Puranome Jain Dharm

Author(s): Charanprabhashreeji
Publisher: Prakrit Bharati Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004426/1

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jainadharmI purANoM E - sAdhvI DaoN. caraNaprabhA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura candA-mInA vyavasthApikA samiti, tAMdalI

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hai, usase kisa prakAra paurANika mAnyatAeM bhI maila khAtI haiM, aparigraha, satya, tapa, dAna Adi sAmAnya AcAroM kI mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra donoM meM samAna haiM (yaha sAmAnya AcAra vAle adhyAya meM batalAyA gayA hai), zramaNoM meM zrAvakoM aura saMnyAsiyoM ke jI viziSTa AcAra varNita haiM, usI prakAra ke AcAra purANoM meM bhI gRhasthI, yomiyauM, saMnyAsiyoM Adi ke lie kisa rUpa meM pAe jAte haiM, (yaha vizeSa AcAra vAle adhyAya meM batAyA mayA hai), purANoM kA bhuvanakoza aura jaina bhuvanakoza kisa prakAra samAna hai, Izvara kI avadhAraNA donoM dhArAoM meM kisa-kisa rUpa maiM rahI hai aura kisa prakAra unameM samAna sUtra khoje jA sake haiM - yaha saba vibhinna adhyAyoM maiM sapramANa aura subodha zailI maiM vivecata hai| - purIvAda se

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pradhAna sampAdaka sAhitya vAcaspati ma. vinayasAgara prAkRta bhAratI puSpa 136 purANoM meM jainadharma (jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvAmi laya, jodhapura dvArA pI eca. DI. ke lie-dkRta zodha grantha, anusaMdhAnakartI ___ DaoN. caraNaprabhA sAdhvI ema.e. (saMskRta), zAstrI (jainadarzana) prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura candA-mInA vyavasthApikA samiti, tAMdalI

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prakAzaka : prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 13-e, mana mAlavIya nagara jayapura-302017 (rAja. dUrabhASa-524827, 524828 caMdA-mInA vyavasthApikA samiti, tAMdalI . dvArA jaina sAr3I senTara, mena ror3a, po. vADegAMva jilA-aaulA (mahArASTra) TrabhASa : 07257-27123, 27185 .. prathama saMskaraNa : 2000 mUlya : 250.00 rupaye (c) sarvAdhikAra prakAzakAdhIna tejaratAIpasaiTiMga : kampyU priNTasa jayapura-302003 dUrabhASa: 323496 mudraka : . * mAjha prinTa-o-grAphiksa, subhASa cauka, jayapura dUrabhASa:635836 PURANON MEIN JAIN DHARMA by Dr. Charan Prabha Sadhvi First Edition, 2000

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prakAzakIya . bhAratIya saMskRti samanvaya kI vaha urvarA bhUmi hai, jahA~ koI bhI vicAradhArA apanA bIja bo sakatI hai, vaha naSTa nahIM hogA, avazya pallavita hogA, kintu vRkSa, patte, phUla aura phala kA jo rUpa hogA vaha anUThA hogaa| vaha apanI svatantra iyattA banAye rakhane para bhI anya vicAra-dhArAoM se itanA kucha lena-dena kara cukA hogA ki usameM sabhI kI chAyA jhlkegii| sAtha hI usakI chAyA bhI sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM jhalakane lgegii| samanvaya aura saha-astitva kI yaha dhArA saMbhavataH anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai| jaisA ki prakRti kA niyama hai-pratyeka vastu vikAsa-hAsa kI nirantara pravAhamaya zrRMkhalA meM DUbatI utarAtI hai| hamArI saMskRti ne bhI aMdhakAra aura nirAzA ke aise kAlakhaNDa dekhe haiM jahA~ paraspara virodha, vitaNDA, saMgharSa Adi hue haiM aura patana bhii| para hara bAra antataH samanvaya aura sahanazIlatA kaMcana bana nikhare haiN| Aja bhI hama eka saMkramaNa yuga meM jI rahe haiN| sAMskRtika va sAmAjika uthala-puthala, virodha-saMgharSa Adi dainandina bAteM ho gaI haiM, kintu phira bhI kinhIM vAtAyanoM meM samanvaya kI samIra baha rahI hai| isa vizvAsa ke sAtha ki : yaha saMgharSa bhI kSaNa sthAyI hai| isa pradUSaNa ko sahaastitva aura sahanazIlatA kI bayAra dhIre-dhIre bahAM le jaaegii| .. samanvaya kI isa patAkA ko uThAye rakhane vAloM meM ve loga bhI haiM jo bhAratIya saMskRti ke una aMgoM para zodharata haiM, jahA~ samanvaya ke sAkSya juTAye jA sakate haiM aura naI pIr3hI ko usa prakriyA se avagata karAyA jA sakatA / hai, jo bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika AdAna-pradAna ke dvArA sAmAjika zAnti kI sthApanA kA mArga prazasta karatI hai| - isI vidyA kA zodha prabandha DaoN. sAdhvI caraNaprabhAzrIjI kA purANoM meM jaina dharma / isakA mahatva isalie bhI bar3ha jAtA hai ki lekhikA koI vizvavidyAlayI tathAkathita taTastha vidvAna nahIM hai apitu eka sampradAya vizeSa meM sAdhanArata vidvAna hai| aisA hone para bhI unhoMne sAmpradAyika Agraha se mukta ho vizuddha aitihAsika va paurANika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para do svatantra (iii)

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kintu sahayogI saMskRtiyoM meM samanvaya ke pakSa ko ujAgara karane kA prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA hai| sAdhvI caraNaprabhAjI sthAnakavAsI AmnAya ke AcArya pravara zrI jItamalajI ma.sA. kI paramparA kI viduSI sAdhvIratna zrI zIlaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. kI ziSyA haiN| ApakI zodhaparaka dRSTi va adhyayana meM ruci dekhate hue lagatA hai ki bhaviSya meM isI prakAra kI anya yojanAeM bhI hAtha meM leNgii| yaha eka sukhada bAta hai ki jaina samAja kA sAdhvI varga adhyayana va zodha kAryoM meM pichale dazaka se vizeSa ruci le rahA haiM prAkRta bhAratI kI zodha prabandhoM ke prakAzana krama kI eka aura kar3I ke rUpa meM yaha preraNAspada zodha prabandha pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta hai| pustaka ke dasa adhyAyoM meM lekhikA ne bhArata kI do prAcInatama svatantra vicAradhArAoM-sanAtana tathA jaina ke sAmAjika, aitihAsika, dhArmika va AdhyAtmika sabhI pahaluoM ko sameTA hai| sAmAnya pAThaka ke lie jahA~ yaha rocaka sAmagrI siddha hogI, vahIM zodhArthiyoM ke lie preraNAdAyaka tathA saMdarbha kI dRSTi se bhuupyogii| . devarSi kalAnAthajI zAstrI, jo bhASA va saMskRti ke mUrdhanya vidvAna haiM, ne pustaka kI viSaya vastu va bhAvanA ke anurUpa vidvattApUrNa tathA preraNAdAyaka bhUmikA likhI hai jo Aja ke kuMThAgrasta evaM saMkIrNa vAtAvaraNa ko udvelita kara udAratA kA mArga prazasta karatI hai| prAkRta bhAratI donoM vidvajjanoM ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karatI hai| sAdhvIjI kI preraNA se candA-mInA vyavasthApikA samiti, tAMdalI (mahArASTra) ne saMyukta prakAzaka ke rUpa meM jo sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai, usake lie bhI hama unakA AbhAra prakaTa karate haiN| hameM AzA hai ki yaha pustaka sAmAnya pAThaka tathA manISIgaNa samAna rUpa se sraaheNge| mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara nidezaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI

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prAkkathana - vyakti ke puruSArtha kA antima lakSya mokSa kI prApti ke lie samyagdRSTi athavA samyagdarzana parama Avazyaka hai| manuSya eka prajJAsampanna prANI hai| prajJA ke "vikasitatama rUpa ko vaha apane andara jAgRta kara sakatA hai| prajJA ke Aloka meM hI yathArtha kA darzana sambhava hai| jaise darzana prajJA para nirbhara hai vaise hI dharma zraddhA/AsthA para nirbhara hai| vartamAna meM dArzanika tathA dhArmika pariveza ke vibhinna AyAma dRSTigocara hote haiM jinameM paryApta bhinnatAe~ haiM; parantu una bhinna evaM paraspara viruddha mantavyoM vAle darzanoM meM athavA dharmoM meM sAmya kisa prakAra se upalabdha hotA hai-isakA prastuta viSaya "purANoM meM jainadharma bhI eka udAharaNa bana sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki maiM jo isa adhyayana ke yogya huI, usakA sArA zreya mere parama ArAdhya pUjya gurudeva sva. AcAryapravara zrI lAlacandrajI ma.sA. ke AzIrvAda evaM preraNA tathA sva. paNDita. muni zrI nUtanacandrajI ma.sA. ke prayAsa ko hI jAtA hai| unhIM ke AdezoM evaM nirdezoM se prArambhika kAla se hI adhyayana kI nIMva majabUta ho skii| ataH maiM unakI avidyamAna avasthA meM unake upakAroM evaM guNoM ke prati natamastaka hU~| - mere saMsArapakSa ke pitA evaM vartamAna meM pUjya zrI RSabhacaraNaM munijI ma.sA. tathA saMsArapakSa kI mAtA evaM vartamAna meM guruvaryA mahAsatIjI zrI zIlaprabhAjI ma.sA. ke pratisamaya milane vAle parama vAtsalyamaya AzIrvAda tathA preraNA ke prati maiM hRdaya se natamastaka evaM kRtakRtya huuN| .. merI donoM anujA sAdhviyoM candanaprabhA tathA niyamaprabhA kA sasneha sahayoga bhI maiM isa avasara para nahIM bhUla sakatI, kyoMki unake kAraNa hI suvidhAoM kI prApti ho skii| - mere zodha nirdezaka DaoN. zivanArAyaNa jozI kA AbhAra kina zabdoM meM vyakta karU~? unake susaMskRta va pariSkRta dRSTikoNa evaM snehapUrNa tathA niHspRha mArgadarzana meM hI kArya sampannatA ko prApta huA hai| satpravRttiyoM meM sahayoga dene vAle malakApura nivAsI zrImAn kanhaiyAlAlajI zrIzrImAla. evaM vADegA~va nivAsI zrImAn kizoracandrajI botharA kA bhI isa zodhakArya ke TaMkaNa Adi kArya meM vizeSa sahayoga rhaa| ___mere hastalekhana kI avyavasthA ke bAvajUda zrI premasA agravAla ne bar3e manoyoga se isa prabandha kA TaMkaNa kArya sampanna kiyA hai| - anta meM maiM una sabhI vyaktiyoM kI hRdaya se AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa se isa kArya ko sampanna karAne meM sahayoga diyA evaM mere Atmabala kI abhivRddhi karane meM jinakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rhaa| -caraNaprabhA sAstI

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viSayAnukramaNikA krama adhyAya pRSTha saMkhyA 1-6 viSaya praveza 1. jainadharma kA itihAsa 2. purANa-paricaya 3. dravya-vicAra 4. Atmatatva-ciMtana 5. karmavAda 6. AcAra siddhAnta : sAmAnya AcAra 7. AcAra siddhAnta : vizeSa AcAra 8. * jagat-vicAra 6. Izvara kI. avadhAraNA 10. upasaMhAra sandarbha grantha-sUcI 10-36 37-53 54-65 66-85 86-117 118-180 181-216 220-245 246-264 265-274 275-285

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purovAk ... bhAratIya purANa vAGmaya meM jaina dharma ke mUlya, AcAra, sAMskRtika itihAsa aura mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra pratiphalita dekhe jA sakate haiM, isakA zodhAtmaka aura vizada adhyayana prastuta karane vAlA DaoN. caraNaprabhA sAdhvI jI kA zodha prabandha prakAzita ho rahA hai, yaha bahuta harSaprada hai| sanAtana saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke pArasparika prabhAvoM, pratyakSa yA parokSa anta: kriyAoM Adi ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha inake mUlyoM para samanvayAtmaka dRSTipAta karane kI jo satpravRtti pichale kucha dazakoM se panapI hai yaha mere vinIta mata meM svAgata yogya hai| yaha vadAnya zodha dRSTi niSpakSa aura tathyahitaiSI adhyayanoM ke lie anivArya hai| durbhAgya se hamane aneka zatAbdiyA~ aisI dekhI haiM jinameM "vAde vAde jAyate tattvabodhaH" kI mAnyatA ko itane kaTTara nirvacana ke sAtha lAgU kiyA gayA ki isa deza ke vibhinna panthoM ke vidvAna eka-dUsare ke pakSa kA khaMDana karane tathA eka-dUsare ko nIcA dikhAne meM apanI samasta bahumUlya pratibhA, vipula UrjA tathA prabhUta zrama ko jhoMkane meM hI vaiduSya kI carama pariNati samajhate the| isa prakAra ke khaMDana-maMDanoM meM bahudhA tathyAnveSI dRSTi ojhala ho jAtI thI, pArasparika rAga-dveSoM kA hI tANDava hotA rahatA thaa| isase jo anya duSpariNAma, kalaha, raktapAtAdi hote.the ve alg| na kevala vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM ke vidvAnoM kI bahudhA yaha dRSTi banI, balki zaivoM aura vaiSNavoM kI, sanAtaniyoM aura Arya-samAjiyoM kI pArasparika jhar3apeM, zAsrArthoM ke dRzya kaI bAra vyaktigata AkSepoM taka meM pariNata ho jAte the, yaha pichalI pIr3hI ne khedapUrvaka dekhA hI thaa| pichale kucha varSoM se yaha ehasAsa panapA hai ki isI eka dharatI para sahasrAbdiyoM se sahaastitva meM rahI ina do dhArAoM meM kyA itane yugoM se kabhI pArasparika samanvaya nahIM huA hogA? eka-dUsare kA pArasparika prabhAva, anyonya-saMpreSaNAtmaka saMvAda-kabhI to hue hoMge? yadi hA~ to unakA svarUpa kyA hai? isa mAnavIya mahAsAgara ko

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jisakI kavIndra ravIndra ne bar3I hI romAMcaka aura mahanIya zailI meM abhivandanA kI hai-"hethAya Arya, hethA anArya hethAya drAviDa cIna_zaka huna dala pAThAna mogala eka dehe halo lIna" isa prakAra kI sAMskRtika saritAoM ko, jo samaya-samaya para Akara isameM milatI rahI haiM, AtmasAt karate kitanI sahasrAbdiyA~ bIta gaI haiM, kauna jAnatA hai? hamArA sAMskRtika itihAsa bhArata kI ciraMtana saMskRti sahasrAbdiyoM se eka ajasra aura avicchinna kintu vaividhyapUrNa evaM saMmizra mahAdhArA ke rUpa meM isa deza meM pravAhita ho rahI hai| isakA dharma, darzana, sAhitya tathA anya jJAna zAkhAoM kA vAGmaya ananta hai aura isakAM itihAsa bhI virATa evaM aparimeya hai| isa virATa samudra kI thAha pAne kA prayatna samaya-samaya para manISI karate rahate haiN| Aja ke jijJAsuoM ko bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa batalAne ke lie jitane prayatna hue haiM, unheM prAraMbhika prayAsa kahanA hI ucita hogaa| unake phalasvarUpa hamArI sAMskRtika dhArA kA eka sAmAnya Akalana pichalI sadI se avazya sAmane AyA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa dizA meM bahuta zrama kiyA hai| unhIM kI saraNi para calate hue Aja hama chAtroM ko par3hAte haiM ki kisa prakAra isa bhU-bhAga meM IsA se kucha hajAra varSa pUrva siMdhu ghATI kI sabhyatA panapI, kisa prakAra unakI nagara-saMskRti bahuta vikasita thI, kisa prakAra Arya bhArata Ae aura unhoMne kRSi pradhAna saMskRti kA prArambha kiyA, vaidika karmakAMDa ke sAtha-sAtha kisa prakAra upaniSadoM kA darzana vikasita huA aura kisa prakAra vaidika karmakAMDa kI rUr3hivAditA ke viruddha pratikriyA-svarUpa jaina aura bauddha darzanoM kA udaya huaa| kisa prakAra zaiva, vaiSNava, zAkta. Adi AcAra panape aura kisa prakAra vedAMta kI vibhinna zAkhAoM kA cintana prArambha huaa| kisa prakAra zaMkara, rAmAnuja, vallabha Adi kI darzana zAkhAe~ aura unake sAtha bhakti mArga kI dhArAe~ phUTa nikliiN| dhArmika jar3avAda ke virodha meM kisa prakAra kabIra, nAnaka Adi saMtoM ne AtmA aura paramAtmA kA tAtvika cintana phailaayaa| kisa prakAra vivekAnanda, dayAnanda Adi ne bhI isI sAMskRtika paraMparA ko naye svara diye aura kisa prakAra usameM bhAratIyatA kI bhAvanA A judd'ii| isa itihAsa ke tAne-bAne kA gahana vizleSaNa pUrA nahIM huA hai| isa sAMskRtika itihAsa kI nirantara pravahamAna dhArA meM jo vibhinna antardhArAe~ haiM, una sabakA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai aura unakA hamArI samUcI sAMskRtika nidhi ke nirmANa meM jo yogadAna rahA hai vaha atyanta bahumUlya hai| Aja hama ina saMskRtiyoM

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ko vaidika saMskRti, zramaNa saMskRti, saMta saMskRti, bhakti mArga, nirguNa yA saguNa saMta ... paraMparA, sanAtana yA varNAzrama dharma, vaiSNava bhAvanA Adi abhidhAna dekara samajhAne ke lie usakI pahacAna alaga se batalAte haiM kintu haiM ve eka hI dhArA ke aNg| unheM cAhe hindutva ke vibhinna AyAma kaha deM yA bhAratIya saMskRti ke par3Ava kaha deM, unheM dharma yA darzana kI dRSTi se Astika, nAstika, saguNa, nirguNa, jaina, bauddha, sanAtanI, Arya samAjI, sUphI, sAdhu-saMnyAsI, phakIra, saMta yA loka devatAoM dvArA pravartita sampradAya kaha deM, sabhI isa dharatI kI dena haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi se inakI pUrvAparatA kucha bhI rahI ho hamAre yahA~ ke manISI, zAsrakAroM aura purANavaktA itihAsakAroM kA sadA yaha prayatna rahA ki ina sabako eka hI upavana ke vibhinna vRkSoM ke rUpa meM mahakate dikhAyA jaaye| isa prakAra eka to yaha dhArA calI ki isa dharatI para paidA hue vibhinna dharmoM aura sampradAyoM ko tathA vibhinna mahApuruSoM aura yugapravartakoM ko. samAna rUpa se zraddhA bhAjana mAnate hue unheM eka sUtra meM piro. kara itihAsa kI thAtI banA diyA jaaye| isI dhArA ke kucha udAharaNa isa bAta se samajhe jA sakate haiM ki vaidika karmakAMDa ke viruddha pratikriyA ke rUpa meM apanA pRthak dharma-pravartana karane vAle buddha ko bhI purANakAroM ne viSNu ke dasa avatAroM meM sthAna dekara eka sAMskRtika sUtra meM piroyaa| jayadeva ne likhA nindasi yajJavidherahaha zrutijAtam arthAt yajJa ke nindaka ke rUpa meM buddha kI pahacAna kI kintu unheM viSNu kA avatAra batalAkara pUjya mAna liyaa| buddha ko dazAvatAroM meM eka mAnane se hI purANakAra saMtuSTa nahIM hue, zrImadbhAgavata meM jainoM ke AdinAtha prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko bhI apanA banAne kI dRSTi se apanI ora se caubIsa avatAroM meM mAnakara unheM vaMdanIya aura yugapravartaka batAyA gyaa| jinheM ghora nAstika darzana kahA jAtA hai unake cintana ko bhI mahattvapUrNa darzana zAkhA mAnA gyaa| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM ayodhyA kAMDa meM rAma ke pAsa jaba bharata milane Ate haiM aura RSiyoM kA vicAra-vimarza hotA hai to jAbAli RSi ko ghise-piTe karmakAMDa ke viruddha kaTu zabdoM meM rur3hiyoM kI AlocanA karate hue batAyA jAtA hai| unakA samasta vivecana pUrNata: cArvAka darzana kA pratIka hai kintu unheM anya RSiyoM kI taraha pUrNa sammAna kA pAtra mAnA jAtA hai| darzanoM ke itihAsa likhane vAle prAcIna dArzanika bhI cArvAka darzana kA sammAna se ullekha karate haiN| yahI sthiti jaina aura bauddha darzanoM kI bhI rahI hai| mAdhavAcArya apane sarvadarzana saMgraha meM inheM sarvaprathama sthAna dete haiN| MMMM

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tulanAtmaka Akalana isa prakAra pArasparika sammAna aura samanvaya kI eka dhArA calI to dUsarI ora vibheda aura vighaTana ke bhI prayatna hue| saMpradAyoM meM paraspara nindA aura vidveSa kI jo bAteM sunane ko milatI haiM yA apanI sanAtana dhArA ke viruddha bolane vAle sampradAyoM ko heya mAnane ke prayAsoM ke chuTapuTa udAharaNa milate haiM, ve isI dUsarI dhArA ke pratIka haiN| vrAtya yA devAnAM priya zabda ko patita yA mUrkha kA payAryavAcI mAnanA, 'hastinA tADyamAnopi na gcchejjainmNdirm|' Adi likhanA usI dhArA ke kucha udAharaNa haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki hamArI ciraMtana sAMskRtika dhArA vahI samanvaya aura pArasparika sammAna vAlI dhArA rahI hai, vighaTana ke prayAsoM ko tAtkAlika ugravAdI prayAsa hI mAnA jAtA rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa meM pratyeka samrATa aura rAjA pratyeka dharma aura darzana zAkhAoM ke vidvAnoM aura cintakoM ko sammAna detA rahA hai| hara dharma ke RSi-muniyoM ko, yatiyoM, sAdhuoM ko dAna detA rahA hai aura pratyeka darzana zAkhA ko pUrNa vikAsa ke avasara detA rahA hai| adhikAMzataH ina sabhI sAMskRtika dhArAoM ke manISiyoM ne apane Apako eka hI vizAla sAMskRtika saudha ke vibhinna staMbhoM ke rUpa meM dekhA hai| pArthakya yA vighaTita hone meM gaurava nahIM mAnA, eka mahAvaMza se jur3e rahanA svIkAra kiyaa| sanAtaniyoM ke mata meM bhI jainoM ke prAyaH sabhI tIrthaMkara ikSvAku vaMza ke rAjA rahe (suvrata aura nemi ko chodd'kr)| vaidika saMskRti ke indra Adi devatA, oMkAra Adi akSara tathA anya sAMskRtika pratIka ina sabhI kI mAnyatAoM aura kathAoM meM race base haiN| jJAtRputra vardhamAna ke pA~ca. mahAvrata (ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha) vahI haiM jinheM manu sAmAsika dharma kahate haiN| aise prayatna to svAbhAvika hI hai ki koI zAkhA yA koI bhASA apane viziSTa mahattva ko rekhAMkita karane ke lie kabhI apane Apako sarvAdhika prAcIna siddha karane kA prayatna kare aura kabhI apane siddhAntoM ko hI sarvotkRSTa batAne kaa| tamila athavA paMjAbI bhASA yadi apane vyAkaraNa yA lipi ko vaidika yA saMskRti se bhI purAnI siddha karane kA prayatna kare yA vibhinna dharmoM athavA darzanoM ke anuyAyI apanI zAkhA ko prAcInatama siddha karane kA prayatna kareM to isa lalaka ko svAbhAvika mAnavIya pravRtti mAnakara sammAna hI denA caahie| hamAre yahA~ to isa prakAra ke zAstrArthoM, khaMDana-maMDanoM aura pakSa-pratipakSoM kI avicchinna paraMparA rahI hai aura sabhI siddhAntoM (viii).

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ko svacchaMda pratipAdana kA avasara dene kA hamArA yaha Adarza hI hamArI ciraMtanatA kA rahasya rahA hai| jaisA Upara saMketita hai vaidika aura paurANika saMskRti kI bhAMti jaina aura bauddha saMskRti bhI hamArI sAMskRtika nidhi ke atyanta mUlyavAna AyAma haiN| na kevala pAzcAtya vimarzakoM ne balki bhAratIya itihAsakAroM ne bhI ina donoM kI alaga pahacAna ke lie inheM zramaNa saMskRti kA nAma diyA thaa| sanAtana saMskRti (Arya saMskRti) aura jaina va bauddha saMskRti meM vibheda spaSTa karane ke lie kahA jAne lagA ki eka ArSa saMskRti thI, eka zramaNa saMskRti / eka RSiyoM kI thI, dUsarI muniyoM kii| ye donoM kaba-kaba, kahA~-kahA~ panapI, isa para bhI bahuta likhA gayA hai| vaise to jaina dharma ko anAdi aura ananta mAnA gayA hai aura pAraMparika mAnyatA ke anusAra samaya-samaya para jo tIrthaMkara hote rahe haiM, unakA bhI krama anAdi ananta hai| abhI to avasarpiNI kAla ke tIrthaMkara hue haiM phira utsarpiNI kAla ke hoNge| isI prakAra bauddha dharma bhI anAdi ananta paramparA kI mAnyatA rakhatA hai kintu itihAsa dRSTi se bhI inake kAla nirdhAraNa kA prayatna huA hai| jisa kAla se inakA vAGmaya upalabdha huA hai, usa kAla se inake vikAsa kA Akalana kiyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki vedoM meM vAtarazana muniyoM ke ullekha yA zramaNa zabda ko lekara kabhI isa saMskRti ko prAgvaidika batAne kA prayAsa bhI kiyA jAtA hai aura kabhI vaidika aura paurANika vAGmaya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke prabhAva kA Akalana kiyA jAtA hai| ho sakatA hai isa tattva-cintana ke utsa bahuta pahale se vidyamAna rahe hoN| yaha to nirvivAda hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa donoM sAMskRtika dhArAoM kA paraspara samanvaya yA AdAna-pradAna avazya rahA hai| na kevala hamAre darzana meM balki AcAra aura paraMparAoM meM bhI isa bhAva ko sUkSma nirIkSaNa ke dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai| maiM to apane bAlyakAla se aisA anubhava karatA rahA hU~ ki kucha sanAtana paraMparAoM meM zramaNa paraMparAoM kA parokSa prabhAva avazya rahA hogaa| jaba-jaba purANoM ko par3hatA thA to yaha pAtA thA ki una sabameM jisa prakAra vINA bajAte nArada jI ko devaloka meM aura bhU loka meM hara jagaha kahIM bhI prakaTa hone vAlA batalAyA jAtA hai usI prakAra cAra muniyoM ko (sanaka, sanaMdana, sanAtana aura sanatkumAra) zveta vasra pahane sadA pA~ca varSa ke bAlaka jaise tathA nirdvadva batalAyA jAtA thA, sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA jAtA thA ki kisI bhI loka meM kisI bhI devatA ke yahA~ unheM kabhI nahIM rokA jAtA thA, ve berokaToka praveza kara sakate the aura sarvocca sammAna pAte the| taba yaha lagatA thA ki ye cAra muni avazya hI kisI (ix)

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alaukika aura vibhinna paraMparA ke pratIka haiM kyoMki kisI RSivaMza se ye jur3e nahIM pAye gaye, ataH inheM purANoM ne brahmA ke mAnasa putra btaayaa| Aja zramaNa saMskRti ke mUrdhanya vicAraka yadi inheM zramaNa paraMparA ke pratinidhi mAnane lage haiM to bAta samajha meM AtI sI lagatI hai| isI prakAra jaba bhAdrapada mAsa meM apane parivAra meM ananta caturdazI kA vrata vidhi vidhAna se kiye jAte dekhatA thA aura usameM varNita viSNu ko ananta yA nirguNa nirAkAra varNita dekhatA thA to usase lagatA thA ki bhAdrapada mAsa meM jo jainAcAra vaipulya ke sAtha pracalita hai unhIM ke anurUpa vaiSNava AcAra meM bhI eka ananta aura akSaya nirAkAra ArAdhya kI pUjA kI paraMparA sthApita kI gaI hogii| isa prakAra ke sAMskRtika prabhAvoM kA Akalana sAMskRtika itihAsa ke adhyayana ko dizA de sakatA hai| kyA isa prakAra ke paraspara prabhAvoM kA krama purANa kAla meM calA yA vedakAla se hI thA? aise adhyayanoM kI prAsaMgikatA spaSTa hai| aise Akalana, tatsambandhI vidvadgoSThiyA~ hone bhI lagI haiM kintu ina prayAsoM kA sAtatya aba vAMchanIya . vastuniSTha anusandhAna isa sAre vivaraNa kA Azaya yahI hai ki isa mahAdeza kI sAmAsika saMskRti ke virAT phalaka ke vikAsa meM jina vibhinna raMgarekhAoM kI bhUmikA yA sahakAra rahA hai, unakA adhyayana bahuta mUlyavAn bhI hogA, rocaka bhii| lagatA hai apane-apane dharmoM kI garimA kA utkarSa siddha karane meM hI apane astitva kA aucitya mAnane vAle vibhinna cintakoM ne aitihAsika tathyaparakatA yA bauddhika niSpakSatA yA satyAnveSaNa dRSTi kI sarvoparitA para utanA dhyAna nahIM diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI nahIM hue| jo kucha hue, unameM apanI mAnyatA aura apanI paramparA ke pakSa meM kucha rujhAna (jise aMgrejI meM bAyasa kahate haiM) yA jhukAva sA dikhAI detA thaa| kucha ko par3hane se aisA lagane lagA ki vaha eka nyAyAdhIza kI dRSTi kI bajAya eka vakIla kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA anusandhAna yA zodhagrantha hai| jaba se vizvavidyAlayIya, pUrvAgraha mukta, tathyaparaka anusaMdhAna kI sArthakatA buddhijIviyoM kI samajha meM AI, taba se aise tathyAtmaka aura zuddhataH zodhaparaka adhyayana hone lge| isake bAvajUda vibhinna dharmaguruoM yA sakriya dhArmika kAryakartAoM dvArA kiye gaye anusandhAnoM meM pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa se thor3A nijI pUrvAgraha jhalaka ho jAtA hai, aisI dhAraNA bhI kucha vidvAnoM kI rhiiN| jo anusandhAtA kisI dhArmika mAnyatA se vRttika yA sakriya rUpa se nahIM jur3e hoM, unhIM ke adhyayana pUrNataH niSpakSa aura

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pUrvAgrahamukta hoMge, yaha mAnA jAtA rahA / tabhI to videziyoM ke adhyayanoM, zodhalekhoM aura granthoM ko bahudhA niSpakSatA ke nAma para tarajIha dI jAtI rhii| . . . sAdhvI caraNaprabhA jI kA yaha zodhagranthaM vizvavidyAlaya kI zodhopAdhi ke lie svIkRta hai| ataH nizcita hI isameM tathyaparakatA aura vastuniSThatA hogI, yaha mAnakara calA jA sakatA hai| hamane Upara jo dhAraNA vyakta kI hai ki vibhinna cintana dhArAoM meM paraspara antaHkriyA (iMTaraekzana) AdAna-pradAna aura prabhAvoM kA grahaNa-pratigrahaNa avazya hotA rahA hogA, usI kI puSTi viduSI lekhikA ne upasaMhAra (pR. 263) meM spaSTa rUpa se kI hai| purANa-paramparA yaha bhI atyanta santoSa kA viSaya hai ki sanAtana purANoM kA tathA unake vivecaka granthoM kA gahana anuzIlana kara lekhikA ne unakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM, AcAra dezanAoM aura bhaugolika tathA aitihAsika tathyoM kI jainAgama kI mAnyatAoM, jaina bhuvanakoza kI dhAraNAoM tathA AcAra saMhitAoM ke sAtha eka-eka karake bahuta tathyapUrNa tulanA kI hai| sanAtana purANa vAGmaya jitanA vistRta hai, utanA hI vaividhyapUrNa haiM usake bAre meM vidvAnoM kI mAnyatAe~ aura dhaarnnaaeN| viduSI lekhikA ne sAmAnya aitihAsika Akalana karate hue unheM vaidika saMskRti kI mukhya dhArA kA aMga mAnA hai jo ThIka bhI hai kyoMki Arya saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti kI do dhArAoM meM vAGmaya kA dvibhAjana kareM to yahI vargIkaraNa sArthaka hogA, kintu kucha vidvAn Arya saMskRti ke vaidika, aupaniSada, sUtra aura smRti vAGmaya ko eka paramparA kA pratinidhi mAnate haiM, jo zAstrIya paraMparA kahI jA sakatI hai aura purANoM ko dUsarI paramparA kA, jise loka-paramparA kahA jA sakatA hai, jo isa uddezya se panapI thI ki jina vargoM ko. yA jina vyaktiyoM ko (jaise mahilAe~, kAmagAra Adi) zruti ke adhyayana kI suvidhA nahIM thIM, unheM vAcika paramparA se hamArI vidyAoM kA, itihAsa kA, AkhyAnoM kA, upAkhyAnoM kA jJAna saralatA se diyA jA ske| tabhI to vaidika paramparA ke pravaktA RSi rahe aura paurANika paramparA ke pravaktA 'sUta' log| yaha eka mAnyatA mAtra hai jisa para pichale dinoM bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai| kevala sUcanA kI dRSTi se, jAnakArI ke lie yaha ullekha hamane yahA~ kiyA hai| isa saMketa mAtra se prabuddha pAThaka hamArA mantavya samajha jaaeNge| (xi) . ..

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purANa paraMparA bhI sudIrgha evaM vizAla hai| aneka sahasrAbdiyoM se phailI isa paraMparA ko kucha loga to veda se bhI purAnI mAnate haiM kyoMki jo bhI kucha sRSTi meM ghaTita ho rahA hai, usake itihAsa ko abhilikhita karane kI paramparA to sRSTi ke prAraMbha ke sAtha zurU huI aura Age bhI calatI hI rahI honI caahie| tabhI matsya purANa aura vAyu purANa ke isa kathana ko purANaM sarvazAstrANaM prathamaM brahmaNA smRtm| anantaraM tu vaktrebhyo vedAstasya vinirgtaaH| (arthAt brahmA ne prathama zAsra, purANa, kA prAraMbha pahale kiyA, phira unake mu~ha se veda nikale) uddhRta karate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki purANa pravaktAoM kI vAcika paraMparA veda se bhI purAnI hai| astu, yaha to isa bAta ke pramANa ke rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai ki itihAsa aura purANa ke abhilekha rakhane kI hamArI dRSTi bahuta purAnI hai, pAzcAtyoM ne Akara meM itihAsa likhanA sikhAyA ho, so bAta nahIM yaha bhI prasiddha hai ki purANoM kA uddezya sRSTi, usakA vistAra, rAjavaMza, manvantaroM kA itihAsa aura aitihAsika paramparA ko Aja taka lAkara chor3anA-ina sabake abhilekha ke rUpa meM jJAnakoSa kA nirmANa hI rahA thaa| yaha ukti prasiddha hai-sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi c| vaMzyAnucaritaM caiva purANaM paMcalakSaNam / purANoM ke ye pA~ca lakSaNa sahasrAbdiyoM taka calate rahe to zAyada isa ekarasatA ko tor3ane ke lie inheM bar3hAkara dugunA karake dazalakSaNa- purANa kI avadhAraNA bhI isa prakAra vyakta kI gaI sargo'syAtha visargazca vRttI rakSAntarANi c| vaMzo vaMzAnucaritaM saMsthA heturpaashryH| . dazabhirlakSaNairyuktaM purANaM tadvido viduH / kecitpaMcavidhaM brhmnmhdlpvyvsthyaa|| bhAgavata 12/7/9-10. prastuta grantha . purANoM kA vivecana karate samaya viduSI lekhikA ne purANoM ke pA~ca lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai aura bar3e sAragarbhita DhaMga se unameM varNita viSayoM kA eka-eka karake jaina AgamoM, sUtragranthoM, purANoM tathA anya granthoM meM varNita viSayoM se tattvagrAhI (xii) .

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tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai| lekhikA kA niSkarSa hai ki purANa jainadharma ke siddhAntoM se avagata haiM aura 'Arhat dharma' Adi saMdarbho se unakA paricaya pramANita karate haiN| purANoM ne Atmatattva kA jo vivecana kiyA hai, usameM jaina siddhAntoM kI mAnyatA se kyA samAnatA hai, karma siddhAnta kI jisa prakAra jainAgamoM meM vyAkhyA hai usase kisa prakAra paurANika mAnyatAe~ bhI mela khAtI haiM, aparigraha, satya, tapa, dAna Adi sAmAnya AcAroM kI mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra donoM meM samAna haiM (yaha sAmAnya AcAra vAle adhyAya meM batalAyA gayA hai), zramaNoM meM zrAvakoM aura saMnyAsiyoM ke jo viziSTa AcAra varNita haiM, usI prakAra ke AcAra purANoM meM bhI gRhasthoM, yogiyoM, saMnyAsiyoM Adi ke lie kisa rUpa meM pAe jAte haiM, (yaha vizeSa AcAra vAle adhyAya meM batAyA gayA hai), purANoM kA bhuvanakoza aura jaina bhuvanakoza kisa prakAra samAna hai, Izvara kI avadhAraNA donoM dhArAoM meM kisa-kisa rUpa meM rahI hai aura kisa prakAra unameM samAna sUtra khoje jA sakate haiM--yaha saba vibhinna adhyAyoM meM sapramANa aura subodha zailI meM vivecita hai jo nizcita hI adhyetAoM ko navIna dizA bodha degaa| aise adhyayanoM meM jo viSayiniSTha yA vaiyaktika pUrvAgrahajanya rujhAna kabhI-kabhI dRSTigocara ho jAte haiM, unakA pramukha kAraNa hotA hai lekhaka kA yaha siddha karane kA. prayAsa ki amuka siddhAnta meM jo samAnatA hai, usakA kAraNa hai amuka dharma para amuka dharma kA prbhaav| viduSI lekhikA isa prakAra kI sthApanAoM se yathAzakya bacakara ina do dhArAoM meM samAna sUtra khojane para.hI pramukhataH apanI zodha dRSTi rakhatI hai, yaha harSaprada hai| aitihAsika kAlakrama ke saMketa dete samaya bhI unakA abhigama kucha isa prakAra kA pratIta hotA hai ki vaidika vAGmaya ke kAla meM jisa prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ thIM, unakA pratiphalana jaina mAnyatAoM meM kisa prakAra huA aura purANoM meM ve mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra pratibimbita milatI haiN| kAlakrama se yahI paurvAparya moTe rUpa meM ve mAnakara calatI haiN| isameM kisI ko Apatti bhI nahIM honI cAhie kyoMki yaha svAbhAvika hai ki Apa jaba darpaNa meM dekhakara apane Apa se aura kisI kI tulanA karate haiM to yahI kaheMge ki amuka vyakti bhI mere jaisA hI lagatA hai, usakI nAka yA A~kha bhI merI jaisI hai bajAya yaha kahane ke ki maiM usa jaisA lagatA hU~, merI nAka yA A~kha usa jaisI hai| ... aba taka hue zodha-aisA kahIM-kahIM hI huA hai ki yaha sthApita karane kA prayAsa dikhalAI de ki vaidika sAhitya bAda meM banA, zramaNa paraMparA pahale thii| 'upasaMhAra' (xiii)

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meM pRSTha 263 para DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava ke uddharaNa se avazya hI yaha bAta pratIta sI hotI hai-"zramaNa paramparA ke jina mUlyoM ko vaidika sAhitya meM sthAna milA, unheM vaidika samAja ne yathAvat grahaNa nahIM kiyA balki apanI taraha se DhAlakara AtmasAt kiyaa|" yaha jo sAmAnya dhAraNA hai ki vaidika karmakAMDa aura AkArI dharmAcAroM kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM zramaNa saMskRti panapI, isakA to lekhikA ne khaNDana kiyA hai kintu apanI ora se zramaNa vAGmaya ko vaidika vAGmaya se prAcIna siddha karane kA prasaMgAgata prayAsa kiyA ho, aisA kahIM nahIM hai| yaha ThIka bhI hai kyoMki aitihAsika kAlakrama ke nirdhAraNa ke aise prayAsa kabhI antimataH nirNAyaka siddha nahIM ho skte| udAharaNArtha, aba taka bhArata meM aMgrejI mAdhyama se jo itihAsa vidyAlayoM meM par3hAyA jAtA rahA hai, usameM yaha batAyA jAtA hai ki bhArata kA itihAsa sindhu ghATI sabhyatA se zurU hotA hai, jisake pramANa khudAI meM mohanajodar3o Adi meM mile haiN| sindhu ghATI sabhyatA para AryoM ne AkramaNa karake use naSTa kiyA aura taba vaidika AryoM kI saMskRti upajI aura phailii| isa AdhAra para sindhu ghATI (jise anArya sabhyatA kA svarUpa mAnA gyaa|) kA kAla pahale AtA hai, phira veda kAla / ise jyoM kI tyoM sabhI vidvAn par3hate rhe| vaise bhI purAnI yA kAlakrama se pahale hone ke kAraNa koI sabhyatA utkRSTa ho jAtI ho aura paravartI hone ke kAraNa nikRSTa ho jAtI ho, aisI koI bAta nahIM hai| kAlidAsa ne kahA hI hai "purANamityeva na sAdhu srvm|" ataH siMdhu ghATI kAla pUrvavartI aura vedakAla paravartI mAnA jAtA rahA, yadyapi Rgveda ko mAnavIya pustakAlaya kI sarvaprathama pustaka mAnA jAtA rhaa| .. jisa prakAra mohanajodar3oM Adi ke utkhanana meM prApta mudrAoM aura bartanoM ke AdhAra para kiye kAla-nirdhAraNa ke phalasvarUpa itihAsa kA paurvAparya usa samaya nirdhArita huA thA, usI prakAra pichale dazakoM meM sarasvatI ghATI sabhyatA (arthAt sarasvatI nAmaka vilupta yAne antaHsalilA nadI ke tatkAlIna saMbhAvita pravAhakrama aura bhUgola) ke anusandhAnArtha jo upagraha sarvekSaNa (saiTelAiTa sarve), khojabIna aura zodha hue haiM, sAtha hI phrAMsIsiyoM ne pAkistAna-aphagAnistAna aMcala meM bolana dareM ke pAsa meharagar3ha Adi sthAnoM para jo khudAI kI hai, avazeSa prApta kiye haiM, jinakA kAla IsA se lagabhaga sAta hajAra varSa pUrva mAnA gayA hai, usase itihAsa kA paurvAparya aba tadanusAra saMzodhita parivartita yA nirdhArita honA cAhie, aisA una vidvAnoM kA mata hai jo kisI pUrvagraha se nahIM jur3e haiN| esa. Ara. rAva, navaratna rAjArAma, subhASa kAka, jemsa zephara, mArka kenoyara, bhagavAnasiMha, jI. pI. siddhArtha, ke. DI. seThanA, ke. DI. abhyaMkara, pI. DI. .. (xiv)

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pAThaka, zrIkAnta talagerI, esa. kalyANarAman, bI. bI. cakravartI, jArja phyUarasTIna Adi vidvAn to yaha likhate hI rahe haiM ki vedakAlIna sarasvatI ghATI sabhyatA siMdhu ghATI sabhyatA se pahale bhI thI, donoM meM koI saMgharSa yA dhvaMsa nahIM huA, nadiyoM kA prAkRtika mArga badalane se parivartana hue Adi, kintu nyU maiksiko (amerikA) ke DeviDa phrAvale ne sapramANa kucha grantha bhI likhe haiM (da mitha Apha Aryana inavez2ana oNpha iMDiyA, 1995) jinameM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki navInatama zodhoM ke anusAra jo sArasvata veda sabhyatA siMdhu ghATI sabhyatA se prAcIna siddha huI hai, usake AdhAra para chAtroM ko par3hAye jAne vAle itihAsa meM yaha ullekha honA aba vAMchanIya. ho gayA hai| isa prakAra naye zodhoM tathA sthApanAoM ke phalasvarUpa kAla nirdhAraNa badala bhI sakate haiN| zodha vidvAnoM ke antima nirNaya ke bAda hI use tattvataH svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| * tAtparya yaha hai ki kAlakrama kI pUrvAparatA itihAsa ke zodha kA viSaya hI rahanA cAhie, pUrvagrahoM para AdhArita nahIM honI caahie| yahI vastuniSTha zodha dRSTi ka pramANa hotA hai| harSa kI bAta hai ki isa grantha meM viduSI lekhikA ne zodhaparaka dRSTi rakhI hai tathA vyApaka phalaka para purANoM, jaina granthoM, abhinandana granthoM tathA zodha lekha saMkalanoM se saMdarbha aura uddharaNa dete hue apanI sthApanAoM ke pramANa prastuta ki haiN| kAlakrama para kucha abhikathana prathama adhyAya (jaina dharma kA itihAsa) aura upasaMha meM avazya milate haiM jinameM lekhikA ne kucha aise sandarbha diye haiM ki RSabhadeva ka ullekha vedoM meM bhI hai| "vAtarazanA munayaH" Adi uktiyoM se vedoM meM zramaNa saMskAra ke saMketa milane kI bAta bahudhA kahI bhI jAtI hai| rAjasthAna saMskRta akAdamI dvArA (jisakA maiM bhI kucha samaya taka adhyakSa rahA) jayapura meM 19-20 mArca, 1991 ko zramaNa saMskRti para yahA~ ke uccastarIya adhyayana anusaMdhAna saMsthAna ke tattvAvadhAna meM vidvAnoM kI eka saMgoSThI Ayojita kI gaI thI, jisameM zramaNa saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSoM para to gahana vimarza aura zodhapatra paThana hue hI, vaidika aura jaina saMskRtiyoM ke pArasparika saMvAda sUtroM para bhI adhikArI vidvAnoM ne likhaa| sva. DaoN. sudhIra kumAra gupta (vedamanISI) kA abhimata to yaha thA ki vedakAla meM zramaNa saMskRti ke tattva aparijJAta the, jabaki DaoN. premacanda jaina ne 'munayo vAtarazanAH' Adi uddhRta kara yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA thA ki ye zramaNoM ke varNana haiN| isa deza meM vidvAnoM ko apane-apane mata nirbAdha rUpa se rakhane kI sadA svatantratA rahI hai| yaha kahate hue maiMne tathA anya aneka vidvAnoM ne yaha nirvivAda rUpa (xv)

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se mAnA ki kisI na kisI rUpa meM ina donoM dhArAoM meM pArasparika saMvAda, samanvaya pratyeka yuga meM hotA rahA hai| isa saMgoSThI ke zodha lekha 'zramaNa saMskRti' zIrSaka se granthAkAra meM saMskRta akAdamI se prakAzita hue haiM, jinameM merI bhUmikA bhI sammilita hai| isake atirikta akAdamI ne "sanAtana evaM jaina purANoM meM mAnava kalyANa kI dRSTi" viSaya para bhI eka vidvatsaMgama Ayojita kiyA (jisake zodha lekha bhI mere adhyakSatA kAla meM isI zIrSaka se 1996 meM eka grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita hue), jisameM yaha tathya ubharakara AyA ki donoM saMskRtiyoM ke cirantana saha astitva ke phalasvarUpa isa deza ke mAnava samudAya kA jo hita huA hai, vahI ina donoM saMskRtiyoM kA vAstavika uddezya thA aura hai| zubhAzaMsA-ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke pArasparika prabhAvoM, antaH kriyAoM, siddhAntoM kI samAnatAoM tathA saMvAdoM evaM samanvayoM kA Akalana karane kA kAlocita satkArya karane vAlA yaha grantha isI prakAra ke adhyayanoM kI eka bahumUlya kar3I hai, ataH isakA svAgata sabhI prakAra ke prabuddha pAThakoM aura jijJAsuoM, vidvAnoM aura vidyArthiyoM sabhI meM hogA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| vyApaka adhyayana aura athaka mImAMsA dRSTi ke sAtha isa zodha grantha ke praNayana ke lie viduSI DaoN. caraNaprabhA sAdhvI prabhUta badhAiyoM kI pAtra haiM tathA uttamottama grantha ratnoM ke prakAzana dvArA sudIrgha kAla se samAja ko amUlya vAGmaya pradAna kara apanA cirasmaraNIya sthAna banAne vAlI saMsthA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, usake yazasvI adhyakSa zrI devendra rAja mehatA aura karmaTha nidezaka mahopAdhyAya zrI vinayasAgara bhI zatazaH sAdhuvAdoM ke pAtra haiM ki unakI pArakhI dRSTi ne isa zodhagrantha ko prakAzana ke lie cunA aura vAGmaya jagat meM prastuta kiyaa| isa prakAra ke anusandhAnAtmaka starIya granthoM kA prasAra aise aneka anya vimarzoM aura granthoM ke prAdurbhAva ko prerita karatA hai jo hamArI sAMskRtika nidhi kA vivecana agalI pIr3hI ke hitArtha prastuta kara sakeM, isalie bhI yaha prakAzana sarvathA svAgatArtha hai| devarSi kalAnAtha zAstrI (rASTrapati sammAnita saMskRta vidvAn) maJjunAtha smRti saMsthAna, bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, rAjasthAna saMskRta akAdamI sI/8 pRthvIrAja roDa, tathA nidezaka, saMskRta zikSA evaM bhASA vibhAga, jayapura rAjasthAna sarakAra (xvi)

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( viSaya praveza bhAratIya vAGmaya meM aneka prakAra ke sAhitya upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM darzana sAhitya kA sthAna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| darzana-sAhitya ati vistRta hai jisakI kaI zAkhAe~ evaM pratizAkhAe~ haiN| pramukha bhAratIya darzana agralikhita haiM-cArvAka, jaina, bauddha, nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, mImAMsA-vedAnta / / ..hamAre zodhakArya kA viSaya hai "purANoM meM jaindhrm"| yaha do darzanoM se sambandhita hai vaidika darzana tathA jaina drshn| purANa vaidikadarzana se sambaddha haiM, vaidika saMskRti ke pramukha grantha haiM; phira bhI unameM jainadarzana sambandhita viSaya vastu tathA jainadharma sammata siddhAnta paryApta mAtrA meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| jainadarzana sammata siddhAnta purANoM meM yatra-tatra vikIrNa haiN| unakA suvyavasthita rUpa se adhyayana abhI taka kisI ne nahIM kiyA hai| yaha viSaya abhI taka achUtA hI hai| ... purANa evaM jainadarzana ke siddhAntoM meM paryApta mAtrA meM bhinnatA hote hue bhI kaI sthAnoM para samAnatA parilakSita hotI hai| aise kaI sthala veda-purANa Adi granthoM meM pAye jAte haiM jinameM jainadharma kA ullekha tathA tatsammata siddhAntoM kA spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi donoM kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM meM paryApta aMtara hai; tathApi purANoM meM jainadarzana sambandhita pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| yahI nahIM kaI sthaloM para jaina mUlyoM kI vaidika vyAkhyA bhI kI gaI hai| cintana kI udAratA ke kAraNa pravRttivAdI hote hue bhI purANoM meM nivRttivAdI zramaNa-paramparA kA ullekha spaSTataH dRSTigocara hotA hai| prastuta zodhakArya meM isa cintana kI udAratA kA tathA pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke sundara sumela kA bhI darzana hogaa| ___ bhinna-bhinna saMskRtiyoM se sambaddha hote hue bhI ina donoM meM aneka samAnatAe~ haiN| jainadarzana meM anekAntavAda eka aisA pramukha siddhAnta hai ki jisase pratyeka tatva kA aneka dRSTiyoM se sarvAMgINa cintana kiyA jA sakatA hai| lagabhaga hara darzana meM aise kaI siddhAnta haiM jo kisI na kisI dRSTi se jainadarzana se samatA rakhate haiN| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi jainasammata siddhAntoM kA anya darzanoM meM ullekha hI nahIM, samarthana bhI hai| kisI na kisI rUpa meM pUrvokta siddhAntoM kI jhalaka jainetara darzanoM meM mila hI jAtI hai| . 1 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jainadharma kI prAcInatA aneka vidvAnoM ke vaktavyoM se vyakta hotI hai tathA sAtha hI prAcIna avazeSoM tathA granthoM ke dvArA bhI vyakta hotI hai. kyoMki jaina dharma kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM prAcIna jainetara sAhityoM meM ullekha huA hai| _ jainadharma kI pramukha vizeSatAoM ke antargata hama ahiMsA, anekAnta, dravya sambandhI viziSTa cintana evaM sAdhanA mArga ityAdi dekha sakate haiN| jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| samasta AcAroM kA kendrabindu ahiMsA hai evaM anya sabhI AcAra isI ke paripoSaka haiN| ___ anekAnta bhI ahiMsA se hI sambandhita hai| yaha eka prakAra kI vaicArika ahiMsA hai| kahIM hama satya ke eka pakSa ko hI lekaraM na baiTha jAyeM tathA satya ke anya pakSa kA hanana na kara deM, isake lie anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta batAyA gayA hai| yaha vizeSataH vyakti ke bauddhika pakSa se sambaddha hai| . anekAnta para jaina tAtvika cintana avadhArita hai| dravya kA svarUpa jaina dRSTi se ekAntataH nitya athavA ekAntataH anitya na hokara kathaMcit nitya evaM kathaMcit anitya hai arthAt nityAnitya hai| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra dravya ke cha: prakAra haiM-dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, kAla, pudgalAstikAya evaM jiivaastikaay| __dravya ke samAna hI sAdhanA mArga bhI anekAntAtmaka hai| mokSa prApti ke sAdhana rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM ekAntataH jJAna yA darzana athavA cAritra ko kAraNa na mAnate hue tInoM ke samanvita rUpa ko hI zreyaskara mAnA gayA hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM mukhyataH samatva prApti hI dhyeya hai kyoMki samatva ke abhAva meM nirvANa kI prApti nahIM hotI hai, isIlie samatva kA vizeSa mahatva jainadarzana meM hai| mana ke hI nahIM, dRSTi ke (prajJA ke) samatva para bhI jainadarzana meM bala diyA gayA hai| apane anekAntavAdI udAra dRSTikoNa se samanvita jainAcArya haribhadrasUri ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki koI bhI vyakti ho, cAhe vaha zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, buddha ho yA koI anya ho, jisakI bhI AtmA samabhAva yukta ho, vaha nirvANa ke parama saukhya ko prApta hotA hai| tAtparya yahI hai ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kisI bhI prakAra ke pantha, jAti Adi ke pratibandha nahIM haiN| jaina dharma kI uparyukta vizeSatAoM kA purANoM se tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa karane se yaha avagata hotA hai ki purANoM meM bhI jainadharma sammata mantavyoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| purANoM meM na kevala jainasammata mata hI dRSTigata hote haiM apitu nAmazaH bhI jainadharma ullikhita hai| viSaya praveza / 2

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purANoM kA vaidika saMskRti meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| purANoM ko vedamUlaka bhI kahA hai| purANoM meM aneka viSaya varNita haiN| sabhI purANa eka sAtha nirmita na hokara vibhinna samayoM meM nirmita hue haiM, ataH unameM una-una samayoM meM pracalita aneka mata-matAntara samAviSTa hote rahe haiN| purANa pramukhataH aThAraha haiN| jinameM adhikatara ye pA~ca viSaya vivecita haiM-sarga (sRSTikrama), pratisarga (pralaya), manvantara aura deva,RSi.rAjavaMza aura rAjAoM kA itihaas| inake alAvA AcAra, AtmA, karma Adi se sambandhita siddhAntoM kA bhI yathAsthala ullekha prApta hotA hai| inhIM dArzanika siddhAntoM meM jainasammata siddhAnta bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| udAharaNatayA hama padmapurANa meM prApta Ahetadharma sambandhita vizleSaNa dekha sakate haiM jisameM zrAvaka, caubIsa tIrthaMkara, vrata Adi varNita haiN| isI meM yajJa aura dayA kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa hai| puNya snAna, bhAva zauca ityAdi aneka prasaMga bhI aMkita haiN| "ahiMsA paramo dharmaH" ityAdi siddhAnta bhI viziSTa taura para likhita haiN| yahI nahIM, nivRtti kA bhI varNana vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| yathA mumukSu ko nivRtti mArga para ArUr3ha hone hetu prerita karate hue harivaMza purANa kA spaSTa kathana hai- "jo yogI karmabaMdha se mukta hokara indriya baMdhanoM ko bhI kATa pheMkate haiM, ve hI usa parama pada taka pahu~cane meM samartha hote haiM, para jo yajJa-agnihotrAdi meM lage rahate haiM, ve vahA~ nahIM pahu~ca skte|" (pR. 207) ThIka isI prakAra kA mantavya jainadarzana kA bhI hai| aise bahuta-se samAna mata purANa tathA jainadharma meM upalabdha hote haiM, unakA viziSTa rUpa se isa zodhakArya meM yathAprasaMga pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isa zodhakArya se "jainadharma kitanA prAcIna hai|" yaha aitihAsika bindu bhI prakAzita hogaa| purANoM meM jainadharma kA ullekha kisa prakAra se huA-yaha dekhanA bhI isa zodha kA dhyeya hai| vaidika saMskRti kI pratipAdana zailI kucha isa prakAra kI hai ki usakA pratyeka sAhitya paraspara thor3A-bahuta vaibhinya to rakhatA hI hai| vedoM meM jisa prakAra se stutiyA~ evaM karmakANDa haiM, upaniSadoM meM vaha nahIM hai| bahuta jyAdA parivartana evaM bhinna cintana bhI upaniSadoM se mukhara hotA hai| isase Age purANoM meM bhI bhinnatA ke svara prasphuTita hote haiM arthAt prArambhika vaidika sAhitya vedoM meM karmakANDa kA prAmukhya hai| paravartI upaniSadAdi meM jJAnamArga kA, to purANoM meM mukhyasvara bhakti kA, evaM bhagavadgItA meM tInoM kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI ina purANoM kA paryApta mahatva hai kyoMki inameM tatkAlIna sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika parivezoM kA vivecana vistRta rUpa se upalabdha hotA hai| ' . 3 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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purANoM meM yadyapi jainadharma se aneka vaimatya bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM, unakA vizeSa rUpa se vivecana na karate hue yahA~ mukhyataH sAmya hI vivecita hai| jainadarzana kI bhA~ti hI parANoM meM sata ke nitya pariNAmI svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sat meM hone vAlA parivartana usakI nityatA ko prabhAvita nahIM krtaa| . jisaprakAra se jainadarzana meM dravya kI avadhAraNA kA vivecana karate hue sat . ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya lakSaNa yukta batAyA hai, usIprakAra purANoM meM bhI sat kI yahI vyAkhyA hai| unameM sat ke nityatva kA nirUpaNa karate hue usake tirobhAva arthAt janma-nAza bhI nirUpaNa hai| dravya ke do rUpoM kA ullekha jainadarzana ke samAna purANoM meM bhI hai, kyoMki jar3a evaM cetana donoM hI tatvoM kA vivecana karate hue unakA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai| jar3a ke rUpa meM prakRti (acetana) kA tathA prakRti ke vikAroM kA vizad vizleSaNa purANoM meM hai tathA caitanya ke rUpa meM puruSatva vivecita hai| - jainadharma meM varNita dravya ke cha: prakAroM meM se dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya kA nAmazaH evaM tathyataH vizeSa ullekha. to purANoM meM nahIM hai, phira bhI purANoM meM varNita sRSTi ko gati pradAna karane vAle rajasaguNa tathA avarodhaka (pratirodhaka) ke rUpa meM tamasguNa varNita haiM, jo kucha aMzoM meM uparyukta dravyoM se sAmya rakhate haiM; yadyapi ye usaprakAra se udAsIna rUpa se kArya nahIM krte| AkAza ko purANoM meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna ananta evaM sarvatra vyApta kahA hai evaM kAla kA bhI parivartana ke pramukha kAraNa ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa hai| pudgaladravya kI nityAnitya evaM jIvadravya ke vizleSaNa ke sandarbha meM aneka tathya tulanIya haiN| jIvadravya ke vizeSa vizleSaNa ke antargata AtmA ke svarUpa Adi kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| caitanyasvarUpa AtmA ko samasta jar3a (paugalika) se bhinna pradarzita kiyA hai| Atmatatva ke nityatva kI mUla avadhAraNA purANa tathA jainadarzana meM samAna rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI hai| Atmatatva kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karate hue jainadharma meM AtmA ko caitanyamaya batAyA hai jaise uSNatA agni kA svabhAva hai vaise hI jJAna AtmA kA svabhAva hai| purANoM meM bhI isI prakAra se AtmA ko caitanyayukta batAyA hai tathA jainadarzana ke tulya hI saMsArI AtmA (jIva) ko anAdikAlIna karmabaddha mAnA hai| usI ko zubha-azubha karmoM kA kartA kahA hai evaM bhoktA bhii| isI kAraNa janma- maraNa kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| itanA hote hue bhI jisa prakAra se jainadarzana meM usa AtmA ko paramAtmA ke samAna batAte hue antara mAtra karmoM ke kAraNa mAnA hai; usI prakAra _ viSaya praveza / 4

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purANoM meM bhI AtmA meM paramAtmA kI sattA svIkRta hai, mAtra azuddhi ke hI kAraNa unameM bheda hai| jisa prakAra se malAdi se mizrita svarNa, azuddhiyoM ke haTa jAne para zuddha ho jAtA hai, vaise hI nirmala (nirAvaraNa) ho jAne para AtmA sAkSAt paramAtmA ho jAtA hai| sAtha hI AtmA kA anekatva bhI pradarzita hai| isase Atma-svAtantrya bhI spaSTa hotA hai| jIva svayaM hI apane utthAna yA patana kA uttaradAyI hai| baMdhana aura mukti usI ke Azrita haiN| karmabaMdhana evaM mukti kI vyAkhyA bhI purANoM meM jainamantavya ke samAna hI hai| . jainadarzana meM kaSAyayukta arthAt rAgadveSa janita (mAnasika AvegoM se yukta) pravRtti dvArA karmabaMdha hotA hai| yahI Azaya purANoM kA bhI hai| purANoM ke anusAra bhI Antarika rAga-dveSa athavA Asakti ke dvArA karmabaMdha hotA hai aura jaba vaha Asakti haTa jAtI hai to vaha karmabaddha nahIM hotaa| mukti ke sambandha meM bhI yahI mantavya hai ki zubhAzubha samasta karmoM ko naSTa kara dene ke bAda AtmA mukta hotA yahA~ dRSTavya hai ki jainadarzana kI taraha AtmA ko anAdikAlIna karmabaddha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| karma ko purANoM meM sUkSma zarIra se sambaddha mAnA hai jo jainadarzana ke kArmaNa zarIra se paryApta samAnatA rakhatA hai| karma ke astitvakAla para vicAra karate hue yahI niSkarSa nikAlA gayA hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma anAdikAla se hai, kyoMki koI aisA kAla, nahIM thA taba vaha mukta thA evaM sarvathA mukta AtmA ke karma sampRkta na hone se yaha anAditva batAyA gayA hai| jagat ke vibhinna parivartanoM kA kAraNa karma hI hai jo apane sahakArI kAraNoM se yukta ho phala pradAna karatA hai| karma ke viSaya meM jainadharma ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI yahI pratipAdita hai ki vyakti svakRta karmoM kA hI phala bhogatA hai| kisI dUsare ke karma kA phala koI anya nahIM prApta krtaa| vyakti jaisI-jaisI zubha yA azubha pravRttiyA~ karatA hai vaise hI karmoM kA baMdhana hotA jAtA hai jo ki paripAka kAla (udayakAla) meM sukha yA dukha ke rUpa meM apanA pariNAma batA detA hai| una pariNAmoM ko avazya bhoganA par3atA hai| karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaha anukUlatAe~ tathA pratikUlatA prApta karatA hai| yadyapi ye karma anAdi haiM parantu anta sahita haiN| Atma-puruSArtha ke dvArA unheM AtmA se pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai| karma ke vibhinna prakAra haiM, jinheM mukhyataH zubha yA azubha (puNya, pApa) do koTiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta eka aisI bhI avasthA purANoM meM batAI gaI hai, jo jainadarzana ke airyApithika karma ke tulya haiN| usa avasthA meM yogI 5 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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karma karate hue bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke bandhana se nirlipta rahatA hai aura antataH samasta karmoM kA nirmUlana karake mukta ho jAtA hai| .. karma siddhAnta ke anusAra vyakti kA bhaviSya sva para nirbhara hotA hai| vartamAna-kAlIna puruSArtha hI bhaviSya meM bhAgya ke rUpa meM ubharatA hai| ataH vyakti jaisI zubha yA azubha pravRtti yA AcaraNa karatA hai vaisA hI karmabaMdhana use prApta hotA hai| jIvana meM hone vAlI una pravRttiyoM kA saMskArita rUpa hI sadAcAra hai| apane AcaraNa ke AdhAra para vyakti karmabaddha hotA hai evaM karmoM se mukta hotA hai| durAcaraNa ke dvArA hone vAle adhaHpatana se bacane ke lie manISiyoM ne sadAcAra ke rUpa meM vibhinna AcAra-vyavasthAe~ banAI haiN| sadAcAra ke rUpa meM kucha AcAra aise haiM jo pratyeka vyakti ke lie mUlaguNoM ke rUpa meM Avazyaka haiM, unako sAmAnya AcAra kahA gayA hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| ye sabhI vargoM tathA AzramoM ke liye sAmAnya (anivArya) haiN| purANoM meM bhI jainadarzanavat hI ahiMsA ko jIvana meM dhAraNa karane yogya pramukha vrata batAyA gayA hai| na kevala kAyika arthAt dikhAI dene vAlI hiMsA ko hI hiMsA kahA hai apitu mAnasika hiMsA bhI tyAjya batAI gaI hai| hiMsA ke kaTuka pariNAma hote haiN| samasta sadguNa ahiMsA meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| ahiMsA ke abhAva meM koI bhI guNa sadguNa nahIM ho sktaa| . satya kI vizeSa vyAkhyA karate hue ise AdhArasvarUpa kahA gayA hai| satya kA pAlanA bahuta durlabha hai| jIvana ke pratyeka vyavahAra va AcAra meM hI satyatA ke vAstavika darzana hote haiN| vAcika satya kI bAta apanI jagaha alaga hai| satya ke samAna hI asteya arthAt acauryavrataM ko bhI mahatvapUrNa batAyA hai tathA brahmacarya ko mahAn guNa pratipAdita karate hue abrahma sevana tyAjya batAyA hai| paMcendriya saMyama kA nirdeza dete hue lobha-lAlasA-kAmanA ityAdi AsaktiyA~ pariharaNa yogya batAI gaI haiM kyoMki Antarika lAlasA ke kAraNa vyakti parigraha juTAtA hai tathA anta meM vahI parigraha usake lie duHkhadAyaka siddha hotA hai| uparyukta pA~coM ko jainadharma meM paMca aNuvrata tathA mahAvrata ke rUpa meM mahatva diyA hai tathA purANoM meM bhI inheM paMca yama ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama aMgIkaraNIya batAyA gayA hai| ___ inake atirikta kSamA, tapa, satsaMgati, sevA, zauca Adi sadguNoM kA mahatva bhI jainadharma ke sadRza hI purANoM meM milatA hai| kSamA ko sAdhaka kA AbhUSaNa svarUpa kahA hai| jainadarzana meM tapa kA vizeSa mahatva hai| purANoM meM bhI tapa ko eka viziSTa zakti ke rUpa meM apane utkarSa ke viSaya praveza / 6

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liye mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai, kyoMki tapa ke dvArA Antarika azuddhiyA~ naSTa hotI haiN| satsaMgati kA bhI mahatva kama nahIM hai kyoMki saMga vyakti ke unnati evaM avanati kA eka pramukha kAraNa hai| sevAdharma bahuta gahana hai, kyoMki sevA ke nAnA rUpa hote haiM; yathA bhagavad-sevA jise Ama bhASA meM bhakti kahA jA sakatA hai| isIprakAra bar3oM kI sevA ko vinaya athavA satkAra-sammAna kahA jA sakatA hai, prANimAtra kI sevA ko paropakAra kI saMjJA de sakate haiN| sevA ke atirikta zauca (pavitratA) kA bhI jIvana meM bahuta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, kyoMki apavitra (gande) pAtra meM acchI se acchI vastu bhI vikRta ho jAtI hai, isaliye uparyukta uttama guNoM ko dhAraNa karane se pahale vyakti ko apanA hRdayarUpI pAtra sarvadA svaccha rakhanA caahie| ina sAmAnya dharmAcAroM ke atirikta vizeSa AcAroM ke antargata gRhastha evaM sAdhu dharma vivecita hai| isake anusAra paurANika tathA jaina zramaNa kI jIvanacaryA meM kaI mahatvapUrNa samAnatAe~ haiM, yathA usakI Antarika vRtti samatvapradhAna hotI hai, vaha Antarika rAga-dveSa ko dUra rakhate hue satya ko hI grahaNa karatA hai| usake liye ahiMsAdivrata pUrNa rUpa se pAlanIya haiN| bAhya jIvana bhI maryAdita hotA hai| AhAra, pravAsa-nivAsa Adi ke sambandha meM bhI kaI maryAdAe~ nirdhArita kI gaI haiN| yogI ke yogAcAra ke antargata aSTAMga yoga nirUpita haiN| / gRhasthadharma ke dhAraka gRhastha kA jIvana bhI aneka maryAdAoM se susampanna hotA hai, parantu ve maryAdAe~ maryAdita hotI haiN| AMzika nivRtti kA gRhastha ke liye nirdhAraNa hai, jisase usake Avazyaka kAryoM meM bAdhA nahIM Aye tathA usakI jIvanacaryA tathA dAyitva nirbAdha gati se pUrNa ho ske| AtmakalyANa ke kSetra meM athavA sadAcAra ke pAlana meM varNAdi sambandhita pratibaMdha Avazyaka nahIM haiN| pratyeka varNa kA vyakti apane AdhyAtmika utkarSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| vastutaH Atmika unnati kisI bhI prakAra ke umra, varNa athavA strI-puruSa Adi bhedoM para nirbhara nahIM hai| uccatA yA nimnatA janmanA prApta na hokara karmaNA hI prApta hotI hai| ____ AcAra pAlana meM viveka kI parama AvazyakatA hai evaM sAtha hI anAsakti bhI anivArya hai| jagat ke samasta padArthoM ke prati Asakti hone se vyakti apane ko saMyamita (maryAdita) nahIM kara sktaa| apanI yathArthatA evaM jagat kI yathArthatA ko samajhate hue vyakti unase nivRtta ho sakatA hai| ataH jagat kI anityatA evaM jAgatika padArthoM kI nazvaratA ko dekhate hue usake prati vairAgyapUrNa dRSTikoNa apanAnA Avazyaka hai| . 7 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jainadarzana kI bhA~ti jagat kI anityatA kA nirUpaNa purANoM meM bhI hai, parantu sAtha hI sAtha jainokta jagat-svarUpa ke tulya usakI nityatA bhI pratipAdita hai| jagat yA loka vastutaH jIva tathA ajIva kA sammizraNa hai| jagat ke sambandha meM yaha kathana satya nahIM hai ki vaha kabhI utpanna huA evaM yaha mata bhI anucita hai ki usameM kisI bhI prakAra parivartana nahIM aataa| jagat sadA banA rahatA hai, na kabhI utpanna hotA hai aura na hI kabhI usakA pUrNa vinAza hotA hai| isameM paristhitiyoM ke parivartana kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| kabhI usakI hrAsAvasthA hotI hai to kabhI vikAsAvasthA; hrAsa ke bAda vikAsa aura vikAsa ke bAda hAsa kA cakra anavarata ghUmatA rahatA hai| samaya ke sAtha parivartana bhI hotA rahatA hai| . jagata kI nityatA ke sAtha hI Izvara ke saSTi-kartatva kA bhI nirasana ho jAtA hai| Izvara ke sambandha meM purANoM kA yadyapi jainadarzana se matavaibhinya hai, parantu purANoM meM varNita mukta AtmAoM kA jainadharma meM varNita Izvara-svarUpa se paryApta sAmya hai| vaidika saMskRti ke avatAravAda se bhinna jainadarzana meM AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI avadhAraNA hai, jisakA purANoM meM paryApta samarthana hai| purANoM meM bhI "AtmA se paramAtmA", "saguNa se nirguNa" (sAkAra se nirAkAra) banane kA spaSTataH ullekha hai| muktAtmA nirguNa arthAt mukta hone ke pazcAt punaH saguNa nahIM hotaa| yahA~ samasta dvandvoM se pare, zuddha jJAnasvarUpa AtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| vaha paramAtmA punaH sAkAra nahIM hotA, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM isake viparIta Izvara ke nirAkAra se sAkAra hone ke varNana milate haiN| yahI nahIM, Izvara ko eka tathA sarvavyApaka batAyA. hai, jabaki jainadharma meM Izvara ekamAtra nahIM hai| eka vyakti vizeSa ko Izvara na mAnate hue samasta muktAtmAoM ko Izvara kI saMjJA dI hai| purANoM meM bhI yadyapi Izvara kA kartArUpa, ekatva tathA sarvavyApakatva ullikhita hai kintu isake atirikta jahA~ sAdhanA dvArA mukta AtmAoM kA varNana hai, vahA~ unake anekatva evaM pratyeka kA svatantra astitva spaSTataH dRSTigocara hotA isa prakAra se purANoM ke aneka mantavya jainadharma ke samAna hai| uparyukta matoM ke atirikta Ahetadharma ke rUpa meM nAmazaH bhI padma, viSNu Adi purANoM meM jainadharma kA ullekha hai| purANa paryApta prAcIna haiN| vastutaH jainadharma prAcInatama hai| yaha alaga bAta hai ki jainasAhitya 2000 varSa se pahale kA upalabdha nahIM hai; phira bhI jainetara graMthoM meM jainadharma kI samakAlIna vAstavika sthiti kA sundara citraNa hai| viSaya praveza /8

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yadyapi yaha nizcita nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha purANoM kA jo svarUpa hai vaha bahuta prAcIna hai, kyoMki unameM bhI aneka parivartana hote rahe haiM, kintu phira bhI yaha to kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra se pUrva bhI vaidika saMskRti pracalita thii| veda, purANa Adi kisI na kisI rUpa meM the, ataH unameM bhI jainadharma kA ullekha prApta hone se jainadharma kI atiprAcInatA siddha hotI niSkarSataH zramaNa saMskRti evaM vaidika saMskRti ye donoM hI pramukha evaM prAcIna gaMgA-yamunA do sAMskRtika dhArAe~ rahI haiN| jainadharma prAcIna zramaNa saMskRti kA hI eka rUpa hai| purANoM meM zramaNa saMskRti kI dhArA kA upalabdha honA unake pArasparika prabhAva ko abhivyakta karatA hai| purANoM meM jainadharma kI upalabdhi ko dRSTi-sammukha rakhate hue zrImatI vINApANi kA yaha mata hai ki vastutaH purANa jainadharma se paricita haiN| jainadharma ke pracAra-kAla meM purANa bhI unake prabhAva meM svayaM ko vaMcita na rakha ske| yahI kAraNa hai ki padma, viSNu Adi vibhinna purANa jainadharma sambandhita viSaya-vastu ko vizad rUpa se abhivyakta karate haiN| 300 9 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jaina dharma kA itihAsa vizva meM aneka dharma, darzana, saMskRtiyA~ pracalita haiN| ina vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ko hama eka saMskRti 'mAnava saMskRti' meM samAviSTa kara sakate haiN| saiddhAntika dRSTi se vibhAjana karane para isake kaI nAma pracalita ho ge| jaise-jaina, bauddha, vaidika ityAdi / saMskRti ___'sama' upasarga pUrvaka 'kR' dhAtu se saMskRti zabda banA hai, jisakA artha hai"vaha kriyA, jisake dvArA mana ko mAMjA jAtA hai, jIvana ko pariSkRta kiyA jAtA hai, mAnavatA ko nikhArA jAtA hai aura vicAroM ko saMskArita kiyA jAtA hai| saMskRti kA tAtparya DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra "viveka buddhi ke dvArA jIvana ko bhalI prakAra se jAna lenA hai|" ___vastutaH saMskRti hI mAnava kI pratiSThApikA hai| yahI asatya se satya kI ora, aMdhakAra se jyoti kI ora, mRtyu se amaratva kI ora, aura anaitikatA se naitikatA kI ora agrasara karatI hai| mAnava-hRdaya se aharniza sampanna hone vAle devAsura saMgrAma ke madhya AsurI vRttiyoM ko dabAkara daivI vRttiyoM kA udbodhana saMskRti kI sahAyatA se hotA hai| saMskRti mAnavatA ko pariSkRta kara suvicAroM ke aMkura utpanna karatI hai aura yahI aMkura kAlAntara meM kalpapAdapa banakara susvAdu phaloM ko pradAna karatA hai| ataeva bhojana-pAna, AhAra-vihAra, vastrAbhUSaNa, kriyA-kalApa Adi ko susaMskRta kara jIvanayApana karanA sAMskRtika preraNA kA pratiphala hai| mAnavatA apanI Antarika bhAvanAoM se hI nirmala hotI hai aura ina bhAvatatvoM kA vikAsa manuSya kI mUlabhUta ceSTAoM dvArA hotA hai|" jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatA - jaina saMskRti ina aneka saMskRtiyoM meM eka pradhAna saMskRti hai| prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI do pramukha bhAratIya saMskRtiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM--vaidika saMskRti tathA zramaNa saMskRti / jaina evaM bauddha saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti ke antargata AtI hai tathA anya (sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya-vaizeSika, mImAMsA-vedAnta) vaidika saMskRti meM ginI jAtI hai| jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 10

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zramaNa saMskRtiyoM meM se jaina saMskRti bauddha saMskRti se prAcIna hai| jaikobI ne bauddha dharma kI apekSA jaina dharma kI prAcInatA evaM bauddha dharma se pRthakatva ko bahuta se pramANoM dvArA siddha kiyA hai| haoNpakinsa tathA kolabuka kA bhI yahI mata hai ki jainadharma donoM meM se adhika prAcIna hai kyoMki yaha adhyAtmavAda meM vizvAsa karatA huA yaha mAnatA hai ki hara eka padArtha meM jIvana hai| ata: yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcInatara zramaNa saMskRti jaina saMskRti hai| purAtatva-dhvaMsAvazeSoM dvArA prAcInatA purAtatva kI dRSTi se har3appA tathA mohana-jodar3o kI sabhyatA ke avazeSoM se bhI isakI aitihAsikatA jJAta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM yaha kathana draSTavya hai-"sindhu ghATI kI mudrAoM meM aMkita na kevala baiThI huI deva mUrtiyA~ yoga mudrA meM haiM aura ve . usa sundara atIta meM yoga mArga ke pracAra ko siddha karatI haiM apitu khaDgAsanastha deva mUrtiyA~ bhI yoga kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM sthita haiN| yaha kAyotsarga mudrA vizeSataH jaina hai, AdipurANa (15.3) meM RSabhadeva ke tapa ke sambandha meM kAyotsarga mudrA kA ullekha hai| jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke kAyotsarga mudrA meM sthita eka khaDgAsanastha mUrti (dvitIya zatAbdI IsvI) mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM hai| isa mUrti kI zailI usase bilkula milatI hai|" mohana-jodar3o meM aura har3appA meM jo khudAI huI, usake avazeSoM kA adhyayana karake vidvAnoM ne usakI saMskRti ko sindhu saMskRti nAma diyA thA aura khudAI meM sabase nimna stara para milane vAle avazeSoM ko vaidika saMskRti se bhI prAcIna saMskRti ke avazeSa kahA hai| bhArata ke bAhara bhI jaina dharma kA prasAra purAtana kAla meM rahA hai| kucha varSa pUrva AsTriyA ke buDApesTa nagara ke samIpavartI kheta meM eka kisAna ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mUrti prApta huI thii| gambhIratA pUrvaka anveSaNa dvArA jaina dharma ke viSaya meM kaI mahatvapUrNa tathya prakAzita ho sakate haiN| eka purAtatvavettA kA kathana hai-"agara hama dasa mIla lambI trijyA lekara bhArata ke kisI bhI sthAna ko kendra banA vRtta banAveM to usake bhItara nizcaya se jaina bhagnAvazeSoM ke darzana hoNge| jaina purAtatva kI mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI ko prAnta dhAraNAoM ke kAraNa bauddha sAmagnI ghoSita kara diyA hai| isake alAvA aitihAsika zilAlekhoM meM bhI jaina dharma kA ullekha dRSTigocara hotA hai| vibhinna vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM ... jainadharma kI prAcInatA kevala mahAvIra taka hI nahIM balki usake bhI bahuta pUrva kI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jaina dharma kA saMsthApaka mAnakara vahIM se jaina dharma kA AdikAla samajhanA bhrAnti hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra "IsA se eka zatAbdi pUrva bhI aise loga the jo RSabhadeva kI pUjA karate the| jo sabase pahale tIrthaMkara the| . 11 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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* isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki vardhamAna evaM pArzvanAtha se pUrva bhI jaina mata pracalita thaa| yajurveda meM tIna tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai RSabhadeva, ajitanAtha evaM ariSTanemi / bhAgavata purANa isa bAta kA samarthana karatA hai ki RSabha jaina mata ke saMsthApaka the / 12 isa sandarbha meM kucha vidvAnoM ke kathanoM ko bhI yahA~ ullikhita kiyA jA rahA hai|"13 ___jI. Ara. pharabAMge ke anusAra-"jaina dharma kI sthApanA zurUAta kaba huI, isakA patA lagAnA asambhava hai| hindustAna ke dharmoM meM jaina dharma sabase prAcIna hai|" karnala TaoNDa kA kathana hai-"bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna itihAsa meM jaina dharma ne apanA nAma ajara amara rakhA hai|" harmana jaikobI dvArA 'sTaDIja ina jainijma' meM likhA gayA hai-"jaina dharma eka maulika paddhati hai jo sabhI dharmoM se nitAnta bhinna hai aura svatantra hai isaliye prAcIna bhArata ke dArzanika vicAra aura dhArmika adhyayana ke liye isakA atyanta mahatva hai|" sa. jemsa hesTiMgsa kA 'iMsAiklopIDiyA oNpha rIlijana eNDa ethiksa' meM kathana hai-"AdhyAtmika cintana ke kSetra meM jaina dharma atyanta prAcIna kAla meM yahA~ taka ki prAgArtha kAla meM pracalita thA, jisane bhArata ke prAcInatama darzanoM sAMkhya, yoga aura bauddha kA unnayana kiyaa|" o. perTolDa ne 'da plesa eNDa imporTensa oNpha jainijma ina da kampareTiva sAyaMsa oNpha rilIjaMsa' ke antargata kahA. hai-"jaina dharma eka bahuta purAnA dharma hai| vidvAn snAtaka kaThinAI se yaha anumAna kara sakate haiM ki isakA mUla atyanta sudUra kAla meM bhArata kI prAMgArtha jAti ke samaya taka pahu~catA hai|" . __ nyAyamUrti rAMgalekare (bambaI hAIkorTa) ke anusAra-"Adhunika aitihAsika zodha se yaha prakaTa huA hai ki yathArtha meM brAhmaNa dharma kA sadabhAva athavA hindU dharma rUpa meM parivartana hone ke pahale, bahuta kAla pahale jainadharma isa deza meM vidyamAna thaa|"14 - DaoN. e. giranATa ke kathanAnusAra "jainadharma meM manuSya kI unnati ke liye sadAcAra ko adhika mahatva pradAna kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma adhika maulika, svatantra tathA suvyavasthita hai| brAhmaNa dharma kI apekSA yaha adhika sarala sampanna evaM vividhatApUrNa hai aura yaha bauddha dharma kI taraha zUnyavAdI nahIM hai| mejara janarala pharalAMga kA mata hai-"Arya logoM ke gaMgA tathA sarasvatI taka pahu~cane ke bahuta pUrva arthAt IsvI san se AThasau-nausau varSa pahale hone vAle tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke pUrva bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ne jainiyoM ko upadeza diyA thaa| anta meM vaha isa pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM ki jainadharma ke prArambha ko jAnanA asaMbhava hai|16 isI mata kA samarthana karate hue vidyAlaMkAra ne bhI likhA hai "jaina dharma bahuta prAcIna dharma hai aura mahAvIra se pahale teIsa tIrthaMkara ho cuke haiM, jo usa dharma ke pravartaka yA pracAraka the| jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 12 . .

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sabase pahalA tIrthaMkara rAjA RSabhadeva thA, jisake putra bharata ke nAma se isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa huaa|"17 vaidika saMskRti meM jainadharma pUrvokta vidvAnoM ke matoM se to jaina dharma kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai kintu sAtha hI sAtha vaidika saMskRti ke sAhitya dvArA bhI isakI aitihAsikatA spaSTa hotI hai| vaidika saMskRti meM bhI zramaNa saMskRti kA spaSTa ullekha hai| unameM na kevala jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha hai apitu unake jIvana ke aneka prasaMga, unakI stuti, unake dvArA pravartita mArga, unake upadeza tathA siddhAntoM kA bhI vistRta varNana hai, jinako saMkSiptataH Age prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| vrAtya ___'vAtya' zabda kA artha yadyapi manusmRti Adi meM AcArahIna kiyA gyaa| 18 vrAtya ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki "upanayana Adi se rahita mAnava 'vrAtya' kahA jAtA hai, jo vaidika kRtyoM ke liye anadhikArI hotA hai| parantu vaha vidvAna aura tapasvI ho to brAhmaNa bhale hI dveSa kareM parantu vaha pUjanIya hogaa|9|| .... isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha brAhmaNetara paraMparA thii| manusmRti se pUrvavartI granthoM meM vrAtya zabda kA prayoga vidvattama mahAdhikArI, puNyazIla ityAdi ke liye hai|0. __ DaoN. sampUrNAnanda tathA baladeva upAdhyAya ne isakA artha paramAtmA kiyA hai|21 kintu vrAtya kisI dehadhArI se sambandhita hai| vrAtya kA mUla zabda 'vrata' hai| isI artha kI puSTi DaoN. hevara ne isa prakAra se kI hai-"vrAtya kA artha vratoM meM dIkSita arthAt jisane AtmAnuzAsana kI dRSTi se svecchApUrvaka vrata svIkAra kiye hoM, vaha vrAtya hai|"22 - yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki vratoM kI paramparA zramaNa saMskRti kI maulika dena hai| veda, brAhmaNa aura AraNyaka sAhitya meM kahIM bhI vratoM kA ullekha nahIM AyA hai| upaniSadoM, purANoM aura smRtiyoM meM jo ullekha huA hai, vaha saba pArzvanAtha ke bAda kA hai| pArzvanAtha kI vrata paraMparA kA upaniSadAdi para prabhAva par3A, isa tathya ko mAnate hue rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara kA kathana hai ki "hindutva aura jaina dharma Apasa . meM itane ghulamila kara itane ekAkAra ho gaye ki Aja kA sAdhAraNa hindU yaha jAnatA bhI nahIM ki ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha meM jaina dharma ke upadeza the, hiMdutva ke nhiiN|"24 vedoM ke anusAra vrAtya arthAt apratibaddha bihArI5 vratoM ko mAnane vAle, arhantoM (santoM) kI upAsanA karate the aura prAkRta bhASA bolate the| unake santa brAhmaNa aura kSatriya the| isa vrAtya paraMparA ke loga paryaTanazIla, vrataniSTa evaM ahiMsA ke 13 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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ArAdhaka the, jinakA vizvAsa AtmakalyANa evaM Atmavizuddhi meM thaa|26 yaha paramparA bhI bahuta sambhavataH siMdhu ghATI kI sabhyatA ke nirmAtAoM kI taraha, zramaNa saMskRti kI anuyAyI thii| vrAtya ke sambandha meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai "licchavI loga vrAtya athavA abrAhmaNa kSatriya kahalAte the| unakI prajAtaMtrarUpa zAsana paddhati thii| unake devasthAna pRthak the| unakI pUjA avaidika thii| unake dharmaguru pRthak the| ve jaina dharma kA saMrakSaNa karate the|"28. vAtarazanA muni vAtarazanA muni kA ullekha Rgveda meM kiyA gayA hai| atIndriyArthadarzI vAtarazanA suni mala dhAraNa karate haiM jisase piMgala varNa vAle dikhAI dete haiN| jaba ve vAyu kI gati ko prANopAsanA dvArA dhAraNa kara lete haiM arthAt roka dete haiM taba ve apane tapa dvArA dIptimAna hokara devatAsvarUpa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| sArvalaukika vyavahAra ko chor3akara ve mauneya kI anubhUti meM kahate haiM ki "munibhAva se pramudita hama vAyubhAva meM sthita ho gye| mayoM tuma hamArA zarIra mAtra dekhate ho|29 . vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharma ko nAbhi tathA marUdevI ke putra RSabhadeva ne prArambha kiyaa| isakA ullekha zrImadbhAgavata purANa meM dRSTigata hotA hai, jisase yaha bhI zramaNa saMskRti se sambandhita jJAta hotA hai| tettirIyAraNyaka meM Rgveda ke 'munayoH vAtarazanA' ko zramaNa hI batAyA hai tathA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke ziSyoM ko vAtarazana RSi aura UrdhvamaMthI kahA hai| AraNyaka meM vAtarazanA evaM zramaNa tathA upaniSada meM tApasa evaM zramaNoM kA ekIkaraNa bhI ullikhita hai|" Rgveda ke vAtarazanA muni zramaNa athavA yati haiM, jinameM tapasyA evaM yoga kA mahatva thaa| zramaNa saMskRti meM vaidika yajJAdi kA virodha thA tathA yoga kA mahatva thaa| vaidika dharma ke viruddha hone se isake liye dAsa, dasyu, asura Adi zabda prayukta kiye gye| "ye dAsa dasyu pura meM rahate the aura unake puroM kA nAza karake AryoM ke mukhiyA indra ne purandara kI padavI ko prApta kiyaa| usI indra ne yatiyoM aura muniyoM kI bhI hatyA kI / "32 isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zramaNa aura brAhmaNoM kA zAzvatika virodha hai| sambhava hai ye muni, yati zabda una mUla bhArata ke nivAsiyoM kI saMskRti ke sUcaka haiN| yadi jaina dharma kA purAnA nAma yati dharma yA muni dharma mAnA jAye to isameM Apatti kI bAta na hogii| RSabhadeva RSabhadeva ko na kevala jainadharma meM hI balki vaidika saMskRti meM bhI upAsya mAnA hai| aneka sthaloM para unakI gauravagAthA vaidika sAhitya meM prasphuTita huI hai| jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 14 .

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Rgveda meM RSabhadeva kI stuti karate hue RSi dvArA kahA gayA hai ki "AtmadRSTA prabho! parama sukha prApta karane ke liye hama ApakI zaraNa meM AnA cAhate haiN|"34 atharvaveda meM mAnavoM ko RSabhadeva ke AhvAna hetu prerita karate hue likhA hai-"he sahacara baMdhuo ! tuma AtmIya zraddhA dvArA usake Atmabala aura teja ko dhAraNa kro|"35 jisa prakAra se jaina paramparA meM RSabhadeva dvArA tatkAlIna janatA ko agni Adi ke bAre meM jJAna dene vAlA tathA annAdi dvArA unakA poSaNa karane kA ullekha hai, vaise hI usI Azaya ko vyakta karate hue kahA gayA hai-"rakSA karane vAlA, sabhI ko apane bhItara rakhane vAlA, sthira svabhAvI, annavAn RSabha saMsAra ke udara kA paripoSaNa karatA hai| isa dAtA RSabha ko paramaizvarya ke liye vidvAnoM ke jAne yogya mArgoM se bar3e jJAna vAlA, agni ke samAna tejasvI puruSa prApta kre|36 vaidika RSiyoM ne vividha pratIkoM dvArA bhI unakI stuti kI hai| jaina paraMparA ke anusAra RSabhadeva keza rakhane ke kAraNa kezI, kezarI athavA kezariyA kahalAye, jaise siMha apane kezoM ke kAraNa kezarI kahalAtA hai| isa kezI nAma se bhI RSabhadeva kI stuti vedoM meM kI gaI hai| Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muni ke prasaMga se spaSTa hotA hai ki kezI RSabhadeva hI the| vahA~ RSabha kI stuti kezI rUpa meM kI gaI hai| brahmA dvArA kI gaI varNa vyavasthA kI tulanA meM hama jaina paramparA meM varNita RSabhadeva dvArA AjIvikA ko vyavasthita karane hetu kI gaI varNa sthApanA ko dekha sakate haiN| isI prakAra jAjvalyamAna agni, paramezvara, rUdra Adi rUpoM meM bhI RSabhadeva saMstuta hai|39 purANoM meM RSabhadeva purANoM meM RSabhadeva kA vistRta varNana hai| bhAgavatAdi purANoM meM unakA jIvana carita aMkita hai| unameM priyavrata, AgnIdhra, nAbhi tathA vRSabha ina pA~coM pIr3hiyoM kI vaMza paraMparA kA varNana karate hue likhA hai ki RSiyoM dvArA prasanna kiye jAne para viSNudatta parIkSita svayaM zrI bhagavAn viSNu mahArAja nAbhi kA priya karane ke liye unake anta:pura kI mahArAnI marUdevI ke garbha meM Aye, varadAna ke phalasvarUpa unhoMne RSabha ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| unhoMne isa pavitra zarIra kA avatAra vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharmoM ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se grahaNa kiyaa|deg RSabhadeva ke sau putra hue| bar3e putra bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake ve saMnyAsI (yogI) bana gye| usa samaya kevala zarIra mAtra unake pAsa thA aura nagna vicaraNa karate the, mauna rahate the| koI DarAye, mAre, patthara pheMke arthAt kucha bhI kare, ve ina sabakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete the| yaha zarIra asat padArthoM kA ghara hai, aisA samajhakara ahaMkAra, mamatva kA tyAga karake akele bhramaNa karate the| unakA kAmadeva ke samAna sundara zarIra malIna ho gayA thaa| unakA kriyA-karma bar3A bhayAnaka thaa| 15 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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zarIrAdika kA sukha chor3akara unhoMne Ajagara vrata le liyA thaa| isa prakAra kaivalyapati bhagavAna RSabhadeva nirantara parama Ananda kA anubhava karate hue pramaNa karate-karate kauMka, veMka, kuTaka Adi dezoM meM pahuMce aura kuTakAcala parvata ke upavana meM unmata (paramahaMsa) kI nAI (bhAMti) vicaraNa karane lge| jaMgala meM bAMsoM kI ragar3a se acAnaka Aga laga gaI aura unhoMne usI meM praveza karake apane ko bhasma kara diyaa| .. viSNu purANa meM bhI RSabhadeva kA varNana hai, jo pUrvokta varNana se kucha bhinnatA rakhatA hai| usake anusAra bharata ko rAjyAdhikAra sauMpane ke pazcAt ve tapazcaraNa ke liye pulahAzrama cale gye| vahA~ tapazcaraNa ke kAraNa atyanta kRzaM ho gye| anta meM apane mukha meM patthara kI eka vaTiyA rakhakara nagnAvasthA meM unhoMne mahAprasthAna kiyaa| isa prakAra se RSabhadeva ke antima jIvana ke sambandha meM purANoM meM vibhinna mata darzita hote haiM, jo jaina paraMparA se bhinnatA rakhate haiM, kintu unake mAtA-pitA, putrAdi kA varNana, tapazcaraNa, anAsakta yoga varNana, samadarzI rahanA, kaivalya pati honA Adi jaina sammata tathya haiN| isake atirikta bhAgavata purANa meM RSabhadeva dvArA apane putroM ko diyA gayA upadeza bhI jaina dharma ke anukUla hI hai| unako purANoM meM bhI jaina dharma ke Adya pravartaka mAnA hai tathA unake putra bharata ke anAsakta yoga ityAdi aneka prasaMgoM kA citraNa huA hai| ziva purANa meM unheM ziva ke aTThAIsa yogAvatAroM meM ginAyA gayA hai tathA nivRtti mArga kI vRddhi ke liye unakA janma hone kA varNana hai| prabhAsa purANa meM bhI kahA gayA ha" kailAze vimale ramye, vRSabho'yaM jinezvaraH / cakAra svAvatAraM ca, sarvajJaH sarvaga: zivaH // 5 isI prakAra anya aneka purANoM meM bhI unakA ullekha huA hai| yadyapi upalabdha pramANoM ke AdhAra para RSabhadeva ke astitva kAla kI avadhi nizcita nahIM kI jA sakatI, phira bhI jaina granthoM meM varNita RSabhadeva ke samaya kI sAmAjika vyavasthA RgvedakAlIna samAja kI apekSA jyAdA prAcIna hai| RSabhakAlIna samAja meM rAjya, lekhana-pAThana, kRSi, vANijya zAstrAdi kI vyavasthAe~ nahIM thii| vartamAna lagnaprathA bhI nahIM thii| sAtha-sAtha utpanna yugala hI pati-patnivat vyavahAra karate the, jabaki Rgveda meM ina vyavasthAoM arthAt kRSi, zastra, rAjya, yuddha Adi kA ullekha spaSTataH hai, sAtha hI lagnaprathA bhI usase bhinna hai jo ki yama-yamI saMvAda se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ataH Rgveda kA samAja RSabhadevakAlIna samAja se Age bar3hA huA hai, jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 16

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isameM sandeha nahIM hai| saMskRti ke vikAsa kA use prArambha kAla yA uSakAla kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vaidika sAhitya meM RSabhadeva kA pracura varNana upalabdha hotA hai, jisase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki RSabha kA vyaktitva bahuta prabhAvaka thA tathA janatA meM pratiSThita thaa| jisakI upekSA karanA saMbhava nahIM thA, isIliye zramaNa tathA brAhmaNa donoM hI saMskRtiyoM meM vaha ullikhita thaa| RSabhadeva evaM ziva ___ paM. kailAzacaMdra, DaoN. rAjakumAra jaina ityAdi cintakoM ne vRSabhadeva tathA ziva ke ekIkaraNa kI bhI sambhAvanA prakaTa kI hai| DaoN. rAjakumAra jaina ne vRSabhadeva tathA ziva sambandhI prAcya mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa karate hue tathA vimalasUri kRta paumacariuM ke jinendrarUdrASTaka ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki 'jinendrarUdrASTaka meM bhI jinendra bhagavAna kA rUdra ke rUpa meM stavana isa prakAra se kiyA hai ki "jinendra rUdra pAparUpI andhakAsura ke vinAzaka haiM, kAma, krodha evaM moha rUpI tripura ke dAhaka haiN| unakA zarIra tapa rUpI bhasma se vibhUSita hai, ve saMyama rUpI vRSabha para ArUDha haiM, saMsAra rUpI karI (hAthI) ko vidIrNa karane vAle haiM, nirmala buddhi rUpI candrarekhA se alaMkRta haiM, zuddha bhAva rUpI kapAla se sampanna haiM, vrata rUpI mAnava muNDoM ke mAlAdhArI haiM, daza dharma rUpI khaTvAMga se yukta haiM, tapaH kIrti rUpI gaurI se maNDita haiM, sAta bhaya rUpI uddAma DamarU ko bajAne vAle haiM, arthAt vaha sarvathA bhIti rahita haiM, manogupti rUpI sarvaparikara se veSTita haiM, nirantara satya vANI rUpI vikaTa jaTA kalApa se maNDita haiM tathA huMkAra mAtra se bhaya kA vinAza karane vAle haiN|" .. loka sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para ziva tathA RSabha meM aneka samAnatAe~ haiM ziva ke kailAza vAsa tathA unase sambandhita ziva rAtri kI tulanA meM jaina paramparAnusAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke Ayu ke anta meM aSTApada (kailAza) parvata para pahu~cakara yoganirodha tathA karmakSaya dvArA mAghakRSNA caturdazI ke dina akSaya zivagati (mokSa) prApta karanA draSTavya hai| ___gaMgAvataraNa ke saMdarbha meM likhA hai RSabhadeva ko asarvajJa dazA meM jisa svasaMvitti rUpI jJAna gaMgA kI prApti huI, usakI divya dhArA dIrghakAla taka unake mastiSka meM pravAhita hotI rahI aura unake sarvajJa hone ke pazcAt vahI dhArA unakI divya vANI ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hokara saMsAra ke uddhAra ke liye bAhara AI tathA AryAvarta ko pavitra evaM AplAvita kara diyaa| trizUla dhArI ziva ke samAna RSabhadeva ratnatraya yukta the| 17 / purANoM meM jaina dharma .

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mAhezvara sUtra ko mahezvara se Agata kahA jAtA hai. vaise hI jaina paraMparA RSabhadeva dvArA brAhmI putrI ko sikhAI brAhmI lipi hai, jisakI akSara vidyA tathA mAhezvara sUtra baddha varNamAlA meM svarUpataH aikya hai| ziva kA vAhana vRSabha (baila) hai, usI prakAra jaina mAnyatAnusAra RSabhadeva kA cihna vRSabha hai| jaTA jUTa ke sambandha meM bhI yaha tulanIya hai ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke dIkSA lene ke pazcAt tathA AhAra lene se pUrva eka varSa ke sAdhaka jIvana meM keza bahuta bar3ha gaye the| anya tIrthaMkara vastutaH RSabhadeva kA vistRta tathA aneka rUpoM meM bhAratIya sAhitya meM vivaraNa milatA hai| kevala RSabhadeva kA hI nahIM, anya tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI ullekha vaidika sAhitya meM hai| yajurveda meM dUsare tIrthakara ajitanAtha kA varNana hai|5deg sorensana ne mahAbhArata ke vizeSa nAmoM kA koSa banAyA hai jisameM supArzva, candra aura sumati ye tIna nAma aise haiM, jo tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM se sAmya rakhate haiN| vizeSa dhyAtavya hai ki ye tInoM hI asura the-paurANika mAnyatAnusAra jainadharma asuroM kA dharma hai| Izvara ke avatAroM meM jisa prakAra RSabha ko avatAra mAnA hai, usI prakAra supArzva tathA candra ko bhI aMzAvatAra mAnA hai| viSNu aura ziva ke sahasranAma jo mahAbhArata meM diye gaye haiM, unameM zreyAMsa, ananta, dharma, zAnti, saMbhava nAma bhI haiM, jo jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke bhI milate haiN| isase patA calatA hai ki paurANika (aitihAsika) mahApuruSoM kA abheda ziva aura viSNu se karanA yaha bhI unakA eka prayojana thaa| bIsaveM tIrthakara munisuvrata ke muni ko suvrata kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAye to suvrata nAma ThaharatA hai| mahAbhArata meM viSNu aura ziva kA bhI eka nAma suvrata milatA hai| nAma sAmya ke alAvA ina mahApuruSoM kA sambandha asuroM se jor3A jAtA hai, jisase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki ye veda virodhI the| isase unake zramaNa paraMparA se sambaddha hone kI saMbhAvanA dRr3ha hotI hai| Rgveda meM vibhinna sthaloM para ariSTa nemi (jinake kRSNa cacere bhAI the) kA ullekha huA hai|52 unako vahA~ tArkSya ariSTanemi bhI likhA hai| yajurveda meM kahA gayA hai ki adhyAtma yajJa ko pragaTa karane vAle saMsAra ke bhavya jIvoM ko yathArtha upadeza dene vAle tathA jinake upadeza se AtmA pavitra banatI hai, una sarvajJa neminAtha ke liye Ahuti samarpita karatA huuN| chAMdogyopaniSad meM unakA varNana 'ghora AMgirasa' ke nAma se AyA hai, unhoMne zrIkRSNa ko Atma yajJa kI zikSA pradAna kI, jisakI dakSiNA dAna, tapazcaryA, RjubhAva, ahiMsA, satya vacana rUpa thii|5 mahAbhArata meM bhI unakI stuti svarita huI hai| skanda purANa meM kahA gayA hai-apane janma ke pichale jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 18

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bhAga meM vAmana ne tapa kiyA, jisake prabhAva se ziva ne vAmana ko darzana diye. ve (ziva) zyAma varNa, acela tathA padmAsana se sthita the| vAmana ne unakA nAma neminAtha rkhaa| neminAtha isa ghora kalikAla meM saba pApoM kA nAza karane vAle haiN| unake darzana aura sparza se karor3oM yajJoM kA phala prApta hotA hai|50 isa prakAra se purANAdi sAhitya meM na kevala tIrthakoM kA hI varNana hai, apitu nAmazaH Arhatadharma (jainadharma) tathA usake siddhAnta bhI nirUpita haiN| purANoM meM AIdharma yA jainadharma ___ "purANa sAdhAraNataH jainadharma se paricita haiN| jJAta hotA hai jainadharma ke khyAti kAla meM yaha purANa jaina mata ke prabhAva se vaMcita na raha sake, isI kAraNa viSNu, padma, daivI bhAgavata aura matsya samAna rUpa se jaina dharma ke prati paricaya prakaTa karate haiN| 58 adhikatara purANoM meM jaina dharma kA ullekha Ahetadharma ke nAma se hai| purANoM meM jo devAsura saMgrAma kA varNana hai, usake sandarbha meM kahA jAtA hai ki vaha saMgharSa bhI eka prakAra se do saMskRtiyoM yA jAtiyoM ke madhya thaa| usameM se asura rAjA prAya: ahiMsaka jaina saMskRti se sambaddha the, parantu vidveSa ke kAraNa 'asura' zabda kA artha hiMsaka kA paryAyavAcI banA diyA gayA hai| padma purANa, viSNu purANa Adi purANoM meM inake viSaya meM paryApta vivecana hai| arhan zabda jo ki zramaNa saMskRti meM vItarAga bhagavantoM ke liye prayukta kiyA jAtA hai, usakA bhI anekadA ullekha dRSTigocara hotA hai| arhata ke upAsaka hone se jaina loga Aheta kahalAte the| isa Aheta paraMparA kA varNana zrImadbhAgavatAdi purANoM meM spaSTa upalabdha hotA hai| zramaNa netA ke liye Rgveda meM bhI 'arhata' zabda prayukta hai| padma purANa ke anusAra Arhata dharma mAyA-moha dvArA kathita hai, isa dharma ke Azrita Aheta kahalAye, mAyA-moha dvArA saba daitya vedatrayI ke dharma se chur3Akara asura karA diye gye| ve saMyama meM sthiravAdI hote hue arhata ko. merA namaskAra ho, aisA kahate the| isa purANa meM ArhatoM kI vicAradhArA isa prakAra kI batAI gaI hai-"yadi Apa logoM ko svargIya nivAsa athavA nirvANa pada prApta kara lene kI abhilASA hai yajJAdi ke pazupAta karanA banda kara do| yaha sampUrNa jagata AdhAra se rahita hai aura isameM kevala prAnti kA hI jJAna bharA huA hai, yaha rAga Adi se atyadhika doSapUrNa hai, isI se yaha jIvAtmA isa saMsAra ke saMkaTa meM prAnta kiyA jAtA hai| veda, yajJAdi karma samUha, dvijanmI brAhmaNoM kI AlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yaha vacana yuktisaMgata kabhI bhI nahIM ho sakatA ki hiMsA se dharma hotA hai| (kovidagaNa vijJAna agni meM dagdha havi phaloM se hiMsA nahIM krte)| yajJa meM vadha kiye 19 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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hue pazu se jo svarga prApti kI icchA kI jAtI hai, yadi aisA hai to yajamAna ke dvArA vahA~ apane pitA kA vadha kyoM nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| yadi anya ke dvArA khAye hue se pitRgaNa kI tRpti hotI hai to pravAsa meM rahane vAle ko bhI zrAddha diye jAne se vaha pravAsI bhI use prApta kara tRpta ho jAnA caahie| vahA~ para aneka yajJoM se devatva ko prApta karake indra ke dvArA svarga kA bhoga kiyA jAtA hai| zamI Adi yadi kASTha hai to usase zreSTha to pattoM ko khAne vAlA pazu hai| ye saba bAteM logoM ko zraddhA ke yogya nahIM haiN| isase Age dIkSita hokara keza laMcana kA caubIsa tIrthakara evaM paMcAMga maMtra (parameSThI namaskAra maMtra) ke ullekhapUrvaka yaha manoratha vyakta kiyA gayA hai-"paMcAMga maMtra japate hue (hama) virAgI aura amarSaya hokara kaba sUrya kI agni ke samAna teja vAle hoM, usa prakAra se tapa karane vAle kAla ke paryaya se mRtyu prApta hone para karmoM kA kaba pASANa se sira kA bhagna hogaa| hama logoM kA vana meM jahA~ koI bhI nahIM rahatA ho, kaba nivAsa hogA aura zrAvaka hokara parama sAvadhAna hote hue kaba jApa kreNge|64 pAlaka dvArA vena ko Arhata dharma ke siddhAnta isa prakAra se batAye gaye ki isa dharma meM arhanta devatA, nimrantha guru tathA dayA karanA hI sabase bar3A dharma hai, yajana karanA karAnA, vedAdhyayana, saMdhyopAsanA, svadhA, svAhA, havya-kavya prabhRti kA niSedha hotA hai tathA zrAddha tarpaNa bali vaizvAnAra Adi bhI nahIM hote haiN| isameM mAtra lakSaNa pUjana hI parama pradhAna arcanA hai tathA arhanta kA dhyAna hI sarvottama dhyAna mAnA hai| vastutaH jahA~ dayA kI kamI hotI hai, vahA~ to capalatA hI hotI hai, dharma nahIM hotaa| ve veda jo kahe jAte haiM, veda nahIM haiM, jinameM dayA kA vidhAna nahIM hai| jo dayA aura dAna se parAyaNa hotA huA jIvoM kI rakSA kiyA karatA hai, cAhe ve zUdra hoM yA cANDAla bhI kyoM na ho. vahI brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai tathA Age tIrtha ke sambandha meM likhA hai-yadi jalAzayoM meM snAna karane se hI mahAn puNya hotA hai to phira matsyoM meM sabase adhika usakA puNya kyoM nahIM mAnA jAtA hai|65 uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ArhatoM kI jIvanacaryA tathA vicAradhArA kaisI thii| ve pravRtti mArgI na hokara nivRtti mArgI the, jisakA (nivRtti mArga kA) purANoM meM kaI sthaloM para samarthana abhivyakta hotA hai / yadyapi yahA~ mAyA-moha ko isakA upadeSTA batAyA hai jabaki jyAdAtara RSabhadeva ko hI jaina dharma kA pravartaka kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra se viSNu purANa meM bhI Arhatadharma kA ullekha hai| usameM digambara tathA sAmbaroM (zvetAmbaroM) kA bhI ullekha hai|66 matsya purANa ke raji ke vRtAnta ke anusAra-"bRhaspati dvArA praNIta isa zAstra ko. 'jina dharma' kahA gayA hai| yaha hetuvAda para Azrita mAnA gayA hai| jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 20

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isa prakAra purANoM meM jaina dharma kA bahuta varNana milatA hai| isake atirikta purANoM meM varNita ahiMsAdi kaI siddhAnta bhI jaina dharma se sAmya rakhate haiN| jaina paramparAnusAra jainadharma kA itihAsa . vastutaH dharma kA koI svatantra itihAsa nahIM hotA, parantu usa dharma ko dhAraNa karane vAle ke AdhAra para hI usakA itihAsa likhA jA sakatA hai| isakI Adi ke sambandha meM to yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma tabhI se pravartamAna hai, jaba se manuSya hai, aura jaba se manuSya meM vikAsa hai|68. isa yuga meM jaina dharma kA prArambha bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke dvArA huA yaha eka sarvasammata tathya hai| RSabhadeva kA kAla itanA prAcIna hai ki usa samaya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI anya sAmAjika athavA dhArmika vyavasthAe~ nahIM thiiN| isI se hama isakI prAcInatA kA anumAna lagA sakate haiN| isakI. prAcInatA ke sambandha meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki yaha dharma itanA prAcIna hai ki prAcInatama granthoM athavA avazeSoM Adi meM isakA ullekha avazya pAyA jAtA hai arthAt jinheM prAcIna se prAcIna graMtha mAnA jAtA hai, unameM isake pramANa mila jAte haiN| jainadharma ke mukhya pracAraka : tIrthaMkara tIrthaMkara jaina dharma kA eka pAribhASika zabda hai| isakA artha hai-dharmasaMgha rUpI (sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA) tIrtha kI sthApanA karane vAle / yahA~ yaha vizeSa bAta hai ki jaina paraMparA, vaidika paraMparA kI taraha tIrthaMkaroM ko 'avatAra' nahIM maantii| avatAravAda ke anusAra IzvarIya sthiti se nIce utaranA sUcita hotA hai| jo bhI mahApuruSa athavA viziSTa puruSa hote haiM, unheM vaidika paraMparA meM avatAra mAna liyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaMkaroM yA mahApuruSoM kI AtmA UrdhvamukhI hotA hai| ve Izvara se manuSya na banakara mAnava se Izvara banate haiN| - jaina paraMparA ke anusAra pratyeka yuga (utsarpiNI yA avasarpiNI kAla) meM caubesa tIrthaMkara hote haiN| vartamAna yuga ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva the tathA antima tIrthaMka. mahAvIra (vardhamAna) the| anya tIrthaMkaroM kA varNana bhagavatI Adi sUtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM kaI darzana vidyamAna the| ina sabhI ke bIca unhoMne jaina darzana kA nirUpaNa kiyA tathA tatkAlIna kaI ayuktiyukta mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyaa| unake upadezoM ko gaNadharoM tathA AcAryoM ne saMkalana karake Agama rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| unake pazcAt unake uttarAdhikArI Arya sudharmA bne| isI prakAra jambUsvAmI prabhavasvAmI Adi paraMparA calatI gii| mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI sacelaka-acelaka donoM prakAra ke . sAdhuoM kA ullekha hai| pazcAtkAlIna paraMparA meM jJAna kI alpatA hotI gii| zAkhAe~ . .. 21 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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. hI nahIM prazAkhAe~ bhI nikalatI gii| aneka prakAra ke car3hAva-utAra Ate gaye-ina arvAcIna-kAlIna vibhinna zAkhAoM meM yadyapi kucha mAnyatAoM meM vaibhinya haiM, phira bhI maulika saiddhAntika dharAtala sabakA eka hI hai| una siddhAMtoM kA samarthana hI nahIM, unake nirUpaNa-pracAra ke liye AcArya haribhadra, siddhasena, samantabhadra, akalaMka, hemacandra, umAsvAti prabhRti mahAn vidvAnoM ne bar3e-bar3e graMthoM kI racanA karake ghaTate jA rahe jaina sAhitya bhaNDAra ko sarvAMgatA dI hai| dArzanika kAla meM ina aneka AcAyoM ne darzana se sambandhita vividha graMthoM kI racanA kii| pratyeka tIrthakara, gaNadhara, AcAryAdi jaina paramparA ke viziSTa puruSoM ke jIvana-prasaMga yahA~ vistArabhaya se nahIM diye jA rahe haiN| jainadharma kI viziSTatAe~ jisa prakAra buddha ke anuyAyI bauddha, ziva ko mAnane vAle zaiva kahalAte haiM, usI prakAra 'jina' ke anuyAyI jaina kahalAte haiM jina dvArA pravartita mArga para calane vAle, unakA anusaraNa karane vAle evaM jinatva kI prApti meM prayatnazIla 'jaina' kahalAte haiM tathA 'jina' dvArA upadiSTa hone se yaha jaina dharma kahalAtA hai| ise Aheta dharma, vItarAga dharma bhI kahA jAtA hai| 'jina' zabda kI nirukti ke anusAra isakA tAtparya yaha hai jinhoMne rAga-dveSa-mohAdi aMtaraMga ripuoM para vijaya prApta kara lI hai, ve jina haiM-'jayati nirAkaroti rAga-dveSAdi-rUpAnarAtIniti jinaH69 unake liye kucha bhI jItanA zeSa nahIM rahatA, kyoMki jinake aMtaraMga vikAra naSTa ho jAte haiM, isalie unake mana meM kisI ke bhI prati zatrutva athavA mitratva kA bhAva nahIM rahatA aura bAhya-jagata meM bhI unakA koI zatru Adi zeSa nahIM rhtaa| aMtaraMga vikAroM (rAgadveSAdi) kA abhAva hone se unake vacana bhI satya (yathArtha) hote haiM, kyoMki jinameM ye doSa nahIM haiM, unake anRta bolane kA kAraNa kyA ho sakatA hai arthAt kucha bhI nhiiN| jaina saMskRti kisI bhI vyakti viziSTa se sambaddha nahIM hai| yaha isake mahAmaMtra se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isa mahAmaMtra meM ina paMca parameSThI (sarvotkRSTa, lokapUjya) ko namaskAra kiyA gayA-1 arihaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya tathA sAdhu / isameM devatatva (bhagavattatva) tathA gurutva donoM hI samAhita haiN| parameSThI kA artha parama pada para sthita hone vAle haiM-'parame pade tiSThatIti parameSThI' / vaidika sAhitya meM bhI parama pada prApta arthAt parama pada para sthita, pUjanIya, vaMdanIya, AdaraNIya, AcaraNIya hai usI pada para parameSThI kI zraddhA kendrita huI hai|72 arihaMta aura siddha ye sAdhanA kI pUrNa avasthAe~ haiN| arihanta 'arha' pUjAyAm dhAtu se banane vAle arhanta zabda kA artha pUjya hai| ari karmazatru kA hanana karane vAlA arihaMta hai| tIrthakara bhI arihaMta pada ke antargata jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 22 .

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A jAte haiN| tIrthakara kA artha hai-tIrtha ke sthApaka; jisake dvArA saMsArarUpa moha-mAyA kA nada suvidhApUrvaka tirA jAye; vaha dharmatIrtha kahalAtA hai tathA usa dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA karane vAle.tIrthakara kahalAte haiN| . siddha arihaMta hI zeSa aghAtikamoM ko kSaya karane ke pazcAt siddha kahalAte haiN| AcArya satpuruSoM dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA vyavahAra athavA AcaraNa karane yogya yA Adarane yogya vyavahAra AcAra kahalAtA hai| jJAna-darzana-cAritra-tapa-vIrya ina paMcAcAroM ko svayaM pAlana karane vAle aura dUsaroM se pAlana karavAne vAle munirAja AcArya kahalAte haiN| upAdhyAya __jo guru vagairaha gItArtha mahAtmAoM ke pAsa sarvadA rahate haiM, jo zubhayoga tathA upadhAna (tapazcaraNa) dhAraNa karake madhura vacanoM se sampUrNa zAkhoM kA abhyAsa karake pAraMgata hue haiM aura jo aneka sAdhuoM evaM gRhasthoM ko pAtra-apAtra kI parIkSA karake yathAyogya jJAna kA abhyAsa karAte haiM, aise sAdhu upAdhyAya kahalAte sAdhu baise maMtravAdI apane abhISTa artha kI siddhi ke liye usI ora sampUrNa lakSya dekara, Ane vAle vividha upasargoM ko pUrNa dRr3hatA ke sAtha sahana karatA hai, isI prakAra jo vyakti apane AtmA kI vizuddhi karane ke liye usI ora dhyAna ekAgra karake arthAt ekamAtra mokSa ke liye hI AtmA kA sAdhanakaratA hai, use sAdhu kahate haiN|" uparyukta pA~coM parameSThiyoM meM koI bhI pada vyakti vizeSa se sambandhita na hokara guNoM para hI AdhArita hai| vastutaH jaina dharma vyakti pUjaka na hokara, guNa pUjaka hai| ... jaina dharma kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ agralikhita haiM ahiMsA, anekAntavAda, dravya, sAdhanA maarg| ahiMsA yadyapi sabhI dharmoM meM ahiMsA mAnya hai, parantu jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kA viziSTa tathA sUkSmarUpa vyAkhyAta hai| dharma kA kendra bindu ahiMsA ko batAyA hai| anya samasta AcAra usI ko uddezya karake nirdhArita kiye gaye haiN| 23 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jainAcAryoM ke anusAra-mAtra prANa-vyavaropaNa arthAt dUsaroM ke prANoM kA haraNa karanA hI hiMsA nahIM hai, balki hiMsA kI paribhASA yaha hai- . _ 'pramattayogATANavyavaropaNaM hiNsaa'| arthAt pramAda ke kAraNa prANoM kA jo hanana hotA hai, vaha hiMsA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA kathana hai-apane zuddhopayogarUpa prANa kA pAta rAgAdi bhAvoM se hotA hai, ataeva rAgAdika bhAvoM kA abhAva hI ahiMsA hai aura zuddhopayogarUpa prANaghAta hone se unhIM rAgAdika bhAvoM kA sadbhAva hiMsA hai| kaSAya se apane-parake, bhAvaprANa tathA dravyaprANa kA ghAta karanA yaha hiMsA kA lakSaNa hai| - ahiMsA ke sandarbha meM 'AtmavatsarvabhUteSu' kA cintana prastuta karate hue likhA hai jisa hiMsaka vyApAra ko tuma apane liye pasaMda nahIM karate, use dUsarA bhI pasaMda nahIM krtaa| jisa acche vyavahAra ko tuma pasaMda karate ho, use sabhI pasaMda karate haiN| ___ ahiMsA ke antargata sabhI sadguNa A jAte haiN| ahiMsA kA paripAlana karane vAle vyakti ke liye anAsakti tathA tyAgavRtti bhI Avazyaka hotI hai, tabhI ahiMsA kA samyak rUpeNa pAlana ho sakatA hai| sthUla dRSTi se ahiMsA AcAra pakSa se sambandhita lagatI hai parantu sUkSma dRSTi se dekhane para jJAta hotA hai ki isakA sambandha vicAra pakSa se bhI utanA hI hai| yathArtha rUpa se rAga Adi utpanna na honA hI ahiMsA hai aura inakA utpanna honA hiMsA hai| yadi vyakti kA sva-viveka, antardRSTi nahIM ho to vaha ahiMsA kA gahana tathya nahIM samajha sakatA hai tathA jJAna ke abhAva meM samyak AcAra . (cAritra) kI upalabdhi bhI nahIM hotii| ___ anAgraha yA anekAnta kA siddhAnta vaicArika ahiMsA hai| vAstava meM ahiMsA aura anekAnta ina do zabdoM meM samagra zramaNa paraMparA kA sAra A jAtA hai| anekAnta ko bhalI-bhAMti samajhe binA aura vyavahAra meM lAye binA ahiMsA nitAnta adhUrI aura laMgar3I rahatI hai| vastutaH ahiMsA kA kSetra itanA vistRta hai ki usake antargata-satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha ityAdi nivRttimUlaka AcAra tathA dayA, anukampA, abhaya, kSamA, samatva, saMyama, tapa Adi pravRttiyA~ viveka, anekAnta Adi vicArAtmaka pravRttiyA~ bhI samAhita ho jAtI haiN| jJAnI hone kA sAra hiMsA nahIM karanA hI nahIM hai, ahiMsAmUlaka samatA hI dharma kA sAra hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM ahiMsA parama mUlya hai| anya sabhI mUlya ahiMsA se hI nigamita hote haiN| jaina dharma kI ahiMsA kA prabhAva nimnokta kathana se spaSTa hotA hai-"yaha ahiMsA dharma logoM ke jIvana meM utarate-utarate itanA gaharA ghara kara gayA hai ki isake viruddha calane se sabhI ko loka nindA kA bhaya hone lgaa| isI kAraNa se mahAvIra ke uttarakAla meM hindU smRtikAroM aura purANakAroM ne jitanA AcAra sambandhI sAhitya jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 24

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likhA hai, una sabameM unhoMne naramedha, azvamedha, pazubali aura mAMsAhAra ko loka viruddha hone se tyAjya ThaharAyA hai| anekAnta bhAratIya darzana ko jaina darzana kI amUlya dena hai, anekaantvaad| usa anekAntamayI dRSTi ko jisa bhASA paddhati dvArA vyakta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha syAdvAda kahalAtA hai| ekAntadRSTi, haThAgraha ko sthAna na dekara navInatA, satyatA ko grahaNa karane hetu anekAntavAda eka aisI dRSTi pradAna karatA hai jisase adhikAMza vivAdoM kA samAdhAna sahaba hI ho sakatA hai| isake abhAva meM kabhI bhI satya kA darzana sambhava nahIM hai| anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta hameM vaicArika sahiSNutA pradAna karake dUsaroM ke vicAroM kA sammAna karanA sikhAtA hai tathA yaha bodha karAtA hai ki satya hamArI nijI sampatti nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha dUsaroM ke pAsa bhI ho sakatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra satya ke aneka pakSa haiM (anantadharmAtmaka vstu)| vaicArika asahiSNutA, haThAgraha satya prApti meM bAdhaka haiN| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM ekAntavAda kA niSedha karate hue kahA hai ki-"apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM ke mata kI nindA karane meM hI apanA pANDitya dikhAte haiM aura loka ko satya se bhaTakAte haiM, ve ekAntavAdI svayaM saMsAra cakra meM bhaTakate rahate haiN| jo zramaNa aura brAhmaNa-apane darzana ke anusAra jIvana dhAraNa karatA hai usI ko mokSa kI prApti hogI, anya darzana ke anusAra jIvana dhAraNa karane vAloM ko mokSa kI prApti nahIM hogI, aisA kahane vAle ekAnta jIvana-darzana kI maiM nindA karatA huuN| 83 anekAnta kI paribhASA yaha hai 'arthoDnekAntaH aneke antAH anuvRttavyAvRtta pratyayagocarA: sAmAnya-vizeSadayo dharmAH yasya so'nekAntaH4 tAtparya yaha hai ki koI bhI vastu mAtra eka dharmAtmaka na hokara anantadharmAtmaka hotI hai| anekAnta nayoM para AdhArita hai| kisI eka apekSA se vastu ke eka hI dharma ko jAnA jA sakatA hai, sabhI ko nhiiN| yathA AtmA ko samajhane ke liye usake nityatva-anityatva, .ekatva-anekatva, bhinnatva-abhinnatva ityAdi aneka dharmoM ko samajhanA jarUrI hai| mAtra eka hI dRSTi paraM nirdhArita nirNaya pUrNa satya nahIM hotaa| jaba taka usake sampUrNa pakSoM para vividha dRSTiyoM se vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, taba taka satya apUrNa hI rahatA hai| isa satyatA kA digdarzana anekAntavAda dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| dravya . dravya ke sambandha meM jaina darzana kI anekAntika viziSTa avadhAraNA hai| bauddha darzana meM dravya (sat) ko kSaNika batAyA tathA isake viparIta zAMkara darzana meM vaha nitya hai| bauddha darzana meM sat ko kSaNika mAnakara nityatva ko AbhAsa kahA hai jabaki 25 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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. zAMkara darzana meM sat ko nitya mAnakara usake pariNAma ko AbhAsa batAyA hai| kintu jaina darzana meM varNita sat ina donoM ke bIca samanvaya prastuta karate hue dravya ko utpAda, vyaya tathA dhauvyayukta batAtA hai-utpAda-vyayadhauvya-yuktaM sat 5 usameM utpatti-vinAza kI prakriyA ke calate hue bhI vaha dhruva hai, nitya hai| sat kA artha yahA~ mAtra. kUTastha nitya sattA na hokara tadbhAvAvyaya (jo apane bhAva ko kabhI nahIM chor3atA hai) hai| .. vastu (sat) trayAtmaka hai kyoMki jo sat na ho aura phira bhI padArtha ho, yaha paraspara viruddha bAta hai| jo sarvathA asat hai vaha sattA ke sambandha se bhI sat nahIM ho sakatA, jaise AkAza pussp| sat, asat ke atirikta aisI koI koTi nahIM jisameM padArtha rakhA jA ske| - pratyeka padArtha (sat) sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai, bhedAbhedAtmaka athavA nityAnityAtmaka hai| kyoMki koI bhI 'sAmAnya' vizeSa ke binA nahIM milatA tathA koI bhI 'vizeSa' sAmAnya ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotaa| ataH dravya sAmAnya tathA vizeSa donoM kA samanvaya hai| vaha dravya dRSTi se zAzvata, nitya tathA abhedamUlaka hai kintu paryAya kI apekSA se azAzvata, anitya evaM bhedamUlaka hai| dravya kA vargIkaraNa mukhyatayA isa prakAra se ho sakatA hai dravya ajIva . rUpI arUpI .. pudgala dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla dravya astikAya anastikAya dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala, jIva / kAla sAdhanA mArga bhAratIya saMskRti ke anusAra sAdhanA kA mahatva itanA hai ki usake bala para mAnava ke sAmane deva-dAnavAdi samasta saMsAra natamastaka ho jAtA hai| mokSa-prApti meM sahAyaka sAdhanoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna darzanoM ne aneka mantavya rkhe| kisI ne jJAna jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 26 .

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ko mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA hai-'Rte jJAnAnna mokSaH, kisI ne bhakti ko bhaktireva muktidA' tathA kisI ne karma ko mahatva diyA hai--'yogaH karmasu kaushlm'| upaniSadoM meM mukhyataH tatvajJAna ko hI mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai tathA karma-upAsanA ko gauNa sthAna para rakhA gayA hai| bauddha, nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya, zAMkara-vedAnta Adi darzana bhI yahI mAnate haiN| bhakti-sampradAya vAloM ke anusAra bhakti hI mukti kA zreSTha upAya hai tathA jJAna-karma gauNa hai| isake mukhya praNetA rAmAnuja, nimbArka, madhva, vallabha ityAdi haiN| bhAskarAnuyAyI vedAntI, zaiva jJAna tathA karma ke samuccaya ko mokSa kA kAraNa svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana meM ekAntataH jJAna, karma athavA bhakti ko mokSa kA sAdhana nahIM mAnate hue ina tInoM ke samuccaya ko svIkAra kiyA hai-'samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokssmaargH| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyakcAritra ye triratna athavA ratnatraya bhI kahe jAte haiN| yadi ye samyak arthAt AtmAbhimukhI na hokara laukika sukhAdi ke liye kiye jAyeM vo mukti ke badale baMdhana kA saMsArAbhivRddhi kA kAraNa haiN| inake samyak hone para hI pariNAma kI samyaktA nirbhara hai| athavA ina tInoM kA samanvaya na hokara mAtra eka hI ho to bhI uddezya kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki ye eka-dUsare ke parasparApekSI haiN| isaliye inakA samanvita rUpa hI mokSa kA hetu batAyA gayA hai| - samyak jJAna kA tAtparya hai-vivekapUrvaka vastu ke vibhinna rUpoM kA parIkSaNa kara usake tathya ko smjhnaa| samyagdarzana kA artha hai jisa satya kA jJAna prApta hotA hai, usake prati AsthAvAn niSThAvAna) bane rahanA tathA samyakcAritra se yahA~ Azaya hai jisa tatva kA samyagjJAna prApta kara liyA tathA jisa para zradA bhI hai usakA AcaraNa bhI karanA, jJAna ko kriyAtmaka rUpa denA, kyoMki pAnI ke jJAna se pyAsa nahIM bujhatI hai, vastutaH svapara vizvAsa zraddhA (darzana) hai, sva ko jAnanA jJAna hai, sva meM sthira honA cAritra hai aura ina tInoM kI ekarUpatA hI mokSamArga hai| sAdhanoM ke liye pAtra ke sandarbha meM strI, zadra Adi pratibaMdha jaina dharma meM nahIM hai| dhArmika, AdhyAtmika kSetra meM umra, jAti, liMga ko mahatva na dekara yogyatA ko hI mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai| mahAvIra ke ziSyoM meM hatyArA arjuna mAlI, taskara rohiNeya, cANDAla putra metArya aura zvapAka jAti meM janme hue harikezI ityAdi isa sandarbha meM draSTavya haiN| unhoMne apane dharma saMgha meM striyoM ko bhI dIkSita kiyaa| . isa prakAra se sAdhanA mArga ityAdi aneka viziSTatAeM jainadharma meM dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jainadharma kI pramukha vizeSatAoM ko kisI ne isa prakAra se padyabaddha kiyA 27 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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syAdvAdo vidyate yasmin, pakSapAto na vidyte|| nAstyanyapIDanaM kiMcid jainadharma: sa ucyte|| arthAt jisameM syAdvAda jaisA siddhAnta vidyamAna hai, kisI bhI prakAra kA pakSapAta nahIM hai tathA kisI ko bhI pIr3A pahu~cAnA nahIM hai, vaha jainadharma kahA jAtA da / vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti kA pArasparika prabhAva bhArata kI do prasiddha saMskRtiyA~ haiM-bAhmaNa saMskRti (vaidika) tathA zramaNa saMskRti / vastutaH ye donoM eka sampradAya vizeSa na hokara mAnava-jIvana kI do dhArAe~ haiM jo pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| yahA~ isakA artha ekAntataH pravRtti yA ekAntataH nivRtti na hokara pravRtti-pradhAna tathA nivRtti-pradhAna hai| "mAnava kA svAbhAvika pravAha hI aisA hai ki vaha ina donoM dhArAoM meM pravAhita hotA hai| kabhI vaha eka dhArA ko mahatva detA hai to kabhI dUsarI ko| sattArUpa meM donoM dhArAe~ usameM maujUda rahatI haiN| jaba taka ki vaha mAnavatA ke stara para rahatA hai, usase sarvathA Upara nahIM uTha jAtA athavA nIce nahIM gira jAtA, taba taka vaha ina donoM dhArAoM meM pravAhita hotA hI rahatA hai|8. ye dhArAe~ bahuta hI lambe samaya se sAtha-sAtha eka hI dharAtala para pravAhita hone se paraspara prabhAvita bhI huI haiN| paraspara vaicArika AdAna-pradAna ke phalasvarUpa vyAvahArika jIvana ke AcAra-vicAroM kI dRSTi se donoM saMskRtiyoM meM maulika bheda kara pAnA prAyaH kaThina ho jAtA hai| ahiMsA parama dharma hai, rAgadveSAdi manovikAroM para vijaya, saMyama tathA zuddha Atmatatva kI upalabdhi se mukti ityAdi bAteM donoM saMskRtiyoM meM lagabhaga samAna Adara evaM dRr3hatA ke sAtha svIkArI gaI haiN| parantu ina donoM paraMparAoM ke maulika vicAroM ko dekhate hue unameM samAhita anya virodhI vicAra-anya saMskRti kA prabhAva hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaidika saMskRti para zramaNa saMskRti kA prabhAva viMTara-nitja ke mata meM isa prakAra hai-"dArzanika-ciMtana brAhmaNa yuga ke pazcAt nahIM, pUrva zurU ho cukA thaa| Rgveda meM hI kucha aise sUkta haiM jinameM devatAoM aura purohitoM kI adbhuta zakti meM janatA ke andhavizvAsa ke prati kucha sandeha spaSTa ho cuke haiN| bhArata ke ina prathama dArzanikoM ko usa yuga ke purohitoM meM khojanA ucita na hogaa| upaniSadoM meM to aura kabhI-kabhI brAhmaNoM meM bhI aise kitane hI sthala Ate haiM, jahA~ darzana anucintana ke usa yugapravAha meM kSatriyoM kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko dena svataH siddha ho jAtI hai|" mahAbhArata zAntiparva meM vaidika paramparAoM kA virodha karate hue pitA-putra-saMvAda meM nivRttiparAyaNatA spaSTa dikhAI detI hai| isameM manu dvArA kahA gayA hai ki veda meM jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 28

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jo kamoM ke prayoga batAye gaye haiM, ve prAyaH sakAma bhAva se yukta haiN| jo ina kAmanAoM se mukta hotA hai, vahI paramAtmA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| nAnA prakAra ke karma mArga meM sukha kI icchA rakhakara pravRtta hone vAle manuSya paramAtmA ko prApta nahIM hotaa| ___zramaNa vicAradhArA kI AtmavidyA ne karmakANDa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| isIliye kAlAntara meM bAhya yajJoM kA sthAna AdhyAtmika yajJoM ne grahaNa kara liyA, isakA ullekha AraNyaka kAla meM hI upalabdha ho jAtA hai| taittirIya AraNyaka ke anusAra-"brahma kA sAkSAtkAra pAne vAle vidvAn saMnyAsI ke liye yajJa kA yajamAna AtmA hai, antakaraNa ko zraddhA palI hai, zarIra samidhA hai, hRdaya vedi hai, krodha pazu hai, tapa agni hai aura dama dakSiNA hai| . prArambha meM vaidika saMskRti kA jo puNya prApti (zubha) lakSya thA vaha bAda meM puNya-pApa se pare mukti prApta karanA ho gyaa| isa prakAra pravRtti ke antargata nivRtti kA samAveza hone lgaa| gRhasthAzrama ke sAtha hI saMnyAsAzrama bhI mahatvapUrNa ho gyaa| isI prakAra pazubali, jAtivAda ityAdi kA bhI virodha upalabdha hotA hai| adhikAMza parivartana unase pUrvavartI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana hI karate haiN| yaha bAta nahIM hai ki vaidika paraMparA hI zramaNa paraMparA se prabhAvita huI ho, zramaNa paraMparA bhI vaidika paraMparA se prabhAvita huI hai| mukhyataH prabhAva agralikhita haiM-. "vaidika karmakANDa aba tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM zramaNa paraMparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gyaa| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautikaM siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lgaa| aneka deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara se svIkAra kara lI gii| jaina dharma meM yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM zAsana devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| vaidika paraMparA ke prabhAva se jaina maMdiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha 'vorthakaroM kA AhvAna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne likhA hai-"(jaina paraMparA meM) bahuta se hindU devatA bhI A ghuse, yahA~ taka ki Aja jainiyoM meM bhI vaiSNava aura avaiSNava do bhinna vibhAga pAye jAte haiN| 16 deza meM bahusaMkhyaka hinduoM ke samparkavaza jainiyoM meM brAhmaNa dharma se sambandhita aneka rIti-rivAja pracalita ho gaye haiN| inake atirikta bhakti evaM yoga ke kSetra meM bhI mahatvapUrNa prabhAva par3A hai| sArAMzatayA yaha bAta to nizcita hai ki jo bhI parivartana huA, vaha usake maulika svarUpa se bhinna thaa| niSkarSataH jaina dharma kI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| yadyapi jaina' yaha zabda bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai, isase pUrva yaha Arhata dharma, nimrantha dharma ityAdi nAma se pracalita thaa| . 29 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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AcAra ke kSetra meM ahiMsA tathA vicAra ke kSetra meM anekAnta isakI mahatvapUrNa viziSTatAeM haiN| ina donoM guNoM ke kAraNa usane bhAratIya darzana ko eka nayA nikhAra diyA hai| isI prakAra padArtha vijJAna ke kSetra meM paramANu pula kA sUkSma ciMtana usakI alaukika dena hai| AtmA se paramAtmA taka kI yAtrA kA mArga prazasta karane vAlA baina dharma na kevala adhyAtmavAdI hai, balki ahiMsA, aparigraha tathA anekAnta (udAratA) Adi siddhAntoM se laukika zAMti tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA kA bhI paricAyaka hai| inake AdhAra para sAmAjika viSamatAoM kA unmUlana, dhArmika saMgharSa kA zamana tathA paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa pUrNa rUpa se ho sakatA hai| yaha jIvana ke pratyeka pakSa ko samunnata banAne meM (abhyudaya meM) satata sahayogI hai| hiMsA ke isa utkarSamaya yuga meM isako mahatI AvazyakatA hai| bar3avAda ke rAkSasa dvArA jakar3e hue logoM ne apanI vAstavikatA ko bhulA diyA hai| "Aja ke jagat ne bahuta kucha upalabdhi kI hai kintu usane udghoSita mAnavatA ke prema ke sthAna meM ghRNA aura hiMsA ko adhika apanAyA hai tathA mAnava banAne vAle saduNoM ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai / 18 sAmAjika, laukika, rAjanItika, Arthika samasyAe~ mUlataH hiMsAmaya hai| vastutaH kevala jIvana vyatIta karanA hI adhika mUlyavAna nahIM hai, kintu AdamI ke jIvana ko bahumUlya jAnanA cAhie, usa Adarza jIvana ke liye sahAyaka evaM preraNA srota ke rUpa meM jaina dharma kI upayogitA itihAsajJa smitha ke zabdoM meM vyakta hai-baina AcAra zAstra saba avasthA vAle vyaktiyoM ke liye upayogI hai / ve cAhe nareza, yodA,vyApArI, zilpakAra athavA kRSaka hoN| vaha strI-puruSa ko pratyeka avasthA ke liye upayogI hai| jitanI adhika dayAlutA se bana sake, apanA kartavya-pAlana karo,savarUpa meM yaha jaina dharma kA mukhya siddhAnta hai| DDD jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 30

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| sandarbha-sUcI 1. DaoN. pI. sI. jaina "harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana" pR. 43 c. at $ 3. DaoN. nemicandra jaina "Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata" pR. 192 4. jaikobI "sekreDa buksa oNpha da IsTa" khaNDa 22 evaM 45 (bhUmikA) 4. "The Nigganthas (Jains) are never referred to by the Buddists as being a new sect, nor is their reputed founder Nataputta spoken of as their founder, whence Jacobi plausible argues that their real founder was older than Mahavira and that this sect preceded that of Budda." --Prof. EW. Hopkins "Religion of India" P. 283 6. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan "Indian philosophy" (Hindi Translation) P. 236 7. DaoN. pI. sI. jaina "harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana" pR. 56 6. "Vide Samprati" P. 336 (M.B. Niyogi "Jain Shasan" P. 321) 8. "An eminent archacologist says that if we draw a circle with a radius of ten miles, having any spot in India as the centre, we are sure to find some jain remains within that circle." -"Vide Kannad Monthly Vivekathyudaya" P. 96; 1940 (same) "In some cases monuments which are really Jains have been erroneously described as Buddists." V.Smith "The prejudice that all stupas and stone railings must necessarily be Buddhist, has probably prevented the recognition of Jain structures as such, and upto the present only two undoubed Jain stupas have been recorded." : -Dr. Fleet Imp. Gaz.....vol. 11, p. 111 (Same, P tl. Same, P. 296 PP. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan "Indian Philosophy" (Hindi Translation) P. 233 13. "Heprestan" . 348 (4 8868) PX. "Now it is true as later historical researches have shown that Jainism prevailed in this country long before Brahminism came into existence on converted into Hinduism." Mr. Justice Rangrekar, Bom. High Court, A.I.R. 1939, Bombay. 377. "There is very great ethical value in Jainism for man's improvement. Jainism is very original, independent and systematic doctrine. It is more simple, more rich and varied than Brahmanical systems and not negative * like Buddhism." -Dr. A Guiernot 31 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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P&. "Long before the Aryans reached the Ganges or even Saraswati, Jains has been taught by some 22 prominent Bodhas, Sants or Tirthankaras, prior to the historical 23rd Bodha Parsva of the 8th or 9th Century B.C. ........ It is impossible to find the beginning of Jainism.". - Major General J.G.R. Furlong, F.R.A.S. "Short Studies in the Sceince of Comparative Religion.," P. 243-244 17. jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra "bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA" pR. 347 18. "vAtyA bhavantyArya vigarhitAH" - manusmRti 1.5.8. 19. atharvaveda 15.1.1.1 sAyaNabhASya 20. kaMcid vidvattamaM mahAdhikAraM puNyazIla vizvasamAnyaM brAhmaNaviziSTaM vAtyamanulakSya vacanamiti maMtavyam / .. -atharvaveda 15.1.1.1 . 21. DaoN. baladeva upAdhyAya "vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti," pR. 229 / 12. (a) "Vratya is initated in Vratas. Hence Vratyas means a person who has voluntarily accepted the moral code of vows for his own spiritual discpline." -Dr. Heber (ba) pI.sI. jaina "harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana," pR. 53 23. vahI, pR. 53 24. rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara "saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya" pR. 125 25. atharvaveda 15.1.2.15-16 26. maikDonala aura kItha "vaidika iMDaiksa" 343 -dUsarI jilda 1958 27. DaoN. dAmodara zAstrI "bhAratIya sAMskRtika kSitija' meM jaina saMskRti aura usakA sAdhanA mArga" jayaguJjAra (mArca 1986) pR. 5 . 28. "They are called Vratyas or unbrahmanical Kshatriyas; they had a republican form of Government, they had their own shrines, their non-vedic worship; their own religious leaders; they patronised Jainism." .. -Kashiprasad Jayasawal "Modern Review" P. 499, 1729 29. Rgveda 10.135.2 30. taittirIyAraNyaka 2.7 31. bRhadA. 4.3.22 32. atharvaveda 2.53 33. becaradAsa dozI "jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa" pR. 20 (prastAvanA) (aMga Agama) 34. Rgveda 3.34.2 10.166.1 35. atharvaveda 9.4.3 evaM "ahomuca vRSabhaM yajJiyAnAM virAjantaM prathamamadhvarANAm / jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 32

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aNaM na pAtamazvinAhuM ve dhiya, indriyeNa indriyadattamojaH // atharvaveda, kArikA 19.42.4 36. pumAnantarvAnt sthaviraH payasvAn vaso: kabandhamRSabho vimati jAtavedAH // atharvaveda, kArikA 9.4.3 37. Rgveda 10.136.1 38. vahI, maM. 10.90.11-12 39. dhammakahANuoge-pR. 26 40. zrImad bhAgavata purANa, paMcama skandha 2-6 41. vahI 42. viSNu purANa 2.1.27-31 43. ziva purANa 7.2.9 zatarUdrasaMhitA adhyAya 4 44. agrokta prabhAsa purANa 49 46. liMga purANa 48.19-23 . Agneya purANa 10.11-12 brahmANDapurANa pUrva 14.53 viSNu purANa 2.1.26-27 kUrma purANa 41.36-38 nArada purANa pUrva 48vA~ adhyAya vArAha purANa 74vA~ adhyAya skanda purANa 37vA~ adhyAya becaradAsa dozI "jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa" pR. 22 (prastAvanA) 48. vahI pR. 23 49. DaoN. rAjakumAra jaina--"vRSabhadevaM tathA ziva sambandhI prAcya mAnyatAe~" nAmaka lekha - "munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha" -pR. 609-629 40. Dr. Radha Krishnan "Indian Philosophy" P. 233 (Hindi Translation) 51. becaradAsa dozI "jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa prastAvanA, pR. 26-27 52. Rgveda (a) 1.14.89.6 (ba) 1.24.180.10 (sa) 3.4.53.17 . (da) 10.12.178.1 53. "svasti na tAkSyoM'riSTanemiH Rgveda 1.1.16 54. vAjasanoyi mAdhyandina zuklayajurveda 9.25 55. "ata: yat tapodAnamArjavamahiMsAsatyavacanamiti tA asya dakSiNA -chAMdogyopaniSad 3.17.4 56. mahAbhArata, anuzAsana parva, 149, 50-82 .57. skanda purANa, prabhAsa khaNDa . .. 33 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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58. zrImatI vINApANi pANDe "harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika vivecana pR. 76 .. 59. (a) zrImad bhAgavata 5.3.20 (4) patra purANa 13.350 (sa) vidhu purANa 1718vAM adhyAya (da) skanda purANa 36, 37, 38vA adhyAya (ba) ziva purANa 5.45 (0 matsya purANa 2443-49 (la) devIbhAgavata 4.13.51-57 60. "arhan virSi tvadasti / / -Rgveda 2.4.33.10 61. arhavaM mAmakaM dharma mAyAmohena te yata uktAstamAzritA dharmamAhavAstena te'bhavat trayImArga samutsRjya // namohate cevi sarve, saMkme svitvAdinaH / / svargArtha yadi vo vAcchA nirvANAva vA punaH badalaM pazudhAtAdi duSTa dharmanibodhataH // -bagadevadanAdhAraM prAMtijJAnAnutatparam // rAgAdi-duSTamatyartha prAmyate bhavasaMkaTe --yajJakarmakalApasya tathA cAnye divanmanAm / naitadyutisahaM vAkya-hiMsA dharmAva jAyate / / haviSyanaladagdhAni phalAnvahati kovidAH nihatasya pazorvajJa svargaprApti vadIyate / / svapitA yajamAnena kiMvA tatra na hanyate tRptate jAyate puMso bhuktamanyena cedi // dadyAcchAdaM pravasavo na vaheyuH pravAsinaH yaharanekadevatvamavApyendreSa bhujyate / / zamyAdi yadi cetkASThaM varaM patrabhukpazuH janAvadevamitvevadavagamya tu vadana // zrIrAma zarmA "pavapurANa (2) pR 122-123 sloka 99-122. 62. "datvA cakAra veSAM tu ziraso sucanaM varaH ||*-vhii, pR. 126, zlo. 122 . 63. "tIrthaMkarAzcaturvizavayAtestu puraskRtAH' -vahI, pR. 127, sloka 127 kadAsyAmarSayo bhUtvAkarNabapyaM zrAvakAzca kariSyati samAhitAH / / -vahI, pR. 127, zlo. 29-31 arhanto devatA yatra nirbanyo dRzyate guruH dayA caiva parA dharmastava mokSa pradRzyate // ayaM dharma samAcAro bainamArge pradRzyate // dayAhInaM cApalaM sthAnAsti dharmastu tabahi jaina dharma kA itihAsa /

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ete vedA na vedA syuH dayA yatra na vidyate dayAdAnaparo nityaM jIvameva prarakSayet cANDAlo'pyatha zUdro vA sarve brAhmaNa ucyate // snAne yadA mahatpuNyaM kasmAnmatsyeSu vai nahi // zrIrAma zarmA, "padApurAja pR. 473-478-zlo. 15-21, 37-38, 4 66. (a) viSNu purANa 3.18.2-12 / (ba) DaoN. sarvAnanda pAThaka "viSNupurANa kA bhArata, pR. 286 67. gatvAtha mohayAmAsa rajiputrAn bRhaspati jina dharma samAsthAva vedabAraM sa vedavit / / vedabAhyAn parijJAya hetuvAda samanvitAn // matsya purANa 24.47 68. zrI madhukara muni "jaina dharma : eka paricaya' pR6 69. zrImad vijayarAjendra sUrIzvara "abhidhAnarAjendra koSa, pR. 1458 70. rAgAdA deSAdA mohAdvA vAkyamuccatetadanRtam / yasya tu naite doSAstasyAntakAraNaM kiM syAt / / Ava 4 a 71. Namo arihaMtANaM Namo siddhANaM Namo AyariyANaM Namo uvajhAyANaM . Namo loe savvasAhUNaM-bhagavatI sUtra, kalpasUtra 72. saM. pro. sAgaramala jaina "zramaNa" pR 12 (janavarI-mArca, 92) 73. zrI amolaka RSijI ma "jainatatvaprakAza pR. 121, 188, 263 74. tatvArthasUtra 7.13 75. amRtacandrasUri "puruSArthasiddhayupAya" pR. 25 (zloka 44, 43) 76. jaM icchasi appaNato. jaM ca na icchasi appato . taM iccha parassa vi, e niyAgaM biNasAsayaM / / bRhatkalpa bhASya 4584 77. "paDhamaM nANaM tao dayA" -dazavai 4.10 78. zramaNa (janavarI-mArca 1994) pR 12 79. . saM. kalAkumAra . - "zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA" 80. "eyaM khu nApino sAraM, jana hiMsai kiMcaNaM ahiMsA samayaM ceva, eyAvan viyASiyA // " -sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.4.10 81. saM. gautama osavAla "arhat baina TAimsa" -janavarI 1994 - yAjJavalkya smRti 1.156 ... bRhannAradIya purANa 22.12.16 82. sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA, garahaMtA paraM vayaM 35 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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90. - je u tatva viussanti, saMsAre te viussiyA // -sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.23 83. sato ya atvi, asato ya natthi gaharAmo diTThI, na gaharAmo kiMci / / -sUtrakRtAMga 2.6.12 84. "jainadarzana sAra, dvitIya adhyAya 85. tatvArtha sUtra 5.30 86. dalasukha mAlavaSiyA "AptamImAMsA" 87. tatvArthasUtra 1.1 88. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA "jaina dharma-darzana' 89. jayaguMjAra (mArca 86) pR.6 muni zrI nathamala "upaniSad purANa tathA mahAbhArata meM zramaNa saMskRti kA svara" nAmaka lekha "hajArImala smRti graMtha se 91. "prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya prathama bhAga, pR. 183 92. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva 201.8 201. 11, 12 93. vahI 201.10, 11 94. taitirIya AraNyaka, prapAThaka 10, anuvAka 6 15. zramaNa (aprela-jUna 94), pR. 131 96. Dr. Radhakrishnan "Indian Philosophy" (Hindi Translation), P. 268 ' "It is also true that owing to their long associatton with the Hindus, who formed the majority in the country, the Jains have adopted many of the customs and even ceremonies strictly observed by the Hindus and pertaining to Brahminical religion." Mr. Justice Rangrekar Bombay High Court, A.I.R. 1939, Bombay 3m. . "A Jain will do nothing to hurt the feeling of another person, man, woman or child, nor will he violate the principles of Jainism. Jain ethics are meant for men of all position for king, warriors, traders, artisans, agriculturists and indeed for men and women in every walk of life. Do your duty and it as humanely as you can do. It is the primary principle of Jainism." V. Smith "History of India" P. 53 97. 98. 000 jaina dharma kA itihAsa / 36

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purANa-paricaya bhAratIya prAcIna sAMskRtika nidhiyoM meM purANa sAhitya apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| purANa prAcIna tathA arvAcIna kA saMgama hai| naI bhASA tathA zailI meM vaidika dharma kA kriyA-kalApoM kA parivartita rUpa hI purANa hai| ataeva yaha purANa 'purA navam' nirUktyanusAra vaidika dharma ke punaH saMskArasvarUpa paurANika dharma ke rUpa meM abhyudaya huA hai| veda-vijJAna ko manoraMjana AkhyAnoM meM parivartita karanA purANoM kA abhUtapUrva kauzala rahA hai| jana-samudAya meM dharma evaM saMskRti ke prati zraddhA utpanna karanA tathA veda-maMtroM kA mAhAtmya varNana karanA purANoM kA pramukha kArya hai| purANoM kA mahatva prAcIna aitihAsika mAnyatAoM tathA sAMskRtika evaM rAjyavaMzAdi ke anusaMdhAna hetu mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI purANoM meM upalabdha hai| padmapurANa ke anusAra, yathA jagat ke prakAza hetu sUrya kA vigraha andhakAra samApta karatA hai, tathaiva purANa bhI hRdaya meM prakAza kA hetu hai, ise paMcama veda kahA gayA hai, bhAgavata tathA skandapurANa kA bhI yahI mata hai| hanumAnaprasAdajI poddAra ne purANoM kI mahimA ke sandarbha meM likhA hai ki purANoM meM saba kucha hai yathA purANa adhyAtmazAstra hai, darzanazAstra hai, dharmazAstra, nItizAstra, tantra-mantra zAstra hai. kalAzAstra, itihAsa, jIvanIkoSa, sanAtana Arya saMskRti kA svarUpa aura vedoM kI sarasa aura saralatama vyAkhyA hai| . . matsyapurANa meM purANa vidyA meM sarvopari mAnate hue likhA hai 'purANaM sarvazAstrANAM prathamaM brahmaNA smRtm| anantaraM ca vaktrebhyo vedAstasya vinirgatA: nAradIya purANAnusAra purANoM ke artha, veda se bhI adhika spaSTa tathA prAmANika mAnanA cAhie kyoMki samasta veda purANoM meM hI pratiSThita haiM / pArajiTa ke anusAra-"ye prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna hindU dharma (vaidika dharma) ke aitihAsika, dhArmika, sAmAjika Adi sabhI siddhAntoM ke vizvakoSa hai / .. 37 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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purANa aitihAsika, sAmAjika, paramparAgata prAcIna mAnyatAoM ke parivartana-krama meM eka pramukha ghaTaka hai, dharma-karma, sAdhanA-ArAdhanA, rIti-rivAja kI dRSTi se vedoM kI apekSA kahIM adhika vikasita, parivartita, sarala tathA sugama hai| purANa zabda kI vyutpatti evaM artha ... mahAvaiyAkaraNa pANini ke anusAra purANa zabda kI utpatti "purA bhavaM" (prAcIna samaya meM hone vAlA) isa artha meM 'sAyaMciraMpAhaNepage'vyayebhyaSTayuTTalo tuTa ca* isa sUtra se purA zabda se Tyu pratyaya karane evaM tuT ke Agama hone para 'purAtana' zabda banatA hai, kintu svayaM pANini ne hI do sUtroM meM purANa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisase tuDAgama kA abhAva nipAtanAt siddha hotA hai, 'Tyu' pratyaya tathA anya prakriyA dvArA niSpanna purANa zabda dvArA purANa sAhitya kI aitihAsikatA sUcita hotI hai| maharSi yAska ne 'purANa' zabda kA nirvacana karate hue kahA ki 'purA navaM bhavati' arthAt jo prAcIna hokara bhI nayA hotA hai, vaha grantha purANa kahalAtA hai| purANoM meM bhI purANa zabda kI vyutpatti batAI gaI hai| yathA-vAyu purANa meM . "purA anati" arthAt prAcInakAla meM bhI sajIva thA; vaha purANa kahalAtA hai'2 / padmapurANa meM isase kucha bhinna vyutpatti hai-'purA paramparayA vaSTi kAmayate' arthAt jo prAcIna paramparA kI kAmanA karatA hai, vaha grantha purANa kahalAtA hai, ina sabase bhinna aura tarkasaMgata vyutpatti brahmANDa purANa upasthita karatA hai-'purA etat abhUta' arthAt prAcIna kAla meM aisA huA, isakI jAnakArI dene vAlA grantha purANa hai," yaha vyutpatti vAyupurANa meM bhI hai|5 sArAMzataH prAcIna paraMparA ke pratipAdaka grantha jinameM sRSTi ke vikAsAdi varNita hoM 'purANa' nAma se abhihita kiye jAte haiN| purANoM kA kAla purANoM kA AvirbhAva kaba huA--isa prazna kA uttara bhAratIya paraMparAnusAra bahuta kaThina nahIM hai kyoMki prAyaH sabhI prAcya paNDita binA hicakicAhaTa ke purANoM kI vedamUlakatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| Rgveda kI kaI RcAoM meM purANa zabda kA ullekha milatA hai16 kintu vahA~ yaha zabda ekamAtra prAcInatA kA hI bodhaka hai, atharvaveda meM purANa zabda itihAsa, gAthA tathA nArAzaMsI zabdoM ke sAtha prayukta hai| atharvaveda ke anusAra Rk, sAma, chanda (atharva) yajurveda ke sAtha hI purANa bhI usa ucchiSTa se (yajJAvazeSa yA. paramAtmA se) prAdurbhUta hue haiM jisase ki devoM kI utpatti batalAI gaI hai| brAhmaNa sAhitya meM bhI 'purANa' kA bahuzaH ullekha hai| vaidika kAla meM pallavita paurANika vAGmaya brAhmaNa yuga meM vikasita ho cukA thA, gopatha brAhmaNa kA kathana hai purANa paricaya / 38

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ki kalpa, rahasya, brAhmaNa, upaniSad, itihAsa tathA purANa ke sAtha sabhI veda nirmita hue|" yahA~ itihAsa-purANa kA sambandha vedoM se sthApita kiyA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM anuzAsanAdika ke sAtha purANa ke svAdhyAya kA vidhAna hai tathA usa samaya meM vaidika vAGmaya meM itihAsa-purANa kA viziSTa sthAna mAnA jAtA thaa|" ___ AraNyaka tathA upaniSad ke anuzIlana se pratIta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM itihAsa-purANa pUrvApekSayA adhika janapriya tathA pracalita ho cuke the| purANoM ko bhI vedoM kI bhAMti Izvara se ni:zvasita mAnA jAtA thaa| sUtra granthoM meM purANoM kI carcA hI nahIM, usake zloka bhI uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| rAmAyaNa meM purANa kA nAmollekha mAtra milatA hai| kintu mahAbhArata ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya taka kevala purANa hI sAmAnya rUpa se pracalita nahIM the, balki unakI kathAoM kI saMracanA tathA aSTAdaza saMkhyA bhI nirdhArita ho cukI thii| usake (mahAbhArata ke) anusAra "purANarUpI pUrNa candramA ke dvArA zrutirUpI candrikA chiTakI huI hai|"26 ____ mahAbhArata ke pazcAtvartI arthazAstra meM purANa ko satpreraka batAyA hai tathA unake varNya-viSaya kA paricaya bhI diyA gayA hai| dharmasmRti meM purANoM kA pracura ullekha hai, gautama dharmasUtra meM bahuzruta kI paribhASA dete hue usake liye purANa kI dakSatA bhI Avazyaka batalAI hai| isI prakAra anya smRti-granthoM meM bhI purANa ullikhita haiN|29 zukranIti meM purANa kA ullekha dRSTigocara hotA hai| _ dArzanika-gaNa ke antargata zabarasvAmI, kumArila, zaMkarAcArya, AcArya vizvarUpa, ne purANoM ke viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa tathya udghATita kiye haiN| bANabhaTTa kI kAdambarI meM purANoM meM vizeSataH vAyupurANa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| uttarakAdambarI36 evaM harSacarita' meM bhI purANa kA nAmollekha hai| - pUrvokta granthoM meM purANa uddhRta hone se purANoM kA kAla unase pUrvavartI honA caahie| kucha Adhunika vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki purANoM kA AvirbhAva kAla lagabhaga IsvI pUrva 600. varSa se lekara IsvI 200 varSa taka kA hai| inhIM 800 varSoM ke antarAla meM purANoM kA nirmANa huA hogA, kyoMki bhArata kI ye 8 zatAbdiyA~ asAdhAraNa bauddhika vikAsa aura svAtantrya kI mahatvapUrNa zatAbdiyA~ rahI haiN| isI yuga meM jaina, bauddha evaM hindUdarzana nirmita hue| AcArya zaMkara, kumArila bhaTTa, kathAkAra bANabhaTTa kA samaya 700 I. kA hai| viSNupurANa meM maurya sAmrAjya kA, matsya purANa meM dAkSiNAtya rAjAoM kA aura vAyupurANa meM guptavaMza kA jo avikala varNana milatA hai, usase ina purANoM ke tatsAmayika astitva kA sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai|" 39 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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* purANoM ke praNetA ___ vyAsa nAma se jur3e aneka grantha hamAre sAmane upasthita hote haiM jinake racanA kAla, racayitA ke viSaya meM samucita samAdhAna ke viSaya meM aneka vidvAnoM kA mantavya isa prakAra hai-vaidika kAla se lekara paurANika kAla taka eka hI vyakti ke hone kI sambhAvanA na hone se ise eka vyakti kA nAma nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| ataH anudhitsu kaI videzI vidvAnoM ne kaha diyA ki vyAsa athavA vedavyAsa kisI kA abhidhAna na hokara eka pratIkAtmaka, bhAvanAtmaka, kalpanAtmaka yA chAdhArI nAma hai| saMskRta sAhitya ke prasiddha vidvAn mekDonala kA bhI lagabhaga yahI mata hai| mahAmahopAdhyAya paNDita giradhara zarmA caturvedIjI ne bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai--vyAsa yA vedavyAsa kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM hai, apitu yaha eka padavI hai athavA adhikAra kA nAma hai, jaba jo RSi muni veda saMhitA kA vibhAjana yA purANoM kA sampAdana kara le, vahI usa samaya vyAsa yA vedavyAsa kahA jAtA hai| purANoM ke racayitA vyAsa ke sandarbha meM zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra ke bhASya meM kahA hai-purAkAlIna vedAcArya apAntaranAma vedavyAsa RSi hI kaliyuga evaM dvAparayuga ke sandhikAla meM bhagavAn viSNu kI AjJA se kRSNa dvaipAyana ke naye rUpa meM punarudbhUta hue| isa sandarbha meM azvaghoSa ne bhI kucha nae rahasya udghATita kiye haiM- . 1. kRSNa dvaipAyana ne vedoM kA alaga-alaga saMhitAoM meM vibhAjana kiyaa| . 2. vaziSTha aura zakti unake pUrvaja the| 3. ve sArasvatavaMzIya the|3 vyAsavaMza ke mUla puruSa brahmA the, jinake putra vaziSTha tathA vaziSTha ke putra zakti the, jinake putra pArAzara kI patnI dAzarAja kI putrI satyavatI (yojanAnAndhA yA matsyagaMdhA) ke putra kRSNadvaipAyana the| / purANoM ke racayitA vedavyAsa haiN| yaha prAyovAdaM hai, kintu purANoM kI racanA aneka RSiyoM-muniyoM ne milakara kI hai--yahI tathya kathana hai, isa sandarbha meM purANAstha kucha pramANa ullikhita kiye jA rahe haiN|" ka. manu ke eka zloka kI TippaNI karate hue meghAtithi ne likhA hai-"purANAni vyAsAdi praNItAni (na tu vyAsa praNItAni)" kha. mArkaNDeya purANa brahmA ke mukha se purANa (ekavacana meM prayukta) nikalA tathA bahuta se paramarSiyoM ne purANa saMhitAoM kA praNayana kiyaa|" ga. kUrmapurANa-mUlataH vedavyAsa (padAdhikArI) ne prathama purANa saMhitA praNIta kI, donoM itihAsa (jayasaMhitA, mahAbhArata) tathA purANa saMhitA kI eka hI kAla meM racanA kI tadanantara unake ziSya lomaharSaNa tathA unake ziSyatraya (akRta vrata, sAvaNi, zAMsapAyana) ne milakara purANa saMhitAoM kA saMkalana kiyaa| phira inhIM kA vikAsa 18 purANoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gyaa| tAtparya tathA purANa paricaya / 40

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preraNA aikya se vedavyAsa ko praNetA mAnA jAtA hai| aise aneka RSiyoM ke viSaya meM brahmANDa purANa meM kahA gayA hai| saMkSiptata: vyAsa kA artha yahA~ sampAdaka mAtra samajhanA cAhie tathA vistArakatA ke rUpa meM bhI vyAsa (vistAra) prayukta ho sakatA hai| purANoM kI vedamUlakatA (vedoM se sambandha) / purANa vedoM ko sarala tathA sarasa bhASA evaM zailI meM pratipAdita karate haiN| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki itihAsa aura purANoM ke dvArA hI vedoM kA upabRMhaNa arthAt vyAkhyA karanI caahie| padmapurANa ke matAnusAra jo brAhmaNa aMgoM evaM upaniSadoM sahita cAroM vedoM kA jJAna rakhatA hai usase bhI bar3A vidvAna vaha hai jo purANoM kA vizeSa jJAtA ho|52 . . __ yAjJavalkyasmRti ke pramANa vacana se vidyA aura dharma viSaya meM zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda evaM jyotiSarUpa SaDvedAMga, purANa nyAya, mImAMsA Adi darzana evaM dharmazAstra ke sAtha veda parama pramANa haiN|53 vedamUlaka hone se purANa ke vedoM ke samakakSI hone kA kathana kaI sthaloM para dRSTigocara hotA hai yathA-atharvaveda saMhitA kA kathana hai ki purANa, Rk, yaju, sAma, chanda ye sabhI eka sAtha AvirbhUta hue|54 isI prAcIna astitva ke kAraNa zatapatha brAhmaNa meM purANoM ko veda hI kaha diyA hai|5 bRhadAraNyaka ne ni:zvAsavat veda purANoM kA AvirbhAva likhA hai|6 ataH ina granthoM ke prAmANika vivecana se pUrANoM kA veda samasAmayikatva yA vedamUlakatva athavA prAcInatva sarvathA samIcIna hI hai| . * brahmANDapurANa meM to yahA~ taka likhA hai ki sAMgopAMga vedoM kA adhyayana karane para bhI jo purANajJAna se zUnya hai, vaha tatvajJa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki veda kA vAstavika svarUpa purANoM meM hI pradarzita hai|" uparyukta sabhI bAtoM ko dekhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki purANoM meM vedArtha kA hI vizadIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vedoM meM jo gUDha tatva yatra-tatra varNita haiM, unhIM kA AkhyAnarUpa meM sarvajana-grAhya varNana purANoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| udAharaNArtha-kRSNayajurveda kI zikSAvallI meM kahA hai 'satyaM vada' isI ko vistAra rUpa meM smRtikAra ne likhA hai- 'satyaM brUyAt priyaM brUyAt na brUyAt stympriym| .. priyaM ca nAnRtaM brUyAdeSa dharma: sanAtanaH' phira purANoM meM satya para aDiga harizcandrAdi kI manohara kathAoM dvArA satyarUpa dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra 'satyaM vada' vidhi vAkya kI vyAkhyA pUrNa ho jAtI hai| . 41 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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inhIM kathyoM ko dRSTi sammukha rakhate hue devIbhAgavata meM AkhyAta hai ki veda maMtroM ke sabhI vargoM ke bodhagamya karAne hetu purANoM kA nirmANa huA hai| uparyukta udAharaNoM ke dvArA purANoM kI vedamUlakatA spaSTa hotI hai| purANoM kA vibhAjana pramukha purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 hai| ina purANoM kA vibhAjana aneka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| unako saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| padma purANAnusAra tIna prakAra ke purANa hai1. sAtvika isake antargata vaiSNava nAradIya, bhAgavata, gArUDa, pAdma, vArAha-ye 6 purANa hai| 2. rAjasa-brahmANDa, brahmavaivarta, mArkaNDeya, bhaviSya, vAmana evaM brahma ye 6 rAjasa .. purANa kahalAte haiN| 3. tAmasa-matsya, kUrma, liMga, ziva, skanda tathA agni ina 6 ko tAmasa purANa . kahA gayA hai| skandapurANAnusAra pratipAdita devAsurI vibhAjana isa prakAra haizaiva-ziva viSayaka purANa-ziva, bhaviSya, mArkaNDeya, liMga, vArAha, skanda, matsya, kUrma, vAmana tathA brahmANDa-ye 10 zaivapurANa haiN| 2. vaiSNava-viSNu viSayaka viSNu, bhAgavata, nAradIya, garUDa ye 4 vaiSNavapurANa haiN| 3. brahma-brahma viSayaka agnipurANa hai| . 4. sAkina sUrya viSayaka brahmavaivartapurANa hai| matsyapurANa meM padmapurANavat sAhivasadi tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiN|62 purANa ke paMcalakSaNa ke AdhAra para do bhAga kiye jA sakate haiM1. prAcIna vAyu, brahmANDa, matsya aura viSNu tathA 2. prAcInetara-inase bhinna prAcInetara haiN| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne purANoM ke chaH varga nirdhArita kiye haiM1. prathama varga meM sAhitya kA vizAla koSa hai| isa varga meM garUDa, agni tathA nAradIya purANa Ate haiM, jinameM prAcIna vidyAoM kA saMkSepa bar3e acche DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 2. dvitIya varga meM mukhyataH tIrthoM tathA vratoM kA varNana hai| isa vibhAga meM padma, skanda tathA bhaviSya kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| 3. tRtIya varga brahma, bhAgavata tathA brahmavaivarta purANoM kA hai, jinakA mUla bhAga vahI hai jo unakA kendrastha bhAga hai| inake do bAra hue. saMskaraNoM meM Age-pIche bahuta kucha jor3A gayA hai| purANa paricaya / 2

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4. caturtha varga meM aitihAsika purANoM kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| jisameM kaliyuga ke rAjAoM kA varNana vizeSa rUpa se itihAsa kI dRSTi ko lakSya meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| isa varga meM vAyu tathA brahmANDa purANa samAviSTa hai| 5. paMcama varga meM sAmpradAyika purANoM kA antarbhAva hai| isameM liMga, vAmana vArAha, karma tathA matsya purANa Ate haiM jinameM pAThoM meM atyadhika saMzodhana hone se mUla pATha raha hI nahIM gayA hai| purANoM ke devatA ___ vedoM meM jina agni, indra, varuNa pUSA, soma, uSA, parjanya prabhRti devatAoM kA prAdhAnya thA, purANoM meM unakA sthAna viSNu, ziva, devI kRSNa Adi devoM ne le liyaa| pragatizIla purANa prathAoM ne na kevala devI-devatAoM kI hI sthApanAoM meM prayatna kiyA, apitu AcAra-vicAra dharma anuSThAna vrata pUjA Adi karmakSetra meM bhI bahuta sI naI mAnyatAoM ko janma diyaa| purANoM meM karmakANDa ko hI nahIM, jJAnayoga ko bhI paryApta mahatva milA hai| purANoM ke pramukha viSaya . sRSTi se lekara pralaya paryanta. samasta kramabaddha itihAsa ke nirdezaka vaidika dharma ke paripoSaka ina purANoM meM purAtana AkhyAnoM kA saMkalana hai| lagabhaga kaI AkhyAna pratIkAtmaka haiN| unakI pratIkAtmakatA hama mArkaNDeyapurANa ke isa udAharaNa se samajha sakate haiM-mArkaNDeyapurANa ke anusAra svArociSa manvantara kA rAjA suratha kolAvidhvaMsI logoM se parAjita hokara medhARSi ke Azrama meM gayA, vahA~ parivAra se niSkAsita samAdhivaizya bhI aayaa| donoM ne zAMti tathA sukha ke liye medhA kI zaraNa grahaNa kii| RSi ne mahAmAyA kA svarUpa batAkara madhukaiTabha, mahiSAsura tathA zubha nizuMbha kA caritra aura devI mAhAtmya sunaayaa| yaha AkhyAna pratIkAtmaka hai| suratha kA artha hai-zarIrAsakta karmaniSTha (puruSazarIra rathamevatu) tathA samAdhi kA artha hai (ekaagrbuddhi)| dvandU aura saMgharSa bhare jIvana meM donoM yathArtha jagat se bhAgakara antarmukha ho sumedhA (sadvicAra) kI zaraNa meM jAte haiM, vicArazakti se unheM mAyA ke vidyA-avidyA rUpa kA jJAna hotA hai| donoM tatvaciMtana karate haiN| eka karmamArga meM pravRta hotA hai, dUsarA jJAnamArga meN| upAsanA donoM karate haiN| karmamArgI upAsanA se suratha ko bhogasidi milatI hai tathA jJAnamayI upAsanA se samAdhi ko mokSa milatA hai| purANoM ke viSayavarNana ke antargata purANoM ke jo paMcalakSaNa batAye gaye haiM, sarvatra mAnya paramparA ke anusAra purANoM ke ye 5 lakSaNa haiM'sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi ca ___ 43 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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vaMzyAnucaritaM ceti purANa paMcalakSNam' vibhinna purANoM meM yahI purANalakSaNa ke rUpa meM varNana hai| sarga (saSTi utpatti), pratisarga (punaracanA yA punaH sRSTi), vaMza (rAjakuloM kA varNana yA mahApuruSoM kI vaMzaparamparAgata itihAsa kA varNana), manvantara (manu ke samaya kI avadhi kA nirdeza), vaMzAnucarita (rAjakuloM yA mahApuruSoM ke paramparAgata itihAsa kA nirUpaNa) ina pA~ca lakSaNoM se lakSita grantha kA nAma purANa hai| kahIM-kahIM eka hI viSaya kI pracuratA dikhAI detI hai| yathA mArkaNDeyapurANa meM manvantara varNana kI hI pradhAnatA hai| zrImad bhAgavata meM vaMzAnucarita kI, viSNupurANa meM sarga (sRSTi) kI hI pramukhatA jJAta hotI hai| isa prakAra kaI purANoM meM viSayoM meM nyUnAdhikatA parilakSita hotI hai| purANoM ke ina pramukha viSayoM kA saMkSipta vivecana adholikhita hai1. sarga . sarga ke viSaya meM zrImad bhAgavata kA kathana hai-avyAkRtaguNakSomAn mahatastrivate'hama bhUtatanmAtrendriyArthAnaM sambhavaH sarga ucyate // 68 sAmyAvasthApanna triguNAtmaka pradhAna prakRti ke guNa pariNAma kSobha se mahAn tatva utpanna hotA hai| mahAn buddhitatva se ahaMkAra, sAttvika ahaMkAra se ekAdaza indriyA~, tAmasa ahaMkAra se paMcatanmAtrAeM, pajvatanmAtrAoM se paMcamahAbhUtoM kI utpatti hotI hai| isI kA nAma sarga yA sRSTi kA Arambha hai| sAMkhyAdarzana meM bhI sRSTi kA kramavarNana isI prakAra hai| samasta jagat ke kArya-saMdhAna kA mUlatatva pradhAna ko mAnA hai| jaisA ki sAMkhyasUtra meM kahA gayA hai-"satvarajatamasAM sAmyAvasthA prakRtiH prakRteH mahate'haMkAra:69 Izvara kRSNa ne apanI sAMkhyakArikA meM ThIka isI krama se sRSTi varNana kiyA hai| purANoM ke anusAra brahmA ke, devatAoM ke, manuSyoM ke dina-rAta, pakSa-mAsa, varSAdi ke parimANa bhinna-bhinna haiN| isakI kAla gaNanA (pratyeka yuga, manvantara, kalpa tathA manuSya deva evaM brahmA kA dina-mAsa varSa parimANa) prastuta hai|" 15 nimeSa = 1 kASThA, 30 kASThA / = 1 kalA, 30 kalA = 1 ghaTI, 2 ghaTI = 1 muhUrta, 30 muhUrta = 1 ahorAtri, 30 ahorAtri = 2 pakSa, 2 pakSa = eka mAsa, 6 mAsa = eka ayana, 2 ayana = 1 varSa (mAnavavarSa) = uttarAyana, dakSiNAyana, cha: mAha kA uttarAyaNa = devatAoM kA rAta purANa paricaya / 44

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manuSya kA eka varSa = devatAoM kA eka ahorAtra divya 12000 varSa = caturyuga, hajAra mahAyuga = brahmA kA eka dina = 14 manvantara 2. pratisarga isakA purANakAra ne isa prakAra pratipAdana kiyA hai-puruSAnugRhitAnAmeteSAM vAsanAmayaH visargo'yaM samAhAro bIjAt bIjaM carAcaram // pralayakAla meM paramAtmA meM sUkSma vAsanA rUpa se sabhI jIvoM kA samAhAra hotA hai, punaH sRSTikAla meM carAcara jagat kA eka bIja se dUsare bIja kI taraha punaH prAdurbhAva honA hI pratisarga haiN| jaise varSAkAla meM pRthvI meM ajJAta-avyakta rUpa se sthita bIja vRSTi-jalAdi sahayoga se aneka prakAra ke latA, vRkSa tRNAdi rUpa se pragaTa hote haiM; usI prakAra pUrva sRSTi meM utpanna jIvoM ke avaziSTa vAsanAmaya saMskAroM ke dvArA punaH sRSTi racanA ke samaya meM aneka bhogya padArtha tathA una padArthoM ke bhoktA jIvoM kI bhI utpatti hotI hai| yahI pratisarga hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM sRSTi ke prAkRta, vaikRtAdi bheda se 9 bheda batalAye haiM aura unakA pUrvApara krama bhI batalAyA hai| purANapratipAdita sRSTi rahasya . sRSTi cAra prakAra kI hotI hai-prAkRtikI, brAhmI, mAnasI, maithunii| 1. prAkRtikI sarvaprathama paramAtmA ke sAnnidhya meM prakRti kA guNa kSobha janya jo pariNAma hai arthAt avyaktAvasthA se vyaktAvasthA ko prApta honA prakRti . kA pariNAma hone se ise prAkRtikI sRSTi kahate haiN| 2. brAhmI-prAkRtikI sRSTi ke bAda brahmA, viSNu, mahezvara ina tIna prakAra kI - mUrtiyoM kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| ye tIna pratyeka brahmANDa ke saguNa brahma hone ke kAraNa pratinidhi bhUta Izvara kahe jAte haiN| yaha brahma se hone ke kAraNa brAhmI sRSTi kahI jAtI hai| 3. mAnasI-tadanantara (brAhmIsRSTi ke bAda) brahmA ke mAnasaputra prajApatiyoM dvArA deva-dAnavAdi kI jo vistRta sRSTi hotI hai, use mAnasI sRSTi kahate haiN| 4. maithunI-udbhija-svedaja-aNDaja-jarAyuja ina cAroM prakAra ke prANiyoM meM strI puruSa ke maithuna se hone vAlI sRSTi ko maithunI sRSTi kahate haiN| yadyapi devaloka meM daivI sRSTi kI adhikatA tathA asuraloka meM AsurI sRSTi kI adhikatA hotI hai kintu manuSya piNDa meM sattva, raja evaM tama ina triguNoM kI ativiSamatA ke kAraNa devI-mAnavI AsurI tInoM prakAra kI sRSTiyA~ dikhAI detI haiN| pUrvajanma ke karmAnusAra vyakti tattad sRSTi ko prApta karatA hai| - 45 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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brahmA ke samAna aneka maharSi hue haiM, jo mAnasI sRSTi kI racanA meM samartha the, yathA maharSi kazyapa aura manu se bhI mAnasI sRSTi meM pazu, sthAvara jaMgama Adi kI utpatti huii| isa mAnasI sRSTi kA varNana viSNupurANa' zrImad bhAgavata" tathA vedoM meM bhI huA hai| 3. vaMza zrImad bhAgavatAnusAra sRSTi ke Adi meM brahmA se utpanna hue rAjAoM kA bhUta, bhaviSyat-vartamAna samaya ke kula paramparA kA jahA~ varNana kiyA jAye, vaha vaMza hai| purANAgranthoM meM sUryavaMza, caMdravaMza, bhRguvaMza, vaziSThavaMza, gautamavaMza, kazyapAdi vaMzoM kA sRSTi ke Arambha se hI kulakramoM kI suvyavasthita paramparA kA varNana milatA hai| 4. manvantara __ jaisA ki zrImad bhAgavatakAra ne kahA hai-manu tathA manu ke putroM kA, devatAoM kA, RSiyoM kA, aMzAvatAroM aura prasiddha ghaTanAoM kA jahA~ ullekha kiyA jAye, use manvantara kahate haiN| etadanusAra hI purANoM meM manvantara ullikhita haiN| ___eka kalpa meM caudaha manu hote haiN| ina caudaha manuoM meM se kisa manu ne kisa smRti kA praNayana kiyA, usakI strI-putrAdi, tatkAlIna RSi, maharSi, rAjA, mahApuruSa ityAdi bAtoM kA jJAna manvantara ke jJAna dvArA saMbhAvya hai| purANoM ke matAnusAra sRSTi kAla se lekara pralaya paryanta lagabhaga 4 araba varSa se adhika samaya meM kaba kaunasI ghaTanAyeM ghaTI, kina-kina mahApuruSoM kA AvirbhAva huA, ityAdi jJAnArtha vedavyAsajI dvArA manvantara paddhati kA AviSkAra kiyA gyaa| - isake antargata bhaugolika vivecana bhI A jAtA hai| mRtyuloka ke sambandha meM kathana hai ki yaha sAta lokoM meM se anyatama bhUloka kA caturthAza hai| yahA~ prANI mAtRgarbha se utpanna hote haiM aura mRtyu ko prApta karate haiN| sabhI prANI svakarmavaza hokara mRtyu ke bAda sukRta ke anusAra svarga-sukhopabhoga karate haiM, kucha pApa karmoM dvArA narakaloka kI yAtanAoM ko bhogate haiN| mRtyuloka ke Upara tIna loka haiM, jinheM devaloka kahate haiN| inameM devapiNDadhArI devatA rahate haiN| manuSya dvArA nahIM dikhane vAle ye devaloka mAnavaloka se pare aura sUkSma haiN| ina lokoM meM deva tathA asura donoM devapiNDa ko dhAraNa karate haiN| antara yahI hai ki deva AdhyAtmika vRtti pradhAna hote haiM tathA asura indriyonmukha pravRtti prdhaan| isaliye samaya-samaya para unameM paraspara saMgrAma hotA rahatA hai| isa bhUloka ke 4 bhAga haiM 1. pitRloka dharmarAja padavibhUSita yama kI rAjadhAnI hai| 2. narakaloka 3. pretaloka 4. mRtyuloka (ise jaMkzana ke sundara pleTaphaoNrma kI taraha mAnA hai) purANa paricaya / 46

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5. vaMzAnucarita _ 'vaMzAnucaritaM teSAM vRtta vaMzadharAca ye' arthAt viziSTa vaMza meM samutpanna viziSTa mahApuruSoM ke caritra kA varNana karanA vaMzAnucarita hai| mRtyuloka meM utpanna puNyAtmA maharSi, dharmarakSaka, kartavyaparAyaNa rAjAoM ke vaMzajoM kA varNana bhI vaMzAnucarita hai| sRSTi paraMparA ke AcAra-vicAra zrRMkhalA isameM samAhita hai| purANoM meM pralaya-pralaya kA varNana bhI sRSTi ke antargata huA hai| kyoMki "yajanyaM tadvinAzI" jo vastu paidA hotI hai, vaha avazya naSTa hotI hai| viSNupurANa meM pralaya cAra prakAra kA hai nitya, naimittika, prAkRta tathA Atyantika / isI meM tIna prakAra bhI varNita hai naimittika prAkRta, Atyantika / bhAgavatapurANa meM pralaya ke liye nirodha zabda prayukta huA hai| brahmavaivartapurANa ke anusAra pralaya ke ye cAra prakAra haiM-nitya, naimittika, dviparArdha tathA prAkRta / bhAgavatakAra ne dviparAdha kA paryAya prAkRta ko mAnakara Atyantika pralaya bhI batalAyA hai| bahuzaH purANoM meM yahI pA~ca lakSaNa purANoM ke diye gaye haiN| kintu zrImada bhAgavata evaM brahmavaivartapurANa meM purANoM ke daza prakAra ke lakSaNa yukta ko mahA purANa ke aura pUrvokta pA~ca lakSaNoM ko kSullaka purANoM kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| bhAgavata meM ye 10 lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM-sarga, visarga, vRtti (jIvoM ke jIvana nirvAha kI sAmagrI),rakSA (bhagavad avatAra), antara (manvantara), vaMza (trikAlIna rAjA kI saMtAnaparaMparA), vaMzAnucarita (vaMzadharoM tathA malapuruSa rAjAoM kA viziSTa sthAna), saMsthA (pratisarga - pralaya), hetu (jIva), apAzraya (brhmttv)|2 purANa ke ina pA~ca tathA daza lakSaNoM meM se vizeSa mahatva paMcalakSaNa ko hI milA hai| inhIM ke antargata anya choTe-bar3e kaI viSaya bho dRSTigocara hote haiN| purANa darzana purANoM meM vibhinna darzanoM kA ullekha hI nahIM, apitu siddhAntoM kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai| carAcara jagat kI sRSTi evaM pralaya, AdhyAtmika jJAna evaM mokSopalabdhi ke viSaya meM vistRta vivecana prastuta karane ke kAraNa darzanoM ko purANoM meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| purANoM ke vividha prasaMgoM meM dArzanika tatva vikIrNa dikhAI dete haiN| pradhAnataH jo darzana purANoM meM upalabdha hote haiM unako batAyA jA rahA haipurANoM meM sAMkhyadarzana purANoM meM sarvAdhika dRSTigocara hone vAlA darzana sAMkhyadarzana hI hai| ise hI sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| jagat (sRSTi) kI utpatti ke krama meM paurANika dhAraNA sAMkhya vicAradhArA kA hI anusaraNa karatI hai| jisa prakAra sAMkhya sRSTi ko anAdi ananta mAnatA hai, kintu phira bhI sRSTi kA AvirbhAva tirobhAva svIkAra karatA hai| isI dhAraNA kA purANoM meM prakArAntara se varNana hai| zrI mukhyopAdhyAya ne sAMkhya ko hI .: 47 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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purANoM kA pradhAna darzana mAnA hai| kyoMki lagabhaga sabhI purANoM meM sAMkhya ke mukhya siddhAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiN| sAMkhya meM 25 tatva svIkAra kiye haiM, inake saMyoga se jagata kI sRSTi hotI hai| isI prakAra harivaMzapurANa meM bhI sAMkhya varNita prakRti kA vivecana huA hai; prakRti ko vyaktAvyakta aura sanAtana kahA gayA hai| isameM praveza karake yogavid muktAvasthA ko prApta hote haiN| sAMkhya dvArA mAnya tatvoM kA vivecana viSNupurANa ke antargata spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| sAMkhya dvArA pratipAdita sRSTikrama hI purANa meM sargarUpa meM vyakta hai, jaisA ki sAMkhyakArikA meM kahA gayA hai- .. . prakRtermahAMstato'haMkAra e tasmAd gaNazca SoDazakaH / / .. tasmAdapi SoDazakAt paMcabhya: pNcbhuutaani| isI krama ko pratipAdita karate hue harivaMzapurANa meM prakRti ko kAraNa kahA gayA hai, jisase mahat kI utpatti huI, kRSNa ko usa prakRti kA "kAraNAtmaka pradhAna puruSa" kahA gayA hai| mahat se ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se paMcatanmAtrAeM tathA paMcamahAbhUta utpanna hote haiN| puruSarUpa kRSNa ko ina kAraNoM kA pariNAma kahA gayA hai|5|| bhAgavatapurANa meM prakRti ko kAraNarUpa tathA puruSa ko kAryarUpa mAnA hai| kAryarUpa hone se sukha-duHkha ke bhoga kA dAyitva puruSa prara hai| brahmapurANa meM sAMkhya siddhAnta vyApaka rUpa se milate haiN| isameM sAMkhya tathA yoga ke poSakoM ko apane-apane siddhAntoM kI utkRSTatA siddha karate hue dikhalAyA gayA hai| harivaMzapurANa ke sAMkhya-viSayaka sthaloM meM sAMkhya ke prakRti, puruSa tathA 24 tatvoM ke atirikta koI viziSTa zabdAvalI prayukta nahIM hai| sAMkhya kI bhAMti vikAroM se para-prakRti tathA prakRti se para-puruSa kA varNana zivapurANa meM dRSTigata hotA hai|9 sAMkhyadarzana ke samAna hI viSNupurANa ke sAMkhya viSayaka adhyAya meM 28. bAdhAe~ ullikhita haiN|deg zrI dAsagupta ne ina 28 bAdhAoM ko sAMkhyakArikA kI 28 bAdhAe~ mAnI haiN|11 ___ sAMkhyavat prakRti ko jar3a acetana tathA puruSa ko cetana tatva mAnate hue sRSTi kA pradhAna kAraNa prakRti ko hI mAnA hai| sAMkhya ke sAtha inakI samAnatAoM ke hote hue bhI pUrNatayA ekamata nahIM hone kA kAraNa yahI hai ki purANoM meM seSThara sAMkhyavarNita hai| viSNupurANa meM sAMkhya ke puruSa se viSNu kA ekIbhAva viSNupurANa ke sezvara sAMkhya kI sUcanA detA hai|92 harivaMza 3 kUrma Adi meM bhI isI prakAra sezvara sAMkhya upalabdha hotA hai| gItA meM bhI isa mata para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| zAstrIya sAMkhya isase bhinnatA rakhatA hai| 'sAMkhyakArikA' nirIzvara sAMkhya kA pramukha grantha haiN| sezvara sAMkhya tathA nirIzvara sAMkhya; isa prakAra sAMkhya do prakAra kA ho jAtA hai|96 purANa paricaya / 48

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harivaMzapurANa meM sezvara sAMkhyaparaMparA sAMkhya puruSa se brahma kA samanvaya karate hue puruSa ko kAraNa bhUta brahma se utpanna batalAyA hai| brahma tathA puruSa meM nikaTa sambandha dikhAkara sAMkhya tathA anya darzanoM ke maulika bheda kA parihAra kiyA gayA hai|90 paramAtmA kI sattA bhI sAMkhya yoga kI bhA~ti nirAkAra nirguNa parAtpara sattA, sRSTi kAraNatA se pare batAI hai| parantu bahuzaH Izvara kA purANoM meM kAraNarUpa saguNa varNana hI hai| purANoM meM yogadarzana pAtaMjala yoga ke tatvoM (siddhAntoM) kA ullekha eka nahIM, lagabhaga sabhI purANoM meM AyA hai| purANoM meM pradhAnatayA jJAna, kriyA evaM bhaktiyoga varNita hai| aSTa yogAMgoM kA vistRta rUpa se vivecana bahuta se purANoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| zivapurANa meM yama, niyama, Asana, pratyAkSara, dhAraNA, dhyAna samAdhi-ina aSTAMgoM kA vivecana karate hue samAdhi ke antargata Ane vAlI bAdhAoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA aneka prakAra kI siddhiyoM (sAdhanA dvArA milane vAlI upalabdhiyoM) ko paramatatva kI prApti meM bAdhaka hI batAyA gayA hai| bhAgavata meM yoga sambandhI vicAradhArA gItA ke yoga se sAmya rakhatI hai| yahA~ yoga ke do bhAga haiMjJAnayoga, bhktiyog| harivaMzapurANa meM yogadarzana ke tapa, yogasiddhi ke adhikArI aura sAdhana ke siddhAntoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai|02 brahmapurANa meM yoga tathA sAMkhya meM ekatva kI . sthApanA usI prakAra mahatvapUrNa hai,03 jisa prakAra gItA meM sAMkhya aura yoga kI maulika ekatA kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| kUrmapurANa meM kevala karma aura bhaktiyoga hI nahIM, yoga kI saiddhAntika vizeSatAe~, aSTAMga yoga aura unake sAdhanAdi kA bhI vizad vivecana huA hai / 05 pramukhatayA varNita uparyukta darzanoM ke atirikta mImAMsAdarzana Adi advaita, viziSTAdvaita vicAradhArA Adi kA bhI yathAsthAna ullekha prApta hotA hai| yadyapi zaMkara evaM rAmAnuja to purANakAla ke kAphI bAda ke haiM / tathApi advaita, viziSTAdvaita vicAradhArA inase pahale upaniSad evaM gItA meM bhI upalabdha hai| purANoM meM advaita evaM viziSTAdvaitI vicAradhArA kA praveza upaniSadoM ke mAdhyama se hI huA pratIta hotA hai| ina dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ke atirikta purANoM meM zramaNa AcAra-vicAra bhI pracurarUpeNa upalabdha hote haiN| saca to yaha hai ki paurANika kAla kA vistAra kAphI lambe samaya taka rahA hai| ataH purANoM meM nAnAvidha AcAra-vicAra evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM kA samAveza honA svAbhAvika hai| inhIM vibhinna tathA vistRta vivecanoM ke kAraNa purANoM kA vaidika saMskRti meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| 000. __ 49 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. "vadyApUrvavapurbhUtvA purANaM pAvanaM parama' -patra purANa svargakhaNDa 62.60-61 2. itihAsapugavaM paMcamaM vedAnAM vedam -andogyopaniSad 7.1.2 3. itihAsa purAvaM ca paMcamo veda ucyate -bhAgavata purANa 1.4.20 4. "purANaM paMcamo veda-purANe nAtra saMzaya' -skanda purANa revA. 1.17 5. "kalyAna' zrIvAmanapurANAMka, pR. 14 6. matsya purANa 23.3 vedArthAdadhikaM manye purANArtha nAtra saMzayaH vAradIya purANa 2.24.17 6. "Pargitor has rightly remarked." Taken collectively, they (the puranas) may be described as a popular encyclopaedia of ancient and madiaval Hinduism, religious, philorophical, historical, personal, social and political." -Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethices Article on "Puran" 9. pANinI sUtra 4.3.23 10. "pUrvakAlaikasarvajagat purANa navakevalA: samAnAdhikaraNeca -aSTAdhyAyI 2.1.49 "purANa prokteSu brAhmaNakalpeza -vahI, 4.3.105 11. nirukta 3.9.34 12. "vasmAt purA hAnatIdaM purANaM tena tat smRtam -vAyu purANa 1.203 13. "purA paramparAM vaSTi purANa tena tat smRtam" -patra purANa 5.2.53 14. "yasmAt babhUccet purANaM tena tat smRtam". -brahmANDa purANa 1.1.173 15. "purA paraMparAM vakti pugaNaM vai smRtam -vAyu purANa 1.2.53 16. Rgveda 5.549, 3.58.6, 10.130.6 17. "tamitihAsazca purANaM ca ya evaM veda' -atharvaveda kANDa 15, anuvAka 1, sUkta 11-12 18.. "kara sAmAgni chaMdAsi purANaM devA divizritAH" -vahI, 11.7.24 19. "evamime sarve vedA_sapurANAH' -gopatha brAhmaNa, pUrvabhAga 2.10 20. zatapatha 11.5.6.8 21. vahI, 14.6.10.6 22. a-bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2.4.11 -taittirIya AraNyaka 2 prapAThaka 9 anuvAka ma aMdogya upaniSad 5.1.4 evaM 7.2.1. 23. a-AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra a 3 evaM 4, khaNDa 6 -Apastambha dharmasUtra 2.9.23.3-6 evaM 2.9.24.6 24. rAmAyaNa-vAlmIki bAla 9.1. 25. mahAbhArata-vyAsa Adiparva 26. "purAvaM pUrNacandreNa zruti jyotsnA prakAzitA' . .. . -Adiparva 186 purANa paricaya / 50

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20. arthazAma kauTilya 5.6. 5.13.14 28. "sa eSa bahuzruto bhavati loka veda vedAMgavit vAko vAkyetihAsa purANa kuzala" -gautama dharmasUtra 84-6 29. a-bAsa smRti 4.45, 1.5 -uzanasa smRti 3.34 sa-manusmRti 3.232 da-yAjJavalkya smRti upodghAta slo. 3.1.45-46, 3.189 30. zukranIti 4.269 evaM 2.178 31. zabarasvAmI jaiminI sUtra 10.4.23 32. kumArila-tantravArtika je. 1.3.7 33. zaMkarAcArya ve sU. zAMkara bhASya 1.3.28; 2.1.36 34. AcArya vizvarUpa -yAjJavalkyasmRti kI bAlakrIr3A TIkA-3.175 35. "purANeSu vAyu pralapitam" kAdambarI pUrvabhAga (bANabhaTTa) 36. uttara kAdambI rAjakulam 37. bANabhaTTa-harSacaritam 3.4. 38. vahI, pari 3.5. anu.. 39. saM. paM. thAnezacandra upreti . -"viSNupurANam prathamo bhAga kI bhUmikA se 40. vahI 1. vahI 42. zaMkarAcArya -'vedAntasUtra-bhAva' 3.3.32 43. "sArasvatazcApi jagAda naSTa vedaM punayana dadRza pUrveH vyAsastathenaM bahudhA cakAra na yaM vaziSTha kRtavAnnazakti'-azvaghoSa "aSTAdazapurANAnAM kartA satyavatI sutaH / 44. baladeva upAdhyAya 'purANa vimarza' pR 399 5. mArkaNDeyapurANa 45.20.21 / 46. kUrmapurANa-pUrvAI, a 12, zlo. 264 47. vahIM 4. baladeva upAdhyAya 'purANa vimarza' pR 399 1. "dharmazAma prametAro zrutavAnuSi' -brahmANDa purANa a 33 zlo31-35 50. "kalyANa' (brahmavaivartapurANAMka) paM. zrI rAmanArAyaNa datta jI zAstrI kA lekha .''purANa sAhitya tathA brahmavaivarta purANa' 51. "itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaM samupavRhayet" . -mahAbhArata Adi. 1.2.68 52. pada purANa, sRSTi khaMDa, 2.50-51 53. "purANanyAyamImAMsA dharmazAmAMgamizritAH vedA sthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya caturdazaH" -yAjJavalkya smRti 54.. "RcaH sAmAni chaMdAsi purANaM yajuSAsaha divizritAH" -aparvaveda 71.7.24 55. "adhvaryutAiye ve pazyato rAjayetvAha purANaM veda / -zatapatha brAhamaNa 56. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2.4.11 51 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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67. sana 68. 57. brANDapurANa ke antargata purANa mAhAtmya 58. "mI zudra --purANAni kRtAni ca -devIbhAgavata purANa 59. "vaiSNavaM nAradIya ca tathA zubhAni vai" -padmapurANa uttarakhaMDa 163.81-82 60. "brahmANDa rAjasAni nibodhata* vahI, -uttarakhaMDa 163.83 61. "mAtsyaM kauma tathA bAmasAni nibodhata" -vahI, uttarakhaMDa 163.84 62. "sAtvikeSu purANeSu nigadyate' . -matsyapurANa 53.67-68 63. "kalyANa kA saMskRti aMka 1950 pR. 552-553 para DaoN. pulAsakaraNa kA etadviSayaka lekha 64. vahI 65. saM paM. thAnezacandra ati -'viSNupurANa' prathama bhAga bhUmikA se 66. dharmendranAtha zAstrI -'mArkaNDeyapurANa' bhUmikA a-viSNupurANa 3.6.24 +-mArkaNDeyapurANa 134.13 sa-agnipurANa 1.14 da-bhaviSyapurANa 2.5 4-brahmavaivartapurANa 133.6 -vArAha 2.4 la-skanda prabhAsa khaMDa 2.84 4-kUrma, pUrvArddha 1.20 ma-matsyapurANa 53.64 -garUDa, AcArakANDa 2.28 pha-brahmANDa prakriyApAda 1.38 -ziva vAyavIyasaM. 1.41 zrImad bhAgavata, sRSTi prakaraNa . . 69. sAMkhbasUtra prathamAdhyAya, 11vAM sUtra 70. "prakRtermahaoNstato'haMkAravasmAd gaNazca SoDazaka: tasmAdapi SoDazakAt, paMcabhya: paMcabhUtAni* -sAMdhyakArikA viSNu purANa, a 1. zlo. 3 72. "guNa vyaktikarA_ca sukhamAninaH namaso'nusRtaM_kAlamAyAMzayogata" -zrImad bhAgavata 3.5 73. "vato'bhidhyAyatastasya bajire manasA prajA: _____vasiSThaM caiva mAnasAn -viSNu purANa a3 74. "bhagavad dhyAnapUrvena manasA 'nyAsta _vAsudevaparAyaNAH" -zrImad bhAgavata 75. "manasA sAdhu pazyati, manasA prajA asRjanta" 76. "rAjAM brahmaprasUnatAnAM vaMzakAliko'nvayaH" -zrImad bhAgavata, 12 skandha 77. "manvantara manurdevA manuputrA surezvara krAyo'zAvatArAzca hareH padvidhamucyate' 78. viSNu purANa, prathamAMza, saptama adhyAya 79. vahI, chaThA aMza, tRtIya adhyAya 80. bhAgavata purANa 2.10.6 brahmavaivarta purANa ba. khaM. 8.8.9 "sargazcAtha visargazca vRttI rakSAntarANi ca vaMzo vaMzAnucarita saMsthA hetu-rapAtrayaH -bhAgavata purANa 12.7.9 purANa paricaya / 52 -vahI

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83. "Among the different schools of Philosophy, the samkohya supplies the cardinal doctrine which pervades the Purana, the duality of Prakkarti & Purusa, by which the followers of Kapila understand nature & soul or matter & mind has been eargerly ceased upon by the puranas which has interpreted them into the creative principle and the supreme spirit." zrI mukhyopAdhyAya - "Kurma Purana" Preface, p. XIII 84. harivaMzapurANa 2.114.10 zrImati vINApANi pAMDe -'harivaMzapurANa kA sAMskRtika vivecana' pR. 249 "kAryakAraNakartRtve kAraNaM prakRti viduH bhoktRtve sukhaduHkhAnAM puruSaM prakRteparam" -bhAgavatapurANa 3.26.8 87. brahma purANa 238.2 88. harivaMza purANa 2.127; 2.71-85; 3.36; 3.88 89. "triviMzati tattvebhya: prakRti hi parA matA prakRtestu paraM prAhuH puruSaM. paMcaviMzakam" -zivapurANa vA.saM. 32 a. 90.. viSNupurANa 1.4 91. Dasgupta, S: - History of Indian Philosophy' Vol. 3, p. 501 92. viSNupurANa 1.12; .12.12 93. harivaMzapurANa 2.114.10 94. kUrmapurANa 1.4.6 . . gItA 13.21.24 "From the Historical Point of View also there are two types of samkhya; the Upnisadic & Epick Samkhya which was mainly theistic and the later samkhya system which was practically atheistic.' Sharma-Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Poona. Vol. XIX P.204 97. harivaMzapurANa 3.16.2-3 98. jitendracandra bhAratIya -'ziva purANa meM zaivadarzana tatva', pR. 2 2 99. zivapurANa, vAyu saM. 3 a 27 tathA 38 100. vahI, adhyAya 38 101. bhAgavatapurANa 3.25, 43; 3.29.35 . 102. harivaMzapurANa 3.28; 1.9.11-15 103. brahmapurANa meM sAMkhyayoga prakaraNa 104. gItA 5.4; 5.5 105. kUrmapurANa 2.11.30-56 / 53 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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dravya-vicAra - tatva, dravya Adi zabda ekArthaka arthAt paryAyavAcI haiN| dravya kA lakSaNa tatvArthasUtra ke anusAra isa prakAra hai-"sad dravya-lakSaNam" arthAt dravya kA lakSaNa sat (astitva) hai| sat kI paribhASA yaha hai "utpAda-vyayadhauvyayuktaM sat yaha sat svataH siddha hai / utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvya yukta hai| dravya meM navIna paryAya kI utpatti ko utpAda kahate haiN| jaise, miTTI kI piNDaparyAya se ghaTaparyAya kA utpAda / pUrvaparyAya ke nAza ko vyaya kahate haiN| jaise, ghaTaparyAya utpanna hone para piNDaparyAya kA vinAza / pUrvaparyAya kA vinAza tathA navIna paryAya kA utpAda hone para bhI sadA bane rahane vAle mUla svabhAva ko dhrauvya kahate haiM, jaise piNDa tathA ghaTa donoM paryAyoM meM miTTI kA rhnaa| navIna avasthAoM kI utpatti tathA purAnI avasthAoM (paryAyoM) kA vinAza hote hue bhI dravya apane svabhAva kA kabhI tyAga nahIM krtaa| ataH isakA na Adi hai aura na anta hI hai| sadaiva (tInoM kAloM meM) bane rahane ke kAraNa hI yaha sat kahalAtA hai aura sat lakSaNavAlA dravya hotA hai| padArtha meM yaha nityatA (prauvyatA) sAmAnya svarUpa kI apekSA hI hotI hai| vizeSa paryAya kI apekSA sabhI dravya anitya haiM, ataH saMsAra ke samasta padArtha nityAnitya rUpa haiN| jainAgamoM meM dravya kA vivecana karate hue kahAM gayA hai-"dravya guNoM kA Azraya hai. AdhAra hai| jo dravya ke Azrita rahate haiM ve guNa hote haiN| paryAyoM kA lakSaNa una donoM ke arthAt dravya aura guNoM ke Azrita rahatA hai| astitva, astitva meM pariNata hotA hai aura nAstitva, nAstitva meM pariNata hotA hai arthAt sat sadA sat hI rahatA hai aura asat sadA asat-" "atyittaM atthitte pariNamai natthittaM natthitte pariNamai // jaina darzana ke anusAra sat sadaiva sthAyI rahatA hai| dravya kI utpatti yA vinAza nahIM hotaa| dravya to sthAyI hotA hai, mAtra usakI paryAyeM (rUpa) parivartita hotI rahatI haiN| sat-asat kI isa avadhAraNA kA ullekha gItA meM bhI hai dravya - vicAra / 54

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"nAsato vidyate bhAvo, nAbhAvo vidyate sataH // arthAt asat kI utpatti hotI nahIM hai aura sat kA kabhI abhAva nahIM hotaa| dravyaM kI nityAnityatA ke sandarbha meM AcArya samantabhadra kA kathana hai vastu ko yadi sarvathA nitya mAnI jAye to usameM utpAda, vyaya nahIM ho sktaa| usI prakAra usameM kriyA yA kAraka bhI nahIM bana sktaa| ataH pratyeka vastu kathaMcit nitya aura kathaMcit anitya arthAt nityAnitya hai| asat vastu kI kabhI utpatti nahIM hotI aura sada kA nAza bhI nahIM hotaa| dIpaka bujha jAtA hai isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki dIpaka kA sarvathA nAza ho gayA kintu yaha hai ki andhakAra pudalarUpa meM usakA parivartana ho gayA arthAt andhakArarUpa se sadbhAva ho gyaa| asat padArtha kI bhI yadi utpatti ho to phira zazaka ke sIMga yA AkAza-puSpa kI bhI utpatti honI caahie| ataH anekAntavAda ke dharAtala para dravya anAdi anaMta svataH siddha hai| dravyarUpa se dhruva tathA paryAyarUpa se utpatti evaM vinAzazIla hai| padArthoM meM rUpAntara jo hotA hai. vaha apanI jAti se viruddha nahIM hotA arthAta eka dravya, dUsarA dravya nahIM bana sktaa| jar3a kA rUpAntara jar3a hI hotA hai aura cetana kA rUpAntara (paryAyAntara) cetana hI hotA hai| jar3a kabhI cetana nahIM banatA aura cetana kabhI bar3a nahIM bana sktaa| jagat meM jitane jIva haiM, anantakAla taka utane hI raheMge aura bitane bar3a paramANu haiM; ve bhI utane hI rheNge| na to eka bhI jIva kama ho sakatA hai aura na eka bhI paramANu kama ho sakatA hai| paramANuoM meM milane-bichur3ane kA guNa hai| ata: jar3a ko vinAzazIla kahA jAtA hai| jIva meM rUpAntaraNa to hotA hai kintu bIva ke pradezoM meM milane-bichur3ane kA dharma nahIM hai arthAt kisI jIva ke kucha pradeza usase alaga nahIM ho sakate aura na dUsare jIva meM mila sakate haiN| sat ko utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvya yukta batAne kA tAtparya yahI hai / sat sthAyI hai, tathApi usameM vikAra dikhAI dete haiM, jo prakaTa aura lupta hote rahate haiN| udAharaNArtha, eka jIva kI aneka zarIrI avasthAeM hotI haiM, vaha pratyeka janma meM eka zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai bo sAdi-sAnta hotA hai, parantu jIva svayaM anAdi ananta hai| isa prakAra 'badalate rahanA aura usake bAvajUda sthAyI rahanA" sat kI vizeSatA hai| dravya (sat) ke isa svarUpa ko purANoM kA bhI samarthana prApta hai| usake dhruvatva kA varNana purANoM meM bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| yathA prakRti ko sat mAnA gayA hai kintu phira bhI pariNAmI mAnate hue usake parivartana-vikAra kA varNana kiyA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki sRSTi kabhI ekadama se utpanna huI aura pUrNa naSTa ho gii| bhAgavata purANa ke anusAra-"yaha jagat anAdi aura ananta hai| vartamAna kAla meM vizva jaisA . 55 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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hai, vaha bhUtakAla meM vaisA hI thA aura bhaviSya meM bhI vaha usa rUpa meM rahegA aura sAtha hI usakI anityatA bhI batAI gaI hai jo jagat ke parivartanoM meM dikhAI detA hai| avyakta rUpa se sat kA astitva banA rahatA hai kintu usakA vyakta rUpa parivartita hotA rahatA hai| kAraNAvasthA meM rahane para jisa tatva ko avyakta kahate haiM usI ko kAryAvasthA meM vyakta kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke liye kAraNAvasthA ko miTTI kA loMdA aura kAryAvasthA ko ghaTa kahA jAtA hai|" ghaTAdi kAryamRdAdi se bhinna nahIM hote| ghaTa usakA parivartita rUpa hai| ghaTa meM mRtikA to satrUpeNa sthAyI hai| cAhe ghaTa kI utpatti ho yA vinAza / dravya-bheda jainadarzana meM SaDdravyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai1. dharmAstikAya 2. adharmAstikAya 3. AkAzastikAya 4. kAla 5. pulAstikAya . 6. jIvAstikAya2 kAla sAvayava nahIM hai ata: vaha astikAya nahIM hai| dharma, adharma aura AkAza ye tInoM dravya saMkhyA meM eka-eka haiM tathA kAla, pudgala evaM jIva ananta haiN| inheM do prakAra ke dravyoM meM bhI samAviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai1. jIva dravya 2. ajIva dravya ajIva dravya meM jIvAstikAya ke atirikta anya pA~coM dravyoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya / . yahA~ dharma-adharma kA tAtparya puNya-pApa nahIM hai| dharma-adharma sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiN| ye donoM jIva aura pula kI taraha svatantra padArtha haiN| jo jIva tathA pudrala ko calane evaM Thaharane meM sahAyaka hote haiM ve kramazaH dharma tathA adharma dravya kahe jAte haiN| yadyapi calane aura Thaharane kI zakti to jIva aura pugala meM hI hai kintu bAhya sahAyatA ke binA zakti kI abhivyakti ho nahIM ho sakatI, ataH ina donoM kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra machalI ke liye bala calane meM apratyakSa rUpa se sahakArI hai, usI prakAra jIva aura pudgala dravyoM kA dharmadravya gamana karane meM sahakArI kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| adharmadravya sthiti meM ThIka vaise hI sahAyaka hotA hai, jaise thake hue pathika ko vizrAma karane meM (Thaharane meM) chAyA sahAyaka hotI hai| tAtparya yahI hai ki dharmadravya aura adharmadravya jIva, pudgala dravyoM ko na to jabardastI calAte haiM aura na hI ThaharAte haiM parantu nimitta rUpa se unake calane aura Thaharane meM sahAyaka banate haiN| dravya - vicAra / 56

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yadi inako calane yA Thaharane meM udAsIna kAraNa na mAnakara preraka kAraNa mAnA jAye to yaha bAdhA upasthita hogI ki dharmadravya evaM adharmadravya sarvatra evaM sarvadA loka meM pAye jAte haiN| isase jaba dharmadravya calane meM sahAyaka hogA, taba adharmadravya calane meM bAdhaka hogA, tathA adharmadravya Thaharane meM sahAyaka hogA, taba dharmadravya Thaharane meM bAdhaka hogaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki donoM dravya udAsIna rUpa se hI sahAyaka haiN|" purANoM meM yadyapi gati evaM vizrAnti ke sandarbha meM dharma-adharma kA ullekha nahIM hai tathApi rajas evaM tamas ko dharma-adharma ke sthAna para dekha sakate haiN| vaise ye dharma, adharma kI bhAMti svatantra dravya nahIM haiN| yahI nahIM, ye (rajasa, tamasa) dharma-adharma kI bhA~ti udAsIna bhI nahIM haiM tathApi gati evaM vizrAma ke siddhAnta hone ke kAraNa yahA~ ullekhanIya hai| sAMkhyadarzana ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI prakRti ko triguNAtmaka mAnA hai| satva dvArA avyakta padArthoM kI abhivyakti tathA prakAza hotA hai| rajas ke kAraNa gati hotI hai tathA tamas dvArA vizrAntiM arthAt pratirodha batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra purANoM meM rajas gatizIlatA kA evaM tamas avarodha kA dyotaka hai| sAMkhyadarzanAnusAra bhI rajoguNa preraka (pravartaka, protsAhaka) kriyAzIla hai tathA tamoguNa gurutvadharmI (bhArIpana lAne vAlA), kArya kA pratibandhaka hai| AkAzastikAya jo sabhI dravyoM ko avakAza (sthAna) detA hai, use AkAza kahate haiN|" AkAza loka tathA aloka sarvatra vyApaka hai| AkAza ke do bheda hai-lokAkAza tathA alokaakaash| jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, kAla-ye dravya jitane AkAza kSetra meM rahate haiM, vaha lokAkAza hai| isake atirikta jahA~ AkAza ke sivAya anya koI dravya nahIM ho, use alokAkAza kahate haiN| uparyukta AkAza kA purANoM meM bhI ullekha hai| purANoM meM AkAza ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki "AkAza ananta hai| isakI apanI garimA hai| isameM caturdaza brahmANDa haiM, candramA aura sUrya kucha sImita kSetra ko hI prakAzita karate haiN| antarikSa kA vaha.kSetra jo unakI razmiyoM se pare hai, use ve prakAzayukta nahIM kara skte|8 kAla jo dravyoM ke parivartana meM sahAyaka hai, use kAladravya kahate haiN| . "vartanApariNAmakriyAH paratvAparatve ca kAlasya 9 arthAt vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aparatva. ye saba kAladravya ke upakAra hai| sabhI dravya apane Apa vartita hote haiM tathApi unake vartana meM jo bAhya sahakArI kAraNa hotA hai, use vartanA kahate haiN| apane svabhAva ko na chor3akara dravyoM kI paryAyoM ke badalane ko pariNAma kahate haiM, jaise jIvoM ke pariNAma krodhAdi aura pudaloM ke pariNAma aNu aadi| eka sthAna 57 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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se dUsare sthAna meM gamana Adi parispanda ko kriyA kahate haiN| choTe-bar3e ke vyavahAra ko paratvAparatva kahate haiM, jaise paccIsa varSa ke manuSya ko bar3A aura bIsa varSa ke manuSya ko usakI apekSA choTA kahate haiN| ye saba kAladravya kI sahAyatA se hote haiN| isaliye inheM dekhakara amUrtika nizcayakAla dravya kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi pariNamana kI zakti svayaM padArtha meM rahatI hai phira bhI bAhya nimitta usameM sahAyaka hotA hai| yathA pula ke varNAdi svayaM hI parivartita hote haiM tathApi kAla ke dvArA parivartana karAyA jAtA hai| "kAla kI pramukha vizeSatA anya dravyoM kI paryAyoM ko parivartita karanA hai| vaise dravya svayaM hI apanI avasthAoM meM parivartana karate haiM, phira bhI unake isa parivartana kA kucha bAharI kAraNa hotA hai, yaha bAharI kAraNa kAla hai|"29 isa prakAra dravya kI paryAyoM ke parivartana meM arthAt kisI paryAya se nivRtti aura anya kisI paryAya ko grahaNa karAne meM kAla sahakArI hotA hai| kAla eka pradezI hai, bahupradezI na hone se use kAyavAn dravya nahIM mAnA hai, kAla anAdi ananta hai| kAla kI gaNanA aDhAI dvIpa (manuSya kSetra) meM hI sUrya-candra kI gati ke kAraNa hotI hai / 22 pUrvokta avadhAraNA ke samAna hI purANoM meM kAla ko parivartana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| kAla kA mahatva vahA~ eka sArvabhauma niyama ke rUpa meM prastuta huA hai, jo vyavasthApaka hai| zivapurANAnusAra-"kAla se hI vastu kI utpatti aura laya hai, kyoMki kAla kabhI nirapekSa nahIM rhtaa| jaba yaha jagat lIna ho jAtA hai, taba punaH utpanna hotA hai vaha utpatti aura pralayacakra ke samAna calatA hI rahatA hai| brahmA, viSNu, rUdra tathA anya devatA jisake niyama kA ullaMghana karane meM samartha nahIM haiM, jo kAla bhUta, bhaviSya, vartamAna rUpa se vibhAga karake prajA' ko jarAgrasta karake bhayaMkara rUpa se vartamAna rahatA hai| atyanta buddhimAnI dikhAkara bhI koI vyakti kAla ko anyathA karane meM samartha nahIM hai, kyoMki kAla ke krama ko kabhI asthAna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jo parAkrama se isa pRthvI ko vaza meM karake ekachatra zAsana karatA hai vaha bhI kAla kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa| jo indriyoM ko vaza meM karake sampUrNa jagata ko jIta lete haiM, ve bhI kAla para vijaya prApta nahIM kara sakate, kintu kAla una para vijaya prApta kara letA hai| Ayurveda aura rasAyana ke jJAtA vaidya bhI kAla ko miTAne meM samartha nahIM haiM, kyoMki kAla duratikrama hai| kAla ke binA prANI kA maraNa, janmagrahaNa, puSTi Adi sambhava nahIM hai| kAla ke binA dukha-sukha kI prApti bhI nahIM hotii| akAla kI koI vastu nahIM hotii| kAla se hI zItala samIra bahatI hai| kAla se megha varSA karate haiN| kAla se uSNatA zAnta hotI hai tathA kAla se hI saba kArya saphala hote haiN| kAla hI sabakI utpatti kA kAraNa hai| kAla se hI naSTa hote haiN| kAla se hI saba loka jIvita haiN| kAla to svayaM anAdiananta hai|23 dravya - vicAra / 58

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kAla kA vibhAjana jaina darzana meM do prakAra kA kAla batAyA gayA hai-nizcayakAla tathA vyavahAra kAla / lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para pRthak-pRthak kAlANu (kAla ke aNu) sthita haiM, ataH ina kAlANuoM ko nizcaya kAla kahate haiN| ApasI vyavahAra ke nimitta sthira kie gaye samaya, AvalI, ucchavAsa Adi vyavahAra kAla hai|" arthAt jIva tathA pula ke parivartana (nUtana tathA jIrNaparyAya) ko evaM ghar3I, ghaNTA rUpa sthiti ko vyavahAra kAla kahate haiN| isI kAraNa se jIva tathA pugala sambandhI pariNAma (paryAya) se, dezAntara meM saMcalanarUpa athavA godohana pAka Adi parispanda (halana-calana) kI dhAraka kriyA se tathA dUra evaM nikaTa deza meM calanarUpa kAlakRta paratva-aparatva se yaha kAla bAnA jAtA hai| ata: yaha vyavahAra kAla pariNAmAdilakSaNa rUpa kahA hai| apane upAdAna kAraNa meM svayaM pariNamanazIla dravyoM ke pariNamana meM kuMbhakAra ke cakra ke pramaNa meM usake kIla ke samAna jo sahakArI hotA hai use vartanA kahate haiM, vartanA ko hI nizcaya kAla kahate haiN| bhagavatI sUtra meM vyavahAra kAla ko isa prakAra se batAyA gayA hai* AkAza ke eka pradeza meM sthita pula paramANu maMda gati se jitanI dera meM usa pradeza se lage hue pAsa ke dUsare pradeza para pahuMcatA hai,use samaya kahate haiN| * asaMkhyAta sarmayoM kA samudAya eka AvalikA kahalAtI hai| . asaMkhyAta AvalikAoM kA.eka ucchavAsa tathA utanI hI AvalikAoM kA eka nizvAsa hotA hai| eka zvAsocchavAsa ko prANa kahate haiN| * sAta stokoM kA eka lava * 77 lavoM kA eka muhUrta * tIsa muhUtoM kA eka ahorAtra * 15. ahorAtra kA eka pakSa . . do pakSoM kA eka mAsa * do mAsoM kI eka Rtu * tIna RtuoM kA eka ayana * do ayana kA eka saMvatsara (varSa) . .. pA~ca varSa kA eka yuga .. 59 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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aupamika kAla do prakAra hai-palyopama, saagropm| palyopama-eka yojana (cAra kosa) pramANa lambA, caur3A aura gaharA eka palya (gaDDA) DhUMsa-DhUMsa kara bAlAnoM (jisakA dUsarA khaMDa na ho sake aise bAla) se bharA jaae| usa palya meM se sau-sau varSa ke antara se eka-eka bAlAgra nikAlA jAe aura isa prakAra jitane kAla meM vaha khAlI ho jAe, utane kAla ko eka palyopama kahate haiN| sAgaropama-dasa koTAkoTi (eka karor3a x eka karor3a) palyopama kA eka sAgaropama hotA hai| vyavahAra kAla kA varNana anya prakAra se bhI kiyA gayA hai| jisake anusAra vyavahAra kAla kI sabase bar3I ikAI "kalpa" hai| saiddhAntika dRSTi se pudgala parAvarta hai, jisake bhI sUkSma aura bAdara do bheda haiN| kalpa ko do samAna cha: bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-avasarpiNI, utsrpinnii| pratyeka bhAga dasa kor3Akor3I sAgaropama kAla kA hotA hai| donoM ardhAMzoM ke punaH chaH upavibhAga haiM1. suSamA suSamA, 2. suSamA 3. suSamA duSamA, 4. duSamA-suSamA 5. duSamA 6. duSamA-duSamA. utsarpiNI kAlakrama avasarpiNI kAla se ThIka viparIta arthAt duSamA-duSamA se suSamA taka hai| hAsonmukhI ina cha: kAloM ke samudAya ko avasarpiNI kahate haiM tathA vikAsonmukha cha: kAloM ke samudAya ko utsarpiNI kAla kahate haiN| jaina paribhASA ke ina cha: bhAgoM ko kAlacakra ke Are kahA jAtA hai| utsarpiNI tathA avasarpiNI ina donoM kA eka pUrNakAlacakra hotA hai, jo kramazaH sadaiva calatA hI rahatA hai| chaha AroM ke bhI punaH bhogabhUmi evaM karmabhUmi isa prakAra se bhAga haiN| bhogabhUmi se yahA~ tAtparya tAtkAlika dezakAlIna paristhitiyoM se hai, na ki yoni-vizeSa se, bhogabhUmi meM utpanna logoM kA jIvana bhogapradhAna rahatA hai| isa samaya prakRti hI itanI sampanna hotI hai ki usake nivAsiyoM ko jIvana-yApana ke liye kisI prakAra ke kRSi, vyApAra, udyoga, zilpa athavA yuddha Adi karma kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| jabaki asi-masi-kRSi ina karmapradhAna hone ke kAraNa (anya kSetra) karmabhUmi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai|27 purANoM meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna kAla ko anAdi-ananta batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki viSayoM kA rUpAntara yA badalanA hI kAla kA AkAra hai| kAla kA vibhAjana purANoM meM isa prakAra se hai-29 15 nimeSa = eka kASThA, dravya - vicAra / 60

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30 kASTA eka kalA, 30 kalA = eka ghaTI, 30 kalA = eka ghaTI, 2 SaTI (60 kalA) eka muhUrta 30 muhUrta (60 ghaTI) = eka ahorAtra dina-rAta) 15 ahorAtra eka pakSa 2 pakSa eka mAha 6 mahInA eka dakSiNAyana = eka divya rAta 6 mahInA . = eka uttarAyaNa = eka divya dina 2 ayana = eka varSa 30 varSa .. ___= 1 divya mAsa 360 varSa ___ = 1 divya varSa 3030 varSa .. = 1 saptarSi varSa 9.90 varSa = . 1 dhruva varSa 96000 varSa = 1 divya varSa sahana 1728000 varSa = 1 satyayuga 1296000 varSa = 1 tretAyuga 864000 varSa = 1 dvAparayuga 432000 varSa = * 1 kaliyuga 4310100 varSa = 1 caturyugI 306720000 varSa ... = 1 manvantara (71 caturyugI) 429,40,0000 varSa = 14 manvantara 4320000000 varSa = 1 brAhma dina (sahasra caturyugI) 4320000000 varSa = 1 brAhma rAtri * kAla ke isa vibhAjana ke atirikta jaina kAlamImAMsA meM varNita avasarpiNI evaM utsarpiNI kAla kA bhI ullekha purANoM meM hai| jinakA sambandha vahA~ bhI hAsa evaM vikAsa kI dRSTi se hI hai| - isa prakAra kAla kI jagat ke parivartana meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA ko purANa tathA jainadharma meM svIkAra kiyA hai| . 61./ purANoM meM jaina dharma

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pudgaladravya samasta dravyoM meM ekamAtra pula hI rUpI dravya hai arthAt varNAdi sahita hai, zeSa sabhI dravya arUpI haiN| jisameM rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza pAyA jAtA hai vaSA paraspara meM milakara trikoNa, caukoNa, gola Adi AkAroM meM aura piNDa (skancha) rUpa evaM paraspara eka-dUsare se vilaga hokara paramANu rUpa meM bana jAtA hai, vaha puTUla hai|" - indriyoM dvArA jo kucha sunA jAtA hai, dekhA jAtA hai, sUMghA jAtA hai, kubA bAnA hai, cakhA jAtA hai vaha saba pula dravya kI paryAyeM haiN| pudala ke do bheda hai aNu tathA skndh| pula kA sabase choTA hissA aNu kahA jAtA hai evaM eka aNu meM eka se lekara adhika aNuoM ke milane se skandha banatA hai| pudaloM ke milane evaM vilaga hone kI kriyA svAbhAvika rUpa se hotI rahatI hai| jaina dArzanika bhASA meM ise saMghAta tathA bheda kahA jAtA hai| zabda (vINAdi kA zabda), baMdha (ghaTa Adi meM mRtpiNDa rUpa pula kA, tathA jIva vA pudgala kA saMyoga rUpa karma yA nokarma kA baMdha), sUkSmatva (vela ke phala kI apekSA bera meM aura paramANu meM sAkSAt sUkSmatA), sthUlatva (vera ke phala kI apekSA veta meM tathA lokatraya meM vyApta mahAskandha meM. svayameva sthUlavA), saMsthAna (gola, trikoNa Adi AkAra tathA samacaturasa Adi saMsthAna), bheda (gehUM kA bAya, daliyA Adi khaNDa), tama (dRSTi kA rodhaka andhakAra), chAyA (pratibimba, dhUpa meM manuSyAdi ko aura darpaNa meM mukhAdi kI ayA), udyoga (candravimAna, candrakAntamaNi yA buganU Adi nirvaca jIvoM meM prakAza), Atapa (sUrya prakAza meM yA sUryakAntamaNi Adi rUpa pRthvIkAya kA prakAza) ye saba pudala dravya kI paryAya vibhAva vyaJjana paryAye) hai|" bikane zrI mUrtimAna padArtha vizva meM dikhAI dete haiM, ve saba pudgala dravya ke hI nAnA rUpa hai| pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vRkSa, pazu-pakSI-manuSyAdi ke zarIra-ye saba paudatika rUpa haiN| pudala kA sUkSmatama rUpa paramANu hai, jo atyanta laghu hone ke kAraNa indriya pAha nahIM hotaa| ye paramANu dravyarUpa meM zAzvata aura paryAyarUpa meM azAzvata hai|" pudata skandhoM kA bheda aura saMghAta nirantara hotA rahatA hai aura isI pUraNa aura galana ke kAraNa isakA pudgala nAma sArthaka hotA hai-35 "puraNAd galanAd pudala puTUta ko ananta, lokapramANa, ajIva mAnA gayA hai| jainadarzana ke samAna paudralika padArthoM ko purANoM meM bhI jar3a tathA mo-nigar3ate rahane vAlA kahA hai| unakA AvirbhAva-tirobhAva calatA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra se jainadarzana ke anusAra pula kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha anAdi hote hue bhI sthAyI nahIM hai, isI ke kAraNa (kArmaNa zarIra ke dvArA) hI AtmA saMsArastha rahatI hai; isI prakAra se purANoM meM bhI AtmA para AvRta mala ko paulika tathA bar3a batAyA gyaa| dravya - vicAra / 62

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purANoM meM jar3a padArthoM kA ullekha hai| yahI nahIM, paramANu ko jainadarzana ke samAna usakI laghutama ikAI bhI svIkRta kiyA hai parantu donoM ke paramANu meM antara hai| jainadarzana meM sUkSma paramANuoM kA eka vyavahAra paramANu hotA hai tathA aise aneka vyavahAra paramANu kA eka trasareNu batAyA gayA hai|36 jabaki paurANika avadhAraNA ke anusAra paramANu jar3a kI alpatama ikAI hai, jisase ATha gunA bar3A trasareNu batAyA hai| isase yaha jainokta paramANu se sthUla pratIta hotA hai tathA paMca bhUtoM kA purANoM meM skandha rUpa meM varNana, prakRti evaM prakRti kA vikAsakrama bhI paugalika hai| jIvadravya jIvadravya ___ samasta dravyoM meM eka mAtra jIvadravya hI sajIva dravya hai| jIva kI sthiti loka meM hI batAI gaI hai| jIvadravya kA guNa upayoga (caitanya) batAyA hai| jIvadravya pudgala ke mizraNa se azuddha hone ke kAraNa baddha rahatA hai| usake baMdhana se mukti kI prakriyA kA vizad vizleSaNa jainadharma evaM purANa meM kiyA gayA hai| donoM meM jIvadravya kI nityatA evaM caitanyaguNa batAte hue use dehAdi samasta vinAzazIla bhautika padArthoM se bhinna kahA gayA hai arthAt jIva kA astitva anAdikAla se hai aura anantakAla taka rhegaa| jIvoM ke bahuta se prakAroM kA evaM caurAsI lakSa jIvoM kI yoniyoM kA bhI citraNa kiyA gayA hai| - niSkarSataH dravya kI vyAkhyA evaM bhedoM kA varNana jisa prakAra se vyavasthita jainadarzana meM upalabdha hotA hai, utanA to nahIM kintu phira bhI purANoM meM sat ke vyaktAvyakta rUpa ke varNana se tathA usakI nityatA se jainadarzana varNita sat tulanIya hai| dravya ke jar3a tathA cetana (ajIva tathA jIva) kA vivecana pRthak-pRthak vistRta rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| jIva ke caitanyaguNa evaM ajIva ke jar3atva kA pratipAdana hI nahIM, balki unake parivartana, pariNamana Adi bhI ullikhita haiN| 000 . . 63 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. "tatva, paramArtha, dravyasvabhAva, para, apara, zuddha, parama ye sabhI zabda ekArthaka hai" -zrI madhukara muni 'jaina tatvadarzana' pR. 3. 2. tatvArtha sUtra 5.29 3. vahI, 5.30 4. guNANamAsio davvaM ekadavvassiyA guNA lakkhaNaM pajjavANaM tu ubhao assiyA bhave // . . -uttarAdhyayana 286 5. bhagavatI 1.3 6. gItA 7. "na sarvathA nityamudetyapaiti na ca kriyAkArakamatra yuktm| naivAsatAM janma sato na nAzo dIpastama: pudgala bhAvato'sti" : -samaMtabhadraracita 'svayaMbhU stotra' 8. jaina tatvaprakAza pR. 5.45 ___ M. Hiriyanna "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" (Hindi Translation) P. 161 10. (a) bhAgavata purANa 3.10.13 (ba) DaoN. ramezakumAra upAdhyAya "vaiSNava purANoM meM sRSTivarNana" pa. baladeva upAdhyAya dvArA likhita bhUmikA se, pR. 15 11. tatkAraNadazApannamavyaktamiti kathyate . vyaktaM kAryadazApannaM zarIrAdighaTAdivat / / -ziva purANa 7.1.5.39 12. uttarAdhyayana 28.7, 8 13. "gatisthityupagrahau dharmAdharmayorupakAraH" -tatvArthasUtra 5.17 14. DaoN. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina "jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa" pR. 95-96 15. dravyasaMgraha-17 16. (a) DaoN. nandakizora devarAja "bhAratIya darzana" pR. 378 (ba) "satvaM rajastama iti guNAH prakRtisambhavAH" ziva purANa 7.1.5.32 17. "AkAzasyAvagAhaH" tatvArthasUtra 5.18 18. (a) DaoN. ramezakumAra upAdhyAya "vaiSNava purANoM meM sRSTivarNana" pR. 105 (ba) "anantametadAkAzaM...pazyata:" -nAradIya purANa 1.42.25-26 a 19. tatvArthasUtra 5.22 20. saM. mohanalAla zAstrI "mokSazAstra saTIka" pR. 95 . dravya - vicAra / 64

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27. 21. vahI . . 22. (a) uttarAdhyayana 28.8 (ba) jainatatvaprakAza pR. 348 23. ziva purANa (3) pR. 385-388 zlo. 1-4, 11-14, 22-24 24. DaoN harIndrabhUSaNa jaina "jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa" pR. 96 25. sarvArthasiddhi pR. 61 21. bhagavatIsUtra (vyAkhyAprajJapti) ___ abhayadevavRtti 6.7.246 . DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a -'jainadharma kA saMkSipta itihAsa' pR. 1 28. viSNu purANa 1.2.27 29. baladeva upAdhyAya -'purANa vimarza' pR. 290 30. viSNupurANa 2.4.13-14 31. madhukara muni -'jaina tatvadarzana', pR. 14 32. () sthAnAMga 442 (abhayadevavRtti) .. (ba) tatvArthasUtra 25, 26, 27 33. saddo baMdho suhamo, thUlo saMThANabhedatamacchAyA ujjodAdavasahiyA, puggaladavvassa pajjAyA // -dravyasaMgraha 16 34. bhagavatI sUtra 14.4 . 35. pI. sI. baina "harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana", pR. 145 36. jainatatvaprakAza pR. 45 . . . 37. DaoN. dharmendranAtha zAstrI -'mArkaNDeya purANa', pR. 24 . 38: Atmatatva nAmaka adhyAya meM draSTavya . .. 000 65 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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Atmatattva-cintana AtmA kA astittva sabhI darzanoM meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| cArvAka darzana bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki AtmA kA sarvathA abhAva hai kintu use eka svatantra tattva nahIM maantaa| bhAratIya darzanoM kI isI vizeSatA ko dRSTi-sanmukha rakhakara nyAyavArtikakAra udyotakara ne kahA hai-"AtmA ke astittva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyata: vivAda nahIM hai| yadi vivAda hai to usakA sambandha AtmA ke svarUpa-vizeSa se hai arthAt koI zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnate haiM, koI buddhi ko| koI indriya yA mana ko aura koI saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai| kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM jo ina sabase pRthak svatantra AtmA ke astittva ko svIkAra karate haiN|" - cArvAka darzana ke atirikta sabhI darzana usake svarUpa (caitanya guNa) evaM usakI vyAkhyA meM prAyaH kaI samAnatAeM rakhate haiN| AtmA ke svarUpa, pradezoM, amaratA tathA punarjanma sambandhI jIvana-zailI meM bhinnatA hone para bhI sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA AtmavAda sambandhI dharAtala eka jaisA hI hai| AtmA sAMsArika baMdhanoM se mukta hokara mokSa prApta karatA hai evaM sampUrNa IzvarIya zakti ke rUpa meM isakA saMvikAsa hotA hai-isa viSaya meM mataikya dRSTigata hotA hai| Izvara ke svarUpa meM matavaibhinya hote hue bhI Izvara kI sattA sabhI darzanoM meM svIkRta hai| pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se sabhI darzana yaha varNana avazya karate haiM ki ajJeya svarUpa vAle Izvara-tattva ke sAtha Atmatattva kA kisI na kisI prakAra se sambandha avazya hai| donoM kA pRthak-pRthak astittva hote hue maulika svarUpa samAna hai| sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM Atmatattva ko cetanAmaya jJAnamaya aura anubhUti sampanna svIkAra kiyA hai| nyAya, vaizeSika kA mata thor3A sA bhinna hai| unake anusAra AtmA kA zarIra indriya mana se sambandha hone para cetanA utpanna hotI hai|) isase nizcaya hotA hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA cintana mUla meM eka jaisA hI hai| sat, cit aura Ananda kI prApti hI isakA mUla dhyeya hai tathA ciraMtana satya kA anusaMdhAna karate hue Atmatattva kA jo zivasvarUpa hai, usake madhura saMdarzana meM hI bhAratIya darzanasapUha apane Apako kRtakRtya mAnatA hai| ... Atmatattva-cintana / 66

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aitihAsika samIkSA jainetara darzanoM meM aitihAsika rUpa se AtmavAda kI samIkSA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha meM bAhya dRSTi (bAhya indriyoM) dvArA grAhya tattvoM ko maulika tattva mAnA gayA yathA jala, vaayu| inhIM ko upaniSadoM meM vizva kA mUla tattva mAnate hue AtmA yA caitanya kI sRSTi karane vAlA svIkRta kiyA hai| bAhya dRSTi se vicArakSetra meM Ane para asat sat yA AkAza jaise tattvoM ko maulika mAnA gyaa| tatpazcAt AtmAbhimukha dRSTi hone para prANatattva ko maulika mAnA gyaa| isI ke sAtha brahma yA AtmAdvaita Adi dhAraNAeM udbhUta huiiN| advaitadhArA ke samAnAntara dvaita-dhArA bhI pravAhita thii| jaina, vedAnta, sAMkhya darzana meM vizva ke mUla meM eka tattva nahIM hokara cetana evaM acetana donoM tattva haiN| vedAnta darzanAnusAra mAyA tattva ke kAraNa hI brahma nAmaka Atma tattva apane Apako baMdhA huA samajhatA hai, parantu sva-svarUpa kA bhAna hote hI mAyA se mukti ho jAtI hai evaM IzvarIya svarUpa prApta ho jAtA hai| sAMkhya darzana bhI yahI mAnyatA prastuta karatA hai ki vizva meM kevala do hI mUlabhUta padArtha haiM-puruSa tathA prakRti / puruSa tattva sAkSAt IzvarasvarUpa hai kintu prakRti ke sAnnidhya meM vaha svayaM ko baddha mAna letA hai| yaha viveka jAgRta hote hI ki yaha saba prakRti kA khela hai, vaha parimukta ho jAtA hai| vastutaH "vedAnta darzana kA brahma tattva, sAMkhya darzana kA puruSa tattva tathA jaina darzana kA Atma tattva lagabhaga samAna hai| ukta tInoM darzanakAroM kI Atmatattva vivecana praNAlI bhinna hotI huI bhI siddhAntataH samAna hai| AtmA : eka maulika tattva sabhI darzanoM ke anusAra saMsAra Atma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, parantu mUla tattva kyA hai, isa sambandha meM pramukha cAra dhAraNAeM haiM1. mUla tattva jar3a (acetana) hai aura usI se cetana kI utpatti hotI hai| . ajitakezambalin, cArvAka dArzanika aura bhautikavAdI isa mata kA pratipAdana ... karate haiN| 2. mUla tattva cetana hai| usI kI apekSA se jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda, zAMkara vedAnta aura barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate 3. kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM, jinhoMne paramatattva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya maanaa| ... gItA, rAmAnuja aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| . .. 67 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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- 4. kucha vidvAn jar3a aura cetana donoM ko parama tattva mAnate haiM aura unake svatantra __ astittva meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki maulika-tattva ke sambandha meM vibhinna vivAda haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra-jar3a tathA jIva donoM maulika tattva haiN| AtmA kA astittva AtmA ke astittva ke sambandha meM jaina vicArakoM ne kaI tarka prastuta kiye haiM yathA jIva kA astittva jIva zabda se hI siddha ho jAtA hai kyoMki asat kI koI sArtha saMjJA hI nahIM bntii| * jIva hai yA nahIM? yaha socanA mAtra hI jIva kI sattA ko siddha karatA hai| devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSa? "cintaye atosmi' tathA sandehavidhi dvArA AtmA ke astittva ko dekArta ne bhI asaMdigdha siddha kiyA hai| 2 . yadi AtmA hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~? jo niSedha kara rahA hai, vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| binA adhiSThAna ke kisI jJAna kI, saMzaya kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai / 13 eka prAcIna jainAcArya ke kathanAnusAra-AtmA zarIrotpatti ke pUrva thA evaM zarIrAnta ke pazcAt bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai| "tatkAla janme hue bAlaka meM pUrvajanmagata abhyAsa ke kAraNa mAtA ke dugdhapAna kI ora abhilASA tathA pravRtti pAI jAtI hai| maraNa ke pazcAt vyantara Adi rUpa meM kabhI-kabhI jIva ke punarjanma kA bodha hotA hai| janmAntara kA kisI-kisI ko smaraNa hotA hai| jar3atattva kA jIva ke sAtha anvaya-sambandha nahIM pAyA jaataa| isalie avinAzI AtmA kA astittva mAne binA anya gati nahIM hai| isI ke samarthaka nyAyasUtra ke anusAra-"yadi janma ke pUrva AtmA ko sadbhAva na hotA to vItarAga-bhAvasampanna zizu kA janma honA cAhie kintu anubhava se jJAta hotA hai ki zizu pUrva-anubhUta vAsanAoM ko sAtha lekara janma dhAraNa karatA hai|"15 AcArya akalaMka kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha-yuktivAda isa prakAra se hai-"AtmA ke viSaya meM utpanna hone vAle jJAna ke viSaya meM sabhI vikalpoM dvArA AtmA kI siddhi hotI hai| AtmA ke viSaya meM yadi sandeha hai to bhI AtmA kA sadbhAva siddha hotA hai, kyoMki sandeha avastu ko viSaya nahIM krtaa| saMzayajJAna ubhayakoTi ko sparza karatA hai, AtmA kA yadi abhAva ho to do vikalpoM kI ora jhukane vAle jJAna kA udaya kaise hogA? anadhyavasAya-jJAna bhI jAtyandha ko rUpa ke Atmatattva-cintana / 68

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samAna prakRta meM bAdhaka nahIM hai, kAraNa anAdi se AtmA kA parijJAna hotA AyA hai| viparIta jJAna ke mAnane para bhI AtmA kA astittva siddha hotA hai| puruSa ko dekhakara usameM sthANu (DhUMTha) rUpa viparIta bodha ke dvArA jaise sthANu kI siddhi hotI hai, usI prakAra AtmA kA yathArtha bodha hogaa| AtmA ke viSaya meM samIcIna bodha mAnane para usakA astittva abAdhita siddha hotA hI hai|"16 jainadarzanavat purANoM meM bhI AtmA ke astittva ke lie pramANa dete hue kahA gayA hai ki "AtmA pratyeka zarIra meM svataH prakAza hai| pratyeka vyakti anubhava karatA hai ki "maiM huuN"| parantu isa "maiM" ke sAtha itane prakAra ke artha jur3e hue haiM ki AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa nizcaya karane ke lie vizleSaNa aura tarka kI AvazyakatA hai| isa vivecanA ke lie eka praNAlI hai-zabdArtha kA vishlessnn| "maiM" kabhI-kabhI zarIra ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, jaise "maiM moTA huuN|" kabhI-kabhI "maiM" kA vyavahAra jJAnendriya ke artha meM kiyA jAtA hai, jaise "maiM socatA huuN|" kabhI-kabhI "maiM" se karmendriya kA bodha hotA hai, jaise "maiM la~gar3A huuN|" parantu zarIra, indriya Adi kI AtmatA kA khaNDana karate hue zivapurANa kahatA hai ki buddhi, indriya aura zarIra AtmA nahIM hai, inase vyatirikta vibhu, dhruva koI AtmA hai kintu usake lie tarka bar3A durgama hai| phira bhI itanA to nizcaya hai ki buddhi, indriya evaM zarIra AtmA nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki buddhi kA jJAna aniyata hai aura eka aMga meM pIr3A hone para sampUrNa zarIra meM usakA anubhava nahIM hotA arthAt aniyata jJAna hone se buddhi AtmA nahIM ho sakatI aura eka aMga meM vyathA hyene para sampUrNa zarIra meM usakA anubhava na hone se zarIra evaM indriyA~ AtmA nahIM bana sktii| ata: vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM anubhUta padArthoM kA jJAtA, antaryAmI kahA gayA hai|"17 . AtmA kA svarUpa jaina darzanasAra ke anusAra "jo jIvana jItA hai, indriya-bala-Ayu- zvAsocchvAsa ina cAra prANoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha jIva hai|18 nizcayanaya se svaceta gatmaka svabhAva vAlA jIva hai|" dravyasaMgraha meM jIva ko upayogamaya (jJAnadarzanopayoga), amRteka, kartA, svadehaparimANa, bhoktA, saMsArastha, siddha tathA UrdhvagAmI kahA hai|"20 * AtmA ke jJAnamayatva, amUrtikatva, nityatva Adi guNoM ko pratipAdita karate hue purANoM meM kahA gayA hai-"yaha AtmA na to cakSugrAhya tathA na hI apara indriyoM kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| yaha mahAn AtmA kevala pradIpta mana ke dvArA hI pratyakSa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha AtmA na to strI hai, na puruSa hai aura na napuMsaka hI hai| na to yaha kahIM Upara hI rahatA hai, na tiryak aura na nIce hii| yaha cala-zarIra meM azarIra, sthANu evaM avyaya rUpa se vartamAna rahatA hai| dhIra puruSa vicAra karane para Atmatattva kA sAkSAtkAra kara pAte haiM / 21 AtmA kI abhautikatA ko vyakta karate 69 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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hue mArkaNDeyapurANa kA kathana hai-"na maiM pRthvI hU~, na jala, na jyoti, na vAyu aura na hI AkAza huuN| na maiM zarIra hU~ aura na hI mana hU~, kyoMki maiM zarIra aura mana ina donoM se pRthak huuN|"22 ___AtmA ke guNa, anekatva, kartRtva bhoktRtva, nityatva Adi para prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai:AtmA kA caitanya svarUpa AtmA ko caitanyaguNa yukta mAnate hue tattvArthasUtra meM jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga . (cetanA) hai / 23 jIva kA upayoga (jJAnadarzanopayoga) svabhAva hai, isake binA vaha jIva nahIM ho sktaa|24 cAhe kitanA bhI saghana karma kA AvaraNa usa para chA jAye, usakA jJAnamaya svabhAva jar3atA meM nahIM bdltaa| AvaraNa ke kAraNa svarUpa prakaTa nahIM ho sktaa| jaise sUrya para ghane bAdala A jAne se vaha unameM chipa jAtA hai tathA bAdaloM ke kAraNa usakI tejasvitA AcchAdita ho jAtI hai parantu jaise hI vAyu Adi saMyoga se ve haTa jAte haiM, usakA pUrNa prakAza sammukha A jAtA hai; isI prakAra AtmA para AcchAdita karma rUpI bAdaloM se usakA vizuddha caitanya AvRta ho jAtA hai tathA unake haTane para vaha nirAvaraNa ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra agni kA guNa prakAza yA uSNatA, agni se bhinna nahIM hai, usI prakAra jIva se cetanA pRthak nahIM hai| yadyapi AtmAeM ananta jJAna-darzanamaya haiM kintu meghAchanna sUryavat unake ve guNa DhaMke hue haiM, phira bhI saghana se saghana meghoM se AcchAdita hokara bhI sUrya rAta-dina kA bheda dikhalAtA hai; vaise hI nibir3atara karmoM dvArA AvRta AtmA bhI apane caitanya guNa ko kisI na kisI aMza meM avazya prakAzita karatA hai arthAt caitanta kA sadaiva pratibhAsa banA rahatA hai| vaha sadA sthAyI jJAnAdi guNa kA hI samyak yA mithyArUpa meM prakaTIkaraNa hotA rahatA hai| jaise raMgIna kAMca meM se sUrya kA prakAza svacchatA rahita, kAMca ke raMga jaisA hI lAla, harA Adi par3atA hai usI prakAra mithyAtva ke udaya se jJAna kA viparIta prakAza par3atA hai| caitanyadhAraka hone se hI jIva cetana kahalAtA hai|25 / ____ AtmA ke caitanya guNa ko purANoM meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 26 Atmacaitanya ke kAraNa hI jar3a zarIra bhI caitanyavat pratIta hotA hai| caitanya svarUpa hote hue bhI jIva mAyIya, kArmaja aura ANavika ina tIna prakAra ke mala-pAzoM meM baddha hai| jIva kA svarUpa mAyAvaraNa se DhaMkA rahatA hai| jaba taka usako isa jAla se chUTane kA jJAna nahIM hotA yA usa para anugraha nahIM hotA, vaha apane svarUpa ko bhUlA rahatA hai|" AtmA svarUpataH jJAnamaya (caitanyayukta) hote hue bhI usakI vRtti bhinna kyoM ho jAtI hai? isa bAta kA samAdhAna isa prakAra se kiyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jala dhavala pratIta hotA hai| raktamegha se Acchanna hone para vahI rakta jJAta hotA hai tathA kRSNamegha se Acchanna hone para kRSNa pratIta hotA hai, usI prakAra AtmA bhI vibhinna zarIroM se Atmatattva-cintana / 70 .

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saMyukta hone para bhinna vRtti vAlA pratIta hotA hai| vastutaH sadA ekasvarUpa meM rahane vAle AtmA meM vRtti-vaibhinya hotA hI nhiiN| jisa prakAra candramaNDala abhrasaMcaya ke dvArA chAdita hone para bhI usase bhinna hI rahatA hai aura candra kabhI abhrasaMcaya nahIM ho jAtA; vaise hI AtmA zarIra se saMyukta hone para bhI usase bhinna rahatA hai arthAta jar3atva ko nahIM prApta karatA aura vaha kabhI bhI zarIra nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka use apane caitanya svarUpa kA bodha nahIM hotA, vaha jJAnahIna tathA nAnA karma-vimUDha-dhI hokara sukhI-duHkhI kartA-bhoktA hotA hai| svarUpAvaraNa ke haTane para hI usakA kalyANa hotA hai| AtmA kA anekatva (anantattva) AtmAe~ aneka haiM-isa avadhAraNA ko sapramANa prastuta karate hue sAMkhyakArikA-kAra kA kathana hai: 1. utpatti, hetu aura indriyAdi kAraNoM kI vibhinnatA se 2. alaga-alaga pravRttiyoM ko dekhakara tathA 3. satva, rajas, tamas kI asamAnatA se puruSabahutva kI siddhi hotI hai|" ___ aneka AtmAoM ko mAnane kA hetu dete hue jaina darzana meM bhI kahA gayA hai-sukha-duHkha, janma-maraNa, baMdhana-mukti Adi aneka dazAoM ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA atyAvazyaka hai|" jaina darzana meM yaha mAnyatA svIkRta nahIM hai ki maulika AtmA eka hI hai tathA anya saba usake AbhAsa mAtra haiN| yadyapi jaina darzana meM "eka AtmA"32 kA ullekha bhI AyA hai parantu usakA tAtparya bhinna hai| saba jIvoM kA cetanA lakSaNa hone se arthAt svarUpa sAmya (sajAtIya) hone se ekatva nirUpita hai tathA pratyeka AtmA akelA hai "ege ahamaMsi"33 usake lie usakA ekatva hI sthAyI hai, isa hetu se bhI ekatva nirUpita hai, parantu sAtha hI anya AtmAoM ko bhI usI prakAra se astittvavAn mAnA hai| .... purANoM meM bhI AtmA ke ekatva tathA anekatva kA varNana AyA hai| ekatva kA varNana pUrvavarNita donoM hetuoM ke AdhAra para to hai, parantu sAtha hI mukhya hetu yaha hai, jo jaina darzana se bhinnatA rakhatA hai-ekatva varNana-eka maulika AtmA kI apekSA se hai jo sadaiva nirlepa rahatI hai-mukta rahatI hai tathA sarvavyApaka hai| AtmA zuddha, akSara, zAnta, nirguNa aura prakRti se pare hai tathA samasta jIvoM meM vaha eka hI otaprota hai, ata: kabhI usake vRddhi-kSaya nahIM hote| isa prakAra AtmA kI kUTasthatA bhI jaina darzana meM mAnya nahIM hai| 71 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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AtmAoM kA anekatva bhI varNita hai| AtmA kI malakRta vibhinna zreNiyoM meM AtmAoM kI baddhAvasthA evaM muktAvasthA tathA aneka bhedoM se anekatva prakaTa hotA hai, yadyapi sabhI AtmAoM meM AtmatA samAna rUpa se vartamAna rahatI hai| vedAntetara (nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, pUrva mImAMsA, bauddha, jaina) darzanoM kA yahI kathana hai ki saMsAra meM dRSTigocara hone vAlI aneka AtmAoM meM pratyeka svatantra AtmA hai| vaha apane astittva ke lie tattvataH kisI anya AtmA para Azrita nahIM AtmA kI vyApakatA vibhinna darzanoM meM pracalita kucha mAnyatAeM AtmA ko aNurUpa mAnatI haiM aura kucha vibhurUpa, kintu jaina darzana ina donoM se bhinna yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA na to aNurUpa hai aura na vibhurUSa, kintu svadeha-parimANa hai| jIva ko astikAya batAte hue usake asaMkhyAta pradeza kahe haiM, parantu jaise jar3a-paramANuoM kA saMyoga-viyoga hotA hai vaise AtmapradezoM kA saMyoga-viyoga nahIM hotaa| AtmA apane svabhAva se hI anAdikAla se asaMkhyAta pradezI hai aura anantakAla taka rhegaa| yaha asaMkhyAta pradezoM kA akhaNDa piNDa hai| jIvoM kA avagAha lokAkAza ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga se lekara sampUrNa loka kSetra meM hai|38 pradIpa ke prakAza kI taraha pradezoM ke saMkoca aura vistAra dvArA jIva lokAkAza ke asaMkhyAtaveM Adi bhAga meM rahatA hai| arthAt jisa taraha eka bar3e makAna meM dIpaka rakhane para usakA prakAza samasta makAna meM phaila jAtA hai aura usI dIpaka ko eka choTe bartana ke bhItara rakha dene se usakA prakAza usI meM saMkucita hokara raha jAtA hai; usI taraha jIva bhI jitanA bar3A yA choTA zarIra pAtA hai usameM utanA hI vistRta yA saMkucita hokara raha jAtA hai| pipIlikA (cIMTI) zarIrastha AtmA jaba hastI zarIra ko prApta karatA hai to vaha tatpramANa ho jAtA hai|" isa prakAra pratyeka AtmA kI vivakSA se svadeha parimANa batAyA hai evaM jIvoM ke samasta loka meM vyApta hone se jIvatva ko loka meM sarvavyApI bhI kahA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM bhI AtmA ke pramANa para ciMtana kiyA gayA hai| kucha logoM ne use aMguSTha parimANa' kahA hai, kucha vilasta (bAlizta) pramANa 2 to kisI ne aNupramANa, cAvala yA jau pramANa" bhI kahA hai| sAtha hI AtmA ko vibhurUpa bhI mAnA hai, ina matoM ke atirikta AtmA ko zarIra pramANa bhI mAnA hai| jaise talavAra apanI myAna aura apane kuNDa meM vyApta hai vaise hI AtmA zarIra meM nakha se lekara zikhA taka vyApta hai|5 anta meM AtmA avarNya mAnate hue use aNu se bhI aNu tathA mahAn se bhI mahAn batAyA gayA hai| Atmatatva-cintana / 72

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purANoM meM AtmapradezoM kA saMkoca-vistAra kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai parantu yaha to kahA gayA hai ki kIr3I-kuJjara, deva-dAnava-mAnava sabhI kI AtmA samAna hai, unakI AtmatA meM koI antara nahIM hai| jisa AtmA kI saMsthiti kisI vyApaka (bar3e) zarIra meM hotI hai, karmavaza vaha bhavAntara meM choTe zarIra meM bhI rahatA hai| mukhyataH AtmA ko purANoM meM sarvavyApI (sampUrNa vizva meM vyApta) mAnA hai| puruSa (AtmA) zabda kI vyutpatti ke anusAra bhI artha yahI nikalatA hai-'puri zete iti puruSa' arthAt jo deha rUpI nagara meM athavA vizva rUpI nagara meM rahatA hai, vaha puruSa hai| AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva isa viSaya meM kaI prakAra ke mantavya pracalita haiM kucha darzana Izvara ko kartA mAnate haiM, kucha prakRti ko evaM kucha darzana AtmA ko kartA mAnate haiN| jo AtmA ko kartA nahIM mAnate unake anusAra jIva cetana hai ataH vaha acetanarUpa karma nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki pratyeka dravya sva-bhAva kA kartA hai, para bhAva kA nahIM" vastutaH yaha kartRtva viSayaka vaibhinnya isalie hai ki unhoMne AtmA ko zuddha caitanya mAna liyA tathA karma ko zuddha pudgala; tathyataH vaha AtmA jo karma baMdha se, kartRtva se yukta hai, zuddha nahIM hai| usameM karma rUpa acetana pUrva se hI mizrita hotA hai| mAtra pudgala rUpa acetana karma bhI AtmA ko bhramaNa nahIM karA sakatA, vaha bhI caitanya mizrita (caitanya dvArA prabhAvita) hone se usa prakAra kI pravRtti karatA hai| ataH jo zuddha AtmA hai, vaha karmabaddha nahIM hotA kintu jo azuddha AtmA hai vahI kartA evaM bhoktA hotA hai; AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva vibhAvadazA kI avasthA hai| isa prakAra cetana (AtmA) tathA aMcetana (karma) ke mizrita rUpa ko hI iMna azuddha vaibhAvika bhAvoM kA kartA mAna sakate haiN| AtmA ke kartRtva tathA bhoktRtva ko svIkRta karate hue jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA svakRta karmoM kA hI phala bhogatA hai| AtmA kA azuddha svabhAva anAdi hai, ataH vaha anAdi se kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva se yukta hai| __purANoM meM AtmA ko anAdikAlIna azuddha batAyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke samAna hI zuddha svarUpa ke prakaTa na hone kA tathA azuddha rUpa meM mizrita dazA evaM vaibhAvika dazA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yadi karma sAdi (sarvathA naye rUpa se zuddha AtmA meM praviSTa) mAnA jAye arthAt pUrva meM sarvathA, zuddha, buddha svabhAva vAlA jIva hotA hai aura bAda meM vaha karmalipta hotA hai to mukta jIva bhI punaH karmalipta ho jaayeNge| ataH AtmA anAdikAlIna karmabaddha hai tathA usakA apanA sva-bhAva vaibhAvika dazA dvArA AcchAdita hone se vibhAva hI zuddha AtmA kA svabhAva pratIta hotA hai| jaina darzana ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI zuddha AtmA ko kartA-bhoktA na mAnate hue anAdikAlIna baddhAtmA ko hI karmoM kA kartA evaM bhoktA svIkAra kiyA 73 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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hai|deg unameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki AtmA jina-jina karmoM ko karatA hai unakA vaha phalabhoga bhI karatA hai| AtmA kA nityatva AtmA ke nityatva ke viSaya meM vaidika tathA jaina donoM hI saMskRtiyA~ sahamata haiN| jainAgamoM meM AtmA ko zAzvata avinAzI nirUpita kiyA hai-"natthi jIvassa nAsotti" / AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai sampUrNa loka meM kisI ke dvArA bhI AtmA kA chedana nahIM hotA, bhedana nahIM hotA, dahana nahIM hotA aura na hanana hI hotA hai / :2 jagat ke samasta bhautika vinAzazIla padArthoM se AtmA bhinna hai| AtmavAdI darzanoM ke anusAra "manuSya meM martya aura amartya kA sundara saMyoga hai| usameM kucha aisA hai jo bAra-bAra banatA hai, bigar3atA-sar3atA hai aura miTatA hai; parantu sAtha hI kucha aisA hai jo na janmatA hai, na maratA hai, na bur3hiyAtA hai aura na kabhI sar3atA-galatA hI hai| "vaha cirantana sundara hai|" manuSya meM deha martya hai aura AtmA amRta hai| usake martya aMza usako pArthiva jagat ke sAtha bAMdhe hue haiM kintu usake bhItara hI usakA divya aMza bhI hai| jaba taka martya aura amRta ke aMzoM ko ThIka se na samajhA jAyegA taba taka manuSya atRpta aura apUrNa hI rhegaa|"53 tAtparya yahI hai ki vibhinna dehoM ko grahaNa karate hue. evaM chor3ate hue bhI AtmA avinAzI hai| dikhAI dene vAle zarIra ityAdi sabhI padArtha nazvara, kintu nahIM dikhAI dene vAlA AtmA nirantara banA rahatA hai| jaina darzana ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI AtmA ko nitya, avinAzI, zAzvata kahA hai| zivapurANakAra ke anusAra jo AtmA ko buddhi, zarIra evaM indriyasvarUpa samajhate haiM, unakA darzana asamyak hai;".zarIra ke naSTa hone para AtmA naSTa nahIM hotaa| jisa prakAra gRhI apane ghara ke jala jAne para navIna gRha banAtA hai vaise hI jIvAtmA bhI nUtana deha meM praveza kiyA karatA hai| jaise koI manuSya apane purAne jIrNa-zIrNa vastroM ko tyAgakara punaH nUtana vastroM ko apane zarIra para dhAraNa karatA hai, usI bhA~ti yaha dehI (jIvAtmA) apane pUrva zarIroM ko tyAgakara navIna zarIroM ko apanA AvAsa-sthAna banAtA huA unheM dhAraNa kara letA hai| manuSya kA deha anitya hai aura AtmA nitya evaM avinAzI hai|56 bhAgavata purANa meM AtmA kI nityatA ke sandarbha meM kahA gayA yaha AtmA na janmatA hai, na maratA hai, sarvadeza aura sarvakAla meM akhaNDa rIti se jo jJAna hai, usI kA Azraya AtmA hai| jaba taka tela, sakorA, battI aura agni Atmatatva-cintana / 74

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saMyoga banA rahatA hai, taba taka dIpaka rahatA hai| aise hI janma-maraNa Adi saMyoga hai, taba taka. saMsAra hai evaM saMsAra nAza hone para AtmA naSTa nahIM hotii|8 AtmA ke prakAra zivapurANakAra ne AtmA ke pramukhataH do bheda batAye haiM--jIvAtmA evaM paramAtmA / jIva kI paribhASA karate hue kahA hai "jIryate janmakAlAdyat tasmA-jjIva iti smRtH| 59 AtmA paramAtmA kA antara spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki paramAtmA bahujJa hai, jIvAtmA alpajJa hai| paramAtmA svatantra hai, jIvAtmA parataMtra hai: janyate tanyate pAzairjIva zabdArtha eva hi isI prakAra jaina darzana meM bhI AtmA meM mukhya do prakAra hai| asaMsAra-samApannaka (paramAtmA) tathA saMsArasamApannaka (sNsaarii)| punazca,saMsArI ke bheda karate hue-bahirAtmA, antarAtmA evaM paramAtmA-ye tIna prakAra bhI batAye haiN| jo zarIrAdi meM Atmabuddhi rakhatA hai, vaha bahirAtmA hai, Atmetara kA viveka jAgRta ho gayA, vaha antarAtmA hai evaM karmarUpI mala se vimukta paramAtmA kahalAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke anusAra para padArtha meM satva ko niyojita karane vAlA (mUrcchita) bahirAtmA hai| svayaM kI ora lauTanA (jAgRta puruSa) antarAtmA hai| paramAtmA, kaivalyasvarUpa meM sthitaprajJa honA hai, svayaM kI paristhiti hai|62 karmayukta AtmA jo saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate haiM, ve saMsArI AtmA (jIvAtmA) tathA jo karmoM kA vinAza karake mukta ho cuke haiM, ve paramAtmA haiN| AtmA aura paramAtmA meM svarUpataH koI bheda nahIM hai| dhAna aura cAvala eka hI hai, antara mAtra itanA hai ki eka AvaraNa (chilake) sahita hai aura dUsarA nirAvaraNa isI prakAra AtmA aura paramAtmA eka hI hai, pharka hai to kevala karmarUpa AvaraNa kA hai| chilake sahita dhAnavat moha-mamatA kI khola meM jakar3I huI cetanA AtmA hai aura chilake rahita zubhra cAvala ke rUpa meM nirAvaraNa zuddha cetanA paramAtmA hai / 63 yahI antara jIva aura ziva meM batAte hue zivapurANa kA kathana hai--yaha jIvAtmA ahaMkAra se yukta hai aura ziva ahaMkAra se rahita hai| jIva eka tuccha aura kRtakarmoM ko bhogane vAlA hai kintu ziva mahAn aura nirlipta hai| jisa prakAra rajatAdi se mizrita svarNa alpa mUlya kA hotA hai usI prakAra ahaM yukta hone se yaha AtmA jIva saMjJA ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yadyapi sabhI AtmA meM AtmatA samAna rUpa se rahatI hai tathApi unakI baddhAvasthA evaM muktAvasthA ko lekara unameM paraspara bheda kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| baddha jIvoM meM kucha loga laya aura bhoga ke adhikAra ke anusAra AkRSTa aura nikRSTa hokara jJAna Adi kI viSamatA ko prApta hote haiN| paramAtmA ziva ke samIpavartI svarUpa meM utkRSTa, madhyama tathA nikRSTa bheda se tIna zreNiyA~ hotI . 75 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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haiM, jinameM nimna sthAna meM AtmA kI sthiti, madhyama sthAna meM antarAtmA kI sthiti hai aura jo sabase utkRSTa zreNI kA sthAna hai, usameM paramAtmA kI sthiti hai| isa prakAra dekhA jAtA hai baddhAvasthA meM sthita AtmA apanI vibhinna vikAsa kI avasthAoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna rUpa se jJAna aura zakti dhAraNa karate haiN|65 baddhAtmA AtmA baddhAvasthA meM paribhramaNa karatA hai, jisakA kAraNa karma hai| jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki sarva prANI apane karmoM ke kAraNa pRthaka pRthaka yoniyoM meM avasthita haiN| karmoM kI adhInatA ke kAraNa avyakta duHkha se dukhita prANI janma, jarA aura maraNa se sadA bhayabhIta rahate hue cAra gati rUpa saMsAra cakra meM bhaTakate haiN| baddhAtmAoM ke vibhinna gatiyoM meM paribhramaNa ko purANoM meM bhI batAyA gayA hai karmaNA narageheSa, pazvAdiSa ca krmnnaa| karmaNA narakaM yAti, vaikuNThaM yAti karmaNA / / AtmA kI pUrNatA jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA kI zaktiyoM kA anAvaraNa ho jAnA arthAt usake ananta catuSTaya (ananta jJAna, darzana, saukhya, vIryazakti) kI pUrNa abhivyakti paramAtmA-pada kI upalabdhi hai aura yahI Atma-tattva kI pUrNatA hai| jaina dharma tathA purANa donoM meM AtmA ke pUrNatva kA pratipAdana hai| anAdikAlIna AtmA kI apUrNa dazA, mUDhatA ko batAte hue Atmabodha hone para prayatna vizeSa dvArA pUrNatva kI prApti ko parama dhyeya nirUpita kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM Atma vikAsa ke kucha sopAna batAte hue nimna prakAra guNasthAnoM kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai|9 ... 1. mithyAtva prathama avasthA mithyAtva kI hotI hai| isa avasthA meM sva-para ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM rahatA, mAnyatA ayathArtha hotI hai| 2. sAsvAdana-samyaktva se gira jAne ke bAda aura mithyAtva kI bhUmikA kA sparza karane se pahale kI jIva kI avasthA sAsvAdana guNasthAna kahalAtI hai| 3. mizra jisa jIva kI zraddhA na samyak hotI hai aura na mithyA hotI hai kintu mizra rUpa hotA hai, usa jIva kI avasthA ko mizra guNa sthAna kahate haiN| 4 avirata samyagdRSTi jisa jIva kI dRSTi arthAt zraddhA samIcIna hotI hai. use samyagdRSTi kahate haiM aura jo jIva samyagdRSTi to hotA hai kintu saMyama nahIM pAlatA, vaha avirata samyagdRSTi kahA jAtA hai| 5. viratAvirata--jo saMyata bhI ho aura asaMyata bhI ho arthAt vratI gRhasthoM ko viratAvirata kahate haiN| Atmatattva-cintana / 76

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6. pramattasaMyata jo pUrNa saMyama ko pAlana karate hue bhI pramAda ke kAraNa usameM kabhI-kabhI -kucha asAvadhAna ho jAte haiM, una zramaNoM ko pramattasaMyata kahate haiN| 7. apramattasaMyata-jo pramAda ke na hone se askhalita saMyama kA pAlana karate haiM, zubhadhyAna meM magna una muniyoM ko apramattasaMyata kahate haiN| 8. nivRttibAdara (apUrvakaraNa) --sudhyAna meM magna jina muniyoM ke pratyeka samaya meM apUrva-apUrva pariNAma-bhAva hote haiM, unheM apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna vAlA kahA jAtA hai| . 9. anivRttibAdara saMparAya-isameM bAdara (sthUloM) saMparAya (kaSAya) udaya meM hotA hai| ataH yaha anivRttibAdara saMparAya guNasthAna kahalAtA hai| 10. sUkSma saMparAya kaSAya ko pariNAmoM ke dvArA jo dhyAnastha muni sUkSma kara DAlate haiM, unheM sUkSma saMparAya guNasthAna vAlA kahA jAtA hai| 11. upazAMta moha (upazAMta kaSAya vItarAMga chAstha) -jinake kaSAya upazAnta (dabe) hue haiM, rAga kA bhI sarvathA udaya na ho aura jinako chadma (AvaraNa bhUta ghAtikarma) lage hue haiM, ve jIva upazAnta kaSAya vItarAga chadmastha (upazAMta moha) haiN| ... 12. kSINa moha-kSapaka zreNI para car3hane vAle (kaSAyoM ko kSINa karane vAle. na ki dabAne vAle) muni moha ko dhIre-dhIre naSTa karate hue jaba use sarvathA nirmUla kara DAlate haiM to unheM kSINamoha kahate haiN| 13. sayogI kevalI-jo cAra ghAti karmoM (jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya. antarAya) kA kSaya karake kevalajJAna aura darzana prApta kara cuke haiM, jo padArtha ke jAnane dekhane meM indriya, Aloka Adi kI apekSA nahIM rakhate haiM; ye kevalI AtmA ke zatru ghAtikarmoM ko jIta lene ke kAraNa paramAtmA jIvanamukta arihaMta Adi nAmoM se pukAre jAte haiN| 14. ayogI kevalI-jaba kevalI dhyAnastha hokara mana-vacana-kAya kA saba vyApAra banda kara dete haiM, taba unheM ayogI kevalI kahate haiN| ye zeSa cAra karmoM ko bhI naSTa karake mokSa lAbha prApta karate haiN| .. ina guNasthAnoM meM AtmA kA kramika vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| jaina darzana ke atirikta AtmA ke kramabaddha vikAsa kA yogavAziSTha, pAtaMjala yoga sUtra Adi granthoM meM bhI varNana hai| yogavAziSTha meM caudaha bhUmikAoM kA vivecana isa prakAra haiM 1. bIjajAgrata-isa bhUmikA meM ahaM evaM mamatva buddhi kI jAgRti nahIM hotI hai, kintu bIja rUpa meM jAgRti kI yogyatA rahatI hai| .. 2. jAgrata isameM ahaM evaM mamatvabuddhi alpAMza meM jAgrata hotI hai| 3. mahAjAgrata-isameM ahaM evaM mamatvabuddhi vizeSa rUpa se puSTa hotI hai| 77 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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4. jAgratasvapna- isameM jAgate hue bhI bhrama kA samAveza hotA hai| 5. svapna nidrAvasthA meM Aye hue svapna kA jAgane ke pazcAt jo bhAna . hotA hai, use svapna bhUmikA kahate haiN| 6. svapna jAgrata varSoM taka prArambha rahe hue svapna kA isameM samAveza hotA hai jo zarIra-pAta hone para bhI calatA rahatA hai| 7. suSuptaka-pragAr3ha nidrA jaisI avasthA, isameM jar3a jaisI sthiti ho jAtI hai aura karma mAtravAsanA rUpa meM rahe hue hote haiN| 8. zubhecchA-AtmAvalokana kI vairAgyayukta icchaa| 9. vicAraNA-zAstra aura satsaMga ke kAraNa vairAgyAbhyAsa ke kAraNa sadAcAra meM prvRtti| 10. tanumAnasA zubhecchA aura vicAraNA ke kAraNa indriya viSayoM meM Asakti kama honaa| 11. satvApatti-satya aura zuddha AtmA meM sthira honaa| 12. asasakti-asaMga rUpa paripAka se citta meM niratizaya Ananda kA , prAdurbhAva honaa| 13. padArtha bhAvinI-isameM bAhya aura AbhyaMtara sabhI padArthoM para se icchAyeM naSTa ho jAtI haiN| . 14. pUryagA-bhedabhAva kA bilkula bhAna bhUla jAne se ekamAtra svabhAva niSThA meM sthita rhnaa| yaha jIvanmukta jaisI avasthA hotI hai| videhamukti kA viSaya usake pazcAt hI nUryAtIta avasthA hai| inameM se ajJAna kI saptabhUmikAoM meM ajJAna kI prabalatA se avikAsa krama meM aura jJAna kI sAta bhUmikAoM meM kramaza: jJAna kI buddhi hone se unheM vikAsa krama meM ginA jA sakatA hai| pAtaMjalayoga pradIpa meM bhI jAgrata avasthA, svapnAvasthA, suSupti avasthA, pralayAvasthA, samAdhi prArambhAvasthA, samprajJAta samAdhi (ekAgratA), vivekakhyAti (samprajJAta evaM asamprajJAta samAdhi ke bIca kI avasthA), asamprajJAna samAdhi (svarUpAvasthiti) aura prati prasava (puruSa kA zuddha kaivalya paramAtmasvarUpa meM avasthita honA) ina avasthAoM kA varNana karate hue AtmavikAsa krama batAyA gayA hai|72 yoga darzana kA purANoM meM aneka sthaloM para vistRta varNana hai| purANoM meM advaitamatAnusAra dIkSA prApti se pUrNatayA lAbha paryanta avasthAoM kA krama isa prakAra diyA gayA hai (1) dIkSA, (2) pauruSa, (3) advaya-AgamazAstra ke zravaNa meM adhikAra evaM zravaNAdi, (4) bauddha jJAna kA udaya, (5) bauddha ajJAna kI nivRtti, (6) jIvanmukti, Atmatattva-cintana / 78

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(7) bhogAdi ke dvArA prArabdhanAza, (8) dehatyAga ke anantara pauruSa jJAna kA udaya tathA (9) mokSa athavA paramezvaratva kI praapti| jIvoM kI tIna vRttiyoM ko varNita karate hue brahmANDa purANa meM likhA hai-tAmasI vRkti kA jIva vastu ko mUla sthiti meM nahIM jAna pAtA aura tattvadarzana na kara pAne ke kAraNa vividha bandhanoM meM baMdhatA rahatA hai| mUla tattva ko na samajhane kA artha hai-anitya saMsAra ko nitya samajhanA, duHkha meM sukha-dRSTi rakhanA, abhAva meM bhAva-buddhi rakhanA, apavitra vastu ko pavitra mAnanA; yaha viparIta buddhi hI jJAna doSa athavA manodoSa kahalAtI hai| tamo guNa hI ajJAna kA mUla hai| (isa tAmasI vRtti kI tulanA hama jainAnusAra varNita mithyAtva se kara sakate haiN|) sat-asat karmoM ke samanvita rUpa zubha-azubha phala kA nAma rajoguNa hai| unnata sthiti kI vRtti sAtviko kahalAtI hai| jIva kA satvastha honA arthAt tattva kA bodha karanA hI jJAna hai aura jJAna se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai-jJAna dvArA (1) viSayoM kA viyoga (parityAga), (2) anAsakti, (3) tRSNAkSaya ko mokSa prApti kA sAdhana batAte hue kahA hai ki kisI prakAra ke sambandha na rahane kA artha kaivalya hai| isa kaivalya se manuSya niraMjana (aMjana = mAyA aura usa mAyA se rahita niraMjana) arthAt mAyA mukta ho jAtA hai aura niraMjanatA kA artha hI jIva kA zuddha-buddha-mukta paramahaMsa bana jAnA hai| AtmajJAna kI upAdeyatA jaina dharma tathA purANoM meM AtmajJAna ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai tathA ajJAna ko saMsAra meM saMsaraNa kA hetu mAnA hai| purANoM meM AtmajJAna kA sAdhana AtmA hI batAte hue kahA hai:- .. . "AsmAnaM cAtmanA ve-ttha dhArayAtmAnamAtmanA"5 kAlikA purANa ke isa padyAMza kA yaha tAtparya hai ki apanI AtmA ke dvArA hI apanI AtmA ko jAnie arthAt svayaM hI apane Apake svarUpa kA jJAna prApta kIjie aura AtmA se hI AtmA ko dhAraNa kiijie| lagabhaga yahI Azaya jaina dharma ke isa padya se spaSTa hotA hai-"samikkhae appagaM appenn| AtmajJAna kI sarvazreSThatA pratipAdita karate hue purANoM ke lie kahA gayA hai ki "eka tarapha unameM bilkula sAdhAraNa tIrthoM kA darzana majjana karane athavA ekAdazI, pradoSa Adi kA vrata kara lene se hI svarga apavarga kI prApti kA lAbha batalAyA gayA hai; dUsarI tarapha aise bhI varNana milate haiM jinameM tIrthAdi ko bahuta nimnakoTi kA puNya batalAyA gayA hai aura AtmajJAna ko hI sarvAdhika mahatva diyA hai.| zAstroM meM "snAna aura darzana karane yogya tIrtha, bAlabuddhi vAle (alpajJAna yukta) vyaktiyoM ke lie : Izvara kA rUpa hotI hai aura AtmajJAniyoM kI dRSTi meM unakA AtmA paramAtmA-svarUpa . 79 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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hotA hai|"6 vastutaH jisakA anantaka citta AtmA meM hI vyavasthita ho gayA hai usako samasta tIrthoM athavA AzramoM kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? ki teSAM sakalaistIthairAzramairvA prayojanam yeSAM cAnantakaM cittamAtmanyeva vyavasthitama / / 77 manuSya kA yaha parama dharma hai ki vaha AtmA ke sambodhasvarUpa cAle sukha meM praviSTa ho jaaye| santa puruSa Atma tattva ko hI jAnane yogya kahA karate haiM, jisako prApta karake yaha dehadhArI samasta kAmanAoM ko tyAga diyA karatA hai| Atmatattva se ajJAna hone se hI bhrama hotA hai. ajJAnadazA meM kartavya-akartavya kA samyaka viveka na hone se hI bhrama hotA hai evaM aisI ajJAnadazA meM pazuvat avasthA ho jAtI hai| "maiM kauna hU~" isa prakAra kA mana meM bhalI-bhA~ti vicAra karanA caahie| yaha saba kucha jAnane para hI Apa samajhiye ki Apane saba kucha jAna liyA hai| (deha Adi) anAtma vastuoM meM AtmA tathA. jo vastue~ apanI nahIM haiM, unheM apanA samajhanA hI mUrkhatA hai|deg bhalI-bhA~ti vimarza karake jJAna prApta karanA caahie| zravaNa ke dvArA, manana ke dvArA mAnanA caahie| apanI AtmA meM hI AtmA kA nirdhAraNa karake sukha-pUrvaka baMdha . se pramukta ho jAnA caahiye| Atma-hita hI sarvopari hai:___ tyajedekaM kulasyArthe, grAmasyArthe kulaM tyajet grAmaM janapadasyArthe, AtmArthe pRthivIM tyajet / / . arthAt sampUrNa kula kI surakSA ke lie eka (vyakti) kA tyAga kara denA cAhie, pUre grAma kI surakSA ke lie kula ko tyAga deveM, janapada kI rakSA ho to eka grAma kA kucha bhI dhyAna na kareM; kintu apanI AtmA kA mahatva sabase adhika hai| AtmarakSA (Atma-kalyANa-sampAdana) ke lie to sampUrNa pRthvI ko bhI tyAga denA cAhie kyoMki AtmA hI yogiyoM ke lie bhI durjeya hai, ataH pahale hI AtmA ke dvArA AtmA ko jIta lenA caahie|82 ___Atma jJAna kA mahatva jaina dharma meM bhI paryApta hai| AtmA ko aura kisI ke dvArA bhI jItA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki AtmA durdamanIya hai| ataH AtmA ke dvArA AtmA ko jIta lene para hI sarvadA sukha kI prApti hotI hai| Atmavijaya prApta hone para saba kucha jIta liyA jAtA hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM AtmajJAna nahIM ho aura anya cAhe jitanA jJAna ho to vaha sAdhya ko prApta nahIM karA sakatA hai| AtmajJAna samasta sAdhanA kA kendra-bindu hai| AtmajJAna hI samasta jJAna kI kuMjI hai| ataH sarvaprathama AtmasvarUpa kA bodha prApta karanA caahie| AcArya kundakunda ke kathanAnusAra "mokSakAmI ko AtmA ko jAnanA cAhie, AtmA para hI zraddhA karanA cAhie aura AtmA kI hI anubhUti karanI caahie| samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, pratyAkhyAna (tyAga), saMvara aura yoga saba AtmA ko Atmatatva-cintana / 80

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pAne ke sAdhana haiM, kyoMki yahI AtmA jJAna meM hai, darzana meM hai, tyAga meM hai, saMvara meM hai aura yoga. meM hai|"86 __AcArAMga sUtra meM AtmA ke viSaya meM vivecana karate hue kahA gayA hai-"jo AtmA hai, vaha vijJAtA hai| jo vijJAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai| jisase jAnA jAtA hai, vaha AtmA hai, jAnane kI isa zakti se AtmA kI pratIti hotI hai| "maiM kauna hU~?" kahA~ se AyA hU~? ityAdi praznoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra AtmAnuzAsana ke lie hI jaina dharma tathA purANoM meM prerita kiyA gayA hai| purANa tathA jaina dharma hI nahIM, samasta darzanoM kA udgama srota Atmatattva hI hai| usI kI khoja meM vibhinna vicAradhArAe~ pravAhita huiiN| purANa tathA jaina dharma meM na kevala samAna rUpa se AtmA kA astittva svIkRta hai balki AtmA ke baddha evaM mukta svarUpa para cintana karate hue baMdha tathA mokSa ke hetuoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AtmA kA nitya, ajara-amara, avinAzI rUpa purANa tathA jaina darzana ke atirikta upaniSadAdi sAhitya meM bhI nirUpaNa hai| jisa prakAra se jainadarzana meM AtmAe~ aneka mAnI gaI haiM tathA AtmA ke sAtha baMdhana ko AbhAsa mAtra na mAnate hue vAstavika mAnA hai; usI prakAra aneka AtmAe~ nirUpita karate hue purANoM meM bhI karma baMdhana ko vAstavika mAnA hai; jo mukti se pUrva taka AtmA se sambaddha rahatA hai| sUkSma zarIra ke rUpa meM karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha usI prakAra kA hai jisa prakAra kA jaina darzana meM AtmA ke sAtha kArmaNa zarIra kA hai| "appA so paramappA" arthAt AtmasvAtantrya svIkRta karate hue AtmA meM paramAtmA hone kI yogyatA tathA usakI mukti evaM karmanAza * meM hetubhUta sAdhanA mArga bhI nirdiSTaM hai| isa prakAra kaI mukhya samAnatAeM Atma-tattva ke cintana meM purANa tathA jaina darzana se prasphuTa hotI haiN| mAtra darzanoM yA dharmoM meM hI nahIM; sarvatra Atmatattva kI mahattA svIkRta hai| manovaijJAnika zodha maNDala ne bhI ise svIkAra kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, bhASA-zAstriyoM ne bhI isa Atmatattva (ahaMtattva 'maiM) ko atyanta mahatva diyA hai| vaha saMskRta bhASA meM ahaM ke lie prayukta uttama puruSa tathA iMgliza ke IP, jo sadA bar3e akSaroM meM likhA jAtA hai, se bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vastutaH Atmatattva hai hI itanA mahatvapUrNa ki usI ke AdhAra para samasta prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiN| 000 81 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. uberakara sAEi 2. svamatAta simsI vI darzana meM mAlavAda AzrI svAmita smRti dikhIva abhAva 3. bRhadAraNyaka 551 4 bandema 53 400 . vahI 191, 512 8. vahI, 1.11.5: 43.3 1. muni zrI hajArIpala smRvijaya pR 397 10. sAgaramala mama baiTa aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pR. 209 11. vizeSakamAna 1575 1572, 1557 12. yA masIha pazcAtya darzana yA samIkSAtmaka itihAsa", pR. 198-200 13. avaya sUtra 1.55 14 avaM svadahassamelo boTe avasmRLe pUnAvamA siTa prakRti samAra -prameyaralamAlA 15. 'vIsAramAdarzanA -nyAyasUtra 3.1.25 19. matvA svavArSika 28 17 burIndribAriyo batireko vizu shukm| astveva azvidAtmeti hetuskA sudurgamaH / / buTandri-sAvarAvaM Atma basAM iriNate smRmijAvaTa dehavedanAt // aba smarvAnumAyAmazeSa jheva ko asamIti vedezu vedAnceSu ca mIyate / -zivapurANa 7.1.5. 43-45 ke smAzaMkara tripAThI "zivapuruSa kI dArzanika tathA dhArmika samAlocanA" 18. 'jIvati praNiti bhirindrika klAyuH zvAsocchvAsAkhyaH jIva' -jainadarzana sAra-prathamodhyAyaH 19. (0 "nizcayamavena tu svavetanAtmaka svabhavena jIva" "kha mAtako bIca -sarvArthasiddhi' pR.4 .. 20. 'bIko khokmayo amuci batA sadeha parimAko kalA saMsArako siTo so vissasoDagaI / / " -dravyasaMgraha 21. ziva purava 51.5.4750 Atmatatva-cintana / 82

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22. DaoN. dharmendranAtha zAmI -'pArkaNDeyapurANa' pR 235 3433, 39 23. tattvAryasUtra 1.8 24. "bIvo uvaogalakkhayo -uttarAyakA 2811 25. zrI amolaka RSijIma - matva pravAsa pR 3 22. brahmavaivarta purANa bakha 1726 29caitanyamAtmano rUpaM siddha jJAnakriyAtmakam tasyAnAvRtarUpatvAcchidratvaM kena vAryate // anyohamiti jAnAti tayA mukto bhavet shivH|| -ziva purANa boTika saM 43 28. ziva purANa 7.1.5.57 (ziva purANa kI dArzanika tathA dhArmika samAlomA 29. jitendra candra bhAratIya "ziva purANa meM zaikdarzana ktva' pR. 165-166 30. sAMkhyakArikA 18 31. vizeSAvazyaka pAdhya 1582 32. "ege AyA -ThANAMga 1 33. "ege ahamasi, na me atthi koi na yAhamavi kassavi // " -AcArAMma 186 34. 'AtmA zuddhokSara-ekasyAkhilajantuSu' . -viSNupurANa 2.13.71 'sa paryamAcchukramakAya_svayambhU' -IzAvAsyopariSad 4 35. "AtmatAyAH samatve'pi baDhA muktAH pare vata' -ziva puNya 11.35.63 36. paM. dalasukha mAlavaMSikA -'AtmapImAMsa' 38 37. jainatattva prakAza pR. 36 38. 'asaMkhyeyaprAgAdiSu jIvAnAm' -batvAsUtra 5.15 39. 'pradezasaMhAravisarpAbhyAM pradIpavat' -vahI, 516 40. "jainadarzanasAra -prathamodhyAya 41. kaThopaniSad 2.2.12 42.. aMdogya 5.18.1 43. maitrI, 6.38 4. bRhadA. 5.6.1 .. . 45. (ka) kauSitakI 4.20 ..(kha) taittirIya 1.2 46. (ka) kaTa 1.2,20 (kha) aMdogya 3.14.3 47. brahmavaivartapurANa, gaNapatikhaNDa, adhyAya 12 4. muni zrI mizrImala jI ma karma va prastAvamA, pR. 30 2. uttarAdhyayana 20. 36-37 50. "karma mAyA-nubandho-sya saMsAra kathyate budhaiH -ziva purANa 51.31.60 51. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 14.19 52. sana chijjai na bhijjai na ur3Ai na hammai kaMca sabaloe-AcAva 1.3.3 83 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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53. zrI zrImallajI mahArAja "samyagdRSTi, samyagdarzana aura usakI sAdhanA" nAmaka lekha se tiloka zatAbdI abhinandana grantha . 54. kimatra bahunoktena puruSo dehataH pRthak apRthagye tu pazyanti hyasamyak teSu darzanam / / -ziva purANa 7.1.5.50 55. garur3a purANa (2) pR. 393, zlo. 31 56. vAsAMsi jIrNAni yathA vihAya navAni gRhNAti naro'parANi tathA zarIrANi vihAya jIrNA- nyanAni gRhNAti navAni dehI // -vahIM, pR. 306, zlo. 42 57. bhAgavata purANa 11vA~ skanda 58. vahI, 12vA~ skanda 59. ziva purANa visaM. 16vA adhyAya 60. jitendracandra bhAratIya -'zivapurANa meM zaivadarzana tattva' pU. 155 sthAnAMga 57, 1.1 62. vipayAro so appA, paramaMtara bAhiro hu dehINaM tatva paro jhAijbai, aMtovAraNa caivi bhirppaa|| -'zramaNa' janavarI-mArca 93, pR. 4 63. caraNAnuyoga prastAvanA sAhaMkArastathA jIvastanmukta: zaMkara svayam jIvastuccha. karmabhogI nirlipta: zaMkaro mahAn / / yathaikaM ca suvarNAdimilitaM rakhatAdinA alpamUlyaM prajAyeta tathA jiivo'pyrhyut:|| -ziva purANa (2) pR. 144, zlo. 23 65. "baddheSveva punaH jJAnezvaryAdi vaiSamyaM bhajante sottaracirAH // " ziva purANa 7.1.3.64 (ziva mahApurANa kI dArzanika tathA dhArmika samAlocanA) 66. savve sayakammakappiyA, aviyatteNa duheNa pANiNe hiNDanti bhayAulA saDhA, jAijarAmaraNehi'miDaiyA // - -sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.3.18 67. brahmavaivartapurANa (1) pR. 429, zlo. 20-21 68. xxxxxx 69. (a) banatatvaprakAza pR. 410 () DaoN. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina "jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa" pR. 138-140 (sa) muni zrI mizrImalajI ma -dvitIya karmagrantha pR. 33-42 70. yogavAziSTha utpatti prakaraNa, . sarga 118, zlo. 5-15 71. dvitIya "karmagrantha pR. 27-29 72. "pAtaMjalayoga pradIpa" pR. 151-152 zrI svAmI omAnanda tIrtha 73. jitendracandra bhAratIya ___-'ziva purANa meM zaiva darzana tattva' pR. 153 74. 'brahmANDa purANa' pR. 152-153 AmAmala- kima/4

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75. DaoN. camanalAla gautama-"kAlikA purANa" (1) pR. 204, zlo. 10 76. vAmana purANa (1) pR. 12-13 prastAvanA 77. vahI, pR. 404 38. vahI, pR. 405 79. viSNu purANa 6. u. 21-24 80. skanda purANa (1) pR. 168, 12.72-73 81. garur3a purANa (1) 355, 65.2 82. mArkaNDeya purANa 36.9 83. "appA hu khalu duimo". 84. "appaNAmeva appANaM jaittA suimehae" 85. "savvaM appe jie jiya" 86. samayasAra 15-18 87. "je AyA se vinAyA, je vinAyA se AyA jeNa viyANaI se AyA taM paDucca paDisaMkhAe" ra 000 85 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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karmavAda pratyeka kArya ke pIche kAraNa hotA hai, prANiyoM kI paristhitiyoM meM vaiSamya kA bhI eka adRzya kAraNa hai, jo karma hai| karma-baMdhana aura kucha nahIM, eka kriyA kI pratikriyA hai| jaise aMkura kA mUla kAraNa bIja hai aura use jamIna evaM jala Adi milane se aMkura phUTatA hai vaise hI vibhinnatAyeM paristhiti se avazya prabhAvita hotI haiM, parantu paristhiti usakA mUla kAraNa nahIM hai, mUla kAraNa to karma hai| pro. upendra nArAyaNa ke anusAra-"karmavAda kA siddhAnta hindutva kI rIDha kI haDDI hai / karma - vibhinna artha .. AdhyAtmika kSetra meM karmavAda eka mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai, karma siddhAnta lagabhaga sabhI darzanoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, vibhinna darzanoM ke anusAra karma ke aneka artha hote haiN| karma kA zAbdika artha-kArya-pravRtti athavA kriyA hai arthAt jo kucha bhI kiyA jAtA hai vaha karma hai| prasiddha vyAkaraNakAra pANini ke anusAra-"kartA ke lie atyanta iSTa jo ho vaha karma hai| karma kA tAtparya mImAMsA-darzana meM kriyA-kANDa yA yajJAdi anuSThAna batAyA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM karma kI paribhASA hai-"jo eka dravya meM samavAya se rahatA ho, jisameM koI guNa na ho, aura saMyoga kA vibhAga meM kAraNAntara kI apekSA na kre| sAMkhya darzana meM karma kA 'saMskAra' artha hai| gItA meM karmazIlatA (kartavya) ke lie karma zabda prayukta hai| nyAyazAstra meM utkSepaNa, apakSepaNa, AkuMcana, prasAraNa tathA gamanarUpa pA~ca kriyAoM ko karma kahA hai| purANoM meM mukhyataH do arthoM meM karma prayukta hai-(1) dhArmika vrata-niyama Adi kriyAe~ tathA (2) prAcIna karma sNskaar| jaina darzana meM bhI karma kA mukhyataH artha-prAcIna karma saMskAra hai tathA kahIM-kahIM kriyA (AcAra, kartavya) ke lie bhI karma zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| karma kA tAtparya karmagrantha ke anusAra yaha hai-jIva kI apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika kriyA dvArA athavA mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya, karmavAda / 86

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yoga kAraNoM se prerita hokara rAgadveSAtmaka pravRtti se cumbaka kI taraha AtmA jo karatA hai, vaha "karma".kahalAtA hai| karmavipAka karma ke nAnA prakAra ke pAka (udaya) ko vipAka kahate haiM--"vipAko anubhava zubhAzubha karmoM ke phalasvarUpa jo pariNAma prApta hotA hai, vahI karmavipAka kahalAtA hai| ina zubhAzubha kamoM kA tathA unake pariNAmoM kA purANa tathA jaina dharma meM pracura vivecana hai| karma hI sukha-duHkha Adi sAMsArika vividhatAoM kA kAraNa hai| jainAgama AcArAMga sUtra kA yaha spaSTa kathana hai-"kammuNA uvAhI jAyaI arthAt karma se samagra upAdhiyA~-vikRtiyA~ paidA hotI haiN| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki "eko daridro eko hi zrImAniti ca krmnnH| . ___ rAjA-raMka,buddhimAn-mUrkha,surUpa-kurUpa, dhanika-nirdhana,sabala-nirbala,rogI-nirogI, bhAgyazAlI-abhAgA ina sabameM manuSyatva samAna hone para bhI jo antara dikhAI detA hai vaha saba karmakRta hai| vaha karma jIva (AtmA) ke binA nahIM ho sktaa| karma ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie isase bar3hakara aura kyA pramANa ho sakatA hai ? sabhI prANI apane kRta karmoM ke kAraNa nAnA yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karate haiN|" jaina dharma ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI vaiSamya kA kAraNa karma ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra-yaha AtmA na to deva hai, na manuSya hai aura na pazu hai, na hI vRkSa hai-ye bheda to karmajanya zarIra rUpI kRtiyoM kA hai| jIva svakarmAnusAra hI utpanna hotA hai aura karma se hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| sukha-duHkha, bhaya-zoka karma se hI hotA hai| karma ke bala para prANI indra, brahmaputra Adi banatA hai| vaha svakarma se sAlokyAdi, mukti catuSTaya, sarvasiddhatva tathA amaratva ko bhI prApta kara sakatA hai| brAhmaNatva, devatva, manujatva, ityAdi yoniyoM ko prApta karatA hai|12 karmaNA jAyate jantu karmaNyeva prliiyte| ... sukhaM duHkhaM bhayaM zokaM karmaNyeva prapadyate // . svakRta karmoM kA phala vyakti ko avazya bhoganA par3atA hai| jainAgamoM ke anusAra atItakAla meM jaisA bhI kucha karma kiyA gayA hai, bhaviSya meM vaha usI rUpa meM upasthita hotA hai| sukha yA duHkha vyakti ke kiye gaye kArya ke pArizramika ke rUpa meM avazya milatA hai| unake (kRtakoM kA) phala bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM hai| kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atvi5 jainAgamoM ke isa mantavya kA purANoM meM paryApta samarthana hai| karma ke phalabhoga kI avazyaMbhAvitA varNita karate hue garUr3apurANakAra kA kathana hai-jisa karma ne brahmA 87 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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ko eka kumhAra kI bhAMti niyata kara diyA hai, viSNu ko avatAra dhAraNa kara mahAn saMkaTa meM DAla diyA hai, rUdra ko bhikSuka banA diyA hai, tathA jisa karmavaza sUrya nityaprati gagana meM bhramaNa karate haiM, usa parama prabala karma ke lie hamArA bArambAra namaskAra hai| yaha karmoM kI rekhA, vidhi ke vaza se acchoM-acchoM ko bhI bhramita kara detI hai| karmoM kA phala bhoge binA unakA saiMkar3oM kalpoM meM bhI kSaya nahIM hotA hai| apane kiye hue zubha yA azubha karma kA phala avazya hI bhoganA par3atA hai| - karma ke mukhyataH do prakAra zubha-azubha, puNya-pApa, kuzala-akuzala, dharma-adharma sabhI ko mAnya haiN| puNyakarma se anukUlatAe~ prApta hotI haiM. jabaki pApakarma se pratikUlatAe~ milatI haiN| jainAgamoM meM varNita puNya-prakRtiyoM evaM pApa-prakRtiyoM meM inhIM zubhAzubha pariNAmoM kA varNana hai| buddhi, uttama gati, Ayu-gotra, zarIra Adi puNya prakRtiyA~ haiM jabaki ajJAna, mithyAtva, azubha gati, Ayu, zArIrika saMracanA Adi pApa ke pariNAma haiN| puNya tathA pApa ke pariNAmoM ko purANoM meM bhI batAyA gayA hai| karma ke anusAra hI cirakAla taka jIvita rahane vAlA tathA karma ke prabhAva se kSaNa bhara kI Ayu vAlA hotA hai| karma se karor3oM kalpoM kI Ayu ho jAtI hai aura karma se hI kSINAyu vAlA hotA hai| akaraNIya karma se jIva rogI hotA hai aura zubhakarma se vaha roga rahita rahatA hai| kutsita karma se aMdhe aura aMgahIna hote haiN|21 zubha karma se svargAdi kI prApti hotI hai tathA azubha karmoM se narakoM meM bhramaNa karate haiN|22 karma kA kartRtva tathA bhoktRtva jaina darzana evaM vaidika darzana meM karma ke kartRtva ke viSaya meM bhinna vicAradhArAe~ haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra-jIva ko apane kiye karmoM kA phala koI Izvara nAma kI viziSTa caitanyazakti nahIM detii| karmoM meM svayaM meM hI vaha zakti hai jisake kAraNa jIva ko prAkRtika rUpa se usake karmoM kA phala milatA rahatA hai, isI siddhAnta kI puSTi gItA meM bhI huI hai| 23 jagata ke jIvoM kA kartRtva yA usake karmoM kA sarjana prabhu (Izvara) nahIM karatA, na hI unase karmaphala kA saMyoga karAtA hai / yaha saba svabhAvataH calatA rahatA hai| isake viparIta Izvara kartRtvavAdI darzanoM kI dhAraNA hai ki jIvoM ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala denA Izvara ke adhIna hai, unake dvArA kaI yuktiyA~ rakhI gaI, jinakA khaNDana bhI jaina darzana meM kiyA gayA hai| Izvara kartRtvavAdiyoM ke mukhya tarka haiM--24. 1. puruSakRta karma bahudhA niSphala hote haiN| ataH karmaphala kA kAraNa Izvara hai| karmavAda / 88

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2. sAMsArika prANI ajJa hai, yaha apane Apa meM sukha-duHkha rUpa phala ko svayaM pAne meM asamartha hai, ataH Izvara dvArA prerita hokara hI svarga yA naraka meM jAtA hai| 3. apane Apa meM jar3a hone se karma phala nahIM de sakate, ataH unakA phaladAtA Izvara hai| 4. "jIva apane bure karmoM kA phala svayaM nahIM bhoganA cAhate, ata: bhogavAne vAlI viziSTa zakti Izvara honA caahie| ina matoM kA jaina darzana meM khaNDana evaM samAdhAna kiyA hai ki puruSakRta karma kaI bAra niSphala pratIta hote haiM, ataH Izvara ko phaladAtA banAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM, phala ke sambandha meM kyA dera nahIM ho sakatI? Aja kA boyA bIja tatkAla phala nahIM detaa| isI prakAra karma kA paripAka hone para unakA phala avazya hI prApta hotA hai| karma aura karmaphala meM kArya-kAraNa kA vyabhicAra kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH karma kA siddhAnta bar3A vilakSaNa hai| dharmAtmA ke duHkhI tathA pApAtmA ke sukhI dIkhane meM bhI kramazaH unake puNyAnubandhI pApakarma tathA pApAnubandhI puNyakarma kAraNa hai| unakI dhArmikatA aura pApakarma niSphala nahIM hote, isa janma meM nahIM to bhavAntara meM avazya phalita hote haiM / 25 - padmapurANakAra kA bhI isa sandarbha meM yahI Azaya hai ki "yahA~ (saMsAra meM) jo bhI bhalA-burA karma manuSya karatA hai, tadanusAra phala vaha paraloka meM jAkara avazya bhogA karatA hai| puNyakarma karane vAle puruSa ko bhI yadi koI duHkha utpanna hotA hai to usa duHkha ke samaya meM kisI bhI prakAra kA saMtApa nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki vaha duHkha to usako pUrva janma ke deha ke dvArA kiye hue karmoM ke kAraNa hI utpanna huA hai| isI bhA~ti pApoM kA AcaraNa karane vAle puruSa ko bhI saMsAra meM sukha kI samutpatti huA karatI hai, usa sukha se use harSa nahIM karanA cAhie arthAt pApakarma kA kucha bhI burA phala nahIM hotA-isa bhrama meM par3akara harSa meM phUlanA nahIM caahie|"26. . Izvara ko karma phaladAtA mAnane para aneka doSa Ae~ge yathA-Izvara preraNA se hI vyakti saba kucha karatA hai to vaha doSI nahIM hogaa| jaise zikArI, cora Adi ke lie Izvara ne jo nizcita kiyA, vahI ve karate haiM to phira unheM doSI kyoM kahA jAtA hai? Izvara sarvazaktimAn hai to use pahale hI duSkarmoM ko roka denA caahie| vaha aparAdhakarmiyoM ko karma karate hI phala kyoM nahIM de detA? Izvara kRtakRtya hai, dayAlu hai, use sAMsArika jhaMjhaToM meM par3ane kA lobha yA rAga kyoM lgaa| usake dvArA bhayaMkara hiMsAtmaka daNDa diye jAne para usakI dayAlutA meM bAdhA AtI hai| saMsAra meM ananta jIva haiM, pratyeka jIva mana-vacana-kAyA se pratikSaNa koI na koI karma karatA rahatA hai, ina sabakA lekhA-jokhA rakhanA, unakA phala denA itanA duSkara hai ki vaha 89 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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apane AtmabhAva meM kabhI sthira nahIM raha skegaa| vastutaH ina praznoM kA koI uttara * nahIM hai| bhale hI koI svayaM ke kaTu kamoM kA pariNAma nahIM bhoganA cAhatA hai kintu use niyata samaya para bhoganA hI par3atA hai| jaise kisI svAdalolupa dvArA asvAsthyakara bhojana kara lene para roga ho jAte haiM, use icchA viruddha vyAdhi bhoganI par3atI hai| . ataH prANI ke svakRta kamoM kA phala dene vAlI Izvara nAmaka zakti-vizeSa ko na mAnate hue usa zarIra ko mAnA hai, jo AtmA ke sAtha paraloka bAte samaya bhI. sAtha rahatA hai, vaha samasta karmaphaladAtA, karmapurala ke atisUkSma paramANuoM se banA kArmaNa zarIra hai| jaina darzana kI bhA~ti hI mImAMsA darzana, sAMkhya darzana Adi Izvara kartRtva ko amAnya karate haiN| AtmA ke kartRtva ko siddha karate hue haribhadrasUri kA yaha kathana hai ki "karma meM AtmA ke pariNAmoM ke anurUpa pariNata hone kI yogyatA hai, isI kAraNa AtmA para kartRtva ghaTita hotA hai| yadi aisA na hotA to atiprasaMga doSa AtA hai; yaha loka meM prasiddha hI hai| yadi ise anyathA anya prakAra se mAnA jAe to vaha saba, jo hamAre jIvana meM ghaTita hotA hai, aupacArika mAtra hogA, vAstavikatA ke na hone se vaha azobhana-aniSTa yA avAMchita hogaa|28 jainAgamoM kA yahI mantavya hai ki kamoM kA kartA evaM bhoktA svayaM karmabaddha AtmA hai| anya kisI ke dvArA usake karma karane, bhogane kA kArya sambhava nhiiN| eka ke badale dUsarA, usa karma kA phala nahIM bhoga sktaa| ataH svakRta karmoM kA bhoga svayaM ko hI karanA par3atA hai ego sayaM paccaNuhoi dukkheM" svayaM AtmA hI apane sukha yA duHkha kA kartA hai|" prANI svakRta kamoM ko hI bhogatA hai, ataeva kisI ko, dUsare ke sukha-duHkha kA, jIvana-maraNa kA kAraNa mAnanA mAtra eka kalpanA hai, ajJAna hai| AcArya amitagati ke anusAra vyakti svakRta karma dvArA hI zubhAzubha phala prApta karatA hai| dUsaroM ke dvArA diyA gayA (kiyA gayA) yadi prApta hotA ho to usake svakRta karma nirarthaka hI sAbita ho jAte haiN| svakRta karmoM ko chor3akara AtmA ko koI kucha nahIM detaa|" isa prakAra bainadarzana ke karmavAda kA yaha nizcita mata hai sukhasya duHkhasya na ko'pi dAtA jaina darzana ke isa mantavya kA samarthana purANoM meM bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| purANoM ke anusAra bhI-"sukha-duHkha kA dene vAlA yA inake haraNa karane vAlA koI bhI nahIM hai| manuSya apane hI kiye hue karmoM ke anusAra, cAhe vaha pahile janmAntaroM ke kiye hoM yA isa janma ke hoM, sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate hai na dAtA sukha-duHkhAnAM, na hartAsti kazcana . svakRtAnyeva bhuJjante, dukhAni ca sukhAni c||" karmavAda / 10

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jaina darzanavat hI karmasvAtantrya sampAdita karate hue brahmavaivarta purANa meM spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki dehI (bAtmA) hI karmoM kA kartA tathA bhoktA hai kartA bhoktA va dehI .. purANoM meM sthAna-sthAna para kahA gayA hai ki zubha yA azubha jaisA bhI phala vyakti prApta karatA hai, vaha usake svakRta karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI milatA hai, ataH usameM use vyAkula nahIM honA caahie| isI prakAra kamoM ke kartRtva bhoktRtva ke sambandha meM upaniSadoM meM bhI bIna ke lie kartA aura moktA kA prayoga hubA hai|5 karma kA asaMvibhAga jaina darzana kI karma sambandhita vicAradhArA kA yaha spaSTa mata hai ki eka vyakti ke karma ke phala dUsarA nahIM prApta kara sakavA athavA eka ke lie dUsarA karma nahIM kara sakatA hai| vastutaH AtmA hI svayaM apanA utthAna-patana karatA hai| vibhAvadazA meM ramaNa karane vAlA AtmA hI vaitaraNI nadI aura kUTazAlmalI vRkSa hai aura svabhAva dazA meM ramaNa karane vAlA AtmA hI kAmadhenu aura nandanavana hai| zubha mArga para calane vAlA AtmA hI svayaM kA mitra hai aura unmArga para calane vAlA AtmA svayaM hI apanA zatru hai| . isake viparIta vaidika vicAradhArA ke anusAra eka vyakti kA karma dUsare vyakti meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt eka vyakti apane karmaphala dUsare ko de sakatA hai| bAda Adi prasaMgoM se yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki smArta dharmAnusAra eka ke karma kA phala dUsare ko mila sakatA hai| parantu jaina darzana isa vicAradhArA kA khaNDana karatA hai| vaidika darzana tathA bauddha darzana kI taraha vaha karmaphala ke saMvibhAga meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| yadi vibhAga ko svIkAra kiyA jAye to puruSArtha aura sAdhanA kA mUlya hI kyA hai? isalie kahA gayA hai ki karma sadA kartA ke pIche-pIche (sAtha) calate haiN| apane svayaM ke karmoM se hI AtmA baMdhana meM par3atA hai| . isa mantavya kA samarthana purANoM meM bhI dRSTigata hotA hai yadyapi zrAddha Adi kA varNana bhI unameM hai, kintu phira bhI yaha to mAnA hI hai ki-"pahale kiyA huA karma usake karane vAle ke sAtha hI rahatA hai| jisa taraha sahasroM dhenuoM meM bachar3A apanI mAtA ke pAsa hI pahuMca bAtA hai; isI prakAra se svakRta karma usake karane vAle ke samIpa pahuMcatA hai aura vaha kahatA hai ki he mUDha ! apane svakRta karma-phala bhogane meM hI kyA parivApa kara rahA hai? yaha jo kucha bhI pApakarma karatA hai, usakA kuphala bhI yaha akelA hI bhogatA hai| isa bhoga meM aura AvAgamana meM koI bhI anya sAthI nahIM hotA hai|39 . 1 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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padmapurANa meM vaidika dharma ke virodha meM mAyAmoha dvArA daityoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| usameM tIrtha, veda, yajJa, zrAddha Adi kaI pramukha vaidika siddhAntoM kI AlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| isa sandarbha meM vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki "yajJa meM vadha kiye hue pazu se jo svarga prApti kI icchA kI jAtI hai; yadi aisA hI hai to yajamAna ke dvArA vahA~ para apane pitA kA hanana kyoM nahIM kiyA jAtA hai? yadi anya ke dvArA khAye hue se pitRgaNa kI tRpti hotI hai to pravAsa meM rahane vAle ko bhI zrAddha diyA jAne se vaha pravAsI bhI use prApta kara tRpta ho jAnA caahie| bhAgya-puruSArtha karmavAda ke sthAna para anya bhI kucha kAraNoM kI kalpanA dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI hai| unameM mukhyataH haiM--kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, yadRcchAvAda, niyativAda, bhUtavAda, puruSavAda, ajJAnavAda Adi / inako bhI vizvavaicitrya kA ekamAtra kAraNa mAnA gayA thaa|" jaina paramparA ke dArzanika kAla meM karma ke sAtha kAlAdi kAraNoM ke samanvaya kA prayala kiyA gyaa| karma ko mukhya kAraNa mAnate hue kAlAdi (kAla, svabhAva, niyati, puruSArtha) ko usake sahakArI kAraNa mAnA hai| AcArya siddhasena ke anusAra-"kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta karma aura puruSArtha, ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM se kisI eka ko hI kAraNa mAnA jAe aura zeSa kAraNoM, kI upekSA kI jAe, yaha mithyAtva hai|42 pUrvokta kAraNoM meM se niyativAda kA hI apara paryAya bhAgyavAda athavA daivavAda hai| bhAgyavAda poSaka aneka uktiyA~ bhAratIya sAhitya meM pracalita haiN| yathA "bhAgyaM phalati sarvatra na vidyA, na ca pauruSam" "bhAgyahInAH na pazyanti bahuratnA vasuMdharA," "yad bhAvyaM tad bhaviSyati / " garUr3apurANa meM bhAgya ko sarvopari mAnate hue kahA gayA hai ki isake Age kisI kA vaza nahIM calatA hai| jisa avasthA meM, jisa samaya meM, jisa dina, jisa rAta, jisa muhUrta aura jisa kSaNa meM jo bhI jaisA hone vAlA hai, vahI hokara rahatA hai, cAhe antarikSa meM calA jAye yA mahItala meM praveza kare athavA kisI bhI dizA meM calA jaaye| jo nahIM diyA hai vaha kahIM bhI nahIM mila sktaa| pahale janma meM jo vidyA kA adhyayana kiyA hai, jo dhara dAna diyA hai tathA jo karma kiye haiM, ve sabhI Age daur3akara calate haiN| jisakA samaya nahIM AyA, vaha saikar3oM bANoM se bhI nahIM maratA, anyathA eka kuzA ke agra bhAga se bhI mara jAtA hai aura kisI upAya se vaha jIvita nahIM rhtaa| mRtyu kA eka niyata samaya hotA hai| zeSa saba to kevala nimitta mAtra hote haiN| vAstava meM hotA vahI hai jo honA hai- . labdhavyameva labhate, gantavyameva gacchati prAptavyameva prApnoti, duHkhAni ca sukhAni ca karmavAda / 92

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- jaina darzana meM niyativAda to hai parantu vaha ekAnta nahIM hai| karma meM kaI prakAra ke parivartana kI sambhAvanA bhI vyakta kI gaI hai| sAmAnyatayA yahI nizcita hai-"kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi" arthAt jaise karmoM kA vyakti ne arjana kiyA hai, unheM bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM hogaa| parantu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki vyakti kucha bhI puruSArtha nahIM kara sktaa| vyakti ke jIvana meM bhAgya aura puruSArtha donoM hI spaSTataH samAna rUpa se mahattvapUrNa haiN| yahI mAnanA vAstava meM yuktiyukta hai| __bhAgya vAstava meM aura kucha bhI nahIM hai, prAcInakAla kA puruSArtha mAtra hai, pUrva janma yA bhUtakAla meM kiyA gayA karma daiva yA bhAgya kahA jAtA hai tathA vartamAna jIvana meM jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha puruSakAra yA puruSArtha kahA jAtA hai| kabhI aisA hotA hai ki thor3A sA prayatna karate hI saphalatA mila jAtI hai aura kabhI bahuta prayatna karane para bhI saphalatA prApta nahIM hotii| isakA kAraNa atIta meM kiye gaye vibhinna prakAra ke karma haiM, jo vartamAna meM hitakara yA ahitakara,sadbhAgya aura durbhAgya, saphalatA yA viphalatA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| ....... jIvana meM kiye jAne vAle aneka prakAra ke kArya puruSArtha rUpa haiM jo avazya hI kAlAntara meM phala dete haiN| tAtparya yahI hai ki bhAgya tathA puruSArtha donoM anyonyAzrita-eka dUsare para Tike hue haiN| ataH ekAntataH bhAgya para hI Azrita na rahakara yadi koI apane puruSArtha ko balavAna kare to kucha parivartana ho sakatA hai| yadi puruSArtha kA kucha mahattva na hotA to AtmAe~, jo anAdikAla se karmabaddha hotI hai, kabhI bhI mukta nahIM hotI, kintu aisA hotA nhiiN| paurANika evaM jaina donoM hI : mAnyatAoM meM puruSArtha dvArA vyakti ke karmamala kA dUra honA svIkRta hai| purANoM meM niyativAda varNita hai parantu phira bhI jaina darzana ke samAna puruSArthavAda bhI mAnya hai| maharSi manu ke prazna ke samAdhAna meM daiva tathA puruSArtha meM bar3A kauna hai yaha batAte hue matsyAvatAra kA kathana hai ki daiva nAmaka jo hai, vaha apanA hI karma samajhanA cAhie kyoMki vaha vahI apanA kiyA huA karma hai jo anya (pUrva) deha ke dvArA arjita kiyA gayA hai, isalie manISI loga saMsAra meM pauruSa ko hI zreSTha kahate haiN| yadi daiva pratikUla bhI hotA hai to usakA pauruSa ke dvArA hanana ho jAtA hai| aisA dekhA jAtA hai ki jo maMgala AcaraNa se yukta aura nitya hI utthAnazIla loga hote haiM ve pauruSa se pratikUla daiva ko vinaSTa kara dete haiN| jina puruSoM kA pUrva janmoM meM kiyA huA sAtvika karma hotA hai, aise kucha puruSoM kA acchA phala binA pauruSa kiye hI dekhane meM AtA hai| pauruSa ke dvArA bhI manuSyoM ko Arthika phala kI prApti ho jAtI hai| jo pauruSa se varjita hote haiM, ve to kevala eka daiva ko hI jAnate haiN| ataH trikAla se saMyukta daiva saphala (phaladAtA) hotA hai tathA pauruSa daiva kI sammati se samaya para phala diyA karatA hai|51 . .. 93 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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isIlie viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki kauna kisake dvArA mArA jAtA hai yA rakSita hotA hai? zubhAzubha AcaraNoM se yaha AtmA svayaM apanI rakSA athavA vinAza karane meM samartha hai| karmoM ke kAraNa hI sabakA janma tathA zubhAzubha gatiyA~ hotI haiN| ataH zubha karma (kArya) karane kA hI prayatna karanA ucita hai| . ___ isa prakAra puruSArtha kA mahattva purANa tathA baina darzana donoM meM pratipAdita hai| puruSArtha ke bala para vyakti kamoM ke udaya ke rUpa ko bhI parivartita kara sakatA hai| udAharaNasvarUpa hama jainAgamoM meM varNita karma kI anya avasthAe~-apavartanA, udvartanA, udIraNA, nirjarA Adi meM isakI sArthakatA dekha sakate haiM tathA purANa sAhitya meM yogI dvArA yogasAdhanA dvArA karma karate hue bhI karmabaddha na honA tathA prAcIna kamoM kA dhvaMsa karanA bhI yahI batAtA hai| AtmA aura karma kA sambana AtmA tathA karma meM pahale kauna thA tathA inakA sambandha kaba se huA, yaha jAmane ke lie unake prArambha sambandhI dhAraNAe~ jAna lenA racita hai| vaidika paramparA meM mAnya "keda aura upaniSadoM taka kA sRSTi-prakriyA ke anusAra jar3a aura cetana sRSTi anAdi na hokara sAdi hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA thA ki vaha sRSTi kisI eka yA kinhIM aneka bar3A athavA cetana tatvoM se utpanna huii| isase vipIta karma siddhAnta ke anusAra yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki bar3e avanA bIva ko sRSTi anAdi kAla se calI jA rahI hai| upaniSadoM ke andarakAlIna vaidika matoM meM bhI jIva kA astitva isI prakAra anAdi svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha karmavatva kI mAnyatA kI dena hai| jisa anAdi karmasiddhAnta ko bAda meM sabhI vaidika darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA, vaha ina darzanoM kI utpatti ke pUrva hI baina paramparA meM vidyamAna thaa| ina anantarakAlIna parivartita vicAradhArAoM ke sambandha meM hiriyannA Adi kA mana hai ki inameM aise navIna vicAra upalabdha hote haiM, jo vedoM va brAhmaNa-graMthoM meM nahIM the| unameM saMsAra aura karma-adRSTa viSayaka nUtana vicAra zrI dRSTigocara hote haiN| karma kAraNa hai aisA vAda bhI upaniSadoM kA sarvasammata vAda ho, yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa|" samasta itihAsa ko dRSTi sanmukha rakhe to vaidikoM para jainaparamparA ke karmavAda kA vyApaka prabhAva spaSTataH pratIta hotA hai|" isa prakAra yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sRSTi kI anAditA bAda meM sabhI ko svIkRta ho gii| ataH AtmA aura karma ke sambandha meM yahI mAnya hai ki ye donoM anAdi haiM evaM inakA sambandha bhI anAdi hai| AtmA (karmaNAtmaka) karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai| paMcAdhyAyI meM isako spaSTa kiyA hai: yathAnAdi sa jIvAtmA yathAnAdizca pudgalaH karmavAda / 94

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. dvayorbandho'pyanAdi syAt sambandho jIvakarmaNaH // 6 .. karma santati kI apekSA se AtmA ke sAtha karmoM kA sambandha anAdi hai, vyaktizaH nhiiN| kisI eka karma vizeSa kA anAdikAla se sambandha nahIM hai| pUrvabaddha karma sthiti ke pUrNa hone para AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM, navIna karma kA baMdha hotA rahatA hai, isa prakAra pravAha rUpa se yaha sambandha anAdi hai| parantu yaha sambandha anAdi hote hue sAnta bhI hai| karma va AtmA kA puruSArtha dvArA pRthakkaraNa ho sakatA isa jaina vicAradhArA ke samAna hI purANoM kA bhI mata hai ki "AtmA ke sAtha mala kA saMyoga anAdi hai, kintu AtmA kI mukti ke sAtha isa saMyoga kA vinAza avazya hotA hai-" "anAdimala bhogAntaM............59 AtmA kI yaha malinatA anAdi hote hue bhI isakA vinAza AtmA ke dvArA apanI satya prakRti ke pahacAna lene para hI hotA hai| . karma ke prakAra ... jainAgamoM ke anusAra karmoM ke mukhya bheda ATha haiM-60 1. jo karma AtmA ke jJAna guNa ko AcchAdita kare, use jJAnAvaraNa karma kahate haiN| yaha jagat ke bauddhika vibhinnatA kA kAraNa hai| 2. jo karma AtmA ke darzana guNa ko AcchAdita kare, use darzanAvaraNa karma kahate haiN| 3. jisa karma ke dvArA jIva ko sAMsArika indriya-janya sukha-duHkha kA anubhava ho, vaha vedanIya karma kahalAtA hai| 4. jo karma jIva ko sva-para-viveka meM tathA svarUpa-ramaNa meM bAdhA pahu~cAtA hai athavA cAritraguNa kA ghAta karatA hai, use mohanIya karma kahate haiN| isake kAraNa jIva viparIta buddhi vAlA banakara zarIra ko AtmA tathA AtmA ko zarIraM rUpa mAnakara duHkhI hotA hai| . 5. jisa karma ke astitva se jIva jItA hai aura kSaya hone se maratA hai, use Ayukarma kahate haiN| isake dvArA jIva kI manuSya, pazu-pakSI Adi yoniyoM meM niyata kAla paryanta avasthiti hotI hai| 6. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya deva Adi kahalAye. use nAmakarma kahate haiN| ekendriya se lagAkara paMcendriya taka caurAsI lAkha yoniyoM ___meM jo jIvoM kI ananta AkRtiyA~ haiM, usakA nirmAtA nAmakarma hai| AcArya ___95 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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bhagavajjinasena ne "isa nAmakarma ko vAstavika brahmA, sRSTA athavA vidhAtA kahA hai / "61 7. jo karma jIva ko ucca, nIca kula meM janmAve athavA jisa karma ke udaya se pUjyatA-apUjyatA kA bhAva utpanna ho, jIva ucca-nIca kahalAye, use gotra karma kahate haiN| 8. jo karma AtmA kI dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga, vIrya rUpI zaktiyoM kA ghAta karatA hai yA dAnAdi meM antarAya rUpa ho, use antarAya karma kahate haiN| ____ inameM se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya, antarAya ye cAra karma AtmA ke 4 mUla guNoM (jJAna, darzana, sukha, vIrya-zakti) kA ghAta karane se ghAtI kahalAte haiN| zeSa cAra aghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~ AtmA ke kisI guNa kA ghAta nahIM karatI haiM kintu ve AtmA ko eka aisA rUpa pradAna karatI hai, jo usakA nijI nahIM hai apitu paulika bhautika hai| karma ke prakAroM kA varNana anyarUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jisake anusAra karma ke pramukhataH tIna prakAra haiM-azubha, zubha evaM zuddha, jinheM paurANika bhASA meM kramazaH vikarma, karma tathA akarma kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM inheM pApakarma, puNyakarma tathA IryApathika karma kahA jAtA hai| (1) pApakarma/vikarma ___ jainAgamoM meM pApa karma ke 18 prakAra batAye haiM-62 (1) prANAtipAta (hiMsA),(2) mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), (3) adattAdAna (cauryakarma), (4) maithuna (kAma-vikAra), (5) parigraha (mamatva yA saMcayavRtti), (6) krodha, (7) mAna (ahaMkAra),(8) mAyA (kapaTa), (9) lobha, (10) rAga (Asakti), (11) dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyAdi), (12) kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha), (13) abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), (14) pizunatA (cugalI), (15) paraparivAda (paranindA), (16) rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), (17) mAyA mRSA (kapaTasahita asatya bhASaNa), (18) mithyAdarzana zalya (ayathArtha dRsstti)| ___ pApa kI paribhASA karate hue kahA hai ki jo AtmA ko baMdhana meM DAle, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare-Atma zaktiyoM ko kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai|63 purANoM meM bhI vikarma arthAt pApakoM kA varNana "pApAya parapIr3anam" kahakara kiyA hai arthAt vyakti kI jisa kriyA ke dvArA kisI ko pIr3A pahuMce, vahI pApa hai| bhaviSyapurANakArAnusAra-manuSya ke adhama kAryoM se hI usakA adhaH patana hotA hai-arthAt jinase adha: patana ho ve hI adhama athavA nIcakarma haiN| jina karmoM se narka ke samudra kI yAtanA bhoganI par3e, vaha pApa kahalAtA hai| adhama yA pApakarmoM karmavAda / 96

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kI saMkhyA kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| sthUla, sUkSma athavA atisUkSma Adi bhedoM kI dRSTi se pApa asaMkhya ho sakate haiN| sthUla dRSTi se pApa tIna prakAra ke hote haiM (1) mAnasika-parastrI ciMtana, para aniSTa ciMtana, para dhanaharaNa kI icchA, akArya karane kA vicAra Adi mAnasika pApa haiN| (2) vAcika jhUTha bolanA, paranindA, apriya vacana tathA paizunya (cugalI . karanA) Adi vAcika pApa haiN| (3) kAyika abhakSya-bhakSaNa, hiMsA, paradhana haraNa tathA mithyA (jhUThe) kArya karanA Adi kAyika pApa haiN|65 (2) puNyakarma/karma jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra "puNya karma ve zubha pudgala paramANu haiM jo zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho, baMdha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala paramANu jo ina zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAva puNya haiM aura zubha pudgala paramANu dravya puNya haiN|"66 bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNyoM kA nirUpaNa hai-68 (1) annapuNya-bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArta kI kSudhA nivRtti krnaa| (2) pAnapuNya-tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| (3) layanapuNya-nivAsa ke lie sthAna denaa| (4) zayanapuNya-zayyA bichaunA Adi denaa| (5) vastrapuNya-vastra kA dAna denaa| (6) manapuNya-mana se zubha vicAra krnaa| (7) vacanapuNya-prazasta evaM santoSa dene vAlI vANI kA prayoga karanA / (8) kAyapuNya-rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA krnaa| (9) namaskArapuNya-gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhinandana krnaa| 97 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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puNya ke sandarbha meM purANoM ke lie yaha kathana vikhyAta hai: aSTAdaza purANeSu, vyAsasya vacana dvym| paropakAro puNyAya, pApAya parapIDanam / / puNya se yahA~ bhI tAtparya paropakAra liyA gayA hai| sevA, dAnAdi ke dvArA puNya prApti kA ullekha purANoM meM kaI jagaha upalabdha hotA hai| (3) IryApathika karma/akarma jaina darzana ke anusAra-rAga, dveSa evaM kaSAya hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma, akarma bana jAtA hai| IryApathika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAga vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo baMdhanakAraka nahIM haiN| jabaki sAmparAyika kiyAe~ Asakta vyakti kI hotI haiM jo kaSAya sahita hone se bandhanakAraka hotI hai| karma-akarma ke viSaya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva-aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| vastutaH pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai|* "jo Asrava yA bandhanakAraka kriyAe~ haiM ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti ke sAdhana bana jAtI hai| udAharaNasvarUpa dazavaikAlika sUtra meM yaha prazna pUche jAne para ki Avazyaka kriyAe~ (jo ki karanA jarUrI haiM jaise calanA, ThaharanA, baiThanA, sonA, khAnA, bolanA Adi) kaise kare tAki unase pApakarma kA baMdha na ho? uttara isa prakAra diyA gayA hai: jayaM care jayaM ciTTe, jayamAse jayaM se| jayaM bhuMjato bhAsaMto, pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI / / arthAt . calanA Adi kriyAyeM vivekapUrvaka karane se pApakarma kA baMdha nahIM hotaa| tAtparya yahI hai ki baMdhakatva mAtra kriyAoM para hI nirbhara nahIM hai| apramatta avasthA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai jabaki pramattadaMzA meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (baMdhana) bana jAtI hai| ataH kriyA ke pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAva yA Asakti bhAva hI baMdhana kA kAraNa hai; jo antara se rAga-dveSarUpa bhAvakarma nahIM karatA, use naye karma kA baMdha nahIM hotaa|2 / Asakti rahita niSkAma karma kA, akarma ke rUpa meM purANoM meM bhI varNana hai| yogI janoM meM isa avasthA kI prApti ko dikhAte hue mArkaNDeya purANa kA kathana hai-"puNyoM aura apuNyoM ke upabhoga ke pazcAt niSkAma bhAva se nityakarma karane cAhie, isase pUrvopArjita karmoM kA kSaya evaM navIna karmoM kA asaMcaya hone se zarIra bAra gAra karmabandhana prApta nahIM krtaa| isa prakAra ke niSkAma karma karane se mokSa kI karmavAda / 98

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prApti hotI hai aura isake viparIta AcaraNa karane se punaH janma hotA hai|3 vastutaH baMdha kA kAraNa mAnasika Asakti hai: mana eva manuSyANAM, kAraNaM bandhamokSayoH / . bandhAya viSayAsaktaM, muktyai-nirviSayaM smRtam / / arthAt viSayoM meM Asakta mana dvArA baMdha hotA hai tathA nirviSaya (viSayoM meM anAsakta niSkAma) mana dvArA mukti prApta hotI hai| padmapurANa meM niSkAma karma se abaMdha kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai kucha loga mana se hI tarita ho jAte haiM aura kucha loga mana se hI patita ho jAyA karate haiN| yogI andara se sabakA (mana se sabhI AsaktiyoM kA) parityAga tathA bAhya meM karma kA samAcaraNa karate hue bhI lipta nahIM hotA hai, jisa prakAra nIra ke lezoM se bhI padma kA pAtra lipta nahIM huA karatA hai| . . karma kI vividha avasthAe~ . jaina karmazAstra meM karma kI vividha avasthAoM kA varNana milatA hai, mukhyataH unheM gyAraha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-76 (1) baMdhana-AtmA ke sAtha karma paramANuoM kA baMdhana arthAt nIrakSIravat ekarUpa ho jAnA baMdhana kahalAtA hai| baMdhana cAra prakAra kA hai-prakRtibaMdha = baddha karma paramANuoM kA AtmA ke jJAna Adi guNoM ke AvaraNa rUpa meM pariNata honaa| pradezabaMdha = gRhIta pula paramANuoM ke samUha kA karmarUpa se AtmA ke sAtha baddha honaa| anubhAgabaMdha = karmarUpa gRhIta pudgala paramANuoM ke phala dene kI zakti va usakI tIvratA-maMdatA kA nizcaya karanI anubhAgabaMdha hai| sthiti baMdha = karmavipAka (karmaphala) ke kAla kI maryAdA ko batAnA sthitibaMdha hai| . (2) sattAbaddha paramANu apanI nirjarA arthAt kSayaparyanta AtmA meM sambaddha rahate haiM, isa avasthA kA nAma sattA hai| isa avasthA meM karma apanA phala pradAna na karate hue bhI vidyamAna rahate haiN| (3) udaya karma kI phala pradAna karane kI avasthA ko udaya kahate hai udaya meM Ane vAle karma pugala apanI-apanI prakRti ke anusAra phala dekara naSTa ho jAte haiN| (4) udIraNA niyata samaya se pUrva karma kA udaya meM AnA udIraNA kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra prayatna dvArA niyata samaya se pahale phala pakAye jA sakate haiM, usI prakAra prayatnapUrvaka niyata samaya se pahale baddha karmoM ko bhogA jA sakatA hai| . (5) udvartanA-baddha kamoM kI sthiti aura anubhaag| isakA nizcaya baMdha ke sAtha vidyamAna kaSAya kI tIvratA aura mandatA ke anusAra hotA hai| usake bAda kI .. 99 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sthiti-vizeSa, athavA bhAva-vizeSa, adhyavasAya-vizeSa ke kAraNa usa sthiti ke anubhAga meM vRddhi ho jAnA udvartana (utkarSaNa) kahalAtA hai| . (6) apavartanA-yaha avasthA udvartanA se bilkula viparIta hai| baddha karmoM kI sthiti aura anubhAga meM adhyavasAyavizeSa se kamI kara dene kA nAma apavartanA (apakarSaNA) hai| ., (7) saMkramaNa-eka prakAra ke karma paramANuoM kI sthiti Adi kA dUsare prakAra ke paramANuoM kI sthiti Adi meM parivartana athavA pariNamana honA saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| (8) upazamana-karma kI jisa avasthA meM udaya athavA udIraNA saMbhava nahIM hotI, use upazamana kahate haiN| isa avasthA meM bhI udvartanA, apavartanA aura saMkramaNa kI saMbhAvanA kA abhAva nahIM hotaa| upazamana avasthA meM rahA huA karma usa avasthA ke samApta hote hI apanA kArya prArambha kara detA hai arthAt udaya meM Akara phala pradAna karanA zurU kara detA hai| (9) nidhatti karma kI udIraNA aura saMkramaNa ke sarvathA abhAva kI sthiti ko nidhatti kahate haiN| isa sthiti meM udvartanA aura apavartanA kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| (10) nikAcana-udvartanA, apavartanA, saMkramaNa aura udIraNA-ina cAra avasthAoM ke na hone kI sthiti kA nAma nikAcana hai| isa avasthA kA artha haikarma kA jisa rUpa meM baMdha huA, usI rUpa meM use anivAryataH bhoganA isa avasthA ko "niyati" bhI kaha sakate haiN| kisI-kisI karma kI yaha avasthA bhI hotI hai| (11) abAdha karma ke baMdhana ke bAda amuka samaya taka kisI prakAra kA phala na denA abAdha avasthA hai / yadyapi karmavAda kA jitanA sayuktika, vistRta, sUkSma evaM vyavasthita vizleSaNa jaina darzana meM hai, utanA anyatra durlabha hai; kintu phira bhI karma siddhAnta kA varNana karate hue purANoM meM bhI karma kI kucha avasthAoM kA varNana hai jinakA sAmya uparyukta avasthAoM se hai| ___ paurANika sAhitya meM karma kI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI gaI haiM-saMcita, prArabdha aura kriymaann| vartamAna kSaNa ke pUrva taka kiye gaye samasta karma saMcita karma kahe jAte haiN| saMcita karma ke jisa bhAga kA phalabhoga zurU ho jAtA hai, use prArabdha karma kahA jAtA hai| navIna karma saMcaya ko kriyamANa karma kahate haiN| inameM se saMcita karma kI tulanA jaina darzana varNita karma kI sattA avasthA se, prArabdha karma kI tulanA udayakarma se tathA kriyamANa karma kI tulanA baMdhamAna karma se ho sakatI hai| jainadarzana varNita nikAcita avasthA purANoM meM varNita niyativAda (daivavAda) ke tulya hai tathA karmoM meM parivartana sambandhI avasthAoM kI tulanA muruSArthavAda se ho sakatI hai| karmavAda / 100

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karmabaMdha karmamala kA sambandha AtmA ke sAtha anAdi hai kintu karma vizeSa kA sambandha anAdi na hone se pUrvabaddha karma apanI sthiti pUrNa ho jAne para AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM tathA naye kamoM kA bandha calatA rahatA hai| karmabandha ke pramukha do kAraNa jaina dharma meM batAye gaye haiM kaSAya evaM yog| inameM se bhI kaSAya hI karmabandha kA mukhya hetu hai|" kaSAya ke abhAva meM karma AtmA se sambaddha nahIM raha skte| jaise sUkhe vastra para dhUla acchI taraha se na cipakate hue usakA sparza kara alaga ho jAtI hai vaise hI AtmA meM kaSAya kI ArdratA na hone para karma paramANu bhI sambaddha na hote hue usakA sparza kara alaga ho jAte haiN| vaise to kaSAya cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha, kintu saMkSipta meM isake do bheda haiM-rAga aura dveSa, jinake dvArA karma baMdha hotA rahatA hai| karma ke do bheda haiM-bhAvakarma tathA dravyakarma / jIva ke jina rAga-dveSarUpa bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara acetana karmadravya AtmA kI ora AkRSTa hotA hai, una bhAvoM kA nAma bhAvakarma hai aura jo acetana karmadravya AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha hotA hai, use dravyakarma kahate haiN| ye donoM paraspara eka-dUsare ke kAraNa haiM / jIva apane mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyoM se karmavargaNA ke pudaloM ko AkarSita karatA hai| triyoga kI pravRtti tabhI hotI hai jaba jIva karma sambaddha ho| isa taraha pravRtti se karma aura karma se pravRtti arthAt dravyakarma se bhAvakarma evaM bhAvakarma se dravyakarma kI paramparA (bIja-vRkSa ke samAna) calatI rahatI hai| . - rAga-dveSa maya Antarika pariNAmoM se baMdha hotA hai-"pariNAme baMdhaH" rAga-dveSa meM nirata mana karmabaMdha kA kAraNa hai| mana eka aisI pracaNDa zakti hai jisakA upayoga doharA hotA hai arthAta yaha dudhArI talavAra hai; jisake sadupayoga se saphalatA milatI hai, vahIM durupayoga se vinAza, hrAsa evaM patana kI prApti hotI hai| mana ko duSTa ghor3e kI upamA dI gaI hai, jise dharmazikSA aura svaviveka dvArA vazIbhUta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 2 manovijaya ke sambandha meM hemacandrAcArya kA yaha kathana hai niraMkuzamanarAkSasa hai-jo.niHzaMka hokara daur3a-dhUpa karatA rahatA hai aura tInoM jagat ke jIvoM ko saMsAra rUpI gaDDhe meM girAtA hai| mithyAtva yA ajJAna kI avasthA meM Antarika viveka prasupta ho jAtA hai| karmabaMdha ke kAraNa para purANoM meM bhI cintana kiyA gayA hai| pUrvavat karmabaMdha kA pramukha kAraNa ajJAna ko mAnA hai___ adbhirAplAvitaM kSetraM janayatyaMkuraM ythaa| . ajJAnAplAvitaM karma dehaM janayate tathA / .... 101 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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arthAt jisa prakAra jala se AplAvita kSetra aMkura ko utpanna karatA hai usI prakAra ajJAnAplAvita (ajJAnapUrvaka kiyA gayA) karma hI janma kA kAraNa hotA hai|" mAnasika kaSAya vikAroM dvArA bandhana kA pratipAdana karate hue purANoM kA bhI yahI mantavya hai ki mana dvArA baddha pApakarma vajralepa ke samAna hote haiM, jo kaI kalpoM taka pIchA nahIM chor3ate, aisA pApa kevala dhyAna se hI naSTa hotA hai| isIlie viSayoM meM Asakta mana ko baMdhana kA kAraNa mAnA hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma ko paudgalika mAnate hue use kArmaNa zarIra kahA jAtA hai, jo jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM ke pudgala-samUha se banatA hai; vaise hI purANoM meM karmadeha ko sUkSma zarIra kahA gayA hai. jo jar3a hai| Azrava zubhAzubha karmoM ke Agamana dvAra ko Azrava kahate haiN| Azrava ke do bheda haiM-dravyAzrava tathA bhAvAzrava; zubha-azubha pariNAmoM ko utpanna karane vAlI athavA zubhAzubha pariNAmoM se svayaM utpanna hone vAlI pravRttiyoM ko dravyAzrava aura kamoM ke Ane ke dvArarUpa jIva ke zubha-azubha pariNAmoM ko bhAvAsrava kahate haiN| mana, vacana, kAya kI kriyA ko yoga kahate haiN| yaha nIna prakAra kA yoga Azrava hai| zubhayoga puNya karma kA tathA azubhayoga pApakarma kA Azrava hai, kaSAya-sahita jIva ke sAMparAyika Azrava aura kaSAya rahita ke IryApatha Azrava hotA hai| ____ Azrava kA nAma se to nahIM kintu karmoM ke Agamana ke rUpa meM ullekha purANoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| bhAvarUpa rAga-dveSAdi vikAra ke kAraNa tathA ajJAna-mohAdi se karma kA zubha yA azubha rUpa meM Agamana hotA rahatA hai, jo sUkSma zarIra ke rUpa meM AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai| saMvara Azrava kA nirodha saMvara hai| saMvara ke do bheda haiM-bhAva saMvara, dravya sNvr| Ate hue naye karmoM ko rokane vAle AtmA ke pariNAma ko bhAva saMvara tathA karma puloM ke Agamana ke ruka jAne ko dravya saMvara kahate haiM arthAt jina kAraNoM se Azrava hotA thA, una kAraNoM ko dUra kara dene se jo karmoM kA AnA banda ho jAtA hai. use saMvara kahate haiN| yaha tIna gupti, pA~ca samiti, dasa dharma, bAraha anuprekSA, bAIsa pariSahajaya aura pA~ca cAritra se hotA hai| ___purANoM meM Azrava ke samAna hI saMvara kA bhI nAmazaH ullekha na hokara koM kA Agamana rukane ke rUpa meM varNana isa prakAra hai-"jo apanI Asakti kA parityAga kara dete haiM, ve Avazyaka karma karate hue bhI karmalipta nahIM hote arthAt saMyama, indriya saMvaraNa Adi dvArA Ane vAle navIna karma unameM praveza nahIM kaste haiN|" karmavAda / 102

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nirjarA AtmA ke sAtha nIra-kSIra kI taraha Apasa meM mile hue karmapugaloM kA ekadeza kSaya hone ko nirjarA kahate haiN| AtmapradezoM se karmoM kA ekadeza pRthak honA dravyanirjarA aura dravyanirjarA ke janaka athavA dravyanirjarA-janya AtmA ke zuddha pariNAma ko bhAvanirjarA kahate haiN| nirjarA ke do bheda haiM-savipAka nirjarA = phala dekara sthiti pUrNa ho jAne para AtmA se karma kA pRthak honA savipAka nirjarA kahalAtI hai| avipAka nirjarA = udayakAla prApta na hone para bhI tapa Adi upAyoM se karmoM ke kSaya karane ko avipAka nirjarA kahate haiN| isake anazana, unodara Adi bAraha prakAra bhI jainAgamoM meM varNita haiN|92 purANoM meM varNita karmoM kA nirmUlana jaina dharma varNita nirjarA ke sadRza hI hai| yogI dvArA tapa tathA dhyAnAdi yoga mArga se pUrvabaddha zubhAzubha kamoM kA kSaya kiyA jAnA arthAt mukti ke lie samasta karmoM ko naSTa karane kA yahI tAtparya hai| mokSa cAroM puruSArthoM meM se antima tathA parama puruSArtha mokSa ko prApta karane ke hetuoM kA nirdeza lagabhaga sabhI karmavAdI darzanoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| asat karmoM kA bhayaMkara pariNAma tathA satkarmoM kA sundara vipAka sAmane rakhakara hI dArzanika santuSTa nahIM hue| isase bhI Age ke lakSya prApti kA dhyeya sAmane rakhate hue sukha evaM duHkha donoM ko nazvara mAnate hue zuddha-svarUpa kI prApti para bala diyaa| ... karma-saMlagna AtmA azuddha hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra "saMvara ke dvArA naye karmoM kA Agamana ruka jAne para tathA nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para AtmA kI jo niSkarma zuddhAvasthA hai, vahI mokSa hai-"kRtsnakarmakSayo mokSaH' arthAt samasta karmoM kA kSaya honA mokSa hai| karmakSaya yA nAza kA artha yahA~ pRthakkaraNa hai| _ bhArata ke anya darzanoM ne bhI mokSa ke viSaya meM yahI cintana prastuta kiyA hai| sAMkhya darzanakAra ne "prakRti viyogo mokSaH" kahakara AtmA rUpa puruSatva se prakRti rUpa acetana tattva kA alaga ho jAnA mokSa kahA hai| vedAntika AcArya ke anusAra-parabrahma svarUpa IzvarIya zakti meM AtmA kA lIna ho jAnA mukti hai- AtmaNyeva layo muktirvedAntika mate matAH / jainAcArya hemacandra ne saMsAra evaM mokSa ko paribhASita kiyA hai-"kaSAyoM aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura unako vijita karane vAlA AtmA hI prabuddha puruSoM dvArA mokSa kahA jAtA hai / 25 "muc" dhAtu se niSpanna mokSa kA zAbdika 103 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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* artha-mukti, svatantratA, chuTakArA evaM nivRtti hai| isake lie aneka paryAyavAcI zabda pracalita haiM-mukti, siddhi, nirvANa, amRtattva, bodhi, vimukti, vizuddhi, kaivalya aadi| jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM sampUrNa karma kSaya ko mokSa kahA gayA hai, vaise hI purANoM meM mokSa kI prApti kA sampUrNa karmoM ke kSaya hone para hI ullekha hai| pUrvajanmoM meM arjita zubha yA azubha karmoM ke prabhAva se svargAdi yA narakAdi meM bhramaNa hotA hai| karmoM kA nirmUlana hone para hI mukti hotI hai| puNya-pApamaya jo karma haiM, ve mokSa ke pratibaMdhaka haiM ataH yogI puruSa yoga ke dvArA puNyApuNya kA parityAga kara deM, jaba zubha tathA azubha donoM hI karmoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai tabhI jIva ko saccA mokSa prApta hotA hai| yogI loga puNya-pApa se vinirmukta hokara usako prApta karake phira punarjanma nahIM lete haiN|98 mokSa prApti ke sAdhana mukti prApti ke mArga athavA hetu athavA sAdhanoM para vibhinna darzanoM ke vibhinna vicAra haiN| jaina darzana meM mokSa-mArga kA nirdeza isa prakAra se hai samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokSamArgaH ___samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyakUcAritra-ye mokSa prApti ke sAdhana haiN| mAtra jJAna athavA mAtra darzana yA cAritra se hI mukti prApta nahIM hotI apitu ye tInoM saMyukta rUpa se mokSa ke hetu haiN| ataH inheM ratnatraya kahAM jAtA hai| ina tInoM kI paraspara sApekSatA mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra se hai-"korA etakAda (zraddhA) kucha nahIM kara sakatA; na akele ilma (jJAna) se kucha bana skegaa| sirpha amala se to kucha hotA hI nahIM, vizvAsa aura jJAna milakara amala na hone se koI phAyadA nhiiN| vizvAsa aura amala binA jJAna ke na mAlUma kahA~ paTaka de| jJAna aura amala binA vizvAsa ke besTIma (bhApa rahita) ke iMjana haiN| vizvAsa eka jora hai jo kAma meM lagAtA hI nahIM, Age DhakelatA rahatA hai| garaja kAmayAbI ke lie tInoM hI jarUrI upAsanA ke tInoM sAdhanoM kA nirUpaNa purANoM meM bhI hai| ziva purANa ke anusAra-jJAnayoga, kriyAyoga tathA bhaktiyoga, ye tIna upAsanA ke mArga haiN| karma se bhakti tathA bhakti se jJAna aura jJAna se mukti hotI hai| isameM tInoM kA samanvaya bhI spaSTa hai| tInoM kI paraspara nirbharatA isa prakAra hai-"karma tathA jJAna kA madhyavartI padArtha bhakti hai aura jJAna kA pradhAna sambandha AtmA se hai| zuddha sAtvika jJAna ke udaya hone para AtmA zAzvatika sukha prApta kara sakatA hai| sAtvika jJAna ke udaya meM vihita karmAnuSThAna kAraNa banatA hai| 102 pUrvavarNita tInoM sAdhanoM kA yahA~ varNana kiyA jA rahA hai karmavAda / 104

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(1) samyagdarzana jo mahattva nagara ke lie dvAra kA, cehare ke lie cakSu kA, vRkSa ke lie mUla kA hai. vahI mahattva dharma ke lie samyagdarzana kA hai| darzanapUrvaka hI jJAna, cAritra, vIrya aura tapa hotA hai|03 saMsAra meM aisA koI rana nahIM, jo samyaktvarala se bar3hakara ho| samyaktva se bar3hakara koI mitra, baMdhu yA lAbha ho hI nahIM sktaa| jJAna tathA cAritra se rahita hone para bhI samyagdarzana prazaMsA ke yogya hai, kintu mithyAtva viSa se dUSita jJAna aura cAritra prazaMsita nahIM hote| samyagdarzana jJAna tathA cAritra kA bIja hai, vrata, mahAvrata aura upazama ke lie jIvanasvarUpa hai, tapa aura svAdhyAya kA AzrayadAtA hai| isa prakAra zamAdi sabhI ko yaha saphala karane vAlA hai| 5 vastutaH darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jisameM jJAna nahIM, usameM cAritrika guNa nahIM hote, aise guNahIna puruSa kI mukti nahIM hotI evaM mukti ke binA zAzvata sukha kI prApti bhI nahIM hotii|106 samyagdarzana kI paribhASA umAsvAti ke anusAra isa prakAra hai-"tattvArtha kA zraddhAna hI samyagdarzana hai|107 yahA~ zraddhA, vizvAsa kA tAtparya andhazraddhA se nahIM, samyagdRSTi se hai| uttarAdhyayana meM samyagdarzana ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai-svayaM hI apane viveka se athavA kisI ke upadeza se sadbhUta tattvoM ke astitva meM Antarika zraddhA yA vizvAsa karanA samyaktva hai| samyaktva kI eka paribhASA yaha bhI hai-deva ke viSaya meM devabuddhi rakhanA, guru ke prati gurubuddhi rakhanA tathA dharma meM zuddha dharmabuddhi samyaktva kahalAtI hai|09 samyaktva se viparIta mithyAtva ko parama zalya, parama viSa tathA baMdha kA kAraNa batAte hue likhA hai ki mithyAtvarUpI mahAdoSa jIvana ke lie jitanA bhayaMkara duHkhadAyI hai, utanI na agni bhayakAraka hai, na halAhala viSa aura na viSadhara kRSNa bhujaMga hI hai| jitane utkRSTa lAbha samyaktva se haiM, utanI hI nikRSTa hAniyA~ mithyAtva se haiN| .. samyagdarzana-sampanna vyakti mUr3hatAoM (loka mUr3hatA, deva mUr3hatA, pAkhaNDI mUr3hatA), aMdhavizvAsoM se mukta rahatA hai, usake pA~ca lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM-(1) zama (uttejita hote hue krodhAdi kaSAya bhAvoM ko zAMta karanA), (2) saMvega (mokSa kI abhilASA), (3) nirveda (saMsAra se. udAsInatA, vairAgya), (4) anukaMpA (duHkhiyoM ke duHkha miTAne kI bhAvanA) tathA (5) AsthA (dharma meM dRr3ha vishvaas)|10 - samyagdarzana ke kAraNa Asakti ghaTatI jAtI hai| vyakti nirAkAMkSI hotA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra-"vyakti vidvAna, bhAgyavAna tathA parAkramI hone para bhI yadi usakA dRSTikoNa mithyA (asamyak) hai, to usakA dAna tapa samasta puruSArtha phalAkAMkSA se hone ke kAraNa azuddha hI hogaa| vaha use mukti kI ora na le jAkara baMdhana kI ora hI le jaayegaa|111 samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM vyakti meM AtmA meM 105 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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anAtmabuddhi tathA anAtmA meM Atmabuddhi evaM isa prakAra ke aneka vaiparItya dRSTigata hote haiN| __ samyagdarzana kA mahattva jaina saMskRti ke atirikta vaidika saMskRti meM bhI svIkRta hai| maharSi manu ke anusAra samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM saMsAra meM bhramaNa hotA hai|"puraannoN meM samyagdarzana kA satyadRSTi (viveka), zraddhA (AsthA), samatva (zama), vairAgya (nirveda), anukampA tathA mokSAbhilASA (saMvega) ina lakSaNoM ke rUpa meM pracura varNana hai| viveka-viveka kI prApti honA parama durlabha hai| 93 anAtmA meM AtmajJAna . kI prApti tathA AtmA meM anAtmajJAna se hI vyakti duHkhI hotA hai, sukha-duHkha kI yathArthatA na samajhate hue tathA unheM apanA mAnate hue vAstavika tathya se vaMcita raha jAtA hai|14 AsthA-zraddhA kA mahattva itanA hai ki usake abhAva meM kiye gaye sabhI dhArmika kArya vyartha ho jAte haiN| zraddhA binA diyA gayA dAna phalazUnya tathA tapasyA mAtra apane deha ko kaSTa detI hai|95 samatva-samatva mokSa kA ekamAtra upAya hai, ataH citta ko samadarzI banAnA . caahie|16 mithyA pravartita na hone vAlA jo mana iSTa-saMyoga meM prasanna evaM aniSTa-saMyoga meM udvigna na ho-yahI zama kA lakSaNa hai|997 vairAgya kSaya hone ke svabhAva vAlI vastu meM ruci na honA vairAgya hai|398 jagat ke sukha bhI vastutaH duHkharUpa haiM, ata: vairAgya se bar3hakara koI sukha nahIM hai / 19 anukampA sajjanoM meM dayA svabhAvataH hotI hai| ve zatru-mitra kA bheda miTAkara sabhI ke lie dayA kA srota pravAhita karate haiN| sahanazIla, saba para dayA karane vAle, sabake priya, jinakA koI zatru nahIM, aise zAnta svabhAva sAdhu saba sAdhuoM ke AbhUSaNa rUpa haiN|20 mokSAbhilASA-samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA nirmalana karake usa mukti rUpI parama-pada ko amUr3ha vyakti hI prApta karatA hai|121 itanA hI nahIM, samyagdarzana kA nAmazaH bhI ullekha hai-"samyagdarzana sampannaH sa yogI bhikSurucyate / 122 (2) samyagjJAna jo padArtha ko nyUnatA, adhikatA-viparItatA-sandeharahita jAnatA hai, vaha samyagjJAna hai / 23 samyagdarzana kA lakSaNa yathArtha zraddhAna hai tathA samyagjJAna kA lakSaNa yathArtha jAnanA hai| samyagjJAna kArya hai tathA samyagdarzana kAraNa hai, kyoMki samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM bhI mati, zrutajJAna padArtha ko jAnate the para ve kumati aura kuzruta the| yadyapi dIpaka kA jalanA aura prakAza eka hI sAtha hotA hai, jaba taka dIpaka jalatA rahatA hai taba taka hI usakA prakAza rahatA hai, parantu dIpaka kA jalanA prakAza kA karmavAda / 106

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kAraNa hai aura prakAza kArya hai| isI prakAra samyagdarzana tathA samyagjJAna eka hI samaya meM hote hue bhI kAraNa tathA kArya haiN|24 jJAna kI mahattA pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai "paDhama nANaM tao dayA"925 arthAt cAritra-pAlana se pUrva jJAna Avazyaka hai| vastutaH samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke bIca kI kar3I hai, usase ina donoM meM nikhAra AtA hai| jisa prakAra dhAge meM piroI suI gira jAne para guma nahIM hotI, vaise hI jJAnarUpa dhAge se yukta AtmA saMsAra meM bhaTakatI nhiiN|926 jJAnI AtmA hI sva evaM para ke kalyANa meM samartha hotA hai / 127 jJAna kA mahattva purANoM meM varNita hai| samasta bAhyAcaraNoM se jJAna ko zreSTha batAte hue kahA hai-samasta dAna, azana, vrata, upavAsa-tapa tathA tIrthasnAna ye saba kisI ajJAnI ko jJAna ke dAna kI solahavIM kalA ke bhI samAna yogya nahIM hai| 28 jJAna hI parabrahma haiN|129 isa saMsAra roga kI auSadha eka mAtra jJAna hI hai|13deg ajJAna malapUrvaka hone se puruSa malina kahA gayA hai| usa ajJAna ke kSaya hone se mukti hotI hai anyathA karor3oM janmoM meM bhI mukti nahIM ho sakatI hai| jJAna ke abhyAsa se buddhi nirmala ho jAtI hai| jJAna sahita yogI kA isa loka aura paraloka meM kucha bhI kartavya zeSa nahIM rahatA, brahmavettA paramArtha rUpa se jIvanmukta ho jAtA hai| jJAna se bar3hakara pApoM kA vinAza karane vAlA anya koI sAdhana nahIM hai| jJAnI puruSa ke samasta pApa jIrNa ho jAte haiN| jJAnI puruSa karma karatA huA bhI nAnA prakAra ke pApoM se baddha nahIM hotaa| jaisA jJAna hotA hai, vaisA hI dhyAna hotA hai|933 jJAna se hI vairAgya kI utpatti hotI hai tathA vairAgya se paramajJAna hotA hai| satvaniSTha jJAna tathA vairAgyayukta yogI yoga-siddhi prApta karatA hai / 34 jainAgamoM meM jJAna ke pA~ca prakAroM kA varNana AtA hai35- - matijJAna-mana tathA indriyoM kI sahAyatA se hone vAle padArtha ke jJAna ko matijJAna kahate haiN| zrutajJAna jo jJAma zrutAnusArI ho, jisameM zabda tathA artha kA sambandha bhAsita hotA hai, jo matijJAnapUrvaka hotA hai, use zrutajJAna kahate haiN| .. avadhijJAna indriyAdi kI sahAyatA ke binA AtmA ke dvArA sImA ko lie hue padArtha ke viSaya meM antaHsAkSya-rUpajJAna avadhijJAna hai| isase rUpI padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai| ___ manaHparyayajJAna-saMjJI (samanaska) jIvoM ke manogata bhAvoM ko jAnane vAlA jJAna manaHparyaya jJAna hai| .. kevalajJAna-jJAnAvaraNa karma kA pUrNa rUpa se kSaya ho jAne para jisa jJAna ke dvArA bhUta, vartamAna tathA bhAvI (trikAlavartI) samasta dravya aura unakI samasta paryAyeM eka sAtha jAnI jAyeM, use kevalajJAna kahate haiN| 107 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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inameM se prathama do jJAna mati aura zrata parokSa jJAna haiM jo indriyoM tathA mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hote haiN| zeSa tIna jJAna pratyakSa jJAna he jo mAtra AtmA para AdhArita haiN| jJAna ke ina prakAroM meM se kucha samAnatA rakhate hue purANoM meM jJAna ke vibhinna prakAroM kA adholikhita rUpa se varNana hai zruti, smRti (smRti bhI mati kA paryAyavAcI zabda hai) ye vitroM ke do netra haiN| yadi inameM se eka kA jJAna ho to kAnA tathA eka kA bhI jJAna na ho to vaha andhA hai|36 yoga-sAdhana ke antargata yogI dvArA samasta padArthoM ko jAna lene kA ullekha milatA hai / 137 isake atirikta sarvazreSTha evaM antima mukti ke rUpa meM jJAnamayI kaivalyamukti kA varNana hai, jisakI prApti pUrNa vAsanA kSaya hone para hI hotI hai tathA sthAyI hotI hai / 138 samyakcAritra _ "carati caryate'nena caraNamAtraM vA cAritram"139 tathA "cayarittakaraM cArittaM hoi AhiyaM 140 karmarUpI saMcaya ko rikta karane vAlA cAritra hai arthAt AtmA kI malinatA ko samApta karane vAlA cAritra hai| nizcayaM dRSTi se cAritra samatva kI upalabdhi, AtmaramaNa hai / vyavahAra cAritra kA sambandha mAnasika, vAcika, kAyikazuddhi evaM zuddhi kAraka niyamoM se hai| "yaha naitika anuzAsana ke niyamoM kA pratinidhitva karatA hai, uttama vyavahAra kA niyamana karatA hai aura mana-vacana-kAya kI gatividhiyoM kI saMracanA karatA hai|" cAritra se pahale samyagjJAna nahIM ho to vaha samyakcAritra nahIM ho sktaa| jaise binA jAnI auSadhi sevana se maraNa saMbhava hai vaise hI binA jJAna ke cAritra se saMsAra meM vRddhi honA saMbhava hai| binA jIva ke mRta zarIrastha indriyoM ke AkAra jaise niSprayojana haiM; vaise hI binA jJAna ke veSa, kriyA-kAMDa sAdhana, zuddhopayoga prApti ke sAdhaka nahIM ho sakate / 42 isI prakAra mAtra jJAna se bhI kucha nahIM hotA. yadi dharma siddhAntoM ko jAnate hue bhI koI unakA pAlana na kre| cAritra ke do prakAra jaina dharma meM batAye gaye haiM (1) dezavirati cAritra-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha dharma kA ekadeza arthAt sampUrNa rUpa se pAlana na karane se gRhastha kA cAritra deza cAritra kahA jAtA hai| (2) sarvavirati cAritra-unhIM vratoM ko pUrNa rUpa se dhAraNa karane se zramaNa kA cAritra sakalacAritra, sarvadeza cAritra athavA sarvavratI cAritra kahA jAtA hai| AcAra ko hI parama dharma, parama dhana, parama vidyA tathA parama gati43 batAte haiN| purANoM ke anusAra bhI jJAna kA phala hI sadAcAra hai| jIvana meM utAre binA mAtra karmavAda / 108

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paNDitAI ke lie, dikhAve ke lie prApta kiyA gayA jJAna kabhI bhI mukti pradAna nahIM karatA hai| AcaraNa bheda kI apekSA se pratyeka varNAzrama ke pRthak-pRthak AcAra ghoSita kiye gaye haiM tathA kucha sAmAnya AcAroM kA bhI vidhAna hai jinakA pAlana sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| karmavAda kA mahattva jainadarzana meM karma kI carcA hI nahIM, karma sambandhI aneka svatantra grantha bhI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA likhe gaye haiN| baMdhana tathA mukti ke kAraNa svayaM AtmA meM hI batAye gaye haiM-"baMdha-ppamokkho ajjhtthev|144 aisI koI anya zakti nahIM hai jo use rAjA se raMka aura raMka se rAjA banA de| parAzraya kI pravRtti se viparIta svanigraha ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, jisase duHkha vimukta hokara Atmastha banA jA ske| isa prakAra AtmavizvAsa paidA karate hue jaina saMskRti kA kathana hai-"purisA! tumaM meva tuma mittaM kiM bahiyA mittamicchasi" arthAt he mAnava ! tU svayaM hI apanA mitra hai, bAhara sahAyakoM kI khoja meM kyoM bhaTaka rahA hai ? 145 karma siddhAnta kI mahattA pratipAdita karate hue hiriyannA kA kathana hai "karma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra hamArA bhaviSya pUrI taraha se hamAre hI hAthoM meM rahatA hai| phalataH yaha siddhAnta sadA samyak AcaraNa ke lie protsAhana detA hai|946 - isI dRSTi ko sammukha rakhate hue purANoM meM bhI asatkAryoM se bacane kI preraNA dI gaI hai| unake anusAra "pratyeka kArya vicArapUrvaka karanA cAhie kyoMki apane dvArA kiye gaye pApa-puNya kA phala sabhI prANiyoM ko bhoganA hotA hai| kisI ko satAnA kadApi ucita nahIM hai kyoMki pIr3ita karane vAle ko sukha kI prApti nahIM hotii| jo manuSya dUsaroM kA burA nahIM karanA cAhatA, usakA akAraNa hI kabhI aniSTa nahIM hotaa|8 saMsAra ke kAraNabhUta karma kI prabhutA vyakta karate hue padmapurANakAra kA Azaya hai ki kucha loga grahoM kI prazaMsA karate haiM, aura kucha preta tathA pizAcoM kI tArIpha karate haiM, kucha devoM ke prazaMsaka haiM, to kucha loga auSadhiyoM kI prazaMsA kA bakhAna karate haiN| kucha maMtra kI, kucha siddhi kI, kucha loga buddhi kI, to kucha loga parAkrama kI tArIpha kiyA karate haiN| udyama-sAhasa-dhairya-nIti aura bala ke viSaya meM kucha-kucha loga prazaMsA ke pula bA~dhate haiM, aisA bhinna dimAgoM kA vicAra bhI vibhinna hotA hai| kintu maiM to sarvopari virAjamAna eka karma kI hI prazaMsA karatA hU~ ki sabhI karmoM ke anuvartI huA karate haiN| . vastutaH purANoM meM varNita karma siddhAnta kA jaina darzana varNita karma siddhAnta se kaI prakAra kA sAmya parilakSita hotA hai| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana meM karma evaM AtmA kA saMyoga anAdi mAnA gayA haiM; usI prakAra se AtmA ko purANoM meM bhI . 109 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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anAdikAlIna karmabaddha kahA hai tathA una kamoM kA kartA evaM bhoktA bhI jaina darzana ke samAna svayaM AtmA ko mAnA hai| isa prakAra karma siddhAnta kA vistRta vivecana purANa tathA jaina dharma meM hai| isa karma-tattva jJAna dvArA ve vizva-vaicitrya kA samAdhAna tarkAnukUla paddhati se karate haiN| karma siddhAnta inakA avibhAjya aMga hai| karma siddhAnta ko na kevala bhAratIya dharmoM ne apanAyA balki pAzcAtya dharmoM ne bhI mAnA hai| eka suprasiddha agreja lekhaka kA kathana hai-"karma eka vaijJAnika niyama hai| ise eziyAI dharmoM ne apanAyA thA aura yUropa kI dhArmika zraddhA meM bhI usakA sthAna thA. parantu IsA ke pA~ca sau varSa bAda kustuntuniyA kI dharma saMgati ne IsA ke upadezoM se use nikAla diyaa| isa prakAra kucha mUrkha manuSyoM ke maNDala ne pazcima ko isa vaijJAnika siddhAnta se vaMcita kiyaa| isa samajha se naitika jIvana svataH udbhUta hogaa| pazcima ko pUrvajanma aura karma ke siddhAnta zIghra hI apanAne kI atyanta AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki ye siddhAnta vyakti evaM rASTra ko apane uttaradAyitva kA jo bhAna karAte haiM, vaha koI bhI asaMgata vAda yA mata nahIM karA sktaa|"150 ___ karma vijJAna kA mahattva yadyapi kaI dharmoM meM svIkRta hai parantu jaina dharma meM isakI vizeSa vyAkhyA ko dekhakara kisI ne kahA hai "jaina dharma manuSya ko pUrNa dhArmika svatantratA dene meM hara anya dharma se bar3hakara hai| jo kucha karma hama karate haiM aura unake jo phala haiM unake bIca koI hastakSepa nahIM kara sktaa| eka bAra kara lie jAne ke bAda karma hamAre prabhu bana jAte haiM aura unake phala bhogane hI pdd'eNge| merA svAtantrya jitanA bar3A hai utanA hI bar3A dAyitva bhI hai| maiM svecchAnusAra cala sakatA hU~, para merA cunAva anyathA nahIM ho sakatA aura usake pariNAmoM se maiM baca nahIM sktaa|"51 000 karmavAda / 110

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. DaoN. e. bI. zivAjI "bhAratIya darzana meM karma siddhAnta" -jayagujAra-julAI-agasta, 1980 2. "karturIpsitatamaM karma" -aSTAdhyAyI 1.4.79. 3. umeza mitra -'bhAratIya darzana' pR. 247 4. vaizeSika darzana bhASya 1.17 a. 35 5. sAMkhyatattvakaumudI 67 6. umeza mizra - -'bhAratIya darzana' pR. 236 "kIrai jIeNa heUhiM jeNa tu bhaNNae kammaM // " -karmagrantha 1.1 8. tattvArthasUtra 8.21 9. AcArAMga 1.3.1 10. paMcAdhyAyI 2.50 11. 'savve sayakammakappiyA' -sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.18 12. brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 266, zlo. 33-39 13. garur3a purANa (2) pR. 407, zlo. 71 14. "jaM jArisaM puvvamakAsi kamma tamevaM Agacchati sNpraae|" -sUtrakRtAMga 1.5.2.23 15. uttarAdhyayana 4.3 . 16. "brahmA yena kulAlavanniyamito brahmANDamANDodare viSNuyena dazAvatAra gahane kSipto mahAsaMkaTe rudro yena kapAla pANiraparo bhikSATanaM kaarit:| sUryo prAmyati nityameva gagane tasmai namaH karmaNe / / " - garuDapurANa 17. "ko vA kasminsamathoM bhavati vidhivazAd prAmayetkarma rekhA" -vahI pa 1.383, zlo. 14 18. "mA bhuktaM kSIyate karma kalpakoTizatairapi avazyameva bhoktavyaM kRta karma zubhAzubham" - -brahmavaivarta purANa prakRti khaNDa, adhyAya 65, zlo. 47 19. (a) jaina paMcama karmagraMtha 15-17 (ba) sAMkhyakArikA 44 (sa) yoga sUtra 2.14 (da) nyAya maMjarI pR. 472 (ya) matsya purANa (1) pR. 175, zlo. 19 () brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 275, zlo. 18 20. karmaNA ciraM jIvo ca kSaNAyuzca svakarmaNA karmaNA koTikalpAyuH kSINAyuzca svakarmaNA -brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 266, zlo. 39 111 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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-26. 21. "rogI akarmaNA jIvAzcArogI zubhakarmaNA .... .....andhAdayazca vAgahInA kutsitena ca karmaNA // brahmavaivartapuruNa (1) pR. 275, zlo. 20-21 22. vahI, pR. 275, zlo. 19 23. "na kartRtva karmANi lokasya sRjati prabhuH na karmaphala saMyoga svabhAvastu pravartate // " -gItA 24. zrI madhukara munijI -'karmamImAMsA' pR. 39 25. "paralogakaDAkammA ihaloe veijjati ihaloga kaDAkammA, paraloe veijjati" . -bhagavatI sUtra 16 "iha yatkurute karma tatparatropabhujyate / 'puNyamAcarataH puMso yadi duHkhaM prajAyate / / tadA tApo na kartavyastatkarma pUrvadehajam pApamAcarato puMso jAyate sukhameva ca na kartavyastadA harSa sukhe tatra surezvari // karmaNA vA tathA janturnIyate sukhaduHkhayo: prANI svakarmabhirbaddha..." -padma purANa (2) pR. 409, zlo. 14, 15, 19 27. zrI madhukara munijI -'karmamImAMsA' pR. 40-43 28. AcArya haribhadra sUri "yogabindu" zlo. 13-14 -jainayoga grantha catuSTaya 29. "kattAramevamaNu jAi kamma" . -uttarAdhyayana 13, 23 30. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 5, 2, 22 / 31. appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / / uttarAdhyayana-20, 37 32. svayaM kRtaM karma yadAtmanA purA phalaM tadIya labhate zubhAzubham, pareNa dattaM yadi labhyate sphuTaM svayaM kRtaM karma nirarthakaM tadA nijArjitakarma vihAya dehino, na ko'pi kasyApi dadAti ,kiMcana vicArayannevamananyamAnasa:, paro dadAtIti vimucya zemuSI -AcArya amitagati "dvAtriMzikA" -30-31 33. garur3a purANa (1) pR. 142, zlo. 8 34. brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 271, zlo. 16 35. praznopaniSad 4.9; kaThopaniSad 1, 3, 4, 36. "appA nai veyaraNI appA me kUDasAmalI appA kAmadUhA dhenu appA me nandanaM vanaM / / appA kattA vikattA ya duhANa ya suhANa ya appA mittamamittaM ca duppaTThi ya supaTTi y||" -uttarAdhyayana 20, 36-37 37. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 2, 14 38. bhUtapUrva kRtaM karma kartAramanutiSThati yathA dhenusahasreSu batso vindati mAtaram / / karmavAda / 112 mavAda / 112

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evaM pUrvakRtaM karma kartAramanutiSThati sukRtaM pUrvakRtaM bhukSva mUDha ! kiM paritapyase / / -garur3a purANa (1) pR. 391, zlo. 54-55 39. . eka: prajAyate jantureka eva pralIyate eko hi bhuMkte sukRtameva evaM ca duSkRtam / / -vahI (2) pR. 256, zlo. 22 40. nihatasya pazoryajJa svargaprAptiM yadIhate svapitA yajamAnena kiM vA tatra na hanyate / / tRptate jAyate puMso bhuktamanyena cedyadi dadyAcchAddha pravasato na vaheyu: pravAsinaH / / -, -padma purANa (1) pR. 123, zlo. 109-110 41. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA -'AtmamImAMsA' pR. 86 42. vahI, pR. 94 43. garuDa purANa (1) pR. 383, zlo. 14 44. yasminvayasi yatkAle yaddivA yacca vA nizi / yanmuhUrte kSaNe vApi tattathA na tadanyathA // . gacchati cAntarikSa vA pravizantiM mhiitle| dhAyanti diza: sarvAnAdattamupalabhyate // . purAdhItA ca yA vidyA purA dattaJca yaddhanam purAkRtAni karmANi agre dhAvanti dhAvata: // -garur3a purANa (1) pR. 386, zlo. 22-24 45. nAprAptakAlo priyate viddhaH zarazatairapi .. kuzAgreNa saMspRSTaH prAptakAlo na jIvati // -vahI pR. 390, zlo. 48 46. vahI, pR. 390, zlo. 49 . 47. "no tassa mucceMja'puTThayaM" -sUtrakRtAMga 1, 2, 1,4 . 48. daivaM puruSakArazca tulyAvetadapi sphuTam evaM vyavasthite yujyate nyAyata: param / / -haribhadrasUri "yogabindu" 318 49. vahI, 325 50.. vahI, 322, 323 51. svameva karma daivAkhyaM viddhi dehAntarArjitam tasmAtpauruSameveha, zreSThamAhurmanISiNaH // pratikUlantathA daivaM, pauruSeNa nihanyate maMgalAcArayuktAnAM nityamutthAnazAlinAm / / yeSAM pUrvakRtaM karma sAtvikaM manujottama / pauruSeNa binA teSAM keSAJcid dRzyate phalam // kRcchreNa karmaNA biddhi tAmasya tathA phalam pauruSeNApyato rAjan ! prArthitavyaM phalaM naraiH daivameva vijAnAti, narA: pauruSavarjitAH / / -matsya purANa (2), pR. 305, zlo. 2-7 52. ka: kena hanyate jantuH kaH kena rakSyate hati rakSati cevAtmA hyetatsAdhu samAcaran / 113 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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karmaNA jAyate sarva karmarna gatisAdhanam tasmAtsarvaprayalena sAdhukarma samAcaret / / -viSNu purANa (1) pR. 206, 1, 18, 32 53. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA -'Atma-mImAMsA' pR.82 54. Hiriyanna- "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" P. 60 .. Belvelkar - "History of Indian Philosophy" P. 82 55: dalasukha mAlavaNiyA . -'Atma-mImAMsA' pR. 82 56. "paMcAdhyAyI 2.35 57. vahI, 2, 45 58. "khavittA puvakammAiM saMjameNa taveNa ya" --uttarAdhyayana 25, 45 59. ziva purANa 7, 1, 5, 26 60. "aTTha kama pagaDIo paNNatAo taM jahA NANAvaraNijjaM, daMsaNAvaraNijjaM, veyaNijjaM, mohaNijja, AuyaM, nAma, goyaM, antarAiyaM" -prajJApanA, pada 21, u. 1, sU. 228 61. "vidhiH sraSTA vidhAtA ca daivaM karma purAkRtam Izvarazceti paryAyA vijJeyAH karmavedhasaH / / " -jinasena-"mahA purANa" 37, 4 62. karmamImAMsA, pR. 98 63. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa (5) pR. 876 / 64. DaoN. satIza candra jozI -bhaviSya purANa' pR. 133 65. ziva purANa (2) pR. 151, zlo.. 3-7 66. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina "jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana" pR. 334 67. bhagavatI sUtra, 7, 10, 121 68. sthAnAMga sUtra 9 69. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 8, 3 70. AcArAMga 1, 4, 2, 1 71. dazavaikAlika 4,8 72. "akuvvao pavaM patthi" -sUtrakRtAMga 1, 15, 7 73. upabhogena puNyAnAmapuNyAnAM ca pArthiva kartavyamiti nityAnAmakaraNAt tathA / / asaMcayAdapUrvasya kSayAt pUrvArjitasya ca karmaNo 'baMdhamApnoti zarIraM ca puna: punaH / / karmaNA mokSamApnoti vaiparItyena tasya tu // -mArkaNDeya purANa 36, 6-8 74. viSNu purANa (2) pR. 397, zlo. 28 75. padma purANa (2),pR. 404, zlo. 87-88 76. zrI madhukara munijI "karmamImAMsA" pR. 105 tathA karmagrantha bhAga 1, bhUmikA pR. 57 77. nathamala TaoNTiyA -'sTaDIja ina jaina philosophI' pR. 260 karmavAda / 114

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78. samavAyAMga 2 79. tattvArtha sUtra 8, 2 80. prajJApanA 23, 1, 290 8. uttarAdhyayana 33, 7 82. maNo sAhasio mImo, duTThasso paridhAvai taM sammaM tu nigiNhAmi, dhammasikkhAi kaMthagaM / / -uttarAdhyayana-23, 58 83. yogazAstra-caturtha prakAza 84. ziva purANa 7, 1, 5, 53 85. "mAnasaM ca tathA pApaM tAdRzaM nAzayed dvijAH mAnasa vajralepaM tu kalpa kalpAnugaM tathA" - ziva purANa, vidyezvara saMhitA, 12, 38, 39 86. viSNu purANa (2) pR. 397, zlo. 28 87. jitendracandra bhAratIya . __ -'ziva purANa meM zaivadarzana tattva' pR. 142. "kAyavAGmana: karmayoga:" . "sa AsravaH" "zubha: puNyasyAzubha: pApasya" "sakaSAyAkaSAyayoH sAmparAyikaryApathayoH" -tattvArthasUtra 6, 1-4 89. "zubhAzubhaM ca yatkiMcit . .. svakarmaphalabhuk pumAn" -brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 215, zlo. 19 90. (a) "AsravanirodhasaH saMvaraH" ___"sa samitiguptidharmAnuprekSApariSahajayacAritraiH" / -tattvArthasUtra 9, 1-2 (ba) uttarAdhyayana 3, 30 91. padma purANa (2) pR. 404, zlo. 88 . . 92.. bhagavatI sUtra 25, 7, 801 93. "karmanirmUlane muktiH " / -brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 215, zlo. 19 94. tattvArtha sUtra 10, 3 95. yogazAstra 4, 5 . 96. ziva purANa, koTirudrasaMhitA, adhyAya 23 97. "zubhAzubha bhuJjate ca karmapUrvArjitaM param * * karmanirmUlane mukti..." -brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 275, zlo. 19 98. puNya pApaM vinirmuktAya prApya ca punarbhavam na yoginaH prApnuvanti tamasmi zaraNaM gataH // -vAmanapurANa (2) pR. 382, a. 86, zlo. 78 99. tattvArtha sUtra 1,1 100. mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna "jainasaMskRti kA vyApaka rUpa" pR. 28 101. ziva purANa, umA saMhitA, a. 51 102. kalyANa-bhakti aMka pR. 90, janavarI 1958 103. Nagarassa jaha duvAraM, muhassa cakkhU tarussa jahaM mUlaM / taha jANa susammattaM NANaM caraNavIratavANaM // . -bhagavatI ArAdhanA 736 115 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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104. jJAnArNava 55 105. vahI, 54 * 106. nAdaMsaNissa nANaM, nANena viNA na huMti caraNaguNA aguNissa natthi mokkho, natthi amokkhassa nivvANaM / / -uttarAdhyayana 28, 30 107. "tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam" -tattvArtha sUtra 1, 2 108. - tahiyANaM tu bhAvANaM, sabmAve uvaesaNaM bhAveNa ya saddahaMtassa sammataM taM viyAhiyaM / / -uttarAdhyayana -28, 15 109. yA deve devatA buddhirgurau ca gurutA mati dharma ca dharmadhI: zuddhA, samyaktvamidamucyate / / -ratanalAla DozI "mokSamArga" pR..64 110. zamasaMveganirvedA'nukampA''stikyalakSaNA: lakSaNai: paMcabhiH samyak samyaktvamupalakSyate / / . . -yogazAstra 2, 15 111. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 8, 23-23 112. manusmRti 6, 74 113. "sarveSAmeva jantUnAM viveko durlabhaH paraH / " -garuDa purANa (2), pR. 254, 2, 8 114. liMga purANa (1) pR. 89, zlo. 8 115. nArada purANa (1) pR. 77, zlo. 1, 8, 9 116. "tanmana: samatAlambi kAryyasAmyaM hi muktaye" ' -viSNu purANa (1) pR. 355, zlo. 31 117. liMga purANa (1) pR. 103, zlo. 26 118. skanda purANa (1) pR. 383, a. 36 zlo. 1 119. skanda purANa (1) pR. 263, zlo. 58 120. zrImadbhAgavata purANa, tRtIya skandha 121. kUrma purANa (1) pR. 399 122. kUrma purANa (1) pR. 67 / / 123.. (ka) kartavyo'dhyavasAya: sadanekAntAtmakeSu tattveSu saMzayaviparyayAnadhyavasAyaviviktamAtmarUpaM yat / / -puruSArthasiddhyupAya 35 (kha) dravyasaMgraha 3, 42 (ga) "nANeNa jANai bhAve" (gha) "jAnAti jJAyate'nena jJaptimAtra vA jJAnam" .. -sarvArthasiddhi pR. 2 124. puruSArtha siddhayupAya 32-34 125. dazavaikAlika 4, 10 126. uttarAdhyayana 29, 59 127. "alamappaNo hoti alaM paresi" -sUtrakRtAMga 1, 12, 19 128. brahmavaivarta purANa (1) pR. 280, zlo. 6 129. "jJAnameva parabrahma -ziva purANa (2) pR. 216, zlo. 39 130. "asya rogasya bhaiSajyaM jJAnameva na cAparam" -ziva purANa 7, 1, 31, 81 131. ajJAnamala pUrvattvAnpuruSo malina: smRtaH tatkSayAddhi bhavenmuktirnAnyathA janmakoTibhiH / / -liMga purANa (2) pR. 38, zlo. 60 karmavAda / 116

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132. liMga purANa, pR. 39, zlo. 71, 73, 74 133. vahI, pR. 40-41, zlo. 84-86 134. vahI, pR. 45, zlo. 108-109 135. (ka). nANaM paMcavihaM paNNattaMAbhiNibohiyaNANa suyaNANaM, ohiNANaM, maNapajjavaNANaM, kevalaNANaM -naMdIsUtra (kha) sthAnAMgasUtra 2, 1, 103; 5, 3, 341 (ga) tattvArthasUtra 1, 11-12 (gha) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 85-86 136. DaoN. satIzacandra jozI -'zrI bhaviSya purANa' pR. 89-90 137. ziva purANa 7, 2, 38, 9 . 138. jitendracandra bhAratIya .. -'ziva purANa meM zaivadarzana tattva' pR. 142.... 139. sarvArthasiddhi pR. 2 140. uttarAdhyayana 28, 33 141. DaoN. zivamuni . -'mukti-eka anuzIlana' pR. 18 142. puruSArthasiddhyupAya 38 / 143. kalyANa, ziva purANAMka (janavarI, 1962) pR. 512 144. AcArAMga 1, 5, 2 .145. vahI, 1, 3, 3 146. Hiriyanna M. "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" (Hindi translation) P. 78 147. devIbhAgavata purANa (1) pR. 470, zlo. 11-12 148. viSNu purANa (1) pR. 209, 19, 5-6 . 149. padma purANa (2) pR. 412, zlo. 128-130 840. "Although Karma is really a scientific law, it was appropriated by the Asiatic religions........The west has great and quick need for the acceptance, of Karma and rebirth because they make men and nations ethically self-responsible as no irrational or incoherent dogma can make them.......Hence the urgency of popularizing the Karma doctrine." "The Hidden Teaching Beyond" P. 335-6 (muni zrI amarendravijayajI -"vijJAna aura adhyAtma" pR. 79) 151. J. Jaini : "Outlines of Jainism" (M. Hiriyanina : "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" Hindi translation P. 172) - 000 . 117 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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AcAra siddhAnta : sAmAnya AcAra AcAra kA jIvana meM bahuta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| AcAra kA sAmAnya artha hai-vyAvahArika jIvana meM AcaraNa yogya ve niyama jo cAritra kA gaThana karate haiM, AcAra ke antargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra AcAra se tAtparya acche cAla-calana se hai| mahAbhArata meM AcAra ko dharma kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| AcAra se dharma utpanna hotA hai| zrutiyoM aura smRtiyoM meM bhI AcAra ko sabase bar3A dharma batalAyA gayA hai| sadAcAra bhAratIya saMskRti kI mukhya vizeSatA hai| sajjanoM ke AcAra ko sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai-"sajjanAnAM AcAraH sdaacaarH"| AcAra mAhatmya jaina evaM paurANika sAhitya meM bhI AcAra para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| purANakAra ke anusAra sadAcAra kA sabhI ko pAlana karanA caahie| AcAra rahita ko yajJa, tapa, dAnAdi karane para bhI kalyANa kI prApti nahIM hotii| yaha eka vaTavRkSavat hai, jisane isakA bhalI-bhA~ti sevana. kiyA hai, vaha bahuta hI adhika puNyabhAgI hotA hai| isakA mUla dharma hai, zAkhAe~ dhana hai, tathA mokSa isakA phala hai| AcAra kA zreSThatva pratipAdita karate hue durAcArarata vyakti kI hAniyA~ batAI gaI haiM ki vaha nindA kA pAtra, vyAdhigrasta, alpAyu, sadA duHkha bhoktA hotA hai| ataH vyakti ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka svecchA se avazya sadAcAra kA pAlana karanA caahie| AcAra hI parama dharma, parama vidyA, parama dhana tathA parama gati hai AcAraH paramo dharmaH, AcAra: paramaM dhnm| AcAraH paramo vidyA, AcAra: paramA gatiH / / veda jJAna, bhagavad bhakti bhI AcArabhraSTa puruSa ko pavitra nahIM kara sakatI hai| usakI rakSA tIrtha, yajJAdi koI bhI nahIM kara sakate haiN| sadAcAra se hI svarga, sukha, mokSa Adi sabhI prApta hotA hai| sadAcArapUrvaka hI sabhI arhatAyeM (yogyatAyeM) pUrNa hotI haiN| vidveSa tathA rAga se rahita jo samyak AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, use hI skandapurANakAra ne sadAcAra kahA hai| sadAcAra ke pAlana meM bhI bhAvanA honA Avazyaka sAmAnya AcAra / 118

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hai kyoMki AcAra kA vicAra se sambandha avazya hai, anyathA nAradapurANa meM likhA hai ki dUsaroM ke vaibhava se apane hRdaya ko santapta karane vAle, kevala dambha ke lie sadAcAra kA pradarzana karane vAle mithyAcAriyoM se bhagavAn bahuta dUra rahate haiN| AcAra ko prathama dharma batAte hue AcAra se zreSThatva tathA satkarma kI prApti batalAI gaI hai| zreSTha jAti meM utpanna bhI yadi AcArahIna ho to vaha zUdra-tulya hI hotA hai| jisa prakAra purANoM meM AcAra kA mAhAtmya nirUpita hai usI prakAra jainadharma meM bhI AcAra ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| ratnatrayI jise mokSa prApti kA sAdhana mAnA hai, usameM samyakcAritra bhI hai, jisakA sambandha AcAra se hI hai| mokSa prApti jaina dharmAnusAra mAtra jJAna se yA mAtra cAritra se nahIM hotI hai varan ina donoM ke saMgama se hI hotI hai| jaisA ki sUtrakRtAMga meM kathana hai-"AhaMsu vijjAcaraNaM pmokkhN"| __arthAt jJAna aura karma (vidyA evaM AcaraNa) se hI mokSa kI prApti hotI hai|' yahI vyavahAra bhASya tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kA bhI kathana hai| isa prakAra darzanapUrvaka jJAna tathA cAritra dvArA AtmA ko carama tathA parama lakSya kI prApti hotI hai| mokSa ke hetubhUta ina sAdhanoM kA uttarAdhyayana tathA tattvArthasUtra meM bhI nirdeza hai| .. _ yadi vyakti meM jJAna bahutasA hai kintu usakA phala sadAcAra nahIM hai to vaha usa mithyAdRSTi kA jJAna bhI ajJAna hI batAyA gayA hai| yaha satya hI kahA gayA hai-"hataM jJAnaM kriyAhInaM, hatA. cAjJAninAM kriyA" arthAt AcaraNa ke abhAva meM jJAna vyartha sAbita ho jAtA hai tathA jJAna ke abhAva meM AcaraNa vyartha hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne svaracita grantha "Avazyaka niyukti" meM yahI bAta dRSTAntoM dvArA samajhAI hai-yathA vana meM Aga lagane para paMgu use dekhatA huA aura andhA daur3atA huA bhI Aga se baca nahIM pAtA, jalakara naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise AcArahIna jJAna tathA jJAnahIna AcAra bhI vinAza ko prApta hotA hai| yadi jIvana meM zAstroM kA jJAna to bahuta hai kintu phira bhI jo sAdhaka cAritrahIna hai, vaha saMsAra-sAgara meM DUba jAtA hai| jaise karor3oM dIpaka jalA dene para bhI andhe ko koI prakAza nahIM mila sakatA hai, tadanusAra hI zAsroM kA bahuta-sA adhyayana bhI cAritrahIna ke lie kisa kAma kA? zAstroM kA thor3A-sA adhyayana bhI saccaritra sAdhaka ke lie prakAza dene vAlA hotA hai| jisakI AMkheM khulI haiM, usako eka dIpaka bhI kAphI prakAza de sakatA hai| ataH saMyoga siddhi (jJAna aura kriyA kA saMyoga) hI phaladAyI (mokSa rUpI phala dene vAlA) hotA hai| eka 'pahie se kabhI ratha nahIM cltaa| jaise andhA aura paMgu milakara vana ke dAvAnala se pAra hokara nagara meM surakSita pahu~ca sakate haiM, vaise hI sAdhaka bhI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya se hI mukti lAbha prApta karatA hai| 119 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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AcaraNa ke abhAva meM jJAna sirpha bhAratulya hI hai, yathA gadhe para candana kA bhAra hote hue bhI use sugandha kA patA nahIM calatA, vaha use sirpha DhotA rahatA hai| vastutaH AcAra kA itanA mahattva hai ki usake abhAva meM anya sAdhana sAdhaka ko sahAyaka nahIM hote haiN| tairane kI kalA kA jJAnamAtra prApta karane se vyakti taira nahIM sakatA, yadi vaha hAtha-pA~va hilAkara koI kAyaceSTA nahIM kre| AcArAMga-niyuktikAra ne sampUrNa jinavANI (Agama sAhitya) kA sAra hI "AcAra" ko mAnA hai tathA AcaraNa kA sAra nirvANa (mukti) batAyA hai| AcaraNahIna jJAnI vastutaH ajJAnI hai, kintu cAritrayukta jJAna alpa hote hue bhI mahAn phala dene vAlA hai| cAhe bhikSu ho yA gRhastha, jo suvratI sadAcArI hai, vaha divyagati ko prApta karatA hai| samasta sAmAnya yA vizeSa dharma sadAcAra (zIla) ke hI aMga haiN| isI ke AdhAra para anya guNoM kI bhI sthiratA saMbhAvya hai, kintu isa guNa ke abhAva meM duHzIla durAcArI vyakti kI sthiti ko spaSTa karate hue uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA kathana hai ki jo duHzIla vyakti hotA hai vaha svAdiSTa cAvaloM kA bhojana chor3akara viSThA khAne vAle zUkara ke tulya hI hotA hai, kyoMki vaha bhI sadAcAra ko chor3akara durAcAra ko pasanda karatA hai| aisA duHzIla, uddaNDa, mukhara vAcAla manuSya sarvatra dhakke dekara nikAla diyA jAtA hai; jaise sar3e kAnoM vAlI kutiyA jahA~ bhI jAtI hai dutkAra kara nikAla dI jAtI hai| isa prakAra durAcArI svayaM hI svayaM kA ahita kara letA hai| pUrva varNita purANAnusAra AcArahIna sAdhaka kI rakSA tIrtha, yajJAdi koI bhI nahIM kara sakatA hai| usI prakAra yahA~ bhI kahA gayA hai-cIvara, mRgacarma, nagnatA, jaTAe~, kaMthA aura siromuNDana; yaha sabhI upakrama AcAra rahita sAdhaka kI (durgati se) rakSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki purANa tathA jaina sAhitya meM AcAra kA paryApta mahattva hai, kintu sAtha hI eka apekSA bhI hai ki vaha dharmasammata ho; anyathA adharmayukta AcAra durAcAra kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ dharmAcaraNa ke viSaya meM purANa tathA jaina dharma ke mantavya prastuta kiye jA rahe haiN| dharma : vyutpatti evaM artha 'dhR' dhAtu se niSpanna dharma zabda kA vaiyAkaraNoM ne vividha prakAra se vyutpannArtha nirdiSTa kiyA hai| yathA-1. vaha karma jisake AcaraNa se isa loka meM abhyudaya aura paraloka meM mokSa kI prApti ho, vaha dharma hai| 2. jisase loka dhAraNa kiyA jAye, vaha dharma hai| 3. jo loka ko dhAraNa kareM, vaha dharma hai| 4. jo anyoM se dhAraNa kiyA jAye, vaha dharma hai| mahAbhAratAnusAra dhAraNa karane se yaha dharma kahA gayA hai| Azaya sAmAnya AcAra / 120

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yaha hai ki dharma samasta carAcara jagat ko dhAraNa karatA hai tathA saba ko dhAraNa karane kI yogyatA rakhane ke kAraNa hI use dharma kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna maharSiyoM ne isakI vibhinna paribhASAe~ kI haiN| mahAmahopAdhyAya DaoN. pI. vI. kANe ne apane grantha "dharmazAsra kA itihAsa" meM prAcIna granthoM ke AdhAra para likhA hai ki "dharma" se tAtparya mAnava ke una vizeSAdhikAroM evaM viziSTa kartavyoM se hai jo ki vaha eka AryoM ke samAja ke sadasya ke rUpa meM, kisI vizeSa varga ke sadasya ke rUpa meM, athavA jIvana kI vizeSa avasthA meM pUrNa karatA hai|" dharma kA vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se artha svabhAva hotA hai, yathA agni kA dharma hai ussnntaa| isI prakAra AtmA kA jo jJAnarUpa svabhAva hai vahI usakA dharma bhI hai| aise Atmadharma ko prApta karane ke lie, prakaTa karane ke lie jo vyAvahArika taura para sAdhanAe~ prAcIna RSi-muniyoM dvArA batalAI gaI haiM, unheM bhI "dharma" nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai yadyapi vaha abhyAsa hI hai| jainAgamoM meM kahA gayA hai "vatthu sahAvo dhammo" arthAt vastu kA apanA svabhAva dharma hai| durgati meM girate hue prANI ko dhAraNa karane se dharma "dharma" kahA jAtA hai| jo vividha karmAvaraNoM se AcchAdita hai, usako prakaTa karane meM sahAyaka hone se arthAt jisase AtmA kI zuddhi ho, use bhI dharma kahate haiN| purANa tathA jaina sAhitya meM dharma ko sabase zreSTha tathA jIvana meM pramukha puruSArtha batAyA gayA hai| dharmahIna vyakti ke artha, kAma vandhyAsutavat niSphala hote haiN| dharma se hI saba kucha prApta hotA hai| prANI akelA hI janma letA hai aura akelA hI prayANa karatA hai| usa samaya usake sAtha koI bhI dhana, parijana, mitrAdi nahIM hote haiN| kevala eka dharma hI usake jIvana meM sahAyaka hotA hai| manuSya ke lie mAtA-pitAdi koI bhI sahAyaka nahIM hai isalie sabhI ko nityaprati dharmAcaraNa karanA caahie| liMgapurANakAra ne dharma kA artha batAte hue likhA hai ki kuzala karma hI dharma hai tathA akuzala karma hI. adharma hai| arthAt laukika evaM pAralaukika kalyANa sampAdanArtha jisa sAdhana ko dhAraNa kiyA jAye, vaha dharma hai| dharma kA mahattva - jaina sAhitya meM dharma kA mahattva varNana karate hue use jIvana ke pramukha dhyeya rUpa meM dikhalAyA hai| use hI eka mAtra zaraNa batAte hue batAyA hai ki jarA-maraNa ke mahApravAha meM DUbate prANI ke lie eka mAtra dharma hI dvIpa hai, pratiSThA-AdhAra hai, gati hai aura uttama zaraNa hai| jo vartamAna meM isakA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, use bhaviSya meM pazcAttApa karanA par3atA hai| yahI dharma abandhuoM kA bandhu hai, amitroM kA mitra hai, anAthoM kA nAtha hai tathA isa jagat meM paramavatsala dharma hI hai|" 121 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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dharmAcaraNa : eka vivecana dharma ke pradhAnataH do rUpa hote haiM1. sAmAnya dharma 2. vizeSa dharma sAmAnya dharma-sArvakAlika evaM sarvajanapAlanIya hotA hai evaM vizeSa dharma-deza, kAla, paristhiti evaM sambandha Adi ke anusAra eka varga athavA vyakti kA apanA dharma hai| yaha vibhinna vyakti yA sthiti ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna prakAra kA hotA hai| vibhinna dharmAcAroM kA varNana karate hue devIbhAgavatapurANa meM kahA gayA hai-zAstrIya aura laukika ke bheda se AcAra do prakAra kA hai| jo apanA zubha cAhate haiM, ve ina donoM meM se eka kA bhI tyAga na kreN| satpuruSoM kA kartavya hai ki ve grAma dharma, jAti dharma, deza dharma, kula dharma-ina sabhI kA pAlana kreN|" ___purANoM meM varNita ina dharmoM kA vivaraNa jainAgama sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhI hai| isa sUtra meM dharma ke dasa prakAra likhe haiN|2 1. grAma dharma-gA~va kI paramparA yA vyavasthA kA pAlana krnaa| 2. nagara dharma-nagara kI paramparA yA vyavasthA kA pAlana krnaa| 3. rASTra dharma-rASTra ke prati kartavya kA pAlana, krnaa| 4. pAkhaMDa dharma-pApoM kA khaNDana karane vAle AcAra kA pAlana krnaa| 5. kula dharma-kula ke paramparAgata AcAra kA pAlana karanA / 6. gaNa dharma-gaNa kI paramparA yA vyavasthA kA pAlana krnaa| 7. saMgha dharma-saMgha kI maryAdA yA vyavasthA kA pAlana krnaa| 8. zruta dharma-dvAdazAMga zruta kI ArAdhanA yA abhyAsa krnaa| 9. cAritra dharma-saMyama kI ArAdhanA karanA, cAritra paalnaa| 10. astikAya dharma-astikAya arthAt bahupradezI dravyoM kA dharma (svbhaav)| uparyukta dharmoM meM se kucha laukika kartavyoM ko iMgita karate haiM tathA kucha pAramArthika lakSya hetu haiN| vyakti para jaba jisa karttavya ke pAlana kA samaya AtA hai, use avazya pAlana karanA cAhie, yahI batAnA purANa evaM jaina sAhitya meM varNita prAmAdi dharmoM kA hetu hai| ___ purANoM meM Azrama, varNa Adi bhedoM dvArA pratyeka ke pRthak karttavya ghoSita kie gaye haiN| yathA kSatriya kA dharma hai surakSA karanA aadi| jaina dharma meM bhI gRhastha, saMnyAsI Adi sabhI ke lie kaI kartavya (niyama) nirdhArita kiye gaye haiN| unameM kucha Avazyaka sAmAnya AcAra / 122

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tathA kucha aicchika hote haiN| sAmAnya dharma to pratyeka jana ke lie Avazyaka hI hai| una sAmAnya dharmoM kA yahA~ saMkSipta vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| dhArmika AcAroM ke do rUpa haiM jinameM kucha vidheyAtmaka AcAra haiM tathA kucha niSedhAtmaka / vastutaH to vidheya ke antargata hI niSedha hai tathA niSedha meM hI vidheya bhI samAhita hotA hai yathA dharma kA vidheyarUpa hai ahiMsA pAlanIya hai| sabhI prANiyoM ko Atmavat samajhanA tathA niSedha rUpa hai prANI vadha na karanA, isa prakAra donoM paraspara samanvita haiN| donoM rUpa purANa tathA jaina sAhitya meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| sAmAnya dharmoM meM sabase prathama dharma hai ahiNsaa| ataH usI kA sarvaprathama vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai ahiMsA ahiMsA ko dharma kA mUla yA prANa mAnA gayA hai| purANoM ko dekhane se patA lagatA hai ki inameM bhI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta pUrNa vikasita evaM samRddha hai| yaha sAdhAraNa dharma kA pramukha aMga bana gayA hai| . . tathApi jaina dharma meM jitanA ahiMsA kA sUkSma vivecana hai utanA anyatra kahIM milanA saMbhava nahIM hai| vahA~ nizcaya dRSTi se jo pramatta hai, vaha hiMsaka hai tathA jo apramatta hai, vahI ahiMsaka hai| .. ___ hiMsA kI paribhASA dete hue tattvArthasUtra meM likhA . hai-"pramattayogAtprANavyaparopaNaMhiMsA"13 pramAdavaza jo prANaghAta hotA hai, vaha hiMsA hai| hiMsA ke tIna rUpa haiM-mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika / purANoM meM ina tInoM prakAra kI hiMsA kA spaSTatayA niSedha hai| arthAt hiMsA ke vicAra pahale mana meM Ate haiN| tatpazcAt vacanaM tathA kAya dvArA vyakta hotA hai| vAyupurANa meM hiMsA ke uddezya se nahIM hone vAlI tathA anajAna meM hone vAlI bhUla ko bhI kSamya nahIM kahA hai| vahA~ likhA hai ki-mana, vANI evaM karma se sabhI jIvoM ke prati ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA caahie| yadi koI bhikSu anicchA se bhI kisI pazu kI hiMsA kara DAlatA hai to isa doSa yA pApa se mukti pAne ke lie prAyazcita svarUpa use cAndrAyaNa Adi kaThora vratoM ko karanA caahie|" - jainAgamoM meM bhI trividha hiMsA kA niSedha karate hue likhA hai ki mana, vacana aura kAya, ina tInoM se prANiyoM ko nahIM mAranA caahie| anajAna meM huI hiMsA kA yahA~ bhI prAyazcita vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| hiMsA kA viziSTa rUpa yaha batAyA gayA hai ki hiMsA kevala dikhAI dene vAlI hI nahIM hai balki AtmA ke azubha pariNAma hI hiMsA hai| hiMsA ke do rUpa hote haiM-bhAvahiMsA aura dravyahiMsA / mana meM (krodhAdi) jAgRta honA bhAvahiMsA hai aura mana ke bhAva ko vacana aura kriyArUpa denA dravyahiMsA 123 / purANoM meM jaina dharma ,

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kahalAtI hai| arthAt koI prANa ke dravyarUpa hI nahIM, bhAva rUpa kA bhI ghAta kare to vaha hiMsA ke kSetra meM hI aayegaa| AcArya amRtacandra ke zabdoM meM yatkhalu kaSAya yogAt prANAnAM drvy-bhaav-ruupaannaam| . vyavaropaNasya karaNaM sunizcitA bhavati sA hiMsA / / ise zrI nAthUrAma jI ne apane zabdoM meM isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai "jisa puruSa ke mana meM, vacana meM va kAya meM krodhAdi kaSAya prakaTa hote haiM, usake zuddhopayoga rUpa bhAvaprANoM kA ghAta to pahale hotA hai kyoMki kaSAya ke prAdurbhAva se bhAvaprANa kA vyavaropaNa hotA hai, yaha prathama hiMsA hai; pazcAt yadi kaSAyoM kI tIvratA se dIrgha zvAsocchavAsa se hastapAdAdi se vaha apane aMga ko kaSTa pahu~cAtA hai athavA AtmaghAta kara letA hai to usake dravyaprANoM kA vyavaropaNa hotA hai, yaha dUsarI hiMsA hai; phira usake kahe hae marma-bhedI kuvacanAdika se va hAsyAdi se lakSya puruSa ke aMtaraMga meM jo pIr3A hokara usake bhAva prANoM kA vyavaropaNa hotA hai, yaha tIsarI hiMsA hai; aura anta meM usake tIvrakaSAya va pramAda se lakSya puruSa ko jo zArIrika aMgacchedana Adi pIr3A pahu~cAyI jAtI hai to paradravya prANa vyavaropaNa hotA hai, yaha cauthI hiMsA hai| sArAMzataH kaSAya se apane para ke bhAva prANa va dravya prANa kA ghAta karanA hiMsA kA lakSaNa hai|"15 prastuta aMza se spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA bahuta sUkSma hai| jJAna kA sAra hI ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA eka sahasravAhinI dhArA hai jisake hajAroM rUpa haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-"dayA, samAdhi, kSamA, samyaktva, ArAdhanA, dhRti (citta kI dRr3hatA), samRddhi (Atmika Ananda), pramoda, rakSA, samiti, AzvAsana, vizvAsa, abhaya, samatva, prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva-yaha samasta ahiMsA kA parivAra hai| hiMsaka na kevala para-ahita karatA hai balki svayaM apane lie kaI hAniyA~ paidA kara letA hai| para-ahita ho yA na ho, yaha koI jarUrI nahIM; parantu jisako hiMsA ke vicAra Ate haiM, vaha usI kSaNa svahiMsA kara letA hai arthAt anya kA ahita (aniSTa) karane ke lakSya se svayaM kA hI aniSTa ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM yahI kahA hai ki jo chalI apane sukhoM ke lie dUsaroM ko dukha dete haiM, unheM ve hiMsita jIva bAda meM (anya janmoM meM) vaise hI kaSTa pahu~cAte haiM, mArate haiN|"16 ahiMsA ke pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki jisa prakAra hama sukhI rahanA cAhate haiM yA jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, vaise hI anya jIva bhI sukha yA jIvana cAhate haiN| ataH unakI rakSA karanA vastutaH hamAre kalyANa (zreya) kI hI rakSA hai| sabhI prANiyoM ko sukha priya tathA duHkha apriya lagatA hai, isalie prANiyoM meM maitrI bhAvanA rakhanI caahie| AcArAMga sUtra meM yahI bAta jarA vistRta rUpa se samajhAI gaI hai ki sva aura para ko eka hI tulA para rakhanA caahie| jo sva sukha-duHkha ko jAnatA hai, vaha anya ke bhI sAmAnya AcAra / 124

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sukha-duHkha mAnatA hai| vyakti aura kisI ko mAra nahIM sakatA, na zAsita kara sakatA hai tathA na hI paritApa de sakatA hai, kyoMki jise bhI mAranA Adi cAhe vaha khuda hI hai| kyoMki svarUpa dRSTi se saba caitanya eka samAna haiM, yaha advaitabhAvanA (abhedAnubhUti) hI ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra hai| * jisa prakAra jainAgamoM meM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi arthAt sthAvara-jaMgama sabhI ko sajIva mAnakara unake prati ahiMsA pAlana karane ke lie kahA hai| yahI bAta purANoM meM bhI kahI gaI hai| parvatAdi samasta sthAnoM para viSNu hai jale viSNuH sthale viSNuH, viSNuparvatamastake jAlAmAlAkule viSNuH sarvaM viSNumayaM jagat / / gItA kA bhI yahI Azaya hai| kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM "caitanya, pRthvI, vAyu, agni, jala, vanaspati evaM calane-phirane vAle sabhI prANiyoM maiM huuN| isa prakAra mujhe sarvavyApaka jAnakara jo merI hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, maiM use nahIM maartaa| viSNu ko sarvavyApaka mAnate hue viSNupurANa ne bhI yahI iMgita kiyA hai ki cUMki viSNu sarva vyApaka hai, ataH hiMsA karane vAlA inhIM kI hiMsA karatA hai| jo vyakti hiMsA se apane ko alaga rakhatA hai, usase hamezA hI viSNu santuSTa rahate haiN|" hiMsA ko saba pAtakoM kI jar3a mAnA hai| ise eka pratIkAtmaka kathA dvArA viSNupurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki adharma kI patnI hiMsA thii| usake putra anRt tathA nikRti se bhaya va naraka nAmaka putra hue, jinakI patniyA~ mAyA aura vedanA thiiN| mAyA ne saMhArakartA mRtyu ko. janma diyA aura vedanA se vyAdhi, jarA, zoka, tRSNA kI utpatti huii| isa prakAra saMsAra ke samasta duHkhoM ke mUla meM hiMsA hI hai|8 " jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai ki hiMsA kevala kArya se hI nahIM, bhAva se bhI hotI hai| isa sandarbha meM purANoM meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki mana ke dvArA pApa (hiMsA) kA vicAra karanA bhI hiMsA hai| jo manuSya dUsaroM kA aniSTa nahIM socatA, usakA bhI kabhI aniSTa nahIM hotaa| ataH kabhI kisI kA ahita ciMtana na kareM tathA sabhI ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rkheN| vAcika hiMsA kA bhI pratirodha kiyA gayA hai|9 . purANavat jaina dharma meM bhI vAcika hiMsA ko pratiSiddha karate hue usake duSpariNAma batAye haiN| lohe kA zUla cubhA ho to do ghar3I duHkha hotA hai aura use sahajatA se nikAlA jA sakatA hai, parantu kaThora vANIrUpI zUla cubha jAe to use sahajatA se nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA hai| vaha vaira vadha karane vAlA tathA mahA bhaya utpanna karane vAlA hotA hai|" isa prakAra purANAnusAra bhI mana, vacana, karma tInoM dvArA ahiMsA pAlanIya hai tathA jo isa prakAra sarvatra aura sarvadA hiMsA kA parihAra karatA hai, usakI sabhI rakSA : - 125 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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karate haiM tathA jo hiMsA karane vAlA hai, use sabhI bAdhA pahu~cAte haiN| ahiMsA ko sarvazreSTha pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai ki kisI veda ke pAragAmI vidvAna ko sampUrNa trailokya kA dAna karane se jo phala prApta hotA hai, usa phala se bhI koTiguNA phala sadA ahiMsaka mAnava dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA hai| ataeva mana, vacana aura karma se sadA samasta prANiyoM ke hita meM anurAga rakhane ke anurAgavAle puruSa sadgati ko prApta kiyA karate haiN| triyoga dvArA hiMsA kA niSedha viSNu purANa, skanda purANa, nArada purANa Adi meM bhI. spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigata hotA hai|" agni purANa meM ahiMsA kI tulanA hastI pada se kI gaI hai arthAt jisa prakAra "sarve padA hastI pade nimagnA" hAthI ke pA~va meM sabhI ke pA~va samAhita haiM-vaise hI ahiMsA meM anya sabhI guNa A jAte haiN| zauca, santoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya, Izvara pUjana, prANiyoM ko kaSTa na denA Adi sabhI ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiM bhUtapIr3A hyahiMsA syAdahiMsA dharma uttmH| . yathA gajapade'nyAni padAni pathagAminAma // 22 jaina dharma ke anusAra bhI ahiMsA meM hI anya sabhI dharma samAhita haiN| satya. acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi sabhI kA samAveza ahiMsA meM ho jAtA hai| jaise sabhI nadiyA~ samudra meM vilIna ho jAtI haiM, vaise hI saba dharma ahiMsA meM samA jAte haiN| jisa prakAra jagat meM merUparvata se UMcA aura AkAza se vizAla aura kucha bhI nahIM hai, vaise hI ahiMsA ke samAna koI dharma nahIM hai| ahiMsA kI garimA matsya purANa ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra hai-jitanA puNya cAra vedoM ke adhyayana se yA satya bolane se arjita hotA hai, usase kahIM adhika puNya kI prApti ahiMsA vrata ke pAlana se hotI hai|24 jaina dharmAnusAra hiMsA ke uddezya bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| "isane mujhe mArA", kucha loga isa vicAra se arthAt pratizodha kI bhAvanA se hiMsA karate haiN| "yaha mujhe mAratA hai" kucha isa vicAra se pratikAra kI bhAvanA se hiMsA karate haiN| "yaha mujhe mAregA" kucha loga isa bhaya kI bhAvanA se hiMsA karate haiN| koI lobhavaza, koI dveSavaza yA svArthavaza athavA koI-koI ajJAnavaza dharma ke lie bhI hiMsA karate haiM / 25 - dharma ke nAma para kI gaI hiMsA se lAbha kI kAmanA rakhanA usI prakAra hai, jaise koI jar3a (mUla) ko kATate hue vRkSa ko vikasita karane kI bAta socatA hai| isake atirikta eka hiMsA aisI bhI hai jise gRhastha apanI AvazyakatAoM (kSudhAdi). kI pUrti hetu karatA hai, jise ArambhikI nAma diyA hai, parantu isameM bhI sAvadhAnI, upayoga yA dhyAna rakhane ke lie prerita kiyA hai| yadi antaHkaraNa dayA ke rasa se yukta ho to sAvadhAnI svataH rakhI jAtI hai| dayA ke abhAva meM hI hiMsA kA ugama hotA hai| ahiMsA kA mUla dayA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra jo kaThora hRdaya dUsare sAmAnya AcAra / 126

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ko pIr3A se prakaMpamAna dekhakara bhI prakaMpita nahIM hotA, vaha niranukaMpa kahalAtA hai, cUMki anukaMpA kA artha hI hai-kA~pate hue ko dekhakara kaMpita honaa| hiMsA ke ina vibhinna hetuoM meM se ArambhikI (Avazyaka) hiMsA meM bhI kisa prakAra pyAna rakhanA cAhie, isa sandarbha meM liMga purANa meM nirdiSTa hai yathA "jala sUkSma jantuoM se mizrita hotA hai, ata: apUta jala se sampUrNa pApa prApta hotA hai, kyoMki sUkSma jantuoM kI vahA~ hiMsA hotI hai| gRhasthoM ko sammArjana meM arthAt ghara kI saphAI karane meM, agni jalAne meM, dhAnyAdi pIsane meM aura jala saMgraha meM nityaprati hiMsA huA hI karatI hai| ataH jalAdi, vasrAdi se pavitra kara chAna kara grahaNa karanA caahie|"26 isa prakAra purANoM meM bhI Avazyaka kAryoM meM bhI jAgRti kA sandeza diyA gayA hai| - hiMsA kA hI eka prakAra hai-sAMkalpikI hiMsA arthAt dveSapUrvaka hiMsA krnaa| purANa tathA jaina dharma donoM meM isako pUrNatayA varjita batAyA hai| yahA~ taka ki jisane apakAra kiyA hai, aise vyakti kI bhI hiMsA nahIM karanI caahie| dila meM bhI usake prati durbhAvanA nahIM rakhakara samabhAva rakhanA caahie| hiMsA saprayojana tathA niSprayojana donoM prakAra kI hotI hai| svArthAdi kisI bhI prayojana se kRta hiMsA bhI ucita nahIM mAnI gaI hai to niSprayojana kA to prazna hI nahIM uTha sakatA hai| hiMsA cAhe jisa prayojana se kI jAye, vaha hiMsA hI hai| . yadyapi prAcIna vaidika zrutiyoM meM vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM mAnI gaI kintu jainadharma meM hI nahIM, purANoM meM bhI isa ukti kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| matsya purANa meM ekadama spaSTa zabdoM meM isakA virodha kiyA hai adharmo balavAneSa hiMsA dharmasayA vt|| navaH pazuvidhistviSTastava yajJe surottama / / pazuvadha kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yajJa meM pazu hiMsA karane se dharma ke nAma para bahuta bar3A adharma hotA hai / mani jAbhI bhI hiMsA yA hiMsAparaka yajJa kA anumodana nahIM krte| yajJAdi ko hisAra kA tiraskAra karate hue bhAgavata meM prAcInavarhi nAmaka rAjA ko nArada RSi dvArA diyA gayA yaha upadeza yahA~ dRSTavya hai-"he rAjan ! tUne ghora anyAya kiyA hai| kuguruoM ke mithyA upadeza ke jAla meM phaMsakara, veda kI AjJA kA rahasya samajhe binA, usakA ulTA artha karake dIna pazuoM kI ora najara na karake yajJa ke nAma para, arAMTa karane vAle hajAroM pazuoM ko jalA DAlA hai| ve saba pazu tujhase badalA lene ke lie terI mRtyu kI pratIkSA kara rahe haiN| terI Ayu samApta hote hI ve alaga-alaga terA vadha usI prakAra kareMge, jaisA tUne unakA vadha kiyA hai|" yaha sunate hI prAcInabarhi rAjA ne hiMsAdharma kA tyAga kara diyaa| yajJa ke samAna hI bali ke bahAne bhI jo nirdaya loga prANiyoM kI hiMsA karate .. 127 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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- haiM, ve marakara ghora durgati meM jAte haiN| vAstava meM hiMsA na kabhI dharma huA hai aura na kabhI hogA hii| jaina dharma bhI ina hiMsaka bali-yajJAdi kA eka svara se virodha karatA hai| mUlAcAra meM ise mUr3hatA (mithyAtva) kahakara parityAga yogya batAyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne "yajJArthe pazavaH sRSTA" Adi vidhAna ke racayitA krUrakarmA RSiyoM ko cArvAkAdi nAstikoM se bhI adhama mAnA hai| unake anusAra devapUjA, yajJAdi ke bahAne bali car3hAne tathA jIva hiMsA karane vAle nirdaya loga narakAdi ghora durgatiyoM ko prApta karate haiM tathA zrAddha, bali, yajJAdi meM pUjAdi kA to bahAnA mAtra hai, vastutaH ve apanI mAMsalolupatA kI abhilASA ko pUrNa karate haiN| jihvA ke lie mA~sAhAra pApa hai to dharma ke nAma para yaha mahApApa ho jAtA hai| ___ uttarAdhyayana ke 12veM adhyAya meM harikezI muni ina karmakANDoM ko karate hue brAhmaNoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahate haiM ki tuma kyoM agni kA Arambha karate ho? indriyoM kA damana karane vAle cha: jIvakAya kI hiMsA nahIM krte| yadi yajJa karanA hai to aisA yajJa karanA cAhie jo pUrNarUpeNa ahiMsaka ho| usa yajJa kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai-pA~ca saMvara se yukta, asaMyamI jIvana ko nahIM cAhane vAlA, zarIra mamatva kA tyAga karane vAlA, nirmala vrata vAlA, mahAnajaya vAle zreSTha yajJa kA anuSThAna karatA hai| usa yajJa meM tapa rUpI agni, jIva agni kA sthAna aura mana, vacana, kAyA ke zubha vyApAra kur3achI rUpa haiM, zarIra kaMDA rUpa hai aura ATha karma lakar3I rUpa haiM, saMyama caryA zAMti pATha rUpa hai, aisA yajJa RSiyoM dvArA prazaMsita hai|" Antarika pariNAmoM (bhAvoM) dvArA yajJa kA varNana bhAgavata meM bhI hai| bhAgavata meM nirdoSa yajJa ke sambandha meM maharSi vyAsa kA kathana hai-"jIva rUpI kuNDa meM sthita damarUpI pavana se prajjvalita kI huI, dhyAna rUpI agni meM azubha karma rUpI samidhA (lakar3iyA~) DAlakara uttama homa kreN| dharma, kAma aura artha kA nAza karane vAle duSTa kaSAya rUpI pazuoM kA zAnti rUpI mantra par3hakara yajJa karo, aise yajJa kA hI jJAniyoM ne vidhAna kiyA hai| azvamedhAdi yajJoM kA satyArtha isa prakAra batAyA hai-mana rUpI ghor3e kA yajJa karanA azvamedha yajJa hai, asatya rUpI gAya kA yajJa gomegha hai, indriya rUpI aja kA yajJa karanA ajamedha yajJa hai, kAmadeva rUpI puruSa kA yajJa naramedha yajJa hai, isa prakAra ke yajJa pUrvokta rIti se karane caahie| hiMsAtmaka yajJa mlecchatA kA paricAyaka hai| viSNu purANa meM isako nimnastara kA batAyA hai-yadi yajJa meM balidAna hone vAle pazu ko svarga milatA hai to yajamAna apane pitA kA balidAna karake use svarga kyoM nahIM prApta karA detA hai ? "32 ahiMsA pAlana meM ye samasta mUDhatAyeM bAdhaka hotI haiN| saba prANiyoM ke prati svayaM ko saMyata rakhanA, yahI ahiMsA kA pUrNadarzana hai| jaina dharma ke samAna hI purANoM sAmAnya AcAra / 128

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meM bhI trikaraNa (karanA, karAnA evaM anumodana karanA) tathA triyoga (mana, vacana tathA zarIra) dvArA hiMsA ko tyAjya pratipAdita kiyA hai| yahA~ taka ki vAmana purANa meM kahA gayA hai "prANoM kA tyAga kara denA zreSTha hai parantu dUsaroM kI hiMsA karanA kabhI bhI abhimata nahIM hai / "33 jainadharmAnusAra bhI ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai| vastutaH jitanI sUkSma dRSTi se dekheM, ahiMsA utanA hI vyApaka viSaya hai| isakA pUrNa vivecana kara pAnA asaMbhava lagatA hai| satya satya mAhAtmya mahAbhArata meM AkhyAta hai ki satya se bar3hakara koI dharma nahIM hai aura jhUTha se bar3hakara koI pApa nahIM hai| satya hI dharma kI AdhArazilA hai, ata: satya kA lopa na kreN| satya kI mahimA kA varNana sabhI ne kiyA hai| purANa tathA jaina dharma meM satya kA itanA mAhAtmya batAyA hai ki saba kucha satya se hI prApta hotA hai| satya ke binA kucha nahIM, sat para hI Age kA sabhI nirmANa hai, duniyA meM asat kucha bhI nahIM hai| satya ke mAhAtmya kI puSTi karate hue aneka prAcIna kathAnaka bhI likhe gaye haiN| harivaMzapurANakAra ne satya ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki devatA sadA satya meM tatpara rahate haiM kintu mahAn asura sadaiva asatya meM hI Asakta rahate haiN| jahA~ dharma, tapa aura satya hotA hai, vahA~ nizcaya hI vijaya hotI hai| isakA Azaya yaha hai ki satyavAdI mAnava devatulya kahe jAte haiM aura mithyAvAdI jana "asura' kI saMjJA prApta karate haiN| satya bolanA sAmAjika vyavasthA kA mUla unnAyaka hai| satya bolanA vANI kA tapa hai| zivapurANa meM satyaM ko hI paramabrahma, paramatapa, sabase bar3A yajJa mAnA hai| satya para hI pRthvI TikI huI hai| satya para hI saba kucha nirbhara hai / eka hajAra azvamedha ke phala ko, eka lAkha yajJa ke phala ko tarAjU ke eka palar3e para rakhA jAye aura dUsare para satya ko, to satya hI bhArI siddha ho satya hI paramadharma, paramapada tathA paramabrahma hai| ataH ina sabakI prApti ke lie sadA satya bolanA caahie| svarga (puNya loka) ke bhAgI ve hI hote haiM jo apane lie, anya ke lie, putra ke lie bhI kabhI jhUTha nahIM bolate / . satya se hI sUrya, candra prakAzita ho rahe haiN| yaha satya hI unakI tapazcaryA hai jisake kAraNa ve apane prAkRta niyama para cala rahe haiN| satyAcaraNa se unnati tathA mithyAcaraNa se avanati hotI hai| satya meM tapAdi sabhI pratiSThita hote haiN| satya se jo puNya prApta hotA hai, vaha uttama dakSiNAyukta aneka yajJAdi se yA anya kisI uttama kArya se prApta nahIM hotA hai|" purANavat hI jaina dharma bhI satya ko pramukha vrata mAnatA hai| use sAkSAt bhagavAn hI kaha diyA hai / satya hI saMsAra meM sArabhUta hai tathA mahAsamudra se bhI adhika .. 129 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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gambhIra hai| satyavAdI kI prazaMsA karate hue yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki satyavAdI mAtA kI taraha vizvAsapAtra hotA hai, guru kI taraha logoM kA pUjya tathA svajana kI taraha sabhI ko priya lagatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne satyavAdI kA prabhAva vyakta kiyA hai ki jo satpuruSa jJAna aura cAritra ke kAraNabhUta satya vacana hI bolate haiM, unake caraNoM kI raja pRthvI ko pAvana banAtI hai tathA satyarUpI mahAdhana yukta mahApuruSa kA bhUta, preta, sarpa, siMha, vyAghra Adi kucha bhI nahIM bigAr3a sakate haiN| satya ko hI yaza kA mUla kAraNa, vizvAsa prApti kA mukhya sAdhana, svarga kA dvAra evaM siddhi kA sopAna mAnA hai| isake viparIta asatya ko nikRSTatama batAte hue kahA hai ki eka ora jagat ke samasta pApa evaM dUsarI ora asatya kA pApa ina donoM ko tarAjU meM tolA jAye to barAbara hoNge| vizva ke sabhI satpuruSoM ne mRSAvAda (asatya) kI nindA kI hai| jisa prakAra satya vizvAsa kA kAraNa hai, vaise hI asatya avizvAsa kA mUla kAraNa hai| asatya vacana bolane se badanAmI hotI hai, paraspara vaira bar3hatA hai aura mana meM saMkleza hotA hai| asatya kA AcaraNa hI nahIM balki prarUpaNA (pratipAdana) karane vAle bhI saMsAra se pAra nahIM ho sakate / " purANavat satya ke sukha Adi aneka supariNAma tathA asatya kI hAniyA~ bhI vividha dRSTAntoM dvArA isa prakAra batAI haiM jaise kaDuve tUmbe kA eka hI bIja eka bhAra gur3a kA mIThApana naSTa kara detA hai; jaise manuSya ke sAmudrika zreSTha lakSaNa lAkhoM hoM parantu unameM kaue ke pA~va kA eka lakSaNa bhI ho to ve lAkhoM zubha lakSaNa vyartha ho jAte haiM; vaise hI asatyabhASaNa sabhI uttama guNoM ko aprAmANika banA detA hai| yathA viSoM meM tAlapuTa evaM vyAdhiyoM meM kSetraka (vikSipta yA unmAda) vyAdhi asAdhya hai; vaise hI asatya bhayaMkara tathA asAdhya hotA hai / mRSAvAdI (asatyavAdI) jahA~ jAtA hai yA utpanna hotA hai, apriya hotA hai tathA parabhava meM vaha durgandhita zarIra vAlA, durgandhita mukha vAlA, anAdeya, aniSTa vacana vAlA, kaThora karkaza vacana vAlA, jar3a, badhira, gUMgA, totalA hotA hai tathA isa loka meM jihvA cheda, vadha baMdhana, apayaza aura dhananAza Adi se duHkha pAtA hai| satya kA svarUpa satya kyA hotA hai, kaisA satya bolanA cAhie aura kaisA nahIM bolanA cAhie, isake viveka ke abhAva meM satyAcaraNa kA vidhivat pAlana nahIM ho sktaa| satya kA tathya batAte hue kahA hai satyaM brUyAt priyaM brUyAt na brUyAt stympriym| priyaM ca nAnRtaM brUyAdeSa dharmaH sanAtanaH / / viSNu purANa meM jJAnI puruSa kA kartavya nirdhArita karate hue kahA hai ki vaha usI prakAra kA satya bole, jisase dUsaroM ko sukha mile| yadi kisI satya vAkya sAmAnya AcAra/ 130

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se dUsaroM kA ahita hotA ho to mauna rahanA hI ucita hai| yadi priya vAkya bhI satya tathA hitakArI na ho to use bhI na kahe / kevala hita karane vAle vAkya hI kahanA cAhie, cAhe vaha kaisA bhI kyoM na ho| ___ arthAt satya apriya, ahitakArI na ho athavA kevala priya hI na ho, usake sAtha hita kA bhI avazya dhyAna rakhanA caahie| satya ke lie harizcandrAdi ne apane sAre sukhoM ko balidAna kara diyaa| apane sukhoM ko yA svArtha ko mahattva na dekara satya ko mahattva denA cAhie-isa sandarbha meM viSNupurANa meM hI varNita eka ghaTanA "deva-daitya yuddha" uddharaNIya hai ___ yuddhapUrva deva tathA daitya ne brahmA se apanA bhaviSya pUchA to unheM batAyA gayA "jisa pakSa meM rAjA ji zastra dhAraNa karake lar3egA, vaha jiitegaa|" daitya raji ke pAsa gye| raji ne zarta rakhI "vijayI hone para maiM daityoM kA indra bana sakU~ to maiM tumhArI ora se yuddha karane ke lie taiyAra huuN|" isa para daityoM ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA "hama jo kaha dete haiM, usase viparIta AcaraNa kabhI nahIM krte| hamAre indra prahlAda haiM, unhIM ke lie hama yuddha meM tatpara hue haiN|" daitya hAra gaye, parantu unhoMne kapaTa (asatyAcaraNa) kA Alambana nahIM liyaa| isa AkhyAna se jJAta hotA hai ki satya ke lie kitanA sAhasa tathA spaSTavAditA Avazyaka hai|6 ___ satya pAlana meM vANI-viveka Avazyaka hai| satya tathA madhura vacana bolane vAlA hI vedapATha kA saccA adhikArI aura jJAtA hotA hai| zItala malaya (candana), candrikA, chAyA, jala se bhI nahIM prApta hone vAlA Ananda madhura snehapUrNa vANI se prApta hotA hai| ataH kaTuka vacana, kisI ke antara (mana) ko duHkhI karane vAle, avamAnita karane vAle vacana nahIM bolane caahieN| aisA satya evaM madhura bolane vAlA hI kalyANa ko prApta karatA hai| jaina dharma meM satya kA svarUpa vyAkhyAta haiA satya bolane meM hita tathA priyatva kA dhyAna rakhane ke lie purANoM ke samAna hI batAyA gayA hai| aisA hI satya vacana bolane yogya haiM jo hita, mita (priya) evaM grAhya ho, asatya kevala jhUTha ko hI nahIM kahA hai| asatya kI vyApaka paribhASA karate hue svaprazaMsA tathA paranindA ko bhI asatya ke hI samakakSa mAnA hai| kahanA kucha, aura karanA kucha (kapaTa) bhI. asatya hai| satya vacanoM meM bhI anavadya satya (hiMsA rahita vacana) ko hI zreSTha mAnA hai tathA mana meM kapaTa rakhakara jhUTha bolanA, vAghAlatA, paizunya (cugalI), paranindA, mAyAmRSA Adi sabhI asatya hI haiN| dazavaikAlika meM bhASAzuddhi viSayaka eka pUrA adhyAya hai jisakA tAtparya vyAkaraNa kI zuddhi se nahIM balki bhAva zuddhi se hai arthAt una zabdoM yA vAkyoM kA prayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, jinake sunane se sunane vAloM ko kaSTa ho| . 131 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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satya hone para bhI jo bAta anya prANiyoM ko duHkha dene vAlI ho, use bhI kabhI nahIM bolanA caahie|" yahA~ bhI purANoM ke samAna ahitakArI, pIr3AdAyaka satya bolane kI apekSA mauna ko uttama mAnA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM metArya muni Adi kI ghaTanAyeM haiN| jisameM unhoMne dekhA ki mere satya bolane se kisI ko kaSTa hogA to ve mauna raha gae, bhale hI unheM bhayaMkara kaSTa ke sAtha mRtyu bhI A gaI, parantu unhoMne apane satya dharma ko nahIM chor3A aura na asatya hI bole| / - satya bolanA kitanA durlabha hai, isakA ullekha harivaMza purANa meM isa prakAra se hai ki saMsAra meM deza-kAlAnurUpa hitakara aura madhura vacana bolane vAle manuSya durlabha haiN| satya bolane vAle apane snehI janoM ko hamezA hita kI bAta batAyeM, cAhe vaha sunane meM apriya hI kyoM na ho| kintu jo loga asatya bhASI, dharma maryAdA ko bhaMga karane vAle, sunane kI icchA na rakhane vAle aura sabake apriya hoM, unase na to priya bAta kahanI cAhie aura na hita kI hI-aisA zreSTha puruSoM ne kahA hai| samuccaya rUpa se varjita vacana jainAgama sthAnAMgasUtra meM agralikhita batAye haiM-asatya vacana, tiraskArayukta vacana, jhir3akate hue vacana, kaThora vacana, upazAnta manuSyoM ko phira se bhar3akAne vAle kalaha vacana-ina cha: prakAra ke vacanoM ko nahIM bolanA caahie| saMkSepa meM kaheM to vAcika ahiMsA kA pAlana hI satya hai| "satya kI sAdhanA karane vAlA sAdhaka saba ora se duHkhoM se ghirA rahakara bhI ghabarAtA nahIM hai, vicalita nahIM hotA hai| vaha mAra-mRtyu kA pravAha taira jAtA hai, ataH satya meM ghRti kare, sthira ho| vastutaH yaha kathana tathyataH satya hI hai-"satyameva jayate naanRtm|" acaurya (asteya) kisI ke dvArA binA dI huI koI vastu vaha cAhe baDI ho yA choTI. apane adhikAroM meM kara lenA steya (caurya) hai| isake viparIta asteya kA svarUpa hai. jo sadguNoM kA kAraNa tathA paradravya-haraNa se nivRtti karAne vAlA hai| pataMjali ke anusAra "asteya vrata kA sAdhaka divya dRSTi vAlA bana jAtA hai| pRthvI meM sthita gupta rala-bhaNDAra bhI use dIkhane lagate haiN|" AdhyAtmika lAbha ke atirikta loka meM vaha prAmANika tathA vizvAsapAtra samajhA jAtA hai| sabhya evaM vizvasta hone se vaha sabhI jagaha sammAnanIya hotA hai| sAmAnya AcAra / 132 .

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purANoM ke anusAra Apatti ke samaya meM bhI vicArapUrvaka parAyA dhana grahaNa nahIM karanA cAhie aura vaha bhI mana, vacana tathA karma ke dvArA nahIM lenA acaurya kahA jAtA hai| aneka sthaloM para "paradravyeSu loSThavat" kahakara dUsaroM kI vastuoM kI AkAMkSA nahIM rakhane kA sandeza diyA gayA hai| __ jainadharma meM bhI caurya ke parihAra hetu sthUla evaM sUkSma samasta vastuoM ko vastu ke adhikArI kI icchA-anumati ke binA lene kA spaSTa zabdoM meM niSedha hai| zramaNa ke sandarbha meM asteya mahAvrata kA sUkSma vivecana kiyA hai ki grAma, nagara athavA araNya meM (kahIM bhI) dUsare kI vastu dekhakara use grahaNa karane kA bhAva (vicAra) tyAga dene vAle sAdhu ke tIsarA acauryavrata hotA hai| sacetana yA acetana, alpa yA bahuta, yahA~ taka ki dAMta sApha karane kI sIMka bhI sAdhu binA diye grahaNa nahIM krte| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI kisI bhI prakAra kI adatta vastu grahaNaM karane kA niSedha kiyA, cAhe vaha girI huI ho, bhUlI huI ho, khoI huI ho yA rakhI huI ho| na kevala acaurya karma kA parihAra hI purANa tathA jaina dharma meM kiyA gayA, balki niMdA bhI kI hai| vAmana purANa meM likhA hai ki bhikSA karake jIvanayApana karanA kahIM adhika acchA hai, parantu parAye dhana kA haraNa karake sukhopabhoga karanA acchA nahIM hotA hai| jaina dharma meM caurya karma kI nindanIyatA isa prakAra se hai-paradhana apahartA apane isa loka, paraloka, dhairya, svAsthya, hitAhita viveka ko haraNa karatA hai tathA nindA ko prApta karatA hai| paraloka meM duHkhabhogI, dharma, dhIraja evaM sanmati kA nAza kara detA hai| corI pAparUpa pAdapa ke phala do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara milate haiN| isa loka meM vadha, baMdhanAdi tathA paraloka meM naraka kI bhISaNa vedanA kA saMvedana / parantu jo acaurya kA pAlana karatA hai, unake sAmane svayaM lakSmI svayaMvarA kI bhA~ti calI AtI hai, anartha dUra ho jAte haiM, loka meM usakI prazaMsA hotI hai tathA svA sukha prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra purANa" tathA jaina dharma meM corI ke niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha cora ke naraka gamana evaM cora ke saMga ko bhI tyAjya batAyA hai| vastutaH adattAdAna (corI) bhI eka prakAra se hiMsA hI hai| kisI ko mArane para to use akele ko, kucha kSaNa kA hI duHkha hotA hai, kintu kisI kA dhana haraNa karane para use tathA usake putra-pautroM ko jIvana bhara ke lie duHkha hotA hai| isIlie AtmA ko kaluSita karane vAle isa caurya kA niSedha karate hue sabhI dharmoM meM asteya kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| 133 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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brahmacarya purANa tathA jaina dharma meM isakA artha, svarUpa, mAhAtmyAdi vistRta rUpa se varNita hai, inhIM kA Age vizleSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| artha evaM svarUpa ... bhAratIya dharmazAstroM meM mana, vacana evaM karma se, sabhI avasthAoM meM, sarvakAla . meM "maithuna" kA parityAga karanA brahmacarya kahA gayA hai| ziva purANa meM mahezvara dvArA. devagaNoM se kathita vaktavya ke anusAra jahA~ taka bhI bana sake, manuSyoM ko vivAha ke baMdhana se bacanA caahie| liMga purANAnusAra mana, vANI aura karma ke dvArA brahmacArI aura yatiyoM kI maithuna-apravRtti ko brahmacarya kahate haiN| tAtvika rUpa se isakA artha isa prakAra hai-"cittavRttiyoM ke brahma meM lIna rahane ko hI sUkSma brahmacarya kahA gayA hai| brahmacArI ke lie brahma hI samidhA hai, brahma hI agni hai, brahma se hI vaha utpanna huA hai, brahma hI usakA jala aura brahma hI guru hai|" yahA~ maithuna 8 prakAra kA batAyA hai-srI kA smaraNa,kIrtana,prekSaNa,keli,guhyabhASaNa,saMkalpa,adhyavasAya evaM kriyA-ukta 8 prakAra ke maithuna kA sarvathA tyAga hI brahmacarya kahA jAtA hai| yahI vivecana jaina dharma meM bhI hai| brahmacarya kA sUkSma artha hai-brahma = AtmA, AtmA meM caryA-ramaNa karanA brahmacarya hai| brahmacArI kI paradeha meM pravRtti aura tRpti nahIM hotI hai| pUrvavat jainAgamoM meM bhI navabAr3a sahita brahmacarya kA pAlana vihita hai-srI yukta sthAna meM rahanA, srIkathA, paricaya, aMgopAMga dekhanA, zabda-gItAdi sunanA, bhuktabhoga smaraNa, kAmavardhaka bhojanapAna, adhika bhojana pAna evaM zarIra-zrRMgAra-ye saba brahmacArI ke lie varNya haiM / 52 brahmacarya ke pAlana meM taratamatA (pUrNatA-apUrNatA) bhI vyakta kI gaI hai| brahmacAriyoM kI tIna zreNiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM 1. UrdhvaretA, 2. yogI, 3: brahmacArI UdhvaretA una brahmacAriyoM ko kahA jAtA hai jinake vIrya meM kampana yA vikAra kabhI hotA hI nhiiN| isa prathama zreNI meM sanakAdi UdhvaratA brahmacArI Ate haiN| dvitIya zreNI ke brahmacArI yogI kahe jAte haiN| jinake vikAra to avazya uThate haiM kintu ve apane kaThora saMyama, prajJA aura yoga sAdhanAdi ke dvArA una vikAroM ko brahma meM lIna kara dete haiN| nArada aura bhISmAdi dvitIya zreNI ke brahmacArI mAne jAte haiN| tIsarI zreNI ke antargata ve sabhI sAdhaka Ate haiM jo ki kAmazakti kA mArgAntarIkaraNa karake use vrata-tapa meM lagAte haiN| ve srI saMsarga evaM santAnopatti bhI karate haiN|53 ___pAtra (sAdhaka) kI apekSA inake pAlana meM taratamatA jaina dharma meM bhI batalAI gaI hai, jinheM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- .. . sAmAnya AcAra / 134

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1.khaNDataH 2. srvtH| khaNDataH se. tAtparya hai-parasrI yA parapuruSa kA tyAga evaM svasrI yA svapuruSa ke sAtha maryAdAyukt vyvhaar| sarvataH se tAtparya hai-mana, vacana aura karma dvArA sarvadA evaM sarvatra brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA arthAt maithuna se pUrNa virakti / kevala dravya hI nahIM, bhAva rUpa brahmacarya bhI Avazyaka hai| ajJAnI sAdhakoM kA cittazuddhi ke abhAva meM kiyA jAne vAlA kevala jananendriya nigraha-rUpa dravyabrahmacarya hai kyoMki vaha mokSa ke adhikAra se zUnya hai| isa brahmacarya ko alpa zakti vAle, sadAcAra rahita, dIna, indriyoM dvArA jIte gaye loga svapa meM bhI pAlana nahIM kara skte| jo zuddha bhAva se isakA pAlana karatA hai, vastuta: vahI bhikSu hai|4 maithuna zabda kA vAstavika artha vistIrNa hai-vAsanA ko uttejita karane vAlI koI bhI kAmarAga-janita ceSTA maithuna hI kahalAtI hai| jaina tathA purANa sAhitya viSayoM ko viSama viSa mAnakara AtmahitecchuoM ko unase bacane kI preraNA detA hai| viSa to khAne para mAratA hai kintu viSaya to smaraNa mAtra se hI ghAta kara dete haiN| inakI yathArthatA darzAte hue liMgapurANa kA kathana hai ki viSayoM ke bhoga karane se usakA rasAsvAdana karate hue mana Uba jAyegA aisA socanA galata hai, kyoMki viSayoM ke sAtha indriyoM kA saMsparza karate rahane se virakti kabhI nahIM huA karatI hai| viSayoM se tRpti nahIM hotI, ataH vicAra se bhI viSayoM kA tyAga karanA caahie| kAma kI vAsanA kAmoM ke upabhoga karate rahane se kabhI zAnta nahIM hotI pratyuta upabhoga karane se vaha aura adhika bar3hatI hai; jaise agni meM havi ke DAlate rahane se vizeSa prajjvalita ho jAyA karatI hai| isalie yogiyoM ko amRtattva kI prApti ke lie viSayopabhoga kA tyAga sarvadA hI kara denA caahie| jo manuSya virakta na hokara viSayoM meM hI sadA lipta rahatA hai, vaha nAnA yoniyoM meM janma lekara AvAgamana kI asahya pIr3A ko sahA karatA hai| ziva purANa kA mata hai ki yadi ina mahAbandhanakArI viSayoM kI bAr3ha nirantara bar3hatI calI jAye to svapna meM bhI mokSa kI AzA rakhanA durlabha hai| yadi matimAn manuSya saccA sukha cAhatA hai to use savidhi viSayoM kA tyAga kara denA caahie| ye viSaya viSa ke tulya mAraka hote haiN| viSayI puruSa ke sAtha vArtAlApa karane mAtra se manuSya kA eka kSaNa meM patana ho jAtA hai| mahAmanISI AcAryoM ne viSayoM ko mizrI se mizrita sAkSAt surA batalAyA hai|55 viSayAsakti ke duSpariNAma jainAgamoM meM bhI batAye gaye haiN| viSayAsakta isa loka meM bhI naSTa ho jAte haiM aura paraloka meM bhI acche se acche sukhopabhoga karane * vAle devatA aura cakravartI Adi bhI anta meM kAmabhogoM se atRpta hI mRtyu ko prApta .. 135 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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karate haiN| kAmabhogoM ko kimpAka phala ke samAna duHkhadAyI mAnA hai| ye prArambha meM ramaNIya pratIta hone para bhI pariNAma meM atyanta bhayAnaka hai; jaise kimpAka phala sundara dikhalAI detA hai kintu use khAne se mRtyu ho jAtI hai| purANavat hI yahA~ bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo puruSa viSaya-vAsanA kA sevana karake kAmajvara kA pratIkAra karanA cAhatA hai, vaha ghI kI Ahuti ke dvArA Aga ko bujhAne kI icchA karatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kAma kA svarUpa isa prakAra vyakta hai kAmabhoga zalya rUpa hai, viSa rUpa hai aura AzIviSa sarpa ke samAna hai| kAmabhoga ke abhilASI, kAmabhogoM kA sevana nahIM karate hue bhI durgati meM jAte haiN|56 - Asakti (moha) ke baMdhanoM kI dRr3hatA tabhI kama hotI hai jaba prema ke sAtha viveka buddhi kA sAmanjasya sthApita ho tathA prema rUpI amRta prANImAtra para chir3akA jAe parantu jaise saMkIrNa ghere meM rahane vAlA pAnI sar3a jAtA hai, vaise hI tuccha svArthoM ko prema kA rUpa dene se usakA svarUpa vikRta ho jAtA hai, jo ki nizcaya hI eka prakAra ke baMdhana evaM duHkha ko pradAna karatA hai| isa baMdhana meM bar3e-bar3e tyAgI bhI bhramita ho ge| inase bacanA kitanA duSkara hai yaha isa kathana meM dRSTavya hai viSaya rUpI vRkSoM se prajjvalita kAmAgni tInoM lokarUpI aTavI ko jalA detI hai| yauvana rUpI tRNa para saMcaraNa karane meM kuzala kAmAgni jisa mahAtmA ko nahIM jalAtI, vaha dhanya hai| sriyoM ke sarvAMgoM ko dekhatA huA bhI jo inameM durbhAva nahIM karatA, vikAra ko bhI prApta nahIM hotA, vahI vAstava meM durddhara brahmacarya bhAva ko dhAraNa karatA hai|" - isI prakAra purANa bhI isa vrata ko duSkara batAte haiN| unake anusAra kAmadeva ke puSpa bANoM dvArA pUrI sRSTi hI mohita hai| deva, dAnava, gandharva, kinnara, mahoraga, asura, daitya, vidyAdhara, rAkSasa, yakSa, pizAca, bhUta, vinAyaka, guhyaka, manuSya, pakSI, pazu, mRga, kITa, pataMga, jalaja hI nahIM, yahA~ taka ki vAsudeva, sthANu, puruSottama sabhI isake vaza meM ho jAte haiN| viSNu purANa meM maharSi saubharI jo anyanta tapasvI the, kAlAntara meM unheM bhI isa moha jaMjAla meM Asakta evaM duHkhI hote hue dikhalAyA gayA hai|58. viSayoM meM anAsakti ke upadeza ke antargata srI ko eka pAzatulya batAyA hai| srI ke aneka doSoM ko batAte hue usase mukta rahane kA tathA isI prakAra srI ke lie puruSa se mukta (nivRtta) rahane kA upadeza diyA hai| kAmAsakti ke AkarSaNa-bhUta het srI saMsarga ke aneka doSa devIbhAgavata ne isa prakAra se batAye haiM-srI to puruSa ko baMdhana meM DAlane vAlI zrRMkhalA hai| lohe kI jaMjIroM se kasA huA vyakti kabhI mukta ho sakatA hai, kintu strI ke baMdhana meM par3A huA puruSa kabhI bhI mukta nahIM hotaa| yahI Azaya ziva purANa kA bhI hai| kAlikA purANa meM nArI ko anurAga kA, kAma-krodhAdi kA evaM rAgavRkSa kA mUla kahA hai| ata: anAsakti hetu prerita karate hue kahA hai-bahirbhUmi meM mala aura mUtra ke tyAga karate samaya jaisI mati hotI hai, sAmAnya AcAra / 136

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vaisI hI bhAvanA apanI srI ke sAtha rati meM rakhanI cAhie, anya kA to prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| nArI sarvadA jalate hue aMgAre ke samAna hotI hai aura puruSa ghRta se pUrNa kumbha ke tulya hotA hai| ataH nAriyoM kA saMsarga sarvadA dUra se hI parivarjita kara denA caahie| isI prakAra yogazAsrakAra hemacandrAcArya ne bhI kucha srI doSa batAye haiM jina sriyoM meM chala-kapaTa, kaThoratA, caMcalatA, svabhAva kI duSTatA Adi durguNa svAbhAvika haiM, unameM kauna buddhimAn ramaNa karegA? jisakA kinArA nahIM dikhAI detA, usa samudra kA to kinArA pAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu svabhAva se kuTila sriyoM kI duSTa ceSTAoM kA pAra pAnA kaThina hai| yauvana meM unmatta durAcAriNI sriyA~ binA svArtha athavA tuccha svArtha ke lie apane pati, putra, pitA, prAtA ke prANa le letI haiM yA saMkaTa meM DAla detI haiN| kevala durAcAriNI sriyoM ke avaguNa gAna hI nahIM kiye gaye, sadAcAriNI .. sriyoM kI prazaMsA bhI paryApta kI gaI hai| parasrI gamana kA niSedha karate hue purANoM meM kaI sthaloM para "mAtRvat paradAreSu" kahate hue parasrI gamana kA spaSTa niSedha hai| vAmana purANa kA to yahA~ taka kathana hai ki saMsAra meM napuMsaka hokara jIvana bitAnA uttama hai kintu parAI triyoM ke sAtha gamana karanA acchA nahIM hai| isase hone vAlI hAniyoM se bhI avagata karAyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM parasrI tyAjya batAte hue kahA hai ki zrAvaka (gRhastha) ko svasrI kA sevana bhI AsaktipUrvaka nahIM karanA caahie| aisI sthiti meM samasta pApoM kI khAna parastriyoM kA sevana kaise yogya ho sakatA hai ? isI prakAra sriyoM ke lie parapuruSa tyAjya kahA hai-aizvarya se kubera ke samAna, rUpa se kAmadeva ke samAna sundara hone para bhI strI ko parapuruSa kA usI prakAra tyAga kara denA cAhie jaise sItA ne rAvaNa kA tyAga kiyaa| usase hone vAlI hAniyA~ bhI btaaiiN| parasrI gamana se isa bhava meM vadha, baMdhana, UMcAI para laTakAnA, nAsikA-cheda, indriyacheda aura dharmakSaya ityAdi aneka yAtanAeM hotI haiM tathA paraloka meM zAlmalI . vRkSa, tIkSNa kaMTaka AliMgana Adi duHkha naraka meM bhogate haiN|62 __. 'isa prakAra naiSThika (adhyayana ke pazcAt gArhasthya meM jAne vAlA) evaM upakurvANaka (maraNa paryanta brahmacArI rahane vAlA) donoM hI prakAra ke brahmacArI, saMnyAsI tathA gRhastha Adi sabhI ke lie brahmacarya mUlaguNa ke rUpa haiN|63 .. brahmacarya mAhAtmya jIvana rUpI bhavana kI nIMva hone ke kAraNa brahmacarya kA bar3A mahatva hai| .. zakti-saMcaya, jJAna-saMcaya, svAsthya-nirmANa, vidyopArjana jaise pramukha uddezyoM kI pUrti isa brahmacaryAzrama meM hI hotI hai| brahmacarya meM hI dhairya, tapa pratiSThita haiN| isa saMsAra .. 137 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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meM brahmacarya se bar3hakara koI dUsarA tapa nahIM hai| ataH indriyoM ke samUha ko tathA zabda Adi sUkSmabhUtarUpa usake viSaya-samUha ko vaza meM karake brahmacarya kA pAlana kreN|" jaina dharma meM bhI brahmacarya mAhAtmya anekaprakAreNa varNita hai| brahmacarya ko tapoM meM sarvottama mAnA hai| eka brahmacarya ke naSTa ho jAne para sahasA anya sabhI guNa naSTa ho jAte haiN| eka brahmacarya kI ArAdhanA kara lene para anya saba zIla, tapa, vinaya Adi ArAdhita ho jAte haiN| devatA, dAnava, gandharva, yakSa, rAkSasa, kinnara-sabhI brahmacarya ke sAdhaka ko namaskAra karate haiM, kyoMki vaha eka bahuta duSkara kArya karatA hai| AjJA (Adeza) pravartaka (adhipatyatA), Rddhi, rAjya,kAmabhoga,kIrti,bala,svarga aura Asannasiddhi ye sabhI lAbha brahmacarya pAlana se prApta hote haiN| logoM ko lar3Akara, kleza utpanna karane vAlA. maravAne vAlA, aura sAvadha yoga meM tatpara aise nArada kI bhI mukti hotI hai| yaha nizcaya hI vizuddha zIla kA hI mAhAtmya hai|65 isa sandarbha meM pativrata-mAhAtmya ullikhita karanA bhI prAsaMgika hogaa| ziva purANa meM isakA vivecana karate hue batAyA hai ki pativrata dharma kA anirvacanIya mahattva hai| pativratA nArI ke caraNa pRthvI para jahA~ par3ate haiM, vahIM vaha pApoM kA haraNa kara pavitra karatI hai| sarvatra vyApaka sUrya, candra, aura pavana deva bhI apane Apako pavitra banAne ke lie pativratA strI ke zarIra kA sparza karane ke icchuka hote haiN| sabakI zuddhi karane vAlA jala bhI sarvadA pativratA kA sparza karanA cAhatA hai, jisase vaha apanI jar3atA kA nAza kre| sahI artha meM usI vyakti ko gRhasthAzramI mAnanA cAhie jisake ghara meM pativratA patnI hai; vaise to sriyA~ sabake hI hotI haiM jo aharniza jarA rAkSasI ke tulya grAsa karatI haiN| brahmavaivartapurANa ke anusAra samasta devatAoM evaM muniyoM kA teja satI sriyoM meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| varAha purANa meM yamarAja kA kathana hai ki pativratA srI devatAoM ke lie bhI pUjanIya hai|66 saMkSiptataH jainazAsroM evaM purANoM meM brahmacarya kI mahimA-gAna karate hue abrahmacarya kI nindA isIlie kI gaI hai ki yaha saMsAra vRddhi ke mUla kAraNa Asakti ko bar3hAtA hai| jaina darzana meM isakA eka anya bhI hetu hai ahiMsA pAlana kaa| binA hiMsA ke abrahma (maithuna) hotA hI nahIM hai| usameM kaI prakAra se hiMsA ghaTita hotI hai| ataeva usase bacane ke lie bhI brahmacarya kA pAlana vihita hai| aparigraha "pari samantAt mohabuddhayA gRhyate yaH sa parigrahaH" arthAt moha (mamatva) buddhi ke dvArA jo (padArthAdi) cAroM ora se grahaNa kiyA jAye, vaha parigraha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA mahAvrata evaM aNuvrata ke rUpa meM pratipAdita aparigraha kA siddhAnta eka sarvavyApaka, sArvakAlika evaM sArvadezika satya hai|68 isako purANoM meM bhI antima sAmAnya AcAra / 138

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yama ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA hai| parigraha kA mUla kAraNa mamatva Asakti. yA tRSNA hai| yaha ukti prasiddha hai "na tRSNAyAH paro vyAdhi na saMtoSAtparaM sukham" arthAt tRSNA se bar3I koI vyAdhi nahIM evaM saMtoSa se bar3A koI sukha nhiiN| tRSNA draupadI ke cIra ke samAna hai, jo chor3ane ke bAda hI samApta hotI hai| yaha binA pAla ke tAlAba jaisI hai jisameM kitanA bhI pAnI A jAye, vo bharatA nahIM hai| parigraha ke isa mUla kAraNa ko samApta karane kA nirdeza purANa tathA jaina dharma meM diyA gayA hai| aparigraha kA svarUpa Adi kA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| aparigraha svarUpa harivaMza purANa meM 7 cakravAka pakSiyoM ke nAma nirdiSTa kiye haiM, jinake manana karane para brahmacArI ke sAta guNoM kA bodha hotA hai| unameM se paMcama hai "nissprigrh| yahA~ gItA ke "tyakta sarvaparigraha" ko caritArthatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jisane samasta bhautika saMgrahoM (saMcayoM) kA tyAga kara diyA ho, vaha niSparigrahI yA aparigrahI kahA jAtA hai| brahmacArI ko sAMsArika vastuoM jaise dhana, vasra Adi kA saMgraha abhISTa nahIM hotaa| ataH isa tathya ko spaSTa karane hetu pakSI (brahmacArI) kA nAma "niSparigraha' rakhA gayA hai| ___ isI prakAra jainasUtra praznavyAkaraNa meM bhI aparigraha kI bhAvanA se saMvRta hokara rahane kA nirdeza hai| jainAgamoM meM santa ko niSparigraha hone se "bhAraNDa' pakSI kI upamA dete hue apramatta vicaraNazIla kahA haiM___tAtvika rUpa se parigraha aura aparigraha kyA hai, yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai-"mucchA pariggaho vutto' arthAt Asakti (mUrchA-gRddhatA) ko hI vastutaH parigraha kahA hai| isI kA samarthana tattvArthasUtra, prazamarati prakaraNa, triSaSThizalAkA puruSacarita, samayasAra, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ityAdi aneka granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| isakA yahI tAtparya hai ki nizcaya dRSTi se vizva kI pratyeka vastu parigraha bhI hai aura aparigraha bhii| yadi mUrchA bhAva hai to parigraha hai, mUrchA bhAva nahIM hai to parigraha nahIM hai| isa prakAra-mamatva bhAva (Asakti) ko padArtha para se haTA lenA aparigraha vrata hai| aparigrahI ke lie kahA gayA hai jisako moha nahIM hotA, usakA duHkha naSTa ho jAtA hai, jisako tRSNA nahIM hotI, usakA moha naSTa ho jAtA hai| jisako lobha nahIM hotA, usakI tRSNA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura jo akiMcana (aparigrahI) hai, usakA lobha naSTa ho jAtA hai| parigraha kA mUla moha hai, Asakti hI hai| bAhya parigraha kabhI bhI bAdhaka nahIM hote| yadi moha kSINa ho jAtA hai to vyakti ke lie parigraha koI mahatva nahIM rkhtaa| isI mUla para dhyAna dene hetu prerita kiyA hai jisa vRkSa kI jar3a sUkha gaI ho, use kitanA hI .. 139 / purANoM meM jaina dharma .

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sIMcie, vaha harA-bharA nahIM hotaa| moha ke kSINa hone para karma bhI phira hare-bhare nahIM hote|72 mUla ko sIMcane para hI phala lagate haiM, mUla naSTa hone para phala bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra purANa bhI parigraha kI mUla bhAvanA Asakti ko (tRSNA ko) tyAjya batalAte haiN| unake anusAra jala kI AzA vAlI mRgatRSNA ke samAna hI duHkha ko (Asaktivaza) loga sukha mAnate haiM aura usase santApa hI prApta hotA hai| usI Asakti ke kAraNa rAjya pRthvI, senA, koSa, mitra, putra, srI, bhRtya, zabdAdi viSayoM ko avinAzI aura sukha mAnakara grahaNa karate haiM, parantu ve hI bAda meM duHkha rUpa siddha hote haiN| tRSNA kI kabhI bhI tRpti nahIM hotI hai-agni meM IMdhana ke samAna hI viSayopabhoga se tRSNA kabhI zAMta nahIM hotii| bhUmaNDala para jitane bhI dhAnya, svarNa, pazu, sriyA~ Adi haiM, ve saba eka manuSya ke lie bhI tRptikAraka nahIM haiN| kAmanAoM ke tyAga se hI mAnava zrImAn (samRddha) hotA hai| keza, daMta, cakSu, karNa sabhI ke jIrNa ho jAne para bhI buDhApe meM eka tRSNA hI taruNa rUpa se rahatI hai| manuSya kA svabhAva aisA hotA hai ki jisake pAsa sau rupaye hote haiM vaha sahasra kI icchA karatA hai, sahasra vAlA lakSa kA adhipati honA cAhatA hai, lakSAdhipati eka vizAla rAjya prApta karane kI icchA rakhatA hai, rAjA cakravartI samrATa banane kI lAlasA rakhatA hai, cakravartI bhI suratva tathA suratva kI prApti ke bAda indrapada kI cAha rakhatA hai; tatpazcAt bhI tRSNA zAnta nahIM hotii| jainAgamoM meM bhI kAmanAe~-icchAe~ ananta batAI haiN| yadi meru aura kailAza parvata jitane sone-cA~dI ke asaMkhya parvata bhI ho jAyeM to manuSya ko saMtoSa nahIM hotA, kyoMki icchAeM to AkAza ke samAna ananta aura asIma haiN| dhana-dhAnyAdi se paripUrNa yaha sampUrNa pRthvI eka manuSya ko de dI jAye to bhI usakI icchA pUrNa honA kaThina hai| tRSNA ke lie yaha kathana ucita hI hai ki jaise-jaise lAbha hotA hai, vaise-vaise lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai jahA lAho tahA loho, lAhA loho pavaDDhaI . parigraha parihAra . jaina dharma tathA purANoM meM bar3hatI huI isa tRSNA kI jvAlA ko zAMta karane ke lie santoSa rUpI jala hI batAyA gayA hai| vyakti parigraha ko mAtra apanI icchAoM kI pUrti ke lie hI juTAtA hai| mana ke pIche hI indriyA~ zarIra Adi haiN| purANoM meM upamApUrvaka inakA viniyojana kiyA gayA hai isameM pA~ca indriyA~ pA~ca azva ke samAna haiM, zarIra ratha ke samAna, AtmA rathI (yAtrI), jJAnakazA evaM mana sArathI ke samAna sAmAnya AcAra/ 140

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haiN| ghor3oM ko (indriyoM rUpI) suSThuprakAreNa damana karake, manarUpI sArathI ko Atmavaza karake, jJAna rUpI kazA ko dRr3ha karake, zarIra ko sthira karake hI apanI makti rUpI maMjila prApta ho sakatI hai|5 anyathA saMsAra rUpI aTavI meM hI bhaTakanA par3atA hai| . jaina dharma meM bhI niSparigrahI banane hetu prerita kiyA hai| adhika milane para bho saMgraha na kareM, parigraha vRtti se apane ko dUra rkheN| parigraha hI nahIM, parigraha kI bhAvanA bhI parihAra yogya hai| isalie dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sadA saMgraha kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai, vaha sAdhu nahIM kintu (sAdhuveza meM) gRhastha hI hai| bAhara se jalatI huI agni ko thor3e se jala se zAnta kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu tRSNA rUpI agni ko samasta samudroM ke jala se bhI zAnta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH yaha ni:saMdeha parihAra yogya hI hai| vyakti ko icchA evaM lobha kA sevana kabhI bhI nahIM karanA caahie| parigraha tathA aparigraha ke pariNAma jaisA ki mahAbhArata meM AkhyAta hai ki loka meM jo kAmasukha hai aura svarga meM jo deva sambandhI mahAn sukha hai, ve tRSNA ke kSaya aura saMtoSa dvArA prApta sukha ke solahaveM bhAga meM bhI nahIM aate| paMcataMtra dvArA bhI nirdiSTa hai ki saMtoSa rUpI amRta se tRpta manuSyoM ko jo sukha aura zAMti milatI hai, vaha dhana ke lobhI atRpta puruSoM ko nahIM mila sktii| purANa tathA jaina dharma meM parigrahalubdha dvArA duHkha prApti evaM aparigrahI ko sukha prApti kA ullekha hai| parigraha lubdha ko sukha prApti asaMbhava batAte hue purANoM ke anusAra yaha lobha hI mahAn hai, lobha se hI pApa pravRtta hotA hai, krodha utpanna hotA hai, kAma, moha, mAyA, mAna, IrSyA, avidyA, aprAjJatA, pravartita hote haiN| paradhana-haraNa, parasrI-abhimardana Adi sabhI prakAra ke dussAhasoM kI tathA akAryoM kI kriyAeM bhI lobha ke kAraNa hI hotI haiN| ataH vyakti ko yaha lobha mohasahita jIta lenA caahie| lobha parityAga dvArA hI svarga prApti hotI hai| lobha parityAga karane vAlA saMsAra-sAgara taira jAtA hai| tRSNA viSaya-vAsanAdhIna kI bhayaMkara durgati kA citraNa isa prakAra hai-hariNa mAtaMga (hAthI), pataMga, bhRga (bhramara) tathA mIna ye pA~coM hI pA~coM se upahata hote haiM arthAt hariNa zravaNendriya ke adhIna hokara vAdya zravaNa se, mAtaMga (hAthI) madonmattatA se, pataMga dIpaka kI lau ke prema se, bhramara puSpa rasAsvAdana se, mIna gandhAkarSaNa se mRtyu kA grAsa banatI hai| eka-eka indriya kA AkarSaNa bhI mRtyu ke mu~ha meM DAla detA hai to jo mAnava apanI sabhI indriyoM ke adhIna ho jAtA hai, vaha kyoM nahIM ghAta yogya hogA arthAt avazya hI hogaa| parigraha ke kuphala jaina dharma meM bhI isa prakAra se darzAye haiN| jo parigraha (saMgrahavRtti) meM phaMse haiM, ve saMsAra meM apane prati vaira hI bar3hAte haiN| eka vRkSa se parigraha ko upamita kiyA hai-parigraha rUpI vRkSa ke skandha arthAt tane lobha, kleza aura . ..141 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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kaSAya haiM, cintA rUpI saikar3oM saghana aura vistIrNa usakI zAkhAeM haiN| vAstava meM parigraha ke samAna koI baMdhana nahIM hai| yaha parigraha (ajJAniyoM ke lie vo kyA) buddhimAnoM ke lie bhI magara kI taraha kleza evaM vinAza kA kAraNa hai| nadI ke vega kI taraha bar3hA huA parigraha kyA kleza nahIM karatA? arthAt sabhI anarthoM kA mUla-anartha hai| parigraha kA lobhI prasaMga Ane para asatya kA bhI Azraya le letA hai| mamatva buddhi ke kAraNa vyakti dhanAdi saMcita karatA hai, yathAvasara vaha dhana to dUsaroM ke hAtha meM calA jAtA hai aura saMgrahI ko apane pApakarmoM ke duSpariNAma bhogane par3ate haiN| . niSkarSataH vAstavika sukha to tRSNA mukti se hI saMbhava hai| indriyoM ke iSTa-aniSTa viSayoM meM vyAkulatA kA parihAra karake nispRhatA yA nirmamatva ko. dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti hI vAstava meM aparigrahI hai| aparigraha kA vidhAna purANa tathA jaina dharma donoM meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| parigraha ke mUla meM hiMsA vidyamAna hotI hai, kyoMki parigraha (dhanAdi kA saMgraha) binA hiMsA ke nahIM hotaa| ata: vyakti ke jIvana meM baMdhana svarUpa hone se ise tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| pUrva varNita ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha-ina pA~coM ko jaina dharma meM paMcamahAvrata tathA aNuvrata kahA jAtA hai| inhIM ko paurANika bhASA meM pAMca yama kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka mAnava ke. lie AcaraNIya sAmAnya dharmoM ke antargata inakA pramukha sthAna hai| sAmAnya dharma ke hI rUpa meM manusmRti meM cAroM AzramoM evaM cAroM varSoM meM arthAt sabhI ke lie janma se lekara maraNa paryanta AcaraNa karane yogya dharma ke dasa lakSaNa kahe haiM--dhRti (dhairya), kSamA, dama, asteya, zauca, indriya-nigraha, dhI arthAta AtmaviSayinI buddhi, vidyA, satya aura akrodha / inakI tulanA jainAgama sthAnAMga sUtrokta ina dasa dharmoM se kI jA sakatI hai-thamA, nirlobhatA, saralatA niyabhimAnatA, laghutva, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, brahmacarya / isI prakAra yAjJavalkyasmRti, mahAbhArata Adi meM dharma ke lakSaNa kahe gaye haiN| purANoM meM bhI dharma ke pAdarUpa meM dharmatattvoM kA ullekha hai| harivaMza purANakAra ke anusAra zuzruSA, dAna, satya evaM prANa rakSA-ye cAra pAda haiM tathA zrImad bhAgavata meM tapa, zauca, dayA, satya kahe haiN| inake atirikta niyama nAmaka dvitIya yogAMga ke antargata aneka sadguNoM kA ullekha hai| jinameM se pramukha saduNoM kA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| kSamA ... kSamA ko bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna purANa tathA jaina dharma meM prApta huA hai| purANoM meM kSamA ko saba doSa haraNa karane vAlI kahA hai| kSamA. sAdhu puruSoM kA sAra sAmAnya AcAra / 142

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tattva hai| kSamA tattvajJAna kI bhAMti mokSa pradAyikA hone se dharma rUpa hai| kSamA hI satya, dAna, yaza hai| jJAnI puruSoM ne kSamA ko hI svarga kI sIr3hI kahA hai|2 kSamA, samatva, samatA, zama-ye sabhI lagabhaga ekArthaka zabda haiN| mArkaNDeya purANa meM dattAtreya kA kathana hai vyakti ko samatva kA hI dhyAna rakhanA caahie| mAna yA apamAna se prasanna yA aprasanna Ama loga ho jAte haiM, kintu jaba ye viparIta sthiti meM hote haiM to yogiyoM ko siddhi prApta hotI haiN| nArada purANa tathA liMga purANa kA bhI yahI Azaya hai| viSNu purANa meM samadarzI citta kI paribhASA isa prakAra se hai-vaha svAduasvAdu, iSTa-aniSTa Adi nahIM dekhatA, kyoMki koI bhI padArtha Adi, madhya aura anta meM eka-sA nahIM rhtaa| kSamA hI sAdhu puruSoM kA bhUSaNa hai|3 / / kSamA dharma kA suSThu rUpa se pAlana tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba vyakti lobha. krodha yA mAna se grasta na ho| kSamA ke mUla meM nispRhatA, virAgatA, nirahaMkAritA, akrodhatA hotI hai| rAga evaM dveSa chor3ane para hI isakI sAdhanA ho sakatI hai| purANAntargata Aye hue eka kathAnaka meM zukrAcArya dvArA krodhAviSTa unakI putrI ko samajhAte hue kahA gayA hai-"yaha nizcaya hai ki jo manuSya dUsaroM ke kaThora vacana (dUsaroM dvArA kI huI apanI nindA) ko saha letA hai, usane mAnoM isa sampUrNa jagata para vijaya prApta kara lI hai| jo ubhare hue krodha ko ghor3e ke samAna zAnta kara letA hai, vahI satpuruSoM dvArA saccA sArathI kahA gayA hai; jo kevala bAgaDora lekara yA lagAma pakar3akara laTakatA rahatA hai vaha nhiiN| jaise sA~pha purAnI keMcula chor3atA hai, usI prakAra jo manuSya ubharane vAle krodha ko vahIM kSamA dvArA tyAga detA hai; vahI zreSTha puruSa hai| jo zraddhApUrvaka dharmAcaraNa karatA hai, kar3I se kar3I nindA saMha letA hai aura dUsare ke satAne para bhI duHkhI nahIM hotA, vahI saba puruSArthoM kA sudRr3ha pAtra hai| eka vyakti, jo sau varSoM taka pratyeka mAsa meM azvamedha yajJa karatA jAtA hai aura dUsarA jo kisI para bhI krodha nahIM karatA, una donoM meM krodha na karane vAlA hI zreSTha hai| abodha bAlaka-bAlikAeM ajJAnavaza Apasa meM jo vaira-virodha karate haiM, unakA anukaraNa samajhadAra manuSyoM ko nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki ve nAdAna bAlaka dUsaroM ke balAbala ko nahIM jAnate / isase Age indra ko diyA gayA yayAti kA yaha upadeza bhI isa sandarbha meM dRSTavya hai-krodha karane vAle se akrodhI zreSTha hai| manuSyetara prANiyoM se manuSya zreSTha hai, mUryo se vidvAna zreSTha hai| yadi koI kisI kI nindA karatA hai, gAlI detA hai to bhI vaha badale meM nindA yA gAlI galauca na kare, kyoMki jo gAlI yA nindA saha letA hai, usa puruSa kA Antarika duHkha hI gAlI dene vAle yA apamAna karane vAle ko jalA DAlatA hai, sAtha hI usake puNya ko bhI vaha le letA hai| krodhAdivaza kisI ke marmasthAna meM coTa na pahu~cAye (mArmika pIr3A na de), kaThora vacana mu~ha se na nikAle. anucita upAya se zatru ko vaza meM na kare, jo jI ko jalAne vAlI va udvega karAne . 143 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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vAlI ho aisI bAta mu~ha se na nikAle; kyoMki pApI hI aisI bAteM bolate haiN| jo svabhAva se kaThora vacanarUpI kA~ToM se dUsare manuSya ko pIr3A detA ho, use atyanta lakSmIhIna (daridra, abhAgA) samajhe / "84 kSamAdharma kA vyApaka svarUpa batAte hue jaina dharma meM bhI kahA hai khAmemi savve jIvA, savve jIvA khamaMtu me| mitti me savvabhUesu, veraM majjhaM na keNaI arthAta-sabhI jIvoM se maiM kSamA cAhatA hU~ aura maiM sabhI jIvoM ko kSamA pradAna karatA hU~, samasta prANiyoM se merI maitrI hai, merA kisI se vaira nahIM hai| prastuta padya meM kSamA kA prANimAtra se sambandha dikhAI de rahA hai| purANavat samatva kI kasauTI isa prakAra batAI hai--vahI vastutaH muni hai jo lAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa, nindA-prazaMsA aura mAna-apamAna meM samabhAva rakhatA hai| sAdhaka, jo apanI sAdhanA meM udvigna nahIM hotA, vahI prazaMsita hotA hai / krodha ko kSamA ke dvArA miTAnA cAhie, krodha se AtmA nIce giratA hai, jisa tapasvI ne kaSAyoM (krodhAdi) ko nigRhIta nahIM kiyA, vaha bAla-tapasvI hai| zramaNa dharma kA anukaraNa karate hue bhI jisake krodhAdi kaSAya utkaTa haiM, usakA zramaNatva vaisA hI nirarthaka hai jaisA ki Ikha kA phUla / RNa, vraNa, agni aura kaSAya ye thor3e se bhI upekSaNIya nahIM haiM, samaya para ye bahuta vistRta ho jAte haiN| vastutaH kSamA kA vistRta vivecana karate hue purANa tathA jaina dharma meM zakti ke hote hue bhI kSamA ko dhAraNa karane yogya mAnA gayA hai| tapa tapa : eka zakti tapa ko purANa tathA jaina dharma meM upAsanA kA pramukha aMga mAnA hai| tapa kI mahimA sabhI dhArmika sAhityoM meM aMkita hai| gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne rAmacaritamAnasa meM tapa ko hI sabhI kI AdhAra zakti mAnA hai| vedoM meM tapa kI mahattA nirUpita kI gaI hai ki saralAtmA devatAoM ne dhUrta, duSTa rAkSasoM ko tapas teja ke dvArA jiitaa| atharvaveda meM batAyA hai brahmacarya evaM tapa ke dvArA devatAoM ne mRtyu ko jIta liyaa| zrama (saMyama-indriyanigraha) evaM tapa ke dvArA saMsAra kI rakSA kI jAtI hai| sRSTi ke mUla meM tapa kI hI zakti batAI gaI hai| parama aura zreSTha jJAna tapa ke dvArA hI prakaTa hotA hai| tapa ke dvArA hI brahmajJAna evaM paramAtma pada prApta kiyA jAtA hai|6|| purANoM ke anusAra tapa se surarAja indradeva sabakA pAlana karate haiM. samasta lokoM ke hitakAraka sUrya, candra, nakSatra grahAdi sabhI tapa se hI nitya prakAzita hote haiN| isI prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI tapa dvArA vyakti AtmabalI hotA hai| AtmA ko pavitra banAne vAlA tapa hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti meM tapa eka aisI zakti hai jo duratikramya hai| sAmAnya AcAra / 144

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tapa kA svarUpa. tapa kA svarUpa batAte hue purANoM meM tapa ke vibhinna prakAra bhI nirUpita haiN| liMga purANa ke anusAra brahmacarya kA paripAlana, mauna vrata dhAraNa karanA aura nirAhAra rahanA, ye tInoM kArya tapa kahe jAte haiN| inake atirikta ahiMsAvrata kA paripAlana aura sabhI prakAra se zAMti dhAraNa karanA bhI tapa kahA jAtA hai| isase yaha avagata ho jAtA hai ki tapa kA tAtparya mAtra bhUkhA rahanA hI nahIM hai| zArIrika hI nahIM, mAnasika vAcika saMyama bhI tapa hI hai| ___tapa ke vyApaka rUpa ko grahaNa karate hue jaina dharma meM usakI paribhASA batAI gaI-"icchAnirodhastapaH" kAmanAoM kA tyAga hI tapa hai| yaha paribhASA pAtaMjala ke yoga kI paribhASA "yogazcittavRttinirodha" se paryApta sAmya rakhatI hai| ataeva yogadarzana evaM purANoM meM varNita yogAMgoM tathA jaina dharma meM varNita tapa ke prakAroM meM pracura samAnatAe~ vidyamAna haiN| jainAgamoM meM batAye gaye tapa ke prakAra analikhita haiM (1) anazana = nirAhAra rahanA, / (2) UnodarI = AvazyakatA se kama sAmagrI lenA, (3) bhikSAcArI = abhigraha Adi ke sAtha vidhipUrvaka bhikSA .. . grahaNa karanA, (4) rasa parityAga = praNIta, snigdha evaM ati mAtrA meM bhojana kA tyAga, (5) kAyakleza = zarIra ko vividha Asana Adi ke dvArA kaSTa sahiSNu banAkara zarIra ko sAdhanA tathA usakI caMcalatA kama krnaa| (6) pratisaMlInatA = zarIra, indriya, mana, vacana kAya, kaSAya Adi kA . saMyama karanA, (7) prAyazcitta = doSavizuddhi ke liye saralatApUrvaka prAyazcitta Adi karanA, (8) vinaya = gurujanoM kA Adara, bahumAna evaM bhakti karanA, (9) vaiyAvRtya = guru, rogI, bAlaka, saMgha Adi kI sevA karanA, (10) svAdhyAya = zAsroM kA adhyayana, anuciMtana evaM manana karanA, (11) dhyAna = mana ko ekAgra kara zubha dhyAna meM lagAnA, (12) vyutsarga = kaSAyAdi kA tyAga karanA, zarIra kI mamatA chor3akara use sAdhanA meM sthira karanA evaM 145 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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Avazyaka hone para saMgha Adi kA bhI tyAga krnaa| inameM se prArambhika chaH bAhya tapa haiM evaM antima cha: Abhyantara tapa haiN| purANoM meM inakA yogAMgoM ke rUpa meM evaM vikIrNa rUpa se kaI sthaloM para varNana hai| udAharaNasvarUpa prAyazcitta kA pratipAdana karate hue ziva purANa meM kahA gayA hai-pazcAttApa hI pApa karane vAle pApiyoM ke liye sabase bar3A prAyazcitta hai| satpuruSoM ne sabake lie pazcAttApa ko hI samasta pApoM kA zodhaka batAyA hai| jo pazcAtApa karatA hai, vahI vAstava meM pApoM kA prAyazcitta karatA hai, kyoMki satpuruSoM ne pApazuddhi ke lie jaise prAyazcitta kA upadeza kiyA, vaha saba pazcAttApa ke dvArA sampanna ho jAtA hai / 92 tapa kA uddezya tapa ke vibhinna uddezya batalAte hue purANoM kA mantavya hai ki tapa jisa-jisa bhAvanA meM sthita hokara kiyA jAtA hai, vahI phala karane vAloM ko nizcaya hI milatA hai| una bhAvanAoM (uddezyoM) ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki vaha tapa sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa tIna prakAra kA hotA hai| devagaNa tathA saMnyAsiyoM kA evaM brahmacAriyoM kA tapa sAtvika arthAt satoguNI hotA hai, daitya aura manuSyoM kA rAjasa, tathA rAkSasa evaM duSTakarma karane vAloM kA tapa tAmasa hotA hai| kAmanA ke phala kA uddezya karake deha kI zoSaka tapasyA se jo kevala manorathoM kI siddhi ke lie hI tapa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasa tapa kahA jAtA hai|93 "yAdRzI bhAvanA yasya, siddhirbhavati tAdRzI" ke anusAra jaina dharma meM bhI tapa kI uttamatA evaM adhamatA batAI gaI hai| tapa kA kevala karma nirjaraNa hI vAstavika uddezya hai| aihika tathA pAralaukika sukha ke lie evaM yaza-kIrti ke lie tapa kA niSedha hai| pUjA pratiSThA, dhana, putrAdi ke lie yA khyAti ke lie tapa ko deha zoSaka batAyA hai| isa (viveka rahita) tapa ko ajJAnatapa mAnA hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma tathA purANa meM niSkAma tapa ko hI sarvoccatA dI gaI hai| tapa kaise karanA ucita hai, yaha dazavaikAlika sUtra meM spaSTa kiyA hai-apanA bala, dRr3hatA, zraddhA, Arogya tathA kSetra, kAla ko dekhakara-AtmA ko tapazcaryA meM lagAnA caahiye| tapa vaisA hI karanA cAhiye jisameM durdhyAna na ho. yogoM kI hAni na ho, indriyA~ kSINa na hoM tathA nityaprati kI yoga dharma kriyAoM meM vighna na aaye|5 tapa mAhAtmya siddhi prApti kA tapa eka sazakta sAdhana hai| purANoM meM tapa dvArA aneka laukika abhyudaya svarga-prApti tathA isa loka meM yazaH prApti kA kaMthana hai| harivaMzapurANa sAmAnya AcAra / 146

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meM janamejaya ke kathanAnusAra saMsAra meM aisA koI bhI kArya nahIM, jisakI tapasyA se siddhi prApta na ho| ziva purANa meM tapa ke lie kahA gayA hai ki jo sabase kaThina, durArAdhya aura durdhara tathA atyanta kaThinAI se atikramaNa karane yogya hotA hai, vaha saba tapasyA se sAdhya ho jAtA hai, kintu yaha tapa hI eka parama dussAdhya vastu hai| tapa dvArA svarga, yaza, kAmanA, lAbha Adi jo-jo icchA ho, vahI prApta ho jAtA hai| madirApAna karane vAlA, parAI srI ke sAtha ramaNa karane vAlA, brahma-hatyArA aura guru-palI ke sAtha gamana karane vAlA mahApApI bhI tapa se tara jAyA karatA hai| tapamaya manovRtti ko daivI kahate hue kahA hai ki jahA~ dharma, tapa evaM satya hote haiM, usI pakSa ko yuddha meM vijaya prApta hotI hai|96 ___ jainAgama bhI tapa ke anupama phala ko batAte haiN| vahA~ laukika padArthoM ko zuddha tapa kA phala nahIM batAyA gayA hai varan tapa meM kisI na kisI prakAra kI kamI rahane para laukika padArtha mAtra kI upalabdhi hotI hai| tapa kA mukhya phala muNDakopaniSad kI bhAMti Atmadarzana evaM AtmasvarUpa kI hI prApti hai| tapa ke dvArA AtmA kI pavitratA evaM karmoM ko vyavadAna (AtmA se dUra haTanA) hI tapa kA pramukha phala hai bhavakoDiyasaMciyaM kammaM tavasA nijjarijjar3a arthAt karor3oM janmoM ke saMcita karma tapa se naSTa ho jAte haiN| inake sAtha grAmaM gacchantRNaMsparzavat anya laukika vaibhava svarga Adi upalabdhiyA~ haiN| ATe ke sAtha bhUse ke samAna hI yahA~ unake lie abhilASA karanA anucita batAyA hai| antataH tapa kI mahimA varNana karate hue jisa prakAra jainAgamoM meM tapoM meM sarva zreSTha brahmacarya ko kahA hai, usI prakAra purANoM kA bhI yahI abhimata hai ki indriyoM ke samUha ko tathA zabdAdi sUkSmabhUta rUpa aneka viSayasamUha ko vaza meM karake brahmacarya kA pAlana sabase bar3A tapa hai|8. satsaMga satsaMga kA bahuta se vicArakoM ne mahattva svIkRta kiyA hai| kabIra, tulasIdAsa, bhartRhari, mAgha jaise cintakoM ne satsaMgati ko kAyA palaTa karane meM samartha mAnA hai| satsaMgati kA mUlyAMkana purANa tathA jaina dharma meM kiyA gayA hai| sajjanoM kI saMgati satsaMgati kahalAtI hai| saMgati karane se pUrva yaha jAnanA-parakhanA Avazyaka hai ki vaha satsaMga hai yA kusNg| sajjana evaM durjana kA paricaya matsyapurANa meM isa prakAra se diyA gayA hai-satpuruSoM kA samAgama hone para duHkha yA kleza kahA~? arthAt sajjanoM kA samAgama hone para bilkula bhI glAni nahIM hotii| sAdhupuruSa ho yA asAdhujana, sabake uddhArakartA santa hI hote haiN| jo asanta haiM, ve na to satpuruSoM kA, na asatpuruSoM kA tathA na hI apanA . 147 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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uddhAra karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiN| viSama agni, sarpa aura zastra se utanA bhaya nahIM hotA, jitanA akAraNa hI jagat ke bairI khaloM se bhaya hotA hai| santa puruSa * to apane prANoM kA bhI parityAga dUsaroM ke artha, hita lAbha ke lie kiyA karate haiM, vaise hI asanta puruSa bhI prANoM taka kA parityAga kara dUsaroM ko pIr3A dene meM parAyaNa rahA karate haiN| sajjanoM evaM durjanoM kA svabhAva batAte hue nArada purANa kA kathana hai jo sajjana hote haiM, ve sampatti ho yA vipatti ho, svapna meM bhI kabhI dUsaroM ko pIr3A nahIM diyA karate haiN| viSaya rUpI zatruoM se pIr3ita hotA huA buddhimAna puruSa apanI rakSA na kara dUsaroM ko kaSTa kaise de sakatA hai? AdhyAtmika, Adhidaivika tathA Adhi-bhautika ina tIna prakAra ke tApoM se svayaM pIr3A ko prApta karane vAlA sajjana manuSya kyA dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahu~cAkara khilavAr3a kara sakegA? tathA jo mana, vANI aura karma ke dvArA sadA dUsaroM ko pIr3ita kiyA karatA hai aura sarvadA kAmAdi meM pha~sA rahatA hai, vaha mUDhabuddhi vAlA kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra hita karane vAlA sajjana asUyA, matsaratA se rahita hotA hai, loka meM aura paraloka meM niHzaMka hotA hai| sajjana to candana ke vRkSa ke samAna hotA hai, jo svayaM kA chedana karane vAlI kulhAr3I ko bhI surabhita kara detA hai| candramA, sUrya jisa prakAra binA kisI bhedabhAva ke garIba-amIra sabhI ko cAMdanI tathA rozanI pradAna karate haiM, usI prakAra sajjana bhI sva-para, mitra-zatru Adi bheda kiye binA hI sabakA hita karate haiN| sajjana jagat meM atyalpa haiN| sAdhu puruSoM kA samAgama atyanta durlabha hai| jisa vyakti ke pUrvajanma ke pApa naSTa ho jAte haiM, usI ko satsaMgati prApta hotI hai| ise pAnA pUrva janma ke puNyoM kA hI phala samajhanA cAhie, anyathA sAdhu puruSoM kI saMgati kabhI bhI prApta nahIM huA karatI purANoM ke samAna hI jaina dharma meM bhI satpuruSa evaM durjana kA svabhAva batAte hue kahA hai ki sajjana dUsare ke doSa dekhakara svayaM meM lajjA kA anubhava karatA hai| (vaha kabhI use apane mu~ha se nahIM kaha paataa)| zreSTha puruSa apane guNoM ko vANI se nahIM, kintu saccaritra se hI prakaTa karate haiN| saba jagaha priya vacana bolanA, durvacana bolane para bhI use kSamA karanA tathA sabake guNa grahaNa karate rahanA, yaha maMdakaSAyI (zAMta svabhAvI) AtmA ke lakSaNa haiN| jo vANI se sadA sundara bolatA hai aura karma se sadA sadAcaraNa karatA hai, vaha vyakti samaya para barasane vAle megha kI taraha sadA prazaMsanIya janapriya hotA hai| durjana vyakti kA svabhAva ThIka isase viparIta hotA hai| vaha dUsaroM kI nindA karake apane ko guNavAn prasthApita karanA cAhatA hai| usakA yaha prayAsa ThIka vaisA hI hai, jaise koI dUsaroM ko kar3avI davA pilAkara svayaM roga rahita hone kI icchA karatA hai| durjana vyakti ke saMga se vyakti prabhAvita hotA sAmAnya AcAra/ 148

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hai| sAdhu puruSoM kA samAgama honA manuSyatva prApta karane se bhI durlabha hai| manuSya janma prApta karane ke bAda aura manuSyatva prApta karane ke bAda bhI jarUrI nahIM ki hameM sanmArga batAne vAlI satsaMgati mila jaaye| 01 saMga pariNAma vyakti hI nahIM, duniyAM kI pratyeka vastu saMga pAkara parivartita ho jAtI hai| jaisA bhI saMga mile, vaisA pariNamana ho jAtA hai| phira bhI do janoM para kisI bhI saMga kA prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| eka to pUrNatayA nirlipta samabhAvI dRr3hasaMkalpI Atmamagna vyakti kisI bhI prakAra se kusaMga se prabhAvita nahIM hotA tathA dUsarA vaha vyakti jo DhITha prakRti kA ho, pragADha Asakti vAlA tathA mohAndha ho, aise vyakti para bhI cAhe jitanA mahAna saMga ho, prabhAva nahIM DAla paataa| tathApi Ama vyakti jo prasaMga pAne para DhalatA hai. usake lie saMga bahuta mahattva rakhatA hai, kyoMki usakA hRdaya urvara kAlI miTTI jaisA hotA hai| yadi satsaMga rUpI bIja vahA~ nahIM DAlA jAye to anAvazyaka . tathA kharAba, kA~TedAra jhAr3a-jhaMkhAr3a khar3e ho jAte haiM, ataH satsaMga rUpI bIja DAlanA vahA~ Avazyaka hai| bIja DAlane se pUrva jisa prakAra kSetra kI saphAI Avazyaka hai, vaise hI hRdaya kI zuddhi (pariSkaraNa) bhI Avazyaka hai, jisase vahA~ acche saMga kA prabhAva par3a ske| kusaMga se bacane kI preraNA jaina tathA purANa sAhitya meM dI gaI hai| - purANoM kA isa sandarbha meM spaSTa kathana hai ki durjana puruSa ke saMga se sajjana puruSa bhI vinaSTa ho jAyA karate haiM; jisa taraha svaccha jala ko bhI kIcar3a dvArA mailA kara diyA jAtA hai| nirantara satpuruSoM kI saMgati kare aura satpuruSoM ke sAtha apanI uThaka-baiThaka rkhe| satpuruSa ke sAtha hI vivAda aura maitrI bhI karanI cAhie, paNDita vRnda, vinItajana, dharma ke jJAtA aura satyavAdI puruSoM ke sAtha baMdhana meM sthita hokara bhI rahe aura khaloM ke sAtha rAjya meM kabhI bhI nahIM rahe, kyoMki khala saMga kA pariNAma sarvadA burA hI hotA hai / isake viparIta satsaMga duSkRtoM (pApoM) kA saMcaya raNa karane vAlA hotA hai| satpuruSoM kA samAgama karmoM ke pAza meM ardita puruSoM ke hRdaya ke baMdhana kA haraNa kara detA hai aura atyanta alpajalpI (alpabhASI) manuSyoM va ucca pada vitaraNa karane vAlA, saMsAra meM bArambAra janma-grahaNa aura mRtyu prApta karane ke karma meM parama zrAnta logoM ko vizrAnti pradAna karane kA hetu hotA hai| sUryadeva to apanI kiraNoM ke prakAza ke dvArA dina ke samaya meM kevala bAharI andhakAra kA hI vinAza kiyA karate haiM, kintu santa puruSa to apane sadvacanoM ke dvArA hRdaya ke andhakAra ko dUra kara diyA karate haiN| santoM ke vacana rUpI kiraNoM se hRdaya meM vyApta andhakAra pUrNa rUpa se naSTa hotA hai|09 jaina dharma meM bhI kusaMgati kA duSpariNAma batAte hue kusaMgati kA niSedha dRSTigocara hotA hai kyoMki durjana kI saMgati se sajjana kA bhI mahatva gira jAtA hai; . 149 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jaise ki mUlyavAna mAlA murde para DAla dene se nikammI ho jAtI hai| ataH AlasI, vaira-virodha rakhane vAle aura svecchAcArI kA sAtha chor3a denA caahie| kusaMgati ke haTa jAne para bhI satsaMgati kI AvazyakatA kyoM hotI hai, isakA samAdhAna kiyA hai ki ekAkI rahane vAle sAdhaka ke mana meM pratikSaNa nAnA prakAra ke vikalpa utpanna evaM vilIna hote rahate haiM, ataH sajjanoM kI saMgati meM rahanA hI zreSTha hai| satsaMga se dharma zravaNa, dharma zravaNa se tattva jJAna, tattva jJAna se vijJAna (viziSTa tattva jJAna), vijJAna se pratyAkhyAna (sAMsArika padArthoM se virakti), pratyAkhyAna se saMyama, saMyama se anAsrava (navIna karma kA abhAva), anAsrava se tapa, tapa se pUrvabaddha karmoM kA nAza, pUrvabaddha karmanAza se niSkarmatA (sarvathA karma rahita sthiti) aura niSkarmatA se siddhi arthAt mukti prApta hotI hai|102 sArAMzataH sAdhu puruSoM kA samAgama mana ke saMtApa ko dUra karatA hai, Ananda kI abhivRddhi karatA hai aura cittavRtti ko saMtoSa detA hai| ataH hamezA sAdhujanoM ke sAtha samparka rakhanA caahie| jaMgamatIrtha ke rUpa meM saMta samAgama turanta hI phalaprada hotA hai / 103 sevA sevA ke aneka rUpa vyakti-bheda se ho sakate haiN| yathA bhagavad sevA (sevana dhyAnAdi ke rUpa meM) bhakti kahalAtI hai, bar3oM kI sevA ko vinaya kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai, choToM kI sevA athavA anya kisI kI hita-sAdhana rUpa sevA ko paropakAra se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra bhakti, vinaya, sahAyatA, paropakAra Adi sabhI sevA ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiN| bhagavad sevA arthAt bhakti ___ bhagavAn kI bhakti rakhanA, AsthA rakhanA evaM unake dvArA nirdiSTa mArga para calate hue svalakSya ko pAne kI ceSTA karanA hI bhagavad sevA hai, bhakta unakI anya kyA sevA kara sakatA hai ? bhakti ke mUla meM zraddhA kA puTa Avazyaka hai| ataH jaina dharma meM bhagavad bhakti kA tAtparya inake upadezoM kA zraddhAbhAva se aMgIkaraNa hai| bhakti kA mahattva ___ purANoM meM bhakti kA vivecana karate hue navadhA bhakti kA nirUpaNa hai| bhakti kI mahattA batAte hue viSNu purANa kA kathana hai-nizcala bhakti ke dvArA mukti bhI muTThI meM rahatI hai| phira dharma, artha aura kAma se to usakA prayojana hI kyA rahatA bhakti kA mahattva jaina dharma meM bhI hai| jainAgamAnusAra jisa prakAra laukika kSetra meM sarvocca zakti cakravartI kI hai; usI prakAra dhArmika kSetra ke adhipati sAmAnya AcAra / 150

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(zAsaka) tIrthaMkara hote haiN| aisI sarvocca zakti kI prApti (tIrthaMkara nAmakarma baMdha kI prApti) bhI arihaMta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthavira, bahuzrutI, tapasvI ina sAtoM ke bhAvapUrvaka guNAnuvAda karane se tathA jJAnopayoga, nirmala samyaktva, guru Adi pUjyajanoM kA vinaya ityAdi 20 prakAra kI ArAdhanA dvArA hotI hai / 05 yaha bhakti kA hI viziSTa rUpa hai| ___purANoM meM varNita navadhA bhakti ke ye nAma haiM-zravaNa, kIrtana, smaraNa, pAdasevana, arcana, vandana, dAsya, sakhya aura Atma nivedana / 06 jaina stotroM meM aneka sthaloM para inakA saMketa milatA hai| navadhA bhakti ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prathama tIna zravaNa, kIrtana, smaraNa bhakti to parokSa meM (upAsya deva kI anupasthiti meM) kI jAtI hai| dUsarI tIna bhakti pUrNatayA to bhagavAn ke sAkSAt milane para hI hotI haiM kintu anupasthiti. meM mana ke bhAva dvArA pratyakSa mAnakara bhI inakA anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai ye cha: bhaktiyA~ kriyArUpa haiN| zeSa tIna bhAvarUpa haiN| aneka vidvAnoM ne zravaNa ko satsaMga, kIrtana ko bhajana, smaraNa ko dhyAnarUpa, pAdasevana-arcana-vaMdana ko bhagavaccaraNoM se sambandhita batAyA hai / 07 1. zravaNa bhakti-bhagavAn ke nAma, caritra evaM guNAdi ke zravaNa ko zravaNa bhakti kahA gayA hai| AcArya siddhasena ne kalyANa maMdira stotra meM bhagavAn ke nAma zravaNa dvArA duHkha kA nAza batAyA hai / 108 jaina Agama sAhitya meM zravaNa kA mahattva jinavANI zravaNa ke rUpa meM hai, jisake dvArA vyakti apane zreya mArga ko cuna sakatA . 2. kIrtana-bhagavAn ke nAma, guNAdi kA zraddhApUrvaka kIrtana karanA kIrtana bhakti hai| yaha guNa kIrtana sthUlamukha se nahIM, antakaraNa kI tantrI se bhagavAn kA yazogAna karanA kIrtana bhakti hai / 11deg lagabhaga sabhI jaina stotroM meM bhagavAn kA guNa kIrtana hai| yahI nahIM, Agama sAhitya ke antargata bhI yaha dRSTigocara hotA hai-arihaMte kittaissaM, cauvIsaM pikevalI / 11 3. smaraNa-jisa kisI prakAra se mana ke sAtha bhagavAn kA sambandha ho jAtA hai, vaha smaraNa bhakti hai / 12 arthAt bhagavAn ke parama prabhAvazAlI maMgalamaya nAma, rUpaM, guNa kA dhyAna karanA hI smaraNa bhakti hai| viSNu purANa meM pApa ke anantara pazcAttApa hone para bhagavatsmaraNa hI eka mAtra prAyazcitta hai| bhagavatsmaraNa se pApakSaya hI nahIM, mokSapada kI prApti hotI hai, svarga lAbha to usake lie vighnarUpa hai / 13 jaina stotroM kA bhI yahI Azaya hai ki sUrya kI bAta to kyA, usakI prabhA hI kamaloM ko vikasita kara detI hai| usI prakAra stuti to dUra, ApakA smaraNa (nAma kathA) hI pApa dUra kara detA hai / 14 yadi bhagavatsmaraNa yA AtmasmaraNa bhI banA rahe to vyakti pApakarma se bacA rahatA hai| 151 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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4. pAdasevana isa bhakti ke sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai ki sthUla cakSuoM se usakA (bhagavAn kA) rUpa dekhA nahIM jA sktaa| AkAra dRSTigocara na hone se hama usake caraNoM kI sevA kaise kara sakate haiM? ata:-pAdosya vizvabhUtAni-isa krama meM abhyAsa dvArA azeSa prANiyoM ke bhItara nityasattA ke astitva ko samajha lene para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki Age kA krama sampUrNa prANiyoM meM usakI sevA karanA aura isI ko pAdasevana bhakti kahA jAnA vidheya hai| 15 yadyapi isa kAraNa se to nahIM, phira bhI jaina dharma meM sabhI meM samAna caitanya (Atmatattva) sattA hone se kisI bhI prakAra se pIr3ita karane kA niSedha hai| isake atirikta bhagavaccaraNoM kI mAnasika kalpanA (bhAvarUpa) bhI jaina stotroM meM upalabdha hotI hai|116 5. arcana-sthUlarUpeNa bAhya sAmagriyoM se yA mana ke dvArA zraddhApUrvaka bhagavAn kA pUjana karanA arcana bhakti hai| prabhu ke yogigamya rUpa kI arcanA ke saMdarbha meM viSNupurANakAra kA kathana hai ki yogIgaNa apanI indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se khIMcakara dhyAna dvArA jinakA arcana karate haiM, cita meM prabhu svarUpa kI bhAvanA kara bhAvamaya puSpAdi dhyAna dvArA upasthita karate haiN|117 isa saMdarbha meM ziva purANa kA yaha kathana bhI ullekhanIya hai-"bAhya pUjana se Abhyantara pUjana sau gunA adhika zreSTha hai kyoMki usameM doSoM kA mizraNa nahIM hotA tathA pratyakSa dIkhane vAle doSoM kI bhI vahA~ sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| bhItara kI zuddhi ko hI zuddhi samajhanI cAhie, bAharI zuddhi ko zuddhi nahIM kahate haiM; jo Antarika zuddhi se rahita hai, vaha bAhara se zuddha hone para bhI azuddha hI hai| bhAva rahita bhajana ekamAtra vipralambha (chalanA) kA hI kAraNa hotA hai| maiM to sadA hI kRtakRtya evaM pavitra hU~, manuSya merA kyA kareMge?"118 ___ arcana kA yaha rUpa jaina dharma meM bhI svIkRta hai| pUjA do prakAra kI hai-dravyapUjA tathA bhaavpuujaa| vacana aura zarIra kA saMkoca karanA dravya pUjA hai evaM mana kA saMkoca karanA bhAva pUjA hai| bhAva puSpoM kA ullekha haribhadrasUri ne bhI kiyA hai| unake anusAra ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, niHsaMgatA, guru bhakti, tapa aura jJAna ye pUjA ke ATha phUla kahalAte haiN|19 jaina dharma meM paramAtmA kI arcanA sAdhana rUpa meM prayukta hai, na ki sAdhya rUpa meN| paramAtma ke guNoM kI prApti ke sAdhana rUpa meM hI isakA mahatva hai / 220 6. vandana-zAsrAnusAra vandana zabda kA artha hotA hai-praNAma, abhivAdana aura namaskAra Adi / viSNu purANa meM yamarAja apane dUta se bhagavadvandana kI mahimA kahatA hai ki jo bhagavAn ke sukha-vandita caraNa-kamaloM meM paramArtha buddhi se vandana karatA hai, samasta pApa baMdhana se mukta usa puruSa ko tuma dUra se hI chor3akara nikala jaanaa|21 vaMdana kA artha sASTAMga athavA paMcAga praNAma mAtra nahIM hai, balki apane ko kucha vizeSa mahattva na dekara prabhu ke caraNoM para dhUla ke samAna apane Apako sAmAnya AcAra / 152

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sampUrNa rUpa se arpita kara denA hai| jaina stotra hI nahIM, jaina dharma kA mUla maMtra namaskAra-mahAmaMtra to namaskAra vaMdana se hI ota-prota hai / 122 7. dAsya-bhagavAn ko apane karmoM kA arpaNa kara denA tathA unakI ananya * sevA meM apane ko lagA denA dAsya bhakti hai| viSNu purANa ke anusAra devagaNa nirantara phalAkAMkSA rahita bhagavAn ko apane karma arpaNa karane vAle tathA ananta meM lIna hone vAle puruSa kA guNagAna karate haiN|123 isakI niSkAmatA bhAgavatapurANa meM vyakta hai-bhagavAn kI sevA jo manuSya svArtha-buddhi se karate haiM, unameM vaha saccA dAsya-bhAva nahIM hai| vaha vANijya vyApAra ke samAna hai / 124 isa prakAra zraddhApUrvaka sevA bhAva ke lie utsukatA jaina stotroM meM bhI dRSTigata hotI hai| 8. sakhya bhagavAn meM aTala vizvAsa aura unake sAtha mitratA sadRza vyavahAra sakhya bhakti hai| AtmA meM paramAtma-bhAva mAnate hue sAdhaka kA samasta prANI samudAya ke sAtha jo vibhinnatA kA bhAva rahatA hai, vaha maitrI meM pariNata ho jAtA hai|925 isa dRSTi kA samarthana prakArAntara se jaina dharma bhI karatA hai| vahA~ bhI Atmavat sabhI ko mAnakara maitrI sambandha kI prApti ko prApta karanA vyakti kA kartavya mAnA hai|126 bhagavAn ke prati sakhya bhakti kA varNana jaina paraMparA meM alpamAtrA meM milatA hai| 9. Atmanivedana-ahaMkAra vihIna hokara svayaM ko sarvAtmanA zraddhApUrvaka bhagavAna ke lie samarpita kara denA "Atmanivedana" bhakti hai| isakA tAtparya hai sarvathA zaraNApanna ho jaanaa| viSNu purANa meM yama apane anucara ko bhagavAn ke zaraNabhUta vyaktiyoM ko chor3a dene ke lie kahate haiN| yaha avasthA avarNanIya hai, kyoMki rUpaka bhautika padArtha hI pradarzita karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiM; kintu AtmA kA AtmA se milana-jisameM jIvAtmA prANa kA astitva sampUrNa rUpeNa kho detA hai aura taba isakI svarUpatA kA bodha prathamabAra kintu sadA ke lie hotA hai / 120 isI ko jainAgamoM meM siddha saMjJA dI hai arthAt AtmA kA ananta meM jyoti meM jyotivat vilIna ho jaanaa| yaha varNana bar3A hI tAtvika evaM gahana hai| sthUladRSTyA Atmanivedana bhagavAn kI mahattA aura apanI laghutA dikhAtA hai--AtmAlocana karatA hai, jisakA jaina stotroM meM bhI darzana hotA hai / 128 - jaina hindI sAhityakAroM ne (dyAnatarAya, daulatarAya, Anandaghana, bhAgacandra bhUdharadAsAdi) bhI apane sAhitya meM navadhA bhakti kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yaha navadhA bhakti aisI paddhati hai jo sAdhaka ko zanaiH zanaiH svAbhAvika rUpa se siddhi ke usa vardhamAna mArga ke dvArA usa lakSya para pahu~cA detI hai jahA~ paramatattva kI anubhUti hotI - hai aura phira avidyA kI ora lauTanA nahIM hotaa| . 153 / purANoM meM jaina dharma . .

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jaina evaM paurANika bhakti kA antara itanA hI hai ki jaina bhakti kA lakSya Izvara kI prApti na hokara mokSa kI prApti hai-Izvaratva kI prApti hai jabaki paurANika bhakti kA prayojana sAkSAt Izvara ko prApta karanA hai evaM jaise prakAzastambha kI upasthiti meM bhI jahAja samudra meM binA gati ke usa pAra nahIM pahu~catA, vaise hI kevala nAma-smaraNa yA bhakti sAdhaka ko nirvANa-lAbha nahIM karA sakatI, jaba taka ki usake lie satprayatna na ho| jaina paraMparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA bodha yA sAkSAtkAra hai| apane meM nihita paramAtma zakti ko abhivyakta karanA hai|129 . vastuta: bhakti mAtraguNoM kA anurAga hI nahIM, apitu guNoM kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hai / 130 bar3oM kA satkAra-vinaya purANoM meM upAdhyAya, AcArya, pitA, mAtA Adi sabhI ko pUjya batAte hue unake prati. kartavya pAlana ke lie prerita kiyA gayA hai| mAtA-pitA kA jIvana meM kitanA ucca sthAna hotA hai, ise batAte hue kahA hai ki jo apane mAtA-pitA kA arcana karake unakI parikramA kara letA hai, use bhUmaNDala kI parikramA pUrNa karane kA phala sunizcita prApta hotA hai| putra ke lie mAtA-pitA kI sevA hI sabase bar3A tIrtha hai jo ghara meM rahakara sampanna hotI hai aura tIrthoM ke lie to dUra jAnA par3atA hai| putra kI srI ke lie bhI ghara meM isI ko parama zobhanatIrtha batAyA hai| skandapurANa meM mAtA-pitA ke nindaka ko bhAgyahIna kahA hai| itanA hI nahIM, matsyapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki AcArya sAkSAt brahmA kI, pitA prajApati kI; mAtA pRthivI kI tathA bhAI. apanI AtmA kI hI mUrti hotA hai| janma dene vAle mAtA-pitA ke dvArA janma se hI kleza (kaSTa) sahe jAte haiM, jinakI niSkRti manuSya sau varSoM meM bhI nahIM kara sktaa| ataH sarva prakAreNa-nitya inakA pUjana kare, ina tInoM ke tuSTa ho jAne para sabhI tapa ho jAte haiN| ye tInoM hI tIna loka haiM, tIna Azrama haiM, tIna veda haiM, tathA tIna agniyA~ haiM, pitA gArhapatya, mAtA dakSiNyagni, guru AhvanIyagni hai| inameM bhI upAdhyAya se AcArya 10 guNA, AcArya se pitA 100 guNA, pitA se mAtA 1000 guNA sammAna tathA gaurava pAtra hai| isa prakAra zikSA dene vAle, pitA, mAtA tInoM ko guru kahA gayA jaina dharma meM bhI gRhastha ke pradhAna kartavyoM meM gurujanoM (bar3oM) kA Adara karanA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kaI AkhyAnoM meM bhI mAtA-pitA kI AjJApAlana, sevAdi karane kA varNana spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| yogazAstrakAra ne zrAvaka kI 35 vizeSatAoM meM "mAtApitrozca pUjaka" bhI likhA hai / 132 sAmAnya AcAra / 154

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guru kI sevA-vinaya guru kA svarUpa pUjya sthAna para pratiSThita guru kI mahimA kA gAna purANa tathA jaina dharma meM paryApta hai| guru kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karate hue liMgapurANakAra ne AcArya kI paribhASA batAI hai jo svayaM AcaraNa karatA hai tathA dUsaroM ko bhI AcAra meM sthApita karatA hai tathA zAsroM ke arthoM ko saba ora se cayana karatA hai, vaha AcArya hotA hai| AcArya zaraNAgata ko Ananda tathA abhaya pradAna karane vAle hote haiM / 133 jaina dharma meM bhI AcArya kI paribhASA lagabhaga isI prakAra hai-AcArya ko svayaM AcaraNa karane vAlA tathA dUsaroM ko AcAra mArga batAne vAlA, zAsrArtha jJAtA kahA hai| rAga-dveSa se mukta AcArya ko ziSyoM ke lie zItagRha (saba RtuoM meM sukhadAyI) ke samAna kahA gayA hai|34 / guru ke lakSaNoM (guNoM) kA varNana purANoM meM isa prakAra se hai vaha (guru) zAsroM kA vettA, prAjJa, tapasvI, ziSyoM para vAtsalya rakhane vAlA, lokAcAra-rati rakhane vAlA ho| jisakI AtmA meM sva-saMvedya paratattva (paramatattva) kA nizcaya nahIM, vaha svaanugraha, svazreya sampAdana meM bhI asamartha hotA hai to phira dUsaroM (ziSyoM) kA kaise kara sakatA hai ? AtmajJAnarahita ko pazu kahA jAtA hai, aise guruoM se preraNA lene vAle bhI pazu hI kahe jAte haiM, ataH tattvajJAna paramAvazyaka hai| tattvajJAtA ko hI Ananda kA darzana hotA hai / saMvitti (jJAna) rahita kevala nAma mAtra se AnandadAtA nahIM hotA, aise puruSa paraspara uddhAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| kyA koI zilA kisI zilA ko tAra sakatI hai ? zveta kezadhArI adhika Ayu se yukta vyakti yadi jJAnahIna hai to vaha guru kA pada nahIM pA sktaa| isake viparIta alpAyu bhI jJAna sampanna hone se vayovRddhoM kA bhI guru banane kI yogyatA rakhatA hai| umra ke lihAja se guru na hokara, jJAna ke dvArA hI hotA hai| mUrkha guru, ziSya ko kabhI pAra nahIM kara sktaa| jJAnI to svayaM mukta hai tathA anyoM ko bhI mukta kara sakatA hai, kintu sarvalakSaNa yukta, sarvazAsra jJAtA bhI yadi tattvajJAna (AtmajJAna) se rahita ho to vyartha hai / 135 lagabhaga isI prakAra se guru kI yogyatAoM kA ullekha karate hue jaina dharma meM bhI mahAvratadhArI, dhairyavAn, zuddha bhikSA se jIne vAle, saMyama meM sthira rahane vAle evaM dharma kA upadeza dene vAle mahAtmA guru mAne gaye haiN| guru ko jJAnavAn tathA jJAnadAtA honA Avazyaka hai| yadi ziSyoM ko jJAna nahIM prApta hotA hai to vaha AcArya (guru) kI hI jar3atA hai, kyoMki gAyoM ko kughATa meM utArane vAlA vastutaH gopAla hI hai| isa prakAra jo ekAnta hitabuddhi se jIvoM ko sabhI zAsroM kA saccA artha samajhAtA - 155 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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hai, vaha guru hai| isake viparIta sabhI bhogya vastuoM ke abhilASI, parigrahadhArI, abrahmacArI aura mithyA upadeza dene vAle guru nahIM ho sakate / parigrahAdi meM magna guru dasaroM ko kaise tAra sakate haiM? jo svayaM daridra haiM, vahI dUsaroM ko dhanADhya banAne meM samartha kaise ho sakate haiM?136 ziSya-kartavya jaina dharma evaM purANoM meM ziSya ke lie pramukha kartavya guru-AjJA kA pAlana karanA nirdhArita hai| purANoM meM likhA hai ki guru kI avajJA karane para saba kucha naSTa ho jAtA hai| guru kI AjJA ke binA jo vastu grahaNa kI jAtI hai, vaha curAI huI vastu ke samAna hai| jo binA guru kA pUjana kiye zAsra sunate haiM yA sunanA cAhate haiM aura guru kI saprema bhakti ke sAtha sevA nahIM karate yA unako uttara dete haiM, guru ko rogI, asamartha yA paradeza meM sthita yA zatruoM dvArA ghire hue athavA tiraskRta manuSyoM meM chor3a dete haiM ina sabhI ko ziva-nindA tulya hI mahApApa hotA hai|937 jainAgamoM ke anusAra bhI jo gurujanoM kI AjJAoM kA yathocita pAlana karatA hai, unake nikaTa samparka meM rahatA hai evaM unake hara saMketa evaM ceSTA ke prati sajaga rahatA hai, use vinIta kahA jAtA hai, arthAt 'guru kI AjJA hI nahIM, saMketa dvArA hI ziSya ko abhiprAya samajha lenA caahie| jo isa prakAra se gurujanoM kI bhAvanAoM kA Adara karatA hai, vahI ziSya pUjya hotA hai| gurujanoM ke anuzAsana se kupita, kSubdha nahIM honA caahie| prajJAvAn ziSya gurujanoM kI jina zikSAoM ko hitakara mAnatA hai, durbuddhi duSTa ziSya ko ve hI zikSAeM burI lagatI haiN| vinIta buddhimAna ziSyoM ko zikSA detA huA jJAnI guru usI prakAra prasanna hotA hai, jisa prakAra bhadra azva (acche ghor3e) para savArI karatA huA ghur3asavAra / 28 gurujanoM kI avahelanA karane vAlA kabhI baMdhanamukta nahIM ho sktaa| guru ke sammukha vinamratApUrvaka rahate hue avinaya se sambandhita ceSTAeM, yathA gurujanoM ke sAmane paira pasAranA, uccAsana para baiThanA Adi donoM (purANa, jaina dharma) meM niSiddha haiN|939 guru-mahimA guru zabda se hI spaSTa hai jo ajJAnarUpI andhakAra ko haraNa karane vAlA hai| purANoM ke anusAra ziva, guru, vidyA tInoM kA mahattva samAna hai| guru sarvadevamaya tathA sarvamantramaya hote haiM, ataH prayatnapUrvaka unakI AjJA zirodhArya kare, mana se bhI na laaNdhe| jaise pApI ke saMga se vyakti patita ho jAtA hai, vaise hI guru ke saMga se saba pApa naSTa hokara zuddha ho jAtA hai| santuSTa guru kSaNabhara meM kalyANa kara dete haiN| mana, vANI, karma dvArA guru ko krodhita na kre| guru-brahmA, viSNu, maheza, parabrahma tulya tathA sAmAnya AcAra / 156

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vAyu, varuNa, candra, anila, ravi, mAtA-pitA tathA suhRd ke rUpa meM nirdezita hai| usase bar3hakara pUjya aura koI nahIM hai| abhISTa deva ke ruSTa ho jAne para guru use bacAne meM samartha hai, kintu guru ke ruSTa hone para samasta devatA bhI vyakti kI rakSA nahIM kara sakate / 140 isI prakAra guru kA mahattva sampAdita karate hue jainAgamoM meM bhI guru ko prasanna karane tathA kupita na karane kI bAta kahI gaI hai| guru kI AjJA pAlana karanA saba guNoM se bar3hakara hai| anAbAdh mukti-sukhAbhilASI ziSya ko guru kI prasannatA ke lie sadA prayatna karanA cAhie, kyoMki jaise jahAja ke binA samudra ko pAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, vaise hI guru ke mArgadarzana ke binA saMsAra-sAgara pAra kara pAnA bahuta kaThina hai / 141 isa prakAra guru kI AjJA pAlana karane se, sevA-suzruSA se zikSAeM vaise hI ra r3hatI haiM jaise ki jala se sIMce jAne para vRkSa / paropakAra = prANI mAtra kI sevA . sajjana loga svabhAva se hI paropakArI hote haiN| paropakAra karate hue vyakti svopakAra bhI kara letA hai| jaisA ki bhaktiparijJA nAmaka grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki kisI bhI anya prANI kI hatyA vastutaH apanI hatyA hai aura anya jIva kI dayA apanI hI dayA hai / 142 purANoM kA sAra yahI hai ki paropakAra puNya tathA parapIr3A pApa kA hetu hai. aSTAdaza purANeSa, vyAsasya vcndvym| ___ paropakAra puNyAya pApAya prpiidd'nm|| duSTa apanI duSTatA ko chor3ate nahIM, ve sajjanoM ko kaSTa dete haiN| yadi aizvarya aura ahaMkAra bhI duSTa ko prApta ho jAye to phira usakI duSTatA kI koI hada nahIM hotI, kyoMki pRthvI kA AhAra sampUrNa nidhi hone se vaha sadA jalatI hai, usI nidhi ke upabhoktA manuSya bhI jalane lageM to Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| aizvarya dvArA duSTa vyakti unmatta ho jAtA hai, kanaka (svarNa), kanaka (dhatUre) se bhI jyAdA mAdaka hotA hai| jaise agni kA mitra vAyu Ane para vaha atyanta pracaNDa hokara sarvanAza karatA hai, vaise hI madAndha ko bhI sat-asat, hita-ahita kA jJAna nahIM rhtaa| kintu sajjanoM kI vRtti, gati evaM mati isase viparIta hotI hai, sAdhu puruSa sarvadA kSamAbhAva se saMyukta hokara paropakAra nirata rahate haiN| jaise candramA devatAoM dvArA svayaM ko khAye jAne para bhI unheM santuSTa hI karatA hai, vaise hI santa puruSa duSTa ko bhI sukha hI dete haiN| phAr3akara aura cIrakara bhI prApta kiyA gayA candana sarvatra sugandha hI prasArita karatA hai| jar3a vRkSoM kA jIvana bhI phala, phUla, puSpa, patra, valakala, dArA, kASTha dvArA sadA paropakAra 157 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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karatA hai to manuSya to saba kucha jAnane vAlA hote hue bhI dUsaroM ke kucha kAma nahIM . AtA hai to vaha jIvita rahate hue bhI mRta ke samAna hI hai / 143 / ___ jaina dharma meM bhI paropakAra ko sukha zAnti kA hetu batAyA gayA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo dUsaroM ke sukha evaM kalyANa kA prayatna karatA hai vaha svayaM bhI sukha evaM kalyANa ko prApta karatA hai| anAzrita, asahAya janoM ko sahayoga evaM Azraya dene ke lie tatpara rahanA caahie|" uparyukta sevA sambandhita samasta kartavyoM meM mukhyataH svArthavRtti evaM ahaMkAra vRtti kA tyAga karanA par3atA hai| ahaMkAra ke sadbhAva meM viveka kA abhAva ho jAtA hai, yahI sarvanAza kA mUla hai| jisake hRdaya meM ahaMkAra chA jAtA hai usakA vinAza bahuta hI vega se hone lagatA hai| ahaMkArapUrvaka bhagavadbhakti-gurujanoM kA vinaya kiyA jAye to vyartha hai| paropakAra karate hue ahaMbhAva rakhanA dUdha meM kAcare ke bIja ke samAna saba satkArya naSTa kara detA hai| ___ antataH sevA dharma kA pUrNa vivecana na kara pAne ke kAraNa yahI kahA jA sakatA hai-"sevAdharmo parama gahano yoginAmapyagamyaH" saMta tulasIdAsa bhI kahate haiM-"sevA dharama kaThina jaga jAnA" dAna - tattvArthasUtrakAra ne dAna kI yaha paribhASA kI hai-"anugrahArthaM svasyAtisoM dAnam"945 arthAt anugraha ke nimitta apanI vastu kA tyAga kara denA hI dAna hai| bahuva purAnI ukti hai-"divAniza jala-saMgraha meM nirata sAgara ko rasAtala meM sthAna milA, isake viparIta jala grahaNa kara pRthvI-maNDala para barasa kara asaMkhya prANiyoM kA upakAra karake bAdala AkAzagAmI banakara gaurava se nabhomaNDala meM garjana karatA hai|"146 dAna ke dAtA (dene vAlA), pAtra (lene vAlA), vidhi vizeSa dravyAdi ke vivekapUrvaka isa dharma ko dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| dAtA dAtA ke sambandha meM skandha purANa ke anusAra-aparogI, dharmAtmA, ditsu (dene kA icchuka), avyasana, zuciyukta, aniMdya AjIvikA vAlA "dAtA" prazasta hotA hai, isake viparIta adhama hotA hai| jainAgama sthAnAMga meM bhI megha kI taraha cAra prakAra ke vyakti batAye haiM * kucha bolate haiM, dete nhiiN| * kucha dete haiM, kintu kabhI bolate nhiiN| * kucha bolate bhI haiM aura dete bhI haiN| sAmAnya AcAra / 158

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* kucha na bolate haiM, na dete haiN|148 dAtA kI vizeSatA yahI hai ki dAtA ke dila meM dene vAle ke prati zraddhA ho tathA vastu tyAgadene ke bAda usake prati dAtA ke mana meM kisI prakAra asUyAbhAva na jage, koI viSAda na ho, sAtha hI dAna karane ke bAda dAtA kisI phala kI AkAMkSA na kre|49 pAtra pAtra ke sambandha meM purANoM meM guNavAn brAhmaNa ko pAtra kahA hai| parama zreSTha vipra yadi AcArahIna hai to vaha bhI pAtra nahIM hai| bhasma meM havi ke samAna hI use dAna denA ucita nahIM hai| UsarabhUmi meM boyA bIja, TUTe hue bartana meM dohana kiyA huA dUdha, bhasma meM havana kiyA huA havya aura mUrkha vipra ko diyA huA dAna azAzvat, asthAyI evaM niSphala hotA hai| usase hIna (kupAtra meM) tathA apAtra meM jo koI pratigraha (dAna) detA hai, usakA vaha dAna hI nahIM balki zeSa puNya bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| vidvAna puruSa ko pratigraha lene meM bhaya karanA caahie| svalpa bhI pratigraha se daladala meM phaMsI huI go ke samAna utpIr3ita ho jAtA hai| vidyA, tapazcaryA, saccaritratA jisameM vidyamAna ho, vahI vastutaH pAtra kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra se supAtra meM diyA gayA dAna dinoM-dina bar3hatA hai| isase bhI jyAdA pAtra yogI ko batAyA hai-zrAddhabhogI eka sahasra brAhmaNoM ke sammukha, eka bhI yogI ho to vaha yajamAna sahita sabakA uddhAra kara detA hai / 150 guNoM ke AdhAra para hI pAtratva kA nirdhAraNa jaina dharma meM bhI hai| haribhadra sUri ke anusAra vrata pAlaka, sAdhuveza meM sthita, saMdA apane siddhAnta ke aviruddha calane vAle jana dAna ke pAtra haiM, unameM bhI vizeSataH ve jo apane lie bhojana nahIM pakAte / jo kArya karane meM akSama haiM, andhe haiM, duHkhI haiM, vizeSataH roga pIr3ita haiM, nirdhana haiM, jinake jIvikA kA koI sahArA nahIM hai, aise loga bhI dAna ke adhikArI haiN|951 dAna ke prakAra inake atirikta dAna ke prakAroM para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| purANoM meM dravya (deya vastu) kI pavitratA-apavitratA ke AdhAra para kaniSTha, madhyama aura jyeSTha ye tIna prakAra batAye haiM tathA bhUdAna, annadAna, jaladAna Adi ko bhI mahatvapUrNa batAyA hai / 152 anna, jala Adi dAna se puNya prApti kA ullekha jainAgamoM meM bhI hai / 153 sarvazreSTha dAna purANa tathA jaina dharma ke anusAra sarvazreSTha dAna abhayadAna hai| purANoM meM kahA gayA hai---eka ora to samaya dakSiNAyukta dAna hai (anya sabhI dAna), aura eka ora bhayabhIta (DarA huA) prANI ke prANoM kA saMrakSaNa hai| duniyA~ meM jamIna, sonA, anna 159 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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aura gAyoM kA dAna dene vAle to AsAnI se mila sakate haiM, lekina bhayabhIta prANiyoM kI prANarakSA karake unheM abhayadAna dene vAle vyakti virale hI milate haiN|54 abhayadAna ko jaina dharma meM bhI bahuta jyAdA mahatva milA hai| sUtra kRtAMgasUtra meM abhayadAna ko sarvazreSTha dAna kahA hai| praznavyAkaraNa uttarAdhyayana meM bhI isakA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| sone ke sumeru parvata aura sampUrNa pRthvI kA dAna bhI eka vyakti ko die gaye jIvanadAna kI tulanA meM nagaNya hai| vastutaH abhayadAna kA kSetra sabhI dAnoM se vistRta hai| dUsare dAnoM se manuSya yA prANI asthAyI santoSa pAtA hai, kintu abhayadAna to jindagI kA dAna hai|55 dAna kA mahatva sAMsArika padArthoM kI tIna hI gatiyA~ haiM-dAna, bhoga yA nAza; bhoga se bhI vinAza hI hotA hai| mAtra dAna dvArA vaha kucha saphala hotA hai, kyoMki svayaM upabhoga karane se dAna sau guNA sukha dene vAlA hai| dAna kI vizeSatA yaha hai koI bhI dAnazIla karor3oM aura sahasroM parvata ke barAbara suvarNa kA dAna kare aura usameM zraddhAbhAva na ho to vaha vyartha evaM phala-zUnya hI hotA hai; vastu kA alpatva yA bahutva avicAraNIya hai| dAna se svargAdi kI prApti hotI hai| apane hAtha se bhUmi meM prakSipta dhana kI taraha vaha dUsare deha meM prApta hotA hai| puSTa deha prApta karane kA koI lAbha nahIM, yadi dAna ke rUpa meM paropakAra nahIM kiyA yA upayukta pAtra ko dAna nahIM diyaa| ataH dhana aura jIvana kA sarvazreSTha upayoga yahI hai ki satpAtra ko dAna diyA jAe, dAna se dhana kA kabhI kSaya nahIM hotaa| dhana kA kSaya kevala apane pUrvajanma ke hIna karmoM se hotA hai / 156 jaina dharma meM bhI dAna dharmake cAra padoM meM prathama pada hai| yadi dAna meM vidhi. dravya, dAtA aura pAtra kI nirmalatA (zuddhi) ho to usakA anupama evaM atulanIya prabhAva batAyA hai| uttama zraddhA, nirmala hRdaya, saMyata AtmA aura vinamra bhAvanA Adi guNoM se yukta satpAtra meM svalpadAna bhI isI prakAra phalIbhUta hotA hai jaise vaTavRkSa kA atyanta choTA-sA bIja eka vizAla vaTa ko janma detA hai| aise dAna ke dvArA buddhimAna loga saMsAra ke duHkharUpI samudra ko ThIka vaise hI pAra kara jAte haiM jaise sunirmita jalayAna dvArA vyApArI loga saralatA se samudra pAra kara jAte haiN| niSkAma tathA nisvArtha bhAva se dene vAlA aura lene vAlA donoM hI durlabha haiN| ye donoM hI sadgati ko prApta karate haiN|157 zauca jIvana ke parama lakSya kI ora agrasara hone ke lie zauca arthAt pavitratA Avazyaka hai| zauca do prakAra kA hotA hai bAhya aura Antarika / satyatA se arjita sAmAnya AcAra / 160

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dravya se prApta AhAra kI, acche vyavahAra se AcaraNoM kI, jalamRtikA Adi se zarIra kI zuddhi "bAhya zauca" kahI jAtI hai| rAga-dveSa, kapaTa Adi manovikAroM ke naSTa hone para aMta:karaNa ke nirmala ho jAne ko "Abhyantarika zauca" kahA jAtA hai| ina donoM meM Atma-kalyANa kA hetu antarazauca hI purANa tathA jaina dharma meM mAnA hai| purANoM meM spaSTa kahA hai "na vAriNA zuddhyati cAntarAtmA" arthAt antarAtmA jala ke dvArA zuddha nahIM hotii| isakI puSTi hetu kaI udAharaNa bhI purANoM meM prastuta haiM-rAta-dina jala meM nimajjana karane vAle kaivarta jAti ke loga kyA pAvana ho jAte haiM? aharniza bhasma se dhUsara rahane vAle rAsabha (gadhA) kyA pavitra kahe jAte haiM? pratisamaya jala meM hI sthita rahakara avagAhana karane vAle zaivala, jhaSaka (machalI), matsya aura matsyopajIvI prANI kyA vizuddha ho jAte haiM ? mana kA maila haTAne para hI vAstavika nirmalatA prAdurbhUta hotI hai| zoka, krodha, lobha, kAma, moha parAtmatA, IrSyA, avamAna, vicikitsA, kRpaNatA, asUyA, jugupsatA ye dvAdaza mAnasamala haiM jo buddhi kA nAza karate haiN| ina maloM kA nAza karane vAlA hI vAstavika tIrtha hai| jisane apanI samasta indriyoM ko pUrNatayA jIta liyA, apane ko kAbU meM kiyA vaha jahA~ bhI rahe, usake lie vahI sthala parama pavitra kurukSetra, naimiSad aura puSkara hai / 158 dharma ko dhAraNa karane vAle saMta mahApuruSa hI vAstavika tIrtha aura devatA haiM, kyoMki inake darzana mAtra se kalyANa ho jAtA hai| Abhyantara tIrtha bhI nirUpita hai-AtmA hI eka nadI tulya hai jo saMyama svarUpa puNya tIrthoM vAlI hai, satya isameM udaka hai, zIla tathA kSamAdi se samanvita isa nadI meM snAnakartA mahAn puNya karmoM vAlA hotA hai| skanda purANa meM lopAmudrA kI jijJAsA kA samAdhAna karate hue agastya ne mAnasa tIrtha varNita kiye haiM, unake anusAra kSamA, indriya-nigraha, dayA, saralatA, dAna, dama, saMtoSa, brahmacarya, priyabhASaNa, jJAna, dhairya, tapazcaryA Adi sabhI mAnasa tIrthoM meM sarva pramukha hai-mana kI shuddhtaa| jisakA mana zuddha hai, vahI zuddha hai / liMga purANa ke anusAra bhAvapUrvaka AtmajJAna rUpI jala meM snAna karake, sundara vairAgyarUpI mRtikA kA lepana karanA caahie| aise zuci-sampanna zuddha vyakti ko hI siddhiyA~ milatI haiN| bhAvaduSTa pralaya paryanta bhI sarita-sarovara-tar3AgoM meM nahAtA rahe to bhI zuddha nahIM hotaa| manuSya kA citta jo kamala ke samAna hai tathA tama se prasupta hai, jaba isakA vikAsa jJAnarUpI sUrya kI dIpti se ho jAtA hai, tabhI vaha zuci prApta kara letA hai / isI prakAra garur3a purANa meM bhI brahma dhyAna, indriya-niyaMtraNa, bhAva-zuddhi ko tIrtha mAnate hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAnarUpI sarovara meM, dhyAnarUpI jala se jo rAga-dveSarUpI mala kA apaharaNa karane vAlA hai, nitya isa mAnasa tIrtha meM snAna karane vAlA vaha manuSya parama gati ko prApta karatA hai / 159 purANoM ke uparyukta mantavya ke samAna hI jaina dharma kA bhI Azaya hai ki jala se Atma-vizuddhi kabhI nahIM hotI / tIrtha kI paribhASA isa prakAra hai- jo saMsAra-sAgara 161 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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se tirAne vAlA hai, vaha tIrtha (dharma tIrtha) hai| isa dharma tIrtha ke saMsthApaka ko tIrthaMkara kahA jAtA hai| dharmasampanna hone se sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikArUpa caturvidha saMgha ko bhI tIrtha kahA jAtA hai tathA purANavat Antarika vIrtha bhI varNita hai| akaluSita AtmA ko prasanna karane vAlI zubha lezyA (bhAva) rUpa dharma jalAzaya aura brahmacarya rUpa zAMtitIrtha hai jahA~ snAna karake vizuddhi aura zItalatA prApta karake pApa harate haiN| tatva-jJAniyoM ne yaha snAna dekhA hai, yahI mahAsnAna hai jisakI RSiyoM ne prazaMsA kI hai, isI meM snAna karake maharSi loga vimala aura vizuddha hokara uttama sthAna ko prApta niSkarSataH ina ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha tathA kSamA, tapa, satsaMga sevA, dAna, zauca Adi sAmAnya AcAroM ke sandarbha meM purANa tathA jaina dharma meM kitanA sAmya hai-yaha pUrvokta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai| ina sAmAnya AcAroM ko paryApta mahatva dete hue pratyeka vyakti ke jIvana meM dhAraNa karane yogya batAyA gayA hai| 000 sAmAnya AcAra / 162

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sandarbha-sUcI -mahAbhArata anu parva 104 AcAra prabhavo dharma:AgamAnAM hi sarveSAm AcAra zreSTha ucyate AcAra prabhavo dharmaH // . (a) yA dAnatapAMsIha puruSasya na bhUtaye bhavanti yaH samullaMgya sadAcAraM pravartate // purAcAro hi puruSo neha nAmutra nandate kAryoM yala: sadAcAra AcAro hantyalakSaNam // __asau sadAcAratarU sukezinsaMsevito yena sa puNyabhoktA / / -vAmana purANa (zrIrAma zarmA) khaNDa (1) pR. 177, adhyAya 14, zloka 16-19 (a) sadAcAro hi sarvAnAmAcArAdicyutaH punaH // tasmAdipreNa satataM bhaavymaacaarshiilinaa| vidveSa-rAgarahitA anutiSThati ye mune ! // siddhAvastaM sadAcAra dharmamUlaM vidurbudhAH lakSaNe: parihIno'pi samyagAcAratatparaH // . x x x x . durAcArarato loke garhaNIyaH pumAnbhavet // . vyAdhibhizcAbhibhUyeta sadAlpAyu: suduHkhapAk tyAjyaM karma parAdhIna kAryamAtmavazaM sadA / / .. . -skanda purANa (1) pR. 453-454, a. 40 zlo. 11-16 (sa) ziva purANa (2) pR. 450 kalyANa-ziva purANAMka pR. 512, janavarI, 1962 (da) vedo vA haribhaktirvA paktirvApi mahezvare * AcArAtpatitaM mUDhaM na punAti dvijottamAH / / puNyakSetrAbhigamanaM puNyatIrtha-niveSaNam yajJo vA vividho brahmastyaktAcAraM na rakSati // AcArAtprApyate svarga AcArAtApyate sukham AcArAtprApyate mokSam AcArAtki na labhyate // -nArada purANa (1) pR. 82 zlo. 25-27 (ya) skanda purANa (1) a 40 zlo 11-13 (y parAzriyAbhitaptAnAM dambhAcAraratAtmanAm - mRSA tu kurvatAM karma teSAM dUrataro hriH|| -nArada purANa (1) pR. 79-80 zlo. 1 163 / purANoM meM jaina dharma .

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(la) sarvadharma variSTho'yamAcAraH paramaM tapa: tadeva jJAnamuddiSTaM tena sarvaM prasAdhyate / / tyaktvAcAravidhAno'tra vartate dvijasattamaH sa zUdravat bahiSkAyoM yathA zUdrastathaiva sa: // -devIbhAgavata purANa (1) pR. 316 zlo. 14-15 3. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 1.12.11 4. uttarAdhyayana 28.2, tatvArtha sUtra 1.1 5. Avazyaka niyukti (AcArya bhadrabAhu) zlo. 97-102 6. (a) jahA sUNI pUIkannI, nikkasijjaI svvso| evaM dussIla paDiNIe, muharI nikkasijjaI / / kaNakuNDagaM caittANaM, viTTha bhuMjai sUyare . evaM sIla caittANaM, dussIle ramaI mie / -uttarAdhyayana 1.4-5 (ba) cIrAjiNaM nagiNiNaM, jaDI saMghADi muNDiNaM eyANi vi na tAyanti dussIlaM pariyAgayaM / / -uttarAdhyayana 5.21 7. (a) a. sarvAnanda pAThaka-"viSNu purANa kA bhArata" aSTama aMza se uddhRta (ba) mahAbhArata, karNa 69.58 . (sa) "Dharma came to mean peculiar duties,and privileges of a person as a member of aryan community, as a member of one of the varhas or as in a particular stage of life." -kalyANa dharmAMka pR. 145 se uddhRta "That which is worthy of being adopted and put into practice is Dharma." - Jaydayal Goyandka What is Dharma' p. 2. durgatipra-patatprANi-dhAraNAdhdarma ucyate / -yogazAstra 2.11 9. (a) eko hi jAyate jantureka eva vipadyate dharmastamanuyAtyeko na sutaM na ca bAMdhavAH / / -matsya purANa (2) pR. 235 Atmaiva na sahAyArtha pitA mAtA ca tiSThati (ba) na putra dArA na jJAtidharmaM tiSThati kevalam tasmAdhdarma sahAyArtha nitya sazcinusAdhanaiH dharmeNaiva sahAyyAstu tamastarita dustaram / / -devI bhAgavata purANa (2) pR. 316 zlo, 7-8 (sa) kuzalA-kuzala karma dharmA-dharmAviti smRto / dhAraNArthe mahAn hyeSa dharmazabdaH prakIrtitaH / / xxxx aSTaprApako dharma AcAryarupadizyate // -liMga purANa (1) pR. 101, zlo. 12-13 10. abandhUnAmasau bandhurasakhInAmasau sakhA anAthAnAmasau nAtho, dharmo vizvaikavatsalaH // -yogazAsra (AcArya hemacandra) 4.100 sAmAnya AcAra / 164

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11. AcAro dvividhaH prokta: zAsrIyo laukikstthaa| . ubhAvapi prakartavyau na tyAjyau zubhamicchatA / / grAmadharmA jAti-dharmA dezadharmA kulodbhavAH parigrAhyA nRbhiH sarve naiva nAllaMghayenmune // -devI bhAgavata purANa (2) pR. 316 zlo. 16-17 12. dasavihe dhamme paNNate taM jahA gAmadhamme, Nagaradhamme, raTThadhamme, pAsaMDadhamme, gaNadhamme, ___ saMghadhamme, suyadhamme, carittadhamme, atthikAya dhamme / -sthAnAMga sUtra 10.135 13. tattvArthasUtra 7.13 14. ahiMsA sarvabhUtAnAM karmaNA manasA girA AkAmAdapi hiMseta yadi bhikSuH pazUn mRgAn kRcchAtikRcchra kurvIta cAndrAyaNamathApi vA ||-vaayu purANa, pUrvArdha 18.13 15. puruSArthasiddhyupAya (AcArya amRtacandra) anu. nAthurAma premI-pR. 25 zlo. 43 . 16. evaM khu nANiNo sAraM, jaM na hiMsai kiMcaNaM-sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, 11 adhyAya, zloka 10 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 2.1 . sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskaMdha, 8vA~ adhyAya sUtra 20 evaM 5vA~ adhyAya, udde sU 3-5 17. (a) sabve pANA piAuA, suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavahA piyajIviNo jIviukAmA savvesiM jIviyaM piyaM . nAivAe-jja kaMcaNaM -AcArAMga 1.2.3 (ba) tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM hantavvaM ti mannasi tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM ajjAveyavvaM ti manasi tumaMsi nAma taM ceva jaM pariyAveyavvaM ti mannasi -AcArAMga 1.5.5 evaM 1.3.3, 1.4.2, 1.1.4 18. (a) yajanyayajJAnyajatyenaM japatyenaM japannRpa nighnannanyAhrinastyenaM, sarvabhUto yato hariH / / -viSNu purANa aMza 3, a 8, zlo. 10 evaM 14-17-24 * (ba) hiMsA bhAryA tvadharmasya tato yajJe tathAnRtam kanyA ca nikRtistAbhyAM bhayaM narakameva ca // mAyA ca vedanA caiva mithunaM tvidametayo: tayorjajJe'tha vai mAyA mRtyu bhUtApahAriNam / / vedanA svasutaM cApi duHkha yajJe'tha rauravAt mRtyo vyAdhi-jarAzoka tRSNA-krodhAzca jajJire / / duHkhottarA: smRtA hyete sarve cAdharma-lakSaNAH / / -viSNu purANa prathama aMza, a. 7 zlo. 32-35 evaM mArkaNDeya purANa 47.29-32 165 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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19. (a) anyeSAM yo na pApAni cintayatyAtmano yathA tasya pApAgamastAta ! hetvabhAvAna vidyate // -viSNu purANa (1) pR. 209 1.19.5 (ba) sarvabhUtahitaM kuryAnnAhitaM kasyacid dvijaH maitrI samastabhUteSu brAhmaNasyottamaM dhanam / / -vahI pR. 403 zlo. 24 (sa) parApavAdaM paizunyamanRtaM ca na bhASyate ___anyodvegakaraM cApi toSyate tena kezava: |-vhii, pR. 401 tRtIya aMza, a 8 zlo. 13 20. vAyA duruttANi durudhdarANi verANubaMdhINi mahabbhayANi / -dazave kAlika 9.3.7. 21. (a) manasA karmaNA vAcA sarvadA'hiMsakaM mataM // rakSanti jantavaH sarve, hiMsakaM bAdhyanti ca trailokyamakhilaM datvA yatphalaM vedapArage tatphalaM koTiguNitaM labhate'hiMsako naraH // karmaNA manasA vAcA sarvabhUte hite rtaa|| -liMga purANa (2) pR. 494 zlo. 8-10 (ba) viSNu purANa prathama khaNDa, prathama aMza 19.6 (sa) dharmamUlamahiMsA ca manasA tAM ca cintayan karmaNA ca tathA vAcA tata etAM samAcaret // -skanda purANa (2) pR. 11, a. 44 zlo, 19 (da) manasA margaNA vAcA bAdhate ya: sadAparAn nitya kAmAdibhiyukto mUDhadhI: procyate tu saH -nArada purANa (1) pR. 90 zlo. 73 22. agni purANa, a. 372 zlo. 4 23. AtmapariNAmahiMsanahetutvAtsarvameva hiMsaitat amRtavacanAkevalamudAhRtaM ziSyabodhAya / / ___ -puruSArthasiddhayupAya 42 (a) savvao vi naIo kameNa jaha sAyaramma nivaDaMti , - taha bhagavai ahiMsA savve dhammA sammillati // -sambodhasattarI 6 (zrA) madhukara muni ___'jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAe~' pR. 42) (ba) tuMga na mandarAo, AgArasAo visAlayaM Natthi jaha taha jayaMmi jANasu, dhammamahiMsA samaM Natthi // -samaNasuttaM pR. 46, zlo. 158 24. caturvedeSu yat puNyaM yat puNyaM satyavAdiSu - ahiMsAyAntu, yo dhamoM gamanAdeva tat phalam // -matsya purANa, a. 105, zlo. 45 . 25. (a) "appege hiMsasu me tti vA vahati, appege hiMsaMti me ti vA vahaMti, appege hisissaMti me tti vA vahati / " -AcArAMga 1.2,6 (ba) kudhdA haNaMti, ludhdA haNaMti, mudhdA haNaMti / -praznavyAkaraNa 1.1 26. tantubhirmizritA hyApa: sUkSmAbhistAni satyatu yatpApaM sanalaM cAbhirapUtAbhizciraM labhet / / sammAjane tathA nRNAM mArjane ca vizeSata: agnau kaNDake caiva peSaNe tojhasaMgrahe / sAmAnya AcAra / 166

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hiMsA sadA gRhasthAnAM, tasmAd hiMsA vidarjayet ahiMseyaparo dharmaH sarveSA prANinAM dvijAH // vasmAtsarva prayalena vasapUtaM samAcaret mahAnama puNyaM sarvadAnottamottamam / / -liMga purANa (2) 493 zlo. 4-7 20. (a) aTThA haNaMti aNaTThA hnnNti| -prazna vyAkaraNa 1.1 (ka)-viSNu purANa (1) pR. 355, 2.16.31 / (sa) bI uveha eNaM bahiyA ya loga, se savvalogammi je kei vissnnu| -AcArAMga 1.4.3 28. matsya purANa 142.12 matsya purANa 142.13, 21, 29, 30 29. (a) bho ! bho ! prajApate ! rAjan ! pazUn pazya tvayAdhvare saMjJApitAJjIvasaMdhAna nirghaNA na shsrshH| ete tvAM sampratIkSante smaranto vaizasaM tava samyadetamaya: kUTecchindantyutthitamanyavaH / / -bhAgavata purANa (zrI amolaka RSi jI ma. jaina tatva prakAza" pR. 438) (a) devApahAra vyAjena, yajJavyAjena ye'thavA dhanti jantUn gataghRNA ghorAM te yAnti durgatim / / -vahI (sa) hiMsA nAma bhaved dharmo, na bhUto na bhaviSyati / / -vahI 30. yogazAsa (hemacandrAcArya) zlo. 33-47 31.. susaMvuDo paMcahi saMvarehiM, iha jIviyaM aNavakaMkhamANe vosa?kAo sui catta deho, mahAjaya jayai jaNNasiTTha / vo joi jIvo joi ThANaM, jogAsuyA sarIrakArisaMgaM kammeha saMjama joga saMtI, homaM huNAmi isiNaM pasatthaM / / -uttarAdhyayana 12.42, 44 32. (a) dhyAnAgnau jIva kuNDasthe damamAruta dIpate asatkarmasamitkSepairagnihotraM kuruttamam / / kapAyapazubhirduSTai dharmakarmArthanAzakai:. zamamabahutairyajJaM vidhehi vihitaM budhaiH / . (ka) viSNu purANa 6.18.27 33. vara prANAstyAjyaM na bata parihiMsAtvabhimatA / . -vAmana purANa (2) pR. 92, a. 59 zlo. 29 34. - (a) harivaMza purANa 2.94.41 . ( . ziva purANa (2) pR. 200-203, zlo. 23-36 (sa) mArkaNDeya purANa 3.48 35. (a) taM saccaM bhagavaM -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.2 ( saccaM.-logammi sArabhUyaM, gambhIratara mhaasmuddaao| -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.2 (sa) "visassaNijjo mAyA va hoi, pujjo guruvva logassa 167 / purANoM meM jaina dharma . -bhAgavata

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sayaNuvva saccavAI, puriso savvassa hoI piyA" -bhakta parijJA prakIrNaka-99 -jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAyeM-pR. 46. (da) yogazAsra, dvitIya prakAza, zlo. 63-64 (ya) saccaM jasassa mUlaM, saccaM vissAsakAraNaM paramaM saccaM saggaddAraM saccaM sidhdIi sopANaM // -jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM- 46 (e ekata: sakalaM pApamasatyotthaM tatonyataH sAmyameva vadantyAryAstulAyA dhRtayostayoH / jJAnArNava (AcArya zubhacandra) pR. 126 (la) musAvAo u logammi savvAsAhuhiM grhio| -dazavaikAlika 6.13 (va) aliyavayaNaM... ayasakara, verakaragaM..._maNasaMkileviyaraNaM / . -prazna vyAkaraNa 1.2 (kSa) je te u vAiNo evaM na te saMsArapAragA -sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.1.21 36. (a) tasmAtsatyaM vadetprAjJaM yatparaprItikAraNam . satyaM yatparaduHkhAyaM tatra maunaparo bhavet // priyamuktaM hitaM naitaditi matvA na tadvadet zreyastatra hitaM vAcyaM yadyapyatyantapriyam // -viSNu purANa (1) pR. 440, 3.13 43-44 (ba) viSNu purANa 4.9.4-6 . 37. satIzacandra jozI -zrI bhaviSya purANa pR 16 38. (a) bhAsiyavvaM hiyaM saccaM -uttarAdhyayana 19.27 (ba) sacvaM ca hiyaM ca miyaM ca gAhaNaM c| -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.2 (sa) appaNo thavaNA, paresu nindaa| -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.2 saccesu vA aNavajja vayaMti -sUtrakRtAMga 1.6.23 sAdiyaM na musaM bUyA -vahI 1.8.19 DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA ' "jaina dharma meM ahiMsA" pR. 124 39. harivaMza purANa 2.43-90; 2.71-6-7 40.. imAI cha avayaNAiM no vadittae aliyavayaNe, hIliyavayaNe, khisitavayaNe, pharusavayaNe, gAratthiyavayaNe, viusavitaM vA puNo udiiritte| saccami dhii kuvvahA / -AcArAMga 1.2.3 saccassa ANAe uvaTThie mehAvI mAraM tarai / -vahI 1.3.3 41. anAdAnaM parasvAnAmapadyapi vicArata manasA karmaNA vAcA tadasteyaM samAsata: // -liMga purANa (1) 69, zlo. 15 42. daMta sohaNamaissa, adaMtassa vivajjaNaM / uttarAdhyayana sUtra 19.28 43. varaM bhikSArthitvaM na ca paradhanAnAM hi hrnnm| -vAmana purANa (2) pR. 92, 59-29 44. yogazAstra, dvitIya prakAza, 67, 69, 74, 75 45. satIzacandra jozI - zrI bhaviSya purANa-pR.88 -sthAnAMga 6.3 sAmAnya AcAra / 168

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46. yogazAstra--dvitIya prakAza 71 47. (a) aduvA adinnaadaannN| AcArAMga 1.3 (ba) ekasyaikakSaNaM duHkhamAryamANasya jAyate _saputra-pautrasya punaryAvajjIvaM hate dhane / -yogazAsra 2.68 48. nocitaM hi vidhAnaM vai vivAhakaraNaM nRNAm mahAniviDasaMjJo hi vivAho dRDha-baMdhanaH / / -ziva purANa (1) zlo. 60 49. maithunasyApravRtirhi mano vAkkAyakarmaNA brahmacaryamiti proktaM yatinAM brahmacAriNAm // -liMga purANa (1) pR. 69, zlo. 16 50. DaoN. oma prakAza nIkharA -'harivaMza purANa meM dharma' pR. 39-40, 38 51. jIvo baMbhA jIvammi ceva cariyA, havijja jA jdinno| taM jANa baMbhacera, vimukka-para-deha-tittissa // bhagavatI ArAdhanA 878 (jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM pR. 51) 52. amolaka RSijI ma - "jaina tatva prakAza" pR. 169 53. DaoN. oma prakAza nIkharA -'harivaMza purANa meM dharma' pR. 41 54. (a) dravyabahma ajJAninAM vastinigrahaH, mokssaadhikaarshuunytvaat| uttarAdhyayana cUrNi 16 jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM, pR 51 (ba) nAlpasatvairna niHzIlairnudInai kSanirjitaiH svapne'pi carituM zakyaM, brahmacaryamidaM naraiH / / -jJAnArNava pR. 133 (sa) sa eva bhikkhU, jo sudhdaM carati bNbhce| -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.4 55. (a) bhogena tRpti naivAsti viSayANAM vicArata: tasmAdvirAgaH kartavyo manasA karmaNA girA / / na jAtu kAma: kAmAnAmupabhogena zAmyati haviSA kRSNavatva bhUya evAbhivardhate // tasmAtyAga: sadAkAryastvamRtatvAya yoginA avirakto yato matyoM nAnAyoniSu vartate / / -liMga purANa (1) pR. 71 zlo. 24-26 (ba) vardhate viSayazazvanmahAbaMdhanakAriNa: viSayAkrAntamana: svapne mokSo'pi durlabhaH / / sukhamicchatu cetprAjJo vidhivadviSayAntyajet viSavadviSayAnAhurviSayanihanyate naraH / / jano viSayiNAM sAkaM vArtAta: patati kSaNAt viSayaM prAhurAcAryAsmitAliptendravAruNIm / / -ziva purANa (1) zlo. 63-65 56. sallaM kAmA visaM kAmA kAmA AsIvisovamA kAme patyemANA akAmA jaMti doggaiM / / -uttarAdhyayana 9.53 57. tellokkAu viuhaNo, kAmaggivisayarukkhapajjalio 169 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jovaNataNillacArI, jaMNa uhai so havai dhaNNo -zramaNasUtra jyotirmukha, dharmasUtra, pR. 28 zloka 117 savvaMga pecchato itthINaM tAsu muyadi dubmAvaM so bamhacera bhAva, sukkadi khalu dudhdaraM dharadi / / -vahI, zlo. 115 58. (a) zrI vizvanArAyaNa zAstrI -'kAlikA purANam' pR. 6-7 1.54-58 (ba) viSNu purANa (1) 4.2.114-124 59. (A) narasya baMdhanArthAya srIzRMkhalA prakIrtitA // loha badhdo'pi mucceta, srIbadhdo naiva mucyate / -devIbhAgavata purANa (1) pR. 370, zlo. 31-32 (ba) lohadArumayaiH pAzaidRDhaM badhdo'pi mucyate svayAdipAzasambandho mucyate na kadAcana // . -ziva purANa (1) zlo. 62 (sa) pravRtteranurAgasya nArI mUla mahezvara rAmAparigrahAt pazcAt kAmakrodhAdiko bhavet // -zrI vizvanArAyaNa zAstrI "kAlikA purANam" pR. 49 9.35 (da) mUtrotsargakAleSu bahirbhUmau yathA matiH tayA kAryA ratau cApi svadAre cAnyataH kRtaH // aMgArasadRzI nArI ghRtakuMbhasama: pumAn tasmAnnArISu saMsarga: dUrataH parivarjayet // -liMga purANa (1) pR. 71, zloka 22-23 60. yogazAstra, pR. 58 zlo. 84-86 61. varaM klIvairbhAvyaM na ca prkltrbhigmnm| -vAmana purANa (2) pR. 92, 59.29 tyAjyaM dharmAnvitairnityaM paradAropasevanam nayanti paradArAstu narakAnekaviMzatim // -vAmana purANa (2) pR. 187, 66.37 62. (a) "nAsaktyA sevanIyA hi svadArA apyupAsakaiH AkaraH sarvapApAnAM kiM puna: parayoSitaH" . -yogazAstra pR. 60, 2.93 (ba) 'aizvaryarAjarAjo'pi rUpamInadhvajo'pi ca sItayA rAvaNa iva, tyAjyo nAryA naraH paraH" -vahI, pR. 63, 2.102 (sa) "vaha bandhana ubbaMdha nAsiMdiyacheya dhaNakkhayAiyA paradArAo bahuhA kayatthaNAo iha bhvNmi| paraloe siMbalitikkhakaMTagAliMgaNAi bahurUvaM narayaMmi duhaM dussahaM paradArarayA lahaMti narA" sambodha prakaraNa 44-45 (ratanalAlajI DozI mokSa mArga bhAga 1 se) 63. kUrma purANa (1) pR. 65, zlo. 77 64. harivaMza purANa 1.45 37-38 1.44 39-40, 1.43 82-91 65. (a) tavesu vA uttama bNbhcerN| ... --sUtrakRtAMga 1.6.23 sAmAnya AcAra / 170

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(ba) jaMmi ya bhaggaMmi hoi sahasA savvaM bhaggaM... jaMmiya ArAhiyami ArAhiyaM vayamiNaM savvaM. -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.4 (sa) devadANavagaMdhavvAM, jakkharakkhassakinnarA baMbhayAri namasaMti, dukkaraM je karaMti taM // -uttarAdhyayana 16-16 (da) kAlikArao vi japamArao vi sAvajajogaviraovi jaM nArao visijjai taM khalu sIlassamAhappaM // sambodha prakAraNa 43 (ratanalAlajI DozI "mokSamArga" bhAga 1 se) 16. (a) pativratAyAzcaraNo yatra yatra spRzeDhuvam tatra tatra bhavetsA hi pApahanvI supAvanI / / vibhu pativratAsparza kurute bhAnumAnapi somo pavanazcApi svapAvitryAya nAnyathA / / Apa pativratA sparzamabhilaSyanti sarvadA adha bADyavinAzo no jAtastvadyAnyapAvanAH / / gRhasthasya hi jijJeyo yasya gehe pativratA / asyate'nyAnpratidinaM, rAkSasyA jarayA yathA // . -ziva purA(a) brahma vaivarta purANa, zrIkRSNa 83.123 (sa) vArAha purANa 209, 6-7 67. yadvedarAgayogAnmadhunamabhidhIvate. tadabrahma / avatarati kA hiMsA vadhasya sarvatra saMbhAvAt / / . hiMsyante tilanAlyAM taptAyasi vinihate tilA yat bahavo jIvA yonI, hiMsyante maithune tadvat // . -A. amRtacandra sUri "puruSArtha sindhupAya" zlo. 107, 108 68. (a) narendra mAnAvata 'aparigraha vicAra aura vyavahAra' pR 293 (ba) vahI, pR. 63 69. DaoN. omaprakAza nIkharA -'harivaMza parANa meM dharma pU47 70. apariggaha saMvuDeNaM logaMmi vihariyavvaM / -prazna vyAkaraNa 2.3 bhAraMDapakkhIva cre'ppmtto| -uttarAdhyavana 4.6 dazavaikAlika 6.21 (A) dukkhaM hayaM jassa na hoi moho . moho hao jassa na hoI tohaa|| . tavhA hayA jassa na hoi loho lojhe hao jassa na kiNcnnaaii|| . '-uttarAdhyavana 32.8 () sukka mUle jahA rukkhe, siccamANe Na rohati evaM kammA na rohaMti, mohaNijje khabaMgate / / -dazAvata skandha 5.14 73. (a) rAjyamuvI balaM kozo mitrapakSastathAtmajAH bhAryA bhRtyajano ye ca zabdAcA viSayAH prabho // .. ___171 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sukhabuDyA mayA sarvaM gRhItamidamavyayam pariNAme tadevezatAyAtmakabhanmama // -viSNu purANa (2) pR. 260, 5.23, 40-41 (ba) haviSA kRSNavargava bhUya evAbhivardhate yatpRthivyAM bIhiyavaM hiraNyaM pazava: sriyaH // nAlamekasya tatsarvamiti matvA zamaM vrajet / -liMga purANa (1) pR. 410, zlo. 17-18 . (sa) jIryanta: kezA dantA..cakSuH zrotazca jAyete tRSNaikA nirupadravA . -vahI pR. 410 zlo. 21-22 icchati zati sahasraM sahasrI lakSamIhate . kartulakSAdhipatI rAjyaM rAjye'pi sakalacakravartitvam // cakradharo'pi suratvaM suratvalAbhe sakalasurapatitvam / bhavituM surapatirUvaMgAtatvaM tathApi na nivartate tRSNA / / -garuDa purANa (2) pR. 254, 2.14-15 74. (a) icchA hu AgAsasamA aNaMtiyA / -uttarAdhyayana 9.48 (ba) kasiNaM pi jo imaM loya, paDipuNNaM dalleja ikkassa . teNAvi se saMtusse, ii duppUrae ime AyA / '-uttarAdhyayana-8.16 75. paJcendriyANi-paJcAzvA: zarIra ratha ucyate AtmA rathI kazA jJAnaM sArathirmana 'ucyate / / azvAn sudAntAn kurvIta sArathi cAtmano vazam . kazA dRDhA sadA kAryA zarIrasthiratA tthaa| -zrI vizvanArAyaNa zAstrI 'kAlikA purANam", pR. 622, 84.18-19 76. je siyA sannihikAme, nihI pavvaie na se| . -dazavaikAlika 6.19 77. (a) eko lobho mahAnyAho lobhAtpApa pravartate lobhAtkrodhaH prabhavati lobhAtkAma pravartate // lobhAnmohazca mAyA ca mAnastambhaparepsutA avidyAmajJatA caiva sarvalobhAtpravartate / / haraNaM parittAnAM, paradArAbhidaMzanam sAhasAnAM ca sarveSAmakAryANAM kriyAstathA / / tasmAtyajati ye lobhante'tikrAmati sAgaram / skanda purANa (1) pR. 215-217, 15.99 108 (ba) kuraMgamAtaMgapataMga gamInA hatA paMcabhireva paMca eka: pramAdI sakathaM na ghAtyo ya: sevate paMcabhireva pNc|| . -garur3a purANa (1) pR. 412, 71, 21 78. lobha kali-kesAya-mahakkhadhI, ciMtAsayanicaya vipulsaalo| -prazna vyAkaraNa 1.5 79. AraMbhapUrvako parigrahaH / -sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi 1.2.2 sAmAnya AcAra / 172

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80. (A) manusmRti 6.92 . (ba) sthAnAMga -10.16 81. (a) harivaMza purANa -3.4.44 (a) bhAgavata purANa - 1.17.24-25 zaucamijyA tapodAnaM svAdhyAyopasthanigrahaH vratopavAsamaunaM ca snAnaM ca niyamA dsh| -liMga purANa (1) pR. 72, zlo. 29-30 82. harivaMza purANa 2.51.38 3.112.16, 3.112.18-19 83. (a) mAnApamAnau yAvetau pratyudvegakarau nRNAm tAveva viparItArthoM yoginaH siddhikArako / -dharmendranAtha zAstrI 'mArkaNDeya purANa' 38.2 (a) sama zatrau ca mitre ca tathA mAnApamAnayoH / -nArada purANa (1) pR. 485, zlo. 94 (sa) yadAparAnna bibheti pare cAsmAnna vibhyati / / yadA na nindenna dveSTi brahma sampadyate tdaa| -liMga purANa (1) pR. 410 zlo. 19-20 (da) amRSTaM jAyate mRSTaM mRSTAdudvijate janaH .... AdimadhyAvasAneSu kimannaM rucikArakam // -viSNu purANa (1) pR. 354, 2.15.28 (ya) viSNu purANa 1.1.20 . . 84. (a) yo pareSAM naro nitya mativAdAMstitikSati devayAni vijAnIhi, tena sarvamidaM jitam / / ya: samutpatitaM krodhaM nigRhNAti hayaM yathA . sa yantetyucyate sadbhirnayo, razmiSu lambate / yaH samutpatitaM krodhamakrodhena niyacchati . yo kumArA: kumAryazca vairaM kuryuzcetasaH . naitat prAjJastu kurvIta vidustena balAbalam / / .. -'kalyANa' -varSa 58 saMkhyA 1 purANAMka pR. 103, 28.1-7 (ba) akrodhana: krodhanebhyo viziSTastathA titikSuratitikSorviziSTaH amAnuSebhyo mAnuSazca pradhAne vidvAMstathaivAviduSaH pradhAnaH / / AkrozyamAno nAkroze manyumeva titikSati AkroSTAraM nirdahati sukRtaM cAsya vindati / / nAruntuda: syAnna nRzaMsavAdI na hInata: paramabhyAdarIta yayAsya vAcA. para udvijate na tAM vaded ruzatI pApalaulyAm / / aruMtudaM puruSa tIvavAcaM vAkkaNTakairvitudantaM manuSyAn vidyAdalakSmI katamaM janAnAM mukhe niSidhdaM niRtiM vahantam / / ...... -vahI, pR. 127, 36.6-9 .. / 85. (a) lAbhAlAbhe suhe dukkhaM, jIvie maraNe tahA ___ . samA nindA pasaMsAsu, samo mANAvamANao / (ba) viyANiyA appagamappaeNaM / uttarAdhyayana 19.91 173 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jo rAgadosehiM samo spujjo| -dazavaikAlika 9.3.11 (sa) uvasameNa haNaM kohaM -dazavaikAlika 8.31 aNathovaM vaNathovaM, aggIthovaM kasAyathovaM ca Na hu me vIsasiyavvaM, thovaM pihu bahUM hoi / / Avazyaka niyukti 120 86. sAmaveda, pUrvArcika (a) zrameNa lokAMstapasA piparti - -atharvaveda 11.54 (ba) taittirIya AraNyaka 8.6 (sa) zreSTho ha vedastapaso'dhijAtaH ... -gopatha bAhAna 11 (da) tapasA cIyate brahma -muNDakopaniSad 1.18 87. tapo hi paramaM proktaM....saubhAgyaM caiva tapasA prApyate sarvadA sukham / / -ziva purANa (2) pR. 202-205, slo 39-51 88. taveNa parisujjhaI uttarAdhyayana 28.35 89. yad dustaraM yad durApaM, yad durgaM ca duSkara sarvaM tat tapasA sAdhyaM, tapo hi duratikramaH / / -manusmRti 11.229 90. brahmacarya tathA maunaM nirAhAratvameva ca ahiMsA sarvata: zAntistapa ityabhidhIyate / / -liMga purANa (1) pR. 102, to 16 91. zrI mizrImalajI ma.sA. na dharma meM sva 534 so tavo duviho vutto, bAhirabmaMtaro tahA bAhiro chabbiho vutto, evamagmitaro tavo -uttarAdhyakana sUtra 30 // bhagavatI sUtra 25.7 -jaina dharma meM tapa-pR. 135-14 22. pazcAttApa: pApakRtaM pApAnAM niSkRti: parA sarveSAM varNitaM sadbhiH sarvapApavizodhanam // pazcAttApanaiva zuddhiH prAyazcittaM karoti sa: yathApadiSTaM sAdhubhiH sarvapApavizodhanam // -ziva purANa mAhatmya 3.56 93. (a) yena yena hi bhAvena sthitvA yakriyate tapa: tatassaMprApyate'sau tairiha loke na saMzayaH / / sAtvikaM rAjasaM caiva tAmasaM trividhaM smRtm|-shiv purANa (2) pR. 218, slo. 8-13 (ba) nijadehasusaMpIDya dehazoSakadussahai: tapastAmasamudiSTaM manoji pretasAdhanam // -ziva purANa (2) pR. 218, zlo. 14 94. (a) nannatthaM nijjaraTThayAe tapamahidvejjA! -dazavakAlika / (ba) sUtrakRtAMga 1.7.27 (sa) zrI amolaka RSijI ma.sA. "jaina tatva prakAza pR. 657 (da) balaM thAmaM ca pehAe, sddhaamaaroggmppnno| khetaM kAlaM ca vinAya, tahappANaM niyuJjae / -dazavakAlika 8.35 (yA jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM-pR. 188 sAmAnya AcAra / 174

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15. (a) harivaMza purANa, harivaMza parva 1.46.43 (ba) vahI, 2.32.10 (sa) vahI, 3.29.1 . (a) sududdharaM durArAdhyaM sudhuraM duratikramam tatsarvaM tapasA sAdhyaM tapo hi duratikramam // -ziva purANa (2) pR. 217, zlo. 6 (a) vahI, pR. 203, zlo.. 39-42 (sa) surApa: paradArI ca brahmahA gurutalpagA: tapasA tarate sarva: pApatazca vimuJcati / / -vahI, pR. 204, zlo. 45 (da) harivaMza purANa 2.94.40-41 uttarAdhyayana 28.35 taveNaM vodANaM jaNayai . -uttarAdhyayana 29.27 (sa) uttarAdhyayana 30.6 (a) tavesu vA uttama baMbhaceraM . -sUtrakRtAMga 1.6.23 tannigRhyendriyagrAmaM bhUtagrAmaM ca paMcamam (a) brahmacaryeNa varteta kimata: paramaM tpH|| . . -harivaMza purANa 1.45.40 - (a) kutaH klamaH kuto duHkhaM sadbhiH saha samAgame satAntasmAnna me glAnistvatsamIpe surottama / / sAdhUnAM vApyasAdhUnAM santa eva sadAgati: naivAsaMta naiva satAmasanto naivamAtmanaH // . viSAgni sarpazasrebhyo na tathA jAyate bhayam / avataraNaM jagadvairikhalebhyo jAyate yathA // . santa prANAnapi tyaktvA parArthaM kurvate yathA / tathA'santo'pi santyajya parapIDAsu tatparA: / / -matsya purANa (2) pR. 230, zlo. 1-4 . (ba) saMpadbhiH saMyutAvapi vipadbhizcApi sajjanA: sarvathAnyena bAdhante svapne'pi surasatamA: / / niHzaMka: procyate samirihAmutra ca sattamAH ||-naard purANa (1) pR. 90 zlo. 70-74 (sa) pUrvArjitAni pApAni nAzamAyAnti yasya vai satsaMgatirbhavettasya nAnyathA ghaTate hi sA // -nArada purANa (1) pR. 83, zlo. 36 (a) zrI madhukara muni "jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM" -pR. 95 (ba) vahI, pR. 95 ... (sa) vahI, pR. 115 .(da) vahI, pR. 95 ... .., -uttarAdhyayana 3.1 101. (a) sadbhirAsIta satataM sadbhiH kurvIta saMgatim sadbhirvivAdaM maitrIJca nAsadbhiH kiJcidAcaret / / paNDitaizca vinItaizca dharmajJaM satyavAdibhiH baMdhano'pi tiSTharan na tu rAjye khalaiH saha / / -garuDa purANa (1) pR. 381, 69.2-3 175 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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(ba) harati duSkRtasaMcayamuttamA, gatimalaM tanute tnumaaninaam| adhikapuNyavazAdavazAtmanAM, jagati durlabha sAdhusamAgamaH // harati hdayabaMdhakarmapAzArditAnAM, vitarati pdmuccairlpjlpaikbhaajaam| janmamaraNakarmazrAntavizrAntihetusrijagati manujAnAM durlabhaH satprasaMgaH // -skandha purANa (1) pR. 354, 29.11-12 -nArada purANa-(1) pR. 83, zlo. 37 102. (a) jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM pR. 87 . (ba) alasaM anubadhdavairaM, sacchadamatI payahIyavvo-vahI savaNe nANe ya vinnANe paccakkhANe ya saMjame aNaNhae tave ceva vodANe akiriyA siddhi / -bhagavatI 2.5 103. sAdhUnAM darzanaM puNyaM tIrthAdapi viziSyate kAlena phalate tIrthaM sadyaH sAdhusamAgamaH // -garur3a purANa (2) 145, 116.23 104. dharmArthakAmaiH kiM tasya muktistasya kare sthitA samastajagatAM mUle yasya bhakti: sthirA tvayi // -viSNu purANa 1.20.27 (a) jJAtAdharmakathA 16.14 (ba) bI. jaina tatva prakAza pR. 5 . 106. zravaNaM kIrtanaM viSNoH smaraNaM pAdasevanam arcanaM vandanaM dAsyaM, sakhyamAtmanivedanama / / -bhAgavata purANa 7.5.23 107. dharama jaina "jaina dharma meM navadhA bhakti" jayagujAra jana 84 se 108. A. sidhdasena divAkara racita kalyANa maMdira stotra, zloM. 7 109. dazavaikAlika 4.34 110. 'kalyANa' sAdhanAMka pR. 109 -viSNu purANa kA bhArata 111. Avazyaka sUtra dvitIya Avazyaka, "logassa" 112. "kalyANa sAdhanAMka" pR. 110 113. viSNu purANa 2.6 38-40 114. mAnatuMgAcArya racita "bhaktAmara" stotra, zlo. 9 . 115. "viSNu purANa kA bhArata" navamAMza se 116. vAdirAja muni racita "ekIbhAva" stotra evaM siddhasena kRta 'kalyANa maMdira' stotra, zlo. 42 117. viSNu purANa 5.7.66-69 118. 'kalyANa' ziva purANAMka, pR. 503 119. jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM, pR. 8 120. mokSamArgasya netAraM, bhetAraM karmabhUbhRtAm jJAtAraM vizvatatvAnAM, vande tadguNalabdhaye // . . -tatvArthasUtra maMgalAcaraNa sAmAnya AcAra / 176

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121. viSNu purANa 3.7.18 122. bhagavatI sUtra.1.1 123. (a) "kalyANa" sAdhanAMka pR. 110 (ba) viSNu purANa 2.3 24-25 124. bhAgavata purANa 7.10.41 125. (a) 'kalyANa' sAdhanAMka 111 (ba) bI. DaoN. sarvAnanda pAThaka "viSNu purANa kA bhArata" navamAMza se 126. mitti se savvabhUesu -zramaNasUtra, dharmasUtra gA 86 127. viSNu purANa 3.7.14.33 DaoN. sarvAnanda pAThaka "viSNu purANa kA bhArata" navamAMza se 128. bhaktAmara stotra, zlo. 6 129. "zramaNa" janavarI-mArca, 1994, pR. 27 130. "kalyANa" janavarI 1958, pR. 562. 131. (a) nArada purANa (1) pR. 144-145 (ba) pitrozca pUjanaM kRtvA prakrAnti ca karoti ya: __putrasya ca sriyAzcaiva tIrtha gehe suzobhanam / / _ -ziva purANa (1) pR. 420-421 zlo. 37-40 (sa) pitarau nindau yezcAnirdaivAste na sNshyH|| -skanda purANa (1) pR. 131, 9.32 AcAryo brahmaNo mUrti pitAmUrtiH prajApateH / mAtA pRthivyA mUrtistu prAtA vai mUrtirAtmanaH // dIpyamAna: svayaM puSA devavad divi modate / matsya purANa (2) pR. 234, zlo. 21-27 (da) satIzacandra jozI -'bhaviSya purANa' pR. 14, 90 132. jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM-pR. 111 133. (a) svayamAcarate yastu AcAre sthApayatyapi . Acinoti ca zAsrArthAnAcAryAstena cocyate // -liMga purANa (2) pR. 297, zlo. 20 (ba) vahI, pR. 297, zlo. 22 134. rAgadosavimukko sIyadharasamo ya Ayario -nizIthabhASya 2794 (jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM pR. 4) 135. (a) guruzca zAsravitprAjJastapasvI janavatsalaH lokAcArarato vi tatvavinmokSadaH smRtaH // sarva lakSaNasampanna: sarvazAsravizAradaH sarvopAyAvidhAnajJastatvahInasya niSphalam // -liMga purANa (2) pR. 299, zlo. 34-35 (ba) svasaMvedye pare tatve nizcayo yasya nAtmani ____ sadya saMjAyate cAjJA pAzopakSayakAriNI // -liMgapurANa, pR. 300, zlo. 36-42 (sa) satIza candra jozI bhaviSya purANa" pR. 14-15 (da) yaiH punarviditaM tatvaM te moktA mocayantyapi tatvahIne kuto bodha: kuto hyAtmaparigrahaH ||-shiv purANa (2) pR. 455-458 zlo. 39 177 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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136. (A) yogazAsra 2.8 (ba) jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM pR. 4 (sa) yogazAsra, dvitIya prakAza, 8-10 (a) guroravajJayA sarvaM nazyatIti kimdbhutm| -skanda purANa (1) pR. 131, 9.32 (ba) gurvAjJAvirahitaM coravatsakalaM bhvet| -ziva purANa (1) zlo. 31, (sa) gurupUjAmakRtvaiva yazzAsraM zrotumicchati na karoti ca zuzrUSAmAjJAM ca bhaktibhAvata: // (da) sumahatpAtakAnyAhuzzivanindAsamAni ca // -ziva purANa (2) pR. 153. zlo. 18-22 138. (a) ANAniddesakare, guruNAmuvavAyakArae (ba) iMgiyAgArasampanne, se viNIetti vuccaI // .. -uttarAdhyayana 1.2 (sa) jo chaMdamArAhayai sa pujjo| -dazavaikAlika 9.3.1 (da) aNusAsio na kuppijjaa| uttarAdhyayana 1.9 (ya) hiyaM taM maNNaI paNNo, vesaM hoI asaahunno| -uttarAdhyayana 1.28 () samae paMDie sAsaM hayaM bhadaM va vaahe| -uttarAdhyayana 1.37 139. (a) viSNupurANa 3.12.24 (ba) uttarAdhyayana-1.19 140. (a) ziva purANa (2) pR. 454, zlo. 20-21 (ba) vahI pR. 455, zlo. 22-280 (sa) vahI, zlo. 29-31 (da) brahmavaivarta purANa, bra.khaM. 26. 12-15 141. (a) na kovae AyariyaM -uttarAdhyayana 1.40 (ba) jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM-pR. 7 . . (sa) aNAbAhasuhAbhikaMkhI, __guruppasAyAbhimuho ramijjA // -dazavaikAlika 9.1.10 142. bhakta parijJA 93 143. (a) nArada purANa (1) pR. 159-160. -zlo. 103-109 (ba) vahI pR. 163, zlo. 122-125 (sa) vahI, pR. 247, zlo. 25-26 144. samAhikArae NaM tame samAhiM paDilabmaI -bhagavatI sUtra 7.1 asaMgihIyaM parijaNassa saMgiNhaNayAe abbhuTTeyavvaM bhavai / -sthAnAMga 8 tatvArtha sUtra 7.33 146.. saMgrahaikaparaprApta: samudro'pi rasAlatam dAtA tu jalada: pazya bhuvanopari garjati / / 147. skanda purANa (1) pR. 192 zlo. 63-64 148. sthAnAMga sUtra 4.3 149. DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA ____'jaina dharma meM ahiMsA' -pR. 190 145. tatvAtha sAmAnya AcAra / 178

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154. ekato TAgolAra / 150. (a) skanda purANa (1) pR. 192 zlo. 65 (ba) na jalottaraNe zaktA yadvanaurakarNavarjitA tadvacchreSTho'pyanAcAro vipro noddharaNakSamaH / / na kevalaM hi tadyAti zeSapuNyaM praNazyati / / -vahI, pR. 200, 15. 9-13 (sa) pranti tasmAd vidvAMstu vibhiyAcca pratigrahAt svalpakenApyavidAstu paMke gauriva sIdati // yatra vRttamime cobhe taddhi pAtrampracakSate // -vahI, pR. 15.15-18. (da) viSNu purANa 3.15.55 AcArya haribhadrasUri -'yogabindu' 122, 123 152. () zivapurANa, umAsaMhitA, a 11 (ba) garuDapurANa (2) 196.20-21 .. (sa) nAradapurANa (1) pR. 274 (da) zivapurANa (2) pR. 197, zlo. 1 . 153. puNya ke nau bheda -muni zrI maganalAla jI ma -'jainAgama stoka saMgraha' pR. 8 ekato dAnamevAhuH samagraM varadakSiNam ekato bhayabhItasya prANinaH prANarakSaNam / / -garur3a purANa (1) 116.5 hemadhenudharAdhInAM dAtAraH sulamA bhuvi durlabhaM puruSo loke ya: prANiSvabhayapradaH / / -mArkaNDeya purANa (zrI puSkara muni "jaina dharma meM dAna" pR. 339) (a) dANANasehU~ abhayappayANaM-sUtrakRtAMga 1.6.23. (ba). prazna vyAkaraNa 2.4 (sa) uttarodhyayana 18.11 (da) zrI puSkara muni -'jaina dharma meM dAna : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' pR. 339 (a) nArada purANa (1) pR. 247, zlo. 23 (ba) upabhogAcchataguNaM dAnaM sukhakaraM smRtm| -vAmana purANa (1) zlo. 31 (sa) nArada purANa (2) pR.77 zlo. 8 (da) garur3a purANa (2) pR. 267, a. 4, zlo. 6 (ya) bI. satIzacandra jozI / -'bhaviSya purANa' pR. 148 157. (A) 'jaina vAGmaya meM dAna : prakAra evaM mAhAtmya' (jayagujAra mArca, 78 se) (ba) dullahA u muhAdAI, muhAjIvI vi dullahA muhAdAI muhAjIvI, do vi gacchati suggaiM // -dazavaikAlika 5.1.100 158. (a). vAmana purANa (1) 43.25 (ba) naktaM dinaM nimajjyApsu kaivartA kimu pAvanAH / / .. kiM pAvanA prakartyante rAsamA bhasma-dhUsarAH / / 179 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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-skanda purANa (1) 40. 81, 83. (sa) avagAhyApi mAnitI hyntshshaucvivrjitH| zaivalA jhaSakA matsyA satvA matsyopajIvinaH / / sadA bAhya salile vizuddhAH ki dvijottamAH / / -liMga purANa (1) pR. 73 zlo. 34-35 (da) zrI vi nAma zAstrI --'kAlikA purANam' pR. 103 18.81-82 ... (ya) nigRhItendriya grAmo kSetre ca vasennaraH tatra kasya kurukSetra naimiSe puSkarANi ca // -skanda purANa (2) 47.40 159. (a) AtmA nadI saMyama puNyatIrthA satyodakA zIlazamAdi yuktA tasyAM sAta: puNyakarmA punAti na vAriNA zuddhyati cAntarAtmA / / -vAmana purANa (1) 43.25 (ba) skanda purANa (2) 47.29-33 (sa) liMga purANa (1) pR. 73, zlo. 36-37 (da) vahI, pR. 158, zlo. 10-14 (ya) jJAnahRde dhyAbale rAgadveSamalApahe . ya: snAti mAnase tIrthe sa yAti paramAM gatim / / -garur3a purANa (1) pR. 252, 44.23 evaM 22, 24. 160. uttarAdhyayana 12.38 (lekhakatraya--'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' pR. 7). dhamme harae baMbhe saMti titthe, aNAvile uttapasaNNa lese jahiM siNhAo vimalo visudhdo susIi bhuopajahAsi dosa / / eyaM siNANaM kusalehiM diTuM mahAsiNANaM isiNaM pasatthaM jahiM siNhAyA vimalA visudhdA, mahArisI uttamaThANapatte // -uttarAdhyayana 12. 46-47 000 sAmAnya AcAra/ 180

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AcAra siddhAnta : vizeSa AcAra vizeSa AcAra se tAtparya--jisa AcAra kA sabhI jana pAlana nahIM karate, aisA vyakti viziSTa kA yA varga vizeSa kA AcAra vizeSa AcAra hai| purANoM meM vizeSa AcAra varNAzrama dharma-varNana ke sandarbha meM vivecita hai| varNa-vyavasthA meM sabhI vargoM ke pRthak-pRthak kartavya nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM evaM Azrama dharma meM sabhI AzramoM kI AcAra-praNAliyA~ nirdiSTa haiN| jisa prakAra varNa-vyavasthA sampUrNa mAnava samAja ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta karatI hai, usI prakAra Azrama vyavasthA bhI eka hI vyakti kA sampUrNa jIvana cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatI hai| varNa-vyavasthA __samAja tathA vyakti meM vaisA hI sambandha hai, jaisA zarIra aura aMgopAMgoM meM, zarIra kI surakSA usake aMgopAMgoM kI surakSA para nirbhara hai aura aMgopAMgoM kI surakSA zarIra kI surakSA pr| isI vicAra se prerita hokara manISiyoM ne prAcIna kAla meM samAja kI sthApanA ke sAtha hI mAnava jAti ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA thaa| usa vargIkaraNa meM ucca-nIca kI bhAvanA na hokara laukika karttavya kA hI AdhAra thA, jaise pArivArika sadasya apane kAryoM kA ba~TavArA kara lete haiN| kintu bAda meM usameM nAnA prakAra kI vikRtiyoM kA praveza hotA gyaa| jaina evaM vaidika varNa-vivecana meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki jaina paraM / ke anusAra varNa-sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie banAye gaye haiM evaM dhArmika adhikAra : yeka mAnava ko hai| isa sAmAjika vyavasthA ke saMsthApaka RSabhadeva the|' jabaki vaidika paraMparAnusAra brahmA ke mukha se brAhmaNoM kI utpatti huI, ataH yajana-yAjana unakA pavitra kArya hai / kSatriya unake bAhu se utpanna hue, aMtaH rakSA unakA kartavya hai| udara se utpanna vaizyoM kA vyavasAya (vyApAra) kartavya hai tathA pA~voM se utpanna zUdroM kA ucca vargoM kI sevA karanA, kArya batAyA gayA hai| isake antargata sabhI prakAra ke dhArmika adhikAra ucca vargoM ke hastagata hone kA ullekha hai| zUdroM dvArA veda zravaNAdi karane para unheM kaThora sajAe~ dI jAtI thiiN| itanA hI nahIM, varNa 181 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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vyavasthA ke niyama itane kaThora the ki usameM zUdra ko nimna tathA pazu se bhI badatara samajhA jAtA thaa| aisA koI adhikAra use nahIM diyA thA jisake dvArA vaha nyAyAlaya meM jAkara nyAya se apanI rakSA kara ske| janmanA jAtivAda kI ina vyavasthAoM ke viparIta purANoM meM jaina saMskRti ke samAna guNoM evaM kartavyoM ko bhI mahattva diyA hai| mAtra janma ko hI uccatA yA nIcatA kA AdhAra na mAnate hue kartavyoM para AdhArita varNa-vicAradhArA jaina paraMparA se paryApta sAmya rakhatI hai| jaina paraMparA ke anusAra-varNa bheda mAtra karttavya karmoM ke kAraNa hai| usameM uccatA-nIcatA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA spaSTa kathana hai ki jIvana kI mahattA aura uccatA to kevala tapazcaryA se prApta kI jAtI hai na ki jAti se. mAnava meM jAti kI koI janmagata viziSTatA dRSTigocara nahIM hotI savvaM khu dIsaI tavo viseso * na dIsai jAi-visesa koi|| karmagata jAtivAda ke aneka ullekha jaina zAsroM meM pAye jAte haiM kammuNA bamhaNo hoi kAmuNA hoi khttio| vaiso kammuNA hoi suddo hoi kammaNA / / arthAt brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra sabhI karma se hI hote haiN| vastutaH AcArabheda hI jAtibheda kA AdhAra hai| guNoM kI viziSTatA se jAti mAnI jAtI hai| guNoM ke naSTa ho jAne para jAti bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai guNaiH sampadyate guNadhvaMsairvipadyate guNoM ke AdhAra para jaina paraMparA meM bhI brAhmaNa zabda sammAnita hai| brAhmaNa kisako kahate haiM, isa sambandha meM vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jisake anusAra jo agni ke samAna sadA tejasvI hai, jo priya svajanAdi ke Ane para unameM anurakta nahIM hotA evaM jAne para zoka nahIM karatA, jo Aryavacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, zuddha kiye gaye jAtarUpa sone kI taraha vizuddha rAga-dveSa aura bhaya se mukta, tapasvI, kRza, dAnta (indriyoM kA damana karane vAlA), suvrata hotA hai tathA jo vasa tathA sthAvara jIvoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara mana, vacana aura kAyA se unakI hiMsA nahIM karatA, krodha, hAsya, lobha yA bhaya se jhUTha nahIM bolatA, jo sacita yA acita thor3A yA adhika adatta nahIM letA, jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaJca sambandhI maithuna kA mana, vacana aura zarIra (trikaraNa-triyoga) se sevana nahIM karatA-jaise jala meM utpanna kamala kIcar3a se lipta nahIM hotA vaise hI jo kAma bhogoM se alipta rahatA hai, jo rasAdi meM lolupa nahIM hai-nirdoSa bhikSA se jIvana nirvAha karatA hai, jo gRhatyAgI, akiMcana (niSparigrahI), gRhasthI meM anAsakta hotA hai, use brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| vizeSa AcAra / 182

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yathArthata: uccatA (mahattA) AcAra se hI prApta hotI hai, janma se usakA sambandha kaise jur3a sakatA hai? na kevala janma se hI apitu bAhya pariveza se bhI uccatA ko jor3anA yuktiyukta nahIM hai, kevala sira muNDAne se hI koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, om kA uccAraNa karane se brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, araNyavAsa karane se muni nahIM hotA, kuza kA banA cIvara pahanane mAtra se koI tapasvI nahIM hotA, vastutaH samabhAva se zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna se muni hotA hai tathA tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| jaina saMskRti kI isa mAnyatA kA purANoM meM bhI samarthana hai| unake anusAra brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ye cAra varNa, kArya kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se banAye gaye haiM, bar3e-choTe kI dRSTi se nhiiN|" mahAbhArata ke samAna hI bhAgavatakAra kA bhI yahI mata hai ki prArambha meM eka hI varNa thaa| pazcAt karmoM ke anusAra varNa bane, ataH varNoM kI koI vizeSatA nahIM hai| jisa prakAra kartavyoM ke AdhAra haiM, usI prakAra purANoM meM nirdhArita haiN| jaise brAhmaNoM ke prakAra, AcAra ke AdhAra para vizleSita karate hue unameM guNoM ke AdhAra para nyUnAdhikatA batAI hai 1. janmanA brAhmaNa jo saba prakAra se kriyAhIna ho, vaha brAhmaNa mAtra kahalAtA 2. ekoddezya kA atikramaNa karake jo vedAcAra vAlA tathA parama sarala hotA hai, vaha brAhmaNa kahA AtA hai| 3. parama vibhUta, satya bolane vAlA, veda kI eka zAkhA kA SaDaMga kalA sahita ____ adhyayana karake SaT karmoM meM nirata dharma kA vettA "zrotriya" kahA jAtA hai| 4. vedavedAMga kA pUrNa jJAtA, zuddha AtmA vAlA, pApoM se rahita parama zreSTha zrotriyavAn, prAzra "anucAna" kahA gayA hai| 5. anucAna ke samasta guNoM se susampanna, yajJa, svAdhyAya meM yantrita "bhrUNa" kahA jAtA hai| 6. zeSabhojI, indriyoM ko apane vaza meM rakhakara jIta lene vAlA, vaidika laukika sabhI kA jJAtA, Azrama meM sthita, sadA apane para pUrNa niyantraNa rakhane vAlA "RSikalpa" kahA jAtA hai| 7. UrdhvaretA, niyata azana karane vAlA, saMzaya rahita, zApAnugraha meM pUrNa zakti vAlA, satya pratijJA vAlA "RSi" kahalAtA hai| 8. sabhI prakAra kI pravRttiyoM se nivRtta rahane vAlA, saba prakAra ke tattvoM kA pUrNa jJAtA, kAma aura krodha se rahita, dhyAna meM sthita rahane vAlA, niSkriya, parama damanazIla tathA miTTI aura svarNa donoM meM samAna bhAvanA rakhane vAlA "muni" kahA jAtA hai / 13 183 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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uparyukta brAhmaNa kI aSTavidhAoM meM guNoM ke AdhAra para pRthak saMjJAe~ pradAna kI gaI haiN| isI prakAra cANDAla ke bhI pA~ca prakAra varNita haiM 1. jo apane para kiye hue upakAra ko nahIM mAnatA hai| 2. jo anArya hotA hai| 3. jisameM bahuta lambe samaya taka roSa vidyamAna rahatA hai| 4. jo saralatA se rahita arthAt sadA kuTila vRtti vAlA hotA hai| 5. jo cANDAla jAti se samutpanna hotA hai|14 guNoM ke AdhAra para varNa kA mahattva nirdhArita karate hue evaM janmanA jAti ke aprAmukhya ko nirUpita karate hue kahA gayA hai-"SaDaMga kA kitanA hI acchA jJAtA dvija bhI kyoM na ho, parantu yadi vaha damazIla nahIM hai to kabhI bhI pUjya nahIM ho sktaa|" jo sat tathA zrotriya kula meM utpanna hue haiM, kintu kriyA se hIna haiM ve kabhI pUjita nahIM ho skte| tathA jo asatkula tathA asatkSetra meM samutpanna hue haiM, ve bhI apane tyAga evaM tapazcaryA kI uccatara kriyA dvArA jagatpUjya ho gae jaise vyAsa, vaibhANDaka, kSatriyakulotpanna maharSi vizvAmitra, vezyA se samutpanna mahAmuni vaziSTha ityAdi / 16 bhagavadbhakti ke dvArA cANDAla bhI brAhmaNa se bar3hakara ho sakatA hai tathA IzvarabhaktivihIna hone para brAhmaNa bhI cANDAlAdhama ho sakatA hai|"97 niSkarSataH purANoM tathA jaina sAhitya meM varNa-vyavasthA kA mahattva laukika vyavahAroM ke lie (sAmAjika vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM hI) hai, kintu dhArmika va AdhyAtmika dharAtala para nhiiN| varNa kI uccatA evaM nimnatA' bhI janma se na hokara karma se hai| gotroM meM janma lene mAtra se na koI AtmA hIna hotA hai aura na koI mahAn / "yaha aneka bAra ucca gotra tathA nIca gotra kA anubhava kara cukA hai, yaha jAnakara kauna gotravAdI, mAnavAdI hogA?"18. Azrama-vyavasthA (Azrama dharmAcAra) Azrama-vyavasthA kA purANoM meM bahuta mahattva hai| unameM varNita pratyeka Azrama ke pRthak-pRthak kartavya ullikhita kiye jA rahe haiM 1. brahmacaryAzrama-jIvana ke prathama cauthAI bhAga meM brahmacaryAzrama meM rhe| akhaNDa brahmacaryapUrvaka guru saMrakSaNa meM vidyA aura kalA kA abhyAsa kare aura agale jIvana kI taiyArI kre| 2. gRhasthAzrama-dUsare bhAga meM dAraparigraha karake dAmpatya jIvana vyatIta kare aura pitRRNa se mukta hone ke lie putrotpatti kre| vizeSa AcAra / 184

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3. vAnaprasthAzrama-tIsare bhAga meM jaba bAloM meM saphedI A jAye aura pautra kA janma ho jAye, taba patnI ko putroM ke saMrakSaNa meM chor3akara yA vaha cAhe to sAtha lekara vAnaprastha aMgIkAra kre| 4. saMnyAsAzrama-cauthe bhAga meM vikAroM para pUrNa niyantraNa prApta karake mokSa mArga kI ArAdhanA kre| vaidika saMskRti kI isa kramabaddha vyavasthA ko jaina saMskRti meM anivArya nahIM mAnA hai| sAmAnyata: yaha krama asvIkRta bhI nahIM hai| jaina zAsroM meM sthAna-sthAna para yaha varNana hai ki amuka kumAra yA rAjakumAra ne kalAcArya ke saMrakSaNa meM vidyAoM aura kalAoM kA abhyAsa karake niSNAta hokara dAmpatya jIvana meM praveza kiyaa| tatpazcAt anukUla nimitta milane para saMsAra se virakti pAkara pravrajyA aMgIkAra kii| lekina yaha saba sahajarUpeNa hotA jAtA thaa| yahA~ isa krama ko niyama ko anullaMghanIya nahIM mAnA, jisa para vaidika RSiyoM ne bahuta bala diyA hai| yadi koI mumukSu gRhasthAzrama meM praveza kiye binA hI aura putrotpatti kiye binA hI sIdhA pravrajyA (saMnyAsa) aMgIkAra karatA hai to vaha sarAhanIya hai| uparokta mAnyatA ko purANoM meM bhI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| jaina paraMparA meM do prakAra kI vyavasthAe~ batAI gaI haiM--zramaNa dharma tathA zrAvakadharma / zrAvaka dharma unake lie hai jo zramaNa dharma ko aMgIkAra nahIM kara skte| inameM zrAvaka dharma ke bAda hI zramaNa dharma aMgIkAra karanA, aisA koI kAlika paurvAparya nizcita nahIM hai| jaina dharmokta zrAvaka dharma ke antargata prArambhika tInoM Azrama lie jA sakate haiM evaM zramaNa dharma kI tulanA saMnyAsAzrama se ho sakatI hai| . gRhasthadharma (zrAvaka dharma) gRhastha dharma kA parANa tathA jaina sAhitya meM vibhinna sthAnoM para ullekha prApta hotA hai| jaina paraMparA meM gRhastha rahate hue dharma kA dhAraka zrAvaka, zramaNopAsaka Adi kahalAtA hai| gRhastha dharma ko sAgAra dharma bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha eka sImita tathA sarala mArga hai| dharma kA aNu (choTA) rUpa hote hue bhI isakA mahattva kama nahIM hai, kyoMki anya sAdhAraNa kAmanAoM ke daladala meM phaMse saMsArI manuSyoM kI apekSA to eka dharmAcArI sadgRhastha kA jIvana mahAn hI hai| purANoM meM bhI gRhastha dharma ko pracura mahattva milA hai, unameM ise sabhI AzramoM kA paripoSaka Azrama hone se sabase mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai| gRhastha kI jIvanacaryA ko batAte hue vAmana purANa meM kahA gayA hai-use dezavihita dharma, zreSTha kuladharma aura gotra ke dharma kA tyAga nahIM karanA caahie| usI se artha kI siddhi karanI caahie| asatpralApa, satya rahita niSThura aura Agama zAstra se asaMgata vAkya bhI kabhI na kahe .. 185 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jisase sAdhujanoM dvArA nindita honA pdd'e| kisI ke dharma ko hAni na pahu~cAye evaM bure logoM kA saMga bhI kabhI na kre| uttama vyakti paradhana tathA parasrI meM buddhi na lagAye evaM usake lie karaNIya tathA akaraNIya kAryoM kA vidhAna karate hue viSNupurANa meM likhA hai matimAna puruSa ko svastha citta se brahmamuhUrta meM uThakara apane dharma tathA dharma kArya meM bAdhaka viSaya para vicAra karanA cAhie aura usa kArya kA bhI vicAra kare jisase dharma aura artha kI hAni na ho| dharma ke viruddha jo artha aura kAma hai, unakA tyAga kare aura aise dharma ko chor3a de jo Age calakara, duHkhamaya ho jAye athavA samAja ke viruddha ho| zraddhApUrvaka dAna evaM atithi satkAra tathA pUjyajanoM, gurujanoM kA Adara kare tathA duSToM kA saMga nahIM kare, sadAcArI puruSoM ke sAtha rhe| jo puruSa indriyoM ko jItakara samaya ke anusAra hitakArI, alpa aura priya vacana kahatA hai, lajjAvAn, kSamAvAn, Astika aura vinayazIla hotA hai, vaha vidvAna aura kulIna puruSoM ke yogya zreSTha lokoM ko prApta karatA hai|' ityAdi aneka sadAcAra jo purANoM meM eka gRhastha ke lie AdaraNIya batAye gaye haiM, jaina dharma varNita gRhastha kI sAmAnya AcAra-saMhitA ke lagabhaga samAna haiM / AcArya haribhadra tathA AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra mArgAnusArI zrAvaka ke lie bhUmikA ke rUpa meM jisa sAmAnya AcAra saMhitA kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai, vaha hai 1. vaha nyAya-nIti se dhana kA upArjana karane vaalaa| 2. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA karane vaalaa| 3. apane kulazIla ke samAna, bhinna gotravAloM ke sAtha vivAha sambandha karane vaalaa| 4. pApoM se Darane vaalaa| 5. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana karane vaalaa| 6. kisI kI (rAjAdi kI) nindA na karane vaalaa| 7. na ekadama khule yA na ekadama gupta sthAna para ghara banAne vaalaa| 8. ghara se bAhara nikalane ke dvAra aneka na rakhane vaalaa| . 9. sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati karane vaalaa| 10. mAtA-pitA kI sevA karane vaalaa| 11. citta meM kSobha (kleza) kAraka sthAna se dUra rahane vaalaa| 12. nindanIya kArya meM pravRtti nahIM karane vaalaa| 13. Aya ke anusAra vyaya karane vaalaa| 14. apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vasra pahanane vaalaa| 15. buddhi ke ATha guNoM se yukta hokara pratidina dharma zravaNa karane vaalaa| vizeSa AcAra / 186

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16. ajIrNa hone para bhojana na karane vaalaa| 17. niyata samaya para saMtoSa ke sAtha bhojana karane vaalaa| 18. dharma ke sAtha artha, kAma, mokSa puruSArtha kA isa prakAra se sevana karane vAlA, jisase koI kisI kA bAdhaka nahIM ho| 19. atithi, sAdhu aura dIna asahAya janoM kA yathAyogya satkAra karane vaalaa| 20. kabhI durAgraha ke vazIbhUta na hone vaalaa| 21. guNoM kA Adara karane vaalaa| 22. deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na karane vaalaa| 23. apanI zakti-azakti ko samajhakara kArya kre| 24. sadAcArI tathA apane se adhika jJAnavAn puruSoM kI vinaya va bhakti karane vaalaa| 25. apane para AzritoM kA pAlana-poSaNa karane vaalaa| 26. diirghdrshii| 27. apane hita-ahita ko samajhane vaalaa| 28. lokpriy| 29. kRtjny| . 30. ljjaashiil| .. 31. dayAvAna / 32. saumy| . 33. : propkaarii| . 34. kAma, krodha, lobha, moha, mada, mAtsarya ko jItane vaalaa| 35. indriyoM ko apane vaza meM rakhane vAlA / 22 gRhasthaM kI isa sAmAnya AcAra saMhitA ke atirikta zrAvaka ke lie ina bAraha vratoM kA bhI vidhAna hai ___ sthUlarUpa se ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha kA pAlana karanA, dizAparimANa (kSetra sambandhI maryAdA), bhogopabhoga maryAdA, anarthadaNDa viramaNa (anarthaka kriyAoM kA tyAga),sAmAyika,dayA,pauSadha,(ye tInoM anuSThAna haiM) evaM atithisNvibhaag|3 inameM ahiMsAdi pA~ca vratoM kA purANoM meM bhI yama ke rUpa meM gRhastha ke lie vidhAna hai| bhoga-upabhoga kI sAmagrI evaM unakI Asakti tyAga kA, hiMsAdi anAvazyaka kriyAoM kA niSedha bhI purANoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| pUrvavarNita bAraha vratoM se Age bhI zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / 25 ina pratimAoM ke dhAraka zrAvaka kI tulanA purANoM meM varNita vAnaprasthI se ho sakatI hai| pratimAdhArI zrAvaka sAMsArika kAryoM se nivRtta hone para . 187 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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bhI gRhastha kI koTi meM hI ginA jAtA hai| isI prakAra vAnaprastha bhI yadyapi gRhatyAga kara araNya kI zaraNa grahaNa karatA hai tathApi vaha yati yA pravajita nahIM khlaataa| sArAMzata: gRhasthadharma ke tAratAmyAnusAra kaI prakAra ho sakate haiN| gRhastha ke ina AcAroM ke atirikta sAmAnya AcAra jo sabhI AzramoM ke lie Avazyaka haiM-sevA, santoSa, bhakti Adi bhI gRhastha ke lie AdaraNIya guNa haiN| purANa evaM jaina dharma ke gRhasthAcAroM meM antara yahI hai ki purANoM meM varNita yajJa-zraddhAdi karmoM kA jaina zrAvaka ke lie vidhAna nahIM hai| isake atirikta apane pArivArika, sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya uttaradAyitva sambandhI kartavyoM kA pAlana karate hue purANoM ke samAna hI laukika vidhiyA~, kriyA-kalApa, jo samIcIna vizvAsa yA sadAcAra kA virghAta na kareM, jaina paraMparA ke lie niSiddha nahIM haiM-sarva eva hi jainAnAM pramANaM laukiko vidhi:yatra samyaktva haanino yatra no vrata dUSaNam / zramaNa dharma zramaNa saMskRti __ zramaNa saMskRti-bhAratIya saMskRtiyoM meM prasiddha saMskRti hai| pracalita zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke atirikta vaidika saMskRti meM bhI zramaNa saMskRti ke svara upalabdha hote haiN| vaidika saMskRti meM upalabdha isa zramaNa saMskRti ke mUla srota ke sambandha meM vibhinna mantavya haiN| jaina paraMparA ke anusAra "RSabhadeva ke pautra marIcI pahale unake pAsa zramaNa bane, kintu bAda meM alaga hokara parivrAjaka mata kI sthApanA kii| inhIM ke ziSya kapila mahAmuni hue, jo sAMkhya darzana ke pravartaka hue| ho sakatA hai marIci aura kapila muni hI prAcInatama vaidika zramaNa rahe hoN|" vaidika vidvAna svAbhAvika rUpa se vaidika zramaNoM kA prArambha vedoM meM khojate haiN| unake anusAra vaidika yuga meM do samAnAntara saMskRtiyA~ vidyamAna thIM 1. aindrI saMskRti 2. vAruNI saMskRti aindrI saMskRti pravRttimArgI, yajJoM ko protsAhana dene vAlI, yuddhoM kI, mA~sAhAra kI, svarga kI tathA bhoga kI samarthaka thii| indra usake mukhya deva the| vAruNI athavA zramaNa (muni) saMskRti nivRttimArgI, vratoM ko mahattva dene vAlI, ahiMsA, nirAmiSa AhAra, yoga, mokSa tathA jJAnamArga kI samarthaka thI-varuNa isake mukhya deva the| bAda meM varuNa kA mahattva vaidika saMskRti meM kama hotA gayA aura indra kA mahattva bar3ha gyaa| phalata: vaidika saMskRti kA rUpa pravRttipradhAna raha gyaa|8 isa mUla srota ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata ho sakate haiM, parantu yaha to sunizcita hai ki nivRttivAdI vicAradhArAe~ vaidika sAhitya meM bhI dRSTigocara hotI haiN| vizeSa AcAra / 188

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nivRttivAdI vicAradhArAe~ zramaNa saMskRti ke lie to yaha prasiddha hai ki vaha nivRtti-pradhAna hai; kyoMki zramaNa (saMnyAsI) kA jIvana hI karma-nivRtti ke lie hotA hai| usakI pravRttiyoM meM bhI nivRtti samAhita hotI hai| saMnyAsa ke lie nivRtti kI mahatI AvazyakatA purANoM meM bhI pratipAdita kI gaI hai, jo jaina darzana ke samAna hI hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM pravRtti mArga (veda vihita karmakANDoM) kA virodha kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra paurANika vicAradhArA meM bhI nivRtti mArga dvArA hI mukti kI prApti mAnI hai| tadnusAra zAstra do prakAra ke mArga dikhalAte haiM-eka pravRtti mArga tathA dUsarA nivRtti maarg| pahalA jo pravRtti mArga hai, vaha duHkha kA rAstA hai, parantu jIva kleza meM hI sukha mAnakara pahale usI para calate haiN| yaha mArga svacchanda, prasannatApUrvaka, virodha-zUnya evaM ApAta madhura hone para bhI pariNAma meM nAza kA bIja tathA janma, mRtyu aura jarA ke cakkara meM DAlane vAlA hai|29 jo nivRtti ke sundara mArga para sthita hai, vaha apane AtmA meM hI ramaNa karatA-Ananda manAtA hai| pravRtti karma se (vyakti) janma-maraNa pAtA hai tathA nivRtti karma se mukta ho jAtA hai| mukti kA uddezya jisakA ho aise manuSya ko zubha tathA azubhakarma donoM ko kSINa karanA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka zubha yA azubhakarma raheMge, taba taka vaha baddha hI rhegaa|32 jaba taka yaha jIva karmakANDa karatA rahatA hai, taba taka saba karmoM kA zarIra aura mana dvArA AtmA se baMdha hotA rahatA hai| saMnyAsa yA zramaNa kA artha evaM anya paryAya jaise vaidika saMskRti meM pramukhataH pracalita zabda hai sNnyaasii| usI prakAra jaina dharma meM mukhyataH zramaNa pracalita hai| isake pramukha paryAya purANAnusAra RSi, muni, bhikSu, tApasa, parivrAjaka Adi haiM tathA jaina sAhityAnusAra zramaNa, RSi, muni, yati, bhikSu, tApasa, saMyata, vratI, aNagAra, nirgrantha ityAdi kaI paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| purANoM meM saMnyAsa zabda kA artha vyutpatti ke anusAra isa prakAra hai-"samantAd nyAsaH" yA "samyak prakAreNa nyAsa" arthAt isa Azrama meM vyakti samasta bandhanoM se mukta hokara sarvatantra svatantrarUpa se vicaraNa karatA hai|33 jaina dharma meM zramaNa zabda ke vyutpattilabhya artha agralikhita batAye gaye haiM isakI ardhamAgadhI tathA prAkRta chAyA hai "smnn"| tathA saMskRta chAyA "zamana," "zramaNa," samana hai| ataH pramukhataH cAra prakAra se isakI vyAkhyA ho sakatI hai 1. zamana jo krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA zamana kare, vaha zamana kahalAtA hai| 2. zramaNa-jo paMcendriyoM aura mana ko vaza meM karatA hai, jo saMsAra ke viSayoM se khinna hotA hai aura tapasyA karatA hai, vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai| 189 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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3. samana-mAyA-nidAna-mithyAtva-ina tIna zalyarUpa tApa se rahita jisakA mana hai, vaha "samana" kahA jAtA hai| 4. samaNa-jo zatru aura mitra meM arthAt saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM meM samAna vyavahAra karatA hai, vaha samaNa kahalAtA hai|" sAdhudharma ke pramukha AcAra 1. paMca mahAvrata/yama-jisa prakAra se jaina paraMparA meM zramaNa ke lie ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha-ina pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hai; usI prakAra se inhIM pA~coM ko yama ke rUpa meM saMnyAsI ke lie anivArya rUpa se pAlanIya batAyA gayA hai / 26 2. pA~ca samiti evaM tIna gupti--jaina paraMparA meM zramaNa kI jIvanacaryA meM hone vAlI sabhI kriyAoM meM viveka kI jAgRti Avazyaka batAte hue ina 5 samitiyoM kA vidhAna batAyA gayA hai(1) IryAsamiti (calane-phirane meM arthAt AvAgamana kI kriyAoM meM sAvadhAnI), (2) bhASA samiti (bhASA sambandhI maryAdA), (3) eSaNA samiti (AhAra Adi grahaNa karane kI maryAdAoM kA pAlana), (4) AdAna nikSepa (padArtha lene va rakhane meM sAvadhAnI), (5) pariSThApanikA-mala-mUtrAdi visarjana sambandhI vivek| tIna guptiyA~ haiM--mana, vacana evaM kAya (zarIra) kA sNym|" inameM se purANoM meM bhI AvAgamana, bhASA evaM bhikSA ke sambandha meM kaI niyama (maryAdAe~) batAye gaye haiN|38 AdAna nikSepa evaM pariSThApanikA kA ullekha dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai evaM tInoM guptiyoM ke antargata Agata mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika saMyama kA bhI vidhAna purANoM meM saMnyAsI ke lie kiyA gayA hai|39 3. dasa dharma-jainAgamoM meM 10 prakAra ke zramaNa dharma pratipAdita haiM--kSamA, mukti, Arjava, mArdava, lAghava, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, brhmcryvaas| ina dasa dhoM ko purANoM meM kitanA mahattva diyA gayA hai, yaha sAmAnya AcAroM se bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai tathA guNa ke rUpa meM inako saMnyAsI ke lie Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| ___ 4. kalpa-vidhAna-jaina paraMparA meM zramaNa ke lie ina 10 kalpoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai-Acelakya, audezika,zayyAtara, rAjapiMDa, kRtikarma,vrata, jyeSTha,pratikamaNa mAsa tathA pryupaasnklp| inameM se bhI kaI niyamoM kA paurANika saMnyAsI ke lie vidhAna hai| Acelakya kalpa kA vidhAna karate hue purANoM meM saMnyAsI ke lie nirvasana athavA jIrNa-zIrNa, alpa vasra dhAraNa karane kA nirdeza hai|42 auddezika kalpa kI jhalaka hama purANoM meM varNita saMnyAsI kI bhikSA vidhi meM dekha sakate haiN| zayyAtara vizeSa AcAra / 190

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tathA rAjapiNDa kA ullekha purANoM meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| kRtikarma kalpa ke samAna hI purANoM meM saMnyAsa (dIkSA) meM jyeSTha saMnyAsI ke Ane para unakA sammAna karane kA vidhAna hai|" vrata kalpa ke antargata jaina paraMparA meM varNita paMcamahAvratoM kI tulanA purANoM meM varNita pA~ca yamoM se ho sakatI hai| jyeSTha kalpa ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI (saMnyAsa meM) jyeSTha, bar3e kA vaMdanAdi vihita hai|46 pratikramaNa kalpa kA to nahIM, parantu usase milate-julate rUpa prAyazcitta kA vidhAna dRSTigocara hotA hai tathA sandhyA ke dvArA bhI AcArita pApoM ke kSaya ke lie prabhu se abhyarthanA kI jAtI hai| mAsa kalpa kA bhI vidhAna karate hue purANoM meM saMnyAsI ke 4 mAha (ASADha pUrNimA se lekara 4 mAha) taka eka hI sthAna para Thaharane kA evaM zeSa samaya meM eka sthAna para jyAdA na rukate hue bhramaNa karane kA ullekha hai|8 paryupAsanakalpa kA ullekha dRSTigata nahIM hotA hai| 5. anAcAra-niSedha-jainAgamoM meM zramaNa maryAdA meM nimnalikhita anAcAra sevana niSiddha batAye gaye haiM-auddezika-apane nimitta banA AhArAdi grahaNa karanA, apane nimitta kharIdA gayA yA sAmane lAyA huA AhArAdi, rAtri bhojana, snAna, gaMdhalepana, mAlyadhAraNa, bIjana (paMkhAdi), sannidhi (saMcaya), gRhastha ke pAtra meM bhojana karanA, gariSTha AhAra, gRhastha se zArIrika sevA karavAnA, daMtapradhAvana, sammRcchana, darpaNAdi meM deha pralokana, zataraMjAdi khela, chatradhAraNa, upAnahadhAraNa, cikitsA, agnisamAraMbha, zilpAdi se AjIvikA, saMsAra kA smaraNa, sacitta AhAra, vamana, virecana, aMjana, ubaTana, gAtrA-bhyaMga vibhUSA aadi|49 . inameM se bhI lagabhaga kaI anAcAroM kA purANoM meM bhI muni ke lie niSedha hai-yathA bhAgavata meM muni ke lie hI nahIM, apitu brahmacArI ke lie bhI gaMdha, mAlya, ubaTana, aMjana, jUte tathA chatradhAraNa kA niSedha kiyA hai|deg gRhastha se dhana lenA, kRSi yA vANijya vyApAra karanA saMnyAsI ke lie tyAjya hai|52 daMtapradhAvana snAna, alaMkArAdi zarIrAdika vibhUSA bhI anAcaraNIya hai|53 saMnyAsI kI bhikSA vidhi se, usake uddezya se nirmita bhikSA kA tathA nimaMtrita hokara bhikSA grahaNa karane kA niSedha hai| saMnyAsI agni samAraMbha evaM gRha se rahita hone ke kAraNa niragni tathA aniketa kahalAtA hai| isI prakAra rogAdi meM samatva rakhate hue cikitsAvarjana evaM AhArAdi meM bhI samatva kA ullekha hai'6 tathA rAtri bhojana bhI sarvathA niSiddha hai|57 / muni kA pravAsa-nivAsAdi - muni ke AvAsa evaM pravAsa Adi ke sambandha meM kucha maryAdAe~ purANa tathA jaina dharma meM banAI gaI haiN| unameM bhI paraspara paryApta samAnatA vidyamAna hai| 191 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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purANoM ke anusAra-saMnyAsI eka hI sthAna para nahIM rahatA, eka hI sthAna para rahane se vizeSa Asakti ho jAtI hai| isI doSa ke parihAra ke lie vaha ekAkI vicaraNa karatA hai| kevala varSAkAla ke cAra mAha taka vaha eka hI sthAna para nivAsa karatA hai|58 varSAkAla ke atirikta ATha mahInoM meM saMnyAsI Atma tattva kA ciMtana karatA huA sarvatra vicaraNa karatA rahatA hai| ghUmane ke kAraNa hI saMnyAsI parivrAjaka kahe jAte haiN| jainAgama bhI muni ke pravAsa ke sandarbha meM isI prakAra se AcAra saMhitA nirdhArita karate haiN| tadanusAra sAdhu ko satata vicaraNazIla, bhAraMDa pakSI ke samAna apramatta hokara vicaraNa karane vAlA batAyA hai|59 cAturmAsa ke atirikta eka maryAdita avadhi meM hI rahane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra jaina paraMparA meM zramaNa ke lie gRha nirmANa, agni kA samAraMbha ho nahIM, anumodana bhI nahIM karane kA kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra purANoM meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMnyAsI kahIM bhI apanA ghara banAkara na rahe, kevala bhikSA prApta karane ke lie hI gA~va meM jaaye| ve apane ghara ko tyAga dete haiM, bAda meM apane lie koI ghara nahIM banAte haiM, ataH ve bhramaNazIla hote haiN|61 ekAnta meM yA araNya meM nivAsa karate haiM, sabhI prakAra ke ArambhoM kA parityAga saMnyAsI ko sarvaprathama karanA caahie|12 isa prakAra isa Azrama meM vaha laukika agnirahitaM tathA gRharahita hokara rahatA hai| jaina zramaNavat hI savArI (vAhana) kA prayoga bhI niSiddha batAyA gayA hai|63 jaina paraMparA ke samAna hI purANoM meM jIvana dhAraNa ke lie Avazyaka karmoM ke atirikta anAvazyaka karmoM ko saMnyAsI tyAga detA hai| Avazyaka kArya bhI vivekapUrvaka karatA hai| saMnyAsI ke lie yajJa zrAddhAdi kisI bhI karma kA vidhAna nahIM hai, apitu aise sthAnoM para jAne kA bhI saMnyAsI ke lie niSedha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yoga ke vetA ko kabhI kisI zrAddha aura hiMsAjanaka yajJa, yAtrA aura mahotsava Adi meM sammilita nahIM honA caahie| jisa prakAra paurANika saMnyAsI ke lie lakar3I, miTTI yA tumbI nirmita pAtra lene kA tathA dhAtupAtra nahIM lene kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra jainAgama AcArAMga sUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki tumbe kA pAtra, lakar3I kA pAtra aura miTTI kA pAtra-ina tInoM prakAra ke pAtra sAdhu grahaNa kara sakatA hai| sAtha hI bahumUlya pAtra grahaNa karane kA niSedha kiyA hai| ina vasra pAtrAdi meM mamatva bhAva (Asakti) bhI varNya batAyA gayA hai| zramaNa (saMnyAsI) kA bhikSuka dharma bhikSA ke prakAra 'haribhadrIya aSTaka prakaraNa' meM isa prakAra se batAye gaye haiM-paurUSaghnI, srvsNptkrii| isake atirikta dIna-hIna, anAtha, apAhijoM ko dI vizeSa AcAra / 192

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jAne vAlI bhikSA dInavRti kahalAtI hai|67vii paurUSanI bhikSA kA uddezya kevala svArtha hotA hai; yaha paMcendriya viSayAsakta bhogaparAyaNa AlasI logoM ko dI jAne vAlI bhikSA hai jo puruSArtha kA nAza kara akarmaNya banAtI hai| sarvasaMpatkarI bhikSA vaha hai jo zramaNa-adIna, maryAdApUrvaka (niyamAnukUla) saMyama pAlana hetu grahaNa karate haiN| usameM deha ko puSTa banAne kI yA pramAda kI bhAvanA tathA milane para prasannatA, rUkSa milane para yA na milane para ruSTatA kA bhAva nahIM hotaa| dharma kArya ke hetubhUta zArIrika AvazyakatA ke lie grahaNa kI jAne vAlI yaha bhikSA dene vAle tathA lene vAle donoM ke lie kalyANadAyaka hone se ise sarvasaMpatkarI kahA hai| purANoM meM ise (nyAyapUrvaka bhikSAcaraNa ko) tapasyA se bhI zreSTha batAyA hai| jainAgamoM meM bhI ise tapa kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai, kyoMki yaha bhI koI AsAna kArya nahIM hai, yAcanA ko bhI pariSaha mAnA hai|68 . bhikSA lene ke sambandha meM purANa tathA jaina dharma meM kucha maryAdAe~ banAI gaI haiM, jisakA uddezya mukhyata: yahI hai ki unake bhikSA lene se kisI ko kaSTa na ho| purANoM meM isake mukhya niyama agralikhita haiM.. ahiMsaka yogI ko AdarapUrvaka diye gaye nimaMtraNa meM, Atithya, yAtrA, mahotsava, zrAddha tathA yajJAdi meM bhojana nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie, vahni ke vidhUma ho jAne para tathA aMgAroM se rahita ho jAne para (zItala ho jAne para), ghara ke samasta sadasyoM ke bhojana kara lene para yogI ko eka nahIM, aneka gharoM se bhikSA prApta karanI caahie| vaha bhI pratidina unhIM gharoM se nhiiN| bhikSA isa prakAra se grahaNa kare jisase avamAna tathA dharma dUSita na ho| bhikSA kI tIna vRttiyA~ haiM 1. zIla sadAcArayukta gRhasthoM se bhikSA lenA, 2. madhyavRtti-zraddhAvAn gRhasthoM se bhikSA lenA, 3. jaghanyavRtti (inase bhinna) nIca vivarNoM se bhikSA lenaa| bhikSA grahaNa karate hue mana meM samabhAva rakhanA hai|69 - lagabhaga isI prakAra se jainAgamoM kA bhI niyama batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki zramaNa, AhArAdi isa prakAra se grahaNa kare, jaise bhramara phUloM kA rasa letA hai| arthAt bhramara kevala eka hI phUla se pUrA rasa grahaNa nahIM karake aneka puSpoM se letA hai jisase vaha svayaM bhI tRpta ho jAtA hai tathA puSpa bhI pIr3ita nahIM hotaa| Azaya yaha hai ki zramaNa aneka gharoM se maryAdAnusAra, AhArAdi lete haiN| pUrvavarNita bhikSA kI tIna vRttiyoM ke sthAna para kahA gayA hai ki zramaNa ko zraddhAyukta jo gRhastha ho unase hI bhikSA lenI caahie| yahA~ taka ki do meM se eka sadasya ko bhI dene kI icchA na ho to na le|" yahA~ bhI kucha loga jo patita, aprItikara tathA nIcakAryAdi karane vAle hoM, aise kuloM meM jAne kA niSedha karate hue sAtha hI kahA gayA hai-bhikSu sAmudAyika . 193 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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(sAmUhika) bhikSAcaryA kare, vaha ucca (samRddha) aura nIca (asamRddha na ki bugupsita) sabhI kuloM meM jaae| nIcakula (ghara) ko chor3akara (lAMghakara) uccakula meM na jaae| . purANa tathA jainadharma donoM meM hI zramaNa ko bhikSA anAsaktabhAva se grahaNa karane kA tathA prApti aura aprApti meM prasanna yA aprasanna na hokara samabhAva meM hI rahane kA nirdeza hai| zramaNa (saMnyAsI) kI Antarika vRtti ... jaisA ki manusmRtikAra ne kahA hai-uparyukta sabhI upAya (bAhyAcAra) muni ko samyagdarzana prApta karane meM sahAyaka hone ke kAraNa bAhya haiM, kyoMki karmabaMdhana se mukta hone kA eka mAtra upAya samyagdarzana hI hai| isake abhAva meM bAhAcAra ADambara mAtra raha jaayeNge| jaina darzana meM to dharma-sAdhanA kA prANatattva hI samyagdarzana (samyaktva) hai| zramaNa ho yA zrAvaka sabhI ke lie yaha pramukha guNa hai| samyaktvI (samyagdarzana-sampanna) ke lie prAkRta zabda hai-sammatadaMsI, jisake tAtparya tIna hote haiM-samatvadarzI, samyaktvadarzI evaM smstdrshii| isa prakAra isa viveka-buddhi ko satata jAgRta rakhane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| muni ke lie yaha pramukha guNa hai| jainAgamoM meM bhikSu ko saMyama mArga meM Ane vAle sabhI kaSToM ko samabhAva se sahana karane vAlA kahA hai| vaha samadarzI hokara apane tathA para ke tathA miTTI va svarNa kI bhedabuddhi se pare hotA hai| jo lAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa, mAna-apamAna meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI vastutaH muni hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNatva kA sAra hI upazama hai|6|| samyagdarzana ko purANoM meM bhI paryApta mahattva diyA gayA hai--"samyagdarzanasampanna: sa yogI bhikSurucyate" arthAt samyagdarzana-sampanna bhikSu yogI kahA jAtA hai| pUrvavat hI saMnyAsI ko zatru-mitra, mAnApamAna meM samabhAva rakhane vAlA batAyA gayA hai| vaha iSTa saMyoga meM prasanna tathA aniSTa saMyoga meM udvigna na hokara sama banA rahatA hai| biSNu purANa ke anusAra mokSa kA eka mAtra upAya citta ko samadarzI banAnA hai| bhojana ke viSaya meM svAdu-asvAdu kA vicAra hI kaisA? batAo, aisA padArtha kaunasA hai jo Adi, madhya aura anta tInoM hI samaya meM rucikara pratIta ho? sabhI parivartanazIla hai| isI viSaya ko mArkaNDeya purANa meM bhI bar3e sundara DhaMga se samajhAyA hai ki sat-asat rUpa aura guNa-aguNa rUpa yaha saMsAra jisake lie Atmamaya bana gayA, usa (yogI) ke lie kauna priya hai? aura kauna apriya hai? ___ isa prakAra purANa tathA jaina dharma donoM meM zramaNa kA mukhya guNa samatva hI mAnA hai| samatva se hI kSamA bhI AtI hai| isIlie gItAkAra ne samatva ko sabase bar3A yoga kahA hai-"samatvaM yoga ucyte|" isa samatva ko dhAraNa karane vAlA hI vizeSa AcAra / 194

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sthitaprajJa ho sakatA hai kyoMki vaha kisI bhI paristhiti meM apanI buddhi ko sthira rakhatA hai, apanI AsthA ko aDiga rakhatA hai| isake alAvA nispRhatA, nirabhimAnatA Adi bhI kaI guNa zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka batAye gaye haiN| sthitaprajJa, tattvadRSTA hone se vaha Azcaryacakita bhI nahIM hotaa| aMgIkaraNa kA samaya prArambha meM varNita AzramoM meM yaha caturtha tathA antima Azrama hai| bhAratIya darzana kI pramukha do paraMparAoM meM isa viSaya para matabheda hai| brAhmaNa paraMparA (AstikataMtra) ke anusAra jIvana ke antima bhAga meM saMnyAsa grahaNa karanA cAhie, jabaki zramaNa paraMparA ke anusAra pahale bhI zramaNa-avasthA aMgIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| DaoN. viMTaraniTja ne kahA hai "Astika taMtroM ke mata se kevala Azrama vyavasthA ke anusAra hI calanA cAhie jisameM Arya ko vAnaprasthI yA saMnyAsI hokara saMsAra se virakta hone kA vidhAna kevala tabhI hai, jaba pahale vaha brahmacArI hokara vedAdhyayana kara cukA ho' evaM gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karake putrotpatti kara cukA ho|" manusmRti tathA yAjJavalkyasmRtikAra kA bhI yahI mata hai| kintu sabhI ne yaha vidhAna pUrNataH svIkRta nahIM kiyaa| jAbAli RSi ke anusAra sAmAnya vidhi yahI hai jo manu aura yAjJavalkya ne nirUpita kI hai, tathApi koI cAhe to prathama yA dUsare Azrama se bhI caturthAzrama meM jA sakatA hai| udAharaNasvarUpa hama zaMkarAcArya, aSTAvakra Adi ko dekha sakate haiN| pUrvokta donoM matoM kA vaiSamya mahAbhArata ke "pitA-putra saMvAda ke nAma se prasiddha adhyAya meM bar3e rocaka DhaMga se dikhAyA gayA hai| usameM pitA, jo brAhmaNa saMskRti kA pratinidhi hai, kahatA hai ki saMnyAsa Azrama-vyavasthA ke anta meM AnA cAhie, lekina vaha apane putra se hAra jAtA hai jo kahatA hai ki jIvana kI aneka anizcitatAoM ko dekhate hue aisI lambI-caur3I vyavasthA meM pha~sanA atyanta mUrkhatApUrNa hai|" jaina paraMparA isI mata kI samarthaka hai, jisako purANoM meM bhI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| kUrmapurANa kA isa sandarbha meM kathana hai koI bhI puruSa jisako jJAna aura vijJAna prApta ho gayA hai aura phira vairAgya ho jAve to vaha brahmacaryAzrama se hI, jo sabase pradhAna hai, pravajita ho jaave| gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karake yajana tathA putrotpatti karake phira yadi virakti ho jAve to saMnyAsI ho jAnA caahie| gRhI vidhipUrvaka yajJAdi na karake bhI putrotpatti na karake bhI ghara meM hI saMnyAsa dhAraNa kara letA hai| isake uparAMta vairAgya ke vega se jaba ghara meM rahane kA utsAha hI nahIM rahe to use dvijottamoM kI iSTi na karake bhI vahIM saMnyAsa dhAraNa kara lenA caahie| isakA niSkarSa yahI hai ki jaba bhI vairAgyodaya ho jAye, tabhI saMnyAsa liyA jA sakatA hai| virakti kI pRSThabhUmi saMnyAsAzrama ke lie anivArya hai| 195 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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viSNu purANa meM-dhruva ko sAdhanA-patha se vicalita karane ke lie yahI zikSA dI gaI thI ki tUM abhI khela-kUda, phira adhyayana karake bhoga bhogakara anta meM tapa karanA, kintu purANakAra ne usakA virodha karate hue likhA hai ki mUrkha manuSya bAlyAvasthA meM khelate-kUdate haiM, yauvanAvasthA meM viSayoM meM phaMse rahate haiM, vRddhAvasthA meM asamartha ho jAte haiN| ataH vivekI manuSya ko avasthA kA vicAra na karake AtmakalyANa meM laga jAnA caahie| mahAbhArata ke samAna hI mArkaNDeya purANa meM pitA (bhArgava) putra (sumati) saMvAda kA bhI yahI sArAMza hai ki-"bhArgava ne sumati ko samajhAyA ki pahale veda par3ho, guru suzruSA meM saMlagna raho, gRhastha bano, yajJa karo, saMtAnotpatti karo, vanavAsI bano, phira parivrAjaka banakara brahma prApti kro|" sumati ne tatkAla uttara dete hue kahA ki-aisA abhyAsa maiM bahuta bAra kara cukA huuN| mujhe mere pUrvajanmoM kI smRti ho rahI hai, jJAnabodha ho gayA hai| mujhe vedoM se koI prayojana nahIM hai| mere aneka mAtA-pitA hue haiN| ....sAMsArika-parivartana ke lambe varNana ke bAda usane kahA-"saMsAra-cakra meM bhramaNa karate-karate mujhe aba mokSa prApti karAne vAlA jJAna mila gayA hai| use jAna lene para yaha sArA Rga, yajuH aura sAmasaMhitA kA kriyA-kalApa mujhe viguNa-sA laga rahA hai, samyaga pratibhAsita nahIM ho rahA hai| maiM guru-vijJAna se tapta aura nirIha (nirabhilASI) ho gayA huuN| vedoM se mujhe koI prayojana nhiiN| maiM kiMpAka-phala ke samAna isa adharmADhya-trayIdharma (Rg-yaju-sAmadharma) ko chor3akara paramapada kI prApti ke lie jaauuNgaa|..mujhe jo jJAna huA hai, vaha trayIdharma kA Azraya lene vAle nahIM pA skte|87 prastuta AkhyAna ke sambandha meM viMTaraniTja, kA abhimata hai ki "mArkaNDeya purANa meM AyA huA yaha saMvAda bahuta kucha sambhava hai ki bauddha yA jaina paraMparA kA rahA ho| usake pazcAt mahAkAvya yA paurANika sAhitya meM sammilita kara liyA gayA ho| mujhe aisA pratIta hotA hai-yaha bahuta prAcInakAla meM pracalita zramaNasAhitya kA aMza rahA hogA aura usI se jaina, bauddha mahAkAvyakAroM aura purANakAroM ne grahaNa kara liyA hogaa|" isI AkhyAna se bahuta jyAdA sAmya rakhane vAlA eka AkhyAna jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI hai jisakA saMkSipta rUpa prastuta hai usuyAra nagara ke purohita ke do putra virakta hokara zramaNa banane kI pitA se anumati mA~gate haiN| vaidika dharma kA paMDita purohita kahatA hai-sarvaprathama vedAdhyayana karo, brAhmaNabhoja karo, sriyoM ke sAtha bhoga bhogo, putrotpatti ke uparAMta use apanA uttarAdhikArI banAkara pahale AraNyaka (vAnaprastha) ko aura phira munidharma ko aMgIkAra karanA, kyoMki vedavettAoM ke vacana haiM ki putrahIna ko zubhagati prApta nahIM hotii| purohita putra uttara dete haiM vedAdhyayana kara lene se manuSya kA trANa nahIM ho sakatA, vizeSa AcAra / 196

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brAhmaNa-bhoja karAkara bhI andhakAra se nahIM bacA jA sktaa| patnI-putra bhI durgati se nahIM baca sakate-aisI sthiti meM kauna inakA anumodana karegA? Apa putrotpatti ke uparAMta pravrajyA kA parAmarza dete haiM kintu kauna nirNaya de sakatA hai ki taba taka yaha jIvana kAyama rahegA hI? kala kA to kyA, pala kA bhI bharosA nhiiN| Apa lambe bhaviSyat kI yojanA prastuta kara rahe haiN| aisI sthiti meM mauta ke sAtha jisakI mitratA sthApita ho cukI ho yA jo mRtyu se baca sakatA ho yA jisase marane kA parijJAna ho cukA ho, vahI kala paraM avalambita raha sakatA hai| jo zreyaskara aura kartavya hai, vaha Aja akartavya kaise ho sakatA hai? pUrvavarNita (kUrmapurANa) ke samAna jaina dharma kA bhI yahI mantavya hai ki jaba bhI virakti kI bhAvanA jAgRta ho jAye tabhI zramaNadharma aMgIkAra kara lenA cAhie evaM samayamAtra kA bhI pramAda nahIM karanA caahie|' prayojana tathA mahattva saMnyAsa kA tAttvika artha zrIkRSNa ke anusAra "kAmanA se utpanna hue karmoM kA tyAga hai| harivaMza purANa meM bhI saMnyAsiyoM ko "vikAMkSiNaH" kaha yahI bAta puSTa kI gaI hai| jaina dharma meM bhI zrAmaNya ke pUrva yahI AvazyakatA batAI hai ki jo manuSya apanI kAmanAoM ko nivArita nahIM karatA, vaha zrAmaNya kA pAlana nahIM kara sktaa|93 tAtparya yahI hai zramaNa banane athavA saMnyAsa aMgIkaraNa kA prayojana kucha prApta karanA na hokara, jo karmabaMdhana hai unase chUTanA, mukta honA arthAt Atmazuddhi hI hai| . saMnyAsa kI gaurava-garimA abIta kAla se calI A rahI hai| zramaNa tathA brAhmaNa donoM hI paraMparAoM meM vaha zIrSastha sthAna para AsIna rahA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM to use do hAthoM vAlA sAkSAt paramezvara mAnA hai-"dvibhujaH paramezvaraH" tathA jaina paramparA meM bhI zramaNa eka pramukha tIrthasvarUpa, pUjya tathA parameSThI mAnA gayA hai| saMnyAsa kA pramukha lakSya niHzreyasa (mukti) prApta karanA hI hai| harivaMza purANa meM saMnyAsI ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki ve saba zuddha hRdaya vAle yati haiN| inakA antaHkaraNa jJAna kI jyoti se prakAzita hai| inhoMne jJAnAgni dvArA apanI sampUrNa karma-rAzi jalA DAlI hai| ye aba apane prANoM kA hI prANarUpa agni meM havana karate haiN|" karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM ko bhogane hetu hI janma evaM maraNa hotA hai| yadi karmarAzi hI na rahe to. janma-maraNa kA prazna hI nahIM rhtaa| saMnyAsI kevala jIvana-nirvAha ke karma hI anAsakta bhAva se karatA hai| anya sabhI sakAma karmoM kA vaha tyAga kara detA hai ataH janma-maraNa ke cakra se chUTakara brahma meM lIna ho jAtA hai| cAroM puruSArthoM meM mokSa ko sarvazreSTha tathA jIvana kA paramalakSya mAnA gayA hai| mokSa prApta karAne vAlA hone se hI saMnyAsa ko cAroM AzramoM meM zreSTha batAyA gayA hai|95 . .. 197 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jainAgamoM meM bhI zramaNa ke lie yahI kahA gayA hai ki vaha mokSa ko uddezya banAkara viSayAdi kI icchA nahIM kare aura pUrvakarmoM ko kSaya karane ke lie prayatnazIla rhe| mukti kI prakriyA vividha upamAoM dvArA isa prakAra batAI hai-"zraddhArUpI nagara, kSamAdirUpa kilA aura tapa-saMyamarUpa argalA banAkara muktirUpa zAsroM dvArA durjaya karmazatruoM se apanI rakSA karanI caahie| phira parAkramarUpI dhanuSa kI IryAsamitirUpa DorI banAkara, dhairya rUpI ketana se satya dvArA use bA~dhanA caahie| usa dhanuSa para taparUpI bANa car3hAkara karmarUpI kavaca kA bhedana kare; isa prakAra saMgrAma se nivRtta hokara muni bhavabhramaNa se mukta ho jAte haiM / .. purANa tathA jaina dharma meM varNita munidharma kA avalokana karane se yaha jJAta . hotA hai ki donoM hI sAdhu antardRSTi se atyanta sannikaTa hai tathA bAhyadRSTi se bhI bahuta sA sAmya hai| donoM meM muni dharma ko mokSa kA sAkSAt kAraNa (rAjamArga) mAnA hai| vastutaH saMnyAsa kA mArga hI nivRtti kA mArga hai, ataH usakA nivRttipradhAna zramaNasaMskRti se sAmya honA sahaja hI sambhava hai| yogI kA yogAcAra (aSTAMga yoga) yoga kA artha yuj dhAtu se ghana pratyaya se bane hue isa yoga zabda ke do artha hai1. jor3anA, saMyojita karanA tathA 2. samAdhi, mana sthirtaa|" AcArya pataJjali ne "cittavRtti ke nirodha ko yoga" kahA hai| 19 AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra ve saba sAdhana yoga haiM, jinase AtmA zuddha hotA hai-mukta hotA hai| AdhyAtmika bhAvanA tathA samatA kA vikAsa karane vAlA, manovikAroM kA kSaya karane vAlA evaM mana-vacana-karma ko saMyata rakhane vAlA dharmavyApAra hI zreSTha yoga hai| "cittavRtti-nirodha" tathA "mokSaprApaka dharmavyApAra" kA artha sUkSma dRSTi se eka hI nikalatA hai| cittavRtti nirodha kA tAtparya-saMsArAbhimukha cittavRttiyoM ko rokakara mokSAbhimukha bnaanaa| apane mana, vacana evaM kAya (zarIra) kI pravRttiyoM para niyaMtraNa kara lene se yogI ko yogI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha apane yogoM (upalabdhiyoM) ko sAdha letA hai| yogAMga purANoM meM yogoM kA vargIkaraNa kaI prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| prathama vargIkaraNAnusAra yoga pA~ca haiM 1. maMtrayoga-maMtroM ke abhyAsavaza, jo mana kI vRtti maMtra ke vAcyArtha-gocara hokara sthira ho jAtI hai| vizeSa AcAra / 198

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2. sparzayoga prANAyAma-yukta ukta manovRtti sparzayoga hai| 3. bhAvayoga-yadi yahI maMtra ke sparza se rahita ho to vaha bhAvayoga hai| 4 abhAvayoga-jisameM sArA vizva tirohita rUpa ho jAtA hai, use abhAvayoga kahate haiN| 5. mahAyoga jisameM upAdhi rahita ziva-svabhAva kA hI cintana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha manovRtti mahAyoga hai|02 dvitIya vargIkaraNa tridhA hai1. jJAnayoga-citta kA AtmA ke sAtha saMyoga honaa| 2: bhaktiyoga abhISTa deva ke sAtha AtmA kA ekIkaraNa honA / 3. kriyAyoga-citta kA bAhyArtha saMyoga honaa|03 inake atirikta aSTAMga yoga tathA SaDaMga yoga kA varNana bhI purANoM meM kiyA gayA hai| inake nAma isa prakAra haiM-yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi / SaDaMga yoga ke antargata inameM se pUrvavartI do aMgoM kA nAma nahIM aataa| aSTAMgayogoM meM se-. 1. yama (ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha) evaM 2. niyama (tapa, bhakti Adi guNa) kA vivecana sAmAnya AcAra meM paryApta kiyA jA cukA hai| 3. Asana-ziva purANa meM ATha prakAra ke AsanoM kA ullekha hai-svastika, padya, madhyendu, vIra, yoga, prasAdhita, paryaMka evaM yatheSTha hai| pataMjali ke anusAra sukhapUrvaka sthira hokara baiThanA Asana hai|07 : jaina paraMparA ke prAcIna sAhitya (AgamoM meM aSTAMga yoga kA to ullekha nahIM hai, kintu isake tathyoM kA ullekha pAyA jA haiN| Asana kA varNana vahA~ kAyakleza vapa ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| Asana do prakAra ke hote haiM-zarIrAsana evaM dhyaanaasn| dhyAnAsana ke lie do apekSAe~ haiM... 1. zarIra sthira rahe aura 2. sukhapUrvaka baiThA jA ske| .. ___ bainAgamoM meM ina AsanoM kA ullekha isa prakAra prApta hotA hai-kAyotsarga, sthAna, ukaDUM, padmAsana, vIrAsana, godohikAsana tathA paryakAsana / 09 . 4 prANAyAma-pUraka, kumbhaka, recaka tathA ye bhI dvividha 1 agarbha 2 sagarbha tathA caturvidha kanyaka, madhyama, uttama, para ityAdi prakAra kA prANAyAma batAyA gayA hai| prANAyAma zvAsa-prazvAsa ke gativiccheda ko kahA jAtA hai|90 prANAyAma kA koI vizeSa mahattva jaina paraMparA meM nahIM hai| "jaina prakriyA ke anusAra vijAtIya dravya kA 199 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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recana aura antarbhAva meM sthira honA kumbhaka hai| citta kI ekAgratA ke lie yahI prANAyAma hai|111 ___5. pratyAhAra-purANoM ke anusAra-sAMsArika vastuoM (rUpa, rasa, gandha, zabda, sparza) meM lage mana kA pratyAvartana hI pratyAhAra hai| isI ko pataMjali ne isa prakAra se batAyA hai "indriyoM ko apane-apane viSayoM se haTAkara antarmukhI krnaa| 112 pratyAhAra kI tulanA jainAgamoM meM vyakta pratisaMlInatA (indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se haTAkara antarmukhI karanA) tapa se hI ho sakatI hai, jo cAra prakAra kA hai / 13 / . (1) indriya-salInatA-indriyoM ke viSayoM se bcnaa| . . . . (2) kaSAya-saMlInatA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha se bcnaa| (3) yoga-saMlInatA-mana-vacana-zarIra kI pravRtti se bcnaa| . (4) vivikta-zayyAsana-ekAnta sthAna meM sonA, baiThanA / 6. dhAraNA citta kA sthAnabaMdha-sthiratA dhAraNA kahalAtI hai|14 yogadarzanakAra ke anusAra citta ko kisI dhyeya meM bAMdhanA-sthira karanA dhAraNA hai / 15 jaina paraMparA meM isa dhAraNA ke artha meM "ekAgramana sannivizanA" (kisI Alambana meM mana ko sthApita karanA) hai, jisakA phala "cittanirodha" batAyA gayA hai| 16 .. 7. dhyAna-yogadarzana ke anusAra-dhyAna kA artha citta kA eka viSaya meM sthira honA hai| 17 agni purANa meM dhyAna, dhyAtA, dhyeya aura dhyAna-prayojana ina cAroM ko jAnakara yoga sAdhanA karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| 18 isa bAta ko tattvAnuzAsanakAra ne bhI samajhAyA hai ki dhyAna sAdhanA meM gati karane ke icchuka sAdhaka ko pahale dhyAna ke ina aMgoM ko sampUrNa aura vidhivat jAnakArI prAptavya hai-dhyAtA, dhyAna, phala (saMvara-nirjarA Adi ke rUpa meM), dhyeya, yasya (dhyAna kA svAmI), yatra (dhyAna karane kA kSetra-sthAna), yadA (dhyAna kA samaya), yathA (dhyAna kI yogya vidhi)| isa prakAra ke jJAna ke abhAva meM dhyAna durdhyAna bhI ho sakatA hai| dhyAna kA mahattva agnipurANakAra ne dhyAna kI mahattA isa prakAra se pratipAdita kI hai--dhyAna yajJa sarvadoSoM se rahita zuddha yajJa hai| ataH yajJa Adi karmoM tathA azuddha aura anitya bAhya sAdhanoM ko tyAga kara mokSapradAyI dhyAna-yajJa karanA hI upAdeya hai / 12deg dhyAna ko anya sabhI dhArmika kRtyoM se zreSTha saMpAdita karate hue zivapurANakAra kA mata hai-dhyAna ke dvArA prasannatA aura mokSa donoM hI prApta hote haiN| isa saMsAra meM dhyAna se adhika mahattvapUrNa koI dUsarI vastu nahIM hai| dhyAna karane vAle sAdhaka paramAtmA ziva ko vizeSa AcAra / 200

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bahuta adhika priya hai, apekSA unake jo kevala anya dhArmika kRtya kA hI sampAdana karate haiN| ataH nizreyas-siddhi ke lie avazya dhyAna kareM nAstiM dhyAnasamaM tIrthaM, nAsti dhyAnasamaM tapaH . nAsti dhyAnasamo yajJastasmAddhyAnaM samAcaret // 1 dhyAna arthAt citta kI ekAgratA (antaramaNa) ko hI saba kucha batAte hue kahA hai jo bAhyakarma ke prati nahIM parantu antara pUjana meM prIti rakhatA hai. usa mahAtmA ko bAhya karma karanA anivArya nahIM hai|122 yadi bhagavAna meM citta kI ekAgratA nahIM hai to karma se bhI kyA hai aura yadi citta kI ekAgratA hai to karma na karane se bhI koI hAni nahIM- naikAgrameva ceccitaM kiM kRtenApi krmnnaa| ekAgrameva ceccitaM kiM kRtenApi karmaNA / 23 jaina dharma meM bhI dhyAna ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| RSi bhASita (isimAsiyAI) meM likhA hai ki zarIra meM jo sthAna mastiSka kA hai, sAdhanA meM vahI sthAna dhyAna kA hai|24 jaina paraMparA ke sAtha dhyAna usake astitva kAla se jur3A huA hai| isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yaha hai ki jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAyeM sadaiva hI dhyAna mudrA meM upalabdha hotI haiM, anya mudrA meM Aja taka upalabdha nahIM huI hai| yadyapi buddha, ziva Adi kI bhI pratimAyeM dhyAna mudrA meM milatI haiM, phira bhI unakI adhikAMza pratimAyeM abhayamudrA, varadamudrA, upadezamudrA tathA ziva kI nRtyamudrA Adi meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai|25 dhyAna ke lie to jainAgamoM ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki dhyAna se tatkAla siddhi prApta hotI hai-"jhANeNa takkhaNA siddhi"| ' dhyAna kA svarUpa ... dhyAna kI ekAgracittatA kA varNana karate hue purANoM kA kathana hai-dhyAna meM dhyAtA kA citta pUrNataH dhyeya se jur3a jAtA hai| dhyAna karane vAlA anya kisI kA jJAna hI nahIM rakhatA hai, kyoMki vaha dhyAna meM hI citta ko sthApita kara detA hai| yogI ko dhyAna kI sthiti meM anya kA kucha bhI bhAna nahIM hotA aura na vaha kucha dekhatA hai, na sUMghatA hai, tathA na kucha sunatA hI hai| vaha dhyAtA to apanI AtmA meM hI lIna rahatA hai / 126 lagabhaga isI prakAra se dhyAna kA svarUpa batAte hue jaina dharma meM bhI kahA gayA hai-dhyAna meM kisI prakAra kI ceSTA nahIM hotI arthAt kAya kA vyApAra, bolane kA vyApAra tathA kucha bhI vicAra nahIM karanA caahie| jisase AtmA, AtmA meM (sva .. meM) tallIna (sthira) hove, vahI paramadhyAna hai|127 dhyAtA yadi nAnA prakAra ke dhyAna . .. 201 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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athavA vikalparahita dhyAna karanA cAhatA hai to iSTa tathA aniSTarUpa jo indriyoM ke viSaya haiM, unameM rAga-dveSa aura moha nahIM kreN|28 dhyAna ke prakAra purANoM meM dhyAna pramukhataH do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai-saviSaya tathA nirvissy| inako kramazaH sabIja athavA vizeSarUpAzrita evaM nirbIja athavA nirAkArAtmaka saMvitti bhI kahA gayA hai| skaMda purANa meM kahA gayA hai-"dhyai cintAyAma" arthAt dhyai dhAtu cintA ke artha meM hai, yaha cintana karane meM sunizcala hotI hai, ataH yaha dhyAna kahA gayA hai| yaha saguNa tathA nirguNa ke dhyAna se do prakAra kA hotA hai| saguNa varNabheda se kahA gayA hai aura nirgaNa kA dhyAna kevala mAnA gayA hai| yaha maMtra se varjita hotA hai| saviSaya tathA nirviSaya dhyAna ke pUrvApara sambandha ko liMga purANa meM isa prakAra se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai-"dhyAna nirviSaya kahA gayA hai, jo ki Adi meM saviSaya huA karatA hai| 13 arthAt-saviSaya dhyAna hI viSaya ke na rahane para nirviSaya ho jAtA hai| sabIja dhyAna kA tAtparya sAkAra arthAt vastu Alambana se dhyAna karanA hai| nirbIja dhyAna nirAkAra kA hotA hai, AdhArahIna hotA hai| prazasta dhyAna kA varNana karate hue jaina dharma meM bhI usake do prakAra batAye hai-dharmadhyAna evaM shukldhyaan| dharmadhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai1. AjJAvicaya (AgamoM ke anusAra padArthoM kA cintana karanA), 2. apAyavicaya (heya kyA hai? isakA cintana karanA), 3. vipAkavicya (heya ke pariNAmoM kA cintana karanA), 4. saMsthAnavicaya (loka, zarIra Adi kA cintana karanA) 31 zukladhyAna ke bhI cAra prakAra hai 1. pRthaktva-vitarka-savicAra isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA dravya evaM paryAya para ciMtana karatA hai, phira bhI dhyeya dravya eka hI rahatA hai| 2. ekatva-vitarkAvicArI-yogasaMkramaNa se rahita eka paryAya viSayaka dhyAna ekatvavitarkAvicArI hai| 3. sUkSmaLiyA apratipAti yaha mana-vacana-zarIra ke vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAne para tathA mAtra zvAsocchvAsa ko sUkSma kriyA zeSa rahane para hotA hai| 4 samucchinnakriyA nivRtti jaba tInoM yogoM (mana-vacana-kAya) kI pravRttiyA~ pUrNatayA niruddha ho jAtI haiM evaM koI bhI sUkSma kriyA zeSa nahIM rahatI hai, vaha vizeSa AcAra / 202

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samucchinnakriyA nivRtti zukladhyAna kahalAtA hai|32 inake atirikta prakArAntara se dhyAna ke padastha, piNDastha, rUpastha evaM rUpAtIta ye cAra prakAra bhI haiM / 123 .. uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pUrvabhUmikA saviSaya hotI hai arthAt tattvaciMtana Adi avalambana para AdhArita hotI hai tathA antima rUpa nirvikalpa hotA hai, usI ko dravyasaMgrahakAra ne nizcaya dhyAna kahA hai| tattvAnuzAsanakAra ke anusAra-eka avalambana meM citta ko sthira karanA dhyAna hai| jJAna vyagra hai tathA dhyAna ekAgra hotA hai| dveSarahita, apekSAmaya, yathArtha atyanta sthira aura nizcayanaya se SaTkArakamaya AtmA hI dhyAna hai|35 udAharaNArtha-jo dhyAtA hai vaha AtmA kartA hai, jisako dhyAtA hai vaha zuddha svarUpa AtmA karma hai, jisake dvArA dhyAtA hai vaha dhyAna pariNati rUpa AtmA karaNa hai, jisake lie dhyAvA hai vaha zuddha svarUpa ke vikAsa ke prayojana rUpa AtmA sampradAna hai, jisa hetu se dhyAtA hai vaha samyagdarzanAdi hetubhUta apAdAna hai, tathA jisameM sthita hokara apane avikasita zuddha svarUpa ko dhyAtA hai vaha AdhArabhUta antarAtmA adhikaraNa hai| kundakundAcArya ke anusAra dhyAna do prakAra ke haiM 1. nizcayAtmaka dhyAnAvasthA-zuddha AtmaciMtana tathA 2. dUsarI vaha avasthA, jisameM apanI akSamatA ke kAraNa AtmA kA puruSAkAra rUpa meM dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| uparyukta varNana se spaSTa hotA hai dhyAna kA bahuta jyAdA mahattva purANa tathA jaina dharma meM hai| bAhya tapa se svargAdi kI prApti sambhava hai; parantu zAzvata sukha kI prApti to dhyAna se hI sambhava hai| dhyAnAvasthA meM AsravoM kA nirodha hokara saMcita karmoM kA nAza hone lagatA hai| dhyAnAbhyAsa ke binA bahuta se zAsroM kA paThana aura nAnAvidha AcAroM kA pAlana vyartha hai|936 8. samAdhi-pataMjali ke anusAra-vahI dhyAna jaba arthamAtra pratibhAsita ho, taba samAdhi kahalAtA hai|937 ziva purANa ke anusAra yaha yoga kI antima sIr3hI hai| samAdhi se sarvatra prajJAloka (RtambharA prajJA) pravartita hotA hai| svarUpazUnyatA hI samAdhi kA lakSaNa hai| samAdhistha yogI na kucha sunatA hai, na kisI vastu kA AdhANa karatA hai| vaha na to bolatA hai aura na dekhatA hI hai|38 use kisI sparza kA jJAna bhI nahIM hotA aura na hI usakA mana saMkalpa-vikalpa karatA hai| vaha abhimAna. nahIM krtaa| usakI sthiti pUrNarUpa se kASThavat hotI hai| vaha ekadama stimita (zAMta) udadhi ke samAna hotA hai| jaise nirvAta sthAna meM rakhA huA pradIpa kabhI bhI spandita nahIM hotA, usI prakAra samAdhiniSTha vyakti bhI usase vicalita nahIM hotaa|39 sarvatra kevala ekamAtra dhyeya hI hai, aisA dhyAna karate hue dhyeya meM tanmayatA kI dazA ko prApta 203 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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ho jAtA hai, use yoga kI antima avasthA samAdhi kahate haiN| jaba yoga ke svAmI kA mana, saMkalpa se rahita ho jAtA hai aura indriyoM ke viSayoM kA ciMtana bilkula bhI nahIM karatA tathA jisakA mana brahma meM bhalI-bhAMti lIna hotA hai, usI dazA ko samAdhisthatA kahA jAtA hai|40 __samAdhi meM svasthatA (sva meM hI kendrita honA-sthira honA) kA jainAgamoM meM bhI varNana prApta hotA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bAhya jagat-se antarjagat kI ora praveza karanA tathA citta-svasthatA evaM anazana artha meM samAdhi zabda prayukta hai|41 sUtrakRtAMga meM adhyAtmaramaNa, sanmArga kA samyak AcaraNa, ratnatrayI kI paryupAsanA, zraddhA kA sthirIkaraNa, Arjavadharma kI arcanA, vANI kA saMvaraNa, asat kI nivRtti, saMvara dharma meM anAkulatva Adi aneka paribhASAe~ samAdhi ke lie dI gaI haiM / 2 mukhyataH samAdhi zabda kA vyavahAra-rAgAdi kA abhAva, samatA Adi ke lie kiyA gayA hai| sAdhaka kI caryA meM Ane vAle upasargoM kI vibhISikA meM anAkula rahanA tathA durmanaskatA evaM vimanaskatA kA abhAva samAdhi hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne samAdhi, sAtizaya dhyAna evaM zukladhyAna ko ekArthaka mAnA hai / 1431 vastutaH samAdhi kA mahattva AThoM aMgoM meM sarvAdhika hai, kyoMki aSTAMgoM kA antima niSkarSa samAdhi meM hI prApta hotA hai| , yogavina ___ "zreyAMsi bahuvighnAni" isa pracalita ukti ke anusAra yoga bhI sarvazreSTha kArya hone se yogI ko kaI vighnoM ko pAra karate hue yogasAdhanA karanI par3atI hai| na kevala pratikUla bAdhAe~, balki anukUla bAdhAoM kA bhI varNana purANa tathA jainadharma meM upalabdha hotA hai; jinameM yadi yogI ulajha jAe~ (camatkRta ho jAe~, to vaha Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| purANoM meM yogagata sAmAnya vighna agralikhita batAye gaye haiM--Alasya daihika evaM citta sambandhI vividha hotA hai, tIvra vyAdhiyA~ (dhAtu-vAta-pitta-kapha ke vaiSamya se tathA karmadoSa se utpanna hotI haiM), pramAda (yoga sAdhanA ke upAyoM kA upayoga na karanA pramAda hai), sthAnasaMzaya (dhyeya ke viSaya meM saMzaya honA), anavasthicittattva (mana kI apratiSThA), azraddhA (yogamArga meM bhAvarahita vRtti hI azraddhA hai), prAntidarzana (viparyasta mati kA nAma hI prAnti hai), duHkha (ajJAna se utpanna hone vAlA citta sambandhI duHkha AdhyAtmika duHkha kahA gayA hai| purAkRta karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa zArIrika duHkha, Adhibhautika duHkha tathA vajra agni evaM viSAdi se utpanna hone vAlA duHkha Adhidaivika duHkha kahA gayA hai), daurmanasya (icchA ke vighAta se utpanna hone vAlA kSobha), viSayoM kI ora AkarSaNa-ye dasa yogAbhyAsI ke lie antarAya kahe gaye haiM / 1432 . vizeSa AcAra / 204

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harivaMza purANa meM bhI nimna upasargoM kA ullekha hai-yogI jaba bhrUmadhya meM citta ko ekAgra karake brahma kA dhyAna karatA hai, taba usake samakSa mahAn dhuA~ uThane : lagatA hai, vaha dhUmasamUha bahuraMge hote haiM aura meghoM ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara jaladhArAyeM barasAte haiM, taba yogI ke mastaka para mahAn agni utpanna hotI hai, vaha saiMkar3oM lapaToM se AvRtta hotI hai| isake anantara aneka vikAra yogI ko vyathita karate haiN| kabhI yogI ko zItala jala meM girAyA jAtA hai, jisase vaha Asana aura AcchAdana se vaMcita hokara acetana-sA ho jAtA hai| kabhI gaDDhe meM girAkara jala-pravAha DAle jAte haiM, kabhI ghorarUpadhArI narAkAra prANI yogI ko DaMDoM se pITate haiN| phira ve srIrUpa dhAraNa karake yogI se lipaTate haiM aura nAnA pralobhana dekara vighna upasthita karate inake atirikta ina vighnoM ke zAnta hone para siddhisUcaka anya vighna (divya upasarga) upasthita hote haiN| 45 ye vighna chaH haiM 1. pratibhA sUkSma, vyavahita, atIta, viprakRSTa, anAgata vastuoM kA yathAtathya pratibhAsa (pratIti) ko pratibhA kahA jAtA hai| isake bala para yogI eka sthAna para baiThA saMsAra ke kisI bhI sthAna para kisI bhI vastu kA satyajJAna prApta kara letA hai| 2. zravaNa isake dvArA binA prayatna ke hI sampUrNa zabdoM kA zravaNa hotA hai| 3. vArtA-saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ke viSaya kI bAteM jJAta hotI haiN| 4. darzana prayatna ke binA hI. divya vastuoM kA darzana hotA hai| 5. AsvAda-prayatna ke binA hI divya rasoM kA AsvAda hotA hai| 6. vedanA-saMsAra ke sabhI divya gaMdha evaM divya rasoM ke sparza kA jJAna hotA ___ icchAzarIra dhAraNa karanA, AkAza-gamana, padArtha-parivartana, jala meM nivAsa karanA, stambha karanA, adRzya honA, sthUla ko sUkSma se alaga karanA, svecchAgamana, agni se na jalanA, icchAzakti se saba kucha kara denA, gaMdha denA, halkA-bhArI honA, sarvatra sUkSma hokara vicaraNa karanA ityAdi vibhUtiyA~ bhI prApta hotI haiM, para inako bhI paramatattva kI prApti meM bAdhaka hI samajhanA caahie| .... isa prakAra yogI sampUrNa Azcaryajanaka zaktiyoM ko prApta karatA hai evaM svecchAnusAra sabhI padArthoM para pUrNa adhikAra rakhatA hai, parantu ina siddhiyoM ko bhI purANoM meM upasarga saMjJA dI gaI hai; kyoMki ye yogI ko yoga se mahAyoga kI ora bar3hane meM bAdhaka-vighnakAriNI hotI hai| inase pralobhita hokara yogI apane pramukha lakSya se vaMcita raha jAtA hai| ata: yogI ke lie kahA gayA hai ki vaha ina siddhiyoM ke .. 205 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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lobha meM kabhI bhI nahIM pdd'e| jo yogI inako tRNavat samajhakara inakA parityAga kara detA hai, vahI parAyoga kI siddhi ko prApta karatA hai| pUrvavarNita yogavighnoM ke samAna hI jainAgamoM meM bhI sAdhanA-mArga meM Ane vAle vighnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jinameM prArambhika bAdhAe~ haiM1. moha 2. kSayopazama kA abhAva 3. asvasthatA 4. stambha 5. mithyAtva 6. avirati 7. pramAda 8. kaSAya 9. zarIra, vANI aura mana kI caMcalatA 10. Alasya 11. avinaya aura 12. vikRti-pratibaddhatA-rasalolupatA, azraddhA / 48 yogI ko ina 22 pariSahoM para bhI vijaya prAptavya hai-kSudhA, pipAsA, zIta, USNa, daMzamazaka, acela, arati, srI, caryA, niSadyA, zayyA, Akroza, vadha, yAcanA, alAbha, roga, tRNasparza, jalla, satkAra-puraskAra, prajJA; ajJAna aura adrshn| . upasargoM kA vivecana karate hue usake tIna prakAra batAye haiM--devakRta, manuSyakRta tathA tiryanvakRta / upasarga anukUla bhI hote haiM tathA pratikUla bhI hote haiN| sAdhanA karate hue yogI ko aneka prakAra camatkArika zaktiyoM kI prApti hotI hai, parantu jo sAdhaka unake vyAmoha meM nahIM par3atA, vahI apane dhyeya ko prApta karatA hai tathA jo inameM Asakta ho jAtA hai vaha apane lakSya se cyuta hokara punaH saMsAra-pramaNa karatA hai| isIlie yogiyoM ke lie yaha nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki ve tapa, dhyAna kA anuSThAna kisI lAbha, yaza yA kIrti, labdhiyA~ prApta karane kI icchA se na kreN| bhagavatI sUtra meM isa prakAra kI labdhiyoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai|51 hemacandrAcArya ne bhI kaI labdhiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| yathA-kapha-mUtra-mala-amarza aura sarvoSadha RddhiyA~ tathA saMbhinna zrotopalabdhi (eka hI indriya sabhI indriyoM ke viSayoM ko grahaNa karane lagatI hai), cAraNalabdhi (ur3ane kI zakti), AzIviSa labdhi (zApAnugraha kI zakti), avadhijJAnalabdhi (indriyoM aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA, rUpI dravyoM ko niyata sImA meM jAnane vAlA jJAna), manaH paryayalabdhi (saMjJI jIvoM ke manoM ko sAkSAt jAnane vAlA jnyaan)|52 sAdhaka ko ye camatkAra sahaja hote haiN| vastutaH "camatkAra AtmA meM hai, zabdoM meM nhiiN| AtmA kA camatkAra sthAyI hai, zabdoM kA asthAyI / 153 jinakA AtmA moha, matsara evaM viSayAbhilASA ke maila se mukta hokara jitanA pavitra, nirmala aura paramAtmalIna hogA, utanA hI unake zabdoM meM camatkAra A bsegaa| isake viparIta vizeSa AcAra / 206

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jinakA AtmA kAma-vAsanAdi vikAroM se dUSita tathA lAlasAoM se malina hogA, ve cAhe kitane hI bIjAkSaroM kI raTana evaM sevana kare, unako vaha siddhi kabhI nasIba nahIM hogI, jo pavitra AtmA ko sahaja hotI hai| yoga kA adhikArI yoga sAdhanA kauna kara sakatA hai isa para purANa tathA jainadharma donoM ne vicAra kiyA hai| purANoM ke anusAra jisa vyakti kA mana dRSTi (laukika) evaM Anuzravika (veda varNita) padArthoM yA upAyoM se virakta ho jAtA hai, usI kA yoga meM adhikAra hotA hai, anya kisI kA nahIM dRSTe tathAnuzrAvike viraktaM viSaye manaH / yasya tasyAdhikAro'sti yoge nAnyasya kasyacit / / 154 ___ aisA vyakti, jo atyanta utsAhayukta ho, vaha yogamArga meM Ane vAle vighnoM ko naSTa kara detA hai, isameM saMzaya nahIM hai|155 harivaMza purANa meM yoga ke adhikArI puruSoM ke lakSaNa nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiM jo manuSya ayAcya se yAcanA nahIM karate, zaraNAgatoM kI rakSA karate haiM, dInoM kA apamAna nahIM karate, dhana kA garva nahIM karate, ucita AhAra-vihAra karate haiM, jo apane karmoM meM zAsrAnusAra ceSTA karate haiM, Izvara kA dhyAna evaM svAdhyAya karate haiM, naSTa vastu kI khoja nahIM karate, sadaiva bhoga meM lIna nahIM rahate, madhu-mA~sa kA bhakSaNa nahIM karate, kAmaparAyaNa na hokara viproM kI sevA karate haiM, jo anArya puruSoM kI bAtoM meM Asakta nahIM hote, Alasya rahita va abhimAna se anAsakta hote haiM, satsaMga karate haiM; aise zAntacitta, krodha ko jItane vAle aura mAna-ahaMkAra rahita puruSoM ko hI yogasiddhi prApta hotI hai|56 yoga kI prApti bahuta durlabha hai, vizeSataH alpabuddhi mAnavoM ko yogasiddhi durlabha hai, yadi mila bhI jAye to ve durvyasanoM ke AcaraNa se use naSTa kara dete haiM / 157 zraddhApUrvaka yogamArga meM prayatnazIla rahakara halkA bhojana karate hue, jitendriya rahane vAle puruSa ko yoga siddhi prApta hotI hai tathA pakSI kI bhA~ti anAsakta, nirdvandva tathA niSparigraha hokara vicarane vAle vyakti ko yoga ke phala kA prAptakartA kahA gayA hai|58 yogI ko brahmacintana-yogya hone ke lie ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, svAdhyAya, zauca, saMtoSa aura tapa kA niSkAma AcaraNa Avazyaka hai|59 jainAcArya haribhadra ne yogAdhikArI kA nirUpaNa isa prakAra se kiyA hai jo jIva caramAvarta meM rahatA hai arthAt jisakA (saMsAra-bhramaNa kA) kAla maryAdita ho gayA hai, jisane mithyAtva-granthi kA bhedana kara liyA hai, jo zuklapakSI hai tathA cAritra pAlana karane vAlA hai, vaha yoga sAdhanA kA adhikArI hai| aisA yogI anAdikAlIna bhavabhramaNa kA anta kara detA hai / 160 sthAnAMga sUtra meM zuddha AdhyAtmika jJAna-darzana kI prApti ke adhikArI kI yogyatAe~ batAI haiM jo muni vikathA nahIM karatA, AtmA ko asamyak 207 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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bhAvita nahIM karatA, dharma jAgarikA karatA hai tathA zuddha bhikSA kI samyak gaveSaNA karatA hai, use atizaya jJAna-darzana prApta hotA hai|69 uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra-samAdhi ko cAhane vAlA zramaNa pramANayukta tathA nirdoSa AhAra grahaNa kare, guNavAn mitra ko sahAyaka banAve tathA ekAnta zAntasthAna para sAdhanA kre|61 va ucita AhAra-vihAra, sAdhya ke anukUla kAryasiddhi hetu ceSTAoM tathA ucita nidrA evaM jAgaraNa yukta sAdhaka ke lie yoga duHkhoM kA haraNa karane vAlA hotA hai.. yuktAhAra-vihArasya, yuktaceSTasya krmsu| yuktasvapnAvabodhasya yogo bhavati duHkhahA / / 62 yogAdhikArI kA varNana karate hue yogasiddhi ke lakSaNa bhI mArkaNDeya purANa meM vyakta haiN| jaba manuSya meM premabhAva Aye, parokSa meM guNa-kIrtana ho tathA koI jIva usase bhayabhIta na ho, yaha usakI siddhi kA uttama lakSaNa hai| jisako atyadhika bhayAnaka zIta Adi se bhI pIr3A nahIM hotI aura jo kisI se bhI bhayabhIta na ho, usako siddhi prApta ho gaI, aisA jAnanA caahie|163 / / jaina dharmAnusAra bhI yogI ke dvArA sabhI jIvoM ko abhayadAna diyA jAtA hai tathA vaha zIta-uSNAdi se pIr3ita nahIM hotaa| . yoga kA mahattva liMga purANAnusAra-yoga apramatta ke hI hotA hai| yoga bahuta bar3A bala hai| yoga se bar3hakara manuSyoM ke lie kucha bhI zubha kArya dikhAI nahIM detA hai, ata: dharmayukta manISI yoga kI prazaMsA karate haiM / 64 purANoM meM yogadharma ko zreSTha dharma kahA hai|165 yogadharma ihaloka aura paraloka meM sabhI prANiyoM ke lie hitakara batAyA gayA hai|166 isakA AcaraNa karane se zAnti prApta hotI hai aura phira yogiyoM kI gati (mokSa) prApta hotI hai, jo ki durlabha hai / 167 _AtmajJAna ke yatnarUpa yama-niyamAdi kI apekSA viziSTa manogati kA brahma (AtmA) se saMyoga honA hI "yoga" hai| jo isa prakAra ke viziSTa dharma vAle yoga meM rata rahatA hai, vaha mumukSu yogI kahalAtA hai| prathama yogAbhyAsa karane vAlA "yogamukta" yogI kahA jAtA hai aura jaba vaha parabrahma ko prApta kara letA hai, taba use viniSpanna samAdhi kahate haiN| viniSpanna samAdhi dvArA yogI ke karma yogAgni se bhasma ho jAte haiM aura isIlie use svalpa kAla meM hI mokSa kI prApti ho jAtI hai|68 jainAcArya hemacandra ne bhI yoga-mahattA pratipAdita karate hue likhA hai-yoga samasta vipatti rUpI latAoM ke vitAna ko kATane ke lie tIkhI dhAra vAle parazu ke samAna hai| yoga ke mAhAtmya se samasta vipattiyA~ naSTa ho jAtI haiM aura muktirUpI lakSmI svayaM hI vaza meM ho jAtI hai| yoga ke prabhAva se vipulatara pApa bhI usI vizeSa AcAra / 208

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prakAra vilIna (vinaSTa) ho jAte haiM, jaise pracaMDa vAyu ke calane se meghoM kI saghana ghaTAe~ vilIna ho jAtI haiN|169 niSkarSata purANa tathA jaina dharma meM yoga kA lakSya mukhyataH samAdhi avasthA prApta karanA hai, kyoMki samatva ko mukti kA parama pada prApta karane meM parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra AcAra varNana ke antargata varNita AcAroM ke sAmAnya tathA vizeSa donoM prakAroM meM purANa tathA jaina dharma meM paryApta samAnatAe~ dikhAI detI haiN| jaina sAdhanA ke mUla mantavya ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA, paribhASAe~ purANoM meM bhI vistRta rUpa se vyakta haiN| unameM samasta AcAroM meM mukhya ahiMsA ko batAte hue anya sabhI AcAroM kA samAveza ahiMsA meM batAyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, purANoM kI yaha viziSTatA hai ki jaise jaina darzana meM yajJAdi vaidika karmakANDoM kA virodha karate hue sUkSma ahiMsA-pAlana para bala diyA gayA hai; vaise hI purANoM kI nivRttivAdI vicAradhArA meM spaSTatayA hiMsAtmaka samasta karmakANDa varjita batAte hue ahiMsA ke sarvAMgINa rUpa ko mahattva diyA hai| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana meM tyAgavRtti evaM nivRttivAdI vicAradhArA pravAhita huI hai; vaise hI purANoM meM anAsakti kA sandeza dete hue nivRtti ko zreyaskara tathA mokSa kA hetu batAyA hai| tyAga, tapa, sadAcaraNa, dhyAnAdi kA vivecana jaina darzana ke samAna purANoM meM bhI pracura hai| jaina darzana ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI muni-jIvanacaryA se sambandhita kaI prakAra ke AcAra batAye gaye haiN| .. sArAMzataH AcAra ko dharma ke vyAvahArika rUpa meM jaina dharma tathA purANoM ne hI nahIM, bhArata kI samasta saMskRtiyoM ne paryApta mahattva diyA hai| .. 000 209 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sandarbha-sacI . . 1. saM. zrI mahendrakumAra jI jaina "zrI tiloka zatAbdI abhinandana grantha ke antargata / zrI zobhAcandra jI bhArilla kA lekha "jaina dharma aura varNa vyavasthA" -pR. 43 se 2. zrI paM. kailAzacandra zAsrI "bhagavAn RSabhadeva" . -pR. 58 3. "dvijAtInAmadhyayanamijyAdAnam" -gautama dharmasUtra, 10.1-2 4. athAha vedamupazRNvatasrapujatubhyAM ' zrotaparipUrNAmudAhare jihvAcchedo dhAraNe zarIrabhedaH / / -vahI, 12.5 5. muni nUtanacandra jaina "jaina saMskRti meM jAtivAda vivecana" jayagujAra . .. 6. uttarAdhyayana 12.37 uttarAdhyayana 25.33 je loe bambhaNo vutto aggI vA mahio jahA sayA kusalasaMdiTuM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jo na sajjai AgantuM pavvayanto na soyaI ramae ajjavayaNami taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jAyarUvaM jahAmaTuM niddhantamalapAvagaM . rAgaddosabhayAIyaM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / ' tavassiyaM kisaM dantaM avaciyamaMsasoNiyaM suvvayaM pattanivvANaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tasapANe viyANettA saMgaheNa ya thAvare jo na hiMsai tiviheNa taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / kohA vA jai vA hAsA lohA vA jai. vA bhayA musaM na vayaI jo u taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / cittamittamacitte vA apaM vA jai vA bahu na veNhai adattaM je te vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // divvamANusatericchaM jo na sevai mehuNe maNasA kAyavakkeNa taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jahA pomaM jale jAyaM novalippai vAriNA evaM alitto kAmehiM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / aloluyaM muhAjIvI aNagAre akiMcaNaM asaMsattaM gihatthesu taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // -dhammakahANuoge, pR. 238-239 9. samayAe samaNo hAi, baMbhacereNa baMbhaNo nANeNa ya muNI hoI, taveNa hoI tAvaso // -uttarAdhyayanu, 25.32 10. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "viSNupurANa" (1) bhUmikA se -dhammakA vizeSa AcAra / 210

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11. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, a 118, zlo. 10 12. bhAgavata 914 13. brAhmaNAnAM kule jAto jAtimAtratayA bhavet anupetaH kriyAhIno mAtra ityabhidhIyate // ekoddezyamatikramya vedasyA''cAravAndvijaH sa brAhmaNa iti prokto nirmala: satyavAgdhRNo / ekAM zAkhAM sakalpaSaDbhirabaeNradhItya vA SaDkarmanirato vipra zrotriyo nAma dharmavit / / vedavedAMgatattvajJa (zuddhAtmA) pApavarjitaH zreSTha zrotriyavAnprAjJaH so'cAna iti smRtaH / / anucAnaguNopeto yajJasvAdhyAyayantritaH dhruNa ityucyate ziSTaiH zeSamojI jitendriyH|| . vaidikaM laukikaM caiva sarvajJAnamApaya yaH AzramasthA vazI nityamRSikalpa iti smRtaH / / . UvaratA bhavatyagnI niyatAzI na saMzayI . zApAnugrahayo zaktaH satyasaMdho bhavedRSi // nivRtta: sarvatattvajJaH kAmakrodhavivarjitaH dhyAnastho niSkrayo dAnta _muJcano kaMcano muniH| / -skandapurANa (1) pR. 217-219, zlo. 112-119 14. akRtajJamanAryaJca dIrgharoSamanArjavam caturo viddhi cANDAlA janmAjjAyate paMcamaH / / -garuDapurANa (1) pR. 407, a. 70, zlo. 71 15. damena hInaM na punAti vedA . yadapyadhItA saha SaDbhiraMgaH // -padmapurANa (1) pR. 223, zlo. 159 16. sacchotriyakule jAto hyAkreyo naiva pUjitaH asakSetrakule pUjyo vyAsa vaibhANDako yathA / kSatriyANAM kule jAto vizvAmitrosti matsama: . : vaizyAputro vasiSThazca, anya siddhAH dvijAdayaH / / -vahI, pR. 360, zlo. 4-5 17. cANDAlo'pi munizreSTha, viSNubhakto dvijAdhika: viSNubhaktivihInazca, dvijo'pi zvapacAdikaH / / -bRhannAradIyapurANa 32.39 18. se asaI uccAgoe, asaI nIyAgoe .. no hINe, no airite . . no'pIhae iti saMkhAe ke goyAvAI ke mAyAvAI // -AcArAMga, 1.2.3 19. zrI zobhAcandra jI bhArilla "jaina dharma aura varNa vyavasthA" (zrI tiloka zatAbdI abhinandana grantha se) 211 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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20. dezAnuziSTaM kulaM dharmamagyaM svagotra dharma -na cAsatsu nareSu kuryAt // parasve paradAre ca na kAryA buddhiruttmaiH| -vAmanapurANa pR. 181, a 14, zlo. 38-39-44 . 21. viSNu purANa (1) pR. 416-426 22. (a) AcArya haribhadra-'dharmabindu' prakaraNa 1 (ba) AcArya hemacandra 'yogazAsra' 1.47-56 23. zrI amolakaRSijI ma 'jainatattvaprakAza', pR. 567 24. vRthATanaM vRthA dAnaM vRthA ca pazumAraNam .. na kartavyaM gRhasthena vRthA dAraparigrahaH // . -vAmanapurANa (1) pR. 181, aM 14, zlo. 41 25. jainatattvaprakAza-pR. 672 26. tiloka zatAbdI abhinandana grantha, pR. 43 27. vahI, pR. 43 28. javAhiralAla jaina 'zramaNa saMskRti, pR. 18-21 29. brahmavaivarta purANa, prakRti khaNDa, a 36 30. zivapurANa, rudra saMhitA, a. 16 31. bhAgavatapurANa saptama skanda 32. brahmavaivartapurANa, gaNapatikhaNDa, adhyAya 24 . 33. DaoN. vaikuNThanAtha zarmA 'brahmavaivartapurANa : sAMskRtika vivecana' / 34. (a) zAmyati krodhAdikaSAyAn iti zamanaH / (ba) zrAmyati zramamAnayati paMcendriyANi manazceti zramaNa, zrAmyati saMsAraviSayakhino bhavati, tapasyatIti ca zramaNa: (sa) saha manasA zobhanena nidAna pariNAma lakSaNa tAparahitena ca vartate iti samanA: (da) sam iti samatayA zatrumitrAdiSu aNati pravartate iti samaNaH, sarvajIvaikatulya vartate iti samaNa: jaha mama na piyaM dukkhaM, jANiya emeva savvajIvANaM na haNai na haNAvei ya, samamaNai teNa so samaNo // -tiloka zatAbdI abhinaMdana grantha zrI ghevaracandra jI bA~ThiyA 'jaina zramaNa kI vyAkhyA' se 35. ahiMsAsaccaM ca ateNagaM ca tato ya baMbha apariggahaM ca paDivajjiyA paMca mahabvayAiM carija dhammaM jiNadesiyaM viu / -uttarAdhyayana, 21.12 36. ahiMsA prathamo heturyamasta yAminAM varA / satyamasteyaM brahmacaryAparigahau // -liMgapurANa (1) pR. 68, zlo. 10 37. iriyAbhAsesaNAdANauccArasamiI iya maNaguttI vayaguttI kAyaguttI ya aTThamA / / -uttarAdhyayana, 24.2 38. (a) "noz2a na tiryagdUraM vA na pazyanparyaTed budhaH yugamAtraM mahIpRSThaM naro'gacchad vilokayan // (IyA) -viSNupurANa (1) pR. 439, 3.12.39 vizeSa AcAra / 212

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40. dasavina -bhAgavata, 7.12.12 () viSNupurANa (1) pR. 440, 3.13. 43-44 (bhASA) (sa) mArkaNDeya purANa 38.5-10 (eSaNA) 39. garuDapurANa (2) 122.4-9 dasavihe samaNadhamme paNNate, taM jahA___khaMtI, muttI, ajjave, maddave lAghave, sacce, saMjame, tave, ciyAe, baMbhaceravAse -sthAnAMga, 10 41. Acelakkuddesiya sijjAyararAyapiMDa kiikamme vaya-jeTTa-paDikkamaNe mAsaM pajovasaNakappe / -kalpasUtra (devendra munijI) pR. 1 42. bhAgavatapurANa 11.18.6 43. mArkaNDeyapurANa 38.5-10 44. satIzacandra jozI 'bhaviSya purANa' pR. 14-15 45. liMgapurANa (1) pR. 68, zlo. 10 46. satIzacandra jozI "bhaviSya purANa" pR. 14-15 47. zivapurANa (mAhAtmya) 3-5-6 48. "ekarAtraM vased grAma, trirAtraM nagare tathA" -nAradapurANa (1), pR. 485 evaM omaprakAza nIkharA 'harivaMzapurANa meM dharma' pR. 85 49. dazavekAlika sUtra, adhyAya 3 50. aJjanAbhyaJjanonmardastryavalekhAmiSaM madhu / / sugandhalepAlaMkArAMtyajeyurye dhRtavatAH // - 51. brahmavaivartapurANa, kR. vaM. 91-92 52. vahI, prakRti khaNDa. a. 36 53. ghautadantaM, kRttanakhaM sdaasnaanmlNkRtm| -matsyapurANa (1), pR. 181, zlo. 15 54. mArkaNDeya purANa-38.5 . 55. DaoN. vaikuNThanAtha zarmA 'brahmavaivartapurANa : sAMskRtika vivecana' pR. 179 56. vahI 57. . liMgAni yoginAM bhUyo divAbhikSAsanaM tathA vAnaprasthAzramasthAnAM samAnamidamiSyate rAtrau na bhojana kArya sarveSAM brahmacAriNAm / / -zivapurANa, 7.2.11.10-11 58: DaoN. omaprakAza nIkharA 'harivaMza purANa meM dharma', pR. 85 59. . bhAraMDapakkhI va cre'ppmtto| -uttarAdhyayana, 4.6 60. brahmavaivartapurANa kR. khaM. 91 61. vahI 62. garuDapurANa, uttarArdha 115 63. brahmavaivartapurANa kR. khaM. 91 64.. AtithyaM zrAddhayajJeSu devayAtrotsaveSu ca mahAjaneSu siddhyarthaM na gacched yogavit kvacit / / -mArkaNDeyapurANa, 38.5 65. harivaMzapurANa meM dharma, pR. 90 213 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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/ / 66. (a) AcArAMga sUtra 2.6.1 (ba) "sarvasampatkarI caikA paurUSanI tathAparaH vRtti bhikSA ca tattvajJairiti bhikSA vidhoditA" . -haribhadrIya aSTaka 5.1 sAhAraNo vapuNa vihI sukkAhArA vinneo annattha oyaeso savvA saMpakkarI bhikkhA // -yogazataka 81 / 67. abbinduM ya: kuzAgreNa mAsi mAsi samaznute nyAyato yazcared bhaikSyaM pUrvoktAtsaviziSyate // daghibhakSyAH payobhakSA ye cAnye jIvakSINakA: sarve te bhaikSya bhaikSasya kalAM nArhati SoDazIm // ..:-liMgapurANa (1) pR. 48 68. uttarAdhyayana 30.8; dUsarA adhyAya 69. (a) vyaste vidhume vyaMgAre - bhaikSyaM cared gRhastheSu.....jaghanyA vRttiriSyate // .. -mArkaNDeyapurANa 38. 5-10 (ba) zAntizca zrAddha...jaghanyA vRttirucyate // -liMgapurANa (2) pR 47-48, zlo. 11-16 "emee samaNA vuttA, je loe saMti sAhuNo vihaMgamA va puphphesu dANabhattesaNe rayA" -dazavaikAlika, 1.3 71. dazavaikAlika 5.1. 37-38 72. vahI, 5.1. 37, 17 73. vahI, 5.2.25 74. samyagdarzanasampanna: karmabhirna nibadhyate darzanena vihInastu, saMsAre pratipadyate / -manusmRti, 6.74 75. (a) akkosavahaM viittu dhIre_sabhikkhu // pattaM sayaNAsaNaM .....sabhikkhu // -uttarAdhyayana 15.3-4 tathA 35.13 (ba) same ya je savvapANabhUesu se hu smnne| -praznavyAkaraNa 2.5 (sa) to samaNo jai sumaNo, bhAveNa ya jai Na hoi pAvamaNa mANAvamANesu / / -anuyogadvAra, 132 (da) savvaM jagaM tu samayANupehI, piyamappiyaMkassa vinoM krejaa|| -sUtrakRtAMga, 1.10.6 76. lAbhAlAbhe suhe dukkhe, jIvie maraNe tahA samo nindA pasaMsAsu, samo mANAvamANao // -uttarAdhyayana, 19.91 uvasamasAraM khu sAmaNNaM -bRhatkalpabhASya 1.35 77. kUrma purANa (1) pR. 65-67 78. sama zatrau ca mitre ca tathA maanaapmaanyoH| -nAradapurANa (1) pR 485, zlo. 94 79. na mithyA saMpravartante zamasyaiva tu lakSaNam anudvigno hyaniSTeSu tatheSTAnnAbhinandati // -liMgapurANa (1) pR. 103, zlo 26 80. mRSTaM na mRSTamapye.....kArya sAmyaM hi muktaye // -viSNupurANa (1) pR. 354, 2.15. 26-31 sarvamAtmamayaM yasya sadasad jagadIdRzam guNAguNamayaM tasya ka: priya: ko nRpapriyaH / / -pArkaNDeyapurANa, 38.25 vizeSa AcAra / 214

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81. Vinternitz "Ascetic Literature in Ancient India" Calcutta University Review, Oct. 1923, p. 3 anadhItya dvijo vedAnanutpAdya tathA sutAn aniSTvA caiva yajJaizca, mokSamicchan vajatyadyaH / / -manusmRti 6.37 adhItavedo japakRtputravAnannado'gnimAn zaktyAM ca yajJakRnmokSe mana: kuryAttu nAnyathA / / -yAjJavalkya smRti 84. mahAbhArata, 12.277 85. utpanna jJAna vijJAnI vairAgya paramaM gataH pravrajed brahAcaryAttu yadIcchetparamAM gatim // dArAn hatya vidhivadanyathA vividhairmukhaiH yajedutpAdayetputrAn virakto yadi saMnyaset // aniSTvA vidhivadyajJairanutpAdya tathA''tmajAn na gArhasthyaM gRhI tyaktvA saMnyased buddhimAn dvijaH atha vairAgyavegena sthAtuM notsahate gRhe tatraiva saMnyasedvidvAnaniSTvAri dvijottamaH / / -kUrmapurANa (1) pR. 71, 3.3-5 86. viSNupurANa 112.18-20; 117,75-76 87. mArkaNDeyapurANa 10 88. () vaidika saMskRti meM isa prakAra kI avaidika vicAradhArAoM ko zramaNa saMskRti kA prabhAva mAnA gayA hai| (muni zrI nathamala "upaniSad purANa aura mahAbhArata meM zramaNa saMskRti - kA svara" muni zrI hajArImala smRti grantha) (ba) viMTaraniTja ''The Jain in the History of Indian Literature", p. 7. (dhammakahAnuoge-pR. 76) 89. imaM vayaM veyavio vayaMti, jahA na hoI asuyANa loo| ahijja vee parivissa vijje, putte pariThThappa gihaMsi jAyA / / bhoccANa bhoe saha itthiyAhiM, AraNNagA hoha muNI pasatthA / veyA ahiyA na bhavaMti tANaM, muttA diyAninti tamaMtameNaM . jAyA ya puttA na havaMti tANaM ko nAma te anumannejja evaM // . . jassatthi maccuNA sakkhaM, jassa vAtthi palAyaNaM jo jANe ma marissAmi, so hu kaMkhe sue siyA / / -uttarAdhyayana. 14.8-9, 12, 27 90. uttarAdhyayana, 10.1 91. kAmyAnAM karmaNAM nyAsaM saMnyAsaM kavayo viduH / -gItA, 18.2 12. harivaMzapurANa 3.24.5 93. kahaM nu kujA sAmaNNaM, jo kAme na nivArai / / -dazavaikAlika, 2.1 94. ete hi yataya: zuddhA jJAnadIpitacetasaH jJAnAgni dagdha: karmANa: prANAn prANeSu juhvati / / -harivaMzapurANa, 3.108.11 - 215 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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19. 15. teSAmagrazcaturtho'yamAtramo bhikSukaH smRtaH Aste tasmin mahAbuddhi sa hi puNyataraH smRtaH // -harivaMzapusaNa, 3.1.08.14 16. bahiyA uDDumAdAya, nAvakaMkhe kayAi vi puvakammakkhayaTThAe, imaM dehaM samuddhare / -uttarAdhyayana, 6.14 97. uttarAdhyayana, 9.20-22 98. yupI yoge, gaNa 7-hemacandra dhAtupATha yuji ca samAdhau / gaNa 4-vahI . yogazcitavRttinirodha:-pAtaMjala yogasUtra 1.2 100. mokkheNa joyaNAo jogo -haribhadrasUri-"yogaviMzikA" 1 (jainayogagraMtha catuSTaya) 101. adhyAtmabhAvanA''dhyAnaM samatA vRttisaMkSaya: mokSeNa yojanAdyoga eSa zreSTho yathottaram / / -haribhadrasUri 'yobindu', 31 102. ziva purANa 7.2.37.8-11 103. vahI 5.51.8-9 104. yamazca niyamazcaiva svastikAdyaM tathAsanam prANAyAma: pratyAhAro dhAraNA dhyAnameva ca // -zivapurANa, .7.2.37.14-15 'samAdhiriti yogAMgAnyaSTAvuktAni sUribhiH / / -kUrmapurANa 2.11.30-56 105. AsanaM prANasaMrodha, pratyAhAro'tha dhAraNA dhyAnaM samAdhiryogasya SaDaMgAni samAsataH / / -zivapurANa, 7.2.37.16 106. ziva purANa 7.2.37.20 107. sthirasu bhAsanam -yogadarzana 2.46 . 108. aupapAtika -tapodhikAra 109. sthAnAMga 3.3.27 tathA aupapAtika tapodhikAra 110. yogadarzana 2.54 111. saM. narendra bhAnAvata "jinavANI" janavarI-mArca, 1972 pR. 82 (jaina paraMparA meM yoga'-muni zrI nathamala) 112. yogadarzana 2.4 113. aupapAtika tapodhikAra 114. zivapurANa, 7.2.37.48 115. yogadarzana 3.6 116. egaggamaNasannivesayAe NaM cittanirohaM krei| -uttarAdhyayana, 29.25 117. tatra pratyaikatAnatA dhyAnam-yogadarzana 3.1 . 118. dhyAtA dhyAnaM tathA dhyeyaM yacca dhyAnaprayojanam etaccatuSTayaM jJAtvA yogaM yuJjIta tattvavit / / -agnipurANa, 274.7 119. "dhyAtA dhyAnaM phalaM dhyeyaM yasya yatra yadA yathA ityetadatra boddhavyaM dhyAtuH kAmena yoginA" -tattvAnuzAsana, 3.7 120. dhyAnayajJaH paraH zuddhaH sarvadoSavivarjitaH / / dhyAnayajJa: parastasmAdapavargaphalapradaH tasmAdazuddhaM santyajya hyanityaM bAhyasAdhanam / / yajJAdyaM karma santyajya yogamatyarthamabhyaset / / -agnipurANa, 274.13-15 vizeSa AcAra / 216

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121. ziva purANa 7.2.39.28 122. ziva purANa (2) pR. 444, zlo. 50 123. vahI, zlo. 53 124. . isibhAsiyAI 22.14 125. sAgaramala jaina "jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna "zramaNa" janavarI-mArca, 1994 126. liMga purANa (2) pR. 741, zlo. 92-93 127. mA ciTThaha mA jaMpaha mA cintaha kivi jeNa hoI thiro appA appamirao iNameva paraM have jjhANaM / / -bRhadravyasaMgraha 56 128. vahI.48 129. "dhyai cintAyAM smRto dhAtuzcintAtve sunizcitA etad dhyAnamiha proktaM saguNaM nirguNaM dvidhA" saguNavarNabhedena nirguNaM kevalasammatam samaMtraM saguNaM viddhi nirguNaM mNtrvrjitm|| -skandapurANa (2) pR. 126-127, 53.81-82 130. dhyAnaM nirviSayaM proktamAdau saviSayaM tthaa| . -liMgapurANa (2) pR. 41. zlo. 86 131. sthAnAMga 4.65 132. sthAnAMga 4.69 133. saM. DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata "jaina saMskRti aura rAjasthAna" pR. 57 (yoga - muni suzIla kumAra) . 134. jaM kiMcivi ciMtato girIhavittI have jadA sAhU laNaya eyattaM tadAhu taM tassa NicchayaM jhANaM / / -bRhadvya saMgraha, 55 135. svAtmAnaM svAtmani svena dhyAyetsvasmai svato yata: SaTkArakamayI tasmAda, dhyAnamAtmaiva nizcayAt / / -tattvAnuzAsana, 74 136. kundakundAcArya "mokSaprAmRta" gA 23-100 137. tadevArtha mAtranirbhAsaM svarUpaM zUnyamiva samAdhiH / -yogadarzana, 3.3 138. nirvANAnalavad yogI samAdhistha pragIyate / / .. na zRNoti na cAghAti na jalpati na pazyati na ca sparza vijAnAti na saMkalpayate manaH / / ____yathA dIpo nirvAtastha: spaMdate na kadAcana - . ' tathA samAdhiniSTho'pi tasmAna vicalet sudhiiH|| -zivapurANa vAyu saM. 3.38 a 139. vahI .. 140. dhyeyameva hi sarva dhyeyastanmayatAM gataH pazyati dvaitarahitaM samAdhiH so'bhidhIyate // mana: saMkalparahita-mindriyArthAnna cintayet yasya brahmANi saMllInaM samAdhisthatvamucyate // -garuDapurANa (2) pR. 182, zlo. 29-30 141. AcArAMga 1.8 142. narendra bhAnAvata 'jinavANI' (dhyAnayoga : rUpa aura darzana) pR. 68 'samAdhi aura adhyayana' . 217 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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147. 151. 143. (a) vahI 143. (ba) zivapurANa 7.2.38 tathA liMga purANa (1) pR. 88-89, zlo. 1-12 144. harivaMzapurANa 3.18.5-11 tathA 3.19.25-38 145. zAnteSveteSu vighneSu yogAsaktasya yoginaH upasargAH pravartante divyAste siddhisUcakAH // . -zivapurANa 7.2.38.9 146. liMgapurANa (1) pR. 91, zlo. 14 zivapurANa 7.3.38.9 evaM tasmAd guNAMzca yogAMzca devAsuramahIbhRtAm / tRNavad yastyajettasya yogasiddhi: parAbhavet // -zivapurANa 5.2.38.44 148. jinavANI (dhyAnayoga: rUpa aura darzana) pR. 93 149. tattvArthasUtra, 9.9 150. dazavaikAlika, 9.4 bhagavatIsUtra, 8.2 152. hemacandrAcArya 'yogazAsra' 1.8-9 153. 'kalyANa' bhakti aMka (janavarI, 1958) -pR. 563 (zrI mA~gIlAla nAhara "jaina dharma meM bhakti aura prArthanA ) 154. zivapurANa, 7.2.37.12 155. "atyantotsAhayuktasya nazyati na ca sNshyH|" -liMgapurANa (1) pR. 89 zlo. 13 156. harivaMzapurANa, 1.19.11-15 157. vahI, 1.19.10 158. vahI, 1.19.19 159. brahmacaryamahiMsAM ca satyAsteyAparigrahAn seveta yogI niSkAmo yogyatAM svamanonayan / / svAdhyAyazaucasaMtoSataMpAsi niyatAtvAn kurvIta brahmaNi tathA parasminpravaNa: mnH|| -viSNupurANa (2) pR. 397-398 zlo. 36-37 160. AcArya haribhadrasUri "yogabindu" 72, 99 (jainayogagranthacatuSTaya) 161. (a) sthAnAMga, 4.2.284 161. (ba) uttarAdhyayana, 32.4 162. jinavANI (dhyAnayoga : rUpa aura darzana) pR. 10 163. anurAgaM yatijano parokSe guNakIrtanam na bibhyati ca satsAni siddherlakSaNamuttamam // zItoSNAdibhiratyuprairyasya na vidyate na bhItimeti cAnyebhyastasya siddhirupasthitA / / -mArkaNDeyapurANa 36.63-65 164. bhavedyogo'pramattasya yogo hi paramaM balam na hi yogAtparaM kiMcinnarANAM dRzyate zubham // vizeSa AcAra / 218

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-liMgapurANa (2) pR. 65, zlo. 4-5 -harivaMzapurANa 1.19.18 tasmAdyogaM prazaMsati dharmayuktA manISiNaH / 165. yogadharmAddhi dharmajJa na dharmo'sti vishessvaan| variSThaH sarvadharmANAm // 166. vahI, 3.228.83 167. vahI, 1.25.36 168. AtmaprayalasApekSA viziSTA yA manogati: tasyA brahmaNi saMyogo yoga ityabhidhIyate / evamatyantavaiziSTyayukta dharmopalakSaNa: yasya yoga: sa vai yogI mumukSurabhidhIyate // yogayuk prathamaM yogo yuJjAno hyabhidhIyate / viniSpannasamAdhistu paraM brahmopalabdhimAn // 169. hemacandrAcArya -viSNupurANa (2) pR. 397, zlo. 31-33 -"yogazAsra" 1.5-6 000 219 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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jagat - vicAra vizva kI gUr3ha rahasyamayatA ko dekhate hue loka ke sambandha meM vedoM meM kahA gayA hai-"ko dadarza prathamaM jAyamAnam" arthAt "prathama janmate hue jagat ko kisane dekhA hai arthAt kisI ne nahIM dekhaa| yaha saMsAra kaise utpanna huA, isako nizcaya se na kisI ne jAnA hai tathA na kisI ne kahA hai| isa kSaNabhaMgura saMsArarUpI azvattha vRkSa ko avyaya (nitya) kahate haiN| sRSTi kI nirantaratA ke bAre meM purANoM kI bhI sahamati hai| isase yaha to pUrNarUpa se spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha jagat nitya hai tathA. jagat nitya hone se usake nirmANa kI tathA nirmAtA kI avadhAraNA anAvazyaka hai| jaina darzana kA bhI yahI mantavya hai| * jagat kA bahuta vistRta varNana jaina tathA purANasAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM jagat ke parivartanoM, parivartana ke kAraNoM evaM krama Adi kA paryApta vivecana huA hai| purANoM meM bhI pramukha paMcalakSaNoM meM jagat ke rUpa (sRSTi tathA pralaya) bhI Ate haiN| vaiSNava purANoM meM sRSTi-varNana sambandhI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karate hue paM. baladeva upAdhyAya likhate haiM ki "vaiSNava purANoM kA sRSTi varNana sAMkhya darzana se vizeSa prabhAvita hai, lekina jahA~. sAMkhya darzana nirIzvaravAdI hai vahA~ vaiSNava, sAMkhya nirIzvara na hokara sezvara darzana hai| sAMkhya darzana evaM jaina darzana ke jagat sambandhI dRSTikoNaM meM bahuta sA sAmya hai| yadyapi purANoM meM tathA jaina darzana meM varNita jagat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa meM aneka mahattvapUrNa antara hai, phira bhI kaI anya samAnatAe~ bhI dRSTigata hotI haiM, jo agralikhita haiN| jagat kI yathArthatA jagat kI sattA ke sandarbha meM jainamata evaM purANamata donoM yathArthavAda ko svIkRta karate haiN| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana meM jagat ko AbhAsa mAtra na mAnakara yathArtha svIkAra kiyA hai-acetana tattva (bhautika sRSTi yA ajIva dravya) bhI utanA hI satya hai jitanA ki cetana tattva satya hai; usI prakAra viSNu purANa meM bhI usako yathArthataH nitya aura akSara batAyA hai| puruSa (cetana) ke samAna hI prakRti (jar3a) kI jagat - vicAra / 220

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sattA bhI mAnI gaI hai| sAMkhya se prabhAvita hone se ve jagat ko asat meM svIkAra nahIM krte| jagat ko satrUpa meM svIkRta karane ke kAraNa sRSTi ke prati yathArthavAdI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| jagat - nitya tathA pariNAmI .. "jainAgamoM meM jagat ko dravyArthika naya kI apekSA se nitya mAnA gayA hai| jagat ko dhruva (zAzvata) batAte hue usameM utpAda-vyaya arthAt paryAyoM kA parivartana bhI batAyA hai, parantu isakA artha pUrNatayA nAza nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM "loka" kI paribhASA isa prakAra se dI gaI hai dhammo ahammo AgAsaM, kAlo puggala jNtvo| esa logotti paNNatto, jiNehiM vrdNsihiN|| arthAt dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, pudgala aura jIva-yaha SaT dravyAtmaka loka kahA gayA hai aura jahA~ ajIva kA kevala ekadeza (bhAga) AkAza hai, vaha aloka kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM vizva ko "sat" hone se sArvakAlika nitya mAnA gayA hai, IzvarAdi dvArA sRSTa nahIM mAnA hai| kAla kI apekSA se jagat kA nityatva pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai-"kAla kI apekSA yaha loka bhUtakAla meM kabhI na thA, yaha bAta nahIM hai| vartamAnakAla meM nahIM hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| bhUtakAla meM thA, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM rhegaa| loka dhruva hai, niyata-eka svarUpa hai, zAzvata-pratikSaNa vartamAna hai, akSaya-avinAzI hai, avyaya-hAni rahita hai, avasthita-paryAya ananta hone se kisI na kisI paryAya meM vidyamAna hai| nitya kAla kI apekSA se usakA anta nahIM A sktaa| kisI bhI kAla meM isa jagat kA sarvathA vinAza nahIM huA, na hotA hai aura na hogaa| tattaM te Na viyANanti Na viNAsI kayAi vi| . .. loka ko nitya evaM pariNAmI mAnate hue purANoM ke anusAra bhI jagat kI sattA ke rUpa meM sthAyI sattA mAnA hai| parivartita paryAyoM (rUpoM) meM yaha sadaiva vidyamAna rahatA hai| viSNu purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jagat nitya hai, bhale hI cetana kA aura usakA sthAyI sambandha nahIM hai| AvirbhAva-tirobhAva, janma-nAza Adi vikalpa vAlA yaha vizva yathArtha meM to nitya aura akSara hI hai| bhAgavat purANa meM bhI vizva ko anAdi aura anaMta batAte hue likhA hai ki isa samaya meM vaha jaisA hai vaha pahale bhI vaisA hI thA aura Age bhI isI rUpa meM rhegaa| nityatA meM pralaya yA nAza kI sambhAvanA kaise ho sakatI hai isakA rahasya pravAhanityatA batAyA hai "gaMgA meM DubakI lagAne vAlA vyakti usI jala meM phira DubakI nahIM lagAtA, jisameM vaha eka kSaNa pUrva DubakI lagA cukA hai| jala to satat pravahaNazIla hai, vaha nirantara parivartanazIla hai, eka kSaNa ke lie bhI usameM virAma nahIM hai| taba gaMgA ke usI jala meM DubakI lagAne 221 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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kA tAtparya kyA hai? jala pratikSaNa badalatA rahatA hai, parantu pravAha, vaha dhArA jisakA vaha avibhAjya aMga hai, kabhI bhI ucchinna nahIM hotI hai, vaha nitya hotI hai| sRSTi ke viSaya meM bhI yahI pravAha-nityatA kA siddhAnta kAryazIla mAnanA caahie|"9 . . ____ isa prakAra sAMkhya darzana ke samAna hI purANa tathA jaina dharma ke anusAra bhI yahI Azaya hai ki asat se sat kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI aura jo kucha hai vaha hamezA se sat thaa| utpatti naI sRSTi (Arambha) nahIM hai, pralaya pUrNa nAza nahIM hai| nAza kA artha kevala AkRti kA badalanA hai, kyoMki pUrNavinAza sambhava nahIM hai evaM gati rukane ke bAda dubArA prakaTa hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM hone se nitya gatizIlatA hI mAnya kI gaI hai| jagat duHkhapUrNa (anitya) jaina darzana meM jisa prakAra se jagat nitya mAnate hue bhI paryAyArthika naya kI apekSA se anitya, nazvara mAnakara jAgatika kAryoM ko prapanca arthAt duHkhapUrNa batAyA hai, usI prakAra se purANoM meM bhI jagat kI nityAnityatA pradarzita hai| ... __ jainAgamoM meM bhautika sukhoM kI anityatA batAte hue kahA hai-"samaya bItA jA rahA hai, rAtriyA~ daur3I jA rahI haiM, manuSyoM ko jo bhoga-sAmagrI milI hai, vaha bhI nitya nahIM hai; jaise vRkSa ke phala (patrAdi) jhar3ane para pakSIgaNa use chor3akara cale jAte haiN| yaha jIvana, yaha rUpa aura yauvana bijalI kI camaka kI bhA~ti caMcala hai, anitya hai| yaha saMsAra duHkhamaya hai; janma kA duHkha, bur3hApe kA duHkha, rogoM kA duHkha, mRtyu kA duHkha, cAroM ora duHkha hI duHkha hai, jisameM becArA yaha prANI kleza pAtA hai| jarA se ghire hue tathA mRtyu se pIr3ita isa saMsAra meM AnaMda va zAMti kaisI?"1deg ajJAnI manuSya samajhatA hai ki yaha dhana, ye pazu, ye svajana evaM jJAtijana merI rakSA kara sakate haiN| ye mere haiM, maiM unakA hU~, kintu vAstava meM yaha bhrAnti hai, koI kisI kA trANa yA zaraNa nahIM hai| antima samaya Ane para mRtyu manuSya ko aise hI daboca kara le jAtI hai, jaise siMha mRga ko| usa samaya na mAtA-pitA bacA sakate aura na bhAI-baMdhu / __ isa saMsAra meM jo yaha zarIra milA hai, yaha bhI anitya hai, azucipUrNa hai, azuci padArthoM se hI utpanna hotA hai| isa zarIrarUpI piMjare meM Atma-pakSI kA vAsa asthira hai, yaha duHkha evaM saMklezoM kA ghara hai| jisa saMsAra ko vyakti ne apanA samajha rakhA hai, vastutaH vaha usakA nahIM hai| sAMsArika kAma-bhoga anya hai aura AtmA anya hai, phira hama anya meM Asakta kyoM haiM? manuSya akelA hI apanA duHkha bhogatA hai, jJAtijana, mitra Adi koI nahIM ba~TA sakate, kyoMki karma to kartA kA pIchA karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM jagat ko anitya, azaraNa, asthira, duHkhoM kA sthAna, AtmA se bhinna (anyatva) evaM azucipUrNa mAnA hai| jagat - vicAra / 222

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lagabhaga isI prakAra kA dRSTikoNa purANoM kA bhI jagat ke prati hai| purANoM ke anusAra vastutaH jagat meM duHkha hI hai, mAtra ajJAnAvasthA ke kAraNa una duHkhoM meM sukhAbhAsa hotA hai| padmapurANakAra ne saMsAra kI sAgara se tulanA karate hue usakI bhayaMkaratA varNita kI hai-isa sAgara (ghora kalikAla kA mahAsAgara) meM vividha prakAra ke viSayoM meM jo DubakiyA~ lagatI rahatI haiM, ye hI isa samudra ke Avarta (bha~vare) haiM aura durgandha hI isameM phailA karatI hai, jisase prANI kA mana ghirA rahatA hai| atyanta duSTa prakRtivAle manuSya hI isa saMsAra-sAgara meM vyApta haiM, jinase yaha mahAn bhIma aura atyanta bhayAnaka hai|2 . viSNupurANa meM rAjA mucukunda zrIkRSNa se sAMsArika duHkhoM kA varNana karate hue kahatA hai'3-"he bhagavAn ! tInoM tApoM se abhibhUta huA maiM sadA hI isa saMsAra- cakra meM ghUmatA rahA hU~, mujhe kabhI bhI zAnti nahIM milii| jala kI AzA vAlI mRga-tRSNA ke samAna hI maiMne duHkhoM ko sukha mAnA thA, parantu una sabase mujhe santApa hI huA hai| rAjya, pRthivI, senA, koSa, mitra, putra, srI, bhRtya aura zabdAdi viSayoM ko avinAzI aura sukha mAnakara grahaNa kiyA thA, parantu anta meM ve sabhI vastue~ duHkharUpa siddha huiiN|" jagat ke duHkhoM ke bhedoM kA varNana karate hue parAzarajI kA kathana hai-AdhyAtmika tApa ke zArIrika aura mAnasika do bheda haiM, unameM zArIrika ke bhI aneka bheda haiM, unheM suno| ziroroga, jvara, zUla, bhagandara, gulma, zotha, zvAsa, netraroga, atisAra Adi ke bheda se zArIrika duHkha aneka prakAra kA hai| kAma, krodha, bhaya, dveSa, lobha, moha, viSAda, zoka, asUyA, apamAna, IrSyA, mAtsarya Adi ke bheda se mAnasika tApa bhI bahuta prakAra kA hai| mRga, pakSI, manuSya, pizAca, sarpa, rAkSasa, sarIsRpa Adi se prApta hone vAle duHkha ko Adhibhautika kahate haiN| zIta, vAta, uSNa, jala, vidyut Adi se milane vAlA duHkha Adhidaivika hai| ina duHkhoM ke atirikta garbha, janma, jarA, ajJAna, mRtyu tathA naraka se utpanna duHkha bhI sahasroM prakAra ke haiN| vyakti jaba taka jIvita rahatA hai, taba taka aneka kaSToM se usI prakAra se ghirA rahatA hai, jaise tantuoM meM kapAsa kA biij| manuSyoM kI priya vastue~ unake lie duHkharUpI vRkSa kA bIja bana jAtI haiN| srI, putra, mitra, dhana, ghara, kheta, dhAnyAdi se jitane duHkha kI prApti hotI hai, utanA sukha nahIM miltaa| isa prakAra saMsAra ke duHkharUpI sUrya ke tApa se saMtapta hue puruSoM ko mokSarUpI vRkSa kI chAyA ke atirikta anya kisa sthAna para sukha kI prApti hogI? kyoMki kevala naraka meM hI duHkha nahIM hai, svarga meM bhI vahA~ se nIce girane kI AzaMkA se jIva ko sadA azAnti hI rahatI hai| kabhI garbha meM hI mara jAnA athavA kabhI utpanna hote hI mRtyu ko prApta honA par3atA hai| jisane janma liyA hai, vaha bAlakapana meM, yuvA hone para, madhyama Ayu athavA vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hokara avazya hI mRtyu. ko prApta hotA hai| 223 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sukha ko saMcita karane ke bhrama meM vyakti duHkha hI bar3hAtA hai| yaha spaSTa karate hue mArkaNDeya purANa meM kathana hai--"pahale jaba maiM akelA thA to kevala mere hI zarIra se duHkha kI utpatti hotI thI, phira bhAryA ke Ane para usake mamatva meM vaha duHkha do bhAgoM meM bar3ha gayA hai, phira jitanI saMtAnoM kI utpatti hotI gaI. utane hI bhAgoM meM duHkha bar3hatA gyaa|" jagat ke anya tattvoM ke samAna zarIra ko bhI azuciyukta batAte hue anAsakta rahane kI preraNA dI gaI hai|4 ___isa prakAra jagat ke prati purANoM kA bhI yahI kathana hai ki jagat adhruva tathA azAzvata hai| jisa prakAra se AkAza meM rahane vAle bAdala athavA samudra meM bahane vAle tRNa havA ke saMyoga se milate aura bichur3ate rahate haiM, vaise hI jagat meM padArthoM kA milanA tathA chUTanA athavA bananA-bigar3anA calatA rahatA hai| saMsAra kA svabhAva hI duHkharUpa hai, use kauna viparIta kara sakatA hai ? vyakti cAhe jitanA prayatna usako badalane ke lie kare, parantu kSaNa-kSaNa meM badalane vAle jagat ko vaha nahIM badala sakatA, ulTA vaha svayaM hI kAla ke vazIbhUta hokara icchA na hote hue bhI parivartita hotA rahatA hai| jagat evaM jIva yadyapi jagat evaM AtmA donoM ko jaina tathA purANa sAhitya meM nitya mAnA hai, phira bhI donoM (jagat evaM AtmA) kA saMyoga asthAyI hI mAnA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra-AtmA ko jagat meM janma-maraNAdi karAne meM karmahetu hai| karmoM ke anusAra hI AtmAe~ vibhinna avasthAe~ prApta karatI haiN| pratyeka AtmA cAhe vaha pRthvI, jala, vanaspati Adi sthAvaragata ho yA kITa-pataMga, pazu-pakSIrUpa ho athavA mAnava rUpa, devarUpa yA nArakIrUpa ho; tAtvika dRSTi se samAna hai, unameM paraspara vaiSamya kA kAraNa karma hai| makar3I jaise apanI pravRtti ke kAraNa sva-nirmita jAla meM pha~satI jAtI hai, vaise hI ajJAnavaza jIva bhI jagat meM mUr3ha rahatA hai; parantu jaba usakA viveka jAgRta ho jAtA hai, taba vaha yathArtha kA bhAna hone para baMdhana haTAne kA kArya karatA hai| tatpazcAt karmabandhana naSTa ho jAne para vaha mukta ho jAtA hai| sArAMzataH jIva kA saMsAra meM saMsaraNa tabhI taka hotA hai, jaba taka vaha mizrita avasthA meM rahatA hai arthAt karmarUpI jar3a pudgaloM se yukta rahatA hai; kintu jaba vaha apane Upara AcchAdita AvaraNoM se mukta ho jAtA hai, taba karmabhAra se halkA ho jAne para Urdhvagamana karatA hai|15 yahI mantavya purANoM kA bhI hai ki viveka ho jAne para AtmA karmoM dvArA baddha nahIM hotA tathA dhyAna, tapAdi dvArA saMcita karmoM ko samApta karane ke bAda vaha saMsAra meM bhramaNa nahIM krtaa| saMsAra meM usakA bhramaNa karmoM ke kAraNa hI hotA hai| AtmA caitanyaguNayukta hone para bhI jagat meM mUr3ha kaise hotA hai evaM surakSita (mukta) kaise ho sakatA hai ? ise mArkaNDeya purANa meM eka dRSTAnta dvArA isa prakAra se spaSTa kiyA hai jagat - vicAra / 224

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asthirUpI khamboM para sthita prajJArUpI prakoSTha vAlA, sabhI vastuoM ko rokane meM samartha, carmarUpI dIvAra se yukta, mA~sa aura rakta ke lepa vAlA, cAroM ora se zirAoM se jakar3A huA, nau dvAroM vAlA yaha zarIra mahA AyAsa (kaSTa) vAlA hai aura vahA~ para rAjArUpI cetanAvAn puruSa (AtmA) avasthita rahatA hai| buddhi aura mana ye donoM usa rAjA ke virodhI mantrI haiM aura ve donoM eka-dUsare ke vaira ko dUra karane ke lie yatna karate rahate haiN| kAma, krodha, lobha aura moha ye cAra usa rAjA ke anya zatru haiM aura ye cAroM zatru usakA vinAza cAhate haiN| jaba vaha rAjA apane (navoM) dvAroM ko banda kiye rahatA hai to usakI zakti surakSita rahatI hai aura vaha AtaMkarahita bana jAtA hai| (usa sthiti meM) vaha anurAga utpanna hone para bhI zatruoM se abhibhUta nahIM hotA, kintu jaba vaha sabhI dvAroM ko khulA chor3a detA hai to rAga nAmaka zatru netrAdi dvAroM se AkramaNa kara detA hai| mahAn zaktizAlI, sarvavyApI, paMcadvAroM se praveza karane vAle, usa rAga nAmaka zatru ke pIche-pIche anya tIna bhayaMkara zatru bhI praviSTa ho jAte haiN| tatpazcAt una dvAroM se praveza karake vaha rAga mana Adi anya vibhinna nAmoM vAlI iMndriyoM se samparka sthApita kara letA hai| usake bAda mana aura indriyoM ko vaza meM karake vaha durjeya ho jAtA hai evaM samasta dvAroM para adhikAra karake cAra-dIvArI ko naSTa kara detA hai| mana ko usake Azrita dekhakara buddhi tatkSaNa . naSTa ho jAtI hai-maMtriyoM ke abhAva meM anya puravAsI bhI usako chor3a dete haiN| isa prakAra lobha, krodha, moha aura rAga ina (prabala) zatruoM se chidra (bheda) pA lene para vaha rAjA naSTa ho jAtA hai| manuSya kI smRti kA nAza karane vAle ye duSTAtmA zatru jaba pravRtta ho jAte haiM to rAga se krodha, krodha se lobha, lobha se moha, moha se smRti kA nAza, smRti ke nAza se buddhi kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura buddhi ke nAza se manuSya hI naSTa ho jAtA hai|16 . brahmANDa purANa meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna jagat ke sAtha jIva ke sambandha kA mukhya kAraNa rAga hI batAyA gayA hai| ukta purANa ke anusAra-"jIvoM kA prabala zatru evaM mahAn aniSTakAraka rAga hai| viSayoM meM Asakti kA nAma rAga hai jisase mana apane vaza meM nahIM raha paataa| viSayoM meM rAga kA artha-aniSTa ko iSTa, apriya ko priya, duHkha ko sukha mAnate hue nirantara kaSTa bhoga meM hI prasannatA kI anubhUti karanA hai| yaha viSayAnurAga hI jIva ko patana ke garta meM le jAtA hai| isa rAga ke sadbhAva meM viveka kA abhAva ho jAtA hai, jisase jIva vastu kI mUlasthiti nahIM jAna pAtA aura tatvadarzana na kara pAne ke kAraNa vividha bandhanoM meM ba~dhatA rahatA hai| mUla tattva ko na samajha pAne kA artha hai-anitya saMsAra ko nitya samajhanA, duHkha meM sukhadRSTi rakhanA, abhAva meM bhAvabuddhi rakhanA tathA apavitra vastu ko pavitra maannaa| yaha viparIta buddhi hI jJAna-doSa kA kAraNa hai| rAga-dveSa se nivRtti arthAt ajJAna se 225 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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mukti kA artha jJAnaprApti hai, jJAna se jIva meM tyAgabuddhi kA udaya hotA hai, tyAga se vairAgya panapatA hai, vairAgya se zuddhi AtI hai aura zuddhatA se paripakva hone se jIva kA uddhAra (janma-maraNa se nivRtti) ho jAtA hai| uparyukta avadhAraNA jaina darzana ke baMdhana evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA se samAnatA rakhatI hai, kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI rAga saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa hai| mithyAtva ke samApta hone para hI samyagdarzana kA udaya hotA hai, jisase vairAgyodaya hone se viSayopabhoga tathA usakI Asakti kA tyAga hotA hai evaM samyagjJAna kI bhI prApti hotI hai| jJAna prApti ke bAda vyakti mukta ho jAtA hai| jagat ke mUla tattva dRzyamAna jagata meM do prakAra ke padArtha dikhalAI dete haiM. donoM ke gaNadharma bhinna-bhinna haiM, ve sacetana tathA acetana haiM, jaina darzana meM inheM jIva aura ajIva kahA jAtA hai| inhIM ko jagat ke mUla tattva mAnA hai| jagat meM AtmA ke atirikta saba kucha ajIva ke antargata A jAtA hai| AtmA caitanyaguNa yukta hai tathA ajIva acetana hai| purANoM meM bhI ina donoM prakAroM kA ullekha hai| unameM puruSa ko sacetana tathA prakRti ko acetana batAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana meM jIva tathA ajIva ina donoM ko mUla tattvoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai; vaise hI purANoM meM bhI prakRti tathA puruSa ko jagat ke mUla ghaTaka mAnA hai| jinameM se prakRti evaM prakRti ke sabhI vikAra ko jar3a arthAt acetana tathA puruSa (AtmA) ko caitanyaguNa yukta kahA hai| puruSa ke atirikta saba jar3a hai| prakRti aura puruSa ke saMyoga se jagat gatizIla hai, prakRti jar3a hai, ataH kevala usase sRSTi-prakriyA sambhava nahIM hai| usakI kriyA puruSa ke caitanya se nirUpita hone para hI hotI hai| jisa prakAra aMdhA aura laMgar3A eka-dUsare kI sahAyatA se hI bhayaMkara araNya pAra kara sakate haiM, vaise hI prakRti aura puruSa ye donoM milakara sRSTi ke kArya kara sakate haiN| "manas ityAdi svataH cetana nahIM haiM balki puruSa ke prabhAva se aise haiN|19 isa prakAra puruSa ke sAnnidhya mAtra se parivartana hotA hai tathA puruSa se prakRti ke prabhAvita hone kI sambhAvanA ko lohe ko AkarSita karane vAle cumbaka ke dRSTAnta se samajhAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra se puruSa tathA prakRti ye donoM hI maulika sattAe~ haiM, na puruSa prakRti se utpanna hai aura na prakRti puruSa se utpanna hai| puruSa kI sakriyatA prakRti ke kAraNa hai tathA prakRti bhI puruSa ke sAnnidhya se nitya gatizIla hai| isa prakAra acetana evaM cetana do sattAoM ko jagat ke mUla meM mAnane ke kAraNa jainadarzana ke samAna purANa bhI dvaitavAdI kahe jA sakate sAMkhya ke anusAra-puruSa ananta hai aura prakRti hI samasta saMsAra kI hetubhUta hai| zivapurANa-kAra ke anusAra bhI "puruSa pradhAna mahAn kI samAvRta karake sthita hai jagat - vicAra / 226

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aura ananta usa puruSa kI bhI saMkhyA nahIM hai, kyoMki usa puruSa kA koI pramANa nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use ananta bhI kahate haiM / "2deg isI prakAra trayoviMzati tattvoM se pare prakRti evaM paMcabhUtoM yA teIsa tattvoM kA bhI purANoM meM ullekha hai| ataH aneka tattvoM kA ullekha hone se purANoM ko bahutattvavAdI bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| - jaina darzana meM bhI jagat ko nAnA tattvoM se yukta mAnA hai, kyoMki Atma-tattva tathA pudgalAdi ajIvatattva bhI aneka haiN| inhIM ke AdhAra para jagat hai, jIva tathA ajIva donoM hI tattva maulika haiM arthAt vizva ke mUla meM koI eka tattva nahIM, vaha to nAnA tattvoM kA sammelana hai| isa prakAra jagat ke ekatattvavAdI dRSTikoNa ko jaina darzana meM asvIkRta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi antimataH eka Izvara ko kAraNa mAnane se purANoM ko ekatattvavAdI bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jisako jaina darzana svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| kintu Izvara-kAraNatA kA ullekha hote hue bhI purANoM meM niSkarSataH to yahI mAnA gayA hai ki puruSa tathA prakRti ye donoM nitya haiN| inakA nirmANa Izvara nahIM karatA tathA sRSTi kI utpatti ina donoM tattvoM ke saMyoga se hI hotI hai| AtmA hI nahIM prakRti, jo ki sRSTi kA pradhAna kAraNa hai, nitya, akSaya, ajara aura aparimeya hai-22 pradhAnaM kAraNaM yattadavyaktAkhyaM maharSayaH / .. yadAhuH prakRti sUkSmAM nityAM sadasadAtmikAm / / daiva yA Izvara ke vizvanirmAtA yA niyantA hone kI avadhAraNA ke sthAna para jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra jagat anAdikAlIna hai| usakA niyantraNa yA sarjana prANiyoM ke karma se hotA hai, anya kisI kAraNa se nhiiN| isa siddhAnta kA samarthana karate hue purANoM kA bhI yahI mantavya hai ki "bhautika jagat kI sarga sthiti karmAdhIna hai aura vahI isakA niyAmaka hai, yaha karma hI jagat kA avyakta kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra se sUkSma bIja ke abhyantara vizAla vRkSa kI utpatti sannihita hotI hai, usI prakAra karma meM jagat kI racanA samAhita rahatI hai / 233 jagat kA bhaugolika varNana .. sampUrNa loka kA varNana karate hue jainAgamoM ke anusAra-yaha samasta saMsAra tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-Urdhvaloka, tiryak loka tathA adholoka / samasta loka caudaha rajju pramANa hai| Urdhvaloka-madhyaloka ke Upara kucha kama sAta rajju pramANa vistAra vAlA Urdhvaloka hai, isameM devatAoM ke nivAsa sthAna haiN| - tiryak loka-Urdhvaloka ke nIce tathA adholoka ke Upara 18 sau yojana pramANa tiryak loka hai| tiryak loka meM manuSya aura tiryaMcoM kI avasthiti hai| . 227 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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adholoka-tiryak loka ke nIce kucha adhika sAta rajju pramANa vistAra vAlA adholoka hai, isameM nArakI jIvoM kA nivAsa hai|" sUkSmadRSTi se dekhA jAye to tiryaJca gati ke jIva sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiN| manuSya tiryakloka (madhyaloka) taka sImita hai tathA devatAoM kA astitva tInoM lokoM meM hai| purANoM meM bhI loka-varNana ke antargata loka ke yahI tIna vibhAga kiye haiM Urdhvaloka, madhyaloka, adholok| bhuvanoM (lokoM) kI saMkhyA 14 hai| inameM se sAta Upara tathA sAta pRthvI ke nIce haiN| 14 lokoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM Upara ke saptaloka-bhUrloka, bhavarloka, svarloka, maharloka, janaloka, vapoloka, satyaloka / mahAtala, bhUmitala, sutala, nistala, tala, rasAtala, pAtAla-ye 7. nIce ke loka haiN| (inake anya nAma haiM-atala, vitala, sutala, talAtala, mahAtala, rasAtala, paataal)| zrImad bhAgavata meM sampUrNa loka ko eka virATa puruSa ke rUpa meM isa prakAra se citrita kiyA gayA hai--25 satyaloka tathA brahmaloka mastiSka anya Urdhvaloka (bhuvaH, svaH, mahaH, janaH, tapaH) .. madhyabhAga se Upara ke bhAga. bhUmitala jaghana sthala atala, vitala donoM urU sutala jAnu pradeza talAtala donoM jaMghAe~ mahAtala paira kI haDDI rasAtala paira kA pichalA bhAga pAtAla pAdamUla virATa puruSa kI tulanA hama jaina dharma meM varNita lokapuruSa se kara sakate haiM, jo ki caudaha rajju pramANa haiN| caudaha rAja uttaMga-nabha lokaparuSa sNtthaann| . tAme jIva anAdi te bharamata hai bina jJAna / / tiryak loka kA varNana bhaugolika varNana ke antargata purANa tathA jaina dharma meM varNita dvIpa-samudra-parvatAdi varNana meM bhI kaI samAnatAe~ haiM, jinheM ullikhita kiyA jA rahA hai| loka kA madhya bhAga hone se yaha madhyaloka bhI kahalAtA hai| madhyaloka ko manuSyakSetra bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isake atirikta Urdhvaloka aura adholoka meM manuSya nahIM hote / yadyapi.tiryaka loka me sirpha manuSya hI nahIM rahate haiM, deva tathA tiryaMcoM kA bhI yahA~ vAsasthAna hai, phira bhI manuSyapradhAna hone se yaha manuSyaloka kahA jAtA hai| .. jagat - vicAra / 228

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jaina bhUgola ke anusAra madhyaloka meM asaMkhyAta dvIpa aura samudra haiN| ve kramazaH dvIpa ke bAda samudra aura samudra ke bAda dvIpa-isa taraha avasthita haiN| jambUdvIpa thAlI jaisA hai aura anya saba dvIpa-samudroM kI AkRti valaya (cUr3I) ke samAna hai| jambUdvIpa. lavaNa samudra se veSTita hai, lavaNa samudra ghAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa se veSTita hai, ghAtakIkhaNDa kAlodadhi samudra se, kAlodadhi puSkaravara dvIpa se aura puSkaravara dvIpa puSkarodadhi se veSTita hai| yahI krama Age ke dvIpa-samudroM kA bhI hai| Age se Age dvIpa-samudroM kA vistAra dugunA hotA jAtA hai| puSkarArdha dvIpa taka manuSyaloka hai| jambUdvIpa sabase pahalA dvIpa hai aura samasta dvIpa-samudroM ke bIca meM sthita hai| isakA vistAra eka lAkha yojana pramANa hai, isake bIca eka lAkha yojana U~cA meru parvata kuzaka . lagabhaga isI prakAra se purANoM meM bhI jambUdvIpa ko eka lAkha yojana vAlA tathA lavaNa samudra se cAroM ora ghirA huA kahA hai tathA merU parvata kI jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM avasthiti, dvIpa ke pazcAt samudra evaM samudra ke pazcAt dvIpa-yahI dvIpa-samudroM kA krama evaM pratyeka kA vistAra pUrvavartI kSetra se dugunA batAyA hai| purANAnusAra bhI puSkara dvIpa taka hI manuSyaloka hai| kintu vahA~ yaha saptama dvIpa hai, jabaki jaina mAnyatAnusAra yaha tRtIya dvIpa hai| isake atirikta dvIpa-samudra ke nAmoM meM bhI kucha antara hai jinakA tulanAtmaka vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai--27 dvIpa jaina mAnyatA dvIpa-samudra asaMkhyAta jambUdvIpa pandrahavA~ dvIpa pandrahavA~ dvIpa solahavA~ dvIpa puSkara tIsarA dvIpa paurANika mAnyatA dvIpa-samudra sAta jambUdvIpa. ... prathama dvIpa kuza . cauthA dvIpa krauMca . pA~cavA~ dvIpa sAtavA~ dIe samudra jaina mAnyatA ... lavaNoda prathama samudra . .. 229 / purANoM meM jaina dharma krauMca Ital !

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cauthA samudra vAruNIrasa kSIrasAgara ghRtavara samudra ikSurasa samudra lavaNoda madirArasa dUdharasa madhurarasa .. pA~cavA~ samudra chaThA samudra sAtavA~ samudra paurANika mAnyatA prathama samudra tIsarA samudra chaThA samudra sAtavA~ samudra dUsarA samudra ikSurasa jaina mAnyatA paurANika mAnyatA 1. bhAratavarSa 1. bhAratavarSa 2. haimavata 2. kimpuruSa 3. harivarSa 3. harivarSa 4. videha 4. ilAvRta 5. ramyak 5. ramyaka 6. haimavata 6. hiraNmaya 7. airAvata 7. uttarakurU vizeSa-jaina mAnyatAnusAra videha kSetra ke hI eka bhAga kA nAma uttarakurU hai| ilAvRta airAvata kA hI rUpAntara hai| parvata jaina mAnyatA paurANika mAnyatA 1. himavAn 1. himavAn 2. mahAhimavAn 2. hemakUTa 3. niSadha 3. niSadha 4. nIla 4. nIla 5. rukmI 5. zveta 6. zikharI 6. zrRMgI vizeSa-zikharI aura zrRMgI ye donoM paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| paMcama rukmIparvata kA varNana jaina mAnyatAnusAra zveta mAnA gayA hai| jagat - vicAra / 230 .

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nadiyA~ purANa tathA jaina granthoM ke anusAra kSetroM ko vibhAjita karane vAle varSadhara (parvata) haiM, unameM se nadiyA~ nikalatI haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jambUdvIpa ke sAta kSetroM meM caudaha pradhAna nadiyA~ haiM, jinake nAma haiM-gaMgA-sindhu, rohitA-rohitAsyA, harita-harikAntA, sItA-sItodA, nArI-narakAntA, svrnnkuulaa| rUpyakUlA, rktaa-rktodaa| purANoM meM bhI kaI nadiyoM ke nAma haiM-zatadru candrabhAgA, narmadA, surasA, tApI, payoSNI, nirvindhyA, godAvarI ityAdi / varSadhara parvatoM para sarovara varSadhara parvatoM ke Upara sarovaroM tathA unameM kamaloM (jo vanaspatikAya kA nahIM hokara pArthiva hai arthAt kamala ke AkAra kI pRthvI hai) kA bhI jaina evaM paurANika mAnyatA meM samAna" ullekha hai| bhogabhUmi evaM karmabhUmi bhogabhUmi evaM karmabhUmi kA Azaya yahA~ yoni (gati) vizeSa se na hokara kAla tathA kSetra se sambandhita hai| kucha kSetra aise haiM, jahA~ sarvadA bhogabhUmi rahatI haiN| kucha kSetra aise haiM, jahA~ sarvadA karmabhUmi hai evaM kucha kSetra aise haiM jahA~ donoM prakAra kI paristhitiyA~ kramazaH AtI rahatI haiN| karmabhUmi tathA bhogabhUmi kA varNana karate hue jainAgamoM meM kahA gayA hai ki karmabhUmi karma pradhAna hotI hai| vahA~ asi-masi-kRSi kA vyavahAra hotA hai| vahIM se prANI cAroM gatiyoM meM jA sakatA hai tathA mukta bhI ho sakatA hai jabaki bhogabhUmi meM aisA nahIM hotaa|29 aisA hI Azaya spaSTa karate hue viSNu purANa kA kathana hai| samudra ke uttara aura himAdri ke dakSiNa meM bhAratavarSa avasthita hai| isakA vistAra nau hajAra vistRta hai| yaha svarga aura mokSa jAne vAle puruSoM kI karmabhUmi hai, kyoMki isI sthAna se manuSya svarga aura mukti prApta karate haiM aura yahIM se tiryaMca aura naraka gati meM bhI jAte haiM, ataH karmabhUmi hai| agni purANa kA bhI yahI Azaya hai karmabhUmiriyaM svargamapavargaM ca gacchatAm bhAratavarSa ___ jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnyatA hai RSabhadeva, jo isa yuga ke prathama tIrthaMkara the, unake putra bharata ke nAmAnusAra isa kSetra kA nAma "bhArata" huA, kyoMki vahI prathama cakravartI the, jinhoMne isa kSetra kA sarvaprathama rAjyasukha bhogaa|" isa mata kA samarthana aneka purANoM meM dRSTigata hotA hai| purANoM ke anusAra svAyambhuva manu ke putra the priyavrata, jinake putra the nAbhi, nAbhi ke putra RSabha the, unake 231 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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ekazata putroM meM se jyeSTha putra bharata ne pitA kA rAjya siMhAsana prApta kiyA aura inhIM rAjA bharata ke nAma para yaha pradeza "ajanAbha" se parivartita hokara "bhAratavarSa" kahalAne lgaa| jo loga duSyanta ke putra bharata ke nAma para yaha nAmakaraNa mAnate haiM, ve paramparA ke virodhI hone se apramANa haiN|32 kAlacakra __ jagata kA parivartana kAla ke anusAra hotA hai| jainAgamoM meM kAla ke mukhyataH do vibhAga batAye haiM-avasarpiNI tathA utsrpinnii| jisa kAla meM jIvoM kI zakti, avagAhanA, Ayu kramazaH ghaTatI jAtI hai, vaha avasarpiNI kAla kahalAtA hai aura jisa kAla meM inameM kramazaH vRddhi hotI jAtI hai, vaha utsarpiNI kAla kahalAtA hai / ' avasarpiNI kAla ke samApta hone para utsarpiNI kAla AtA hai aura utsarpiNI kAla ke samApta hone para avasarpiNI kAla AtA hai| anAdikAla se. yaha krama calA A rahA hai aura anantakAla taka yaha calatA rhegaa| isI prakAra se hrAsa evaM vikAsa kI dRSTi se purANoM meM bhI avasarpiNI evaM utsarpiNI kA varNana AyA hai|33 / / jaina granthoM meM avasarpiNI kAla ke akarmabhUmi-karmabhUmi kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki usa samaya sukha kA sAmrAjya hotA hai| tatkAlIna loga sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjakIya baMdhanoM se mukta tathA svayaM apane Apake rAjA hote haiN| unheM kisI prakAra kI cintA nahIM hotI hai| ve divyarUpa sampanna, saumya, mRdubhASI, alpaparigrahI, zAnta, sarala hote haiM tathA krodha-mAna-mada-moha-mAtsarya Adi aguNoM kI alpatA vAle hote haiN| manuSya-manuSyaNI yugalarUpa meM hI janma lete haiN| yaha jor3A sAtha hI rahatA hai| inakI icchAe~ kalpavRkSoM dvArA pUrNa hotI haiN| Ayu ke anta meM yugalinI, putra-putrI yugala ko janma detI hai| mRtyu ke samaya eka ko chIMka aura dUsare ko ubAsI AtI hai| isa prakAra kI vyavasthA hone se kisI bhI prakAra ke vyApArAdi dvArA AjIvikA vahA~ nahIM hotI hai tathA jAtigata antara bhI nahIM hotA hai| kintu bAda meM kAla-svabhAva ke prabhAva se kalpavRkSoM dvArA vastuoM kI pUrti meM kamI Ane se manuSyoM meM paraspara vivAda hotA hai, jisako kulakara miTAte haiM / ye kulakara apane-apane samaya ke pratApazIla, vidvAn, samAja ke maryAdA-puruSa, samAja-vyavasthApaka hote haiN| jaba kalpavRkSoM kI phaladAyI zaktiyoM meM kSINatA Ane se manuSya kSudhA se pIr3ita evaM vyAkula hone lage, taba prathama tIrthaMkara manuSyoM kI isa dazA ko dekhakara dayA bhAvanA se, unake prANoM kI rakSA ke lie svabhAvataH uge hue caubIsa prakAra ke dhAnyAdi batalAte haiN| kaccA dhAnya khAne se peTa dukhatA hai-yaha jAnakara araNi-kASTha se agni utpanna kii| kumbhakAra kI sthApanA karake pakAne ke lie use bartana banAnA sikhalAte haiN| phira cAra kula1.kotavAla nyAyAdhIza Adi kA upakula, 2. guru, sthAnIya uccapuruSoM kA bhogakula, 3. maMtriyoM kA rAjakula aura 4. prajA kA kSatriyakula, 18 zreNiyA~ (jAttiyA~) aura 18 jagat - vicAra / 232

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prazreNiyA~ sthApita karate haiN| puruSoM kI bahattara kalAe~, sriyoM kI cauMsaTha kalAe~, aThAraha lipiyA~, caudaha vidyAe~ vagairaha sikhalAte haiN| isa prakAra karmabhUmi kA prArambha ho jAtA isa varNana ke lagabhaga samAna varNana mArkaNDeya purANa meM bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| vahA~ bhI yugaloM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki ve mithuna Ayu ke anta meM kevala eka bAra hI santAnotpatti karate the| anta avasthA meM hI eka kulika aura kulakA (putra-putrI yugala) utpanna hote the| usa samaya ve saba saritA (nadI), sarovara, samudra aura parvatoM kA hI upayoga karate the| vicaraNa karate hue una saba prANiyoM ko usa yuga meM na adhika zIta lagatI thI aura na adhika uSNatA se ve pIr3ita the| saMskArahIna (saMskAra hInatA kA tAtparya yahA~ vartamAna meM pracalita nAmakaraNAdi solaha saMskAroM kI rahitatA ho sakatA hai) zarIroM se yukta hote hue bhI vaha prajA sthirayauvana vAlI thii| unake (yugaloM ke) binA saMkalpa ke utpanna huI mithunavatI prajA jisa prakAra sAtha-sAtha utpanna hotI thI, usI prakAra rUpa Adi meM mamatva prApti karake eka sAtha hI maratI thii| ve paraspara icchA evaM dveSarahita hokara vyavahAra karate the| unameM U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA bhI na thii| kalpavRkSoM se samasta upabhogoM kI prApti hotI thii| tretA yuga ke prArambha meM unhIM kalpavRkSoM ke dvArA manuSya apanA jIvana vyatIta karate the| kucha samaya * pazcAt unameM akasmAt rAga kA prAdurbhAva huaa| tatpazcAt gRhoM meM sthita kalpavRkSoM meM bhI rAga kI utpatti huI, isase kalpavRkSa naSTa ho gae aura anya prakAra ke cAra zAkhAoM vAle vRkSoM kI utpatti huii| unake phaloM se vasra evaM AbharaNa utpanna hote the| una phaloM ke pratyeka puTa meM zreSThagaMdha, varNa evaM rasa se yukta parama balazAlI madhu, makkhiyoM ke binA hI utpanna hotA thaa| phira kAla-krama se prajA lobhayukta hone lagI evaM mamatva se aviSTa citta hokara una vRkSoM ko eka-dUsare se chInane lge| isa prakAra ke durAcaraNa se ve sabhI vRkSa naSTa ho gye| tatpazcAt zIta-uSNa, kSudhA aura pipAsA Adi dvandva utpanna hue| taba pUrvakAla meM una dvandvoM ko dUra karane ke lie puroM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| madhu ke sahita una kalpavRkSoM ke naSTa hone para aba zItoSNa Adi dvandvoM kA upaghAta karake ve apanI jIvikA kI cintA karane lge| taba kSudhA aura pipAsA se pIr3ita evaM viSAda se prajAe~ vyAkula ho giiN| varSA kA jala nimnagAmI thaa| vRSTi kA rukA huA jala hI srota bana gyaa| isake girane se hala se jote binA hI grAmya aura araNya Adi caudaha vRkSa aura gulma utpanna ho gae, ve sabhI RtuoM meM puSpa aura phala utpanna karate the| isI prakAra tretA yuga ke Arambha meM sabhI auSadhiyA~ huiiN| rAga aura lobha se yukta huI prajAe~ ina auSadhiyoM ke dvArA hI apanI jIvikA calAtI thii| usake pazcAt mAtsarya ke kAraNa apane bala ke anusAra manuSya nadI, kSetra, parvata, vRkSa, gulma, auSadhi ko grahaNa karane .. 233 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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lge| isI doSa ke kAraNa ve saba auSadhiyA~ dekhate-dekhate naSTa ho gii| una sabhI vanaspatiyoM ko (vastutaH) pRthvI ne grasita kara liyA thaa| una auSadhiyoM ke naSTa hone * para punaH prAnta huI prajA, kSudhAtura hokara parameSThI brahmA kI zaraNa meM gii| unhoMne pRthvI kA dohana kiyaa| usameM sabhI bIjoM kI utpatti huii| punaH grAmya va araNya vRkSa utpanna hue| phala pakane ke pazcAt satraha prakAra kI auSadhiyoM kA samUha utpanna huaa| jaba nirmita auSadhiyA~ punaH nahIM ugatI thIM, taba unhoMne unakI vRddhi ke lie tathA manuSyoM kI jIvikA kA vicAra kiyaa| taba svayambhU brahmAjI ne karma dvArA utpanna hone vAlI hastasiddhi ko utpanna kiyaa| taba se lekara sabhI auSadhiyA~ kRSTapacya (hala ke dvArA jotakara boI huI) hI utpanna huiiN| isa prakAra una prajAoM kI jIvikA kA sAdhana ho jAne para, svayaM brahmAjI ne nyAya aura guNoM ke anusAra maryAdA kI sthApanA kii| unhoMne varNa aura AzramoM ke dharma tathA dharmapAlaka saba vargoM meM utpanna hue logoM ke lie dharma kA nirUpaNa kiyaa|35 uparyukta vivecana meM sAmAjika vyavasthA ke saMsthApaka brahmA batAye gaye haiM, jabaki jaina paramparA meM RSabhadeva ko karmabhUmi kA sthApaka kahA hai| purANoM meM varNita manuoM ke sthAna para jaina paramparA meM kulakaroM kA varNana milatA hai| karmabhUmi kI sthApanA ke pazcAt aneka prakAra kI vyavasthAe~ kAyama hotI giiN| prAkRtika suvidhAe~ ghaTatI giiN| kaI prakAra kI prAkRtika asuvidhAe~ hone lagI, jisake samAdhAna ke lie manuSyoM dvArA aneka kArya kiye jAne lge| zubha pugaloM tathA pariNAmoM meM ananta gunI hInatA hotI jAtI hai / isa prakAra ke apakarSa ko prApta karate-karate paMcama Are ke samaya meM bahuta sI zubha bAtoM kA sarvathA abhAva hI ho jAtA hai| pUrvakAlIna manuSya sarala evaM subodhya hote the, kintu isa samaya ke loga vakra evaM jar3abuddhi vAle hote ge| yaha hrAsa bar3hate-bar3hate chaThe Are meM samasta sukha-suvidhAe~ samApta ho jAtI haiN| yaha kAla sarvAdhika duHkhada batAyA gayA hai| manuSya dvArA nirmita bhavanAdi, samasta Avazyaka sAmagriyA~ bhI vinaSTa ho jAtI haiN| mAtra bIjarUpa meM hI manuSyAdi prANI rheNge| isa prakAra atyanta apakarSa ke pazcAt punaH jisa prakAra se hrAsa huA, usI krama se vikAsa prArambha hotA hai. jo utsarpiNI kAla kahalAtA hai / yadyapi jaina darzana ke samAna avasarpiNI, utsarpiNI kAla kI avadhi purANoM meM nahIM hai tathApi hrAsa evaM vikAsa kA varNana purANoM meM yugoM ke rUpa meM huA hai| vahA~ bhI avasarpiNI kAla ke cAra yugoM meM kramazaH hrAsa hone kA varNana hai, anta meM kalayuga meM zubha tattvoM kA abhAva evaM azubha vAtAvaraNa kI pracuratA hotI jAtI hai| hrAsa kI atyadhikatA ko hI anta meM pralaya kI sthiti batAI hai, jisake bAda phira se vikAsa krama prArambha hotA hai| jagat - vicAra / 234

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sRSTi-pralaya sRSTi evaM pralaya ke sambandha meM yaha to pahale hI spaSTa ho cukA hai ki jagat nitya hai, sat hai, ataH usakA ekadama pUrNa nAza tathA utpatti nahIM hotii| svAbhAvika parivartana athavA kSaNa-kSaNa kI sRSTi aura kSaNa-kSaNa ke pralaya uparAnta vaibhAvika paryAya-janma dIrghakAlika parivartana yA sthUla sRSTi-pralaya ko jaina darzana meM sthAna diyA gayA, kintu vaha kevala pudgala skandha aura karmasahita jIva ina do dravyoM taka hI sImita hai| usakA kSetra bhI ati maryAdita hai, kyoMki Urdhvaloka aura adholoka meM sthUla parivartanarUpa sRSTi-pralaya nahIM hai| madhya loka meM bhI DhAI dvIpa ke bhItara jambUdvIpa kA eka bharata aura eka airAvata, dhAtakIkhaNDa ke do bharata aura do airAvata tathA ardhapuSkara dvIpa ke do bharata aura do airAvata; ina dasa kSetroM meM utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI kAlacakra pravartamAna hai| isake phalasvarUpa utsarpiNI kAla ke Arambha meM 21000 varSa paryanta aura avasarpiNI kAla ke anta meM 21000 varSa paryanta pralayakAla calatA hai, vaha bhI sampUrNa pralaya nahIM kintu khaNDa pralaya hai / 42000 varSa paryanta vRSTi, phasala, rAjanIti, dharmanIti, grAma, nagara, pura, pATana, nadI, sarovara, koTa, kile, pahAr3a Adi kramazaH nirantara kSaya ko prApta hote jAyeMge aura avasarpiNI kAla ke pA~caveM Are ke antima dina sabakA uccheda hotA hai| avasarpiNI kAla ke chaThe Are meM aura utsarpiNI kAla ke prathama Are meM isI prakAra kI sthiti batAI gaI hai| manuSya aura tiryaMca bIja mAtra raha jaayeNge| gaMgA-sindhu nadiyA~ raheMgI, jinake kinAre-kinAre bIja mAtra manuSya aura tiryaJca rheNge| utsarpiNI ke dUsare Are ke prArambha meM vRSTi Adi kA prArambha hotA hai aura sthiti sudharane lagatI hai| isako sRSTi kA Arambha kAla kaheM to anucita nahIM hai| vastutaH yahA~ pralaya kA artha apakarSa aura sRSTi kA artha utkarSa-unnati hai| purANoM meM sRSTi kA artha hai-avyakta kA vyakta honaa| jo padArtha (tattva) hrAsa kAla meM avyakta ho jAte haiM, unakA punaH vyakta honA (prakaTa honA) hI sRSTi hai| purANoM meM sRSTi-prakriyA yaha hai-puruSa nAma se adhiSThita, prakRti ke saMyoga se mahattatva utpanna hotA hai| -mahattatva se triguNa-ahaMkAra -ahaMkAra se paMcatanmAtrA -tanmAtrAoM se paMcamahAbhUta . -mahAbhUtoM se carAcara jagat kI saMracanA batAI gaI hai| paurANika sRSTi-varNana para sAMkhya kA vizeSa rUpa se prabhAva par3A hai| purANoM meM sarga nau prakAra kA batAyA. hai, jinameM mukhyatayA sarga tIna prakAra kA hai - 235 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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1. prAkRta sarga-prAkRta sarga abuddhipUrvaka hotA hai arthAt usakI sRSTi naisargika rUpa se hotI hai| yaha tIna prakAra kA hotA hai brahmasarga, bhUtasarga (paMcatanmAtrAe~) tathA vaicArika sarga (indriya sambandhI sRsstti)| 2. vaikRta sarga-yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai--mukhya sarga (sthAvara), tiryak sarga (tiryaMca yonirUpa), devasarga, mAnuSa sarga tathA anugraha sarga (sAtvika, taamsik)| .. 3. prAkRta-vaikRta-sarga-yaha eka prakAra kA hai--kaumAra srg|37 pralaya . bhAgavata purANa meM pralaya ke lie nirodha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| purANoM meM pralaya cAra prakAra kA batAyA hai nitya, naimittika, dviparArdha tathA prAkRta / anyatra dviparAdha ko prAkRta kA paryAya mAnakara Atyantika nAmaka pralaya kA nidarzana huA hai| kSudra pralaya tathA dainaMdina pralayoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| 1. nitya pralaya-brahmA se lekara tRNa paryanta sabhI prANI yA padArthoM ke utpanna hote rahane kA nAma nitya pralaya hai| 2. naimittika (kSudra pralaya)-isa pralaya kA samaya brahmA kI rAtri hotI hai, ise kAlarAtri bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa samaya brahmaloka se nIce ke samasta loka saMkarSaNa ke mukha se uThI huI agni se dhvasta ho jAte haiN| . 3. prAkRtika pralaya (dviparArdha) -bhAgavata ke anusAra jaba brahmA ke zata varSa vyatIta ho jAte haiM, taba mAnavIya mAna se usakI dviparAdha kI Ayu samApta ho jAtI hai| usI samaya mahattattva, ahaMkAra, paMcatanmAtrA-ye sAtoM prakRtiyA~ apane kAraNa mUla prakRti meM lIna ho jAtI haiM, ise prAkRtika pralaya kahA gayA hai| 4. Atyantika pralaya-Atyantika pralaya taba hotA hai. jaba jIva AtmA kI upAdhi rUpa ahaMkAra ko naSTa kara apane svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra prApta kara letA hai|38 isa prakAra Atyantika pralaya kaivalyasvarUpa hai| purANoM meM sarga nau prakAra kA batAyA hai, jabaki jainAgamoM meM sampUrNa jAgatika (sAMsArika) jIvoM ko pramukhataH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-sthAvara evaM sa / sthAvara ke antargata pRthvI, ap (jala), tejas (agni), vAyu tathA vanaspati zarIragata jIva Ate haiM, jinake pAsa mAtra sparzendriya hI hotI hai| trasa ke antargata dvIndriya (do indriya-sparzana, rasanA vAle),trIndriya (sparza,rasanA tathA ghANendriya vAle), caturIndriya (sparza, rasanA, ghrANa tathA cakSu indriya vAle) tathA paMcendriya (zrotrendriya sahita sampUrNa pA~coM indriya vaale)| abhivyakti kI dRSTi se ye apane pUrva-pUrvavartI se adhika jagat - vicAra / 236

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vikasita haiN| isake atirikta gati kI dRSTi se bhI jIvoM ke cAra bhAga kiye haiM--nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya tathA dev| naraka 'naraka ke jainAgamoM meM sAta prakAra batAye gaye haiN| purANoM meM yadyapi narakoM kI saMkhyA ikkIsa batAI hai, parantu zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki paurANikoM ke anusAra raurava Adi sAta naraka hote haiM, jahA~ pApa karane vAle loga apane phala ko bhogane ke lie jAte haiN|39 naraka meM jAne ke kAraNa jaina paramparA evaM purANoM meM naraka prApti kA mukhya kAraNa azubhakarma athavA pApakarma hai| una kAraNoM ko jainAgamoM meM isa prakAra se batAyA gayA hai-isa saMsAra meM jo pApamaya jIvana meM rata ajJAnI loga raudra pApakarmoM ko karate haiM, ve atyanta bhayAnaka, atyanta andhakArayukta evaM tIvra tApa vAle naraka meM jA girate haiN| jo manuSya halana-calana karane vAle trasa tathA sthAvara jIvoM kI nirdayatApUrvaka hiMsA karatA hai aura jo zArIrika paudgalika sukhoM ke lie jIvoM kA upamardana karatA hai, dUsaroM kI cIjeM haraNa karane meM hI jIvana kI saphalatA samajhatA hai aura kisI bhI vrata ko aMgIkAra nahIM karatA, vaha yahA~ se marakara naraka meM jAtA hai aura svakRta karmoM ke anusAra nAnA bhA~ti kA duHkha bhogatA hai| pramukhataH naraka ke cAra kAraNa batAye gaye haiN| mahAArambha, mahAparigraha, madya-mA~sa sevana tathA paMcendriya vdh|| ___ina sabhI kAraNoM kA purANoM meM bhI ullekha hai| vivekahInatA, paradoSadarzana, amaMgala karanA, apavitratA, asatyavacana, AtatAyI bananA, parastrI kAmanA, satya ke prati IrSyA, nindita evaM uddaNDa vyavahAra Adi aneka kAraNoM se naraka prApti batAI gaI nArakIya duHkha-jainAgamoM meM nArakIya duHkhoM kA varNana isa prakAra se hai jo ajJAnIjIva hiMsA, jhUTha, corI aura vyabhicAra Adi karake naraka meM jA girate haiN| asura kumArAdi paramAdharmI deva una pApiyoM ke kAna, nAka aura hoThoM ko churI se chedate haiM aura unake mu~ha meM se jihvA ko beMta jitanI lambAI bhara bAhara khIMcakara tIkSNa zUloM se chedate haiM, rudhira bahatA rahatA hai aura ve rAta-dina bar3e AkraMdana svara se rote haiN| unake chede hue aMga ko agni meM jalAte haiM, usa para lavaNAdi kSAra chir3akate haiN| nArakIya jIva una paramAdhArmika devoM ke dvArA pakAye jAne para na to bhasmIbhUta hote haiM aura na hI usa mahAn bhayAnaka chedana-bhedana Adi se kaTate haiM, kintu apane kiye hue duSkarmoM ke phaloM ko bhogate hue bar3e kaSTa se samaya bitAte rahate haiN| sadaiva kaSTa uThAte hue nArakIya jIvoM ko palabhara bhI sukha nahIM hai| eka duHkha ke bAda .. 237 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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dUsarA duHkha unake lie taiyAra rahatA hai| saMkSiptataH vahA~ kSetrakRta, pArasparika tathA devakRta-ina tIna prakAra ke kaSTa batAye gaye haiN|" purANoM meM vibhinna kuNDoM kA ullekha karate hue unake nAmAnusAra duHkhoM kA varNana hai, jo ki analikhita hai1. raurava 2. mahAraurava 3. tAmisra 4. andhatAmisra 5. kAlacakra 6. apratiSTha 7. ghaTIyantra 8. asipatravana 9. taptakumbha 10. kUTazAlmalI . 11. karapatra 12. zvAna bhojana 13. sadaMza 14. lohapiNDa 15. karambhasikatA 16. bhayaMkara kSAra nadI 17. kRmi bhojana 18. ghora vaitaraNI nadI 19. zoNita pUya bhojana 20. kSurApradhAra 21. nizitacakra 22. saMzoSaNa pApiyoM ko duHkha kA bhoga karAnA hI ina kuNDoM kA prayojana hai| ye bhayaMkara kuNDa atyanta bhayAvaha tathA kutsita haiN| dasa lAkha kiMkaragaNaM sadA ina kuNDoM kI dekharekha meM niyukta rahate haiN| ve bhayaMkara evaM madAbhimAnI kiMkara hAthoM meM bhayAvaha gadA aura zakti lie rahate haiN| unameM dayA kA nAma taka nahIM hotaa| unheM koI kisI prakAra bhI roka nahIM sktaa|2 uparyukta vaitaraNI, asipatra, kUTazAlmalI Adi kA ullekha jainAgamoM meM varNita naraka-varNana meM vedanAoM ke rUpa meM AtA hai| tiryaMca tiryaMca ke bhI bahuta se prakAroM kA jainAgamoM meM varNana hai| ekendriya se lekara paMcendriya taka tiryaMca aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| purANoM meM isa yoni kA varNana sarga ke antargata caturtha tathA paMcama sarga meM AtA hai| caturtha sarga meM sthAvaroM kA tathA paMcama sarga meM tiryaMca yonirUpa tiryak srota kahA gayA hai|73 manuSya ___manuSyagati kA mahattva jaina darzana aura purANa donoM meM aMkita hai| manuSyattva ko mokSa-hetu sAdhanabhUta batAte hue use jainAgamoM meM cAra durlabha aMgoM meM prathama sthAna para rakhA gayA hai| vizva kI anantAnanta jIva rAzi ke sammukha manuSya utane hI haiM, jagat - vicAra / 238

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jitanI mahAsamudra ke samakSa eka nanhI-sI buuNd| caudaha rAjUloka meM manuSyakSetra mAtra DhAI dvIpa hI hai| saMsAra meM anantakAla se paribhramaNa karate hue AtmA kA jaba kramika vikAsa hotA hai, taba vaha ananta puNyakarma ke udaya se vibhinna yoniyoM ko pAra karatA huA manuSyajanma grahaNa karatA hai| azubha karmoM kA bhAra dUra hotA hai va AtmA zuddha, pavitra aura nirmala banatA hai, taba kahIM yaha jIva manuSya kI sarvazreSTha gati ko prApta karatA hai| saMsArI jIvoM ko manuSya-janma cirakAla taka idhara-udhara anya yoniyoM meM bhaTakane ke bAda bar3I kaThinAI se prApta hotA hai| jo prANI chala-kapaTa se dUra rahatA hai, prakRti se sarala hotA hai, ahaMkAra se zUnya hokara vinayazIla hotA hai, saba choTe-bar3oM kA yathocita sammAna karatA hai, dUsaroM kI kisI bhI prakAra kI unnati ko dekhakara dAha nahIM karatA, pratyuta jisake hRdaya meM harSa aura Ananda kI svAbhAvika anubhUti hotI hai, raga-raga meM dayA kA saMcAra hotA hai, jo kisI bhI prANI ko duHkhI dekhakara dravita ho jAtA hai evaM usakI sahAyatA ke lie tana-mana-dhana saba luTAne ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai, vaha mRtyu ke pazcAt manuSya-janma pAne kA adhikArI hotA hai| manuSya ke vikAsa kI sambhAvanAe~ sarvAdhika batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki manuSya ko chor3akara anya gati vAle jIva siddhi ko prApta nahIM hote, kyoMki unameM aisI yogyatA nahIM hai| yaha manuSya bhava atyanta duSprApya hai tathA jIvoM ko bar3e lambe kAla ke bAda kabhI milatA hai, kyoMki karmoM ke phala gAr3ha (ghora) hote haiN| jo isa manuSya bhava se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai, use bodhi prApta karanA durlabha hai|" manuSya-janma kI mahattA purANoM meM bhI vyakta kI gaI hai, viSNu purANa ke anusAra hajAroM janmoM kI yaMtraNA bhoga lene ke pazcAt kabhI mahAn puNya kA phala ho to hI isa deza meM manuSyadeha kI prApti hotI hai| devatA bhI yahI kahate haiM ki jo svarga aura mokSa ke mArgabhUta bhAratavarSa meM utpanna hue haiM tathA jinhoMne isa karmabhUmi meM utpanna hokara phalaprApti kI kAmanA se rahita apane karmoM ko paramAtmA ko arpaNa kara diyA hai tathA isase malarahita hokara anta meM unhIM ananta bhagavAn meM lIna ho jAte haiM, ve manuSya hama devatAoM se bhI adhika bhAgyavAn haiN| apane svarga prApta karAne vAle puNyakoM ke kSINa hone para hama kahA~ jAkara utpanna hoMge, hama yaha nahIM jAnate / ve manuSya dhanya hai jinhoMne bhAratavarSa kI pRthvI para utpanna hokara indriyoM kI zakti ko nahIM chor3A hai| devatva se pracyuta hone para hama manuSyatva ko prApta kareM, kyoMki jisa kArya ko manuSya karane meM samartha hai, use devatA tathA asura koI nahIM kara sktaa| dekhiye, karma rUpI ber3iyoM se baMdhe huye, apane karma kI prasiddhi ke icchuka, sukha ke lezamAtra se mohita hokara kucha karma (zubha) nahIM karate haiN| ataH isa kSetra meM janma, manuSyadeha tathA zAsrokta dharma kA paripAlana karanA durlabha hotA hai|*5 239 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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pUrvokta purANoM ke mantavya ke tulya manuSya-janma kI durlabhatA batAte hue jainAgamoM meM yahI pratipAdita kiyA hai ki manuSyatva, zAsra zravaNa, dharma meM zraddhA tathA saMyama meM puruSArtha-ina cAra aMgoM kI prApti bahuta durlabha hai| devaloka meM devatA bhI nimnalikhita bAtoM kI sadA icchA kiyA karate haiM-manuSya yoni prApta karanA, AryakSetra meM janma lenA tathA zreSThakula meM utpanna honaa| deva bhale hI manuSyoM se adhika zaktizAlI aura samRddha hoM, para dharma kA pAlana kara manuSya hI AtmA se paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| yaha kSamatA mAnava meM hI hai, ataH devatva se mAnava-jIvana ko hI zreSTha mAnA hai| maharSi vedavyAsa kA mahAbhArata meM kathana hai ki maiM tuma logoM ke samakSa eka guptasatya kI abhivyakti de rahA huuN| vaha yaha hai ki sArI sRSTi meM manuSya se zreSThatara na to koI vastu hai aura na hI koI prANI hI guhyaM brahma tadidaM vo bravImi, . na mAnuSAcchreSThataraM hi kiMcit / / deva 'deva' zabda kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra se kI gaI hai-"dIvyanti yatheccha nirupamakrIDAmanubhavantIti devA", "dIvyanti yathecchaM krIDantIti devAH"."dIvyanti svarUpe iti devaaH| tAtparya yaha hai ki devatA vizeSa puNyarAzi se yukta hone se zubha pudgaloM (dyuti) vAle hote haiN| ve devagati Adi karmoM se usa paryAya ko prApta karate haiN| unakI sthitiyA~ (AyuSya) bhI pratyeka kI bhinna-bhinna hai| AyuSya kI samApti ke bAda unheM punaH isI dharAtala para AnA par3atA hai, kyoMki ve bhI karmoM se baddha saMsArI prANI haiM, janma-maraNa karane vAle haiM, mukta nahIM haiM; isIlie mumukSuoM ke lie una devatAoM ko upAsya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| mukta hone ke lie to mokSamArga batAne tathA svayaM mukta hone vAle devAdhideva (arihaMta, siddha) ko hI ArAdhya evaM anukaraNIya batAyA hai| purANoM meM bhI devatAoM kA varNana karate hue deva, deviyoM, vidyAdhara, yakSa, guhyaka, apsarA Adi deva yoniyoM kI aneka kathAe~ haiN| "deva devane, devi prINane, divu krIDAvijigISA-vyavahAra-dyuti-moda-madasvaprakAntigatiSu, divu parikUjane" ityAdi se nirmita devatA zabda meM inake artha-prasanna karanA, prakAza karanA, kholanA, vijaya kI icchA sannihita hai| maharSi yAska ke anusAra "devatA" zabda kA nirvacana isa prakAra hai "devo dAnAdvA, dIpanAdvA, dyotAnAdvA / " "ghusthAno bhavatIti vA yo devaH sA devatA"L arthAt dAtRtvazakti se yukta dIpana aura dyotana karane vAle ko deva kahA jAtA hai athavA dhuloka meM rahane ke kAraNa bhI deva kahA jA sakatA hai| jagat - vicAra / 240

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jaina granthoM meM jisa prakAra devoM ko vaikriyaka zarIrayukta hone se rUpaparivartana, adRzya tathA pragaTa honA Adi kI zaktiyukta batAyA hai, vaise hI purANoM meM devatAoM ke zarIra divya, zuddha batAye gaye haiM evaM unake zarIra meM mala-mUtra-pasInAdi nahIM hotaa| ve kahIM bhI eka kSaNa meM jA sakate haiM, vibhinnarUpa banA sakate haiM tathA purANoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki devaloka meM koI devatA sthAyI nahIM hai| eka avadhi taka hI ve vahA~ rahate haiN| jaba unakI AyuSya kI sthiti pUrNa ho jAtI hai to unheM bhI janmAntara meM jAnA par3atA hai| karmoM se baddha hone ke kAraNa unakA bhI saMsAra meM saMsaraNa (AvAgamana) anya prANiyoM ke samAna calatA rahatA hai| unake AyuSya kI avadhiyA~ bhale hI lambI hoM, parantu ve amara nahIM haiN| isa prakAra se deva, manuSya tiryaMca, naraka ina cAra gatiyoM meM jIvoM kA AvAgamana calatA rahatA hai| jinakA yaha AvAgamana banda ho jAtA hai, ve jIva mukta kahalAte haiN| loka-saMsthiti vastutaH jIva evaM ajIva kA saMyoga hI saMsAra hai| loka kI saMsthiti jainAgamoM ke anusAra isa prakAra hai-50 1. AkAza ke AdhAra para vAyu hai| 2. vAyu ke AdhAra para jala hai| . 3. jala ke AdhAra para pRthvI hai| . 4. pRthvI para trasa-sthAvara jIva haiN| 5. ajIva (zarIrAdi) jIva pratiSThita haiN| 6. jIva (karmAdhIna jIva) karma ke vazavartI rahe hue haiN| 7. ajIva ko jIvoM meM saMgraha kara rakhA hai| 8. jIva ko kamoM ne saMgraha kara rakhA hai, roka rakhA hai| bAlAba meM DUbI huI .naukA jisa taraha jala meM eka meka hokara rahatI hai. usI prakAra jIva aura pudgala Apasa meM eka-meka hokara loka meM rahate haiN| jainAgamoM kI isa avadhAraNA ke samAna hI purANoM meM bhI cetana evaM acetana ke saMyoga ko hI saMsAra kahA gayA hai| jIva tathA jar3a ke mizraNa se hI jagat hai| mAtra jar3a para athavA mAtra jIva para jagat nahIM cala sktaa| isa prakAra se jagat ke sandarbha meM purANoM meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna anekAntavAdI cintana dRSTigata hotA hai| jaisAki vaidika saMskRti kA yaha spaSTa mantavya hai ki jagat IzvarakRta hai, usake sarjaka athavA niyantraka Izvara haiN| usake sthAna para 241 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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purANoM meM yaha siddhAnta bhI spaSTataH upalabdha hotA hai ki sRSTi anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai, usake niyantraNakartA ke rUpa meM jaina darzana ke samAna hI karma ko kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| isake atirikta vizva ke mUla meM eka hI tattva se sambandhita vaidika niSThA ke sthAna para paurANika mantavya-prakRti tathA puruSa ko nitya mAnane se dvaitavAdI evaM inako bhI aneka svIkAra karane vAle bahutattvavAdI haiN| yaha mata jainamata se paryApta samAnatA rakhatA hai, kyoMki usake anusAra vizva ke mUla meM koI eka tattva nahIM hai, kintu vaha to nAnA tattvoM kA sammelana hai| jagat kI nityatA ko saiddhAntikarUpa se svIkRta karate hue bhI jaina darzana ke samAna usakI parivartanazIlatA tathA jAgatika padArthoM kI anityatA bhI purANoM meM nirdezita hai| jagat ko duHkhamaya mAnate hue usake prati vairAgyapUrNa dRSTikoNa bhI jaina darzana ke tulya hI hai| isake atirikta eka aura mahattvapUrNa sAmya agralikhita bhI hai| vaidika saMskRti meM nAnA prakAra ke indrAdi devoM kI kalpanA kI gaI thii| jinakA varga manuSyavarga se bhinna thA tathA manuSyoM ke lie ArAdhya thaa| kintu una devoM ko jaina paraMparA meM jagat ke karmabaddha prANiyoM ke antargata grahaNa kiyA hai tathA mAnavavarga se pRthaka hote hue bhI unakA varga saba manuSyoM ke lie ArAdhya koTi meM nahIM hai| manuSyadeva kI pUjA bhautika unnati ke lie bhale hI kara le, kintu Atmika unnati ke lie to usase koI lAbha nhiiN| ataeva aise hI vItarAga vyakti ko jaina dharma ne ArAdhya batAyA, jo devoM ke bhI ArAdhya haiN| deva bhI usa manuSya kI sevA karate haiN| yahI Azaya purANoM kA bhI hai| lagabhaga aise hI purANoM meM devavarga ko karmabaddha tathA janma-maraNa ke cakra meM paribhramaNa karane vAlA batAyA hai| yahI nahIM unameM devoM ke dvArA, nirlipta manuSyoM kI prazaMsA bhI kI gaI hai| samasta jagat ke prANiyoM meM manuSya ko zreSTha batAyA gayA hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki deva kI nahIM, kintu mAnava kI pratiSThA bar3hAne meM purANa jainadharma kI taraha agrasara hai| niSkarSata: jagat ke prati purANa tathA jainadarzana ke dRSTikoNa meM bhaugolika, kAlika evaM parivartana sambandhI aneka samAnatAe~ tathA asamAnatAe~ dikhAI detI haiM, parantu phira bhI yaha mUla-mantavya to donoM meM samAna hI hai ki yaha saMsAra (jagat) anAdikAla se hai aura anantakAla taka rahegA evaM AtmA kA isameM bhramaNa karma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa hotA hai| 000 jagat - vicAra / 242

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. (a) Rgveda 1.16.4.4 () vahI 10.129.7, 10.94.12 maM. 1 sU. 164. 1, 13 atharvaveda kA 10.7.43 2. DaoN. ramezakumAra upAdhyAya "vaiSNava purANoM meM sRSTivarNana" (saM. baladeva upAdhyAya dvArA likhita bhUmikA se) 3. "dhammo ahammo.- varadaMsihi // " -uttarAdhyayana 28.7.. "sada dravya lakSaNam" -tatvArthasUtra 4. tadetadakSaraM nitya-jaganmunivarAkhilam ___AvirbhAva-tirobhAva-janmanAzaM vikalpavat // -viSNu purANa (1) pR. 240, 1.22.60 5. (A) uttarAdhyayana 28.7, 36.2 . (ba) bhagavatI sUtra 2.1 6. sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.3.9 / 7. viSNupurANa (1) pR. 240, 1.22.60 8. "yathedAnI tathAgne ca pazcAdapyetadIdRzam" -bhAgavatapurANa 3.10.13 9. paM. baladeva upAdhyAya 'purANa vimarza', pR. 29 10. (a) accei kAlo turanta rAio, na yAvi bhogA purisANa niccaa| ___uvicca bhogA purisaM cayanti, dumaM jahA khINaphalaM va pkkhii| -uttarAdhyayana 13.31 (da) uttarAdhyayana 18.13 (sa) jamma dukkhaM jarA dukkhaM dukkhaM rogA ya maraNANi ya aho dukkho hu saMsAre jattha kIsaMti jatuMNo // -vahI 19.16 (da) vahI 14.22 11. (a) sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.3.16 (a) uttarAdhyayana 13:22 (sa) vahI 19.13 (da) sUtrakRtAMga 2.1.13 . (ya) uttarAdhyayana 13.23 . 12. "duHkhe svabhAvasaMsiddhe .. -ziva purANa 71.31.87 viSayAmajjanAkartA duryodhaM phainilaM param ... mahAduSTajanyavyAlamahAbhImabhayAnakam // -padmapurANa 2, pR107, zlo. 63. 13. viSNupurANa (2) pR. 260, 5.30.38-42 -vahI, pR. 374-382, 6.5.1-57 14. mArkaNDeyapurANa 11.32-35, 3.57 15. tattvArthasUtra 10.5,6,7 * 16.. mArkaNDeyapurANa 3.58-72 - 243 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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17. saM DaoN. rAmacandra varmA "brahmANDa purANa' pR. 152-154 18. pradhAna kAraNaM ktadavyaktAkhyaM maharSayaH . yadAhuH prakRti sUkSmAM nityA sadasadAtmikAm // -mArkaNDeya purANa 42.32 / 19. M. Hirriyanna, "Outlines of Indian Philosophy"(Hindi Translation) P. 273 20. DaoN ramAzaMkara tripAThI "ziva mahApurANa kI dArzanika tathA dhArmika samAlocanA pR. 307 21. "trayoviMzati-tattvebhyaH parA prakRtirucyate prakRtestu paraM prAhuH puruSa paMcavizakam' -ziva purANa 6.9.9 22. mArkaNDeya purANa 42.32 23. DaoN. ramezakumAra upAdhyAya 'vaiSNavapurANoM meM sRSTivarSana', pR 53 24. (a) sthAnAMga 153 (abhayadeva sUtravRtti) (a) samavAyAMga 149 25. (a) nAradIya purANa (loka varNana) (ba) satIzacandra jozI "bhaviSya purANa' pR.63-64 (sa) zrImad bhAgavata purANa -'zivapurANa meM zaivadarzana tattva' pR. 387 26. (a) tattvArtha sUtra 3.78 (ba) sthAnAMga 153, 193, 555, 93 . (abhayadeva sUtravRtti) 27. (a) caraNAnuyoga (prastAvanA) (a) sthAnAMga 193 (sa) viSNu purANa (da) satIzacandra jozI bhaviSya purANa' pR. 63-64 . 28. () "padmamahApadmatigilakezarimApuNDarIkA dAstezAmupari" -tattvArthasUtra 3.14 (4) "eteSAM parvatAnAM tu droNyo'tIva manoharA vanaramalapAnIya: sarobhirupazobhitAH // " -mArkaNDeya purANa 55.14-15 (sa) "tadetad pArthivaM padyaM catuSpatraM mayodivam -vahI 55.20 29. zrI zuklacaMda jI ma "navatattvAdarza' pR. 39-40 30. () viSNupurANa 2.3.1-4 (ba) agnipurANa 118.2 31. zrImadakalaMkadeva ke tatvArthasUtra ke bhASya kI vyAkhyA 3.10 32. (a) bhAgavata purANa 11.15-17 tathA 5.71-73 (ba) vAyu purANa 33.51-52 (sa) mArkaNDeya purANa 53.39-40 (da) paM. baladeva upAdhyAya "purANavimarza' pR. 333 33. (a) banatatvaprakAza pR. 84 (da) viSNupurANa 2.4.13-14 34. banatatvaprakAza jagat - vicAra / 244

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35. mArkaNDeya purANa 46vA~ adhyAya 36. munizrI ralacandrajI mahArAja -"sRSTivAda aura Izvara" pR. 461-463 37. (A) satIzacandra jozI :zrI bhaviSyapurANa" pR. 62 . () DaoN. umAzaMkara tripAThI "ziva mahApurANa kI dArzanika va dhArmika samAlocanA" pR. 128 38. (a) bhAgavata purANa 2.10.6; 4.5-38 / (a) brahmavaivartapurANa, ba.kha: 8.8-9; 54-70 39. zaMkarAcArya "brahmasUtra" bhASya 3.1.15 40. (a) sUtrakRtAMga 2.5.1.3 1.5.4 () tattvArtha sUtra 6.15 vAmana purANa 61.15-17 (a) sUtrakRtAMga 1.5.22-23, 1.5.16 (ba) jIvAbhigama sUtra 3.3.11 (sa) tattvArthasUtra 3.3,4,5 (a) kalyANa (vAmana purANAMka) pR. 73 (11.51-58) janavarI 1982 (ka) kalyANa (brahmavaivarta purANAMka, janavarI, 1963 (a) zrI zuklacandra jI ma "navatattvAdarza" pR. 14 . () mArkaNDeya purANa 44vA~ adhyAya (sarga-varNana) . (a) uttarAdhyayana 3.1,7; 10.4,5,7,20 . (a) aupapAtika sUtra (sa) sUtrakRtAMga 1.15.16, 1.15.18, (a) viSNupurANa (1) 1.14.22-26 (ba) mArkaNDeyapurANa 54.63-64 (sa) bhAgavata 5.17.11 (da) padmapurANa (2) pR. 252, zlo. 6 46. (a"cattAri paramaMgANi, dullahANIha jaMtuNo mANussattaM suI saddhA saMjamammi ya vIriyaM // " -uttarAdhyayanaM 3.1 (ka) "tao ThANAI deve piihejaa| mANusaM bhavaM, Arie khette jamma, sukulaM paccAyAti // -ThANAMga 3.3 47. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa (4) pR. 2607 48. yAska "nirukta 7.4.15 1, tat karmanigaDaprastai: svakarmAkhyApanotsukaiH . na kiMcit kriyate karma sukhalezopa bRMhitaiH / / -mArkaNDeyapurANa 54.64 50. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, prathama zataka, chaThA uddezaka 000 245 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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Izvara kI avadhAraNA Izvara zabda "Iz" dhAtu se niSpanna hai jo zaktisaMpannatA kI ora iMgita karatA hai| Izvara zabda kA artha pUrNa sAmarthyavAn (pUrNa aizvaryavAn) hI hai na ki kartRtva / "sAmarthya kA artha jagat para apanA sAmrAjya jamAnA nahIM ho sktaa| isakA artha yaha ho sakatA hai ki Aja taka jo AtmA jar3apadArtha pudgaladravya kI sattA ke nIce dabA huA thA-karma kI AjJA ke adhIna thA, usa AtmA ke dvArA karmadala ko cakacUra karake karma kI sattA ko jar3a-mUla se ukhAr3akara anantajJAna aura anantadarzana rUpI apanI atula samRddhi para kabjA karake svAbhAvika paryAya kI sattA para pUrNa svatantratayA apanA sAmrAjya jamAnA aura ananta paramAnanda meM tallIna rahanA yA pUrNa brahma-pada prApta krnaa| ___ Izvara kI avadhAraNA vibhinna darzanoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI hai| do pramukha vicAradhArAe~ bhAratIya darzanoM meM pramukha rUpa se do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ pravAhita haiN| jinameM se kucha paramparAe~ paramAtmavAdI (IzvaravAdI) haiM tathA kucha AtmavAdI haiN| jainadarzana tathA sAMkhyadarzana AtmavAdI darzana haiN| IzvaravAdiyoM ke anusAra sarvocca (sarvopari) zakti Izvara hai| vaha sarvataMtra, svatantra, sarvavyApaka zakti hai / kartA, hartA, bhartA vahI hai| vahI apanI icchA ke anusAra saMsAra ko calAtA hai, AtmA ko zubha-azubha kI ora prerita karatA hai arthAt jo kucha hai, vaha Izvara hai, jIva kA svatantra astitva nahIM hai| AtmA ko Izvara kA anuyAyI, upAsaka evaM sevaka mAnA hai| carAcara jagat Izvara kA hI mUrtarUpa hai, vahI eka sarvatra vyApta hai| eka hI tattva kI vyApakatA viSNu purANa meM isa prakAra se batAI gaI hai-vaha eka hI bhagavAn janArdana jagat kI sRSTi, sthiti aura saMhAra ke lie brahmA, viSNu aura ziva-ina tIna saMjJAoM ko dhAraNa karate haiN| vahI sraSTA (brahmA) hokara apanI hI sRSTi karate haiM, pAlaka (viSNu) ho pAlyarUpa apanA hI pAlana karate haiM, aura anta meM svayaM saMhAraka (ziva) hokara svayaM hI upasaMhata-lIna hote haiN| Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 246

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isake viparIta AtmavAdI darzana Izvara ke sthAna para AtmA ko mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| unake AtmA hI sarvazaktimAna kartA-hartA hai| unakI AsthA meM Izvara yA paramAtmA koI aparicita vastu nahIM, koI sarvathA navIna bhinna tattva nahIM, kintu parama vikasita, sarva dvandvamukta, icchA-dveSazUnya AtmA kA hI rUpa hai| karmayukta jIva AtmA hai aura karmamukta jIva paramAtmA hai| Izvara (paramAtmA) ko sRSTi kA nirmAtA evaM zAsaka na mAnane ke kAraNa jaina darzana ko anIzvaravAdI darzana kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH jaina darzana meM paramAtmA kI sattA kA niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka nahIM, ananta paramAtmAoM ko jaina darzana meM mAnA gayA hai| anAvRta AtmA ko hI paramAtmA mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra se isa darzana meM AtmA kA hI antima rUpa paramAtmA hai| AtmavAda ke anusAra AtmA hI sukha-duHkha kA karane vAlA tathA usakA phala bhogane vAlA hai| zubhamArga meM pravRtta AtmA svayaM kA sarvazreSTha mitra hai aura azubhamArga meM pravRtta AtmA svayaM kA nikRSTatama zatru hai| gItA ke samAna hI kartA, bhoktA, moktA jo kucha bhI hai, vaha svayaM AtmA hI hai| paramAtmA AtmA aura sRSTi ke bIca meM kucha bhI hastakSepa nahIM karatA, vaha to nirvikAra, niraMjana siddhasvarUpa hai| AtmA ko antima Adarza mAnA hai, AtmA ko paramAtmA banane kA adhikArI mAnA gayA hai| jainadarzana tathA purANoM meM kiye gaye paramAtmA ke vivecana meM kaI prakAra ke vaiSamya tathA sAmya dikhAI dete haiN| vaiSamyoM ke antargata pramukha bhinnatA agralikhita purANoM meM eka hI Izvara kI sarvatra vyApakatA batAI gaI hai| usI ke vibhinna rUpa brahmA-viSNu-maheza Adi jagat ke rUpa meM pragaTa hote haiM arthAt vaha nirguNa-nirAkAra bhI saguNa ho sakatA hai tathA sRSTi kI utpatti, pAlana evaM saMhAra karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha sRSTi kA nimittopAdAna kAraNa hai tathA jo usakI bhakti karatA hai, usa para vaha anugraha karatA hai| usake anugraha se mukti kI prApti bhI hotI hai| Izvara kartRtva ___ purANoM meM varNita sRSTi-varNana (sargAdi varNana) se yaha viSaya acchI taraha se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| unameM sargAdi kI utpatti ke rUpa meM pramukha kartA Izvara ko hI mAnA gayA hai| padma purANa ke anusAra prArambha meM mAtra vahI eka tattva rahatA hai| usa samaya kevala atyanta ghanA aura gaharA andhakAra hI rahatA hai| jisa samaya isa vizAla vizva ke sRjana kA samaya upasthita hotA hai arthAt jaba bhI usakI aisI icchA hotI hai ki jagat ko samutpanna kiyA jAve to vahI brahmAtmaka jyoti jisakA ki kevala jJAna hI svarUpa hai, apane Apa meM lIna vikAroM ko jAnakara isa vizva kI racanA karane kA upakrama kiyA karatI hai| usase sarvaprathama pradhAna kA AvirbhAva rahatA hai| usa avyakta pradhAna se mahat utpanna hotA hai, jo sAtvika, rAjasa, tAmasa ke bheda se 247 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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tIna prakAra kA hotA hai| isI ko triguNAtmikA prakRti kahate haiN| mahattva se ahaMkAra (tIna prakAra kA) AvirbhUta huaa| jisa prakAra pradhAna se mahat AvRta hotA hai, vaise hI ahaMkAra samAvRta hotA hai| mahat se AvRta ahaMkAra bhUtAdi vikRtiyoM ko karatA huA sarvaprathama zabdatanmAtrA ko janma detA hai / zabdatanmAtrA se AkAza,unase sparzatanmAtrA, sparza guNa vAle vAyu se rUpatanmAtrA tathA jyoti kI samutpatti, usase rasatanmAtrA kA sRjana hotA hai aura isake anantara jala kI samutpatti, bala se gandhatanmAtrA tathA usase pRthvI kI utpatti hotI hai| isake pazcAt aNDotpatti evaM usa avyakta viSNu ke svedaja aNDa, jarAyu, mahIdhara, samudra garbhodaka bne| usase devAsura, mAnava tathA sabakA AvirbhAva huaa| rajoguNa dhAraka parAtpara hari svayaM hI brahma kA svarUpa dhAraNa kara jagat kI saMracanA meM pravRtta hote haiN| jaba taka kalpoM kI vikalpanA rahatI hai. hari hI yugoM ke anurUpa jagat kA pAlana karate haiN| jaba hari kI icchA hotI hai to narasiMha svarUpa se, rUdra se vahI isakA saMhAra bhI karate haiN| viSNu purANa tathA anya purANoM meM bhI sRSTi kI lambI prakriyAoM kA varNana hai, jinameM kAphI antara bhI hai, parantu mUla mantavya to yahI hai ki sRSTi kI utpatti, sthiti, laya ke AdikAraNa Izvara haiN| cAhe vaha brahmA, Adibrahma, hari, viSNu, ziva, devI ityAdi koI bhI ho| Izvara kartRtva kA isake virodhiyoM ne pracura khaNDana kiyaa| na kevala zramaNa darzanoM ne isake viruddha kaI tarka diye haiM apitu vedoM meM bhI Izvara ke sRSTi kartRtva ke viruddha kahA gayA hai-trinAbhi, tIna RtuoM vAlA yaha saMvatsara ajara-amara hai| ye sUrya Adi loka, mUlasahita kabhI naSTa nahIM hote| prajApati bhI svayaM kahatA hai ki inameM se prathama kauna padArtha utpanna huA, yaha maiM nahIM jAnatA na vijAnAmi yatarA parastAt , ___ mImAMsA-darzana meM Izvara kartRtva kA aneka yuktiyoM ke sAtha niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isake anusAra jagat ke pUrva jaba kucha bhI nahIM thA to vaha Izvara kisa jagaha rahatA thA? yadi Apa kaheM ki vaha nirAkAra hai, use pRthvI Adi ke AdhAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM, to nirAkAra meM icchA aura prayala kisa prakAra siddha karoge, kyoMki sarvavyApaka nirAkAra meM AkAzavat kriyA asaMbhava hai| isI prakAra icchA zarIra kA dharma hai| azarIrI ke icchA nahIM hotii| ataH nirAkAra mAnane para sRSTikartA siddha nahIM ho sktaa| yadi sAkAra, sazarIrI mAno to usake lie AdhAra kI AvazyakatA hai, parantu pralaya meM AdhArarUpa pRthvI kA to Apa abhAva mAnate haiM, ataH yaha prazna hotA hai ki vaha rahatA kahA~ thA? ___jagat ko banAte hue Izvara ko kisane dekhA? AdhakriyA kisa prakAra prArambha huI aura kisa sthAna se prArambha huI ? yadi kisI sthAna vizeSa se to isa vizeSatA Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 248 .

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kA kyA kAraNa hai? yadi sarvatra eka sAtha kriyA prArambha huI to sRSTi kA krama na rahA? usa zAnta paramezvara meM yaha azAntiprada icchA hI kyoM utpanna huI? sarvavyApaka Izvara kI kriyA se jagat kA bananA asambhava hai, kyoMki jisa prakAra cumbaka patthara lohe ke cAroM ora hone se lohA kriyA nahIM kara sakatA, usI prakAra paramANuoM ke cAroM ora Izvara kI sattA hone se tathA saba ora se kriyA dene se paramANu bhI vahIM sthita rhegaa| yadi kahA jAe ki paramAtmA paramANuoM ke andara bhI vyApaka hai isalie vaha antakriyA detA hai, to bhI paramANuoM meM kriyA nahIM ho sakegI, kyoMki paramANuoM ke jo bAhara Izvara hai, vaha antakriyA kA avarodhaka hai| ataH Izvara vizva ko nahIM raca sktaa| yadi Izvara sazarIrI ekadezI hai to usa zarIra kA sraSTA kona hai? yadi usakA bhI koI zarIrI kartA hai to usake zarIra kA kartA kauna hai? isa.prakAra anavasthA doSa aaegaa| isa duHkhamaya jagata kI racanA kara ananta jIvoM ko duHkha-sAgara meM DAlane se use kyA lAbha huA? yadi vaha nahIM banAtA to usakA kyA bigar3atA? yadi kahA jAe ki svabhAva hai to vaha sudhAra kyoM nahIM letA? yadi yaha Izvara kI dayA hai to prazna hotA hai ki dayA kisa para? pralayakAla ke pahale to koI dayanIya nahIM thA, sabake saba sukhI the, kyA sukhI jIvoM ko duHkha meM DAlane kA nAma anukampA hai? dayA dikhalAnA hI uddezya thA to sukhamaya saMsAra kI racanA karanI thii| kyA aisA karanA usakI zakti ke bAhara thA? . ___ yadi kahA jAe ki sukha-duHkha karmAnusAra jIva bhogatA hai to Izvara kI bIca meM kyA jarUrata hai? kyA usakA koI svArtha thA? yadi yaha usakI krIr3A yA lIlA hai to isase saMsAra taMga A cukA hai, kaba taka vaha bAlaka banakara krIr3A karatA rahegA? vaha pralaya kyoM karatA hai? kyA kAma karate-karate thaka jAne se ArAma karane lagatA hai yA sAdhana kharAba ho jAte haiM, unheM ThIka karane lagatA hai? yadi yaha bhI dayA hai to banAnA aura bigAr3anA do paraspara viruddha bAteM haiM, donoM kA eka dayA prayojana nahIM ho sktaa| ___. * yadi kahA jAe ki jagat banAne meM veda pramANa haiM to veda meM kathita padArthoM kA veda ke sAtha sambandha hai yA nahIM ? yadi nahIM hai taba veda asatyabhASaNa ke doSI haiN| yadi hai to vedoM ke nitya hone se una padArthoM kI nityatA svayaM siddha ho gii| ataH jagata racanA kI kalpanA, yukti aura pramANa se khaNDita hone ke kAraNa mithyA hai| phira una vAkyoM ko veda banAne vAle ne apanI prazaMsA pragaTa karane ke lie nahIM likhA, isakA kyA pramANa hai ? . isI prakAra sAMkhya bhI Izvara kartRtva kA virodha karatA hai| sAMkhya-yoga meM 249 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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yogiyoM kA Izvara sRSTikartA Adi guNoM vAlA na hokara mukti ke lie avalambana mAtra hai| mukta AtmA hI yogamata kA paramAtmA hai| lokamAnya tilaka ne "gItA-rahasya" meM spaSTa likhA hai-"sAMkhyoM ko dvaitavAdI arthAt prakRti aura puruSa ko anAdi mAnane vAlA kahate haiN| ve loga prakRti aura puruSa ke pare Izvara, kAla, svabhAva yA anya mUla tattva ko nahIM maante| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yadi Izvara saguNa hai taba to unake matAnusAra ve prakRti se utpanna hue haiM aura yadi nirguNa mAne to nirguNa se saguNa padArtha kabhI utpanna nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana meM jagat ko IzvarakRta nahIM mAnA hai, kyoMki vidyamAna padArthoM kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA aura asat se sRSTi nirmANa asambhava hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM-IzvaravAdI ke samAna vizva ke eka sraSTA banAne kI koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| hameM yaha samajha meM nahIM A sakatA ki kisa prakAra eka anirmAtA Izvara acAnaka aura turanta eka sraSTA bana sakatA hai, kaise saMsAra kI racanA kI gayI-ina praznoM kA uttara denA kaThina hogaa| saMsAra ko banAne se pUrva vaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna thA yA nahIM? yadi kahA jAye ki yaha saba Izvara kI anAlocya icchA ke Upara nirbhara karatA hai to hameM samasta vijJAna evaM darzana ko tAka meM rakha denA pdd'egaa| yadi padArthoM ko Izvara kI icchA ke hI anukUla kArya karanA hai to padArthoM ke viziSTa guNasampanna hone kA kyA kAraNa hai? padArthoM kA viziSTa dharma-sampanna honA bhI Avazyaka nahIM, yadi ve paraspara parivartita nahIM ho skte| yadi Izvara kI icchA se hI saba kucha hotA hai to jala jalAne kA aura agni ThaNDaka pahu~cAne kA kAma bhI kara sakate the| yathArtha meM bhinna-bhinna padArthoM ke apane viziSTa vyApAra haiM, jo unake apane-apane svabhAva ke anukUla haiM aura yadi unake ve vyApAra vinaSTa ho jAyeM to una padArthoM kA bhI vinAza ho jaaegaa| yadi tarka kiyA jAe to pratyeka padArtha kA eka nirmAtA honA hI cAhie, to usa nirmAtA ke lie eka anya nirmAtA kI AvazyakatA hogI aura isa prakAra hama nirantara pIche calate caleMge aura isa paramparA kA kahIM bhI anta na hogaa| isase bacane ke lie kisI eka prANI vizeSa ke lie yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki use svayambhU evaM nitya mAna liyA jAye to kyoM nahIM aneka padArthoM evaM prANiyoM ko hI svayambhU evaM AdhArarUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA jAye?" ___Izvara kartRtva kA aneka yuktiyoM ke AdhAra para nirAkaraNa karate hue AcArya vidyAnandi kA kathana hai . Izvara ke karma kA abhAva hone se icchA-zakti ko mAnanA yukta nahIM hai| icchA anabhivyakta hai to vaha ajJaprANI kI taraha kAryotpatti meM kAraNa nahIM ho sktii| Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 250

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* Izvara jJAna-zakti ke dvArA hI hamezA samasta kAryoM ko kara lene meM samartha hai, yaha anumAna udAharaNa rahita hai| Izvara apane zarIra kA nirmANa karake dUsare deha-dhAriyoM ke nigraha aura * anugraha (daNDa aura upakAra) ko karatA hai-yaha kathana bhI parIkSA karane para ThaharatA nahIM hai| yadi Izvara zarIrAntara (anya zarIra) ke binA apane zarIra ko utpanna karatA hai to samasta prANiyoM ke zarIrAdika kAryoM ko utpanna karane meM dehAdhAna vyartha hai aura yadi zarIrAntara se apane zarIra ko banAtA hai to anavasthA nAmaka doSa prasakta hogaa| aisI hAlata meM prakRta zarIrAdika kAryoM ko Izvara kabhI nahIM kara sktaa|" zarIra, jagat, indriya Adika padArtha buddhimAn-nimitta-kAraNa-janya haiM, kyoMki ye kArya haiM jaise vsraadik| ataH unakA buddhimAn nimitta kAraNa hai iishvr| parantu yaha pratipAdana sahI nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha pakSa vyapakAnupalambha (zarIrAdi kArya kA buddhimAnnimitta kAraNa ke sAtha anvaya-vyatireka kA abhAva) se bAdhita hai aura isalie kAryatvahetu kAlAtyayApadiSTa hetvAbhAsa hai|5 Izvara kartRtva kA nirAkaraNa aneka hetuoMpUrvaka jaina, sAMkhya, mImAMsA Adi . darzanoM ne kiyA hai| inake atirikta arastU ityAdi vidvAna bhI isakA sahetuka virodha karate haiN| gItA meM bhI isa avadhAraNA kA khaNDana dRSTigocara hotA hai| unake anusAra "paramAtmA na loka kA kartA hai, na karma athavA karmaphaloM kA saMyoga karAne vAlA hai| prakRti hI isa prakAra kI pravRtti karatI hai| vaha pApa-puNya kA apaharaNa bhI nahIM karatA, jJAna para ajJAna kA AvaraNa par3A hai, isalie prANI vimugdha bana jAte haiN| purANoM meM yadyapi kartRtva vivecita hai phira bhI sAMkhya dvArA prabhAvita hone se usameM akartRtva bhI parilakSita hotA hai| antima sattA arthAt paramAtmA ko prApta muktAtmAoM ko akartA-abhoktA batAyA gayA hai| jagat meM AtmA svakRta karmoM ko hI bhogatA hai evaM jagatanAditA se bhI Izvara kartRtva kI dhAraNA khaNDita hotI hai| ziva purANa meM saba kucha karane meM samartha paramAtmA-ziva, pazuoM ko anAyAsa hI kyoM nahIM mukta kara dete? isake uttara meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai, usase paramAtmA-ziva ko nirbalatA aura pazu athavA AtmA kI prakRti kI prabalatA siddha hotI hai| ataH usako jagat-karmaphaloM se dUra rahate hue sAkSImAtra kahA hai|" ___purANoM meM jagat ke saJcAlaka Adi jo bhI zaktiyAM batAI gaI haiM, vastutaH ve karmabaMdhana se mukta nahIM hai tathA rAga-dveSa se yukta haiM, ataH paramAtma-tattva kI unase bhinnatA batAte hue anAmAtattva kA pratipAdana dRSTigocara hotA hai, jo pUrNamukta . .. 251 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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AtmasvarUpa hai tathA kisI bhI prakAra se kartA evaM bhoktA nahIM hai| jagat meM kartRtva yukta Izvara kI purANoM meM saguNatA-sAkAratA bhI vyakta hai, parantu mukta AtmA sadaiva nirAkAra hI rahatA hai| Izvara kA svarUpa ... jainAcAryoM ne spaSTataH Izvara kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karate hue evaM kisI bhI prakAra kA haThAmaha na rakhate hue paramAtmA kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai bhavabIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAH kSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai // " .. arthAt bhavarUpa aMkura ko utpanna karane vAle rAgAdi bIja jinake naSTa ho gaye haiM, aise brahmA yA viSNu yA hara athavA jina jo bhI ho, unheM namaskAra hai| mokSamArgasya netAraM, bhettAraM krmbhuubhRtaam| jJAtAraM vizvatattvAnAM, vande tadguNalabdhaye // 22 arthAt mokSa kA mArga batAne vAle, karmarUpI parvatoM kA bhedana karane vAle, vizva ke samasta tattvoM ko jAnane vAle ko,una guNoM ko prApta karane ke lie vandana karatA huuN| pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvavacanaM yasya tasya kArya: parigrahaH // 2 merA na to mahAvIra meM pakSapAta hai aura na hI kapilAdika meM dveSa hai| jisake vacana yuktiyukta haiM, unakA grahaNa karanA caahie| uparyukta padyoM se yaha bAta pUrNataH spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki nAma ke prati jJAnI upAsaka kA koI Agraha nahIM hotaa| yahA~ to mAtra niSkarmatA, arhatA, vItarAgatA Adi guNoM ke dharAtala para jo bhI khar3A ho, vaha Izvara hai| vastutaH baina saMskRti ke anusAra sadA ke lie bhakta hI bane rahanA iSTa nahIM hai, balki vahI eka dina bhagavAn bana jAtA hai| isake anusAra yaha siddhAnta hai ki manuSya se bhagavAn banatA hai, bhagavAn se manuSya nhiiN| jo bhI prANI tyAga aura tapasyA ke mArga para calakara apane AtmavikAsa kI parama utkarSatA para pahu~ca jAtA hai--parameSThI bana jAtA hai, use hI alaukika aizvarya kA bhoktA hone se Izvara kahA jAtA hai| AtmA ke paramotkRSTa pada ko prApta kara lene se vahI paramAtmA kahalAtA hai| arthAt karmarUpI AvaraNa se baddha AtmA jaba puruSArtha dvArA apane ko karmarahita kara letA hai tathA usakA zuddha svarUpa pragaTa ho jAtA hai taba vahI paramAtmA kahalAtA hai| antara mAtra karmamala kA hai| azuddha svarNa tathA zuddha svarNa meM jisa prakAra azuddhi kA antara Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 252

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rahatA hai arthAt azuddhi haTane para vahI svarNa zuddha banatA hai, vaise hI paramAtmadazA meM Atmatattva vo vahI hotA hai, parantu usakA AcchAdaka (AvaraNa) naSTa ho jAtA hai| muktAtmA ke paramAtmatva ko arthAt jIva ke zivatva ko purANoM meM bhI svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ taka AtmA ko zivasvarUpa mAnane kA siddhAnta hai, donoM mahApurANa (ziva, kama) ekamata hai| donoM yaha mAnate haiM ki ahaMkAra aura aviveka ke kAraNa hI AtmA duHkha ko bhogatA hai| aviveka kI nivRtti se jIva zuddha-buddha paramAtma ziva hI ho jAtA hai|"25 isa prakAra AtmA dvArA Izvaratva kI prApti ko purANoM meM bhI mAnA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke varNana ke antargata vItarAga, karma-rahita, janmamaraNAtIta, sarvajJa, sarvadarzI ityAdi vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai|26 __ jaina darzana meM guNoM kI parAkASThA yukta paramAtmA ko upAsya rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai, deva-guru-dharma ina tInoM tattvoM kI ArAdhanA (upAsanA) ko apane guNoM kI prApti kA avalambana batAyA gayA hai| vaise hI purANoM meM Izvara ko upAsya kahA hai, usakI upAsanA evaM upAsakoM kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai| paramAtmAoM ko jaina darzana meM ananta mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI vahA~ unameM bheda nahIM hai| jJAnAdi guNoM kI dRSTi se sabhI eka samAna haiN| purANoM meM muktAtmAe~ eka nahIM, aneka mAnI gaI haiN| * / . jaina darzana meM paramAtmA sAdi hai yA anAdi, yaha ekAntadRSTi se nirNIta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jaba jagat anAdi hai to yaha bhI svataH spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki anAdikAla se ananta AtmAe~ paramAtma pada ko prApta hotI rahI haiM arthAt koI aisA kAla nahIM thA, jisa samaya paramAtmA nahIM thaa| isa apekSA se hama ise anAdi kaha sakate haiM, parantu vyaktibheda kI apekSayA. paramAtmA ko sAdi bhI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki AtmA apane puruSArthadvArA mukta hotA hai, vaha nitya mukta nhiiN| arthAt anAdikAla se mukta nahIM hai, sAdhanamukta hai| ataH eka siddha ke apekSA se vaha sAdi anantakAla hai, kintu samasta siddhoM kI apekSA se anAdi anantakAla hai| .. purANoM meM bahA~-jahA~ bhI mukti kA varNana hai, usase muktAtmAoM kA sAditva svataH spaSTa ho jAtA hai evaM anAdi kA vizeSaNa to lagabhaga sabhI jagaha paramAtmA ke lie prayukta hai| paramAtmA ke sAdi-anAditva meM to phira bhI vibhinna darzanoM meM vivAda ho sakatA hai, parantu usake anantatva arthAt jisakA kabhI anta nahIM AtA. aise * zAzvatarUpa ke lie to lagabhaga sabhI sahamata haiN| 253 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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paramAtmA ke do rUpa-sAkAra, nirAkAra jainadarzana meM mukti ke do rUpa haiM-bhAvamokSa aura dravyamokSa / bhAvamokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka arihaMta hote haiM jo sAkAra-sazarIrI hote haiM, unheM bhASakasiddha arthAt bolane vAle upadeza dene vAle siddha bhI kahA jAtA hai| dravyamukta siddha ke hote hai jo nirAkAra tathA abhASaka hote haiN| jo sarva kArya siddhakara, sarva karma-kalaMka se rahita nijAtma-svarUpa saccidAnanda (sat-cit-Ananda) rUpa pada ko prApta kara cuke haiM, ve siddha kahalAte haiN| inheM paurANika bhASA meM jIvanmukta aura videhamukta kahA gayA hai| sAkAra paramAtmA (arihanta/jIvanmukta) ____ ari arthAt rAga-dveSarUpI zatruoM ko naSTa karane ke kAraNa "arihanta" kahalAte. haiN| surendra, narendra Adi dvArA pUjanIya hone se "arhanta" aura karmAkura ko samUla naSTa karane ke kAraNa 'arUhanta" kahalAte haiN| chadastha avasthA samApta hone para yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa ke naSTa hone se ve sarvajJa tathA sarvadarzI ho jAte haiM tathA antarAya karma kA kSaya hone se ananta zaktimAna hote haiN| unake zeSa cAra aghAti karma rahate haiM, parantu ve zaktirahita hote haiN| jaise bhunA huA bIja aMkura utpanna nahIM kara sakatA, usI prakAra ye karma arihanta kI AtmA meM kisI prakAra kA vikAra utpanna nahIM kara skte| Ayu ke anta meM ye bhI naSTa ho jAte haiN|8 , arihaMtoM meM tIrthaMkara bhI A jAte haiN| arihaMtoM ke do prakAra ho sakate hai-sAmAnya kevalI tathA tIrthakara / ghAtikarmoM kA kSaya karake kevalajJAna kevaladarzana kA upArjana donoM hI karate haiM, vItarAgatA evaM jJAna kI dRSTi se samAna hote hue bhI antara yaha hai ki tIrthaMkara svakalyANa ke sAtha parakalyANa kI bhI viziSTa yogyatA rakhate haiN| ve janma se hI kucha vilakSaNa hote haiM, yathA-unake zarIra para eka hajAra ATha lakSaNa hote haiM tathA ve 8 mahApratihArya, 34 atizaya, 35 vANI ke guNa ityAdi aneka vizeSatAoM se yukta hote haiM, jo sAmAnya kevalI meM nahIM hotI haiN| arihanta ko sadehamukta, jIvanmukta ityAdi kaI nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA hai|" rAga-dveSa kA sarvathA abhAva (kSaya) ho jAne se vItarAgI arhat sAre vizva ko, sarvaprANiyoM ko Atmavat mAnate haiM, kisI para zatru-mitra bhAva na hone se pUrNa samadarzI hote haiN| jagat kI koI bhI lAlasA unheM nahIM hotI hai| ve ina aThAraha doSoM se mukta hote haiM-mithyAtva, ajJAna, mada, krodha, mAyA, lobha, rati, arati, nidrA, zoka, alIka (jhUTha), caurya, matsaratA, bhaya, hiMsA, prema, krIr3A evaM haasy| purANoM meM uparyukta vItarAga-avasthA ke samAna hI eka avasthA jIvanmukta avasthA mAnI hai| purANoM ke anusAra brahmavettA paramArtharUpa se jIvanmukta ho jAtA Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 254

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hai|" yogI pUrvavat mAnApamAna, jIvana-maraNa, lAbhAlAbha Adi meM samatvadhAraka hotA hai| dhyAnAdi ke dvArA usake saMcita evaM prArabdha karma kA nAza ho jAtA hai tathA vaha navIna karma kA baMdha nahIM krtaa| usakA svarUpa vibhinna purANoM meM varNita hai| bhAgavata purANa ke anusAra-"jisakA zarIra kisI duSTajana se pIr3ita ho athavA pUjita ho to bhI mana duHkha yA sukha se vikAra ko prApta na ho, usako mukta samajhanA caahie| jo samadarzI muni kisI kI nindA-stuti nahIM karatA hai, laukika vyavahAra se pRthak rahatA hai, koM se udAsIna rahatA hai tathA jar3a kI bhA~ti vicAra karane vAle ko mukta samajhanA caahie| isase viparIta ko baddha samajhanA caahie| nAradIya purANa meM bhI isa vItarAgatA, saMyama, samatva, AtmajJAna Adi kA varNana hai|"3 avidyA se rahitatA evaM usa AtmA kI sarvajJatA bhI batAI gaI hai| zuddha vidyA se sambaddha AtmA sarvajJa huA karate haiN| AtmA kI sarvajJatA sarvaprathama yahIM prakAzita hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha zuddha vidyAtattva ke nAma se abhihita kI jAtI hai athavA isa zreNI para pahu~ca kara padArthoM kA yathArtha (ThIka) sambandha anubhUta hotA hai|35 ___mukti ke prakAra varNita karate hue purANoM meM pA~ca prakAra kI mukti batAI gaI hai| yaha kramamukti isa prakAra hai 1. karma deha ke vazIbhUta hone para zivaloka meM vAsa milatA hai, usI vAsa ko ____ sAlokya mukti kahA hai| 2. tanmAtrAoM ke baMdhana se chUTane para sAmIpya mukti milatI hai| Izvara se nikaTatA prApta karanA sAmIpya mukti hai| . 3. buddhi ke mala ke naSTa ho jAne para jaba vaha nirmala ho jAtI hai, jaba citta ke dharma cAMcalyAdi bhI naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba sAnnidhya mukti kI prApti hotI 4 anta meM sAmarasya kI paramAvasthA hI sAyujyAvasthA (sAyujyamukti) hai| 5. pA~cavIM jJAnamayI kaivalya nAmaka mukti atyanta durlabha hai, yaha usa zivAtmaka jJAna se hI milatI hai| yaha sarvazreSTha mukti hai| isa mukti ko prApta karane se bhavabhramaNa samApta ho jAtA hai arthAt yaha prApta hone para AtmA punaH saMsAra meM nahIM lautttaa| kaivalyamukti kI prApti sampUrNa vAsanA kSaya hone para hI hotI hai| kaivalya meM tanmayI bhAva rahatA hai, usI ko pUrNatva kahate haiN| matsya purANa meM likhA hai-dhyAtA yogI kI yogAgni atyanta dIpta ho jAtI hai aura phira vaha devoM ko bhI durlabha parama kaivalyapada ko prApta karatA hai| nirAkAra paramAtmA - jaina darzanAnusAra vahI (arihaMta) AtmA zarIra chor3a dene ke bAda pUrNa paramAtma 255 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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pada ko prApta kara siddha saMjJA ko grahaNa karatI hai|39 sarvathA zuddha, buddha aura siddha rUpa AtmA kI paryAya mokSa kahalAtI hai| uvavAIsUtra meM siddhi athavA mokSa-sthAna . ke sambandha meM batalAyA gayA hai ki siddha bhagavAn loka se Age, aloka se lagakara sthita hote haiM (lokAgra bhAga para sthita hai)| vahA~ taka AtmA ke pahuMcane kA kAraNa bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai-jaise pASANa Adi pudgala kA svabhAva nIce kI ora gati karane kA hai, vAyu kA svabhAva tirachI (tiryaka) gati kA hai, vaise hI AtmA kA Urdhvagati svabhAva hai| jaba taka vaha karmabaddha rahatA hai, taba taka usameM gurUtA (bhArIpana) rahatI hai, ataH vaha Urdhvagati nahIM kara pAtA tathA jisa prakAra tumbA svabhAvataH jala ke Upara tairatA hai| parantu mRttikA ke lepa se bhArI hone para vaha Upara nahIM A sakatA evaM lepa haTate hI vaha Upara A jAtA hai, isI prakAra AtmA karmalepa se mukta hone para agni kI zikhA kI taraha Urdhvagamana karatA hai tathA eka hI samaya meM vaha lokAkAza ke antima chora taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| Age alokAkAza meM gati kA nimitta kAraNa dharmAstikAya na hone se vahIM muktAtmA kI gati ruka jAtI hai|" yahA~ isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai ki muktAtmA Upara hI Upara jAtA rahatA hai| purANoM ke anusAra jIvanmukta yogI hI zarIra ke chUTa jAne para videhamukta ho jAtA hai| videhamukta arthAt pUrNamukta AtmA jisakA anirvacanIya svarUpa hotA hai, vaha nirAkAra hotA hai| ... pUrNamukta (dravyamukta) AtmA zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai| isa para ina dRSTiyoM se .. vicAra kiyA gayA hai- .. 1. bhAvAtmaka, 2. abhAvAtmaka tathA. 3. anirvacanIya . bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa jaina darzanAnusAra mukta avasthA meM samasta baMdhanoM kA abhAva ho jAne se AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNarUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiN| samasta (AThoM) karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se aSTaguNa prakaTa ho jAte haiM-ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, kSAyika samyaktva, amUrtikapana, agurUlaghu, aTala, avagAhanA tathA nirAbAdha / purANoM meM bhI AtmasvarUpa kA pUrNarUpa se prakaTa honA arthAt caitanya para AcchAdita AvaraNa ke haTane se AtmA kA nija guNa (svarUpa) pragaTa honA hI paramAtmA honA hai, isalie muktAtmA ko zuddha svarUpa vAlA kahA hai| AtmaguNa pUrNatayA pragaTa hote hI AtmA sAkSAt paramAtmasvarUpa ho jAtA hai| yaha satyajJAna, ananta parAnanda evaM para: jyotisvarUpa, aprameya, anAdhAra tathA avikAra hai|" abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa muktAtmA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa karate hue jainAgama AcArAMga meM likhA Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 256

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hai-samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA meM samasta karmajanya upAdhiyoM kA bhI abhAva hai; ata: muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hasva hai, na vRtta hai, na trikoNa hai, na catuSkoNa hai, na parimaNDalAkAra aura na lambA hai| vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta, zvetavarNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai| vaha sugandhavAn aura durgandhavAn bhI nahIM hai| vaha tikta, kaTuka, amla, khaTTA aura mIThA rasa vAlA bhI nahIM hai| na vaha kaThora, komala, gurU (bhArI), laghu (halkA), zIta, uSNa, snigdha yA rUkSa hai| vaha srI, puruSa aura napuMsaka bhI nahIM hai| - AcArya kundakunda ne bhI kahA hai-"mokSa dazA meM na sukha hai, na duHkha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma-maraNa hai| indriyA~, upasarga, moha, vyAmoha, nidrA, cintA nahIM hai| na Arta tathA raudra vicAra hI haiN| vahA~ to dharma (zubha) aura zukla (zuddha) vicAroM kA bhI abhAva hai| siddha karmamukta hone se janma-maraNa, roga-zoka-santApa Adi sabhI se rahita haiN| AtmasvarUpa se saba eka samAna haiN| jahA~ eka siddha hai, vahA~ ananta siddha haiM aura jahA~ ananta siddha haiM, vahA~ eka siddha hai| ve eka-dUsare ko avagAhana karake rahe hue haiN| jaina darzana varNita uparyukta svarUpa ke samAna purANoM meM anAmAtatva kA varNana dRSTavya hai, jisakA paryApta sAmya hai| jaisAki zivapurANa meM ullikhita hai nikhilopAdhihIno vai yadA bhavati pUruSaH / tadA vivakSate khaNDajJAnarUpI niraMjanaH / / nirguNo nirupAdhizca nirNjno'vyystthaa| na rakto na ca pItazca na zveto nIla eva ca // arthAt (ziva ke vizvAtIta rUpa ko anAmAtattva kahate haiM) vaha nAmarUpa se pare hai, parAtpara hai, usI ko niraMjana kahA gayA hai; kintu kucha sampradAya niraMjana ko bhI jagadutpatti kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| vAstava meM vaha alakha hai, niraMjana hai, nirupAdhika hai aura nirguNa hai, usakA sRSTi-utpAda se koI sambandha nhiiN| sahajAvasthA kA rUpa hai| varNa jo triguNa ke dyotaka haiM-rakta, pIta, zveta, nIla-usameM koI varNa nahIM hai| na to vaha sthUla hai, na kRza hii|" ___ kAla, kalA, vidyA, niyati, rAga evaM dveSa kucha bhI nahIM hotA, inakA kisI ke sAtha abhiniveza nahIM hai| na to inakA koI karma evaM karmavipAka hI hotA hai| karma ke phala sukha-duHkha se bhI inakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| kAlatritaya gocara Azaya, karmasaMskAra, bhoga tathA bhoga-saMskAra se bhI ye prabhAvita nahIM hote| janma-maraNa, kAMkSita-akAMkSita, vidhi-niSedha, mukti-baMdhana Adi se bhI inakA kucha sambandha nahIM . . 48. 257 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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yo anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa vyAvahArika dRSTi se usa (nirAkAra paramAtmA) ko upalakSita bhale hI kiyA jAtA hai, parantu vastutaH vaha anirvacanIya hai, isIlie AcArAMga sUtra kA kathana haisavve sarA niyaTRti, takkA tattha na vijji| . "cana vijjar3A maI tattha na gAhiyA oe, appaiTThANassa kheynne| arthAt zuddha AtmA (siddha) kA varNana karane meM koI zabda samartha nahIM hai| samasta svara vahA~ se lauTa Ate haiN| vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai| mati (buddhi) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kevala sampUrNa jJAnamaya / AtmA hI vahA~ hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA use samajhAyA nahIM jA sktaa| usake lie kisI pada kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, samasta paugalika guNoM aura paryAyoM se atIta, zabdoM dvArA anirvacanIya sat-cit-Anandamaya siddha svarUpa hai|59 purANoM meM bhI anAmAtattva ke anirvacanIya svarUpa ko isI prakAra se batAte hue kahA hai-yaha eka aisI sattA hai jo vANI aura mana kA bhI viSaya nahIM ho sakatI, usakA na koI nAma hai aura na koI rUpa hii| satya to yaha hai ki usakI koI paribhASA bhI nahIM dI jA sktii| zruti bhI cakita hokara usakI sattA svIkAra karatI hai| . yato vAcA nivartante, aprApya manasA sh| , abhidhatte sa cakita yadastIti zrutiH punaH ||r loka, adhvA aura tatva se pare jo hai, vahI parAtpara hai, anAmA hai| anAmAtattva anuttararUpa,niratizaya,alakSaNatA,anirdezya,avAMgamanasagocara,sadA ekarasa,anirvacanIya hai-usakA varNana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, vaha anubhUti-gamya hai, svAtmaprakAza hai| zAsroM ke kathana se usakI vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sktii| mahezvara, ziva, sadAziva, Izvara se Upara kI vastu hai| jisake Upara aura koI tattva nahIM hai| jo kAlakrama se bhI pare hai| paripUrNa hone ke kAraNa hI vaha anAmA hai / 533 ____ purANavat hI zuddhAtmA ke svarUpa ko anirvacanIya batAte hue aneka upaniSad bhI yahI pratipAdita karate haiM ki usa dazA kA varNana karane meM sAre zabda nivRtta ho jAte haiM, samApta ho jAte haiN| vahA~ tarka kI pahu~ca nahIM aura na buddhi use grahaNa kara pAtI hai| karmamalarahita kevala caitanya hI usa dazA kA jJAtA hai|" jaina darzana ke samAna purANoM meM usa avasthA ko prApta kara lene para AtmA punaH saMsAra meM nahIM lauTatA, yaha batAte hue zivapurANa kA kathana hai mukta hone para AtmA brahma meM vilIna nahIM hotA hai, kintu usake samAna ho jAtA hai| use ziva-sAdharmya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| isakI prApti se prANI janma evaM punarjanma ke cakra se chuTakArA prApta kara letA hai| usake puNya-pApa sabhI vinaSTa ho jAte haiN| vaha niraMjana ho jAtA Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 258

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hai| saMsAra ke mala Adi pAza bhI samApta ho jAte haiN| AtmA saMsAra se pUrNarUpeNa mukta ho jAtA hai|5 isa kathana se dvaita-bhAva bhI spaSTa hotA hai| isake anusAra jaina darzana ke samAna. hI vaha AtmA bhI jo mukta hotI hai, svatantra astitva rakhatI hai| usa paramAtmA kA jagat ke prapaMcAdi se koI sambandha nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana ke isa Azaya se sAmya rakhatA huA kUrmapurANa kA kathana hai-"yaha na kisI karma ko karane vAlA hai tathA na karmoM ke bure-bhale phaloM ko bhogane vAlA hI hai| yaha na prakRti hai aura na puruSa hI hai| na yaha mAyA hai aura paramArtha svarUpa se yaha prANa bhI nahIM hai| jisa taraha se prakAza aura tama kA ekatra sambandha kabhI bhI utpanna nahIM huA karatA hai, usI bhA~ti isa prapaMca kA aura paramAtmA kA aisA aikya sambandha nahIM hotaa| yaha isI bhA~ti bhinna hai jaise loka meM chAyA aura Atapa paraspara meM eka-dUsare se vilakSaNa hI hote haiM aura kabhI donoM ekatra nahIM raha sakate haiN|*56 isa prakAra samasta bhautikatAoM se usakI bhinnatA spaSTa kI gaI hai| niSkarSataH jaina darzana meM varNita paramAtmA kI tulanA purANoM meM varNita Izvara se na hokara muktAtmA se ho sakatI hai, kyoMki vahA~ bahuzaH Izvara ke sAtha sRSTi kartRtva ko jor3A gayA hai, kintu mukta AtmA (sAdhanamukta AtmA) ke svarUpa ke sAtha bahuta-sA sAmya hai| ataH usa muktAtmA athavA zuddhAtmA kI tulanA jaina darzana-varNita siddha parameSThI se ho sakatI hai| usake akartRttva kA pratipAdana jaina darzana ke samAna hI purANoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana meM AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI avadhAraNA batAte hue karma-kSaya hone para paramAtmA dazA kI prApti batAI gaI hai, usI prakAra se anAdi karmamalabaddha AtmA ke karmanAza ke pazcAt mukta hone kI yogyatA purANoM meM svIkRta kI gaI hai evaM jaina darzana ke samAna hI pahale sadehamukti (jIvanmukti) tathA bAda meM videhamukti kA varNana bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| vastutaH anAvRta AtmasvarUpa hI.jaina darzana evaM purANoM meM paramAtmA hai| Izvara ke sambandha meM lagabhaga sabhI darzanoM meM thor3A bahuta vaibhinya to hai hI phira bhI unameM mukhyataH Izvara ko sat-cit-Ananda svarUpa mAnA hai| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke anusAra isa parama-pavitra, paripUrNa, parizuddha paramAtmA ko hI vividha sAmpradAyika dRSTi vAle apanI-apanI mAnyatAnusAra pUjA karate haiN| kyA dhavalavarNa kA zaMkha vividha kAcakAmalAdi roga vAle ko aneka prakAra ke raMgoM vAlA nahIM dikhAI detA?" vastutaH vaha alaga-alaga rUpoM vAlA nahIM hai, zuddha tathA pUrNa hone se hI vaha paramAtmA kahalAtA hai| 000 259 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. muni zrI rakhanacandrajI ma 'sRSTivAda aura Izvara', pR. 487 .. 2. sRSTisthityantakaraNI brahmaviSNuzivAtmikAm sa saMjJAM yAti bhagavAneka eva janArdanaH / / maSTA sRjati cAtmAnaM viSNuH pAlvaM ca pAti ca upasaMhiyate cAnne saMhartA ca svayaMprabhuH / -viSNu purANa 1.2.66-67 lekhakatraya 'tIrthakara mahAvIra', pR. 3 4. sargakAle tu vasmApradhAna...yathApradhAnena vikurvANAni cAmpAMsi rajoguNasRSTaM ca pAtAnuyugaM -pavapurANa, dvitIya khaNDa brahmANDa utpatti 5,6,27-28 2.3.32-33 5. (a) viSNoH sakAza / -viSNupurANa 1.1.31 () garuDapurAva 42-11 Adi (sa) zrImad bhAgavata 8.3.23 3.5.23-26, 3.10.11 (da) nAradIvapurANa ityAdi . 6. -trinAbhi cakramabaramanavarSam // . -dAdazAraM na hi tajjarAva // .. -sanAdeva na zIryate sanAmi // - -Rgveda maM. 10, sUkta 173.1.1.13 atharvaveda kAM. 10.7.43 8. vadA sarvamidaM nAsIt kvAsthA tatra gamyatAm prajApateH kva vA sthAnaM ki rUpaM ca pratIyatAm / / jJAtA ca kastadA tasya yo janAn bodhayiSyati upalabdhevinA cevat kathamadhyavasAyatAm // pravRtti kayamAcA ca jagata sampratIyate zarIrAdevinA cAmatkathamicchApi sarbane / sarIsavatasya svAcasvotpattirna vatkRtA badanyaprasaMgo'pi nitya yadi vadiSyate / prANinAM prAko dukhAcca sisRkSA'sya na yujyate // abhAvAccAnukampAnAM nAnukampAsya jAyate sUbecca zubhamevekamanukampA prayojitaH / / sAdhanaM cAsya dharmAdi tadA kiMcinna vidyate na ca nissAdhana kartA kazcitsRjati kiMcana / / Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 260

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saMhArecchApi naitasya bhavedapratyayAtmana: na ca kaizcidasau jJAtuM kadAcidapi zakyate / / na ca tadvacane naiva pratipatti: sunishcitaa| asRSTAvapi hyasau brUyAdAtmaizvarya prakAzanAt / / -kumArilabhaTTa bhaTTa 'zlokavArtika' a. 3 zlo. 45-49, 52, 50, 57-60 (kSullaka nijAnandajI ma. "Izvara-mImAMsA" pR. 397-399) 9. (a) kAraNamIzvarameke bruvate kAlaM pare svabhAvaM vA prajAH kathaM nirguNato vyakta: kAla svabhAvazca / / -Izvara kRSNa 'sAMkhyakArikA' (ba) 'Izvara-mImAMsA' pR. 537 10. DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana "bhAratIya darzana" pR. 267 (prathama khaNDa) 11. na cecchAzaktirIzasya karmAbhAvo'pi yujyate .. vadicchA vA'nabhivyaktA kriyA hetuH kRto'jJavat / / --AcArya vidyAnandi "AptaparIkSA" 12. jJAnazaktyaiva ni:zeSa kAryotpattau prabhuH kila: sadezvara iti khyAte'numAna nidarzanAt / / -vahI 13 13. nigrahAnigrahI dehaM svaM nirmAyAnyadehinAm karotIzvara ityetanna parIkSAkSamaM vcH|| -vahI 18 14. dehAntarAdinA tAvat svadehaM janayadyadi tadA prakRtakArye'pi dehAdhAnamanarthakam // dehAntarAtsvadehasya vidhAne cAnavasthiti: tathA ca prakRta kAryaM kuryAdIzo na jAtucit / / -vahI 19-20 vahI 16. A "God is in no sense the creator of the Universe. All imperishable things are actual Sun, Moon, while visible heaven is always active, there is no time that they will stop. If we attribute these gifts to God, we shall make him either an incompetent judge or an unjust one and it is aliei. to his nature. Happiness which God enjoys is as great as that which we can enjoy sometimes. It is marvellous." Aristole B. The first question, which arises in connection with the idea of creation is, why should God make the world at all? One symstem suggests, that he want to make the world, because it Rleased him to do so. Another, that he left lonely and wanted company. A third, that he wanted to create beings who would praise his glory and worship. A fourth, that he does it in sport and so on. Why should it please the creator to create a world, where sorrow and 261 / purANoM meM jaina dharma 15.

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pain are the inevitable lot of the majority of his creatures? Why should he not make happier beings to keep him company? -Champat Rai 'Key of Knowledge' P. 135 ("Jain Shasan" Bharatiya Jnana Pith Kashi, 1944) P. 33, 37 17. na kartRtvaM na karmANi lokasya sRjati prabhuH na karmaphalasaMyoge svabhAvastu prvrtte| nAdatte kasyacit pApaM na caivaM sukRtaM vibhuH ajJAnenAvRtaM jJAnaM tena muhyati jantavaH / / -gItA 5.14-15 18. DaoN. ramezakumAra upAdhyAya 'vaiSNava purANoM meM sRSTi varNana' ' paM. baladeva upAdhyAya dvArA likhita bhUmikA pR. 15 19. dvau suparNI ca sayujI samAnaM vRkSamAsthitau ekotti pippalaM svAdu paro'naznan prapazyati // -zivapurANa-vAsapUrkha 6.30 ("zivamahApurANa kI dArzanika tathA dhArmika samAlocanA se) . 20. brahmA yena kulAla.karmaNe / / -garur3a purANa (1) pR. 385, zlo. 15 21. AcArya hemacandra racita zloka 22. tattvArthasUtra kA maMgalAcaraNa 23. AcArya haribhadrasUri racita zloka 24. siddhAM jaiso jIva hai, jIva so hI siddha hoya / / karma maila ko AMtaro, bUjhe viralA koya // 25. karmabaddho bhavejjIva: karmamukto bhavet zivaH / - mukta: zivasamo bhavet // -ziva purANa 7.1.32.22 26. vahI 7.2.6. 1-2 27. egatteNa sAIyA apajjavasiyA viya puhutteNa aNAIyA, apajjavasiyA viya // . -uttarAdhyayana 36.65 28. zrI amolaka RSijI ma. --'jainatattva prakAza' pR.8 29. sthAnAMga 229 30. uttarAdhyayana 19.89-92 32. 106-109 31. liMga purANa (2) pR. 39, zlo. 75, 73, 74 - 32. (a) mArkaNDeya purANa 38.1-2, 23 (ba) bhAgavata purANa 11vAM skanda 33. mArkaNDeya purANa 38.6-8 34. "He should neither be a source of fear to others nor be apprethnsive of fear from others. He should renounce all wordly desires. He should not have ill-will against any body and should bring the movement of his unruly flesh under subjection. He should practise non-injury and non-violence to all beings by his body, mind and speech. He should purge his mind of Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 262

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sensual desires, anger and malignant malice. He should bring about the closes association between the mind and the soul. He should not be glad at heart by heartog pleasant words or seeing unpleasant sight. He should treat praise and censure, gold and iron, pleasure and pain, summer and winter, good and evil, agreeable and disagreeable, life and death as equal." ...A lamp illumines the house enveloped in darkness. In an identical manner enlightenment serves to reveal the supreme self." -Dr. S.S. Upadhyaya 'A Philosophical study of the Naradiya Puran' Chapter VI P. 151-152 35. zivapurANa 6.16.72 4.18.18; 4.41.7.14,16 36. zivapurAka vidhe.sa18 a. 37. jitendracandra bhAratIya "ziva purANa meM zaivadarzana tattva', pR. 136 4. dhyAyatastatra mAM nitvaM yogAgnidIpyate bhRzam kaivalyaM paramaM yAti devAnAmapi durlabham // -matsya purANa (2) pR. 148. zlo. 59 39. svAnAMga 268 40. aloe paDihayA siddhA, loyAge ya paiTTiyA |--uvvaaii sUtra 2; -uttarAdhyayana 36.57 1. "pUrvaprayogAdasaMgatvAd baMdhacchedAt tathA gatipariNAmAcca" . "AviddhakulAlacakravad vyapagatalepAlAmbuvad eraNDabIjavad agnizikhAvacca' 'dharmAstikAvAbhAvAt' .. -tattvArthasUtra 10.6-7-8 42. ziva purANa 2.1.6.11-12 4.41.14 / / 43. sAgaramala jaina "jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana', pR 420 4. satva jJAnamanantaM ca parAnanda parammahaH . aprameya-manAdhAramavikAramanAkRtiH / -ziva purANa 2.1.6.11,12 AcAyaMga 5.1.6.175 7. AcArya kundakunda -niyamasAra' 178-179 47. batva va ego siddho, tatva apaMtA bhavakkhayavimukkA ayocca samogADhA, puTTho va savve ya logate / -uvavAI sUtra 9 4. ziva purANa 2.1.6.11-12 1. jitendracandra bhAratIya "ziva purANa meM zaivadarzana tatva', pR. 202 50. ziva purANa 7.2.6.1,2,8,10,19 51. AcAgaMga 1.5.6.171 . 52. ziva purANa 4.41.14 2.1.6.11-12. 53. 'ziva purANa meM zaivadarzana tattva', pR. 202 54. (0 "vato vAcA nivartante manasA cendriyaiH saha ..... aprAkRtA parA caiSA vibhUti pAramezvarI // 263 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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seveha paramaM dhAma, sevaiha paramA gatiH seveha paramA kASThA, vibhUti: parameSThina" -zivapurANa vAsarakhaM 476-77 kenopaniSad 1.3 kaThorapaniSad 1.15 . bRhadAraNyaka brAhmaNa 8.8 mANDukyopaniSada 7 taitirIyopaniSad, bahmAnandavallI 2 anuvAka 4 / brahmavidyopaniSad 81-91 55. (a) mukta: zivasamo bhavet -zivapurANa 51.32.22 (ba) zivasAdhaNyamAsadya na bhUyo vinivartate . -vahI 72.10.14 (sa) tadA vidvAn puNya pApe vidhUyaH niraJjana: paramupaiti saamym| . -vahI 72.5.37 (da) tataH syAnmuktasaMsAraH . .. -vahI 71.32.22 56. na ca kartA na bhoktA vA na ca prakRtipauruSau // na mAyA naiva ca prANA na caiva paramArthataH yathA prakAzatamaso sambandho nopapadyate // tadvadaikyaM na sambandha prapaMcaparamAtmanaH chAyAtapo yathA loke paraspara-vilakSaNau // -kUrmapurANa (2) pR. 49, rato. 9-12 tvAmeva vItatamasaM paravAdino'pi nanaM vibho hariharAdidhiyA prapannAH / kiM kAcakAmalibhirIza sito'pi zaMkho no gRhyate vividhavarNaviparyayeNa // -AcArya siddhasena kRta 'kalyANamaMdira' strotra zlo 18 / 57. 000 Izvara kI avadhAraNA / 264

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upasaMhAra . bhAratIya saMskRti adhyAtmapradhAna saMskRti hai| vibhinna dArzanikoM ne AdhyAtmika dharAtala para apane-apane dRSTikoNoM ko prastuta kiyA hai| unake dRSTikoNa athavA cintana hI kAlAMtara meM darzana khlaae| darzanoM meM vaibhinya kA kAraNa yahI ciMtana hai| vastu (tattva) eka hI hotI hai, parantu unako dekhane kI alaga-alaga dRSTiyA~ ho sakatI haiN| mAtra apanI dRSTi ke anusAra hI nirNaya kara lenA ekAMgI hotA hai| usakI satyatA vizeSa paristhiti evaM vizeSa dRSTi se hI mAnI jA sakatI hai| vaha sabhI dRSTiyoM se satya nahIM hotA hai| nimnalikhita dRSTAMta se ise pUrNarUpa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| eka jagaha pA~ca aMdhe baiThe the, udhara se eka hAthI niklaa| unhoMne hAthI ko sparza karake dekhaa| phira ve Apasa meM carcA karane lage; jisane hAthI ke pA~va ko chuA usane kahA-hAthI khaMbhe jaisA hotA hai| sUMDa ko sparza karane vAle ne hAthI ko kurte kI bA~ha jaisA btaayaa| pUMcha ko chUne vAle ne jhADU jaisA, kAna ko chUne vAle ne sUpa jaisA, tathA pITha ko chUne vAle ne cabUtare jaisA btlaayaa| pratyeka apane ko satya siddha karate hue dUsare ko jhuThalA rahA thaa| aMta meM koI A~khoM vAlA vyakti AyA, jisane unakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA ki tuma sabhI eka-eka avayava ke anusAra hAthI kA AkAra batA rahe ho| yadi tuma sabhI ke kathanoM kA samanvaya kiyA jAe to sabhI sacce ho sakate haiM, parantu svamata ko tAnate rahe tathA dUsare ko jhuThalAte rahane se tuma hI asatya siddha ho jaaoge| isa dRSTAnta ko prastuta karane kA Azaya tathA darzanoM meM jo matabheda pAyA jAtA hai, usakA kAraNa bhI yahI hai ki pratyeka darzana apane dRSTikoNa ko hI satya mAnatA hai, jisase antima niSkarSa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI hai| yadyapi AtmA, paramAtmA tathA dravya sabhI ke lie vahI haiM, bhinna-bhinna nahIM; parantu inake viSaya meM sabhI darzanoM meM vaimattya avazya haiN| pratyeka vastu ke aneka dharma hote haiM, jinake AdhAra para use lakSita kiyA jA sakatA hai; parantu usa ananta dharmAtmaka vastu kA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa 265 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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dvArA pUrNajJAna nahIM pAyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra eka dRSTikoNa se satya ke AMzika rUpa kI hI prApti hotI hai, nirapekSa satya kI nhiiN| ___ dRzyate anena iti darzanam' isa vyutpatti ke anusAra darzana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA, paramAtmA, jagat tathA unake pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna kA sAdhana darzana kahalAtA hai| isalie darzanoM meM Atmatattva ke nirUpaNa ke sAtha-sAtha jagat evaM unake sambandha Adi kA bhI vivecana huA hai| __"ina samasta tattvoM ke avagama ke sAdhana vizeSa kA nAma hI darzana hai| sampUrNa vizva hI darzana kA viSaya hai| vastutaH "yuktipUrvaka jJAna prApta karane ko hI darzana kahate haiN|" vibhinna darzanoM meM tattvoM ke tathyoM ko jAnane ke lie pRthak-pRthak dRSTikoNoM se cintana kiyA gayA hai| ataH darzanoM meM paraspara bheda dRSTigocara hotA hai aura isI se darzanoM kI saMkhyA meM anekatva ke darzana hote haiN| ___ bhAratIya darzanoM meM jaina darzana bhI eka pramukha darzana hai| jisakI maulikatA evaM aitihAsikatA asaMdigdha hai| jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA vaidika dharma se virodha dekhakara aneka Adhunika pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA ki "bauddha dharma kI taraha hI jaina dharma bhI vaidika dharma ke virodha ke lie khar3A huA eka krAntikArI nayA dharma hai| vaha bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA mAtra hai|" kintu jaise-jaise isake maulika sAhitya kA vizeSa adhyayana bar3hA, yaha bhrama dUra hotA gyaa| pazcimI tathA bhAratIya vidvAna yaha mAnane lage ki jaina dharma eka svatantra tathA prAcIna dharma hai| vaha veda ke virodha ke lie udbhUta nayA dharma nahIM hai| usameM vaidika karmakANDa kA virodha avazya kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla meM AryoM ke vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha karane vAle dharma kA hI vartamAnarUpa jaina dharma hai, aisA saMbhava hai| jisake svara paravartI vaidika sAhitya (upaniSadAdi) meM bhI sunAI dete haiN| ___ pahale vedAdhyayana karane vAle pazcimI vidvAnoM kA yaha mantavya thA ki bhArata meM jo kucha saMskRti hai, unakA mUla veda meM hI honA cAhie; parantu mohanajodar3o evaM har3appA kI khudAI ke bAda unakA mata badala gayA aura veda ke alAvA bhI veda-pUrvakAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti thI isa natIje para phuNce| vastutaH jaina dharma kI prAcInatA sirpha mahAvIra taka hI nahIM hai, kyoMki unhoMne svayaM kahA hai ki "maiM jo dharma kaha rahA hU~, vaha pahale bhI 'jinoM dvArA kahA gayA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI kahA jAyegA kyoMki vaha dharma nitya hai, dhruva hai| "esa dhamme dhuve niyae sAsae jindesie|" yahI nahIM, aneka itihAsa vizeSajJoM evaM dArzanikoM ne bhI isakI maulikatA evaM prAcInatA svIkRta kI hai| unake anusAra bhI mahAvIra se pUrva-23 tIrthakara hue, upasaMhAra / 266

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jinhoMne jaina dharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| vastutaH yaha dharma itanA prAcIna hai ki prAcInatama granthoM tathA avazeSoM Adi meM isakA ullekha avazya pAyA jAtA hai, jainetara vaidika saMskRti meM bhI isake pramANa upalabdha hote haiN| * isa yuga ke jaina dharma ke Adya pravartaka RSabhadeva kA veda, purANa Adi granthoM meM vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai| bhAgavatAdi purANoM meM RSabhadeva ke jIvanacarita kA aMkana hI nahIM kiyA gayA, apitu unheM upAsya ke rUpa meM bhI dekhA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, pada Adi purANoM meM jaina dharma kA Arhat dharma ke nAma se vivecana karate hue evaM usake pramukha lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue padma purANa meM caubIsa tIrthakara, parameSThI maMtra, dIkSA, deva arihanta, gurU nimrantha evaM dayAmaya dharma ityAdi bhI varNita haiN|' - purANa yadyapi vaidika saMskRti se sambaddha haiM evaM jaina dharma veda virodhIdhoM kI zreNI meM AtA hai, kintu phira bhI unameM jaina dharma ke AcAra-pakSa hI nahIM, vicAra pakSa kI bhI bahuta-sI samAnatAe~ haiM tathA unameM veda virodhI vicAradhArAe~ spaSTataH dikhAI detI hai, nivRttiparaka una vicAroM kA jaina dharma se paryApta sAmya hai| purANoM meM vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kA samAveza huA hai| yadyapi purANoM ke mukhya darzana sAMkhya tathA yogadarzana hai; parantu anya bhI anekoM darzana unameM ullikhita haiM, yathA-mImAMsA, viziSTadvaita, dvaitAdvaita, dvaita, zuddhAdvaita, acintya bhedAbheda, zivAdvaita, cArvAka, jaina, bauddha, mAhezvara, pAzupata, prtybhijnyaadrshn| tAtparya yaha hai ki samaya-samaya para pracalita darzanoM evaM dharmoM kA ullekha kisI na kisI rUpa se purANoM meM huA hai| purANoM meM abhivyakta aneka siddhAnta jaina dharma se sAmya rakhate haiN| jaina darzana ke tAtvika vizleSaNoM arthAt maulika avadhAraNAoM kA bhI sAmya parilakSita hotA hai, jinako Age prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana ne dravya kI eka vizeSa paribhASA dI hai, jisake anusAra dravya kI nityAnityatA varNita hai; usI prakAra se purANoM meM bhI dravya (sat) kA svarUpa varNita hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra "yatsat tatkSaNikam" arthAt jo kucha sat hai vaha kSaNika hai, pratyeka padArtha (dravya) kSaNika hai; kintu isake ThIka viparIta mantavyaH zAMkara darzana kA hai| unake anusAra "trikAlAbAdhya tvaM satvam" arthAt tInoM kAloM se abAdhita vastu hI sat hai, isase dravya kI nityatA vyakta hotI hai| bauddha darzana meM sata ko kSaNika mAnakara usake nityatva ko AbhAsa kahA hai. jabaki zAMkara darzana meM sat ko nitya mAnate hue usake pariNAma ko AbhAsa batAyA hai| jaina darzana varNita sat kA yaha siddhAnta ina donoM ke bIca samanvaya prastuta karatA hai-"utpAdavyaya dhauvya-yuktaM sat" arthAt sat ko na to ekAntataH nitya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na ekAntataH kSaNika kahA jA sakatA hai| sat nitya bhI hai aura pariNAmI bhI hai arthAt dhauvyayukta hote hue bhI usameM utpAda-vyaya kA sadbhAva rahatA hai| ataH sat lakSaNa . .. 267 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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vAlA dravya nitya evaM pariNAmI hai, utpAda vyaya usakI anityatA ke sUcaka haiM tathA dhauvyaM unake nityatva kA dyotaka hai, yaha sAdharmya sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI dRSTigocara hotA . hai, sAMkhyadarzana dvArA sarvAdhika prabhAvita hone se isa siddhAnta kA purANoM meM upalabdha honA sahaja hI hai| vaidika saMskRti kI pramukha dhAraNA sRSTi tathA pralaya kI hai jisase dravya kA nityatva pUrNatayA bAdhita hotA hai, parantu purANoM meM sat kI nityatA bhI spaSTataH nirUpita hai| dravya ke jar3a tathA cetana donoM rUpoM kA ullekha karate hue viSNu purANa meM kahA gayA hai jIva va jagat nitya hai, bhale hI jagat evaM jIva kA sambandha sthAyI nahIM hai| AvirbhAva-tirobhAva, janma-nAza Adi vikalpoM vAlA vizvaM yathArtha meM to nitya hai| prastuta kathana se nityatA ke sAtha hI padArthoM kA AvirbhAva-tirobhAva (utpAda-vyaya) bhI batAyA gayA hai, nityatva ke sAtha hI anityatva bhI pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| jagat kI samasta avasthAoM va padArthoM ko nazvara, kSaNabhaMgura batAte hue brahmavaivarta purANa kA kathana hai__"jala budbat sarva saMsAra sa craacrm| prabhAte svapnanmithyA mohakAraNameva ca* yahI nahIM, aneka purANoM meM eka sAtha hI prakRti ke nityAnityatva ko bhI pratipAdita . kiyA hai| skanda purANa meM likhA hai- . iti vijJAya saMsAramasAraM ca calAcalam , dravyoM ke jar3arUpa meM prakRti kA tathA cetanarUpa meM puruSa.kA arthAt AtmA kA purANoM meM vistRta varNana hai| AtmA kA jagat meM paripramaNa acetana (karma = prAkRtika arthAt paudralika) vikAra ke kAraNa hotA hai| AtmA ke sAtha karmamala ko anAdi batAte hue jaina darzana meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ko anya kisI ne, kisI samaya meM karmabaddha nahIM kiyA, vaha to pUrva se hI karmabaddha hai tathA Age se Age baMdhana kI paraMparA niraMtara rahatI hai| baMdhana bhI AbhAsamAtra na hokara yathArtha hai| jaina darzana ke isa mantavya se paryApta sAmya rakhate hue ziva purANakAra kA bhI yahI mata hai ki AtmA hI nahIM, AtmA ke sAtha karmamala bhI anAdi hai| yahI nahIM, ise tarkasahita prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra se bIja meM ugane kI zakti sahaja rUpa se hotI hai, vaise hI AtmA meM karmamala bhI anAdi se hai arthAt jaba se AtmA hai tabhI se usake sAtha karma bhI hai| yadi AtmA ke sAtha karma kA sambandha anAdikAlIna nahIM hai arthAt pahale AtmA zuddha (niSkarma) thA aura bAda meM karmabaddha huA to muktAtmAeM bhI punaH karmabaddha ho jaayege| ataH bIba meM ugane kI zakti ke samAna hI AtmA kI baddhAvasthA bhI tabhI se hai, jaba se vaha hai| jaba AtmA anAdi se hai, taba usake sAtha karmoM kI anAditA bhI svataH siddha hai tathA jisa prakAra se bhunane ke bAda ugane kI zakti samApta ho jAtI hai, vaise hI zuddhAtmA ke bhI karmoM kA anta ho jAtA hai, taba vaha punaH karmabaddha nahIM hotaa| jIva saMjJaka AtmA anAdi.se malina upasaMhAra / 268

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hai, isa malinatA ke kAraNa hI AtmA janma evaM punarjanma ke cakra meM ghUmA karatA hai| AtmA ke sAtha karma evaM mAyA kA saMyoga hI saMsAra hai| ___ anAdimalabhogAntaM sa heturAtmanAmenaM nijo nAgantuka: mala: eka bAra mukta hone ke bAda AtmA ko punaH baMdhana prApta nahIM hotA hai| ataH yaha karmamala AtmA ke sAtha anAdikAlIna hai, jisake kAraNa AtmA vibhinna yoniyoM meM paripramaNa karatA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM AtmA ko bhramaNa karAne vAlA tathA karmoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko mAnA hai, kintu jaina darzana meM IzvarakartRtva kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| baina darzana meM IzvarakartRtva ke sthAna para AtmakartRtva ko mAnA gayA hai| usake anusAra AtmA svayaM hI apane karmoM kA kartA evaM bhoktA hai, dUsaroM ke dvArA kRta karmoM kA usase koI sambandha nahIM hai| vyakti svakRta karmoM kA hI phala bhogatA hai| isa AtmakartRtva kA purANoM meM bhI varNana hai| purANoM meM sthAna-sthAna para yaha nirUpita kiyA gayA hai ki AtmA svakRta karmoM ko hI bhogatA hai| jaisA zubha yA azubhakarma karatA hai vaisA hI phala-bhoga bhI use karanA par3atA hai| jIva ke kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva ko pratipAdita karate hue brahmavaivarta purANa meM kahA gayA hai-"kartA bhoktA ca dehinH|12 karmavAda kA vistRta vivecana karate hue garur3a purANa meM spaSTa batAyA gayA hai ki karma avazya hI kartA ke pAsa pahu~catA hai aura use phala-bhoga karanA par3atA hai bhUtapUrvakRtaM karma, krtaarmnutisstthti| yathA dhenusahasreSu, vatso viMdati maatrm||3| ___ purANoM meM jainamata ke samAna hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki sukha-duHkha kA dAtA yA hartA koI bhI nahIM hai| manuSya apane hI kiye hue karmoM ke anusAra sukha-duHkha bhogatA hai na dAtA sukhaduHkhAnAM, na ca hartAsti kazcana / svakRtAnyeva bhuMjate duHkhAni ca sukhAni ca // 4 jaisI-jaisI vyakti zubha yA azubha pravRttiyA~ karatA hai, vaise-vaise zubhAzubha koM kA baMdhana use prApta hotA hai| una karmoM ke baMdhana ko ghaTAne ke lie hI tapa-dhyAna Adi sAdhana batAye gaye haiN| jo vyakti karmanAza ke lie udyata hotA hai, usake lie kucha guNa arthAt sadAcArarUpI bhUmikA Avazyaka hai| vyakti kI saMskRta (saMskArita), mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika pravRttiyA~ sadAcAra haiN| pratyeka vyakti ke lie sadAcAra kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki usake abhAva meM anya bar3I-bar3I bAteM karanA nirarthaka hai| AcaraNagata pramukha guNa ke rUpa meM ahiMsA kA atyadhika mahattva jaina dharma meM hai| . jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI sUkSma tathA viziSTa vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| use samasta guNoM 269 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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meM mUla guNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma ke isa vaiziSTya se bhI purANoM kA mantavya samAnatA rakhatA hai| ahiMsA ko sarvAdhika mahattva dete hue agni purANa meM bhI yahI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai-ahiMsA hastI-pAda ke samAna hai, jisake antargata anya sabhI AcAra samA jAte haiM arthAt satya-asteya Adi sabhI meM ahiMsA prANatattva ke samAna hai bhUtapIr3A hahiMsA syAdahiMsAdharma uttmH| - yathA gajapade'nyAni padAni pthgaaminaam|5|| isake atirikta jaina dharma ke samAna hI nivRttivAdI vicAra bhI purANoM meM bahuzaH upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM vaidika karmakANDa kA paryApta virodha kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM mArkaNDeya purANa meM sumati kA kathana mahattvapUrNa hai| usane pravRtti mArga kA spaSTa virodha karate hue kahA ki "maiM vedatrayI ke adhyayana se utpanna; adharma se samRddha aura zuddha pApa phala ke sadRza isa duHkha samudAya ko chor3akara jaauuNgaa| mujhe tattva-jJAna utpanna ho gayA hai, ataH mujhe vedoM se kyA prayojana hai? isa prakAra se purANoM meM aneka sthaloM para avaidika vicAradhArAe~ pravAhita haiM tathA jahA~-jahA~ bhI nivRtti mArga kA ullekha huA hai, vahA~-vahA~ hiMsaka yajJAdi kA spaSTataH virodha kiyA gayA hai tathA bhAvazuddhi para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM. jaina dharma ke tulya hI purANoM meM aneka vaidika mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| vaise vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati" kA virodha karate hue ise mahAn adharma bavAyA gayA hai tathA vaidika paramparA meM nizcita varNAzrama-vyavasthA ko bhI purANoM meM anivArya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| AcAra ko Atma-vizuddhi kA eka pramukha sAdhana batAte hue jagat ke samasta viSayoM tathA unakI Asakti se nivRttiparaka sandeza bhI purANoM meM jaina dharma ke tyAga dharma ke samAna hI hai| jisa prakAra se jaina darzana meM jagata ke sabhI viSayoM meM anAsakti kA sandeza dete hue jagat ke prati vairAgyapUrNa dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai, vaise hI purANa bhI vyakti ko viSayoM ke prati anAsakti kI preraNA dete hue jagat ko nazvara, asthAyI evaM duHkhapUrNa batAte haiN| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki purANoM kA lakSya bhI bhautika sukhoM kI prApti kA na hokara jaina darzana ke samAna mukta hone kA hai| isIlie purANoM meM zubhAzubha samasta karmoM ko kSINa (samApta) kara dene kA vivecana AtA hai| jagata ke samasta tattva "sat hone se nitya bhale hI haiM, kintu AtmA ke sAtha unakA sthAyI sambandha nahIM hai, unameM parivartana arthAt utkarSa-apakarSa calate rahate haiN| jaina darzana kI isa vizva-vivecanA ke sadRza hI viSNu purANa kA bhI mantavya hai ki AvirbhAva-tirobhAva rUpa yaha jagat nitya hai, parantu AtmA ke sAtha isakA sambandha asthAyI hai| samasta upasaMhAra / 270

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bhautika padArtha jo prApta hote haiM, ve avazya hI chUTane vAle hote haiM, yaha parivartana jagat kI anityatA kA sUcaka hai| yadyapi purANoM meM sRSTayutpatti evaM pralaya sambandha kA bahuta vizleSaNa hai, jinameM sRSTi ko IzvarakRta mAnA hai; tathApi jaina darzana ke samAna hI mUla mantavya to yahI hai ki yaha jagat anAdi aura ananta hai, phira bhI parivartanazIla hai, jaisA ki bhAgavat purANa meM kahA gayA hai yavedAnI tathA ca pshcaadpyetdiidRshm||7 jaina darzana kI bhA~ti purANoM meM bhI jagat ko eka hI tattva para AdhArita na mAnakara usake astitva ko aneka dravyoM para nirbhara mAnA hai, kyoMki purANoM ke anusAra bhI mAtra (jar3a) prakRti athavA mAtra (cetana) puruSa ke dvArA sRSTi gatizIla nahIM hotI apitu jar3a evaM cetana donoM ke saMyoga se sRSTi gatizIla hai| purANoM meM jIva kA anekatva spaSTataH dRSTigocara hotA hai| vastuta: AtmA ke sAtha karma Adi maloM kA saMyoga hI saMsAra hai| sAMkhya se prabhAvita hone se samasta tattvoM kI nityatA bhI purANoM meM svIkRta hai| jaba sabhI dravya mitya haiM to unake nirmANa kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| yadyapi vaidika paramparA meM samasta sRSTi kA utpAdaka Izvara ko svIkRta kiyA gayA hai arthAt Izvara ko jagat ke sRSTA ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| IzvarakartRtva kA viSNu purANa Adi kaI purANoM meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra purANoM meM Izvara ko eka tathA sarvavyApaka bhI batAyA gayA hai, kintu jaina darzana meM aisA nahIM hai| jainamata ke IzvaravarNana meM evaM purANoM ke Izvara-svarUpa meM paryApta antara dRSTigocara hotA hai| isalie hama jainamata ke Izvara ke sAtha paurANika Izvara kI tulanA nahIM kara sakate, parantu purANoM meM varNita mukta AtmAoM kA svarUpa paryApta rUpa se jaina darzana meM varNita Izvara ke svarUpa se samAnatA rakhatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra-jo-jo AtmA mukta ho jAtI hai ve sabhI paramAtmA haiM, unakI koI saMkhyA na hone se unheM ananta kahA gayA hai tathA ve sarvavyApaka bhI nahIM haiN| lagabhaga isI prakAra kA varNana karate hue ziva purANa kA bhI mata hai ki jo-jo AtmA mukta ho jAtI haiM, ve sabhI paramAtmapada ko prApta karatI haiM, karmabaMdhanoM se mukta ho jAne ke bAda ve punaH janma-maraNa ko grahaNa nahIM karatI tathA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva se rahita ho jAtI haiN|8 ityAdi samasta varNana jaina-darzana ke arihaMta tathA siddha parameSThI (paramAtmA) ke svarUpa varNana ke tulya hI hai| isa prakAra se purANoM meM jaina darzana ke samAna AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI dhAraNA bhI vyakta hotI hai| usa paramAtmA meM samasta rAga-dveSa Adi vRttiyoM kA abhAva batAyA hai, isIlie jaina darzana kI bhakti bhI vaidika-darzana se bhinna tathA viziSTa prakAra kI hai| vaidika paramparA meM anugraha, anurAga, karuNA Adi Izvara pUjyatA ke AdhAra rahe haiM, jabaki jaina dharma meM mukhyata: vItarAgatA hI Izvara pUjyatA kA nimitta rahA hai| 271 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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isase donoM ke uddezyoM meM bhI bhinnatA spaSTa hotI hai| vaidika paramparA meM pUjA yA bhakti Izvara ko prasanna karane ke lie kiye jAte haiM, jabaki jaina dharma ke anusAra vItarAga to prasanna athavA aprasanna nahIM hote| usameM to apanI AtmA ke utkarSa ke lie hI bhakti kI jAtI hai; etadartha hI jaina darzana meM mAtra bhakti ko hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM diyA gayA tathA usake sAtha jJAna tathA AcaraNa kI pavitratA kI bhI apekSA kI gaI hai| jaina dharma ke samAna hI Atma-vizuddhi kA lakSya purANoM meM bhI abhivyakta hotA hai| purANoM ke anusAra bhI vaha Atma-vizuddhi mAtra bhakti se hI prApta nahIM hotI hai, isalie unameM jJAna kI prApti para tathA AdhAra ke pAlana para bhI bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke samAna mArkaNDeya purANa ke anusAra yogiyoM kA lakSya bhI paramAtmA kI prasannatA prApti na hokara paramAtmatva prApta karanA hotA hai|.. purANoM tathA jaina dharma ke ina vibhinna sAmyoM ko dekhate hue pratIta hotA hai | ki vaidika tathA zramaNa saMskRti-ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ bahuta lambe samaya taka sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hone se paraspara prabhAvita huI haiN| jaba do saMskRtiyA~ sadiyoM se sAtha-sAtha panapa rahI hoM to eka-dUsare se prabhAvita honA na kevala svAbhAvika hI hai apitu vicAroM kI udAratA kA dyotaka bhI hai| ___zramaNa paramparA ke jina mUlyoM ko vaidika sAhitya meM sthAna milA, unheM vaidika samAja ne yathAvat grahaNa nahIM kiyA balki apanI taraha se DhAlakara AtmasAt kiyaa| 20 isa kAraNa se ve siddhAnta usase spaSTatayA bhinna pratIta nahIM hote| udAharaNArtha dinakara ke ye zabda draSTavya haiM "hindutva aura jaina dharma Apasa meM ghula-milakara itane ekAkAra ho gaye ki Aja kA sAdhAraNa hindU yaha jAnatA bhI nahIM ki ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye jaina dharma ke upedaza the, hindutva ke nhiiN| 21 bhale hI isa kathana se sabhI sahamata na bhI hoM to bhI isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki maulika rUpa se jaina darzana meM jitanA inakA mahattva hai-utanA anyatra nahIM hai| spaSTatayA bhinnatA nahIM dikhAI dene para bhI saMskRti ke maulika rUpa se ve siddhAnta kucha bhinnatA avazya rakhate haiM, jaise vaidika saMskRti kA maulika siddhAnta hai Izvara kartRtva (sRssttaa)| isase karmavAda tathA AtmA ke puruSArtha kI mahattA samApta ho jAtI hai| isake sAtha hI "sat" (dravyoM) kI anAditA evaM nityatA bhI khaNDita ho jAtI hai| parantu purANa sAhitya meM karmavAda ko, AtmA ke puruSArtha ko tathA "sat" kI anAditA ko saiddhAntika rUpa se svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, purANoM meM vaidika karmakANDa (hiMsAtmaka karmakANDa) ke sthAna para nivRtti pradhAna kriyAkAMDa (anazana, dhyAnAdi) ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, pahale jo stutiyA~ karake Izvara kI prasannatA prApta upasaMhAra / 272

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karanA evaM zubha tathA sukha kI prApti kA lakSya thA, vaha zubha se bhI haTakara mukta honA yA mokSa prApta karanA ho gyaa| ___ isI prakAra se vaidika saMskRti se zramaNa saMskRti bhI kucha aMzoM meM prabhAvita huii| yaha prabhAva mukhyataH bhaktivAda ke rUpa meM dRSTigata hotA hai, yadyapi bhakti kA prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM pUrNataH abhAva thA, aisI bAta nahIM hai| samyagdarzana meM bhakti-zraddhA, AsthA bhI samAhita ho jAtI hai; kintu phira bhI pazcAtvartI jo stotra Adi sAhitya dikhAI dete haiM, unameM spaSTataH vaidika saMskRti kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadharma tathA purANa sAhitya ke vicAra evaM AcAra pakSoM meM paryApta samAnatAe~ haiN| yadyapi jaina dharma se viparIta matoM kA bhI purANoM meM ullekha hai, kintu phira unhIM matoM ke viparIta jaina dharma ke aneka maulika siddhAntoM se mela khAne vAle vicAra bhI purANoM meM nirdiSTa haiN| purANoM meM sthAna-sthAna para jaina dharma kA hI nahIM, usake viSayoM evaM siddhAntoM kA vivecana spaSTataH upalabdha hone se jaina dharma kI prAcInatA nirvivAda siddha hotI hai| purANoM meM baina dharma evaM usake siddhAntoM kA upalabdha honA zramaNa saMskRti evaM vaidika saMskRti ke samanvita svarUpa kA sAkSya hai| DOD 273 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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sandarbha-sUcI 1. pro harendraprasAda siha cAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA', pR. 138 2. DaoN. baikuNThanAtha zarmA 'bahAvaivarta purANa kA sAMskRtika vivecana', pR. 265 3. caTajI evaM datta 'bhAratIya darzana', pR. 1 4. becaradAsa dozI 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itijhasa' -(prastAvanA) 5. parapurANa 6. saM. zrI mumAnaprasAdabI poddAra ___"kalyANa' -purANAMka, apraila-1989, pR. 49-58 7. viSNupurANa 8. brahmavaivarta purANa ka kha 78.17 9. skandapurANa 10. zivapurANa 51.526 11. vahI, 7.1.31.61 12. brahmavaivartapurANa (1) pR. 271, zlo. 16 13. garuDapurANa (1) pR. 391, zlo. 52 14. vahI (2. pR. 142, zlo. 8 15. agnipurANa a. 372, zlo. 4 16. mArkaNDeyapurANa a. 10 17. bhAgavatapurANa 3.10.13 18. (a) zivapurANa, vA sa, a. 5 () "mukta: zivasamo bhavet" -vahI 7.1.32-22 (sa) "vata syAnmuktasaMsAra" (da) vahI 7.2.6.19 19. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 36.9 20. pro. dayAnanda bhArgava "vaidika sAhitya meM jaina paraMparA" nAmaka lekha 'zramaya' bulAI-sitambara, 1992, pR. 9 21. rAmadhArI siMha dinakara 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya', pR. 125 upasaMhAra / 274

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| sandarbha grantha-sUcI | "sarvadarzana saMgraha parimala pablikezana, 7-bI, jyoti pArka, sosAiTI zAha Alama, ahamadAbAda-22, 1981 esa.ena. dAsa gupta "bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa" rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jayapura-4, 1989 DaoN. nandakizora devarAja __ "bhAratIya darzana' ___uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, 1992 caTarjI evaM datta __ "bhAratIya darzana' ____ pustaka bhaNDAra, paTanA, 1994 pro. harendraprasAda sinhA ___ "bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1991 mizra umeza "bhAratIya darzana' hindI samiti, hindI saMsthAna, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, lakhanaU DaoN. zarmA, nandakizora . bhAratIya dArzanika samasyAe~ - rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, tilaka nagara, jayapura, 1976 yA. masIha . pAzcAtya darzana kA samIkSAtmaka itihAsa" motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 1994 rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara "saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya" ... rAjapAla eNDa sansa, kazmIrI geTa, dillI 1956 AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya "bhAratIya darzana' caukhambA daurintAliyA, vArANasI, 1984 "bhAratIya darzana meM mokSa vivecana-eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN. lAka, azokakumAra madhyapradeza graMtha akAdamI motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI "prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya' bhArataratna pI. vI. kANe ___ "dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga, uttarapradeza, lakhanaU, 1966 nandalAla dasorA "karmaphala va punarjanma' . .. 275 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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. raNavAra para raNadhIra buka selsa, haridvAra rAhula sAMskRtyAyana "darzana digdarzana' kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda saM. paM. thAnezacandra upreti "viSNu purANa (prathamo bhAgaH)' pra. parimala pablikezansa dillI, 1986 / "ziva mahApurANa kI dArzanika tathA dhArmika samAlocanA' DaoN. rAmazaMkara tripAThI pra. harizaMkara tripAThI, vArANasI, 1975 AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya .. "purANa vimarza caukhambA, vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1978 DaoN. baikuNThanAtha zarmA "brahmavaivarta purANa : sAMskRtika vivecana' . . devanArAyaNa prakAzana, jayapura, 1989 DaoN. dharmendranAtha zAstrI . "mArkaNDeya mahApurANam' . pra. sAhitya bhaNDAra, zikSAsAhitya prakAzaka, meraTha 1983 DaoN. omaprakAza "nIkharA "harivaMzapurANa meM dharma IsTarna buka liMkarsa, javAhara gaMja, dillI, 1991 zrImatI vINApANi pANDe "harivaMzarAba kA sAMskRtika vivecana' sUcanA evaM prakAzana zAkhA, uttarapradeza, 1960 DaoN. rAmacandra varmA zAstrI - "brahmANDapurANa' ... dharmagrantha prakAzana, epha-17, kamalAnagara, dillI DaoN. satIzacandra jozI "zrI bhaviSyapurANa" - dharmagrantha prakAzana, epha-17, kamalAnagaraM, dillI sAhityAcArya jitendracandra bhAratIya . "zivapurANa meM zaikdarzana tatva' nirmohI baMdhu prakAzana, 1065, sI. godAnikuJja, lakhanaU6, 1972 DaoN. sarvAnanda pAThaka "viSNupurANa kA bhArata' caukhambA prakAzana DaoN. ramezakumAra upAdhyAya "vaiSNavapurANoM meM sRSTi-varNana' bhUmikA baladeva upAdhyAya, abhimanyu prakAzana, chAtA cauka, kizora nArAyaNa roDa, mujaphpharapura (bihAra), 1991 zrI vizvanArAyaNa zAstrI (saMsada sadasya) "kAlikApurANam __ caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, oNphesa, vArANasI-1, 1972 DA. uddavalAla caturvedI brahmANDapurANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' sandarbha grantha - sUcI / 276

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bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, dillI paM. jvAlAprasAda caturvedI "zrImad bhAgavatapurANa" raNadhIra buka selsa, haridvAra - DaoN. esa. DI. jJAnI "agnipurANa : eka adhyayana" caukhambA, vArANasI, 1964 saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "agnipurANa" - saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM..paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "nAradapurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "kUrmapurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya . brahmANDapurANa - saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya .. . "vAyupurANa" - saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya varAhapurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "viSNupurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "zivapuNa" . saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (31) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya __ "skandapurANa' saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "harivaMzapurANa" ____saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "prabhAsapurANa" . 277 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) .saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "bhaviSyapurANa' ___ saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "garuDapurANa - saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya . "liMgapurANa' . saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "bhAgavatapurANa" . . saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya ____ "pApurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "mArkaNDeyapurANa' saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "vAmanapurANe" . saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) - saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "brahmavaivartapurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) ... saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya - "kalkipurANa" saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) .. saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya . "sUryapurANa" . saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya / "kAlikApurANa' ___saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) ___ saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya ____ "RgvedapurANa' .. saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "yajurvedapurANa' , saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya "sAmavedapurANa" sandarbha grantha - sUcI / 278

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* saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) . saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya arthavevadaparANe saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya / .. "mahAbhAratapurANa' __saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya ___ "upaniSadapurANa" . saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (veda nagara), barelI-243001 (upra) saM. kalAkumAra "zramaNa saMskRti siddhAnta aura sAdhanA" - pra. sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2, 1971 DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA "jainadharma meM ahiMsA" pra. sohanalAla, jainadharma pracAraka samiti, gurU bAjAra, amRtasara, 1972 "jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa' DaoN. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina . pra. sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2, 1974 DaoN. ratanacandra jaina "jaina AcAra meM indriyadamana kI manovaijJAnikatA" pra. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, AITI.AI. roDa, vArANasI-5, 1981 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA "Atma mImAMsA pra. jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa-5 DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA "jainadharma-darzana" pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5 . ema. bI. viyogI "jaina zAsana - bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1944 becaradAsa dozI "jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa" ....... pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, jainAzrama, hindU yUnivarsiTI, vArANasI-5, 1966 - "jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana" DaoN. sAgaramala jaina rAja. prAkRtabhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1982 mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna "jaina saMskRti kA vyApaka rUpa" __ bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala prakAzana, bambaI, 1974 javAhiralAla jaina "zramaNa-saMskRti" 279 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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zrI akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad evaM samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, 1990 saM. narendra bhAnAvata "apariha vicAra aura bajhAra ___ samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, 1986 munizrI amarendra vijayajI kima aura adhyAya zrI jinadatta sUri maNDala, dAdAvAr3I, ajamera, 1978 . nemicandrAcArya zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImadrAjakandra jAtrama, bAgAsa,1979 amRtacandrAcArya zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa, vi.saM. 2043 munizrI ratlacandra jI mahArAja zrI jaina sAhitya pracAraka samiti, byAvara, vi. saM. 1997 kSullaka nijAnandajI mahArAja bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina saMgha, caurAsI, mathurA, 1950 zrI madhukara munijI .' meM darzana zrI madhukara munijI munizrI hajArImala smRti prakAzana, pipaliyA vAcAra, bAvara, 1981 upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni "jaina dharma meM dAyaka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana zrI tAraka gurU jaina granthAlaya, 1977 munizrI mizrImalajI ma. "jaina dharma meM ma svastha aura vilepana marUdhara kesarI prakAzana samiti, jodhapura-vyAvara, 1972 DaoN. pI. sI. jaina "harivaMzarAba kA sAMskRtika adhyayana devanAgara prakAzana, caur3A rAstA, jayapura, 1983 DaoN. nemicandra jI jaina DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a . narma bakSita itihAsa jayadhvaja prakAzana samiti, madrAsa zrI amolakaRSi jI ma. tatva pravAsa __ zrI amola jaina jJAnAlaya, dhuliyA (mahArASTra), 1982 AcArya hemacandra " zrI RSabhacandra jauharI, kizanalAla jaina, dillI, 1963 sandarbha grantha - sUcI / 280

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kundakundAcArya amRtacandrAcArya AcArya haribhadra sUri "jaina yogagrantha catuSTaya" (yogadRSTi samuccaya, yogavindu, yogazavaka, yogaviMzikA), munizrI hajArImala smRti prakAzana, pIpaliyA bAjAra, byAvara, 1982 saM. mohanalAla zAsI "mokSazAstra saTIka" * sarala jaina graMtha bhaNDAra, babalapura, vIra nirvANa, saM. 2510 paM. cainasukhadAsa "sarvArthasiddhi badhIcanda gaMgavAla, jayapura, 1951 ratanalAla DozI "mokSa mArga" ___ a.bhA. sAdhumArgI jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, sailAnA (mapra), 1982 "paMcAstikAya" zrImad rASacandra Azrama, AgAsa, 1986 "paMcAstikAya" zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa, vi. saM. 2013 zrI zuklacandrarjI ma. "navatatvAdarza' zrI sohanalAla jaina raboharaNa pAtra bhaNDAra, ambAlA zahara, san 1947 munizrI mizrImalajI ___"karmagrantha zrI marUdhara kesarI sAhitya prakAzana samiti, jodhapura-vyAvara, 1974 zrImad vijayarAjendra sUrIzvarajI . "zrI abhiyAna rAjendra koSa" zrI abhidhAna rAjendra koSa prakAzana saMsthA dvArA ___ zrI rAjendra sUri jaina jJAna maMdira, ratanapola, ahamadAbAda, 1986 "munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha" munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja), 1995 saM. zrI mahendra kumArajI jaina zrI tiloka zatAbdI abhinandana graMtha" . pAtharDI, ahamadanagara, 1961 AcArya vidyAnanda . 'Apta parIkSA" . vIra sevA maMdira, dillI saM. DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata "jaina saMskRti aura rAjasthAna" samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, 1975-76 'tIrthakara mahAvIra 281 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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lekhakatraya-zrI madhukara muni, zrI ratanamuni, zrI caMda surAMnA "sarasa" sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA-2, 1974 zrI paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI "bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina saMgha - caurAsI, mathurA, pauSa 2479 zrI amaracandrajI mahArAja sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA / jinendra varNI "jainadharma meM padArtha vijJAna" - bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI paM. mizrImalajI ma. ___"dazavakAlika' zrI marudhara kesarI prakAzana samiti, byAvara paM. amolakaRSijI ma. ___"uttarAdhyayana" rAjAbahAdura lAlA sukhadevajI jvAlAprasAdajI jauharI, haidarAbAda, zIlAMkAcAryakRta vRtti . "AcArAMga ___ paNDita hIrAlAla haMsarAja (jAmanagara vAlA), 1988-1990 zIlAMkAcArya "zrImatsUtrakRtAMgam" .. zA. veNIcaMda sUracanda, Agamodaya samiti, mahesAnA, 1917 abhayadevasUri . "zrI matsthAnAMgasUtram ___Agamodaya samiti bambaI, 1918 amolaka RSijI ma. "zrI matsamavAyAMga sUtra" rAjAbahAdura lAla sukhadevajI, jvAlAprasAdajI jauharI, haidarAbAda abhayadeva sUri "zrImad bhagavatIsUtram zrI Agamodaya samiti, mahesAnA, 1918 abhayadeva sUri "zrI vyAkhyAprajAti (savRtti) " jinAgama prakAzana sabhA, mumbaI, 1974 abhayadeva sUri "zrI praznavyAkaraNa dazAMgam" zrI Agamodaya samiti, mahesAnA, 1919 svAmI omAnanda tIrtha "pAtaMjala yogapradIpa govinda bhavana kAryAlaya, gItA presa, gorakhapura kapila "sAMkhyakArikA' sadarbha grantha - sUcI / 282

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udyotakara "pirrank" IzvakRSNa "HICHT M.-Hiriyanna "Outlines of Indian Philosophy (Hindi Translation)" Raj Kamal Prakashan, New Delhi-110002, 1993 Radhakrishnan, S."Indian Philosophy (Hindi Translation)" Belvelkar History of Indian Philosophy Mar Muller "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophory Associated Publishing House, New Market, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-5, 1973 T.G. Kalghatgi "Karma and Rebirth" Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Shodh Sansthan Nath Mal Tantiya : "Studies in Jain Philosoplayan Jain Cultural Society, Banaras, 1951 Jaydayal Goynuka "What is Dharma" Sharma "Annals of the Bhandar Karta Oriental Research Institutes, Poona, Val XIX Mukhyopadhyay "Kurma Purang" Dr. S.S. Upadhyaya "A Philosophical Study of the Naradiya Puran" Published by-Shrimati Kumnd Kumari Upadhyaya, Jnnananidhi Prakashan, Chhata Chowk, Kishor Narain Road, Muzaffarpura (Bihar), 1983 "Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Tradition" Mendy, Doniger O'Platherty Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi. Datta, Dhirendra Mohan "The Six Ways of Knowing" KIA Critical Study of the Vedanta Theory of Knowledge, University of Calcutta, 1960 Hiriyanna, M. "The Essentials of Indian Philosophy" Allan and Unwin, London, 1948 "Philosophies of India" Zimmer H. (Edited by Joreph Complall) Second Printing, 1953 Bollingen Series XXVI Pantheon Books * Dr. Bool Chand "Jainism In Indian History" PC3 / garott itt top

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Jain Cultural Research Society, * F/3, Banaras Hindu University, Banaras. "Jainism and Democracy Dr. Juder Chand Sastri, Jain Conference, New Delhi Dr. Vinternitz "Ascetic Litrature in Ancient India" Calcutta University, Review, Oct. 1923 Nehru "Discovery of India" V. Smith "History of India" Jacobi "Sacred Books of the East" 000 * R - da / Rex

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patra-patrikAe~ saM. DaoN. sagaramata nai "zramaNa" . pUva sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5 saM. narendra zAkta "jinavANI" ("dhyAnayoga : rUpa aura darzana') sambAjAna pracAraka maNDala, jodhapura-3, 1972 gautama bosavAta "arhat jaina TAimsa" (mavarI, 1994) Acharya Sushil Ashram, C-599, Chetna Marg, Defence Colony, New Delhi "samyagdarzana" siTI pulisa, jodhapura / saM. DaoN. devasiMha gaur3a .. "jayagujAra ba. bhA. bavaguMjAra prakAzana samiti, byAvara saM. jhumAnaprasAdacI poddAra "kalyANa _ golA presa, gorakhapura 000 285 / purANoM meM jaina dharma

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grantha paricaya DA. caraNaprabhA sAdhvI kA yaha zodha prabandha bhAratIya purANa vAGmaya maiM jaina dharma ke mUlya, AcAra, sAMskRtika itihAsa aura mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra pratiphalita dekhe jA sakate haiM, isakA zodhAtmaka aura vizada adhyayana prastuta karatA hai| purANoM kA vivecana karate samaya viduSI lekhikA ne purANoM ke pA~ca lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai aura baDe sAragarbhita DhaMga se unameM varNita viSayoM kA eka-eka karake jaina AmamI, sUtragranthI, purANI tathA anya granthoM meM varNita viSayoM se tatvagrAhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai| lerivakA kA niSkarSa hai ki purANa jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM se avagata haiM aura arhat dharma Adi saMdarbho se unakA paricaya pramANita karate haiN| purANoM ne Atma tatva kA jI vivecana kiyA hai, usameM jaina siddhAntI kI mAnyatA se kyA samAnatA hai, karma siddhAnta kI....

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granthalekhikA sAdhvI DaoN. caraNAprabhAzrI - - janmanAma janma janmasthAna nivAsa mAtA pitA jyotiSAlA 30 disambara, 1971 bhaNDArA tAMdalI, jilAAkolA sau.lIlA bothavA (dIkSA nAma-zrI zIlaprabhAjI ma0) zrI praphulla (nemicaMda) bothavA (dIkSA nAma-zrI RSabhacaraNajI ma0 svarga. 18 julAI 1998) botharA 6 maI,1982 nAnaNA, jilApAlI sAdhvIcaraNaprabhA sAdhvI zrI zIlaprabhAzrIjI ma. AcArya pravara zrIjItamalajI ma. sA. AcArya pravara zrI lAlacandrajI ma. sA. pravezikA, upAdhyAya, zAstrI, ema.e. (saMskRta), pI.eca.DI. (darzana zAstra) gotra dIkSA grahaNa dIkSAsthala dIkSA nAma guruvaryA gurudeva adhyayana