Kuvalaymala Kaha Ka Sanskritik Adhyayan

Author(s): Prem Suman Jain
Publisher: Prakrit Jain Shastra evam Ahimsa Shodh Samsthan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032282/1

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prAkRtajainazodha-saMsthAna granthamAlA saMkhyA-13 pradhAna sampAdaka DA0 nAgendra prasAda, ema0 e0, DI0 liTa0 nidezaka, prAkRta, jainazAstra evaM ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DA0 prema sumana jaina ema0e0 pAli, prAkRta evaM jainijma tathA prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM eziyAyI adhyayana, pIeca0 Do0, sahAyaka prophesara-prAkRta, saMskRta vibhAga udayapura vizvavidyAlaya (rAjasthAna) prakAzaka prAkRta-jaina-zAstra evaM ahiMsA zodha-saMsthAna vaizAlI, bihAra 1975

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KUVALAYAMALAKAHA KA SAMSKRTIKA ADHYAYANA (A Cultural Study of the Kuvalayamalakaha) BY Dr. PREM SUMAN JAIN, M. A., Ph. D. O 0 Published in 1975 All Rights Reserved Price : 26. Published on behalf of the Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa, Vaishali, Bihar by Dr. Nagendra Prasad, M.A., D.Litt., Director. Printed in India at the Tara Printing Works, Varanasi.

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US The Government of Bihar established the Research Institute of Prakrit Jainology and Ahimsa at Vaishali in 1955 with the object inter alia to promote advanced studies and research in Prakrit and Jainology and to Publish works of permanent value to scholars. This Institute is one of the six Research Institutes being run by the Government of Bihar. The other five are : (i) Mithila Institute of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning at Darbhanga ; (ii) Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute for research in ancient, medieval and modern Indian History at Patna ; (iii) Bihar Rastrabhasa Parishad fo Research and advanced Studies in Hindi at Patna ; (iv Nava Nalanda Mahavihar for Research and Postgraduat Studies in Buddhist Learning and Pali at Nalandit, an (v) Institute of Post-graduate Studies and Research ih Arabic and Persian Learning at Patna. As part of this programme of rehabilitating and reorientating ancient learning and scholarship this is the Research Volume No. 13 which is a study on Kuvalayamalakaha of Udyotanasuri by Dr. Prem Suman Jain. The Government of Bihar hope to continue to sponsor such projects and trust that this humble service to the world of scholarship and learning would bear fruit in the fulness of time.

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pradhAna sampAdakIya prAkRta bhASA meM Agama evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya ke atirikta mahattvapUrNa kathA grantha bhI upalabdha haiM / udyotanasUrikRta " kuvalayamAlAkahA" prAkRtakathA kA anupama udAharaNa hai / AThavIM zatAbdI ke bhArata ke sAMskRtika jIvana kA sampUrNa citra isameM upalabdha hai / DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA prastuta "kuvalayamAlAkahA " ke pariNAmasvarUpa yaha kRti vidvat jagat meM paryApta carcita hai / isake sAMskRtika adhyayana kI apekSA thI / DA0 premasumana jaina, sahAyaka prophesara, prAkRta, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ne kuvalayamAlA kA sAMskRtika vivecana prastuta kara isa kamI ko pUrA kiyA hai / DA0 jaina ke isa grantha se " kuvalayamAlA kahA " ke prAyaH sabhI pakSa udghATita hue haiM / prastuta grantha ko DA0 jaina ne sAta adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| inameM kuvalayamAlA kA sAhityika svarUpa, usameM variNata bhaugolika- vivaraNa, sAmAjika-jovana, Arthika jIvana, zikSA, bhASA aura sAhitya, lalita kalAe~ evaM zilpa tathA dhArmika jIvana sambandhI tathyoM kA vivecana vyavasthita aura tulanAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka kA niSkarSa hai ki udyotana sUri ne sadAcAra se anuprANita samAja kA citra isa kathA dvArA upasthita karanA cAhA hai / vyakti ke vikAsa ke bIja naitika mUlyoM meM nihita rahate haiM, yaha isa kathA aura kathAkAra kI niSpatti hai / prAkRta ke isa vizAla grantha meM DA0 sumana kI gaharI paiTha hai / tabhI itane sAMskRtika tathyoM ko kuvalayamAlA se ekatra kara sake haiM / isa grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata kA videzoM se vyApArika sambandha thA / jala evaM sthala mArgoM dvArA vyApArI dUra-dUra kI yAtrA karate the / una dinoM vijayapurI evaM sopAraka pramukha maNDiyA~ thIM / samAja meM vibhinna prayojana hote the / aneka jAtiyoM kA usa samaya astitva thA / bhinna prakAra ke vastra, alaMkAra evaM vAdyoM kA vyavahAra hotA thA / viSaya ko spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se DA0 jaina ne ina saba ke rekhAcitra bhI grantha ke anta meM diye haiM / kuvalayamAlA meM vibhinna bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| apabhraMza ke vividha prayoga isameM upalabdha haiM / lekhaka ne aise mahattvapUrNa zabdoM kI sandarbha sUcI bhI isa grantha meM prastuta kI hai| isase na kevala mUla grantha ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai varan bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa krama kA jJAna bhI prApta hotA hai / isa grantha meM kuvalayamAlA meM varNita vibhinna dhArmika mata-matAntaroM

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( 6 ) kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki usa samaya cintana aura dharma ke bIca sAmaJjasya thA / prAzA hai ki DA0 jaina kA yaha grantha bhAratIya bhASAoM ke adhyetAoM tathA kalA aura itihAsa ke marmajJoM kA bhI dhyAna apanI ora AkRSTa karegA / jisa lagana evaM parizrama se pustaka ko grAkarSaka rUpa meM mudrita kiyA gayA hai usake lie tArA priMTiMga varksa vArANasI ke prabandhakoM ko hama hRdaya se dhanyavAda dete haiM / nAgendraprasAda nidezaka

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prAthamika udyotanasUri (779 I0 ) kRta prAkRta kuvalayamAlAkahA lagabhaga 60 varSa pUrva bhAratIya vidyA ke manISiyoM kI jAnakArI meM AyI thii| usake bAda se aneka bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa ora AkRSTa huaa| yadyapi sva0 DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha, upAdhye dvArA kuvalayamAlA kA samAlocanAtmaka saMskaraNa 1959 I0 meM tathA prastAvanA Adi 1977 meM prakAzita hue tathApi isake pUrva hI aneka vidvAnoM ne kucheka mahattvapUrNa pakSoM para nibandha likha kara isa grantha kI mahattA kI ora vizeSa dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA thaa| aba taka kuvalayamAlA para jo kArya huA hai usakI eka pUrI sUcI isa grantha ke anta meM do hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA kI sAMskRtika sAmagrI kA digdarzana sva0 DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne apane 'e kalcarala noTa Ana da kuvalayamAlA,' jo DA0 upAdhye dvArA sampAdita kuvalayamAlA ke dvitIya bhAga meM chapA hai, meM kiyA thaa| isase grantha kI sAMskRtika sAmagrI kI mahattA aura upayogitA kA patA calatA hai| bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se usa samagra sAmagrI kA vistRta, tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka vivecana atyanta Avazyaka thaa| pichale lagabhaga 10 varSoM ke adhyayana-anusandhAna dvArA taiyAra kiyA gayA prastuta grantha isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti kregaa| bhAratIya vidyA ke manISI DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne 'pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa' 'harSacarita-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana' Adi saMskRta granthoM ke sAMskRtika adhyayana prastuta karake sarva prathama vidvAnoM ke samakSa sapramANa rUpa se isa tathya ko prastuta kiyA ki bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke nirmANa ke lie prAcIna sAhitya meM pracura aura apratima sAmagrI upalabdha hai| unake bAda kaI anya saMskRta granthoM ke sAMskRtika adhyayana bhI prakAza meM Aye haiN| saMskRta jaina sAhitya meM sAMskRtika adhyayana kA prArambha DA0 gokulacandra jaina ke somadevasUrikRta 'yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' se hotA hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana ke lie yaha eka AdhArabhUta grantha hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke grantha vizeSa ke sAMskRtika adhyayana kI paramparA meM kuvalayamAlA kA yaha sAMskRtika vivecana eka mahattvapUrNa kar3I ke rUpa meM hai| prAkRta grantha kA yaha pahalA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai, jo bhAratIya sAhitya, itihAsa va purAtattva ke vibhinna sAkSyoM ke prariprekSya meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mahAkavi bANa ke grantha guptakAla kI bhAratIya saMskRti ke ujAgara dastAvez2a haiN| prAcArya somadeva kA yazastilaka 10vIM zatAbdI ke bhArata kI

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( 8 ) sAMskRtika cetanA ko prativimbita karatA hai| udyotanasUrikRta kuvalayamAlAkahA bANa aura somadeva kI racanAoM ke samaya ke antarAla ko apanI sAhityika aura sAMskRtika vizeSatAoM se jor3atI hai| isa taraha mahAkavi bANa, udyotanasuri aura somadeva ke granthoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana chaThI se 10vIM zatAbdI taka ke bhArata ke usa sAMskRtika svarUpa ko pUrNa karatA hai, jo mAtra itihAsa va purAtattva ke pramANoM se pUrA nahIM ho sakatA thaa| isa taraha pratyeka zatAbdI kI saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM kI una pratinidhi racanAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Avazyaka hai jinameM deza ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko pUrNatA milane kI sambhAvanAeM haiN| udyotanasUri kI yaha ekamAtra kRti upalabdha hai| isake adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki lekhaka prAcIna sAhitya, paramparA, samakAlIna saMskRti tathA bhASAoM Adi se kitanA abhijJa thaa| unake agAdha pAMDitya evaM bahumukhI pratibhA kA jItA-jAgatA pramANa hai-kuvlymaalaakhaa| isake adhyayana meM prArambha se hI maiM sajaga rahA hU~ ki prastuta kRti ke mUla sandarbho ke AdhAra vara hI koI vAta kahI jAya aura lekhaka ke mantavya ko sahI rUpa meM pragaTa kiyA jaay| sva0 DA0 buddhaprakAza, AdaraNIya DA0 rAmacandra dvivedI evaM paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ne jisa parizrama aura ruci ke sAtha isa prabandha kA avalokana kiyA hai, usase mere saMkalpa aura prastutIkaraNa ko bala milA hai| isa grantha meM kuva0 ke mUla sandarbha utane hI uddhRta kiye gaye haiM, jitanoM se vojhalatA na bddh'e| anya sandarbha prakAzita kuva0 ke pRSTha aura paMkti ko aMkoM dvArA sUcita kara diye gaye haiN| grantha meM vaNita vastra, alaMkAra, zastra, vAdya evaM zilpa ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane ke lie rekhAcitra bhI anta meM diye gaye haiN| __prastuta grantha kuvalayamAlAkahA ke adhyayana kI pUrNAhuti nahIM hai| isa grantha ke sAhityika aura bhASAvaijJAnika pakSa ko lekara do svatantra adhyayana prastuta kiye jAne caahiye| merA saMkalpa hai ki ku0 ke hindI anuvAda ke sAtha hI ukta pakSoM para bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhaviSya meM prastuta kruuN| vahuta-sI isa viSayaka sAmagrI saMkalita hone para bhI isa grantha ke sAtha vistAra bhaya se nahIM dI jA sakI hai, jisakA upayoga 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana' prastuta karate samaya kiyA jA skegaa| prastuta grantha meM kuvalayamAlAkahA meM prayukta sAhityika svarUpa, aitihAsika sandarbha, bhaugolika vivaraNa, sAmAjika jIvana, Arthika vyavasthA, zikSA, bhASA aura sAhitya, lalita kalAe~ evaM vijJAna tathA dhArmika jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM ko vivecita kiyA gayA hai| viSayAnukramaNikA se isa kRti kI viSayavastu spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kuvalayamAlA kA yaha prastutIkaraNa Adi se anta taka mere agraja DA0 gokulacandra jaina, prAcyavidyA saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya kI

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vidvattApUrNa dRSTi se anuprANita rahA hai| unake prati kRtajJatA zabdoM se pare hai| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRta ke vibhinna kSetroM meM kuvalayamAlAkahA ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para prastuta grantha kA jo yogadAna hai vaha isake upasaMhAra meM pratipAdita hai| isa adhyayana dvArA yaha pahalI bAra jJAta hotA hai ki sAhitya kI sadAcAraparaka daSTi kA kaise upayoga kiyA gayA hai| AThavIM sadI taka samAja Arya aura anArya saMskRti meM vibhakta thaa| vANijya-vyApAra kI unnati ke kAraNa bhArata ke vaidezika sambandha bar3ha rahe the| patha-paddhati kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| dhAtUvAda jaisI rAsAyanika prakriyA dhanopArjana ke lie prayukta hotI thii| vibhinna bhASAmoM ke itane udAharaNa prastuta karane vAlI kRti ekamAtra kuvalayamAlA hai| lalita kalAoM aura zilpa ke kSetra meM citrakalA kA itanA sUkSma digdarzana karAnA udyotana kI kalA-priyatA kA dyotaka hai| dhArmika mata-matAntaroM kI itanI bhIDa meM mila-baiTha kara cintana-manana karane kA prasaMga tatkAlIna samAja meM svatantracintana aura usakI abhivyakti kI muktatA kA paricAyaka hai| ataH prastuta adhyayana bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna AyAma udghATita karane meM upAdeya hogA, aisI AzA hai| merA yaha saubhAgya rahA hai ki bhAratIya vidyA aura saMskRta ke utkRSTa manISiyoM dvArA prakAzana ke pUrva isa pustaka kA avalokana hotA rahA hai| isase yaha kRti yathA-sambhava pariSkRta rUpa meM prakAzita ho sakI hai| kuvalayamAlA ke isa gurutara kArya ko pUrNatA gurujanoM ko asIma kRpA aura vidvAn mitroM evaM snehI svajanoM ke sahayoga se hI milI hai| una savakA kRtajJa huuN| grantha meM jina prAcIna aura navIna kRtiyoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai una sabhI ke lekhakoM kA AbhArI huuN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, abhaya jaina granthAlaya, bIkAnera, vIra sevA mandira dillI, bhAratIya purAtattva vibhAga, dillI, prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI evaM udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke samRddha pustakAlayoM ke prabandhakoM kA bhI AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne yathAsamaya unakA upayoga karane meM mujhe sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai| pustaka ke yathAzIghra prakAzana ke lie vihAra zAsana dvArA saMcAlita prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ke bhUtapUrva nidezaka sva0 DA. gulAbacandra caudharI evaM vartamAna nidezaka DA0 nAgendraprasAda jI kA maiM hRdaya se AbhAra mAnatA huuN| mudraNa kArya ke lie tArA prinTiga varksa vArANasI ke prabandhaka bandhuoM kA dhanyavAda hai| hiyaya paummi sA me hiri-devI hou saMNihiyA 4, ravIndra nagara, udayapura prema sumana jaina 3 navambara, 1975

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viSayAnukramaNikA 1-48 adhyAya eka : : udyota sUri aura unakI kuvalayamAlAkahA pariccheda 1. granthakAra aura grantha ( 1-7 ) udyotanasUri kA paricaya evaM pANDitya, kuvalayamAlAkahA kA samaya ( 779 I0 ) evaM racanA-sthala-jAvAlipura ( jAlaura ) / pariccheda 2. kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa ( 8-20 ) kathA ke bheda-prameda saMkIrNakathA, campUkAvyatva, kathAsthApatya saMyojanapUrNadIptipraNAlI, kAlamizraNa, kathotprarohazilpa, soddezyatA, anyApadezikatA, varNanakSamatA, bhogAyatana-zilpa, prarocanazilpa, romAMsayojanA, kutUhala-yojanA, vRtti-vivecana, udAttIkaraNa / rasa-alaMkAra-zRGgArarasapUrNa kathA kA aucitya, anya rasa, upamA, vyaktireka, parisaMkhyA, zleSa, citrAlaMkAra, rUpaka Adi alNkaar| chanda-yojanA-adhikAkSarA, avalambaka Adi 36 chandoM kA pryog| kathAoM meM lokatatvoM kA samAveza - kuva0 ke sAhityika-mUlyAMkana kI aavshyktaa| ku0 kI anya kathA-granthoM se tulanA -- kAdambarI evaM kuvalayamAlAkahA ke kathAnaka meM sAmya, kuvalayamAlAkahA kI maulikatA / pariccheda 3. grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi ( 21-33) kuva0 kA saMkSipta sampUrNa kthaank| punarjanma evaM karmaphala kI sambandha-zRGkhalA evaM Atmazodhana dvArA mukti kI prApti jaisI vicAradhArAoM kA paripAka / pratIkapAtroM ke nirmANa kI maulikatA, ku0 dvArA rUpakAtmaka paramparA kA sUtrapAta / lekhaka dvArA vastu-jagat kA sUkSma aNkn| pariccheda 4. aitihAsika sandarbha ( 34-48 ) pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke smaraNa kI prmpraa| prAcIna granthakAra aura unake grantha-chappaNNaya-vidagdha kAvya-pratimA kA dyotaka kavi, pAdalipta evaM taraMgavatI, hAla-gAthA saptazatI, guNADhya-bRhatkathA, bAlmIkirAmAyaNa, vyAsa-mahAbhArata, bANa-kAdambarI, vimalasUri--paumacariyaM, devaguptasupurisacariyaM, harivarSa-sulocanAkathA, prabhaMjana-yazodharacarita, raviSeNapadamacarita. jaTila-varAMgacarita. hribhdrsri-smrmiyNkkthaa| kaviupAdhiyAM-abhimAna, parAkrama, sAhasAMka evaM vinne| sAhasAMka

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46-68 samrATa candragupta kA upanAma / anya phuTakara grantha-bharata-bharatazAstra, vizAkhila-yuddhazAstra, baMgAlaRSi-baMgAla-jAtaka. manu-manusmRti, mArkaNDeya-unakA purANa evaM cANakya-arthazAstra / yonipAhuNa, gItA, gAyatrI, kanakazAstra, kAmazAstra, samudrazAstra, taMntrAkhyAna, nItizAstra, dhammilahiNDI, vasudevahiNDI evaM AcArAMga Adi gyAraha Agama-grantha / prAcIna granthoM ke uddhRta aMza-17 nIti-vAkya evaM 26 sUktiyA~ / sajjana-durjana varNana kA vaiziSTya evaM paramparA / aitihAsika rAjAoM ke sandarbha-avanti, candragupta, toramANa, devagupta, bharata, vopparAja, zrIvatsarAja raNahastin Adi 27 rAjAoM ke ullekha / avanti kI yazovarman ke uttarAdhikArI avantivarman ( Ama ) se pahicAna, toramANa, devagupta evaM harigupta kI phicaan| udyotanasUri ke samakAlIna zrIvatsarAja raNahastin / adhyAya do :: bhaugolika vivaraNa pariccheda 1. bhAratIya janapada ( 51-61) 24 janapadoM kA ullekha --antarveda, Andhra, avanti, karNATaka, kannauja, kAzI, gurjaradeza, gola, Dhakka, pUrvadeza, magadha, madhyadeza, mahArASTra, mahilArAjya, mAlava, lATa, vatsa videha, zrIkaMTha, sindha, saurASTra evaM uttarApatha aadi| pariccheda 2. nagara ( 62-74 ) 44 prAcIna nagaroM kA ullekha-aruNAbhapura, alakA, ayodhyA ( vinItA ), ujjayinI, kAkandI, kAMcI, kozAmbI, campA, jayantIpuro, jayazrI, takSazilA, dvArikApurI, dhanakapurI, padmanagara, parvatikA, pATaliputra, prayAga, prabhAsa, pratiSThAna, bharukaccha, bhinnamAla, mathurA, mAkandI, mithilA, ratnApurI, rAjagRha, RSabhapura, laMkAnagarI, vArANasI, vijayAnagarI, vindhyapura, vindhyavAsa, saralapura, sAketa, zrAvastI, zrItuMgA, sopAraka, hastinApura Adi / pariccheda 3. grAma, vana evaM parvata ( 75-84 ) uccasthala, kUpapandra, nandIpura, ragaNA sanniveza, paMcattiyagrAma evaM saaligraam| jAtivizeSa ke graam-plliyaaN| cintAmaNipalli evaM mlecchapallike varNana dvArA viziSTa grAmoM kA paricaya / vana evaM parvatakosaMbavana, trikUTa zaila, tridazagirivara, nandanavana, malaya parvata, meru parvata, rohaNa parvata, vindhyagirivara, vetADhya, zatrujaya, saMvalIvana, sammedazala, sahya parvata, himavaMta aadi| aTavI evaM nadiyA~-devATavI, mahAvindhyATavI kA pAramparika varNana /

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( 12 ) pariccheda 4. bRhattara bhArata ( 85-94 ) uttarakurU, kuDuMgadvIpa, khasa, candradvIpa, cIna ( tibbata ke samIpavartI pahAr3I rAjya ), mahAcIna ( Adhunika cIna ), jambUdvIpa, tAradvIpa, dakSiNa samudra, pArasa ( sumAtrA kA pArasIka dvIpa ), babarakula ( aphrikA uttarI-pazcimI taTa), yavanadvIpa ( jAvA ), ratnadvIpa ( zrIlaMkA) bAravaI ( varuvArI), suvarNa dvIpa ( sumAtrA ) Adi / pariccheda 5. prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola kI viziSTa zabdAvali ( 95-98 ) aggAhAra, antaradvIpa, aSTApada, Akara, karvaTa, kheTaka, grAma, goTThagaNa, NiNNayAo, dvIpa, droNamukha, nagara, paTTaNa, patha, mahApatha, paraMtIra, pura, maNDamba, vastavyaka, sthAna, visaya, sImAnta, bihAra, ArAma Adi / zradhyAya tIna : : sAmAjika jIvana pariccheda 1. varNa evaM jAtiyA~ ( 101-118 ) udyotanasUri kI samAjagaThana viSayaka mAnyatAe~ - janma kI apekSA karmagata varNa-vyavasthA ko pradhAnatA / pramukha cAra varNa - brAhmaNa, kSatriya, ThAkura, ikSvAku, vaizya evaM zUdra / Arya evaM anArya jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana | mleccha jAtiyA~ - oD, kirAta, kuDakkha, koMca, kottha, gaur3a, kaMcuka, puliMda, bhilla, zabara evaM bharurucA / antyaja jAtiyA~ - DoMba, pakkaNakula, bheriya, zaukArika, vokkasa, caNDAla, mAtaMga, vaMzuli, jatyadhaMdhaka Adi / karmakAra jAtiyA~ - luhAra, ahIra, cAraNa, kAya ( kAyastha ), ibhya, kappaNiyA evaM magahA / prAdezika jAtiyA~ - AroTTa ( aror3A ), mAlaviya, kAnyakubja, soraTTha, zrIkaMTha, gurjara, marahaTTha, andha Adi / videzI jAtiyA~ - zaka ( sikkha ), yavana ( jonejA), hUNa ( cAvalA, khannA ), khasa ( nepAlI khassA ), tajjika ( araba), siMhala, roma, pArasIka, aravAka, koMca Adi / hayamukha, gajamukha, hayakarNa Adi ToTemisTika TrAibja / jAtiyoM kA saMskRti ke AdhAra para vibhAjana / pariccheda 2. sAmAjika saMsthAe~ ( 119 - 126 ) AdhArabhUta saMsthAe~ - pArivArika jIvana -- putra, putrI, dAmpatyaprema, mAtA-pitA Adi pramukha sadasyoM kI sthiti | vivAha saMsthA | dhArmika saMsthAe~ -- devakula, maTha, pAThazAlA, samavazaraNa, agnihotrazAlA evaM brAhmaNazAlA / paropakArI saMsthAe~ - pavA, maMDapa, satrAgAra, evaM ArogyazAlA / Arthika samRddhi kA samucita upayoga / 6-175

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/ 53 ) pariccheda 3. sAmAjika prAyojana ( 127-138 ) janmotsava-vardhApana, pNcdhaatR-sNrkssnn| vivAhotsava-kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha kA sUkSma evaM vistRta vrnnn| yuvarAjyAbhiSekotsavakuvalayacanda kA raajyaabhissek| indramaha, mahAnavamI, dIpAvalI, baladevotsava, kaumudI-mahotsava, vasantotsava, madanotsava Adi Arya saMskRti ke saamaajik-upaadaan| rItirivAja-agnisaMskAra, brAhmaNabhoja, asthivisarjana, mRtakoM kA tarpaNa aadi| satI-prathA kI nirarthakatA, dAsaprathA kA astitva / andha-vizvAsa-putra prApti hetu bali Adi denA, tantra-mantra kI sAdhanA evaM vibhinna devatAoM kI aaraadhnaa| zakuna-apazakuna para vicAra / gA~voM kA sAmAjika jIvana --- gA~voM kI saMracanA, pramukha vyavasAya-kRSi, akAla kA sAmanA, phasala ke lie varSA kI nirbharatA tathA gA~voM ke pramukha, paMca nAdi-mahAvar3harabhaTTa, pradhAnamayahara, grAma-bodroha, grAmamahobhojaka, grAma mahattara, grAma-sAmanta vAdi / pariccheda 4. vastroM ke prakAra ( 139-156 ) vibhinna prakAra ke vastra--ardhasavarNa vastrayugala, uttarIya, uparipaTAMzuka, paTAMzukayugala, uparimavastra, uparistanavastra, kaMTha-kappar3a, kaMthA, kaMbala, kacchA, kasiNAyAra, kasiNapacchAyaNa, kusa-satthara, kUrpAsaka, kSoma, gaMgApaTa, ciMghaya, cIramAlA, cIvara, celiya, thaNa-uttarijja, devadUSya, dhavalamaddhaM, dhUsara-kappaDa, dhauta-dhavala dukUla-yugala, netrayugala, netrATa, paTI, paDa, pota, phAlika, bhAjana-kappar3a, vatkaladukUla, sahavasana, sATaka evaM haMsagarbha aadi| sUtI, UnI evaM rezamI tathA sile aura binA sile hue sabhI prakAra ke vastra / zabara dampati, bhikhAro, mAtaMga, kApAlika evaM tIrtha yAtrI kI vezabhUSA / pariccheda 5. alaMkAra evaM prasAdhana (157-164) 40 prakAra ke alaMkAra-aTThaTTakaMThyAmaraNa, avataMsa, kaMThikA, kaTaka, kaTisUtra, kAMcIkalA, karNaphUla, kiMkiNI, kuNDala, jAlamAlA, dAma, nUpura, pATalA, mAlAharo, muktAvalI, mekhalA, ratnAvali, rasaNA, ruNNamAlA, valaya, vaijayantImAlA, suvarNa, hArAvali aadi| keza prasAdhana-dhammilla, kezapabbhAra, jaTAkalApaM sohillaM, cUDAlaMkAra, sImAnta Adi / pariccheda 6. rAjanaitika jIvana ( 165-175 ) rAjAoM meM ApasI manamuTAva evaM yuddha, rAjA aura prajA kA sambandha, rAjA kI prasannatA evaM krodha, rAjAoM kI prabhutA, dinacaryA, mantri

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( 14 ) pariSad kI pramukhatA, vAsavasabhA meM 16 vidyAoM ke jAnakAra, sAmanta yA jamIMdArI kI prathA, rAjyakarmacArI va adhikArImahAsenApati, mahApurohita, mahAvIra, paurajana, antaHpuramahattarikA, kanyA-antaHpura pAlaka, jAmailla, pura-mahalla, mahAdhammavavahAra, daMDavAsika, savvAhiyAriyA aadi| rAjakIya surakSA meM dRr3hatA / 40 prakAra ke zastrAstra-asi, kattiya, karavAla, karAladaMta, kasa, konteya, cApa, jhasa, churiyA, tomara, maMDalAna, yantra, vasunandaka, zakti, zaila aadi| roga aura unakI paricaryA / adhyAya cAra :: Arthika jIvana 177-224 pariccheda 1. arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana ( 179-185) nindita sAdhana-juA khelanA, seMdha lagAnA, AbhUpaNa chInanA, rAhagIroM ko lUTanA, gAMTha kATanA, kapaTa karanA, ThaganA, machalI pakar3anA aadi| ina sAdhanoM kI nirthktaa| anindita sAdhana-dezAntaragamana, sAjhIdArI, nRpasevA, nApa-taula meM dakSatA, dhAtuvAda, devArAdhanA, kRSi, sAgara-santaraNa, rohaNa-parvata khanana, vANijya, vidyA evaM zilpa aadi| ina sabake sambandha meM tulanAtmaka vivecana / khAnyavAda dvArA dhnopaarjn| sAdhanoM kI pratIkAtmakatA / pariccheda 2. vANijya evaM vyApAra ( 186-201) sthAnIya-vyApAra --vipaNimArga, vinItA ke vipaNimArga kA vizad varNana, usameM jarUrata kI sabhI vastuoM kI dukaaneN| vyApArikamaNDiyA~-vyApArika yAtrA kI taiyArI, maMDiyoM meM vyApAriyoM kA svAgata, 'deziya-vaNiya-bhelIe' (vyApArI-maNDala ) kA ullekha, vyApArika anubhavoM kA AdAna pradAna , AyAta-niryAta kI vastueM, prasiddha maNDiyA~-sopAraka, pratiSThAna-maMDI jayazrI, vijayapurI maNDI / 18 dezoM ke vyaapaarii| unake svarUga, svabhAva evaM bhASAoM kA udyotana dvArA vrnnn| bAjAra kA kolAhala - kraya-vikraya kI jaankaarii| nApa-tola evaM mudrA-aMjali, karSa, koTi, goNI, pala, pAda, bhAra, mAMsa, rattI, rupayA, varATikA, suvarNa Adi / "egArasaguNA' kA jurmAne ke artha meM pryog| vANijya-vyApAra ke niyAmaka zreSThijana / pariccheda 3. samudra-yAtrAe~ ( 202-211) Arthika-samRddhi aura jala-yAtrAe~, samudra-yAtrA kA uddezya dhanArjana evaM videza-bhramaNa / yAtrA kI phaThinAIyA~-ratnadvIpa ke prasaMga meM tUphAna, jala-dasyu, samudrI jIvajantu Adi kA ullekha / sArthaputroM kA adamya

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( 15 ) sAhasa, jalayAtrA kI taiyAriyA~-niryAta kI vastuoM kA saMgraha, yAtrAkAla kI avadhi Adi para vicAra, dalAloM kA sahayoga aadi| jahAja kA prasthAna, samudra pAra ke deza meM vyApAra, 'diNNAhatthasaNNA' kA vizeSa ullekha, svArthI-vyApArI, samudrI-tUphAna, paMjara-puruSa, iSTa devatAoM kA smaraNa / jahAja bhagna hone para vyvsthaa-bhinnpot-dhvj| udyotana dvArA jahAja-bhagna kA dhArmika rUpaka / prasiddha jalamArga / pramukha bandaragAha--sopAraka / pariccheda 4. sthala-yAtrAe~ ( 212-217) sArthavAha, sArtha kA prasthAna, sArtha kA sAja-sAmAna, sArtha kA par3Ava evaM prasthAna, sthalamArga kI kaThinAiyA~, prAcIna bhAratIya sthalamArga uttarApatha se dakSiNa bhArata kI yaatraaeN| pariccheda 5. dhAtuvAda evaM svarNasiddhi ( 218-223 ) dhAtuvAda kalA evaM vyavasAya ke rUpa meM, dhAtuvAda kI zikSA, prayogaprakriyA, saphalatA-asaphalatA, pryogvaadii-nrendrklaa| jAtya-suvarNavizaddhIkaraNa kI prkriyaa| svarNasiddhi-samadracAriyoM kA vyavasAya kU0 meM rudhira se svarNa vanAne kA ullekha / adhyAya pA~ca :: zikSA, bhASA aura boliyA~ 225-269 pariccheda 1. zikSA evaM sAhitya ( 227-246 ) zikSA kA uddezya, zikSA kA prArambha-pA~ca va ATha varSa kI Aya meN| gurukula evaM vidyaagRh-mtth| zikSaNIya viSaya-vyAkaraNa evaM darzanazAstra, 72 kalAe~, AyujjANa ( saMgIta ), vatthu ( vAstukalA), daMtakAyaM ( hAthIdA~ta kI kalA ), biNioga (prazAsana kalA), allakammaM ( siMcanakArya ), akkhAiyA ( kathAlekhana ), kAlAyasakamma ( luhArI), mAlAhattaNaM, upaNisayaM ( upaniSad vidyA ), pAsovaNi ( avasvApinI vidyA ), mUlakammaM ( vaidya ka ), Adi viziSTa klaaeN| azvavidyA-azvoM ke nAma, 18 jAtiyA~, azvoM ke zubha azubha lakSaNa / jyotiSavidyA, nimittazAstra, sAmudrikavidyA, svapnanimitta / anya vibhinna vidyAe~-mahAzabarI, bhagavatI prajJapti / cANakya evaM kAmazAstra kA adhyayana / chAtroM kA svarUpa evaM dinacaryAvijayapurI ke maTha ke chAtra, bhojanabhaTTa evaM asambaddha prlaapii| vibhinna vidyAoM ke jAnakAra / pariccheda 2. bhASAe~ aura boliyA~ ( 247-261 ) uddyotana dvArA ullikhita pramukha bhASAe~-prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza

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/ 16 ) ( gadya-padya ) evaM paishaacii| draviNa bhApA, dakSiNa bhArata kI bhASA, rAkSasI evaM mizra bhASA, dezI bhApA aadi| ina sabake svarUpa Adi para vicAra / grantha ke pramukha kathopakathana-grAma-bhaTTArakoM, kor3hiyoM, grAma-mahattaroM evaM pizAcoM kI bAtacIta, 18 dezoM ke vyApAriyoM kI bhASA, maTha ke chAtroM kI baatciit| ina saba meM prayukta vibhinna bhApAe~ evaM boliyaaN| pariccheda 3. zabda-sampatti ( 262-269) kuvalayamAlA kI zabda-sampatti-lagabhaga 250 viziSTa zabdoM ke artha, zabdakoSa nirmANa ke liye upayogI / adhyAya chaha :: lalitakalAe~ aura zilpa 271.340 pariccheda 1. nATyakalA ( 273-282) ku0 meM nATyakalA se sambandhita viziSTa zabdoM kA prayoga-nRtta, lAsyanRtta, tANDavanRtta-muMDamAlA dhAraNa kara, trinetra ko kholakara aTTahAsa karate hue nRtta krnaa| nRtya aura nRtta meM bhed| ku0 meM nRtya ke ullekha / nATya-bharatazAstra meM pravINa bharataputra, naToM kI vezabhUSA, rasAzrita nATya / lokanATya-udyotana dvArA lokanATya kA vizeSa ullekha / naTa aura naTI dvArA abhinaya, zRGgArika pradarzana tathA pradarzana ke lie raMgamaMca kI vyavasthA / Adhunika 'mavAInATya' se isa prasaMga kI tulnaa| lokanATya ke andhakAra-rAsamaNDalI, DA~DiyAMnRtya, carcarontya, bhANa, Dombalika evaM siggddaaiy| nATya ke sAtha saMgIta kI sNgt| pariccheda 2. vAditra ( 283-293 ) vAditroM kI sAMskRtika upayogitA, ku0 meM ullikhita 24 prakAra ke vaaditr| Atodya-vAdyavizeSa evaM vAdyasamUhoM kA vAcaka, tUramAMgalikavAdya evaM vAdya-samUha kA dyotk| tatavAdya-vINA, vaMsavINA, trisbara, naard-tumbru-tntrii| avanaddhavAdya-mRdaMga, muraja, * paTu-paTaha, DhakkA, bherI, jhallirI evaM DamarUka / suSiravAdya-veNu, zaMkha, kAhalA / dhanavAdya-ghaMTA, tAla / kucha anya vAdya-gandharva, toDahiyA nAda, maMgala, bajjira, vavvIsaka, mana Adi / pariccheda 3. citrakalA ( 294-306) ku0 meM citrakalA ke pA~ca prasaMga / paTacitra dvArA saMsAra-darzana-52 prakAra kI aakRtiyaaN| do vaNikaputroM kA kathAtmaka citra -20 prakAra kI aakRtiyaaN| ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI kA citra9 vizeSatAoM se yukt| bhiti-citra, paTacitra-vyaktigata evaM dhArmika

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( 17 ) paTacitra / tibbata ke TaMka citra, kathAtmaka-paTa citra / citrakalA ke pAribhASika zabda -- cittayara-dArao, cittakalA - kusalo, cittaputtaliyA, rehA, vaNga, vattiNo, virayaNaM, bhAva, ThANaya, mAga, aMgopAMga evaM daThThe / pariccheda 4 nagara evaM rAjaprAsAda sthApatya ( 307 - 328 ) skandhAvAra--- sthApatya kA nagaroM ke varNana-prasaMgoM meM nagara - sthApatya -- parikhA, prAkAra, aTTAlaka, gopura, rakSAmukha ( pratolI ), rAjyamArga, rathyA, catvara, siMgADaya ( trirAhA ), haTTa, devakula, sabhA Adi / pramukha aMga, bAhyAlI - azva krIDA kA maidAna, vipaNimArga, siMhadvAra, bAhyaAsthAnamaNDapa ( dhavalagRha, antaHpura, kumArI antaHpura, bAlavRkSa-vATikA evaM gRha zakunazavaka, ApAnakabhUmi, bhojana- maNDapa / abhyantara-AsthAna- maNDapa, vAsabhavana, bhavana udyAna - marakatamaNi koTTima, kadalIgRha, gulmavana- latAgRha, gRha-dadhikA, vApI, krIDAzaila, devagRha Adi / pariccheda 5. bhavana - sthApatya ( 329-333 ) dhvajA, tuMgabhavana, zikhara, toraNa, gavAkSa mAlAe~, vedikA, kapotapAlI, sopAnapaMkti / NijjUhaya, Alaya, dvAradeza, harmyatala, ulloka, Adi / yantrazilpa -- yantrajaladhara, yantrazakuna evaM jala-yantra / pariccheda 6. mUrti - zilpa ( 334-340 ) tIrthakara mUrtiyA~ - jinagRha meM aneka maNiyoM se nirmita jinavimba, muktAsaila se nirmita RSabhapratimA tIrthakara ko sira para dhAraNa kI huI yakSa-pratimA, ATha devakanyAoM evaM zAlabhaMjikAoM kI mUrtiyA~, vibhinna puttaliyA~, vyaktigata ratna pratimAe~ / pratimAoM ke vibhinna - padmAsana, vIrAsana, kukkuTAsana, godohanAsana Adi / Asana - padhyAya sAta : : dhArmika jovana pariccheda 1. pramukha dharma ( 343-372 ) 341-395 zaivadharma-advaitavAdI, sadvaitavAdI, kApAlika, mahAbhairava, Atmabadhika, parvata- patanaka, gugguladhAraka, pArthivapUjanavAdI, kAruNika, duSTa jIva saMhAraka Adi sampradAya / ziva ke vibhinna rUpa -- zazizekhara, trinayana, hara, dhavaladeha, zaMkara, ardhanArIzvara evaM yogIziva / mahAkAla kI prasiddhi / rudra, skanda SaDmukha, kumAra, gajendra, vinAyaka, gaNAdhipa, kAtyAyanI, koTTajA Adi devatA / vaidika dharma- ekAtmavAdI pazuyajJa samarthaka ( karmakANDI ), agnihotravAdI, vAnaprastha, varNavAdI, dhyAnavAdI, ekadaNDI, tapasvI tApasa, pAsaMDI, bhikSuka, bhogI Adi dhArmika AcArya | tridazendra, saptamAtRkAe~ dhArmika maTha Adi / paurANika dharma - dAnavAdI, pUrtadhArmika, mUrtipUjaka, vinayavAdI,

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( 18 ) purohita, IzvaravAdI Adi vicAraka / tIrthavandanA--vibhinna tIrthasthAna-gaMgAdvAra, lalita, bhadrezvara, vIrabhadra, somezvara, puSkara, gaMgAsnAna, prayAga kA akSayabaTa Adi / tIrthayAtriyoM kA veSa evaM tiirthyaatraa| vaiSNavadharma-govinda, nArAyaNa, baladeva, buddha, lakSmI Adi devtaa| pariccheda 2. bhAratIya darzana ( 373-381) bauddhadarzana-hInayAna ke siddhAntoM kA pracAra, pratyeka buddha, lokAyata ( cArvAka ) darzana-paramparAgata siddhAnta, 'AkAza' tatva ke ullekha para vicAra, anekAntavAdI ( jainadarzana ), sAMkhya (yoga) darzana-- sAMkhyakArikA kA paThana-pAThana, AcArya kapila, tridaNDI, yogI, caraka kI vicAradhArA, saaNkhy-aalock| vaizeSika darzana--'abhAva' padArtha kA ullekha na hone se 'vaizeSika sUtra ke pracAra kI pramukhatA, AcArya kaNAda / nyAyadarzana--16 padArtho kA saMkSepa meM ullekha / mImAMsAdarzana-chaha pramANoM para vyAkhyAna, kumArila ke grantha kA paThana-pAThana / cintana ke kSetra meM svatantratA evaM samanvaya / AcArya akalaMka aura zaMkara kA ullekha na hone se unakA paravartI honA / pariccheda 3. dhArmika-jagat ( 382-395 ) anya dhArmika mata-paMDara-bhikSuka (AjIvaka ), ajJAnavAdI, citrazikhaNDi ( saptarSi ), niyativAdI, mUr3haparamparAvAdI, kutIrthaka, paratIrthaka, parivrAjaka, gaccha-parigraha evaM cAraNa zramaNa aadi| vyantara devatA-sahayogI-devatA, kinnara, kiMpuruSa, gandharva, nAga, nAgendra, mahoraga, yakSa, lokapAla evaM utpAtI devatA bhUta, pizAca, rAkSasa, vetAla, mahADAyinI, joginI, kanyApizAcinI aadi| tAntrika sAdhanAe~ aura unakI viphalatA -- aMjana-joga, vilapraveza, mudrA, maNDala, samaya, sAdhana, devI, bhUtatantra, gArullavidyA, mantra-vidyA Adi kA ullekha / 'sUrya-upAsanA-aravindanAtha, Aditya evaM ravi kI arcanA, mUlasthAna - bhaTTAraka kI prasiddhi, multAna kI sUrya-pUjA, revantaka kA svruup| jainadharma ke pramukha siddhAnta-saMsAra-svarUpa, cAra gatiyA~, jainamuniyoM kI dinacaryA, karmaphala, triratna, aNuvrata, lezyA, pratikramaNa, sallekhanA aadi| 396-400 upasaMhAra:: citraphalaka kavalayamAlAkahA para zodha-kArya sandarbhagrantha zabdAnukramaNikA 401 422 428

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a0 ko 0 a0 zA0 A0 cU0 A0 ni0 kA0 mI0 kA0rA0 ni0 cU0 ma0 bhA0 manu0 megha 0 pA0 sa0 so0 yaza 0 saM0 20 a0-ha0 a0 a0 e0 TA0 a0 prA0 bhau0 sva0 u0 kuva0 i0 u0 bhU : amarakoza : arthazAstra ha0 sa0 ka0 : haribhadra - samarAicca kahA a0 - kA0 sa0a0 : agravAla, kAdambarI - eka sAMskRtika adhyayana : agravAla, pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa a0pA0 bhA0 : agravAla, harSacarita - eka sAMskRtika adhyayana : altekara, eMziyaNTa TAunsa eNDa siTIja ina gujarAta eNDa kAThiyAvAr3a : avasthI, prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa u0- pU0 bhA030 u0- prA0 sAM0bhU0 ka0 e0 jyo0 ja0-lA0 jai0 kai0 sandarbhagrantha- saMketa : AcArAMgacUrNI, jinadAsagaNi ratalAma : Avazyaka niryukti, bhadrabAhu : kAvyamImAMsA : kalhaNa - rAjataraMgiNI : nizItha cUrNa, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA : mahAbhArata : manusmRti : meghadUta : pAiyasaddamahaNNavo : somadeva - yazastilakacampU : saMgIta ratnAkara : upAdhye, kuvalayamAlA ( dvitIya bhAga ), inTroDakzana : upAdhyAya, vI0 esa0 buddhakAlIna bhAratI bhUgola 3 : upAdhyAya, pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa : upAdhyAya, prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA : kaniMghama, enziyaNTa jyogrAphI Apha iNDiya : jagadIzacandra, lAipha ina enziyaNTa iNDiyA eja DipikTeDa ina jaina kenansa ba0 - jai0 bhA0sa0 : jagadIzacandra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jAma0 - ku0ka0sTa0 : jAmakheDhakara : kuvalayanAlA - e kalcarala sTaDI jai0 bhA0 saM0 yo0 : jaina, hIrAlAla, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna : jaina, jI0 sI0, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaM0 - yaza 0 sAM0 a0 De0 - jyo0 Dikza0 : De, ena0 ela0, jyogrAphikala DikzanarI Apha enziyaNTa eNDa miDievala iNDiyA

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( 20 ) bA0-ko0 ni0 : bAgacI, pI0 sI0, kaula nirNaya bu0-i0 ba0 : buddhaprakAza, iNDiyA eNDa varlDa bu0-po0 so0 paM0 : buddhaprakAza, poliTikala eNDa sozala mUvamenTa ina enziyaNTa paMjAba bu0-sTa0 i0 si0 : buddhaprakAza, sTaDIja ina iNDiyana hisTrI eNDa sivilAijezana bu0-Tre0 ka0 ma0 : buleTina Apha da insTITyUTa Apha TreDIzinala kalcara, madrAsa bha0-vai0 zai0 ma0 : bhaNDArakara, vaiSNava, zaiva evaM anya dhArmika mata ma0 e0 i0 : majUmadAra, eMziyaNTa iNDiyA mo0-sA0 : motIcandra, sArthavAha mo0-prA0 bhA0 ve0 : motIcandra, prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUpA rA0-prA0 na0 : rAya, prAcIna bhArata meM nagara evaM nagara-jIvana la0-i0 nA0 i4 : lallana jI, da ikAnAmika lAipha ina nArdana iNDiyA lA0-hi. jyo0i0 : lA, vI0 sI0, hisTorikala jyogrAphI Apha enziyaNTa iNDiyA za0-rA0 e0 : zarmA, dazaratha, rAjasthAna zrU da ejeja zA0-a0 bhA0 : zAstrI, ena0 sI0, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata zA0-ha0 prA0pa0 : " " " haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana zu0-bhA0 sthA0 : zuklA, bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU sa0-sTa0 jyo0 : sarakAra, sTaDIja ina da jyogrAphI Apha eMzieNTa eNDa miDievala iNDiyA ha-ya0 i0 ka0 handikI, yazastilaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara B. AIHC : Buddha Prakash, Aspects of Indian History and Civilization. B. IAW : Buddha Prakash, Indian and the World. B. PSMP : Political and Social Movement in Ancient Panjab. S. RTA : Sharma, Dashrath, Rajasthan Through the Ages.

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adhyAya eka udyotanasUri aura unakI kuvalayamAlAkahA

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pariccheda eka granthakAra aura grantha udyotanasUri kA paricaya evaM pANDitya prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke lekhakoM ne apane viSaya meM prAyaH bahuta kama sUcanAyeM pradAna kI haiM / kintu kuvalayamAlAkahA ke lekhaka zrI udyotanasUri grantha ke anta meM prazasti meM apanI kula paramparA aura guru-paramparA kA spaSTa paricaya diyA hai / grantha kA racanAsthala evaM samaya bhI nirdiSTa kiyA hai / ' isa prAmANika vivaraNa se granthakAra evaM grantha ke viSaya meM asaMdigdha sUcanAe~ milatI haiN| sAtha hI usa kAla kI mahattvapUrNa sAMskRtika sAmagrI para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai / AcArya udyotanasUri bhAratIya vAGmaya ke bahuzruta vidvAn the / unakI ekamAtra kRti kuvalayamAlAkahA unake pANDitya evaM sarvatomukhI pratibhA kA paryApta nikaSa hai| unhoMne na kevala siddhAntagranthoM kA gahana adhyayana aura manana kiyA thA, apitu bhAratIya sAhitya kI paramparA aura vidyAoM ke bhI ve jJAtA the / aneka prAcIna kaviyoM kI amara kRtiyoM kA avagAhana karane ke atirikta laukika kalAoM aura vizvAsoM ke bhI ve jAnakAra the / ataH siddhAnta, sAhitya aura loka-saMskRti ke sundara sAmaJjasya kA pratiphala hai unakI kuvalayamAlAkahA | granthAnta kI prazasti meM udyotanasUri ne likhA hai ki mahAdvAra nagara meM prasiddha kSatriya rAjA udyotana nivAsa karatA thA / usake putra kA nAma samprati thA, kintu vaha vaTezvara nAma se adhika prasiddha thA / isI vaTezvara ke putra kuva0 ke racanAkara uddyotanasUri the / Age kI vaMza paramparA kA lekhaka ne 1. saga-kAle volINe varisANa saehi~ sattahi~ gaehi / e -dihiM raiyA avaraha-velAe // Adi, kuva0 283.6

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana koI saMketa nahIM diyA hai| unhoMne apane ko candrakula kA sadasya kahA hai, jo unake dhArmika gaccha kA nAma hai|' uddyotanasUri ne apanI kulaparamparA kI apekSA guruparamparA kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| uttarApatha meM candrabhAgA nadI ke kinAre parvatikA nAma kI prasiddha nagarI meM toramANa rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| usake dhArmika guru AcArya harigupta the, jo sambhavataH guptavaMza se sambandhita the| harigupta kA pramukha ziSya devagupta thA, jo mahAkavi thA tathA aneka kalAoM kA marmajJa bhii| devagupta ke ziSya zivacandragaNin the, jo maMdiroM kI vandanA karane ke lie idhara-udhara ghUmate rahate the| ve eka bAra bhinnamAla meM Akara Thahara gaye / zivacandragaNi ke ziSya kSamAzramaNa yakSadatta the, jo bahuta prasiddha the| yakSadatta ke aneka ziSya the, jo gujarAta meM bhramaNa karate the| unameM nimna chaha ziSya SaDmukha kI bhAMti prasiddha the-nAga, bRnda, mammaTa, durga, agnizarmA evaM vaTezvara / vaTezvara ne AkAzavapra (AgAsavappa) nagara meM sundara jinamaMdira banavAyA thaa| vaTezvara ke ziSya tatvAcArya the, jo apane jJAna evaM AcaraNa ke lie prasiddha the| unake ziSya uddyotanasUri the, jinhoMne hI devI kA dhyAna kara kuvalayamAlAkahA kI racanA kI hai tathA jinakA upanAma dAkSiNya-cihna bhI hai| isa prakAra udyotanasUri kI guruparamparA jJAna evaM AcaraNa se yukta eka vizuddha paramparA thii| udyotanasUri kI zaikSaNika guruparamparA meM do nAma ullikhita haiN| siddhAnta-granthoM kA adhyayana uddyotanasUri ne AcArya vIrabhadra se kiyA, jo kalpavRkSa kI bhA~ti sabhI praznoM ko samAhita karane kI kSamatA rakhate the| tathA lekhaka ke pramANa aura nyAya (yuktizAstra) ke guru AcArya haribhadrasUri the, jinhoMne samarAiccakahA Adi aneka grantha likhe haiN| uddyotanasUri ke vyaktitva meM ve sabhI guNa vidyamAna haiM, jo eka niSThAvAn lekhaka meM hone caahie| kuva0 ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki uddyotanasUri eka Adarza manovaijJAnika zikSaka the| ve samAja meM vyApta anaitikatA ko mAnava kI mUla vRttiyoM ke pariSkAra dvArA tirohita karanA cAhate the, damana dvArA nhiiN| kathA ke kisI bhI pAtra ko unhoMne javarana nahIM gar3hA, valki use svatantra rUpa se vikasita hone diyA hai| udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM apanI vinayazIlatA vyakta kI hai tathA sambhAvita bhUloM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai, isase unakI kAvyapratibhA aura ubharakara sAmane AyI hai| nagara, Rtu, prAkRtika dRzyoM Adi ke varNana jitane kAvyAtmaka haiM, utane hI lubhaavne| kathA ke vAtAvaraNa evaM sandarbha ke anukUla bhii| lekhaka prAkRta bhASA ke prayoga meM siddhahasta hai| pAtroM kI sAmAjika evaM vyaktigata yogyatA ke anurUpa hI unake kathanopakathana nirmita kiye 1. desAI, ema0 DI0 jaina sAhityano itihAsa, bambaI, 1933, pR0 192

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granthakAra aura grantha gaye haiM / eka hI grantha meM prAkRta ke vividha rUpoM evaM saMskRta, apabhraMza, paizAcI aura dezI bhASAoM ke zabdoM kA bahuvidha prayoga udyotanasUri kI bhASAgata sajagatA kA pratIka hai / dhArmika vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM udyotanasUri ko pUrNa saphalatA prApta huI hai / kuDuMgadvIpa, jugasamilA dRSTAnta, priyaMkara evaM sundarI kI kathA, randura Adi dRSTAnta dhArmika varNanoM meM jAna DAla dete haiM / dharmakathA hote hue bhI kuva0 kI sAhityikatA bAdhita nahIM huI hai / udyotanasUri kI vidvattA agAdha thI / vibhinna darzanoM kA unheM jJAna thA / azvazAstra, rAziphala, lagnazAstra, khanyavAda, samudrazAstra, dhAtuvAda Adi aneka vidyAoM ke ve jJAtA evaM aneka kalAoM ke marmajJa the / eka dhArmika santa hote hue laukika kalAoM meM marmajJatA unake gahana adhyayana aura manana kI hI dyotaka hai | udyotanasUri ke agAdha pANDitya kA paricaya DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne nimna zabdoM meM diyA hai "Uddyotana is primarily a religious moralist, out to teach lessons in good behaviour. He is endowed with deep learning, wide experience of men and matters, mastery over catching expression and entertaining style and earnestness of purpose. As such, he deserves to be ranked, as the author of the Kuvalayamala, with the great classical writers of our country. ... Uddyotana is deep in his learning, cosmopolitan in outlook and broad based in his information. His exposition of Jaina dogmatics and religious doctrines shows his thorough study of Jaina scriptures. " - Kuv. Int. P. 111, 112. udyotanasUri kI sAhityika pratibhA evaM apane samaya kI sAMskRtika cetanA ke prati unakI sUkSma dRSTi ke sambandha meM yahA~ kucha alaga se kahanA ThIka nahIM lagatA / prastuta prabandha ke pratyeka adhyAya meM unake vyaktittva ke vibhinna AyAma udghATita hue haiM / granthakAra kI upalabdha ekamAtra yaha racanA unakI bahuzrutatA ko pUrNarUpeNa ujAgara karatI hai / kuvalayamAlAkahA kA samaya evaM racanA -sthala kuvalayamAlAkahA kI racanA kA samaya sunizcita hai / granthAnta prazasti meM udyotanasUri ne kahA hai saga kAle volI varisANa saehiM sattahi~ gaehi~ / ega-diNeNehiM raiyA avaraha-velAe / / 283.6

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kuvalayamAlAkahAM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tattha ThieNaM aha codasIe cettassa kaNha pakkhammi / NimmaviyA bohikarI bhavvANaM hou savvANaM / / 282.23 'jaba zaka samvat 700 pUrNa hone meM eka dina zeSa thA taba caitravadI 14 ke dina aparAhna kAla meM kuva0 kI racanA pUrNa kI, jo sabhI bhavya logoM ko pratibodha pradAna kare / tatkAlIna lekhakoM dvArA prAyaH zaka samvat kA ullekha kiyA jAtA thA / jinasena ne zaka samvat 705 evaM hariSeNa ne zaka sambat 853 kA apane granthoM meM ullekha kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlA ke zaka samvat ke sambandha meM DA0 harmana jaikobI ne vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| unakI gaNanA ke anusAra kuva0 kI racanA 21 mArca 719 I0 ko lagabhaga eka baje aparAhna meM pUrNa huI thI / yadyapi jaikobI ne adhyayana pUrvaka yaha gaNanA kI hai, kintu phira bhI kucha vidvAnoM ne isameM zaMkA kI hai, jo0 DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ke anusAra nirAdhAra hai / ' Rao ke racanA sthala ke sambandha meM bhI uddyotanasUri ne spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / udyotanasUri AcArya vIrabhadra ke sAkSAt ziSya the| AcArya vIrabhadra jAvAlipura (jAlaura) meM nivAsa karate the, jahA~ ke rAjA kA nAma zrI vatsarAja hastin thA / vIrabhadra AcArya ne jAvAlipura meM RSabha jinezvara vA eka bhavya U~cA maMdira banavAyA thA / isI maMdira ke upAsare meM baiThakara udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA kahA kI racanA kI thI / 2 kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita yaha jAvAlipura Adhunika jAlora hai, jo jodhapura nagara se 75 mIla dUra sukarI nadI ke bAyeM kinAre para sthita hai / jAlaura vartamAna meM bhillamAla se 33 kilomITara dUra bhiladI- ranivAra-samadarI relvelAina kA sTezana hai / udyotanasUri ne jAvAlipura ko tuMga alaMgha aSTApadam va zrAvakakulam vizeSaNa se yukta kahA hai / vartamAna meM jAlaura nagara sovanagiri yA sonagiri pahAr3I kI talahaTI meM basA hai, jo prAcIna anuzruti ke anukUla hai / lagabhaga do hajAra jaina vahA~ basate haiM evaM eka darjana jaina maMdira haiM, jinameM cAra maMdira prasiddha haiN| isase jAlaura jainadharma kA kendra thA, isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai / - 9. Even though H. Jacobi had worked out the details about this date, some have expressed doubt about its correctness, of course, without offering any evidence to substantiate their view. -Kuv. Int. p. 108 (Note). 2. jAvAliuraM aTThAvayaM va aha asthi puhaIe / usabha - jiNidAyayaNaM karAviyaM vIrabhaddeNa // tattha ThieNaM aha - NimaviyA bohikarI -- | - kuva0 282.21, 23.

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granthakAra aura grantha jisa RSabhadeva ke maMdira meM udyotanasUri ne kuva0 kI racanA kI thI, usakI pahicAna Adhunika maMdiroM se nahIM kI jA sakI hai|' DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne svayaM jAlaura kA bhramaNakara usake lie prayatna kiyA thA tathA jAlaura kA aitihAsika vivaraNa bhI Apane prastuta kiyA hai / ___ udyotanasUri dvArA ullikhita raNahastin zrI vatsarAja kA sandarbha paryApta mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha vatsarAja prasiddha gurjara pratihAra rAjA thA, jisakA usa samaya bhillamAla meM zAsana thA aura jAlaura usake rAjya meM sammilita thaa| vatsarAja ke sambandha meM DA0 dazaratha zarmA aura DA0 baijanAtha purI ne jo prakAza DAlA hai, usase kuvalayamAlAkahA kA uparyukta samaya aura racanAsthala pramANita hotA hai| 9. None of these can be definitely proposed for identification with the temple of Rsabha, which was got built by Virabhadra and referred to in the Kuvalayamala. -Kuv. Int. p. 103. 2. Puri, B. N., 'The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas' Bombay, 1957.

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pariccheda do kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa kathA ke bheda-prabheda udyotanasUri ne grantha ke prArambha meM kathAbheda kI gaNanA karate hue kuvalayamAlA ko saMkIrNakathA kahA hai / kathA ke pA~ca bheda haiM-sakalakathA, khaMDakathA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA evaM saMkIrNakathA / ' jisake anta meM samasta phaloMabhISTa vastu kI prApti ho jAya, aisI ghaTanA kA varNana sakalakathA meM hotA hai / " khaMDakathA kI kathAvastu bahuta choTI hotI hai, jaise indumatIkathA / prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI yaha vaha vidhA hai, jisameM madhyasthAna meM mArmikatA rahatI hai / ullApakathA eka prakAra kI sAhasika kathA hai, jisameM samudrayAtrA yA sAhasapUrvaka kiye gaye prema kA nirUpaNa rahatA hai / parihAsakathA hAsya vyaMgAtmakakathA hai / isameM . kathA ke anya tattva kama pAye jAte haiM / saMkIrNa kathA - saMkIrNa kathA yA mizrakathA kI prazaMsA sabhI prAkRta kathAkAroM kI hai / udyotanasUri ne isake svarUpa ke sambandha meM na kevala prakAza DAlA hai, apitu kuvalayamAlAkahA ko saGkIrNakathA meM likhakara usakA udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiyA hai / dazavekAlika niyukti meM saGkIrNakathA ko mizrakathA kahA gayA hai / jisa kathA meM dharma aura kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| vaha mizrakathA kahalAtI hai / 3 AcArya haribhadra ne isa paribhASA ko mAnate hue 1. tAo puNa paMca kahAo / taM jahA / sayalakahA, khaMDakahA, ullAvakahA, parihAsa - kahA taha - saMkiNa - kaha tti NAyavvA - kuva0 4.5 2. samastaphalAnteti vRttavarNanA samarAdityAdivat sakalakathA, 3. kAvyAnuzAsana hemacandra, a05, sUtra 9-10, pR0 465 dhamma attha kAmo uvaissai janta sutta kavvesuM loge vee samaye sA u kahA mIsiyA NAma // dazavaikAlikaniryukti gA0 206, pR0 227

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa yaha bhI Avazyaka mAnA hai ki saMkIrNakathA meM kathAsUtroM meM tAratamya honA cAhiye / samarAiccakahA dharmakathA hote hue bhI saMkIrNakathA kA udAharaNa hai / udyotanasUri ne saMkIrNakathA kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai ki sabhI kathAguNoM se yukta, zrRGgArayukta kisI guNavatI yuvatI ke sadRza manohara saMkIrNakathA ko jAnanA cAhie / ' mahAkavi bANa ne bhI manohara kathA kI tulanA eka navavadhU se kI hai, jo kathA rasika janoM ke hRdaya meM anurAga utpanna karatI hai / saMkIrNakathA kA prayoga guNapAla ne apane jambucariyaM meM bhI kiyA hai / ina granthoM ke viSaya evaM svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMkIrNakathAoM ke pradhAna viSaya rAjAoM yA vIroM ke zaurya, prema, nyAya, jJAna, zIla, vairAgya, samudrI yAtrAoM ke sAhasa, AkAza tathA anya agamya parvatIya pradezoM ke prANiyoM ke astitva, svarga-naraka ke vistRta varNana, krodha - mAna-mAyA - lobha-moha Adi ke duSpariNAma evaM ina vikAroM kA manovaijJAnika citraNa Adi hai / yahI kAraNa hai, prAkRta kI aneka kathAe~ dharmakathA hote hue bhI unameM kAmapravRtti Adi kA citraNa hone se saMkIrNakathAe~ kahI gayI haiM- -tA esA dhammaMkahA vi houNa kAmattha saMbhave saMkiNNattaNaM - ( kuva0 4.16) / pattA udyotanasUri ne saMkIrNakathA ke tIna bheda mAne haiM - dharmakathA, arthakathA evaM kAmakathA / jabaki dazavaikAlika meM cAroM ko kathA kA bheda mAnA hai / mAnava kI Arthika samasyAtroM aura unake vibhinna prakAra ke samAdhAnoM ko kathAoM, AkhyAnoM, dRSTAntoM ke dvArA vyakta yA anumita karanA arthakathA hai / rAjanaitika kathAe~ bhI isake antargata AtI haiM / kAmakathAoM meM kevala rUpa-saundarya kA varNana hI nahIM hotA apitu yauna sambandhoM kI samasyAoM kA bhI vizleSaNa hotA hai / samAja ke parizodhana meM inakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hotA hai / dharmakathA - prAkRtakathAoM meM dharmakathA kA sarvAdhika prayoga huA hai / udyotanasUri ne jIvoM ke nAnA prakAra ke pariNAma, bhAva-vibhAva kA nirUpaNa karane vAlI kathA ko dharmakathA kahA hai / " vAstava meM dharmakathAoM meM dharma, zIla, saMyama, tapa, puNya aura pApa ke rahasya ke sUkSma vivecana ke sAtha mAnava-jIvana aura 1. savva-kahA- guNa - juttA siMgAra - maNoharA savva-kalAgama -suhayA saMkiNNa- kaha tti suraiyaMgI / NAyavvA // 2. sphuratkalAlApavilAsakomalA karoti rAgaM hRdi kautukAdhikam / rasena zayyAM svayamabhyupAgatA kathA janasyAbhinavA vadhUriva // kuva0 4.13 kAda0 pUrva 0 8. 3. zA0-ha0 prA0 pa0 pR0 113 4. yAkobI, samarAiccakahA - pR0 2 5. sA uNa dhammakA gANA- viha jIva pariNAma-bhAva-vibhAvaNatthaM. 4, 21

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10 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prakRti kI sampUrNa vibhUti ke ujjvala, sundara citra pAye jAte haiN| ina kathAoM kI yaha vizeSatA hotI hai ki ye pAThaka ko dhArmika varNanoM se Ubane nahIM detiiN| dharmakathA ke cAra bheda pAye jAte haiM-AkSepiNI, vikSepiNI, saMveginI aura nirvedinI dharmakathA / AkSepiNIkathA ko Ajakala kI pradhAna kahAnI mAnA jA sakatA hai / yaha pAThaka ke mana ke anukUla hotI hai-akkhevaNI maNoNukUlA / vikSepiNIkathA meM pratipAdya lakSya ke pratikUla vastuoM ke doSa pragaTa kiye jAte haiM, ataH yaha prArambha meM mana ke pratikUla hotI hai-vikkhevaNI mnno-pddiklaa| saMveginIkathA zraMgAra yA vIrarasa se prArambha hokara vairAgya ke rUpa meM samApta hotI hai| jovana ke prati svastha daSTikoNa denA aura mAnavIya anubhUtiyoM ko jagAnA ina kathAoM kA lakSya hai| nirvedinIkathA pApAcaraNa se nivRtta karAne ke lie kahI yA likhI jAtI hai| isameM dharmakathA ke sabhI rUpa pAye jAte haiN| uddyotanasUri ne isa prakAra kI caturvidha dharmakathA ke rUpa meM kuva0 ko likhA hai-amhehi vi erisA caunvihA dhamma-kahA-samADhattA--- (5.11) / udyotana dvArA prastuta uparyukta kathAoM ke bheda-prabheda isa prakAra haiM kathA ke bheda-prabheda sakalakathA khaMDakathA ullApaMkathA parihAsakathA saMkIrNakathA dharmakathA dharmakathA arthakathA kAmakathA prAkSepiNI vikSepiNI saMveginI nirvedinI campUkAvyatva kuvalayamAlAkahA ko campUkAvya kahA gayA hai-prAkRtabhASA nibaddhAcampU. svarUpA mahAkathA / ' kyoMki prAkRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM kuvalayamAlAkahA apane nijI svarUpa ke kAraNa prAkRta sAhitya kI sabhI vidhAoM se bhinna hai / yadyapi uddyotanasari ne ise saMkIrNakathA kahA hai, kintu gadya-padya kA isameM mizraNa Adi hone se yaha zuddha kathAgrantha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isameM carita 1. prAkRta kathAoM ke bheda-prabhedoM ke lie draSTavya (1) hemacandra kA kAvyAnuzAsana (2) lIlAvaIkahA, DA0 upAdhye, kA iNTroDakzana evaM (3) bRhatkathAkoSa kA iNTroDakzana, pR0 35 2. prAkRta kuvalayamAlAkahA ke prakAzita mukha pRSTha para ullikhita

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kuvalayamAlAkaho kA sAhityika svarUpa 11 grantha ke bhI lakSaNa nahIM milate / ataH isake viziSTa svarUpa ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ne ise campUgrantha svIkAra kiyA hai / DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM campUkAvya ke nimnAMkita lakSaNoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai' 1. vibhAva, anubhAva aura saMcArI bhAvoM kA citraNa prAyaH padyoM meM hI kiyA gayA hai / 2. dRzyoM aura vastuoM ke citraNa meM prAyaH gadya kA prayoga kiyA gayA / 3. gadya aura padya kathAnaka ke suzliSTa avayava haiM / donoM meM kisI eka ke ekAdha aMza ke nikAla dene para kathAnaka meM yatra-tatra vizrRGkhalatA A jAtI hai / ataH isameM saMliSTa rUpa se gadya-padya kA sadbhAva pAyA jAtA hai / 4. zailI kI dRSTi se kavi ne campUvidhA kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / isameM dRzya aura bhAvoM ke citraNa meM zailIgata bhinnatA hai / 5. vastu-vinyAsa meM prabandhAtmakatA AdyopAnta vyApta hai / pariveza meM hI ghaTanAvali ko prastuta kiyA gayA haiM / 6. kAvya ke dharmatattva ke rahane para bhI kAvya kI AtmA dabI nahIM hai / kavi ne kAvyatva kA pUrNa nirvAha kiyA hai / 7. carita, prAkhyAna, pAtroM kI ceSTAe~, nAyaka aura nAyikA ke kriyAkalApa AlaMkArika rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiM / 8. anyoktiyoM dvArA caritroM kI vyaMjanA kI gaI hai / uparyukta jina vizeSatAoM kA ullekha DA0 zAstrI ne kathA, campU Adi sabhI sAhityika vidhAoM meM samAna haiM / meM varNana honA - yahI eka aisI vizeSatA hai jisake AdhAra para kuva0 ko campU kahA jA sakatA hai / anyathA campUkAvya ke anya lakSaNa isameM prApta nahIM hote / jaise - kathAvastu kA AzvAsoM meM vibhAjana, dRzya aura bhAva citraNa kI zailIgata bhinnatA Adi / kiyA hai ve kAvya, gadya aura padya donoM kuvalayamAlAkahA ko campUkAvya kahane para eka prazna yaha uThatA hai ki saMskRta meM jo vipula nIti kathA sAhitya hai vaha bhI gadya-padyamaya hai / phira kyA isI AdhAra para use campUkAvya kahanA ucita hogA ? merA to abhimata hai ki kuvalayamAlAkahA ko granthakAra ke anusAra kathA kahanA hI upayukta hogA, jisakI pUrvavartI aura paravartI paramparA prApta hotI hai - prAkRta meM bhI aura saMskRta meM 1. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 360

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12 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhii| isa prakAra yadyapi kAvyagranthoM ke racanAkAroM dvArA nirdhArita campUkAvya ke pUrNa lakSaNa kuvalayamAlAkahA meM nahIM milate / ' tathApi DA0 upAdhye ke isa mata ko svIkArane meM adhika Apatti na hogI ki samarAiccakahA kI apekSA kuvalayamAlA kA campUkAvyatva adhika spaSTa hai / 2 kathA-sthApatya-saMyojana kuvalayamAlAkahA kI sthApatya (TekanIka) kI dRSTi se bhI aneka vizeSatAeM haiM, jinakA saMkSipta vivecana yahA~ prastuta karanA anAvazyaka na hogaa| sthApatya kA vodha aMgrejI ke 'TekanIka' zabda se kiyA jAtA hai| kuzala kalAkAra sarvaprathama eka kathAvastu kI yojanA karatA hai, kathAvastu kI anviti ke lie pAtra gar3hatA hai, unake caritroM kA utthAna-patana dikhalAtA hai| anantara rUpazailI yA nirmANazailI ke sahAre ghaTanAeM ghaTane lagatI haiM aura kathA madhyabinduoM kA sparza karatI huI carama pariNati ko prApta hotI hai| isa kArya ke lie varNana, citraNa, vAtAvaraNa nirmANa, kathanopakathana evaM aneka parivezoM meM kathAkAra ko yojanA karanI par3atI hai| yaha sArI yojanA sthApatya ke antargata AtI hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke sthApatya-bhedoM kA vistRta varNana DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne apane zodha-prabandha meM kiyA hai| unameM se nimna bheda kuvalayamAlA ke sthApatya nirmANa meM prayukta hue haiM pUrNadIpta praNAlI :-'isa sthApatya dvArA ghaTanAoM kA varNana karate karate kathAkAra akasmAt kathAprasaMga ke sUtra ko kisI vigata ghaTanA ke satra se jor3a detA hai, jisase kathA kI gati vikAsa kI ora agrasara hotI hai|' kuvalayamAlA meM isa prakAra ke sthApatya kA prayoga huA hai| kuvalayacandra azvaharaNa ke bAda jaba eka manirAja kA darzana karatA hai to unake dvArA use pUrva dhaTanAe~ avagata ho jAtI haiM aura vaha una nirdezoM ke anusAra kuvalayamAlA ko prApta karane calA jAtA hai 1. campUkAvya ke lakSaNoM ke lie draSTavya (1) kItha, 'e hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara, AksaphorDa, 1948, pR0 332 (2) tripAThI, campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana, 1965 / 2. Comparatively speaking the Kuvalayamala has better claims for being called a Campu than the Samaraiccakaha. -Kuv. Int. P. 110 (Note). 3. zA0 --ha0 prA0 a0, pR0 121-136

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13 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa (pR. 30) / kuvalayamAlA ko bhI apane atIta kI sArI smRti ho AtI hai (163.16) / kAlamizraNa :-kathAkAra kathAoM meM rocakatA kI vRddhi ke lie bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyat ina tInoM kAloM kA tathA kahIM do kAloM kA sundara mizraNa karatA hai / prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM isa sthApatya kA bahuta prayoga huA hai| kuva0 meM kathAkAra ne atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya kA itanA sundara sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA hai ki pAThaka kathAoM se UbatA nahIM hai| kuvalayamAlA ke pAtroM ke prathama bhavoM kI kathA atIta meM kahI jAtI hai, vartamAna meM dUsare bhava kI aura agale do bhavoM kI kathA bhaviSyamizrita vartamAna meM upasthita kI gayI hai| __ kathotthapraroha zilpa :-'kele ke stambha kI parata ke samAna jahA~ eka kathA se dUsarI kathA aura dUsarI kathA se tIsarI kathA nikalatI jAya tathA vaTa ke praroha ke samAna zAkhA para zAkhA phUTatI jAya, vahA~ isa zilpa ko mAnate haiN|' kuva0 meM isakA kalAtmaka prayoga huA hai / krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha ke prathama janma kI kathAe~, unake pratiphala svarUpa anya pA~ca kathAe~ tathA bIca-bIca meM aneka choTI-choTI kathAe~ isa DhaMga se gumphita haiM ki unakA silasilA hI samApta nahIM hotA, jaba taka mukhya kathA samApta nahIM ho jAtI / isa taraha kI kula 26 kathAe~ kuva0 meM varNita haiN| kathotthapraroha-zilpa kA prayoga kuvalayamAlA meM mAtra kissAgoI kA sUcaka nahIM hai, apitu jIvana ke zAzvata tathyoM aura satyoM kI vaha abhivyaMjanA karatA hai| soddezyatA:-kuvalayamAlA kI kathA eka nizcita uddezya ko lekara agrasara hotI hai| vaha hai, manuSya kI vikArAtmaka pravRttioM kA sundararUpeNa paryavasAna / soddezyatA ke kAraNa grantha ke kathApravAha meM koI rukAvaTa nahIM aatii| anyApadezikatA :-'kathAkAra kisI bAta ko svayaM na kahakara vyaMgya yA anumiti dvArA use prakaTa karane ke lie isa sthApatya kA prayoga karatA hai|' kuva0 meM aputrI rAjA dRr3havarman ko kumAra mahendra kI prApti, putra-prApti ke lie saMketa hai| isI prakAra kumAra kuvalayacandra kA ghor3e dvArA apaharaNa bhI usake bhAvI jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kI abhivyaMjanA karatA hai| Age bhI udadyotanasari ne sAmudrika yAtrAoM kA varNana prastuta kara yaha sUcita kara diyA hai ki krodhabhaTa Adi pA~coM vyaktioM ke jIva isa saMsAra samudra meM yAtrA kara rahe haiN| samudrayAtrA meM jaba jahAja TUTa jAtA hai to muzkila se yAtrI phalaka Adi ke sahAre kinAre lagatA hai, usI prakAra una sabake jIva kaI bhavoM ko dhAraNa kara anta meM mukti ko prApta hote haiN| ___ varNana-kSamatA :-'nirliptabhAva se kathA kA varNana karanA aura varNanoM meM ekarasatA yA nIrasatA ko nahIM Ane denA varNana-kSamatA meM parigaNita hai|'

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14 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kuvalayamAlAkAra grantha ke prAyaH sabhI varNanoM ke prati pUrNa saceta haiM, ImAnadAra haiN| nagara-varNana (7.14), yuddha-varNana (10.3), prakRti-citraNa (16.5), vivAhavarNana (170-171) Adi ke citra kuvalayamAlA meM draSTavya haiN| kathAkAra ne jise chupA hai, bharasaka use adhUrA nahIM rahane diyaa| bhogAyatana-zilpa :-kathA ke samasta aMgoM kI puSTi kara kathA meM rasa kA yatheSTa saMcAra isa zilpa ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| Adhunika samAlocaka kathAvastu, pAtra, kathopakathana, vAtAvaraNa, bhASA-zailI aura uddezya, kathA ke ye chaH tattva mAnate haiM / kuvalayamAlA meM ina savako paripuSTa kiyA gayA hai| pAtra yadyapi vyaSTirUpa nahIM hai, phira bhI citraNa meM vividhatA hai| kathopakathana atyanta svAbhAvika, sajIva aura sAbhiprAya haiN| kutUhala aura jijJAsA utpanna karane meM samartha haiN| prarocana-zilpa : - 'ruci saMvarddhana ke lie kathAkAra jisa sthApatya kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha prarocana zilpa hai|' kuvalayamAlA ke kathAkAra ne gadya-padyamaya zailI ko apanI kathA kA mAdhyama cunA hai| prAkRta kathAoM kA yaha eka zilpavizeSa rahA hai, jise bahuta loga bhramavazAt campU kA nAma de dete haiN| vastutaH bAta aisI nahIM hai| yaha eka ramaNIka saMkIrNakathA hai| isakA prarocana zilpa kucha isa prakAra kA hai ki use bhAratIya campUkAvyoM kA janaka kahA jA sakatA hai| romAMsa-yojanA :-'prAkRtakathAoM ke sthApatya meM romAMsa-yojanA kA tAtparya yaha hai ki kathAe~ kAvya ke upakaraNoM ke sahAre apane svarUpa ko prakaTa karatI huI Azcarya kA sRjana karatI haiN|' kuvalayamAlA meM kAvya ke prAyaH sabhI upakaraNa vidyamAna haiN| isameM eka sundarI kanyA kI pratiSThA sUtra rUpa meM pahale se kara dI jAtI hai / 'kuvalayamAlA' isa nAma ke prabhAva se hI pAThaka ko kathAoM ke bIca gujarane meM bhI utsukatA banI rahatI hai| utsava-varNana, vivAha-varNana, prahelikA Adi kA varNana kuvalayamAlA meM romAMsa-yojanA ko puSTa karate haiN| phira bhI yahA~ romAMsa kA mizritarUpa hI hameM dekhane ko milatA hai| kutUhala-yojanA :-'kutUhala yA saspeMsa kathA kA prANa hai|' kuvalayamAlA meM kumAra mahendra kI prApti se kutUhala kA prArambha ho jAtA hai / kuvalayacandra kA azva dvArA apaharaNa bhI eka kutUhala hI hai, jo samagra kathA kA udghATaka hai| usake bAda muni ke pAsa baiThA huA zera bhI kutUhala utpanna karatA hai / yakSakanyA, aiNikA sanyAsinI Adi avAntara-kathAeM bhI kutUhala ke sAtha AtI haiM aura samAdhAna detI huI vilIna ho jAtI haiN| vatti-vivecana :-kathAoM meM nibaddha pAtra aura caritroM ke dvArA manuSya kI vibhinna vattiyoM kA vizleSaNa karanA vRttivivecana zilpa hai| isa zilpa dvArA kathAoM meM darzana-tattva kI yojanA bar3e sundara DhaMga se sampanna kI jAtI hai| kuva0

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa 15 kA mukhya sthApatya hI yahI hai / krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha manuSya kI ina pramukha vRttiyoM ko kathAtmaka jAmA pahinAkara pAThaka ke sAmane upasthita kiyA gayA hai / inameM se pratyeka kA kyA svabhAva hai, kyA kArya karatA hai aura usakA kyA phala hotA hai, yaha pUrI prakriyA vRtti-vivecana sthApatya dvArA upasthita kI gayI hai| udAttIkaraNa-kuva0 ke pAtra ghargavizeSa kA hI pratinidhitva karate haiM, phira bhI unake caritroM meM udAtta-tattva sanniviSTa haiN| Arambha meM caNDabhaTa, mAnabhaTa Adi yadyapi krodha, mAna Adi se yukta dikhalAI par3ate haiN| eka dUsare ko Thagane aura mArapITa karane meM nahIM hickte| kintu kathAkAra Age jAkara pAtroM ke samakSa aise-aise nimitta kAraNa upasthita karatA hai, jisase unakI jIvanadizA mur3a jAtI hai aura caritroM kA udAttIkaraNa hotA calatA hai / kuva0 meM pAtroM ko svAbhAvikatA se Adarza kI ora le jAyA gayA hai / ekAeka unameM koI parivartana nahIM hotaa| uparyukta sthApatyoM ke atirikta kuva0 meM kucha aura bhI TekanIka apanAyI gayI hai, jisase kathAnaka ko pUrNarUpeNa saMgaThita kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM bhAgya aura saMyoga kA bhI niyojana kiyA gayA hai, to dhArmika tatvoM ko bhI sanniviSTa kiyA gayA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki kuva0 kA sthApatya bahuta hI saMgaThita aura vyavasthita hai| rasa-alaMkAra kuvalayamAlAkahA dharmakathA hote hue bhI kAvyagrantha hai| ataH isameM kAvya ke pradhAna guNa rasa aura alaMkAroM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| prasaMgavaza aneka sthAnoM para zrRGgAra, vIra, karuNa, hAsya, vIbhatsa evaM zAnta Adi rasoM kI yojanA kI gayI hai| dharmakathA meM zrRGgAra rasa kA saMyojana asaMgata sA laga sakatA hai| kintu udyotanasUri ne svayaM isakA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| prathama to unhoMne kathA ke bheda-prabhedoM ko ginAte hue kahA hai ki dharmakathA meM jo saMvegajananIkathA hotI hai vaha pahale kAmaviSayaka bAtoM ke dvArA pAThaka kA dhyAna apanI ora AkarSita karatI hai, taba use upadeza dvArA vairAgya kI ora le jAtI hai / kuva0 meM yahI kiyA gayA hai| zrRGgAra rasa ke jitane bhI prasaMga haiM ve saba antima uddezya kI pUrti ke lie saMyojita haiN| dUsare, prAcIna kaviyoM kI racanAoM-vasudevahiNDI Adi meM bhI zrRGgArarasa ko chor3A nahIM gayA hai| kyoMki jinakA citta rAga vAlA hai, unheM rAga hI priya lagatA hai| pIche ve vairAgya kI ora jhukate haiN| isa manovaijJAnika tathya kA dhyAna pratyeka lekhaka ko rakhanA par3atA hai / uddyotanasUri ne bhI isI paramparA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| 1. rAgo ettha-pasattho virAga-heU bhave jamhA, kuva0 281.12

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kuvalayamAlAkahA meM alaMkAra yojanA kAphI samRddha hai| saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke anya kAvyagranthoM ke samakakSa ise rakhA jA sakatA hai| grantha meM upamA, rUpaka aura utprekSA alaMkAra kA pada-pada para prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kucha alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa isa prakAra haiMupamA AligiyaM pi muMcai lacchI purisaM ti sAhasa-vihUNaM / gottakkhalaNa-vilakkhA piya vva daiyA Na saMdeho // 66.19 tuMgattaNeNa meru vva saMThiyaM himagiri vva dhavalaM taM / puhaI viva visthiNNaM dhavalaharaM tassa garavaiNo // 138.16 vyatireka hU~, bujjhai, vaTTai khalu khalo jji jaisau, ujhiya-siNeha pasu-bhatto y| taheva khalo vi varAno polijjato vimukka-Nehu prayANato ya pahi khajjai / / 6.6, 7 parisaMkhyA jattha ya jaNavae Na dIsai khalo vihalo va / dIsai sajjaNo samiddho va, vasaNaM NANA-viNNANe va, ucchAho dhaNe raNe va, pII dANe mANe va, abbhAso dhamme dhamme va tti / 8.17, 18 zleSa aNNA NaMdaNa-bhUmino iva sasurAo saMNihiya-mahumAsAno tti / 8.5 tathA paMDavaseNNa-jaisiyA, ajjuNAlaMkiyA subhIma vva / raNa-bhUmi-jaisiyA, sara saya-NiraMtarA khagga-Niciya vva / 27.26, 30 citrAlaMkAra dANa-dayA dakkhiNNA sommA payaIe savva-sattANaM / haMsi vva suddha-pakkhA teNa tumaM daMsaNijjAsi // 176.32 isa gAthA meM 'dAso haM te' abhiprAya ko pada ke pratyeka akSara dvArA vyakta kiyA gayA hai| ina alaMkAroM ke atirikta udyotanasari ne kuva0 meM eka vizeSa zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisako prabhAva-saMkulatA zailI kaha sakate haiN| isameM varNana karate samaya ve pratyeka pAda ke antima se Age kA pAda prArambha karate haiN| gadya evaM padya donoM meM isakA prayoga unhoMne kiyA hai / yathA-- , vayaNa-miyaMkohAmiya-kamalaM kamala-sariccha-supiMjara-thaNayaM / thaNaya-bhareNa suNAmiya-majjha majjha-surAya-supihula-NiyaMbaM /

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa pihala-NiyaMba-samaMthara-uruM Uru-bhareNa susohiya-gamaNaM / / / garmaNa-virAviya-Neura-kaDayaM Neura-kaDaya-susohiya-calaNaM // 14.26, 26 tathA baann-khev-mett-sNtthiy-mhaagaamu| gAmoyara-paya-Nikkheva-matta sNtthiy-nnirNtr-dhvlhru| dhvlhr-purohdd-sNtthiy-vnnujjaannu| vaNujjANa-majha. phliy-phnns-nnaalierii-vnnu| NAlierI-vaNa-valagga-pUyaphalI-taruyaru / truyraaruuddh-nnaayvllii-lyaa-vnnu| vaNotthaiyAsesa-vaNa-gahaNu / vaNa-gahaNaNiruddha-diNayara-kara-pabbhAro yatti / 149-6-6 ityAdi aneka alaMkAra kuvalayamAlAkahA meM prayukta hue haiN| chanda-yojanA kuvalayamAlAkahA ke padyabhAga meM prAyaH gAthA chanda kA prayoga huA hai| sampUrNa grantha meM 4180 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM ina 36 chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| adhikAkSarA (25.30), anuSTupa (126.26 evaM anyatra), avalambaka (94.11), avaskandhaka (32.29,9.9), indravajrA (43.18), udgIti (26.18) galItaka (4.28, 4.31), gIti (14.15), gItikA (2.8), carcarI (4.27), cAru (10.7), cittaka (28.19), daNDaka (18.11), dohaka (47.6), dvipathaka (59.5), dvipadI (31.30, 41.33), nArAca (154.12), paMcacAmara (24.20), paMcapadI (63.18), pramANikA (154.12), mAtrAsamaka (18.19), lalitA (33.17), vipulA (29.13 Adi), zArdUlavikrIDita (103.17), saMkulika (14.26), skandhaka (152.6), sumanA (2.7), hariNIkula (235.16), jammehikA (10.7) Adi / ina sabhI chandoM ke svarUpa Adi para vizeSa prakAza DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne apane iNTroDakzana, pR0 85 evaM noTsa meM DAlA hai| kucha gAthAe~ aisI bhI haiM jinake chandoM ke svarUpa kA patA nahIM cltaa| ve isa prakAra haiM : tahe so vi varau kiM kuNau aNNaho jji kassai viyAru / khalo ghaI saI je bahu-viyAra-bhaMgi-pariyallau tti / -6.6 khara-pavaNAiddhaM visama pattaM paribhamai giri-NiuMjammi / iya pAva-pavaNa-parihaTiyo vi jIvo paribbhamaI // 30.27 sukkodaya-taNu-khaMjaNa-kaDuyAlaya-baliya vva sA suhaya / tuha sUra-gotta-kiraNehiM tAviyA marai va phuDatI // 236.12 'inake atirikta kuva0 meM 6.17, 12.21, 31.26, 54.8, 227.11, Adi bhI aisI hI gAthAe~ haiM jinake chandoM ko nizcita karanA kaThina hai| chandoM kI ukta bahulatA kuva0 kI kAvyAtmaka suSamA kI paricAyaka hai| kuva0 rasa

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18 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana alaMkAra evaM chanda ke atirikta rUpacitraNa, prakRticitraNa, vastu-varNana, saMvAdasaMyojana Adi kI dRSTi se bhI sazakta hai|' kathAoM meM lokatattvoM kA samAveza kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kathAnaka ke rUpa meM vaise to eka hI pramukha kathA hai, jo paramparAnugata dhArmika tattvoM se adhika samvadhita hai| lekina usakI avAntara kathAoM meM aneka lokatattva vidyamAna haiN| unameM lokakathA ke lokadharma, lokacitra evaM lokabhASA ye tInoM hI tattva upalabdha hote haiN| ___ ina kathAoM meM lokakathA tattvoM kA samAveza svabhAvika DhaMga se huA hai| udyotanasUri kA yuga (8 vIM zatAbdI) andhavizvAsa, tantramantra, hiMsAmayI pUjA, nAnA matavAda evaM adhyAtma-sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAoM kA thaa| samAja, sAhitya meM lokabhASA prAkRta kI bahulatA thii| pratyeka prabuddha sAhityakAra samakAlIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| vaha jAne-anajAne rUpa meM lokamAnasa se prabhAvita hokara loka-saMskRti kI vivecanA karatA calatA hai| uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA kI ina kathAoM ko lokabhASA prAkRta meM likhA hai / ataH svabhAvika rUpa se loka-cetanA evaM loka-saMskRti kI aneka chaviyA~ inameM aMkita ho gayI haiN| vizleSaNa karane para kuvalayamAlA kI ina avAntarakathAoM meM nimnAMkita lokakathA ke tattva upalabdha hote haiM : (1) mUla pravRttiyoM kA pratIkAtmaka vizleSaNa (2) lokamaMgala (3) rahasyodghATana (4) kutUhala (5) upadezAtmakatA (6) anuzruti-mUlakatA (7) sAhasa kA nirUpaNa (8) punarjanma kA pratipAdana (9) milana-bAdhAe~ (10) hAsya-vinoda (11) andhavizvAsa (12) amAnavIya tattva (13) prema ke vibhinna rUpa (14) janabhASA (15) lokamAnasa (16) paramparA kI akSuNNatA aadi| ina lokatattvoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie svatantrarUpa se vivecana karanA apekSita hai| maiMne kucha phuTakara nivandhoM dvArA ina para prakAza DAlA hai| 1. draSTavya-kuvalayamAlAkahA kA gujarAtI anuvAda-upodghAta, pR0 40 2. draSTavya-lekhaka ke nimna nibandha (1) 'kuva0 kI avAntara kathAoM kA lokatAttvika adhyayana' (2) 'AThavIM zatAbdI ke prAkRta granthoM meM lokatattva' -anusaMdhAna patrikA julAI-73 (3) 'pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya : eka adhyayana' -rAjasthAnabhAratI bhAga 11 aMka 4.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika svarUpa 19 kuvalayamAlAkahA kI sAhityaka vizeSatAoM kA yahA~ mAtra saMketa diyA jA sakA hai| grantha ke rasa-vivecana, alaMkAra-yojanA, chandavidhAna, dhvani-nirUpaNa, vastuvarNana, sAhityika-abhiprAya evaM lokatattva ke sambandha meM kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana karate samaya kabhI alaga se vizada prakAza DAlA jA skegaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA kI anya kathAgranthoM se tulanA uddyotanasUri ne kuva0 kA jo svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai, usakI ThIkaThIka tulanA kisI saMskRta-prAkRta ke grantha se nahIM kI jA sktii| kintu grantha kA viSaya evaM kathAnoM kI zailI Adi prAcIna kathA-granthoM se yatra-tatra milatIjulatI hai| jAti-smaraNa dvArA samyaktva kI prApti, karmaphaloM kI vairAgya dvArA samApti meM taraMgavatIkathA se, prAkRtika dRzyoM, nagara ke varNanoM, vindhyATavI evaM rAjakIra ke varNanoM meM bANa kI kAdambarI se,' yakSapratimA dvArA RSabhadeva kI arcanA ke prasaMga meM pauma-cariyaM se, azva dvArA kumAra kA haraNa, bhilloM se saMgharSa Adi ke varNana meM varAMgacarita se evaM punarjanma, dharmakathA, dRSTAntoM ke prayoga, dhArmika pRSThabhUmi Adi ke prasaMga meM samarAiccakahA se kuvalayamAlA kI tulano kI jA sakatI hai| kucha siddhAnta-zAstroM ke uddharaNa bhI kuvalayamAlAkahA ke dhArmika prasaMgoM se tulanIya haiN| kathAsaritsAgara ko 59 taraMga meM makarandikopAkhyAna kI tulanA kuva0 ke kathAnaka se kI jA sakatI hai| kintu ina saba granthoM kI apekSA kAdambarI evaM kuvalayamAlA ke svarUpa-gaThana Adi meM adhika sAmya hai / yathA : (1) navavadhU se kathA kI upamA (kA0 8.9, ku0 4.18) / (2) durjana-sajjana smaraNa (kA0 5.6, ku0 5.26) / (3) nAyaka-nAyikA kI pradhAna kathA donoM meM / (4) putravihInA mahArAnI kA putra prApti ke lie prayatna / (5) pitA ke sAtha kumAra kI krIr3A kA varNana / (6) nagara-varNana kI zailI meM sAmya / (7) kA0 meM jAvAliRSi evaM kuva0 meM dharmanandana AcArya kathA ke mUla vaack| (8) kA0 meM mahAzvetA evaM kIra tathA kuva0 meM aiNikA evaM rAjakIra kI kathA / (9) pUrvajanma kA vRtAnta donoM meN| (10) zRMgAra-kathA hote hue donoM kA dArzanika pratipAdya / ityAdi 1. draSTavya-'kuvalayamAlAdambaryostulanAtmakadhyayanam' -pro0 zAligrAma upAdhyAya, mAgadham, apraila 1969

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kAda0 evaM kuva0 meM itanA sAmya hote hue bhI yaha samajhanA bhUla hogI ki uddyotanasUri ne bANa kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| donoM kaviyoM ke apane alaga vyaktitva the| yogadAna bhI bhinna-bhinna haiN| yaha samAnatA to samasAmayika ruci aura sAhityika pravRttiyoM ke prati lekhaka kI sajagatA kA hI prabhAva kahA jaayegaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA kI anya kathAgranthoM se tulanA ke sambandha meM DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne apane iNTroDakzana (pR0 86-88) meM prakAza DAlA hai, yadyapi kisI bhI grantha ke mUla uddharaNa nahIM diye haiN| ataH usa sabakI yahA~ punarAvRtti karanA ThIka nhiiN| itanA kahanA paryApta hai ki dhArmika pRSThabhUmi evaM zailIgata samAnatA hote hue bhI uddyotanasUri ne prAcIna kathAkAroM ko apekSA adhika sUkSma aura prAmANika sUcanAe~ apane grantha meM dI haiN| vizeSakara bhASAvijJAna evaM sAMskRtika sAmagrI ke kSetra meM / unakA vistRta vivecana agale adhyAyoM meM kiyA gayA hai|

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pariccheda tIna grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi kuvalayamAlA kahA meM varNita sAmagrI apane Apa meM itanI mahattvapUrNa hai ki . usake adhyayana anusandhAna mAtra se hI grantha kI upayogitA evaM granthakAra kI mahAnatA sthApita ho jAtI hai / prAcIna bhArata ke vyApAra vANijya evaM bhASAzAstra ke kSetra meM jaba kuvalayamAlAkahA kI upalabdhiyoM ko jor3A jAtA hai, to lagatA hai, udyotanasUri kA parizrama paryApta mAtrA meM saphala rahA hai / kintu isa vAhya upayogitA se pare antaraMga dRSTi se vimukha nahIM huA jA sakatA / kuvalayamAlA kA kathAnaka kevala manoraMjaka kathAe~ nahIM sunAtA, balki hameM usa bindu taka -- mAnava jIvana ke carama lakSya kI prApti taka bhI le jAtA hai, jahA~ pahu~cane ke lie ina kathAoM kA saMyojana huA hai / 1 udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA ke kathAnaka ko yoM hI gar3hakara taiyAra nahIM kiyA hai / isakI pRSThabhUmi meM unake ahiMsAmaya evaM tapaH pUrNa jIvana kA bhI pUrNa prabhAva rahA hai / mAnava kI mUla pravRttiyoM meM parivartana lAnA koI sahaja kArya nahIM hai, kintu udyotana ne isa cunautI ko svIkArA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti ke gaurava ke prati niSThAvAn hokara kathAoM ke mAdhyama se unhoMne yaha cAhA hai ki yadi choTe se choTA bhI vyakti apanI prasadvRttiyoM ke parizodhana meM pravRtta ho jAya to eka na eka dina vaha kevala sadvRttiyoM kA hI svAmI bana kara rhegaa| bhale isake lie use janma-janmAntaroM kI yAtrA taya karanI par3e / granthakAra kI isa sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi ko aura adhika spaSTa karane ke lie Avazyaka hai ki pahale kathAnaka ko saMkSepa meM eka bAra hRdayaMgama kara liyA jAya / sampUrNa kathAnaka isa prakAra haiM kathAvastu jambUdvIpa ke bhArata deza meM, vaitADhya parvata kI dakSiNa-zreNI meM gaMgA aura sindhu ke bIca madhya deza thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI vinItA ayodhyA nagarI thI / vahA~ dRr3havarman rAjya karate the / unakI paTarAnI kA nAma priyaMguzyAmA thA / eka dina rAjA abhyantara prasthAna - maNDapa meM rAnI evaM kucha pradhAna mantriyoM ke sAtha baiThA huA thA, suSeNa nAmaka zabara senApati vahA~ praviSTa huA / rAjA ko praNAma kara usane mAlavA ke rAjA ke sAtha kisa prakAra yuddha huA,

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kaise usa para adhikAra kiyA tathA kaise mAlava-nareza ke paMcavarSIya putra mahendra ko vaha pakar3a kara lAyA hai, yaha saba kaha sunaayaa| rAjA dRr3havarman ne rAjakumAra mahendra kA svAgata kiyaa| kumAra ne apane vyavahAra se rAjA evaM rAnI kA hRdaya jIta liyaa| rAjA ne kumAra ko apane putra kI bhA~ti rAjamahala meM rakhane kA Adeza diyaa| rAnI priyaMguzyAmA eka dina kopabhavana meM thii| rAjA ne patA kiyA ki mahendrakumAra jaisA unake putra na hone se vaha duHkhI hai| rAnI ne rAjA se putraprApti ke lie devI kI arcanA karane ko khaa| rAjA ne kuladevatA, rAjalakSmo kI do dina taka ArAdhanA kii| tIsare dina jaba rAjA svayaM apanA balidAna karane ke lie taiyAra ho gayA to devI usake samakSa pragaTa huI aura rAjA ko usane zreSTha putraratna-prApti kA varadAna diyaa| .. nizcita avadhi meM rAnI ne eka sundara putra ko janma diyaa| svapna meM rAnI ne candramA meM kuvalayamAlA ke darzana kiye the, ataH putra kA nAma kuvalayacandra rakhA gyaa| paMcadhAtriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM kumAra kA lAlana-pAlana huaa| ATha varSa kI Ayu meM kumAra ko lekhAcArya ke pAsa adhyayana karane ke liye bhejA gayA. jahA~ bAraha varSa taka raha kara kuvalayacandra ne sabhI kalAoM meM yogyatA prApta kii| gurukula se lauTakara kumAra ne mAtA-pitA kA AzISa prApta kiyaa| tadanantara pitA kI prAjJA se kuvalayacandra azvakrIDA ke lie rAjA evaM anya kumAroM ke sAtha vinItA ke bAjAroM se hotA huA azvakrIr3A-sthala meM phuNcaa| azvakrIr3A karate hue kuvalayacandra kA azva use dakSiNa dizA meM le jAkara AkAza meM ur3a gyaa| kuvalayacandra ne isa ghaTanA kI vAstavikatA jJAta karane ke lie azva kI grIvA meM churikA se tIvra prahAra kiyaa| azva bhUmi para gira par3A aura mara gyaa| kumAra isa ghaTanA para vicAra hI kara rahA thA ki use AkAzavANI sunAyI par3I ki vaha dakSiNa kI ora Age bar3he to use Azcaryajanaka dRzya dekhane ko mileNge| kumAra usa ora bddh'aa| vaha vindhyATavI meM phNcaa| vahA~ use vaTavRkSa ke nIce baiThe hue eka munirAja dikhAyo diye| munirAja kI bAMyI ora eka divyapuruSa tathA dA~yI ora eka siMha virAjamAna thaa| kuvalayacandra kA unhoMne svAgata kiyaa| usane jaba azva ke ur3Ane kI ghaTanA Adi ke sambandha meM munirAja se prazna kiye to munirAja ne use apane samakSa baiThAkara isa prakAra kahanA prArambha kiyA : _ "vatsa janapada meM kauzAmbI nagarI hai| vahA~ ke rAjA kA nAma purandaradatta thaa| usakA pradhAnamantrI vAsava jainadharma kA anuyAyI thaa| kintu rAjA jainadharma para vizvAsa nahIM karatA thaa| eka dina nagara ke udyAna meM munirAja dharmanandana ke Agamana para vAsava rAjA purandaradatta ko bhI unake pAsa le gyaa| rAjA ne munirAja evaM unake ziSyoM ke vairAgya dhAraNa karane kA kAraNa puuchaa| rAjA kA uttara dete hae munirAja dharmanandana ne saMsAra ke svarUpa kA vistRta varNana kiyA aura batalAyA

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grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi ki isa saMsAra meM bhramaNa karane kA kAraNa krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha hai| ina pA~coM se sambandhita una vyaktiyoM kA pUrva jIvana bhI munirAja ne rAjA ko sunAyA, jo vahIM baiThe hue the| krodha : caMDasoma kI kathA kAMcI ke samIpa ragar3A nAma kA sanniveza thaa| vahA~ suzarmA deva nAmaka eka garIba brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usakA bar3A putra bhadrazarmA krodhI hone ke kAraNa caMDasoma kahA jAne lagA thaa| mAtA-pitA caMDasoma kA vivAha nandinI nAmaka kanyA se karake unheM gahasthI sauMpakara tIrtha karane cale gye| nandinI pativratA evaM guNasampanna thii| kintu caMDasoma usa para saMdeha karatA rahatA thaa| eka dina nATaka dekhakara lauTate samaya saMdeha ke kAraNa caMDasoma ne apanI patnI evaM usake premI ke dhokhe meM apane choTe bhAI evaM bahina kI hatyA kara dii| isase caMDasoma ko bahuta AtmaglAni huii| vaha unake sAtha mara jAnA cAhatA thA, kintu brAhmaNoM ne use anya kaI prAyazcitta karane ko khaa| ataH vaha gaMgAsnAna dvArA apane pApa dhone ke lie Ate samaya yahA~ dharmanandana muni ke pAsa calA aayaa| muni ne use dIkSA dekara apane karmoM ko kSaya karane kA mArga btlaayaa| mAna : mAnabhaTa kI kathA ___ mAla vA meM ujjayinI ke uttara-pUrva meM kUpavandra nAma kA eka gA~va thaa| vahA~ kSetrabhaTa nAma kA eka sAmanta ThAkura rahatA thA, jisakI Arthika sthiti bigar3a gayI thii| usake putra kA nAma vIrabhaTa thaa| vRddhAvasthA meM kSetrabhaTa gA~va meM rahane lagA thA aura vIrabhaTa rAjA kI sevA meM thaa| vIrabhaTa ke putra zaktibhaTa ne apane parivAra kI paramparA ko kAyama rakhate hue rAjA kI sevA kii| zaktibhaTa ko ahaMkAra bahuta thA ataH use loga mAnabhaTa kahane lage the| eka dina rAjA avanti ke darabAra meM mAnabhaTa ke Asana para koI pulinda rAjakumAra Akara baiTha gayA / mAnamaTa ne ise apanA apamAna samajha kara usake dvArA kSamA mAMgane para bhI use rikA se mAra DAlA aura rAja-darabAra se nikala kara, apane pitA ke pAsa gA~va meM bhAga gyaa| pitA ne use gA~va chor3a kara anyatra calane ko khaa| taba donoM narmadA ke kinAre eka kilA banA kara kisI gA~va meM rahane lge| eka dina vasantotsava meM mAnabhaTa apanI patnI ke sAtha gyaa| vahAM usane apane mitroM ke bIca kisI anya yuvatI ke rUpa kI prazaMsA meM gItikA gaayii| usakI patnI ise apanA apamAna samajha kara akelI ghara lauTa aayii| vaha gale meM phandA DAla kara AtmahatyA karane vAlI thI, tabhI mAnabhaTa ne Akara use bacA liyaa| mAnabhaTa ne patnI ko manAne ke lie usake caraNa bhI chae, kintu patnI kA gussA kama nahIM huaa| ataH mAnabhaTa apamAnita hokara ghara se bAhara nikala gyaa| usakI patnI evaM mAtA-pitA ne usakA anusaraNa kiyaa| mAnabhaTa ne patnI

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24 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kI parIkSA ke lie ku~e meM eka patthara girA diyA aura svayaM chapa gyaa| patnI evaM usake mAtA-pitA ne samajhA mAnabhaTa kuMe meM gira gayA hai| ataH ve tInoM bhI kuMe meM kUda gaye / mAnabhaTa ne socA ki mere kAraNa hI parivAra naSTa huA hai| ataH vaha prAyazcitta ke lie cala pdd'aa| kauzAmbI meM Akara usane dharmanandana muni se dIkSA le lI aura samyaktva kA pAlana karate hue apane pApoM ko kama karane lgaa| mAyA : mAyAditya kI kathA vArANasI ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM sAligrAma nAma kA eka gA~va thaa| vahA~ gaMgAditya nAma kA garIba vaizya rahatA thaa| vaha kaThora, kurUpa, anaitika evaM kapaTI svabhAva vAlA thaa| ataH usako loga mAyAditya kahane lage the| mAyAditya kI sthANu nAmaka yuvaka se mitratA thii| donoM dhana kamAne ke lie pratiSThAna gye| vahA~ unhoMne pA~ca-pA~ca hajAra mudrAe~ ajita kI tathA unake badale pA~ca-pA~ca ratna le liye / coroM se bacane ke lie ghara lauTate samaya unhoMne tIrthayAtriyoM kA bheSa dhAraNa kara liyaa| rAste meM mAyAditya ne sthANu ke ratnoM ko prApta karane ke aneka prayatna kiye| eka bAra use kue~ meM Dhakelakara ratna lekara bhAga gyaa| kintu coroM ke samUha ne use pakar3a liyA aura sthANu ko khojakara usake ratna use vApisa karA die| phira bhI mAyAditya ke prati sthANu kA vyavahAra mitravat banA rhaa| ataH mAyAditya ko apane vyavahAra para glAni haI aura vaha prAyazcitta karane cala pdd'aa| gA~va ke bar3e-bUr3hoM ne use gaMgA-snAna karane kI salAha dii| mAyAditya gaMgA-snAna ke lie cala pdd'aa| rAste meM dharmanandana muni ke upadezoM ko sunakara usane jinadharma meM dIkSA le lii| lobha : lobhadeva kI kathA takSazilA ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM uccasthala nAma kA eka gA~va thaa| vahA~ sArthavAha kA putra dhanadeva rahatA thaa| vaha atyanta lobhI thA ataH use loga lobhadeva kahane lge| dhana kamAne ke lie eka bAra vaha ghor3e lekara dakSiNa meM sopAraka gyaa| vahA~ bhadrazreSThI ke yahA~ tthhraa| vahA~ apane ghor3e becakara bahuta dhana kmaayaa| sopAraka kI sthAnIya vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana ne usakA svAgata kiyaa| usa Ayojana meM sammilita vyApAriyoM ne vibhinna dezoM meM kiye gaye vyApAra viSayaka apane-apane anubhava sunaaye| dhanadeva adhika dhana kamAne kI icchA se bhadra zreSThI ke sAtha ratnadvIpa gyaa| vahA~ unhoMne apAra dhana kmaayaa| jaba ve vApisa lauTa rahe the to lobhadeva ne bhadrazreSThI ke hisse ko bhI har3apane ke lie use samudra meM girA diyaa| bhadrazreSThI ne rAkSasa ke rUpa meM janma lekara lobhadeva ke jahAja ko samudra meM Dubo diyaa| kisI prakAra lobhadeva tAradvIpa meM jA lagA, jahA~ use samudracAriyoM dvArA pakar3a kara usake rudhira se svarNa banAne kA kArya

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25 grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi kiyA gyaa| kisI prakAra vahA~ se chuTakara vaha bheruNDa pakSiyoM dvArA samudra meM girA diyA gyaa| jaba vaha kinAre lagA to use apane kAryoM para bar3I glAni huii| jaba vaha prAyazcitta karane gaMgA kI ora jA rahA thA to rAste meM muni dharmanandana ke upadezoM ko sunakara usane vahIM dIkSA le lii| moha : mohadatta kI kathA kauzala nagarI kA rAjA kauzala thaa| usake putra kA nAma tosala thA jo svatantratApUrvaka nagara meM bhramaNa kiyA karatA thaa| eka dina tosala ne nagarazreSThi ke mahala meM gavAkSa para baiThI huI usakI sundarI putrI suvarNA ko dekhaa| unameM paraspara prema ho gyaa| avasara pAkara tosala rAtri meM usase milane usake kakSa meM gyaa| suvarNA ne batAyA ki usakA pati haradatta vyApAra karane laMkA gayA thA, kintu bAraha varSa ho gaye abhI taka nahIM lauttaa| vaha akelepana ke kAraNa marane ko taiyAra thI, kintu tabhI usane rAjakumAra ko dekhA ataH vaha usI kI zaraNa meM hai| tosala ne use apanI premikA banA liyaa| kucha samaya bAda suvarNA garbhavatI ho gyii| patA calane para nagarazreSThI ne rAjA se zikAyata kii| rAjA ne tosala ko mAra DAlane kI AjJA de dii| kintu mantrI kI caturAI se tosala pATaliputra bhAga gayA aura vahA~ jayavarman rAjA ke yahA~ naukara ho gayA / suvarNA ko jaba jJAta huA ki tosala ko mAra DAlA gayA hai to vaha bhI marane ke lie nagara se bhAga nikalI / eka sArtha ke sAtha pATaliputra ke lie cala pdd'ii| garbhabhAra ke kAraNa vaha sArtha se pIche raha gayI aura jaMgala meM usane eka sAtha do baccoM ko janma diyA-eka putra, eka putrI ko| yadyapi vaha marane ke lie nikalI thI, kintu aba usane baccoM ke lie jIvita rahane kA nizcaya kara liyA / usane apane uttarIya ke donoM choroM para donoM baccoM ko bA~dha diyA aura svayaM prasava kA rakta Adi dhone ke lie jharane kI ora calI gyii| idhara eka bAgha baccoM kI poTalI ko uThAkara le gyaa| rAste meM lar3akI poTalI se chuTakara gira gaI , jise rAste meM jAte hue jayavarman kA saMdezavAhaka uThAkara apane ghara pATaliputra le gyaa| usakA nAma vanadattA rakhA gyaa| lar3ake ko jayavarman kA koI sambandho bAgha se chur3Akara le gyaa| pATaliputra meM usakA nAma vyAghradatta athavA mohadatta rakhA gyaa| kucha samaya bAda suvarNA bhI pATaliputra pahu~ca gaI aura saMyoga se vanadattA kI dhAtrI ke rUpa meM apanI putrI ko na pahacAnate hue saMdezavAhaka ke ghara meM kAma karane lgii| kramazaH mohadatta evaM vanadattA yauvana ko prApta hue| madanamahotsava ke avasara para donoM ne paraspara eka-dUsare ko dekhA aura premabandhana meM baMdha gye| rAjakumAra tosala kI bhI najara vanadattA para par3I aura vaha use cAhane lgaa| vanadattA kI tarapha se koI uttara na milane para tosala ne use talavAra ke bala para pAnA cAhA / mohadatta ne tosala ko vahIM udyAna meM mAra DAlA aura vanadattA

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26 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke sAtha jaise hI kAmakrIr3A prArambha kI, use eka AvAja sunAI do ki vaha apane pitA kI hatyA kara apanI bahina ke sAtha saMsarga karane jA rahA hai| yaha eka muni kI AvAja thI, jinhoMne bAda meM mohadatta ko pUrI ghaTanAoM se paricita kraayaa| mohadatta ne apane isa pApa kA prAyazcitta karanA caahaa| anta meM vaha bhI muni dharmanandana ke pAsa AyA aura unase dIkSA le lii| isa prakAra dharma nandana muni ne vAsava mantrI aura purandaradatta rAjA ko krodha Adi ina pAMcoM vikAroM para saMyama karane ke lie khaa| muni ke upadeza sunakara rAjA aura mantrI donoM nagara meM lauTa gye| rAtri meM purandaradatta rAjA kA hRdaya parivartita ho gyaa| vaha veSa parivartana kara muni dharmanandana ke samIpa udyAna meM pahu~cA, jahA~ munirAja naye dIkSita ina pAMcoM muniyoM ko upadeza de rahe the / purandaradatta ne socA ki pahale vaha sAMsArika sukhoM kA upabhoga karegA / bAda meM vairAgya dhAraNa karegA / munirAja ne usake mana kI bAta jAnate hue sAMsArika sukhoM kI nazvaratA kA varNana kiyA / rAjA ne zrAvaka dharma svIkAra kara liyaa| una pA~coM muniyoM ne samyaktva kA pAlana karane ke lie paraspara sahAyatA karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| caMDasoma ko yaha dAyitva sauMpA gayA ki vaha anya cAroM ko agale janma meM samyaktva dhAraNa karane kA smaraNa karAyegA / pA~coM ne isa bAta para sahamati prakaTa kii| lobhadeva maraNoparAnta saudharmakalpa ke padma vimAna meM padmaprabha nAma kA deva huaa| isI prakAra kucha samaya bAda mAnabhaTa padmasara ke rUpa meM, mAyAditya padmavara ke rUpa meM, caMDasoma padmacandra tathA mohadatta padmakezara ke rUpa meM usI vimAna meM deva hue| vahA~ mitratApUrvaka rahate hue unhoMne paraspara samyaktva pAlana kA smaraNa kraayaa| dharmanAtha tIrthaMkara ke samavasaraNa meM ye sabhI deva upasthita hue / samavasaraNa samApana ke bAda padmaprabha (lobhadeva) ne apane sabake agale janmoM ke viSaya meM bhagavAn se pUchA / inheM jJAta huA ki ve sabhI bhavya jIva haiM aura yahA~ se cauthe janma meM mukti prApta kreNge| unhoMne salAha kI ki mukti prApti ke lie hama paraspara sahayoga karate raheMge tathA padmakezara (mohadatta), jo sabase anta meM devaloka se calegA, sabako sambodhita kregaa| smaraNa ke lie una pAMcoM ne apanIapanI ratnamayI pratimAe~ banAkara eka patthara ke nIce rakha dI, jahA~ padmacandra (caMDasoma) sarvaprathama siMha ke rUpa meM janma legaa| padmaprabha (lobhadeva) campA meM dhanadatta zreSThI ke yahA~ utpanna huA, jisakA nAma sAgaradatta rakhA gayA / eka bAra svaajita dhana kamAne kI icchA se sAgaradatta ghara se nikala gayA aura usane yaha pratijJA kara lI ki yadi varSa bhara meM sAta karor3a mudrAe~ na kamA legA to agni meM jala kara mara jaayegaa| vaha dakSiNasamudra

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grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi 27 ke pAsa jayazrI nagarI meM phuNcaa| vahA~ mAlara vRkSa ko jar3a se dhana prApta kara vaha nagara meM eka seTha ke pAsa phuNcaa| mitratA ho jAne para seTha ne usase apanI kanyA kA vivAha kara dene kA vacana diyA evaM yavanadvIpa jAne ke lie taiyArI kara dI / sAgaradatta ne yavanadvIpa meM jAkara sAta karor3a mudrAe~ ajita kii| kintu lauTate samaya jahAja bhagna ho jAne se saba sampatti naSTa ho gyii| phalaka ke sahAre vaha candradvIpa meM jA lgaa| vahA~ usane bhagna prema-vyApAra se pIr3ita eka kanyA ko agni meM jala kara marane ke lie tatpara dekhaa| usakI kathA sunakara sAgaradatta bhI agnidAha ke lie taiyAra ho gyaa| kintu praveza karate hI agni kI jvAlA kamaloM meM parivartina ho gyii| padmakezara deva (mohadatta) ne sAgaradatta ke isa kArya kI nindA kii| use usakA uttaradAyitva smaraNa karAyA tathA 21 karor3a mudrAe~ pradAna kii| tadanantara jayazrI nagarI meM le jAkara donoM kanyAoM se vivAha karAyA aura sabako vaha campA pahu~cA diyA / kucha samaya bAda sAgaradatta ne dhanadatta muni se dIkSA le lii| so he kumAra kuvalayacandra ! maiM vahI sAgaradatta huuN| nirantara tapasyA karate hue maiMne jo jJAna prApta kiyA usase jAnA ki mere cAroM sAthI kahA~ haiN| padmacandra (caMDasoma) vindhyATavI meM siMha ke rUpa meM paidA huA hai, padmasara (mAnabhaTa) kuvalayacandra ke rUpa meM ayodhyA meM tathA padmavara (mAyAditya) dakSiNa meM vijayAnagarI ke rAjA mahAsena kI putrI kuvalamAlA ke rUpa meM paidA hue haiN| padmakezara (mohadatta) ne mujhe sambodhita kiyA hI thaa| vahA~ se maiM yahA~ siMha (caMDasoma) ke pAsa calA AyA aura padmakezara azva ke rUpa meM tumheM yahA~ le AyA hai / ataH Azcarya kI koI bAta nahIM hai| hama sabako paraspara samyaktva pAlana karane meM sahayoga karanA caahie| yaha saba sunakara kuvalayacandra ne zrAvaka ke vrata dhAraNa kiye evaM samyaktva kA pAlana karane kA vacana diyA / munirAja ne use kuvalayamAlA se vivAha karane ko kahA aura batalAyA ki padmakezara (mohadatta) unake yahA~ putra ke rUpa meM utpanna hogaa| yaha saba sunakara siMha ne bhI vrata dhAraNa kie aura dhArmika AcaraNa meM rata ho gayA, kintu Ayu zeSa na hone se vaha vahIM maraNAsanna ho gyaa| kumAra kuvalayacandra ne usake kAna meM paMca namaskAra mantra sunaayaa| zAntipUrvaka usakI mRtyu ho gayI / siMha maraNoparAnta vaiDUrya vimAna meM deva utpanna huaa| tadanantara kuvalayacandra dakSiNa kI ora vindhyATavI meM hotA huA Age bar3hA / eka sarovara ke kinAre usane eka yakSapratimA ke darzana kiye, jisake mukUTa meM muktAzaila nirmita jina-pratimA thii| vahA~ kumAra ne yakSakanyA kanakaprabhA se bheMTa kI, jo yakSa ratnazekhara dvArA vahA~ jina-pratimA kI pUjA ke lie niyukta thii| kumAra jaba vahA~ se calane lagA to kanakaprabhA ne kumAra ko eka auSadhivalaya usakI rakSArtha bheMTa kii|

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kuvalayacandra ne narmadA pAra kii| vaha saMnyAsinI aiNikA aura usake sevaka rAjakIra se milA / rAjakIra ne aiNikA kI kahAnI kumAra ko sunaayii| aiNikA rAjA padma aura rAnI zrIkAntA kI putrI thii| bacapana meM pUrva-janma ke pati dvArA use jaMgala meM chor3a diyA gayA thA, jahA~ vaha mRgoM ke sAtha bar3I huI / rAjakIra ne use par3hanA-likhanA sikhAyA evaM samyaktva dhAraNa karAyA / kuvalayacandra ne bhI apanI yAtrA kA uddezya unheM btaayaa| aiNikA ne rAjakIra ko ayodhyA bhejakara kumAra kI kuzalatA ke samAcAra unake mAtA-pitA ke pAsa bhijvaaye| tadanantara kuvalayacandra unase vidA lekara Age cala pdd'aa| kuvalayacandra madhyaparvata meM pahu~cA tathA kAMcIpurI ko jAnevAle sArtha ke sAtha ho liyaa| rAste meM bhilloM ne sArtha para AkramaNa kara diyaa| kumAra ne sAhasa evaM vIratA-pUrvaka unakA mukAvalA kiyaa| bhillapati ne kumAra se samajhautA kara liyA aura jaba patA calA ki donoM zrAvaka haiM to unameM mitratA ho gyii| kuvalayacandra ko bhillapati apanI pallI meM le gayA, jahA~ kumAra sukhapUrvaka rhaa| vAstava meM bhillapati dRr3havarman ke cacere bhAI ratnamukuTa kA putra darpaparigha thA, jo rAjya se niSkAsita hone ke kAraNa bhIla bana gayA thaa| kuvalayacandra ne apane cacere bhAI ko jainadharma kA upadeza diyA aura dakSiNa kI ora cala paDA / usake jAte hI darpaparigha ne vairAgya le liyaa| kuvalayacandra vijayapurI phNcaa| vahA~ usane sunA ki kuvalayamAlA ne rAjyadarabAra meM eka adhUrA zloka likhakara TAMga rakhA hai, jo use pUrA kara degA usI ke sAtha usakI zAdI hogii| kumAra rAjya-darabAra kI ora cala pdd'aa| rAste meM usane 18 dezoM ke baniyoM ke samUha ko dekhaa| tabhI eka pAgala hAthI udhara A nikalA / rAjamahala meM halacala maca gyii| kuvalayacandra ne hAthI ko vaza meM kara liyaa| usa para car3hakara zloka (gAthA) kI pUrti kara dii| kuvalayamAlA ne mAlyArpaNa karake use apanA vara svIkAra kara liyaa| idhara mahendrakumAra bhI kuvalayacandra ko khojate hue vijayapurI pahu~ca cukA thaa| usane rAjA mahAsena ko kumAra kA pUrA paricaya diyaa| kumAra se ayodhyA ke samAcAra khe| rAjA mahAsena ne vivAha kI lagna kI pratIkSA meM donoM kumAroM ko sasammAna mahala meM tthhraayaa| vivAha ke lagna kI pratIkSA meM kuvalayacandra evaM kuvalayamAlA vibhinna upahAroM dvArA apane udgAroM kA AdAna-pradAna karate rhe| anta meM utsAhapUrvaka vivAha-kArya sampanna huaa| Amoda-pramoda karate hue avasara dekhakara kuvalayacandra ne kuvalayamAlA ko pUrva-janmoM kA vRtAnta kaha sunAyA aura samyaktva pAlana karane kA Agraha kiyA / kuvalayamAlA ne usakA pAlana kiyaa| ayodhyA se pitA kA patra pAkara kuvalayacandra apanI patnI evaM mahendrakumAra ke sAtha sAsa-sasura se vidA lekara ayodhyA kI ora cala pdd'aa| sahyaparvata meM unakI

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grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi bheMTa eka munirAja se huI, jinhoMne vistRta paTacitroM dvArA saMsAradarzana kraayaa| ise dekhakara mahendra kumAra ne samyaktva grahaNa kiyaa| tadanantara kumAra rAtri meM kucha dhAtuvAdiyoM se milA evaM unheM svarNa banAne meM sahayoga diyA / anta meM kuvalayacandra ayodhyA phuNcaa| mAtA-pitA ne usakA bhavya svAgata kiyA aura turanta hI usakA rAjyAbhiSeka kara diyA, jisakI pUre nagara ne khuzI mnaayii| kumAra ko rAjyabhAra sauMpa kara dRr3havarmana ne sabhI dharmoM kI parIkSAkara unameM jainadharma ko zreSTha mAnakara vairAgya le liyA aura muni bana gyaa| kuvalayacandra ne kucha varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| padmakezara deva (mohadatta) unake yahA~ putra ke rUpa meM utpanna huA, jisakA nAma pRthvIsAra rakhA gayA / pRthvIsAra ke samartha hote hI kuvalayacandra, kuvalayamAlA evaM mahendrakumAra ne muni darpaparigha se bheMTa kI, jisase jJAta huA ki dRr3havarman antakRt kevalI ho gaye haiN| ina tInoM ne bhI phira dIkSA le lii| kuvalayamAlA saudharmakalpa meM utpanna huii| kuvalayacandra vaiDUrya vimAna meM deva utpanna huaa| vahIM muni sAgaradatta bhI maraNoparAnta deva hokara pahu~ca gye| kucha samaya taka rAjya karane ke bAda apane putra manorathAditya ko rAjyabhAra sauMpa kara pRthvIsAra bhI usI vimAna meM deva utpanna huaa| paraspara paricaya prApta kara unhoMne mukti prApti ke lie sabako sambodhita karane kA phira nizcaya kiyaa| __ bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM kuvalayacandra kI AtmA kAkandI nagarI meM rAjA kAMcanaratha aura rAnI indIvara ke gRha meM putra ke rUpa meM utpanna huI / usakA nAma maNiratha rakhA gyaa| maNi ratha ko zikAra kA vyasana ho gyaa| eka samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra kAkandI pdhaare| unhoMne zrotAoM evaM rAjA kAMcanaratha se kahA ki maNiratha isI janma se mukti prApta kregaa| eka mRga, jo pUrva janma meM maNiratha (sundarI) kA pati thA, maNiratha kA hRdaya parivartana kara degaa| uso samaya maNiratha vahA~ AyA aura apane pUrva janma kI kathA sunakara usane vairAgya dhAraNa kara liyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra jaba kAkandI se zrAvastI padhAre to unhoMne kahA ki mohadatta kAmagajendra ke rUpa meM utpanna huA hai| vaha isI janma meM mukti prApta kregaa| tabhI vahA~ kAmagajendra pAyA aura usane vairAgya dhAraNa kara liyaa| mahAvIra ne use batalAyA ki usake anya cAra sAthI kahA~-kahA~ para haiN| vaiDUrya vimAna se sAgaradatta (lobhadeva) ne RSabhapura meM vajragupta ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| RSabhapura nirantara kisI DAkU dvArA lUTA jA rahA thaa| vajragupta ne sAta dina ke andara cora kA patA lagAne kA praNa kiyA / anta meM usane eka rAkSasa ko pakar3A jo roja nagara ko lUTatA thA tathA usa dina vajragupta kI patnI ko bhI le AyA thaa| vajragupta rAkSasa ko mArakara usakI sampatti kA upabhoga karane

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30 kuvalayamAlA kahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana lagA / bAraha varSa vyatIta ho gaye / anta meM sAta dina taka lagAtAra usane subaha AkAzavANI sunI, jisake dvArA mAyAditya aura caMDasoma kI AtmAe~ use sambodhita kara rahI thIM / vajragupta saMsAra se virakta hokara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA / dIkSA lekara tapa karane lagA / caMDasoma kI AtmA vaiDUrya vimAna se eka brAhmaNa parivAra ke | putra ke rUpa meM utpanna huI, jisakA nAma svayambhUdeva rakhA gyaa| dhana kamAne ke lie vaha campAnagarI gayA / vahA~ tamAla vRkSa ke nIce vizrAma karate hue usane kinhIM coroM kA gar3A huA dhana dekha liyaa| coroM ke bhAga jAne para usane usa dhana ko nikAlA aura apane ghara kI ora cala pdd'aa| rAste meM vaha vaTavRkSa ke nIce vizrAma karane lagA / vahA~ usane eka pakSI aura usake parivAra ke sadasyoM ke bIca huI bAtacIta ko sunA, jisameM vaha pakSI saMsAra tyAgane kI anumati mA~ga rahA thA / svayambhUdeva kI A~khe isase khula gayIM aura vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa hastinApura calA AyA / vahA~ usane dIkSA le lI / bhagavAn mahAvIra magadha meM rAjagRha pahu~ce / vahA~ zreNika kA ATha varSIya putra mahAratha apane svapna kA artha pUchane lagA / mahAvIra ne batalAyA ki vaha kuvalayamAlA ( mAyAditya) kA jIva hai tathA isI bhava se mukti prApta karegA / mahAratha ne dIkSA lI aura apane anya cAra sAthiyoM meM jA milaa| ye pA~coM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha aneka varSoM taka rhe| jaba unakA aMtima samaya najadIka A gayA to unhoMne sallekhanA dhAraNa kara lI aura AlocanA evaM pratikramaNa karane ke bAda antakRta kevalI ho gaye / 1 sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi 1 kuvalayamAlA kahA kI kathAvastu se spaSTa hai ki granthakAra prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI do pramukha vicAradhArAoM se pUrNarUpa se prabhAvita haiM / ve haiM :- 1. punarjanma evaM karmaphala kI sambandha zrRMkhalA tathA 2. zrAtmazodhana dvArA mukti kI prApti / sampUrNa grantha meM inhIM do vicAradhArAoM kA hI prakArAntara se prasphuTana huA hai| thAvastu se jJAta hotA hai ki grantha meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha ke mUrtimAna pratIka caMDasoma, mAnabhaTa, mAyAditya, lobhadatta, evaM mohadatta ke cAracAra janmoM ko kahAnI hai / pahale janma meM ye pA~coM yathAnAma tathA guNa ke anusAra apanI-apanI parAkASThA lAMghate dekhe jAte haiM / caMDasoma krodha ke kAraNa apane bhAI-bahina kA vadha kara detA hai| mAnabhaTa mAnI hone ke kAraNa apane mAtApitA evaM patnI kI mRtyu kA kAraNa banatA hai / mAyAditya apane mitra se kapaTakara 1. aMgrejI kathAvastu ke lie draSTavya - 'jaina jarnala' akTUbara 1970.

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grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi 31 use kue~ meM DAla detA hai / lobhadeva lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara apane mitra ko samudra meM DubA detA hai aura mohadatta kAmarAga se andhA hokara apane pitA kI hatyA kara kI upasthiti meM apanI bahina ke sAtha saMsarga karane kA prayatna karatA hai / tAtparya yaha ki ye pA~coM vyakti isa saMsAra meM jo pApa hote haiM yA ho sakate haiM - hatyA, chala-kapaTa, mithyA ghamaNDa, beImAnI evaM vyabhicAra Adi unakA pratinidhitva karate haiM / itanA nIce girate haiM jahA~ se kevala unheM naraka kI yAtanAe~ hI prApta hoNgii| kintu mAnavIya jIvana ke isa andhakAramaya pahalU ko ubhAranA hI lekhaka kA abhISTa nahIM hai / abhISTa kI prApti ke lie yaha AdhArazilA bhI hai / bhAratIya saMskRti kI prAstika vicAradhArA isa bAta kI mA~ga karatI hai ki ina pA~coM vyaktiyoM ko unake jaghanya karmoM kA pUrA phala milanA cAhie / ataH karmaphala ko pUrNatayA spaSTa karane ke lie uddyotanasUri ne ina pA~coM ke agale cAra janmoM ke kathAnaka kA nirmANa kiyA hai / pA~coM vyaktiyoM ne jaghanya kRtyoM ke bAda pazcAttApa hI nahIM kiyA, apitu asadvRttiyoM ke pariSkAra ke lie sAdhu jIvana ko aMgIkAra kara liyA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki ve agale janmoM meM naraka kI apekSA svarga meM janma lete haiM / yahA~ parokSa meM udyotanasUri svanirIkSaNa aura prAtmAlocanA ke mahatva ko bhI pratipAdita kara dete haiM / ve yaha bhI cAhate haiM ki pAThaka ina vyaktiyoM ke karmaphala ko dekhakara dUra se hI ina pApoM se bacane kA prayatna kare : jaM caMDasoma-I-vRttaMttA paMca te vi krodhAI / saMsAre dukkha phalA tamhA pariharasu dUreNa // / 280.20 isake bAda grantha ke kathAnaka meM dUsarI sAMskRtika vicAradhArA pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM AtI hai / udyotanasUri sAmAnya lekhaka nahIM the / eka ora jahA~ unhoMne krodha Adi tIvra kaSAyoM kI parAkASThA prastuta kI, dUsarI ora ina kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta vyaktiyoM ko malina AtmA ke parizodhana kA mArga bhI unhoMne prazasta kiyA hai / pApa kitanA hI bar3A kyoM na ho yadi usakA hRdaya se prAyazcitta kara liyA jAya to usake phala meM nyUnatA ho sakatI hai, Age kA jIvana sudhara sakatA hai / ina sabhI vyaktiyoM ko AcArya dharmanandana kI zaraNa meM pahu~cAne ke pIche lekhaka kA yaho uddezya rahA hai / parokSa rUpa meM una andhavizvAsoM kA khaNDana karanA bhI, jo Atmazodhana ke bajAya svArthapUrti ke sAdhana adhika the / dUsare zabdoM meM, lekhaka prasadvRttiyoM kA damana karane ke sthAna para unakA parizodhana kara unheM sadvRttiyA~ banAne meM adhika vizvAsa karatA hai / yahI bAta vaha apane pAThakoM se kahanA cAhatA hai ki asadvRttiyA~ hI balavatI nahIM haiM, una para sadvRttiyoM kI bhI vijaya ho sakatI hai, jo saMyama aura tapa ke dvArA sambhava hai / adhama se adhama pApI bhI nirAza hone ke bajAya prAyazcitta dvArA vairAgya kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai: :

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32 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jAo pacchAyAvo jaha tANaM saMjamaM ca paDivaNNA / taha aNNo vi hu pAvI pacchA viramejja uvaeso // / 280.21 mUla kathAnaka kI pRSThabhUmi meM sthita ina sAMskRtika vicAradhArAoM ko vikasita karane ke lie granthakAra ko anya avAntara - kathAoM kI saMghaTanA bhI karanI par3I hai, jinake pratiphala alaga-alaga haiM / jinazekharayakSa ke vRttAnta dvArA tiyaMcagati meM bhI samyaktva kI prApti, zavara ke vRtAnta dvArA zaraNAgata kI rakSA, citrapaTa dvArA saMsAra kI vicitratA kA jJAna, dhAtuvAda dvArA jinendra nAma kA mahattva, sAmudrika yAtrAoM aura jalayAna - bhagna ke prasaMgoM dvArA sAMsArika jIvana kA digdarzana Adi aneka sAMskRtika pakSoM kA udghATana hotA hai ( anu0 427 ) / kuvalayamAlA kI kathAvastu se eka aura mahattvapUrNa pakSa udghATita hotA hai -- pratIkapAtroM ke nirmANa kI maulikatA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM ise rUpakAtmaka zailI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isameM amUrta bhAvoM ko rUpaka Adi ke dvArA mUrta rUpa de diyA jAtA hai jisase ve sarvAdhika prabhAva DAlane meM samartha ho jAte haiM | udyotanasUri ne krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, evaM moha jaisI amUrta kaSAyoM ko pAtroM ke rUpa meM khar3A kara diyA hai| isase unake svarUpa evaM pariNAmoM ko samajhane meM sahRdaya ko koI prayAsa nahIM karanA par3atA / sAhitya ke upayoga ke kSetra meM udyotana kA yaha viziSTa yogadAna hai / amUrta ko mUrtavidhAna karanevAlI zailI kA kAvyaparamparA meM sUtrapAta karanevAle ye prathama AcArya haiM / isake vAda saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM Adhunika bhASAoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke sAhitya kI paramparA cala par3I / siddharSi kI 'upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA', jayazekharasUri kI 'prabodhacintAmaNi', kRSNamitra kA 'prabodhacadrodaya', harideva kA 'mayaNaparAjayacariu', vuccarAya kA 'mayaNajujbha', bhAratendu kI 'bhAratadurdazA' evaM jayazaMkara prasAda kI 'kAmAyanI' Adi rUpakAtmaka zailI kI pratinidhi racanAe~ hai', jinakA Adi srota sAhityika kRti ke rUpa meM kuvalayamAlAkahA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi prAcIna dhArmika sUtroM meM bhI isa zailI ke yatra-tatra ullekha milate haiM / udyotanasUri apane grantha meM dhArmika evaM sAhityika pravRttiyoM kA hI ullekhakara virAma nahIM lete, valki unhoMne itanA bar3A kainavAsa taiyAra kiyA hai ki jisameM sampUrNa jagat citrita ho uThA hai / akhaNDa bhArata ke prasiddha janapada, sAMskRtika nagara, durbhedya aTaviyA~ evaM nadI- parvata hI unake bhaugolika jJAna meM samAviSTa nahIM the, apitu tatkAlIna bRhattara bhArata evaM par3osI dezoM ke samvandhoM se bhI ve paricita the / arthopArjana ke sAdhana, vANijya vyApAra evaM jala-thala ke 1. draSTavya - DA0 rAjakumAra jaina, madanaparAjaya (nAgadeva ) - prastAvanA, pR0 19-28.

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grantha kI kathAvastu evaM usakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi yAtrA-mArgoM kI unheM jAnakArI thii| sAmAjika-saMracanA, rahana-sahana evaM tatkAlIna rIti-vyavahAroM ko unhoMne nikaTa se dekhA thaa| dezATana dvArA na kevala unhoMne uttara-dakSiNa bhArata ke zikSAkendroM kI gatividhiyoM kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA, apitu samasta bhASAoM kI bArIkiyoM ko bhI hRdayaMgama kiyA thA / phalasvarUpa kalA, sthApatya, zilpa evaM dArzanika-ciMtana ko dhArAoM ko ve sUkSmatA se apane grantha meM saMjo sake haiN| pratIta hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri ke mana meM apane isa grantha dvArA vastu-jagat kI sampUrNa jAnakArI dene ko prabala AkAMkSA thii| prastuta grantha ke agale adhyAyoM se yaha bAta adhika spaSTa ho skegii|

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pariccheda cAra aitihAsika-sandarbha uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM do prakAra ke aitihAsika sandarbha prastuta kiye haiM : 1. pUrva AcAryoM evaM kRtiyoM kA ullekha tathA 2. aitihAsika rAjAoM ke sandarbha / ina donoM prakAra ke sandarbho kA adhyayana aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / eka ora inase jahA~ udyotana ke vistRta jJAna kA patA calatA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora kucha aitihAsika gutthiyAM bhI sulajhatI haiN| pUrva AcAryoM ke smaraNa kI paramparA apane se pUrvavartI kaviyoM aura lekhakoM ko smaraNa karane kI yaha paddhati gadya-kathAnoM kA Avazyaka aMga samajhI jAne lagI thii| kAlidAsa, subandhu evaM bANa ne apanI racanAoM meM pUrvavartI kaviyoM ko namaskAra yA smaraNa kiyA hai| bANa ke bAda ke lekhakoM meM to yaha pravRtti aura adhika bar3hI huI milatI hai| dhanapAla ne tilakamaMjarI meM tathA puSpadanta ne mahApurANa kI utthAnikA meM aneka pUrvavartI kaviyoM ko smaraNa kiyA hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM ne isa paripATI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| pUrva ke kaviyoM kI racanAoM ke pariprekSya meM lekhaka apanI racanA kI navInatA spaSTa kara sake, isake lie unako smaraNa karanA Avazyaka rahA hogaa| udyotanasUri ke kavi-smaraNa-prasaMga dvArA yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki yadyapi pUrvakaviyoM ne jagat meM zAyada hI koI aisI bAta ho jo na kahI ho, kintu vastuoM (ke nAnAtmaka rUboM) ko ananta arthoM dvArA vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie maiM kathA ko racanA kara rahA hU~ :-- eyANa kahAbaMdhe taM Natthi jayammi jaM kaha vi cukkaM / tahavi aNanto attho korai eso khaa-bNdho||4.4|| 1. premI, nAthUrAma-jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 325.

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aitihAsika sandarbha 35 prAcIna granthakAra aura unake grantha udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM apane pUrvavartI 22 granthakAroM evaM 31 racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / varNanakrama se unakA paricaya isa prakAra hai: : chappaNNaya - chapaNNaya kA artha spaSTa nahIM hai / udyotana ne isa zabda kA tIna bAra prayoga kiyA hai (3.18, 25 evaM 177 2 ) / prathama meM pAdalipta aura sAtavAhana ke nAma ke anantara samasta pada meM', dvitIya meM bahuvacana meM nirdeza hai jinheM kaviku jara kahA gayA hai tathA tIsare meM eka citrAlaMkArayukta padya kA ullekha karate huye kahA gayA hai ki isa padya ko par3hakara chappaNNaya kI buddhi ke vikalpoM se mati kA vistAra hotA hai ( 177 . 2 ) / ina tInoM sandarbhoM se eka to yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha kavi ke bAre meM hI ullekha hai / dUsare, samAsAnta pada aura bahuvacana meM Ane ke kAraNa yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki yaha kisI eka kavi kA nAma thA (jaisA kI prathama sandarbha se AbhAsita hotA hai) athavA viziSTa kavi - paramparA kA / itanA avazya lagatA hai ki chappaNNaya vidagdha bhaNitioM aura citravacanoM ke prayoga meM dakSa the / 3 yadi DA0 upAdhye ke anusAra chappaNNaya kA saMskRta rUpa SaTprajJa mAna liyA jAye to usase bhI yahI pramANita hotA hai ki yaha kavi yA kavi paramparA atyanta vicakSaNa evaM vidagdha thI / DA0 upAdhye ne yaha likhA hai ki yaha kisI eka kavi kA nAma na hokara kavi samudAya kA nAma thA / DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla bhI isI mata ko mAnate haiM aura ve chappaNNaya ko kavi samUha ( klaba Apha poITsa ) . batAte haiM / jo bhI ho, itanA nizcita hai ki pAdalipta, sAtavAhana, vyAsa, vAlmIki ke sAtha chappaNNaya kA ullekha aura sAtha hI yaha kahanA ki unake sAtha aneka kavikaMjaroM kI upamA dI jAtI hai, isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki udyotanasUri svayaM chappaNNaya se atyanta prabhAvita the / yaha durbhAgya hI hai ki chappaNNaya kI kisI kRti yA saMkalana kA ullekha na udyotanasUri ne kiyA hai aura na Aja hameM prApta hI hotA hai / pAdalipta evaM taraMgavatI - udyotanasUri ne zleSAlaMkAra dvArA inakA paricaya diyA hai / jisa prakAra parvata se gaMgAnadI pravAhita huI hai, usI prakAra cakravAka yugala se yukta sundara rAjahaMsI ko Anandita karanevAlI taraMgavatI kathA pAdaliptasUri se niHsRta huI ( 3.20 ) / pAdaliptasUri kA janma kA nAma nagendra thA, sAdhu hone para Apa pAdalipta kahalAye / Apa sAtavAhanavaMzI rAjA hAla ke darabArI kavi the / inakA samaya I0 san 78-162 ke madhya mAnA jAtA 1. pAlittaya- sAlAhaNa- chappaNNaya-sIha - NAya saddehiM - (3.18 ) / 2. 3. chappaNNayANa kiM vA bhaNNau kai kujarANa bhuvaNammi / ( 3.25 ) / 'chappaNNaNaya gAhAo' jarnala Apha da oriyanTala insTITyUTa bar3odA, bhAga 11, naM0 4, pR0 385-402 para DA0 upAdhye kA lekha /

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai| inakI prAkRta kathAkRti taraMvatI mUlarUpa meM prApta nahIM hai / taraMgalolA nAma se usakA saMkSiptarUpa prAkRta meM upalabdha hai, jo sambhavataH pAdalipta ke sau varSa bAda likhA gayA thaa| isameM taraMgavatI nAmaka yuvatI ke pUrva-janma ke prema evaM vartamAna janma ke vairAgya kI kathA varNita hai|' hAla evaM gAthAsaptazatI-pAdalipta ke sAtha hAla kA ullekha huA hai| hAla ne koza kI racanA kI thii| koza kA Azaya yahA~ hAla kI gAthAsaptazatI se hai, jisakA prAcIna nAma gAthAkoSa thaa| gAthAsaptazatI muktakakAvya hai, isameM prasiddha kaviyoM kI lagabhaga sAta sau gAthAoM kA saMkalana hai| isa grantha kA racanAkAla sAdhAraNataH I0 prathama zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| yaha grantha sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| guNADhya evaM bRhatkathA-'brahmA svarUpa guNADhaya kI sarasvatI svarUpa bahatkathA sabhI kalAoM se yukta kavijanoM ko zikSA denevAlI hai (3.23) / ' udyotanasUri kA yaha kathana bRhatkathA aura guNADhya ke mahattva ko prakaTa karatA hai| vartamAna meM mahAkavi guNADhya kI bRhatkathA mUlarUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu usa para AdhArita somadeva dvArA racita kathAsaritsAgara usake vikasita svarUpa ko prakaTa karatA hai| guNADhaya evaM unakI bRhatkathA para vinTaranitja, kItha,' DA0 upAdhye, Adi ne vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa-uddyotana ne ina donoM mahAkAvyoM ke prati apanI zraddhA vyakta karate hue kahA hai ki vyAsa aura vAlmIki ne itanI mahAn racanAe~ kara dI haiM ki unako lAMghanA duSkara hai (3.24) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki sAtavI, AThavIM sadI meM bhI ina mahAkAvyoM kA paryApta mahattva thA / vANa ne kahA hai ki mahAbhArata kI kathA tInoM lokoM meM phaila gayI thii|" bANa aura kAdambarI-bANa sAtavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha kavi the| unakI kAdambarI kathA tatkAlIna kaviyoM meM paryApta sarAhI jAtI thii| udyotanasUri ne candrApIDa kI jAyA kAdambarI aura vANa kI kRti kAdambarI kI zleSAlaMkAra se prazaMsA karate hue use lAvaNya aura vadana se subhaga (saundarya tathA uktisauSThava 1. draSTavya-hindIsAra-'taraMgavatI' - jJAnabhArilla, bIkAnera / 2. zrI vA0 vi0 mirAzI-'da orijanala nema Apha da gAthA-saptazatI', nAgapura oriyanTala kAnphreMsa (1946), pR0 370 74. 3. dRSTavya-lekhaka kA--'gAthAsaptazatI kI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi' nAmaka lekha / 4. vinTaranitja, hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2. 5. e hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara, pR0 266-81. 6. 'paizAcI leMgyueja eNDa liTarecara,' enalsa Apha da bhaMDArakara oriyaNTala risarca insTITyUTa, bhAga 21, (1940), pArTa 1.2. 7. 'kathaiva bhAratI vyApnoti jagattrayam'-harSacarita /

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aitihAsika-sandarbha 37 se sundara), sundara varNa (raMga) aura ratnoM se ujjvala (tathA sundara zabda-ratnoM se ujjvala) kahA hai (3.26) / bANa kI kAdambarI Aja bhI apanI rasAtmakatA ke lie paryApta prasiddha hai| vimala evaM paumacariyaM-uddyotanasUri ko vimala kA 'paumacariyaM' amRtasadaza sarasa pratIta hotA thA tathA vimala kavi kI pratibhA ko pAnA ve kaThina mAnate the (3.27) / vAstava meM paumacariyaM kRti hI aisI hai, jisakA guNagAna kaI kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| yaha rAmakathA se sambaddha sarva prathama prAkRta carita kAvya hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM jo sthAna bAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA hai, prAkRta meM vahI sthAna isakA hai / isake racayitA vimalasUri jaina AcArya the| prazasti meM inakA samaya I0 san prathama zatI hai, para grantha ke anta:-parIkSaNa se isakA racanAkAla 3-4 zatI pratIta hotA hai|' devagupta evaM supurisacariyaM-udyotanasUri ne devagupta nAma ke mahAkavi kA do vAra ullekha kiyA hai (3.28, 282.8) / sambhavatayA devagupta prasiddha guptavaMza ke koI rAjarSi the| inake 'supurisacariyaM' kA abhI taka patA nahIM calA hai| baMdika evaM harivaMza-kuvalayamAlA ke isa prasaMga kI 12vIM gAthA (3.26) ke artha ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM paryApta matabheda rahA hai, jisakA ullekha DA0 upAdhye ne apanI bhUmikA ke noTas (pR0 126) meM kiyA hai| unhoMne isa gAthA ke harivarisaM pATha ko zuddha mAnakara 'harivarSa' ko sulocanAkathA kA lekhaka svIkAra kiyA hai| tathA 'vaMdiyaM' zabda ko 'vandyamapi' mAnakara ise harivarSa kA vizeSaNa mAna liyA hai| kintu 'vaMdiyaM' evaM 'harivarisaM' ina donoM zabdoM ke pAThAntara tathA anya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para paM0 amRtalAla bhojaka ne eka nayI bAta kahI hai| ve baMdika kavi kI 'harivaMza' nAmaka paurANika racanA kA yaha ullekha mAnate haiN| isa sambandha meM unhoMne jo pramANa diye haiM unase unake isa mata ko svIkArA jA 1. draSTavya--'paumacariyaM' saM0 DA0 bhayANI, prathama bhaag| buhayaNa-sahassa-daiyaM harivaMsUppatti-kArayaM pddhmN| vaMdAmi vaMdiyaM pi hu harivarisaM ceya viml-pyN| -kuva0 3.29. 3. DA0 jI0sI0 caudharI-'tathAkathita harivaMzacariyaM kI vimalasUri-kartRtA kA nirasana'-jainasiddhAntabhAskara, bhAga 26, kiraNa 2. 4. zrIbhojaka dvArA svIkRta pAThAntara-vaMdAmi vaMdiyaM vi hu harivaMsaM ceva vimalapayaM / prathama pramANa-pAThabheda, dvitIya pramANa-kuva0 ke saMskRtarUpAntarakAra dvArA bandika kavi kA ullekha tathA tRtIya pramANa-'bahata TippanikA' nAma kI jaina granthoM kI sUcI meM-"harivaMza carita saM0 baMdikakavikRtaM purANabhASAnibaddha nemyAdivRttavAcyaM 6000" isa taraha kA ullekha / draSTavya-'sambodhi' (traimAsika)-bhAga 1, naM0 4, janavarI 73, pR0 1-4.

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38 kuvalayamAlAkahA~ kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sakatA hai / 9vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya zrI jayasiMhasUrikRta dharmopadezamAlA vivaraNa ke sandarbha ke anusAra baMdika kavi jainAcArya-zramaNa the tathA unake grantha harivaMza kI bhASA saMskRta thii| harivarSa evaM sulocanAkathA-DA0 upAdhye kA kathana hai ki harivarSa kavi ne sulocanAkathA nAma kI koI kRti likhI hogI, jisakA smaraNa udyotana ne kiyA hai / anyatra bhI sulocanAkathA ke sandarbha milate haiM / kRti milane para isa para adhika prakAza par3a skegaa|' kintu uparyukta vivaraNa dvArA 'harivaMza' grantha kA nAma hai, yaha nizcita ho cukA hai| ataH sulocanAkathA kA lekhaka koI anya rahA hogA, jisakA spaSTa nAmollekha isa gAthA (3.30) meM nahIM hai| yadi isa gAthA meM prayukta 'jeNa' sarvanAma kA sambandha pUrvavartI gAthA se mAnA jAya to bandika kavi ko isa sulocanAkathA kA lekhaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA 'jeNa' sarvanAma kA sambandha paravartI gAthA (3.31) se mAnate haiN| tadanusAra kavi prabhaMjana isa sulocanAkathA ke kartA honA caahie| abhI taka ina donoM sambhAvanAproM kI puSTi ke lie anya dUsare pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| sulocanAkathA nAmaka isa kRti ke milane para hI nizcayapUrvaka kucha kahA jA skegaa| prabhaMjana evaM yazodharacarita-uddyotanasUri ne kahA hai ki zatru ke yaza ko haraNa karanevAlA, 'yazodharacarita' dvArA loka meM prasiddha tathA pApa-mala ko naSTa karanevAlA prabhaMjana nAma kA rAjarSi thA (3.31) / abhI taka yazodharacarita nAma ke jitane grantha mile haiM, unameM prabhaMjana kA yaha grantha sabase prAcIna pratIta hotA hai| raviSeNa evaM padmacarita--'padmacarita' meM mahAkavi raviSeNa ne rAmakathA saMskRta meM likhI hai / inakA samaya lagabhaga 776 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| padmacarita aba hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzita ho cukA hai| raviSeNa aura udyotana eka 1. vahI, 'kavi baMdika' nAmaka lekha kA dUsarA bhaag| saMNihiya-jiNavariMdA dhmmkhaa-bNdh-dikkhiy-priNdaa| kahiyA jeNa sukahiyA suloyaNA samavasaraNaM va // The verse itself does not mention the name of the author but it has Pronoun for which, usually, should go with the author inentioned in the earlier verse. In that case harivarSa will have to be taken as the author of sulocanAkathA.-Kuv. Int. (Notes), P. 126. sattaNa jo jasa-haro jasahara-carieNa jaNavae pyddo| kali-mala-pabhaMjaNo cciya pabhaMjaNo Asi rAya-risI // 5. draSTavya-DA0 jI0 sI0 jaina-ya0 sAM0 adhyayana, pR0 50-56. 6. 'jasaharacariu'-saM0 pI0ela0 vaidyA, kAraMjA, 1931 prAkkathana, pR0 24-25.

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aitihAsika-sandarbha 39 hI samaya ke hone ke kAraNa paraspara paricita bhI ho sakate haiM tathA ina donoM ke granthoM meM kucha pArasparika prabhAva khoje jA sakate haiM / jaTila evaM varAMgacarita - 6-7vIM zadI kA varAMgacarita eka prasiddha dharmakathA grantha hai / isake racayitA jaTAsiMhanandi the, jo jaTila athavA jaTAcArya ke nAma se prasiddha the / inakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdo kA antima caraNa nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai / " varAMgacarita meM varAMga nAmaka rAjakumAra kI sAhasika yAtrAoM evaM dharmAcaraNa kA varNana hai / haribhadrasUri aura samaramiyaMkakathA - udyotanasUri ne apane guru kA smaraNa karate hue unakI samarAiccakahA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / samayamiyaMka - kahA samarAiccakahA kA aparanAma hai / isa viSaya para DA0 upAdhye ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai / 3 isa kathA meM guNasena aura agnizarmA ke nau bhavoM kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai / prAkRtasAhitya kI yaha anupama kRti hai / zrabhimAna, parAkrama sAhasAMka evaM viNae - ina kaviyoM ke atirikta grantha ( 4-3 ) meM anya mahAkaviyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo gaurava gAthA kI kathA kA ciMtana-manana aura sRjana karate the : aNNe vi mahA-kaiNo garuya - kahA- baMdha- citiya- maIo / abhimANa-parAkkama - sAhasaMka - viNae viiMtemi // 4-3 isa padya ke dvitIyArtha meM abhimAna, parAkrama aura sAhasAMka ke nAma spaSTa / anta meM zAyada kisI 'viNa' yA 'viNae', 'vRNa' kA bhI ullekha mAnA jA sakatA hai / ye sabhI kaviyoM ke upanAma rahe hoMge, aisA pratIta hotA hai / prathama do aura antima kaviyoM ke sambandha meM aura koI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai, para sAhasAMka ko DA0 buddhaprakAza ne samrAT candragupta kA sAhityika upanAma mAnA hai / sAhasAMka ke sadRza virahAMka upAdhi bhI kaviyoM dvArA dhAraNa kI jAtI thI / udyotana ke guru AcArya haribhadrasUri 'virahAMka' ke nAma se bhI prasiddha haiM / ataH uparyukta upAdhiyoM vAle kaviyoM kA astitva bhI rahA hogA / udyotanasUri dvArA uparyukta kaviyoM evaM unakI racanAoM ko smaraNa karane se yaha spaSTa hai ki unhoMne apane se pUrva kI sAhityika paramparA kA gahana adhyayana avazya kiyA hogA / isa mahattvapUrNa sandarbha se abhI taka ajJAta kaviyoM evaM unakI racanAoM ko khojane kA prayatna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / 'varAMgacarita' DA0 upAdhye, mANikacandra granthamAlA, 1938, pR0 62. vahI, 65-66. bhAratIya vidyA, 7, pR0 23-4, bambaI, 1947. 'samudragupta eNDa candragupta vikramAditya eja saMskRta poyaTs' 1. 2. 3. 4. vizvezvarAnanda jarnala, mArca 1971.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana anya phuTakara grantha uparyukta kaviyoM evaM unakI racanAoM ke atirikta kuvalayamAlAkahA meM yatra-tatra anya phuTakara granthoM evaM lekhakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| yathA-bharata aura unakA bharatazAstra (16.23), bisAkhila-yuddhazAstrapraNetA (16.23, 123.24), baMgAlaRSi aura baMgAla-jAtaka (20.2,3)-rAziphala evaM jyotiSa kA grantha / ' manu evaM manusmRti tathA mArkaNDeya evaM sambhavataH unakA purANa / cANakya evaM unakA cANakyazAstra (sambhavataH arthshaastr)-(56-28)| anya prasaMgoM meM nimna granthoM kA ullekha kuvalayamAlA meM huA hai-yonipAhaDa (34.24), gItA (48.17, 82.23) gAyatrI (112.22), kAmazAstra (78.6), samudrazAstra (126.3), tantrAkhyAna (236.30), nItizAstra (255.26), dhammillahiNDI (281.11), vasudevahiNDI evaM supurisacariya (282.8) / inake atirikta jaina muniyoM ke adhyayana ke prasaMga meM AcArAMga Adi 11 aMga zAstroM ke nAma bhI ullikhita haiM (34.11, 18) / 'vipAkasUtra' kA ullekha nahIM hai, jo svayaM kavi athavA lipikAra kI asAvadhAnI se chUTa gayA hai| prAcIna granthoM ke uddhRta aMza kuvalayamAlA kahA meM prAcIna granthoM ke nAmoM kA hI ullekha nahIM hai, apitu kaI prAcIna granthoM ke mahattvapUrNa aMza bhI uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| unakA prAcIna granthoM se milAna karanA samaya evaM adhyayana sApekSa hai| jisa prakAra DA0 upAdhye ne kuvalayamAlA ke saMskRta bhASA ke uddharaNoM ko ekatra kara unake srota khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaise hI vibhinna prAkRtoM ke uddharaNa, apabhraza ke uddharaNa evaM zakuna, nakSatravidyA va sAmudrikavidyA ke uddharaNoM ke mUla srotoM kA bhI patA lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isase udyotanasUri ke vistRta jJAna kA to patA calegA hI, kaI naye grantha bhI prakAza meM A sakate haiN| grantha meM upalabdha kucha uddharaNa evaM sUktiyA~ yahA~ prastuta haiM :nIti-vAkya 1. jina kAryoM ko vyakti hRdaya se nahIM karatA ve naSTa ho jAte haiN| hRdaya se kArya karane para bar3e-bar3e kAryoM ko siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai (13.20) / 1. dRSTavya-DA0 upAdhye--'vakAlakAcArya-e phArgATana athAraTI An, asTrAlAjI' -pI0 ke0 guNe smRtigrantha, pR0 203-4, pUnA, 1960, 2. draSTavya, jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 34. 3. 'brahmavidyA' juvalIsaMskaraNa, bhAga 1-4, 1961.

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' aitihAsika-sandarbha 2. bhAgya ke anukUla na hone para artha, vidyA, evaM anya hajAroM guNa hone para bhI manuSya kA kArya naSTa ho jAtA hai (12.24) / 3. yadi vimala yaza kI AkAMkSA hai to apanI prazaMsA mata karo (43.32) / 4. AtmaprazaMsA durjanoM kA mArga hai (46.3) / 5. dharma, artha kAma se rahita, budhajanoM ke niMdaka tathA guNoM se hIna ___vyakti mRtasadRza hokara jIte haiM (48.14) / 6. satpuruSa dInoM para svabhAva se hI vatsala hote haiM (49.13) / 7. jo mUr3ha vyakti mana se bhI kisI kA burA socatA hai to svayaM usakA hI burA hotA hai (58.26) / 8. priyaviraha, apriya-darzana, dhanakSaya evaM vipattiyoM meM jo nahIM ghabar3Ate ve puruSa haiM, zeSa mahilAe~ (59-7) / 6. hima sadaza zItala, candrasadRza vimala tathA mRNAla sadRza mudu sajjana puruSa pada-pada para apamAnita (khaMDita) hone para bhI apanA sneha nahIM tyAgate (63.10) / 10. AliMgana kiye jAne para bhI lakSmI sAhasahIna puruSoM ko usI prakAra tyAga detI hai jaise gotraskhalana karanevAle premI ko usakI premikA (66.19) / 11. bhAgya ke dvArA jo kArya nizcita ho gayA hai usa para vyakti ko roSa nahIM karanA cAhie (67.28) / 12. apane bhujabala dvArA saiMkar3oM duHkhoM se arjita dhana kA jo dAna karatA hai, vahI prazaMsanIya hai, zeSa to becAre cora haiM (103.23) / 13. jisa prakAra havA se ur3anevAlA dhUla kA eka kaNa bhI AMkha meM gira jAne se duHkha detA hai usI prakAra thor3A-sA bhI apamAna vimala ___ sajjanoM ke hRdaya ko bheda hetA hai (103.26) / 14. vyakti ke rUpa se kula kA, kula se zIla kA, zIla se guNoM kA tathA guNoM se usakI zakti kA patA cala jAtA hai (105.22) / 15. jo kucha kabhI dUsaroM ke dvArA na kathA meM sunA, na svapna meM dekhA aura na hRdaya meM sthita hotA hai vaha bhI vidhi ke dvArA upasthita kara diyA jAtA hai (106.31) / 16. loka meM jo vyakti dhana, mAna se hIna evaM apane aparAdha ko jAnane vAle hote haiM / niHsaMdeha unake lie videza yA vana meM hI zaraNa hotI hai (118.13) /

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 17. yadi pAtAla, aTavI, parvata, vRkSa evaM samudra meM bhI koI praveza kara jAya to bhI mRtyu-siMha vahA~ bhI use nahIM chor3atA (119.22) / sUktiyA~ 1. putrahIna kI gati nahIM hai (13.22) / 2. DoMba ke kabUtara ko bherIzabda se kyA (38.21) ? 3. kumhArina ke prasUtA hone para luhArina dvArA ghI pIne se kyA (48.27) ? 4. loka meM nAriyoM ke lie pati devatA hote haiM (54.21, 265.26) / 5. mahAnidhi ko prApta karane meM utpAta hote hI haiM (79.10) / 6. ajJAna duHkha aura bhaya kA kAraNa hai (80.1) / 7. mahilA ke hRdaya kI gati aura devagati sarvathA capala hotI hai (105.4) / 8. apanA duHkha usase kahanA cAhie jo hRdaya ke kA~Te ko nikAla sake (107.12) / 9. sundaratA athavA kurUpatA prema kA kAraNa nahIM hotI (107 29, 232-33) / 10. milana aura vichoha karAnevAlI dRSTi meM jo par3a jAya vahI priyatama ho jAtA hai (107-30) / 11. satpuruSa pratijJA bhaMga nahIM karate (108.17) / 12. mahilAe~ prakRti se hI kisI kArya meM sthira nahIM hotI (121.22) / 13. mahilAe~ nimna-koTi ke kAryoM kI ora pravRtta hotI haiM (121.23) / 14. tapasviyoM ke lie asAdhya kyA hai (122-16) ? 15. sajjana kabhI dUsaroM ko duHkha denevAle vacana nahIM bolate (134.1) / 16. sajjana ke samAgama se sajjanoM ko kabhI saMtoSa nahIM hotA (134.3) / 17. jisake hRdaya meM vyavahAra-kuzalatA ho aise priyajana ko kauna chor3atA hai (147.19) ? 18. loka meM kula-bAlikAe~ zIlavatI hotI haiM (181-12) / 19. yaha jagat meM prasiddha hai ki viSa kI auSadhi viSa hI hotI hai (236-3) / 20. vaidya ko bulAne koI akelA nahIM jAtA hai (236-17) /

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aitihAsika-sandarbha 21. yAra hokara ke aba tuma ghara ke mAlika bana gaye (252.22) / 22. jala meM rahakara magara se baira nahIM hotA (254.5) / 23. pUcha pakar3ane meM hAthI kA dhyAna nahIM rahatA (204-17) / 24. patthara kI zilA kahIM jala para tairatI hai (204.21) ? 25. viSa bhI kabhI amRta huA hai (204-33) ? 26. agni kabhI zItala huI hai (205-5) ? inameM kucha sUktiyA~ aisI haiM jo saMskRta meM suprasiddha haiM; jaise1. aputrasya gatirnAsti / 2. viSasya viSamauSadham / isake atirikta striyoM, sajjanoM, bhAgya Adi ke sambandha meM kavi kA jo sUktigata dRSTikoNa hai vaha aneka saMskRta subhASitoM meM vikharA par3A hai| udAharaNa ke lie striyoM ke sambandha meM kathAsaritsAgara kI kucha sUktiyA~ uddhRta ko jA rahI haiM : 1. pratyayaH strISu muSNAti vimarza viduSAmapi / 2. prAyaH striyo bhavantIha nisargaviSamAH zaThAH / 3. bata strINAM pragalbhAnAM caJcalAzcittavRttayaH / 4. bhartAraM hi vinA nAnyaH satInAmasti bAndhavaH / 5. bhartRmArgAnusaraNaM strINAM ca paramaM vratam / uddyotanasUri ke samasta sUkti-nIti-vAkyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana eka ora to unake preraNAmUla sAhitya ko jAnane meM sahAyaka hogA aura dUsarI ora unake sAhityika vaiziSTya ko sUkti-paramparA ke AdhAra para rekhAMkita kara skegaa| sajjana-durjana varNana udyotanasUri ne kathA prArambha karane se pUrva sajjana-durjana vyaktiyoM ke svabhAva kI bhI carcA kI hai| isa varNana dvArA ve apanI kathA kA kSetra adhika vyApaka karanA cAhate haiM aura apanI truTiyoM ke prati vinamra bhAva bhI vyakta karanA cAhate haiN| sajjana-durjana kA varNana kRtiyoM meM dene kI paramparA kA prathama ullekha kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (1-10) meM kiyA hai| mahAkavi bANa ne kAdambarI meM sajjana-durjana svabhAva ko sundara DhaMga se spaSTa kiyA hai aura yaha kathA prArambha karane se pUrva unheM smaraNa kiyA hai / ' udyotanasUri kA prastuta prasaMga kAdambarI' 1. akAraNAviSkRtavaradAruNAdasajjanAtkasya bhayaM na jAyate / viSaM mahAheriva yasya durvacaH saduHsahaM saMnihitaM sadA mukhe // ityAdi / kAda0 pU0 5-7. 2. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 14.

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44 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana se vistRta evaM viziSTa hai| granthakAra ne durjana ko kuttA, kAga, khara, kAlasarpa, viSa, khalI evaM azuci padArtha sadRza tathA sajjana ko pUrNacandra, mRNAla, gaja, muktAhAra evaM samudra-sadRza kahA hai (4.5) / kAlAntara meM yaha abhiprAya saMskRtaprAkRta aura apabhraMza kAvyoM kI paramparA meM prayukta hotA huA hindI ke prabandhakAvyoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, jisakA sarvottama udAharaNa tulasIdAsa ke rAmacaritamAnasa meM milatA hai / ' kuvalayamAlA ke isa varNana kA anukaraNa guNapAla ne apane jambucariyaM meM kiyA hai| eka-do gAthAe~ bhI milatI julatI haiM-pR0 1.2, gAthA nN06)| aitihAsika rAjAoM ke sandarbha kuvalayamAlAkahA yadyapi eka kathA grantha hai, kintu prasaMgavaza uddyotanasUri ne kaI aitihAsika tathya udghATita kiye haiM, jinase rAjasthAna evaM mAlavA ke itihAsa para navIna prakAza par3a sakatA hai / lekhaka ne na kevala prAcIna kaviyoM kA, apitu kaI aitihAsika rAjAoM kA bhI grantha meM ullekha kiyA hai / vibhinna prasaMgoM meM nimna 27 rAjAoM ke nAma ullikhita haiM, jinameM se adhikAMza aitihAsika haiM : avanti (233.19), avantivarddhana (50.31), karNa (16.19), kosala (73.3), candragupta (247.13), cArudatta (23.10), jayavarman (75.10), toramANa (282.6), dilIpa (15.11), devagupta (3.28, 282.8), devarAja (23.10), dRr3havarman (9.13), nala (15.11), nahuSa (15.11), prabhaMjana(3.31), pAMDava (27.16), valirAja (23.10), bharata (15.11), bhigu (123.16), bhIma (23.11), maMdhAta (15.11), mahendra (99.14), mAdhava (kRSNa) (15.11), raNasAhasa (23.10), vijayasena (162.1), mahAsena (110.8), vijayanarAdhipa (125.4), bopparAja (23-9), vairigupta (250.8), zrIvatsarAjaraNahastin (283.1), zrIvatsa (125.3), zrIvarddhana (125.3), zIlAditya (23.10), zUraSeNa (23.10), sagara (15.11), hAla (3.19) evaM harigupta (282.7) / ____ inameM se kucha aitihAsika rAjAoM kI pahacAna evaM paricaya isa prakAra hai :avanti evaM avantivarddhana kuvalayamAlA meM udyotana ne avanti nareza ke sambandha meM tIna pramukha sandarbha diye haiM / prathama saMdarbha meM ujjayinI ke rAjA kI sevA meM koI kSatriya vaMza utpanna kSetrabhaTa nAma kA eka ThAkura rahatA thaa| bAda meM usake putra vIrabhaTa evaM usake putra zaktibhaTa ne ujjayinI ke rAjA kI sevA kI / zaktibhaTa krodhI svabhAva kA thaa| eka bAra rAjya-sabhA meM zaktibhaTa aayaa| usane rAjA avantivarddhana ko praNAma kara apane Asana kI ora dekhA, jahA~ bhUla se koI puliMdarAjaputra baiTha 1. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 14.

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aitihAsika-sandarbha gayA thaa| zaktibhaTa ne use na kevala apane Asana se uThA diyA, apitu isameM apanA apamAna samajha kara usakI hatyA bhI kara dI aura vahA~ se bhAga gyaa|' isa prasaMga meM 'rAiNo avantivaddhaNassa kaya Isi-NamokAroM kA ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA artha huA ki ujjayinI kA rAjA avantivarddhana thA, jisakI sabhA meM vaMza-paramparA se sevaka ThAkuroM kA adhika sammAna thA tathA puliMda rAjakumAra bhI vahA~ upasthita rahate the| yaha avantivana rAjA kauna thA, avanti ke rAjanaitika itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai ? uddyotana ne eka dUsare sandarbha meM ujjayinI ke rAjA kA nAma zrIvatsa kahA hai, jo purandara ke samAna satya aura vIryazAlI thaa| usakA putra zrIvarddhana thaa| sambhava hai, uparyukta prasaMga ke avantivarddhana evaM isa zrIvardhana meM koI vaMzAnugata sambandha rahA ho| ujjayinI athavA mAlavA ke sAtha avantivarddhana rAjA kA sambandha tatkAlIna itihAsa meM nahIM miltaa| kintu isase yaha socane ke lie AdhAra prApta hotA hai ki udyotana ke thor3e samaya bAda lagabhaga 810 I0 meM kazmIra ke utpalavaMza meM avantivarddhana nAma kA lokapriya rAjA huA hai| sambhava hai usakA mAlavA se udyotana ke samaya meM koI sambandha rahA ho| kintu isakI prAmANikatA ke lie abhI aneka sAkSyoM kI pratIkSA karanI hogii| . avanti nAma ke nareza ke sambandha meM udyotana dvArA prastuta kuvalayamAlA kA tIsarA ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| aruNAbha nagara ke rAjA kAmagajendra ke samakSa eka citrakAra apane citra kI yathArthatA ko pramANita karate hue kahatA hai ki-'rAjan, ujjayinI meM avanti nAma kA eka rAjA hai, usakI putrI ke sauMdarya ko dekhakara hI maiMne yaha tadarUpa citra banAyA hai' : ujjeNIe rAyA asthi avanti tti tassa dhyaae| daLUNa imaM rUvaM taiu cicava vilihiyaM ettha // -233.16 Age bhI avanti kI rAnI-'raNNo avantissa' (31) tathA 'avantiNA' (32) jaise zabdoM ke prayoga se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ujjayinI ke rAjA kA nAma avanti thaa| uddyotanasUri dvArA ullikhita ujjayinI ke rAjA avanti kI pahacAna yazovarman ke uttarAdhikArI avantivarman se kI jA sakatI hai| prAcIna gvAliyara 1. tao rAiNo avantivaddhaNasya kaya-Isi-NamokkAro....pahao vacchatthalAbhoe puliMdo imiNA rAyautto |.......vhii, 50.31-51.6. 2. ujjayaNIpurI rammA (124.28).......tammi ya puravarIe sirivaccho NAma rAyA purandara sm-stt-viriy-vihvo| tassa ya putto sirivaddhaNo NAma / vahI, 125.3. 3. rAjataraMgiNI-kalhaNa /

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjya se prApta ranor3a abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki avantivarman nAma kA eka * rAjA huA hai, jo ki zaivadharma kA anuyAyI thaa|' tathA mattamayUranAtha (purandara) kA samakAlIna thaa|' DA0 buddhaprakAza ne vistRta evaM sUkSma adhyayana ke AdhAra para avantivarman kA samaya 762 I0 se 797 I0 ke madhya nizcita kiyA hai / ' tathA yazovarman ke putra prAma evaM avantivarman ko eka mAnA hai, jisakA gvAliyara rAjya para zAsana thaa| avantivarman kA putra puNDaka thA, sambhavataH yA jise uddyotanasUri ne dRr3havarman kahA hai / " isa avantivarman se uddyotana dvArA ullikhita avanti rAjA kI pahacAna karanA adhika upayukta hai| kyoMki isakA samaya bhI uddyotana ke samaya se milatA-julatA hai tathA usakA rAjya bhI gvAliyara sTeTa meM thA, jo sambhava hai ujjayinI taka phailA rahA ho| toramANa ___ kuvalayamAlA meM toramANa kA ullekha eka mahattvapUrNa sUcanA hai| uddyotana ke anusAra parvatikA nagarI kA rAjA zrItorarAja (toramANa) thA, jisake guru harigupta the| muni jinavijaya jI ke anusAra yaha torarAja hUNoM kA saradAra toramANa hI hai / isa AdhAra para DA0 dazaratha zarmA kA kathana hai ki sambhavataH uddyotana ke samaya taka evaM unake kucha samaya pUrva hUNa rAjAoM ne jaina muniyoM ke samparka meM Akara jainadharma svIkAra kara liyA thaa| jainasAhitya meM toramANa ke 1. epigrAphiA iNDikA, bhAga 1, pR0 351. 2. tattvaprabhAvamahanIyatamasya tasya ziSyo'bhavajjagati mattamayUranAthaH / niHzeSakalmaSamaSImapahRtya yena saMkrAmitasyaparamahonapateravanteH / -kArpas insakripzanas iNDIkaruma, bhAga 4, pR0 213, zloka 49. 8. In any case, it is patent that this saint lived in the latter half of the eight century and his contemporary Avantivarman flourished at that time. -B. AICS. P. 113-15. It appears that this king (Ama) is the same as Avantivarman, the ruler of the Gwalior region, mentioned above. His real name was Avantivarman and surname Ama, -B. AICS. p. 116. 5. B. AICS. P. 116. 6. draSTavya-lekhaka kA nibandha-'kuva0 meM ullikhita rAjA avanti' anekAnta, ___ varSa 23, ki0 5-6 7. jattha TThieNa bhuttA puhaI siri-torarAeNa / tassa guru hariutto Ayario Asi guttavaMsAo // 282.6,7 // If Toraraya of Parvatika might, as suggested by Muni Jin vijaya ji, be identified with the Hopa ruler Tormana, it can be concluded that some Hunas actually adopted Jainism as their religion. -s. RTA. P. 102.

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aitihAsika-sandarbha aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM, jinakA vidvAnoM ne vistAra se adhyayana kiyA hai|' kuvalayamAlA ke isa ullekha se bhArata meM hUNa rAjAoM kA bhAratIyakaraNa hotA jA rahA thA, isa bAta kA saMketa milatA hai| DA0 upAdhye ne apane iNTroDakzana (pR099) meM toramANa para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / devagupta evaM harigupta ina donoM rAjAoM ko uddyotanasUri ne guptavaMza se sambandhita kahA hai (devagutto vaMse guttANa (3.28) / kintu prasiddha gupta samrAToM ke itihAsa meM isa nAma ke yA inase milate-julate nAma ke rAjAoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| sambhavataH ye guptavaMza ke koI choTe rAjA rahe hoMge, jo vAstava meM eka mahAkavi aura dUsarA jaina AcArya ke rUpa meM adhika prasiddha the, isa kAraNa bar3e samrAToM ke sAtha inakA ullekha nahIM ho sakA hai / DA0 upAdhye harigupta ko uddyotanasUri se chaha pIr3hI pUrva kA nizcita karate hue unakA samaya lagabhaga 500 I0 mAnate haiM, tabhI ve toramANa ke guru rahe hoNge| zrIvatsarAjaraNahastin kuvalayamAlA ke isa sandarbha se prasiddha pratihAra rAjA zrIvatsarAja ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa prakAza par3hatA hai| prAcArya jinasena dvArA ullikhita vatsarAja ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne vistAra se vicAra kiyA thA aura eka samudAya vatsarAja ko avanti kA rAjA svIkArane lagA thaa| kiMtu kuvalayamAlA ke ukta sandarbha evaM anya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para DA0 dazaratha zarmA ne vatsarAja ko bhinnamAla * (rAjasthAna) kA rAjA siddha kiyA hai, jisake rAjya meM kuvalayamAlA kA racanAsthala jAvAlipura (jAlaura) bhI thaa| vatsarAja uddyotanasUri ke samakAlIna rAjA the, jinakI mRtyu lagabhaga 764 I0 meM nirdhArita kI gayI hai| 1. draSTavya -(1) jainasAhitya saMzodhana 3, 2, pR0 169.94, 1927 pUnA / (2) bhAratIya vidyA 2,1-bambaI, 1940. (3) 'jaina rikArDas Ana toramANa'-ena0 sI0 mehatA, jarnala Apha da bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI, 19, bhAga, 1928. (4) jainasiddhAntabhAskara, bhAga 20, 2-pR0 1.6, Ara0, 1953. (5) silekTeDa insakripsansa--sarakAra, pR0 396, kalakattA, 1942. (6) da hUNa ina iMDiyA-upendra ThAkura, 1967. (7) 'toramANa ina kuvalayamAlA'-ke0pI0 mitra-iMDiyana hisTo rikala kvATarlI, bhAga 33, pR0 353, 1957. 2. u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 98. 3. za0-rA0e0, pR0 128 evaM kuva0 I0, pR0 100. 4. vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie draSTavya (1) za0-rA0 e0, pR0 134.

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48 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana uparyukta aitihAsika sandarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri bhAratIya itihAsa evaM paramparA ke prati sajaga the| apane udAra dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa unhoMne vaidika evaM zramaNa-paramparA ke sAMskRtika mahApuruSoM, AcAryoM, pramukha dezoM, nagaroM evaM ghaTanAoM kA samAna rUpa se apane graMtha meM ullekha kiyA hai| prasaMga ke anusAra unake saMbaMdha meM apanA abhimata bhI vyakta kiyA hai / isase tatkAlIna itihAsa, bhUgola, samAja evaM ciMtana para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai / (2) vI0e0smitha-da arlI hisTrI Apha iMDiyA, 1957. (3) purI, bI0ena0-da hisTrI Apha da gurjara-pratihArAja, 1957.

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adhyAya do bhaugolika vivaraNa

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pariccheda eka bhAratIya janapada kuvalayamAlAkahA meM bhAratIya cauMtIsa janapadoM, saiMtAlisa nagaroM, sAta grAmoM, ikkIsa parvatoM, ATha nadiyoM evaM sarovara tathA udyAnoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| bRhattara bhArata ke bhI lagabhaga bIsa dezoM kA ullekha milatA hai| udyotanasUri ke samaya meM prAcIna bhArata ke videzoM ke sAtha nirantara sambandha bar3ha rahe the| vyApArika evaM sAMskRtika kSetroM meM paryApta AdAna-pradAna hone lagA thaa| isa vAta kI puSTi evaM vivaraNa ke lie kuva0 kI bhaugolika sAmagrI paryApta sahAyaka hotI hai| grantha meM aneka aise bhaugolika zabdoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai, jo tatkAlIna sAhitya evaM kalA ke pAribhASika zabda the| uparyukta samagra bhaugolika sAmagrI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : grantha meM jina cauMtIsa janapadoM kA ullekha huA hai, unakA akArAdi krama se paricaya isa prakAra hai : antarveda (152.27)-uddyotanasUri ne vyApAriyoM kA varNana karate hue unake zArIrika gaThana, svabhAva evaM bhASA Adi ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI do hai| yahA~ kevala bhaugolika sandarbho kA vivecana prastuta hai| antarveda ke vyApArI kapila, piMgala netravAle evaM bhojanapriya the| unakI bhASA hindI ke prAcIna rUpa se milatI-julatI thii| isakI sthiti evaM sImA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| kAvya-mImAMsA (94-18) ke anusAra pazcima meM vinazana se lekara pUrva meM prayAga taka gaMgA aura yamunA nadiyoM ke bIca kA bhUkhaNDa antarveda kahalAtA thaa| yaha madhyadeza kA eka bhAga thaa| pAgAsavappa (282.11-14) kuva0 kI nagara prazasti meM isa nagara kA ullekha huA hai| udyotanasUri ke pUrvaja vaDesara ne isa nagara meM jinamandira 1. vinazanaprayAgayogaMgAyamunayozcAntaramantarvedIti, kA0 mI0 94-18,

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52 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana banavAyA thaa| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne isa nagara kI pahacAna amerakoTa (sindha), Amera (jayapura) athavA amaragar3ha (rAjasthAna) se karane kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| zrI yU0 pI0 zAha isakI pahacAna ambarakoTa athavA DambarakoTa se karate haiM / sandarbho ke AdhAra para yaha nagara paMjAba evaM rAjasthAna kI sImA ke pAsa kahIM honA caahie| Andhra (153.11)--Andhra ke nivAsI sundara dehadhArI, mahilApriya evaM bhojana meM raudra the| unakI bhASA telugu sadaza thii| sAmAnyataH kRSNA aura godAvarI ke madhyavartI pradeza ko Andhra kahA jA sakatA hai| AdipurANa meM (16-154) Andhra kA ullekha sambhavataH Adhunika Andhra janapada ke lie vyavahRta huA hai| ataH uddyotanasUri ne bhI Andhra ke ullekha dvArA isI pradeza ke logoM kA varNana kiyA hai| vahA~ ke loga mahilApriya isalie rahe hoMge kyoMki Andhra kI striyAM prAcIna samaya se hI prasAdhanapriya rahI haiN| avanti (50.2)-uddyotanasUri ne avanti janapada kA vizada varNana kiyA hai| nara-nAriyoM se bharapUra, upavana, sarovara Adi se ramaNIya, eka gavyUti ke antara se jisameM gA~va base the-(gAuya mettoggAmo (50.1) tathA chaha khaNDa vAle bhAratavarSa kA sArabhUta avanti janapada thaa|' avanti janapada kA varNana karate samaya kahA gayA hai ki vaha mAlavadeza samudra jaisA thA-mAlava deso samuddo vva (50.8) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki avanti janapada aura mAlava kA paraspara ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| avanti kI rAjadhAnI kA nAma ujjayinI thA jo usake madhyabhAga meM sthita thii| mAlava kA dUsarA bhAga avanti dakSiNApatha ke nAma se prasiddha thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI mahiSmatI thii| bauddha-sAhitya ke anusAra ujjayinI aura mahiSmatI ke bIca kA pradeza avanti janapada ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| karNATaka (150.22)-kuva0 meM karNATaka kA do vAra ullekha huA hai| karNATaka ke chAtra vijayapurI ke maTha meM par3hate the tathA karNATaka ke vyApArI vahA~ ke bAjAra meM upasthita the, jo ghamaNDI aura pataMgavRtti vAle the (153.7) / 1. upAdhye, kuva0 iNTroDakzana, pR0 102 phuThanoTa / 2. zAha yU0 pI0, enala oNpha bhaMDArakara oriyaNTala risarca insTITyUTa, bhAga ___xlviii evaM xlix pR0 247. 3. sa0-sTa0 jyo0, pR0 87-88 evaM 136-37. 4. jai0- yaza0 sAM0, a0 pR0 269. 5. chakkhaNDa-bharaha-sAro NAmamavaMtI-jaNavao tti, 50.2. 6. tassa desassa majjha bhAe-ujjeNI rehirA NayarI / 50.9,10. 7. kAramAikala bhaNDArakara lekcarasa, pR0 54. 8. u0 bu0 bho0, pR0 450.

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bhAratIya janapada ve jo bhASA bola rahe the usake kucha zabda uddyotana ne kuva0 meM diye haiN| ye zabda vartamAna ko telagu bhASA ke adhika samIpa haiM / ataH jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya telagU bhASAbhASI pradeza bhI karNATaka ke antargata thaa|' karpUramaMjarI (1-15) evaM kAvyamImAMsA (34-4) meM karNATaka, kA jo ullekha huA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki isameM prAcIna maisUra aura kurga ke bhUHbhAga sammilita the| yaha Andhra ke dakSiNa aura pazcima kA janapada thaa| godAvarI aura kAverI ke vIca kA pradeza, jo pazcima meM araba sAgara ke taTa ke samIpa hai tathA pUrva meM 78 akSAMza taka phailA hai, karNATaka kahalAtA thaa| vijayanagara ke rAjya ko bhI karNATaka kahA gayA hai| kannauja (150.22) kannauja ke chAtra vijayapurI ke maTha meM par3hate the|" kannauja ko kAnyakubja, indrapura, mahodaya, kuzasthala Adi bhI kahA jAtA thA / 7vIM zatAbdI se 10vIM taka kannauja uttara bhArata ke sAmrAjya kA kendra thaa| kIra (152.28)-uddyotana ne kahA hai ki kIra ke nivAsI UMcI aura var3I nAkavAle, svarNa sadRza raMgavAle, bhAra vahana karanevAle tathA 'sAripAri' zabda bolanevAle the (152 28) / yaha varNana kAzmIrI vyaktiyoM se adhika milatA-julatA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI isake ullekha milate haiN| kIra deza kI pahacAna paM0 jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra ne paMjAba ke kAMgar3A jile se kI hai| kAMgar3AghATI meM sthita baiMjanAtha aura usake Asa-pAsa kA kSetra kIra kahA jAtA thaa|' moniyara viliyamsa ne varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA tathA mudrArAkSasa kA saMdarbha dekara kIra ko kAzmIra mAnA hai| kAzI (56.25)-kuva0 ke anusAra kAzI nAmaka deza aneka gA~voM se yukta thaa| usakI zobhA nyArI thii| kAzI janapada meM vANArasI nagarI thii| somadeva ke samaya bhI kAzI janapada ke rUpa meM prasiddha thI (pR0 360, utt0)| jainasAhitya meM kAzI janapada kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kyoMki isakI rAjadhAnI 1. u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 145. a0-prA0 bhau0 sva0, pR0 68. 3. sorsa Apha karNATaka hisTrI bhAga 1, pR0 7. 4. De0-jyo0 Dikza0, pR 94. 5. lADA kaNNADA viya mAlaviya-kaNNujja yollayA kei / marahaTTha ya soraTThA DhakkA siriaMTha seMdhavayA // 150.22. 6. abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, 4, 39-40. 7. ni0 cU0 2, 681, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 5-464. 8. bhAratabhUmi, pR0 347. 9. epignephiyA iNDikA, bhAga 1, pR0 97.

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54 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vArANasI meM pArzvanAtha kA janma huA thA-vammA-supassa dhamma-NayarI vANArasI NAma-(56.26 kuv0)| kAzI janapada meM isa samaya vArANasI, mirjApura, jaunapura, Ajamagar3ha aura gAjIpura jile kA bhUbhAga sammilita hai|' kozala (72.30-35).-kuva0 meM kozala kA ullekha janapada evaM deza ke rUpa meM huA hai| isako rAjadhAnI kozalapurI thI, jo vizva kI prathama nagarI mAnI gayI hai (73.1-2) / jainaparamparA ke anusAra isakI sthApanA prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne kI thii| kUva0 meM kozala ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki eka vyApArI ne bhAila azvoM ke badale meM kozala ke rAjA se gajapota prApta kiye the (65.28-26) / kozalapurI se vindhyATavI ko pAra kara pATaliputra jAyA jAtA thA (75.12-14, 29) tathA vindhyAvAsa kI sImA se kozala nareza ke rAjya kI sImA milI huI thI (99.14-15) / kozala ke vyApArI vijayapurI kI maNDI meM upasthita hokara 'jalA-talA le' Adi zabdoM ko bolate the (153.9) / sAmAnyatayA kozala kI pahacAna usa kozala janapada se kI jAtI hai, jisakI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA thii| kintu kuva0 ke ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para kozala kI pahacAna vartamAna mahAkozala janapada se kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM choTA nAgapura kA bhUbhAga sammilita hai / vindhyA aTavI evaM hAthiyoM kI prasiddhi isa pahacAna kA samarthana karatI hai| yahA~ ke vyApAriyoM dvArA prayukta 'jala-tala-le' zabda bhI chattIsagar3hI bolI se milate-julate haiN| gurjaradeza (153.4)-udyotanasUri ne 'gurjaradeza' kA tIna bAra ullekha kiyA hai| dakSiNApatha se vArANasI ko lauTate samaya rAste meM sthANu ne eka devamaMdira meM Thahara kara rAtri ke aMtima pahara meM kisI gurjara pathika se eka dvipadI sunI thii| yaha gurjarapathika narmadA ke Asa-pAsa kA rahanevAlA rahA hogA, kyoMki usakI dvipadI sunakara sthANu phira narmadA tora para jA pahu~cA (59.9) / dUsare prasaMga meM, gurjara deza ke nivAsI vijayapurI ke bAjAra meM upasthita the, jo puSTa zarIravAle, dhArmika aura saMdhi-vigraha meM nipuNa the (153.4) tathA tIsare prasaMga meM udyotana ne kahA hai ki zivacandragaNi ke ziSya yakSadattagaNi ne maMdiroM dvArA gurjaradeza ko ramaNIka banAyA thA- rammo gujjaradeso jehi kamo devaharaehiM (282.11) / isake sAtha hI uddyotana ne jaise sindha ke nivAsiyoM ko saindhava, mAlavA ke nivAsiyoM ko mAlava kahA hai, vaise hI gurjaradeza ke nivAsiyoM ko gurjara kahA hai| ataH gurjara pradeza kA svatantra astitva isase pramANita hotA hai / 1. zA0-A0 bhA0, pR0 53. 2. jAma0, kuva0 ka0 sTa0, pR0 117. 3. upAdhye, kuva0 inTro0, pR0 145. 4. rAIe pacchima-jAme keNa vi gujjara-pahiyaeNa imaM dhavala-duvahayaM gItaM, kuva0 59-4.

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bhAratIya janapada 55 grantha ke anusAra bhinnabhAla evaM jAlaura ke AsapAsa kA pradeza, jisakA zAsaka vatsarAja raNahastin thA ( 283.1 ), gurjara deza kahA jAtA rahA hogA / cInIyAtrI yuvAna cvAMga ke varNana ke anusAra udyotana ke ukta kathana kI puSTi hotI hai / gurjara deza ke sambandha meM DA0 dazaratha zarmA ne vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / ' golla ( 150.22 ) - golladeza ke chAtra evaM vyApArI vijayapurI meM upasthita the (152.24) / inako kAlA, niSThura, kalahapriya Adi kahA gayA hai / DA0 upAdhye inheM AbhIra sadRza mAnate haiM (inTro0 144), kintu inake rahane kA sthAna kahA~ thA, yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA / 2 DA0 buddhaprakAza ne sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki golla takSazilA ke samIpa thA / kintu uparyukta ullekhoM se isake dakSiNa meM hone kI adhika sambhAvanA hai / golla nAmaka deza kA jaina sAhitya meM aneka bAra ullekha huA hai / golla kI pahicAna gunTUra jilA meM kRSNAnadI ke kinAre sthita golI ( gallaru) se kI jA sakatI hai / yaha prAcIna bhArata kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / yahA~ ikSvAku rAjAoM ke zilAlekha prApta hue haiM / * zravaNavelagolA ke eka zilAlekha meM golla aura golAlAcArya ke ullekha prApta haiM, jo isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki yaha golla nAmaka deza dakSiNa bhArata meM hI kahIM sthita thA / " Dhakka (153.1 ) - Dhakka kA kuva0 kI 'je' prati meM Takka pATha hai| Takka ke nivAsI dAkSiNya, dANa, pauruSa Adi se rahita the tathA 'ehaM teha' zabdoM kA adhika uccAraNa kara rahe the / sambhavataH ye Takka ke mleccha rahe hoMge / Takka paMjAba ke eka pradeza ko kahate the / rAjataraMgiNI ke anusAra yahA~ kA zAsaka alakhA thA, jisase bhoja ke zAsaka ne use jIta liyA thA / pIra ke dakSiNa ke pradeza evaM lAhaura ke par3osI maidAna ko Takka kahA jAtA thA, jise alabIrunI ne Takesara kahA hai / rAjataraMgiNI meM Takka kI pahacAna varNita hai / usake anusAra moniyara viliyamsa ne ise bAhIka deza mAnA hai / 1. zA0 rA0 e0, pR0 110. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. bu0 -- sTa0 hi0 si0, pR0 94-95. ja0-lA0 kai0, pR0 286. buleTina Apha madrAsa gavarmenTa myUjiyama, bhAga 1, pR0 1. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, pR0 26. Takka territory, the region situated to the south of the Pir Pantkal range and neighbouring on Lahore, which Albiruni has called Takesar. -B. AIHC. P. 159. For the identification of Takkadesa, See M. A. Stein-- Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol. I, P. 207.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pUrvadeza (65.31 ) - ) - grantha meM pUrvadeza kA tIna bAra ullekha huA hai / ratnApurI kA rAjakumAra darpaphalika jaba vindhyATiva meM pahu~cA to usane vahA~ ke banajAre (vaMjaNAyAra) ko apanA paricaya yaha kaha kara diyA ki maiM pUrvadeza se AyA hU~- 'ahaM puvva desAo prAgagro - ( 145.20 ) / dUsare prasaMga meM kuvalayacandra ko vijayapurI se ayodhyA bhejane ke lie usake sasura ne Adeza diyA ki pUrvadeza taka pahu~cane meM samartha majabUta yAna vAhana taiyAra karo - 'bho bho, sajjIkareha puvvadesa - saMpAvayAI daDha kaDhiNAI jANavAhaNAI' ( 180.24 ) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM uttarabhArata ke nizcita pradeza ko pUrvadeza ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thA / ayodhyA se ratnApurI taka kA bhAga pUrvadeza se vyavahRta hotA rahA hogA / 56 tIsare prasaMga meM sopAraka kA koI vyApArI muktAphala lekara pUrvadeza gayA thA aura vahA~ se caMvara kharIda kara lAyA (65.31) / sambhavatayA vaha himAlaya kI tarAI taka gayA hogA, jahA~ camarI gAyoM ke camara saste milate rahe hoMge / kaniMghama ke anusAra AsAma, baMgAla, gaMgAnadI kI upatyakA, saMbalapura, ur3IsA aura gaMjama kA pradeza pUrvIbhArata meM sammilita thaa| prAcInasAhitya meM isI ko pUrva- deza kahA jAtA rahA hogA / magadha (152.26, 268. 9 ) - vijayapurI meM magadha ke vyApArI upasthita the, jo durbala, AlasI, var3e peTavAle tathA suratipriya the ( 152.26 ) / dUsare prasaMga meM, bhagavAn mahAvIra vihAra karate hue magava nAma ke deza meM pahu~ce, jisameM rAjagRha nAma kA nagara thA, jisakA rAjA zreNika thA / udyotanasUri ne ukta ullekha dvArA eka aitihAsika tathya kA udghATana kiyA hai / jaina sAhitya meM sarvatra magadha janapada kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha evaM rAjA zreNika kA ullekha milatA hai / huyAntsaMga kI gaNanA ke anusAra magadha janapada kI paridhi maNDalAkAra rUpa meM 833 mIla thI / isake uttara meM gaMgA, pazcima meM vArANasI, pUrva meM hiraNya parvata aura dakSiNa meM siMhabhUmi thI / kuva0 meM prayukta magadha ke lie 'magahA' zabda ullekhanIya hai / yaha isa anuzruti ko pramANita karatA hai ki magadhA (mahA) nAmaka kSatriya jAti kI nivAsabhUmi hone ke kAraNa yaha janapada 'magadha' kahalAyA / madhyadeza ( 7.6, 152.25 ) - kuva0 meM jambUdvIpa ke bhAratadeza meM, vaitADhya parvata kI dakSiNa zreNI meM gaMgA aura sindhu ke bIca kA pradeza madhyadeza, 9. Cunningham, A, "Ancient Geography of India" Calcutta, 1924, P. 572. 2. magahA NAma deso, tattha ya rAyagihaM NAma Naya raM, kuva0 268- 9. 3. u0 - bu0 bhU0 pR0 361. ,

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bhAratIya janapada 57 kahA gayA hai, jisakI rAjadhAnI vinItA (ayodhyA) thI / madhyadeza ke loga nyAya, nIti, saMdhi-vigraha karane meM kuzala, bahubhASI the tathA 'tere-mere Au' zabdoM kA bolacAla meM adhika prayoga karate the ( 152. 25) / AdipurANa meM bharata ne madhyadeza ke rAjA ko apane adhIna kiyA thA ( 29.42 ) / madhyadeza kI sImA kurukSetra, prayAga, himAlaya aura vindhya ke samIpa meM pravAhita honevAlI sarasvatI nadI taka mAnI gayI hai / manusmRti meM gaMgA aura yamunA kI madhyavartinI dhArA madhyapradeza ke antargata mAnI gayI hai / bauddhasAhitya ke anusAra pUrva meM kajaMgala bahirbhAga meM mahAsAla, dakSiNa-pUrva meM salAvatInadI, dakSiNa meM setakatrika nagara, pazcima meM thana nAmaka nagara aura uttara meM usiradhvaja parvata madhyadeza kI sImA thI / marudeza (134.33, 178 . 1 ) - udyotanasUri ne marudeza kA tIna bAra ullekha kiyA hai / vindhyapurI se kAMcIpurI jAnevAlA sArthaM marudeza jaisA thA, jisameM U~ToM kA samUha bhUmakara cala rahA thA / marudeza ke nivAsI mAruka vijayapurI kI maMDI meM upasthita the, jo bA~ke, jar3a, adhika bhojana karanevAle tathA kaThina evaM sthUla zarIravAle the aura 'appAM-tuppA' bola rahe the (153.3) / tIsare prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jaise marusthalI meM tRSNAvaza sUkhe kaNThavAle pathika ke lie rAste ke tAlAba kA pAnI bhI zItala jala sadRza hotA hai vaise hI saMsAra rUpI marusthalI meM tRSNA se abhibhUta jIva ko saMtoSa zItala jala evaM samyaktva sarovara sadRza hai (178.1) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki marudeza meM U~ToM kI bahutAyata evaM pAnI kA saMkaTa prAcIna samaya meM bhI vidyamAna thA / viSNudharmottarapurANa meM (1.162, 2) meM dAzeraka deza ke sAtha marudeza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| DA0 sarakAra ne dAzeraka kI samatA maru athavA mAravAr3a se kI hai / " dAzeraka U~Ta ko bhI kahate haiM, isase bhI yaha mAravAr3a pradeza kA dyotaka hai / mahArASTra ( 150.20, 153.10 ) - mahArASTra ke chAtra evaM vyApArI vijayapurI meM upasthita the, jinheM 'marahaTTha' kahA gayA hai / udyotanasUri ne vinItA nagarI ke vipaNimArga ke haladI bAjAra kI upamA marAThina yuvatI se dI hai| ( 8.4) / aMgasauSThava ke lie mahArASTra kI yuvatiyoM kI upamA bhAratIya - sAhitya gaMgA-siMdhUya majjhayArammi / 1. veyaDDU - dAhiNeNaM atha bahumajjha - dese majjhima- deso tti supasiddho / - kuva0 7.6 2. himavadvindhyayormadhye yatprAgvinazanAdapi / pratyageva prayAgAcca madhyadezaH prakIrtitaH // - manu0, 2- 21. De0 - jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 116. marudeso jaisao udyama saMcaraMta - karaha- saMkulo, kuva0 134.33. sa0 -- sTa0 jyo0, pR0 26. 3. 4. 5.

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58 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana meM anyatra bhI milatI hai / yaha marahaTTha pradeza Adhunika mahArASTra ko hI kahA gayA hai| vyApAriyoM kI bhASA se jJAta hotA hai, vaha marAThI bhASA kA prAcIna rUpa thaa| mahilArAjya (66-3)-sopAraka kA koI vyApArI puruSa lekara mahilArAjya gayA thA aura vahA~ se unakI taula kA svarNa lAyA thA (66.3) / prAcIna sAhitya meM 'strIrAjya' nAma ke aneka ullekha milate haiM / DA0 agravAla ne kuva0 ke isa mahilArAjya ko kerala rAjya hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| lekina prAcIna samaya se strIrAjya ko uttarabhArata meM mAnane kI eka paramparA hai| mahAbhArata (3,51) meM strIrAjya meM uttara-pazcima ke logoM ke rahane kA saMketa hai / bRhatsaMhitA (14-22) evaM rAjataraMgiNI (4,173-175) meM bhI mahAbhArata ke anya dezoM va logoM ke sAtha strIrAjya kA ullekha haA hai| cInI-paramparA meM bhI mahilArAjya kI sthiti usakI sImA para batalAyI gaI hai| vAstava meM himAlaya kA pradeza, jisameM gar3havAla aura kumAU~ ke jile sammilita the, strIrAjya kahA jAtA thaa| sambhava hai uddyotana ne isI ko mahilA-rAjya kahA ho| moniyara viliyamsa ne mahAbhArata aura bRhatsaMhitA ke AdhAra para bhUTAna ko 'strIrAjya' mAnA hai tathA mahilArAjya ko dakSiNa kA eka deza mAnA hai| ataH strIrAjya bhArata ke uttara meM aura mahilArAjya dakSiNa bhAga meM kahIM sthita rahA hogaa| inakI Adhunika pahacAna kisI pradeza vizeSa se nahIM kI jA sakatI haiM / mAlava (50.8, 150.20)--mAlava nareza aura dar3havarman meM zatrutA hone se ayodhyA aura mAlava ke bIca saMgharSa cala rahA thA (9.23) / mAlava deza dhana-dhAnya se sampanna samudra jaisA thA, jisameM avanti janapada thA (50.8) / mAlava ke chAtra (150.20) tathA vyApArI vijayapurI meM (dakSiNabhArata) Ate jAte rahate the (153.6) / isa prasaMga ke anusAra mAlava ke nivAsI durbala, AlasI evaM mAnI adhika the| prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI inheM kaThora zabda bolanevAlA kahA gayA hai| udyotana ne mAlava ke chAtroM ko 'mAlaviya' kahA hai (15020) / prAcIna samaya meM mAlava ke brAhmaNoM va kSatriyetara jAtiyoM ko 'mAlavya' kahA jAtA thaa| mAlava janapada kA ullekha 16 janapadoM ke antargata AtA hai| vartamAna mAlava pradeza hI prAcIna samaya meM mAlava kahA jAtA thaa| yaha avanti 9. Mahilarajya was a name applied to several Kingdom, but this was probably the state of Kerala in South India ruled by amagon chiefs. -Kuv. Int. P. 119. Friedrich Hirth, 'China and the Roman Orient, P. 200. 3. In fact, the Himalayan region, including the districts of Garhwal and Kumaun, was known as Strirajya. -B. IAW. P. 113. 4. bhagavatIsUtra, bRhatkalpabhASya Adi meM / 5. a0-pA0 bhA0, pR0 93.

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bhAratIya janapada 59 ke pUrva aura godAvarI ke uttara meM sthita thA / isakI prAcIna rAjadhAnI avanti yA ujjayinI thI, kintu rAjA bhoja ke samaya meM dhArAnagarI rAjadhAnI ho gayI thI / ' lATa ( 150.20, 153.5, 185.8 ) - lATa deza ke vyApArI snAna, vilepana-priya, sImAnta banAnevAle tathA suzobhita aMgavAle the (153.5) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki lATa ke puruSa vahA~ kI striyoM kI sundaratA ke kAraNa svayaM bhI bane-Thane rahate the lATa kI striyAM prAcIna bhArata meM apanI sundaratA ke liye prasiddha thIM / udyotana ne lATa deza ko saba dezoM meM prasiddha kahA hai, jahA~ kI dezIbhASA (prAkRta) manoharA thI / lATa kI prAkRta bhASA kI prasiddhi kAvya-mImAMsA (51-5) se bhI jJAta hotI hai / lATadeza meM dvArakApurI nAma kI prasiddha nagarI thI (kuva0 185.6 ) / prAcIna samaya meM pUrvI gujarAta ko lATa kahate the / vividha tIrthakalpa ( pR0 88 ) ke anusAra bharuyakaccha lATa kA pramukha nagara thA / yazastilaka ke saMskRta TIkAkAra ne bhI lATa kA arthaM bhRgukaccha kiyA hai ( pR0 180 ) / isase pratIta hotA hai ki vartamAna bhar3auca, bar3audA, ahamadAbAda aura kher3A ke jile lATa deza ke antargata rahe hoMge / gujarAta rAjya ke lALaraTTha se prAcIna lATa kI pahicAna kI jAtI hai / " vatsa (31.3 ) - kuva0 meM vatsa janapada kA vistRta varNana huA hai / yaha janapada yakSa-samUhoM kA kendra thA, nirantara homa ke dhue se AkAza pracchanna rahatA thA, bhaiMsoM kI kAlI evaM gAyoM kI sapheda zobhA sarvatra vyApta thI / nIle ghAsa evaM dhana-dhAnya se sampanna yaha deza pRthvIrUpI yuvatI ke locana-yugala kI bhA~ti thA / isa janapada kI rAjadhAnI kozAmbI nagarI thI, jisameM purandaradatta rAjA rAjya karatA thA (31.19-32) / jaina-paramparA meM vatsa aura kozAmbI nagarI kA aneka bAra ullekha huA bauddhasUtroM meM ise vaMza kahA gayA hai, jisakA rAjA udayana thA / mahAbhArata se jJAta hotA hai ki isa janapada kA nAma 'vatsa' isalie par3A kyoMki kAzirAja pratardana ke putra kA pAlana gozAlA meM vatsoM ( bachar3oM) dvArA kiyA gayA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. De0 - jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 122. kA0 mI0, 109-5, so0 yasa0, pR0 180 saM0 TI0 / asthi pui - payAso desANa lADa - deso ti / vattha desabhAsA maNoharA jattha rehati // - kuva0 185.8 sAMkaliyA -eca0 DI0 - 'lATa, iTas hisTorIkala eNDa kalcarala siganIphikensa, jarnala Apha da gujarAta risarca sosAyaTI, bhAga 22, naM0 4 / 88, akTUbara 1960, pR0 329. jyogrAphI Apha arlI buddhijma, pR0 58. atthi loyaNajuyalaM piva puhaI - mahilAe vaccho NAma jaNavao (31.3-4)

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kuvalayamAlAkA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana thA / vatsa janapada ke antargata prayAga ke Asa-pAsa kA pradeza sammilita thaa| yaha sambhavataH yamunA ke kinAre sthita thA / kAzI janapada isase saTA huA thaa| videha (240.22, 243.13 ) - kAmagajendra vidyAdhara kanyAoM ke sAtha jaba aparavideha meM pahu~cA to use Azcarya hotA hai ki vaha kahA~ A gayA / vaha svarga, videha, uttarakuru, janmAntara, vidyAdhara- loka meM se kisI eka pradeza kI kalpanA karatA hai / kintu bAda meM zrImandhara svAmI se patA calatA hai ki vaha aparavideha thA, jo bhAratavarSa se pratyeka sthiti meM bhinna thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM videha ke jo ullekha milate haiM, unase jJAta hotA hai ki vartamAna sItAmar3hI, janakapura aura sItAkuNDa tirahuta kA uttarIya bhAga tathA campArana kA pazcimottara bhAga prAcIna videha meM parigaNita thA / " kintu aparavideha kI pahacAna bhArata ke kisI pradeza se nahIM hotI / sambhavataH aparavideha ke uttara meM aise pradeza ko kahA jAtA rahA ho jahA~ kI saMskRti evaM jIvana bhArata ke itara bhAga se acchA thA / jaina sAhitya meM pUrvavideha aura uttaravideha ke paryApta ullekha milate haiM / zrIkaMTha ( 150.20 ) - dakSiNa kI vijayapurI nagarI ke maTha meM zrIkaMTha ( siriaMTha yA siriaMga ) ke chAtra rahate the / zrIkaMTha sambhavataH kurujAMgala ko kahA jAtA thA / To agravAla ne ise thAnezvara kahA hai / sindha (150.20, 153 . 2 ) - sindhu deza ke nivAsI saiMdhava kahe jAte the / saiMdhava vijayapurI ke maTha evaM bAjAra meM Ate-jAte rahate the / udyotana ne saindhavoM ko dharvapriya kahA hai / kAlidAsa ne bhI sindha meM gandharvoM kA nivAsa batalAyA hai / sindhudeza sindhunadI ke donoM kinAroM para usake muhAne taka vistRta thA / jJAta hotA hai ki sindhu janapada uttarI aura dakSiNI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM sindhu- sauvIra kA eka sAtha ullekha milatA hai / sambhavataH ina donoM kI sImAe~ eka dUsare se saTI huI thIM / sindha janapada acchI kisma ke ghor3oM ke lie prasiddha thA / udyotanasUri ne saindhava azvoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 49-79. 2. ka0 e0 jyo0, pR0 709. 3. ki hojja imo saggo kiM va videho NaNuttarA - kuravo / kiM vijjAhara- loo kiM vA jammaMtaraM hojja || ku0 240.22 esa avaravideho, so uNa bharaho - / 243.13. 4. 5. 6. raghuvaMza, 15. 87. 7. zA0 A0 bhA0, pR0 67. amarakoSa 3.8, 45, yazastilakacampU (hindI), pR0 314.

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bhAratIya janapada saurASTra (150.20)-kuva0 meM saurASTra ke chAtroM ko 'soraTu' kahA gayA hai / saurASTra janapada prAcIna samaya meM vyApAra kA bahuta bar3A kendra thaa| mahAbhArata ke anusAra surASTra deza meM camasodbheda, prabhAsakSetra, piNDAraka evaM urjayanta (raivataka) parvata Adi puNya sthAnoM kA ullekha AyA hai (vanaparva, 88.16, 24) / ataH kAThiyAvAr3a aura gujarAta kA kucha pradeza saurASTra ke antargata thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullikhita uparyukta janapadoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM zatAbdI meM uttara-dakSiNa evaM pUrva-pazcima ke janapadoM meM pArasparika sambandha the| vyApAra evaM adhyayana ke lie vibhinna janapadoM ke loga uttara se dakSiNa kI yAtrA karate the| pratyeka janapada kI bhASA evaM rahana-sahana bhinna hote hue bhI vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ke milane-julane meM bAdhA nahIM thii|| uddyotanasUri dvArA ullikhita janapadoM ko Adhunika pahacAna ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki guptakAla ke vAda prAcIna bhArata bar3e-bar3e janapadoM meM vibhAjita thaa| uttara meM kannauja, kIra, kAzI, strIrAjya evaM vatsa, dakSiNa meM Andhra, karNATaka, golla, mahArASTra, mahilArAjya evaM zrIkaMTha, pUrva meM magadha, videha evaM pUrvadeza tathA pazcima meM gurjaradeza, Dhakka, marudeza, mAlava, lATa, sindha evaM saurASTra jaise samRddhazAlI evaM prasiddha janapada the| ina sabake madhya meM antarveda evaM avanti jaise janapada madhyadeza se jur3e hue the| ina janapadoM ke antargata aneka nagara base hue the|

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pariccheda do nagara kuvalayamAlAkahA meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM cauvAlisa nagaroM kA ullekha huA hai| inakI vizeSa jAnakArI isa prakAra hai : aruNAbhapura (232.23)-aruNAbhapura zrAvastI ke najadIka hI sthita rahA hogaa|' yahA~ se ujjayinI taka Ane-jAne kA mArga thA (232.31) / isakI Adhunika pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai| udyotana ne isakA apara nAma ratnAbhapura bhI diyA hai (235.23) / alakA (31.31, 138.14)-alakA nagarI indra kI nagarI mAnI gayI hai, jisake sadaza ratna evaM suvarNa se yukta kozAmbI nagarI thii| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne alakA ko kubera ko nagarI kahA hai aura unakA atyanta kAvyAtmaka evaM alaMkRta varNana kiyA hai| kintu paM0 sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa ne meghadUta meM ullikhita alakA ko jAvAlipura ke samIpa sthita mAnA hai, jo prAcIna varNanoM ke anusAra sarvathA sadoSa hai| sAtha hI uddyotanasUri svayaM jAvAlipura ke rahane vAle the / yadi alakA isa nagara ke samIpa sthita hotI to ve nizcita hI usakA adhika varNana karate / javaki unhoMne kevala isakA paramparAgata kAvyAtmaka rUpa se hI ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yahA~ granthakAra kA saMketa kAlidAsa kI alakA nagarI kI ora hI jAna par3atA hai| ayodhyA (8.27, 11.5, 177.7)-ayodhyA kA grantha meM chaha bAra ullekha huA hai / prAcIna bhArata kI yaha prasiddha nagarI thii| uddyotana ne isako 1. atthi io NAidUro aruNAbhaM NAma puravaraM-kuva0 232.23. 2. ahava purandarassa alayA iva rayaNa-suvaNNa-bhUsiyA-31.31. 3. meghadUta, pR0 7. 4. vizvakavi kAlidAsa : eka adhyayana, jJAnamaNDala prakAzana, indaura, pR0 77,

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nagara . . vinItA bhI kahA hai, kyoMki vahA~ vinIta puruSoM kA nivAsa thaa|' ayodhyA kA sambandha ikSvAkuvaMza ke rAjAoM se prAcIna samaya se rahA hai, uddyotana isa bAta kI puSTi karate haiM (anu0 22) / jainagranthoM ke anusAra ayodhyA kI sthiti jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM mAnI jAtI hai / phaijAbAda ke samIpa sthita vartamAna ayodhyA hI prAcIna ayodhyA hai| ujjayinI (50.10)-grantha meM ujjayinI kA AlaMkArika varNana huA hai / ujjayinI mAlavadeza ke madhyabhAga meM ujjvala gRhoM se nirmala AkAza vAlI, sphurAyamAna maNiratnoM kI kiraNoM se tArAgaNavAlI, zaradaRtu kI gaganalakSmI ke sadRza zobhAyamAna ho rahI thI (50.10) / ujjayinI avanti janapada meM thii| isakA aparanAma kuNAlanagara bhI thaa| yaha vyApAra kA bahuta bar3A kendra thaa| yahA~ ke vyApArI vibhinna dezoM meM vyApAra ke lie jAte the| vartamAna meM isakI pahacAna Adhunika nagara ujjaina se kI jAto hai, jo kSiprA ke kinAre sthita hai| kAkandI (217.11, 244.29)-kuva0 meM kAkandI kA do bAra ullekha huprA hai / yaha nagarI tuMga aTTAlaka, toraNa, maMdira, pura evaM gopuroM se yukta, trigaDDA evaM caurAhoM se vibhakta tathA jana-dhana evaM maNi-kAMcana se samRddha thI (217.13) / kAkandI mahAnagarI ke bAhya udyAna meM bhagavAna mahAvIra vihAra karate hue padhAre the (244.29) / kAkandI yA kAkandI nagarI jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM samAna rUpa se prasiddha hai| jaina-paramparA tIrthaMkara puSpadanta (suvidhinAtha) kI janmabhUmi ke rUpa meM kAkandI ko mAnato hai| javaki vauddha ise prAcIna santa kAkanda kA nivAsa sthAna mAnate haiN| kintu saMtoSajanaka pahacAna abhI kAkandI kI nahIM ho sakI hai| DA0 bI0 sI0 bhaTTAcArya kAkandI kI pahacAna rAmAyaNa meM ullikhita kiSkindhA nagarI se karate haiN| kintu kAkandI aura kiSkindhA kA zAbdika mela ThIka nahIM baitthtaa| tathA kiSkindhA pampA, (maisUra rAjya meM sthita) ke par3osa meM sthita batalAyI gayI hai, jo jana aura vauddha donoM ke kAryakSetra se bahuta dUra hai| vI0 sI0 lA ne bhaTTAcArya ke mata kA khaNDana karate hue kAkandI kI pahacAna uttarabhArata ke kisI nagara se karane kA sujhAva diyA hai| bAda ke anusaMdhAna evaM 1. viNIya-purisa viNayaMkiyA viNIyA NAma NayarI-kuva0 7.21. 2. samavAyAMgasUtra, 82, pR0 58. 3. A0 cU0 2, pR0 54. 4. ka0-e0 jyo0, pR0 427. 5. bhaTTAcAryA, bI0 sI0-da jaina AikonogrAphI, pR0 64.69. 6. jI0 pI0 malAlasekara-DikzanarI Apha pAli-prApara nemas, bhAga 1, pR0 558. 7. lAla-hi0 jyo0 i0, pR0 302.

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64 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana utkhanana meM prApta sAmagrI ke AdhAra para DI0 sI0 sarakAra ne kAkandI kI pahacAna muMgera jilA ke sikandarA pulisa sTezana ke kSetra meM kAkana nAmaka sthAna se kI hai| kintu kucha vidvAn uttarapradeza ke devariyA jile meM nonakhAra sTezana se tIna mIla dakSiNa meM dUra khukhandU nAmaka grAma se kAkandI kI pahacAna karate haiM, jahA~ prAcIna jaina maMdira bhI hai evaM utthanana meM prAcIna vastue~ prApta huI hai / kAMcI (45.16, 135.5)-damiloM ke deza meM kAMcI nagarI thI, jo pRthvI kI karadhanI ke samAna svarNanirmita prAkAroM se yukta thI (45.16) / damiloM ke deza kI pahacAna tamila pradeza se kI jAtI hai| ataH kAMcI dakSiNa bhArata kI pramukha nagarI thii| vindhyATavI se kAMcIpurI taka vyApAriyoM ke sAtha jAyA karate the| Adhunika kAMjIvaram ko prAcIna kAMcI mAnA jAtA hai / kozAmbI-kUva0 meM kozAmbI nagarI kA sabase adhika varNana kiyA gayA hai| pandraha gAthAoM ke isa varNana meM kozAmbI ko alakA aura laMkApurI ke sadaza vatalAyA gayA hai (31.30,31) / kozAmvI kI racanA prAcIna nagaravinyAsa ke anurUpa huI thii| yaha vatsa janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| kozAmbI kI pahacAna ilAhAbAda ke pazcima meM karIva vIsa mIla dUra yamunA ke kinAre sthita kosama nAmaka sthAna se kI jAtI hai|" campA (100.16, 103.3 Adi)-jambUdvIpa ke bhAratavarSa meM dakSiNamadhyakhaNDa meM campA nAma kI nagarI thI, jo dhavalagRha, toraNa, koTa Adi se yukta thii| kuva0 ke prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki kAkandI se eka yojana dUra kosamva vana thaa| tathA usa vana se eka kosa para campApurI thii| vartamAna meM bhAgalapura ke pAsa campA kI sthiti mAnI jAtI hai| jayantIpurI (183.19)-kumAra kuvalayacandra ko vivAha ke bAda vijayapurI meM jayantIpura ke rAjA jayanta ne eka chatraratna bheMTa meM bhejA thA (183.18, 19) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki vijayapurI ke samIpa hI dakSiNa bhArata meM jayantapurI sthita rahI hogii| grAdipurANa meM vijayAdha kI dakSiNa-zreNI meM 31veM nambara 1. sa0-sTa0 jyo0, pR0 254. 2. jai0-yaza0 sAM0 a0, pR0 284. 3. bhaTTa, esa viMjhapurAo Agao kaMcIuri vaccIhi, kuva0 135.5. 4. ka0-e0 jyo0, pR0 628. 5. ka0- e0 jyo0, pR0 709. 6. iheva jambuddIve bhArahavAse dAhiNa-majjhimakhaMDe campA NAma Nayari-kuva0 103.3. 7. atthi io joyaNappamANa bhUmibhAe kosaMbaNAma vaNaM-223.6. 8. tAo gose cceya caMpAuri uvagao--224.6. 9. ri0-bu0 I0, pR0 35.

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65 kI nagarI jayantI thI, yaha ullekha milatA hai ( 19.50 ) / isa jayantIpurI kI tulanA puNyAsravakathAkoza meM varNita bharatakSetra ke antargata jayantapura se kI jA sakatI hai / DaoN0 upAdhye ne isakI pahacAna karnATaka rAjya ke kanara jile ke 'banavAsI' nAmaka sthAna se kI hai / jayazrI (104. 8 ) - - campA nagarI se sAgaradatta dakSiNApatha dvArA calatA huA dakSiNa samudra ke kinAre sthita jayazrI nAma kI mahAnagarI meM pahu~cA (1048 ) / udyotanasUri ne isa nagarI kA jo varNana kiyA hai, usase isakI sthiti samudrataTa para honI cAhie / takSazilA ( 64.27 ) - uttarApatha meM takSazilA nAma kI nagarI thI, jo prathama jina (RSabhadeva ) ke samavasaraNa se zobhita thI / dharmacakra kA pravartana vahA~ huA thA / dvIpasamudra kI bhA~ti vahA~ asaMkhyAta dhana-vaibhava vikharA par3A thA ( 64.33 ) / takSazilA gandhAra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thI / jAtakoM meM zikSA ke pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM isakA bahuta ullekha huA hai / isakI pahacAna paMjAba rAvalapiNDI se vAraha mIla dUra sthita zAhadherI nAmaka sthAna ke khaNDaharoM se kI jAtI hai / " nagara dvArakApurI (146 - 23 ) - vijayanagarI dvArakApurI sadRza samudra se ghirI huI thI, kintu usameM kRSNa kA nivAsa nahIM thA / lATa deza meM prAcIna nagariyoM meM dvArakApurI nAma kI ramya nagarI thI / isase jJAta hotA hai ki jisa nagarI meM kRSNa rahate the tathA jo samudra ke kinAre thI vaha dvArakA lATa janapada meM sthita thI / prAcIna sAhitya meM sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM meM dvArakA kA ullekha huA hai / NAyAdhamma kahA (5, pR0 58 ) ke anusAra yaha no yojana caur3I aura vAha yojana lambI nagarI thI, jo cAroM ora se patthara kI dIvAroM se ghirI huI thI / dvArAvatI ke uttarapUrva meM raivataka parvata thA aura usake pAsa hI nandana vana thA / " dvArakA vyApAra kA bahuta kar3A kendra thA / nepAlavahana se vyApArI nAva dvArA dvArAvatI Ate the / Ajakala dvArAvatI kI pahacAna revataka parvata ke pAsa sthita Adhunika nagara jUnAgar3ha se kI jA sakatI hai aura dvArAvatI ko bhinna mAnate haiM / " / zrI bhaTTazAlI dvArakA 1. paDhamajiNa samavasaraNeNa sohiyA dhamma cakkaMkA-kuva0 64.35. 2. ka0 - e0 jyo0, pR0 681, bI0 sI0 lA - jyo0 Apha arlI buddhijma, pR0 52. vArayAuri jaisiya samudda-valaya parigaya Na saMNihiya - goviMda - ku0 149.23. tammiya purI purANA NAmeNa ya vArayAurI rammA, 185.9. ja0 -lA0 kai0, pR0 271. ni0 cU0 pR0 110. ena0 ke0 bhaTTazAlI -- iNDiyana hisTorikala kvATarlI, 1934, pR0 541.50. 5 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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66 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhanakapurI ( 138.14) vindhyATavI meM sthita citAmaNi- palli dhanakapurI sadRza dhana-samRddhi se yukta thI - dhaNayapurI ceya dhaNa samiddhIya ( 138.14) / vijayapurI kI upamA bhI dhanakapurI kI samRddhi se dI gayI hai ( 149.22) / isake jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kubera kI nagarI thii| isakI vAstavika pahacAna muzkila hai| padmanagara ( 126.1 ) - padmanagara kA ullekha saMnyAsinI aiNikA ke jIvanavRtta ke prasaMga meM huA hai / yaha nagara kahIM vindhyapradeza meM sthita honA cAhie / parvatakA ( 282.19) - udyotanasUri ne grantha kI prazasti meM parvatikA nagarI kA ullekha kiyA hai ki vaha candrabhAgA nadI ke kinAre sthita thI, jisa para zrI torarAja kA zAsana thA / yadyapi bhAratIya itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai ki mihirakula kI bhAratIya rAjadhAnI zAkala yA siyAlakoTa thI, kintu udyotana prathama bAra yaha kahA hai ki toramANa pavvaiyA se zAsana karatA thA / pavvaiyA jisa nadI ke kinAre sthita thA usa candrabhAgA kI pahacAna Adhunika cinAva se kI jAtI hai, jise TolemI ne sandavala kahA hai bhelama aura cinAva nadI ke mizrita bahAva ko bhI candrabhAgA kahA gayA hai| ataH cinAba ke kinAre para hI pavvaiyA ko sthita mAnA jA sakatA hai / / multAna ke uttara-pazcima aura rAvI tathA satalaja ke bIca kA paMjAbI pradeza parvata kahA jAtA thA / yaha parvata hI pavvaiyA athavA parvatikA ho sakatA hai| muni jinavijaya evaM ena0 sI0 mehatA ne yaha sujhAva diyA hai ki huyAntsaMga dvArA ullikhita po- phATo ( Po-fa-to) yA po-lA phATo kI pahacAna parvatikA se kI jA sakatI hai, kintu DA0 upAdhye abhI isameM paryApta anusaMdhAna kI AvazyakatA samajhate haiM / " parvatikA ke sambandha meM DA0 dazaratha zarmA kA kathana hai ki sIharAsa (Siharas) ne jo cAra gavarnara niyukta kiye the, unameM se tIsarA landA evaM pAviyA ke kile para kiyA thaa| pAviyA ko cAcapUra kahA jAtA thA, jo vartamAna meM 'cAcara' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| ataH udyotanasUri 1. tIrammitIya payaDA pavvalayA NAma rayaNa sohillA / jatthaTThieNa bhuttA puhaI sa0 - sTa0 jyo0, pR0 40.44. De - jyo0 Dikza0, pR0, 47. vahI, pR0 150 2. 3. 4. siri- toraraeNa / / 282.6 5. u0 - kuva0 i0, pR0 100 (noTa) / 6. bhAratIya vidyA (hindI) bhAga 2 naM0 1, pR0 62- 3, 1941-42. 7. iliyaTa evaM DAnasana - hisTrI Apha iNDiyA eja TolDa vAi iTas ona hisToriyansa, bhAga 1, pR0 138-366 evaM 140.

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nagara dvArA ullikhita pavvaiyA ukta pAviyA ho sakatA hai, jise 'cAcara' kahA jA sakatA hai| DA0 upAdhye ne DA0 zarmA ke sujhAva kA samarthana kiyA hai|' DA0 jyotiprasAda jaina ne pavvaiyA kI pahacAna padmAvatI yA pavAyA (gvAliyara ke pAsa) se karane kA sujhAva diyA hai, kintu taba candrabhAgA kI pahacAna caMbala se karanI hogii| jabaki caMbala kA apara nAma candrabhAgA abhI taka kahIM prApta nahIM huA hai| pATaliputra (75.10, 88.30)-rAjakumAra tosala kosala se bhAgakara pATaliputra meM rAjA jayavarman ke yahA~ kArya karane lagA thaa| pATaliputra se ratnadvIpa ko dhana kamAne ke lie dhanadatta seTha gayA thA (88.30) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki pATaliputra kA rAjanaitika evaM vyApArika mahattva thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya granthoM meM pATaliputra ke lie anya 12 nAma prayukta hote the|4 kusumapura isakA prasiddha nAma thaa| IsA kI pAMcavI zadI pUrva se chaThI zatAbdI taka isa nagara kA aparimita utkarSa huaa| kintu sAtavIM zatAbdI meM yuvAnacuvAMga ke Agamana ke samaya yaha nagara patanonmukha thaa| purAtattva vibhAga dvArA kiye gaye anveSaNoM ke AdhAra para jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna pATaliputra Adhunika paTanA ke samIpa usa sthAna para vartamAna thA, jahA~ kumarAhara tathA bulandIbAga nAmaka grAma base hue haiM / prayAga (55.19)-prayAga kA ullekha pApa-prAyazcitta ke prasaMga meM huA hai ki vahA~ ke vaTavRkSa kI parikramA karane se purAnA pApa bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| vaTavRkSa kI mAnyatA Adi ke sambandha meM Age dhArmika-jIvana vAle adhyAya meM prakAza DAlA jaayegaa| kuva0 ke ullekha se prayAga aura kozAmbI kA sAmIpya spaSTa hotA hai / prayAga kA prAcIna itihAsa, usakI dhArmika sthiti evaM bhaugolika pahacAna Adi para DaoN0 udayanArAyaNa rAya ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai|" vartamAna prayAga hI prAcIna prayAga thaa| prabhAsa (48.25)-yaha eka prasiddha tIrtha sthAna thaa| yahA~ zivapUjA ko pradhAnatA thii| yahA~ tIrthayAtriyoM kI bhIr3a lagI rahatI thii|' kAThiyAvAr3a meM 1. vahI, pR0 101. 2. da jaina sorseja Apha da hisTrI Apha enziyaNTa iMDiyA, dillI 1964, pR0 195. 3. patto palayamANo ya pADaliuttaM NAma mahANayaraM, ku0 75.10. 4. rA0-prA0 naM0, pR0 149. 5. pATaliputra eNDa enziyaNTa iMDiyA yunivarsiTI Apha ilAhAbAda sTaDIz2a, 1957,pR0 19 6. jarnala Apha rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1915, pRSTha 69. 7. rA0-prA0 na0, pR0 98-107. 8. a0-e0 TA0, pR0 31.

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68 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jUnAgar3ha rAjya ke somanAtha se prabhAsa kI pahicAna kI jAtI hai / ' kintu saMbhavataH prabhAsa aura somanAtha do bhinna tIrtha sthAna the, kyoMki uddyotana ne donoM kA eka sAtha ullekha kiyA hai (48.25) / / pratiSThAna (57.26)-sthANu aura mAyAditya vArANasI ke zAligrAma se vyApAra ke lie dakSiNApatha para nikale the-(tA vaccimo dakSiNAvahaM, 57.27) / aneka parvata, nadiyA~ evaM aTaviyoM ko pAra karate hue ve kisI prakAra pratiSThAna nagarI meM pahu~ce, jo aneka dhana-dhAnya evaM ratnoM se ukta svarNa nagara kI taraha thA (57.30) / vahA~ unhoMne aneka prakAra ke vyApAra kiye-(NANA-vANijjAiM kayAI) tathA pratyeka ne pA~ca hajAra suvarNa kamAye / isake jJAta hotA hai ki pratiSThAna AThavIM zadI meM vyApAra kA pramukha kendra thaa| banArasa se pratiSThAna pahu~cane ke lie ghanA jaMgala pAra karanA par3atA thA, jisameM coroM kA bhaya banA rahatA thA (57-31) / pratiSThAna zAlivAhana rAjAoM kI pazcimI rAjadhAnI thii| tathA prAcIna samaya se hI ise vyApArika aura dhArmika mahattva prApta thaa| pratiSThAna kI pahicAna Adhunika godAvarI ke taTa para sthita paiMThAna se kI jAtI hai| bharukaccha (99.18, 123.19)-vindhyavAsa kI rAnI tArA ne bharukaccha meM jAkara zaraNa lI thI (99.18) / bharukaccha nagara ke rAjA kA nAma bhagu thA (123.19) / darphaphalika ne bhRgukaccha meM jAkara mahAmuni ke darzana kiye (215.28) / isake atirikta udyotana ne bharukaccha ke sambandha meM anya jAnakArI nahIM dI hai| prAcIna bhArata meM bhRgukaccha eka prasiddha nagara thaa| yaha bhRgupura, bharukaccha tathA bhRgutIrtha Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA thaa| isa nagara ke sAtha rAjA bhRgu kA sambandha purANoM meM vistArapUrvaka vaNita hai| DA0 alTekara kA mata hai ki isa rAjya meM narmadA evaM mahI ke bIca kA pradeza sammilita thaa| isa nagara kI pahacAna Adhunika bhar3oMca se kI jAtI hai| bhinnamAla (282.9)-uddyotasUri ne prazasti meM zrobhillamAlanagara kA ullekha kiyA hai, jahA~ zivacandragaNi jinavandanA ke lie gaye the| DA0 upAdhye 1. De0-jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 157. 2. tattha aNeya-giri-sariyA-saya-saMkulAo aDaIo ullaMghiUNa kaha kaha vi pattA paiTThANaM NAma NayaraM-kuva0 57.28, 29. 3. ma0-e0 i0, pR0 133. 4. De--jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 159. 5. a0-e. TA0, pR0 33. 6. kUrmapurANa 2, adhyAya 41 Adi / 7. alTekara-vahI0, pR0 35. 8. so jiNa-vaMdaNa-heu kaha vibhamaMto kameNa saMpatto / siri bhillamAla-Nayarammi saMThio kapparukkho vva // 282.9.

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nagare ne prAcIna sAhitya evaM lekhoM ke AdhAra para bhinnamAla kA paricaya kuva0 ke iNTroDakzana meM diyA hai| usase jJAta hotA hai ki bhinnamAla prAcIna samaya se jainadharma kA pramukha kendra rahA hai| vartamAna meM jodhapura rAjya ke bhinnamAla nAmaka sthAna se isakI pahacAna kI jAtI hai| prAcIna samaya meM ise zrImAla kahA jAtA thA / zrImAla ke jaina vartamAna meM vibhinna prAntoM meM pAye jAte haiM, jo apane ko zrImAla mAnate haiN|' uddyotanasUri dvArA ullikhita 'zrIbhillamAla' kA yaha saMkSiptIkaraNa hai| .. huenasAMga ne bhI gurjara deza kI rAjadhAnI kA ullekha Pi-ol-mo-ol ke rUpa meM kiyA hai, jisakA artha bhillamAla hai| kintu kucha vidvAn isakI pahicAna bAr3amera (Balmer) se bhI karate haiM / 2 / mathurA (55.24)-- kuva0 meM narmadA ke kinAre sthita eka gAMva se mathurA taka kI yAtrA kA ullekha hai| bIca meM aneka viSaya, nagara, kavvaDa, maMDapa, grAma, maTha, vihAra Adi pAra karane ke vAda jaise pRthvImaMDala kA hI bhramaNa ho gayA ho, mAnabhaTa mathurA pahuMcA thA-(saMpato mahurAurIe, 55.6) / mathurA meM eka anAthaAzrama thA, jahA~ rogI, kor3hI, bhikhArI, yAtrI Adi Taharate the (55.10.11) / jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM mathurA ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| mathurA sUrasena kI rAjadhAnI thI tathA uttarApatha kA mahattvapUrNa nagara thaa| vartamAna meM prAcIna mathurA kI pahacAna Adhunika mathurA se dakSiNa-pazcima meM 5 mIla kI dUrI para sthita mAholI se kI jAtI hai| mathurA ke Asa-pAsa aneka prAcIna avazeSa prApta hue haiN| __mAkandI (117.1)-mAkando nagarI kanaka nirmita tuMga toraNoM se alaMkRta tathA sthUla gopura, prAkAra evaM zikharoM se zobhita thI (117.1) / mAkandI nagarI meM 12 varSoM kA eka akAla par3A thA, jisase vahA~ kA jIvana tahasanahasa ho gayA thA (117.12) / mAkandI kA jaina sAhitya meM kAkandI nagarI ke sAtha ullekha milatA hai| yaha vyApAra kA kendra thI tathA dakSiNa pAMcAla kI rAjadhAnI mAnI gayI hai| yaha gaMgA ke uttara kinAre se carmaNavatI nadI taka ke bhAga meM phailI huI thii| __ mithilA (101.14)-kuva0 meM cUhe kI kathA ke prasaMga meM kevala eka bAra mithilA kA ullekha huA hai (101.14) / mithilA videha kI rAjadhAnI 1. majUmadAra evaM pusAlakara, hisTrI eNDa kalcara Apha iMDiyana pyUpila, bhAga 3, pR0 153-54. 2, zrI jinavijaya jI-bhAratIyavidyA, jilda do, bhAga 1-2. 3. ka0 e0 jyo0, pR0 427. 4. ha.-sa0 ka0, bhava-chaha / 5. De, jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 145.

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70 kuvalayamAlAkahA kAM sAMskRtika adhyayana thI / ' DA0 rAya ne mithilA ke sAMskRtika itihAsa para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / nepAla ke Adhunika nagara janakapura se isakI pahacAna kI jAtI hai| 3 ratnApurI ( 140 . 1 ) - ratnApurI upavana, vana, sanniveza Adi se yukta tathA janasamudAya se paripUrNa thI ( 140.1 ) / AdipurANa meM ( 19.87) bhI ratnapura nAma ke nagara kA ullekha hai, jo kozala janapada meM thA / ayodhyA ke rAjA dRr3havarman ke bhrAtA zrI ratna- mukuTa kI yaha rAjadhAnI thI / uddyotana ne isakA kAvyAtmaka varNana kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM 15veM tIrthaGkara kI janmabhUmi ke rUpa meM eka ratnapura kA ullekha milatA hai| isa ratnapura kI pahacAna avadha rAjya ke sohavAla sTezana se 2 mIla dUrI para sthita roinoi nAmaka sthAna se kI gaI hai / * sambhavataH kuva0 kI ratnApurI bhI isI sthAna se sambandhita hai / _rAjagRha (269.9) - udyotanasUri ne isa aitihAsika tathya kI sUcanA dI hai ki magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha thI aura vahA~ zreNika rAjA kA rAjya thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vihAra ke sthAnoM meM rAjagRha kA aneka bAra ullekha huA hai / vihAra meM sthita vartamAna rAjagRha prAcIna rAjagRha hai / _RSabhapura (246.32, 251.10 ) - jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke ardha-madhyamakhaNDa meM RSabhapura nAma kA nagara thA ( 246.32 ) / vahA~ kA rAjA zUra, dhIra evaM saMgrAma meM zatru ko harAnevAlA candragupta thA, jo mantraNA meM gupta thA, kintu yaza meM nahIM / " isa candragupta kA prasiddha gupta rAjA candragupta se koI sambandha nahIM bana pAtA tathA RSabhapura kI bhI pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai / laMkAnagarI (31.30), laMkApurI (118.18 ) - udyotanasUri ne laMkA nagarI ke sambandha meM nimna jAnakArI dI hai-- kozAmbI nagarI trikUTazaila - zikhara para sthita laMkAnagarI jaisI thI / suvarNadattA kA pati deza-videza ke vyApAra ke nimitta jahAja meM car3hakara laMkApurI gayA thA, kintu bAraha varSa taka vApisa nahIM lauttaa| eka yAtrI laMkApurI ko jahAja dvArA jAte hue rAste meM jahAja bhagna ho jAne se kuDaMgadvIpa meM jA lagA ( 86.6 ) / vindhyATavI sarpAkAra zikharoM se dulaMghya 1. vaidehajanapade mithiliyAM rAjadhAnyAm - divyAvadAna, pR0 424. 2. rA0 prA0 na0, pR0 179.81. 3. ja0, lA0 kai0, pR0 314. 4. ja0 -lA0 kai0, pR0 327. 5. tattha ya rAyA suro dhIro parimaliya- sattu saMgAme / NAmeNa caMdagupto gutto maMte Na uNa NAme // / 247.1. 6. ahava tikUDa - sela - siharoyari laMkA gayariyA imA - kuva0 31.30. 7. disAdesa - vaNijjeNaM jANavattamAruhiuM laMkAuri gao, 74.11.

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nagara 71 hone ke kAraNa laMkApurI sadRza thii|' mahAciMtAmaNi-palli zUrapuruSoM ke dvArA laMkApurI sadRza zobhita ho rahI thii| 'sUra' paumacariya meM laMkAdhipati kA nAma batAyA gayA hai| vijayapurI dhIra-puruSoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa laMkApurI sadRza thI, kintu vahA~ rAkSasakula vicaraNa nahIM karate the| uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki laMkApurI bhArata ke dakSiNa meM sthita siMhala athavA sIlona ke pradeza ko kahA gayA hai, jahA~ jahAja dvArA AvAgamana hotA thA aura rAkSasoM ke nivAsasthAna ke lie prasiddha thaa| yadyapi laMkApurI kI pahacAna, amarakaMTaka parvata ke pAsa yA AsAma kA pradeza athavA madhyabhArata se bhI kI gayI hai, kintu DA0 buddhaprakAza ne anya srotoM ke AdhAra para laMkApurI ko Adhunika zrIlaMkA se hI sambandhita mAnA hai| vArANasI (55.15)-mathurA ke anAthamaNDapa meM yaha prasiddhi thI ki vArANasI jAne se kor3haroga dUra ho jAtA hai-'vANArasIhiM gayahaM koDho phiTTai' (55.15) / vArANasI kAzI janapada kI pramukha nagarI thI (56.29) tathA aneka kalAoM aura cANakyazAstra ke adhyayana kA kendra thI (56.28) / ina sabake atirikta una dinoM bhI vArANasI meM ThagoM dvArA dhamakAne kI prasiddhi thI (57.15,16) / vArANasI ke rAjanItika, vyApArika, vauddhika evaM dhArmika itihAsa ke sambandha meM alTekara evaM motIcandra Adi vidvAnoM ne vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| vijayAnagarI (110.8, 146.19, 177.16)-udyotanasUri ne vijayAnagarI (puravarI yA purI) kA jo varNana kiyA hai usase jJAta hotA hai ki (1) ayodhyA se dakSiNApatha meM vijayapurI thI, (2) vindhyATavI, narmadAnadI evaM sahyaparvata pArakara vahA~ pahu~cA jA sakatA thA, (3) dakSiNa samudra ke kinAre taka vijayapurI kA pradeza thA,' (4) dvArakApurI sadRza vijayapurI samudra se ghirI huI 1. sappAyAra sihara-dulaMghA ya laMkAuri-jaisiyA, 118.18. 2. laMkAuri va rehai sA pallI-purisehiM, vahI 138.14. 3. vi0-50 ca0, pR0 5-263. 4. jAya laMkAuri jaisiya dhIra-purisAhiThThiya Na uNa viyarataM rakkhAula, 149.22. Lankapuri is generally identified either with a peak in Amarakantaka mountain or a place in Assam, Central India are Ceylon. -B. AIHC. P. 282. (Note). 'Raksasadvipi'-B. IAW. P. 105-124. 7. alTekara-hisTrI Apha banArasa, motIcandra-kAzI kA itihAsa, evaM rA0 prA0 na0, pR0 121.32 draSTavya / 8. dakkhiNAvahe vijayANAmAe puravarIe, kuva0 110.8. 9. dAhiNa-payarahara-velA-laggaM vijayApuravarI visayaM-149.5. ja

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72 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana thI,' (5) vijayapurI ke prAsAdatala se nagarI kI dakSiNa dIvAla samudra ke jala meM ghulatI huI dikhAI detI thI, tathA mahendrakumAra ayodhyA se grISmakAla meM calakara eka mAha tIna dina meM vijayapurI pahu~ca gayA thA (157.11) / vijayapurI ke uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki yadyapi udyotana ne svayaM dakSiNa bhArata kI yAtrA kara use nahIM dekhA hogA, kintu vyApAriyoM ke mukha se usakA varNana avazya sunA hogaa| vyApArika-maNDI hone ke kAraNa vijayapurI dakSiNa se uttara evaM pazcima bhArata meM avazya prasiddha rahI hogii| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne svayaM dakSiNa bhArata meM jAkara isa vijayapurI kI sthiti ko dekhA hai| unake anusAra ratnagiri jilA ke vijayadurga nAmaka nagara se vijayapurI kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| DA0 Ara0jI0 bhaNDArakara ne vijayadurga kI sthiti evaM mArga Adi ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa diyA hai, vaha kuva0 ke varNana se milatA-julatA hai|" vijayapurI (135.4-7)-DA0 agravAla ne isakA sambandha nAgArjunakuNDA ke ikSvAku abhilekhoM meM ullikhita vijayA mahApurI se jor3A hai, kintu isakA koI AdhAra nahIM diyaa| zrI zAha ne nAriyala evaM panAsa vRkSoM kI bahutAyata tathA maTha ke ullekha ke AdhAra para vijayapurI ko kerala meM sthita mAnA hai| kintu isa tarka meM bhI vajana nahIM hai / ataH DA0 upAdhye dvArA prastAvita vijayadurga se hI vijayapurI kI pahacAna karanA ThIka hai| vindhyapura (135.5)-vindhyapura se kAMcIpura taka sArtha calA karate the| isake atirikta usakI sthiti Adi ke sambandha meM kuva0 meM koI jAnakArI nahIM dI gaI hai| vindhyavAsa (99.14)-vindhyaparvata ke kuhara meM vindhyavAsa nAma kA sanniveza thA, vahA~ mahendra rAjA thA, jisa para kozala ke rAjA ne car3hAI kara dI thii| usake bAda mahendra kI rAnI tArA ne bharukaccha jAkara apanI rakSA kI thI (99.14, 18) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki vindhyavAsa, kozala aura bharukaccha ke Asa-pAsa rahA hogaa| 1. vArayApurI-jaisiya samudda-valaya-parigaya, 149.23. 2. AruDhehiM dihra tehiM vijayapuravarIe dakSiNa-pAyAra-seNI-baMdhaM dhayamANaM mahArayaNA yaraM, 173.31. 3. ratnagiri DisTrika gajeTiyara, pR0 379. 4. bha0-a0 hi0 De0, pR0 73 Adi / 5. u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 76. 6. a0-kuva0 ka0 noTsa, pR0 124. 7. zAha yU0 pI0, e0 bha0 o0 ri0 i0 bhAga XLIX, pR0 247-52. 8. esa vijhapurAo Agao kaMcIuri vaccIhii-135.5,

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nagara 73 saralapura- zraggAhAra (258. 26) - hastinApura ke pAsa hI saralapura nAma kA brAhmaNoM kA aggAhAra thA / vahA~ kA svayaMbhUdeva brAhmaNa AjIvikA kI khoja meM caMpA nagarI taka calA gayA thA ( 259.19) / sAketa (224.16) - sAketa kA jaina evaM bauddha granthoM meM aneka bAra ullekha huA hai / yaha kosala kA eka prasiddha nagara thA / sAketa tathA ayodhyA ko prAyaH vidvAnoM ne eka hI nagara ke do nAma mAnA hai, kintu rijaDebiDas ne ina donoM ko landana tathA vesTavisTara ke samAna samIpavartI nagara mAnA hai / sAketa kA janapada ke rUpa meM aura ayodhyA kA nagarI ke rUpa meM prAcIna sAhitya meM ullekha bhI yaha pramANita karatA hai ki sAketa janapada meM ayodhyA avazya sammilita thI para ayodhyA sAketa kA paryAya nahIM hai / kuva0 meM bhI ayodhyA aura sAketa kA ullekha alaga-alaga huA hai, jisase ina donoM kI svatantra sthiti spaSTa hotI hai / zrAvastI (230.16, 250.16 ) - bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vihAra kAkandI zrAvastI meM huA ( 230.16) / vahA~ kA rAjA zrAvastI se nikala kara unakI vandanA ke lie gayA thA ( 230.18) tathA zrAvastI kI kanyA RSabhapura ke vairIgupta ko vivAhI gayI thI ( 250.16) / prAcIna granthoM meM isake lie sAvatthI, candrapurI tathA candrakApurI nAma bhI Ate haiM / isake zrAvastI nAma par3ane ke kaI kAraNa haiM / DA0 rAya ne zrAvastI ke itihAsa para vizada prakAza DAlA hai / isa nagara kI pahacAna vartamAna u0 pra0 ke vaharAica jile meM rAptI nadI ke taTa para sthita Adhunika saheTa- maheTa se kI jAtI hai / vahA~ prAcIna zrAvastI ke khaNDahara vistRta pradeza meM phaile hue upalabdha hote haiM / zrItuMgA (107.16) - zrItuMgA dakSiNa samudra ke kinAre para basI huI nagarI thI / isakA aparanAma jayatuMgA bhI thA (109.26) / sopAraka (65.20 ) - lobhadeva vyApAra ke lie takSazilA se sopAraka gayA thA, jahA~ sthAnIya vyApAra maMDalI ne usakA hArdika svAgata kiyA thA (65.20,25) / zUrpAraka (sopArA) kI mahattA vANijya ke kSetra meM prAcIna samaya se thI / yaha pazcimI samudra taTa kA viziSTa bandaragAha mAnA jAtA thA / jAtakoM meM ise sauvIra kI rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai tathA kaccha kI khAr3I ke dAhine taTa para sthita batAyA gayA hai / " AThavIM sadI meM bhI sopAraka vyApAra 1. atthi nAidUre saralapuraM NAma baMbhaNANaM aggAhA raM 2. rA0 - bu0 I0, pR0 39. 3. 4. 5. - 258.26. rA0 prA0 na0, pR0 114- 121. atha dAhiNa - maya rahara - velAlaggA sirituMgA NAma NayarI - ku0 107.16. jAtaka, 2-470

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kA pradhAna kendra banA huA thaa| mahArASTra meM bambaI ke pAsa thAnA jile ke sopArA se isakI pahacAna kI jAtI hai|' hastinApura (256.22)-bhagavAn mahAvIra vihAra karate hue hastinApura pahu~ce / / prAcIna bhAratavarSa kA yaha eka pratiSThita nagara thaa| pANini ne ise hastinApura kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM isakA vistRta varNana huA hai| jainaparamparA ke anusAra isa nagara kI sthApanA Adi tIrthakaMra ke pautra hastina, ne kI thii| vartamAna meM hastinApura gaMgA ke dakSiNa taTa para, meraTha se 22 mIla dUra uttara-pazcima koNa meM dillI se 56 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva khaNDaharoM ke rUpa meM vartamAna hai| vartamAna hastinApura ke Asa-pAsa hI prAcIna hastinApura kI sthiti rahI hogii| nagaroM ke. uparyukta varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri ko prAcIna bhArata ke una samasta pramukha nagaroM kI jAnakArI thI jo usa samaya sAMskRtika, vyApArika evaM dhArmika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa the| unhoMne na kevala ayodhyA, ujjayinI, kAkandI, prayAga, prabhAsa, vArANasI, bhinnamAla, mathurA, mAkandI, mithilA, rAjagRha, sAketa, zrAvastI, hastinApura Adi dhArmika nagaroM tathA kAMcI, kozAmbI, campA, jayazrI, takSazilA, dvArakA, ghanakapurI, pATaliputra, pratiSThAna, bharukaccha, laMkApurI, vijayAnagarI, zrItuMgA evaM sopAraka Adi vyApArika kendroM kA paricaya diyA hai, apitu ina samasta nagaroM ke AvAgamana ke mArgoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| isa sambandha meM Age Arthika-jIvana nAmaka adhyAya meM vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiyA jaayegaa| 1. jAma, kuva0 ka0 sTaDI, pR0 141. 2. bhagavaM mahAvoraNAho viharamANo puNo saMpatto hatthiNAuraM NAma NayaraM, 256.21. 3, a0-pA0 bhA0, pR0 86. 4 ma0 bhA0-Adiparva, adhyAya 3, paMkti 37. 5. vividhatIrthakalpa, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, hastinApura kalpa, pR0 27. 6. zA0-A0 bhA0, pR0 94.

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pariccheda tIna grAma, vana evaM parvata udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM nimnokta grAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai : uccasthala (65.1)-takSazilA nagarI ke pazcima-dakSiNa dizAbhAga meM uccasthala nAma kA grAma thaa|' yaha grAma devabhavanoM ke kAraNa svargasadRza, vividharatnoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa pAtAla sadRza, gau sampatti yukta hone se goSThagaNa sadRza tathA dhanasampadA yukta hone se dhanakapurI sadRza pratIta hotA thA (65.1, 2) / isa gA~va meM sArthavAha rahatA thaa| usake putra dhanadeva ne sopAraka se vyApAra karane ke lie dakSiNApatha kI yAtrA kI thii| uccasthala grAma kI pahacAna karanA kaThina hai| kalpasUtra (8, pR0 232) meM uccanagara kA ullekha hai, jise varaNA bhI kahA jAtA thaa| uccanagara yA varaNA kI pahacAna uttarapradeza ke bulandazahara nagara se kI jAtI hai / sambhava hai, uccasthala grAma se uccanagara kA koI sambandha rahA ho, kyoMki donoM uttarabhArata meM sthita the| kUpapandra (50.20)-mahAnagarI ujjayinI ke pUrvottara dizAbhAga meM eka yojana kI dUrI para kUpacandra nAma kA grAma thA, jo dhana-dhAnya kI samRddhi aura gavita pAmarajanoM ke kAraNa mahAnagara sadRza pratIta hotA thA (50.21) / vahA~ kSetrabhaTa nAma kA vRddha ThAkura rahatA thaa| ujjayinI ke rAjA avantivarddhana ne vaha grAma sevA ke badale dAna meM use diyA thaa| kUpacandra kI Adhunika pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai / yadyapi kUpaka Tha nAma ke gA~va meM pArzvanAtha ne prathama AhAra grahaNa 1. tIe ya NayarIe pacchima-dakkhiNe disAbhAe uccasthalaM NAma gAma-ku0 65.1. 2. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 1, 1892, pR0 379-ja0 lA0 ke0 meM, pR0 352 para uddhRta / 3. mahaNayarIe ujjeNIe punvuttare disAbhAgavibhAe joyaNa-mette paese kUvavaMdraM NAma gAmaM-- kuva0 50.20. 4. diNNaM ca rAiNA olaggamANassa taM ceva kUvavaMdraM gAma-50.26.

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76 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kiyA thaa|' paumacariyaM (34.148) meM bhI kUpacandra ko samRddhazAlI gA~va kahA gayA hai / ataH prAcIna samaya meM isakA astitva avazya rahA hogaa| nandIpura (125.30)-zrIvarddhana aura siMha kI kathA meM siMha nAmaka rAjakumAra maraNoparAnta nandipura grAma meM utpanna hotA hai (125.30) / isake atirikta koI jAnakArI nahIM dI gayI hai / nandIpura nAma ke aneka nagara va grAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai / sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM meM nandIpura ko sandIvya kI rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai| vipAkasUtra (8, pR0 46) meM bhI nandIpura kA ullekha hai / rAmAyaNa meM nandIgrAma kA ullekha hai (6.130) / isakI pahacAna avadha ke phaijAbAda se 8-9 mIla dUrI meM sthita nandogrAma yA nandagA~va se kI jA sakatI hai| ragaNAsaniveza (45.17)--kAMcInagarI ke pUrva-dakSiNa bhAga meM tIna gavyUti kI dUrI para ragaNA sanniveza sthita thaa| yaha grAma madonmatta bhaiMsoM se vyApta vindhyATavI sadRza, balavAn bailoM kI AvAja se mahAdeva ke mandira sadRza, dIrghazAkhAoM vAle vRkSoM se yukta malayaparvata sadRza tathA aneka gRhapatiyoM se zobhita AkAzamaNDala jaisA thaa| usa gA~va meM dhAna kI phasala lahalahAtI thI, usake udyAnoM meM janasamudAya vicaraNa karatA thA tathA usake goSThagaNa meM saikar3oM gokuloM kA samUha ekatra rahatA thA (45.20) / kAMcI nagarI ke samIpa isakI pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai| paMcattiyagrAma (5156)--paMcattiyagrAma narmadA ke kinAre sthita thaa| yaha grAma aneka vRkSa, velA evaM gulma Adi se vyApta thaa| usake cAroM tarapha kAToM kI bAr3I lagI huI thI, jise jaMgalI bhaisoM ne bar3e-bar3e sIMgoM se jagaha-jagaha tor3a DAlA thaa| vahA~ bhIla vicaraNa kara rahe the| usa gA~va meM mAnabhaTa apane pitA ke sAtha kilA banAkara rahane lagA thA (51.27) / sambhavataH yaha grAma ujjayinI ke rAjA kI sImA se saTA huA sthita rahA hogA, jahA~ mAnabhaTa apanI rakSA karate raha rahA thaa| usa gA~va meM rasika yuvakajanoM kA bhI nivAsa thA, jo madanotsava para dolAkrIDAe~ Adi karate (52, anu0 10-1) / isakI Adhunika pahacAna nahIM ho sakI hai| zAligrAma (56.30)-zAligrAma vArANasI ke pazcima dakSiNa dizAbhAga meM sthita thaa|" yaha grAma dhana-dhAnya se samRddha thA, vahAM ke puruSa kAmadeva 1. A0 ni0, 325. 2. De, jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 138. 3. tIe viyamahANayarIe punvadakkhiNA-bhAe tigAuya-matte ragaNA NAma saNNiveso kuva0 45.17. 4. NahaMgaNAbhou jaisao payaDa-gahavai-sohio tti / - 45.19. 5. tIya ya mahANayarIe vANArasIe pacchima-dakkhiNe dizA-vibhAe sAliggAmaM NAma gAma-56-30.

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77 grAma, vana evaM parvata . sadRza rUpavAna the, vahA~ ke nivAsI madhurabhASI the| unake darzana se AhlAda prApta hotA thaa| sIdhI-sAdI bhASA meM sabhI bAta karate the| tRNamAtra ke upakAra ke lie apanA jIvana dene ke lie loga taiyAra rahate the, pUre gA~va meM sajjanoM kA nivAsa thA (57.1,2) / kintu yahA~ mAyAditya ina saba guNoM se rahita evaM mitradrohI thaa| AvazyakacI meM zAligrAma ko magadha ke samIpa sthita batalAyA gayA hai| piNDaniyukti ke anusAra gobaragrAma ke najadIka zAligrAma sthita thaa| kintu isakI ThIka pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai|' nagaroM kI apekSA kucheka grAmoM kA hI ullekha isa bAta kA paricAyaka hai ki granthakAra kI daSTi, viSayavastu kI mahimA ke kAraNa saMskRti, vyApAra evaM vANijya ke marmasthala nagaroM para hI adhika thii| kathA prasaMgoM meM hI unhoMne ina grAmoM kA varNana kara diyA hai| ina pramukha grAmoM ke atirikta udyotanasUri ne una gAvoM kA bhI citra prastuta kiyA hai, jo kisI jAti vizeSa ke hI nivAsasthAna hote the tathA jinakI apanI alaga saMskRti hotI thii| aise gA~voM ko prAcIna bhaugolika zabdAvali meM 'palli' kahA jAtA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne udAharaNa ke taura para do palliyoM kA apane grantha meM varNana kiyA hai| eka cintAmaNipalli evaM dUsarI mlecchapalli / prathama palli dhArmika evaM mAnavIya sabhI guNoM se yukta vyaktiyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thI, to dUsarI hiMsaka adhArmika evaM asaMskRta mlecchoM kI bastI / grantha ke AdhAra para inakA vizeSa varNana isa prakAra hai : cintAmaNipallI (139.3)-kUmAra kuvalayacandra bhillapati ke sAtha sahyaparvata kI guphA meM sthita mahApalli meM gyaa|2 usameM kahIM manohara cAmarI gAya kI pUMcha ke bAloM se ghara evaM kuTiyoM ke chajje bane hue the, kahIM mora ke saghana paMkhoM dvArA grISmaRtu yogya maMDapa zobhita ho rahe the, kahIM hAthI ke dA~ta kI vallI lagAyI gayI thI, kahIM muktA evaM puSpoM ke cauka pUre gaye the tathA kahIM candanavRkSa kI zAkhAoM meM jhUle par3e hue the, jina para lalanAe~ gIta gAkara jhala rahI thiiN| usa palli meM bhillapati kA dhavalagRha atyanta manorama thA (139. 16) / usake abhyantara bhAga meM devagRha nirmita thA (139.5) evaM bhojana maMDapa kI vyavasthA thI (139.11) / isa mahApalli kA nAma cintAmaNipallI thA (139.3) / isakI Adhunika pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai| oTo sTeina ne palli kA vizeSa adhyayana kiyA hai| 1. ja0-lA0 ke0, pR0 329 2. gao sajjhagiri-sihara-kuhara-vivara-lINaM mahApalliM-138.11. kahiMci cArucamarI-piMcha-panbhArotthaiyaghara-kuDIrayA-gIyamaNahara, pR0 138 11,13. 4. jInisTika sTaDIja, pR0 19.

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78 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mlecchapalli (112.5)-kuvalayacandra ne vindhyaparvata kI guphA meM mlecchapalli ko dekhA / ' usa palli meM turanta pakar3e gaye kaidI rone kI karuNa AvAja kara rahe the, usa karuNa AvAja ko sunakara vahA~ kI striyA~ dravita ho rahI thIM tathA 'chor3o', 'chor3o' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahI thIM-(juvaIjaNa-maNa-saMkhohamukka-kiki-ti nnisuy-pddisddaa-(112.7)| unake zabdoM ko sunakara gausamUha raMbhAne lagA thA (112.6, 8) / kumAra ne dekhA ki usa palli meM ujjvala cA~dI ke Dhera sadaza vanahastiyoM ke dA~toM kA Dhera lagA thA, aMjana ke parvata sadRza jaMgalI bhaisoM aura gavaloM (ke camar3oM kA) Dhera lagA thA, ghAsa kI taraha camarI gAyoM ke bAla bikhare par3e the, morapiccha se bane maMDapoM meM muktAphala se cauka pUre gaye the tathA mahiSa, baila, gAya evaM jaMgalI jAnavaroM ko mArane ke kAraNa vahA~ kI bhUmi rakta raMjita ho rahI thI (112.13) / usa mahApalli meM mahAmuni sadRza dhanuSa (dharma) ke vyApAra meM hI yuvaka jana tallIna the, dUsare nArAyaNa sadRza kevala surApAna meM vyasta the, kucha trinayana sadaza kevala vANoM dvArA agni meM tripura nagara ko naSTa kara rahe the| kucha siMha sadRza madonmatta mahAvanagajendra ke kuMbhasthala se muktA nikAla rahe the tathA kucha bAgha sadRza bhaisoM para prahAra karane meM hI tallIna the (112.14, 16) / upta palli meM hAthapAMva kATanA sAga-sabjI kATane sadRza thA, ghAva karanA haMsI khela thA, sUlI para car3hAnA siMhAsana para baiThAnA jaise thA, hAthI ke paira se kucalanA aMga maror3ane jaisA thA, parvata para se girAnA A~kha jhapakAne jaisA thA, kAna, nAka, hoMTha kATanA mAMsa kATane ke samAna thA, kisI ko pAnI meM pheMka denA jalakrIr3A sadRza thA tathA agni meM praveza karanA sItA apaharaNa ke samAna mAnA jAtA thA (112.16, 19) / usa palli ke nivAsI jo bhI galata kArya karate the use pApakarma ke kAraNa sukha kA nimitta mAnate the| una duSTa kirAtoM ko brAhmaNoM ko mAranA jaise ghuTI meM pilAyA gayA thA, gAyoM ko mAranA mukti-zruti jaisA thA, paradArA kA sevana utsava sadRza thA, surApAna karanA yajJa karane jaisA thA, unake lie cora vijJAna oMkAra sadaza thA, bahina kI gAlI denA gAyatrI jApa karane jaisA thA, tathA 'mAtA ! bahina ! tumhAre pati ko mArakara khUna pI jAU~gA', isa prakAra kA vacana unako zapatha dene jaisA thA (112.21-24) / isa prakAra usa mlecchapalli meM 'mAro-mAro, lUTo, bAMdhoM' Adi ke zabda hI ho rahe the| aisI palli ko dekhate hue kumAra vindhyaparvata ke jaMgala meM praveza kara gayA (112-26) / isa prakAra kI mlecchapalli ko Adhunika pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai| kintu isakA astitva vindhyaparvata ke pAsa rahA hogaa| 1. viMjha-siharANaM kuharaMtarAlesu kerisAo puNa meccha-pallIo diThThAo kumAreNaM 112.5.

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grAma, vana evaM parvata / vana evaM parvata kosaMbavana (223.12)-kAkandI nagarI ke samIpa eka yojana dUrI pramANa vAlA kosaMba nAma kA vana thaa|' usameM aneka mRga, sAMmara, barAha, zaza Adi ke samUha rahate the (223.13) / isa bana kI nizcita pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai| sambhava hai, prayAga ke samIpa sthita kozAmbI nagarI ke Asa-pAsa hI kosaMba vana rahA ho| trikUTazaila (31.30)-kozAmbInagarI trikUTazaila ke Upara sthita laMkAnagarI jaisI thI (31.30) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki trikUTazaila laMkA meM sthita thaa| mahAbhArata ke anusAra isakI sthiti laMkA meM hI batalAyI gayI hai| kintu kAlidAsa ne ise aparAnta meM sthita mAnA hai| tridazagirivara (71.15)-pizAca tridazagirivara kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM ki jahA~ devAMganAe~ icchApUrvaka vicaraNa karatI huIM priyagotra ke kIrtana dvArA ullasita tathA romAMcita aMgavAlI hone para zvedabindu girAtI haiM tathA jisakA tala pradeza svarNa kA banA hai vaha tridazagirivara parvatoM kA rAjA tathA ramaNIya hai (71) / nandanavana (43.15, 178.26), paMDakavana evaM bhadrazAlavana (43.13)kA ullekha svargaloka ke varNana ke prasaMga meM huA hai| vahAM se cyuta honevAle deva ramyakaparvata (03.17), vakSAra mahAgiri (43,16) tathA himavaMta parvatoM evaM vanoM ke sukhoM ko smaraNa karate haiN| jaina sAhitya meM ina vanoM va parvatoM kA aneka bAra ullekha huA hai| malayaparvata (8.3, 45.18)-vinItA kA vipaNimArga vividha auSadhiyoM aura bahuta prakAra ke candanoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa malayavana kI zobhA ko dhAraNa kara rahA thaa| tathA ragaNA-sanniveza malayaparvata kI bhAMti lambI zAkhAoM vAle per3oM se yukta thA (45.18) / yaha malayaparvata dakSiNa bhArata ke antargata tallamale annamala aura elAmala kI pahAr3iyoM ke lie prayukta jAna par3atA hai| DA0 sarakAra ne malayaparvata kI pahacAna 'TrAvanakora' kI pahAr3iyoM se kI hai| muralAraNa (124.22)-rAjA bhagu kI kathA ke prasaMga meM isa vana kA ullekha huA hai| yahAM ke mRgachaunoM kI AMkheM atyanta sundara hotI haiN| 1. atthi io joyaNappamANabhUmi-bhAe kosaMbaM NAma varNa, 223.12. 2. ja0-lo0 kai0, pR0 300. 3. ma0 bhA0, vanaparva 277.54. raghuvaMza, 4.58 5. aNNA malaya-vaNa-rAIo iva saMNihiya-viviha osahIo-bahucaMdaNAo ya kuva08.3. 6. De-jyo0 Dikza0, pR071.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana navasAhasAMkacarita (10.14-20) meM murala logoM kA tathA aparAnta dezoM kI sUcI meM murala nadI evaM murala logoM kA ullekha hai| uttararAmacarita (tRtIya aMka) meM bhI murala nadI kA ullekha hai| ataH kuva0 kA yaha vana saMbhavataH isI murala nadI ke taTa para sthita rahA hogaa|' ___ meruparvata (178.29) jaise parvatoM meM meruparvata zreSTha hai vaise hI saba dharmoM meM jainadharma zreSTha hai (178.29) / jaina sAhitya meM meruparvata kA vistRta varNana milatA hai| meru kI pahacAna vartamAna meM 'pAmIra' se kI gayI hai| rohaNaparvata (161.20) -udyotanasUri ne rohaNaparvata kA tIna bAra ullekha kiyA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha parvata pAtAla meM sthita thA aura svarNanirmita thaa| ise khodakara loga dhana prApta karane kI abhilASA rakhate the (234.30) / isa parvata kI vAstavika pahacAna karanA kaThina hai| yadyapi prAcIca granthoM meM isake aneka ullekha milate haiN| DA0 sAMDesarA ne ise sIlona meM sthita mAnA hai, jisakA nAma 'Adamsapika' hai| paumacariyaM meM lavaNasAgara ke samIpa anya dvIpoM ke sAtha rohaNadvIpa kI bhI sthiti mAnI gaI hai|" rohaNaparvata ko rohaNadvIpa bhI kahA gayA hai| ataH sambhava hai, yaha varvata kisI samudra ke kinAre rahA ho| kuvalayamAlA meM varNita do vaNikaputra jahAja bhagna ho jAne se rohaNadvIpa meM jA lagate haiM (162.16) / vindhyagirivara (99.14)-kozala ke samIpa vindhyanAma kA mahIdhara thaa| usake kuhara meM vindhyavAsa nAma kA sanniveza thA (69.14) / kuvalayacandra ne narmadA nadI pAra kara mahAaTavI meM praveza kiyA ( 21.33) / aura Age calakara vindhyaparvata ke vRkSoM ke samIpa eka kuTiyA dekhI (122.1) / vijayapurI se lauTane para sahyaparvata ke vAda vindhyaparvata ke pradeza meM kuvalayacandra kA skandhAvAra lagA thA (195.1) / isa parvata kI kaMdarA meM dhAtuvAdI apanI kriyAe~ karate the (165.6) / nAyAdhammakahA se jJAta hotA hai ki vindhyaparvata gaMgA ke dakSiNI kinAre para sthita thA tathA hAthiyoM ke lie prasiddha thaa| vartamAna meM mirjApura ke samIpa eka pahAr3I para vindhyavAsinI kA maMdira sthita hai| Adhunika vindhya apanI prAcInatA kA pratIka hai|' 1. sa0-sTa0 jyo0, pR0 32 noTas 2. jA0-kula0 ka0 sTa0, pR0 132. 2. purANam, janavarI 1964, pR0 224. 3. jA pAyAlaMpatto khaNAmi tA rohaNaM ceya-kuva0 104-18. 4. rohaNAcala e silonamAM Adamsapikane nAme olakhAtA parvatarnu nAma che, tyAre malayAcala dakSiNahiMdanA parvatanu nAma che / - varNakasamuccaya--bhAga 1, pRSTha 86. 5. vi0 -50 ca0, 6-32. 6. ja0-lA0 ke0, pR0 356. 7. De-jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 37. 8. a0-prA0 bhau0 sva0, pR0 21.

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grAma, vana evaM parvata 81 vaitADhyaparvata (7.5, 64.27 Adi ) - kuva0 meM vaitADhyaparvata kA chaha bAra ullekha huA hai / ' kintu kAmagajendra kI kathA meM isakA vistRta varNana hai / aruNAbhapura yA ujjayinI ke uttaradizAbhAga meM ratna-nirmita, svarNa dhAturasa bahAne vAlA, pIta pradeza se yukta, vidyAdhara mithunoM se sundara, vajranIla marakata Adi se suzobhita kaTaka vAlA, siddha bhavanoM ke Upara dhvajAoM se yukta tathA aneka prakAra kI prajvalaMta auSadhiyoM vAlA vaitADhya nAmaka parvata hai | vaitADhya parvata kA jambUdvIpa-paNNatti meM vizeSa varNana huA hai / usase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha parvata bhAratavarSa ko dakSiNabhArata aura uttarabhArata meM vibhakta karatA thA / isalie ise veyaDDha kahA gayA hai / yaha isakA guNaniSpanna nAma hai / isa parvata kA loka- pracalita nAma kyA thA, isakI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai / vartamAna meM veyaDDha nAma kA koI parvata nahIM hai / munizrI nathamala ne apane eka nibandha meM isakI Adhunika pahacAna karate hue kahA hai ki veyaDDha kA pUrvottara aMcala arAkAna parvatamAlA aura pazcimottara aMcala hindukuza parvata zreNI hai / yahI 'veyaDDha' parvata bRhattara bhArata kI vibhAjana rekhA hai / zatruMjaya (124.18 ) - eka vidyAdhara kI yAtrA ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha vaiDDha se sammeda zikhara gayA / vahA~ se zatruMjaya aura zatruMjaya se vindhyaparvata hotA huA narmadAnadI ke kinAre pahu~cA / ( 124.18, 19) / zatruMjaya parvata prAcIna samaya se hI tIrtha-sthAna mAnA jAtA rahA hai / gautama gaNadhara ne evaM aneka muniyoM ne isa parvata se mokSa kI prApti kI thI / isako prathama tIrtha kahA gayA hai / " vartamAna meM zatruraMjaya parvata sUrata se uttara-pazcima meM 70 mIla kI dUrI para tathA bhAvanagara se 34 mIla dUra kAThiyAvAr3a meM sthita hai / saMbalIvana (176.28) - jhUTha bolanevAlA tathA kapaTa karanevAlA ghora naraka sadRza saMbalIvana meM jAtA hai (176.28) / isakI pahacAna nahIM kI jA sakI hai / sambhavataH saMbalIvana dhArmika mAnyatA ke rUpa meM hI pracalita rahA ho / sammedala (124.18, 216.6 ) - dRDhavarman sAdhu banane ke vAda sammeda - zikhara para bandanA ke lie cale gye| vahIM unheM kevalajJAna prApta huA (216.6) / sammeda zikhara jainadharma kA prAcIna tIrtha hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhanAtha, vAsupUjya, neminAtha evaM mahAvIra ke atirikta sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI 1. kuva0 7.5, 64.27, 107.25, 124.18, 235.3, 238.20. 2. atthi io - veDho NAma pavvaya- varo - 235.1, 3. 3. veyaDDha parvata - jaina darzana aura saMskRti pariSad patrikA, 1966 kalakattA, pR0 97. ja0 - jai0 kai0, pR0 333. 4. 5. 6. tri0 za0ca0, pR0 354 Adi / De - jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 182.

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82 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mukti isI parvata para se huI thii| vartamAna meM isakI pahacAna bihAra meM hajArIbAga jile kI pArzvanAtha pahAr3I se kI jAtI hai, jahA~ bhavya jaina mandira nirmita hai| sArzala (134.25, 184.25)-kuvalayacandra ko ayodhyA se vijayapurI jAne evaM vahA~ se lauTane para bIca meM sahyaparvata milA thA, jo vindhyagiri se lagA huA thaa| vaha vindhyapurI se kAMcIpurI jAne ke mArga meM par3atA thA (135.5) / Avazyakaniyukti (6.25) meM bhI isakA ullekha huA hai / bhArata kI sAta parvata zreNiyoM meM se sahya eka parvata zreNI hai| vartamAna meM yaha sahyAdri ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / kAverI nadI ke pazcimIghATa ke uttarIya bhAga meM yaha sthita hai|' pAsa hI kRSNavarNA nadI bahatI hai|' himavaMta (43.18, 16)-himavaMta kA varNana karate hue udyotanasUri ne kahA hai ki svatantrarUpa se vicaraNa karanevAle mahAdeva ke vAhana nandI kI AvAja sunakara gaurI ke vAhana siMha dvArA krodhita hokara pAda prahAra se zilAkhaNDa jahA~ tor3a diye jAte haiM vaha zvetazikhara vAlA himavaMta sabase ramaNIya vastu hai-(43.18, 16) / devatAtmA himAlaya kA atyanta ramaNIka varNana kAlidAsa ne kumAra-saMbhava meM kiyA hai aura use ziva-pArvatI kA nivAsasthala batAyA hai / usakI dhavalatA ke liye meghadUta kI unakI upamA atyanta prasiddha hai-rAzIbhUtaH pratidinamiva tryambakasyATTahAsaH / jaina-bauddha sAhitya meM isakA paryApta ullekha huA hai| pAlisAhitya meM himavaMta ko parvatarAja kahA gayA hai / ise pA~ca sau nadiyoM kA udgamasthAna mAnA gayA hai| vartamAna bhArata ke uttara meM sthita himAlaya parvata hI prAcIna sAhitya meM himavaMta nAma se ullikhita huA hai| udyotanasUri ne ise himagiri bhI kahA hai, jo apanI dhavalatA ke liye prasiddha thaa| aTavI evaM nadiyA~ uparyukta vana evaM parvatoM ke atirikta uddyotana ne kuva0 meM devATavI evaM vindhyATavI kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| inake sambandha meM vizeSa vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : devATavI (123.3)-revA nadI ke dakSiNa kinAre para devATavI nAma kI mahATavI hai / vaha aneka vRkSoM se yukta, aneka zRgAloM se sevita hone ke kAraNa bhISaNa tathA aneka parvatoM se zobhita hai (124.4) / 1. De-jyo0 Dikza0, pR0 176. 2. vahI, pR0 171. 3. kA0 mI0, 84.26, 27 tathA 85.1, 2. . 4. milindapanha, pR0 111. 5. himagiri vva dhavalaM taM-kuva0 138.19 6. tIe dakkhiNakUle deyADaI NAma mahADaI-123.3

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83 grAma, vana evaM parvata yaha devaaTavI bharukaccha nagara ke Asa-pAsa rahI hogI kyoMki isa aTavI kA pallIpati vahA~ ke rAjakIra ko lekara bhRgukaccha ke rAjA ko bheMTa dene gayA thA (123.16) / mahAbhArata meM devasama nAmaka parvata kA ullekha hai, jo dakSiNa meM sthita thaa|' sambhava hai devaaTavI aura devasamaparvata meM koI sambandha rahA ho| mahAvindhyATavI (27.29)-kuvalayacandra azvadvArA ur3A liye jAne para jaba muni ke AdezAnusAra dakSiNa dizA kI ora calA to aneka parvata, vRkSa, vallI, latA, gulma Adi se yukta mahAvindhyATavI meM pahu~ca gayA / 2 vaha aTavI pANDava sainya sadRza arjuna nAma ke ati bhayaMkara vRkSoM se alaMkRta thI (arjuna aura bhoma jaise yoddhAoM se yukta thI), raNabhUmi sadRza saikar3oM sarovara evaM pakSI-samUha se yukta thI (bANa evaM talavAroM se yukta), nizAcarI sadRza zRgAloM ke bhayaMkara zabdoMvAlI evaM kAle kodava-sI malina thI (bhayaMkara azubha zabdavAlI evaM meghana sadaza kAle aMga vAlI), lakSmI sadRza aneka hAthiyoM se yukta thI jo,divya padmoM kA bhojana karate the (mahAgajendra yukta evaM kamalAsana para sthita), jinezvara kI AjJA sadaza mahAvatoM ke saMcAra evaM saikar3oM zRgAloM se sevita thI (mahAvratoM ke sevana meM kaThinAI hone para bhI saikar3oM zrAvakoM dvArA sevita), mahArAjA ke AsthAnamaMDapasadaza aneka rAjazukoM se yukta tathA sapATa maidAna vAlI thI (rAjaputroM tathA sAmantoM se yukta), mahAnagarI sadRza U~ce zAla vRkSoM se zobhita evaM sAkAra parvatoM dvArA dulaMdhya thI (U~ce kiloM ke alaMkRta sarpAkAra zikharoM se durladhya), mahAzmazAnabhUmi sadRza saikar3oM mRgoM se yukta evaM bhayaMkara agni jalAnevAlI thI (saikar3oM mRta dehoM se yukta evaM ghora agnivAlI), tathA laMkApurI sadRza parvatoM ke samUhoM se yukta evaM zAla tathA palAza vRkSoM se yukta thI (vandaroM kI TolI dvArA bhagna kiloMvAlI evaM mAMsa se vyaapt)| usa mahATavI meM mahAhastiyoM dvArA gharSita caMdana ke vanoM se sugandha baha rahI thI, kahIM bAgha dvArA bhaiMsoM kA zikAra karane se lAla bhUmi vAlI thI, kahIM parAkramI siMhoM dvArA hAthiyoM ke mastakoM ke vidAraNa se muktAphala phaila rahe the, kahIM varAha kI dAr3ha ke abhighAta se bhaiMsA ghAyala ho rahe the, kahIM bhaisoM ke lar3ane kA zabda nikala rahA thA, kahIM bhIloM kI striyA~ gaMjAphala ekatra kara rahI thIM, kahIM bAMsa ke vana meM Aga laga jAne se muktAphala ujjvala ho rahe the, kahIM bhayaMkara zora ho rahA thA, kahIM zuSka cIra-vRkSoM kA zabda ho rahA thA, (kaThora tApasiyoM ke mantroccAraNa ho rahe the), kahIM mora nAca rahe the, kahIM bhaure gUMja rahe the, kahIM zukoM kA zabda ho rahA thA, kahIM cAmarImRgoM kI zobhA thI, kahIM vana ke azvoM kA zabda ho rahA thA, kahIM bhIloM ke vacce zikAra 1. ma0 bhA0-vanaparva, 88.17 2. jAva pecchai aNeya giri-pAyava-vallI-layA-guvila-gumma dUsaMcAraM mahAvijhADavi ti-27.29.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kara rahe the tathA kahIM kinnara gItoM ke madhura zabdoM se eka sthAna para aneka pazu ekatra ho rahe the, ityaadi| uddyotanasUri dvArA prastuta vindhyATavI kA uparyukta varNana kAdambarI meM bANa dvArA prastuta varNana se bhI vistRta hai| donoM varNanoM meM kahIM-kahIM samAnatA bhI hai| jaise udyotana ne use raNabhUmi sadRza kahA hai (27.30), bANa ne 'kvacitsamarabhUmiriva zarazatanicitAH' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| bANa ne jahA~ 'kvacidazamukhanagarIva cahulavAnaravandabhajyamAnatuMgazAlAkulA' samAsa kA prayoga kiyA hai, vahA~ udyotanasUri ne 'laMkAuri-jaisiyA, pavayavandra-majjaMtamahAsAlapalAsasaMkula vva' kahakara aTavI kI tulanA kI hai (28.1) Adi / vindhyATavI kA prAcIna sAhitya meM aneka vAra ullekha huA hai / mahAbhArata meM ise vindhyavana kahA gayA hai|' bauddhasAhitya meM vindhyATavI yA vindhyAraNya kA paryApta ullekha hai| vindhyaparvata kI tarAI meM isa aTavI kA astitva honA caahie| kuva0 meM gaMgAdvAra (48.24), gaMgAsaMgama (55.21), gaMgAnadI (63.25), suranadI (71.25), narmadA (120.32, 124.16), revA (121.17, 123.3), candrabhAgA (282.5), sItA-sItodA (43.13) tathA sindhu (7-6) Adi nadiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| inameM narmadA evaM gaMgA nadI kA kathA ke pAtroM dvArA aneka bAra. bhramaNa kiyA gayA hai| kuva0 meM varNita bhUgola ko samajhane meM narmadA aura gaMgA nadiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhArata kI ye prasiddha nadiyA~ haiN| ataH inake viSaya meM jAnakArI dene kI punarAvRtti nahIM kI gayI hai| 1. ma0 mA0 AdivarSa, 208, 7, sabhAparva 10-31, vanaparva 104-6. 2. mahAvaMza, (hindI), 19-6; dIpavaMza, pR0 655 tathA u0-bu0 bhU0, pR0 163.

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pariccheda cAra bRhattara bhArata uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kucha aise dezoM kA bhI nAmollekha kiyA hai, jo bhAratavarSa kI sImA se bAhara the| bhAratIya vyApArI una dezoM kI yAtrA kiyA karate the| bAharI dezoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vistAra kI lambI kahAnI hai| parantu 7vIM zatAbdI meM anya dezoM ke sAtha Arthika evaM sAMskRtika sambandha bar3ha jAne ke kAraNa anya dezoM ke sAtha bhArata kA sambandha ghaniSTha hone lagA thaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke prabhAva ke kAraNa bhArata ke aneka par3osI dezoM ko vidvAnoM ne 'bRhattara bhArata' nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai|' isa sandarbha meM kuvalayamAlAkahA meM bRhattarabhArata ke nimnokta dezoM va sthAnoM kA ullekha huA hai : uttarakuru (240.22)-kAmagajendra ne aparavideha meM jAkara vahA~ ke bar3e-bar3e manuSyoM, pazuoM evaM vastuoM ko dekhakara socA ki vahIM vaha uttarakuru meM to nahIM pA gayA hai--'NANuttara-kuravo' (240.22)? jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para uttarakuru meM bhogabhUmi mAnI jAtI hai, jahA~ ke manuSyoM kA jIvana nizcinta aura sukhamaya hotA hai / 2 mahAbhArata ke anusAra uttarakuru kI sthiti sumeru se uttara aura nIlaparvata ke dakSiNapArzva meM thii| dipurANa aura harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra uttarakUru yArakanda yA jarafazA nadI ke taTa para honA caahie| rAjataraMgiNI meM ise strIrAjya ke bAda sthita batalAyA hai| 1. candragupta vedAlaMkAra-'bRhattarabhArata'; velsa-'dI mekiMga Apha greTara innddiyaa| 2. u0-bu0 bhU0, pR0 67. 3. zA0-A0 bhA0, pR0 43. 4. ka0-rAja0, 4-175.

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kuMvalaMyamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___ Adhunika vidvAnoM meM se TAlemi ne uttarakorha (Ottarokorrha) nAmaka janapada kA ullekha kiyA hai, jise ve serikA (cIna) kA kiyadaMza mAnate haiN|' jimara ne kAzmIra ko uttarakuru kahA hai| DA0 jAyasavAla sAiberiyA se uttarakuru kA milAna karate haiN| zrI lAsena ke anusAra yaha janapada tibbata meM brahmaputra nadI ke taTa para honA caahie| isa prakAra uttarakuru kevala paramparAgata sthAna na hokara bRhattarabhArata kA eka pramukha janapada thA, jo kahIM bhArata ke uttara meM sthita thA aura jisakI sAMskRtika sthiti samRddha thii| kuDaMgadvIpa (88.32, 89.1,9)-kuDaMgadvIpa kA ullekha alpasukha ke draSTAnta ko samajhAne ke prasaMga meM huA hai| kuDaMgadvIpa kA varNana uddyotana ne kaSTaprada dvIpa ke rUpa meM kiyA hai, usa dvIpa meM akhAdyaphala, kar3aA anna, tIkSNa kA~Te tathA pattoM vAle saikar3oM vRkSa the| vahA~ siMha, vyAghra, rIcha, dIpita, zRgAla Adi aneka jaMgalI pazu aura pakSiyoM kA nivAsa thaa| gandagI aura kIcar3a se vaha yukta thaa| vahA~ gIdar3oM kI bhayaMkara AvAja hotI rahatI thii| isa prakAra vaha seMkar3oM doSa aura duHkhoM se paripUrNa kuDaMgadvIpa thA (89.1,2) / isakI pahacAna karanA muzkila hai| kuMDaga kA artha koza meM anna kA chilakA yA bhUsA kiyA gayA hai, jo isa nAma ke dvIpa kI mahattvahInatA ko prakaTa karatA hai| DA0 buddhaprakAza ke anusAra kuDaMga tamila yA iNDoneziyana zabda hai tathA kuDaMga nAma kA rAjA boniyoM ke rAjya kA sthApaka mAnA jAtA hai, jo vahA~ bhAratIya zAsaka ke prathama praveza kA dyotaka hai| isa kuDaMga kI Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra ne kambuja ke prathama rAjA kauDilya se pahacAna kI hai| ina saMdarbho se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sambhava hai, dakSiNa pUrva eziyA meM boniyoM ke Asa-pAsa kuDaMga nAma kA koI dvIpa rahA ho, jahA~ bhAratIya vyApArI Ate-jAte rahe hoN| bhArata kI bhaugolika sthiti evaM khAna-pAna kI apekSA ho sakatA hai, kuDaMgadvIpa kA jIvana yahA~ ke vyApAriyoM ke anukUla na rahA ho, isIlie uddyotanasUri ne use duHkhapUrNa dvIpa kahA hai| ___DA0 motIcandra ne sulemAna kI sIrApha se kenTana taka kI jahAja-yAtrA kA jo vivaraNa diyA hai usameM kuDaMga nAmaka bandaragAha kA bhI ullekha hai| 1. rejena-TolemI jyogrAphI, bhAga 6, 16 ; (hindI vizvakoza, tRtIya bhAga, pR0 208) / 2. vaidika iNDeksa, jilda pahalI, pR0 84. 3. iMDiyana iMTikverI, jilda 62, pR0 170 4. DikzanarI Apha pAli prApara nemsa, jilda prathama, pR0 356. 5. pAiyasaddamahaNNavo-kuDaMga zabda / & Kudunga is Tamil or Indonesian word and shows that the ruling house of Borneo was of indigenous origin. -B. LAW. P.96-97. 7. B. AIHC. P. 6.

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bRhattara bhArata sIrApha se jahAja jaba tiyomA ke TApU meM pahu~ca kara prasthAna karatA thA to use Age calakara kudraMga meM rukanA par3atA thA, kuDaMga se campA, campA se sundUra-phalAta aura anta meM sundUraphUlAta se pote-va-lA cIna kI khAr3I se khAnapha yA kainTana jahAja pahu~catA thaa| isa yAtrA meM pAMca mahIne lagate the / DA0 sA0 ne kuMdraMga ko sAMjAka kI khAr3I meM segA~va nadI ke muhAne para sthita mAnA hai|' sambhava hai, isa kuMdraMga evaM kuvalayamAlA ke kuDaMga meM koI samAnatA rahI ho| malayaprAyadvIpa (siMgApura) ke jalaDamarumadhya meM kuMDUradvIpa (kundurdvip) nAma kA eka dvIpa hai| kuva0 ke yAtrA varNana se isakA nikaTa sambandha hai| ata: ise kuDuMgadvIpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| khasa (153.12)-dakSiNa bhArata meM sthita vijayapurI kI vyApArika maNDI meM anya dezoM ke vyApAriyoM ke sAtha khasa, pArasa aura bavvara bhI upasthita the, jo apane dezoM se yahA~ vyApAra karane Aye hoNgeN| uddyotanasUri ne anArya jAti ke antargata khasa jAti kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jisakA paricaya sAmAjika sthiti vAle adhyAya meM diyA jaayegaa| khasa pradeza kI pahicAna vidvAnoM ne vibhinna sthAnoM se kI hai| sAmAnyatayA seNTrala eziyA meM daradisthAna aura cIna kI sImAoM ke bIca ke pradeza ko khasa kahA jAtA hai| DA0 buddhaprakAza ne khasa jAti evaM unake nivAsasthAna para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai|' candradvIpa (106.16)-sAgaradatta dakSiNa bhArata meM sthita jayazrI nAma / kI mahAnagarI se paratIra ke vyApAra ke lie claa| usakA jahAja nadImukha se samudra meM praviSTa huA-Dhoino gai-muhammi paDio samudde (105.33) / tathA kucha samaya bAda vaha yavanadvIpa phuNcaa| yavanadvIpa meM vyApAra karane ke bAda jaba vaha vApasa lauTane lagA to samudra meM tUphAna A gayA, jisase usakA jahAja naSTa ho gyaa| vaha kisI prakAra samudrI jIvoM se apanI rakSA karatA huA pAMca dina-rAtri meM candradvIpa nAma ke dvIpa meM jA lgaa| candradvIpa meM bhUkha se vyAkula ho jaba vaha ghUma rahA thA to usane dekhA ki usa dvIpa meM bakula, elA kA sundara vana hai, nirmala karpUra phailA huA hai, dvIpa kI zobhA nandanavana para ha~sa rahI hai, kinnara gA rahe haiM, bhramara evaM pakSiyoM ke samudAya guMjana kara raheM haiM tathA vahA~ ke vRkSoM kI chAyA itanI saghana hai ki sUrya kI kiraNeM bhUmi para nahIM pahu~ca pAtI hai (106.22,23) / sAgaradatta ne usa dvIpa meM nAraMgI, phaNasa, mAtulaMga Adi phala khAkara bhUkha miTAI tathA candana, elA evaM lavaMga ke latAgRha meM vizrAma karane ke lie cala par3A (106.24-25) / isa candradvIpa para dakSiNa-samudra ke kinAre 1. mo0-sA0 pR0 204-205 2. aNNaiya pulaei khasa-pArasa-babvarAdIe-kuva0 153.12. 3. buddhaprakAza-po0 so0 paM0, pR0 209. 4. paMcahiM ahorattehiM caMdaddIvaM NAma dIvaM tattha laggo-ku0 106.16.

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88 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana para sthita zrItuMgA ( jayatu raMgA) nagarI kI vaNik kanyA kA apaharaNa kara eka vidyAdhara bhI usase ramaNa karane ke lie ekAnta pradeza samajhakara utarA thAettha umahi- dIvaMtare Nippairikke samAgao (107-32) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki candradvIpa yavanadvIpa aura dakSiNa samudra ke bIca meM kahIM par3atA hogA / 'kolajJAnanirNaya' nAmaka grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki nAthasampradAya ke matsyendra nAtha ne apane mata kA pracAra candradvIpa meM raha kara kAmarUpa meM kiyA thaa| pI0sI0 bAgacI ne isa candradvIpa kI pahacAna baMgAla ke DelTA pradeza meM sthita sUryadvIpa ( Sundvip ) se kI hai / " DI0 sI0 sarakAra ne govindracandra ke abhilekhoM AdhAra para candradvIpa aura baMgAla deza meM samAnatA pragaTa kI hai| Adhunika bakaragaMja jilA kA kucha bhAga, jo bAkala :- candradvIpa kahalAtA hai, prAcIna candradvIpa kA dyotaka hai / 2 baMgAladeza meM candradvIpa kI sthiti mAnane para ho sakatA hai, udyotanasUri ne jisa saghanavana kA varNana kiyA hai vaha baMgAla ke pAsa kA sundaravana ho / yahA~ yavanadvIpa kA artha yavana pradeza nahIM hai / kyoMki pUrva deza meM sthita isa candradvIpa aura pazcima meM sthita yavana pradeza meM koI sambandha nahIM banatA / ataH kuva0 kA yaha yavanadvIpa 'jAvA' ke lie prayukta huA hai, jisake rAste meM baMgAla kA candradvIpa par3a sakatA hai aura usake lie dakSiNa bhArata ke samudra se yAtrA bhI prArambha kI jA sakatI hai / cIna - mahAcIna ( 66. 2 ) - sopArasa kA koI vyApArI bhaise evaM gavala lekara cIna tathA mahAcIna gayA thA / vahA~ se gaMgApaTI tathA netrapaTa nAmaka vastra lAyA, jisase use bahuta lAbha huA / " gaMgApaTI evaM netrapaTa ke sambandha meM Age jAnakArI dI gaI hai| cIna evaM mahAcIna kA paricaya isa prakAra hai : - ukta saMdarbha se jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavataH vyApArI bhaiMse lekara cIna gayA aura vahA~ se gaMgApaTI lAyA tathA gavala lekara mahAcIna gayA aura vahA~ se netrapaTa lAyA / isa prakAra cIna aura mahAcIna do dezoM ke lie prayukta pada hai / prAyaH cIna - mahAcIna ko eka samajha liyA jAtA hai, kintu ina donoM zabdoM kA itihAsa inheM do dezoM ke lie prayukta batalAtA hai / tibbata ke sImAvartI jo pahAr3I rAjya the unheM sIna ( shina ) kahA jAtA thA / bhAratIya 1. bA0 - kau0 ni0 iNTroDakzana, pR0 31 32. 2. sa0 - sTa0 jyo0, pR0 125. 3. bhAratakaumudI, bhAga 1 meM bAgacI kA nibandha draSTavya / 4. draSTavya - lekhaka kA kutra0 meM ullikhita kuDaMga, candra evaM tAradvIpa nAmaka lekha - zramaNa, 1972. 5. ahaM cINa - mahocINesu gao mahisa gavale ghettUNa, tattha gaMgAvaDio NettapaTTAiyaM ghettUNa laddhalAbho Nitto -- 66-2.

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bRhattara bhArata sAhitya meM unheM cIna kahakara ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' tathA Adhunika cIna ko jisameM maMgola pradeza bhI sammilita thA, mahAcIna kahA jAtA thaa| tantravidyA ke granthoM meM mahAcIna zabda kA bahuta ullekha huA hai / 2 prasiddha cAra jAtiyoM meM se joga (Gog) evaM mAjoga (Magog) ke uccAraNa bhI madhyakAla meM kramazaH cIna aura mAcIna ke rUpa meM pUrvI eziyA meM prasiddha hue| sambhava hai, inhIM zabdoM ke kAraNa cIna aura mahAcIna zabda usa pradeza vizeSa ke lie bhI prayukta hote rahe hoM, jahA~ ina jAtiyoM kI pramukhatA thii| jambUdvIpa (64.27, 241.31)-kuva0 meM jambUdvIpa kA ullekha jainaparamparA ke anusAra huA hai| isa loka meM jambUdvIpa ke bhAratavarSa ke vaitADhayaparvata kI dakSiNa-zreNI meM uttarApatha nAma kA patha hai-ityaadi| uddyotanasUri ne bhAratavarSa zabda kA prayoga vartamAna bhArata ke lie kiyA hai, jisakA vibhAjana vaitADhayaparvata ke dvArA hotA thaa| jambUdvIpa zabda kA prayoga kramazaH bhAratavarSa ke atirikta anya dezoM ke lie bhI prayukta hone lagA thaa| bauddhasAhitya meM yadyapi jambUdvIpa ko prAyaH bhAratavarSa kA paryAya mAnA gayA hai| kintu bhAratIya bhUgola-zAstriyoM ke jJAna kI vRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha jambUdvIpa kA bhI vistAra hotA rahA hai| bhAratIya grathoM meM" jambUdvIpa ke antargata jina anya dezoM kA ullekha huA hai, usakI pahacAna eziyA ke vibhinna dezoM se DA0 buddhaprakAza ne kI hai| yathA uttarakuru kI pahacAna cInI turakastAna ke tarimavasina rAjya se, harivarSa kI pahacAna azvoM ke lie prasiddha sughada (Sughd) se, ilAvRtavarSa kI pahacAna ilI nadI ke kSetra se, bhadrAzvavarSa kI sItAnadI (jakArtA) ke maidAna se, ketumAlA kI vakSu nadI ke pradeza se, kiMpuruSavarSa kI pahacAna himAlaya pradeza se, hiraNyamayavarSa kI badakSAna pradeza se tathA ramyavarSa kI pahacAna sudUrapUrva meM rAmI yA rAmanIdvIpa se / ataH bhAratavarSa vartamAna hindusthAna ke lie prayukta huA hai| evaM jambUdvIpa kA vistAra bRhattarabhArata ke vibhinna pradezoM meM thaa| kuva0 meM jambUdvIpa ke atirikta anya paramparAgata parvatoM, dvIpoM va samudroM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai, jinameM suragiri (7.22) kulaparvata (7.4-6), vakSAramahAgiri (43.1-4), 1. Cina (Hilly states of the Tibetan borderland such as Shina) Mahacina (China). -B. AIHC. P. 287. 2. Bagchi, P. C. "Studies in the Tantras" P.96-99. 3. 'Sakadvipa'-B. LAW- p. 191. 4. asthi imammi ceya loe, jambUdIpe bhArahe vAse veyaDDhe dAhiNa-majjhima-khaNDe uttarAvahaM NAma pahaM-64.27. 5. kA0 mI0, pR0 91-93. 6. bu0-i0 ba0, pR0 217,

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kuvalayamAlAkaMhA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana naMdIzvaradvIpa (43.11), kSIrodadhi (7.4), avarovadhi (52.27), dAhiNAbhayarAhara (134.6) Adi jaina sAhitya meM kAphI ullikhita haiM / bhAratavarSa ke bhUgola ko sunizcita karane meM inakA mahattvapUrNa yoga hai|' tAradvIpa (66.18, 94.1)-lobhadeva kA jahAja ratnadvIpa se calakara jaba sopAraka ke lie vApisa lauTa rahA thA to bIca samudra meM rAkSasa dvArA tUphAna uThA dene se vaha bhagna ho gyaa| lobhadeva kisI prakAra usa mahA bhayaMkara samudra para tairatA huA sAta dina-rAta meM tAradvIpa nAmaka dvIpa meM jA lgaa| samudrI kinAre kI zItala pavana se svastha huaa| tabhI vahA~ rahane vAle samudracArI agniyaka nAma ke mahAviTa ke puruSoM ne use pakar3a liyA aura apane sthAna para le gaye / vahA~ unhoMne pahale lobhadeva ko khUba khilAyA-pilAyA evaM bAda meM usake zarIra se rudhira nikAla liyA, jisase ve sonA banAne kA kAma karate the| isa prakAra hara chaha mAha meM ve usakA rudhira-mAMsa nikAlate aura auSadhiyoM se use svastha kara dete the / lobhadeva vahA~ bArahavarSa taka isa prakAra kA duHkha sahatA rhaa| anta meM eka dina bharuNDa pakSI use uThAkara AkAza meM le udd'aa| jaba vaha samudra ke Upara se jA rahA thA to dUsare bharuNDa pakSI ne usa para hamalA kiyaa| unake yuddha se lobhadeva samudra meM gira pdd'aa| samudra ke jala se usake ghAva ThIka ho gaye to vaha samudra ke velAvana meM gayA aura vahA~ eka vaTavRkSa ke nIce so gyaa| uThane para usane paiMzAcoM kI bAtacIta paizAcI bhASA meM sunI aura apanA prAyazcita karane ke lie kosAmbI nagarI meM jA pahu~cA (anu0 137139) / isa vistRta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki (1) tAradvIpa, ratnadvIpa aura supArA ke jalamArga ke bIca meM par3atA thA (2) vahA~ kRtrima svarNa banAne vAle rahate the, (3) bharuNDa pakSI pAye jAte the tathA (4) samudra ke kinAre paizAcoM kA nivAsa sthAna thaa| ina sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para tAradvIpa kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| tAradvIpa nAma kA koI prAcIna dvIpa nahIM hai| isakA koI dUsarA nAma pracalita rahA hogaa| ukta vivaraNa meM jo mAMsa-rudhira se kRtrima sone banAne kA ullekha hai, isa prakriyA kA prAcIna sAhitya meM paryApta ullekha huA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA (gAthA 567) kI TIkA karate hue AzAdhara ne kahA hai ki carmaraMgavisaya (samarakanda) ke mleccha AdamI kA khUna nikAlakara usake kIr3oM se kaMbala raMgate the| hariSeNa ne bhI eka kathA ke varNana meM likhA hai ki eka pArasI ne eka 1. jAma-kuva0 ka0 sTa0, pR0 106-109. 2. sattahiM rAidiehiM tAraddIvaM NAma dIvaM tattha laggo-kuva0 69.18. 3. evaM ca chammAse chammAse ukkattiya mAsakhaMDo viyaliya-ruhiro aTThiseso __mahAdukkha-samuddamajjhagao bArasasaMvaccharAi vasio-vahI0, anu0 135. 4. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, prastAvanA, pR0 88.

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bRhattara bhArata lar3akI khriidii| use chaha mAha taka khilAyA-pilAyA aura bAda meM usakA khUna nikAla kara usakA kiramadAnA (kRmirAga) banAyA, jisase kapar3e raMge jAte the| abbAsIyuga ke lekhaka jAhisa ke anusAra kiramadAnA spena, tArIma aura phArasa se AtA thaa|' ina ullekhoM se spaSTa hai ki kRmirAga-prakriyA kA pracalana pazcima eziyA meM adhika thaa| kintu kuva0 ke isa ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki ratnadvIpa aura sopAraka ke bIca meM par3ane vAle tAradvIpa meM bhI kRmirAga-prakriyA kA pracalana ho gayA thaa| tAradvIpa kI zAbdika samAnatA 'tArIma' se kI jA sakatI hai, jo madhyaeziyA kI prasiddha nadI thI, jise bhAratIya sAhitya meM sambhavataH sItA nadI kahA gayA hai| tArIma nadI ke kinAre para sthita zahara bhI 'tArIma' nAma se vikhyAta thA, jo zIrAja ke pUrva meM evaM ArmeniyA se kucha dUra par3atA thaa| bhAratIya vyApArI 'tArIma' hokara madhyaeziyA ke vibhinna sthAnoM para jAte the| kintu kuva0 ke yAtrA-varNana se isakA koI sambandha nahIM baitthtaa| ataH tAradvIpa kI anya pahacAna karanI hogii| tAradvIpa 'tAraNadvIpa' kA bhI saMkSiptarUpa ho sakatA hai, jo kanyAkumArI ke Asa-pAsa sthita thaa| sambhavataH yaha tAradvIpa lakSyadvIpa yA malayadvIpa ke Asa-pAsa rahA hogA, jahA~ ratnadvIpa se sopAraka ko lauTate samaya vyApArI bhaTaka kara jA sakatA hai| dakSiNa-samudra (104.8)-campAnagarI se dakSiNapatha dvArA dakSiNasamudra ke tIra para sthita jayazrI nagarI ko vyApArI jAte the (104.8) / dakSiNasamudra ke kinAre zrItuMgA nAma kI nagarI thii| tathA dakSiNa-samudra ke kinAre hI vijayapurI nAma kA viSaya thaa| kuva0 ke ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki udyotanasUri ne vartamAna bhAratavarSa ke dakSiNa meM sthita samudra kA ullekha kiyA hai / yadyapi dakSiNasamudra nAma kA eka samudra eziyA meM anyatra bhI upalabdha hotA hai| pArasa (153.12)-kuva0 meM pArasa jAti kA hI ullekha hai (40.24), kintu vyApArika maNDI meM pArasa deza ke vyApArI ke upasthita hone kA bhI saMketa milatA hai (153.12) / sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI ke bhAratIya sAhitya meM pArasa deza va dezavAsiyoM kA paryApta ullekha milatA hai| bAdAmI ke cAlukya rAjA vinayA 1. mo0-sA0 pR0 216. 2. bu0-i0 ba0, pR0 39-40 draSTavya / 3. mo0-sA0, pR0 216. 4. vahI, pR0 183. 5. dAhiNa-mayarahara-velAlaggA-sirituMgANAma NayarI, 107.16. 6. dAhiNa-mayarahara-velAlaggaM vijayapuravarI visayaM, 149.5 7. 'paumacariu' (svayambhu) 82.6, 'AdipurANa' (puSpadanta), pR0 230.39.

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92 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ditya (696 I0) ke lekhoM meM pArasIkadvIpa kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, ' DI0sI0 sarakAra ne jisakI pahacAna parsiyA se kI hai / jaba ki DA0 buddhaprakAza kA mata hai ki parsiyA ke atirikta isakI pahacAna kisI isI nAma ke dvIpa se karanA cAhiye / sambhavataH uttarI sumAtrA meM sthita pAsiyoM ke upaniveza ko pArasIkadvIpa kahA gayA hai / isI dvIpa ke logoM ko 'pArasa' nAma se ullikhita kiyA jAtA rahA hogA / 'phArasa kI khAr3I' para isa samaya taka araboM kA prabhutva hotA jA rahA thA / IrAna ke eka prAnta ko bhI 'pArasa' kahA jAtA thA, jisakA sambandha kuva0 ke isa sandarbha se nahIM honA cAhiye / babbarakula (65.32 ) - sopAraka ke eka baniye ne kahA- maiM vastra lekara barakula gayA evaM vahA~ se gajadaMta aura motI lAyA ( 65.32) / anyatra vabbara jAti kA bhI ullekha hai, (40.25, 153.12 ) / DA0 vI0 esa0 agravAla ne babbarakula ko bAravarIkama mAnA hai, jo sindha ke samudrItaTa se lagA huA thA (u0, kuva0 pR0 118) / kintu DA0 buddhaprakAza ise aphrikA kA uttarI-pazcima taTa mAnate haiM, jo lAlasAgara ke sAmane hai / " vahA~ se aphrikI motI evaM gajadanta kharIda kara vyApArI bhArata lAte rahe hoMge / bhAratIya sAhitya meM barbara ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM / yavanadvIpa ( 106.2 ) - sAgaradatta jayazrI nagarI se jahAja dvArA sAta karor3a mudrAe~ kamAne yavanadvIpa gayA thA / " vApasa lauTate samaya rAste meM jahAja - bhagna hone se vaha candradvIpa meM jA pahu~catA hai / candradvIpa kI sthiti baMgAladeza meM mAnI gayI hai / ataH pratIta hotA hai ki sAgaradatta jAvA (javaNaddIpa) vyApAra karane gayA hogA / vasudevahiNDI meM cArudatta kI kathA meM cArudatta bhI yavanadvIpa kI yAtrA karatA hai / " DA0 motIcandra ne yavanadvIpa kA artha jAvA kiyA hai / ataH kuva0 kA 'javaNaddIpa' jAvA ke liye prayukta ho sakatA hai, jahA~ ke liye bhArata ke dakSiNI bandaragAhoM se yAtrA prArambha kI jAtI thI / 1. rAyagar3ha pleTa insakripzana Apha vinayAditya, paMkti 15 -- epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 10, pR0 14. 2. da klAsikala eja - hisTrI eNDa kalcara Apha iMDiyana pyUpala, bhAga 3, pU0 245. 3. 'pArasIkadvIpa' - buddhaprakAza, iNDiyA eNDa da varlDa, pR 104. 4. mo0 - sA0, pR0 203. 5. bu0 Tra e0 ka0 ma0, disambara 70, pR0 41. 6. mArkaNDeyapurANa, 57.38 ; vAyupurANa, 45.118 ; paumacariu 82.6 Adi / 7. saMpattaM javaNaddIve taM jANavattaM - kuva0 106.2. 8. basudevahiNDI - gujarAtI anuvAda, pR0 177. 9. mo0- sA0, pR0 131.

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bRhattara bhArata 93 ratnadvIpa (66.4, 88.31 ) - sopAraka ke eka vyApArI ne apanA anubhava sunAte huye kahA ki vaha nIMma ke patte lekara ratnadvIpa gayA thA aura vahA~ se ratna kamA kara lauTA / ratnadvIpa kI yAtrA bar3I kaSTaprada thI ( 66.9) / pATaliputra se bhI ratnadvIpa ko vyApArI jAte the ( 88.31) | prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM ratnadvIpa aneka bAra ullikhita huA hai / " yAdhammakA se jJAta hotA hai ki paTisaMtApadAyaka pradeza se tIna hajAra eka sau yojana dUra ratnadvIpa sthita thA / kintu paTisaMtApadAyaka sthAna kI khoja nahIM kI jA sakI hai| divyAvadAna se jJAta hotA hai ki ratnadvIpa jAne meM jo samudra par3atA thA vaha bahuta bhayaMkara thA / bar3I kaThinAIyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / yahI bAta udyotana ne kahI hai| divyAvadAna ke ratnadvIpa kI pahacAna siMhala se kI gayI hai / ataH kuva0 kA ratnadvIpa bhI siMhala ke lie hI prayukta huA pratIta hotA hai / samaya se lekara mArkopolo ratnadvIpa kImatI ratnoM ke lie arthazAstra ke kI yAtrA vivaraNa ke likhe jAne taka prasiddha rahA hai| vahAM ke eka ratna kI kImata anya sthAnoM para bahuta adhika hotI thI / isalie isa dvIpa kA nAma jApAnI zabda 'sela' para AdhArita hai, jisakA artha kImatI ratna hotA hai, isI 'sela' kA bhAratIya sAhitya meM 'ratnadvIpa' anuvAda kiyA gayA hai, jise cInI bhASA meM pA-o-Ta-cu ( Pao-t-chu) kahate haiM / tathA saMskRta bhASA meM 'sela' kA siMhala ho gayA hai / " isI prakAra ratnadvIpa kI pahacAna siMhala se karanA samIcIna hai / bAravaI (65.31 ) - sopAraka se eka vyApArI vAravaI gayA aura vahAM se zaMkha lAyA / bAravaI kisI samudrItaTa para sthita thA, jahAM zaMkha bahutAyata se milate hoMge / DA0 agravAla ne bAravai ko dvArAvatI kahA hai, kintu DA0 buddhaprakAza ne isakI pahacAna dakSiNa bhArata meM sthita 'baruvArI' se kI hai, 1. ahaM gao rayaNadIvaM NibapattAiM ghettUNa, tattha rayaNAI' laDhAI, tAI ghettUNa samAgao - kuva0 66.4. 2. paumacariyaM 32.61; NAyAghammakA 9, pR0 123; vasudevahiNDI, pR0 149; divyAvadAna, pR0 229-30, harivaMza, 2, 38.29; bRhatkathAkoza, 52.6 Adi / 3. mo0- sA0, pR0 148. 4. rayaNaddIvammi gao geNhai ekkaM vi jo mahArayaNaM / taM tassa ihANIyaM mahagghamollaM havaI loe // - paumacariyaM, 32.61 5. bu0 - i0ba0, pR0 112 6. ahaM bAravai gao, tattha saMkhayaM samANiyaM - kuva0 65.31

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94 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jo prAcInakAla meM vyApAra kA bar3A kendra thA aura jahAM ke zaMkha bahuta prasiddha the|' sopAraka se varuvArI taka vyApArI vANijya ke lie jAte the| suvarNadvIpa (66-1)-eka vyApArI palAza-puSpa lekara svarNadvIpa gayA aura vahA~ se svarNa bhara kara laayaa|2 prAcIna samaya meM dakSiNa-pUrvI eziyA ke sabhI dezoM ke dvIpa aura prAyaHdvIpa ke lie 'svarNadvIpa' zabda kA prayoga hotA thaa| kintu 7-8 vIM zadI meM svarNadvIpa kA prayoga vyApArI prAyaH sumAtrA ke lie karane lage the, jahAM usa samaya zrIvijaya kA zAsana thaa| sumAtrA meM palAzapuSpoM ke upayoga Adi ke sambandha meM DA0 buddhaprakAza ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai|' sumAtrA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki malaya upadvIpa aura cIna sAgara ko bhArata-mahAsamudra se pRthak rakha kara sumAtrA yenaMga kI eka samAnAntara rekhA se Arambha vaNTama kI samAnAntara rekhA taka vistRta hai| yahA~ ke adhikAMza nivAsI malayavaMzIya haiN| brAhmaNa-purANa meM sumAtrA kA nAma malayadvIpa bhI hai| sumAtrA svarNa prApti ke lie prasiddha thaa| kuva0 ke prasaMga se bhI yahI jJAta hotA hai| 1. 'ena ertha sencurI iNDiyana DAkumenTa Ana inTaranezanala TreDa' -bu0-Traka0ma0, disambara 1970 2. ahaM suvaNNaddIvaM gao palAsakusumAi ghettUNaM, tattha suvaNNa ghettUNa samANao -kuva066-1 3. bu0-Tre ka0ma0, pR0 44-45. 4. ha0-sa0ka0, chaThAbhava /

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pariccheda pA~ca prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola kI viziSTa zabdAvali udyotanasUri ne prasaMgavaza kucha aise zabdoM kA ullekha prAcIna bhArata meM bhaugolika sthAnoM ke lie prayukta hote the / bhAratIya sthApatya meM bhI prayoga hotA thA, jinake sambandha meM DAlA jAyegA / akArAdikrama se bhaugolika zabdoM kA paricaya isaprakAra hai : kiyA hai, jo ina zabdoM kA Age prakAza zraggAhAra (258.26 ) - saralapura brAhmaNoM kA aggAhAra thA / isase jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa jisa gA~va meM rahate the vaha aggAhAra kahalAtA thA / isa prakAra ke gA~va brAhmaNoM ko dAna meM milate the / antaradvIpa (143.21)) - bhArata se bAhara ke pradeza, jinameM sabara, barbara Adi jAtiyA~ rahatIM thI unheM antaradvIpa kahate the / aSTApada (282.21 ) -- jAvAlipura aSTApada kI bhA~ti bhavanoM ke utuMga zikhara vAlA thA / aSTApada prasiddha himAlaya parvata ko kahA jAtA thA / 'Agara' zrAkara ( 258.19 ) - ' Akara ' zabda kA artha khAna hai, kintu sAhacarya sambandha se Akara ke nikaTavartI grAma ko bhI Akara kahA jAtA thA / AdipurANa meM svarNa Adi kI khAna ke samIpavAle gA~va meM Akara kahA gayA hai / ( 16.176 Adi) / jaina TIkAkAroM ko kahA hai jisakA kara (Teksa) nahIM liyA jAtA thA / Akara usa grAma karbaTa (55.7, 259.18 ) - kauTilya ne kharvaTa ko eka durga ke rUpa meM kahA hai / yaha do sau grAmoM kI rakSA hetu banAyA jAtA thA (17.1, 3) / zilpazAstroM meM ise prAyaH kharvaTa kahA gayA hai / samarAMgaNasUtradhAra meM ise karvaTa kahA gayA hai, isameM nagaratattva adhika hotA thA / mAnasAra evaM mayamatam ke anusAra 1. samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, pR0 86.

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96 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kaTa parvata ke sannikaTa sthita hotA thA tathA sabhI logoM se paripUrNa bhI / ' sambhava hai, Adhunika tahasIla jaisI sthiti kharvaTa kI rahI hogI / kheTaka (240.20 ) ; kheTa ( 256 . 1 ) - pANini ne kheTa ko gahiMtanagara kahA hai / mAnasAra evaM mayamatam se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kheTaka bahuta sAdhAraNa prakAra kA sanniveza thA, jisameM adhikatara zUdra rahate the / yaha do yA do se adhika grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita choTe logoM kI vastI thI / DA0 agravAla ke anusAra Adhunika 'kher3A' zabda isI kheTa se nikalA hai / udyotanasUri ne kheTa aura kheTaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / sambhava hai, donoM meM thor3A antara rahA ho / grAma ( 55.7, 240.20 ) - grAma ke svarUpa kA varNana zrAdipurANa meM vistAra se huA hai / 4 kuva0 ke anusAra jJAta hotA hai ki grAma kI sImAe~ nadI, vRkSa, upavana Adi se vibhakta hotI thiiN| eka-eka pada kI dUrI para dhavalagRha bane hote the tathA vANa pheMkane kI dUrI para mahAgrAmoM kI sthApanA hotI thI ( kuva0 149.6 ) / gA~va meM kama se kama sau evaM mahAnAma meM pA~ca sau ghara hote the / / goTTagaNa (240.22) - kAmagajendra aparavideha ke tathA goTThagaNoM ko sImAnta sadRza dekhatA hai ( 241.1 ) ki gogaNa grAmoM ke bAhara hote the, jahA~ godhana ekatra huA ise madhyapradeza meM khirA kahate haiM / usake vAda gA~va ko hogA aura bAda meM vana prArambha hotA thA ( 241.1 ) / dvIpa ( 259.18 ) - ' dvIpa' kA ullekha anya bhaugolika zabdoM ke sAtha huA hai / prasaMga ke anusAra dvIpa kA artha sthAnIya nadI kA kinArA pratIta hotA hai, jise pArakara svayambhUdeva brAhmaNa AjIvikA khojane nikalA thA / goTTagaNa ko grAmasadRza isase jJAta hotA hai karatA thA / Ajakala sImA kA anta hotA droNamukha ( 256.18 ) - jo nagara kisI nadI ke taTa para sthita ho vaha droNamukha kahalAtA hai / yaha eka prakAra kA vyApArika nagara hotA thA, jahA~ jalamArga evaM sthalamArga donoM se mAla utaratA thA / ' isameM vaNik evaM nAnA jAti 1. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10, mayamatam adhyAya 10. 2. aSTAdhyAyI, 6-2, 126. 3. grAmayo: kheTakam madhye - zilparatna, adhyAya 5. 4. zA0 A0 bhA0, pR0 71 - 72. 5. AdipurANa, 16 - 164, 65. 6. Nayarapura-kheDa - kabbaDa gAmAgaradIva - taha - maMDabe dohA-paTTaNa-ArAma- pavA - vihAresu 7. AdipurANa, 16-163. 8. mo0 - sA0, pR0 163. / / / - 259-18.

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prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola kI viziSTa zabdAvalI 97 rahate the| tathA vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya khUba hotA thaa|' tAmralipti, bharukaccha Adi isI prakAra ke nagara the| kauTilya ke anusAra cAra sau grAmoM ke madhya meM droNamukha kI sthApanA hotI thii| usase una gAMvoM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hotI thii| nagara (57.7, 71.10 Adi)-kuva0 meM upalabdha nagara ke varNanoM se jJAta hotA hai ki nagara meM upavana, vana, sarovara, parikhA, gopura, koTa, bhavana Adi kA honA Avazyaka thA (232.23,24) / mAnasAra meM nagara kI paribhASA vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai (a0 10, ngrvidhaan)| kintu mayamata meM vAstuzAstrIya DhaMga se nagara ke svarUpa kA varNana hai, jo kuvalayamAlA ke varNana ke anukUla hai|' paTTaNa (145.9)-udyotana ne pattana kA ullekha mAtra kiyA hai| mAnasAra (a06), samarAMgaNa, AdipurANa, bRhatkathAkoza prabhRti granthoM ke AdhAra para pattana eka prakAra kA bRhat vANijya bandaragAha hai, jo kisI samudra yA nadI ke kinAre sthita hotA hai tathA jahA~ pradhAnarUpa se baNikagaNa nivAsa karate haiN| mAnasAra ne pattana ko dIpAntaroM se lAyI gayI sAmagrI se paripUrNa kahA hai (a0 10) / malayagiri ne likhA hai ki jahA~ naukAoM dvArA gamana hotA hai use 'paTTana' aura jahAM anya savAriyoM kA bhI prayoga hotA ho use 'pattana' jAnanA caahie| pattana bhI jalapattana aura sthalapattana ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai| isa prakAra ke nagaroM meM kAberIpattana, musulIpattana Adi nagaroM kA udAharaNa diyA jA sakatA hai| - patha (145.9), mahApatha (156.5)-darpaphalika ratnApurI se aneka patha evaM mahApathoM ko pAra karatA huA vindhyATavI meM phuNcaa| jJAta hotA hai, patha una choTe rAstoM ke lie prayukta hotA thA jo yAtriyoM athavA savAriyoM ke calane ke kAraNa svataH bana jAte the, jinheM Ajakala pagaDaNDI kahate haiN| pANini ne aise kaI pathoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| lekina mahApatha una caur3e rAstoM ke lie prayukta hotA thA jo banAye jAte the tathA jinapara calakara yAtrI bar3e-bar3e nagaroM meM AtejAte the| deza ke eka bhAga kA dUsare bhAga se sambandha inhIM mahApathoM dvArA jur3atA thaa| uttarApatha, dakSiNApatha, isI prakAra ke mahApatha the| 1. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10. 2. arthazAstra, caukhambA saMskaraNa, 17-1,3 3. dikSu catudvArayuktaM gopurayuktaM tu zAlADhayam-Adi-mayamataM-bhAratIya-vAstuzAstra, lakhanaU, pR0 102 para uddhRta / 4. vyavahArasUtra bhAga 3, pR0 127. gAmAgara-Nagara-paTTaNArAma-devaula-sara-talAya-tiya caukka-caccaraM mahAvaha-pahesu kuva0 145.9. 6. aSTAdhyAyI, 5.3, 100, bho0-sA0, pR0 51.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana paratIra (105.26)-sAgaradatta vyApAra ke lie paratIra meM bikanevAle padArthoM kA saMgrahakara videzayAtrA meM nikalatA hai (105.27) / isase spaSTa hai ki 'paratIra' videza ke lie vyApAra kA pAribhASika zabda thaa| pura (71.10, 240.20)--uttara vaidika sAhitya meM pura zabda kA ullekha nagara ke artha meM huA hai|' pizela kA mata hai ki prAkAra evaM parikhA se pariveSThita nagara ko 'pura' kahA gayA hai| kuva0 meM pura aura nagara kA eka sAtha ullekha huA hai (71.10), sAtha hI vijayAnagarI yA vijayapurI donoM zabda eka hI nagara ke lie bhI prayukta hue haiN| maDamba (240.20)-kuva0 meM maDamba kA koI paricaya prApta nahIM hotA, kevala nagara Adi ke sAtha usakA ullekha hai| AdipurANa se jJAta hotA hai ki usa bar3e nagara ko maDamba kahA jAtA thA, jo pA~ca sau grAmoM ke bIca vyApAra Adi kA kendra ho (Adi 16.172) / Adhunika 'maMDI' (= bAjAra) se isakI samatA kI jA sakatI hai| . sthAna (241.1)-aparavideha meM grAma-sthAnoM kI saMracanA nagaroM jaisI thINayarasarisa vihavAiM gaam-tthaannaaii| sthAnIya zabda kA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM milatA hai| usase jJAta hotA hai ki isakA prayoga janapada athavA Adhunika jile ke lie hotA thaa| mAnasAra se jJAta hotA hai ki sthAna meM rakSakoM kI eka senA rahatI thI (a0 10) / kAlAntara meM sthAna zabda pulisa caukI ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA thaa| kuva0 ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki sthAnIya>sthAna (ThANA) kA apabhraMza Adhunika 'thAnA' hai, jahA~ pulisa caukI rahatI hai tathA jisake antargata kaI grAmoM kI rakSA vyavasthA kI jAtI hai| udyotanasUri ne uparyukta bhaugolika zabdoM ke atirikta vanAntara (241.1), vAsa (99.14), visaya (55.7), velAvana (70.15), sImAntavasiya (241.1), sImanta (241.1), vihAra (55.7) tathA ArAma (145.5) Adi zabdoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jo prAcIna bhArata meM bhaugolika sImAoM ke vibhAjana ke lie prayukta hote the| ___ isa prakAra uddyotanasUri ne kuva0 meM uparyukta jo bhaugolika vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai usase na kevala prAcIna bhArata ke prasiddha nagaroM va grAmoM kA paricaya milatA hai, apitu yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki eziyA ke vibhinna dezoM se bhArata ke sAMskRtika sambandha the / deza kI bhaugolika sImA paryApta vistRta thii| 1. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 3-4. 2. vaidika iNDeksa, jilda 1, pR0 539. 3. arthazAstra (zAmAzAstrI), pR0 45. 4. zilparatna (16 vIM sadI), adhyAya, 5.

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adhyAya tIna sAmAjika jIvana

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pariccheda eka varNa evaM jAtiyA~ varNa-vyavasthA uddyotanasUri ke pUrva prAcIna bhArata meM varNa-vyavasthA kA svarUpa vaidika mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa thaa| guptayuga meM sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa isa prakAra kA thA ki siddhAntataH karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA ko mAnanevAle jaina AcArya bhI zrota-smArtamAnyatAoM se prabhAvita hone lage the| jaTAsiMhanandi (pUrvArdha 7vIM anumAnita) ne varNa-catuSTaya ko siddhAntataH svIkAra nahIM kiyA, kintu vyavahAra ke lie ziSTa logoM ke dvArA varNa-catuSTaya banAyA gayA hai, isa bAta kA ve virodha nahIM kara sake / ' raviSeNAcArya (676 I.) ne samAja meM pracalita varNa-vyavasthA ko karma ke AdhAra para RSabhadeva dvArA kiyA gayA vibhAjana svIkAra kiyaa|2 jabaki jinasenasUri (783 I0) ne janmagata varNa-vyavasthA ko bhI jainIkaraNa karake svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra ke vaidika prabhAva ke kAraNa svAbhAvika hai ki uddyotanasUri ko bhI samAja meM pracalita vaidika varNa-vyavasthA se prabhAvita honA par3A ho / kintu unake mana meM yaha bAta avazya thI ki janmagata varNa-vyavasthA ko kisI prakAra miTAyA jAya / ataH unhoMne aise kathAnaka ko cunA, jisameM sabhI pramukha jAtiyoM ke pAtra sammilita hoM tathA sabhI ko apane karmoM kA phala samAna rUpa se bhoganA pdd'e| isase yaha bAta svayaM spaSTa ho jAyegI ki janma kI apekSA karma hI vyakti ko U~cA-nIcA darjA pradAna karane meM samartha hai| vibhinna vargoM ko jo kArya karate hue varNita kiyA gayA hai usase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki smRtiyoM meM vargoM kA jo 1. varAMgacarita, 21-11. 2. padmapurANa, parva 3, zloka 255-58. 3. mahApurANa, parva 16, zloka 343-46.

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102 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karma pratipAdita thA, vyavahAra meM usase bhinna karmoM meM vibhinna varNa lage hue the| udAharaNa ke lie yajJasoma nAmaka brAhmaNa-baTuka nirdhana aura besahArA hone ke kAraNa jUThana sAphakara apanI jIvikA calAtA thA (118.3) to dUsarI ora dhanadeva zUdra hote hue bhI vyApAra meM kuzala thA tathA vyApArI-maNDala meM usakI pratiSThA thI (65.2) / isase yahI niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki smRti ke anurUpa varNa-vyavasthA kA svarUpa uddyotanasUri ko vyavahArataH mAnya nahIM thA / unakI yaha kathA isa prakAra Adarza kA hI citraNa na hokara samAja kA vAstavika citra upasthita karatI hai| kuva0 ke pramukha pAtra samAja ke pramukha vargoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / janma se caNDasoma brAhmaNa, mAnabhaTa kSatriya, mAyAditya vaizya, lobhadeva zUdra tathA mAyAditya rAjakumAra thaa| ina pramukha cAra varSoM ke sambandha meM lekhaka ne anyAnya prasaMgoM meM bhI jAnakArI dI hai| vizeSa vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : brAhmaNa udyotanasUri ne brAhmaNoM kA ullekha ina prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai| rAjA dRr3havarman ke darabAra meM svastika par3hanevAle brahmA sadRzaM mahAbrAhmaNa' tathA zukra sadaza mahApurohita upasthita rahate the| rAjA ne devI se vara prApta kara viprajanoM ko dakSiNA dI (dakkhiUNa vippynnN-15.16)| kuvalayacandra ke janma-nakSatra aura grahoM ko dekhane ke liye sambatsara (19.4) ko bulAyA gayA, jise dakSiNA meM sAta hajAra rupaye diye gaye (20.26) / caMDasoma, janma-daridrI suzarmadeva dvija kA putra thA (45.21) / yauvana-sampanna hone para usakA vivAha brAhmaNakula (baMbhaNakulANaM) kI brAhmaNa-kanyA se kara diyA gayA (45-25) / caMDasoma brAhmaNoM kI vatti karate hue (kaya-Niyaya-vittI) usakA pAlana karane lgaa| caMDasoma apane bhAI evaM bahina kI hatyA kara dene ke kAraNa jaba AtmaghAta karane lagA to aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA zrotriya paMDitoM (sottiya-paMDiehi, 48.17) ne use prAyazcita karane ke lie kahA / kisI ne kahA ki brAhmaNoM ko svayaM samarpita kara dene se zuddha ho jaaoge|' dUsare ne sujhAva diyA ki apanI pUrI sampatti brAhmaNoM ko dAna kara (sayalaM ghara-savvassaM baMbhaNANaM dAUNa, (48.23) gaMgA snAna ko cale jaao| anya prasaMgoM meM brAhmaNoM ke nimnokta ullekha haiM:-dhanadeva ke pitA ne use brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA dene ko kahA (dakkhesu baMbhaNe, 65.6) / samudrayAtrA prArambha karate samaya brAhmaNoM ne AzISaM par3hIM (paDhaMti baMbhaNa-kulAI AsIsA, 67.6, 105.31) / samudrI tUphAna ke samaya vyApAriyoM ne brAhmaNa-bhoja (baMbhaNANaM bhoyaNaM, 1. satthikAreMti cauvayaNa-samA mahAbaMbhaNA, 16.20. 2. pavisaMti sukka-sarisA mahApurohiyA, 16.21. 3. brAhmaNAnAM nivedyAtmA tataH zuddho bhaviSyati, 48.20.

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ 103 68.18) karane kA vAyadA diyaa| kosAmbI nagarI meM zAma hote hI brAhmaNoM ke gharoM meM gAyatrI japa hone lagA (82 27) / tathA brAhmaNa zAlAoM meM jorajora se veda kA pATha hone lagA (82.32) / cintAmaNipallI meM cilAtoM ke liye brAhmaNoM kA badha karanA dUdha meM pilAye jAne ke sadRza (duThTha-ghoTu) thaa|' __ mAkandI nagarI meM yajJadatta nAma kA janma-daridrI zrotrika brAhmaNa rahatA (117.6) / usake yajJasoma nAma kA putra thaa| usa nagara meM jaba akAla par3A to loga brAhmaNa-pUjA bhUla gaye (visaMvayaMti baMbhaNa-pUyAtro, 117.21) / yajJadatta ne yAcanAmAtra vyApAra ko apanAkara bhikSAvRtti prArambha kI, kintu bharaNa-poSaNa na hone se vaha mara gyaa| usakA putra yajJasoma kisI prakAra jIvita rahA, kintu usase brAhmaNa kI sabhI kriyAe~ chUTa gayIM (akaya-baMbhaNakkAro) tathA zarIra para janeU bhI nahIM rahA (abaddha-muMja-mehalo, 117.28) / ataH bandhubAndhavoM ne use tyAga diyaa| logoM ne 'yaha brAhmaNa-putra hai' (baMbhaNa-Dibho, 117.30) yaha socakara use kaSTa nahIM hone diyaa| ataH yajJasoma ne kisI prakAra usa akAla ko vyatIta kiyA aura vaha brAhmaNabaTuka (baMbhaNo-somavaDuno, 118.1) solaha varSa kA ho gayA / jIvikA ke lie vaha kacar3e khAne ko sApha karatA tathA jUThe kulhar3oM ko pheMkatA thA / ataH loga usa para ha~sate the ki vaha kaisA brAhmaNa hai ?2 isa prakAra kI nindA aura upahAsa ke kAraNa vaha brAhmaNa-putra nagara chor3akara calA gayA (118.14) / hastinApura meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA samavasaraNa lagA thaa| vahA~ eka brAhmaNa kA pUtra (baMbhaNa-dArao) upasthita hyaa| usake zyAma vakSasthala para zveta brahmasUtra zobhita ho rahA thaa| gale meM dupaTTA par3A thaa| bhagavAna ne usakA paricaya dete hue kahA ki yahAM se pAsa meM hI saralapura nAma kA brAhmaNoM kA eka aggAhAra hai-baMbhaNANaM aggaahaarN| vahAM yajJadeva nAma kA catarvedI rahatA hai| usake patra kA nAma svayaMbhadeva hai| durbhAgya se vaha itanA nirdhana ho gayA ki lokayAtrA karanA usane chor3a diyA (Na kIrati logayattAo), atithisatkAra karanA bhUla gayA (258.31), brAhmaNa kI kriyAe~ zithila par3a gyiiN| ataH apanI mAtA ke kahane para vaha dhana kamAne ke lie ghara se bAhara nikala gayA / udyotanasUri dvArA kuva0 meM ullikhita uparyukta vivaraNa se brAhmaNa varNa ke sambandha meM mukhyarUpa se nimna tathya prApta hote haiM :1. rAja-darabAra meM niyukta brAhmaNoM ko mahAbrAhmaNa kahA jAtA thA, jo sammAna sUcaka hai| 1. pAvakammahaM cilAyahaM duTughuTu-jaisauM baMbhaNu mAriyavvau, 112.21. 2. sohei vacca-gharae ujjhai uccitttth-mlly-nnihaae| loeNa uvahasijjai kira eso baMbhaNo Asi / / 118.3. sAmala-bacchatthala-gholamANa-siya-bamha-sutta-sohillo / pavaNaMdolira-sohiya-kaMThaddha-Nibaddha-vasaNillo // 258.14.

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104 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. brAhmaNa purohita kA kArya karate the| janmapatrI, lagnapatrI dekhane tathA vivAha sampanna karAne kA kArya bhI unhIM kA thaa| vivAha sampanna karAnevAle dvija aneka veda tathA siddhAnta zAstroM meM pAraMgata hote the|' inheM prabhUta dakSiNA dI jAtI thii| 3. mAMgalika avasaroM para athavA yAtrA prArambha ke samaya brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA dI jAtI tho tathA unakI AzISe lI jAtI thiiN| 4. stutipATha karanevAle brAhmaNa zrotrika brAhmaNa kahe jAte the| 5. brAhmaNa-bhoja karAnA tatkAlIna samAja meM puNyaprApti kA sAdhana thA / saMkaTa ke samaya tathA kisI sambandhI ko mRtyu ke bAda brAhmaNa bhoja karAyA jAtA thA (187.5) / 6. brAhmaNa ko gau, bhUmi, dhAnya evaM hala Adi kA dAna karanA ho dharma mAnA jAtA thaa| isa vicAradhArA ke dhArmika AcArya bhI the (205.35) / 7. tIrthayAtrA ko jAte samaya vyakti apanI sampatti brAhmaNa ko dAna kara jAte the| 8. brAhmaNa janma ke daridrI hote the| koI viralA hI dhanI hotA thaa| 6. brAhmaNoM kI kucha nizcita kriyAe~ thiiN| unake gharoM meM pratidina gAyatrI kA jApa hotA thaa| ve yajJa karate the| yadi brAhmaNa apanI kriyAoM se zithila ho anya kArya karane lagatA to samAja meM usakI nindA hotI thii| 10. brAhmaNoM kI apanI pAThazAlAe~ thIM jahA~ vedapATha hotA rahatA thaa| 11. nagara meM brAhmaNasaMgha tathA brAhmaNakula to hote hI the, dAna meM prApta gAMva meM brAhmaNoM kA nivAsa hone se gAMva kA nAma bhI brAhmaNa aggAhAra kahA jAne lagA thaa| 12. brAhmaNabadha samAja meM nindanIya mAnA jAtA thaa| mahApApI mleccha hI brAhmaNabadha kA dhyAna na rakhate the| isase spaSTa hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM brAhmaNoM kI kAphI pratiSThA thii| para kuva0 ke ukta sandarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha pratiSThA nirdhanatA ke kAraNa thothI banakara raha gaI thii| yadyapi unakA apane kula ke AdarzoM se cyuta honA upahAsa kA kAraNa banatA thaa| 1. aNeya-veya-samaya-sattha-pArayassa duyAiNo, 171.5 2. The Brahmanas of our period appear to have maintained their influential position in Society, not only on account of their birth but also their learning and character. -S* RTA. P.446.

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ 105 kSatriya udyotana ne kSatriya varNa ke sambandha meM ina sandarbhoM meM jAnakArI dI hai / ujjayinI ke rAjA avantivarddhana ke darabAra meM rAjavaMza meM utpanna kSetrabhaTa nAma kA eka vRddha ThAkura (juNNa-Thakkuro) apane putra vIrabhaTa ke sAtha rAjA kI sevA meM niyukta thA / use sevA ke badale meM kUpavandra nAmaka gAMva rAjA ne diyA thA (50.26) / usa vRddha ThAkura ke pautra zaktibhaTa ko darabAra meM eka nizcita Asana prApta thA, jisa para koI dUsarA vyakti nahIM baiTha sakatA thA (50.32, 33) / ThAkura (50.22) - uparyukta ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjavaMza meM utpanna kSatriya jAti ko ThAkura bhI kahA jAtA thA / vartamAna meM bhI kSatriyoM ko ThAkura kahA jAtA hai / kuva0 meM ullikhita isa juNNa-Thakkura ke sambandha meM DA0 buddhaprakAza ne vistRta prakAza DAlA hai tathA ThAkura zabda kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA hai / " kSatriyoM ke atirikta ThAkura ( Thakkura ) zabda brAhmaNoM ke lie bhI prayukta hotA thA, gahar3avAla ke govindracandra ke lekha meM Thakkura ko kazyapagotrIya sarayUpArI brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai / 2 caMdela lekhoM meM ullikhita Thakkura ke sAtha rAuta nAmaka brAhmaNa vizeSarUpa se varNita hai / 3 ThAkurI parivAroM kA sambandha prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa meM rAjagharAnoM se banA rahatA thA / isase unake pratiSThita hone kI sUcanA milatI hai / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM 'ThAkura' zabda kA aneka arthoM meM prayoga huA hai, kintu prAyaH rAjagharAne ke vyaktiyoM ke lie yaha adhika vyavahRta huA hai / " ikSvAku - prAcIna bhArata meM ikSvAku kSatriyoM kA eka vaMza thA / uddyotanasUri ne ikSvAkuvaMza kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI dI hai / aiNikA ko apanA paricaya dete hue kuvalayacandra kahatA hai- 'indra ne RSabhadeva ko AhAra ke liye Ikha prastuta kI / ' bhagavAn ne jaba Ikha grahaNa kara liyA to indra ne kahA ki Aja se bhagavAn kA vaMza ikSvAku ke nAma se jAnA jAyegA / usa samaya se ikSvAku kSatriya ke nAma se prasiddha ho gaye -tappabhidaM ca NaM ikkhAgA khattiyA siddhA tAva (134.17 ) / RSabhadeva ke putra bharata evaM bAhuvalI the / bharata kA buddhaprakAza,--'ThAkura' : senTrala eziyATika jarnala, bhAga 3 (1957), pR0 220-237. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. u0- pU0 mA0 i0, pR0 318. epigrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 14, pR0 274. vI0 sI0 lA0--sama kSatriya TrAibsa Apha enziyaNTa iNDiyA, pR0 120 vizeSa ke lie draSTavya -- bu0 - sTa0 i0 si0 meM 'ThAkura' nAmaka adhyAya, pR0 240-261. 6. bho bho surAsura-Nava-gaMdhavvA, ajjapabhiI bhagavao esa vaMso ikkhAgo, 134.16.

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106 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana putra Adityayaza evaM bAhuvalI kA putra somayajJa thaa| unake nAma se kramazaH sUryavaMza aura zazivaMza prArambha huA-ekko prAicca-vaMzo duio sasi-vaMso (134.16)- zazivaMza meM karor3oM rAjAoM ke utpanna hone ke bAda dRr3havarman nAma kA rAjA ayodhyA meM huaa| unakA putra maiM kuvalayacandra huuN|' kintu AThavIM sadI meM kevala ikSvAkuvaMza meM utpanna vyakti hI kSatriya nahIM kahe jAte the| DA0 jI0 esa0 aojhA ke anusAra isa samaya Arya, anArya jAti ke aneka vyakti kuSANa, zaka, palhava Adi bhI kSatriyoM meM sammilita hote jA rahe the|' tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ko dekhate hue sainika vRtti apanAne vAle sabhI vyakti kSatriya kahalAne kA adhikAra rakhate the| guNa aura karma ke anusAra vyakti samAja ke vibhinna vargoM meM apanA sthAna grahaNa karate jA rahe the| kSatriya evaM rAjapUta kI utpatti ke sambandha meM matabheda ke anusAra cAhe ve bhAratIya hoM yA videzI, brAhmaNa hoM yA kSatriya; kintu AThavIM sadI meM itanA nizcita avazya thA ki apane ko kSatriya kahanevAle yoddhA apanI mAtRbhUmi evaM usakI saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie lar3anA apanA kartavya samajhate the| vaizya kuva0 meM vaizyavarNa ke sambandha meM nimna jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| zAligrAma meM vaizyajAti meM utpanna gaMgAditya nAma kA eka vyakti rahatA thA, jo janma se daridrI thaa| usI gA~va meM sthANu nAma kA eka baniyA rahatA thaa| una donoM meM dostI ho gayI thii| mahAzreSThI ke putra sAgaradatta kA vivAha rUpa, dhana, vaibhava, jAti evaM zIla meM samAna eka vaNik kula kI kanyA se huA thaa|' grantha meM anya prasaMgoM meM vaNik zabda kA prayoga kaI bAra huA hai (57.6, 135.1, 152.21, 1.3.23 aadi)| do vaNika-putroM kI kathA meM ve nAnA prakAra ke karma karate haiN| jainasAhitya meM vaizya jAti kI samRddhi Adi ke sambandha meM pracura varNana prApta hote haiN| ve sAhasI vyApArI evaM samAja ke pratiSThita vyakti samajhe jAte 1. rAjapUtAne kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 49. But whatevr the actual origin of these clans might have been, Indian or Foreign, Brahmanical or Ksatriya, they were, in the eighth century, regarded as Ksatriyas and shouldered willingly the Ksatriya's duty of fighting for the land as well as its people and culture. -S. RTA. P. 106. 3. tahiM ca ekko vaissa-jAI-parivasai gaMgAicco NAma jamma daridro, 56.31. 4. tammi ceya gAme ekko vaNiyao punva-pariyaliya-vihavo thANU NAma, 57.6. 5. tA ruva-dhaNa-vihava-jAi-samAyAra-sIlANaM vaNiya-kulANaM dAriyA-diNNA guru yaNeNaM / 103.9.

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ the| yadyapi ve acche yoddhA nahIM hote the, tathApi unakI samRddhi Adi ke kAraNa rAjadaravAroM meM unakI paryApta pratiSThA hotI thii| yadyapi vaizyoM kI kaI upajAtiyA~ bhI thIM, kintu vaizyavarNa meM ve sabhI vyakti sammilita kiye jA sakate the jo vyApAra ko apanA vyavasAya banAte the / ' rAjasthAna kI vaizya jAtiyA~ apanI utpatti kSatriyoM se batalAtI haiM, kintu usa samaya ve zUdra bhI vaizya hote jA rahe the, jo vyApAra meM pravINa evaM pratiSThita hone lage the| kuva0 kA dhanadeva yadyapi zUdrajAti meM utpanna thA, kintu vyApArika maNDala meM usakA bhavya svAgata kiyA jAtA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki vaizya jAti vyavasAya ke anurUpa nirmita ho rahI thii| zUdra _uddyotana ne zUdra jAti meM ginI jAnevAlI aneka upajAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu zUdra jAti kA ullekha eka bAra hI kiyA hai| takSazilA meM zUdrajAti meM utpanna dhanadeva nAma kA sArthavAha putra rahatA thA-tammigAme suddajAipro dhaNadevo NAma satthavAhautto (65.2) / saMskRta kuva0 meM 'zuddhavaMzabhavo dhanadevAbhidha:' (pR. 21) pATha hai / ataH DA0 upAdhye ne isake lie 'suddhajAino' pATha nirdhArita kara (inTroDakzana, pR0 138, noTs) dhanadeva ko zuddha jAti kA mAnA hai| kintu AThavIM sadI meM zUdroM kI sthiti ko dekhate hue sArthavAha bhI zUdra ho sakate the / ataH dhanadeva ko zUdra jAti meM utpanna hI mAnanA upayukta pratIta hotA hai| DA0 dazaratha zarmA ne isa samaya ke zUdroM kI sthiti kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki zUdroM ke antargata kRSaka, zilpI, majadUra evaM antyaja aura mlecchoM ke Upara ke ve sabhI, jo kisI kAraNavaza zreSTha tIna jAtiyoM meM na A pAte the, zUdra kahe jAte the| zUdroM kI sthiti kAphI sudhara rahI thii|' kRSi apanAne ke kAraNa zUdra vaizya ho rahe the tathA Arthika sampannatA ke kAraNa unako sammAna milane lagA thaa| dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika sthiti bhI acchI ho rahI thii| kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita dhanadeva kA bhI sArthavAha hone ke kAraNa sopAraka ke vyApArika saMgaThana dvArA sammAnita kiyA jAnA isa bAta kA pramANa hai|" The doors of the Vaishya Varna were open to every new comer who tookup the profession of Trade, even though the incomers generally fell into sub-caste their own. -S. RTA. P.438. 2. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 435. 3. In other ways, However, the position of the Shudras of the period 700-1200 A. D. had improved a good deal. -S. RTA. P. 435-36. 4. vahI0 pR0 435-36 5. desiya-vANiya melie gantUNa uvvittttho| diNNaM ca gaMdha-malla-taMbolAiyaM, 65.25.

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108 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Arya evaM anArya jAtiyA~ uddyotana ke pUrva haribhadrasUri ne mAnava jAti ke do bheda kiye the-Arya evaM anArya / ucca AcAra-vicAra vAle guNI-janoM ko Arya tathA jo AcAravicAra se bhraSTa hoM tathA jinheM dharma-karma kA kucha viveka na ho unheM anArya yA mleccha kahA hai|' udyotanasUri ne bhI isa sambandha meM apane guru kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / Arya jAtiyoM ke unhoMne nAma nahIM ginAye / anArya meM nimna jAtiyoM ko ginA hai : zaka, yavana, zavara, barbara, kAya, muruNDa, oDa, goMDa, karpaTikA, aravAka, hUNa, romasa, pArasa, khasa, khAsiyA, DoMba lika, lakusa, bokkasa, bhilla, puliMda, aMdha, kottha, bhararuyA (bhararucA), koMca, dINa, caMcuka, mAlava, draviNa, kuDakkha, kaikaya, kirAta, hayamukha, gajamukha, kharamukha, turagamukha, meMDhakamukha, hayakarNa, gajakarNa, tathA anya bahuta se anArya hote haiM-aNNe vi praNAriyA vahave (40.26), jo pApI pracaMDa tathA dharma kA eka akSara bhI nahIM sunte| inake atirikta kucha aise bhI anArya haiM jo dharma-artha, kAma se rahita haiN| yathA-cAMDAla, bhilla, DoMba, zaukarika aura matsyabandhaka / isa pramukha prasaMga ke atirikta bhI uddyotana ne anya prasaMgoM meM vibhinna jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM se adhikAMza kI punarAvRtti huI hai, kucha nayI haiM / yathA-AroTTa (151.18), AbhIra (77.8), kumhAra (48.27), gurjara (56.4), cAraNa (46), jAra-jAtaka (6.11), dAsa (39.3), pakkaNakula (81.10, 140.2), paMsulikula (82.26), bappIhayakula, mahallakula (183.11), mAtaMga (132.2), mAgadha (magahA), luhAra (58.27), siMhala (2.9) Adi / uddyotanasUri dvArA kuva0 meM ullikhita uparyukta jAtiyoM ko unakI sthiti evaM kAryoM ke.AdhAra para nimna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai :(1) mleccha jAtiyA~, (2) antyaja jAtiyA~, (3) karmakAra evaM (4) videzIjAtiyAM / inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : 1. zA0-ha0 prA0 a0, pR0 368, samarAiccakahA, pR0 348 evaM 905. 2. sk-jvnn-sbr-bbbr-kaay-muruNddodddd-goNdd-kppnniyaa| aravAga-hUNa-romasa-pArasa-khasa-khAsiyA ceya // ddoNbily-lus-bokks-bhill-pulidNgh-kotth-bhrruuyaa| koMcA ya dINa-caMcuya mAlava-davilA-kuDakkhA ya / kikkaya-kirAya-hayamuha gayamuha-khara-turaya meMDhagamuhA ya / hayakaNNA gayakaNNA aNNe ya aNAriyA bahave // 40.24,26. 3. caMDAla-bhilla-DoMbA soyariyA ceya maccha-vaMdhA ya 40.29. 4. kuva0 2.9, 28.1, 117.6, 125.30. 169.35, 183.11, 258.27 aadi|

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ 109 mleccha-jAtiyoM __caturvarNa vyavasthA ke bAhara jinakI sthiti thI unheM mleccha athavA mleccha jAti kA kahA jAtA thaa| mukhyarUpa se Arya saMskRti ke viparIta AcaraNa karane vAloM ko mleccha kahA jAtA thaa| inakA apanA alaga saMgaThana hotA thA aura alaga rahana-sahana / ' kuva0 meM ullikhita nimna jAtiyA~ mleccha kahI jA sakatI haiM :-proD, kirAta, kuDakkha, koMca, kottha, goMr3a, caMcuka, puliMda, bhilla, zabara, evaM ruurucii| 'praznavyAkaraNa' meM jo mlecchoM kI sUcI dI gayI hai usameM kuva0 meM ullikhita mlecchoM ke adhikAMza nAma samAna haiN| candramohanasena ke dhaulapura abhilekha meM (824 I0) caMbalanadI ke donoM kinAroM para base hue mlecchoM kA ullekha hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI taka mleccha jAti alaga se saMgaThita ho cukI thii| Adhunika AdivAsiyoM se inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| proDDA (40.24)-kuva0 meM mleccha jAtiyoM ke antargata proDDA kA ullekha huA hai| isakI ThIka pahanAna karanA kaThina hai| huenasAMga ne proDa kA ullekha karate huye kahA hai ki ye kAle raMga ke evaM asabhya loga the tathA madhyadeza se bhinna bhASA kA prayoga karate the| Adhunika ur3IsA kI pichar3I jAtiyoM se oDDa kI pahacAna ko jA sakatI hai / Adhunika bhASA meM ise 'ur3iyA' kahate haiM / kikkaya (40.26)-isakA ullekha jainasUtroM meM 25 / / AryakSetroM ke antargata huA hai| kikaya kA ardha bhAga hI Arya thA, zeSa anArya / isI anArya bhAga ke logoM ko udyotana ne mleccha kahA hai| kikkaya nepAla kI sImA para zrAvastI ke uttarapUrva meM sthita thA tathA uttara ke kekaya deza se yaha bhinna thaa|" kuDakkhA (40.25)-jainasUtroM meM kuDukka kA ullekha anArya deza ke rUpa meM huA hai| vahA~ ke nivAsI kuDakkhA kahe gaye haiN| vyavahArabhASya meM kuDukkhAcArya kA bhI ullekha hai| rAjA samprati ne kuDukka Adi anArya dezoM ko jaina 9. Very often the people standing outside the caste system were called Mleccha or Mlecchajati. But indigenous people the Shabar, Kirata, Khas, Odra, Gonda, Pulinda, Kocha, Bharruya, Bhilla also were termed Mleccha because they too stood outside the pale of Arya-culture. They had their own organisation and their own way of living which differed markedly from that of orthodox Aryas. --S. RTA. PP. 427. See also P. 443, P.429. 3. prAcIna bhAratIya sthalakoza, prayAga, pR0 242. 4. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti, 1.3263 Adi / 5. ja-jai0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 486.

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110 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zramaNoM ke vihAra yogya banAyA thaa| DA0 jaina kuDakka kI pahacAna Adhunika kurga se karate haiN|' caMcaya (40.25)-inake nivAsasthAna aura jAti kA ThIka patA nahIM hai| DA0 jAmakheDakara caMcuya jAti kI pahacAna dakSiNa bhArata kI Adhunika cencusa jAti se karate haiM / muruMDa (40.24)-kuva meM muruDa kA ullekha mleccha jAtiyoM ke sAtha huA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM isake aura ullekha prApta haiN| bRhatkalpa meM kahA gayA hai ki muruDa nAma kA rAjA kusumapura meM rAjya karatA thaa| samudragupta ke ilAhAbAda ke prastara abhilekha meM kahA gayA hai ki usane zaka aura muruDoM ko harAyA thaa| saMbhava hai, gupta yuga ke bAda AThavIM zadI meM muruDa jAti kA astitva na rahA ho| uddyotana ne kisI prAcIna paramparA ke AdhAra para inakA ullekha kara diyA ho|" antyaja-jAtiyA~ kuva0 meM ullikhita cANDAla, DoMba, zaukArika, matsyabandhaka, Dombalika, mAtaMga, bokkasa, paMzuli, meriya evaM pakkaNa jAtiyoM ko antyaja-jAtiyoM ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai, jinheM uddyotana ne anArya evaM dharma, artha, kAma se rahita kahA hai| 8vIM se 11vIM sadI taka ke vibhinna vidvAnoM ne apane granthoM meM ina jAtiyoM meM se adhikAMza ko antyaja ke antargata mAnA hai| ye jAtiyAM prAyaH zahara se bAhara nivAsa karatI thiiN| inameM se kucha kA paricaya isa prakAra hai : DoMba--uddyotana ne DoMba kA ullekha kaI bAra kiyA hai| eka prasaMga meM DoMba ko paTaha bajAnevAlA kahA gayA hai, jisake zabdoM se DoMba ke bacce kabhI bhayabhIta nahIM hote the-ki koi DoMba-Dimo paDahaya-saddassa uttasai ? (38.28) / anyatra bhI DoMba ko gAnA gAne vAlA evaM bAMsa kI TokariyAM banAne vAlA kahA gayA hai tathA ye gharoM meM rahate the| DoMba kI pahacAna kSIra-svAmI ne zvapaca se kI hai| bRhatkathAkoza meM (17.26) DoMba ko 'pANa' kahA hai / jabaki ina donoM meM bheda thA / 'pANa' cANDAla ko kahA jAtA thaa| vartamAna meM madhya pradeza ke vasoroM se DoMva kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| 1. ja0- jai0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 458. 2. jAma0 kuva0 ka0 sTa, pR0 120. 3. bRhatkalpabhASya (gA0 229.93, 4123.26). 4. phlITa, bhAga 3, pR0 8. 5. jAma0-kuva0 ka0 sTa, pR0 132. 6. nizIthacUrNI 4-1816 kI cuurnnii| 7. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 432.

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ 111 pakkaNa-kula-udyotanasUri ne pakkaNakula kA ullekha adhamakula evaM cANDAlakula ke artha meM kiyA hai|' ratnapurI meM cANDAloM ke gharoM para bhI patAkA phaharAtI thiiN| kintu yaha sAhityika atizayokti honI cAhie, kyoMki anyatra uddyotana ne cANDAloM ko mleccha sadRza tathA sukha evaM arthahIna kahA hai (40.29) / 'antakRddazA' (4, pR0 22) tathA 'manusmRti' (10-50) Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki cANDAla murde Dhote the, tathA zahara ke bAhara khule AkAza meM rahate the| kintu anya kaI aise bhI sAkSya milate haiM ki AThavIM sadI evaM usake bAda meM cANDAloM kI sthiti sudhara rahI thii| bheriya-bherI vAdya ko bajAnevAloM kI bhI eka alaga jAti thI, jinake gharoM meM nirantara bherI bajate rahane ke kAraNa usake zabda se unake bacce-bhayabhIta nahIM hote the / sambhavataH ye kabUtara bhI pAlate the|" zaukarika-uddyotana ne zaukarikoM ko anArya evaM mleccha kahA hai| 'vyavahArabhASya' (3.94) meM inheM karmagupsita jAti kA kahA hai| sambhavataH ye suara pAlane ke kAraNa antyaja jAti meM sammilita rahe hoNgeN| madhyapradeza meM suara pAlane kA kArya mehatara, vasora evaM kumhAra jAti ke loga karate haiM / vokkasa-kuva0 ke anusAra vokkasa anArya jAti ke the| dharma kA eka akSara bhI unhoMne nahIM sunA (40.25) thaa| 'suttanipAta' (1.7, 3.9) tathA 'aMguttaranipAta' (2.4 pR0 89) meM inheM pukkusa kahA gayA hai tathA ye nIca kula ke the| 'AcArAMga-niyukti' meM (20.27) niSAda aura ambaSTha ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna ko bukkasa kahA gayA hai|" yadyapi AThavIM sadI meM antyaja jAti meM sammilita logoM kI sthiti adhika acchI pratIta nahIM hotii| kintu isake bAda unameM bhI sudhAra honA prArambha ho gayA thaa| jinezvara ke 'kathAkozaprakaraNa' (pR0 115) evaM alabarUnI ke vivaraNa ke anusAra antyajoM meM se kucha jAtiyoM kI 'zreNiyAM' bhI thIM, jo unakI Arthika evaM sAmAjika sthiti ko unnata karane meM sahayogI thiiN| 1. sukulammi esa jAo Asi ahaM ceya pakkaNa-kulammi, 81.10. 2. pakkaNa-kalaI pi pavaNa-pahallamANa-koDi-paDAyA-NihAsaI, 140.2. 8. But there is ample evidence to show that they were gradually becoming immune from their disabilities as a result of the crusade against caste, Launched in India about the eighth century, as we shall see later on. -B. AIHC. PP. 255. 4. aNudiyahammi suNetA avare geNhaMti No bhayaM ghitthaa| bherI-kulIya pArAvaya vva bherIe saddeNaM / / 38.29. 5. ja0-je0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 223 (noTas) / 6. alabarUnI iNDiyA 1, pR0 101. 7. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 431.

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112 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karmakAra jAtiyA~ uddyotanasUri ne karmakAra-jAtiyoM meM kumhAra (48.27), luhAra(48.27), ahIra (77.8), cAraNa (46.9), kAya (40.25), ibhya (7.27), kappaNiyA (40.24), mAgadha (153) Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / suvarNa devI prasUti ke bAda eka goSTha meM jAkara kisI aAhIrI ke ghara meM zaraNa letI hai, jahA~ vaha ahIrina usako putrI sadRza mAnakara sevA karatI hai (77.8) / AbhIra eka aisI jAti kA nAma hai, jisakA mUla pezA go-pAlana thaa| mahAbhArata ke eka prasaMga ke anusAra dvArakA se kurukSetra jAte hue arjuna para isI AbhIra jAti ke logoM ne AkramaNa kiyA thaa| AbhIra jAti ke loga pahale yAyAvara the| bAda meM ve paMjAba kI pUrvI sImA se lekara mathurA ke samIpa taka, dakSiNa meM saurASTra (kAThiyAvAr3a) tathA rAjapUtAnA ke pazcimI pradeza para basa gaye the| IsA kI tRtIya zatAbdI taka AbhIroM ne apanA pramukha sthAna banA liyA thaa|' kuva0 ke isa prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki kozala aura pATaliputra ke madhya meM kahIM unakA nivAsa sthAna thA, jise uddyotana ne 'goSTha' kahA hai| usameM rahanevAlI AhIrI AbhIra jAti kI hI rahI hogii| Ajakala isa jAti ke vaMzajoM ko 'ahIra' kahA jAtA hai, jinakA pramukha vyavasAya pazu-pAlana hai / 'cAraNa' gAMva-gAMva meM jAkara apanI jIvikA kamAnevAlI jAti thii| sambhavataH inakA kArya prazastiyA~ Adi gAnA thaa| rAjasthAna meM Aja bhI cAraNa jAti ke loga vidyamAna haiN| 'kAya' ko uddyotana ne anArya kahA hai| yadi isakA sambandha 'kAyastha' se hai to vedavyAsa ne bhI kAyasthoM ko zUdroM meM ginA hai| aura AThavIM sadI meM kAyastha zabda karmacArI ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| 'ibhya' vaNik jAti ko kahA jAtA thaa| uddyotana ne ibhyakumArI kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo vaNikoM kI sampannatA sUcita karatI hai (7.27) / 'prajJApanA' (1.67, 71) meM AryoM kI jAti ke antargata ibhya jAtiyA~ ginAyI gayI haiN| 'kappaNiyA' sambhavataH kapar3e ke vyApArI ko kahA gayA hai, jisase Ajakala kApaNiyA pracalita hai| jainAgamoM meM ise kappAsiya, kapAsa kA vyApArI, kahA gayA hai / 'mAgadha' kA ullekha uddyotana ne desI baniyoM ke sAtha kiyA hai (152.26) / kintu AThavIM 1. bha0-vai0 zai0 bha0, pR0 42-43. 2. jAva dilai ekkammi paese kaM pi goTuM / tattha samassaiyA ekkIe gharaM AhIrIe kuva0 77-8. 3. kANikakirAtakAyasthamAlAkArakuTumbinaH / / ete cAnye ca bahavaH zUdrA bhinnAH svakarmabhiH ||-vedvyaas-smRti, 1.10 4. u0-50 bhA0 i0, pR0 321. 5. ja0-jai0 pA0 sa0, pR0 229. 6. vahI0, pR0 222.

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ 113 zatAbdI meM mAgadha yazogAyakoM kI bhI eka jAti rahI hai, jo rAjyasabhAgoM meM jAkara rAjAoM kA guNagAna karate the|' mAgadha jAti kA magadha pradeza se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| prAdezika jAtiyA~ uddyotanasUri ne tIna prasaMgoM meM prAdezika jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / anArya jAtiyoM ke prasaMgoM meM aMdha, bhararUcA, dravir3a evaM mAlava (40.25) kA, maTha ke chAtroM kI bAtacIta ke prasaMga meM aroTTa (151.18), mAlaviya, kaNujja, soraTTa, zrIkaMTha (150.20) kA tathA vijayapurI kI maNDI ke varNana ke prasaMga meM nimna prAdezika vyaktiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisameM se adhikAMza jAti ke rUpa meM pracalita ho cuke the-gokula, madhyadezIya, mAgadha, antarvedI, kIra, Dhakka, saMndhava, mArUka, gurjara, lATa, mAlava, karNATaka, kauzala, marahaTTha, tAjjika tathA aMdha (152-153 10) / aMdha prAndhra deza ke rahanevAle ko kahA jAtA thaa| uddyotana sUri ne aMdhoM ko anAryajAti ke antargata ginA hai tathA inheM mahilApriya, sundara evaM bhojana meM rudra batalAyA hai (153.11) / bhararUcA, draviDa evaM mAlava kramazaH bhar3oMca, drAvir3a pradeza evaM mAlava ke nivAsiyoM ko kahA gayA hai| anya kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai: prAroTTa-vijayapurI meM maTha ke chAtra paraspara bAtacIta karate huye kahate haiM ki-'are AroTa! volo, jaba taka bhUla na jAo (151:18) / ' yahA~ pratIta hotA hai ki prAroTa chAtra kI jAti kA sambodhana hai| prAcIna bhArata meM AroTra jAti ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue DA0 buddhaprakAza kA mata hai ki paMjAba meM aneka samudAyoM ne AyudhoM ko apanI jIvikA kA sAdhana banA liyA thA tathA unake alaga niyama vikasita ho gaye the| kauTilya ne inheM AyudhajIvI kahA hai| inameM se adhikAMza samudAyoM ne jAti-vyavasthA ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA chor3a diyA thaa| kisI rAjA evaM dhArmika guru ke saMrakSaNa ke abhAva meM ina samudAyoM kA koI nizcita sthAna nirdhArita nahIM ho skaa| ataH inako arASTrakAH (sTeTalesa) kahA jAne lgaa| prAkRta meM inhIM ko 'AraTTa' kahA gyaa| ataH kuva0 meM prayukta 'AroTTa', 'AraTTa' kA apabhraMza ho sakatA hai| sambhavataH yaha 'pAraTTa' zabda hI Adhunika yuga meM 'aror3A' ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| Adhunika paMjAba meM aror3A bahu vistRta khatrI jAti ke antargata haiN| 1. zA0-A0 bhA0, pR0 157. 2. praznavyAkaraNa 1.1. 3. arthazAstra, 5.3, 144. 4. ma. bhA0, karNaparva, 44 zloka 32-33, bodhAyanadharmasUtra 1, 2.13, 15.

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114 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ve prAcIna samaya kI AraTTa kSatriya jAti kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, jo usa samaya aneka janapadoM meM yoddhA ke rUpa meM rahate the|' golla-udyotana ne golla jAti kA ullekha chAtroM evaM baniyoM ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| golla asthira jAti ke loga the, jo idhara-udhara ghUmate rahate the| ve gAyeM pAlate the tathA davAIyA~ Adi becate the| inakI tulanA AbhIroM se kI jA sakatI hai / 2 uddyotanasUri ne inako kRSNa varNavAlA, niSThuravacana bolane vAle, nirlajja tathA kalahapriya kahA hai (152.24) / golla kAzyapagotra ko eka zAkhA kA bhI nAma hai|" Dhakka-Dhakka caturatA, dAnavIratA, vijJAna, dayA Adi se rahita the (153.1) / ye sambhavataH Takka mleccha the, jo uttarIbhArata se vyApAra karane ke lie dakSiNa meM jAyA karate the| Takka (paMjAba) pradeza se jAne ke kAraNa inheM Takka athavA Dhakka kahA jAtA rahA hogaa| saurASTra-maTha ke chAtroM meM soraTThA (150.20) bhI the| sambhavataH saurASTra ke chAtroM ko soraTTha kahA gayA hai| DA0 buddhaprakAza ke anusAra soraTTha 'AraTTa' ke viparIta artha meM prayukta zabda hai| jina jAtiyoM kA nivAsa- . sthAna nizcita nahIM thA ve arASTraka tathA jo kisI pradeza vizeSa meM sthira ho gayI thIM ve 'svarASTraka' kahI gyiiN| Adhunika gujarAta meM prAcIna samaya meM nivAsa karanevAle vRSNi evaM aMdhakoM ko 'surASTra' kahA jAtA thaa| kauTilya ne prAyudha 9. Most of these settlements eschewed the order of castes and callings held sacred in orthodox Brahmanism. In them the autocracy of kings and priests did not strike root. Hence they were termed as stateless or Arastrakas (Prakrit aratta). It is probably this word arratta, which has become aroda in modern times. The arodas are a widespread Khatri community in Modern Panjab. They represent the ancient aratta Ksatriyas, who lived on warfare in their numerious Janpadas. - -B. PSMP. P. 197. Gollas are an itinerant tribe. They tend cows and sell medicines etc, They are akin to Abhiras.-Kuv. Int. P. 144. Paia-Sadd-Mahapnao, (Golla). It was probably in contradistinction to the Arastrakas or Arattas that the name 'Surastra' came in to vogue, This name was adopted by the Vsanis and Andhakas settled in the region of Modern Gujrat, -B. PSMP. P. 199. 2.

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115 varNa evaM jAtiyA~ jIvI evaM yoddhAoM ke saMghoM ke sAtha surASTroM ko ginA hai| surASTra kAmbhoja evaM kSatriya saMghoM ke anurUpa the|' gurjara-uddyotanasUri ne gurjarapathika (gujjara-pahiyaeNa, 59.4), gurjara baniye (153.4) tathA gurjaradeza (282.11) kA ullekha kiyA hai| gujarAta pradeza meM rahanevAle vyaktiyoM ko 'gurjara' kahA jAne lagA thA, isa tathya kA sarvaprathama ullekha uddyotanasUri ne hI kiyA hai| pratihAra rAjAoM ke sAtha 'gurjara' zabda kA prayoga kisa kAraNa huA hai isa viSaya para DA0 dazaratha zarmA ne vizada vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| gurjara' eka jAti ke rUpa meM bhI pracalita zabda thA / vartamAna meM bhI vaha isI artha meM prayukta hotA hai / 'gurjara' zabada kI utpatti ke sambandha meM DA0 buddhaprakAza kA kathana haiM ki sIthiyana logoM kI eka zAkhA kA nAma -suna (Wu-sun) thaa| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM vu-suna uccAraNa gusura (Gusur) ke rUpa meM hone lagA aura gusura se phira 'gUrjara' zabda prayukta hone lgaa| araba sandarbho meM ise jurja (Jurz) kahA gayA hai| chaThI sadI meM gurjaroM kA bhArata meM vizeSa prasAra huA hai| usake bAda hI uddyotanasUri ne jAti evaM pradeza ke artha meM gurjara zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| ' anya prAdezika jAtiyoM ke nAma vibhinna pradezoM meM nivAsa karane ke kAraNa tadanurUpa pracalita pratIta hote haiM, yathA- sindha ke saindhava, mAlava ke mAlaviya, mahArASTra ke marahaTTa, karnATaka ke karNATa Adi / videzI jAtiyAM kuva0 meM kucha aisI jAtiyoM ke bhI ullekha haiM jinake nAma videzI haiM, kintu ve bhAratIya samAja meM sammilita hotI jA rahI thiiN| ve haiM : zaka (40.23), yavana (2.9, 40.23), barbara (2.6, 40.23, 14.21, 153.12), hUNa (40.24), romasa (40.24), pArasa (2.9, 40.24), khasa Kautilya enumerates 'Surastra' among the guilds of warriors specializing in the profession of Arms. Analogous to Surastra were the Kambhoja and Ksatriya guilds. -B. PSMP. P. 198. 2. A Cultural not-By Dr.v.s. Agrawal, Kuv. Int. P. 117. 3. S. RTA. PP. 108.119. An important branch of the Seythian peoples were the Wusun... ... ... In the fourth century A. D. Wu-sun was pronounced as Gusur. (P.C. Bagchi-India and Central Asia P. 138). From this word the name of the Gujars is derived. -B. PSMP. P. 250. draSThavya-DA0 buddhaprakAza, eziyA ke sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa kI rUparekhA, lakhanaU, 1971, pR0 144.

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116 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (2.9,40.24), tAjjika (153.8), aravAga (40.24), koMcA (40.25), caMcuya (40.25)' evaM siMghala (2.9) / uddyotanasUri ne ina jAtiyoM ko anArya manuSyoM kI zreNI meM ginA hai, isake atirikta inake paricaya Adi ke sambandha meM unhoMne kucha nahIM kahA / anya sAmagrI ke AdhAra para inakA paricaya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM ina videzI jAtiyoM ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| svayambhU ke 'paumacariu evaM puSpadanta ke 'AdipurANa' meM inakI vistRta sUcI prApta hotI hai / zaka-bhAratavarSa meM zakoM ne apane lambe rAjyakAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti ko kAphI prabhAvita kiyaa| lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 zakoM kA AkramaNa bhArata meM huA mAnA jAtA hai| kintu IrAna ko taraha bhArata se bhI zaka-AkramaNa ke lagabhaga sabhI cihna lupta ho gye| kevala kucha vicitra sthAna, nAma aura kucha dhuMdhale kathAnaka ina logoM ke pratIka raha gye| kSatriya jAti para zakoM kA sarvAdhika prabhAva par3A / paMjAba meM ThAkura evaM TokhI jAti ke atirikta soi evaM sikkha jAti-samUhoM ko zakoM kA Adhunika rUpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / / yavana-lagabhaga pANini ke samaya uttarI paMjAba meM yavanoM kA AkramaNa huA thaa| bhAratIya sAhitya meM yavana jAti ke aneka ullekha milate haiM / yavanoM ke eka bar3e samudAya ne bhAratIya saMskRti ke anurUpa apane ko DhAlane kA prayatna kiyA thA aura kucha samaya bAda ve bhAratIya janatA meM ghula-mila gye| vartamAna meM paMjAba meM prApta jonejA kI upa-jAti yavanoM ke anukUla AcaraNa karatI hai| jonejA zabda 'yavanaja' kA apabhraMza pratIta hotA hai| hUNa-bhAratavarSa meM hUNoM kA Agamana lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM huA / hUNa zabda para vicAra karate hue DA. buddhaprakAza ne kahA hai ki avestA kA 'hyamona', palhavI kA 'rivayona', siriyana kA 'kiyonAye', conI kA hogA, 1. sk-jvnn-sbr-bbbr-kaay-muruuNddoNdd-gauNdd-kppddiyaa| ___aravAga-hUNa-romasa-pArasa-khasa-khAsiya ceya ||-kuv0 40.24. 2. khasa-sabbara-babbara-Dhakka kIra / kaubera-kuraba-soMDIravIra // tuMgaMga-baMga-kanhojja bhoTTa / jAlaMdhara-javaNA-jANa-jaTTa // kaMbhIro sINara kAmarUva / tAiya-pArasa-kAhAra-sUva // paumacariu, 82.6. 3. pArasa-babbara-gujjara-varADa, kaNNAu-lADa / AhIra-kIra-gaMdhAra-gauDa NevAla-coDa // ityAdi-AdipurANa, pR0 230.31. 4. draSTavya-ma0 bhA0, zAMtiparva, 35.17, 18, manu0, 10.43, 45. 5. buddhaprakAza, triveNikA-mahAbhArata : eka aitihAsika adhyayana, pR0 63. 6. bu0 po0 so0 paM0, pR0 245. 7. draSTavya-DA. upendra ThAkura-da hUNa ina iNDiyA, 1967.

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varNa evaM jAtiyA~ 117 hoA-tuna' aura saMskRta kA 'hUNa' zabda eka hI jAti ke dyotaka haiM / ' bhArata meM tomara, gurjara aura hUNoM ke sambandha calate rahe haiM / kuva0 ke toramANa evaM usake guru harigupta ke ullekha se yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kucha hUNoM ne dharma ko apanA dharma svIkAra kara liyA thA / lar3AkU jAti hone ke kAraNa bhArata meM hUNa kSatriya jAti meM ghula-mila gaye / 11vIM zatAbdI taka inheM kSatriya mAnA jAne lagA thA / paMjAba meM 36 rAjapUta vaMzoM meM eka vaMza kA nAma aba taka hU hai | rAjasthAna kI rebhArI jAti kI eka zAkhA ko hUNa kahate haiM / hUNa kI 'jaula' aura 'khyona' jAtiyA~ vartamAna meM paMjAva kI 'cAvalA' aura khannA' jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM pracalita haiM, jo yaha prakaTa karatI haiM ki hUNa jAtiyA~ paMjAba kI janatA meM bahuta adhika ghula-mila gayI haiM / 2 khasa - rAjataraMgiNI ke anusAra khasa logoM ne kAzmIra ke dakSiNa-pazcima bhAga para adhikAra jamAyA thA / rAjapurI aura lohArA ke pahAr3I rAjyoM meM ve rahate the / sara orela sTeina ne khasa kI pahacAna vartamAna meM vitastA ghATI meM nivAsa karanevAlI khAkA jAti se kI hai / jaba ki nepAla ke gorakhA abhI bhI (khassA) kahe jAte haiM tathA unakI parvatIyA bhASA ko khasa kahA jAtA hai / silvAlevI ke anusAra khasa zabda himAlaya pradeza kI nivAsI jAtiyoM kA vAcaka hai, jabaki senTrala eziyA meM daradistAna aura cIna kI sImAnoM ke bIca ke pradeza ko khasa kahA jAtA hai / 3 tajjika - udyotanasUri ne 'tAie' kA kevala eka bAra vyApArika maNDI ke prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA hai / DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne apane kalcarala noTa meM 'tAie' kA artha tApti kiyA hai / gujarAtI anuvAdaka ne tamila kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai / kintu varNana ke anusAra araba ke vyApAriyoM ke lie 'tAie' ( tajika ) zabda prayukta pratIta hotA hai / ye vyApArI kUrpAsaka se apane zarIra DhaMke the, mAMsa meM inakI ruci thI tathA madirA aura prema-vyApAra meM ve tallIna the tathA 'isi - kisI misi' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the / udyotanasUri ke samaya meM tajika loga bhArata meM jamane laga gaye the / koriyA ke bauddha yAtrI hU cizro ( hui chao) ne, jo pazcimI bhArata kA lagabhaga 725 I0 san meM bhramaNa kara rahA thA, ullekha kiyA hai ki isa samaya tajjikoM (araboM) ne deza para car3hAI kara dI hai tathA AdhA deza ve lUTa cUke haiM / " 'gauDavaho' meM yazovarman 1. DA0 buddhaprakAza, triveNikA - kAlidAsa aura hUNa, pR0 42. 2. vahI, pR0 70-71. 3. bu0po0 so0 paM0, pR0 209. 4. bu,ppAsa-pAuyaMge kAsa-ruI pANa-mayaNa - tallicche / 'isi - kisi - misi' bhaNamANe aha pecchai tAie avare // kuva0 153.8 bu0 - a0 hi0 si0, pR0 105... 5.

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118 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aura pArasokoM kI bhir3anta kA jo ullekha hai', sambhavataH ve tajjika hI rahe hoNge| jayadatta ke azvavaidyaka evaM mAnasollAsa meM bhI tAjikoM kA ullekha hai| zrI cauhAna ne inakI pahacAna karate hue kahA hai ki araba ke logoM evaM azvoM ke lie tAjika zabda prayukta hotA thaa|2 / inake atirikta roma aura pArasIka jAtiyA~ bhArata meM prAcIna samaya se Ane-jAne lagI thiiN| siMhala, sIlona ke nivAsiyoM ko kahA gayA hai, jinakA bhArata se bahuta purAnA sambandha rahA hai| aravAka, koMca evaM caMcuya anArya dezoM ke nivAsiyoM ke nAma haiN| sambhava hai, ina nAmoM ke deza bhArata meM hI taba sammilita rahe hoN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI pramukha vizeSatA pAcana-zakti ke kAraNa ina videzI jAtiyoM kA samizraNa bhAratIya samAja meM dhIre-dhIre ho gyaa| AvazyakatA ke anusAra pramukha cAra jAtiyoM meM upajAtiyA~ banatI rhiiN| yuddhakarmA hone ke kAraNa ye jAtiyA~ eka ora to kSatriya varNa ke adhika samIpa thIM aura dUsarI ora anArya hone ke kAraNa ye zUdra koTi meM rakhI jA sakatI thiiN| ataH inakA vargIkaraNa yA bhAratIyakaraNa inhIM do vargoM meM mukhyataH huaa| uparyukta jAti-samUhoM ke atirikta kuva0 meM hayamukha, gajamukha, kharamukha, turagamukha, meMDhakamukha, hayakarNa, gajakarNa Adi anArya jAtiyoM ke bhI ullekha haiN| sambhavataH AryoM se inakI AkRti bhinna hone ke kAraNa isa taraha ke nAmoM se unheM vyavahRta kiyA gayA hai| inheM ToTemisTika TrAiva (Totemistic Tribes) kahA jA sakatA hai| ina jAtiyoM meM se adhikAMza kAlpanika haiM / inake nAmoM kI paramparA megasthanIz2a ke samaya se prArambha huI pratIta hotI hai| kuva0 meM varNita uparyukta vibhinna jAtiyoM ke svarUpa evaM kArya ko dekhate hae pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya taka dharma ke AdhAra para jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana spaSTa nahIM huA thaa| hindU, bauddha, jaina, sikkha, IsAI Adi jAtiyoM ke samUha na hokara samasta jAtiyA~ Arya aura anArya rUpa meM vibhakta thiiN| bhAratIya saMskRti se anuprANita evaM bhArata meM janmo jAtiyA~ Arya tathA isase bhinna saMskRti kA anugamana karanevAlI aura videzI jAtiyA~ anArya kahI jAtI thiiN| yadyapi inameM paraspara AvAgamana hone laga gayA thaa| 1. gauDavaho, sampAdita-esa0 pI0 paMDita, pR0 126, gAthA -39. 2. cauhAna, e0 ba0 o0 ri0 i0, bhAga XLVIII evaM XLIX, pR0 391-394. 3. pANDeya, vimalacandra, bhAratavarSa kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 50. 4. kikkaya-kirAya hayamuha-gayamuha khara-turaya-meMDhagamuhA y| hayakaNNA gayakaNNA aNNe ya aNAriyA bahave ||-kuv0 40.26. 5. kAntAvAlA, esa0 jI0--'jyogrAphikala eNDa ethanika DeTA ina matsyapurANa' purANam, bhAga 5, naM01 meM 'azvamukha' kI pahacAna /

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pariccheda do sAmAjika saMsthAe~ kuvalayamAlA kahA meM prAyaH AbhijAtya varga ke samAja kA citraNa huA hai / udyotanasUri ne usake anurUpa hI aneka aisI sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinase samAja kI aneka AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hotI thI, manoraMjana hotA thA tathA samAjagaThana meM sahayoga milatA thaa| ina sAmAjika saMsthAoM ko upayoga kI dRSTi se isa prakAra vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai : AdhArabhUta saMsthAe~ jAti, parivAra evaM vivAha, bhAratIya samAja kI AdhArabhUta saMsthAe~ haiM / jAti ke sambandha meM udyotanasUri dvArA ullikhita sAmagrI kA vivecana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / samAja ke lie parivAra evaM vivAha kA mahattva hamezA sarvopari rahA hai / ' samaya-samaya para ina saMsthAoM ke svarUpa evaM vyavahAra meM parivartana AtA rahA hai / udyotanasUri ke samaya kI ina saMsthAnoM meM kAphI lacIlApana rahA hai / kyoMki yaha yuga bhAratIya samAja meM videzI jAtiyoM ke mizraNa kA yuga thA, jo ina saMsthAoM ke lacIlepana ke kAraNa hI sambhava ho sakA hai / pArivArika jIvana kuva0 ke kathAnaka evaM anya varNanoM ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna saMyuktaparivAra kA citra upasthita hotA hai / udyotanasUri ne saMyukta parivAra ke sadasyoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA varNana, putra kA parivAra meM mahattva, parivAra ke bharaNa 1. vizeSa ke lie draSTavya- DikzanarI Apha sosiolAjI, philAsophikala lAyabrerI nyUyArka siTI, pR0 327.

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120 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva, pati-patnI ke sambandhoM kA nirvAha Adi aneka pArivArika jIvana ke prasaMgoM kA varNana kiyA hai| isase tatkAlIna sAmAjika sthiti meM parivAra ke mahattva para bhI prakAza par3atA hai tathA jJAta hotA hai ki saMyuktaparivAra prathA kA isa yuga meM vizeSa pracAra thaa| prAcIna samaya se hI parivAra eka pramukha sAmAjika saMsthA rahI hai| isakA kArya strI-puruSa ke yauna sambandhoM ko vihita aura niyantrita karanA hI nahIM hai, apitu jIvana ko sahayoga aura sahakAritA ke AdhAra para sukhI evaM samRddha banAne kA prayatna karanA bhI hai| sAMsArika evaM AdhyAtmika lakSyoM kI pUrti meM parivAra kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai|' uddyotanasUri ne kathA ke pramukha pAtra pArivArika-jIvana se hI cune haiM, jo prathama sAMsArika vastusthiti kA anubhava kara kramazaH dhArmika-lakSya kI pUrti hetu gatizIla hote haiM / udyotana dvArA ullikhita pArivArika-jIvana ke pramukha ghaTakoM kA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra hai : pramukha-sadasya-kuva0 meM caMDasoma, mAnabhaTa evaM garur3apakSI kI kathAoM ke prasaMga meM saMyukta parivAra kA svarUpa citrita huA hai| caMDasoma apane mAtA-pitA, patnI, bhAI evaM bahina ke sAtha rahatA thA (46.15, 27) / mAnabhaTa apane mAtApitA evaM patnI kA jIvanAdhAra thA (54.18, 30) / garur3a pakSI ke kathAnaka dvArA uddyotanasUri ne usake parivAra ke nimna sadasyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinase vaha dIkSA lene ke lie anumati cAhatA hai,-pitA, mAtA, jyeSThabhrAtA, anuja, jyeSTabahina, choTI vahina, patnI, santAna, sasura evaM sAsa (260.25, 267.22) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya surakSA kI dRSTi se saMyuktaparivAra meM adhika se adhika sadasya rahate the evaM unameM paraspara ghaniSThatA hotI thii| pratyeka sadasya ke sambandha meM nimna tathya prApta hote haiM : putra-parivAra meM putra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| rAjA dRr3havarman evaM rAnI priyaMguzyAmA putra prApti ke lie hara sambhava prayatna karate haiN| rAjA apanI bali dene ko bhI taiyAra thaa| kyoMki loka meM yaha mAnyatA thI ki putra ke binA gati nahIM sudharatI / puruSArtha pUre nahIM hote-viNA putteNa Na saMpaDaMti purisANaM (13. 22) / putra ke binA samRddhazAlI puruSa puSpoM se yukta phalarahita vRkSa ke samAna mAnA jAtA thA (13.25) / putra kI isI mahattA ke kAraNa putra-lAbha prasannatA kA kAraNa thA (260.19) / putra kI acAnaka mRtyu para parivAra ke anya sadasya svayaM ko asahAya anubhava kara anumaraNa kara lete the (54.26, 27) / putra pitA 1. draSTavya-lekhaka kA 'jaina saMskRti aura parivAra-vyavasthA' nAmaka lekha, 'zramaNa', 1965. 2. kaccAiNIe purao sIseNa bali pi dAUNa-13.6. 3. jeNa bhaNiyaM kira risIhiM loya-satthesu-'auttassa gaI Natthi'-13.21.

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sAmAjika saMsthAe~ 121 ke rahate hue bhI apanI bAhuoM dvArA dhana kamAte the (65.17) tathA pitA ke bAda parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie hara sambhava prayatna karate the (191-162) / aise sAhasI evaM guNavAna putroM ko dekhakara pitA apane ko puNyazAlI samajhatA thA / ' putra pitA ke uttaradAyittva ko samhAla letA thA (50.28) / putrI - mAyAditya kI kathA meM suvarNadevI ke prasaMga se pratIta hotA hai ki parivAra meM vivAhita putriyA~ bhI pati ke videza cale jAne para apane mAtA-pitA ke sAtha rahatI thIM / kuva0 kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki kuvalayamAlA ke janma hone para putra janma se bhI adhika utsava manAyA gayA / bArahaveM dina nAmakaraNa saMskAra kiyA gayA evaM kramazaH aneka kalAoM kI zikSA dI gayI (162.9,10) / ataH usa samaya putrI kI sthiti parivAra meM kama se kama abhizApa to nahIM mAnI jAto thI | AdipurANa ke sandarbhoM se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai / choTI-bar3I bahana bar3e bhAI ke Azrita rahatI thIM ( kuva0 264.18 ) / tatkAlIna samAja meM putrI athavA nArI kI parivAra meM Arthika sthiti kyA thI, isa sambandha meM prastuta grantha kucha adhika prakAza nahIM DAlatA / kintu caNDasoma, mohadatta Adi kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki putriyAM bharaNa-poSaNa evaM manoraMjana Adi kAryoM ke lie apane parivAra para grAzrita thIM / vivAha ho jAne para yadi pati videza Adi gayA ho to putrI pitA ke ghara para hI rahakara samaya vyatIta karatI thI / kintu AcaraNa ke sambandha meM zithilatA Ane para usakA rahanA vahA~ duSkara thA / parivAra meM eka dampati ke kitane bacce hone cAhie isakA koI niyama to ullikhita nahIM hai, kintu garur3apakSI ke kathAnaka se jJAta hotA hai ki usake tona bacce the--eka kaMdhe para baiThA thA, dUsarA gale meM jhUla rahA thA evaM tIsarA pITha para car3hA thaa| pati-patnI ko santAna bahuta hI priya thI / dAmpatya-prema--kuva0 ke kathAnakoM se dAmpatya prema ke sundara citra prApta hote haiM / vivAha ke turanta bAda pati-patnI Amoda-pramoda dvArA paraspara sneha vyakta karate the / patnI pati ko prasanna rakhane kA bharasaka prayatna karatI thI / bAhara se Ane para pati ke cehare ko dekhakara usakI thakAna kA kAraNa pUchatI thIM ( 103.31 ) / pyAra kI yaha parAkASThA thI ki yadi pati kisI anya sundarI kanyA ko cAhane lagatA thA to patnI usase pati kI zAdI karA detI thI 1. 'putta kumAra', puNNamaMto ahayaM jassa tumaM putto - 200.12. 2. tao tIe putta - jammAo vi ahiyaM kayAiM vaddhAvaNayAiM - 162.9. 3. khaMdhammi kei kaMThe aNNe paTThi samArUDhA - 266.2.

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122 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (233.2); kintu pati ke mana para apanA hI adhikAra rakhatI thii|' parihAsa meM bhI apane pati dvArA kisI anya yuvatI kI prazaMsA sunakara rUTha jAtI thiiN| kintu vipatti meM pati kA anugamana karane ke lie hamezA taiyAra rahatI thiiN| kyoMki unakA isa mAnyatA para vizvAsa banA huA thA ki saMsAra meM striyoM kA pati devatA hotA hai| apane isa vizvAsa ke kAraNa kaI bAra patniyA~ pati ke jhUThe lAMchana ko sahanA apanA kartavya mAnatI thIM (46.20) / sundarI ke kathAnaka se patiprema kI parAkASThA jJAta hotI hai, jisameM pati kI alpAyu meM mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha usakI lAza kI mahInoM taka sevA karatI rahatI hai (225.21, 30) / patnI jitanA pati ko cAhatI thI, Adara detI thI utanA hI pati usakA khyAla rakhatA thaa| patnI ke kupita hone kI sUcanA milate hI vaha mitra-bandhuoM ko chor3akara use manAne cala detA thA aura socatA thA patnI kisa kAraNa kUpita haI hogii| udyotanasUri ne patnI ke kupita hone ke pA~ca pramukha kAraNa batalAye haiM :-1. praNaya skhalana--pati dvArA patnI ke praNaya kI upekSA athavA praNaya-sambandha se asantuSTi / 2. gotra-skhalana-patnI ke mAyake ke sambandha meM koI burAI karanA athavA patnI ke sAmane kisI dUsarI strI ko prazaMsA krnaa| 3. avinIta parijana-ghara ke naukaroM dvArA patnI kA apmaan| 4. pratipakSakalaha-upapatniyoM dvArA pratAr3anA Adi tathA 5. sAsa dvArA tAr3anA (11.25, 26) / ina kAraNoM ke atirikta santAna na hone se patniyA~ adhika kupita hotI thiiN| pati patnI ko prasanna karane ke liye santAna prApti kA hara sambhava prayatna karatA thaa| mAtA pitA-saMyukta parivAra meM pati-patnI evaM unakI santAna ke sAtha pati ke mAtA pitA bhI rahate the| ve pUrNatayA apane putra ke Azrita hote the| vRddhAvasthA meM unakA poSaNa karanA putra kA parama kartavya thA / putra dvArA yuvAvasthA meM gRhatyAga ke kAraNa mAtA-pitA apane Alambana kI ciMtA karate the| mAnabhaTa ke mAtA-pitA putra ko mRta jAnakara anAzrita ho jAne ke kAraNa svayaM kueM meM kUda par3ate haiM (54.20, 24) / mAtA-pitA kA saMtAna ke prati itanA sneha hone ke kAraNa pratyeka kArya ke lie unakI AjJA bhI lI jAtI thI tathA unakI vinaya karanA bhI putra kA kartavya thaa| yadi putra isakI avahelanA karatA thA to kula 1. jaM kiMci tumaM pecchasi suNesi aNuhavasi ettha logammi / taM majjha tae savvaM sAheyavvaM varo eso // 233.6. 2. jai taM vaccasi sAmiya ahaM pi tattheya Navari vaccAmi / bhattAra-devayAo NArIo hoMti logammi // 265.26. 3. kira hohisi AlaMbo vuDDhattaNayammi amhANa-262.18. 4. putta imo te dhammo ammA-tAyANa kuNasi jaM viNayaM---263.24.

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sAmAjika saMsthAe~ 123 kI maryAdA bhaMga hotI thI jo ucita nahI thI - bhiMdasi kula majjAyaM saMpai tuha ho Na juttamiNaM (266.28 ) / sAsa-sasura ko bhI mAtA-pitA ke samAna Adara diyA jAtA thA / vivAha saMsthA - vivAha samAja kI mahattvapUrNa saMsthA hai / parivAra kA saMcAlana vivAha saMsthA dvArA hI sambhava hai / cAra puruSArthoM kA pAlana vivAhasaMsthA ke mAdhyama se sampanna hotA hai / kuva0 ke sandarbhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki varakanyA ke samAna vaya, vaibhava, zIla, dharma evaM kula ke hone para hI unakA vivAha sampanna hotA thA / vivAha ke bAda mAtA-pitA putra ko parivAra kA bhAra sauMpa dete the (45.25) / ataH gRhasthajIvana kA praveza dvAra thA - vidhivat vivAha | vivAhotsava kA varNana Age kiyA gayA hai / dhArmika saMsthAe~ kucha saMsthAe~ dhArmika hote hue bhI samAja ke utthAna ke lie mahattvapUrNa hotI haiM / ataH aisI saMsthAnoM kA nirmANa samAja ke vyakti samaya-samaya para karAte rahate | udyotanasUri ne aisI nimna saMsthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai :devakula (65. 8), maTha (82.32), pAThazAlA ( 82.33), samavasaraNa (96.28), agnihotrazAlA (171.3) evaM brAhmaNazAlA ( 82.32) / : devakula tatkAlIna sthApatya kA pracalita zabda hai / nagara ke vibhinna sthAnoM para sAmUhika devakuloM kA nirmANa hotA thA / inake nirmANa ke liye nagara ke zreSThI dAna karate the-- karAvesu devaule (65.8 ) / inameM kevala deva - arcanA hI nahIM hotI thI, apitu bhUle-bhaTake pathika bhI inameM Thahara sakate the / maTha kA ullekha udyotanasUri ne do prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai / kausAmbI nagarI meM zAma hote hI dhArmika maThoM meM galAphor3a AvAja hone lagatI thI ( 82.32 ) / vijayapurI ke maTha meM aneka dezoM ke chAtra rahakara adhyayana karate the / ye maTha zikSA ke bar3e kendra hote the (150-51 ) / dakSiNa bhArata meM maThoM kI sthApanA ke aitihAsika sAkSya bhI prApta hote haiM / kuva0 meM pAThazAlA ke lie Avasatha zabda kA prayoga huA hai / usameM bhagavadgItA kA pATha ho rahA thA ( 82.33 ) / sambhavataH pAThazAlAe~ prArambhika adhyayana kA kendra thIM / brAhmaNazAlA meM gaMbhIra vedapATha kA zabda hotA rahatA thA ( 82.32 ) / ye brAhmaNazAlAeM kevala brAhmaNa chAtroM ke adhyayana kA kendra rahIM hoMgI / kuva0 meM samavasaraNa kA paramparAgata varNana hai / DA0 nemicandra 1. sarisa - guNa-kula- sIla - mANa-vihava- viSNANa-vijjANaM baMbhaNa-kulANaM bAliyA baMbhaNakaNNayA pANi gAhiyA - kuva0 45.24.

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124 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zAstrI ne samavasaraNa ko bhI eka sAmAjika saMsthA mAnA hai| kyoMki isake Ayojana dvArA mAnavamAtra ko dharma sAdhana kA samAna adhikAra pradAna kiyA jAtA hai / sadguNoM ke vikAsa ke lie kartavya evaM adhikAroM kA jJAna karAyA jAtA hai / ' jaina tIrthaMkara kI divyadhvani ke samaya saMsAra ke prANI eka sthAna para ekatra hokara apanI-apanI bhASA meM use hRdayaMgama karate haiM, tadanurUpa apane vyaktitva kA vikAsa karate haiN| udyotanasUri ke samaya samavasaraNa kA sAmAjika svarUpa kyA thA, jJAta nahIM hotA, kintu usakI racanA kA sthApatya mahattva avazya rahA hai| paropakArI saMsthAe~ uddyotanasUri kA yuga samRddha samAja kA yuga thaa| vyApAra ke vibhinna srotoM se jitanA adhika dhana ajita kiyA jAtA thA, utanI mAtrA meM hI samAjakalyANa kI saMsthAeM saMcAlita kI jAtI thiiN| kuva0 meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM ina paropakArI sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA ullekha huA hai : pavA-vatsa janapada meM pavA, maMDapa, satrAgAra Adi saMsthAeM vahAM kI dAnazIlatA kI sUcaka thiiN|2 pavA eka prakAra kI pyAU thI jise prapA kahA jAtA thaa| kintu sthalamArga kI kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa prapA meM pAnI kI vyavasthA ke sAtha pathikoM ke Thaharane kI vyavasthA bhI rahatI thii| grISma Rtu meM pavA, maMDapa pathikoM ke samUha se bhare rahate the (113.8) / prathamavRSTi ke hote hI pavA-maMDapa sajA diye jAte the (147.25) / sambhavataH isa samaya garmI aura pathikoM kA AvAgamana baDha jAtA rahA hogaa| pavA meM logoM kI bhIDa banI rahane ke kAraNa vahA~ bhI rAjAjJA kI ghoSaNA kI jAtI thI (203.10) / usa samaya kucha aise bhI dhArmika the jo kUpa, tAlAba, vApI ko baMdhAnA tathA prapA ko dAna denA hI parama dharma samajhate the| (205.3) / maMDapa-maMDapa sAmAnyatayA pathikoM ke nivAsa sthAna ke lie prayukta zabda thaa| sambhavataH prapA ke sAtha maMDapa bhI banAyA jAtA thaa| udyotanasUri ne sAmAnya maMDapa ke atirikta anAthamaMDapa aura zivamaMDapa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| anAthamaMDapa mathurA meM sthita thaa| usameM zvetakuSTI, kSayarogI, dIna, durgata, aMdhe, laMgar3e, maMdagativAle, vRddha, vAmana, nakaTe, bUce, hoMThakaTe, moTe hoMThavAle Adi 1. zAstrI-A0 bhA0, pR0 140.42. 2. sUijjati jattha paDippavA-maMDavAsattAyArehiM dANavaittaNAI, 31.14. 3. saMpatto mahurAurIe / ettha ekkammi aNAha-maMDave paviTTho, 55-10. 4. ekkammi Nayaraccacara siva-maMDave pAvisi payattA, 99.22.

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sAmAjika saMsthAeM 125 apaMga vyakti rahate the tathA paradezI, vyApArI, tIrthayAtrI, patravAhaka, dhArmika, guggulika evaM bhogA (bhoye) Adi yAtrA ke daurAna usa anAthamaMDapa meM Thaharate the| aise anAtha baccoM kA bhI vahA~ ThikAnA thA, jinake mAtA-pitA unase rUTha gaye the|' anAthamaMDapa ke ina apaMga vyaktiyoM kI pArasparika bAtacIta se jJAta hotA hai ki ve vibhinna prAntoM ke nivAsI evaM vibhinna bhASA-bhASI the| unameM aneka dhArmika vizvAsa pracalita the-kor3ha nivAraNa ke lie multAna kI sUryapUjA, vArANasI kA gaMgAsnAna, mahAkAla bhaTTAraka kI sevA, prayAga ke akSayavaTa se prAtmabadha, saMgamasnAna aadi| inakA vizeSa adhyayana dhArmika-jIvana vAle adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| zivamaMDapa bharukaccha nagara ke caurAhe para sthita thA (99.23) / jisameM vindhyavAsa kI asahAya rAnI tArA apane putra ke sAtha jAkara ThaharatI hai| yaha zivamaMDapa zivamaMdira na hokara kalyANakArI kendra honA cAhie, jo sambhavataH azaraNa evaM asahAya vyaktiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie nagara ke caurAhoM para banAyA jAtA hogaa| __ satrAgAra-satrAgAra kA udyotanasUri ne tIna bAra ullekha kiyA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki satrAgAra ko nagara ke dAnI evaM zreSThI dAnarAzi ke dvArA calAte the-pAlesu sattAyAre (65.9) / satrAgAra meM pathikoM ko niHzulka bhojana vitarita kiyA jAtA thaa| sthANu evaM mAyAditya tIrthayAtrI kA veSadhAraNa kara kahIM mola lekara, kahIM satrAgAra meM evaM kahIM uddharasthA meM bhojana karate hue Age bddh'e| isase jJAta hotA hai ki satrAgAra ke samAna 'uddharatthA' meM bhI pathikoM ko bhojana milatA thaa| isameM jIrNoddhAra kA kArya bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| 'uddharatthA' zabda kA saMsthA ke rUpa meM koI artha spaSTa nahIM hotaa| yadi isakA saMskRta rUpa 'UrdhvarathyA' hai to isakA artha mahApatha (High way) kiyA jA sakatA hai / taba yaha mAnanA hogA ki usa samaya pramukha bar3e mArgoM para pathikoM yA tIrthayAtriyoM ke lie niHzulka bhojana kI vyavasthA hotI thii| ArogyazAlA-Adhunika dAtavya-auSadhAlaya kA prAcIna nAma ArogyazAlA thaa| nagara ke zreSThiyoM dvArA ArogyazAlAoM ko paryApta dhana diyA jAtA 1. tattha tAva miliellae koDDIe valakkha khaiyae dINa duggaya aMdhalaya paMgulaya maMdulaya-maMDahaya vAmaNaya chiNNa-NAsaya toDiya-kaNNaya chiNNoTThaya taDiya kappaDiya desiya tittha-yattiya lehArAya dhammiya gugguliya bhoyA / kiM ca bhunnaa| jo mAu-piu ru?llao so so savvo vi tattha-miliellao ti-55.11-13. 2. kahiMci molleNaM kahiMci sattagAresu kahiMci uddharatthAsu bhuMjamANA, 58.4.

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126 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana thaa|' sambhavataH inameM auSadhidAna ke atirikta rogiyoM ke nivAsa kI bhI vyavasthA rahI hogii| ina paropakArI saMsthAoM ke atirikta uddyotanasUri ne taDAga, vApI (65.8), pArAma (203.10), bAlArAma (231.31), dIna-vikala nivAsa (65.8) Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jinase samAja ke vyakti lAbhAnvita hote the| isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM vANijya-vyApAra kI pragati ke kAraNa jitanI samRddhi thI, utanA hI usakA sadupayoga bhI hotA thaa| 1. payattesu Arogya-sAlAo, 65.9.

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pariccheda tIna sAmAjika Ayojana sAmAjika jIvana se utsavoM evaM vinoda ke AyojanoM kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| AyojanoM kI bahulatA samAja kI samRddhi evaM sAmAjikoM kI abhiruci kI paricAyaka hotI hai| kuva0 meM ullikhita sAmAjika Ayojana guptayuga evaM uttara guptayuga ke samRddha samAja ke anukUla haiN| isa samaya ke rAjAoM evaM raIsoM kA jIvanakrama kucha isa prakAra kA thA ki unakI dainika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti vibhinna utsavoM dvArA evaM vinoda-pUrvaka hotI thii| AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM sahAyaka sAmAnya jana bhI apane ko utsava kA bhAgIdAra mAnatA thaa| ataH sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa Ananda, ullAsa aura utsavoM ke anukUla bana gayA thaa| ye sAmAjika Ayojana usa samaya kI Arya-saMskRti meM adhika pracalita the| uddyotana ne nimna sAmAjika AyojanoM kA ullekha kara isa bAta ko puSTi kI hai| janmotsava-sAMsArika Ananda evaM utsavoM meM putra-janmotsava kA sthAna pramukha hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM putra-janmotsava ke aneka sundara varNana prApta hote haiN| udyotanasUri dvArA prastuta varNana bhI paramparAgata hai| kintu sAMskRtika dRSTi se kucha sUcanAe~ mahattvapUrNa haiN| kuvalayacandra kA janma hote hI prasUtigRha meM aneka prakAra ke kArya sampanna kiye gye| maMgala-darpaNa-mAlAoM ko utArA gayA (17.27) / sambhavataH yaha bANa dvArA kAdambarI meM prayukta avataraNakamaMgala kA hI koI rUpa hai, jise lokAcAra meM utArA kahA jAtA hai| bAlaka kI maMgala-kAmanA ke lie isa prakAra ke uttAre kiye jAte haiN| koI cIja bAlaka ke Upara se utAra kara kisI ko de dI jAtI hai|' patralatA dvArA bAlaka kI rakSA ke lie sundara sajAvaTa kI gayI-bhUi-rakkhA pariharaMtae (17.27) / bANa ne isake lie 'bhUtilikhita patralatAkRtarakSAparikSepam' samAsa kA prayoga kiyA 1. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 74.

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128 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai| paricArikA siddhArthI dvArA goracanA se siddha kiyA huA tAbIja banAyA gayA-siddha thie, gora-siddhattha-karaMbiyAno, kuva0 (17.28) / kAlidAsa ne isI ko rakSAkaraNDaka kahA hai|' subhaTI ko bAlaka aura devI ke lie rakSAmaMDalAgra grahaNa karane ko kahA gyaa|2 / putrajanma kI sUcanA milate hI rAjA ne zarIra para dhAraNa kie hue sabhI AbhUSaNa paricArikA ko de DAle aura janmotsava manAne kA Adeza de diyaa| rAjA kA Adeza milate hI sAre nagara meM samudra-garjanA kI bhA~ti tUra kA zabda gUMja utthaa| rAjamahala kastUrI ke cUrNa se pUra diyA gyaa| mahaloM meM vAravilAsiniyoM ke nRtya hone lge| nagara ke loga bhI ullAsapUrvaka nRtya karane lge| rAjA ne udAratApUrvaka itanA dAna diyA ki aisI koI vastu na thI jo pradAna na kI gayI ho aura aisA koI vyakti nahIM thA, jise kucha prApta na huA hotaM Natthi jaM Na dijjai NUNamabhAvo Na labbhae jaM ca (18.30) / vardhApana-sAmAnyatayA khuzI ke avasara ko vardhApana kahA gayA hai / kuva0 ke anusAra putrajanma ke avasara para rAjA ne vardhApana manAne kA Adeza diyaa| kumArI kuvalayamAlA ke janma para putrajanma se bhI adhika vardhApana manAyA gayA (162.9) tathA ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI kA vivAha nizcita ho jAne para bhI vardhApana manAyA gayA-(233.33) / janmotsava bAraha dinoM taka manAyA jAtA thaa| bArahaveM dina nAmakaraNa-saMskAra hotA thA (21.2, 162.9) / yaha dina iSTa-mitroM sahita prasannatApUrvaka vyatIta kiyA jAtA thaa| paMcadhAtri-saMrakSaNa-nAmakaraNa ke bAda kuvalayacandra kI dekhabhAla pA~ca dhAIyoM ko sauMpa dI gyii|" janasUtroM meM mukhyatayA pA~ca prakAra kI dAIyoM kA ullekha milatA hai--dUdha pilAne vAlI (kSIra), alaMkAra Adi se vibhUSita karane vAlI (maNDana), nahalAne vAlI (majjaNa), krIr3A karAne vAlI (krIDAyana) aura bacce ko goda meM lekara khilAnevAlI (aNk)|6 bauddhasAhitya meM cAra dAIyoM kA ullekha hai| ina dAIyoM kI kuzalatA evaM kamajorI kA bAlaka para kaisA prabhAva par3atA thA isakI vistRta jAnakArI jainasUtroM meM prApta hotI hai|' 1. aho rakSAkaraMDakamasya maNibaMdhe na dRzyate-zakuMtalA, aMka, 7. 2. suhaDie-geNhasu bAlayassa devIe ya imaM rakkhA-maMDalaggaM ti-kuva017.29. 3, samAiLaM ca rAiNA vaddhAvaNayaM, 18.9. 4. aupapAtika, 40, pR0 185, Adi jaina granthoM meM / 5. evaM ca kaya-NAmadheo paMca-dhAI parikkhito-kuva0 21.7. 6. jJAtAdharmakathA, pR0 21. 7. divyAvadAna, 32, pR0 475; mUgapakkhajAtakA (528) bhAga 6; lalitavistAra, pR0 100. 8. ja0-jai0 A0 sa0, pR0 243.42.

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sAmAjika Ayojana 129 vivAhotsava sAmAjika jIvana meM vivAhotsava kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / vara-vadhU donoM ke mAtA-pitA isa avasara para utsAhapUrvaka isa Ayojana ko sampanna karate haiM / udyotanasUri ne kuva0 meM kevala eka bAra vivAhotsava kA varNana kiyA hai, kintu itanA sUkSma ki use par3hane se lagatA hai mAnoM A~khoM ke sAmane vivAha ho rahA ho / kumArI kuvalayamAlA kA vivAha nizcita ho jAne para rAjabhavana meM nimna taiyAriyAM hone lagIM : jyotiSI ko bulavAkara vivAha kA muhUrta nikalavAyA gayA / jyotiSI ne phAguna sudI paMcamI budhavAra ko svAtI nakSatra meM rAtri ke prathama pahara bIta Ane evaM dvitIya prArambha hone ke samaya lagna kA muhUrta batalAyA / lagna kA samaya Ate hI vibhinna taiyAriyA~ prArambha ho gayIM / dhAna daravAI gayI / use sAphakara cAvala taiyAra kiye gaye / vibhinna prakAra kI miThAiyA~ banavAyIM gayIM / anya khAdyapadArthoM ko ekatra kiyA gayA / kumhAroM ke yahA~ se vartana ma~gAye gaye / maMcazAlA taiyAra karAyI gayI / dhavalagRha ko sajAyA gayA / varavedikA racI gayI / bandanavAra baMdhavAyA gayA / - ratnoM kI parIkSA karavAyI gayI / hAthIghor3oM ko sajAyA gayA / rAjA logoM ko nimantraNa bheje gaye / lekhavAhaka bheje gye| bandhujanoM ko Amantrita kiyA gayA, bhavanoM ke zikhara sajAye gaye, bhittiyoM para saphadI kI gayI, gahane banavAye gaye, yavAMkura rope gaye, devatAoM kI arcanA kI gayI, nagara ke caurAhe sajAye gaye, kapar3oM ke thAna phAr3e gaye, kUrpAsaka silavAye gaye, patAkAe~ phaharAyIM gayIM tathA manohara ca~vara taiyAra karAye gaye / yahA~ taka ki usa nagara meM koI aisI mahilA va puruSa nahIM thA, jo kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha kArya meM prasannatApUrvaka vyasta nahIM thA / vivAha kI lagna ke Ate hI kuvalayamAlA kI mAtA ne apane honevAle jamAI ko snehapUrvaka snAna karavAyA / apane vaMza, kula, deza, samaya evaM lokAnusaraNa ke anusAra mAMgalika kautuka kiye / zveta vastra pahinA kara tilaka kiyA, kaMdhe para zveta puSpoM kA hAra pahinAkara mahendra ke sAtha kuvalayacandra ko vivAha maNDapa meM lAyA gayA ( 171.1, 2) / kuvalayamAlA bhI zvetavastra dhAraNa kara mAMgalika motiyoM ke gahane pahina vedI para baiTha gayI / samaya hote hI agnihotrazAlA meM agni prajvalita kI gayI, kSIravRkSa kI samidhA aura ghI kI AhUti dI gayI / kula ke vRddhajanoM ke samakSa rAjA ke sAmane, aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNoM ke bIca meM lokapAloM ko zrAmantrita kiyA gayA, dar3havarman kA nAma lekara kumAra 1. musumUrijjaMti ghaNNAI. . raijjati cArucAmarIpicchapabbharAI ti - kuva0 170.21, 25. 2. so Natthi koI puriso mahilA vA tammi Nayara - majjhammi / jo Na bihallapphalao kuvalayamAlA - vivAheNa // - vahI0 170.27.

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130 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke hAtha meM kuvalayamAlA kA hAtha diyaa| kumAra ne jaise hI kumArI kA hAtha pakar3A, tUra baja uThe, zaMkha phaMke jAne lage, jhallarI bajAyI gayIM, paMDita par3hane laga gaye, brAhmaNa mantra par3hate hue AhUti dene lage aura phere prArambha ho gaye, cauthA pherA pUrA hote-hote hI jaya-jaya ke zabdoM se maMDapa gUMja uThA (171.1, 15) mahilAe~ gIta gAneM lgiiN| kuva0 kA uparyukta vivAhotsava kA varNana anUThA hai| samarAiccakahA meM siMhakumAra aura kusumAvalI kA vivAha-varNana isI prakAra kA hai| usameM bhI cAra phere hI ullikhita haiN| bhArata ke kaI prAntoM meM yadyapi sAta phere zAdI meM liye jAte haiM, kintu rAjasthAna meM abhI bhI puSkaraNA brAhmaNoM meM cAra pheroM se vivAha sampanna hote haiN| vivAhotsava meM gIta gAnA anivArya kArya thA, kyoMki aise avasaroM para gAna mahaja manovinoda yA Amoda ullAsa ke sAdhana nahIM hote the, apitu vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki ve devatAoM ko prasanna kareMge, amaMgaloM ko dUra kareMge aura vara-vadhU ko azeSa saubhAgya se alaMkRta kreNge|' yuvarAjyAbhiSekotsava yuvarAja ko rAjA banAne ke lie rAjA dvArA usakA abhiSeka karane kI paramparA aneka granthoM meM milatI hai| kintu yuvarAja ke kyA adhikAra evaM kartavya haiM isakA prAmANika varNana kahIM upalabdha nahIM huaa| rAjA apane putra ke lie apAra dhana uttarAdhikAra meM chor3atA thA aura rAjya tathA samAja ke bar3e vyaktiyoM ke samakSa yuvarAja ko rAjA banAyA jAtA thaa| dhIre-dhIre yaha kArya eka utsava ke rUpa meM hone lagA aura nagara meM sajAvaTa tathA aneka prakAra ke mAMgalika kArya isake sAtha jur3a gye| udyotanasUri ne utsava ke rUpa meM hI rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana kiyA hai / kuvalayacandra ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya ayodhyAnagarI ko sajAyA gyaa| pUrNarUpa se saja jAne para nagarI aisI pratIta hotI thI mAnoM koI kulavadhU sajadhajakara apane priyatama ke Agamana kI pratIkSA kara rahI ho (199.33) / nagarI ke saja jAne para dRr3havarman kumAra ko apane sAtha hAthI para car3hAkara nagaradarzana ke lie nikala pdd'aa| nagaravAsiyoM ne kumAra kA svAgata kiyA (280.1,6) / nagaradarzana ke bAda kumAra kuvalaya candra ne AsthAnamaNDapa meM praveza kiyA tathA vividha paMcaraMgI maNiyoM se nirmita meghadhanuSa kI zobhA se yukta siMhAsana para vaha baiThA / jaya-jaya zabdoM ke sAtha mahArAja evaM sAmantoM ne maNiyoM se citrita, gIle kamala evaM komala hare pattoM se Dhake hue kaMcaNa-maNi nirmita kalazoM ko hAthoM para uThAkara mAMgalika zabdoM ke sAtha kumAra kA abhiSeka kiyaa| taba rAjA evaM vRddha sAmantoM ne kumAra ko AzIrvAda diyA aura sAmane AsanoM para baiTha gaye (200.8, 12) / 1. prAcInabhArata ke kalAtmaka vinoda, pR0 114. 2. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 314 draSTavya /

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sAmAjika Ayojana 131 tadanantara rAjA ne kahA-'putra kumAra ! maiM puNyazAlI hU~, jo tuma jaisA putra mujhe prApta huaa| Aja cirapratIkSita merA manoratha pUrNa huA hai| ataH mAja se merI samasta sampatti tumhArI hai| tumheM maiM rAjya kA bhAra sauMpatA huuN|' aba dharma-kAryoM meM apanA samaya vyatIta karUMgA'-'yaha saba ApakI kRpA hai| ApakI AjJA kA maiM hamezA pAlana karUMgA' yaha kaha kara kumAra ne uTha kara rAjA ke caraNa chue| tadanantara kuvalayamAlA kA bhI gurujanoM ko paricaya karAyA gayA-'dasiyA kuvalayamAlA gurujnnss| usane praNAma kiyaa| sabane usakA abhinandana kiyaa| isa prakAra vaha dina vyatIta huA (200.13, 18) / indramaha-uddyotanasUri ne nava pAvasa samaya ke bAda indramaha, mahAnavamI, dIpAvalI, devakUla-yAtrA, baladeva-mahotsava Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| indramaha prAcIna bhArata meM saba utsavoM meM zreSTha mAnA jAtA thA aura loga ise bar3I ghUmadhAma se manAte the| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra bharata cakravartI ke samaya se indramaha kA prArambha mAnA jAtA haiN| rAmAyaNa (4.16, 36), mahAbhArata (1.64, 33) evaM bhAsa ke nATakoM meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| varSA ke bAda jaba rAste svaccha ho jAte taba isa utsava kI dhUma macatI thii| jainasAhitya meM indramaha manAne ke aneka ullekha haiN| ina utsavoM meM Amoda-pramoda ke sAtha indraketu kI pUjA bhI hotI thii|" dhammapada-aTThakathA (1 pR0 280) meM ullikhita vajrapANi indrapratimA kI sambhavataH indramaha meM pUjA hotI rahI ho| indra kI pUjA kRSaka apanI acchI phasala ke lie evaM kumAriyA~ acche saubhAgya prApti ke lie kiyA karatI thIM / ' saubhAgya prApti kA hetu hone ke kAraNa indrapUjA basaMtaRtu meM bhI kI jAne lagI thii| indramaha eka lokotsava ke rUpa te manAyA jAtA thaa| mahAnavamI-kuva0 meM mahAnavamI parva kA do vAra ullekha huA hai| sthANu ko Thagane ke bAda mAyAditya jaba lauTakara AtA hai to use sunAtA hai ki vaha 1. tulanA-upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA, 237.38; tilakamaMjarI, pR0 93 aadi| . 2. tao kameNa ya saMpattesu iMdamahadiyahesu, kIramANAsu mahANavamIsu hota. maNorahesu dIvAlI chaNa-mahesu payattAsu devaulajattAsu volie baladevUsave, 148.11, 12. 3. AvazyakacUrNi, pR0 213. 4. pusAlakara-bhAsa : e sTaDI, adhyAya 19, pR0 440 Adi / 5. hApakinsa-epika mAitholAjI, pR0 125 Adi / 6. ja0-jai0 A0 sa0, pR0 431. 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 136. 8. bRhatkalpabhASya, pR0 5153. 9. zAradAtanaya kA bhAvaprakAza, pR0 137. 10. agravAla, prAcIna bhAratIya lokadharma, ahamadAbAda 1964.

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132 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana navamI-mahotsava ke lie bali dene hetu kisI gRhasvAmI dvArA pakar3a liyA gayA thA aura jaba ghara ke saba loga navamI kA snAna karane nadI meM gaye to vaha paharedAra kI A~kha bacAkara bhAga AyA hai|' dUsare prasaMga meM varSARtu ke bAda mahAnavamI mahotsava kiye jAne kA ullekha hai (148.11) / mahAnavamI mahotsava ke prAcIna sAhitya meM aneka ullekha milate haiM / DA0 handikI ne isa mahotsava ke sambandha meM vizeSa adhyayana kiyA hai| mahAvamI kI tithi ke sambandha meM samAna ullekha nahIM hai| yazastikacampU ke anusAra caitrasudo navamI ko yaha utsava hotA thA, jabaki pArzvanAthacarita meM caitra aura Azvina mAha kI navamIM ko yaha utsava manAne kA ullekha hai| uddyotana ne bhI varSARtu ke bAda Azvina mAha meM hI isakA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAnavamI ko snAna karane evaM bali dene ke bhI ullekha milate haiM, kintu narabali kA ullekha kuvalayamAlAkahA ke atirikta anya granthoM meM nahIM milaa| isa utsava meM cAmuNDA athavA durgA kI pUjA hotI thii| dhIredhIre zakti kA pratIka hone se yaha rAjyotsava ke rUpa meM manAyA jAne lagA thaa| dIpAvalI-dIpAvalI utsava prakAza kA parva prAcIna samaya se hI rahA hai| hindU evaM jaina ise apane-apane DhaMga se manAte rahe haiN| dhArmika pRSThabhUmi isake sAtha Aja bhI banI huI hai| ijipTa meM bhI dIpoM kA tyohAra manAyA jAtA hai, jo dIvAlI kI taraha dhArmika tyohAra hai| udyotana ne dIpAvalI kA mAtra ullekha kiyA hai (148.11) / baladevotsava-varSARtu kI samApti para yaha utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| yaha Azvina evaM kArtika mAha meM dhAna kI phasala kATane evaM gehU~ vone ke samaya hotA hai| baladeva haladhara hone ke nAte kRSi ke devatA ke rUpa meM isa utsava meM pUje jAte rahe hoNge| jisase anna kA utpAdana acchA ho / kaumudImahotsava-RtuoM se sambandhita utsavoM meM kaumudImahotsava vasantotsava evaM madanotsava pramukha haiN| udyotanasUri ne ina tInoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAgaradatta kI kathA ke prasaMga meM kaumudImahotsava kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jise uddyotana ne zarada-pUrNimAmahotsava kahA hai-saraya-poNNimA-mahUsavaM pecchamANassa (103.32) / ataH yaha utsava dopAvalI ke 15 dina pUrva zaradapUrNimA ko manAyA jAtA thaa| vAmanapurANa (92.58) meM dIpAvalI ko hI 1. suhaya, imAe NavamIe amha ca oruddhA devayArAhaNaM kaahii| tIe tuma balI kIrihisi, 59.33.-hijjo NavamIe sambo imo pariyaNo saha sAmiNA NhAiuM vaccIhi ti 60.3. 2. puruSArthacintAmaNi, pR0 59; garuDapurANa, adhyAya 134; devIpurANa a0 22; harSacarita a0 8; yazastilakacampU, pArzvanAthacarita a0 4 Adi / 3. ha0-yaza0 i0 ka0, pR0 400. 4. vahI, pR0 402, (noTsa) /

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sAmAjika Ayojana 133 kaumudImahotsava kahA hai, jisameM bali aura viSNu ke kathAnaka ko sammAna diyA jAtA thaa| kintu prAcIna sAhitya meM kaumudI-mahotsava dIpAvalI se bhinna batalAyA gayA hai|' kuva0 ke anusAra isa mahotsava meM nagara ke caurAhoM para naToM ke natya hote the|2 naTamaMDalI ke kucha cAraNa Adi vyakti mahotsava meM sammilita zreSThajanoM kI stuti karate the tathA rasika zreSThiputra eka lAkha taka kA puraskAra ina bharataputroM ko dene kI ghoSaNA karate the| kintu apanI bAhuoM dvArA kamAye hue dhana ko dAna meM denA hI zreSTha samajhA jAtA thaa| udyotanasUri ne isa mahotsava meM mahilAoM ke sammilita hone kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, jabaki Age calakara rAniyA~ bhI anya pratiSThita mahilAoM ke sAtha isa mahotsava meM sammilita hone lagI thiiN| zaradapUrNimA ke atirikta kaumudImahotsava kArtikapUrNimA ko bhI manAye jAne ke ullekha milate haiN|" ____ vasantotsava-vasantaRtu meM kaI utsava manAye jAte the| unameM se vasantotsava aura madanotsava prasiddha haiN| jisa dina vasanta varSa meM prathama bAra pRthvI para utaratA hai, usa dina jo utsava manAyA jAtA thA use vasantotsava athavA savasantaka kahA gayA hai| udyotana ne isakA navavasanta utsava ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai (77.15) / madanotsava-kuva0 meM isakA vistRta varNana hai / nara, kinnara, evaM ramaNiyoM se vyApta vasanta Rtu meM madana yodazI (caitra zukla dvAdazI se pUrNimA taka) ke Ane para pUjanIya, saMkalpa-pUrNakartA kAmadeva ke bAhya udyAna meM sthita maMdira kI yAtrA karane ke lie apanI dhAya evaM sakhiyoM sahita jAtI huI vanadattA ko madanamahotsava meM Aye hue mohadatta ne dekhaa| donoM meM anurAga ho gayA (77. 16, 18) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki madanotsava meM kAmadeva kI pUjA kA kArya pradhAna thaa| strI-puruSa donoM hI isa utsava meM sammilita hote the| madana-trayodazI ke dina adhika bhIr3a rahatI thI, kintu kAmadeva kI pUjA vAda meM bhI calatI rahatI thI / vanadattA kI dhAya use madanotsava samApta hone para nirjana meM kAmadeva kI 1. jAtakamAlA (13vIM unamArayaMtI kI kathA)-AryasUrya, mudrArAkSasa aMka 3 mAlatImAdhava aMka 7 evaM kAmasUtra 5-5, 11. 2. ekkammi ya Nayari-caccare NaDeNa NacciuM payattaM-103 15. 3. bho bho-bharahaputtA lihai sAyaradattaM imiNA suhAsieNa lakkhaM dAyavvaM, 103.19. 4. nagarAMganAjanasya'"kaumadImahotsavasamayamAlokamAnayA-yazastilakacappa, u0 7, pR0 2. 5. mudrArAkSasa 3.10 ke TIkAkAra dhuMdhirAja ke anusAra / 6. prAcInabhArata ke kalAtmaka vinoda, pR0 138.

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134 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pUjA karane ke lie Ane ko kahatI hai, jisase vaha apane premI se bhI mila sake ( 77.28 ) / bhavabhUti ke mAlatImAdhava aura samrATa harSadeva kI ratnAvalI meM madanotsava aura madanodyAna - utsava kA sUkSma aura vistRta varNana hai / _isa prakAra kuvalayamAlAkahA meM varNita uparyukta sAmAjika Ayojana va utsava kevala thakAna ko miTAne ke sAdhana nahIM the, apitu unake pIche sAMskRtika dharohara kI mAMgalika rUpa meM rakSA karane kA bhI uddezya thA / unase kevala manoraMjana nahIM, apitu kAma jaisI pramukha vRttiyoM kA kalyANakArI zamana bhI hotA thA, jo svasthya ra Adarza samAja ke lie anivArya hai / ina sAmAjika prayojanoM meM sabhI varNoM aura jAtiyoM ko sammilita hone kA avasara thA / isa prakAra Arya-saMskRti ke ve pramukha sAmAjika upAdAna the / rIti-rivAja kuvalayamAlA meM sAmAjika AyojanoM avasaroM para aneka prakAra rIti-rivAjoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / inameM se kucha rIti-rivAja aise haiM jinakA jainaparamparA ke anusAra lekhaka ne khaMDana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, kintu kucha rIti-rivAjoM ko kathAnaka ke anusAra svIkRti bhI dI hai / inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai| -: agnisaMskAra evaM brAhmaNabhoja - mAnabhaTa apane mAtA-pitA evaM patnI ke zavoM ko kue~ se nikAlakara unakA ucita saMskAra karatA hai / " sundarI ke pati priyaMkara kI mRtyu ho jAne para arthI banAyo gayI tathA usa para zava ko rakhA gayA / use le jAne ke lie sundarI se kahA gayA ki putrI, tumhArA pati mara gayA hai, use zmasAna le jAkara agni saMskAra karane do / kintu sundarI premAndha hone ke kAraNa isake liye taiyAra nahIM huI tathA svayaM use kandhe para lAda kara nirjana sthAna para le gayI / kyoMki vaha apane pati se bichur3anA nahIM cAhatI thI / lekina anta meM rAjakumAra kI caturAI dvArA use yathArtha se avagata karAyA gayA / 3 agni-saMskAra ke bAda mRtaka ko pAnI dene kI bhI prathA thI, jo putra ke dvArA sampanna hotI thI ( 13.22 ) / mRtaka kI asthiyoM ko gaMgA meM sirAne se dharma hotA hai, aisI bhI mAnyatA thI / kintu ye saba alpajJAniyoM ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle kArya the / lekhaka ke anusAra ina kAryoM se mRtaka kI AtmA kI pavitratA nahIM bar3hatI / yadyapi phUla sirAne kI prathA Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / 1. eemaellae kUvAo kaDDhiUNa sakkArikaNaM maya - karaNijjaM ca kAUNaM - 55.7. 2. viNimmiviyaM maya- jANavattaraM / tao tattha voDhumADhattA - vacche esa so tuha paI vivaNNo, masANaM UNa agni-sakkAro kIrai - 224.29 evaM draSTavya 48.10. 3. eyaM te bhaNamANA talae gaMtUNa deMti se vAri, 187.4 tathA 240.16. puNa bhayassa aMgaTTiyAi~ chanbhaMti jaNhavI-salile / 4. jaM taM tasa hoI dhammaM ettha tumaM keNa velavio // 49.5.

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sAmAjika Ayojana 135 udyotanasUri ne mRtaka-saMskAra ke bAda brAhmaNa-dAna Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| caMDasoma apane bhAI evaM bahina kA agni-saMskAra kara brAhmaNoM ko sarvasva dAna kara tIrthasthAna ko nikala jAtA hai| mRtaka ko tarpaNa dene ke bAda brAhmaNabhoja bhI karAyA jAtA thA (187.5) / lekhaka kA kathana hai ki isa saMsAra kI aisI chadmasthatA kA kyA pariNAma hogA ?' satIprathA-kuva0 meM satIprathA kA do bAra ullekha huA hai| sanvyAvarNana ke prasaMga meM sUrya kA anukaraNa karanevAlI saMdhyA kI upamA anumaraNa karanevAlI kula-bAlikA se dI gayI hai| kAmagajendra ko yaha salAha dI gayI thI ki pati ke marane para patnI kA anumaraNa karanA to ucita hai, kintu kisI mahilA ke lie kisI puruSa dvArA anumaraNa karanA zAstroM meM fidita mAnA gayA hai| yaha zAstra sambhavataH koI smRtigrantha rahA hogaa| bodhAyanasmRti meM isI vicAradhArA ke anukUla ullekha milatA hai| kintu kuvalayamAlA ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM satIprathA ko nindanIya mAnA jAtA rahA hogA / mahAkavi bANa bhI candrApIDa ke dvArA mahAzvetA ko sAntvanA dilAte samaya satIprathA kI vistAra se nindA karate haiN| ho sakatA hai yaha bauddha aura jaina mAnyatAoM kA prabhAva rahA ho| dAsaprathA-udyotanasUri ne grantha meM yatra-tatra dAsaprathA se bhI sambandhita kucha jAnakArI dI hai| prAcIna bhArata meM dAsaprathA pracalita thii| yaha samaya bhArata meM islAma dharma ke praveza kA thA / bahuta se araba vyApArI bhArata meM Akara vasane lage the, ho sakatA hai isase bhI tatkAlIna dAsaprathA para prabhAva par3A ho / uddyotana ke anusAra dasiyA~ vastra, bhojana evaM kArya ke lie pUrNarUpa se apane mAlika para nirbhara rahatI thiiN| __ kuvalayamAlA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra gautama ko upadeza dete hue kahate haiM ki jo vyakti madonmatta hokara jIvoM kA kraya-vikraya karatA hai vaha marakara dAsatva ko prApta hotA hai-mariuM dAsattaM vaccae (231.28 kuv0)| ataH dAsa honA atyanta kaSTapUrNa jIvana kA pratIka rahA hogaa| dAsa zabda kA svayaM eka vistRta itihAsa hai| 1. kiM tassa hoI eyaM eso loyassa chaumattho-187.5. 2. kula-bAliya vva saMjhA aNumarai samudda-majjhammi-82.20. jajjai mahilANa imaM mayammi daiyammi mArio appaa|| mahilatthe purisANaM appavaho Nidio satthe // -240.12. 4. bodhAyanasmRti 1.13. a0-kA0 sA0 U0, pR0 172. 6. 30.34, 186.21, 227.28, 231.28 Adi / 7. aNNaM ca esa dAso' ko maha dAhii vatthaM, ko vA asaNaM ti ko va kajjAI / eyaM ciya citeMti esA lihiyA rUvaMtI me // -186.21, 22. 8. TI. vUro-'da saMskRta leMgyueja', pR0 25 evaM bu0-po0 so0 pa0, pR0 35 .

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aMdhavizvAsa kuva0 kI kathAe~ lokatattvoM se adhika saMzliSTa hai| svabhAvataH unameM aMdhavizvAsoM kI bharamAra hai / putra-prApti ke lie yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta, pizAca ko pUjanA (12.26), tantra evaM mantra kI ArAdhanA karanA, jar3I bAMTa kara pInA pijjati mUliyAno tathA bali Adi denA (162.3, 5) kaI aMdhavizvAsa pracalita the| putra ke guma jAne para usakA patA lagAne ke lie evaM putrI kI mati ThIka karAne ke lie aneka jogiyoM, naimittakoM evaM mantra-tantra vAdiyoM kI mAtApitA ArAdhanA karate phirate the (156.1, 225.13) / isI prakAra vaivAhika evaM janmotsava Adi ke avasaroM meM vibhinna prakAra ke mAMgalika kArya bhI kiye jAte the (170.31) / kuva0 meM vibhinna avasaroM para vali dene ke bhI ullekha milate haiM (14.5, 56.33, 104.17, 162.3, 4 evaM 201.19 Adi) / udyotana ke samakAlIna sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke aMdhavizvAsoM kI kamI nahIM hai| bANa ke granthoM evaM samarAiccakahA meM inakI bharamAra hai / kintu andhavizvAsa kevala ajJAnatA aura mUr3hatA ke hI pratIka nahIM haiM, apitu tatkAlIna samAja meM sAdhanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM ke vikAsa ke kAraNa bhI inakI saMkhyA bar3hI hai| kucha kAryoM ko mAMgalika mAna kara hI kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yathA-zakuna-apazakuna vicAra (anu0 289), rAziphala adhyayana ke vAda nAma-saMskaraNa (pR0 19,20) evaM lagnavicAra (170.10) Adi / mahilAoM ke saiMkar3oM mAMgalika kArya samAja meM sampanna hote rahate the|' gAMvoM kA sAmAjika-jIvana kuva0 meM na kevala nAgarika jIvana kA hI citraNa huA hai, apitu grAmINa jIvana ke bhI vividha citra prApta hote haiM / udyotanasUri ne isa sambandha meM nimna jAnakArI dI hai : vijayapurI ke samIpa hI bar3e-bar3e gAMva sthita the| mahAgrAmoM ke bIca meM vANa pheMkane ke barAbara dUrI rahatI thii| ataH lagabhaga do phalAMga ke antara se mahAgrAma basAye jAte the| gAMvoM meM eka-eka kadama kI dUrI para dhavalagRha banate the| dhavalagRhoM ke Age vana-udyAna lagAyA jAtA thaa| vana-udyAna ke bIca meM nAriyala Adi ke vRkSa lage hote the, nAriyaloM ke vRkSoM ke bAda supArI ke vRkSa lagate the, jinameM nAgavallI kI latAe~ lipaTI rahatI thiiN| ina-udyAnoM ke bAda gahana jaMgala prArambha ho jAtA thA, jahAM sUrya kI kiraNeM bhI muzkila se praveza kara pAtI thiiN| grAma-racanA ke isa prakAra kA varNana rAyas DeviDsa ne 'buddhisTa iMDiyA' meM kiyA hai| kintu kuva0 kA yaha varNana dakSiNa bhArata ke grAma-saMgaThana ke adhika anurUpa hai| 1. eya pi maye lihiyaM kIya vi mahilANa maMgala-sohi / _____ kIrai se phala-ThavaNaM vajjira tUroha-saddeNaM / / 187.18 / 2. bANa-khevametta saMThiya-mahAgAmu-diNayara-kara-pavAro, kuva0 149.6, 8 /

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sAmAjika Ayojana 137 gAMvoM ke nivAsa sthAna prAyaH miTTI ke bane hote the (147.28) / aura una para chappara tAnA jAtA thaa| varSARtu ke Ate hI gAMvoM meM gharoM ke chappara taiyAra kiye jAne lagate the-gAmesu gharAI chajjati (101.20) / kucha jhoMpar3iyA~ jUnA aura bAMsa kI dIvAloM se bhI banAyI jAtI thiiN|' samRddha grAmoM meM pakke makAna bhI banate the / gAvoM meM tAlAba banAye jAte the, jo grAmavAsiyoM ke dvArA nahAne Adi se kIcar3a bhare rahate the (42.34) / / ___ gAMvoM kA pramukha dhandhA kRSi thaa| varSARtu ke Ate hI hala jotanA prArambha kara diyA jAtA thA (39.30, 46.11) / acchI kRSi ke lie varSA kA honA Avazyaka thaa| yadi anAvRSTi ho jAtI to akAla par3a jAtA thaa| udyotanasUri ne eka aise akAla kA sUkSma varNana kiyA hai| mAkandI nagarI meM bAraha varSa taka varSA na hone se bhayaMkara akAla par3a gyaa| pAnI ke binA anAja nahIM ugA, auSadhiyAM nahIM ugI, vRkSoM meM phala nahIM Aye, ghAsa nahIM ugI, pAvasa Rtu meM kevala lU bharI havA clii| dhUla ur3atI thI, pRthvI kaMpatI thI, parvata bAjate the, ulkApAta hotA thA, dizAe~ jalatI thIM, grISma Rtu jaisA vAtAvaraNa ho gayA thA (117.12, 15) / isa prakAra utpAdana na hone se, pUrva saMcita khAdyAnna samApta ho gyaa| ataH udarapUrti karanA kaThina ho gyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa deva-arcanA banda ho gayI, atithi-satkAra ghaTa gayA, brAhmaNapUjA duHkhadAyI ho gayI, gurujanoM kA sammAna ghaTa gayA, sevakoM kA dAna Adi banda ho gayA, lAja-zarama jAtI rahI, puruSArtha meM pramAda A gayA tathA kuzala vyaktiyoM kA anAdara hone lagA (117.20,22) / akAla meM janapatha laMghana karane lage, saba bAtoM ko chor3akara dinarAta khAne-pIne kI hI carcA thii| bhUkha se aneka zreSThiyoM Adi ke kula bhI naSTa ho gye| yajJazarmA nAmaka brAhmaNa kisI prakAra bacA rahA / usane dukAnoM ke Age pharza para se anAja ke dAne bIna-bIna kara khAye tathA bhIkha mAMgakara apanA peTa bharA evaM akAla ke samaya ko vyatIta kiyA (117.29) / gAMvoM meM isa prakAra ke akAla se bacane ke lie khetI para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| upajAU jamIna meM puSTa bIjoM ke dvArA saugunA phasala paidA kI jA sakatI thI (192.27) / phasala kI siMcAI ke lie rahaTa kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA--prArahaTa-ghaDi-samANA (263.31) tathA varSA ke pAnI ko rokane ke lie khetoM ko bA~dha diyA jAtA thaa| prAya: bailoM se khetI kI jAtI thI (186.7) tathA phasala ko kATakara khalihAna meM rakhate the evaM dAya~ karake usameM se anAja nikAlate the (186.12) / phasala meM tila (8.18), samA, cAvala, kodoM (101.7) tathA mUMga (286.12) Adi anAja paidA kiyA jAtA thaa| 1. jara-kaDaya-kae uDaya-vAse, 43.2.

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138 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kolha pera kara tela nikAlA jAtA thA (36.28, 41.11) tathA pazuoM ke lie khalI bhI nikala AtI thI (6.6, 8.18) / gAMva ke nivAsiyoM ko grAmINa (gAmello 250.35), grAmakUTa, gAMva kI gopI (7.10), grAmayuvatI (8.1) grAmanaTI (47.5) Adi ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thaa| gAMva meM kucha prazAsanika saMgaTana bhI the| udyotanasUri ne grAma ke nimnokta adhikAriyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai :-mahAbar3harabhaTTa (48.22), pradhAnamayahara (46.10), grAma-vodraha (52.4), grAmamahAbhojjAI (31.13), gAmamahattara (63.13), gAma-caDaya (113.7), gAma-sAmanta (200.34) / inakI prAcIna bhAratIya grAma-adhikAriyoM se tulanA karane para grAmaprazAsana ke kSetra meM navIna prakAza par3a sakatA hai| sAmAnyarUpa se inakA kArya gA~va ke mAmaloM meM grAmINa janatA ko apanI salAha denA thaa|

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pariccheda cAra vastroM ke prakAra uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM prasaMgavaza aise aneka vastroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo prAcIna bhAratIya samAja meM pracalita the| vastroM ke prakAra evaM svarUpa kA adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki na kevala dezI vastra vyavahAra meM Ate the apitu vyApArika samRddhi ke kAraNa aneka videzI vastra bhI samAja meM pracalita ho gaye the| uddyotana dvArA ullikhita vastroM ke prasaMga meM prayukta zabdoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai : 1. arghasavarNavastrayugala (84.8) 2. uttarIya (25.16, 156.30) 3. uparipaTAMzuka (74.6) 4. paTAMzukayugala (209.10) 5. uparimavastra (53.4, 93.5) 6. uparistanavastra (76.16) 7. kaMTha-kappaDa (105.2) 8. kaMthA-kappaDa (63.7) 9. jIrNakathA (41.25) 10. kaMbala (169.13) 11. kacchA (193.6 ) 12. kasiNAyAra (84.10) 13. kasiNapacchAyaNa (84.10) 14. kusa-satthara (14.18)

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140 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 15. kUsika (166.16, 170.25) 16. kSoma (113.10, 12) 17. gaMgApaTa (66.2) 18. ciMghaya (24.20, 47.30) 16. citrapaDI (18.27) 20. cIra-mAlA (41.18, 47.30, 145.4, 197.24, 225.27) 21. cIvara (188.18) 22. celiya (65.32) 23. thaNauttarijja (25.16) 24. dara-lIva (46.14) 25. divyavastra (189.33), devadUSya 26. dhavalamaddhaM (84.10) 27. dhUsara-kappaDa (58.1) 28. dhota-dhavala, dukUla-yugala (11.16, 136.10) 29. Niyaya paMTTasu-aMteNa (10.22) netrayugala, netrapaTa (7.28, 18.27, 66.3) 31. paTI (170.25) 32. paDa (107.4) 33. para-vasana (7.29) 34. pota (53.15) 35. phAlika (104.2) 36. bhAyana-kappaDa (245.17) 37. maliNa-kucela (155.14) 38. yugala (171-1) 36. rattayAi kappaDAI (58.2), rallaka (18.26) 40. valkala dukUla (128.4) 41. vastra (124.12, 136.13, 172.1, 4, 154.21, 183.10, 222.14, 271.8 . 42. saNhavasana (171.3) 43. samAyoga (198.23) 44. siMhAvaDa (199.30) 30.

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141 vastroM ke prakAra 45. sATaka (104.2) 46. suNiyattha-NiyaMsaNaM (73.22) 47. sejjAsaMthAra (220.4, 5, 271.12) 48. suvaNNacAriya (18.27) 46. haMsagarbha (21.17, 42.32) inameM se kucha vastroM kA paricaya svayaM uddyotanasUri ne diyA hai| kucha kA paricaya tatkAlIna sAhitya evaM kalA ke mAdhyama se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ardhasavarNavastrayugala-rAjA purandaradatta muniyoM kI parIkSA ke lie rAtri meM jAte samaya ardhasavarNavastrayugala ko pahanatA hai|' yaha vastrayugala kA argha bhAga candramA kI bhA~ti dhavala evaM AdhA mayUra ke kaMTha evaM nIla gAya kI taraha zyAma raMga kA thA, jo kAttika mAsa ke kRSNa evaM zuklapakSa kI taraha zobhita ho rahA thaa| rAjA ne kAlI kinArIvAle zveta adhovastra ko pahana liyA evaM kAlIcAdara ko or3ha liyaa| yahA~ ardhasavarNavastra kA artha hai, aisA vastra jo AdhA zveta raMga kA thA aura AdhA kAle raMga kaa| isakI pahicAna adhya(zuka se kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM tAnA eka tAra kA hotA thA aura bAnA do tAroM kaa| isI bunAyI ke kAraNa eka bhAga meM usakA eka raMga hotA hogA aura dUsare bhAga meM dUsarA raMga / 'dhavalamaddhaM-kasiNakAra' kA artha hai kAlI kinArI vAlA zveta adhovastra / isa prakAra ke kinArI vAle vastra pAThavIM sadI meM khaba pracalita ho gaye the| yaha kinArI raMgoM evaM svarNa Adi se bhI banAyI jAtI thii| kasiNapacchAyaNaM kA artha kAlI cAdara se hai, jo eka prakAra kA dukUla hI thaa| kamara se Upara or3hane ke kAma AtA thaa| uttarIya-tatkAlIna evaM usake pUrva ke sAhitya meM uttarIya ko or3hane vAlA vastra mAnA gayA hai, jo dukUla se vanatA thaa| puruSa evaM striyA~ donoM ke kAma AtA thaa| kuva0 meM striyoM ke uttarIya kA do bAra ullekha huA hai| donoM bAra uttarIya ko stana Dhakane vAlA vastra batalAyA gayA hai| kumAra kuvalayacandra 1. rAiNA puraMdaradatteNa gAhiaM addha-savaNNaM vattha-juvalayaM / -84.8. 2. addhaM sasaMka-dhavalaM addhaM sihi-kaMTha-gavala-sacchAyaM / pakkha-juvalaM va ghaDiyaM kattiya-mAsaM va ramaNijja |-vhii, 9. 3. parihariyaM ca rAiNA dhavalamaddhaM kasiNAyAra-parikkhittaM / uvarillayaM pi kayaM kasiNa-pacchAyaNaM |-vhii, 10. 4. mo0-prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 55. 5. vahI, 152, para uddhRta nisItha, 7, 467. 6. saMvyAnamuttarIyaM ca, amarakoSa, 2.6.118.

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142 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ko dekhatI haI kUlAMganAe~ Apasa meM bAta karatI haiM-'arI bezarama, apane stanauttarIya ko kyoM nahI smhaaltii|' kuvalayamAlA kumAra kuvalayacandra para apanA rAga vyakta karane ke liye jhUTha-mUTha hI stanabhAga ke uttarIya ko samhAlatI hai|' sambhavataH yaha stana-uttarIya uttarIya kI gAtrikA-granthi kA paryAyavAcI hogA, jisake idhara-udhara khisaka jAne se stana dikhane lagate hoNge| ThIka stanoM para grAtrikA-granthi ko banAye rakhanA unakA paradA samajhA jAtA rahA hogaa| udyotana dvArA uttarIya ko samhAlane ke lie saMyama zabda prayukta huA hai, jo usa samaya taka bA~dhane ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA thA / uparima-vastra-padmavimAna ke varNana ke prasaMga meM uvarima-vatthaM zabda AyA hai, jisakA artha hai-zayanAsana ke Upara tanA huA caMdobA / jisa prakAra nIce vichAne kI cAdara ko nicola kahA jAtA thaa| usI prakAra caMdobe ko uparimavastra kahA jAne lagA hogaa| ataH uparimavastra vitAna kA paryAyavAcI kahA jA sakatA hai / gujarAtI meM ise caMdarabA kahate haiN| uparillaka-yaha sambhavataH uttarIya kA apara nAma rahA hogA, jise striyA~ dhAraNa karatI thiiN| mAnabhaTa kI patnI udyAna meM apanA apamAna hone ke kAraNa ghara Akara uparillaka kA phaMdA banAkara phAMsI lagA letI hai (53.4) / isase lagatA hai ki yaha vastra kAphI majabUta hotA hogA evaM binA silA huA bhii| uparimastanavastra-yaha uttarIya se sambhavataH caur3A vastra hotA hogaa| suvarNadattA jaMgala meM apane navajAta zizuoM kI rakSA kA koI upAya na dekha unheM apane uparimastanavastra meM bA~dha detI hai| eka chora meM bacce ko evaM eka chora meM baccI ko aura phira donoM kI eka poTalI banA detI hai| poTalI bA~dhane kA yaha prakAra Aja bhI grAmINoM ke bAjAra meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| Ajakala ke usa cAdara kA jo striyA~ or3hatI haiM, yaha prAcIna rUpa rahA hogaa| kaMTha-kappaDa-sAgaradatta ne eka aMjalI rupaye lekara apane kaMTha-kappaDa meM bA~dhakara poTalI banA lii| yaha prAcIna bhArata meM pracalita dupaTTA rahA hogA, jise kaMdhe para saMbhrAnta loga DAlate the| Ajakala gA~voM meM loga anivArya rUpa se eka svaccha gamachA athavA taha kI huI cAdara kaMdhe para DAle rahate haiN| AvazyakatA 1. alajjie, saMjamesu thaNa-uttarijjaM ti-kuva0 25.16. 2. ki Na saMjamiyaM aliya-lhasiyamuttarijjayaM-vahI0 159.30. draSTavya--a0-ha0 a0, phalaka 1, citra 3 a| 4. aha taM uvarima-vatthaM utthalleUNa tattha sayaNatale |-kuv0 93.5. zabda-ratnAkara, 3.225. 6. Niyaya-uparima-thaNa-vatthaddhatae Nibaddho dArao, duiya-disAe ya daariyaa| kayaM ca ubhayavAsa-poTralayaM / -kuva076.16. 7. ekkA aMjalI ruvayANaM..."Nibaddha ca NeNa kaMTha-kappaDe taM puTTalayaM / -105.2. 3. damA

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vastroM ke prakAra par3ane para kaMTha meM bhI lapeTa lete haiM, gulabanda ko taraha / kaMTa meM lapeTane ke kAraNa ise kaMTha-kappaDa kahA jAtA rahA hogA / kaMthA-udyotana ne kaMthA kA pAMca bAra ullekha kiyA hai| manuSya-janma ke duHkhoM kA varNana karate hue dharmanandanamuni kahate haiM ki jaise kisI garIba ghara kI gahiNI zizirakAla meM jIrNa kaMthA ko or3hakara apanI ThaMDa kATatI hai, usI prakAra isameM bhI aneka bAra taNa ke vichaunoM para hI rAta kATa dI hai|' sthANu mAyAditya ke ghAvoM para kaMthA ke cithar3e bA~dhatA hai2 tathA bhavacakra ke paTacitra meM eka vRddha garIba ko cIvara pahine hue evaM kaMthA or3he hue citrita kiyA gayA thaa| ina ullekhoM se spaSTa hai ki kaMthA garIboM ke upayoga meM Ane vAlA vastra thaa| zizirakAla meM kaMthA kI upayogitA kA ullekha somadeva ne bhI kiyA hai| isa kaMthA ko Ajakala dezI bhASA meM katharI kahA jAtA hai| bundelakhaNDa meM aneka purAne jIrNa-zIrNa Tukar3oM ko eka sAtha silakara banAye gaye kapar3e ko katharI kahate haiM garIba parivAra, jo ThaMDa se bacAva ke lie garma yA ruI bhare huye kapar3e nahIM kharIda sakate ve kaMthAe~ banA lete haiM, jo or3hane-bichAne ke kAma AtI haiN| moTI hone ke kAraNa ina kaMthAoM meM jUM bhI par3a jAtI hai| jU ke kAraNa kaMthA na chor3anA, somadeva ke samaya eka muhAvarA bana gayA thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM se 10vIM sadI taka kaMthA garIba parivAroM kA anivArya vastra bana gayA thaa| zizirakAla meM zrImanta loga bhale kAlAgaru, kaMkuma kI sugaMdhayukta zayanAsanoM kA bhoga karate rahe hoM, kintu sAdhunoM evaM garIba striyoM kI to kaMthA hI eka mAtra jIvana thA / vartamAna meM bhI kaMthA yA katharI kA upayoga hotA hai| kaMbala-uddyotana ne zizirakAla meM kaMbala kA upayoga adhika hotA thA, isakA saMketa diyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kaMbala UnI-vastra thaa| atharvaveda, mahAvagga, jAtakoM meM kaMbala ko UnI vastra hI kahA gayA hai| kaMboja 1. bahulI va parigayAe sisire jara-kaMtha-utthaya-taNUe / duggaya-dhariNIe mae bahuso taNa-satthare suiyaM // kuva0 41.25, 169.30. 2. baddhAiM ca vaNa-muhAI kathA-kappaDehiM, vahI0 63.7. 3. lihio roro thero ya satthara-NivaNNo / cIvara-kaMthotthaio, vahI, 188.18. 4. zithilayati durvidhakuTumbesu jaratkaMthA paTaccarANi / -yaza0 pUrva0, pR0 57. 5. jai0 - yaza0 sAM0, pR0 138. 6. jara-maMthara-kathA-metta-dehayA juNNa-ghammiyA, khala-tila-kaMthA jIvaNAo duggaya ghrinniio|- kuva0 169.30. agghaMti jammi kAle kaMbala-ghaya-tella rllyggiio|-kuuv0169.13. 8. atharvaveda, 14.2, 66.67. mahAvagga, 8.3, 1. 10. madyavaNijajAtaka, bhAga 4, pR0 352. 9

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144 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (tAjikistAna), parisindhu evaM banArasa meM taraha-taraha ke kambala banate the| kambala ke ati pracalana ke kAraNa pANini ke samaya paNyakambala nAma se bAjAra meM eka nAma bhI pracalita ho gayA thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kambala bhAratIya vyApAra meM AyAta-niryAta kI vastuoM meM sammilita rahA hogaa| ___ kacchA-kuvalayamAlA ke ullekha ke anusAra kacchA eka prakAra kA laMgoTa thA, jise bhikhArI pahinate the| kintu varNana ke prasaMga ke anusAra pratIta hotA hai ki guruoM se zikSA grahaNa karanevAle chAtra yA dhArmika ziSya bhI kacchA pahinate rahe hogeN| vyAkhyAprajJapti (1.2, pR0 49) meM caraka-parivrAjaka dvArA kacchoTaka (laMgoTI) pahine jAne kA ullekha hai| kacchA puruSoM ke atirikta adhovastra ke nIce striyA~ bhI pahinane lagI thiiN| lATa deza meM kacchA pahinane kA rivAja thaa| mahArASTra meM usI ko bhoyar3A kahA jAtA thA, jo kanyAe~ vivAha ke bAda garbhavatI hone taka dhAraNa karatI thiiN| kalA meM bhI kacchA pahine hue kaI avazeSa prApta hue haiN| ajaMtA ke bhitticitroM meM leNa naM0 17 meM zikArI laMgoTa pahine hue aMkita haiN|" laMgoTI (kacchA) eka nAva ke AkAra kA hotA thA / vIca meM caur3A evaM donoM chora patale, jo kamara meM khoMsane ke kAma Ate the| kacchA kA abhI bhI prayoga hotA hai evaM svarUpa bhI lagabhaga vahI hai| kUrpAsaka-kuva0 meM karpAsaka kA do bAra ullekha hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI meM ThaMDa se bacane ke lie karpAsaka pahine jAte the tathA putrI ke vivAha para karpAsaka silAye jAte the| amarakoSa ke anusAra karpAsaka striyoM kI colI thii|' kAlidAsa ne kaMcuka ke artha meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai, jo stanoM para kasakara baiThatA thA evaM stanoM ke nakhakSatoM ko DhaMkane meM madada karatA thaa| vANa ne rAjAoM ko bhI citakabare kUrpAsaka pahine hue batalAyA hainAnA kaSAyakava'raiH kUrpAsakaiH, (206) / DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke anusAra kUrpAsaka strI aura puruSa donoM kA hI pahinAvA thor3e bheda se thaa| striyoM ke lie yaha colI ke DhaMga kA thA aura puruSoM ke lie phatuI yA mirjaI ke DhaMga kaa| isameM 1. ma0 bhA0, 2.45, 19, 2.47, 3. 2. a0-pA0 bhA0, pR0 135. 3. geNhasu daMsaNa-bhaMDaM saMjama-kacchaM maiM-karakaM ca / gurukula-gharaMgaNesuM bhama bhikkhaM NANa-bhikkhaTThA ||-kuv0 193.6. 4. ja0-0 A0 sa0, pR0 211 para uddhata, nizIthacUrNIpIThikA, 52. 5. mo0-prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 195 para uddhRta / 6. jammikAle 'NiyaMsijjaMti kuppAsayaI, kuva0 169.16. 7. sIvijjaMti kuppAsayA, vahI, 170.25. 8. kurpAre asya te kUrpAsAH strInAM kaMcUlikAkhyaH-amarakoSa-6.118. 9. manojJakUsika-pIDitastanAH, RtusaMhAra 5.8, kUsikaM paridadhAti nakhakSatAMgI, vahI0 4.16.

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vastroM ke prakAra 145 AstIna kohiniyoM ke Upara hI rahatI thI, isalie isakA nAma kUrpAsaka par3A / " prArambha meM sambhavatayA kUrpAsaka moTe kapar3e kA banatA rahA hogA tabhI ThaMDa meM striyA~ use pahinatI thiiN| kintu 10 vIM sadI taka netra ke bhI kUrpAsaka banane lage the, jinheM citrakAra - bAlaka pahinate the / kUrpAsaka ke jor3a kI Adhunika pozAka vAskaTa hai / yaha madhya eziyA kI vezabhUSA meM pracalita thA aura vahIM se isa deza meM AyA / kUrpAsaka kA bhAratIya kalAnoM meM aMkana huA hai / ajaMtA ke lagabhaga Adhe darjana citroM meM striyA~ isa prakAra kI raMgIna coliyA~ pahine haiM, jo raMgIna kUrpAsaka the / aneka ullekha milate kSauma - prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM kSaumavastra ke haiN|* amarakoSakAra ne kSauma ko dukUla kA paryAya mAnA hai / " kintu dukUla aura kSauma eka nahIM the / kauTilya ne inheM alaga-alaga mAnA hai / kSauma kI upamA dUdhiyA raMga ke kSIrasAgara se tathA dukUla kI komalatA se dI gayI hai / " ataH jJAta hotA hai ki kSauma aura dukUla meM adhika antara nahIM thA / dukUla aura kSauma eka hI prakAra kI sAmagrI se banate the / jo kucha moTA kapar3A banatA thA vaha kSauma kahalAtA tathA jo mahIna banatA vaha dukUla kahalAtA thA / kuva0 ke anusAra grISmaRtu meM striyA~ komala kSauma ke vastra pahinatI thiiN| isase spaSTa hai ki kSauma adhika moTA nahIM hotA hogA / hemacandrAcArya ne kSauma aura dukUla ko adhika spaSTa kiyA hai / ' DA0 agravAla ke anusAra kSauma AsAma meM banane vAlA eka vastra thA, jo upahAra svarUpa bhI bhejA jAtA thA / " gaMgApaTa - kuva0 meM vyApArika-maMDala kI bAtacIta se jJAta hotA hai ki cIna evaM mahAcIna se vyApArI gaMgApaTa evaM netrapaTa nAma ke vastra bhArata meM lAte the / 12 udyotana dvArA yaha eka mahattvapUrNa sandarbha prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isake 4. 0 1. 2. tilakamaMjarI, pR0 134. 3. 5. 6. a0 - ha0 a0, pR0 155. 11. draSTavya - a0 - ha0 a0, pR0 153. rAmAyaNa, 2.6, 28; jAtakabhAga 6, pR0 47; mahAvagga 8.1.36, AcArAMga 1.7.4.1. kSaumaM dukUlaM syAt / - amarakoSa, 2.6, 113. arthazAstra 2.11 7. kumArasambhava, kAlidAsa, 7.26, kSIrodAyamAnaM kSome: (harSa 0, pR0 60 ) / 8. dukUlakomale - vahI, pR0 36. 9. komalataNu - khoma - NivasaNao / - 113.11. 10. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 3.333. a0 - ha0 a0, pR0 77. 12. cINa- mahAcINesu gao mahisa-gavile ghettUNa tattha gaMgAvaDio Netta- paTTAiyaM ghettUNa laddhalAbho Niyatto / --66.2. 10

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146 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pUrva cIna se AnevAle aneka cIna, cInAMzuka Adi vastroM kA bhAratIya sAhitya meM ullekha hai, jo yahA~ ke bAjAroM meM kAphI prasiddha the| udyotana ne cIna se AnevAle vastroM meM gaMgApaTa kA sambhavataH prathama bAra ullekha kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki pAThavIM sadI meM bhArata ke bAjAra ke liye cIna eka vizeSa prakAra kA zilka taiyAra karane lagA thA, jise vahA~ kI bhASA meM gaMgApaTa kahA jAtA hogA aura jo bhArata meM gaMgAjula nAma se jAnA jAtA thA / DA0 agravAla ke anusAra yaha sambhavataH zveta zilka rahI hogii|' DA0 buddhaprakAza ne isa para vizeSa prakAza apane nibandha meM DAlA hai| gaMgApArI nAma ke vastra se bhI isako tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| citrapaTo-kumAra kuvalayacandra ke janmotsava ke samaya citrapaTI ke kapar3e bA~Te jA rahe the (18.27) / yaha citrapaTI eka aise vastra ko kahA gayA hai, jisameM vividha DijAina (AkRtiyA~) bano raho hoNgii| Ajakala jo chIMTa AtI hai, citrapaTI usake sadRza rahI hogii| ___cidhAlA-kuva0 meM 'ciMdhayaM evaM cidhAlA ina zabdoM kA alaga-alaga prayoga huA hai| sutugacArucidhayaM (24.20) kA artha U~cI evaM sundara dhvajA hai| kintu-'kira-bhAuNo vivAhe gv-rNgy-ciir-bddh-cidhaalo| parituTTho Naccissa' (47.30) kA artha spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| anya loga apane bhAI ke vivAha meM naye raMge hue vastroM se yukta pagar3I (ciMdhAloM) ko pahinakara harSapUrvaka nAcate haiM, yaha artha ukta vAkya kA kiyA jA sakatA hai| cighAlo ko pagar3I kA paryAya mAnanA vicAraNIya hai| uddyotana ke isa vAkya se itanA to spaSTa hai ki vivAha Adi ke avasara para naye raMge hue vastra pahine jAte the evaM citra-vicitra vastra pahina kara nRtya kiyA jAtA thaa| raMga-biraMgeM vastra pahina kara nAcane kI paramparA guptayuga meM pracalita thii| rAyapaseNiya (pR0 155) ke ullekha ke anusAra nartakoM ne raMga-viraMge vastra -citta-citta-cillaganiyasaNaM- pahina rakhe the| sambhavataH yaha 'cillaga' evaM kuvalayamAlA kA 'ciMdhAla' nartakoM ko koI vizeSa veSabhUSA rahI hogI / pAli-sAhitya ke 'celukkheya' zabda kA artha DA0 agravAla ne vastravizeSa ko hilA kara Ananda prakaTa karanA kiyA hai / bharahuta ke ardhacitroM meM eka jagaha 'celukkheya' kA aMkana huA hai / sambhavataH yahI 'celukkheya' bAda meM nartaka kA koI vizeSa vastra bana gayA ho, jise hilAkara vaha nRtya karatA rahA hogaa| rUmAloM ko hilA-hilA kara nRtya karane kI pravRti Aja bhI kaI nRtyoM meM dekhI 1. u0-kuva0 ---i0, pR0 118... 2. varNakasamuccaya-bhAga 2, pR0 25. 3. mo0-prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 171 para uddhRta / 4. draSThavya, vahI, 207 tathA a0-60 a0, pR0 137 para celotkSepa dvArA harSa ke prati janatA apanA prema prakaTa kara rahI hai| (bhramacchutka vaassi)| isa sandarbha se tulanA kiijiye|

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vastroM ke prakAra 147 jA sakatI hai| ciMghAla>ciMdhI (vastra kA Tukar3A) kA artha rUmAla kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH 'naye raMgIna vastra pahina kara usameM rUmAla khoMsakara harSapUrvaka nAcanA', 'Nava-raMgaya-cIra-baddha-cidhAlo parituTTho NaccissaM' kA sahI artha pratIta hotA hai| cIra-uddyotana ne kuvalayamAlA meM 6 bAra cIra zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai / cIramAlA aura cIravasaNA se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha usa samaya bhikhAriyoM evaM garIboM ke pahinane kA vastra thA, jo aneka cithar3oM ko jor3a kara banAyA jAtA hogaa| strI, puruSa donoM hI isa prakAra ke jIrNa-zIrNa vastra ko paristhiti ke anusAra pahina sakate the| una dinoM kApAlika cithar3e kapar3oM ko hI pahinate rahe hogeN| kyoMki unakI upamA cithar3e pahine hue strI se dI gayI hai (225.27) / udyotana ke lagabhaga Der3ha sau varSa pUrva cIra-vastra (phItA) kA eka acchA upayoga bhI hotA thaa| bANa ne aise paricArikoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jo zira para paTaccarakarpaTa yA cIrA bA~dhe hue the| yaha cIrA naukaroM ko, unake kAma se khuza hokara mAlika dvArA prasAda-svarUpa diyA jAtA thaa| yaha cIrikA sira para isa prakAra bA~dhA jAtA thA ki usake donoM chora pIche pITha para laharAte rahate the| ajaMtA ke citroM meM isa prakAra ke cIrA bA~dhe huye hAthiyoM ke paricArika aMkita haiN| isa pracAra ke vAvajUda uddyotana ne kahIM isa prakAra kA saMketa nahIM diyaa| Age calakara cIra striyoM ke pahinane ke vastroM kA sAmAnya nAma ho gayA thaa| paTolA kI kinAra vAlI sAdI sAr3I cIra ke nAma se jAnI jAtI thii|" ___ cIvara-kuva0 meM cIvara kA ullekha eka vRddha vyakti ke citra ke prasaMga meM huA hai, jo cIvara aura kaMthA dhAraNa kiye thA / isa prasaMga meM 'ro ro thero' zabda bhI AyA hai| thera aura cIvara, ye donoM bauddhadharma ke zabda haiN| kintu yahA~ kisI vRddha vauddha bhikSu ko cIvara pahine dikhAyA gayA ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotaa| kuva0 meM anyatra bhI jahA~ vauddha bhikSuoM evaM vauddhadharma kA ullekha huA hai, kahIM bhI cIvara kA ullekha nahIM hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki 8vIM sadI meM cIvara garIba logoM kA vastra ho gayA thaa| yadyapi Tukar3e-Tukar3e jor3akara banAne kI paramparA ke kAraNa hI use cIvara kahA gayA hogA / mahAvagga meM cIvara banAne 1. bahu-raiya-cIra-mAlo (41.18), Nava-raMgaya-cIrabaddhaciMdhAlo (47.30), racchA kaya-cIra-viraiya-mAlo (145.4), raMka vva cIravasaNA (197.24), jara-cIraNiyaMsaNA (225.27) evaM gahiya-cIra-mAlA-NiyaMsaNo (226.7) / prabhuprasAdIkRtapATitapaTaccaraH, harSacarita, pR0 213. 3. a0--- ha0 a0, pR0 163. 4. auMdhakRta ajaMtA, phalaka 30 / gajajAtaka (guphA 17) / 5. varNaka-samuccaya bhAga 2, pR0 42 DA0 sAMDesarA, bar3audA / 6. cIvara-kaMthotthaio, kuva0 188.18. 2. prabhuprasAdAkRta

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148 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana evaM dhAraNa karane ke sambandha meM vistRita jAnakArI dI gayI hai, jisameM yaha bhI hai ki cIvara rAste meM par3e kapar3e ke Tukar3oM ko ekatra kara banAnA caahie|' celiya-kuva0 ke anusAra sopAraka kA vyApArI 'celika' lekara babbAkula gayA aura vahA~ se gajadaMta tathA motI laayaa|2 yahA~ celika kA artha bhArata se bAhara jAne vAle una vastroM se hai, jinakI vyApArika-jagat meM kAphI mAMga rahatI thii| kapar3A ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM amarakoSakAra ne caila kA nAma bhI liyA hai|' rAyapaseNiya (pR0 155) meM raMga-viraMge vastroM ko citta-cillaga kahA gayA hai / kImatI vastroM ke lie 'sucelaka' zabda amarakoSa meM AyA hai| divyavastra-devAMga evaM devaduSya-kuva0 meM ina vastroM kA ullekha svarga kA varNana karate samaya huA hai| divyavastra zayanAsana para bichAne vAlA cAdara thA (189.33) / zayanAsana kA nirmANa maccharadAnI sahita palaMga jaisA hotA rahA hogaa| kyoMki devAMga aura devadUSya palaMga ke Upara vitAna (caMdovA) ke rUpa meM phailAye jAte the / devAMga nAmaka vastra patalA, halakA, komala, vistRta, manohara, AkAzatala jaisA, pavitra evaM subhaga hotA thA, jo ThIka palaMga ke Upara tAna diyA jAtA thaa| devAMga ke Upara eka kSIrasamudra ke kinAre jaisA zvetavastra jhAlara ke rUpa meM cAroM ora laTakAyA jAtA thA, jise devadUSya kahate the / " ina vastroM ke sAkSAt udAharaNa denA muzkila hai| dhavalapaddhaM-rAjA purandaradatta dhavalamaddhaM kasiNAyAra (84.10) ko kamara ke nIce pahinatA hai / sambhavataH yaha kAlI kinArI vAlI zveta addhI thii| banArasa meM Aja bhI bArIka zveta sUtI kapar3e ko addhI kahate haiM / dhUsara-kapar3A-kuva0 meM prasaMga ke anusAra dhUsara-kapar3A kA artha mailA kapar3A hai (mala-dhUlI-dhUsare-kappaDe, 56.1) / kintu dhUsara sambhavataH vaha mailI cAdara bhI ho sakatI hai, jise Ajakala hindI evaM paMjAbI meM dhussA kahate haiM / garIva yAtrI dhussA lekara hI yAtrA karate haiM / ho sakatA hai, mAyAditya ne veSaparivartana ke sAtha ghussA bhI le liyA ho| __ dhota-dhavala dukUla-yugala-uddyotana ne dukUla kA tIna vAra ullekha kiyA hai| rAjA dRr3havarman ne dhota-dhavala-dukUla-yugala pahine hue sabhA meM praveza kiyA / 1. mahAvagga, ciivrkkhndhk| 2. babbarakulaM gao, tattha celiyaM ghettUNa, 65.33. 3. amarakoSa, 2.6, 115. 4. tassa uvari rehai taNu-lahu-mauyaM suvitthayaM ramma / gayaNayalaM piva suhumaM sui-suhayaM kiM pi devaMgaM // -92.29. 5. tassa ya uri aNNaM dhavalaM pihulaM palaMba peraMtaM / taM kiM pi deva dUsaM khIra-samuddassa puliNaM va // -vahI, 30. 6. AgayA dhoya-dhavala-dugulla-juvalaya-NiyaMsaNA, 11.16, 18.28.

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vastroM ke prakAra 149 kumAra kuvalayacandra ne nahAkara zveta-dhota dukala pahinA,' dhota-dhavala-vastra pahine hue koI eka vyakti AyA, nahAkara dhota-dhavala-yugala kumAra ne pahinA, Adi ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki dukala kI dhota-dhavala-yugala pramukha vizeSatA thii| uddyotana kI yaha mahattvapUrNa sUcanA pUrva mAnyatAoM ko bala pradAna karatI hai| AcArAMga, arthazAstra evaM kAlidAsa ke granthoM meM dukula ke ullekhoM se yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki dukUla eka vastra thA yA jodd'aa| isa prazna ko hala karane ke lie DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne dukUla kA artha kiyA duharI cAdara / kUla mAne vastra evaM do vastra dukUla (dvikala) / unakI isa mAnyatA kI puSTi kAdambarI evaM bhaTTikAvya meM prayukta 'dukUle' (dukUla kA dvivacana) zabda se ho jAtI hai| uddyotana dvArA dukla-yugala zabda kA prayoga hone se yaha bAta pramANita ho gayI ki guptayuga se AThavIM sadI taka dukala jor3e ke rUpa meM AtA thaa| isakA eka cAdara or3hane aura dUsarA pahinane ke kAma meM liyA jAtA thaa| DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke anusAra dukUla ke thAna ko kATakara anya vastra bhI banAye jAte the|" dukUla kA dhauta-dhavala vizeSaNa usakI bArIkI aura saphedI ko pramANita karatA hai / AcArAMga meM (2.15, 20) eka jagaha ullekha hai ki zaka ne mahAvIra ko jo haMsa dukala pahinAyA thA vaha itanA patalA thA ki havA kA eka mAmUlI jhaTakA use ur3A le jA sakatA thaa| vANa ne zUdraka ke dukUla ko amRta ke phena ke samAna sapheda kahA hai| dukUla kA dhauta-dhavala vizeSaNa 10vIM sadI taka prayukta hotA rhaa| netra-yugala-udyotana ne kuva0 meM netra kA tIna bAra ullekha kiyA hai| vinItA nagarI ke vipaNimArga meM netrayugala vastroM kI eka alaga dukAna thI, jisameM tAmra, kRSNa evaM zveta raMga ke bar3he-bar3e netrayugala rakhe hue the (7.18) / rAnI priyaMguzyAmA ke jaba putra utpanna huA to usakI khuzI meM komala netrapaTa ke thAna phAr3a-phAr3a kara diye gaye / dakSiNabhArata kI sopAraka maNDI kA vyApArI cIna-mahAcIna se netrapaTa yahA~ lAyA, jisase use bahuta lAbha huprA / / netra zabda kA vastra ke lie kaba se prayoga huA, prathama sAhityika ullekha evaM netravastra ke prakAra tathA pracalana Adi ke sambandha meM DA. vAsudevazaraNa 1. hAya-suI-bhUyA siya-dhoya-dukUla-dharA, 139.10. 2. dhoya-dhavalaya-vattha-NiyaMsaNo, 139.13. 3. hAya sui-dhoya-dhavala-juvalaya-NiyaMsaNo, 171.1. draSTavya -- jai0-- yaza0 sAM0, pR0 126. 5. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 76. 6. amRtaphenadhavale"dukUle vasAnam, kAdambarI, pR0 17. 7. vRta-dhavaladukUla, yazastilaka pUrvArdha, pR0 323. 8. phAlijjaMti komale NettapaTTae, 18.27. 9. ahaM Netta-paTTAiyaM ghetUNa laddhalAbho nniytto| -66.2. :3 .

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150 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana agravAla ne kAphI prakAza DAlA hai|' somadeva dvArA prayukta netravastroM kA adhyayana DA0 gokulacandra jaina ne kiyA hai| una sabakI punarAvRtti na karate hue udyotana dvArA prayukta netra-yugala ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / vipaNimArga meM phaile hue tAmra, kRSNa evaM zveta vistRta netrayugala ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki netra na kevala sapheda apitu anya raMgoM meM bhI banane lagA thaa| bANa ne jo netravastroM ke AcchAdana se hajAra-hajAra indra-dhanuSoM jaisI kAnti nikalane kI upamA dI hai, vaha udyotana ke isa ullekha se sAkAra ho jAtI hai| tathA DA0 agravAla ne netra aura piMgA meM netra ko zveta tathA piMgA ko raMgIna kaha kara jo bheda batalAyA hai, usake lie aba dUsarA AdhAra khojanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki netra aura piMgA donoM rezamI vastra the tathA raMgIna hote the / udyotana ne sambhavataH netrayugala zabda kA sarvaprathama ullekha kiyA hai| isake pUrva ullekhoM meM kahIM bhI netrayugala zabda prayukta nahIM huaa| yadyapi harSa ko netrasUtra kI paTTI bA~dhe hue evaM eka adhovastra pahane hue batalAyA gayA hai| yaha adhovastra netra kA hI thA, nizciyapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH yaha pratIta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI meM dukula kI taraha netra ke jor3e pahinane kA pracalana ho gayA thaa| 'phAlijjaMti komale Netta-paTTae' se jJAta hotA hai ki putra-janma kI khuzI meM komala netravastra kI paTTiyA~ (cIra) phAr3a-phAr3a kara naukara-cAkaroM meM vAMTI jAne lagI thiiN| naukaroM ko vastra kI paTTI pradAna karanA usake kAma se khuza hone kA sUcaka thaa| vANa ne 'paTTaccarakarpaTa' zabda dvArA isa prathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| uddyotana ke samaya meM netravastra kI cIrikA prApta karanA paricArikoM ke lie vizeSa sammAna kA sUcaka rahA hogaa| isa prasaMga meM vizeSa mahattvapUrNa vAta yaha hai ki uddyotana ne cIna se bhArata meM Ane vAle rezamI vastroM meM bhI netrapaTa kA sarvaprathama ullekha kiyA hai| isake pUrva cIna se AnevAle vastra cIna, cInAMzuka, cInapaTTa, cInAMsi Adi the| netrapaTa cUMki bhArata meM prAcIna samaya se pracalita evaM apanI komalatA Adi ke lie prasiddha vastra thA, ataH ho sakatA hai ki ukta vyApArI cIna se koI aiso viziSTa silka lAyA ho, jisakA na jAnane ke kAraNa sAdRzya ke AdhAra para use usane 1. a0-60 a0, pR0 23, 78, 149 draSTavya / 2. jai0-yaza0 sAM0, pR0 121-22, draSTavya / 3. sphuridbhirindrAyudhasahasrariva saMchAditam, harSacarita, pR0 143. 4. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 78. 5. vimalapayodhautena netrasUtranivezazobhinAdharavAsasA, harSacarita, pR0 72. 6. vahI, pR0 213. 7. mo0-prA0 bhA0 ve0 ,pR0 148, 149, 49, 101, 56, 59, 60 Adi /

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vastroM ke prakAra 151 netrapaTa kaha diyA ho athavA cIna ke bAjAra meM bhI bhArata ke 'netrapaTa' nAma ko kisI tatsadRza vastra ke lie apanA liyA gayA hogA / paTAMzuka - kuva meM paTAMzuka kA cAra vAra ullekha huA hai / rAjAdRr3havarman apane paTAMzuka se kumAra mahendra ke mukha kamala ko poMchatA hai / " rAnI priyaMguzyAmApaTAMzuka ke bane gola Asana ke ardhabhAga para hAtha TikAye huI thI / mohadatta nagara zreSThI kI putrI kA paTAMzuka pakar3a letA hai tathA rAjA dRr3havarman dIkSA lete samaya paTAMzuka yugala ko tyAga detA hai / ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki paTAMzuka rAjAoM tathA dhanI gharAnoM kI striyoM ke pahinane kA vastra thA / sambhavataH yaha binA sile huye hI jor3e ke rUpa meM pahinA jAtA thA / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM aMzuka ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai / kintu paTAMzuka kA ullekha kevala divyAvadAna meM anya rezamI vastroM ke sAtha huA hai / sambhavataH aMkuza evaM paTAMzuka meM kucha thor3A antara avazya rahA hogA / vANa zuka kA kaI bAra ullekha kiyA hai / ve ise atyanta patalA aura svaccha vastra mAnate haiM / DA0 motIcandra paTAMzuka ko sapheda aura sAdA rezamI vastra mAnate haiM / jabaki aMzuka vibhinna raMgoM kA bhI hotA thA / " 9 paTI - udyotana ne kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha ke avasara para nagara kI caukiyA~ ( caurAhe ) sa~jAyI jAne lagIM, paTTiyA~ phAr3I jAne lagIM, Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / bilkula isI se milatA-julatA varNana bANa ne rAjyazrI ke vivAha ke avasara para kiyA hai| maMDapa sajAne ke liye aneka taraha ke paTa evaM paTI phAr3e jAne lage / 1deg aisA jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM maMDapa sajAte samaya Upara jo caMdobA ba~dhatA thA usake cAroM ora kapar3oM kI jhAlara bhI lagAyI jAtI thI / yaha jhAlara sambhavataH kapar3e kI bar3I-bar3I paTTiyoM kI lagAyI jAtI thii| Ajakala bhI maMDapa banAte samaya jhAlara ke liye chITa ke thAna duhare karake cAroM ora laTakA diye jAte haiM / 1. Niyaya- paTTasu-aMteNa - pamajjiyaM se vayaNa - kamalayaM / - 10.12. tao paTTasUya- masUraddhaMta - Nimiya-NIsaha - komala - karayalA - 12.3. 2. 3. gahio ya sasaMbhama uvarima paTTasuyaddha te kulavAliyAe / - 74.6. NikkhitaM paTTaM sua - juvalayaM, 209.10. 4. 5. divyAvadAna, pR0 316. 6. sUkSmavimaleNa prajJAvitAnene vAMzukenAcchAditazarIrA, harSacarita, pR0 9. 7. mo0 prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 95. 8. raghuvaMza, 9.43; RtusaMhAra, 6.4, 29; vikramorvazIyaM, pR0 60; meghadUta, pR0 41, 9. sohijjati gayara - racchAo, phAlijjaMti paDIo, kuvaM0 170.24, 25. 10. anekopayogapATyamAnaiH aparamitaiH paTa-paTI sahasraH / - harSacarita, 143.

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kuvalayamAlAkaMhA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana paTa - sAgaradatta samudrataTa para kisI lar3akI ko behoza dekhakara use kapar3e se havA karatA hai ( diNNo paDa-vAU, 107.4) / kapar3e se havA karanA yaha batalAtA hai ki donoM meM se kisI ke vastra se havA kI gayI hogI / isakA artha hai ki usa samaya uttarIya ( dupaTTe ) ko paTa bhI kahA jAtA thA / 152 goSThi - maMDalI kI ( 7.29) / yahA~ jA sakatA hai, jaise para - vasana - ayodhyA ke vipaNimArga meM khalajanoM kI taraha eka dukAna meM aneka prakAra ke sAdhAraNa vastra bhare the para-vasana kA artha sAdhAraNa vastra prasaMga ke anusAra hI kiyA khaloM kI goSThI meM sabhI taraha ke acche-bure loga ekatra hote haiM / vaise hI sambhavataH isa dukAna meM moTe, raMgIna Adi sUtI vastra bikate hoMge / yahA~ 'para-vasaNa' zleSayukta hai, jisakA duSTajanoM ke pakSa meM anya vyasana artha hogA / pota - mAnabhaTa apanI patnI ke behoza ho jAne para usake cehare para pAnI chir3akakara pota se havA karatA hai / " yahA~ pota kA artha mAnabhaTa kA uttarIya vastra pratIta hotA hai / pota vastroM kA prAcIna nAma hai / AcArAMga (2.5.1.1) tathA bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti (203660 ) meM pottaga ko jainamuniyoM ke pahinane yogya vastra batalAyA hai / DA0 motIcandra ne ise tAr3apatra se banA huA kapar3A kahA hai / kintu AThavIM sadI meM tAr3apatra ke vastra yuvaka pahinate the, yaha svIkAranA kaThina hai, kyoMki isa samaya taka aneka mahIna evaM sundara vastra banane lage the / ukta prasaMga kA artha taba yaha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yA to uttarIya ko pota bhI kahA jAtA thA athavA havA karane ke liye gharoM meM tAr3apatra ke paMkhe hote rahe hoMge / mAnabhaTa ne usI se havA kI hogI / kintu pota ko vastra mAnanA hI ucita hai / kuva0 meM anyatra bhI nahAne ke avasara para dhoyI huI yugalapotI kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai (157.32) / DA0 sAMDesarA ne bhI potI ko dhulA vastra mAnA hai ( varNakasamuccaya, bhAga 2, pR0 46 ) | yaha nahAne ke vAda pahinA jAtA thA / kuvalayacandra ko nahAne ke bAda paricArikAoM ne do pottI pahinane ko dI ( dohaM pi pottIo - 157.32) / rUmAla athavA maphalara phAlika - sAgaradatta ne bAhara jAte samaya sATaka aura phAlika ye do vastra liye / sATaka usane pahina liyA tathA phAlika gale meM bA~dha liyA / isase jJAta hotA hai ki phAlika aisA koI vastra thA jo gale meM jaisA bA~dhA jAtA rahA hogaa| avasara par3ane para usameM koI cIja bhI bA~dhI jA sakatI hogI / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM phAliya ko sphaTika ke samAna sApha aura pAradarzI kapar3A kahA gayA hai / yaha kImatI evaM sUkSma vastra rahA hogA 1. sittA jaleNaM, vIiyA pottaeNaM / - kuva0 53.15. 2. mo0 prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 145. 3. gahiyaM ca eka sADayaM, phAliyaM ca / ekkaM niyaMsiyaM, duiyaM kaMThe - Nibaddha, 104.2. 4. AcArAMga, 2.5, 13.8.

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vastroM ke prakAra 153 tabhI jaina muniyoM ko isakA prayoga karanA varjita thA / " DA0 motIcandra ke anusAra yaha bahuta hI mahIna malamala, jisake liye yaha deza prasiddha thA, rahI hogI / udyotana dvArA prayukta phAlika ke ullekha se lagatA hai, usakA prAcIna artha vistRta ho gayA hogA / yahA~ phAlika spaSTa rUpa se gamachA jaisA koI vastra rahA hogaa| kyoMki sAgaradatta usake chora meM aMjalIbhara rupaye bA~dhatA hai / " Age eka kathA meM 6 lakar3ahAre phAlika meM apanA bhojana kA pAtra bA~dhakara le jAte haiM / usa samaya kisI thAna se phAr3ane ke kAraNa ise phAlika kahA jAtA rahA hogA / Ajakala bhI isa prakAra ke kaMdhe para DAlanevAle kapar3e ko desI bhASA meM 'phaTTA' kahate haiM, jo phAlika kA apabhraMza hai / gujarAtI meM ise 'phAlaDa' kahate haiM / rallaka - udyotana ne rallaka kA do bAra ullekha kiyA hai| rAnI priyaMguzyAmA ke putra utpanna hone para paricArikoM ko rallaka aura kambala luTAye gayeujjhajjaMti rallaya- kaMbala e ( 18.26 ) / tathA ziziraRtu meM kaMbala-ghRta, tela, rallaka aura agni kA hI logoM ko sahArA hotA hai / " ina donoM prasaMgoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rallaka kaMbala kA jor3A jaisA thA tathA ThaMDa ke dinoM meM isakA upayoga hotA thA / rallikA yA rallaka ko amarakoSakAra ne eka prakAra kA kambala kahA hai ( 2.6.116 ) / jisa samaya yuvAMga cvAMga bhArata AyA usa samaya bhAratavarSa meM isa vastra kA khUba pracAra thA / usane apane yAtrA vivaraNa meM holAlI arthAt rallaka kA ullekha kiyA hai| usane likhA hai ki yaha vastra kisI jaMgalI jAnavara ke Una se banatA thA / yaha Una AsAnI se kata sakatA thA tathA isase bane vastroM kA kAphI mUlya hotA thA / rallaka eka prakAra kA mRga yA jaMgalI bher3a hotI thI, jisake Una se yaha vastra banatA thA / somadeva ne likhA hai ki rallakoM ke rooM se kambala banAye jAte the isaliye inako rallaka kahA jAtA thA aura jisa taraha Ajakala asalI pasamInA jaMgalI bher3oM ke kaThinatA se prApta Una se taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai aura isI kAraNa mahaMgA hotA hai, isI taraha rallaka bhI mahaMgA vastra thA / ataeva dhanI logoM ke upayoga meM AtA thaa| udyotana ke sandarbha se bhI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ja0 - jai0 A0 sa0, pR0 206 evaM 207. mo0- prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 150. Nibaddha N ca NeNa kaMTha-kappaDe taM puTTalayaM kuva0 105.2. bhAyaNa - kapaDe ya phAliyae / - kuva0 245.17. agghaMti jammikAle kaMbala - ghaya-tella - rallayaggIo, 169.13. vATarasa, yuvAMgacvAMgsa TrAvalsa ina iMDiyA, bhAga 1, pR0 148, landana 1904, mo0 - prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 153 para uddhRta /

Page #174
154 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isakI puSTi hotI hai (169.30 ) / unhoMne bhI isakA upayoga ziziraRtu meM kiye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai / rallaka kI yaha prasiddhi 10vIM zatAbdI taka banI huI thI / ' balkala - dukUla - kuvalayacandra jaba aiNikA se jaMgala meM milA to usane usakA svAgata kiyA / kumAra jaba vahA~ nahAne ke lie gayA to balkala ke vastra saMgokara rakhe gaye the / tathA kumAra ne nahAkara komala dhauta-dhavala balkala - dukUla ko pahanA / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM balkala paridhAna ke aneka ullekha milate haiM / kuvalayamAlA ke isa ullekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki valkala ke dukUla bhI banate the / brAhmaNasAdhu eka kaupIna paTakoM aura dupaTToM ke sAtha valkala pahinate the / amarAvatI kI mUrtiyoM meM eka brAhmaNa-sAdhu ke paridhAna kI pahicAna valkalavastroM se kI gayI hai / vastra-vIM sadI meM kapar3oM ke lie vastra sAmAnya nAma ke rUpa meM pracalita thA | udyotana ne kuvalayamAlA meM sAta vAra vastra kA ullekha kiyA hai / " vastra nIle, pIle, zveta tathA nAnA prakAra ke hote the / sambhavataH vastra zabda sUtI kapar3oM ke lie prayukta hotA thA / saha- vasana - kuvalayamAlA vivAha samaya zveta sUkSmavastra ( sita-sahavasaNa- niyaMsaNa) dhAraNa karatI hai ( 171.3) / yahA~ saha- vasaNa kA nizcita svarUpa jAnane meM kaThinAI hai / kyoMki saNha nAmaka vastra kA prAcIna sAhitya meM koI ullekha nahIM milatA / ataH sUkSma vastra hI mAnA jAnA sakatA hai / satthara - kuva0 meM baiThane ke lie AsanoM ko satthara kahA gayA hai (188. 18), jo saMskRta kA srastara hai / rAjAzroM ke yahA~ gRha-maMdiroM meM baiThane ke lie kuza ke bane hue AstaraNa the ( 14.18 ) tathA sAmAnya logoM ke yahA~ tRNa ke bane hue prastaraNa prayukta hote the / tRNa ke Asana sone ke kAma bhI Ate the (41. 25) / palaMga athavA zaiyyA para bichAnevAle cAdaroM ko 'sejjAsaMthAra' kahA jAtA thA (220.4,5, 271,1, 2) / sATaka - udyotana ne sATaka ko nIce pahanane vAlA vastra kahA hai / yaha Ajakala kI dhotI ke sadRza vastra thA / bhArata meM prAcIna samaya se hI uparanA 1. rallakaromanniSpannakambalalokalIlA vilAsinI... hemane maruti / - yaza0, pR0 575. 2. saMThiyANi miyAI vakkalAI / - kuva0 128.2. 3. parihiyAI komala dhoya dhavala - vakkala- duUlAi - vahI 0 128.4. 4. zivarAmamUrti - amarAvatI skalpacarsa ina di madrAsa gavarnamenTa myujiyama, pleTa 72, 1, mo0- prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 135 uddhRta / 172.14, 183.10, 222.14, 5. kuva0 124.12, 139.13. 154.21, tathA 271.8.

Page #175
vastroM ke prakAra aura dhotI pramukha pahinAvA rahA hai / isa pahinAve ko kahA jAtA thA / ' paMtajali ke samaya sAr3I yA dhotI ko jisakA dAma eka karSApaNa thA / bauddhasAhitya meM majabUta sAka tathA rAniyoM kI sAr3iyoM ko rAhasATaka kahA jAtA thA / guptayuga kI kalA meM sAr3I evaM dhotI pahine hue aneka citra prApta hue haiM / " .3 haMsagarbha - kumAra kuvalayacandra gurukula meM vidyAgrahaNa kara vApasa rAjamahala meM lauTatA hai / taba vaha snAnakara dhota-dhavala - haMsagabbha vastra dhAraNa karatA hai (21. 17) / haMsagarbha kA artha yahA~ haMsa kI AkRti se citrita koI vastra hai / sambhavataH bunAI ke samaya hI usa vastra meM haMsa kI AkRti khacita ho gayI hogI isalie use haMsagarbha kahA jAtA rahA hogA / anyatra bhI devaloka ke prasaMgoM meM haMsagarbha vastra kA ullekha uddyotana ne kiyA hai / haMsagarbha atyanta mulAyama vastra hotA thA, jisake zayanAsana bhI banate rahe hoMge / haMsagarbha nAmaka motI bhI hotA thA / 155 zATakayugala athavA yugala sATaka kahA jAtA thA, sAr3iyoM ko balitthama prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM haMsa kI AkRti se yukta vastroM ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM / AcArAMga (2.15, 20) ke anusAra mahAvIra ko zakra dvArA pahanAye haMsa dukUla meM haMsa ke kaI alaMkAra vane the / aMtagaDadasAo ( pR0 46 ) meM rAjakumAra gautama ko haMsa lakSaNa dukUla pahane vatAyA gayA hai / kAlidAsa ne bhI haMsacihnita vastroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / " guptayuga meM kinAroM para haMsa - mithuna likhe hue vastroM ke jor3e - pahinane kA Ama rivAja thA / haMsadukUla guptayuga vastra-nirmANa kalA kA eka utkRSTa namUnA thA / " bANa ne gorocanA se haMsamithuna likhe gaye dukUloM kA ullekha kiyA hai / kalA meM bhI haMsakhacita vastroM kA aMkana huA hai / ajaMtA ke bhitticitroM meM leNa naM0 1 ke bhitticitra meM eka gAyaka, jo kaMcuka pahine hai usakI dhAriyoM ke bIca meM bRSabha aura haMsoM kI alaMkArita AkRtiyA~ banI huI hai / " isase jJAta hotA hai ki haMsakhacita vastroM kI pahinane kI prAcIna paramparA kA nirvAha vIM sadI meM bhI hotA thA / vastroM ke uparyukta varNana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki udyotana ke samaya meM sUtI, rezamI evaM UnI sabhI prakAra ke vastra upayoga meM Ate the / zarIra ke UparI I 1. a0 pA0 bhA0, pR0 134. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. zatenakrItaM zatyaM zATaka zatam, aSTAdhyAyI 51.21 sUtra para bhASya / jAtaka (324) 3, pR0 55. jAtaka (431) 3, pR0 296. mo - prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 185.86 draSTavya / haMsa - gabbha-maue devaMga samotthayammi sayaNammi, kuva0 42.32. haMsacihna dukUlayAna, -- raghuvaMza 17.25; kumArasambhava meM bhI / 8. mo0- prA0 bhA0 ve0, pR0 147. 9. gorocanAlikhita haMsamithunasanAthaparyante dukUle vasAnam, kAdambarI, pR0 17. 10. yAjadAnI, ajaMtA, bhAga 1, ploTa 10 e /

Page #176
156 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhAga ko Dhakane ke lie prAyaH uttarIya, paTAMzuka, phAlika, dukUla, Adi ko dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA / striyA~ stanavastra (vinA silI colI), dupaTTA, pichorA evaM uttarIya ke atirikta silA huA kUrpAsaka bhI pahinatI thIM / adhovastroM meM kacchA, dhotI kA pharda, pota evaM sATaka prayoga meM lAye jAte the / anya upayogI vastroM meM gamachA, dupaTTA, rUmAla, cAdara, dhussA, kambala, caMdobA, Asana Adi pracalita the / na kevala bhArata meM bane apitu cIna Adi dezoM se AyAta kiye hue vastra bhI tatkAlIna samAja meM vyavahRta hote 1 vibhinna veSa kuva0 meM aneka vastroM ke ullekha ke sAtha hI vibhinna vyaktiyoM kI vezabhUSA kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisase tatkAlIna pahinAve sajjA Adi para prakAza par3atA hai / pramukha veSadhArI nimna prakAra haiM : :-- tIrthayAtrI ke veSa (58. 1, 2), zabaradampati ( 128.19, 23), zavaraveSa 133.3, 4), zabarI kA veSa (128.25, 133.4), bhikhArI kA veSa (163.6), mAtaMga kA veSa (132.2), kApAlika kA veSa (132.2), mahAyati (209.10), brAhmaNa-bAlaka (258.13), abhisArikA (86, 23), chadmaveSa rAjA ( 84.12, 21), bhogAvatI dhAtR ( 161.25 ) evaM vaMjula kA veSa (168.12 ) / sambandhita adhyAyoM meM ina veSadhAriyoM kA vizeSa paricaya diyA gayA hai / zavaradampati aura bhikhArI kA veSa isa prakAra thA : zabaradampati kA veSa - eNikA ke samIpa jo zavaradampatti zrAyA vaha latAoM se jaTAoM ko tathA sundara puSpoM se kezarAzi ko sajAye hue thA / zyAma kAMti vAle zarIra meM zveta, pIta evaM raktavarNa se lekharacanA kI gayI thI / morapaMkha se cUDAlaMkAra banAyA gayA thaa| hAthI ke mada se Alekha racA gayA thA tathA vaha valkala pahine hue the ( 128.19, 23) / zabarI candana evaM hAthI dAMta ke AbhUSaNa pahine tathA zveta caMvara ko dhAraNa kiye hue ayodhyApurI jaisI laga rahIM thI (128.25) / zabarI guMjAphala kI mAlAe~ bhI pahinatI thIM ( 133.4) / bhikhArI kA veSa - udyotana ne eka prasaMga meM AdhyAtmika bhikhArI kA citraNa kiyA hai, jisake anusAra bhikhArI kacchA pahanakara kaMdhe meM kA~vara rakha kara hAtha meM pAtra lekara bhikSA mA~gate the ( 193.6 ) / isa prakAra udyotana ne prasaMga ke anusAra pAtroM kI veSabhUSA kA bhI paryApta dhyAna rakhA hai / abhisArikA kAle vastra, tIrthayAtrI bhagave vastra, zabaraloga balkala, rAjA kAlI kinArI kI dhotI tathA bhikhArI kacchA pahinatA thA / isase jJAta hotA hai ki vastroM kI bhinnatA avasthA aura sthiti bheda ke kAraNa bhI ho jAtI thI /

Page #177
udyotanasUri ne zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM meM dhAraNa kiye jAnevAle nimnokta vibhinna alaMkAroM yA AbhUSaNoM kA kuva0 meM ullekha kiyA hai : : 1. aTThaTTha-kaMThayAbharaNa ( 2.22) 2. avataMsa (1.14 ) 3. ratnakaMThikA (1.11) 4. kaMThikA (182.24, 187.28) kaTaka (14.29) 5. 6. kaTisUtra ( 25.6 ) 7. mANikka - kaTaka (30.3) lalamANa-kaTaka (187-28 ) 8. 9. kA~cI (234.10 ) 10. kaNirakA~cI (254.14) 11. karNaphUla (57.16, 160.10) 12. kiMkiNI ( 255.21 ) pariccheda pA~ca alaMkAra evaM prasAdhana 13. kuMDala ( 56.21, 93.9) 14. maNikuMDala (188.33, 194.10 ) 15. ratnakuMDala ( 11.16) 16. jAlamAlA (255.21) 17. dAma ( 113.10 ) 18. dAmilla ( 254. 14)

Page #178
158 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 19. nUpura (14.29,166.28) 20. maNinUpura (157.30, 234.8) 21. pATalA (113.10) 22. mahAmukuTa (9.1, 164.10) 23. mAlA (14.8) 24. muktAvalI (182.24) 25. muktAhAra (6.23, 232.9) 26. mekhalA (50.17, 15.7.30, 255.21) 27. maNimekhalA (255.21) 28. ratnAvalI (83.24) 29. ratnAlaMkAra (160.26) 30. rasaNA (83.14, 232.10) 31. maNirasaNA (25.5, 85.9) 32. rUNNamAlA (11.22) 33. vanamAlA (194.10, 246.21) 34. valaya (2.22, 4.29, 7.11) 35. maNi valaya (1.2) 36. vaijayantImAlA (194.10) 37. svarNaz2aTitamahAratna (8.24) 38. suvarNa (7.28) 39. hAra (24.21, 83.14, 161.25) 40. hArAvali (254.15) 41. gIvAsutta (11.16) 42. cakkala (83.9) 43. calaNapaTTa (212.12) 44. mANikkapaTTa (84.14) 45. valakkhalai (83.4) 46. dAruNa (25.14-15) aTThaTTha-kaMThayAbharaNa-udyotana ne cAra puruSArthoM kA varNana karate samaya kAmapuruSArtha kI zreSThatA siddha karanevAloM kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki durbhAgI raMDI ke putra ke samAna, jo ATha-ATha lar3iyoM kA kaNThAbharaNa tathA valaya

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alaMkAra evaM prasAdhana 159 Adi ke dvArA zRMgAra kiye hone para bhI dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa kisI ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, usI prakAra kAma se anya puruSArtha nahIM sadhate / " isa prasaMga meM 'aTThaTTha' zabda vicAraNIya hai / DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne ise cA~dI ke hAra kA eka prakAra kahA hai / gujarAtI anuvAdaka isakA artha ATha sera (laroM) vAlA kaMThAbhUSaNa karate haiM / kintu yaha kucha asvAbhAvika lagatA hai / prAcIna evaM tatkAlIna sAhitya ke ullekhoM ko dekhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya ATha sera (laroM) kA koI AbhUSaNa pracalita nahIM thA / zrAdipurANa ( 15.193 ) meM maNi tathA svarNa dvArA taiyAra kaMThAbharaNa kA ullekha hai, jise puruSa pahinate the / yazastilakacampU ke ullekha ke anusAra aneka guriyoM ko pirokara kaNThikA banAyI jAtI thI / ataH ukta sandarbha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki sambhavataH kaNThAbharaNa ATha guriyoM se banA rahA hogA, tathA cA~dI ke vajAya 'svarNa ke rahe hoNge| kyoMki yahA~ raNDIputra kI Arthika sampannatA pradarzita karane kA uddezya hai, phira bhI usakA apanA kucha nahIM hai / Ajakala gale meM pahinane ke liye cA~dI evaM sone ke sikke rezamI dhAge meM piro kara eka kaNThAbhUSaNa banAyA jAtA hai, jise hivAla kahate haiM / isameM prAyaH ATha sikke lagAye jAte haiM / ho sakatA hai, prAcIna samaya meM bhI ise 'aTThaTThakaMThAbharaNa' kahA jAtA rahA ho / kaTaka - kaTaka cUr3I ke samAna pahine jAte the tathA DhIle rahate / gamana karane meM inakI AvAja hotI thI ( 14.29 ) / nara-nArI donoM hI samAna rUpa se inheM dhAraNa karate the / mANikya se nirmita kaTaka dAhine hAtha meM pahinA jAtA thA (30.30 ) / svarNa ke kaTaka adhika majabUta mAne jAte the / ratna ke kaTaka raktavarNa ke hote the (187.28) / kaMThikAbharaNa - yaha puruSoM kA AbhUSaNa hai / svarNa aura maNiyoM dvArA yaha taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / kaNThAbharaNa ko pramukha vizeSatA apane AkAra-prakAra se pUre kaNTha ko AcchAdita karane kI hai / kuva0 meM marakatamaNi se nirmita kaMThikA kA ullekha hai, jo kuvalayacandra ke kaMTha ko zobhita karatI thI / ( 182.24) / Age calakara tIna lara vAlo kaMThikA bhI banane lagI thI, jise trizara kaMThikA kahA jAtA thA / " karNaphUla - karNaphUla kA do bAra ullekha huA hai ( 57.16, 160.10 ), jisase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kAna kA AbhUSaNa thA, jo phUloM se vanatA thA tathA 1. duggaya - raMDekkala - puttao viva aTUTThaTTha-kaMThayAbharaNa - valaya-siMgAra-bhAva-rasa-rasiNo Na tassa dhammo, Na attho, Na kammo Na jasA Na mokkhoti, 2.22. 2. yaza0, pR0 662. 3. zA0 A0 bhA0, pR0 219. 4. AdipurANa, 15.193. 5. yazastilakacampU, pR0 462.

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160 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhAtu se banane vAle isa AbhUSaNa kA AkAra phUla jaisA hotA thaa| karNapUra ke liye dezIbhASA meM 'kanaphUla' zabda pracalita hai| kaTisUtra-kumAra ko dekhatI huI nagara kI striyoM meM kisI kulavadhU kA kaTisUtra drutagamana ke kAraNa khulakara pA~voM para gira par3A, jaise svarNa kI zAMkala se hathinI ko bA~dhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA ho (25.6) / kaTisUtra ko dezIbhASA meM 'kaDDorA' kahA jAtA hai, jo cA~dI evaM svarNa kA vanatA hai / kuvalayacandra ke ayodhyA-Agamana para jo AbhUSaNa banavAye gaye unameM kaTisUtra ke tAra bhI khIMce gaye-laMbijjaMti kaDisuttae (199.31) / kAMcI-yaha striyoM dvArA kamara meM pahinane kA DhIlA AbhUSaNa thaa| kaTitala para kAMcI ke guriye laTakate rahate the (234.10) / uddyotana ne choTe guriyoM vAlI kAMcI ko 'kaNira-kaMci' kahA hai (254.14) / haMsa ke AkAra ke guriyoM vAlI kAMcI 'haMsAvalikaMcikA' kahI jAtI thii|' kuMDala-uddyotana ne maNikuMDala evaM ratnakuMDaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kuMDala nara-nAriyoM ke liye priya karNAbhUSaNa hai| inakI AkRti gola-gola challe ke samAna hotI thI tathA ve khaTake se banda ho jAte the| kucha kuMDala kAna meM lapeTakara bhI pahine jAte the| ajaMtA kI kalA meM isa taraha ke kuMDala kA citrAMkana dekhA jAtA hai| bundelakhaNDa meM abhI bhI aise kuDala pahinane kA rivAja hai| dAma-ziziraRtu meM striyA~ kaMTha meM pATalAdAma pahinatI thiiN| yadyapi AdipurANa meM mekhalAdAma (4.104) evaM kAMcIdAma (8 13) kA ullekha hai, jo kaTi AbhUSaNa ke liye prayukta huye haiM, kintu kuvalayamAlA ke ullekha se dAma kaMTha kA AbhUSaNa pratIta hotA hai, sambhava hai AbhUSaNoM kI vizeSatA vyakta karane ke liye 'dAma' zabda kaTi evaM kaMTha donoM ke AbhUSaNoM ke sAtha prayukta hotA rahA ho, kyoMki 'dAma' kA sAmAnya artha bandhaka hai| * napura-napura striyoM ke pairoM kA grAbhUSaNa thA, jise 'pAyala' kahA jA sakatA hai, uddyotana ne maNinapuroM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jinase madhura zabda nikalate rahate the| isase jJAta hotA hai ki napuroM meM dhuMgharU bhI lagAye jAte the| pA~va meM alaktaka-maMDana ke bAda nUpura pahine jAte the / 1. vahI0, pR0 503. 2. kuMDalaM karNaveSTanam-amarakoSa, 2.6.103. 3. oMdhakRta ajaMtA, phalaka 33; harSacarita-sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 20, citra, 78. 4. sisira-pallavatthuraNao pADalA-dAma saNAha-kaMThao-kuva0 113.10. 5. maNiNeura-raNa-raNArava-muhalaM, vahI 253.10, 157.30, 234.8 Adi / 6. jai0- yaza0 sAM0, pR0 150.

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alaMkAra evaM prasAdhana 161 mAlA-snAna ke bAda candana ke pAuDara ko zarIra para chir3akakara sumanoM kI mAlA pahanI jAtI thI (14.8) / sumanamAlA ke sadRza dhAtuoM kA bhI mAlAhAra pahinA jAtA thaa| AdipurANa meM aise mAlAhAra kA varNana hai, jisake guriyoM meM nakSatroM ke cihna bane the| ataH use nakSatramAlAhAra kahA gayA hai / strI-puruSa donoM hI ise pahinate the| muktAvalI-kuva0 ke kaMTha meM sundara muktAvalI zobhatI thI (102.24) / muktAoM kI eka lar3I kI mAlA mauktikahArAvalI athavA muktAvalI kahalAtI thii| isameM A~vale jaise gola motI lage rahate the / zuMgakAlIna mUttiyoM meM mauktika hArAvalI kA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai|' kuva0 ke ullekha se spaSTa hai ki muktAvalI striyoM kA AbhUSaNa thaa| amarakoSa (2.6.106) evaM yazastilakacampU (pR0 289) meM isI ko ekAvalI bhI kahA gayA hai| kuva0 meM muktAhAroM kA bhI ullekha hai (6.23, 232.9) maNimekhalA-maNimekhalA kA tIna bAra ullekha huA hai, jinameM use sundara zabda karanevAlI kahA gayA hai-raNaMta mahAmaNi-mehalau (50.17) / isa AbhUSaNa kA mekhalA nAma kamara meM vA~dhane se par3A hai| yaha caur3AI meM patalI hotI hai / AdipurANa (15.23) evaM yazastilakacampU (pR0 100) se jJAta hotA hai ki mekhalA meM chudra ghaMTikAe~ lagI rahatI thIM, jo kAminiyoM ke calane para zabda karatI thii| vartamAna meM ina ghaMTikAoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 84 hone se madhyapradeza meM ise caurAsI bhI kahA jAtA hai isakA dUsarA nAma karadhanI hai| ratnAvalI-ratnAvalI meM nAnA prakAra ke ratna gUMthe jAte the aura madhya meM eka bar3I maNi jaTita rahatI thI (AdipurANa 16.50) / kuva0 ke anusAra ratnAvalI puruSa evaM striyA~ donoM pahinate the (83,24) / anya prasaMgoM meM ratna se bane hue anya alaMkAroM kA bhI ullekha hai / (160.36) / rasanA-rasanA bhI striyoM ke kaTipradeza kA AbhUSaNa hai| amarakoSa meM (2.6.108) kAMcI, mekhalA, rasanA ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai, kintu inake AkAra-prakAra meM antara thaa| methalA aura rasanA meM ghaMTikAnoM kI AkRti se bhinnatA mAlUma par3atI thii| kuva0 meM rasanA ke pA~ca ullekha haiM, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki rasanA vajane vAlA kaTi kA AbhUSaNa thA / rUNNamAlA aura vanamAlA-ye sambhavataH kaMTha athavA vakSasthala ke AbhUSaNa the| rUNNamAlA gamana karane para bajatI thii| banamAlA kisI hAra kA apara nAma hogA / vaijayantImAlA eka lambI laTakatI huI gale kI mAlA thI (194.10) / valaya-valaya hAtha meM pahinA jAne vAlA AbhUSaNa thaa| kaTaka aura valaya meM bhinnatA thii| maNiyoM se nirmita valaya nRtya karate samaya sundara tAlase 1. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 158.

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162 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bajate the (1.2) / maNivalaya athavA ratnavalaya eka prakAra kA jar3AU kaMgana hotA thA, jise prAyaH eka hI hAtha meM pahinA jAtA thA / striyA~ valaya adhika pahinatI thiiN| ahicchatrA se prApta kinnara-mithuna ke mRNamaya phalaka para kinnarI dAhine hAtha meM isa prakAra kA kaMgana pahine hai, jise usa samaya kI bhASA meM dolA-valaya kahA jAtA thaa|' pallU se prApta jaina sarasvatI kI mUrti bhI valaya pahine hue hai / 2 kuva0 meM ullikhita uparyukta 38 prakAra ke alaMkAra prAyaH nAriyoM ke gale aura kamara kI zobhA bar3hAte the| kAnoM meM karNaphUla aura kuMDala, kaMTha meM kaMThA, kaMThikA, dAma, puSpamAlA, muktAvalI, ratnAvalI aura vanamAlA, kalAI meM kaTaka aura valaya, kamara meM kaTisUtra, kikiNI, kAMcI, maNimekhalA aura rasanA tathA pairoM meM nupura pahine jAte the| ye AbhUSaNa cAMdI, sone aura ratna-maNiyoM se gar3ha kara banAye jAte the| kezavinyAsa evaM prasAdhana kuva0 meM kezavinyAsa se sambandhita nimnokta zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai :dhammilla (1.11), kezapabbhAra (1.5, 84.15, 182.3), jaTAkalApa sohillaM (128.16) cUDAlaMkAra (128.21), sImAnta (153.5), muDemAlulliyA (84.16), koMtalakAu~-suiraM (83.8) / inakI vizeSa jAnakArI isa prakAra hai : dhammila-vinyAsa-pAvasa Rtu meM manohara mayUroM kA nRtya striyoM ke dhammilla sadRza hotA hai-maNoharA sihi kuraMta-dhammilA / tathA kuva0 ke sira para kajjala sadRza nIlA dhammilla zobhita thA (182.7) / kuva0 ke ina sandarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki dhammilla keza-vinyAsa striyoM kA hotA thaa| maulivaddha kezaracanA ko dhammilla vinyAsa kahA jAtA thaa| vAloM kA jUr3A banAkara use mAlA se bAMdha diyA jAtA thaa| jUr3A ke bhItara bhI mAlA gUthI jAtI thii| prAcIna sAhitya meM dhammila-vinyAsa ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| sAtha hI kezavinyAsa kA citraNa kalA meM bhI huA hai| rAjaghATa se prApta khilaunoM meM dhammilla-vinyAsa ke aneka prakAroM kA aMkana huA hai / guptakAla kI patthara kI mUttiyoM meM isa vinyAsa kA bhinna prakAra aMkita hai| 1. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 24. 2. za0 -rA0 e0, pR0 464. 3. zivarAmamUtti-amarAvatI skalpacarsa ina da madrAsa gavarnamenTa myujiyama, madrAsa, 1956, pR0 106. 4. dhammillAH saMyatAH kcaaH| -amarakoSa, 2.6.97. 5. raghuvaMza, 17.23 ; harSacarita, 4.133; yazastilakacampU, pR0 532. 6. agravAla, kalA aura saMskRti, pR0 351.

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alaMkAra evaM prasAdhana 163 kezaprabhAra-kuvalayamAlA meM kezaprabhAra kA ullekha tIna bAra huA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kezapabbhAra kI racanA indra ne kI thii| rAjA purandaradatta ne pahale sugandhita tela bAloM meM lgaayaa| phira prakRti se kAle evaM dhuMgharAle vAloM ko jaise krodha se uTha khar3e hue hoM isa prakAra unakA jUr3A baaNdhaa| tadanantara aneka prakAra ke puSpoM kI mAlA sira para dhAraNa kI / 2 kuvalayacandra ke sira para kAle kezoM kA jUr3A suzobhita ho rahA thA (182.7) / ___ kezapabbhAra kA artha hai, kezasamUha / kezoM ke samUha ko caturAI-pUrvaka bAMdhanA kezapabbhAra-vinyAsa kahA jAtA hogA, jise kezapAza bhI kahA gayA hai| amarakoza meM uThe hue bAloM ko kezapAza kahA gayA hai (2.6.97) / ukta varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki kezapabbhAra-vinyAsa meM vAla isa prakAra uThAkara bAMdhe jAte hoMge ki ve mukuTa sadRza dikhAyI deN| ba~dhe huye bAloM meM puSpoM ko khoMsa liyA jAtA hogaa| somadeva ne aise kezavinyAsa ko zikhaNDita kezapAza kahA hai (yaza0 pa0 105) / mAnasAra ke anusAra isa taraha ke kezavinyAsa kA aMkana sarasvatI aura sAvitrI kI mUrtiyoM ke mastaka para kiyA jAtA hai| jaTAkalApa-zabara-yugala komala dIrghalatA se uddhita jaTAoM ke samUha ko bA~dhakara aneka vanavRkSoM ke puSpoM dvArA usako sajAye huye thaa| yaha jUr3A bA~dhane kI Ama paddhati thii| car3AlaMkAra-zavarI zveta mayUra kI pUMcha se taiyAra kiye gaye car3AlaMkAra dvArA zobhita ho rahI thii-siy-sihi-picch-vinnimmiy-cuuddaalNkaar-raaillN(128-21)| jUr3e ko puSpoM Adi ke dvArA morapiccha kI zobhAsadRza vanAnA prAcIna samaya se pracalita thaa| sambhavataH pahale bAloM ko zirISa kI mAlA se suvibhakta karake bA~dha liyA jAtA thaa| vAda meM usake bIca-bIca meM aneka pUSpoM ko isa prakAra khoMsate the, jisase mayUrapiccha ke tArAoM kI pUrNa anukRti ho jaaye| aise kezavinyAsa ko somadeva ne kuntalakalApa kahA hai| kuva0 meM vAsachara kI ramaNiyA~ isa prakAra kA kezavinyAsa kara apane pati kI pratIkSA karatI thIM (83.8) / mayUrapiccha sadRza kezavinyAsa kA aMkana kalA meM bhI milatA hai| 1. sa-harisa-hari vAsaddhata-bhUsaNo kezapanbhAro-kuva0 1.5. 2. tao suyaMdha-siNeho....parihiya muMDe mAlulliyA-84.14, 16. 3. je0 ena0 banarjI- da DavalapameMTa Apha hindU AikonogrAphI, pR0 314. komala-dIhara-vatlI-baddhaddha-jaDA-kalAva- sohillaM / NANAviha-vaNa taruvara-kusuma-sayAbaddha dhammellaM // -kuva0 128.19. 5. jai0-yaza0 sAM0, pR0 154. 6. kalA aura saMskRti, pR0 248.49.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sImAnta-nahAne ke bAda bAloM ko bIca se vibhakta kara donoM ora bA~dhanA kRta-sImAnta kahA jAtA thA-hAalitta-vilatta-kaya-sImaMte (153.5) / Ajakala jise mAMga kAr3hanA kahate haiM, use prAcIna samaya meM sImAntakaraNa kahA jAtA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne kezavinyAsa ke uparyukta prakAroM ke sAtha-sAtha prasAdhana kI anya sAmagriyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jo prAcIna bhArata ke kalAtmaka zRMgAra ke kSetra meM prayukta hotI thiiN| 1. sImanteSu dvidhA bhAvo |-ysh0, pR0 207.

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pariccheda chaha rAjanaitika-jIvana udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM sAmAnyatayA abhijAta samAja kA citraNa kiyA hai| prasaMgavaza aneka rAjAoM ke darabAroM evaM unake rahana-sahana kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, kintu rAjanaitika-jIvana kI prabhUta sAmagrI isa grantha meM nahIM hai| ataH isa sAmAjika-jIvana vAle adhyAya meM hI kuva0 meM upalabdha una sandarbho kA saMkSipta vivecana de denA upayukta pratIta hotA hai, jo tatkAlIna rAjanaitika-jIvana se sambandhita haiN| rAjA dar3havarman ke prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki par3osI rAjyoM meM yuddha hote rahate the / senApati yuddha jItakara vijita sAmagrI apane rAjA ko Akara sauMpa dete the| rAjA mahendra kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki samIpa ke sanniveza kI kamajorI kA phAyadA uThAkara senA ke gherA dvArA vahA~ ke rAjA ko jItane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA thA (99.15-16) / asahAya ho jAne para rAnI evaM rAjakumAra zatra ke hAtha meM par3ane ke bajAya bhAga jAnA zreyaskara samajhate the (11-20) / * rAjA aura prajA ke bIca sambandha acche hote the| prajA ko yadi koI parezAnI hotI thI to vaha rAjA se nivedana karatI thii| rAjA usakA nivAraNa karatA thaa| rAjakumAra mohadatta dvArA zreSThI kI kanyA ko garbhavatI kara dene kI zikAyata jaba rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cI, to usane apane putra ko aparAdhI pAkara prANadaNDa kA Adeza de diyA (75.1-6) / eka kathA meM nagaravAsI jaba cora ke upadrava se parezAna the to svayaM rAjA ke putra vairagupta ne aneka kaSTa jhelakara usase mukti dilavAyI (247.1-12) / ata: isa samaya yaha dhAraNA vyApta thI kidurbaloM kI zakti rAjA hai-'durbalAnAM balaM rAjA' (247.7) / rAjA kI prasannatA aura krodha donoM ke pariNAma mAnabhaTa kI kathA meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| prasanna hokara rAjA jurNa-Thakkura ko jAgIra pradAna karatA hai tathA usake (ThAkura ke) dvArA rAjakumAra kA badha kara dene ke kAraNa una donoM ko rAjya chor3akara bhAganA par3atA

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166 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai (50-51) / udyotanasUri ne eka prasaMga meM kahA bhI hai jisa prakAra rAjA kupita hone para diye hue rAjya Adi ko phira chIna letA hai, usI prakAra ye devatA zubha evaM azubha phaloM ko dete haiN|' rAjAoM kI prabhutA evaM sArvabhaumikatA guptayuga ke bAda isa samaya bhI vidyamAna thii| rAjA dRDhavarman kI 'mahArAjAdhirAja' evaM 'paramezvara' upAdhi kA ullekha granthakAra ne kiyA hai (154.32) tathA vijayapurI ke rAjA vijayasena ke lie 'makaradhvaja mahArAjAdhirAja' vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA hai (166.3) / inase bhI unake prabhutva kA patA calatA hai / kuva0 meM rAjA dar3havarman ke varNana ke prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA kA adhikAMza samaya vidvAnoM kI saMgati aura rAjakIya vinodoM ke bIca vyatIta hotA thA (17.6, 7) tathA rAjakAja kI dekharekha pradhAna amAtya evaM mantrI-pariSada ke pUrNa sahayoga se kI jAtI thii| mahAkavi vANa ne bhI rAjA zUdraka ke varNana ke prasaMga meM isI prakAra kI sAmagrI prastuta kI hai / guptakAlIna rAjAoM kA jIvana kalA, sAhitya aura zAsana kA saMgama bana gayA thA / ___ kuva0 meM mantri-pariSada kA kucha vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| AsthAnamaMDapa meM mantripariSad ke sadasyoM ke sAtha rAjA baiThatA thA (6.18) / koI prazna upasthita hone para vRhaspati sadRza mantriyoM se salAha letA thA-bho-bho suraguruppamuhA maMtiNo, bhaNaha-(10.24) / mantriyoM ko svatantra vicAra vyakta karane kI svatantratA thii| rAjA mantriyoM kI salAha evaM unakI vimalabuddhi kI prazaMsA karatA thA (13.26) / apane kArya kI unheM bhI sUcanA detA thA (15.19) / darabAra meM mahAsAmantoM kI apekSA mantriyoM ko pramukha sthAna prApta thA (16. 19) / uddyotanasUri ne mantripariSada ke lie 'vAsava-sabhA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo rAjA ko salAha detI thI tathA jisameM sabhI viSayoM ke jAnakAra mantrI sadasya hote the (16.28) / anya sAkSyoM se patA calatA hai ki gupta samrAToM ke samaya maMtripariSad aura usake adhyakSa pradhAnamantrI ke pada kA gaurava pUrva kI bhAMti phira ubhara AyA thaa| bANa ke ullekhoM se isakA sakriya astitva pramANita hotA hai| vahI sthiti udyotana ke samaya meM bhI banI rahI hogii| ___ mAnabhaTa evaM juNNaThakkura kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna rAjanaitika-jIvana meM jamIMdArI eka prathA kA rUpa le rahI thii| kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhUmi-sambandhI adhikAra prApta kara lene para logoM ke lie prazAsanika aura sainika jIvana kA mArga khula jAtA thA aura riyAsateM tathA rAjavaMza kAyama karane 1. jai NaravaiNo kuviyA rajjAdI-digNayaM puNa haraMti / iya taha devA ee suhamasuhaM va phalaM deti // -kuva0 257.4. 2. buddhaprakAza-eziyA ke sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa kI rUparekhA, pR0 148.49.

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rAjanaitika jIvana 167 kA avasara mila jAtA thA / isase hara varNa aura vyavasAya ke loga jamIdAra hote jA rahe the| uddyotanasUri ne vibhinna prasaMgoM meM ina rAjakarmacAriyoM va adhikAriyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai : vetralatApratihArI (9.20), dvArapAlI (9.25, 60.4), pratihArI (18.1, 18.24), mahAvIra (16.19), mahAsenApati (16.21), mahApurohita (16.21), vAravilAsinI (141.17), paurajana (17.11), mahAvata-maNDalI (18.22), antaHpura mahattarikA (11.18), kanyA-antaHpurarakSikA (161.26), kanyA-anta:purapAlaka (168.15), bAsaghara kI pratihArI (141.14), jAmailla (paharedAra) (84.24, 135.18), senApati (146.4), hastipAlaka (155.11), lekhavAha (180.14), puramahalla (183.4), nayaramahalla (172.31, 247. 3,4), mahAdhammavvahAra (173.10), mahAsAmanta (171.8), mahAnarendra, savvakulajuNNamahattarANaM (171.4), daMDavAsika (247.10), aMgarakSaka (84.24), savvAhiyAriyA (208.27), bAhya udyAnapAlaka (32.18), vesavilayA (jela kI pratihArI (59.30), pADahio (203.7) ityaadi| prAcIna bhArata kI prazAsana-vyavasthA para kavalayamAlA ke ina adhikAriyoM aura karmacAriyoM ke vizeSa adhyayana se navIna prakAza par3a sakatA hai| DA0 dazaratha zarmA ne inameM se kucha adhikAriyoM ke pada evaM kArya ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA hai| mahApurohita rAjA ko dhArmika kAryoM meM salAha evaM sahayoga detA thaa| mahAvaidya rAjA evaM usake parivAra kA vizeSa cikitsaka thaa| pradhAnamaMtrI ko mahAmaMtrI kahA jAtA thA tathA usakA pada pratiSThApUrNa aura paramparAgata hotA thaa| vyAvahArin nyAyika kAryoM kA adhiSThAtA evaM rAjakIya salAhakAra hotA thaa| kuvalayamAlA ke varNana prasaMgoM se bhI ina karmacAriyoM ke svarUpa evaM kArya kA patA calatA hai| vAravilAsiniyA~ vibhinna utsavoM para nRtya kiyA karatI thiiN| antaHpuramahattarikA rAniyoM kI saMrakSikA hotI thI tathA antaHpura se bAhara jAkara rAjakIya mehamAnoM ke svAgata Adi kI vyavasthA karatI thiiN| puramahalla aura nagaramahalla zabda nagara-pramukha ke lie prayukta hue haiN| daMDavAsika nagara-rakSA meM tainAta rAjakIya adhikArI hotA thA, jisase rAjA prajA kI kuzalatA Adi kI jAnakArI prApta karatA thaa| ina adhikAriyoM ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki isa samaya kA prazAsana paryApta vyavasthita aura vistRta ho gayA thaa| ataH vibhinna kAryoM ke lie pRthak-pRthak adhikArI niyukta kiye jAne lage the| draSTavya-'da jenisasa eNDa karekTara Apha lenDeDa arasTrokresI ina iMziyaNTa iNDiyA' nAmaka DA0 buddha prakAza kA lekha-jarnala Apha da sosala eNDa ikAnAmika hisTrI Apha da oriyaNTa, 1971.

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168 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zastrAstra Rao meM ullikhita uparyukta rAjanaitika prasaMgoM meM varNana upalabdha nahIM hai aura na sainika prayANa kA hI / udyotana ne nimnokta 39 prakAra ke zastrAstroM kA ullekha kiyA hai : asa ( 31.12), sidheNu ( 223.25), asiyattavaNaM ( 37.26), katti (248.21), karavAla (188.1), karavatta (36.21), karAladaMta (39.21), kasa (231.16), kuhAr3A ( 39.12), kodaNDa (188.1), koMta (178.11), konteya (168.25), khaDaga (188.11), khaDa gakheTaka (195.10), kheDDa (150.22), cakra ( 37.26), cApa ( 223-25), churiyA ( 136.24), bhasa ( 198.25), tomara ( 37.29), daMDa ( 231.16), darpasAyaNa - baMdha ( 136.26) pakkalapAikka ( 168.25), pattaladala ( 37.29), patharA ( 274.16), pharakheDDa (150.22), maMDalA ( 8.19 ), mudgara ( 195.27), yantra ( 231.16), yamadaNDa ( 165. 27), rajjU (231.16), lakuTa ( 274.16), vajra ( 165.27), vasunandaka (136.20), zakti ( 37.29), zaila (40.5), sabbala ( 40.5), sara (40. 5 ) evaM sarAsaNa (198.25) / prAcIna sAhitya ke AdhAra para inameM se adhikAMza zAstrAstroM kA svarUpa spaSTa ho cukA hai / kucha kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai : kahIM bhI kisI yuddha kA phira bhI vibhinna prasaMgoM sidhenu - kuvalayamAlA meM prasidhenu kA cAra vAra ullekha huA hai / choTI talavAra yA churI asidhenukA kahalAtI thI / amarakoSa ( 2.8.92) meM isake zastrI, asiputrI, charikA aura asidhenukA- ye cAra nAma diye haiM / AtmarakSaNa ke lie churikA athavA asidhenukA choTe kintu atyanta upayogI astra the (136.24, 195.10) / sainika ise kamara meM laTakA lete the / ' ahicchatrA prApta guptakAlIna miTTI kI mUrtiyoM meM eka aise sainika kI mUrti milI hai, kamara meM adheinu bAMdhe hue hai / " 1. harSacarita, pR0 21. kattiya - kuva 0 meM yuddha ke prasaMga meM kartarI kA ullekha huA hai / amarakoSakAra ne kRpANI aura kartarI ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai (2.10.34 ) | hemacandra kartarI kI anya zastroM ke sAtha gaNanA kI hai / kartarI kA artha kaiMcI bhI hai, kintu yaha sambhavatayA eka prakAra kI talavAra thI, jo yuddha meM kAma AtI thI / 2. 3. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 3.575. a0 - ha0 a0 phalaka 2 citra 12. -- 4. draSTavya -- lekhaka kA nibandha - " prAcIna bhAratIya yuddha vijJAna" kucha naye sandarbha - jaina siddhAnta -bhAskara, 1968.

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rAjanaitika jIvana 169 karavAla-udyotana ne karavAla, karavatta, karAladanta jaise astroM kA ullekha saMghAraka zastroM ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| ye saba talavAra ke vibhinna rUpa pratIta hote haiN| inheM kaTArI kA prAcIna rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| somadeva ne kaukSeyaka aura karavAla ko eka mAnA hai (yaza0, pR0 557) / kasa-yaha eka prakAra kI kar3I rassI thI, jisase zatru ko bA~dha liyA jAtA thaa| ise pAza athavA rajjU (231.16) bhI kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM isake aneka prakAra prApta hote haiN|' udyotana ne darpasAyaNabaMdha kA ullekha kiyA hai (136.26), jo kasa kA eka prakAra rahA hogaa| karAladaMta-yaha dAte kI banI huI lohe kI lambI pattI hotI hai, jise Ajakala karoMta kahA jAtA hai| prAya: yaha lakar3I cIrane ke kAma AtI hai, kintu sambhava hai prAcIna bhArata meM isakA prayoga yuddha meM bhI hotA rahA ho (223.25) / kuhAr3A-isakA apara nAma kuThAra athavA parazu hai, jise Ajakala kulhAr3I kahate haiN| somadeva ne isakA kAphI ullekha kiyA hai| kalA meM kuThAra kA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai|2 zilpa meM bhagavAn zaMkara ke astra ke rUpa meM kuThAra yA parazu aMkita kiyA gayA hai| kunta-udyotana ne konta athavA kAnteya ke rUpa meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| kunta eka prakAra kA bhAlA thA, jo sIdhe aura acche bA~sa kI lakar3I meM lohe kA phana lagAkara banAyA jAtA thaa| isakA prakAra zatru ke vakSasthala para kiyA jAtA thaa| khaDga, khaDgakheTaka-kuvalayamAlA meM isakA aneka bAra ullekha huA hai| zatru para vijaya prApta karane ke lie khaDgakheTaka ko amodha zastra mAnA jAtA thaa| khaDga talavAra kA koI prakAra thA, jise hAtha meM lekara lar3A jAtA thA (252.27) / cakra -prAcIna bhAratIya yuddha-vijJAna meM cakra kA pramukha sthAna thaa| yaha pahiye kI taraha gola AkAra kA dhArayukta lohe kA Ayudha thaa| ise jora se ghumAkara zatru ke sira kA nizAnA banAkara pheMkA jAtA thaa| kuzalatApUrvaka pheMke gaye cakra se hAthiyoM taka ke sira phaTa jAte the| uddyotana ne cakra kA cAra bAra ullekha kiyA hai| vartamAna meM sikkha loga lagabhaga 10 iMca vyAsavAlA tathA 1 // iMca moTI dhAravAlA cakra dAyeM hAtha meM lekara apanA utsava manAte haiN| 1, cakravartI-da ArTa Apha vAra ina eMziyeNTa iNDiyA, pR0 172. 2. zivarAma mUrti-amarAvatI, phalaka 10, citra, 3. 3. banarjI, vahI, pR0 330, phalaka 1, citra 16, 19, 21. 4. yazastilakacampU, pR0 559. 5. vahI, pR0 558.

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170 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isake prAcIna rUpa bhI prApta hote haiN| sindhu nadI kI saMskRti meM hAtha meM pakar3ane yogya miTTI kI jo golavastu milI hai, use cakra kahA jA sakatA hai|' cakra kI kaI jAtiyA~ hotI rahI hoNgii| bhagavAn viSNu kA Ayudha sudarzana cakra kucha bhinna prakAra kA hai / cakra kA kalA meM bhI aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| daNDa-udyotana ne daNDa kA do bAra ullekha kiyA hai| daNDa gadA kA hI eka anya rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| bhAratIya yuddha praNAlI meM daNDa kA paryApta prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai| bhAratIya sikkoM meM gadA aura daNDa kA itanA sAmya hai ki unako pRthak-pRthaka karanA kaThina hai| maMDalAna-yaha eka prakAra kI atyanta tIkSNa talavAra thii| kuvalayacandra evaM bhillapati ne isI se yuddha lar3A thA, kintu maMDalAna tor3a diye gaye the (137.24) / isakI dhAra para pAnI car3hAyA jAtA thA (yaza0, 565) / mudgara-mudgara kA prahAra zatru ko cUra kara detA thA (195.27) / cUra karane vAle astroM meM mudgara, musala aura ghana pradhAna the| mudgara kA aMkana kalA meM bhI milatA hai| yantra-yantra zatru kI senA para zastra pheMkane vAlA sAdhana thaa| itihAsa meM yantra prayoga ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiM / 1299 I. meM raNathambhora ke kilA se yantra dvArA pheMke gaye patthara kI coTa se alAuddIna khilajI kA senApati nusratakhAna mArA gayA thaa| 1186.61 I0 meM eka kile ko tor3ane ke liye phrenca senA ne yantra kA hI prayoga kiyA thaa| topoM ke upayoga ke bAda bhI yantroM kA prayoga hotA rhaa| 1480 I0 meM yUropa meM roDasana kilA ke yuddha meM yantroM meM patthara bhara kara pheMke gaye topoM jaise prabhAvazAlI hue| mahArIbI nAma kA yantra lagabhaga 56 sera vajana kA patthara pheMkatA thaa|" zatru ko senA meM roga phailA dene ke lie ina yantroM dvArA mare huye ghor3e yA gAya Adi ko bhI kile ke jalAzaya meM pheka dete the| vajra (prazani)-udyotanasUri ne dhAtuvAda meM asaphala narendroM kI upamA vajra ke dvArA prahAra kiye gaye vyaktiyoM se dI hai-'vajjeNeva pahayA' (195.27) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki vajra kA prahAra asahanIya hotA thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya 1. varNakasamucca ya-sAMDesarA, pR0 108. 2. banarjI-vahI, pR0 328, phalaka 7, citra 4.7, phalaka 9 citra 1. 3. vahI, pR0 329. 4. zivarAma mUrti-amarAvatI phalaka 10, citra 12. 5. kAnhaNa de prabandha, caturthakhaNDa, 35. 6. sAMDesarA-varNaka samuccaya, bhAga 2, pR0 108-9.

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rAjanaitika jIvana 171 sAhitya meM vajra ke aneka ullekha milate haiM, jinameM prAyaH vajra ko indra kA hathihAra mAnA gayA hai / 2 kintu bAda ke citra aura zilpa meM aneka devI-devatAoM ke hAtha meM bhI yaha hathiyAra dekhane ko milatA hai| buddhadevI vajratArA kI mUrtiyoM meM eka hAtha meM vajra kA aMkana milatA hai| vajra ko azani bhI kahA gayA hai, jo isakI bhayaMkaratA kA pratIka hai| prAcIna zilpa aura citroM meM aMkita vajra se usakI AkRti kA patA calatA hai| vajra ke do rUpa pracalita the-eka DaNDe ke AkAra kA, bIca meM patalA aura donoM kinAroM para caur3A tathA dUsarA, do muMha vAlA, jisameM donoM ora nukIle dA~ta bane hote the| itanI prasiddhi ke bAda bhI vajra kA yuddha meM prayoga hotA thA yA nahIM, yaha nizcitarUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhavataH prAcIna samaya meM isakA prayoga hotA rahA ho aura bAda meM yaha kevala zilpa aura kalA meM hI aMkita hotA rahA ho| zakti-uddyotana ne zakti kA cAra bAra ullekha kiyA hai| zakti hRdayavidAraNa karane meM samartha hotI thI-'tti piva hiyayadAraNapaccalaM' (233.29) / zakti kA prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI ullekha milatA hai / yaha sampUrNa rUpa se lohe kA banA bhAle ke samAna atyanta tIkSNa Ayudha thA-zaktizca vividhAstIkSNA (mahAbhArata, Adiparva 30.49) / zakti skanda kArtikeya tathA durgA kA astra mAnA jAtA hai| kArtikeya kI mUrti ke vAyeM hAtha meM zakti kA aMkana dekhA jAtA hai| vasunandaka-kuvalayamAlAkahA meM isakA cAra bAra prayoga huA hai| varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha vizeSa prakAra kA astra thA, jo zatru para pheMka kara mArA jAtA thA (136.24) / sambhavataH isa Ayudha meM kucha mantrasiddhi bhI rahatI thii|' 1. Rgveda (3.56.2; siddhAnta kaumudI (2.1.15); rAmAyaNa (sundara0 4.21), mahAbhArata (7.135.96); raghuvaMza (8.47); uttarAdhyayana (20-21) aadi| 2. motIcandra-jaina miniecara peTigz2a, citra 60, 61, 62, 69, 72. 3. bhaTazAlI-AikonogrAphI Apha buddhisTa skalpacarsa ina da DhAkA myujiyama, pR0 49, pR0 23, tathA 30 para phalaka 8, citra 1 e| 4. banarjI-da DevalapamenTa Apha hindU AikonogrAphI, pR0 330 phalaka 8, citra 8; phalaka 9, citra 2-6. 5. gokulacandra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 209 / 6. mahAbhArata. droNaparva, 186. 7. yazastilakacampU-sarvalohamayIzaktirAyudhavizeSaH, pR0 562, saM0 TI0 / 8. bhaTazAlI-da AikonogrAphI0, pR0 147, phalaka 57, citra 3 e. 9. jaM jaM parama-rahassaM siddhaM vasuNandayaM ca khaggaM ca-kuva0 250.25.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zastrAstroM ke uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM prAyaH una sabhI astroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo prAcIna samaya meM yuddha * kSetra meM pracalita tathA zilpa aura kalA meM aMkita the / 172 roga aura unakI paricaryA isa prakAra udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM tatkAlIna samAja kA citraNa karate hue jIvana ke saMhAraka uparyukta zastrAstroM kA ullekha karate hue batalAyA hai ki manuSya kI mRtyu yA to ina zastrAstroM se hotI hai athavA aneka prakAra ke rogoM AkrAnta hokara vaha maratA hai / isa prasaMga meM unhoMne aneka rogoM ke bhI nAma ginAye haiM tathA unakI paricaryA evaM nidAna Adi kA bhI saMketa diyA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM arisA (bavAsIra) udararoga ( upareNa bhaggo) karNavyAdhi (16.19) ina rogoM kA ullekha huA hai akSIroga (acchI- dukkheNa ) kaMTharoga (18.17) khAMsI (khAseNa mao) daMta vedanA (daMtaviNAe~) poTTasUla (274.10) phor3I (phoDIe 274.9 ) mArI (mArI = haijA ) lUnA (lUmA e ho = vAtaroga) sannipAta ( 114.27) sira- vedanA ( sira- viyaNAe~ ) kuSTa (kuNa grahaM saDio, 55.15) jalodara (41.28) purISavyAdhi ( purIsa vAho ) phor3A (41.28) bhagandara (41.28) rudhirapravAha (274.8) visphoTaka (viSa-phor3A) sarpadaMza (bhujaMga - Darako 237.3) svAsaroga (soseNa sosiya sarIro) ina rogoM kI pahacAna evaM inake nidAna ke sambandha meM kuvalayamAlA meM kucha vizeSa nahIM kahA gayA hai / inase mRtyu sambhava hai, yaha avazya sUcita kiyA gayA hai / bhagandara, kuSTha, sannipAta, virecana evaM sarpadaza ke sambandha meM kuva0 meM saMkSipta jAnakArI dI gayI hai / bhagandara - koI vyakti bhagandara roga ke dvArA sampUrNa zarIra meM pIr3A pAkara nidhana ko prApta hotA hai / vaidyaka zAstra meM bhI bhagandara ko bhayaMkara roga batAyA 1. sira duha - jara vAhi bhagaMdarAbhibhUehiM dukkha kaliehi / sAsa- jalodara - arisA-lUyA - vipphoDa - phoDehiM // kuva0 41.28. suha-dukkha-jara-bhagaMdara- siraveyaNa - vAhi khAsa sosAI / - vahI, 162.32. 2. katthai khAmeNa mao' 'sUleNa Navara poTTassa / vahI, 274, 5-10. 3. katthai bhagaMdareNa dAriya- deho gao NihaNaM / - 274.6.

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rAjanaitika jIvana gayA hai / bhAvaprakAza ke anusAra gudA ke pAsa pIDAyukta puMsiyA hone para bhagandara hotA hai / ' pAzcAtya vaidyaka meM bhagandara ko 'phisculA ina eno' kahate haiN|' kuSTha-mathurA ke anAtha-maNDapa meM kuSTa roga se pIr3ita aneka vyakti rahate the, unheM vizvAsa thA ki mUlasthAna bhaTTAraka ke pAsa jAne se kuSTa roga dUra ho jAtA hai| sUrya kI pUjA ke lie mUlasthAna prasiddha rahA hai| kuSTa roga ke nivAraNa ke lie sUryapUjA prAcIna samaya se pracalita rahI hai| uddyotanasUri ne kahA hai ki kuSTha roga se zarIra ke samasta aMga sar3a jAte haiN| sambhavataH unakA saMketa zveta kuSTha roga kI tarapha hai| sannipAta-uddyotana ne sannipAta ke kAraNa, lakSaNa evaM nidAna kI jAnakArI dI hai| kumAra kuvalayacandra ko dakSiNa-yAtrA meM vindhyATavI meM atyanta pyAsa lgii| bahuta bhaTakane ke bAda use eka sarovara dikhAyI diyaa| kumAra pAnI pIne jaise hI usake taTa para pahu~cA use Ayu-zAstra meM par3hI huI bAta yAda AyIpAyusatthesu mae paDhiyaM (114.13)-ki 'tIvra bhUkha-pyAsa lagane para, parizrama se thake hone para turanta hI pAnI athavA bhojana nahIM karanA caahiye| kyoMki vAyU, pitta, kapha Adi jo sAta dhAtue~ va doSa haiM unheM taSNA se tapta zarIra ke jIvANa vibhinna sthAnoM meM vicalita kara dete haiN| isa prakAra visama sthAnoM meM dhAtue~ hone se yadi usI samaya pAnI pI liyA jAya, bhojana kara liyA jAya athavA snAna kiyA kAya to ve dhAtue~ vahIM dUsare ke sthAnoM para sthira ho jAtI haiM, jisase usI samaya sannipAta nAma kA mahAroga ho jAtA hai-'tattha saMNivAo NAma mahAdoso takkhaNaM jAya iti'-(114.27) / sannipAta hone se sira-vedanA jaisI mahAvyAdhi utpanna hotI hai tathA usI kSaNa mRtyu ho jAtI hai| ataH jAnabUjha kara isa samaya snAna karanA upayukta nahIM hai|' aisA soca kara kuvalayacandra kucha samaya ke lie eka tamAla vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiTha kara vizrAma karane lgaa| zItalavayAra se jaba usakA parizrama zAnta ho gayA taba usane pAnI Adi piyA / sannipAta roga kA yaha kAraNa evaM lakSaNa vaighakazAstra ke anurUpa hai| somadeva ne dhUpa meM se Akara turanta pAnI pI lene se dRgmAndya roga utpanna hone kI bAta kI hai| 1. bhAvaprakAza, bhAga 2 ci0 bha0 zloka 1-2. 2. vahI, pR0 539. 3. kuva0 55,10.18. 4. katthai kuTeNa ahaM saDio savvesu ceya aMgesu-vahI0 274.6. teNa ya sIsa-veyaNAiyA mahAvAhi-saMghAyA uppajjaMyati / aNNe takkhaNaM ceya vivajjati |--vhii, 114.27. 6. dRgmaandybhaagaatpitombusevii|-ysh0, pR0 509.

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174 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana madyapAna se utpanna roga-darpaphalika kI sautelI mA~, mantrI evaM vaidya ne milakara use aisI davAiyoM kA yoga usakI surA meM milAkara de diyA, jise pInI se kAlAntara meM maraNa avazyambhAvI thaa| usa yoga se darpaphalika kI smati jAtI rahI-viyaMbhiDaM payatto majjha so joro-| vaha pAgaloM jaisI harakateM karatA huA rAjya se nikala gyaa| ghUmatA huA jaba vaha vindhyaparvata kI kandarAmoM meM pahu~cA to usane bela, salla, tamAla, harI, baher3A, AvalA Adi ke pattoM, phaloM se yukta jharane ke kaSAya pAnI ko pIliyA aura chAyA meM vizrAma karane lgaa| thor3o dera bAda samudra kI taraMgoM kI taraha usakA peTa guDagur3Ane lagAudarabbhataro jAo (154-12) / evaM virecana ho gyaa| usane bAra-bAra pAnI piyA aura hara bAra vamana ho gyaa| aura isa prakAra usakI bImArI doSamukta ho gayI-savva dosakkhano jaao| use saba bAteM smaraNa ho AyIM aura vaha pahale jaisA svasthacitta ho gayA-savvahA paDhamaM piva satthacitto jAo(145-15) / cikitsAzAstra meM virecana dvArA svAsthya lAbha karanA ati prasiddha nidAna hai| sarpadaMza kA nidAna-udyotanasUri ne durjanoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki durjana kAle sarpa se bhI bhayaMkara hote haiN| kyoMki kAle sarpa ke kATane para usakA viSa udara kI saphAI ke vAda naSTa kiyA jA sakatA haiM-savvahA poTTaNa ca kasai (6.4) / kintu durjana ke kATane kA koI ilAja nhiiN| viSa ko mantroM ke dvArA rasAyaNa bhI banAyA jA sakatA hai--mahuraM maMtehi ca kIrai rasAyaNaM (6.5)--kintu durjana ke mukha meM hamezA kaTutA hI banI rahatI hai / ku0 meM anyatra bhI sarpa ke viSa kI auSadhi viSarasAyaNa ko hI mAnA gayA hai| kAmajvara se pIr3ita vyakti kI vyAdhi kAma sevana se hI dUra hotI hai| kyoMki viSa kI auSadhi viSa hI hai| sarpadaMza ke lie garur3a-mantroM kA jApa guNakArI mAnA jAtA thA (236.14) / rogoM ke nidAna ke lie vaidya aneka prakAra kI kriyAe~ karate the, jo roga ko usI prakAra hara letI thIM jaise jinendra bhagavAn jIvoM ke duHkhoM ko dUra kara dete haiM / 3 vaidyakazAstra ke praNetAoM meM dhanavantari ke sadRza mahAvaidya rAjA dRr3havarman kI sabhA meM Ayu-zAstra kA vivecana karate the| samAja meM vaidya kI paryApta pratiSThA thI / yaha mAnyatA thI ki kisI rogI ke nidAna ke lie vaidya ko 1. saMjoiyaM joiyaM, kAlaMtara-viDavaNA-maraNa-phalaM diNaM ca majjhapANaM-kuva0 144,30. 2. jo kira bhuyaMga- Dakko-DaMke aha-tassa dijjae mhurN| esA jaNe pauttI visassa visamosahaM hoi // -kuva0 236.3. 3. jaha AurANa vejjo dukkhavimokkhaM karei kiriyaae| taha jANa jiyAya jiNo dukkhaM avaNei kiriyAe // 179.19 4. uggAheMti Au-satthaM dhaNNaMtari-samA mahAvejjA-16.20.

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rAjanaitika jIvana 175 bulAne hetu do vyaktiyoM ko jAnA cAhie - vaccaha duve vi vaccai, ekko duno jAi vejja ghare (236.17) / vaidya vibhinna auSadhiyoM kI jar3eM davAiyoM ke lie prayoga meM lAte the / ataH mUla (jar3a) ke prayoga ke kAraNa vaidyoM ko bhI mUlaka strI vaidyoM ko mUlikA kahA jAtA thA / kumAra mahendra kuvalayacandra se kahatA hai ki tumhArI kAmajvara-vyAdhi ko vaidyA kuvalayamAlA hI dUra sakatI hai- -mayaNa mahAjara viNA - harI mUliyA kuvalayamAlA (166.30) / mRtaka vyakti kI pahacAna ke lie A~khoM kI putaliyA~ dekhI jAtI thI, usake hRdaya para hAtha rakha kara nAr3I kI gati dekhI jAtI thI tathA mukha para hAtha rakha kara svAMsa kA anubhava kiyA jAtA thA / zarIra ke sabhI marmasthAnoM meM mAliza kI jAtI thI aura zarIra kI uSNatA va zItalatA kI pahacAna kI jAtI thI / zItala zarIra kA anubhava hote hI rogI ko mRta samajha liyA jAtA thA ( 23827-30) / isa prakAra roga evaM unakI paricaryA ke uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki udyotanasUri ke samaya meM vibhinna rogoM ke upacAra kI zAstrIya vyavasthA thI tathA kucha upacAra dezI davAoM evaM laukika prayogoM dvArA bhI hote the / udyotanasUri ne isa prakAra apane grantha meM tatkAlIna samAja ke vibhinna citra upasthita kiye haiM / Arya, anArya jAtiyoM, pAravArika jIvana, sAmAjikasaMsthAoM evaM AyojanoM tathA vastra, alaMkAra evaM prasAdhana kI vibhinna sAmagriyoM ke sambandha meM unhoMne jo bhI jAnakArI dI hai, vaha usa yuga kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI dyotaka hai / na kevala nagara sabhyatA evaM rAjanaitika jIvana kA apitu grAmINa jIvana ke citra bhI kuvalayamAlA meM aMkita hai / ina sabase yaha spaSTa hai ki udyotanasUri yathArtha samAja ke sUkSma draSTA the tathA samAja kI yaha saba samRddhi tatkAlIna Arthika- jIvana evaM vANijya vyApAra kI unnati para nirbhara thI /

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adhyAya cAra Arthika jIvana

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pariccheda eka arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana prAcIna bhAratIya vyApArika kSetra meM yadyapi dhana kamAne kA pramukha sAdhana aneka vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya hI thA, tathApi dhanArjana ke lie aneka sahI evaM galata tarIkoM kA bhI upayoga hotA thaa| kucha kArya aise the jinase dhana to AtA thA kintu ve upAya nindanIya samajhe jAte the| aura kucha kArya aise the jo nindanIya nahIM the, yadyapi unase lAbha sImita hotA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ina donoM prakAra ke sAdhanoM kA varNana kiyA hai| kucha anya sAdhana bhI ullikhita haiM, jo tatkAlIna samAja meM dhanArjana ke lie prayukta hote rahe hoNge| nindita sAdhana mAyAditya aura sthANu ke mana meM java dhana kamAne kI bAta uThI tathA pahalA prazna yahI uThA ki kaise dhana kamAyA jAya, kyoMki binA dhana ke dharma evaM kAma donoM laukika puruSArtha pUre nahIM ho sakate,' tava mAyAditya ne sujhAyA'mitra, yadi aisI bAta hai to vArANasI clo| vahA~ hama loga juA kheleMge, seMdha lagAyeMge (khanana kareMge), karNAbhUSaNa chIneMge, rAhagIroM ko lUTeMge, jeba kATeMge (gAMTha kATeMge), mAyAjAla raceMge, logoM ko ThageMge tathA vaha saba kAma hama kareMge, jisajisase dhana kI prApti hogI' / ' sthANu ko yaha sunakara bar3A kheda huaa| usane inheM 1. dhammattho kAmo vi.""taha vi karemo atthaM hohii atthAo sesaM pi| -kuva0 57.13-15. 2. jai evaM mitta, tA payaTTa, vANArasiM vccaamo| tattha jUyaM khellimo, khattaM khaNimo, kaNNuM toDimo, paMthaM mUsimo, gaMThiM chiNNimo, kUDaM raimo, jaNaM vaMcimo, savvahA tahA tahA kuNimo jahA jahA atthaM-saMpattI hohii| -kuva0 57.16.17.

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180 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhanArjana ke nindita sAdhana batalAyA, jo usake sajjana svabhAva ke pratikUla the evaM unako apanAne meM doSa lagatA thA ( 57.33 ) / ina nindita sAdhanoM ke atirikta grantha meM anyatra jIva-jantuoM ko becakara dhana kamAnA nindanIya mAnA gayA hai tathA jo aisA karatA hai vaha marakara dAsatva ko prApta karatA hai / ' artho pArjana ke ukta sAdhana samAja meM sAmAnyarUpa se to nindanIya the hI, jainaparamparA kI ahiMsaka bhAvanA ke kAraNa jainAcAryoM dvArA bhI unakA niSedha kiyA jAtA thA / dharmabindu evaM upamiti bhavaprapaMcakathA meM aise aneka hiMsaka kAryoM kA dhanopArjana ke lie niSedha kiyA gayA hai -- anindita sAdhana mAyAditya ke pUchane para sthANu ne dhanopArjana ke nimnokta anindita sAdhana vatalAye jo RSiyoM dvArA kathita haiM / 3 1. dezAntara meM gamana (disi gamaNaM 57.24), 2. sAjhIdAra banAnA ( mittakaraNaM), 3. rAjA kI sevA ( Naravara - sevA ), 4. nApa-taula meM kuzalatA ( kusalattaNaM ca mANappamANesu), 5. dhAtuvAda ( dhAuvvAzro ), 6. mantrasAdhanA ( maMtaM ), 7. deva ArAdhanA (devayArAhaNaM ), 8. kRSikArya (kesiM), 9. sAgara-santaraNa ( sAyara-taraNaM), 10. rohaNa parvata kA khanana (rohaNa mmi khaNaNaM), 11. vANijya ( vaNijjaM ), 12. naukarI Adi ( NANAvihaM ca kammaM ), 13. vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAe~ tathA zilpa ( vajjA - sippAIM Neya-rUvAiM) / udyotana ne ina sabhI arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM kA kutra0 meM prayoga kiyA hai / inameM se kucha sAdhana to spaSTa haiM, kucha para saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlanA ucita hogA / 1. jAi - maummatta maNo jIve vikkiNai jo kayagghoya / so iMdabhUi mariuM dAsattaM vaccae puriso // -- kuva0 231.28. 2. uddhata - za0 - rA0 e0, pR0 493. 3. risIhiM evaM purA bhaNiyaM - atthassa sAhayAiM aNidiyAiM ca eyAI / - kuva0 57- 24, 26.

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arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana 181 dezAntara-gamana-kuva0 meM dezAntara-gamana ke aneka ullekha haiN| mAyAditya, dhanadeva, sAgaradatta Adi vaNika-putroM ne videza jAkara hI dhana kamAyA hai| 18 deza ke vyApAriyoM kA eka sthAna para ekatra hone kA sandarbha vyApArika kSetra meM dezAntara-gamana kI pramukhatA kI ora saMketa karatA hai| tatkAlIna sAhityakAdambarI, samarAiccakahA, harivaMzapurANa Adi meM bhI dezAntara-gamana dvArA dhanopArjana ke aneka ullekha milate haiM / vyApAra ke lie dezAntara meM jAnA kaI kAraNoM se lAbhadAyaka thaa| ghara se dUra rahakara nizcintatA-pUrvaka vyApAra kiyA jA sakatA thaa| vahA~ paristhiti ke anusAra rahana-sahana ke dvArA logoM ko AkarSita kiyA jA sakatA thaa| pramukha bAta yaha ki apane deza kI utpanna vastue sudUra-deza meM manacAhe bhAva para becane meM bhI lAbha evaM vahA~ para utpanna vastuoM ko saste bhAva meM kharIdakara apane deza meM lAkara becane meM bhI lAbha uThAyA jA sakatA thaa| isake atirikta antardezIya vyApArika maNDala ke aneka anubhava bhI ho jAte the| taruNa vaNika-putroM ko apane vAhubala dvArA dhana kamAne kA avasara bhI prApta ho jAtA thA, jisake lie ve bar3e utsuka rahate the| sAjhIdAra banAnA-kisI mitra vyApArI ke sAtha yAtrA (vyApAra) karane meM kaI lAbha hote haiN| prathama, yAtrA meM kisI prakAra kA Dara nahIM rhtaa| dUsare, yadi vyApAra meM ghATA par3a jAya to sArA nukasAna akele nahIM uThAnA pdd'taa| tIsare, paraspara kI sUjha-bUjha aura vyApArika caturatA kA phAyadA uThAyA jA sakatA hai| kuva0 meM mAyAditya aura sthANu eka sAtha vyApAra ke lie nikale the|' unhoMne barAbara dhana kamAyA thaa| dhanadeva aura bhadrazreSThI donoM sAjhIdAra the (66.33) / sAgaradatta ne videza meM jAkara hI eka vyApArI ko mitra banAkara apanA vyApAra kiyA (105.23) / vyApArika kSetra meM sAjhIdArI eka paramparA thii| jAtakoM meM (1.404, 2.30, 3.126) sAjhIdArI ke aneka ullekha haiM / smRtiyoM meM isI ko 'sambhUyasamutthAna vyavahAra' kahA gayA hai, (nArada 3.1) / kintu eka ora jahA~ sAjhIdAra banane banAne meM phAyadA hai, vahA~ kabhI kabhI nukasAna bhI uThAne par3ate haiN| sAjhIdAra yadi ImAnadAra na huA to musIbata ho jAtI hai| lAlacavaza mAyAditya ne sthANu ko kue~ meM DAla diyA thA (61.15, 16) aura dhanadeva ne bhadrazreSThI ko samudra meM (67.20), tAki unheM unakA hissA na denA pdd'e| ajita kI huI sArI sampatti khuda ke hAtha laga jaave| isa prakAra ke beImAna sAjhIdAroM ke tatkAlIna sAhitya meM aneka ullekha haiN| napasevA-dhanArjana ke lie rAja-sevA hara jagaha pracalita hai| sAmAnyatayA jo vyakti rAjadarabAra meM kisI bhI pada para kArya karate haiM unheM rAjA ko khuza 1. gahiya-pacchayaNA NiggayA duve vi-kuva0 57.28. 2. vizeSa ke lie draSTavya-rA0--prA0 na0, pR0 323. 3. draSTavya: ----samarAiccakahA: tilakamaMjarI Adi /

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182 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rakhanA hI pdd'egaa| kintu vyApArI loga bhI rAjA kI sevA karate the| jaba koI vyApArI apane sArtha ke sAtha kisI rAjya meM pahu~catA thA to pahale vahA~ ke rAjA se vividha bahumUlya bheMTa ke sAtha milatA thaa| dhanadeva jaise hI ratnadvIpa meM pahu~cA usane upayukta bheMTa lii| jAkara rAjA se milA aura use prasanna kiyaa|' isase jJAta hotA hai ki kisI bhI rAjya meM vyApAra karane ke pUrva vahA~ ke zAsana ko anumati lenA Avazyaka thii| nApa-taula meM kuzalatA-'kuzalattaNaM ca mANappamANesu' kA artha hai mApataula ke kArya meM kuzala honA / vyApArika-vastuoM kI prAmANikatA aura nakalIpana ko kuzala vyApArI hI pahacAna sakatA hai| asalI mAla kharIdane para hI lAbha sambhava hai| dhanadeva ke pitA ne isa vyApArika kuzalatA kI ora saMketa bhI kiyA hai ki mAla kA parIkSaNa karanA bar3A kaThina hai- duppariyallaM bhaMDaM (65.15) / isake atirikta pratyeka vastu kI sahI nApa-taula ke lie vijJa honA aura dharmakAMTA lagAkara usakI vyavasthA karanA bhI isa arthopArjana meM sahAyaka hotA rahA hogaa| isa bAta-cIta ke prasaMga meM dhura, vaheDa, gotthaNa, maMgala, suttI aAdi zabda vizeSa saMkhyA ke dyotaka haiN| kuva0 kI 'je' prati ke hAsiye para aise saMkhyAsUcaka kucha zabda likhe hue haiN| unameM se 2 saMkhya ke lie dhuraM, 6 ke lie baheDo, 4 ke lie gotthaNa evaM 20 ke lie suttI zabda prastuta prasaMga meM prayukta hue haiN| maMgalaM kisa saMkhyA ke lie prayukta huA hai, isakA nirdeza vahA~ nahIM hai / sambhavataH 8 saMkhyA ke lie maMgalaM kA prayoga huA hai| saMkhyA ke lie pratIkoM kA prayoga bhAratIya gaNita meM prAcIna samaya se hotA rahA hai| dhAtuvAda-vibhinna rasAyanoM dvArA dhAtuoM se svarNa banAnA bhI artha prApti kA sAdhana thaa| AThavIM sadI meM dhAtuvAda kA paryApta pracAra thA evaM yaha eka vidyA ke rUpa meM vikasita ho cukA thaa| uddyotana ne dhAtuvAda kA vizada varNana prastuta kiyA hai / isa para vizeSa adhyayana Age prastuta hai| deva-ArAdhanA-dhanArjana ke lie jAte samaya mAMgalika kArya kiye jAte the| iSTa devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thii| pratyeka kArya ke lie alaga-alaga devatAoM kI ArAdhanA ko zubha mAnA jAtA thaa| corI ko jAte samaya cora kharapaTa, mahAkAla, kAtyAyanI Adi kI ArAdhanA karate the| videzagamana ke samaya samudra-devatA kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thii| iSTadevoM ko smaraNa kiyA jAtA thaa|' khanana kArya dvArA dhana prApti ke lie dharaNendra, indra, dhanaka evaM dhanapAla 1. uttiNA vaNiyA gahiyaM daMsaNIyaM / diTTho rAyA kayo pasAo-67.12. 2. draSTavya-- upAdhye, kuva0 153.17 kA phuTanoTa / 3. draSTavya-ja0-0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 71. 4. pUiUNa samuddadevaM 105-32. 5. sumarijjati iThTha-devae-vahI-67.2.

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arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana 183 kI ArAdhanA sAgaradatta ne kI thii| yaha paramparA Aja bhI dekhI jAtI hai| jo vyakti jisa sAdhana ke dvArA paisA kamAtA hai, muhUrta ke samaya usa viziSTa sAdhana kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| sAgara-santaraNa-prAcIna bhArata meM vyApAra ke do hI pramukha kendra thesthAnIya vyApArika maNDiyA~ aura videzI vyApAra / videzI vyApAra ke lie samudra-pAra jAnA hotA thaa| ataH samudra-saMtaraNa arthopArjana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA / sAgara-saMtaraNa dvArA Arthika lAbha isalie adhika hotA thA ki apane deza kI vastue~ dezAntara meM manamAne bhAva para becI jA sakatI thIM aura vahA~ se unake badale svarNa Adi lAyA jA sakatA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM sAgarasaMtaraNa ke aneka ullekha haiM (66.1, 5 aadi)| jinake sambandha meM Age vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA haiM / yadyapi sAgara-saMtaraNa se apAra dhana kI prApti hotI thI, kintu jAna kI jokhima jaisI aneka kaThinAiyA~ bhI uThAnI par3atI thiiN| rohaNa parvata-khanana-rohaNa nAmaka parvata pAtAla meM sthita mAnA gayA hai| aisI mAnyatA hai ki vaha svarNa-nirmita hai| vahA~ pahu~cakara loga usako khodakara svarNa le Ate the aura dhanavAna bana jAte the| kuvalayamAlA meM aise do prasaMga Aye haiM, jahA~ rohaNa-khanana kA ullekha hai| sAgaradatta java apamAnita hokara dhana kamAne ke lie ghara se nikala jAtA hai to eka udyAna meM baiThakara socatA hai ki dhana kamAne ke lie vaha kyA kare ? magara-macchoM se yukta samudra ko pAra kare athavA jo pAtAla meM sthita hai usa rohaNa parvata kA khanana kare / ' dUsarA ullekha hai, jaba campAnagarI ke nirdhana vaNikaputra aneka taraha ke vyApAra karate hue dhana prApta karane meM saphala nahIM hote to anta meM kisI taraha rohaNa nAmaka dvIpa meM pahu~ca jAte haiN| usakA nAma sunate ho harSita hokara socate haiM-isa zreSTha dvIpa meM apuNyazAlI bho dhana prApta karate haiM ataH hama ise khodakara ratnoM kI prApti kreN| ukta donoM prasaMgoM se lagatA hai, rohaNa-khanana dhana prApta karane kA antima upAya thA / ataH jo vyakti anya kisI sAdhana se dhana na kamA pAye vaha rohaNakhanana kI bAta socatA thaa| usameM pravRtta hotA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dhanopArjana kA yaha sAdhana zrama ke pratIta ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| jaise pAtAla meM pahu~cakara svarNa lAnA zramasAdhya hai, vaise hI asaphala vyApArI ko cAhie ki punaH zrama kare to use saphalatA milego hii| 1. Namo iMdassa, Namo dharaNiMdassa, Namo dhaNayassa, Namo dhaNapAlassa tti / -vahI0104.31. 2. duttaro jalahI""sundaraM vANijjaM jassa joviyaM Na vallahaM / -66.7, 9. 3. jA pAyAlaM patto khaNami tA rohaNaM cey| -kuva0 104.18. 4. eyaM taM dIvavaraM jattha auNNo vi pAvae atthaM / saMvai tAva khaNAmo jA saMpattAI rynnaai|| -vahI0 191.22.

Page #204
kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rohaNa parvata ko rohaNadvIpa bhI kahA gayA hai| sambhava hai, dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA meM kahIM isa nAma kA dvIpa rahA ho, jahA~ se vyApAra karane meM svarNa kI (adhika lAbha) prApti hotI ho / bhaugolika sAmagrI ke antargata isa para vizeSa vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| khAnyavAda-uparyukta sAdhanoM ke atirikta kuvalayamAlAkahA meM khAnyavAda dvArA bhI dhana prApta karane kA ullekha hai| sAgaradatta jaba icchita dhana kamAne meM asamartha ho jAtA hai to apanA jIvana naSTa karane ko socatA hai| tabhI use mAlUra kA vRkSa dikhAyI par3atA hai| use dekhakara nayI-nayI sIkhI gayI khAnyavidyA sAgaradatta ko yAda ho AtI hai| vaha isa vidyA se sambandhita sabhI bAtoM para vicAra kara yatheSTa dhana prApta kara letA hai| isa varNana-prasaMga meM khAnyavAda se sambandhita nimnAMkita jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| 1. khanyavAda vidyA zikSaNa kA viSaya thii| 2. kSIravakSa ke atirikta anya vRkSa ke sAtha yadi mAle (mAlara) kI vela (vRkSa) ho to adhika dhana hotA hai, anyathA kama / 3. vilva aura palAza ke vRkSa ke nIce to nizcita hI dhana hotA hai| . 4. vRkSa yadi patalA ho to dhana thor3A evaM moTA ho to vahuta dhana hotA hai| 5. vRkSa kA raMga kRSNa hone para bahuta evaM ujalA hone para kama dhana hotA hai| 6. vakSa ko khodane para yadi rakta AbhA nikale to ratna, dUdha nikale to cA~dI evaM pIlI prabhA nikale to svarNa nIce chipA hotA hai| 7. vRkSa jitanA jamIna ke Upara lambA hogA, dhana utanA hI nIce chipA hogaa| 8. yadi vRkSa kI zAkhAe~ patalI evaM tanA sthUla hogA to usa dhana kI prApti sambhava hai, anyathA nhiiN| 9. devatAoM kI ArAdhanA dvArA vRkSa kI jar3a khodI jAtI thii|' 10. dhana prApta karane ke bAda zeSa dhana pAtAla meM adRzya ho jAtA thaa| sAdhanoM kI pratIkAtmakatA-dhanopArjana ke uparyukta sAdhanoM ke laukika prayoga tatkAlIna samAja meM avazya pracalita rahe hoNge| unase dhana kI prApti bhI hotI rahI hogii| kintu kabhI nirAza bhI honA par3atA hogaa| isIlie udyotana ne ina sabhI sAdhanoM ko dhArmika-pratIkoM dvArA samajhAyA hai, jisase asAra dhana ke 1. ekkassa mAlUra-pAyavassa-de khaNAmi, devaM NamAmo tti / -kuva0 104.21, 2. NihI vi jhatti pAyAle aiMsaNaM go| -vahI 105.2.

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arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana 185 sthAna para akSaya mokSa-sampadA kI prApti ho sakatI hai / kuva0 meM campA ke do vaNikaputroM ko vibhinna vyApArika kArya karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai tathA kucha kAryoM ke dhArmika pratIka prastuta kiye gaye haiM / arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhanoM ke uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM dhana kamAne ke lie aneka sAdhana upayoga meM lAye jAte the / vANijya, kRSi, zilpa evaM aneka vidyAe~, jinameM pramukha thIM / khAnyavidyA kA bhI pracAra thaa| dUsarI bAta yaha ki tatkAlIna samAja meM kAma kA ba~TavArA jAti ke AdhAra para kaThora nahIM thA / vaNikaputra hara prakAra kA dhaMdhA apanA sakate the / dezI evaM videzI sabhI prakAra ke vyApAra pracalita the tathA vArANasI una dinoM bhI tIrthayAtriyoM, paryaTakoM evaM vyApAriyoM ke lie AkarSaNa kA kendra thI / dakSiNa bhArata meM vijayapurI evaM pazcimI bhArata meM sopAraka, pratiSThAna Adi vyApAra ke pramukha kendra the, jahA~ se sthAnIya evaM sAmudrika vyApAra huA karatA thA /

Page #206
pariccheda do vANijya evaM vyApAra prAcIna bhArata meM arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM meM vANijya ko pramukha sthAna prApta hai| tatkAlIna samAja meM sthAnIya evaM videzI donoM prakAra ke vyApAra kAphI samRddha the| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM vANijya evaM vyApAra se sambandhita vividha evaM vistRta jAnakArI upalabdha hai, jisase tatkAlIna Arthika jIvana kA svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai| sthAnIya vyApAra __ sthAnIya vyApAra kA artha hai, eka hI sthAna para utpanna vibhinna vastuoM kA sthAnIya upayoga ke lie kraya-vikraya honaa| sthAnIya vyApAra ke pramukha kendra do the :-vipaNimArga evaM vyApArika maNDiyA~ / vipaNimArgoM meM phuTakara dainika upayoga kI vastue~ bikatI thIM, jabaki vyApArika maNDiyoM meM aneka sthAna ke vyApArI ekatra hokara mAla kA thoka kraya-vikraya karate the| ku. meM ina donoM pramukha kendroM kA varNana upalabdha hai| vipaNimArga-prAcIna bhArata meM eka bAjAra meM 84 prakAra' taka kI vastuoM kI vibhinna dukAneM hotI thiiN| ye dukAneM nagara ke prasiddha rAjamArgoM tathA catvaroM ke kinAre lagatI thIM, jinheM haTTa kahA jAtA thaa| kuva0 meM ullikhita vinItA nagarI ke vipaNimArga meM vibhinna vastuoM kI dukAneM isa krama se thIM : eka ora kuMkuma, karpUra, agaru, mRganAbhivAsa, paDavAsa Adi sugandhita vastuoM kI dukAneM thiiN| dUsarI ora kI dukAnoM meM ilAyacI, loMga, nAriyala Adi 1. 84 vastuoM ke nAma-prAcIna gurjarakAvya-saMgraha, pR0 95; pRthvIcandra-carita (saM0 1161). 2. kuva0 (7.26, 26.28, 135.1, 152.22, 190.26, 233.22). 3. kuMkuma-kappurAgaru-mayaNAbhivAsa-paDavAsa vicchddaao|-kuv0 7.26.

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 187 phaloM ke Dhera lage the|' usake Age motI, svarNaratna Adi alaMkAroM kI dukAneM thiiN|2 pAsa hI kAle, pIle, zveta raMga ke netrayugala vastra ke thAna dukAna meM phaile the| dUsarI galI meM vibhinna prakAra ke vastroM se dukAneM bharI thiiN| usake Age kisI galI meM sarasa auSadhiyoM kI dukAneM thiiN| dUsarI vothi meM zaMkha, valaya, kAMca, maNi Adi kI sugandha se dukAneM vyApta thiiN| Age kI dukAnoM meM bANa, dhanuSa, talavAra, cakra, bhAlA ke Dhera lage the| agalI vIthi meM zaMkha, cAmara, ghaMTA evaM sindUra Adi kI dukAneM thiiN|' agalI dukAnoM meM vividha prakAra kI jar3I-bUTI tathA aneka prakAra se caMdana rakhe hue the / ' Age kI galI kI dukAneM peya evaM khAdya padArthoM kI thIM, jinase ghRta Tapaka rahA thA / Age kI dukAnoM meM haldI ko dhUla ur3a rahI thii|'' anta kI dukAnoM meM acchI surA evaM madhura mAMsa bika rahA thA / '' vipaNimArga ke isa vistRta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki sthAnIya bAjAroM meM jarUrata kI prAyaH sabhI vastuoM kI dukAneM hotI thiiN| uddyotana kA yaha kathana'jo kucha bhI pRthvI para sunA jAtA hai, dekhA jAtA hai evaM hRdaya meM socA jAtA hai vaha saba vahA~ bAjAroM meM upalabdha thA', jo vipaNimArga ko samRddhi kA dyotaka hai| prasAdhana-sAmagrI ke sTora, phaloM kI dukAneM, sarAphA-bAjAra, bajAjI, zastrabhaNDAra, meDikala sTora, jalapAnagRha, madirAlaya, khaTIkakhAnA Adi tatkAlIna bAjAroM ke pramukha vikraya kendra the / 14 udyotana ne anya prasaMgoM meM bhI vipaNimArgoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jisase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna vipaNimArga aneka dizAoM ke dezo vaniyoM dvArA 1. elA-lavaMga-kakkolaya-rAsi gmbhinnaao| 2. muttAhala suvnnnn-rynnujjlaao| 3. vitthAriyAyaMba-kasaNa-dhavala-dIhara-Netta-juyalAo / bhu-vih-pr-vsnn-bhriyaao| 5. saMNihiya-viDAo kacchauDa-Nikkhitta-sarasa-NahavayAo y| -8.1. sNkh-vly-kaay-mnniy-sohaao| --8.1. 7. sara-sarAsaNabbhasaM cakka-saMkulAo maMDalagga-NiciyAo / -8.2. 8. saMkha-cAmara-ghaMTA sohAo saseMdUrAo ya / 9. saMNihiya-viviha-osahIo-bahu-caMdaNAo ya / 10. siNeha-NiraMtarAo bhu-khjj-pejj-mnnohraao| 11. uddaam-hliddii-ry-piNjraao| 12. sasurAo saMNihiya-mahumAsAo tti / -8.5. 13. jaM puhaIe suNijjai dIsai jaM citiyaM ca hiyaeNa / taM savvaM ciya labbhai maggijjataM vivaNi-magge // 8.7. 14. kathAkozaprakaraNa, jinezvara, pR0 85, 165.

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188 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana lAyI gayI vastuoM se bharA rahatA thA / baniyoM ke AvAgamana se bar3I bhIr3a rahatI thI tathA lena-dena kI bAtacIta kA kolAhala hamezA vyApta rahatA thA / isa prakAra vipaNimArga Arthika samRddhi ke kendra the / vyApArika maNDiyA~ sthAnIya vyApAra ke dUsare prakAra ke kendra bar3I-bar3I maNDiyA~ hotI thIM, jinameM deza ke prAyaH sabhI bhAgoM se vyApArI vANijya ke lie Ate-jAte the / ina maNDiyoM ko paiThAsthAna bhI kahA jAtA thA / paiMThAsthAnoM meM vyApAriyoM ko sava prakAra kI suvidhAe~ upalabdha hotI thIM / vipaNimArga meM jo vyApAra hotA thA vaha nagara ke bar3e vyApAriyoM evaM unake sAhasI putroM ke lie paryApta nahIM hotA thA / ve pranyAnya vyApArika maNDiyoM meM jAkara apane vyApAra- kauzala ke dvArA apanI sampatti bar3hAnA cAhate the / naye-naye sthAnoM evaM vyaktiyoM se paricita hone kA lobha bhI unake mana meM hotA thA / ataH vibhinna vyApArikamaNDiyoM kI vaNikoM dvArA yAtrA karanA prAcIna bhArata meM grAma bAta ho gaI thI / isase vaNikputroM kI buddhi, vyavasAya, puNya aura pauruSa kI bhI parIkSA ho jAtI thI / isase sAMskRtika sambandha bhI bar3hate the / vyApArika yAtrA kI taiyArI - kuvalayamAlA meM takSazilA ke vaNikputra dhanadeva dvArA dakSiNApatha meM sopAraka maNDI kI yAtrA kA vizada varNana hai| ( 65.1, 20 ) / mAyAditya aura sthANu bhI dakSiNApatha meM pratiSThAnamaNDI ke lie taiyArI - pUrvaka nikale the / ina prasaMgoM se vyApArika yAtrA kI taiyArI ke sambandha meM nimnokta jAnakArI prApta hotI hai 1. dharma evaM kAma puruSArtha ko pUrA karane ke lie dhana (artha) kamAnA pratyeka vyakti ko jarUrI hai / " 2. apane bAhubala dvArA arjita dhana kA sukha dUsarA hI hotA hai, bhale ghara meM apAra dhana ho / 3. nija - bAhubala dvArA arjita dhana se dAna evaM puNya kArya karanA zreSTha samajhA jAtA thA / 4. dhana kamAne ko jAte samaya pitA kI AjJA lenA Avazyaka thA / " 1. aNeya - disA - desa- vaNiya NANAviha paNiya-pasArayAbaddha - kolAhalaM / - 26.28. 2. vivaNimaggu jaisao saMcaraMta vaNiya-pavarU / - 135.1. 3. kaya- vikkaya-payatta- pavaDDhamANa- kalayala- ravaM haTTa - maggaM / - 152.22. 4. vivaNi maggo bahu-dhaNa saMvAha ramaNijjo / - 190.26. 5. dhammatyo kAmo vi - hohii atthAo sesaM pi / - 57.13, 15. 6. aNNaM apavvaM atyaM AharAmi bAhu-baleNaM / - 65.10. 7. saccaM cAI viyaDDho ya jai Niyaya- dukkhajjiyaM atyaM diNNaM / - 103.21. 8. tAya, ahaM turaMgame, ghettUNa dakkhiNAvahaM vaccAmi / - 65.6.

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 189 5. dakSiNApatha kI yAtrA karanA kaThina thaa| ataH vyApArI pitA sambhAvita kaThinAiyoM se putra ko avagata karAte huye unase bacane ke kuzala upAya batAtA thA tathA yAtrA kI anumati detA thaa|' 6. yAtrA-prArambha karane ke pUrva iSTa devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thii| 7. Avazyaka sAmAna sAtha meM liyA jAtA thaa|' 8. anya vyApAriyoM ko sUcanA dekara salAha lI jAtI thii| 9. yadi pUjI na ho to prathama pUjI kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii|" 10. karmakaroM ko ikaTThA kiyA jAtA thaa| 11. aneka nadI-parvatoM, aTaviyoM ko lA~dhakara taba kahIM vaNikaputra gantavya sthAna para pahu~cate the|" dakSiNApatha ke rAste meM jo vindhyA aTavI se hokara gujaratA thA, vyApAriyoM ko zabara DAkuoM kA adhika bhaya rahatA thaa| kuva0 ke mAyAditya evaM sthANu coroM ke bhaya se apanA veSa parivartana kara vahA~ se gujarate haiN|' maMDiyoM meM vyApAriyoM kA svAgata-kuva0 ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki sopAraka maNDI ke sthAnIya vyApAriyoM kA eka maNDala (zreNI) thA, jisameM yaha rivAja thA ki jo koI videzI vyApArI yA sthAnIya vyApArI vyApAra ke lie jisa kisI deza meM gayA ho, vahA~ jo vastu usane becI ho yA kharIdI ho aura jo lAbha-hAni usako huI ho usa sabakA vivaraNa isa maNDala meM Akara sunAye / maNDala kI ora se gandha, tamvola, puSpamAla Adi ke svAgata ko svIkAra kare taba bAda meM apane deza ko vApasa jAya / yaha rIti vyApAriyoM ke pUrvajoM ke samaya se 1. putta, dUraM desaMtaraM, visamA paMthA, NiThuro loo, bahue dujjaNA""tA savvahA kahiMci paMDieNaM, kahiMci mukkhaNaM "bhaviyavvaM sajjaNa dujjaNANa putta samaM / -vahI0 65.15, 19. 2. ky-mNglovyaaraa| -57.28. 3. gahiyAI pacchayaNAI 57.28, 65.13. 4. cittaviyA aDiyattiyA 65.13. . 5. kayamaNeNa bhaMDa-mollaM / imeNaM ceya samajjiu samattho-haM stt-koddiio| -105.5. saMThavio kmmyr-jnno| -65.14. aNeya-giri-sariyA-saya saMkulAo aDaio ulaMdhiUNa kaha kaha vi patta paiTThANaM NAma NayaraM / -57.28. samarAiccakahA, pR0 511, 655; kuva0 62. eyaM ca corAi-uvaddavehiM Na ya NeuM tIrai saesa-huttaM / -kuva0 57.31. kayaM ca hiM vesa-pariyattaM (58.1).

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190 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana abhI taka calI A rahI thii| takSazilA ke vaNikaputra dhanadeva kA sopAraka ke vyApArika-maNDala meM gaMdha, pAna, evaM mAlAoM Adi se bhavya svAgata kiyA gayA thA-diNNaM ca gaMdha-mallaM-taMbolAiyaM-(65.26) / 'desiya' zabda kA vizeSa artha--kuva0 meM prayukta 'desiya-vaNiya-melIe' kA artha vyApAriyoM ke aise saMgaThana se hai, jisake kucha nizcata niyama evaM kAnUna the tathA jo vyApAriyoM ke hita meM kArya karatA thaa| isa prakAra gApArika saMgaThana prAcIna bhArata meM sthApita ho cuke the, jinheM nigama' kahA jAtA thA aura jinakA pradhAna zreSThI hotA thaa| anAthapiMDaka zreSThI unameM se eka thaa| vyApArika zreNi ke lie 'desiya' zabda sambhavataH uddyotana ne prathama bAra prayukta kiyA hai| bulhara ne 'dezI' zabda kA anuvAda sAhityika nidezaka (Literary Guide) kiyA hai| jabaki isase acche artha meM ephigrAphiAiNDikA meM 'dezI' kA Artha zreNI (Guild of Dealers) kiyA gayA hai / uddyotanasUri ke thor3e samaya bAda ke abhilekhoM meM bhI 'desI' zabda baMjArakoM (vyApAriyoM) ke saMgaThana ke lie prayukta huA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki uddyotana ke bAda vyApArika saMgaThana ke lie 'deziya' zabda 12vIM sadI taka prayukta hotA rahA hai| vyApArika-anubhavoM kA AdAna-pradAna sopAraka ke vyApArika saMgaThana ke niyamoM kA vyAvahArika svarUpa udyotana ne prastuta kiyA hai| lobhadeva ke svAgata ke bAda maNDala meM upasthita vyApAriyoM ne apane-apane anubhava bhI sunAye, jisase tatkAlIna AyAta-niryAta kI jAnevAlI vastuoM kA jJAna hotA hai| eka vyApArI ne kahA-maiM ghor3e lekara kozala deza gyaa| kozala ke rAjA ne bhAila azvoM ke badale meM gajapota diye (65-28) / dUsare ne kahA-maiM supArI lekara uttarApatha gayA, jisase mujhe lAbha huA / vahA~ se maiM ghor3e lekara lauTA (30) / tIsare ne kahA-maiM muktAphala lekara pUrvadeza gayA, vahA~ se cavara kharIda kara lAyA (31) / anya ne kahA-maiM bAravaI gayA aura vahAM se zaMkha lAyA (31) / dUsare ne kahA- maiM kapar3e lekara babbarakula gayA aura vahA~ se gajadanta evaM motI lAyA (32) / eka dUsare ne kahA--maiM palAza ke phala lekara svarNadvIpa gyaa| vahA~ se sonA kharoda kara lAyA (66-1) / anya vyApArI ne kahA-maiM bhaiMsa aura gavala lekara cIna, mahAcIna gayA aura 1. eso pAraMpara-purANa purasatthio tti "desiya-vANiya-melIe / ku0 65.22, 24. 2. draSTavya-go0 i0 lA0 i0, pR0 81.89. 3. za0-rA0e0, pR0 495. 4. epigrAphiA iNDikA, bhAga 1, pR0 189 (phuTanoTa 39). 5. vigraharAja caturtha kA harSa abhilekha (vi0saM0 1030) tathA rAyapAla deva kA nADalAI prastara abhilekha (vi0saM0 1202).

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 191 vahA~ se gaMgApaTI evaM netrapaTa nAmaka viziSTa cInI vastra lAyA (2) dUsare ne kahA--maiM puruSoM ko lekara mahilArAjya gyaa| unake badale meM barAbara kA sonA lAyA (3) / anya vyApArI ne kahA--maiM nIma ke patte lekara ratnadvIpa gayA aura vahA~ se lAbha meM ratna lAyA (4) / uddyotanasUri dvArA prastuta yaha vistRta varNana prAcIna bhArata ke vyApAra kA vikasita rUpa upasthita karatA hai / bhArata kA videzoM ke sAtha ghaniSTa vyApArika sambandha isa varNana se puSTa hotA hai| isa sAmagrI kI upayogitA prAcIna bhAratIya vANijya ke lie jitanI hai, usase kahIM adhika videzI vyApAra meM prayukta AyAta-niryAta kI vastuoM kI jAnakArI ke lie hai| vyApArI-maNDala ke isa prasaMga kA vistRta adhyayana DA0 buddhaprakAza ne apane lekha-'ena ertha sencurI iNDiyana DAkumenTa prAna inTaranezanala TreDa' meM kiyA hai|' uparyukta vivaraNa ko jA~cane para jJAta hotA hai ki kozala meM viziSTa prakAra ke hAthI pAye jAte the, kintu vahA~ ghor3e bahuta accho kisma ke nahIM hote the| isalie jaba bAharI vyApArI ghor3e lekara vahA~ pahu~cA to vahA~ ke rAjA ne gajapotoM (hAthiyoM ke bacce) ke badale meM ghor3e kharIda liye / vyApArI loga duhare munAphe ke lie aisI sAmagriyA~ apane sAtha le jAte the jisase unheM donoM ora se lAbha mile / uttarApatha ko jAnevAle vyApArI ne apane sAtha supAriyA~ lI, jo ki vahA~ nahIM hotI thIM aura vahA~ se ghor3e kharode, jo usake apane kSetra meM nahIM hote the| isI prakAra eka vyApArI motI lekara pUrvadeza sambhavatayA AsAma gyaa| himAlaya kI tarAI meM pAye jAnevAle camarImagoM kI pUchoM se banAye jAnevAle ca~vara vahA~ acche saste milate rahe hoMge, jinheM vaha apane deza ke lie kharIda kara le aayaa| __ eka vyApArI vAravaI gyaa| samudrI sataha para vahA~ zaMkha bahutAyata meM aura accho kisma ke milate the isalie vaha vahA~ se zaMkha laayaa| kintu isa vyApArI ne yaha nahIM batalAyA ki vaha dvArAvatI kyA lekara gayA thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki vyApArI kabhI-kabho prasiddha vastuoM ko kharIdane nagadI lekara bho jAte rahe hoNge| vAravai kI pahacAna DA0 vI0 esa0 agravAla ne vartamAna kaMrAcI ke nikaTa sthita varavarokona se kI hai, kintu DA0 buddhaprakAza ne isakI pahacAna dakSiNabhArata meM sthita berUvArI se kI hai, jo prAcInakAla meM vyApAra kA bar3A kendra thA aura jahA~ ke zaMkha bahuta prasiddha the| eka vyApArI babbarakula vastra lekara gyaa| yaha eka prasiddha nagara thA, jahA~ aphrIkI viziSTa hAthIdA~ta kA bahumUlya sAmAna tathA bahuta acchI kisma ke 1. draSTavya-buTUka0ma0, disambara 1970.

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192 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana parasiyana galpha ke motI milate the| yaha vyApArI vahA~ apane vastra becakara gajadanta kA sAmAna aura motI le aayaa| babbarakula aphrIkA ke uttara-pazcimI taTa para lAlasAgara ke sAmane sthita mAnA jAtA hai| eka vyApArI palAzapuSpa lekara svarNadvIpa gayA aura vahA~ se svarNa bharakara laayaa| yadi yaha svarNadvIpa sumAtrA hai to uddhotana ke samaya vahA~ zrIvijaya kA rAjya thA,' jo bhAratIya rAjavaMzo se sambandhita thaa| usake samaya bhArata kA vyApArika sambandha sumAtrA se kAphI bar3ha rahA thaa| udyotana dvArA prastuta isa sandarbha se yaha bAta aura puSTa hotI hai| palAzapuSpa AyuvaMda ke anusAra aneka prakAra ke upacAroM meM kAma AtA hai| sumAtrA meM isakI adhika mAMga rahI hogii| svarNadvIpa sone kI prApti ke lie prasiddha thaa| prAcIna samaya meM dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA ke sabhI dezoM ke dvIpa aura prAyadvIpa ke lie svarNadvIpa zabda prayukta hotA thaa| eka anya vyApArI bhaisoM aura nIla gAyoM ko lekara cIna evaM mahAcIna gayA aura vahA~ se gaMgApaTI tathA netrapaTa laayaa| yaha bahuta mahattvapUrNa sandarbha hai| udyotana ke samaya taka bhArata meM cInI zilka kaI raMgoM meM evaM zvetazilka bhI Ane lagI thii| gaMgApaTI cInI zvetazilka hai, jise bhArata meM cInAMzuka tathA gaMgAjula kahA jAtA thA tathA netrapaTa raMgIna zilka ke lie nayA nAma thaa|' vastroM ke paricaya ke prasaMga meM ina para vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata aura cIna ke bIca sAmudrika AvAgamana meM vRddhi ho calI thii| haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA ke vAda cIna aura bhArata ke vyApArika sambandha kA kuvalayamAlA kA ukta sandarbha prathama sAhityika ullekha hai| ___ mahilArAjya ko puruSa le jAnevAlA vyApArI vahA~ se svarNa bhara kara lAtA hai / mahilArAjya nAma ke aneka sthAna bhAratIya sAhitya meM prApta hote haiM / sambhavataH usa mahilArAjya meM puruSa kI saMkhyA mahilAoM kI apekSA bahuta kama rahI hogI isIlie vahA~ sone ke tola para puruSoM ko kharIda liyA jAtA thaa| ratnadvIpa kI yAtrA karanevAle vyApArI ke anubhavoM se jJAta hotA hai ki samudrI-yAtrA kitanI kaThina thii| hamezA prANoM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| jise apanA jIvana priya na ho vahI ratnadvIpa kI yAtrA kara sakatA thA-suMdaro jassa jIyaM nA vallahaM-aho duggamaM rayaNadIyaM (66.6, 9) / ukta vivaraNa se AyAta-niryAta kI nimnavastuoM kA patA calatA hai :azva, gajapota, supArI, muktAphala, camara, zaMkha, netrapaTa, gaMgApaTI, anya-vastra, gajadaMta kA sAmAna, motI, palAzapuSpa, svarNa, mahiSa, nIlagAya, puruSa, nIma ke patte evaM ratna / 1. u0-ku0 i0., pR0 118 para DA0 agravAla kA noTa / 2. samarAiccakahA, dharaNa kI kathA / 3. iNTro0 kuva0 meM DA0 agravAla kA noTa / 4. mo0-sA0, pR0 196.

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 193 prAcIna bhAratIya vyApArika kSetra meM sugaMdhita dravyoM evaM vastroM kA niryAta tathA svarNa aura ratnoM kA AyAta prAyaH hotA rahatA thA / azva evaM gajapota, mahiSa tathA nIlagAya sambhavataH vyApAra meM taba sammilita hue hoMge jaba yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM meM vikAsa evaM patha-paddhati meM vistAra ho gayA hogA / AThavIM sadI isa bAta ke lie prasiddha kahI jA sakatI hai / prasiddha maNDiyA~ kuvalayamAlA meM AThavIM sadI kI prasiddha tIna maNDiyoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai : - ( 1 ) sopAraka, (2) pratiSThAna evaM (3) vijayapurI / inake varNana meM tatkAlIna vyApAra se sambandhita aneka tathya prApta hote hai / sopAraka - prAcIna bhArata meM sopAraka nagara sthAnIya evaM videzI vyApAra bahuta bar3A kendra thA / bRhatkalpabhASya (1.2506 ) evaM periplasa ke anusAra yahA~ para sudUra dezoM ke vyApArI Ate the tathA bahuta se vyApAriyoM (nigama) kA yaha nivAsa sthAna thA / kuva0 ke varNana se ye donoM bAteM pramANita ho jAtI haiM / sopAraka sthala- vyApAra ke kendra ke atirikta pazcimI samudrataTa kA viziSTa bandaragAha mAnA jAtA thA / kuva0 meM yahA~ se ratnadvIpa kI samudrI yAtrA ke prArambha hone kA vistRta varNana hai, jisake sambandha meM jala-yAtrA ke prasaMga meM vicAra kiyA jAyegA / pratiSThAna maNDI - pratiSThAna maNDI kA prAcIna bhAratIya vyApAra ke kSetra meM pramukha sthAna thA / AThavIM sadI meM vArANasI se vyApArI dhana kamAne ke lie pratiSThAna Ate the / yadyapi rAste meM unheM aneka kaThinAIyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / yaha nagarI aneka dhana-dhAnya evaM ratnoM se yukta thI / isa maNDI meM aneka prakAra ke vANijya evaM peze hote the, jinase dhana kamAyA jAtA thA / jayazrI - maNDI - udyotana ne dakSiNabhArata kI eka aura pramukha maNDI kA varNana kiyA hai / dakSiNa samudra ke kinAre jayazrI nAma kI mahAnagarI thii| isa nagarI kA vipaNimArga kAphI samRddha thA / vyApAriyoM kI dukAneM alaga thIM, rahane ke nivAsasthAna alaga / " isa maNDI se yavanadvIpa ko jAne ke lie samudrI - mArga thA / jaba sAgaradatta ne vyApAra karane samudra pAra jAnA cAhA to jayazrImaNDI ke vyApArI ne samudra-pAra meM bikane vAlI vastuoM kA saMgraha karanA prArambha mo0 - sA0 e0, 172. periplasa, pR0 43. draSTavya ---- go0 i0 lA0 i0, pR0 148. aNeya - ghaNa ghaNNa-rayaNa-saMkule mahAsagga-Nayara sarise NANA vANijjAIM kayAI, pesaNAraM ca karemANehiM / - kuva0 57.29. 5. vaNieNa tAliyaM AmaNaM, payaTTo gharaM, 105.16. 13 1. 2. 3. 4.

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194 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kara diyA aura thor3e dinoM meM hI niryAta kA mAla taiyAra ho gyaa| isa sandarbha se yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki niryAta kI jAnevAlo vastue~ kyA thIM, kintu yavanadvIpa meM unakI mAMga bahuta rahI hogii| tabhI unake badale meM sAgaradatta sAta karor3a kI kImata kI vastue~ - marakatamaNi, motI, svarNa, cA~dI prAdi vahA~ se lekara vApasa lauTatA hai / vijayapurI-maNDI-uddyotana ne kumAra kuvalayacandra ke vijayapurI pahu~cane ke samaya vahA~ kI vyApArika maNDI kA sUkSma varNana kiyA hai| vijayapurI nagarI meM praveza karate hI kumAra ko aneka mAMgalika vAdyoM ke zabda gopura dvAra para sunAyI diye / Age calane para use hATa-mArga dikhAyI par3A, jahA~ aneka paNyayogya vastuoM ko phailAye hue kraya-vikraya meM pravRtta vyApAriyoM dvArA kolAhala ho rahA thaa| usa hATamArga meM praviSTa hone para kuvalayacandra ko aneka dezoM kI bhASAoM evaM lakSaNoM se yukta dezI baniye dikhAyI pdd'e| 18 dezoM ke vyApArI golladeza ke vAsI kRSNavarNavAle, niSThura vacana bolanevAle, bahuta takarAra priya evaM nirlajja the| ve 'aDDe' zabda kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (152.24) / nyAya, nIti, saMdhi-vigraha meM paTu evaM svabhAva se bahubhASI madhyadeza ke vAsI vyApArI 'tere mere pAu' kaha rahe the (25) / bAhara nikale hue bar3e peTa vAle, kurUpa, Thigane evaM surati-krIr3A ke rasika magadha ke nivAsI 'ege' 'le' bola rahe the (26) / kapila evaM pIlI A~khavAle tathA dinabhara bhojana kI kathA kahanevAle antarvedI 'kitto kimmo' jaise priya vacana vola rahe the (27) / U~cI tathA moTI nAkavAle svarNasadaza raMgavAle evaM bhAra vahana karanevAle kIra deza ke vyApArI 'sari pAri' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (28) / dAkSiNya, dAna, pauruSa, vijJAna, dayA se varjita zarIra vAle Dhakkadeza ke vaniye 'ehaM tehiM' bola rahe the (153.1) / manohara, mRdu, sarala, saMgIta yA sugandhapriya evaM apane deza kA smaraNa karanevAle saindhava 'cauDaya me' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (2) / bA~ke, jaDa, jaTTa, evaM vahubhojana karanevAle tathA kaThina puSTatA se yukta zarIravAle marudeza ke vyApArI 'appA tuppA~' bola rahe the (3) / ghI evaM makkhana khAne se puSTa zarIravAle, dharmaparAyaNa tathA saMdhi-vigraha meM nipuNa gurjara dezavAsI 'Naure 1. ghettumAraddhAiM.paratIra-joggAI bhaMDAeM / kameNa ya saMgahiyaM bhaMDaM / -105.27. maragaya-maNi-mottiya-kaNaya-ruppa-saMghAya-gabhiNaM-bahayaM / gaNNaNa gaNijjataM ahiyAo satta-koDIo // vahI 106.4. 3. aNeya-paNiya-pasAriyAbaddha -kaya-vikkaya-payatta-pavaDDhamANa-kalayala ravaM haTTamaggaM / - vahI 152.22. 4. tattha ya pavisamANeNaM diTThA aNeya-desa-bhAsA-lakkhie-desa-vaNie-vahI. 152.22-23.

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 195 bhallau' Adi zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (4) / snAna karane vAle, tela evaM vilepana lagAnevAle, vAloM kA sImAnta bandhana karanevAle tathA suzobhita sundara zarIravAle lATa deza ke vyApArI 'amhaM kAuM tumhaM' bola rahe the (5) / thor3e zyAma, Thigane, krodhI, mAnI tathA raudra svabhAva vAle mAlava deza ke nivAsI 'bhAjya bhaiNI tumhe' kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (6) / utkaTa darya karane vAle, priyA ke moha meM Asakta, raudra, tathA pataMgavatti (balidAna ho jAne vAle) karNATaka deza ke nivAsI 'aDi pA~Di mare' bola rahe the (7) / kapAsa ke sUtI vastra pahinane vAle, mAMsa, madirA evaM maithana meM ruci rakhane vAle tApti (tamila) deza ke nivAsI 'isi kisi misi' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (8) / sarva kalAoM meM pratiSThita, mAnI, krodha karane para priya laganevAle tathA puSTa dehavAle kozala ke vyApArI 'jala-tala le' bola rahe the (9) / majabUta, Thigane, zyAmAMga, sahiSNu, abhimAnI tathA kalahapriya marAThe 'diNNalle gahiyalle' kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (10) / mahilAoM evaM saMgrAma ke priya, sundara zarIravAle tathA bhojana meM raudra Andhra deza ke vAsI 'aTi puTi rarTi' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the (21) / isa prakAra khasa evaM pArasa aAdi 18 dezI bhASAoM ko volanevAle vaniyoM ko kumAra kuvalayacandra ne dekhaa|' kuvalayamAlA kA yaha varNana aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| yathA :-(1) bhaugolika dRSTi se ina 18 dezoM kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai, (2) vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kA rahana-sahana evaM svabhAva jAnA jA sakatA hai, (3) pratyeka deza ke nivAsiyoM ke kucha nAma nizcita ho gaye the| yathA-sindha ke nivAsI saindhava evaM mAlavA ke mAlava Adi vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se ina para prakAza par3a sakatA hai, (4) pratyeka deza kI laukika boliyoM kA bhASA-vaijJAnika adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai, (5) itane dezoM kI AyAta-niryAta kI vastuoM kA jJAna kiyA jA sakatA hai, jinakA vyApAra vijayapurI meM hotA thA, tathA (6) vijayapuro se itane dezoM ke jala evaM sthala-mArga kyA the isakA patA calane para prAcIna bhArata kI pathapaddhati para nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai / isa vivaraNa se sambandhita prastuta grantha ke adhyAyoM meM isa sAmagrI ko vistAra se samIkSA kI gayI hai| bAjAra kA kolAhala "are, mujhe do, mujhe do| (mujhe) isase sundara acchA lagatA hai| sundara nahIM hai to jaao| prAo, prAyo, bolo, yaha tumheM kharIda para hI detA huuN| sAta gaye tIna bce| isa prakAra hisAba karate hue bAkI AdhA bcaa| vIsa 1. iya aTThArasa desI-bhAsAu pulaiUNa siridtto| aNNAiya pulaeI khasa pArasa-bavvarAdIe / - vahI kuva0 153.12. 2. de-dehi dehi royai suMdaramiNamo Na sundaraM vacca / - vahI 14. 3. e-ehi bhaNasu taM ciya ahava tuhaM demi jaha kIyaM / -vahI 4. satta gayA tINi thiyo sesaM addhaM padeNa-pAdeNa / ..-vahI 15.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aura yaha ardhavIsa / hameM to dAne-dAne kA hisAba rakhanA hai|' sau bhAra, koTi lAkha, sau koTi, eka pala, sau pala, ardhapala, karSa, mAsA, ratti / dhuraM (2), vaheDo (6), gosthAna (4), maMgala (?), suttI (20) / are yahA~ Ao, isake Upara tumheM thor3A jyAdA de duuNgaa| mAla kyoM Dhake ho? acchI taraha parIkSA kara lo (phira) tuma jaao|" yadi mAla kisI prakAra khoTA ho to gyAraha guNA duuNgaa|" bAjAra meM vyApAriyoM kI isa bAtacIta se aneka mahattvapUrNa tathya prApta hote haiN| grAhakoM ko kisa prakAra AkarSita kiyA jAtA thA, apane mAla kI gAraMTI dI jAtI thI, lAbha-hAni kA hisAba lagAyA jAtA thA, nApa-taula ke kaunakauna se pramANa usa samaya pracalita the tathA jaba taka saudA na paTa jAya vyApArI apanA mAla Dhaka kara rakhate the| uddyotanasUri ne isa bAtacIta dvArA yaha eka mahattvapUrNa sUcanA dI hai ki usa maNDI meM aise bhI vyApArI the jo apanA mAla Dhakakara rakhate the evaM grAhaka usakI nizcita kImata lagAkara mAla ughAr3ane ke lie kahate the| bhAratIya vyApArika maMDiyoM meM yaha eka prAcIna paripATI thii| uttarApatha ke Takka (TaMkaNa) nAmaka mleccha sonA aura hAthIdA~ta Adi bahumUlya vastue~ lekara vyApAra ke lie dakSiNApatha kI yAtrA kiyA karate the| ye dakSiNavAsiyoM kI bhASA nahIM samajhate the, isalie hAtha ke izAroM se mola-tola hotA thaa| javataka apane mAla kI ucita kImata na mila jAya taba taka Takka apane mAla para se hAtha nahIM uThAte the| vijayapurI maNDI kA mAla DhakanevAlA vyApArI sambhavatayA inhIM mlecchoM meM se koI rahA hogA, jo uttarApatha ke kisI nagara (antarveda) se yahA~ AyA hogaa| TaMkaNa mleccha mAla ke nApa-taula meM apanI vizeSatA rakhate the| ataH Age cala kara nApa-taula karane ko TaMka kahA jAne lagA hogaa| kuva0 meM (39.2) kapaTapUrvaka nApa-taula karane ko kUTa TaMka kahA gayA hai aura kUTa TaMka karanevAle ko tiryaMca yoni kA baMdha batalAyA hai / cAra mAye ke sikke, nApa evaM taula ko TaMka kahA jAtA thaa|' 1. vIso ya yaddhavIso vayaM ca gaNikA kaNisavAyA // -153.15. 2. bhAra-sayaM aha koDI-lakkhaM ciya hoi koDi-sayamegaM / pala-saya-palamaddha-palaM karisaM mAsaM ca rattI ya // -vahI 16. 3. hoI dhuraM ca baheDo gotthaNa taha maMgalaM ca suttI ya / -vahI 17. 4. eyANa uvari mAsA ee aha demi eehiM // - vahI 17. 5. kaha bhaMDaM saMvariyaM, geNhasu suparikkhauNa, vacca tumaM / / 6. jai khajjai kaha vi kavaDDiyA vi egArasaM demi / -vahI 18. 7. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA, 3.3.18, ja0-jai0A0sa0, pR0 174 para uddhRta. 8. draSTavya-TaMkazAla.

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 197 nApa-taula evaM mudrA kUva0 ke ukta vijayapurI-maNDI ke varNana evaM anya sandarbho meM nApa-taula evaM mudrA se sambandhita nimnokta vizeSa zabda prApta hote haiM : aMjali (103.1), karSa (153.16), koTi, sau koTi (153.16), kUDattaM, kUDa-tula, kUDa-mANaM, kUDa-TaMka (39.2), goNI (161.8), egArasaM (153.18), pala, ardhapala, sau pala (153,16), pAda (153.16), bhAra (153.16), mAMsa, mAsA (16-17), mANa-pramANa (57.24, 233.22), rattI (153.16), rupayA (20.27, 105.2), vArATikA (43.5), suvarNa (12.11, 57.32), Adi / inakI vizeSa pahacAna isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai| aMjali-sAgaradatta ko java mAlU ravRkSa kI jar3a meM apAra nidhi prApta hotI hai taba vaha aMjalimAtra ho usameM se letA hai|' eka aMjulI rupayoM kI pUjI se hI vaha sAta karoDa kamAne kA praNa karatA hai (105.5) / aMjali nAma kA parimANa pANini ke samaya meM bhI pracalita thaa|2 caraka ke anusAra solaha karSa yA tole kI eka aMjali hotI thI, jise kur3ava bhI kahate the / garuDapurANa (302.73) ke anusAra cAra pala kI eka aMjali hotI thii| kauTilya ne cAra aMjali (kuDava) ke varAvara eka prastha mAnA hai| ataeva DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne DhAI chaTA~ka yA 12 / / tole ke barAvara (lagabhaga 135 grAma) eka aMjali kA nApa mAnA hai| karSa-karSa eka prAcIna nApa thaa| caraka ne ise lagabhaga tole ke barAvara mAnA hai| usake anusAra 4 karSa kA eka pala hotA thaa| manusmRti meM eka karSa (80 rattI) ke tAbeM ke kArSApaNa ko paNa kahA hai / sambhavataH uddyotana ke samaya meM karSa taula evaM mudrA donoM ke lie prayukta hotA rahA ho tabhI kuva0 meM kahIM kArSApaNa kA ullekha nahIM milatA / tatkAlIna abhilekhoM meM bhI karSa ke ullekha milate haiN| kUDatta, kUTa-taula, kUTamAna evaM kUTa-TaMka-kuva0 meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga galata dastAveja taiyAra karanA, kama-jyAdA taulanA, nApanA evaM khoTe sikke calAnA Adi kAryoM ke lie huA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna 1. geNhasu ya bhaMDa-mollaM thoyaM ciya aMjalI-mettaM-kuva0 105.1. 2. aSTAdhyAyI--(5.4, 102). 3. arthazAstra, 2.19. 4. a0-pA0bhA0, pR0 241. 5. vahI, pR0 241 para uddhRta / 6. kArSApaNastu vijJa yastAmrikAH kArSikaH paNaH / -8.136. 7. arlI cauhAna DAyanAsTIja, pR0 317.

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198 kuvalayamAlA kahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyApArika maNDiyoM meM isa prakAra ke avaidha kArya bhI hote rahate hoMge / anya granthoM se yaha bAta puSTa hotI hai / ' koTi, zatakoTi- ye saMkhyAvAcaka zabda haiM / sambhavataH inakA sambandha 8vIM sadI meM pracalita pramukha sikke se rahA hogaa| sikke kA nAma na kahakara kevala saMkhyA dvArA hI vastue~ kharIdI becIM jAtI thIM / jaise Ajakala bhI vyavahAra meM kahA jAtA hai ki gAya sau meM kharIdI yA eka sau pacAsa meM becI hai, Adi / goNI - kuva0 meM vaNikputroM dvArA pazu lAdane kA dhaMdhA karate samaya goNIbharane kA ullekha hai / baila yA ghor3e ke Upara sAmAna lAdane ke lie do boriyoM ko sIkara jo bar3A thailA - sA banAyA jAtA hai use Ajakala 'gona' kahate haiM / ma0pra0 meM pannA jille ke vyApArI prAyaH ghor3e lAdakara vyApAra karate haiM / ataH unameM 'gauna' nApa ke lie bhI pracalita zabda hai / unake nApa ke anusAra eka 'gauNa' meM lagabhaga do mana anAja AtA hai / do mana kI gauna kA yaha nApa prAcIna bhArata meM bhI pracalita thA / pANini ke samaya gauNI sAmAna bharane tathA nApa donoM lie pracalita thI / caraka ne goNI ko khArI kA paryAya mAnate hue usakI taula bhI 2 mana 22 sera 32 tole batalAyI hai / goNI ko Age calakara droNI. evaM vAha bhI kahA gayA hai / 4 pala, arddha- pala, zata- pala-pala eka prAcIna mApa hai / 4 karSa ke barAbara eka pala hotA thA / yAjJavalkya smRti (1.364 ) meM eka pala ko cAra yA pA~ca suvarNa ke barAbara mAnA hai / rASTrakUTa rAjA dhavala evaM bAlAprasAda ke bIjApura abhilekhoM meM pala eka mApa ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai / ataH udyotana ke samaya bhI pala eka mApa rahA hogA / arddha-pala evaM zata - pala nApa ke samaya saMkhyA ke lie prayukta hote rahe hoMge / sambhava hai, vastuoM kI kImata bhI inake dvArA lagAyI jAtI ho / pAda (153.16 ) - pANini ke samaya meM kArSASaNa ke cauthAI bhAga ko 'pAda' kahate the / zu MgakAla meM majadUroM kI eka dina kI majadUrI eka pAda arthAt 8 rattI cA~dI ke barAbara thI / " udyotana ne jisa pAda kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha unake samaya meM pracalita sikkA (rUpaka) kA cauthAI bhAga rahA hogA / bhAra- udyotana ne bhArazataM ( 153.16) kA ullekha kiyA hai / yaha bhI prAcIna mApa hai / kauTilya ke arthazAstra ( 2.16) evaM amarakoza (2.6, 87 ) 1. upAsakadazA, 1, pR0 10; nisIthacUrNI - pIThikA 329; cUrNI Adi / 2. draSTavya - a0 - pA0 bhA0, pR0 25455. 3. vahI -- pR0 243. 4. arlI cauhAna DAinAsTIja, pR0 317. 5. a0 pA0 bhA0, pR0 258.

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 199 ke anusAra DhAI mana kA hotA hai tathA isI AdhAra para DhAI mana kI borI calatI hai| udyotana ke samaya bhI bhAra yahI taula rahA hogA / bhArazataM kA prayoga kisI DhAI sau mana ke taula kI vastu ke lie huA hogaa| mANa-pramANa-vyApArika kSetra meM ye donoM zabda kAphI pracalita haiN| vastuoM kI nApa-taula evaM unakI pramANikatA Adi kI jAnakArI meM pratyeka vyApArI kA kuzala honA jarUrI hai| udyotana ke anusAra vahI vyApArI dhanArjana kara sakatA hai jo mANa-pramANa kI jAnakArI meM kuzala ho (57.24) / mAsA-mAsA eka taula aura eka sikke kA nAma bhI thaa| manusmRti (8.135) evaM arthazAstra (2.12) ke anusAra tAbeM kA mAsA taula meM pAMca rattI aura cA~dI kA do rattI kA hotA thaa| vartamAna meM bhI mAsA taula ke lie pracalita hai, 12 mAse kA eka tolA mAnA jAtA hai| udyotana ne mAMsaM aura mAsA ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| sambhavataH eka sikkA evaM dUsarA taula ke lie pracalita rahA ho|' rattI-yaha mAsA se choTA taula thaa| prAcIna samaya se abhI taka yaha sone-cA~dI ko taulane meM prayukta hotA A rahA hai| rupayA-prAcIna mudrAoM kA nAma rupya isalie par3A kyoMki una parakArSApaNa Adi para --aneka taraha ke rUpa (simbala) ThoMka kara chApe jAte the| prathama Ahata sikkoM ko rupya kahA gyaa| bAda meM saba prakAra ke sikkoM ke lie rUpya zabda prayukta hone lgaa| kuva0 meM jyotiSi ko nAmakaraNa-saMskAra ke lie eka lAkha rupaye dene kA ullekha hai| isase lagatA hai ki usa samaya rupaye kA mUlya adhika nahIM rahA hogaa| AThavIM sadI kA rUpaka eka sAmAnya pracalita sikkA thA / tatkAlIna abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hai| varATikA-varATikA (kaur3I) sabase kama kImata vAlI vastu samajhI jAtI thii| sambhavataH isIlie vaha vastuoM kI kImata lagAne meM bhI prayukta hone lagI hogii| yathA:-itane rupaye aura itanI kaur3I kii| bRhatkalpabhASya aura unakI vRtti meM mudrAoM ke nAma meM sabase pahale kaur3I (kavaDaga) kA nAma AtA hai / isake bAda kAkiNI kA / uddyotana ne kaur3I kA prayoga devatAoM ke punarjanma ke sambandha meM kiyA hai ki abhI ve mANika, motI, hIroM ke svAmI haiM, aura bAda meM phira rAste meM par3I kaur3I ko bhI uThAte phirege|" isase bhI kaur3I ko nirmUlyatA siddha hotI hai| draSTavya-go0-i0 lA0 i0, pR0 205.5. 2. a0--pA0 bhA0. AiTThaM ca rAiNA saMvaccharassa satta-sahassaM rUvayANaM / -2026. 4. za0--rA0 e0, pR0 503. 5. ghecchaM varADiyaM dharaNivaTTAo-vahI 43.5. m

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200 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana suvarNa- udyotana ne kuva0 meM do bAra suvarNa nAmaka sikkoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / rAjA dRr3havarman ne rAnI ko kupita karanevAle ko arddhasahasra suvarNa dene ko kahA hai ' tathA mAyAditya evaM sthANu coroM ke bhaya se eka hajAra suvarNa ke mUlya vAle ratna kharIda kara apanI yAtrA prArambha karate haiM / ina donoM prasaMgoM se jJAta hotA hai ki suvarNa mudrA ke rUpa AThavIM sadI meM pracalita thA / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM hiraNya evaM suvarNa kA ullekha eka sAtha milatA hai, kaI jagaha alaga-alaga bhI / DA0 bhaMDArakara ne yaha siddha kiyA ki anagar3ha huNDa kI saMjJA hiraNya thI / usI ke jaba sikke DhAla dete the taba ve suvarNa kahalAte the / guptayuga ke jo suvarNa ke sikke prApta huye haiM unakA vajana lagabhaga 1 karSa = 80 gu MjA (150 grena) hai| ataH sambhavataH udyotana ke samaya meM pracalita svarNa ke sikkoM kA vajana bhI isI ke lagabhaga rahA hogA / tatkAlIna svarNa kA sikkA prApta hone para isa para adhika prakAza par3a sakatA hai / gArasaguNA - kuva0 meM 'egA rasaguNA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / " donoM jagaha daNDa svarUpa yaha rAzi dene ko kahI gayI hai / sambhavataH yA to jitanI kImata kI vastu kA jisakA nukasAna kisI ke dvArA huA ho usase gyAraha gunI kImata jurmAne ke rUpa meM dene kA kAnUna rahA ho, athavA 'egArasaguNA' nAma kisI nizcita rAzi ke lie taya ho, jo aparAdhI ko daNDa svarUpa denI par3atI rahI ho / anya sandarbha milane para yaha zabda adhika spaSTa ho sakegA / zreSThI kuva0 meM varNita uparyukta vANijya evaM vyApAra ke prasaMgoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM zreSThiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana kA zreSThI pradhAna hotA thA / isa samaya nagara sabhyatA- vikAsa para thI / ataH zreSThiyoM ko nagara zreSThI Adi nAma se bhI suzobhita kiyA jAne lagA thA / kuva0 zreSTha pada ko sUcita karane vAle nimnokta zabda milate haiM : 1. bhadrazreSThi (bhadseTThINAma juNNa - seTThI (65.21 ) 2. mahAnagara zreSThi (ekkassa mahANayara seTTiNo, 73.8) 3. mahAdhanazreSThi (vesamaNa - samo mahAghaNo NAma seTThi, 107.16,224.18) 4. juNNaseTThi (juNNa seTTiNo ghare avaiNNA, 109.26) 1. jeNa tumaM koviyA tassa suvvaNaddha- sahassaM demi / - vahI 12.11. 2. suvaNNa - sahassa - mollAI rayaNAI paMca-paMca himo / - vahI 57.32. 3. prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAzAstra, pR0 51. 4. kauTilya dvArA svIkRta. 5. jaM Natthi taM ekkArasa-guNaM' demi / - kuva0 138.7. i khajjai kaha vi kavaDDiyA vi egArasaM demi / -- vahI 153.18

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vANijya evaM vyApAra 201 zreSThI ke lie prayukta ina zabdoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya zreSThI kA cunAva athavA pada paripakva Ayu, atulasampatti evaM sabhya - AcaraNa ke AdhAra para prApta hotA rahA hogA / nagarazreSThI kA rAjanIti tathA rAjA para vizeSa prabhAva rahatA thaa| kuva0 meM mohadatta kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAnagarazreSThI kI putrI se rAjaputra ke avaidha sambandha rakhane ke kAraNa zreSThI ke kahane para rAjA svayaM apane putra tosala ke prANa-badha kI AjJA de detA hai / ' 1. AiTTho rAiNA maMtI, vacca, sigdhaM tosalaM mAresu - kuva0 75.6.

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pariccheda tIna samudra-yAtrAe~ kuvalayamAlA meM varNita vANijya evaM vyApAra ke sandarbho se yaha sahaja anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki itanA vistRta vyApAra jalamArga evaM sthalamArga kI suvidhAoM ke binA sambhava nahIM thaa| uddyotana ne svayaM jalamArga evaM sthalamArga-sambandhI aneka mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ dI haiM, jinake adhyayana se 8 vIM sadI kI patha-paddhati para nayA prakAza par3atA hai| jala-yAtrAe~ ___ guptayuga ke samAja meM logoM kI yaha Ama dhAraNA ho gayI thI ki samudrayAtrA ke dvArA adhika dhana arjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mRcchakaTika meM vidUSaka kI isa bhAvanA -- bhavati ! ki yuSmAkaM yAnapAtrANi vahanti ? (4 30)-kA tathA bANa ke isa kathana-'abhramaNena zrIsamAkarSaNaM'-(harSacarita, 6 pa0 189) kA uddyotana ne dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM meM sAgara-santaraNa ko pramukha sthAna dekara samarthana kiyA hai|' tatkAlIna sAhitya meM ullikhita samudra-yAtrAoM ke varNanoM se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki 8-9 vIM sadI meM bhAratIya vyApArI lambI samudrayAtrAe~ karane lage the, jisakA bhArata kI Arthika samRddhi para acchA prabhAva pdd'aa| videzoM kI sampatti se bhArata mAlA-mAla ho gayA / samudrayAtrA kA uddezya kuva0 meM samudra-gAtrA ke cAra prasaMga varNita haiN| sArthavAhaputra dhanadeva, tIna bhaTake hue yAtrI, sAgaradatta evaM do vaNik-putroM kI kathAaiM samudrayAtrA-viSayaka 1. sAyara-taraNaM-atthassa sAhayAI / kuva0 57.25. 2. pro0 ke0 DI0 vAjapeyI, bhAratIya vyApAra kA itihAsa /

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samudra-yAtrAe~ 203 vizeSa sAmagrI prastuta karatI haiN|' ina sabhI prasaMgoM meM samudrayAtrA kA uddezya apAra dhana kamAnA hai| lomadeva sopAraka kI vyApArika-maNDI meM ratnadvIpa kI yAtrA dvArA apAra dhana prApti kI bAta sunakara svayaM vahA~ kI yAtrA karane ke lie taiyAra ho jAtA hai, jisase vaha bhI adhika kamA sake / 2 pATaliputra kA vyApArI kubera ke samAna dhanI hone para bhI dhanArjana hetu ratnadvIpa kI yAtrA para cala detA hai| sAgaradatta apanI bAhuoM dvArA sAta karor3a rupaye kamAne ke lie samudrayAtrA ke vyApAra ko hI ucita samajhatA hai| do vaNikaputra majadUrI ke lobha se hI samudrayAtrA karanevAle vyApArI ke sAtha ho jAte haiN| samudrayAtrA meM dhanopArjana ke isa uddezya ko dekhate hue pratIta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI meM bhAratIya vyApArI araba-bAjAra ke ThATha-bATa se paricita ho cuke the| ata: unake mana meM dhana baTorane evaM sukha-sAmagrI ko ekatra karane kI pratisparddhA jAga gayI thii| isase bhAratIya jahAjarAnI kA kAphI vikAsa huA hai| yAtrA kI kaThinAiyA~ samudrayAtrA karane meM dhanArjana kA lobha to thA, kintu isake lie uta / hI sAhasa kI bhI AvazyakatA thii| AThavIM sadI meM jalamArga kI kaThinAiyA~ kama nahIM huI thiiN| sImA ke bandaragAhoM para videziyoM kA dhIre-dhIre adhikAra hotA jA rahA thaa| ataH bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ko cIna, svarNadvIpa, ratnadvIpa Adi jAne ke lie anya mArga apanAne par3ate the, jo aneka kaThinAiyoM se bhare the| kuva0 meM sopAraka se ratnadvIpa jAne kA samudrI-mArga atyanta kaThina thaa| jo vyApArI vahA~ hokara AyA thA vaha anya vyApAriyoM ke samakSa isa mArga kI kaThinAiyoM kA varNana isa prakAra karatA hai-samudra ko pAra karanA duSkara hai, ratnadvIpa kAphI dUra hai, pracaMDa vAyu, capala bIjApahavA (vIthi), caMcala taraMgeM, bar3e-bar3e maccha, magara evaM grAha, dIrghatantu (?) galAdenevAlI timigilI, raudra rAkSasa, ur3anevAle vetAla, dulaMdhya parvata, kuzalacora, vikarAla mahAsamudra tathA durladhya mArga ke kAraNa ratnadvIpa sarvathA durgama hai| isaliye maiMne kahA ki vahA~ kA vyApAra use sundara hai, jise apanA jIvana priya na ho (66.9) / anya vyApArI bhI usakI bAta satya mAnakara kahate haiM ki sacamuca ratnadvIpa durgama hai 1. kuva0 67.1, 30, 89.8, 105.31 evaM 191.14. 2. mahaMto esa lAbho jaM Niva-pattahiM rayaNAI pAvijjati / tA kiM Na tattha rayaNadIve gaMtumujjamo kIrai / - 66.12. 3. soya dhaNavai-sama dhaNovi houNa rayaNaddIvaM jANavatteNa clio|-88.30. 4, vahI 105.26. vahI 191.13. 6. draSTavya-go0-i0 lA0 i0, pR0 119.30. 7. gilaNo timigilI, 66.8.

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204 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tathA dukha ke binA sukha nahIM hai / ' ratnadvIpa ke isI kaThina mArga ke kAraNa bhadra zreSThI kA jahAja sAta bAra samudra meM utArane para sAtoM vAra naSTa ho gyaa| ataH usane to vahA~ jAne kA vicAra hI chor3a diyA thaa|' uddyotana ke isa vivaraNa meM capala vIjApa havA (capalAvIio), dIrghatantu, galA denevAlI timigilI evaM kuzala cora kA ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| sambhavataH AvazyakacUNi (pR0 709 a) meM ullikhita 16 havAoM meM bIjApa havA hI uddyotana kI cavalAvIio hai, jisa havA ke kAraNa vIthiyA~ capala ho jAtI hoNgii| dIrghatantu kisI samudrI jAnavara kA nAma ho sakatA hai| timiMgala eka bhayaMkara jala jantu thA, jo calatI jahAja ke yAtriyoM ko nigala jAne meM samartha thaa| sambhavataH isa jantu kI bhayaMkaratA ke kAraNa hI sAhitya evaM kalA meM isake ullekha prApta hote haiN| bharahata kI kalA meM eka sthAna para eka jahAja kA citraNa huA hai jisameM eka timiMgala ne dhAvA kara diyA hai aura jahAja ke gire hue kucha yAtriyoM ko nigala rahA hai (A0 9) / ke0 varuNA ke anusAra bhagavAn buddha kI kRpA se timiMgala ke mukha se vasugupta kI rakSA kA yaha citraNa hai / 10vIM sadI meM bhI samudrayAtrA meM timiMgala kA bhaya banA huA thaa| kuzala coroM kA saMketa sambhavataH baMgAla kI khAr3I ke jala-dasyuoM ke lie rahA ho, jinase bacane ke li bhAratIya vyApArI 8vIM sadI meM sthalamArgoM se videza jAne lage the| kyoMki sthalamArga kI prAkRtika kaThinAiyA~ jala-dasyuoM ke AkramaNoM se sarala par3atI hoNgii| kintu jalamArga ko uparyukta kaThinAiyA~ bhAratIya utsAhI vaNikputroM ke lie unake uddezya meM vAdhA nahI DAlatI thiiN| kyoMki ve isa bAta ko acchI taraha jAnate the ki sAhasahIna puruSa ko lakSmI AliMgita hone para chor3a detI hai| ataH puruSa vahI hai, jo hRdaya me ThAna le use pUrA karake chodd'e| ina tarkoM ke vala para dhanadeva ratnadvIpa ko yAtrA ke lie svayaM to taiyAra hotA hI hai, bhadrazreSThI ko bhI sAtha kara letA hai| samarAiccakahA ke dharaNa Adi kI samudrayAtrA ke prasaMga meM bhI sAhasa kA yahI paricaya milatA hai| 1. aho duggamaM rayaNadIvaM / tahA dukkheNa viNA suhaM Natthi |-vhii 66.10. 2. satta-huttaM jANavatteNa samudde paviTTho / satta-huttaM pi maha jANavattaM daliyaM / tA NAhaM bhAgI atthassa / teNa bhaNimo Na vaccimo samuddo / -vahI 66.29. 3. bharahuta, bhAga 1, pleTa 40-14, A0 85, bhAga 2, pR0 78; sArthavAha, pR0 232 para uddhRta / 4. tilakamaMjarI, pR0 140. 5. mo0-sA0, pR0 200. 6. puriseNa savyahA kajja-karaNekka vAvaDa-hiyaeNa hoiyavvaM |--kuv0 66.25.

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samudra-yAtrAe~ jala-yAtrA kI taiyAriyAM kuvalayamAlA ke dhanadeva evaM sAgaradatta dvArA samudrayAtrA karane ke prasaMga meM jala-yAtrA kI prArambhika taiyAriyA~ isa prakAra kI gayI thIM : 1. samudra-yAtrA kA nizcaya kara lene para samudra-pAra bikane vAlI vastuoM __ ko kharIdakara saMgraha karanA prArambha kara diyA gyaa|' 2. jahAja taiyAra karavA kara sajAyA gayA,2 3. niryAta kI jAnevAlI vastuoM ko jahAja para lAdA gayA, 4. niryAmakoM ko bulAkara ikaTThA kiyA gayA, 5. Ane-jAne ke hisAba se yAtrA-kAla kI avadhi nizcita kI gayI, 6. yAtrA para prasthAna karane kI tithi evaM samaya nizcita kiyA gayA, 7. yAtrA ke daurAna acche zakunoM para vicAra kiyA gayA, 8. sAtha calane ke lie anya vyApAriyoM ko sUcanA dI gayI, 6. iSTa devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kI gayI, 10. brAhmaNa-bhoja karAye gaye, . 11. viziSTa janoM kI pUjA kI gayI, 12. laukika devatAoM kI arcanA kI gayI, 13. pAloM kI vyavasthA kI gayI, 14. mastUla khar3e kara diye gaye, 15. jahAja meM baiThane evaM sone ke lie pharnIcara (Asana) kA saMgraha kiyA gayA, 16. lakar3I ke takhtoM evaM jalAU lakar3I kA saMcaya kiyA gayA, 17. tAje evaM mIThe jala ke pAtra bhara liye gaye, anAja apane pAsa rakha liyA gayA, 18. dalAloM (Ar3hatiyoM) ko bulA liyA gyaa| yaha saba kArya karate hue prasthAna karane kA dina A gyaa| 1. to taddiyahaM ceya ghetumAraddhAI para-tIra joggAI bhaMDAI, 105.27. 2. tao rayaNadIva-kaya-mANasehiM sajjiyAI jaannvttaaii| kiM ca kariu samADhataM / gheppaMti bhaMDAiM, uvayarijjati NijjAmayA, gaNijjae diyahaM. ThAviyaM laggaM. NirUvijaMti NimittAiM, kIraMti avasUIo, sUmarijjaMti iTra-devae. bhaMjAvijjati baMbhaNe, pUijjati visiTThayaNe, accijjaMti devae, sajjijjaMti seyavaDe ubbhijjaMti kuvAkhaMbhae, saMgahijjati sayaNe, vaddhijjaMti kaTra-saMcae, bharijaMti jala-bhAyaNe tti / vahI--67.1-4. 3. gahiyA ADiyattiyA, 105 28. 4. evaM kuNamANANaM samAgao so diyaho, 67.4.

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206 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana udyotana dvArA prastuta yaha jala yAtrA kI prArambhika taiyArI aba taka ke sAhityika sandarbhoM meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai / udyotana ke pUrva jJAtAdharmakathA tathA samarAiccakahA ke jalayAtrA sambandhI prasaMgoM meM bhI eka sthAna para kahIM itanI sUkSmatA nahIM hai / ' pIne ke lie jala evaM IMdhana kI vyavasthA sabhI varNanoM meM samAna hai / 10vIM sadI taka jalayAtrA ke samaya ina sabhI vastuoM kI vyavasthA karanI par3atI thI / isase jJAta hotA hai ki 8-10vIM sadI taka kI bhArata kI jahAjarAnI meM bhale vikAsa huA ho, kintu samudrI kaThinAIyA~ kama nahIM huI thIM / jahAja kA prasthAna jalayAtrA kA prArambha bar3e mAMgalika DhaMga se hotA thA / jaba nizcita kiyA huA dina A jAtA to usa dina sArthavAha nahA-dhokara sundaravastra evaM alaMkAra dhAraNa karate, apane parijanoM ke sAtha jahAja para ArUr3ha hote, unake car3hate hI tUra bajAyA jAtA, zaMkha phUke jAte, maMgala kiye jAte, brAhmaNa AzISa dete, gurujana prasannatA vyakta karate, patniyA~ duHkhI ho jAtIM, mitrajana harSa - viSAda yukta hote, sajjana puruSa manoratha pUrti kI kAmanA karate aura isa prakAra maMgala, stuti evaM jaya-jaya kI dhvani ke sAtha hI jahAja cala par3atA / jahAja calate hI pAla khIMca diye jAte, laMgara khola diye jAte, patavAra calAnA zurU kara diyA jAtA, karNadhAra ( mallAha ) apane - apane sthAna para niyukta kara diye jAte, jahAja apane mArga para grA lagatA tathA anukUla havA ke milate hI samudra kI taraMgoM para uchalatA huA Age bar3ha jAtA / kuva0 kA yaha jahAja ke prasthAna kA varNana paramparAgata hai / sAgaradatta kI yAtrA ke prasaMga meM prasthAna karane ke pUrva samudra - devatA kI pUjA karane kA ullekha hai - pUiUNa samuddadevaM ( 105.32 ) / jJAtAdharmakathA, samarAiccakahA, evaM tilakamaMjarI meM bhI samudra devatA kI pUjA kA ullekha milatA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM isa pUjana vidhi kA zuddha laukika rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai / udyotana ne lobhadeva kI 66.28) kA ullekha kiyA hai zabda bana gayA thA / isake dvArA / yAtrA ke prasaMga meM siddha yAtrA (sijjhaU - jattA samudrayAtrA ke prasaMga meM yaha eka pAribhASika sArthavAha kI yAtrA sakuzala pUrNa ho evaM vaha 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8, pR0 97 Adi samarAiccakahA, pR0 240, 398, 552 Adi / 2. tilakamaMjarI, pR0 131.139. 3. kuva0 67.5, 8. 4. tao pUrio seyavaDo, ukkhittAiM laMbaNAI, cAliyAI AvellayAI, NirUviyaM kaNNahAreNaM, laggaM jANavattaM vattaNIe : pavAio hiyaicchio pavaNo / vahI 67.8.9.

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samudra-yAtrAe~ 207 sakuzala vApasa lauTa Aye isake lie zubhakAmanAe~ vyakta kI jAtI thiiN| jJAtAdharmakathA, (8.75) meM yahI bhAvanA vyakta kI gaI hai| Age calakara sumAtrA ke zrIvijaya ke zilAlekhoM meM siddhayAtrA zabda samudrayAtrAke lie prayukta pAyA jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM jahAja ko apane gantavya sthAna taka pahu~cane meM anukUla vAyu kA calanA Avazyaka mAnA hai| udyotana ne isa pavana ko hRdaya-icchita evaM anukUla pavana' kahA hai| prAvazyakacUNi meM isI pavana ko gajaMbha kahA hai, joki abUhanIkA ke grantha meM 'harajapha' ke nAma se ullikhata hai| samudra-pAra ke dezoM meM vyApAra dhanadeva kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki samudra-pAra ke dezoM meM bhAratIya vyApArI pahu~cakara kramazaH nimnokta kArya karate the:-(1) jahAja kinAre lagate hI sabhI vyApArI utarate (2) vikrIyogya mAla ko utArate, (3) bheMTa lekara vahA~ ke rAjA se milate, (4) use prasannakara vahA~ vyApAra karane kI anumati lete, (5) nirdhArita zulka cukAte, (6) apane mAla ko becane ke lie phailAte, (7) hAtha ke izAroM dvArA kImata taya kara apane mAla ko becate, (8) apane deza ko le jAnevAlA mAla kharIdate tathA (9) jo unheM vahA~ lAbha huaA ho usake anusAra vahA~ kI dhArmika saMsthAoM ko dAna dekara punaH apane deza ke lie vApasa cala dete| __ isa prasaMga meM bheMTa lekara rAjA ko prasanna karane kA ullekha mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha prathA vyApAra ke lie anumati prApta karane kI dyotaka hai| na kevala tatkAlIna sAhitya meM apitu prAcIna bhArata ke kalA avazeSoM meM bhI isa prathA kA rUpa surakSita hai| amarAvatI aura ajaMtA ke ardhacitroM meM isakA aMkana hai| amarAvatI ke dRzya meM rAjA siMhAsana para baiThA hai| pAsa meM cAmaragrAhiNiyA~ aura rAjamahiSI paricArikAoM se ghirI baiThI haiN| citra kI agrabhUmi meM kurte, pajAmeM, kamarabaMda aura bUTa pahine hue videzI vyApArI pharsa para ghuTane Teka kara rAjA ko bheMTa de rahe haiN| unake dala kA netA (sArthavAha) rAjA ko eka motI kA hAra bheMTa kara rahA hai| ajaMtA ke bhitticitra meM bhI rAjA ko vyApAriyoM 1. laddho anukUla pavaNo (105.33). 2. mo0-sA0, pR0 202 para uddhata / 3. laggaM kUle (106.2) uttiNNA vaNiyA, uttAriyAI bhaMDAiM (106 2). gahiyaM daMsaNIyaM, diTTho rAyA, kao pasAo, vaTTiyaM sukaM / pariyaliyaM bhaMDaM, diNNA-hattha-saNNA, vikkiNIyaM taM / gahiyaM paDibhaMDaM / diNNaM dANaM, paDiNiyattA Niyaya-kUla hattaM |-kuv067.12-13. 4. zivarAmamUrti, amarAvatI skalpacarsa ina madrAsa myujiyama, pleTa 20.6, pR0 34,35.

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208 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dvArA bheTa dene kA aGkana hai|' lagatA hai yaha prathA uddyotana ke samaya taka jyoM kI tyoM thiiN| Age bhI isakA anusaraNa hotA rhaa| _ 'diNNA-hattha-saNNA' kA ullekha bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / prAcIna vyApAra-paddhati meM yaha eka niyama sA bana gayA thA ki ratna evaM motiyoM kA mola-bhAva muMha se jora-jora se cillAkara nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| balki vikraya-yogya motiyoM evaM hIroM para eka kapar3e kA Tukar3A athavA rUmAla Dhaka diyA jAtA thaa| usake andara becanevAlA evaM kharIdadAra apane hAtha DAla lete the aura binA kucha bole, hAtha ke izAroM dvArA saudA taya kara lete the| isI ko udyotana ne 'diNNA-hatthasaNNA' kahA hai / mAravAr3iyoM meM abhI bhI saudA taya karane kI yaha paddhati pracalita hai| svArthI vyApArI-videzoM se dhana kamAkara lauTate samaya kabhI-kabhI aisA hotA thA ki sArthavAha ke mana meM lobha A jAtA aura vaha akele hI sAre ajita dhana ko har3apa lenA cAhatA thaa| jaba jahAja bIca samudra meM pahu~catA taba vaha apane mitra vyApArI ko kisI bahAne maravAne yA samudra meM DubAne kA prayatna karatA aura bahuta bAra apane isa duSkRtya meM saphala bhI ho jAtA thaa| 6 ThI se 10 vIM sadI taka ke jaina-sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke udAharaNa khUba milate hai| inase jJAta hotA hai ki samudra-yAtrA meM jitanI kaThinAiyA~ jhelanI par3atI thIM, jitanA adhika lAbha hotA thA, utane hI vyApArI lobhI bhI hote the| kuva0 meM dhanadeva ne isI bhAvanA se bhadrazreSThI ko samudra meM DuvA diyA thaa| samudrI-tUphAna prAcIna samaya meM samudra-yAtrA nirApada nahIM thii| eka ora jala-dasyuoM se jitanA bhaya thA, utanA hI samudrI tUphAnoM se / kuva0 meM samudrI-tUphAna kA jitanA acchA varNana kiyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra nhiiN| lobhadeva evaM sAgaradatta kI samudra-yAtrA meM Aye samudrI-tUphAna ke varNana se nimna bAteM prakAza meM AtI haiM : paMjara-puruSa-jahAja meM eka aisA jalavAyu vizeSajJa hotA thA, jo bAdala ke Tukar3oM ke raMga dekhakara sambhAvita tUphAna kA jJAna kara sakatA thaa| yaha adhikArI jahAja ke mastUla para baiThA rahatA thA aura vahIM se jahAja ke saMcAlaka ko AgAha kara detA thaa| sAgaradatta ke paMjara-puruSa ne uttara dizA meM eka kAle meghapaTala ko dekhakara yaha batalA diyA thA ki yaha kAjala ke samAna zyAma megha bar3A khataranAka hai| ata: turanta jahAja ko rassiyAM DhIlI kara do, pAloM ko khola do, sAre mAla ko jahAja ke talaghare meM bheja do aura jahAja ko sthira 1. yAjadAnI, ajaMtA, bhA0 1, pR0 46.47; sArthavAha, pR0 238 para uddhata / 2. e kalcarala noTa-DA0 agravAla, u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 120.

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samudra-yAtrAe~ 209 kara lo / anyathA tuma saba mAre jaaoge| kintu yaha saba karane ke pUrva hI andhAdhundha meha barasane lagA / jahAja meM lade mAla evaM megha ke pAnI ke bhAra se jahAja samudra meM DUba gyaa| dhamadhamenta mAruta-lobhadeva ke jahAja ko DubAne ke lie bhadrazreSThI ke jIva rAkSasa ne dhamadhamentamAruta ko utpanna kara samudra meM tUphAna macA diyaa| pAnI barasane lagA, ole par3ane lage, ulkApAta hone lagA, bar3avAnala jalane lagA, sarvathA pralayakAla kA dRzya upasthita ho gyaa| isa prasaMga meM ullikhita dhamadhamentamAruta sambhavataH vaha kAlikAvAta hai, jo samudra-yAtrA ke lie bar3I bhayaMkara mAnI gayI hai| AvazyakacUrNikAra kA kathana hai ki yadi yaha kAlikAvAta na cale, garjabhavAyu cale tabhI jahAja gantavya taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| ___ iSTa devatAoM kA smaraNa-kuva0 meM samudrI tUphAna ke samaya yAtro apaneapane iSTa devatAoM kA smaraNa karate haiM (68.17-18) / rAkSasa dvArA samudra meM tUphAna paidA karanA evaM yAtriyoM dvArA iSTa devatAoM kA smaraNa karanA prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM dhIre-dhIre eka abhiprAya (motif ) ke rUpa meM prayukta hone lagA thA / jAyasI ke padmAvata (389.90, dohA) meM bhI isI prakAra kA varNana hai| aise saMkaTa ke samaya samudra ko ratna car3hAye jAte the / kAThiyAvAr3a meM samudrataTa para agni jalAne tathA samudra ko dUdha, makkhana aura zakkara car3hAne kI prathA thii| kuva0 meM sArthaputra isa saMkaTa se bacane ke lie bhIge kapar3e pahina kara hAtha meM dhapa kI kalucho lekara loka-devatAoM ko Ahuti dekara manAtA hai| jahAja kA bhagna honA-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM prAyaH jahAja bhagna ke ullekha milate haiN| kintu kuva0 ke varNanoM kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM samudrayAtrA ke jitane sandarbha haiM, sabhI meM jahAjabhagna hone kA ullekha hai| koI bhI 1. tattha paMjara-puriseNa uttaradisAe diTuM ekkaM suppapamANaM kajjila-kasiNa-meha paDalaM / taM ca daThUNa bhaNiyamaNeNa""eyaM meha-khaMDaM savvahA Na suMdaraM tA laMbeha laMbaNe, maulaha seyavaDaM, Thaeha-bhaMDaM, thirIkareha jANavattaM / aNNahA viNaTThA tubbhe / -vahI 106.6, 9. 2. aMdhAriya-disiyakkaM pijjujjl-vilsmaann-ghnn-sh| masala-sama-vAri-dhAraM kuviya-kayaMtaM va kAla-ghaNaM // --106.11. 3. sahasacciya khara-pharuso uddhAvai mAruo dhmdhmeNto| savvahA palaya-kAla bhIsaNaM samuddhAiyaM mahANatthaM // -68.13, 16. 4. mo0-sA0, pR0 170. 5. u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 120 para uddhRta / 6. kathAsaritasAgara, penjara, jilda 7, adhyAya 101, pR0 146. 7. satthavAho uNa adaNNo adda-paDa-pAuraNo dhUya-kaDacchuya-hattho viNNaveuM payatto.... saMpayaM pasAyaM pecchimo| -68.20 8. kuva0 69.5, 89.32, 106.8, 12, 191.13, 16 Adi / . 14

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210 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyApArI samudrayAtrA se sakuzala vApasa nahIM lautttaa| yaha akAraNa nahIM huaa| prathama to AThavIM sadI meM jalayAtrA kI kaThinAiyoM ko dekhate hue jahAja-bhagna honA svAbhAvika bhI ho sakatA hai| dUsare, kuva0 meM udyotanasUri kA prayatna yaha rahA hai ki jIvana kI pratyeka ghaTanA ko AdhyAtmika pratIka banAkara prastuta kiyA jaay| jaise unhoMne arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM ko dhAmika rUpa diyA, usI prakAra jalayAtrA meM jahAjabhagna kA bhI unhoMne sundara rUpaka prastuta kiyA hai| bhinnapotadhvaja-kuva0 meM eka aise prasaMga kA varNana AyA hai jisameM eka hI dvIpa para tIna sArthavAha jahAjabhagna ho jAne se alaga-alaga bhaTakakara ekatra hote haiM / pATaliputra se ratnadvopa ko jAte hue dhana nAmaka vyApArI kA jahAja rAste meM TUTa jAtA hai| vaha eka phalaka ke sahAre kisI prakAra kuDaMgadvIpa meM jA lagatA hai| vaha dvopa aneka hiMsaka pazuoM se yukta thA tathA vahA~ ke phala kar3ave the| manuSya se nirjana thaa| vahA~ bhaTakate hue dhana eka dina kisI anya puruSa ko dekhatA hai| pUchane para jJAta huA ki vaha vyApArI svarNadvIpa ko jAte samaya, jahAjabhagna ho jAne ke kAraNa yahA~ A lagA hai| aba ve donoM vahA~ bhaTakane lage / eka dina unhoMne kisI tIsare puruSa ko dekhA, jo laMkApurI ko jAte samaya vahA~ pA lagA thaa| tInoM samAna duHkha kA anubhava karate hue vahA~ apanA samaya kATane lge| unhoMne salAha kara eka U~ce vRkSa para 'bhinnapotadhvaja' ke rUpa meM balkala (cithar3e) TAMga diye| ve tInoM yAtrI vahA~ kisI aise per3a kI talAza meM the jisake phala madhura hoM, kintu unheM nirAza honA pdd'aa| unheM vahA~ kAdambarI ke vakSa mile, jinameM phala nahIM the| kucha samaya bAda una vRkSoM meM phala AnA zurU hue, jinakI ye bar3I pratIkSA se rakSA karane lge| isI samaya kisI sArthavAha ko najara vRkSa para laTakate bhitrapotadhvaja para pdd'ii| karuNAvaza usane apanA jahAja samudra meM rukavAkara do niyAmakoM ko naukA lekara ina tIna bhaTake yAtriyoM ke pAsa bhejaa| niyAmakoM ne una vyApAriyoM se jahAja para calane ke lie khaa| unameM se do to kAmdavarI phaloM kI AzA se vahIM para raha gaye aura eka vyApArI una niryAmakoM ke hAtha jahAja meM A gayA, jahA~ use saba duHkhoM se chuTakArA mila gyaa|' dhArmika rUpaka - 'bhinnapotadhvaja' ke dvArA yaha jAnakara ki yahA~ bhaTake hue yAtrI ruke hue haiM unako taTa taka le jAne kA kArya usa rAste se gujaranevAlA jahAja avazya karatA thaa| bhAratIya sAhitya meM aneka aise udAharaNa haiN| kintu 1. atthi pADaliputtaM NAma NayaraM....sama-dukkha-sahAyANaM metti amhANaM-88-89, 7. 2. tA ettha kahici tuMge pAyave bhiNNa-vahaNa-ciMdhaM ubbhemo| 'taha' ti paDivajjiUNa ubbhiyaM vakkalaM truvr-sihrmmi| -vahI 89.7, 8. 3. ArUDho ya doNIe / gayA taDaM / tattha...suha aNuhavaMti, 89.27.

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samudra-yAtrAeM 211 isa sAmAnya ghaTanA kA dhArmika rUpAntara sambhavataH udyotanasUri ne pahalI bAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra samudra jaisA yaha saMsAra hai| jahAja-bhagna honA karmoM ke bhAra se saMsAra-samudra ko pAra karane kI asamarthatA hai| phalaka dvArA kisI dvIpa para laganA apane saMcita karmoM dvArA agalA janma-grahaNa karanA hai| jahA~ ye tInoM yAtrI milate haiM, vaha kuDaMgadvIpa manuSya loka hai, jahA~ aneka duHkha haiN| tInoM yAtrI jIvoM ke tIna prakAra haiM, jo 84 yoniyoM meM phirate haiN| kuDaMgadvIpa meM jo kAdambarI ke vRkSa haiM, ve mahilAe~ haiM tathA unameM jo phala Ate haiM, ve santAna ke pratIka haiM, jinakI manuSya ajJAnI bana kara rakSA karatA hai| jo niryAmaka puruSa unheM lene gaye the, ve dharmAcArya haiM tathA vaha naukA dIkSA kA pratIka hai| usa naukA para baiTha kara jahAja dvArA tIra para pahu~ca jAnA mokSa hai|' prasiddha jala-mArga kuva0 meM samudrayAtrA ke varNana ke prasaMgoM meM nimnokta jalamArgoM kI sUcanA milatI hai : 1. soppAraka se cIna, mahAcIna jAnevAlA mArga (66.2) 2. sopAraka se mahilArAjya (tibbata) jAnevAlA mArga (66.3) 3. sopAraka se ratnadvIpa (66.4) 4. ratnadvIpa se tAradvIpa (39.18) 5. tAradvIpa se samudrataTa (70.12, 18) 6. kozala se laMkApurI (74.11) 7. pATaliputra se ratnadvIpa ke rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa (88.29, 30) 8. suvarNadvIpa se lauTane ke rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa (86.4) 9. laMkApurI ko jAte hue rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa (86.6) 10. jayazro nagarI se yavanadvIpa (106.2) 11. yavanadvIpa se pAMca dina-rAta kA rAstA vAlA candradvopa kA mArga (106.16) 12. samudrataTa se rohaNadvIpa (191.13, 16) 13. sopAraka se babbarakula (65.33) 14. sopAraka se svarNadvIpa (66.1)2 1. jo esa mahAjalahI saMsAraM tAva taM viyANAhi / jo doNI sA dikkhA jaM tIraM hoi taM mokkhaM // -89.90.1, 2. 2. draSTavya-go0-i0 lA0 i0, pR0 138.

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pariccheda cAra sthala-yAtrAe~ prAcIna bhArata meM yAtrA karanA nirApada nahIM thaa| vizeSakara vyApArika yAtrAoM meM to aneka bhaya the / vyApArika mArga surakSita na hone ke kAraNa rAste meM cora DAkuoM evaM jaMgalI jAtiyoM tathA jAnavaroM ke AkramaNoM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| isa kAraNa vyApArI bAharI maMDiyoM ke sAtha vyApAra karane ke lie eka dala banAkara calate the| prAcIna vANijya kI zabdAvali meM vyApAriyoM ke isa dala ko sArtha kahA jAtA thA evaM sArtha ke mukhiyA ko sArthavAha / ___ kuva0 meM sthala-yAtrAoM ke jo prasaMga vaNita haiM, unase sArthavAha, sArtha, mArga kI kaThinAiyA~ tathA prAcIna bhAratIya sthalamArgoM ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| sArthavAha amarakoSa ke anusAra 'jo pUMjI dvArA vyApAra karanevAle pAnthoM kA aguA ho vaha sArthavAha hai / ' mahAbhArata meM bhI sArtha ke netA ko sArthavAha kahA gayA hai| jAtakoM meM isakA satthavAha ke nAma se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika tIrthayAtrA ke lie jaise saMgha nikalate the aura unakA netA saMghapati (saMghavai, saMghavI) hotA thA vaise hI vyApArika kSetra meM sArthavAha kI sthiti thii| yAtrAkAla meM vaha sArtha kA svAmI hotA thA tathA usakA kartavya hotA thA ki vaha sArtha kI surakSA karatA huA use gantavya sthAna taka pahu~cAe / sArthavAha kuzala vyApArI hone ke sAtha sAtha acchA patha-pradarzaka bhI hotA thA / sArthavAha kI paramparA kAphI vikasita huI / DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne likhA hai 1. sArthAna sAdhanAn sarato vA pAnthAn vahati sArthavAhaH, amarakoSa 3-9-78. 2. ahaM sArthasya netA vai sArthavAhaH zucismite |-vnprv, 61,122. 3. vahI, sArthasya mahataH prabhuH /

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sthala-yAtrAe~ 213 "bhAratIya vyApArika jagata meM jo buddhi ke dhanI, satya meM niSThAvAna, sAhasa ke bhaNDAra, vyApArika sUjha-bUjha meM page, udAra, dAnI, dharma aura saMskRti meM ruci rakhanevAle, naI sthiti kA svAgata karanevAle, deza-videza kI jAnakArI ke koSa, yavana, zaka, pallava, romana, kRSika, hUNa Adi videziyoM ke sAtha kandhA ragar3anevAle, unakI bhASA aura rIti-nIti ke pArakhI the, ve bhAratIya sArthavAha the| ve mahodadhi ke taTa para sthita tAmralipti se sIriyA kI antAkhI nagarI taka yavadvIpa-kaTAhadvIpa se caula maNDala ke sAmudrika-pattanoM aura pazcima meM yavana, varbara dezoM taka ke vizAla jala-thala para chA gaye the|" DA0 agravAla ke isa kathana ko kuva0 kI etad viSayaka sAmagrI kAphI puSTa karatI hai| kuva0 meM aise sArthoM kA varNana hai, jo jala evaM sthalamArga se vyApArika yAtrAe~ karate the| usa samaya sthalayAtrAe~ sambhavataH donoM prakAra se pracalita thIM-sArtha dvArA evaM binA sArtha ke| mAyAditya evaM sthANu sAligrAma (vArANasI) se pratiSThAna taka kI yAtrA akele hI karate haiM, jisameM unheM aneka nadI, parvatoM evaM aTiviyoM ko pAra karanA par3atA hai| kintu binA sArtha ke yAtrA karane ke kAraNa hamezA coroM Adi kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| isalie ve donoM dUravAsItIthikoM kA veSa dhAraNa kara vApasa lauTate haiM, jinheM cora parezAna na karate rahe hoNge| sArtha ke sAtha yAtrA karane ke prasaMga meM kuvalayamAlA ke varNanoM se nimnokta bAteM jJAta hotI haiM :-- taruNa sArthavAha-sArtha ko lekara vyApAra karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM thA ki koI vRddha vyApArI hI sArthavAha bne| kintu koI utsAhI dhanADhya taruNa bhI sArthavAha vanakara vyApArika yAtrA kara sakatA thaa| tathA vyApArikamaNDala meM bhI usakA vahI Adara-satkAra hotA thA, jo eka vRddha evaM anubhavI sArthavAha kaa| sArtha kA prasthAna-sthalayAtrA prArambha karane ke pUrva aneka taiyAriyA~ karanI par3atI thiiN| dakSiNapatha kI ora jAnevAle sArtha meM prathama vahA~ bece jAne vAle ghor3oM ko taiyAra kiyA gayA, yAna-vAhanoM ko sajAyA gayA, rAste ke lie khAdya-sAmagrI rakhI gayI, dalAla (Ar3hatiyA) sAtha meM liye gaye, sArtha kA kAma jAnane vAle karmakAroM ko ekatra kiyA gayA, gurujanoM kI AzISa lI gaI, 1. sArthavAha, bhUmikA / 2. tattha aNeya-giri-sariyA-saya-saMkulAo aDaio ulaMghiUNa kaha kaha vi pattA paiTThANaM NAma NayaraM |-kuv0 57.28. 3. te ya evaM pariyattiya vesA alakkhiyA corehiM-vahI 58.3. 4. kuva0 dhanadeva kI kathA, 65-68.

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214 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gorocana Adi ke dvArA vaMdanA kI gayI aura senA kI bhA~ti sArtha cala pdd'aa|' taba taruNa sArthavAha ko anubhavI sArthavAha dvArA mArga kI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karane ke lie ucita salAha dI gayI thI (65.16) / usa samaya kisI bhI sthAna kI yAtrA karane ke lie sArtha ko prAmANika mAnA jAtA thaa| akele-dukele yAtrI kisI sArtha kA sAtha pakar3a lete the, tAki mArga meM kisI taraha ko kaThinAI na ho aura gantavya taka pahu~cA jA sake / kozala kI baNikaputrI ne rAtri ke pazcima prahara meM pATaliputra ko jAne vAle eka sArtha kA anugamana kiyA, kintu garbhAvasthA ke kAraNa vaha sArtha ke sAtha cala na sakI aura pIche raha gayI / 2 kumAra kuvalayacandra ne vindhyapura se kAMcI kI ora jAne vAle sArtha kA sAtha kara liyA thA jisase vijayapurI taka vaha pahu~ca sake / sArtha kA sAja-sAmAna-prAcIna bhArata meM sArtha ke sAtha aneka sAmAna evaM savAriyA~ rakhI jAtI thIM jisase rAste meM jarUrata kA saba sAmAna upalabdha ho ske| kuvalayamAlA meM dakSiNapatha meM jAnevAle sArtha ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya sArtha svatantra vicaraNa karanevAle U~ToM ke kAraNa marudeza jaisA, baliSTha bailoM kI garjanA se zobhita mahAdeva ke maMdira-jaisA, jhUmakara calanevAle gadhoM ke kAraNa rAvaNa-rAjya jaisA, aneka azvoM ke samUha ke kAraNa rAjyAMgaNa jaisA, vaniyoM ke samUha ke vicaraNa karane ke kAraNa vipaNimArga jaisA tathA aneka prakAra ke vartana evaM sAmAna ke kAraNa kumhAra kI dukAna jaisA dikhAyI par3atA thaa| aise sArthoM ke sArthavAha bar3I kuzalatA se sArtha kA saMcAlana karate hue use Age le jAte the| isa varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki 8vIM sadI taka lambI vyApArika yAtrAoM meM bhI ghor3e aura U~Ta kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| isake pahale lambI yAtrA meM ghoDe kA upayoga kevala senA meM hotA thaa| kinta 8vIM se 10vIM sadI taka ghor3e vyApArika yAtrAyoM meM sArthoM ke pramukha aMga ho gaye the| sambhavataH yaha araba vyApAra kI vRddhi ke kAraNa huaA hogA, jisameM ghor3e vyApAra ke pramukha sAdhana the| 1. sajjIkayA turaMgamA, sajjiyAI jANa-vAhaNAI gahiyAI pacchayaNAI, cittaviyA ADiyattiyA, saMThavio kammayara-jaNo, Aucchio guruyaNo, vaMdiyA royaNA, payatto sattho, caliyAo balatyAu |-kuv0 65.13, 14 2. rAIe pacchima jAme pADaliuttaM aNugAmio sattho uvaladdho / tattha gaMtuM pyttaa| -vahI 75.13,14. 3. bho bho satthavAha, tubbhehiM samaM ahaM kiMci uddesaM vaccAmi tti |-vhii 135.8. aNeya vaNiya-paNiya-daMDa-bhaMDa-kuMDiyA-saMkulo mahaMto sttho| jo kiso| marudesu jaisao uddaam-sNcrNt-krh-sNkulo| hara-NivAsu jaisao ThekkaMta-dariyavasaha-sohio / rAmaNa-rajja-jaisao uddAma-payatta-khara-dUsaNu / rAyaMgaNu jaisao bahu-turaMga-saMgao / vipaNi-maggu jaisao sNcrNt-vnniypvruu| kuMbharAvaNu jaisao. aNeya-bhaMDa-visesa-bhario ti |-kuv0134-32, 135.2. >>

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sthala-yAtrAe~ 215 sArtha kA par3Ava evaM prasthAna - lambI sthala - yAtrAe~ karane ke kAraNa sArtha kahIM ucita sthAna para apanA par3Ava DAla dete the / par3Ava ke samaya sArtha kI surakSA kI pUrI vyavasthA kI jAtI thI / vaMzramaNadatta sArthavAha kA sArtha sahyaparvata kI mahAvi ke madhyadeza meM pahu~cA / vahA~ eka maidAna ke pAsa bar3A jalA thaa| usake Age bhIla - pallI thI, jisakA sArtha ke lie bar3A bhaya thA / ataH vahIM jalAzaya ke pAsa sArtha kA par3Ava DAla diyA gayA / kImatI vastuoM ko par3Ava ke ghere ke madhya meM rakhA gayA, anya vastuoM ko unake bAhara / eka surakSA gherA banAyA gayA, pAlakIvAloM ko saceta kara diyA gayA, talavAreM nikAla lI gayIM, dhanuSavANa car3hA liye gaye tathA kanAteM khIMcakara sArtha niveza banA liyA gayA / ' sUryAsta hote ho java andhakAra ho gayA to paharedAra sAmagriyoM para dhyAna rakhane lage, ghor3oM ke Upara se palAna utAra diye gaye tathA caukI banA lI gayI aura isa taraha sajagatA pUrvaka bAtacIta evaM ratajagA karate hue bahuta-sI rAta vyatIta kara dI gayI (135.5-8 ) / prabhAta - samaya ke pUrva jaba tAre chipane lage pazcima dizA ke paharedAroM ne majadUroM ko jagAte hue kahA - are karmakAra logoM uTho, UMTa lAdo, sArtha ko cAlU karo, rajanI bIta gayI zrataH prayANa zurU kara do| isI samaya tUra, maMgala aura zaMkha bajAye gaye, jisase saba loga jAga gaye, calane kI taiyArI karane lage / isa prakAra zabda hone lage - are-are uTho, rAta ke kAma sameTa lo ( samaggesu raNI), UMTa lAdo, gadhoM para kaMThA lAdo, unameM upakaraNa bharo, tambu lapeTo, bAMsoM ko ikaTThA bA~dho, mAla asabAba ko lAda do, kuTiyoM meM AvAz2a karo ( apphoDesu kuMDiyaM), ghor3e taiyAra karo, palAna lAdo, bailoM ko uThAo | jaldo calo, UMghate mata raho, kucha bhUla to nahIM gayA dekha lo, isa prakAra kolAhala karatA huA sArtha prasthAna karane lagA / 2 udyotana dvArA sArtha ke par3Ava evaM prasthAna kA yaha varNana sthalamArga kI yAtrAoM kA yathArtha citra prastuta karatA hai / bANa ne harSacarita meM harSa kI senA kA par3Ava ke bAda prasthAna kA isI prakAra varNana kiyA hai / 3 prabhAta samaya meM bAje bajanA, chAvanI meM jAga honA, DerA DaMDA uThAnA, sAmAna lAdanA, tambU sameTanA Adi prasthAna ke samaya ke pramukha kArya the haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA meM bhI par3Ava ke samaya paharedAroM dvArA sArtha kI rakSA karane kA ullekha hai / / 1. aMbbhaMtarIkayAI sAra-bhaMDAIM, bAhirIkayAiM asAra-bhaMDAI, viraiyA maMDalI, AttA ADiyattiyA, sajjIkayA karavAlA, NibaddhAo asi gheNao, prArovi viyAI kAlavaTTAI, NirUviyaM sayalaM sattha- NivesaM ti / -- - vahI 135 11-12. 2. tarasu payaTTU vaccasu cakkamasu ya Neya kiMcica paTuM / 3. 4. aha satyo uccalio kalayala - saddaM karemANo // - vahI 135.25. a0 ha0 a0, pR0 140-41. ha0 sa0 ka0, pR0 476.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isase sArthavAha ko jo sArtha kA rakSaka kahA gayA hai, vaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM kaMThAla (kaMDAla rAvaTI meM rakhe jAnevAle), palAna, paTakuTo (kanAta) evaM daMDa (bAMsa) aise viziSTa zabda haiM jinakA sArtha ke par3Ava evaM prasthAna ke samaya 6ThI se 10vIM sadI taka barAbara prayoga hotA rahA hai| vANa ne harSacarita meM U~Ta para lAde jAnevAle kaMDAloM kA varNana kiyA hai| (de0 DA0 agravAla, harSacarita, pR0 142) / tilakamaMjaro meM bhI isakA ullekha hai (pR0 122.23) / sthala-mArga kI kaThinAiyA~ prAcIna bhArata meM sthala-mArga meM sArtha dvArA yAtrA karanA bhI nirApada nahIM thaa|' sArthavAha kI sajagatA evaM surakSA ke vAvajUda rAste kI jaMgalI jAtiyA~ evaM coroM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| dakSiNApatha ke yAtriyoM ke lie vindhyATavI se pAra honA sabase adhika kaThina thaa| vahA~ ko bhilla jAtiyoM ke AkramaNa evaM jaMgalI ilAkA hone se yAtriyoM ko hamezA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| samarAiccakahA evaM kuvalayamAlA meM zavara-yAkramaNoM kA varNana hai| udadyotana ne vaizramaNadatta sArthavAha ke sArtha para zavaroM ke AkramaNa kA sUkSma varNana kiyA hai| zabaroM ne java yAtriyoM ko mAra-DapaTakara unako bahumUlya cIjeM chIna lI tathA sArtha titara-bitara hone se sArthavAha ko lar3ako kuvalaya candra kI zaraNa meM A gayI to kuvalayacandra bhI zabara senApati se yuddha karane lgaa| anta meM jaba donoM eka dUsare se parAjita na hue to zavara senApati ne kumAra se saMdhi kara lii| bAda meM jaba paricaya huA to senApati ne sArtha kA sava dhana vApasa kara diyA (138.6,9) / prAcIna bhAratIya sthalamArga AThavIM zadI meM prAcIna bhAratIya sthalamArgoM kA kAphI vikAsa huaa| antardezIya vyApAra kI samRddhi se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki deza ke vibhinna vyApArika kendra sthalamArgoM dvArA eka-dUsare se jur3e the| uttarApatha evaM dakSiNApatha pramukha mArga the| inameM se hokara anyAnya nagaroM ko bhI rAste phUTate the, jinakA vyApArika evaM anya yAtrAoM ke lie prayoga hotA thaa| kuva0 kI sampUrNa kathA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ghaTanAkrama se nimnokta pramukha sthalamArgoM kA patA calatA hai : 1. ayodhyA se kozAmbI, vindhyATavi, narmadAnadI, sahyaparvata, cintA maNipalli aura kA~cI hote hue vijypurii| 2. kAMcI se (ragar3A saMnniveza) kozAmbI (caMDasoma kI kathA, 45-48) / .. 3. ujjayinI se narmadAnadI, narmadA se mathurA evaM mathurA se kozAmbI (prayAga) (mAnabhaTa kI kathA, 50-55) / . The volume of Trade in our period seems to have gone down as a result of the insecurity of highways. The absence of a strong central power led to the growth of feudal anarchy and the increase in the power of unsocial elements.-Lallanji Gopal,-The Economic life of Northern India P. 101.

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sthala-yAtrAe~ 217 4. zAligrAma (vArANasI) se pratiSThAna, pratiSThAna se narmadAtIra, narmadAnadI se vindhyATavI hote hue kozAmbI (mAyAditya kI kthaa)| 5. takSazilA ke dakSiNApatha dvArA sopAraka (dhanadeva kI kathA, 65) / 6. sopAraka se kozala, uttarApatha, pUrvadeza, vArAvatI, babbarakula 7. tAradvIpa ke samudrataTa se gaMgAnadI hote hue kozAmbI (70-72) / 8. kozala se pATaliputra (75.14) / 9. ujjayinI se pATaliputra ke bIca mahA mArga (76.21) / 10. pATaliputra se kozAmbI (mohadatta kI kathA, 80-27, 30) / 11. vindhyAvAsa se bharukaccha (99-4, 18) / 12. campA se dakSiNApatha dvArA dakSiNa-samudra ke kinAre sthita jayazrI mahAnagarI taka mArga (103-104, 7) / 13. vindhyATavi se mlecchapalli dakSiNadizA meM (112) / 14. mAkandI nagaro se dakSiNa-pazcima mArga meM mahAvindhyATavi (117 118) / 15. vindhayATavi se dakSiNadizA meM narmadA nadI (120.30,32) / 16. narmadA nadI ke dakSiNI kinAre para sthita deva aTavi se bharukaccha (123.1,20) / 17. vindhyapura se sahyaparvata hotAhumA kAMcIpurI ko sArtha-gamana (135) / 18. ratnapura se aneka patha, mahApatha hote hue vindhyATavi (141-145) / 19. campAnagarI se samudrataTa kI sthala-yAtrA (161.13) / 20. dvArakA se sahyaparvata kI guphA kA mArga (193.33) / . 21. cintAmaNipalli se bharukaccha evaM vahA~ se ayodhyA (215.27,28, 216-4) / 22. ayodhyA se sammedazikhara parvata kI yAtrA (216.6) / 23. campA se zrAvastI (230.16) / 24. aruNAbhanagara (zrAvastI ke najadIka) se ujjiyinI (233.31) / 25. zrAvastI se kAkandI (244-29), RSabhapura se kAkandI (246 256) / 26. kAkandI se hastinApura (256.22) / 27. saralapura se hastinApura (258.26, 367.33) evaM 28. hastinApura se rAjagRha (268.6) /

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pariccheda pA~ca dhAtuvAda evaM suvarNa-siddhi prAcIna bhArata meM dhanopArjana ke vividha sAdhanoM meM svarNa banAne kI prakriyA eka pramukha sAdhana rahA hai / usa samaya loga svarNa do prakAra se arjita kara sakate the| prathama, bhArata ke vyApArI yahA~ kI banI cIjoM yA kacce mAla ko videza le jAte the| usake badale meM vahA~ se sonA bhara kara lAte the| isake lie unheM bar3I kaThinAiyA~ sahanI par3atI thiiN| dUsare, kucha aise prayogavAdI loga hote the jo yahIM bhArata meM kucha vizeSa masAloM kI rasAyanika prakriyA dvArA svarNa taiyAra karate the| inako kaI bAra prayoga bigar3a jAne se viphala honA par3atA thA, kintu hoziyAra prayogavAdI saphala bhI hote the| ina prayogavAdiyoM meM do prakAra ke vyakti hote the / eka ve jo dhAtuvAda ke dvArA svarNa banAte the aura dUsare ve jo rakta-mAMsa Adi ke dvArA svarNa banAte the| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ina donoM prakAra ke prayogoM kA varNana AyA hai| dhAtuvAda pracIna bhArata meM zikSaNIya viSayoM ke antargata dhAtuvAda kA pramukha sthAna thaa| kyoMki dhAtuvAda kalA hote hue eka vyavasAya ke rUpa meM bhI pracalita thaa| 72 kalAoM kA varNana karate samaya kAmasUtra (kalA saM0 36), zukranIti (kalA saM0 12-17) evaM samarAiccakahA (kalA saM0 72) meM dhAtuvAda ke nAma se tathA kalpasUtra (kalA saM0 70), prabandhakoza (kalA saM0 70) evaM pRthvIcaMdacarita (kalA saM068) meM dhAtukarma ke nAma se isakA ullekha huA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki dhAtuvAda prAcIna bhArata ke zaikSaNika jagat meM hI nahIM apitu vyavahArika jIvana meM bhI pracalita rahA hogaa| upayukta granthoM meM dhAtuvAda kA kalA ke rUpa meM nAmollekha mAtra hai| vistRta vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| kevala zukranIti meM dhAtuvAda ko kucha spaSTa kiyA gayA

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219 dhAtuvAda evaM suvarNa siddhi hai / usameM kramAMka 12 se 17 taka kI kalAoM ke viSaya haiM-patthara aura dhAtuoM kA galAnA tathA bhasma banAnA, dhAtu aura auSadhiyoM ke saMyoga se rasAyanoM kA banAnA, dhAtuoM ke milAne aura alaga karane kI vidyA, dhAtuoM ke naye saMyoga banAnA tathA khAra nikAlane kA jJAna / ' ye sabhI kArya dhAtuvAda ke antargata hote haiN| uddyotanasUri ne kuva0 meM dhAtuvAda ko adhika spaSTa kiyA hai| sampUrNa grantha meM dhAtuvAda kA chahabAra ullekha huA hai / caturtha ullekha (195-167) dhAtuvAda ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI prastuta karatA hai| kumAra kuvalayacandra vivAha ke bAda ayodhyA vApasa lauTa rahA thaa| rAste meM eka rAtri ko usakI bheMTa kucha dhAtuvAdiyoM se hotI hai / kumAra una dhAtuvAdiyoM ke niSphala prayatna ko punaH saphala banAtA hai (197.1, 6) / isa prasaMga meM dhAtuvAda se sambandhita nimnAMkita sAmagrI prApta hotI hai : zikSA-dhAtuvAda kI zikSA 72 kalAoM ke adhyayana karate samaya lI jAtI thii| yadi koI vyakti vidhivata samaya para ina kalAoM kA adhyayana nahIM kara pAtA thA to vaha apanI AvazyakatAnusAra kucha kalAoM ko unake adhikArI vidvAnoM kI sevA karake sIkhatA thaa| dhAtuvAda ko zikSA bhI isa prakAra lI jA sakatI thii| do vaNikaputroM dvArA dhanopArjana ke lie kiye gaye sabhI prayatna vyartha ho gaye to ve dhAtuvAda ke jAnakAra kisI vyakti kI sevA karane laga gye| usase dhAtuvAda kI zikSA prApta kii| kintu dhAtuvAda kI zikSA eka aisI rasAyanika prakriyA thI, yadi tanika bhI sIkhane meM cUka ho jAya to sAre prayatna vyartha ho jAte the| prayoga karane kA samaya Adi-dhAtuvAda kI zikSA prApta kara lene mAtra se kucha prApta nahIM hotA, jaba taka usakA vyavahAra meM prayoga na kiyA jAya / saphala prayoga karane ke lie prayoga kA prAthamika parIkSaNa, upayukta evaM prasiddha sthAna, kuzala upAdhyAyoM kA nirdezana, nipuNa dhAtukalA ke vizAradoM kA sahayoga, sarasa auSadhiyA~, zubha lagna tathA bali kA diyA jAnA Adi Avazyaka upakaraNa the (165.26, 30) / phira bhI yadi dhAtuvAdI svarNa banAne meM saphala na ho pAte to apane pUrva janma ke puNya ke abhAva ko hI isakA kAraNa mAnate the| 1. pASANa-dhAtvAdidRtibhasmakaraNam / dhAtvoSadhInAM saMyogakriyAjJAnam / dhAtusAMkarya pArthakyakaraNam / dhAtvAdInAM saMyoga-pUrvavijJAnam / kSAraniSkAsanajJAnam / - zukranIti, 64 klaaeN| 2. kuva0 22.5, 98.19, 20, 104.19, 191.24, 191-197, 269.7, 8. aha tattha vi NiviNNA allINA kaM pi erisaM purisaM / dhAuvvAyaM dhamimo ti teNa te ki pi sikkhiviyA // -191.24. 4. kahiM bhaNaha sAmaggIe jAo Na jAo, jeNa kaNayaM ti ciMtiyaM suvvaM jAyaM / -195.28 5. tahavi vihaDiyaM savvaM / Natthi punva-puNNo amhANaM / vahI 195.30.31.

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220 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prayoga-prakriyA-ukta upakaraNa ekatra ho jAne para bhI hara koI dhAtuvAda kA prayoga nahIM kara sakatA thaa| kyoMki vibhinna dhAtuoM aura auSadhiyoM meM agni lagA dene se jaba ve jalane lagatI thIM to unase nikalatI huI jvAlA kA sahI-sahI jJAna karanA bar3A kaThina thaa| jvAlA ke vibhinna raMgoM kI pahacAna ke dvArA hI prayoga saphala hogA yA nahIM isakI jAnakArI kI jAtI thii| jvAlA ke lakSaNa isa prakAra the-jvAlA yadi raktavarNa ho to tA~bA, pIlI ho to svarNa, zveta ho to rajata, kAlI ho to lohA evaM prabhAvahIna ho to kAMsA utpanna hotA hai|' java jvAlA prakhara evaM zobhAyukta ho tabhI usa prayoga ke dvArA svarNa kI prApti hotI hai / komala aura tejahIna jvAlA se kucha hAtha nahIM lagatA / ' jvAlA lakSaNa dvArA jvAlA vizeSa ko jAnakara kuzala narendra satva vizeSa ko hAtha meM lekara, iSTadeva ko namaskAra kara, paripAkacarNa ko grahaNa kara, siddhoM aura joNIpAhuDa (nAmaka vidyA) ke siddhoM ko praNAma karate huye kuDi ke mukha meM (musA-muhammi) paripAkacUrNa ko DAlate the| cUrNa DAlate hI kuMDI jalane lagatI thI aura jaise hI vaha sIdhI hoto niSeka karane yogya padArthoM kA usameM siMcana kiyA jaataa| thor3I hI dera bAda vahA~ kA pradeza camakane lagatA aura svarNa taiyAra ho jAtA thaa| prayoga meM asaphalatA evaM saphalatA-dhAtuvAda kA prayoga karane meM sabhI saphala nahIM hote the| isake lie vidyA meM kuzalatA evaM bar3I sAdhanA kI jarUrata hotI thii| jo vyakti satvarahita, apavitra, abrahmacArI, tRSNAyukta, mitra ko ThaganevAlA, kRtaghna, devatAoM ko na mAnanevAlA, maMtrarahita, utsAha rahita, guru-nindaka tathA zraddhArahita ho vaha dhAtuvAda meM kabhI saphala nahIM ho sakatA (167.22, 24) / jo ina doSoM se rahita ho tathA guru aura devoM kA ArAdhaka ho vaha narendra parvata ko bhI svarNa vanA sakatA hai| tIna prakAra ke prayogavAdI-svarNa banAne kA prayoga karanevAle vyakti tIna prakAra ke hote the :---(1) kriyAvAdI, (2) narendra aura (3) dhaatuvaado| 1. taMbammi hoi rattA pItA kaNayammi sukkilA rayae / lohe kasiNA kaMsammi NippabhA hoi jAlAo ||-kuv0 195.14. 2. jai AvaTTaM davvaM tA esA hoi ahiya rehillaa|| aha kahavi aNAvaTTo sa cciya mauyA ya vicchAyA ||-vhii 195.15. 3. jANiUNa jAlA-visesaM kumAreNa-avalaMviUNa sattaM-paNamiyA siddhA, gahiyaM taM paDivAya-cuNNaM abhimaMtiyaM ca imAe vijjaae| avi ya Namo siddhANaM Namo joNI-pAhuDa-siddhANaM imANaM / imaM ca vijja par3hateNa pakkhitaM mUsA-muhammi, dhaga ti ya pajjaliyA mUsA osAriyA ya, NisittA NiseeNa thoba-velAe NiyacchiyaM jAva vijju-puMja-sacchayaM kaNayaM ti |-kuv0 196.30,190.1. 4. je guru-devaya-mahimANutapparA syl-stt-sNpnnnnaa| te tArisA NariMdA kareti giriNo vi hemamae ||--kuv0 197-27.

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dhAtuvAda evaM suvarNa siddhi 221 kintu loka meM ina sabako dhAtuvAdI hI kahA jAtA thA / ' yadyapi tInoM ke kArya alaga-alaga the| kriyAvAdI yoga sAdhanA ke dvArA svarNa vanAte the| jo caturAI pUrvaka pArA Adi rasa ko bA~dhate the ve narendra kahalAte the aura jo dhAtuoM ko lekara parvata kI guphAoM meM agnikarma Adi karake svarNa banAte the unheM dhAtuvAdI kahA jAtA thA (197,30.31) / inake bhI aneka bheda haiN| kriyAe~ kaI prakAra kI haiM-ardhakriyA, utkRSTakriyA, kaSTa-kriyA, rasakriyA, dhAtumUlakriyA Adi / nAga, gaMdha, tAMbA, hema, yavakSAra, sIsA, pu, kAMsA, rupayA, svarNa, loha, kSAra, sUcaka-kunar3I, tAla, nAginI, bhramara Adi bheda se narendroM ke kaI bheda haiN| aura dhAtuvAdiyoM kA varNana to itanA vistRta hai ki usakA varNana karanA var3A muzkila hai (198.1, 5) / udyotana dvArA prastuta dhAtuvAda kA uparyukta vistRta vivaraNa isa bAta kA pratIka hai, prAcIna bhArata meM dhAtuvAda kAphI prasiddha rahA hogA / svarNa ko zuddha karane kI prakriyA prAcIna bhArata meM bahuta pahale se pracalita thii| usI kA vikasita rUpa yaha dhAtuvAda hai / dhAtuvAda meM kevala svarNa dhAtu ko hI zuddha nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, apitu vibhinna dhAtuoM ko aneka masAloM ke saMyoga se svarNa meM parivartita kara liyA jAtA thA / dhAtuvAda ko narendrakalA (ku0 197.16) tathA dhAtuvAdiyoM ko narendra kahA jAtA thA / jAtyasvarNa kuva0 meM dhAtuvAda ke atirikta jAtyasvarNa evaM svarNasiddhi kA bhI varNana AyA hai| svarNa taiyAra karane kI eka bhinna prakriyA thii| jAtyasvarNa use kahA jAtA thA, jo maila sahita kaccI dhAtu se vizeSa vizuddhIkaraNa kI prakriyA dvArA zuddha kiyA jAtA thaa| grantha meM jAtyasvarNa se nArakIya jIvoM kI tAr3ana Adi kriyAoM ko tulanA kI gayI hai, jo svarNa ko zuddha karane kI prakriyA para prakAza 1. kiriyAvAi NariMdA dhAuvvAI ya tiNi eyAI / loe puNa supasiddhaM dhAuvvAI ime sabve ||-kuv0 197.29. 2. We get some details about Dhatuvada i. e., the art of making artificial gold, being practised in a secluded part the Vindhya forest.......It appears that one of the epithets of the Dhatuvadins was Narendra, meaning a master of charms or antidotes. The word is also used in this sense in classical Sanskrit literatur. Dhatuvada is also called Narendra-kala. -Kuv. Int. p. 127. 3. aNeya kama-ccheya-tADaNAhoNa-ghaDaNa-vihaDaNAhiM avagaya-bahukamma-kiTTassa jacca suvaNassa va-kuva0 2.2.

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222 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DAlatI hai| isa prasaMga kA sva0 DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne isa prakAra anuvAda kiyA hai : There is a reference to gold of highest purity (jacca-suvanpa-jatya --suvarna, 2.2). Whatever impurity or dross was contained in the gold brought to the goldsmith was removed by the latter by subjecting it to different processes of testing it on the touch-stone (Kasa); cutting (cheda), heating under regulated fire (tava), beating out into flat sheets (tadana), filing the sheets and the same process of beating it into a different shape, giving it a shape of round bar and dividing into several parts for final testing (vihadana). The purest gold (jaccasuvanpa) was styled as dohdahi in Persian. -Kuv. Int. P. 113. jAtyasvarNa paraziyana kI dohadahI prakriyA ke anurUpa hai| bhArata meM ise bArahavANI kahA jAtA thA / ThakkurapherU ne dravyaparIkSA meM 12 DigrI taka vizuddha sone ko pramANita svarNa kahA hai (bhittiknk)| pUrva-muslima kAla meM vizuddhasonA 16 DigrI kA mAnA jAtA thA, jise SoDasavarNanaka kahA jAtA thaa| ise udyotanasUri dvArA ullikhita 'jaccasuvaNNa' kahA jA sakatA hai| mAnasollAsa meM bhI SoDasavarNa kA ullekha hai, jise hindI meM solahavAnI tathA rAjasthAnI meM solamo sono kahA jAtA hai tathA jJAnezvarI meM ise solena kahA gayA hai| (anu0 85) / kAdambarI meM jisa zRMgIkanaka kA ullekha hai, sambhavataH vaha uddyotana kA 'jaccasuvaNNa' hI hai / svarNasiddhi-kuva0 meM svarNa taiyAra karane kI eka aura prakriyA kA varNana hai| lobhadeva nAmaka vyApArI kI kathA ke prasaMga meM svarNa banAnevAle samudracArI agniyaka nAmaka mahAviTa kA ullekha huA hai / " lobhadeva jaise hI tAradvIpa ke kinAre lagA use kAle varNavAle, raktapiMgala A~khoM vAle, sira para jaTAjaTa dhAraNa kiye hue yamadUta sadRza kucha puruSoM ne pakar3a liyaa| pakar3a kara use apane svAmI ke pAsa laaye| pahale lobhadeva ko khUba khilAyA-pilAyA gyaa| ekAeka phira use vA~dha diyA gayA (uddhAviehiM bddho)| phira bahuta se loga usake mAMsa ko kATane lage (6623) / mA~sa chIlakara usakA rudhira bhI ekatra kiyA gayA (chiNNaM maMsaM, paDicchiyaM ruhirN)| lobhadeva java vedanA se cillAne lagA to kisI auSadhi vizeSa kA usa para vilepa kiyA gayA, jisase vedanA zAnta ho 1. kalcarala noTa, iNTroDakzana, kuva0, pR0 113. 2. dravyaparIkSA- ThakkurapherU, pR0 17, jodhapura 1961. 3. kAvyamImAMsA-rAjazekhara, a0 17. 4. draSTavya- 'da hAiesTa pyuriTI Apha golDa ina iNDiyA'-- DA0 agravAla, da jarnala Apha da nyumesameTika sosAyaTI ina iNDiyA, bhAga 16, pR0 270.74. 5. atthi samuddoyaracArI aggiyao NAma mahAviDo, 69.26.

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dhAtuvAda evaM suvarNa siddhi 223 gaI aura ghAva bharane lge| isa prakAra pratyeka chaH mAha meM lobhadeva kA mAMsa aura rudhira ve samudra cArI nikAlate the aura usase svarNa banAte the| ___ vAsava mantrI ke pUchane para dharmanandana muni ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA ki samudracAriyoM kA mahAviTa samudra ke kinAre kisI vizeSa jalacara ko pakar3atA thA (jalagocara-saMThANo, noTa 68.26); phira madhusiMcana aura gaMdharocana ke dvArA usakI parIkSA karatA thaa| yadi vaha unake kArya kA hotA (tao taM pagalai) to phira usako rUdhira aura mAMsa ke dvArA vizeSa auSadhi sahita sApha karatA thA aura anta meM hajAragunA tA~bA milAkara usakA svarNa banA letA thA (suvvaM sahasseNa pAviUNa hemaM kuNai tti) / DA0 upAdhye ke anusAra ve cAMdI kA sonA banAte the| DA0 agravAla kA kathana hai ki isa prakAra kI prakriyA se sonA banAnevAle muslimayuga meM 'momAi' kahe jAte the, jo yUnAnI cikitsakoM meM kAphI prasiddha the|" 1. vilitto keNa vi osaha danva-joeNaM, uvasaMtA veyaNA, rUDhaM aMga-69.24 : 2. evaM ca chammAse chammAse ukkatiya-mAsa-khaMDo viyaliya-ruhiro aTThi-seso - mahAdukkha-samudda-majjha-gao bArasa saMvaccharAI vsio| -69.30-31. 3. tassa parikkhA madhusitthayaM gaMdharohayaM ca matthae kariiM, 69.27. 4. u0--kuva0 i0, pR0 138. 5. vahI, pR0 120.

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adhyAya pA~ca zikSA, bhASA aura boliyA~

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pariccheda eka zikSA evaM sAhitya uddyotanasUri ne prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA, bhASAoM aura boliyoM ke sambandha meM kuvalayamAlAkahA meM jo jAnakArI dI hai, usake adhyayana se kaI navIna tathya prApta hote haiN| grantha kI isa sAmagrI kA adhyayana kaI vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai|' ataH yahA~ viSaya kI purAvRtti na karate hue kucha pramukha tathyoM para hI prakAza DAlA jaayegaa| zikSA ___ vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke lie zikSA prApta karanA prAcIna samaya se hI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya-zikSA paddhati kA uddezya thA caritra kA saMgaThana, vyaktitva kA nirmANa, prAcIna saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM ko sampanna karane ke lie udIyamAna pIr3hI kA prazikSaNa / 2 kuvalayamAlAkahA meM bhI zikSA ke isI uddezya ko sAmane rakhA gayA hai / vANijya evaM vyApAra meM dakSatA prApta karanA zikSaNa kA eka viSaya hai, kintu jaba taka usakA vyAvahArika prayoga na ho, upayogitA sAbita nahIM hotii| uddyotanasUri kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne zikSA ke sambandha meM jo Adarza prastuta kiye haiM kathA ke pAtroM dvArA unakA pAlana bhI karavAyA hai| nhoMne jitanI bhASAoM kA nAma liyA hai, grantha meM kahIM na kahIM unake sAhityika 1. e mAsTara-'glIniMgasa phrAma da kuvalayamAlAkahA' buleTina Apha da esa0 o0 e0 esa0 bhAga 13, 3,4, laMdana, 1950. kyUparaliDana-'da paizAcI phregamenTa Apha da kuvalayamAlA' iNDo irAniyana jarnala, phasTa, 3 pR0 229.40, da hagu 1957. upAdhye- 'da kuvalayamAlAkahA eNDa mADarna skAlarazipa' eNTroDakzana, 18. 2. altekara-ejukezana ina aiMziyaNTa iNDiyA, pR0 326.

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228 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aMza uddharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta bhI kiye haiN| ataH kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullikhita zikSA evaM sAhitya viSayaka sAmagrI paramparAgata hI nahIM, navIna aura vyAvahArika bhI hai| zikSA kA prArambha-kuvalayacandra java pATha kalAoM se yukta candramA kI bhA~ti ATha varSa kA ho gayA taba tithi sudhavAkara zubha nakSatra evaM sundara lagna meM use lekhAcArya ke pAsa le jAyA gyaa|' prAcIna bhAratIya granthoM meM zikSA kA prArambha prAyaH ATha varSa kI avasthA se mAnA jAtA hai| ATha varSa kI avasthA meM upanayana saMskAra hotA thaa| tadantara zikSA prArambha hotI thii| kyoMki taba taka vAlaka kA mastiSka zikSA grahaNa karane yogya ho jAtA thaa| jaina granthoM meM ullikhita zikSA-paddhati meM bhI ATha varSa kI Ayu meM zikSA kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai| kintu kucha isake apavAda bhI haiN| smatiyoM meM pA~ca varSa ke bAlaka kI zikSA prArambha karane kA vidhAna bhI hai| AdipurANa meM pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM lipisaMskAra karane kA ullekha hai, jisameM suvarNapaTTa para akSarajJAna prArambha kara diyA jAtA thA (38.102,106) / kintu zAstroM ke adhyayana kA prArambha yahA~ bhI upanItikriyA ke vAda mAnA gayA hai| ataH yaha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sAmAnyataH ATha varSa kI prAyu meM vidyA adhyayana prArambha kara diyA jAtA thaa| isa kAraNa upanayana saMskAra ko kalAgrahaNa' utsava bhI kahA jAne lagA thaa| gurukUla evaM vidyAgRha-vArANasI uttara bhArata meM evaM vijayapUrI dakSiNa bhArata meM prasiddha zikSA kendra the| lekhaka ne takSazilA ke varNana meM usako vyAparika sthiti kA to ullekha kiyA hai kintu usake vidyAsthAna hone kA varNana nahIM kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke prasiddha vidyA. kendroM meM jAkara adhyayana karanA isa samaya kama ho gayA thA kyoMki isa samaya nikaTavartI nijI vidyAgRhoM meM athavA eka guru se, adhyayana karane kI paraMparA aTTha-kalo vva miyaMko aha jAo aTTavariso so--lehAyariyassa uvaNIo kuva0 21.12-13. 2. eva0 Ara0 kApar3iyA-'da jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' jarnala Apha da yuni0 Apha vAmbe janavarI 1940, pR0 206 Adi / -ja0 jai0 ke0 pR0 169 para uddhRta. DI0 sI dAsagupta-- 'jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' pR0 74 -bhagavatI (abhayadeva vRtti) 11.11, 429 pR0 999 / --nAyAghammakahAo, 1.20 pR0 31, kathAkoSaprakaraNa, pR0 8, jJAnapaMcamIkahA, 6.92 Adi / 3. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 261 64. 4 'prAcIna bhArata meM jaina zikSaNapaddhati'-DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa, saMsad-patrikA, 1965.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 229 bar3ha gayI thI / kula milAkara granthakAra ne bar3e vidyA kendroM ke rUpa meM vArANasI aura vijayapurI kA hI ullekha kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM adhyayana karane ke kendra ke rUpa meM cAra prakAra ke sandarbha prApta hote haiM / kuvalayacandra ko lekhAcArya ke sAtha eka aise nijI vidyAgRha meM rakhA gayA thA, jahA~ sakala parijanoM ke darzana to dUra sUrya aura candramA bhI dikhAyI nahIM par3ate the / bAraha varSa taka kumAra mAtA-pitA ke darzana kiye vinA usa vidyAgRha meM (21, 14-15) / isa prakAra ke nijI vidyAgRhoM kA usa samaya bAhulya thA / rAjakumAra evaM zreSThiputroM ke lie ina vidyAgahoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / usa samaya apane ghara para svatantra rIti se adhyayana karAne vAle AcArya zikSaNa ke merudaNDa the / dhanapAla tilaka maMjarI meM eka aise hI nijI vidyAgRha kA ullekha kiyA hai / rahA dUsare prasaMga meM vidyAgRha kA kArya eka vyakti hI sampanna karatA hai / marukaccha ke rAjA bhRgu kI putrI kevala viduSI hI nahIM, apitu adhyApana-kArya meM bhI nipuNa thI / usane thor3e hI samaya meM rAjakIra ko akSarajJAna, nRtya, vyAkaraNa, samudrazAstra, Adi sabhI vidyAoM kA adhyayana karavAkara paMDita banA diyA thA / ( tIe pasAeNa grahaM aha jAmro paMDimro sahasA ( 123.24) / rAjakIra ne sabhI zAstroM kA adhyayana karake adhyApana kArya karane kI kuzalatA bhI prApta thI / avasara par3ane para usane bhI saMnyAsinI aiNikA ko grakSarajJAna se lekara dharma-artha evaM kAma vidyAoM ke sabhI zastroM kA adhyayana karAyA thAsavva saNNAzro gAhiyA to dhammattha- kAma - satthAI prahIyAI - ( 127.17) / tIsare prakAra ke vidyAgRha sAdhu aura sAdhviyoM ke upAzraya aura vasatisthAna the / vahA~ upAdhyAyoM ke dvArA paramparAgata zAstroM kI zikSA dene ke sAthasAtha, zabda, hetuzAstra, chedasUtra, ( prAyazcita vidhAyaka - zAstra), darzana, kAvya eva nimitta-vidyA Adi sikhAye jAte the / zramaNasaMdhoM kI ye calatI-phiratI pAThazAlAeM thI / kuvalayamAlA meM AcArya dharmanandana ke ziSya gyAraha AgamoM ( 34.11) ke adhyayana evaM vAcana ke sAtha hI tantra, mantra, kAvya, jyotiSa Adi zAstroM kA bhI pArAyaNa karate the / 3 kuvalayamAlA kahA meM cauthe prakAra ke zikSAkendra ke rUpa meM maTha kA ullekha huA hai / kuvalayacandra ne vijayapurI meM praviSTa hone ke pUrva eka maMdira sadRza maTha ko dekhA, jo sArvajanika chAtroM kA maTha thA-Na hoI imaM maMdiraM kiMtu savvacaTTaNaM-maDhaM (150.18) | dakSibhArata meM sthita yaha maTha deza ke vibhinna prAntoM 1. a0 - kA0 sA0 a0, pR0 15. 2. ja0 - jai0 A0 sa0, pR0 299. 3. bahu-taMta-ta-vijjAviyANayA siddha-joya - joisiyA / acchaMti aNugutA avare siddhata - sArAI || -- kuva0 34.27.

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230 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke chAtroM kA nivAsa-sthAna evaM adhyayana kendra thaa| isa maTha meM vaidika, bauddha, cArvAka evaM zramaNadarzana ke atirikta anya sabhI viSayoM kA bhI adhyayana hotA thaa| prAcIna gurukuloM kA vikasita rUpa isa maTha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM maThoM kI paramparA paryApta vikasita rahI hai| zikSaNIya viSaya uddyotanasUri ne uparyukta zikSaNa kendroM meM vibhinna viSayoM ke paThana-pAThana kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAmAnyatayA zikSAkendroM meM ve hI viSaya chAtroM ko par3hAye, jAte the jinase unakA bauddhika vikAsa ho tathA jo unake jIvana meM upayogI ho / ' kuvalayamAlAkahA meM zikSaNIya viSayoM se sambandhita jo ullekha prApta haiM unako isa prakAra vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai vyAkaraNa evaM darzana zAstra-maThoM meM rahakara adhyayana karane vAle chAtroM ko vyAkaraNa evaM darzana-zAstra kA adhyayana karanA anivArya thaa| isake sAtha anya viSayoM kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| vijayapurI ke sArvajanika maTha meM jaba kuvalayacandra pahu~cA to usane vahAM kI vyAkhyAna-zAlA kA nirIkSaNa kiyA--diDAvo ya teNa vakkhANa maMDalIvo (150,24) / vahAM pratyeka viSaya ke lie alaga-alaga vyAkhyAna-kakSa the / uddyotana ne unameM par3hAye jAne vAle viSayoM kA sUkSma varNana kiyA hai : prathama vyAkhyAna maNDapa meM prakRti, pratyaya, lopa, Agama, varNavikAra, Adeza, samAsa, upasarga ke anveSaNa se nipuNa vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA vyAkhyAna ho rahA thA / sambhava hai, pANini, pataMjali ke prasiddha vyAkaraNa-grantha evaM siddhAntakaumudI vagairaha kA vahA~ adhyayana hotA rahA ho| vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana 10vIM sadI taka paryApta vikasita ho cukA thaa| somadeva ne indra, jinendra, candra, Apizala, pANini tathA pataMjali ke vyAkaraNa-zAstroM ke adhyayana kA ullekha kiyA hai| 72 kalAoM meM bhI vyAkaraNa ko pramukha sthAna prApta hai| dUsare kakSa meM bauddhadarzana, tIsare kakSa meM sAMkhyadarzana, caturtha vyAkhyAnamaNDapa meM vaizeSikadarzana, pA~cavIM vyAkhyAnazAlA meM mImAMsAdarzana, chaThaveM kakSa meM nyAya-darzana, sAMtave kakSa meM anekAntadarzana tathA aMtima AThaveM vyAkhyAnakakSa meM lokAyata (cArvAka) darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA paThana-pAThana hotA thaa| ina saba darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kI samIkSA Age dhArmika jIvana vAle adhyAya meM prastuta kI jaayegii| 1. draSTavya-rAmajI upAdhyAya, prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika-bhUmikA, pR0 193.160. payai-paccaya-lovAgama-vaNNa-viyArAdesa-samAsovasagga-maggaNA-NiuNaM vAgaraNaM vakkhA Nijjai tti (150.25) / 3. jai0-yaza0 sAM0, pR0 162.64.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya kuvalayacandra ko yaha dekhakara Azcarya huA ki vijayapurI meM eka sAtha ina sabhI darzanoM kI par3hAI hoto hai (151.4) / vyAkaraNa evaM darzana ke ina viSayoM ke atirikta usa maTha meM anya jina viSayoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana hotA thA granthakAra ne unakA bhI ullekha kiyaa| nimitta, mantra, yoga, aMjana, kAlAjAdU (kuhayaM), dhAtuvAda, yakSiNI-siddhi, yuddha vijJAna (khattaM), yogamAlA, mantramAlA, gArur3avidyA, jyotiSa, rasa-bandha, rasAyaNa, chanda, vRtti, nirukta, patraccheda, indrajAla, dantakRta, leppakRta, citrakalA, kaNakakarma, viSagaratantra bhUtatatra Adi zatAdhika zAstroM kA pArAyaNa usa maTha meM chAtra kara rahe the-sayAiM satthANi suvvaMti (151.7, 10) / __ kucha chAtra vahAM aise rahate the jo kevala mUlarUpa meM vedoM kA hI pATha karate the-kevala veya-pATha-mUlabuddhi-vittharA caTThA (151.12) / kintu zArIrika evaM cAritrika dRSTi se ve hIna the (151.14, 16) / maTha meM itane viSayoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana kArya dekhakara kumAra ko kahanA par3A ki dhanya haiM yahA~ ke upAdhyAya, jo 72 kalAoM aura 64 vijJAnoM meM nipuNa haiM / ' grantha meM anyatra bhI udyotanasUri ne 72 kalAoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| isakI saMkSipta jAnakArI isa prakAra haibhAratIya sAhitya meM kalAeM ___ adhyayanIya viSayoM ke antargata purUSoM evaM striyoM ke lie kalAoM ke parijJAna kA ullekha bhAratIya sAhitya ke aneka granthoM meM milatA hai / 'kalA' zabda kA prayoga zAyada sabase pahale bharata ke nATyazAstra meM hI milatA hai| bAda meM kAmasUtra aura zukranIti Adi meM isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pramukharUpa se rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata (14.86,3), zukranIti, vAkyapadIya, kalAvilAsa (kSemendra), dazakumAracarita, brahmANDapurANa, bhAgavatapurANa kI TIkA, mahimnastotra TIkA, zrRMgAraprakAza, kAvyAdarza, zaivatanaya, saptazatITIkA, saubhAgyabhAskara Adi hindU granthoM meM kalA ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prAyaH sabhI meM 64 kalAeM hI varNita haiN| kevala kSemendra ne kalAvilAsa meM kalA ke bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA kI hai aura unakI saMkhyA 100 se bhI adhika ginAyI hai| bauddhagraMthoM meM lalitavistara (pR0 156) meM pramukha rUpa se vividha kalAoM kA varNana hai| isameM kalAoM kI saMkhyA 86 ginAyI gaI hai| divyAvadAna meM (pR0 58, 100 evaM 391) bhI kalAoM ke ullekha haiM / 1. aho sAhu sAhu-uvajjhAyA NaM bahattarikalA-kusalA caDasaThThi-viNNANabhaMtarA ya . ee tti / 151.11 2. 'na tajjAnaM na tacchityaM na sA vidyA na sA kalA'-nATyazAstra, 1.116. 3. hindI vizvakoza, khaNDa 2, pR0 378. 4. bhAratakoza, bhAga 3, surezacandra vandyopAdhyAya,

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232 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina sAhitya meM jahA~ kahIM bhI adhyayanIya viSayoM kI carcA huI hai vahA~ para kalAoM kA varNana vistAra se huA hai| 1. jJAtA dharmakathA 2. samavAyAAMgasUtra 3. aupapAtika sUtra 4. rAjapraznIyasUtra' 5. kalpasUtra 6. vipAkasUtra 7. aMgazAstra 8. pRthvIcandra carita 9. samarAdityakathA 10. kuvalayamAlA 11. pravandhakoza 12. prAkRtasUktaratnamAlAAdi granthoM meM 72 kalAoM evaM jambUdvIpaprajJapti Adi meM 64 kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| haribhadrasUri ne yadyapi 89 kalAyeM ginAyI haiM, parantu jaina-sAhitya meM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke liye 72-vAvattarikalApaMDiyA vi purisA'-evaM striyoM ke liye 64 kalAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| NAyakumAracariu evaM yazastilakacampU Adi kucha graMthoM meM yadyapi kalAoM kI saMkhyA nahIM ginAyo gayI phira bhI prAya: sabhI kalAoM kA prakArAntara se varNana kiyA gayA hai| kuvalayamAlA meM 72 kalAyeM prAyaH hara jagaha kalAoM kA varNana rAjakumAroM ke vidyAbhyAsa ke samaya kiyA gayA hai / udyotanasUri ne bhI iso avasara ko upayukta cunA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM jaba kuvalayacandra apanA adhyayana samApta kara AcArya ke sAtha rAjadhAnI vApisa lauTate haiM to unake pitA mahArAja dRr3havarman prAcArya se pUchate haiMuvajjhAya, kiM abhigo kalA-kalAvo kumAreNa Na vA (21.20) / prathama to AcArya ne yaha kaha kara ki 'kumAra ne eka bhI kalA ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA 'rAjA ko vismaya meM DAla diyaa| kintu bAda meM svayaMvarA kalAoM ne svayaM kumAra ko grahaNa kara liyA hai' (21.29) kahakara rAjA ko harSita kara diyA aura unake punaH pUchane para nimna 72 kalAoM kA AcArya ne paricaya diyA :-1. Alekhya, 2. nATya, 3. jyotiSa (joisa), 4. gaNita, 5. ratnaparIkSA (guNA ya rayaNANaM), 6. vyAkaraNa, 7. veda-zruti, 8. gAndharvakalA, 6. gaMdha-yukti (gaMdha-juttI), 10. sAMkhya (saMkhaM), 11. yoga (jogo), 12. varSA yA varSa kA parijJAna (vArisa-guNA), 13. horA, 14. nyAyazAstra (heu-satthaM), 15. chanda, 16. vRtti, 17. niruktaM, 18. svapnazAstra (sumiNaya-sattthaM), 16. zakunajJAna (sauNa-jANaM), 20. Ayurveda (AujjANaM) 21. azvavidyA (turayANa-lakkhaNaM), 22. gajavidyA (hatthINaM lakkhaNaM) 23. vAstu-parIkSA (vatthu), 24. vastrakrIDA (vahA kheDDa) 25. pAtAlasiddhi (guhAgayaM), 26. indrajAla, 27. hAthodAMta kI kalA (daMta-kayaM), 28. tAMbe kI kalA (taMba-kayaM), 29. lepyakarma, 30. viniyoga (prazAsana-kalA), 31. kAvya, 32. patraccheda, 33. phUla ugAne kI kalA (phulla-vihI), 34. siMcana karma (alla-kamma), 35. dhAtuvAda, 36 pAMsA khelanA (akkhAiyA), 37. tantra-vidyA (taMtAI), 1. ja0-jai0 A0 sa0, pR0 296. 2. pA0 ma0, pR0 230.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 233 38. puSpa sajjA ( puppha- sayaDI), 38. zabda - jJAna ( zrakkhara ) 40. zAstra -jJAna (samaya), nighandu, 42. rAmAyaNa, 43. mahAbhArata, 44. kRSNa loha-karma ( kAlAyasa - kammaM ), 45. chIMka - nirNaya ( sekka (sikka) niSNo ), 46. svarNakarma, 47. citrakalA (citta- kalA - juttIzro ), 48. dyUta, 46. yantra- prayoga ( jaMtapogo), 50. vANijya, 51. hAra-granthana ( mAlAittaNaM), 52. vastra banAne kI kalA ( vattha - kammaM ), 53. AbhUSaNa - kalA ( AlaMkAriya-kammaM), 54. upaniSad ( upaNisa), 55. praznottara-tantra ( paNNayara - taMtaM), 56. nATaka - yoga (sadhve gADayajogA ), 57. kathA - nibandha, 58. dhanurveda, 58. dezI bhASA - jJAna ( desIo), 60. pAkazAstra ( sUva-satthaM ), 61. ArohaNa (AruhayaM ), 62. loka - vArtA, 63. ava-svApinI vidyA ( osovaNa ), 64. tAlA kholane kI vidyA (tAlugghA - DaNI), 65. mAyA-kapaTa, 67. mUlakarma 68. lAvaNyayuddha, 66. mugAM-yuddha 70. zayanAsana vyavasthA ( sayaNAsaNasaMvihANAI), 71. dAna evaM dakSiNya tathA 72. mRdu evaM madhuratA ( mauyattaNaM mahurayA ) / uparyukta 72 kalAoM kA vargIkaraNa prAkRta kuvalayamAlA ke gujarAtI anuvAdaka AcArya hemasAgara sUri ne apanI suvidhAnusAra kiyA hai / kintu inameM se kucha kalAeM aisI haiM jinakA bhedakara unheM alaga-alaga kiyA jAnA cAhiye aura kucha kalAoM ko eka kalA ke antargata ho samAhita honA cAhie thA / ' 72 kalAoM meM adhikAMza kalAoM kA artha spaSTa hai / kintu kucha kalAeM aisI haiM jinakA artha pUrNatayA samajha meM nahIM AtA / aura vaha taba taka nahIM A sakatA jaba taka tatkAlIna pariveza ko dhyAna meM rakhakara na socA jAya / kalAoM ke artha nizcaya meM kucha matabheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kucha navInatA bhI / nimnakalAoM kA vaiziSTya draSTavya hai : AyujjA - isase ApAtataH AyudhajJAna kA bodha ho sakatA hai kintu isakA vAstavika zabdArtha hai - AyujJAna | Ayurveda kI zikSA | vatyuM - isakA artha vidvAn anuvAdaka ne 'vastuparIkSA' kiyA hai, parantu vastukalA se isakA sambandha honA caahie| kyoMki kalAoM ke isa varNana meM anyatra kahI vAstukalA kA ullekha nahIM hai, jaba ki 72 kalAoM meM vaha sabase pramukha kalA mAnI gayI hai / aMgazAstra evaM samarAdityakathA meM kramazaH vatthuvijjA evaM vatthugAva kA ullekha huA hai, jisakA artha hai -- gRhanirmANa ko jAnane evaM banAne kI kalA / ataH ukta 'vatthu' ko sthApatyakalA se hI sambandhita honA cAhie / 1. draSTavya - lekhaka kA lekha 'kuva0 meM varNita 72 kalAyeM : eka adhyayana' - marudhara kesarI abhinandana grantha | 2. amarakoza, 1.5. 3. aMgazAstra, pR0 26. 4. ha0 - sa0 ka0 aSTama bhava, pR0 734.

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234 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana daMtakayaM-hAthIdA~ta kI klaa| kintu 'dantaraMjana' kI kalA bhI isakA artha ho sakatA hai| kyoMki isake pUrva bhAgavatapurANa kI vyAkhyA meM dantaraMjana kI kalA kA 8vIM kalA ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai / ' viNiyoge-uddyotanasUri ne kalA ke rUpa meM isa zabda kA nayA prayoga kiyA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM pracalita niyoga prathA se to isakA sambandha nahIM ho sktaa| viNioga kA artha upayoga yA jJAna kiyA gayA hai| sambhavataH yaha viziSTa prakAra ke jJAna rakhane kI kalA ho| kintu isase upayukta isakA artha 'prazAsana-kalA' karanA caahie| kyoMki 'viNioga' kA artha-AjJA, hukma Adi bhI milatA hai| 'niyojita karanA' artha bhI prazAsana se sambandha rakhatA hai| allakamma-alla kA zAbdika artha kozakAra ne 'adde' kiyA hai, jisakA artha dina yA divasa bhI hotA hai| ataH isase hama 'dainikavyavahAra kI kalA' kA bhI artha grahaNa kara sakate haiN| anuvAdaka ne zAyada isI abhiprAya se isakA artha 'namaskAra ko kalA' kiyA hai, kintu yadi 'aha' kA artha 'Ardra' kiyA jAya to sahaja hI ukta kalA siMcanakarma se sambandhita ho jAtI hai / 34-puSpavidhi kalA ke bAda isakA ullekha bhI 'siMcanakarma' kA hI samarthana karatA hai| sakkhAiyA-isakA artha, AkhyAyikA ke artha meM kahAnI likhane yA kahane kI kalA kiyA jA sakatA hai| anya granthoM meM bhI isakA yahI artha hai / anuvAdaka ne 'pAMsA khelane kI kriyA' isakA artha kiyA hai, jabaki dyUtakarma kA isa prasaMga meM alaga se ullekha hai| kAlAyasakamma-kRSNa lohe ko Aga meM galAkara usase zastra Adi banAne kI kalA / Ajakala lohAra jisa kArya ko karate haiN| mAlAittaNaM-puSpoM ke hAra Adi gUthane kI kalA / mAlI kA kArya / upaNisayaM-isakA artha upanizraya ho sakatA hai, kintu aupaniSadika artha karanA adhika saMgata hai / upaniSada vidyA kA artha rahasyavidyA hai| aisI vidyA, jise guru apane viziSTa ziSya ko hI par3hAte the aura jisako gopana rakhane kI ziSya ko pratijJA karanI par3atI thii| anuvAdaka ne isakA artha 'mugaTanI kalA' kiyA hai jisakA artha jAdU-TonA bhI hai| prosovaNi-avasvApinI-vidyA, jisake prabhAva se dUsare ko gADha nidrAdhIna kiyA jA ske| devAnandA brAhmaNI ko avasvApinI vidyA se sulAkara 1. bhAgavatapurANa kI TIkA / 2. ardhamAgadhI koza bhAga 4, pR0 552. 3. ardhamAgadhIkoza bhAga 2, pR0 936. 4. pA0 ma0, pR0 74.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 235 hariNegameSI ne mahAvIra kA garbhaharaNa kiyA thaa|' anuvAdaka ne 'avasvApinI nidrA' isakA artha kiyA hai| nidrA kI jagaha vidyA kahanA adhika saMgata hai / mUlakamma-prAthamika upacAra kA jnyaan| samarAdityakathA meM eka ghAyala vyakti kA auSadhivalaya se upacAra karane ko 'mUlakama' kahA gayA hai|' isa taraha ukta vivecana ke bAda bhI ye kalAeM abhI bhI adhika gaveSaNA kI apekSA rakhatI haiN| udyotanasUri ne 72 kalAoM ke atirikta kucha anya vidyAoM kA bhI kuvalayamAlAkahA meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM varNana kiyA hai, jo vyakti ke bauddhikavikAsa evaM jJAna ke vibhinna kSetroM se sambandhita haiN| azvavidyA 72 kalAoM ke antargata-'turayAvalakkhaNaM lakkhaNaM ca hatthINaM (22.3) kA ullekha huA hai / ataH azvavidyA rAjakumAroM ke zikSaNIya viSayoM meM anivArya thii| vidyA-adhyayana karake rAjamahala meM vApisa lauTane para eka dina rAjA dar3havarman ne azvakrIr3A ke nimitta kuvalayacandra ko apane pAsa bulaayaa| use eka zreSTha azva pradAna kara usase azvoM ko jAti, mAna, lakSaNa evaM apalakSaNa Adi ko sunane kI jijJAsA kii| kumAra ne rAjA ke prazna ke uttara meM azvavidyA se sambandhita sUkSma evaM vistRta jAnakArI prastuta kii| usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai azvoM ke nAma-azvakrIDA ke samaya rAjaputroM ko jo azva pradAna kiye gaye the unake nAma isa prakAra haiM-garuDavAhana, rAjahaMsa, rAjazuka, zasa, bhaMgura, hUNa, caMcala, capala, pavanavega pavanAvarta evaM udadhikallola (23.9,12) / ye saba nAma zasa evaM hUNa ko chor3akara bhAratIya haiM kintu azvoM ke nAmoM kI anyatra jo sUciyA~ milatI haiM, unameM aneka nAma arabI aura phArasI bhASA se sambandha rakhate haiN| uparyukta nAma sAhityika haiM jo azva kI drutagati tathA jAtIya zreSThatA para AdhArita haiN| kuvalayacandra ke azva kA varNana-azvakrIr3A ke lie kubalayacandra ko jo udadhikallola nAmaka azva diyA gayA thA, usake khura svarNa se mar3he the aura ratnajaTita paleMcA usa para kasA huA thA / usakA kavi ne zleSAtmaka upamA ke dvArA atyanta ramaNIya varNana kiyA hai / vaha azva vAyu jaisA thaa| gamana karane 1. kalpasUtra 2, 27, pR0 44 a / jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 186. 2. ha.-sa0 ka0, chaThA bhava. 3. sA~DesarA-varNakasamuccaya, bhAga 1, pR0 191; mahAbhArata, droNaparva Adi / 4. pI0 ke0 guNe-'bhAratIya azvAgama'-varNI-abhinandana-grantha, pR0 455. 5. kaNayamaya-ghaDiya-khalaNaM rayaNaviNimmiviya-cArU pallANaM (23-12).

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236 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana meM hI mana lagAne vAlA, mana jaisA kSaNabhara meM dUra-dezoM taka pahu~cane vAlA, yuvatiyoM ke svabhAva kI taraha bholA evaM caMcala, khalajanoM ko saMgati sadRza asthira, cora sadRza hamezA udvigna rahane vAlA, duSTa rAjA kI taraha hamezA kAna U~ce rakhane vAlA, pIpala ke patte sadaza sira ke vAla kaMpita karane vAlA, mahAmUrkha kI taraha gardana hilAne vAlA, apamAnita evaM kupita munisadRza nathane phulAne vAlA, samudrasadRza gaMbhIra Avarta se zobhita urasthalavAlA, vipaNimArga sadRza mANa-pramANa se yukta mukhavAlA, sajjana puruSoM kI buddhi sadRza sthira evaM vizAla pIThavAlA tathA vezyA ke prema kI taraha anavasthita cAra pairoM vAlA vaha udadhikallola thA (23.13, 18) / azvoM kI 18 jAtiyA~-isa prakAra ke azva ko dekha kara rAjA ne usake lakSaNa Adi pUche / kumAra ne usakA uttara dete hue varNa aura lakSaNa kI dRSTi se azva kI nimna 18 jAtiyoM kA nAma liyA 1. mAlA, 2. hAyaNA, 3. kalayA, 4. khasA, 5. kakkasA, 6. TaMkA, 7. TaMkaNA, 8. zarIrA, 9. sahajANA, 10. hUNA, 11. saiMdhava, 12. cittacalA, 13. caMcalA, 14. pArA, 15. pArAvayA, 16 haMsA, 17. haMsagamaNA evaM . 18. vaastvyy| ye azvoM kI sAmAnya jAtiyA~ haiN| inameM varNa evaM lakSaNoM kI vizeSatA ke kAraNa vollAha, kayAha evaM serAha nAma ke azva uttama koTi ke hote haiN|' ye azvoM ke arabI nAma the, jo araba ke vyApAriyoM dvArA bhAratIya bAjAra meM pracalita kiye gaye the / araba vyApAriyoM kA rASTrakUTa rAjAoM se ghaniSTha sambandha thA, jo azvoM ke vyApAra meM unheM madada karate the| bANa aura daNDI se lekara hemacandra taka azvoM ke bhAratIya nAmoM ke sthAna para arabI nAma pracalita ho cuke the| bhAratIya azvoM evaM unake arabI nAmoM tathA araba se azva-vyApAra ke sambandha meM aneka vidvAnoM ne adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai / tulanAtmaka-adhyayana 1. eyANaM jaM puNa vollahA kayAhA serAhAiNo taM vaNNa-lakSaNa viseseNa bhaNNai (23.24). 2. agravAla-'iMDiyana nemsa Apha da hArsesa'. 3. DA0 goDe, pI0 ke0 --- 'sama DisTigTiva nemsa Apha hArsesa'; nAmaka lekha sTaDIja ina iMDiyana liTararI hisTarI, bhAga 3, pa (0 172181. agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, padmAvata, pR0 521. DA0 motIcandra, jyogrAphikala eNDa ekAnAmikala sTaDI ina da mahAbhArata / azvazAstram (taMjaura sarasvatImahala serIja 56, 1952 meM prakAzita), pR0 66.7. DA0 guNe-'sama ripharenseja TU pasiyana hArsesa ina iMDiyana liTarecara phAma e0 DI0 500 TU 1800'-pUnA oriyaNTalisTa, 11, 1946, pR0 1.7. 'sama spezala hArsa nemsa ina e0 DI0 1000.1200',-premI abhinandana-grantha, 1946, pR0 80.87.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 237 se kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullikhita azvavidyA para navIna prakAza par3a sakatA hai| isa kSetra meM azvavaidyakakAra zrI jayadatta (5000 I0), yAdavaprakAza (1040 I0) AcArya hemacandra (1088-1172 I0) evaM somezvara (1130 I0) ke granthoM kA adhyayana paryApta sahAyaka hogaa| kyoMki yaha samaya aisA thA java phArasI aura arabI ghor3oM kA bhArata-vyApI vyavasAya unnata thaa| deza kI senAoM meM videzI azvoM kA prAdhAnya thA tathA bhAratIya sAhityakAra isase aparicita nahIM the| azvoM kA pramANa-kuvalayacandra ne azvoM ke pramANa, lakSaNa evaM doSoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki azvazAstra ke jAnakAra RSi (risIhi kira lakkhaNaNNahiM) pUrNa vaya ko prApta puruSa kI aMguliyoM ke nApa se azva ke aMgoM ke nApa kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| mukha battIsa aMgula, lalATa teraha aMgula, mastaka aura keza pATha-ATha aMgula, chAtI cauvIsa aMgula, U~cAI assI aMgula aura azva ko paridhi U~cAI ke pramANa se tigunI honI cAhie (23.25,27) / isa pramANa vAle azva azvoM kI sabhI jAtiyoM meM hote haiN| jina rAjAoM ke pAsa isa pramANa vAle ghor3e hote haiM ve rAjya karate haiM aura yadi dUsaroM ke pAsa hoM to unheM lAbha hotA hai (28) / Avarta-azva ke guNoM kI parIkSA karate samaya somadeva ke anusAra 43 vAtoM para vicAra karanA caahie|' azvazAstra meM bhI inhIM guNoM kI parIkSA Avazyaka vatAyI gayI hai| ina 43 guNoM meM se udyotanasUri ne Avarta ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI dI hai| Avarta azva ke zarIra para romarAji kA eka nizcita prakAra hai, jise bhauMrA-bhauMrI bhI kahA jAtA haiN| ___ azva ke zarIra ke chidra evaM upachidra ke pAsa cAra, lalATa meM do, chAtI aura mastaka ke Upara bhI do-do ye kula milAkara dasa Avarta pratyeka azva meM hote haiM / yadi kisI azva meM dasa se kama adhika Avarta hote haiM to zubhAzubha phala dene vAle hote haiN| azubha Avarta-jisa azva ke peTa, A~kha aura nAsikA meM Avarta hotA hai, usakA svAmI evaM bandhuvarga akAraNa hI krodhita hotA hai (24.1) / jisa azva kI bhujA evaM A~kha ke madhya meM prAvarta hotA hai usakA svAmI va azvapAlaka apanI jIvikA kA upArjana nahIM kara pAtA (24.2) / jisa azva kI nAsikA ke pAsa Avarta hotA hai usakA svAmI azva para se girakara mRtyu ko 1. jai0-yaza0 sAM0, pR0 183. 2. azvazAstra, pR0 18, zloka 3.7. dasa NiyameNaM ee tuyaNaM deva hoMti AvattA / eto UNahiyA va suhAsuha-karA-viNiddiThThA ||-kuv0 23.30. tulanA kIjiye-azvazAstra 25-26, zloka 16-17.

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238 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prApta hotA hai (24.3) / jisa azva ke jAnu meM spaSTa Avarta hotA hai vaha apane svAmI ko yuddhakSetra meM girAkara mRtyu ko prApta karAtA hai| jisa azva ke kAna meM doSa (Avarta) ho aura usake roma sIpa AkAra ke hoM vaha apane svAmI kI bhAryA ko duHkhadAyI hotA hai (24.5) / zubhalakSaNa (24.6)-- jisa azva ke lalATa para tIna roma rAziyA~ hotI haiM, usakA svAmI nizcita rUpa se yajJa dAkSiNya ke dvArA vijayI hotA hai (24.7) / upachidra ke UparI bhAga meM jisa azva ke prAvarta hotA hai, usake svAmI ke dhana-dhAnya meM vRddhi hotI hai (24.8) / jisa azva ke Age ke do pagoM meM spaSTa Avarta hoM vaha mehalI' azva apane svAmI ko AbhUSaNa se alaMkRta karAtA hai (24.9) / kuvalayacandra azva ke uparyukta lakSaNoM ko kahakara unake udAharaNa dene lagA to rAjA ne roka diyA aura kahA ki kumAra aba vAda meM suneMge--kumAra, puNo vi satthA suNihAmI (24.9) / isa kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri uparyukta azvavidyA kA nirUpaNa kisI azvazAstra ke AdhAra para kara rahe the, kintu vistAra ke bhaya se unhoMne yahIM samApta kara diyaa| jyotiSa-vidyA ___ jyotiSa-vidyA ke antargata yAtrA ke lie muhUrta, janma, vivAha evaM gahanirmANa va anya zubha kAryo ke lie tithi, nakSatra aura aura lagnazuddhi kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| kuva0 meM 72 kalAoM ke antargata tIsare nambara para jyotiSavidyA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| prasaMgavazAt sampUrNa nantha meM aneka vAra jyotiSa-vidyA kA ullekha huA hai| sarvaprathama grantha meM kuvalayacandra ke janma ke uparAnta jyotiSa-vidyA kA vizada varNana dekhane ko milatA hai| rAjA dRr3havarman kumAra ke bhaviSya ko jAnane ke lie siddhArtha nAmaka sAmvatsarika ko bulavAte haiN| sAmvatsarika siddhArtha prathama kuvalaya candra ke janma ke samaya ke nakSatra, lagna Adi kA jJAna kara kumAra ko cakravartI hone kI ghoSaNA karatA hai| bAda meM rAjA ke Agraha karane para vaha rAziyoM kI gaNanA, svarUpa evaM unake guNoM kA vivecana karatA hai| kuvalayacandra ke janma ke samaya para vicAra karate samaya sAmvatsarika ne samvatsara, Rtu, mAsa, tithi, vAra, nakSatra, rAzi, yoga, lagna, graha, horA Adi para vicAra kiyA hai (19.5,6) / rAziyoM ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI 1. mehalI kA artha koza meM pArzvanAtha tIrthakaMra ke vaMza kA eka sAdhu kiyA gayA hai (pA0 sa0 ma0) / pArzvanAtha azva vaMza ke the| sambhava hai, acche ghor3oM ko bhI unake vaMza ke nAma meM vyavahRta kiyA jAne lagA ho|

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 239 dI gayI hai| rAziyoM kI kula saMkhyA bAraha hai-meSa, vRSabha, mithuna, karka, siMha, kanyA, tulA, vRzcika, dhana, makara, kumbha aura mIna (19-10) / pratyeka rAzi kA phala bhinna-bhinna batalAyA gyaa| kuva0 kA rAzi-varNana paramparAgata jyotiSazAstroM se kitanA sAdRzya rakhatA hai, paravartI sAhitya ko kitanA prabhAvita karatA hai Adi bAteM vicAraNIya haiN| kuvalayamAlA kahA meM isa rAzivarNana ko sarvajJa bhagavAn ke suziSyoM dvArA praNIta kahA gayA hai| baMgAla RSi ke dvArA kathita hone se ise baMgAla-jAtaka kahate haiN|' ___ ukta rAzi-varNana meM rAziyoM ke jo phala batAye gaye haiM unakI prAmANikatA pratyeka rAzi ke graha nakSatra Adi para nirbhara hai| jo rAzi svayaM balabAna hotI hai evaM jisakA svAmI graha balavAna hotA hai usIkA phala saccA hotA hai| aura yadi rAzi balavAna na huI tathA krUra grahoM kI usa para dRSTi lagI ho to rAziphala kucha mAtrA meM satya evaM kucha mAtrA meM mithyA bhI ho jAtA hai|' ___ kuva0 meM kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha ke avasara para vivAha-lagna kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sabhI grahoM kI saumya dRSTi hone para phAguna zuklA paMcamo budhavAra ko svAti nakSatra meM rAtri ke prathama pahara bIta jAne para dvitIya pahara kI cauthI ghar3I samApta hone para pAMcavIM prArambha hote hI siMha lagna samApta hotA hai aura kanyAlagna prArambha hotA hai| yahI maharta vivAha ke lie zubha mAnA gayA hai| isa lagna meM vivAhita kanyA ko dIrghakAlIna saubhAgya, karoDoM kI sampatti, cakravartI putra Adi kI prApti hotI hai (170.11,15) / udyotanasUri ne janma aura vivAha ke atirikta yAtrA prArambha karane (67.2) rAjyAbhiSeka (199.19) evaM dIkSA Adi zubha kAryoM ke lie mI zubha-tithi Adi para vicAra kiyA hai| nimitta-zAstra jina lakSaNoM ko dekha kara bhUta aura bhaviSya meM ghaTita huI aura hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, unheM nimitta kahate haiN| inakA varNana jina zAstroM meM hotA hai, unheM nimittazAstra kahate haiM / nimitta ke ATha bheda haiM(1) vyaMjana (2) aMga (3) svara (4) bhauma (5) chinna (6) antarikSa 1. 'deva, Asi kira ko vi savvaNNU bhagavaM divva-NANI, teNa susissANaM sAhiyaM tehi vi aNNesiM tAva, jAva baMgAla-risiNo evaM teNa evaM baMgAla-jAyagaM bhnnnni'| 20.2,3. 2. jai rAsI balio rAsI-sAmI-gaho taheva, savvaM saccaM / aha ee Na baliyA kUraggaha-NirikkhiyA ya hoMti, sA kiMci saccaM kiMci micchaM ti / -20.24,25.

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240 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (7) lakSaNa evaM ( 8 ) svapna / inameM se kuvalayamAlAkahA meM sAtaveM lakSaNanimitta evaM AThaveM svapna-nimitta kA varNana huA hai / lakSaNa - nimitta (sAmudrika vidyA) - svastika, kalaza, zaMkha, cakra Adi cihnoM ke dvArA evaM hasta, mastaka aura pAdatala kI rekhAoM dvArA zubhAzubha kA nirUpaNa karanA lakSaNa nimitta hai / ise sAmudrika vidyA bhI kahate haiM / kuva0 meM lagabhaga 36 gAthAtroM meM sAmudrika vidyA kA varNana huA hai / " vijayapurI ko jAte samaya kumAra kuvalayacandra kI vanasundarI aiNakA se bheMTa hotI hai | vahAM zabara dampatti ke darzana kara kuvalayacandra zArIrika lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para unake asalI svarUpa ko pahicAna jAtA hai / aiNikA ke Agraha para vaha saMkSepa meM sAmudrika vidyA kA vivecana karatA hai / tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se usa sAmagrI kI saMkSipta jAnakArI isa prakAra hai / pUrvakRta karmoM ke anusAra zarIra ko jaise sukha-dukha kI anubhUti hotI hai, vaise hI zarIra ke lakSaNa bhI sukha-dukha ke pAricAyaka hote haiM / aMga, upAMga aura aMgopAMga meM ye lakSaNa pAye jAte haiM / inake phala vibhinna prakAra ke hote haiM / yahA~ puruSa ke kucha zArIrika lakSaNa draSTavya haiM / pAda- lakSaNa - jisa puruSa ke paira kA taluvA raktavarNa, cikanA aura komala hotA hai, Ter3hA nahIM hotA, vaha isa pRthvI kA rAjA hotA hai| jisake paira ke taluve meM candra, sUrya, vajra, cakra, aMkuza, zaMkha va chatra hotA hai aura gaharI cikanI rekhAeM hotI haiM vaha rAjA hotA hai| jisake paira kA aMgUThA gola hotA hai usakI patni anukUla hotI hai / aura paira kI aMguli ke pramANa jisakA aMgUThA hotA hai usakI duHkhI hotI hai / ityAdi / pAda-lakSaNa ke vAda zArIrika saMracanA kramAnusAra jaMghA, liMga, vRSaNa, peTa, nAbhi, gardana, oSTha, dAMta, jIbha, nAka, AMkha, palaka, kapAla, mastaka, kaMTha, vakSasthala, pITha Adi kA alaga alaga sAmudrika varNana kuva0 meM kiyA gayA hai / sabhI cihnoM ke phala batalAye gaye haiM / phira bhI isa varNana ko saMkSepa-varNana hI kahA gayA hai / yadi puruSa - lakSaNa vistAra se kahe jAya~ to lAkhoM gAthAyeM bhI paryApta nahIM hoMgI / DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ke anusAra yaha vivaraNa vArAhI saMhitA ke zradhyAya 68-69-70 evaM bRhatparAzarahorA ke adhyAya 75 evaM 81 se tulanIya hai / kucha bAte samAna haiM evaM kucha meM antara hai / 1. kuva0 129, 130131, pRSTha. 2. eso saMkheveNaM kahio tuha purisa lakkhaNa viseso / jai - vitthareNa icchasi lakkhehi vi Natthi NipphattI // -- kuva0 131.23. 3. - kuva0 30 pR0 142, noTa pR0 129. u0

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 241 svapna-nimitta-svapnadarzana ke AdhAra para zubhAzubha-phala kA pratipAdana karanA svapnanimitta hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM rAnI priyaMguzyAmA ko kuvalayacandra ke janma ke pUrva svapna AtA hai| subaha vaha rAjA ko nivedana karatI hai| rAjA mantriyoM se isa svapna kA phala nikAlane ko kahatA hai| kuvalaya0 meM svapna-darzana kI paramparA prAcIna sAhitya ke hI anurUpa hai| kisI bhI mahApuruSa ke janma ke pUrva usakI mAtA ko isa prakAra ke svapna dikhAyI dene kI bAta aneka jagaha kahI gayI hai| kintu yahA~ candramA kA kamalapuSpoM kI mAlA ke dvArA AliMgana karate hue dikhAyI denA-kuvalayamAlAe daDhaM avagUDhaM caMdimA-NAhaM (16.9) svapnadarzana kI paramparA meM vizeSa artha rakhatA hai| svapnadarzana-zAstra ke paMDita ke lie yaha navIna vAta thii| isalie usane svapnaphala batalAte hue yahI kahA ki rAjan ! kuvalayamAlA ke darzana se rAnI ko eka putrI kI prApti honI cAhiye / ' lekina rAjA kI sabhA meM vRhaspati jaise vidvAn bhI upasthita the| unheM yaha svapnaphala ucita nahIM lgaa| ataH unhoMne ise adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA-rAjan ! yadi kevala kuvalayamAlA ke hI darzana hue hote to svapnazAstra ke jJAtA kA yaha kathana ki Apako putrI kI prApti hogI, Thoka thaa| kintu mahArAnI ne svapna meM kuvalayamAlA dvArA candramA ko AliMgana karate hue dekhA hai ataH isakA artha yaha honA cAhiye ki Apake hone vAle putra ko kuvalayamAlA kI taraha sarvajanamanoharA priyatamA kI prApti hogI (17.3.5) / vibhinna vidyAe~ __ kuva0 meM zikSaNIya viSayoM ke ukta prasaMgoM ke atirikta aneka vidyAoM ke bhI saMkSepa meM ullekha hue haiN| unameM zAbarIvidyA pramukha hai / yaha jAdU-Tone se saMvandhita pratIta hotI hai| jaba vanasundarI aiNikA se kuvalayacandra kI bheMTa hotI hai to vahAM vaha eka zabara-dampatti ke darzana karatA hai| pUchane para jJAta hotA hai ki yaha zavara-dampatti zAvarI-vidyA kI sAdhanA ke lie prayatnazIla hai| aiNikA isa prasaMga meM vatalAtI hai ki vidyAdhara bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI stuti karake aneka vidyAnoM kI sAdhanA karate haiN| ina vidyAoM ko prApta karane ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke upAya haiM-tANaM ca kappA sAhaNovAyA (132.1) / kinhIM vidyAoM ko kAla kI maryAdA se prApta kiyA jAtA hai / tathA kucha vidyAyeM agni, vAMsa kI bherI, nagara kI piroloM, mahA aTaviyoM, parvatoM Adi meM kApAlika. caNDAla, rAkSasa, vandara, bhIla kA bheSa dhAraNa kara prApta kI jAtI haiM (132.1, 3) / mahAzAbarI vidyA-ukta vidyAnoM meM se zAbarI-vidyA adhika kaThina hai| isakI prApti ke lie zavara (bhIla) kA bheSa dhAraNa kara patnI ke sAtha jaMgaloM meM idhara-udhara ghUmanA hotA hai| asidhArA ke samAna akhaMDa-brahmacarya kA pAlana 1. tao bhaNiyaM sumiNa-sattha-pAThaehiM 'deva, teNa esA vi tuha duiyA dhUyA bhavissai' tti |-kuv0 17.3.

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242 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karanA par3atA hai / ' zabara dampatti ke sambandha meM aiNikA batalAtI hai ki ve vidyAdhara aura vidyAdharI haiN| pUrva janma meM inake pUrvajoM ne zabara vidyA ko prApta kiyA thaa| ataH usa paramparA ko kAyama rakhane ke lie vidyAdharoM ne isa vidyA.. dharadampati ko zAbarIvidyA prApta karane ke lie prerita kiyA hai| sabhI vidyAdhara ne vidyA kI prApti hetu inheM zubhakAmanAeM pradAna kI haiM-sijjhau se vijja sijjhau se vijja (133.16) tabhI se yaha dampatti zabarabheSa dhAraNa kara mauna vrata lekara isa vidyA kI prApti meM lagA huA hai / 2 isa prasaMga se mahatva kI bAta yaha jJAta hotI hai ki zavara-vidyA ke jAnakAra zavara-loga hote hoNge| unase isa vidyA ko sIkhane ke lie zabaroM kA rUpa dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka rahA hogA / bhagavatI prajJapti-vidyA-kAmagajendra ko java vidyAdhara kanyAyeM le jAne lagI to unhoMne use batAyA ki ve yaha nahIM jAnatI thIM ki kAmagajendra kahA~ rahatA hai tathA usakI nagarI kahA~ hai ? ata: isako jAnane ke lie unhoMne bhagavatI prajJapti nAma kI vidyA kA AhvAna kiyaa| usake Ane para usase kAmagajendra kA patA pUchA aura tadanusAra yahA~ taka phuNcii| jaina sAhitya meM prajJapti-vidyA ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| kathAsaritsAgara meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| kuva0 meM 72 kalAoM ke prasaMga meM vibhinna vidyAoM ke atirikta kucha aise viSayoM ko bhI par3hAye jAne ke ullekha haiM, jo jIvana meM adhika vyAvahArika tathA upayogI the| sAtha hI jAti evaM varNa ke anukUla bhI / yathA cANakyazAstra kA adhyayana-vArANasI nagarI meM vahA~ ke yuvaka jana anya kalA-kalApoM ke sAtha cANakyazAstra ko bhI sokhate the| DA0 agravAla evaM upAdhye ne cANakya zAstra kA artha cANakya athavA kauTilya kA arthazAstra kiyA hai|' arthazAstra ke atirikta cANakyanIti bhI isameM sammilita rahI ho, yaha bho saMbhava hai| 1. imANaM sAbaroo vijjAo"asihAraeNa baMbha-cariyA-vihANeNa ettha viyarai ti-132.4. 2. tao te duve vi puriso mahilA ya iheva ThiyA paDivaNNa-sabara-vesa tti -vahI 133.17.18. 3. imassa ya atthassa jANaNatthaM AhUyA bhagavaI paNNatti NAma vijjA-kuva0 236-22. 4. ja0-jai0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 264, 346 Adi / 5. moniyaraviliyamsa saMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI / 6. sikkhavijjaMti juvANA kalA kalAvaI cANakka-satthaI c| -kuva0 56.28, 7. u0-kuva0 iM0, pR0 133.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 243 kAmazAstra kA adhyayana-uddyotanasUri cAra puruSArthoM kA aucitya nirUpaNa karate samaya kahate haiM ki pakSapAta evaM garvapUrvaka logoM ne kAmazAstra meM yaha likha diyA hai ki dharma, artha evaM kAma puruSArtha ko pUrNa karane se hI saMsAra sadhatA hai| kintu yaha kevala parikalpanA hI hai|' isase kAmazAstra ke uddharaNa prasiddha hone kA saMketa milatA hai| eka anya prasaMga rAjakUmAra tosala ko apane adhyayana-kAla meM par3he hue kAmazAstra ke kanyAsaMvaraNa kI yaha yukti yAda rahatI hai ki rUpa-yauvana Adi se sampanna dhanika saikar3oM sAma, bheda Adi upAyoM se kanyA ko pralobhana dete haiN| aura yadi vaha isa prakAra vaza meM na ho to parAkrama, chala Adi ke dvArA usase vivAha kara lenA caahie| bAda meM kula ke bar3e loga use samarpita kara hI dete haiN| khAnyavidyA kA adhyayana-sAgaradatta ko jaba dhanopArjana kA koI upAya nahIM sUjhatA to vaha vidyAgRha meM par3hI huI khAnyavidyA kA smaraNa karatA haisumariyo ahiNava-sikkhio khaNNavApro (104.21), jisase use dhana mila jAtA hai| isI prakAra kaI anya prasaMgoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM adhyayanIya viSayoM meM dhAtuvAda kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| isa sambandha meM Arthika jIvana vAle adhyAya meM jAnakArI dI jA cukI hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki kuvalayamAlAkahA meM una sabhI viSayoM kI zikSA vidyAgRhoM athavA maThoM meM chAtroM ko dI jAtI thI, jo unake bauddhika vikAsa meM sahAyaka the tathA jisase ve apane jIvana ko sukhI tathA sampanna vanA sakate the| kintu itanA avazya thA ki pahale jIvana kA lakSya nirdhArita hotA thA phira tadanusAra vibhinna anukUla viSayoM kA adhyayana kiyA athavA karAyA jAtA thaa| adhyayana karane ke upAya kuva0 meM adhyayana karane kI vidhiyoM kA kahIM alaga se ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kintu muni dharmanandana ke ziSya muniyoM kI rAtricaryA ke prasaMga meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki ve adhyayana meM rata rahane ke lie kyA-kyA kArya karate the| una kAryoM se nimnAMkita zikSAvidhiyoM ke saMketa prApta hote haiM :1. abhyAsa (guNati), 2. paThana-pAThana (pati), 3. praznottara, 4. zAstrArtha, 5. vyAkhyAna, 6. naya evaM 7. svAdhyAya / inhIM se milatI-julatI zikSA. vidhiyoM kA ullekha jinasena ne apane AdipurANa se bhI kiyA hai / 3 akSaralipi sIkhane kI vidhi-eka anapar3ha evaM mAnavIya sabhyatA se alaga rahanevAlI bAlikA ko rAjakIra ne adhyayana karAne ke lie sarvaprathama use 1. bhaNiyaM kAmasatthayArehi'""parikappaNA-metta-ciya, kuva0 2.20, 21. 2. bhaNiyaM ca kAmasatthe kaNNA-saMvaraNe""baMdhuggeNaM, vahI 78.9, 12. 3. zAstrI, nemicandra, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 266.70.

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244 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sahacAra phala ke dvArA saMjJAoM kA jJAna kraayaa| phira khAnA, pInA, chor3anA, lenA Adi kriyAe~ sikhAyIM aura jaba vaha ina kriyAoM aura saMjJAoM ko sIkha gayI to isI vidhi se use akSara-lipi kA jJAna karAyA / ' dhIre-dhIre vaha sabhI zAstroM meM nipuNa ho gayI-to dhammattha-kAma-satthAI ahIyAI (127.17) / zAstroM ke jJAna se use hitAhita, bhakSyAbhakSya, kArya-akArya kA jJAna ho gayA aura taba use jainadharma kA jJAna karAyA gayA / lekhana-sAmagrI-kuva0 meM lekhana sAmagrI ke rUpa meM khar3iyA, sleTa, bhAra. paTa tathA svarNa kI paTTI (kaNaka silAyalaM 201.26) kA ullekha hai| kuvalaya. mAlA ne kumAra kuvalayacandra ko apane premodgAra bhojapatra meM aMkita karake bheje the aitaNuyabhujjavattaMtariyaM (160.13) / vastroM para patra likhakara mudrAMkita karake bheje jAte the-(avaNIyA muddA 180.16) tathA citra banAye jAte the, jinheM paTacitra kahate the (pR0 191.93) / pustakeM tAr3apatroM para likhI jAtI thI (201.1) / pustakoM ko baste athavA DorI Adi meM vA~dhakara rakhA jAtA thA (95.21) tathA par3hate samaya pustaka lakar3I ke pITha para rakho jAtI thIpotthaya-rayaNaM pIDhammi (65.20) / saudharma loka ke eka svAdhyAya ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai, pustaka kA gattA padmarAgamaNi se tathA pRSTha sphaTikamaNi se nirmita thA jisameM indranIlamaNi se sundara akSara likhe hue the (65.21) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki pustakoM ko nAnA raMga se sajjita kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| kuladevatA ne rAjA dRr3havarman ko jo kuladharma kA svarUpa likhakara diyA thA vaha tAr3apatra kI pANDulipi thii| tAr3apatra lakar3I ke do paTToM ke bIca rakhe hue the-paTTata-pattiyA-NivahaM (201.28) / tAr3apatroM meM lalita mAtrAyeM evaM varNa likhe hue the, jinapara marakata dhUli se chir3akAva kiyA gayA thaa| isa tAr3apatrIya pANDulipi kI lipi brAhmI tho-baMbhI livIe lihiyaM (201.28) / brAhmI ke atirikta anya kisI lipi kA ullekha granthakAra ne nahIM kiyA hai| kevala eka praNaya-prasaMga meM aparalipi meM likhe hue sUkSma akSaroM kA ullekha haiavaralivI-lihiyAI suhumAiM akkharAI (160.222) / isa lekha ko premI ke sakhA ne par3hakara artha batalA diyA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki brAhmI lipi ke atirikta yaha koI sAMketika lipi thii| chAtroM kA svarUpa evaM unako dinacaryA vijayapurI ke maTha meM vibhinna prAntoM ke chAtra nivAsa karate the| inameM lATa, karNATaka, mAlava, kannauja, golla, mahArASTra, saurASTra, DhakkA, zrIkaMTha 1. evaM ca imiNA paogeNa akkha-livIo gAhiyA |-kuv0 127.26. 2. te mi mae sikkhaviyA NiuNaM vayaNaM jiNavarANaM // -vahI 18. 3. laliuvvellira-mattA-vaNNayapadaMta-pattiyA-Nivaha / vaMbhI-livIe lihiyaM maragaya-khaya-pUriyaM purao // -201.28.

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zikSA evaM sAhitya 245 (kAzmIra) evaM sindha ke chAtra pramukha the| pATaliputra ke chAtra bhI vahA~ thepATaliputra mahAnagaravAstavye (151.23) / inakI dinacaryA adhyayana ke atirikta anya prakAra kI thii| kucha chAtra dhanurveda, phalaka-khaDga (phara-kheDDa)2 asigheNu Adi zastroM ke prayoga meM hI apanA mana lagAte the, kucha bhAlA pheMkane meN| kucha chAtra Alekhya, gIta, vAditra Adi ke abhyAsa meM apanA samaya kATate the (mAlekkha-gIya-vAiya) / kucha chAtra, jinheM nATaka karane kA zauka thA, bhANa, zRgATaka tathA DoMbalika jaise nATaka karate rahate the aura kucha chAtra nRtya kA abhyAsa karate rahate the (150.22) / sambhavataH ye chAtra kSatriya aura vaizya jAti ke rahe hoNge| kyoMki brAhmaNa jAti ke chAtroM kI dinacaryA alaga thii| ve vedoM kA hI adhyayana karate the| vedapAThI chAtroM ke vAla hAthoM ke dvArA kuTila banAye gaye the| ve nirdayatApUrvaka paira paTaka-paTaka kara calane se moTe aMga vAle the, unake bhujAtroM ke kaMdhe U~ce the, unhoMne dUsaroM kA mAla khA-khAkara zarIra para mAMsa car3hA rakhA thA, dharma-artha-kAma puruSArthoM se rahita tathA bAMdhava, mitra evaM dhana Adi se bhI ve hIna the| kucha chAtra javAna the| evaM kucha chAtra abhI bAlaka hI the| kintu para-yuvatiyoM ko dekhane meM hamezA unakA mana lagA rahatA thaa| apane svarUpa para unheM ghamaNDa thA evaM ve apane ko saubhAgyazAlI mAnate the / hamezA UMcA mukha karake aura AkheM car3hAkara rahate the tathA guruoM dvArA diye gaye prAyazcitta va daNDa ko na mAnanevAle evaM AlasI the-iTThANughaTTa maTThorU (kuva0 151.14-16) / - kuvalayacandra aise chAtroM ko dekha kara kahatA hai ki are ye to dUsaroM ke parivAda kI cintA karanevAle tathA usI meM apanA mana lagAne vAle haiN| ataH avazya hI inhoMne kuvalayamAlA ke viSaya meM bhI sunA hogA-paratatti-taggaya-maNA (151.17) / maTha ke chAtroM kA uparyukta vivaraNa chAtrAvAsa ke jIvana kA yathArtha svarUpa prastuta karatA hai| vibhinna vidyAoM ke jAnakAra-kuvalayamAlA meM do taraha ke vidvAnoM kA paricaya milatA hai| prathama ve, jo vidyAlayoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke viSayoM kA adhyayana karAte the aura dUsare ve, jo rAjA ke darabAra meM apane-apane viSaya ke paMDita hote the| maThoM ke upAdhyAya na kevala sabhI darzanoM ke jJAtA apitu 72 kalAoM aura 64 vijJAnoM meM bhI pAraMgata hote the (151.11) / rAjadaravAra meM udyotana ne 27 viSayoM ke adhikArI vidvAnoM ke upasthita rahane kI sUcanA dI hai tathA yaha 1. lADA kaNNADA vi ya mAlaviya-kaNujja-gollayA kei / marahaTTa ya soraThA DhakkA siriaTha-seMdhavayA // - kuva0 150.20. 2. draSTavya-ThAkura, anantalAla, 'sama DAuTaphula rIDiMgas ina kuva0' -sambodhi, 1972.

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246 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhI kahA hai ki aisI koI kalA, aisA koI kautuka aura aisA koI vijJAna zeSa nahIM thA, jisake vidvAn paMDita rAjA dRr3havarman ke AsthAnamaNDapa meM upasthita na hoN|' upAdhyAya evaM vidvAnoM kA pUrNa sammAna hotA thaa| zikSAgrahaNa karane vAle ziSya apane upAdhyAya kI sevA karane ko taiyAra rahate the| kuvalayamAlA meM zikSA-sambandhI prApta uparyukta vivaraNa isa bAta kA saMketa hai ki guptayuga ke uparAnta bhI zikSaNIya viSayoM meM vividhatA banI huI thii| Adarza aura vyavahAra kA zikSA meM samanvaya thA / yadyapi sAMskRtika vistAra ke kAraNa chAtroM kI jIvanacaryA meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha gayI thI, phira bhI guruziSya ke sambandha zAlInatApUrNa aura ghaniSTha the| 1. sA natthi kalA taM Natthi kouyaM taM ca natthi viNNANaM / jaM ho tasa Na dIsai milie atthANiyA majjhe // 16.27 2. 'deva, pasIdasu, karesu paDivajjasu olaggaM tti / tubbhe uvajjhAyA, amhe caTTaTa tti'-1978

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pariccheda do bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ kuvalayamAlAkahA meM prasaMgavaza aneka bhASAoM evaM dezI boliyoM kA prayoga huA hai| yadyapi sampUrNa grantha prAkRta bhASA meM racita hai to bhI saMskRta, apabhraza, paizAcI Adi bhASAoM kA prayoga bhI grantha meM kaI bAra huA hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM prayukta bhASA-vijJAna se sambandhita sAmagrI bhAratIya bhASAzAstra ke adhyayana-anusandhAna ke kSetra meM paryApta mahattvapUrNa hai| pramukha bhASAeM . udyotanasUri ne pramukha rUpa se prAkRta, apabhraza evaM paizAcI bhASAoM ke sambandha meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM jo jAnakArI dI hai, use isa prakAra eka sAtha dekhA / jA sakatA hai| prAkRta-granthakAra ne grantha ke prArambha meM hI yaha sUcanA dI hai ki yaha kathA prAkRta bhASA meM likhI jaayegii|' yahA~ granthakAra kA abhiprAya sAhityika prAkRta se hai, cAhe vaha mahArASTrI ho yA shaursenii| sampUrNa kathA isI prAkRta meM likhI gayI hai| yadyapi grantha meM paizAcI, mAgadhI, rAkSasI (cUlikA paizAcI) evaM mizra prAkRta kA bhI paricaya diyA gayA hai| 2 / ... kuvalayamAlA meM prAkRta bhASA ke lakSaNa Adi kA paricaya dete hue kahA gayA hai ki prAkRta bhASA meM sabhI kalAoM kA nirUpaNa karanevAle vicAra taraMgoM ke rUpa meM rahate haiN| vaha lokavRtAnta rUpI mahAsamudra se mahApuruSoM ke dvArA maMthana 1. paaiy-bhaasaa-riyaa-mrhtthtthy-desi-vnnnny-nnibddhaa| -kuva0 4.11. 2. pesAiyaM, mAgahiyaM, rakkhasayaM, mIsaM ca-(175.15) / 3. sayala-kalA-kalAva-mAlA-jala-kallola-saMkulaM (71.3) /

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248 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karake nikAle gaye amRtasadRza hai / ' tathA vaha sundara varNa evaM pada-racanA se yukta sajjana puruSoM ke vacana kI bhA~ti sukhadAyI hai|' saMskRta-grantha meM udyotanasUri ne saMskRta bhASA kA upayoga prAyaH uddharaNa ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| uddharaNa padya ke rUpa meM bhI haiM aura gadya ke rUpa meM bhii| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne kuvalayamAlA ke saMskRta uddharaNoM ke sambandha meM apane eka nivandha meM jAnakArI prastuta kI hai| kula milAkara grantha meM saMskRta kA pA~ca bAra ullekha huA hai tathA caudaha uddharaNa diye gae haiN| unake mUla sandarbho ko khojane se granthakAra ke pANDitya kA patA cala sakatA hai| udadyotanasari ne saMskRta ke lakSaNa Adi kA isa prakAra paricaya diyA hai ki saMskRta bhASA aneka pada, samAsa, nipAta, upasarga, vibhakti, liMga, parikalpanA, kuvikalpa Adi durgama durjana ke hRdaya kI bhA~ti viSama hai| isa varNana se pratIta hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri kA saMskRta ke prati koI vizeSa jhukAva nahIM thA aura usa samaya bhI saMskRta apanI kliSTatA ke kAraNa janasAmAnya ke lie kaSTadAyaka thii| sambhavataH vaha yuga prAkRta Adi dezI bhASAoM ke prayoga kA yuga thA isalie saMskRta jaisI paramparAgata bhASAoM ke prati ruci kA kama honA svAbhAvika hai| apabhraMza-udyotanasUri ne grantha meM apabhraMza bhASA kA prayoga kautUhalavaza athavA paravacana ke rUpa meM kiyA hai (4.13) / apabhraMza ke padyAMza athavA gadyAMza yadyapi grantha meM sarvatra kahIM na kahIM upalabdha hote haiM, kintu grantha ke prathama ardhabhAga meM adhika haiM / apabhraMza ke ina aMzoM ko unake svarUpa evaM sandarbho ke AdhAra para isa prakAra vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai padya-padya ke antargata apabhraMza meM tIna dohe grantha meM ulkhikhita haiM, jinameM se eka grAmanaTI ke dvArA evaM eka gurjara pathika ke dvArA gAyA gayA hai / yathA jo jasu mANasu vallahauM taM jai aNNu ramei / jai so jANai jIvai va so tahu prANa laei / / -(47.6) jo Navi vihure vibhajjaNau dhavalau kaDDhai bhArU / so goTheMgaNa-maMDaNau sesau vva jaM sArU / / -(59.5) 1. loya-vutaMta-mahoyahi-mahApurisa-mahaNuggayAmaya-NIsaMda-viMdu-saMdohaM-(71.4) / 2. saMghaDiya-ekkekkama-vaNNa-paya-NANArUva-virayaNA-sahaM sajjaNa-vayaNaM-piva suha___saMgayaM (71.4,5). 3. koUhaleNa katthai para-vayaNa-vaseNa-sakkaya-NibaddhA -(4.13) / 4. brahma vidyA, jubalI saMskaraNa, bhAga 1-4 (1961) / 5. aNeNa-paya-samAsa-NivAovasagga-vibhatti-liMga-pariyappaNA-kuviyappa-saya-duggamaM dujjaNa-hiyayaM piva visamaM / -kuva0 (71.2) /

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249 bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ kucha apabhraza ke padya aise bhI haiM jo gadya ke sAtha Aye haiM / yathA kiMca bhaNNau / savvahA khalu asui jaisau......." tahe so vi varau kiM kuNau aNNaho jji kassai viyArU / khalo ghaI saI je-bahu-viyAra-bhaMgi-bhariyallau / -(6.9) gadya-grantha meM aise aneka apabhraza-gadyAMzoM kA upayoga huA hai, jinase apabhraza ke lakSaNa Adi para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| ye gadyAMza prAyaH prAkRta varNana Adi ke prasaMga meM upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM kahIM-kahIM padya bhI prApta hote haiM / pramukhataH durjanavarNana (5.27), sajjanavarNana (6.15), azvavarNana (23.13), ragaDAsannivezavarNana (45.17), avantI aura ujjayinI varNana (50.3,124-28), kAzI evaM vArANasIvarNana (56.21), kozalavarNana (72.31), pallivarNana (112.9 12 14.16, 21.24), grISmavarNana (113-6,8, 10.12, 21.24), akAla varNana (11.20), vindhyavarNana (118.16), narmadAvarNana (121.1), sArthavarNana (134.33), ratnapurIvarNana (140.2), pAvasavarNana (147.24), vijayapurIvarNana (146.6) ityAdi prasaMgoM meM apabhraMza bhASA ke aneka vAkya evaM zabda prayukta hue haiN| jaise ki barau (6.6), viyAru (6.9), jArajjAyaho, dujjaNaho (6.11), sajjaNu, kamalu, puNi (6.22), deMtahoM (6.22), muttAhAru, jaisau (6.23), desu (23.9), coru jaisano (23.14), reharu (45.18), mehalau (50.17), devakulehiM (56.22), maMDaNai (56.27), gAmAI (72.31), tuMgaI (72. 35), thUriellaya, mAriellaya, butthellaya (112.12), chejjai (112.16), baMbhaNu (112.21) juNNa-ghariNiyao, jaisiyao (113.24), osihIsu, uyaresu (117.20), kaisiyA (118.16), vivaNi-maggu (124.29), kamalai (124.31), marUdesu, hara-NivAsu (134.33), kubharAvaNu (135.1), bhaTTiyAgahaNaiM (147.28), dhavalaharu (146-6) ityAdi / uparyukta prasaMgoM meM jo apabhraza prayukta huI hai, yadyapi zabdoM aura svarUpa kI dRSTi se to vaha prAkRta hai, kintu sAmAnyataH apabhraMza ke lakSaNa usameM adhika milate haiN| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki sAhityika prAkRta para apabhraza kA prabhAva bar3hatA calA jA rahA thaa| udyotanasUri ke samaya meM apabhraMza eka sAhityika bhASA bana cukI thI aura usakA sambandha sTainDarDa prAkRta kI apekSA bolacAla kI bhASA se adhika thaa| sambhavataH prathama bAra udyotanasUri ne apabhraMza bhASA ke itane gadyAMzoM ko eka sAtha upasthita kiyA hai, jo apabhraMza ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate haiN| rAjA apabhraza meM senApati ko sambodhana karatA hai, grAmanaTI apabhraza kA gIta gAtI hai evaM gurjarapathika apabhraza kA dohA par3hatA hai| ye prasaMga isa bAta kI ora iMgita karate haiM ki udyotanasUri ke samaya meM samAja ke prAyaH sabhI vargoM meM

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250 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana apabhraza bolane kA pracAra thA, jo yadAkadA sAhityika prAkRta se prabhAvita hotI rahatI thii| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne kuva0 meM prayukta apabhraza ke gadyAMzoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM diye gae apabhraza ke udAharaNoM se kiyA hai| DA0 upAdhye kA mata hai ki udyotanasUri dvArA prayukta apabhraMza prAyaH hemacandra ke niyamoM kA anusaraNa karatI hai| yaha svAbhAvika bhI hai, kyoMki donoM uddyotanasUri aura hemacandra eka hI bhASA ke kSetra se sambandhita the aura donoM kA adhyayana bhI eka hI paramparA meM huA thaa|' paizAcI-kuva0 meM paizAcI bhASA kA upayoga karane kI sUcanA granthakAra ne prathama hI de dI hai (pesAya bhAsillA 4.13) / kyoMki granthakAra jAnatA thA, kathA meM kucha aise prasaMga va caritroM kA varNana AyegA jinakI svAbhAvikatA ke lie unakI bhASA meM hI unheM prastuta karanA pdd'egaa| uddyotana kI yaha bhASAtmaka udAratA hai ki unhoMne apane samaya meM bole jAnevAlI prAyaH sabhI bhASAoM va voliyoM kA grantha meM upayoga kiyA hai| unake sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prastuta kI hai, jisase madhyakAlIna bhAratIya bhASAoM ke adhyayana meM paryApta sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| grantha meM paizAcI bhASA ke cAra sandarbha prApta hote haiN| prathama, mathurA nagarI ke anAtha Azrama ke nivAsiyoM kI bAtacIta (55.15) / dvitIya, grAma-mahattaroM dvArA mitradroha jaise pApa ke prAyazcitta ke lie batalAye gaye vibhinna upAya (63.18.20, 22.25) / tRtIya, ramaNIka vastuoM kA varNana karate hue pizAca tathA caturtha, maTha ke chAtroM kI kumArI kuvalayamAlA ke sambandha meM kI gayI bAtacIta (151.18) / ina prasaMgoM meM paizAcI ke aneka zabda prayukta hue haiM / yathA-lappipyate, etaM, natI, uyyAna, nakara, puthavI, kataro, pateso, ramaniyyo, kusumotara, ramano, titasa, bhoti, vivitha, yati, sunesu, mathukara, vatha (71.10, 24) ityaadi| kuvalayamAlA ke ukta paizAcI bhASA se sambandhita sandarbho kA zrI ela0 bI0 gAMdhI, zrI e0 mAsTara,3 zrI epha0 bI0 je0 kyUpara evaM DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, f. It can safely be said that the Apabhramsa used by Uddyotana is duly covered by the rules given by Hemchandra, and this is but natural, because both of them hail from nearly the same linguistic area and belong to the same tradition of learning, -Journal of the Oriental Research Institute, No. MarchJune' 1965. 2. bhaNiyamANeNa-pisAeNa Niyaya-bhAsAe-vahI, 71.9. 3. jarnala Apha da rAyala ezi0 sosAITI 1943, pR0 217. 4. jarnala Apha da oriyaNTala insTITayUTa, mArca-jUna, 65.

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bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ 251 ne vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| ataH isa sambandha meM kucha adhika likhanA yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai / saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki grantha ke ukta paizAcI bhASA ke sandarbha meM paizAcI bhASA ke jina zabdoM kA upayoga huA hai, prAyaH ve hemacandra dvArA nirdhArita pezAcI bhASA ke lakSaNa aura svarUpa kA anukaraNa karate haiN| inake pIche prAkRta kI pRSThabhUmi hai| apabhraMza ke tattva bhI unameM dekhe jA sakate haiM / paThasi jaise saMskRta evaM pAli ke rUpa bhI inameM upalabdha haiN| pAli evaM paizAcI kI sAmyatA ko isase bala mila sakatA hai / paizAcI bhASA ke ye sandarbha isa bAta kA bhI saMketa karate haiM ki usa samaya ke samAja meM prAyaH sabhI vargoM ke loga (grAmINa evaM vedapAThI vidyArthI bhI) bolacAla kI bhASA meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se rahita vibhinna bhASAoM ke zabdoM kA prayoga karate the / grantha meM uparyukta prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraza evaM paizAcI ke atirikta anya dezI bhASAoM ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| dakSiNa bhArata kI bhASA-grantha meM yatra-tatra dakSiNa bhArata kI bhASAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| uttara bhArata ke vyApArI dakSiNa-bhArata ke pramukha vyApArika kendroM meM vyApAra karane jAte the| ve vahA~ kI bhASAoM ko samajhane kA jJAna rakhate the| kuvalayacandra jaba vijayApurI kI tarapha gayA to usane aisI aneka dezI bhASAoM ko bola kara kAma calAyA jo saralatA se na samajhI jA sakatI thIM aura na bolI jA sakatI thiiN|| rAkSasI evaM mizra bhASA-ina donoM bhASAoM kA ullekha saMskRta, apabhraza, paizAcI, mAgadhI ke sAtha huA hai (175.14) / kintu inake koI udAharaNa va lakSaNa Adi nahIM diye gaye / sambhavataH rAkSasI kA abhiprAya cUlikA-paizAcI se hai tathA sabhI bhASAoM kA mizrita rUpa mizra-bhASA hai| dezI bhASA-grantha meM dezI bhASA kA aneka bAra ullekha huA hai| vijayapurI ke bAjAra ke prasaMga meM eka sAtha 18 dezoM kI bhASAoM ke udAharaNoM sahita vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai (152.53) / isa prasaMga meM golla, madhyadeza, magadha, antarveda, kIra, DhakkA, sindha, marubhUmi, gujarAta, lATa, mAlava, karnATaka, tApti, kozala, mahArASTra, Andhra, khasa, pArasa evaM barbara pradezoM kI dezI bhASAoM ke ullekha haiN| ina udAharaNoM evaM isa prasaMga kA vistRta adhyayana zrI e. mAsTara ne kiyA hai| upayukta varNana se spaSTa hai ki kuvalayamAlA meM bhASA evaM boliyoM ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI dI gayI hai| dezI bhASAoM va boliyoM kA isameM khula kara prayoga huA hai| grantha meM dezI bhASAoM kI isI vividhatA ke kAraNa hI anta meM granthakAra ko yaha kahanA par3A hai 1. bolemANo NANAviha desa-bhAsA dulakkha-jaMpiya-vvayAI bolemANo-kuva0, 149.4.

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252 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jo jANai desIo bhAsAo lakkhaNAi~ dhAU ya / vaya-Naya-gAhA-cheyaM kuvalayamAlaM pi so paDhau / / -281.23 udyotanasUri ne vividha bhASAoM aura boliyoM ke prayoga ke lie kuvalayamAlA meM pAtroM ke bIca bAtacIta ke aise prasaMga upasthita kiye haiM, jo unakI cAritrika vizeSatAoM para to prakAza DAlate hI haiM, tatkAlIna bhASAoM aura boliyoM ke aneka zabda evaM aMza bhI prastuta karate haiM / grantha ke kucha pramukha kathopakathanoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : grAmamahattaroM kI bAtacIta caMDasoma apane bhAI evaM vahina kI hatyA karane ke bAda agni meM jalane jA rahA thA ki kucha yuvakoM ne use balapUrvaka pakar3a liyA (baliya-juvANehiM so dharitro (48.12) / kRSi aura gokula se saMbadhitta pUrvajoM kI paramparA se cale A rahe manu, vyAsa, vAlmIki, mArkaNDeya mahARSiyoM ke mahAbhArata, purANa, gItA ke zlokoM dvArA vRtti (siloya vittapaNNA) kamAnevAle sautrika-paMDitoM ne kahA ki tuma prAyazcita dvArA pApa se mukta ho sakate ho (48.17) / caMDasoma ne jaba prAyazcita pUchA to eka paMDita bolA-'binA icchA se kiyA gayA pApa binA icchA ke hI zuddha ho jAtA hai'-'akAmena kRtaM pApaM akAmenaiva zuddhayati (48.10) / asambaddha pralApa karate hue dUsarA volA-'prANa-ghAta karane kI icchA se na mArane para bhI koI mara jAya to brahmahatyA nahIM lagatI'-jighAMsaMtaM jighAMsIyAnna tena brahmA bhavet (48.19) / tIsare ne kahA-'krodha meM kiye gaye pApa meM krodha hI aparAdhI hotA hai'-kopena yatkRtaM pApaM kopa evAparAdhyati (48.20) / cauthe ne kahA-'brAhmaNoM se apanA pApa kaha dene se jIva zuddha ho jAyegA'-brAhmaNAnAM nivedyAtmA tataH zuddho bhaviSyati / pA~cave ne kahAajJAnapUrvaka kiye gaye pApa meM doSa nahIM lagatA'-ajJAnAdyatkRtaM pApaM tatra doSo na jAyate (48.21) / isa prakAra pUrvApara asambandhita vacanoM ko kahane vAle baDharabhaTTa ne use salAha dI ki ghara kI saba sampatti brAhmaNoM ko dekara tIrtha yAtrA karane se prAyazcita hogA (anuccheda 95) / __ isa vArtAlApa meM saMskRta bhASA ke pA~ca uddharaNa prayukta hue haiM, jo sambhavataH jina mahARSiyoM ke nAma liye gaye haiM unakI racanAoM ke hoN| dUsarA uddharaNa (jighAM0) vAsiSThasmRti 2, 18 meM upalabdha hotA hai| mathurA ke anAthamaMDapa meM kor3hiyoM kI bAtacIta mAnabhaTa mathurA ke anAthamaMDapa meM jaba ThaharatA hai to vahA~ para sthita kuSTharogI paraspara meM bAtacIta karate haiN| eka kahatA hai-are bhAiyo, tuma loga

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bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ 253 kauna-kauna se tIrtha kara Aye ? kyA-kyA vyAdhiyA~ athavA pApa naSTa ho gye| bho-bho kayarahiM titthe de cevAgayAhaM kayarA vAhiyA pAvaM ca phiTTai (55.14) / dUsare ne kahA-'vArANasI' koDhiyoM se mukta nahIM hai, ataH 'vArANasI' jAne se kor3ha miTa jAtA hai-abhukkA 'vANArasI' koDhiehi, teNa vANarasIhiM gayahaM koDho phiTTai (55.15) / tIsare ne kahA-haM, yaha kyA vatAnta tumane kahA? are kahA~ kor3ha, aura kahA~ vANArasI ? loka meM yaha prasiddha hai ki mUlasthAna ke bhaTTAraka jo kor3ha ke deva haiM (ve) kor3ha ko naSTa karate haiM-huhu kahio vuttaM tapo teNa jaMpiellau / kahiM koDhaM kahiM vANArasi / mUlatthANu bhaDArau koDhaI je dei udAlaijje loyaDe (55.15-16) / ___cauthe ne kahA-are yadi mUlasthAna ke devatA kor3ha ko dUra karate haiM to phira kisa kArya ko karane se apanA kor3ha acchA hogA ?--re re jai mUlasthANu deije uddAlaijje koDhaI, to puNu kAI kajju appANu koDhayallau acchai / anya ne kahA-yadi kor3ha acchA nahIM hotA to koI kArya nahIM karanA haijA Na koDhiellau acchai tA Na kAI kajju / mahAkAla bhaTTAraka kI jo chaH mAsa sevA karatA hai usakA kor3ha jar3a se naSTa ho jAtA hai-mahAkAlabhaDArayahaM chammAse sevaNNa kuNai jeNa mUlahejje phiTTai (55.18) / dUsare kor3hI ne kahA--isase kyA, jisa tIrtha meM jAne se bahuna purAnA pApa naSTa ho jAtA ho mujhe vaha batAo-kAI imeNa, jattha cira-parUr3ha pAvu phiTTai, taM me uddisaha titthN-(55.19)| dUsare ne uttara diyA-prayAga-vaTa ko pradakSiNA karane se bar3A se bar3A pApa turanta hI naSTa ho jAtA hai-prayAga-vaDa-paDiyahaM cira-parUr3ha pAya vi hattha vi phitti -(55-16) / anya ne kahA-pahale pApa pUcha, phira pA~va var3hAnA-pAva pucchiya pAya sAhaTTi- (55.20) / dUsare ne uttara diyA-he gAMva ke pradhAna ! yadi mAtA-pitA kA badha kiyA ho, tathA mahApApa kiyA ho to bhI gaMgA-saMgama meM nahAne aura bhairava-bhaTTAraka ko pradakSiNA karane se naSTa ho jAtA hai-kheDDu mellahaM (?), jai para-mAi-piivaha-kayaI pi mahApAvAI gaMgA-saMgameM vhAyahaM bhairava-bhaDAraya-paDiyahaM NAsaMti (55-20-21) / mAnabhaTa yaha sunakara gaMgA-saMgama meM nahAne ke lie cala par3atA hai(55-22,23)| prastuta vArtAlApa meM mUla-sthAna, bhaTTAraka, mahAkAla, prayAga kA akSayavaTa evaM bhairavabhaTTAraka dhArmika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sandarbha haiM, ina para vizeSa adhyayana

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254 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhArmika jIvana vAle adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| zeSa sandarbha bhASA-vaijJA. nika dRSTi se adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| isameM jo zabda prayukta hue haiM ve adhikatara apabhraza ke sAhityika svarUpa se milate-julate haiN| isa sampUrNa vArtAlApa kA bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana evaM anuvAda zrI e0 mAsTara ne kiyA hai|' DA0 upAdhye ke anusAra e0 mAsTara ke adhyayana meM mUla sandarbho meM bhinnatA hai evaM zabdoM kI vyAkhyA meM bhI navIna prakAza DAlane ke lie paryApta gujAiza hai| ataH isa sandarbha kA punaH adhyayana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| grAmamahattaroM kI bAtacIta ___ mAyAditya ne mitradroha jaise pApa se mukti pAne ke lie gAMva ke pradhAnoM ko ekatra kara agni meM jalane ke lie unase sahamati evaM Aga IMdhana Adi mAMgAdeha, majjha, pasiyaha, kaTThAi-jalaNaM ca (63.17) / yaha sunakara eka grAmamahattara ne kahA-yaha saba (mitradroha kA pApa) dUSita mana se karane para pApa hotA hai| AcAryoM ne yaha kahA hai--eha ehauM dummaNassahu~ / savvu eu Ayariu-tumane koI kapaTa nahIM kiyA hai - tujha Na u vaMku clituN-| jaisA prArabdha (deva) hotA hai vaisI mati hotI hai evaM tadanusAra hI AcaraNa karanA par3atA hai-prAraddhau evaM prai sugati / protu vara bhrAti saMpratu-(63-17-18) / tava dUsare ne kahA-tumane dhana aura sukha kI prAzA meM jo kucha bhI kiyA hai vaha sava duSTa manavAle moha ke kAraNa / ataH isa samaya tuma (dAna) bola do, usI se tumhArI zuddhi ho jAyegI-jaM ji viraidu dhnn-lvaasaae| suha-laMpaDeNa tubabhaI / dutthtttth-mnn-moh-luddhu| tu saMprati brollitauM / etu etu prAraddha bhalla-(63. 20) / taba eka vRddha mahattara ne kahA-agni meM tapakara svarNa to zuddha ho sakatA hai, kintu mitradrohI kI zuddhi kahA~ ? kApAlikavrata dhAraNa karane meM bhI isakI zuddhi nahIM-ettha sujjhati kira suvaNaM pi visaannr-muh-gt| kauprAva mittassa vaMcaNa / kAvAliya-vana-dhAraNe / eu eu sujjhajja Nahi, (63. 22) / ___ taba pUre draMga ke svAmI jyeSThamahAmahattara ne kahA-dhavala vAhana evaM dhavaladeha vAle mahAdeva ke sira para nirmala jalavAlI jo gaMgA bahatI hai, usa pavitra 1. e0 mAsTara-bI0 esa0 o0 e0 esa0 bhAga 13, pArTa 4, pR0 1005 Adi / R. The text differs here and there from the one presented by Master; there readings are exhaustively noted, and there would be a good deal of margin for difference in interpreta tion. Kuv. Introduction P. 136 (Notes). 3. de jalaNaM pavisAmi ti cittayaMteNa meliyA savve gAma-mahayarA-(63. 13) 4. tao aNeNa bhaNiyaM cira-jarA juNNa-deheNa - 63. 21 5. tao sayala-daMga-sAmiNA bhaNiyai jeTTha-mahAmayahareNa-63. 24

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bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ 255 gaMgA meM yadi nahAo to mitra-droha nAmaka pApa ghula sakatA hai-dhavala-vAhaNaghavala-dehassa sire bhramiti jA vimala jl| dhavalujjala sA bhddaarii| yati gaMga prAvesi tuhuN| mitra-drojha to NAma sujjhati (63.15) / aisA kahane para sabane kahA- 'aho bahuta sundara khaa| agni meM praveza karane kA nizcaya choDakara tuma gaMgA jAo vahA~ nahAkara anazana pUrvaka maroge to tumhArA pApa zuddha ho jaayegaa|' aisA kahakara grAmamahattaroM kI sabhI vijita ho gayI-visajjio gAma-mahayarehiM (63. 28) / mAyAditya gaMgA snAna ke lie cala pdd'aa| isa vArtAlApa meM draMga, grAmamahattara Adi zabdoM kA rAjanaitika mahattva hai| daMga usa gA~va ko kahA jAtA thA, jahA~ gurjara rahate the| DA0 upAdhye ne apanI kAzmIra-yAtrA meM vahA~ ke eka vyakti se 'daMga' kA prayoga isI artha meM karate sunA thaa|' DA. agravAla ne draMga kA artha 'rakSA-caukI' kiyA hai, jisakA rAjataMragiNI meM aneka bAra ullekha huA hai aura jo uttara-pazcima bhArata meM prasiddha prazAsanika saMsthA thii| udyotana dvArA ullekha karane se rAjasthAna meM bhI usake astitva kA patA calatA hai / mahAmahattara draMga ke adhikArI hote the|3 prastUta vArtAlApa kA bhASA-vaijJAnika adhyayana e0 mAsTara ne apane eka lekha meM kiyA hai|4 zabdoM ke prayoga se isa vArtAlApa kI bhASA kisI eka bhASA se samvandhita nahIM hai, apitu apabhraMza evaM prAkRta kA mizrita rUpa hai / grAmamahattaroM ke mukha se kahalAne ke lie isameM bhASAgata niyamoM kA abhAva hai, jisase yaha grAmINa bolo jaisI pratIta hotI hai| pizAcoM kI bAtacIta (71.9-25) lobhadeva idhara-udhara bhaTakatA huA jaba kisI samudrataTa para paha~cA to eka vaTavRkSa ke nIce leTa gyaa| vahA~ usane vRkSa para baiThe hue pizAcoM kI bAtacIta sunii| uddyotana ne yaha pUrI bAtacIta paizAcI bhASA meM prastuta kI hai| isakA svarUpa nizcita hai, ataH yahA~ mUla uddharaNa denA upayukta nahIM hai| isa sampUrNa paizAcI vArtAlApa kA adhyayana e0 mAsTara ne kiyA hai| jisameM prabhata sAmagrI unhoMne prastuta kI hai / yadyapi yatra-tatra kiMcit sudhAra kI bhI AvazyakatA 1. He told me in broken Hindi that it was the 'Dranga' mean_ing village of Gujaras. -Kuv. Int. p. 137. R. A cultural note, Kuv. Int. p. 117. 3. S. RTA. p. 354-55. 4. BSOAS, 13, Part II, p. 410. 5. A. Master : BSOAS XII 3.4 P. 659.

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256 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyanaya hai|' bAda meM je0 kyUpara ne isa para aura vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / 2 DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki guNADhya kI bRhatkathA kA paizAcI-saMskaraNa uddyotanasUri ke samaya meM vidyamAna thA, jisakA upayoga unhoMne isa prasaMga meM kiyA hai| 18 dezoM ke vyApAriyoM dvArA prayukta viziSTa zabda vijayapurI ke bAjAra meM jina 18 dezoM ke vyApArI upasthita the unakI bhASAe~ bhI bhinna thiiN| pratyeka vyApArI kucha viziSTa zabdoM kA prayoga adhika karate the| ina zabdoM kI pahacAna evaM artha ke lie DA0 e0 mAsTara evaM DA0 upAdhye ne apanA adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai / tadanusAra isa prasaMga meM prayukta zabdoM kA artha-nizcaya isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. golla :-'aDDe' (152.24)-aDDe yA araDe kA artha lagAnA kaThina hai / cUMki golla AbhIra jAti ke sadRza the, sambhava hai, pazutroM ko hA~kane ke lie isa zabda kA adhika prayoga hotA rahA ho| madhyapradeza meM hala ke bA~yI ora calane vAle baila ko 'arra' kahakara hA~kA jAtA hai| 2. madhyadeza :-'tere mere Au'-madhyadeza meM Ajakala hindI adhika bolI jAtI hai| 'tere-mere Au' hindI ke tere, mere, Ayo' zabdoM ke prAcIna rUpa ho sakate haiN| 3. mAgadha :-'ege le'-'ege le' meM mAgadhI kA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| kartA eka vacana meM 'e' kA prayoga tathA 'ra' ke sthAna para 'la' kA honA mAgadhI bhASA ke anukUla hai| 4. antarveda :--'kitto-kimmo'-'kitto kimmo' zabda bhI hindI bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa pratIta hote haiM / buMdelakhaNDa meM kitane ke liye 'kitto' kahA jAtA hai| isa deza kA vyApArI 'kitto' zabda kA prayoga ho sakatA hai 'kitane ke liye hI karatA rahA ho| grantha kI 'pI' prati meM 'kiM te kiM mo' zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jisameM se mo kA artha 'vayam' ho sakatA hai / tava vAkya kA artha hogA-kahA~ tuma, kahA~ hm| 9. His readings and renderings need minor improvements here and there. --Kuv. Int. P. 138. 2. F. B.J. Kuiper-'The Paisaci Fragment of the Kuvalayamala' -Indo-Iranian Journal, Vol. I, 1953, No. 3. 3. The Paisaci language seems to have been represented by the Brahatkatha which had survived in its original form upto the time of Uddyotanasuri. -Kuv. Int. P. 120. 4. A. Master-BSOAS XIII-2. 1950, PP. 413.15. 5. Kuv. Int. P. 144-45 (Notes).

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bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ 257 5. kIra - ' sAri pAri - ' sAri-pAri' kA sAmUhika artha 'miTTI kA dugdha pAtra' ho sakatA hai / 'pI' prati kA 'vAri' zabda lene para 'pAnI kA pAtra' artha hotA hai / kIra (kAzmIra) ke loga apanI bhASA meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga adhika kyoM karate the, yaha vahA~ kI sAMskRtika paramparA ke adhyayana se hI jJAta ho sakegA / 6. Dhakka - - 'ehaM- tehaM - (153.1 ) - 'jI' prati meM Takka pATha hai, jisakA artha paMjAba kiyA jA sakatA hai / vahA~ ke nivAsI ehaM = eha= yahA~ yA yaha tathA tehaM = teha = vahA~ yA vaha ( arthAt yahA~-vahA~ yA yaha vaha ) zabdoM kA prayoga karate the / 7. saindhava - 'cauDayame' - sindha ke nivAsI 'caDaDaya meM' 'zabdoM kA prayoga adhika karate the / upAdhyejI ne 'caMDaDayaM' kA artha sundara hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai / 'cauDa' kA artha cor3a deza bhI ho sakatA hai / 1 8. mArUka - 'pa-tuppA' - marudeza ( mAravAr3a) ke nivAsI mAruka the / ve 'appAM-tuppAM' zabda bola rahe the / mAravAr3I meM appAM = prApAM kA artha 'hama' tathA maMjhI paMjAbI meM tuppAM = tupA kA artha 'tuma' hai / ' ataH ve 'hama-tuma' bola rahe the / kintu bundelakhaNDa meM 'hama tuma' ke lie 'apana-tupana' zabda abhI bhI prayukta hotA hai jo 'appAM-tuppAM' ke adhika samIpa lagatA hai / 6. gurjara - u re bhallauM - gurjara jAti ke loga 'Nau re bhallauM' zabdoM kA uccAraNa kara rahe the, jinakA artha hai - are yaha acchA nahIM hai / ' 10. lATa - ' ahaM kAuM tumheM' - vartamAna gujarAta kA adhikAMza bhAga usa samaya lATa ke antargata thA / ataH sambhava hai, vahA~ ke nivAsI jina zabdoM kA prayoga kara rahe the ve purAnI gujarAtI bhASA meM prayukta hote rahe hoM / isakA artha ho sakatA hai - 'hamane kiyA tumane ' / 11. mAlava - ' bhAuya bhaiNI tumheM' - ujjayinI ke Asa-pAsa rahane vAle loga 'bhAuya bhaiNI tumheM' zabdoM kA prayoga karate the, yadi inakA vAkya banAyA jAya to artha hogA- 'tuma bhAI evaM bahina ho' / ina zabdoM kA zaurasenI prAkRta adhika sAmya hai | 12. karnATaka - 'Di pAMDi mare ' - grantha kI 'pI' prati meM 'adri poMDi ramare ' pATha hai / ye zabda kannar3a bhASA ke nahIM hai / kintu 'Di pAMDi' ye donoM zabda telugu bhASA ke haiM, jinakA artha hai - 'vaha jAtA hai / ' usa samaya karnATaka pradeza loga isalie telugu bolate rahe hoMge, kyoMki AThavIM sadI meM karnATaka aura ligvisTika sarve Apha iNDiyA / 1. draSTavya, 17

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258 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana telugu pradeza kI sImAe~ spaSTa nahIM thIM tathA donoM pradezoM kI lipi bhI eka thI / 1 11. tAjika - isi kisi misi'- tAie zabda kA artha parsiyana yA araba nivAsiyoM se sambandhita hai / sambhava hai ye ' kizamiza ke vyApArI rahe hoM praura vahI zabda adhika volate hoM / kintu isi - kisi misI' kA asi-masi - kasivANijja jaise vAkya se bhI sambandha ho sakatA hai, jisakA artha saMnika, lekhana evaM kRSi kArya hai / 14. kosala - - ' jala tala le'- kozala ke loga 'jala tala le' zabdoM kA prayoga adhika karate the / ye zabda chattIsagar3hI bolI meM 'jelA telA' rUpa meM bole jAte haiM / chattIsagar3ha ko pahale mahAkozala kahA jAtA thA / 15. marahaTTha - 'diNNalle gahille' - mahArASTra ke loga 'diNNallegahiyalle' jaise zabdoM ko volate the, jo ki marAThI bhASA meM 'dilele' evaM ' ghetalele ' ke rUpa meM pracalita hai, jinakA kramazaH artha hai - ' diyA evaM liyA' / inake sAhityika prayoga bhI upalabdha haiM / 16. Andhra - 'TipuTi raMTi - ina zabdoM kA sambandha telagu bhASA se hai, usameM inake 'aDi poMDi raMDi' rUpa milate haiM, jinakA artha hai - vaha, jAnA, AnA / grantha meM ukta 16 gAthAoM dvArA hI 16 dezoM kI bhASAoM ke namUne diye gaye haiM / kintu anta meM kahA gayA hai ki 18 dezI bhASAyoM ke baniyoM ko kuvalayacandra ne dekhA - 'iya praThArasa desI bhASAu pulaiuNa siridatto - 153 - -12) / ata: DA0 e0 mAsTara kA sujhAva hai ki do chUTI huI bhASAe~ oDra evaM drAviDI honI cAhie- jaisA ki nATyazAstra meM ullekha hai / abhI ukta pradezoM ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA pUrNa nahIM kahIM jA sakatI hai / sambhava hai, Age calakara kucha aura prakAza pdd'e| isa prasaMga meM prayukta dezoM ke nAmoM kI bhaugolika pahacAna prabandha ke dvitIya adhyAya meM evaM vyApAriyoM ke rUpa raMga kA varNana Arthika sthiti vAle adhyAya meM pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / maTha ke chAtroM kI bAtacIta (151-18) vijayapurI maTha ke chAtra vibhinna prAntoM ke nivAsI the / ataH unakI paraspara kI bAtacIta meM bhI aneka bhASAoM mora boliyoM kA saMmizraNa prApta hotA hai / isa prasaMga kA bhI bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana DA0 e0 mAsTara ne kiyA 3 hai| mUla sandarbha isa prakAra hai : 1. upAdhye, kuva0, inTro0, pR0 145. 2. u0 vahI. 3. bI0 esa0 o0 e0 esa0 bhAga 13, pArTa - 4 pa ( 01010) Adi /

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bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ 259 bAtacIta prArambha ho gayo-are arASTraka ! bola be, yadi nahIM bhUlA hai to| janArdana ! pUchatA hU~-tumane kala kahA~ jIMmaNa (bhojana) kiyA thA ? usane kahA-jAna jAo, maiMne vahIM jImA thA, jahA~ kaMThA bhUSaNa pahine hue kirAta ke lar3ake ne jImA thA ? 2 to usane kahA-kyA valakkha kiso vizeSa-mahilA kA nAma hai ? 3 taba pahale ne kahA-ahA / yaha strI to sampUrNa apane lakSaNoM se gAyatrI jaisI hai (20) / taba dUsare ne kahA-varNana karo, vahA~ kA bhojana kaisA thA ? varNi kIdRzaM tatra bhojanaM (21) / dUsare ne kahA-tyAgI bhaTTa ! merA bhojana to spaSTa hai| maiM takSaka hU~, vAsukI nhiiN| taba dUsare ne kahA-tumane to kyA kara diyA ? tumhArA peTa batalAtA hai| tumase bhojana ke viSaya meM pUchA, tuma apanA nAma batalAte ho-kattu paDatti tau, hRddhaya ullAva, bhojana spRSTa svanAma-siMghasi / ___eka dUsare ne kahA-are tU bar3A mahAmUrkha hai, ye pATaliputra ke rahanevAle kahIM samAsokti samajhege ? are re baDDo mahAmUrkha , ye pATaliputra-mahAnagarAvAstavye te kutthA samAsokti vujhaMti / dUsare ne kahA-hama se to ye adhika mUrkha haiM-asmAdapi iyaM muurkhtrii-| dUsare ne pUchA-kisa kAraNa- 'kAI kajju' ? usane javAba diyA-mUrkha aura catura ke kathana meM pracura (bheda hai)-anipuNa nipunnaathokti-prcur-| dUsare ne kahApara, mujhe kyA ? chor3o, hama to vidvAn haiM-'mara kAI mAM mukta, ambopi vidagdhaH saMti--(24) / tIsare ne kahA 'bhaTTa' sacamuca tuma vidvAn ho, bhojana meM kyA thA mujhe spaSTa rUpa se kaho-bhaTTo, satyaM tvaM vidagdhaH, puNu bhojane spaSTa nAma kthit(25)| usane kahA-are mUrkha, vAsukI ke hajAra mukha kahe gaye haiM-are, mahAmUrkhaH vAsukevaMdana-sahasraM kathayati (26) / chAtroM kI yaha bAtacIta sunakara kuvalayacandra ne socA aho asambaddha akSara evaM vArtAlApa kA prayoga karane vAle ye grAmINa bAlaka haiM -aho asaMbaddhakkharAlAvattaNaM bAla-desiyANaM (151.26) / dUsaroM ke bhojana se inhoMne apane zarIra puSTa kara rakhe haiM tathA vidyA, vijJAna, jJAna, vinaya se hIna haiM / chAtrapane ko chor3a cuke haiM (152.1) / kumAra ne anya chAtroM se pUchA-- are bhaTTaputro, kyA tuma rAjakula kA vRtAnta nahIM jAnate ho?" 1. re re AroTTa, bhaNa re jAva Na pmhusi| janArdana, pracchahu~ kattha tubbhe kalla jimiyalliyA-151.18-19) / 2. sAhiuM je te tao tassa valakkhaellayahaM kirADahaM taNa e jimiyallayA-vahI 20. 3. kiM sA visesa-mahilA valakkhaielliya -- vahI 20 / 4. cAi bhaTTo, mama bhojana spaSTaM, takSako haM, na vAsuki- 21. 5. bho bho bhaTTauttA, tumheM Na-yANAha yo rAjakule vRttAMta-152.2

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260 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana / chAtroM ne kahA-are vyAghrasvAmI, kaha, rAjakula kI kyA khabara haibhaNa, he 'vyAghrasvAmi, ka vArtA rAjakule (152.2) / usane kahA-puruSa-dveSiNI kuvalayamAlA ne zloka TAMga rakhA hai-'kuvalayamAlAe purisa dveSiNIe pAyo laMbita: (152.3) / yaha sunakara tAla Thoka kara eka chAtra khar3A huA aura volA-yadi paMDitAI ke kAraNa hai taba to kuvalayamAlA mujhe pariNAi jAnI cAhie-'yadi pAMDityena tato maiM pariNetavyA kuvalayamAlA (152.4) / dUsare chAtra ne kahA-are tumhArA pANDitya kyA hai-are kavaNu tau pANDityu / usane javAva diyA-chaha aMgo vAle veda par3hatA hU~, tathA triguNa-mantra par3hatA hUM / kyaa| yaha merA pANDitya nahIM hai ? SaDaguM veu paDhami, viguNa-mantra paDhami, ki na pANDityu (152.5) / dUsare ne kahA-are, tIna guNa vAle mantra-par3hane se usase vivAha nahIM hogaa| valki jo usa zloka ko pUrA karegA use vaha pariNAI jAyego,-are Na maMtrehi tRguhi prinnijji| jo sahipau pAe bhidai so taM pariNei152. 5 / yaha sunakara eka dUsare chAtra ne kahA-maiMne pAda pUrA kara liyaa| yaha gAthA par3hatA hU~-ahaM sahiyo jo gvAthI par3hami (152.6) / chAtroM ne kahAare vyAghrasvAmI, tuma kaisI gAthA par3hate ho-kaisI re vyAghrasvAmi, gAthA par3hasi tvaM (152.7) / usane kahA-yaha gAthA hai: sA te bhavatu suprItA abudhasya kuto valaM / yasya yasya yadA bhUmi sarvatra madhusUdana / / 152.8 yaha sunakara dUsare chAtra ne krodhita hokara kahA-are mUrkha skandhaka ko gAthA kahatA hai| hamane gAthA na pUchI thI ?--are are mUrkha, skaMdhakopi gAtha bhaNasi : amha gAtha Na pucchaha (152.9) / tava usane kahA-acchA, bhaTTa yajusvAmI, tuma gAthA par3ho-tvaM paDha bhaTTho yajusvAmi gAtha, (152.10) / usane kahA-suno par3hatA hU~-suTTha par3hami AiM kajjiM mattagaya godAvari Na muyaMti / ko tahu desahu Avatai ko va parANai vatta // 152.11 yaha sunakara dUsare ne kahA-are hamane zloka nahIM pUchA, gAthA par3hoare silogo amhaNa pucchaha, gyAthI paDhaho-(152.1 ) usane kahA-acchA suno, par3hatA hU~ taMbola-raiya-rAo aharo dRSTA kAmini-janassa / amhaM ca khumai maNo dAridra-gurU NivArei / / 152.13 tava sava chAtra bola par3e-aho, dhanya hai bhaTTa yajusvAmI, kuzala paMDita evaM vidvAn hai, jo gAthA par3hatA hai| isI ko vaha vyAhI jAnI cAhiye-ho

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bhASAe~ tathA boliyA~ maTTha yajusvAmi, vidagdha-paMDita vidyAvaMto gvAthI paDhati, etena sA pariNatavyA( 152.14) / taba dUsare ne kahA- are, vaha pAda kaisA hai, jo kuvalayamAlA ne laTakA rahA hai- are keriso so pAyao jo tIe laMbizro (152.15) / taba dUsare ne kahA- rAjAMgaNa meM maiMne par3hA thA, kintu mUla gayA huuN| vaise sabhI use par3hate haiM - rAjAMgaNe mai paDhiu prAsi, so se vismRtu savvaloku paDhati-ti(152.15) / ' 261 chAtroM kI isa bAtacIta ko sunakara kI asambaddha bAtacIta mAtra pralApa hai / kuvalayamAlA ne rAjAMgaNa meM apUrNa zloka calanA cAhie (152.18) / kumAra ne kevala socA - ina anAtha chAtroM itanA jJAta hotA hai ki (pAda) laTakA rahA hai / ataH vahIM 1. chAtroM kI bAtacIta kA hindI bhAvAnuvAda, DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne apane grantha 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa meM bhI kiyA hai / 2. aho, agAha - vaTTiyANaM asaMbaddha - palAvattaNaM caTTAnaM ti-152.17.

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pariccheda tIna zabda-sampatti kuvalayamAlAkahA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhI gaI hai, kintu usameM prAyaH anya prAkRtoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza, paizAcI, dezI evaM draviDa bhASAoM ke zabdoM ko bhI isameM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| grantha meM ina saba bhASAoM ke kucha aise zabdoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai, jinake artha saralatA se grahaNa nahIM hote tathA jo bhUgola, vyApAra evaM vAtacIta Adi prasaMgoM meM pAribhASika ho gaye the| ataH grantha ke hArda ko samajhane ke lie aise kucha zabdoM kI sUcI yahA~ de denA ucita hogaa| prAkRta-apabhraza ke koza-nirmANa meM yaha sUcI sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| isa zabda-sUcI meM apabhraza evaM dezI bhASA ke zabda bhI sammilita haiN| grantha kA bhASA-vaijJAnika adhyayana prastuta karate samaya ina savakA upayoga kiyA jA skegaa| aMtAluhaNo (47.27) = aMtaraMga, priyaputra aMvilaM (58.20) = . khaTTI vastu aDDe araDe (152.25) = saMkhyAvAcaka appAM-tuppAM (153.3) = hama-tuma amhaM kAu tumhaM (153.5 = hamane kiyA tumane aDi pAMDi mare (153.7) = vaha jAtA hai aTi puTi raMTi (153.11) = vaha jAnA, AnA aNADhiyaM (133.220) = anAdRta aNora-pAre (70.13) = pracura atthANa-samayaM (84.3) = sabhA kA samaya abbAvAra (204.3) vyApAra-varjita abbhattiyA (4.17) abhyarthita

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zabda-sampatti 263 aphphoDeMti (132.25) ayaMDe (154.9) ADittiyA (65.14) ADhattaM (47.4) AmaNaM (105.16) AlANakhaMbho (15410) AlappAlaM (47.4) AlabahaM (43.33) alliyau (86.32) allINApro (101.10) = prAroTTa (151.18) olaggiu (50.26) okkhaMdaM (99.16) = aomAlio (25.28) = oyaMcchiya-vayaNA (156.27) - ibbhakumAriyA (7.27) = iTThANugghaTTha-maTTorU (151) = ukkuTTi (132.25) udaMDa-poMDarIya (10.5) kaMDUla (6.20) kacchauDa (8.1) kaMdugdhusiya (35.5) kaMduya ramirI (233.1 kaDillayaM (81.22) kaNNuM (57.16) kaNNuM-NariMda (16.26) karakaM (225.22) kaluNa-cIri (113.23) = kasA (139.9) kaNisavAyA (153.15) = kAlavaTTAI (135.12) = tAlI bajAnA akasmAt zivikA-vAhaka puruSa, Ar3hatiyA AkrAnta,Arabdha,prArambha kiyA huA dukAna hAthI bAMdhane kA stambha AkathanIya kalaMka saMbhASaNa samIpa meM AnA AliMgana karanA arASTaka, aroTa, aror3A sevA karanA, kisI ke adhIna rahanA zatru senA dvArA nagara kA gherA pUjita tejasvI vacana vaNikaputrI guruprAyazcitta utkarSa karanA pracaMDa rAjA khAjavAlA pArzvabhAga (?) geMda meM ramI huI kaTi-vastra, aTavI, pratihAra karNotpala, kAna kA AbhUSaNa rAjA karNa zava karuNa, dIna, kITa-vizeSa (jhIMgura) cAbuka dhAnya kA agrabhAga karNa kA dhanuSa

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264 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kAsakusumehiM (238.3) = kAsa kA phUla kuDDAlihiyA (138.2) - bhIta para likhita kuhiNImagge (54.12) = / rathyA, muhallA keyaro (130.27) Ter3he aMga vAlA kesa TamaraiM (72.35) = kezasamUha koDalaM (45.15) kAna kA kuNDala, vyaMtaradeva kA nAma koTi (46.18) zastravizeSa koTThaya-koNAo (47.15) = koThe kA konA khaduA-motthaya (41.19) = nAgaramothA khuDDa (6.7) kSudra, adhama khalu (6.6) durjana, khala khalluvakattaNa (41.31) = khAla nikAlanA khalo (6.6) pazuoM kA khAdya, khalI khoraM (171.19) nRtya kA koI pAtra, galI khoramaMDalIo (7.30) naToM kI maMDalI khohivijahi (101.14) = vicalita karanA gappaDiyA (44.33) garbha meM par3A huA gayaghaDAhiM (166.9) = hAthI kA samUha gAmakoDIso (284.3) = karor3a grAma gAmillayo (250.35) = gaMvAra gAma-caDaya (113.7) gA~va ke gauraiyA pakSI gAma-vodraha (52.4) = gA~va ke taruNa guDiyA (166.9) hAthI kA kavaca, palAna utAranA guMDiyo (113.10) = lipta guDesu turaMgamA (135.24) = palAna kasa diyA guleguleMtAo (18.24) = hAthI kI AvAja meM harSa se bolanA guNaNa-dhaNIo (82.33) = AvRtti karane kI dhvani goMdI (32-33) maMjarI, baura gojjA (42.15) gavaiyA golae (154.1) golaka gosecciya (48.2) = / prAtaHkAla hI

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zabda-sampatti caura-siharammi (162.10) = caDaya-khaI (83.2) cittaviyA ADhayattiyAra (65) = cIrI ruesu (113.3) ceDIo (167.11) chaMdiUNa (84.24) chaNNaui (284.3) chaNamao (15.25) chappaNaa (3.18) chaliuM (136.23) chAubbAyA (76-19) chechaio (7.28) chiDDaNNesiNA (99.15) = choNaM (104.15) jaMga esu (24.13) jaMpANesu (24.13) jamala-jaNao (126-19) jahAruha (6.30) jAmaillayA (135,18,, 234, 20) jAlIe (126.12) jimio (66.21) jUrai (78.2) jUraha (200.20) jUrasu (167.10) jUriya vvaM (159.17) jUrihii (77.28) jovakArio (61.15) = jhaMpA (64.24) jhaMpulliyA (112.17) jhatti (105.2) parvatazikhara- caura zikhara gaureyA kI AvAja Ar3hatiyA ko saceta kiyA (?) cora ke vRkSa kanyAyeM anujJA dekara chipA huA utsavasadRza vidagdha kavi skhalita honA, hAranA chAyAyukta (?) kulaTA avasara kI talAza karane vAlA pheMka kara zivikA-vizeSa vAhana-vizeSa jor3e se janmane vAlA yathAruci, yathocita paharedAra latAoM kA jAla bhojana kiyA gussA karanA nindA karanA aphasosa karo kheda karanA cAhie krodha karegA 'jaya jaya' karanA ekadama se kUdanA U~cI-kUda zIghra, jhaTTI (bundelakhaNDI meM)

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kI sAMskRtika adhyayana jhaso (64.17) jholiyAsu (24-13) = TaMkachiNNe (178.17) TamaraI (72.35) DaMgA (46.14) DaDDhaM (169.17) DAiNIpro (82.28) DhaMDhAe (169.17) NareMsu (24.12) NahavayAo (8.1) Najjai (115.25) NaDaillA (42.15) NAyariyAe (182.22) = jillukkadeho (115.30) = Nippairikke (10.732) = NolliyA (52.17) NollijjamANI (52.20) = taDDaviya (25.13) tAliyaM (105.16) timigilI (66.8) toDahiyA (82.33) thaDDo (6.5) dasaNIya (67.12) diNNA hatthasaNNA (67.13) = desio (62.15) desiya melie (65.25) devANuppiyA (96.28) dharijjai (6.13) dhario (48.12) dhUsara (56.1) paMgulayA (85.23) matsya, machalI (jhaka, pharasI meM) DolI, jholI talavAra kA kATA huA bAla-samUha lAThI, DAgaM dagdha, prajvalita DAkinI DhaNDhaNa, eka jaina RSi vAhana-vizeSa (?) nakhakSata (?) jAnanA nATakIya, nATaka meM rata rahane vAlA nAgarikA chipA huA zarIra ekAnta sthAna prerita kI huI ghUmane lagI vistIrNa tAlA lagAnA, banda karanA matsya kI eka jAti vAdya-vizeSa gaviSTha, abhimAnI bheMTa hAtha ke izAre saudA karanA pathika, yAtrI vyApArI-maNDala rAjA ke lie sambodhana pakar3anA, dharanA pakar3A huA ghussA laMgar3A

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zabda-sampatti 267 paMDaya (80.9) paMsuli (41.10) pakkaNa-kulammi (81.10) = pacchayaNa (57.28) pattalAo (18.24) palhatthiya (7.20) patthara (143.23) para-tatti-taggo (127.23) pasiyaha (63.16) pahayA (52.17) puaMDa maMDalai (169.32) = pulli (51.26, 112.16) = peso (137.27) pesao (105.13) pottIo (139.7, 157.32) = potthaya (191.26) bailla (186.12) bappo-bappo (51.12) barahiNao (8.20) bahiNi-gAli (112.22) = boDaNa (41.31) bhaMDamollaM (105.5) bhaDArA (91.13) bhAila-turaMga (65.29) bhelliyaM (122.20) bhoiyA (124.5) maMguse (28.24) maMdulaya (55.11) mailu (54.30) majjhilla khaMDammi (91.34) = maDahA (126.21) napuMsaka kulaTA cANDAla kula (10.72) pAtheya rAjadeya, adhikAra-patra pAlathI mAra kara baiThanA pAda-tAr3ana dUsare ke doSa nikAlane vAle anumati dene kI kRpA karanA prahAra karanA taruNa-maNDalI vyAghra dAsa becanA dhotI pustaka baila pitA, bApa mayUra bahina kI gAlI zira muMDAnA (boDo, gujarAtI meM) pUMjI bhaTTAraka, svAmI hala meM jotane vAle ghor3e yuddha ke lie lalakAranA grAmAdhyakSa (bhogina) nakula, nyolA rogagrasta mailA, asvaccha madhyama khaNDa, majhalA chauTA, thor3A

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268 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana maTThoru (151.16) pAlasI, jaDa marihI (161.12) mara jAyegI mayajANavataM (224.29) ThaTharI (U~Ta kI gAr3I) maya-siliMba (58.19) mRga kA caccA mahalla (2.18) vistIrNa, bakavAdI mahAbhArammi (154.1) koSAgAra mahAbaDharabhaTTa (48.22) = mahA-bar3e, vaDhara-mUrkha-chAtra, bhaTTa-brAhmaNa maliNa-kucelo (155.14) = maile-kucele vastra mAINa (122.11) = jaTAdhArI strI devatA mAlUra-thaNI (234.13) = bela kA per3a muddiUNa (154.1) mudrA lagAkara muhaliyA (154.28) mukharita vAcAla mUliyA (166.30) strI-vaidya meDhI (186.12) pazubandhana kASTha melli (91.13) parityAga karanA (nidrA) moDiyA (12.2) mor3I huI vanalatA laTThippaIva-sihAe (140) = dIpaka rakhane kI lakar3I (dIvaTa) lallAyA (40.30) machalI pakar3ane vAlA loNiya (153.4) = makkhana, navanIta raMDA (40.15) vidhavA (rAMDa) rallayaiM (169.15) rallaka nAma kA mRga rallaya-kaMvalae (18.26) rallaka ke roma se bane hue kaMbala rikkhAo (101.11) thakAna rullA (40.30) kallA - madya pIne vAlA vaccahiM (57.33) becanA vaNImayANaM (65.8) yAcaka, bhikSu, bhikhArI vattiNIe (62.33) mArga, citra kI rekhAe~ vallakkha-ellayahaM (151.19) = valakkha, zveta, ellayahaM (?) valAmoDiya (8.25, 9.3) = balapUrvaka AghAta, graMnthi-bandhana vasimaM (195.7) = vasati vAlA sthAna

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zabda- sampatti vAluya-kavalaM (161.33 ) vAsahara pAlIe (141.14) vAsArato (101.12) virAvehiM (113.13) vilayA (107.26) vesavilayA (56.30) vUDoromaMco (159.26) voDhuM (224.29) vellahala (232.11) veyAriUNa (125.15) velaviUNa (84.24) vesao (113.21) saMDa-ramaNijjo (50.1 ) sapharUlliyA (135.26) samAyANaM (217.5) samilaM samuppo (209.18) = samagga N (140.18 ) sajaMmesu (25.16) saraha (113.7 ) suhilli ( 83.14) sejjAyara-ghare (99.31) sovaNayaM (53.13) hatthArohANaM (155.11 ) hallapphullA ( 83.14) = = = = = |||||||||| = = = = = = || || = = = // // // // // // = = = 11 = gA~Tha kA bandhana = = = = bAlu meM bhunate cane jaisA vAsaghara - pAlikA varSAkAla AvAja mahilA ghara kI dAsI romA~ca honA pahu~cAnA, le jAnA komala Thagakara, bahakAkara jhAMsA dekara vezyA vRkSasamUha se suzobhita kumuda saMyama vizeSa lakar3I kI kIla DibbA 269 sarahada, sImA sukhakeli, Ananda upAzraya ke mAlika kA ghara zayanakakSa mahAvata AkulatA, hAlaphUla ( prasannatA ) /

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adhyAya chaha lalita kalAe~ evaM zilpa

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pariccheda eka nATya kalA uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM nATaya kalA kI vividha sAmagrI prastuta kI hai / use tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| (1) nATayakalA se sambandhita viziSTa zabda, (2) nRtya ke vibhinna prakAra tathA (3) lokanATya kI paramparA / inakA vizeSa vivaraNa isa prakAra hainATaya kalA se sambandhita viziSTa zabda kuvalayamAlAkahA kI prathama paMkti hI nRtya ke varNana se prArambha hotI hai| maMgalAcaraNa karate hue kavi kahatA hai ki una prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ko namaskAra hai, jinake janmotsava para bAhulatAoM ko U~cA kara bajate hue maNivalaya ke tAla se zabda karatI huI deviyA~ nRtya karatI haiN| dUsare prasaMgoM meM kahA gayA hai ki aneka prakAra ke natya karane ke kAraNa kuvalayacandra ke caraNa komala the| tathA kumAra mahendra kuvalayacandra kI kAmAtura avasthA ko dekha kara kahatA hai-'kumAra, tumhAre cehare para yaha zRMgAra, vIra, vIbhatsa, karuNa Adi aneka rasoM se yukta nATaka-sA Atmagata bhAva kyA nRtya kara rahA hai ? isa prakAra ke sandarbho dvArA uddyotana ne nATaya kalA se sambandhita aneka zabda prayukta kiye haiM, jo vicAraNIya haiM / natta-tAla aura laya ke AdhAra para kiye jAnevAle nartana ko nRtta kahA gayA hai-nRttaM tAlalayAzrayam / nRtta meM abhinaya kA sarvathA abhAva hotA hai| 1. paDhama Namaha jiNidaM jAe NaccaMti jammi deviio| uvvellir-baahu-lyaa-rnnNt-mnni-vly-taalehiN||-1.1 2. aNeya NaTTa-karaNaMgahAra-calaNa-komalaI / -22.22. 3. kumAra, kiM puNa imaM siMgAra-vIra-bIbhaccha-karuNA-NANA-rasa-saNAhaM NADayaM piva appagayaM NaccIyai tti / -159.7. 4. dazarUpaka, 1.9. 18

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274 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kevala tAla aura laya ke AdhAra para dra ta, manda yA madhyama padanikSepa kiyA jAtA hai / nRtta ke do bheda haiM-madhura aura uddhata / madhura natta ko lAsya tathA uddhata nRtya ko tANDava kahate haiN|' uddyotanasUri ne ina donoM prakAra ke nRtyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| lAsyanRtta-lAsya nRtta ke antargata kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullikhita ina nRttoM ko rakhA jA sakatA hai-tAla para natta karanevAlI deviyoM kA nRtta (1.1) / rAsa meM nAcatI huI yuvatiyoM kA nRtta, pavana se udvelita komala latAbhujAoM kA natta, gItarava dvArA bhaMga tAla-laya se yukta apsarAoM kA nRtta, nUpura kI kikiNiyoM ke zabdoM kI laya para nAcatI huI apsarAoM kA natta,5 tathA vAhulatAo ke saMcAlana se maNivalaya ke zabdoM ke tAla para maMtharagati se padanikSepa karatI huI kuvalayamAlA kI mAtA kA nRtta / isa vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki kAminiyoM ke madhura evaM sukumAra nRtta lAsya natta kahe jAte haiN| bAhuproM kA komalatA se nikSepa isakI vizeSatA hai| mayUra kA komala nartana bho lAsya ke antargata AtA hai, jisakA ullekha uddyotana ne kiyA hai| dazarUpakakAra ke anusAra nATathazAstra meM sukUmAra natya kA prArambha pArvatI ne kiyA thA (1.4) / tANDava natta-uddhata nRtya ko tANDava kahA gayA hai| dhanaMjaya ke anusAra nATaya meM tANDava kA saMniveza mahAdeva ne kiyA thA (dazarUpaka 1.4) / mahAdeva ke tANDava nRtya kA ullekha uddyotana mUri ne do prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai / rAkSasa dvArA samudra meM tUphAna utpanna kara dene se samudra manuSyoM ke siroM ko muMDamAlA pahine hue-viraiya-Nara-sosa mAlAvayaM, pavana se udvelita jalakhaMDoM kI AvAja dvArA aTTahAsa karate hue tathA vetAla kI agni dvArA tRtIyanetra ko jalAte hue zaMkara kI taraha tANDava nRtya karane lagA-- taMDayaM NaccamANassa (68.26) / varSARtu meM meghasamUha ne kAle meghaTukar3oM kI muMDamAlA pahina kara-ahiNava-maliNa-jalayamAlA-bhAyaMkavAlamAlAlaMkAre--vijaliyoM kI camaka kA tRtIya netra dhAraNa kara 1. vahI, 1.10. taal-clir-vlyaavli-klyl-sddo| / rAsayammi jai labbhai juvaI-satthao // --4.29. . 3. NaccaMtaM piva pavaNubvella-komala-layA-bhuyAhi / -33.7.. 4. gIya-rava bhaMga NAsiya-tAla-laummagga-NacciraccharasaM / -96.14. 5. avasesaccharasA-gaNa-sarahasa-NaccaMta-sohillaM / rayaNa-viNimmiya-Neura-calamANa-calaMta- kiMkiNI-sahaM / -96.22, 23. 6. kuvalayamAlA-jaNaNI vi sarahasubvellamANa-bAhulayA-kaMcaNa-maNi-valaya-vara-tarala kala-tAla-vasa-paya-Nikkheva-rehirA maMtharaM parisakkiyA / 171.13. 7. NaccaMti barahiNo girivara-vivara-siharesu / -147.24.

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nATya kalA 275 taiya-NayaNaggi-vilasaMta-vijjulae-tathA meghagarjanA ke dvArA bhayaMkara aTTahAsa karatA huA nRtya meM saMlagna hokara mahAdeva kI naTarAjamudrA ko curA liyA / ' isase spaSTa hai ki zaMkara kI tANDava mudrA kI pramukha vizeSatAoM-muNDamAlA dhAraNa kie hue, trinetra khole hue evaM aTTahAsa karate hue-se udyotanasUri bhalI-bhA~ti paricita the| mahAdeva kI isa naTarAjamudrA tathA tANDava nRtya ke sambandha meM zrIkumArasvAmo ne 'DAMsa Apha ziva' nAmaka grantha meM vizada prakAza DAlA hai| isa naTarAjamudrA kI aneka manojJa mUttiyA~ bhI vibhinna sthAnoM se prApta huI haiM / 2 zaMkara ke tANDava nRtya ke atirikta tANDava nRtya ko anyavidhiyA~ bhI 8vIM sadI meM pracalita rahI hoNgii| kyoMki AdipurANa meM puSpAJjali-prakIrNaka tANDava nRtya tathA jalasecana-tANDava nRtya kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|' - natya-bhAvoM para Azrita anukRti ko nRtya kahate haiN| isameM kevala AMgika abhinaya kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai tathA kathopakathana kA abhAva rahatA hai| ataH nRtya meM zravya kucha nahIM hotaa| isake dekhane mAtra se sAmAjika AnaMdita hote haiM / ina vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa nRtya nATya evaM nRtta se bhinna hotA hai| udyotanasUri ne nRtya ke sambandha meM nimnokta jAnakArI dI hai: 1. kanyAe~ nRtyazAstra meM itanI pAraMgata hotI thIM ki dUsaroM ko nRtyalakSaNa __ Adi kI zikSA detI thoM-gahiyaM NaTTa-lakkhaNaM 123.24 / 2. nRtyakalA zikSA kA mukhya viSaya thI (22.9) / maTha ke chAtra aneka prakAra ke nRtya sIkhate the-sivakhaMti ke vi chattA chattANa ya gaccaNAiMca 150. 23 / 3. zRMgAra, vIra, karuNa Adi bhAvoM ko nRtya meM A~khoM ke dvArA vyakta kiyA jAtA thA / nagara meM vibhinna avasaroM para aneka prakAra ke nRtya hote the| yathA-- 4. rAjabhavana meM vilAsinI striyoM ke nRtya-cciravilAtiNIyaNaM (17.20) / 5. janmotsava para madarasa pIkara ghUma-ghUma kara nAcane se lAvaNya kI bUMdoM 1. gajjiya-bhImaTTahAsa-NaccaNAbaddha-kelI-vAvaDa-hara-rUva-hare megha-saMghAe / -148.7. 2. bhaTazAlI-'da AikonogrAphI Apha buddhisTa eNDa brAhmenikala skalpacarsa ina da DhAkA myujiym'|-jai0 yaza0 sAM0 meM uddhRta / 3. kRtapuSpAJjalerasya tANDavArambhasaMbhrame, AdipurANa-jinasena, (1.114). 4. anyadbhAvAzrayaM nRtyam, dazarUpaka, 1,8. 5. siMgAra-vIra-bIhaccha-karuNa-hAsa-rasa-sUyayAiM NayaNANi vi-22.23.

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276 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sadRza hAra tathA muktAvalI ke motI girAne vAlI vikSipta kAminiyoM ke nRtya-(18.15) / 6. harSapUrvaka nAcane vAle nAgarikoM kA nRtya gaccai NAyaraloo (18.31) / 7. mugdhA yuvati kA nRtya-NaccaMti ke vi muiyA-(93.14) / 8. pavana se udvelita taraMgoM kA natya (68.13, 121.19) 9. kula kI vRddha mahilAoM kA vivAhotsava para nRtya (171.13) 10. bhAI ke vivAha para khuzI kA nRtya (47.30) 11. rahasa-vadhAva kA nRtya-eso vi jaNo lihio NaccaMto rahasa-tosa bhariya mnno-(187.20)| 12. vivAha para vAdyoM ke sAtha mahilAoM kA vilAsapUrvaka nRtya (188.8) / 13. kaumudI-mahotsava para pramatta logoM kA janapada meM nRtya (103.14) / / nATya-nAyaka, nAyikA evaM anya pAtroM kA AMgika, vAcika, AhArya tathA sAtvika abhinayoM dvArA avasthAnukaraNa karanA nATya kahalAtA hai|' avasthAnukaraNa se tAtparya hai-cAla-DhAla, veza-bhUSA, AlApa-pralApa Adi ke dvArA pAtroM kI pratyeka avasthA kA anukaraNa isa DhaMga se kiyA jAya ki naToM meM pAtroM kA tAdAtmyabhAva ho jAye / arthAt darzakoM ke samakSa tadAkAra rUpa upasthita ho ho jAya / jaise naTa rAvaNa kI pratyeka pravRtti kI aisI anukRti kare ki sAmAjika use rAvaNa hI smjheN| nATya dRzya hotA hai isalie ise 'rUpa' bhI kahate haiM aura rUpaka alaMkAra kI taraha Aropa hone ke kAraNa 'rUpaka' bhI kahate haiN| isake nATaka Adi dasa bheda hote haiN|' uddyotanasari ne nimna prasaMgoM meM vizeSa rUpa se nATya ke sambandha meM sUcanA dI hai| rAjA dar3havarman ke darabAra meM bharatanATyazAstra ke pratiSThita vidvAn upasthita rahate the-bhAraha sattha-pattaTThA-(16.23) / 72 kalAoM meM nATya kA dvitIya sthAna thApAlekkhaM NaTTahaM (22.1) / saMgIta evaM kAvya ke sAtha nATya bhI pramukha kalA ke rUpa meM ginA jAtA thA-gaMdhava-kavva-paTTe (16.28) / naTa, nartaka, muSTika evaM cAraNagaNa vibhinna prakAra ke nATya karate hue gA~va-gA~va meM ghUmate the| naToM kA samUha (nATaka maMDalI) raMcamaMca para nATaka prastuta karatA thA, jise dekhane ke lie pUrA gA~va umar3a par3atA thA (46-47) / utsavoM para nATya karate hue naToM ko bharataputra ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thA evaM puraskRta 1. dazarUpaka, 1.7. 2. dazarUpaka, 1.78 3. NaDa-NaTTa-muTThiya-cAraNa-gaNA paribhamiu samADhattA-46.9.

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nATya kalA 277 kiyA jAtA thaa|' zRMgAra, vIra, karuNa Adi rasoM se yukta nATaka abhinIta hote the| naTa pAtravizeSoM ke caritra kA anukaraNa karane meM itane paTu hote the ki unakI tulanA banAvaTI caritra vAle vyaktiyoM se dI jAtI thii| tathA naTa pAtroM ke anurUpa banAvaTI cehare dhAraNa kara logoM kA manoraMjana karate the| ___ kuvalayamAlAkahA ke ukta sandarbho se nATya kI nimnalikhita pramukha vizeSatAyeM spaSTa hotI haiM : 1. nATya meM pAtroM ke caritra kA anukaraNa abhinaya dvArA kiyA jAtA thA, nATyazAstra ke isa kathana kA uddyotana ne samarthana kiyA hai| 2. pAtra kI veSabhUSA ke anukaraNa dvArA naTa usase tAdAtmya sambandha sthApita ___ karatA thaa| isakA saMketa dazarUpakakAra ne bhI kiyA hai| 3. nATya pradhAna rUpa se rasa ke Azrita rahatA hai| sAmAjika ko rasAnu bhUti karAnA hI nATya kA carama lakSya hai| zRMgAra, vIra, karuNa rasa Adi kI paripuSTi nAyaka ko prakRti ke anusAra nATaka meM kI jAtI hai, yaha bAta bhI uddyotana svIkAra karate haiM / loka-nATya kuvalayamAlAkahA meM caMDasoma kI kathA ke prasaMga meM granthakAra ne lokanATya se sambandhita vistRta jAnakArI dI hai| zarad Rtu meM pRthvI ko dhana-dhAnya se samRddha dekhakara Anandita hokara naTa, nartaka, muSTika, cAraNagaNa Adi ne gA~voM meM ghamanA prArambha kara diyaa| lokakalAoM dvArA prajA kA manoraMjana karanevAle aise kitane hI kalAkAroM ke nAma prAkRta sAhitya meM milate haiN| unameM naTa, nartaka, moSTika aura cAraNa (kathAvAcaka) Adi pramukha haiN| dazaharA pUjakara apanI kalA kA pradarzana karane ke lie nikalane kI paramparA Aja bhI grAmINa-jIvana meM kalAkAroM meM pAyI jAtI hai| gujarAta evaM madhyabhArata meM pAyI jAnevAlI bhavAI jAti ke loka kalAkAra dazaharA pUjakara apanI yAtrA para nikala jAte haiM 1. bho bho bharaha-puttA, lihaha sAyaradattaM imiNA suhAsieNa lakkhaM dAyavvaM, 103.19. 2. imiNA aliya-kaya-kavaDa-paMDiya-NaDa-peDaya-sariseNaM-173.8. 3. NaDa-paDisIsaya-jaDA-kaDappa-taraMga-bhaMgura-cala-sahAveNa imiNA mAyAicceNaM, (59.15). 4. draSTavya-ja0-jai0 A0 sa0, pR0 396.

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278 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aura lagabhaga ATha mAha taka apane nATya evaM nRtyoM kA pradarzana gA~va-gA~va meM ghUma kara karate rahate haiN|' caMDasoma ke gAMva meM bhI aneka gA~voM meM vicaraNa karatI huI eka naTamaMDalI aayii| gA~va ke pradhAna ne nATaka-maMDalI kI dikhAyI (pArizramika) de dI tathA pUre gA~va ko nATaka dekhane ke lie nimantrita kiyA-teNa tassa NaDassa pecchA diNNA, NimaMtiyaM ca NeNa savvaM gaam-(46.10)| rAjasthAna meM bhIloM ke gavarInATaya ke sambandha meM yahI paramparA hai| gA~voM ke nivAsI abhinetAoM ke bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA svayaM karate haiM tathA nATya-maMDalI ko savA rupayA evaM nAriyala bheMTa karate haiM / gA~va ke pradhAna ne dina meM khetI Adi ke kAma-kAja ke kAraNa ThIka avasara na jAnakara rAtri ke prathama pahara meM usa nATaka ko dikhAne kI vyavasthA kI (46.11, 12) / rAtri meM baccoM ke so jAne para tathA ghara ke sabhI kArya sampanna ho jAne para gIta aura mRdaMga kI AvAja sunate hI sabhI grAmavAsI nATaka dekhane ke lie nikala pdd'e| kisI ke hAtha meM choTI masAleM thIM, koI baiThane ke lie mA~ce lie thA, kisI ne paroM meM jUte pahana rakhe the tathA koI hAtha meM lAThI liye hue thaa| candrasoma bhI nATaka dekhanA cAhatA thA, kintu apanI patnI ko kisakI dekha-rekha meM chor3akara jAya, yaha samasyA thii| vaha apane sAtha use nATaka dekhane le nahIM jA sakatA thaa| kyoMki eka to raMgazAlA meM hajAroM sundara yuvakoM kI daSTiyoM kI vaha zikAra bntii| dUsare, caMDasoma kA choTA bhAI bhI nATaka dekhane gayA huA thaa| ataH caMDasoma apanI vahina zrIsomA ke pAsa patnI ko chor3akara nATaka dekhane calA jAtA hai| thor3I dera bAda zrIsomA bhI nATaka dekhane calI jAtI hai, kintu usakI bhAbhI apane pati ke bhaya ke kAraNa nATaka dekhane nahIM jA pAtI (46.16, 21) / isa vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki lokanATayoM kI gA~voM meM bahuta adhika prasiddhi thii| hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM loga raMgazAlA meM upasthita hote the tathA strIpuruSa sabhI ina nATakoM ko dekhane ke lie lAlAyita rahate the| gA~voM meM Aja bhI manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM ke prati yahI utsAha prApta hotA hai| ___ caMDasoma nATaka kA pUrA Ananda nahIM le skaa| kyoMki raMgazAlA meM usake pIche koI javAna yugala baiThA nATaka dekha rahA thaa| usa yuvaka-yuvatI kI bAtacIta suna kara caMDasoma ko yaha sandeha huA ki usakI patnI hI apane kisI 1. devIlAla sAmara, rAjasthAnI lokanATya, pR0 28. 2. tammi ya gAme ekkaM NaDa-peDayaM gAmANugAmaM viharamANaM saMpattaM-46.10. 3. rA0 lo0, pR0 42. 4. gahiya-dara-ruira-lIvA avare vaccaMti maMciyA-hatthA / parihiya-pAuya-pAyA avare DaMgA ya ghetUNa // -46.14.

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nATya kalA 279 premI ke sAtha Akara vahA~ baiThI huI hai / thor3I dera bAda caMDasoma ne yaha sunA ki vaha yuvatI apane sAtha ke yuvaka ko pIche-pIche usake ghara Ane kA saMketa dekara calI gayI hai, to usakA sandeha pakkA ho gayA (46.47) / tabhI nATaka maMDalI meM se eka grAmanaTI ne yaha gIta gAyA- 'jo jise priyatamA mAnatA hai, yadi usake sAtha dUsarA ramaNa karatA hai (aura) yadi vaha (use) jIvita jAnatA hai to vaha usake prANa le letA hai' - tAva imaM gIyayaM gIyaM gAma-NaDIe - (47.5, 6) / ise sunakara caMDasoma gusse se lAla ho gayA aura apanI patnI tathA usake premI ko mArane ke lie raMgazAlA se nikala gayA (47.9) / caMDasoma kI Age kI kathA prastuta lokanATaya se sambandhita nahIM hai / kintu ukta kathAMza se hI isa sambandha meM paryApta jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / yathAnATaka pradarzana ke bIca-bIca meM upadezAtmaka gIta bhI gAye jAte the / nATaka meM naTa evaM naTI donoM milakara pradarzana karate the / tathA nATaka pradarzana ke lie raMgamaMca kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thI / 1. 2. 3. ukta vivaraNa meM udyotanasUri ne yadyapi yaha spaSTa nahIM kiyA hai ki nATaka pradarzana kA viSaya kyA thA tathA raMgamaMca kI kaisI vyavasthA kI gayI thI / kintu pratIta hotA hai ki nATaka zRMgAra pradhAna hI rahA hogaa| tabhI yuvakayuvatiyoM ko vahA~ adhika bhIr3a thI, premI-premikA meM milana samvandhI vArtAlApa ho rahA thA tathA grAmanaTI ne bhI isI prakAra kA gIta bhI prastuta kiyA thA / yaha gIta usa nATyakathAnaka kA aMtima niSkarSa bhI ho sakatA hai / bharata ke nATyazAstra meM ( 27. 61 ) bhI zRMgAra rasa ke nATaka sUryAsta ke pazcAt khele jAne kA ullekha hai / raMgamaMca - raMgamaMca kI avasthA lokanATyoM meM bar3I sarala hotI hai ! rAjasthAnI lokanATyoM meM lagabhaga sabhI nATyoM ke raMgamaMca aise nirmita hote haiM ki yadi cAroM ora se nahIM, to bhI tIna tarapha se to janatA adhika se adhika saMkhyA meM ina nATyoM ko dekha sakatI hai / ' kuvalayamAlA ke ukta prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai| ki kevala raMgamaMca meM hI sambhavataH prakAza kI vyavasthA thI / darzakoM ke baiThane ke sthAna para aMdherA rahatA hogaa| tabhI caMDasoma apane pIche baiThI kisI anya yuvatI ko dekha na pAne ke kAraNa apanI patnI mAna baiThatA hai / udyotana ne anyatra bhI raMgamaMca kA ullekha kiyA hai / raMgamaMca meM vilAsiniyoM ke nRtyoM kA prAyojana hotA thA, jinameM apAra bhIr3a hotI thI / tathA vivAha Adi vizeSa avasaroM para raMgazAlAoM ko sajAyA jAtA thA - koraMti maMca - sAlApro - (170.22) / 1. rA0 lo0, pR0 1. 2. suMdarayara- sura-saya- saMkule vi raMgammi NaccamANIe - 43.12

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kuvalayamAlAkahA meM varNita isa lokanATya kI tulanA vartamAna meM pracalita 'bhavAi nATya' se kI jA sakatI hai / donoM meM nimna sAmya najara AtA hai - ( 1 ) dazahare ke vAda gA~va-gA~va ghUmanA, (2) nimna varga ke logoM dvArA pradarzana, (3) manoraMjana kI pradhAnatA, (4) raMgamaMca kI saralatA, (5) zRMgAra rasa kI pradhAnatA, (6) abhinaya ke sAtha gItoM kA gAyana, (7) vAdya saMgIta se prArambha honA, (8) strI evaM puruSoM dvArA abhinaya tathA ( 9 ) rAtri meM nATya kA pradarzana Adi / ' 280 lokanATya ke anya prakAra - udyotanasUri ne uparyukta lokanATya ke atirikta nimna lokanRtyoM kA bhI grantha meM ullekha kiyA hai: - 1. rAsamaMDalI (148.14), 2. DAMDiyA nRtya ( 8.23), 3. carcarI nRtya ( 145.5), 4. bhANa ( 150.52 ) 5. Dombilaka evaM 6 siggaDAiya ( 150.52 ) / inakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai: / rAsamaNDalI - kuvalayamAlA meM nRtya kA do bAra ullekha huA hai / sudharmA svAmI rAsanartana ke chala se pA~ca sau coroM ko pratibodhita karate haiM - rAsacaNa-cchale - ( 4.25 ) / isa rAsa nRtya meM carcarI gAyI jAtI hai - imAe caccarIe saMbohiyAiM / tathA yuvatiyA~ valaya tAla kI laya para nRtya karatI haiMrAsamma jai labhai juvaI - satthapro - ( 4.26) anyatra zarad Rtu ke tyoMhAroM kA varNana karate hue granthakAra ne rAsamaMDalI kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai:gA~va ke A~gana meM goSThI ke yuvaka-yuvatI jana kamaloM kA alaMkAra dhAraNa kara valayAvalI kI tAla para madhura gIta gAte hue rAsamaMDalI meM aneka prakAra kI lIlAyeM karate the / madhyadeza kI yuvatiyA~ bhI rAsamaMDalI meM nAca kara apane valayoM se manohara AvAja karatI thIM ( 7.11) / bhAratIya nATya paramparA meM rAsalIlA kA pramukha sthAna rahA hai / prAcIna samaya se rAsanRtya ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / kintu harivaMza (2.20, 35, nIlakaMTha) meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba eka puruSa ke sAtha aneka striyA~ nRtya kareM to use hallIsaka-krIDA kahate haiM, vahI rAsa - krIDA kahalAtI hai / harSacarita ( pR0 22) meM maNDalIkRta nRtya ko hallIsaka kahA gayA hai / Age calakara zaMkara ne rAsa kI paribhASA ko aura spaSTa kiyA hai-ATha, solaha yA vaMttIsa vyakti maMDala banAkara jaba nRtya kareM, to vaha rAsanRtya kahalAtA hai / kuvalayamAlA kA uparyukta 1. zyAma paramAra, lokadharmI nATya paramparA, pR0 51.54. 2. komala-bAla- muNAla.... gIya- rAsamaMDalI - lIlA vAvaDesu gAmaMgaNa-goTTha juvANa-juvala 3. 4. jaNesu - 148.13, 14 / - draSTavya, Ara0 bI0 jozI, zrI rAsapaMcAdhyAyI -sAMskRtika bhUmikA, pR0 13. aSTau SoDaza dvatrizad yatra nRtyanti nAyakAH / piNDIbandhAnusAreNa tannRttaM rAsakaM smRtam // - rAsa aura rAsAnvayI kAvya, prastAvanA, pR0 11

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nATya kalA 281 sandarbha rAsanRtya kI isI paribhASA ko puSTa karatA hai, jisameM maMDalInRtya aura tAla Avazyaka thaa| 15-16vIM sadI meM kRSNabhakti ke pracAra ke kAraNa rAsamaMDalI kA vikAsa adhika huaa| rAsalIlA nRtya aura saMgIta pradhAna nATya hai, jisameM khule raMgamaMca aura sAmAnya prasAdhana-sAmagrI kA upayoga hotA hai / udyotana ne 'lIlA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya taka rAsanRtya ke sAtha kRSNa kI lIlAoM kA bhI pradarzana hone lagA hogaa| DA0 zyAma paramAra ke anusAra rAsaka yA rAsalIlA nRtya, abhinaya aura saMgIta kI triveNI kA eka milAjulA laukika rUpa hai|' ___DAMDiyA nRtya-DAMDiyA nRtya ke sambandha meM udyotana ne kevala saMketa kiyA hai ki vinotA nagarI meM DaMDe kA upayoga kevala chatra evaM nRtya meM hotA thA-daMDavAyAiM Navari dIsaMti chattANa ya NaccaNahaM, (8.23) / vartamAna meM DAMDiyA~ nRtya jAlora tathA mAravAr3a kA pratinidhi nRtya hai / ataH granthakAra avazya hI isase paricita rahe hoNge| DAMDiyA nRtya meM 15-20 AdamI hAthoM meM DaMDe lekara nAcate haiN| ghere ke bIca Dhola bajAyA jAtA hai tathA nRtyakAra nAcate hue paraspara DaMDoM kI coTa se madhura zabda karate haiN|' carcarInatya-kuva0 meM carcarI kA do bAra ullekha huA hai| sudharmA svAmI ne rAsanRtya meM eka carcarI dvArA coroM ko sambodhita kiyA (4.26) / tathA darpaphalika madya ke prabhAva se prakSipta avasthA meM asambaddha akSaroM se yukta eka carcarI gAtA huA nRtya karane lgaa| bhANa evaM Dombalika prasiddha lokanatya haiM / 5 siggaDAiya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM huii| saMgIta ____ kuvalayamAlA meM saMgItakalA ke sambandha meM koI vistRta varNana kisI eka prasaMga meM upalabdha nahIM hai| kintu phuTakara prasaMgoM meM aneka bAra gAndharvakalA tathA gIta gAye jAne kA ullekha huA hai| kuvalayacandra ke janma ke samaya mahilAoM ke gItoM se dizAmaNDala vyApta ho gyaa| kanyArAzi meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa 1. lokadharmI nATya-paramparA, pR0 18. 2. rA0 lo0, pR0 14. 3. draSTavya, vhii| imaM asaMbaddhakkharAlAva-raiyaM caccariyaM NaccamANo, 5. draSTavya, caturbhANI-DA0 motIcandra / 6. sarahasa vilayA "gaMdhavva-pUraMta-sahaM disA-maMDalaM, 18.17.

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282 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyakti gandharva, kAvya evaM nATayakalA meM pAraMgata hotA hai|' 72 kalAoM meM gandharva kalA bhI sammilita thI (22.1) / aneka vAdyoM ke prasaMga meM bhI gandharva kA ullekha huA hai (43.6) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki saMgItakalA ke lie gandharva zabda sAmAnya rUpa se prayukta hotA thaa| sambhavata: gandharva nAma kA koI vAdya bhI thA (43.6) / gItoM kA kaI prasaMgoM meM ullekha huA hai| kuvalayacandra ko dekhakara nagara kI vanitAe~ madhura gIta gAne lagIM-aNNA gAyai mahuraM (26.17) / svarga loka meM saMgIta kA madhura svara sunAyI par3atA hai, jabaki manuSya loka meM Akara kaThora aura niSThura svara sunanA par3atA hai-saMpai khara-NiThThara-sarehiM (43.6) / nATaka pradarzana ke sAtha-sAtha grAmanaTI eka gIta bhI gAtI hai (47.5) / nATaka ke prArambha meM hI mRdaMga ke sAtha gIta gAyA jAtA thA (46.12) / madana-mahotsava ke samaya yuvaka udyAna meM jhUlA jhUlate hue apanI-apanI priyatamAoM ke guNagAna gAte haiN| koI gorI kI prazaMsA gAtA hai, koI zyAmAMgI kii| mAnabhaTa bho eka dvipadI gAtA hai| rAtri ke pazcima pahara meM koI gurjara pathika eka dhavaladvipathaka gAte hae maMdira ke pAsa se gujaratA hai, jisameM vaha sapheda baila ke guNoM kI bar3AI karatA hai| vindhyA aTavI meM kinnaramithuna kA madhura gIta gUMja rahA thA (28.9) / svarga meM padmaprabha laya-tAla se zuddha gIta ko sunatA hai-laya-tAla-suddha-geyaM (93.25) tathA ghaMTA kA mahAzabda hone se gAne vAloM kA gIta-rava bhaMga ho jAtA hai (66.13) / vivAha ke avasara para jaise hI vara-kanyA ke paraspara hAtha mile ki gIta gAnA prArambha ho gayA (171.7) tathA manohara maMgala gAye jAne lge| anya avasaroM para bhI maMgala gAye jAne ke ullekha milate haiN| anya avasara para nRtya ke sAtha carcarI to gAyI hI jAtI thI (4.26) / vivAha ke avasara para bhI carcarI ke gAte hI logoM kI bhIr3a laga jAtI thI-caccari-sadda-milata-jaNohaM (171.19) / isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai tatkAlIna jIvana meM saMgItakA vizeSa mahatva thA evaM prAyaH ullAsa ke sabhI avasaroM para gIta gAye jAte the| gurjara pathika ke gIta ke ullekha se pratIta hai ki sambhavataH yaha kisAnoM kA pahaTa kA gIta thA, jo vartamAna meM bhI madhyapradeza meM pracalita hai| rAtri ke antima pahara meM baloM ko kheta kI tarapha le jAte hue kisAna gIta gAte hue gA~va se nikalate haiN| inake gIta prAyaH kRSi ke kAryoM se sambandhita hote haiM / 1. gaMdhavve kavva-Na? vasaNa-parigao, 19.28 2. Niyaya-piyANaM ceya purao gAiuM payattA hiMdolayArUDhA |....gaaiu payatto imaM ca duvai-khaMDalayaM, 52.9, 12. 3, rAIe pacchima-jAme keNa vi gujjara-pahiyaeNa imaM dhavala-duvayaM gIyaM, (59.3) / 4. gijjata-sumaMgala-maNaharae, 171.18 5. vahI-67.6, 132.33, 135.31, 188.8, 198.6, 244.2 /

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pariccheda do vAditra saMgIta ke prAcIna AcAryoM ne vAdyoM kI upayogitA para vizada prakAza DAlA hai| unake anusAra saMgIta ke lie vAdyoM kA honA to Avazyaka hai hI, vAdyoM kI sAmAjika aura dhArmika upayogitA bhI hai| vAdya mAnava kI anta rbhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti ke dvAra haiM / sAMskRtika kAryoM ke paricAyaka kisI vAdyavizeSa ke bajate hI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki bhagavAna kI pUjA ho rahI hai, vivAha ho rahA hai, putrajanma manAyA jA rahA hai athavA senA kA prayANa ho rahA hai| isake atirikta zAstrIya saMgIta kI vibhinna paramparAoM ko jIvita rakhane meM bhI vAdyoM kA yogadAna rahA hai| ataH pratyeka yuga meM prayukta vAdya-yantra apane samaya kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / unake sAMskRtika adhyayana se kaI tathya prApta ho sakate haiN| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullikhita vAditra uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM caubIsa prakAra ke vAditroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| akArAdi krama se unheM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai: 1. Atodya 2. kAhala 3. ghaMTA 4. jhallirI 5. Damaruka 6. DhakkA 7. tantri tAla 9. trisvara 10. tUra 11. toDahiyA 12. nAda 13. nArada 14. tumbarU 15. paDupaTaha 16. bherI 17. maMgala 18. mRdaMga 19. vaMsa 20. vajjira 21. vavvIsaka 22. vINA 23. veNu 24. zaMkha 1. bharatanATya, adhyAya 34, zloka, 18.21 / / 2. DA0 lAlamaNi mizra, 'bhAratIya saMgItavAdyoM kA svarUpAtmaka evaM prayogAtmaka vivecana' (thIsisa) prathama khaNDa, pR0 36.

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284 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana uddyotana ne vAdyoM ke lie sAmAnya zabda Atodya evaM tUra kA prayoga kiyA hai| inake sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI isa prakAra hai: prAtodya-kuvalayamAlA meM devaloka ke varNana meM kahA gayA hai ki deva senApati ke ghaMTA kI AvAja hote hI anya devatAoM kA viziSTa svaravAlA Atodya bajane lagA tathA Atodya ke zabda se apsarAe~ cakita hokara ekAeka huMkAra bharane lgiiN|' yahA~ Atodya kisI vAdya-vizeSa ke lie prayukta huA hai, jisakA svara viziSTa hotA thA tathA jo devAMganAoM ko nRtya ke lie cakita kara detA thaa| nATyazAstra meM (33.1, 20) meM atodya ke antargata sabhI vAdyoM ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / amarakoSa meM bhI cAra prakAra ke vAdyoM ke lie pAtodya zabda vyavahRta huA hai| kintu saMgItaratnAkara meM (6.1077) ullekha hai ki 'pAvaja' ko huDakkA kA paryAya mAnA jAtA thaa| yaha 'Avaja' Atodya kA hI apabhraMza pratIta hotA hai-Atodya Aujja aavj| ataH DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne 'Avaja' ko Dhola jaisA mar3hA huA eka vAdya mAnA hai / loka meM bajAne vAle ko 'projI' (Avaja se) kahA gayA hai| tabalA kA vikAsa hote ho 'Avaja' loka saMgIta kA vAdya bana kara raha gyaa| isakI vanAvaTa huDakkA jaisI hotI thii| isase jJAta hotA hai ki uddyotana ke samaya taka 'Atodya' svatantra eka vAdya ke rUpa meM pracalita ho kukA thA, jisakA uttarakAlIna rUpa Dholaka athavA huDakkA hai| tUra-kuvalayamAlA meM tUra zabda kA ullekha 16 vAra huA hai / 8 vAra anya vAdyoM ke sAtha meM tathA 8 bAra akele tUra kA hI ullekha hai| ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tUra nimnokta avasaroM para mukhya rUpa se bajAyA jAtA thA: 1. janmotsava para (18.12) 2. vibhinna yAtrAoM ke avasara para (67.6, 132.10, 135.21, 181.31) / 3. vivAhotsava para (171.7, 188.8) 4. prAtaHkAla meM (173.19, 168.7,244.2) / 5. dIkSA ke samaya (206.8) / 6. mAMgalika kAryoM ke samaya (187.18) / 1. ghaMTA-rava-guMjAviya-vajjira-sura-sesa-visara-Aujja / Aujja-sadda-saMbhama-sahasA-sura-juvai-mukka huMkAraM // 96.12. 2. caturvidhamidaM vAdyavAditrAtodyanAmakam , amarakoza, 1.1, 6. 3. bhuyAla, gar3havAlI lokagIta saMgraha, pR0 3. 4. tUra 18.12, 67.6, 132.10, 135.21, Adi.

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vAditra 285 tUra kA zabda atyanta gaMbhIra hotA thA-tUra-rava-gahira-saiM (171.22) tathA yaha phUMka kara bajAyA jAtA thA--pavAiyAiM tUrAiM (171.7) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki tUra eka prakAra kA suSira vAdya thA / Ajakala ise turahI tathA ramatUrA kahA jAtA hai| isake aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiM / AdipurANa (12.206) evaM yazastilakacampU (pR0 184 hindI) meM ise tUrya kahA gayA hai| ukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI meM tUra eka maMgala vAdya ke rUpa meM pracalita thaa| kintu DA0 lAlamaNi mizra kA kathana hai ki tUra sambhavataH koI vAdya vizeSa na hokara vAdyayantroM ke samUha ke lie prayukta honevAlA eka zabda thA / bAlmIki, vyAsa, kAlidAsa Adi ne baha vAdya-sUcaka ke rUpa meM hI tUrya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| pAli-sAhitya meM 'turiya' vandavAdaka kA dyotaka mAnA gayA hai| ataH saMskRta 'tUrya' pAli 'turiya' evaM prAkRta 'tUra' aneka vAdyoM kI sAmUhika dhvani ko vyakta karatA hai|' isase jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavataH prAcIna samaya meM tUra vAdya-samUha kA vAcaka rahA ho, kintu lagabhaga 7-8vIM sadI taka yaha vAdyavizeSa ke rUpa meM prayukta hone lagA thaa| Atodya evaM tUra ke atirikta zeSa vAdyoM ko unake svarUpa ke anusAra cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai: tata vAdya jo vAdya tantu, tAra yA tA~ta lagAkara banAye jAte haiM ve tata kahalAte haiN| kuvalayamAlA meM prayukta tata vAdyoM kA vizeSa paricaya isa prakAra hai: vINA-vINA atyanta prAcIna vAdya hai| isakI prAcInatA evaM vINAvAdana kI vidhi kI vistRta vivecanA DA0 lAlamaNi mizra ne apane zodha-prabandha meM kI hai| prAcIna bhArata meM aneka prakAra kI vINAoM kA pracalana thaa| kintu pratyeka yuga meM eka yA do vINAyeM hI mukhya hotI thiiN| Age calakara unake svarUpa meM thor3A-bahuta parivartana hotA rahatA thaa| AThavIM sadI meM kinnarI, ekatantrI, mahatI, nakuli, tritantrI evaM saptatantrI voNAyeM pracalita thiiN| uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM vaMsavINA, trisvara, nArada-tumbarU vINA, tantrI kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaMsavINA-kuvalayamAlA meM vaMsa-vINA zabda kA eka sAtha prayoga huA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM vaMsa-vINA nAma kI kisI vINA kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| ataH yaha zabda do vAdyoM kA dyotaka hai-vaMzI aura vINA kaa| eka sAtha inake ullekha hone kA kAraNa yaha hai ki prAcIna samaya meM sAmagAna kI saMgati meM veNu 1. mi0-bhA0 vA0 vi0, pR0 40 2. sNkh-bherii-tuur-kaahl-muiNg-vNs-viinnaa-shss-jy-jyaash-nnibbhrN|-181.31

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286 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tathA vINA Avazyaka vAdya the| vaMzI ke svaroM kA AdhAra lekara vINA ke tAra svaroM meM milAye jAte the| nAradIya zikSA kA yaha vAkya-yaH samagAnaM prathamaH svaraH saveNormadhyamaH-isa bAta kI puSTi karatA hai| ataH vaMzI ke svara gAyaka aura vINAvAdaka ke lie prAmANika svara the| AThavIM sadI taka vaMzI ko yaha mahattva prApta rahA hogA tabhI udyotana ne vaMsa-vINA jaise saMyukta zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isake atirikta anya pA~ca prasaMgoM meM vINA kA ullekha kuvalayamAlA meM huA hai / ' unase jJAta hotA hai ki adhikatara vINAvAdana striyA~ karatI thIMekkA vAyai vINaM (26.17) / tathA vINA bajAkara rAjakumAra manoraMjana kiyA karate the| tata vAdya-yantroM meM vINA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| tAra tathA bajAne ke bheda se vINA ke aneka prakAra pracalita the| saMgItaratnAkara meM voNA ke 10 bheda tathA saMgItadAmodara meM 29 prakAra ginAye haiN| kRSNabhakti ke pracAra ke kAraNa madhyakAlIna bhArata meM vINavAdana kI kalA vizeSa rUpa se pracalita thii| trisvara-nagara kI striyoM meM se koI eka trisvara kA sparzakara rahI thIaNNA uNa tisariyaM chivai (26.18) / yaha koI aisA vAdya thA jisase tIna svara nikalate rahe hoNge| sambhavataH yaha tritantrI vINA sadaza rahI hogii| saMgItaratnAkara meM tIna tAroM vAlI vINA ko tritantrI kahA gayA hai| DA. lAlamaNi mizra ke anusAra Age calakara vitantrI ne sitAra tathA taMbUrA kA nAma evaM rUpa grahaNa kara liyA thaa| lokabhASA meM tritantrI ko jaMtra kahA jAtA thaa| nArada-tumbarU -udyotanasUri ne devaloka ke prasaMga meM anya vAdyoM ke sAtha nArada-tumvarU vINA evaM veNu vAdyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| yahA~ nAradatumbarU kA ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| bhAratIya saMgIta ke itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM inakA paricaya jJAta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMgIta meM samagAna yA vaidika saMgIta kA yuga lagabhaga eka hajAra I0 pU0 varSa meM samApta ho gayA thaa| usake vAda janapada yuga ke Arambha se zAstrIya saMgIta kA nayA yuga prArambha huaaa| isake pradhAna prAcArya nArada aura tumbarU the| inake saMgIta ko gAndharva yA mArgI saMgIta kahA gyaa| bhAratIya saMgIta kA yaha dUsarA yuga guptakAla ke lagabhaga samApta huA aura navarAga-rAginiyoM vAlA nayA saMgIta 1. kuva0 26.17, 93.18, 96 24, 169.10, 235.18, 2. DA0 gAyatrI varmA-kavi kAlidAsa ke granthoM para AdhArita tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR0 332. 3. tatra tritantrikeva loke jantra zabdenocyate / - sa0 sa0, vAdya adhyAya, pR0 248. 4. vara-saMkha-paiha-bherI-jhalliri-jhaMkAra-paDisadaM / NAraya-tuMburu vINA-veNu-ravArAva-mahura-saddAlaM / -96.23,24.

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vAditra 287 prArambha huA, jise usa samaya dezI saMgIta kahA gyaa| guptayuga meM nArada dvArA pravartita mArgI saMgIta ko pratiSThita mAnA jAtA rahA / ' nArada saMgIta kI isI pratiSThA ke kAraNa mahAkavi bANa ne kAdambarI meM gandharva loka meM nArada-saMgIta pracalita hone kA ullekha kiyA hai-kalagirA gAyantA nArada-duhitrA-(kAdambarI, anu0 205) / udyotanasUri ne bho devaloka meM nArada aura tumburU kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya loka meM nArada-tumbarU kA saMgIta pracalita nahIM thA tathApi use pratiSThA avazya prApta thI / uddyotana ne nArada-tumburU kA ullekha aneka vAdyoM ke sAtha kiyA hai| ataH sambhava hai, unake samaya taka nArada aura tumbarU AcAryoM ke nAma para koI vAdya-vizeSa pracalita ho gaye hoN| .. tantrI-uddyotana ne tantrI kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| devaloka meM jIva gandharva, tAla, tantrI ke mile-jule madhura zabda ko sunatA hai / 2 devaloka meM meM koI madhura gIta gA rahA thA, koI tantrI-vAdya vajA rahA thaa| cora ke bhavana ke samIpa tantrI kA zabda evaM yuvatiyoM ke gIta sunAyI par3a rahe the| isase jJAta hotA hai ki tantrI vAdya kA gIta se ghaniSTa sambandha thA evaM usakA rava madhura hotA thaa| kintu vAstava meM tantrI koI vAdya nahIM hai / tata vAdyoM meM prayukta honevAlI sAmagrI kA hI eka aMza hai / vaidika kAla meM upalabdha vAdyoM meM mUMja tathA dUba kI taMtriyA~ banAyI jAtI thiiN| tadanantara isake lie rezama kA dhAgA evaM jAnavaroM ke bAla prayukta kiye jAne lge| ghor3e kI pUMcha kA bAla tantrI ke lie prAcIna kAla meM adhika upayukta samajhA jAtA thaa| Age calakara jAnavaroM kI khAloM se tantriyoM kA nirmANa prArambha huaa| ina tritantriyoM ko tA~ta kahA jAtA thaa| Aja bhI sAraMgI, sAriMdA Adi meM tA~ta kA prayoga dekhA jA sakatA hai|" avanaddha vAdya jo vAdya camar3e se mar3he hote haiM, ve avanaddha kahalAte haiN| udyotanasUri ne avanaddha vAdyoM ke antargata mRdaMga, paTaha, kAhala, bherI evaM DhakkA kA ullekha kiyA hai| muMiga, muraya-udyotana ne mRdaMga ke lie murava(7.17, 8.11, 26.18), muraya (22.22,83.2, 93.25, 156.9), muiga (93.18, 8.18, 181.31) 1. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 207 2. gaMdhavva-tAla-taMtI-saMvaliya-milaMta-mahura-saddeNaM-..436 gAyaMti ke vi mahuraM aNNe vAeMti taMti-vajjAiM-93.14. 4. ucchalai taMti-saddo vara kaaminnii-giiy-sNvlio|-249.13. 5. mi0-bhA0 vA0 vi0, pR0 184. / 3.

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288 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tathA mauMda (26.18) zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| inameM murava, muraya tathA muiMga mRdaMga ke paryAyavAcI hai tathA mauMda sambhavataH mRdaMga se kucha bhinna vAdya-vizeSa rahA hogaa| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, bharatazAstra tayA kAlidAsa ke granthoM meM mRdaMga evaM muraja kA eka sAtha ullekha milatA hai| zAraMgadeva evaM abhinavagupta ne muraja ko mRdaMga kA paryAyavAcI mAnA hai| bharata ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki yaha vAdya mAMgalika hone se mRdaMga aura mulAyama miTTI se bane hue hone ke kAraNa muraja kahA jAtA hai / ataH muraja mRdaMga kA vizeSaNa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai|' kintu pratIta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI taka muraja evaM mRdaMga meM AkAra evaM upayoga kI dRSTi se kucha nizcita bheda ho gayA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM mRdaMga va muraja kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha huA hai| vinItA nagarI meM nirdaya karatala dvArA muraja tAr3ita kiyA jA rahA thA (7.17) / muraja ke zabdoM se meghoM jaisI garjanA hotI thI (8.11) / ayodhyAnagarI meM do muMha kevala mRdaMga ke hI the (8.18) / kuvalayacandra kI hAtha kI aMguliyA~ maraja para anavarata tADana karane ke kAraNa kaThora ho gayIM thiiN| nagara kI taruNiyoM meM se koI muraja para prahAra karatI thI-dei muravammi paharaM (26.18). tathA koI maunda (makunda) bajAtI thI-praNA chivai mauMdaM (26.18) / kAmadevagRhoM meM kAminiyoM ke gIta ke sAtha muraja bajatA thA (83.2) / ATha devakanyAoM meM se eka ke hAtha meM mRdaMga thA (93.18) / kumAra kuvalayacandra ke zoka meM ayodhyA meM muraja zabda banda ho gayA thA (156.9) tathA prayANa ke samaya anya vAdyoM ke sAtha mRdaMga bhI vajAyA jAtA thA (181.31) / kuvalayamAlA ke ina sandarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki mRdaMga do mukha vAle miTTI ke khola se banatA thA, jina para camar3A mar3hA hotA thaa| ise bajAne ke lie jora se tAr3ana karanA par3atA thaa| strI-puruSa donoM hI vibhinna avasaroM para mRdaMga vajAte the| baMgAla meM abhI jise khola kahA jAtA hai, usI se mRdaMga kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| paTu-paTaha-kuvalayamAlA kahA meM ina prasaMgoM meM paDu-paDaha kA ullekha huA hai / prAtaH kAla paTupaTaha kI AvAja se bhavanoM ke haMsa jAga uThe (16.10, 173.18, 198.6, 269.9) / DoMva ke lar3ake ko paTaha ke zabda se koI bhaya nahIM hotaa| devaloka meM anya vAdyoM ke sAtha paTaha bhI baja rahA thA (96.23) / RSabhadeva ke abhiSeka ke samaya paTaha bajAyA gayA (132.23) / gopuradvAra para 1. mi0-bhA0 vA0 vi0 2. tulanA kIjie : meghadUta 1.59 3. aNavaraya-muraya-tADaNa-taraliyAo dIha-kaDhiNAo pulaei aMgulIo, 22.22 4. kiM koi DoMba-Dibho paDahaya-sadassa uttasai--38.28

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vAditra 289 paTaha baja rahA thA (152.19) / rAjA dRr3havarman ne nagara meM ghoSaNA karane ke lie pATahika ko bulAyA-saMpatto pADahiyo (203.7) / pATahika ne nagara ke caurAhoM Adi para ghoSaNA karane ke bAda DhaM DhaM DhaM karake DhakkA bjaayaa|' ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki paTapaTaha prAtaHkAla rAjabhavanoM meM nizcita rUpa se bajAyA jAtA thaa| ata: yaha eka mAMgalika vAdya thaa| paTaha zAstrIya tathA loka saMgIta donoM meM prayukta hotA thaa| ataH prAcIna granthoM meM mRdaMga ke bAda paTaha ke sabase adhika ullekha milate haiN| saMgIta-ratnAkara meM paTaha ke do prakAroM--mArgIpaTaha aura dezIpaTaha kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| saMgItapArijAta meM paTaha ko Dholaka kahA gayA hai-paTaha Dholaka iti bhaassaayaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna yuga kA paTaha madhyayuga meM Dholaka kahA jAtA thaa| hindI zabdasAgara meM paTaha kA artha nagAr3A aura dudaMbhi kiyA gayA hai / kuvalayamAlA ke saMdarbha se itanA aura jJAta hotA hai ki paTaha bajAnevAle ko pATahika kahate the tathA DoMba jAti paTaha bajAne ke lie prasiddha thii| DhakkA-udyotana ne nagara meM ghoSaNA karane ke prasaMga meM DhakkA (203. 13) tathA prayANaka DhakkA kA ullekha kiyA hai| kumAra kuvalayacandra ke skandhAvAra meM jaise hI meghasadRza gaMbhIra zabda karanevAlA prayANaka DhakkA bajA turanta hI skandhAvAra ke parijana uTha gaye evaM jAne kI taiyArI karane lge| yazastilaka meM bhI DhakkA kA yuddha ke prasaMga meM ullekha huA hai| saMgIta granthoM meM DakkA ko avanaddha vAdya kahA gayA hai| saMgIta-ratnAkara ke anusAra yaha lakar3I kA banA vartulAkAra vAdya hai, jisake donoM muMha para camar3A mar3hA rahatA hai| donoM mukha teraha-teraha aMgula caur3e rakhe jAte haiN| isako vA~yIM bagala meM dabAkara dAhine hAtha se DaMDI dvArA bajAyA jAtA hai| udyotanasUri ne isakI AvAja DhaM DhaM DhaM DhaM jaisI batalAyI hai| Ajakala bhI DhakkA yA Dhola kA pracalana hai / DhakkA ke choTe AkAra ko DhulakiyA kahA jAtA hai| bherI-kuvalayamAlA meM bherI kA ullekha anya vAdyoM ke sAtha haA hai (96.23, 132.10, 181.31) / eka anya prasaMga meM udyotana ne kahA hai ki 1. evaM ca ghoseMteNa 'DhaM DhaM DhaM DhaM' ti apphAliyA DhakkA-203.13 / 2. saM0 20, 6.805. 3. sajala-jalaya-gaMbhIra-dhIra-paDisadda-saMkA" apphAliyA payANaya-DhakkA-198.21. 4. prahitAsu vitrAsitasainyasamAjacikkAsu DhakkAsu / pR0 580. 5. kAzikA, 4.2, 35. saM0 ra0, 6.1090, 94. 7. mi0-bhA0 vA0 vi0, pR0 199 (thIsisa).

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290 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isa saMsAra rUpI kIcar3a meM jIva itanA rama jAtA hai ki use isake pariNAma kA bhaya hI nahIM hotA, ThIka vaise hI jaise bherIkula ke gharoM ke parAvata pratidina bherI kA zabda sunate-sunate usase bhayabhIta nahIM hote|' isase jJAta hotA hai ki bherI bajAne vAloM kI alaga koI jAti hotI thI / bherI atyanta prAcIna vAdya / janasAdhAraNa meM isakA adhika pracalana thA / bherI mRdaMga jAti kA vAdya thA, jisake donoM mukha camar3e se mar3he hote the / saMgItaratnAkara ke anusAra isake dAhine mukha ko lakar3I tathA bAyeM mukha ko hAtha se bajAyA jAtA thA / kintu bherI ke svarUpa meM kramazaH parivartana hotA rahA hai / vartamAna meM vivAhotsava ke samaya jo turahI jaisA vAdya phU~ka kara bajAyA jAtA hai, use bherI kahate haiM / sambhavataH prAcIna samaya se bherI ke avanaddha evaM suSira donoM rUpa pracalita rahe hoMge / jhallarI - kuvalayamAlA meM jhallirI kA anya vAdyoM ke hAtha tIna bAra ullekha huA hai (96.23, 132.23, 171.7) / RSabhadeva kI pUjA meM jhallarI para tAr3ana kiyA gayA - tADiyAmro jhallarIzro ( 132.23) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki jhallarI avanaddha vAdya thA / saMgItaratnAkara meM bhI ise avanaddha vAdya kahA gayA hai / yaha eka ora camar3e se mar3hA vAdya thA jise bA~yeM hAtha se pakar3a kara dAyeM hAtha se bajAyA jAtA thA / yaha Ajakala kI caMga yA khaMjarI ke anurUpa thA / kintu bharata muni ne jhallarI ko pratyaMga vAdyoM meM sammilita kiyA hai, jisameM svara nahIM milAyA jAtA / AhovAla ke anusAra jhallaro maMjIrA ke sadRza hotI thI / " tathA zrI cunnIlAla zeSa ne jhAlara aura jhallarI ko eka mAnA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavataH jhallarI avanaddha tathA ghana-vAdya ke rUpa meM pracalita rahI hogI / Damaruka - udyotana ne nagarI ke ullekha kiyA hai / " kApAlikoM kA ke vAdya Damaruka kA kApAlika gRhoM meM zivamaMdiroM meM Damaru bajAye jAte haiM / kApAlika gRhoM meM Damaruka ke bajane kA sambandha zaiva sampradAya se thA ataH ziva vajanA svAbhAvika hai / vartamAna meM bhI dakSiNa bhArata meM Damaruka ke bar3e AkAra 1. aNudiyahammi surNetA avare gevhaMti No bhayaM dhiTThA / bherI-kulIya parAvaya vva bherIe saddeNaM / / 38.29. 2. saM0 20, 6.1148, 57. 3. mi0 bhA0 vA0 vi0, pR0 252 ( thIsisa ) / 4. saM0 20, 6.1137. mi0 bhA0 vA0 vi0, pR0 199. brajamAdhurI - varSa 13, aMka 4, pR0 47. ghaMTA - Damaruya - saddaI kAvAliya- gharesu - 82.32. 5. 6. 7.

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vAditra ko 'hurukkA' kahA jAtA hai|' Damaruka ziva kA vAdya hone ke kAraNa loka meM bhI kAphI pracalita hai| suSira vAdya jo vAdya vAyu ke dabAva se bajAye jAte haiM, ve suSira kahalAte haiN| udyotanasUri ne suSira vAdyoM ke antargata veNu, zaMkha, evaM kAhalA kA ullekha kiyA hai| veNu-kuvalayamAlA meM vaMza (26.18), veNu (96.24), evaM vaMzavINA (181.31) zabdoM kA prayoga vaMzI ke lie huA hai| bAMsa se bane hone ke kAraNa hI isa vAdya ko vaMza evaM veNu kahA jAtA thaa| loka meM isake lie vA~surI zabda adhika pracalita hai| nAda utpanna karane vAlI vaMza-nalikA hone ke kAraNa prArambha meM isakA nAma nAdI bhI thaa|2 vaMzI ke janma ke sambandha meM kAlidAsa ne sundara kalpanA kI hai| unake anusAra kinnara ne vAyupraveza ke kAraNa chidrita vaMza nalikA se nikalatI huI madhuradhvani ko sunakara nalikA ko vaMzI kA rUpa diyaa| kintu isake pUrva bhI veNu ke ullekha prAcIna sAhitya meM milate haiM / kRSNabhakti ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha veNu ke pracAra meM bhI vRddhi huI hai| zaMkha-uddyotanasUri ne vibhinna prasaMgoM meM 13 bAra kuvalayamAlA meM zaMkha kA ullekha kiyA hai / prAyaH zaMkha ina avasaroM para phUMke jAte the: samudra-yAtrA ke samaya (pavAdiyAiM saMkhAI, 67.6), pUjA ke samaya (132.23), sArtha ke prayANa ke samaya (135.21, 181.31), vivAhotsava para (pUriyAI saMkhAI 171.7), nagarapraveza ke samaya (200.1), prAtaHkAla rAjabhavanoM meM (269.9) tathA rAja-darabAroM meM madhyAhna evaM sAyaMkAla ke smy| uddyotana ne rAjadarabAra meM bajane vAle zaMkhoM ko jAmazaMkha tathA madhyAhnazaMkha-majhaNNa-saMkha-saI (207.8) kahA hai| inake bajate hI rAjadarabAra ke loga dainika kArya karane laga jAte the|" saMgItazAstra meM zaMkha kI gaNanA suSira vAdyoM meM kI jAtI hai| yaha zaMkha nAmaka jalakITa kA AvaraNa hai aura jalasthAnoM-vizeSakara samudroM meM upalabdha 4. mi0-bhA0 vA0 vi0, pR0 202. 1. vaidika iNDeksa, bhAga 1, pR0 441. 2 kumArasaMbhava, 1.8. 3. uya jAma-saMkha-saddo kuviya-kayaMtassa huNkaaro| -199.22. 4. taM ca soUNa samuTThiyA savve dhamma-kaj jAI kaauNsmaaddhttaa|-199.23.

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292 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hotA hai| vAdyoM meM zaMkha hI aisA hai jo pUrNatayA prakRti dvArA nirmita hai aura apane maulika rUpa meM vAdana yogya hotA hai| saMgIta-pArijAta ke anusAra vAdyopayogI zaMkha kA peTa vAraha aMgula kA hotA hai aura mukhavira bera ke barAbara / ' bhAratavarSa meM zaMkha kA prayoga prAcInakAla se calA AyA hai aura Aja bhI mAMgalika kAryoM ke avasara para zaMkha phUkA jAtA hai| sAdhAraNatayA zaMkha se eka hI svara nikalatA hai, kintu isase bhI rAga-rAganiyA~ utpanna kI jA sakatI hai| gItA meM pratyeka mahArathI ke bhinna-bhinna zaMkha vaNita haiN| jaise ki hRSIkeza kA pAMcajanya aura arjuna kA devadatta / / ___ kAhalA-udyotana ne kAhalA kA ullekha kuvalayacandra kI yAtrA ke prasaMga meM kevala eka vAra kiyA hai (181.32) / kAhalA tIna hAtha lambA, chidrayukta tathA dhatUre ke phUla ke AkAra kA suSiravAdya hai / yaha sonA, cAMdI tathA pItala kA banAyA jAtA hai / isake bajAne se 'hA hU~' zabda hote haiN| saMgItasAra ke anusAra ise loka meM 'bhUpAr3o' kahA jAtA thaa| ur3IsA meM abhI bhI isa vAdya kA pracalana hai| kAhalA kA prAcIna svarUpa kalakattA myujiyama meM surakSita hai| ghana vAdya jo vAdya dhAtu ke bane hote haiM tathA Thokara lagA kara vajAye jAte hai, ve dhana kahalAte haiN| uddyotanasUri ne ghanavAdyoM ke antargata ghaMTA aura tAla kA ullekha kiyA hai| ghaMTA-kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ghaMTA kA do prasaMgoM meM ullekha huA hai| kauzAmbI nagarI ke kApAlika gRhoM meM zAma hote hI ghaMTA aura Damaruka vajAye jAne lge| devaloka meM samavasaraNa ko sUcanA dene ke lie surasenApati ne ghaMTA vjaayaa| ghaMTA ke bajate hI anya devaghaNTe bhI bajane lge| unakI AvAja se devatAoM ke anya vAdya bhI vajane lge| isase jJAta hotA hai ki ghaMTA mAMgalika vAdya thaa| devaarcanA meM prAcIna samaya se Aja taka prayukta hotA hai / yadyapi zAstrIya saMgIta se ghaMTA kA koI sambadha nahIM hai tathApi bhagavAna kI pUjA meM usakA atyadhika mahattva hone kAraNa saMgIta ke granthoM meM bhI use paryApta sthAna milA hai| saMgotaratnAkara meM ghaNTA ko ghanavAdya kahA gayA hai (6.1102,8) / pUjA ke atirikta yuddha evaM vijaya ke avasara para bhI ghaNTA bajAyA jAtA thA, jise jayaghaNTA kahA jAtA thaa| 1. jai0-- yaza0 sAM0, pR0 225. 2. cunnIlAla zeSa, aSTachAya ke vAdyayantra, brajamAdhurI, varSa 13, aMka 4. 3. bhAgavatagItA, 1.15, 18. 4. saM0 ra0, 6.794, 95. 5. sura-seNAvai-tAliya-ghaMTA-rAvucchalaMta-paDisaiM-96.11.12. 6. yazastilakacampU, pR0 582.

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vAditra 293 tAla-uddyotana ne tAla kA do prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| rAsanRtya meM yuvatiyoM dvArA tAla bajAne se unake valaya kala-kala zabda kara rahe the (4.29) / svarga meM gandharva, tAla evaM tantrI kA sammilita madhura zabda ho rahA thA (43.6) / agni dvArA zodhita kAMsadhAtu ke vAdya ghanavAdyoM meM pramukha haiN| inameM tAla nAmaka vAdya sarvapramukha hai| tAla eka prakAra kA maMjIrA hI hai, kintu isakA AkAra sAmAnya maMjIrA se bar3A hotA thaa| zAstrIya saMgIta meM ghana vAdyoM kA atyadhika mahattva thA kyoMki tAla, laya Adi kA saMketa vAdaka inhI se grahaNa karate the| tAla ko dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa maMjIrA ko prAcIna samaya meM 'tAla' nAma diyA gayA thaa| saMgItagranthoM ke varNana ke anusAra tAla do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hotA hai| eka DorI ke mAdhyama donoM bhAga paraspara jur3e hote haiN| ina donoM bhAgoM ko isa prakAra bajAyA jAtA hai, jisase inakI dhvani madhura lage (saM0 ra0 6,1177) / Ajakala dehAtoM meM rAmadhuna Adi ke avasaroM para maMjIre bajAne kA kAphI pracalana hai, jo tAla ke saMkSipta rUpa meM hote haiN| ___ uparyukta vAdyoM ke atirikta udyotana ne kuva0 meM gandharva (43.6, toDahiyA (82.33), nAda (6.24), maMgala (67.6 Adi), vajjira (96.12) tathA vanvIsaka, mana (26.17) vAdyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMgItagranthoM ke adhyayana se ina para vizeSa prakAza par3a sakatA hai| sambhava hai, toDahiyA, bajjira evaM vavvIsaka loka-vAdya rahe hoN|

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pariccheda to citrakala udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM citrakalA ke sambandha meM vistata jAnakArI dI hai| bhitticitra evaM paTacitra kA vizeSa varNana isa grantha meM hama hai| citrakalA kI viSayavastu, nirmANa prakriyA evaM usameM prayukta raMga Adi ke sambandha meM jAnane ke lie grantha meM ullikhita citrakalA ke sabhI sandarbho kA paricaya prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| udyotanasUri ne ina prasaMgoM meM citrakalA kA varNana kiyA hai:1. rAjA dRr3havarman ke darabAra meM anya vidvAnoM ke sAtha citrakalA meM pravINa aNNe cittayamma-kusalA (16.24) vidvAn bhI upasthita rahate the| 2. kuvalacandra kA janma hote hI antaHpura kI paricArikAe~ aneka kAryoM meM vyasta ho gayIM / eka ne kahA-priya sakhI purandaradatte, bhavana ko sabhI bhittiyoM para pratibimbita manohara citrakarma se vyApta evaM pUrNimA ke candramA kI paMktiyoM se rekhAMkita maMgaladarpaNamAlA kI samhAla tU svayaM kyoM nahIM karatI ? (17.25, 26) / 3. kumAra kuvalayacandra ne 72 kalAoM meM citrakalA kA bhI abhyAsa kiyA thA-citta-kalA-juttIo (22.6) / 4. zAma hote hI kAminIgRhoM meM citrabhItiyoM ko sApha kiyA jAtA thA-papphoDesu citta-bhittIo (83-4) / 5. kuvalayacandra kuvalayamAlA se vivAha kara ayodhyA kI tarapha lauTa rahA thaa| rAste meM citrapaTa lie hue eka muni se usakI bheMTa huii| paricaya pUchane para muni ne isa prakAra kahanA prArambha kiyAH

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citrakalA 295 'kumAra, lATa deza meM dvArakApurI nagarI hai / vahA~ ke rAjA siMha kA maiM bhANu nAmaka putra hU~ / mujhe citrakarma karane kA vyasana ho gayA thA-mamaM ca cittamme vasaNaM jAyaM - ( 185.11) / rekhA, sthAna, bhAva se yukta raMga saMyojana dvArA citrakarma maiM jAnatA hU~ tathA citroM kI parIkSA karanA bhI jAnatA hU~ / " eka dina maiM bAhya udyAna meM gayA / vahA~ eka upAdhyAya se merI bheMTa huii| unhoMne mujhase kahA - 'kumAra, maiMne eka citrapaTa likhA hai / use zrApa dekheM, sundara hai yA nahIM / ' maiMne kahA - 'citrapaTa dikhAiye taba batAU~ ki vaha kaisA hai / ' upAdhyAya ne mujhe citrapaTa dikhaayaa| usa citrapaTa meM pRthvI kI samasta vastueM citrita thIM / divya citrakarma kI bhA~ti vaha atyanta saMkSipta, kintu sabhI dRzyoM ko pratyakSa karane vAlA thA / maiMne pUchA- 'munivara, isa paTa meM Apane kyA likhA hai ?" ve bole 'kumAra, yaha saMsAra-cakra hai / ' maiMne kahA - ' kRpayA ise vistAra se samajhAiye / ' muni ne char3I ke agrabhAga se usa citra ko isa prakAra dikhAnA prArambha kiyA- daMDaggeNaM padaMsiuM payatto (185.22) / 'kumAra, dekho, yaha manuSya loka kA citra hai, jahA~ kevala duHkha hI prApta hote haiM / ' manuSya loka ke citra meM nimna citroM kA aMkana usa citrapaTa meM thA 1. zikAra ke lie ghor3e para ArUr3ha daur3atA huA rAjA / 2. marane ke Dara se kA~pate hue idhara-udhara bhAgate hue jIva (185.30 ) / 3. pazuoM ko ikaTThA karane ke lie hAMkA bharane vAle loga (185.31) / 4. DAkuoM ke dvArA pakar3A gayA koI vyakti, jo bhaya se kA~pa rahA hai / " 5. usa vyakti ko aneka pIr3Ae~ dete hue DAkU (186.1,2) / 6. luTanevAle vyakti kA parigrahI rUpa (186.3) / 7. hala jotate hue kRSaka putra / 8. kaMdhe para juA rakhe hue, nAka chidAye hue, gale meM rassI bA~dhe hue tathA rudhira girAte hue baila (186.7, 8 ) / 1. rehA-ThANaya-bhAvehi saMjuyaM vaNNa-virayaNA- sAraM / jANAmi cittayammaM NaMridaM daTTu pi jANAmi // - 185. 12 2. diTThe ca mae taM puhaIe Natthi jaM tattha Na lihiyaM / - 185.15 3. divva-lihiyayaM piva aisaMkulaM savvavRttaMta - paccakkhIkaraNaM, vahI - 16. .... 4. AheDayaM uvagao eso so NaravaI imaM peccha dhAvai turayammi ArUDho, 28 5. eso vi ko vi puriso gahio caurehi ... vikkosai varAo, vahI, 32. 1. ee vi haliyauttA lihiyA me NaMgaleNa vAheMtA, 186.6

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296 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 9. hala ke phAla se phaTatI huI dharatI (186.6) / 10. jamIna khodate hue majadUra (lihilo parakammakaro) 10,11 / 11. phasala kATate hue kisAna (186.12) / 12. khalihAna meM bailoM dvArA phasala se anAja nikAlate hue kisaan,(vhii)| 13. khATa para leTe hue jvara se pIr3ita vyakti / usake paricaryA karate hue kuTumba ke loga (186.14,17) / 14. pati ke mara jAne para rotI huI patnI (186.20), dAsa (21), mitragaNa (23) / 15. kaphana ur3hAkara zava ko kaMdhe para le jAte hue vyakti (24) / 16. tRNa, kATha aura agni le jAte hue akRtajJa baMdhugaNa (25) ! 17. citA banAte hue tathA agni dete hue bandhugaNa (27) / 18. jalatI huI citA ke pAsa rotI huI patnI (30), pitA (31) mAtA (32) / 19. apane sira para lakar3I bhamAte hue tathA tAlAva meM jAkara mRtAtmA ko pAnI dete hue ristedAra (187.3, 4) / 20. brAhmaNoM ko dAna-dakSiNA dete hue kuTumbI (5) / 'kumAra, yaha eka dUsarA citra maiMne likhA hai| ise dekhane kI kRpA karo ki yaha zobhana evaM viddha hai athavA nahIM ?'1 nimnokta citroM kA aMkana usa citrapaTa meM thA :1. koI yuvaka kisI yuvatI ke sAtha kucha bAta kara rahA hai evaM yuvatI lajjAvaza pA~va ke agUThe se jamIna khoda rahI hai tathA muskurA rahI hai (187.7, 8) / 2. sparzasukha kI icchA se priyatamA kA gADhAliMgana karatA huA yuvaka (6) / 3. yuvaka-yuvatiyoM ke maithuna kI aneka mudrAe~ (12) / 4. saMgIta evaM dhArmika kriyAoM dvArA janmotsava manAtI huI mahilAe~ (18) / 5. janmotsava para nAcate hue loga (20) / 6. gAte hue, dA~ta dikhAkara ha~sate hue, A~sU bahAkara rote hue, kisI kArya ke lie bhAgate hue tathA vizrAma karate hue vyaktiyoM ke citra (21-25) 1. pecchasu kuNasu pasAyaM viddhaM kiM sohaNaM hoi, 187.6.

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citrakalA 7. pahalavAnI karatA huA balazAlI pahalavAna (26) / 8. AbhUSaNa pahine hue koI rUpavAna vyakti (27) / 6. kaNThA evaM kaTaka pahine hue koI dhanavAna ( 28 ) / 10. apane U~ce kula kA ghamaNDa karatA huA vyakti (29) / 11. unmatta lobhI vyakti (30) / 12. jJAna evaM AcaraNa se rahita hAtha meM pustaka lie koI paMDita (31) | 13. tapa karane kA DhoMga karatA huA koI bhujadaNDa dhAraNa kiye hue vyakti (32) / 14. dhanuSa-bANa lie hue koI vyakti (187.33) / naMgI talavAra lie hue koI vyakti (188.1) / 16. piMjar3e meM vanda zuka-sArikA (188.3) / 15 17. garbhabhAra se pIr3ita prasUta ke lie tar3apatI strI (4) / 18. bacce ke janma para nAcatI huI striyA~ ( 8 ) / 16. murgoM evaM zukoM ke sAtha khelatA huA baccA (13) / 20. kanyAoM evaM yuvatiyoM ke sAtha ramaNa karatA huA taruNa ( 14, 15) / 21. striyoM ke bIca upekSita koI bUr3hA vyakti (16) / 22. bhIkha mA~gatA huA koI bhikhArI (17) / 23. cIvara evaM kaMthA pahine hue koI sAdhu (18) / 24. bhautika sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karatA huA koI vyakti (19) / 25. pAlakI meM baiThA rAjA ( 20 ) / 297 26. saMgrAma meM lar3ate hue sainika (21) | 27. siMhAsana para baiThA huA rAjA tathA sAmanta loga (22) / 28. lobhavaza samudra meM ghusane vAle vyakti (24) / 29. paradhana ko curAte hue cora (25) / 30. machalI pakar3ate hue machue (26) / 31. jhUTha bolate hue baniye ( 28 ) | 32. ghara tyAga kara mokSamArga kA sAdhana karane vAle sAdhu (19) / 'kumAra, isa prakAra yaha maiMne manuSya loka kA saMkSepa meM viddha tathA sthAna se manohara citra aMkita kiyA hai- eyaM kumAra, lihiyaM maNuyANaM viddhaThANayaM rammaM saMkheveNa (188.30 ) / ' isa prakAra kahakara una munirAja ne mujhe citrapaTa kA

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298 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dUsarA bhAga dikhAyA, jisameM tithaMca gati ke jIvoM kA citraNa thA / vaha citra citrakalA kI dRSTi se zreSTha evaM suspaSTa thA-taM ciya suvvasi NiuNo taM cittakalAsu suThTha NimmAo-(188.32) / ataH unhoMne mujhase usa para kSaNa bhara dRSTi DAlane kA Agraha kiyaa| usa citra meM siMha aura gaja kA yuddha, bAgha aura vRSabha kA yuddha, bhaiMsoM kA yuddha tathA mora aura sarpa kA yuddha citrita thA (188.33, 189.1) evaM nirbala jIva kA balavAna jIva dvArA kaise bhakSaNa kiyA jAtA hai isakA vistRta citraNa thA (189.5,17) / isake bAda unhoMne mujhe naraka kA citra dikhaayaa|' usameM nArakiyoM ko paraspara lar3ate hue tathA nAnA duHkha prApta karate hue citrita kiyA gayA thaa| vaitaraNI nadI banI huI thI, jisameM garma pAnI baha rahA thA, ityAdi / tadantara unhoMne mujhe svarga kA citra dikhAyA / usameM deva, apsarA tathA indra Adi kA aneka sukha bhogate hue citraNa thaa| anta meM zAzvata sukhavAle mokSa kA citraNa thA-lihio mokkho accNt-subh-sokkho-(190.13)| isa 'saMsAra-cakra' nAmaka paTacitra ke atirikta una munirAja ke pAsa eka dUsarA bho paTacitra thA-diLaM mae tassA ekka-paese aNNaM cittayamma (190.21) / merI prArthanA para unhoMne use bhI kholakara dikhaayaa| usameM do vaNika putroM kI kathA citrita thI, jisameM nimnokta dRzya the 1. prAsAda, nAgarika loga, vipaNimArga tathA rAjamaMdira meM baiThe hue rAjA se yukta caMpA nagarI kA citra (190.24-27) / 2. dhaNadatta nAmaka zreSThI evaM usakI bhAryA kA do putroM sahita citra (28.26) / 3. donoM vaNikaputra vyApAra karate hue-vaNiya-kammammi (161.2) / 4. hala jotate hue-hl-nnNgl-jott-pgghHvihtthaa| (161.6) / 5. pazu lAdate hue-pAroviya-goNi-bhariyAlA / (161.8) / 6. majadUrI na detA huA unakA mAlika (161.10) / 7. bhIkha mAMgate hue (12) / 8. samudra taTa para sthita jahAja meM nokarI mAMgate hue (15) / 9. bIca samudra meM bhagna-jahAja (18) / 10. phalaka para ArUr3ha donoM vaNik putra (19) / 11. rohaNa-dvIpa para paraspara bAtacIta karate hue (21) / 1-eyaM pi peccha NarayaM kumAra lihiyaM mae iha paDammi / 189.18. 2. eyaM pi mae lihiyaM kumAra saggaM suovaeseNa / 189.32.

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299 citrakalA 12. hAtha meM pustaka lie hue (29) / 13. bila meM praveza karate hue-vilammi pavisaMtayA lihiyA (26) / 14. mantrasAdhanA karate hue (31) / 15. devI ke caraNoM meM baiThe hue (162.1) / 16. parvata kI coTI para baiThe hue (162.2) / 17. asthimaya paMjarita zarIravAle (162.3) / 18. parvata ke zikhara se girate hue (162.10) / 19. sAdhu ke pAsa baiThakara upadeza sunate hue (19) / 20. tapa karate hue-lihayA tavaM kAUNa samADhattA (163.32) / isa vistRta citrapaTa ke varNana ke bAda kuvalayamAlA meM citrakalA ke do ullekha aura prApta haiM :6. kuvalayacandra ke abhiSeka ke samaya rAjasabhAyeM citrita ko gayIM cittijjati rAya-sabhAno (166.26) / 7. arUNAbhapura ke rAjakumAra kAmagajendra ke darabAra meM eka citrakAra putra upasthita huaa| usane paTa para citrita eka citraputalI rAjakumAra ko samarpita kii-(233.8)| vaha citra sakala kalAoM meM pravINa logoM ke dvArA prazaMsanIya thA-sayalakalA-kalAva-kusala-jaNavaNNaNijja ti / use dekhakara kAmagajendra ne kahA-'kisI ne saca hI kahA hai ki rAjA, citrakAra evaM kavi tInoM naraka meM jAte haiM (233.9) / kyoMki pRthvI meM jisa vastu kA astitva bhI nahIM hotA, ye tInoM usakI sattA batalAte haiN| ataH jhUTha bolane ke kAraNa narakagAmI hote haiM (233.11,12)' / citrakAra-dAraka ne kAmagajendra kI isa bAta kA prativAda karate hue kahA'kumAra, rAjA to svatantra hotA hai ataH use naraka jAne se kauna roka sakatA haiN| kavi jo kucha sunatA hai, dekhatA hai tathA anubhava karatA hai use hI apanI pratibhA se (sattIe) kAvya meM utAratA hai| usI prakAra citrakalA meM pravINa citrakAra bhI kisI vastu ko dekhakara hI citra banAtA hai| isa sundarI kA citra bhI maiMne ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI ko dekhakara tadanurUpa banAyA haiujjeNIe""daThUNa imaM rUvaM taiu cciya vilihiyaM ettha ((233.16) / 1. rAyA hoi sataMto vaccau garayammi ko NivArei / jaM citta-kalA-kusalo kaI ya aliyaM puNo eyaM // sattIe kuNai kavvaM diTuM va suyaM va ahava aNubhUyaM / citta-kusalo vi evaM diTuM ciya kuNai cittammi ||-kuv0 233.14,15.

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300 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana yaha sunakara kAmagajendra ne usa citra ko punaH dekhanA prArambha kiyaa| usa citra kI nimnokta vizeSatAyeM thIH1. usakI AkRti nidrA sadaza mana evaM nayanoM ko harane vAlI thI nidda piva mnn-nnynn-haarinnii| 2. vaha citra tilottamA sadRza sthira palaka vAlA-(tilottimaM piva aNimisa saNaM), 3. zakti sadRza hRdayavidAraNa meM samartha (tti piva hiyaya-dAraNa-paccalaM), 4. svarga sadRza aneka puNyoM se prApta (saggapuri piva bahu-puNNa-pAvaNijja), 5. zukla pakSa ke prathama dina ke candramA sadRza vizuddha rekhAyukta, 6. mahArAjA kI rAjyavRtti sadRza suvibhakta varNoM (raMga) se zobhita (mahArAya-rajjavitti piva suvibhatta-vaNNa-sohiyaM), 7. pRthvI sadRza spaSTa likhAvaTa-racanA se yukta (dhaNi piva laliya dIsaMta-vattiNI-virayaNaM), 8. vipaNimArga sadRza mAna-pramANa se yukta (vivaNi-magge piva mANa-juttaM) tathA 6. jinendra bhagavAn sadRza supratiSThita aMgopAMgayukta (233.20,23) thaa| kAmagajendra ko usa citra ko dekhakara aisA pratIta huA mAnoM citrakalA meM pravINa brahmA ne svayaM kAmadeva ke zarIra ko tor3akara use amRta meM mathakara syAhI banAyI hai tathA usase yaha citra banAyA hai|' citra ko dekhakara vaha kSaNabhara ko stambhita, dhyAnastha tathA pratimAsadaza ho gyaa| tadanantara usane paTa meM citrita usa rAjakumArI se vivAha karane kI icchA vyakti kii| taba mantriyoM ne use salAha dI ki Apa apanA citra citrapaTa meM banavAkara isa citrakAra ke dvArA usa rAjakUmArI ke pAsa bhijavA diijiye| citra ko dekhakara vaha rAjakumArI svayaM Apako varaNa kara legii| citrakAra dAraka kAmagajendra kA citra banAkara ujjayinI vApisa calA jAtA hai (233.30) / kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita citrakalA ke isa vivaraNa se prAcIna bhAratIya citrakalA ke sambandha meM kaI naye tathya prApta hote haiN| isa sAmagrI ko mukhyatayA do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-bhitticitra evaM pttcitr| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: 1. bhaMtUNa mayaNa-dehaM masiNaM musumUriUNa amenn| cittakalA-kusaleNaM lihiyA NUNaM payAvaiNA // -233.24. 2. taM ca daLUNa rAyA khaNaM thaMbhio iva jhANa-gao iva selamao iva aasi|-233.25. 3. deva, Niyaya-rUvaM cittavaDae lihAvesu, teNeya cittayaraeNa-233.29.

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citrakalA bhitticitra rAjamahaloM prAcIna bhArata meM bhitticitra pramukhataH tIna sthAnoM para banAye jAte the / guphAoM ke antargata, caityAlayoM kI dIvAloM para evaM bhavanoM kI bhittiyoM para / zayanAgAra meM bhitticitra banavAne kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai / tadanusAra hI udyotana ne rAnI priyaMguzyAmA ke zayanAgAra evaM kAminiyoM ke vAsa bhavanoM meM bhitticitroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina citroM kI sajAvaTa tathA dekhabhAla ke liye eka alaga paricArikA bhI hotI thI / priyaMguzyAmA ke zayanAgAra meM bhitticitroM ke sAtha pUrNimA kI paMktiyA~ tathA maMgaladarpaNoM kA ullekha kisa kAraNa huA hai, spaSTa nahIM ho sakA / sambhavataH chata kI dIvAla para bane hue candramA ke citroM evaM dIvAloM ke citroM ko bar3e-bar3e zIzoM meM pratibimbita kiyA jAtA hogA, jisase sadyAprasUtA rAnI palaMga para leTe-leTe hI ina citroM kA dekhakara mana bahalA sake / rAjasabhAoM ko citrita karane ke prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM ullekha milate haiN|' kuva0 meM rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya rAjasabhA ko citrita karane ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki mAMgalika avasaroM para citrakArI karanA bhI zubha mAnA jAtA thA / Aja bhI vivAha Adi ke avasaroM para ghara kI dIvAloM evaM dvAra para citra banavAye jAte haiM / paTacitra 301 guptayuga se madhyayuga taka ke bhAratIya sAhitya meM paTa-citrakalA ke pracura ullekha prApta hote haiM / harSacarita meM bAjAra meM paTacitra dikhAkara AjIvikA kamAne vAloM kA ullekha hai / inake paTacitra paraloka kI yAtanAoM evaM vaibhava se pUrNa hote the / udayasundarIkathA meM kuMDalita paTacitra kA ullekha hai, jise phailAkara rAjA svayaM apane citra ko dekhatA hai / samarAiccakahA meM paTacitradarzana ke aneka ullekha haiM / jinasena ne paTacitra darzana dvArA pratyakSa meM manoraMjana tathA parokSa meM pUrvajanma ke vRtAnta ko smaraNa karane kA varNana kiyA hai / 4 nAyakumAracarita meM paTacitra upahAra svarUpa bheMTa kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / paMcadazI nAmaka vedAnta grantha meM paTacitra kaise banAye jAte the isakA vistRta varNana hai ( paMca0 6.1, 3) / udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAka hA meM paTacitrakalA kI isa prasiddhi ko aura Age bar3hAyA hai tathA isa kalA ke vikasita rUpa ko prastuta kiyA hai / u0- prA0 sAM0 bhU0 - ( citrakalA) / 1. 2. harSacaritam - bANa, pR0 151. 3. udayasundarIkathA, adhyAya, 3, pR0 51. 4. yA vilikhitaM pUrvabhavasambandhipaTTakam / kvacid kiMcinnigUDhAntaH prakRtaM citraraMjanam // - AdipurANa 6.190.

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302 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kuvalayamAlAkahA ke varNana ke AdhAra para paTacitrakalA ke pramukha tIna prakAra prApta hote haiM-vyaktigata citra, dhArmika citra evaM kathAtmaka paTacitra / inake sambandha meM udyotana ne nimnokta vizeSa jAnakArI dI hai| vyaktigata paTacitra-nAyaka-nAyikA meM citradarzana kA abhiprAya (motif) sAhitya va loka meM prAcIna samaya se pracalita hai| isa kAraNa vyaktigata paTacitroM kA nirmANa adhika mAtrA meM huaa| udyotanasUri ne bhI kAmagajendra kI kathA meM isI abhiprAya kA prayoga kiyA hai| ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI evaM kAmagajendra ke citra itane AkarSaka banAye gaye the ki donoM paraspara mohita ho gaye / vyaktigata paTacitroM kI yaha pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unameM viddharUpa Aropita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| udyotana ne aise citra ko zakti ke samAna hRdaya ko vidAraNa karane meM samartha mAnA hai (233.21) / vyaktigata citra spaSTa rekhA, suvibhakta raMga-saMyojana, manohara likhAvaTa, mAna-pramANayukta tathA sunizcita aMgopAMga vAlA hone ke kAraNa hI itanA AkarSaka banatA hogaa| upalabdha prAcIna AkarSaka citroM meM ye sabhI vizeSatAe~ prApta hotI haiN| dhArmika paTacitra-paTacitroM kA mukhya viSaya dhArmika rahA hai| vizeSakara lambI-lambI paToM kA nirmANa dhArmika viSayavastu ke kAraNa hI huaa| kyoMki unameM aneka viSayoM kA citraNa karanA par3atA thaa| dhArmika citroM meM dhArmika mahApuruSoM, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, bhaktajanoM evaM pAralaukika jIvana ke citra adhika aMkita kiye gaye haiN| kuvalayamAlA meM varNita 'bhavacakra' nAmaka paTacitra bhI dhArmika citra hI hai, kintu uddyotanasUri ne isake lie viSayavastu nayI cuno hai| guptayuga meM buddhaghoSa ke ullekha ke anusAra aise caraNacitra banAye jAte the, jinameM pApa-puNya ke karmoM kA phala dikhAyA jAtA thaa|' mahAkavi bANa ne yamapaTToM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM mRtyu ke bAda prApta hone vAle sukha-dukhoM ko citroM dvArA dikhAyA jAtA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne na kevala svarga evaM naraka loka ke dRzyoM kA paTacitra meM varNana kiyA hai, apitu manuSya loka ke jIvana kA yathArtha dRzya bhI citra meM aMkita kiyA hai| isa taraha ke dRzyoM kA citra na to kisI grantha meM ullikhita hai aura na hI vartamAna meM upalabdha paTacitroM meM prApta hai / ataH udyotana ne paTacitrakalA ke itihAsa meM eka nayA maulika viSaya prastuta kiyA hai, jisakA AMzika rUpa rAjasthAna kI madhyayugIna rAmadalA kI par3a tathA baMgAla ke paTacitroM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| dhArmika paTacitroM kI eka aura vizeSatA kA ullekha uddyotanasUri ne kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM bhavacakra nAmaka paTacitra char3I ke agrabhAga se darzaka 1. upAdhyAya, bhagavatazaraNa-guptakAla kA sA~skRtika itihAsa, pR0 197. 2. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 318

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citrakalA 303 ko gAthAoM dvArA samajhAyA jAtA hai| citra samajhAne ke lie padyoM kA prayoga isalie hotA hai tAki pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI ina citroM kA pradarzana hotA rahe aura nayA pradarzaka padyoM ko kaMThastha kara darzakoM ko citra samajhAtA rhe| rAjasthAna meM aneka aise par3a pracalita haiM, jinake pradarzaka gA-gAkara unheM darzakoM ko samajhAte haiN| kuvalayamAlA kA 'bhavacakra' nAmaka paTacitra isa bAta kA bhI saMketa karatA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM dharma pracAra ke lie citroM kA bahuvidha upayoga hotA thaa| kyoMki jahA~ pracAraka kI bhASA janatA nahIM samajhatI thI, vahA~ citroM kI abhivyakti hI bhAvoM kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha hotI thii| isake lie paTacitra adhika upayogI sAbita hue| kyoMki ve mor3akara AsAnI se eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para le jAye jA sakate the| dhanapAla ne isa prakAra ke paTacitroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dhArmika paTacitroM kI paramparA tibbata meM bhI rahI hai, jinakA mUla AdhAra bhAratIya bauddha paTa-citra the| ina tibbatI dhArmika citroM ko 'TaMka' kahA jAtA thaa| kathAtmaka paTacitra-vyaktigata evaM dhArmika citroM ke atirikta vastroM para kucha aise citra bhI banAye jAte the jinakA sambandha kisI na kisI kathA athavA kathAMza se hotA thaa| yaha kathA mahApuruSoM ke jIvana se bhI sambandhita ho sakatI thI, eka sAdhAraNa loka kathA bhii| kuva0 meM ullikhita do vANikaputroM kI kathA prAcIna bhArata meM kathAtmaka paTacitra kalA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| isakA vikasita rUpa rAjasthAna kI pAbU jI kI par3a, devanArAyaNa kI par3a Adi meM tathA baMgAla ke paTacitroM kI kathAoM meM prApta hotA hai| kathA ke anarUpa hI ina paTacitroM kA nAma rakha diyA jAtA thaa| yathA-saccarittapaTa, kAmadevapaTa, lakSmIpaTa, pAbu jI kI par3a Adi / prAyaH kathAtmaka paTacitra jIvikopArjana ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM adhika pracalita rahe haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya citrakalA ke paribhASika zabda uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA ke uparyukta vivaraNa meM aneka aise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo bhAratIya citrakalA meM prAyaH prayukta hote rahe haiN| samaya-samaya para kaI naye zabda jur3ate rahe haiN| isa dRSTi se kuva0 meM prayukta nimna zabda vicAraNIya haiM 1. parsI brAuna, iMDiyana peMTiMga, pR0 26. 2. draSTavya, lekhaka kA 'paTa-citrAvalI kI loka-paramparA' nAmaka lekha, rAjasthAna bhAratI, bhAga 12, aMka 3-4. 3. tilakamaMjarI, pR0 165. 4. ja0 I0 esa0 jukera,-'paiMTiMga Apha da lAmAj' ilasTraDa vIkalI Apha iMDiyA, 20 maI, 73 5. draSTavya, lekhaka kA uparyukta lekha / 6. sammelana-patrikA, kalA aMka, pR0 99.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana cittara- dArao (233. 7) - prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM citrakAra ke lie aneka zabda prayukta hue haiM :- zilpI, nipuNa citrakAra, citrAcArya, citraviddhopAdhyAya, citrakara, varNATa, raMgAjIva, rUpadakSa Adi / kintu citrakAra ke lie cittayaradAro ( citrakAra kA putra) zabda kA prayoga udyotana ne saMbhavata: prathama bAra kiyA hai | pratIta hotA hai ki yaha zabda usa citrakAra ke lie prayukta hotA rahA hogA jo nAyaka-nAyikA ke citra banAkara eka dUsare ke pAsa pahu~cAtA rahA hogaa| yaha kArya usake lie jIvikA kA sAdhana rahA hogA / sambhavata: bar3e citrakAroM ke putra athavA yuvaka citrakAra isa kArya ko karate rahe hoMge / ataH unheM citradAraka kahA jAne lagA hogA / 304 cittalA juttI, cittakusalo, cittakalA-kusalo (233.24) - ina tInoM zabdoM kA abhiprAya citrakalA meM atyanta nipuNa citrakAra se hai, jise Ajakala mAsTara penTara kahate haiM / prAcIna samaya meM ise citrAcArya' tathA nipuNacitrakAra kahA jAtA thA / uddyotanasUri ne aise citrakAra kI tulanA prajApati se kI haicitta-kalA-kusaleNaM lihiyA NUNaM payAvaiNA / cittaputtaliyA (233.8 ) -- udyotana ne nAyikA ke hUbahU citra ko citra-puttaliyA kahA hai / hU-bahU citroM ko pratikRti, sAdRzya, pratichandaka evaM viddhacitra bhI kahA thA / harSacarita ( pR0 165 ) tathA tilakamaMjarI ( pR0 162 ) meM bhI citraputrikA zabda kA prayoga huA hai / udayasundarI kathA meM ( pR0 96 ) isI hat doputrikA kahA gayA hai / rehA, vaNNa, vattiNI - virayaNaM (185.12) - rekhA, raMga evaM likhAvaTa prAcIna citrakalA meM pracalita paribhASika zabda the / kisI bhI acche citra ke rekhA, varNa aura likhAvaTa ( vartanI) prANa hote haiM / citrasUtram meM mArkaNDeya ne yaha bAta kahI hai rekhA ca vartanA caiva bhUSaNaM varNameva ca / vijJeyA manujazreSTha citrakarmasu bhUSaNam / / 41.10 ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI ke citra meM vizuddha rekhA, suvibhakta raMgasaMyojana evaM spaSTa likhAvaTa hone ke kAraNa hI vaha itanA AkarSaka thA ki kAmagajendra use dekhate hI cakita raha gayA / yahI sthiti draupadI ke 'zambarakarSaNa- citrapaTa' ko dekhakara duryodhana kI huI thI / dUtavAkyaM meM usake udgAra haiM - graho prasya varNA yatA, zraho bhAvopapannatA, graho yuktlekhtaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki rekhA, varNa aura likhAvaTa ko prathama zatAbdI meM hI kisI acche citra ke guNa mAnA jAtA thA aura AThavIM sadI taka isa sthApanA meM koI kamI nahIM AyI thI / 4 1. mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka, aMka prathama / 2. tilakamaMjarI - dhanapAla / 3. daTThUNa imaM rUvaM taiu cciya vilihiyaM ettha - 233.19 4. draSTavya, zu0 - bhA0 sthA0, pR0 554-60.

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citrakalA 305 bhAva (185.12)-kuva0 meM bhAnukumAra kahatA hai ki vaha rekhA, sthAna aura bhAva se yukta raMga-saMyojana dvArA zreSTha citrakalA ko jAnatA hai-rehAThANayabhAhiM saMjuyaM vaNNa-virayaNA-sAraM (185.12) / inase spaSTa hai ki rekhA ke atirikta bhAva aura sthAna bhI citrakalA ke pradhAna guNa the| kisI bhI citra kI utkRSTatA bhAvoM kI samucita abhivyakti se hI sambhava hai| citra kevala yantrAkRti sAdRzya nahIM hai| rUpa kA sAdRzya jaba bhAva ke darpaNa meM pratibimbita hokara bAhara AtA hai tabhI vaha prANavanta banatA hai| citrakAra pahale kisI bhI vastu yA vyakti ke rUpa ko apane dhyAna meM lAtA hai aura mana meM Aye hue usa dhyAna ko Alekha dvArA citra meM utAratA hai, tabhI utkRSTa citra banatA hai| citrakalA ke isa mahAna satya ko kAlidAsa ne bhI abhivyakta kiyA hai-'matsAdRzyaM virahatanunA bhAvagamyaM likhantI'-(meghadUta 2.22) / ThANaya (185.12)-citraNa ke prakAra yA saundarya pragaTa karane kI bhaMgimA ko sthAna kahate haiN| koI citra kisa koNa se sundara dikhegA, kuzala citrakAra ko isakA bhI jJAna honA caahie| citrasUtram meM nau prakAra ke sthAnoM kA varNana hai'-RjvAgata, anuju, sAcIkRta, ardha-vilocana, pArzvagata, parAvRtta, pRSThAgata, purAvRtta evaM samAnata / zilparatna meM bhI inhIM 9 sthAnoM kA ullekha hai| kuva0 meM ullikhita ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI kA citra sambhavataH anRju sthAna ko dhyAna meM rakhakara banAyA gayA thaa| kyoMki usakI citavana itanI tirachI tathA tIkhI thI ki zakti kI taraha hRdaya-vidAraNa meM samartha thii| mANa, aMgovaMga (233.22)-uddyotanasUri ne ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI ke citra ko mAnayukta tathA supratiSThita aMgopAMga vAlA kahA hai| citrasUtram ke anusAra udyotana kA yaha ullekha pramANita hotA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki vyaktigata citroM meM kisI puruSa yA strI ke aGga, upAMga pramANa ke anusAra hI citrita honA cAhiye, hInAdhika nhiiN| arthAt citra ke aGgoM kI U~cAI-nicAI tathA puSTatA Adi spaSTa honI caahie| tilakamaMjarI meM citra kI isa vizeSatA ko 'nimnonnatavibhAgAH' (pR0 166) kahA gayA hai| isakI tulanA viSNudharmottara purANa meM varNita vartanA (zaiDiMga) se kI jA sakatI hai| pAli meM ise hI ujjotana kahA gayA hai| dalR (185.12)-kuva0 kahA meM yaha zabda citrakalA kI parIkSA karane ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| bhAnukumAra kahatA hai ki maiM citrakalA to jAnatA ho , hU~, usakI parIkSA karanA bhI jAnatA hU~-(185.12) / citrakalA kA abhyAsa usake lie vyasana jaisA thaa| apane isa samIkSaka jJAna ke AdhAra para hI vaha munirAja se kahatA hai ki pahale Apa apanA citra dikhalAiye taba batA sakU~gA 1. navasthAnAni rUpANAM, citrasUtram (39.1) / . 20

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306 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ki vaha sundara hai athavA nhiiN|' kalAcArya bhI usakI isa samIkSaka yogyatA se prabhAvita hai / citrakalA ke anya granthoM meM isa zabda kA ullekha nahIM hai| kuva0 meM ullikhita citrakalA ke uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI taka citrakalA paryApta vikasita ho cukI thii| citrakalA ke svarUpa evaM viSayavastu meM bhI vividhatA thii| yahI kAraNa ki hai ki mahAkavi bANa ko ujjayinI kI citrakalA meM vizva ke vividha rUpa dikhAyI diye-(dazitavizvarUpA citrbhitti)| tathA uddyotana ne samasta pRthvI kI vastuoM ko citrapaTa meM pratibimbita dikhAyA hI hai| 1. jANAmi cittayammaM NaridaM dalR pi jANAmi, 185.12 / -daMsehi me cittayamma jeNa jANAmi suMdaraM Na va tti, 185.14 /

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pariccheda cAra nagara sthApatya udyotana ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM vibhinna nagaroM kA varNana atyanta vyavasthita rUpa meM kiyA hai / isase prAcIna bhAratIya nagara sanniveza ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / nagara kI surakSA ke lie cAroM ora eka gaharI khAyI khodI jAtI thI, jise parikhA kahA jAtA thA / parikhA ke bAda nagara ke cAroM ora majabUta aura U~cI dIvAla banAyI jAtI thI jise prAkAra kahate the / prAkAra para U~cI U~cI burje banAyIM jAtIM thIM, jinameM baiThakara Ate hue zatru ko dUra se hI dekhA jA sake / inheM aTTAlikA kahate the / prAkAra meM vibhinna dizAoM meM mukhya aura sAmAnya dvAra banAye jAte the / mukhyadvAra ko gopura kahA jAtA thA / saMbhavatayA gopura se praveza karate hI rakSAmukha banAye jAte the, jise sainika cokI yA cekaposTa kahA jA sakatA hai / rakSAmukha ke uparAnta nagara kI Antarika saMracanA kA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai / isa sambandha meM kuvalayamAlA meM upalabdha vinItA (7.22), kozAmbI ( 31.29, 30), kAMcI ( 45.16 ), samavasaraNa ( 96.32), jayazrI (104.9), mAkandI ( 117.2 ), ujjayinI tathA vijayA ( 149.20 ) Adi nagariyoM ke varNanoM meM ullikhita nagara- sthApatya draSTavya hai / parikhA - udyotana ne ujjayinI nagarI kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki bhavanoM kI katAra rAjyapathoM se vibhakta thI, rAjyapathoM meM vipaNimArga zobhita the, vipaNimArga kI zobhA gopuradvAra the, gopuradvAra ke Age prAkAra zikhara bane the, prAkArazikhara kI zobhA parikhAvandha se thI / parikhA meM nirmala jala kI taraMgeM zobhita thIM, jinapara sugandhita puSpa zobhita the ( 124.29, 31 ) / isa varNana se parikhA, prAkAra, gopura, rAjyapatha, vipaNimArga, bhavanapaMkti kA krama nizcita hotA hai, jo prAcIna nagarasanniveza ke anukUla hai / parikhA ke isa ullekha ke pratirikta udyotana ne anyatra parikhA ko tapta svarNa se nirmita (uttatta- kaNaya- maiyA pharihA) (45. 16) tathA pRthvIsadRza gaMbhIra

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308 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana svabhAvavAlI (gaMbhIra sahAvo parihayo dhariNio va, 117.3) kahA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki parikhA nagara kI surakSA ke lie gaharI banAyI jAtI thI tathA usameM jala bharA hotA thA / purandaradatta ne pAtAla sadRza jala se bharI gaharI parikhA ko tairakara pAra kiyA thA (87.12) / prAcIna samaya meM nagara surakSA ke do sAdhana the--prAkRtika tathA kRtrima sAdhana kRtrima sAdhanoM meM rAjabhavana yA nagara ke cAroM ora parikhA kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| parikhA kI gaharAI lagabhaga 15 phuTa hotI thii| parikhA tIna prakAra kI banatI thIM-jalaparikhA, paMkaparikhA, riktprikhaa| uddyotana ne jalaparikhA kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| jAtakoM meM ise udakaparikhA kahA gayA hai| kamala eva puSpoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita yaha parikhA vahI hai, jise kauTilya ne 'padmavatIparikhA' kahA hai / prAkAra---uddyotana ne svarNa evaM maNiratnoM se nirmita prAkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai (64.33, 66.32, 117.3 aaadi)| jayazrI nagarI kA prAkAra usakI karadhanI sadaza thA (104.9) tathA vijayapurI kA prAkAra valaya kI bhA~ti use ghere hue thA (146.21) / ye ullekha prastara prAkAroM ke sAhityika rUpa haiN| prAkAra atyanta U~ce banAye jAte the tAki zatru unheM pAra na kara skeN|" purandaradatta ko rAtri meM vAhya udyAna meM jAne ke lie apane nagara ke U~ce prAkAra ko lA~dhanA var3A kaThina thaa| kyoMki vaha prAkAra devatAoM dvArA bhI alaMghya thA (87.12) / prAcIna nagara saniveza meM prAkAra nagara kI surakSA kA anyatama sAdhana samajhA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke sabhI viziSTa nagaroM kA varNana prAkArayukta milatA hai| sambhavata: 8vIM sadI kI rAjanaitika asthiratA ke kAraNa prAkAra kI U~cAI aura adhika rakhI jAne lagI hogii| aTTAlaka-udyotana ne kozAmbI nagarI ke varNana meM tuMga aTTAlaka : (31.16) kA ullekha kiyA hai / prAkAroM ke UAra jo burja vanAye jAte the unheM prAcIna granthoM meM aTTAlaka kahA gayA hai| ye aTTAlaka nagara-prAkAra ke cAroM dizAoM meM banate the / aTTAlakoM kI U~cAI ke kAraNa hI uddyotana ne unheM tuMga aTTAlaka kahA hai| arthazAstra meM (pR0 52) aTTAlakoM taka sopAna banAye jAne kA ullekha hai / ina aTTAlakoM para sainika tainAta rahate the| 1. arthazAstra, khaNDa 1, pR0 31. 2. a0-pA0 bhA0, pR0 144. 3. rA0-prA0 na0,10 242. 4. a0 zA0-pR0 51. 5. zukranItisAra, adhyAya 1, paMkti 744, datta-'TAuna plainiMga ina eMzieSTa iNDiyA', pR0 87. 6. ayyA, 'TAuna plainiga ina eMzieNTa Dekana', pR0 38. 7. a0 zA0, pR0 52. 8. rA0-prA0 na0, pR0 248.

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nagara sthApatya 309 gopura-nagara ke prAkAra dvArayukta hote the / ' nagara ke mukhyadvAra ko ho gopura kahA gayA hai / udyotana ne bhI prAkAroM kI zobhA gopuradvAra ko kahA hai (124.30) / gopura atyanta U~ce banate the (50.19, 56.26) / surakSA kI dRSTi se gopuradvAra meM majabUta kapATa lage hote the| uddyotana ne maNinirmita kapATa kA ullekha kiyA hai-gourakavADamaNi-saMpuDa (149.22) / ye daravAje nizcita samaya para khulate tathA banda hote the| purandaradatta ko rAtri meM gopuradvAra banda hone ke kAraNa prAkAra lA~dhakara bAhara jAnA par3atA hai (87.12) / isake atirikta udyotana ne nagara ke anya sannivezoM ke sAtha gopura kA kaI bAra ullekha kiyA hai-(156.5, 203.10, 246.32 aadi)| vartamAna meM jayapura nagara ke vibhinna dvAra (ajamerI geTa Adi) prAcIna gopuroM kI yAda dilAte haiM / rakSAmukha-uddyotana ne gopuroM meM rakSAmukha kA ullekha kiyA hairacchAmuha-gouresu (156.5), (247.22) / kuvalayacandra ke abhiSeka ke samaya rakSAmukhoM ko sajAyA gayA thaa-(199.28)| jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM gopura ke atirikta jo gauNa nagaradvAra hote the, jinheM pratolI kahA jAtA thaa|" udyotana ne unheM hI rakSAmakha kahA hai| pratolI ke samIpa sainika niyukta kiye jAte the, tAki zatru nagara meM na ghusa skeN| rakSA ke isa pravandha ke kAraNa hI unheM rakSAmukha bhI kahA jAne lagA hogaa| uddyotana ne anyatra racchA-caukka (58.32) kA bho ullekha kiyA hai| ye rakSAcauka usa samaya ke pulisa thAne the| gupta prazAsana meM inheM 'guptasthAna' kahA gayA hai| vastupAla evaM tejapAla ke abhilekhoM meM inheM rakSAcatuSka hI kahA gayA hai / mugalakAla meM bhI inakA astitva thaa| Adhunika hindI meM caukI yA thAnA zabda inake lie prayukta hotA hai / rAjamArga-prAcIna nagara sanniveza meM gopura ke bAda rAjamArga bane hote the| prAcIna granthoM meM inheM rAjapatha tathA mahArathyA' bhI kahA gayA hai / uddyotana ne inheM rAjapatha tathA rAjamArga kahA hai| kuvalayacandra ke abhiSeka ke samaya rAjapatha sugandhita jala se sIMce gaye the (199.26) / nagara meM praveza karate hae kumAra kramazaH rAjamArga ko chor3akara rAjadvAra para pahu~cA / deg rAjamArga nagara ke vistAra ke anusAra caur3e banAye jAte the|11 udyotana ne sambhavataH rAjamArgoM 1. a0 zA0, pR0 53. 2. puradvAraM tu gopuram-amarakoSa, pR0 77, dra0, zu0-bhA0 sthA0, pR0105. kapATA : sarvadvAreSu-aparAjita-pRcchA, pR0 173. 4. mekriNDila, megasthanIja eNDa eriyana, pR0 66. 5. a0 zA0, pR0 53 evaM draSTavya, zu0-bhA0 sthA0, pR0 106-7. harivaMzapurANa, adhyAya 54. u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 117. 8. viSNusaMhitA, adhyAya 72, paMkti 78. 9. samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, pR0 39. 10. kameNa ya volINo kumAro rAyamaggaM, saMpattaM rAyadAraM, (200.3) / 11. draSTavya-rA0-prA0 na0 pU0 254.

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310 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kI caur3AI ke kAraNa hI unheM mahApatha bhI kahA hai-(145.9, 156.5, 203.15) / rathyA-prAcIna granthoM meM rAjamArgoM se choTe mArgoM ko uparathyA tathA rathyA kahA gayA hai|' udyotana ne ise 'racchA' kahA hai-(58.32, 247.22, 252.2 aadi)| kintu rathyA kA artha zabdakoza meM 'muhallA' diyA gayA hai| sambhava hai, muhalloM kI saMkarI galiyoM ko rathyA kahA jAtA rahA ho / udyotana ne ina choTI galiyoM ko vIthi (117.3) tathA katAra-saMkara (199.28) bhI kahA hai / kumAra ke abhiSeka ke samaya katArasaMkaroM ko sApha kiyA gayA thA / catvara-rAjamArga eka dUsare ko samakoNa para kATate the| inakI kaTAna se caurAhe vanate the| prAcIna granthoM meM caurAhoM ke lie batvara,3 catuSpatha, tathA zRMgATaka,' zabda Ate haiN| uddyotanasUri ne caurAhoM ke lie catuSka aura catvara zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga kiyA hai-caukka-caccara (145.9, 156.5, 58.32 Adi) / sambhava hai, catuSka aura catvara meM choTe-bar3e caurAhe kA bheda rahA ho| bar3e nagara ke caurAhoM ko nagaracatvara (Nayara-caccare 86.2) kahA jAtA thaa| udyotana ne nagara ke caurAhe para sthita kalyANakArI kendra kA (99.22) tathA zarada Rtu meM nagara ke caurAhoM para naToM dvArA nRtya karane kA ullekha kiyA hai| agnipurANa meM (a0 65 paMkti 4) nagara ke caurAhoM para sabhAgAra banAne kA ullekha hai, jahA~ nAgarika manovinoda ke lie ekatra hote the| isase jJAta hotA hai nagaracatvara manovinoda ke bhI kendra the| sambhavata: isIlie uddyotana ne kaI vAra kisI vyakti ko khojane (58.32) tathA koI bhI ghoSaNA Adi karane ke prasaMga meM catvaroM kA avazya ullekha kiyA hai|' ___siMgADaya-kuva0 meM caurAhoM ke sAtha hI trigaDDoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| trigaDDoM ke lie zRgATaka evaM trika' zabda kA prayoga udyotana ne kiyA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM trigaDDoM kA ullekha kama milatA hai, jabaki kuva0 meM kaI 1. samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, pR0 39. 2. DA0 zuklA ke matAnusAra yahI upamArga (rathyAyeM-uparathyAyeM) pura ko muhalla _meM bA~Tate haiM---bhA0 sthA0, pR0 86. 3. mRcchakaTikam, aMka 1. 4. a0 zA0, pR0 145. 5. zRgATaka catuSpathe-amarakoSa, dvitIya kANDa / 6. mRcchakaTikam, aMka 1. 7. ekkammi ya Nayari-caccare NaDeNa NacciupayattaM, (103.15). pADahio ghosica pytto| kattha / avi ya / siMgADaya-goura-caccaresu-paMthesu-haTTa-maggesu / ghara-maDha-devauletuM aaraam-pvaa-tlaaesuN||-203.10. 9. tiya-caupaka-caccara, 145.9.

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nagara sthApatya bAra isakA ullekha hai| jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI taka nagara sanniveza meM trigaDDoM kA bhI nirmANa hone lagA thA, jinheM Ajakala trirAhA kahate haiM / haTTa-nagara ke prasiddha rAjamArgoM tathA catvaroM ke kinAre-kinAre bAjAra hotI thIM, jinheM udyotana ne haTTa (203.10) tathA vipaNimArga (26.28) kahA hai| Ajakala haTTa ko hATa kahA jAtA hai| vipaNimArga kA vizeSa vivaraNa Age pRthak rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| nagarasanniveza kI uparyukta sAmagrI ke atirikta uddyotanasUri ne kuva0 meM nagara ke anya pramukha sthAnoM kA bhI vibhinna prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| yathA-devakula (58.32), taDAga (247.22), sUnAghara (58.32), ArAma (259.18), sarahada (261.13), caTTamaTha (157.16), pavA (203.10), vApI (208.28), pAvasatha (82.33), sabhA (199.30), satrAgAra (27.33), maMDapa (31.14), udyAna (208.28), skandhAvAra (194.29) Adi inameM se adhikAMza kA vizeSa paricaya sAmAjika saMsthAoM ke antargata sAmAjika jIvana vAle adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai| nagarasanniveza meM skandhAvAra evaM bhavana-sthApatya kA vizeSa mahattva hai / ataH unakA paricaya yahA~ prastuta hai / skandhAvAra uddyotanasUri ne kuva0 meM skandhAvAra kA ullekha kaI prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai| kumAra kuvalayacandra ne apane pitA kA patra pAkara vijayapurI se ayodhyA ke lie prasthAna kI taiyArI kI aura dUsare dina vizAla skandhAvAra se prayANa prArambha kara diyA (184.22) / kucha dUra jAkara kumAra ne paurajanoM se vidA lI tathA kucha aura Age jAkara apane sasura evaM sAsa se vApisa lauTa jAne kI prArthanA kI (184.22,24) / rAste meM muni ke citrapaTa ko dekhakara kumAra kuvalayacandra punaH skandhAvAra niveza meM lauTa aayaa|' vahA~ se calakara vaha vindhyATavI meM pahu~cA / vahA~ par3Ava DAla diyaa| subaha prayANaka vAdya baja uThA (198.22) / usake zabda se skandhAvAra ke sabhI parijana jAga gye| samAna bA~dhane kI taiyArI karane lge| hAthI para haude rakhe gaye, azvoM para palAna kase gaye, U~Ta lAde gaye, baila lAde gaye, ratha jota diyA gayA, gAr3iyA~ hA~ka dI gayI, sAmAna ke pAtra taiyAra kara liye gaye, tambU lapeTa lie gaye-saMvellijjati paDauDIo, sainikoM ne vardiyA~ pahina lIM (parihijjati samAyoge), Ayudha sameTa lie gaye aura paidala sainika Age cala par3e (198.22-27) / eka anya prasaMga meM, kAmagajendra ujjayino kI rAjakumArI ko vyAhane ke liye apanI mahArAnI ke sAtha skandhAvAra-sahita cala pdd'aa| kucha dUra jAkara par3Ava ddaalaa| rAtri hote hI skandhAvAra ke adhikAMza loga so gye| kintu paharedAra jAgate rahe tathA gIta gAte rahe (234.1) / 1. saMpattA taM khaMdhAvAra-NivesaM / tattha kaya-kAyavva-vAvArA / - 194.29.

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312 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana skandhAvAra ke uparyukta vivaraNa se sAMskRtika mahattva kI nimnokta jAnakArI milatI hai| 1. skandhAvAra ko skandhAvAraniveza evaM kaTaka sanniveza kahA jAtA thA ( saMpatto kaDaya- saMNivesaM 197.11, 243.27, 244.17) / 2. skandhAvAra rAjyadvAra ke bAhara ke pradeza kA nAma thA, jahA~ taka porajana vidAI dene Ate the / 3. skandhAvAra asthAyI nivAsa vyavasthA kA nAma thA, jahA~ AvazyakatA kI sabhI vastuyeM upalabdha hotI thIM / 4. skandhAvAra rAjakIya sthApatya kA pramukha aMga thA / 5. skandhAvAra meM sainika - prayANa kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / isa prasaMga meM udyotana dvArA prayukta 'parihijjaMti samAyoge' zabdoM kA prayoga adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / gujarAtI anuvAdaka ne isa pada kA artha 'sthiratA ko tyAga diyA' kiyA hai, jo ThIka nahIM hai / samAyoga 7-8vIM sadI meM sainika - veSabhUSA ke lie eka pAribhASika zabda thA / bANa ne kAdambarI (anu0 257 ) meM kumAra kI vardI ko samAyoga kahA hai / harSacarita meM samrAT harSa kA sainika abhiyAna bhI samAyoga grahaNa se prArambha hotA hai ( pR0 157 ) / ataH yahA~ para bhI uddyotana kA Azaya sainikavardI pahina lene kA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki 'samAyoga' sainikoM ke kisI sile hue vastra ke lie prayukta hotA thA / zaMkara ne 'samAyoga' ko darjiyoM kA pAribhASika zabda kahA hai (harSa 0 pR0 207 ) / prAcIna bhAratIya rAjaprAsAda kI racanA meM sabase bar3I ikAI skandhAvAra hotI thI / usake bhItara rAjakula aura rAjakula ke bhItara dhavalagRha hotA thA / skandhAvAra pUrI chAvanI kI saMjJA thI, jisameM hAthI, ghor3e, senA, sAmanta evaM rajavAr3oM kA par3Ava bhI rahatA thA / mahAkavi bANa dvArA harSacarita ke varNana se spaSTa hotA hai ki skandhAvAra rAjakula ke sAmane kA bahuta bar3A maidAna kahalAtA thA, jahA~ rAjA se milane Ane vAle vyakti Thaharate the / isI maidAna meM bAjArahATa bhI hote the, jinheM vipaNimArga kahA jAtA thA / vipaNimArgoM ke bAda rAjahotA thA, jahA~ kar3A paharA rahatA thA / ' mahAkavi vANa dvArA prastuta skandhAvAra ke isa sthApatya kI puSTi udyotanasUri ne kI hai / kuvalayacandra jaba vijayapurI nagarI ke rAjadvAra taka pahu~catA hai to use prathama anya sthAnoM para bhI ThaharanA par3atA hai / kuvalayamAlA ke isa varNana se tatkAlIna sthApatya kA yaha krama jJAta hotA hai| * 1. nagara kI uttaradizA meM panaghaTa ( 149.27,30 ) 2. vibhinna prAntoM se Aye hue chAtroM kA gurukula (maTha) (150.16,17) 1. harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 203.

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya 313 3. nagarI kA gopura dvAra (152.19) 4. hATamArga (vipaNimArga) (152.22) 5. rAjAMgaNa (rAjya dvAra ke bAhara kA sthAna) (153.19, 20) 6. antaHpura kA vAhyadvAra / ' prastuta varNana meM kumAra kA rAjAMgaNa se rAjamahala meM praveza pAgala hAthI kI bhagadaur3a ke bIca huA hai| ataH rAjadvAra meM saAjJA praveza, evaM bAhya AsthAnamaNDapa kA varNana bIca meM chUTa gayA hai| usake bAda antaHpura AtA hai| kintu anyatra udyotanasUri ne siMhadvAra (32.32, 200.3) evaM bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa kA ullekha kiyA hai| jisase jJAta hotA hai ki unake samakSa prAcIna bhAratIya rAjaprAsAda ke sthApatya kA citra spaSTa thaa| bAhayAlI uddyotana ne rAjaprAsAda sthApatya-nirmANa ke krama meM vipaNimArga ke bAda bAhyAlI kA ullekha kiyA hai| kuvalayacandra Adi azvoM para car3hakara vipaNimArga ke bAda vAhyAlI meM pahu~ce (26.28) / ghor3oM ko daur3Ane kA lambA-caur3A maidAna usa samaya vAhyAlI kahA jAtA thA, jo sajjanamaitrI ke samAna sapATa (lambA) thA-dohaM sajjaNa-metti vva vAhiyAli paloei (26.30) / yaha vAhyAlI skandhavAra ke dvAra se bAhara honI cahie, kyoMki skandhavAra ke pravezadvAra meM hAthiyoM aura ghor3oM ke Thaharane ke sthAna kA ullekha to vANa ne kiyA hai, kintu unake maidAna kA nhiiN| dUsare, vAhyAlI meM pahu~cane ke bAda rAjA aura kumAra anya sAthiyoM ko vahIM roka dete haiM / 3 svayaM Age bar3ha jAte haiM, jahA~ se kumAra kA ghor3A AkAza meM ur3a jAtA hai| ata: vAhyAlI kI sthiti nagara se bAhara hI pratIta hotI hai| vAhyAlo ko motiyara viliyama ne bhI ghor3oM ke daur3ane kA maidAna kahA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM isake aura bhI ullekha prApta haiN| alaMkAravizinI meM eka anya prasaMga meM vAhyAlI kA ullekha hai| isako pahicAna karate hue DA0 revAprasAda dvivedI ne ise azvakrIDA kA maidAna svIkAra kiyA hai| sAtha hI unakA sujhAva hai ki yaha maiMdAna aAdhunika 'polo' nAmaka khela ke lie prayukta hotA rahA hogaa| isa mantavya ko svIkAra karane meM abhI vAhyAlI evaM polo kI bhASA kI dRSTi se samAnatA tathA polo ko bhAratIya khela siddha karanA Adi samasyAoM para UhApoha kI AvazyakatA hai| 1. saaMteuro ArUDho bhavaNa-NijjUhae daLu payatto(154.18). kuva0 11.15, 50.31 Adi / daThThaNa ya vAhiyAli dhariyaM ekkammi pase sayala-balaM |-vhii 26.31. AdipurANa--jinasena, (37.47), mAnasollAsa, 4.3, 330, 4.4, 797. Adi / pariziSTaparvan (hema0) evaM rAjataraMgiNI meM bhI draSTavya-moniyaraviliyama / DA0 rAmacandra dvivedI se parAmarza karane ke AdhAra pr|

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314 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vAhyAlI ko polo kA maidAna svIkAra karane ke pakSa meM jinasena (8vIM) ke AdipurANa evaM mAnasollAsa ke sandarbha bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiN| isameM jo varNana prApta haiM, unase nimnokta pramukha sUcanAe~ milatI haiM : 1. yaha sau dhanuSa lambA aura utanA hI caur3A samatala maidAna hotA thaa| 2. usake madhya meM darzakoM ke lie Aloka-maMdira (darzaka-kakSa) banA hotA thaa| 3. azva-krIDA ke samaya azvArohI do bhAgoM meM ATha-ATha kI saMkhyA meM vibhakta ho jAte the| 4. maidAna meM donoM choroM para eka-eka toraNa (gola karane kA sthAna) hotA thA, jinameM se geMda nikAlI jAtI thii| 5. azvArohI apanI geddikA se geMda ko uchAlate the|' 6. jo azvArohI vinA jamIna para girAye hue geMda ko AkAza se lAkara toraNa se nikAla letA thA, vahI yA usakA pakSa vijayI samajhA jAtA thaa| vipaNimArga uddyotana ne vipaNimArga kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| vinItA nagarI ke vipaNimArga kA vistRta varNana (pR0 7.26, 8.1.5) hai / kumAra kA azva vipaNimArga jaisA mAna-pramANa yukta thaa| azva para car3hakara kuvalayacandra rAjamArga se gujarakara vipaNimArga meM AyA, jahA~ aneka dizAoM ke dezI baniye aneka prakAra kI vastuoM ko phailAkara kolAhala kara rahe the| sAgaradatta pUMjI lekara jayazrI nagarI ke vipaNimArga meM praviSTa huA (105.7) / kuvalayacandra ne eka sArtha ko dekhA jo vipaNimArga jaisA aneka baniyoM se bharA huA thA (135.1) / kumAra vijayapurI nagarI meM ghusate hI hATamArga meM jA pahu~cA (152.22) / muni ne kumAra ko citrapaTa meM likhe hue campApurI ke vipaNimArga ko dikhAyA, jo dhana-dhAnya se yukta thA (190.26) / ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI kA citra vipaNimArga jaisA mAnayukta thA (233.22) / vipaNimArga kA ukta vivaraNa prAcIna bhAratIya vANijya evaM vyApAra kI dRSTi se jitanA mahattva kA hai, utanA hI sthApatya kI dRSTi se| yaha nagaravinyAsa kA eka abhinna aMga thaa| isake AkAra-prakAra kA saMtulana itanA nizcita thA ki usakI upamA citra ke AkAra-prakAra ke santulana se dI jA sakatI thii| harSacarita (pR0 153) ke varNana se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki vipaNimArga 1. mAnasollAsa, 4.4.800, 827. draSTavya, zA0-A0 bhA0, pR0 244.46. 3. vivaNi-maggu-jaisaeNa mANappamANa-jutteNa muheNa / -23.17. kumAro volINo rAya-maggAo-kameNaM saMpatto vivaNi-maggaM aNeya-disA-desavaNiya-NANAviha-paNiya-pasArayAbaddha-kolAhalaM-26.27-28.

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya yA bAjAra kI mukhya sar3aka skandhAvAra kA hI aMga mAnA jAtI thI / dillI ke lAlakile ke sAmane kA jo lambA-caur3A maidAna hai vaha madhyakAla meM urdUbAjAra arthAt chAvanI kA bAjAra kahalAtA thA, jo vipaNimArga kA hI madhyakAlIna rUpa thaa|' siMhadvAra rAjyaprAsAda sthApatya meM rAjyadvAra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| rAjabhavana kA prArambha rAjyadvAra ke bAda hI hotA thaa| rAjyadvAra ke bAhara jo sthAna par3A rahatA thA, vahA~ taka Ama janatA beroka-Toka jA sakatI thI tathA rAjA se milane kI pratIkSA meM mukhya dvAra ke bAhara apane tambU lagAkara par3Ava DAla letI thii| mahAkavi bANa ne dasa prakAra ke aise ziviroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo rAjA se milane ke utsuka the / 2 uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM isa bAta kI puSTi kI hai| kosAmbI nagarI kA mahAmantrI vAsava bAhya udyAna meM munirAja ke Agamana kI sUcanA dene rAjA purandaradatta ke bhavana meM jAtA hai| rAjyaprAsAda ke siMhadvAra para pahu~cate hI vAsava ne apane-apane kAryoM ko pUrA karAne ke icchuka hajAroM vyaktiyoM ko vahA~ saMcaraNa karate hue dekhaa| vaha dvAra ke samIpa azva se uttara gayA / aura paidala hI rAjA ke samIpa calA gayA (32.32) / yahA~ siMhadvAra kA artha rAjabhavana kI Dyor3hI se hai| yahA~ para bAhya pratidvAroM kA paharA rahatA thaa| yaha rAjabhavana kI surakSA ke anurUpa thaa| sambhavataH dvAra para kar3A paharA hone ke kAraNa hI ise siMhadvAra kahA jAne lagA hogaa| bAda meM to mukhya dvAroM para donoM ora siMha kI mUttiyA~ bhI banAyI jAne lagI thiiN| bAhya-AsthAna-maNDapa prAcIna bhAratIya rAjakula-sthApatya meM prAsthAna maNDapa usa sthAna ko kahate the, jahA~ rAjA siMhAsana para baiThakara anya rAjAoM evaM maMtriyoM ke sAtha vicAravimarza karatA thaa| isake do bhAga hote the-bAhya-AsthAna-maNDapa aura abhyantara AsthAnamaNDapa / kuva0 meM ina donoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| uddyotanasUri ne bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa kA ullekha ina prasaMgoM meM kiyA hai| rAjA dar3havarman mahAnarendroM kI maMDalI se ghirA huA bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa meM baiThA huA thA / jaise hI use antaHpura-mahattarikA ne Akara koI sUcanA dI usane rAjAoM kI sabhA ko visarjita kara diyA evaM vaha vAsabhavana meM calA gayA 1. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 217. 2. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 203. ArUDho turaMgame, patthio ya rAya-puraMdaradattassa bhavaNaM / -32.31. 4. kajjatthiNA-jaNa-saya-sahassehiM aNNijjamANo tAva gao jAva rAiNo sIha dubaarN|-vhii-32.32

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (11.15) / priyaMguzyAmA dvArA svapna dekhane para rAjA dainika kArya sampannakara bAhya-AsthAna bhUmi meM Akara camakate hue ratnanirmita siMhAsana para pAkara baitthaa|' rAjA ke baiThate hI usa mahAAsthAna maMDapa meM vibhinna vidyAoM meM pAraMgata anya rAjya-sabhAsada Akara apane-apane sthAna para baiTha gaye (16.17-18) / aisI koI kalA, kautuka evaM vijJAna nahIM thA, jisake vidvAn usa AsthAnikA ke madhya meM na ho (16.27) / isa prakAra kI vAsava-sabhA ekatra hote hI rAjA ne rAnI ke svapnadarzana ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyaa| tathA vividha kalA, zAstra, vijJAna, vidyA, kathA Adi dvArA apanA manoraMjana karatA huA rAjA kucha samaya vahIM ThaharA evaM bAda meM uThakara usane anya dainika kArya kiye (17.6) / / ujjayinI ke rAjA avantivarddhana ke AsthAna-maNDapa meM sabhI mahArAjA apane-apane sthAna para baiThate the -(50.31) / bhUla se mAnabhaTa ke sthAna para koI pulindarAjaputra baiTha gayA to mAnamaTa ne ise apanA apamAna samajha kara usaka' hatyA kara dI aura zIghra hI AsthAna-maNDapa se bAhara nikala gyaa|' kuvalayacandra kA yuvarAja-rAjyAbhiSeka bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa meM hotA hai / mAMgalika kArya sampanna karate hue kumAra prAsthAnamaMDapa meM praviSTa huA evaM aneka maNiyoM kI prabhA se yukta svarNanirmita mahAmRgendra Asana para baiThA (200.8) / tadanantara abhiSeka kArya sampanna huaa| rAjA dar3havarman ne samyak dharma meM dIkSA lene ke pUrva sabhI dhArmika AcAryoM ko apane darabAra meM bulaayaa| unake Ate hI vaha bAhya-AsthAna-maNDapa meM AyA evaM sabake yatheSTa AzISa Adi prApta kiye / tadanantara Asana para baiThakara pratyeka dhArmika ke vicAra sune|' RSabhapura ke rAjA candragupta ke AsthAna-maNDapa meM nagara ke pramukha nAgarika apanI zikAyata lekara Ate haiN| rAjA turanta daNDavAsika ko bulAkara isakI jAnakArI prApta karatA hai tathA samasyA gaMbhIra hone para sakala AsthAna-maMDala kI ora dekhatA hai -(247-14) / usakA putra vairIgupta isa kAma ko pUrA karane kA vAyadA karatA hai| bAhya-AsthAna maNDapa ke uparyukta vivaraNa se usake sthApatya evaM mahattva se sambandhita nimnalikhita jAnakArI prApta hotI haiM :1. bAhya-prAsthAnamaNDapa rAjAprasAda ko dUsarI kakSA meM pramukha dvAra ke bAda meM sthita hotA thaa| 2. ise vAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa, bAhya-AsthAna-bhUmi, mahA AsthAna-maMDala, AsthAnikA, asthAnI-maNDapa, bhI kahA jAtA thaa| 1. tao rAyA kayAvassaya-karaNIo....."Nikkato bAhirovatthANa-bhUmi, NisaNNo taviya-tavaNijja-rayaNa-viNimmavie maharihe sIhAsaNe / -kuva0, 16.18. 2. NikkhaMto lahuM ceva atyANi-maMDavAo-vahI, 51.9. 3. dhammiya-purisA, sampattA rAyamaMdiraM / rAyA vi NikkhaMto bAhirovatthANa-maMDavaM diThTho savvehiM jahAbhirUva-daMsaNIyAsIsA-paNAmasaMbhAsaNehiM / -203.19.

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya 317 3. bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa meM, sabhI vidyAoM evaM kalAoM ke jAnakAra . sabhAsada hote the| 4. rAjA kisI gUDha viSaya meM sabhAsadoM se vicAra-vimarza karatA thaa| 5. sabhAsadoM ke sAtha bAhya-prAsthAnamaNDapa meM rAjA vinodapUrvaka apanA kucha samaya vyatIta karatA thaa| 6. bAhya-prAsthAnamaMDapa aneka rAjaputroM aura sAmantoM se bharA rahatA thaa|' 7. yuvarAja-abhiSeka kA kArya bAhya prAsthAnamaNDapa meM sampanna hotA thaa| 8. nagara ke pramukha vyakti rAjA ke pAsa apanI zikAyata pahuMcAne usakI prAjJA lekara bAhya-AsthAna-maNDapa taka jA sakate the| udyotana kA bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa sambandhI uparyukta varNana mahAkavi bANa ke varNana ko pramANita karatA hai| Age calakara isI sthApatya kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| apabhraMza grantha bhavisayattakahA meM (6.2,3) bAhya-AsthAnamaNDapa ko 'savvAvasara', aparAjitapRcchA (78.31) meM 'sarvAvasara', pRthvIcandracarita (pR0 132) meM 'sarvosara' tathA kIrtilatA aura varNaratnAkara meM 'sarvAsara' kahA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki bAhya-prAsthAnamaNDapa taka madhyakAla meM bhI Ama janatA pahu~ca sakatI thii| mugalakAla meM bAhya-prAsthAnamaNDapa ko darabAra-Ama kahA jAne lagA thA / dhavalagaha-kuva0 meM dhavalagRha kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha huA hai: -tosala rAjakumAra apanI nagarI meM ghUmatA huA mahAnagara-zreSThi ke dhavalagaha ke samIpa phuNcaa| vahAM se jAte hue usane jAlagavAkSa meM baiThI huI vaNikaputrI ko dekhaa| rAtri meM abhisAra ke yogya veSadhAraNa kara tosala dhavalagaha ke samIpa pahuMca kara rassI ke sahAre prAsAda para car3ha gayA (73.24) / cintAmaNipallI ke senApati kA dhavalagRha merusadRza U~cA, himAlaya sadRza dhavala tathA pRthvI ke samAna vistRta thA (138.19) / kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha ke samaya dhavalagRha sajAyA gayA (170.22) / kuvalayacandra kI vidAI ke asara para dhavalagRha ke madhyabhAga meM vividha dhAnyoM se cauka pUrA gyaa| dhavalagRha ke Upara antaHpura se eka siddha vairIgupta kI patnI ko uThA lAyA (252.2) / ukta varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki dhavalagRha prAsAda-varNana kA abhinna aMga thA / dhavalagRha meM antaHpura vanAyA jAtA thA / mahAkavi bANa ke varNana ke anusAra 1. paramesaratthANi-maMDali jaisiyA, rAyasuyAhiTThiyA ,Neya-sAmaMta vva / -27.32. 2. draSTavya, a0-ha0 a0, pR0 205. 3. saMpatto ekkassa mahANayara-seTThiNo dhvlhr-smiivN| -73.8. 4. kayaM dhavalaharassa bahumajjhadesabhAe savva-dhaNNa-viruDhaMkurA cAuraMtayaM-181.25.

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318 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhavalagRha rAjyaprAsAdoM kI tIsarI kakSA se prArambha hotA thaa| isameM ghusate hI Upara jAne ke lie sopAna hote the| zayanagRha, vAsabhavana, AhAra-maNDapa, snAnagaha, krIDAvApI Adi dhavalagaha meM hI banAye jAte the| eka prakAra se dhavalagaha meM rAjAoM ko ArAma kI sabhI suvidhAeM juTAyI jAtI thiiN|' dhavalagRha rAjAoM kA nijI vAsabhavana hotA thA tathA rAjaprAsAda meM sabase bar3A aura U~cA hotA thA / yaha sAmAnya bhavanoM meM bhI banAyA jAne lagA thaa| antaHpura (11.18, 255.2)-antaHpura kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha hai| rAjA dRDhavarman bAhya-upasthAnamaNDapa meM maMtriyoM evaM rAjAoM se ghire baiThe haiM tabhI dhautadhavala dukUla-yugala pahine hue, maMgalagrIvAsUtra mAtra AbhUSaNa se suzobhita, ujjvala dhavala mRNAla jaise ke zakalApavAlI, zaradaRtu meM candramA kI cAMdanI se zvetarAtri jaisI sumaMgala nAmaka antaHpura-mahattarikA vahAM praviSTa huii| usane uparivastra se apane mukha ko thor3A-sA Dhaka kara rAjA ke dAhine kAna meM kucha kahA aura vahAM se calI gyii| tabhI rAjA ne apanI sabhA visarjita kI aura apanI rAnI ke vAsabhavana kI ora cala diye / ' dUsare prasaMga meM kuvalayacandra kA janma hote hI antaHpura kI vanitAe~ vibhinna kAryoM meM vyasta ho gaIM (17.23, 30) / tIsare prasaMga meM kumAra kuvalayacandra gurukula se lauTakara prathama apane pitA se milatA hai aura vAda meM vaha mAtA se milane antaHpura meM jAtA hai, jahAM para niyukta bAmana, varbara khujjA, vaTabha Adi usakA mArgadarzana karate haiM taba vaha kramazaH jananI ke bhavana meM pahuMcatA hai| cauthA prasaMga RSabhapura ke antaHpura kA hai, jahAM se vairIgupta ko rAnI caMpAvatI ko akelI soyI huI jAnakara rAkSasa uThA le jAtA hai (dhavalaharovara aMteu ra 252.2) / prAcIna bhArata meM rAjakUla kA Abhyantara bhAga antaHpura yA dhavalagRha kahA jAtA thaa| vahIM rAjA rAno kA AvAsa hotA thaa| antaHpura meM vizeSa prakAra ke parijana niyukta kiye jAte the| rAjakula kI sAmAnya paricArikAoM se antaHpura kI paricArikAeM adhika vizvAsa yogya hotI thiiN| kAdambarI meM bhI isI prakAra kalavardhanA nAma kI mahattarikA rAnI ke garbhavatI hone kA hAla rAjA ke kAna meM jAkara kahatI hai| yaha mahattarikA antaHpura kI samasta strIpratihAriyoM kI adhyakSA hotI thii| isakA pada viziSTa mAnA jAtA thA, jo vizeSa nipuNa evaM vayovRddha pratihAro ko prApta hotA rahA hogaa| kyoMki antaHpura kI sarvavidha rakSA kA bhAra mahattarikA para hI hotA thaa| kAlidAsa ne use 'zuddhAntarakSI' isI kAraNa kahA hai| 1. vizeSa varNana evaM citra ke lie draSTavya, a0-ha0 a0, pR0 215. 2. dhoya-dhavala-dugulla-juvalaya-sumaMgalA NAma rAiNo aMteuri-mahattari tti-11.16-20. 3. payaTTo jaNaNIe bhavaNaM / tAva ya pahAviyAo babbara-vAvaNa-khujjA-vaDabhiyAo devIe vaddhAviyAo tti / tAva ya kameNa saMpatto jaNaNIe bhavaNaM / ...22.28, 29.' 4. a0-kA0sa0a0, pR0 73, (noTa)

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya 319 kumArIantaHpura (164.8, 168.8)-kuvalayamAlA meM kumArI kuvalayamAlA ke antaHpura kA ullekha hai| yaha kanyA-antaHpura rAniyoM ke antaHpura se bhinna hotA thaa| rAjA vijayasena antaHpura ke UparI bhAga (bhavaNanijjUhae) meM baiThakara kumAra kuvalayacandra aura jayakuMjara hAthI kA yuddha dekha rahA thA / jayakuMjara ko vaza meM karane ke bAda usane kuvalayacandra ko apane pAsa bulAyA aura kuvalayamAlA se usake antaHpura meM cale jAne ke lie kahA (164.8) / kuvalayamAlA apane antaHpura meM calI gyii-(164.13)| udyotanasUri ne kuvalayacandra evaM kuvalayamAlA ke prathama darzana se lekara unake vivAha sampanna hone taka kA jo varNana kiyA hai usase kumArI-antaHpura ke sambandha meM nimnokta jAnakArI milatI hai : ___ yuvati rAjakanyAoM ke lie jo vizeSa AvAsa hote the unheM antaHpura yA kanyA-antaHpura kahA jAtA thaa| mahAkavi bANa ne isI ke lie kumArIpuraprAsAda evaM kanyA-antaHpura zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai-(kAdambarI, pR0 147, 151) / kumArIantaHpura kI surakSA evaM prabandha ke lie nipuNa strI-karmacAriyoM kI niyukti hotI thI / dArikA (160.8), kaMcukI (165.1), ceTI (167.11), vilAsiNI (167.14) evaM dhAtrI (161.26) unameM pramukha thiiN| rAniyoM ke antaHpura meM jo mahattva mahattarikA kA hotA thA vahI kumArI-antaHpura meM dhAtrI kA / kuvalayacandra se kumArI-antaHpura kI dhAtrI bhogavato kA paricaya karAtI huI dArikA kahatI hai.--'kumAra, yaha kuvalayamAlA kI jananI, dhAtrI, priyasakhI, kiMkarI, zarIra, hRdaya evaM jIvana hai|' kAlidAsa ne bhI kumArI kI rakSikA ko dhAtrI (raghu0 6.82), janyA (raghu0 6.30), sakho (6.82) kahA hai / ataH yaha kumArIantaHpura kI adhikAriNI antaHpura kI rakSA to dekhatI hI thI, kumArI kI pratyeka dekhabhAla kA bhAra bhI usI para hotA thaa| bhogavatI yadyapi madhya vayavAlI strI thI, kintu kumArI kuvalayamAlA ke lie vaha sakhI sadRza thii| usakA kuvalayacandra se milana karAne kI pUrI vyavasthA vaha apanI jimmevArI para karatI hai| kumArI-antaHpura kA Antarika saMrakSaNa bhogavatI ke adhikAra meM avazya thA, kintu use kumArI antaHpura ke pradhAna rakSaka kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA par3atA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne use kaMNNateura-mahallao (168.9) evaM kaNNaMteura-pAlo (168.15) kahA hai| yaha kanyA-antaHpurapAlaka vRddhavaya kA kurUpa vyakti hotA 1. kumAra, esA kuvalayamAlAe jaNaNI dhAI piyasahI kiMkarI sarIraM hiyayaM jIviyaM va / kuva0 -161.26. kumAra, jai tubbhe rAiNo bhavaNujjANaM vaccaha, tao ahaM kuvalayamAlaM kahaM-kahaM pi keNAvi vA moheNaM guruyaNassa mahillayANaM ca tammi ujjANe Nemi / -kuva0 165.30.

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320 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana thaa| kuvalayamAlA ne kumAra se usakA bheda karate hue kahA hai-kumAra to madhura bhASI, sundara aura hadaya jItane vAle haiM. jabaki yaha niSThara vacana bolanebAlA, viSadala se nirmita zarIravAlA tathA jIvanaharaNa karane vAlA hai|' baMjula nAmaka yaha adhikArI turanta hI kuvalayamAlA ko kumAra ke pAsa se antaHpura meM le jAtA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kanyA-anta:pura pAlaka ke prabandha meM zithilatA nahIM hotI thI / vahI ekamAtra puruSa kumArI-antaHpura meM niyukta thA aura kisI bhI puruSa kA praveza vahA~ niSiddha thA / strIveSa banAkara vahAM jAne meM kuvalayacandra bhI vahA~ kI daNDa-vyavasthA ke kAraNa sAhasa nahIM kara skaa|2 mahAkavi vANa ne yadyapi kAdambarI ke antaHpura kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| kintu kahIM bUDhe kaMcukI ke atirikta kisI anya puruSa adhikArI kA ullekha nahIM hai / sambhavataH 8 vIM sadI meM antaHpura kI surakSA aura dRr3ha kara dI gayI thii| bAla-vRkSavATikA evaM gRhazakunazAvaka-uddyotana ne kuvalayamAlA ke nijI bhavana ke sAtha bAla vRkSavATikA (180.26) tathA ghara ke pakSiyoM ke baccoM (181.25) kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jinase vidA hote samaya kuvalayamAlA gale milatI hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM yaha eka pracalita abhiprAya hai / sthApatya meM bhI isako guptakAla taka sthAna mila cukA hogA aura kumArI-antaHpura kA isako aMga mAna liyA gayA hogaa| prApAnaka-bhUmi-rAjakula kA varNana karate samaya uddyotanasUri ne ApAnakabhUmi kA ullekha kiyA hai| kuvalayacandra kA nAmasaMskaraNa sampanna hote hI rAjA dRDhavarman snAna kara ApAnabhumi meM jA baiThA / ApAnakabhUmi vividha prakAra ke puSpoM kI racanA se zobhita thii| tAje nIlakamala ke parAga se viziSTa madhu taiyAra kI gayI thii| karpUra evaM kezara mizrita svaccha viziSTa Asava diye jA rahe the| jaise tAje jAtipuSpoM kI surabhi para bha~vare maMDarAte haiM vaise hI surAoM ke rasa se loga utkaMThita ho rahe the| rAjA ne yatheSTa madirApAna kiyaa| madanamahotsava ke prArambha hote hI nAgara loga madirA pIte evaM gIta gAte the (51.34) / grAma taruNiyA~ bhI purAnI surA kA pAna kara madonmata avasthA meM pralApa karane lagatI thiiN| eka anya prasaMga meM madirApAna ke duSpariNAma kA varNana grantha meM AyA hai| darpaphalaka ko rAjA na banAne ke lie usakI sautelI mA~, mantrI aura vaidya se 1. diTTho ya so vaMjulo kaNNaMteura-pAlao / teNa ya khara-NiThura-kakkasehiM vayaNehi aMbADiUNa..."visadala-Nimmiya-deho-(168.15-18). 2. mahilA-vesaM ko NAma kuNai jA atyi bhuya-daNDo-kuva0 158.29. 3. samuTThio rAyA kaya-majjaNo uvaviThTho AvANaya bhUmi"pAUNa ya jahicchaM. -20.27-30. 4. sarisa-gAma-juvaI-taruNIhiM juNNa-surA-pANa-maummatta-vihalAlAva jaMpirIhiM kAhiM vi hsiaa|-52.16.

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya 321 milakara use madya meM maraNa-phala (sambhavataH dhatUre ke bIja Adi) milAkara pilA detI hai|' usa madya ko pIte hI darpaphalaka pAgala ho jAtA hai aura idhara-udhara bhaTakatA huA zarAbiyoM kI taraha pralApa karatA rahatA hai (145.11-13) / udyotana ne DUbate hue sUrya kI upamA bhI madirApAna se pramatta hAtha meM lAlakamala rUpI caSaka lie hue kisI zarAbI se dI hai / 2 tathA mlecchapallI meM surApAna karanA yajJa karane ke sadRza thA-puroDAsu-jaisano suraa-paannu-(112.22)| bhojana-maNDapa-rAjakUla meM bhojana-maNDapa abhyantara-AsthAnamaNDapa, ke samIpa meM hotA thaa| udyotanasUri ne ina prasaMgoM meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| rAjA dRr3havarman ne snAnakara devatAoM kI ArAdhanA evaM parijanoM ko prasannakara bhojana-maNDapa meM praveza kiyA tathA yathAruci bhojana karake vaha abhyantara AsthAnamaNDapa meM calA gyaa| anyatra rAjA dRr3havarman ApAnakabhUmi meM yatheSTa madyapAna kara bhojanamaNDapa meM praveza karatA hai evaM bhojana karake prAsthAna-maNDapa meM calA jAtA hai (20.30) / mahApalli ke bhilla-parivAra ke gRhoM meM bhI bhojanamaNDapa kI alaga vyavasthA hotI thI (145.25) / abhyantara-AsthAnamaNDapa kuva0 meM abhyantara-upasthAnamaNDapa kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha haA hairAjAdRr3havarman katipaya mitra, maMtriyoM, parivAra ke logoM evaM rAnI priyaMguzyAmA ke. sAtha 'abbhaMtarovatthANa-maMDava' meM baiThA huaA thA, jahAM pratihArI ne Akara suSeNa nAmaka senApati ke putra ke Agamana kI sUcanA dii| rAjA nijI mAmaloM meM maMtriyoM se iso aasthaanmnndd| meM salAha letA thA, jahAM sukhapUrvaka baiThA jA sakatA thA (13.13, 145.25) / kuladevatA se varadAna prApti ke bAda bhI rAjA ne isI sthAna para maMtrI se salAha lo (15.18, 23) / putrajanma ke bAda rAjA ne ApAnaka-bhUmi meM madyapAna kiyA tadanantara bhojanakara AsthAna-maNDapa meM prAkara baiTha gyaa| vahAM usane vividha khAdya, peya, kA Ananda lete hue dAna, vijJAna, parijana-kathA Adi kArya karate hue apanA dina vyatIta kiyA (20.30) / mahAkavi bANa ne isa abhyantara-AsthAna-maNDapa ko muktAsthAna-maNDapa kahA hai, kyoMki samrATa bhojana ke uparAnta apane antaraMga mitroM aura parivAra ke sAtha yahAM baiThate the / udyotanasUri dvArA ise abhyantara-AsthAna-maNDapa kahane se spaSTa hai ki yaha rAjakula kI abhyantara-kakSyA meM sthita hotA thaa| bhojanamaNDapa, 1. kAlaMtara-viDambaNA-maraNa-phalaM diNNaM ca majjhapANaM-144.30. 2. vArUNi-saMga-pamatto palhatthiya-ruira kamala-vara-casao-73.17. 3. tao vhAya-sui-bhUo""NisaNNo bhoyaNa-maMDave tattha jahAbhiruiyaM ca bhoyaNaM bhottUNa AyaMta-sui-bhUo Niggao abbhaMtarovatthANa-maMDavaM / -15. 15-18. 4. aNNammi divase abbhaMtarovatthANa-maMDavamuvagayassa rAiNo kaivaya-metta-maMti-purisa parivAriyassa piy-pnninnii-snnaah...|-9.18-24. 21

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322 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana abhyantara-asthAnamaNDapa evaM rAjA-rAnI kA vAsabhavana eka sAtha Asa-pAsa meM ho vanate rahe hoNge| dhavalagaha ke UparI tala para inakA nirmANa hotA thaa| uddyotana ke varNana ke anusAra abhyantara-AsthAna-maNDapa kA AkAra spaSTa nahIM hotA, kintu bANa ke anusAra mukhyataH yaha khulA huA maNDapa thA jisakI chata stambhoM para TikI huI thii| madhyakAla meM ise darabAra-khAsa kahA jAtA thaa| dillI ke lAla kile meM banA huA darabAra-khAsa bhI cAroM ora se khulA huA kevala khambhoM para TikA huA hai|' vAsabhavana uddyotanasUri ne vAsabhavana kA pA~ca prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| rAjA dar3havarman ne AmasabhA kA visarjana kara rAnI priyaguMzyAmA ke vAsabhavana meM praveza kiyA (11.21) / kumAra kuvalayacandra ke janma kI sUcanA rAjA ke vAsabhavana meM jAkara priyaMvadA paricArikA ke dvArA dI jAtI hai| taba rAjA vardhApana manAne kA Adeza detA hai (18.7) / kausAmbI nagarI meM zAma hote hI kAminIgharoM meM priyatama ke svAgata meM taiyAriyA~ prArambha ho gayIM-vAsaghara sajAyA jA rahA thA, citrazAlikAoM kI dhUla sApha kI jA rahI thI, madirA meM kapUra ke Tukar3e DAle jA rahe the, gharoM para puSpamAlAeM laTakAyI jA rahI thIM, pharza para patralatA citrita kI jA rahI thI, puSpa-zaiyA taiyAra kI jA rahI thIM, dhUpa-pAtroM meM sugandhita dravya jalAye jA rahe the, zikSita zuka-sArikAoM ko piMjaroM meM madhura-pralApa ke lie rakhA jA rahA thA, nAgavalo ke pattoM ke bIr3A banAkara unheM pAnadAna meM rakhA jA rahA thA, kapura kI char3e sandUkaco meM rakhI jA rahI thIM, kakkola ke gole rakhe jA rahe the, jAla-gavAkSoM para vichAvana aura prAsana rakhe jA rahe the, zRgATaka, valAkSahAra evaM karNAbhUSaNa pahine jA rahe the, pradIpa jalAye jA rahe the, madhu yathAsthAna rakhI gayo, bAloM ko acchI taraha sajAne ke lie snAna-pAtroM meM snAna kiyA jA rahA thA, madirA-pAtroM meM madirA ur3elI gaI, hAthoM meM casaka le lie gaye, zaiyA ke samIpa meM aneka khAdya evaM peya sAmagrI ke pAtra rakha lie gaye, isa taraha kAminiyoM ke vAsagharoM meM priyatama ke svAgata kI taiyAriyAM pUrI nahIM ho pA rahI thIM (83.4.10) / tIsare prasaMga meM rAjA purandaradatta sabhI dainika kAryoM se nivRta hokara vAsa-bhavana meM praviSTa huA (84.5) / vahAM ekAnta meM usane muniyoM kI caryA para vicAra kiyA evaM use dekhane ke lie apanA rUpa parivartana kara sabhI paricArakoM evaM aMgarakSakoM ko chor3akara vAsabhavana se bAhara nikalA / tathA daddarasopAna-votha se utarakara nIce calA gayA (84.25) / do taruNa yuvatiyoM kI 1. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 32. 2. savvahA Niggao rAyA vAsa-gharAo-(84.25).

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya 323 bAtacIta ke prasaMga meM vAsabhavana kA ullekha huA hai|' tathA kuvalayacandra aura kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha ke uparAnta unheM vAsaghara kI zaiyA para eka sAtha baiThAyA gayA (171.28) / vAsabhavana ke ukta prasaMgoM se jJAta hotA hai ki dhavalagRha ke UparibhAga meM vAsabhavana nirmita hote the, jahAM sopAna-vIthi dvArA pahu~cA jAtA thaa| vAsabhavana mukhyarUpa se dAmpatya sukhoM ke AgAra the / ArAma kI pratyeka vastu vahAM upalabdha hotI thii| yaha rAjAoM ke sAmAnya zayanAgAroM se bhinna hotA thaa| isakI sthiti dhavalagRha ke UparItala meM pragIvaka ke samIpa meM hotI thii| dUsarI ora saudha hotA thA, jahA~ kevala rAniyA~ uThatI-baiThatI thiiN| ukta vivaraNa se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki rAjA ke vAsabhavana se prasUtigRha alaga hotA thaa| sambhavataH yaha UparItala ke pIche bhAga meM sthita rahA hogA, jise bANa ne candra-zAlikA kahA hai, jahA~ baiThakara yazovatI garbhAvasthA meM zAlabhaMjikAoM ko dekhA karatI thii| kuvalaya0 meM pati-patnI ke zayanagRha ko vAsaghara bhI kahA gayA hai / mAnabhaTa kI patnI udyAna se lauTakara apane vAsaghara meM praviSTa hotI hai tAki use ekAnta mila jaaye| usakI sAsa vAsaghara ko sovaNaya kahatI hai (53.73) / ataH gAvoM meM zayanagRha vAsaghara athavA sovaNaka ke rUpa meM jAne jAte the| bhojapurI meM vivAha ke bAda prathama dina pati-patnI se milane ke lie 'gRhavAsa' kahate haiN| bhavana-udyAna uddyotana ne kuvalayacandra aura kuvalayamAlA ke prathama milana-sthAna ke rUpa meM bhavana-udyAna kA varNana kiyA hai| kuvalayamAlA kI dhAtrI bhogavatI ke saMketa dene para kumAra apane mitra mahendra ke sAtha bhavana udyAna meM pahu~catA hai| vaha udyAna aneka pAdapa, vallI, latA Adi se yukta thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya rAjakula sthApatya meM dhavalagRha ke sAtha bhavana udyAna (gRhodyAna) kA nirmANa eka Avazyaka aMga thaa| uddyotanasUri ke pUrva evaM bAda ke sAhitya meM gRha-udyAna-sthApatya ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| prAcIna rAjamahaloM ke avazeSoM meM bhI gRha-udyAna ke darzana hote haiN| dillI ke lAlakile kA naz2arabAga aura usameM batA huA tAlAba prAcIna gaha-udyAna aura vApI kA madhyakAlIna rUpa hai| landana ke hempaTana korTa mahala meM ise hI privigArDana yA pAuNDagArDana kahA gayA hai|" bhavana-udyAna ke ukta varNana ke prasaMga meM udyotana ne udyAna ke ina pramukha aMgoM aura krIDAzaila kA ullekha kiyA hai :1. bhaNamANIo NiggayAo vAsa-bhavaNAo-(85.20). a0-ha0 a0, pR0 208. jai tuba bhe rAiNo bhavaNujjANaM vcch...|-165-31. saMpattA ya tamajjANaM aNeya-pAyava-vallI-layA-saMtANa-saMkulaM / -166-15. 5. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 213. im

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324 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 1. marakayamaNi-koTTima (166 21) 2. kadalIghara (166.22, 167.13) 3. caMpakavIthi (167.13) 4. lavalIvana (167.13) 5. gulmavana (166.23) 6. latAghara (166.23) / 7. dIrghikA (166.25) 8. vApI (166.26) 9. kamalAkara (166.26) 10. guMjAliyA (166.26) 11. ghara-haMsA (166.26) ____ inameM se adhikAMza kA grantha meM kaI vAra ullekha huA hai, jisase inako samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| uddyotanasUri ke varNana ke anusAra gRha-udyAna ke ina anya upAdAnoM kA svarUpa isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai : marakatamaNikoTTima-marakatamaNikoTTima kA uddyotana ne ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| kozAmbI nagarI ke bhavanoM ke pharza maNiratnoM ke banAye gaye the, jinameM prativimba dikhAyI par3ate the|' vahA~ ke mora pharza para apanA pratibimba dekhakara cakita raha jAte the| lobhadeva tAradvIpa se kisI prakAra samudra ke kinAre phuNcaa| vahA~ usane kinAre ke vana meM ghUmate hue eka vaTa-prAroha meM marakatamaNi se nirmita pharza dekhA, jisa para aneka puSpoM se rekhAe~ banAyI gayIM thIM (70.22) / saudharma svarga meM mANikyoM kA pharza camaka rahA thA-(62.15) / kumAra ne bhavana-udyAna meM marakatamaNioM ke pharza para puSpoM kA rekhAMkana dekhA (166. 21) / ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna bhavanoM ke pharza maNiyo se vanAye jAte the tathA manoraMjana ke sthAnoM para bhI maNi-pharza banAye jAne kI prathA thii| Adhunika bhavanoM meM cipsa ke pharza maNikoTTima kA aAdhunika rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| __ kadalIgRha-kadalIgRha udyAna meM keloM ke vRkSoM se banI huI eka kuTI hotI thI, jahA~ rAjakula ke loga vizrAma kiyA karate the| uddyotana ne kadalI-gRha ke pAsa caMpakavIthi aura lavaMgavana ke hone kA bhI saMketa diyA hai (167.13) / gulmavana evaM latAgRha-aneka nAgavallI kI latAoM se ghire hue pradeza ko gulmavana kahA jAtA thA, jisake bIca meM aneka chidroM vAlA latAgRha hotA thaa| latAgRha lavaMga, vakula evaM ailA kI latAoM ke banate the, jahA~ ThaMDaka pAne ke lie kAmAgni se pIr3ita vyakti vAra-bAra jAnA cAhate the (165.14) / - gahadIpikA - dIpikA zabda kA prayoga uddyotana ne grAsthAnamaNDapa tathA bhavana-udyAna ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai| kozAmbI nagarI ke mahA-AsthAnamaMDapa 1. hammiya-talesu jammi ya maNi-koTrima-vipphurata-paDibiMbA / paDisihi-jAyAsaMkA sahasA Na NileMti sihiNo vi // -31.24 uvagayA ekkaM aNeya-NAya-vallI-layA-saMchaNNaM gamma-vaNa-gahaNaM / tANaM ca majjhe ekkaM aikaDilla-lavalI-layAharayaM / -(166.23)

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya kI dIpikA meM rAjahaMsoM kA gamana dikhAyI par3atA thaa|' bhavana-udyAna meM mahendra ke pUchane para ki yaha rAjahaMsa jaisA madhura zabda yahAM kaise ho rahA hai ? kuvalayacandra uttara detA hai ki kyA yahAM bhavana-udyAna meM dIpikA nahIM hai ?, vApI nahIM nahIM hai ?, sarovara nahIM hai ?, gaharI puSkariNI nahIM hai ?, unameM gRhahaMsa vicaraNa nahIM karate haiM ? jo tuma rAjahaMso kI saMbhAvanA karate ho| gRhahaMsa yahAM vicaraNa karate haiN| unakA hI yaha zabda hai (166.24, 27) / varNana ke isa krama se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAsthAna maNDapa se lekara bhavana-udyAna taka jo dIrghikA bahatI thI usase Age calakara kahIM vApI, kahIM sarovara evaM kahIM gaharI puSkariNI banA lI gayI thiiN| anya sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se kuvalayamAlA kA yaha varNana pramANita hotA hai| prAcIna prAsAda-zilpa meM dIpikA eka pAribhASika zabda thaa| yaha eka prakAra kI lambI nahara hotI thI jo rAjaprAsAdoM se eka ora se dUsarI ora daur3atI huI anta meM gRhaudyAna ko sIMcatI thii| bIca-bIca meM jala ke pravAha ko roka kara puSkariNI, krIr3AvApI, sarovara Adi banA liye jAte the| kahIM jala ko adRzya karake vividha prakAra ke jalayantra banA diye jAte the| somadeva ke yazastilakacampU meM dIpikA se puSkariNI, gaMdhodakakUpa, vividha jalayantra Adi banAne kA ullekha hai / 2 lambI hone ke kAraNa hI isa nahara ko dIpikA kahA gayA hai| rAjabhavanoM meM dIpikA-nirmANa kI paramparA bhAratavarSa meM prAcInakAla se lekara mugalakAla taka prApta hotI hai| kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (16.13) meM dIpikA kA varNana kiyA hai| bANabhaTTa ne harSacarita evaM kAdambarI meM dIpikA kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne isa sAmagrI para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| 10 vIM zatAbdI meM somadeva ne yazodhara ke mahala meM dIpikA kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai (puurvaa0p038)| madhyakAla meM vidyApati ne apanI kIrtilatA (pR0 139) meM kRtrimanadI kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo bhavanadIrghikA kA hI eka rUpa thaa| mugalakAlIna rAjaprAsAdoM meM bhI dIrdhikA banAyI jAtI thI, jisakA urdU nAma naharevihizta thaa| vartamAna meM dIrghikA ke mUgalakAlIna rUpa ko dillI ke lAla kile ke mahala meM sthita nahara ko dekhakara samajhA jA sakatA hai| dIpikA kA nirmANa kevala bhAratavarSa meM hI nahIM pAyA jAtA, pratyuta videzoM meM bhI rAjaprAsAda ko vAstukalA kI yaha vizeSatA pAyI jAtI hai| IrAna meM khusarU paraveja ke mahala meM bhI isa prakAra kI nahara thii| pyUDara rAjA henarI aSTama ke hempaTana korTa meM jise lAMgavATara kahA gayA hai vaha dIpikA ke hI samAna hai| 1. rAya-haMsa-parigayAo dIsaMti mahatthANa-maMDalIo dIhiyAo va / -31.16 2. draSTavya, jai0-yaza0 sAM0 a0, pR0 256 3. a0-30 a0, pR0 206 evaM kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 372

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326 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana - vApI-uddyotana ne gharavApI (8.8), maMdiraudyAna vApI (16.10), krIr3AvApI (94.12), dvAravApI (97.5), udyAnavApI (166.26) tathA vApIkAminI (240.16) kA kuvalayamAlAkahA meM varNana kiyA hai| gharavApI ke kumuda yuvatiyoM ke mukha-candroM ko dekhakara banda nahIM hote the|' saudharmakalpa svarga meM lobhadeva krIDAvApI meM snAna karane AtA hai| usa maMjanavApI (64.14) kA pharza aneka raMgoM kI maNiyoM se banA thA, jinakI kiraNoM meM indradhanuSa dikhAyI par3atA thaa| usake kinAroM para uge vRkSoM evaM latAoM ke puSpoM se dizAe~ surabhita ho rahIM thiiN| usakI sIr3hiyA~ maNiyoM se banI thIM, jinapara rakhI huI svarNa pratihArI zrIdevI jaisI zobhita ho rahI thii| jisa svarNa ke U~ce toraNa bane the| usameM laTakatI huI ghaMTiyoM ko mAlA havA se hilane para madhura zabda kara rahI thii| usake parakoTe meM aneka gavAkSa evaM nirgamadvAra bane hue the| isa prakAra vaha vApI sura-vadhU ke samAna thI-diTThA vAvI sura bahu vva (94.16,23) / isa vApI meM jalayantra bho lage hue the-jala-jaMta-NIra bhariyaM (94.31) / samavasaraNa-racanA meM dvAra-saMghAta ke bAda svarNa ke kamala, kumada Adi se yukta svaccha jala se bharI huI dvAravApI bhI banAyI gayI thii|2 kAmagajendra vidyAdhara-kanyAoM ko jalAMjalI dene kAminI sadRza vApI meM utaratA hai, jo svaccha jala se bharI huI thii| ukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki vApI dorghikA kA hI eka aMga thii| rAjaprAsAda meM vaha jalakrIr3A evaM snAna ke lie prayukta hotI thii| vaha jala se pUrNa evaM svarNa kamaloM se yukta hotI thii| vApI meM jalakrIr3A ke lie jalayantra bhI lagAye jAte the tathA vApI ke jala ko aneka choTI-choTI naharoM evaM chidroM dvArA anyatra pahu~cAyA jAtA thaa| vApiyoM meM kamala ko zIbhA kA varNana prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM bahuta huA hai| bANa ne kAdambaro meM kamalayuktavApI ko kamalavana-dIpikA kahA hai| somadeva ne bhI kamalayUkta vApI kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina vApiyoM kA upayoga haMsoM ke rahane ke liye evaM bhAMti-bhAMti ke puSpoM kI zobhA ke lie bhI hotA thaa| ukta vivaraNa meM laTakatI huI ghAMTiyoM kI mAlA kA ullekha mahattvapUrNa hai| prAcIna bhArata meM rAjakIya Amoda-pramoda meM inakA pramukha sthAna thaa| kAdambarI meM kusumadAmadolA ke varNana meM ina ghaMTiyoM ke laTakane kA ullekha harA hai| Ajakala inheM phUlaDola kahate haiM, jo mathurA-vRndAvana ke maMdiroM meM bhagavAn ke lie banAye jAte haiN| 1. juvaIyaNa""gharavAvI-kumuyAI mauleuM Neya caaeNti| -8.8. acchaccha-vAri-bhariyA raiyA dAresu vAvIo-97.5. imAe sacchaccha-khIra-vAri-paripuNNAe""vAvI kAmiNIe-240, 14-16. 4. 'vanasthalISviva sakamalAsu'-yazastilakacampU, pUrvA0, pR0 38. a0-kA0 sa0 a0, pR0 376.

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rAjaprAsAda sthApatya 327 maMdira - udyAna - vApI - kuva0 meM maMdira - udyAna vApI kA do prasaMgoM meM ullekha hai | rAnI priyaMguzyAmA ne vAsabhavana meM sote hue svapna dekhe / tabhI paTu-paTaha ke vajane se maMdira udyAnavApI ke haMsa jAga gaye aura kaMTha kalarava kI mIThI AvAja se rAnI jAga gayI / ' kuvalayacandra aura kuvalayamAlA ne vivAha ke bAda vAsabhavana meM sukhada vArtAlApa karate hue rAtri vyatIta kii| tabhI maMdira - udyAna vApI ke kalahaMsa evaM sArasa paTaha ke zabdoM ko sunakara madhura AvAja karane lage / tUra bajA / maMgalapAThakoM ne maMgala par3he / vAra- vilAsinI mukha dhulavAne tathA maMjana karAne A gayIM (173.18-21) / isa varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki vAsabhavana ke najadIka hI udyAna hotA thA, jisameM vApI banAyI jAtI thI, jo haMsa evaM sArasa pakSiyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thI / vAsabhavana ke samIpa meM hone se hI ise maMdira udyAnavApI kahA gayA hai / yadyapi dhavalagRha meM anya vApiyAM bhI hotI thIM / krIDAzaila - krIDAzaila kA do bAra ullekha huA hai / kozAmbI nagarI ke krIDAzaila kI prasiddhi devatAoM meM bhI thI / samudra meM rAkSasa dvArA jahAja isa prakAra tor3akara pheMkA gayA mAnoM ratnoM kI varSA ho rahI ho / muktAphala camaka rahe hoM tathA zveta dhvajA ur3a rahI ho, jaise kisI krIr3Azaila kA Tukar3A gira rahA ho / yahAM krIr3Azaila ke sambandha meM udyotana ne koI vizeSa paricaya nahIM diyA / jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna rAjakIya prAsAdazilpa meM krIr3Azaila kA nirmANa paryApta pracalita thA / bANa kI kAdambarI evaM harSacarita meM krIr3Azaila ke varNana ke anusAra yaha bhavana udyAna ke samIpa hI antaHpura ke kisI bhAga meM banAyA jAtA thA / krIr3Azaila nAma se hI spaSTa hai ki isakA nirmANa bhavana ke UparI bhAga meM hotA thA / krIDAzaila nAmaka bhavana meM eka maNimaMdira bhI hotA thA, jahAM Amoda-pramoda kI sabhI vastueM upalabdha hotI thIM tathA jo sthApatya kI dRSTi se bhI sarvAdhika sundara kamarA hotA thA / kAlidAsa ne yakSiNI ke prAgAra kI vApI ke taTa para komala indranIla maNiyoM se racita zikhara tathA kanakakadaliyoM ke vesTana se prekSaNIya krIDAzaila kA varNana kiyA hai / " devagRha - - rAjaprAsAda kA devagRha eka pramukha aMga thA, jahAM rAjaparivAra ke loga pUjana-darzana Adi dhArmika kriyAeM karate the / devagRha meM sthApita devatA ko kuladevatA kahA jAtA thA | udyotanasUri ne kuladevatA tathA devagRha kA aneka 1. pahaya-paDu -paDaha-paDirava-saMkhuddha - viuddha-maMdirujjANa - vAvI - kalahaMsa-kaMTha - kalayalArAvaravijjaMta - savisesa - sui-suheNaM paDibuddhA devI / -- 16.10 2. 3. kIlAselaM ti imaM jIya NisammaMti gayaNayarA / 31.20 NivaDaMta - rayaNa- NivahaM muttAhala - dhavala-sohioUlaM / dhuvvaMta - ghayA-dhavalaM kIlA selassa khaMDa va // --69.3 draSTavya, a0 - kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 371. 4. 5. meghadUta, 2.17.

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328 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bAra ullekha kiyA hai| rAjA dRr3havarman ke mahala meM vaMzaparamparA se pUjita kuladevatA rAjazrI devI thii|' putra prApti ke lie rAjA kuladevatA kI arcanA karane devagRha meM praviSTa huA thaa| (paviTThorAyA devaharayaM 14.8) / devI ne use varadAna diyA thA (15.12) / vAsavamantrI ke mahala meM arhanta bhagavAn kA devagRha thA (32.17) / cintAmaNipallI ke senApati ke antaHpura meM devagRha sthita thA (136.5) / usameM svarNa ke daravAje lage hue the tathA usake bhItara svarNa evaM ratnamayI pratimA sthita thii| devagRha meM snAna karake loga pUjA ke lie jAte the (145.22) / uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki devagRha kA nirmANa dhavalagaha ke UparI tala para hotA thA tathA rAjaprAsAda ke atirikta mahApallI ke sthApatya meM bhI devagaha banAye jAte the| lAlakile meM sthita motomasjida devagRha kA hI mugalakAlIna rUpa hai / landana ke hempaTana korTa meM rAjakIya pUjA sthAna ko rAyalacepala kahA gayA hai| 1. atthi devassa mahArAya-vaMsa-ppasUyA puvva-purisa-saMNejjhA rAyasirI-bhagavaI kula devayA-13.28. 2. mahaMtaM kaNaya-kavADa-saMpuDa-paDicchaNNaM diLaM deva-maMdiraM / tattha ugghADiUNa dilAo kaNaya-rayaNa-maiyAo paDimAo-139.6. 3. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 213.

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pariccheda pA~ca bhavana sthApatya udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM bhavana-sthApatya se sambandhita aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vibhinna prasaMgoM meM ullikhita nimna zabda sthApatya kI dRSTi se adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| dhvajA-dhvajA ke lie dhavala-dhvajapaTa (7.18), koTipatAkA (31.22, 103.4, 140.2) tathA siMhapaTa (199.30) Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| bhavanoM kI dhvajAe~ itanI U~cI hotI thIM ki sUrya ke ghor3e unakI havAoM se apane parizrama ko zAnta karate the (7.16) / isa sAhityika abhiprAya kA bhAratIya sAhitya meM bahuta ullekha huA hai| tuMgabhavana-U~ce bhavanoM ke lie tuMgabhavana (7.15), tuMga-aTTAlaka (31.16), tuMga-zikhara (92.25) evaM tuMga (97.7) zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / sambhavataH tuMga zabda bhavana ke U~ce kaMgUroM ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| zikhara-vinItA nagarI ke bhavana-zikhara kRSNamaNiyoM se banAye gaye the jo meghasamUha sadRza the (7.17) / samavasaraNa kI racanA meM ratnoM ke zikhara banAye gaye the (96.33) / prAcIna sthApatya meM causara bhavanoM ke sthAna para zikharayukta bhavana banAne kA adhika pracalana thaa| toraNa-bhavana ke pramukha dvAra para toraNa banAye jAte the / vinItA nagarI ke bhavanoM ke toraNa maNiyoM se (7.15) tathA samavasaraNa ke toraNa svarNa se banAye gaye the (97.2) / kuvalayacandra ko dekhane ke lie nagara kI kula-bAlikAe~ bhavana ke vibhinna sthAnoM para baiThI thIM,' jahA~ se rAjamArga meM jAtA huA kumAra dikhAyI 1. iya jA tUraMti daDhaM Nayara-kula-bAliyAo hiyenn| ____tA Nayari-rAya-maggaM saMpatto kuvalayamiyaMko / / -25.7.

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330 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana par3atA thaa| sAhityika dRSTi se kuvalayamAlAkahA kA yaha varNana paramparAgata hai|' kintu sthApatya kI dRSTi se isameM bhavana ke kaI mArgoM kA ullekha hai / yathA koI yuvatI rakSAmukha para, koI dvAra-deza para, koI gavAkSa para, koI mAlae para (ghara ke UparI tala para), koI caupAla meM, koI rAjAMgaNa meM, koI daravAje kI dehalo para, koI vedikA para, koI kapotapAlI para, koI harmyatala para, koI bhavana-zikhara para tathA koI yuvatI dhvajAgrabhAga para sthita thii|2 inameM se adhikAMza kI pahicAna prAcIna sAhityika ullekhoM evaM purAtattva kI sAmagrI ke adhyayana se kI jA sakatI hai| gavAkSa-uddyotana ne ina prasaMgoM meM gavAkSa kA ullekha kiyA hai| gavAkSa se kumAra ko dekhatI huIM striyA~ (25.8) / tosala rAjakumAra ne mahAnagara zreSTho ke dhavalagRha ke jAlagavAkSavivira ke bhItara se meghoM ke vivira se nikale hue candra sadRza kisI bAlikA ke mukhakamala ko dekhA / suvarNadevo manohara jIvadarzana karane ke lie jAlagavAkSa para baiThI thii| vAsabhavana ko sajAte hue jAla-gavAkSa para Asana aura zaiyA rakhI gayI-Thavesu jAla-gavakkhae atthura-sejjaM (83.7) / kAmagajendra kI kalpanA jAlagavAkSa jaisI phaila gayI-pasarai va jAlagavakkhaesu (238.7) / isa vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki gavAkSa bhavana ke UparI tala para banAye jAte the, jo rAjyapatha para khulate the| jAlagavAkSa una gola khir3akiyoM ko kahate the, jinase bhavana meM havA AtI-jAtI thii| sambhavataH isa samaya taka jAla gavAkSa kucha bar3e AkAra ke banane lage the| DA0 kumArasvAmI ke anusAra guptayuga ke vAtAyana gola hote the tabhI unakA nAma gavAkSa (baila kI A~kha kI taraha gola) par3a gyaa| gavAkSoM se jhA~kate hue strImukha na kevala sAhitya meM apitu kalA meM bhI aMkita pAye jAte haiN| ajantA kI guphA 19 ke mukhabhAga meM strImukhayukta gavAkSa-jAloM kI paMktiyA~ aMkita hai| mAlAe, vedikA evaM dhvajAgrabhAga bhI gavAkSa ke prakAra pratIta hote haiN| mAlae kA artha zabdakoza meM ghara kA uparibhAga kiyA gayA hai| jise urdU meM 1. draSTavya, a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 92, 2. kA vi racchA-muhammi saMThiyA, kA vi dAra-desaddhae, kA vi gavakkhaesuM, aNNA mAlaesuM, aNNA caupAlaesuM, aNNA rAyaMgaNesuM, aNNA NijjUhaesuM, aNNA veiyAsu, aNNA kaolavAlIsu, aNNA hammiya-talesu aNNA bhavaNa-siharesu, aNA dhayaggesuti / --25.8-9. diTaThaM jAla-gavakkha-vivarantareNa jalahara-vivara-viNiggayaM piva sasi-bi vayaNa-kamalaM kIya vi bAliyAe / ---73.8, 4. tao sudiTTha jIva-loyaM karemi tti citayantI ArUDhA jAla-gavakkhae-74.19. 5. kumAra svAmI, enzeNTa iMDiyana ArakiTekcara, pailesaja, kA citra / 6. sAndrakutuhalAnAM pura-sundarINAM mukhaiH gavAkSAH vyAptAntarA:-raghuvaMza, 11.75 7. kumAra svAmI, iMDiyana eNDa inDoneziyana ArTa, citra 154. 3.

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bhavana-sthApatya maMjila tathA gujarAtI meM mAlo kahA jAtA hai| sambhavataH yaha choTI bAlakanI ke sadaza rahI hogii| vaidikA vAtapAna kA ullekha zuMgakAla aura kuSANakAla ke sthApatya meM milatA hai| sambhavataH rozanadAna ke lie yaha purAnA nAma 8vIM sadI meM bhI pracalita rahA ho / bAlakanI ke lie kuvalayamAlA kahA meM nijjUhaya (25.8) tathA mattavAraNa (232.27) zabdoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai| sambhavataH inake AkAra meM kucha bheda hone se inheM bhinna nAma pradAna kiye gaye haiN| ___ kapotapAlI-kapotapAlI kA udadyotana ne kevala eka bAra ullekha kiyA hai-aNNA kaolavAlIsu (25.9) / yahA~ uddyotana ne prAcIna bhAratIya sthApatya kI usa pArAvatamAlA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, jo bhavanoM ke zikharoM para banAyI jAne lagI thii| aneka alaMkaraNoM ke sAtha bhavanoM ke zikharoM para pattharoM ke kabUtara bhI zobhA ke lie banA diye jAte the, jinheM kApotapAlI> kapotAlI>kevAlI kahA jAtA thaa|2 guptakAlIna 'pAdatADitakam' nAmaka grantha meM vAravanitAoM ke bhavanoM ke varNana meM kapotapAlI tathA kAdambarI meM zikhareSupArAvatamAlA (pR0 26) kA ullekha huA hai| kuvalayamAlA ke varNana meM nagara kI yuvatiyA~ sambhavataH zikharoM para car3ha kara kapotapAlI ke samIpa se kumAra kuvalayacandra ko dekha rahI thiiN| sopAnapaMkti-uddyotanasUri ne dhavalagRha kA jitanI bAra ullekha kiyA hai sarvatra use UparItala para sthita kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki dhavalagRha meM sopAna paMkti bhI banAyI jAtI thii| bhavana-sthApatya meM usakA pramukha sthAna thaa| udyotana ne purandaradatta ke vAsabhavana kI daddara-sopAnapaMkti (84-25) kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki sIr3hiyA~ adhika ghanI banAyIM jAtI thIM, jisase car3hane-utarane meM parizrama na ho| prAcIna sthApatya ke anusAra dhavalagRha ke dvAra meM praveza karate hI Upara jAne ke lie donoM ora sopAnamArga hotA thaa| upaghara-kuvalayamAlA meM bhavana ke choTe kamaroM ke lie kaI zabda prayukta hue haiN| mAyAditya ko jaba cora samajhakara pakar3a liyA gayA to use upaghara meM banda karane kA Adeza diyA gayA (59.21) / usake vilApa karane para bhI use ghara-koTTha meM banda kara diyA gayA (59.26) / naraka ke dukhoM kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ choTe gharoM ke daravAje bhI choTe hote the-ghaDiyAlayaM maDahadAraM (36.16) / ye zabda tatkAlIna bhavana-sthApatya meM bhI prayukta hote rahe hoNge| ina pramukha pAribhASika zabdoM ke atirikta uddyotana ne bhavana-sthApatya se sambandhita nimna zabdoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai-NijjUhaya (249.17), 1. kumArasvAmI, enzeNTa iMDiyana ArakiTekcara, pailesaja / 2. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 39. 3. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 210 para uddhRta /

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332 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Alaya (249.17), cupAla, vedikA (246.17), ghara-phaliha (47.10), koTThaya koNAo (47-15), gharovarikuTTima (232-29), dvArasaMghAta (97-4), dvAradeza (25.8), dvAra-mUla (199.26), maNikuTTima (31.24), maNimayabhitti (7.15), harmyatala (166.15), prAsAdatala (173.31), prAsAda (91.6), prAsAdazikhara (163.19), ulloka chatta (170.22) / inake atirikta vinItA nagarI (7.15), kausAmbI nagarI (31.19) evaM samavasaraNa varNana (96.29) sthApatya kI dRSTi se adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| yantrazilpa : ___ kuvalayamAlAkahA meM tIna prakAra ke yAntrika upAdAnoM kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha hai| vAsabhavana kI sajjA meM priyatama ke Ane kI pratIkSA ke sayaya meM yantrazakunoM ko madhura-saMlApa meM lagA diyA gyaa|' vApI meM snAna karate hue kisI pror3hA ne lajjA ko tyAgakara jalayantra kI dhAra ko apane priyatama kI donoM A~khoM para kara diyA aura lapakakara apane premI kA mukha cama liyaa|2 yantrajalaghara se AkAza meM mAyAmeghoM dvArA Thage gaye bhavanoM ke haMsa pAvasa Rtu mAnakara mAnasarovara ko nahIM jAte the| ujjayinI nagarI ke jalayantroM se meghoM kI garjanA hone se bhavanoM ke mora harSita hokara nAcane lagate the (50.11) / udyotana ne yantrazilpa ke sambandha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM diyA hai / anya sandarbho ke AdhAra para unake ina tIna ullekhoM ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / yantrajalaghara-vinItA nagarI ke yantradhArAgRha meM isa yantrajalaghara kI racanA kI gayI thii| yantradhArAgRha meM mAyAmegha yA yantrajalaghara kA nirmANa prAcIna vAstukalA kA eka abhinna aMga thaa| mahAkavi vANa ne kAdambarI meM mAyAmeva kA sundara dRzya prastuta kiyA hai-balAkAoM kI paMktiyoM ke mukhoM se nikalatI huI sahasra dhArAe~ vanAvaTI meghamAlA kA dRzya upasthita kara rahI thiiN| jinasena ne AdipurANa (8.28) meM dhArAgRha meM giratI huI dhArAoM se ghanAgama kA dRzya upasthita kiyA hai-dhArAgahesu nipataddhArAbaddha ghanAgame / somadeva ne yantrajalaghara ke jharane se sthalakamilinI kI kyArI sIMcane kA ullekha kiyA hai / " bhoja ne zAhI gharAnoM ke lie jisa pravarSaNa nAmaka vArigRha kA 1. saMjoesu mahura-palAve jaMta-sauNae, 83.6. 2. jala-jaMta-NIra-bhariyaM loyaNa-juyalaM piyassa kAUNa / cuMbai daiyassa muhaM lajjA-poDhattaNupphAlaM // 94.31. 3. jala-jaMta-jalaharotthaya-NahaMgaNAhoya-velavijjaMtA / paramattha-pAuse vi hu Na mANasaM jaMti ghara-haMsA / / 8.10. 4. sphaTikabalAkAvalIvAntavAridhArA likhitendrAyudhAH saMcArya mANAH maayaameghmaalaaH| draSTavya, a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 215. 5. paryantayantrajaladharavarSAbhiSicyamAnasthalakamalinIkedAram / yaza0, saM0 pU0 530.

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bhavana-sthApatya 333 ullekha kiyA hai, usameM ATha prakAra ke meghoM kI racanA kI jAtI thii|' hemacandra ne yantradhArAgRha meM cAroM ora se uThate hue jalaudha kA varNana kiyA hai| isa taraha jJAta hotA hai ki yantrajalaghara dvArA mAyAmegha banAne kA pracalana 6-7 vIM sadI se 12 vIM sadI taka barAbara banA rhaa| na kevala yantraghArAgRha meM, apitu bhavana ke alaMkaraNoM meM bhI mAyAmegha banAne kI prathA guptAyuga se mugalakAla taka banI rhii| yantrazakuna-udyotana ne yantrazakuna kA ullekha vAsabhavana sajjA ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai| ataH kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki yantradhArAgRha se isa yantrazakuna kA kyA sambandha thA ? sambhavataH yaha vAsabhavana kA ho koI alaMkaraNa vizeSa rahA hogA, jo pakSI ke AkAra kA banA hogA tathA jise niyojita kara dene para madhura-saMlApa hone lagatA hogaa| vAsabhavana meM yantrazilpoM ko rakhe jAne kI prAcIna paramparA thii| somadeva ne yazomatI ke bhavana ke yantraparyaMka aura yantra-puttalikAoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jisake yAntrikavidhAna kA paricaya DA. gokulacandra jaina ne 'yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' (pR0 262) meM diyA hai| jalayantra-ujjayinI nagarI ke varNana meM tathA vApI meM jalayantra kA ullekha karate hue udyotana ne yaha spaSTa nahIM kiyA hai ki vaha kisa prakAra kA jalayantra thaa| bhoja ke anusAra kamalavApI meM kRtrima zapharI, makarI tathA anya jalapakSI banAnA caahie| ataH sambhava hai, kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita yaha jalayantra (94-31) kisI jalajIva ke AkAra kA rahA ho, jisake mukha se dhArAe~ nikalatI hogii| 1. saMmarAMgaNasUtradhAra, 31.117, 142. 2. kumArapAlacarita, 4.26. 3. draSTavya, a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 215. katrimazapharImakarIpakSibhirapi cAmbasambhavaryaktAma / kuryAdambhojavatIM vApImAhArya yogena ||-smraaNgnnsuutrdhaar, 31.163.

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pariccheda chaha mUrti zilpa uddyotanasUri ne mUrtizilpa ke sambandha meM yadyapi adhika jAnakArI nahIM dI hai, kintu jahAM kahIM bhI kisI mUrti kA ullekha kiyA hai usakA varNana bhI kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM mUrti zilpa se sambandhita jitane ullekha haiM unheM viSayAnusAra isa prakAra vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| tIrthaGkara mUrtiyAM padmaprabha deva saudharma vimAna meM jinagRha meM praviSTa huA (95.7) / vahA~ usane anyAnya varNoM se yukta, nija varNa, pramANa, mAna dvArA nirmita zAzvata jinavara vimba ko dekhaa| koI jinapratimA sphaTikamaNi se, koI sUryakAntamaNi se, koI mahAnIlamaNi se, koI karketanaratna se nirmita thii|' tathA koI pratimA muktAphala se nirmita tejasvI thii| koI zreSTha padmarAga jaisI prabhAyukta thI, evaM koI marakatamaNi dvArA nirmita hone se zyAmadeha vAlI thI (8.1 ) / anya prasaMgoM meM udyotana ne prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kI muktAzaila nirmita tathA sphaTikaratna dvArA nirmita -usahasAmissa phaliharayaNamaI mahApaDimA (128.6) pratimAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa saMkSipta vivaraNa se nimna tathya jJAta hote haiM 1. mUrtiyAM kaI varSoM ke mizrita raMga vAlI hotI thiiN| 2. apane raMga ke anusAra pramANa aura mAnayukta hotI thiiN| 3. sphaTikamaNi, sUryakAntamaNi, mahAnIlamaNi, karketanaratna, padmarAga maNi, marakatamaNi tathA muktAzaila dvArA mUttiyAM banatI thiiN| 1. aNNoNNa-vaNNa-ghaDie Niya vnnnn-pmaann-maann-nnimmaae| uppatti-NAsa-rahie-jiNavara-biMbe paloei // phaliha-maNi-NimmalayarA ke vi jiNA puusraay-mnni-ghddiyaa| ke vi mahANIlamayA kakkeyaNa-NimmiyA ke vi / / kuva0 95.8-9. 2. diThThA teNa muttAsela-viNimmiyA"paDhama jiNavarassa paDimA 115.4, 119.3.

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mUrti-zilpa 335 uparyukta vivaraNa meM 'aNNoNa-vaNNaghaDie' zabdoM se jJAta hotA hai mUrtiyAM kaI dravyoM ke mizraNa se bhI banAyI jAtI thIM, jinheM dhAtu ko DhalI huI mUrti kahA jAtA thaa| AThavIM sadI kI aisI kaI mUttiyAM prApta huI haiN|' AThavIM sadI taka mUttiyoM ke zubha-azubha lakSaNa nizcita ho cuke the| pramANa evaM mAna yukta mUttiyAM hI zreyaskara samajhI jAtI thiiN|2 tathA mUtti banAne ke lie zAstravihita dravyoM meM sphaTika, padmarAga, bajra, vaidUrya, puSpa tathA ratna kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| udyotana dvArA muktAzaila kA ullekha sambhavataH sapheda saMgamaramara ke lie hai| sapheda saMgamaramara kI tIrthaGkara mUttiyAM pAThavoM sado se madhyayuga taka barAbara pAyI jAtI haiN| muktAzaila se nirmita zivaliMga (kAda0 139 anu0) tathA caSaka (harSa0 pR0 158) kA ullekha bANa ne bhI kiyA hai| tIrthaGkara ko sirapara dhAraNa kI huI yakSapratimA : uddyotana ne ratnazekhara yakSa ko kathA ke prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA hai ki usane bhagavAn kRSabhadeva kI bhakti karane ke lie apano muktA zaila se eka bar3I pratimA banAyI tathA usake mukuTa ke Upara RSabhadeva kI mUtti ko dhAraNa kiyaa| isa ullekha se do bAteM jJAta hotI haiM ki AThavIM sadI meM tIrthaGkaroM kI pratimAoM para pRthaka-pRthaka cinha aMkita hone lage the, tabhI uddyotana ne RSabhadeva kI pratimA kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai-paDhamajiNavarassa paDimA-(119.3) / isa yuga kI mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM prApta tIrthaGkaroM kI 33 pratimAoM meM se 3 para vizeSa cinha bhI aMkita pAye gaye haiN| AdinAtha ko mUrti para vRSabha kA cinha prApta honA udyotana ke ullekha ko pramANita karatA hai| lagabhaga 8 vIM sadI se tIrthaGkaroM ko pratimAoM ke sAtha unake anucara ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiNioM kI pratimAe~ bho banAyI jAne lagI thiiN| pratyeka tIrthaGkara kA eka-eka yakSa aura yakSiNI bhakta mAnA jAtA thaa| bhakti vizeSa ke kAraNa yakSa-yakSiNI tIrthaGkara ko apane sira para bhI dhAraNa karane lage the| udyotana ke samaya isa paramparA kA adhika pracAra rahA hogA, isalie unhoMne eka kathA kA rUpa dekara isakA ullekha kiyA hai| vatamAna meM RSabhadeva ko mUtti ko sira 1. bhAratIya purAtatva vibhAga ke mahAnidezaka kA vArSika vivaraNa, 1902-3 pleTa, 34. 2. sampUrNAvayavA yA syAdAyurlakSmI pradA sadA / evaM lakSaNamApAdya kartavyA devatA budhaiH / / -viSNudharmottara meM mUrtikalA, 28-29, badrInAtha mAlavIya, 1960. 3. vahI, pR0 30. 4. u0-kuva0 i0, pR0 123. 5. viuvviyA attaNo mahaMtA muttA-sela-maI paDimA |""imiiy ya uvariM Nivesio esa maulIe bhagavaM jiNayaMdo tti--(120.15, 16) / 6. jai0-bhA0 saM0 yo0, pR0 344.

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana para dhAraNa kiye hue yakSiNI kI do pratimAe~ upalabdha haiN| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM DhAI phuTa U~cI yakSiNI kI pASANa mUrti hai, jisake Upara padmAsana aura dhyAnarUpa jinapratimA hai| dUsarI, madhyapradeza ke vilaharI grAma (jabalapura) ke lakSmaNasAgara taTa para eka khairAmAI kI mUrti hai, jo cakrezvarI yakSiNI hai tathA jisake mastaka para AdinAtha kI pratimA hai|' yakSiNI kI mUrti ke Upara jina pratimA kA sthApana lagabhaga 6 vIM zatAbdI se prApta hone lagatA hai| DA0 yU0 pI0 zAha ne isa para vizada prakAza DAlA hai| jinapratimA ko sira para dhAraNa kiye hue yakSamUrtiyA~ 11 vIM sadI se pahile kI prApta nahIM hotiiN| kintu udyotanasUri ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai 8 vIM sadI meM bhI aisI mUrtiyA~ banane lagI thiiN| rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a ke pAsa bA~sI nAmaka sthAna se jaina kubera kI mUrti prApta huI hai, jisake sira tathA mukuTa para jina pratimA sthApita hai|3 ATha deva-kanyAoM kI mUrtiyAM padmavimAna ke varNana ke prasaMga meM udyotana ne ATha devakanyAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / (63.17-18) / yathA 1. svarNakalaza lie hue (bhiMgAra) 2. paMkhA dhAraNa kie hue (tAliyaNTe aNNe) 3. svaccha cAMvara lie hue (aNNegeNhaMti cAmare vimale) 4. zveta chatra lie hue (dhavalaM ca AyavattaM) 5. zreSTha darpaNa lie hue (avare vara dappaNa-vihatthA) 6. vINA dhAraNa kie hue (vINA-muMigahatthA) 7. mRdaMga dhAraNa kie hue (muMigahatthA) 8. vastra evaM alaMkAra lie hue (vatthAlaMkAra-rehira-karA ya) inako indra kI ATha apsarAe~ kahA gayA hai / tathA bhAratIya sAhitya meM aSThakanyA yA sabhAkanyA ke rUpa meM inakA paryApta ullekha huA hai| bAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa meM rAvaNa ke vimAna ke sAtha ina ATha kanyAoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM se do vINA aura mRdaMga ke sthAna para svarNapradIpa evaM talavAra dhAraNa kiye haI haiN| rAma ke abhiSeka ke samaya bhI ina kanyAoM kA ullekha hai / mahAna bhArata meM rAjA yudhiSThira prAtaHkAla anya mAMgalika dravyoM ke sAtha ina ATha 1. jai0-bhA0 saM0 yoM-pR0 354.55. 2. akoTA bronjeja,- umAkAnta zAha, 3. risarcara, 1, pR0 18. 4. u0-kuva0 I0, pR0 122 5. rAmAyaNa, sundarakANDa, 18.14, 4. 6. vahI, ayodhyAkANDa, 15.8.

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mUtti-zilpa 337 kanyAoM ko bhI dekhatA hai|' yAtrA prArambha karate samaya inako dekhanA zubha mAnA gayA hai (2.28) / lalitavistara meM ina ATha kanyAoM ke nAma isa prakAra Aye haiM 1. pUrNakumbha kanyA 2. mayUrahasta kanyA 3. tAlavaTaiMka kanyA 4. gaMdhodaka mRgAra kanyA 5. vicitra paTalaka kanyA, 6. pralambakamAlA kanyA 7. ratnabhadrAlaMkAra kanyA tathA 8. bhadrAsanakanyA / ye ATha divya kanyAe~ bauddha tathA jainadharma meM samAnarUpa se mAMgalika mAnI jAtI thiiN| vAstukalA meM bhI inakA aMkana hone lagA thaa| mathurA meM prApta reliMga pilarsa meM inakA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai|3 zAlabhaMjikAoM kI mUrtiyA~ : udyotanasUri ne zAlabhaMjikAnoM kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| samavasaraNa kI racanA meM U~ce svarNa nirmita toraNoM para maNiyoM se nirmita zAlabhaMjikAyeM lakSmI kI zobhA prApta kara rahI thiiN| RSabhapura meM cora ke bhavana meM U~ce svarNa ke toraNoM para zreSTha yuvatiyAM suzobhita ho rahI thiiN| zAlabhaMjikA aura lakSmI kI tulanA vANa ne harSacarita (pR0 114) meM bhI kI hai / zAlabhaMjikAe~ bhAratIya sthApatya meM prAcIna samaya se pracalita rahI haiN| prArambha meM phUle hue zAlavRkSoM ke nIce khar3I hokara striyA~ unakI DAloM ko jhukAkara aura puSpoM ke jhugge tor3akara krIr3A karatI thIM, jise zAlabhaMjikA krIr3A kahate the| pANinI kI aSTAdhyAyI meM (6.7, 74) isa prakAra kI krIr3AoM ke nAma Aye haiN| vAtsyAyana kI jayamaMgalA TIkA meM inakA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / dhIre-dhIre krIr3A kI mudrA aura usa mudrA meM khar3I huI strI bhI zAlabhaMjikA kahI jAne lgii| aura bAda meM isa mudrA meM sthita striyoM kA aMkana sthApatya meM hone lagA / sAMcI, bharahuta aura mathurA meM toraNa, baDerI aura stambha ke bIca meM tirache zarIra se khar3I huI striyoM ke lie toraNazAlabhaMjikA kahA gayA hai| kuSANakAla meM azvaghoSa ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| mathurA ke kuSANakAlIna vedikA-stambhoM para nirmita isI prakAra kI striyoM ko stambhazAlabhaMjikA kahA 1. 'svAlaMkRtAH sabhAkanyAH, droNaparva, 58.20 2. lalitavistara, adhyAya 7, pR0 71. 3. u0-kuda0 i0, pR0 122. 4. aha tuMga-kaNaya-toraNa-siharovari calira-dhayavaDAillaM / maNi-ghaDiya-mAlabhaMjiya-siri-sohaM cAmariMdaM suhaM // -97.2. 5. kaMcaNa-toraNa-tuMga-vara-juvai-rehira-payAraM--249.19. 6. avalambaya gavAkSa pArzvamanyA zayitA cApavibhugnagAtrayaSTiH / virarAja vilambicAruhArA racitA toraNa zAlamaMjike vA ||-buddh carita, 5-22 22

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338 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gayA hai / ' kAlidAsa ne stambhoM para banI yoSita mUrtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| uddyotanasUri ne inhIM ko zAlabhaMjikA evaM varayuvati kahA hai| zAlabhaMjikAoM kI paramparA tulasIdAsa ke samaya meM bhI sthita thI, jise unhoMne pratimA khaMbhani gar3hi-gar3hi kADhI kaha kara vyakta kiyA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya sthApatya kI yaha vizeSatA lagabhaga do sahasra varSoM taka akSuNNa banI rahI hai|3 vibhinna puttaliyAM uddyotana ne ina prasaMgoM meM puttaliyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kuvalayacandra se parAjita hokara jaba senApati ne apane bhillapuruSoM ko Adeza diyA ki sArtha ko mata lUTo to ve bhitti meM likhita putalI ke samAna stambhita ho gayekuDDAlihiyA iva puttalayA thaMbhiyA (138.2) / bhAnumatI ne marakatamaNi kI putalI kI sadRza zyAma raMga kI bAlikA ko janma diyA-jAyA maragaya-maNibAulliyA iva sAmalacchAyA bAliyA (162.8) / kuvalayamAlA ke maNimaya putale ke sadRza sukumAra hAtha-pairoM vAlA putra utpanna huaa| vidyAdhara rAjakumArI kI mRtyu hone para vaha nimIlita locana evaM nizcala aMgopAMga vAlI datanirmita putalI ke sadRza ho gayI-daMta-viNimmiyaM piva vAulliyaM ti-(236.1) / kAmagajendra ne mahAgajendra ke dAMto se gar3hI huI putalI ke sadRza usa vidyAdhara vAlikA ko agnisaMskAra ke lie citA para rakha diyaa|" isa vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki dIvAloM meM putaliyoM ke citra banAye jAte the, marakata maNi kI putaliyAM banatI thIM, hAthIdAMta kI putaliyAM banAyI evaM gar3hI jAtI thiiN| isake atirikta yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki 7-8vIM sadI meMsthApatya evaM mattikalA Adi kA carama vikAsa hone ke kAraNa sAhitya meM unakI upamA denA eka paramparA bana gayI thii| udyotana ke pUrva mahAkavi bANa ne sthApatya, citra, zilpa evaM mRNmayamUtti kalAoM se utprekSAeM grahaNa kI haiM / anya phuTakara mUttiyAM udadyotana ne vApI ke varNana ke prasaMga meM sopAna para vanAyI gayI svarNa kI pratihArI kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa svarNa-nirmita pratihArI kA sambandha 1. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 62 2. raghuvaMza, 16-17 3. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 32 4. sukumAla-pANi-pAo jAo maNimaya-vAullao viya dArao tti / -212.25 5. pakkhitA ya sA mahAgaiMdaM-daMta-ghaDiyavvavAulliyAvijjAhara-bAliyA-239.26. 6. a0-kA0 sAM0 a0, pR0 266. 7. maNi-somANa-viNimmiya-kaMcaNa-paDihAra dhariya-sirisohA-94.17.

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mUtti-kalA 339 kisI jalayantra vizeSa se honA cAhie, kintu udyotana ne aisA koI saMketa nahIM diyA hai / anyatra keza samhArane ke vyAja se stanabhAga dikhAtI huI kuvalayamAlA kA ullekha hai-kesasaMjayaNa-miseNa-vaMsiyaM thaNaMtara (159.30) / yaha prAcIna mUttikalA kI eka prasiddha bhAva-bhaMgimA thI / canDasoma Adi pAMca vyaktiyoM dvArA apanI-apanI ratna kI pratimAeM sthApita karane kA bhI ullekha kuvalayamAlA meM hai|' isase jJAta hotA hai ki devoM ke atirikta vyaktigata mUttiyA~ bhI nirmita kI jAne lagI thiiN| pratimAoM ke vibhinna Asana : udyotana ne dharmanandana muni ke ziSyoM kI caryA ke sambandha meM dhyAna ke vibhinna AsanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / yathA 1. pratimAgatA (paDimA-gayA) 2. niyama meM sthita (Niyama-TThiyA) 3. vIrAsaNa (vIrAsaNa-TThiyA) 4. kukkuTa Asana (ukkuDuyAsaNa) 5. godohana Asana (godohasaMThiyA) 6. padmAsana (paumAsaNa-TThiya) pratimAvijJAna meM AsanoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| kisa devatA kI mUrti kisa Asana meM banAyI jAya isameM do bAtoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| prathama, deva ke svabhAva evaM pada-pratiSThA ke kAraNa usake anukUla Asana sthira kiyA jAtA thaa| dUsare, dhyAna evaM yoga kI siddhi ke lie pratimAoM ko vizeSa Asana pradAna kiye jAte the|3 kyoMki upAsya evaM upAsaka donoM meM ekAtmakatA sthApita karane ke lie donoM ke dhyAna ke AsanoM meM bhI ekarUpatA Avazyaka samajhI jAtI thii| kuvalayamAlA ke uparyukta sandarbha meM jaina sAdhu unhIM AsanoM (pratimAoM) meM sthita hokara dhyAna kara rahe the, jinase unakI cittavRtti kA nirodha ho sake / ina AsanoM kA pratimA-sthApatya meM bhI prabhAva rahA hai| uparyukta AsanoM meM se godohana-Asana ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI bhAratIya mUttiyoM meM prayukta hue haiN| hindU, jaina evaM bauddha ina sabhI mUttiyoM meM padmAsana pratimAeM upalabdha haiM / aisI pratimAoM kA pUjA ke lie adhika prayoga hotA hai| 1. NimmaviyAI attaNo-rUva-sarisAI rayaNa-paDirUvayAI-102.29. 2. jiNa-vayaNaM jhAyaMtA aNNe paDimA-gayA muNiNo-34.28 3. 'dhyAna yogasya saMsiddhaya pratimAH parikalpitAH' / 4. draSTavya, zu0-bhA0 sthA0, pR0 456.

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kuvalayamAlAkA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana niyamAsana (yogAsana) prArthanA ke lie lagAyI jAtI thii| vIyasana meM nAgapura kI zivapratimA draSTavya hai| godoina-pAsana meM abhI taka koI mUrti upalabdha nahIM huI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko isI bAsana meM kevala jJAna prApta huA thaa| ataH yaha prAsana jaina-paramparA meM adhika pracalita ho gyaa| isa Asana kI dhyAna aura yoma kI dRSTi se kaI upayogitAe~ bhI haiN| isameM yogI nirantara sajaga rahatA hai tathA dharatI (bhautika jagata) se kama se kama usakA sambandha raha jAtA hai| 1. pratimA-vijJAna, pR0 229. 2. draSTavya-AcArya rajanIza, mahAvIra : merI dRSTi meM', 614.20

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adhyAya sAta dhArmika jIvana

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pariccheda eka pramukha dharma kuvalayamAlAkahA ke racanAkAra zrI udyotanasUri jainadharma ke zvetAmbara sampradAya ke sAdhu the| jainadharma evaM darzana ke prakANDa paMDita / unhoMne grantha meM jainadharma kA sAMgopAMga varNana kiyA hai / jainadharma ke varNana ke prati granthakAra jitane udAra haiM utane ho apane samaya kI adhyAtmacetanA evaM dhArmika gatividhiyoM ke prati sajaga bhii| prasaMgavaza uddyotana ne anya dharmoM ke sambandha meM vistRta evaM vividha sAmagrI prastuta kI hai| vibhinna dhArmika AcAryoM, tapasviyoM, pravartakoM, maThoM, dArzanika matoM, devI-devatAoM evaM tIrthayAtriyoM ke sambandha meM kuva0 meM jo vivaraNa upalabdha hai, usake adhyayana se 8 vIM zatAbdI ke dhArmika jagat kA spaSTa citra upasthita ho jAtA hai| uddyotanasUri ne kuva0 meM dhArmika vivaraNa kisI eka prasaMga meM nahIM diyA hai| rAjA dRDhavarman kI dIkSA ke samaya vibhinna dhArmika AcAryoM evaM unake matoM kA vistRta varNana hai| zeSa jAnakArI chaTa-puTa prasaMgoM se milatI hai| sampUrNa dhArmika sAmagrI ko jAMcane evaM vargIkRta karane se prAcIna bhArata ke prAyaH sabhI pramukha dharmo, sampradAyoM evaM vicAradhArAoM ke sambandha meM kucha na kucha prakAza par3atA hai| ataH grantha ke varNakrama kI apekSA viSaya ke vargIkaraNa ke anusAra hI isa dhArmika vivaraNa kA adhyayana prastuta karanA ucita hogaa| zaiva dharma __AThavIM zatAbdI meM zaiva dharma paryApta vikasita ho cakA thaa| usake svarUpa meM paurANika tattvoM kA samAveza ho gayA thaa| rudra evaM ziva ke sambandhoM meM ghaniSThatA thii| liMgapUjA kA sUtrapAta ho cakA thaa| vaidika zaiva dharma aba aneka sampradAyoM meM vibhakta thaa| kApAlika, kAruNika, kola, zAkta Adi unameM pramukha the| ziva ke vibhinna rUpa-mahAkAla, zazizekhara, hara, zaMkara, trinetra, ardhanArIzvara,

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344 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana yogIrAja Adi tatkAlIna samAja meM prasiddha the| zava parivAra meM rudra, skanda, SaDmukha, gajendra, vinAyaka, gaNAdhipa, vIrabhadra, Adi devatA kAtyAyanI, koTTajA, durgA, ambA Adi deviyA~, bhUta-pizAca Adi gaNa sammilita the, jinake sambandha meM kuvalayamAlAkahA se paryApta jAnakArI milatI hai|| udyotanasUri ne isa grantha meM rAjA dRr3havarmana kI dIkSA ke samaya jina 33 prAcAryoM ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unameM zaiva, vaiSNava, vaidika, paurANika, AjIvaka Adi dharmoM ke vibhinna sampradAyoM kA samAveza hai| dhArmika AcArya apane-apane mata kA paricaya dete haiN| rAjA unake hitAhita kA vicAra karatA hai| isa sandarbha meM zaiva dharma ke nimnAMkita sampradAyoM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / advaitavAdI-'bhakSya-abhakSya meM samAna tathA gamya-agamya meM koI antara nahIM hai (yaha) hamArA uttama dharma advaitavAda kahA gayA hai| isa vicAradhArA kA sambandha vedAnta ke advaitavAda se nahIM hai| vastutaH aise AcAryoM kA sambandha usa samaya kApAlikoM Adi se adhika thaa| zaiva sampradAya kI kaI zAkhAe~ khAnapAna evaM AcaraNa meM ucita-anucita kA vicAra nahIM karatI thiiN| 10vIM zatAbdI taka kaula sampradAya kI yaha mAnyatA bana cukI thI ki sabhI prakAra ke peya-apeya, bhakSya-abhakSya, Adi meM niHzaMkacitta hokara pravRtti karane se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai|2 mAMsAhAra aura madya kA vyavahAra inakI dhArmika kriyAoM meM sammilita thaa|3 rAjA dRr3havarman aisI kriyAoM ko loka evaM paraloka ke viruddha kahakara asvIkAra kara detA hai| kyoMki indriyoM kA nigraha karanA hI vAstavika dharma hai| sadvaitavAdI-he rAjan! Apa ThIka kahate haiN| pAMca pavitra AsanoM se yukta hamArA uttama dharma sadvaitavAdI kahA gayA hai| isa mata ke prAcArya kA kisa sampradAya se sambandha thA yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| kyoMki pAMca pavitra upAsanAoM (AsanoM) ko spaSTa nahIM kiyA gyaa| kintu rAjA ke isa khaNDana-yukta kathana dvArA ki svAda-iMndriya ke anukUla bhojana karanA evaM sparza-indriya ke sukha Adi 1. bhakkhAbhakkhANa samaM gammAgammANa aMtaraM Natthi / ___ advaita-vAya-bhaNio dhammo amhANa Nikkhuddo ||-vhii, 204 : 19 2. sarveSu peyApeyabhakSyAbhakSyAdiSu niHzaMkacittovRtAt iti kulAcAryAH / -yazastilaka, pR0 269, uttarArgha 3. raNDAcaNDAdikkhiyAdhammadArA majjaM maMsaM pijjae khajjae ca / bhikkhA bhojjaM cammakhaNDaM ca sejjA kolo dhammo kassa na hoI rammo // -karamaMjarI, 1-23 :, bhAvasaMgraha, 183 4. eyaM loya-viruddhaM paraloya-viruddhayaM pi paccakkhaM / --kuva0, 204.21. viNNappasi deva phuDaM maMca-pavithi AsaNa-vihIya / saddaita-vAya-bhaNio dhammo amhANa Nikkhuddo // -vahI 204.23.

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pramukha - dharma 345 adharma hai, ' / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa mata ke prAcArya madya-mAMsa dvArA devatA kI arcanA karate rahe hoMge evaM prasAda ke rUpa meM apanI jihvA iMndriya kI tRpti / somadeva ne isI prakAra ke sampradAyoM kI AlocanA karate hue kahA ki loga indriyalolupatA tathA apane svArtha ke kAraNa mAMsa khAte haiM / usake sAtha dharma aura Agama ko vyartha hI jor3a rakhA hai / udyotana ke samaya ye sadvaitavAdI kyoM kahalAte the, yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA / zAyada advaita ke sAtha dvaita mAnane ke kAraNa inheM sadvaitavAdI kahA gayA hai jisameM darzana kI dRSTi se viziSTAdvaita, dvaitAdvaita saMjJAyeM A sakatI haiM / kintu mAMsa bhakSaNa inake anuyAyiyoM dvArA nahIM hotA thA / zaivaparamparA meM advaitavAda ke sAtha dvaitAdvaita, viziSTAdvaita kI paramparA rahI hai / jisameM upAsanA pracalita hogI use sadvaitavAda kahA gayA hai / yaha sadvaitavAda pAMcarAtra paraMparA kA bhI pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki usameM mAMsa bhakSaNa pracalita nahIM thA / usameM vAsudeva kI pUjA, abhigamana, upAdAna, ijyA, svAdhyAya evaM yoga ina pAMca vidhiyoM dvArA kI jAtI thI / kApAlika - 'dharma meM sthita (sAdhu) ko jo apanA evaM apanI patnI kA zarIra samarpita karatA hai, vaha sAdhu tairate hue tUMbe ke samAna usa vyakti ko isa bhava-samudra se pAra kara detA hai / isa mata ke AcArya kA sambandha usa samaya meM pracalita kApAlika sAdhuoM ke dharma se pratIta hotA hai / kApAlika sampradAya ke sambandha meM sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai usase spaSTa hai ki ve zaiva sampradAya kI zAkhA ke sAdhu the / kApAlikoM kA ullekha lalitavistara ( pra017 ), bhavabhUti ke mAlatImAdhava ( aMka 1 ), samarAiccakahA (bhava 4 ), yazastilaka ( uttarArdha, pR0 281) yAmunAcArya ke Agama- pramANa Adi granthoM meM milatA hai, jisase unakI dhArmika kriyAoM para prakAza par3atA hai / udyotana ne kApAlikoM kA do bAra ullekha kiyA hai / mitradroha kA pApa kApAlika vrata dhAraNa karane se dUra ho sakatA hai / tathA mahAmasAna meM sundarI apane pati ke zava kI rakSA karatI huI kApAlika bAlikA sadRza dikhAyI par3atI thI / isase spaSTa hai ki AThavIM sadI meM kApAlika mata ke pracAraka the evaM 1. lomasahAre jibbhidiyassa aNukUlamAsaNaM phaMse / dhammAo / vahI, 25. 2. lolaindriyairlokamanonukUlaiH svajovanAyAgama eSa sRSTaH / 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. - yazastilaka, pR0 130. uttarArdha / brahmasUtra, 2.2.42 para zaMkarAcArya kI TIkA. dhammaTTiyassa dijjai Niyaya-kalattaM pi attaNo dehaM / tArei so taraMto alAvu - sariso bhava-samuddaM // -- ku0 204.27. yazastilaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara, pR0 356-57. kauM prAvu mittassa vacaNaM / kAvAliya-vrata dharaNe / --kuva0 63.22. kAvAliya- bAliya vva mahA-masANa - majjhammi / - vahI 225 - 31.

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346 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyanaya zmazAna meM striyoM ke sAtha madya-mAMsa Adi kA sevana karanA kApAlikoM meM pracalita thA / kApAlikoM kI dhArmika kriyAoM meM striyoM ke sahavAsa para koI niSedha nahIM thA / kApAlika sAdhu bhagAsanastha hokara AtmA kA dhyAna karatA thA / ' 10vIM sadI taka ye trikamata ko mAnane lage the, jisake anusAra bAMyI ora strI ko baiThAkara svayaM ziva aura pArvatI ke samAna AcaraNa karanA vihita thA / madya-mAMsa evaM striyoM ke sahavAsa ke kAraNa hI somadeva ne jaina sAdhutroM ko kApAlikoM kA samparka hone para mantra-snAna karane ko kahA hai / sambhavataH isIlie dRr3havarman bhI ina kApAlikoM ko bhogI hone se muni nahIM mAnatA evaM jo muni nahIM haiM, unheM kucha dene se kyA phAyadA ? ve jala meM zilA kI bhA~ti dUsare ko tArane meM kahA~ taka samartha ho sakate haiM ? mahAbhairava - kuvalayamAlA meM sundarI kI avasthA kI upamA mahAbhairava ke vrata se dI gayI hai / zmazAnabhUmi meM kandhe para zava ko lAde hue, jarjara cithar3e pahane hue, dhUla se dhUsarita zarIra vAle, bikhare keza evaM malina veSadhArI mahAbhairava ke vrata ke samAna AcaraNa karatI huI vaha sundarI bhikSA mAMgatI thI / zAkta sampradAya meM zakti sampanna deviyoM kI arcanA, ArAdhanA Adi sammilita thI / kyoMki zakti ke upAsaka hone ke kAraNa hI isa mata ko mAnane vAle zAkta kahalAte haiM / zAkta sampradAya ke tantra sAhitya meM zakti ke vibhinna rUpoM kA varNana hai / deviyoM meM prAnandabhairavI, tripurasundarI, lalitA Adi pramukha haiN| Anandabhairava ko hI mahAbhairava kahA gayA hai, jo nau vyUhoM se nirmita hai / yaha mahAbhairava hI devI kI AtmA hotA hai tathA saMhAra meM pradhAna hotA hai| sRSTi meM mahAbhairavI pramukha hotI hai / " 1 kuvalayamAlA ke ukta sandarbha se jJAta hotA hai ki zmazAna meM malina veSa dhAraNa kiye hue zava ko kandhe para rakhakara mahAbhairavI kI sAdhanA kI jAtI thI / zmazAna bhUmi meM bhairavoM dvArA vratoM kI sAghanA bANa ke samaya meM bhI pracalita thI / bhairavAcArya ke svarUpa evaM unakI vetAla sAdhanA kA anukaraNa AThavIM sadI meM bhI ho rahA thA / 10 vIM sadI meM kApAlika ziva ke bhairava rUpa kI sAdhanA 1. draSTavya, brahmasUtra 2.2.35-36 para rAmAnuja kA bhASya / 2. yazastilaka, uttarArdha, pR0 269. 3. i bhuMjai kaha va muNI aha Na muNI kiM ca tassa diNNeNa / AroviyA silovari ki taraha zilA jale gahire // kuva0 204.29. 4. tattha khaMdhAroviya-kaMkAlA jara cIra-NiyaMsaNA dhUli -paMDara - sarIrA uddha-kesA maNi- vesA mahAbhairava vayaM piva caraMtI bhikkhaM bhamiUNa / - ku0 225.27. 5. saundaryalaharI - TIkA - lakSmIdhara, maisUra saMskaraNa, zloka 34. 6. a0 - ha0 a0, pR0 57-60.

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pramukha-dharma 347 manuSya kI bali dekara karate the|' karpUramaMjarI meM bhairavAnanda kA svarUpa evaM kArya isI prakAra kA varNita hai| Atma-vadhika-'he naranAtha ! jo jIva sAhasa evaM balapUrvaka satyakriyA (Atmavadha) kA Alambana karatA hai usakI sugati hotI hai aisA hamAre dharma meM kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra kA kathana karane vAle AcArya kA sambandha mahAsAhasika Adi zaiva sampradAya ke sAdhuoM se rahA hogA, jo Atmavadha evaM Atma-rudhirapAna Adi bhayaMkara sAdhanA kiyA karate the| Atmavadha karane ke aneka sandarbha jaina-sUtroM meM milate haiN| kintu AtmapIr3ana kA dhAmika-kriyAoM ke sAtha sambandha vizeSatayA zaiva prampradAya kI zAkhAoM meM hI adhika pracalita rahA / jAtakoM evaM laukika kathAoM meM bhI satyakriyA (Atmavadha) ke sandarbha prApta hote haiN| lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM bhI kApAlika mahAkAla kI prasanna karane ke lie AtmamAMsa kA arpaNa karate rahate the| pAzupata mata ke anuyAyI draviNa muNDopahAra dvArA vetAla ko prasanna karate the| cInI yAtrI yuvAnaccAMga ne prayAga ke eka maMdira kA varNana karate hue likhA hai ki vahA~ kucha bhakta svarga kI prApti ke liye Atmavadha kara rahe the|' uddyotana ke samaya taka Atmavadha kI paramparA aura vikasita ho cukI thii| 10 vIM sadI meM Atmavadha karane vAle sAdhu apane ko mahAvratI kahane lage the, jo apanA mAMsa kATane ke liye hamezA hAtha meM talavAra liye rahate the| prAtmavadha kI isa prakAra kI ghaTanAyeM kucha dhArmika avadhatoM dvArA Ajakala bhI yatra-tatra dikhAyI par3atI haiN| jainadharma ne Atmavadha dvArA dhArmika kriyAyeM karane kA hamezA virodha kiyA hai| inako lokamUDhatA kI saMjJA dI gayI hai, jo pApabandha kA kAraNa hai / isIliye dRr3havarman bhI aise dharma kA virodha karatA huA socatA hai ki Atmavadha veda evaM 1. jaina-yaza0 sAM0 a0, pR0 104. 2. jo kuNai sAhasa-balaM sattaM avalaMbiUNa NaraNAha / tassa kira hoi sugaI maha dhammo esa paDihAi // -vahI, 204.31 3. ja0-0 A0 sa0, pR0 375. 4. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 89. X. The Chinese travellers Yuan-chwang, in the first half of the seventh centuary, describes a temple, at Prayaga (Allahabad), where certain devotees commited suicide in the hope of gaining the paradise of the gods. -Watters : On Yuan Chwang, 1, p. 362. 6. yazastilaka, pR0 127.

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348 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zruti ke viruddha evaM buddhimAnoM dvArA nindita kiyA gayA hai| yadi Atmavadha se sugati prApta hone lage to viSa ko bhI amRta ho jAnA caahie|' parvata-patanaka-'jo koI mahAdhIra U~ce parvata para jAkara apane ko girAtA hai, vahI usakA dharma hai / 2 yaha Atmavadha karane vAle sAdhuoM kA mata thaa| isake aneka prakAra the| parvata se giranA, nadI meM DUbanA, vRkSa kI zAkhA se laTakanA evaM agni meM praveza karanA aadi| ina sAdhanoM se apane jIvana kA anta karanA eka dhArmika vizvAsa bana gayA thaa| harSacarita meM bhagupatana sthAna meM apane Apako nIce girAkara AtmAhuti dene vAle vyaktiyoM kA ullekha haikecidaatmaanNbhRgussubbndhuH-| bhRgupatana, kAzIkaravaTa, karISAgni-dahana aura samudra meM Atmavilaya, jIvana ko anta karane ke pramukha sAdhana the| kucha vidvAnoM ne jainadharma ko sallekhanA ko bhI Atmavadha ko zreNI meM rakhA hai, kintu yaha bhUla sallekhanA ke marma ko na samajhane ke kAraNa huI hai| anya sAdhanoM se Atmavadha karate samaya vyakti sarAgI evaM svarga phala Adi kI icchA karane vAlA hone se kugati prApta karatA hai, jabaki sallekhanA pariNAmoM ko zuddha karane ko eka prakriyA hai, jahA~ kisI prakAra kI icchA-abhilASA ko sthAna nahIM diyA jaataa|" gugguladhAraka-guggula ko dhAraNa karanA bhI dharma hai (dhammo jo guggulaM dharai, 204.35) / guggula dhAraNa karane ko dhArmika kriyAoM ke antargata chaThI zatAbdI taka sammilita kara liyA gayA thaa| mahAkavi bANa ne mahAkAla kI pUjA ke sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai ki naye sevakoM ke sira para guggula jalAkara mahAkAla ko prasanna kiyA jAtA thaa| sira para guggula jalAne se kapAla kI haDDI taka dikhane lagatI thii| sevaka pIr3A se chaTapaTAte rahate the| ye saba raudra ke bhakta hote the| AThavIM zatAbdI meM isa prakAra kI vikaTa sAdhanA karane vAle dhArmikoM kI bharamAra thii| 10 vIM sadI meM isa prakAra kI siddhi karane vAloM ko sAdhaka kahA jAtA thA, jo guggula jalAne kI paramparA ke saMvAhaka the| dRr3havarman ne isa prakAra kI AtmapIr3ana kI kriyAoM ko tAmasa maraNa kahA hai|' eka anya prasaMga meM udyotana ne mathurA ke anAthamaMDapa meM anya bhikhAriyoM ke 1. veya-suIsu viruddho appavaho Nidio ya vibuhehiM / jai tassa hoi sugaI visaM pi amayaM bhavejjAsu // -- kuva0 204.33. 2. vahI-204.35. 3. a0-ha0 a0, pR0 105 4. attANaM mAreto pAvai kuvaI jio sarAya-maNo / -kuva0 205.1. jaina-bhA0 0 yo 6. 'dagdhaguggulavaH raudrAH' -harSacarita, pR0 103, 153. 7. sAdhakalokanijazirodahyamAnaguggularasam / -yazastilaka, pR0 49. 8. ethaM tAmasa maraNaM guggula-dharaNAiyaM savvaM // -kuva0 205.1.

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349 pramukha - dharma sAtha inakA (guggula) ullekha bhI kiyA hai / " prArambha meM sambhavataH guggula becane vAle ko guggulika kahA jAtA rahA hogA / kintu AThavIM sadI meM inakI koI vizeSa pratiSThA nahIM thI, kyoMki ye bhikhArI ke rUpa meM apanA bharaNa-poSaNa karate the / pArthiva pUjanavAdI - 'miTTI kI mUrti banAkara mantroccAraNa dvArA pApoM ko jalAne se sukha kI prApti hotI hai, dIkSA lene vAloM ke lie yahI eka dharma hai / isa mata ke prAcArya kA samvandha mantravAdiyoM se rahA hogA, jo mantroM dvArA aneka camatkAra dikhAne ke lie prasiddha the / mantroM dvArA pApoM se mukta honA rAjA ko nahIM jaMcatA, kyoMki pApa-bandhana to tapa aura dhyAna dvArA hI naSTa ho sakate haiN| zaMkara kI pArthiva mUrti banAkara pUjana karanA Aja bhI pracalita hai / vivAha kArya meM bhI gaurI gaNeza Adi kI mUrtiyA~ pArthiva hI hotI haiM, jinakA mantroM se pUjana kiyA jAtA haiM / kAruNika - 'dukhI kITa pataMgoM ko unake isa kujanma se chuTakArA dilAkara agale janma meM ve sukhI hoMge aisA socanA hI karuNAmaya dharma hai / 4 ina kAruNikoM kA sambandha vAcaspati mizra ke anusAra zaiva sampradAyoM se thA / 9vIM sadI meM zaivadharmaM meM pramukha cAra sampradAya the- zaiva, pAzupata, kApAlika evaM kAruNikasaiddhAntika / brahmasUtra ke zaMkarabhASya meM kAruNikoM ko kAruka - siddhAntI kahA gayA hai / yAmunAcArya ke AgamapramANa meM inako kAlamukha kahA gayA hai / " sambhavataH kAruNika, kAruka evaM kAlamukha ina tInoM ke siddhAntoM meM samAnatA rahI hogii| rAjA dRr3havarman jIvoM para isa prakAra kI karuNA ko ucita nahIM samajhatA, jisameM unheM apanA jIvana khonA pdd'e| kyoMki jo jIva jisa yoni meM janma letA hai vahIM saMtuSTa rahatA hai / koI bhI jIva maranA nahIM cAhatA / ataH karuNapUrvaka kisI ko mAra kara usake vartamAna jIvana se chuTakArA dilAnA ucita nahIM hai / duSTa- jIvasaMhAraka - zArdUla, siMha, rIcha, sarpa evaM cora Adi duSTa haiM / ye saikar3oM jIvoM ko mArate haiM / ataH unakA badha karanA hI dharma hai | ( kuva0 1. ekammi aNAha - maMDave - gugguliya bhoyA / - - vahI 55.10,12. 2. kAUNa puDhavi-purisaM Dajjai maMtehiM jattha jaM pAvaM / dI vijjai jeNa suhaM so dhammo hoi dikkhAe // - kuva0 205.19. 3. vahI, 205.21. 4. dukkhiya - kIDa payaMgA moeUNaM kujAi jammAI | aNNattha hoMti suhiyA eso karuNAparo dhammo // - vahI 206.3. 5. ha0 - ya0 i0 ka0, pR0 234. 6. za0 rA0 e0, pR0 413. 7. ku0 - 206.5.

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350 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 206.7) / aisA mata kisa sampradAya vizeSa meM pracalita thA, kucha jJAta nahIM ho sakA / jIvahiMsA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa rAjA ise dharma nahIM mAnatA (206.9) / sambhavataH tatkAlIna zaivadharma ke kisI sampradAya meM aisI dhAraNA rahI ho / devI-devatA kuvalayamAlAkahA meM aneka devI-devatAoM ke ullekha vibhinna prasaMgoM meM prApta hote haiM, jo isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki udyotanasUri apane samaya ke dhArmika jIvana se pUrNa paricita hI nahIM apitu sUkSmadRSTA bhI the| inhoMne aise aneka devIdevatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo AThavIM sadI meM bhArata ke vibhinna sthAnoM para pUje jAte the| isa deva-parivAra ke kavi ne do bheda kiye haiM-sarAgI aura virAgI devtaa| sarvajJadeva ke atirikta anya sabhI devatAoM ko unhoMne sarAgI kahA hai, jo pUjana, arcana evaM bhakti se prasanna hokara dhanAdi phala pradAna karate haiM tathA bhakti na karane para ruSTa ho jAte haiM / ' grantha meM ullikhita deva-parivAra isa prakAra haiM(a) AryadevatA aravinda, aravindanAtha Aditya, gajendra, gaNAdhipa, govinda, tridazendra, nAgendra, nArAyaNa, purandara, prajApati, baladeva, buddha, mahAkAla, ravi, sUrya, rudra, revantaka, mahAbhairava, vinAyaka, skanda, svAmIkumAra, zaMkara, zazizekhara, hara, hari / (A) anya devatA kinnara, kiMpuruSa, gandharva, nAga, mahoraga, yakSa, lokapAla, vyantara, siddha, rAkSasa, bhUta, pizAca, vetAla, vaisadeva, puDhavipurisa / (i) deviyAM amvA, kAtyAyanI, kuTTajA, caNDikA, joginI, durgA, mAtA, didhi, lakSmI, sarasvatI, sAvitrI, zrI, hrI, sapta-mAtRkAe~, panthadevI (83.26), jAtApahAriNI, pUtanA, sakunI (274.34), vijayA, aparAjitA jayantI, kumArI, ambAlA (201.21) / grantha meM ullikhita ina samasta devI-devatAoM ko unake svarUpa evaM kArya Adi ke AdhAra para zaiva, vaiSNava, vaidika, paurANika, jaina evaM lokadharma se sambandhita deva-parivAroM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina dharmoM ke pRthakapRthak adhyayana ke sAtha ho inake devI-devatAoM para bhI prakAza DAlA jaayegaa| yahA~ zaiva parivAra ke devatAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta hai| ziva ke vibhinna rUpa-kuva0 meM ziva ke vibhinna svarUpoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai / zazizekhara (jinake mastaka para candramA suzobhita hai), kI ArAdhanA 1. bhattIe je u tuThThA NiyamA rUsaMti te abhttiie| -kuva0 257.3.

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pramukha-dharma AtmamAMsa ke samapaMNa dvArA kI jAtI thI, jisameM prANa-saMzaya banA rahatA thaa|' sira para candradhArI ziva kI tatkAlIna prApta mUttiyoM se uddyotana kA yaha varNana pramANita ho jAtA hai| ziva ko vibhinna prasaMgoM meM udyotana ne trinayana, hara, dhavaladeha evaM zaMkara nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai / kumAra kuvalayacandra ke aMgoM kI upamA trinayana se dI gayI hai, kintu kumAra trinayana jaisA nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki yuvatI ke zarIra se yukta usakA vAmAMga hIna nahIM hai| ziva ke trinetra evaM ardhanArIzvara rUpa kA spaSTa ullekha hai / ziva kA trinetra aura ardhanArIzvara rUpa sAhitya evaM kalA meM ati pracalita hai| DA0 Ara0 sI0 agravAla ne AbAnerI, osiyA evaM menAla kI ardhanArIzvara mattiyoM kA sundara varNana kiyA hai evaM khaNDelA abhilekha kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM lagabhaga 7vIM (645 I0) sadI meM ardhanArIzvara ke maMdira banavAne kA ullekha hai| ziva ke zarIra kA raMga, vAhana evaM sira para gagAdhAraNa karane kI pracalita mAnyatAoM ko udyotana ne eka paMkti meM sundara evaM alaMkRta rUpa meM rakhA haidhavala-vAhaNa-dhavala-dehassa sire bhramiti jA vimala-jala (kuva0 63.25) / zveta zivamUrti, zveta nandI evaM ziva ke sira para gaMgA kI dhArA sAhitya meM to pracalita thI hI, usa samaya kalA meM bhI isakA aMkana hone lagA thaa| ___ saMkaTa ke samaya hara-hara mahAdeva kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA thA tathA hara kI yAtrA karane kI manautI mAnI thii| isa yAtrA kA lakSya hara ke kisa maMdira kI arcanA karanA thA yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| sambhavataH yaha mahAkAlaziva se bhinna koI zivatIrtha honA caahie| yAtriyoM kA jahAja sopAraka bandaragAha kI tarapha lauTa rahA thaa| samudrI tUphAna meM phaMse huye yAtrI hara kI manautI mAnakara usase bacanA cAhate the| ataH sambhava hai, yaha hara kA prasiddha mandira kahIM rAjasthAna meM hI rahA hogaa| rAjasthAna meM kAlakAlezvara kA mandira mahAkAla kI taraha hI hI pavitra mAnA jAtA thaa| AbU kA acalezvara kA maMdira bhI una dinoM prasiddha thaa| ziva ke yogI svarUpa kI tulanA udyotana ne vijayApurI ke pAmarajanoM se kI hai| vahA~ ke kucha loga zaMkara jaise apAra vaibhava ke svAmI evaM rabhAte huye matta vRSabha ko vaza meM karane vAle the (zarIra meM bhabhUti lapeTe hue ziva vRSabha 1. sasisehara samArAhaNa-ppamuhA pANa-saMsaya-kAriNo uvaayaa| - kuva0 13.27. 2. aNNekkAe bhaNiyaM-aMgehiM tiNayaNo nnjji| aNNekkAe bhaNiyaM-hojja hareNa samANo jai juvii-ghddiy-hiinn-vaamddho| -vahI 26.8, 9. 3. risarcara, 2, pR0 17. 4. ko vi harassa jattaM uvAiei / -kuva0 68.18. 5. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 377.

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352 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana para paaruuddh')|' badherA se prApta ziva kI yogIzvara mUrti se kuvalayamAlA kA yaha kathana pramANita hotA hai / 2 sAhitya meM to yogirAja ziva ke aneka ullekha haiN| mahAkAla-mahAkavi vANa ke vAda udyotanasUri dvArA mahAkAla kA ullekha eka mahattvapUrNa sandarbha hai| AThavIM zatAbdI meM bhI joga, joginI, siddha, tAntrika evaM yantravAdiyoM ke dvArA sevita mahAkAla ziva kI ArAdhanA tathA prabhAva kA isa grantha se patA calatA hai| usa samaya mahAkAla kI AjJA samasta pRthvI ke devI-devatA mAnate the| udyotana ne mahAkAla ke mandira meM dI jAne vAlI bali Adi kA jo varNana kiyA hai, vaha pUrva varNanoM se vistRta evaM sUkSma hai / ujjayinI ke mahAkAla ziva ko uddyotana ne mahAkAla bhaTTAraka ke rUpa bhI smaraNa kiyA hai| mahAkAla bhaTTAraka kI prasiddha ujjayinI se mathurA taka vyApta thii| bhaktoM meM aisA vizvAsa thA ki mahAkAla bhaTTAraka kI sevA meM jo vyakti 6 mAha raha letA hai usakA kor3ha roga jar3a se samApta ho jAtA hai|" uddyotana dvArA mahAkAla ziva kA ullekha karanA isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki rAjasthAna meM bhI mahAkAla ziva kI vahI pratiSThA thI ki prativarSa hajAroM yAtrI rAjasthAna se unake darzanoM ke lie uttara bhArata meM jAte rahe hoNge| ___ rudra-udyotana ne apane grantha meM rudra kA kevala tIna bAra anya devatAoM ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai| rAnI prayaMguzyAmA ke kahane para putra prApti ke lie rAjA ne pUsa nakSatra evaM bhUta div| meM (puus-nnkkht-jutt-bhuuy-diyhe-14.4)| skanda evaM rudra Adi devatAoM ko vali pradAna kI (14.5) / dUsare prasaMga meM skanda evaM rudra Adi devatAoM ko sarAgI kahA gayA hai, jo bhakti se prasanna hokara vara pradAna karate haiM (256.31) / tIsare prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki sandhyA hote hI nagara ke rudra bhavanoM meM manohara gIta hone lagate the (82.32) / tathA eka anya prasaMga meM kuvalayacandra ne vindhyagiri meM aiNikA nAmaka tapasvinI kI kuTiyA meM putra-vIjaka vRkSa se banI huI rudrAkSa kI mAlAoM ko dekhA thA (122.5) / 1. aNNi-paNi saMkara-jaisaya bhUI-paribhoga-Dhekkata-dariya vasahekka-viyAvaDa va tti / - kuva0 149.15. 2. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 376. 3. sayala-dharA-maMDalabbhaMtare joya-joyaNI-siddha-taMta-saMta-seviyassa mahAkAlassa va tujjha deva-devA vi ANaM paDicchaMti / ---12.26. The description given by Uddyotanasuri is much more detailed about the bloody affering and secrifices and use as wine and the skull of human beings and Vetala-Sadhana carried on the temple.-Kuv. Int., p. 115. (V.S, Agrawala). 5. mahAkAla-bhaDArayahaM chammAse sevaNNa kuNaijeNa mUlahejje phitttti|-kuv0 55.18.

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pramukha-dharma 353 rudra ke sambandha meM uparyukta .ndarbho se yaha spaSTa hai ki duHkhanivAraNa evaM putra prApti ke lie rudra ko bali dekara prasanna kiyA jAtA thaa| rudra bhakti, pUjA, arcanA se prasanna hotA thaa| rudrapUjA ke lie alaga maMdira banane lage the evaM stotroM ko unameM gAyA jAtA thaa| rudra ke svarUpa evaM usakI dhArmika mAnyatA ke vikAsa para dRSTipAta karane se uparyukta vivaraNa pramANita ThaharatA hai / Rgveda meM rudra ko paramazakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara usakI aneka prArthanAe~ kI gayI haiM (R0 - 1.114.8; 7.46.2) / baccoM kI rakSA karane ke lie rudra isa samaya prasiddha thaa| use divya cikitsaka kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH isI mAnyatA ke kAraNa rAjA ne usase putraprApti kI AkAMkSA kI ho / Age calakara rudra indra ke sAthI, ziva ke anucara tathA yama ke rakSaka svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| mRtyuJjayamantra dvArA rudra ko prasanna kara mRtyu se mukti kA prayatna kiyA jAtA thaa| usI se rudrAbhiSeka kI paramparA vikasita huI hai| rudra bhavanoM meM rudra kI mUtti bhI sthApita rahI hogii| kyoMki prAcIna sAhitya meM kASTha kI rudra-pratimA banAye jAne kA ullekha hai| skanda (svAmIkumAra)-kuvalayamAlA meM skanda kA anya devatAoM ke sAtha cAra bAra ullekha huA hai (2.29, 14.4, 68.19, 256.31) / rAmAyaNa (1.37) evaM mahAbhArata (vanaparva, 219) meM skanda ko agni aura gaMgA kA patra kahA gayA hai / jabaki purANa-paramparA meM skanda athavA kAttikeya ziva-pArvatI ke patra aura yuddha ke devatA mAne gaye haiN| jainasUtroM ke anusAra skanda-upAsanA mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI pracalita thii| skanda kI mUtti kASTha kI banAyI jAtI thii| amara koSa meM skanda ke sAta nAma diye gaye haiM / guptakAla taka skanda mahattvapUrNa devatA ho gayA thaa| gupta rAjAoM ke nAma (kumAra evaM skanda) tathA mudrAoM se yaha spaSTa hai / isa yuga ke sAhitya se bhI isI bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| kAlidAsa ne kumArasaMbhava kumAra kArtikeya kI utpatti se tArakAsura ke vinAza kI kathA ko lekara likhA hai| unhoMne meghadUta meM bhI unakI ArAdhanA kA varNana kiyA hai / gupta kAla meM uttara bhArata meM bhI skandakumAra kI pUjA pracalita thii| _skandapurANa se jJAta hotA hai ki skanda ke sAtha sAta mAtRkAyeM bhI sambandhita thiiN| skanda aneka rogoM ko dUra karane vAlA tathA duSTa AtmAoM ke upadrava ko zAnta karane vAlA devatA thaa| skanda kI yaha prasiddhi 8vIM sadI meM bhI thI, tabhI kuva0 meM samudrI tUphAna se bacane ke liye yAtrI usakA smaraNa karate 1. DA0 bhaNDArakara-vai0 zai00ma0, pR0 117.132. 2. hApakinsa, epika mAItholAjI, pR0 173. 3. ja0-0A0bhA0saM0, pR0 433. 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 315 evaM 115. 5. skandapurANa, kaumArikhaNDa 24-30. 23

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354 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana haiN|' skanda kAtikeya kI mUrti ke hAtha meM zakti kA aMkana dekhA jAtA hai, jo skanda ke zaktizAlI hone kA pramANa hai| skanda kI sundara mUrti koTA-saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha hai| sambhavataH 10vIM sadI taka skanda kI prasiddhi kama hone lagI thI, kyoMki tatkAlIna sAhitya-upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA, yazastilaka, bRhatkathAkoza Adi-meM skanda kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| kuvalayamAlA meM skanda ko khaMda kahA gayA hai / sambhavataH Age calakara yahI khaMda mahArASTra kA khaMDobA devatA hai, jisakI pUjA-prAratI abhI bhI kI jAtI hai| svAmIkumAra skanda kA apara nAma hai / udyotana ne svAmIkumAra kA do bAra (13.27, 26.12) ullekha kiyA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki isako pUjA bali Adi dekara kI jAtI thI, jisameM prANa-saMzaya banA rahatA thA (13.27) / striyA~ kuvalayacandra ke sauMdarya kI tulanA svAmIkumAra se karatI haiN| kintu usake SaDmukha hone ke kAraNa ve kuvalaya candra ko hI zreSTha mAnatI haiN| isa samaya taka SaDmukha vAle svAmIkumAra kI mUttiyA~ bhI banane lagI thIM / udyotana ne eka paDmukhAlaya (maMdira) kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM sAyaMkAla mayUra, kukkuDa evaM caDaka kA kalarava hotA rahatA thA (83.2) / uparyukta prasaMga meM kahIM bhI uddyotana ne skanda ke tIsare nAma kAttikeya kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| gajendra-kuvalayamAlA meM gaNeza-upAsanA sambandhI ullekha mahattvapUrNa haiN| gaNeza ke tIna nAma-gajendra (2.19, 14.4), vinAyaka (68.18) evaM gaNAdhipa (257.31) kuvalaya0 meM prApta hote haiM / gajendra pArmika-devatA ke rUpa meM pracalita thA tathA use putraprApti Adi ke lie bali bhI dI jAtI thii| vinAyaka ko saMkaTa ke samaya loga smaraNa karate the| gaNAdhipa kI pUjA dvArA loga aneka phaloM kI icchA rakhate the| udyotana ne aise devatAoM ko sarAgI kahA hai| gaNeza kA yaha gaNAdhipa nAma amarakoza (svarAdi khaMDa, 38) meM prApta ATha nAmoM meM se eka hai| vinAyakakuvalaya meM vinAyaka kA ullekha samudrI tUphAna kI vipatti ke samaya saMkaTa-mocana ke lie kiyA gayA hai / vyApArI vinAyaka kI manautI bolate haiN| vicaraNa karane vAlI AtmAoM ke lie 'vinAyaka' zabda kA prayoga gaNapatya 1. ko vi khaMdassa, kuva0 68.19. 2. bhaTazAlI, da AikonogrAphI Apha buddhisTa eNDa brAhmenikala skalpacarsa, pR0 147 phalaka 57 citra 3(e). 3. za0-rA0e0, pR0 392. 4. draSTavya, ja0-0A0bhA0sa0, pR0 432. 5. Najjai muddhattaNeNa sAmikumAro / aNNAe bhaNiyaM-saccaM hojja kumAro jai tA bhu-khNdd-sNghddiy-deho| -vahI0 26.12, 13. 6. ko vi viNAyagassa-uvAiya-sahasse bhaNai / --ku0 68.18.

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pramukha-dharma 355 sampradAya meM hotA thA / atharva siras upaniSad meM rudra kA aneka devoM yA AtmAoM se samIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, jinameM se eka vinAyaka bhI hai|' mahAbhArata meM gaNezvaroM aura vinAyakoM kA devatAoM ke sAtha ullekha huA hai, jo manuSyoM ke kAryo ko dekhate haiM tathA sarvatra vidyamAna rahate haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki stuti kiye jAne para vinAyaka aniSToM ko dUra kreN| Age cala kara mAnavagRhyasUtra (2.14) meM vinAyakoM kA vistRta varNana milatA hai, jisameM vinAyaka ko vighnakArI devatA mAnA hai tathA anta meM kahA gayA hai ki stuti karane para vaha kalyANakArI devatA bana jAtA hai| skandhapurANa meM vinAyaka kA svarUpa nAstikoM ke mArga meM vighna upasthita karane tathA bhaktoM ke vighna dUra karane ke rUpa meM varNita hai| siddha rSi ne bhI use zAnta, vighna-vinAzaka kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vinAyaka svabhAvataH aniSTakArI devatA thA tathA stuti karane para kalyANakArI ho jAtA thA / DA0 bhaNDArakara kA mata hai ki gaNapati vinAyaka upAsya devatA ke rUpa meM IsvI samvat ke pUrva hI pracalita ho gaye the| yAjJavalkyasmRti meM inakA jo varNana upalabdha hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki guptakAla meM gANapatya-sampradAya meM vinAyaka pramukha ho gaye the| kuvalayamAlA ke vinAyaka saMbandhI isa sAhityika sandarbha kI paSTi 8-9vIM zatAbdI ke purAtAtvika sAkSya se bhI hotI hai / jodhapura se 22 mIla dUra uttarapazcima meM ghaTiyArA nAmaka sthAna para jo vi0 saM0 918 (862 I0) kA stambha milA hai usa para utkINaM abhilekha meM vinAyaka ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| isase eka bAta aura spaSTa hotI hai ki jodhapura evaM jAlaura ke ilAke meM vinAyaka vighnavinAzaka devatA ke rUpa meM prasiddha the, jisase udyotanasUri paricita the| anyagaNa-grantha meM ziva ke anyagaNoM kA bhI ullekha hai| kintu inakA tIrthavandanA ke prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vIrabhadra, bhadrezvara unameM pramukha haiN| bhUta, rAkSasa, pizAca evaM vetAla bhI ziva ke gaNa the, jo mahAkAla kI sevA kiyA karate the| inakA paricaya vyantara-devatA ke antargata diyA gayA hai| zaiva sampradAya se sambandhita kucha deviyoM kA ullekha bhI kuvalayamAlA meM huA hai| unameM kAtyAyanI aura koTTajA pramukha haiN| unake paricaya isa prakAra haiN| kAtyAyanI-rAjA dar3havarman apanI rAnI ko sAntvanA dete hue kahatA hai ki trizUladhAriNI evaM bhaiMsA ke Upara sundara caraNa rakhane vAlI kAtyAyanI ke 1. DA0 bhaNDAkara-vai0 zai0 ma0-pR0 168.71. 2. anuzAsana parva, 151.26. 3. vahI, 150.57. 4. skandapurANa, kaumArika 27 pR0 9.15. 5. upa0 bha0 pra0- pR0 1. 6. dra0, za0-rA0 e0, pR0 390.

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356 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sAmane maiM apane sira kI bali dekara bhI tujhe eka putra kI prApti karAU~gA / ' kintu usake mantrI use salAha dete haiM ki kAtyAyanI kI ArAdhanA meM prANa-saMzaya banA rahatA hai / ataH kuladevatA kI ArAdhanA kara putra prApti karo / udyotana ne anyatra bhI caNDikA ko pazubali car3hAne kA ullekha kiyA hai / prAcIna bhArata meM kAtyAyanI zakti kI devI ke rUpa meM pUjI jAtI thI / kAtyAyanI ke caNDikA, durgA, bhavAnI, IzvarI, ambikA, kAlI, cAMdamArI, kauzikI Adi aneka nAma pracalita hue haiM / " samarAiccakahA evaM vAsavadattA meM isakA kAtyAyanI nAma bhI prayukta huA hai / lagabhaga 7vIM sadI se 10vIM taka kAtyAyanI kI ArAdhanA manuSya evaM pazuoM kI bali arpaNa dvArA hotI rahI hai / sambhavataH hiMsaka ArAdhya hone ke kAraNa zabara, bhIla evaM anya AdivAsI isake adhika bhakta the / kintu 10vIM sadI taka samAja kA ucca varga bhI kAtyAyanI ko ArAdhanA apane manorathapUrti ke lie karatA thA / kucha brAhmaNa parivAroM kI apanI iSTadeviyA~ bana gaI thIM / jaise - kAtyoM kI kAtyAyanI aura kuzika brAhmaNoM kI kozikI / ' bRhatkathAkoza kI caMDamArI evaM 'nAbhinandanajinoddhAra' graMtha kI caNDikA ke ullekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki dhIre-dhIre kAtyAyanI kI pUjA ahiMsaka hotI jA rahI thI / miSTAnna - arpaNa se bhI vaha saMtuSTa hone lagI thI / " 1 mUrtiyoM kAtyAyanI ke vibhinna nAmoM evaM rUpoM kA sAkSya tatkAlIna abhilekhoM evaM pramANita hotA hai / narahaDa se prApta 8vIM sadI kI mahiSAsuramardinI kI mUrti udyotana kI kAtyAyanI se ekadama milatI-julatI hai / ' tathA indrarAja cauhAna ke pratApagar3ha abhilekha meM mahiSAsuramardinI, durgA, kAtyAyanI ke nAma bhI prApta hote haiM / 10 kojA - kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita dhArmika sthAnoM meM koTTajA-gRha kA ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / DA0 vAsadevazaraNa agravAla ne isa sambandha meM 'harSacarita - eka sAMskRtika adhyayana' meM vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / tadanusAra yaha 1. ivitisUla viDiya mahisovari Nimiya cAru calaNAe / kaccANI purao sIseNa bala pi dAUNa // - ku0 13.6. 2. kaccAyaNI - samArAhaNa-ppamuhA pANa saMsaya- kAriNo uvAyA / - kuva0 13.27. 3. ko vi caMDiyAe pasuM bhai -- vahI 68.17 4. cArudatta nATaka ( bhAsa). 5. anya nAmoM ke lie draSTavya - mahAbhArata ( bhISmaparva a0 23 ) . 6. yatra bhagavatI kAtyAyanI caNDAbhidhAnA svayaM nivasati / - vAsadattA. 7. ha0 - 0 i0ka0, pR0 391 94. 8. DA0 bhaNDArakara, vahI - pR0 165. 9. draSTavya, za0 - rA0 e0, pR0 379 ( phuTanoTa ) . 10. marubhAratI, akTUbara, 1958.

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pramukha - dharma 357 -gRha koTavI devI kA honA cAhiye / koTavI dakSiNa bhArata kI mUladevI kauTTave thI, jisakA rUpa rAkSasI kA thA / pIche vaha durgA yA umA ke rUpa meM pUjI jAne lagI / bANa ke samaya meM vaha durbhAgya kI sUcaka mAnI jAne lagI thI aura uttara bhArata meM ke loga bhI usase khUba paricita ho gaye the / ' bANa ne ise nagnadevI ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai / " hemacandra ke anusAra bAla khole hue nagna strI koTavI kahI jAtI thI / ataH jJAta hotA hai ki isakI mUrti nagna hI banAyI jAtI hogI / ahicchatrA ke khilaunoM meM tarjanI dikhAtI huI eka nagna strI aMkita kI gayI hai / DA0 agravAla ke anusAra vaha koTTavI kI AkRti honI cAhiye / almor3e jile meM eka koTalagar3ha nAmaka sthAna hai, jokovI kA gar3ha kahA jAtA thA / koTTavI bANAsura kI mAtA thI, jisakA AdhA zarIra kavaca se DhakA huA evaM prAdhA naMgA mAnA jAtA hai / ina sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kATTavI devI kI pUjA dakSiNa bhArata se uttara bhArata evaM himAlaya ke abhyantara taka meM pracalita thI / jaina sUtroM meM AryA aura koTTakiriyA ina donoM deviyoM ko durgA kA rUpa mAnA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM bhI koTTavaI ko durgA hI mAnA gayA hai, jisake ambA ( 234.19), AryA (104.17 ), caMDikA ( 68.17), durgA ( 257 . 1 ) evaM kAtyAyanI ( 13.5 ) para nAma milate haiM / ina sabako mAMsa-bali ke dvArA saMtuSTa kiyA jAtA thA, jo koTTavaI ke rAkSasI rUpa kA paricAyaka hai / kalpadrumakoza (127 ) ke anusAra bhI koTTavI ambikA kA eka rUpa thA / isase spaSTa hai ki koTTavI eka laukika devI thI, jisakI dakSiNa se uttara bhArata taka taka vibhinna rUpoM meM pUjA hotI thI aura jisake svatantra maMdira banane lage the / vaidika dharma udyotanasUri kA yuga yadyapi vibhinna dhArmika mata-matAntaroM se yukta thA, aneka svatantra sampradAya vikasita ho gaye the tathApi vaidika vicAra dhArA kA pratinidhitva karane vAle kucha AcArya bhI isa samaya upasthita the / varNAzrama, agnihoma, kriyAkANDa, pazuyajJa, vedapATha Adi dhArmika anuSThAna sampAdita hote 9. vahI, pR0 134 ( noTa bhI ) 2. harSacarita, pU0 200 'nagnA tu koTavI', abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, 3.98. 3. 4. harSa 0, pR0 135 (noTa) 5. 1. ja0 - jai0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 449 para uddhRta / draSTavya ha0 - 0 i0 ka0, pR0 352 / isameM mahAbalipuraM meM durgA ke eka maMdira ko koTikala maMDapa kahA gayA hai, sambhavataH prArambha meM vaha koTavaI devI kA maMdira rahA ho /

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358 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rahate the| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM vaidikadharma se sambandha rakhane vAle nimnAMkita sandarbha prApta hote haiN| rAjA dar3havarman kI dIkSA ke samaya ulliti nimna dhArmika AcAryoM ke mata vaidika dharma se sambandhita pratIta hote hai| ekAtmavAdI-"acetana padArthoM meM svayaM gatizIla, nitya-anitya se rahita, anAdinidhana eka ho paramAtmA hai, jo parama puruSa hai (203.35) / " yaha ekAtmavAdiyoM kA siddhAnta thaa| rAjA ise yaha kaha kara asvIkAra kara detA hai ki yadi eka hI AtmA hotA to sukha-dukha, aneka rUpa Adi kA vyavahAra nahIM hotA tathA eka ke dukhI hone se sabhI dukhI hoMge (204.1) / bhAratIya darzana meM ekAtmavAdiyoM kA yaha siddhAnta AtmAdvaitavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, upaniSadoM meM 'ekAdevaH sarvabhUteSugUDhaH' ekamevAdvitIyaM brahma'2 Adi vAkyoM se hI isakA vikAsa huA hai / gItA meM paramAtmA kRSNa ko pratiSThApanA AtmAdvaitavAda se hI prabhAvita hai| jaina dArzanika granthoM meM ekAtmavAda kA aneka tarkoM dvArA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| pazu-yajJa samarthaka (karmakANDI)-'mantroM dvArA pazuoM kA mArakara gomedha Adi yajJa karanA hI dharma hai' / isa mata ke samarthaka AcArya kA mata bhI rAjA ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA / kyoMki kuladevI ne isa prakAra ke hiMsaka kAryoM ko adharma batalAyA hai| isI prasaMga meM 'avyApAra dene' aura mAtRpitRmedha' kA bhI ullekha hai, jo samasyAmUlaka hai / isa sandarbha se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri ke samaya meM vaidika yajJa pracalita the evaM unakA pracAra karane vAle dhArmika AcArya the| jaina sAhitya meM vaidika hiMsaka yajJoM kA prArambha se hI virodha kiyA gayA hai| somadeva ke samaya taka ina yajJoM ke kartAoM ko yAgajJa kahA jAne lagA thaa| somadeva ne jainoM ko inake sAtha sahavAsa Adi karane kA niSedha kiyA hai| agnihotravAdI- 'kAkabali dvArA vaizvadeva ko manAne evaM agni meM anna kI Ahuti dene se devatA prasanna hote haiM tathA saMtuSTa hokara vara (dharma) pradAna karate haiM / yaha agnihotravAdI AcAryoM kA mata thA / rAjA ko yaha bhI svIkAra 1. zvetAzvatara upaniSad 6.11. 2. chAndogyopaniSad, 6.2, 1. 'eka evahi bhUtAtmA'0, amRtabindu, upa0 bha0 pa0 12 pR0 15. 3. bhagavadgItA, adhyAya 6.29. 13.16, 18.20 Adi / 4. sUtrakRtAMga 1.10, satyazAsanaparIkSA-sampA0, DA0 gokulacandra jaina, pR0 2-3. 5. kuva0-204.3, 5. 6. jaina- yaza0 sAM0 a0, pR0 79. 7. kAya-bali-vaisa-devo kIrai jaNammi khippae aNNaM / suppIyA hoMti surA te tuTThA deMti dhammaM tu // -kuva0 204.7.

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pramukha-dharma 359 nahIM huaa| kyoMki agni meM DAlI huI vastu devatAoM taka pahu~catI hai yaha jAnanA to dUra, agni meM bhAta pakAne vAlA vyakti svayaM yaha nahIM jAnatA ki vaha use milegA yA dUsare ko (204.9) / __ agnihoma dvArA svargagamana ke abhilASI AcAryoM ko agnihotravAdI kahA jAtA thA / sUtrakRtAMga (7, pR0 154) meM inheM kuzIla sAdhuoM kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai / AThavIM sadI meM aneka yajJa evaM bali Adi kA pracAra thaa| ataH agnihotravAdo bhI pramukha dhArmika AcAryoM meM gine jAte rahe hoNge| 10vIM sadI taka inakI adhika prasiddhi ho gayI thii| jainadharma para bhI inakA prabhAva par3A hogA tabhI somadeva ne pAMca ahiMsaka yajJoM kA jaina zrAvakoM ke lie dAna ke rUpa meM vidhAna kiyA hai|' tatkAlIna abhilekha Adi sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina saMsthAoM ko anudAna dete samaya balicarudAna, vaizyadeva, evaM agnihotra Adi ke lie alaga se dAna kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| udyotanasUri ke sayaya yadyapi agnihotravAdiyoM ke siddhAnta ko jainadharma kI tulanA meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA, kintu 10vIM sadI taka ahiMsaka agnihoma jainadharma ke kriyAkANDoM meM sammilita ho cuke the| yahA~ bhI rAjA ne kAkabali ko yaha kahakara svIkAra kiyA hai ki kAkabali kauna nahIM denA cAhatA ? kintu agni meM anna jalAnA unheM ucita pratIta nahIM huaa| vAnaprastha-'sabhI parigraha ko chor3akara, vana meM jAkara, balkala dhAraNa kara kandamUla, phalapuSpa Adi kA bhojana karanA RSiyoM kA dharma hai|" isa mata ke AcArya vAnaprastha kahalAte the| vAnaprasthoM kI kriyAoM ke AdhAra para unake aupapAdikasUtra meM aneka bheda ginAye gaye haiN| tadanusAra kuvalayamAlA ke ye AcArya bakavAsI vAnaprastha pratIta hote haiN| rAjA ko inakA niHsaMga rahanA to pasanda hai kintu anya kriyAoM meM jIvaghAta hone ke kAraNa vaha inakA mata nahIM svIkAra krtaa| balkala dhAraNa kara rAjA ke sanyasta hone kI paramparA udyotana ke pUrva harSacarita meM bhI prApta hotI hai|' varNavAdI-'rAjAoM kA rAjadharma, brAhmaNoM kA brAhmaNadharma, vaizyoM kA vaizyadharma tathA zUdroM kA apanA kartavya karanA hI dharma hai| yaha vicAra-dhArA 1. ha0-ya0 i0 ka0, pR0 333. 2. a0-rA0 de0 TA0, pR0 314. 3. da jaina eNTIkyUrI bhA0 6, naM0 2, pR0 64. 4. kuva0, 204.9. kuva0, 204.11. 6. ja0-0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 413-15. 7. kuva0, 204.13. 8. avinAma-gRhaNIpAd balkale-harSacarita, u0 5. kuva0-205.11. nh n

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360 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vaidika dharma meM pracalita varNa-vyavasthA para nirbhara hai / uddyotanasUri ko varNoM ke anusAra dharma kA vibhAjana yuktisaMgata nahIM lagatA / ataH ve dharma kI jainasammata paribhASA dete haiM ki vastu-svabhAva ho dharma hai / apane-apane svabhAva ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA vAstavika dharma hai, paraloka Adi kA pralobhana dene vAlI kriyAe~ dharma nahIM haiN|' dhyAnavAdI-'dhyAna se mokSa prApta hotA hai, paramAtmA ke darzana hote haiM tathA usase ho svarga kI prApti hotI hai ataH dhyAna hI sudharma hai|' kintu rAjA ke vicAra se dhyAna ke sAtha tapa, zIla aura niyama kA bhI pAlana honA cAhie tabhI dhyAna se mokSa prApti kI bAta satya ho sakatI hai| ekadaNDo--siMha ke pUrvajanma ke vRtAnta ke prasaMga meM ekadaNDI zabda kA ullekha huA hai| brAhmaNa hI gArhasthya dharma kA pAlanakara ekadaNDI tApasa bana gayA, ekadaNDiyoM ke Azrama ke upayukta saMyama evaM yoga kA pAlana karatA huA marakara vaha jyotiSi deva huaa| ekadaNDI sAdhuoM kA sambandha sambhavataH vaidika dharma se thaa| jaina sAdhuoM ke inase vAda-vivAda hote rahate the| eka daNDa dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa inheM ekadaNDI kahA jAtA rahA hogaa| Aja bhI eka mAtra brahma kI sattA ke pratipAdaka vaiSNava sAdhu ekadaNDa dhAraNa kara calate haiN| kintu bRhajjAtaka ke TIkAkAra mahotpala ne ajIvaka aura ekadaNDI sampradAya ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai|" sambhavataH AjIvaka sampradAya kI mAnyatAmoM meM nizcitatA na hone ke kAraNa isa taraha kA bhrama hone lagA hogaa| vastutaH ekadaNDI AjIvikoM se bhinna the| vaidika dharma se unakA sambandha thaa|| tapasvI-tApasa-tapasvI tApasa dharma ke sAdhaka ko kahA gayA hai| kintu jaina dharma ke anusAra jisakA mana jJAna se, zarIra caritra se aura iMdriyA~ niyamoM se sadA pradIpta rahatI haiM vahI tapasvI hai, korA veSa banAne vAlA tapasvI nahIM hai| tapasvI ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM kuvalayamAlA meM anyatra kahA gayA hai (34.25) / AcArya dharmanandana ke ziSya vibhinna dhArmika kriyAoM meM vyasta 1. dhammo NAma sahAvo Niyaya-sahAvesu jeNa varseti / teNaM ciya so bhaNNai dhammo Na uNAi para-loo ||---kuv0 205.13. 2. jhANeNa hoi mokkho saccaM eyaM ti Na uNa ekkeNa / tava-sIla-Niyama-jutteNa taM ca tubbhehiM No bhaNiyaM ||--kuv0 205.25 3. gAruhatyaM pAleUNa ega-DaNDI jaao| tattha ya Asama-sarisaM saMjama-joyaM pAliUNa, -kuva0 125.31. 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 206. 5. ja0-jai0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 17 meM uddhRta / 6. jJAnairmanovapurvRttaniyamairindriyANi ca / nityaM yasya pradIptAni sa tapasvI na veSavAna // -kalpa033. zloka 877.

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pramukha - dharma 361 the / jo sAdhu prasthipaMjara mAtra hokara tapasyA meM lIna the ve tapasvI the / banavAsI sAdhuoM ko tApasa kahA gayA hai / jainasUtroM meM tApasa dharma evaM unake AzramoM ke sambandha meM pracura sandarbha prApta hote haiM / ' AThavIM zatAbdI meM tApasa mata kA paryApta pracAra thA / haribhadra ne tApasa evaM tapasvinI kA sUkSma varNana kiyA hai / " kuvalayamAlA ke anusAra tApasa gRhasthoM se bhojana, vasana Adi dAna meM lage the / pAkhaNDI ( pAsaMDI ) - kuvalayamAlA meM pAkhaNDI zabda tIna bAra prayukta huA hai| tIna jagaha pAkhaNDI sAdhu ko viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA kahA gayA hai / kisI ko phusalAkara sAdhu banA lenA, kisI kI patni ke sAtha anaitika sambandha rakhanA " evaM apanI prazaMsA karanA Adi / yadyapi yahA~ spaSTa nahIM hai ki pAkhaNDI kA sambandha kisa mata ke sAdhuoM ke sAtha hai / vaise pAkhaNDI zabda kA sAmAnya prayoga zramaNa, bhikSa u, tApasa, paribrAjaka, kApAlika, pAMDuraMga ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA thA / 7 ' bhikSuka - bhikSAvRtti para nirbhara rahane vAle sAdhu bhikSuka kahe gaye haiM / kuvalayamAlA meM inheM dAna dene kA ullekha hai (14.6) / bhogI - mathurA ke anAtha maMDapa meM anya logoM ke sAtha bhogI sAdhu bhI rahate the / ' inake veSa evaM AcaraNa Adi ke sambandha meM koI ullekha nahIM hai / sambhavataH yahA~ 'bhoyA' kA artha bhopA bhI ho sakatA hai, jo rAjasthAna kI eka jAti vizeSa hai | tridazendra - kuvalaya meM vaidika devatAoM meM kevala indra kA hI ullekha huA hai / bali dene ke prasaMga meM anya devatAoMoM ke sAtha tridazendra kA bhI ullekha hai / yaha indra kA apara nAma hai / sampUrNa grantha meM indra kA tIna bAra ullekha huA hai| ( 148.11, 190.3, 257.1 ) / indra vaidika dharma evaM jainadharma meM samAna rUpa se pratiSThita hai / kintu jainadharma meM use sarAgI kahA gayA hai / indra laukika jIvana meM bhI lokapriya rahA hai / indramaha nAma se loka utsava manAne kI paramparA kA 1. ja0 - jai0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 412.15. 2. samarAiccakahA, prathama evaM paMcama bhava 3. kuva0 14.6. 4. NisuvaM ca mae kila eso keNa vi pAsaMDieNa veyAriUNa pavvAvio / vahI, 125.15. para puriso ko vi pAsaMDio maha jAya mahilasaiti / - vahI 0 125.18. pAsaMDANaM pasaMsA tu / -vahI0 218.28. 7. ja0 - jai0 bhA0sa0, pR0 426 (noTa). 8. ekkammi aNAha- maMDave ... gugguliya- bhoyA / vahI 0 55.12. 5. 6.

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362 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana uddyotana ne bhI ullekha kiyA hai / indra zakti evaM hajAra netra ke lie uddyotana ke samaya meM bhI prasiddha thA / sapta mAtRkAe~--putraprApti ke lie rAjA dRr3havarman raudra sapta mAtRkAoM kI ArAdhanA karane ke lie bhI taiyAra thA / yadyapi saptamAtRkAoM kA sambandha bhayaMkara evaM nirdaya sampradAya se thaa| kintu unheM prArambhika caulukya rAjAoM ne apanI saMrakSikA devI ke rUpa meM mAnA hai / sambhavataH uddyotanasUri ke samaya meM sapta-mAtRkAe~ putra prApti kA varadAna dene ke lie prasiddha rahI hoNgii| kyoMki tatkAlIna sapta-mAtRkAoM ko upalabdha mUttiyoM meM pratyeka mAtA ke sAtha eka bacce ko bhI mUrti prApta hotI hai / elorA kI 14vIM guphA kI dakSiNI dIvAla evaM dhAravAr3a jile ke hAverI kA siddhezvara maMdira sapta-mAtRkAoM kI mUttiyoM ke lie darzanIya hai| isake atirikta kuvalayamAlA meM didhi, sarasvatI, sAvitrI, zrI (234.19) deviyoM kA aura ullekha milatA hai, jinakA sambandha vaidikadharma se adhika rahA hai / yadyapi sarasvatI aura zrI jainadharma meM bhI deviyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiM / ina devI-devatAoM ke lie usa samaya aneka pUjAgRha bhI nirmita ho gaye the| dhArmika maTha-uddyotana ne eka dhArmika maTha kA varNana kuvalayamAlA meM kiyA hai / zAma hote hI aneka taraha ke zabda hone lge| mantra-yajJa maMDapoM meM havana meM tila, ghI, samidhA kI AhUti dene se taDa-taDa kA zabda ho rahA thA (82.31) / brAhmaNazAlAoM meM veda ke gaMbhIra paThana-pAThana kA zabda ho rahA thA (32) / rudra bhavanoM meM manohara, cittAkarSaka gIta gAye jA rahe the| dhammiyamaThoM meM galA phAr3a kara loga cillA rahe the (32) / kApAlikagRhoM meM ghaMTA aura DamarU bajAyI jA rahI thii| catvarazivamaMDapa meM toDahiyA vAdya phUMkA jA rahA thA (33) / avasathoM (pAThazAlAoM) meM bhagavadgItA kA pATha ho rahA thA (82.33) / jinagharoM (jainamaMdiroM) meM sadbhUta guNoM kA bakhAna karane vAle stotroM dvArA stuti ho rahI thI (83.1) / bauddhavihAroM meM ekAnta karuNA se yukta arthagarbhita vacanoM kA pArAyaNa ho rahA thA / durgAgRhoM meM bar3e-bar3e ghaNTe baja rahe the| (1) / kArtikeya gRhoM meM mora, murgA evaM caTakoM kA zabda ho rahA thA tathA U~ce devagRhoM meM (kAmadevabhavana) manahara kAmaniyoM ke gIta evaM mRdaMga ke svara nikala rahe the (83.2) / dhArmika maTha ke isa vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki AThavIM zatAbdI meM vibhinna dharmoM ke devI-devatAoM ke svatantra pUjAgRha sthApita ho cuke the| 1. sattIe puraMdaro ya Najjai-vahI0 26.6, o e puraMdaro cciya jai acchi sahassa-saMkulo hojja / vahI 26.7. 2. ArAhiuM phuDaM ciya roiM jai mAi-satthaM pi / -kuva0 13.9. 3. bha0-a0 hi0 De0, (tR0 saM0) pR0 83. 4. ha0-ya0 i0 ka0, pR0 397.

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pramukha-dharma paurANika dharma vaidika dharma ne guptayuga meM paurANika dharma kA svarUpa grahaNa kara liyA thaa| purANoM ke varNanoM ke AdhAra para isa samaya ke dharma kA jo svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai usameM paropakAra, dAna, tIrthavandanA, mUrtipUjA, Izvarabhakti, vinaya Adi samAviSTa haiM / dArzanikatA kI apekSA AcAramUlaka dharma ko isa yuga meM pramukhatA dI jAne lagI thii| udyotanasUri ne rAjA dRr3havarman kI dIkSA vAle prasaMga meM kucha aise dhArmika AcAryoM ke matoM ko bhI upasthita kiyA hai, jinakA sambandha paurANika dharma se hai athavA ve usase prabhAvita haiN| unakI saMkSipta jAnakArI yahA~ prastuta hai| dAnavAdI-brAhmaNa, zramaNa, vikala, dIna, dukhI ko kucha dAna denA tathA guru kI pUjA karanA hI sabhI dharmoM kA sAra gRhastha dharma hai|' prAyaH sabhI dharmoM meM dAna kI mahimA batalAyI gayI hai| kintu jainadharma ise dharma kA eka upakaraNa mAnatA hai, pUrNa dharma nhiiN| dAna denA to dikhAI detA hai, kintu ghara meM isase jo ananta jIvaghAta hotA hai vaha dikhAyI nahIM detaa| ataH kevala dAna dene se isa saMsAra se mukti nahIM ho sakatI, isa kAraNa rAjA ise svIkAra nahIM krtaa| pUrtadhArmika-'kue, tAlAba khudavAnA, vApikAoM ko baMdhavAnA tathA pyAU kholanA hI paramadharma hai, jo hamAre hRdaya meM sthita hai| isa prakAra ke paropakAra se sambandhita kAryoM ko karane meM dharma kI prApti vaidikadharma meM pracalita thii| mAnyatA kA pracAra karane vAle pUrtadhArmika kahalAte the| purAtAtvika evaM sAhityika ullekhoM se pUrtadhArmikoM kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai / isa dharma ke antargata kueM, tAlAba khudavAnA, bhojana bAMTanA, bagIce banavAnA evaM vibhinna prakAra ke dAna denA ityAdi kAryoM ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlA ke eka prasaMga meM dhana kA sahI upayoga karane ke lie inhIM paropakArI kAryoM ko karane ko kahA gayA hai / " kintu jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ke anusAra alpamAtra Arambha bhI sAdhuoM ko nahIM karanA cAhie isalie jainazAstroM meM isa prakAra ke pUrtadharmoM kI AlocanA kI gayI hai| pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM 1. dijjaI baMbhaNa-samaNe vihale dINe ya dukkhie kiMci / guru-pUyaNaM pi kIrai sAro dhammANa gihi-dhammo // -kuva0 204.15. 2. jaM dANaM taM diTuM aNaMta-ghAo Na pecchai gharammi / -vahI0 17. kuva0 205.3. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 398. 5. desu kivaNANaM, vibhayasu vaNImayANaM, dakkhesu baMbhaNe, kArAvesu devaule, khANesu talAya-baMdhe, baMdhAvesu vAvIo, pAlesu sattAyAre, payattesu Arogga-sAlAo, uddharesu dINa-vihale ti| -kuva0 65.8, 9.

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364 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vanaspati sthAvara jIvoM ko mArane se yadi dharma hotA hai to agni ko bhI zItala honA caahie|' mUttipUjaka-nyAyopArjita dhana se devamaMdira banavAkara devatAoM kI pUjA, ArAdhanA karanA hI dharma hai / 2 AThavIM zatAbdI meM vibhinna devI-devatAoM kI pUjA-arcanA pracalita thii| ataH aise bhI kucha AcArya usa samaya rahe hoMge jo maMdira banavAne aura deva-pUjA ke pracAra-kArya meM saMlagna the| svayaM udyotana mUrtipUjaka zvetAmbara paramparA se sambandhita the| ataH ve itanA to svIkAra karate haiM ki maMdira banavAye jAne cAhiye, kintu unameM kisa devatA kI sthApanA evaM arcanA kI jAya yaha unake sAmane prazna thaa| vinayavAdI-'he naravara ! mAtA-pitA, gurujana, deva, manuSya athavA sabhI ko nitya vinaya karanA hI dharma hai|' yaha vinayavAdiyoM kA mata thaa| vinayavAdiyoM kA astitva udyotanasUri ke pUrva bhI dhArmika jagat meM thaa| jainasUtroM meM cAra prakAra ke mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ullekha hai, unameM cauthe vinayavAdI haiN|" isa mata ke anuyAyiyoM ne bAhyakriyAoM ke AdhAra para mokSa prApti ke liye vinaya ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| ataeva vinayavAdI koI bhI jIva sAmane A jAya usI ko praNAma karate the|6 AThavIM sadI taka unakI isa vicAradhArA meM koI antara nahIM par3A thA, yaha ukta sandarbha se spaSTa hai| vinayavAdiyoM ko prAcIna samaya meM aviruddha nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA thaa| prAcIna sAhitya meM inheM mahAvIra kA samakAlIna batalAyA gayA hai|' usa samaya vinayavAdiyoM kI pravrajyA ko praNAma-pravrajyA kahA jAtA thA, kyoMki inakA pramukha kartavya sabhI prANiyoM ko binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke praNAma karanA thaa| jainadharma ke anusAra sabhI ko praNAma karane se kudeva evaM kutIrthoM ko mithyAdRSTi kahakara AlocanA kI gaI hai| udyotana ke anusAra dharma meM rata guruoM evaM devoM kI vinaya karanA ucita hai, kintu pApI-janoM ko bhI praNAma 1. vahI-205.5. 2. vahI-205.15. 3. ko Na vi icchai eyaM jaM ciya kIraMti devaharayAI / ___etthaM puNa ko devo kassa va kIraMtu eyaai||-vhii 205.17. 4. piu-mAi-guruyaNammi ya suravara-maNuesu ahava-savvesu / NIyaM karei viNayaM eso dhammo Naravarida // -vahI 205.27. 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.12,1. 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 18, pR0 230. 7. aviruddho viNayakaro devAiNaM parA e bhattIe / -aupapAdikasUtra TIkA, 169. 8. Avazyakaniyukti, 494, avazyakacUrNI, pR0 298. 9. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 3.1.

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pramukha dharma karane se samyaktva meM aticAra lagatA hai| ataH vinayavAdiyoM kA dharma ucita nahIM hai|' purohita-'he naravara ! brAhmaNoM ko gAya, bhUmi, dhana, hala Adi kA jo dAna karatA hai, vahI dharma hai, jo mujhe priya hai| isakA sambandha brAhmaNa dharma se hai, jisake purohita apane yajamAnoM se isa prakAra kI cIjeM dAna meM lete rahate the| grantha meM caMDasoma kI kathA meM bhI brAhmaNoM ko saba kucha dAna karane ko kahA gayA hai (pR0 48) / kintu dAna meM dene vAlo ye sabhI vastueM jIvavadha meM sahAyaka haiN| ataH inako lene vAlA evaM dAna dene vAlA donoM hI ajJAnI haiN| IzvaravAdI-'Izvara ke dvArA hI prerita hokara yaha loka dharma-adharma meM rata hotA hai / ataH jo dharma ko prApta karane kA adhikArI hai vahI prApta karegA, dUsarA nhiiN| Izvara bhaktoM ke isa mata kA jainazAstroM meM aneka tarkoM dvArA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / vahI tarka uddyotana upasthita karate haiM-usa Izvara kA kyA nAma hai, kisa kAraNa vaha logoM ko preraNA detA hai, tathA usameM iSTa-aniSTa viveka kyoM utpanna hotA hai ? tIrtha-vandanA-'samudra, saritA, gaGgA evaM tIrthasthAnoM meM nahAne se pApa-mala dhulakara zuddha ho jAtA hai| ataH tIrthayAtrA hI zreSTha dharma hai| tIrthayAtrA dvArA puNya prApti kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| vaidika dharma ke antargata isa vicAradhArA ko adhika prasiddhi milii| prArambha meM tIrthayAtrA karane meM bhale dharma-sAdhanA hotI rahI ho kintu bAda meM yaha eka deza-bhramaNa kA sAdhana mAtra raha gayA / yahI kAraNa hai ki na kevala jaina AcAryoM ne apitu purANakAroM ne bhI yaha kahA hai kiduSTa hRdaya vAlA vyakti tIrthoM meM snAna kara pavitra nahIM ho sakatA, jaise ki zarAba kI botala sau bAra dhone para bhI pavitra nahIM hotii| iMdriyoM para pUrNa saMyama rakhane vAle vyakti ko hI tIrthoM ke darzana sambhava haiN| anya jaina prAcAryoM kI taraha uddyotanasUri ne bho tIrthayAtrA ke sthAna Adi ko aneka sandarbho meM AlocanA kI hai / isa prasaMga meM unhoMne eka sundara udAharaNa diyA hai-'jisakI AtmA pApa mana vAlI hai usako bAhya jala zuddhi se kyA phAyadA? yadi kumhAra kI lar3akI garbhavatI hai to luhAra kI lar3akI ke ghI pIne se kucha phAyadA nhiiN|' 1. jujjai viNao dhammo kIraMto guruyaNesu devesu / jaM puNa pAva-jaNassa vi aiyAro esa No jutto // -kuva0 205.29. vahI0-205.35. 3. dei halaM jIyaharaM puhaI jIyaM ca jIviyaM dhaNaM / abuho dei halAI abuho cciya geNhae taaii|-vhii 206.1. vahI0 206.27. 5. iTThANiTTha-vivego keNa va kajjeNa bhaNa tassa / -vahI, 206.29. 6. vahI-205.7. za0-rA0e0,10 404. jai appA pAva-maNo bAhiMjala-dhovaNeNa kiM tassa / jaM kuMbhArI sUyA lohArI ki ghayaM piyu||-kuv0 48.27, 205.9.

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366 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vibhinna tIrtha sthAna - kuvalayamAlA meM bhrAtRvadha karane vAle caMDasoma ko gA~va ke paMDita salAha dete haiM ki tuma apane ghara kA samasta dhana-dhAnya, vastra, zayanAsana, bartana, pazu Adi sAmAna brAhmaNoM ko dekara isI hAlata meM zIza mur3A kara, bhikSApAtra hAtha meM lekara, bhikSA mA~gate hue gaGgAdvAra, hemanta, lalita, bhadrezvara, vIrabhadra, somezvara, prabhAsa, puSkara Adi tIrthoM meM nahAte hue bhramaNa karo to tumhArA pApa naSTa ho jAyegA / 1 ina tIrtha sthAnoM kI pahicAna DA0 dazaratha zarmA ne apane grantha 'rAjasthAna thrU da ejeja' meM kI hai / inake sambandha meM vizeSa vivaraNa isa prakAra hai / gaMgAdvAra - gaMgAdvAra vaha sthAna hai, jahA~ gaMgA kA pavitra pAnI sapATa maidAna meM pahu~catA hai | sambhavataH gaMgAdvAra usa samaya Adhunika haridvAra ko kahA jAtA rahA hogA / vAyupurANa (30.94, 96 ) evaM matsyapurANa (22.10 ) meM bhI gaGgAdvAra tIrtha kA ullekha hai / lalita - lalita sambhavataH skandapurANa meM ullikhita lalitezvara hai, jo prayAga meM sthita thA tathA jisakI tIrtha ke rUpa meM prasiddhi thI / mahAbhArata ke vanaparva (84.34) meM bhI 'lalitaka' nAmaka tIrtha kA ullekha huA hai / bhadrezvara - matsya evaM kUrmapurANa meM ( 2.41, 4) bhadrezvara kA ullekha huA hai / skandapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki kAlI (?) para sthita jyotiliMga hI bhadrezvara hai / kintu isakI vAstavika sthiti jJAta nahIM ho sakI hai / pro0 kANe bhadrezvara nAmaka do tIrthoM kA ullekha karate haiM / eka narmadA ke uttara meM tathA dUsarA vArANasI meM / 3 sambhavataH kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita bhadrezvara vArANasI meM sthita thA / vIrabhadra - isakA bhaugolika sthAna kyA thA, isa sambandha meM uddyotana ne koI saMketa nahIM diyA hai| ziva ke gaNa ke rUpa meM bIrabhadra prasiddha thA / sambhavataH usake kisI sthAna ko tIrtha mAna liyA gayA hogA / somezvara - zaiva sampradAya se sambandhita kisI dhArmika sthAna kA nAma somezvara rahA hogA / kyoMki somezvara nAma kA eka Azrama bhI jJAta hotA hai / * somanAtha se yaha avazya bhinna thaa| matsyapurANa (13.43, 22.20 ) evaM kUrmapurANa (2.35,20) meM somezvara tIrtha kA kevala ullekha mAtra hai / 1. sayalaM ghara - savvassaM ghaNa ghaNNa-vattha- patta-sayaNAsaNa- DaMDa-bhaMDa-dupaya- cauppayAiyaM baMbhaNANaM dAUNa, imAi ca ghettuM - bhikkhaM bhamaMto kayasIsa tuMDa-muMDaNo karaMkAhattho gaMgA-duvAra-hemaMta-laliya-bhaddessara - vIrabhadda - somesara -pahAsa pukkha rAisu titthesu piMDayaM pakkhAlayaMto paribhamasu, jeNa te pAvaM sujjhai ti / - kuva0 48.23-25. 2. za0 - rA0e0, pR0 403. 3. kANe, hisTrI oNva dharmazAstra, bhAga 4, pR0 738. 4. pAThaka, vI0 esa0 zaivakalTa ina nArdana iNDiyA, pR0 13, vArANasI, 1960.

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pramukha dharma .367 puSkara-puSkara prAcIna samaya se hI tIrtha ke rUpa meM prasiddha rahA hai mahAbhArata (vanaparva 83.26,27) meM ise siddhi prApti kA sAdhana kahA hai| padmapurANa meM ise isa loka kA sarvazreSTha tIrtha kahA hai|' ajamera ke najadIka sthita puSkara ke sAtha isakA sambandha honA cAhiye kyoMki yaha prAcIna tIrtha sthAna ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| pRthvIrAjavijaya nAmaka grantha meM puSkara kA tIrtha ke rUpa meM sundara kAvyAtmaka varNana huA hai| gaMgAsnAna-uparyukta tIrthasthAnoM kA mahattva vahA~ ke jala meM snAna karane ke kAraNa adhika pratIta hotA hai| jala meM snAna kara pavitra hone kA abhiprAya hindUdharma meM prAcIna samaya se sammilita ho gayA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM gaMgAsnAna ke aneka ullekha haiM (48.27, 55.21,71.25)2 mAnabhaTa ko mAtA-pitA evaM patni ke badha kA kAraNa hone se gaMgA-saMgama meM nahAne kI salAha dI jAtI hai, jahA~ bhairava-bhaTTAraka ke sAmane Atmavadha karane se samasta pApa chUTa jAte haiN| gaMgAsaMgama para Atmabadha karane meM dharma mAnane kI paramparA tatkAlIna samAja meM hindUdharma meM pracalita ho cukI thii| zrI pI0 ke0 guNe ne isa sambandha meM vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| prayAga ke gaMgA-saMgama ke atirikta gaMgA-saMgama bho tIrthasthAna mAnA jAne lagA thA, jahA~ gaMgA aura sAgara kA milana hotA hai| isa sthAna ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki jaba tIrthayAtrI gaMgA-saMgama meM snAna karatA thA to use apanI jindagI se vairAgya ho jAtA thA aura vaha vahIM bhairava ko mUtti ke samakSa apane jIvana kA anta kara letA thaa| isa prasaMga se aisA lagatA hai ki gaGgA nadI ke pramukha sthAnoM para zaivadharma ke aise sAdhuoM kA aDDA jama gayA thA jo Atmavadha, mAMsabhakSaNa, rudhirapAna Adi ko apanA dharma samajhate the| gaGgAsAgara meM maraNa se mokSa kI prApti ko dhAraNA inhIM ke upadezoM kA pariNAma rahA hogaa|" prayAga kA akSaya vaTa-sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM gaGgA-snAna ko taraha prayAga kA akSayavaTa vRkSa bhI tIrtha-yAtriyoM kA AkarSaNa kA pramukha kendra bana gayA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM mathurA ke anAthamaMDapa meM sthita kuSTharogI isa bAta se paricita the ki prayAga ke vaTavRkSa ke samIpa balidAna karane se kuSTa roga naSTa ho 1. nAsmAtparataraM tIrthaM loke'sminpaThyate--padma pu0 5.27-28. 2. gaMgA-jalammi pahAo sAyara-sariyAsu taha ya titthesu / dhuyai malaM kira pAvaM tA suddho hoI dhammeNa ||-kuv0 205.7 3. mahApAvAI gaMgAsaMgame vhAyaha bhairava-bhaTTAraya-paDiyahaM NAMsati |-kuv0 55.21 4. draSTavya, 'rilIjiyasa susAiDa eTa da saMgama', esa0 ke0 De0 phelisiyezana vAlUma, buleTana Apha da Dekana kAleja, Ara0 I uddhata, sarakAra, sTaDIja ina da jyogrAphI Apha eziyaMTa eNDa miDievala iNDiyA, pR0 179.

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368 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jAtA hai| purANa-sAhitya meM prayAga ke isa vaTa-vRkSa kI mahimA vikhyAta thii| matsyapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti vaTavRkSa ke mUla meM prANatyAga karatA hai, use rudraloka kI prApti hotI hai| prayAga meM Atmavadha karane kA ullekha rAjezvara kI bAlarAmAyaNa (pR0 367) meM bhI milatA hai| vaTavRkSa ke sambandha meM yUvAna-cvAMga ne bhI apanA pratyakSa anubhava vyakta karate hue kahA hai ki prayAga meM maMdira ke Age vizAla vaTavakSa hai, jahA~ dAyeM-bAyeM haDDiyoM ke Dhera lage hue haiN| jo yAtrI yahAM Ate haiM ve svargasukha kI kAmanA meM apanA jIvana yahIM samApta kara jAte haiN| yaha dhArmika vizvAsa atyanta prAcIna samaya se Aja bhI kriyAnvita hotA calA A rahA hai| tIrthayAtriyoM kA veSa-tatkAlIna samAja meM tIrtha yAtrA kA itanA mahattva hone ke kAraNa tIrthoM ko jAne vAle vyaktiyoM kA veSa bhI nizcita ho gayA hogaa| tabhI udyotana ne sthANu evaM mAyAditya ke tIrthayAtrI ke veSa kA varNana kiyA hai / yAtrA prArambha karane ke pUrva unhoMne apanA sira muMDavAyA, chAtA dhAraNa kiyA, lambe DaMDe para tUMbe laTakAye, gerue kapar3e pahine, kaMdhe para kA~vara laTakA lI tathA dUra-tIrthayAtrI kA veSa dhAraNa kara liyaa| tIrthayAtriyoM kA veSa dhAraNa kara lene se unheM do phAyade the| rAste meM cora unakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete the evaM satrAgAra Adi meM bhojana bhI muphta mila jAtA thaa| isa taraha ke veSadhAriyoM ke lie sambhavataH usa samaya 'desiya' zabda prayukta hotA thA, jo eka deza (prAnta) se dUsare deza kI yAtrA karane ke kAraNa kahA jAtA hogaa| 'desiya' loga zahara meM vanI sarAya meM Thahara jAte the, jahAM anya loga bhI Thahate the|" yadyapi AThavIM sadI meM tIrthayAtrA kA mahatva paryApta thA phira bhI usake sAtha loka-mUr3hatA jur3I huI thI / na kevala jaina AcArya apitu hindu, lekhaka bhI 1. aNNeNa bhaNiyaM-prayAga-vaDa-paDi yahaM cira-parUr3ha pAya vi hattha vi phirTeti / -kuva0 55.19. vaTamUlaM samAsAdya yastu prANAnvimuMcati / sarvAnlokAnatikramya-rudraloka sa gacchati ||-mts pu0 106.11. Before the hall of the temple there is a great tree***heaps of bones... From very early days till now this flase custom has been practised'. - Beal I, P. 232, Kuv. Int. P. 136 (Notes), padmapurANa, svargakhaNDa (43), zloka 11. kayAiM maMDAviyAI siisaaii| gahiyAo chttiyaao| laMbiyaM DaMDayagge lAvayaM / dhAurattayAI kppddaaii| viliggAviyA sikkae krNkaa| savvahA viraiyo dUratityayattiya-veso / - kuva0 58.2, 3. 5. alakkhiyA corehi, kahiMci sattAgAresu kahiMci uddha-ratthAsu bhuMjamANA-kuva0 58.3, 4. 6. kovi 'desio' nnivddio|, vahI-62.15. 7. desiya-titthayattiya-1, vahI-55.12.

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pramukha dharma 369 mana ko pavitratA ke binA tIrthayAtrA ko niSphala mAnane lage ye / anya jaina AcAryoM kI taraha uddyotana ne gaMgA-snAna evaM tIrthayAtrA ko vyakti ke karma naSTa karane meM samartha nahIM maanaa| uddyotana kA tarka hai ki yadi mAtra zarIra-snAna se pApamukti hotI hai to matsya, kevaTa Adi sabhI svarga cale jAne cAhie aura yadi mAtra ciMtana se svarga mila sakatA hai to dUra dakSiNa ke loga kyoM yahA~ gaGgA-snAna ko Ate haiN| vahIM baiThe-baiThe ve svarga jAne kI kyoM nahIM socate / ' ata: gaGgAsnAna karane evaM socane se pApa mukti nahIM hai, apitu vaha saMyama aura tapasyA se sambhava hai| vaiSNava dharma vaiSNava dharma vaidikayuga se vikasita hotA huA guptayuga meM paryApta prasiddha ho gayA thaa| prArambha meM isakA nAma ekAntika dharma thaa| jaba yaha sAmpradAyika bana gayA to bhAgavata yA pAMcarAtra dharma kahalAne lgaa| dhIre-dhIre vAsudevopAsanA meM nArAyaNa aura viSNu kI upAsanA ghula-mila gyii| viSNu ne devatAoM meM pramukha sthAna prApta kara liyA thaa| sambhavataH AThavIM zatAbdI meM zaiva sampradAyoM kA Adhikya aura prabhAva hone ke kAraNa vaiSNava dharma kI sthiti meM kucha kamI AyI ho| isa samaya vaiSNava dharma kA vahI svarUpa pracalita rahA jisameM bhakti kI pradhAnatA thii| zaMkara ke addhaitavAda evaM jaganmithyAtva ke siddhAnta ne vaiSNava dharma ke isa svarUpa ko parivartana kI aura prerita kiyA / __kuvalayamAlAkahA meM jitane zavadharma ke sandarbha haiM, utane vaiSNava dharma ke nahIM / svayaM viSNu kA hI ullekha granthakAra ne nahIM kiyA hai| sambhavataH isa samaya unake buddha, nArAyaNa Adi avatAra adhika pracalita rahe hoMge, jinakA prastuta grantha meM ullekha hai| sAtha hI kucha vaiSNava devatAoM ke nAma bhI grantha meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM Ate haiM / unake sambandha meM vizeSa vivaraNa isa prakAra hai| viSNu-kuva0 meM 'viSNu' zabda kA ullekha dekhane ko nahIM milaa| kuvalayacanda aura usake azva kI upamA ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha cakrI ke garur3a kI taraha AkAza meM ur3a gayA (27.6) / cakra evaM garur3a donoM viSNu se sambandhita haiN| inase yukta viSNu kI mUttiyA~ bhI udyotana ke samaya meM thiiN| kintu viSNu pUjA Adi ke sambandha meM lekhaka ne kucha nahIM kahA hai| jai aMga-saMgameNaM tA ee myr-mcch-ckkaaii| kevaTTiya-macchaMdhA paDhama saggaM gayA NatA // ahava paricitiyaM ciya kIsa imo dUra-dakkhiNo loo| Agacchai jeNa Na citiUNa saggaM samAruhai / / -vahI-48.32, 49.1. 2. bhaNDArakara, vai0 zai0 dhA0 ma0, pR0 113. 24

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana govinda-grantha meM govinda kA cAra bAra ullekha huA hai-(2.29, 10.5, 146.23, 256.31) / govinda dhArmika-devatA ke rUpa meM pUjita thA, jise bali bhI dI jAtI thii| sambhavataH isalie use sarAgI kahA gayA hai| govinda viSNu kA apara nAma hai| rAjasthAna meM AThavIM sadI meM viSNu kI upAsanA kAphI pracalita thii|' grantha meM govinda viSNu ke kRSNa avatAra ke lie prayukta nAma hai| kyoMki govinda (kRSNa) kA nivAsa-sthAna dvArikApuri batalAyA gayA hai (149.23) / kRSNa ke sAtha 'govinda' vizeSaNa jur3ane ke sambandha meM DA0 bhaNDArakara ne vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| kRSNa isalie govinda kahalAte haiM ki unhoMne varAha ke rUpa meM pRthvI ko (gAM) jala meM pAyA thA (vindati) (mahA0 Adiparva, 21.12) / zAntiparva (342.70) se bhI isa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai| isase pUrva bhI Rgveda meM gopAlana ke artha meM indra ke vizeSaNa 'govid' kA ullekha huA hai / sambhavata: yaha 'govid' govinda kA prArambhika rUpa hai tathA jaba kRSNa pradhAna deva ke rUpa meM mAne jAne lage hoMge usa samaya vAsudeva-kRSNa ke lie yaha vizeSaNa apanA liyA gayA hogaa| nArAyaNa-nArAyaNa kA grantha meM tIna bAra ullekha huA hai, (26.2, 68.15, 149.14) / kumAra kuvalayacandra ke nagara-bhramaNa ke samaya nagaravadhue~ usakI upamA aneka devatAoM se detI haiN| eka kahatI hai-'sakhi, dekha, dekha, vakSasthala kI vizAlatA ke kAraNa yaha nArAyaNa hai|' dUsarI kahatI hai-'sakhi, yadi yaha zyAmala kRSNavarNa vAlA hotA taba to nArAyaNa thA, kintu isakA to taptasuvarNa kI bhA~ti raMga hai|'2 samudrI tUphAna ke samaya nArAyaNa ko yAtrI smaraNa karate haiN|' tathA vijayApurI ke pAmarajana gAyoM evaM unake bachar3oM meM vyasta tathA gopIjana ko ujjavala kaTAkSoM ke abhilASI bacapana ke nArAyaNa (bAlakRSNa) jaise the| yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se nArAyaNa kRSNa ke lie prayukta huA hai| kRSNa kA zyAmaraMga evaM unakI vAla-lolAe~ sAhitya evaM purAtAtvika sAmagrI meM yatra-tatra ullikhita haiN| AThavIM sadI ke uttarArddha taka viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM kRSNa pUrNarUpa se pratiSThita ho cake the| sambhavataH isIlie viSNa ke aneka nAma kezava, nArAyaNa, govinda Adi kRSNa ke lie prayukta hone lage the| DA0 1. za0 --rA0 e0, pR0 368. aNNekkA e bhaNiyaM-'sahi, peccha peccha Najjai vacchatya lAbhogeNa NArAyaNo' tti / aNNAe bhaNiyaM / 'sahi, hojja phuDaM NArAyaNo tti jai gavala-kajjala-savaNNo / eso puNa taviya suvaNNa-sacchaho vihaDae teNa' ||-kuv0 26.1-2. 3. kovi NArAyaNassa thayaM pddhi| -vahI-68.17. 4. aNNi paNi bAla-kAli NArAyaNu jaisaya raMbhira-go-vagga-taNNaya-vAvaDA govavilA siNI-dhavala-valamANa-NayaNa-kaDakkha-vikkheva-vilapmANa va-vahIM,149.14.15. 5. In Haribhadra's Dhurtakhyana Keshava and Krispa have been identified with Visnu, showing thereby that by the middle of eighth centuary, the position of Krisna as an Avatar had become fully established. -S. RTA. P. 371.

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pramukha dharma 371 bhaNDArakara ne nArAyaNa kI prAcInatA evaM vAsudeva va kRSNa ke sAtha unake sambandha para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai|' baladeva-vijayApurI ke pAmara madayukta calAyamAna dIrgha-locana vAle evaM hala-NaMgala se yukta baladeva ke sadRza the| baladeva utsava ke pUrNa hone para sabhI dhAnya puSTa vAliyoM se pUrNa ho cuke the| kRSNa ke sAtha balarAma kI pUjA bhI deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM para hotI thii| balarAma kI A~kheM madapAna ke kAraNa hamezA raktavarNa rahatI thii| hala unakA astra thA, isI se unheM haladhara bhI kahA jAtA hai| balarAma kI mUttiyA~ bhI banAyI jAtI thiiN| dillI meM 12vIM sadI kI eka balarAma kI mUttiM prApta huI hai| buddha-kuvalayamAlA meM buddha zabda kA do bAra ullekha huA hai, (68.19, 243.26) / prathama ullekha meM spaSTa nahIM hai ki buddha ke nAma se kise smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki AThavIM sadI taka viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM bhI buddha ko svIkAra kara liyA gayA thA / dUsare ullekha meM buddha jaina tIrthaGkara sImaMdhara svAmI ke lie prayukta huA hai, jo aparavideha meM virAjamAna the| sAtavIM sadI taka buddha ke lie jina zabda prayukta huA hai / sambhavataH AThavIM sadI meM jina ke lie buddha zabda prayukta hone lagA hogaa| vaiSNava dharma ke ina devatAoM ke atirikta isa dharma kI kinhIM deviyoM kA ullekha grantha meM nahIM hai / kevala lakSmI kA ullekha granthakAra ne kiyA hai / lakSmI-kuvalayamAlA meM lakSmI ke aneka sandarbha upalabdha haiN| kucha zobhA evaM sundaratA ke artha meM tathA kucha dhana evaM samRddhi kI adhiSThAtrI devI ke rUpa meM / rAjA dRr3havarman kI kuladevI kA nAma rAjalakSmI thA, jo use putra pradAna karane evaM zreSTha dharma meM dokSita hone meM sahayoga pradAna karatI hai| lobhadeva ratnadIpa kI yAtrA karake dhana kamAne ke lie bhadrazreSTha ko utsAha dilAtA hai ki parAkrama aura sAhasa karane vAle vyakti ke pAsa hI lakSmI ThaharatI hai / nirArambhI (prayatnarahita) hone para to lakSmI hari ko bho chor3a detI hai 'jai hoi NirAraMbho vayaMsa lacchIe muccai harI vi' (68.18) / 1. bhaNDArakara, vai0 zai0 dhA0 ma0, pR0 35.36. .. 2. mayala-ghummirAyavuloyaNa NaMgala-viyAvaDa vabaladevujaisayapAmara, kuva0 -149.14. 3. baladevUsave NipphajjamANesu savva-sAsesu baddha-kaNisAsu kalamAsu -148.12. 4. marubhAratI, 7 aMka 4, pR0 37, 12.1 pR0 107. 5. daMsaNa-metteNaM ciya bhagavaM buddhANa ettha logammi / maNNe haM te purisA kiM purisA vaNa-mayA varaI // -kuva0, 243.26. 6. kuvalayamAlA, dvitIya bhAga (kalcarala noTa), DA0 vI0esa0 agravAla, pR0 125.

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372 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isa sandarbha meM lakSmI aura hari kA sambandha spaS, kiyA gayA hai| guptayuga meM pramukha devatAoM ke sAtha unakI zaktiyoM kA bhI ullekha sAhitya aura purAtatva meM pracuramAtrA meM kiyA jAne lagA thaa| viSNupurANa meM viSNu ke pratyeka avatAra ke sAtha lakSmI ke bhI vibhinna rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' guptakAlIna mudrAoM meM eka ora nArAyaNa aura dUsarI ora lakSmI ke citra aMkita pAye jAte haiN| kuvalayamAlA meM lakSmI kA sambandha samudra evaM kamala ke sAtha bhI batAyA gayA hai (115.15) / jisake aneka sandarbha purANa sAhitya meM milate haiN| purAtatva ke sAkSyoM ke dvArA bhI yaha anumodita hotA hai| udAharaNArtha ajantA kI kalA meM eka sthAna para dvAra-bhAga meM lakSmI kA AkAra pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| lakSmI kA abhiSeka do gaja sUr3oM meM ghar3A lekara saMpanna kara rahe haiN| matharA se prApta lakSmI kI eka kuSANakAlIna mUrti upalabdha hai, jisameM lakSmI kI pratiSThA kamaloM ke bIca kI gaI hai| 1. draSTavya, siddhezvarInArAyaNa rAya, paurANika dharma evaM samAja, pR0 22.25. 2. altekara, guptakAlIna mudrAeM, pR0 102. 3. kumArasvAmI, e0 ke0, 'yakSAja,' bhAga 2, pR0 82. 4. vahI-pR0 84.

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pariccheda do bhAratIya darzana udadyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM zikSaNIya viSayoM ke antargata pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM kA paricaya diyA hai| vijayapurI ke maTha meM inakA vidhivat adhyayana hotA thaa| anyAnya prasaMgoM meM bhI ina darzanoM se sambandhita jAnakArI grantha meM prApta hotI haiN| ina samagra sandarbho kA vivecana karane se nimna dArzanika matoM kA svarUpa spaSTa hotA haibauddhadarzana vijayapurI ke maTha ke dUsare kakSa meM 'rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza evaM zabda ke saMyoga mAtra se kalpita yaha saMsAra hai, tathA rUpa evaM artha kSaNabhaMgura haiM, ina vicAroM se yukta bauddhadarzana para vyAkhyAna diyA jA rahA thaa|' bauddhadarzana kI yaha pramukha vicAradhArA usake prAcIna rUpa hInayAna ke anukUla hai| sambhava hai, dakSiNa bhArata meM mahAyAna kA adhika pracAra na hone se vahAM usakA paThana-pAThana na hotA rahA ho| eka dUsare prasaMga meM dRr3havarman ke samakSa bauddha AcArya ne 'jIva kI kSaNabhaMguratA, vRkSoM kI acetanatA, jagat kI anityatA evaM nirvANa ke abhAva hone meM vizvAsa karanA apanA dharma svIkAra kiyA hai| rAjA ne apane kuladevatA ke dharma (jainadharma) se viparIta hone ke kAraNa isa bauddha dharma ko dUra se hI tyAga diyA (203.25) / isa prasaMga meM bhI mahAyAna ke kisI siddhAnta kA ullekha 1. ekkaM vakkhANa-maMDali jAva payai-paccaya"aNNattha rUva-rasa gaMdha phAsa-saha-saMjoya. metta-kappaNA-rUvattha-khaNa-bhaMga-bhaMguraM buddhaM-darisaNaM vakkhANijja i, 150.26. 2. draSTavya, DA0 upAdhyAya-bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1. 3. jIvo khaNa-bhaMgillo aceyaNA taruvarA jgmnnicc| NivvANaM pi abhAvo dhammo amhANa NaraNAha // -203-23 .

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374 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nahIM huA hai / anyatra granthakAra ne jainadharma meM dIkSita naye sAdhu ko pratyekabuddha kahA hai-'iya gava-uvahi-saNAho jAo pacceya-buddho so'-(141.4, 5) / pratyeka buddha hInayAna sampradAya meM hI adhika pracalita zabda hai, jo apanI mukti kI kAmanA se pravrajata hotA hai / dhArmika maTha ke prasaMga meM udyotana ne kahA ki nagara meM sandhyA samaya bauddha vihAroM meM ekAnta karuNA se yukta arthagabhita vacanoM kA pArAyaNa hotA thA (83.1) / rAjA dar3havarmana ne putraprApti ke lie anya tapasviyoM ke sAtha zAkya bhikSuoM ko bhI bhojana-pAna evaM cIvarAdi dAna meM diye the (14.6) / Apatti ke samaya vyApArI buddha kI manautI mAMgate the (68.19) / bauddhadharma ke sambandha meM uparyukta saMkSipta jAnakArI se yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA ki vivecyakAla meM usakI kyA sthiti thii| anyAnya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vauddhadharma pazcima meM sindha evaM pUrva meM bihAra aura baMgAla meM usa samaya adhika pracalita thaa| rAjasthAna meM isakA sthAna gauNa hotA jA rahA thaa| yadyapi isa samaya taka mahAyAna zAkhA paryApta vikasita ho cukI thI, phira bhI uddyotana ke kisI sandarbha se isakA saMketa nahIM miltaa| lokAyata (cAka) darzana uddyotana ne do prasaMgoM meM lokAyata darzana kI vicAradhArA kA ullekha kiyA hai / uparyukta maTha ke AThaveM vyAkhyAna kakSa meM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM AkAza ke saMyoga vizeSa se utpanna caitanya madirA ke mada ke samAna hai, ata: AtmA nahIM hai, ina vAdoM kA pratipAdika lokAyata-darzana par3hAyA jA rahA thaa|' rAjA dRDhavarman ke samakSa eka prAcArya ne apanA mata pragaTa kiyA-'na koI jIva hai, na paraloka aura paramArtha (mokSa) hii| ataH icchAnusAra khAnA-pInA hI isa saMsAra meM ekamAtra sAra hai / yadyapi isa prasaMga meM granthakAra ne kisI darzana kA nAma nahIM liyA, kintu isa vicAradhArA kA sambandha cArvAka dazana se hI hai|' jaisA ki sarvadarzana-saMgraha kI paktiyoM kI tulanA karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai 'na svargo nApavargo vA naivAtmA pAralaukikaH / ' tathA _ 'yAvajjIvetsukhaM jIvedaNaMkRtvA ghRtaM pivet / ' rAjA dRr3havarman ne isa vivAra kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki yadi koI jIva nahIM hai to yaha kathana kauna kara rahA hai ? ata: ina mUDha nAstikavAdiyoM ko to 1. katthai puhai-jala-jalaNANilAgAsa-saMjoya-visesuppaNNa-ceyaNNaM majjaMga-madaM piva attaNo Natthi-vAya-parA logAyatiga tti / -151.2 2. Navi asthi koi jIvo Na ya paraloo Na yAvi paramattho / bhuMjaha khAha jahicchaM ettiya-mattaM jae sAraM ||-kuv0 205.31 3. draSTavya, nandisUtra (42, pR0 193), dIghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta pR0 11 meM lokAyata kA varNana /

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bhAratIya darzana 375 dekhanA bhI yogya nahIM hai|' prAyaH sabhI darzanoM meM cArvAka ke uparyukta mata kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| tadanurUpa hI uddyotana ne bhI kiyA hai / lokAyata darzana ke uparyukta sandarbho meM prathama sandarbha meM cArvAka dvArA pA~ca mahAbhUtoM (pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM AkAza) ko mAnanA hamAre sAmane eka samasyA upasthita karatA hai / abhI taka cArvAka darzana ko pragaTa karane vAle jitane bhI sandarbha yA uddharaNa prApta hue haiM ve sabhI yaha ekamata se svIkAra karate haiM ki cArvAka cAra mahAbhUta ho mAnatA hai| AkAza ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| isa sambandha meM vRhaspati kA sUtra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| vastutaH pratyakSa ke atirikta pramANa ko na svIkAra karane ke kAraNa tathA AtmA jaise kisI atibhautika padArtha ko na mAnane se yaha atyanta tarkasaMgata hogA ki cArvAka AkAza ko svIkAra na kre| jina cArabhUtoM ko vaha mAnatA hai unakA bhI sthala rUpa hI vaha svIkAratA hai, sUkSma rUpa nhiiN| kyoMki sUkSmarUpa anumAnagamya hI ho sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM udyotanasUri dvArA 'AkAza' ko lokAyata-darzana meM sammilita karanA yA to unakI paMcamahAbhUta kI dhAraNA ke kAraNa bhrAnti ho sakatI hai athavA lipikAra kA pramAda ho sakatA hai| yadyapi isa sandarbha kA koI pAThabheda upalabdha nahIM hai| lokAyata darzana kI uparyukta vicAradhArA ke sambandha meM vRhaspati ke nimnAMkita sUtra draSTavya haiM 2. 'pRthivyapastejovAyuriti tattvAni'-pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu ye cAra tattva haiN| 3. 'tatsamudAye zarIrendriyaviSayasaMjJA'-inhIM bhUtoM ke saMgaThana ko zarIra, ___ indriya tathA viSaya nAma diyA gayA hai| 4. 'tebhyazcaitanyam'-inhIM bhUtoM ke saMgaThana se caitanya utpanna hotA hai| 5. 'kiNvAdibhyo madazaktivad vijJAnam'-jisa prakAra kiNva Adi anna ke saMgaThana se mAdaka zakti utpanna hotI hai, usI prakAra ina bhUtoM ke saMgaThana se vijJAna (caitanya) utpanna hotA hai| __ jai Natthi koi jIvo ko eso jaMpae imaM vayaNaM / mUDho Natthiya-vAI eso dalR pi Navi joggo / -205.33. 'Commanly Hindu thought recognizes five elements --earth water, fire, air and akasa, while the first four of these are matters of ordinary sense-experience, the last is the result of inference. The Carvaka, because he admits only the immediate evidence of the senses, denies the last'.. ---M. Hiriyanna, Outlines of Indian Philosophy, P. 191. Oxford University Press London, 1965.

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376 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. 'jalabudbadvajjIvA :-'jala ke babUle ke samAna AtmA zIghra naSTa ho jAtI hai|' yahI bAta sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM bhI isa darzana ke pratipAdana ke prasaMga meM kahI gayI hai atra catvAri bhUtAni bhUmivAyuranalAnilAH / caturvyaH khalu bhUtebhyazcaitanyamuvajAyate / / / kiNvAdibhyaH samaMtemyo dravyebhyo madazaktivat / ahaM sthUlaH kRzo'smIti sAmAnAdhikaraNyataH / / dehasthaulyAdiyogAcca sa evA''tmA na cAparaH / (sa0 saM0 pR0 3) anekAntavAdI (jainadarzana) vijayapurI ke maTha meM chAtroM ko 'jIva, ajIva Adi padArthoM meM dravyasthita paryAya ko mAnane vAle, naya kA nirUpaNa karane vAle, nitya, anitya ko apekSAkRta mAnane vAle anekAntavAda ko par3hAyA jA rahA thA / 2 uddyotana dvArA prastuta isa sandarbha se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina darzana ke liye usa samaya anekAntavAda zabda prayukta hotA thA, jisameM sapta padArthanirUpaNa, syAdvAdanaya, jagat kI nityatA-anityatA Adi para vicAra jaise siddhAnta sammilita the| prastuta prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki 'anekAntavAda' zabda kaba se isa darzana meM prayukta huA tathA AcArya akalaMka kA isake sAtha kyA sambandha thA, jisake sambandha meM udyotana ne koI saMketa nahI diyA hai| donoM hI AcArya AThavIM zatAbdI ke hone ke kAraNa, isa prazna para vicAra karanA mahattvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| haribhadrasUri ne anekAntavAda' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isake pUrva bhI isa zabda ke prayukta hone kI sambhAvanA hai| __ jainadharma evaM darzana ke sambandha meM udyotana ne grantha meM yatra-tatra paryApta jAnakArI dI hai, jisake adhyayana se tatkAlIna jainadharma kA svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai / isa sambandha meM Age vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / sAMkhya (yoga) darzana sAMkhya darzana se sambandhita jAnakArI kuvalayamAlA ke do-tIna prasaMgoM se milatI hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke ukta maTha meM 'utpatti, vinAza se rahita avasthita, nitya, eka svabhAvI puruSa kA tathA sukha-duHkhAnubhava rUpa prakRti vizeSa (vaiSamyAvasthA ko prApta prakRti) ko batalAte hue sAMkhya-darzana kA vyAkhyAna ho rahA 1. DA0 umezamizra, bhAratIya darzana, pR0 86. 2. kahiMci jIvAjIvAdi-payatthANugaya-davvaThThiya-pajjAya-Naya-NirUvaNA-vibhAgo-vAladdha NiccANiccANeyaMtavAyaM parUveMti / -151.1.

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bhAratIya darzana 377 thaa|" isa sandarbha meM 'uggAhIyaI' kriyA se jJAta hotA hai ki sAMkhya-darzana kA vyAkhyAna gAthAoM ko gAkara kiyA jA rahA thaa| sambhava hai, 'sAMkhyakArikA' kI kArikAyeM gAkara samajhAI jA rahI hoN| AThavIM zatAbdI taka sAMkhyakArikA nizcita rUpa se prasiddha ho cukI thii| usakA cInI anuvAda isa samaya kiyA jA cukA thA, jo isa grantha kI prasiddhi kA dyotaka hai / 2 kuvalayamAlA meM dhArmika prAcAryoM ke sAtha kapila kA bhI ullekha huA hai| ye kapila nirIzvara sAMkhya mata ke Adarza the| inakA sAMkhyadarzana ke sAtha prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI ullekha milatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana kramazaH vikasita hone para aneka mata ke sAdhuoM dvArA apanA liyA gayA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne anya prasaMgoM meM tridaNDI, yogI, caraka, parivrAjaka sAdhuoM kI vicAradhArA kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisakA sambandha sAMkhya-darzana ke mUla siddhAntoM se hai| inake sambandha meM saMkSipta jAnakArI isa prakAra hai tridaNDI-'jIva sarvagata hai, dhyAna-yoga se vaha prakRti se mukta hotA hai tathA miTTI evaM jala se zauca kriyA karane para zuddhi hotI hai, yaha tridaNDiyoM kA pramukha siddhAnta hai / '3 eka AcArya dvArA aisA kahane para rAjA dRr3havarman ne ise yaha kahakara asvIkAra kara diyA ki yadi AtmA sarvagata hai to kauna dhyAna karegA, kauna cintana karegA ? tathA pRthvI evaM jala sajIva haiN| unako mArane se kaise zuddhi hogI ? (203.21) / tridaNDI AcArya kA sambandha sAMkhya-yoga darzana kI zAkhA se pratIta hotA hai| prAcIna samaya meM aise parivrAjakoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo tridaNDa dhAraNa karate the evaM sAMkhya-darzana ke paMDita hote the / sambhavataH tridaNDa dhAraNa karane se hI ye udyotana ke samaya taka tridaNDI kahe jAne lage the| zaucamUlaka dharma sAMkhyamata meM lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI meM bhI thA, jisake anusAra koI bhI apavitra vastu miTTI se mAMjane evaM zuddha jala se dhone se pavitra ho jAtI hai tathA jala ke abhiSeka se pavitra hokara prANiyoM ko svarga kI prApti hotI hai| AThavIM zatAbdI ke tridaNDI sAMkhya-yoga mata ke zaucamUlaka dharma kA pracAra kara rahe the| tApasa, muni evaM anya sAdhuoM se tridaNDI kA svarUpa bhinna hotA thA (184.28) / yogI-'aAtmA sarvagata hai, jise prakRti nahIM bA~dha sakatI tathA yogAbhyAsa se mukti pAkara vyakti niraMjana hotA hai / isa siddhAnta ko mAnane vAle AcArya 1. katthai uppati-viNAsa-parihArAvatthiya-Niccega sahAvAyarUva-payai-visesovaNIya suha-dukkhANubhavaM saMkha-darisaNaM uggAhIyai / -150.27. 2. haridatta vedAlaMkAra, 'bhArata kA sAMskRtika itihAsa,' pu0 96. savva-gao aha jIvo muccai payaIe jhANa-joehiM / puhai-jala-soya-suddho esa tidaMDINa dhmmvro||-kuv0 203.27. 4. jJAtAdharmakathA, 5, 73 savva-gao iha appA Na kuNai payaDIe bajjhae NavaraM / jogababhAsA mukko iya ceya NiraMjaNo hoi||-203.31

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378 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kA nAma kuvalayamAlA meM nahIM diyA hai| vicAradhArA ke AdhAra para pratIta hotA hai ki isakA sambandha bhI yoga se prabhAvita darzana se rahA hogA, jo sAMkhya kI hI eka zAkhA hai| tridaNDiyoM ke mata se kucha bhinnatA hone ke kAraNa ye apane ko yogAbhyAsI kahate rahe hoNge| pA~ca yama aura pA~ca niyama ye dasa parivrAjaka dharma sAMkhyadarzana ke sAdhu bho mAnate tathA inakA upadeza dete the| rAjA dRr3havarman ne isa mata ke AcArya kA dharma isalie svIkAra nahIM kiyA kyoMki use sarvagata AtmA hone para yogAbhyAsa viparIta pratIta hotA hai| uparyukta ina donoM triDaNDI aura yogI kI vicAradhArA se itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki isa samaya bhI sAMkhya darzana meM AtmA ko sarvagata aura puruSa ko prakRti se mukta mAnA jAtA thA, jo usake mUla siddhAnta rahe haiM / caraka-kuvalayamAlA meM caraka kA ullekha dAna Adi dene ke prasaMga meM anya sAdhuoM ke sAtha huA hai (14.6) / inakI kyA vicAradhArA thI, udyotana ne isakI koI jAnakArI nahIM dii| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM 'caraka' ke kaI ullekha prApta hote haiN| pANini ne eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para jAkara jJAna kA pracAra karane vAle vidyArthiyoM ko caraka kahA hai / 2 jAtakoM meM caraka isI artha kA dyotaka hai|' kintu jainasUtroM meM parivrAjaka sAdhuoM ke eka bheda ko caraka kahA gayA hai| carakoM kI aneka kriyAoM kA varNana bhI ina sUtroM meM milatA hai| prajJApanATIkA (malayagiri. 20, pR0 1214) meM caraka parivrAjakoM kA kapilamuni kA putra tathA AcArAgaMcUrNI (8, pR0 265) meM unake bhakta sAMkhya batalAye gaye haiM / ataH caraka kA sambandha sAkhyadarzana kI kisI zAkhA se rahA hogaa| yadyapi usake mata kA spaSTIkaraNa nahIM hotA / ___uddyotanasUri ne sAMkhyadarzana ke prAcAryoM meM kevala kapila kA eka bAra anya AcAryoM ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai (2.29) / kapila nirIzvara sAMkhyamata ko mAnane vAle the| sAMkhya-pAlocaka-rAjA dar3havarman ke samakSa eka AcArya ne apanA mata ina zabdoM meM pragaTa kiyA-'paccIsa puruSoM (tattvoM) ko jAna lene para vyakti yadi brahma-hatyA bhI kare to jala meM kamala ko bhAMti vaha pApa se lipta nahIM hotaa| 1. appA sarIra-metto Niya-kamme kaNai bajjae teNaM / sara-gae kaha joo vivarIyaM vaTTae eyaM // -203.33 2. agravAla, pA0 kA0 bhA0, pR0 297 3. sonaka jAtaka, 5.247 4. draSTavya, ja0-jai0 A0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 416 (noTa) 5. NAUNa paMcavIsaya-purisaM jai kuNai baMbha hccaao| to vi Na lippai puriso jaleNa jaha paMkayaM salile / / -206.35

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bhAratIya darzana 379 yaha kathana sambhavataH sAMkhya-siddhAnta para vyaMga karate hue kahA gayA hai ki isa mata ke anuyAyo saba kucha prakRti ko chor3akara puruSa ko nirlipta mAnate hue kucha bhI karate rahate haiN| sAMkhyamata ke mAnane vAloM meM isa samaya bar3hI huI mAMsAhAra kI pravRtti ke prati sambhavataH kisI ne ukta kathanaM dvArA prahAra kiyA hai| Age calakara 10vIM zatAbdI meM somadeva ne bhI sAMkhyamata meM mAMsAhAra ke pracalana ke kAraNa unake siddhAnta ko tyAga dene kI salAha dI hai|' __ mAMsAhAra evaM jIvahatyA ke prati uddyotanasUri kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa thaa| rAjA prAcArya ke ukta kathana ko yaha kahakara asvIkAra kara detA hai ki eka bAra kAlakUTa viSa khAkara vyakti jIvita raha jAya, kintu jIvahatyA se sampRkta mata kabhI dharma nahIM ho sakatA (207.1) / vaizeSika-darzana vijayapurI ke dhArmika maTha meM 'dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya padArthoM ke svarUpa nirUpaNa meM avasthita bhinna guNa evaM avayavoM kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA vaizeSika darzana par3hAyA jA rahA thA / 2 uparyukta sandarbha meM isa darzana ke sAtaveM 'abhAva' padArtha kA ullekha na karane se yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki kaNAda-praNIta 'vaizeSikasUtra' isa samaya pAThyagrantha rahA hogaa| jisameM chaha padArthoM kA hI kaNThataH ullekha hai aura satra meM pAye 'ca' zabda ke AdhAra para bAda meM abhAva nAmaka sA~taveM padArtha ko mAnA gayA hai| ___eka anya prasaMga meM udyotanasUri ne kaNAda kA bhI ullekha anya AcAryoM ke sAtha kiyA hai (2.26) / kaNAda vaizeSika darzana ke pramukha prAcArya the / vaizeSikasUtrabhASya ke anta meM bhASyakAra prazastapAda ne sUtrakAra kaNAda kI bandanA kI hai aura kahA hai ki unhoMne (kaNAda) yoga aura AcAra se mahezvara ko prasanna karake vaizeSika-zAstra kI racanA kI thii| yoga aura AcAra pazupata evaM zaiva donoM hI sampradAya meM mAnya hai| ataeva kaNAda pazupata yA zaiva sampradAya ke bhI anuyAyI rahe hoNge| AcArya haribhadrasUri ne bhI kaNAda ke darzana ko zavadharma kA pracAraka kahA hai| nyAya-darzana ____ 'maTha ke chaThaveM vyAkhyAna-maNDapa meM pramANa, prameya, saMzaya, nirNaya, chala, jAti nigrahavAdI naiyAyikoM kA darzana chAtroM ko par3hAyA jA rahA thA / '4 nyAya 1. handikI, yaza0 i0 ka0,10 230 2. katthai danva-guNa-kamma-sAmaNNa visesa-samavAya-payattha-rUva-NirUvaNAvaTThiya-bhiNNa guNAyavAya-parUvaNaparA vaisesiya-darisaNaM parUveMti / -150.28 bhaNDArakara, vai0 zai0 dhA0 ma0, pR0135. aNNattha pamANa-pameya-saMsaya-NigNaya-chala-jAi-NiggahatthANa-vAiNo nniyaaiydrisnn-praa| -150.30. lh >>

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380 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana darzana solaha padArtha svIkAra karatA hai / gautamapraNIta nyAyasUtra kA prathama sUtra ina solahoM padArthoM kA nAma nirdeza karatA hai / ' udyotanasUri ne una solaha padArthoM meM se prArambha ke tIna, madhya kA eka (nirNaya) tathA anta ke tIna padArthoM kA samAsa meM nirdeza karate hue apane samaya meM nyAyasUtra kA par3hAyA jAnA vyaMjita kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM anyatra nyAya - darzana ke sambandha meM isake atirikta aura koI jAnakArI nahIM dI gayI hai / mImAMsA darzana uparyukta dhArmika maTha ke prasaMga meM granthakAra ne mImAMsA darzana ke paThana-pAThana bhI bAta kahI hai / eka vyAkhyAnakakSa meM 'pratyakSa, anumAna Adi chaha pramANoM se nirUpita jIva Adi ko nitya mAnane vAle, sarvajJa (Izvara) nahIM hai, tathA vAkya, pada evaM zabda- pramANa ko svIkArane vAle mImAMsakoM kA darzana par3hAyA jA rahA thA / 3 AThavIM zatAbdI meM pUrva evaM uttara mImAMsA ke diggaja vidvAn upasthita the, jinhoMne anya bhAratIya darzanoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA thA / prabhAkara, kumArilabhaTTa evaM zaMkarAcArya unameM pramukha the / uparyukta siddhAnta inameM se kisase adhika sambandhita the isa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / uparyukta sandarbha meM chaha pramANoM kI bAta kahI gaI hai / mImAMsA ke bhATTa tathA prabhAkara sampradAyoM meM se bhATTa sampradAya hI chaha pramANoM ko mAnatA hai / prabhAkara kevala pA~ca pramANa mAnate haiM / ataH isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai| ki kumArila ke grantha kA adhyayana isa maTha meM karAyA jA rahA thA / isakA eka sahAyaka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki ukta sandarbha meM 'sarvajJa nahIM hai', isa siddhAnta kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai / sarvajJa kI nAstitA kA spaSTa ullekha kumArila ne hI kiyA hai / 3 jIva ko nitya mAnanA mImAMsakoM kA sAmAnya siddhAnta hai / kuvalayamAlA kahA meM bhAratIya darzana ke uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna zikSA kendroM meM sabhI darzanoM kA eka sAtha paThana-pAThana hotA thA / isase tatkAlIna zikSAvidoM evaM dhArmika AcAryoM ke udAra dRSTikoNa kA patA calatA hai / jijJAsuoM meM cintana aura abhivyakti kI svatantratA vidyamAna thI / isake sAtha yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mUla siddhAntagranthoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA 1. pramANaprameyasaMzayaprayojanadRSTAntasiddhAntAvayavatarkanirNayavAdajalpavitaNDA - hetvAbhAsachalajAtinigrahasthAnAnA tatvajJAtAnniHzreyasAdhigamaH - nyAyasUtra, 1.1. 2. kahici paccakkhANumANa-pamANa-chakka - NirUviya Nicca - jIvAdi - Natthi - savvaNuvAya-pada-vakkappamANAivAiNo mImaMsayA / - 150.29. 3. ema0 hiriyaNNA, AuTa lAInsa Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI, pR0 138. 4. zlokavAttika, 1.5.

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bhAratIya darzana 381 jAtA thaa| sAMkhyakArikA, vaizeSikasUtra, nyAyasUtra, Adi sUtra grantha pAThyakrama meM sammilita the| uparyukta bhAratIya darzanoM meM vedAnta aura yoga kA darzana ke rUpa meM granthakAra ne ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| jabaki nyAya, vaizeSika kA pRthaka-pRthaka ullekha hai| isa vivaraNa ke prasaMga meM eka bAta aura ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai ki udadyotanasari ne anekAntavAda ke sAtha akalaMka aura mImAMsA (vedAnta) ke sAtha zaMkarAcArya ke sambandha meM koI saMketa nahIM diyA hai| jabaki ye donoM prAcArya granthakAra ke samakAlIna aura isa yuga ke prasiddha tArkika the| zaMkarAcArya to dakSiNa ke rahane vAle the| ataH vahA~ ke dhArmika maTha meM unakA prabhAva honA svAbhAvika hai / sambhava hai, uddyotanasUri ne jaba kuvalayamAlA kI racanA kI ho usa samaya zaMkarAcArya ko kisI mata ke pratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM prasiddhi na mila pAyI ho| inake aura udadyotana ke samaya meM bhI lagabhaga 50 varSoM kA antara rahA hogaa| udadyotana ne 779 I0 meM apanA grantha likhA thA aura zaMkarAcArya kA samaya 788.820 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| anekAntavAda ke pratiSThApaka akalaMka bhI udyotanasUri ke nikaTa-paravartI AcArya jAna par3ate haiN| samakAlIna hone para uddyotana avazya unakA ullekha krte| udyotanasUri ke 5 varSa bAda racanA karane vAle AcArya jinasena ne bhI apane harivaMzapurANa meM anya jaina AcAryoM ke sAtha akalaMka ko smaraNa nahIM kiyaa|' ataH isa yuga meM anekAntavAda kI prasiddhi to ho cukI thI kintu use pUrNa pratiSThA AThavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM hone vAle akalaMka ke dvArA hI milI hogii| 1. draSTavya, paM0 pannAlAla dvArA saMpAdita harivaMzapurANa kI bhUmikA /

Page #402
pariccheda tIna dhArmika jagat anya dhArmika mata udyotanasUri ne apane grantha meM kucha aise AcAryoM ke matoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jo uparyukta pramukha dharmoM ke antargata nahIM Ate tathA jinakI paramparA buddha aura mahAvIra ke yuga se calI AyI pratIta hotI hai| inameM AjIvaka, niyativAdI, ajJAnavAdI evaM bhAgyavAdI pramukha haiM / kuvalayamAlA ke sandarbhoM ke AdhAra para inakA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ de denA ucita hogA / paMDara- bhikSuka - 'gAya ke dahI, dUdha, gorasa, ghI Adi ko mAMsa kI bhAMti samajhakara nahIM khAnA paMDara- bhikSuoM kA dharma hai / " prAcIna jainasUtroM meM paMDarabhikSuoM kA paMDuraMga parivrAjaka ke nAma se ullekha milatA hai nizIthicUrNa ( grantha 4, pR0 865) ke anusAra AjIvakoM kI saMjJA paMDarabhikSu thI / " tathA anuyogadvAra - cUrNa ( pR0 12) meM unheM sasarakkha bhikkhuoM kA paryAyavAcI mAnA hai / zarIra meM zveta bhasma lagAne ke kAraNa inheM paMDuraMga yA paNDarabhikSu kahA jAtA thA " lagabhaga 6-7vIM sadI meM ye zayanAdi evaM pahanane ke lie zveta dukUlavastroM kA prayoga karate the / DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke anusAra ye loga ThAThabATa se rahanevAle mahanta the / 1. dahi-duddha-goraso vAgha yaM va aNNaM va kiMpi gAINaM / mAMsaM pivamA bhuMja iya paMDara - bhikkhao dhammo // - kuva0 206.11. 2. anuyogadvArasUtra 20, jJAtAdharmakathA TIkA 15. 3. ena0 zAstrI, DavalapameNTa Apha rilIjana ina sAutha iNDiyA, pR0 115. 4. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 417 (noTa) / 5. jarnala Apha da oriyaNTala insaTITyUTa pUnA, 26, naM0 2 pR0 120. 6. harSacarita - eka adhyayana, pR0 107,

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dhArmika jagat 383 kuvalayamAlA ke ukta prasaMga se paNDarabhikSuoM ke sambandha meM yaha vizeSa jJAta hotA hai ki bANa ke samaya inake mata meM jo siddhAnta pracalita thA usakA pUrNatayA uddyotana ke samaya taka nirvAha ho rahA thaa| paMDarabhikSu gorasa kA bilakula vyavahAra na karate the ataH bANa ne inake zarIra ko jala se sIMcA huA kahA hai| ukta prasaMga meM bhI inhoMne sabhI prakAra ke gorasa kA niSedha batalAyA hai / paMDarabhikSu gorasa kA tyAga kyoM karate the, isakA koI spaSTa kAraNa jJAta nahIM hotaa| paMDarabhikSuoM kA AjIvaka sampradAya se sambandha hone ke kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki unameM rasoM ke tyAga kI bhAvanA rahI ho, jo Aja bhI jainavatiyoM meM paryuSaNaparva Adi ke samaya dekhI jAtI hai| rAjA dRr3havarman ne paMDarabhikSuoM ke ukta siddhAnta ko yaha socate hue asvIkAra kara diyA ki go-mAMsa kA pratiSedha to ThIka hai, kintu ye maMgalakArI dahI Adi kI bhI varjanA karate haiM, jo sAdhuoM ke zIla kI rakSA karate haiN| isase to hamAre vihAra karane kA bhI koI prayojana nahIM / _ajJAnavAdI-'kauna jAnatA hai ki dharma nIlA, pIlA athavA zveta hai ? isa prakAra ke jJAna kA kyA prayojana ? ataH jo hotA hai use sahana karanA caahie|' yaha ajJAnavAdiyoM kA mata hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM ajJAnavAdiyoM ke mata kI aneka tarkoM dvArA AlocanA kI gaI hai, jo ajJAnavAdI ajJAna ke kAraNa apane ko zikSA dene meM samartha nahIM haiM ve dUsaroM ko kyA zikSA degeM?" uddyotana ne bhI ajJAnavAdiyoM kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki dharma ke svarUpa ko anumAna, jJAna evaM mokSa ke kAraNoM dvArA hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| mUr3ha ajJAniyoM ke dvArA dharma kA sAdhana nahIM ho sktaa| citrazikhaNDi-'jisane mora ko raMga-viraMgA tathA haMsa ko zveta banAyA hai usI ne hameM banAyA hai / vahI hamAre dharma-adharma kI cintA kregaa| hamAre soca karane se kyA prayojana ?'7 hitopadeza meM bilakula isI prakAra kI vicAradhArA ko 1. kvacid ''zIkarAsArasicyamAnatanavaH, harSa0 pA~cave ucchavAsa meM / 2. go-mAse paDiseho eso vajjei maMgalaM dahiyaM / khamaNaya-sIlaM rakkhasu majjha vihAreNa viNNa kajjaM // -- kuva0 206.13, 3. ko jANai so dhammo NIlo pIo va sukkilo hojja / / NAeNa teNa kiM vA jaM hohii taM sahIhAmo // -hI 15, mAhaNA samaNA ege savve NANaM sayaM ve| sabaloge vi je pANA na te jANaMti kiMcaNa // -sUtrakRtAGga, 2.14. sUtrakRtAGga, 2.17. Najjai aNumANeNaM NAeNa vi teNa mokkh-kjjaaii| aNNANa-mUDhayANa katto dhammassa NipphattI ||-kuv0 206.17 jeNa-sihI cittali dhavale haMse kae taha mhe vi| dhammAhamme ciMtA kAhii so amha kiM tAe // -vahI 206 19, 81.28.

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384 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyakta kiyA gayA hai|' somadeva ne citrazikhaNDi nAma ke sAdhuoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisakA artha zratadeva ne saptarSi kiyA hai / sambhavataH ye saptarSi kuvalayamAlA ke ukta siddhAnta ko hI mAnane vAle rahe hogeM, jisase inakA nAma citrazikhaNDi par3A hogaa| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke nArAyaNIkhaNDa meM rAjA upacari kI kathA-prasaMga meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki marIci, atri, aMgirasa, pulastya, pulaha, Rtu evaM vaziSTha ye saptarSi evaM AThaveM svAyambhuva ne isa mata ke zAstra kA paramabhagavat ke samakSa prakAzana kiyA thaa| ye citrazikhaNDi isa dharma ke pracAraka the| isa prakAra mahAbhArata kAla se 10 vIM zatAbdI taka citrazikhaNDi mata dhArmika jagat meM prasiddha thaa| vidhi ko pradhAnatA dene vAle isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana karate hue dRr3havarman socatA hai ki mora kI citratA Adi sabhI kArya karmoM ke anusAra hI hote haiM / ataH karma ko vidhi mAnanA caahie| niyativAdI-'jo dhArmika puruSa haiM, vahI hamezA dharmarata rahegeM tathA jo pApI hai vaha hamezA pApa karma karatA rhegaa| ataH kisI prakAra kI dhArmika kriyA Adi karanA vyartha hai| isa mata kA sambandha AjIvaka sampradAya se hai| inake niyativAda kI bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM aneka bAra AlocanA huI hai| udyotanasUri ne bhI inake mata ke virodha meM yaha Apatti uThAyI hai ki yadi eka hI jIva sabhI janmoM meM dharmarata rahe to vahI naraka meM evaM vahI svarga meM kase jAyegA ? phira mukti kA koI prayatna hI kyoM karegA ? mUDhaparamparAvAdI- 'dharma-adharma kA viveka isa pRthvI meM kisa puruSa ko ho pAtA hai ? ataH andhoM kI bhA~ti maDhaparamparA dvArA hI yaha saba dharma racA gayA hai| kintu rAjA ko yaha mata svIkAra nahIM hotA kyoMki isa saMsAra meM dharma, adharma meM antara karane vAle kaI puruSa avazya haiN| anyathA dharma meM pravajita hokara kauna durddhara-tapa Adi karatA hai ? kutIthika-jainadharma ke atirikta anya mata ke sAdhuoM ko jainagranthoM meM kutIthika zabda se avihita kiyA gayA hai / kutIrthikoM meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha 1. yena zuklIkRtA haMsA zukAzca haritIkRtAH / mayUrAzcitritA yena sa te vRtti vidhAsyati // -hitopadeza 1.183. 2. jai0-ya0 sA0 a0, pR0 77. 3. DA0 bhaNDArakara-vai0 zai0 dhA0 ma0, pR0 5-6. 4. kuva0, 206.21. 5. kuva0 206.23. jai ekko cciya jIvo dhamma-rao hoi savva-jammesu / tA kIsa Naraya-gAmI so cciya so ceya saggammi // -206.25. 7. ku0-206 31. 8. ku0-206.33.

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dhArmika jagat 385 Adi se yukta pravRttiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiN|' aparavideha meM kevala eka-tIrthI (jainadharmAvalambI) rahate haiM, jabaki bharata kSetra meM aneka kutIthika nivAsa karate haiN| . paratIthika-jainadharma ke atirikta anya dharmoM ke sAdhuoM ko paratIrthaka kahA gayA hai, jo vidyA, mantra, bala, Adi ke dvArA yoga sAdhanA karate haiM tathA sAMsArika bhogoM ko sundara kahate haiM / 3 parivrAjaka-jaina sAhitya meM parivrAjakoM ke aneka rUpa varNita haiN| bauddha evaM jaina donoM paramparAoM meM zramaNoM ko inase dUra rahane ko kahA kahA hai| parivrAjaka brAhmaNa dharma ke pratiSThita paMDita hote the| ataH vAda-vivAda ke lie dUra-dUra taka paryaTana karate the| kuvalayamAlA meM parivrAjakoM ko bhojana, vasana Adi kA dAna dene kA ullekha hai|" yadyapi yaha prasaMga aMdha-vizvAsa kA paricAyaka hai| gaccha-parigraha-jaina sAdhuoM meM gaccha-parigraha sAdhu ve AcArya kahalAte the, jinake sAtha anya ziSya bhI bhramaNa karate the, ziSyoM kA samudAya (gaccha) jinakA parigraha thaa| naye sAdhu ko dIkSita karane kA adhikAra ina AcAryoM ko hI thaa| jo sAdhu akele bhramaNa karate the unheM cAraNa-zramaNa kahA jAtA thaa| inheM kisI vyakti ko dIkSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thA / jo sAdhu akele ghUmate the ve dIkSita vyakti kI prArambhika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti na kara pAte hoNge| isIlie cAraNa-zramaNa dIkSA dene ke adhikArI nahIM mAne gaye / vairAgya ko prApta vidyAdhara zramaNa-dharma meM pravajita ho cAraNa-zramaNa bana jAte the, jinheM gaganAMgaNa meM vicaraNa karane ko vidyA siddha ho jAtI thii| kuvalayamAlA meM cAraNa-zramaNa kA do bAra ullekha huA hai (80.17,11.22) / inakA pramukha kArya bhavya-jIvoM ko unake pUrvabhava kA smaraNa dilAkara jainadharma kA anuyAyI banAnA hai (80.23) / grantha meM vidyAdhara-zramaNoM kA ullekha huA hai, jo sambhavataH cAraNa zramaNa kA apara nAma hai (162.14, 15) / vyantara devatA vibhinna dharmoM se sambandhita pramukha devatAoM ke atirikta kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kucha aise devatAoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jinheM jainaparamparA meM vyantara devatA kahA 1. koha-loha-mANa-mAyAda Na kutitthANa ca / -vahI 5.9. 2. ettha egatitthiyA, tattha bhu-kutitthiyaa| -vahI 243.16. 3. iha vijjA-maMta-balaM paccakkhaM jog-bhog-phl-saarN| eyaM ciya sundarayaM para-titthiya-saMthavo bhaNio ||-kuv0 218.27. 4. ja0-0 A0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 415. 5. kuva0-14.6. 6. joggo tumaM pavvajjAe, kintu ahaM Na pavvAvemi'tti-ahaM cAraNa-samaNo, Na ahaM gaccha-pariggaho / - vahI 80.15, 16. 7. je vijjAharA-gayaNAMgaNa-cAriNo-hoti / - kuva0 80.17. 25 m

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. 386 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jAtA hai| pizAca, bhUta, yakSa, rAkSasa, kinnara, kiMpuruSa, mahoraga aura gandharva ye ATha deva vyantara kahalAte haiN| inakI pUjA ke lie pratyeka ke alaga-alaga caityavRkSa the| pizAca kA kadamba, yakSa kA vaTa, bhUta kA tulasI, rAkSasa kA kAMDaka kinnara kA azoka, kiMpurupa kA caMpaka, mahoraga kA nAga aura gandharva kA tenduka / ' uddyotanasUri ne ina AThoM devatAoM kA sarAgI deva ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai|' svarUpa evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para inheM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai(1) sahayogI devatA-kinnara, kiMpuruSa, gandharva, nAga, nAgendra, mahoraga, yakSa, lokapAla (53.6) evaM vidyAdhara (234.25) (2) utpAtI devatA-bhUta, pizAca, rAkSasa, vetAla (13.7), mahADAyinI (68.24), joginI (156.1), kanyA pizAcanI (156.1) / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM inake sambandha meM pracura ullekha milate haiN| purANakAla meM ukta utpAtI devatAoM ko zaMkara ke anucaroM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA thaa| ve inake adhipati mAne jAte the| kuvalayamAlA meM ina saba devatAoM ke vibhinna kAryoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| tadanusAra unake svarUpa Adi ke sambandhameM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kinnara-vindhyA aTavi meM kinnara mithunoM kA gIta gaMjatA rahatA thA (28.9) / anyatra bhI kinnara nirjana-pradeza meM rahane vAle batalAye gaye haiN| mahAbhArata meM (66 a0) rAkSasoM, vAnaroM, kinnaroM tathA yakSoM ko pulastya RSi kI santAna mAnA gayA hai| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM vimAna ke zikhara para kinnaroM kI AkRtiyA~ banAye jAne kA ullekha hai| siMhala (zrI laMkA) ke citrakAra bhI kinnaroM ke citra banAte the| kinnara Upara se manuSyoM ke samAna aura nIce se pakSiyoM ke samAna hote the|" kiMpuruSa- inakA ullekha hanezA kinnaroM ke sAtha hI huA hai| inakA bhI pUrA zarIra manuSya kA nahIM rahA hogaa| gandharva-kuva0 meM gandhoM kA sAmAnya ullekha hai| jAti evaM vidyA ko bhI gandharva kahA jAtA thaa| jainasUtroM meM gandharva deza kA bhI ullekha hai| usake nivAsiyoM ko vivAhavidhi ko bAda meM gandharva-vivAha kahA jAne lagA hogaa| yadyapi vaidika yuga se gandharvo kA ullekha milatA hai| kintu purANoM meM inakI utpatti evaM bheda-prabhedoM kA bhI varNana upalabdha hai| ve devayoni meM mAne jAte 1. sthAnAGgasUtra, 8.654. 2. 256.31, 32. 3. vAyu purANa 69.289 evaM brahmANDa purANa 3.7, 411. 4. moniyara viliyama DikzanarI meMuddhRta-kinnara zabda / 5. ke0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, maiDivala siMhalIja ArTa, pR0 81. Adi

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dhArmika jagat 387 the| unakI pUjA hotI thii| indra evaM sUrya ke ve anucara the| gandharvo kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki ye brahmA kI AjJA se dakSa dvArA utpanna kiye gye| brahmA kA teja (gA) pAna karane (dhyAyati) ke kAraNa hI inheM gandharva kahA jAtA hai / hemakUTa evaM sumerugiri inakA nivAsasthAna mAnA jAtA hai|' nAga, nAgendra, mahoraga-nAga evaM mahoraga ko bali dekara santAna prApti kI kAmanA kuva0 meM kI gayI hai| yaha eka prAcIna paramparA thii| jJAtAdharmakathA (2, 10 46) meM bhI bandhyA striyA~ indra, skanda, nAga, yakSa Adi kI pUjA kiyA karatI thiiN| jainaparamparA meM rAjA bhAgIratha ke samaya se nAgabali kA pracAra huA thaa|' 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha se bhI nAgakumAra kA zraddhAlu ke rUpa meM sambandha rahA hai| mahAbhArata (7-8) meM nAgoM ko kaDU athavA surasA kI jAti kA kahA gayA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM sAdhAraNa manuSyoM ke rUpa meM inakA varNana milatA hai| varAhapurANa meM nAga kI utpatti ke sambandha meM rocaka varNana prApta hai|' kucha Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI nAga jAti ke sambandha meM adhyayana prastuta kiye haiN| yakSa-kuvalayamAlA meM yakSoM kA varNana bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke bhaktoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| yakSarAjA ratnazekhara kI kathA se pratIta hotA hai ki yakSa sAdhAraNa-manuSyoM kI AkRti ke hote the, kintu unameM kaI RddhiyAM hotI thiiN| ve sAmAnyataH logoM ke sahAyaka devatA the| isa kAraNa prAcIna bhArata meM yakSapUjA kA bahuta mahattva thaa| yakSoM kI pUjA ke lie nagaroM yakSAyatana bane hote the, jinheM ceiya athavA caitya kahate the|" bhUta-kuvalayamAlA meM bhUta kA pizAca ke sAtha ullekha hanA hai, jise rAjA ne bali dI thI (14.5) / purANoM meM inheM bhayaMkara aura mAMsabhakSI kahA gayA hai| kathAsAritsAgara meM inakA paricaya dete hue kahA hai ki bhUtoM ke zarIra kI chAyA nahIM par3atI, ve haldI sahana nahIM kara sakate tathA hamezA nAka se bolate haiM (1, pari0 1) / jaina sAhitya meM bhI inake pracura ullekha milate haiN| bhUtamaha nAma kA utsava caitrapUrNimA ko manAyA jAne lagA thaa| pizAca--udyotana ne pizAcoM ke sambandha meM kucha vizeSa nahIM kahA hai| varNana prasaMgoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ve zmazAnoM meM rahate the tathA apanI bhASA 1. rAya, pau0 dha0 evaM sa0, pR0 95-96. 2. ja0, jai0 A0 sA0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 36.37. 3. vAcaspatyam, bhAga, 8. 4. draSTavya-hArDI, mainuela Apha buddhijna, pR0 45, buddhisTa iMDiyA, pR0 220. 5. ja0, jai0 A0 bhA0 sa0, pR0 437-43. 6. vahI-pR0 447-48.

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388 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana paizAcI meM bolate the| pAjiTara, griyarsana ke anusAra pizAca prArambha meM vAstavika jAti kI saMjJA thii| bAda meM usakA rUpa vikRta huA hai|' rAkSasa-kuvalayamAlA meM eka rAkSasa kA varNana hai, jisane lobhadeva kA jahAja apanA badalA lene ke lie samudra meM Dubo diyA thA aura apanI dAyIM dIrghabhujA ke prahAra se jahAja ke Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara diye the (68.33) / eka anya prasaMga meM bhI bhUta-pizAca ke sAtha rAkSasoM ko bhI zmazAna meM mAMsa kharIdane ke lie bulAyA gayA hai (247.31) / vetAla-vairagupta kI kathA meM vetAla isakA mAMsa kharIdane zmazAna meM AtA hai| tathA usake kacce mAMsa ko cakhakara agni meM pakAkara haDDiyoM sahita kharodane ko taiyAra hotA hai| vairagupta apane mAMsa kI kImata ke badale usase eka cora kA rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai| vetAla usake sAhasa evaM balidAna para prasanna hokara use vara pradAna karatA hai (248.1,39) / kaccA mAMsa khAne ke lie vetAla vANa ke samaya meM bhI prasiddha the| mahADAyinI-rAkSasa ke varNana ke prasaMga meM udyotana ne kahA hai ki mukhakuhara se agni kI jvAlA nikala rahI thI, bar3e-bar3e jisake dAMta the, bagala meM bacce ro rahe the tathA zrRgAloM ko taraha bhayaMkara AvAja karatI huI nRtya meM tallIna mahADAyinI kA hAsa loka meM vyApta thA (68.24) / usake gale meM naramuNDoM kI mAlA par3o huI thI (68.25) / isa svarUpa se to yaha mahADAyinI durgA ke kisI rUpa kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| ye bhUta-pizAca ityAdi devayoni meM hote hue bhI mAMsabhakSaNa jaise niHkRSTa kArya ko kyoM karate the? isa prazna kA uttara granthakAra ne svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukha se dilavAyA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki vyantarajAti ke deva vAstava meM mA~sa Adi nahIM khAte haiM / svabhAva se kucha vinodapriya hone ke kAraNa ye nAnA kriyAoM dvArA manuSyoM ke satya, sAhasa evaM lagana kI parIkSA lete haiM aura santuSTa ho jAne para unakI sahAyatA karate haiM-'ime vaMtarA tasma sattaM jANA-khelAvaNAhi prikkhNti-(248.11,13)| vetAloM dvArA mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA yaha aucitya granthakAra ne apanI ahiMsaka saMskRti se prabhAvita hokara saMbhavataH diyA hai| vAstava meM 7-8vIM zatAbdI meM vetAloM ko mAMsa-vikraya ne eka sAdhanA kA rUpa le liyA thaa| bANa ne harSacarita ke skandhAvAra ke varNana meM kahA hai ki kucha rAjakumAra khuleAma vetAloM ko mAMsabecane kI taiyArI kara rahe the| mahAkAla ke mele meM pradyota ke rAjakumAra dvArA mahAmAMsa kA ullekha hai (harSa0 199) / vAstava meM yaha kriyA zaivoM meM kApAlika 1. je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1912, pR0 712. 2. harSacarita, sUryAstavarNana (u0-8).

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dhArmika jagat 389 logoM kI thI, jo apane Apako mahAvrato bhI kahate the|' svayaM uddyotanasUri ne bhI aise kApAlikoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / mahAmAMsa-vikraya kI yaha prathA isa samaya bIbhatsa aura bhISaNa thii| isake sAtha hI tantra-mantra se sambandhita kaI upAsanAe~ bhI prArambha ho gayI thiiN| tAntrika sAdhanAeM aura unakI viphalatA udadyotanasUri ne vibhinna prasaMgoM meM tAntrika sAdhanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo unake samaya ke dhArmika-jagata meM apanA pramukha sthAna banA cukI thiiN| kintu sambhavataH ina sAdhanAoM ke sAtha hiMsA, anAcAra evaM svArtha-siddhi itanI jur3I huI thI ki koI bhI AtmakalyANa ke mArga kA sAdhaka inakA anumodana nahIM kara sakatA thaa| uddyotanasUri ne isIlie ina sabakA ullekha to kiyA hai, kintu inake mAdhyama apane kArya kI siddhi cAhane vAle ko anta meM viphala hI vatalAyA hai| unakA yaha daSTikoNa tAntrika-sAdhanAoM ke nimnAMkita vivaraNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| - campAnagarI ke do baNikaputra jaba anya sAdhanoM se dhana kamAne meM asamartha ho gaye to unhoMne tAntrika-sAdhanA dvArA apanA kArya pUrA karanA cAhA / kuvalayamAlA meM isa saba kA varNana eka citrapaTa meM aMkita batalAyA gayA hai| munirAja rAjakumAra ko vaha yaha dikhalAte hue kahate haiM "kisI prakAra anya kAryoM meM caka ho jAne para ve donoM aneka prakAra ke aMjana-yoga meM pravatta he| aMjana lagAte hI A~khoM meM ghAva ho gayA (191.28) / yaha maiMne inheM hAtha meM pothI liye hue kisI puruSa ko Age karake bila meM praveza karate hue citrita kiyA hai (26) / inhoMne socA thA ki isase hameM yakSiNI sadha jAyegI. jo hamAre abhISTa ko pUrA kara degii| kintu taba taka usa bila vyAghra sahasA pragaTa ho gayA (30) / idhara ye dona baNika gurujanoM ke mukha se mantra grahaNakara madrA, maMDala, samaya Adi ke dvArA sAdhanA meM saMlagna haiM (31) / kintu unakI sAdhanA ke bIca meM hI unake pUrvakRta pApa karmoM ke kAraNa sahasA bhayaMkara rAkSasarUpI raudra pragaTa ho gayA (32) / isa prakAra jo-jo kArya unhoMne kiye pUrvakarmoM ke doSa ke kAraNa ve saba reta ke mahala kI bhA~ti vighaTita ho gaye (33) / isa prakAra asaphala hokara ye donoM kAma, rati, bhoga se nirviNNa eka devI ke caraNoM meM jAkara nizcinta hokara baiTha gaye (192.1) / kintu vaha devI kahIM dUra pravAsa meM gaI huI thii| ataH yaha dekho, becAre patthara ke khambhe kI taraha vahIM par3e hue haiM (192.2) / jaba kucha dinoM bAda unakA zarIra sUkhakara asthi-paMjara mAtra raha gayA to unhoMne 1. agravAla, harSa0 sAM0 a0, pR0 90. 2. draSTavya, mahAmAsa-vikraya para sadAnanda dIkSita kA lekha, iMDiyana hisTrI kAMgaresa prosIDiMgsa, bambaI, 1947, pR0 102-9. se vi

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana socA-yaha devI bhI hamAre samarpaNa se krodhita ho gaI hai (192.4) / isaliye ava parvata para se girakara apanA prANAnta kara lenA cAhiye (162.9) / kintu vahA~ unako eka munirAja kI divyavANI ne aisA karane se bacA liyA (192.13) / isa pramukha prasaMga ke atirikta grantha meM anyatra bhI tantra-mantra se sambandhita kucha sandarbha milate haiN| vijayasena kI rAnI bhAnumati ne santAna prApti ke liye aneka maMDala likhavAye tathA tantravAdiyoM ko ekatra kiyA taba kahIM usa para kisI bhUta kI kRpA huI (162.4, 5) / eka anya kathA meM sundarI jaba apane mRta javAna pati ko moha ke kAraNa jIvita mAnatI huI use jalAne na de rahI thI to usake svajanoM ne use gArUllavAdiyoM, bhUta-tAntrikoM evaM mantravAdiyoM se dikhavAyA, phira bhI koI phAyadA nahIM huA (225.13) / ityAdi / uparyukta vivaraNa meM aMjana-joga, bilapraveza, mudrA, maNDala, samaya, sAdhana, bhUtatantra, gArullavidyA, mantravidyA aise pAribhASika zabda haiM, jo tatkAlIna tAntrika sAdhanA meM pracalita the| pazupata evaM kApAlika zaiva sampradAyoM meM inake bahuvidha prayoga hote the|' kuvalayamAlA meM do bAra joginI kA bhI ullekha huA hai-(12.27 evaM.196.13) / joginI kA sambandha mahAkAla ziva se thA evaM kisI vidyA ko siddha karane ke sAtha yahA~ vaNita huA hai (196.13) / isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya kaI prakAra kI joginI hoto thIM, jinheM kaI prakAra ke kArya ke lie siddha kiyA jAtA hogaa| joginiyoM kA sambandha tAntrika vidyA se thaa| 10vIM sadI taka tAntrika vidyA itanI vikasita huI ki joginiyoM kI mattiyA~ banane lagI thiiN| 64 joginiyoM ko mUttiyA~ bher3AghATa evaM khajurAho ke mandiroM meM utkIrNa prApta hotI haiN| sUrya-upAsanA __ kuvalayamAlAkahA meM sUrya upAsanA se sambandhita jo sandarbha upalabdha haiM unase jJAta hotA hai ki isa yuga taka sUrya-pUjA paryApta vikasita ho cukI thii| sUrya ke aravinda, Aditya, ravi Adi nAma grantha meM prayukta hue haiN| mUlasthAna sUryapUjA kA pramukha kendra th|| revantaka nAmaka devatA bhI sarya-upAsanA ke antargata sammilita thaa| ina sabake sambandha meM saMkSipta jAnakArI isa prakAra hai aravindanAtha, Aditya, ravi-kuvalayamAlA meM aravinda kA do bAra ullekha hai (2.29, 14.5) / prathama ullekha meM aravinda kA dharma lokaprasiddha hai tathA dUsare meM aravindanAtha ko putra prApti ke lie bali dI gayI hai| anyatra 1. zAstrI, zivazaMkara avasthI, 'mantra aura mAtRkAoM kA rahasya, vArANasI, 66. 2. yazastilaka eNDa iNDiyana kalcara, pR0 3.69-97.

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391 dhArmika jagat Aditya ko sarAgI deva kahA gayA hai' tathA saMkaTa ke samaya ravi ko prANarakSA ke lie smaraNa kiyA gayA hai / aravinda, aravindanAtha, Aditya, ravi ye sabhI nAma sUrya ke haiM / sUrya devatA bhAratIya samAja meM atyanta prAcIna samaya se pUjA jAtA rahA hai / pahale golAkAra, kamala Adi pratIka ke rUpa meM sUrya kI pUjA hotI thI / bAda meM sUrya devatA kI mUttiyA~ bhI banane lagIM, jinake lie pRthaka stotra bhI the| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM harSavardhana ke darabAra ke kavi mayUra ne kuSTharoga se mukti pAne ke lie sUrya- zataka kI racanA kI thI / AThavIM sadI meM bhavabhUti ne mAlatImAdhava meM sUrya kI stuti kI hai / rAjasthAna meM sUrya upAsanA paryApta pracalita thI / udyotana ke samaya taka sUrya eka pramukha devatA mAnA jAne lagA thA / sUrya kA Aditya nAma rAjAoM ke nAma ke sAtha jor3akara sUryamandira banavAye jAte the / indrarAja cAhamAna ne indrAditya nAma kA eka sUryamandira banavAyA thA / bhInamAla usa samaya sUrya - pUjA kA pradhAna kendra thA, jahA~ ke sUryadevatA ko jagata-svAmin kahA jAtA thA / " DA. ojhA ke anusAra 6vIM se 14 vIM sadI taka sirohI rAjya ( rAjasthAna) meM aisA koI gAMva nahIM thA jahA~ sUryamandira yA sUryadevatA kI khaMDita mUrti na ho / sUrya upAsanA kI isa prasiddhi ke pariprekSya meM sambhava hai, udyotana ke samaya araviMdanAtha ke nAma se koI sUryamandira rahA ho / mUlasthAna bhaTTAraka - udyotana ne kevala rAjasthAna meM pracalita sUryaupAsanA kA hI paricaya nahIM diyA, apitu rAjasthAna ke bAhara ke prasiddha sUrya upAsanA ke kendra mUlasthAna- bhaTTAraka kA ullekha kiyA hai| mathurA ke anAtha maNDapa meM kor3hiyoM kA jamaghaTa thA / usameM carcA cala rahI thI ki kor3ha roga naSTa hone kA kyA upAya hai ? taka eka kor3hI ne kahA- mUlasthAnabhaTTAraka loka meM kor3ha ke deva haiM, jo use naSTa karate haiM / isa prasaMga kI tulanA sAmba kI kathA se kI jA sakatI hai / sAmbapurANa, bhaviSyapurANa (a0 139), varAhapurANa evaM skandapurANa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yAdava rAjakumAra sAmba, jo kor3ha se pIr3ita thA, ne sUrya upAsanA ke naye svarUpa ko prArambha kiyA tathA mUlasthAna ke prasiddha sUrya maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA / yaha mUlasthAna paMjAba kI cinAva nadI ke taTa para thA / isako mUlasthAna sambhavataH isalie kahA gayA hai 1. gahAiccA - ee savvedevA sarAiNo dosa- mohillA - kuva0 256.32. 2. ko vi raviNo -- uvAiya sahasse bhaNai - vahI, 68.18-19. 3. draSTavya, DA0 bhaNDArakara - vai0 zai0 ghA0 ma0 pU0 174-75. 4. mahendrapAla, dvitIya, kA pratApagar3ha abhilekha / 5. vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie draSTavya, za0 - rA0 e0, pR0 381-86. 6. sirohI rAjya kA itihAsa, pR0 26. 7. mUlatthANu bhaNDArau koDhaI je dei uddAlaijje loyahuM / - kuva0 55.16.

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392 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ki sUrya kI navIna pUjA ko pahalI bAra isI sthAna para saMgaThita kiyA gayA thA tathA sUryapUjA kA yaha mUla-adhiSThAna thaa| __ uddyotana ke isa sandarbha se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki mUlasthAna kA yaha sUryamaMdira rAjasthAna meM prasiddha thaa| pratihAroM ne multAna para jaba kabjA karanA cAhA to arava ke zAsakoM ne vahA~ ke sUryamaMdira kI mUrti ko naSTa kara dene kI dhamakI dI, jisase pratihAroM ko poche lauTanA pdd'aa| kyoMki ve sUrya ke upAsaka the|' mUlasthAna kA yaha sUryamaMdira yuvAnaccAMga tathA albarUnI ko bhI jJAta thaa| satrahavIM zatAbdI taka isakA astitva rhaa| bAda meM auraMgajeba ne use pUrI taraha naSTa kara diyaa| isa sUryamaMdira ke bAda bhArata meM aneka sUryamaMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA thaa| multAna se kaccha aura uttarI gujarAta taka bahuta se sUryamaMdira prApta hue haiN| mUlasthAna kA sUryamaMdira evaM sUrya-pUjA para videzI prabhAva avazya rahA hai| isakA pujArI zAkadvIpa kA nivAsI maga brAhmaNa thaa| sAtha hI sUryadevatA evaM sUryamaMdira ke sthApatya Adi meM bhI videzI tattva sammilita rahe haiN| isa saba ke kAraNa DA0 bhaNDArakara kA mata hai ki sUryapUjA pArasa se bhAratavarSa meM Ayo tathA usI se prabhAva se yahAM sUrya ke aneka maMdira banavAye gye| kyoMki bhAratIya saurasampradAya se ina bAtoM kA sambandha nahIM baitthtaa|" revanta-kuvalayamAlA meM samudrI-tUphAna ke samaya yAtrI revanta kA smaraNa karate haiM / 6 grantha ke gujarAtI anuvAdaka ne revanta ko rahamAna likhA hai, jo ucita nahIM hai| bhAratIya devatAoM meM revanta eka svatantra evaM prasiddha devatA rahA hai / amarakoza meM yadyapi isakA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu bRhatsaMhitA (58.56) evaM viSNudharmottarapurANa meM yaha nirdezana diyA gayA hai ki revanta kI mUtti ghor3e para ArUr3ha banAnI cAhie, jisake cAroM ora zikArIdala bhI ho| isase spaSTa hai ki revanta kI upAsanA guptakAla meM ho prArambha ho gayI thii| cedi abhilekha meM revanta kA maMdira banavAne kA ullekha hai|' kAlikApurANa meM revanta kI mUtti kI arcanA athavA use sUrya kI bhA~ti jalAMjali dvArA pUjane kA ullekha hai| 1. rAjasthAna thra da ejeja, pR0 384. 2. sakhAU kA anuvAda, bhA 1. pR0 116. 3, bhaNDArakara--vai0 zai0, pR0 177. 4. barjesa, 'ArkITekcarala eNTikviToja Apha nArdana gujarAta, landana, 1903. 5. vai0 zai0 dhA0 ma0, pR0 178. 6. ko vi remantassa, kuva0 68,19. 7. ha0-ya0 i0 ka0, pU0 461. 8. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 392. 9. uddhRta, DavalapameNTa Apha hindU AikonogrAphI, pR0 442.

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dhArmika jagat 393 osiyA ke sUryamaMdira meM dIvAla ke eka Ale meM revanta kI mUrti azva para ArUr3ha hai| pIche eka kuttA khar3A hai tathA usake bhakta mUrti ke sira para chAtA lagAye hue haiN|' isa mUrti meM bRhatsaMhitA ke kathana kA anuzaraNa kiyA gayA hai| revanta kI pUjA AThavIM sadI meM anekasthAnoM meM pracalita thii| usake bAda gujarAta meM revantakaupAsanA kA pramANa zAraMgadeva ke vanthalI abhilekha meM milatA hai / mArkaNDeya purANa (75.24) meM revantaka ko sUrya aura baDavA kA putra kahA gayA hai / revantaka kI mUrti ke sAtha azva kI saMgati somadeva ke yazastilaka se spaSTa hotI hai, jisameM revanta ko azvavidyA vizeSajJa mAnA gayA hai| azvakalyANa ke lie bhI revanta kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| revanta kI stuti meM zalihotrakRta eka saMkSipta revata-stotra bhI prApta hotA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki lagabhaga 5vIM se 10-11vIM sadI taka revantaka-upAsanA kA praryApta pracAra thaa| jainadharma ___ uddyotanasUri janasAdhu the| unakA pramukha uddezya kathA ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna dharma evaM matoM tathA vizeSataH jainadharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA pracAra karanA thaa| ataH unhoMne kuvalayamAlA meM prasaMgavaza jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ko vistRta jAnakArI dI hai, kintu yaha unake lekhana kI vizeSatA hai ki kahIM bhI dhArmika bojhalatA se kahAnI ke pravAha meM rukAvaTa nahIM aayii| jainadharma-darzana ke jina pramukha siddhAntoM kA grantha meM ullekha hai, unake svatantra adhyayana se jainadharma para eka nivandha taiyAra ho sakatA hai, kintu prastuta grantha meM sA~skRtika adhyayana para vizeSa dRSTi hone ke kAraNa yahA~ varNana krama se kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita jainadharma ke siddhAntoM kA mAtra digdarzana karAyA gayA hai1. RSabhadeva, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra evaM sImandhara svAmo kA ullekha evaM stuti / (anuccheda 1 Adi) 2. saMsAra-svarUpa kA varNana (66, 176, 234) / 3. cAra gatiyoM kA varNana (74-75, 291-300, 366) / 4. krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha evaM moha para vijaya (155) / 5. jainamuniyoM kI dinacaryA kA varNana (164) / / 6. vipAkasUtra ko chor3akara pramukha gyAraha jaina AgamoM kA ullekha (164) / 7. jinamArga kI durlabhatA (165-66-67) / 1. za0-rA0 e0, pR0 393 para uddhRta 2. vahI-392. 3. jai0-yaza0 sAM0 a0, pR0 166. 4. da varazipa Apha revanta ina eMziyaNTa iMDiyA, vi0 i0 ja0 bhAga 7,2,1969.

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394 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 8. samavasaraNa racanA (178) / 9. durgati evaM sadgati kA nirUpaNa (179) / 10. bAlamuni dIkSA kA varNana (181) / 11. yakSapratimA para jinamUrti kI sthApanA (205, 214) / 12. micchAmi dukkaDaM (225, 226) / 13. karmaphala kA vivecana (233,356) / 14. samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyagcAritra, pA~ca mahAvrata Adi kA upadeza (anu0 234) / 15. maThoM meM anekAntavAda kA adhyayana (244) / 16. tIrthaMkara dvArA upadiSTa dharma (283, 284) / 17. vibhinna dharmoM ke sAtha jainadharma kI tulanA (332) / 18. samyakatva, sarvajJatA, pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, zrAvaka ke aNuvrata, aticAra Adi kA varNana (336, 346)' / 16. anitya, azaraNa Adi bhAvanAoM kA varNana (352) / 20. lezyAoM kA varNana (376) / 21. vItarAga kI bhakti kA phala (395)2 / 22. mamatva ko tyAgakara dIkSA (402) / 23. pratikramaNa, pA~ca samiti evaM tIna guptiyoM kA varNana (413) 3 / 24. sallekhanA kA varNana (419) / 25. paMcaparameSThi ko namaskAra (421.424) / uparyukta sAmagrI ke atirikta kuva0 meM jainadharma ke prasiddha zloka kA bhI ullekha huA hai sarvamaMgala-mAMgalyaM sarvakalyANa - kAraNaM / pradhAnaM sarvadharmANAM jainaM jayati zAsanaM // pR0 175.10 kucha phuTakara rUpa se bhI jainadharma kI vicAradhArAoM kA kuvalayamAlA meM yatra-tatra ullekha huA hai / yathA-maMdira meM svAdhyAya karanA (94.13), janamaMdiroM meM darzana karane jAnA (31.17), dharmalAbha kahanA (185) dIkSA lene ke upakaraNa (194.19), marane vAle ke kAna meM paMcanamaskAra kA jApa karanA (111.32), vairAgyadhAraNa karane kA mArga tathA pratyekabuddha ko pahicAna (141.1, 5, 142.17), sAdhArmika-vAtsalya (116.23, 137.20) Adi / 1. draSTavya, paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI - upAsakAdhyayana, bhAratIya jJAnapITha / 2. draSTavya, paM0 hIrAlAla zAstrI-vasunandizrAvakAcAra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha / 3. draSTavya, muni nathamala, jainadharma-darzana-manana aura mImAMsA /

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dhArmika jagat 395 uparyukta jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kuvalayamAlA meM kevala jainadarzana aura tattvavicAra kA hI ullekha nahIM hai, apitu janadharma ke anuyAyI kisa prakAra kA sAmAjika vyavahAra karate the tathA samyakatva kA pAlana karate hue kaise gRhastha jIvana kA nirvAha karate the, isakA bhI spaSTa citra milatA hai| uparyukta dhArmika vivaraNa isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki uddyotanasUri apane samaya kI sabhI dhArmika vicAradhArAoM se paricita the| zaivadharma evaM usake sampradAyoM kA usa samaya prAdhAnya thA, kintu hiMsAtmaka evaM anAcAra se sambandhita matoM ko sAmAnya svIkRti nahIM thii| rAjakIya stara para dhArmika dRSTi se koI bandhana nahIM thaa| rAjA dar3havarmana vibhinna dhArmika AcAryoM ke mata suna lene ke bAda unheM vidA karatA haA kahatA hai ki Apa saba loga jAya~ aura apane-apane dharma, karma, kriyAkalApa meM saMlagna rheN| yadyapi bhAratIya darzana kI sabhI zAkhAoM kA adhyayana isa yuga meM hotA thA, kintu paurANika dharma evaM mAnyatAoM kA samAja meM adhika pracalana thaa| tantra-mantra evaM anya andhavizvAsoM se loga mukta nahIM the| tIrthavandanA dhArmika evaM paryaTana kI dRSTi se jora pakar3a rahI thii| 1. vaccaha tubbhe, kareha Niyaya-dhamma-kamma-kiriyAkalAve- (207.9.).

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upasaMhAra uddyotanasUrikRta kuvalayamAlAkahA prAkRta sAhitya meM aneka daSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / isameM prathama vAra kathA ke bheda-prabhedoM meM saMkIrNakathA ke svarUpa kA paricaya diyA gayA hai, jisakA udAharaNa yaha kRti svayaM hai| gadya-padya kI mizrita vidhA hone se campRkAvya ke yaha nikaTa hai| isameM gAthA ke atirikta anya chaMdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jisase 'galItaka, 'cittaka', evaM 'jammehikA' Adi naye chanda prakAza meM Aye haiN| krodha Adi amUrta bhAvoM ko prabhAvazAlo rUpa meM prastuta karane se kuvalayamAlAkahA ko bhAratIya rUpAtmaka kAvya-paramparA kA janaka kahA jA sakatA hai| isakI kathAvastu karmaphala, pUnarjanma evaM mUlavattiyoM ke parizodhana jaisI sAMskRtika vicAradhArAoM para prAdhRta hai| udyotanasUri ne pUrvavartI sAhityika paramparA kA smaraNa karate hue 'chappaNNaya' zabda dvArA vidagdha kaviyoM kI madhukarI kA paricaya diyA hai tathA 'parAkramAMka' 'sAhasAMka' jaisI kaviyoM kI upAdhiyoM kA saMketa kiyA hai| isase samrATa candragupta dvArA sAhasAka upAdhi dhAraNa kiye jAne ke ullekha ko bala milatA hai| isa prasaMga dvArA 'bandika' nAmaka kavi ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| kuva0 kA aitihAsika mahattva bhI kama nahIM hai / toramANa, raNahastin zrIvatsarAja evaM rAjA avanti Adi ke isameM sandarbha haiM / avanti kI pahicAna yazovarmana ke uttarAdhikArI avantivarmana se kI gayI hai / isake atirikta grantha kI sAhityika suSamA anUThI hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA ke bhaugolika vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki isa samaya taka gurjaradeza aura marudeza (mAravAr3a) kI sImAe~ nizcita ho gayI thiiN| dakSiNabhArata meM vyApArika aura zaikSaNika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa vijayAnagarI Adhunika ratnagiri jile kA vijayadurga nAmaka nagara hai / udyotanasUri ne na kevala 34 janapadoM evaM 40 nagaroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu grAmasaMskRti ko ujAgara karane ke lie anya grAmoM ke sAtha cintamaNipalli evaM mlecchapalli kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| isase Arya aura anArya saMskRti ke nivAsa-sthAnoM kI bhedarekhA spaSTa hotI hai / eziyA ke 17 pramukha dezoM ke nAma kuva0 meM ullikhita haiM /

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upasaMhAra tAradvIpa ke sandarbha dvArA dakSiNa samudra ke 'tAraNadvIpa' ke sAtha, svarNadvIpa ke ullekha dvArA 'sumAtrA' ke sAtha tathA cIna evaM mahAcIna ke sAtha isa vivaraNa dvArA bhArata ke sAMskRtika sambandhoM kA patA calatA hai / udyotana ne prAcIna-bhAratIya bhUgola kI usI viziSTa zabdAvali kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo tatkAlIna sAhitya aura kalA meM prayukta hotI thii| ___AThavIM zatAbdI ke sAmAjika-jIvana kA yathArtha citra uddyotanasUri ne prastuta kiyA hai| zrota-smArta varNa-vyavasthA usa samaya vyavahAra meM svIkRta nahIM thii| brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA hote hue bhI unakI kriyAeM zithila ho rahI thiiN| * zUdra Arthika dRSTi se sampanna hone se pragati kara rahe the| kSatriyoM ke lie ThAkura zabda prayukta hone lagA thaa| jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana hindU, jaina, IsAI Adi dharma ke AdhAra para na hokara Arya-anArya saMskRti ke AdhAra para thaa| prAdezika jAtiyoM meM gurjara, soraTu, marahaTTa, Adi astitva meM A rahI thiiN| Adhunika aror3A jAti AroTTa ke rUpa meM pracalita thii| videzI jAti hUNa kA kSatriya aura zUdroM meM vilaya ho rahA thaa| cAvalA, khannA Adi jAtiyoM kA sambandha inhIM se hai| udadyotana ne tajjikoM ke ullekha dvArA araboM ke praveza kI sacanA dI hai| sAmAjika yojanoM kI bharamAra thii| vivAha meM cAra phere ho liye jAte the| tatkAlIna grAmoM kA sAmAjika jIvana svatantra aura sAdA thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA se tatkAlIna samAja meM vyavahRta 45 prakAra ke vastroM 40 prakAra ke alaMkAroM kA patA calatA hai| dukUla kA jor3e ke rUpa meM prayoga hone lagA thaa| netrapaTa ke dukUla banane lage the| gaMgApaTa jaisI videzI silka bhAratIya bAjAroM meM A gayo thii| amoroM dvArA haMsagarbha, karyAsaka, rallaka evaM nirdhanoM dvArA kaMthA, cIra Adi vastroM kA prayoga hotA thaa| alaMkAroM evaM prasAdhanoM ke ullekha se spaSTa hai ki AbhijAtya samAja kA citraNa kathAkAroM ko adhika priya thaa| zreSThivarga kA tatkAlIna rAjyavyavasthA meM bhI prabhAva thaa| mahArAjAdhirAja, paramezvara Adi upAdhiyAM rAjAoM ko prabhutA ko dyotaka thiiN| svAmiyoM kI sevA ke lie 'polagga u' zabda prayukta hotA thA, jo sAmantakAlIna jamIMdArIprathA kA prAcIna rUpa thaa| surakSA kI dRSTi se isa samaya rAjakIya karmacAriyoM evaM adhikAriyoM meM vRddhi ho rahI thii| nagaramahalla, draMga, daMDavAsiya, vyAvahArin Adi unameM pramukha the| __ samAja kI yaha samRddhi vANijya evaM vyApAra kI pragati para Adhata thii| acche-bure hara prakAra ke sAdhana dhanopArjana ke lie pracalita the| dezAntara-gamana, sAgara-santaraNa evaM sAjhIdArI vyApAra meM duharA lAbha pradAna karatI thii| sthAnIya vyApAra meM vipaNimArga aura maNDiyA~ kraya-vikraya ke pramukha kendra the| dakSiNa meM vijayapurI, uttara meM vArANasI evaM pazcima meM sopAraka aura pratiSThAna dezI-videzI vyApAra ke merudaNDa the / sopAraka meM 18 dezoM ke vyApAriyoM kA ekatra honA evaM 'desiya-baNiya-melIe' (vyApArI-maNDala) kA sakriya honA

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398 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isa bAta kA pramANa hai / sAhasI sArthavAha-pUtroM ne jala-thala mArgoM dvArA na kevala bhArata meM, apitu par3osI dezoM se bhI samparka sAdha rakhe the| AyAta-niryAta kI vastuoM meM azva, gajapota, nIlagAya, mahiSa Adi kA sammilita honA tatkAlIna yAyAyAta ke sAdhanoM ke vikAsa ko sUcita karatA hai / 'sijjhau-jattA' zabda kA prayoga yAtrA meM sakuzalatA, saphalatA evaM samudra-yAtrA tInoM ke lie prayukta hone lagA thA / dUra-dezoM kI yAtrA karate samaya pUrI taiyArI ke sAtha nikalA jAtA thaa| samudra-yAtrA ke prasaMga meM eka 'paMjara-puruSa', jalavAyu-vizeSajJa evaM sArtha ke sAtha 'ADattiyA' (dalAla) kA uddyotana ne sarvaprathama ullekha kiyA hai| 'egArasaguNA', 'diNNAhatthasaNNA', 'thorakamma' (vinimaya), 'samatula' Adi tatkAlIna vANijya-vyApAra meM pracalita pArabhASika zabda the| arthopArjana ke lie dhAtuvAda evaM svarNa siddhi kA ullekha bhI kuvalayamAlA meM hai| vizaddha svarNa ke lie udyotana ne 'jaccasuvaNNa' kahA hai, jise solahavAnI yA solamo sonA kahA jAtA hai| ___takSazilA, nAlandA Adi paramparAgata zikSA kendroM kA ullekha na kara uddyotana ne apane yuga ke vArANasI aura vijayapurI ko zikSA ke pradhAna kendra mAnA hai| vijayapurI kA maTha sampUrNa zaikSaNika pravRttiyoM se yukta thaa| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke chAtra yahA~ Akara adhyayana karate the| unakI dainikacaryA Adhunika chAtrAvAsoM ke samakakSa thii| samAja ke vizeSavarga dvArA nijI vidyAgRhoM ko prAthamikatA dI jA rahI thii| zikSaNIya viSayoM meM 72 kalAoM ke atirikta vyAkaraNa aura darzanazAstra ko pramukhatA dI jA rahI thii| uddyotana ne unhIM kalAoM kA sIkhanA sArthaka mAnA hai, jinakA vyAvahArika upayoga bhI ho / araboM ke samparka ke kAraNa azvavidyA zikSA kA viSaya bana gayI thii| azvoM kI 18 jAtiyoM meM 'vollAha', 'kayAha', 'serAha' azvoM ko uttamakoTi kA mAnA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA ko apratima upayogitA usako bhASAgata samRddhi ke kAraNa hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM paizAco ke svarUpa mAtra kA paricaya lekhaka ne nahIM diyA, apitu grantha meM ina sabake udAharaNa bhI diye haiN| unako jA~cane para jJAta hotA hai ki samAja ke prAyaH sabhI vargoM kI bAtacIta meM apabhraMza prayukta hotI thI / bhASAvaijJAnika dRSTi se 18 dezoM (prAntoM) kI bhASA ke namUne eka sthAna para pahalI bAra isa grantha meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| isa kAraNa kathA ke pAtroM ke kathopakathanoM meM jo svAbhAvikatA aura sajIvatA AyI hai, vaha kisI bhI sAhitya ke lie Adarza ho sakatI hai| vibhinna bhASAoM ke zabdoM kA itanA bhaNDAra saMjone vAlI kuvalayamAlAkahA akelI sAhityika kRti hai, jo prAkRtaapabhraza ke zabda-koza nirmANa ke lie durlabha sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai| uddyotanasUri ne lalitakalAoM meM tANDava evaM lAsyanRtya tathA nATyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina sandarbho ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki abhinaya evaM veza

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upasaMhAra bhUSA dvArA pAtroM ke caritra kA yathAvat anukaraNa nATyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA, jo sAmAjika ko rasAnubhUti karAne meM sakSama hote the| gA~voM meM nATyamaMDalI loka maMcoM para zRMgArika pradarzana karatI huI ghUmatI thiiN| inameM strIpAtra bhI abhinaya karate the, jinheM grAmanaTI kahA jAtA thaa| inake pradarzana ko Adhunika bhavAI nATya kA janaka kahA jA sakatA hai| udyotana ne rAsa, DAMDiyA, carcarI, Dombalika evaM siggADAiya Adi anya loka-nATyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| inameM saMgIta aura gIta bhI sammilita the| vAdyoM ke lie sAmAnya zabda 'Atodya' prayukta hotA thaa| 'tUra' maMgalavAdya ke rUpa meM pracalita thA, jisakA prayoga vAdyasamUha ke lie bhI hone lagA thA / 24 prakAra ke vAdyoM ke atirikta udyotana ne 'toDahiyA' 'vajjira' aura 'vavvIsaka' jaise loka-vAdyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| bhitticitra evaM paTacitra donoM ke pracura ullekha kuvalayamAlAkahA meM haiN| paTacitroM dvArA saMsAra-darzana karAyA gayA hai| paTacitroM kI lokaparamparA meM udyotana kA yaha mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| grantha ke kathAtmaka paTacitra ne 'pAva jI kI par3a Adi ko AdhAra pradAna kiyA hai| uddyotana dvArA prayukta citrakalA ke paribhASika zabdoM meM bhAva, ThANaya, mANa, daThTha, vattiNI, vaNNa vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| bhAratIya sthApatya ke kSetra meM udyotana ne pratolI ko rakSAmukha tathA azva-krIr3A ke kendra ko bAhyAlI kahA hai / bAhyAlI ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai vaha Adhunika 'polo' khela ke maidAna jaisA thA / bAhyAsthAna-maNDapa evaM abhyantarAsthAna-maNDapa ke sabhI sthApatyoM kA varNana kuva0 meM huA hai, jinameM dhavalagRha, vAsabhavana, doghikA, krIDAzaila, kapotapAlI Adi viziSTa haiM / yantra-jalaghara evaM yantrazakuna ke varNana dvArA udadyotana ne prAcIna jala-krIDA vinoda ko adhika spaSTa kiyA hai| grantha meM ullikhita tIrthaMkara ko sira para dhAraNa kiye hue yakSapratimA bhAratIya mUrtizilpa kA viziSTa udAharaNa hai| ATha devakanyAoM evaM zAlabhaMjikAoM kI mUrtiyA~ paramparAgata zailI meM varNita hai / muktAzaila dvArA nirmita mUrtiyoM kA ullekha usa samaya mUrtikalA meM saMgamaramara ke prayoga ko sUcita karatA hai / pratimAoM ke vibhinna AsanoM meM godohana-Asana citravRtti ke nirodha kI dRSTi se viziSTa hai| ___ AThavIM sadI ke dhArmika-jagat kA vaividhyapUrNa citra uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM aMkita kiyA hai| zavadharma ke kApAlika, mahAbhairava, Atmavadhika guggaladhAraka, kAruNika Adi sampradAya, ardhanArIzvara, mahAkAla, zazizekhara rUpa ziva tathA rudra, skanda, gajendra, vinAyaka Adi isa samaya prabhAvazAlI the| kAtyAyanI aura koTTajA deviyA~ zaivoM dvArA pUjita thii| vaidikadharma meM karmakANDI, vAnaprasthoM, tApasoM kI kriyAe~ pracalita thiiN| dhAmika maThoM meM aneka devatAoM kI eka sAtha pUrjA-arcanA hotI thii| paurANikadharma adhika ubhara rahA thaa| vinayavAdI, IzvaravAdI vicArakoM ke atirikta tIrthavandanA ke samarthakoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha rahI thii| gaMgAsnAna evaM puSkara-yAtrA puNyArjana kA sAdhana hone se prAyazcita ke lie pramukha kendra mAne jAne lage the| prayAga kA akSayavaTa pApa-mukti ke lie

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400 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prasiddha thaa| vaiNNavadharma meM bhakti kI pradhAnatA thI, kintu zaMkara ke advaitavAda aura jagatmithyAtva ke siddhAnta ne isameM parivartana lAnA prArambha kara diyA thaa| govinda, nArAyaNa (kRSNa), lakSmI isa dharma ke pramukha devatA the| viSNu aura brahmA ko sthiti gauNa ho calI thii| bhAratIya darzanoM meM bauddhadarzana kI hInayAna zAkhA kA uddyotana ne ullekha kiyA hai / lokAyatadarzana ke prasaMga meM 'prakAza' tattva kA ullekha paMcabhUta ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai / jainadharma ko anekAntadarzana kahA jAtA thaa| sAMkhyakArikA kA paThana-pAThana sAMkhyadarzana ke antargata maThoM meM hotA thaa| tridaNDI, yogI evaM caraka isa darzana kA pracAra kara rahe the| dUsarI ora kucha sAMkhya-pAlocaka bhI the| vaizeSika-darzana ke prasaMga meM lekhaka ne 'abhAva' padArtha kA ullekha nahIM kiyA / ataH kaNAda-praNIta 'vaizeSika-sUtra' ke paThana-pAThana kA adhika pracAra thaa| nyAyadarzana ke 16 padArthoM kA vAcana kiyA jAtA thaa| mImAMsA-darzana ke antargata kumArila kI vicAradhArA adhika prabhAvazAlI thii| vedAnta aura yoga darzana kA pRthaka se grantha meM ullekha nahIM hai| ataH zaMkarAcArya uddyotana ke vAda prabhAvazAlI hue pratIta hote haiN| AcArya akalaMka kA bhI udyotana ne ullekha nahIM kiyA, jo unake samakAlIna mAne jAte haiM / anya dhArmika vicArakoM meM paMDara-bhikSuka, ajJAnavAdI, citra zikhaMDi, niyativAdI Adi bhI apanI-apanI vicAradhArAoM kA pracAra kara rahe the| ye sava vicAraka eka-sAtha mila-baiThakara bhI tattvacarcA karate the| isa yuga meM anya dhArmika vizvAsoM ke sAtha vyantara-devatAoM kI arcanA bhI pracalita thii| yadyapi aneka tAntrika-sAdhanAoM kA bhI astitva thA, kintu ahiMsaka ciMtaka hone ke kAraNa uddyotanasari ne inakI nirarthakatA pratipAdita kI hai| phira bhI kucha viziSTa devatA vizeSa kArya ke lie upakArI mAne jAne lage the| kuSTa-nivAraNa ke lie mUlasthAna-bhaTTAraka ke ullekhoM se tatkAlIna sUryopAsanA kA svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai / jainadharma ke pramukha-siddhAntoM kA digdarzana granthakAra ne aneka prasaMgoM meM prastuta kiyA hai, jo unakA pratipAdya thaa| ___isa prakAra kuvalayamAlAkahA kA prastuta adhyayana eka ora jahAM udyotanasari ke agAdha pANDitya aura vizada jJAna kA paricAyaka hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora prAcIna bhAratIya samAja, dharma aura kalAoM kA digdarzaka bhii| pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke nirmANa meM isa grantha ke prAmANika tathya sudRr3ha AdhAra siddha hoNge| sAhitya vRttipariSkAra ke dvArA naitika mArga meM pravRtta karatA hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA ko dhArmika evaM sadAcAraparaka dRSTi sAhitya ke isa uddezya ko bhI caritArtha karatI hai|

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citra phalaka

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402 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 1 : vastra aura veza-bhUSA citra saMkhyA 1. ardhasavarNavastra ( pR0 141 )-ajantA ke bhitticitra guphA 17 meM do raMga vAlA dhotI pahine hue rAjA bimbasAra / ( heriMgama, ajaMtA phreskoja ple0 1, 1, keva 17 ) 2. uttarIya ( pR0 141-42 )-strI, puruSa ke uttarIya ko gAtrikA-granthi / ( agravAla, harSacarita, phalaka 1, citra 3) 3. dhavalamaddhakasiNakAra ( pR0 141 )-kinArI vAlI dhArIdAra dhotI pahane hue rAjA padmapANi / ( mArzala, di bAgha kevsa, pleTa-bI0 ) 4. kasiNapacchAyaNa (pR0 141 )-kamara se kandhe taka kAlI cAdara or3he hue kNcukii| (heriMgama, vahI, pleTa 25, 28 ) 5. kaMTha-kappar3a ( pR0 142 )-gale meM rUmAla athavA dupaTTA lapeTe hue eka vINA vAdaka / (heriMgama, vahI, pleTa 36, 40) 6. kacchA ( pR0 144)-laMgoTa pahane hue gaMdhAra kI mUrtikalA meM eka majadUra / ( phUze, la' Arta greko budhIka du gaMdhAra, bhA0 2, A0 417 ) 7. kUrpAsaka ( pR0 145 )- binA bAMha, kA kUrpAsaka pahine strii| ( agravAla, harSa0 ca0, phalaka 20, citra 75 )

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citra phalaka 403 phalaka 1 3. dhavalamaddhakasikAra 1. adhomavaraNa vastra (strI) 4. kasiraNa pacchAyaNa 2. uttarIya (puruSa) 6. kacchA 5. kaMTha kappaNa 7. kUsika

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404 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 2 : vastra aura veSa-bhUSA 7. kUrpAsaka ( pR0 145 )-pUrI bA~ha kA kUsika pahine strii| ( agravAla, __ harSa0 ca0, phalaka 20, citra 75) 8. cIvara ( pR0 147 )---cIthar3oM se silA cIvara pahane hue eka bauddha bhikSuka / (zivarAmamUrti, ama0 ska0, pleTa 9,14 ) 9. kSauma ( pR0 145 )-pAradarzI kSauma vastra pahane hue eka strii| ( heriMgama, vahI, pleTa 35, 39) 10. dukUla ( pR0 149 )-dukUla kI dhotI va cAdara pahine hue koI sAmanta / ( ajantA kI 17 naM0 leNa meM sAriputra prazna bhitticitra ) 11. balkaladukUla ( pR0 154 )-balkala ke kaupIna aura dupaTTA pahane hue sAdhu / ( amarAvatI ska0, pleTa 9, 1) 12. sATaka (ka) ( pR0 154-55 )-sAMcI ke ardhacitroM meM sAr3I pahane hue eka strii| ( motIcandra , prA0 bhA0 ve0, A0 91 ) (kha) ajantA ke bhitti citroM meM er3I taka sAr3I pahane hue raanii| (ga) salavaToM se yukta sAr3I pahane caamrgraahinnii| ( heriMgama, vahI, pleTa 5, 6) (gha) custa sAr3I pahane hue eka pUrva gupta yuga kI nrtkii| ( motI0, vahI, A0 416 ) 13. haMsagarbha ( pR0 155)-haMsa kI AkRti se khacita vastra pahane eka strii| ( agravAla, ha. ca., phalaka 10, citra 46 )

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citra phalaka 405 phalaka 2 wwwNM nua 8. cIvara JIMIL 7. kUsika 6. kSauma vastra 10. dukUla 12. (gha) sAr3I pahane nartakI 11. balkala dukUla 12. (ka) ghuTanoM taka sADI 1. (kha) eDI taka sAr3I 12. (ga) salavaTadAra sAr3I 13. haMsagarbha

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka3: AbhUSaNa 14. aTThaTTakaMThayAbharaNa ( pR0 158 )-vibhinna prakAra ke bhArI hAra pahane hue vajrapANi bodhistv| ( ajantA, phalaka 78 ) 15. kaMThikA ( pR0 159 )-kaMThikA pahane hue strI / ( amarAvatI skalpa0, phalaka 4 citra 26) 16, muktAvali (pR. 161)-muktAmaNi se yukta ekAvalI pahane bodhisatva ( ajantA, phalaka 78) 17. karNaphUla ( pR0 159 )-karNaphUla kA eka prakAra / ( ajantA, phalaka, 33 ) 18. kuNDala ( pR0 160 )-ajantA kI kalA meM challe ke AkAra kA kuNDala ( vahI) 19. kaTisUtra ( pR0 160 )-caMDAtaka ko kamara para kase hue do lara vAlA kaTisUtra ( yAjadAnI, ajantA, bhAga 2, pleTa 21 ) 20. maNimekhalA ( pR0 161 )-chudra ghaMTikAoM vAlI mekhlaa| ( amarAvatI0 phalaka 8, citra 26 ) 21. rasanA (pR. 161 )-do lara vAlI rsnaa| ( vahI, citra 28 ) 22. kAMcI (pR0 160 )-kamara kA DhIlA AbhUSaNa kaaNcii| vahI, citra 34 ) 23. kaTaka ( pR0 138 )-hAtha meM DhIlI cUr3I pahane caamrgraahinnii| ( yAjadAnI, ajantA, pleTa 24, leNa. 1) 24. valaya ( pR0 161 )-jar3AU kaMgana rUpa valaya / ( amarAvatI0, phalaka 44 citra0 15) 25 napura ( pR0 160 )-(ka) thAla meM nUpura liye paricArikA / ( amarAvatI pha0 9. ci. 18) (kha) paira meM pahine hue nUpura / 26. mahAmukuTa ( pR0 158 )--ratnajaTita motI kI lar3oM se yukta rAjamukuTa / ( heriMgama, ajantA0, pleTa 16, 18) navin

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1 .1.1 ..407 phalaka 3 Ca 16- muktAvali 14. aTThaTTakaMThayAbharaNa Phoommoo DOCUo 15. kaNThikA 17. karNaphUla 18. kuNDala 20. mariNamekhalA 21. rasanA 22. kAMcI 16. kaTisUtra Sma 24. valaya 25. (ka) nUpura 25. (kha) nUpura 23. kaTaka 26. mahAmukuTa

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408 408 kuvalayamAlAkA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka : keza-vinyAsa 27. dhammilla ( pR0 162 )- strI ke bAloM kA vizeSa prakAra kA jUr3A / ( agravAla, rAjaghATa ke khilaune, harSa0 ca0, pha0 14, ci0 53 ) / 28. kezaprabhAra ( pR0 163 )-patra aura puSpoM se sajA huA juudd'aa| ( rAjaghATa kI mRNamUrti, kalA aura saMskRti ) cUr3AlaMkAra ( pR0 163 )-mayUrapiccha kI taraha uThA huA juudd'aa| ( harSa. ca0, phalaka 21, citra 81) 30. jaTAkalApa (pR0 163 )- jaTAoM ko bA~dhane kA prkaar| ( amarAvatI0, pha0 9, ci0 2) 31. muMDamAlulliyA (pR0 162 )-jUr3e meM puSpamAlA kA prasAdhana / 32. sImAnta ( pR0 164 )-do bhAgoM meM vibhakta keza vinyAsa /

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citra phalaka 409 phalaka 4 PR& 488 GOOD 7 Ca GOS GGC CCC (CGX ..OM 28. kezaprabhAra 27. dhammilla 30. jaTAkalApa 26. cUDAlaMkAra 31. muDamolulliyA 32. sImAnta

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410 kuvalayamAlA kahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka : 5 zastrAstra 33. prasidhenu ( pR0 168 ) - ahicchatrA se prApta guptakAlIna miTTI kI mUrti meM aMkita chu / ( harSacarita0, phalaka 2 citra 12 ) 34. kattiya ( pR0 168 ) - choTI churI / ( amarAvatI0, pha010 ci0 2 ) 35. kuhAr3A ( pR0 169 ) -- lakar3I ke beMta sahita kuThAra / ( vahI, ci0 3 ) 36 kunta ( pR0 169 ) - ise bhAlA va prAsa bhI kahA gayA hai / (vahI, ci0 1 ) 37. daNDa ( pR0 170 ) ahichatrA kI mRNmayamUrti naM0 193 para aMkita daNDa yA ( 0 0 17, citra 61 ) " 38. vajra ( azani ) ( pR0 170 ) - indrANI kI mUrti ke hAtha meM sthita vajra / bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI / ( jaina, yaza0 sAM0 a0, phalaka 6, citra0 43 ) 36. kodaNDa ( pR0 168 ) - (ka) lapeTA huA dhanuSa / citra 4 ) ( amarA0, phalaka 10, 40. (kha) car3hAyA huA dhanuSa / ( vahI, citra 11 ) zakti ( pR0 171 ) - ajantA ke citroM meM aMkita zakti / ( guptA evaM mahAjana, ajantA, elaurA eNDa auraMgAbAda kevsa, pR0 277, citra 9 ) -vahI, pR0 276, citra0 15 / 49. cakra ( pR0 169

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citra phalakaM 411 phalaka 5 33. prasidhenu 34. kartarI 35. kuhAr3A 36. kunta 38. vana 37. daNDa 36. (kha) kodaNDa 36. (ka) kodaNDa Mission Hin Wws - 40. zakti 41. cakra

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412 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 6 : vAdha-yantra 42. tUra ( pR0 284 )-kalakattA saMgrahAlaya ( 76 ) 43. mRdaMga ( pR0 288 )-vahI ( 279 ) 44. ThakkA ( pR0 289 )-Dhola, brajamAdhurI, phalaka 1, citra, 7 / 45. bherI ( pR0 289 )-kalakattA saMgrahAlaya ( 266 ) 46. Damaruka ( pR0 290 )-brajamAdhurI, phalaka 3, citra 13 / 47. veNu ( 291 )-bA~surI ( brajamAdhurI, phalaka 2, citra 1 ) 48 zaMkha ( pR0 291)-kalaza lagA huA zaMkha ( vahI, pha0 1, citra 8) 49. ghaMTA ( pR0 292 )-bar3A ghanTA ( kalakattA saMgrahAlaya, 185 ) 50. tAla (pR0 293 )-tAla kI jor3I ( brajamAdhurI, pha0 4, citra 12 ) 51. paTaha ( pR0 288)--paTaha yA nagAr3A ( kalakattA saMgrahAlaya, ci0 204 ) 52. vINA ( pR0 285)-ajantA citroM meM aMkita vINA ( guptA, ajanA0 pR0 277, citra 11) 53. jhallirI ( pR0 290 )-eka ora camar3e se mar3hI huI caMga yA jhllirii|

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citra phalaka 413 phalaka 6 42. tUra ATTI hena OESIANT e 44. DhakkA 43. mRdaMga 0000000 47. veNu 45. bherI 46. Damaraka 48. zakha 50 tAla 46. ghaMTA 51. paTaha (nagAr3A) 53. jhallirI Lanananana 52. vINA

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414 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyaya phalaka 7 : samudrayAtrA 54. jahAja dvArA videzI-vyApAra ( pR0 202 )-( jaina jarnala, apraila 71, meM prakAzita citra kI anukRti ) 55. pAloM se yukta jahAja ( pR0 206 )-pUrNAvadAna meM jahAja kA citraNa, ajantA ( chaThI sh0)| (sArthavAha, citra 15 se uddhRta ).

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54. citra phalaka phalaka 7 bArAbara ( jAvA ) ke bhUti zilpa meM bhAratIya jahAja 55. pAloM se yukta jahAja 415

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416 kuvalayamAlAkA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 8 : samudrayAtrA tathA anya 56. kuDuMga dvIpa ke jahAja bhagna kA dRzya ( pR0 210 ) - bArAbaGkara ke zilpa( 8 vIM zatI) meM aMkita tUphAnI samudra aura jahAja kA citra / ( sArthavAha, citra, 23 ) 57. zAlabhaMjikA ( pR0 336 ) - samavazaraNa kI racanA meM aMkita zAlabhaMjikA athavA varavati / ( guptakAlIna stambha zA bhaM0 0 bhUbharA, harSa0 pha0 8, citra 33) 58. koTTajA devI ( pR0 354 ) - ahichatrA ke khilaunoM meM prApta nagna koTavI debI kI anukRti | ( harSa 0 phalaka 17, citra0 63 )

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citra phalaka 417 phalaka 8 AlA KURATRITION CEN RU Ca It t 56. tUphAnI samudra aura jahAja 57. zAlabhaMjikA : 58. kodrajA devI

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418 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 9 : deviyA~ aura deva 59. prajJapti devI ( pR0 350)- jaina paramparA ke varNanoM ke anusAra aMkita prajJapti / (bAlacandra jaina, jaina pratimA vijJAna, phalaka 1, citra 2) 60. ambikA ( pR0 355 )- yakSI ambikaa| (vahI, pha0 31, citra 22 ) 61. gandharva ( pR0 282 )-vahI, pha0 17 citra 0 17 / 62. tumbaru (pR0 286 )-vahI, phalaka 11, citra 5 /

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citra phalaka 416 phalaka 6 IND 9. prajJapti vidyA kI devI 60. ambikA 62. tumbaru 61. gandharva

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420 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalaka 10: nRtya-nATya 63. janmotsava meM nartakiyA~ ( pR0 126 )-kalpasUtra yaha ( 1550 I0 ), je0pI0 goyanakA saMgraha, jaina jarnala, apraila 70, kI anukRti / 64. rAsamaNDalI ( pR0 280 )-ajantA meM aMkita rAsamaNDalI kA prAcIna rUpa / (harpa0 pha0 4 citra0 17) citroM ke rekhAMkana ke liye maiM ullikhita granthakAroM evaM zrI karNamAna siMha, bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI kA AbhArI huuN|

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citra phalaka 421 phalaka 10 64. janmotsava meM nartakiyAM CA 65. rAsamaNDalI (hallIsaka)

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kuvalayamAlAkahA para zodha-sAmagrI pANDulipiyA~ : 1. P. kAgaja para likhI prati ( 15vIM zatAbdI) bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA meM surakSita / 2. J. tADapatrIya prati (1083 I0) jaina grantha bhaNDAra, jaisalamera meM surakSita / 3 kuva. kI pUnA pANDulipi kI presa kApI ( 1942 ) saMzodhanakartA-muni jinavijaya ( muni jI dvArA sampAdana-kArya ke lie sva0 DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ko hastAntarita ) zodha-grantha : 4. kuvalayamAlA kathA ( saMskRta rUpAntara )-ratnaprabhasUri sampAdaka-muni caturavijaya, __ zrI jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1616 / 5. kuvalayamAlA-dAkSiNyacihna uddyotanasUri, (prAkRtabhASA nibaddhA campUsvarUpA mahAkathA ) prathama bhAga sampAdaka-DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye siMdhI jaina granthamAlA. bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1959 / 6. kuvalayamAlAkathA-saMkSepa ( ratnaprabhasUri ) saM0-DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1961 7. Kuvalayamala (Part II) (Introduction, Notes etc.) By Dr. A. N. Upadhye, Singhi Jain Granthamala, Bombay, 1970 8. kuvalayamAlA ( gujarAtI anuvAda ) anuvAdaka-zrI hemasAgara sUri saha-sampAdaka-pro0 ramaNalAla zAha prakAzaka- Ananda hema granthamAlA, bambaI, 1965 9. kuvalayamAlA kI 26 kathAoM kA hindI rUpAntara --- DA0 prema sumana jaina zramaNopAsaka, bIkAnera ( 1967-69)

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10. Kuvalayamala : A Cultural Study By Dr. A. P. Jamkhedkar Journal of the Nagpur University. XXI, No. 1-2, 1973. 11. kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ( prastuta grantha ) - DA0 prema sumana jaina thIsisa (1973), prakAzana ( 1975 ) / 12. kuvalayamAlA kA adhyayana : hindI ke Arambhika carita kAvyoM ke viziSTa sandarbha meM ( thIsisa ) 1975 // - zrI dvArikAdatta zarmA, DI0 e0 vI0 kAleja, amRtasara ( paMjAba ) / anya granthoM va nibandhoM meM kuva0 para sAmagrI : 13. Muni Shri Jinavijaya 14. Dalal, C. D. 15. Gandhi, L.B. kuvalayamAlA kahA para zodha - sAmagrI 16. 17. Jacobi, H. 18. jaina, jagadIzacandra 20. : The Date of Haribhadra Suri (in Sanskrit ) a paper read at the first All India Oriental Conference, Poona, 1919. Published in the Jainasahityasamsodhaka Granthamala, Poona. : Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara (some extracts from the Kuv. are given in its notes.), Published in Gaekwad's Oriental Series, Baroda, 1916. 423 : A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Jain Bhandars at Jesalmere. Published in G. O. S., Baroda, 1923. : Apabhramsa-Kavyatrayi (Sanskrit Introduction) Published in G. O. S. Baroda, 1927. : Samaraiccakaha, Vol. I ( Introduction) Bibliotheca Indica, Work No. 169. Calcutta, 1926. : prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa caukhambA prakAzana, vArANasI, 1961 / 19. Sharma, Dashrath : Rajasthan Through the Ages. Govt. Press, Bikaner, 1966. : Presidental Address at the Congress, Patiala, 1966. Indian History

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424 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 21. Sharma, Dashrath : The Feudal Terms Avalagga on Olaggile Journal of the Ganganath Jha Institute, Allahabad, Part, 1-2, 1972. 22. TETT, AFATES : 1a par ate hera FT 817217F sfagna, vArANasI 1966 / svatantra nibandha : 23. A. Master : The Misterious Paisaci. Journal of the R. A.S., 1943. 24. >> : An Unpublished Fragment of Paisach. Bulletin of the S. O. A S. London, 1948, 25. : Gleanings from the Kuvalayamalakaha, Nos. I and II. Bulletin of the S. O, AS. London, 1950. 26. Kuiper, F. B.J. : The Paisaci lragrnent of the Kuvalayainala. Indo-Iranian Journal, The Hague, 1957. 27. Mitra, K. P. : Toramana in Kuvalayamala Indian Historical Quarterly, Calcutta, 1957. 28. Upadhye, A. N. : Sanskrit Passages in the Kuvalayamala. Brahmavidya, Vol. XXV, 1961. : Chappnnaya Galao). Journal of the Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1962. : On the two Resentions of the Kuvalayamala. Dr. V. V. Mirashi,, Commemoration Vol. Nagpur, 1965.. : Languages and Dialects used in the Kuvalayamnala. Journal of the 0. I. Baroda, 1965. : Social and Cultural Glimpses from the Kuvalayamala. Shri Chotelal Smriti Grantha, Calcutta, 1967. : The Kuvalayamala Katha of Ratnaprabha Suri. Annal of the B. O. R. I. Poona, 1968. : Authors and Works Refered to in the Kuvalayamala. Journal of the V. V. R. I. Hosiyarpur, 1969. 34. >>

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kuvalayamAlAkahA para zogha-sAmagrI 425 35. Upadhye, A. N. 36. " 37. muni jinavijaya . 38. Gopani, A.S. 39. Agrawala,, V.S. 40. jaina, gokulacandra 41. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha 42. Shah U. P. : Religious Background of the Kuvalayannala, Bhartiya Puratatva, Jaipur, 1971. : Bandika Hari Varsa The Adyar Library Bulletin Vol. 38, 1974.... : kuvalayamAlA ( gujarAtI lekha ) jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, 3, 1927 / . : Kuvalayamala (English Translation of the paper of Muni Jinavijay). Bharriya Vidya II, Bombay, 1940. : A Cultural Note on the Kuvalayamala of Udyotansuri. Prepared in 1967 and published in 1970). Kuvalayamala, Part II.-by A. N. Upadhye : kuvalayamAlAkahA : eka mahattvapUrNa prAkRta campU, vizva jyoti, 15, 1967. : kuvalayamAlA ana tenA sandhyAvarNano svAdhyAya, bar3audA, 1964. : Chaltanam Matham ---A gleaning from Kuv. Ainmal of the B.O. R. I. Vol. 48-49, 1968. : Kuvalayamala : A Cultural Study. Journal of the O. I. Baroda, 1970.: / : kuvalayamAlAkAdambaryostulanAtmakamadhyayanam -mAgadham, aprela, 1969 : Thakura Central AsiaticJournal, Vol. 3, 1957.. . : An Eighth Centuary Indian Documents on the International Trade. Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Culture, Madras, 1970. : The Jenesis and Character of Landed Aristocracy in Ancient India. Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient, 1971. : Samudragupta and Chandragupta Vikrama. ditya as Samskrit Poets. Journal of V. R. I. Hosiyarpur, 1971. 43. Upadhye, P. M. 44. upAdhyAya, zAligrAma 45. Buddha Prakash 46. , , 48. ,

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426 49. Bhayani, H. C. 50. 51. caudharI, gulAba canda 52. bhojaka, amRtalAla 53. ThAkura, anantalAla 54. Chandra, K. R. 55. Khadabadi, B. K. 56. Pandye, G. C. 57. jaina, 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. " 33 " "9 = "1 " 11 prema sumana "" 33 11 "1 kuvalayamAlAkA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana : On the Uparupakas called Dombik and Sidagaka. Vidya, Vol. 12, 1969. 99 : On Some Specimens of Carcari. Sambodhi, Vol. I, 1972. : tathAkathita harivaMzacarita kI vimalasUrikartRtA kA nirasana jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhA0 16, 1971 / : kavi baMdika : jaina harivaMza ke Adya praNetA sambodhi, bhA0 1, naM0 4, 1973 / : Some Doubtful Readings in Kuvalayamala. Sambodhi, Ahmedabad, 1973. : Apabhramsa Passages of the Kuvalayamala. Contribution of Jainism to Indian Culture, Delhi, 1975. : On the Eighteen Desi Languages. All India Oriental Conference Kurukshetra, 1974. : Note on the Kuvalayamala. Jijnasa, Journal of the Department of History, Rajasthan University, 1975. : kuvalayamAlAkahA kA kathA-sthApatya saMyojana zramaNa, agasta, 1967 : prAcIna bhArata meM arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana - zramaNopAsaka, 1968 : kuvalayamAlA meM varNita 72 kalAyeM marudhara kezarI abhinandana grantha, vyAvara, 1968 : prAcIna bhArata meM samudra- yAtrAyeM haribhAU abhinandana grantha, jayapura, 1969 : kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita rAjA avanti anekAnta, varSa 23, kiraNa, 5-6, 1970 : paTa- citrAvalI kI loka paramparA rAjasthAna bhAratI, 1071 : kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita kuDaMga, candra evaM tArAdvIpa zramaNa, vArANasI, 1972

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kuvalayamAlAkahA para zodha-sAmagrI 427 64. jaina, prema sumana 65. " : An account of the Trade and Shipping refered to in the Prakrit Texts Contribution of Jainism to Indian Culture, Edited by Dr. R. C. Dwivedi Delhi, 1975. : 'kuvalayamAlA meM prayukta abhiprAya dharmaparIkSA -jainasiddhAntabhAskara, ArA, 1975 : prAkRta ke sazakta kathAkAra udyotanasUri jainavidyA ke manISI, curU, ( rAja0) 1975 : kuvalayamAlA meM pratipAdita rAjasthAna jainadarzanasAhitya seminAra, ajamera, 1975 meM paThita nibandha /

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sandarbha grantha (ka) saMskRta, pAli evaM prAkRta bhASAoM ke mUla grantha : aMguttaranikAya ( pA0 ), nAlandA devanAgarI granthamAlA banArasa, 1960 atharvaveda, sAtavalekarapraNIta bhASya sahita, vArANasI aparAjitapRcchA, gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sIrIja, bar3audA, 1950 abhidhAna cintAmaNi ( bhAga 1-2 ) bhAvanagara, vIra saM0 2441 amarakoza, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1929 arthazAstra ( bhAga 1-3 ), gaNapatizAstrI bAvanakora, 1921-25 aSTAdhyAyI, caukhambA saMskRta sIrija, vArANasI, 1930 azvazAstram, taMjaura sarasvatI mahala sIrija, 1952 AcArAMgacUNi ( prA0 ), ratalAma, 1941 AdipurANa, jinamena, jJAnapITha, kAzI AdipurANa ( apa0 ), puSpadanta, jJAnapITha, kAzI Avazyaka niyukti (prA0 ), Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1928 uttarAdhyayanaTIkA (prA0 ), nemicanda bambaI, 1937 uttararAmacarita, nirNayamAgara, bambaI, 1930 udayasundarI kathA upamitibhavaprapaMca kathA. siddharSi upAsakadazA ( prA0 ), pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1930 Rgveda, svAdhyAyamaMDala, auMdha, 1940 RtusaMhAra, nirNayasAgara presa, 1922 aupapAtika (prA0 ) TIkA-abhayadeva, ( dvi0 saM0 ) vi0 saM0 1914 kathAkozaprakaraNa (prA0 ), bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1949 kAmasUtram, dvitIya saMskaraNa, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI karpUramaMjarI (prA0 ), kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, kalakattA, 1948 kalpasUtra ( prA0 ), TIkA, samayasundaragaNi, bambaI, 1939 kAvyAnuzAsana, hemacandra, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI kAvyaprakAza, caukhambA saMskRta sIrija, 1955 kAvyamImAMsA, sI0 DI0 dalAla, bar3audA, 1917 kAzikAvRtti, caukhambA, vArANasI kumArapAlacarita, bhaNDArakara oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, pUnA, 11.36 kumArasambhava, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1951

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sandarbha grantha 429: kuvalayamAlAkahA ( prA0 ), siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1959 / / kuvalayamAlAkathAsaMkSepa, ( saM0 ) siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1961 kuvalayamAlAkahA ( gujarAtI ), hemasAgarasUri, Ananda hema granthamAlA, bambaI, 1965 kUrmapurANa, sampAdaka, nIlamaNi mukhopAdhyAya, kalakattA, 1960 gauDavaho ( prA0 ), esa0 pI0 paMDita, pUnA, 1927 garuNapurANa, kSemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa, bambaI, 1906 jJAnapaMcamIkahA ( prA0 ), siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1946 cArudattanATaka, bhAsa, nirNayasAgara saMskaraNa citrasUtram chAndogyopaniSad, ( zAMkarabhASya ), vArANasI jasaharacariu ( apa0 ), pI0 ela0 vaidyA, kAraMjA, 1931 jAtakamAlA-AryasUrya tilakamaMjarI, dhanapAla, kalakattA triSaSThi zalAkApuruSacarita, hemacandra, anuvAda-eca0 esa0 jAnasana, 1930 dravyaparIkSA (prA0 ), Thakkarapheru, prAcyavidyA zodha pratiSThAna, jodhapura, 1961 dazarUpaka, rAjakamala prakAzana, 1963 dazavaikAlika niyukti, bhadravAhu, ( prA0 ), divyAvadAna, sampAdaka--kAvela, kembrija, 1886 dIghanikAya ( pA0 ), nAlandA prakAzana dIpabaMza ( pA0 ), olDanavarI, landana, 1879 dezInAmamAlA ( hemacandra ), ema0 banarjI, kalakattA, 1931 nATyazAstra, gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sIrija, bar3audA, 1954 nATyazAstra ( hindI anu0 ), motolAla banArasIdAsa, dillo, 1964 NAyAdhammakahA (prA0 ), sampAdaka--vaidyA, pUnA, 1940 nAradasmRti, sampAdaka--paulI, kalakattA, 1885 nizIthacUNi ( prA0 ), sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1957 paMcadazI, mihiracandra praNIta hindI TIkA sahita, caukhambA, vArANasI paumacariyaM ( prA0 ), siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI padmapurANa ( saM0 ), bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1958 pAiasaddamahaNNavo, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI 1963 pArzvanAtha carita, ( saM0 ) puruSArtha cintAmaNi ( saM0 ) pRthvIcandra carita ( saM0 ), satyarAjagaNiviracita praznavyAkaraNa TIkA ( prA0 ), abhayadeva, bambaI, 1919 prajJApanA TIkA ( malayagiri ) bambaI, 1918-19 bahatkathAkoza, siMghI jaina granthamAlA. bambaI

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430 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bRhatkalpabhASya (prA0 ), ( saMghadAsagaNi), bhAvanagara, 1933-38 bRhatparAzarahorA ( saM0 ), hindI TIkA sahita, caukhambA, vArANasI vAcaspatyam, bhAga 1, 2, 7, 8, tArAnAtha vAcaspati, vArANasI bodhAyana dharmasUtra 1 ( saM0 ), sampAdaka--AcArya, maisUra, 1907 bhagavatagItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura bhagavatI ArAdhanA (prA0 ), devendrakItti granthamAlA, solApura, 1935 bhagavatIsUtra ( prA0 ), Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1621 bhAgavatapurANa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2010 bhAvaprakAza madanaparAjaya ( nAgadeva ), saM0- -DA0 rAjakumAra jaina, kAzI, 1964 manusmRti, nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1946 mayamatam, gavarnameMTa presa, trivendram, 1919 mahApurANa ( saM0), bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1954 mahAbhArata, sampAdaka -sukathaMkara, pUnA, 1942 mahAvagga ( pA0 ), nA0 de0 granthamAlA, banArasa, 1956 mahAvaMza ( hindI anu0), mAnasAgarI, mAnasAra, pI0 ke0 AcArya, AksaphorDa yunivarsiTI presa mAnasollAsa ( saM0 ), da senTrala lAyabrerI, bar3audA, 1925 mAlatImAdhava, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1926 mAlavikAgnimitra, nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1935 mArkaNDeyapurANa, veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI milindapaNha ( pA0 ), saM0, A0 DI0 vaDekara, bambaI, 1940 mudrArAkSasa, pUnA oriyaNTala buka ejensI, 1930 mRcchakaTikam (saM0, prA0 ), caukhambA, vArANasI 1954 meghadUta, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1940 yazastilakacampU, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1916 yazastilakacampU ( saM0, hi0 ), mahAvIra jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, 1960 raghuvaMza, nirNayasAgara presa, 1936 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra ( saM0 ), samantabhadra, sUrata rAjataraMgiNI, sTeina, ema0 e0 rAjataraMgiNI, durgAprasAda, bambaI, saM0 1984 rAjapraznIyasUtra (prA0 ), ena0 bI0 vaidya, ahamadAbAda, 1938 rAmAyaNa, nirNayasAgara presa 1905 lalitavistara ( saM0 ), vaidyA, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1958

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sandarbha grantha lIlAvaIkahA ( prA0 ). siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI varAMgacarita ( saM0 ), mANikacandra granthamAlA, bambaI, 1938 varAhIsaMhitA (saM0) vasudevahiNDI (prA0 ) AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1930 vyavahArasUtra (prA0 ), bhAvanagara, 1926 vikramovarzIyam, caukhambA, vArANasI vividhatIrthakalpa, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1934 vizeSa Avazyaka bhASya, ( saTIka ), ratalAma, 1936-37 viSNusaMhitA vedavyAsa smRti, zatapathabrAhmaNa, acyuta granthamAlA, kAzI, vi0 saM0 1994 zabdaratnAkara, yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA, vi0 saM0 2439 zilparatna, gaNapati zAstrI, trivendra ma, 1922 zukranIti, caukhambA, bArANasI saMgItaratnAkara, aDyAra lAyabrerI, 1951 samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, bar3audA saMskRta lAyabrerI, 1924 samarAiccakahA (prA0 ), kalakattA, 1926 sarvadarzanasaMgraha, samavAyAMgasUtra (prA0 ), ahamadAbAda, 1938 sAMkhyakArikA, caukhambA, vArANasI siddhAntakaumudI, caukhambA, vArANasI sthAnAMgasUtra ( prA0 ), ahamadAbAda, 1937 sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA, Agamodayasamiti, bambaI, 1917 harSacarita, sampAdaka - phUharara-gava0 senTrala presa, bambaI hitopadeza, caukhambA, vArANasI ( kha ) Adhunika zodha-grantha (hindI, aMgrejI): agravAla, vI0 esa0 : kalA aura saMskRti, ilAhAbAda 1952 : kAdambarI-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, 1958 caukhambA, vArANasI : jAyasIkRta padmAvata : pANinIkAlIna bhAratavarSa, vi0 saM0 2012 : prAcIna bhAratIya lokadharma, ahamadAbAda, 1664 : harSacarita- eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad. paTanA, 1964 : ardhamAgadhIkoza, bhAga 2, 5, jaina kAnphreMsa, dillI

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4328 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ayyara : TAuna plainiMga ina enziyaNTa Dekana altekara, e0 esa0 : enziyaNTa TAunsa eNDa siTIja ina gujarAta eNDa kAThiyAvAr3a, briTiza iNDiyA presa, mejagA~va, 1926 " " : ejUkezana ina enziyaNTa iNDiyA, banArasa, 1634 : rASTrakUTAja eNDa deyara TAimsa, pUnA, 1934 " : alabarUnI iNDiyA, 1 avasthI e0 ela0 : prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa, kailAza prakAzana lakhanaU, 1964 AcArya, pI0 ke0 : DikzanarI Apha hindU ArTiTekcara, AksaphorDa, 1927 AcArya, rajanIga : mahAvIra merI dRSTi meM, dillI, 1971 ApTe : saMskRta aMgrejI DikzanarI iliyaTa eNDa janasana : hisTrI Apha iNDiyA eja TolDa vAi iTsa ona hisToriyans, bhAga 1 upAdhye, e0 ena0 : kuvalayamAlA ( dvitIya bhAga, aMgrejI prastAvanA) siMdhI jaina granthamAlA bambaI, 1970 upAdhyAya, bI. esa. : kAlidAsa kA bhArata, 1-2 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI " : iNDiyA ina kAlidAsa, cA~da eNDa kampanI, dillI : guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, upAdhyAya, bharatasiMha : buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, prayAga, saM0 2018 : bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1 upAdhyAya, rAma jI : prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, ilAhAbAda, 1966 upAdhyAya, vAsudeva : pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa, bhAratI prakAzana, prayAga " , : epigrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 1 oma prakAza : phuDa eNDa Diksa ina enziyaNTa iNDiyA auMdha : ajantA ojhA, jI0 eca0 : rAjapUtAne kA itihAsa kaniMghama. e0 : enziyaNTa jyogrAphI Apha iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1924 katre : prAkRta laiMgvejeja eNDa deyara kaNTrIbyUzana TU da iNDiyana kalcara, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 16.45 : saddharmapuNDarIka ( aMgrejI anuvAda ) : kANhaNa de prabandha kANe, pI0 vI0 : hisTrI Apha dharmazAstra, bhAga-1-4, pUnA : e hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara, AksaphorDa, 1948 kotha evaM maikaDonala : vaidika iNDeksa, jilda prathama, kumArasvAmI : iNDiyana eNDa iNDoneziyana ATa : enziyaNTa iNDiyana ArTiTekcara kurTa roka : da hisTrI Afa myujikala insTra menTa, gAtA eNDa mahAjana : ajantA, elorA eNDa auraMgAbAda kensa karna kItha

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sandarbha grantha 433 gerinI : jyogrAphikala Dikzanaro Afa sAutha IsTa iNDiyA gairolA, vAcaspati : bhAratIya citrakalA goDe, pI0 ke0 : sTaDIj ina iNDiyana kalcarala hisTrI gopAla. lallana jI : da ikAnAmika lAIpha Apha nArdana iNDiyA, dillI, 1965 ghuraye,, jI0 sI0 : kAsTa eNDa resa ina enziyaNTa iNDiyA ghuyAla : gar3havAlI lokagIta cakaladAra, esa0sI0 : sosala lAipha ina enziyaNTa iMDiyA : sTaDIja ina kAmasUtra, kalakattA, 1929 cakravartI, pI0 sI0 : da ArTa Apha vAra ina enzieNTa iNDiyA DhAkA, 1941 citarAva, esa0 : prAcIna bhAratIya sthala koza, pUnA, 1969 jArja goDDA : saMskRta ina iNDoneziyA jAmakheDakara, e. pI. : kuvalayamAlA : e kalcarala sTaDI jaina, gokulacandra : yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1966 : satyazAsana parIkSA, kAzI, 1964 jaina, jagadIzacandra : jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1967 : prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, vArANasI : lAipha ina enzieNTa iNDiyA aija DipikTeDa ina jaina kainana, bambaI, 1947 jaina, jyotiprasAda : da jaina sorseja Apha da hisTrI Apha enziyaNTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1964 jaina, bAlacandra : jainapratimA vijJAna, jabalapura, 1674 jaina, bhAgacandra : jaina DAkTarAinas ina buddhisTa liTarecara, 1972 jaina, hIrAlAla : NAyakumAracariu. dillI. 1973 " " : bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1964 jozI, umeza : bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa jozI, rasika bihArI : zrI rAsapaMcAdhyAyI : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana ThAkura, upendra : da hUNa ina iMDiyA, caukhambA, vArANasI; 1964 De, nandalAla : jyogrAphikala DikzanarI Apha enziyaNTa eNDa miDievala iNDiyA tripAThI, chavinAtha : campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana vArANasI, 1965 datta : TAuna plainiMga ina enziyaNTa iNDiyA dAsaguptA, bI0 sI0 : jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana dvivedI, rAmacandra : alaMkAra mImAMsA, 1965 : priMsipala Apha liTarerI kriTisijma ina saMskRta, 1966 : kanTrIvyUsana Apha jainijma TU iMDiyana kalcara, 1975 28

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434 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dvivedI, hajArIprasAda : prAcIna bhArata ke kalAtmaka vinoda, " " : jAyasI aura padmAvata dIkSita, esa0 ena0 : bharata aura bhAratIya nATyakalA, rAjakamala, dillI 1970 dezAI, ema0 DI0 : jaina sAhityano itihAsa bambaI. 1933 dezAI, pI0 bI0 : jainijma ina sAutha iNDiyA eNDa sama jaina epigrApsa parsI brAuna : iNDiyana peNTigas pAThaka, vI0 esa0 : zaiva kalTa ina nArdana iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1960 pANDe, rAjabali : hindU saMskAra, vArANasI pANDe, vimalacandra : bhAratavarSa kA sAmAjika itihAsa, hindustAnI ekAdamI, ilAhAbAda, 1960 :prAcIna bhArata kI sAMgrAmikatA, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA pI0 ke0 guNe smRtigrantha, pUnA, 1960 pArjITara : enziyaNTa iNDiyana hisTorikala TreDIzansa purI, baijanAtha : da hisDrI Apha da gurjara pratihArAja, bambaI, 1957 : sudUrapUrva dezoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti, hindI samiti lakhanaU pusAlakara : bhAsa--e sTaDI penjara : da osana Apha sTorIja, landana, 1934 jilda 7 premI abhinandana grantha premI, nAthUrAma : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa : la Arta grekobudhIka du gaMdhAra bAgacI, pI0 sI0 : kaulajJAna nirNaya " " : sTaDIja ina da tantrAja bAjapeyI, ke0 DI0 : bhAratIya vyApAra kA itihAsa, prayAga bhAratI prakAzana buddhaprakAza : AspekTasa Apha iMDiyana kalcara eNDa sivilAijezana : iNDiyA eNDa da varlDa, vizvezvarAnanda vaidika zodha-saMsthAna, 1964 : triveNikA, triveNI prakAzana, prayAga : poliTikala eNDa sozala mUbhamenTa ina enziyaNTa paMjAba, . motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI : sTaDIja ina iNDiyana hisTrI eNDa sivilAijezana, AgarA bhaNDArakara, Ara. jI. : arlI hisTrI Apha da Dekana, kalakattA, 1928 " :prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAzAstra bhaTazAlI : AikonogrAphI Apha buddhisTa skalpacarsa ina da DhAkA myujiyama, bhaTTAcArya bI0 sI0 : da jaina AikonogrAphI bhArilla, jJAna : taraMgavato ( hindI sAra ), bIkAnera majUmadAra Ara0sI0 : enziyaNTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1968 mArsala : da bAgha kensa phasa

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sandarbha grantha mAlavIya, badrInAtha : viSNudharmottarapurANa meM mUrtikalA, 1960 mAlakesarA, bI0pI0 : DikzanarI Apha pAli prAparanemsa, bhAga 1 mizra, lAlamaNi : bhAratIya saMgItavAdyoM kA svarUpAtmaka evaM prayogAtmaka vivecana (thisisa) prathama khaNDa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI mekriNDila : megasthanIja eNDa eriyana menAriyA, esa0ela0 : rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya mehatA, Ara0 ena0 : prI buddhisTa iNDiyA motI, ema0 ke0 : ikAnAmikala lAipha Apha nArdana iNDiyA ina da guptA pIriyaDa, kalakattA, 1657 moniyara viliyama : saMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI motIcandra : jyogrAphikala eNDa ikAnAmikala sTaDI ina da mahAbhArata,. . motIcandra : jaina miniecara peMTiMgja ina vesTarna iNDiyA, ahamadAbAda, 1946 prAcIna bhAratIya veSabhUSA, prayAga : sArthavAha, bihAra rA0 bhA0 50, paTanA, 1953 yAjadAnI : ajantA, bhAga 1 yAjakAnI galAma : arlI hisTI Apha Dekana. bhAga 1 rAya, udayanArAyaNa : prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nagara-jIvana, hindusthAnI akAdamI ilAhAbAda, 1965 rAyakRSNadAsa : bhArata kI citrakalA : bhAratIya mUrtikalA rAya, siddhezvarInArAyaNa : paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda, 1968 rijas DeviDsa : buddhisTa iNDiyA rejena : TolemI jyogrAphI rolaNDa, vaijAmina : 'da ArTa eNDa ArTiTekcara Apha iMDiyA; hindU, buddhisTa eNDa jaina' , lA. vI0 sI0 : jyogrAphI Apha arlI buddhijma : hisTorikala jyogrAphI Apha enziyaNTa iNDiyA : jyogrAphikala eseja, bhAga 1, kalakattA, 1938 : ligvisTi sarve Apha iNDiyA banarjI, je0 ena0 : da DavalapamenTa Apha hindU AikonogrAphI, bandopAdhyAya, esa.sI. : bhArata koza, bhAga 3 varNI abhinandana grantha, sAgara varmA, gAyatrI : kavi kAlidAsa ke granthoM para AdhArita tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, vATarasa : Ana yuvAnacvAMga TrAvalsa ina iNDiyA, bhAga 1, landana, 1904 vikramasmRti-grantha, ujjaina vidyAlaMkAra, atrideva : prAcIna bhArata ke prasAdhana, kAzI vinTaranitz2a : hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2

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436 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vitkina, DablU jo0 : hindU mAitholAjI vyAsa, sUryanArAyaNa : vizva kavi kAlidAsa-eka adhyayana jJAnamaNDala prakAzana, indaura ve0 rAghavana : yantrAj eNDa maikenikala kaNTrAivanseja ina enzieNTa iMDiyA, vedAlaMkAra, candragupta : bRhattara bhArata velsa : da mekiMga Apha greTara iNDiyA zaraNa, avadhavihArI : megasthanIja kA bhArata bhramaNa zarmA, ThAkuraprasAda : huenasAMga kA bhArata bhramaNa zarmA, dazaratha : arlI cauhAna DAyanasTIja, : rAjasthAna zrU da ejeja, gavarnameMTa presa, bIkAnera, 1966 zyAma paramAra : lokadharmI nATya paramparA zAstrI, kailAzacandra : upAsakAdhyayana, kAzI, 1965 zAstrI, ena0 : DavalapamenTa Apha rilojana ina sAutha iNDiyA zAstrI, nemicandra : AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, varNI granthamAlA, vArANaso, 1966 : prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, tArA pablikezana, vArANasI, 1664 " " : haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana vaizAlI, 1966 zAha, yU0 pI0 : akoTA boMjeja , , : sTaDIja ina jaina ArTas, banArasa, 1955 zivarAmamUti : amarAvatI skalpacarsa hana da madrAsa gavarnamenTa myujiyama, madrAsa, 1956 zuklA, DI0 ena0 : vAstuzAstra, lakhanaU " " : bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU, 1068 satyendra : madhyayugIna hindI sAhitya kA lokatAvika adhyayana, 1960 sarakAra, DI0 sI0 : selekTeDa insakripsansa, kalakattA, 1642 : sTaDIja ina da jyogrAphI Apha enziyaNTa eNDa miDievala iNDiyA, dillI, 1960 h , : iNDiyana epigrAphikala glosarI, dillI, 1966 sAMDesarA : varNakasamuccaya bhAga 1 sAmara, devIlAla : rAjasthAnI lokyanATya, udayapura sAletora, Ara0ena0 : lAipha ina guptA eja, smitha, bi0 e0 : da arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, 1957 : da hisTrI Apha phAina ArTa ina iMDiyA eNDa sIlona sTeina : jInisTika sTaDIja handikI : yazastilaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara, jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, zolApura hAphakinsa, i0 DablU0 : epika mAitholAjI, sTrAsavarga, 1915 hindI vizvakoza, khaNDa 2

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sandarbha grantha 437 hirIyaNNA, ema0 : AuTa lAinsa Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI, AksaphorDa yunivarsiTI presa landana, 1965 hIrartha, phAiDarica : cIna eNDa da romana orieNTa hIrAlAla : jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga 1, mANikacanda jaina granthamAlA, bambaI heriMgama : ajantA phreskoja (ga) zodha-patrikAe~ evaM riportAja : anekAnta ( dvimAsika ), vIra sevA mandira, 21 dariyAgaMja, dillI-6 iNDiyana kalcara iNDiyana eMTikverI, jilda 62 iNDiyana hisTorikala kvATarlI, kalakattA, 1957 iNDo-IrAniyana jarnala, da hagu, 1957, bhAga 1, naM0 3, 1953 IsTa eNDa vesTa, roma, 1971 enalsa Apha da bhaMDArakara oriyaNTala risarca insTITyUTa pUnA, 1940 bhAga 21, 28, 48-46 Adi enuala riporTa Apha da DAyarekTara janarala Apha ArkiolAjI Apha iNDiyA 1002-3 enziyaNTa iNDiyA kalyANa, gItApresa gorakhapura, mahAbhArata aMka da kvATarlI ribhyU Apha hisTorikala sTaDIja, kalakattA bhAga 5, aMka 4 jarnala Apha oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, bar3audA, bhAga 11, aMka 4 jarnala Apha oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, pUnA, 1965 jarnala Apha da gujarAta risarca sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 1960 jarnala Apha rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, 1615 jarnala Apha da nyUmesameTika sosAyaTI ina iMDiyA, bhAga 16 jarnala Apha da bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI, 1628 jarnala Apha da yunivarsiTI Apha bAmbe, janavarI 1640 jarnala Apha da sozala eNDa ekAnAmika hisTrI Apha da oriyaNTa, I0 je0 brila, leDana hAlaiNDa, 1971 jaina jarnala, kalakattA 1970 jaina eNTIkverI, ArA jainadarzana aura saMskRti pariSad patrikA. kalakattA, 1966 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, pUnA, 1627 jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, ArA, 1953 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, saM0 2005, aMka 3-4 pUnA oriyaNTalisTa, bhAga 11, 1646 purANam, rAmanagara kAzI, 1960

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438 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana brahmavidyA, juvalI saMskaraNa, aDyAra lAyabrerI, madrAsa, 1961, mahAvIra jayantI aMka, 1971 buleTina Apha skUla Apha oriyaNTala sTaDIja, landana, bhAga 13 buleTina Apha da insTITyUTa Apha TreDIzanala kalcaras madrAsa, 1970 buleTina Apha madrAsa gavarnamenTa myujiyama, bhAga 1 bajamAdhurI, varSa 13 bhAratIyavidyA, banbaI, 1947 bhAratIya sAhitya saMsada patrikA, ArA 1965 marubhAratI, pilAnI ( rAja.) mAgadham,69, saMskRta vibhAga, eca0 DI0 jaina kAleja ArA yunivarsiTI Apha ilAhAbAda sTaDIja, 1957 rAjasthAna bhAratI, zA0 rA0 ri0 i0, bIkAnera, 1970 bhAga 12 riporTa, oriyaNTala kAnphreMsa nAgapura, 1646, banArasa, 1968 risarcara ( jayapura ), bhAga 1-2 vidyA, bhAga 12, bambaI vizvezvarAnanda iNDolAjIkala jarnala, bhAga 7, 1966 evaM mArca 1971 svAdhyAya, bar3audA, 1963 sambodhi, traimAsika, ela0 DI0 risarca insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda sammelana patrikA, loka saMskRti evaM kalA aMka, prayAga senTrala eziyATika jarnala, bhAga 3, 1657 zramaNa, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1965 da vyU Apha hisTorikala kvATarlI, kalakattA, 1967 lalitakalA, apraila, 59 hindI sAhitya, jilda 2, 1962

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zabdAnukramaNikA aMkuza 240 aMga 236, 240, 305 aMgarakSaka 167, 322 aMgazAstra 232, 233 aMgirasa 384 aMgula 237 aMgUThA 240 aMjana 231 aMjana-yoga 386, 360 aMjalI 142, 197 aMjalIbhara 153 aMjulI 167 aMtagaDadasAo 155 aMdha 108, 113 aMdhaka 114 aMdhavizvAsa 136, 385 aMzuka 151 akalaMka 376, 381, 400 akAla 103, 137 akkhAiyA 232 akSayavaTa 125, 253, 364 akSayavaTavRkSa 367 akSarajJAna 228, 226 akSaralipi 243, 244 akSalandA 66 akSIroga 172 aggAhAra 65, 103, 104 agnikarma 221 agnipurANa 310 agniyaka 90, 222 agnizarmA 4, 39 agnisaMskAra 134, 338 agnihotra 359 agnihotravAdI 358, 356 agnihotrazAlA 123, 126 agnihoma 357, 356 agravAla ( vAsudevazaraNa ) 35, 58, 60, 72, 62, 63, 66, 117, 144, 145, 146, 146, 150, 161, 167, 212, 216, 222, 223, 242, 255, 256, 284, 325, 351, 356, 357, 382 alTekara ( anantasadAziva ) 68, 71 acalezvara 351 acetanatA 373 ajantA 144, 145, 147, 155, 160, 207, 330, 371 ajamera 367 ajamerI geTa 309 ajJAnavAdI 382, 383, 400 aTavi 241 aTi-puTiraMTi 258 aTTahAsa 274, 275 aTTAlaka 63, 308 aTTAlikA 307 aTThaTTha-kaMThayAbharaNa 257 aDi pAMDi mare 257 aDi poMDi raMDi 258 aDDe 256 atharvaveda 143 atharvaziss upaniSad 355 aticAra 365, 364 atri 384

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kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana addhI 148 adri poMDi ramare 257 advaita 345 advaitavAda 344, 366, 400 adhikAkSarA 17 adhovastra 144, 150 anazana 255 anAtha 261 anAthAzrama 66, 250 anAtha piMDaka 190 anAthamaMDapa 71, 124, 125, 173, 252, 348,361,367, 361 anArya 108, 118, 366, 397 anAryajAti 175 anArya deza 106 anAvRSTi 137 anitya 376 anityatA 373 anumaraNa 135 anumAna 380, 383 anumAnagamya 375 anuSTupa 17 anuyogadvAracUNi 382 aNuvrata 364 anekAntadarzana 230, 400 anekAntavAda 376, 381, 364 anRja 305 antaHpura 264, 313, 317, 318, 328 antaHpuramahattarikA 167, 315, 318 antaradvIpa 65 antarikSa 239 antarveda 51, 196, 251, 256 antaveMdI 113, 164 antAkhI nagarI 213 antyaja 107 andhra 251 annamalai 76 anyApadezikatA 13 apana-tupana 257 apabhraMza 5, 247, 246, 251, 254, 255, 262, 284, 317, 368 aparavide 60, 85, 66, 98, 371, 385 aparalipi 244 aparAjitA 350 aparAjitapRcchA 317 apazakuna 136 appAM-tuppAM 57, 257 kSapsarA 298, 366 aphrIkA 162 abUhanIkA 207 abhAva ( padArtha ) 376, 400 abhigamana 345 abhidhAnacintAmaNi 53 abhinaya 281, 398 abhinavagupta 288 abhiprAya ( moTipha ) 206, 302, 326 abhimAna 36 abhilekha 106, 168 abhiSeka 372 abhisArikA 156 abhyAsa 243 abhyantaraAsthAnamaNDapa 21, 221, 322, 366 amarakaTaka 71 amaragar3ha 52 amarakoTa 52 amarakoSa 144, 161, 163, 168, 198, 284, 353, 354, 365 amarAvatI 154, 207 ambarakoTa 52 ambA 344, 350, 357 ambAlA 350

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zabdAnukramaNikA ambikA 356, 357 arra 256 amhaM kADaM tumheM 257 arhanta 238 ayodhyA 21, 27, 28, 26, 54, 56, alaMkArayojanA 16 58, 62, 63, 70, 71, 73. 82, alaMkAravimarzinI 313 106, 152, 160, 217, 216, * alakA 62, 64, 249 294, 311 alakhAM 55 ayodhyAnagarI 130, 288 alabIrunI 55, 362 ayodhyApurI 156 alAuddIna khilajI 170 araba 92, 117, 118, 135, 236, 258, allakammaM 232, 234 362, 397, 368 avataMsa 157 araba-bAjAra 203 avataraNaka maMgala 127 araba-vyApAra 214 avatAra 366, 371, 362 araba-sAgara 53 avadha 76 arabI 235, 336, 237 avadhUta 347 aravAka (jAti) 108, 116, 118 avanaddha 287 aravinda 350, 360, 361 avanaddhavAdya 286, 260 aravindanAtha 351, 360, 391 avanti 44, 45, 47, 52, 56, 63, arAkAna 81 246 arASTraka 113, 256 avanti janapada 58 arimA 172 avanti ( rAjA ) 396 aruNAbhanagara 217 avantivarddhana 44, 45, 316 aruNAbhapura 62, 81, 266 avantivarman 45, 46, 366 aror3A 113, 367 avarodadhi 90 arjuna 83, 112, 292 avalambaka ( chanda ) 17 artha 373 avasatha 362 arthakathA 9 . avaskandhaka 17 arthazAstra 40, 63, 146, 168, 166, ava-svApinI vidyA 233, 234 242, 308 avAntarakathA 14 arthakriyA 221 aviruddha 364 ardhacitra 146, 207 avestA 116 ardhanArIzvara 343, 351, 366 avyApAradene 358 ardhapala 166, 167, 168 azani 171 ardhabIsa 166 azoka 386 ardhavilocana 305 azva 192, 163, 368 ardhasavarNa ( vastrayugala ) 136, 141 azvakrIDA 22, 235, 313, 314, 366 aya'rSAMzuka 141 azvaghoSa 337

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442 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana azvavidyA 232, 235, 235, 393, 368 azvavaMza 238 azvavarNana 246 azvavaidyaka 118 azvavaidyakakAra 237 azvazAstra 5, 237, 338 azvaharaNa 12 aSTakanyA 336 aSTAdhyAyI 337 aSTApada 6, 65 asi 168, 258 asidheNu 168, 245 asiputrI 168 asiyattavaNaM 168 ahamadAbAda 56 ahicchatrA 162, 168, 357 ahIra 112 ATo sTeina 77 Atodya 283, 284, 366 Atmabala 367 AtmamAMsa 347, 351 AtmarudhirapAna 347 Atmavadha 125, 347, 348,368 Atmavadhika 366 Atmavilaya 348 AtmA 366, 358, 365, 374-78 AtmAdvaitavAda 358 AtmAhuti 348 Adamsapika 80 AdinAtha 335, 336 AdipurANa 52, 57, 64, 70, 85, 65, 66, 67, 68, 116, 121, 156, 160, 161, 228, 243, 275, 314, 332 Aditya 350, 360, 361 Adityayaza 106 AdivAsI 106, 356 Adeza 230 Anandabhairava 346 AnandabhairavI 346 Andhra 52, 53, 258 Andhradeza 165 ApAnakabhUmi 320, 321 Apizala ( AcArya ) 230 AbAnerI 351 AbU 351 AbhIra 55, 108, 114, 256 AhIrI 112 AbhUSaNakalA 233 Ama 46 AmasabhA 322 Amera 52 AyavattaM ( chatra ) 366 AkAza ( tattva ) 374, 375, 400 AkAzavANI 22 AkAzavapra 4, 51 AkSepiNI 10 AkhyAyikA 234 Agama, 226, 230, 345, 363 Agama-pramANa ( grantha ) 345, 346 Agara 95 AcAra 379 AcArAMga 40, 146, 152, 155 AcArAMgacurNI 378 AcArya 232 Ajamagar3ha 54 AjIvaka 360, 382, 383, 384 ATha kanyAe~ 337 ATha deva-kanyAe~ 366 ADattiyA ( dalAla ) 368

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hor zabdAnukramaNikA AyujJAna 233 AstaraNa 154 Ayudha 311 Ahatasikke 166 AyudhajIvI 113 AhAramaNDapa 138 Ayurveda 162, 232 Ahuti 130 AyuzAstra 173, 174 AhovAlA 260 AraTTa 113, 114 Arambha ( hiMsA ) 363 ArahaTTa 137 ikSvAku 55, 62, 105 ArAdhanA 10 ikSvAkuvaMza 63, 106 ArAma 68,126,311 ijipTa 132 ArogyazAlA 125 ijyA 345 AroTTa 108, 113, 267 indra 62, 105, 163, 171, 182, ArohaNa 233 230, 258, 366, 353, 361, AmainiyA 91 370,387 Arya 108, 175, 366, 367 indraketu 131 AryadevatA 350 AryA 37 indrajAla 231, 232 indranIlamaNi 244 Alaya 332 indrapura 53 Alekha 156, 305 indrapratimA 131 Alekhya 232, 245 indramaha 131, 361 Alokamandira 313 indrarAja cAhamAna 391 . Avala 284 indrarAja cauhAna 356 Avarta 236, 237, 238 indravajrA 17 AvazyakacUrNI 77, 204, 207 indrAditya 361 AvazyakacUrNikAra 206 indriya 375 Avazyakaniyukti 82 indIvara 26 Avasatha 123, 311 indumatIkathA 8 Azvina 132 ibhya 112 Azrama 360, 366 ibhyakumArI 112 Asana 156, 205, 330 ilAnadI 89 Asava 320 ilAvRttavarSa 86 AsAma 56, 71 ilAhAbAda 64 AsthAnamaNDala 316 isi-kisi-misi 117, 258 AsthAnamaNDapa 83, 130, 166, 246, 313, 324 AsthAnikA 316 IrAna 62, 116, 325

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444 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Izvara 365, 380 IzvarI 356 Izvara bhakti 363 IzvaravAdI 365,366 uggAhIyai 377 uccasthala 24 ujjayinI 23, 45, 52, 56, 62, 63, 76, 81, 105, 128, 216, 217, 246, 257, 266, 300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 311, 314, 316, 322, 323, 352 uDiyA 106 ur3IsA 56, 106, 262 utkRSTakriyA 221 uttarakAha 86 uttarakurU 60,85, 86 uttarApatha 4, 65, 66, 86, 67, 160, 161, 196, 216, 217 uttarIya 25. 139. 141. 142. 152, 61, 114, 115, 117, 116, 120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 148, 146, 166, 176, 210, 216, 250, 294, 301, 302, 305, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 315, 338, 336, 343, 348, 350, 363, 365, 368, 369, 374, 375, 376, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 386, 365, 366, 368, 366 udyAna 311 udyAnavApI 326 upaghara 331 upacari 384 upanayana-saMskAra 228 upaniSad 233, 358 upanItikriyA 228 upamA 16 upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA 32, 180, 354 uparanA 154 uparathyA 310 uparipaTAMzuka 136 uparistanavastra 139 uparimastanavastra 142 upasarga 230, 248 upAMga 240,305 upAdAna 345 upAdhyAya 216, 231, 245, 246, 265 upAdhye 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 35, 36, 65, 68, 156, 223, 248, 250, 254, 255, 256, 257 upAzraya 226 upAsanA ( Asana) 344, 345, 360 uttararAmacarita 50 utpatti 376 utpalavaMza 45 udakaparikhA 308 udadhikallola 235 udayana 56 udayasundarIkathA 301, 304 udararoga 172 udAttIkaraNa 15 udgIti 17 udyotanasUri 3, 5, 8, 6, 15, 32, 43, 60, 62, 66, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 86,

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zabdAnukramaNikA 445 umA 357 ulkApAta 137,206 ullApakathA 8 ullokachatra 332 ujayanta ( raivataka ) 61 urdUbAjAra 315 uvarima-vatthaM 142 usiradhvaja 57 ephigrAphiAiNDikA 1 / elA 324 elAmalai 76 elorA 362 eziyA 366 ehaM-tehaM 257 o U~Ta 311 UparItala 331 oMkAra 78 ojhA (106, 361 ) oDa 108 oDra 258 oDDA 106 olaggaDa 367 osiyA 351, 353 prau Rgveda 353,370 RjvAgata 305 Rtu 238, 384 RSabhajinezvara 6 RSabhadeva 19, 54, 101, 105, 241, 273, 288, 290, 334, 335, 287, 363 RSabhanAtha 8 RSabhapura 29, 70, 73, 217, 316, 318, 337 RSi 356 aupapAtika 182, 232 auraMgajeba 362 auSadhivalaya 27, 223, 235 ekataMtrI 285 ekadaNDI 360 ekAnta karuNA 374 ekAntikadharma 366 ekAtmavAdI 358 egArasaM 197 egArasaguNA 200, 398 ege-le 256 egikA 14, 16, 28, 66, 105, 154, 156, 226, 240, 241, 242, 352 kaMcuka 144, 155 kaMTha-kappaDa 136, 142 kaMcukI 316,320 kaMTharoga 172 kaMThA 162, 267 kaMThAbharaNa 156 kaMThAbhUSaNa 156, 256 kaMThAla ( rAvaTI ) 216 kaMThikA 157, 159, 162 kaMThikAbharaNa 156 kaMthA 143, 146, 147, 267, 367 kaMthA-kappar3a 136 kaMbala 136, 143, 144, 153, 156 kaMbuja 86 kaMboja 143

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446 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kakkasA 236 kakkola 322 kaccha 362 kaccha kI khAr3I 73 kacchA 136, 144, 156 kakchoTaka 144 kajaMgala 57 kaTaka 81, 157, 156, 161, 162, 297 kaTakasanniveza 312 kaTaka dvIpa 213 kaTisUtra 157, 160, 162 kaDDorA :60 kaDU 387 katAra saMkara 310 katriya 168 kathanopakathana 12 katharI 143 kathA ke bheda 10 kathAnibandha 233 kathAtmakacitra 302 kathAsaritsAgara 19, 36, 43, 242, 387 kathAsthApatya 12 kathotthaprarohazilpa 13 kaNakakarma 231 kaNAda 376 400 kaNirakAMcI 157, 160 kaNujja 113 kaNNaMteDA-pAlao 316 kaNNaMteDara-mahallao 316 kadamba 386 kadalIghara 324 kanakakadalI 327 kanakaprabhA 27 kanara 65 kanAteM 215 kandamUla 356 kannar3a 357 kannoja 53, 244 kanyA 236 kanyA antaHpura 316 kanyA antaHpurapAlaka 167,12. kanyA antaHpurarakSikA 167 kanyAkumArI 61 kanyApizAcanI 386 kanyAlagana 236 kanyArAzi 281 kanyAsaMvaraNa 243 kapATa 306 kapAsa 165 kapila 377, 378 kapotapAlI 330, 331, 366 kappaDAI 140 kappaNiyA 112 kappAsiya 112 kamala 372 kamalAkAra 324 kamalavanadIdhikA 326 kamalavApI 333 kayAha 236, 368 kanaphUla 160 karadhanI 64, 161, 308 karavatta 168,166 karavAla 168, 166 karA~cI 161 karAladaMta 168,166 karISAgni dahana 348 karuNA 362 karoMta 166 karka 236 karketanaratna 334 karNa 44 karNadhAra ( mallAha ) 206

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zabdAnukramaNikA . karNaphUla 157, 156, 162 karpUra 160 karNavyAdhi 172 karNATa 115 karNATaka 52, 113, 195, 244 karNAbhUSaNa 176, 322 kartarI 168 karnATa 65, 251, 257 karpaTikA 108 karpUra 320, 322 karpUramaMjarI 53, 347 karmakaroM 186 karma 376 karmakANDI 366 karmakAroM 713 karmapurANa 366 karmaphala 366 karvaTa 65 karSa 196, 167, 200 karSApaNa 155 kavaDaga 166 kavi 264 kavikalpa 248 kavvaDa 66 kalakattA 262 kalayA 236 kalavardhanA 318 kalaza 130, 740 kalA 218, 246, 316 72 kalAoM 231 kalAgrahaNa 228 kalAcArya 306 kalAvilAsa 231 kalpadrumakoza 357 kalpasUtra 218, 232 kalyANakArIkendra 310 kalhaNa 45 kaSTa-kriyA 221 kazmIra 45 kasa 168, 166 kasi 258 kasiNapacchAyaNa 136, 141 / / kasiNAyAra 126 kAMgaDA 53 kAMcanaratha 26 kA~cI 23, 64, 157, 160, 161, 16.2, 214, 216, 307 : kAMcIdAma 160 kAMcInagarI 76 kAMcIpuro 57, 64, 82, 217 kAMjIvaram 64 kAMDaka 386 kA~vara 156, 368 kAMsadhAtu 263 kAMsA 220, 221 kAkana 64 phAkandI 63, 64, 66, 73, 76, 21.7 kAkandInagarI 26 kAkabali 358, 356 kAkiNI 164 kAThiyAvAr3a 61, 67, 81, 206 .. kANe (pro0 ) 366 kAtyAyanI 182, 344, 350, 350, 355, 356, 357, 366 kAdambarI 16, 36, 43, 84, 146, 181, 210, 211, 287, 312, 318, 319, 320. 325, 326, 327, 331, 332 kAnyakubja 53 kApaNiyA 112

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448 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kApAlika 146, 147, 156, 241, 343, kAlAjAdU 231 345, 347, 346, 361, 388, kAlAyasakamma 224 390, 366 kAlikApurANa 392 kApAlikagRha 260, 262, 362 kAlikAvAta 206 kApAlika bAlikA 345 kAlidAsa 43, 60, 62, 76, 82, 128, kApAlika vrata 254, 345 144, 146, 155, 285, 261, kApAlika sAdhu 346 305, 318, 316, 325, 327, kAberIpattana 17 338, 353 kAma 8 kAlI 356, 366 kAmakathA 9 kAverI 53, 82 kAmagajendra 26, 45, 60, 81, 85, 56, kAvya 229, 232, 282 135, 242, 300, 302, kAvyAdarza 231 304, 311, 326, 330, kAvyamImAMsA 51, 53, 56 338 kAzI 53, 54,246 kAmadeva 133, 300 kAzIkaravaTa 348 kAmadevagRha 288 kAzIjanapada 60, 71 kAmadevabhavana 362 kAzmIra 117 kAmadevapaTa 303 kAzyapagotrIya 105 kAmarUpa 88 kAzyapagautra 114 kAmazAstra 40, 243 kAhala 283, 287 kAmasUtra 218, 231 kAhalA 261, 292 kAmAyanI 32 kiMkarI 316 kAminIgRha 264 kiMkiNI 157, 162, 274 kAminIghara 322 kiM te ki mo 256 'kambhoja 115 kiMpuruSavarSa 86 kAya 108, 112 kiMpuruSa 350, 386 kAyastha 112 kikkaya 109 kArukasiddhantI 346 kiNva 375 kAruNika 343, 346, 366 kitto-kimmo 256 kArtika pUrNimA 133 kinnara 74, 87, 133, 261, 350, 3: kArtikeya 171, 353, 354, 362 kinnara-mithuna 162, 282, 386 kAlakAlezvara 351 kinnarI 162, 285 kAlakUTaviSa 376 kiyadaMza 86 kAlamizraNa 13 kiyonAye ( hUNa ) 116 kAlamukha 346 kriyAkANDa 357

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zabdAnukramaNikA kriyAvAdI 220, 221 kiramadAnA 61 kirAta 78, 106, 256 kizamiza 258 kiSkindhA 63 kIra 53, 113, 251, 257 kIra deza 164 kIrtilatA 137, 325 krIr3AvApI 318, 325, 326 krIDAzaila 323, 327, 366 kuMDala 157. 160, 162 kuMDalitapaTacitra 301 kuMDi 220 kuMDUradvIpa 87 kukkuTa Asana 336 kuDaMgadvIpa 5, 70, 86, 210 kuDakkha 108,106 kuDakkhA 106 kuDakkhAcArya 106 kuDaDAlihiyAputtalayA 338 kur3ava 167 kuTI 324 kuTumba 366 kuTTajA 350 kuThAra 166 kuNAla nagara 63 kutIrthoM 364 kutIthika 384, 85 kutUhala 14 kutUhalayojanA 14 kuntalakalApa 163 kudeva 364 kudraMga 87 kubera 62, 66, 203 kubera ( jainamUrti ) 336 kumarAhara 67 kumAU~ 58 kumArasambhava 82, 353 kumArasvAmI 275, 330 kumArilabhaTTa 380 kumArI 350 kumArIantaHpura 316 kumArI kuvalayamAlA 12, 13, 264, 316, 320, 323 kumArIpuraprasAda 316 kumbha 236 kumhAra 108, 112, 365 kurukSetra 57 kurujAMgala 60 kurga 53 kuladevatA 22, 244, 321, 327, 328, 356, 373 kuladevI 358, 371 kulaparvata 86 kulhar3oM 103 kuvalayacandra 12, 13, 22, 27, 28, 26, 56, 64, 78, 80, 82, 83, 102, 105, 106, 126, 141, 146, 146, 152, 155, 156, 170, 173, 175, 164, 214, 216, 216, 228, 226, 230, .232, 235, 237, 238, 246, 241, 251, 273, 282, 256, 262, 264, 311, 313, 317, 316, 323 338, 366, 370 kuvalayamAlAkahA 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 27, 28, 30, 80, 85, 116, 121, 128, 126, 131, 135, 146, 147, 163, 176, 216, 228, 230, 232, 237, 236,

Page #470
450 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 241, 250, 260, 261, 301, kRSNaloha-karma 233 315, 317, 336, 343, 350, kRSNa varNa 82 354, 355, 356, 357, 360, kRSNA 52 361, 363, 367, 371, 372, kRSNAnadI 55 376, 377, 378, 381, 385, kaikaya 108 386, 360, 362, 363, 364, kekaya deza 109 396, 366 ketumAlA 86 kuSTa 172 kenTana 86, 87 kuSTharoga 361 kerala 72 kuSTharogI 252 keralarAjya 58 kuSANa 106 kevaTa 366 kuzasthala 53 kevalajJAna 340 kusumadAmadolA 326 kevalI 331 kusumapura 67 kezakalApa 318 kusumAvalI 130 kezapabbhAra 162 kusa-satthara 136 kezaprabhAra 163 kuhayaM 231 kezara 320 kuhAr3A 168, 169 kezava 370 kUTaTaMka 166 kesasaMjayaNa 336 kUDa-mANaM 196 koMca 108, 106, 116, 11 kUpa 124 koMta 168 kUpavandra 23, 105 koTa 64 kUrpAsaka 117, 126, 140, 144, 145, koTavI devI 357 156, 397 koTA-saMgrahAlaya 354 kUla 146 koTTajA 344, 345, 366 kRtrimanadI 325 koTTakiriyA 357 kRtrimamakarI 333 koTTajA gRha 356, 357 kRtrimazapharI 332 koTThayakoNAo 332 kRpANI 168 koTi 166, 197, 198 kRmirAga 61 koTipatAkA 326. kRSika 213 kor3ha 253 kRSi 252 kodaNDa 168 kRSNa 65, 358, 370, 371 konteya 168 kRSNa avatAra 370 kottha 108, 106 kRSNa bhakti 261 koriyA 117 kRSNamitra 32 kosama 64

Page #471
kosambavana 64, 7e krodha 13, 15, 384, 363 krodhabhaTTa 13 kaukSeyaka 166 koTinya 65, 67, 113, 114, 145, 197, 168, 242, 308 kauDinya 86 kor3I 166 kautuka 246, 316 kaupIna 154 kaumudI mahotsava 132, 133, 276 kaula 343 kAlajJAnanirNaya 88 kaulasampradAya 344 kauzala 25, 44, 54:67, 70, 72, 80, 165, zabdAnukramaNikA 112, 113, 160, 161, 211, 214, 217, 251, 258 kauzala nagarI 25 kauzala varNana 246 kauzAmbI 22, 24, 56, 62, 64, 67, 70, 76 kauzikI 356 kosAmbI 60, 103, 123, 216, 217, 22, 307, 308, 315, 322, 324, 327, 332 kyUpara ( je0 ) 250, 256 kSAra 221 kSiprA 63 kSa kSaNabhaMgura 373 kSatriya 3, 106, 114, 117, 245, 317 kSatriya saMghoM 115 kSIravRkSa 126, 184 kSIrasAgara 145 kSIrodadhi &0 kSetrabhaTTa 23, 44, 105 kSemendra 231 kSobha 140 kSaumavastra 145 khaMda 354 khaMDobA 354 khaMDakathA 8 khaDgakheTaka 168, 169 khar3iyA 244 khattaM 231 khatrIjAti 113 kha khannA 367 khaNDelA abhilekha 351 khanyavAda 5 khannA 117 kharapaTa 182 kharamukha 108, 118 kharvaTa 65 khalaNaM 235 khalI 138 khasa 88, 108, 115, 117, 115, 236, 251 khAsiyA 108 khAnyavidyA 184 185, 243 khAnyavAda 184 khAMsI 172 khAkA 117 khArI 168 khAnakU 87 khiyona ( hUNa ) 116 khirakA 66 khukhandU 64 khujarAho 360 khujjA 318 451

Page #472
kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 452 khusaru paraveja 325 kheDDa 168 khelAvahiM 388 khemarAI kI mUrti 336 kher3A 56, 66 kheTa 66 kheTaka 96 khola 288 khyona 117 gaMgA 21, 25, 51, 56, 57, 74, 80, 134, 254, 255, 353, 365 / / gaMgAjula 146, 162 gaMgAdvAra 84, 366 gaMgAditya 24, 84 gaMgAdhAraNa 351 gaMgAnadA 35, 84, 217 gaMgApaTa 140, 145, 146, 367 gaMgApaTI 88, 161, 162 gaMgApArI 146 gaMgAsaMgama 84, 253, 367 gaMgAsAgara 367 gaMgAsnAna 23, 24, 102, 125, 367, 369, 366 gaMjama 56 gaMdha 221 gaMdhayukti 232 gaMdharocana 223 gaMdhodaka 337 gaMdhodaka kUpa 325 gauDavaho 117 gajakarNa 108, 118 gajaMbha 207 gajadaMta 62, 148, 160, 162 gacchaparigraha 385 gajapota 54, 160, 161, 192, 163, 398 gajamukha 108, 118 gajavidyA 232 gajendra 344, 350, 354, 366 gaNa ( ziva ke ) 344, 355 gaNadhara 81 gaNapati 355 gaNapatya sampradAya 354 gaNAdhipa 344, 350, 354 gaNita 232 gaNeza ( mUrti ) 346, 354 gaNezvara 355 gar3havAla 58 gandharva 282, 287, 263, 350, 386, 387 gandharvakalA 232 gandharvadeza 386 gandharvapriya 60 gandharva loka 287 gandharva vivAha 386 gandhAra 65 gamachA 142, 156 garur3a 366 garur3apakSI 120, 121 garuDapurANa 197 garur3a-maMtra 174 garur3avAhana 235 garjabhavAyu 206 galItaka ( chanda) 17, 366 gavarI nATya 278 gavala 160 gavAkSa 25, 326, 330 gavAkSa-jAla 330 gavAkSastrImukha 330

Page #473
zabdAnukramaNikA gavyUti 52 guNa 379 gahaDavAla 105 guNapAla 9, 44, gahiyalle 258 guNasena 39 gAMdhI (ela0 bI0) 250 guNADhya 36, 256 gAjIpura 54 guNe (pI0 ke0) 367 gANapatyasampradAya 355 gunTUra jilA 55 gAthA 260 guptasthAna 309 gAthAchanda 17 gupti 394 gAthA koSa 36 guru 220 gAthA saptazatI 36 gurukula 312, 318 gAndharva 286 gulmavana 324 gAndharva kalA 281 gurjara 108, 113, 117, 255, 257, gAtrikA-granthi 142 397 gAma-caDya 138 gurjaradeza 54, 55, 115, 396 gAmamahattara 138 gurjara pathika 54, 115, 248, 249, 282 gAma-sAmanta 138 gurjara pratihAra 7 gAmellao 138 gurjara baniye 115 gAyatrI 40, 104, 259 gusura 115 gAyatrI japa 103 gRha 102 gAruDavidyA 231 gRhaudyAna 323, 324 gArullavAdI 390 gRhavAsa (milana) 323 gArullavidyA 390 gRhazakunazAvaka 320 gIta 245, 282, 311, 362, 386, 399 gRhasthadharma 363 gItarava 274, 282 gRhahaMsa 325 gItA 40, 252, 292, 358 gedikA 314 gIti 10 gokula 113, 252 gItikA 10, 23 goMDa 108, 109 gIvAsutta 158 goNI 197, 198 guMjA 200 gotthaNa 182 guMjAphala 83, 156 godAvarI 52, 53, 59, 68, 260 guMjAliyA 324 godohana Asana 349, 390, 399 guggula 349 gotraskhalana 122 guggulika 124 godhana 56 gugguladhAraka 348, 399 gopura 63, 69, 309 gujarAta 4, 59, 61, 251, 257, 363, gopI 138 392 gopuradvAra 288, 307, 313 gujarAtapradeza 115 gopIjana 370

Page #474
454 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gyArahaguNA 199 gvAthI 260, 261 gvAliyara 45, 46 gha ghaMTA 187, 282, 283, 284, 292, 362 ghaMTiyoM kI mAlA 326 ghaTiyArA 355 ghaDiyAlayaM 331 ghar3I 239 dhana 170 ghanavAdya 292, 293 ghetalele 258 gharakoTTa 331 gharaphaliha 332 gharavApI 326 gharahaMsa 324 gharovarikuTTima 332 govaragrAma 77 gomAMsa 383 gomedha 358 golla 55, 244, 251, 256 golAlAcArya 55 golI (gallaru) 55 gollajAti 114 golladeza 194 gorakhA 117 goracanA 128 gorasa 383 gorI 82 gorocana 214 gorocanA 155 govid 370 govinda 350, 370, 400 govindacanda 88, 105 goSTha 112 goSThagaNa 76 goSTi maNDalI 152 gosthAna 196 gautama 81,155 gautamapraNIta 380 gauna 198 gaurI (mUrti) 349 graha 238,239 grAma 96 grAmakUTa 138 grAmataruNi 320 grAmanaTI 138,248,249,282,289,399 grAma-mahattara 250, 254, 255 grAmamahAbhojjAi 138 grAmayuvatI 138 grAma-vodraha 138 grAmINa 251, 255, 259 priyarsana 388 grISmavarNana 249 caukkacaccara 310 caur3ayame 257 caMga (khaMjarI) 290 caMcala 235 caMcalatA 236 caMcuka 108, 109 caMcuya 116, 118 caMDabhaTTa 15 caMDasoma 23,26,30,102,120,121,135 216,252,277,278,339,365, caMDAla 241 caMDikA (caNDikA) 350, 356, 357 caMdana 187 caMdarabA 142 caMdelalekha 105 caMdobA 142, 151 caMpakavIthi 324 caMpAvatI 318

Page #475
zabdAnukramaNikA caMbala 67, 109 caMvara 56, 129, 190 cakkala 158 cakra 168, 169, 170, 187, 240 caraNacitra 302 caraka 197, 198, 377, 378, 400 caraka - parivrAjaka 144 caritagrantha 10 carcarI 17, 280, 281, 282, 399 cakravartI 238, 239 cakrI 369 cakrezvarI ( yakSiNI) 336 caTTamaTha 311 caturvarNa vyavasthA 109 caturvedI 103 catuSpatha 310 catvAra 186, 310, 311 H catvara zivamaMDapa 362 candra 230, 240 candrakula 4 candragupta 44, 70, 316, 396 candradvIpa 27, 87, 92, 211 carcarInRtya 280 carmaNavatI 69 carma raMgavisaya 90 calaNapaTTa 158 caSaka 321,322, 335 cAMDAla 108 cAMdamArI 356 cAMdI 194 cAMvara 336 cAcara 66 cAcapUra 66 cANakya 40, 242 cANakyanIti 242 cANakyazAstra 71, 242 cAdara 142, 156 vandana 161 candapurI 73 candakApurI 73 candrabhAgA 4, 66, 84 cApa 168 cAmara 187 'candramohana sena 109 candrazAlikA (bhavana) 323 cAmaragrAhiNiyAM 207 candrApIDa 36, 135 cAmarImRga 83 cAmuNDA 132 cAra 397 candobA 156 capala 235 camara 56, 192 camarI 78 camarImRga 191 cAra gatiyA~ 393 cAra mahAbhUta 375 cAraNa 108, 112, 133 cAraNa gaNa 276, 277 cAraNa- zramaNa 385 cAru (chanda) 17 camasodbheda 61 campaka 386 campA 23, 65, 185, 217 campA nagarI 30, 73, 11, 183, 298, cArudatta 44, 92 campApurI 64, 314 389 cArvAka 230, 275 cArvAka darzana 374 campArana 60 campUkAvya 10, 11, 12, 14, 396 cAlukya 99 cAvalA (jAti) 117, 397 455

Page #476
kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ciMghaya 140, 146 cInapaTTa 150 ciMdhAlA 146 cIna-mahAcIna 149 citrAcArya 304 cIna sAgara 94 citrAlaMkAra 16 cInAMsi 150 citrakAra 304 cInAMzuka 146, 150, 162 citrakalA 231, 233, 294, 298, 299, cIra 146, 150 305, 306 cIravasaNA 146, 147 citrakarma 294, 295 cIravastra 146, 147 citrakAra dAraka 299, 300 cIra-bRkSa 83 citrakAra bAlaka 145 cIra-mAlA 140, 146, 147 citradarzana 302 cIvara 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, citrapaTa 32, 294, 265, 296, 297, 297, 374 299, 300, 306, 311, 389 cuMpAla 332 citrapaTI 140, 146 cunnIlAla zeSa 290 citraputalI 299 cUr3AlaMkAra 156, 162, 163 citrapatrikA 304 cUlikA paizAcI 247, 251 citravidyopAdhyAya 304 ceiya 387 citravRtti 399 ceTI 319 citrasUtram 304, 305 cediabhilekha 392 citrazikhanDi 383, 384, 400 celiya (vastra) 140 cinAva 66 celika 148 cinAva nadI 391 celukkheya 146 citA 296 caitrapUrNimA 387 citavana 305 caitravadI6 cittaka (chanda) 17, 396 caitanya 375 cittakalAjuttIo 304 caitanyamadirA 374 citrakusalo 304 caitya 387 cittacalA (azva) 236 caityAlaya 301 citra puttilayA 304 caityavRkSa 386 cittaur3a 336 caila 148 cittayaradArao 304 caur3adeza 257 cintAmaNi palli 66, 77, 103, 216, cora 297 217, 317, 328, 396 cilAta 103 coravijJAna 78 cillaga 146 colI 144 cauka 317 cIna 87, 88, 117, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 190, 192, 203, __ caukiyAM 151, 215, 307, 309 211, 397 caupAla 330

Page #477
zabdAnukramaNikA 457 caurAsI 161 caulamaNDala 213 caulukya (rAjA) 362 cauhAna 118 char3I (daNDa) 295, 302 chattIsagar3hI 54 chattIsagar3hI bolI 258 chatra 240, 281 chanda 231,232 chanda-yojanA 17 chatraratna 64 chadmasthatA 135 chappaNNaya 35, 396 chala 379 chaha pramANa 380 chAtra 258, 275 chAvanI 215, 312, 315 chinna (nimitta) 239 chIMka nirNaya 233 churikA 22, 23, 168 churiyA 168 chedasUtra 229 janma 238 janmanakSatra 102 janmapatrI 104 janmAntara 60 janmotsava 275, 284, 296 janyA 319 jabalapura 336 jamIMdArIprathA 397 jamunA 64 jambucariyaM 9, 44 jambUdvIpa 21 56,63,64,70, 89 jambUdvIpa-paNNatti 81 jambUdvIpa prajJapti 232 jammehikA (cha-da) 17, 396 jayakuMjara (hAthI) 319 jayaghaNTA 292 jayadatta 118,237 jayatuMgA 73 jayanta 64 jayantapura 65 jayantI 350 jayantIpura 64 jayapura 309 jayamaMgalATIkA 337 jayavarmana 25, 44, 67 jayazrI (nagarI) 27, 65, 87, 91, 92, 211, 217, 307, 308, 314 jayazrI maNDI 193 jayazaMkaraprasAda 32 jayazekharasUri 32 jayasiMhasUri 38 jala 363, 374, 377 jalakrIr3A 78,326, 399 jalajIva 333 jala tala le 258 jaladasyu 204 jalapakSI 333 jalapatana 97 jau la (hUNa) 117 jaMtra 286 jaganmithyAtva 369,400 jagat svAmin 391 jaccasuvaNNa 222, 398 jaTila 39 jaTAcArya 39 jaTAkalApa 163 jaTAkalApa-sohillaM 162 jaTAsiMhanandi 39, 101 janapatha 136 janakapura 60,70 janArdana 259 30

Page #478
458 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jalaparikhA 308 jalamArga 202 jalayantra 325, 326, 332, 333, 339 jalayAtrA 206 jalasecana-tANDava 275 jalAMjali 326, 392 jalodara 172 jalaugha 333 javaNadvIpa 92 jahAja 13, 206 jahAjabhagna 209, 210 jahAjarAnI 203, 206 jAtaka 143, 181, 212, 308, 347, 378 jAtApahAriNI (devI) 350 jAtipuSpa 320 jAtismaraNa 19 jAtyasvarNa 221 jAdUTonA 234 jAma illa 167 jAmazaMkha 291 jAyasavAla 86 jAyasI 201 jAra-jAtaka 108 jAlagavAkSa 317, 322 jAlagavAkSavivira 330 jAlamAlA 157 jAlaura 7, 55, 281, 355 jAvA 88, 92 jAvAliRSi 19 jAvAlipura 6, 47, 62, 95 jAhisa (lekhaka) 91 jina .71 jinagRha 334 jinaghara 362 jinapratimA 27, 334, 336 jinamandira 4 jinamArga 393 jinendra 230, 300 jinezvara 83 jinavarabimba 334 jinavijaya muni 46, 66 jinazekharayakSa 32 jinasena 6,47,101, 243, 314, 332, 381 jimara 86 jImaNa 259 jIva 13, 252, 295, 349, 373, 374, 376, 377, 380, 384 jIvavadha 366 jIvahatyA 379 jIvahiMsA 350 jIrNakaMthA 139 jugasamilAdRSTAnta 5 juNNasudA 320 (phuTanoTa) juNNaseTTi 200 jurja (gurjara) 115 jUr3A 163 jUnAgar3ha 65, 68 jUrNa Thakkara 165 jelA telA 258 jekobI (harmana 6 jaina (jyotiprasAda) 67 jaina (gokulacandra) 150, 333 jainadharma 80, 117, 347, 371, 376, 393, 400 jaina (zAsana) 364 jo (cInI jAti) joga (siddha) 352 jogiyo 136 joginI 350, 352, 386, 390 joginiyA~ (64) 390 joNIpAhuDa 220 jodhapura 69, 355

Page #479
zabdAnukramaNikA :: jonejA (yavana) 116 , Damaru 362 jaunapura 54 . Damaruka 283, 290, 291, 292. jyeSTha mahAmahattara 254 DambarakoTa 52 jyotiliGga 366 . DAMDiyA nRtya 280, 281, 399 jyotiSa 229, 231, 232 DAMsa Apha ziva 275 jyotiSadeva 360 DoMba 108,288,289 .. jyotiSa-vidyA 238 / DoMbalika 108, 245, 280, 281, 399 jyotiSI 126 jvara 296 Dhakka 55, 113, 114, 257 . Dhakka deza 194 jJAna 383 DhakkA (vAdya) 244, 251, 283, 287. jJAnezvarI 222 DhulakiyA 289 jJAtAdharmakathA (NAyAdhammakahA) 65, 80, Dholaka 284, 289 .... ___93, 128, 206, 207, 232, 387 jha Naure bhalla 257 jhelama 66 Nayara caccara. 310 jhallarI 130, 290 NAyakumAracariu 232, 301 jhasa 168 NiyaMsaNa 141, 154 jhallirI 283 jhAlara 290 taMbUrA 286 takSaka 259 TaMka (nApa-taula) 196 takSazilA 24, 55, 65, 73, 107, 188, TaMkaNA (azva) 236 190, 217, 228, 398 : TaMkA (azva) 236 taJjika 117, 118, 397 Takesara 55 taDAga 311 Takka (paMjAba) 55, 114, 196 tata (vAhya) 285 Takka mleccha 114 tattvAcArya 4 . .. TAlemi 86 tantra 136, 229 TippanikA 36 tantrI 283, 285, 287, 293 . TrAvanakora 79 tantra-mantra 389, 395 / TokhI (jAti) 116 tantravAdI 390 : TolemI 66 tantravidyA 89, 232 tantrAkhyAna 40 Thakkurapheru 222 tapa 299, 349, 360 ThAkura 23, 44, 105, 116, 397 tapasyA 369 ThANaya 339 tapasvI 360,361

Page #480
460 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tapasvinI 352, 361 tamila 64, 86 tambU 215, 311, 315 taraMgavatI (kathA) 19, 35, 36 taraMgalolA 36 tarimavasina (rAjya) 89 tallamallai 79 tAMDava (tANDava) 398 tAMDavanRtta 274 tAMta 287 tAMtrika 252 tAMtrika sAdhanA 389, 390, 400 tAMbA 220, 221, 223 tAMbe kI kalA 232 tAie 117 tAjjika (tAjika) 113, 116, 258 tAjikistAna 144 tAr3apatra 152, 244 tApasa 83, 360, 361, 377, 399 tApasadharma 360 tAmasamaraNa 348 tApti 117, 251 tAmralipti 97, 213 tArakAsura 353 tAradvIpa 24, 90, 91, 211, 217, 222, 324, 397 tAraNadvIpa 91, 397 tArA (rAnI) 68, 72 tArIma 91 tAla 161, 221, 273, 274, 281, 283, 287, 292, 293 tAlavRTTaka 337 tAlAba 124 tAliyaNTa 336 tAlugghADaNI 233 tithi 238 tibbata 86, 88, 303 timigilI 203, 204 tirahuta 60 tiryaca 298 tiyomA (samudramArga) 87 tilaka 129 tilakamaMjarI 34, 206, 216, 229, 304, 305 tilottamA 300 tIrtha 253 tIrthaGkara 334, 371, 394, 399 tIrthayAtrA 104, 252, 365, 368, 369 tIrthayAtrI 125, 156, 368 tIrthavandanA 355, 363, 365, 395, 399 tIrthasthAna 81, 135 tIthika 213 tuMga (kaMgUrA) 329 tuMga aTTAlaka 329 tuMga bhavana 329 tuMgazikhara 329 tumbaru 383, 287 turakastAna 89 turagamukha 108, 118 turahI 285 tulasI 386 tulasIdAsa 44, 338 tulA (rAzi) 239 tUra 130, 215 283, 284, 285. 327, tUriya 285 tUrya 285 tRtIyanetra 274 tejapAla (mantrI) 309 tenduka (vRkSa) 386 tere-mere Au 256 telagu 52, 53, 257, 258 toDahiyA (vAdya) 283, 293, 362, 399 tomara (jAti) 117

Page #481
zabdAnukramaNikA tomara (zAstra) 168 daMDaka (daNDaka) 17 toraNa 63, 64, 326, 329, 337 daMDagadA 170 toraNa (gola) 314 daMDavAsika 167, 316 toraNazAlabhaMjikA 337 daMDavAsiya 397 toramANa 4, 44, 46, 47, 66, 117, 396 daMDI (daNDI) 236 torarAja 46,66 daMtakasaM 231, 234 tosala (rAjakumAra) 25, 67, 243, 91 daMtanirmitaputtalI 338 317, 330 daMtaraMjana 234 trapu 221 daMtavedanA 172 trika 310 dakSa (RSi) 387 trikamata 346 dakSiNa 369 trikUTazaila 70, 79 dakSiNabhArata 290 trigaDDA 63, 310, 311 dakSiNa zreNI 21, 56 triguNamabja 260 dakSiNa samudra 26, 65, 71, 87, 91, tritantrI 285, 286 217, 397 tridaNDa 377 dakSiNA 102, 104 tridraNDI 377, 378, 400 dakSiNApatha 52, 54, 65, 68, 71. 91. tridazagiribara 79 97, 188, 189, 196,213, 214, 216, 217 tridazendra 350, 361 darcha (samIkSA) 305, 399 trinayana 78, 351 trinetra 275, 343 daddarasopAnapaMkti 331 damila (tamila) 64 tripuranagara 78 daradisthAna 87, 117 tripurasundarI 346 darabAra-Ama 317 trirAhA 311 darabAra-khAsa 322 trizarakaMThikA 159 dara-lIva (vastra) 140 trizUladhAriNI 355 darjI 312 trisvara 283, 285, 286 darpaparigha 28.29 darpaphalika 56, 68, 97, 1.74, 282, thaNa-uttarijja 140 320, 321 thana (nagara) 57 darpasAyaNa-baMdha (zastra) 168, 161 thAnA (jilA) 74 darzana 229 thAnA (pulisa caukI) 309 darzaka kakSa 314 thAnezvara 60 darzana tattva 14 thera 147 darzanazAstra 398 thorakamma (vinimaya) 398 dalAla (Ar3hatiyA) 205, 213 dazakumAracarita 2,31 daMDa 168, 216 dazamukha 84

Page #482
kuvalayamAlAkahAM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dazarUpakakAra 277 dupaTTA 142, 154, 156 dazavakAlika (niyukti) 8, 9 dukUla-yugala 140, 148, 310 dAkSiNyacihna (udyotana) 4 durga (muni) 4 dAna 321, 363, 365, 378, 386 durgA 132, 171, 344, 350, 356, dAna-dakSiNA 296 357, 388 dAma (alaMkAra) 157, 160, 160, 162 durgAgRha 362 dAmilla 157 durjanavarNana 249 dArikA 319 duryodhana 304 dAruNa (alaMkAra) 158 duSTajIvasaMhAraka 349 dAzeraka deza 57 dUtavAkya 304 dAsa 16, 108, 135, 296 dUra-tIrthayAtrI 368 dAsaprathA 135 dRgmAndya 073 dAsI 135 dRDhavarman (rAjA) 13, 21, 22, 29, 44, 46, 58, 70, 81, 106, 120, dAhiNAmayarAhaNa 90 129, 130, 148, 151, 165, diNNalle (marAThI zabda) 258 174, 200, 232, 235, 238, diNNA-hattha-saNNA 208, 398 244, 246, 276, 289, 294, didhi 350, 362 315, 316, 318, 320, 321, 322, 43, 344, 346, 347, dilIpa (rAjA) 44 349, 355, 358, 361, 363, dilele 258 371, 373, 374, 377, 378, dillI 74, 315, 323 383, 384, 392 divyacikitsaka 353 deva 220 divyadhvani 124 deva aTavI (devATavI) 82, 83, 217 divyavastra 140, 148 deva ArAdhanA 180, 182 divyAvadAna 93, 151, 188,261 devakula 123, 311 divyavANI 390 devakulayAtrA 131 dizAmaNDala 281 devagupta (kavi) 4, 37 dIrghatantu 203, 204 devagupta (rAjA) 44, 47 dIrghikA 324, 325, 326, 369 devagRha 327, 328 dIkSA 211, 239, 284, 349, 363, devaghaNTA 292 394 devatA 253 dINa 108 devadatta (zaMkha) 292 dIna-vikala nivAsa 126 devadUSya 140, 148 dIpAvalI 131, 132, 133 devanArAyaNa kI par3a 303 . dIvaMtare 88 devamandira 364 devayoni 386, 388 dukUla 141, 145, 048, 149, 156, devarAja (rAjA) 44 297 devariyA 64 dudaMbhi 289, . .

Page #483
devaloka 287, 288, 292 devasama (parvata) 83 devAMga 148 devAMganA 284 devAnandA (brAhmaNI) 234 devI 299, 389, 390 devI-devatA 350 dezAntara-gamana 181, 397 dezI 190, 262 dezIpaTaha 289 dezI baniyA 187, 314 dezI (bhASA) 5, 58, 251 dezIbhASA-jJAna 233 dezavAsI 194 dezI saMgIta 287 desiya 368 desIya-baNiya-melIe 397 dehalI (dvAra) 330 dolAkrIr3A 76 dolAvalaya 162 dohaka (chanda) 17 dohadahI (prakriyA) 222 dohA 249, 248 dyUta 233 dyUtakarma 234 draMga (gAva) 254, 255, 397 draviDa 108, 113, 262 drAviDI (bhASA) 258 dravya 379 dravyaparIkSA 222 droNamukha 96, 97 droNI 198 dropadI 304 dvAra 309 dvAradeza 330 332 dvArapAlI 167 dvArakA 217 zabdAnukramaNikA 463 dvArakApurI 29, 65, 71, 295, 370 dvArabhAga 372 dvAramUla 332 dvAravApI 326 dvArasaMghAta 332 dvArAvatI 65, 93, 191 dvija 104 dvipathaka 17 dvipadI 17, 54,272 dvIpa 96,183, 192, 210 dvIpasamudra 65 dvaita 345 dvaitAdvaita 345 dhana (vyApArI) 210 dhana (rAzi) 239 dhanaMjaya 274 dhanaka (devatA) 182 dhanakapurI 66 dhanadatta 26, 67, 298 dhanadeva 24, 102, 107, 181, 182, 188, 190, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208 dhanapAla 34, 182, 229, 303 dhanavantari 174 dhanurveda 233, 245 dhanuSa-bANa 297 dhamadhamenta mAruta 209 dhammapada aTakathA 131 dhammilla 162 dhammillahiNDI 40 dhammiyamaTha 362 dharaNa 204 dharaNendra 182 dharma 8 dharmakathA 9,15 dharmacakra 62 dharmanandana (muni) 19, 22, 24, 26,143; 223, 229, 243, 339, 360

Page #484
464 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dharmalAbha 394 dharmAcArya 211 dhArmikacitra 302 dhArmika-paTacitra 303 dharmopadezamAlA vivaraNa 38 dhavala (rASTrakUTa rAjA) 198 dhavalagRha 64, 77, 318, 322, 323, 330, 331, 399 dhavaladeha 351 dhavaladvipathaka (gIta) 282 dhavaladhvajapaTa 329 dhavalamaddham 140 dhavalamadvaM-kasiNAyAra 141, 148 dhAI 128 dhAtukarma 218 dhAtumUlakriyA 221 dhAtuvAda 5, 32, 170, 180, 182, 219, 220, 231, 232, 243, 398 dhAtuvAdI 29, 80, 219, 220 dhAtrI 25, 319, 323 dhArAgRha 332 dhArAnagarI 59 dhAmika 124 dhArmikamaTha 374, 379, 381, 399 dhura (saMkhyA) 182, 196 dhussA 148, 156 ghUpapAtra 322 dhUsara-kappaDa 140, 148 dhota-dhavala 140, 154, 318 dhota-dhavala-yugala 149 dhotI 155, 156 dhaulapura 108 dhyAna 339, 349, 360 dhyAna-yoga 377 dhyAnavAdI 360 dhvajA 327 dhvajAgrabhAga 330 naMda (nanda gA~va) 76 naMdanavana (nandanavana) 78, 87 naMdinI (nandinI) 23 naMdI (nandI) 82 naMdIpura (nandIpura) 76 naMdIzvaradvIpa (nandozvaradvIpa) 90 nakuli (vINA) 285 nakSatra 228, 238 nakSatramAlAhAra 161 nagaradvAra 309 nagarapraveza 291 nagaramahalla 397 nagaravadhu 370 nagaraveSThi 25, 151, 200 nagara-sanniveza 307, 308, 311 nagara-sthApatya 307 nagAr3A 289 nagna devI 357 najarabAga 323 naTa 133, 276, 277, 310 naTamaMDalI 133 naTarAjamudrA 275 nathamala (muni) 81 nadImukha 87 naya 243, 375 nayaramahalla 167 nara 133 naraka 331 narabali 132 naramuNDa 388 narahaDa (gAMva) 356 . narendra (dhAtuvAdI) 170, 220, 221 narendrakalA 221 nartaka 146, 276, 277 narmadA (nadI) 23, 28, 54,68, 69, 71, 76, 80, 81, 84, 216, 249,

Page #485
narmadAtIra 217 nala 44 navamI mahotsava 132 navarAga-rAginiyAM 286 navasAhasAMkacarita 81 naharevihista ( dIrghikA ) 325 nahuSa (rAjA) 44 nAga (devatA) 4, 221, 350, 386, 387 nAgakumAra 387 nAgapura 54, 340 nAgabali 387 nAgavallI 136, 322, 324 nAgArjunakuNDA 72 zabdAnukramaNikA nAginI 221 nAgendra (devatA) 350, 386, 387 nATaka 279, 282 nATakayoga 233 nATya 232, 276, 398, 399 nATyakalA 273, 282 nATyamaNDalI 399 nATyazAstra 231, 258, 284 nATyasampradAya 88 nAda 283, 291, 293 nAdI ( vA~surI) 291 nAbhinandanajinoddhAra 356 nAmakaraNasaMskAra 121, 136, 199, 320 nArakI 298 nArada (AcArya) 287 nArada (vAdya) 283 nArada ( smRti ) 181 nArada - tumbaru - bINA, 282, 286 nArada saMgIta 287 nAradIya zikSA 286 nArAca (chanda) 17 nArAyaNa 350, 369, 370 371, 372 nArAyaNa (kRSNa) 440 nArAyaNIkhaNDa 384 nAlandA 398 nAstikavAdI 374 nigama 190 nigraha 344 nigrahavAdI 374 nighanTu 233 vicola (vastra) 142 nijjUhaya ( bAlakanI ) 331 nitya 376, 380 nipAta 248 nipuNacitrakAra 304 nimitta 231, 239 nimitta-vidyA 229 nimitta zAstra 239 niyama 339, 360, 378 niyamAsana ( yogAsana ) 340 niyativAda 384, 382, 400 niyogaprathA 234 niraMjana 377 nirIzvara sAMkhyamata 377, 378 nirukta 231, 232 nirgamadvAra 326 nirNaya 379, 380 nirmANa zailI 12 niryAmaka 205, 210, 211 nirvANa 373 nirvedinI ( kathA ) 10 nizAcarI 83 nizIthacUrNa 382 niSeka (dhAtuvAda) 220 nItikathA 11 nItizAstra 40 nIlakamala 320 nIlagAya 192, 193, 398 parvata 85 nutratakhAna ( senApati ) 170 nUpura 158, 160, 162, 274 465

Page #486
kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nRpasevA 181 paMjAba 52, 53, 55, 65, 112, 113, nRtya 133, 146, 161, 162, 229, 117, 257, 391 245, 273, 275, 284, 310 paMDarabhikSuka 381, 383, 400 nRtyakAra 281 paMDita 130, 297 nRtyalakSaNa 275 paMDuraMga 381 netra (vastra) 145, 150 paMsulikula 108 netrapaTa 140, 145, 149, 150, 191, pakkANakula 108 192, 397 pakkalapAikka (zastradhArI) 168 netrayugala 140, 149, 150, 187 paccIsa puruSa (devatA) 378 netrasUtra 150 paTa 151, 152, 295 nepAla 70, 109,117 paTaka (vastra) 154 nepAlapaTTana 65 paTakuTI (paDauDI) 216, 311 neminAtha 81 paTaccarakarpaTa 147, 150 naimittika 136 paTacitra :9, 143, 244, 294, 300, naiyAyika 379 301, 302, 303, 399 nonara (sTezana) 64 paTaha 287, 288 nauvyUha (mahAbhairava) 346 paTAMzuka 151, 15 nyAya darzana 230, 379, 30, 380, paTAMzukayugala 139, 151 400 paTisaMtApadAyaka pradeza 93 nyAyazAstra 232 paTI (vastra) 140, 151 nyAyasUtra 380, 381 paTupaTaha 289, 327 paTolA 147 paumacariu (svayambhU) 116 paTTaMsu 140 paumacariyaM (vimalasUri) 19, 37, 71, paTTana 97 76, 80 paTTI (cirA huA vastra) 150, 244 paMkaparikhA 308 paThana-pAThana 243 paMcacAmara (chanda) 17 paDa 140 paMcadhAtrI 22 paDavAsa 186 paMcadhAtri-saMrakSaNa 128 paDapaTaha 283 paMca namaskAra maMtra 27 par3Ava 215, 311 paMca namaskAra 394 paNa (mudrA) 197 paMcattiyagrAma 76 paNyakambala 144 paMcadazI 301 pataMgavRtti 195 pataMjali 155, 230 paMcaparameSThI 394 patavAra 206 paMcabhUta 400 patAkA 129 paMcamI 129, 239 . . ttina 97, 213 paMjarapuruSa 208, 398 rattaladala (zAstra) 168 paMcapadI 17 . .

Page #487
patraccheda 231, 232 patralatA 127, 322 patravAhaka 125 patha 97 pathapaddhati 195 patharA 162 pada 248, 380 padArthanirUpaNa 376 padma 23 padmAsana 336, 339 padmakezara 26, 29 padmacandra 26 padmacarita 38 padmapurANa 367 padmaprabha (deva) 26, 282, 334 padmarAgamaNi 244, 334 padmavatIparikhA 308 padmabimAna 142, 336 padmasara 26 padmAvatI 67 padmAvata 209 panaghaTa 312 panthadevI 350 pampA 63 parakammakara (majadUra) 296 parakoTA 326 paratIra 87, 98 paradezI 125 paramapuruSa (sAMkhya) 358 paramabhAgavata 388 paramazakti 353 paramAtmA 358, 360 paramAra (zyAma) 281 paramArtha 374 paramezvara 166, 397 paraloka 344, 360, 374 paravacana 249 zabdAnukramaNi paravasana 140, 152 parazu 169 parAkrama (kavi ) 39 parAkramAMka 396 parAvRtta 305 parikalpanA 248 parikhA 97, 98, 307, 308 parikhAbandha 307 paricArikA 294, 301, 322 parijanakathA 321 paripAkacUrNa 220 parivAda 245 parivrAjaka 361, 377, 378, 381, 385 parivrAjakadharma 378 parisaMkhyA 16 parisindhu 144 parihAsa kathA 8 paropakAra 363 paryAya 376 paryuSaNa parva 383 parvatarAja 22 parvatazikhara 299 parvatakA (nagarI) 4, 46, 66 parsiyA 92 pala (mAsa) 196, 197, 198 palAna 215, 216, 311 palAza 184, 190 palAza - puSpa pallava 213 pallANaM 235 94, 192 palli 28, 77 pallivarNana 249 pallIpati ( bhillapati) 77 467 pallU 162 palhava (jAti) 106 palhavI ( bhASA) 116 pavanavega (azva) 235

Page #488
468 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pavanAvarta (azva) 235 pAdalipta 35, 36 pavA 124,311 pAnadAna 322 pavA-maNDapa 124 pAbU jI kI par3a 303, 399 pavAyA (nagarI) 67 pAmarajana 351, 370, 371 pavitraAsana 344 pAmIra 80 pavaiyA (nagarI) 66, 67 pArasa (jAti) 91 pazupata 379, 390 pArasa (deza) 86, 91, 92, 108, 115 pazubali 356 195, 251, 392 pazuyajJa 357 pArasI 90 pasamInA 153 pArasIka 118 pArasIkadvIpa 92 paharaTa 282 paharedAra 311 pArA 236 pAMcajanya 252 pArAvata 290 pAMcamahAbhUta 37: pArAvatamAlA 331 pAMcayAma 378 pArAvayA (azva) 236 pAMcarAtra 345 369 pATijara 388 pAMDava 44,83 pArthivapUjanavAdI 349 pAMDuraMga 361 pArthivamati 349 pAMsA 232 pArvatI 214, 34, 353 pA0 o0 Ta0 cu0 (ratnadvIpa) 93 pArzvagata (citra) 305 pArzvanAtha 54, 132, 237, 387, 393 pAkazAstra 233 pAkhaNDI 361 pArzvanAtha pahAr3I 82 pATalA 158 pAla 205, 906, 208 pATalAdAma 160 pAlakI 297 pATaliputra 25, 54, 67, 93, 203, 210, pAli (bhASA) 251, 305 211, 212, 214, 217, 245, pAviyA (nagarI) 66 259 pAvasa varNana 249 pATahika (udghoSaka) 289 pAza 169 pAThazAlA 104, 123 pAzupata 349 pADahio 167 pAzupatamata 347 pANini 74, 96, 97, 116, 144, 197, 198, 230, 337, 378 piNDAraka 61 pAtAla 80, 184, 308 pichaurA 156 pAtAlasiddhi 232 pirolA (darabAjA) 241 pAda 16, 197, 198, 260, 261 pizAca 79, 136, 250, 350, 355, pAdatala 240 386, 387 pAdatADikaM (grantha) 331 pizela 98 pAdalakSaNa 240 pITha (pustaka) 244

Page #489
pIra 55 puNDuka 46 puNyAsravakathAkoza 65 puDhavi purIsa 350 puttalI 338 putrabIjakavRkSa 352 punarjanma 3196 pura 63, 98 purandaradatta 22, 26, 59, 141, 163, 294, 308, 331. 322 purandara (devatA) 350 puramahalla 167 purANa 252 purAvRtta 305 purI (baijanAtha) 7 purISavyAdhi 172 puruSa (sAMkhya) 376, 378 puruSa (vikraya) 192 puruSalakSaNa 240 puruSArtha 8, 159, 179 188, 243 puroDAsa 321 purohita 104, 365 pulastya (RSi) 386 pulaha (saptarSi) puliMda 108, 109 puliMda rAjakumAra 23 puliMda rAjaputra 44, 316 puSkara 366, 367, 399 puSkaraNA 130 puSkariNI 325 puSpadanta 34, 63, 116 puSpamAla 189 puSpamAlA 162 puSpA 322 148, 309, 315, zabdAnukramaNikA puSpa - sajjA 232 puSpAJjali prakIrNaka tANDavanRtya 275 pustaka 299 pUtanA (devI) 350 pUrNakumbhakanyA 337 pUrNa dIptapraNAlI 12 pUrtadhArmika 363 pUrvadeza 56, 190, 191, 217 pUrvabhava 385 pUsanakSatra 352 pRthvI 317, 363, 370, 374, 377 pRthvIcaMdacarita 218, 232, 317 pRthvIrAjavijaya 367 pRthvIsAra 29 pRSThAgata (citra) 305 pecchA (vaTa) 278 periplasa 193 paiThAna 68 paizAca 90 paizAcI ( bhASA) 56, 90, 247, 250, 251, 255, 256, 262, 388, 398 poTalI 142 poTTasUla 172 pota 140, 152, 156 pottama 152 pottI (toliyA) 152 pote va lA (cIna kI khAr3I) 87 potthaya 244 pothI 389 469 po-phA-To ( parvatikA) 66 polo 313, 314, 399 po-lo, phATI (pavaMtikA ) 65 porajana 167, 311, 312 pyUDara (rAjA) 325 prakRti (sAMkhya) 230, 376, 377, 378, 379 pragIvaka 323 prajApati 304, 305 prajJapti vidyA 242

Page #490
470 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 399 prajJApanA 112 216, 253, 366, 367, 368, prajJApanA TIkA 378 prANasaMzaya 351, 356 prayAgavaTa 253 praNAma-pravrajyA 364 prayANaka DhakkA 289 pratApagar3ha abhilekha 356 prayANaka vAdya 311 pratikRti 304 prayogavAdI 218 pratikramaNa 394 prarocanazilpa 14 pratichandaka (citra) 304 pralambaka kanyA 337 pratibhA (sattI) 299, 300, 338 pralayakAla 209 pratimAgatA 339 pravarSaNavArigRha 332 pratimA vijJAna 339 prazastapAda 379 pratimAsthApatya 339 prazAsana kalA 234 pratiSThAna (maNDI) 24, 68, 185, 188, praznavyAkaraNa 109 193, 213, 217, 397 praznottara 243 pratihAra (rAjA) 115, 315, 392 praznottaratantra 233 pratihArI 167, 321 prasUtigRha 323 pratolI 309, 399 prastha (mApa) 197 pratyaMgavAdya 290 . prasthAna 215 pratyakSa 380 prAkAra 69, 307, 308 pratyaya 320 prAkAra-zikhara 307 pratyekabuddha 374, 394, prAkRta 11, 16, 247, 249, 250, 251, prathamajina 65 255, 262, 285, 398 prAkRtasUktaratnamAlA 232 pradyota 388 prAsAda 298, 332 pradhAnamayahara 138 prabandhakoza 298, 232 prAsAdatala 78, 332 prabodhacandrodaya 32 prAsAdazikhara 332 prabodhacintAmaNi 32 prAsAdazilpa 327 prabhaMjana (kavi) 38, 44 priyaMguzyAmA (rAnI) 21, 120, 149, 151, 153, 241, 301, 316, prabhAkara (momAMsaka) 380 321, 3.2, 327, 352 prabhAva-saMkulatA 16 prikara 5, 134 prabhAsa 68, 366 priyaMvadA 322 prabhAsakSetra 61 privigArDana 323 pramANa 379 pramANikA (chanda) 17 prameya 379 phaTTA 153 prAyadvIpa 192 phatuI 144 prayAga 51, 57, 60, 67, 79, 125, pharakheDa 168 ..

Page #491
471 zabdAnukramaNikA pharda (vastra) 156 badakSAna (pradeza) 89 . phalaka 13, 298 banajArA 56 phalaka khaDga 245 banArasa 68, 144 phAguna 239 baniyA 106, 297 phAguna sudI 129 bandara 241 phArasa 91 bandaragAha 73, 86, 97 phArasa kI khAr3I 92 bappIhayakula 108 phArasI 235, 237 babbIsaka (nRtya) 293 phAlaDa 153 barabarIkona 191 .... phAlika (vastra) 140, 152, 153, 156 baruA (ke0) 204 phullavihI (kalA) 232 babbara 87, 92, 95, 108, 115, 213, phUlaDola 326 251, 318 phor3A 172 babbarakula 92, 148, 190, 191, 211, 217 phor3o 172 bala (yoga) 385 phaijAbAda 63, 76 baladeva 132, 350, 371 baladevotsava 132, 371 baMgAla 56, 88, 302, 374 baladeva mahotsava 131 baMgAla RSi 40, 239 balarAma 371 baMgAlakAcArya 40 bali 133, 219, 352, 353, 354, 356, baMgAla jAtaka 40, 239 359, 361, 370, 387, 390 baMgAla deza 92 balicarudAna 359 baMjAraka 190 balitthasATaka (vastra) 155 baMjula (karmacAro) 320 balidAna 22, 367 baMdika (kavi) 37, 38, 396 balirAja 44 baMsavINA 285 balkala 154, 359 bakaragaMja 88 balkala-dukUla 154 bakavAsI 359 basunandaka 168 bAnadI 89 baharAica 73 bagherA (grAma) 352 bAulliyA (pratimA) 338 bajjira (vAdya) 293 bAMsI (grAma) 336 baTuka 103 bAkalA candradvIpa 88 bar3avA 393 bAgacI (pI0 sI0) 88 bar3avAnala 209 bAr3amera 69 baDerI 337 bANa (mahAkavi bANabhaTTa) 9, 36, 43, 84, 127, 135, 144, 146, 147, bar3audA 59 149, 151. 166, 215, 236, bar3harabhaTTa (grAmamukhiyA) 252 287, 302, 306, 312, 313,

Page #492
472 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 315, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322, buddhiSTa iMDiyA 136 323, 325, 326, 327, 332, burja (aTTAlikA) 307 335, 337, 338, 346, 348, 352, 357, 383, 388 bulandIbAga 67 bANAsura 357 bulhara 190 bAdAmI (guphA) 91 bRhatkathA 36, 256 bAravaI 190, 191 bRhatkalpabhASya 193, 199 bArabarIkama 92 bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 152 bArahavANI (sonA) 222 bRhajjAtaka 360 bAlArAma (udyAna) 126 bRhattara bhArata 81, 85, 89 bAlakRSNa 370 bRhatparAzarahorA 240 bAla-desiyANaM 259 vRhatsaMhitA 53, 58, 392, 393 beruvArI 191 bAlamuni dIkSA 394 baijanAtha (sthAna) 53 bAlarAmAyaNa 368 bAlavRkSavATikA 320 bairigupta 44, 73, 165, 388 bAlAprasAda (rAjA) 198 baila 311 bAhIka 53 bokkasa 108 bAhuvalI 105 bodhAyana smRti 135 bAhyAsthAna maNDapa 315, 399 bopparAja 44 boniyo 86 bAhya-AsthAnabhUmi 316 bAhya udyAna 308 bauddhadarzana 230, 373, 400 bAhya udyAnapAlaka 167 bauddha vihAra 363, 374 bAhyAlI 331, 314, 399 byAghradatta 25 bila 299, 389 brahma 360 bila praveza 390 brahmaputra (nadI) 86 bilva 184 brahmasUtra (janeU) 103 bihAra (prAnta) 374 brahmasUtra (zAMkarabhASya) 349 bIjApahavA 203, 204 brahmahatyA 378 bIjApura 198 brahmA 36, 102, 387, 400 buccarAya 32 brahmANDa purANa 231 brAhmI 244 budhavAra 129, 239 bundelakhaNDa 143, 256, 257 brAhmaNa 30, 78,106, 120,137, 206, buddha 204, 350, 369, 371, 374, 381 245, 252, 363, 365, 397 brAhmaNa-dAna 135 buddhaghoSa 302 buddhadevI 171 brAhmaNa-kula 102, 104 buddhaprakAza 39, 46, 71, 86, 87, 89, brAhmaNa-dharma 359, 385 92, 93, 94, 113, 115, 114, brAhmaNapUjA 137 brAhmaNa-bAlaka 156

Page #493
473. zabdAnukramaNikA . brAhmaNa-bhoja 102, 104, 134, 135, 205 bharata nATyazAstra 276 brAhmaNazAlA 103, 123, 362 bharataputra (naTa) 133, 276, vrAhmaNa saMgha 104 bharatazAstra 40, 288 brahmaNa-sAdhu 154 bhararucA (bhararucA) 113, 108 brAhmaNI 234 bharahuta 146, 204, 337 bharuNDa pakSI 90 bhaMgimA (sthAna) 305 . bharukaccha 86, 72, 83, 97, 125, 217, bhaMgura 235 229 bhaMDa (mAlA) 182 bharuyakaccha 59 bhaMDArakara (Ara. jI.) 200, 355, 370, bhava 13 371, 392 bhavacakra 143,302, 303 bhagandara 172 bhavana udyAna 323, 324, 325, 327 bhagavadgItA 123, 362 bhavanapaMkti 307 bhagavatI 90 bhavana-zikhara 329, 330 bhagavatI prajJaptividyA 242 bhavana sthApatya 311 bhagAsanastha (kApAlika) 346 bhavabhUti 134, 345, 391 bhagna jahAja 298 bhava-samudra 345 bhaTTa 259, 260 bhavAI (nRtya) 277, 280, 399 bhaTTAcArya (bI0 sI0) 63 bhavAnI 356 bhaTTaputra 259 bhaviSyapurANa 391 bhaTTazAlI 65 bhavisayattakahA 317 bhaTTAraka (mahAkAla) 125 bhavya-jIva 385 bhaTTAraka (mUlasthAna) 253 bhasma (kelA) 219 bhaTTikAvya 149 bhAila (azva) 54, 190 bhar3auMca 59, 68 bhAuya bhaiNI tumheM, 257 bhakti 352 bhAgalapura 64 bhadrazreSThI 24, 181, 200, 204, 208, bhAgavatapurANa 231, 234 209,371 bhAgIratha 387 bhadrazarmA 23 bhAgyavAdI 382 bhadrazAlavana 79 bhATTasampradAya 380 bhadrAzvavarSa 89 bhANa 245, 280, 281 bhadrAsanakanyA (aSTa kanyAeM) 337 bhANu 295 bhadrezvara 355, 366 bhAtRvadha 366 bharata (AcArya) 40, 231, 288, 290 bhAnukumAra 305 bharata (rAjA) 44 bhAnumati 338, 390 bharata (RSabhadevaputra) 105, 131 bhAyana-kappaDa, 140 bharatakSetra 65, 70, 385 bhAra (mApa) 196, 197 31

Page #494
474 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhArazataM 198 bhUTAna 58 bhArata (deza) 57, 82, 135, 148, 150, bhUta 136, 350, 355, 386, 387, 390 192 bhUtataMtra 231, 390 bhArata durdazA 32 bhUta-tAntrika 390 bhAratadeza 21, 56 bhUta-divasa 352 bhAratavarSa 52, 60, 64, 81, 89, 292, 325 bhUta-pizAca 344, 388 bhAratendu 32 bhUtamaha 387 bhArapaTa (sleTa) 244 bhUpAr3o 292 bhAlA 169, 245 bhuMgArakanyA 337 bhAva (citrakalA) 295, 305, 399 bhRgu (rAjA) 68, 79, 229 bhAvanagara 81 bhRgukaccha 59, 68 bhAvaprakAza 173 bhRgutIrtha 68 bhAva-vibhAva 9 bhRgupatana 348 bhAsa 131 bhRgupura 68 bhiMgAra 336 bher3AghATa 390 bhikhArI 156 bherI 241, 283, 287, 289, 290 bhigu 44 bherIkula 290 bhikSApAtra 366 bheruNDapakSI 25 bhikSAvRtti 103, 361 bhairava 367 bhairavAcArya 346 bhikSu 361 bhairavAnanda 347 bhikSuka 361 bhittikanaka (svarNa) 222 bhairava-bhaTTAraka 253, 367 bhitticitra 144, 155, 205, 294, 300, bhogabhUmi 85 301, 399 bhogavatodhAtR 156, 319, 323 bhinnapotadhvaja 210 bhogA (jAti) 125 bhinnamAla 47, 55, 69 bhogAyananazilpa 14 bhilla 19, 28, 108, 109, 321 bhogI 361 bhillapati 28,77, 170 bhoja (rAjA) 55, 59, 332, 333 bhilla puruSa 338 bhojaka (amRtalAla) 37 bhillamAla 6, 7 bhojana-pAna 374 bhInamAla 391 bhojanamaNDapa 321 bhIma (rAjA) 44 bhojapatra 244 bhIma ("NDava) 83 bhopA (bhoyA) 361 bhIla 83, 241, 356 bhoyaNA (vastra) 144 bhIlapalli 215 bhauma (nimitta) 239 bhujadaNDa 297 bhauMrA-bhauMrI 237 bhuktasthAnamaNDapa 321 bhramara 221

Page #495
ma maMgala (saMkhyA) 182, 196 maMgala (vAdya ) 206, 215, 282, 283, 293, 327 maMgalagrIvAsUtra 318 maMgala darpaNa 301 maMgala darpaNa - mAlA 127, 294 maMgala pAThaka 327 maMgola 89 maMcazAlA 129, 279 maMjanavApI 325 maMjila 331 maMjIrA 290, 293 maMjhI- paMjAbI 257 maMDapa 69, 77, 124, 151, 311 maMDala (zreNI) 189 maMDala ( tantra) 389, 390 maMDalAgra 168, 170 maMDI 113, 183, 186, 196, 397 maMDalIkRta nRtya 280, 281 maMtra (mantra) 136, 229, 231, 385, 389 maMtramAlA 231 maMtra-taMtra vAdI 136 maMtrayajJa maNDapa 362 maMtravAdI 349, 352, 390 maMtravidyA 390 zabdAnukramaNikA maMtra sAdhanA 190, 299 maMtra siddhi 171 maMdira 63, 229 maMdira udyAna vApI 326, 327 maMdhAta (rAjA) 44 maMtra - snAna 346 mauMda (mRdaMga ) 287 bhuMjamahala ( karadhanI ) 103 makara (rAzi) 239 makarandikopAkhyAna 19 makaradhvaja 166 : magadha 56, 113, 194, 251 magahA 56 machue 297 majUmadAra (Ara0 sI0) 86 maTha 53, 60, 113, 123, 229, 230, 231 243, 245, 250, 258, 275, 362, 373, 374, 376, 379, 394 398 maDamba 98 madAra (choTA daravAjA) 331 maNikuMDala 157, 160 maNikuTTima 332 maNipura 158, 160 maNipharza 324 475 maNimaMdira 327 maNimaya bhitti 332 maNimaya vAullao 338 (noTa) maNimekhalA 158, 161, 162 maNiratha 29 maNirasanA 158 maNivalaya 158, 162, 273, 274 mattamayUranAtha 46 mattavAraNa 331 mathurA 69, 71, 112, 124, 173, 216, 250, 252, 326, 337, 348, 352, 361, 367, 372, 391 mathurA saMgrahAlaya 335, 336 madanotsava 76, 132, 134 madana trayodazI 133 madanamahotsava 25, 282320 madirA 322 madirApAtra 322 madirA pAna 320, 321 madya 321, 344 madhu 320, 322 madhusiMcana 223 madhusUdana 260 madhya eziyA 145

Page #496
476 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana madhyadeza 21, 51, 56, 57, 109, 251 maliNa-kucela 140 256 masi 258 madhyadezIya 113 matsya 369 madhya parvata 28 matsyapurANa 366, 368 madhyapradeza 194, 256 matsya bandhaka 108 madhya bhArata 71 matsyendranAtha 88 madhyAnhazaMkha 291 mastaka 240 mana (vAdya) 293 mastUla 205 manu 40, 252 mahatI (vINA) 285 manuSyabali 347 mahattara 254 manuSyaloka 211 mahattarikA 318, 319 manusmRti 40, 57, 197, 199 mahAaTavI 80 manorathAditya 29 mahATavI 215 mammaTa 4 mahA AsthAna maMDapa 316, 324 mayaNajujjha 32 mahAkAla 182, 253, 343, 347, 348, mayaNaparAjayacariu 32 350, 352,355,388,390, 399 mayamatam 65, 96, 97 mahAkAla bhaTTAraka 352 mayUra 274 mahAkAla ziva 351 mayUra (kavi) 391 mahAkozala 54, 258 mayUrahastakanyA 337 mahAgajendra 83, 338 mahAgrAma 91, 136 marakatamaNi 194, 324, 335, 338 mahAcintAmaNi-palli 71 marakayamaNikoTTima 324 mahAcIna 88, 89, 145, 149, 190, marahaTTa 57, 113, 115, 258, 397 192, 397 maraNa-phala 321 mahAcIna jAne vAlA mArga 211 marahaTTa pradeza 58 mahADAyinI 386, 388 marAThI bhASA 58, 258 mahAdhana zreSThI 200 marAThe 195 mahAdhIra 348 marIci (RSi) 384 mahAdhammavvahAra 167 marudeza 57, 194, 214, 257, 396 mahAdeva 76, 82, 214, 254, 274, marubhUmi 251 275, 351 malamala 153 mahAdvAra 3 malaya upadvIpa 94 mahAnagarI 83 malayagiri 97, 378 mahAnagara zreSThi 200, 201, 317, 330 malayadvIpa 94 mahAnarendra 167, 315 malaya parvata 76, 79 mahAnavamI 131, 132 malaya prAyadvIpa 87 mahAnIlamaNi 334 malayavana 79 mahApatha 97, 125, 217, 310

Page #497
mahApalli 77, 321, 328 mahApurANa 34 mahApurohita 102, 167 mahAbaDharabhaTTa 138 mahAbrAhmaNa 102, 103 mahAbhArata 36, 58, 59, 61, 74, 79, 83, 85, 112, 131, 171, 212, 231, 233, 252, 288, 336. 353, 355, 366, 367, 370, 384, 386, 387 mahAbhairava 346, 350, 399 mahAbhairavI 346 mahAmaMtrI 167 mahAmasAna 345 mahAmahattara 255 mahAmAMsa 388 mahAmukuTa 158 mahAmRgendra Asana 316 mahAti 156 mahAyAna 373, 374 mahArathI 292 mahArathyA 309 mahArAjA 300 mahArAjAdhirAja 166, 397 mahArAnI 311 mahArASTra 57, 74, 144, 244, 251 mahArASTrI 247, 262 mahArISI ( yantra) 170 mahAvagga 143, 147 mahAvata- maMDalI 167 zabdAnukramaNikA mahAviTa 90, 223, 222 mahAvindhyATavI 83 mahAvIra 29, 30, 56, 63, 70, 73, 81, 103, 135, 149, 155 167, 235, 340, 353, 364, 382, 388, 392 mahAvaidya 167, 174 mahAvrata 83, 394 mahAvratI 347, 389 mahAzreSThI 106 mahAzabarI vidyA 241 mahAzmazAna 83 mahAzvetA 19, 135 mahAsAmanta 166, 167 mahAsAla 57 mahAsAhasika 347 mahAsena 27, 28, 44 mahAsenApati 167 mahAsthAnamaNDapa 325 mahimnastotraTIkA 231 mahilA rAjya 58, 191, 192, 211 mahiSa 192, 193, 398 mahiSAsuramardinI 356 mahiSmatI 52 mahendra 13, 14, 22, 44, 129, 175. 273, 323, 325 mahendrakumAra 28, 29, 72, 151 mahezvara 379 mahotpala 360 mahodaya (kannauja) 53 mahoraga 350, 386, 387 mAMgalika kautuka 129 mAMgalika vya 336 mAMsaM 197, 199 mAMsa-bala 357 mAMsa vikraya 388 mAMsa bhakSaNa 345, 367, 388 mAMsa bhakSI 387 477 mAMsAhAra 344, 379 mAkandI 69, 103, 137, 215, 207 mAgadha 108, 112, 113, 256 mAgadhajAti 113 mAgadhI 247, 251, 256 mA~ca 278 mAjoga (mahAcIna) 89

Page #498
478 mANa 399 mANa- pramANa 197, 199, 236, 300, 302, 314 mANika 199 maNikya- kaTaka 157 - 158 mAtaMga 109, 156 mAtA (devI) 350 mAtRkAyeM 353 mAtRpitRmedha 358 mAtrA samaka 17 mAdhava (rAjA) 44 mAna ( kaSAya ) 13, 15, 384, 393 mAnabhaTa 15, 23, 69, 76, 102, 120, 122, 134, 142, 152, 165, 166, 216, 252, 253, 282, 316, 323 367 mAnavagRhyasUtra 355 mAnasarovara 332 kuvalayamAlAkA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mAnasAra 95, 96, 97, 98, 163 mAnasollAsa 118, 222, 315 mAyA 13, 15, 384, 393 mAyAditya 24, 68, 77, 102, 125, 131, 143, 148, 180, 181 188, 189, 200, 213, 254, 255, 331, 368 121, mAyA-kapaTa 233 mAyAjAla 179 mAyAmegha 332, 333 mAravAr3a 257, 281 mArI (roga) 172 mArUka 57, 113, 257 mArkaNDeya 40, 252, 304 mArkaNDeya purANa 393 mArkopolo 93 mArgIha 289 mArgIsaMgIta 286, 287 mAlatI mAdhava 134, 345, 391 mAlava (deza) 52, 58, 63, 244, 108, 113, 195, 251, 257 mAlavaNiyA (dalasukha bhAI) 38 mAlavanareza 58 mAlavA 23, 44, 45, 54, 195 mAlaviya 58, 113, 115 mAlavya 58 mAlA 158, 161 mAlA ( azva) 236 mAlAittaNa (kalpa ) 234 mAlae (bhavana) 330, 331 mAlAkA 134 mAlUra vRkSa 27, 197 mAlo (vastra) 147 mAsa ( mAha) 238 mAsA 199 mAsTara (e.) 250, 251, 254, 255, 256, 258 mAholI (gA~va) 69 mithilA 69, 70 mithuna 239, 81 mithyAdRSTi 364 mitradAha 250 mitradroha 254, 255, 345 mirjaI 144 mirjApura 54, 80 mizra ( lAlamaNi ) 285, 286 mizrakathA 8 mihirakula 66 mizra prAkRta 247 mizra bhASA 251 mIna (rAzi) 239 mImAMsA 381 mImAMsAdarzana 230, 381 muiMga 288 muMgera (jilA ) 64 muNDamAlA 274, 275

Page #499
zabdAnukramaNikA - ... muNDamAlulliyA 162 mUladevI koTTave 357 .... muMDopahAra 347 mUlasthAna 253, 362, 390 . . . mugaTanI kalA 234 mUlasthAna bhaTTAraka 173, 391, 400 mukuTa 335, 336 mUlikA (vaidyA) 175 muktAphala 56, 78, 83, 190, 192, 327 mUliyAo (jar3I) 136 335 mRcchakaTika 202 muktAvalI 158, 161, 162, 276 mRNmayamUrti 338 muktAzaila 27, 334, 335, 399 mRtaka saMskAra 135 muktAhAra 158 mRtAtmA 295 mukti 78 mRtyuJjayamaMtra 353 mukha 287, 288 mRdaMga 278, 283, 287, 288, 289, mukhakuhara 388 290, 336, 362 mukhyadvAra 307 meMDhaka mukha 108, 118 mudgara 169, 170 megasthanIja 118 mudrA (mantra sAdhanA) 389, 390 mekhalA 158 mudrA (sikkA) 26, 197 mekhalAdAma 160 mudrA (AkRti) 296 meghadUta 62, 82, 305, 353 mudrArAkSasa 53 menAla (gAMva) 351 muni 295, 377 meraTha 74 muraja 288 meru 317 muraya 287. 288 meruparvata 80 murala (vana) 79 meSa (rAzi) 239 muralanadI 80 mehatA (ena0 sI0) 66 muruNDa (jAti) 108 mehalI (azva) 238 / murgA-yuddha 233 maithuna 296 multAna 66, 392 maisUra 53 muSTika 276, 277 mokSa 211, 298, 360, 374, 383 musala (zastra) 170 mokSamArga 297 musalIpattana 97 motI 92, 155, 192, 194 muhallA 310 motIcanda 71, 86, 92, 151, 152, 153 muhUrta 129, 238 motI masjida 328 mUgapakkha jAtaka 128 moniyara viliyamsa 53, 55, 55, 313 mUr3ha-paramparA 384 momAI 223 mUrti-pUjA 363 moha 13, 15, 393 mUrtipUjaka 364 mohadatta 181, 133, 151, 165, 201 mUrtizilpa 334 217 mUlakarma (vaidyaka) 233, 235 mauktika hArAvalI 161

Page #500
05 480 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mleccha 55, 78, 90, 104, 109, 196 yavAMkura 129 mlecchapalli 77, 78, 217, 321, 396 yazastilakacampU 59, 159, 132, 161, 232, 285, 289, 325, 345, 354, 393 yantra 168,170 yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 333 yantrajaladhara 332, 399 yazodharacarita 38 yantradhArAgRha 332, 333 yazodhara 325 yantraparyaka 333 yazovatI 323 yantraputtalikA 333 yazomatI 333 yantra prayoga 233 yazovarman 45, 46, 117, 396 yantra sakuna 332, 333, 399 yAjJaka 358 yantrazilA 332 yAjJavalkyasmRti 158, 355 yakSa 136, 335, 350, 386, 387 yAdava 391 yakSakanyA 14, 27 yAdava prakAza 237 yakSadatta 4 yAna-vAhana 56, 213 yakSadattagaNi 54 yamunAcArya 345, 349 yakSapratimA 19, 27, 335, 394, 399 yAmAvara 112 yakSaratnazekhara 27 yArakanda 85 yakSa samUha 59 yugala 140 yakSAyatana 387 yugalapotI 152 yakSiNI 327, 335, 389 yuktizAstra 4 yakSiNI-siddhi 231 yudhiSThira 336 yajamAna 365 yuddha-vijJAna 231 yajusvAmI 260, 261 yuddhazAstra praNetA 40 yajJa 321, 358, 359 yuvarAja 130, 316 yajJazarmA 137 yuvAna-ccAMga 55, 67, 153, 347, 368, yajJasoma 102 __392 yama 353 yenaMga (dvIpa) 94 yamadaNDa 168 yoga 231, 132, 238, 339, 345, yamapaTTa 302 360, 378, 379, 381 yamunA 51, 57, 60 yogadarzana 400 yavadvIpa 213 yogamAlA 231 yavana 108, 115, 116, 213 yogasAdhanA 385 yavakSAra 221 yogAbhyAsa 377 yavanajAti 116 yogAbhyAsI 378 yavanadvIpa 27, 87, 88, 92, 193, 194, yogirAja ziva 344, 352 yogI 340, 351, 377, 378,400 211

Page #501
ra zabdAnukramaNikA yogIzvaramUtti 352 ratnapurIvarNana 249 yojana 78 ratnapratimA 328 yonipAhur3a 40 ratnabhadrAlaMkArakanyA 337 yoSitamUrtiyAM 338 ratnamukuTa 28, 70 ratnavalaya 162 raMgamaMca 279, 281 ratnazekhara 387 raMgazAlA 278 ratnazekharayakSa 335 raMga-saMyojana 302, 304, 305 ratnAlaMkAra 158 raMgAjIva 304 ratnApurI 56, 70 raMDI 158 ratnAbhapura 68 raMDo putra 159 ratnAvalI 134, 158,161, 162 rakSA karaNDaka 128 ranor3a (abhilekha) 46 rakSAcatuSka 309 ramatUrA 285 rakSA caukI 255 ramyakaparvata 79 rakSAmaNDalAma 122 ramyavarSa 89 rakSAmukha 307, 309, 330, 399 rallaka (kaMbala) 140, 153, 397 ragaNAsanniveza 23, 76, 79, 216, 249 ravi (devatA) 3:0, 390, 391 raghuvaMza 43, 325 raviSeNAcArya, 38, 101 racchA 310 rasa 15, 273, 277 rajata (dhAtu) 220 rasakriyA 221 rajjU (zAstra) 169 rasaNA 158, 161, 162 raNasAhasa (rAjA) 44 rasa 231 raNathambhora 170 rasAyaNa 174, 219, 231 raNahastin 396 rasika 9 raNayundara 5 rahara 137 ratti 196, 197, 198, 199 rahamAna 392 ratha 311 rahasa-badhAva 276 rathyA 310 rahasyavidyA 234 ratla 192 rAuta 105 ratnakaMThikA 157 rAkSasa 136, 241, 318, 327, 350 ratnakuNDala 157, 160 355, 386, 388 , ratnagiri 72, 396 rAkSasakula 71 ratnadvIpa 24, 90, 93, 182, 191, 192, rAkSasI 247, 251 193, 203 204, 210, 211 rAga 15 ratnaparIkSA 232 rAga-rAganiyA~ 292 ratnapura 70, 217 rAja-kIra 19, 28, 83, 229, 243 32

Page #502
482 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjakumAra 229 rAjakumArI 338 rAjakula 260, 312, 321, 323 rAjagRha 56, 70, 217 rAjaghATa 162 rAjataraMgiNI 45, 55, 58, 85, 117, 255 rAjadarabAra 245 rAjadvAra 309 rAjyadvAra 312, 315 rAjadharma 359 rAjyapatha 307, 309, 330 rAjaputra 317 rAjapurI 117 rAjapUta 106 rAjapUtAnA 112 rAyapaseNiya 146, 148 rAjapraznIyasUtra 232, 386 rAjaprAsAda 312, 313, 315, 316, 318 rAjabhavana 291, 308, 315 rAjamandira 298 rAjamahiSI 207 rAjamArga 186, 309, 310, 311, 314, 329 rAjalakSmI 22, 371 rAjyazrI 151, 328 rAjazuka 235 rAjasthAna 44, 52, 107, 112, 117,, 302, 303, 336, 351, 352, 374, 391 rAjasthAna thra da ejeja 366 rAjahaMsa 235, 325 rAjyAMgaNa 214 rAjAMgaNa 261, 313, 330 rAjA (mahendra) 165 rAjezvara 368 rAjyAbhiSeka 130, 239, 316 rAjyavRtti 300 rAjya-sabhAsada 316 rAptInadI 73 rAma 336 rAmacaritamAnasa 44 rAmadalA kIpar3a 302 rAmadhuna 293 rAmanIdvIpa 89 rAmAyaNa 36, 37, 63, 76, 231, 233, 288, 336, 353 rAmI (dvIpa) 89 rAya (udayanArAyaNa) 67 rAyalacepala 328 rAyasa DeviDasa 136 rAvaNa 336 rAvaNa-rAjya 214 rAvalapiNDI 65 rAvI 66 rAzi 238, 239 rAzi phala 5, 136, 239 rASTrakUTa 198, 236 rAsa-krIr3A 280 rAsanartana 280 rAsa nRtya 280, 281, 293, 399 rAsamaNDalI 280, 281 rAsalIlA 280, 281 rAhasATaka (sAr3I) 155 riktaparikhA 308 rUNNamAlA 158, 161 rupayA 197, 221 rudhirapAna 367 rudhirapravAha 172 rudra 343, 344, 350, 353, 399, 352 rudrAkSa 352 rudrabhavana 352, 353, 362 ru.pratimA 353 rudrAbhiSeka 353 rudraloka 668

Page #503
rUruci ( mleccha) 109 rUpa (padArtha) 373 rUpa (simbala) 199 rUpaka 199, 276 rUpadakSa 304 rUpya 199 rUmAla 156 rUpazailI 12 rekhA 295, 302, 305 rehA 304 remArI 117 raivataka parvata 65 raivata-stotra 393 revanta 392, 393 revantaka 350, 390 revA 82,84 roinoi (gA~va) 70 rosana kilA 170 roma 118 romana 213 romasa 108, 115 - romAsa yojanA 14 rozanadAna 331 rohaNadvIpa 80, 184, 211, 298 raudra 195, 348, 389 la zabdAnukramaNikA laMkA 25 laMkApurI 64, 70, 83, 84, 210, 211 laMkAnagarI 70, 79 laMgara 206 lakuTa 168 lakusa 108 lagna 129, 219, 228, 238 lagnapatrI 104 lagnavicAra 136 lagnazAstra 5 lagnazuddhi 238 lakSaNa 240 lakSaNa - nimitta 240 lakSaNasAgara 336 lakSmI 83, 204, 337, 350, 371, 372, 400 lakSmIpaTa 303 lakSyadvIpa 91 latAghara 324 landana 323 laya 273, 293 laya tAla 282 lalamANakaTaka 157 lalitaka 366 lalitavistAra 128, 231, 337, 345 lalitA 17, 346 lalitezvara 366 lavaMgavana 324 lavaNasAgara 80 lavalIvana 324 lA ( bI0 sI0) 63 lA~gavATara 325 483 lATa 59, 65, 113, 244, 251, 257 lATadeza 65, 144, 195, 295 lAlakilA 315, 322, 323, 325, 328 lAlaraTTa 59 lAlasAgara 92, 192 lAvaya yuddha 233 lAsena 86 lAsya 274 lAsyanRtya 398 lAhaura 55 liMga 248 liMgapUjA 343 likhAvaTa 300, 302 lipisaMskAra 228 lIlA 281

Page #504
484 luhAra 108, 112, 365 lUA 172 lekharacanA 156 lekhavAha 167 lekhavAhaka 128 lekhAcArya 22, 228, 229 lepyakRta 231 lepyakarma 232 lezyA 394 loka - utsava 131, 361 lokattattva 18, 136 lokadevatA 209 lokadharma 350 lokanATya 273, 278, 277 lokanRtya 280 lokapAla 129, 350, 386 lokamUr3hatA 345, 368 lokayAtrA 103 lokavAdya 293 lokavArtA 233 lokAyata 230 lokAyata darzana 374, 375, 400 lo5, 230 lobha 13, 15, 384, 393 lobhadeva 24, 26, 90, 102, 106, 190, 203, 208, 222, 223, 255, 324, 388 loha 221 lohA 220 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vaMzanAlikA 291 vaMzI 285, 286 vaMsa 283 vaMsa - vINA 286, 291 lohArA 117 laukika devatA 205 isadeva 350 vaMjula 156, vaMdanavAra 129 vaMdanA 214 vaMza 291 va vakula 324 vakSAramahAgiri 79, 89 vajra (vAdya) 283, 399 vajra 168, 170, 240 vajragupta 29 vajratArA (devI) 171 vajrapANi 131 vajra (maNi) 335 vaTa 386 vaTa-Aroha 324 vaTabha (karmacArI) 318 vaTavRkSa 30, 67, 255, 368 vaTezvara 3, 4 vaDesara 51 vaNika 106 vaNikaputra 185, 188, 298 vaNikputrI 317 vaNTama 94 vaNNa 304, 399 vattiNI 304, 399 vattha-kammaM 233 vatthugAva (kalA) 233 233 vatsa 22, 59, 60, 64 vatsajanapada 124 vatsarAja 7 vatsarAjaraNahastin 6, 55 vanadattA 25, 133 vanamAlA 158, 161, 162, 169 vanavAsI (grAma) 65 vanavAsI (sAdhu) 361 vanasundarI 240 vanaspati 364

Page #505
vanAntara 98 vanthalI abhilekha 393 vara 352 varadappaNa 336 vayuvati ( zAlabhaMjikA ) 338 vedikA 129 varAMgacarita 19, 39 varATikA 199 varAha 83, 370 varAhapurANa 387, 391 varAhamihira 53 varuvArI 93 varNa catuSTaya 101 varNanakSamatA ( kathAzilpa) 13 varNaratnAkara 317 varNavikAra 230 varNavyavasthA 360, 397 varNa-samuccaya 152 varNATa (citrakAra) 304 varNAzrama 357 vartanA (zaiDiMga) 305 vardhApana 128, 322 varSA 232 valakkha 259 valakkhar3a (alaMkAra) 158 valaya 161, 162, 293, 308 valayatAla 280 valkala 156 valkala - dukUla 140 valAkSahAra 322 vavvIsaka 283, 399 vasatisthAna 229 vasaMta Rtu 131 vasaMtotsava 23, 132, 133 vasiSTha 384 vasiSTha smRti 252 vasugupta 204 zabdAnukramaNikA vasudevahiNDI, 15, 40, 92 vasunandaka (astra) 171 vastu-parIkSA 232, 233 vastupAla 309 vastra 140, 154 vastra alaMkAra 336 vastrakrIDA 232 ans (saMkhyA) 182, 196 vAkya ( mImAMsaka) 380 vAkyapadIya 231 vAcaspatimikSa 349 vANijya 233, 258 vAtAyana 330, 331 vAtsyAyana 337 vAnara 386 vAnaprastha 359, 399 vAditra 245, 283 vAdya 283 485 vAdya yantra 283 vApI 124, 311, 323, 324, 325 vApI (bheda ) 326, 332, 333, 338 vApI - kAminI 325 vApikA 363 vAmana ( karmacArI) 318 vAmanapurANa 132 vAyu 363, 374 vAra (dina) 238 vAravaI 93 vAravanitA 331 vAra vilAsinI 122, 167, 327 vArATikA 197 vArANasI 24, 53, 54, 56, 68, 76, 125, 179, 193, 228, 229, 242, 249, 253, 397, 398, 366 bArAvatI 217 vArAhI saMhitA 240 vArisa - guNA (kalA) 232

Page #506
486 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bAlakanI 331 vijJAna (64) 231, 246, 216, 321, vAlmIki 5, 37, 252, 285, 336 375 vAsa 89 viNae (kavi) 39 vAsaghara 322, 323 viNioga 234 vAsa-bhavana 301, 315, 318, 322, 323, vitastAghATI 117 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, vitAna 142, 148 vidUSaka 292 vAsava (mantrI) 22, 26, 223, 315, 5, videzagamana 182 328 videha 60, 69 vAsavadattA 356 viddha 296, 297 vAsava-sabhA 166, 316 viddhacija 304 vAsupUjya 81 viddharUpa 302 bAMsurI 291 vidyA 180, 385 vAsukI 259 vidyAlaMkAra jayacandra 53 vAsudeva 71 vidyAgRha 229, 43 vAsudevopAsanA 369 vidyAdhara 60, 81, 141, 242, 338, vAsu-kRSNa 370 385, 386 vAsudeva-pUjA 345 vidyAdhara zramaNa 385 vAstavyaya 236 vidyAdhara loka 60 vAstukalA 233 vidyAdharI 242 vikSepiNI 10 vidyApati 325 vicitra paTalaka-kanyA 337 vinaya 363, 364 vijaya durga 72, 369 vinayavAdI, 364, 399 vijayanagara 53, 65 vinayAditya 91 vijayA nagarI 27,71,98, 396 vinazana 51 vijayanarAdhipa 44 vinAyaka 344, 350, 354, 355, 399 vijayasena 44,166, 319, 390 vinAza 376 vijayA 307, 350 viniyoga 232 vijayAI 64 vinItA (nagarI) 21, 57, 63, 79, 149, vijayA mahApurI 72 186, 281, 288, 307, 314, vijayapurI 28, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 329, 332 . 60, 64, 66, 71, 72, 80, 82, vindhya 249, 57 87, 91, 98, 113, 123, 136, vindhyATavI 22, 27, 54, 56, 64, 66, 166, 185, 193, 194, 195, 70, 71, 84, 97, 173, 216, 197, 214, 216, 228, 229, 217, 311, 386 230, 231, 240 249, 251, vindhyagiri 80, 82, 352 256, 308, 311, 312, 314, 351, 370, 371, 373, 376, vindhyapura 214, 217 379, 397, 398 vindhyapurI 57, 82

Page #507
zabdAnukramaNikA 487 vindhyaparvata 78, 81, 174 vIthi 310 vindhyapradeza 66 vIrabhaTa 23, 44, 105 vindhyavana 84 vIrabhadra 4,6344, 355, 366 vindhyAvAsa 54, 68, 72, 80, 125, 217 vIrAsaNa 339 vindhyavAsinI 80 vIrAsana 340 vipaNimArga 57,79, 149, 150, 152, vu-suna (jAti) 115 186, 193, 214, 236, 298, vatti 231 232 252 vRtti vivecana 14, 15 vipAka sUtra 40, 76, 232, 393 vRnda (ziSya)4 vipulA chanda) 17 vRndAvana 326 vizakti 248 vRzcika 339 vimalasUri 37 vRSama 239, 335, 351 virayaNaM 304 vRSNi 114 virahAMka 39 vRhaspati 241 virecana 172, 174 vRhaspati kA sUtra 375 virAgIdeva 310 veNu 283, 285, 291 vilaharI (grAma) 336 vetAla 203, 274, 347, 350, 355, vilAsiNI 319 386, 388 vivAha 238 vetAlasAdhanA 346 vivAhotsava 284, 291 vetralatApratihArI 167 vividhatIrthakalpa 59 veda 245, 260, 347, 362 viziSTAdvaita 345 vedapATha 104, 123, 357 vizuddha rekhA 300 vedapAThI 129, 245, 251 vizeSa (padArya) 379 veda-zruti 232 viSagaratantra 231 vedavyAsa 112 viSaya (zarIra) 375 vedAnta 344, 381, 400 viSarasAyaNa 174 vedI 129 viSNu 133, 369, 370, 371, 372, vedikA 330, 332 vedikAstambha 337 viSNudharmottarapurANa 57, 305, 392 velApana 98 viSNupurANa 372 vesavilayA (pratihArI) 167 visaya 91, 98 / vaijayantImAlA (AbhUSaNa) 158, 161 visAkhila 40 vaiDUryavimAna 27, 29, 30 visphoTaka 172 vaitaraNI 298 vihAra 69, 98,383 vaitADhya parvata 21, 56, 81 89 vINA 283, 285, 286, 336 . vaidUrya (maNi) 335 vItarAga 394 . vaidya 320 400

Page #508
488 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vairagupta 316, 318, 317 vaizeSika 381 vaizeSika darzana 230, 379, 400 vaizeSika zAstra 379 vaizeSika-sUtra 379, 381, 400 vaizeSikasUtra bhASya 379 vaizya (jAti) 106, 107, 245 vaizyadeva 358, 359 vaizyadharma 359 vaizramaNadatta 215, 216 vaiSamyAvasthA 376 vaiSNava 360 vaiSNavadharma 369, 400 vollAha (azva) 236, 398 vyantara 350, 386 vyantara (jAti) 388 vyantara devatA 355, 385, 400 vyaMjana 239 vyaktigata citra 302 vyatireka 16 vyavahArabhASya 109 vyAkaraNa 232, 398 vyAkaraNa-zAstra 230 vyAkhyAna 243 vyAkhyAna-kakSa 374 vyAkhyAna-maNDapa 379 vyAkhyAna-zAlA 230 vyAkhyA prajJapti 144 vyAghrasvAmI 260 vyApArika maNDala 213 vyAvahArin 167, 397 vyAsa 252, 35, 285 vrata 346 zaMkarAcArya 380, 381, 400 zaMkha 94, 130, 187, 190, 191, 192, 206, 215, 240, 283, 291, 292 zaMkha (jalakITa) 291 zaka 106, 108, 115, 116, 213 zakasambat 6 zakuna 136, 205 zakuna-jJAna 232 zatapala 198 zakti 168, 171, 300, 305, 346, 354 zaktibhaTa 23, 44, 105 zatrujaya 81 zabara 108, 109, 189, 241, 356 zabara-AkramaNa 216 zabara-dampati 155, 240, 241 242 zabara-vidyA 242 zabara-veSa 156 zabara senApati 21, 216 zabarI 156, 163 zabda 239 zabda-jJAna 233 zabda pramANa 380 zambara karSaNacitrapaTa 304 zayanagRha 318, 323 zayanAsana 143, 148,155, 233, 366 zaradapUrNimA 132, 133 zarIra 675 zarIrasnAna 369 zarIrA (azva) 236 . zarmA (dazaratha) 7, 46, 55, 66, 107 zakra 149, 115, 167, 366 zalihotra 393 zava 295 zazivaMza 106 zazizekhara 343, 350, 399 . zaMkara 169, 274, 275, 280, 312, 343, 349, 350, 351, 369, 386, 400,

Page #509
zabdAmukramaNikA.. 489 zasa 235 zAstrI (astra) 168 zAkya-bhikSu 374 zATakayugala 155 zAkta sampradAya 346 zAkta 343 zAbarI vidyA 241 zAyala (rAjadhAnI) 66 zAraMgadeva 288, 393 zArdUlavikrIDita 17 zAlabhaMjikA 323, 337, 338, 399 zAlavRkSa 337 zAligrAma 68, 76,106 zAligrAma (vArANasI) 217 zAlivAhana 68 zAstrArtha 243 zAstra-jJAna 233 zAstrI (DA0 nemicandra) 11, 12 zAstrIya saMgIta 286, 292, 293 zAha (yU0 pI0) 52, 72, 336 zAhagherI (gA~va) 65 zikAra 295 zikArIdala 392 zikhara 69, 329 zikSAvidhi 243 zilpa 180 zilparatna 305 zilpI 304 ziva 291, 343, 346, 351, 352, 353, 355, 366, 390 ziva (bhairavarUpa) 346 zivacandragaNin 4, 54, 68 zivatIrtha 351 ziva-pArvatI 82 zivapUjA 67 zivapratimA 340 zivamaMDapa 124 zivaliMga 335 zidira 315 zIrAja 91 zIla 360 zIlAditya 44 zukra 102 zuka zArikA 322 zukra-nIti 218, 231 zuklA 239 zugakAla 198 zuddhAntarakSI 318 zubha-tithi 239 zudra 96, 107, 118, 397, 359 zUraSeNa 44 zUdraka 149, 166 zRGgATaka 245, 310, 322 zRGgAra prakAza 231 zRGgIkanaka 222 zaiyyA 330 zaila 168 zaiva 379 zaivatanaya 231 zavadharma 350, 367, 279, 369, 395, 399 zaiva-samprapradAya 290, 349 zobhana 296 zaukarika 108 zauca-kriyA 377 zaucamUlaka dharma 377 zaurasenI 247, 257 zmazAna 346, 388 zramaNa 361, 363 zravaNavailagolA 55 zrAvaka 83, 394 zrAvakakula 6 zrAvaka dharma 26 zrAvastI 62, 109, 217 .......

Page #510
490 kUvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zrI (devI) 326, 350, 362 zrIkaNTha 60, 244 zrIkAntA 28 zrItuMgA 73, 88, 91 zrIbhillamAlanagara 68 zrImandhara 60 zromAla 69 zrIlaMkA 386 zrIvarddhana 44, 45, 76 zrIvatsa 44, 45 zrIvatsarAjaraNahastin 44, 47, 396 zrI vijaya 94, 192, 207 zrI sobhA 278 zru tadeva 384 zruti 78, 348 zreNika 56, 70 zreSTha yuvatiyA~ 337 zreSThiputra 133, 226 zreSThI 190 zrotriyapaMDita 102 zleSa 16 zloka 260 zveta addhI 148 zvetakuSTa 173 zvata caMvara 156 zveta-chatra 336 zvetanadI 351 zvetazilka 192 zveta zivamUrti 351 zvetAmbara 643, 364 saMketika-lipi 244 saMgamaramara 335, 399 saMgamasnAna 125 saMgIta 218, 296, 399 saMgItadAmodara 286 saMgItapArijAta 289, 292 saMgItaratnAkara 284, 286, 289, 290, 292 sagItasAra 292 saMghapati 212 saMdezavAhaka 25 saMbalapura 56 saMbalIvana 81 saMyama 142, 360, 365, 369 saMvegajananIkathA 15 saMveginI 10 saMzaya 379 saMsAracakra 295 saMsAradarzana 399 saMsAra-samudra 211 saMskRta 5, 11, 16, 247, 248, 251, 252, 285, 398 saMhAra 346 sakalakathA 8 sakunI 350 sagara 44 saggADAiya 399 saccaritapaTa 303 sajjanavarNana 249 saNhavasana 140, 154 satalaja 66 satIprathA 135 satthara 154 satyakriyA 347 satrAgAra 124, 125, 311, 368 sadvaitavAdI 344, 345 sandavana 66 sandIvya 76 SaDmukha 4, 344, 354 SaDmukhAlaya 354 SoDasavarNanaka 222 saMkIrNakathA 8, 9, 14, 396 saMkulita 17

Page #511
zabdAnukramaNikA sandhi-vigraha 194 samudra-yAtrA 8, 13, 102, 291, 398 sannipAta 172,173 samudrazAstra 40, 229 sanniveza 23, 70,72, 80, 96, 165 samudrI tUphAna 208, 354, 370, 392 sanyAsinI 14 samudrI-mArga 302 saptatantrI 285 samprati (rAjA) 3, 109 saptamAtRkAeM 350, 362 sammedazikhara 81, 217 saptarSi 384 . sammedazaila 81 saptazatI TIkA 231 samyaktva 26, 365 sabara 95 samyakcAritra 394 sabbala 168 samyagjJAna 394 sabhA 311 samyagdarzana 394 sabhAkanyA 336 samvatsara 102, 238 sabhAgAra 310 sara 168 samagAna 286 sarakAra (DI. sI.) 57, 64, 79, 92 samatula 398 sarayUpArI 105 samaya 233, 389, 390 saralapura 73, 95, 217 samaramiyaMkakathA 39 sarasvatI nadI 50, 162, 163, 350, samarAiccakahA 9, 12, 19, 130, 136, 181, 192, 204, 206, 215, sarahada 311 216, 218, 301, 345, 356 sarAgI 370 samarAdityakathA 232, 233, 235 sarAgIdeva 350,386,391 * samarAMgaNa sUtradhAra 95, 97 sarAsaNa 168 samavasaraNa 26,65, 103, 123, 124, sarovara 325 292, 307, 326, 329, 332, sarpadaMza 172 337, 394 sAkArazikhara 83 samavAya 379 sarvagata 377, 378 samavAyAMgasUtra 232 samAnata (citra) 305 sarvajJa 239, 380 samAyoga (sainikavardI) 140, 311, 312 sarvajJatA 394 sarvadarzanasaMgraha 374, 376 . samAsa 230, 248 samiti 394 sarvosara 317 samidhA 129, 362 salAvatI nadI 57 samudra 372 sallekhanA 348, 394 samudracArI 24, 90, 222, 223 savasantaka 133 samudrataTa 152, 209, 211. 217, 255, savvAvasara 317 258 sasarakkha bhikkhu 382 samudradevatA 182, 206 sahacAra-phala 244 samudrapAra 205 sahajANA 236

Page #512
492 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sahyaparvata 28, 71, 77, 80, 82, 215, sArtha 25, 64, 212, 214, 215, 291, 216,217 314,338 sahyAdri 82 sArthaniveza 215 sAMkhya 232, 378 sArthaputra 209 sAMkhya-Alocaka 400 sArthavarNana 249 sAMkhyakArikA 377, 381, 400 sArthavAha 24, 107, 206, 208, 210, sAMkhyadarzana 230, 376, 377, 378, 400 212, 213, 215, 216 sAMkhya-siddhAnta 379 sArthavAhaputra 292, 398 sAMcI 337 sAligrAma 24, 213 sAMjAka (khAr3I) 87 sAvitrI 163, 350, 362 sAMDesarA 70, 152 sAhasAMka (kavi) 39, 396 siMgADaya 310 sAketa 73 siMcanakarma 234 sAgaradatta 26, 29, 65, 87, 92, 98, 106, 132,142,152, 153,181, siMha 76, 82, 239, 295 183, 184, 193, 197, 202, siMhala 71, 93, 108, 116, 118, 386 203, 205, 206, 208, 243, 314 siMhakumAra 130 sAgara-saMtaraNa 180, 183, 202, 397 siMhadvAra 313, 315 sAcIkRta 305 siMhapaTa 329 sAjhIdAra 181 siMhabhUmi 56 sAjhIdArI 397 siMhalagna 239 sATaka 141, 152, 154, 155, 155 / siMhAvaDa 140 sAr3I 155 siMhAsana 130, 297 sAtavAhana 35 sikandarA 64 sAdRzya (citra) 304 sikkA (rupaka) 198, 199 sAdhanA 346, 389, 390 sikkha jAti 116 sAdhaka 348 siggaDAiya 271, 280 sAdhu 129, 299 sijjhau 242 sAmagAna 285 sijjhau-jattA 398 sAmanta 23, 130, 197, 312, 317 . sitAra 286 sAmAnya (padArtha) 379 siddha 317, 350, 352 sAmudrazAstra 5 siddharSi 32, 355 sAmudrika-vidyA 240 siddha-yAtrA 206, 207 sAmbapurANa 391 siddhArtha 238 sAmvatsarika 238 siddhArthI 128 sAraMgI 287 siddhezvara maMdira 362 sArindA 287 sindha 54, 92, 195, 245, 251, 257, sAri-pAri 257 374

Page #513
zabdAnukramaNikA 493 siddhAntakaumudI 230 supurisacariyaM 37, 40 sindhu 21, 56, 84 subhaTI 128 sindhu-deza 60 sumaMgalA 318 sindhu-nadI 60, 170 sumanA (chanda) 17 sindhu-sauvIra 60 sumAtrA 92, 94, 192, 207, 397 siyAlakoTa 66 sumeru 85 sira-vedanA 172 sumerugiri 387 siridatto 258 surasA 387 siriyana 116 suragiri 89 sirohI rAjya 391 suranadI 84 silAyalaM 244 surabadhU 326 silvAlevI 117 surasenApati 292 sItA-apaharaNa 78 surA 320 sItA-kuNDa 60 surApAna 321 sItA-nadI 89-91 sulocanA kathA 37, 38 sItAmaDhI 60 sulemAna 86 sItA-sItodA 84 suvaNNacAriya 141 sithiyana 115 suvarNa 158, 197, 168, 200 sIna (pahAr3I rAjya) suvarNA 25 somaMdhara svAmI 371, 393 suvarNadattA 70, 142 sImAnta 98 suvarNa devI 112, 121, 330 sImAnta 96, 162, 164 suvarNa dvIpa 211 sImAntakaraNa 164 suvidhinAtha 63 sImAnta vasiya 98 suzarmAdeva 23, 102 sIriyA 213 suSira 290, 291, 292 sIlona 71, 80, 118 suSeNa 21, 321 sIsA 221 sUcaka-kunar3I (dhAtuvAdI) sIharAsa 66 sUtrakRtAMga 359, 383 sughada 89 sUnAghara 311 sucelaka 148 sUra (laMkAdhipati) 71 sudarzana cakra 170 sUrasena 69 sudharmAsvAmI 280, 281 sUva-satthaM 233 suttI 182, 196 sUrya 240, 350, 387, 390, 391, 392, sundaravana 87, 89 sundarI 5, 14, 29, 121, 122, 134, sUryakAntamaNi 334 345, 346, 390 sUrya-upAsanA 391, 400 supAriyA~ 191, 192 sUrya-devatA 391

Page #514
494 kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sUrya-dvIpa 88 solamo sono 322, 398 sUryapUjA 125, 176, 390, 392 solaha padArtha (nyAya) 380 sUryamandira 391, 391, 393 solahavAnI (sonA) 222, 398 sUryavaMza 106 solena (kharA sonA) 222 sUryazataka 391 sovaNaya 323 sRSTi 346 sohavala (sTezana) 70 segAMva (nadI) 87 sautrika paMDita 252 sejjAsaMthAra 141, 154 saudha (ranavAsa) 323 setakatrikanagara 57 saudharmakalpa 26, 29, 325 senApati 165, 167, 249, 317, 321 saudharmaloka 244 328, 338 saudharmavimAna 334 serAha (azva) 236, 398 saudharma svarga 324 serikA (cIna) 86 saubhAgya-bhAskara 231 sela (ratna) 93 saura-sampradAya 392 sainika prayANa 168, 312 saurASTra 61, 112, 244 sainika vardI 312 sauvIra 73 saindhava 54, 60, 113, 115, 194, 195, skanda 344, 350, 352, 353, 387, 236, 257 saindhava (azva) 60 skandhaka (chanda) 17, 260 soI (zaka) 116 skanda kAttikeya 354 soddezyatA (zilpa) 13 skandakumAra 353 sonagiri 6 skandapurANa 353, 355, 366, 391 sopAna 308, 318, 338 sAndhavAra 80, 289, 311, 312, 313, sopAnavIthi 323 315, 388 sopAraka 24, 56, 58, 73, 88, 91, 52 sTeina (sara orela) 117 93, 94, 107, 148, 149, 185, stana-uttarIya 142 188, 193, 211, 217, 397 stana vastra 156 sopArakamaNDI 189 stambha 337 somanAtha 68,366 stambhazAlabhaMjikA 337 somadeva (AcArya) 36, 53, 143, 150, stuti 206 153, 163, 169, 1.73, 190, stutipATha 104 230, 237, 325, 326, 332, 333, 345, 346, 359, 379, strI pratihArI 318 384, 393 strIrAjya 51, 85 somayaza 106 sthala kamalinI 332 somezvara 237, 336 sthalapattana 97 soraTTa 113, 397 sthalamArga 202, 204 sAkSiA 114 sthANu 24, 54, 68, 106, 125, 131,

Page #515
Inc zabdAnukramaNikA 495 143, 179, 180, 188, 189, / svAyambhuva (RSi) 384 200,113, 368 .. svAsaroga 172 sthAna (thAnA) 293, 297, 305 sthAnIya (janapada) 98 haMsagabbha 155 sthApatyakalA 233 sthAvara jIva 364 haMsagamaNA 226 haMsagarbha 141, 397 snAnagRha 318 snAnapAtra 322 haMsadukUla 149, 155 haMsamithuna 155 spena 91 sphaTikamaNi 244, 334 haMsA (azca) 336 haMsAvali kaMcikA 160 syAdvAdanaya 376 . hajArIbAga 82 sleTa 244 haTTa 186, 311 svapna 240 handikI (ke0 ke0) 132 svapnadarzana 241, 316 svapna-darzanazAstra 241 hayamukha (jAti) 108, 918 hayakarNa 108, 118 svapna-nimitta 240, 241 hara 343, 350, 351 svapna-phala 241 haraz2apha (havA) 207 svapna zAstra 232 haradatta 25 svayambhU 116 harigupta (AcArya) 4, 46, 47, 917 svayambhU deva 30, 96 harigupta (rAjA) 44 svara 239 hariNIkula (chanda) 17 svarASTraka 114 hariNegameSI 235 svarga 298, 360 harideva (kavi) 32 svarNa 58, 192, 194, 220, 221, 223, haridvAra 336 svarNa kamala 326 haribhadrasUri 3, 8, 39, 108, 192, 215, svarNa-karma 233 232, 361, 376, 379 svarNa kalaza 336 harivaMza 37, 280 svarNajaTita mahAratna 158 harivaMzapurANa 85, 181, 381 svarNadvIpa 190, 102, 203, 210, 397 harivarSa (deza) 89 svarNapaTTa 228 harivarSa (kavi) 38 svarNapratihArI 326, 338 hariSeNa 6, 90 svarNapradIpa 336 hrI devI 4, 350 svarNasiddhi 221, 398 harmyatala 330, 332 svastika 240 harSa 150, 215, 312 svAtI nakSatra 129, 239 harSacarita 202, 215, 280, 301, 304, svAdhyAya 243, 345, 394 312, 314, 325, 327, 335, svAmIkumAra 350, 353, 354 337, 348, 359,388

Page #516
kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana 356 harSadeva 134 harSavarddhana 391 haladhara 132, 371 hallIsaka-krIDA 280 havana 362 hasta (rekhA) 240 hastina (RSabhadeva kA pautra) 74 hastinApura 30, 73, 74, 103, 217 hastipAlaka 167 hATa 312 hATamArga 313, 314 hAthIdA~ta 156, 196, 338 hAthIdAMta kI kalA 232 hAyaNA (azva) 236 hAra 158, 276 hAra-granthana 233 hArAvali 158, 161 hAla 35, 36, 44 hAverI (gAMva) 362 hitopadeza 383 hindI zabda sAgara 229 hindukuza 81 himagiri 82 himavaMta 79, 82 himAlaya 56, 57, 82, 95, 191, 317, 357 himAlaya pradeza 89, 117 hiraNya (mudrA) 200 hiraNya parvata 56 hiraNyamayavarSa 89 hivAla (AbhUSaNa) 159 hInayAna (bauddhadharma) 373, 374, 400 huNDa (mudrA) 200 huyAnatsaMga 56, 66, 69, 109 huDakkA (vAdya) 284 hurukkA 290 hU-ci-o (bauddha-yAtrI 117 hUNa 46, 47, 108, 115, 116, 117, 213, 235, 397 hUNA (azva) 236 hRSIkeza 292 hetuzAstra 229 henarI aSTama 325 hema (dhAtubAdI) 221 hemakUTa 387 hemacandra (AcArya) 145, 168, 236, 237, 250, 251, 333, 357 hemanta 366 hemasAgarasUri 233 hempaTanakorTa 323, 325, 328 hoA hUNa) 116 hoA-tuna (hUNa) 117 horA 232, 238 holAlI (rallaka kaMbala) 153 haudA 311 hyaona (hUNa) 116