vAle kuloM kA jAtyArya evaM kulArya meM samAveza karake unhoMne sAmaJjasya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| arihaMta, cakravartI Adi kA Rddhisampanna Arya meM parigaNana karake aitihAsika yathArtha ko gaurava pradAna kiyA hai| samAja kA vikAsa korA laukika vyavasthAoM evaM AjIvikA ke saMsAdhanoM se hI nahIM hotA hai, usake vikAsa kA hetu adhyAtma darzana bhI banatA hai / vyakti meM anAdikAla se apane Apako jAnane kI, jagat ke rahasyoM ko udghATita karane kI icchA rahI hai / usa satya ko upalabdha karane ke lie kucha logoM ne ghara, parivAra, samAja kA bhI tyAga kara diyA / sAmAjika loga unheM heya dRSTi se na dekhe / unakA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, balki yoM kahanA cAhiye vahI jIvana kA sarvocca evaM vAstavika lakSya hai / prajJApanAkAra ne jJAnArya, darzanArya evaM cAritrArya kA ullekha karake adhyAtma evaM samAja meM saMtulana sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| prajJApanAvarNita Arya vicAra se samAja se lekara yathAkhyAtacAritra yukta kevalI kA nirUpaNa ho jAtA hai / siddhoM kA samAveza isameM nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki siddha zuddha AtmA hai tathA Arya evaM anArya ye do bheda manuSya ke haiM / AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, praznavyAkaraNa, tatvArthasUtra evaM usake vyAkhyA graMthoM meM Arya evaM anArya sambandhita jaina mAnyatA kA varNana upalabdha hai| saMdarbha 1. The Vedic age p. 205 2. Ibid p. 205 3. megasthanIja, eMziyaNTa iMDiyA, pR. 34 4. prajJApanA 1 / 63 khettAriyA addhachavvIsativihA paNNattA taM jahA vrAtya darzana 167

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rAyagiha magaha caMpA, aMgA taha tAmali tti vaMgA y| kaMcaNapuraM kaliMgA, vANArasi ceva kAsI ya // sAeya kosalA gayapuraM ca, kuru soriyaM kusaTTA y| kaMpilla paMcAlA, ahichattA jaMgalA ceva // vAravatI ya suraTThA mihila videhA ya vaccha kosNbii| NaMdipuraM saMDillA, bhadidalapurameva malayA ya / / vairADa vacchavaraNA, acchA taha mattiyAvai ya dsnnnnaa| suttImaI ya cedI, vIibhayaM siMdhusovIrA // mahurA ya sUraseNA, pAvA bhaMgI ya mAsapuri vttttaa| sAvatthI ya kuNAlA, koDIvarisaM ca lAr3hA ya // seyaviyA vi ya NayarI, keyai addhaM ca AriyaM bhaNitaM 5. tatvArthabhASya 3/15 tatra kSetrAryAH paJcadazasu karmabhUmiSu jAtAH, tathA bharateSvardhapaviMzatiSu janapadeSu jAtAH zeSeSu cakravartivijayeSu c| 6. prajJApanA 1/63 etthuppatti jiNANaM cakkINaM raam-knnhaannN| 7. pravacanasAroddhAra, pR. 446 yatra tIrthaMkarAdInAmutpattistadArya, shessmnaarym| 8 Avazyaka cUrNi jesu kesuvi paesesu mihuNagAdi paiTThiesu hakkArAiyAnII parur3hA te AriyA, aisA annaariyaa|| 6. prajJApanA TIkA, pR. 55 ArAd heyadharmebhyo yAtA, prAptA upAdeya dhmerityaaryaaH| 10. tatvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA pR. 265 tatra kSetra-jAti-kula-karma-zilpa bhASA-jJAnadarzanacAritreSu ziSTalokanyAyadharmAnapetAcaraNazIlA AryAH / 11. prajJApanA TIkA, pR. 55 avyaktabhASA samAcArAH mleccha, avyaktAyAM vAci iti vcnaat| 12. vahI bhASAgrahaNaM copalakSaNaM tena ziSTA'sammatasakalavyavahArA mlecchA iti pratipattavyama // 13. Rgveda 14. AcArAMga 2/116 esa magge AriehiM pveie| 15. vahI 4/21-22 16. AcArAMga bhASya 4/21 yaH ahiMsA dharma na vetti anAryaH, asya pratipakSI yaH ahiMsAdharma vetti sa AryaH / 17. Agamazabdakoza pR. 126 dekheM Arya zabda / 18. sUtrakRtAMga 1/3/66 je tattha AriyaM maggaM / 168 * vrAtya darzana

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16. sUtrakRtAMga vRti patra 67 Aryo mArgo jainendrazAsanapratipAdito mokSamArgaH / 20. sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/37 evaM tu samaNA ege micchadiTThI annaariyaa| 21. sUtrakRtAMga 2/1/13 22. vahI 2/2/18 NANAvihaM pAvasuyajjhayaNaM bhavai taM jahA--bhomaM uppAyaM... evamAiyAo vijjAo aNNassa heuM pauMjaMti... te aNAriyA...tamaMdhayAe pccaayNti| 23. prajJApanA 1/88 taM jahA AriyA milakkhU y| 24. tatvArthasUtra 3/15 25. sarvArthasiddhi 3/36 26. vahI 3/36/435 ta ete'ntIpajA mlecchAH / karmabhUmijAzcazakayavanazabara pulindaadyH| 27. tatvArthavArtika 3/36/3 28 vahI 3/36/2 26. vahI 3/36/2 alpasAvadyakAryAH zrAvakAH zrAvikAzca viratyavirati prinnttvaat| 30. prajJApanA 1/66 31. vahI 1/67 32. atIta kA anAvaraNa pR. 153-154 33. Rgveda 76/3 vrAtya darzana - 166

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23. jaina paramparA meM mAnya pAMca zarIra : eka vizleSaNa saMsArI AtmA sazarIra evaM siddha AtmA zarIra mukta hotI haiN| saMsArAvasthA evaM zarIra parasparApekSa haiN| zarIra ke binA saMsAra evaM saMsAra ke vinA zarIra nahIM hotA hai| saMsAra kA bhoga zarIrAdhIna hai| zarIra kI bhogAyatanatA sarva prasiddha hai| bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA meM isa dRzyamAna sthUla zarIra ke atirikta sUkSma zarIra kI avadhAraNA bhI hai| saMsAra paribhramaNa kA hetu mukhya rUpa se sUkSma zarIra ko hI mAnA gayA hai| sthUla zarIra ko sApekSa dRSTi se dharma kI sAdhanA kA nimitta svIkAra kiyA gayA hai zarIramAdyaM khalu dharmasAdhanam dharma kA prathama sAdhana yaha sthUla zarIra hai| isake abhAva meM sAdhaka sAdhanA ke mArga para ArUr3ha hI nahIM ho sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saMsAra samudra se pAra pAne ke lie zarIra ko naukA mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai sarIramAhu nAva tti jIvo vuccaI nAvio / saMsAro aNNavo vutto jaMtaraMti mahesiNo // aMgrejI bhASA meM zarIra ko Body kahA jAtA hai| Body zabda ke artha ko prastuta karate hue zabdakoza meM likhA gayA Body = whole physical structure of a human being or an animal." isa vAkyAMza se jJAta hotA hai ki mAtra manuSya athavA pazu ke hI zarIra hotA hai anya ke nahIM jabaki jaina paramparA meM tathA jainetara bhAratIya paramparA meM saMsAra-sthita, vikasita, alpavikasita evaM avikasita sabhI prANI zarIradhArI haiN| manuSya, pazu, pakSI se lekara kITa pataMga, vRkSa, havA, pAnI, agni, pRthvI Adi sabhI ke zarIra mAnA gayA hai| devayoni evaM narakayoni jo hamAre pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM hai| ve bhI zarIra yukta haiN| 200 . vrAtya darzana

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zarIra kI paribhASA jaina darzana ke anusAra zarIranAma karma ke udaya se jIva zarIra ko prApta karatA hai / ATha karmoM meM eka karma hai- nAmakarma, isI karma ke kAraNa jIva choTA, bar3A lambA, ThiganA Adi vibhinna prakAra ke zarIra ko prApta karatA hai / zarIra vinAzadharmA evaM vizaraNazIla hotA hai / sarvArthasiddhi meM zarIra ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA 'viziSTanAmakarmodayApAditavRttIni zIryanta iti zarIrANi dhavalA ke anusAra jisa karma ke udaya se AhAra vargaNA ke pudgala skandha tathA taijasa aura kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala skandha zarIra yogya pariNAmoM meM pariNata hokara jIva se sambaddha hote haiM usa karma skandha kI zarIra saMjJA haiM / jaina siddhAnta dIpikA meM sukha aura duHkha ke anubhava ke sAdhanako zarIra kahA gayA hai / zarIra kI yaha paribhASA sthUla zarIroM para hI lAgU ho sakatI hai / kArmaNa zarIra to nirupabhoga hotA hai / zarIra ke prakAra prANI ke jIvana kA nirvAha zarIra ke mAdhyama se hotA hai| khAna-pAna, halana calana Adi sArI pravRttiyoM kA saMcAlana zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI hotA hai / jaina - tattva - mImAMsA meM pAMca prakAra ke zarIroM kA ullekha prApta hai 1. audArika zarIra 2. vaikriya zarIra 3. AhAraka zarIra 4. taijasa zarIra 2 1. sthUla 2. sUkSma 5. kArmaNa zarIra ina pAMca zarIroM ko hama sthUla, sUkSma, sUkSmatara evaM sUkSmatama ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM audArika zarIra vaikriya evaM AhAraka 3. sUkSmatara taijasa 4. sUkSmatama kArmaNa pAMcoM zarIra kramazaH sUkSma hote jAte haiM / jaise audArika se vaikriya, vaikriya vrAtya darzana 201

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se AhAraka, AhAraka se taijasa evaM taijasa se kArmaNa zarIra sUkSma hai| kArmaNa zarIra ko sUkSmatama isalie kahA gayA hai ki vaha catuHsparzI paramANuoM se nirmita hai| zeSa cAra zarIra aSTasparzI hai kiMtu unameM paraspara ApekSika sUkSmatA hai| audArika zarIra audArika zarIra sthUla pudgaloM se niSpanna hotA hai| isa zarIra meM cayApacaya, kozikAoM kA utpAda, vinAza pratikSaNa hotA rahatA hai| yaha zarIra rasa Adi sapta dhAtuoM se nirmita hai| prANI jo AhAra grahaNa karatA hai yaha zarIra usakA sAtmIkaraNa karake use saptadhAtu meM parivartita kara detA hai| zarIra ke dvArA gRhIta anna se rasa, rasa se rakta, rakta se mAMsa, mAMsa se carbI, carbI se haDDI, haDDI se majjA, majjA se vIrya utpanna hotA hai tathA isa vIrya se hI saMtAna paidA hotI hai| yaha prAcIna AcAryoM kA abhimata hai| udAra zabda se uk pratyaya karane para audArika zabda niSpanna hotA hai| audArika zabda ke aneka artha hai| anuyogadvAra kI hAribhadrIyA vRtti meM audArika zarIra ko audArika kyoM kahA jAtA hai? isake cAra hetu batalAye haiM 1. udAra-audArika zarIra udAra arthAt pradhANa zarIra hai kyoMki tIrthaMkara evaM gaNadhara bhI audArika zarIra ko dhAraNa karate haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM udAra zabda pradhAna artha meM prayukta huA hai tathA isI udAra zabda se audArika zabda niSpanna huA hai| 2. urAla-urAla kA artha hai-vizAla / audArika zarIra se anya aura koI zarIra avagAhanA kI dRSTi se bar3A nahIM ho sakatA ataH isako audArika kahA jAtA hai| yadyapi uttara vaikriyakAla meM vaikriyazarIra kI UMcAI kucha adhika eka lAkha yojana ho sakatI hai kiMtu yaha avagAhanA sthAyI nahIM hai mAtra vikriyAkAla meM hotI hai| vaikriya zarIra kI svAbhAvika UMcAI pAMca sau dhanuSya hotI hai jabaki vanaspati Adi kI avasthita avagAhanA kucha adhika hajAra yojana hotI hai ataH audArika zarIra se vizAla anya zarIra nahIM hotA hai|10|| 3. urala-bhiNDI kI taraha jisakA AkAra bar3A aura pradeza kA upacaya alpa hotA hai, usakI saMjJA urala hai| audArika zarIra AkAra meM bRhat evaM pradezopacaya kI dRSTi se svalpa hotA hai, isalie bhI use audArika kahA jAtA hai| 4. urAliya-jo mAMsa, asthi, snAyu Adi avayavoM se nirmita hotA hai, vaha audArika hai|12 202 . vrAtya darzana

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tatvArthasUtra ke svopajJa bhASya meM uparyukta hetuoM ke sAtha hI kucha anya hetu bhI isa zarIra ko audArika kahane ke diye haiN| udAra arthAt jisakI chAyA/AbhA utkRSTa hai athavA jisakA zarIra pramANa utkRSTa hai vaha audArika hai| audArika zarIra apane upAdAna kAraNabhUta zukra, zoNita ko grahaNa kara nirantara mRtyu paryanta avasthAntara ko prApta karatA hai| umra ke anusAra bar3hatA hai| yaha vRddhAvasthA se AkrAnta hotA hai| isa zarIra kA zarIra bandha zithila ho jAtA hai| tvacA meM salavaTeM par3a jAtI hai ataH yaha zarIra zIrNa hotA hai| isameM nirantara parivartana hotA rahatA hai ataH yaha audArika hai|13 audArika zarIra kA chedana-bhedana ho sakatA hai| isako pakar3akara eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para le jAyA jA sakatA hai| kahIM jAne se rokA jA sakatA hai| jalAyA jA sakatA hai| vAyu ke vega se ur3AyA jA sakatA hai| anya zarIroM meM ye guNa dharma nahIM pAye jAte haiN| udAra zabda kA eka artha sthUla hai arthAt jo sthUla zarIra hai vahI audArika hai| vastutaH audArika zarIra kI prasiddhi isake anya arthoM kI apekSA sthUla zarIra ke rUpa meM hI adhika hai| audArika zarIra kI saMkhyA audArika zarIradhArI jIva ananta hai kintu audArika zarIra kI saMkhyA asaMkhya hI hotI hai| jIva ananta evaM zarIra asaMkhya yaha kaise saMbhava hai? isa prazna ko samAhita karate hue kahA gayA ki pratyeka zarIrI jIva asaMkhya hote haiM ataH unake zarIra bhI asaMkhya hoMge tathA sAdhAraNa zarIra jIva ananta hote haiM kiMtu ve eka zarIra meM ananta jIva rahate haiM, unake zarIra asaMkhya hote haiM isa prakAra audArika zarIradhArI jIvoM ke ananta hone para bhI audArika zarIra to asaMkhya hI hote haiN| zarIra evaM kAya jaina paramparA meM zarIra ke lie kAya zabda kA prayoga bhI hotA hai| zarIra . evaM kAya paryAyavAcI zabda hai| jinabhadragaNI ne kAya ke cAra artha kiye haiM-nivAsa. caya, vizaraNa evaM avayavoM kA samyak aadhaan| kAya meM jIva kA nivAsa hotA hai| usameM pratikSaNa pudgaloM kA upacaya hotA hai, kAya nirantara naSTa ho rahI hai tathA usake avayava vyavasthita rUpa se saMyojita hote haiN| jainadharma meM paDjIvanikAya prasiddha hai| muni sarvaprathama ina pajIvanikAya ko hI abhaya pradAna kara ahiMsA kA pAlana karatA hai| pRthvIkAya, apkAya Adi paDjIvanikAya kahalAte haiN| pRthvI vrAtya darzana . 203

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hI hai zarIra jinakA ve pRthvIkAyika jIva hai| isI prakAra anya kAryoM ke bAre meM samajhanA caahiye| audArika zarIra ke dhAraka garbha se utpanna hone vAle jIvoM evaM sammUrchana jIvoM ke audArika zarIra hotA hai| ina do prakAra ke jIvoM ke atirikta aura kisI bhI jIva ke audArika zarIra nahIM hotA kiMtu garbhaja evaM sammUrchana jIvoM ke audArika zarIra ke atirikta anya zarIra bhI hote haiN| vaikriya zarIra audArika zarIra rakta, mAMsa Adi sapta dhAtuoM se nirmita hotA hai jabaki vaikriya zarIra rakta Adi se nirmita nahIM hai| yaha zarIra UrjArUpa hotA hai| vaikriya zarIra meM viziSTa prakAra kI zakti hotI hai jisake kAraNa yaha zarIra ekarUpa hokara anekarUpa ho jAtA hai aura anekarUpa hokara ekarUpa ho jAtA hai| aNu hokara mahAn evaM bar3A hokara punaH choTA bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra kI vividha kriyAeM vaikriya zarIra meM ho sakatI hai| isa zarIra kA dhAraka jIva vividha evaM viziSTa prakAra kI kriyA karane meM samartha hotA hai| vikriyA, vikAra, vikRti aura vikaraNa ye zabda eka hI artha ke bodhaka haiN| jo vikriyA meM utpanna hotA hai, vikriyA se nirmita hotA hai vahI vaikriya zarIra hai| vaikriya zarIra ke dhAraka vaikriya zarIra devatA aura nArakI ke to janma se hI hotA hai| deva evaM nAraka jIvoM ke audArika zarIra nahIM hotA hai| unake vaikriya zarIra janmajAta, svabhAva se hotA hai| manuSya evaM tiryaJcoM ke yaha zarIra labdhijanya hotA hai| vAyukAya ke bhI vaikriya zarIra labdhijanya hotA hai| digambara paramparA meM taijasakAya Adi ke bhI vaikriya zarIra mAnA gayA hai| manuSya Adi meM bhI yaha zarIra labdhijanya hai ataH jinake pAsa vaikriyalabdhi hotI hai unake hI yaha zarIra ho sakatA hai anya ke nahIM ho sktaa| AhAraka zarIra AhAraka zarIra eka viziSTa prakAra kI zarIra saMracanA hai, jo viziSTa 204 . vrAtya darzana

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labdhi-sampanna caturdazapUrvI ke hI ho sakatA hai| audArika evaM vaikriyazarIra janma se lekara mRtyuparyanta rahate haiM vaise yaha zarIra nahIM rahatA hai| labdhijanya vaikriya zarIra kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| viziSTa prayojana se caturdazapUrvI AhAraka zarIra kA nirmANa karate haiM, jo antarmuhUMta meM hI apanA kArya sampAdita karake punaH audArika zarIra meM praviSTa hokara vilIna ho jAtA hai| yaha zarIra zubha varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparzavAle pudgaloM se nirmita hotA hai ataH ise zubha kahA jAtA hai| vizuddha pariNamana vAle pudgaloM se nirmita yaha zarIra sphaTika ke samAna atyanta svaccha hotA hai| isa zarIra se hiMsA Adi koI bhI pApamaya pravRtti nahIM hotI hai tathA yaha kisI bhI prakAra kI sAvadha pravRtti se utpanna bhI nahIM hotA hai ataH vizuddha hai| isa zarIra se kisI kA vinAza nahIM hotA tathA yaha kisI ke dvArA vinapTa bhI nahIM hotA hai ataH avyAghAtI hai|22 AhAraka zarIra nirmANa kA prayojana zrutajJAna ke kisI bhI atyanta sUkSma aura atigahana viSaya meM zrutakevalI ko kisI prakAra kA saMdeha utpanna ho jAtA hai taba vaha usa samasyA kA samAdhAna tIrthaMkara se prApta karanA cAhatA hai kiMtu usa samaya tIrthaMkara usa kSetra meM vidyamAna ho jahAM audArika zarIra nahIM jA sakatA, tava ve zrutakaMvalI apanI viziSTa AhArakalabdhi se AhAraka zarIra kA nirmANa karake use tIrthaMkara se pAsa bhejate haiN| tIrthaMkara ke pAsa se apanI zaMkA kA samAdhAna prApta kara vaha zarIra punaH prayoktA ke mUla zarIra meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| AhAraka zarIra samacaturasra saMsthAnavAlA hotA hai| usa zarIra kI jaghanya avagAhanA eka hAtha se kama evaM utkRSTa avagAhanA pUrNa eka hAtha kI hotI hai| caturdazapUrvI AhAraka zarIra ko jahAM tIrthaMkara hote haiM, vahAM bhejate haiN| kadAcita usa sthAna meM tIrthaMkara na ho to usa zarIra se punaH eka dUsare putale kA nirmANa hotA hai vaha dUsarA putalA jahAM tIrthaMkara hote haiM vahAM jAtA hai, samAdhAna prApta kara pahale vAle putale meM praviSTa hotA hai, vaha prathama putalA (AhAraka zarIra) punaH prayoktA muni ke audArika zarIra meM praviSTa hotA hai| yaha sArI kriyA atyanta zIghra sampAdita ho jAtI hai| isa zarIra kA kAlamAna antarmuhUrta svIkRta hai| prANIdayA, arhatoM kI Rddhi kA darzana, navIna artha kA avagrahaNa aura saMzaya kA apanayana-ina prayojanoM se AhAraka zarIra arhat kI sannidhi meM jAtA hai|3 vrAtya darzana - 205

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tejasa zarIra taijas zabda agni kA vAcaka hai / taijasa zarIranAmakarma ke udaya se tejo guNayukta taijas pudgaloM kI vargaNA se nirmita zarIra ko taijasa zarIra kahA jAtA hai / taijasa zarIra do prakAra kA hotA hai - labdhijanya evaM svAbhAvika | uttaraguNoM kI anupAlanA se zApa evaM anugraha pradAna karane meM samartha uSNaguNa yukta tejolabdhi utpanna hotI hai / labdhijanya taijasa zarIra meM dUsare kA hita-ahita saMpAdita karane kA sAmarthya hotA hai / gozAlaka kI taraha jisako taijasa labdhiprApta hai vaha krodha Adi kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara apane zarIra se taijasa kA putalA nikAlate haiM jo uSNa guNayukta hone ke kAraNa dUsaroM ko jalAne meM samartha hotA hai / isa labdhi ke dhAraka prasanna hone para zItaguNayukta putalA zarIra se bAhara nikAlate haiM jo dUsaroM kA anugraha karane meM samartha hotA hai| isakI kiraNeM zItala evaM saMtApa kA haraNa karane vAlI hotI haiM / 24 tejasa zarIra dIpti, kAnti Adi kA hetu banatA hai| zarIra kI AbhA, tejasvitA kA nimitta taijasa zarIra hai / Aja vijJAna AbhAmaNDala ke citra le rahA hai, eka prakAra se ye taijasa zarIra ke hI citrAMkana haiM / jo taijasa zarIra labdhijanya nahIM hai vaha sabhI prANiyoM meM svabhAva se rahatA hai / usakI prApti ke lie cAritra Adi guNoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai / vaha taijasa zarIra pAcana zakti se yukta hotA hai tathA prANI jo AhAra grahaNa karatA hai usako pacAne meM samartha hotA hai | 25 anuyogadvAra cUrNi meM kahA gayA jo USmAmaya hai jisase AhAra kA paripAka hokara rasa Adi niSpanna hote haiM, jo tejolabdhikA nimitta hai, vaha taijasa zarIra hai / 26 taijasa zarIra sabhI saMsArI prANiyoM ke hotA hai / isake vibhinna prakAra ke saMsthAna hote haiN| jaisA audArika evaM vaikriya zarIra kA AkAra prakAra hogA vaisA hI taijasa evaM kArmaNa kA saMsthAna ho jAtA hai kiMtu samudghAta ke samaya inakA pramANa ina zarIroM se adhika ho jAtA hai / taijasa kAyayoga jaina paramparA meM pAMca zarIroM kA astitva svIkRta hai / inake kAyayoga sAta prakAra ke hote haiM 1. audArika kAyayoga 206 * vrAtya darzana

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2. audArika mizra kAyayoga 3. vaikriya kAyayoga 4. vaikriya mizra kAyayoga 5. AhAraka kAyayoga 6. AhAraka mizra kAyayoga 7. kArmaNa kAyayoga kArmaNa kA mizrayoga audArika mizra Adi meM hI samAviSTa ho jAtA hai kiMtu uparyukta vargIkaraNa meM kahIM bhI taijasa kAyayoga kA ullekha nahIM hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki taijasa zarIra kI kisI prakAra kI svatantra pravRtti nahIM hotI hai ataH isakA svataMtra kAyayoga nahIM hai| yaha zarIra zakti rUpa hai| anya zarIroM ko yaha zarIra zakti pradAna karatA hai| isakI sahAyatA se hI anya zarIra pravRtti karate haiM ataH taijasa kA kAyayoga svatantra nahIM hai, saba yogoM meM usakA samAveza hotA hai| kArmaNa zarIra kArmaNa zarIra sUkSmatama hotA hai| yaha zarIra anya zarIroM kA AdhArabhUta hotA hai| isake nAza ho jAne para anya zarIra niyamataH naSTa ho jAte haiN| yaha sabhI saMsArI prANiyoM ke hotA hai| kArmaNa vargaNA ke sUkSmatama paramANuoM se isa zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai| anya zarIroM kA kAraNa hone se ise kAraNa zarIra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha karma se nirmita hai tathA sampUrNa karmarAzi kA AdhAra sthala hai| kucha AcArya karma ko hI kArmaNa zarIra kahate haiN| kiMtu karma aura kArmaNa zarIra eka nahIM ho skte| ve paraspara bhinna haiN| karma kI utpatti baMdhananAmakarma evaM mohakarma ke nimitta se hotI hai, jabaki kArmaNa zarIra kA vipAka kArmaNa zarIra ko hI paripuSTa karatA hai| ina hetuoM se karma evaM kArmaNa zarIra ko sarvathA eka nahI mAnA jA sakatA kiMtu zarIra nAma karma kI prakRti bhI koI karmoM se bhinna to hai nahIM isa apekSA se karma hI kArmaNa zarIra haiM yaha vaktavya bhI samIcIna ho jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM anekAMtadRSTi hI AzrayaNIya hai| zarIra kI krama vyavasthA audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa evaM kArmaNa zarIroM kA yaha krama bhI salakSya rakhA gayA hai| svalpa pudgaloM se niSpanna evaM bAdara pariNati vAlA hone ke kAraNa audArika zarIra kA prathama nyAsa kiyA gayA hai| vaikriya Adi kramazaH bahu, bahutara vrAtya darzana * 207

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evaM bahutama pudgaloM se niSpanna evaM sUkSma, sUkSmatara evaM sUkSmatama pariNati hone se unakA kramazaH dUsare, tIsare, cauthe evaM pAMcaveM sthAna para nyAsa kiyA gayA hai| pAMco hI zarIroM kI krama vyavasthA kA mukhya hetu hai-inakI uttarottara sUkSmatA aura pradezoM kI bhultaa| jIva aura zarIra kA sambandha jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva aura zarIra kA sambandha anAdikAla se hai| jaba taka jIva saMsArI hai taba taka taijasa evaM kArmaNa zarIra to nirantara jIva se saMlagna rheNge| jIva aura ina do zarIroM kI sambandhatA dravyAstika naya kI apekSA se hI hai kyoMki pravAha rUpa se ye do zarIra nirantara jIva ke sAtha rahate haiM kiMtu paryAyAstika naya kI apekSA inakA jIva ke sAtha sAdi sambandha hai kyoMki savase adhika darzana moha karma kI sthiti sattara koDAkoDI sAgara pramANa hai usake pazcAt to usako badalanA hI par3atA hai| jIva aura zarIra kA sambandha kauna-se samaya meM huA yaha nahIM batAyA jA sakatA ataH yaha sambandha anAdi hai tathA bIja aura vRkSa kI taraha, murgI evaM aNDe kI taraha inameM paurvAparya bhI nahIM batAyA jA sakatA ataH jIva evaM zarIra kA sambandha apazcAnupUrvika hai| kucha AcArya kArmaNa zarIra kA hI jIva ke sAtha anAdi sambandha mAnate haiN| unake anusAra taijasa zarIra to labdhi sApekSa hai tathA vaha taijasa labdhi sabake nahIM hotI ataH taijasa zarIra kA jIva ke sAtha anAdi sambandha nahIM hai|30 audArika, vaikriya evaM AhAraka ina tIna zarIroM kA jIva ke sAtha sAdi sambandha hai| karmoM ke anusAra gati vizeSa meM jIva kabhI audArika yA vaikriya zarIra ko prApta karatA hai tathA AhAraka zarIra to kadAcit hI kucha jIvoM ke hotA hai| labdhijanya vaikriya zarIra bhI kucha hI jIvoM ke kadAcit hotA hai ataH ina tIna zarIroM kA sambandha jIva ke sAtha sAdi hai| jaina darzana kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANI sarvaprathama avyavahAra rAzi meM hI rahate haiM avyavahAra rAzi ke jIvoM kI tiryaJca gati hai| ataH usa avasthA meM una jIvoM ke audArika zarIra hI hotA hai, vaikriya nahIM hotaa| pahalA audArika zarIra jIva ko kaba prApta huA thA, isakA samAdhAna denA azakya hai ataH isa apekSA se audArika zarIra kA bhI jIva ke sAtha anAdi sambandha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 208 * vrAtya darzana

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zarIra kI saMghAta evaM parizATa vyavasthA saMghAta arthAt grahaNa evaM parizATa arthAt prityaag| pUrvabhavika audArika Adi zarIra ke pudgaloM ko chor3akara agrima bhava meM punaH pudgaloM kA saMgrahaNa saMghAtakaraNa kahalAtA hai athavA zarIra yogya pudgaloM kA prathama grahaNa saMghAta hai| audArika zarIroM ko chor3ate samaya anta meM unakA sarvathA parityAga karanA parizATakaraNa hai| saMghAta aura parizATa kA kAlamAna eka-eka samaya hai| ina donoM ke madhya 'saMghAta-parizATa' yaha ubhayakaraNa hotA hai| audArika, vaikriya aura AhAraka ina tInoM zarIroM ke saMghAta Adi tInoM karaNa hote haiN| taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra pravAharUpa se anAdi hai ataH inakA saMghAtakaraNa nahIM hotaa|31 bhavya jIva jo mokSa jAte haiM unakI apekSA se taijasa aura kArmaNa kA parizATa hotA hai| muktigAmI bhavyoM ke zailezI avasthA ke carama samaya meM taijasa evaM kArmaNa zarIra kA parizATa hotA hai|32 saMghAta, parizATa evaM saMghAta-parizATa ye tInoM jIva prayogakaraNa kahalAte haiN| abhavya jIvoM meM taijasa evaM kArmaNa zarIra kA saMghAta evaM parizATa-ye donoM hI nahIM hote haiN| saMghAta-parizATa rUpa ubhayakaraNa unameM hotA hai| yaha karaNa bhI abhavya jIvoM kI apekSA anAdi anaMta hai aura siddhigamana karane vAle bhavyoM kI apekSA sAMta hai| prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne zarIra ke saMdarbha meM vicAra kiyA hai| vedAnta evaM sAMkhya darzana sammata zarIra ke saMdarbha meM kiye gaye vicAroM kI tulanA yathAzakya jaina mAnya zarIra kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha karane kA prayatna prastuta nibandha meM kiyA jI rahA hai| sAMkhya darzana sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra prakRti evaM puruSa ye do tattva haiN| puruSa cetana svarUpa, apariNAmI hai| usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM ho sktaa| isa dRzya jagat kA sampUrNa vikAsa vistAra prakRti ke dvArA hI hotA hai| prakRti hI sarga kAla meM mahat, ahaMkAra, mana, pAMca jJAnendriyAM, pAMca karmendriyAM, pAMca tanmAtrA evaM pAMca bhUtoM ko utpanna kara detI haiN| inhIM tattvoM se zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra sRSTi ke prArambha meM prakRti pratyeka puruSa ke lie eka vizeSa prakAra ke AvaraNa yA zarIra kA nirmANa karatI hai, jise liGga kahate haiN| yaha liGga sRSTi ke prArambha kAla se lekara pralaya kAla taka banA rahatA hai ataH vrAtya darzana - 206

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yaha niyata hotA hai| isakI gati abAdha hotI hai| isalie yaha zilA meM praveza kara sakatA hai, AkAza meM ur3a sakatA hai, pAnI meM DUbA raha sakatA hai| isa liGga zarIra kA nirmANa mana, buddhi, ahaMkAra, pAMca jJAnendriya, pAMca karmendriya evaM pAMca prANa ina aThAraha tattvoM se hotA hai| kucha sAMkhyAcArya liGga zarIra ko satraha tattvoM se nirmita mAnate haiN|34 ve isameM ahaMkAra ko antarbhUta nahIM mAnate haiN| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra yaha liGga zarIra hI pUrva meM kiye gae karma ke saMskAroM se samanvita hokara pUrva-pUrva ke sthUla zarIra kA parityAga karate hue karmaphala ke bhoga ke anurUpa uttarottara nAnA prakAra ke naye sthUla zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA rahatA hai| liGga zarIra ke abhAva meM sthUla zarIra kA nirmANa nahIM ho sktaa| jisa prakAra jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra kArmaNa zarIra ke abhAva meM anya zarIroM kA nirmANa nahIM ho sktaa| yaha liGga zarIra dharma, jJAna, virAga, aizvarya tathA adharma, ajJAna, rAga evaM anaizvarya nAmaka bhAvoM se adhivAsita hokara nAnA prakAra ke lokoM evaM yoniyoM meM sthUla zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA huA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| isa zarIra ke kAraNa sthUla zarIra bhoga karatA hai kiMtu yaha svayaM nirupabhoga hotA hai|35 sUkSma zarIra sAMkhya darzana ke kucha vidvAn liGga zarIra se bhinna sUkSma zarIra kI sattA svIkAra karate haiN| liGga evaM sthUla zarIra se bhinna eka sUkSma zarIra hotA hai, jo trayodaza kAraNoM kA banA hotA hai| liGga ke eka hote hue bhI sUkSma zarIra pratijanma meM parivartita ho jAtA hai|36 sthUlazarIra liGga kI racanA puruSa kI bhoga kI siddhi ke lie huI hai kiMtu vaha svataH viSayoM kA bhoga karane meM samartha nahIM hai ataH sthUla zarIra ke dvArA hI unakA bhoga saMbhava hai| sthUla zarIra pAMcoM sthUla bhUtoM ke yoga se banatA hai ataH vaha pratyakSa grAhya hai| katipaya sAMkhya sUtroM ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha loga AkAza rahita cAra bhUtoM se tathA anya kucha kevala pArthiva tattvoM se hI sthUla zarIra kI sRSTi mAnate haiN| sthUla zarIra ananta haiM para yonibheda se inake vargIkaraNa bhI kiye jAte haiN| pRthakyonibheda se inakI racanA ke bhI vibhinna prakAra haiN| manuSya zarIra ko SAT kauzika arthAt chaha kozoM vAlA kahA jAtA hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra garbhastha zizu ko roma, rakta evaM mAMsa mAtA se prApta hote haiM 210. vrAtya darzana

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tathA snAyu, asthi evaM majjA ke nirmApaka tattvoM kI prApti pitA se hotI hai ataH zarIra ko pATkauzika kahA jAtA hai / vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM bhAvoM se adhivAsita sUkSma zarIra kA hI adhika mahattva hai| sUkSma zarIra ke anusAra hI sthUla zarIra evaM anya bhogya sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| tulanA jaina darzana mAnya kArmaNa zarIra kI kathaMcit tulanA liGga zarIra se kI jA sakatI hai / liGga zarIra ko jaise sthUla zarIra kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai vaise hI kArmaNa zarIra audArika Adi zarIroM kA kAraNa hai / liGga zarIra kI taraha hI kArmaNa zarIra apratighAtI evaM nirupabhoga hai / usameM hI sAre saMskAra saMcita rahate haiM / jIva ke saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kA hetu liGga zarIra kI taraha kArmaNa zarIra hI hai / jaina darzana meM jise audArika zarIra kahA jAtA hai use hI sAMkhya sthUla zarIra kahatA hai / udAra zabda se audArika zabda niSpanna huA hai evaM udAra kA eka artha sthUla bhI hai jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM ullekha kiyA hai / jaina paramparA mAnya audArika evaM kArmaNa zarIra kI tulanA to sAMkhya mAnya sthUla evaM liGga zarIra se kramazaH ho jAtI hai kiMtu jaina sammata vaikriya, AhAraka evaM taijasa zarIra kI avadhAraNA sadRza vicAra sAMkhya meM upalabdha hai yA nahIM yaha anveSaNIya haiN| sAMkhya darzana meM bhI deva, nAraka Adi yoniyoM kI svIkRti hai, unakA zarIra kaisA hotA hai? manuSya ke sthUla zarIra se to avazya hI vaha bhinna prakAra kA honA cAhiye / sAMkhya kisa rUpa meM usakA varNana karatA hai yaha khoja kA viSaya hai / vedAnta darzana vedAnta darzana meM sRSTi kA kramika vikAsa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha kramika vikAsa sUkSmatama rUpa se sthUlatara rUpa kI ora hotA hai / isa vikAsa prakriyA kI tIna avasthAeM haiM 1. kAraNAvasthA 2. sUkSmAvasthA 3. sthUlAvasthA tamoguNa pradhAna mAyA kI vikSepa zakti se upahita brahma ko hI Izvara kahA vrAtya darzana 211

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jAtA hai / yaha Izvara hI sRSTi kA kAraNa hai| Izvara se sarvaprathama AkAza utpanna hotA hai| AkAza eka, ananta, laghu-sUkSma tathA sarvavyApaka hai| AkAMza se kramazaH sthUla tattvoM kA udbhava hotA hai / inake udbhava kA vedAnta darzana meM vistAra se ullekha prApta hai kiMtu prastuta prasaMga meM zarIra se sambandhita viSaya para vimarza karanA kAmya hai| vedAnta darzana ke anusAra pAMca jJAnendriyAM, pAMca karmendriyAM, paMcaprANa mana aura buddhi ina satraha avayavoM ke samUha se sUkSma zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai / 37 ina avayavoM kA pRthak-pRthak samUha koza kahalAtA hai| sUkSma zarIra manomaya, prANamaya tathA vijJAnamaya koza se yukta hone se isameM jJAna, kriyA tathA icchA ina tInoM zaktiyoM kA yoga rahatA hai| ina tInoM kozoM meM vijJAnamaya koza jJAnazakti sampanna kartArUpa hai| manomayakoza icchAzakti yukta hone ke karaNa rUpa tathA prANamaya koza kriyAzakti sampanna hone se kAryarUpa hai| pRthak-pRthak tInoM hI kozoM kA apanI-apanI yogyatA ke anurUpa hI kartA, karaNa evaM kAryarUpa meM vibhAga kiyA gayA hai, ye tInoM milakara sUkSmazarIra kahalAte haiM / kAraNAvasthA meM kevala Anandamaya koza rahatA hai| pAMca jJAnendriyAM aura buddhi kA samUha vijJAnamaya koza kahalAtA hai| isa koza se hI jIva meM jJAna zakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / mana ke sAtha jJAnendriyoM ke saMyukta hone se ise manomaya koza kahA jAtA hai / " yaha koza icchA zakti se yukta hotA hai| paMcaprANa sahita karmendriyoM ke samUha ko prANamaya koza kI abhidhA prApta hai / " isameM kriyAzIlatA kA prAdhAnya hai / jIva jJAna, icchA evaM kriyA zakti se saMcAlita hokara vyAvahArika kAryoM kA kartA banatA hai / 1 kAraNazarIra vedAnta darzana ke anusAra Izvara kI samaSTi arthAt samUhopAdhi sabakA mUlabhUta kAraNa hone se kAraNa zarIra hai / 42 sAMkhya Adi dArzanikoM ke vicArAnusAra kevala sUkSma evaM sthUla ye do zarIra mAne gaye haiM kintu vedAnta sUkSma evaM sthUla zarIra ke vilaya kA sthAna kAraNa zarIra ko mAnatA hai / sthUlazarIra sRSTi kA carama vikAsa sthUla zarIra hai| sthUla zarIra kA nirmANa AkAza Adi paMcIkRta sthUlabhUtoM se hotA hai| yaha zarIra hI vyAvahArika rUpa se janma-maraNa 212 * vrAtya darzana

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ko prApta hotA hai| jIvAtmA isI zarIra ke mAdhyama se karma tathA unake phala kA upabhoga karatA hai| vedAnta darzana meM sthUla zarIra ke cAra prakAra mAne gaye haiM1. jarAyuja 2. aNDaja 3. svedaja 4. udbhijja manuSya, pazu Adi ke zarIra jarAyuja, pakSI, sarpa Adi ke zarIra aNDaja, jUM, kITa Adi ke zarIra svedaja tathA vRkSa, latA Adi ke zarIra udbhijja kahalAte haiN| vedAnta ke anusAra paMcIkRta bhUtoM se hI bhUH, bhuvaH, svaH, mahaH, janaH tapaH tathA satyam ina sAta UparI bhuvanoM kA tathA atala, vitala, sutala, rasAtala, talAtala, mahAtala tathA pAtAla nAmaka nIce ke sAta lokoM kA, brahmANDa aura usameM sthita caturvidha sthUla zarIroM aura unake poSaNArtha anna-pAna Adi kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| yadyapi ina cAra zarIroM ke dhArakoM ke ullekha meM manuSya, pazu, pakSI, kITa, vRkSa Adi kA hI ullekha hai, inase bhinna devayoni athavA pAtAlayoni ke jIvoM ke zarIra kaisA hotA hai? isakA ullekha nahIM hai| jabaki jaina darzana meM deva, nAraka Adi ke zarIroM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| vedAnta ne jo cAra zarIroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jaina paramparA meM ve trasakAya jIvoM ke zarIra ke bheda haiN| jaina darzana meM usakAya jIvoM ke varNana prasaMga meM unheM ATha prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| jinameM cAra prakAra vedAnta darzana meM kathita cAra zarIra ke nAma se tulanIya hai| dazavakAlika meM varNita, aNDaja, jarAyuja, saMsvedaja evaM udbhija trasa jIva ke ina cAra prakAroM kA hI vedAnta meM cAra zarIra ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| dazavaikAlika meM yaha varNana zarIra ke prasaMga meM nahIM hai| trasajIvoM ke prakAra varNana ke prasaMga meM hai| jaina ke anusAra zarIra dRSTi se vicAra karane para ina cAroM hI prakAroM kA samAveza audArika zarIra meM ho jAtA hai| vedAnta mAnya sUkSma zarIra kI AMzika tulanA jaina ke kArmaNa zarIra se tathA sthUla zarIra kI audArika zarIra se ho sakatI hai| vedAnta sUkSma zarIra meM jJAnamaya, manomaya, prANamaya ina tIna kozoM ko mAnatA hai, jaina ke anusAra bhI sUkSmatama kArmaNazarIra meM hI jJAna, sukha, duHkha Adi ke saMskAra saMcita rahate haiN| vedAnta meM vizva, taijasa evaM prAjJa kI avadhAraNA hai| inakI kramazaH audArika, vrAtya darzana - 213

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taijasa evaM kArmaNa zarIra ke sAtha tulanA ho sakatI hai| jaTharAgni anna kA paripAka karatI hai| isase hI sthUla zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai| vyaSTi rUpa meM jo vizva hotA hai, samaSTi ciMtana meM vahI virAT yA vaizvAnara bana jAtA hai| taijasa kriyAzIla hai| isase hI kriyAzIlatA prApta hotI hai| yaha jaina mAnya taijasa zarIra se AMzika samAnatA rakhatA hai| samaSTi meM taijasa ko hI hiraNyagarbha kahA jAtA hai| prAjJa vyaSTi hai isakI samAnatA kArmaNa zarIra se hai tathA vedAnta ke anusAra samaSTi vimarza meM prAjJa hI sarvajJa bana jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM kArmaNa zarIra ko paudgalika mAnA gayA hai jabaki vedAnta prAjJa ko paudgalika nahIM mAnatA kiMtu yahAM para yaha vimarzanIya hai ki jaba prAjJa ko kAraNa zarIra kahA jA rahA hai to vaha caitanya svarUpa kaise hogA? kyoMki zarIra to jar3a rUpa hai phira kAraNa zarIra ko bhI jar3a rUpa mAnanA caahiye| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM meM zarIra ke saMdarbha meM prabhUta vicAra huA hai| sUkSma zarIra AtmA kI vimokSAvasthA kI prApti meM bAdhaka hai| sthUla zarIra Atma-prApti meM sAdhaka bana sakatA hai yadi sAdhaka zarIra meM rahakara bhI zarIrAtIta avasthA kA anubhava kara ske| usa zarIra ko pUrNatayA Atma prApti ke lakSya ke lie hI samarpita kara de / saMsArI jIva avidyA se yukta hai phalasvarUpa usakI cetanA zarIra ke Asa-pAsa bhramaNa karatI rahatI hai| zarIra ke prati usakI Asakti banI rahatI hai| avidyAvAn ke zarIra kendra meM hotA hai| AtmAbhimukhatA se vaha dUra rahatA hai| zarIra sukha ko hI vaha apane jIvana kA lakSya mAnatA hai| usakA sArA AcAra, vyavahAra zarIra kI parikramA karatA rahatA hai| zarIrAsakti ke kAraNa vaha vibhinna prakAra ke saMklezoM ko prApta hotA hai| adhyAtma jagat meM zarIrakendrita cetanA bAdhA utpanna karatI hai, ataH sAdhaka zarIra ke prati mUrchA kA tyAgakara Atmatatva kI prApti ke lie prayatnazIla bane, yaha abhilaSaNIya hai| Adhunika vijJAna meM zarIra 'zarIra vijJAna' ne zarIra se sambandhita aneka rahasyoM kA udghATana kiyA hai| vijJAna ke anusAra kozikA zarIra kI ikAI hai| usa choTI-sI kozikA meM bhI vibhinna prakAra ke bhautika evaM rAsAyanika parivartana hote rahate haiN| vijJAna ne ina sabakA atyanta sUkSma vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai| zarIra meM kyA-kyA tattva hai, unakA nirmANa kaise hotA hai? zarIra ke avayava kyA-kyA karate haiM? kaise karate 214 . vrAtya darzana

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haiM? paraspara unakA kyA sambandha hai ityAdi vibhinna saMdarbho meM vijJAna carcA kara rahA hai| DI. ena. e., Ara. ena. e., jIna Adi kI vistRta carcA zarIra vijJAna meM prApta hai| zarIra ke saMdarbha meM aisI sUkSma carcA prAcIna granthoM meM prApta nahIM hai| vijJAna ke dvArA zarIra se sambandhita anekoM tathya prakAza meM Aye haiM jo adyaprabhRti ajJAta the kiMtu vijJAna kA kendrabhUta vizlepaNIya sthala yaha audArika zarIra hI hai| sthUla zarIra ke atirikta anya zarIra kI avadhAraNA vijJAna meM nahIM hai, yadyapi vijJAna bhI zarIra meM uSmA, vidyut zakti ko svIkAra karatA hai kiMtu jaina mAnya taijasa zarIra jaisI avadhAraNA vijJAna meM nahIM hai| kucha vaijJAnika sUkSma zarIra kI prAkkalpanA kara rahe haiM kiMtu abhI taka usakA astittva siddha nahIM ho pAyA hai| jabaki dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM sUkSma zarIra kI avadhAraNA sarvamAnya hai| saMbhava hai bhaviSya meM vijJAna bhI dharmadarzana kI avadhAraNA meM sahamata ho jaaye| saMdarbha: 1. uttarAdhyayana 23/73 2. sarvArthasiddhi 2/36/33 3. dhavalA 13/5/5 jassa kammassa udaeNa AhAravaggaNAe poggalakhaMdhA tejAkammaiyavaggaNapoggala khaMdhA ca sarIrajoggapariNAmehi pariNadA saMtA jIveNa saMbajhaMti tassa kammakhaMdhassa zarIramidi snnnnaa| 4. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA 724 sukhaduHkhAnubhavasAdhanaM shriirm| 5. tatvArthasUtra 2/45 nirupabhogamantvayam 6. tatvArthasUtra 2/38 teSAM paraM paraM suukssmm| 7. jai. si. dI. vR. 725 sthUlapudagalaniSpannaM rasAdidhAtumayam audArikam / 8 dhavalA 6/1 rasAdraktaM tato mAMsaM mAMsAnmedaH prvrtte| medaso'sthi tato majjA majjaH zukraM tataH prajA // 6. anuhA. vR. pR. 87 titthagaragaNadharasarIrAiM paDucca udAraM, udAraM nAma prdhaanm| 10. anuhA vR. pR. 17 urAlaM nAma vistarAlaM, vizAlaM ti vA jaM bhaNite hoti kahaM sAtiregajoyaNasahassamavaThThiyappamANamorAliyaM aNNamedahamittaM Natthi / veuvviyaM hojjA lakkhamahiyaM, avaTTiyaM paMcadhaNusate, imaM puNa avaTTitapamANaM atirega joynnshssN| 11. anuhA vR. pR. 87 uralaM nAma svalpapradezopacitatvAd bRhattvAcca bhiNDavat / vrAtya darzana + 215

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12. anuhA. vRM. pR. 87 urAlaM nAma mAMsAsthisnAmyvAdyavayava baddhatvAt 13. tatvArtha bhASya 2/46 udgatAramudAram, utkaTAramudAram udgama evodAram, upAdAna prabhRti anusamayamudgacchati vardhate jIryate zIryate pariNamatItyudAram udAramevIdArikam / 14. tatvArthabhASya 2/46 grAhyaM chedyaM bhedyaM dAhyaM hAryamityudAharaNAdaudArikam, naivamanyAni / 15. sarvArthasiddhi 2/36 udAraM sthUlaM / udAre bhavaM udAraM prayojanamasyeti vA audArikam / 16. anu. malaya. vR.pa. 181 pratyekazarIriNastAvadasaMkhyAtA evAtasteSAM zarIrANyapyasaMkhyAtAnyeva, sAdhAraNazarIriNastu vidyante anantAH kintu teSAM naikaikajIvasyaikaikaM zarIraM kintvanantAnAmanantAnAmekaikaM vapurityata audArikazarIriNAmAnantye'pi zarIrANyasaMkhyeyAnyeveti / 17. vizeSAvazyakabhASya gA. 3527 jIvassa nivAsAo pogalacayao ya saraNadhammAo / kA o'vayavasamAhANao ya davva-bhAvamao // 18 tatvArtha sUtra 2 / 46 garbhasammUrcchanamAdyam / 16. tatvArthabhASya 2/46 vaikriyamiti-vikriyA vikAro vikRti vikaraNamityanarthAntaram / 20. tatvA. bhA. TI. 2/48 vAyozca vaikriyaM labdhipratyayameva / 21. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, gAthA 232 22. tatvArthasUtra 2 / 46 zubhaM vizuddhamavyAghAtI cAhArakaM caturdazapUrvadharasyaiva / 23. anuyoga cUrNi pR. 6 / pANidayariddhisaMdarisaNatthamatthovagAhaNahetuM vA / saMsayavoccheyatthaM gamaNaM jiNapAdamUlammi || 24. tatvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA 2/37 teja ityagniH, tejoguNopeta dravyavargaNA samArabdhaM tejo vikArasteja eva vA taijasamuSNaguNaM, zApAnugrahasAmarthyAvirbhAvanaM tadeva yadottaraguNapratyayAlabdhirutpannA bhavati tadA paraM prati dAhAya visRjati roSaviSAdhmAtamAnaso gozAlAdivat, prasannastu zItatejasA'nugRhNAti / 25. tatvArthabhASya 2/37 yasya punaruttaraguNalabdhirasatI tasya satatamabhyavahatAhArameva pAcayati, yacca tat pAcanazaktiyuktaM tat taijasamavaseyam / 26. anu. cUrNi pR. 61 savvassa upahasiddhaM rasAdi AhArapAgajaNaNaM vA / teyagaladdhinimittaM va teyagaM hoti NAyavvaM // 27. tattvA. bhA. TI. pR. 165 karmaNA nirvRttaM kArmaNam, azeSakarmarAzerAdhArabhUtaM 216 * vrAtya darzana

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kuNDavad / 28. anu. ma vR. pa. 181 karmaiva vA kaarmnnm| 26. tatvArthasUtra 2/42 anAdisambandhe c| 30. tatvArthabhASya 2/43 kArmaNamevaikamanAdisambandhaM... taijasaM tu labdhyapekSaM bhvti| sA ca taijasalabdhirna sarvasya, kasyacideva bhavati / 31. uttarAdhyayana niyukti 162 saMghAyaparisADaNaubhayaM tisu dosu natthi saMghAo... 32. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 3336 teyAkammANaM puNa saMtANo'NAio na sNghaao| bhavvANa hojja sADo selesIcarimasamayammi // 33. sAMkhyakArikA 40, pUrvotpannamasaktaM niyataM mahadAdi sUkSmaparyantam / 34. sAMkhyasUtra 3/6 saptadazaikaM liGgam / 35. sAMkhyakArikA 40 saMsarati nirupabhogaM bhAvairadhivAsitaM linggm| 36. sAMkhyakArikA bhUmikA pR. 68 vrajamohana caturvedIkRta 37. vedAntasAra (pR. 35) caukhambA vidyAbhavana vaaraannsii| sUkSmazarIrANi saptadazAvayavAni linggshriiraanni| avayavAstu jJAnendriyapaMcaka buddhi- manasI karmendriyapaMcakaM vaayupNckshceti| 38 vedAntasAra (pR. 35) eteSu kozeSu madhye vijJAnamayo jJAnazaktimAn kartRrUpaH, manomaya icchAzaktimAna krnnruupH| prANamayaH kriyAzaktimAna kaaryruupH| etatkozatrayaM militaM stsuukssmshriirmityucyte| 36. vedAntasAra pR. 35 iyaM buddhijJAnendriyaiH sahitA vijJAnamayakozo bhavati 40. vahI, manastu jJAnendriyaiH sahitaM sanmanomayakozo bhvti| 41. vahI, idaM prANAdipaMcakaM karmendriyaiH sahitaM satprANamayakozo bhavati 42. vahI, IzvarasyeyaM samaSTirakhilakAraNatvAt kaarnnshriirm| 43. vedAntasAra (pR. 16) caturvidhazarIrANi tu jarAyujANDajodbhija svedajAkhyAni 44. vahI, (pR. 45) etebhyaH paMcIkRtebhyo bhUtebhyaH bhUrbhuvaH svarmahajanastapaH satyamityeta nnAmakAnAmuparyupari vidyamAnAnAmatalavitalasutalarasAtalamahAtalapAtAlata lAtalanAmakAnAmadho'dho vidyamAnAnAM lokAnAM brahmANDasya tadantarvarticaturvidhasya __ sthUlazarIrANAM tducitaanaamnnpaanaadiinaanycotpttirbhvti| 45. dazavaikAlika 4/6 se je puNa ime aNege bahave tasA pANA taM jahA-aMDayA poyayA jarAuyA rasayA saMseimA sammucchimA ubbhiyA uvvaaiyaa| vrAtya darzana - 217

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24. Embodiment of Peace and Love Mahavira's life is an embodiment of Love and compassion and is itself a lesson in spirituality. He was the conscience of immortal India. or, we may say, he had the actual consciousness of India as well as of the whole world. When he reached the pinnacle of spiritual awakening, he began to preach what he realised. He was a living example of truth and non-violence. To Jain, Bhagavan Mahavira represents the embodiment of truth, rather than a historical hero. Our devotion to him means devotion to truth, love and compassion, for he himself devoted his entire life to these things. Only after prolonged spiritual exertion of austerities did he achieve spiritual enlightenment. At this stage, he then sought to show to others the way of spiritual development. His goal was to assist those who were indulging and suffering in this transitory world. Lord Mahavira was, is and always will be a beacon to humankind. His miraculous personality profoundly impresses all who encounter it, both in the past and now. He was not a incarnation of any God but a simple human being just as we all are. He attained 'Super Humanity' through spiritual exertion, and he preached that all people can achieve this goal through spiritual exertion. Lord Mahavira was the propounder of the Jain religion Jainism is one of the oldest living religions in the world. It is not an offshoot of Hinduism or Buddhism, as scholars have now definitively proven. Although Indian philosophers were never confused about this issue, some western philosophers misinterpreted Jainism as an offshoot of Buddism or Hinduism. But now it is quite clear to all that Jainism has always been an independent religion. Almost 2,600 years ago Lord Mahavira was born (B. 599 B.C., D-527 B. C) in Bihar, India. His father and mother were 218 - vrAtya darzana

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Siddartha and Trishala respectively. He was born and brought up with a silver spoon. He was the member of a royal family His father was a king. When Lord Mahavira was conceived his mother had fourteen great dreams. She awoke and asked her husband what might be the meaning of these dreams. He invited a Prophet to interpret the dreams. He calculated that a great soul would take birth and that soul would reach the perfection of self-realisation and would be the torch bearer of the whole world. It was Predicted that he would be the harbinger of peace and bestower of the hiappiness. He bore three names. His parents called him "Vardhmana' which means, from the date he was conceived by Trishala, the wealth, power and prosperity of the kingdom were steadily improving. Secondly because he had subdued his external as well as internal foes he was called "Mahavira'. He was also called 'Sanmati? which means that even in Lord Mahavira's childhood. He possessed an extra ordinary personality. He never wept nor laughed. He always remained in a contented mood. He was quite active like all growing children, but never restless. Even as a sinall child, he appeared to be unattached to all things, that is, he did not seem to have any physical attraction towards worldly things and instead it appeared as if he was meditating. Success in life depends on two factors-Wisdom and energy. A harmonious combination of these two things makes man fearless and strong. Vardhamana possessed both in equal proportion. He was never touched by any kind of fear. Once he was playing with his friends a game called 'Amalaki', in which children race to climb a tree. Vardhmana had tramendous power so outran everyone and climbed up the tree first. When he was coming down, he sawa huge snake around the trunk of the tree. It hissed at the sight of Vardhmana. Struck with fear, the rest of the children ran away but Vardhamana remained unperturbed. He caught hold of the snake and threw it away. He climbed down from the tree and his playmates applauded him. He had won the game. Knowledge is a part of the spititual energy of man. Vardhamana had both spiritual energy and knowledge in him. His relatives knew that he was physically strong but did not know that he had tremen vrAtya darzana - 216

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dous knowledge as well and he was sent to school as usual at the age of eight. He was a very respectful child, and was very much devoted and obedient to his parents. Since his extra sensory knowledge had already become well-developed, he was conversant with what was being taught at school. Nevertheless he willingly joined school. The teacher welcomed him and he joined his companions. It is said that Indra, the king of the gods disguised himself as a Brahmana and came to the school to tell him that he already knew what was being taught. But he did not tell Vardhamana this fact directly. Instead he asked him several questions about letters and their combinations. The child gave highly appropriate answers. The teacher was amazed that he knew things the teacher himself did not know and realized that Mahavira was not an ordinary child, but an extraordinary one. He sent him home very respectfully telling him that he knew everything, there was no need to attend class. At this time, the child Mahavira was growing in leaps and bounds, both physically as well as spiritually. When he entered into young adulthood, his parents thought, it was time to think of the marriage of the young prince, A marriage proposal arrived from king Jitsatru to have Vardhamana marry his daughter. And so the two got married. But Mahavira had been absorbed in spiritual reality, trying to feel his oneness with it. Although he lived in a royal palace surrounded by relatives, servants, all kinds of prosperity and comforts, his mind was turned inwards into the depth of the self. Over the next few years, a number of events transpired. He had a daughter, and both his parents died when he was 28. He lived two more years with his family after the death of parents due to request of his elder brother Nandivardhana. He took initiation at the age of 30 and did Sadhana for 12 years, experiencing unimaginable difficulties. At last he attained enlightenment. After this, he dedicated his life to preaching. He was a wonderful orater and spoke in the vernacular so that the common people could understand his teachings. He was a crusader, a beacon. He was a reformer. At that time there were many destructive rituals in the field of religion involving violence, among other things. After he had attained enlightenment Bhagavan Mahavira in his first sermon explained the threefold path that is the way of self220 . vrAtya darzana

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realisation Right faith Right Knowledge Right Conduct. According to Jainism, the world consists of two types of basic substances the soul and the non-soul. A soul bound by a body is called 'Jiva' or an embodied soul. A free or a disembodied soul is called paramatma. That which enables the transformation of a bonded soul into a perfect soul is called dharam or religion. Non-violence, Truth, non-stealing, celibacy, non-possession are lord Mahavira's fundamental teachings. His philosophy of Anekant-many sidedness is also central to Jainism's democratic teachings. Bhagavan Mahavira propounded the doctrine of the freedom of the soul. The soul is not a part of paramatma, God or a supreme soul, it does not dissolve into paramatma after it has become emancipated. It maintains its independent existence in the state of bondage as well as in the state of liberation. India is a land of saints and sages, seers and prophets, thinkers and philosophers. In all historical epochs, she produced a long line of spiritual luminaries who benefited human kind (both by practice and precept) with the highest moral and spiritual values of life. They presented a path leading from darkness to light, from ignorance to knowledge, from cruelty, encmity and hatred to kindness, love and compassion. The renowned Lord Mahavira was one of the brightest among such spiritual luminaries in the history of the mankind. He practised what he preached, and preached what he practised. The voice of this great spiritual apostle touched and changed the hearts of both human being and animals. His teachings were of the highest intellectual and spiritual level. His words powerfully affected that people who were astonished to hear the great gospel of life, and through it they achieved peace of mind. Lord Mahavira was the 24th tirthankar of Jainism but it is also true that he remains a light house or a beacon light for those who have lost their way and are wandering in darkness. In other words, he is a great spiritual leader of human kind and of all living beings. He himself was a great gospel of spirituality. vrAtya darzana * 221

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25. Ecological survival : Global Survival (The Jain Perspective on Ecology) Ecology is a study of harmful or beneficial interactions between organism to organism, community to community, organism to matter and matter to matter. These interactions are being further influenced by physical factors like light, temperaturez moisture, wind, gravity, space and time. When a variety of factors interact the process becomes very complex and infact that is what happens in the nature. Amongst the organism, if the interaction is beneficial to both the partners it is known as symbiosis, to one-commensalism and when harmful-antagonism. Innumerable intricate relationships occur in nature and make the science of ecology a very complex and fascinating subject of great relevence to the mankind. The interactions are natural phenomena and have been going on since times immemorial and have led to the present day scenario on this planet. The natural interactions have been vastly interfered by the human beings primarily due to lack of proper education, degradation of moral and spiritual values and an outlook of materialistic possessiveness. Thus, primarily biological, chemical and, physical phenomena have now-a-days also become economical, social and political phenomena. This has resulted into depletion of natural resources, extinction of many species, pollution of environment with toxic substances, and has infact threatened the very existence of the human community itself. To-day, while on one hand human community is widely engaged in rapid destruction of 222 . vrAtya darzana

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the environment, on the other some wise people talk about saving it, but the central effort is to save human community only. How could human community be saved alone? If we want to save this precious' species we have to save everything, protect every thing. A historian Lynn white (1967) observed 'what people do about their ecology depends on what they think about themselves in relation to things around them. Human ecology is deeply conditioned by beliefs about our nature and destiny, that is, by religion.' This infact seems to be very much true. Jainism is ecology. The central theme of Jainism in non-violence. Non-violence does not only mean that one must not kill a living being, it also means that one should not create an atmosphere of violence, one must not create an environment in which animate beings perish, and must not create a situation which would disturb the inanimate order. Non-violence relates to both the sentient and the non-sentient. The doctrine of non-violence is not limited to the non-killing alone. According to Jain principles soul and matter influence each other. The material environment is conditioned by living beings and living beings are conditioned by environment. Let us consider non-violence in the context of these factors. The doctrine of non-violence asserts that nothing can exist by itself. All our energy and power are produced by matter and these come to us through environment. If the environment is polluted, it will have a direct effect on the energy which we imbibe from nature that in turn will affect our actions, and our actions will affect our soul. A non-violent person who recognises this truth (viz. that all life owes its existence to matter) can not abuse environment. A study of ecology is in fact a study of Jainism. Jainism has given the education to the human community to restrain from all forms of violence. Non-violence or not injuring to all the living beings such as insects, animals, plants, even micro-organisms living in water or soil is the foundation of Jainism. It further suggests restraint in possession or non-interference with all kinds of non living things. Thus, a code of maximum restraint in relation to interference with the environment is the basis of this religion and that infact is envisaged in protection of ecology. Any harm or disturbance done to vrAtya darzana - 223

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ecology will certainly recoil on all the living beings including the human community. The problem of protection of environment is complex. people cut trees and devastate forests for fuel, shelter or for earning a livelihood. Unless these people are given some alternative they will go on wiping out our forests. They disturb nature by exploiting it in several ways. Take the case of the use of paper, the consumption of paper has reached fabulous proportions, and to manufacture it, innumerable trees are being cut resulting further in deforestation, which in turn directly brings many calamities such as floods and many more indirectly resulting in the destruction of ecology and environment. The human community gives much importance to the above noted secondary causes of pollution, but the primary causes underlying environmental pollution are human emotional or psychological pollutions. Pollution has been created by our own lack of selfrestraint. People are misusing and wasting natural resources such as water and air. Now a days, when someone takes a bath, he pays 110 attention to the amount of water he is using and so much water is wasted. Cleanliness is not achieved only on the basis of how much water is used, but by a clear concept and practice there of how cleanliness is achieved. Disregarding this fact, most people cause a colossal waste of water. Such neglect is a modern disease, and until this is cured, environmental imbalance is bound to continue. Today people are getting greedier day-by-day. It is generally believed that the greater the number of factories, the greater will be the progress of the individual and of the country. It seems the matter has not been given the serious consideration it deserves. How ruthlessly the earth has been exploited! The production and the consumption of material goods have increased tremendously in modern times. Where will this thoughtless exploitation of our limited resources lead to? No one seems to care about the next generation, let alone the plight of the fifth or the seventh generation from now. What is going to happen to them? How will they fare? It is really a matter of great concern and therefore, we must give to it our most serious consideration. Natural resources are limited, 224 + vrAtya darzana

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but the wants of individuals are unlimited. There are inore consumers than material objects to be distributed among them and this is bound to give rise to conflicts. We should pay attention upon the use of the matter. Since material articles are limited, the consumers desires must be limited too. Limitation of marerial goods, limitation of the consumers desires and self-restraint in consumption are urgently required. It is necessary in this age that we appreciate the value of the environment, non-violence and self-restraint. This issue should not be brushed aside as related to the religious world. In fact it is directly related to the whole of mankind, the animal world and even the mother earth itself. It is necessary to take appropriate action to resolve the problem of environmental imbalance and pollution. Only by adopting this approach can the curse of pollution be cast off. In this context, the maxim of Anuvrat is very significant 'Selfrestraint alone is life.' The only solution to environmental degradation is self-restraint, according to Jain Philosophy. The Jain ecological philosophy is virtually synonymous with the principle of non-violence which runs through the Jain tradition like a golden thread. Non-violence is the supreme religion. Ahimsa (non-violence) is a principle that Jain Philosophy teaches and practises not only towards human beings but towards nature also. The scriptures tell us 'All the arhatas (venerable ones) of past, present and future counsel and propound in unison : Do not injure, abuse, oppress, enslave, insult, torment, torture or kill any creature or living being. The teaching of Ahimsa refers not only to wars and visible physical acts of violence but also to violence in the hearts and minds of human beings. In the absence of violent thought there would be no violent action. When a feeling of violence enters our thoughts we must remember Tirthankara Mahavira's words :-'You are that which you intend to hit, injure, insult, torment, enslave or kill.' Mahavira also says, 'One who neglects or disregards the existence of earth, air, fire, water and vegetation, disregards his own existence which is entwined with them.' The Jain scriptural aphorism, "All life is bound together by vrAtya darzana - 225

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mutual support and interdependence' is vitally important. In this aphorism, life is viewed as a gift of togetherness, accommodation and assistance in a universe teeming with interdependent constituents. We can bring about holistic environmental protection, peace and harmony in the universe only. Let us all practise non-violence, so that we may save nature. Survival of nature is survival of the whole universe. 226 vrAtya darzana

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26. A princely way to world peace Non-violence and Peace is the key to life. It is the natural state. It is relevant for all the times and places. Non-violence and peace is a complete concept. Indian seers and sages have always sung the song of non-violence. Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira have called non-violence the supreme virtue. Smrities and the Mahabharat etc. are also replete with various aspects of non-violence. We are facing degeneration of moral values, pollution of human mind and unrest. Degeneration of faith in basic values, materialistic outlook, excessive craving for ease and comfort, unbridled desires and craving, lack of compassion, excessive greed and selfishness have given rise to many problems in the present age i.e., tension, ecological pollution, violence, cruelty, corruption, drugs addiction, exploitation, inequality etc. The basic problem of the whole world today is establishment of peace. In fact, survival of living beings including human beings depends solely on the equilibrium state of the peace. As we draw close to twentyfirst century, the human race faces unprecedented challenges for its survival. Technology is growing so fast, that older things become outdated in no time. But in terms of human values, we still live in yester years. Our capacity to destroy has vastly increased but our willingness to harness this capacity with wisdom has not increased at all. Every sensible person should realize the basic importance of world-peace for the survival of mankind. The talk about the necessity of world-peace does not mean indulging in any religious, oldfashioned and meaningless platitude. We are striving for a holistic and divine approach for a peaceful world order. But, the line of vrAtya darzana * 227

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thought and action of a destructive human mind places various barrier on the way. The remark of Martin Luthar King that "We have guided missiles but mis-guided persons.' highlights the need of rightly guided persons for the attainment of holistic peaceful world order. It is the height of human foolishness that it is wasting the resources on armament for human destruction which can be used for the elavation and upliftment of the human race. The ongoing arms race at the global levels gives an impression that human beings are leading towards suicide. It has been estimated that our modern world has already manufactured more than twenty thousand megaton atom bombs, while only one hundred megaton atom bombs are sufficient to reduce this earth to ashes. The way nations continue to spend huge amount on military preparations leads one to wonder whether mankind has decided to give top priority to the programmes of annihilating life on the planet earth. Two-third of mankind is still living in a very pitiable condition. Millions of people are still halfclad and half-fed. The problems of poverty and ill-health are so widespread that they require great effort for their eradication. It is a historical fact that the institution of state was invented by man for the protection of human society. But, at present many states have forgotten this objective and revel in manufacturing deadly arms. This makes it clear that there is an urgent necessity of presenting the constructive thought of Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira before the modern world when the whole world is virtually sitting on the volcano of atomic destruction. Modern man has definately achieved a remarkable success in the domain of scientific development. He has visited the surface of the moon and hopes to land on the surface of other planets. We need not recount the manifold achievements of man in this direction. When we talk about these human achievements our hearts are filled with rare optimism and rare pride for mankind. But the very next moment when we reflect a little we realize that man has in his zest for inventions and equally strong zest for establishing mastery over the distant lands of the earth and with a strong desire to rule over other nations and people has brought his doom very near. It appears that he is running fast in the direction of self-annihilation. 228 . vrAtya darzana

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Sometimes we wonder whether in the name of progress man is not walking in the direction of biological extinction. In this critical time we have to understand the truth that now peace is universally desired. But how can it be achieved unless we work for the elimination of impediments to its realisation. The subject of peace is not a matter of personal attribute alone. It is a question of establishing a new society founded on values, culture and a way of life integral to peace-local, regional or global. The question of peace and international cooperation has to be considered from various angles. We should focus on avoidance of war and develop strategies, process and instrumentalities that minimize tension, augment the balance of power, attempt to reduce arms and armed forces and promote negotiated settlement of international problems. In fact, peace is not only absence of distrubance. Rather, is the highest and most strenuous action, in which all our powers and affections are blended in a beautiful proportion. It is more than silence after storms. It is the concord of all melodious sounds. It is conscious harmony with the creation, an alliance of love with all beings, a sympathy with all that is pure and happy, a surrender of every separate will and interest, a participation of the spirit and life of the universe, an entire concord of purpose with its infinite original. It is a sublime sentiment of mind which allows the individual to operate optimally and freely. Firstly, there should be absence of constraints, which affect man's freedom. These constraints could include religious, political, economic, social, technological and cultural factors. Secondly, there must be opportunity for the individual to grow in body and mind, in emotions and spirit, in isolation and in communion with others. The concept and practice of peace must resolve and permeate five layers of social units. First is the individual, then the family, followed by the community, the nation and finally the inernational coinmunity. They all intertwine and relate with each other and this interconnectedness is best understood when examined singularly and then in their combination. Peace on an individual level is a condition of the human consciousness, without any conflict or confusion, and with a positive potential for useful, helpful and progressive activity, leading to higher and happier dimensions of vrAtya darzana * 226

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living. On the social and international level, peace is a conditon of the collective psyche which is free from war and, threat of war and is frought with promise of activities which would lead to more useful, harmonious, and happy co-operative living yielding greater joy and sense of fulfilment on account of successful creative living and action. Under this scenario, peace is multidimensional phenomenon and it means more than the absence of structural violence of war. Peace is not the problem of world only. It is a problem of every nation, of every society, of every individual. Unless we think about peace at individual, social, national, and global level, we can not take, a holistic approach. A partial approach cannot solve the problem of world peace. So we should, therefore, first think of mental peace before taking care of world peace. If there is no atmosphere for peace in the society how shall it contribute towards world peace? We have to take care of individual peace also while thinking of harmony in the society. If those who control the social order do not have peace of mind they cannot do much for social harmony. Man is egoistic. He has vested interest and wants to rule over others. These are the root causes of disturbance of peace. We have not paid proper attention towards their removal. We are concentrating only on weapons, army and war. We are giving too much importance to what is subsidiary, neglecting the main problem. Peace and non-violence are two sides of the same coin. We can not think of one without the other. Struggle is psychologically a basic instinct. There are reasons, internal and external both, for peace as well as for absence of peace. Economic disparity disturbs the mind which instigates violence. Some become millionaires, other do not get even sufficient food. Hunger disturbs the mind and creates violent tendencies. And these types of situations create more and more disturbance in every walk of life. The solution of these problems is not only external but internal also. Through the ancient wisdom one can get the solution. The spiritual dignitaries like, Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira have given some precious and particular solutions of these turmoils. Peace and non-violence are the cardinal virtues of Buddhism. Lord Buddha said 'There is no other 230. vrAtya darzana

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happiness greater than peace.' The ultimate goal for a Buddhist is to reach the peaceful state of Nibbana. Non-violence is the most important concept of Shramanic tradition. Buddhism arose with its basic principles of well-being of all. Therefore, this very idea gives rise to Ahimsa. Thus the concept of Ahimsa can be defined as the sublime mental state of well being of all irrespective of any consideration-Head FAIT 974 HATT'. Social harmony was the first and the foremost aim of Lord Buddha for which he prescribed that one should get rid of the evils persisting within oneself such as hiatred, passion, unlimited desires for various worldly things and pleasures of body, thought or speech. These evils, when prevail in the society, affect the moral as well as the spiritual level of the persons adversally and thus obstruct the path of social harmony and world-peace. Harmning others by body, mind or even with harsh words comes under violence. By body one tortures others or kills others. This is the common concept of violence. But according to Buddha and Mahavira even when one thinks of harming other or uses harsh words which hurt others, one commits violence. In short, the reason why non-violence is said to be having an universal application is that people love their own lives. In Buddhism, non-violence is first of all, taught from this stand point. Dhammapada says Hat tasanti daNDassa, savve bhAyanti mccuno| attAnaM upamaM katvA na hanneya na ghAtaye / / All tremble before punishment, all fear death; comparing others with oneself one should not slay or cause others to slay. These teachings of Lord Buddha effected the whole world. King Ashoka the great was an example of it as to how his violent attitude turned into non-violent one through the teaching of a great visionary of compassion. In the same way Lord Mahavira's teaching changed the way of life of thousands of persons. In 'Ayaro' Mahavira says 1. tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM haMtavvaM ti mannasi 2. tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM ajjAveyavvaM ti mannasi 3. tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM paritAveyavvaM ti mannasi 4. tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM parighetavvaM ti mannasi vrAtya darzana - 231

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5. tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM uddaveyavvaM ti mannasi 1. One who you think should be hit is none else but you. 2. One who you think should be governed is none else but you. 3. One who you think should be tortured is none else but you. 4. One who you think should be enslaved is none else but you. 5. One who you think should be killed is none else but you. Lord Mahavira was the propounder of the doctrine that all souls are equal. The purport of this statement is to establish that nobody is inferior to anybody else. Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha not only gave the code of conduct for monks and nuns but also for lay-followers. Existence of a person is unimaginable without essential violence related to his basic needs. But, with the minimization of desires one can minimize violent activities. The peace-seeker can follow simply the humane code of conduct. i. e. 1. I will not willfully kill any innocent creature. 2. I will not indulge in avoidable violence. 3. I will not attack. 4. I will not behave cruelly towards any creature and human being. 5. I will set limit to personal acquisition and so on. These vows provide foundation of world peace. If mankind is to survive and to maintain its existence, it is to follow the path of self-control. Let us declare peace instead of war. Let there be celebration of awareness and cosmological concord at the universal level. We cannot find a way for world-peace except through self-control and Lumbini is giving the message of self-control since the ages. 232 . vrAtya darzana

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27. Contribution of Acarya Umas vati to The Concept of Existence The Contrubution of Acarya Umasvati regarding the Concept of existence is twofold: (i) he is the first to give the definition of existence as possessed of origination, cessation and persistence. Though this concept is already available in the canonical literature of the Jain, yet the specific definition of existence as such was given by the Acarya Umasvati for the first time. This definition has been accepted later by all the Jain thinkers unanimously. (ii) In his auto-commentary on Tattvartha sutra 5/31 Acarya Umasvati has classified existence into four categories. This classification is his own contribution which has been given in the auto-commentary and explained in the commentary on that autocommentary by Acarya Siddhsenagani. Two Aspects of Existence While describing the nature of existence we find its two dimensions ;(1) Being and (2) Becoming. The idealistic systems accept the reality either of the two, condemning the other as only a fiction of mind. For example the Vedantins would accept the reality of Being. condemning the phenomenon of Becoming only as an illusion. The Buddhist, on the other hand, accept the reality of Becoming, condemming Being only as an imagination. The Vaisesikas found out a third way. According to them both the permanent and the transitory are real but whatever is permanent is totally different from whatever transitory. Thus according to vrAtya darzana * 233

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the Vaisesikas one and the same thing is not both permanent and transitory or Being and Becoming. The Jains, on the other hand, accept identity-cum-difference between both of them. According to the Jain philosophy, a substance is the co-existence of both the Being and Becoming, the unwavering and the wavering, the stable and unstable. It is immutable and mutable both. The soul is immutable and as such it never changes into non-soul. It is also mutable and as such it passes through various modes. This is true not only of the soul but of all other substances which are neither absolutely permanent nor absolutely impermanent, but both permanent and impermanent simultaneously. All that originates, vanishes and persists is real. This triple criterion of truth is as validly applicable to the material atom as to the spiritual self. Each and every existent comes under this criterion. According to Jain philosophy existence is a combination of both, absolute and relative, stable and unstable. We find this truth in Bhagavati sutra in these words. It is true, O Lord !, asked Gautama, that the unstable changes while the stable does not change, the unstable breaks whereas the stable does not break? yes, Gautama !'This is exactly so" This statement of Bhagavati indicates the nature of existence. The stable is permanent and unstable is origination and cessation. It means that existence has dual nature. Which, though opposite to each other, coexist as complimentary to each other. Resolving the Contradiction The question before the Jains was as to how can they attribute two contradictory characteristics to existence simultaneously. The Jains resolve the problem by pointing out that we attribute certain characteristics of any object because we give prominence to those characteristics; it does not mean that the opposite characteristics are being denied. The fact is that when we predicate some attributes to some objects, we also imply the possibility of the opposite characteristic as well. 234 . vrAtya darzana

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Four aspects of Existence Having stated this in the aphorism of Tattvarth sutra 5/31 Umas vati procceeds to apply this to the nature of existence in his auto-commentary. He finds that both Being and Becoming can be bifurcated into two. Being has two dimensions: one unspecified existence and the other the existence of different substances. Similarly Becoming has two aspects - production and destruction. As a propounder of thoroughly realistic system Umasvati accepts the reality of all the four afore said categories. Being as one undifferentiated existence is called as dravyastika; whereas when being is categorised as medium of motion, medium of rest, space, matter and soul it is known as matrkapadastika. Because these categories give birth to the universe. Becoming when implying production is called utpannastika and when implying destruction is called paryayastika. This description makes it clear that Jainism is thoroughly a realistic system which accepts the reality of all the four; (1) undifferentiated being (2) different category of being (3) production and (4) destruction. Agamic Concept of existence Lord Mahavira is said to have pronounced three attributes of existence; production, destruction and continuity. On being asked by Indrabhuti, his foremost disciple What is the nature of reality? (kim tattam) Mahavira is reported to have first answered: "origination" (Uppannei va) and then when same question was successively repeated, "destruction"(vigamei va) and "persistence" (dhuvei va) Acarya Umas vati has faithfully represented this in his aphorism (Utpad-vyaya-dhrauvya-yuktam sat 5/29) In his autocommentary however he has given four types of existence as we have already stated. Objection to the Jain view of existence If we look at four types of existence we would find that by implication Acarya Umasvati has tried to incorporate different views regarding existence. This has also covered the question of vrAtya darzana * 235

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relative and absolute existence to some extent. The term absolute has two implications: (1) That which is true for all times and all places (2) That which is pure or independent. Thinkers like Dr. Radhakrishnan have criticised Jainism in the following words Yet in our opinion the Jaina logic leads us to a monistic idealism, and so far as the Jainas shrink from it they are untrue to their own logic... The theory of relativity cannot be logically sustained without the hypothesis of an absolute. ...If Jainism stops short with plurality, which is at best a relative and partial truth, and does not ask whether there is any higher truth pointing to a one which particularises itself in the objects of the world, connected with one another vitally, essentially and immenently, it throws overboard its own logic and exalts a relative truth in to an absolute one.3 Objections ansewered This is a critism of Jainism from a absoultistic view-point. This criticism means that relative existence necessarily presupposes absolute existence. Acarya Umasvati accepts this absolute existence under the category of dravyastika existence, which is one all pervading and without beginning and end. Acarya Umasvati has described dravyastika existence under the synthetic points of view. In kevalajnana (or perfect knowledge) kevali (or omniscient) knows all objects simultaneously. This state of knowledge cannot be comprehended through logic because it surpassses all discursive knowledges which is always successive. The Jain scriptures clearly state this type of existence as beyond words, logic and mind : All voices get reflected (i.e. fail to reach there). It is impossible to express the nature of the immaculate soul in words. There is no reason there i. e. it is beyond the grasp of logic.6 The intellect fails to grasp it." 236 * vrAtya darzana

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Acarya Amrtcandra Suri in his commentary on samayasara transcreates this very idea in the following words. When one experiences the all embracing lustre of the self, lustre of the partial view-point does not arise and the organs of knowledge ceases to work; one does not know where the circle of symbolic representation withers away; what more can be said even the duality ceases to be felt.8 Thus the Jain scriptures right from the Acaranga Sutra were conscious of absolute aspect of existence. Both the Svetambara and Digambara scriptures describe this aspect of existence in negative term also; He is neither long, nor short, nor a circle nor a triangle, nor a quadrilateral nor a sphare. He is neither black nor blue nor red nor yellow nor white. There exists no simile (to comprehend him) This may be compared to the following gatha of samayasara : In the (pure) soul there is no colour, no smell, no taste, no touch, no visible form, no body, no bodily shape and no skeletal structure." This is comprable to the following description of the Upanisads : The self without sound, without touch and without form, undecaying is likewise, without taste, eternal, without smell, without beginning, without end, beyond the great abiding by discerning that one is free from the face of death." Thus we see that the Jainas do not stop at a relative truth but goes beyond it and conceives of an absolute truth also. True to its own logic it maintains that just as relativity cannot be logically sustained without the hypothesis of an absolute, similarly an absolute cannot be logically sustained without the hypothesis of a relative truth. The non-absolutism, therefore, does not lead to a monistic idealism but to a dualistic pluralism. That the objects of the world vrAtya darzana - 237

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lare connected with one another is accepted by the Acararga when it declares that one who knows one knows all and one who knows ail, knows one.13 This inter-connectedness does not mean obliteration of difference between one object and the other. It only establishes identity-cum-difference between two objects. Pluralistic concept of existence Inspite of this Umasvati is quite conscious that he is dealing with a pluralistic system therefore, he mentions matnkapadastika existence as the second type of existence. Under this type of existence we describe all the five types of eternal substances viz. medium of motion, medium of rest, space, matter and soul. Five homogeneous aggregates (astikayas) have been accepted as basic existence in Jain Philosophy. There is no existence except these five homogeneous aggregates (astikayas). A concept of astikaya gives the specific understanding of existence. Astikaya is a technical word. It is a combination of two words asti and kaya. Generally asti means point=pradesa and kaya means aggregate. It means that an aggregate of homogeneous points is called astikaya. There is also a very significant expression of astikaya given by Acarya Siddhasenagani in his commentary on Tattvarthasutra. All existent are possessed of three characteristics viz. Origination, extinction and persistence. The partical asti indicates persistent characteristic of existence whereas kaya typifies the first two characteristics viz. Origination and destruction!4. So we may say that astikaya and existence are synoyms in this sense. These astikayas are also absolute in the sense that they exist independent of each other from time immemorial. Acarya Mahaprajna says "five astikayas are absolute truth because their existence is neither created by our consciousness nor do they depend on each other for their existence but they exist independently's ... The soul in its bounded form represents relative truth whereas in its liberated form its existence is absolute... (Similarly). An insentient being is a relative truth in its dependent form whereas in its independent form it represents absolute truth.16 238 - vrAtya darzana

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Comprehensive of Jain view As we have already said that Acarya Umasvati deals with the transitory aspect of existence under two heads :(i) origination (ii) destruction, respectively calling them utpannastika and paryayastika. There is a famous philosophical doctrine called 'ajativada'which holds that all origination is just as illusion; nothing originates in reality. Acarya Umasvati refutes this by accepting the existence of origination. Destruction and origination being two sides of a same coin, destruction is as real as origination. This is accepted by Acarya Umasvati under the fourth category of existence that is paryayastika." It may be noted that here change is bifurcated into two; origination and destruction. In the 'Brahma Sutra' also change is bifurcated into the same two categories under the name of birth (janma) and destruction (pralaya). Sankaracarya points out that these two along with continuity include the six modifications enumerated in the 'Nirukta': jayate, asti, vardhate, viparinamate, apaksiyate and vinasyati.18 Conclusion To Conclude treatment of existence by Acarya Umasvati in his works is quite illuminating in the following sense : . 1. Acarya Umasvati is the first to give the definition of exist ence according to Jain view. 2. Existence in its undifferentiated form is one. 3. The catagories of existence are real and not the manifesta tions of one reality. This lays the foundation of a pluralistic system. 4. Relativity and absolutism are supplementary to each other. The Jain works right from the Acaranga up to Acarya Amrta Cnandra Suri are conscious of absolute aspect of reality. Acarya Umasvati in his classification of existence takes full note of this fact. The classification of existence into four by Acarya Umasvati is his own and is elaborated by the Svetambara commentators of the Tattvarthasutra like Siddhasenagani and vrAtya darzana * 236

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Haribhadra. other Jain Acaryas appear to have overlooked this classification, The treatement of existence by Umasvati is so comprehensive that it includes all the aspects of the Jain view of exist ence. References 1. Bhagavai-1/440 Se nunam bhante! athire palottai, no thire palottai? Athire bhajjai, no thire bhajjai? hnta Goyama! athire palottai no thire palottai athire bhajjai no thire bhajjai. 2. The word matrka occurs in Thanam 10/46 also but in a dif ferent context. There, it means origination, destruction and continuity. The tradition has that Lord Mahavira started his sermon with the three terms; uppannei va, vigamei va and dhuvei va. These three terms being the source of all the teaching of Lord Mahavira, are called Matrka. Similarly, here, the five astikayas being the source of all existence are called as matnka. 3. Indian Philosophy pp. 305-6, by Dr. Radhakrishnan 4. Tattvartha Bhanyanusarini P. 400-Samgrahabhiprayanusari dravyastikam. 5. Ayaro 5/123 Savve Sara niyattanti. 6. Ibid 5/124 Takka jattha na vijjai. 7. Ibid 5/125 Mai tattha na gahiya. 8. Samayasara, Atamkhyati, p. 75 gatha 9 Udayati na nayasrirastameti pramanam, Kvachidapi na vidmo yati niksepa cakram. Kimparamabhidadhmo dhamni sarvakasesminnanubhav amupayate bhati na dvaita meva. 9. Ayaro 5/127 Se na dihe, na hasse, na vatte, na tanse, na cauranse, na parimandale. 10. Ibid 5/128 Na kinhe, na nile, na lohie, na halidde, na sukkile 11. Samayasara gatha 50 Jivassa natthi vanno navi gandho navi raso navi ya phaso navi ruvam na sariram navi samthanam na samhananam 12. Katha Upanisad 1/3/15 Asabdam asparsam arupam avyayam 240 + vrAtya darzana

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tatha arasam nityam agandhavac ca yat anady anantam mahatah param dhruvam nicayya tan mrtyu-mukhat pramuchate 13. Acaranga 3/74 Je egam janai se savvam janai, je savvam janai, se egam janai. 14. Tattvarth Bhasyanusarini tika (VI) pp. 317-18 dhrauvyarthapratipattayestisabda praksepah. 15. Jain Darsan aur Anekanta p. 29-Nirpeksa Satya pancha astikaya haim. inka astitva na to hamari chetana mem hai aur na eka dusare ki tulana mem udabhuta hai Kintu svatantra hai. 16. Jain Darsan aur Anekanta p. 3-Baddhajiva ka astitva sapeksa satya hai aur mukta jiva ka astitva nirpeksa hai: ...paratantra acetan padartha sapeksa satya hai our svatantra acetana padartha nirpeksa satya hai. 17. Even though origination and destruction, both are paryaya yet Acarya Umasvati includes only destruction under paryayastika perhaps he has the concept that all change involves destruction of the earlier mode and therefore he has included only destruction under paryayastika. 18. Brahama Sutra 1/2

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vAtya-darzana samaNI maMgalaprajJA