Jain Darshan aur Sanskriti ka Itihas

Author(s): Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar
Publisher: Nagpur Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010214/1

Page #1
THE FREE INDOLOGICAL COLLECTION WWW.SANSKRITDOCUMENTS.ORG/TFIC FAIR USE DECLARATION This book is sourced from another online repository and provided to you at this site under the TFIC collection. It is provided under commonly held Fair Use guidelines for individual educational or research use. We believe that the book is in the public domain and public dissemination was the intent of the original repository. We applaud and support their work wholeheartedly and only provide this version of this book at this site to make it available to even more readers. We believe that cataloging plays a big part in finding valuable books and try to facilitate that, through our TFIC group efforts. In some cases, the original sources are no longer online or are very hard to access, or marked up in or provided in Indian languages, rather than the more widely used English language. TFIC tries to address these needs too. Our intent is to aid all these repositories and digitization projects and is in no way to undercut them. For more information about our mission and our fair use guidelines, please visit our website. Note that we provide this book and others because, to the best of our knowledge, they are in the public domain, in our jurisdiction. However, before downloading and using it, you must verify that it is legal for you, in your jurisdiction, to access and use this copy of the book. Please do not download this book in error. We may not be held responsible for any copyright or other legal violations. Placing this notice in the front of every book, serves to both alert you, and to relieve us of any responsibility. If you are the intellectual property owner of this or any other book in our collection, please email us, if you have any objections to how we present or provide this book here, or to our providing this book at all. We shall work with you immediately. -The TFIC Team.

Page #2
abhimata DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara dvArA maMcita zodha-kRti mAdyopAnta par3I / sa meM DaoN. bhAskara ne jaina saMskRti kA tihAsa, sAhitya, saMgha, darzana evaM skRti ko bar3I cintanazIlatApUrvaka stuta kiyA hai| DaoN. jaina isake lie dhAI ke pAtra hai / jaina kalA aura skRti kA anUThA vivecana karane vAlA ha zodha-dhanya sarvatra samAdaraNIya hogA, tA hamArA vizvAsa hai / DaoN. pro. madhukara ASTIkara bhUtapUrva adhiSThAtA, kalA saMkAya, nAgapUra vidyApITha DaoN. bhAskara kA "jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa, nAmaka nusandhAnAtmaka grantha dekhane kA avasara ki / isa meM vidvAna lekhaka ne jaina skRti ke samagra pakSoM ko apane gaMbhIra dhyayana ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA hai / bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya darzanoM sAtha unhoMne jaina darzana kI tulanA bhI hai / itane sundara aura upayogI ba ke lekhana ke lie DaoN. bhAskara kA na prazaMsanIya hai /

Page #3

Page #4

Page #5
jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa lekhaka DaoN. bhAgacandra bhAskara em. e. (saMskRta, pAki, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti) sAhityAcArya, sAhityaratna, pI-ec. DI. (zrIlaMkA) vibhAga pramukha, pAli-prAkRta vibhAga, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya nAgapUra vidyApITha prakA

Page #6
prathamAvRtti, mArca, 1977 nAgapUra vidyApITha, nAgapUra mUlya pattAlIsa sAye boke nAma pArsa navI rAmadAsapeTha, nAgapUra vidyApITha, mAra-tet

Page #7
tvadIyamidaM vastu tubhyameva samarpaya paramapura ma zrImatI tulasAdevI jaina ke kara-kamaloM meM savinaya samarpa binhoMne pragati meM apanA sarva nichAvara kara diyA

Page #8
Mathm . RUSak 43 PA Aart MEA Patna na zrImatI tulasIdevI jaina

Page #9
DaoN. bhAlacanA na bhAskara sAla pahale (maina aura boDa) pokhamaya ke madhyayana-madhyApana meM vizvavidyAlaya meM 1965 se pAlisa vibhAgAcyA kara rahehai aura sAtha hI saMsAta vimAna meM bhI madhyApana kaarykaarii| abhI taka unakI aneka pustakeM prakAzita hotI hai| JatBuddhist Literature (toSa prabandha), bora saMsAlikA hAla, catuHzatakam (saMpAvana aura manuvAda), pAtitola (sana ra anuvAda), pAlikosasaMgaho (saMpAdana), bha. mahAvIra mAra - cintana, bhAratIya saMsAtIlA bora badi yogadAna (ga) mAvi unakI kRtiyoM meM vitA-kSetra meM apanA sthAna banA liyA hai| mAna hama . bhAskara kI hI eka anyatama ti nana bAra saMskRti kA itihAsa" kA prakAzana viska-vicAlaya banunamAyaNa dvArA prabata mASika sahayoga se kara rahe haiN| isasobata mila lekhaka ne jaina dharma ke itihAsa, saMgha, sambavAya, sAhila na aura saMskRti para gaMbhIra prakAza hai| ilAhIhI bhAratIya aura pAscAtya parzanoM se bhI pavAlyAlA lie isakI upayogitA aura bar3ha gaI hai| etava bAmA hai, gaMgApAra kA kahanavIna bAra sonoM ko adhikAdhika upayogI liva hogaa|

Page #10

Page #11
. . . . SEX ugama hai| katipaya vidvAnoM ne haDappA saMmati kI kucha mUrtiyoM meM jana praNAma kiye hai to kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra inveda meM bAba jaina tIrAnIvana nAmollekha AyA hai| Rgveda meM pati vAtarAna muni unake anusAra jaba muniyoM se bhinna hai| durbhAgyavaza isa viSaya meM upalabdha sAmya atyanta kI vyAcyA anya vidvAnoM ne bhinna prakAra se kI hai| upaka amAnoM ke mAcAra ||haa kahA jA sakatA hakajana dhamaisApUra AThavIM zatAbdI meM, jaba teIsaveM tIra pAvanAba hue, avazya hI mastitva meM thaa| yadyapi jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAna pAnAva ke pUrva sAsa aura tIrthakara ho cuke the, tathApi unakI aitihAsikatA kA koI na abhI taka nahIM mila sakA hai| ... yabAprabanadhamakAudabhavakAsakAbapAmAhAkAra Ma kahanA asambhava hai, tathApi itanA avazya nAzvata pratAtahAtyahA sAtakAla samArata madhAsaka..kSatramavAminantana-mArapramA jinheM hama.pravAtamAga eva nivAtta.mAmalA pAkAsApAyAmadhyamAnAmata rUpAmabhAtamAgakA banakara EMA S Mof IRRIA

Page #12
ititva pratima hai| upalabdha paramparAboM ke avalokana se spaSTa hai ki jo prapura dhArmika vAmamaya samprati hameM prApta hai vaha mUlataH racita vAgmaya kA eka svalpa baMzamAtra hai| isase mUla dhArmika sAhitya kI ananyasAdhAraNa vizAlatA kA anumAna sahaja hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu jainoM kI sAhityika gatividhi kevala dhArmika kSetra taka hI sImita nahIM rhii| unhoMne laukika sAhitya kA bhI bar3e paimAne para nirmANa kiyA aura vyAkaraNa jotiSa, kathA evaM lalita vAmaya ke kSetra meM unakA yogadAna apratima hai| apanA sandeza jana-sAdhAraNa taka pahuMcAne ke uddeza se sAhitya-sRjana ke lie saMskRta ke atirikta loka-bhASAbo kA upayoga kiyA aura isakA madhura phala hameM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza aura bAdhunika bhAratIya bhAmAbo meM racita bahamanya gya-rAzi ke upa meM upalabdha hai| katipaya bAdhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM upalabdha prAcInatama zrutiyo kI racanA kA zreya jaina lekhakoM ko prApta hai| yahI bAta kalA ke vibhinna aMgo ke viSaya meM satya hai| anya dharma-sambayAmo ke samAna jainadharma ko bhI kavimya pajavaMzo kA mAmaya milaa| kintu bane adhika mahattvapUrNa bAta hai vyApArI varga meM jaina dharma kI kodhiyaa| isa dharma ke bavAla samaDa anuyAyiyo apanA bAra aizvarya vizAla vasatiko evaM gatiro ke nirmANa para ur3ela diyA aura yaha parampayAdhunika kAla taka palI bA.rahI hai| inameM se aneka kRti kalAsaka dRSTi se atyanta mahaTa hai borabhAvIya kalA kA koI bhI vidyArthI inakI upekSA nahI kara sktaa| dhArmika padArzanika cintana eva sRjana to astitva kA prastA / ataH isa viSaya meM kucha bhI kahanA anAvazyaka hai| . ga. bhAskara ne prastuta anya me jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke ina sabhI pakSo kA savistara vivecana kiyA hai| unakI anya prakAzita kRtiyoM kI bhAMti yaha a nI unake ba ke gambhIra madhyayana evaM pariSama kA pariNAma hai| bhale hI guja pAlakoM ko unake katipaya vicAra mAnya na ho, kintu anya kI upayogitA evaM mahala ke viSaya meM do mata nahIM ho skte| isa meM saMzaya ho, kisI basanA hindI meM jaina saMsahati evaM vana para bacAvadhi prakAzita zreSThatama granpoM hogI aura vivajyamana meM sakA bAbara hogaa| vimAna prAta bhAratIya vimAna

Page #13
upasthApanA 1. jaina saMskRti bhAratIya saskRti ke prAcInatama mitra maMca ke rUpa meM susthira aura suvikasita rahI hai| zAta sAhitya darzana, itihAsa aura pUrA kI zrRGakhalAo kI vaha aisI vejIr3a sunaharI kar3I hai jo tor3ane para kI jor3I na jA skii| prArambha se hI usane sayama, sahayoga, sadbhAva ra samanvaya para AdhArita apanI saiddhAntika bhUmikA ko svIkAra kiyA jisapara pakavita masya zrIra manoharaNIya prAsAda samatA, sarvodaya mora samuddhi kI mautaka kiraNoM ko vikhA rahA / 2. jaina saMskRti vaidika aura sindhu sabhyatA meM prArambha se hI rahI hai / vrAtya, vAtarazanA Adi adhyAgI se gujaratI huI usane upaniSada vicAra dhArA kI janma diyaa| vaidika vicAradhArA meM nayA parivartana lAkara mAnavatAvAda kA punIta rasa pravAhita kiyaa| yaha prakriyA aneka rUpoM meM kAla me bhI calatI rahI / BA saMskRti vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se zramaNa saMskRti huI hai| isalie laka adhyayana se patA sehI yahI saMskRti se bahuta bAda ke prabhAva se yaha baca nahIM ske| saMskRti ke hara Shou Xiao Ge kA se pare nhiiN| eka lambe samaya taka vaha bAda meM usameM darzana aura yoga ke kSetra meM bhI padArpaNa * PE

Page #14
banekAntabAda usake pradhAna sAdhana rahe hai| sAdhanoM kI pavitratA sAba kI pavitratA ko janma detI hai| jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA hara paraNa isI pavitratA ko sameTe yA hai| tIyaMkara mahAvIra ne isI paramparA kA pallavana kiyaa| 5. jaina sAhitya kI vizAlatA mora pragADhatA manI taka upenita-sI hI hai| use dhArmika sAhitya kahakara vidvAnoM ne khUba kosA bora upekSita kiyaa| kisI bhI saMsata navavA hindI ke itihAsa ke lekhaka ne sahavatApUrvaka apane grantha meM use samucita sthAna dene kA sAhasa nahIM kiyaa| sAhitya bora vana paraspara manusyUta rahate hai| lekhaka kA darzana usake sAhitya meM prativimbita hue binA raha nahIM sktaa| kAlidAsa, azvaghoSa, bhavabhUti, kabIra, tulasI bAdi kaviyoM kA sAhitya kisI na kisI darzana ko abhivyakta karatA hI hai| phira dhArmika sAhitya kA kebala mAtra jaina sAhitya para kyo jakar3a diyA gayA? prasannatA kI bAta hai ki aba dhIre-dhIre vidvattA ke kSetra meM niSpakSatA bar3hatI calI jA rahI hai vIra jaina sAhitya zrI prakAzita hotA calA jA rahA hai| abhI bhI sahasroM anya maNDAroM me aprakAzita par3e hue hai| na jAne kitane anya to dImakoM kI capeTa meM A gaye hai, aura bAte jA rahe haiN| phira bhI unheM bAhara kI havA nahI mila pA rahI hai / zodhakoM ko prakAzita anvoM kI pANDulipiyA~ prApta karane meM jina kaThinAiyo kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai unheM hara kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| jaina samAja kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha pratiSThAnoM kI bora dhyAna na dekara sAhitya prakAzana kI bora apanI zakti lgaaye| usake lie yahI mAnayana hai| 6. vAsanika kSetra meM ahiMsA aura banekAntavAda kA AdhAra lekara jaina na sAmane baabaa| darzana meM tattva, mAna aura pArikha sAmAviSTa haiN| jainAcAryo ina tInoM tatvoM para niSpakSa rUpa se gaMbhIra cintana upasthita kiyaa| aitihAsika dRSTi hamane ina tInoM tatvoM kI tubbAtmaka mImAMsA prastuta kI hai tAki bora boTa varzanoM ke sAtha hI jaina sAyana kA kAna ke vividha pakSoM ke vikAsa meM vApasA yogadAna rahA, yaha bhI vizleSita karane kA prayala kiyA hai| isI na lAga, pAcAgorasa, heragoTasa, mokITsa, empeDoklISa, poTo, paraspIro, sekTasa, egirimAla , sUna, barkala, kArahANela, kAmamila pAyAlA vicAratoM viSavArANoM kI mI MAA pAlpA simAnusAra pUrvakA soDA minAyA

Page #15
japalA hotA hai| nirAli nAmaka upasa meM bIharI bhUmikA lAmI ilA, surA, rasa, aura gandha ina dasa vediyo ke nAma nikale samAnI bAdi vAcAyoM ne bhI ina meM se katipaya dediyo kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA meM yA yakSiNiyo, mAsana devI-devatAbo tAlA mokI bhI mAnanIya ho gii| itanA hI nahI, dhAriNI, cAmunya padArgA, karNapikAsa papAvatI Adi jaisI vaidika-boDa paramparAbome mAnya devI-devatAbA bhImAnA pIna paramparA baca nahIM skii| nAkAmavAmitI mAvi sIniyoM kI bhI siddhi kI jAne kaanii| pratiSThA, vidhi-vidhAna bAdi sApo ke pratiliTa nirvANa kalilApa, rahasyakalpaguma, sUrimantrakalpa bApi zatAkigoTebhI race gye| stotro kI bhI eka lambI paramparA isI kAna-mAla paramANa anusyUta hai| 8. samUcI mAntrika paramparA ke samIvana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhikSu ko mUlataH matrAdika tatvoM se bilakula dUra rahane kI vyavasthA bhii| para uttarakAla meM prabhAvanA Adi kI dRSTi se banetara paramparAboM kA anukaraNa kiyA gyaa| isa anukaraNa kI eka vizeSatA dRSTamya hai ki bana manya paramparA kamI kanaka bAcaraNa ko prathama nahIM diyaa| lekikatA ko dhyAna meM vesapa bhI vaha vizva adhyAtmikatA se dUra nahI hdii| isalie vaha vikRta aura pavabhraSTa bhI nahIM ho skii| 9. vahA~ taka yoga kA prazna hai, hama yaha kaha sakate hai kina yogI samApta hotA hai vaidika aura bauddha yoga vahAM prArambha hotA hai / halobAkI paramparA se jaina yoga kA koI mela nahIM khAtA, phira bhI lokika bAsthA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne usake kucha rUpoM kI badhyAtmikatA ke sAtha sambaDa kara diyaa| jaina yoga ke kSetra meM yaha vikAsa bAbA-navamAsavAdI prArambha ho jAtA hai aura bArahavIM zatAbdI taka paha parivartana bAdhika kSita hone lagatA hai| bAcArya somadeva, hemacandra, rAmacandra bAdi vidvAnoM meM baina yogakA vaidika bAra bAra yoga kI bora sIpa diyaa| dharmadhyAla bantata bApAla bAlA, apAya, vipAka bora saMsthAna viSaya ke sthAna para piMpa, 'ar bAra mAtIta dhyAnoM kI parikalpanA kara dI gii| pAbikanI, bAgnevI kI bAra mAlI mArapatroM devAna, bAMdapArita-bAra mAmalAkAra liyaa| prAmagrAma, kAmyAna aura parakAyApAramA jAne vAloM ko sAka deva ne hara apanA binA sobata va prasAramA kimAna kI shaadebko| sivikAra 4.MagamMMIT

Page #16
bAha kA mukAva adhika ho gyaa| yantra-mantra-tantra kI sAdhanA ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko pIche kara diyaa| pratiSThA aura vidhAna ke kSetra meM dasoM yantroM kI saMracanA kI gii| koSThaka Adi banAkara unameM vividha mantroM ko citrita kiyA jAne lgaa| prasiddha yantroM meM RSimaNDala, karmadahana, caubIsI maNDala, NamokAra, sarvatobhadra, siddhacakra, zAnticakra Adi bar3atAlIsa yantroM kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| 10. jaina sthApatya aura kalA ke kSetra meM baina saMskRti kA namUTA bogadAna rahA hai| namUrtikalA, vAstukalA, gukA Adi ke kalAtmaka pratiSThAna bhArata ke kone-kone meM vyApta hai| baralI (ajamera) meM prApta abhilekha saMbhaktaH prAcInatama abhilekha mAnA jaaegaa| ataH itihAsa ke nirmANa meM jaina sAhitya, kalA aura saMskRti ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| 11. samAja vyavasthA meM samatA aura samAnatA kA udghoSa karane vAloM meM jainAcAryoM ko hI prathama zreya diyA jA sakatA hai| karmaNA vyavasthA unhI kI bena hai| lagAma aThavIM zatI meM vaidika saMskRti meM mAnya samAjavyavasthAko baina pariveza meM jinasena ne svIkRta kiyA aura Age calakara vaha sarvamAnya ho gii| yajJopavIta Adi vaidika saMskAroM ko bhI jainadharma kA jAmA pahanA diyA gyaa| yaha Antarika sAMskRtika krAnti kA eka bilakula navIna caraNa thaa| kalA ke kSetra ko bhI isa caraNa ne prabhASita kiyaa| samanvaya aura ekatA isa carama kI mUla bhAvanA dii| jaina saMskRti meM kucha adhyAtmika parva hai jinakA upayoga zAzvata siddhi ke liye kiyA jAtA hai| bhAdrapada meM AnevAlA paryuSaNa (dazalakSaNa) parva aise poM meM banagaNya hai| uttama kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, satya, zauca, saMyama, tapa, tyAga AkiMcana aura aparigraha ina daza mAnavIya dharmoM kI sAdhanA kara jIvana kI pariyuddhi kI jAtI hai| isI prakAra rakSAbandhana, dIpAvalI, zrutapaJcamI, ananta-caturdazI Adi aura bhI aneka parva haiM jinake sAtha baina itihAsa aura saMskRti jaise tattva 12. "jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa' nAmaka prastuta zodha anya meM upayukta tatvoM ke katipaya rUpoM ko hamane udghATita karane kA prayala kiyA hai| kucha tatva aise bhI rahe jinako vizleSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura kucha aise rahe bikA ullekha mAtra karake hI santoSa karanA pdd'aa| jana sAhitya aura A~pANI kA to mAtra vargIkaraNa-mAhI kiyA jA sakA hai| samaya bAra parSakI sImA eka kavitA hI milane saMkalita bonasIsI lona nahIM diyaa|

Page #17
13. prastuta grantha ke lekhana meM aneka lekhakoM ke granthoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai jinameM se sarvazrI sva. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, paM. sulalAla saMghavI, kailAzacandra zAstrI, dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, sva. mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArma, darabArI lAla koThiyA, mohanalAla mehatA, muni nathamala vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| na mUrtikalA aura sthApatyakalA ke likhane meM bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita jaina sthApatyakalA kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| ina sabhI vidvAnoM bIra saMsthAoM ke prati mai apanI kRtajJatA vyakta karatA huuN| granca ke Ata meM maine pleTsa denA Avazyaka samajhA / edarya zrI. gaNeza lalavANI, saMpAdaka jaina jarnala, kalakattA se nivedana kiyA aura unhoMne bar3I saralatA aura udAratApUrvaka cabAlIsa phoTo blAksa bheja diye / isI taraha zrI. sumerucandra jaina, sanmati prasAraka maNDala, solApura se bhI sAta blAkasa prApta ho gye| zrI. bAlacandra, upa-saMcAlaka, rAnI durgAvatI saMgrahAlaya, jabalapura, gaeN. sureza jaina, lakhanAdona, antarikSa pArzvanAtha saMsthAna, zirapura tathA nAgapura saMgrahAlaya se bhI blAksa upalabdha ho gye| DaoN. gokulacandra jaina, vArANasI ne amerikana ekeDemI se kucha phoTo bhI lekara bheja diye| hama apane ina sabhI mitroM ke snehila sahayoga ke lie atyanta AbhArI hai| para duHkha yaha hai ki hama ina phoTo blAksa kA arthAbhAva ke kAraNa adhika upayoga nahI kara ske| 14. isa pustaka kA puraskAra' hamAre kulaguru DaoN. de. ya. gohokarane likhakara hameM protsAhita kiyA hai| isI prakAra DaoN. ajaya mitra zAstrI, prAdhyApaka aura adhyakSa, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya ne prAkkathana likhakara mujhe upakRta kiyaa| DaoN. madhukara ASTIkara, bhUtapUrva adhiSThAtA, kalA saMkAya, zrI. zivacandra nAgara, adhiSThAtA, kalA-saMkAya, zrI. govardhana agravAla evaM zrI. pro. vA. mo. kALameSa, Adi vidvAna mitroM kI samaya-samaya para preraNA milatI rhii| usake lie hama unake AbhArI hai| 16. prastuta pustaka kA prakAzana vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga dvArA pradatta anudAna se ho rahA hai / ataH usakA sahayoga bhI avismaraNIya hai| maiM apanI patnI DaoN. puSpalatA jaina, em. e., pIeca.DI. ke bhI aneka sujhAvoM se lAbhAnvita hubaahuuN| zrI. ka. mA. sAvaMta, vyavasthApaka, vizvavidyAlaya presa kA bhI madhura vyavahAra kArya kI zIghratA meM kAraNa bnaa| ataH ina sabhI kA kutA huuN| 16. lekhaka ne apanI isa kRti ko paramapUjyA mAM zrImatI tulasIdevI na ko samarpita kiyA hai| usakI pragati meM unakA amUlya yogadAna hai| unake

Page #18
cauvha punIta caraNoM merA mastaka zradAvanata hai| 17. anta meM yaha vinamra nivedana hai ki grantha lekhana meM jahA~ jo-jaisI bhI truTiyAM huI hoM unakI ora pAThaka hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa kreN| hama unake AbhArI rheNge| mudraNa kI truTiyoM ke lie kSamAprArthI huuN| yadi adhyetAoM ke lie yaha graMtha upayogI siddha ho sakA to hama apanA parizrama sArthaka smjheNge| ityalam / -bhAgacana jaina bhAskara nyU eksaTenzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura, mahAvIra jayantI, 2-4-1977

Page #19
prathama parivarta : viSayAnukramaNikA 1-24 jaina saMskRti kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAaiM (2), zramaNa kA zabdArtha (3), prAcIna aitihAsika bhUmikA - kulakara: eka samAja vyavasthApaka ( 4 ), sabhyatA kA utkarSa - apakarSa kAla (5), tresaTha zalAkA puruSa (6), bhArata. kI prAcIna mUla jAtiyA~ (7), sindhu sabhyatA aura jaina saMskRti (8), vaidika sAhitya aura jainadharma (9), vAtarazanA zramaNa (10), kezI RSabha (11), vrAtya ( 12 ). arhan aura jaina saMskRti (13), tIrthaMkara aura bauddha sAhitya (14), RSabhadeva (14), anya tIyaMkara (15), ariSTanemi (16), pArzvanAtha ( 17 ), mahAvIra (19), jainetara sAhitya ke katipaya lupta prAcIna jaina ullekha (23) / dvitIya parivarta : 25-26 jaina saMgha aura sampradAya matabheda kI bhUmikA (27), AcArya kAlagaNanA ( 28 ), AcArya bhadrabAhu (32), saMghabheda (38), aSTa ninhava aura digambara samprasampradAya kI utpatti (28), zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti ( 41 ), digambara saMgha aura sampradAya (46), mUlasaMgha (47), nandisaMgha (48), senasaMgha (48), drAviDasaMgha (50), kASThAsaMgha (51), yApanIya saMgha (51) bhaTTAraka prathA (53), terahapaMca aura bIsapaMtha (55), tAraNapaMtha (56), zvetAmbara saMgha aura saMpradAya (56), caityavAsI (57), vividha gaccha (57), tapAgaccha (58), pArzvanAtha gaccha (59), (59), : pUrNimA evaM sArdhaM pUrNimA gaccha (59), Agabhika gaccha (58), anyaga (59) sthAnakavAsI sampradAya (60), terApatya sampradAya (61) 1.

Page #20
solaha tRtIya parivarta : jaina sAhitya aura AcArya bhASA aura sAhitya (65), prAkRta bhASA aura AryabhASAye (66) (66), prAkRta aura chAndas bhASA (67), prAkRta: janabhASAkA rUpa (68), prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama (71), prAkRta: aura saMskRta (71), apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ (72), prAkRtaH sAhitya ke kSetra meM (73), 1. prAkRta jaina sAhitya (74), paramparAgata sAhitya (74), anuyoga sAhitya (75), vAcanAe~ (75), zruta kI maulikatA (78), prAkRta sAhityakA vargIkaraNa (78), Agama sAhitya (79), aMga sAhitya ( 80 ). upAMga sAhitya (83), mUlasUtra (84), chedasUtra (85), cUlikA sUtra (86), prakIrNaka (86), Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya (87), niryukti sAhitya (87), bhASya sAhitya ( 88, ) cUrNi sAhitya (89), TIkA sAhitya (89), karma sAhitya (90), siddhAnta sAhitya (92), bAcAra sAhitya (93), vidhividhAna aura bhakti mUlaka sAhitya (94), paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya (94), kathA sAhitya (96), lAkSaNika sAhitya (98), 2. saMskRta jaina sAhitya (100), cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya (100) AcAra sAhitya (107), bhaktiparaka sAhitya (107), paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya (108), kathA sAhitya (110), lalita vAGmaya (119), lAkSaNika sAhitya (112), 3. apabhraMza sAhitya (113), 4. anya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA jaina sAhitya (115), tamila jaina sAhitya ( 115 ), telagU jaina sAhitya ( 115), kannar3a jaina sAhitya (116), marAThI jaina sAhitya ( 116), gujarAtI jaina sAhitya (116), hindI jaina sAhitya ( 117 ), caturtha parivarta : 63-118 119-174 zrama tatvamImAMsA dArzanika prazna ( 121), dravya kA svarUpa ( 121), pariNAmI nityasva (121), sadasatkAryavAditva (122), dravyaH sAmAnya bora vizeSa (125), upAdAna aura nirmita (126), jainetara darzanoM meM dravya kA svarUpa (127), bauddha darzana meM dravya kA svarUpa (127), vaidika darzanoM meM dravya kA svarUpa (128), pAzcAtya darzanoM meM dravya kA svalpa (130), dravyameda (10), jIva athavA AsmA (130), prAcInatama rUpa (130), nAtmA kA svastha (112), jAtmA aura karma (135), AtmA kA astitva

Page #21
Sheng (137), AtmA kI zakti (138), AtmA aura kAla (139 jIka ke pazca svatamana (140), jainetara darzanoM meM ammA (143), bhAratIya darzana (143), pAzcAtya darzana (144), pugaka (ajIba) (145), svarUpa aura paryAya (145), pukmala aura mana (149), abIra skandha (150), bhautikavAdI darzanoM meM pudgala (152), pudgala aura Adhunika vijJAna (153), sRSTi sarjanA (153), pAzcAtya darzana meM sRSTi-vikAra ( 155), karma siddhAnta (156), svarUpa aura vizleSaNa (151), karma siddhAnta kI prAcInatA ( 157), karmabandha ( 158), prakRtibandha (161), sthitibandha, ( 162), anubhAga bandha (163), pradezabandha (163), kaSAya aura leNyA (165), dharmadravya aura adharmadravya (166), AkAza dravya (167), anya bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya darzanoM meM AkAza (167), kAla dravya (168), anya bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya darzanoM meM kAla (170), loka kA svarUpa ( 170 ) / paJcama parivarta : 175-250 jaina jJAna-mImAMsA kSetra aura svarUpa (177), parIkSAvAdI mahAvIra (178), sAdhya kI prApti kA mUla mantraH ratnatraya ( 178), jJAna aura darzana (180 ) samyak darzana (182), samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra (183) jJAna aura darzana kI yugapat avasthA (184), jJAna athavA pramANa kA svarUpa (186), sannikarSa (189), pramANa aura naya (191), prAmANyavicAra (191 ). pramANa saMplava (193), dhArAvAhika jJAna ( 193), jJAna ke kSetra (193), matijJAna aura zrutajJAna (194), avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna (195 ( 195), kevalajJAna aura sarvazatA (197), sarvazatA kA itihAsa ( 197), sarvazatA kI siddhi (199), pramANa ke bheda, (200), matyamara pramANa (201), svarUpa aura bheda kA itihAsa (201), parokSa pramANa (205), smRti pramANa (205), pratyadhijJAna (206), tarka pramANa (209), anumAna pramANa (207), anumAna ke bheda (208), anumAna ke avayava (210), pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM anumAna ( 211), bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna (212), Agama pramANa (213), zabda aura varSA sambandha (213), jJAna ke kAraNa ( 215), sacikarSa (216), pramANa kA phala (217), pramANAbhAsa (218), vAbhAva (218). dRSTAntAbhAsa (218), vAdakathA (219), 1. ( 221)

Page #22
agaraha prAcIna tattva (223), 2. napavAra (225), naya aura pramANa (225), naya ke bheda (225), zabda naya aura artha naya (229), arva paryAya aura vyaJjana paryAya (229), pAli sAhitya meM nayavAda (230), nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya (230), nikSepa vyavasthA (231), 3. sthAvAba (232), saptabhaGgI (233), bhaGgasaMkhyA (236), amarAvikkhepavAda aura syAvAda (239), virodha parihAra (244), anekAntavAda aura jainetara dArzanika (245), pAzcAtyadarzana aura anekAntavAda (248), eva kA prayoga (249), niSkarSa (249). paSTha parivarta: 251-320 jaina AcAra mImAMsA 1. zrAvakAcAra (253), zrAvakAcAra sAhitya (253), zrAvaka paribhASA (254), zrAvakoM ke guNa (255), zrAvakAcAra ke pratipAdana ke prakAra (256), zrAvaka ke bheda (257). 1. pAkSika zrAvaka (258), 2. naiSThika zrAvaka (258), gyAraha pratimAyeM (258), darzana pratimA (260), samyagdarzana ke ATha guNa (261), samyagdarzana ke vighAtaka doSa (261), samyagdarzana kI prApti ke kAraNa (262), samyaktva ke bheda (263), aSTamUlaguNa paramparA (264), SaTkarma (265), bArahavrata (266), aNuvrata (267), ahiMsANuvrata (267), rAtribhojana (269), satyANuvrata (270), acauryANuvrata (272), brahmacaryANuvrata (273), parigraha parimANANuvrata (274), vratapratimA (275), guNavata (275), zikSAvata (276), sAmAyika pratimA (277). proSadha pratimA (278), sacitta tyAga pratimA (278), rAtri bhuktityAga pratimA (278), brahmacaryapratimA (279), ArambhatyAga pratimA (279), parigraha tyAga pratimA (280), anumatityAga pratimA (280), uddiSTatyAga pratimA (281), 3. sAdhaka zrAvaka (282), sallekhanA (282), AtmahatyA aura sallekhanA (283),maraNa ke prakAra (284), guNasthAna (286), 2. muni AcAra (291), muni AcAra sAhitya (292), municaryA (293), aTThAIsa mUlaguNa (294) dazadharma (300), dvAdaza anuprekSAyeM (301), bAIsa parISaha (303), dvAdazatapa (303), dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA (306), yoga (309), bhikSu pratimAyeM (312), sAmAcAritA (314), mArgaNA aura prarUpaNA (315), cAritra ke bheda (316), moma (317), pAzcAtya darzana meM mola (320).

Page #23
sarIsa 321-382 saptama parivartaH janadharma kA pracAra-prasAra aura kalA jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra (323), uttara bhArata (323), zizunAgavaMza (323), nandavaMza (325), maurya sAmrAjya (325), zuMgakAla (325), sAtavAhanakAla (326), kuSANa aura kuSANottaraphAla (326), guptakAla (327), guptottarakAla (327), gujarAta aura kAThiyAvAr3a (328), rAjasthAna (329), madhyapradeza (330), baMgAla (331), dakSiNa bhArata (313), mugalakAla meM jainadharma (337), videzoM meM jainadharma (329), jaina purAtattva (342),jainakalA evaM sthApatya (342), 1. mUrtikalA (342), uttarabhArata (342), guptakAlIna mUrti nirmANa (343), guptottarakAlIna mUrtikalA (344), pUrva bhArata (345), pazcima bhArata (346), madhyabhArata (348), dakSiNa bhArata (349), mUrti aura sthApatyakalA ke siddhAnta (351), tIrthakara mUrtiyA~ (351), svapna (352), mUrticinha, caityavRkSAdi (353), zAsana devI-devatA (354), sarasvatI devI (355), aSTa mAtRkAyeM aura dikpAla (355), (355), navagraha aura naigameza (356), aSTamaMgala (356), dhAtupratimAgeM (357), 2. sthApatyakalA (357), 1.mayurA stUpa (357), 2.jaina guphAe~ (358), 3. jaina mandira, (362), zailI prakAra (362), pUrva bhArata (363), pazcima bhArata (364), madhyabhArata (366), uttara bhArata (367), dakSiNa bhArata (369), 3. citrakalA (372), 1. bhitticitra (373), tAr3apatrIya zailI (374), 2. kargalacitra (376), 3. kASThacitra (377), 4. paTacitra (377), 5. raMgAvali athavA dhUlicitra (378), 4 kASThazilpa (379), 5. abhilekhIya va mudrAzAstrIya zilpa (380). aSTama parivarta: 383-412 jaina samAja vyavasthA 1. varga vyavasthA (385), varNa vyavasthA (385), Azrama vyavasthA (387), vivAha vyavasthA (388), saMskAra (289), garbhAnvaya kriyAyeM (390), dIkSAnvaya kriyAyeM (391), kanviya kriyAyeM (391), nArI kI sthiti (392), 2.na zikSA parati (393), zikSA (394), zikSArthI (395), zikSaka (398), 3. sAmANika mahatva.

Page #24
13-25 siyAbhisUcikA (zabdasUcI) 2. pramukha saMdarbha anya-sUcI 3. chAyAcitra-sUcI 426-432 433-48

Page #25
prathama parivarta jaina saMskRti kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAyeM zramaNa kA zabdArtha prAcIna aitihAsika bhUmikA kulakara : eka samAja vyavasthApaka samyatAkA utkarSa-apakarSa kAla saTha zalAkA puruSa bhArata kI prAcIna mUla jAtiyAM sindhu sabhyatA aura jaina saMskRti baidika sAhitya aura jainadharma vAtarazanA bhramaNa kezI RSabha vAtya arhana, aura jaina saMskRti tIrSakakara aura bauddha sAhitya RSabhadeva anya toDakara ariSTanemi tIkakara pAyanApa tIpaMkara mahAvIra

Page #26

Page #27
prathama parivarta jaina saMskRti ko aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi bhAratIya saMskRti ko do dhArAeM: bhAratIya saMskRti mUlataH do saMskRtiyoM kA samanvita rUpa hai-eka vaidika saMskRti aura dUsarI zramaNa saMskRti vaidika saMskRti 'brahma'kI pRSThabhUmi se udbhUta huI hai jabaki zramaNa saMskRti sama zabda ke vividha rUpoM aura aryoM para AdhArita hai| prathama meM paratantratA, IzvarAvalambana aura kriyAkANDa kI carama pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jabaki dvitIya saMskRti svAtantrya, svAvalambana vizuddha evaM AtmA kI sarvocca zakti para vizvAsa karatI hai / zramaNa kA zabdArtha : zramaNa meM pAli-prAkRta kA mUla zabda 'samaNa' hai jisakA saMskRta rUpAntara zramaNa, zamana aura samana hotA hai / ataH zramaNa saMskRti ukta zrama, zama aura sama ke mUla siddhAntoM ke dharAtala para avalambita hai| isakA artha hama isa prakAra kara sakate haiM (1) zramaNa zabda zram dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai| jisakA artha hai udyoga karanA, parizrama krnaa| isameM tathAkathita Izvara mArga-draSTA hai, sRSTi kA kartA dhartA-hartA nahIM / isalie usake anusAra pratyeka vyakti apane zrama aura satkarmoM se svayaM Izvara bana sakatA hai / vaha Izvara ke prasAda para nirbhara nahIM hai, balki AtmavikAsa kI usake svayaM kA puruSArtha use carama sthiti taka pahuMcA sakatA hai| (2) zamana kA artha hai-zAnta karanA / arthAt zramaNa apanI cittavRttiyoM athavA vikAra-bhAvoM kA zamana karatA hai| usakI mUla sAdhanA hai-Atmacintana athavA bhedvijnyaan| cAhe brAhmaNa ho yA kSatriya, vaizya ho yA zUdra, sabhI ko samAna rUpa se bAtmacintana karane evaM mukti prApta karane kA adhikAra hai| vahAM koI jAti vizeSa kA bandhana nhiiN| sAdhaka isa zamatA se anu-mitra, bandhu-bAndhava sukha-duHkha, prazaMsA-nindA, miTTI-sonA tathA jIvana-maraNa jaise viSayoM meM samatA buddhi jAgarita karatA hai| 1. na pIsaI gAipisena koI-uttarASpayana, 12-37.

Page #28
samasattubandhuvaggo sama suhadukkho pasaMsaNidasamo / samaloTThakaMcaNo puNa jIvidAmaraNe samo samaNo // (3) sama zabda kA artha hai - samAnatA / zramaNa saMskRti meM sabhI jIva samAna haiM / unameM varNAdijanya bhedabhAva athavA asamAnatA nahIM hotI / koI bhI vyakti mAtra gotra athavA dhana se zreSTha nahIM hotA, balki usakI zreSThatA to usake karma vidyA, dharma aura zIla se AMkI jAtI hai / " AtmA athavA citta svarUpataH jJAnavAn nirmala aura nirvikAra hai / hamAre karma usake mUla svarUpa ko AvRta kara lete haiM / AtmA ke isa vikAra-bhAva ko dUra karane ke lie vizuddha jJAna-bhAva pUrvaka ahiMsAtmaka tapo-sAdhanA apekSita hai / yahI sAdhanA samAnatA kI jananI hai / isI ko cAritra, dharma athavA sama kahA gayA hai / " isa prakAra zramaNa saMskRti kA mUla dharAtala zrama, zama aura sama ke siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai / ye tInoM siddhAnta vizuddha mAnavatA kI bhUmi para khaDe hue hai / vargabheda, varNabheda, upanivezavAda, Adi jaise asamAnatAvAdI tatva zramaNa saMskRti se kosoM dUra haiM / yaha usakI anupama vizeSatA hai / prAcIna aitihAsika bhUmikA phulakara- eka samAja vyavasthApaka : jaina darzana kI dRSTi se sRSTi anAdi aura ananta hai / vaha kisI Izvara kI nirmiti kA phala nahIM, balki svAbhAvika pariNamana kA phala hai jo nimitta aura upAdAna jaise kAraNoM para avalambita hai / jaina paurANika paramparA hamAre bhAratavarSa ke usa samaya ke itihAsa ko prastuta karatI hai jabaki yahAM nAgarika sabhyatA kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA / sambhava hai, samUcI sRSTi ke vikAsAtmaka tathya ko hI isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA ho| AcAryoM ne isa vikAsa ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-bhogabhUmi aura karmabhUmi / bhogabhUmi kAla meM 1. pravacanasAra, 3-41.; dazavekAlikavRtti, 1- 3. 2. kammuNA bammaNo hoi kammuNA hoi khattiyo / baisso kammuNA hoi suddo havai kammuNA / / uttarAdhyayana / 25-31 // kammaM vijjA ca dhammo ca sIlaM jIvitamuttamaM / etena maccA sujjhanti na gottena dhanena vA // visuddhimagga - 1 // 3. cAritaM khalu dhammo dhammo jo so samo ti NiddiTTho / mohakkhohavihINI pariNAmo appaNo hi samo // --pravacanasAra, 1.7

Page #29
vyakti prAyaH jaMgaloM meM rahate the / usa samaya nAgarika aura kauTumbika vyavasthA kA abhAva thA / samAja sAdhAraNataH apanI mUla AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti vRkSoM se kara liyA karatA thA / isalie vRkSoM ko yahAM " kalpavRkSa " kahA gayA hai / bhAI-bahina hI apanI taruNAvasthA meM pati-patnI bana jAte the / isase pattA calatA hai ki usa samaya yauna sambandha viSayaka viveka jAgarita nahIM huA thA / aitihAsika dRSTi se ise hama pUrva aura uttara pASANayuga kA samanvita rUpa kaha sakate haiM / sabhyatA kA vikAsa dhIre-dhIre Age bar3hane lagA / nAgarika aura kauTumbika vyavasthA ke sAtha kRSi, karma bhI prArambha ho gayA / asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya, vidyA aura zilpa jaisI kalAoM kA janma bhI isI samaya huA / jaina saMskRti meM isa yuga ko 'karmabhUmi' nAma diyA gayA hai aura isake pravartakoM ko 'kulakara' kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA / ina kulakaroM kI saMkhyA jaina sAhitya meM kahIM sAta, kahIM caudaha aura kahIM pandraha milatI hai| ThANAMga ( 7 svaramaNDalAdhikAra) meM kulakaroM kI saMkhyA 7 hai - (1) vimala vAhana, (2), cakSuSmAna, (3) yazomAna, (4) abhicandra, (5) prasenajita, (6) marudeva, aura (7) nAbhi / jinasena ke mahApurANa (1.3.229-32 ) meM yahI saMkhyA 14 haiM - (1) sumati, (2) pratizruti, (3) sImaMkara, (4) sImandhara, (5) kSemaMkara, (6) kSemandhara, (7) vimalavAhana, (8) cakSuSmAna, (9) yazasvI, (10) abhicandra, (11) candrAbha, (12) prasenajita (13) marudeva, aura (14) nAbhi / jambudvIpaprajJapti (pR. 132 ) meM RSabhadeva kA nAma jor3akara kulakaroM kI kula saMkhyA pandraha kara dI gaI haiM / kulakaroM kI saMkhyAoM meM matabheda bhale hI ho para unake kAryoM meM matabheda nahIM hai / sabhI kulakaroM ne samAja ko sabhyatA kA koI nA koI aMga avazya diyA hai / jinasena ne to pratyeka kulakara ke dvArA kiye gaye kAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / vastutaH kulakara samAja ko vyavasthita rUpa denevAlI eka saMsthA honI caahie| jaina sAhitya aura saMskRti meM kulakara kA vahI sthAna hai jo vaidika saMskRti meM manu kA hai / vahAM bhI matsya purANa Adi meM manuoM kI saMkhyA caudaha batAyI gaI hai / kulakara athavA manu kA mukhya kArya hai-dharma aura karma kI sthApanA kara samAja aura rASTra ko eka nayI sabhyatA ke loka meM pahuMcAnA / sampatA kA utkarSa - apakarSa kAla : bhUvaijJAnikoM aura purAtAtvikoM ne sRSTi-prakriyA ko Adi mAnava ke samIpa taka pahuMcAne ke lie tIna kAloM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai- 1. pelejoika,

Page #30
(purAtana jIvayuga), 2. mesejoika (madhya jIvayuga), aura 3. kenejoika (navya jiivyug)| saMmbhava hai, Adya mAnava kI utpatti tRtIya yuga meM huI ho| mAnavIya sabhyatAko punaH tIna sopAnoM meM kalpita kiyA gayA hai-(1) prArambhika pASANayuga,(2) pASANayuga, tathA (3) dhaatuyug| dhAtuyugIna sabhyatA kAla meM hI mAnava sahI arthoM meM sabhyatA ke yuga meM praveza karatA hai| isa yuga ko hama jaina pAribhASika zabda meM "kulakara yuga" kaha sakate haiM / sambhava hai, isI yuga ko 'utsapiNI' kAla kahA gayA ho kyoMki mAnava kA vizeSa utkarSa isI yuga se prArambha hotA hai / isa utkarSa kAla ko cha: bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-suSamA-suSamA, (2) suSamA, (3) suSamA-duSamA, (4) duSamAsuSamA, (5) duSamA, aura (6)duSamA-duSamA / eka samaya AtA hai jaba sabhyatA kA apakarSa Arambha hotA hai aura usakI antima pariNati utkarSa meM hotI hai / isa 'apasapiNI' kAla ko bhI jaina saMskRti meM chaH bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-(1)duSamA-duSamA, (2) duSamA, (3) duSamA-suSamA, (4) suSamA-duSamA, (5) suSamA, aura (6) suSamA-suSamA / ina utsapiNI aura apasarpiNI kAloM meM karoDoM varSa hote haiM / ina donoM kAloM ke suSamA-duSamA kAla meM 24 tIrthakaroM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| vartamAna meM utsarpiNI kA duSamA kAla cala rahA hai| utsarpiNI ke tRtIya kAla taka bhoga-bhUmi kA samaya kahA jA sakatA hai aura usake uparAnta karmabhUmi kA samaya AtA hai| kulakaroM kA yahI kAryakAla rahA hogaa| presaTha zalAkA puruSa : kulakaroM ke bAda jaina paramparA meM kucha aise mahanIya vyaktitva hue haiM jinhoMne mAnava samudAya ko dharma evaM nIti tatva kA upadeza diyaa| unheM zalAkA puruSa kahA jAtA hai| unakI kula saMkhyA tiloya parNAtta adi granthoM meM saTha milatI hai : 24 tIra-(1) RSabha, (2) ajita,(3) saMbhava, (4) abhinandana,(5) sumati, (6) padmaprabha,(7) supAva, (8) candraprabha, (9)puSpadanta, (10) zItala, (11) zreyAMsa, (12) vAsupUjya, (13)vimala, (14) ananta, (15) dharma, (16) zAnti, (17) kunyu, (18) araha, (19)malli, (20) munisuvrata,(21) nami, (22) nemi, (23) pArzvanAtha maura, (24) vardhamAna athavA mahAvIra. 12 pAyI-(25) bharata,(26) saghara, (27) maSavA, (28)sanAkumAra, (29) zAnti, (30) kunyu, (31) araha, (32) sumoma, (33) padma, (34) hariSeNa, 35) jayasena, bora (31) brahmakta /

Page #31
9 balamA-37) acala, 38) viSaya, 39) bhadra, 40) suprabha, 41) sudarzana, 42) Ananda, 43) nandana, 4) padma, aura 45) rAma. __ 9vAsudeva-46) tripRSTha, 47) vipRSTha, 48) svayaMbhU, 49) puruSottama, 50)puruSasiMha, 51)puruSa puNDarIka, 52)datta, 53)nArAyaNa, aura 54)kRSNa, 9 prativAsudeva-55) azvagrIva, 56) tAraka, 57) meraka, 58) madhu, 59) nizumbha, 60) bali, 61) prahalAda, 62) rAvaNa,aura 63) jarAsaMdha. bhArata kI prAcIna mUla jAtiyAM : DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina ne prAcIna bhArata varSa se sambaddha manuSya jAti ko tIna pradhAna samudAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai 1) prathama samudAya uttarI bhArata ke pUrvI maidAnI bhAga meM gaMgA-yamunA ke do Ave se lekara aMga-magadha paryanta nivAsa karatA thA / vaha samAja zAntapriya, mUrtipUjaka, adhyAtmavAdI, AtmavAdI, ahiMsaka, evaM nivRttiparaka thA / sambhavataH isIlie ve apane Apako "Arya" kahane lage / kulakaroM kA janma isI samudAya meM huA thA / ataH yaha samudAya 'mAnava vaMza' ke nAma se prasiddha humA / 2) dvitIya samudAya dakSiNa tathA pUrva ke adhikatara parvatIya pradezoM meM sImita thaa| vaha AdhyAtmika dRSTi se to mAnavoM kI apekSA hIna thA para kalAkauzala evaM udyogadhandhoM meM adhika pragatizIla thaa| usane vijJAna kA vikAsa kiyA / isa samudAya meM nAga, yakSa, vAnara Adi nAma ke aneka phula the| inheM 'vidyAdhara' kahA gayA hai| inhIM vidyAdharoM ko 'draviDa' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| mAnavoM aura vidyAdharoM ke bIca sabhI prakAra ke sambandha rahe haiN| 3) tRtIya samudAya mAnava vaMza kI hI eka zAkhA thI, jo bahuta pahale madhyapradezIya mUla mAnava jAti se pRthak hokara uttara-pazcima parvatIya pradezoM kI ora calI gaI thii| ghumakkar3a svabhAva hone ke kAraNa yaha jAti madhyaeziyA taka phaila gaI / vahAM se eka zAkhA kucha uttara kI ora jA vasI, dUsarI pazcima kI ora yUropa Adi meM aura tIsarI IrAna meM vasa gii| kAlAntara meM inhIM ko 'inDoAryana' nAma se abhihita kiyA jAne lgaa| DaoN. jaina ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki bhArata varSa kI Adima mAnava jAtiyAM jaina saMskRti-niSTha thii| mArya aura draviDa saMskRti mulataH zramaNa saMskRti rahI hai / DaoN. jaina kA yaha niSkarSa asaMgata bhI nahIM kahA 1. bhAvika eka puSTi, pR. 21-23.

Page #32
jA sakatA / jainoM ke prAcIna sAhitya, kalA aura saMskRti kI ora dRSTipAta karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM vaha atyanta samRDa aura bahujanapAlita saMskRti thii| draviDa, vaidika AryoM se bhinna the| isalie unheM 'anArya' kahA gayA / 'padmapurANa' (prathama sRSTi khaNDa) aura 'viSNu purANa' (adhyAya, 17-18) meM samAgata digambara yogI jinheM mAyAmoha kI kathA meM dAsa, dasyu, asura Adi nAmoM se vyavahRta kiyA gayA hai, veda virodhI jaina hI honA cAhie / ikSvAkuvaMzI RSabhadeva ko puruSavaMzI bhI kahA gayA hai / 'satpatha brAhmaNa' (6.84) meM puruSoM ko hI 'asura' kahA gayA hai / ye asura hI mUla nivAsI 'Arya' honA cAhie / sindhu sabhyatA aura jaina saMskRti : nadiyoM kI ghATiyAM saMskRtiyoM ke udbhava evaM vikAsa kI dRSTi se vizva meM prasiddha hai / sumeriyana, leboliyana, asIriyana Adi saMskRtiyoM kI utpatti aura vikAsa dajalA-pharAta kI ghATI meM huA, mizra kI prAcya saMskRti nIla nadI kI manorama ghATI se hI udita aura vikasita huI / isI prakAra bhArata meM sindhu nadI kI ghATI prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA eka vizAla bhaNDAra jaisI siddha huii| san 1922 meM mohenajodaDo aura haDappA nagaroM kI khudAI huI / usameM sundara bhavana, AbhUSaNa, anAja, mApa taula ke vibhinna sAdhana, mUrtiyAM Adi upalabdha huI hai| sabhyatA kI vikasita avasthA se patA calatA hai ki yahAM tatkAlIna suniyojita nAgarika sabhyatA kA kendra rahA hogA / isa sabhyatA kA prasAra mohenjodaDo aura har3appAke atirikta canhadaDo, jhUkaradaDo, ambAlA, karAMcI, kelA (balUcistAna) Adi sthAnoM taka rahA hai / DaoN. gArDana cAilTa tathA hAla to isI sindhu sabhyatA ko sumeriyana sabhyatA kI janmadAtrI mAnate hai / vidvAnoM ne isakI prAcInatA lagabhaga 4000 I. pU. se lekara 2500 I. pU. taka nirdhArita kI hai| sindhu sabhyatA ke mUla nivAsI aura AviSkAraka kauna the, yaha vivAda. grasta prazna hai / para yaha nizcita hai ki yaha sabhyatA prAgvaidika kAlIna hai aura vaidika saMskRti se bhinna hai / vaidika dharma meM mUrtipUjA kA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| vahAM to gAya kI pUjA hotI thii| agnikuNDa eka anivArya tatva thaa| isake viparIta sindhu sabhyatA meM mUrtipUjA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / vahAM ke loga RSabha (baila) kI pUjA karate the / yajJa, agnikuNDa athavA ziznapUjA ke virodhI the / isa prakAra tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha sindhu sabhyatA vaidika virodhI sabhyatA thii| isameM koI Azcarya nahIM, yadi yaha

Page #33
sabhyatA tatkAlIna vidyAdhara kiMvA draviDa jAti se sambaddha rahI ho / yaha jAti RSabhadeva (jaina dharma ke Adi tIrthaGkara) ko pUjya mAnatI thI aura unheM yogI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI thI / lohAnIpura evaM haDappA se prApta vizAla kAya kI eka digambara mUrti mAtra dhar3a, kAyotsarga avasthA meM khar3I hai / " usakI AkRti aura bhAva RSabhadeva kI AkRti aura bhAva se zat-pratizat milate haiM / rAmacandran aura kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla jaise prasiddha purAtatvavettA usa mUrti ko kisI jaina tIrthaGkara kI mUrti ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / " isI prakAra kI kucha yogI mUrtiyoM kA aura bhI citraNa vahAM kI mudrAoM meM huA hai jinapara RSabha kA citra banA hai / isase patA calatA hai ki sindhu sabhyatA kAla meM AdinAtha RSabhadeva aura unakA cinha RSabha lokapriya rahA hogA / mudrAoM meM aMkita lipi abhI taka ekamata se avAcya rahI hai phira bhI pro. prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra ne vahAM kI eka mudrA meM "jina ii saraha" (jinezvara ) par3hA hai / Rgveda ( 7.21.5 ) meM indra se prArthanA kI gaI hai ki ziznadeva hamAre yajJa meM bAdhaka na bane / yeM ziznadeva avaidika honA cAhie, yaha spaSTa haiM / unakA sambandha ziznayukta mAnanevAle avaidika zramaNa jainoM se rahA pratIta hotA hai / ata: yaha adhika saMbhava hai kI sindhu sabhyatA vaidika sabhyatA kI virodhI draviDa sabhyatA thI / DaoN. herAsa aura pro. zrIkaNTha zAstrI jaise sarvamAnya vidvAnoM ne isa sabhyatA ko drAviDI arthAt jaina sabhyatA hI svIkAra kiyA hai / yoga sAdhanA kA sIdhA sambandha adhyAtma se hai / Rgveda meM yadyapi 'yoga' zabda kA prayoga aneka bAra huA hai para vahAM usakA artha prAyaH jor3anA athavA milAnA hai / AdhyAtmika sAdhanA se usakA koI sambandha nahIM / yaha ThIka bhI hai kyoMki vaidika saMskRti AdhyAtmika saMskRti na hokara Adhi daivika athavA Adhibhautika vicAra pradhAna saMskRti hai / isalie vaidika paramparA meM yoga sAdhanA kA koI vizeSa sambandha nahIM / usakA sambandha to prArambha se hI zramaNa paramparA se rahA hai jisameM AtmasaMyama aura tapa ke dvArA nirvANa prApti ko sAdhya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isalie hamArA yaha vicAra aura bhI sudRr3ha ho jAtA hai ki sindhusabhyatA meM prApta yogIzvara mUrtiyAM jaina mUrtiyAM hI haiM / yahAM yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke prArambhika bhAga meM mUrtipUjA 1. The Vedic Age, General editor-R. C. Majumdar.Plate VI- Statuary Red Stone Statue, Harappa. 2. ahiMsAvANI meM uddhRta, aprela - maI, 1957. pU. 54-56. 3. bhAratIya itihAsa: eka dRSTi, pU0 28

Page #34
pracalita nahIM thI, mAtra devI-devatAoM ke bhAvAtmaka rUpa kA citraNa hI vahAM milatA thA / uttara kAla meM jaina saMskRti kI ahiMsA aura Atma sAdhanA se vaidika saMskRti prabhAvita huI phalataH vahAM bhI mUrtipUjA prArambha ho gii| DaoN. vasiSTha nArAyaNa sinhA kA yaha niSkarSa bhrAntipUrNa hai ki jainadharma kA sambandha sindhu-sabhyatA se to hai parantu samakAlInatA kA nahIM balki bAda kA hai / kyoMki isake pUrva ve svayaM kANe ko uddhRta kara yaha svIkAra kara cuke haiM ki mUrtipUjA sindhu-sabhyatA kI dena hai jise sambhavataH sarvaprathama jainadharma ne apanAyA phira vaidika dharma meM bhI isakA pracAra huaa| vaivika sAhitya aura jainadharma : vaidika sabhyatA kI jAnakArI vedoM para vizeSa rUpa se avalambita hai| sAdhAraNataH veda, vizeSataH Rgveda, ko lagabhaga 2000 I. pU. kA mAnate haiN| usase patA calatA hai ki vaidika AryoM kA saMgharSa kisI yajJa virodhI-saMskRti ke samudAya se huA jise vahAM dAsa aura dasyu kI sajJA se abhihita kiyA gayA / bAda meM unake bIca saujanya sthApita huaa| yaha saMgharSa aura saujanya RSabhadeva ko mAnanevAlI jaina saMskRti ke sAtha huA hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Rgveda meM RSabha kI stuti kI gaI hai / bAtararAnA bhamaNa : Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muniyoM aura zramaNoM kI sAdhanA kA citraNa milatA hai jisakA sambandha vizeSataH jainamuni paramparA se rahA hai munayo vAtarazanAH pizaGgAH vasate malA / vAtasyAnu ghrAji yanti yaddavAso avikSata / / 2 / / unmaditA mone yaMna vAtAM mAtasthimA vayam / zarIrAdesmAkaM yUyaM martAso abhi passatha // 3 // arthAt atIndriyArthI vAtarazanA muni mala dhAraNa karate hai jisase ve piMgala varNavAle dikhAI dete haiN| jaba ve vAyu kI gati ko prANopAsamA dvArA dhAraNa kara lete haiM, arthAt roka dete haiM, taba ve apane tapa kI mahimA se vIptimAn 1. Kane, P. V; History of Dharmashastra, Vol. II, Pt. II. P. 712. 2. jainadharma kI prAcInatA, zramaNa, maI 1969, pR. 32 3. Rgveda, 10, 136, 2-3 : taittirIya AraNyaka, 1.23.2.1, 24.4. 2. 7.1 paivika koSa, pa.73,

Page #35
hokara devatA svarUpa ko prApta ho jAte haiM / sArvalaukika vyavahAra ko chor3akara ve mauneya kI anubhUti meM kahate haiM-"munibhAva se pramudita hokara hama vAyubhAva meM sthita ho gye| maryoM ! tuma hamArA bAhya zarIra mAtra dekhate ho| hamAre mAbhyantara zarIra ko nahIM dekha paate|" yaha varNana nizcita hI kisI baiviketara tapasvI kA hai aura vaha tapasvI RSabhadeva hoMge / taittarIyAraNyaka meM inhIM vAtarazanA muniyoM ko "zramaNa" aura "urdhvamanthI" bhI kahA gayA hai| "vAtazaranA ha vA RSabhaH zramaNA urdhvamanthino babhUtuH / / zrImadbhAgavata (5.3.20), vRhadAraNyaka (4.3.22), rAmAyaNa (bAlakANDa 14-22) Adi vaidika granthoM meM bhI bAtarazanA muniyoMkA sambandha zramaNa sampradAya se sthApita kiyA gayA hai| jinasena ne 'vAtarasan' zabda kA arSa nirvastra nirgrantha kiyA hai| kezI RSabha : eka anyatra sthAnapara Rgveda meM hI kezI kI bhI stuti kI gaI hai kezyAgni kezIviSaM kezI viti rodshii| kezI vizvaM svadUMze kezIdaM jyoti rucyate // ' arthAt kezI, agni, jala tathA svarga aura pRthvI ko dhAraNa karatA hai| kezI samasta vizva ke tatvoM kA darzana karAtA hai| kezI hI prakAzamAna jyoti (kaivalyajJAnI) kahalAtA hai| yahAM kezI kA artha RSabhadeva hai| jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM RSabhadeva kI pratimA meM kezoM ke bane rahane kI ghaTanA ko cAmatkArika DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jo bhI ho, para yaha to nizcita hai ki kezI aura RSabha paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| kahIM-kahIM kezI ko vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bhI prayukta kiyA gayA hai kakardave RSabho yukta AsId vAvacItsArathirasya keshii| dudheryuktasya dravataH sahAnasaRcchantiSmA niSpado mudaglAnIm // 1. taittirIyAraNyaka, 2.7.1. 2. digvAsA vAtarasano nirgranyezo nirambaraH, AdipurANa. 3. Rgveda, 10.136.1. 4. vamaskAra, 2. sU.-30 5. Rgveda, 10.9.102.60

Page #36
vaidika sAhitya meM vrAtya saMskRti evaM usake tapasviyoM ke ullekha Aye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha zramaNa saMskRti se honA caahie| atharvaveda meM to samUcA eka prAtyakANDa hI hai| prAtya ko AcArya sAyaNa ne vidvattama, mahAdhikAra, puNyazIla, vizva-sanmAnya aura brAhmaNa-viziSTa kahA hai| Age unhoMne upanayanAdi se hIna vyakti ko vrAtya kI saMjJA dI hai| sAdhAraNataH ye vrAtya yajJAdi ke adhikArI nahIM haiM parantu unameM jo vidvAna aura tapasvI haiM unheM paramAtmA tulya avazya kahA gayA hai / __ manusmRti meM bhI vrAtya ko asaMskRta evaM upanayanAdi vratoM se paribhraSTa batAyA gayA hai / ' atharvaveda meM kahA hai ki usane apane paryasna kAla meM prajApati ko preraNA dii| aura phalataH prajApati ne svayaM meM svarNa AtmA ko dekhaa| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI ukta artha hI pratipAdita kara AcAra aura saMskAroM se hIna vyakti athavA samudAya ko "vAtya" nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| paM. ToDaramalane manusmRti se jainadharma viSayaka uddharaNa diye haiM jo Aja ke saMskaraNoM meM upalabdha nahIM hote| taittirIya saMhitA aura tANDaya brAhmaNa jaise vaidika granthoM meM inhIM vrAtyoM ko sambhavataH "yati" nAma se ullekhita kiyA hai| vahAM indra dvArA ina yatiyoM ko zRgAloM evaM kuttoM (zAlASTakoM) se nucavAye jAnekA bhI ullekha hai|' aitareya brAhmaNa meM indra ke isa kukRtya kI ghanaghora garhaNA kI gii| manusmRti (dazama adhyAya) meM licchavI, nAtha, malla Adi kSatriya jAtiyoM ko vAtyoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai / ukta sabhI uddharaNoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki vaidika kAla meM muni, yati aura vAtya samAna rUpa se vaidika kriyAkANDa ke virodha meM khar3I honevAlI saMskRti ke pAlanevAle the| yaha veda virodhI saMskRti nizcita hI zramaNa saMskRti ke atirikta anya dUsarI saMskRti nahIM ho sktii| 1. atharvaveda, sAyaNabhASya, 15.1.1.1. 2. vahI, sAyaNabhASya, 15.1.1.1. 3. manusmRti 2.39. 4. vahI, 10.20. 5. prAtya AsIdIyamAna evasa prajApati samairayata atharvaveda, 15.1.1.1. 6. vahI, 15.1.1.3 7. abhiSAnacintAmaNi koza, 3.518. 8. taittirIya saM, 2.4.9.2; tANDya brAhmaNa, 14.2-28.18.1.9. 9. aitareya brAhmaNa, 7.28.

Page #37
vAtya zabda kA artha hai vyakti athavA samudAya jo vratoM kA pAlana karanevAlA hai| jaina saMskRti meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha vratoM ko pAlanevAle vratI kahalAte haiN| ye vratI do prakAra ke haiM-aNuvratI evaM mahAvatI / dezavirata kA pAlana karanevAle zrAvakoM ko " aNuvatI" evaM saMpUrNa rUpa se pAlana karanevAle muniyoM ko "mahAvratI" kahate haiN| upara vAtyoM ke jo lakSaNa diyaM gaye haiM ve inhIM vratiyoM se sambaddha haiN| mahan maura jana saMskRti : vAtarasanA, muni Adi ke samAna Rgveda meM janoM ke lie arhan zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| zramaNa saMskRti meM isa zabda ko bahuta adhika maha.va diyA gayA hai / Rgveda meM zramaNa netA ke lie " arhana" zabda kA prayoga huA haiaura usakA artha pUjya aura yogya kiyA hai| arhana vibhaSi sAyakAni dhanvAhaniSkaM yajataM vizvarUpam / ___ arhannidaM dayase vizvamambaM na vA ojIyo rudra tvadasti / ' prAcIna sAhitya meM asura aura arhat ke bIca sthApita sambandhoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| vahAM asura, nAga aura dravir3a jAtiyoM ko sabhya jAtiyoM kI zreNI meM parigaNita kiyA hai aura sAtha hI yaha bhI likhA hai ki ve jainadharma (arhat) ke anuyAyI bana gaye the| viSNupurANa meM asuroM ko mUlataH vaidika dharmAnuyAyI batAyA hai para bAda meM yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki ve usase asantuSTa hokara Arhat dharma meM dIkSita ho gaye / dIkSA denevAle kA nAma vahA~ "mAyAmoha" diyA gayA hai| isa 'mAyAmoha' zabda ko yadi hama rUpaka bhI mAneM taba bhI uddharaNa ke sandarbha meM koI antara nahIM AtA / / vaidika sAhitya meM vaNita deva-dAnava yuddha vaidika AryoM aura mArya-pUrva jAtiyoM ke bIca hue yuddha kA pratIka hai|' asuroM ko Arya-pUrva jAti ke netA indra ne parAjita kiyA phira bhI ve aDiga rhe| unhoMne AtmavidyA ko punarjAgarita karane ke lie kaThora tapa kiyA aura phalasvarUpa unheM apanI parAjaya kA duHkha bhI nahIM huaa| 1. Rgveda. 2.4.33.10. 2. viSNupurANa, 3.17.18; matsyapurANa 24.43.49. 3. viSNupurANa, 3.18.27.29. 4. uttarAdhyayanaH eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, bhUmikA pR. 18 5. mahAmArata, zAntiparva, 227.13-15.

Page #38
ina sabhI ubaraNoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna sAhitya kA mahat zabda nizcita hI jaina saMskRti se sambaddha rahA hogaa| 'Rgveda' meM barhata ke anuyAyI 'Ahata' kahalAte the aura veda aura brahma ke upAsaka 'bArhata' kahalAte the| Arhat mukti prApti ko sAdhya mAnate the / isalie unheM " sarvocca" kahA gayA hai| jaina dharma Aheta dharma hai / usake mUlamantra "NamokAra mantra" meM bhI kisI vyakti vizeSa ko namaskAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina dharma ke anusAra koI bhI vyakti adhyAtma kI sarvocca avasthA ko prApta kara sakatA hai aura tIrthakara bana sakatA hai / isalie tIrthaGkara kA avatAra nahIM hotA / vaha to saMsAra kA uttAra karatA hai| topakara aura bauDa sAhitya : tIrthakara kA tAtparya hai saMsAra-sAgara se pAra karane vAle dharma kA pravartana karane vAlA mahA mAnava / isa zabda kA prayoga prAcIna kAla meM tInoM saMskRtiyoM meM huA hai / parantu jana saMskRti meM use sarvAdhika mahatva milA hai / bauddha sAhitya meM bhI isakA prayoga milatA hai / 'sAmaJcaphalasutta' meM tatkAlIna chaha tIrthakuroM ke vicAroM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jinameM eka nigaNTha nAtaputta athavA mahAvIra bhI hai| jainadharma meM tIrtharoM kI saMkhyA caubIsa batAyI gaI hai jinameM prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva haiN| pIche hamane vaidika sAhitya meM ullikhita vAtarasanA muni, kezI aura RSabhadeva ke sandarbha meM vicAra kiyA thaa| 'Rgveda' (4.58.3, 10.166.1) meM RSabhadeva kA spaSTata: ullekha milatA hai / vAtarasanA kA sambandha muni kI digambarAvasthA se hai| 'bhAgavata purANa' meM varNita RSabhadeva ke caritra se yaha aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai / vahAM kahA gayA hai ki prakIrNa kezI aura zarIra mAtra parigrahI RSabhadeva brahmAvarta se pravajita hue / ve jaTila, kapiza kezoM sahita malina veza ko dhAraNa kiye the aura avadhUta veSa meM maunavratI bane the / ' 'bhAgavata purANa' meM RSabhadeva kI kaThora tapasyA, aparigrahavRtti, digambara vratacaryA bora vaMza paricaya kA vistAra se ullekha vAyA hai| vahAM unako viSNu kA aMzAvatAra mAnA gayA hai / 'viSNu purANa', 'zikSurANa,' agni purANa', 1. agveda, 10-85-4. 2. pavana purANa, 13-350. 3. bhAgavata purANa, 5.928-31.

Page #39
'kUrma purANa', 'mArkanDeya purANa tathA 'vAyu purANa' meM bhI unake mahanIya vyaktitva ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai| aneka sandarbha meM ziva aura RSabha meM sAmya bhI dekhA jAtA hai / bauddha sAhitya meM bhI RSabhadeva kA ullekha milatA hai / dhammapada meM unheM "pabaravIra" kahA gayA hai / (usabhaM pavaraM vIraM, 422 ) / 'maJjuzrI mUlakalpa' unako nirgrantha tIrthaGkara aura Aptadeva ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai / ' 'dharmottara pradIpa (pu.286) meM bhI unakA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra RSabhadeva kA prAcIna itihAsa jaina, vaidika aura bauddha, tInoM sAhityoM meM milatA hai / kahIM kahIM to unakI aura ziva kI eka rUpatA ke bhI darzana hote haiM / ise hama uttara kAla kI samanvayAvasthA kA pratIka mAnate haiM / anya tIrthakara : yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jainoM ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA anukaraNa kara vaidika paramparA ne caubIsa avatAroM kI kalpanA kI aura bauddha paramparA ne caubIsa buddha banA lie / avatAroM aura buddhoM kI saMkhyA meM yathAsamaya vRddhi bhI hotI rahI para jainoM ke tIrthaMkara caubIsa se paccIsa nahIM hue aura na caubIsa se tevIsa / isase jaina paramparA kI vAstavikatA aura maulikatA kA mAmAsa 1 hotA hai / bauddha paramparA meM RSabhadeva ke sAtha hI anya tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI ullekha huA hai / usane una tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM kA upayoga apane buddhoM, pratyeka buddhoM, aura bodhisatvoM ke nAmoM kI avadhAraNA meM kiyA hai / udAharaNataH dvitIya tIrthaMkara 'ajita' kA nAma eka pacceka buddha ko diyA gayA hai jo ikyAna veM kalpoM pUrva hue the / vaipulya parvata kA nAma supArzva ke AdhAra para rakhA gayA hai / rAjagRha nivAsI kassapa buddha ke samaya 'suppiya' (supArzva ke anuyAyI, kahe jAte the / supArzva jaina paramparA ke saptama tIrthaMkara haiM / SaSTha tIrthakara 'padma' kA nAma AThaveM buddha ke lie diyA gayA hai|' yahI nAma eka pratyeka buddha kA bhI hai jise anupama thera ne akulipuSpa samarpita kiye 1. 45 - 27, gaNapatizAstrI dvArA sampAdita, trivendrama, 19-20 . 2. berIgAyA, apadAna 1, pu. 68. 3. saMyuttanikAya, bhAga-2, pR. 192. 3. kAtaka, bhAga 1, pu. 36.

Page #40
the| mATha kalpa pUrva 'padumaM nAma' eka cakravartI ko bhI diyA gayA thaa| vahI cakravartI bAda meM piNDola bhAradvAja huA / ' ____ aSTama tIrthakara 'canda' kA nAma zikhi buddha ke eka upAsaka ko diyA gayA thA / 'jAtaka' meM vArANasI kA nAma 'puphphavatI' milatA hai / sambhavataH yaha nAma navam tIrthakara puSpadanta para AdhArita ho / terahaveM tIrthakara 'vimala' ke nAma se eka pratyeka buddha kA nAma joDA gayA hai|' ekasaTha kalpoM pUrva 'vimala' nAma kA eka rAjA bhI thA jo sambhavataH vimalanAtha hI ho| isI prakAra kAmAvacAra loka meM janma lenevAle devayukta bodhisatva kA nAma pandrahaveM tIryakara 'dharma' (dhamma) ke nAma para AdhArita hai| 'milinda praJho' meM isI nAma kA yakSa bhI milatA hai jisakA sambandha sambhavataH kisI vidyAdhara se rahA hogA / ariSTanemiH ariSTanemi jaina paramparA ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara haiN| vaidika evaM bauddha sAhitya meM bhI unakA punIta smaraNa huA hai / 'aMguttaranikAya' meM 'aranemi' ke lie chaha tIrthakaroM me eka nAma diyA gayA hai| 'majjhimanikAya' meM unheM RSigiri para rahanevAle caubIsa pratyeka buddha meM anyatama mAnA gayA hai| 'dIghanikAya' meM "dRDhanemi" nAmaka cakravartI kA ullekha AyA hai / " isI nAma kA eka yakSa bhI thA / Rgveda (7.32.20) meM nemi kA aura yajurveda (25.28)meM ariSTanemi kA ullekha AtA hai|'mhaabhaart' meM ariSTanemi ke lie 1. peragAthA, apadAna, bhAga-1, pR. 335; majjhimanikAya, bhAga-3, pR. 70; petavatya, pR. 75. 2. apadAna, bhAga-1, pR. 50. 3. bukhavaMsa, 21. 122. 4. majiAmanikAya, bhAga, 3. pR. 70; apadAna bhAga 1 pR. 107. 5. apadAna, bhAga, 1, pR.205, theragAthA, apadAna, bhAga 1, pR. 115. 6.dhammajAtaka. 7.pU. 212. 8. aMguttaranikAya, pammikasutta, mAga, 3, pR. 373. 9. isigilisutta. 10. Dialogues of the Buddha-bhAga 3, 5, 60 7-60) 11. vIpanikAya, bhAga 3, pR. 201.

Page #41
neni jinezvara aura 'tAya' zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai / tAya ne sagara ko upadeza diyA ki mokSa kA sukha hI sarvottama sukha hai| hama jAnate hai ki vaidika vizeSataH Rgveda darzana meM mokSa ko sAdhya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, parantu tAme ariSTanemi ke upadeza meM mokSa sAdhya hai ata: isa upadeza kA sambandha jaina dharma ke bAIsaveM tIrthakara ariSTanemi se hI honA cAhie / unakA vyaktitva itanA prabhAvaka thA ki 'laMkAvatAra' meM buddha ko bhI ariSTanemi kahakara ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| isakA mUla kAraNa unakI ahiMsAtmaka sAdhanA hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se ve yaduvaMzI kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| ina uddharaNoM se ariSTanemi kA vyaktitva aitihAsika mAnA jAne lagA hai| pArzvanAtha : pArzvanAtha jaina paramparA ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara haiN| abhI taka unake vyaktitva ko aitihAsika svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| parantu harmana jaikobI ne boTa sAhitya ke AdhArapara jaina paramparA kI prAcInatA sthApita kI aura yaha sira kiyA ki pArzvanAtha mahAvIra ke lagabhaga 250 varSa pUrva hue|' * pArzvanAtha kA janma I. pU. lagabhaga 9-10 vIM zatAbdI meM vArANasI ke IkvAku vaMzaja rAjA azvasena aura rAnI vAmA ke ghara humA / isa samaya neminAtha kA prabhAva jana samAja meM banA thaa| pArzvanAtha ke mAtA-pitA unake anuyAyI the / zramaNa paramparA kI susaMskRta pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM unheM parivAra kA vAtAvaraNa milaa| lagabhaga 30 varSa taka unhoMne adhyAtma cintana pUrvaka apanA samaya ghara meM hI bitaayaa| bAda meM vairAgya lekara tapasvI ho gaye aura lagabhaga 100 varSa kI avasthA meM ve sammeda zikhara parvata se nirvANa ko prApta hue| pAzrvanAtha zramaNa paramparA kA udghaTa prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva thA / boTa sAhitya meM ullikhita zramaNa sidhdAntoM se usakA nikaTa sambandha thaa| mahAtmA buddha kA cAcA vappa zAkya pArzvanAtha paramparA kA anuyAyI thaa|' 'dharmottara 1. mahAbhArata se neminAtha sambandhI nimnalikhita ullekha upata kiye gaye hai| azokastAraNastAraH zUraH zArijinezvara : // 149-50. kAlanemi mahAvIra : zUra : zArijinezvara : 149-82. zAntiparva, 288.4, 288.5-6. 2. harivaMzapurANa (vaidika) 1.33.1. 3. The Sacred books of the East, Vol. XLV, introduction, P. 21. 4. baMguttaranikAya, catuktanipAta, bagga 5. baTukavA.

Page #42
8 pradIpa' (pR. 286) meM bhI pArzvanAtha aura ariSTanemi ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / adhika sambhava hai ki mahAtmA buddha svayaM bodhiprApti kAla meM pArzvanAtha paramparA meM kucha samaya ke lie dIkSita rahe hoN| yaha unakI sAdhanA se spaSTa hai / " pArzvanAtha kA 'cAturyAma dharma' itihAsa meM sarvamAnya hai / sarvaprathama bauddha sAhitya meM usakA ullekha huA hai / sAmaJJaphalasutta meM kahA hai ki ajAtazatru zrAmaNya phala ke prazna ko lekara tatkAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM ke pAsa gayA / isI prasaMga meM nigaSTha nAtaputta mahAvIra ko "cAturyAmasaMvara saMvutto" batAyA hai / ye cAturyAma isa prakAra haiM 1) jala kA vyavahAra na karanA tAki jIvoM kA ghAta na ho / 2) sabhI pApoM ko dUra karanA / 3) pApoM ko chor3ane se ghuta pApa hotA hai, aura 4) pApoM ke ghula jAne se lAbha hotA hai / pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma paramparA kA yaha ullekha bhrAntikArI hai / vastutaH yaha paramparA nigaNThanAtaputta se sambaddha na hokara unake pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha se thI / pArzvanAtha ne jina cAturyAma dharmoM kA upadeza diyA thA ve isa prakAra haiM 1) sarva prANAtipAta viramaNa, 2) sarva mRSAvAda viramaNa, 3) sarva adattAdAna viramaNa, 4) sarva bahisthAdAna viramaNa / yaha cAturyAma paramparA uttarAdhyayanAdi Agama granthoM meM varNita hai / niggaNTha nAtaputta se usakA sambandha jor3ane kA tAtparya yaha ho sakatA hai ki tripiTaka ke saMgrAhaka isa tathya se aparicita hoMge ki cAturyAma ke upadezaka to pArzvanAtha the, mahAvIra nahIM / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki mahAvIra apanI tapasyA ke pUrvakAla meM cAturyAma paramparA ke anuyAyI rahe hoM, aura bAda meM samAjagata AcAra zaithilya ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karane para unhoMne use 'paJcayAma' ke rUpa meM pariNita kara diyA ho / dUsarI bAta, niggaNThanAtaputa ke nAma para jina cAturyAma vratoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI sahI nahIM hai / bauddha sAhitya ke hI anyatama grantha 'aMguttaranikAya' (bhAga 3, pR. 276 5. majjhimanikAya (romana) bhAga-1, pR. 238. bhAga-2, pR. 77,

Page #43
19 277 ) ke ullekha se yaha cAturyAma maMbara bahuta kucha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / 'ThANAGga' (sUtra 266 ) Adi jainAgamoM se bhI isakA samarthana hotA hai / pAli sAhitya meM ullikhita vappa, upAli, abhaya, agnivesAyana saccaka, dIghatapassI; asibandhakaputta gAmaNi, devanika, upatikkha, sIhasenApati Adi jaina upAsaka pArzvanAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI rahe haiM / ina pramANoM se yaha nizcita ho gayA ki pArzvanAtha kA vyaktitva eMvihAsika hai / unake sidhdAntoM se pippalAda, bhAradvAja jaise aneka vaidika RSi prabhAvita rahe pratIta hote haiM / bhagavAna buddha ne to unakI paramparA meM bodhilAbha ke pUrva dIkSA bhI lI thI / yaha bAta unakI svayaM kI sAdhanA ke varNana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai / AcArya devasena ne to 'darzanasAra' meM pArzva paramparA meM dIkSita buddha kA pUrva nAma bhI ullikhita kiyA hai / usake anusAra buddha pithitAzrava nAmaka sAdhu ke ziSya buddhakIti ke nAma se vikhyAta the / parantu matsyAhAra prArambha kara dene se ve pathabhraSTa ho gaye aura unhoMne apanA svatantra sampradAya sthApita kara liyA / pArzvanAtha kI paramparA aura usake AcAryoM ke viSaya meM sAhitya prAyaH mauna hai| kucha upAsakoM ke ullekha avazya milate haiM jinakA ullekha hama upara kara cuke haiM / "upadeza gaccha caritAvalI" meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI AcArya paramparA meM kevala cAra AcAryoM kA nAmollekha huA hai- zubhavata, samudrahari, haridatta aura kezI / parantu anyatra unakA sakSama aura aitihAsika ullekha nahIM milatA / ata: aitihAsika vyaktitva ke rUpa meM hama unheM svIkAra nahIM kara sakate / pArzvanAtha kI karuNAdratA, ahiMsApriyatA, cintanazIlatA evaM vAtsalya kA prabhAva tatkAlIna AcAryoM para nizcita rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai / pippalAda, bhAradvAja, naciketA jaise vaidika RSiyoM aura kezakambali, saJjayale laTThiputa tathA buddha jaise tIrthakaroM ke jIvana aura darzana para pArzvanAtha kI cintana paramparA kA prabhAva spaSTa rUpase jhalakatA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ko to nizcita hI unakA AcAra-vicAra aura darzana virAsata meM milA hai / mahAbIra : tIrthaMkara mahAvIra chaThI zatAbdI I. pU. kA eka aisA krAntidarthI vyaktitva thA jisane paramparA meM palI-pusI samAja kI hara samasyA ko samIpa se belA thA aura usakI mUlabhUta AvazyakatAoM ko bhalIbhAMti samajhA thA / dakivAnUsI vicAroM se trasta, UMca-nIca kI bhAvanAoM se grasta aura Arthika, sAmA

Page #44
jika tathA rAjanItika AcAra saMhitAoM se bhraSTa vAtAvaraNa ke dUSita kalpanAjAla ko usane apanI sUkSmadRSTi aura gahana anubhUti ke mAdhyama se nirmUla 'karane ko yathAzakya prayatna kiyA / vizva ke anya konoM ke samAna hamArI bhArata vasundharA bhI mahAtmA buddha, makkhali gosAla, saMjaya velaTThiyuta Adi zramaNa dArzanikoM tathA asita devala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara, nami, videhI rAmagupta, bAhuka, nArAyaNa Adi vaidika dArzanikoM ko apanI sukhada aMka meM saMjoye huI thI / mahAvIra ne ina sabhI cintakoM kI bhUmikA para khar3e hokara samAja aura dharma kI jarjarita rugNa nAr3I kI halana calana kA lekhA-jokhA kiyA aura bhiSagAcArya ke sArthaka saMyojana ne unheM yugacetA mahAvIra banA diyA / mahAvIra kA janma I. pU. 599, caitra zuklA trayodazI ke dina rAtri ke antima prahara meM huA / unake pitA siddhArtha nAthavaMza ke the aura kuNDapura arrar vaizAlI ke pradhAna the tathA mAtA trizalA licchavivaMzIya rAjA ceTaka kI putrI thiiN| mAtA pitA ke rAjavaMzoM kA pariveza mahAvIra ke vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie paryApta thA / lagabhaga tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM mahAvIra ne mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyA / kaThora tapazcaryA karate hue unhoMne AtmasadhanA kI / lagabhaga bayAlIsa varSa kI avasthA meM unheM kevalajJAna prApta ho gayA aura AgaM bahattara varSa kI avasthA taka ve apanA dharma pracAra karate hue dezATana karate rahe / unakA nirvANa 527 I. pU. meM pAvA (gorakhapura) me kArtika zuklA rAtri antima prahara meM huA / mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla aura ke viSaya meM matabheda hai para aba sAdhAraNata: vidvAna upayukta tathya ko svIkAra karane lage haiM, ' tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke hI upalakSya meM dIpAvalI manAI jAtI hai / amAvasyA kI nirvANa sthalI pArzvanAtha ke 'cAturyAmadharma' ke caturthavrata meM maithuna aura parigraha donoM kA antarbhAvathA / kAlAntara meM zithilAcAra bar3hatA gayA aura maithuna kI ora pravRtti bar3hane lagI / isa zithilAcAra ko dekhakara mahAvIra kA hRdaya ro uThA aura unhoMne caturthavrata ko brahmacarya aura aparigraha ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake use 'paMcamahAvrata nAma de diyA / mahAvIra kA yaha cintana janasamAja ko cikara aura hitakara siddha huA / phalata: jaina dharma kI ora usakA AkarSaNa 'aura bar3hane lagA / 1. vistAra ke lie dekhiye lekhaka kI pustaka, Jainism in Buddhist Literature, jAloka prakAzana, nAgapura, 1973, prathama adhyAya /

Page #45
panIra bora garIba ke bIca kI khAI ko pUrA karane ke lie hamAvAyaka hai koI bhI vyakti AvazyakatA se adhika kisI bhI vastu kA saMgrahasanyAyapUrvaka sakne baura saMgrahIta vastu ko prasannatApUrvaka aise vyaktiyoM ko bAMTa rejinako usakI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| yahI saccA samAjavAda hai| isI ko bha.mahAvIra aparigrahavata kI saMjJA dI hai| isI aparigrahavAda athavA samAjavAda parasadAra kI nIMva sar3I hai| sarvodaya kI isa punIta vicAradhArA ke mUla sUtra ko samantA bhane ina zabdoM meM gUMthA hai - sarvAntavat tadguNa mukhyakalpaM sarvAntazUnyaM ca miyo'napekSyam / sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIthimidaM tavaiva // prAcIna kAla meM jAtibheda kA bhayaMkara vavaMDara saDA hamApAtra samASa bAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina cAra varSoM meM vimAna vibhAjana se U~ca-nIca ke vicAroM se prabhAvita hokara samAja kI jA deSabhAva kA viSAkta bIja para kara cukA thaa| use dUra karane ke lie bahAra ne yaha krAntikArI vicAra prastuta kiyA ki unakA zAsana uca-nIca, sabhI ke lie khulA hai, kyoMki jisa prakAra se eka stambha ke Azraya se prAsAra Tika nahIM sakatA, usI prakAra eka puruSa ke mAzraya se baina zAsana bhI sirahA sktaa| uccAvacajanaprAyaH samayo'yaM jinezinAm / na kasmin puruSa tiSThedekastambha ivAlayaH / / kaThora jAtivAda kI dUSita bhAvanA ko suvyavasthita vIra sahI rUpa dene ke lie mahAvIra ne janma ke sthAnapara karma kA AdhAra liyaa| unhoMne kahA ki upakula meM utpanna hone mAtra se vyakti ko U~cA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vaha kaMcA tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki usakA caritra yA karma U~cA ho| hamIra mahAvIra ne 'na jAivisesa koI' kahakara cAroM vargoM ko eka mAya mAtiyo rUpa meM dekhA hai kammaNA vammaNo hoi kammuNA hoi sttiyo| vaisso kammuNA hoi suddo havai kammuNA / / uttarAdhyayana, 25.33 tavA isa manuSya jAti ko mAcaraNa ke AdhAra para vibhASita kiyA hai brAhmaNaH kSatriyAdInAM caturNAmapi tattvataH / ekava mAnuSI jAti rAcAreNa vimaNyate //

Page #46
mahAvIra kA yaha cintana Adhunika cintana ke adhika nikaTa dikhAI detA hai| mahAvIra ne janabhASA 'prAkRta' meM sArA upadeza diyaa| usI prAkRta bhASA ne kAlAntara meM sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa le liyaa| bhAratIya bhASAboM ke vikAsa krama meM isa prAkRta bhASA kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / bhASAvijJAna ke lie to yaha eka amUlya dena hai / prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha sAhitya bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti ke naye mAnadaNDa upasthita karane ke lie eka samUtra bhaNDAra hai| ___eka ora jahA~ mahAvIra ne AcAra kSetra meM krAntikArI vicAra prastuta kiye vahI dUsarI ora vicAra kSetra meM bhI unhoMne abhUtapUrva yogadAna diyA / unakA kahanA thA ki eka sarvasAdhAraNa vyakti kisI bhI vastu yA vyakti ko sarvAMzataH nahI jAna sktaa| vibhinna saMgharSoM kA kAraNa ekAMzika pratIti aura 'usI pratIti ke lie kavAgrahI bane rahanA hai| isalie 'hI' kA durAgraha chor3akara 'bhI' kA kathana kiyA jAnA caahie| dUsare kI dRSTi ko samajhanA hamArA kartavya hai| yahI usake prati hamArA Adara hai| pratyeka dRSTikoNa meM kucha na kucha satyAMza rahatA hai jise upekSita karanA satya kA apamAna hogaa| vizvazAnti ke lie yaha siddhAnta eka amogha astra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / mahAvIra ne isa siddhAnta ko syAdvAda aura 'anekAntavAda' nAma diyA hai| 'syAdvAda' vacana kI dUSita praNAlI ko dUra karatA hai aura 'anekAntavAda' cintana kii| sarvadharma samanvaya ke kSetra meM yaha eka mahattvapUrNa kadama thaa| isI dRSTi ko AcArya haribhadrasUri ne kahA hai ki vyakti ko kisI artha vizeSa se AkRSTa na hokara niSpakSatApUrvaka vicAra karanA cAhie / AgrahI vata ninISati yukti, tatra yatra matirasya niviSTA / pakSapAtarahitasya tu yukti yatra tatra matireti nivezam / / AcArya hemacandra ne ise aura bhI spaSTa karate hue samanvayavAda para vicAra kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki maiM kisI tIrthakara yA vicAraka ke prati pakSapAtI nahIM hai, parantu jisakA vacana tarkasiddha pratIta hogA usI ko maiM svIkAra kruuNgaa| pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSa: kapilAdiSu / yuktimavacanaM yasya tasya kAryaH pratigrahaH // isa prakAra bha. mahAvIra ne samAja ko abhyunata karane ke lie sabhI prakAra ke prayatna kie| unhoMne jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM ahiMsA kA mahattva pradarzita karake mAnavatA ke saMrakSaNa meM adhikAdhika yogadAna diyaa| yaha unake gahana cintana aura samIkSaNa kA hI pariNAma thaa| isapara samUcA jaina sAhitya bAdhArita hai|

Page #47
mahAvIra paryanta jainadharma kI isa aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainadharma bhArata kA prAcInatama dharma rahA hai aura usane vyakti samAja, rASTra aura vizva kI ekatA aura abhyunati kI dRSTi se jI siddhAnta prasthApita kiye ve Aja bhI utane hI upayogI hai jitane usa samaya the| netara sAhitya ke katipaya lupta prAcIna jaina ullekha prAcIna jainetara sAhitya meM jainadharma sambaMdhI utaraNa kAphI milA karate the para dhIre-dhIre sampradAyAbhiniveza se unakA lopa kara diyA gyaa| paM. ToDaramala jI ne 'manusmRti' aura 'yajurveda' se nimnalikhita uvaraNoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai1. kuladivIjaM sarveSAM prathamo vimala vAhanaH / cakSuSmAn yazasvI vAbhicandro'tha prasenajita / / marudevI ca nAbhizca bharate kula sattamAH / aSTamo marudevyAM tu nAbhejAti urukramaH / / darzayan vartma vIrANAM surAsuranamaskRtaH / nItitritayakartA yo yugAdI prathamo jinaH / / manusmRti // 2. OM namo arahato Rssbhaay| OM RSabhapavitraM puruhUtamadhvaraM yajJeSu nagnaM paramaM mAhasaMstutaM varaM zatru pazurindramAhutiriti svAhA / OM trAtAramiMdra RSabhaM vadanti / amRtAramindraM have sugataM supAvamindraM have zakramajitaM tadva. ghaMmAnapuruhUtamindramAhuriti svAhA / OM nagnaM sudhIraM digvAsasaM brahmagarbha sanAtanaM uSami vIraM puruSamahantamAdityavarNa tamasaH purastAta svAhA / OM svastina indro vRddhazravA svastinaH pUSA vizvavedAH svastinastAkSyoM ariSTanemi svastino vRhaspati rdadhAtu / dIrghAyustvAyubalAyurvA zubhAjAtAyu / OM rakSa rakSa ariSTanemi svAhA / vAmadeva zAntyarthamanuvidhIyate so'smAkaM ariSTanemiH svAhA / ina uddhAraNoM meM ullikhita tIrthakaroM ke nAma aura unake prati abhivyakta samAja dRSTavya hai / para Azcarya kI bAta hai ki Aja ye uvaraNa manusmRti aura yajurveda ke saMskaraNoM se kyoM aura kaise lupta ho gaye, yaha vicAraNIya hai| mUlavaizampAyana sahasranAma meM "kAlanemirmahAvIraH zUraH zaurijinezvaraH". kahA gayA hai para Adhunika saMskaraNoM meM jinezvara ke sthAna para janezvara rasa diyA gayA hai-kAlanemirmahAvIraH zaurizUra janezvaraH" / ' 1. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 148, 82. 2. mahAbhArata (gorakhapura), 1958 pR. 6043.

Page #48
ToDaramalajI ne bhatRhari ke 'vairAgya zataka' se nimnalikhita zloka uddhRta kiyA hai eko rAgiSu rAjate priyatamA dehArddhadhArI haro, nIrAgeSu jino vimuktalalanAsaGgo na yasmAtparaH / durismaravANapannagaviSavyAsaktamugdhAM janaH, zeSaH kAmaviDavito hi viSayAn bhoktu na moktuM kSamaH / / rAgiyoM meM mahAdeva aura vItarAgiyoM meM jinadeva kI bAta kahane vAle isa ssoka ko bANa ke saMskaraNoM meM yA to rakhA hI nahIM yA kucha saMskaraNoM meM rakhA bhI gayA to vaha kucha parivartana ke sAtha rakhA gyaa| eko rAgiSu rAjate priyatamAdehArdhahArI haro, nIrAgeSvapi yo vimuktalalanAsaMgo na yasmAtparaH / durvArasmaravANapannagaviSajvAlAvalIDho janaH zeSaH kAmaviDaMbito hi viSayAn bhoktuM ca mokhaM kSamaH // ' isI prakAra mUla 'amarakoSa' meM buddha ke bAda jinake bhI nAma viSaM gaye hai, vartamAna saMskaraNoM meM vaha bhAga lupta ho gyaa| paM. milApacanda kaTAriyAjI meM usa lupta bhAga ko isa prakAra khoja nikAlA sarvajJo vItarAgorhana kevalI tIrthakRjjinaH / syAdvAdavAdI nihnIkaH nimranyAdhipa ityapi / / / isa prakAra ke aneka janetara uddharaNa prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM milate haiM jinase jainadharma kI prAcInatA aura lokapriyatA kA patA calatA hai para dhIredhIre baidika vidAnoM ne apanI saMkIrNatAvaza unako alaga kara diyA athavA tor3a-mor3akara upasthita kiyA / ToDaramalajI ne 'bhamAnI sahastranAma', 'gaNeza purANa', 'prabhAsa purANa', 'nagara purANa' Adi granyoM se bhI aneka uvaraNa diye ra prAyaH saba milate nahIM / zaikSaNika evaM sAMskRtika kSetra meM yaha vyAmoha ucitaM nahIM kahA jA sktaa| samUce jaina sAhitya se isa prakAra ke jabaraNa ekatrita kara unakI mImAMsA kI jAnI apekSita hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI dRSTamma hai ki Rgveda bAdi meM upalabdha tathAkathita uddharaNa kahA~ taka jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatA ko siddha karate haiN| 1.bagAramataka, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1818, caturva saMskaraNa (saM.kaNa bAstrI) 2. bajaina sAhitya me jaina ullekha bAra sAmpradAyika kI saMkIrNatA se unakA kopa mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, 1900, 1.57-65.

Page #49
dvitIya parivarta jaina saMgha aura sampradAya matabheda kI bhUmikA AcArya kAlagaNanA AcArya bhadrabAhu saMghameva nihnava aura digambara sampradAya kI utpatti zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti digambara saMgha aura sampradAya nandisaMgha senasaMgha mUlasaMdha drAviDa saMgha kASThAsaMgha yApanIya saMgha bhaTTAraka sampradAya terahapantha aura vIsapantha tAraNapantha zvetAmbara saMgha aura sampradAya caityavAsI vividhagaccha tapAgaccha aura anyagaccha sthAnakavAsI sampradAya terApantha sampradAya

Page #50

Page #51
dvitIya parivarta jaina saMgha aura sampradAya matabheda kI bhUmikA : pratyeka dharma meM yathAsamaya saMgha aura sampradAya bar3e hote rahe haiN| ina sampradAyoM ke nirmANa ke pIche saiddhAntika matabheda aura AcAryoM kA bahuzrutatva tathA sAmAjika AvazyakatA jaise kAraNa rahate haiM / " saiddhAntika matabheda yadyapi dharma aura sampradAya ke vikAsa kI kahAnI hai phira bhI ve mUla siddhAnta se haTate jale jAte haiM / itihAsa isakA sAkSI haiM ki jina panthoM meM matabheda nahIM ho pAye ve prAyaH apane pravartakoM athavA prasArakoM ke sAtha hI kAlakavalita ho gaye aura jinameM vaicArika matabheda paidA hue ve uttarottara vikasita hote gaye / jainadharma bhI isa tathya se dUra nahIM rahA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke uparAnta hI unake saMgha meM matabheda pragaTa ho gaye / pAli tripiTaka meM kahA gayA hai ki eka bAra bha. buddha zAkya deza meM sAmagrAma meM bihAra kara rahe the / usI samaya nigaNThanAtaputta kA nirvANa pAvA meM ho gayA thA / unake nirvANa ke bAda hI unake anuyAyiyoM (nigaNThoM) meM matabheda paidA ho gye| ve do bhAgoM (pakSoM) meM vibhakta ho gaye the aura paraspara saMgharSa aura kalaha kara rahe the / nigaNTha eka-dUsare ko vacana - bANoM se bedhate hue vivAda kara rahe the"tuma isa dharma vinaya ko nahIM jAnate, maiM isa dharmavinaya ko jAnatA hU~, tU isa dharma vinaya ko kaise jAnegA? tUM midhyAdRSTi hai, maiM samyagdRSTi huuN| merA kathana sArthaka hai, terA kathana nirarthaka hai / pUrva kathanIya bAta tUne pIche kahI aura pazcAt kathanIya bAta Age kahI / terA vAda vinA vicAra kA ulTA hai / tUne bAda Arambha kiyA para nigRhIta ho gayA / isa vAda se bacane ke lie idhara-udhara bhaTaka | yadi isa vAda ko sameTa sakatA hai to sameTa" isa prakAra nAtaputIya nigaNThoM meM mAno yuddha hI ho rahA thA / 1 " evaM me suttaM ekaM samayaM bhagavA sakkesu viharati sAmagAme / tena so pana samayena nigaSTho nAtaputo pAvAyaM adhunA kAlaDakato hoti / tassa kAlaGkiri 1. vizeSa dekhiye- lekhaka ke grantha- Jainism in Buddhist Literature tathA bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa - prathama adhyAya (aloka prakAzana, nAgapura ) vaha jaha bastuko sammamo meM sissagaNasaMparivuDo ya / aniNicchima ya samaye taha taha siddhAntapariNIyo / sammati prakaraNa, 3-66.

Page #52
28 yAya bhinnA nigaNThA dvedhikajAtA maNDanajAtA kalahajAtA vivAdApamA banA maJcaM mukhasattI vitudantA viharanti-"na tvaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAnAsi, mahaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAnAmi / ki tvaM dhamavinayaM mAjAnissasi ? micchApaTipano tvamasi, ahamasmi sammApaTipanno / sahitaM me amahitaM te / pure vacanIyaM pacchA avaca, pacchA vacanIyaM pure avaca / adhiciNaM te viparAsattaM / Aropito te vAde niggahitosi, cara vAdappamokkhAya / nimbaThehi vA so mahotI" ti| vadho yeva to maje nigaNThesu nAtaputtiyesu vattati / " / bhAcArya kAlagaNanA : bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda digambara paramparAnusAra 32 parva kramazaH tIna kevalI aura 100 varSa meM pAMca zrutakevalI isa prakAra hue' kevalI 1. gautama gaNadhara 2. sudharmA svAmI (lohArya) 3. jambU svAmI asaphevalI - 12 varSa 1. viSNukumAra (nandi)- 14 varSa - 11 varSa 2. nandimitra - 16 varSa - 22 varSa - 39 varSa 3. aparAjita ------ 4. govardhana kula-62 varSa 5. bhadrabAhu (prathama) - 19 varSa - 29 varSa kula-100'varSa isa prakAra mahAvIra nirmANa ke 162 varSa (62 + 1.0) paryanta klI jora zrutakevalI rahe / zvetAmbara parasparAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI 9 gaNaparoM kA nirmANa ho gayA thA / mAtra indrabhUti gautama bIra bArya sudharmA zeSa raha gaye the| mahAvIra nirmANa ke uttaravartI AcApoM kI kAlagaNanA svavirAvalI meM isa prakAra bI gaI hai| 1. suttapiTaka, majimamanikAya, sAmagAmasuttanta vIpanikAya, parikavaraga, pAsAvisuta, saMgItisutta. 2. dhavalA, bhAga 1, pR.1; tiloyapati , 1482-84 cAvalA, bhAga 1, pR. 85; indrazrutApatAra, 72-78 mandicIya tAlIma siddhAnta bhAskara, , bhAga, kisla 4.

Page #53
1. suSarmA 2. jambU 3. prabhava 4. zayyaMbhava - 20 varSa 5. yazobhadra - 50 varSe - 44 varSa 6. saMbhUtivijaya - 8 varSa - 11 varSa 7. bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) - 14 varSa - 23 varSa 8. sthUlabhadra - 45 varSa kula 215 varSa yahAM yaha dRSTavya hai ki jaina paramparAnusAra hemacandra ne 'pariziSTaparvana' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 155 varSa bAda candragupta maurya kA rAjyakAla batAyA hai| yahAM yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki AcArya hemacandra avantI rAjApAlaka ke rAjyakAla ke 60 varSoM kI gaNanA ko kisI kAraNavaza bhUla gae the / arthAt mahAvIra nirvANa ke (155 + 60) 215 varSa bAda candragupta kA rAjyAbhiSeka hubA hogaa| ukta AcArya kAlagaNanA ke anusAra digambara paramparA ne bha. mahAvIra nirvANa ke 12varSa taka gautama gaNaghara kA kAla mAnA hai, aura unake bAda unake uttarAdhikArI kramazaH sudharmA aura jambusvAmI ko rakhA hai para sthavirAvalI meM gautama ke sthAna para sudharmA kA kAla 20 varSa (12 +8-20) rakhA hai jabaki kalpasUtra pUrvavartI paramparA ko hI svIkAra kara mahAvIra nirvANa ke bAda 12 varSa gautama' kA aura ATha varSa sudharmA kA kAla nirdhAraNa karatA hai| yaha kAlagaNanA jo jaisI bhI ho, para donoM paramparAyeM bhadrabAhu ke kuzala netRtva ko saharSa svIkAra karatI huI dikhAI detI haiM / antara yahAM yaha hai ki digambara paramparA mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda bhadrabAhu kA nirvANa samaya mAnatI hai jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA 170 varSa bAda / yahAM lagabhaga ATha varSa kA koI vizeSa antara nahIM / para samasyA yaha hai ki isa kAlagaNanA se bhadravAha bora candragupta maurya kI samakAlInatA siddha nahIM hotI / una donoM mahApuruSoM ke bIca vahI prasiddha 60 varSa kA antara par3atA hai| arthAt yadi bhadrabAhu ke samaya (vIra ni. saM. 162) meM 60 varSa bar3hA diye jAyeM to candragupta maurya aura bhagavAhu kI samakAlInatA ThIka bana jAtI hai / athavA candragupta maurya ke kAla meM se 60 varSa pIche haTA diye jAyeM, jaisA ki hemacandrAcArya ne mahAvIra nirvANa se 215 varSa kI paramparA ke sthAna meM 155 varSa pazcAt candragupta kA rAjA honA likhA hai, to donoM kI samakAlInatA.bana sakatI hai| 1. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrva pIThikA, pR. 342.

Page #54
a-ma -- zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke uparAnta AcArya kAlagaNanA isa prakAra dI jAtI hai AcArya kAlagaNanA 1. gautama 12 varSa / 2. sudharmA pAlaka - 60 varSa 3. jambU 4. prabhava 5. svayaMbhU 6. yazobhadra 7. saMbhUtivijaya navananda - 155 varSa 8. bhadrabAhu 9. sthUlabhadra 10. mahAgiri 11. suhasti maurya vaMza - 108 varSa 12. guNasundara 13. guNasundara-zeSa puSyamitra - 30 varSa 14. kAlika balamitra ) .. 15. skandila bhAnumitra 5% 16. revatImitra naravAhana - 40 varSa 17. AryabhaMgu (2) gardabhilla - 13 varSa - 4 varSa 18. bahula 19. zrIvata 20. svAti 21. hAri (1) vikramAditya- .varSa 22. zyAmArya (2) dharmAditya - 40 varSa 23. zANDilya bAdi (3) mAilla - 11 varSa 24. bhadragupta 25. zrIgupta 26. paNasvAmI - - | piv vd ~- - kula 580 varSa kula 581 varSa 1. paTTApalI samupaya, . 25.

Page #55
isa prakAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke 581 varSa vyatIta hue / usake bAda puSpamitra bora nAhar3a kA rAjyakAla 24 varSa kA rahA / tadanantara (581 + 24 -605 varSa bAda) zaka saMvat kI utpatti huii| Age bha. mahAvIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa pUrNa ho jAnepara mahAgiri kI paramparA meM utpanna devaliMgaNi samA zramaNa ne "kalpasUtra" kI racanA kii| digambara paramparAnusAra' jisa dina bha. mahAvIra kA parinirvANa humA, usI dina gautama gaNadhara ne kevala jJAna prApta kiyA / gautama ke siddha ho jAne para sudharmA svAmI kevalI hue / sudharmA svAmI ke siddha ho jAne para jambUsvAmI antima kevalI hue / ina tInoM kevaliyoM kA kAla 62 varSa hai unake bAda nandi (viSNu), nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu prathama ye pAMca zruta kevalI hue jinakA samaya 100 varSa hai / unake bAda vizAkha, poSThila, kSatriya, jayasena, nAgasena, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya, budila, gaMgadeva aura sudharma (dharmasena) ye gyAraha AcArya kramazaH daza pUrvadhArI hue / unakA kAla 183 varSa hai / unake bAda nakSatra, jayapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa ye pAMca AcArya gyAraha aMga ke dhArI hue / unakA samaya 220 varSa hai| unake bAda bharata kSetra meM koI bhI AcArya gyAraha aMga kA dhArI nahIM huaa| tadanantara subhadra, yazobhadra, bhadrabAhu dvitIya aura loha (lohArya) yaM cAra AcArya AcArAMga ke dhArI hue / ye sabhI AcArya zeSa gyAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrva ke eka deza ke jJAtA the / unakA samaya 118 varSa hotA hai / isa prakAra gautama gaNadhara se lekara lohAcArya paryanta kula kAla kA parimANa 683 varSa humA / ahaMbalI Adi AcAryoM kA samaya isa kAla parimANa ke bAda AtA hai| (1) tIna kevalI - 62 varSa (2) pAMca zrutakevalI - 100 // (3) 11 daza pUrvadhArI . - 183 // (4) pAMca gyAraha aMga ke dhArI (5) cAra AcArAMgadhArI - 118 // - kula 683 varSa 1. kalpasUtra svapirAvalI. 2. jayapavalA, bhAga-1 prastAvanA, pR. 23-30 harivaMzapurANa.

Page #56
nandisaMgha kI prAkRta paTTAvalI isase kucha bhinna hai| usameM uparyukta lohAcArya taka kA samaya kula 565 varSa batAyA hai / pazcAt ekAMgavArI barhadvali, mAdhanandi, parasena, puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ina pAMca AcAryoM kA kAla kramazaH 28, 21, 19, 30 aura 20 varSa nirdiSTa hai| isa dRSTi se puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kA samaya 683 varSa ke hI antargata A jAtA hai| isa prakAra SavalA Adi granthoM meM ullikhita aura nandisaMgha kI prAkRta paTTAvalI meM uddhRta ina donoM paramparAoM meM AcAryoM kI kAlagaNanA meM 118 varSa (683 - 565 = 118) kA antara dikhAI detA hai / para yaha antara ekAdazAMgaSArI aura AcAryoM meM hI hai, kevalI, zrutakevalI aura dazapUrvadhArI AcAryoM meM nahIM / isake vAvajUda dhavalA Adi anyoM kI paramparA adhika mAnya hai kyoMki SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA mahAvIra nirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda hI huii| vidvAnoMne ina donoM paramparAoM meM samanvaya karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA hai|' bhAcArya bhadrabAhu : AcArya kAlagaNanA kI ukta donoM paramparAoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa hai ki jambUsvAmI ke bAda hone vAle yugapradhAna AcAryoM meM bhadrabAhu hI eka aise AcArya hue haiM, jinake vyaktitva ko donoM paramparAgoM ne eka svara meM svIkAra kiyA hai| bIca meM honevAle prabhava,zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra aura saMbhRtivijaya AcAryoM ke viSaya meM paramparAyeM ekamata nhiiN| bhadrabAhu ke viSaya meM bhI jo matabheda hai vaha bahuta adhika nhiiN| digambara paramparA bhadrabAhu kA kAryakAla 29 varSa mAnatI hai aura unakA nirvANa mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda svIkAra karatI hai para zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra yaha samaya 170 varSa bAda batAyA jAtA hai aura unakA kAryakAla kula caudaha varSa mAnA jAtA hai| jo bhI ho, donoM paramparAoM ke bIca ATha varSa kA antarAla koI bahuta adhika nahIM hai| paramparAnusAra zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu nimittajJAnI the / unake hI samaya saMghabheda prAraMbha humA hai / apane nimittajJAna ke balapara uttara meM hone vAle dvAdaza varSIya duSkAla kA Agamana jAnakAra bhadrabAhu ne bAraha hajAra muni- saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa kI bora prasthAna kiyA / candragupta maurya bhI unake sAtha the / apanA anta nikaTa jAnakara unhoMne saMgha ko cola, pANDya pradezoM kI bora jAne kA Adeza diyA gaura svayaM zravaNavelagola meM hI kAlavapra nAmaka pahAr3I 1. pavalA, bAkpuirANa tathA zrutAvatAra mAvi mantroM meM bhI lohAcArya taka ke bApAyoM kA kAla 683 parva hI diyA gayA hai| 2. jainena siddhAnta koDa, nAga, pR. 332.

Page #57
para samAdhimaraNa pUrvaka deha tyAga kiyaa| isa bAzaya kA chaThI zatI kA eka lekha punnADa ke uttarI bhAga meM sthita candragiri pahAr3I para upalabdha hubA hai| usake sAmane vindhyagiri para cAmuNDarAya dvArA sthApita gomaTezvara bAhubali kI 57 phITa UMcI eka bhavya mUrti sthita hai / pariziSTasarvan ke anusAra bhadrabAhu duSkAla samApta hone ke bAda dakSiNa se magadha vApisa hue aura pazcAt mahAprANa dhyAna karane nepAla cale gaye / isI bIca jaina sAdhu-saMgha ne anabhyAsavaza vismRta zruta ko kisI prakAra se sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM ekAdaza agoM kA saMkalana kiyA aura avaziSTa dvAdazaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke saMkalana ke lie nepAla meM avasthita bhadrabAhu ke pAsa apane kucha ziSyoM ko bhejA / unameM sthUlabhadra hI vahAM kucha samaya ruka sake jinhoMne usakA kucha yathAzakya adhyayana kara paayaa| phira bhI dRSTivAda kA saMkalana avaziSTa hI raha gyaa| ' devasena ke "bhAva saMgraha" meM bhadrabAhu ke sthAna para zAnti nAmaka kisI anya bAcArya kA ullekha hai| bhaTTAraka ratnakIrti (I. 1400) ne saMbhavataH devasena aura hariSeNa kI kathAoM ko sambaddha karake bhadrabAhu caritra likhA hai / prathama bhadrabAhu kA koI bhI anya prAmANika taura para nahIM milatA / cheda sUtroM kA kartA unheM avazya kahA gayA hai, para yaha koI sunizcita paramparA nhiiN| AcArya kundakundane "bohi pAhuDa" meM apane guru kA nAma bhadrabAhu likhA hai aura una bhadrabAhu ko 'gamakaguha' kahA hai / kundakunda ke ye gamakaguru nizcita hI zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu rahe hoMge / saddaviyAro hUo bhAsAsusasu jaM jiNe kahiyaM / so taha kahiyaM NAyaM sIseNa ya bhaddabAhussa // 61 // vArasa aMga viyANaM caudasa puvvaMga viula vittharaNaM / suyANi maddabAhU gamayaguru bhayavo jayao // 62 / / bohipAhuDa kI ina donoM gAthAoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki AcArya kundakunda ke samaya taka bhadrabAha nAma ke do AcArya ho cuke the| - prathama zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu jinheM kundakundane 'gamaka guru' kahA hai aura dvitIya bhadrabAhu jo kundakunda ke sAkSAt guru the| ye donoM vyaktitva pRthak pRthaka hue haiM anyathA kundakunda donoM gAthAoM meM bhadrabAhu zabda kA prayoga nahIM krte| bAcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sUryaprApti, vyavahAra, kalpa, dazAbhUtaskandha, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavakAlika aura RSibhASita pandhoM para kisI anya bhadrabAhu nAmaka vidvAna ne niyuktiyAM likhI hai, aisI eka pamparA hai| ye niyuktikAra tRtIya bhadrabAhu honA cAhie jo chevasUtrakAra bhaDavAhu (caturva

Page #58
se bhinna) rahe hoNge| niyuktiyoM meM Aryavaja, AryarakSita, pAdalitAcArya, phalikAcArya, zivabhUti Adi aneka AcAryoM ke nAmoM ke ullekha milate haiM / ye AcArya nizcita hI ukta prathama aura dvitIya bhadrabAhu se uttara kAla meM hue haiN| prathama bhadrabAhu kA samaya I. pU. 384-365 (vI. ni. saM. 133162) mAnA gayA hai| dvitIya bhadrabAhu yazobhadra ke ziSya tathA lohAcArya ke guru the / unakA samaya I. pU. 35-12 (vI. ni. 482-15) hai / dvitIya bhadrabAhu yazobhadra ke ziSya tathA lohAcArya guru the| unakA samaya I. pU. 3512 (vI. ni. 482-15) hai| bhadrabAhu caritra ke atirikta bhadrabAhu ke carita viSayaka aura bhI aneka anya upalabdha hai- devadhikSamAzramaNa kI sthavirAvalI, bhadrezvara sUri kI kahAvalI, tityogAli prakIrNaka, Avazyaka Ni, Avazyaka para haribhadrIyA vRtti tathA hemacandra sUri ke triSaSThizalAkA puruSacarita kA pariziSTaparvan / unameM upalabdha vividha kathAyeM aitihAsika satya ke adhika samIpa nahIM lgtiiN| merutuMgAcArya kI prabandha cintAmaNi ora rAjezvara sUri kA prabandha koSa bhI isa sambandha meM dRSTavya hai| pravatta cintAmaNi' meM eka kiMvadanti kA ullekha hai ki bhadrabAhu varAha mihira ke sahodara the| brAhmaNa parivAra meM utpanna ye donoM bhAI kuzala nimittavettA the / ina donoM bhAiyoM meM bhadrabAhune jaina dIkSA le lI para varAhamihira ne svadharma parityAga nahIM kiyA / varAhamihira ke putra ke sandarbha meM bhadrabAhu kA nimittajJAna varAhamihira kI apekSA pragalbha nikalA / phalataH barAha mihira jainoM se dveSa karane lage / isa deSabhAva ke pariNAma svarUpa varAhamihira kAla kavalita hone para vyantara jAti ke deva hue aura janoM para ghanaghora upasarga karane lge| ina upasargoM ko dUra karane ke lie bhadrabAha ne upasaggaharastoya likhA / prabandha koza meM isase bhinna anya kayA kA ullekha hai| tadanusAra varAhamihira ora bhadrabAhu, donoM ne jaina munivrata grahaNa kiye / inameM bhadrabAhu caturdaza pUrvajJAna ke dhArI the| jinhoMne niyuktiyoM tathA bhAvAhusaMhitA se granyoM kI racanA kI / parantu svabhAva se uddhata hone ke kAraNa AcArya barAhamihira ko jaina munidIkSA tyAgakara punaH brAhmaNa vrata dhAraNa karanA pdd'aa| isI ke pazcAt unhoMne vRhatsaMhitA likhI / yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prabandha koSa ke pUrvavartI anya kisI grantha meM bhadrabAhu ko bhadrabAhu saMhitAkAra bapakA parAhamihira kA sahodara nahIM batAyA gyaa| prabandhakoza' meM bhI isIse milatIjulasI ghaTanA kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. prabandha cintAmaNi-saM munijinavijaya, prakAza 5, pR. 118, 2. prAsakoSA-saM- munizina vijaya, pR. 2

Page #59
paramparAnumAra varAhamihira ke sahodara bhadrabAhune hI uparyukta niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI hai| jina anyoM meM zrutakevalI bhadrabAha kA caritra-citraNa milatA hai unameM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla, nepAla-prayANa, mahAprANayAna kI ArASanA sthUlabhadra kI zikSA, cheda sUtroM kI racanA Adi kA vargana to milatA hai parantu varAhamihira kA sahodara honA, niyuktiyoM, upasaggaharastoya tathA bhadrabAhusaMhitA Adi granthoM kI racanA tathA naimittika hone kA kataI ullekha nhiiN| ataH chedasUtrakAra bhadrabAhu tathA niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu donoM kA vyaktitva nizcita hI pRthak-pRthak rahA hogaa| varAhamihira ne apanI paJcasiddhAntikA zaka saMvat 427 (I. 505) meM samApta kI thii| ata: tRtIya bhadrabAha kA bhI yahI samaya nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prazna hai, varAhamihira ke bhrAtA bhadrabAhune prastuta bhadrabAhu saMhitA kI racanA kI yA nahIM ? hame aisA lagatA hai ki varAhamihira kI "bRhatsaMhitA" ke samakakSa meM koI anya jaina saMhitA rakhane kI dRSTi se kisI digambara jaina lekhaka ne zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko sarvAdhika zreSTha evaM upayogI AcArya samamA ora unhIM ke nAma para eka saMhitA grantha kI racanA kara dii| vRhatsaMhitA kA vizAla sAMskRtika koSa, vizada nirUpaNa, udAtta kavitva zakti, sUkSma nirIkSaNa ora agAdha vidvatA Adi jaisI viSeSatAyeM bhadrabAhu saMhitA meM dikhAI nahIM detIM / yaha nizcita hai ki bhadrabAhu saMhitAkAra ne hI vRhatsaMhitA kA AdhAra liyA hogA / "bhadrabAhuvaco yathA" Adi zabdoM se bhI yahI bAta spaSTa hotI hai / bhadrabAhusaMhitA meM chandobhaMga, vyAkaraNa doSa, pUrvApara viroSa, vastuH varNana zaithilya, kramabaddhatA kA abhAva, prabhAvahIna nirUpaNa ityAdi aneka akSamya doSa bhI isa kathana kI puSTi karate haiN| sva. paM. jugajakizora mukhtAra DaoN. gopANI' kA anusaraNa karate hue bhadrabAhu saMhitA ko idhara-udhara kA beDhaMgA saMgraha mAnate haiM jise 17 vIM zadI meM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha ThIka nhiiN| kyoMki 17 vIM zatI taka sAMskRtika athavA aitihAsika koI pramANa isameM nahIM milatA jisake mAghAra para mukhtAra sA. ke mata ko samarthana diyA jA ske| muni jinavijaya' ne yaha samaya 11-12 vIM zatI nizcita kiyA hai / yaha yata kahIM adhika upamukka jAna par3atA hai| vaise grantha ko anta:-pramANoM ke AdhAra para isa samaya ko bhI eka-do zatAbdI Age kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. mahAbAhu saMhitA-saM. e. esa. gopANI, pustikA. pu.70 2. bahI. prAkkathana, pR. 3-8.

Page #60
kucheka varSoM pUrva bhAratIya jJAnapITha se DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI dvArA sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhadrabAhu saMhitA kA prakAzana huA thaa| usakI prastAvanA meM sva. DaoN. zAstrI ne eka sthAna para bhadrabAhu ko varAhamihira se prabhAvita btaayaa| dUsare sthAna para unhoMne likhA ki kucha viSayoM kA varNana vArAhamihira se bhI adhika bhadrabAhu saMhitA meM milatA hai aura yahI navInatA prAcInatA kI poSikA hai| phalataH bhadrabAhu varAhamihira ke pUrvavartI bhI ho sakate haiM aura anta meM DaoN. zAstrIne isa kRti kA samaya 8-9 vIM zatI bhI batA diyaa| ina tIna matoM meM kona-sA mata unakA mAnA jAya, nizcita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| lagatA hai, ve svayaM isa samaya kI paridhi ko nizcita nahIM kara paaye| isa sandarbha meM merA apanA mata hai ki bhadrabAhu 11-12 vIM zatI kI honA cAhie / usake lekhaka na to zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu haiM, na kundakunda ke sAkSAt guru, bora na hI niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu / inake atirikta anya koI paJcama bhadrabAhu hI honA cAhie kyoMki niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu kI bhASA prAyaH zuddha aura samIcIna jAna par3atI hai jabaki prastuta grantha isa dRSTi se aspaSTa tathA vyAkaraNa doSoM se paripUrNa hai| ___'bhadrabAhu saMhitA' kI racanA 11-12 vIM zatI kI hai, isa mata ke samarthana meM nimnalikhita pramANa prastuta kiye jA sakate haiM (1) cAturvarNya vyavasthA tathA varNa saMkara kA ullekha bha.saM.dra meM aneka sthAnoM para vikasita avasthA meM huA hai / jaina saMskRti meM cAturvarNya vyavasthA jinasena dvArA kI gaI jisakA paripoSaka rUpa somadeva ke granthoM meM milatA hai| (2) ariSToM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM durgAcArya aura elAcArya kA ullekha hai| durgAcArya kA grantha 'riSTasamuccaya kA racanA kAla 1032 I. hai / (3) candra, varuNa, indra, baladeva, pradyumna, sUrya, lakSmI, bhadrakAlI, indrANI dhanvantari, parazurAma, rAmacandra, tulasA, garuDa, bhUta, arhanta, rudra, sUrya, muMkra, droNa, indra, agni, vAyu, samUdra, vizvakarmA, prajApati, pArvatI, rati bAdi kI pratimAoM kA varNana isa grantha meM hai| ina sabhI ke rUpa 12 vIM zatI taka vikasita ho cuke the| (4) bhadrabAhu vaco yathA (i.-64), yathAvadanupUrvazaH (9-1) Adi jaise vAkyoM kA prayoga milatA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki bhadra saM. kI racanA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne to nahIM kii| unake anusAra anya kisI bhadrabAha ne kI ho apavA unake nAmapara kisI yatA tadvA vidvAna ne /

Page #61
37 (5) bhaugolika aura rAjanItika varNana. (6) vRhatsaMhitA kI apekSA viSaya varNana meM navInatA / ina sabhI pramANoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhusaMhitA kI racanA 11 - 12vIM zatI se pUrvavartI nahI honA caahie| mUla grantha prAkRta meM rahA ho, yaha bhI samIcIna nahIM jAna par3atA / bauddha sAhitya ke avadAna sAhitya kI zreNI meM bhI ise nahIM rakhA jA sakatA kyoMki prAkRta ke rUpa itane adhika saM.bha. drameM nahIM milte| ataH isa grantha kI uparitama sImA 12-13 vIM zatI mAnI jAnI cAhie / saMghabheva : prAyaH hara tIrthakara athavA mahApuruSa ke parinirvRta athavA dehAvasAna ho jAne ke bAda usake saMgha athavA anuyAyiyoM meM matabheda paidA ho jAte haiM / isa matabheda ke mUla kAraNa Arthika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika paristhitiyoM ke parivartita rUpa huA karate haiM / matabheda kI goda meM vikAsa nihita hotA hai jise jAgata kA pratIka kahA jA sakatA hai / pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke saMgha meM bhI unake nirvANa ke bAda matabheda utpanna honA prArambha ho gayA thA / usa matabheda ke pIche bhI Arthika aura sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke badalate hue rUpa the / 1 isa prakAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda unakA saMgha antima rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - digambara aura zvetAmbara / saMghabheda ke saMdarbha meM donoM sampradAyoM meM apanI-apanI paraMparAye haiM / digambara sampradAya pUrNataH acelatva ko svIkAra karatA hai para zvetAmbara sampradAya savastra avasthA ko bhI mAnatA pradAna karatA hai / donoM paramparAoM kA adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa hai ki matabheda kA mUla kAraNa vastra thA / pAli sAhitya se patA calatA hai ki nigaNThanAtaputta ke parinirvANa ke bAda hI saMghabheda ke bIja prArambha ho cuke the / Ananda ne buddha ko cunda kA samAcAra diyA thA ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke uparAnta unake anuyAyiyoM meM paraspara vivAda aura kalaha ho rahA hai| ve eka dUsare kI bAtoM ko aprAmANika siddha kara rahe haiM / ' buddha ne isakA kAraNa batAyA ki nigaNThoM ke tIrthaMkara nigaNTha nAtaputta na to sarvajJa haiM aura na ThIka taraha se unhoMne dharma dezanA dI hai / aTThakathA meM isakA vizleSaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nigaNThanAtaputtane apane apane siddhAntoM kI nirarthakatA ko samajhakara apane anuyAyiyoM se kahA thA ki ve 1. majjhimanikAya, mA. 2. pU - 423 ( ro.) ; dIghanikAya, mA. 3. pR. 117, 120 ( ro.), 2. dIghanikAya, mA. 3, pU. 121.

Page #62
38 buddha ke siddhAntoM ko svIkAra kara leM / Age vahAM batAyA gayA hai ki unhoMne antima samaya meM eka ziSya ko zAzvatavAda kI zikSA dI aura dUsare ko ucchedavAda kI / phalataH ve donoM paraspara saMgharSa karane lage / saMgha bheda kA mUla kAraNa yahI hai| ukta uddharaNa kahA~ taka sahI hai, kahA nahIM jA sakatA para yaha avazya hai ki zAsana bheda nigaNThanAtaputta ke parinirvANa ke bAda kisI na kisI aMza meM prArambha ho gayA thaa| vaise isa udaraNa meM anekAntavAda kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| ninhava aura digambara sampradAya ko utpatti isa zAsana bheda ko zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'ninhava ' kahA gayA hai| unakI saMkhyA sAta batAyI gayI hai / - jAmAli tiSyagupta, ASADha, vizvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSThAmAhila / ninhava kA tAtparya hai- kisI vizeSa dRSTi koNa se Agamika paramparA se viparIta artha prastuta krnevaalaa'| yaha yahAM dRSTavya hai ki pratyeka ninhava jainAgamika paramparA ke kisI eka pakSa ko asvIkAra karatA hai aura zeSa pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / ataH vaha jaina dharma ke antargata apanA eka pRthak mata sthApita karatA hai / ye sAtoM ninhava saMkSepataH isa prakAra haiM 1. prathama ninhava-jAmAli-bahurata sivAnta: jAmAli bha. mahAvIra kA ziSya thA / zrAvastI meM usane apane ziSya se eka bAra vistara lagAne ke lie kahA / ziSya ne kahA-vistara laga gaye / jAmAli ne jAkara jaba dekhA ki abhI bistara laga rahA hai to use mahAvIra kA kahA humA "kiyayANaM kayaM" (kiyA jAnevAlA kara diyA gayA) vacana asatya pratIta humA / taba usane usa siddhAnta ke sthAna para bahurata' siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI jisakA tAtparya hai ki koI bhI kriyA eka samaya meM na hokara baneka samaya meM hotI hai / madAnayana Adi se ghaTa kA prAramma hotA hai para ghaTa to anta meM hI dikhAI detA hai / yaha RjusUtra naya kA viSaya hai jise jAmAli nahIM samajha skaa|| 1. bakapA, mA-3, pR. 996 2. vizeSAvayaka maSya, gApA-2308-32, 3. paNavAtika (1.10.2) meM zAnakA apa karanevAle ko nihaahaabaad|

Page #63
39 2. dvitIya minhava- tiSya gupta-jIba prAdezika siddhAnta : tiSyagupta vasu kA ziSya thA / eka samaya RSabhapura meM AtmapravAda para carcA cala rahI thI / prazna thA - kyA jIba ke eka pradeza ko jIva kaha sakate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne uttara diyA- nahIM / isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki sampUrNa pradeza yukta hone para hI 'jIva' kahA jAyagA / taba tiSyagupta ne kahA ki jisa pradeza ke kAraNa vaha jIva nahIM kahalAyegA usI carama pradeza ko jIba kyoM nahIM kahA jAtA ? yahI usakA jIva prAdezika mata hai| evaMbhUta naya na samajhane ke kAraNa hI usane yaha mata sthApita kiyA / 3 tRtIya ninhaba-ASADha AcArya - abhyakta vAda / zvetAvikA nagarI meM ASA2 nAmaka eka AcArya the| ve akasmAt marakara deva hue aura punaH mRta zarIra meM Akara upadeza dene lage / yoga sAdhanA samApta hone para unhoMne apane ziSyoM se kahA - " maine asaMyamI hote hue bhI Apa logoM se Aja taka vandanA karAI / zramaNo ! mujhe kSamA karanA / " itanA kahakara ve cale gaye / taba ziSya kahane lage - kauna sAdhu vandanIya hai, kauna nahIM, nirNaya karanA sarala nahIM / ataH kisI kI bhI vandanA nahIM karanI cAhie / vyavahAra naya ko na samajhane ke kAraNa yaha ninhava paidA huA / '4 caturtha minhava-koNDiNya - samucchedakavAda : kauNDiNya kA ziSya azvamitra mithilA nagarI meM anupravAda nAmaka pUrva kA adhyayana kara rahA thA / usameM eka sthAna para prasaMga AyA ki vartamAna kAlIna nAraka vicchinna ho jAyeMge / ataH usake mana meM AyA ki utpanna hote hI jaba jIva naSTa ho jAtA hai to karma kA phala kaba bhogatA hai ? yaha kSaNa bhaMgavAda paryAyanaya ko na samajhane ke kAraNa utpanna huA / ise samucchedaka nAma diyA gayA hai / isakA artha hai- padArtha kA janma hote hI usakA atyanta vinAza ho jAtA hai / " 5. paMcama ninhava-gaMga-dvikriyA vAda : dhana gupta kA ziSya gaMga eka bAra zarada Rtu meM RtukAtIra nAmaka nagara se AcArya kI vandanA karane ke lie nikalA / mArga meM usane garmI 1. bahI gAthA- 2333-3255. 2. vahI gAyA - 356-3388. 3. vahI gAyA - 389-4333.

Page #64
40 aura ThaNDa donoM kA anubhava eka sAtha kiyA / taba usane yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA ki eka samaya meM do kriyAoM kA anubhava ho sakatA hai| nadI meM calane para Upara kI sUrya - uSNatA aura nadI kI zItalatA, donoM kA anubhava hotA hai / gaMga ne isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para apane dvikriyA vAda kI sthApanA kara lI / tathya yaha hai ki mana kI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa yaha AbhAsa nahIM ho pAtA / kriyA kA vedana to kramazaH hI hotA hai / 6. SaSTha nimhaba - rohagupta - trairAzika vAda : eka bAra aMtaraMjikA nagarI meM rohagupta apane guru kI vandanA karane jA rahA thA / mArga meM use aneka pravAdI mile jinheM usane parAjita kiyA / apane bAda-sthApana kAla meM usane jIva aura ajIva ke sAtha hI 'no jova' kI bhI sthApanA kI / gRhakokilAdi ko usane 'no jIva' batalAyA / samAbhirUDha naya ko na samajhane ke kAraNa usane isa mata kI sthApanA kI / ise trairAzika vAda kahA gayA hai / 7. saptama ninhava-goSThAmAhila abaddha vAda : eka bAra dazapura nagara meM goSThAmAhila karmapravAda paDha rahA thA / usameM usane par3hA ki karma kevala jIva kA sparza karake alaga ho jAtA hai / isa para usane siddhAnta banAyA ki jIva aura karma abaddha rahate / unakA bandha hI nahIM hotA / vyavahAranaya ko na samajhane ke kAraNa hI goSThAmAhila ne yaha mata prasthApita kiyA / 8. aSTama ninhava boTika - digambara saMpradAya kI utpati - zivabhUti : rathabIrapura nAmaka nagara meM zivabhUti nAmaka sAdhu rahatA thA / vahAM ke rAjA ne eka bAra bahumUlya ratna kaMbala bheMTa kiyA / zivabhUti ke guru AryakRSNa ne kahA ki sAdhu ke mArga meM aneka anartha utpanna karanevAle isa kambala ko grahaNa karanA ucita nahIM / para zivabhUti ko usa kambala meM Asakti utpanna ho gaI / yaha samajhakara AryakRSNa ne zivabhUti kI anupasthiti meM usa kambala ke pAdaprocchanaka banA diye / yaha ghaTanA dekhakara zivabhUti krodhita ho gayA / eka samaya AryakRSNa jinakalpiyoM kA varNana kara rahe the / aura kaha rahe the ki upayukta saMhanana Adi ke abhAva hone se usakA pAlana sambhava nahIM zivabhUti ne kahA- "mere rahate hue yaha azakya kaise ho sakatA hai !" yaha kahakara abhinivezayaza nirvastra hokara yaha mata sthApita kiyA ki vastra kaSAya kA kAraNa hone se parigraha rUpa hai / ataH syAjya hai /

Page #65
ye ninhava kisI abhiniveza ke kAraNa Agamika paramparA se viparIta artha prastuta karanevAle hote haiN| prathama ninhava mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI unakI jJAnotpatti ke caudaha varSa bAda huA / isake do varSa bAda hI dvitIya ninhava huaa| zeSa ninhava mahAvIra ke nirvANa hone para kramazaH 214, 220, 218, 544, 584 aura 609 varSa bAda utpanna hue| sivAtta bhaMda se prathama sAta ninhavoM kA ullekha milatA hai| para jinabhadra ne 'vizaMSAvazyaka bhASya' meM eka aura ninhava jor3akara unakI saMkhyA 8 kara dI / isI aSTama ninhava ko 'digambara' kahA gayA hai| Azcarya kI bAta hai, ina ninhavoM ke viSaya meM digambara sAhitya bilakula mauna hai / prathama sAta ninhavoM ke kAraNa kisI sampradAya vizeSa kI utpatti nahIM huI / 'ThANAGgasUtra' (sUtra 580) meM kevala sAta ninhavoM kA ullekha hai para 'Avazyakaniyukti' (gAthA-779-783) meM sthAnakAla kA ullekha karate samaya ATha ninhavoM kA aura upasaMhAra karate samaya mAtra sAta ninhavoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne hI sarvaprathama aSTama ninhava ke rUpa meM digambara mata kI utpatti kI kalpanA kI hai| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki upayukta saMhananAdi kA abhAva hone se jinakalpa kA dhAraNa karanA aba zakya nhiiN| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara sampradAya kI utpatti arvAcIna nahIM, prAcInatara hai / RSabhadeva ne jinakalpa kI hI sthApanA kI thI aura vaha avicchinna rUpa se zvetAmbara sampadrAya ke anusAra bhI jambUsvAmI taka calA AyA / bAda meM usakA viccheda huA / zivabhUti ne usakI punaH sthApanA kii| ataH jinakalpa ko ninhava kase kahA jA sakatA hai ? aura phira boTika kA sambandha digambara sampradAya se kaise liyA jAya, isakA spaSTIkaraNa zvetAmbara sAhitya meM bhI nahIM milatA / sambhava hai, boTika nAma kA koI pRthak sampradAya hI rahA hogA jisakA adhika samaya taka astitva nahIM raha sakA / Avazvaka cUNi (pR. 20) meM boTikoM ko avandya zramaNoM meM ginA gayA hai / zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti : digambara sAhitya meM zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti ke viSaya meM jo kathAnaka milate haiM ve isa prakAra hai (1) hariSeNa ke vRhatkathAkoza (zaka saMvat 853) meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki govardhana ke ziSya zrutakevalI bhadrabAhune ujjayinI meM dvAdazavarSIya 1. evaM ee kahibA bosappiNie u niNhayA satta / bIraparassa parayaNe sesANaM evaNe natti // 784 //

Page #66
duSkAla ko nikaTa bhaviSya meM jAnakara muni vizAkhAcArya (candragupta maurya) ke netRtva meM muni saMgha ko dakSiNApathavartI punnATa nagara bheja diyA aura svayaM bhAdrapada deza meM jAkara samAdhimaraNa pUrvaka zarIra tyAga kiyaa| idhara duSkAla kI samApti ho jAne para vizAkhAcArya sasaMgha vApisa A gye| saMgha meM se rAmilla, sthavira sthUla aura bhadrAcArya sindhu deza kI ora cale gaye the / vahAM bhikSa pIr3itoM ke kAraNa loga rAtri meM bhojana karate the| phalataH maniyoMnirgranthoM ko bhI rAtri bhojana prArambha karanA pdd'aa| eka bAra aMdhakAra meM bhikSA kI khoja meM nikale nirgrantha ko dekhakara bhaya se eka garbhiNI kA garbhapAta ho gyaa| isa ghaTanA ke mUla kAraNa ko dUra karanaM ke lie zrAvakoM ne muniyoM ko ardhaphalaka (ardhavastrakhaNDa ) dhAraNa karane ke lie nivedana kiyA / subhikSa ho jAnepara rAmilla, sthavira sthUla aura bhadrAcArya ne to munivata dhAraNa kara liyA, para jinheM vaha anukUla nahIM lagA, unhoMne jinakalpa ke sthAnapara arSaphalaka saMpradAya kI sthApanA kara lii| uttarakAla meM isI ardhaphalaka sampradAya se kAmbala sampradAya, phira yApanIya saMgha aura bAda meM zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti huii| (2) devasena ke 'darzanasAra" (vi. saM. 999) meM etat sambandhI kathA isa prakAra milatI hai vikramAdhipati kI mR yu ke 136 varSa bAda saurASTra deza ke balabhIpura meM zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti huI / isa saMgha kI utpatti meM mUla kAraNa bhadrabAhugaNi ke AcArya zAMti ke ziSya jinacandra nAmaka eka zithilAcArI sAdhu thA / usane strI-mokSa, kavalAhAra, savastramukti, mahAvIra kA garma parivartana Adi jaise mata prasthApita kiye the| darzanasAra meM vyakta ye mata niHsandeha zvetAmbara sampradAya se sambaddha haiN| unake saMsthApaka to nahIM, prabala poSaka koI jinacandra nAmaka AcArya avazya hue hoNge| para cUMki AcArya zAnti aura unake ziSya jinacandra kA astitva devasena ke pUrva nahIM milatA ataH ye jinacandra jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa (saptama zatI) honA cAhie / unhoMne 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' meM ukta matoM kA bharapUra samarthana kiyA hai| (3) eka anya devasena ne bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti isI prakAra batAyI hai / thor3A-sA jo bhI antara hai, vaha yaha hai ki yahAM 'zAnti' nAmaka AcArya saurASTra dezIya balabhInagara apane ziSyoM sahita phuNce| para vahAM bhI duSkAla kA prakopa ho gayA / phalataH sAdhu varga yatheccha bhojanAdi karane lgaa| duSkAla samApta ho jAne para zAnti AcArya ne unase isa vRtti 1.varNanasAra-11-14.

Page #67
43 ko chor3ane ke lie kahA para use unhoMne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| taba AcArya ne unheM bahuta smjhaayaa| unakI bAta para kisI ziSya ko krodha AyA aura usane guru ko apane dIrgha daNDa se zira para prahAra kara unheM svarga loka pahuMcAyA aura svayaM saMgha kA netA bana gayA / usI ne savastra mukti kA upadeza diyA aura zvetAmbara saMgha kI sthApanA kii| (4) bhaTTAraka ratnanandi kA eka "bhadrabAhucaritra" (tRtIya paricchaMda) milatA hai, jisameM unhoMne kucha parivartana ke sAtha isa ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki durbhikSa par3ane para bhadrabAhu sasaMgha dakSiNa gaye / para rAmilla, syUlAcArya Adi muni ujjayinI meM hI raha gaye / kAlAntara meM saMgha meM vyApta zithilAcAra ko chor3ane ke lie jaba unhoMne kahA to saMgha ne unheM mAra DAlA / una zithilAcArI sAdhuoM se hI bAda meM ardhaphalaka aura zvetAmbara saMgha kI sthApanA huii| ina kathAnakoM se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki bhadrabAhu kI paraMparA digambara sampradAya se aura sthUla bhadra kI paraMparA zvetAmbara sampradAya se jur3I huI hai / yaha zvetAmbara sampradAya arghaphalaka saMgha kA hI vikasita rUpa hai / ardhaphalaka sampradAya kI utpatti vi. pU. 330 meM huI aura vi. saM. 136 meM vaha zvetAmbara sampradAya ke rUpa meM sAmane AyA / 'ardhaphalaka sampradAya' kA yaha rUpa mathurA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta zilApaTTa meM aMkita eka jaina sAdhu kI pratikRti meM dikhAI detA hai / vahAM vaha sAdhu 'kaNha' vAyeM hAtha se vastra khaNDa ke madhya bhAga ko pakar3akara nagnatA ko chipAne kA yatna kara rahA hai / haribhadra ke 'sambodhaprakaraNa' se bhI zvetAmbara sampradAya ke isa pUrva-rUpa para prakAza par3atA hai / kucha samaya bAda usI vastra ko kamara meM dhAge se bAMdha diyA jAne lg|| yaha rUpa mathurA meM prApta eka AyAgapaTTa para ukti rUpa se milatAjulatA hai / isa vikAsa kA samaya prathama zatAbdi ke AsapAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai / eka adhipati athavA mahArAjJI kI AjJA se hI eka saMgha vizeSa meM itanA parivartana ho gayA ho, yaha bAta tathyasaMgata nahIM lagatI / vastutaH usakI pRSThabhUmi meM mUla rUpa se zithilAcAra kI bar3hatI huI pravRtti rahI hogii| jinakalpa ko mUlarUpa mAnanaM aura sthavirakalpa ko uttara kAla meM utpanna svIkAra karane se bhI yahI bAta puSTa hotI hai| Upara ke kathAnakoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAya ke bIca vibhedaka rekhA khIMcane kA uttaradAyitva vastra kI asvIkRti 1. mAvasaMgraha-gA. 53-72.

Page #68
aura svIkRti para hai / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kezI aura gautama ke bIca hue saMvAda kA ullekha hai / kezI pArzvanAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI hai aura gautama mahAvIra paramparA ke / pArzvanAtha ne 'santaruttara' (sAntarottara) kA upadeza diyA aura mahAvIra ne acelakatA kA / ina donoM zabdoM ke artha kI ora hamArA dhyAna zrI. paM. kailAzacandrajI zAstrI ne AkarSita kiyA hai / unhoMne likhA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kI TIkAoM meM 'sAntarottara kA artha mahAmUlyavAn aura aparimita bastra (sAntara-pramANa aura varNa meM viziSTa' tathA uttara-pradhAna) kiyA gayA hai aura usI ke anurUpa acela kA artha vastrAbhAva ke sthAna meM kramazaH kutsitacela, alpacela, aura amUlyacela milatA hai| kintu AcAraMgasUtra 209 meM Aye 'saMtaruttara' zabda kA artha dRSTavya hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki tIna vastradhArI sAdhunoM kA kartavya hai ki ve jaba zIta Rtu vyatIta ho jAye ora grISma Rtu A jAye aura vastra yadi jIrNa na hae hoM to unheM kahIM rakha de athavA sAntarottara ho jAye / zIlAMka ne 'sAntarottara' kA artha kiyA haisAntara hai uttara or3hanA jisakA arthAt, jo AvazyakatA hone para vastra kA upayoga kara letA hai, anyathA use pAsa rakhe rahatA hai| kezI aura gautama ke saMvAda' meM Aye hue 'sAntarottara' kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki pArzvanAtha paramparA ke sAdhu acelaka to the para AvazyakatA par3ane para ve vastra bhI dhAraNa kara lete the jabaki mahAvIra ke dharma meM sAdhu pUrNataH acelaka avasthA meM rahatA thaa| sAdhu sacelaka vahI ho sakatA thA jo acelaka hone meM asamartha rahatA thaa| pAli sAhitya meM niggaNTha sAdhuoM ko jo 'ekasATakA' kahA gayA hai vaha bhI hamAre mata kA poSaNa karatA hai / pArzvanAtha paramparA meM sacelAvasthA kA bhI praveza hone se mahAvIra ke samaya taka usameM cAritrika vatana ho gayA thaa| isalie usa paramparA ke anuyAyI sAdhuoM ko "pAsAvajjiya" (pAzrvApatyIya)athavA "pAsajja" (pAvastha) kahA jAne lgaa| pAsajja kA tAtparya hai karma se baMdhA humA sAdhu / yaha zabda itanA adhika pracalita ho gayA ki cAritra se patita sAdhu kA vaha paryAyavAcI bana gyaa|' sUtrakRtAMga meM pArzvastha sAdhuoM ko anArya, bAla, jinazAsana se vimukha evaM striyoM meM Asakta kahA gayA hai| "bhagavatI ArAdhanA" (gApA 1. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsaH pUrva pIThikA pR. 397-98. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 23.29-33. 3. tatridaM mante, pUraNena kassapena lohitAbhijAtipaNamattA, niggA ekasATakA, aMguttara. nikAya, 6.6.3. 4. sUcakatAMga, 1-1-2-5 vRtti. 5. sUmAtAMga, 3-4-3 vRtti.

Page #69
45 1300) Adi meM bhI pArzvasya sAdhuoM kA caritra-citraNa isI prakAra kiyA gayA hai / isakA mUla kAraNa hai ki pArzva paramparA meM brahmacarya vrata ko aparigraha vrata meM sammilita kara diyA gayA thA / 'paJcAzaka vivaraNa' meM kahA gayA hai ki prathama aura antima tIrthaMkaroM ke anuyAyI sAdhu svabhAvataH kaThina aura vakrajar3a hote the / isalie unheM acelAvasthA kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA jabaki bIca ke bAIsa tIrthakaroM ke anuyAyI sAdhu svabhAvataH sarala aura buddhimAna the / ataH AvazyakatA par3ane para sacelAvasthA ko bhI vihita banA diyA gayA / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bhI sAdhu ko aparigrahI honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / ` "AcArAgasUtra" etadartha dRSTavya hai / usameM acelaka sAdhu kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai aura use vastrAdi se nizcinta batAyA gayA hai / " "ThANAMga" (sUtra 171 ) meM vastra dhAraNa karane ke tIna kAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hailajjAnivAraNa, glAni nivAraNa aura parISaha nivAraNa | Age pAMca kAraNoM se acelAvasthA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai - pratilekhanA kI alpatA, lAghavatA, vizvastarUpatA, tapazIlatA aura indriya nigrahatA / aura bhI anya AgamoM meM acelAvasthA ko prazasta mAnA gayA hai / mAtra asamarthatA hone para hI vastragrahaNa karane kI anujJA dI gaI hai / kAlAntara meM vastragrahaNa kI pravRtti bar3hatI gaI aura usI ke sAtha AgamoM kI TIkAoM aura cUrNiyoM Adi meM acelakatA ke artha meM parivartana kiyA jAne lagA / jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke kAlataka sthiti bilakula badala gaI / phalataH unheM AcAra ke do rUpa karanA par3e- jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa | jinakalpa rUpa acelakatA kA pratipAdaka banA tathA sthavirakalpa sacelakatA kA / jambUsvAmI ke mokSa jAne ke bAda jinakalpa ko vicchinna batA diyA gayA / vRha-kalpasUtra aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ( gAthA 2598 - 2301 ) meM isakA vizeSa vivecana milatA hai / vahAM acela ke do bheda kara diye gaye haiM- saMtAcela aura asaMtAcela / saMtAcela (vastra rahate hue bhI acela) jinakalpI Adi sabhI prakAra ke sAdhu kahalAte haiM aura asantAcela ke antargata mAtra tIrthaMkara Ate haiM / 1. pacAzaka vivaraNa, 17.8.10. 2. AcAraMga, 5-150 - 152. 3. bAcAdInasUna, 182. 4. kAnAMgasUtra, 5.

Page #70
uttara kAla meM isa prakAra ke artha karane kI pravRtti aura bhI bar3hatI gaI / haribhadrasUri ne "dazavakAlika mUtra" meM Aye zabda nagna kA artha upacaritananna aura nirupacaritanagna kiyA hai / kucelavAn sAdhu ko upacaritanagna aura jinakalpI sAdhu kI nirupacarita nagna karA gayA hai| gada meM acela kA artha alpamUlyacela bhI kiyA gyaa| siddhasenagaNi ne bhI dazakalpoM meM Aye Acetakya kalpa kA artha yahI kiyA hai / dhIre-dhIre sAdhu vastioM meM rahane lge| kaTivastra ke sthAnapara colapaTTa kA prayoga hone lagA aura upAraNoM meM vRddhi ho gii| lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara sampradAya meM yaha vikAsa ho cukA thA / ukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki zithilAcAra kI pRSThabhUmi meM saMgha bheda ke bIja jambasvAmI ke bAda se hI prArambha ho gaye the jo bhadrabAha ke kAla meM dubhikSa kI samApti para kucha adhika ubharakara sAmane Aye "pariziSTaparvan" (9-55-76) tathA "titthogAlI painnaya" (gA. 730-33) ke anusAra bhI pATAliputra meM huI prathama vAcanA kAla meM saMghabheda prArambha ho gayA thaa| yaha vAcanA bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti meM huI thii| isI ke phalasvarUpa donoM para rAmoM kI murvAvaliyoM meM bhI antara A gyaa| yaha svAbhAvika bhI thA / uttara kAla meM isa antara ne AcAra-vicAra kSetra ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA aura devaghigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke kAla taka digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparAyeM sadaiva ke ke lie eka dUsare se pRthak ho gii| kezI gautama jaise saMvAda jor3e gaye aura jinakalpa ke uccheda kI bAta prasthApita kI gaI / 1. digambara saMgha aura sampradAya digambara paramparA saMgha bheda ke bAda aneka zAkhA prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gaI / vIra nirvANa se 683 varSa taka calI AyI lohAcArya taka kI paramparA meM gaNa, kula, saMgha Adi kI sthApanA nahIM huI thii| usake bAda aMga pUrva ke ekadeza ke jJAtA cAra ArAtIya muni hue / unameM AcArya zivagupta athavA baIbalI se navIna saMgha aura gaNoM kI utpatti huI / mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga ina 700 varSoM meM AcAra-vicAra meM paryApta parivartana ho cukA thaa| samAja kA Arthika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika DhAMcA badala cukA paa| zithilAcAra kI pravRtti bar3hane lagI thI / isI kAraNa naye-naye saMgha aura sampradAya bar3e ho gye| 1. vazavakAlikasUtra, gApA-64 cuNi. 2. tatvArSasUtra, 19, vyAlyA; zIlAMkAcArya ne bhI AcArAMga sUtra 180 kI TIkA meM bavela kA yahI varSa diyA hai|

Page #71
kadamba evaM gaMgavaMzI lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki samace digambara saMgha ko nimrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha kahA jAtA thaa| kAlAntara meM jaba zithilAcAra bar3hane lagA, to usakI vizuddhi ke lie naye-naye Andolana prArambha ho gye| bhaTTAraka yugIna saMgha to isa zithilAcAra kA bahuta adhika zikAra humA / phalasvarUpa vibhinna saMgha-sampradAya bana gaye / ina saMgha-sampradAyoM meM matabheda kA vizeSa bAdhAra AcAra-prakriyA thii| vicAroM meM bheda adhika nahIM A pAyA / vanoM meM nivAsa karanevAle muni nagara kI ora Ane lage, aura mandiroM aura caityoM meM nivAsa karane lge| lagabhaga10 vIM zatAbdI taka yaha pravRtti adhika dRr3ha ho gii| vizuddha AcAravAn bhikSuoM ne isakA virodha kiyA aura zithilAcArI sAdhuoM kI bhartsanA kara unheM jainAbhAsI aura mithyAtvI jaise sambodhanoM se sambodhita kiyaa| ina sabhI kAraNoM se digambara sampradAya meM aneka saMghoM kI sthApanA ho gaI / unakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai / 1. mUla saMgha: zithilAcArI sAdhuoM ke virodha meM vizuddhatAvAdI sAdhuoM ne jisa Andolana ko calAyA use mUla saMgha kahA gayA hai / mUla saMgha ke sthApakoM ne yaha nAma dekara apanA sIdhA sambandha mahAvIra se batAne kA prayatna kiyA aura zeSa saMgha ko amUla batA diyaa| isa saMgha kI utpatti kA sthAna aura samaya abhI taka nizcita nahIM ho pAyA para yaha nizcita hai ki isa saMgha kA vizeSa sambandha kundakunda se rahA hai / sAdhAraNataH kundakunda kA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai / kAlAntara meM mUla saMgha jaise hI kASThA-drAviDa bAdi aura saMgha bhI sthApita hue / ina sabhI saMghoM para nigrantha aura yApanIya saMghoM kA prabhAva adhika hai| AcArya indranandi (11 vIM zatAbdI) ne mUla saMgha kA paricaya dete hue likhA hai ki puNDavardhanapura (bogarA, baMgAla) ke nivAsI AcArya ahaMvalI (lagabhaga prathama zatI I.) pAMca varSa ke anta meM sau yojana meM rahanevAle muniyoM ko ekatra kara yugapratikramaNa kiyA karate the / eka bAra isI prakAra pratikramaNa ke samaya unhoMne muniyoM se pUchA-"kyA sabhI muni A cuke ? munioM se uttara milA-hAM, sabhI muni A cuke / arhadvalI ne uttara pAkara yaha socA ki samaya badala rahA hai| aba jainadharma kA astitva gaNapakSapAta ke AdhArapara hI raha sakegA, udAsIna bhAva se nahIM / taba unhoMne saMgha athavA gaNa sthApita kiye| guhAthoM se AnevAle muniyoM ko "nandi" aura "vIra" saMjJA dI, azoka vATikA se mAnevAloM ko "deva" aura "aparAjita" kahA, paJcastUpa se AnevAloM ko "sena" yA "bhadra" nAma diyA, zAlmalivRkSa se mAnekAnoM ko "guNadhara" aura

Page #72
'gupta' batAyA tathA khaNDakesara vRkSoM se AnevAloM ko 'siMha' aura 'candra' kahakara pukArA / paravartI abhilekhoM meM mUlasaMgha ke praNetA kundakundAcArya mAne gaye tathA paTTAvaliyoM meM mAghanandI ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| isI sandarbha meM indranandi ne kucha matabhedoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jisase patA calatA hai ki indranandi ko bhI saMghabheda kA spaSTa jJAna nahIM thaa| para yaha nizcita hai ki usa samaya vizeSataH nandi, sena, deva dezI aura siMha gaNa hI pracalita the| bAda meM sUrasthagaNa, balAtkAra gaNa, kANUragaNa Adi gaNoM kA bhI utpatti huii| manvisaMdha: mUlasaMghameM nandi saMgha prAcInatama saMgha pratIta hotA hai / isa saMgha kI eka 'prAkRta paTTAvalI bhI milI hai / ye kaThora tapasvI huA karate the / yApanIya aura drAviDa saMgha meM bhI nandisaMgha milatA hai / lagabhaga 14-15 vIM zatAbdI meM nandisaMgha aura mUlasaMgha ekArtha vAcI-se ho gaye / nandisaMgha kA nAma "nandi" nAmAntadhArI muniyoM se huA jAna par3atA hai / senasaMdha: senasaMgha kA nAma bhI senAnta AcAryoM se huA hogaa| jinasena eka saMgha ke pradhAna nAyaka kahe jA sakate hai / unake pUrva, saMbhava hai, use 'paJcastUpAnvaya' kahA jAtA ho| jinasena ne apane guru vIrasena ko isI anvaya se sambaddha likhA hai| isa anvaya kA ullekha pahAr3apara (baMgAla) ke pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke zilAlekhoM meM tathA harivaMza kathAkoSa meM bhI milatA hai / 'senagaNa' nAma bhI uttara kAlIna hI pratIta hotA hai / yaha gaNa dakSiNa bhArata ke bhaTTArakoM meM adhika pracalita rahA hai| mUlasaMgha ke antargata jo zAkhAyeM-prazAkhAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM, unheM hama nimnaprakAra se vibhAjita kara sakate haiM1. manvaya-koNDakundAnvaya, zropurAnvaya, kitturAnvaya, candrakavATAnvaya, citrakUTAnvaya Adi / 2. bali-inasoge yA panasoge, iMgulezvara evaM vANada bali bhAdi / 1. zrutAvatAra, 96. 2. na pilAlekha saMgraha prathama khaNDa, yasaMkhyaka 5. 3, Indian Antiquary, XX, P, 341 4. nItisAra, 6-8. 5. pIparI gulAbacanA-digambara jaina saMgha ke atIta kI eka jhAMkI, bhAcArya niyA smRtivandha, vitIya sancha, pR. 295.

Page #73
49 3. gaccha - citrakUTa, hotage, tagarika, hogari, pArijAta, meSapASANa, titriNIka, sarasvatI, pustaka, vakragaccha Adi / 4. saMgha -navirasaMgha, mayUrasaMgha, kicUrasaMgha, kozalanUrasaMgha, ganezvarasaMgha, goDasaMgha, zrIsaMgha, siMhasaMgha, paratUrasaMgha Adi / 5. gaNa - balAtkAra, sUrastha, kAlogra, udAra, yogariya, pulAgavRkSa, mUlagaNa, paMkura, dezI gaNa Adi / ye gaNa dakSiNa bhArata meM adhika pAye jAte haiM, uttara bhArata meM kama / unameM pradhAnataH ullekhanIya haiM- koNDakundAnvaya, sarasvatI pustaka gaccha, sUrasthagaNa, krANuragaNa evaM balAtkAra gaNa / koNDakundAnvaya kA hI rUpAntara kundakundAnvaya haiM, jisakA sambandha spaSTata: AcArya kundakunda se hai / yaha anvaya dezIgaNa ke antargata ginA jAtA hai / isa dezIgaNa kA udbhava lagabhaga 9 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM deza nAmaka grAma ( pazcimaghATa ke uccabhUmibhAga aura godAvarI ke bIca) meM huA thA / karnATaka prAnta meM isa gaNa kA vizeSa vikAsa 10-11 vIM zatAbdI taka ho gayA thA / gaccha, 1 mUlasaMgha ke anya prasiddha gaNoM meM sUrasthagaNa krANUragaNa aura balAtkAragaNa vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / sUrasthagaNa saurASTra, dhAravAr3a aura bIjApura jile meM lagabhaga 13 vIM zatI taka adhika lokapriya rahA hai / krANUragaNa kA astitva 14vIM zatI taka upalabdha hotA hai / isakI tIna zAkhAyeM thI / tantriNI maiSapASANagaccha aura pustakagaccha / 'balAtkAra gaNa' ke prabhAva se ye zAlAyeM hataprabha ho gaI thIM / isake anuyAyI bhaTTAraka padmanandi ko apanA pradhAna AcArya mAnate rahe haiM / padmanandI saMbhavata: AcArya kundakunda kA dvitIya nAma thA / balAtkAra gaNa kA udbhava balagAra grAma meM huA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki balAtkAra gaNa ke udbhAvaka padmanandI ne giranAra para pASANa se nirmita sarasvatI ko vAcAla kara diyA / isalie balAtkAra gaNa ke 'sArasvatagaccha' kA udaya huA / isakA sarvaprathama ullekha zaka ke zilAlekha meM milatA hai / karNATaka prAnta meM isa gaNa kA vikAsa adhika huA hai para isakI zAkhAyeM kAraMjA, malayakheDa, lAtUra, dehalI, ajamera, jayapura, susta, IDara, nAgaura, sonAgira Adi sthAnoM para bhI sthApita huI haiN| bhaTTAraka padmanandI aura sakalakIrti Adi jaise kuzala sAhityakAra isI balAtkAra gaNa meM hue haiN| gujarAta, rAjasthAna madhyapradeza aura mahArASTra meM usa balAtkAra gaNakA kAryakSetra adhika rahA hai| isako eka anya zAkhA senagana ko parAyeM antargata hI eka saM. 993 - 994

Page #74
kolhApura jinakAMcI (madrAsa) venugoNDa (Andhra) aura kAraMjA (vidarbha) meM upalabdha hotI haiN| mUlasaMgha ke AcAryoM ne itara saMghoM ko jainAbhAsa kahA hai| aise saMghoM meM unhoMne drAviDa, kASThA, yApanIya mAthura aura bhillaka saMghoM kI gaNanA kI hai| jainAbhAsa batAne kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki unameM zithilAcAra kI pravRtti adhika A cukI thii| ve mandira Adi kA nirmANa karAte the| aura tanimitta dAna svIkAra karate the / para yaha ThIka nhiiN| kyoMki AzAdhara jaise vidvAna isI tathAkathita jainAbhAsa saMghoM meM se the, jinhoMne zithilAcAra kI kaThora nindA kI hai / darzanapAhuDa kI TIkA meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ko bhI jainAbhAsI saMghoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai / 2. bAvira saMgha: drAvir3a saMgha kA sambandha spaSTataH tamila pradeza se rahA hai / I. pUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM vahAM jainadharma pahuMca cukA thaa| siMhala dvIpa meM jo jainadharma pahuMcA vaha tamila pradeza hokara hI gyaa| AcArya devasena ne isa saMgha kI utpatti ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki devanandi ke ziSya vacanandine vi. saM. 526 meM mayurA meM isa saMgha kI sthApanA kI thii| isa saMgha kI dRSTi meM vANijya vyavasAya se jIvikArjana karanA aura zItala jala se snAnAdi karanA vihita mAnA gayA hai| usake anusAra bIjoM meM jIva nahIM tathA muniyoM ko khar3e-khar3e bhojana karane kA koI vidhAna nhiiN| tamila pradeza meM zaiva sampradAya kI pratiSThA bahuta adhika thii| saptama zatAbdI meM unake sAtha jainoM ke aneka saMgharSa bhI hue| isa saMgha ko adhikAdhika lokapriya banAne kI dRSTi se isake yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kI pUjA pratiSThA bAdi ko bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA / padmAvatI kI mAnyatA yahIM se prArambha huI pratIta hotI hai / kRrcaka saMgha (jaTAdhArI) bhI isI saMgha meM thaa| hoyasala narezoM ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki ve isa saMgha ke saMrakSaka rahe haiN| unhI ke lekha isa saMgha ke viSaya kI sAmagrI se bhare hue haiN| drAvir3a saMgha ke sAtha hI isa saMgha meM koNDakundAnvaya, pustakagaccha, mUlitalagaccha aura aruMgalAnvaya Adi ko bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai / saMbhava hai, apane saMgha ko adhikAdhika prabhAvazAlI banAne kI dRSTi se yaha kadama uThAyA gayA ho| maisUra pradeza isake pracAra-prasAra kA kendra rahA hai| . 1. vanabAra, 24-25.

Page #75
brAviDa saMgha meM aneka prasiddha AcArya hue haiN| unameM pAdirAja aura malliSeNa vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / unake granthoM meM mantra-tantra ke prayoga adhika milate haiM / bhaTTAraka prathA kA pracalana vizeSataH drAviDa saMgha se hI huA hogaa| 3. kASThA saMgha: kASThA saMgha kI utpatti mathurA ke samIpavartI kASThA grAma meM huI thii| darzanasAra ke anusAra vi. saM. 753 meM isakI sthApanA vinayasena ke ziSya kumArasena ke dvArA kI gaI thii| tadnusAra mayUrapiccha ke sthAna para gopiccha rakhane kI anumati dI gaI / vi. saM. 853 meM rAmasena ne mAthura saMgha kI sthApanA kara gopiccha rakhane ko bhI anAvazyaka batAyA hai| bulAkIcanda ke vacanakoza (vi. maM. 1767) meM kASThAsaMgha kI utpati umAsvAmI ke ziSya lohAcArya dvArA nirdiNTa hai / mAthura saMgha ko niSpicchika kahA gayA hai| kASThAsaMgha kA prAcInatama ullekha zravaNa belgolA ke vi. saM. 1119 ke lekha meM milatA hai| surendrakIti (vi. saM. 1747) dvArA likhita paTTAvalI ke anusAra lagabhaga 14 vIM zatAbdI taka isa saMgha ke pramukha cAra avAntara bhaMda ho gaye the -mAthuragaccha, vAgaDagaccha, lATavAgaDagaccha evaM nanditaTagaccha / bArahavIM zatI taka ke zilAlekhoM meM ye nanditaTagaccha ko chor3akara zeSa tInoM gaccha svatantra saMgha ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| unakA udaya kramazaH mathurA, bAgaDa (pUrva gujarAta) aura lATa (dakSiNa gujarAta) deza meM huA thaa| caturthagaccha nanditaTa kI utpatti nAnder3a (mahArASTra) meM huI / darzanasAra ke anusAra nAnder3a hI kASThA saMgha kA udbhava sthAna hai / saMbhava hai, isa samaya taka ukta cAroM gacchoM kA ekIkaraNa kara unheM kASThAsaMgha nAma de diyA gayA ho / isa saMgha meM jayasena, mahAsena, kumAramena, rAmasena somakIrti, amitagati Adi jaise aneka prasiddha AcArya aura granthakAra hue haiN| agravAla, khaNDelavAla Adi upajAtiyAM isI saMgha ke antargata nirmita huI haiN| isa saMgha ne striyoM ko dIkSA dene kA, jhullikoM ko vIryacaryA kA muniyoM ko kar3e bAloM kI picchI rakhane kA nIra rAtribhojana tyAga nAmaka chaThaM guNavata kA, vidhAna kiyA hai| darzanapAhuDa ke anusAra cAhe digambara ho yA zvetAmbara, sAdhaka ke lie samabhAvI honA 4. yApanIya saMgha : darzanasAra ke anusAra isa saMgha kI utpatti vi.maM.205 meM kalyANa nAmA nagara meM zrI kalaza nAmaka zvetAmbara sAdhu ne kI thii| saMgha bheda hone ke bAda 1. varzanasAra, 34-36. 2. anya prati ke anusAra yaha tiSi vi. saM. 705 hai|

Page #76
zAyada yaha prathama saMgha thA, jisane zvetAmbara aura digambara, donoM saMghoM kI mAnyatAoM ko ekAkAra kara donoM ko milAne kA prayatna kiyA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcAra ke anusAra sAdhu nagna rahate mayUrapiccha dhAraNa karate pANitalabhojI hote aura nagna mUrti kI pUjana karate the| para vicAra kI dRSTi se ve zvetAmbara sampradAya ke samIpa the / tadanusAra ve strImukti, kevalIkavalAhAra aura savastramukti mAnate the| unameM kalpasUtra, Avazyaka, chaMdasUtra, niyukti dazavakAlika bAdi zvetAmbarIya granthoM kA bhI adhyayana hotA thaa| yApanIya saMgha ko goppasaMgha bhI kahA gayA hai| AcAra-vicAra kA yaha saMyoga yApanIya saMgha kI lokapriyatA kA kAraNa banA / isalie ise rAjyasaMrakSaNa bhI paryApta milA / kadamba, cAlukya, gaMga, rASTrakUTa, ra? Adi vaMzoM ke rAjAoM ne yApanIya saMgha ko prabhUta dAnAdi dekara usakA vikAsa kiyA thaa| isa saMgha kA astitva lagabhaga 15 vIM zatAbdI taka rahA hai, yaha zilAlekhoM se pramANita hotA hai| zilAlekha vizeSataH karnATaka pradeza meM milate haiM / yahI isakA pradhAna kendra rahA hogaa| velagAMva, vIjApura, dhAravADa, kolhApura Adi sthAnoM para bhI yApanIya saMgha kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| - yApanIya saMgha bhI kAlAntara meM aneka zAkhA-prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| usakI sarvaprathama zAkhA 'nandigaNa' nAma se prasiddha hai| kucha anya gaNoM kA bhI ullekha zilAlekhoM meM milatA haiM- jaise-kanakopalasambhUtavRkSamUla gaNa, zrImUlagaNa, punAgavRkSamulagaNa, kaumudIgaNa, mar3avagaNa, kAreyagaNa, vandiyUragaNa, kaNDa ragaNa, balahArigaNa bAdi / ye nAma prAyaH vRkSoM ke nAmoM para rakhe gaye haiN| sambhava hai, isa saMgha ne una vRkSoM ko kisI kAraNavaza mahatva diyA ho| lagatA hai, bAda meM yApanIya saMgha mUla saMgha se sambaddha ho gayA hogA / lagabhaga 11 vIM zatAbdI taka nandisaMgha kA ullekha dravir3a saMgha ke antargata hotA rahA aura 12 vIM zatAbdI se vaha mUlasaMdha ke antarbhUta hotA huA dikhatA hai| - yApanIya saMgha ke bAcArya sAhitya sarjanA meM bhI agraNI the| pAlyakIrti kA zakaTAyana vyAkaraNa, aparAjita kI mUlArASanA para vijayodayA TIkA bora zivArya kI bhagavatI bArAdhanA kA vizeSa ullekha yahAM kiyA jA sakatA hai| umAsvAti, sirasena divAkara, vimalasUri, svayaMbhU Adi AcAryoM ko bhI yApanIya saMgha se saMbaddha mAnA gayA hai| 1. padanasamucava, banAvaTIkA, pR.76. 2. bamomavRtti 1.2.201-4. 3.cana sampradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura prakAza-DaoN.e. ena, upAdhye, banekAnta, varSa 28, kiraNa pu. 1, 24-253.

Page #77
5. bhaTTAraka sampradAya ukta saMghoM kI AcAra-vicAra paramparA kI samIkSA karane para yaha spaSTa bAbhAsa hotA hai ki janasaMgha meM samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra parivartana hotA rahA hai| yaha saMgha mUlataH niSparigrahI aura banavAsI thA, para lagabhaga pothI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM kucha sAdhu caityoM meM bhI AvAsa karane lge| yaha pravRtti zvetAmbara aura digambara, donoM paramparAgoM meM lagabhaga eka sAtha pnpii| isa taraha vahAM sASu sampradAya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA-vanavAsI aura batyavAsI / para ye donoM zabda zvetAmbara sampradAya meM adhika pracalita hue / digambara sampradAya meM unakA sthAna kramazaH malasaMgha aura drAviDa saMgha ne le liyaa| bAda meM to mUlasaMdhI bhI caityavAsI banate dikhAI dene lge| AcArya guNabhadra (navI zatAbdI) ke samaya sAdhuoM kI pravRtti nagaravAsa kI aura adhika jhukane lagI thI / isakA unhoMne tIvra virodha bhI kiyA / mayadhyaga taka Ate-Ate jaina dharma kI AcAra vyavasthA meM anapekSita parivartana A gyaa|saadhu samAja meM parigraha aura upabhoga ke sAdhanoM kI ora khiMcAva adhika dikhAI dene lagA / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM to yaha pravRtti bahuta pahale se hI prArambha ho gaI thI, para digambara sampradAya bhI aba vastra kI ora AkarSita hone lgaa| isakA prArambha vasantakIrti (13 vIM zatAbdI) dvArA maNDapadurga (mAMDalagar3ha, rAjasthAna) meM kiyA gayA / ' bhaTTAraka prathA bhI lagabhaga yahIM se prArambha ho gaI / yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ve digambara maTTAraka nagnamudrA ko pUjya mAnate the aura yathAvasara use dhAraNa bhI karate the| snAna ko bhI ve vajita nahIM mAnate the / picchI ke prakAra aura upayoga meM bhI antara aayaa| dhIre-dhIre ye sAdhu-maThAdhIza hone lage aura apanI pITha sthApita karane lge| usa pITha kI pracura sampadA ke bhI ve uttarAdhikArI hone lage / isake bAvajUda unameM nirvastra rahane athavA jIvana ke antima bamaya meM nagna mudrA dhAraNa karane kI prathA thii| prasiddha vidvAna bhaTTAraka kumudacandra pAlakIpara baiThate the, chatra lagAte aura nagna rahate the| lagabhaga bArahavIM zatI taka Ate-Ate bhaTTAraka samudAya kA AcAra mUlAcAra se bahuta bhinna ho gayA / AzApara ne unake AcAra ko mlecchoM ke 1. vAtmAnuzAsana, 197. 2. bhaTTAraka sampradAya, vidyAdhara joharApurakara, AcArya bhikSusmRti grantha, dvitIya saNDa, pR. 37, 3. jaina nivandha ralAvalI, pR. 405.

Page #78
AcAra ke samAna batAyA hai| somadeva ne bhI 'yazastilaka campU' meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai / zvetAmbara catyavAsiyoM meM bhI isI prakAra kA kutsita AcaraNa ghara kara gayA thA, jisakA ullekha haribhadra ne 'saMbodha prakaraNa' meM kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki ye kusAghu caityoM aura maThoM meM rahate haiM, pUjA karane kA Arambha karate haiM, deva-dravya kA upabhoga karate haiM, jina mandira aura zAlAyeM banavAte haiM, raGga-viraGge sugandhita dhUpavAsita vastra pahinate haiM, binA nAtha ke baloM ke sadRza striyoM ke Age gAte haiM, AyikAoM dvArA lAye gaye padArtha khAte haiM, aura taraha-taraha ke upakaraNa rakhate haiM, jala, phala, phUla Adi sacitta dravyoM kA upabhoga karate hai, do-tIna bAra bhojana karate hai aura tAmbUla, lavaMgAdi bhI khAte haiN| ye muhUrta nikAlate haiM, nimitta batalAte haiM, bhabhUta bhI dete haiM / jyonAroM meM miSThAhAra prApta karate haiM, AhAra ke lie khuzAmada karate haiM aura pUchane para bhI satya dharma nahIM btlaate| svayaM bhraSTa hote hue bhI dUsaroM se AlocanA pratikramaNa karAte haiM / snAna karate, tela lagAte, zrRMgAra karate aura itra-phulela kA upayoga karate haiM / apane hInAcArI mRtaka guruoM kI dAha bhUmi para stUpa banavAte hai / striyoM ke samakSa vyAkhyAna dete haiM aura striyAM unake guNoM ke gIta gAtI haiN| sArI rAta sote, kraya-vikraya karate aura pravacana ke bahAne vikathA meM kiyA karate hai / celA banAne ke lie choTe-choTe baccoM ko kharIdate, bhole logoM ko Thagate aura jina pratimAoM ko bhI becate-kharIdate haiM / uccATana karate aura vaiyaka yantra, mantra, gaNDA, tAbIja Adi meM kuzala hote hai| ye zrAvakoM ko suvihita sAdhuoM ke pAsa jAte hue rokata haiM, zApa dene kA bhaya dikhAte haiM, paraspara virodha rakhate haiM aura celoM ke lie eka dUsare se lar3a marate haiN| jo loga ina bhraSTa caritroM ko bhI muni mAnataM the, unako lakSya karake haribhadra ne kahA hai "kucha ajJAnI kahate hai ki yaha tIrthakaroM kA veSa hai, ise bhI namaskAra karanA cAhie / aho! dhikkAra ho inheM / maiM apane zira ke zUla kI pukAra kisake bAge jAkara kruuN|' 1. banAgAraparmAmRta, 296. 2. janasAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 489. 3. saMboSaprakaraNa, 76: vaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pa. 480-81.

Page #79
55 digambara sAdhuoM meM bhI lagabhaga isI prakAra kA AcaraNa pracalita ho gayA thA / mahendrasUri kI 'zatapadI' (vi. saM. 1263 ) isakA pramANa hai / tadanusAra digambara muni nagnatva ke prAvaraNa ke lie yogapaTTa (rezamI vastra ) Adi dhAraNa karate the / uttara kAla meM usakA sthAna vastra ne le liyA / zrutasAgara kI 'tatvAryasUtra TIkA' meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki zItakAla meM ye digambara muni kambala Adi bhI grahaNa kara lete the aura zItakAla ke vyatIta hone ke uparAnta ve unheM chor3a dete the / dhIre dhIre RtukAla kA bhI bandhana dUra ho gayA aura sAdhu yatheccha vastra dhAraNa karane lage / sAtha hI gadde, takiye, pAlakI, chatra- caMvara, maTha, sampatti Adi vilAsI sAmagrI kA bhI parigraha bar3hane lagA / aise sAdhuoM ko bhaTTAraka athavA caityavAsI kahA gayA hai / ukta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki madhyakAlIna jainasaMgha meM yaha zithilAcAra surasA kI bhAMti bar3hatA calA jA rahA thA / vizuddhatAvAdI AcAryoM ne usakI ghanaghora nindA kI phira bhI usakA prabhAva nahIM par3A / dUsarA mUla kAraNa thA ki samAja kA mAnasika parivartana bar3I tIvratA se hotA jA rahA thA / bhaTTArakoM kA mukhya kArya mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA, mandiroM kA nirmANa aura unakI vyavasthA, yAntrika, mAntrika aura tAntrika pratipAdana tathA yakSa-yakSiNiyoM aura devIdevatAoM kA yajana-pUjana ho gayA / sAdhAraNa samAja meM ye kArya bar3e lokapriya ho gaye the / ataH upAsakoM me bhaTTAraka samAja ke prati zraddhA jAgrata ho gaI thI / bhaTTArakoM ke kAraNa mUrti aura sthApatya kalA ko adhikAdhika protsAhana milA / jaina grantha - bhaNDAra sthApita kiye gaye / sAhitya-sRjana aura saMrakSaNa kI ora abhiruci jAgrata huI tathA jainadharma kA prabhAvanA - kSetra bar3ha gayA / jaina saMgha aura sampradAya kI bhaTTAraka sampradAya kI yaha dena avismaraNIya hai / terahapantha aura bIsapantha : bhaTTAraka sampradAya kA ukta AcAra-1 - vicAra jainadharma ke kuzala jJAtAoM ke bIca AlocanA kA viSaya banA rhaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usake virodha meM paNDita pravara amaracanda bar3ajAtyA evaM banArasI dAsa ne satrahavIM zatAbdI meM AgarA meM eka Andolana calAyA / isI Andojana kA nAma terApantha rakhA gayA / isake nAma ke viSaya meM koI nirvivAda siddhAnta nahIM hai / isa terahapantha kI dRSTi meM bhaTTArakoM kA AcAra samyak nahIM / vaha to mahAvIra ke dvArA nirdiSTa mUlAcAra ko hI mUla siddhAnta svIkAra karatA hai / yaha pantha samAja meM kAphI lokapriya ho gyaa| dUsarI ora bhaTTArakoM athavA caityavAsiyoM ke anuyAyI apane Apa ko bIsapanthI kahane lage / inake anuyAyI pratimAoM para

Page #80
kesara lagAte tathA puSpamAlAyeM aura hare phala Adi car3hAte haiM / terahapanya ke banuyAyI isake virodhaka haiM / jIvana-nirmANa se saMbaddha taraha siddhAntoM ke kAraNa ise terApanya kahA gayA aura unase zreSThatara batAne ke lie virodhiyoM ne apane paMca kI vIsapanya kaha diyA / donoM panyoM ke samanvaya kI dRSTi se eka totApanna baSavA sAThI solahapaMtha kI sthApanA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| tAraNapanya: pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka musalima AkramaNoM ne jaina mUrti kalA aura sthApatya kalA ko gaharA AghAta pahuMcA diyA thaa| unhoMne ina sabhI sAMskRtika dharoharoM ko adhikAdhika pariNAma meM naSTa-bhraSTa kara diyA thaa| ye acetana mUrtiyAM isa kArya kA koI virodha nahIM kara sakI / pratyuta unhoMne ApattiyoM ko nimantrita kiyA / phalasvarUpa digambara sampradAya ke hI ekavyakti ke mana meM yaha bAta jama gaI ki mUrti-pUjA anAvazyaka hai| usane apanA nayA panya prArambha kara diyA / kAlAntara meM vahI vyakti isa pantha ke sthApaka tAraNataraNa svAmI ke mAma se prasiddha hue / san 1515 meM unakA svargAsa malhAragaDha (gvAliyara) meM havA / yahI sthAna Aja nasiyAjI kahalAtA hai, jo Aja eka tIrthasthAna bana gayA / isa pantha kA vizeSa pracAra madhyapradeza meM huaa| isake anuyAyI mUrti ke sthAna para zAstra kI pUjA karate haiN| ye digambara sampradAya meM mAnya sabhI granthoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / tAraNataraNa svAmI ne tAraNataraNa zrAvakAcAra, paNDitapUjA, mAlArohaNa, kamalAbattIsI, upadezazuddhasAra, jJAnasamuccayasAra, amalapAhuDa, caubIsa ThANa, tribhaGgIsAra Adi 14 choTe-moTe granthoM kI racanA kI hai / unameM zrAvakAcAra pramukha hai| 2. zvetAmbara saMgha aura sampradAya jaisA hama pahale kaha cuke haiM, zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti eka vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| kucha samaya taka zvetAmbara sAghu apavAda ke rUpa meM hI kaTivastra dhAraNa kiyA karate the| para bAda meM lagabhaga AThavIM zatI meM unhoMne unheM pUrNataH svIkAra kara liyaa| sAdhAraNata: unake pAsa ye caudaha upakaraNa hote haiM-pAtra, pAtrabandha, pAtra sthApana, pAtra pramArjanikA, paTala, rajastrANa, mucchaka, do cAdara, kambala (UnI vastra), rajoharaNa, mukhavastrikA, mAtraka aura colaka / mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa bAda devarSigaNI kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ne apane granthoM kA saMkalana zruti paramparA ke bAdhAra para kiyA jinheM digambaro ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| isakA mUla kAraNa

Page #81
57 thA ki vahAM katipaya prakaraNoM ko kATa-chATa kara aura tor3a-maror3akara upasthita kiyA gayA thA / kAlantara meM zvetAmbara saMgha meM nimnalikhita pradhAna sampradAya utpanna hue caityavAsI : zvetAmbara sampradAya meM vanavAsI sAdhuoM ke viparIta lagabhaga caturtha * zatAbdI ( 355 I.) meM eka caityavAsI sAdhu sampradAya khar3A ho gayA, jisane banoM ko chor3akara caityoM-mandiroM meM nivAsa karanA aura grantha saMgraha ke lie bAvazyaka dravya rakhanA vihita mAnA / isI ke poSaNa meM unhoMne nigama nAmaka zAstroM kI racanA bhI kI / haribhadra sUri ne catyavAsiyoM kI hI nindA apane saMbodha prakaraNa meM kI hai / caityavAsiyoM ne 45 AgamoM ko prAmANika svIkAra kiyA hai / unhoMne mandira nirmANa aura mUrti-pratiSThAoM kA kArya bahuta adhika kiyA / inheM yati kahate haiM / vi. sa. 802 meM aNahilapura paTTANa ke rAjA cAvar3A ne apane caityabAsI guru zIla guNa suri kI AjJA se yaha nirdeza diyA ki isa nagara meM banavAsI sAdhuoM kA praveza nahIM ho sakegA / isase patA calatA hai ki lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI taka caityavAsI sampradAya kA prabhAva kAphI bar3ha gayA thA / bAda meM vi. saM. 1070 meM durlabhadeva kI sabhA meM jinezvara sUri aura buddhi sAgara sUri ne caityavAsI sAdhuoM se zAstrArtha karake ukta nirdeza ko vApisa karAyA / isI upalakSya meM rAjA durlabhadeva ne vanavAsiyoM ko saratara nAma diyA / isI nAmapara kharataragaccha kI sthApanA huI / vividha gaccha : zvetAmbara sampradAya kAlAntara meM vividha gacchoM meM vibhakta ho gayA / 'una gacchoM meM pramukha gaccha isa prakAra haiM-' 1. upavezagaccha - pArzvanAtha kA anuyAyI kezI isa kA saMsthApaka kahA jAtA hai / 2. kharataragaccha - jaisA upara kahA jA cukA hai, kharataragaccha kI sthApanA meM durlabhadeva vi. saM. 1017 kA vizeSa hAtha rahA hai / unake atirikta varSamAna sUri ke ziSya jinezvara sUri ne caityavAsiyoM ke sAtha zAstrArtha kiyA thA / kharataragaccha ke kAlAntara meM dasa gaccha-bheda hue jinameM mUrti pratiSThA, mandira - nirmANa Adi hote rahe hai- 1. vistAra se dekhiye, - jaina dharma - kailAzacandra zAstrI, pu. 290-2

Page #82
1) madhukharataragaccha- 1107 I. meM jinavallabhasUri ne sthApita kiyaa| 2) laghukharataragaccha- 1274 I. meM jinasiMhasUri ne sthApita kiyaa| 3) vegar3a kharataragaccha- 1365 I. meM dharmaballabhagaNi ne prArambha kiyaa| 4) pIppAlaka gaccha- 1417 I. meM. jinavarSanasUri ne saMsthA pita kiyaa| 5) AcArIya kharataragaccha- 1507 I. meM AcArya zAntisAgarasUri ne sthApita kiyaa| 6) bhAvaharSa kharataragaccha- 1629 I. meM amaharSopAdhyAya ne prArambha kiyaa| 7) laghuvAcAryAya kharataragaccha- 1629 I. meM jinasAgarasUri saMsthApaka bne| 8) raMgavijaya kharataragaccha- 1643 I. meM raMgavijayagaNi isake pravartaka hue| 9) zrIsArIya kharataragaccha- 1643 I. meM bhI sAdopAdhyAyane ise claayaa| tapAgaccha : vi. saM. 1685 meM jagaccandrasUri kI kaThora sAdhanA se prabhAvita hokara mevAr3a nareza jainasiMha ne unheM "tapA" nAmaka viruda se alaMkRta kiyaa| jagaccandrasUri mUlataH nirgranthagaccha ke anuyAyI the / 'tapA' viruda ke milane para nirgranthagaccha kA nAma tapAgaccha ho gyaa| kAlAntara meM unhIM ke anyatama ziSya vijayacandra sUri ne zithilAcAra ko protsAhita kiyA aura yaha sthApita kiyA ki sAdhu aneka vastra rakha sakatA hai, unheM dho sakatA hai, ghI, dUdha, zAka, phala Adi khA sakatA hai, tathA sAdhvI dvArA bAnIta bhojana grahaNa kara sakatA hai| tapAgaccha meM bhI yathAsamaya aneka gacchoM kI sthApanA huI1) vRddha posAlika tapAgaccha- saMsthApaka vijayacandra sUri 2) laghu posAlika tapAgaccha- saMsthApaka devendrasUri 3) devasUri gaccha- saMsthApaka devasUri 1. bamaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pilla 5, mAga 2, spapirAvalI, pa. 15 - -

Page #83
59 4) AnandasUri gaccha5) sAgara gaccha6) vimala gaccha 7) saMvegI gaccha saMsthApaka AnandasUri saMsthApaka sAgarasUri saMsthApaka vimalasUri saMsthApaka vijayagaNi pAzvanASagaccha : vi. saM. 1515 meM tapAgaccha pRthak hokara AcArya pAvacanda ne isa gaccha kI sthApanA kI / ve niyukti, alpa, cUNi, aura cheda granthoM ko pramANa koTi meM nahIM rakhate the| isI prakAra kRSNaSi kA kRSNapiMgaccha bhI tapAgaccha kI hI zAkhA ke rUpa meM prasiddha thaa| AJcalagaccha: upAdhyAya vijayahasiMsUri (AryarakSita sUri) ne 1166 I. meM mukhapaTTI ke sthAna para aMcala (vastra kA chora) ke upayoga karane kI ghoSaNA kii| isIlie ise aMcalagaccha kahate haiM / pUrNimA evaM sArSa pUNimiyA gaccha : AcArya candaprabhasUri ne pracalita kriyAkANDa kA virodhakara paurNameyakagaccha kI sthApanA kI / ve mahAnizIthasUtra ko pramANa nahIM mAnate the / kumArapAla ke virodha ke kAraNa isa gaccha kA koI vizeSa vikAsa nahIM ho paayaa| kAlAntara meM 1179 I. meM sumatisiMha ne isakA uddhAra kiyA isalie ise sArdha paurNamIyaka gaccha kahA jAne lgaa| Agamika gaccha : isa gaccha ke saMsthApaka zIlaguNa aura devabhara pahale paurNameyaka the| bAda meM Acalika hue aura phira 1193 meM Agamika ho gye| ve kSetrapAla kI pUjA ko anucita batAte the / solahavIM zatI meM isI gaccha kI eka zAkhA kaTaka nAma se prasiddha huI isa zAkhA ke anuyAyI kevala zrAvaka the| anya gaccha ina gacchoM ke atirikta paccIsoM gacchoM ke ullekha milate haiM jinakI sthApanAyeM prAya: 10-11 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda rAjasthAna meM huI / ina gacchoM meM katipaya isa prakAra hai1. rAjasthAta meM jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa-oN. kalAzacanA jaina, evaM DaoN. manoharalAla dalAla, jaina saMskRti aura rAjasthAna vizeSAMka, jinavANI, varSa 12, baMka 4-7, 1905. 1.125-168,

Page #84
'candra gaccha (1182 I.), nAgendra gaccha ( 1031 I.), nivRtti gancha ( 1412 I.), pippAlAcArya gaccha ( 1151 I.), mahendrasUri gaccha (13 vIM zatI), AmradevAcArya gaccha ( 11 vIM zatI), prabhAkara gaccha ( 1515 I.), kar3Imati gaccha ( 1505 I.), dharmatoSagaccha ( 14 vIM zatI), bhAvadevAcArya gaccha ( 13 vIM zatI), baDAhar3a gaccha ( 13 vIM zatI), malladhArI gaccha ( 13 vIM zatI), vidyAdhara gaccha ( 14 vIM zatI), vijayagaccha (1642 I.) mar3Ahar3a gaccha ( 1230 I.), nAnavAlagaccha (11 vIM zatI), bRhad gaccha (1086 I.), brAhmaNagaccha ( 12 vIM zatI), kAcholI gaccha ( 14 vIM zatI), upakeza gaccha ( 1202 I.), koraNTaka gaccha ( 1031 I.), saNDeraka gaccha (12 vIM zatI), hastikuNDI gaccha ( 1396 I.) pallivAlagaccha ( 1405 I.), nAgapurIya gaccha ( 1117 I.) harSapurIyagaccha ( 1105 I.) bhatRpurIyagaccha (13 vIM zatI), thArApadrIya gaccha ( 1151 I.), Adi / ina gacchoM kI sthApanA choTe-moTe aneka kAraNoM se huI / kucha kA sambandha sthAnoM se hai to kucha kA kula se gaccha adhikAMza kisI na kisI AcArya ke nAma se prasiddha hue haiM / pratyeka gaccha kI sAdhucaryA pRthak-pRthak rahI hai / ina gacchoM meM Ajakala kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha aura AMcalikagaccha hI astitva meM hai / ye sabhI gaccha mandira - mArgI aura mUrtipUjaka rahe haiM / sthAnakavAsI sampradAya : mUrtipUjA ke virodha meM zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bhI kucha sampradAya bar3e hue jinameM sthAnakavAsI aura terApanthI pramukha haiM / sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kI utpatti caityavAsI sampradAyake virodha meM huI / 15 vIM zatI meM ahamadAbAdavAsI muni zInazrI ke ziSya lokAzAhane Agamika granthoM ke AdhAra para yaha prasthApita kiyA ki mUrtipUjA aura AcAra-vicAra jo Aja kI samAja meM pracalita hai, vaha Agama vihita nahIM / phalataH unhoMne 1451 I. meM loMkApaMtha kI sthApanA kI / caityavAsiyoM ke vilAsapUrNa jIvana ke virodha ne ise lokapriya banA diyaa| mUrtipUjA kA virodha, pratikramaNa, prAcAravyAna aura brahmacarya pAlana unake mukhya siddhAnta the / ina siddhAntoM kA AdhAra 32 sUtroM ko banAyA / uttarakAla meM sUratavAsI eka gRhastha lavajI ne lokAgaccha kI AcAra paramparA meM kucha sudhAra kara DhUMr3hiyA sampradAya bhI sthApanA kI / lokAgaccha ke sabhI anuyAyI isa sampradAya ke anuyAyI ho gaye / isake anusAra apanA dhArmika kriyAkarma mandiroM meM na kara sthAnakoM athavA upAzraya meM karate haiM /

Page #85
isalie isa sampradAya ko sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kahA jAne lgaa| ise sAdhumArgI bhI kahate haiM / yaha sampradAya tIrthayAtrA meM bhI vizeSa zravA nahIM rakhatA isake sAdhu zvetavastra pahinate aura mukhapaTTI bAMdhate haiN| aThArahavIM zatI meM satyavijaya paMyAsa ne sAdhuoM ko zvetavastra pahinane kA viSAna kiyA, para Aja yaha pracAra meM dikhAI nahIM detaa| kriyodArakoM meM pAMca AcAryoM ke nAma pramukha hai-jIvarAja, lava, dharmasiMha, dharmadAsa, hara, aura pannA / jIvarAja, amarasiMha, nAnakarAma, mASo, nAthUrAma, mUghara, raghunAtha, jayamala, rAmacanda, kuzala, kanIrAma Adi aneka prabhAvaka AcArya ita sampradAya meM hue haiM / terApandha sampradAya : sthAnakavAsI AcAra-vicAra kI zithilatA ke virodha meM sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ke AcArya raghunAtha ke ziSya AcArya bhikSu (bhIkhaNajI) ne vi.saM. 1817, caitrazuklA navamI ke dina apane pRthak sampradAya kI sthApanA kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| unakI antarmukhI vRtti, anAsakti aura pratibhA ke lagabhaga tIna bahabAda terApantha kI sthApanA kara dii| isa avasara para unake sAtha teraha sASu the aura teraha zrAvaka / isI saMkhyA para isa pantha kA nAma 'terApanya' rata diyA gyaa| bAda meM isakI AdhyAtmika abhivyakti huI ki bhagavana, yaha tumhArA hI mArga hai jisapara hama cala rahe haiM / pAMca mahAvata, pAMca samiti aura tIna gupti ina teraha niyamoMkA jo pAlana kare vaha terApanthI hai| ___ sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ke samAna terApantha bhI battIsa bhAgamoM ko prAmANika mAnatA hai / tadanusAra pramukha anyatAyeM isa prakAra haiM1) SaSTha yA SaSThottara guNasthAnavartI supAtra saMyamI ko yathAvidhi pradatta dAna hI puNya kA mArga hai| 2) jo Atmazuddhi poSaka dayA hai vaha pAramArSika hai aura jisameM sAdhya__sAdhana zuddha nahIM hai, vaha mAtra laukika hai / 3) miyAdRSTi ke dAna, zIla, tapa Adi anavaba anuSThAna moga-prApti ke hI hetu haiM aura ve nirjarA dharma ke antargata hai| 4) niSkAma karma kI pratiSThA / 5) samatA aura sApekSatA ke AdhAra para saMgha kI vyavasthA / isa sampradAya meM eka hI bAcArya hotA hai aura usI kA nirNaya antima rUpa se mAnya hotA hai / isase saMgha phUTa se baca jAtA hai / abhI taka terApanna ke bATha bAcArya ho cuke hai-mi (bhoSaNa), bhAramala, rAmacandra, jItamala,

Page #86
maghavAgaNI, mANakagaNI, DAlagaNI, aura kAlUgaNI / isI zRGakhalA meM tulasIjI navama AcArya hai| terApantha kI saMgha-vyavasthA vizeSa prazaMsanIya hai / udAharaNataH 1) sAdhU ke bhojana, vastra, pustaka Adi jaisI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kA sAmudAyika uttaradAyitva saMgha para hai| 2) prativarSa sAdhu-sAdhviyAM AcArya ke sAnidhya meM ekatrita hokara apane-apane kAryoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate hai aura AgAmI varSa kA kAryakrama taiyAra karate hai / ise "maryAdA-mahotsava" kahA jAtA hai| 3) saMgha me dIkSita karane kA adhikAra mAtra AcArya ko hai, anya kisI ko nhiiN| isa vyavasthA se eka ora jahAM sAmudAyika vikAsa hotA hai vahAM vaiyaktika vikAsa kI bhI saMbhAvanAyeM adhika bana jAnI hai / vikAsa meM bAdhaka hotI hai rUr3hiyAM jo terApanya meM yathAsamaya magna hotI huI dikhAI detI hai| AcAravicAra kI dizA meM bhI yaha pantha Age hai / isa panya para mUla rUpa se AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra Adi granthoM kA prabhAva par3hA hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda janasagha aura sampradAya aneka zAkhA-prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA / para unakA AcAra-vicAra jainadharma ke mUla rUpa se bahuta dUra nahI rahA / isalie uname vaha hrAsa nahI AyA jo bauvadharma meM mA gayA thaa| janasaMgha kI yaha vizeSatA janetara saMghoM kI dRSTi se niHsandeha mahatvapUrNa hai|

Page #87
tRtIya parivarta jaina sahitya aura AcArya bhASA aura sAhitya prAkRta bhASA aura AryabhASAyeM prAkRta aura chAnvas bhASA prAkRtaH janabhASA kA rUpa prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama prAkRta kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM prAkRta aura saMskRta apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAyeM 1. prAkRtaH sAhitya ke kSetra meM paramparAgata sAhitya anuyoga sAhitya vAcanAyeM zruta kI maulikatA prAkRta sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa mAgama sAhitya upAMga sAhitya mUlasUtra cherasUtra dhUlikAsUtra prakIrNaka mAgamika mAlyA mora niyukti sAhitya anya sAhitya pUrSi aura TokA sAhitya karma sAhitya sikhAnta sAhitya mAcAra sAhitya

Page #88

Page #89
tRtIya parivarta jaina sAhitya aura AcArya sAhitya saMskRti kA udvAhaka tattva hai / saMskRti ke hara kone ko sAhitya ke bantastala meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / jaina sAhitya kI vividhatA aura prAJjalatA meM usakI saMskRti ko pahacAnanA kaThina nahIM / jainAcAryoM ne apane Apako laukika jIvana se samarasa banAye rakhA / isake lie unhoMne prAkRta aura apabhraMza jaisI loka-bhASAoM kiMvA boliyoM ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana svIkAra kiyA / AvazyakatA pratIta hone para unhoMne saMskRta ko bhI pUre mana se apnaayaa| yahAM hama jainAcAryoM dvArA prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM racita sAhitya kA eka atyanta sakSipta sarvekSaNa prastuta kara rahe haiN| bhASA aura sAhitya : . bhASA aura sAhitya saMskRti ke avicchanna aMga hai, usake ajasra srota haiM / abhivyakti ke sAdhanoM meM unakA apanA anupama sthAna hai / samaya aura paristhiti ke thaper3oM meM nayA dharma aura nayI bhASA kA janma hotA hai / samAja kI badalatI dIvAreM aura unakI akathya kahAnI ko acUka rUpa se prastuta karane vAle ye do hI pratiSThita rUpa haiM jinheM sadiyoM taka svIkArA jAtA hai / bhASA vicAroM kA pratibimba hai jinheM sughar3hatA pUrvaka kAgada para aMkita kara diyA jAtA hai / pAThaka ke lie anadekhI ghaTanAyeM sadyaH ghaTita-sI dikhAI dene lagatI haiM / prAkRta bhASAoM meM likhA sAhitya isI prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM aura jijJAsAmoM se ApUrita hai| unakA hara pannA eka krAntikArI vicAradhArA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se raMgA huA hai / kahIM vaha dakiyAnUsI aura mUr3hatA se sane tapApita siddhAntoM kA khaNDana karatA huA dikhAI detA hai to kahIM saMsAra ke bane pIr3A bhare jaMgaloM meM bhaTakate hue prANI ko samyak dRSTi se siJcita cirantana adhyAtma kA saMdeza pracArita karate hue najara AtA hai / yaha bahula hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA banAne vAlI saMskRti kA virodha bhI yahAM mukharita huA hai| bahiMsA kI uta prAcIna ugamagAtI dIvAra ko tor3akara nayA prAsAda bar3A karane kA upakrama ina donoM bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM spaSTa sasakatA hai / samAnatA, vAtmazakti kA varcasva, zrama ko pratiSThA, samyak darzana-zAna-bArita kA

Page #90
samanvita poSaNa, AtmA kI vismRta zakti ke rUpa meM vizuddha sukhada nirvANa kA astitva, naitika uttaradAyitva, samAja kA sarvAGgIga abhyutthAna, vargavihIna krAnti Adi jaise pragatizIla sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika tatvoMkA mUlyAGkana karane vAlA yahI zramaNa sAhitya rahA hai / ataH use bhAratIya sAhitya kA nita navIna akSuNNa aMga mAnA jAnA aparihArya hai / prAkRta bhASA aura AryabhASAyeM : bhASA saMpreSaNa zIlatA se jur3I huI hai / vicAroM ke pravAha ke sAtha usakI saMpreSaNazIlatA bar3hatI calI jAtI hai / sRSTi ke prathama caraNa kI bhASA kI utpatti kA itihAsa yahIM se prArambha hotA hai / mAnavIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kI dharohara kA saMrakSaNa bhASA kI pramukha dena hai / usake utAra-car3hAva kA digdadarzana karAnA bhI bhASA kA viziSTa kArya hai / isa dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA sahI mUlyAGkana abhI zeSa hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha bhAropIya bhASA-parivAra meM bhAratIya AryazAkhA parivAra se hai / vidvAnoM ne sAdhAraNataH tIna bhAgoM meM isa bhASA-parivAra ke vikAsa ko vibhAjita kiyA hai 1) prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla-1600 I. pU. se 600 I.pU. taka 2) madhyakAlIna AryabhASA kAla - 600 I. pU. se 1000 I. taka 3) Adhunika AryabhASA kAla -1000 I. se Adhunika kAla taka prAkRta bhASAyeM prAcIna kAlIna jana sAmAnya boliyoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| unheM sAmAnyataH 'prAkRta' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / prAkRta kI prAcInatama sthiti ko samajhane ke lie hameM tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kA azraya lenA pdd'egaa| isakA sambandha bhAropIya parivAra se hai jisakI mUlabhASA 'iyu' athavA AryabhASA rahI hai / isakA mUla nivAsa lithUniyA se lekara dakSiNa rUsa ke bIca kahIM thaa| yahIM se yaha gaNa aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita huA / unameM se rUsa gaNa mesopoTAmiyana hotA huA bhArata AyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki IrAna kI prAcIna bhASA aura bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA meM gaharA sambandha dikhAI detA hai| avestA aura Rgveda kI bhASAoM ke adhyayana se yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha mArya zAkhA kisI samaya pAmIra ke AsapAsa kahIM eka sthAna para sAba rahI hogI aura vahIM se kucha loga IrAna kI ora aura kucha bhArata kI ora Aye hoMge / bhArata meM Ane para 'iyu' kI dhvaniyoM meM parivartana ho gayA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM iyu kA hrasva aura dIrSa a, e aura o inDo-IrAnI meM lupta ho gayA Rgveda aura avestA kI tulanA se yaha tathya aura adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai|

Page #91
prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kA svarUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM dikhAI detA hai| uccA, nIcA, dUlabha, pazcA Adi zabda isake udAharaNa haiN| usa samaya taka janabhASA yA bolI ke ye rUpa vikasita hokara chAndas kA rUpa le cuke the / isake bAvajUda usameM janabhASika tatva chipa nahIM sake / janabhASA ke pariSkRta aura vikasita rUpa para hI yAska ne apanA nirukta zAstra likhA / pANini ke Ate Ate vaha bhASA nizcita hI sAhityika ho cukI hogii| pANinike pUrvavartI zAkaTAyana, zAkalya Adi vaiyAkaraNoM meM se kisI ne janabhAgA ko vyAkaraNa meM paribaddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ho to koI asaMbhaya nahIM / paravartI vaidikakAla meM dezya bhASAoM ke tIna rUpa milate haiM (1) udIcya yA uttarIya vibhASA, (2) madhyadezIya vibhASA, (3) prAcya yA pUrvIya bhASA udIcya vibhASA saptasindhu pradeza kI pariniSThita madhyadezIya bhASA madhyama mArgIya thI tathA prAcyabhASA pUrvI uttarapradeza, avadha aura bihAra meM bolI jAtI thii| prAcyabhASA bhASI yajJIya saMskRti meM vizvAsa na karane vAle prAcya loga the / bha. buddha aura mahAvIra ne isI janabhASA ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA thaa| pAli-prAkRta bhASAyeM isI ke rUpa haiM / DaoN sunIti kumAra cATUA ne isa sandarbha meM likhA hai-"vAtya loga uccAraNa meM sarala eka vAkya ko kaThinatA se uccAraNIya batalAte haiM aura yadyapi ve dIkSita nahI haiM, phira bhI dIkSA pAye huoM kI bhASA bolate haiN| isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki pUrva ke Arya loga (vAtya) saMyukta vyaJjana, repha evaM soSma dhvaniyoM kA uccAraNa saralatA se nahIM kara pAte the| saMyukta vyajjanoM kA yaha samIkRta rUpa hI prAkRta dhvaniyoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| isa prakAra vaidika bhASA ke samAnAntara jo janabhASA calI A rahI thI. vahI Adima prAkRta thii| para isa Adima prAkRta kA svarUpa bhI vaidika sAhitya se hI avagata kiyA jA sakatA hai|" AryabhASA ke madhyakAla meM drAviDa aura Agneya jAtiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTataH dekhA jA sakatA hai / mUrdhanya dhyaniyoM kA astitva draviDa parivAra kA hI prabhAva hai| chAndas meM La dhvani prAkRta se pahuMcI huI hai| vaidika aura paravartI saMskRta meMna ke sthAna para Na ho jAnA(jaise phaNa, puNya, nipuNamAdi)tayA repha ke sthAna para la ho jAnA jaisI pravRttiyAM bhI prAkRta ke prabhAva kI digdarzikA haiN| prAkRta aura chAndas bhASA : prAkRta bhASA kI pravRttiyoM kI ora daSTipAta karane para aisA lagatA hai ki usakA vikAsa prAcIna AryabhASA chAndas se huA hai jo usa samaya kI 1. bhAratIya vAryamASA aura hindI, pR. 72 dvitIya saMskaraNa, prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA balocanAtmaka itihAsa, .6.

Page #92
68 janabhASA rahI hogI / janabhASA ke rUpoM ko alagakara chAndas kA nirmANa huA hogA jo kucha zeSa raha gaye unakA uttara kAla meM vikAsa hotA rahA / prAkRta aura vaidika bhASAoM kI tulanA karane para yaha tathya aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai - i) prAkRta meM vyaJjannAnta zabdoM kA prayoga prAyaH nahIM hotA parantu vaidika bhASA meM vaha kahIM hotA hai aura kahIM nahIM bhI hotA / ii) prAkRta meM vijAtIya svaroM kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura pUrvavartI hasva svara ko dIrgha ho jAtA hai / jaise- nizvAsa kA nIsAsa / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI yaha pravRtti milatI hai / jaise- durnAza kA dUrNAza / iii) svarabhakti kA samAna prayoga milatA hai / prAkRta meM sma ko suva hotA hai to vaidika saMskRta meM bhI tanvaH ko tanuvaH milatA hai / iv) prAkRta meM tRtIyA kA bahuvacana devehi milatA hai to vaidika saMskRta meM bhI devebhi milatA hai / v) prArambha meM hI prAkRta meM RR kA i, a, Da Adi dhvaniyoM meM parivartana huA jo vaidika sAhitya meM zriNoti, zithira Adi rUpoM meM dekhA jAtA hai / chAndas aura prAkRta bhASA kI tulanA karane para yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki usake pUrva kI janabhASA prAkRta thI jisase chAndas sAhityika bhASA kA vikAsa huvA | chAndas sAhityika bhASA ko hI parimArjita kara saMskRta bhASA kA rUpa sAmane AyA / parimArjita karane ke bAvajUda chAndas meM jo zeSa tattva the unakA vikAsa hotA gayA aura vahI prAkRta kahalAyA / chAndas se prAkRta aura saMskRta, donoM bhASAoM kI utpatti hone para bhI saMskRta bhASA niyamoM aura upaniyamoM meM baMdha gaI, para prAkRta ko janabhASA rahane ke kAraNa bAMdhA nahIM jA sakA / isa dRSTi se prAkRta ko bahatA nIra kahA gayA hai aura saMskRta ko baddha sarovara / prAcIna prAkRta se hI uttara kAla meM madhyakAlIna prAkRta kA vikAsa huA aura madhyakAlIna prAkRta se hI apabhraMza tathA apabhraMza se hindI, marAThI, baMgalA, gujarAtI Adi Adhunika bhASAoM kA janma huA / isa prakAra boliyoM meM sAhitya-sRjana hotA gayA aura ve bhASA kA rUpa letI gaI / prAkRta kA vikAsa avaruddha nahIM huA balki unase nirantara naI-naI bhASAoM kA janma hotA gayA / saMskRta bhASA bhI ina prAkRta boliyoM se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha sakI / prAkRtaH, janabhASA kA rUpa : sadiyoM se prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM vivAda ke svara gUMjate rahe haiN| prAkRta aura saMskRta ina donoM bhASAoM meM prAcInatara tathA mUla bhASA

Page #93
kauna-sI hai? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM do pakSa prastuta kiye gaye haiM / prathama pakSa kA kathana hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se huI hai tathA dUsarA pakSa usakA sambandha kisI prAcIna janabhASA se sthApita karatA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra meM donoM pakSoM kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra milatA hai 1. prathama pakSa : i) prakRtiH saMskRtam / tava bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam-hemacandra / ii) prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavaM prAkRtam ucyate-mArkaNDeya / iii) prakRteH saMskRtAyAH tu vikRtiH prAkRtiH matA-narasiha / vi) prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saMskRtaM yoniH-vAsudeva / v) prAkRteH Agatam prAkRtam / prakRtiH saMskRtam-dhanika / vi) saMskRtAt prAkRtaM zreSThaM tato'pabhraMza bhASaNam-zaMkara / vii) prakRteH saMskRtAd AgataM prAkRtam-siMhadevagaNin / viii) prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtaM smRtam-pITarsana / (prAkRtacandrikA) 2. vitIya pakSa : i) 'prAkRteti' sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAraH sahajI vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva vA prAkRtam / 'Arisavayavo siddha devANaM adamAgahA vANI' ityAdi-vacanAt vA prAk pUrva kRtaM prAkkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibandhabhUtaM vacanamucyate / meghanimuktijalamirvakasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAcca samosAditavizeSa sat saMskRtAyuttaravibhedAnApnoti / ataeva zAstrakatA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tadanu saMskRtAdIni / pANinyAdivyAkaraNovita. zabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRta-mucyate-namisAdhu ii) sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti etto ya gati vAyAo / eMti samudaM ciya aiti sAyarAmao cciya jalAI ||-vaakptiraaj iii) yAd yoniH kila saMskRtasya sudazAM bitAsu yanmodate -rAjazekhara uparyukta donoM pakSoM kA vizleSaNa hama isa prakAra kara sakate haiM ki prAkRta vastutaH janabolI thI jise uttara kAla meM saMskRta ke mAdhyama se samajhane-samajhAne 1. bhAratIya bAryabhASA aura hindI, pR. 72; prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA mAlocanAtmaka itihAsa, 1-6.

Page #94
70 kA prayatna kiyA gayA / prAkRta bhASA ke samAnAntara baidika saMskRta athavA chAndas bhASA thI jisakA sAhityaka rUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM vizeSa rUpa se dRSTavya hai / yAska ne isI para nirukta likhA aura pANini ne isI ko pariSkRta kiyaa| viDambanA yaha hai ki prAkRta ke prAthamika rUpa ko digdarzita karAne vAlA koI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM jisake AdhAra para usakI vAstavika sthiti samajhI jA sake / hAM, yaha avazya hai ki prAkRta ke kucha mUla zabdoM ko vaidika saMskRta meM prayukta zabdoM ke mAdhyama se samajhA jA sakatA hai / vaidika rUpa vikRta, kiMkRta, nikRta, dandra, andra, pratha, prath, kSudra kramazaH prAkRta ke vikaTa, kIkaTa, nikaTa, daNDa, aNDa, paT, ghaTa, kSulla rUpa the jo dhIre-dhIre janabhASA se vaidika sAhitya meM pahuMca gye| ina zabdoM aura dhvaniyoM se yaha kathana atArkika nahIM hogA ki prAkRta janabolI thI jise pariSkRtakara chAndas bhASA kA nirmANa kiyA / janabolI kA hI vikAsa uttarakAla meM pAli, prAkRta apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke rUpa meM huaa| tathA chAndas bhASA ko paNini ne pariSkRtakara laukika saMskRta kA rUpa diyaa| sAdhAraNataH laukika saMskRta meM to parivartana nahIM ho pAyA para prAkRta janabolI sadaiva parivartita athavA vikasita hotI rahI / saMskRta bhASA ko zikSita aura uccavarga ne apanAyA tathA prAkRta sAmAnya samAja kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banA rahA / yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta nATakoM meM sAmAnya janoM se prAkRta meM hI vArtAlApa karAyA gayA hai| DaoN. pizala ne hoiphara, nAssana, yAkobI, bhaNDArakara Adi vidvAnoM ke isa mata kA sayuktika khaNDana kiyA hai ki prAkRta kA mUla kevala saMskRta hai| unhoMne senAra se sahamati vyakta karate hue kahA ki prAkRta bhASAoM kI jar3eM janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamI huI haiM aura unake mukhya tattva Adi kAla meM jItI-jAgatI aura bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se liye gaye haiN| kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASA, jo bAda ko sAhi yaka bhASAoM ke pada para car3ha, gaI, saMskRta kI bhAMti hI bahuta mekI-pITI gaI, tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana jAya / apane mata ko siddha karane ke lie unhoMne sarvaprathama vaiidika zabdoM se sAmya batAyA aura bAda meM madhyakAlIna aura Adhunika bhAratIya boliyoM meM saMnihita prAkRta bhASAgata vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa kiyaa| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki jisa prakAra vaidika bhASA usa samaya kI janabhASA kA pariSkRta rUpa hai, usI prakAra sAhityika prAkRta boliyoM kA pariSkRta rUpa hai / uttara kAla meM to vaha saMskRta vyAkaraNa, bhASA aura zailI 1. bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, ki, ., ..

Page #95
se bhI prabhAvita hotI rahI / phalataH lamba-lambe samAsa aura saMskRta se parivartita prAkRta rUpoM kA prayoga hone lgaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI racanA kI AdhArazilA meM bhI isI pravRtti ne kAma kiyA / prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsa krama : prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsa bhI hama tIna staroM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM 1. prathama starIya prAkRta--(1600 I. pU. se 600 I. pU.) isa kAla kI ___ janabolI kA rUpa vaidika yA chAndas granthoM meM milatA hai / 2. dvitIya starIya prAkRta--isa kAla meM prAkRta meM sAhitya likhA gayA / ise tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-- i) prathama yugIna prAkRta-- i) ardha prAkRta, (pAli, ardhamAgadhI aura jaina (600 I.pU.le500I.) zaurasenI) ii)zilAlekhI prAkRta, iii) niyAM prAkRta, iv) prAkRta dhammapada kI prAkRta, v) azvaghoSa ke nAmoM kI prAkRta ii) dvitIya yugIna prAkRta--alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa, kAvya aura nATakoM meM (prathama zatI se bArahavIM prayukta prAkRte-mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, zatI taka) mAgadhI, aura paizAcI lii) tRtIya yugIna prAkRta- apabhraMza (paJcama zatI se pandrahavIM zatI taka) prAkRta aura saMskRta : jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta ke sAtha hI saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA / prAkRta kA jaise-jaise vikAsa hotA gayA, usakI boliyAM bhASAoM kA rUpa grahaNa karatI gii| yaha parivartana saMskRta meM nahIM ho skaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki pANini Adi AcAryoM ne bahuta pahale hI use niyamoM se jakar3a diyA jabaki prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI racanA saMskRta vyAkaraNoM ke AdhAra para lagabhaga dazavIM zatAbdI meM prArambha huI / isa samaya taka prAkRta kA vikAsa apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI AdhAra bhUmi taka pahuMca cukA thaa| I. kI lagabhaga dvitIya zatAbdI se jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM likhanA prArambha kiyaa| umAsvAmI athavA umAsvAti isake sUtradhAra the jinhoMne

Page #96
72 tatvArtha sUtra jaisA mahanIya grantha samarpita kiyA / guptakAla taka Ate-jAte saMskRta aura adhika pratiSThita ho cukI / isake bAvajUda vaha janabhASA nahIM bana sakI balki saMbhrAnta parivAroM meM usakA upayoga lokapriya adhika ho gyaa| sirSi (I. 805) ne isa tathya ko isa prakAra se spaSTa kiyA hai saMskRtA prAkRtAceti bhASe prAdhAnyamahataH / tatrApi saMskRtA tAvad durvidagdha hRdi sthitA / / bAlAnAmapi sadboSakAriNI krnnpeshlaa| tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmabhibhASate / / upAya sati kartavyaM sarveSAM cittaraMjanam / Atastadanurodhena saMskRte'sya kariSyate // ' hemacandra bhI isI tathya ko abhivyakta karate hue dikhAI dete haiN| unake anusAra 11-12 vIM zatAbdI meM bhI sarva sAdhAraNa janatA prAkRta bhASA kA hI vyavahAra karatI thI aura abhijAta varga ne saMskRta bhASA ko apanAyA thA kAvyAnuzAsana kArikA kI TIkA meM likhA hai bAlastrImandamUrkhANAM nRNAM cAritrakAMkSiNAm / anugahAyaM tatvajJaH siddhAntaH prAkRtaH kRtaH / / isa prakAra saMskRta abhijAta evaM suzikSita varga kI bhASA thI jabaki prAkRta kA prayoga azikSita tathA sAmAnya varga kiyA karatA thaa| jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra kI dRSTi se jainAcAryoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM para samAna rUpa se adhikAra kreN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se hI sAdhAraNataH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki sabhI jainAcArya ina donoM bhASAoM ke paNDita rahe haiM / itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne donoM bhASAoM meM sAhityasarjanA bhI kI hai| aneka AcAryoM ne to apane Apako "ubhayabhASAcakravartI" bhI likhA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jana sAdhaka Aja bhI saMskRta, prAkRta aura Adhunika bhASAboM meM sAhitya-sAdhanA kara rahe haiN| mapaza aura mAdhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ : prAkRta bhASA kiMvA bolI ke caraNa Age bar3hate gaye aura apabhraMza ke rUpa meM usakA vikAsa nirdhArita hotA gyaa| yahAM apabhraMza kA tAtparya hai janabolI athavA grAmINa bhASA / prArambha meM prAkRta bhI apabhraMza meM gabhita thI parantu 1. upamitimaya prapaMcAcA, 1.51-12

Page #97
usake sAhityika rUpa meM A jAne para usakA mUla rUpa vikasita hone lgaa| isI kucha vikasita athavA parivartita rUpa ko hama apabhraMza kahate haiM / dhIre-dhIre apabhraMza meM bhI sAhitya-sRjana hone lagA aura bhASA bhI kramazaH vikasita hotI gaI / phalataH avahaTTa Adi sopAnoM ko pAra karatI huI vaha bhASA kiMvA bolI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ko utpanna karane meM kAraNa bnii| DaoN. bholAnAtha tivArI ke anusAra Adhunika Arya bhASAoM kA janma isa prakAra huA1. zaurasenI se pazcimI hindI, nAgara apabhraMza se rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI pahAr3I, boliyaaN| 2. paizAcI apabhraMza se laha~dA aura paMjAbI / 3. brAcar3a apabhraMza se sindhii| 4. mahArASTrI apabhraMza se mraatthii| 5. ardhamAgadhI apabhraMza se pUrvI hindI, aura 6. mAgadhI apabhraMza se bihArI, baMgAlI, ur3iyA aura asamiyA bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| prAkRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM : janabhASA-prAkRta isa prakAra ina vibhinna staroM ko pAra karatI huI bAdhunika yugIna bhAratIya bhASAoM taka pahu~cI / samaya aura suvidhAoM ke anusAra usameM parivartana hote gaye aura navIna bhASAyeM janma letI gyiiN| isalie dezakAla bhaMda se ina sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM kI vizeSatAyeM bhI pRthaka-pRthak ho gii| yahA~ una vizeSatAoM kI aura saMketa karanA aprAsaMgika hogA para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti inameM vizeSa dikhAI detI hai| R kA anya svaroM meM badala jAnA, e, au ke sthAna para e, o ho jAnA, dvivacana kA lopa ho jAnA, Atmanepada ke rUpa adRzya ho jAnA, za aura Sa kA prAyaH lopa ho jAnA, (kahIM-kahIM ye surakSita bhI haiM), saMyukta vyajjanoM meM parivartana ho jAnA Adi kucha aisI vizeSatAyeM haiM jo prAyaH sabhI prAkRta meM mila jAtI haiN| pAkRta bhASA-janabhASA ko apane siddhAntoM ke pracAra-prasAra kA mAdhyama banAne vAloM meM sarvaprathama bhagavAn buddha aura mahAvIra ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| ye siddhAnta jaba lipibaddha hone lage taba taka svabhAvata: bhASA ke pravAha meM 1. hindI bhASA, 1997 pa. 85.

Page #98
kucha mor3a Aye aura saMkalita sAhitya usase aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakA / samakAlIna athavA uttara kAlIna ghaTanAoM ke samAveza meM bhI koI ekamata nahIM raha sakA / kisI ne sahamati dI aura koI usakI sthiti se sahamata nahIM ho sakA / phalataH pAThAntaroM aura matamatAntaroM kA janma huaa| bhASA aura siddhAntoM ke vikAsa kI yahI amiTa kahAnI hai| samUce prAkRta sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa karane para yahI tathya sAmane AtA hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha prAkRta sAhitya 2500 varSa se pUrva kA hI mAnA jA sktaa| parantu usake pUrva alikhita rUpa meM Agamika sAhi-ya-paramparA vidyamAna avazya rahI hogii| prAkRta bhASA kA adhikAMza sAhitya jainadharma aura saMskRti se saMbaddha hai| usakI mUla paramparA zruta, ArSa athavA Agama ke nAma se vyavahRta huI hai jo eka lambe samaya taka zruti paramparA ke mAdhyama se surakSita rhii| saMgItiyoM athavA vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se yadyapi isa Agama paramparA kA parIkSaNa kiyA jAtA rahA hai para samaya aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra cintana ke pravAha ko rokA nahIM jA sakA / phalataH usameM hInAdhikatA hotI rahI hai / 1. prAkRta jaina sAhitya prAkRta jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM jaba hama vicAra karate haiM to hamArA dhyAna jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa kI ora calA jAtA hai jo vaidika kAla kivA usase bhI prAcInatara mAnA jA sakatA hai / usa kAla ke prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko "pUrva" saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai jisakI saMkhyA caudaha hai- utpAdapUrva, agrAyaNI, vIryAnuvAda, astinAstipravAda, jJAnapravAda, satyapravAda, AtmapravAda, karmapravAda, pratyAkhyAna, vidyAnuvAda, kalyANavAda, prANAvAya, kriyAvizAla aura lokavindusAra / Aja jo sAhitya upalabdha hai vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra rUpI himAcala se nikalI vAggaMgA hai jisameM avagAhanakara gaNadharoM aura AcAryoM ne vividha prakAra ke sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| paramparAgata sAhitya : uttarakAla meM yaha sAhitya do paramparAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA-digambara paramparA aura zvetAmbara paramparA, digambara paramparA ke anusAra jaina sAhitya do prakAra kA hai-aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhaya / aMgapraviSTa meM bAraha granthoM kA samAveza hai- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, sAta dharmakathA, upAsakAdhyayana, anta: kRdazAMga anuttaropapAdikadazAMga, prazna gyAkaraNa bora dRSTivAda / dRSTivAda ke pAMca bheda kiye gaye haiM- parikarma, sUtra,

Page #99
75 prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cUlikA / pUrvagata ke hI utpAda Adi pUrvokta codaha bheda haiM / una aMgoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha aMgabAhaya kahalAte haiM jinakI saMkhyA caudaha hai- sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava vandanA, pratikramaNa, vainayika, kRtikarma, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpAkalpa, mahAkalpa, puNDarIka mahApuNDarIka aura niSiddhikA / digambara paramparA ina aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhaca granthoM ko vilupta huA mAnatI hai / usake anusAra bha. mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 162 varSa pazcAt aMgagrantha kramazaH vicchinna hone lage / mAtra dRSTivAda ke antargata Aye dvitIya pUrva AgrAyaNI ke kucha adhikAroM kA jJAna AcArya gharasena ke pAsa zeSa thA jise unhoMne AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ko diyA / usI ke AdhAra para unhoMne paTkhaNDAgama jaise vizAlakAya grantha kA nirmANa kiyA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM ye aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhagha grantha abhI bhI upalabdha haiM / aMgabAhaya granthoM ke sAmAyika Adi prathama chaha granthoM kA antarbhAda kalpa, vyavahAra ora nizItha sUtroM meM ho gayA / anuyoga sAhitya : aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhaya granthoM ke AdhAra para jo grantha likhe gaye unheM cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, dravyAnuyoga aura caraNAnuyoga / prathamAnuyoga meM aise granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai jinameM purANoM, caritoM aura AkhyAyikAoM ke mAdhyama se saiddhAntika tattva prastuta kiye jAte haiM / karaNAnuyoga meM jyotiSa aura gaNita ke sAtha hI lokoM, sAgaroM, dvIpoM, parvatoM, aura nadiyoM Adi kA vistRta varNana milatA hai / sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi grantha isa vibhAga ke antargata Ate haiM / jina granthoM meM jIva, karma, naya, syAdvAda Adi dArzanika siddhAntoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai ve dravyAnuyoga kI sImA meM Ate haiM / aise granthoM meM SaTkhaNDAgama, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya Adi granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai / caraNAnuyoga meM muniyoM aura gRhasthoM ke niyamopaniyamoM kA vidhAna rahatA hai / kundakundAcArya ke pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, vaTTakera kA mUlAcAra, zivArya kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM / vAcanAeM : prAcIna kAla meM zruti paramparA hI eka aisA mAdhyama thA jo hara sampradAya ke AgamoM ko surakSita rakhA karatA thA / samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra cintana kI vibhinna ghArAeN usameM saMyojita hotI jAtI thIM / saMgItiyoM athavA

Page #100
76 vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se yadyapi ina AgamoM kA parIkSaNa kara liyA jAtA thA phira bhI cintana ke pravAha ko rokanA sarala nahIM hotA thA / i) pATaliputra vAcanA : bha. mahAvIra ke zrutopadeza ko bhI isI prakAra kI zruti paramparA se surakSita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| saMpUrNa zruta ke jJAtA niryuktikAra bhadrabAhu se bhinna AcArya bhadrabAhu the jinheM zrutakevalI kahA gayA hai| ma. mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda titthogAlIpainnA ke anusAra uttara bhArata meM eka dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa par3A jisake pariNAma svarUpa saMghabheda kA sUtrapAta huA / durbhikSa kAla meM astavyasta hue zrutajJAna ko vyavasthita karane ke lie thor3e samaya bAda hI lagabhaga 162 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM eka saMgIti athavA vAcanA huI jisameM gyAraha aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA jA sakA / bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke jJAtA mAtra bhadrabAhu the jo bAraha varSa kI mahAprANa nAmaka yogasAdhanA ke lie nepAla cale gaye the / saMgha kI ora se usake adhyayana ke lie kucha sAdhuoM ko unake pAsa bhejA gayA jinameM sthUlabhadra hI sakSama grAhaka siddha ho sake / ve mAtra daza pUrvo kA adhyayana kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrva unheM vAcanAbheda se mila sake, arthataH nahIM / dhIre-dhIre kAla prabhAva se dazapUrvI kA bhI lopa hotA gayA / I gimbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 345 varSa bAda dazapUrvo kA viccheda huaa| aMtima dazapUrva jJAnadhArI dharmasena the / zvetAmbara paramparA bhI isa ghaTanA ko svIkAra karatI hai, para mahAvIra nirvANa ke 584 varSa bAda / usake anusAra dazapUrvajJAna ke dhArI aMtima AcArya vajra the / zrutilopa kA krama bar3hatA hI gayA / dazapUrvI ke viccheda ho jAne ke bAda vizeSa pAThiyoM kA bhI viccheda ho gayA / digambara paramparA isa ghaTanA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke 683 varSoM ke bAda ghaTita mAnatI hai para zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra Aryabajra ke bAda 13 varSoM taka AryarakSita yugapradhAna AcArya rahe / ve sAr3he nava pUrvo ke jJAtA the / unhoMne vizeSa pAThiyoM kA kramazaH hAsa dekhakara use cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| phira bhI pUrvo ke lopa ko bacAyA nahIM jA sakA / ii) mAthurI vAcanA : pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke pazcAt do durbhikSa aura par3ha-prathama mahAvIra nirvANa ke 291 varSa bAda, Aryasuhasti sUri ke samaya, saMprati ke rAjyakAla meM 1.pI. 801-2

Page #101
aura dvitIya 827 varSa bAda Arya skandila aura vadhasvAmI ke samaya / ina dubhikSoM ke kAraNa asta-vyasta huI Agama paramparA ko vyavasthita karane ke lie bArya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM eka vAcanA bulAI gii| isI samaya huI eka anya vAcanA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jo AcArya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM balabhI meM Ayojita kI gaI thii| malayagiri ke anusAra anuyogadvAra aura jyotiSkaraNDaka isI vAcanA ke AdhAra para saMkalita hue haiM / ___ mAthurI aura valabhI vAcanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda punaH balabhI meM AcArya devadhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM pariSad kI saMyojanA kI gaI aura usameM upalabdha Agama sAhitya ko lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| yaha saMyojana mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 980 varSa bAda (san 453 I.) hii| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya Agama isI pariSad kA pariNAma hai / isameM saMgha ke Agraha se vicchinna hone se avaziSTa rahe, parivartita aura parivadhita, truTita aura atruTita tathA svamati se kalpita AgamoM ko apanI icchAnusAra pustakAla kiyA gayA....zrI saMghAgrahAt . . . .vicchinnAvaziSTAn nyUnAdhikAn truTitAbuTitAn AgamAlopakAn anukrameNa svamatyA saMkalayya pustakArUDhAna kRtAH / tato mUlato gaNadharabhASitAnAmapi tatsaMkalanAnantaraM sarveSAmapi AgamAn kartA zrI devadhigaNi kSamAzramaNa eva jAtaH / punaruktiyoM ko dUra karane kI dRSTi se bIca-bIca meM anya AgamoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gyaa| devarSigaNi ne isI samaya nandisUtra kI racanA kI tathA pAThAntaroM ko cUNiyoM meM saMgrahIta kiyaa| kalyANa vijayajI ke anusAra balabhI vAcanA ke pramukha nAgArjuna the / unhoMne isa vAcanA ko pustaka-lekhana kahakara abhihita kiyA hai| digambara paramparA meM ukta vAcanAoM kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna digambara paraMparA meM aMgazAna ne kabhI sAmAjika rUpa nahIM liyaa| vahAM to vaha guru-ziSya paramparA se pravAhita hotA huA mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH vaha vAcanika paramparA baudoM kI saMgIti paramparA kI anukRti mAtra hai| 1. zvetAmbara paramparA isa ghaTanA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda mAnatI bAra vivambara paramparA 162 varSa bAda / 2. kahAvalI, 298; kalyANavijaya muni-vI. ni. saM. aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 104-1.. 3. samaya sundarapaNI racita sAmAcArI zataka. 4. jana sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrva pIThikA, pR. 543 .

Page #102
78 bhutako maulikatA: uparyukta vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se zvetAmbara paramparA ne dRSTivAda ko chor3akara samUce Agama sAhitya ko suvyavasthita karane kA yathAzakya prayatna kiyA / parantu digambara paramparA ise svIkAra nahIM karatI / usakI dRSTi meM to lagabhaga saMpUrNa mAgama sAhitya kramazaH lupta hotA gayA / jo AMzika jJAna surakSita rahA usI ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama Adi granthoM kI racanA kI gii| para ise bhI hama bilakula satya nahIM kaha sakate / yaha adhika saMbhava hai ki zrutAgamoM meM kiye gaye parivartanoM ko lakSyakara digambara paraMparA ne unheM 'lupta' kaha diyA ho aura saMgharSa ke kSetra se dUra ho gaye hoN| DaoN. vinTarani sa bhI samUce AgamoM ko prAcIna nahIM svIkArate / lagabhaga eka hajAra varSoM ke bIca parivartana-parivardhana honA svAbhAvika hai| vecaradAsa dosI ne mUlAgama aura upalabdha Agama meM antara spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki balabhI meM saMgrahIta aMga sAhitya kI sthiti ke sAtha bha. mahAvIra ke samaya ke aMga sAhitya kI tulanA karane vAle ko do sautele bhAiyoM ke bIca jitanA antara hotA hai utanA antara-bheda mAlUma honA sarvathA saMbhava ho| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM meM acelakatA ko sthAna-sthAna para upAdeya aura zraddhAspada mAnA hai tathA savelakatA ko bhAva kI pradhAnatA kA tarka dekara svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / DaoN. jekobI aura devara bhI AgamoM meM parivartana-parivardhana ko svIkAra karate haiM / yaha isase bhI spaSTa hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM jo udAharaNa AgamoM me diye gaye hai ve Aja upalabdha AgamoM meM aprApya haiN| ___ jo bhI ho, yaha nizcita hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa bAda jo ye Agama saMkalita kiye gaye, unameM parivartana-parivardhana avazya hue haiN| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatIsUtra, uttarAdhyayana Adi, granthoM meM varNita kucha viSaya spaSTataH uttarakAlIna pratIta hote haiM ' / unakA antaH-bAhaya parIkSaNakara samaya nirdhAraNa karanA atyAvazyaka hai / AgamoM meM "aTTha paNNatte", "suyaM me mAusaM teNa bhagavayA evamatya" Adi jaise zabda bhI parivartana-parivardhana ke mAhata sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa : digambara paramparA meM paramparAgata zAstroM ke lie prAyaH 'zrata' aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'Agama' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / zruta kA artha hai ve 1. hisTrI vApha inDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR. 431-434. 2. baina sAhitya meM vikAra, pR. 23.

Page #103
zAstra jinheM gaNavara tIyaMkaroM se munakara racanA karate haiM aura 'Agama' kA artha hai paramparA se AyA hunA / donoM zabdoM kA tAtparya lagabhaga samAna hai isalie kahIM-kahIM donoM paramparAyeM ina donoM zabdoM kA upayoga karatI huI bhI dikhAI detI haiM / isI sandarbha meM aMga, paramAgama, sUtra, siddhAnta Adi zabdoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai / bauddha tripiTaka ke samAna jainAgama ko bhI AvAyA~ ne 'gaNipiTaka' kahA hai| ina zruta athavA AgamoM ke viSaya kA pratipAdana bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kiyA aura use gautama gaNadhara ne yathArIti granthoM meM nibaddha kiyaa| yahAM hama suvidhA kI dRSTi se prAkata jaina sAhitya ko nimna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM i) Agama sAhitya ii) Agamika vyAkhyA sAhi-ya iii) karmasAhitya iv) siddhAnta sAhitya v) AcAra sAhitya iv) vidhividhAna aura bhakti sAhitya vii) kathA sAhitya, aura viii) lAkSaNika sAhitya 1. Agama sAhitya prAkRta jainAgama sAhitya kI do paramparAoM se hama suparicita haiM hii| digambara paramparA to use lupta mAnatI hai parantu zvetAmbara paramparA meM use aMga, upAMga, mUlasUba, chedasUtra aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| unakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai / ina dvAdazAMgoM kI racanA pUrva-grantha paramparA para AdhArita rahI hai| i) aMga sAhitya : aMga sAhitya ke pUrvokta bAraha bhaMda haiM jinake kula padoM kA yoga 41502000 hai / inakI ullikhita viSaya sAmagrI aura upalabdha viSaya sAmagrI meM bahuta antara hai| 1. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsaH pUrvapIThikA, pR. 543 2. bhavaratI sUtra, 253 3. dekhiye, ma, mahAvIra aura unakA cintana-DaoN. mAgacandra jaina, bayA.

Page #104
80 1. AcArAMga - yaha do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM sattha pariNNA Adi nava adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM pAMca / prathama zrutaskandha meM pANipAtrI sAdhuoM kA koI ullekha bhale hI na ho para usakA jhukAva acelakatA kI mora avazya hai / ataH yaha bhAga prAcInata rahe / pANipAtrI sAdhuoM ke astitva ko uttara kAlIna vikAsa kA pariNAma bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / dvitIya zrutaskandha cUlikA ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai jinakI saMkhyA pAMca hai / cAra cUlikAyeM AcArAMga meM aura paMcama cUlikA vistRta hone ke kAraNa pRthak rUpa meM nizItha sUtra' ke nAma se nibaddha hai / yaha bhAga prathama zrutaskandha ke uttara kAla kA hai / isa grantha meM gadya aura padya donoM kA prayoga huA hai| isameM muniyoM ke AcAravicAra kA vizeSa varNana hai| mahAvIra kI caryA kA bhI vistRta ullekha huA hai / niyuktikAra kI dRSTi se dvitIya zrutaskandha sthavirakRta hai / mahAvIra kA jIvana bhI yahAM camatkArAtmaka DhaMga se milatA hai / 2. sUyagaDaMga- isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya kA vivecana hai / ise do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / prathama zrutaskandha meM 16 adhyayana haiMsamaya, veyAliya, upasarga, strIparijJA, narakavibhakti, vIrastava, kuzIla, vIrya, dharma, samAdhi, mArga, samavazaraNa, yAthAtathya, grantha AdAna, gAthA aura brAhmaNazramaNa nirgrantha / dvitIya zrutaskandha meM sAta adhyayana haiM- puNDarIka, kriyAsthAna, AhAraparizA, pratyAkhyAnakriyA, AcArazruta, ArdrakIya tathA nAlandIya | prathama zrutaskandha ke viSaya ko hI yahAM vistAra se kahA gayA hai / ata: niryuktikAra ne ise " mahA adhyayana" kI saMjJA dI hai / isa graMtha meM mUlataH kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda Adi matoM kA prasthApana aura usakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / yaha grantha khaNDana - maNDana paramparA se jur3A huA hai / 3. ThANAMna - isameM dasa adhyayana haiM aura 783 sUtra haiM jinameM aMguttaranikAya ke samAna eka se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka saMkhyAkrama ke anusAra jaina siddhAnta para AdhArita vastu saMkhyAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yahAM bha. mahAvIra kI uttara kAlIna paramparAoMko bhI sthAna milA hai| jaise naveM adhyayana ke tRtIya uddezaka meM mahAvIra ke 9 gaNoM kA ullekha hai / sAta ninhavoM kA bhI yahA~ ullekha milatA hai - jamAli, tiSyagupta, ASAr3ha, azvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSThAmAhila / inameM prathama do ke atirikta sabhI ninhavoM kI utpatti mahAbIra ke bAda hI huI / pravrajyA, sthavira, lekhana- paddhati Adi se saMbaddha sAmagrI kI dRSTi se yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai / isakA samaya lagabhaga caturtha paMcama I. zatI nizcita kI jA sakatI hai /

Page #105
4. samavAyAMga-isameM kula 275 sUtra haiM jinameM ThANAMga ke samAna saMkhyAkrama se nizcita vastuoMkA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi yahAM koIkrama to nahIM para usI kA AdhAra lekara saMkhyAkrama sahastra, dasa sahasra aura koTAkoTi taka pahuMcI hai / ThANAMga ke samAna yahAM bhI mahAvIra ke bAda kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| udAharaNataH 100 veM sUtra meM gaNadhara indrabhUti aura sudharmA ke nirvANa se saMbaddha ghaTanA / ThANAMga aura samavAyAMga kI eka viziSTa zailI hai jisake kAraNa inake prakaraNoM meM ekasUtratA ke sthAnapara viSayavaividhya adhika dikhAI detA hai / isameM bhaugolika aura sAMskRtika sAmagrI bharI huI hai| inakI zailI aMguttara nikAya aura puggalapaJcatti kI zailI se milatI-julatI hai| 5. viyAhapaNNatti-anya kI vizAlatA aura upayogitA ke kAraNa ise 'bhagavatIsUtra' bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM gaNadhara gautama ke 6000 prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara nibaddha haiM / adhikAMza prazna svarga, naraka, candra, sUrya, Adi se saMbaddha haiM / isameM 41 zataka haiM jinameM 837 sUtra haiM / prathama zataka adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / Age ke zataka isI kI vyAkhyA karate hue dikhAI dete haiM / yahA makkhali gosAla kA vistRta carita bhI milatA hai| buddha ko chor3akara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya aura parivAjaka, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA paramparAbheda, svapnaprakAra, javaNijja (yApanIya) saMgha, vaizAlI meM hue do mahAyuddha, vanaspatizAstra, jIvaprakAra Adi ke viSaya meM yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI detA hai / isameM devadhigaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA racita nandisUtra kA bhI ullekha hai jisase spaSTa hai ki isa mahAmanya meM mahAvIra ke bAda kI lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI paramparAoM kA saMkalana hai / isakI viSaya-sUcI bhI bar3I lambI caur3I hai / isameM gadyasUtra 5293 aura padyasUtra 6. nAyApammakahAo-isameM bha. mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa lokapracalita dharmakaSAoM kA nibandhana hai jisameM saMyama, tapa, tyAga Adi kA mahatva batAyA gayA hai / isa grantha meM do zrutaskandha haiM / prathama zrutaskandha meM nIti kaSAnoM se saMbaddha unnIsa adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM meM dharmakavAyeM saMkalita hai / zailI rojaka aura AkarSaka hai / isameM meSakumAra, bannA aura viSaya gera, sAgaradatta aura jinadatta, kacchapa aura zrRMgAla, zailaka muni aura suka parivrAjaka, tuMba, rohaNI, malli, bhAkaMdI, durdara, amAtya temali, dropadI, puNDarIka, kuNDarIka, gajasukumAla, naMdamaNiyAra Adi kI kathAyeM saMkalita haiN| ye kathAyeM ghaTanA pradhAna tathA nATakIya tatvoM se ApUra haiM / sAMskRtika mahattva kI sAmagrI bhI isameM sanihita hai|

Page #106
7. upAsagavasAno-isameM dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM kramazaH Ananda, kAmadeva culinIpriya, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuNDakaulika, saddAlaputra, mahAzataka, naMdinIpitA aura sAlatiyApitA ina dasa upAsakoM kA caritra citraNa hai / ina zrAvakoM ko pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavata aura cAra zikSAprata ina bAraha aNuvatoM kA niraticAra pUrvaka pAlana karate hue dharmArtha sAdhanA meM tatpara batAyA hai| ise AcArAMga kA paripUraka grantha kahA jA sakatA hai / gRhasthAcAra ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se usakA vizeSa mahattva hai| 8. atagaDadasAo-isa aMga meM aise strI-puruSoM kA varNana hai jinhoMne saMsAra kA antakara nirvANa prApta kiyA hai / isameM ATha varga haiN| hara varga kisI na kisI mumukSu se saMbaddha hai| yahAM gautama, samudra, sAgara, gaMbhIra, gajasukumAla, kRSNa, padmAvatI, arjunamAlI, atimukta Adi mahAnubhAvoM kA caritra-citraNa upalabdha hai| paurANika aura caritakAvyoM ke lie ye kathAnaka bIjabhUta mAne jA sakate haiM / isakA samaya lagabhaga 2-3 rI zatI honA cAhie / 9. aNuttarovavAiyavasAo-isa grantha meM aise mahApuruSoM kA varNana hai jo apane tapa aura saMyama se anuttara vimAnoM meM utpanna hue aura usake bAda ve maktigAmI hote haiM / yaha aMga tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama varga meM 10, dvitIya varga meM 13 aura tRtIya varga meM 10 adhyayana haiM / jAli, mahAjAli, abhayakumAra Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA prathama varga meM, dIrghasena, mahAsena, siMhasena, Adi teraha rAjakumAroM kA dvitIya varga meM, aura dhanyakumAra, rAmaputra, vehalla Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA bhogamaya aura tapomaya jIvana kA citraNa tRtIya varga meM milatA hai| yahAM anuttaropapAtikoM kI avasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 10. pahavAgaraNAI-isameM praznottara ke mAdhyama se parasamaya (jainetaramata) kA khaNDanakara svasasaya kI sthApanA kI hai| isake do bhAga haiM / prathama bhAga meM hiMsAdika pApa rUpa AzravoM kA aura dvitIya bhAga meM ahiMsAdi pAMca vrata rUpa saMvara dvAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI saMdarbha meM mantra, tantra, bAra cAmatkArika vidyAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| saMbhavata: yaha anya "uttarakAlIna hai| 11. vivAgasuyaM-isa grantha meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dikhAne ke lie bIsa kathAoM kA Alekhana kiyA gayA hai / ina kathAoM meM magAputra nandiSeNa mAdi kI jIvana gAthAyeM azubha karma ke phala ko aura subAhu, bhadranandI mAdi kI jIvana gAthAyeM zubhakarma ke phala ko vyakta karatI haiM / varNanakrama se patA calatA hai ki yaha grantha bhI uttarakAlIna honA caahie|' 1. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka kA anya bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unakA cinvana pApI, 1975

Page #107
83 12. viTThavAya - zvetAmbara parasparA ke anusAra yaha grantha lupta ho gayA hai jabaki digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama Adi Agamika grantha isI ke bhedaprabhedoM para AdhArita rahe haiM / samavAyAMga meM isake pAMca vibhAga kiye gaye haiMparikarma sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cUlikA / isameM vibhinna darzanoM kI carcA rahI hogI / pUrvaMgata vibhAga ke utpAdapUrva Adi caudaha bheda haiM / anuyoga bhI do prakAra ke haiM - prathamAnuyoga aura gaMDikAnuyoga | cUlikAyeM kahIM battIsa aura kahIM pAMca batAyI gaI haiN| unakA sambadha mantra-tantrAdi se rahA hogA / vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai / yaha eka vizAlakAya grantha rahA hogA / 2. upAMga sAhitya 'vaidika aMgopAMgoM ke samAna jainAgama ke bhI uparyukta bAraha aMgoM ke bAraha upAMga mAne jAte haiM / parantu aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhA jAya to upAMgoM ke krama kA aMgoM ke krama se koI sambandha nahIM baiThatA / lagabhaga 12 vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM upAMgoM kA varNana bhI nahIM AtA / isalie inheM uttarakAlIna mAnA jAnA cAhie | ye upAMga isa prakAra haiM / 1 1. uvavAiya - meM 43 sUtra haiM aura unameM sAdhakoM kA punarjanma kahA~-kahA~ hotA hai, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isameM 72 kalAoM aura vibhinna parivrAjakoM kA varNana milatA hai / 2. rAyapaseNiya - meM 217 sUtra haiM / prathama bhAga meM sUryAbhadeva kA varNana hai aura dvitIya bhAga meM kezI aura pradezI ke bIca jIva-ajIva viSayaka saMvAda kA varNana hai / isameM darzana, sthApatya, saMgIta aura nATyakalA kI viziSTa sAmagrI sannihita hai / 3. jIvAbhigama - meM 9 prakaraNa aura 272 sUtra haiM jinameM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda - prabhedoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / TIkAkAra malayagiri ne ise ThANAMga kA upAMga mAnA hai / isameM astra, vastra, dhAtu, bhavana Adi ke prakAra diye gaye haiM / 4. paNNavaNA-meM 349 sUtra haiM aura unameM jIva se saMbandha rakhane vAle 36 padoM kA pratipAdana hai - prajJApanA, sthAna, yoni, bhASA, kaSAya, indriya, lezyA Adi / isake kartA Arya zyAmAcArya haiM jo mahAvIra parinirvANa ke 376 varSa 'bAda avasthita the / ise samavAyAMgasUtra kA upAMga mAnA gayA hai / vRkSa, tRNa, auSadhiyA~, paMcendriyajIva, manuSya, sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM zAdi kA varNana milatA hai / * 6

Page #108
5. suriyapatti meM 20 pAhuDa, aura 108 sUtra haiM jinameM sUrya, candra bAra nakSatroM kI gati nAdi kA varNana milatA hai / isa para bhadrabAhu ne niyukti aura malayagiri ne TIkA likhI hai| 6. jambUvIvapatti-do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai-pUrvArdha aura uttraarss| pUrSi meM cAra aura uttarArSa meM tIna vakSaskAra (pariccheda) hai tathA kula 171 sUtra haiM / jinameM jambUdvIpa, bharatakSetra, nadI, parvata, kulakara Adi kA varNana hai| yaha nAyAdhammakahAo kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| 7. caMpatti meM bIsa prAbhRta haiM aura unameM candra kI gati Adi kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai / ise upAsagadasAo kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| * 8. nirayApaliyA-athavA kappiyA meM dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNTha, sukaNha mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha rAmakaNha, piuseNakaNha aura mahAseNakaNha kA varNana hai / 9. kapyArisiyA-meM bhI dasa adhyayana hai jinameM pauma, mahApauma, bhadda, subhadda, paumabhadda, paumaseNa, paumagumma, naliNigumma, ANaMda va naMdaNa kA varNana hai| 10. puphiyA meM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM caMda, sUra, sukka, bahuputtiyA, puSabhadda, gaNimadda, datta, siva, bala aura aNADhiya kA varNana hai / 11. pupphabUlA meM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM-siri, hiri, dhiti, kitti, buddhi, lacchI, ilAdevI, surAdevI, rasadevI aura gandhadevI / 12. bahivasAmo meM bAraha adhyayana haiM-nisaTha, mAani, vaha, vaNha, pagatA, juttI, dasaraha, daDharaha, mahASaNU, sattaSaNU, dasaghaNU aura sydhnnuu| ye upAMga sAMskRtika dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva ke haiN| AThaveM upAMga se lekara bArahaveM upAMga taka ko samagra rUpa meM 'nirayAvalio' bhI kahA gayA hai| 3. mUlasUtra DaoN. zukiMga ke anusAra inameM sAdhu jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza 'gamita hai isalie inheM mUlasUtra kahA jAtA hai / upAMgoM ke samAna mUlasUtroM kA bhI ullekha prAcIna bhAgamoM meM nahIM miltaa| inakI mUlasaMkhyA meM bhI matabheda hai|koii inakI saMkhyA tIna mAnatA hai-uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka aura dasavaikAlika bora kucha vidvAnoM ne piNDaniyukti aura opaniyukti ko sammilitakara unakI saMkhyA cAra kara dI hai|

Page #109
85 1. uttarAyaNa - bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha sUtra prAcIna mAnA jAtI hai / isakI tulanA pAli tripiTaka ke suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi granthoM se kI gaI hai / isakA adhyayana AcArAMgAdi ke adhyayana ke bAda kiyA jAtA thA / yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki isakI racanA uttarakAla meM huI ho / uttarAdhyayana meM 36 adhyayana haiM jinameM naitika, saiddhAntika aura kathAtmaka viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai / inameM kucha jinabhASita haiM, kucha pratyekabuddhoM dvArA prarUpita haiM aura kucha saMvAda rUpa meM kahe gaye haiM / 2. Avatsaya meM chaH nitya kriyAoMkA cha: adhyAyoM meM varNana hai- sAmAjika caturviMzatistava, vaMdana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna / 3. basaveyAlaya ke racayitA AryasaMbhava haiN| unhoMne isakI racanA apane putra ke lie kI thI / vikAla arthAt sandhyA meM par3he jAne ke kAraNa ise dasave - yAlaya kahA jAtA hai / yaha dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jinameM muni AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 4. piNDaniyukti meM ATha adhikAra aura 971 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA Adi dASoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiM / 5. ogha niyukti meM 811 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM pratilekhana, piNDa, upAdhinirUpaNa, anAyatanavarjana, pratisevanA, AlocanA aura vizuddhi kA nirUpaNa hai / 4. chevasUtra zramaNadharma ke AcAra-vicAra ko samajhane kI dRSTise chedasUtroM kA viziSTa mahattva hai inameM utsarga ( sAmAnya vidhAna ), apavAda, doSa aura prAyazcita vidhAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA 9 hai- dasAsuyakkhandha, vRhatkalpa, bavahAra, nisIha, mahAnisIha aura paMcakampa athavA jItakappa / 1. basAsuyakkhandha athavA AcAradasA meM dasa adhyayana haiN| unameM kramazaH asamAdhi ke kAraNa zabaladoSa ( hastakarma maithuna Adi), AzAtanA ( avazA), gaNisampadA, cittasamAdhi, upAsaka pratimA, bhikSupratimA paryuSaNAkalpa, mohanIyasthAna aura AyAtisthAna (nidAna) kA varNana milatA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvanacarita kI dRSTise bhI yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai| isake racayitA nirmuktikAra se bhinna AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiM / 2. bRhatkalpa meM cha: uddeza haiM jinameM bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke nivAsa, bihAra, AhAra, Asana Adi se sambaddha vividha niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / isake bhI racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiM / yaha grantha gadya meM likhA gayA hai /

Page #110
3. babahAra meM basa uddeza aura 300 sUtra haiN| unameM AhAra, bihAra, vaiyAvRtti, sAdhu-sAdhvI kA pArasparika vyavahAra, gRhagamana, dIkSAvidhAna Adi viSayoM para sAMgopAMga carcA kI gaI hai| isa grantha ke bhI kartA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| 4. nisIha meM vIsa uddeza aura lagabhaga 1500 sUtra haiN| inameM gUrumAsika, laghumAsika, aura gurucAturmAsika prAyazcitta se saMbaddha kriyAoM kA varNana hai / 5. mahAnisIha meM chaH adhyayana haiM aura do cUlikAe~ haiM jinameM lagabhaga 4554 zloka hoMge / bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTise yaha anya adhika prAcIna nahIM jAna par3atA / vinaSTa mahAnisItha ko haribhadrasUri ne saMzodhita kiyA aura sikhasena tathA jinadAsamaNi ne use mAnya kiyA |krmvipaak,taantrik prayoga, saMghasvarUpa, Adi para vistAra se vahAM carcA kI gaI hai| 6. jItakalpa kI racanA jinadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa ne 103 gAthAoM meM kI / isameM AtmA kI vizuddhi ke lie jIta arthAt prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| isameM AlocanA, pratikramaNa,ubhaya, viveka, vyutsarga, tapa, cheda, mUla, anavasthApya, aura pArAMcika bhedoMkA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 5. cUlikA sUtra cUlikAyeM anya ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM mAnI gaI haiN|inmeN aise viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai jinheM AcArya anya kisI grantha-prakAra meM sammilita nahIM kara sake / nandI aura anuyogadvAra kI gaNanA calikAstroM meM kI jAtI hai / ye sUtra apekSAkRta arvAcIna haiN| nandIsUtra gadya-padya meM likhA gayA hai / isameM 90 gAthAyeM aura 59 gadyasUtra haiN| isakA kula parimANa lagabhaga 700 zloka hogaa| isake racayitA dUSyagaNi ke ziSya devavAcaka mAne jAte haiM jo devarSigaNi kSamAzramaNa se bhinna haiN| isameM paMcajJAnoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai / svavirAvalI aura zrutajJAna ke bhaMda-prabheda kI dRSTise bhI yaha anya mahatpUrNa hai| anuyogadvAra meM nikSepa paddhati se jainadharma ke mUlabhUta viSayoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai / isake racayitA Arya rakSita mAne Ate haiN| isameM naya, nikSepa, pramANa, anugama Adi kA vistRta varNana hai / granthamAna lagabhaga 2000 zloka pramANa hai isameM adhikAMzata: gadya bhAga hai| 6. prakIrNaka isa vibhAga meM aise grantha sammilita kiye gaye haiM jinakI racanA tIrthaMkaroM dvArA pravedita upadeza ke bhASAra para bAcAryoM ne kI hai| aise mAgamika granthoM

Page #111
kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 14000 mAnI gaI hai parantu ballabhI vAcanA ke samaya nimnalikhita dasa granthoM kA hI samAveza kiyA gayA hai-caDasaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, mahApaccakkhANa, bhattapaiNA, taMdulaveyAliya, saMthAraka, gacchAyAra, gaNivijjA, deviMdapaha, aura maraNasamAhi / 'caDasaraNa' meM 63 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM arihaMta, siddha, sAdhu, evaM kevalikathita dharma ko zaraNa mAnA gayA hai / ise vIrabhadrakRta mAnA jAtA hai / 'AurapaccakkhANa' meM vIrabhadrane 70 gAthAoM meM bAlamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / mahApaccakkhANa meM 142 gAthAyeM hai jinameM vratoM aura ArAdhanAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 'bhattapaiNA' meM 172 gAthAyeM hai jinameM vIrabhadra ne bhaktaparijJA, iMginI aura pAdopagamana rUpa maraNa bhedoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| taMdulaveyAliya' meM 139 gAthAe~ haiM aura unameM garbhAvasthA, strI svabhAva tathA saMsAra kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 'saMthAraka' meM 123 gAthAyeM hai jinameM mRtyuzayyA kA varNana hai / 'gacchAyAra' meM 130 gAthAyeM hai jinameM gaccha meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sadhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai / 'gaNivijjA' meM 80 gAthAyeM hai jinameM divasa, tithi, nakSatra, karaNa, muhUrta Adi kA varNana hai / deviMdathaha (307 gA.) meM devendrakI stuti hai| maraNasamAhi (663 gA.) meM ArAdhanA, ArAdhaka, AlocanA, sallekhanA kSamAyApana Adi para vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ina prakIrNakoM ke atirikta titthugAliya, ajIvakappa, siddhapAhuDa, ArAhaNa pahAA, dIvasAyarapaNNatti, joisakaraMDava, aMgavijjA, piMDavisohi, tihipaiNNaga, sArAvali, pajjaMtArAhaNA, jIvavihatti, kavacapakaraNa aura jogipAhuDa, granthoM ko bhI prakIrNaka zreNi meM sammilita kiyA jAtA hai / 7. Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya uparyukta ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para yathAsamaya niyukti bhASya, cUNi, TIkA vivaraNa, vRtti, avacUrNI paMjikA evaM vyAkhyA rUpa meM vipula sAhitya kI racanA huI hai / inameM AcAryoM ne Agamagata durbodha sthaloM ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / isa vidyA meM niyukti, bhASya, cUNi, aura TIkA sAhitya vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| 8. niyukti sAhitya jisa prakAra yAska ne vaidika pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie nirukta kI racanA kI usI prakAra AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ne Agamika sadoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie niyuktiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA / ye niyuktiyAM

Page #112
88 nimnalikhita dasa granthoM para likhI gaI haiM- Avazyaka, dazavekAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazAzrutaskandha, vRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, sUryaprajJapti aura RSibhASita / inameM antima do niryuktiyA~ upalabdha nahIM / ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA prAkRta padmoM meM huI hai| bIca bIca meM kathAoM aura dRSTAntoM ko bhI niyojita kiyA gayA hai| sabhI niryuktiyoM kI racanA nikSepa paddhati meM huI hai / isa paddhati meM zabdoM ke aprAsaMgika arthoM ko chor3akara prAsaMgika arthoM kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai / 'Avazyaka niryuSita' meM cha: adhyayana haiM- sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna / isameM saptaninhava tathA bha. RSamadeva aura mahAvIra ke caritra kA Alekhana huA hai / isa niyukti para jinabhadra, jinadAsagaNi, haribhadra, koTacAcArya, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacandra, mANikyazekhara Adi AcAryoM ne vyAkhyA grantha likhe / isameM lagabhaga 1650 gAthAyeM haiM / 'dazavaikAlika' niryukti ( 341 gA.) meM deza, kAla Adi zabdoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra huA hai / uttarAdhyayana niryukti (607 gA. ) meM vividha dhArmika aura laukika kathAoM dvArA sUtrArtha ko spaSTa kiyA gaya hai / AcArAMga niryukti ( 347 gA. ) meM AcAra, aMga, brahma, caraNa Adi zabdoM kA artha nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niryukti ( 205 gA. ) meM matamatAntaroM kA varNana hai / dazAzrutaskandha niryukti meM samAdhi, sthAna, dasazruta Adi kA varNana hai / yaha niryukti vRhatkalpaniryukti ( 559 gA.) aura vyavahAraniyukti ke samAna alpamizrita avasthA meM upalabdha hotI hai / inake atirikta piNDa niryukti, oSaniryukti, paMcakalpaniryukti, nizIthaniyukti aura saMsaktaniryukti bhI milatI haiM / bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se ina niryuktiyoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai / 9. bhASya sAhitya niryuktiyoM meM pracchanna gUr3ha viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie bhASya likhe gye| jina Agama granthoM para bhASya milate haiM ve haiM- Avazyaka, dazavekAlika, uttarAdhyayana, bRhatkalpa, paMcakalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, jItakalpa, oSaniryukti aura piNDaniryukti / ye sabhI bhASya padyavaddha prAkRta meM haiM / Avazyaka sUtra para tIna bhASya milate haiM- mUlabhASya, bhASya aura vizaMSAvazyakabhASya / 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya " AvazyakasUtra ke mAtra prathama adhyayana sAmAkayi para likhA gayA hai phirabhI usameM 3603 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM AcArya jinabhadra ( lagabhaga vi. saM. 650-660) ne jaina jJAna bora tAvamImAMsA kI dRSTi se sAmagrI ko saMkalita ""

Page #113
89 kiyA hai / yoga, maMgala, paMcajJAna, sAmAyika, nikSepa, anuyoga, gaNadha ravAda, AtmA aura karma, aSTaninhava, prAyazcittavidhAna Adi kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai / jinabhadra kA hI dUsarA bhASya 'jItakalpa' (103 gA.) para hai / jisameM prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai / isI para eka svopajJabhASya ( 2606 gASAyeM ) bhI milatA hai jisameM vRhatkalpa, laghubhASya, vyavahArabhASya, paMcakalpa, mahAbhASya, piNDaniryukti Adi kI gAthAyeM zabdazaH uddhRta haiM / bRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiM jinhoMne ise cha: uddezoM aura 6490 gAthAoM meM pUrA kiyA / isameM jinakalpika aura sthavira kalpika sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AhAra, bihAra, nivAsa Adi kA sUkSma varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAMskRtika sAmagrI se yaha grantha bharA huA hai / inhIM AcArya kA paMcakalpamahAbhASya ( 2665 gA. ) bhI milatA hai / vRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke samAna vRhatkalpa vRhadubhASya bhI likhA gayA hai para durbhAgya se abhItaka vaha apUrNa hI upalabdha huA hai / isa saMdarbha meM vyavahArabhASya ( dasa uddeza ), oghaniryukti laghubhASya ( 322 gA.), oSaniryukti bRhadbhASya ( 2597 gA.) aura piNDaniryukti bhASya ( 46 gA. ) bhI ullekhanIya hai / 10. cUrNi sAhitya Agama sAhitya para niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM ke atirikta cUNiyoM kI bhI racanA huI hai / para ve padya meM na hokara gadya meM haiM aura zuddha prAkRta bhASA meM na hokara prAkRta- saMskRta mizrita haiM / sAmAnyataH yahAM saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta kA prayoga adhika huA hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsargANamahattara aura siddhasena sUri agragaNya haiN| jinadAsa gaNimahattara (lagabhaga vi. saM. 650-750 ) ne nandi, anuyogadvAra, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vRhatkalpa, vyAkhyA prajJapti, nizItha aura dazAzruttaskandha para cUrNiyAM likhI hai tathA jItakalpa cUNi ke kartA siddhasena sUri (vi. saM. 1227 ) haiM / inake atirikta jIvAbhigama, mahAnizItha, vyavahAra, jambUdvIpaprajJapti Adi granthoM para bhI cUrNiyAM likhI gaI haiM / ina cUrNiyoM meM sAMskRtika tathA kathAtmaka sAmagrI bharI huI hai / 11. TIkA sAhitya Agama ko aura bhI spaSTa karane ke lie TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiM / inakI bhASA pradhAnataH saMskRta hai para kathA bhAga adhikAMzata: prAkRta meM milatA hai / Avazyaka, dazavekAlika, nandI aura anuyogadvAra para haribhadrasUri (lagabhaga 700 - 770 I.) kI, AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para zIlAMkAcArya (vi. saM.

Page #114
90 lagabhaga 900 - 1000 ) kI, uttarAdhyayana para ziSyahitA TIkA zAntisUri ( 11 vIM zatI) kI tathA sukhabodhA TIkA devendragaNi nemicandra kI vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / saMskRta TIkAoM, vivaraNoM aura kRtiyoM kI to eka lambI saMkhyA hai jisakA ullekha karanA yahA~ aprAsaMgika hogA / 12.. karma sAhitya pUrvokta Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| ise paramparAnusAra zvetAmbara sampradAya svIkAra karatA hai parantu digambara sampradAya kinhIM kAraNoM vaza use 'lupta' huA mAnatA hai / usake anusAra lupta Agama kA AMzika jJAna muni paramparA meM surakSita rahA / usI ke AdhAra para AcArya gharasena ke sAnnidhya meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA huI / SaTkhaNDAgama " dRSTivAda" nAmaka bArahaveM aMga ke antargata aggrAyaNI nAmaka dvitIya pUrva ke cayanalabdhi nAmaka pAMcaveM adhikAra ke caturtha pAhuDa ( prAbhRta) karma prakRti para AdhArita hai / isalie ise kaprArmabhRta bhI kahA jAtA hai / isake prArambhika bhAga satprarUpaNA ke racayitA puSpadanta haiM aura zeSa bhAga ko AcArya bhUtabali ne likhA hai / inakA samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke 600-700 varSa bAda mAnA jAtA hai / " satprarUpaNA meM 177 sUtra haiM / zeSa grantha 6000 sUtroM meM racita karma prAbhRta ke cha: khaNDa haiM- jIvaTThANa (2375 sUtra ), khuddAbandha (1582 sUtra), bandhasAmittavicaya ( 324 sUtra ), vedanA ( 1449 sUtra ), vaggaNA (962 sUtra aura mahAbandha (sAta adhikAra ) / inameM karma aura unakI vividha prakRtiyoM kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai / isa para nimnalikhita TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiM / ina TIkAoM meM " dhavalA TIkA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI, anupalabdha haiM / inakI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai 33 1) prathama tIna khaNDoM para kundakundAcArya kI prAkRta TIkA ( 12000 zloka pramANa) ii) prathama pAMca khaNDoM para zAstrakuNDakRta paddhatinAmaka prAkRta- saMskRtakannaDa mizrita TIkA ( 12000 zloka pramANa) / iii) chaThe khaNDa para tumbUlAcAryakRta prAkRta paMjikA (60000 loka pramANa) iv) vIrasena (816 I.) kI prAkRta saMskRta mizrita TIkA ( 72000 zloka pramANa) 1. SaTkhaNDAgama pustaka 1, prastAvanA, pU. 21-31.

Page #115
dRSTivAda ke hI jJAnapravAda nAmaka pAMcaveM pUrva kI dasavIM vastu ke pejjadosa nAmaka tRtIya prAmRta se 'kaSAyaprAbhRta' (kasAya pAhuDa) kI utpatti huI / ise 'pejjadosapAhuDa' bhI kahA gayA hai| AcArya guNadhara ne isakI racanA bha. mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda kI / isameM 1600 pada evaM 180 kiMvA 233 gAthAyeM aura 15 arthAdhikAra haiM / isapara yativRSabha ne vikrama kI chaThI zatI meM chaH hajAra zloka pramANa cUNisUtra likhA / usa para vIrasena ne san 874 meM vIsa hajAra zloka pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhI / isa adhUrI TIkA ko unake ziSya jayasena (jinasena) ne cAlIsa hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA aura likhakara grantha samApta kiyaa| inake atirikta uccAraNAcAryakRta uccAraNavRtti, zAmakuNDakRta paddhatiTIkA, tumbUlAcAryakuta cUr3AmaNivyAkhyA tathA vappadevagurukRta vyAkhyAprajJaptivRtti nAmaka TIkAoM kA ullekha milatA hai para Aja ve upalabdha nahIM haiN| ina sabhI TIkA granthoM meM karma kI vividha vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| inhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI ne vikrama kI 11 vIM zatI meM 'gomaTTasAra' kI racanA kI / ve cAmuNDarAya ke guru the jinheM gomaTTarAya bhI kahA jAtA thaa| gomaTTasAra ke do bhAga hai-jIvakANDa (733 gA.) aura karmakANDa (972 gA.) / jIvakANDa meM jIva, sthAna, kSudrabandha, bandhasvAmI aura vedanA ina pAMca viSayoM kA vivecana hai / karmakANDa meM karma ke bheda-prabhedoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| isI lekhaka kI 'labdhisAra' (261 gA.) nAmaka eka aura racanA milatI hai / lagabhaga AThavIM zatI meM likhI kisI ajJAta vidvAna kI 'paJcasaMgraha' (1309 gA.) nAmaka kRti bhI upalabdha huI hai / isameM karmastava Adi pAMca prakaraNa haiM / prAyaH ye sabhI grantha zaurasenI prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiM / AcArya kundakunda, vaTTakara aura zivArya ke sAhitya ko isameM aura jor3a diyA jAya to yaha samUcA sAhitya digambara sampradAya kA Agama sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai| ina granthoM ke atirikta zivazarmasUri (vi. kI pAMcavIM zatI) kI karmaprakRti (475 gA.), usa para kisI ajJAta vidvAna kI sAta hajAra zloka pramANa cUNi, vIrazekharavijaya kA Thiibandha (876 gA.) tathA khavagaseDhI-aura candasi mahattara kA paMcasaMgraha (1000 gA.) viziSTa karmagrantha haiN| garSi (vi. kI 10 vIM zatI) kA karmavivAga, ajJAta kavi kA karmastava aura bandhasvAmitva, jinaballabhagaNi kI SaDasIti, zivazarmasUri kA zataka aura ajJAta kavi kI saptatikA ye prAcIna SaT karmagrantha kahe jAte haiM / jinaballabhagaNi (vi. kI 12 vIM zatI) kA sArdhazataka (155 gA.) bhI smaraNIya hai / devendrasUri (13 vIM zatI) ke karmavipAka (60 gA.), karmastava (34 gA.),

Page #116
bandhasvAmitva (24 gA.), SaDsIti (46 gA.) aura zataka (100 gaa.)| ina pAMca granthoM ko 'navyakarmagranya' kahA jAtA hai / jinabhadragaNi kI vizeSaNavati, vijayavimalagaNi (vi. saM. 1623) kA bhAva prakaraNa (30 gA.), harSakulagaNi (16 vIM zatI) kA bandhahetUdayatribhaMgI (65 gA.) aura vijayavimalagaNi (17 vIM zatI) kA bandhodayasattAprakaraNa (24 gA.) grantha bhI yahAM ullekhanIya haiN| 12. sidAnta sAhitya karmasAhitya ke atirikta kucha aura grantha haiM jinheM hama Agama ke antargata rakha sakate hai / ina granthoM meM AcArya kundakunda (prathama zatI) ke pavayaNasAra (275 gA.), samayasAra (415 gA.), niyamasAra (187 gA.), paMcatyikAyasaMgahasutta (173 gA.), daMsaNapAhuDa (36 gA.), cArittapAhuDa (44 gA.), suttapAhuDa (27 gA.), boSapAhuDa (62 gA.), bhAvapAhuDa (166 gA.), moksapAhuDa (106 gA.), liMgapAhuDa (22 gA.), aura sIlapADa (40 gA.) pradhAna grantha haiN| inameM nizcaya naya kI dRSTise AtmA kI vizuddhAvasthA ko prApta karane kA mArga batAyA gayA hai / inakI bhASA zaurasenI hai| __ anekAnta kA samyak vivecana karane vAloM meM AcArya siddhasena (5-6 vIM zatI) zIrSastha haiM jinhoMne 'sammaisutta' (167 gA.) likhakara prAkRta meM dArzanika grantha likhane kA mArga prazasta kiyA / yaha anya tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai- naya, upayoga aura anekAntavAda / abhayadevane isapara 2500 zloka pramANa tattvabodhavidhAyinI nAmaka TIkA likhii| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai / isI prakAra AcArya devasena kA laghunayacandra (67 gA.) aura mAilaSavala kA vRhanmayacakra (423 gA.) bhI isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha haiN| kisI ajJAta kavi kA jIvasamAsa (286 gA.), zAntisUri (11 vIM zatI) kA jIvaviyAra (51 gA.), abhayadevasUri kI paNNavaNAtaiyapayasaMgahaNI (133 gA.), ajJAta kavi kI jIvAjIvAbhigamasaMgahaNI (223 gA.), jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa kA samayakhittasamAsa (637 gA.), rAjazekharasUri kI kSetravicAraNA (367 gA.), nemicandrasUri kA pavayaNa sAradvAra (1599 gA.), somatilakasUri (vi. saM. 1373) kA sattarisaya ThANapayaraNa (359 gA.), devasari kA jIvANusAsaNa (423 gA.) Adi racanAoM meM sapta tatvoM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana milatA hai| dharmopadezAtmaka sAhitya bhI prAkRta meM pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| jIvanasAdhanA kI dRSTi se yaha sAhitya likhA gayA hai| dharmadAsasaMgaNI

Page #117
93 ( lagabhaga 8 vIM zatI) kI uvaesamAlA ( 542 gA.), haribhadrasUri kA ubaesapada (1039 gA.) va saMbohaprakaraNa (1510 gA.), hemacandrasUri kI uvaesamAlA (505 gA.) va bhavabhAvaNA (531 gA.), mahendraprabhasUri (saM. 1436) kI uvaesacitAmaNi (415 gA.), jinaratnasUri (san 1231) kA vivegavilAsa (1323 gA.), zubhavardhanagaNI (saM. 1552 ) kI vaddhamANadesanA (3163 gA.), jayavallabha kA vajjAlagga (1330 gA.) Adi grantha mukhya haiM / ina kRtiyoM meM jainadharma, siddhAnta aura tatvoM kA upadeza diyA gayA hai aura AdhyAtmika unnati kI dRSTi se vratAdi kA mahatva batAyA gayA hai / ye sabhI kRtiyAM jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhI gaI haiN| uttara pazcima ke jaina sAhityakAroM ne ardhamAgadhI ke bAda isI bhASA ko mAdhyama banAyA / 'yazruti' isakI vizeSatA hai / AcAryoM ne yoga aura bAraha bhAvanAoM sambandhI sAhitya bhI prAkRta maiM likhA hai / isakA adhikAMza sAhitya yadyapi saMskRta meM milatA hai para prAkRta bhI usase achUtA nahIM rahA / haribhadrasUri kA jhANajjhayaNa ( 106 gA. ) kumAra kArtikeya kA bArasAnuvekkhA ( 489 gA.), devacandra kA guNaNaTTANasaya (107 gA.), guNaratnavijaya kA khavagaseDhI ( 271 gA.) tathA vIrasekharavijaya kA mUlapaesfosbandha (876 gA.) ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM yama, niyama Adi ke mAdhyama se muktimArga prApti ko nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya yogasAdhanA ko kisa prakAra vizuddha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA mAdhyama banAyA jA sakatA hai isakA nidarzana ina AcAryoM ne ina kRtiyoM meM bar3I saphalatA pUrvaka kiyA hai / 13. AcAra sAhitya AcAra sAhitya meM sAgAra aura anagAra ke vratoM aura niyamoM kA vidhAna rahatA hai / vaTTakera (lagabhaga 3 rI zatI) kA mUlAcAra (1552 gA.), zivArya (lagabhaga tRtIya zatI) kA bhagavai ArAhaNA (2166 gA.) aura vasunandI (13 vIM zatI) kA uvAsayAmayaNaM (546 gA.) zaurasenI prAkRta meM likhe kucha viziSTa grantha haiM jinameM muniyoM aura zrAvakoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA vistRta varNana hai / isI taraha haribhadrasUri ke paMcavatthuga (1714 gA.), paMcAsaga (850 gA.), sAvayaparaNati (405 gA.) aura sAvayadhammavihi (120 gA.), pradyumnasUri kI mUlasiddhi (252 gA.), vIrabhadra (saM. 1078) kI ArAhaNApaDAyA (990 gA.), devendasUri kI saDadiNakicva (344 gA.) Adi jaina mahArASTrI meM likhe

Page #118
pramukha anya haiN| inameM muni aura zrAvakoM kI dinacaryA, niyama, upaniyama, darzana, prAyazcitta Adi kI vyavasthA batAyI gaI hai / ina granthoM para aneka TIkAyeM bhI milatI haiN| 14. vidhividhAna aura bhaktimUlaka sAhitya prAkRta meM aisA sAhitya bhI upalabdha hotA hai jisameM AcAryoM ne bhakti, pUjA, pratiSThA, yajJa, maMtra,taMtra,parva,tIrtha Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kundakunda kI sikhabhatti (12 gA.) sudabhatti, carittabhatti (10 gA.), aNagArabhatti (23 gA.), Ayariyabhatti (10 gA.) paMcagurubhatti (7 gA.), titthayaramatti (8 gA.), aura nibbANabhatti (27 gA.) vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiM / yazodevasUri kA paccakkhANasarUva (329 gA.), zrIcandrasUri kI aNuTTANavihi, jinavallabhagaNi kI paDikkaNa samAyArI (40 gA.), devabhadra kI (pamasahavihipayaraNa (118 gA.), aura jinaprabhasUri (vi. saM. 1363) kI vihimaggappavA (3575 gA.) isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha haiM / dhanapAla kA RSabhapaMcAsikA (50 gA.), bhadrabAhu kA upasaggaharastotra (20 gA.), nandiSeNa kA ajiyasaMtithaya, devendrasUri kA zAzvatacaityAstava, dharmaghoSasUri (14 vIM zatI) kA bhavastotra, kisI ajJAta kavi kA nirvANa kANDa (21 gA.), tathA yogendradeva (chaThI zatI) kA nijAtmASTakam prasiddha stotra haiM / ina stotroM meM dArzanika sivAntoM ke sAtha hI kAvyAtmaka tattvoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / rasAtmakatA to hai hii| 15. paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya jainadharma meM 63 zalAkA mahApuruSa hue haiM jinakA jIvana carita kaviyoM ne apanI lekhanI meM utArA hai| ina kAvyoM kA srota Agama sAhitya hai / inheM prabandha kAvya kI koTi meM rakhA jA / hai sakatA inameM kaviyoM ne dharmopadeza, karmaphala, bavAntara kathAyeM, stuti, darzana, kAvya aura saMskRti ko samAhita kiyA hai / sAdhAraNataH ye sabhI kAvya zAntarasAnuvartI haiN| inameM mahA kAvya ke prAyaH sabhI lakSaNa paTita hote haiM / lokatattvoM kA bhI samAveza yahA~ humA hai| paumacariya (8351 gA.) paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM prAcInatama kRti hai jisakI racanA vimalAsari meM vi. saM. 530 meM kii| kavi ne yahAM rAmacarita ko yathArthavAditA kI bhUmikA para khaDe hokara likhA hai / usameM unhoMne batAkika aura anargala bAtoM ko sthAna nahIM diyaa| sabhI prakAra ke guNa, balaMkAra, rasa aura chandoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai / gupta-vAkATaka yuga

Page #119
kI saMskRti bhI isameM paryApta milatI hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA parimAjita rUpa yahA~ vidyamAna hai / kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / isI taraha bhuvana tuMgasUri kA sItAcarita (465 gA.) bhI ullekhanIya hai / saMbhavataH zIlAMkAcArya se bhinna zIlAcArya (vi. saM. 925) kA cauppannamahApurisacariya (10800 zloka pramANa), bhadrezvarasUri (12 vIM zatI), tathA Amrakavi (10 vIM zatI) kA cauppannamahApurisacariya (103 adhikAra), somaprabhAcArya (saM. 1199) kA sumaInAhacariya (9621 eloka pramANa), lakSmaNagaNi (saM. 1199) kA supAsanAhacariya (8000 gA.), nemicandrasUri (saM. 1216) kA anantanAhacariya (1200 gA.), zrIcandrasUri (saM. 1199) kA munisubbayasAmicariya (10994 gA.) tathA guNacandrasUri (saM. 1139) aura nemicandrasUri (12 vIM zatI) ke mahAvIracariya (kramazaH 12025 aura 2385 zloka pramANa) kAvya vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ye anya prAyaH padyavaddha haiM / kathAvastu kI sajIvatA va caritra zitraNa kI mArmikatA yahA~ spaSTataH dikhAI detI hai| dvAdaza cakravatiyoM tathA anya zalAkA puruSoM para bhI prAkRta racanAyeM upalabdha haiN| zrIcandrasUri (saM. 1214) kA saNaMtakumAracariya (8127 zloka pramANa), saMghadAsagaNi aura dharmadAsagaNi (lagabhaga 5 vIM zatI) kA vasudevahiNDI (do khaNDa) tathA guNapAlamuni kA jambUcariya (16 uddeza) isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha haiM / ina kAvyoM meM jainadharma, itihAsa aura saMskRti para prakAza DAlane vAle aneka sthala haiN| bha. mahAvIra ke bAda hone vAle anya AcAryoM aura sAdhakoM para bhI prAkRta kAvya likhe gaye haiN| tilakasUri (saM. 1261) kA pratyeka buddhacarita (6050 zloka pramANa) unameM pramukha hai / isake atirikta kucha aura paurANika kAvya milate haiM jo AcAryoM ke carita para AdhArita haiM jaise hemacandra Adi kI kAlakAcArya kathA / jainAcAryoM ne aitihAsika tathyoM ke AdhAra para katipaya prAkRta kAvya likhe haiN| kahIM rAjA, mantrI, athavA zreSThI nAyaka haiM to kahIM santa-mahAtmA ke jIvana ko kAvya ke lie cunA gayA hai| unakI divijaya, saMgha-yAtrAyeM tathA anya prAsaMgika varNanoM meM atizayoktiyAM bhI jhalakatI haiM / vahA~ kAlpanika citraNa bhI ubharakara sAmane Aye haiN| aise sthaloM para itihAsavettA ko pUrI sAvadhAnI ke sAtha sAmagrI kA cayana karanA apekSita hai / hemacandrasUri kA dvApara mahAkAma cAlukyavaMzIya kumArapAla mahArAjA ke carita kA aisA hI

Page #120
vitraNa karatA hai / isa pantha ko par3hakara bhaTTikAvya, rAjataraMgiNI tathA vikramAMkadevacarita jaise anya smRti-patha meM Ane lagate haiN| itihAsa ke nirmANa meM prazastiyoM aura abhilekhoM kA bhI mahattva hotA hai| zrIcandrasUri ke munisuvvaya sAmicariya (saM. 1193) kI 100 gAthAoM kI prazasti meM saMgha, zAkambharI nareza pRthvIrAja, saurASTra nareza beMgAra mAdi kA varNana hai / sAhitya jahAM mauna ho jAtA hai vahA~ abhilekha ke rUpa meM bAralI (ajamera se 32 mIla dUra) meM prApta pASANastambha para khudI cAra paMktiyAM haiM jinameM vIranirvANa saMvat 84 utkIrNa hai| azoka ke lekha isake bAda ke haiN| unameM bhI prAkRta ke vividha rUpa dikhAI dete haiM / samrAT khAravela kA hAthI gumphA zilAlekha, mathurA aura pramosA se prApta zilAlekha tathA ghaTiyAla (jodhapura) kA zilAlekha (saM. 918) isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya haiM / mUrti lekha bhI prAkRta meM milate haiN| nATakoM kA samAveza dRzyakAvya ke rUpa meM hotA hai / isameM saMvAda,saM gIta, nRtya, aura abhinaya saMnihita hotA hai / saMskRta nATakoM meM sAdhAraNataH striyAM, vidUSaka, tathA nimnavarga ke kiMkara, dhUrta, viTa, bhUta, pizAca Adi adhikAMza pAtra prAkRta hI bolate hai| pUrNatayA prAkRta meM likhA nATaka abhI taka upalabdha nahIM humA / nemacandrasUri kI saTTakakRti nayamaMjarI avazya milI hai jo karpUramaMjarI ke anukaraNa para likhI gaI hai / inameM prAkRta ke nATakoM aura saTTakoM ke vibhinna rUpa dekhane milate hai / 16. kathA sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM vipula kathA sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai| unakA mukhya uddezya karma, darzana, saMyama, tapa, cAritra, dAna Adi ke mahattva ko spaSTa karatA rahA hai| bAgama sAhitya ina kathAoM kA mUla srota hai / Adhanika kathAnoM ke samAna yahAM vastu, pAtra, saMvAda, dezakAla, zailI aura uddezya ke rUpa meM kayA ke aMga bhI milate haiN| niyukti, bhASya, buNi, TIkA bAdi granthoM meM upalabdha karAyeM uttarakAlIna vikAsa ko iMgita karatI haiM / yahA~ apekSAkRta sarasatA vIra spaSTatA adhika dikhAI detI hai| samUce prAkRta sAhitya ko aneka prakAra se vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| bAgamoM ke akavA, vikayA aura kathA ye tIna bheda kiye gaye hai| kathA meM 1. parvakAlika, pA. 188 samAna kahA, 1.2

Page #121
lokakalyANa kA hetu garbhita hotA hai isalie vaha upAdeya hai| zeSa tyAjya hai / viSaya kI dRSTi se kathA ke cAra bheda haiM-AkSepaNI, artha, kAma aura mizrakathA / dharmakathA ke bhI cAra bheda haiM-AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMvedanI aura nivedanI / jainAcAryo ne isI prakAra ko adhika apanAyA hai / pAnoM ke AdhAra para unheM divya, mAnuSa aura mizra kathAoM ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / ' tIsarA vargIkaraNa bhASA kI dRSTi se huA hai-saMskRta, prAkRta aura mizra / udyotanasUri ne zailI kI dRSTi se kathAke pAMca maMda kiye haiM-sakalakathA, khaNDakA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA aura saMkIrNakathA / prAkRta sAhitya meM mizrakaSAyeM adhika milatI haiM / ina sabhI kathA granthoM kA paricaya denA yahA~ sarala nahIM / isalie viziSTa granthoM kA hI yahA~ ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai / kacAsaMgraha : jainAcAryoM ne kucha aisI dharmakathAoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai jo sAhityakAra ke lie sadaiva upajIvya rahA hai / dharmadAsagaNi (10 vIM zatI) ke upadezamAlAprakaraNa (542 gA.) meM 310 kathAnakoM kA saMgraha hai / jayasiMhari (vi. saM. 915 ) kA dharmopadezamAlA vivaraNa (156 kathAyeM), devabhadrasUri (saM. 1108) kA kahArayaNakosa (12300 zloka pramANa aura 50 kathAyeM), devendragaNi (saM. 1129)kA akkhANayamaNikosa (127 kathAnaka) Adi mahattvapUrNa kathAsaMgraha haiM jinameM dharma ke vibhinna AyAmoM para kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se dRSTAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiM / ye dRSTAnta sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie bahuta upayogI haiN| uparyukta kathAnakoM athavA lokakathAoM kA Azraya lekara kucha svatanta kathA sAhitya kA bhI nirmANa kiyA gayA hai jinameM dharmArAdhanA ke vividha pakSoM kI prastuti milatI hai| udAharaNataH haribhadrasUri (saM. 757 - 827) kI 'samarAiccakahA' aisA hI prantha hai jisameM mahArASTrI prAkRta gadya meM 9 prakaraNa haiM aura unameM samarAditya aura girisena ke 9 bhavoM kA sundara varNana hai / isI kavi kA dhUrtAsyAna (480 gA.) bhI apane DhaMga kI eka nirAlI kRti hai jisameM hAsya aura vyaMgyapUrNa manoraMjaka kathAyeM nibaddha haiN| jayarAma kI prAkRta dhammaparikyA bhI isI zailI meM racI gaI eka uttama kRti hai / yazodhara aura zrIpAla ke kathAnaka bhI AcAryo ko bar3e rucikara pratIta hue / sirivAlakahA (1342 gA.) ko ratnazekharasUri ne saMkalita kiyA aura hemacandrasAdhu (saM. 1428)ne use lipibaddha kiyaa| isI ke AdhAra para pradyumnari 1. dhavalATIkA, pustaka - 1, pR.104. 2. samarAjyakahA, pu. 2: basarvakAlika, gAyA, 188 3. zrIkAmakahA-36 4. kramamA 4

Page #122
18 aura vinayavijaya (saM. 1683) ne prAkRta kathA-racanAyeM kI / sukauzala, sukumAla aura jinadatta ke carita bhI lekhakoM ke lie upajIvya kathAnaka rahe haiN| katipaya racanAyeM nArI pAtra pradhAna haiM / pAdaliptasUri racita taraMgavaIkahA isI prakAra kI racanA hai| yaha apane mUlarUpa meM upalabdha nahIM para nemicandragaNi ne isI ko taraMgalolA ke nAma se saMkSipta rUpAntarita kapAoM (1642 gA.) meM prastuta kiyA hai / udyotanasUri (saM. 835) kI kuvalayamAlA (13000 zloka pramANa) mahArASTrI prAkRta meM gadya-padya mayI campU zailI meM likhI gaI isI prakAra kI anupamakRti hai jise hama mahAkAvya kaha sakate haiM / guNapAlamuni (saM. 1264) kA isidattAcariya (1550 granthAgrapramANa), dhanezvarasUri (saM. 1095) kA surasundarIcariya (4001 gA.), devendrasUri (saM. 1323) kA sudasaNAcariya (4002 gA.) Adi racanAyeM bhI yahAM ullekhanIya haiN| ina kathA-pranyoM meM nArI meM mApta bhAvanAoM kA sundara vizleSaNa milatA hai| kucha kathA anya aise bhI race gaye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha kisI parva, pUjA athavA stotra se rahA hai| aise anyoM meM zrutapaMcamI ke mAhAtmya ko pradarzita karane vAlA 'nANapaMcamIkahAbo' anya sarvaprathama ullekhanIya hai / isameM 1. kathAyeM aura 2804 gAthAyeM haiM / ina kathAoM meM bhavissayattakahA ne uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA hai / isake atirikta ekAdazIvratakathA (137 gA.) Adi grantha bhI upalabdha hote haiM / 17. lAkSaNika sAhitya * lAkSaNika sAhitya se hamArA tAtparya hai- vyAkaraNa, koza, chanda, jyotiSa, nimitta va zilpAdi vissaayeN| ina sabhI vidhAoM para prAkRta racanAyeM milatI haiN| vaSuyogadArasutta Adi prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM vyAkaraNa ke kucha sikhAnta parilakSita hote haiM para Azcarya kI bAta hai ki abhI taka prAkRta bhASA meM likhA koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa upalabdha nahIM huaa| samantabhadra, vIrasena aura devendra sari ke prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kA ullekha avazya milatA hai para abhI taka ve kAza meM nahIM bA pAye / saMbhava hai, ve anya prAkRta meM likhe gaye hoN| saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye, prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM caNDa kA svavRttisahita prAkRta vyAkaraNa (99 apavA 103 sUtra), hemacandrasUri kA siddhahemacandra zabdAnuzAsana (1119 sUba), trivikrama (13 vIM zatI) kA prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana (1036 sUtra) Adi anya vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke vyAkaraNa -viSayaka niyamoM-upaniyamoM kA sundara varNana milatA hai / 1. viSeSa dekhiye, bAmunika yuga meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA adhyayana-anusandhAna-rA.bhAgabanda baina, saMkara- pAramAkaraNa bora ko ko paramparA, para, 19.7, pR. 219-291.

Page #123
bhASA kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie kora kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| koza kI dRSTi se niruktiyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| unameM eka-eka zabda ke bhinna-bhinna aryoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / prAkRta kozakalA ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI dRSTi se unakA samajhanA Avazyaka hai| hemacandra kI dezI nAmamAlA (783 gA.) meM 397 dezaja zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai jo bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se vizeSa upayogI hai| isake atirikta dhanapAla (saM. 1029) kA pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA (279 gA.), vijayarAjendrasUri (saM. 1960 ) kA abhidhAna rAjendrakoza (cAra lAkha zloka pramANa) aura haragovindadAsa trivikramacanda seTha kA pAiyasaddamahaNNava (prAkRta-hindI) koza bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya haiN| saMvedana zIlatA jAgRta karane-karAne ke lie chala kA prayoga huvA hai| naMdiyA (lagabhaga 10 vIM zatI) kA gAhAlakkhaNa (96 gA.) aura ratnazaMkhara sUri (15 vIM zatI) kA chandaHkoza (74 gA.) ullekhanIya prAkRta chanda anya haiN| * gaNita ke kSetra meM mahAvIrAcArya kA gaNitasAra saMgraha tathA bhAskarAcArya kI lIlAvatI prasiddha grantha haiM / ina donoM kA AdhAra lekara unameM ullikhita viSayoM ko lekara Thakkara pherU (13 vIM zatI)ne gaNitasAra kaumudI nAmaka grantha likhaa| unake anya grantha hai- ratna parIkSA (132 gA.), bajya parIkSA (149 gAvA) bAtUtpatti (57 gA.), bhUgarbhaprakAza Adi / yahA~ yatiRSama (chaThI zatI) kI tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM lekhaka ne jaina mAnya'tAnusAra viloka sambandhI viSaya ko upasthita kiyA hai| yaha aThAraha hajAra zloka pramANa anya hai| - jyotiSa viSayaka granthoM meM sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti mAdi aMgavAhapa pranyoM ke atirikta Thakkara pheru kA jyotissAra (98 gA.) haribhadrasUri kI lamgasudhi (133 gA.), ra nazekharasUri (15 vIM zatI) kI diNasudi (14 gA.) hIra kalaza (saM. 1621) kA jyotissAra (90.dohA) Adi anya ullekhanIya haiN| nimittazAstra meM bhauma, utpAta, svapna, aMga, antarikSa, svara, lakSaNa, vyaJjana bAdi nimittoM kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / kisI ajJAta kavi kA jayapAhara (378 gA.), barasena kA joNipAhuDa, RSiputra kA nimittazAstra (187 gA.) duryadeva (saM. 1084) kA riTusamuccaya (261 gA.) Adi racanAyeM pramukha hai| aMgavikhyA eka bAtakaka racanA hai jisameM 60 adhyAyoM meM zumA nimittoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 9-10 vIM zatI ke pUrva kA yaha papa sAMskRtika

Page #124
sAmagrIse bharA humA hai / karalakSaNa (61 gA.) bhI kisI ajJAta kavi kI rakhanA hai jisameM lakSaNa, rekhAboM Adi kA varNana hai| vAstu zilpa zAstra ke rUpa meM Thakkara pheru kA vAstusAra (280 mA.) pratiSThita grantha hai jisameM bhUmiparIkSA, bhUmizoSana bAdi para vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isI kavi kI eka anya kRti ratna parIkSA(132 gA.) hai jisameM padmarAga, muktA, vidruma bAdi 16 prakAra ke ratnoM kA utpatti-sthAna, mAkAra, varNa, muNa, doSa mAdi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / unhIM kI dravyaparIkSA (148 bA.) meM sikkoM ke mUlya, taula, nAma Adi para, dhAtUpatti (57 gA.) meM pItala, tAMbA bAdi dhAtuoM para, tathA bhUgarmaprakAza meM tAna, svarNa Adi dravya vAlI pRthvI kI vizeSatAoM para vizada prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ye sabhI anya vi. saM. 1372-75 ke bIca likhe gaye haiN| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke sarvekSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne usakI hara vidyA ko samRddha kiyA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa sabhI kA ullekha karanA to saMbhava nahIM ho skaa| para itanA to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta jana sAhitya lagabhaga paccIsa sau varSoM se sAhitya ke hara kSetra ko apane yogadAna se harA bharA karatAM bA rahA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kA hara prAGgama prAkRta sAhitya kA RNI hai| usane lokamASA aura lokajIvana ko bIkArakara unakI samasyAjoM ke samAdhAna kI dizA meM bAdhyAsmika cetanA ko jAgRta kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, mAdhunika sAhitya ke lie bhI vaha upajIvya banA huvA hai| premAsyAnaka kAvyoM ke vikAsa meM prAkRta jaina kayA sAhitya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA |sNskRt pampU aura carita kAvya ke preraka prAkRta anya hI haiN| kAvya zAstrIya sidAntoM kA sarasa pratipAdana bhI yahAM huvA hai / darzana aura sidAnta se lekara bhASAvijJAna, vyAkaraNa aura itihAsa taka saba kucha prAkRta jaina sAhitya meM nivara hai / usake samUce yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana abhI zeSa hai| 2. saMskRta sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA ke samAna saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanI banivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA aura isa kSetra ko bhI apane punIta yogadAna se balakRta kiyA / yadyapi saMskRta bhASA meM sarvaprathama racanA karane vAle anAcAryoM meM umAsvAti athavA umAsvAmI kA nAma bar3I zraddhA ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai para hama yahAM samUce saMkata jaina sAhitya ko vividha vidhAnoM meM vargIkRtakara usako saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta karanA adhika upayogI samAna rahe haiN| sAtha hI

Page #125
vidhAyoM kA jaisA krama prAkRta sAhitya meM hamane rakhA hai vahI krama yahA~ bhI apanA rahe haiN| 1. cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya cUrNi sAhitya prAya: prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai / kucha cUrNiyAM aisI haiM jinameM saMskRta ke kucha gadyAMza aura padyAMza uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayana cUrNi, AcArAMga bUrNi, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, nizIya vizeSa cUrNi, aura vRhatkalpa bUni aise hI grantha haiM jinameM alpasaMskRta-mizrita prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai / Agama sAhitya para jo TIkAtmaka athavA vivaraNAtmaka grantha likhe gaye haiM ve saMskRta meM haiN| isa prakAra kI pramukha TIkAyeM aura unake TIkAkAra isa prakAra haiMvizeSAvazyaka bhASya svopajJavRtti zloka pramANa 22000 " Avazyaka vRtti dazavekAlika vRtti jIvAbhigama vRtti prajJApanA vRtti nandi vRtti anuyogadvAra vRtti jinabhadra (7 vIM zatI) haribhadra (8 vIM zatI) koTayAcArya (8 vIM zatI) zIlAMka (9-10 vIM zatI zAntisUri (11 vIM zatI) droNasUri (11-12 vIM zatI) abhayadeva (12 vIM zatI) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya vivaraNa 13700 " 12000 12850 AcArAMga vivaraNa sUtrakRtAMga vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana TIkA oSaniyukti vRtti sthAnAMga bRtti samavAyAMga vRtti vyAkhyA prazapti vRtti jJAtA dharma kathA vivaraNa upAsaka dazAMga vRtti antaH kuzAMgavRtti anutaropapAtika dazAvRtti prazna vyAkaraNa vRtti vipAka vRtti zrIpapAtikavRtti 14250, 3275 28 18616 3800 288 " ,, "

Page #126
102 . . . 950. " . . . . 34000 . . 18000 " . . . . . . . . . 8000 18850 // 2.00 G . malayagiri (11-12 vIM zatI) bhagavatIsUtra-dvitIya zatakavRtti 3750 rAjapraznopAMgaTIkA 3700 // jIvAbhigamopAMgaTIkA 16000 // prajJApanopAMgaTIkA 16000 , candraprAptpupAMgaTIkA sUryaprAptiTIkA nandIsUtraTIkA 7732 , vyavahArasUtravRtti vRhatkalpapIThikAvRtti (apUrNa) 4600 AvazyakavRtti (apUrNa) piNDaniyuktiTIkA 67.. jyotiSkaraNDakaTIkA dharmasaMgrahaNIvRtti karmaprakRtivRtti paMcasaMgrahavRtti SaDazItivRtti saptatikAvRtti 378." vRhatsaMgrahaNIvRtti bRhatkSetrasamAsavRtti malayagirizabdAnuzAsana maladhArI hemacandra (12vIM zatI) AvazyakavRttipradeza vyAkhyA anuyogadAravRtti 5900 // vizeSAvazyaka bhASya-pahatvRtti 280..,, zataka vivaraNa upadeza mAlA sUtra upadekhamAlAvRtti jIvasamAsavivaraNa - 41500, bhavabhAvanA sUtra bhavabhAvanA vivaraNa nandi TippaNa meniyana (10726.) uttarAdhyayana sukhabopATIkA 12000, zrIcandrasUri (12 vIM zatI) nizIpacUNi durgapadavyAlyA nimAvalikAvRtti 6.0, 1120 // . . . 9500, 5000 // . . . 46.0 . . .

Page #127
3450. // 3250 // 5400" nemakIrti (1275 I.) bRhatkalpavRtti 42600 // mANikyazekharasUri (15vIM zatI)mAvazyakaniyuktidIpikA mahezvarasUri (15 vIM zatI) AcArAMgavIpikA vimanasUri (1632 I.) uttarAdhyayanavyAkhyA 16255 // samayasundarasUri (1634 I.) dazavakAlikadIpikA mAnavimalasUri (18 vIM zatI) praznavyAkaraNa vRtti 7500, saMbavijayagaNi (1617 I.) kalpasUtra-kalpapradIpikA vinayavijaya upAdhyAya(1639I.) kalpasUtra suboSikA samayamundaragaNi (17vIM zatI) kalpasUtra-kalpalatA 7700 // zAntisAgaragaNi (1650 I.) kalpasUtra kaumudI 3707, 2. karma sAhitya mUlakarma sAhitya prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai para usa para TIkA sAhitya saMskRta meM bhI milatA hai / zAma kuNDa ne karma prAbhUta aura kaSAya prAbhUta para prAkRta-saMskRta-kannar3a mizrita bhASAoM meM bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA likhI para vaha Aja upalabdha nahIM / isI prakAra samantabhadra ne bhI karmaprAbhUta para 48000 zloka pramANa sundara saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI, para vaha bhI Aja milatI nahIM / upalabdha TIkAoM meM karmaprAmRta (SaTkhaNDAgama) para vIrasena dvArA likhI prAkRta-saMskRta-mizrita, dhavalA TIkA ullekhanIya hai jo 72000 zloka pramANa hai / isake bAda unhoMne kaSAyaprAbhUta kI cAra vibhaktiyoM para 20000 zloka pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhI jo pUrI nahIM ho sakI / usa adhUre kAma ko jayasena (jinasena) ne 40000 zloka pramANa meM likhakara pUrA kiyaa| kaSAyapAhuDa kI racanA AcArya guNadhara (I. dvitIya zatI) ne tathA karmaprAbhUta (SaTkhaNDAgama) kI racanA puSpadanta-bhUtabali (prathama zatAbdI) ne zaurasenI prAkRta meM kI thii| yahAM kaSAyaprAbhUta para saMskRta meM likhI gaI vIrasena. jinasenakRta jayaSavalA TIkA (zaka saM. 738) hI vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| yaha sATha hajAra zloka pramANa vRhatkAya grantha hai| ye donoM grantha digambara sampradAyase saMbaddha haiN| uttarakAlIna paMcasaMgraha Adi karmagrantha inhIM ke AdhAra para likhe gaye haiN| parataNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhaDa kI bhASA zaurasenI hai jisakA pUrvarUpa hameM azoka ke piranAra zilAlekha (I.pU. 3 rI zatI) meM milatA hai| dhavalA TIkA maNipravAla zailI (gabAtmaka prAkRta tathA kvacit saMskRta) meM likhI gaI pavanalakA 1, prastAvanA, 1.38

Page #128
104 hai| usameM prAkRta ke tIna stara milate hai-1. sUtroM kI prAkRta jo prAcInatama horasenI ke rUpa meM hai, 2. uddhata gAvAboM kI prAkRta, aura 3. gapa prAnta / yahA~ zaurasenI prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha bardhamAgadhI prAkRta kI katipaya vizeSatA dRSTavya hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta ke ye tIna stara usake bhASA vikAsAtmaka rUpa ke paricAyaka haiN| zaurasenI ke mahArASTrI prAkRta kA mizraNa uttarakAla meM milane lagatA hai| daNDI ke anusAra zaurasenI ne hI mahArASTra meM nayA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA jise mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA jAtA hai / vahI utkRSTa zAkRta hai (mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM vidu:-kaavyaadrsh)| setubandha bAdi mahAkAvya isI bhASA meM likhe gaye (bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pu. 76-77) / zvetAmbara sampradAya kA karma sAhitya usake karmaprakRti, zataka, paJcasaMgraha aura saptatikA nAmaka karmagranyoM para AdhArita hai| karmaprakRti para do saMskRta TIkAyeM haiM-eka malayagirikata (12-13 vIM zatI) vRtti (8000 zloka pramANa) aura dUsarI yazovijaya (18 vIM zatI) kRta vRtti (1300. zloka pramANa) / paJcasaMgraha kI vyAkhyAoM meM do vyAkhyAyeM mahatvapUrNa hai-candrarSi mahattarakRta svopanavRtti (9000 zloka pramANa) tathA malayagirikRta vRhavRtti (18850 zloka pramANa) / choTI-moTI aura bhI TIkAyeM prakAzita huI haiN| 3. siddhAnta sAhitya bhAcArya umAsvAti (vi. 1-2 zatI) prathama AcArya hai jinhoMne prAkRta meM likhita siddhAnta sAhitya ko saMskRta meM sUtrabaddha kiyA / unake tatvAryasUtra para hI uttarakAla meM sarvArtha sidi, tatvArtharAjavArtika, tatvArthazlokavArtika mAdi aneka sahakAya anyoM kI racanA huii| usake bAda AcArya kundakunda ke prAkRta granthoM para saMskRta meM aneka TIkAyeM racI gii| pravacanasAra bAra samayasAra para amRtacandra (10vIM zatI) aura jayasena (12 vIM zatI) kI TIkA, niyamasAra para padmaprama maladhArIdeva, paJcAstikAya para amRtacandra, babasena, bhAnacandra, malliga, pramAcandra Adi kI TIkAyeM tavA baTupAhuDa para bhutasAgara, amRtacandra, Adi kI TIkAyeM milatI hai / jIvaviyAra para pAThaka ratnAkara (vi.saM. 1610), meghanandana (vi. saM. 1610), samayasundara tavA banAkalyANa (vi.saM. 1859) ne, pIvasamAsa para hemacandra (6627 zloka :pramANa) ne, samayalittasamAsa para haribhadrasUri, malayagiri sUri va ratnazevarasUri me, pabavaNasAradvAra para sirasenasUri (vi.saM. 1248) ne 16500 zloka pramANa bora upayaprama ne 3203 paloka pramANa, tavA sattarisayaThAmapavaraNa

Page #129
105 para devaviSaya (vi. saM. 1370) ne 2100 zloka pramANa TIkAyeM licI hai| siddhAnta sAhitya meM TIkAtmaka granthoM kI saMkhyA avazya adhika hai para unameM maulikatA kI kamI nahIM / kucha maulika granya bhI hai / jaise amRtavana sUri kA puruSArtha sirapupAya, va tatvArthasAra, mASanandI (13 vIM zatI) kA zAstrasAra samuccaya, tathA jinaharSa (vi. saM. 1502) kA vizatisthAnakavicArAmRtasaMgraha (2800 zloka parimANa) ullekhanIya hai| upadezAtmaka sAhitya bhI TIkAtmaka adhika hai / mUlataH ve prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiM para bAda meM una para saMskRta meM TIkAyeM huI hai| jaise ubaesamAlA para lagabhaga bIsa saMskRta TIkAyeM haiM jinameM siSi (vi. saM. 162) aura ratnaprabhasUri (vi. saM. 1238) kI TIkAyeM agragaNya kahI jA sakatI hai| jayazekhara (vi.saM. 1462) kI praboSacintAmaNi (1911 paca) somadharmagaNI (vi. saM. 1503) kI upadezasaptatikA (3000 zloka pramANa), ratnamandira gaNI (vi.saM.1517)kI upadezataraMgiNI, guNabhadra (9vIM zatI)kA AtmAnuzAsana, haribhadrasUri kA dharmabindu, varSamAna (vi. saM. 1172) kA dharmaratnakaraNDaka, AzAdhara (1239 I.) ke sAgAradharmAmRta aura anagAra dharmAmRta, jayazekhara (vi. saM. 1457) kI samyaktva kaumudI, caritraratnagaNI (vi.saM. 1499) kA dAnapradIpa, udayadharmagaNI (vi. saM. 1543) kA dharmakalpadruma, amitagati (lagabhaga 1000 I.) ke subhASitaratnasaMvoha Adi anya mUlataH saMskRta meM haiM / unapara aneka TIkAyeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| bAva sAhitya : __uttarakAla meM siddhAnta ne nyAya ke kSetra meM praveza kiyaa| AcAryoM ne use bhI paripuSTa kiyaa| samantabhadra (2-3rI zatI)kI mAptamImAMsA, svayaMpU. stotra aura yuktyanuzAsana isa kSetra ke prAthamika aura viziSTa pranya hai| bAptamImAMsA para akalaMka (720-780 I.) kI aSTAtI, vivAnadi (7758406.) kI aSTasahanI, aura vasunandi (11-12 vIM zatI) kI devAgama vRtti ullekhanIya hai / inake atirikta mallavAdI (350-430 I.) kA navacakra, pUjyapAda devanandI (paMcama zatI) kI sarvArthasiddhi, sikhasena (6-9vIM zatI) ke sammatitarka aura nyAyAvatAra, haribhavasUri (705-775 6.) ke zAstrabArtAsamuccaya, SaDdarzana samuccaya aura anekAnta jayapatAkA, bakalaMka (720-780 I.) ke nyAyavinizcaya, laSIyastraya, siDivinivaSaya, pramANa saMgraha, tatvArya rAjavArtika, aSTazatI, vidhAnandi (775-8406.) kI pramANa parIkSA, satyazAsana parIkSA, bAptaparIkSA, vatvArya zlokavAtika, patraparIkSA,

Page #130
sivarSiNi (9-10 vIM zatI) kI nyAyAvatAraTIkA, mANikyanandi (10-11 vIM zatI) kA parIkSAmukha, prabhAcandra (11 vIM zatI) ke nyAyakumudacandra aura prameyakamalamArtaNDa, anantavIrya (11 vIM zatI) kI prameyaralamAlA, hemacandra (1089-1172 I.) kI pramANamImAMsA, anyayogavyavacchedikA, vAdidevasUri (12 vIM zatI) kA pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdirAjasUri (12 vIM zatI)ke pramANanirNaya aura nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, malliSeNa (13 vIM zatI) kI syAvAdamaMjarI, guNaratna (1343-1418 I.) kI SaDdarzanasamuccayaTIkA mAdi grantha jaina nyAya ke AdhAra stambha haiM / isa yuga meM anekAntavAda kI sthApanA tArkika DhaMga se kI jA cukI thI tathA pratyakSa aura parokSa kI paribhASAoM ko sthira kara diyA gayA thaa| navyanyAya ke kSetra meM yazovijaya (18 vIM zatI) ke nayapradIpa, jJAnabindu, anekAnta vyavasthA, tarkabhASA, nyAyAloka, nyAyakhaNDakhAba Adi granya bhI ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta sAhitya ke vikAsa meM ina dArmanika aura nyAya viSayaka granthoM kA eka viziSTa yogadAna hai| inameM tAkika pati ke mAdhyama se siddhAntoM ko prasthApita gayA kiyA hai| yoga sAhityaadhyAtmakIcaramAvasthA ko prApta karane kA sundaratama sAdhana hai| saMskRta jaina lekhakoM ne isa para bhI khUba likhA hai / pUjyapAda kA iSTopadeza tathA samAdhizataka prAcInatama racanAyeM hoNgii| unake bAda haribhadrasUri saMbhavataH prathama AcArya hoMge jinhoMne aura adhika jaina yoga viSayaka granthoM ko saMskRta meM likhane kA upakrama kiyA / unake pramukha grantha haiM- yogabindu (527 padya), yogadRSTi samuccaya (226 padya) aura brahmasiddhisamuccaya (423 padya) / isI prakAra hemacandra (12 vIM zatI) kA yogazAstra, zubhacandra (13 vIM zatI) kA mAnArgava aura ratnazekharasUri (15 vIM zatI) kI dhyAnadaNDakastuti tathA AzAdhara kA AdhyAtmarahasya Adi anya saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiM / isI prakAra kI yoga viSayaka aura bhI kRtiyAM haiN| yoga sAdhanA ke lie anuprekSAoM kA cintana Avazyaka hai| saMskRta meM bAdazAnuprekSA nAma se tIna grantha milate haiM- somadevakRta, kalyANakIvikRta mora annAtakartRka / muni sundarasUri kA AdhyAtmakalpadruma, yazoviSaya gaNi kA AdhyAtmasAra aura AdhyAtmamopaniSad, rAjamalla (vi.saM. 1941) kA bAdhyAtmakamalamArtaNDa, somadeva kI adhyAtmataraMgaNI bAdi anya bAdhyAtma se se sambaddha haiM / ina granthoM meM mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyoM ko saMyamitakara parama vizuvAvasthA ko kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA nAmaka prAkRta grantha para zubhacandra bhaTTAraka (1556 I.) kI saMskRta TIkA bhI upalabdha hai|

Page #131
107 4. AcAra sAhitya prAkRta ke samAna saMskRta meM bhI AcAra sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai| umAsvAmI (prathama-dvitIya zatI)kA tattvArthasUtra isa kSetra kI prathama racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| kucha vidvAna prazamaratiprakaraNa ko bhI unhIM kA grantha mAnate haiN| samantabhadra (dvitIya-tRtIya zatI) kA ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, amitagati (vi. saM. 1050), kA zrAvakAcAra, amRtacandrasUri (1000 I.) kA puruSArtha sibapAya, somadeva kA upAsakAdhyayana, mAghanandi (vi. saM. 1265) kA zrAvakAcAra, mAzApara ke sAgara-anagAra dharmAmRta, vIranaMdI (12 vIM zatI) kA AcArasAra, somapramasUri 12-13 vIM zatI) kA sindUra prakaraNa aura zrRGgAravarAgyataraMgaNI, devendrasUri (13 vIM zatI) kI saMghAcAraviSi, ratlazekharasUri (vi. saM. 1516) kA AcAra pradIpa (4065 zloka pramANa), rAjamalla (17 vIM zatI) kRta lATIsaMhitA Adi grantha bhI AcAra viSayaka haiM / bhaktiparaka sAhitya : inake atirikta saMskRta meM kucha aise bhI grantha likhe gaye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha pUjA-pratiSThA Adi se rahA hai / inakI bhI saMkhyA kama nhiiN| ye grantha bhakti paraka haiM / pUjyapAda kI bhaktiparaka racanAye isa kSetra meM saMbhavataH prAcItama rahI hoMgI jinakI racanA AcArya kundakunda kI bhaktiparaka kRtiyoM ke AdhAra para huI / samantabhadra kA devAgamastotra jinastutizataka va svayaMbhUstotra, siddhasena kI battIsiyA~, akalaMka kA akalaMkastotra, vappiTTi (743-838 I.) kA caturvizatijinastotra, dhanaJjaya (8-9 vIM zatI) kA viSApahArastota, guNabhadra (9 vIM zatI) kA AtmAnuzAsana, vidyAnaMdi (8-9 vIM zatI), kA supArzvanAmastotra, amitagati (10 vIM zatI)kRta subhASita ratnasaMdoha, vAdirAja (10-11 vIM zatI) kRta ekIbhAva stotra, vasunandi (11 vIM zatI) kRta jinazataka stotra, mAnatuMga (11vIM zatI) kRta bhaktAmara stotra, hemacandra (11-12 vIM zatI) kRta vItarAgastotra, zubhacandra (12 vIM zatI) kRta mAmA va, AzAdhara (12-13 vIM zatI) kRta sahasranAmastotra, ahaMdAsa (13 vIM zatI) kRta bhavyajanakaMThAbharaNa, padmanandi (14 vIM zatI) kRta jarIpallIpArzvanAmastotra, vairAgyazataka, vimalakaSi (15 vIM zatI) kRta prajottararalamAnA, divAkaramuni (15 vIM zatI) kRta zrRGgAravairAgyataraMgaNI Adi anya bhaktiparaka haiM / bhaktoM ne ina saMskRta granthoM meM apane iSTadeva kI stuti kI hai|lgbhg pratyeka anya meM pranyakAroM ne kisI na kisI kI stuti kI hai jinakA abhI taka saMkamana nahIM ho pAyA / sUtrakRtAMga meM to vIrastuti nAma kA samUcA pamyAva hai|

Page #132
8 kucha grantha pratiSThAoM se sambaddha hai / " pratiSThAkalpa" nAma ke aise aneka granthoM ke ullekha milate haiM parantu unameM se hemacandra, hastimalla aura harivijaya sUri ke hI pratiSThAkalpa abhI taka prakAza meM Aye haiN| inake atirikta vasunandi kA pratiSThAsArasaMgraha va AzAdhAra kA pratiSThA sAroddhAra bhI mahattva pUrNa grantha haiM / jainadharma meM mantra-tantra kI bhI paramparA rahI hai| sUrimaMtra jinaprabhasUri kA sUrimantrabRhatkalpa vivaraNa, siMhatilakasUri (13 vIM zatI) kA maMtrarAjarahasya malliveNa ke bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa, kAmacANDAlinIkalpa, sarasvatIkalpa, vinayacandrasUri kA dIpAlikAkalpa Adi mantra-tantrAtmaka racanAyeM prasiddha haiM / paMcameru siddhacakravidhAna, catuvizati vidhAna Adi vidhiparaka racanAyeM bhI milatI hai / vividha tIrthakalpa ko bhI isI meM sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM jinaprabhasUri ne jaina tIrtho kA aitihAsika varNana kiyA hai / 5. paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya kA sambandha jainadharma meM mAnya mahApuruSoM se AtA hai / inameM unake carita, karmaphala, lokatattva, divyatastva, AcAratatva Adi kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ tIrthaMkaroM, caritanAyakoM, sAdhakoM athavA rAjAoM ke jIvana caritra ko kAvyAtmaka AdhAra dekara upasthita kiyA gayA hai| maryAdA puruSottama rAmacandra kA kathAnaka sArvadezika aura sArvakAlika rahA hai| jaina kAvya dhArA meM bhI usakI aneka paramparAyeM sAmane AyIM aura unameM kAvya likhe gaye / saMskRta meM likhe kAvyoM meM raviSeNa (vi. saM. 734) kA padmapurANa athavA padmacarita (18023 zloka), jinadAsa (16 vIM zatI), somasena, dharmakIrti, candrakIrti Adi vidvAnoM ke padmapurANa prasiddha haiN| mahAbhArata viSayaka paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM jinasena kA harivaMzapurANa (zaka saM. 705), devaprabhasUri (vi. saM. 1270 ) kA pANDavacarita, sakalakIrti (15 bIM zatI) kA harivaMzapurANa, zubhacandra ( vi. saM. 1608), vAdicandra (vi. saM. 1654) va zrIbhUSaNa (vi. saM. 1657) Adi ke pANDavapurANa pramukha haiM / saThazalAkA mahApuruSoM se sambaddha saMskRta sAhitya parimANa meM kahIM aura adhika hai / jinasena kA AdipurANa, guNabhadra (8 vIM zatI) kA uttarasurAga (zaka saM. 770), zrIcandra kA purANasAra (vi. saM. 1080), dAmanandi (11vIM zatI) kA purANasAra saMgraha. muni malliSeNa kA triSaSTimahApurANa (vi. saM. 1104), bAzAdhara kA triSaSTismRtizAstra (vi. saM. 1282), hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita (vi. saM. 1228), bAdi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| isI

Page #133
prakAra amRtacandra kA catuvizatijinendra saMkSiptacaritAni (1238 I.), amara candrasUri kA padmAnanda mahAkAvya (vi.saM. 1294), vIranandi kA candraprabhaparita (11 vIM zatI), mAnatuMgasUri kA zreyAMsanAvacarita (vi. saM. 1332); varSamAnasUri kA vAsupUjyacarita (vi.saM. 1299), jJAnasAgara kA vimalanAvaparita (vi. saM. 1517), asaga kA zAntinAvapurANa (zaka saM. 910), mANikyacandrasUri kA zAntinAthacarita' (vi. saM. 1276), vinayacandra sUri kA mallinASacarita, munisuvratanAvacarita, kItirAja upAdhyAya kA neminApa mahAkAma (14 vIM zatI), guNavijayagaNi kA neminApacarita (vi. saM. 1968), vAdirAjasUri (zaka. saM. 947), mANikyacandrasUri, vinayacandrasUri, bhAvadevamUri bAdi ke pAvanApaparita, asaga kA mahAvIracarita (vi. saM. 1045), sakalakIrti kA vardhamAnacarita vAdi anya bhI uttama koTi ke haiN| pakravatiyoM para bhI aneka saMskRta kAvya likhe gaye haiM / caubIsa kAmadevoM meM nala bhI eka lokapriya viSaya rahA hai jisapara lagabhaga pandraha kAvya likhe gaye haiM / unake atirikta hanumAna, vasudeva, balirAja, pradyumna' nAgakumAra, jIvandhara bIra jambUsvAmI para bhI zatAdhika saMskRta kAvyoM kA praNayana habA hai| jIvandhara kA AdhAra lekara kSatracUDAmaNi, gavacintAmaNi (vAdIma siMha), jIvandharacammU (haricandra) tathA jambUsvAmIcarita kA AdhAra lekara paccIsoM anya likheMgaye hai| pratyekabudoM (karakuNDa, naggaI, nami aura durmukha) para zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika grantha likhe gaye, haiM jabaki digambara paramparA meM kevala karakaNDa ko racanA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai| inake atirikta kAvya meM kucha aise bhI mahApuruSoM ke jIvana-paritoM ko apane lekhaka kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai jinakA saMbandha mahAvIra, zreNika athavA jaina saMskRti se rahA hai| aise paritoM meM dhanyakumAra, zAlimA, pRthvIcaMdra,mAdaka kumAra, jayakumAra, sulocanA, puNDarIka, varAMga zreNika, abhayakumAra, gautama, mRgAputra, sudarzana, caMdanA, mRgAvatI, sulasA bAdi vyaktiyoM para likhe maye carita kAmyoM kI saMsthA zatAdhika hai| AcAryoM ko bhI carita kAvyoM kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai / bhadrabAhu, sthUlabhadra, kAlakAcArya vavasvAmI, pAdaliptasUri, sirasena bappiTTi, harimAsUri, somasuMdarasUri, sumatisaMbhava, hIrasaubhAgya, vijayadeva, 1. pitAmadhi, devasUpi nAvacanna sUri bAdi baneka mesakoM ke bhI isa nAma se panna mite hai| 2. mahAsenAcArya sakalakIti, zubhacanA, yazoSara mAvi ke pradhumnacarita upalabdha hai| 3. mallika, papara, vAmanandhi bAdi ke nAgakumAracarita prApta hai| AmmAputa borasambara ko bhI pratyeka pUDoM se sambada kiyA jAtA hai|

Page #134
bhAnucAgaNi, digvijaya, jinakRpAcaMdrasUri Adi aise hI pramukha AcArya kahe jA sakate haiM jinapara jaina vidvAnoM ne saMskRta kAvya likhe haiN| jainAcAyoM ne aitihAsika mahApuruSoM para bhI saMskRta mahAkAvya kA sRjana kiyA hai isase unake aitihAsika jJAna kA patA calatA hai| hemacandra ke kumArapAla mAra dvAzraya mahAkAvya (saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita), arisiMha kA sukRta saMkIrtana (vi. saM. 1278), bAlacaMdrasUri kA vasaMtavilAsa (vi.saM.1334), navacaMdrasUri kA hammIra mahAkAvya (vi.saM. 1440), jinaharSagaNi kA vastupAla carita (vi. saM. 1497), sarvAnaMda kA jagaDUcarita (vi.saM. 1350), prabhAcaMdra kA prabhAvakacarita (vi. saM. 1334), tathA merutuMgasUri kA prabandha citAmaNi (vi.saM.1361), Adi grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ita graMthoM meM varNita rAjAmoM ne jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM paryApta yogadAna diyA hai / isI prakAra aneka prazastiyAM, paTTAvaliyAM gurvAvaliyAM, tIrthamAlAyeM, zilAlekha, mUrtilekha Adi bhI saMskRta-bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| 6. kathA sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne saMbhavataH kathA graMthoM kI sarvAdhika racanA kI hai / yadyapi ye kapAyeM ghaTanA-pradhAna adhika haiM parantu unameM eka vizeSa lakSya dikhAI detA hai / yaha lakSya hai-AdhyAtmika carama sAdhanA ke utkarSa kI prApti / isa saMdarbha meM lekhakoM ne bAgamoM meM varNita kathAoM kA Azraya to liyA hI hai, sAtha hI nIti kayAmoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM laukika kathAoM kA bhI bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| hariSeNa kA vRhatkathA koSa (bi. saM. 955), prabhAcaMdra tathA nemicaMdra ke kathAkoza, somacaMdragaNi kA kathA mahAdadhi (vi. saM. 1520) zubhazIlagaNi kA prabaMdha paMcazatI, sakalakIti Adi ke vratakathAkoSa, guNaratnasUri kA kayArNava, aneka kaviyoM ke puNyAzrava kathAkoza Adi racanAyeM zreSTha saMskRta kAvya ko prastuta karatI haiM / inameM tatkAlIna pracalita athavA kalpita kathAoM ko jaina dharma kA puTa dekara nibaddha kiyA hai / dharmAbhyudaya, samyaktvakaumudI, dharmakalpadruma, dharmakathA, upadezaprAsAda, saptavyasana kathA Adi kathAtmaka graMthoM meM vrata pUjAdi se sambaddha kathAoM kA saMkalana hai / dharmaparIkSA nAma ke bhI aneka kathA graMtha isI viSaya se saMbaddha milate haiM / siSi kI upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA (vi.saM. 962) tathA nAgadeva kA madanaparAjaya (lagabhaga 15 vIM zatI) jaise kucha anya aise bhI prApta hote haiM jo rUpaka zailI meM karmakathA kahane kA upakrama karate haiM / dharma ke kisI pakSa ko prastuta karane ke lie sAhitya athavA itihAsa se kisI vyakti kA parita uza liyA gayA aura use marane DhaMga se prastuta kara

Page #135
111 diyA gayA / yazodhara kA caritra aisA hI krama hai jo lekhakoM ko bar3A priya lagA / somadeva ( 10 vIM zatI) ne use mazastilakacampU meM nibaddhakara aura bhI rucikara banA diyA / daza grantha saMskRta sAhitya meM isa kathA kA AdhAra lekara race gaye haiN| ahiMsA ke mAhAtmya ko yahA~ abhivyakti kiyA gayA hai / lagabhaga bIsa grantha 'zrIpAlacarita' ke milate haiM jinameM siddhacakra ke mAhAtmya ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / bhaviSyadattakathA, maNipaticarita, sukozalacarita, sukumAlacarita, jinadattacarita, guNavamaMcarita, campakazreSThIkathA, dharmadattakathA, ratnapAlakathA, nAgadattakathA, Adi saikar3oM grantha milate haiM jinameM isa prakAra kI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dharma aura saMskRti ko udghATita kiyA gayA hai / kucha aise bhI kathA grantha haiM jinameM mahilA varga ko pAtra banAyA gayA hai / ratnaprabhAcArya (13vIM zatI) kI kuvalayamAlAkathA, jinaratnasUri (bi. saM. 1340 ) kI nirvANalIlAvatIkathA, mANikyasUri ( 15 vIM zatI) kI mahAbalamalayasundarI Adi zatAdhika kathAgraMtha prasiddha hue haiM isI prakAra tithi, parva, pUjA, stotra, vrata Adi se saMbaddha saikar3oM kathAyeM haiM jinheM jaMnAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha kiyA hai / vikramAditya kI kathA bhI bahuta lokapriya huI hai / kucha dhUrtAkhyAna aura nItikathAtmaka sAhitya bhI milatA hai / jinase jIvana kI saphalatA ke sUtra saMbalita kiye jAte haiM / 7. lalita vAG maya jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta ke lalita vADamaya ko bhI bahuta samRddha kiyA hai / unhoMne mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, mItikAvya, saMdezakAvya, nATaka Adi aneka vidhAoM para apanI lekhanI calAyI hai / mahAsenasUri kA pradyumnacarita (10 vIM zatI), vAgbhaTa kA neminirvANa kAvya (10 vIM zatI), vIranandi (11 vIM zatI) kA candraprabhacarita, asaga kA vardhamAnacarita (10 vIM zatI), haricandra kA dharmazarmAbhyudaya ( 13 vIM zatI), jinapAlagaNi ( 13 vIM zatI) kA sanatkumAracarita, abhayadevasUri (vi. saM. 1278 ) kA jayantavijaya, vastupAla ( 13 vIM zatI) kA naranArAyaNanaMda, arhatdAsa (13 vIM zatI) ke munisuvrata kAvya, purudevacampU aura bhavyakaNThAbharaNa, jinaprabhasUri kA zreNikacarita (vi. saM. 1356), munibhadrasUri kA zAMtinAthacarita (vi. saM. 1410), bhUrAmala kA jayodaya mahAkAvya (vi. saM. 1994) Adi mahAkAvya paramparAgata mahAkAvyoM ke lakSaNoM se alaMkRta haiN| unakI bhASA bhI prAMjala aura ojamayI hai / paMnajaya ( 8 vIM zatI) kA dvisaMdhAna mahAkAvya aura meghavijayamaNi kA saptasaMdhAna mahAkAvya (vi. saM. 1760), jayasaMkharasUri kA jainakumAra saMbhava

Page #136
112 (vi. saM. 1483) dhanapAla ( 11 vIM zatI) kI tilakamaMjarI, vAdImasiMha ( 1015 - 1150 I.) kI gadya citAmaNi, somadeva kA yazastilaka jammU (vi. saM. 1016), haricaMda kA jIvandharacampU Adi kAvya bhI saMskRta sAhitya ke AbhUSaNa kahe jA sakate haiM / saMdeza kAvyoM meM pAzvabhyudaya ( jinasenAcArya, 8 vIM zatI) nemidUta ( vikrama, 14vIM zatI), jainameSadUta (merutuMga, 14 vIM zatI), zIladUta (caritra sundaragaNi, vi. saM. 1484) pavanadUta ( vAdicandra, vi. saM. 1727) cetodUta, meghadUta samasyAlekha, iMdradUta, caMdradUta Adi kAvyoM meM gItitatva vastukathA kA Azraya lekara suMdara DhaMga se saMjoye gaye haiM / jenastotra sAhitya to aura bhI samRddha haiM usake bhaktAmarastotra kalyANamaMdira stotra, jinasahastranAma to atyaMta prasiddha haiM / nATaka ke kSetra meM bhI jainAcAyoM kA kA kama yogadAna nahIM / unhoMne paurANika, aitihAsika, rUpaka aura kAlpanika vidyAoM meM nATakoM kI racanA kI hai / rAmacaMdra ( 13 vIM zatI) ke satya haricandra, nalavilAsa, mallikAmakaraMda, kaumidI mitrANaMda, raghuvilAsa, nirbhayabhIma vyAyoga, rohiNI mRgAMka, rAghavAbhyudaya yAdavAbhyudaya aura banamAlA, devacaMdra kA candravijaya prakaraNa vijayapAla kA draupadI svayaMbara, rAmabhadra kA prabuddharohiNeya, yazaH pAla kA moharAja parAjaya (13 vIM zatI) yazacaMdra kA mudrita kumudacandra, hastimalla ( 13-14 vIM zatI) ke aMjanA - pavanaMjaya, subhadrAnATikA, vikrAMtakaurava, maithilI kalyANa, vAdicaMdra kA jJAna sUryodaya (vi. saM. 1648) Adi dRzyakAvya eka mora jahA~ nATakIya tattvoM se bhare hue haiM vahIM unameM jaina tattvoM kA bhI paryApta aMkana hai / ina sabhI kAvyoM meM yadyapi zRMgAra Adi rasoM kA yathAsthAna prayoga huA hai para pramukha rUpa se zAMta rasa ne sthAna liyA hai| jayasiMha sUri kRta hammIramardana, ratnazekharasUri kRta prabodhacandrodaya, meghaprabhAcArya kRta madana parAjaya bhI uttama koTikI nATaca kRtiyAM haiM / 18. lAkSaNika sAhitya lAkSaNika sAhitya ke antargata vyAkaraNa, koza, alaMkAra, chaMda, saMgIta, kalA, gaNita, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, zilpa ityAdi viSAyeM sammilita hotI haiM / jainAcAryo ne ina vidhAoM ko bhI upekSita nahIM hone diyA / vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM devanandi (6 vIM zatIM) kA jainendra vyAkaraNa aura usa pAra likhI aneka vRttiyA~ pAlyakIrti (9 vIM zatI) kA zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa aura una para likhI butiyA~, hemacandra kA siddhahemacandra zabdAnuzAsana aura usa para likhI aneka " vRttiyA~ varSa vidita haiN| unhoMne jainetara sampradAya ke mAcAyoM dvArA likhita

Page #137
vyAkaraNa graMthoM para bIsoM TIkAyeM likhI haiM jo apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa haiN| guNanaMdI, somadeva, abhayanaMdI, pAlyakIti, guNarala, bhAvacaMdra vica Adi bAcArya isa kSetra ke pradhAna paNDita rahe haiN| kora ke kSetra meM dhanaJjaya (11 vIM zatI) kI dhanaMjayanAmamAlA aura anekArya nAmamAlA, hemacaMdra kI abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi nAmamAlA aura nighaMTu zeSa tathA una para aneka vRttiyA~, dharasena (13-14 vIM zatI) kA vizvalocana koza Adi grantha prasiddha haiM / hemacandra kA kAvyAnuzAsana, vAgbhaTa kA vAgbhaTA. laMkAra (12 vIM zatI), narendraprabhasUri kA alaMkAra mahodadhi (vi.saM. 1280), vinayacaMdrasUri kI kAvya zikSA (13 vIM zatI) Adi aneka alaMkAratAna ullekhanIya haiM / kAvyakalpalatA, nATayadarpaNa, alaMkAra cintAmaNi, alaMkArazAstra, kAvyAlaMkAra sAra Adi aura bhI prasiddha alaMkAra grantha haiN| jyotiSa ke kSetra meM praznapaddhati, bhuvanadIpaka, pArambha sivi, bhadrabAhusaMhitA kevalajhAnahorA, yaMtrarAja, trailokyaprakAza, horAmakaranda, zakunazAstra, meSamAlA, hastakAMDa, nAr3IvijJAna, svapnazAstra, kevalajJAna prazna cUDAmaNi, sAmudrikazAstra Adi zatAdhika graMtha haiN| isI prakAra mAyurveda ke kSetra meM aSTAMga saMgraha, puSpAyurveda, madana kAma ratna, nAr3I parIkSA, aSTAMga hRdaya vRtti, yoga ciMtAmaNi, Ayurveda mahodaSi, rasa citAmaNi, kalyANa kAraka, jvara parAjaya bAdi graMpa atyaMta upayogI hai| somadeva kA nItivAkyAmRta haMsadeva kA mugapakSIzAstra aura dulaMbharAja kA hastI parIkSA nAmaka apa bhI saMskRta jainasAhitya ke bamUlya maNi hai| ina graMthoM se jainAcAryoM kA vaidUSya dekhA jA sakatA hai| 3. apabhraMza sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya meM janajIvana meM pracalita kathAoM kA prayoga vizeSa rUma se kiyA gayA hai| usameM lokopayogI sAhitya ke sUjana para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai| purANa, carita, kathA, rAsA, phAgu ityAdi aneka viSAboM para jainAcAryoM ne apanI sphuTa racanAyeM likhI haiM jinakA saMkSipta ullekha hama nIce kara rahe hai apabhraMza meM prAcInatama 'purANa' sAhitya meM svayaMbhU (7vIM-8 vIM zatI) kA paumacariu sarvaprathama ullekhanIya hai / unakA riTumicarita (harivaMzapurANa) bhI upalabdha hai / harivaMzapurANa nAma kI anya kRtiyAM bhI milatI hai jo badala (10-11 vIM zatI) aura yaza kIrti (15 vIM zatI) dvArA likhI gaI hai| inake atirikta puSpadaMta (10 vIM zatI) ke visadimahAparisaguNAnakAra

Page #138
(mahApurANa), jasaharacariu aura gAyakumAracariu, dhanapAla cakkara kA bhavisayattakahA (10 vIM zatI), kanakAmara kA karakaNDacariu (10 vIM zatI), pAhila kA paumasiricariu (10 vIM zatI), haribhadra kA saNasumArapArita (10 vI zatI), vIra kA jambUsAmicariu (11 vIM zatI), nayanAdi kA sudaMsaNacariu, narasena kA sirivAlapariu, padmakIrti kA pAsamAhacariu pusana athavA carita kAvya ke sundara nidarzana haiM / apabhraMza ke kucha 'premAkhyAnaka' kAvya haiM jinakA prabhAva hindI ke premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM para bhalIbhAMti dekhA jA sakatA hai / aise kAvyoM meM sAdhAraNa siddhasena kI vilAsavatIkathA tathA ralha kI jinadattacaupaI vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| 'khaNDa kAvyoM' meM somaprabhasUri kA kumArapAlapratiboSa, varadatta kA vajasvAmIcarita, harideva kA mayaNaparAjayacariu, abdula rahamAna kA saMdeza rAsaka, raidhU kA AtmasaMbodhana kAvya, udayakIti kI sugandhadazamIkathA, kanakAmara kA pharakaNDacariu Adi grantha pramukha haiM / 'rAsa' sAhitya to mukhyataH jainoM kA hI hai| unakI saMkhyA lagabhaga 500 taka pahuMca jaayegii| rUpaka' kAvyoM meM mayaNaparAjaya cariu, mayaNajujjha, santoSatilakajayamAla, manakarabhArAsa Adi anyoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| apabhraMza meM 'AdhyAtmika' racanAyeM bhI milatI hai| yogIndu (6vIM zatI) ke paramappayAsu aura yogasAra, rAmasiha (hemacandra se pUrva) kA pAhuDadohA, suprabhAcArya kA vairAgyasAra, mahacaMda kA dohApAhuDa, devasenAkA savayadhammadohA Adi grantha isI se sambaddha hai / saikar3oM grantha to abhI bhI sampAdaka vidvAnoM kI ora nihAra rahe hai| ___ yahA~ prAkRta, saMskRta tathA apabhraMza bhASA meM racita jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa athavA ullekha mAtra kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH sAhitya kI hara vidhAmoM meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna avismaraNIya hai / vaha aisA bhI nahIM ki kisI eka kAla athavA kSetra se baMdhA ho| unhoMne to eka ora jahA~ saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM likhA hai vahIM dUsarI ora tamila, telagU, kannaDa, hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI,baMgalA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAjoM meM bhI prAraMbha se hI sAhityasarjanA kI hai / ina sabakA vizeSa Akalana karanA abhI zeSa hai / lagamana ina sabhI bhASAoM aura kSetroM meM jaina sAhityakAra hI moba praNetA rahe hai / banera sAhityakAroM ko unake vyaktitva mora kRtitva se jo preraNA milI hai vaha bhI unaka sAhitya meM dekhI jA sakatI hai|

Page #139
4. anya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA jaina sAhitya tamilana sAhitya : I.pU. kI zatAbdiyoM meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma ke paira kAphI majabUta ho cuke the| usakI sthiti kA pramANa tamila bhASA ke prAcIna sAhitya meM khojA jA sakatA hai / tolakATipayam tamilabhASA kA sarvAdhika prAcIna vyAkaraNa graMtha hai jise kisI jaina vidvAna ne likhA thA / kurala kAvya tamila bhASA meM likhe nIti graMthoM kA agraNI rahA hogA / isake racayitA AcArya kundakunda aparanAma elAcArya mAne jAte haiM / eka anya jaina graMtha nAlaDiyAra kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai jo nIti graMthoM meM mahattvapUrNa hai / tamila sAhitya meM pAMca mahAkAvya hai-zilappadikArama, valayApani, cintAmaNi, kuNDalakezi aura maNimekhale / inameM se prathama tIna jaina lekhakoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM aura aMtima do bauddha lekhakoM kI dena hai / naribiruttama bhI saMsAra kI dazA kA citraNa karane vAlA eka uttama jaina kAvya hai / ina vRhat kAvyoM ke atirikta pAMca laghukAvya bhI haiM jo jaina kaviyoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM-nIlakezi, cUr3AmaNi, yazodhara kAviyam, nAgakumAra kAviyam tathA udayapAna kartha / vAmanamuni kA merUmaMdarapurANa tathA ajJAta kaviyoM ke zrIpurANa aura kaliMguttupparani jaina graMtha bhI ullekhanIya hai / chanda zAstra meM yApyarUMgalamkArika, vyAkaraNazAstra meM neminAtham aura nannUla, koza kSetra meM divAkara nighaNTu, piMgala nighaNTu aura cUDAmaNi nighaNTu tathA prakIrNa sAhitya meM tirunUrantAdi aura tirukkalambagam, gaNita sAhitya meM aiMcavaDi tathA jyotiSa sAhitya meM jinendra mauli graMtha tamila bhASA ke sarvamAnya jaina graMtha hai / telagU jaina sAhitya : tamila aura kannar3a kSetra meM jainadharma kA praveza usake itihAsa ke prAraMbhika kAla meM hI ho gayA thA / tava yaha svAbhAvika hai ki Andhrapradeza meM usase pUrva hI jainadharma pahuMca gayA hogA / rAjarAja dvitIya ke samaya meM AMdhrapradeza meM vaidika Andolana kA prabhAva yahA~ taka huA ki usa samaya taka ke samUce kalAtmaka aura sAhityika kSetra ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara diyA gyaa| telagU sAhitya ke prAcInatama kavi nannaya bhaTTa ne 11 vIM zatI meM isa tathya ko apratyakSa rUpa meM apane mahAbhArata meM svIkAra kiyA hai / zrIzaila pradeza meM jainadharma kA astitva rahA hai| telagU ke samAna malayAlama meM bhI jaina sAhitya kama milatA hai para jo bhI milatA hai vaha kama mahattvapUrNa nhiiN|

Page #140
kamara jaina sAhitya : karnATaka pradeza meM jainadharma prAraMbha se hI lokapriya rahA hai| gaMga, kadamba, rASTrakUTa, cAlukya Adi vaMzoM ke rAjAoM, sAmantoM, senApatiyoM aura maMtriyoM ko usane prabhAvita kiyA tathA jana sAdhAraNa bhI usake lokaraMjaka svarUpa se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM rhaa| zravaNa velagolA, podamapura, kopaLa, punADa, hamaca Adi prAcIna jaina sthala itake pratIka hai| yahA~ kI mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM jainadharma kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| pramukha jaina sAhityakAra bhI isI kSetra meM hue haiN| AcArya kundakunda, umAsvAmI yA umAsvAti samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnaMda, anaMtavIrya, prabhAcanda, jinasena, guNabhadra, vIrasena, somadeva bAdi AcAryoM ke nAma apragaNya haiN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka jainA. cAryoM ne kannaDa sAhitya kI racanA kii| mahAkavi kavitAguNArNava pamma (I. 941), kavicakravartI pona (I. 950), kaviratna ratna (I. 993), vIramArtaNDa cAmuNDarAya (I. 978), gadya-padyavidyAdhara zrIdhara (I. 1049), siddhAntacUr3AmaNi divAkaranandi (I. 1062), zAMtinAtha (I. 1068) nAgacandra (I. 1100), kanti (I. 1100), nayasena (I. 1112), rAjAditya (I.1110) kIrtivarmA (I. 1125), brahmaziva (I. 1130), karNapArya (I. 1140), nAgavarmA (I. 1145), somanAtha (I. 1150), vRttavilAsa (I. 1160), nemicanda (I. 1170), voppaNa (I. 1180), aggala (I. 1189), AcaNNa (I. 1195), bandhuvarmA (I. 1200), pAzrvanAtha (I. 1205), janna (I. 12 30), guNavarmA (I. 1235), kamalabhAva (I. 1235), mahAvala (I.1254) bAdi kaviyoM ne kannar3a sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi kii| vyAkaraNa, gaNita, jyotiSa mAyurveda Adi sabhI kSetroM meM AdhunikakAla taka jaina lekhaka kannaDa bhASA meM sAhitya-sRjana karate rahe haiN| samUce jaina kannaDa sAhitya kI vistRta rUparekhA denA yahA~ saMbhava nhiiN| yaha usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| marAThI jaina sAhitya: __ marAThI sAhitya kA prAraMbha bhI jaina kaviyoM se huA hai| unhoMne 1661 I. se lekhana kArya adhika Arambha kiyA / jinadAsa, guNadAsa, megharAja, kAmarAja, sUrijana, guNanandi, puSpasAgara, mahIjandra, mahAkIrti, jinasena, devendrakIti, kalalappA, bharamApana Adi jaina sAhityakAroM ne marAThI meM sAhitya taiyAra kiyA / yaha sAhitya adhikAMza rUpa se anuvAda rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai| gujarAtI baina sAhitya: gujarAtI bhASA kA bhI vikAsa apabhraMza se hamA hai| lagabhaga 12 vIM dhavI .

Page #141
117 se apabhraMza aura gujarAtI meM pArthakya dikhAI dene lgaa| gujarAta prArambha se hI jaina dharma aura sAhitya-saMskRti kA kendra rahA hai| hemacanda Adi aneka jaina bAcArya gujarAta meM hue jinhoMne saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM sAhityasRjana kiyA / lagabhaga 12 vIM zatI meM jaina kaviyoM ne rAso, phAgu, bArahamAsA, kakko, vivAhalu, caccarI, AkhyAna Adi viSAoM ko samRddha karanA prArambha kiyaa| isake pUrva udyotanasUri (779 I.) kI kuvalayamAlA tathA dhanapAla kI mavissayatta kahA prAkRta tathA apabhraMza ke prasiddha kAvya hai jo gujarAtI ke lie upajIvya kahe jA sakate haiN| zAlibhadrasUri (1185 I.) kA bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa prathama prApya gujarAtI kRti hai| usake bAda dhammu kA jambUrAsa, vinayaprabha kA gautamarAsa, papasUthI kA siriyUlibhadda, rAjazekharasUri kA neminAtha phAgu, prAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya kI zreSTha kRtiyAM haiN| isa kAla meM aSikAMza lekhaka jaina hue haiN| bhaktikAla meM 15 vIM zatI meM bhI jaina granthakAra hue haiN| zAlibhadrarAsa, gautamapRcchA, jambUsvAmI vivAhalo, jAvaDa bhAvaDarAsa, sudarzana zreSThirAsa Adi anya isI zatI ke haiN| lAvaNyasamaya 16 vIM zatI ke pramukha sAhityakAra the| vimalapravandha bhI isI samaya kI racanA hai| rAsa, caritra, vivAhalo, pavAr3o Adi anya sAhitya bhI isI samaya likhA gyaa| 17 vIM zatI ke jaina sAhitya meM nemi. vijaya kA zIlavatIrAsa, samaya suMdara kA naladamayantIrAsa, AnaMdaghana kI AnaMda caubIsI aura AnaMdaghana bahottarI pramukha hai| isI samaya lokavArtA sAhitya tavA rAsa aura prabandha bhI likhe gye| 18-19 vIM zatI meM bhI sAdhuoM ne isI prakAra kA sAhitya likhaa| udayaratna, nemivijaya, devacanda, bhAvaprabhasUri, jinavijaya, gaMgavijaya, haMsaratna, jJAnasAgara, bhAnuvijaya Adi janasAhityakAra ullekhanIya haiM / ina sabhI ne gujarAtIbhASA meM vividha sAhitya likhA hai / hindI bana sAhitya : hindI sAhitya kA to prArambha hI jaina sAhityakAroM se huA hai| usakA bAdikAla kaba se mAnA jAya yaha vivAda kA viSaya avazya rahA hai para svayaMbhU aura puSpavaMta ko nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA jinake sAhitya meM apabhraMza se haTakara hindI kI nayI pravRtiyA~ dikhAI detI haiN| munirAmasiMha, mahayaMdiNa muni, mAnaMda tilaka, devasena, nayanaMdi, hemacandra, dhanapAla, rAmacanda, haribhadrasUri, AmabhaTTa Adi jaina kavi ullekhanIya haiN| karakaNDacariu, sudarzanacariu. neminAhacariu Adi apabhraMza sAhitya bhI isI kAla kA hai| rAso, phAgu, beli, prabandha Adi viSAyeM bhI yahAM samana huI haiM / zAlibhadrasUri (san 1984) kA bAhubalirAsa, jinadattasUri ke carcarI, kAlasvarUpa phulakam aura upadeza

Page #142
1.18 rasAyana sAra, jinapadmasUri (vi. saM. 1257) kA thUlibhaddaphAga, dharmasUri (vi. saM. 1266) kA jambUsvAmIcaritra, abhayatilaka (vi. saM. 1307) kA mahAvIrarAsa, jinaprabhasUri kA padmAvatI devI caupaI aura ralha kA jinadatta propaI vizeSa ullekhanIya graMpa haiN| hindI sAhitya ke madhyakAla meM bhI jainAcAryoM ne prabandha, carita, kapA, purANa, rAsA, rUpaka, stavana, pUjA, caupaI, cUnar3I, phAgu, beli, bArahamAsA Adi sabhI prakAra kA sAhitya sRjana kiyA / sAhityakAroM meM banArasIdAsa, bAnatarAya, kuzalalAbha, bhUdharadAsa, daulatarAma, rAyamalla, jayasAgara, upAdhyAya, sakalakIrti, lakSmIballabha, rUpacanda pAMDe, bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa, vRndAvana, brahmajayasAgara, devIdAsa, ThakurasI Adi zatAdhika jaina kaviyoM ne hindI sAhitya ko samRDa kiyaa| rahasyabhAvanA kI dRSTi se yaha kAla dRSTavya hai|' ___isI prakAra baMgalA, ur3iyA, AsamiyA, paMjAbI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAmoM meM bhI jaina sAhitya kI vibhinna paramparAyeM upalabdha hotI haiN| unhoMne apanI kSetrIya bhASAmoM ke vikAsa meM paryApta yogadAna diyA hai| isa prakAra jaina sAhitya kI paramparA lagabhaga 2500 varSa se avirala rUpa se pravAhita hotI A rahI hai| usameM sAmayika gatividhiyA~ aura sAhityika tathA sAmAjika Andolana ke svara bhI mukharita hue haiN| samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lagabhaga hara vidhA ke janmadAtA jainasAhityakAra hI hue haiN| unake yogadAna kA lekhA-jokhA abhI bhI zeSa hai| vidvAnoM ko isa ora vizeSa dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi samUcA jaina sAhitya prakAza meM A jAya to nizcita hI naye mAnoM kI sthApanA aura purAne pratimAnoM kA svarUpa badala jaayegaa| 1. vizeSa dekhie-madhyakAlIna hindI na kAvya meM rahasyamAvanA-DaoN. puSpalatA jaina kA

Page #143
caturtha parivarta jaina tattvamImAMsA dravya kA svarUpa sAmAnya aura vizeSa upAvAna aura nimitta jainetara evaM pAzcAtya darzanoM meM dravya kA svarUpa dravya bheda jIva athavA AtmA AtmA aura karma AtmA kA astitva mAtmA aura jJAna jIva ke pAMca svatatva jainetara darzanoM meM AtmA pudgala (ajIva) svarUpa aura paryAya pudagala aura mana aNu aura skandha sRSTi-sarjanA pAzcAtya darzana meM sRSTi vicAra karma siddhAnta karmabandha kaSAya aura lezyA dharma aura adharma dravya AkAza dravya kAla dravya loka kA svarUpa

Page #144

Page #145
caturya parivarta jaina tattva mImAMsA prAcIna kAla se hI vyakti dArzanika samasyAoM meM ulajhA rahA hai| unakI samasyAyeM adhyAtmazAstrakI samasyAyeM thI / vastu tattva kyA hai ? kAryakAraNa sambandha kyA hai ? AtmA hai ki nahIM ? Izvara hai ki nahIM? Adi prazna hara dArzanika ke samakSa prastuta ho jAte the / buddhane aise hI praznoM ko 'avyAkRta' kahA thaa| isI saMdarbha meM pramANazAstrIya aura tarkazAstrIya samasyAyeM bhI prAdUbhUta huI jinakA vizeSa sambandha jJAna se hai / darzana ke kSetra meM yaha tatva aura jJAna, anubhava aura tarka para AdhArita rahA hai| unakA vizleSaNa kamI Agamana (Induction ) aura kabhI nigamana (Deduction) praNAlI se kiyA gyaa| ina tattvoM kA samyagjJAna prApta karane ke lie dharma ko AcAra aura nIti tattva ke rUpa meM darzana aura jJAna se anusyUta kara diyA gayA / ataH hamane yahA~ tatva mImAMsA, jJAna mImAMsA aura AcAra mImAMsA ko lekara jaina saMskRti ke svarUpa aura itihAsa ko prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina darzana kI tattva mImAMsA jIva aura ajIva nAmaka do pramukha tattvoM para AdhArita hai| tattvacintana kI bhUmikA meM padArtha athavA dravya kA svarUpa, AtmA kI vyAkhyA aura karma tattva para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA hai| AtmA athavA jIva jabataka padArtha ke svarUpa kA samyak jJAna nahIM kara pAtA tabataka vaha saMsAra-sAgara meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai / isa bhaTakAva se vimukta hone ke lie yaha apekSita hai ki vyakti bhedavijJAna prApta kare / sva-para ke svarUpa ke jAne binA vaha bhedavijJAna prApta nahIM kara sktaa| isa dizA meM tattvoM kI vyAkhyA, cintana, manana Adi jaise sAdhana adhika upayogI hote haiM / dravya kA svarUpa pariNAmI-nityatva: tattvacintana meM dravya kA pramukha sthAna hai / hara darzana ne isa para kisI na kisI sImA taka vicAra kiyA hai / pANini ne 'dravya' zabda kI siddhi tadita aura kudanta prakaraNoM meM kI hai / taddhita prakaraNoM meM do vyutpattiyA~ dI gaI haiN| prathama 1. jIvANIva vihattI joha pANe zivaSiNavaramaeNaM / te sagNANaM maNiyaM maSiyatvaM sambadarisIhiM // moksapAhaya 41.

Page #146
122 vyutpatti meM dru (kASTha yA vRkSa ) ke sAtha ya avyaya, vikAra yA avayava artha meM AyA hai aura dUsarI vyutpatti meM use tulya artha meM diyA gayA hai / arthAt kASTha kA avayava athavA kASTha ke tulya aneka AkAra dhAraNa karane vAlA padArtha dravya hai / kRdanta ke anusAra gati prApti nimittaka du dhAtu se karmArthaka ya pratyaya kA niyojana hone para 'dravya' zabda kI siddhi hotI hai / isase padArtha kI aneka avasthAoM kI sUcanA milatI hai / akalaMka ne kartRkarma meM bheda vivakSA karake isakI siddhi kI hai / jaba dravya ko karma-paryAyoM kA kartA banAte haiM taba karma meM du dhAtu se ya pratyaya ho jAtA hai aura jaba dravya ko kartA mAnate haiM ta 'bahulApekSayA kartA meM 'ya' pratyaya ho jAtA hai / isakA tAtparya hai ki utpAda aura binAza Adi aneka paryAyoM ke hote rahane para bhI jo sAntatika drabya dRSTi se namana karatA jAya vaha dravya hai / athavA jainendra vyAkaraNa ke 'dravya bhavbe' sUtra ke anusAra isI dravya zabdako ivArthaka nipAta mAnA jAya to isakA artha yaha hogA ki jisa prakAra binA gAMTha kI sIdhI lakar3I (dru) baDhaI Adi ke nimitta se 'Tebila - kurasI Adi aneka AkAroM ko prApta hotI hai usI taraha dravya bhI alpa kAraNoM se una-una paryAyoM ko prApta hotA rahatA hai / jaise "pASANa khodane se pAnI nikalatA hai' yahA~ avibhaktikartRka karaNa hai usI taraha dravya aura paryAya meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / ' utpAda vyaya rUpa dravyagata avasthAyeM hI paryAya yA pariNAma ke nAma se jaina darzana meM jAnI jAtI haiM / ataH jaina darzana pariNAmi nityatva ko svIkAra karatA hai / ' sadasatkAryavAditva : isI ko umAsvAmI ne sat kahA hai jo utpAda-vyaya-dhogya yukta hai / " dhauvya ko 'dravya' kahate haiM aura utpAda - vyaya ko 'guNa' kahate hai / isalie 'guNaparyayavam dravyama' bhI dravya kI paribhASA kahI gaI hai / " dhauvya nityatA, saddazatA aura ekatA kA pratIka hai jaba ki guNaparyAya anityatA, ksidRzatA aura anekatA ko spaSTa karatA hai / isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki ananta guNoM ke akhaNDa piNDa ko 'dravya' kahA jAtA hai / usameM utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvya ye tIna tattva rahate haiM / jaba cetana yA acetana dravya svajAti ko chor3e binA paryAyAntara ko prApta karatA hai to use utpAda kahA jAtA hai, jaise mRtpiNDa meM ghaTa paryAya / isI prakAra pUrva paryAya ke vinAza ko 'vyaya' kahate haiN| jaise ghar3e kI utpatti hone 1. tattvArtha vArtika, 5-2. 1-2, saM. mahedra kumAra nyAyAcArya 2. utpAdavyaya dhauvya yuktaM sat, saddravyalakSaNam - tattvArthasUtra, 5.28.30. tadbhAvAvyaM nityam, 5-33. 3. vahI, 5-41; samaNasutaM, 662.

Page #147
123 para piNDAkAra kA nAza hotA hai / anAdi pAriNAmika svabhAva se vyaya baura utpAda nahIM hote kintu dravya sthita rahatA hai / jaise piNDa aura ghaTa, donoM avasthAoM meM miTTI kA banA rahanA / isa dRSTi se jaina darzana sadasat kAryavAdI hai / bauddhadharma meM rUpa kA lakSaNa diyA gayA hai- upacaya, santati, jaratA aura anityatA / upacaya evaM santati utpatti kA pratIka hai, jaratA sthiti kA pratIka hai aura anityatA bhaGga kA pratIka hai / yahA~ sambaddha vRddhi ko santati kahA gayA hai jisakA sambandha utpatti ke sAtha adhika hai / utpatti ke bAda niSpanna rUpoM ke niruddha hone se pahale 48 kSudra kSaNa mAtra sthitikAla ko jIrNa svabhAva hone se jaratA kahA jAtA hai / pratyeka kSaNa meM utpAda, sthiti aura bhaGga nAmaka tIna kSuda kSaNa hote hai / rUpa kA eka kSaNa cittavIthi ke 17 kSaNoM ke barAbara hotA hai / 17 kSaNoM meM bhI kSudra kSaNa 51 hote haiM jinake barAbara rUpa kA eka kSaNa hotA hai / ina 51 kSudra kSaNoM me se sarvaprathama utpAdakSaNa ko aura antima bhaGga kSaNa ko nikAla dene para citta ke 48 kSudrakSaNa ke barAbara rUpa kI jaratA kA kAla hotA hai / eka cittakSaNa meM ye utpAda-sthitibhaMga itanI zIghratA pUrvaka pravRtta hote hai ki eka accharA kAla ( cuTakI bajAne yA palaka mArane barAbara samaya ) me ye lAkhoM karor3oM bAra utpanna hokara niruddha ho jAte hai / " ina utpAda vyaya bhaMga svabhAvI rUpoM ko 'saMskRta' kahA jAtA hai / saMskRta padArtha meM parivartana kI zIghratA anvaya kI bhrAnti paidA karatI hai / use hI 'sthAyI' kaha dete hai- anvaya vazAt / vastutaH prANI kA jIvana vicAra eka kSaNa taka rahatA hai / usa kSaNa ke samApta hote hI prANI bhI samApta ho jAtA hai / " ise 'bhedavAda' kahate hai / vaibhASika - sautrAntika ise mAnate haiM / kSaNabhaMgavAda unakA carama satya hai ve dharmanairAtmya ( bAhagha padArtha kSaNika aura niraMza paramANuo kA puJja hai) aura pudgalanairAtmya (anAtmavAda) ko mAnate haiM / sArA vyavahAra santativAda aura saMghAtavAda para Azrita hai / saMskRti padArtha pratItyasamutpanna aura anitya hai / jisa padArtha kA samutpAda kAraNa pUrvaka hotA hai vaha svatantra nahI / ataH mAdhyAtmika vAdiyoM ne padArtha hat zUnyAtmaka kahA hai / " 1. tattvArthavArtika, 5-30.1 3. 2. rUpassa upacayo santati jaratA anidhyatA lavakhaNa rUpa nAma, abhidhamma. 6.15 3. tananaM vidyAraNa tati, sambandhA tati punappuna vA tati santati, pa. vI. pu. 246. 4. ekaccha rakhakhaNe koTi satasaharasa sahakhA upajjitvA nirujjhati vima. ma. pU. 34 5. visuddhimRga, 8. 1. catuHzatakam, 348.

Page #148
baukhadarzana meM svalakSaNa aura sAmAnya lakSaNa ye do tattva mAne gaye haiN| svalakSaNa kA tAtparya hai vastu kA asAdhAraNa tttv'| isameM pratyeka paramANu kI sattA pRthak aura svatantra svIkAra kI gaI hai| isake sAtha hI vaha sajAtIya aura vijAtIya paramANuoM se vyAvRtta hai| paramANuoM meM jaba koI sambandha hI nahIM to avayavI ke astittva ko kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA haiM ? bauddha darzana meM sAmAnya tatva ko eka kalpanAtmaka vastu mAnA gayA hai| parantu cUMki vaha svalakSaNa kI prApti meM kAraNa hotA hai ataH mithyA hote hue bhI use padArya kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| manuSyatva, gotva Adi ko sAmAnya tatva kahA gayA hai| svalakSaNa tatva artha kriyAkArI hai ataH paramArtha sat hai para sAmAnya artha kriyAkArI nahIM ataH use saMvRtisat mAnA hai|' jainadharma meM dravya kA jo svarUpa nirdiSTa hai lagabhaga vahI svarUpa bauvadharma meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma ke nizcayanaya aura vyavahAra naya bobadarzana ke paramArtha sat aura saMvRttisat haiN| svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa bhI inhIM ke nAmAntara haiM / para antara yaha hai ki dravya ko saMskRta-svarUpa mAnate hue bhI bauddhadarzana, vizeSataH mAdhyamika sampradAya use niHsvabhAva athavA zUnya kaha detA hai| isakI siddhi meM usakA kahanA hai ki saMskRta rUpa se utpAda Adi ke svIkAra kiye jAne para utpAda, sthiti aura maMga meM sabhI vastuoM kI punaH utpatti hotI hai aura punaH utpatti hone para utpatti ke bAda utpatti hogii| jaise utpatti ke bAda utpatti honA nyAyocita hai vaise hI bhaMga kA honA bhI nyAyocita hai| isalie bhaMga kA bhI saMskRtatva hone ke kAraNa utpAda, bhaMga aura sthiti se sambandha hai / ataeva bhaMga kA bhI anya bhaMga kA sadbhAva hone se vinAza hogaa| usa bhaMga kA bhI vinAza hogaa| usake bAda hone vAle bhaMga kA bhI vinAza hogaa| isa prakAra anavasthA doSa ho jAyegA aura anavasthA hone para sabhI padArthoM kI asiddhi ho jaayegii| isalie svamAvataH saMskRta lakSaNoM kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| ve zUnya aura niHsvabhAva haiN| jo dikhate haiM ve mAyA ke samAna hai| 1. nyAyavinizcayaTIkA, pR. 15. 2. pramANavAtika, 2-3.; tarkabhASA, pR. 11. 3. utpAdasthiti magAnAM yugapannAsti saMbhavaH / kramazaH saMbhavo nAsti sambhavo viyate kadA // utpAdAdiSu sarveSu sarveSAM sambhavaH punaH / tasmAdutpAdavadbhago bhagavad dRzyate sthitiH / / -patu yatakam, 360-361.

Page #149
125 anya sAmAnya aura vizeSa dravya ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa rUpa hote haiM / sAmAnya, anvaya aura guNa ekArthaka zabda hai| vizeSa, bheda aura paryAya ye paryAyArthaka zabda haiM / sAmAnya ko viSaya karane vAlA dravyAthika hai aura vizeSa ko viSaya karane vAlA paryAyArSika hai / sAmAnya (guNa) akele dravya meM hI rahate haiM kintu vizeSa (paryAya) dravya aura guNa, donoM meM rahate haiM / sAmAnya do prakAra kA haitiryaksAmAnya aura UrvatAsAmAnya / tiryaksAmAnya vaha hai jo eka kAla meM baneka dezoM meM sthita aneka padAryoM meM samAnatA kI abhivyakti karAye / jaisejIva ke do bheda hai-saMsArI aura mukta / UrdhvatAsAmAnya meM dhrauvyAtmaka tatva para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / jaise jIva dravyAthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai aura paryAyArSika dRSTi se azAzvata hai / yahA~ jIva kA artha UrdhvatA sAmAnya se hai| sAmAnya ke samAna paryAya athavA vizeSa bhI do prakAra kA hai-tiryakavizeSa aura UrvatAvizeSa / tiryaksAmAnya ke sAtha rahane vAlA vizeSa tiryavizeSa aura UrdhvatAsAmAnya ke sAtha rahane vAlA vizeSa UrvatAvizeSa kahalAtA hai| __isa prakAra dravya aura paryAya meM sApekSika bheda hai / paryAya kI dRSTi se unameM bheda rahatA hai para dravya kI dRSTi se ve ekatva meM guMthe hue rahate haiN| AtmA hI sAmAyika hai / yahAM AtmA dravya hai aura sAmAyika usakI paryAya hai / dravya ke binA paryAya nahIM raha sakatI aura paryAya ke binA dravya nahIM raha sktaa| bhAcArya kundakunda ne dravya kI isI paribhASA ko spaSTa kiyA hai sadavaTThidaM sahAve davvaM davvassa jo hi pariNAmo / atyesu so sahAvo ThidisaMbhavaNAsasaMbaddho / / Na bhavo maMgavihINo bhaMgo vA NAnthi sNbhvvihiinno| uppAdo vi ya bhaMgo Na viNA ghovveNa atyeNa // ' ise spaSTa karane ke lie sAhitya meM prAyaH yaha udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai / eka rAjA ke pAsa svarNa kA ghar3A hai / putra usako miTAkara mukuTa banavAnA cAhatA hai para putrI aisA nahIM cAhatI / rAjA kI dRSTi mAtra svarNa para hai| vaha putra kA haTha pUrA kara detA hai| mukuTa banane para putra ko harSa, putrI ko viSAda aura rAjA ko na harSa aura na viSAda hotA hai / yahA~ svarNa pudgala, guNa athavA dravya hai / ataH vaha dhrauvya hai / mukuTa kA utpAda aura ghaTa paryAya kA vinAza hamA / yaha utpAda aura vinAza paryAya kA pratIka hai| 1. bAvA ne banyo / sAmAie gAyA ye banyo / sAmAipassa bar3he, bhagavatI sUtra, 19-79. 2.pravacanasAra, 2.7-8.5 sarvisiTi, 1. 5.

Page #150
ghaTamaulisuvarNArthI nAzotpAdasthitisvayam / zokapramodamAdhyasthyaM jano yAti sahetukam // isa udAharaNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki dravya anAdinidhana hai / vaha anvaya rUpa se apanI paryAyoM meM avasthita rahatA hai| pariNamana karanA usakA svabhAva hai| pariNamana rUpa kArya kI utpatti meM kucha kAraNa nimitta rUpa se kAma karate haiN| rAga-dveSAdi pariNAma nimitta rUpa hI haiN| upakAra kA tAtparya bhI nimitta hotA hai / ghaTa miTTI kI paryAya hai| ghaTa meM miTTI antaya rUpa se vidyamAna hai| ataH ghaTa ke nirmANa meM miTTI upAdAna hai / kumhAra nimitta kAraNa haiM aura cAka, jala Adi sahakArI kAraNa haiM / zAzvata padArtha meM isa prakAra kI kAryakAraNa vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI / miTTI upAdAna hai aura ghaTa upAdeya hai / kumhAra nimitta hai aura usakA kArya ghaTa naimittika hai / isa prakAra upAdAnaupAdeya ke sAtha nimitta-naimittika sambandha anAdi kAla se calA A rahA hai / upAdAna aura nimitta sAdhAraNataH eka prazna upasthita kiyA jAtA hai ki dravya kI paryAya kaba-kaisI ho, yaha nimitta para nirbhara hai, upAdAna para nirbhara nahIM / para ise sarvathA ThIka nahIM kaha sakate / pUrva samaya kA jaisA upAdAna hogA, uttara kSaNa meM usI prakAra kA kArya hogA / nimitta usameM anyathA pariNamana nahIM kara sakatA / kArya kA niyAmaka upAdAna hI hotA hai, nimitta nahIM / kArya kI utpatti meM svabhAva, puruSArtha, kAla, niyati aura karma (para padArtha kI AvazyakatA) ye pAMca kAraNa hote haiM / inameM svabhAva kA sambandha dravya kI svazakti yA upAdAna se hai, puruSArtha kA balavIrya se, kAla kA svakAla grahaNa se, niyati kA sambandha upAdAna se aura karma kA sambandha nimitta se hai / jo bhavitavyatA kI bAta karate haiM unakI dRSTi upAdAna kI yogyatA para hotI hai / yogyatA athavA pUrva karma ko deva kahate haiM aura vartamAna puruSArtha ko pauruSa kahate hai / donoM ke saMbandha se hI arthasiddhi hotI hai / artha siddhi ke sandarbha meM do vicAra dhArAyeM milatI hai-eka ke anusAra sabhI kArya niyata samaya para hI hote haiM aura dUsarI ke anusAra bAhaya nimittoM ke binA kArya ho nahIM sakate / ina donoM meM se jainadharma kramaniyamita paryAya ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA hai / usake anusAra pratyeka kArya krama se svakAla meM apane upAdAna ke anusAra hotA rahatA hai / yahAM ekAntataH niyativAda kA samarthana nahIM milatA anyathA kArya kAraNa paramparA ko kaise kiyA jAyagA ? aneka kAraNoM meM se niyati ko eka kAraNa avazya mAnA gayA hai / 1.bAptImAMsA, 59

Page #151
127 janetara darzanoM meM dravya kA svarUpa bauDarzana meM unya kA svarUpa : jaisA hama pIchekaha cuke haiM, bodharma meM dravya rUpa meM 'rUpa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ isa rUpa kA vistAra bhI bahuta huA hai| rUpa ko abhidhammatthasaMgaha meM pAMca prakAra se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai--samuddeza,vibhAga,samutthAna,kalApa evaM pravRttikama / samuddeza meM pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu ye cAra mahAbhUta haiM aura unakA Azraya laMkara utpanna rUpoM ko 11 prakAra se batAyA gayA hai / jainadharma meM ina mahAbhUtoM ko skandha kahA hai| bauddhadharma inake hI Azraya se cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA evaM kAya ko utpanna mAnatA hai jinheM upAdAyarUpa kahA gayA hai / jaina-baura dharma meM inhIM ko paJcendriyA~ bhI kahA jAtA hai / rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, tathA apaghAtUvajita bhatatraya saMkhyAta nAmaka spaSTavya ko 'gocara' rUpa kahA jAtA hai / jainadharma meM inameM se kucha pudgala ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM A jAte haiM aura kucha pudgala kI paryAyoM ke rUpa meM antarbhUta ho jAte haiM / bhUtarUpa, prasAdarUpa, gocararUpa, bhAvarUpa, hRdayarUpa, jIvitarUpa, AhArarUpa, paricchedarUpa, vijJaptirUpa, vikArarUpa evaM lakSaNarUpa, isa prakAra gyAraha prakAra ke rUpa hote haiM / cAra bhUta rUpa, pAMca upAdAyarUpa, pAMca gocararUpa. do bhAvarUpa, hRdayarUpa, jIvitarUpa aura AhArarUpa meM aThAraha prakAra ke rUpa svabhAvarUpa, salakSaNarUpa, niSpanna rUpa, rUparUpa evaM saMmarzanarUpa hote hai| yahA~ sabhAvarUpa dravya vAcaka hai| paramArtha rUpa se vaha sat svabhAvI hai / parantu yahA~ paramArtharUpa se AkAzAdi kA astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| jabaki jaina darzana meM AkAza ko eka svatantra dravya mAnA gayA hai| ina rUpoM kA lakSaNa anityatA, duHkhatA, anAtmatA, tathA upacaya, santati, jaratA evaM anityatA nAmaka utpAda, sthiti aura bhaGga hai / AkAzAdi meM ye lakSaNa nahIM pAye jAte ataH bauddhadharma meM unheM alakSaNa rUpa mAnA hai / jisa pradeza kA vilekhana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA usa pradeza ko AkAza kahA jAtA hai / usake cAra bheda hai-ajaTA kAza, paricchinnAkAza, kasiNugghATimAkAza tathA pricchedaakaashaa| janadharma meM AkAza ke do bheda hai-lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / boradharmI meM mAnya ajaTAkAza jainadharma meM mAnya alokAkAza hai / zeSa lokAkAza hai| baudarzana isa dRSTi se bhedavAdI aura asatkAryavAdI hai| vahAM kisI bhI padArya meM anvaya nahIM mAnA jAtA / isalie kSaNabhaMgavAda aura zUnyavAda jaise 1. bAptamImAMsA, 59

Page #152
128 siddhAntoM ko usameM carama satya mAnA gayA hai / parantu janadarzana meM bhedAbhedavAda ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jitanA satya bheda meM hai utanA hI satya abheda meM hai| eka-dUsare ke binA unakA astitva nahIM / padArtha na sAmAnyAtmaka hai aura na kevala vizeSAtmaka, balki sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka hai / dravya kA yahI vAstavika svarUpa hai / usakA yaha svabhAva hai / anekAM tAtmika dRSTi se vaha kathaMcit bhinna hai ora kathaMcit abhinna hai / abheda dravya kA pratIka hai aura bheda paryAya kA / dravya aura payAryo kA yaha svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai / upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNoM ke mAdhyama se padArthoM kA saMgaThana aura vighaTana bhI hotA rahatA hai / isake lie kisI Izvara Adi kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / vaidika darzanoM meM dravya kA svarUpa : nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM dravyoM kI saMkhyA 9 mAnI jAtI hai-pRthvI, ap, tejas, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dik, AtmA, aura manas / inhIM dravyoM aura unake vibhinna guNoM aura sambandhoM se samUce saMskAra kI sRSTi hotI hai / isa sRSTi meM guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya aura abhAva ye sAta padArtha sahayogI banate haiM / " jainadarzana ina padArthoM ko dravya kI hI paryAyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai / dravya aura guNa bilakula pRthak nahIM hote / ye asatkArya vAdI haiM / saMbalita mAnate haiM para sat, raja aura tama nyAya-vaizeSika bhautika jagata ko aneka kAraNoM se sAMkhya-yoga ekamAtra prakRti ko usakA mUla mAnate haiM / ye tIna guNa haiM jo puruSa ko bAMdhane kA kAma karate haiM / prakRti nitya aura gati - zIla hai / puruSa ke saMsarga se parivartana hotA hai / asat se sat kI utpatti nahIM hotI aura sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA / vinAza kA tAtparya hai- mAtra AkRti meM parivartana honA / yaha parivartana AvartI hotA hai arthAt sarga aura pralaya kA kAla eka ke bAda eka AtA hai / sAMkhya yoga satkAryavAdI haiM / unake mata meM kArya sadaiva apane upAdAna kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se vidyamAna rahatA hai / mImAMsaka bAhaghArthavAdI haiM / ve nitya dravya ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM aura yaha mAnate haiM ki dravya sthAyI rahatA hai aura unake guNa athavA unakI paryAyeM parivartanazIla huA karatI haiM / ise 'pariNAmavAda' kahA jAtA hai / " yahA~ bhedAbheda vyavasthA mAnI gaI hai tathA dravya aneka batAye gaye haiM / unake parivartana meM Izvara kAraNa rUpa nahIM / 1. nyAyasUtra bhASya, 1-1.9.

Page #153
prArambha meM 'dravya' zabda kI jitane prakAra se vyAlyA kI gaI hai vaha jaina darzana sammata hai| jainetara darzanoM meM unameM se kisI eka prakAra ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH matabheda honA svAbhAvika hai| parantu yaha matabheda svIkRti pUrvaka hai| bauddhoM ne guNa samudAya ko 'dravya' kahA hai| nyAya-boSika bAdi darzanoM meM 'dravya' zabda kA prayoga guNa-karmAdhAra artha meM huvA hai| dravya ke sAsa jaina darzana meM guNa, paryAya athavA pariNAma zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai usake sthAna para jainatara darzanoM meM 'guNa' zabda kA prayoga adhika huA hai| dravya aura guNoM ke bIca sambandha kI dRSTi se bauddha, nyAya-vaizeSika mAvi darzana medavAdI haiN| janadarzana meM bhedavAda, abhedavAda, aura bhedAbhekvAda ye tInoM paramparA milatI haiM / kundakunda, umAsvAti, vidyAnanda Adi AcAryoM ne muNa aura paryAya meM bhedavAda kI sthApanA kii| unake anusAra guNa vaha hai jo eka mAtra vyake mAzraya rahatA hai| jaise-jIva meM rahane vAle jJAnAdi guNa / ' uttarakAla meM ise aura adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA aura kahA gayA ki guNa ve haiM jo gyASita to hoM para svata: nirguNa hoN| dravya aura guNa ke Azrita rahane vAle dharma ko 'paryAya' kahA jAtA hai| guNa dravya ke sApa sadaiva rahate haiM para paryAya kama-krama se badalatI rahatI haiN| dravya kA parivartana hI paryAya hai| ise 'bhedavAda' kahA gayA hai| akalaMka, amRtacanda Adi bAcAryoM na 'abhedavAda' kI sthApanA kii| isake pUrva siddhasena tathA haribhadra AcAryoM ne guNa aura paryAya ke bIca abhedavAda ko svIkAra kiyA / vastutaH guNa aura paryAya ko kapAvit. bhinna aura kaJcit abhinna hI mAnA jAnA caahie|' sAmAnya rUpa se dravya ke lie sat athavA satva, sattA, sAmAnya, ba, anvaya, vastu, artha aura vidhi ina nava zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| pikAlavI paryAyoM ke abhinna sambandha rUpa samudAya ko bhI 'dravya' kahA hai| aura dravya ke vikAra athavA parivartana ko 'paryAya' kahA hai / aMza, paryAya, bhAga, hAra, viSA, prakAra tathA bheda, cheda aura bhaMga ye sabhI samAnArthaka zabda haiN| isa taraha banavAIna sadasatkAryavAdI hai| 1. lokavArtika, 12 (vigata pRSTha kA ukharaNa) 2. egavandassiyA guNA, uttarAdhyayana, 286. 3.vyAyavA nirguNA guNA:-tatvApasUna, 5-41. 4.panyAstikAya, bhASA 12. mAnavImAMsA, 100

Page #154
pAzcAtya darzanoM meM vya kA svarUpa : pAzcAtya darzana zAstra meM bhI dravya ke svarUpa para carcA huI hai / grIka dArzanika herAkliTasa padArtha ko parivartanazIla hI mAnatA hai / viliyamajemsa aura bargasa bhI lagabhaga yahI vicAra vyakta karate haiM / pAzcAtya darzanoM meM basta svAtatryavAda ke aneka bheda-prabhedoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| unameM bhI bhedavAda aura abhadavAda ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai / lAibanitse ne dravya ko gati, ceSTA, kriyA aura zakti kA kendrabindu mAnA hai / dekArte ke anusAra dravya vaha hai jo apanI sthiti ke lie anya padArtha kI apekSA na rakhatA ho / dekAta dvitattvavAdI hai, spinojA ekatvavAdI hai, lAibanitse bahutvavAdI hai, laoNka aura varkale tathA haghUma anubhavavAda kA Azraya lekara apanA mata sthApita karatA hai| kAnTa usake parivartana ko pUrvAnubhava yogyatA athavA kSamatA dvArA bodhya mAnatA hai / hemela ina sabhI matoM ke samanvaya meM vizvAsa karatA hai| dravyameva: dravya athavA tattva ke mUlataH do bheda hai-jIva aura ajIva / jIva dravya arUpI hai / ajIva dravya rUpI aura arUpI donoM prakAra ke hote hai rUpI dravya ko 'pudgala' kahate haiN| arUpI dravya cAra prakAra kA hai-dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / ina chaH dravyoM meM kAla anastikAyika hai aura zeSa dravya astikAyika haiM / astikAyika kA tAtparya hai-pradezabahutva aura avayavIvAn dravya / kAla aisA nahIM, ataH use anastikAyika kahA gayA hai / rUpI kA artha hai- sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa vAlA padArtha / yahA~ dharma aura adharma eka vizeSa paribhASA lie hue hai / dharma kA tAtparya hai- jo gati meM sahAyaka ho aura adharma kA tAtparya ha-jo sthiti meM sahAyaka ho| pIva apaMvA AtmA : ' prAyaH sabhI darzanoM ne jIva ko kendra mAnakara apane-apane tattvajJAna kA bhavana khar3A kiyA hai / isalie usake astitva ke viSaya meM sAdhAraNata: unameM koI matabhaMda nahIM / matabheda kA vAstavika viSaya rahA hai AtmA kA svarUpa / prAcInatama rUpa: baura sAhitya meM jainadarzana sammata AtmA ke svarUpa para kiJcit prakAza par3atA hai / jaba bhagavAn buddha zAkyadeza meM kapilavastu ke nyagrodhArAma meM vihAra kara rahe the ki mahAnAma zAkya unake pAsa AyA aura baiTha gyaa| buddha ne usase bAtacIta karate hue kahA-mahAnAma ! eka bAra meM rAjagaha ke prabhAva parvata para

Page #155
vihAra kara rahA thaa| usa samaya bahuta sAre nigaNTha RSi-giri kI kAlasilA 'parakhar3e rahane kA hI vrata lekara Asana chor3ane kA upakrama karate the| ve duHkhada, kaTupa tIvra vedanA jhela rahe the / maiM sandhyAkAlIna dhyAna samAptakara eka dina unake 'pAsa gayA aura unase kahA-Avaso ! nigaNTho ! tuma khar3e kyoM ho ? bhAsana chor3akara duHkhada va kaTu tIvra vedanA kyoM jhela rahe ho"? nigaNThoM ne mujhe tatkAla uttara diyA- Avusa ! nigaNTha nAtaputta sarvajJa sarvadarzI haiM / aparizeSa jJAnadarjana ko jAnate haiM / calate, khar3e rahate, sote, jAgate, sarvadA unheM mAna-darzana upasthita rahatA hai / ve hameM preraNA dete haiM; nigaNTho! pUrvakRta karmoM ko isa kar3I duSkara kriyA (tapasyA) se samApta karo / vartamAna meM tuma kAya, vacana va mana se saMvRta ho; ata: yaha anuSThAna tumhAre bhAvI-pApakarmoM kA akAraka hai| isa prakAra pUrvakRta karmoM kA tapasyA se anta ho jAne para aura navIna karmoM ke anAgamana se tumhArA citta bhaviSya meM anAzrava hogA; mAdhava na hone se karmakSaya hogaa| karmakSaya se duHkhakSaya, duHkhakSaya se vedanAkSaya aura vedanAmaya se sabhI du:kha naSTa ho jAyeMge / hameM yaha vicAra rucikara pratIta hotA hai / ataH hama isa kriyA se santuSTa haiM / (taMca panamhAkaM ruccati va samati ceva khamatiSa tena camhaM attmnaa'ti)| - isa uddharaNa meM jainadharma ke mUla sapta tattvoM kA prArambhika rUpa divAI detA hai i) AtmA ke astitva kI svIkRti / / ii) sukha-duHkha pUrvakRta karmoM kA phala hai / iii) karmoM kA Azrava aura bandha hotA hai / iv) samyagjJAna pUrvaka kiye gaye tapa se karmoM kI saMvara aura nirbarA hotI hai| v) samasta karmoM kI saMvara-nirjarA hone para duHkhAdi kA kSaya ho pAtA hai / yahI mokSa hai| brahmajAlasutta meM bAsaTha prakAra kI miyAdRSTiyoM kA varNana milatA hai18 Adi sambandhI aura 44 antasambandhI / inameM anta sambandhI miyAdaSTiyoM meM usamASAtanikA saJjIvAda vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / isake mAtmA sambandhI solaha mata haiM jinapara zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM meM zAstrArtha humA karatA thaa|' nigaNTha nAtaputta bha. mahAvIra ke vicAra bhI inameM khoje jA sakate haiN| 1. majjhimanikAya, cUladuksaksandhasutta, 14-2-2 pR. 126-121devapattanta, 3.1.1. 2. udAna, pR. 67 (romana); dIpanikAya, prapana bhAga (ro.) 195, vRttanikAya, (ro.) dvitIya bhAga,.

Page #156
zAzvatavAda aura banAzvatavAda jainadharma ke kramazaH nizcayanaya aura vyavahArataya ke pratIka haiM / ukhamASAtanikA matoM meM AtmA marUpI (barUpI battA hoti bharogo paraM maraNA) aura cetanazIla (ekattasabI battA hoti) hotA hai| yaha mata nigaNThanAtaputta mahAvIra kA honA cAhie / buddhapoSa ne bhI isa mata kA ullekha kiyA hai| poTTapAda ne bhI isI sandarbha meM AtmA kI baspatA aura cetanatA (balapi kho ahaM bhante battAnaM paJcemi sambAmayaM ti) kA ullekha kiyA hai / vasubandhu bhI jainoM ke isa mata se paricita / janadarSana meM jIva ke isI svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vahAM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya ke AdhAra para usake lakSaNa kA vizleSaNa hubA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM jIva ke 22 nAma milate haiM-jIva, jIvAstikAya, prANa, 'bhUta, sattva, vijJa, veda, cetA, jetA, AtmA, raMgaNa (rAgayukta) hiMeka, (gamanazIla), pudgala, mAnava, kartA, vikartA, jagata (gamanazakti), pantu, yoni, svayaMbhUta, sazarIrI, bIra nAyaka / ' ina nAmoM meM AtmA ke donoM tatvoM kA vivecana milatA hai dravya tattva aura bhAvatattva / para dravyataH jIva cetana, ballI, zAzvata, ananta, astikAyika aura acchedha hai / bhAvataH vaha guNa-paryAyAtmaka hai| mAtmA kA svarUpa : jainadarzana meM jIva athavA mAtmA kA svatantra astitva hai / yaha eka anubhUta tamya hai ki ahaM,sukha,duHkha bAdi tattvoM ke lie koI eka bhASAra honA Avazyaka hai| yadi AtmA ko svIkAra na kiyA jAya to ye tattva kahA~ raheMge? usake binA par3a tattva kI bhI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / jar3a tattvoM se cetana tattva bhI utpatti ho nahIM sakatI / punarjanma, smRti, mAna, saMzaya Adi jaisI kriyAyeM bhI AtmA ko mAne binA bana nahIM sktiiN| bataH AtmA ke astitva ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jIva kA mUla lakSaNa hai upayoga / ' upayoga kA tAtparya hai cetnttt| yaha cetanatatva anantavarzana, manantazAna, anantasukha aura anantavIrya nAmaka anantapatuSTaya guNoM se yukta hai parantu jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke kAraNa usakA vaha svarUpa mAvRta ho jAtA hai / usakI viziSTa zaktiyAM pracchana ho pAtI 1. sumaMgalavilAsinI, pa. 110 2. vijJaptimAtA sivi.patuHzatakam, 10-10 3. apavatIsUca, 20.2. 4. vizeSAvazyaka mApa, 1549-1558 5. upayogo pramaNama, vatsAsUma, 2-8 uttarAmavana, 28.1.

Page #157
hai aura vaha janma-maraNa rUpa saMsaraNa karane lagatA hai| isa prakAra jIva sAdhAraNataH do prakAra ke hote hai-saMsArI aura mukta / saMsArI jIva sa bora sthAvara ke bheda se do prakAra ke hai / do indriya se lekara paMcendriya taka ke jIpa sa kahalAte haiM / tathA pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu aura vanaspati kAyika jIva sthAvara kahalAte haiN| mAtmA ke isa saMsArI svarUpa kA varNana dravyasaMgraha meM bar3e sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tadanusAra vaha upayogamayI hai, bhAmUrtika hai, kartA hai, sadehaparimANavAn hai, bhoktA hai, saMsArastha hai, siTa hai, aura urdhvagati jIvo uvaogamao amuttikatA sdehprimaanno| bhottA saMsAratyo sikho so vissasoDagaI // upayoga kA tAtparya hai AtmA jisase zeya padArtha jAnA jAtA hai| yaha upayoga do prakAra kA hai-darzanopayoga aura bhaanopyog| padArtha ko dekhane kI zakti dazanopayoga hai aura jAnane kI zakti jJAnopayoga hai| AtmA kA yaha darzana-zAna svabhAva avinazvara hai| karmoM ke kAraNa vaha mAvRta bhale hI ho jAye para naSTa nahIM ho sktaa| bAtmA kabhI nendriya ke dvArA padArtha ko dekhatA hai, kabhI netroM ke atirikta anya indriyoM dvArA dekha letA hai to kabhI kamoM ke kSayopazama ke anusAra vaha avaSidarzana aura kevala darzana se bhI padArtha kA darzana kara letA hai / isako pAribhASika zabdoM meM kramazaH cakSudarzana, acakSudarzana, avadhidarzana aura kevaladarzana kahA jAtA hai| jJAnopayoga ATha prakAra kA hai- matijJAna, zrutamAna, avadhimAna, manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna tathA kumati, kuzruta aura kuavadhi bhAna / uparyukta cAra prakAra kA darzana aura ATha prakAra kA jJAna jIva kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| yaha usakA vyAvahArika svarUpa hai| zuddha svarUpa meM to baha kevala-darzana aura kevalazAna mayI hai| 1.vya saMgraha, gAthA 2pramANanaya tatvAloka, 7.55-56 padavIna samuccaya 4849; panbAstikAya, 25 bhAvapAhura, 148, pavalA (1.1.1.2, pR. 119) me bAtmA ko baktA, prANI, moktA, beda, viSNa, zarIra, mAnava, saktA, jantu, mAnI, yobI, mAyI bAdi aneka zabda mAtmA ke paryAyArSika rUma me milate hai| bhagavatIsUma (12.10.456) meM dravya aura paryAya kI dRSTi se bAtmA ke bATha meda kiye gye| prakhyAtmA, kavAyAtmA, yogAtmA, upayogAtmA, bhAnAtmA, darzanAramA, paritrAtmA baura vaalaa|

Page #158
134 yaha hama jAnate haiM ki pratyeka vastu ke do rUpa hote haiM- zuddha aura kRtrima / muDa rUpa meM paranimitta kI apekSA nahIM hotI para kRtrima rUpa meM yaha apekSA banI rahatI hai| zuddha rUpa ke lie paramArtha, nizcaya, vAstavika Adi nAma diye jAte haiM aura kRtrima rUpa ko aparamArtha, vyavahAra, azuddha Adi zabdoM dvAkha vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| AtmA kA varNana bhI inhIM donoM dRSTiyoM se jainAgamoM meM milatA hai| nizcayanaya se jIva amUrtika hai para vyavahAranaya se vaha karmoM se Avaddha hone ke kAraNa mUrtika hai| navIna jIvana dhAraNa karane kI prakriyA isI tatva para avalambita hai| hamAre vartamAna jIvana meM sat-asat karmoM ke jo saMskAra bana jAte haiM ve hI bhAvI janma ke kAraNa hote haiN| jAtismaraNa kI aneka ghaTanAyeM punarjanma ko hI pramANita karatI haiN| AtmA jIva hai aura upayogamayI athavA jJAnadarzanamayI hai / ina vizeSaNoM se yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki AtmA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha hai| usakI svataMtra sattA hai| cArvAk aura bauddha darzana AtmA ke pRthak astitva ke viSaya meM saMdigdha haiN| unako uttara dene ke lie 'jIva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| naiyAyika aura vaizeSika dArzanikoM ko uttara dene ke lie upayogamayI vizeSaNa kA prayoga haA hai| ve jJAna-darzana ko AtmA kA svabhAva na mAnakara use usakA aupadhika guNa mAnate haiM jo buddhayAdi guNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| AtmA aura jJAna unakI dRSTi meM pRthak-pRthak tattva haiM jo samavAya sambandha se paraspara sambaddha ho jAte haiN| jainoM ke anusAra eka to samavAya sambandha kI hI siddhi nahIM hotI kyoMki usakI siddhi meM anavasthA doSa AtA hai aura dUsare, samavAya ke nitya aura vyApaka mAnane para amuka mAna kA sambandha amuka AtmA se hI hai yaha kaise nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? aura phira jaba AtmA ko sarvavyApaka mAnA gayA hai to eka AtmA kA mAna sabhI AtmAnoM meM honA caahie| para hotA nhiiN| yadi hotA to maMtra kA jJAna maitra meM ho jaataa| yadi AtmA aura zAna meM kartRkaraNa bhAra -mAnA jAya to kartA aura karaNa ke samAna donoM ko bilakula pRthak mAnanA hogA para ve pRSaka haiM nhiiN| paryAya-bheda se hI unameM pArthakya dikhAI detA hai / . 'amUrtika' vizeSaNa se kumArila maTTa mata kA parihAra kiyA gayA hai jo use mUrtika mAnate haiN| zuddha svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA meM pudgala ke guNa, rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza nahIM hote isalie vaha amUrtika hai| para saMsAra avasthA meM paudgalika kamoM ke kAraNa vaha rUpAdivAn hokara mUrtika ho jAtA

Page #159
hai| yaha mUrtatva guNa cetanA kA vikAra hai aura vikAra sthAyI rahatA nahIM, ataH vaha azuddha hai| mAlA aura karma : mAtmA zuddha naya se anantacatuSTaya rUpa zuddha bhAvoM kA kartA hai para vyavahArataH vaha jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra paura antarAya rUpa aSTa dravyakarmoM, AhArAdi chaha paryAptiyoM ke yogya pudgala rUpamoko tathA bAhaya ghaTa-paTAdi droM kA kartA hai / sAMkhya darzana puruSa (AtmA)ko phartA nahIM mAnatA balki use sAkSI mAtra mAnatA hai / usake anusAra bhAtmA yA puruSa caitanya svarUpa hote hue bhI ekAnta rUpa se kUTastha nitya aura zAzvata hai| bandha-mukta rUpa pariNAma prakRti meM hI hote haiM / parantu jaina darzana pariNAmavAdako svIkAra karatA hai / karmoM ke kAraNa AtmA svarUpa ko chor3akara sukha-duHkhAdiko hI apanA samajhane lagatA hai| yaha parivartana AtmA ke pariNAmavAda ko vyakta karatA hai| yadi AtmA apariNAmI hogA to usameM ye parivartana kaise saMbhava hoMge? prakRti ko baddha aura mukta karane vAlA koI anya tattva avazya honA cAhie jabaki sAMkhya prakRti ke atirikta anya kisI tattva ko mAnatA hI nahIM / prakRti ko svayaM baDha-mukta mAnA nahIM jA sakatA anyathA bandhana aura mukti meM koI antara hI nahIM rahegA / prakRti ke parivartana meM puruSa ko kAraNa mAnA jAya to phira puruSa ko aparivartanazIla nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki svayaM meM parivartana kiye binA dUsare meM parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH AtmA ko kartA kahA gayA hai / AtmA apane deha ke parimANa rUpa rahatA hai / usame saMkoca aura vistAra hone kA svabhAva rahatA hai / phalataH cITI kI AtmA cITI barAbara aura hAthI kI AtmA hAthI barAbara hogii| yadi AtmA svadehaparimANavAn na hokara aMguSThadi mAtra ho to kaSTa kI anubhUti aMguSThAdi aMga ko hI honI cAhie, anya aMgoM ko nahIM, parantu aisA hotA nahIM / ataH AtmA svadehaparimANavAn hai / nayAyika, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsaka Adi dArzanika AtmA kI sarve. vyApakatA ko svIkArate haiM / para zarIra ke bAhara AtmA kaise raha sakatI hai ? 1. dravya saMgraha TIkA, gApA 2.; paJcAstikAya, 37, tAptaryavRtti. 2. sAMsyakArikA, 19 3. praveza saMhAra visamyiAM pradIpavata, tatvArthasUtra, 5.16; paJcAstikAya saMgraha, gAthA " meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dUdha me par3A padmarAgamaNi apane raMga se dUSako prakAzita karatA hai usI prakAra deha meM rahanevAlA jIva bhI apane rUpa se deha meM vyApta

Page #160
jisake guNa jahA~ upalabdha hoMge vaha vastu vahIM rahegI / AtmA kA astitva nahIM hogA jahAM usake mAna, smRti Adi guNa, vidyamAna raheMge / ye sAre guNa nahIM milate haiM jahA~ zarIra rahatA hai / adRSTa kI sarvavyApakatA ke samAna bAtmA kI sarvavyApakatA nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / anyathA hara kArya meM adRSTa kI kalpanA karanI par3egI / phira Izvara kI bhI kyA AvazyakatA rahegI? AtmA vyavahAranaya se sAtA-asAtA Adi pudgala karmajanya sukha-duHkha kA moktA hai para nizcayanaya se vaha apane hI jJAnAnanda svabhAva kA bhoga karane pAlA hai| sAMsya ke puruSa meM sAkSAt bhoktRtva nahIM balki vaha buddhi ke bhoga ko apanA mAnakara calatA hai| parantu jaina dArzanika bhoga kA sambandha mAtmA se jor3ate haiN| mAtmA rUpa mAzraya ke binA bhoga-kriyA nahIM ho sktii| mAtmA jabataka karmoM se sambaddha rahatA hai tabataka vaha saMsAra meM janma-maraNa kI kriyAjoM meM hI bhaTakatA rahatA haiM / karmoM ke samUla naSTa hone para AtmA moja pahu~ca jAtA hai| cArvAka darzana meM karma kA astitva hI nhiiN| parantu sukhadu:kha ke vaiSamya kA koI na koI kAraNa to mAnanA hI par3egA / yaha kAraNa na Izvara ho sakatA hai aura na paMcabhUta ho sakate haiM / yaha kAraNa hamAre pUrvakRta karma haiN| unakA indriyoM se pratyakSa bhale hI na ho para atIta-anAgata vastu ke samAna usakA anubhava avazya hotA hai| yadi mAtra indriya pratyakSa kA viSaya hone se hI usakI sattA ko nakAra diyA jAye to paramANu kI sattA rUpa ghaTAdi kAryoM ko kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakegA? para ghaTAdi kArya pratyakSa dikhAI dete hI haiM / ataH karmoM kI sattA avizvasanIya nhiiN| jaina darzana meM karma ko 'kArmANa zarIra' kahA gayA hai aura use paudgalika mAnA gayA hai / mUrta sukha-duHkhAdi kA bedana yA anubhava karAnevAlA koI mUrtika padArtha hI honA cAhie / yaha mUrtika padArtha hamArA karma hI hai / usake saMyoga se hamArI kArmika vRddhi hotI hai, unakA parivartana (pariNAmatva) unake kArya rUpa zarIrAdi ke parivartana se spaSTataH pratIta hotA hai / mUrta karma kA amUrta AtmA ke sAtha yaha saMyoga anAdikAlIna hai / karma se bhAbaDa AtmA ko bhI kaJcit mUrta kahA gayA hai / mAtmA aura karma kA yaha anAdi saMyoga samApta hote hI mAtmA kA parama vizuddha svarUpa pragaTa ho jAtA hai / isI ko mokSa kahate haiN| yahAM se phira usakA saMsAra meM mAvAgamana nahIM hotaa| isI ko siddhAvasthA bhI kahA jAtA hai| ___ jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM-saMsArI aura mukta / saMsArI jIva ke bhI vo bheda hai- asa bora sthAvara / rasanA, ghANa, pakSa mora motra / ina pAra zaniyoM

Page #161
137 tavA mana se yukta jIva [vasa kahalAte haiM / paMcendriya jIvoM meM koI saMzI (samanaska) rahate haiM aura koI asaMzI (amanaska) / paMcendriyoM ke atirikta zaMSa sabhI jIva asaMzI hote haiM / sthAvara jIva pAMca prakAra ke hote haiM-paSivI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati / pRthvIkAyika jIva bhI kucha vAdara (sthUla) hote hai bora kucha sUkma / isa prakAra ekendriya do, vikalanaya (dIndriya, bIniya aura caturindriya) tIna, aura paMcendriya do, kula sAta bheda hue| ye sAtoM prakAra ke jIva paryAptaka, aura aparyAptaka hote haiM / ataH jIvoM ke kula caudaha bhera hae / inheM hI jIvasamAsa kahate haiM / samUcI' jIvarAzi inhIM bhedoM ke antargata saMboSita kara dI gaI hai| saMsArI jIva aSTa karmoM se vimukta hokara siddha ho jAtA hai / aSTa karmoM ke vinAza se use aSTa guNoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai / jJAnAvaraNa ke nAza se kevalajJAna, darzanAvaraNa ke nAza se kevaladarzana, vedanIya ke nAza se avyAvApasuna, mohanIya ke nAza se samyaktva guNa, Ayu ke nAza se avagAhanA, nAma ke nAza se sUkmatva, gotra ke nAza se agurulaghutva aura antarAyakarma ke nAza se anantavIrya guNa pragaTa hote haiM / ye siddhajIva janmamaraNAdi prakriyA se dUra aura utpAda-mpaya rUpa hote hue bhI muktatva rUpa se dhrauvya svabhAvI haiN| siddha ho jAne para yaha jIva prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga, aura pradeza ina cAra prakAra ke baMdhoM se vimukta hokara Urdhvagamana karatA hai / jisa prakAra Upara ke chilake ke haTate hI eraNDabIja chiTakakara Upara jAtA hai tathA jaise miTTI kA lepa ghulate hI tUMbar3I pAnI ke Upara A jAtI hai usI prakAra karmA ke kAraNa saMsAra meM bhaTakane vAlA AtmA karmabandhana ke mukta hote hI Urdhvagati svabhAva vAlA hotA hai / yaha siddha AtmA loka ke antabhAga meM sthita rahatA hai kyoMki usake Age dharmAstikAya dravya kA abhAva hotA hai / mAtmA kA astitva: isa zAstrIya vivecana se AtmA, karma aura saMskAra kA astitva sikha ho jAtA hai| isake bAvajUda AtmA ke astitva para vizeSa praznacinha bar3A kiyA jAtA hai / vastuta: usakA astitva pratyakSa se bhale hI siddha na ho para banumAnAdi pramANoM se usake svarUpa ko asiddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'mahaM pratyaya' se mAnasa pratyakSa dvArA AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA 1. vasvArya sUtra, 2.10-14.; paJcAstikAya, 119-120. mAhAra, zarIra, zAniya, zvAsocchavAsa, bhASA aura mana ke vyApAroM arthAt pravRttiyoM meM pariNamana karane kI jina jIvoM meM zakti hotI hai ve paryAptaka kahalAte hai aura jinameM yaha zakti nahIM hotI ye aparyAptaka kahalAte haiN|

Page #162
hai| usameM 'anakAntika doSa bhI nahIM AtA kyoMki maiM duHkhI huuN| isa prakAra kA antaraMga jJAna AtmA ke hI AdhAra se hotA hai| tathA "maiM gorAkAkhA hU~" ityAdi rUpa se jo bahirmukha jJAna hotA hai vaha isI AtmA kA upakAra hone se zarIra ke viSaya meM prayukta hotA hai| ahaM pratyaya kA kAdAcitkatva (anityatva) siddha hotA hai / AtmA kA lakSaNa upayoga hai jo sAkAra yA anAkAra hotA hai| jisa prakAra sahakArI sAmagrI ke hone para bIja meM utpAdana kI kSamatA hotI hai aura usake na hone para nahIM hotI usI taraha AtmA ke sadA vidyamAna rahane para bhI karmoM ke kSaya aura upazama kI vicitratA se indriya-mana Adi kA sahakAra milane para hI 'ahaM' pratyaya hotA hai / use kAdAcitka (anitya) kahA gayA hai| mAtmA ko siddha karane vAle vyabhicArI hetu kA bhI abhAva nahIM / rUpAdi jAnane kI kriyA kA jo kartA hai vahI AtmA hai| cakSu Adi indriyA~ kartA nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki ve svayaM kAraNa aura paratantra haiN| tathA indriyoM svayaM podgalika aura acetana haiN| dUsare kI preraNA se kArya karane ke kAraNa indriyo karaNa haiN| indriyoM yadi jAnane kI kriyA kI kartA hotI to unake naSTa hone para padArthoM kA smaraNa nahIM hotaa| rUpa-rasa kA eka sAtha anubhava karanevAlA AtmA hI hai| AtmA kI astittva siddhi meM inake atirikta aura bhI aneka pramANa haiN| hara kriyA prayatna pUrvaka hotI hai| zarIra ko niyata dazA meM le jAne vAlI ceSTA AtmA ke prayatna se hI hotI hai| vahI kartA hai| zvAsocchavAsa rUpa vAyu se zarIra rUpI dhoMkanI ko pheMkane vAlA zarIra kA adhiSThAtA AtmA hai| zarIra rUpI yantra kA kartA AtmA hai / zarIra kI vRddhi, hAni, pAva kA bharanA Adi bhI AtmA ke svIkAra karane para hI saMbhava hogA / mana kA preraka Atmo hai| paryAyoM kA Azraya AtmA hai| zuddha paryAyoM dvArA AtmA vAcya bhI hai| sukhAdi guNoM kA Azraya aura utpAdana kA AdhAra bhI bAtmA hI hai| saMSaya tathA sAnAdi guNoM kA adhiSThAtA bhI AtmA hI hai| ataH AtmA ke astitva para kisI bhI prakAra kA saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|' mAtmA kI zakti : AtmA yA jIva ke svabhAvoM aura zaktiyoM kA bhI varNana sAhitya meM milatA hai| asti, nAsti, nitya, anitya, eka, aneka, bhavya, abhavya aura parama ye gyAraha 1. vizeSAvaksakabhASya, 1549-1560; tatvArya rAjavatika, 2.8.20, svAtAva maMjarI, 17. (vRttisahita) bAdi anya dekhiye|

Page #163
sAmAnya svabhAva haiM tathA cetana, acetana, mUrta, amUrta, eka pradeza, aneka pradeza, vibhAva, zuddha, azuddha aura upacarita ye dasa vizeSa svabhAva hai| isI taraha jIva kI zaktiyoM ke jo bhI ullekha milate haiM unase usa kI vizeSatAoM kA patA calatA hai| aisI zaktiyoM kI saMkhyA 47 hai- 1. jIvatva zakti, 2. citizakti, 3. dRzizakti, 4. zAna, 5. sukha, 6. vIrya, 7. prabhutva, 9. sarva. daziva, 10. sarvajJatva, 11. svacchatva, 12. prakAza, 13. asaMkucitavikAzatva, 14. akAryakAraNatva, 15. pariNamya pAriNAmakatva, 16. tyAgopAdAnazUnyatva, 17. magurulaghutva, 18. utpAda-vyaya dhrauvyatva, 19. pariNAma, 20. amUrtatva, 21. akartRtva, 22. abhoktRtva, 23. niSkriyatva, 24. niyatapradezatva, 25. sarvadharmavyApakatva, 26. sAdhAraNa, asAdhAraNa, sAdhAraNAsAdhAraNa-dharmatva, 27.. anantadharmatva, 28. viruddhadharmatva, 29. tattva, 30. atattva, 31. ekattva, 32. anekattva, 33. bhAva, 34. abhAva, 35. bhAvAbhAva, 36. abhAvabhAva, 37. bhAvabhAva, 38. abhAvabhAva, 39. bhAva, 40. kriyA, 41. karma, 42. kartR, 43. karaNa, 44. sampradAna, 45, apAdAna, 46. adhikaraNa, aura 47. sambandhazakti / jIva asaMkhyAta pradezI bhI hai| saMkoca vistAra ke hone para bhI vaha lokAkAza tulya asaMkhya pradezoM ko nahIM chor3atA kyoMki kArmANa zarIra ke sAtha usakA ekatva hotA hai| jaise hI samasta yoga (mana-vacana-kAyika kriyAyeM). naSTa ho jAte haiM, pradezoM kA yaha saMkoca-vistAra avasthita ho jAtA hai / ayoga kevalI aura siddhoM ke sabhI pradeza isalie avasthita hote haiM / ve vahAM se calatephirate nhiiN|' isa prakAra jIva athavA AtmA eka nitya tathA vizuddha rUpa ko lie hue rahatA hai parantu mithyAttva aura ajJAnatA ke kAraNa usakA yaha svarUpa pUna dhUsarita ho jAtA hai| yoga-niroSa se usa vizuddha mUla rUpa ko punaH prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA maurajJAna: zAna, darzana, cAritra, sukha, duHkha, vIrya, zakti, bhavyatva (mukti prApta karane kI yogyatA), abhavyatva, satva, prameyatva, dravyatva, prANadhAritva, krodhAdipariNatatva, saMsAritva, siddhatva, paravastu vyAvRttatva Adi rUpase jIva kI aneka paryAyeM hotI haiN| ye paryAyeM kucha svanimittaka hotI haiM aura kucha 1. samayasAra, AtmakhyAti 2. pavalA, 1.1.1,33,

Page #164
170 paranimittaka / inhIM paryAyoM ko jJAnAdi dharma kahate haiN| ye jJAnAdidharma paryAya jIva se na to anyanta bhinna hI haiM aura na sarvathA abhinna hI, balki kathAJcit bhinnaabhinna rUpa haiM / " jIva dharmI hai aura jJAna dharma hai| jIva guNI hai aura jJAna guNa hai / guNI zaktimAn hai aura guNa zakti hai / guNI kAraNa hai aura budha kArya hai / yadi yaha bheda na ho to "jo jAnatA hai vaha jJAna hai" aisA bheda kaise ho sakatA hai ?" ataH pariNAma, svabhAva, saMjJA, saMkhyA, aura prayojana Adi kI dRSTi se dravya aura guNa kathaJcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna haiM / naiyAyika aura sAMsya AtmA aura jJAna ko sarvathA pRthak tasva mAnate haiM / phira bhI unameM guNa-guNI bhAva svIkAra karate haiM / parantu sarvathA bhinna padArtho meM guNaguNI bhAva bana nahIM sakatA / guNa guNI ko chor3akara anyatra nahIM raha sakatA / yadi donoM ko sarvathA bhinna mAnA jAya to jala kA svabhAva zItatva aura agni kA svabhAva uSNatva nahIM mAnA jAyagA aura guNa-guNI bhAva naSTa ho jAyagA / AtmA kI siddhi meM yaha bhI eka vizeSa tattva hai jo AtmA ke svataMtra astittva ko siddha kara detA hai / yahA~ eka tathya aura samajha lenA cAhie / yadyapi AtmA svabhAva se amUrta hai parantu yaha saMsArI jIva anAdikAla se aSTa karmoM se baMdhA huA hai aura usameM kArmANa zarIra lagA huA hai / isa kArmANa zarIra ke sAtha sadaiva rahane ke kAraNa amUrta AtmA bhI mUrta ho jAtA hai / ata: jaina darzana meM AtmA ko karmabandha ke kAraNa sazarIra tathA mUrta bhI mAnate haiM / jIva ke pAMca svatatva (bhAva) : jIva ke do bheda haiM- dravya jIva aura bhAva jIva / dravya jIva nitya hai, para kUTastha nitya nahIM, pariNAmI nitya hai, jaisA hama abhI pIche dekha cuke hai| aura bhAba jIva usakI guNa-paryAyeM haiM / jIva meM bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke sukha-du:kha, hiMsA-ahiMsA, maya-abhaya Adi rUpa se bhAva Ate haiM / ina bhAvoM kA kAraNa hotA hai karma / jIva kI karma se baddha avasthA ko hI bhAva avasthA kahate haiM / isa bhAva avasthA ko hI pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-madayika, pAriNAmika, aupazamika, kSAyopazamika aura kSAyika / pAriNAmika bhAva ko chor3akara jIva ke sAtha zeSa bhAvoM kA saMyoga sambandha hotA hai / 1. auvadhika - karma jaba paripAka avasthA meM Ate haiM aura phala dene kI 1. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, kA. 49 kI vRtti. 2. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA, 180., AptamImAMsA, 71-72. 3. mAvadicatottha ucyate, paramAtma prakAza, 1.121

Page #165
sthiti meM hote haiM to use udaya kahA jAtA hai| udaya nimittaka bhAva hI bodavika kahalAte haiM / ina bhAvoM-pariNAmoM ke kAraNa jIvoM ko saMsAra meM paripramaNa karanA par3atA hai| yaha paribhramaNa ikkIsa prakAra kA hotA hai i) pAra gati-naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura deva / ii) cAra kaSAya-kroSa, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / iii) tIna liGga-strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka / iv) mithyAdarzana-tatvArya meM maruci yA atravAna honA / v) ajJAna-AtmA kA jJAna rUpa svabhAva pragaTa na honaa| vi) asaMyama-hiMsAdi aura indriya-viSayoM meM pravRtti / vii) asitatva-karmoM kA samUla vinAza na honA / viii) chaha lezyAyeM-kaSAya ke yoga se mana vacana kAya rUpa triyoga meM ___ honevAlI pravRtti ko lezyA kahate haiM / ve chaha haiM-kRSNa, nIla, kApota, pIta, padma aura zukla / dravyakarma ke sAtha maudayika bhAvoM kA nimitta-naimittika sambandha hotA hai| karma kA jitane aMza meM AvaraNa hotA hai vaha nimitta kahalAtA hai aura usakA phala naimittika kahalAtA hai| udAharaNArtha-zAnAvaraNakarma kA bAvaraNa nimitta hai aura tadanukUla zAna kI abhivyakti naimittika hai| 2. pArivAmika bhAva-jo bhAva dravya jIva meM para ke sambandha ke binA svayameva bAte haiM unheM pAriNAmika bhAva kahA jAtA hai / caitanya bhAva hI jIva kA pAriNAmika bhAva hotA hai / usakA sadaiva astitva rahatA hai / yaha bhAva tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-jIvatva, bhavyatva bora abhavyatva / jIvatva jIva kA nija-pariNAma hai| jisameM samyagdarzana-bAna-bArita ko prApta karane kI kSamatA hotI hai vaha bhavya kahalAtA hai aura jisameM yaha kSamatA nahIM hotI vaha agamya kahalAtA hai| 3. bhopAmika bhAva-vya, maMga, kAla aura bhAva ke nimitta se karma kI zakti kA pragaTa na honA upazama kahalAtA hai / mithyAtva, samyak bivAla, bAra sampapala, ina tIna darzanamoha tathA anantAnubandhI koSa, mAna, mASA, noma bepAra pArikhamoha, isa prakAra sAta karma prakRtiyoM ke upacama se bIpathamika sambaravartana hotA hai| jaise nirmalI ke galane se maile pAnI kA maila nIce baiTha pAtA hai aura svaccha pAnI Upara mA jAtA hai| usI prakAra pariNAmoM kI miTi sekro kI zakti kA pragaTa na ho pAvA upabhama mora upacana ke

Page #166
lie jo bhAva hai ve aupazamika haiM / isake do bhadra hai-aupamika samyaktva maura bIpazamika cAritra / mithyAtva, sampamithyAtva, aura samyaktva, ina tIna darzanamoha tathA anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA loga ye cAra caritamoha, isa prakAra sAta karma prakRtiyoM ke azama se aupazamika sammakadarzana hotA hai / isake bAda hI aupazamika cAritra hotA hai / yaha samyak-darzana cAroM gatiyoM meM hotA hai| 4. bhAyopazamika bhAva-jaise kodoM ko dhone se kucha kodoM kI mada-zakti kSINa ho jAtI hai aura kucha kI kSINa nahI hotii| usI prakAra pariNAmoM kI nirmalatA se karmoM ke eka deza kA kSaya aura ekadeza kA upazama honA kSAyopazamika bhAva hai / isake aThAraha bheda hai i) cAra jJAna-mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyAya ii) tIna ajJAna--kumati, kuzruta aura kuavadhi iii) tIna darzana--cakSu, acakSu aura avadhi iv) pAMca labdhiyAM-dAna, lAbha, bhoga. upabhoga aura vIrya v) samyaktva-thama, saMvega, nirveda, anukampA aura mAstikya ina pAMca lakSaNoM se samyaktva kI pahicAna hotI hai / (yogazAstra, 2.15) vi) cAritra-ahiMsA kI sAdhanA, aura vii) saMyamAsaMyama 5. kSAyika bhAva-jisa prakAra nirmalI ke DAlane se Upara mAye svaccha bala ko yadi vartana meM alaga rakha diyA jAya to vaha atyanta nirmala dikhAI detA hai usI prakAra karmoM kI Atyantika nivRtti se jo Atyantika vizuddhi hotI hai vaha bhaya hai aura karmakSaya ke lie jo bhAva hote haiM ve kSAyika bhAva kahalAte haiN| isake nava bhaMda hai kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, kSAyikadAna, bhAvikalAma, / sAvikamoga, kSAyika upabhoga, kSAyika vIrya, kSAyika samyaktva, aura kSAyika caaritr| jIva ke pAMcoM bhAva yaha vyakta karate haiM ki jIva ke anAdi ananta zuru paitanyabhAva hai jise pAriNAmika bhAva kahA jAtA hai| karmamala ke kAraNa jIva kA vaha svabhAva dhUmila ho jAtA hai aura vaha saMsAra kI ora jhuka jAtA hai| isI ko bAdapika bhAva kahate haiN| saMsAra meM ramaNa karane para bhI usakA viveka bAjAprata hotA hai taba vaha apane puruSArtha se kaSAyAdi ko vaza meM kara letA haibIravijJAna pA letA hai| isa avasthA ko yahA~ jopazamika kahA gayA hai| isa sthiti taka bAte-gAta jIva apane vikAra bhAvoM ko naSTa karatA

Page #167
pAtA hai aura vizura avasthA kI ora bar3hatA jAtA hai / usake karmoM kA bAzikakSaya aura bAMzika upazama hotA hai| isI ko kSAyopazamika kahA gayA hai| isake bAda jIva kI mUla vizuddha avasthA pragaTa ho jAtI hai jise kSAyikamAva kahA gayA hai / isameM use kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai / __isa prakAra jIva aura karma kI avasthA ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhane ke lie bhAvoM kA jJAna honA atyanta Avazyaka hai / dUsare zabdoM meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki ye bhAva mokSa kI ora jAnevAle saMsArI jIvoM kI avasthAoM ke sUcaka haiN| ise isa prakAra bhI kahA jAtA hai ki jIva kI tIna avasthAyeM hotI haibahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA / bahirAtmA meM jIva zarIra ko hI mAtmA samajhatA hai aura usake naSTa hone para apane ko naSTa mAnatA hai| paMcendriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakta rahakara vaha saMsAra bhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| antarAtmAvasthA meM jIva AtmA aura deha ko pRthak-pRthak mAnane lagatA hai aura nirAsakta hokara bhavabandhana ko kATane meM saMnada ho jAtA hai / paramAtmAvasthA jIpa kI carama vizuddhAsthA hai jisameM usake vikAra bhAva naSTa ho jAte haiM aura anantacatuSTaya kI prApti ho jAtI hai|' netara varzanoM meM mAtmA : i) bhAratIya darzana : cArvAk darzana pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu aura AkAza ina pAMca mahAbhUtoM se AtmA kI utpatti batAtA hai aura unake vinAza se mAtmA kA vinAza kahatA hai / para yaha nitAnta bhUla hai / kyoMki bhUta Acetana hai aura mAtmA kA guNa cetana hai / acetana tattva cetana tattva kI utpatti karane meM samartha nahIM ho sakatA / yadi paMcabhUtoM meM cetana tattva ko utAna karane kA sAmarthe mAna bhI liyA jAya to mRtaka zarIra meM bhI pAMcoM bhUta rahate haiM para usameM mAtmA nahIM rahatA / ataH AtmA paMca bhUtoM se utpanna nahIM hotA / vaha to eka svatantra dravya hai jo pratyeka vyakti meM pRthaka-pRthaka rahatA hai| pratyakSa pramANa se bhI yaha anubhavagamya hai| vedAntI AtmA ko eka mAnate haiM, vaizeSika use sarvavyApI aura anya dArzanika use aNu barAbara mAnate haiM, nitya mAnate haiM aura kSaNika mAnate haiN| para mAtmA na sarvathA nitya hai, na kSaNika hai, na eka hai aura na sarvavyApI hai| vaha to 1. tatvArya rAjavAtika, 2.1; paJcAstikAya, 56. 2. samASikSataka, 18. 3. morayapAhuna, 5.9 paramAtmaprakAza, 1-13-14 -

Page #168
r kamavit nitya hai aura kathaJcit anitya / sabhI kA AtmA pRthak-pRthak hai aura zarIra ke anusAra vaha saMkucana - visarpaNazIla hai / yadi hama use sarvathA nityAdi rUpa mAnane lageM to sAre loka vyavahAra samApta ho jAyeMge / vaha to vastuta: svabhAvataH siddha, buddha, zuddha aura anantajJAnAdi guNoM se samRddha hai kintu anAdikAla se karma paramparA se Abaddha hone ke kAraNa janma-janmAntaraNa kara rahA hai / karma-paramparA samApta hotaM hI AtmA apane mUla vizuddhAdi svabhAva ko prApta kara letA hai / bauddha darzana kA anAtmavAda athavA nirAtmavAda aneka vikAsAtmaka sopAnoM ko pAra kara sthira ho pAyA hai / phira bhI samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se kahA jA sakatA hai ki vahA~ AtmA ke sthAna kI pUrti citta, nAma, saMskAra athavA vijJAna ne kI aura upasthita praznoM kA uttara santAnavAda ne diyA / usase karmoM kA saMbandha jor3akara punarjanma kI bhI vyavasthA kara dI gaI hai / " darzana meM vijJAnavAdI bauddha AtmA aura jJAna kA abheda mAnate haiM tathA jJAnamAtra ko svapratyakSa kahate haiM / sAMkhya, yoga, vedAnta Adi darzana bhI isI mata ke haiM / parantu kumArila jJAna ko parokSa mAnate haiM aura AtmA ko svaprakAzaka / kucha darzana aise haiM jo jJAna ko AtmA se bhinna mAnate haiM / unameM kucha aise haiM jo jJAna ko AtmA kA guNa mAnate hue bhI svaprakAzaka mAnate haiM, jaise prabhAkara / aura kucha aise haiM jo use paraprakAza kA mAnate haiM jaise 'naiyAyika / ye darzana AtmA ko svapratyakSagamya mAnate haiM para nyAya-vaizeSika use para pratyakSagamya kahate haiM / jainadarzana AtmA aura jJAna ko kathaJcit minna bIra kathaJcit abhinna mAnatA hai aura sAtha hI use svaparAvabhAsI bhI kahatA hai| ii) pAzcAtya darzana : cArvAka ko choDakara sabhI bhAratIya darzana AtmA ke astitva ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra karate hI haiM / pAzcAtya dArzinikoM ne bhI usake astitva ko prAyaH svIkAra kiyA hai| pleTo ne to yaha bhI kahA hai ki bAtmA meM jJAna saMskAra rUpa se rahatA hai| AtmA ko zuddha svarUpa zreya kA jJAna hai / bar3I parama pada kI prApti meM kAraNa hotA hai / Adhunika pAzcAtya darzana kA janmadAtA aura dvitattvavAda kA pravartaka dekArta bhI pleTo aura arastu kA anukaraNa karatA hai / usake anusAra AtmA sarala, ekatvapUrNa, vistArahIna yA aprasArita, mAkAzarahita, avibhAjya, abhautika, sakriya, cetana, advatIya, 1. dekhiye, lekhaka kA grantha bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, parivarta 4.88 zlokavArtika, bAtmavAda, 142.

Page #169
gatimIle, prayojanAtmaka, nitya, amara, zAzvata, svatantra tathA nirantara vya hai| hamane kisI nitya AtmA ko to nahIM mAnA para kAnTa ne usake bastitva ko avazya svIkAra kiyA hai aura use amUrta ekatA (abstract unity) mAnA. hai| laoNka aura varkale ne bhI AtmA ke isI svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ye sabhI dArzanika jaina darzana ke samIpa baiThate haiN| hama, viliyama jemsa bAra Dale brAtmA ko anitya aura parivartanazIla mAnate haiN| jaina darzana ke samAna barastu ke mata meM bhI AtmA kI vAstAvika zakti ke rUpa meM jJAna ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana ne mAtmA kA svatantra astitva mAnA hai aura usake nisyatva maura anityatva ke saMgharSa meM anekAntavAda ke bhASAra para vicAra kiyA hai| pArzanikoM ne jo bhI vicAra rakhe haiM unakA antarbhAva prAyaH ina donoM pahaluSoM meM ho jAtA hai| 2. pudgala (ajIba) sarUma aura paryAya: pudgala, dharma adharma, mAkAza aura kAla ye pAMca anya ajIba bapanA bovana hai| ye pAMcoM dravya eka sAtha rahate haiM mora apanA svatantra astitva panAye rakhate haiM / kAla ko chor3akara sabhI dravya astikAyika hai| pudgala aura ajIva samAnArthaka haiM / pudgala kA varSa hai paMgalanAr pUranagalanAvA pudgalaH arthAt jo TUTa sakeM, vibara sake aura burA sake vaha punala' hai| usameM sparza, rasa, gandha aura varga pAye jAte haiM aura sabhI ke saMpAta ma meM vaha dRzya aura spRya rahatA hai / sArI sRSTi pudgaloM ke pariNamana kA hI pratIka hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM pudgala kA varSa 'mahaNa' kiyA gayA hai-gahanata poggalatyikAe / poggalatyikAe gaM jIvANaM borAmiya-ucivamAhArae teyAkammae soiMdiya-vakviviya-vANidiya-jigmiviya-phAsiviya-jagajIva-bhavA poga-kAyajoga-ANApANaM ca gahanaM pavattati gahaNalaksane pommamavikAe / ' pIpa apane zarIra, indriya, yoga aura zvAsocchavAsa rUpa se punaloM kA grahaNa karatA hai| yaha grahaNa-zakti jIva ke sAtha pratibarahAne kA pratIka hai| pukla ke svarUpa kI yaha prathama avasthA hai| 1. bhagavatIsUna, 1089 guNako mahavapUNe, 2-10-11 mAna lA .... . . . . . . . .

Page #170
146 bAge calakara uttarAdhyayana meM pudgala kI aura adhika spaSTa vyAsyA milatI hai| vahIM pudgala ke antargata zabda, andhakAra, prakAza, chAyA, Atapa, varNa, rasaH gandha, sparza Adi kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gayA hai / saddanvayAraujjojo pahA chAyAtavei vA / vaNNarasagandhaphAsA puggalANaM tu lakkhaNaM // pudgala ke svarUpa-bodha kI tRtIya vikAsAtmaka sthiti umAsvAmI ke. tattvArtha sUtra meM dikhAI detI hai jahA~ ve sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa vAle tatva ko 'pudgala' kahate haiM / zabda, bandha, sUkSma, sthUla, saMsthAna, bheda, tama, chAyA, Atapa, udyota Adi usakI paryAyeM hai / " yaha guNoM kI apekSA se pudgala kA svarUpakapana hai / umAsvAmI kI vyAkhyA ko unake uttaravartI AcAryoM ne aura adhi vizleSita karane kA prayatna kiyA / akalaMka unameM pramukha haiN| unhoMne tatvArthavArtika meM bar3I sUkSmatA se usapara vicAra kiyA hai| tadanusAra sparza ke ATha bheda haiM-mRdu, kaThina, guru, laghu, zIta, uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa / rasa pAMca prakAra kA hotA hai-- tikta, kaTu, amla, madhura aura pAma / sumandha aura durgandha ke bheda se gandha do prakAra kI hai aura nIma, pIta, zukla, kRSNa aura lohita ke bheda se rUpa pA~ca prakAra kA hai| isa prakAra pudgala ke bIsa bheda hote haiM / ina sparzAdi ke bhI saMsthAta, asaMsthAta, bhIra mananta guNa pariNAma hote haiM / ye pudgala ke vizeSa guNa haiM / pudgala dravya rUpI arthAt mUrtika hotA hai / vaha indriyoM ke dvArA grahaNI hai | zarIra, vacana, mana aura zvAsocchavAsa pudgala ke upakAra haiM / bhadAla, vaivika, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmANa zarIra paudgalika haiM / kArmANi zarIra nirAkAra hone para bhI paudgalika hai kyoMki vaha mUrtimAna pudgaloM ke sambandha apanA phala detA hai / jaise dhAnya, pAnI, dhUpa Adi mUrtimAn pudgala dravyoM ke sambandha se pharmoM kA vipAka hotA hai ataH ye paugalika haiN| koI bhI mUrtimAn padArtha ke sambandha se nahIM pakatA / zabda bhI mUrtimAn indriya ke dvArA grAhatha hotA hai / pAnI kI taraha use rokA bhI jA sakatA hai| vAyu ke dvArA ruI kI taraha eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna ko prerita bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / mana dravya dRSTi se sthAyI hai aura paryAna 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28-12 2. sparanyevantaH pudgalaH, tatvArthasUna 5-21: yanyasampattyAna bhedatamalkApAtapodyotanantaraca, nahI, 5.25, uttarAdhyapaka kA0 128.8: mavAda 1-15.

Page #171
dRSTi se asthAyI hai / jAtmA ke sAtha usakA saMyoga sambandha hai, anAdi sambandha nhiiN| yadi vanAdi sambandha hotA to usakA parityAga nahIM honA cAhie paa| jIva aura karma kA anAdi sambandha hone para bhI karma kA parityAga isalie ho jAtA hai ki karmabandha santati kI dRSTi se anAdi hokara bhI sAvinyanoM hai / ataH jaba samyagdarzana Adi rUpa se pariNamana hotA hai taba unakA sambandha chUTa jAtA hai, para mana meM aisI bAta nhiiN| isI taraha svAsocchavAsa bhI podgalika hai / sukha, duHkha, jIvana aura maraNa bhI pudgala ke antargata mAne jAte haiM / zabda bandha saumya, sthaulya, saMsthAna, bheda, tama, chAyA, Atapa aura ujhota bhI pudgala ke hI kArya haiN| pudgala ke sAmAnya-vizeSa svabhAvoM kA bhI uslekha milatA hai / unakI saMkhyA 21 batAyI gaI hai-asti, nAsti, nitya, anitya, eka, aneka, bheda, abheda, bhavya, abhavya aura parama ye usake sAmAnya svabhAva haiN| cetana, acetana, mUrta, amUrta, ekapradeza, anekapradeza, vibhAva, zukha, bAra aura upacarita ye usake vizeSa svabhAva haiN| jo artha ko vyakta kare vaha zabda hai| yaha zabda do prakAra kA hotA hai-bhASAtmaka aura abhASAtmaka / bhASAtmaka zabda ke bhI do bheda haiM-akSarAtmaka aura anakSarAtmaka / akSarAtmaka zabdoM se zAstra kI abhivyakti hotI hai tathA ve dainika vyavahAra kA kAraNa bhI banate haiN| anakSarAtmaka zabda po iniya mAdi jIvoM ke hote haiN| ye prAyogika aura vainasika (svAbhAvika) ke meva se do prakAra ke haiN| inake bhI aneka bheda-pramaMda hote haiN| sphoTavAdI mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki dhvaniyA~ kSaNika haiM, kramazaH utpanna hotI haiM aura anantara kSaNa meM vinaSTa ho jAtI hai / ye svarUpaM kA boSa karAne meM samartha nhiiN| ataH una dhvaniyoM se abhivyakta honevAlA, aryapratipAdana meM samartha, amUrta, nitya, atIndriya, niravayava, aura niSkriya zabdasphoTa svIkAra karanA jAhie / parantu jaina yaha nahIM mAnate / unakA mata hai ki dhvani boreM sphoTa meM vyaMgyavyaJjakabhAva nahIM bana sktaa| jisa zabdasphoTa ko vyaMgya mAnA jAtA hai vaha svarUpataH sthita hI nhiiN| asthita mAnane para na to vaha vyaMgya ho sakatA hai aura na dhvaniyA~ vyaMjaka, kintu dhvaniyoM se svarUpalAma karane ke kAraNa use kArya mAnanA hogA / dhvaniyAM yadi sphoTa kI vyaJjaka hotI. to 1. bAlApapati, 4; pahAyacakra, gApA 70 kI TIkA. . .1.lAlatikApa. 2.. '

Page #172
148 sphoTa kA upakAra kareMgI yA srotrakA yA donoM kA? ve tInoM kA upakAra nahIM kara sakatI kyoMki amUrta, nitya maura abhivyaGgapa sphoTa meM vikAra ho nahIM sakatA / aura phira jaba dhvaniyA~ utpatti ke bAda hI naSTa ho jAtI hai vara sphoTa kI abhivyakti kaise kreNgii| ataH zabda dhvani rUpa hI haibAra kaha nityAnityAtmaka hai| vaha pudagala dravya kI dRSTi se nitya hai, dhotrendriya ke dvArA sunane yogya paryAya sAmAnya kI dRSTi se kAlAntara sthAyI hai aura pratikSaNa kI paryAya kI apekSA kSaNika hai| bandha do prakAra kA hai-prAyogika aura painasika / prAyogika banda prayogajanya hotA hai| usameM mana, vacana aura kAya kA saMyoga hotA hai| prAyogika bandha do prakAra kA hotA hai-ajIvaviSayaka aura jIva viSayaka / bhAnAvaramAdi pharma aura modArika zarIra bAdilpa nokarma bandha jIva aura ajIva viSayaka hai| vainasika bandha do prakAra kA hai-AdimAn aura anAdimAn / snigdha rUma guNoM ke nimitta se bijalI, ulkA, jaladhArA, indradhanuSa mAvi rUpa pudgalabandha bAdimAn hai| , adharma AkAza aura kAla kA kabhI bhI paraspara viyoga nahIM hotA bata: inakA banAvibandha hai| saumya aura spolya: . ye do do prakAra ke hai-eka antya baura dUsarA baapekssik| ansya savimya paramANugoM meM hai aura ApekSika saumya aura, mAvalA bAdi meM hai| isI taraha antya sthaulya jagadvyApI mahAskandha meM tathA ApekSika sauSamya bera, pAMvalA, bela Adi meM hai| saMsthAna aura mer| saMsthAna (AkRti) do prakAra kA hai- ityaMlakSaNa aura bnitvNsaan| pona, trikoNa, catuSkoNa bAdi rUpa se jisakA varNana kiyA jA sake yaha itpalakSaNa hai| tathA usase bhinna meSa bAdi kA saMsthAna jise nirUpitama kiyA jA sake vaha banitpaMlakSaNa hai| mere chaH prakAra kA hai-utkara (pIralA), pUrNa, baNDa, cUNikA (vAla banAnA), pratara (batrapaTala), aura anuSaTana (sphulingg)| andhakAra, jAvA mAra mAtapa : dRSTi kA pratibandhaka andhakAra hai|bh prakAza kA babhAva mAtra nahIM basA maiyAyika mAnate , balki vaha prakAza ke samAna hI bhaavsmm|

Page #173
149 prakAza ke AvaraNabhUta zarIra Adi se chAyA hotI hai / vaha do prakAra kI hai-varSapariNatA aura prativimba / svaccha darpaNa meM mukhAdi kA dikhanA harNapariNatA hai aura asvaccha darpaNa Adi meM mAtra pratibimba par3anA pratibimba chAyA hai| mImAMsakoM kI dRSTi meM darpaNa meM chAyA nahIM par3atI balki netra kI kiraNeM darpaNa se TakarAkara vApisa loTatI haiM aura apane mukha ko hI dekhatI haiM / sUryAdi ke uSNa prakAza ko Atapa kahate haiM / candra, maNi, jugunu Adi ke prakAza ko udyota kahate haiM / ' yugala aura mana : 1 pudgala aura AtmA kA anAdikAlIna sambandha hai / jaba taka AtmA saMsAra meM saMsaraNa karatA hai taba taka usake sAtha pudgala kA sambandha banA rahatA hai / pudgala se hI zarIra kI saMracanA hotI hai / mana, vacana, zvAsocchavAsa Adi kArya pudgala ke hI haiN| zarIra ke pAMca bheda kahe gaye haiM-auvArika, free, AhAraka, tejasa aura kArmANa / audArika zarIra sthUla zarIra hai jo manuSya aura tiryaJcoM ke hotA hai / vaikriyaka zarIra adRzya rahatA hai jo devoM aura nArakiyoM ke hotA hai / labdhi prApta manuSya aura tiryaJca bhI use prApta kara sakate haiM / AhAraka zarIra vaha hai jisakI racanA pramattasaMyata (muni) apanI zaMkA-samAdhAna ke lie karate haiN| apane iSTa sthAna taka pahu~cakara vaha puna: vApisa A jAtA hai / AhAraka vargaNA se ina tInoM prakAra ke zarIroM kA nirmANa hotA hai tathA zvAzvocchvAsa kA saMyojana hotA hai| tejo vargaNA se tejasa zarIra banatA hai / jaTharAgni kI zakti isI zarIra kI zakti hai / bhASA vargaNA aura manovargaNA se kramaza: bhASA aura mana kA nirmANa hotA hai / karmavagaMNA se kArmANa zarIra banatA hai jo sUkSma hotA hai / mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika Adi sabhI prakAra kI pravRttiyoM kA mUla kAraNa yahI zarIra hai / " jaina darzana ke anusAra mana skandhAtmaka hai / use aNu pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA anyathA saMpUrNa indriyoM se artha kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA / vaha to eka sUkSma Abhyantarika indriya hai jo sabhI indriyoM ke sabhI viSayoM ko grahaNa kara sakatI hai / sUkSmatA ke kAraNa hI use 'anindriya' bhI kahA gayA hai| usakA koI bAdhAkAra bhI nahIM / manake do bheda haiM-dravyamana jo paudgalika hai aura bhAvamana jo indriya ke samAna labdhi aura upayogAtmaka (jJAnasvarUpa ) hai / pAzcAtya vicArakoM meM dekArta ne mana aura zarora ko bhinna-bhinna mAnA hai / spinojA ne una donoM ke bIca advaitavAda kI sthApanA kI hai| ina dvaitavAda yA 1. tanAnArtika, pu. 24 2. gomaTusAra jIvakANDa, bAbA, 106-8.

Page #174
antakriyAvAda (Inter-actionism) aura advaitavAda yA samAnAntaravAda (parallelism) ke atirikta malavAMza kA avasaravAda (occasionalism) upapavAda (Epiphenomenalism), upayogitAvAda (Pragmetic theory), navya yathArthavAda (Neo-Realism), prANAtmakatAvAda (Animistic theory) bhAdi aneka siddhAnta hai jo mana kI vyAkhyA karate haiM tathA mana aura zarIra ko sambandha spaSTa karate haiN| manu aura skandha: pudgala ke do prakAra hote haiM-aNu aura skandha / aNu atyanta sUkSma aura satata pariNamamadhIla hotA hai| usakA Adi, madhya aura anta eka hI svarUpa vAlA avibhAgI aMza hotA hai| sUkmatA ke kAraNa vaha indriyoM dvArA agrAhapa hai| skandha sthUla aura pAhaNIya hotA hai / paramANu skandhoM ke bhedapUrvaka utpanna hotA hai ataH vaha kAraNa ke sAtha hI kAryarUpa bhI hai |usmeN sneha Adi muNa utpana aura vinaSTa hote haiM / ataH kathaJcit vaha anitya bhI hai / paramANu niravayava hai ataH usameM eka rasa, eka gandha aura eka varNa hai| zIta uSNa meM se koI eka tathA snigdha aura rUkSa meM se koI eka, isa taraha avirodhI do sparza hote haiN| guru, laghu, mRdu aura kaThina sparza paramANu meM nahIM pAye jAte kyoMki ve skandhagata haiN| zarIra indriya aura mahAbhUta Adi skandha spa kAryoM se paramANu kA astitva siddha hotA hai / vaha avibhAgI hotA hai| aNu-paramANu ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-dravya (pudgala), kSetra (AkAza), kAla (samaya) aura bhAva (guNa) / inake aura bhI bheda-prabheda milate haiN| pramANugoM ke paraspara bandha ko skandha kahate haiM / ve tIna prakAra ke haiMskandha, skandhadeza aura skandhapradeza / skandha ke, marSabhAga ko skandhadeza mora skandhadeza ke barSabhAga ko skandhapradeza kahA jAtA hai| pRthvI, jala, agni, bAyu mAvi skanda ke hI bheda haiN| sparzAdi aura zabdAdi usI kI paryAya haiN| inhIM skandhoM ke paraspara bheda, saMghAta aura bhedasaMghAta se dvipradezI, tripradezI, anantapradezI bAdi skandhoM kI utpatti hotI hai / ye skandha kamI dikhAI dete haiM aura kabhI nahIM / paramANuoM ke paraspara bandha meM snigdhatA aura rUkSatA kAraNa hotI hai aura inhIM kAraNoM se pudgala athavA sRSTi samudAya kA sRjana hotA hai| Adhunika vijJAna bhI ise svIkAra karatA hai| 1. bhagavatIzataka, 2.10.16 2. ana yana mora bAdhunika vijJAna, pa. 2072.

Page #175
151 skandha ke sAdhAraNataH chaH bheda kiye jAte haiM- 1)sthUla (dUdha, ghI, mAdi); ii)sthUma-sthUla (lakar3I, patthara, parvata Adi),iii) sUkSma (kArmANavargaNA mAdi), iv) sUkSma-sUkSma (baghaNuka skandha Adi), v) sUkSma-sthUla (sparza, rasa, gandha, Adi), vi) aura, sthUlasUkSma (chAyA, prakAza, Atapa aadi)| janadarzana skandha-nirmANa kI prakriyA ko isa prakAra pradarzita karatA hai1. snigdhatA aura rUkSatA kA sambandha 2. snigdha paramANu kA snigdha paramANu ke sAtha sambandha, para unakI snigdhatA meM do baMzoM se adhika antara na ho| 3. sma paramANu kA snigdha paramANu ke sAtha sambandha, para unakI rUkSatA meM do aMzoM se adhika antara na ho| 4. jaghanya guNavAn avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hogA / 5. sadRza-snigdha se tathA snigdha aura rUkSa se rUkSa avayavoM kA bhI samAna guNa hone para bandha nahIM hogaa| 6. do se adhika guNavAle avayavoM kA bhI bandha nahIM hogaa| digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM bandha kI prakriyA meM kucha matabheda hai| use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kaha sakate haiM sadRza visadaza di. paramparA zve. para. di. para. zve. para. 1. jaghanya jaghanya nahIM nahIM nahIM nhiiN| 2. bapanya + ekAdhika nahIM nahIM nahIM hai 3 jaghanya + adhika nahIM hai nahIM hai 4. jaghanya + trayadhika nahIM hai nahIM hai 5. jaghanyetara + samajaghanyetara nahIM nahIM 6. aSanyetara + dayadhikajaghanyetara nahIM nahIM nahIM hai| 7. apanyetara + dvayadhikajaghanyetara hai hai 8.canyetara tyadhikAdijanyetara nahIM hai nahIM hai pudgaloM kA bandha ho jAne para adhika guNa vAlA nyUna guNa vAle ko apane rUpa pariNamana karA letA hai / jaise adhika mIThA gur3a dhUli Adi ko mITha spa meM badala detA hai / bandha hone para vaha eka skandha bana jAtA hai|' 1. gomaTTasAra, pIvakANDa, gAthA, 602. 2. snipatmatvAd bandhaH, na papanya guNAnAm, guNa sAmye sadRzAnAma, vyaSikAviguNAnAM na-svArpasUtra, 5. 33-36. 3. vizeSa dekhiye-jaina-dharma-darzana, pR. 195 4. banve'dhiko pAriNAmiko ca, tatvApaM vArtika, 5.37 guNa ALWor PEPARANORAMA -

Page #176
, jaina darzana meM pudgaloM kA vibhAjana ATha vargaNAmoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| varganA kA tAtparya hai varga athavA zreNI / pudgala ke ye ATha varga haiM1. audArika vargaNA- sthUla zarIra ke rUpa meM pRthvI, pAnI, tathA manuSya, pazu, pakSI ke zarIra / 2. AhAra vargaNA- kisI viziSTa RSi ke vicAra ke saMkramama ke rUpa meM pariNata paramANu / 3. bhASA vargaNA- zabda rUpa paramANu / 5. kriyaka varganA- devoM aura nArakiyoM kA paramANumaya zarIraM / 5. mano vargaNA- manobhAva rUpa prmaannu| 6. zvAsocchavAsa vargaNA- AtmA athavA prANavAyu ke rUpa meM pariNata paramANu / 7. tejasa vargaNA- taijasa rUpa prmaannu| 8. kArmANa vargaNA- karma rUpa vargaNA / pudgala kA artha hI hai pUraNa (pud) aura galana (gal) ina do dharmo se saMyukta padArtha / ye donoM dharma sUkSma se sUkSma aura sthUla se sthUla padArthoM meM vidyamAna hai / aNu aura pRthvI meM bhI yaha pUraNa-galanAtmaka parivartana hotA rahatA hai| usameM sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa ye cAroM guNa pAye jAte haiM jo maSTa nahIM hote / ataH vaha sat hai, utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya rUpa hai| paramANuvAda aura skanyavAda isI kI dena hai / bheda, saMghAta aura bhedasaMghAta ina tIna prakriyAjoM se bandha sadaiva hotA rahatA hai / motikavAdI darzanoM meM puNata: bhautikavAdI darzana bhI saMsAra kI sRSTi pudgala dvArA nirmita mAnate haiM / DimokriTasa ne paramANu ko avibhAjya (indivisible) aura avinAzI KIndestructable) kahA hai / ina asaMkhya paramANugoM se hI sRSTi kI sarjanA hotI hai / ipIkyUrasa ne paramANuSoM ko gatizIla mAnA hai| paramANuvAda aura prakRtivAda bhautikavAdI haiN| yantravAda (mechanism) ke anusAra sArI saSTi kAryakAraNa sambandha se svataHsaMcAlita hotI hai / kula milA kara hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bhautikavAdI darzanoM meM pudgala use kahA jAtA hai jisameM sthAna yA vik (space) gherane kI kSamatA ho aura jisameM calatva (mobilitiy) aura macamatva (Intertia)guNa vidyamAna hoN|

Page #177
puthala aura mAdhunika vijJAna : pudgala kA yaha siddhAnta mAdhunika vaijJAnika siddhAntoM se milatA-julatA hai| bAdhunika vijJAna bhI tattva ko parivartanazIla mAnatA hai / aNubama baNugoM ke vibhAjana kA pariNAma hai aura udjanavana unake saMyoga kA / ye donoM pudgala kI paryAyeM hai / janadarzana ne zabda ko paudgalika mAnA hai aura isI ke phalasvarUpa reDiyo, TeligrAma, betAra kA tAra, Tepa rikArDara Adi bana sake hai| sArA jagata pudgala dravya kI paryAyoM kA pariNAma hai| pana-vidhuta aura RNavidyuta ke rUpa meM snigdha aura rUkSa kA saMyoga hotA hai| paramANu kI gatizIlatA vijJAna meM RNANu (ilekTraoNna) ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai jo prati sekanDa lagabhaga 2000 kilo mITara kI gati se cakkara lagAtA hai / bandhakAra, prakAza Adi ko vijJAna bhI zakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai jo pudgala kA hI rUpAntara hai / dharma aura adharma dravya ko vaijJAnika zabdAvalI meM pira' kahA jA sakatA hai| bAkAza aura kAla ko bhI svatantra dravyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA hai| sRSTi sarcanA : jaisA Upara kahA gayA hai, skandhoM ke paraspara bheda, milana Adi se pudgaloM kI utpatti hotI hai / usI ko hama jagata-sRSTi bhI kahate haiM / zarIra, vacana, mana aura zvAsocchavAsa pudgala ke hI pariNamana haiM / ye dRzya aura adRzya donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| kArmANa zarIra nirAkAra hote hue bhI cUMki mUrtimAna pudgaloM ke sambandha se apanA phala detA hai ataH vaha paudgalika hai / zabda zrotrendriya ke viSaya hote haiN| vAyu ke dvArA vaha ruI kI taraha eka-eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para prerita kiyA jAtA hai / nala, bila, rikArDa, reDiyo Adi meM pAnI kI taraha zabda roke jAte haiN| ataH paudgalika haiN| ___ isI prakAra guNa-doSa vicAra aura smaraNAdi vyApAra meM lagA mana bhI podgalika hai / zvAsocchavAsa rUpa kArya se AtmA kA astitva siba hotA hai| sukha, duHkha jIvana aura maraNa bhI pudgaloM ke hI pariNamana se hote hai| zabda, andhakAra, chAyA, Atapa, prakAza Adi rUpa pudgala bhI skandhoM ke dvArA hI utpanna hote haiM, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai| loka-saSTi bhI eka vivAda kA viSaya banA rahA hai| yaha saMsAra sAdi hai yA anAdi, anta hai yA ananta, Izvara dvArA nirmita hai yA svAbhAvika, Adi

Page #178
base prazna prArambha se hI uThate Aye haiN| prAyaH sabhI darzanoM ne ina praznoM para vicAra kiyA hai| bha. mahAvIra ne isakA samAdhAna kiyA ki loka dravya kI apekA sAnta hai kintu bhAva kI apekSA ananta hai| dravya saMkhyA meM eka hai isalie sAnta hai aura yaha paryAyoM kI apekSA se ananta hai / kAla kI dRSTi se zAzvata hai para kSetra kI dRSTi se sAnta hai / loka paMcAstikAyika hai / vaha banekAnta kI dRSTi se zAsvata bhI hai aura azAzvata bhI hai|' loka-sRSTi brahmA Adi kisI vivara kI kati nhiiN| vaha to dravyoM kA eka svAbhAvika pariNamana hai| vaidika darzana meM Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai| isa sanarbha usake pramukha tarka isa prakAra haii) pRthvI Adi kA kartA koI buddhimAn hai kyoMki vaha ghaTa ke samAna kArya hai| jo kArya hotA hai usakA koI kartA avazya hotA hai| ) kAryatva hetu kI vyApti kevala buddhimatkartRtva ke sAtha hI mAnanA cAhie, azarIrI sarvajJa, kartA ke sAtha nahIM / jJAna, cikIrSA nIra prayatna ke sAtha hI kArya hote haiM / Izvara sabhI kAryoM kA kartA hai ataH use sarvajJa bhI honA cAhie / iii) vaha Izvara eka hai aura aneka kartA usa eka adhiSThAtA ke niyantraNa meM hI kArya karate haiN| iv) banaspati Adi kA kartA dRzya nahIM, ataH use dRSyAnupalabdhi hetu se asiddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| v) Izvara dharma-adharma kI sahAyatA se hI parama dayAlu hokara tadanusAra sukha-duHkha rUpa zarIrAdi kI racanA karatA hai| vi) dharma-adharma to acetana haiM / ataH Izvara rUpa cetana se adhiSThita hokara vaha kArya karate haiM / AtmA yaha kAma kara nahIM sakatA kyoMki usameM adRSTa tathA paramANu kA jJAna nahIM / AcArya kundakunda ke bAda samantabhadra, siddhasena, akalaMka, vidyAnaMda Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne sRSTi ke sandarbha meM vaidika dArzanikoM ke uparyukta tarkoM kA isa prakAra khaNDana kiyA i) kAryatva hetu yuktiyukta nahIM kyoMki usake mAnane para Izvara bhI kArya ho jaayegaa| phira Izvara kA bhI koI nirmAtA honA caahie| isa taraha anavasthA doSa ho jaayegaa| 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 2.1.90 3. dekhiye-prazastapAda bhASya vyomavatITIkA, nyAyamaMcarI, 2.mI, 13.4.481 pramANa prakaraNa, nyAyavArtika mAvi any|

Page #179
ii) jagata yadi kRtrima hai to kUpAdi ke racayitA ke samAna jagata kA racayitA Izvara bhI alpajJa aura asarvajJa siddha hogaa| asAdhAraNa kartA kI pratIti hotI nhiiN| samasta kArakoM kA aparijJAna hone para bhI sUtradhAra makAna banAtA hai / Izvara bhI vaisA hI hogaa| iii) eka vyakti samasta kArakoM kA adhiSThAtA ho nahIM sakatA / eka kArya ko aneka aura aneka ko eka karate haiM / iv) pizAcAdi ke samAna Izvara adRzya hai, yaha ThIka nahIM / kyoMki jAti to aneka vyaktiyoM meM rahatI hai para Izvara eka hai| sattA mAtra se Izvara yadi kAraNa hai to kumbhakAra bhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai| azarIrI vyakti sakriya aura tadavastha nahIM ho sktaa| v) Izvara kI saSTi yadi svabhAvataH ruci se yA karmavaza hotI hai to Izvara kA svAtantra kahA~ rahegA? usakI AvazyakatA bhI kyA ? vItarAgatA usakI kahA~ ? aura phira saMsAra kA bhI lopa ho jaaygaa| vi) svayaMkRta karma kA phala usakA vipAka ho jAne para svayaM hI mila jAtA hai| use Izvara rUpa preraka cetana kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| karma jar3a hai avazya para cetana ke saMyoga se usameM phaladAna kI zakti svataH utpanna ho jAtI hai / jo jaisA karma karatA hai use vaisA hI phala yathAsamaya mila jAtA hai| ataH Izvara ko na to jagata kA sRSTikartA kahA jA sakatA hai aura na karmaphalapradAtA / sRSTi to aNu-skandhoM ke svAbhAvika pariNamana se hotI hai| usameM vetana-acetana athavA anya kAraNa jaba kabhI nimitta avazya bana jAte hai para unake saMyoga-viyoga meM Izvara jaisA koI kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / apanI kAraNa-sAmagrI ke saMvalita ho jAne para yaha saba svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai / AcArya akalaMka, haribhadra, vidyAnaMdi, prabhAcandra Adi dArzanikoM ne isa viSaya ko bar3I gaMbhIratA se prastuta kiyA hai / pAzcAtya varzana meM sRSTi vicAra : pAzcAtya dArzanikoM meM kucha IzvaravAdI haiM, kucha anIzvaravAdI haiM aura kucha vikAsavAdI haiM / pleTo Izvara ko ziva pratyaya ke rUpa meM, arastu mAdi saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM, sToiksa bhaviSya ke rUpa meM, dekAteM sabhI bastayoM ke nirmAtA ke rUpa meM, spinojA sArvabhauma ke rUpa meM, levanitja cidvindusamrATa

Page #180
156 ke rUpa meM, barkale mahAprayojana ke rUpa meM tathA hegela nirapekSa caitanya ke rUpa meM Izvara ko dekhate haiN| vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se prANavAda, (arunism), jIvavAda (fetishism), dvaitavAda (Ditheism), ekezvaravAda (monotheism), devavAda (deism), sarvezvaravAda (Pantheism), sarvacetanAvAda Adi siddhAnta ullekhanIya haiN| dharmanirapekSatA (secularism ) kI dRSTi se Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra bhI kiyA gayA hai aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki kArya-kAraNa niyama kA Izvara se koI sambandha nahIM / isa saMdarbha meM ekatatvavAda (causal monism) ke sthAnapara bahutatvavAda (Causal pluralism) ko prastuta kiyA gayA jo jaina darzana se kucha mela khAtA hai / karmasiddhAnta svarUpa aura bizleSaNa : Izvara kI paratantratA se chuTakArA pAnA aura AtmA kI svatantratA ko Upara lAkara satkarmoM kI pratiSThA karanA karma siddhAnta kA pramukha uddezya rahA hai / pratyeka vyakti meM AtmA kI parama zakti ko prApta karane kI kSamatA rahatI hai jo avidyA, prakRti, ajJAna, adRSTa, moha, vAsanA, saMskAra Adi ke kAraNa pracchanna ho jAtI hai / jIva anAdi kAla se mithyAjJAna ke kAraNa mohAviSTa rahatA hai / kaSAya aura yogoM se vaha svatantra nahIM ho pAtA / phalataH saMsAra meM vaha saMsaraNa karatA rahatA hai / karmabandha aura punarjanma se mukta hone ke lie saMbara aura nirjarA karanI par3atI hai / yaha karma siddhAnta sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika jIvana meM pavitratA, zAnti, sahayoga, sauhArda, aura samatA jaise mAnavIya guNoM ko udbhUta karane aura unako sthira banAye rakhane meM pUrNa sakSama hai / anyathA bhautikavAda ke cakAcauMdha meM jIvana azAnta aura apriya bana jAyegA / karma ke kSetra meM vizeSataH do pakSa dikhAI dete haiM eka pravartaka pakSa aura dUsarA nivartaka pakSa / pravartaka pakSa janmAntara aura sukha-dukha kA kAraNa karma ko avazya mAnatA thA para vaha mAtra svargavAdI thaa| dharma, artha aura kAma ye tIna puruSArtha usake siddhAnta meM the / mokSa kA koI sthAna usameM nahIM thA / yajJAdi anuSThAnoM kA phala svarga taka hI sImita thA / isake viparIta dUsarA pakSa nivartakavAdI thaa| usake anusAra punarjanma kA kAraNa karma avazya hai para usake mana meM svarga se Age parama sukha rUpa mokSa kI kalpanA hai jise usane caturtha puruSArtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI / isameM puNya, dayA Adi jaise satkarma athavA zubhopayogI karma svarga-prApti ke lie to ThIka

Page #181
157 haiM parantu mokSa prApti ke lie unako bhI chor3akara zuddhopayogI honA apekSita hai / prathama paramparA samAjonmukha thI aura dvitIya paramparA vyakti vikAsonmukhI mI / jaina-bauddha paramparA dvitIya paramparA kI anugAminI rahI hai / dvitIya paramparA ke prabhAva se pravartanavAdI paramparA kucha nivartana kI ora jhukI aura usameM do pakSa hue| prathama pakSa ne pravartana pakSa ko sarvadhA hai nahIM mAnA / isa paramparA ko nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM kA netRtva milaa| aura dvitIya pakSa ne pravartaka paramparA kI taraha zrIta-smArta karma ko bhI haiya mAnakara karmoM kI Atyantika nivRtti rUpa mokSa kI pratiSThA kI / ise sAMkhya yoga darzana ne prArambha kiyA / vedAnta darzana kA bhI vikAsa isI darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM huA / nyAya-vaizeSika paramANuvAdI haiM, sAMkhya-yoga pradhAnavAdI haiM aura jaina vIjavarNana pariNAmavAdI haiM / paramANuvAdI karma ko cetana-niSTha mAnakara use cetanadharma mAnate haiM, pradhAnavAdI use jar3adharma kahate haiM aura pariNAmavAdI cetana aura jar3a ke pariNAma rUpa se ubhayavAdI haiM / karma siddhAnta kI prAcInatA : pariNAmavAdI jaina darzana kA karma siddhAnta kAphI prAcIna hai / mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI granthoM meM karmapravAda pUrva kA ullekha AtA hai| isa se patA calatA haiM ki karma granthoM kI bhI eka paramparA rahI hogii| jaina karma-paramparA kI prAcInatA kI dRSTi se pAli- prAkRta sAhitya kA yahA~ ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| pAli sAhitya meM jainadharma kA karma siddhAnta vistAra se nahIM milatA / eka halkI-sI jhAMkI avazya dikhatI hai / cUla - dukkhanakhandhasutta tathA devadahasuta ke AdhAra para bha. mahAvIra ke karmasiddhAnta kA nAmataH patA calatA hai / usake meda-prabhedoM kA jJAna nahIM ho paataa| jainadharma meM triyoga (mana, vacana aura kAya ) kA bahuta mahattva hai / jAzrava aura bandha tathA saMvara aura nirjarA kA mUla kAraNa triyoga kA halana calana tathA usakA saMvaraNa hai / bauddhadharma meM ise vidaNDa kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ne kAyadaNDa ko pApa kA sarvAdhika kAraNa mAnA para buddha ne manodaNDa para adhika jora diyA / buddhane isakI vyAkhyA apane DhaMga se kI hai aura mahAvIra kI AlocanA bhI kI hai| tathya yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne mI manodaNDa ko mukhya mAnA hai| usake sAtha yadi kAyadaNDa bhI ho gayA to vaha pApa apekSAkRta adhika gaharA ho jAtA hai| karma ke Azraya aura saMbara meM bhAva kI bhUmikA kAya se kahIM adhika hotI hai / 1. naziba nikAna, prathama bhAga (se.) 1. 172

Page #182
158. ''guttaranikAya meM mahAvIra ne svayaM ko kriyAvAdI kahA aura duko bAMdhAvAdo ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM zIlAMka ne bhI kI banAtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa akriyAvAdiyoM meM hI sammilita kiyA hai parapura nesAyaM ko kriyAvAdI aura akriyAvAdI donoM kahA / vekurAja karavAne ke pApAtI hone ke kAraNa kriyAvAdI aura akuzala karma ko rokane ke upadeNDA hone ke kAraNa akriyAvAdI haiN| anuttara nikAya meM hI vaNa zrAvaka ke mAdhyama se nignaSTha nAtamutta ke anusAra karmoM kA pAzrava aura usakI nirjarA kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 'isI nikAya meM pUrNa kazyapa ke nAma se chaH prakAra kI abhijAtiyoM kA bhIDallekha milatA hai-kaNha (kRSNa), nIla, lohita, halikha, sukA (khulla) aura paramasukka (prmshukl)|' jainadharma meM unakA varNana leNyAjoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / bhAvoM kI azuddhatA aura vizuddhatA ke mApAra para jIvoM kA yahA~ vargIkaraNa huA hai| ina udaraNoM se nigaNTha nAtaputta ke karma siddhAnta kA vistRta jJAna nahIM ho pAtA / saMbhava hai, usa samaya taka karmoM kA vargIkaraNa na kiyA gayA ho aura niyoga ke mAdhyama se hI apanA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA ho| bAja jo koM kA vargIkaraNa milatA hai vaha uttarakAlIna vikAsa kA pariNAma hogaa| AdhyAtmika kSetra meM karma kA tAtparya hai-jIvaM paratantrI kurvanti iti karmANi arthAt jIva ko jo paratantra kara de ve karma haiN| athavA jIvena miyAdarzanAdipariNAma : kriyante iti karmANi arthAt mithyAdarzanAdi pariNAmoM se saMyukta hokara jIva ke dvArA jina kA upArjana kiyA jAtA hai ve karma kahalAte haiN| ina vyutpattiyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki jIva mithyAdarzanAdi kAraNoM se karmoM meM baMdha jAtA hai / baMdhane aura bAMdhane kA jIva aura karma kA svabhAva hai| bAtmata aura karma donoM svatanta padArtha haiN| eka cetana hai, dUsarA jar3a / cetana aura jar3a kA sambandha nahIM ho sktaa| parantu donoM padArthoM meM eka vaibhAvikI zakti niyamAna hai jo para kA nimitta pAkara vastu kA vibhAva rUpa pariNamava kara detI hai|isii se jIva anAdikAla se karmoM se baMdhA hai| pudgala dravya ke sAtha eka 1.baMgura vikAva, paturSa mAga (ro.), pa. 182 2 Jainism in Buddhist Literature, pR.73-84. 3. ba sa, 4-20-5 tara nikAya, putIya mAga (ro.), 1.181

Page #183
pAnAmA hotI hai jo rAga-padi se yukta jIva meM zAnAvaraNArita pralaparajAtI hai| bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara yahI kArmANa-vargaNAkarma banA jAtI hai| pApa aura pudgala rUpa karma eka dUsare kA nimitta pAkara pariNamana karate haiM para vastutaH donoM apanI-apanI paryAyoM ke kartA haiN| samasta pApA sviyaM apane samAva kA kartA hai| dUsare to usameM nimittAmAra hai| jo bala meM svayaM bahane kI zakti hai kintu nAlI usake bahane meM minila jIva aura karma kA yaha sambandha anAdikAla se calA jA rahA hai| jIya vati svabhAvataH vizura mAnA jAtA hai para karmoM ke kAraNa usakI vizuddhatA mila hotI jAtI hai| yaha sthiti taba taka banI rahatI hai jabataka jIva aura karmakA sambandha pRthak nahIM ho jAtA tathA jIva mukta nahIM ho jaataa| yati jIva ke sAtha yaha karmabandhana anAdi nahIM hotA to phira tapasyA Adi karane kI mAlayakatA hI nahIM hotI aura phira na saMsAra kA bhI astitva hotaa| ataH yaha svataH siddha hai ki saMsArI jIva anAdikAla se janma-maraNa cakkara meM bhaTaka rahA hai| rAga-dveSAdi pariNAmoM ke kAraNa use karmabandha hotA hai aura phalataH caturgatiyoM ke tIvra duHkhoM kA bhAgI honA par3atA hai / janma-grahaNa se zarIra milatA hai| zarIra meM indriyAM hotI haiN| indriyoM se viSaya-pahana hotA hai / viSayagrahaNa se rAga-dveSa utpanna hotA hai aura rAga-vaMpAdika karmA kA sambandha anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai / bhavya jIvoM kI dRSTi se yaha sambandha anAdi hai para ananta nhiiN| vaha samyak sAdhanA se dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai parantu abhavya jIva ke lie to vaha anAdi-ananta hai| usase vaha sambandha kabhI dUra nahIM ho sakatA jo khAnu saMsAratvo jIvo tatto duhodi prinnaamo| pariNAmAle kammaM kammAdo hodi gadisu gadI / gadimadhigavassa dehI dehAdo iMviyANi jAyate / teridu visayabahaNaM tatto rAgo vA doso vA // jApadi jIvassevaM bhAvo saMsAra cekkavAlammi / idi jiNavarehi bhaNido aNAdiNiSaNo saNidhaNo vA // jIva karma ko prerita karatA hai aura karma jIva ko| ina donoM kA sambandha naukA aura nAvika ke samAna hai| koI tIsarA ina donoM kA preraka nahIM hai| 1. upAsakAmyayana, 246-9. 2. pannAstikAya, 128-130

Page #184
pI mana meM kucha niyata balara hote hai phira bhI isakI acintya cApita etI. hai| isI varaha yacApi bAtmA zarIra parimANa vAlA hai phira bhI pahalavAna semapitya zaktivAlA hai ataH zarIra se anyatra usakA bastitva pramANita vAlA aura karma kA anyonyAnupraveza rUpa bandha hotA hai arthAt mAtmA gaura karma ke pradeza paraspara mila jAte haiM / svarNa aura kAlinA ke bandha ko taraha yaha bandha anAdi aura sAnta hotA hai| arthAt jaise svarNa meM bAna se hI maila milA hotA hai aura mala ko bAda meM dUra karake mukha kara liyA jAtA hai vaise hI bIva aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hone para bhI mAnta hotA hai| sebagni kA lakSaNa svabhAvataH uSNatA hai vaise hI jIva bora pudamana karma kA banda bhI banAdi aura svataH sikha hai| vaha kisane, kahA~ para, kaise kiyA, ye prazna AkAza puSpa ke samAna haiN| karma ke do bheda hai-dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma / jIva se saMbaDa pudagala karma koyakarma (kArmANa zarIra) aura usase utpanna hone vAle rAga-deSAdika vikArI bhAvoM ko bhAvakarma kahate haiN|' banya prakAra se usake mATha bheda bhI kiye jAte haiM-mAnAvaraNa, varzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, bhAyu, nAma, gotra, bAra antraay| inase jIva kI vaimAvika dazA pragaTa hotI hai aura inake bAva meM vaha apane bhAvoM se hI svayaM svAbhAvika rUpa pariNamana karatI hai| bata svAbhAvikI aura vaimAvikI ye padArtha kI do zaktiyAM avasthA bheda se hI hai, tatvataH nhiiN| miyAdarzana, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga, ina pAMca kAraNoM se karma kA bandha hotA hai| bandha ke tIna bheda haiM-dravyabandha, bhAvabandha mora umayabanda / jIva pradeza aura karma paramANuboM kA parasparavandha dravyabandha kahalAtA hai| dravyabandha ke kAraNa rAga-SAdi rUpa pariNAma mAvabandha kahalAtA hai| vyabaMdha baura jIva kI azuddha pariNati, yaha saba milakara ubhayabandha kahalAtA hai| jana karmazAstra meM karma kI gyAraha avasthAnoM kA varNana milatA hai-bandhana, sattA, udaya, uvIriNA, udvartanA, apavartanA, saMkramaNa, upacamana, nipatti, nikAcana bAra bavASa / 1. sAsakAmyayana, 106-7. 2. bI 119-112. 3. pamyAyAyI, 2-15 4. sapisiki, 2-25 bAvanInAM . 129-.

Page #185
161 karmabandha cAra prakAra kA bhI kahA gayA hai- prakRtibandha, sthitibandha anubhAgabandha aura pradezabandha / prakRtibandha aura pradezabandha yogoM se hote haiM / tathA sthiti aura anubhAgabandha kaSAyoM se / jIva ke yoga aura kaSAya rUpa, bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara jaba kArmANa vargaNAyeM karmarUpa pariNata hotI haiM to unameM cAra bAteM hotI haiM svabhAva, sthiti, phaladAnazakti aura amuka parimANa meM usakA jIva ke sAtha sambaddha honA / inako hI bandha kahate haiM / sabhI jIvoM ke dasaveM guNasthAna taka ye cAroM prakAra ke bandha hote haiN| kA udaya na hone se sthiti aura anubhAga bandha nahIM hotA / sthAna meM yoga ke bhI na rahane se koI bandha nahIM hotA / Age kaSAya caudahaveM guNaka prakRtibandha : karmoM meM jJAnAdi guNoM ko ghAtane kA jo svabhAva rahatA hai use prakRtibandha kahate haiM / isameM pratyeka karma kI prakRti (svabhAva) kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / jJAnAvaraNa kI prakRti hai - artha - jJAna nahIM hone denA / darzanAvaraNa kI prakRti artha kA darzana na hone denA, vedanIya kI prakRti sukha-duHkha saMvedana, mohanIya meM darzanamohanIya kI prakRti tattvArtha kA azraddhAna aura cAritra mohanIya kI prakRti pariNAmoM meM asaMyamana, Ayu kI prakRti bhavadhAraNa, nAma kI prakRti nAma vyavahAra karAnA, gotra kI prakRti U~ca-nIca vyavahAra aura antarAyakarma kI prakRti dAnAdi meM vighna upasthita karanA hai / prakRtibandha ke do bheda haiM- mUlaprakRti aura uttaraprakRti / jJAnAvaraNAdi ke bheda se mUlaprakRti ATha prakAra kI hai aura uttaraprakRti 97 prakAra kI / uttaraprakRtibandha ke bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. jJAnAvaraNIya 5-matyAvaraNa, zrutAvaraNa, avadhyAvaraNa, mana:paryayAvaraNa, aura kevalajJAnAvaraNa 2. darzanAvaraNIya 9 - cakSudarzanAvaraNa, acakSudarzanAvaraNa. avadhidarzanAvaraNa, kevaladarzanAvaraNa, nidrA, nidrA-nidrA, pracalA, pracalA. pracalA tathA styAnagRddhi / sAtAvedanIya aura asAtAvedanIya 3. vedanIya 2 4. mohanIya 28 - mUlabheda do haiM-darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya | darzanamohanIya ke tIna bheda haiM-mithyAtva, samyagmithyAtva aura samyagprakRti / cAritra mohanIya ke do bheda haiM-kaSAya aura nokaSAya / kaSAya ke 16.

Page #186
bheda hai-koSa, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / ye cAra mUla kaSAya haiM aura unameM pratyeka ke cAra bheda haiManantAnubandhi, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, pratyAsthAnAvaraNa tathA saMjvalana / nokaSAya (manovRttiyA~) ke 9 meda' haiM-hAsya, rati, marati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA. strIveda, veda aura napuMsakaveda / 5. Ayu 4- nAraka, tiryak, manuSya aura deva / 6. nAma 42- gati, jAti, zarIra, aMgopAMga, nirmANa, bandhana, saMghAta, saMsthAna, saMhanana, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparma, mAnupUrvI, agurulaghu, upaghAta, paraSAta, Atapa, udyota, ucchavAsa, vihAyogati, prasa, sthAvara, vAdara, paryApta, aparyApta, pratyeka zarIra, sAdhAraNazarIra, sthira, asthira, zubha, azubha, subhaga, durbhaga, susvara, duHsvara, Adeya, anAdeya, yazaskIti, ayazaskIti, nirmANa tathA tIrthakaratva / gotra 2 ucca aura nIca / antarAya 5- dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga aura vIrya / / ina pAribhASika zabdoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie tatvArya rAjavAtika (8.5-13) Adi grantha dRSTavya haiN| vistAra ke bhaya se use yahA~ prastuta nahI kara rahe haiN| 2. sthitibandha sthitibandha meM karmoM kI sthiti para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai ki kauna karma adhika se adhika kitane aura kama se kama kitane samaya taka jIva ke sAtha rahate haiN| mAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya tathA antarAya karma kI utkRSTa sthiti tIsa koTi-koTi sAgara pramANa hai| isI prakAra darzanamohanIya kI utkRSTa sthiti sattara koTi-koTi sAgara, cAritramohanIya kI cAlIsa koTikoTi sAgara, Ayu karma kI tetIsa sAgara aura nAma karma tathA gotra karma kI utkRSTa sthiti bIsa koTi-koTi sAgara pramANa hai| unakI jayanya sthiti isa prakAra hai-zAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, Ayu tathA antarAyakarma kI jaghanya sthiti antamUharta, vedanIya kI bAraha muhUrta tathA nAma aura gotra karma kI pATha

Page #187
163. 3. anubhAgabandha kahIM-kahIM ise anubhava bandha bhI kahA gayA hai / isake antargata karmaH pudgaloM kI phaladAna zakti batAyI gaI I isI ko vipAka kahA gayA hai / ' jaba zubha pariNAmoM kI prakarSatA hotI hai to zubha prakRtiyoM kA utkRSTa aura azubha prakRtiyoM kA nikRSTa anubhAga bandha hotA hai aura jaba azubha pariNAmoM' kI prakarSatA hotI hai taba azubha prakRtiyoM kA utkRSTa aura zubha prakRtiyoM kA nikRSTa anubhAga bandha hotA hai / ye karma prakRtiyA~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM--ghAtI aura aghAtI / jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ye cAra prakRtiyAM ghAtI kahalAtI haiM kyoMki inase AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya rUpa cAra mUla guNoM kA ghAta hotA hai / zeSa cAra prakRtiyA~ aghAtI haiM kyoMki ye kisI bhI AtmaguNoM' kA ghAta nahIM karatIM / ghAtI prakRtiyoM ke bhI do bheda hote haiM--sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI / kevalajJAnAvaraNa, nidrA, nidrA-nidrA, pracalA, pracalApracalA, styAnagRddhi, kevaladarzanAvaraNa, bAraha kaSAya aura darzanamoha ye bIsa prakRtiyA~ sarvadhAtI haiN| zeSa cAra jJAnAvaraNa, tIna darzanAvaraNa, pAMca antarAya, saMjvalana' aura nava nokaSAya ye dezaghAtI prakRtiyA~ / zeSa prakRtiyA~ aghAtI haiM / ghAtika karmoM kA anubhAga kramaza: latA, dAru (kASTha), asthi tathA zilA ke samAna cAra prakAra kA hai / aghAti karmoM kI azubha prakRtiyoM kA anubhAga kramazaH nIma, kAMjIra, viSa aura hAlAhAla ke samAna cAra prakAra kA tathA zubha prakRtiyoM kA anubhAga gur3a, khAMDa, zarkarA evaM amRta ke samAna cAra prakAra kA hai| 4. pradezabandha pradezabandha meM karma rUpa se pariNata pudgala skandhoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai / unakI saMkhyA anantAnanta hai / ve pudgala skandhaH abhavyoM ke anantaguNoM aura siddhoM ke anantaveM bhAga haiN| ve karma yogakriyA se Ate haiM aura AtmapradezoM para Thahara jAte haiM / karma do prakAroM meM bhI vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai--zubha aura azubha, athavA puSpa aura pApa / umAsvAmI ne inheM Azrama ke bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA 1. vipAkosnubhavaH, tatvArthasUtra, 8.21 2. karma prakRti, pu. 45-46 3. sUtrakRtAMga, 2-5-16 paJcAstikAya, 2 - 1980

Page #188
hai| ina bhAvoM kI utpatti athavAzAMna kI taranamatA niSkAraNa nahIM hotii| usakA koI kAraNa avazya honA caahie| vaha kAraNa karma hI hai| vaha karma bhI bahetuka nahIM hotA anyathA usakA vinAza nahIM ho skegaa| para vinAza hotA hai aura usake phalasvarUpa mokSa hotA hai / ataH karma ke vidyamAna rahane para saMsAra aura usake vinaSTa ho jAne para mokSa kI prApti honA siddha hotA hai| karmavAda kI virodhI mAnyatAoM-kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda yAdi kA bhI karmavAda meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| ye sahakArI kAraNoM ke rUpa meM kArya karate haiN| samUcA pudgala dravya jIva kA aneka prakAra se upakAra karatA hai| sukhaduHkha denA, godArikAdi zarIra kI racanA karanA, paMcendriyoM kA nirmANa karanA, tata-vitata Adi zabdoM kA banAnA, zvAsa, nizvAsa Adi kI saMracanA karanA Adi kArya pudgala ke dvArA hI hote haiM / karma nirAkAra hone para bhI paudgalika haiN| unakA vipAka mUrtimAna dravya ke sambandha se hI hotA hai| jaise dhAna Adi dravya jala, vAyu, dhUpa Adi mUrtika padArthoM ke sambandha se pakate haiM ataH ve mUrtika hai vaise hI paira meM kATa cubhane se asAtA vedanIya karma kA vipAka hotA hai aura miSTAnna bhojana milane para sAtA vedanIya karma kA vipAka hotA hai| mana aura vacana ko bhI paugalika mAnA gayA hai|' granthoM meM karma kI daza avasthAoM kA varNana milatA hai1. bandha-karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha baMdhanA / 2. utkarSaNa-baddha karmoM kI kAlamaryAdA aura phalavRddhi honA / 3. apakarSaNa-kAla aura phala meM zubha karmoM ke kAraNa nyUnatA honA / 4. sattA-karmabandha hone aura phalodaya hone ke bIca AtmA meM karma kI sattA (astitva) honaa| 5. udaya-karma kA phaladAna / 6. udIraNA-samaya se pUrva karma ko jaldI udaya meM le aanaa| 7. saMkramaNa-sajAtIya kamoM meM saMkramaNa honA / 8. upazama-karmoM ko udaya meM Ane ke lie akSama banA denaa| 9. niSatti-karmoM kA saMkramaNa aura udaya na ho sakanA / 10. nikAcanA-karmoM kA pragAr3ha baMdhana / 1. zumaH puNyasyAzubhaH pApasya, 1-1. 2. kArtikeyAnukA, gApA 208-209.

Page #189
165 kaSAya aura lezyA : karmAzrava kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya karma hai jisake antargata krodhAdi cAra kaSAyeM AtI haiM / kroSa miTatA nahIM, mAna mur3atA nahIM, mAyA meM vakratA hotI hai aura lobha kA svabhAva cipakanA hai / inake svabhAva kI taratamatA aura sthAyitva ke AdhAra para AcAryoM ne anantAnubandhI, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa aura saMjvalana krodhAdi kaSAyoM ke lie kucha upamAyeM dI haiM 1 1. krodha -- kramazaH pASANa, paMka, dhUli aura jala rekhA ke samAna / 2. mAna -- kramazaH pASANa, asthi, lakar3I aura beMta ke samAna / 2. mAyA -- kramazaH bA~sa kI jar3a, bhaiMsa ke sIMga, gomUtra kI dhArA aura bA~sa ke chilake samAna / 4. lobha--maMjIThiyA raMga, auMgana, kIcar3a aura haladI ke lepa ke samAna / ina kaSAyoM meM anantAnubandhI kaSAya saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kA kAraNa banatI hai / zeSa kaSAyeM kramazaH hIna hotI hai / kaSAyoM ke samAna hI mAnasika vRttiyoM kA bhI vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / jinheM 'lezyA' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / zubhAzubha pariNAmoM kA pratIka bhI kaha sakate haiM / inase AtmA karmoM se lipta ho jAtA hai / mithyAtva, asaMyama, kaSAya aura yoga ye lezyA haiM / inakI chaH zreNiyA~ raMga ke AdhAra para kI gaI haiM, jo kramazaH uttarottara hona aura vizuddha hotI gaI haiM 1. kRSNa lezyA -- tIvrakaSAyI, durAgrahI, hiMsaka, kalahapriya Adi / 2. nIla lezyA - viSayAsakta, manda, AlasI; paravaMcana meM dakSa Adi / 3. kApota lezyA -- mAtsarya, pazUnya, paranindA, yuddha Adi karane vAlA 4. pIta lezyA -- dRr3hatA, mitratA, dayAlutA, satyavAditA, dAnazIlatA Adi / 5. padma lezyA - satyavAk, kSamA, sAtvikadAna, pANDitya Adi / 6. zukla lezyA - nirvaira, vItarAgatA, guNa dRSTi Adi / kaSAyAnuviddha yoga pravRtti rUpa lezyA meM kaSAya kA udaya chaha prakAra se hotA hai - tIvratama, tIvratara tIvra, manda mandatara aura mandatama / kRSNa, nIla aura kApota lezyA vAle jIva ekendriyase lekara asaMyata samyagdRSTi guNasthAna taka hote haiM / pItalezyA aura padmalezyA vAle jIva saMjJI mithyA dRSTi se lekara sayogi kevalI guNasthAna taka hote haiM / terahaveM guNasthAna ke Age ke sabhI jIva lezyA rahita haiM / mA

Page #190
3-4. dharmadravya aura adharmadravya : dharmadravya aura adharmadravya jainadarzana ke viziSTi pAribhASika zabda haiM / unakA sambandha sAdhAraNa taura para pracalita dharma aura adharma ke artha se nahIM hai, balki ve jIva aura pudgaloM kI gati aura sthiti meM sahakArI kAraNa haiN| / jaise machalI ke tairane meM jala upakAraka hotA hai, jala ke abhAva meM machalI tara hI nahIM sktii| usI prakAra AkAza sarvavyApaka hai para dharma-adharma ke binA usameM jIva aura ajIva (pudgala) calane aura Thaharane meM samartha nahIM ho sakate / yahA~ yaha. dRSTavya hai ki jisa prakAra lAThI aura dIpaka vyakti ke lie upakAraka kAraNa haiM, preraka nahIM, usI prakAra ye dharma aura adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI gati aura sthiti meM mAtra upakAraka kAraNa haiM, preraka nhiiN| pakSiyoM ke gamana meM AkAza ko nimitta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki AkAza kA kArya to avakAza denA mAtra hai| ye donoM dravya amUrtika, niSkriya, akhaNDa, vyApaka nitya aura asaMkhyAta pradezI haiN| apane ananta agurulaghuguNoM se utpAda, vyaya karate hue bhI ve dravya anAdikAlIna haiM / alokAkAza meM to ve sAdhAraNataH rahate haiM para unake astitva kA vizeSa AbhAsa AkAza meM vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ jIva eka nizcita sImA ke bAda gamana nahIM kara paate| jIva aura pudgala apane gamana aura sthagana meM svayaM hI upAdAna kAraNa haiM tathA dharma aura adharma dravya usameM sahakArI kAraNa bana jAte haiN| kAraNa tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-1. pariNAmI kAraNa arthAt jo kAraNa svayaM kArya rUpa se pariNamana kre| ise upAdAna kAraNa bhI kahate haiN| jaise miTTI jo ghar3e rUpa kArya meM badala jAtI hai| 2. nimittakAraNa arthAt jo svayaM kArya rUpa se pariNata to na hoM para kartA ko kArya kI utpatti meM sahAyaka hoN| jaise-ghar3e kI utpatti meM daNDa, cakra Adi nimitta kAraNa hote hai| aura 3. nivartaka kAraNa arthAt jo kArya kA kartA hotA hai| jaise ghar3e kA kartA kumhAra / dharma aura adharma dravya kAraNoM meM se nimittakAraNa athavA sahakArI kAraNa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiM / Adhunika vijJAna kI zabdAvalI meM ise Ether kaha sakate hai| 1. pampAstikAya, 83-84.; uttarAdhyayana, 8.9,28.9 20 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gApA 212, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, kA. 49 kI TIkA. tatvAsAra, 3.23

Page #191
5. mAkArAya: AkAza kA kArya avagAhana karanA hai, sthAna denA hai| vaha bhamUrtika, bakhaNDa, nitya, sarvavyApaka aura anantapradezI dravya hai| usameM jIva aura pudgala ko eka sAtha avakAza dene kI kSamatA hai| usakI yaha kSamatA kabhI bhI samApta nAhIM hotI / AkAza ke do bheda hai-lokAkAza bora alokAkAza / lokAkAza meM jIvAdi pA~ca dravyoM kA astitva rahatA hai para balokAkAza dravya hIna hai| lokAkAza asaMkhyAta pradezI hai aura alokAkAza anantapradezI hai| bhAratIya darzana meM mAkAza : nyAya-vaizeSika dArzanika zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnate haiM para yaha ThIka nahIM / zabda to podgalika hai / use reDiyo Adi ke rUpa meM rokA aura bharA jA sakatA hai / taba zabda ke AdhAra para AkAza ko nahIM pahacAnA jA sktaa| sAMkhya AkAza ko pradhAna kA vikAra mAnate haiN| sat, raja, aura tama nyUmoM kI sAmyAvasthA rUpa pradhAna meM utpAdana kA svabhAva hai aura AkAza bhI usI svabhAva kA aMga hai| para unakA kathana sahI nahIM dikhtaa| kyoMki jisa prakAra ghar3A pradhAna kA vikAra hokara anitya, mUrta aura asarvagata hai usI prakAra AkAza ko bhI honA cAhie / athavA AkAza kI taraha ghaTa ko nitya, ,amUrta aura sarvagata honA cAhie para hai nahIM / baudadarzana AkAza ko 'asaMskRta' padArtha mAnatA hai jisameM utpAdAdi nahIM hote| para AkAza ko hama abhAva rUpa nahIM mAna skte| usameM agurulaghu guNoM kI hAni-vRddhi dekhI jAtI hai / use AvaraNAbhAva rUpa bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki jisa prakAra nAma aura vedanA Adi amUrta hone se .anAvaraNa rUpa hokara bhI sat hai usI prakAra AkAza ko bhI.sat mAnane meM - kaunasI Apatti ho sakatI hai ? pAzcAtya varNana meM mAkArA : pAzcAtya darzana meM isa saMdarbha meM do mata pracalita haiM / kucha dArzanika AkAza ko bAhayagata (objective space) mAnate hai aura kucha use viSayIgata (subjective space) mAnate haiN| prathama pakSa meM nyUTana aura dekArte kA nAma ullekhanIya hai aura dvitIya pakSa meM lAivanIja, barkale, hayUma, mAdi dArzanika jAte haiM / kAnTa ativAdI haiM aura hegala samanvayavAdI haiM / 1. bAkAzasyAvagAhaH, tatvArthasUtra, 5.18.; bhagavatIsUtra, 13.14,

Page #192
168 kAladravya : kAla dravya padArtha ke vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA aura paratvAparatva vyavahAra meM upakAraka hai / padArtha meM pratikSaNa utpAda vyaya - dhrauvya rUpAtmaka pariNamana kA jo anubhava hotA hai bahI vartanA hai / zizu avasthA se vRddhAvasthA taka pahu~cane meM jo parivartanAdi hote haiM unheM vartanA kahA jAtA hai / yaha vartanA pratikSaNa pratyeka padArtha meM hotI rahatI hai / ise anastikAyika dravya kahA gayA hai / 1 padArtha meM jo svAbhAvika yA prAyogika parivartana hotA hai use pariNAma kahate haiM / isameM padArtha kA mUla rUpa sthira rahatA hai / bAhya aura Abhyantara nimittoM se dravya meM honevAlA parispandAtmaka pariNamana kriyA hai / vaha do prakAra kI hai-bailagAr3I Adi meM prAyogika tathA megha Adi meM svAbhAvika kriyA hotI hai / paratva aura aparatva kA sambandha kSetra aura kAla se hai / padArtha kA sthAnAntaraNa honA kriyA hai / inameM vartanA tattva nizcayakAla ko vyakta karatA hai aura zeSa upakAraka tatva bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya rUpa vyavahArakAla se sambaddha haiM / pratyeka lokAkAza ke pradeza para eka kAlANudravya avasthita hai / unakA koI pArasparika sambandha nahIM / kAla bhI amUrtika hai aura niSkriya hai / ghar3I, ghaNTA, pala, dina, rAta Adi ke rUpa meM usakA astitva pramANita hotA hai / ve bhUta, vartamAna, aura bhaviSya kAla ke hI pratirUpa haiM / dravyoM ke paratva aura aparatva (prAcInatA aura navInatA) jAnane kA mAdhyama bhI kAla hai / ataH ke lie nahIM hai / vaha to eka svAbhAvika siddha padArtha hai rahatA hai / / kAla mAtra vyavahAra vaha sadA badalatA jainadarzana meM do paramparAyeM haiM- kucha AcArya kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara use jIva- ajIva kI paryAya mAnate haiM tathA upacAra meM use dravya kahate haiM / umAsvAmI bhI kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnate hue nahIM dikhAI dete, para bhagavatIsUtra, ' paJcAstikAya Adi granthoM meM use svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / prAyaH isI paramparA ko sabhI jainAcAryoM ne mAnA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM kAla ke bhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jisake do bhAga na hoM usa kAlAMza ko samaya kahate haiM / asaMkhyaMya samayoM ke samudAya kI AvalikA 1. uvayArA davyayajjAmo, (devendrasUri) navatatvaprakaraNa 2. bhagavatI, 25.4 3. pacAstikAya, 1.23,24

Page #193
169 hotI hai| asaMkhyAta mAvalikA kA eka ucchvAsa, saMkhyAta bhAvalikA kA eka niHzvAsa, hRSTa, anavakalpa, aura vyAdhirahita eka jantu kA eka ucchvAsa bora niHzvAsa eka prANa kahalAtA hai| sAta prANa kA stoka, sAta stoka kA eka.lava, 77 lava kA eka muhUrta, tIsa muharta kA eka ahorAtra, pandraha mahorAtra kA eka pakSa, do pakSa kA eka mAsa, do mAsa kI eka Rtu, tIna Rtu kA eka bayana, do ayana kA eka saMvatsara, pAMca saMvatsara kA eka yuga, bIsa yuga kA sau varSa, dasa sau varSa kA eka hajAra varSa, sau hajAra varSa kA eka lAkha varSa, caurAsI lAkha varSa kA eka pUrvAGga, caurAsI lAkha pUrvAGga kA eka pUrva aura isI taraha truTitAMga, truTita, aDaDAMga, aDaDa, avavAMga, avava, huhukAMga, huhUka, utpalAMga, utpala, padmAMga, padma, nalitAMga, nalina, arthaniyUrAMga, arthaniyUra, ayutAMga, ayuta, prayutAMga, prayuta, nayutAMga, nayuta, cUlikAMga, cUlikA, zIrSaprahelikAMga, aura zIrSaprahelikA hotI hai| yahAM taka gaNita hai-usakA viSaya hai / usake bAda aupamika kAla hai| aupamika kAla do prakAra kA hai-palyopama aura sAgaropama / sutIkSNa zastra dvArA jise chedA-bhedA na jA sake vaha paramANu hai| kevaliyoM ne use AdibhUta pramANa kahA hai / ananta paramANu samudAya ke samUhoM ke milane se eka ucchalaphNazlaviNakA, ATha ucchalaNazlakSiNakA ke milane se zlakNazlaSNikA, pATha zlakSNaplaSiNakA ke milane se eka UrdhvareNu, mATha UrdhvareNu ke milane se eka sareNa, ATha trasareNu ke milane se eka rayareNu, ATha rathareNu ke milane se devakuru aura uttarakuru ke manuSyoM kA eka bAlApa, mATha bAlAna milane se hari varSa ke aura ramyaka ke manuSya kA eka bAlAgra , harivarSa ke aura ramyaka ke ATha bAlAgra milane se haimavata ke aura airAvata ke manuSya kA eka bAlApa, aura hemabata ke aura airAvata ke manuSya ke mATha bAlAna milane se eka likSA, mATha likSA kA eka yUka, ATha yUka kA eka yavamadhya, mATha yavamadhya kA eka aMgula, chaH aMgula kA eka pAda, bAraha aMgula kI eka vitasti, caubIsa aMgula kI eka rali (hAtha), aDatAlIsa aMgula kI eka kukSi, chAnabe aMgula kA eka daNDa, dhanuSa, yuga, nAlikA, akSa athavA mUsala hotA hai| isa dhanuSa ke mApa se do hajAra dhanuSa kA eka gavyUta aura cAra gavyUta kA eka yojana hotA hai| ___ isa yojana ke pramANa se AyAma aura viSkambha meM eka yojana, UMcAI meM eka yojana aura paridhi meM savizeSa triguNa eka palya ho, usa palya meM eka dina, do dina, tIna dina aura adhika se adhika sAta dIna ke uge karor3oM bAlAgra kinAre taka ThUsakara isa taraha bhare hoM ki na unheM agni jalA sakatI ho, na unheM vAyu hara sakatI ho, jo na kutthita ho sakate hoM, na vidhvaMsa ho

Page #194
ho sakate hoM, na pUtimAva-sar3ana ko prApta ho sakate hoN| usameM se sau sau varSa ke bAda eka eka bAlA nikAlane se vaha patya jitane kAla meM bhINa, bhIraNa, nirmala, niSThita, nirlepa, apahata aura vizuddha hogA utane kAla-ko palyophma kahate haiM / aise koTAkoTi palyophmakAla ko jaba dasa gunA kiyA jAtA hai toeka sAgaropama hotA hai| isa sAgaropama ke pramANa se cAra koTAkoTi-sarokna kAla kA eka suSamasuSamA bArA, tIna koTAkoTi sAgaropamakAla kA eka suSamA, do koTAkoTi sAgaropama kAla kA eka duSamanuSamA, bayAlIsa hajAra varSa kama eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama kAla kA eka duSamAsuSamA, ikAkIsahakAra varSa kA duHSamA, ikkIsa hajAra varSa kA duHSamaduHSamA mArA hotA hai| ina chaH AroM ke samudAyakAla ko avasamiNI kahate haiN| phira isakIya imAra varSa kA duHSamA bayAlIsa hajAra varSa kama eka koTAkoTi sAmaromama kA duSamA-suSamA, do koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA suSamA-du:SamA, tIna koThAkoTi sAbAropamA kA suSamA, aura cAra koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA suSamA-suSamA mArA hotA hai| ina cha: AroM ke samudAya ko utsapiNI kAla kahate hai / dasakoTAkoTi sAgaropama kAla kI eka avasarpiNI hotI hai aura bIsa koTAkoTi sApazepama kAla kA avasapiNI-utsarpiNI kAlacakra hotA hai|' kAla kA kSetra DhAI dvIpa hai| DhAI dvIpa meM mananta jIva rahate hai| masara kAla bartana karatA hai / unameM jo banantapariNAma paryAyeM utpana hotI haiM ye kAla dravya ke nimitta se hotI haiM / ananta dravyoM para vartana karane se kAla kI paryAya saMkhyA ananta kahI gaI hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM kAla: pAzcAtya dANinikoM meM bhI kAlavAda pracalita rahA hai| nyUTana, kArte, lAivanIja Adi vidvAna isa saMdarbha meM antanirIkSaNavAdI (intuitionist) tamA yathArthavAdI (Realist) haiN| varkale, hayUma mila mAdi dArzanika kAla kI bAhayagata sattA ko asvIkAra karate haiM tathA use amarta kviAra mAtra (abstract Idea) mAnate haiN| kAnTa ne kAla ko buddhinihita, banubhava se pUrva pratyaya (a priori form) mAnA hai| hemela ne dayAtmaka (Dialectic) dRSTikoNa se uparyukta matoM kA samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| elekjenDara, AinsTIna, bADa mAdi dArzanika dik aura kAla ko abhinna mAnate haiM / lokakA svarUpa : loka kA tAtparya hai vizva / yaha samUcA vizva SaDtavyoM kA samunnaya 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 6.7; navapadArtha, pR. 93-94, 2. mo'nantasamaya, samApasUna, pR. 40; mApadArtha, pR. 94

Page #195
.171 hai jo anAdi-ananta haiM / usakA na koI nirmAtA hai aura na vidhvaMsaka / vaha to svayaM parivartanazIla hai| utpatti, vinAza aura dhrauvya usameM svayaM vidyamAna hai| ___ jaina paramparA meM loka (vizva) ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-adholoka, madhyaloka aura uurdhvlok| usakI kula U~cAI caudaha rajju mAnI jAtI hai| usakA AkAra usI prakAra kA hai jisa prakAra kamara para donoM hAtha rakhakara paira phailAye puruSa kA AkAra hotA hai| adholoka sAta rAjU pramANa nIce hai jisameM kramazaH sAta nArakIya bhUmiyAM avasthita haiM ratnaprabhA, zarkarAprabhA, bAlukApramA, paMkaprabhA, dhUmaprabhA, tamaprabhA aura mahAtamaprabhA / ina bhUmiyoM ke bIca kAphI antara hai| yaha pRthvI ghanodadhi, dhanavAta aura tanuvAta valaya ke AdhAra para TikI huI hai| madhyaloka meM asaMkhyAta dvIpa aura samudra haiN| unake bIca jambUdvIpa hai jo lavaNa samudra se pariveSTita hai| use pAlI ke AkAra kA mAnA gayA hai| jambUdvIpa meM sAta kSetra hai-haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airAvata / unakA vibhAjana karane vAle chaha parvata hai-himavAn, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukmi aura zikharI / gaMgA, sindhu Adi caudaha nadiyAM haiN| isake bAda jambUdvIpa se bar3A dhAtakIkhaNDa aura puSkarAdha dvIpa haiM / puSkara dvIpa meM mAnuSottara parvata hai| manuSya yahIM taka pahuMca sakatA hai, Age nhiiN| janma-maraNa bhI yahIM hotA hai| isI ko aDhAI dvIpa kahA jAtA hai| meru parvata se Upara Urdhvaloka hai lisameM solaha svarga hai-saudharma, IzAna, sAnatkumAra, mAhendra, brahma, brahmottara, lAMtava, kApiSTha, zukra, mahAzukra, satAra, sahasrAra, Anata, prANata, AraNa, aura acyuta / inameM rahane vAle deva kalpopapanna kahe jAte haiM / kalpoM ke Upara anu krama se 9 kalpAtIta vimAna rahate haiM jinheM 'veyaka' kahA jAtA hai / unake Upara vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta aparAjita aura sarvArthasiddhi ye pAMca kalpAtIta vimAna rahate haiM jinheM 'anuttara' kahA gayA hai| sarvArthasiddhi ke Upara ISatpralabhAra pRthvI hai cise 'siddhazilA' kahA gayA hai| mukta AtmAyeM ananta kAla taka yahIM rahatI haiN| isake bAda alokAkAza prArambha ho jAtA hai / loka kA svarUpa vistAra se tiloyapaNNatti, trilokasAra, tatvArthasUtra Adi granthoM meM dRSTavya hai / devoM ke bhI bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana vahA~ milatA hai / yahA~ hama jambUdvIpa kA kucha vizeSa vivaraNa tathA tArAmaNDala kA paribhramaNa nimnokta prakAra se samajha sakate haiM

Page #196
172 jambudvIpa kA tArAmaNDala kramAMka sAmAnya tArAmaNDala jambuDhIpa se UMcAI vyAsa (yojanoM meM) 790 sAmAnya tArAmaMDala sUrya caMdra 1/4 se 1 koza taka 48/61 yojana 800 880 56/61 // nakSatra 884 1 koza 888 zukra 891 894 eka koza se kama 1/2 koza 897 maMgala zani rAhu 900 eka yojana se kama ketu 1koSa 1yojana -1000 mIla 4 koza -4000 mIla dasa hajAra yojana vyAsa vAle sudarzana meru ko tArAmaNDala 112 yojana dUrI para pradakSiNA karatA hai| do candra aura do sUrya paraspara virodhI dizA meM sumeru parvata ke madhya se 49820 aura 50330 yojana dUrI para do dinoM meM eka pradakSiNA dete haiM tathA sUrya uttarAyaNa se dakSiNAyaNa aura dakSiNAyaNa se uttarAyaNa ( 49820 va 50330 yojanoM ke madhya ) 186 dina meM bhramaNa karate haiM / isa prakAra sauravarSa 366 dina kA hotA hai / svarga aura mokSa jambUsumeru parvata ke Upara sthita hai tathA naraka jambUdvIpa ke nIce avasthita haiN| vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie jambUdvIpa prajJapti, sUrya prApti, tattvArtha rAjavAtika, trilokasAra, jainendra siddhAnta koza Adi grantha dRSTavya hai /

Page #197
Radius trijyA 50000 50000 50000 50000 50330 50000 49820 50000 173 jambUdvIpa (eka lAkha yojana vyAsa) kA vizeSa vivaraNa (yojanoM meM) kramAMka pradeza aura parvata Width-North-South Depth Perpendcular viSkama-uttara-dakSiNa bANa laMba bhujyA airAvata kSetra 526 6/19 526 6/19 49473 13/19 2 zikharI parvata 1052 12/19 1578 18/19 48421 1/19 haraNyavata kSetra 2105 5/19 368404/19 4631515/19 7894 14/19 rukmi 4210 10/19 parvata 42105 5/19 8421 i/191388 9613 40717 ramyaka kSetra +7033 1/19 1631515/19 33684 makara vRtta sthiti 16842 2/19 = 4400 20536 29284 nIla parvata +124422/19 33157 17/19 16842 2/19 50000 +168422/19 karka vRtta sthiti 336844/19= 00000 uttara +16842 2/19 50000 videha kSetra +12442 2/19 33157 17/19 16842 2/19 dakSiNa 168424/1924400 20536 29284 8 niSaSa parvata +70331 16315 15/19 33684 4/19 karka vRtta sthiti 8421 1/19 %3D1388 9613 40717 4210 10/19 7894 14/19 421055/19 1 hari kSetra 2105 5/19 3684 4/19 46315 15/19 makara vRtta sthiti 1052 12/19 1578 1819 48421 1/19 10 mahAhimavana parvata 526 6/19 526 6/19 49473 13/19 11 haimavata kSetra 12 himavana parvata kRpayA 23 bharata kSetra (pIche dekhiye) 00000 50000 49820 50000 50330 50000 50000 50000 50000

Page #198
Time at noon i.e.t. Cos kramAMka ___" , 2 4 6 aura 12 100 yojana UMce hai , 10 200 , 8 400 , , , 0.98947 0.96842 0.92632 0-84211 0-80900 067368 0.58780 0:33684 de Arc. Chord dhanuSa jIvA 16.60 14582 14453 28.90 25218 24916 44.30 38639 37669 65.30 5698153945 72:00 63244 59168 95:30 83159 73905 108.00 9391080608 140-60 123071 94156 East end West end 13:06 10654 13:55 10:05 14:57 9:03 16:21 7:39 16.48 7:12 1821 5:39 19.12 4:48 21:22 2:38 174 0.00000 1800deg 157080 100002 00.00 00.00 0:33684 0:58780 0-67368 0-80900 0*84211 0-92632 0.96842 0.98947 140-60 123071 94156 1080deg 9391080608 95:3083159 73905 72:00 63244 59168 65.30 56981 53945 44:30 3863937662 2890 25218 24916 16.6deg 14582 14453 2:38 4:48 5:29 7.12. 7:39 9:03 10:05 10:54 21-22 19:12 18:21 16.48 16-21 14.57 13.55 13.06

Page #199
paJcama parivarta jaina jJAma mImAMsA kSetra aura svarUpa jJAna aura parsana mAna apavA pramANa kA svarUpa satrikarSa pramANa aura naya prAmANya vicAra pramANa saMplava dhArAvAhika jJAna jJAna ke bheda matimAna aura zrutamAna avavijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna kevalajJAna aura sarvajJatA pramANa ke bheda pratyakSa pramANa parokSa pramANa smRti pratyabhijJAna tarka pramANa anumAna pramANa Agama pramANa jJAna ke kAraNa pramANa kA phala pramANAbhAsa hetvAbhAsa dRSTAntAbhAsa nikSepa vyavasthA syAgAra

Page #200

Page #201
paJcama parivarta jana jJAna mImAMsA aura mora svarUpa : bhAna mImAMsA vastutaH darzanazAstra kI hI eka abhinna zAkhA hai jisameM mAtA-zaya kA sambandha, jJAna kI prakriyA, sImAyeM, paristhitiyAM, bheda-prabheda, prAmANikatA, srota Adi viSayoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| ina praznoM kA vivecana hI jJAna mImAMsA kA abhidheya banatA hai| isa vivecana meM bAgamana, nigamana, saMzleSaNa, vizleSaNa Adi jaisI dArzanika viSiyoM to prayukta hotI hI hai, sAtha hI aisA taTastha aura udAra dRSTikoNa bhI apekSita rahatA hai jisameM svAnubhava aura jJAna kA samanvita rUpa bApUrita ho| yahA~ vastuvAda, pratyayavAda, anubhavavAda jaise vAdoM ko samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se parakhakara vizuru sAna-darzana aura cAritra meM pratiSThita hokara cintana prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| jJAnazAstra kA yaha eka mUlabhUta prazna hai ki jJAna kI utpatti hamAre mana meM kisa prakAra hotI hai? vaha ajita hai yA janmajAtI pAracAtya dArzanika kSetra meM inhIM praznoM ko lekara anubhavavAda aura buddhivAda ina do piropI vicAradhArAoM kA udgama humA / samanvaya kI dRSTi se kAnTa kA samIkSAvAda bhI ullekhanIya hai| anubhavavAda ke prasthApaka jaoNna laoNka ke anusAra samasta mAna kA mUla janaka anubhava hI hai, vaha janmajAta nahIM hotaa| jJAna kI prApti ke lie usane mana, bAhaya padArtha aura mana ke antara pratyaya ko bAvazyaka batAyA / barkale aura haghUma ne isa anubhavavAda ko aura Age bddh'aayaa| anubhavavAda ke virodha meM buddhivAda khar3A huaa| isake mUla vicAraka sukarAta pleTo aura aphalAtUna the| unhoMne kahA thA ki indriyajanya jJAna basat evaM asthAyI hotA hai| dekArte ne isa tathya kI nirNAyikA ke rUpa meM buddhi ko mAnA / spinojA aura lAibanitya ne isa darzana kA vikAsa kiyaa| bAdhunika jarmana dArzanika kAnTa ne ina donoM matoM kA samanvaya kara parIkSAvAda (criticism) kI sthApanA kI / usake anusAra jJAna kI sAmagrI anubhava aura budhidonoM se prApta hotI hai| jJAna ke lie donoM anivArya tatva haiN| barkale kA pratyayavAda, haghUma kA saMdehavAda tapA beDale kA sahavAsamboSimAnavAda bhI mAnamImAMsA se sambara hai|

Page #202
parIkSAvAvI mahAvIra : bha. mahAvIra parIkSAvAdI the| ve zaMkarAcArya ke samAna pratyayavAdI nahIM the| unake cintanazIla vyaktitva ne sAdhanA kAla meM gahana cintana, manana aura anuprekSaNa kiyA jisake phalasvarUpa unheM vizuddha AtmajJAna ke rUpa meM kevalajJAna kI ajasra jyoti prApta huii| dezanAkAla meM paraMparAzrita unake zAna-cintana kI abhivyakti huI aura saMsAra ko eka nayA prakAza milA / sAdhaka mahAvIra tIrthakara mahAvIra bane aura unhoMne lagabhaga tIsa varSoM taka lagAtAra svAnubhUtijanya jJAna-prakAza se prANiyoM ke ajJAnAndhakAra ko pracchannakara unakI bhavabAdhA ko dUra karane kA yathAzakya prayatna kiyaa| kAlAntara meM bha. mahAvIra ke anuyAyI ziSya-praziSyoM ne yathAsamaya unake cintana ko Age bddh'aayaa| phalataH jainetara sampradAyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina dArzanika tathya vikasita hote cale gye| isa vikAsa meM yaha vizeSatA thI ki cintana ne apane mUla svara ko kataI tyAgA nhiiN| isI vizeSatA ne jainadharma ko jIvanadAna diyA aura usakI sthiti ko boradharma se bilakula bhinna kara diyaa| jainadharma kI sarasa-saritA kA pravAha avicchinna gati se calatA rhaa| use kabhI kaThora parvatoM para calanA par3A to kabhI duravapAhapa vanoM ke Ter3he-mer3he mAmoM se jUjhanA par3A aura kabhI marusthaloM kI teja bAMdhI bora kaThora tUphAna bhI sahane pdd'e| para usakI sahana-zakti, sAhasa garimA, ahiMsAzIlatA tathA samanvayavRtti kamI padadalita nahIM kI jA skii| usane apane ghanaghora vipadA-kSaNoM meM bhI vizra naitika aura AdhyAtmika pratiSThA banAye rkhii| zrAmaNika dharma aura darzana svAnubhUtigamya sAdhanA kI parIkSAvAdI prabala bhUmikA para pratiSThita eka aisI vicAradhArA hai jise bha. mahAvIra aura mahAtvA buddha jaise cintakoM kI sUkma manana-prakriyA kA avalambana milaa| itihAsa ke gharAtala para use aneka thaper3e khAnA par3e phira bhI vaha apane vikAsa-paba se pIche nahIM haTA / lokasaMgraha kI bhAvanA ne use janatA kA dharma banA diyaa| usakA hara caraNa vyakti kiMvA prANi mAtra ke hita kI bhAvanA se anuprANita rhaa| sAmya kI prApti kA mUla manna-ralAya : ma. mahAvIra ne bAdhyAtmika, rAjanItika evaM vyAvahArika ke mUlyoM ko pRthak-pRthak na kara unheM eka hI sUtra meM gUMpa diyA / vaha muhai sambagdarzana jJAnacArivANi mokSamArgaH / samyak darzana, jJAna aura pAlikA paripAlana hI sAdhya kI prApti kA pramukha sAdhana hai| jAsUna, 1.. na na

Page #203
yahA~ darzana kA tAtparya hai tattvazratA, dRSTi athavA AtmavizvAsa / jIvana kA pratyeka kSetra inhIM tInoM tathyoM para AdhArita hai| yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki ina tInoM tattvoM meM samyak vizeSaNa saMyojita hai| isase sAdhanoM kI nirmalatA kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| sAdhya kI vizuddhi sAdhanoM kI vizuddhi para hI bavalambita hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki samyaktva rahita vyakti ko jJAna nahIM hotA aura jJAna binA cAritra ke guNa nahIM hote / cArita virahita myakti ko mokSa prApta nahIM hotA aura binA mukta hue nirvANa nahIM miltaa| tattvArya rANavAtika meM akalaMka ne darzana, jJAna aura cAritra ke avinAbhAvasambandha para sundara prakAza DAlA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra mAtra rasAyana ke zAna yA mAcaraNa mAtra se rasAyana kA phala rUpa bArogya nahIM milatA, pUrNaphala kI prApti ke lie rasAyana kA vizvAsa, jJAna, aura usakA sevana bhAvazyaka hai hI, usI prakAra saMsAra-vyAdhi kI nivRtti bhI tattva-zravAna, zAna aura cAritra kI samanvita sAdhanA se hI ho sakatI hai| ataH tInoM ko samaveta avasthA meM hI mokSamArga mAnanA ucita hai| 'anantAH sAmAyikasiddhAH' vacana bhI tInoM ke mokSamArga kA samarthana karatA hai| mAna rUpa AtmA ke tattvazravAna pUrvaka hI sAmAyika-samatAbhAva kama cAritra ho sakatA hai| sAmAyika kA tAtparya hai- samasta pApa-yogoM se nivRtta hokara babheda, samatA aura vItarAgatA meM pratiSThita honA / kahA bhI hai hataM jJAnaM kriyAhInaM, hatA cAjJAninAM kiyaa| dhAvan kilAndhako dagdhaH pazyannapi ca pabagulaH // 1 // saMyogameveha vadanti tajjAH na hoka cakreNa rathaH prayAti / andhazca paGga zca vane praviSTI to saMprayuktI nagare praviSTau / / yadi zAna mAtra se mokSa mAnA jAya to pUrNajJAna prApti ke dvitIya bhaga meM hI mokSa ho jAyegA / eka kSaNa bhI pUrNajJAna ke bAda saMsAra meM ThaharanA saMbhava nahIM ho skegaa| upadeza, tIrthapravRtti bAdi kucha bhI nahIM ho skeNge| yaha saMbhava hI nahIM ki dIpaka bhI jala jAye bora aMdherA bhI banA rhe| usI 1. nAsiNassa gANaM, nANeNa viNA na hoti prvgunnaa| baguNissa natvi mokso, natti amullamsa nivANa // cayavana, 28..

Page #204
180 taraha jJAna se yadi mokSa ho to yaha saMbhava hI nahIM ho sakatA ki jJAna bhI ho jAye aura mokSa na ho / pUrNajJAna hone para bhI kucha saMskAra aise raha jAte haiM jinakA nAza hue binA mukti nahIM hotI aura jabataka una saMskAroM kA kSaya nahIM hotA tabataka upadeza Adi ho sakate haiM / isakA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki saMskArakSaya se mukti hotI hai, jJAna mAtra se nahIM / yadi saMskAra kSaya ke lie anyakAraNa apekSita hai to vaha cAritra ho sakatA hai, anya nahIM / ata: darzana, jJAna aura cAritra ina tInoM kA avinAbhAva sambandha hai / tInoM kA samyak paripAlana hI mokSa kA mArga hai / sAdhya kI viphalatA aura TakarAva kA pramukha kAraNa ina tInoM tattvoM kA alagAva honA hai / ina tInoM meM yadyapi lakSaNa bheda hai phira bhI ye milakara eka aisI Atmajyoti paidA karate haiM jo akhaNDa bhAva se eka mArga bana jAtI hai / yaha usI prakAra hotA hai jisa prakAra dIpaka, battI, tela, Adi vilakSaNa padArtha milakara eka dIpaka bana jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bAta bhI dRSTavya hai ki samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra meM pUrva kI prApti hone para uttara kI prApti bhajanIya hai arthAt ho bhI aura na bhI ho, kintu uttara kI prApti meM pUrva kA lAbha nizcita hai / vaha hogA hI / 'jaise jise samyakcAritra hogA use samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana hoMge hii| para 'jise samyagdarzana hai use pUrNa samyagjJAna, jJAna sAmAnya nahIM, aura samyak cAritra 'kA honA Avazyaka nahIM / vaha ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA / " yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki kahIM-kahIM ratnatraya kA prArambha jJAna se bhI hotA hai / jaina darzana kI dRSTi se AtmA meM svabhAvataH ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta sukha aura anantavIrya ye cAra tattva saMnihita rahate haiM / darzana aura jJAna kI paripUrNa abhivyakti hI anantasukha aura anantavIrya kI prApti meM kAraNa hotI hai / yaM tattva tabhI prApta hote haiM jaba AtmA apane anAdikAlIna karmabandha se vimukta hokara svasvabhAva rUpa vizuddha avasthA ko prApta kara leM / jJAna aura darzana jJAna aura darzana prArambha se hI dArzanikoM ke bIca vivAda kA viSaya rahA / mahAtmA buddha ne aise dArzanikoM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA haiprathama vaha hai jo paramparA ke AdhAra para apane-apane jJAna aura darzana kI bAta karate haiM, jaise traividya brAhmaNa / unheM 'anussAvikA' kahA gayA hai, ii) dvitIya 1. utpArthavArtika, 1.47-68 2. uttarAbhyavana, 28. 350 kalpasUna; gUDhAcAra_898

Page #205
181 de hai jo kevala tarka ke bala para jJAna-darzana kI siddhi karAte haiM / aise dArzanika 'tatkI' athavA 'vImaMsI' kahe jAte haiM, aura iii) tIsare ve haiM jo svayameva (samayeva) antarjJAna aura antadarzana ko pahale prApta karate haiM aura bAda meM hI usakA vyAkhyAna karate haiM / nigaNTha (jaina)bauDa aura AjIvika sampradAya isa beNI meM Ate haiN| niggaNTha nAtaputta (mahAvIra) ne svayaM ke puruSArtha se mAtmA ke svabhAva rUma vizukha zAna aura darzana ko prApta kiyA thaa| isalie unhoMne baDA kI apekSA jJAna ko praNItatara mAnA thA (sabAya bo gahapati jJAnaM yeva panItataraM)" yaha antarjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, aura samyakvArina ke paripAlana se hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| smpdrshn| jIva, ajIva Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ina sapta tattvoM kA samyagjJAna honA samyagdarzana hai| somadeva ne isa paribhASA ko aura adhika dArzanika banA diyA / unhoMne kahA ki antaraMga aura bahiraMga kAraNoM ke milane para Apta (deva), zAstra aura padArthoM kA tIna mUr3hatA rahita aura ATha aMga sahita jo zravAna hotA hai use samyagdarzana kahate haiN|' yahA~ antaraMgakAraNa haidarzana mohanIyakarma kA upazama, kSaya athavA kSayopazama jisake pragaTa hone para bAtmA meM vizuddhatA pragaTa ho jAtI hai| isake hone para prazama (krodhAdi vikAroM kI zAnti), saMvega (dharma kA sahaja paripAlana), anukampA (bhrAtRtva) aura Atithya (mAtmA aura karma kA sambandhajJAna) jaisI bhAvanAyeM usameM paidA ho jAtI haiN| kAlalabdhi Ane para upazama samyaktva pragaTa ho jAtA hai| isameM pUrvajanmasmaraNa mAdi bAhapanimitta hote haiM / yahA~ Apta ke svarUpa ko jAnanA bhI mAvazyaka hai| svAmI samantabhadra ne usakA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai mAptenocchinnadoSaNa sarva nAgamezinA / bhavitavyaM niyogana nAnyathA hapAptatA bhavet // - 1. maNiAma nikAya, 2. pR. 211 2. vahI, 1, pR. 92-3; baMguttara nikAya, 1, 1, 220-1 3. tatvArya avAnaM samyagdarzanam, tattvApaMsUtra, 1-2 4. upAsakAdhyayana, 48. pR. 13 5. pnakaramAvakAcAra, 5.

Page #206
182 akalaMka ne bApta ko avisaMvAdI honA Avazyaka mAnA hai| somadeva ne sarvazatA ke sAtha-sAtha use jagata kA uddhAraka, nirdoSI, vItarAgI tathA samasta jIvoM kA hitakArI honA bhI batAyA hai aura yaha kahA hai ki aisA vyakti bhUkha, pyAsa, bhaya, deSa, cintA, moha, rAga, bur3hApA, roga, mRtyu, kroSa, kheda, mada, rati, mAzcarya, janma, nidrA, aura viSAda ina aThAraha doSoM se rahita hotA hai|' samyaktva vyakti kA eka devatA kI taraha rakSaka hai| yadi apane yathokta guNoM se samanvita samyagdarzana use eka bAra bhI prApta ho jAtA hai to samasta pApoM se kaluSita mati hone ke kAraNa jina puruSoM ne narakAdika gatiyoM meM se kisI eka kI Ayu kA bandha kara liyA hai una manuSyoM kA nIce ke chaH narakoM meM, mATha prakAra ke vyantaroM meM, dasa prakAra ke bhavanavAsiyoM meM, pAMca prakAra ke jyotiSI devoM meM, tIna prakAra kI striyoM meM, vikalendriyoM meM, pRthivIkAya, jalakAya, taijasakAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya meM janma nahIM hone detaa| baha saMsAra ko sAnta kara detA hai / kucha samaya ke pazcAt usa AtmA ke samyagjJAna aura samyakucAritra avazya pragaTa ho jAte haiN| jaise bIjoM meM acchI taraha se kiyA gayA saMskAra bIjoM kI vRkSa rUpa paryAyAntara hone para bhI vartamAna rahatA hai, usI taraha samyaktva janmAntara meM bhI AtmA kA anusaraNa karatA hai, use chor3atA nhiiN| siddha cintAmaNi ke samAna asIma manorayoM ko pUrNa karatA hai| vrata to auSaSivRkSoM (jo vRkSa phaloM ke pakane ke bAda naSTa ho jAte haiM unheM auSaSivRkSa kahA jAtA hai) kI taraha mokSa rUpI phala ke pakane taka hI Thaharate haiM tathA kalevA kI taraha niyatakAla taka hI rahate haiM, kintu samyaktva aisA nahIM hai| pAre aura agni ke saMyoga mAtra se utpanna hone vAle svarNa kI taraha padArthoM ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnakara unameM mana ko lagAne mAtra se pragaTa hone vAle samyaktva ke lie na to samasta zruta ko sunane kA parizrama hI karanA Avazyaka hai, na zarIra ko hI kaSTa denA cAhie, na dezAntara meM bhaTakanA cAhie / arthAt samyaktva ke lie kisI kAla vizeSa yA deza vizeSa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| saba dezoM aura saba kAloM meM vaha ho sakatA hai| isalie jaise nIMva ko prAsAda kA, saubhAgya ko rUpa sampadA kA, jIvana ko zArIrika sukha kA, mUla bala ko vijaya kA, vinamratA ko kulInatA kA, aura nIti pAlana ko rAjya kI sthiratA kA mUla kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai, vaise hI mahAtmAgaNa samyaktva ko hI samasta pAralaukika amyunati kA athavA mokSa kA prathama kAraNa 1. maSTayatI-aSTasahalI, 1. 236 2. upAsakAyavana, 9-5. ..vahI, pa. 12-13.

Page #207
183 maMkA, kAmA, vinindA aura mana tathA vacana se samyakdRSTi kI prazaMsA karanA se samyagdarzana kI hAni ke kAraNa hai| niHzaMkita, ni:kAMkSita, nivicikitsA, bamUdadRSTi, upagUhana, sthitikaraNa, vAtsalya aura mArgaprabhAvanA ye samyaktva ke bATha baMga haiM jinase vaha dRr3ha hotA calA jAtA hai| isake do bheda hote haiMnisargaja jo svabhAvataH utpanna ho jAtA hai aura adhigamaja jo upadezAdika bAhapa kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai / samyagdarzana dhAraka jIvoM kI apekSA se samyagdarzana ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM-sarAgasamyagdarzana jo dasaveM guNasthAna taka rahatA hai aura vItarAga samyagdarzana jo usake Upara ke guNasthAnoM meM rahatA hai| aupazamika, kSAyika aura bAyopazamika ye tIna bheda bhI samyaktva ke kiye jAte haiM jinake viSaya meM bhAge varNana kiyA gayA hai| ye bheda antaraMga kAraNoM kI apekSA se kiye gaye haiN| jo samyagdarzanamithyAtva, samyagmithyAtva, samyaktva aura anantAnubandhI koSa, mAna, mAyA, lobha, ina sAta prakRtiyoM ke upazama se hotA hai use 'aupazamika samyaktva' kahate haiN| jo ina sAta prakRtiyoM ke kSaya se hotA hai use 'sAyikasamyaktva' kahate haiM aura jo inake kSayopazama se hotA hai use 'kSAyopazamika samyaktva' kahate haiN| ye tInoM samyagdarzana saba gatiyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| bAhapanimittoM kI dRSTi se samyaktva ke dasa bheda kiye gaye haiM-AjJA, mArga, upadeza, sUtra, bIja, saMkSepa, vistAra, artha, avagAr3ha, aura paramAvagAr3ha / ' __sampadarzana kI prApti ke lie Apta kI pahicAna honA Avazyaka hai| mApta vItarAga hI saccA deva, saccA guru aura saccA zAstra ho sakatA hai| deva mRDhatA, guru mUDhatA aura loka mUDhatA ye tIna mUDhatAyeM haiN| jJAna, AdarasammAna, kula, jAti, bala, aizvarya, tapa aura zarIra ina ATha viSayoM kA abhimAna karanA bATha mada haiN| kudeva, kuguru aura kuzAstra tayA unake dhArakoM ko mAnanA ye cha: anAyatana haiN| zaMkA, kAMkSA, vicikitsA Adi ATha doSa haiN| isa prakAra samyagdRSTi jIva ina paccIsa doSoM se virahita hotA hai / lampasAna mora sampacAritra : yaha samyagdarzana samyagjJAna kI AdhAra zilA hai| vastuoM ko yathArIti basA kA taisA jAnanA samyagjJAna hai| ise manuSyoM kA tutIya neva kahA gayA hai| heyopAdeya kA viveka karAnA isakA mUla kArya hai| samyagdarzana aura 1. zaMkAkAMkSAvicikitsA'nyadRSTiprapAMsA-saMstavAH samyagvRSTeratIcArAH, tattvArSasUtra, 7.23 2. upAsakAdhyavana, 234

Page #208
184 samyagjJAna prayatnoM kI vizuddhatA para nirbhara karate haiM / prayatnoM kI pizuddhatA ko hI dArzanika paribhASA meM 'samyakcAritra' kahate haiM / samyakcArita hone para darzanamoha vigalita ho jAtA hai aura kevalajJAna athavA sarvajJatva pragaTa ho jAtA hai / pAli tripiTaka meM mahAvIra ko 'mAnavAdin' kahA gayA hai|' mAna aura parsana kI yugapat avasthA : jainadharma ke anusAra mAtmA kA svabhAva upayoga hai jaura upayoga kA lakSaNa zAna mora varzana hai / 'jANadi passadi' aura 'jANamANe pAsamANe' jaise zabdoM ke prayoga se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha se hI AtmA ke guNoM ke rUpa meM mAna aura darzana kA prayoga hotA rahA hai| yaha upayoga do prakAra kA haisAkAra aura niraakaar| sAkAra upayoga jJAna hai aura nirAkAra upayoga barmana hai / sAkAra upayoga meM pAMca prakAra kA jJAna hotA hai-matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhimAna, manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna / nirAkAra upayoga ke cAra maMda hai-baladarzanAvaraNa, acakSudarzanAvaraNa, avadhidarzanAvaraNa, aura kevldrshnaavrnn| betanA athavA upayoga kA vikAsa jJAnAkAra athavA jaMyAkAra ke rUpa meM hotA haiN| hama yaha sakate haiM ki jJAna sAkAra jJAna hai aura darzana nirAkAra jJAna hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM bhI upayoga ko sAkAra aura nirAkAra ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai| bhAcArya kundakunda ne darzana ko 'diTTI appapayAsayAceva' kahakara use mAtmA kA udghATaka kahA hai aura AtmA, jJAna aura darzana ko samAnArthaka batAyA hai| vIrasena ke anusAra zAna padArtha ke bAhaya tattva ko prakAzita karatA hai jabaki darzana Antarika tattva ko|' siddhasena divAkara darzana ko sAmAnya kA grAhaka aura jJAna ko vizeSa kA grAhaka batAte haiM / isa samaya taka vana kA marva padArtha ke sAmAnya tatva kA grahaNa ho gayA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki darzana kA tAtparya mUlataH AtmaprakAzaka thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki matijJAna, zrutajJAna aura avadhijJAna jaba kabhI galata bhI ho sakate haiM jabaki unase pUrva utpanna hone vAle cakSudarzana, acakSudarzana aura avadhidarzana 1. ahaM banantana mAnena anantaM lokaM pAna passaM piharAmi, baMguttaranikAya, 4, pR. 129. 2. samaM pANavi passavi viharavitti-prakRti anuH pANamANe evaM Sa NaM biha-bAdhArAba, avaskandha, 2. ... 3. niyamasAra.1. 4. pavaLA, 1.1.4 5. sanmatitakaM prakaraNa, 2.1

Page #209
galata nahIM ho sakate / yadi vizeSa ko padArtha ke sAmAnya tattva kA grAhaka mAnA jAya to usake darzana meM nizcita hI saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya doSa utpanna hoMge aura darzana ko, jJAna ke samAna, darzana-adarzana Adi rUpa meM vibhAjita karanA par3egA / yadi darzana ko bhAtmaprakAzaka svIkAra kara liyA jAya to hama isa doSa se mukta ho jaayeNge| pUjyapAda devanandI ne sarvArSasidi meM isa Azaya ko tAkika zabdAvalI meM prastuta kiyA hai / unhoMne darzana ko pramANakoTi meM rakha diyA / darzana ko pramANa mAnA jAya yA nahIM, yaha vidvAnoM ke samakSa eka samasyA thI / abhayadevasUri ne kahA ki jJAna ke samAna darzana ko bhI pramANakoTi meM rakhA jAnA caahie| mANikyanandI' aura vAdidevasUri' ne use pramANAbhAsa mAnA hai| pAli sAhitya meM, jaisA hama pIche dekha cuke haiM, mahAvIra ko anantadarzana aura anantajJAnavAn kahA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM bhI 'jANamANe pAsamANe, 'jANadi passadi' jaise aneka uddharaNa milate haiN| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki kisI eka viSaya meM darzana aura jJAna yugapat ho sakatA hai / uttarakAla meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne yaha abhimata vyakta kiyA kizAna aura darzana cUMki cetanA ke kArya haiM aura cetanA ke do kArya yugapat ho nahIM sakate ataH jJAna aura darzana kramazaH pragaTa hote haiN| digambara AcArya eka svara meM jJAna aura darzana ko yugapat mAnate haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa kahA hai ki jisa prakAra sUrya meM prakAza aura uSNatA yugapata hotI hai usI prakAra kevalI meM jJAna aura darzana yugapat pragaTa hotA hai|' umAsvAmi', pUjyapAda , akalaMka', vidyAnanda' Adi AcArya bhI unake mata ko nirvirodha rUpa se svIkAra karate haiN| jJAna aura darzana kI utpatti yugapat hotI hai athavA kramazaH isa vivAda meM AcArya sibasena divAkara ne 'abhedavAda' kI sthApanA kI hai| unakA mantavya hai ki darzana sAmAnyagrAhI hai aura jJAna vishessgraahii| padArtha ke vizeSa tatva 1. sanmatitarka prakaraNa, pR. 458 2. parIkSAmukha, 6.1 3. pramANanayatattvAloka, 6.25 4. niyamasAra, 159 5. tatvApasUtra, 2.9 1. sarvAsikhi, 29 7. tapArSapAtika, 29 8.babAhalI, pR. 55

Page #210
kA jaba jJAna hotA hai taba sAmAnya ke rahate hue bhI vaha bhAsita nahIM hotA aura jaba sAmAnya tattva kA darzana hotA hai taba vizeSa rahate hue bhI vaha pratIta nahIM hotaa| yaha jJAna aura darzana kA kAlabheda manaHparyayajJAna taka hai para kevala mAna meM ye yugapat ho jAte haiM / sirasena ne isI sandarbha meM donoM matoM meM doSa batAte hue darzana aura zAna meM abhevavAda ko sthApanA kI hai| bAda meM tAkika kSetra meM darzana aura jJAna kI utpatti ko yugapat svIkAra kiyA gayA / bhAcAryoM ne usake pIche yaha tarka diyA ki padArtha meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa ye do guNa hote haiN| darzana kA viSaya sAmAnya hai aura jJAna kA viSaya vizeSa hai / yahA~ jJAna aura darzana pRthak ho jAte hai / sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki abhayadevasUri ne donoM ko pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai aura zeya padArtha samUha hai| donoM svatantra dravya haiN| unakI utpatti eka dUsare se nahIM hotii| padArtha ko jAnane meM jJAna kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| padArtha-zAna hamArI indriyoM aura mana ke mAdhyama se hotA hai| ataH zAna-jJeya kA sambandha viSaya-viSayIbhAva kA sambandha mAnA jAtA hai| jAna athavA pramANa kA svarUpa : jJAna kA svarUpa padArtha ke sabhI pakSoM ko prakAzita karatA hai / yadi vaha padArtha ke sabhI pakSoM ko prakAzita nahIM karatA to vaha samyagjJAna nahIM kahalA sktaa| yaha samyagjJAna tabataka prApta nahIM hotA jaba taka AtmA meM vizuddha avasthA prApta nahIM hotii| usakI prApti ke lie samasta karmoM kA nijIrNa honA Avazyaka hai| tabhI kevalajJAna prApta hotA hai| kundakunda ne 'diTTI appayAsayA theva' kahakara jJAna ko AtmaprakAzaka batAyA hai| AtmaprakAzaka hone para dIpaka ke samAna usakA para-prakAzaka honA svAbhAvika hai| ataH jJAna kA svarUpa 'svaparaprakAzaka' hai| kevalazAnI kA jJAna isI prakAra kA svaparaprakAzaka hotA hai| tabhI vaha samasta padArthoM ko hastAmalakavat jAnane meM samartha hotA hai| aise hI zAtA-Apta sarvajJa ke kathana ko prAmANika mAnA gayA hai|' 1. sanmatiprakaraNa, 2.22. nandhicUNi meM kevalajJAna bAra kevaladarzana ke sambandha meM tIna matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- i) donoM kA yogapatha, ii) donoM kA kramikala, aura it) donoM kA bamevatva / kaSAya pAhu (bhAga 1, pR. 356-7) ne yogapaca vAle mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| 2. nivamasAra, 10 3. ratnakarambAvakAcAra,5

Page #211
187 AgamoM ke adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM zAna aura pramA meM koI bheda nahIM thA / athavA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramA jaisA tatva usa samaya 'jJAna' meM hI antarbhUta thA / jJAna ke hI samyagjJAna aura mithyAjJAna ke rUpa meM bheda kara diye jAte the aura unheM pramANa apramANa koTi meM vyavasthita kara dete the / dArzanika yuga meM Akara jJAna zabda ne pramANa kA rUpa le liyA aura jJAna ke sthAnapara pramANa kI vyAkhyA kI jAne lagI / pramANa kA sIdhA-sAdhA artha hai - aisA kAraNa jisase padArtha kA saMzayAdi rahita jJAna ho - pramiNoti pramIyate'neneti pramA, pramiti mAtraM vA pramANam / athavA prakarSeNa saMzayAdi vyavacchedena mIyataM vastutattvaM yena tat pramANaM, pramAyAM sAdhakatamam / 1 jaina paramparA jJAna ko 'svaparaprakAzaka' svIkAra karatI hai / isI AdhAra para AcArya samantabhadra aura siddhasena ne svaparAvabhAsI jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnA hai / akalaMka ne usameM 'avisaMvAdakatA' jor3akara sannikarSa, aura saMzayAdi doSoM kA vyavaccheda kiyA hai / " isameM aura bhI spaSTatA lAne ke lie vidyAnanda ne 'samyagjJAna' ko pramANa mAnA aura 'svArtha vyavasAyAtmaka' jJAna ko samyagjJAna kahA / ' mImAMsakoM dvArA sammata dhArAvAhikajJAna ko pramANakoTi se bahiSkRta karane kI dRSTi se mANikyanandi ne vidyAnanda ke pramANa - lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' zabda aura jor3a diyA aura usakA artha 'anizcita' kara diyA / uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne pramANa ke nirdhAraNa meM prAya: akalaMka aura vidyAnanda kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / jaina paramparA meM mAnya pramANa ke uparyukta lakSaNoM meM sAdhAraNataH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki ve 'samyagjJAna' ko pramANa kA svarUpa svIkArate haiM aura use 'sva-para-prakAzaka' mAnate haiM / jainetara dArzanika kSetra meM kucha darzana svaprakAzavAdI haiM aura kucha darzana paraprakAzavAdI haiM | vijJAnavAdI bauddha jJAna se bhinna artha kA astitva hI nahIM 1. sarvArthasiddhi, 1-12 2. pramANamImAMsA, pu. 2 3. svaparAvabhAsakaM yathA pramANaM buddhilakSaNam, bRhat svayambhUstotra, 63. 4. pramANaM svaparAvamAsijJAnaM bAghavivarjitam nyAyAvatAra, iloka 1. 5. pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnamanadhigatArtha lakSaNatvAt-maSTazatI - aSTasahalI, pU. 174 6. samyanjJAnaM pramANam - svArtha vyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam, pramANaparIkSA, 53 7. svApU varthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam- parIkSAmUsa, 1.1 ; manizcito'pUrvArthaH, nahI /

Page #212
188 svIkArate / prabhAkara kI dRSTi meM bAhacArya kA astitva hai aura usakA saMvedana hotA hai / vedAnta use brahmarUpa aura nityarUpa mAnatA hai / yaM sabhI darzana jJAna ko svapratyakSa kahate haiM arthAt unake anusAra jJAna svata: pratyakSarUpa se bhAsita hotA hai / jaina bhI svaprakAzavAdI haiM / ' sAMkhya-yoga aura nyAyavaizeSika' paraprakAzavAdI haiN| unake anusAra jJAna kA svabhAva pratyakSa hone kA to hai para vaha svayaM pratyakSa na hokara apanI pratyakSatA ke lie dUsaroM para nirbhara rahatA hai / yahA~ para pratyakSatA ke rUpa meM ekarUpatA hote hue bhI para ke artha meM matabheda hai / nyAya-vaizeSika para kA artha 'anuvyavasAya' karate haiM aura sAMkhya-yoga 'puruSa kA sahaja svarUpa caitanya' karate haiM / paraprakAzavAdiyoM meM kumArila hI aise dArzanika haiM jo jJAna ko atyanta parokSa mAnate haiM aura usakA tajjanyajJAtatA rUpa liGga ke dvArA anumAna karate haiM / " pramANa kI yaha lakSaNa - paramparA kaNAda se prArambha hotI hai aura usI kA vikAsa darzanAntaroM meM huA hai / kaNAda ne 'aduSTaM vidyA' kahakara pramANa meM kAraNa zuddhi para bala diyA / bAda meM akSapAda ne 'pramANa' aura vAcaspatimizra ne 'artha' zabda kA saMyojanakara use viSayabodhaka banAyA / prabhAkara matAnuyAyI mImAMsakoM ne 'anubhUti' ko pramANa mAnA tathA kumArila matAnuyAyI mImAMsakoM ne kaNAda kA khaNDana karate hue 'nirbAdhatva' aura apUrvArthatva' vizeSaNoM se bauddha paramparA ko samAhita kiyA / " bauddha paramparA meM diGnAga ne 'saMvitti" aura dharmakIrti' ne 'avisaMvAditya' vizeSaNoM ko janma diyA / anya bauddha dArzanikoM ne apane pramANa lakSaNoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa se ina vizeSaNoM ko niyojita kiyA hai / " jaina dArzanikoM ne uparyukta donoM paramparAoM ko apane DhaMga se samAhita kiyA hai / jaisA hama pIche dekha cuke haiM, samantabhadra, siddhasena, akalaMka, mANikya 1. pramANavArtika, 3.329. 2. bRhatI, pU. 74 2. mAmatI, pu. 16. 4. yogasUtra, 4. 18 - 19 / 5. kArikAvalI, 57 6. darzana aura cintana, pU. 111-112 7. tatrApUrvArtha vijJAnaM nihitaM bAghavajitam / aduSTakAraNAravyaM pramANaM lokasammatam / / kumArila 8. pramANasaMgraha 1.10 9. pramANavArtika, 2-1 10. tatpasaMgraha, kArikA 1344

Page #213
189 nanvI vAdi sabhI jainAcAryoM ne pramANa ko 'svaparAvabhAsaka' mAnA hai| inameM sirasena ne mImAMsakoM kA 'bApavijita' (bApavajita)aura makalaka ne dharmakIrti kA 'avisaMvAdi' vizeSaNa svIkAra kiyaa| inhIM donoM paramparAgoM me vicAnanda, hemacandra bAdi kI pramANa viSayaka paramparAyeM gupI huI haiM / aisI pAra paramparAboM ko jaina dArzanika kSetra meM dekhA jA sakatA hai 1. svaparAvabhAsaka paramparA-sikhasena, samantabhadra Adi / 2. avisaMvAdi paramparA-akalaMka, mANikyanandI Adi / 3. vyavasAyAtmaka paramparA-vidyAnaMda, abhayadeva Adi / 4. samyagarthanirNayAtmaka paramparA-hemacandra Adi / samikarSa : vaidika dArzanika jJAna ko pramANa na mAnakara jina kAraNoM se zAna utpanna hotA hai una kAraNoM ko ve pramANa mAnate haiM aura jJAna ko pramANa kA phala svIkAra karate haiM : naiyAyika sannikarSa ko jJAnaprApti meM sAdhakatama karaNa mAnate hai para janadarzana usake pakSa meM nhiiN| usake anusAra sAdhakatama vahI hai jisake hone para zAna ho aura na hone para zAna na ho| sannikarSa ko sAdhakatama nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usake hone para kabhI jJAna hotA hai aura kabhI nahIM hotA / jaise ghaTa kI taraha AkAza ke sAtha cakSu kA saMyoga hotA hai phira bhI AkAza kA jJAna nahIM hotA / kAla, dizA, mana Adi bhI sannikarSa ke sahakArI kAraNa nahIM ho sakate kyoMki unake rahate hue bhI AkAza kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| naiyAyikoM kI dRSTi meM cakSu jJAna-prApti meM sAdhakatama karaNa hai / jabataka padArtha se usakA saMyoga nahIM hotA tabataka jJAna nahIM hotaa| apratyakSa vastu isIlie ajJAta raha jAtI hai| indriya kAraka hai aura kAraka dUra rahakara kArya kara nahIM sktaa| binA sparza kiye padArtha kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA yaha eka anubhUtapaya hai| yaha satrikarSa cha:prakAra kA hotA hai-saMyoga,samavAya, saMyUktasamavAya saMyuktasamaveta samavAya, samaveta samavAya aura vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva / bAhapa samAvikA pratyakSA cAra prakAra ke satrikarSa se hotA hai-mAtmA mana se sanikRSTa hotA hai, mana indiyase bAra indriya padArtha se / sukhAdi ke pratyakSa meM manu ko chor3akara zeSa tIna prakAra kA satrikarSa hotA hai aura yogI mAtra bAbA bAra mana ke hI samikarSa se padArtha kA jJAna kara mete haiN|' 1. yAvamambarI.

Page #214
190 jaina darzana zAna ko hI sAdhakatama karaNa mAnatA hai / binA kisI vyavadhAna kezAna hI padArthajJAna karAne kA sAmarthya (yogyatA) rakhatA hai, indriyAdika nahIM / adRSTa aura karma bhI sahakArI kAraNa nahIM kyoMki AkAza maura indriya ke samikarSa kAla meM bhI cakSu kA unmIlana-nimIlana banA rahatA hai / ataH yahI mAnA jAnA cAhie ki zAtA kI arthagrahaNa-zakti hI jJAna kA sAdhakatama karaNa hai| isI sandarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki jaina darzana meM cakSa ko 'aprApyakArI batAyA gayA hai| usakA mantavya hai ki yadi cakSu padArtha kA sparza kara jJAna prApta karatI hotI to use svayaM meM lage aJjana ko dekha lene kI sAmarSa honI cAhie / para darpaNa meM dekhe binA vaha dikhAI nahIM detA / AvRta vastu ko cakSu nahIM dekha pAtI, yaha tarka bhI asaMgata hai kyoMki kAMca, abhraka, sphaTika Adi se bAvRta padArtha dRzya hote haiM / cumbaka AvRta padArtha ko AkRSTa nahIM kara pAtA para nirAvRta lohe ko samIpa se apanI ora AkarSita kara letA hai| ataH mAvRta vastu ko grahaNa karane meM jo samartha na ho vaha prApyakArI hotA hai. yaha niyama nirdoSa nhiiN| jaba cakSu agni kI taraha taijasa rUpa hai to use prakAza kI AvazyakatA kyoM hotI hai ? aura phira yadi sannikarSa ko pramANa mAneMge to sarvajJa kA abhAva ho jaayegaa| vaha dUravartI aura sUkSmavartI padArthoM ke sAtha apane mana aura indriyoM kA sanikarSa nahIM kara paaygaa| ataH santrikarSa ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa|' isI prasaMga meM jaina dArzanikoM ne mImAMsakoM ke vivekalyAtivAda, cArvAk ke balyAtivAda, boDoM ke asatakhyAtivAda, sAMkhyoM ke prasidArthasyAtivAda, yogAcAra baukhoM ke AtmakhyAtivAda, brahmavaitavAdiyoM ke anirvacanIyasyAtivAda Adi kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| paisA Upara kahA gayA hai, zAna 'svaparaprakAzaka' hotA hai, ataH use padArtha kezAna karane meM anya zAnoM kI sahAyatA nahIM lenI pdd'tii| ki vaha 'sva' pojAnatA hai isalie 'para' rUpa paTa, paTa bAdi ko bhI jAnatA hai| yadi 'sva' ko nahIM pAnatA to 'para' ko kaise jAna sakatA ? mImAMsaka jJAna ko 'svasaMvedI' na mAnakara parokSa rUpa mAnate haiN| isakA mukhya kAraNa unakI dRSTi meM yaha hai ki usakI karmarUpa se pratIti nahIM hotii| nayApikamAna ko 'zAnAntaralekha' mAnate haiM aura sAMsya jJAna ko 'acetana' svIkAra karate hai kyoMki vaha pradhAna kA hI pariNAma hai| AtmA cetana hai kyoMki vaha 1. blAgAtika, 1.10. pR. 516 nyAyakumuvacana, pa.75-82

Page #215
pradhAna kA pariNAma nahIM hai / jainadarzana meM ina sabhI matoM kA khaNDana kara yaha vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai ki zAna caitanya svarUpa hai aura vaha svaparaprakAzaka hai| naiyAyikoM ne 'kArakasAkalya' (samagrakAraka) ko jJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa mAnA hai| sAMsya 'indriyavRtti' (indriyoM kA viSayAkAra honA) ko pramiti meM sAdhakatama mAnate haiN| prabhAkaravAdI mImAMsaka jJAtavyApAra (mAtmA, iniya, pavArya aura mana ke sammilita hone para jJAtA kA vyApAra) ko pramANa mAnate haiM bora boTa janoM ke samAna 'zAna' ko hI pramANa mAnate haiN| para unakI mAnyatA meM kucha antara hai| ve nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ko hI pramANa kI koTi meM rakhate hai jabaki jaina savikalpaka jJAna ko pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| pramANa aura maya: pramANa vastu ko samagra rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai aura naya usake akhaNDa rUpa ko khaNDa-khaNDakara ke mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai| pramANa meM bhI mukhya-gINa bhAva rahatA hai para jisakI mukhyatA rahatI hai usI ke dvArA vastu ke samasta rUpa ko jAna liyA jAtA hai| udAharaNataH pramANa ghaTa ko 'ghaTo'yam' ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai para napa use 'rUpavAn ghaTaH' ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai|' naya pramANa kA hI kArya karate haiM ataH upacAra se unameM pramANatva sthira karane meM koI virodha nhiiN| para antara yaha hai ki naya ekAnta ko grahaNa karatA hai bAra pramANa anekAnta ko| pramANa kA viSaya vastu ke saMpUrNa dharmoM kI akhaNDa sattA ko zApita karanA hai jabaki naya usake kisI eka aMza ko jAnatA hai| isI taraha pramANa saba dharmoM ko yugapat grahaNa karatA hai jabaki naya krama se eka-eka ko| ataH naya ko 'zeya' kahA gayA hai, 'upAdeya' nhiiN| ve samyak bhI haiM aura mipyA bhI samyak ekAnta ko 'naya'kahA jAtA hai aura mithyA ekAnta ko 'nyaamaas'|' mAnAba vicAra: pramANa kina kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai, yaha bhI eka vivAda kA prazna rahA hai| yaha vivAda prArambha meM veda taka sImita thaa| bAda meM darzana ke anya kSetroM meM pahuMca gyaa| prazna yaha thA ki pramANa ko svataH mAnA jAya athavA parataH ? 1. nyAyamaparI, pR. 12 1. sAMsyakArikA, 26 3. sakalAdekhaH pramANAdhInaH vikalAdezo nayApIna:- sidi 1.6 apamAnapani

Page #216
padArtha kI yathAvat pAnakArI karA denevAlI zakti ko prAmANya kahA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se yahA~ do pakSa hue / prathama veda-prAmANyavAdI naiyAyika, boSika, mImAMsaka mAvi aura dvitIya veda-aprAmANya vAdI jaina, baura Adi / nyAya vaizeSika IzvaravAdI hai aura ve veda ko Izvara kartRka mAnate haiN| isalie unakI dRSTimeM prAmANya aura aprAmANyaH parataH hI hotA hai| mImAsaka IzvaravAdI nhiiN| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jisa kAraNa-sAmagrI se mAna utpanna hotA hai usake batirikta kAraNoM ko use prAmANya kI utpatti meM bAvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| isIlie ve prAmANya ko svataH mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki zabda vaktA ke adhIna hote haiM aura yadi vaktA hI na rahe to zabda doSa kahA~ raheMge? isalie unakI daSTi meM veda apauruSeya ho gayA aura use ve svataH pramANa mAnane lge| parantu aprAmANya ko unhoMne parataH hI maanaa|| sAMsyadarzana kA isa viSaya meM kyA mantavya hai, isakA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA / phirabhI anyatra upalabdha ullekhoM se use svataH pramANavAdI kahA jAtA hai| baura isa viSaya meM koI nizcita dRSTikoNa vyakta nahIM kara ske| isalie unhoMne prAmANya aniyamavAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / ve abhyAsa dazA meM svataH pramANa mAnate haiM aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parataH pramANa svIkAra karate haiN| jainadarzana bhI bauddha darzana ke pIche calatA dikhAI detA hai / vaha na to podgalika zabda ko nitya mAnatA hai bora na veda ko apauruSeya / usakI dRSTi meM prAmANya-aprAmANya kA nirNaya (zapti) abhyAsadazA meM svataH hotA hai aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parataH hotA hai| arthAt abhyAsadazA (paricita sthAna) meM grAma, nagara, jalAzaya, Adi kA jJAna tatkAla svataH ho jAtA hai para anabhyAsa dazA (aparicita sthAna) meM meMDhakoM kI AvAja, zItala havA Adi kAraNoM se hI jalAzaya kA jJAna ho paayNgaa| jahAM taka prAmANya-aprAmANya kI utpatti kA prazna hai, vaha parataH hotI hai kyoMki vastu kA guNa athavA doSa anya kAraNoM se hI nizcita kiyA jAtA hai| 1. vAtpatti , 1.1.1.; nyAyamuruSamA, 2.1. 2. ilokapAtika, 2.7 ..bahI1.85 4.hI.2. pana bIra cintana, pR. 123 saMbaha pambinakArikA, 1121, navayullatI parata epa saptI svaraH payareki-mAnasa-pAsa 1.219 - -

Page #217
193 pramAvasaMplava: pramANa-saMplava kA tAtparya hai eka hI prameya meM baneMka pramANoM kI pravRtti / boDoM kI dRSTi meM ki padArtha kSaNika hotA hai isalie ve pramANa-saMplava svIkAra nahIM kara pAte / parantu jaina dArzanika anekAntavAdI hai bataH ke pramANa saMplava ko svIkAra karate haiN| unake siddhAnta meM amuka jJAna ke dvArA padArtha ke mamuka aMza kA nizcaya hone para bhI agRhIta aMzoM ke jJAna-grahaNa kI dRSTi se pramANAntara ke lie kSetra rahatA hai / nayAyika to pratyeka avasthA meM pramANasaMplava mAnate haiN| pArAvAhikamAna : eka hI ghaTa meM ghaTa viSayaka ajJAna ke nirAkaraNa karane ke lie pravRtta hue pahale ghaTajJAna se ghaTa kI pramiti ho jAne para yaha ghaTa hai ' 'yaha ghaTa hai' isa prakAra utpanna hue jJAna ko dhArAvAhika jJAna kahate haiN| yaha jJAna pramANa hai yA nahIM, isa viSaya para baukhAcArya dharmakIrti ke bAda vivAda prArambha humA / nyAya-vaizeSika paramparA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ko 'adhigatAryaka' mAnakara bhI pramANa koTi meM saMmilita kara liyA gyaa| mImAMsaka-paraMparA bhI use svIkAra karatI hai / bauddha paramparA ne sAdhAraNataH use pramANa kI sImA se bAhara rkhaa| jaina paramparA meM isa sandarbha meM do vicAradhArAyeM milatI hai| prathama vicAradhArA dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnatI kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM anaSigata athavA apUrva artha kA grAhI zAna hI pramANa hai / dUsarI vicAradhArA ke anusAra dhArAvAhika jJAna grahItagrAhI ho yA agrahItagrAhI, para yadi vaha svArtha kA nizcaya karatA hai to vaha pramANa hai / prathama mata ke poSaka AcArya akalaMka haiM aura dvitIya vicAradhArA ko vyakta karane vAle bAcArya vidyAnanda, hemacandra Adi hai| sAla ke mevaH jaisA hama pIche likha cuke haiM, jainadarzana meM jJAna ko AtmA kA guNa mAnA 1. nyAyadIpikA. 1. 15, pR. 13 2.nyApamaMjarI. pa. 22 3. zAstradIpikA pR. 124-126 4. hetubinduTIkA pR. 30 5.pramANaparIkSA, pa..

Page #218
194 gayA hai aura use sva-para- prakAzaka batAyA gayA hai| rAgadveSAdikaM pariNAmoM ke kAraNa yaha jJAna guNa pracchanna ho jAtA hai| karmoM ke AvaraNa jaise-jaise dUra hote cale jAte haiM AtmA ke svarUpa kI parateM vaise-vaise udghATita hotI jAtI haiM / ise hama 'jJAna' kaha sakate haiM / janadarzana meM jJAna ke pAMca bheda mAne gaye haiM- mati, zruta, avadhi, mana:paryaya aura kevalajJAna' | 'mati-zAna' indriya aura manakI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai| 'zrutajJAna' zruta (zAstroM athavA zravaNa ) se utpanna honevAlA jJAna hai / indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hI maryAdApUrvaka rUpI padArthoM ko spaSTa jAnane vAlA jJAna 'avadhijJAna' hai| dUsare ke manogata artha ko jAnane vAlA jJAna 'mana:paryayajJAna' jJAna hai / aura samasta dravyoM, paryAyoM aura guNoM ko svataH jAnanevAlA jJAna 'kevala zAna' hai / matijJAna aura zrutajJAna : jainadarzana ke anusAra ye donoM jJAna pratyeka jIva meM hote haiM / zrutajJAna matijJAna pUrvaka hotA hai / mati aura zruta, donoM nArada-parvata kI taraha ekasAtha rahane vAle haiN| donoM ke viSaya samAna hote hue bhI unameM antara dRSTavya hai / mati zAna " yaha go zabda hai " aisA sunakara hI nizcaya karatA hai kintu kSutavana mana aura indriya ke dvArA gRhIta yA agRhIta paryAyavAle zabda yA usake kArya ko zrotrendriya ke vyApAra ke binA hI nayAdi yojanA dvArA vibhinna vizeSoM ke sAtha jAnatA hai' / zrutajJAna ke bIsa prakAroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai'| zrutajJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai-aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhagha / matijJAna kI utpatti meM kramazaH avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA kAraNa hote haiM / vyakti jaba vastu vizeSa ko jAnane ke lie taiyAra honA to use usakI sattA kA AbhAsa hogA / matijJAna kA prArambha yahIM se hotA hai / sattA kA pratibhAsa hone ke bAda athavA viSaya aura viSayI kA sannipAta hone para manuSyatva Adi rUpa arthagrahaNa 'avagraha' hai / "yaha manuSya hai" aisA jAnane ke bAda usakI bhASA Adi vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa yaha saMdeha hotA hai ki " 'yaha puruSa dakSiNI hai yA pazcimI " isa prakAra ke saMzaya ko dUra karate hue 'IhA' jJAna kI utpatti hotI hai / usameM nirNaya kI ora jhukAva hotA hai| yaha zAna jitane 1. matibhutAvadhimanaHparya kevalAni jJAnam - tasvArthasUtra, 1.8 2. varSArSavArtika, 1. 9.26-29. hai, bakhAgama, pustaka 6, 1. 21.

Page #219
viSa ko jAnatA hai, yaha nizcayAtmaka hai| ataH ise saMkSayAramaka nahIM kaha samAte / "yaha manuSya dakSiNI honA cAhie" isa prakAra sadbhUta padArtha kI borakatA humA jJAna 'IhA hai|iihaashaan ke bAda mAtmA meM grahaNa zakti kA hatyA aSika vikAsa ho jAtA hai ki vaha bhASA vAdi vizeSatAoMke dvArA yaha smArca bhAna kara letA hai ki yaha manuSya dakSiNI hI hai| isI jJAnako 'vAya' kA mAtra hai| isake bAda avAya dvArA gRhIta padArya ko saMskAra ke rUpa meM dhAraNa kara begA tAki kAlAntara meM usakI smRti ho sake, dhAraNA hai / padArthajJAna kA yahI kara hai / mAta vastu ke zAna meM yaha krama bar3I drutamati se calatA hai / pUrvokta avagraha zAna do prakAra kA hotA hai jyajanAvagraha aura mAvAha / dhyaJcana arthAt avyakta athavA aspaSTa zabdAdi padArthoM kA jJAna 'vyaJjanAkAha' kahalAtA hai / isameM cakSu aura manako chor3akara zeSa cAra indriyoM dvArA hI zAna hotA hai / vyakta athavA spaSTa zabdAdi viSayako grahaNa karane vAlA mAna 'barSAvagraha' kahalAtA hai / yaha pAMcoM iniyoM aura mana se utpanna hotA hai| vaise nayI miTTI kA sakorA pAnI kI do-tIna bindu galane taka gIlA nahIM hotA para lagAtAra jala binduoM ke DAlate rahane para dhIre-dhIre vaha gIlA ho pAtA hai| usI taraha vyakta (spaSTa) grahaNa ke pahale kA avyakta jJAna 'vyajjanAvagraha hai aura vyaktagrahaNa 'arthAvagraha hai| SavalA Adi digambara pranyoM meM unakA sasama kucha bhinna prakAra se diyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI kucha antara hai| bavAha nirNayAtmaka hai yA avAya, isa sandarbha meM digambara-zvetAmbara bApAmA meM matabheda hai / isI prakAra darzana aura avAha bhI vivAda-grasta viSaya hai| bahu, bahuvidha Adi ke prakAra se matijJAna ke bAraha bheda hote haiM aura vistAra se inhIM bhedoM kI saMkhyA 336 ho jAtI hai / zrutajJAna ke ananta bheda hote haiN| para saMkSepa meM usake do maMda hai-aMgapraviSTa aura aNgvaahp| unakA varNana hama sAhitya ke prasaMga meM kara cuke haiN| amitAna aura manaHparyavasAna : avadhizAna nimitta ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai-bhavapratyaya mora pujA pratyaya / jo kSayoyazama bhavake nimitta se hotA hai usase hone vAle bavavijJAnako 1. sarvAsivi, 118 kI vyAkhyA 2.dekhiye-painanyAya, pR. 133-152 3. mandisUna (26. gA. 18) meM matinAna ke do ne diye gaye hai-zuniyara bAra bata nizrita / azruta niSita ke cAra bheda hue-jAsaTikI milijA gaura paarinnaamikii|

Page #220
196 'bhavapratyaya' kahate haiM / jaise pakSIgaNa AkAza meM ur3ate haiN| yaha guNa unameM pakSI kula meM janma lene ke nimitta se hI AyA hai / deva nArakiyoM meM jo avadhijJAna hotA hai vaha isI prakAra kA hai / guNapratyaya avadhijJAna kI utpatti kSayopazama nimittaka hotI hai / samyagdarzana Adi guNoM ke utpanna hone se yaha kSayopazama hotA hai| yaha avadhijJAna tiryaJca aura manuSyoM ko hotA hai| svarUpa kI apekSA avadhijJAna ke cha: bheda hote haiM- anugAmI, ananugAmI, vardhamAna, hIyamAna, avasthita aura anavasthita' / viSaya kI apekSA usake tIna bheda haiM- dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura sarvAvadhi / bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna dezAvadhi hai aura guNapratyaya tInoM prakAra kA hai| avadhijJAnI vyakti indriya Adi kI sahAyatA ke binA rUpI padArthoM ko unakI dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI maryAdApUrvaka jAnatA hai / mana:paryayajJAna do prakAra kA- RRjumati aura vipulamati / 'Rjumati' meM sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se manogata artha kA vicAra karatA hai, kathana karatA hai aura zArIrika kriyA bhI karatA hai para vaha kAlAntara meM vistRta ho jAtA hai| isa zAna meM indriya aura mana kI apekSA rahatI hai| 'vipulamati' Rju ke sAtha hI sAtha kuTila mana, vacana, kAya sambandhI pravRttiyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai / vaha apane yA para ke vyakta mana se yA avyakta mana se cintita, acintita yA ardhacintita, sabhI prakAra se cintA, jIvita, maraNa, sukha, du:kha, lAbha, alAbha Adi ko jAnatA hai / RRjumati kI apekSA vipulamati meM jJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se hone vAlI nirmalatA adhika hotI hai aura vaha jJAna sUkSma tathA apratipAtI bhI hotA hai / isa prakAra mana:paryaya jJAna dUsare ke manogata artha ko athavA manakI paryAya ko AtmA kI sahAyatA se pratyakSa jAnatA hai / avadhijJAna aura mana:paryaya jJAna meM vizuddhi kSetra, svAmI aura viSaya kI apekSA bheda hotA hai' / avadhijJAna rUpI padArthoM ko jAnatA hai para mana:paryaya jJAna sarvAvadhi jJAna ke anantaveM bhAga ko viSaya karatA hai ataH alpa viSayaka hai| phira bhI vaha usa dravyakI bahuta paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai| sUkSmagrAhI hokara bhI usameM vizuddhatA hai / mana:paryayajJAna kA svAmI saMyamI manuSya hI hotA hai jabaki avadhijJAna cAroM gatiyoM ke jIvoM ko hotA hai / avadhijJAna kA viSaya saMpUrNa rUpI dravya hai jabaki mana:paryaya jJAna kA viSaya kevala mana hai / 1. mandI sUtra, 8 2. 'sarvArthasiddhi 1.10 1. jayadhabalA, bhAga 1, pR. 19 4. vizuddhikSetra svAmi viSayebhyo 'vadhimanaH paryayayoH, tatvArtha sUtra 1.25

Page #221
10 phevalamAna aura sarvazatA: triloka aura trikAlavartI samasta dravyoM aura paryAyoMko yugapat pratyakSa jAnane vAlA jJAna kevalajJAna' kahalAtA hai / kevalajJAnI ko hI 'sarvajJa' kahA gayA hai / vaha paranirapekSa hotA hai ataH use 'atIndriyajJAnI' bhI kahA jAtA hai| mAnAvaraNa karma ke samUla naSTa ho jAne para hI kevalajJAna kI utpatti hotI hai| mImAMsaka Izvara ko nahIM maante| ve veda ko apauruSeya aura svataH pramANa mAnate hai / ata: unakI dRSTi meM sarvajJatA kA koI astitva nhiiN| naiyAyikavaizeSika darzana IzvaravAdI haiM aura ve Izvara ke jJAna ko nitya mAnakara usakI sarvajJatA kI siddhi karate haiM / vahI sarvajJa-Izvara jagat kA sRSTikartA hai / sAMsya kA Izvara utkRSTa sattvazAlitA vAlA hai / usameM aNimA, mahimA, laSimA, prApti, prAkAmya, Izatva, vazitva aura yatrakAmAvazAyitA ye ATha aizvarya rahate haiN| usa aizvayaMsampanna Izvara meM sthiti, utpatti, aura vinAza tonoM ko utpanna karane kI sAmarthya hai / jaba udbhUtavRttiraja sahAyaka hotA hai taba vaha utpatti karatA hai, jaba sattva sahAyaka hotA hai to pralaya karatA hai| jainadharma jagatakartA aura sarvajJa ke bIca koI sambadha nahIM jodd'taa| usakI dRSTi meM sarvazatA kI prApti tabhI saMbhava hai jaba samastakarmoM kA AvaraNa paripUrNata: dUra ho jaay| bauddhadharma meM buddha ne svayaM ko sarvajJa kahanA ucita nahIM samajhA para ve apane Apako 'vidya' kahA karate the| isI kA vikAsa uttarakAla meM dharmajJa aura sarvajJa kI mAnyatA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| ___ uparyukta pAMcoM jJAnoM meM se eka AtmA meM eka sAtha adhika se adhika cAra mAna hote haiN| kevalajJAna akelA hotA hai| use anya jJAna kI sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM hotii| mati Adi prathama cAra zAna sahAyatA kI apekSA rakhate haiM kyoMki ve kSayopazamajanya hai| pAMcoM zAnoM meM kevala matijJAna, zrutajJAna aura avadhijJAna hI mithyAdRSTiyoM ke hote haiM / ataeva ina tInoM zAnoM ke kumatijJAna, kuzrutajJAna, kuavadhijJAna yA vimaMgajJAna jaise rUpa hote haiM / manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna samyagdRSTiyoM ke hI hote haiM / unake mithyArUpa nahIM hote| sarvajJatA kA itihAsa : pAli sAhitya meM nigaNTha nAtaputta ke sarvajJatva arthAt kevalajJAna kI carcA 1. pravacanasAra mAnAdhikAra gApA 46-51, japaSavalA, prathama mAga, pR.17

Page #222
milatI hai| zeSa zAnoM ke sambandha meM vahA~ kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA / parantu rAjapraznIya sUtra meM pAMcoM zAnoM kA ullekha milatA hai| lagatA hai, yaha prAcInatama jaina paramparA rahI hogii| uttarakAla meM kevalajJAna ke do bheda kiye gaye-bhavastha kevalajJAna aura siDakevalajJAna / siDakevalajJAna ke 15 bheda haiM- 1. tIrthasiddha, 2. atIrthasiddha, 3. tIpaMkarasika, 4. atIrthakarasita, 5. svayaMbukhasikha, 6. pratyekabuddhasiddha, 7. dubodhitasikha, 8. strIliMgasikha 9. puruSaliMgasiDa, 10. napuMsakaliMgasikha, 11. svaliMgasita, 12. anyaliMgasiddha, 13. haliMgasiddha, 14. ekasikha, aura 15. anekasikha kevalazAna para cAra dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai-dravya, kSetra, kAla baura bhAva / saMkSepa meM kevalazAna samasta padArthoM ke pariNAmoM evaM bhAvoM ko jAnane vAlA hai, ananta hai, zAzvata hai, apratipAtI hai, aura eka hI prakAra dArzanika yuga meM kevalajJAna para aura bhI prazna-pratiprazna khar3e hue / una saba para jaina AcAryoM ne manthana kiyA aura unakA samucita samAdhAna kiyaa| mAtmA jJAnasvabhAvI hai| karmoM kA AvaraNa haTa jAne para vaha padArthoM ko svabhAvataH jAnegA hii| jo padArtha kisI zAna ke zeya hai, ve kisI na kisI ke pratyakSa avazya hote haiM, yathA parvatIya agni / aise hI tarkoM se kevalajJAna aura sarvazatA kI siddhi kI gii| sarvaza kA sambandha atIndriya padArtho se rahatA hai aura usakI siddhi anumAna se hotI hai| ataH use vivAda kA viSaya bana jAnA svAbhAvika thaa| prArambha meM "jo eka ko jAnatA hai vaha saba ko jAnatA hai, aura jo saba ko jAnatA hai vaha ekako jAnatA hai jaise kathanoM kA tAtparya yaha rahA hogA ki jo mamatva, pramAda athavA kaSAya ko jAnatA hai vaha usake krodhAdi pariNAmoM aura usakI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai aura jo krodhAdi pariNAmoM aura unakI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai vaha una saba paryAyoM ke mUla aura unameM anugata eka mamatva yA bandhana ko jAnatA hai| isakA vAstavika artha AdhyAtmika 1. evaM supaesI bamhaM samaNANaM niggaMdhANaM paMcavihe nANe paNNatte-jahA AmiNibohiyanANe supanANe mohigANe maNayajjavaNANe kevalaNANe-rAjapraznIyasUtra, 165 / / 2. yaha sambadamba pariNAmamAvaviSNattikAraNamaNetaM / sAsayamaparivAI, ekavi kevalaM jANaM // nandI, sU. 22, gA. 66 3.jo meye yamaH svAsati prtivnyo| vAhape'gnidAhako na svAvasati prativandhake / maSTasahanI, pR. 50para uddhRta 4. bhAcArAMga, 3.4, pravacanasAra prm|

Page #223
199 sAdhanA meM upayogI sabhI tatvoM kA jJAna honA cAhie, na ki traikAlika samagra bhAvoM kA sAkSAtkAra uttarakAla meM mokSa kA sambandha dharmaza se ho gayA aura dharmaza kA sambandha sarvajJatA se jor3a diyA gayA / cArvAk ke lie to sarvajJatA se koI sambandha hI nahIM thA / mImAMsakoM ne sarvajJatA kI apekSA dharmajJatA para apanA vicAra kendrita kiyA / unake anusAra veda apauruSeya hai| use rAgAdi doSa yukta puruSa jAna nahIM sakatA / isalie veda ko pauruSeya bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / amyavA usameM prAmANikatA kaise AyegI ? koI bhI vyakti paripUrNa dharmaza athavA sarvaza nahIM ho sakatA / gRddha, zUkara, cIMTI Adi kI indriyA~ teja ho sakatI haiM phira bhI ve apane niyata viSaya ko hI jAna-dekha sakate haiM / koI kitanA bhI abhyAsa kare para vaha na apane kaMdhe para baiTha sakatA hai aura na eka yojana Upara kUda sakatA hai| aura phira veda anAdi hai aura sarvajJa sAdi hai / anAdi veda meM sAdi sarvaza kA kathana kaise ho sakatA hai ? vedaza hue binA na koI dharmajJa ho sakatA hai aura na koI sarvajJa / isa prakAra mImAMsakoM ne dharmaza ke sAtha-sAtha sarvajJa kA bhI niSedha kiyA / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM sRSTikartRtva ke sAtha sarvazatA ko sambaddha kara diyA gayA / bauddhadharma meM prArambha meM to buddha ne apane meM sarvajJatA kA niSedha kiyA para bAda meM unameM unake anuyAyiyoM ne sarvazatA kI sthApanA aura dharmajJa ke sAtha sarvajJatA kI prasthApanA kI / jainadarzana ne lagabhaga prArambha se hI sarvajJatA kI kalpanA kI hai aura dharmajJatA ko sarvajJatA ke antargata mAnA hai / usake sabhI tIrthaMkara sarvajJa kahe gaye haiM / jaisA hama pIche ullekha kara cuke haiM nigaNTha nAtaputta ko pAli sAhitya meM bhI sarvajJa kahA gayA hai / ataH sarvazatA eka tathya hai jise sabhI jainAcAyoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / vazatA kI siddhi : sarvazatA kI siddhi meM AtmajJa honA apekSita mAnA gayA hai / AtmA meM ananta dravyoM ko jAnane kI zakti hai / ataH jo AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai use sarvajJatA svataH A jAtI hai / isalie prAcInatama AcArAdi AgamoM meM tathA kundakunda jaise adhyAtmaniSTha AcAryoM ne 'ena' rUpa AtmA ko jAnanevAle meM sarvajJatA kI sthApanA kara dI / 1. darzana aura cintana, pU. 556

Page #224
20. uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM sarvazatA kI siddhi ko darzana aura tarka ke mAdhyama se pariveSThita kiyA gyaa| bhAcArya samantabhadra ne isa tarka paramparA ko prArambha kiyA aura bAda meM unake takoM meM aura bhI tarka jur3ate gye| samAsataH sarva-siddhi meM nimnalikhita tarka prastuta kiye gaye _i) jo mApta hogA vahI sarvajJa ho sakatA hai| Apta vahI ho sakatA hai jo nirdoSa ho aura jisake vacana yukti aura mAgama se viruddha nahIM hoN| mAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke naSTa hone para ajJAna ke vyAmoha se AtmA vimukta ho jAtA hai aura atIta, anAgata aura vartamAna padArthoM ko jAnane-dekhane lagatA hai| ___ii) sUkSma (paramANu Adi), antarita (rAma, rAvaNa mAdi), aura dUravartI (sumeru Adi) padArtha kisI na kisI puruSa ke pratyakSa avazya haiM kyoMki ve hamAre anumeya haiN| jo padArtha anumeya hote haiM ve kisI na kisI ke pratyakSa avazya hote haiN| jaise parvatavartI agni ke astitva ko hama anumAna se jAnate haiM aura parvatastha vyakti use pratyakSa rUpa se jAnatA hai| isI prakAra sUkSma, antarita aura dUravartI padArtha bhI kisI na kisI ke pratyakSa hai| yaha pratyakSa dRSTA karma vimukta anantajJAnI sarvajJa hI ho sakatA hai| sUkSmAntaritadUrAH pratyakSAH kasyacid ythaa| anumeyatva to 'gnyAdiriti sarva-saMsthitiH // ' iii) sarvajJa kI siddhi meM koI bAdhaka pramANa nahIM balki pramANAbhAsa hai / sarvajJa-niSedha ke sandarbha meM prastuta kiye gaye pramANoM kA yahA~ khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| pramANa ke meva: jaisA hama upara kaha cuke haiM, jainadharma meM samyagjJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| dArzanika kSetra meM pramANa ke aneka prakAra se bheda kiye jAte haiN| cArvAk mAtra pratyakSa ko pramANa mAnatA hai| vaizeSika aura bauddha pratyakSa aura anumAna ko svIkAra karate haiN| sAMsya pramANa ke tIna bheda mAnate haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna aura canda (Agama) / naiyAyika inakI saMkhyA cAra kara dete haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda aura upmaan|aur mImAMsakoM ne inhIM meM aryApatti aura amAva jor3akara pramANa saMkhyA chaha taka pahu~cA dI hai| 1. bAptamImAMsA 2. vahI, 5 3. aSTasahanI, pR. 49-50 sivivinirUpavaTIkA, pR. 21

Page #225
201 1. pratyakSa pramANa janadarzana meM bauddhoM ke samAna pramANa-saMkhyA do svIkAra kI gaI hai, parantu vahA~ pramANa ke nAmoM meM antara hai| ve haiM-pratyakSa aura prokss| bAgamoM meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA kucha aura adhika hai para ve vastutaH ina donoM ke bheda-prabheda hI hai| ThANAMgasUtra meM pramANa ko ' hetu' (heU) zabda meM vyavahRtakara usake cAra bheda batAye gaye haiM-pratyakSa anumAna, upamAna aura Agama / vahIM nikSepa pati se bhI usake cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM-dravya, kSetra, kAla aura jIva' anuyoga dvAra meM jJAna aura pramANa ko samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA para vaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAyA / samUce AgamoM ke adhyayana ke bAda yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki bAgamakAla meM svatantra jaina dRSTi se pramANa kI carcA nahIM huii| anuyoga dvAra meM jJAna kopramANa kahakara bhI spaSTa rUpa se jainAgama meM prasiddha pAMca zAnoM ko pramANa nahIM kahA gayA hai / itanA hI nahIM, balki jaina dRSTi se zAna ke pratyakSa aura parokSa eMse do prakAra hone para bhI unakA varNana na karake darzanAntara ke anusAra pramANa ke tIna yA cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiN| ataeva svatantra jaina dRSTi se pramANa carcA kI AvazyakatA banI ho rhii|| svarUpa aura meva kA itihAsa : bhAgamakAla meM 'jJAna' ko bhI pramANa mAnA jAtA thA aura isalie vahA~ jJAna ke hI bheda-prabheda kiye gye| dhavalA meM 'pramANa' zabda to AyA hai para vahA~ nikSepa rUpa se usake pAMca bheda kiye gaye- dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aura naya / bhAva ke punaH pA~ca bheda hue- mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevalajJAna / AcArya kundakunda ne zAna ke hI do bheda mAne haiM-pratyakSa aura prokss| bAtmasApekSa mAna pratyakSa hai aura indriya sApekSa jJAna parokSa hai| indriyAM paudgalika hai aura ve AtmA se bhinna haiN| unako AtmA se bhinna mAnanA hI pratyakSa kI sAdhanA haiN| indriyoM ko mAtmA se bhinna mAnane para yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki jainadharma ke anusAra AtmA kA pradeza zAna guNa se mAlAvita hai| bhAtmA ko chor3akara zAna anyatra kahIM raha nahIM sktaa| isalie AtmA pratyeka padArtha ko jAnane kI zakti rakhatA hai| anya padAryoM ko jAnate samaya mAtmA yA jJAna anya padArthoM meM praviSTa nahIM hotA / AtmA apane pradezoM meM sthita rahatA hai 1. ThANAMgasUtra, 338 2. vahI, sUtra 258 3. bAgama yuga kA painadarzana, pR. 217-8. 4. pavalA-1.1.1.80.2 5. pravacanasAra 1.57-58; vizavaH pratyakSam, pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.15

Page #226
202 aura padArtha apane pradezoM meM / yaha usI prakAra se hotA hai| jaise netra apane sthAna para sthita rahatA huA hI anya padArthoM meM pAye jAne vAle rUpa kA darzana kara letA hai / jaise darpaNa apane meM pratibimbita padArtha ke AkAra rUpa nahIM badalatA vaise hI jJAna padAthoM ko jAnatA humA bhI tadAkAra nahIM hotaa| jayasenAcArya ne paJcAstikAya kI tAtparyavRtti meM kundakundAcArya kI chaH gAthAboMkA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM jJAna ke prakAroMkA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| unameM unhoMne matijJAna ke tIna bheda kiye haiM- upalabdhi, bhAvanA aura upyog| umAsvAmI ne inhIM ko saMkSepa meM labdhi aura upayoga kahA hai / sAtha hI matizAnAdi ko pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANoM meM vibhAjita kara diyaa| umAsvAmI ke bAda dArzanika cintana dUtagati se bar3hane lgaa| samantabhadra siddhasena, vasubandhu, dikhanAga, kumArila,vAtsAyana Adi jase dhurandhara cintakoM meM usake vikAsa meM apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| pramANa kA kSetra bhI usase achUtA nahIM rahA / abhI taka idriyajanya jJAna matijJAna ko parokSa bora atIndriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnA jAtA thaa| yaha mAnyatA vyavahArataH bar3I baTapaTI-sI lagatI thii| isalie jaba usakI AlocanA adhika hone lagI to jaina dArzanikoM ne prastuta viSaya para aura bhI gaMbhIratA pUrvaka socA aura samAdhAna prastuta kiyA / sarvaprathama akalaMka ne pramANa ke bheda to vahI mAne para pratyakSa ko do aMgoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa aura pAramArSika pratyakSa athavA mukhya prtykss| matijJAna ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kahakara unhoMne jainadarzana ko lokavyAvahArika doSa se bhI bacA liyA aura paramparA kA bhI saMrakSaNa kara liyaa| aba prazna thA smRti Adi pramANoM kA / akalaMka ne isa prazna ke samAdhAna ke lie sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa ke do bheda mAne-indriya pratyakSa aura anindriya pratyakSa / matijJAna ko indriya pratyakSa ke antargata rakhA aura smRti Adi ko anindriya pratyakSa ke| para unhoMne usameM eka zarta lagA dI / yadi ina smRti mAdimAnoM kA zabda ke sAtha saMsarga huA to unakA antarbhAva parokSa pramANa meM hogaa| aMkalaka ke uttarakAlIna AcArya anantavIrya, vidyAnanda Adi TIkAkAroM ne 1. vahI, 125-32 2. bAce paronam, pratyakSamanyat, tatvAryasUtra,1-11-12 3.mAnamA mitaH saMjJA cintA pAminibodhanam mAda nAma yojanA zrutaM bhavAnuyodhanAt // kssiiysvy,10||

Page #227
unake pramANa bheda kI bAta to mAnI para smRti-jJAnoM ke sAtha lagI zarta ko] svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unake sthAna para unhoMne kahA ki avagraha se dhAraNA paryanta jJAna vastu ke ekadeza ko spaSTa karate haiM ata: unheM indriya pratyakSa aura anindriya pratyakSa mAnA jAnA cAhie tathA smRti Adi zAnoM ko sIdhe zabdoM meM parokSa pramANa ke antargata rakhA jAnA cAhie / isa prakAra jaina darzana meM pramANa ke do bheda vyavasthita hue-pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa ke bhI do bheda hue-sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa aura mukhya apavA pAramArthika prtykss| sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa meM matijJAna aura usake bheda-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA tathA mukhya athavA paramAthika pratyakSa meM bhavadhijJAna, manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna rakhaM gaye / smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama ko parokSa pramANa ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gyaa| yahAM jise sAMsyayoga, vaizeSika, mImAMsaka, boTa Adi darzana alaukika athavA yogipratyakSa kahate haiM use hI jainadarzana ne mukhya athavA pAramArthika athavA anindriya pratyakSa kahA hai aura jise vahAM laukika pratyakSa kahA gayA hai use yahAM sAMvyAvahArika athavA indriya pratyakSa mAnA hai| pratyakSa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa spaSTa kiye jAne para yaha bhI prazna uThA ki alaukika athavA pAramArthika pratyakSa nirvikalpaka hai athavA savikalpaka / bora aura zAMkara vedAnta ne nirvikalpaka ko hI alaukika pratyakSa svIkAra kiyA para anya darzana nirvikalpaka aura savikalpaka donoM ke saMmilita rUpa ko svIkAra karate haiM / jaina darzana kA avadhidarzana aura kevaladarzana alaukika nirvikalpaka hai tathA avadhizAna, manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna savikalpaka hai| bauddhadarzana meM "kalpanApoDhamabhrAntaM pratyakSam" (kalpanA se rahita nirdhAnta jJAna pratyakSa hai) ke rUpa meM pratyakSa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / 'kalpanA' kA tAtparya hai zabda viziSTa pratIti / pratyakSa kA viSaya-kSetra svalakSaNa hai jo kSaNika hai aura paramArthataH zabdazUnya hai / zabda ke sAtha artha kA koI sambandha nahIM / padArtha kA darzana hone para hI vaha vilIna ho jAtA hai aura hama use kisI nAma se abhihita karane lagate haiN| ataH padArtha kSaNika hone para usakA jJAna nirvikalpaka hI hogA, savikalpaka nahIM / savikalpaka pratyakSa meM AyI vizavatA aura arthaniyatatA nirvikalpaka pratyakSa hone ke bAda AtI hai| nirvikalpaka kI hI vizavatA savikalpaka meM pratibimbita hone lagatI hai| ataH nirvikalpaka ko hI pratyakSa mAnanA cAhie, savikalpaka ko nhiiN|

Page #228
matijJAna (Aminibodhika) zrutaniH zrita mazrutaniH zrita avagraha IhA vyaJjanAvagraha sAMvyAvahArika (indriya) mukhya (no indriya pratyakSa ) pratyakSa arthAvagraha 1 avAya dhAraNA baoNlatikI vainayikI karmajA zrutajJAna avadhijJAna aMgapraviSTa (12) bhavapratyaya guNapratyaya Rjumati pAriNAmikI jJAna-pramANa aMgabA (14) mana: payayajJAna vipulamati parokSa kevalajJAna smRti pratyabhijJAna anumAna Agama 204

Page #229
205 navIna nirvikalpaka jJAna ko pratyakSa nahIM mAnatA usakI dRSTi meM niraSayAtmaka savikalpaka jJAna hI pratpana hai| nirvikalpaka zAna nirAkAra hone se lokavyavahAra calAne meM asamartha hotA hai aura usase padArya kA viSaya bhI nahIM ho sakatA / jo svayaM anizcayAtmaka hai vaha nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko utpana kaise kara sakatA hai ? vikalpa meM eka nizciti aura viyatA rahatI hai| akalaMkadeva ke pratyakSa-lakSaNa meM 'sAkAra' aura 'aJasA' pada yahI votita karate haiN| 2. parokSa pramANa pratyakSa pramANa ko pramANAntara kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / ataH vaha vizada mAnA jAtA hai| parantu parokSa pramANa vizada nahIM hotA / vaha bhAtmetara sAdhanoM para avalambita rahatA hai / parokSa ke pAMca bheda hai-smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, banumAna aura baagm| 1. smRti pramANa: pUrva zAta vastu vizeSa kA smaraNa mAnA smRti jJAna hai / jaise-'yaha vahI pustaka hai jise hamane kala dekhI pI' / isa zAna meM 'pUrvajJAta' rUpa meM 'tat' zabda avazya bAtA hai| samUcA vyavahAra, itihAsa aura saMskRti smRti pramANa para bAdhArita hai| cArvAka, boTa aura vaidika paramparA meM smRti ko pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA / isakA mUlakAraNa kahIM usakA grahIta-pAhitva hai, kahIM veda kA apauruSeyatva bAra kahIM varSa se anutpanatva / smRti kA sambandha atIta jJAna se hai jo naSTa ho cukA / jo vastu naSTa ho cukI ho vaha jJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa kaise ho sakatI hai? parantu jainadarzana ina takoM ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usakI dRSTi meM smRti pramANa hai aura vaha pratyakSAdi pramANoM se bhinna hai| pratyakSAdi zAna meM cana mAdi mUla kAraNa hote haiM jabaki smRti meM pUrva jJAna kI prabala vAsanA (saMskAra) kAma karatI hai / grahIta vastu ko grahaNa karane ke kAraNa bavi smRti ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jAtA to pratyakSAdi pramANa bhI masvIkArya ho jAyeMge kyoMki ve bhI grahItamAhI hote haiN| para yaha saMbhava nhiiN| pramANa meM abataka 'avisaMvAditA' rahatI hai tabataka use hama pramANakoTi se bAhara nahIM kara sakate / 1. aviSaH pratyamam-pramANamImAMsA 1.2.1. 2. pramANanayatattAloka, 1.2. prameyaralamAga, ...

Page #230
padi smati ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jAtA to samasta vyavahAra bora manumAna samakAlo smRti para hI vizeSataH navalambita haiM, nirAdhAra ho jAne ataH mati ko pramANakoTi se bAhara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 2. pratyabhijJAna : pratyakSataH kisI vastu ko dekhakara usI ke viSaya meM atIta kA smaraNa mA jAnA ki 'yaha vahI hai', pratyabhijJAna kahalAtA hai / usake aneka prakAra hote haiN| jaise-ekatva, sAdRzya, vaisAdazya, pratiyogI, ApekSika Adi / udAharaNataH gau ke samAna yaha gavaya hai, gAya se maiMsa vilakSaNa dikhatI hai / Adi prakAra ke jJAna smRti jJAna para avalambita hote haiN| ataH unheM hama apramANa nahIM kaha skte| pratyabhijJAna pratyakSa aura smRti kA saMkalanAtmaka rUpa hai| kSaNikavAdI bIra isIlie use pramANa nahIM maante| ve usake pratyakSa aura smRti ko svatantra jJAna svIkAra karate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki yaha pramANa dhArAvAhI zAna kI taraha grahItagrAhI hai / parantu yaha mantavya sahI nhiiN| vastutaH anumAna pramANa sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna para avalambita hai / ekatva pratyabhijJAna bhI aisA hI hai| citrajJAna meM jisa prakAra nIla-pItAdi aneka rUpoM kI pratIti hotI hai usI prakAra pratyabhijJAna meM bhI pratyakSa aura smRti pramANoM kA bastitva nirvirodha banA rahatA hai| darzana aura smaraNa ke hone para hI pratyabhijJAna kI utpatti hotI hai| mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika pratyabhijJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa meM antarbhUta karate hai aura pRSaka rUpa se upamAna pramANa kI sRSTi karate haiN| parantu pratyabhijJAna, jo pratyakSa aura smRti kA saMkalita rUpa hai, ko pratyakSa meM kaise gabhita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? unakA upamAna pramANa avazya sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna ke antargata mA jAtA hai| vastutaH pratyabhijJAna ko indriyajanya na mAnakara saMkalanAtmaka mAnanA praahiye| vaha abASita, avisaMvAvI aura samAropa kA viccheka hai / ataeva pramANa hai| tarphakA sambandha dArzanika kSatra meM vyApti se rahA hai aura vyApti ke zAna 1. vana smaraNakAraNa saMkalanaM pratyabhijJAnam / tadevevaM, tatsavaNaM, balisaNaM, patthatiyogItyAdi-parInAmuna, 15. 2.pAvanambarI,. 1. kapAtika, 4.212-21 mA 1.1...

Page #231
207 ko hI tarka' kahA gayA hai| 'vyapti' kA tAtparya hai-sAdhya vIra sAdhana kA vinAbhAva sambandha / aura 'avinAbhAva' sambandha kA tAtparya hai-sAdhya ke hone para hI sApana kA honA aura sAdhya ke na hone para sAdhana kA nahIM honA / siddha kiyA jAne vAlA padArtha 'sAdhya' kahalAtA hai aura jisake dvArA siddha kiyA jAtA hai use 'sApana' kahA jAtA hai| bagni aura dhUma kA sambandha dekhA jAne para yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki jahAM agni hogI vahA~ dhUma hogA / yahA~ agni 'sAdhya' hai mAra dhUma sAdhana hai| aura ina donoM kA sambandha 'mavinAbhAva hai| isI bapinAmAva sambandha kA nizcaya karatA tarka hai| bora, mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika tarka ko svatantra pramANa nahIM maante| mImAMsaka tarka ke sthAna para 'Uha' kA prayoga karate haiM aura use pramANa kA sahAyaka mAnate haiN| naiyAyika bhI use upayogI aura pramANoM kA anugrAhaka mAnate haiN| unhoMne tarka ko Sor3aza padArthoM meM sammilita kara diyA hai| boDoM ke anusAra cUMki tarka pratyakSa ke pIche calane vAlA hai ataH vaha vikalpa mAtra hai| use pramANa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| parantu jaina dArzanika ina takoM ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ve kahate haiM ki anumAna kI AdhArazilA rUpa vyAptizAna ko kaise asvIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? sAdhya aura sAdhana kI vyApti ko kisI bhI pratyakSa se nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / vyAptijJAna hue binA anumAna pramANa ho nahIM sktaa| ataH tarka ko pRthak pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA mAvazyaka hai| vaha bhI avisaMvAdI hai| 4. anumAna pramANa: cArvAk ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI dArzanika sampradAyoM ne anumAna ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| jainoM ne use svatantra pramANa mAnakara bhI parokSa kI sImA meM rakhA hai| isakA itihAsa vaidika paramparA se prArambha hotA hai| jaina aura baura paramparAboM ne vahIM se use grahaNa kiyA hai| sAdhAraNataH vyAptimAna ko 'anumAna' kahA gayA hai| pratvana ke pinA anumAna ho nahIM sakatA / nyAyasUtra meM tatpUrvakam (1.1.5) satra dvArA isI ko saSTa kiyA gayA hai / vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka paramparAgoM meM anumAna ke do bheda milate haiM-pratyakSatI dRSTa sambandha aura sAmAnyato dRSTa 1. upalammAnupalamnanimittaM vyApinAnasamUhaH -pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.5. 2. nyAvanApya, 1.1.1. 1. pramANavAtika, mabosa puratI...,

Page #232
208 sambandha / para nyAya aura sAMsya paramparAyeM anumAna ke tIna bheda mAnatI haipUrvavat, zeSavat aura sAmAnyato dRSTa / / bauddha paramparA prArambha meM to vaidika paramparA kA anukaraNa karatI huI dikhAI detI hai para bAda meM dikhanAga ne usakA khaNDanakara apanI mAnyatA prasthApita kI jise uttarakAlIna baudAcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyaa| jaina paramparA ne prArambha meM to naiyAyikoM ke anusAra anumAna ke tIna bheda kiye para bAda meM bauddha paramparA se prabhAvita hokara siddhasena aura akarmaka' ne unakA khaNDana kiyA aura apane anusAra anumAna ke lakSaNa, bheda Adi kI vyavasthA kii| uttaravartI jainAcAryoM ne use aura bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyaa| unameM AcArya hemacandra ne eka naye cintana kA sUtrapAta kiyA / anumAna ke lakSaNa meM to unhoMne siddhasena Adi kA anukaraNa kiyA para usake bhedoM ke sandarbha meM anuyogadvAra kA sAtha diyA / sAtha hI vaidika paramparA ke triviSa anumAna kI khaNDana paramparA ko bhI chor3a diyaa| Agama paramparA aura tArkika paramparA ke bIca jo asaMgati dikhAI dene lagI thI-usakA parihAra hemacandra ne kiyaa| upAdhyAya yazovijaya ne bhI hemacandra kA anukaraNa kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne anumAna kA lakSaNa isa prakAra sthApita kiyA sAdhana (liMga) se sAdhya (liMgI) kA jJAna honA anumAna hai| jaisedhUma se agni kA jJAna honA / yahA~ agni kI sthiti meM ghUma kA avinAbhAva sambandha hai / isameM pratyakSa jJAna hone ke bAda sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna hotA hai aura phira sAdhya kA anumAna hotA hai| sAdhya ke sAtha sAdhana kI avinAmAva sthiti ko hI akalaMka ne 'anyathAnupapatti' kahA hai| sAdhana ke lie 'hetu' zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| hetu ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM ke bIca mataikya nahIM / naiyAyika hetu ko paJcarUpa mAnate haiM-pakSadharmatva, sapakSasatva, vipakSavyAvRtti, avAdhita 1. tivihe paNate va bahA-pumbavaM, sesavaM. vidusAhammavaM-banuyogavAra, pramANavAra. 2. sAyAvinAmUvo liGgAtsAdhyavinizcAyakaM smRtam / anumAnam -nyAyAvatAra, 5. , 1. nyAvapinikaSaya, 2.151-172. 1.pani bIra cintana, pR. 1789. 5. sAdhanAt sAdhyavijJAnamanumAnam parIlAmukha, 3.14. papAnupapatyevalakSaNaM likhamampate pramANaparIjA, pa..2

Page #233
201 viSayatva aura basatpratipakSatva / baura paJcarUpoM meM se abAdhitaviSayatva ko pakSa meM antarbhUtakara bora asatpratipakSatva ko banAvazyaka batAkara mAtra 'jisma' mAnate haiM / naiyAyika bhI hetu ke tIna rUpa mAnate haiM para unake nAma bhinna haianvayanyatirekI, kevalAnvayI aura kevlvytirekii| jaina dArzanika mAtra 'anyathAnupapatti' ko hI heturUpa mAnate haiM / sAmya ke abhAva meM hetu kA na pAyA jAnA hI 'anyathAnupapatti' hai / yaha vipakSavyAvRttika hai / usake hone para pakSadharmaca aura sapakSasatva kI bhI bAvazyakatA nahIM / bakalaMka ne spaSTa likhA hai anyathAnupapanatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim ? nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim ? hetu' ke prakAra bhI vivAda ke viSaya haiM / nyAya-paizeSika hetu ke pAMca prakAra mAnate hai-kAraNa, kArya, saMyogI, samavAyI aura virodhii| ina pAMca hetuboM ko hI banumAna kA aMga mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya hetuoM ke sAta bheda batAta haimAtrA, mAtrika, kAryaviroSI, sahacarI, svasvAmI aura badhyapAtasaMyogI / bIDa hetu ke do hI bheda mAnate haiM-kArya hetu aura svabhAvahetu / jaina darzana bhI hetu ke sAmAnyataH do rUpa hI mAnatA hai para usake nAma pRSaka hai-upalabima gIra anupalagdhispa / ina donoM meM pratyeka ke chaha-chaha bheda hai-kArya, kAraNa, vyApya, pUrvacara, uttaracara aura sahacara / inameM avinAmAvasa hetu hI pramubaha do ukta donoM hetu rUpoM meM vidyamAna hai| ataH jainadarzana ne 'avinAmAva' rUpa hetu hI svIkAra kiyA hai| anumAna ke meva: anumAna ke do bheva hai-svArtha aura parArtha / ' paropaveza ke binA nizcita athavA avinAbhAvI sAdhanoM ke dvArA hone vAlA sAdhya kA jJAna ' svAnumAna' hai baura paropadeza se sAdhanoM dvArA hone vAlA sAdhya zAna 'parAnumAna hai|' svAnumAna meM eka vyakti dUsare vyakti para bavalambita nahIM rahatA / usake avinAbhAvI sAdhanoM meM kucha sahabhAvI hote hai aura kucha kramamApI / rUpabIra rasa jaise sAdhana sahabhAvI hote haiM jinameM eka ko dekhakara dUsare kA anumAna ho pAtA hai| kRttikA ke udita hone para zakaTa kA udaya honA kramamAvI sAdhana sAyabAki 2. nyAyavinizcaya, 12valasaMgraha meM yaha zloka pAsvAmI ke nAma se upara hai| 1. svA svanizcitasAmmAninAmAvaNA sAdhanAt sAmAna pramANanImAMsA, 1...yAnIpikA..1-72 . pocavAvanAvipAkyaH pArSada nyAvIpikA, 985

Page #234
hai| isameM kAraNa-kArya kA sambandha hatA hai| ina sabhI sApoM kI hemacandrAcArya ne pAMca bhedoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai manAva, mAraka, kArya, ekAryasamavAyI baura viropii| parAryAnumAna kisI anya vyakti Adi ke sahAre utpanna hotA hai| vaha bhAvAtmaka bIra vacanAtmaka do prakAra kA hotA hai| jJAnAtmaka parApAnumAna vacanAtmaka parAnumAna para bAdhArita rahatA hai / isalie vacana ko bhI upacArataH parArthAnumAna kI zreNI meM rakha diyA jAtA hai| svArthAnumAna ke tIna aMga hote haiM-dharmI, sAdhya bora sAdhana / parantu parAryAnumAna ke aMgoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa matabheda hai| sAMsya parAnumAna ke tIna avayava mAnate hai-pratijJA, hetu aura udAharaNa / mImAMsaka unameM 'upanaya' ko aura jor3akara unakI saMkhyA cAra kara dete haiN| naiyAyikoM ne 'nigavana' ko bhI avayava mAnA aura phalataH unakI dRSTi meM parApAnumAna ke avapadoM kI saMkhyA pAMca ho gii| jaina dArzanika 'pana' aura 'hetu' ko hI adhika mAvazyaka mAnate hai para boDa dArzanika kevala 'hetu' kA prayoga karane ke pakSa meM hai| anumAna ke pAMca banavava mAnesAte hai-kitA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya aura nin| sAdhya viziSTa paTakA kAnakaralAlpavitrA hai| ise pasa' bhI kahA jAtA hai| bavAsI kI siddhi kalAAhatA hai| "yaha parvata agnivAlA hai" yaha pratimA kA udAharaNa humA / sApanAkAla karatA hetu' hai| jaise yaha parvata agnivAlA hai "kyoMki isameM dhUma hai|" bAharaNa ke PM ko kosaSTakiyA, jAtA hai, jaise-vo-goMdhamakAnA hotA hai vaha vaha mAnavAlA hogase khoIpara yaha.sAdhamyAcA anvaya dRSTAnta hai jo pojagAmilAna nahIM ho pAnAha-emavAsAHbhI nahIM hotA. jese vaamaav| graha sAmAnya savA matirekAmayanta hai| prakSa..meM hetu, kA upasaMhAra karanA 'upanaya' hai| senAharaparvata zrI unI.kAra.sahAlA hai| sAdhya kA phirase kapana phira dera-nigamana' hai| jaise- pAlie. yaha parvata agnivAlA hai| ina pAMcoM bhAsavaoNkaramayoga karane paraparAnumAna kA pUrA sarUpa isa.prakAra hogAyaha parvata magnivAlA hai ki isa para pUma hai| yahA~-vahA~-dhUma hotA hai jahAMvahA~ sAgni sevI se rasoIpara jahA~ para agni hotI hai vahA~ dhUma nahIM hotA jaise-palAzaya / sa parvata meM dama hai|svH sahA sarita hai| vastutaH banumAna ke inakA pratiyoTise kiyA jAtA hai| sipAhIjApatikAra ke sAta

Page #235
211 bheda hote haiM-svabhAva, vyApaka, kArya, kAraNa pUrvarara, uttarapara aura sahapara / pramANa parIkSA meM hetu ke bheda-prabhedoM ko milAkara 22 bheda batAye gaye haiN| mImAMsaka 'varSApatti' aura 'bA' ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiM para usakA vAtAva anumAna meM ho jAtA hai| anumAna meM hetu.kA jo. pakSadharmala bAvazyaka hotA hai vaha arthApatti meM Avazyaka nahIM hotaa| ataH use puSaka pramANa mAnane kI.mAvazyakatA nahIM hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM anumAna : pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM pratyakSa aura Apta vacana' kI apekSA anumAna para adhika jora diyA gayA hai / 'usakI 'doM vidhiyAM dIpAIha-niyamana viSi (Deduction) aura vyApti vidhi (Induction):nigamana-vivi sAmAnya ke zAna ke AdhAra para alpa sAmAnya yA vizeSa ke viSaya meM banumAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaise 1. sabhI dravya utpAda-vyAya-dhrauvyavAn haiN| 2. sabhI kASTha drvyaah| 3. sabhI kASTha utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyavAn haiN| yahAM prathama do vAkya AdhAra vAkya hai aura antima vAkya nigamana vAkya hai / vyAptividhi meM kucha vizeSa udAharaNoM kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai bAra unake AdhAra para sAmAnya sikhAnta kA anumAna kara liyA jAtA hai| jaise ki sAtha Aga kA sambandha dekhakara'yaha vyApti banA lI jAtI hai ki bahIbAhI dhuo hai vahA~-vahA~ Aga hai / yahA~ AdhAra sakya vizeSa udAharaNa hai samaya hai sAmAnya siddha vyApti / anumAna meM bAdhAravAkya mIra niSkarSa kAyadA ko milAkara yukti kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| nigamana vidhi do prakAra kI hainAnantArAnumAna(imastianetstone) aura paraMparAnumAna (Mediate Inference) ekahI ra niSkarSa nikAlane kI prakriyAko manantArAnumAna kahate haiM aura homabadhika vAkyoM ke AdhAra para niSkarSa nikAlane kI prakriyA ko pAnAhA jAtA hai| nigamana vidhi kA antima vAkya (vIra) mA ASwlenism) kahalAtA hai| nyAya vAkya meM tIna avayava hote-viSayamAlakAya bAranikarSavAkya / nyAyAlaya ko 'hetu kahA vAsa MAREpAstra meM nyAyavAkya ke sApArapatApasa niyama pnaayegye|

Page #236
1. nyAyavAkya meM tIna hI padoM kA prayoga hotA hai| 2. pratyeka nyAyavAkya meM tIna hI vAkya rheNge| 3. hetu pada kama se kama eka bAra avazya sarvAMzI hogaa| 4. jo para AdhAra vAkya meM asarvAzI hai vaha niSkarSa vAkya meM sarvAtI kabhI nahIM ho sktaa| 5. yadi donoM bhASAravAkya niSedhAtmaka hoM,to koI niSkarSa nahIM nikltaa| 6. yadi bhASAra-vAkyoM meM eka bhI niSedhAtmaka ho to niSkarSa abasya niSedhAtmaka hogaa| 7. yadi donoM bAdhAra-vAkya vidhAnAtmaka hoM to unakA niSkarSa bhI vidhAnAtmaka hI hogaa| 8. yadi donoM mApAra-vAkya 'vizeSa' hoM to koI niSkarSa nahIM nikalatA / 9. yadi do bAdhAra vAkyoM meM eka 'vizeSa' ho to niSkarSa bhI avazya 'vizeSa' hogaa| 10. yadi viSeyavAkya vizeSa aura uddezya-vAkya niSeSAtmaka ho to unase koI niSkarSa nahIM nikala sktaa| bhAratIya darzana meM banumAna : jaina darzana kyA bhAratIya darzanoM meM anumAna ke sAdhAraNataH do bheda kiye gaye hai- svAnumAna aura parAryAnumAna / bAcArya hemacandra ne svArvAnumAna ke pAMca prakAra batAye hai-svabhAva, kAraNa, kArya, ekApasamavAyI aura viropii| (prmaannmiimaaNsaa,1.2.12)| sAnumAna vyakti meM dUsare ko sahAyatA ke binA hI utpana hotA hai| parAnumAna isake viparIta hotA hai| bhAratIya nyAyazAstra meM parAnumAna ke avayavoM ke viSaya meM mataikya nhiiN| sAMsa usake tIna avayava mAnatA hai- pana (pratijJA), hetu mora udAharaNa / mImAMsaka pAra apavayoM ko svIkArata-pA, hetu, udAharaNa aura upanaya / nayAvika isameM nimamanabIra sammilita kara dete hai| jaina musthataH pakSa aura hetu ko maante.hai| para bAvazyaka hone para kha babaloM taka prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhASApatamAratIya nyAMpazAba meM pAMca akSayoM kA prayoga hotA hai- .. 1) pratimA-sagnimAn hai|) 2) yoki mApUnavAna hai| bha ralyAvahA~ ghUtra hotA hai, vahAM-vahA~ bani hotI hai, vaise rkhoiipr| 1. dekhie, pAnApAna, nadIpa kApa, vinakA prahAra kavi mAralA

Page #237
219 4) panava-vaise hI, yahA~ bhI dhUma hai, aura 5) nigamana-yahA~ bhI bagni hai| ina pAMca avayavoM meM tIna pada hai-'para' (parvata), hetu (dhUna)bAra sAdhya (agni)| caturya avayava dvitIya kA bIra paMcama avayava prathama kA punaHkarana mAtra hai| pAzcAtya pati meM bhI tIna para milate haiM 1) sabhI padArya vinAzazIla hai-viSeyavAkya (kyApti) 2) sabhI vastra padArtha hai -uddezyavAkya (pakSavarmatA) 3) sabhI vastra vinAzazIla hai-niSkarSavAkya (ninamana) bhAratIya nyAyazAstra kA tRtIya avayava-udAharaNa pAzcAtya tarkazAstra kA vidheyavAkya (Major Premise) hai aura dvitIya tathA caturSa avayava usakA uddezya vAkya (Minor Premise) hai| 4. bAmana pramANa: sAmAnyataH Agama pramANa kA sambandha zabda pramANa se liyA jAtA hai para vastutaH usakA vizeSa sambandha zrutivihita bAgama se hai| bApta puruSa ke vacanoM se utpanna honevAlA arthasaMvedana 'bhAgama' hai| Apta vahI ho sakatA hai jo bItarAnI sarvaza aura hitopadezI ho| aise Apta ke vacanoM ko hI prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| sammabIrama kA sambandha : dArzanika kSatra meM bApta aura bAptAgama vivAda ke viSaya rahe haiN| mImAMsaka zabda aura artha kA nitya sambandha mAnakara veda ko anAdi aura apauruSeya mAnate haiN| sAtha hI ve zabda kA artha sAmAnya mAtra svIkAra karate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM go vyakti na hokara gotva 'sAmAnya' hogaa| vaiyAkAraNoM ke anusAra vargapani kSaNika hai / ataH vaha aryabodhaka nahIM ho sktii| isalie ve eka 'sphoTa' nAmaka tatva mAnate haiM jisase barthaboSa ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra yaha varSabodhaka zakti mAtra saMskRta zabdoM meM hI hai, pAni-sAta zabdoM meM nahIM / unakA yaha mata atyanta sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkIrNatA se bharA hulA hai| saMskRta ke samAna pAni-prAkRta bhASAboMke zabdoM meM bhI barSaboSakatA, viziSTArpayotanazIlatA bAdi tattva satrihata haiN| ina bhASAoM kA upalabdha vidyAla sAhitya bAra usakA janamAsika tatva isakA prAmANika tathya hai| devakIpIyatA: veda kI apauruSeyatA meM mImAMsakoM kA pramukha tarka yaha hai ki usake kartA kA smaraNa nahIM hotA / jaise-AkAza / vaivika kamI kA anuSThAna karate samaya bhI 1. bAptavacanAvApintagarva saMvedanamAgamaH- pramANamayatatvAka... ..

Page #238
veda ke kisI kartA kA anusmaraNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| kartRka panAmoM se usameM vilakSaNatA bhI dikhAI detI hai| ataH veda apauruSeya hai| parantu jaina dArzanika va kI mArapeyatA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unakA tarka hai ki aneka makAna, baharavAdikucha aisI cI upalabdha hotI haiM jinake kartA kA Ajataka patA nhiiN| to kyA hama unheM 'bapariSaya' kaheMge mora phira veda kI taittarIpa mAdi zAkhAyeM RSiyoM ke nAmoM se spaSTata: sambara hai| unameM kAya, mAdhyandina taittirIya bAdinAsaciva ullekhanIyA bAdi ke viSaya meM vivAda mAnA jAye to kAdambarImAdi granthoM ke ravivAloM ke sandarbha meM bhI vivAda hai| phira unheM bhI bapaurapeya kahA jAnA cAhie / racanA kI vilakSaNatA Adi tarka bhI agamya hai| ataH veda ko apauruSeya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| zeSika anumAna bAra zabda kI viSaya-sAmagrI samAna mAnakara zabda ko anumAna ke antargata mAna lete hai| unakI dRSTi meM donoM pramANa sAmAnyagrAhI aura sambada arSa ke grAhaka haiM / ataH ve unhe pRthak pramANa nahIM maante| baura bhI zabda kA artha ke sAtha koI sambandha na mAnakara use pramANakoTi se bAhara kara dete haiN| ve zabda kA artha vidhilpa na mAnakara use anyApoharUpa svIkAra karate haiN| paraMtu jaina dArzanika 'Agama' ko pramANa to mAnate hai para use pathak na mAnakara parokSa pramANa ke antargata rakha dete haiM / unhoMne uparyukta sabhI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kara apane mata kI prasthApanA kI hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra zruta ke tIna bheda hai-pratyakSa nimittaka, animittaka mauramAgamanimittaka / paropadeza kI sahAyatA lekara jo zruta pratyakSa se utpanna hotA hai vaha pratyakSanimittaka hai, jo anumAna se utpanna hotA hai vaha banumAnanimittaka hai tathA jo zruta kevala paropadeza se utpana hotA hai vaha bAgamanimittaka zruta kahalAtA hai| isameM vizeSatA bahakirmika paramparA mAtra veda para bAdhArita hai jabaki jaina paramparA ne tIkarArA viSTa vAntoM para nirmita pranyoM ko bhI vyavahArataH pramANa mAnA hai| isa varSa meM vAcArya samanvamA ne kahA hai ki yadi bApta, vItarAga bAra sarva kisI bAta ko kahatA ho to usapara vizvAsa kalA cAhie anyathA hetu-sase tattvasirikI jAnI cAhie vaktarvanApte yotoH sAdhyaM tavetusAdhitam / / mApte bAtari tadAkyAt sASitamAgamasASitam // ' 1. nyAyapana, pa..21.756pravakamAmAta 1.91-4.1. 2. bhUtamavika pramAnumAnApamAnimitana-pramANasaMha pa..

Page #239
isI ko dUsare rUma meM sibasena ne apanA mata vyakta kiyA ki vyakti mAra meM hetusegAra jAnabAda meM bAkma se sala para vicAra kre| aisA hI vicAraka tanAva kA prazAsaka bAra manya sidAnta kA virASaka hotA hai| jo gvAya pAvani heviivaanmivaalmyo| so sasamayapaNNavanI sitavirahayo anI ki : isa prakAra nidarzana ke anusAra pramANa ke do bheda hue-pralala vIra prol-| bama kA parva mUktaH aatmaaraa| bata: vAtmA ke pratyakSa meM bAnebAmA jAna pratyakSa aura ikhiyajanya jJAna paroma huvaa| bAda meM lokavyavahAra ko iSTimaya meM rakhate hue indriyaNa pratyakSa ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa aura vimukha bhAtmA meM utpanna honevAlA zAna banindriya pratyakSa athavA pAramArSika pratyakSa kahA gayA / kAlAntara meM isI ko parokSa bhI kahA jAne lgaa| jJAna ke do kAraNa hai- antaraMga kAraNa aura bAhaya kAraNa / kSayopazama vizeSarUpa yogyatA antaraMga kAraNa hai aura bAhaya kAraNoM meM indriya pratyakSA aura mAnasa pratyakSa Ate haiM jinase zAna-zakti kI abhivyakti hotI hai| katipaya dArzanika bhayaM aura bAlIka kozAna ke kAraNoM meM ginate haiN| para jaina dArzanika ise svIkAra nahIM karate / isakA mUlakAraNa yaha hai ki una kAraNoM meM manvayavyatireka aura kArya-kAraNa mAkAnI puSTi nahIM hotii| apane viSayabhUta padArthoM ke na hone para bhI indriyaghoSa kAraNa saba-vimarSaya bAvijJAna ho jAta haiN| pakSayo'kA astiSa ramapara bhI indriya bAra mana kA vyApAena hone para puSupta aura mUchita apasyA nahIM hotaa| ataH apane-apane kAraNoM utAna aura basapAraparakAkabhAva kI taraha mera-sevaka bhAvanAlA hApita hai| devAtabArA paneapane kAraNoM se uttama hokara mInAra kA banA hai| usI taraha apane-apane kAraNoM se utpanna bhaya bora mAna meM bhI sAdhanamAlaka mAra ho jAtA hai| 2. tapinimAvimAnAtalA . 3.vahepanitopvaH parivaH svakho gayA / vAmA tatva prinnaamsvtH||piivllk, 59

Page #240
naiyAyikoM ke anusAra mAna kA pramukha kAraNa sannikarSa hai| jabataka artha kA indriya ke sAtha saMyoga athavA sannikarSa nahIM hotA tabataka usakA mAna nahIM ho pAtA / indriya kAraka hai aura kAraka sannikRSTa hue binA apanA kAma nahIM karatA / sannikarSa chaH prakArakA mAnA gayA hai- saMyoga, saMyukta- samavAya, saMyukta samaveta samavAya, samavAya, samaveta samavAya aura vizeSaNa vizeSyabhAva / bAhaya padArtha mizaH cAra sannikarSoM se gujarate haiM-AtmA , mana, iniya aura varSa yogaNa pratyakSa meM AtmA aura mama kA hI sannikarSa hotA hai|' jaina dArzanika sabhikarSa ko vastu-zAna karAne meM sAdhakatama kAraNa nahIM mAnate / unakA mukhya tarka yaha hai ki sabhikarSa ke hone para bhI zAna nahIM hotaa| baiMse ghaTa ke samAna bAkAzAdi ke sAtha canu kA saMyoga to hotA hai para AkAza kA jJAna nahIM hotA / yadi isameM cakSu kI yogyatA kA abhAva mukhya kAraNa mAnA jAya to phira 'yogyatA' ko hI sAdhakatama kyoM na svIkAra kara liyA pAya? vastutaH yogyatA ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vaha to pramANa ko utpanna karane vAlA eka tatva hai| pramANa to jJAna hI hai aura jJAna kI utpatti tabhI hotI hai jaba jJAtA meM artha-prAdhikA zakti hotI hai| ataH zAna hI isI prakAra caNa bhI aprApyakArI hai / yadi prApyakArI hotI to bAMsa meM lage baMdhana ko bhI vaha dekhane meM samartha hotI, kintu darpaNa meM dekhe binA baMjana kAzAna nahIM ho paataa| cakSu bhArata padArtha ko nahIM dekha pAtI isalie vaha prApyakArI hai, yaha kahanA bhI ThIka nAIyoMki kAMca, abhraka Adi se bhAvRta padArca ko to vaha dekhatI hI hai / ataH mAvRta padArya ko jo grahaNa na kara sake baha prAppakArI hotA hai, vaha vyApti nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / cumbaka dUra se hI mohe kosIMcatA hai| ataH samikarSa ko yadi svIkAra kiyA jAya to sarva kA bhagAvanI svIkAra karanA par3egA / kyoMki samikarSa meM padArtha kA jJAna kramazaH bhora niksa hotA hai ki sarvakSatA meM baha yugapat aura baniyata apavA asImita isI prakAra naiyAyikoM kA kAraka sAkalyavAda, sAMsyoM kI indriyavRtti aura mImAMsakoM kA jJAvRvyApAra bhI jainoM kI dRSTi meM pramANa nahIM / jainoM ke samAna bIDa bhI jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM para unakI dRSTi meM nirvikalpaka 1.pApabarI, pR.72-74 2. yAvacarI, . 12 1.sArikA 10

Page #241
27 bhAna viziSTa hotA hai| vahI pratyakSa rUpa jJAna hai / jabaki savikalAkamAna anumAna rUpa hotA hai| isI dRSTi se baudadarzana meM vastu ke do lakSaNa:svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa / svalakSaNa vastu kA mUla rUpAtmaka hotA hai| ataH vaha pratyakSa kA viSaya hai tathA sAmAnyalakSaNavastu ke sAmAnya rUpa para kalpita hotA hai jo banumAna kA viSaya hai / pratyakSa meM zabda-saMsRSTa artha kA grahaNa saMbhava nhiiN| bataH bAvadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnatA hai, savikalpaka ko nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki vahAM diGnAga ne pratyakSa ko kalpanA se virahita babhrAnta jJAna mAnA hai-'kalpanApoThamaprAntaM prtykssm| jaina dArzanikoM ne boDoM dvArA mAnya isa pratyakSa ke svarUpa kI kaTu bAlocanA kI hai| unakA tarka yaha hai ki bItAcArya svayaM nirvikalpaka jJAna ko nizcayAtmaka nahIM maante| jo nizcayAtmaka nahIM hogA vaha mAna pramANa kaise ho sakatA hai ? vaha na to svayaM kA nizcaya kara pAtA hai aura na varSakA hI / ataH vaha vyavahAra-sAdhaka bhI nhiiN| ataH upacAra se bhale hI nirvikalpaka ko pramANa mAnA jAye, para vastutaH savikalpaka mAna hI pramANa kahA jAnA caahie| pramANa kA phala jainadarzana meM ajJAna nivRtti aura padArSadoSa batAyA gayA hai| mAtmA kA svabhAva jJAna-darzana hai| ataH mAtmA kI vizuddhAvasthA pranaTa ho jAne para jJAna kA phala kevalajJAna aura mukti-prApti hotA hai| jJAna hI dArzanika kSetra meM pramANa ho jAtA hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka Adi vaidikadarzana phala ko pramANa se bhinna mAnate haiN|' bora hAnopAdAnAdi buddhi ko usakA phala svIkArate haiN| indriya vyApAra aura sannikarSa Adi ko pUrva-pUrva kI apekSA phala aura uttara-uttara kI apekSA pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| sautrAntika baura jJAnagata akAra yA sArUpya ko pramANa svIkAra karate haiM aura viSaya ke adhigama ko usakA phala mAnate hai, paki vijJAnavAda svasaMvedana ko phala mAnatA hai bAra zAnagata tayAviSa yogyatA ko pramANa svIkAra karatA hai| dharmakIrti ne pramANa ke do phala mAne hai-hAna bAra upAdAna / vAtsyAyana ne usameM upemAbuddhi aura jor3a diyA jise sikhasena, samantabhadra, akalaMka Adi jainAcAryoM ne bhI svIkAra kara liyaa| 1. nyAyakumuvacanda, pR. 48 2. kokavArtika, 74-75

Page #242
218 mANAmAsa : jo pramANa kI taraha dikhe para vastutaH pramANa na ho vaha pramANAbhAsa kahalAtA hai / saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya Adi pramANAbhAsa hI hai kyoMki unase vastu kA sahI pratibhAsa nahIM hotA / pramANa kA lakSaNa 'avisaMvAditA' unameM dikhAI nahIM detA / saMzayajJAna anirNayAtmaka hotA hai, viparyayajJAna viparItAtmaka hotA hai aura anadhyavasAya anizcayAtmaka hotA hai / inameM viparyayajJAna vizeSa vivAda kA viSaya banA / isa sandarbha meM prabhAkara matAMnuyAyI mImAMsakoM kA vivekalyAti, cArvAkoM kA alyAti, sAMkhyoM kA prasiddhArthasyAti, brahmAdvaitavAdiyoM kA anirvacanIyArthasvAti, sImAntika aura mAdhyamikoM kA asatsyAti tathA yogAcAriyoM kA AtmasyAtivAda prasiddha hai / prabhAvakArya me ina sabhI vAdoM kA khaNDana apane nyAyakumudacandra meM kiyA hai / prAyAbhAsoM kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM / ve agaNita bhI ho sakate haiM / hetvAbhAsa : pramANAmAsa ke samAna hetvAbhAsa bhI hote haiM / yahA~ lakSaNa to hetu ke samAna pratIta hote haiM para vastutaH ve hetu hote nahIM / ataH sAdhana athavA hetu ke doSoM ko hI hetvAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai / naiyAyika hetu ke pAMca rUpa mAnate haiM ataH unake abhAva meM hetvAbhAsa bhI pA~ca hote haiM-asiddha, viruddha, anaikAntika, kAlAtyApadiSTa aura prakaraNasama / boddha 'tirUpa' mAnate haiM ata: unake abhAva meM hetvAbhAsa bhI tIna mAne gaye haiMasiddha, viruddha aura anaikAntika / ' jaina dArzanika prAyaH eka rUpa mAnate haiM / ataH unakI dRSTi meM mAtra asiddha hI hetvAbhAsa hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki hetvAbhAsa kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM kI jA sakatI / phira bhI unheM hama cAra prakAroM meM vibhAjita kara sakate hai-viruddha, asiddha, anaikAntika 'aura akiJcitkara / " DA: jo lakSaNa dRSTAnta ke lakSaNa se bahirbhUta hoM ve dRSTAntAnAsa grahaNAeM haiN| usameM sAdhya-sAdhanaka nirNAyaka tatva honA Avazyaka hai| kRSTAntAnA ke mUlataH do bheda haiM-sAdharmya aura vaidharmyaM / inake bhI nava-nava jaMka hote haiM / prAntara 1. nyAyasAra, pu. 7 2. nyAyavindu pR. 3 3. nyAyavinizcaya, 2. 195 4. vahI, 2. 370 : jainadarzana, pu. 395-6.

Page #243
se dRSTAntAbhAsa ke do bheda hai- anya dRSTAntAbhAsa bAra vyatireka dRSTAntAbhAsa / dharmakIti ne dRSTAntAbhAsa ke aThAraha bheda mAne haiN| sikhasena ne bhI unhIM kA anukaraNa kiyaa| mANikyanandI ne naka ke sthAnapara sAdharmya aura baMdhaI ke vAsbAra bhaMdakara kuma bATha bheda kiye| vAdidevasari ne 18 mora hemacanA ne usake 16 bheva svIkAra kiyaM / dRSTAntAbhAsa ko udAharaNAmAsa bhI kahA gayA hai| anumAna kA yaha saMkSipta vivecana hai|' bArayA : prAcIna kAla meM vAdavivAda kI paramparAyeM bahuta adhika pracAlita hI haiN| prArama meM ye vaidika sampadAya meM adhika thIM para uttarakAla meM bauDa aura jaina paramparAyeM bhI usase prabhAvita huii| suttanipAta meM brAhmaNoM ko 'pAvasIlA' kahA gayA aura jaba kabhI tothaMkaroM ko bhI isa vizeSaNa se abhihita kiyA gyaa.| unheM 'takki' aura 'takkikA' bhI kahA gayA / 'takka-hetu' zabda kA bhI prayoga hamA hai| yaha zAstrIya pariparcA vizeSataH nyAya paramparA meM pracalita thI / vahA~ ise 'kayA' kahA gayA hai bora isI ke bhedoM meM vAda, balpa aura vitaNDA kA prayoga humA hai| inakA mukhya uddezya apane pakSa kA prasthApana rahA hai / vItarAga kathA ko vAda, aura vijayecchukoM kI kathA ko 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' mAnA jAtA hai / suttanipAta meM ina tInoM ke ullekha milate haiN| buraSoSa ne 'vitaNNAsatva' kA sambandha vaidika paramparA se jor3A hai jabaki saddanItikAra ne use titthiyoM se sambaddha kiyA hai| bAda meM vijaya pAne ke lie nyAya paramparA meM chala, jAti aura nigrahasthAnoM kA prayoga vihita mAnA gayA hai| vahA~ yaha spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra khaMta kI rakSA ke lie kAMTedAra vAr3I kI gAvazyakatA hotI hai usI prakAra tatvasaMrakSaNa ke lie jalpa aura vitA meM chala, jAti bAdikA prayoga anuSita nahIM hai|' bolapamparA bhI isI vicAra se prabhAvita huii| upAyaharakA bAdi anyoM meM bauddha saMsati ke saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi se chala, pAti mAdi ke prayoga ko svIkAra kiyA, paradharmakIti ne isakA samarthana nahIM kiyaa| ahiMsA bora satya kI pRSThabhUmi meM isIlie unhoMne nigrahasthAnoM meM bAdI baura prativAdI 1. jana takazAstra meM anumAna vicAra, jaina dharma-garvana bAvisava bhI issttb| 2. nyAyasUtra, 4.2.5. 3. upAyahAya, pR..

Page #244
220 donoM ke lie asAdhanAMga aura badoSodbhAvana ina do nigrahasthAnoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| jaina paramparA prArambha se hI satya aura ahiMsA kA prayoga jIvana ke hara kSetra meM karatI rahI hai / vAda-vivAda meM bhI usane chala, jAti bAdi ke prayoga kA kamI bhI samarthana nahIM kiyA / sibasena ne vAdavizikA aura akalaMka ne aSTazatI-aSTasahanI meM isI tathya ko prastuta kiyA hai| yahA~ spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki bAdI kA kartavya hai ki vaha prativAdI ke siddhAntoM meM vAstavika kamiyoM kI bora saMketa kare aura phira apane mata kI sthApanA kre| satya bora bahisA ke mApAra para hI hara dRSTikoNa ko prastuta kiyA jAnA cAhie / pAli sAhitya meM bhI yaha baina paramparA prativimbita huI hai| sancaka, abhaya bora basibandhakaputtagAmaNI prasira jaina vAdI rahe haiN| saccaka pArzvanAtha paramparA kA anuyAyI thaa| usane sabhI tIrthakaroM ke sAtha, saMbhavataH mahAvIra ke sAtha bhI, vAdavivAda kiyA thaa| abhaya aura asivandhakaputta gAmaNI ne bhI buddha ke sAtha zAstrArtha kiyA thA aura unhoMne ubhayakoTika praznoM ko upasthita kiyA thaa| ina praznoM ke mAdhyama se prativAdI barake sivAntoM meM tathyasaMgata kamiyoM kA mAtra nirdeza karanA vAdiyoM kA uddezya thaa| jaina aura bauddha, donoM paramparAyeM sAdhAraNataH isa kSetra meM samAna vicAradhArA vAlI rahI hai / vaidika paramparA ke virodha meM sarvaprathama dharmakIti ne nigrahasthAna kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| unhoMne yaha spaSTa kahA ki hInAdhika bolane Adi mAtra se prativAdI ko parAjita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usakA to kartavya yaha hai ki vaha prativAdI ke kathana meM yathArtha doSoM kA udghATana kre| isa dRSTi se masAdhanAMgavacana aura adoSodbhAvana ye do nigrahasthAna svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| para dharmakIrti yahA~ zAstrArtha ke pacar3e meM par3a gye| unhoMne ina donoM nibahasthAnoM ke sandarbha meM trirUpa, paJcarUpa Adi kI bAta karane lge| akalaMka ne isase eka kadama Age gar3hakara kahA ki vAdI ko ina bAtoM meM ulajhakara use avinAbhASI sAdhana se svapana kI sthApanA karanI caahie| prativAdI kA bhI kartavya hai ki vaha vAdI ke vacanoM meM yathA dUSaNa batAye aura apane pakSa kI sthApanA kare / ' akalaMka ke isa mata kA manukaraNa vidyAnanda, prabhAvana mAvi 1. vAdanyAya, pa.. 2, maNvima nikAya, (ro.) 23.4 saMyuttanikAya (ro.). prathama bhAga, pa. 171masima nikAya (ro.), prathama bhAva, pR. 393 . masatI-paSTasahanI, pR. 87 -

Page #245
221 uttarakAlIna bAcAryoM ne kiyaa| jaya-parAjaya kI isa vyavasthA para bAta meM tarka-vitarka nahIM tthN| anakAntavAda anekAntavAda dRSTimaMdoM kA samanvayAtmaka rUpa hai / apane vicAroM kA durAgraha bAra dUsare ke vicAroM kI svIkRti matabheda aura saMgharSa ko utpana karane meM kAraNa banate haiN| pratyeka cintaka aura vaktA kisI na kisI dRSTi se apane cintana aSavA kapana meM satyAMza ko samAhita kiye hue rahatA hai| use basvIkAra karanA satya ko asvIkAra karanA hai| ina sabhI satyoM para vicAra karanA 'anekAntavAda' hai aura unakI abhivyakti praNAlIko 'syAvAda' ' jagat meM pArSa ananta haiM aura hara padArtha meM ananta guNa hai| unheM paripUrNata: jAnane kI zakti eka sAdhAraNa vyakti meM ho nahIM sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha jisa padArya ko baba jaisA dekhatA hai, vaisA samajha letA hai| eka hI vyakti putra kI apekSA pitA hai, patnI kI apekSA pati hai, to mAtA kI apekSA pura hai| use hama ma mAtra pitA kaha sakate haiM. na pati kaha sakate hai bIra na hI kevala puSa kaha sakate haiN| apekSAbheda se vaha saba kucha hai| yadi hama ise nahIM mAnate to paraspara matabheda aura saMgharSa paidA ho jAte haiN| yahAM yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ke viSaya meM kaSita ukta prakAra se pUSaka-pRthak mAnyatA bilakula basatya nahIM hai| isI prakAra se jisa kisI bhI padArthako hama dekhate-samajhate haiM use apanI-apanI dRSTi se samajhate haiN| una dekhane-samajhane vAloM kI apanI-apanI sthitiyAM, samaya, zakti aura bhAva rahate haiM jinake mApAra para ve tatsambandhI vicAra karate haiN| ki ve padArya ke eka pakSa para vicAra karate hai ataH unake vicAra aikAntika hote hai phira bhI nirAdaraNIya bora asatya nahIM kahe jA sakate / bana rasana ne isa sandarbha meM bar3I gaMbhIratA pUrvaka socA aura hiMsA kI bhUmikA meM bhanekAntavAda kI pratiSThA kii| mAtmA kI vizuddha avasthA abataka pravaTa nahIM hotI tabataka kevalajJAna nahIM hogA aura vyakti padArtha ko pUrNa rUpa se nahIM dekha skegaa| isa doSa ko dUra karane ke lie jaina dArzanikoM ne banekAntavAda, nayavAda aura syAvAda siddhAntoM kI racanA kii| nayavAda bAra syAvAda banekAntavAda ke hI vibhinna rUpa hai| banekAntavAda padArtha ke svarUpa ko dinvarjana karAtA hai aura nayavAda tathA syAvAda usake samyak vivecana karane meM sahAyatA karatA hai|

Page #246
anekAntabAda : jaisA hama dekha cuke haiM, padArtha anekAntAtmaka hotA hai aura usameM samAsataH do guNa hote haiM- sAmAnya aura vizeSa / pArtha kI ina donoM vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa cintakoM meM usake sambandha meM prAcIna kAla se hI.matabheda dikhAI detA hai| koI use sAmAnyAtmaka mAnatA hai to koI vizaMpAtnaka aura koI sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka / dArzanika kSetra meM zaMkara kA vivartavAda, vauDoM kA asatkAryavAda, sAMsyoM kA satkAryavAda aura nyAya-vaizeSikoM kA anirvacanIyavAda isa saMdarbha meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| ye sabhI matavAda ekAntavAditA ke kAraNa paraspara vivAda aura saMgharSa karate rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyI jaina AcAryoM ne ina vivAdoM kI bhUmikA ko bhalIbhAMti samajhA aura unhoMne pratyeka matameda ke lapyAMza ko svIkAra kiyaa| ye sabhI mata aikAntika dRSTikoNa ko lie hue the| koI pavArya ke sAmAnya tatva ko mAnate to koI vizeSatatva ko| nAcAyAne donoM ekAntavASiyoM kI bAta mAnakara banekAntavAda kI prasthAmanA kii| isase donoM prakAra ke pAnikoM ke sivAntoM kA na to manAvara humA aura mduraagrh| balki vastupako sahI rUpa se samajhane kA mArga prazasta humaa| banekAvAra ke anusAra pArSa (san) meM tIna prakAra ke guNa hote haiMutpAba, vyavIra prIya svavAti ko na choDave hue jaba cetana-bavedana praya maryAvAntara kI prApti karatA hai sabase 'utsAda' kahate haiN| jaise mupiNDa se paTa paryApa kI utpatti hotI hai| isI prakAra pUrva paryAya ke vinAza ko 'vyaya' kahate hai kI utpati hone para pigmanAra miTTI kA vinAza hotA hai| banAvi pArivArika samAvasmayora utpAdanahIM hote kintu ilya sthita rahatA hai, 'dhruva' banA rahatA hai / piNDa aura para, konoM baksamAboM meM apanA kA batvaya hai .yahA~ mAya.aura utpAda ko sarvathA abhila nahIM kahA jA.sakatA, kintu kazcit kahakara usake vAstavika svarUpa ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vyaya aura utpAda ke samaya bhI dravya sthira rahatA hai| ataH donoM meM bheda hai aura tavya pAti kA parityAga donoM nahIM karate ataH abheda hai| yadi sarvaSA ra hotA to dravya ko chor3akara utpAda bora vyaya pRSaka milate aura yadi sarvacA.babheda hotA to eka kAmamAva hone para zeSa sabhI kA abhAva hotA / kAra aisA hotA nahIM / ataHlya kaJcit bhedAtmaka hai| 1.pati prakArakA 12

Page #247
21* kraya ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa yaM do skrUpha hote haiN| sAmAnya, utsarga janmaka vIra guru ke samAnArthaka zabda haiN| vizeSa : baMda aura paryAya me paryAyArthaka zaka hai / 'sAmAnya ko viSaya karane vAlA kramAvinaya hai aura vizeSa ko vikraya karane vAlA paryAyArthaka naya hai / donoM ayutasiddha rUpa dravya haiN| dotoM ko kramazaH zciyanaya, kora vyavahAranaya bhI kahate haiM / " guNa aura paryAya ke sambandha meM jaina dArzanikoM meM tIna paramparAyeM milatI / eka paramparA guNa aura paryAya meM bheda karatI hai jise 'bhedavAda' kahA gayA hai / yahA~ guNa sahabhAvI aura paryAya kramabhAnI hai / isa siddhAnta ke janaka kAcArya kundakRtya haiM jinakA samarthana umAsvAmI, samantabhadra aura pUjyapAda ne kiyA hai| dvitIya siddhAnta 'abhedavAda' haiM jisameM guNa aura paryAya kI tulyArthaka mAnA gayA hai / siddhasena divAkara isa siddhAnta ke praNetA kahe jAte haiM / unakA samarthana haribhadra aura hemacandra ne kiyA hai| tRtIya siddhAnta akalaMkadeva kA hai / unake anusAra guNa aura paryAya pRthakU bhI haiM aura apRthaka bhI haiM / isa siddhAnta ko 'bhedAbhedavAda' kahA gayA hai / prabhAcandra, vAdirAja, aura anantavIrya ne unakA samarthana kiyA hai / sAdhAraNata: ina tInoM siddhAntoM meM koI vizeSa bheda nhiiN| kyoMki tInoM meM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya samAna rUpa se kramabhAvI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye gaye haiM / prAcInatatva : ata sAhitya meM anekAntavAda ke prAcInatama bIja dekhe jA sakate haiM / pAli tripiTaka meM aneka sthaloM para yaha varNita hai ki mahAtmA buddha cAra prakAra se praznoM kA samAdhAna kiyA. karate the / i) ekaMsa vyAkaraNIya ( vastu ke eka bhAga kA kathana ) / ji) paTikkA vyAkaraNIya ( pratiprazna karake uttara denA) / iii)tIya (praznoM ko chor3a denA) / iv) kimasya kyAkaraNIya (praznoM ko vibhakta karake uttara detA) / isa prakAra ke qhAna kI dizA meM bha. buddha svayaM ko cimaNavAdi kahate haiM 1* jiMnoM kA pagaDaMka mI vikSu ke lie 'misamyavAdI' hone kA vijJAna karatA hai| uparyukta catuSkodhikanoM ke mUlataH do bheda rahe hoMge-e mAdakIya aura atekaMsa vyAkaraNIya / jalesa vyAkaraNIka ke hI bAcAneM ho 1. gumapadyantasthAsUtra 538 caNasAra, 15. tatkAryazlokavArtika, 154 2. prajiatikAya (ro.) bhAga 21.46 1. jina nimajjanAda ca vivAnareDA, 1.14.22

Page #248
224 va hue hoMge-vimarajamyAkaraNIya aura ThApanIya / viSajavyAkaraNIya kA hI anyatama bheda hogA-paTipucchA vyAkaraNIya / jaina pavanI usI prakAra esikadhammA aura banekasikadhammA rUpa meM vibhAjana karatA hai| yahA~ 'eksa' aura 'banekaMsa' zabda vicAraNIya haiM jo ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAda ke samIpalpa hai| antara yaha hai ki mahAvIra ekAntavAda ko kaJcit rUpa se sahI mAnate haiM parantu buDa use svIkAra nahIM karataM / zubhamANavaka ke prazna ke uttara meM bura ne svayaM ko 'vibhajjavAdI' kahA hai aura ekaMsavAdI hone kA virodha kiyA hai| parantu uttarakAla meM ve ekAntavAda kI mora jhukate hue dikhAI dete haiN| anekAntavAda ke prAcIna tatva pAli sAhitya meM aura bhI milate haiM jinheM hama nayavAda aura syAvAda ke vivecana ke samaya prastuta kreNge| yahAM hama mAtra itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainAgamoM meM banekAntavAda ke bIja bikhare par3e haiM para anvoM kA samaya nizcita na hone ke kAraNa unake viSaya meM vizeSa nahIM kahA pA sktaa| udAharaNArtha bhagavatIsUtra meM likhA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna hone ke pUrva jo dasa mahAsvapna dikhAI diye the unameM tRtIyasvapna pA-citra-vicitra pakSayukta puMskokila kA dekhnaa| yaha vizeSaNa anekAntavAda kA pratIka kahA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna dArzanika itihAsa ke dekhane se yaha patA calatA hai ki yaha banekAntAtmaka dRSTikoNa mAtra mahAvIra athavA unake anuyAyiyoM kA hI nahIM pA balki darzanAntaroM meM bhI yaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna pA / banekAntavAda kA khaNDana karane ke bAda zAntarakSita ne tAvasaMgraha meM yaha kahA ki mImAMsakoM aura sAMsyoM ke anekAntavAda kA bhI khaNDana ho cukaa| isakA tAtparya hai ki ina darzanoM kA bhI jhukAva banekAnta dRSTi kI bora thaa| naiyAyikoM ne 'banekAnta' zabda kA upayoga bhI kiyA para mAtmA kAdi ko sarvathA apariNAmI mAnane lage / sAMsya-yoga darzana bhI isa tatva se aparicita nahIM / kumArila ne bhI zlokavAtika meM usakA prayoga kiyA hai| zaMkara meM paramArthika utsabIra yAvahArika satya kI mavasthAkara use svIkAra kiyA hai| purA ne vimaJcavAda aura mAdhyamika mArga kA avalambana lekara padArtha nirNaya kiyA hai| isake bAvajUda ye sabhI darzana ekAntabAda kI mora kgye| baki mahAvIra gaura unake anuyAyI bhAcAryoM ne banekAntavAda ko apane cinAnA mAdhAra banAyA / jaina dharma prArambha se babhI taka anekAntavAvI rahA hai| -

Page #249
225 anekAnta dRSTi meM se hI nayavAda kA utthAna hunaa| nayoM meM sabhI ekAntavAdI darzanoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se dArzanikoM ke bIca samanvayavAditA sthApita hone lgii| isI prakAra aneka dArzanika nitya-anitya, sAnta-ananta, Adi vicAradhArAoM se jUjhate rhe| isa saMgharSa ko dUra karane ke lie saptabhaMgIvAda kA janma huA / jaina dArzanikoM ne isa prakAra anekAntavAda, nayavAda ke mAdhyama se anya darzanoM ko samIpa lAne kA abhUtapUrva prayatna kiyA / 2. naya vAda bhaya aura pramANa : padArtha ke svarUpa kA vivecana do prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai-dravya rUpa se aura paryAya rUpa se| dravya rUpa se vivecana pramANa karatA hai aura paryAya rUpa se naya / naya kA artha hai "jJAtA kA abhiprAya" aura abhiprAya kahalAtA hai pramANa se gRhIta padArtha ke eka deza meM padArtha kA nizcaya / naya baMzagrAhI hotA hai aura vaha padArtha ke eka deza meM padArtha kA vyAkhyAtA hai| isAlae pramANa ko sakalAdezI kahA gayA hai aura naya ko vikalAdezI kahA gayA hai| samasta vyavahAra prAyaH naya ke AdhIna hote haiN| ye naya sunaya bhI hote haiM aura durnaya bhii| sunaya vastu ke apekSita aMza ko mukhya bhAva se grahaNa karane para bhI zeSa baMzoM kA nirAkaraNa nahIM karatA, para durnaya nirAkaraNa karatA hai| sunaya sApekSa hotA hai aura durnaya nirapekSa / nirapekSa naya mithyA hote hai aura sApekSa maya samyak / aikAntika Agraha se mukta hone ke lie naya praNAlI Avazyaka hai| naya aura pramANa meM uparyukta bheda ke sAtha yaha jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki pramANa aMza aura aMzI donoM ko pradhAna rUpa se jAnatA hai jabaki naya aMzoM ko pradhAna aura aMzI ko gauNa rUpa se athavA aMzI ko pradhAna aura aMzoM ko gauNa rUpa se jAnatA hai| pramANa anekAnta kA jJApaka hai aura naya vastu ke ekAnta ko batAtA hai| pramANa vastu ke vidhi aura niSedha donoM rUpoM ko jAnatA hai, parantu naya vastu ke kisI eka rUpa para hI vicAra karatA hai| nayake bheSa: ___naya ke bheda anaMta ho sakate haiM kyoMki jitane hI zabda hai utane hI naya hai| phira bhI unheM samAsataH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA haidravyApika aura paryAyAthika / dravyAthika mukhya rUpa se dravya ko grahaNa karatA hai aura paryAyArthika paryAya ko / eka abhedagrAhI hai to dUsarA medagrAhI / babheda 1. nayo nAturabhiprAyaH, mAlApa pati, 9, prameyakamalamAtaMga, pa. 676 2. sakalAdezaH pramANAdhIno vikalAdezo nayAdhInaH, sarvArthasiDi, 1.6.20 1. nirapekSA nayA mithyA sApekSA vastu veDarSakata, bAta mImAMsA, ikoka 208 4. bAbAyA vayaNapahA vAvAyA haoNti papavAyA, pati prakaraNa 3."

Page #250
226 kA artha sAmAnya hai aura bheda kA artha vizeSa / sAmAnya ke do bheda haiM-UThatAsAmAnya aura tiryak sAmAnya / UrdhvatAsAmAnya kA saMbaMdha eka dravya se hai jabaki tiryak sAmAnya sAdRzyamUlaka vibhinna dravyoM meM manuSyatva jaisI sAmAnya kI kalpanA se sambaddha hai / eka dravya kI paryAya meM hone vAlI maMda - kalpanA paryAyavizeSa hai aura vibhinna dravyoM meM pratIta hone vAlI bheda-kalpanA vyatireka vizeSa hai / sAdhAraNataH dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika ko kramazaH dravyAstika aura paryAyAstika tathA pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika zabda diye gaye haiM / AdhyAtmikakSetra meM ye hI naya, nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya ke nAma se vivecita haiM / uparyukta nayoM ko sthUlata: sAta bhedoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta naya / 1. naigamanaya : artha ke saMkalpamAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya naigamanaya kahalAtA hai / " yahA~ sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM kA bodha hotA hai / AtmA ke amUrtatva Adi guNoM kA sAmAnya athavA mukhya rUpa se vivecana karane para usake sukhAdi dharma vizeSa athavA gauNa ho jAte haiM aura sukhAdi dharma ko sAmAnya athavA mukhya rUpa se kahane para amUrtatva Adi guNa vizeSa athavA gauNa ho jAte haiM / guNa aura karma meM rahane vAlA sat sAmAnya hai aura bhinna go-gajAdi meM gotva - gajasva kA mAnanA sAmAnya hai se unheM bhinna batAnA vizeSa hai / isalie dravya sAmAnya hai dravya, abhinna hai / paraspara / AkRti, guNa Adi aura paryAya vizeSa hai / lokArtha bodhakatA aura saMkalpa grAhakatA bhI naMgamanaya kA kArya hai- jaise prastha banAne ke lie jaMgala se lakar3I kATane vAle vyakti se koI pUche ki Apa kahA~ jA rahe haiM, to vaha uttara degA- prastha ke lie jA rahA hU~ / yaha usake uttara meM saMkalpa vyakta ho rahA hai / isIprakAra bhaviSya meM honevAle rAjakumAra ko bhI pahile se hI rAjA kaha diyA jAtA hai / ye sabhI vyavahA maigamanaya ke viSaya haiN|' isameM lokarUti para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA hai / dharma-dharmI ko atyaMta bhinna mAnanA naigamAbhAsa hai / isa dRSTi se nyAyavaizeSika aura sAMkhyadarzana naMgamAbhAsI haiM kyoMki ve donoM meM sarvathA bheda mAnAM haiN| para jainadarzana unameM kathaJcit bheda mAnatA hai / 1. artha saMkalpamAtragrAhI naigamaH, tatvArtharAjavArtika. 1.12 2, sarvAtiddhi, 1.11 svArtha rAjapAtika 1.13

Page #251
2. saMpahanapaH eka jAtigata sAmAnya kA saMgraha karanA saMgrahanaya hai jaise- "sat" ke kahane se samasta sadrUpa dravyoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra kA san 'mahA sAmAnya' hai aura gotvAdika sAmAnya ko 'avAntara sAmAnya' kahate haiN| 'sAmAnya' nitya aura sarvagata hotA hai para 'vizeSa' aisA nahIM hotaa| vaha bapuSpa ke samAna niHsAmAnya hotA hai / yaha naya abheda dRSTi pradhAna hai, tathA samAna dharma ke AdhAra para ekatva kI sthApanA karatA hai| manuSyatva kI dRSTi se manuSya jAti eka hai| saMgrahanaya ke do bhaMda hai- para saMgraha aura apara saMgraha / para saMgraha sat rUpa badravya ko grahaNa karane vAlA hai .parantu apara saMgraha meM para saMgraha dvArA gRhIta vastu ke vizeSa aMzoM ko grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra saMgraha nava meM avAntara bhedoM ko ekatra rUpa meM saMgraha kara diyA jAtA hai| puruSAvaitavAda, zAnAdvaitavAda, zabdAdvaitavAda Adi darzana saMgrahanayAbhAsI haiM kyoMki ve bhedoM kA nirAkaraNa kara mAtra sattAdvaita ko hI grahaNa karate haiM / 3. vyavahAra naya : ____saMgraha naya ke dvArA gRhIta artha meM vidhipUrvaka bheda karake grahaNa karane vAlA maya vyavahAra naya hai|' jaise para saMgraha (mahA sAmAnya) naya meM vyakta 'sat' vyavahAra naya meM dravya paryAya kahA jaayegaa| apara saMgraha (avAMtara sAmAnya) meM sabhI dravyoM ko dravya rUpa se aura sabhI paryAyoM ko paryAya rUpa se grahaNa kiyA jaayegaa| isI prakAra vyavahAra naya jIvAdi ke bheda se jIva ko cha: prakArakA batAyegA aura paryAya kI dRSTi se do prakAra kA-sahabhAvI aura krmbhaavii| vyavahAra naya taba taka bheda karatA jAtA hai jaba taka bheda honA saMbhava hotA hai| vanaspati jAnane para usakA thAmrarUpa kA nirdhAraNa honA vyavahAra nama hai| vastu sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hotI hai / naigamanaya meM use prAdhAnya aura moNatA kI dRSTi se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, para vyavahAra naya mAtra saMgrahanaya dvArA gRhIta padAyoM ke bheda-prabheda karatA hai| yogAcAroM kA vijJAnavAda aura mAdhyamikoM kA zUnyavAda vyavahAra nayAbhAsa hai| vyavahAra naya bhedavAdI hai| manuSyatva kI dRSTi se samAna hone para bhI manuSya-manuSya ke bIca pratyakSa rUpa se dikhAI dene vAlA bheda kA digdarzaka vyavahAra naya hai| 1. jIvAjIva pramevA yadantIMnAstadasti sat / eka yavA svanirmAsi bhAnaM jIvaH svaparyAyaH / / -kIyasvaya, 2.5.31 2. manoviSipUrvakamavaharavaM mavahAra-vatArAvavAtija. .

Page #252
228 Rjutranaya : RjusUtranaya mAtra vartamAna kSaNavartI kSudra arthaparyAya ko hI viSaya karatA / use atIta aura anAgata se koI sambandha nhiiN| vaha to paryAya athavA bheda se hI sambandha rakhatA hai / " isa dRSTi se kumbhakAra zabda kA vyavahAra nahIM ho sakatA / kyoMki zivika Adi paryAyoM ke banAne taka to use kumbhakAra kaha nahIM sakate | aba jaba kumbha ke banane kA samaya AtA hai taba vaha apane avayavoM se svayameva ghar3A bana jAtA hai / phira use kumbhakAra kaise kahA jAya ? yaha naya lokavyavahAra kI cintA bilakula nahIM karatA / yahA~ to usakA viSaya batalAyA gayA hai / vyavahAra to pUrvokta vyavahAra Adi nayoM se saba hI jAtA hai / paryAyArthika naya kA kSetra yahIM se prArambha hotA hai| sautrAntikoMkA kSaNabhaMgavAda RjusUtranayAmAsa ke antargata kahA gayA hai / 5. zabbanaya : isameM kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA Adi ke bheda se bhinna-bhinna arthoM ko grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / " vyavahAra naya kAla, kAraka Adi kA bheda hone para bhI artha bheda svIkAra nahIM karatA / Rjusula naya vartamAna paryAya kA hI grAhI hotA hai kintu usameM zeSa nAma, sthApanA paryAya dravya rUpa tInoM, ghaTa nahIM paate| yaha viSaya zabdanaya kA rahatA hai / indra, zukra, purandara Adi paryAyabheda hone para bhI eka haiM, samAnArthaka haiM / isa naya meM samAnArthaka zabdoM meM bhI kAla, liGga Adi ke bheda se bhinnArthakatA ho jAtI hai / 6. samabhirUDanaya : yaha naya zabdabheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai / isameM zabda aneka arthoM ko chor3akara kisI eka artha meM mukhyatA se rUr3ha ho jAtA hai / jaise- go zabda vANI, pu Adi gyAraha arthoM meM prayukta hone para bhI sabako chor3akara mAtra 'gAya' artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| isI prakAra zabda-bheda se arthabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai / indra zakra, purandara Adi zabda paryAyavAcI haiN| phira bhI unakA artha pRthak-pRthak hai 7. evaMbhUtanaya : yaha naya zabda ke vAkyArtha ko pragaTa karatA hai / arthAt jisa samaya jaM paryAya yA kriyA ho usa samaya tadvAcI zabda ke prayoga ko embhUtanaya kaha haiM / jaise dIpana kriyA hone para hI dIpaka kahA jAya, anyathA nahIM / gI ji 2. medaM prAdhAnyato'nvicchan nusUtra namo mataH- laghIyastraya, 1.1.72 2. sanmA'ta'prakaraNa, 1.5

Page #253
samaya calatI hai usI samaya gau hai, na to baiThane kI avasthA meM vaha gau hai aura na sone kI avasthA meM / ataH yaha kriyAvAcaka hai| sabanama maura marSanaya : uparyukta zabda nayoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- arthanaya aura zabdanaya / naigama, saMgraha vyavahAra aura RjusUtra naya arthavAhI hone se anaya haiM aura zabda, samabhirUTa evaM evaMbhUta naya zabda se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa zabdanaya haiM / ina nayoM kA viSaya aura kSetra uttarottara sUkma, alpa bora pUrva-pUrva hetuka hai / ye naya pUrva-pUrva meM viruddha aura mahAviSaya vAle haiM aura uttarottara anukUla aura alpa viSaya vAle haiN| naMgamanaya sat-asat donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai para saMgraha naya mAtra sat ko| vyavahAranaya 'sat' meM bhI trikAlavartI sad vizeSa ko viSaya karatA hai| RjusUtranaya trikAlavartI meM bhI kevala vartamAna artha ko hI grahaNa karatA hai aura kAlAdi ke bheda se artha ko bhedarUpa nahIM mAnatA / para zabdanaya kAlAdi ke bheda se artha ko bhedarUpa mAnatA hai| zabdanaya meM paryAya bheda se abhinna artha ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai para samabhirUpanaya meM artha ko bheda rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| samabhirUr3hanaya se evaMbhUtanaya alpaviSaya vAlA hai| kyoMki samabhirUDhanaya kriyAbheda hone para bhI abhinna artha ko viSaya karatA hai parantu evambhUtanaya kriyAbheda se artha ko bhedarUpa grahaNa karatA hai| ye sabhI naya jJAnAtmaka haiM kyoMki apane artha ko spaSTa karate haiN| ve batIta, anAgata aura pratyutpanna viSaya ko grahaNa karate haiM / atIta aura anAgata kA viSaya naigamAdi prathama tIna nayoM meM aura vartamAna kA viSaya RjusUtrAdi zeSa cAra nayoM meM AtA hai / ye naya vastu ke bhinna-bhinna pakSoM ko prastuta karate hai| ata: yadi anya pakSoM kA niSedha na kiyA jAye to naya mithyA nahIM hote| marSa paryAya aura vyaJjana paryAya : yahA~ yaha bhI jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki paryAyeM do prakAra kI hotI haimarSa paryAya aura vyaJjana paryAya / arthaparyAya sUkSma hai, jJAnaviSayaka hai, ataH zabda se nahIM kahI jA sakatI / vaha kSaNa-kSaNa badalatI rahatI hai / parantu vyaMjana paryAya sthUla hai, zabda gocara hai aura cirasthAyI hai| arthaparyAya ko guNa kaha sakate haiM aura vyaMjana paryAya ko dravya / jaise janma se lekara maraNa paryanta puruSa meM 'puruSa' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| yaha vyaJjanaparyAya kA dRSTAnta hai| puruSa meM bAlya yauvana, vRddhatva bAdi kA jo AbhAsa hotA hai vaha parva paryAya kA udAharaNa hai|' 1. sanmati prakaraNa 1. 12-11

Page #254
pAli sAhitya meM nayavAda : pAli sAhitya meM nayavAda kI katipaya vizeSatAyeM milatI haiN| buddha ne kAlAma se jAna-prApti ke sandarbha meM dasa saMbhAvita mArgoM kA nirdeza kiyA haii) anussavena, ii) paraMparAya,iii) itikiriyAya, iv) piTakasaMpadAya, 4) bhavyarUpatAya, vi) samaNo na guru, vii) takkihetu, viii) nayahetu, ix) AkAraparivitakkena, aura x) diTThinijmA naksantiyA / inameM 'nayahetu' dRSTavya hai| yahA~ 'naya' kA tAtparya hai-kathana-rIti jo eka nizcita nirNaya ko vyakta karatI hai| isakA prayoga usI artha meM huA hai jisa artha meM janadarzana meM milatA hai| bauDa darzana meM sammati sacca aura paramatyasacca kA bhI vyavahAra huA hai| jinheM paryAyAthikanaya aura dravyAthikanaya athavA vyAvahArika naya aura nizcayanaya kahA jA sakatA hai / sunaya aura durnaya kA bhI prayoga milatA hai|' nizcayanava aura vyavahAranaya : uparyukta nayoM meM mUlanaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra hI haiN| zeSanaya unake vikalpa yA bheda haiN| dravyAthika aura paryAyAthikanaya nizcayanaya kI siddhi ke kAraNa hote haiN| nizcayanaya (zuddhanaya) ko bhUtArtha aura vyavahAra naya ko abhUtArtha kI bhI saMjJA dI gaI hai| nizcayanaya abhedagrAhI hai, dravyAzrayI hai aura nirvizeSaNI hai tathA vyavahAra naya isake viparIta hai| nizcayanaya vastu ke kAlika dhruva svabhAva kA kathana karatA hai para vyavahAra naya usakI paryAyoM para kendrita rahatA hai| saMsArI jIva vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se nizcaya naya kI ora jAte haiN| ataH nizcaya naya ko samajhane ke lie vyavahAra naya eka sopAna hai| isalie donoM nayoM kI samAna AvazyakatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne isI ko spaSTa kiyA hai-ki jo zuddhanaya taka pahu~cakara zraddhA ke sAtha pUrNa jJAna aura cAritravAn ho gaye haiM unheM to zuddha (AtmA) kA upadeza karane vAlA zuddhanaya jAnane yogya hai aura jo aparam bhAva meM arthat zraddha, jJAna aura cAritna ke pUrNabhAva ko na pahuMcakara sASaka avasthA meM sthita haiM ve vyA hAra dvArA upadeza karane yogya haiM sukhA sukhAveso NAyavyo paramabhAvArisIhi / vavahAra desiyA puNa je du aparame didA bhAve // 1. aMguttara nikAya, (ro), dvitIya bhAga, pR. 191-3. 2. nayena neti, saMyukta (ro.), bhAga 2. pR. 58; anayena nayati dummevo, jAtaka (ro.) bhASa 4, pR. 241. 3. milindapamho, saMyuttanikAya, mAdhyamikakArikA, bAdi grantha dekhiye| 4. anuttara nikAya (ro.), bhAga 3, pR. 178 5. samaya prAvaNa 12 -

Page #255
2 // nimeSa myavasthA : padArya ko sahI rUpa se samajhane ke lie nikSepa kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| nikSepa kA artha hai nyAsa (rakhanA) athavA vibhAjana krnaa)|' zabda kA jaba artha kiyA jAtA hai to vibhAjana kI cAra dRSTiyAM hotI haiM-nAma, sthApanA, vya aura bhAva |'ssttkhnnddaagm, dhavalA Adi granyoM meM kahIM-kahIM cha: bhedoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai-nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva / inakA antarbhAva yadyapi dravyAthika aura paryAyAthikanayoM meM ho jAtA hai phira bhI viSaya ko vibhAjitakara use aura bhI spaSTa tathA saralatA pUrvaka samajhane ke lie nikSepa kI kyavasthA kI gaI hai| 1. nAma nikSepa-jAti, guNa, kriyA, nAma Adi nimittoM kI apekSA na karake kI jAne vAlI saMjJA 'nAma' hai| jaise-kisI kA nAma jitendra rakha diyA jabaki hai vaha mhaabhautikvaadii| 2. sthApanA nikSepa-'yaha vahI hai' isa rUpa se tadAkAra yA matadAkAra vastu meM kisI kI sthApanA karanA sthApanA nikSepa hai| jaise kisI prastara kI mUrti ko tIrthakara kI mUrti mAna lenA athavA zataraMja ke moharoM meM hAthI, ghor3A Adi kI sthApanA karanA / nAma aura sthApanA donoM nikSepoM meM saMjJAyeM rakhI jAtI haiM para jo pUjyatva bhAva sthApanA meM sthApita kiyA jAtA hai vaha nAma meM nahIM hotaa| 3. dravya nikSepa-AgAmI paryAya kI yogyatA vAle usa padArtha ko dravya kahate haiM jo usa samaya usa paryAya ke abhimukha ho| jaise-indra kI pratimA ke lie lAye gaye kASTha ko bhI indra kahanA athavA yuvarAja ko bhI rAjA kahanA / dravya nikSepa ke Agama, noAgama Adi aneka bheda-prabhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai| 4. bhAva nikSepa-guNa athavA vartamAna avasthA ke AdhAra para vastu ko usa nAma se pukAranA bhAvanikSepa hai| jaise siMhAsanAsIna vyakti ko hI rAjA khnaa| isake bhI Agama, nomAgama Adi bhedoM kI vyAkhyA granthoM meM milatI hai| ye cAroM nikSepa nayoM meM antarbhUta ho jAte haiN| bhAva kA antarbhAva paryAyAthika naya meM aura zeSa dravyAthikanaya meM gabhita ho jAte haiN| phira bhI vastu 1. sanmati prakaraNa. 1. 32-34. 2. dhavalA, mAga 1. gASA, 11 3. tatvAcaM sUtra, 1-5. 4. sanmati prakaraNa, ..

Page #256
232 ke svarUpa ko sarvasAdhAraNa bhI samajha sake, isa STi se nikSepa kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| Upara hamane anekAntavAda kI bAta kahI hai| vaha vicAra karane kI anekAntika praNAlI hai| yahI praNAlI jaba abhivyakti kA rUpa letI ho taba hama use 'syAvAda' kahate haiM / padArtha kI ananta avasthAoM athavA usake ananta guNoM ko eka sAtha spaSTa karanA asaMbhava hai| isalie jaina dArzanikoM ne apane kathana ke pUrva meM 'syAt' zabda kA prayogakara isa asaMbhavanIya sthiti ko dUra kara diyaa| 'syAt' kA artha hai-kathaJcit / kathaJcit yA vivakSita prakAra se anekAnta rUpa se bolanA, bAdakaranA, jalpa karanA, kahanA yA pratipAdana karanA syAvAda hai| yaha 'syAt' athavA 'kathaJcit' nipAta na 'zAyada' kA pratIka hai aura na kisI prakAra ke saMzaya kA / vaha to padArtha ke jitane aMza ko grahaNa kiyA jA sakA utane aMza meM apane pUrNa nizcaya-zAna kI abhivyakti kara rahA hai / 'syAt' zabda ke saMyojana se tadetara dRSTiyoM ke lie daravAje bilakula khule rahate haiM / vahA~ kadAgraha athavA haThavAdI dRSTikoNa nahIM rahatA balki anya vicArakoM kI dRSTiyoM ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA bharI rahatI hai / isalie 'syAt' pada ke mAdhyama se 'eva' (hI) ke sthAna para 'api' (bhI) kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / isase abhimAnavRtti aura vaiSamya ke bIca samApta ho jAte haiM aura sApekSatA kI siddhi hotI hai| sApekSatA kA tAtparya yaha hai ki pramANa aura naya ke viSaya eka-dUsare kI apekSA pUrvaka rahate haiN| nirapekSatatva isake viparIta hote haiM / syAvAda anekAntavAda kA hI eka prakAra hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra anekAntAtmaka vastu meM dravyAthika naya se nityatva dravya rUpa se ghaTita hotA hai| donoM hI dravyApika aura paryAyApikanaya paraspara sApekSa haiN| yaha sApekSatA ahiMsA aura satya kI bhUmikA para pratiSThApita hai aura sarvadharma samabhAva ke cintana se anuprANita hai / usameM sarvathA ekAntavAdiyoM ko samanvayavAditA ke bApAra para eka pleTaphArma para sasammAna baiThAne kA sundara upakrama kiyA gayA hai / bAcArya samantabhadra ne isalie kahA hai syAvAdaH sarvathaikAntatyAgAt kiMvRttacidviSiH / saptabhaGganayApeko heyaadeyvishesskH|| pavArya meM sat, asat mAdi ananta svabhAva hote haiM / ve svabhAva kI apekSA sat baura paramAva kI apekSA asat hote haiN| isalie unakA vivecana karane

Page #257
233 ke pUrva anekAntAtmaka syAt' zabda kA prayogakara heyopAdeya kI vyavasthA bana jAtI hai| isI vyavasthA ko 'syAdvAda' kahA gayA hai| 'syAt ke sthAna para 'kathaJcit' zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| ina zabdoM kA prayoga nizcayanaya ke sAtha Avazyaka nhiiN| ve zabda to vyavahAra-sAdhaka haiN| yahAM yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki ye zabda dharmoM ke sAtha prayukta hote haiM, vastu ke anujIvI guNoM ke sAtha nhiiN| jitane bhI padArtha zabdagocara haiM ve saba vidhi-niSedhAtmaka haiN| koI bhI vastu sarvathA niSedhagamya nahIM hotii| jaise kurabaka puSpa lAla aura sapheda donoM raMgoM kA hotA hai / na kevala rakta hI hotA hai, na kevala zveta hI hotA hai aura na hI vaha varNa zUnya hai / isI prakAra para kI apekSA se vastu meM nAstitva hone para bhI svadRSTi se usakA astitva prasiddha hI hai / kahA bhI hai astitvamupalabdhizca kathaMcidasataH smRteH / nAstitAnupalabdhizca kathaMcit sat eva te // 1 // sarvathaiva sato nemI dharmoM sarvAtmadoSataH / sarvathaivAsato nemo vAcAM gocaratApratyayAt / / 2 // padArtha ke sat aura asat svabhAva ke AdhAra para jaina aura jainetara sampradAyoM ke aneka prakAra se uttara dene kI paramparA rahI hai| vaidika sAhitya meM sat aura asat kI bAta nAsadIya sUkta meM kahI gaI / upaniSadkAla meM to vaha aura bhI spaSTa hokara sAmane AtI hai| naiyAyika 'anekAnta' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM aura vedAntika pAramAthika aura vyAvahArika jaise nayoM kI bAta karate haiM / buddha ne bhI 'anakaMsa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai tathA dArzanika praznoM kA uttara catuSkoTi ke mAdhyama se diyA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna dArzanika padArtha ke ananta svabhAva para cintana karate rahe aura usakI samyak abhivyakti kA bhI prayatna karate rahe / saptamamgI: jaina dArzanikoM ne ukta prayatna ko aura Age bddh'aayaa| unhoMne padArtha ke vidhi-niSedhAtmaka svarUpa ko sAta prakAra se vibhAjitakara spaSTa karane kA prayala kiyA / isI ko saptabhaGgI kahA gayA hai / ye sAta bhaGga isa prakAra hai 1. syAdasti 2. syAnAsti 1, tatvAvAtika, 2.8.18.5 2. praznavazAdekasmin vastunyavarodhena viSipratiSa kalpanA saptamagI balAvAtika 1....

Page #258
___234 24 3. syAdasti nAsti ca 4. syAdavaktavyam 5. syAdasti cAvaktavyam 6. syAnAsti cAvaktavyam, aura 7. syAdasti nAsti cAvaktavyam ye sAta bhaMga prazna saMkhyA para AdhArita haiN| praznoM kI saMkhyA sAta hai / ataH uttara bhI sAta haiN| mUla bhaMga asti, nAsti asti-nAsti athavA avaktabya haiN| zeSa bhaMga inhIM tIna bhaMgoM ke saMyoga se nirmita hue haiN| unake saMyoga se nirmita prazna aura unake uttaroM kI saMkhyA sAta kI saMkhyA kA atikramaNa nahIM kara sktii| 'kacit' ghaTa hai ityAdi vAkya meM satva Adi sapta bhaMga isa hetu se haiM ki unameM sthiti-saMzaya bhI sapta haiM aura sapta saMzaya ke lie jijJAsAoM ke bheda bhI sapta haiN| aura jijJAsAoM ke bheda se hI sapta prakAra ke prazna aura uttara bhI haiN|' ye sAta bhaMga isa prakAra haiM 1 syAbasti ghaTa:-jisa vastu kA astitva hai usakA astitva usake apane dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se hai, itara dravyAdi se nahIM kyoMki ve aprastuta haiN| svarUpa ke grahaNa aura pararUpa ke tyAga se hI vastu kI vastutA sthira kI jAtI hai| yadi pararUpa kI vyAvRtti na ho to niHsvarUpatva kA prasaMga hone se vaha khara-viSANa kI taraha asat hI ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra manuSya jIva bhI sva dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kI dRSTi se hI asti rUpa hai, anya rUpoM se nAsti hai / yadi manuSya anya rUpa se bhI 'asti' ho jAye to vaha manuSya hI nahIM raha sakatA, mahAsAmAnya ho jaaygaa| 2. sthAnAsti ghaTa :-kathaJcit ghaTa nahIM hai' isa dvitIya bhaMga se yaha siddhAnta sthira hotA hai ki ghaTa anya dravya, anya kSetra, anya kAla aura anya bhAva rUpa kI apekSA nAsti rUpa hai| yadi yaha bhaMga na mAne to vaha ghaTa hI siddha nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki niyata dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva rUpa se vaha nahIM hai jaise gadhe ke sIMga / pratyeka vastu svarUpa se vidyamAna hai, pararUpa se vidyamAna nahIM 1. manAssaravAdayassapta saMzayAssaptatadgatAH / jijJAsAHsapta sapta syuH praznAHsaptottarANyati // saptamaMgataraMgaNI, 8 para upata akalaMka mAdi kucha AcAryoM ne 'syAdavaktavyam'ko tRtIya bora syAdasti nyasti ko caturvamaMga mAnA hai|

Page #259
235 hai| yadi vastu ko sarvathA bhAva rUpa svIkAra kiyA jAye to eka vastu ke sadbhAva meM sampUrNa vastuoM kA sadbhAva mAnA jAnA caahie| aura yadi sarvathA abhAva rUpa mAnA jAye to vastu ko sarvathA svabhAva rahita mAnA jAnA cAhie / para aisA mAnanA tathya saMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 3. syAdasti ghaTaH syAnAsti ca ghaTa:-'kathaJcit ghaTa hai aura kaJcit ghaTa nahIM hai' isa tRtIya bhaMga se ghaTa ko sarvathA sat-asat rUpa ubhayAtmaka sthiti se dUra rakhA gayA hai / yadi sarvathA ubhayAtmaka mAnA jAyagA to sarvathA sat aura sarvathA asat svarUpa meM paraspara virodha hone se donoM sthitiyoM ke doSa upasthita ho jaayeNge| svasadbhAva aura para-abhAva ke AdhIna jIva kA svarUpa hone se vaha ubhayAtmaka hai / yadi jIva parasattA ke abhAva kI apekSA na kare to vaha jIva na hokara sanmAtra ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra para sattA ke abhAva kI apekSA hone para bhI svasattA kA sadbhAva na ho to vaha vastu hI nahIM ho sakegA, jIva hone kI to bAta hI dUra rhii| ataH para kA abhAva bhI svasattA sadbhAva se hI vastu kA svarUpa bana sakatA hai| isa bhaMga meM vastu ke svarUpa kA nirNaya sva-para dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA kiyA jAtA hai| 4: syAvavaktavyo ghaTa:-"ghaTa kA svarUpa kathaJcit avaktavya hai" yaha caturtha bhaMga hai| ghaTa ke asti-nAsti rUpa ubhaya rUpoM ko eka sAtha spaSTa karane ke lie koI zabda nhiiN| ataH avaktavya kaha diyA gayA hai / paraspara zabda pratibaddha hone se, nirguNatva kA prasaMga hone se tathA vivakSita ubhaya dharmoM kA pratipAdana na hone se vastu avaktavya hai| 5. syAvasti ghaTazcAvaktavyazca-"kathaJcit ghaTa hai aura avaktavya hai" yaha paMcama bhaMga hai| prathama aura caturtha bhaMga ko milAkara yaha paMcama bhaMga banA hai| isameM prathama samaya meM ghaTa svarUpa kI mukhyatA aura dvitIya samaya meM yugapadubhayavivakSA hone para ghaTa syAt ghaTa hai aura avaktavya hai| yaha bhaMga tIna svarUpoM se dvayAtmaka hotA hai| aneka dravya aura aneka paryAyAtmaka jIva ke kisI dravyArtha vizeSa yA parSAyArtha vizeSa kI vivakSA meM eka AtmA 'asti' hai, vahI pUrva vivakSA tathA dravya sAmAnya aura paryAya sAmAnya yA donoM kI yugapadabheda vivakSA meM vacanoM ke agocara hokara avaktavya ho jAtA hai| jaisemAtmA dravyatva, jIvatva yA manuSyatva rUpa se 'asti' hai tathA dravya-paryAya sAmAnya tathA tadabhAva kI yugapat vivakSA meM avaktavya hai /

Page #260
6. syAnAsti ghaTascAvaktavyazca-"kaJcit ghaTa nahIM hai aura mavaktavya hai" yaha SaSTha bhaMga hai| yaha bhaMga dvitIya aura caturtha bhaMga ke sammizraNa se banA hai| vastugata nAstitva hI yahAM avaktavya rUpa se anubaddha hokara vivakSita huvA hai| nAstitva paryAya kI dRSTi se hai| jo vastutvena 'sat' hai vahI dravyAMza hai tathA jo avastutvena 'asat' hai vahI paryAyAMza hai| ina donoM kI yugapat abhaMda vivakSA meM avaktavya hai| isa taraha mAtmA nAsti vaktavya hai| yaha bhI sakalAdeza hai kyoMki vivakSita dharma rUpa se vaha akhaNDa vastu ko prahaNa karatA hai| 7. syAvasti-nAsti ghaTazcAvaktavyazca-kathaJcit ghaTa hai vaha umayAtmaka hai aura abaktavya hai, yaha saptama bhaMga hai| yaha bhaMga cAra svarUpoM se tIna aMza vAlA hai| kisI dravyArya vizeSa kI apekSA 'astitva' aura kisI paryAya vizeSa kI apekSA 'nAstitva' hotA hai tathA kisI dravya-paryAya vizeSa aura dravya paryAya sAmAnya kI yugapat vivakSA meM vahI avaktavya bhI ho jAtA hai| isa taraha masti-nAsti vaktavya bhaMga bana jAtA hai / yaha bhI sakalAdeza hai kyoMki isane vivakSita dharma rUpa se akhaNDa vastu kA grahaNa kiyA hai|' bhalgasaMkhyAH ina sAta bhaMgoM meM nirdiSTa tRtIya bhaMga ko kucha AcArya caturtha sthAna deta hai aura caturtha bhaMga ko tRtIya sthAna dete haiN| aura kundakunda, akalaMka jaise kucha AcArya donoM paramparAyeM mAnate haiN| parantu bauddha sAhitya meM varNita bhaMgoM ko dekhane se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki 'avaktavya' ko caturtha bhaMga mAnane kI paramparA prAcInatara hai| isa paramparA ko sarvaprathama kundakunda ne eka ora jahA~ svIkAra kiyA' vahIM dUsarI ora unhoMne 'avaktavya' ko tRtIya bhaMga ke rUpa meM mAnakara apanA matabheda bhI vyakta kiyaa| samantabhadra, akalaMka Adi AcAryoM ne kundakunda kA hI anukaraNa kiyaa| parantu jinabhadragaNi' Adi AcAryoM ne avaktavya ko kevala caturtha sthAna dekara paJcAstikAya kI paramparA ko hI mAnya tthhraayaa| bauddha sAhitya meM nirdiSTa bhaMga paramparA ko dekhane se bhI jinamadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke mantavya kI puSTi hotI hai| uparyukta sAta bhaMgoM meM mUlataH tIna bhaMga hI haiM-syAdasti, syAnnAsti aura syAdasti ca nAsti ca / zabdoM meM upaya rUpoM ko yugapat vyakta karane kI sAmarthya na dekhakara use 'avaktavya' kaha diyA gyaa| zeSa tInoM bhaMga avaktavya 1. sanmati prakaraNa, 1. 36-40 2. pampAstikAya, gAvA 14 3. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gApA 2232

Page #261
ke sApa prathama tInoM maMgoM ke mela se banate haiN| ina sAta bhaMgoM se adhika aMga punarukta hone ke kAraNa amAnya hote haiN| banekAntavAda ko 'vibhajyavAda' bhI kahA gayA hai / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ne apane Apa ko 'vibhajyavAdI' kahA hai| anekAntavAda ke prAcIna rUpa ko prAcIna pAli-prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| pAzrvanAtha paraMparA ke anuyAyI saccaka se buddha ne kahA ki tumhAre pUrva aura uttara ke kapana meM paraspara vyAghAta ho rahA hai-na kho saMgayati purimena vA pacchimaM, pacchimena kA purimaM / buddha ke ziSya cittagahapati aura nigaNTha nAtaputta ke bIca hue vivAda meM bhI cittagahapati ne nigaNTha nAtaputta para yahI doSAropaNa kiyA-sace purimaM saccaM pacchimena te micchA, sace pacchimaM saccaM purimena te micchaa|' isase yaha patA calatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI bhagavAna pura ke samAna mUlataH do bhaMgoM se vicAra kiyA thA-asthi aura ntyi| inhIM maMgoM meM svAtma-virodha kA doSAropaNa lagAyA gyaa| mahAtmA buddha ke bhI maMgoM meM paraspara viroSa jhalaka rahA hai para buddha dvArA mahAvIra para lagAye gaye bAropa meM jo tIvratA dikhAI detI hai vaha vahAM nhii| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ke vicAroM meM anekAntika nizciti thI aura buddha ekAntika nizcaya ke sAtha apane siddhAntoM ko prastuta karate the| 'nizcaya ke sUcaka 'syAt' pada kA prayoga yahA~ avazya nahIM milatA, para usakA prayoga usa samaya mahAvIra ne kiyA avazya hogaa| 'siyA' zabda kA prayoga 'syAt' artha meM vahAM milatA bhI hai| jaisA uttara kAla meM prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai, pratipakSI dArzanika 'syAt' meM nihita tathya kI upekSA karate rahe haiN| prasiddha baudAcArya buraghoSa ne svayaM anekAMtavAda ko sassatavAda aura ucchedavAda kA samizrita rUpa kahA hai| jo bhI ho, itanA nizcita thA ki buddha ke samAna mahAvIra ne bhI masthi-natyi sma meM do bhaMgoM ko hI mUlataH svIkAra kiyA thaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI inhIM do aMgoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| gautama gaNadhara ne unhIM kA avalambana 1. majhimanikAya, bhAga 1, (ro.) pR.212 2. saMvRttanikAya 4.1.2989 ..pUlapAlovAva sutta (masimanikAya) meM 'siyA' paba kA prayoga tevoSAtu ke nizcita bevoM ke varSa meM huvA hai| 4. marikama nikAya baTukathA, bhAga 2. 1, 831, dIpanikAya baTukavA, mAla ..,

Page #262
238 lephara tISikoM ke pratnoM kA uttara diyA thA-ko khalu vayaMdevANuppimA, atvimA natpitti vadAmo, natyimAvaM atyitti vdaamo| amhe gaM devANuppiyA ! sambaM avibhAvaM atpIti vadAmo, sabbaM natthibhAvaM natthIti vdaamo|' bora sAhitya ke hI eka anya uddharaNa se yaha patA calatA hai ki bha. mahAvIra tIna bhaMgoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA karate the| unake ziSya dIpanakha parivvAjaka kA nimna kathana bha. buddha kI AlocanA kA viSaya banA thA 1. sambaM me khamati 2. sabbaM meM na khamati 3. ekaccaM me khamati, ekaccaM meM na khamati vedoM aura tripiTaka granthoM meM catuSkoTiyoM kA ullekha AtA hai para prAcIna baura sAhitya meM bha. mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke sAtha ukta tIna hI bhaMga dikhAI dete haiN| isalie aisA lagatA hai ki bha. mahAvIra ne mulataH inhIM tIna aMgoM ko svIkAra kiyA hogA / ataH avaktavya kA sthAna tIsarA na hokara bISA jainAcAryoM ne anekAMtavAda para vizeSa cintana kiyaa| unake cintana kA yahI sambala yA / isalie jaba tRtIya athavA caturtha bhaMga ke sAtha bhI ekAntika dRSTi kA AkSepa kiyA gayA to unhoMne usase bacane ke lie sapta bhaMgoM kA sUjana kiyaa| isa saptamaMgI sAdhanA meM hara prakAra kA viroSa aura aikAntika dRSTi samAdhistha ho jAtI hai| bhagavatIsUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, paMcAstikAya Adi prAcIna graMthoM meM yahI vikasita rUpa dikhAI detA hai / uttara kAlIna bauddha sAhitya meM bhI isake saMketa milate haiN| theragAthA meM kahA hai-ekaGgadassI dummeSo, satadassI ca paNDito / yahA~ 'satarassI' ke sthAna para, lagatA hai, 'sattadassI' pATha honA cAhie thaa| ise yadi hama sahI mAne to saptabhaMgI kA rUpa spaSTa ho jAtA hai aura usakI aura bhI prAcInatA siddha ho jAtI hai| banadarzana ne dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika nizcayanaya aura vyavahAralayA sAnaya aura azubanaya, pAramApikanaya aura vyAvahArikanaya Adi rUpa se bhI padArya kA cintana kiyA hai| parantu inakA prAcIna rUpa bauddha sAhitya athavA anya netara sAhitya meM nahIM miltaa| saMbhava hai, use uttarakAla meM niyojita kiyA gayA ho| 1. manavatIsUna, 7.10.304.

Page #263
219 isa vivecana se hama anekAntavAda ke vikAsa ko nimnalikhita sopAnoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM i) ekaMsavAda-anekaMsavAda ii) sat-asat-ubhayavAda iii) caturthabhaMga-avaktavya iv) saptabhaMga, aura 5) vinaya athavA saptanaya amarAvilepavAra aura syAvAda : vikAsa ke ye vividha rUpa pAli sAhitya meM bhI dikhAI dete haiM / vahA~ kucha rUpa aise bhI milate haiM jinameM syAdvAda siddhAnta jhalakatA hai| brahmajAla sutta meM nirdiSTa amarAvikkhepavAda bhI eka aisA sampradAya rahA hai jo pAvanAya aura mahAvIra ke samAna hI padArtha-cintana kiyA karatA thaa| amarAvikkhepavAda meM amarA nAmaka machaliyoM ke samAna koI sthairya nahIM / unakI dRSTi meM pratyeka vastu ke viSaya meM upasthita kiyA gayA vicAra ajJAnatA aura anizcitatA se grasta rahatA hai| brahmajAla sutta meM isake cAra upasampradAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| prathama upasampradAya ke anusAra "zramaNa-brAhmaNa yaha nahIM jAnatA ki yaha kuzala hai yA akuzala / usake mana meM esA vicAra AtA hai ki maiM spaSTataH nahIM jAnatA hU~ ki yaha kuzala hai yA akuzala hai| yadi meM yathAbhUta jAne binA yaha kaha dUM ki yaha kuzala hai aura yaha akuzala hai to yaha kuzala hai aura yaha akuzala hai" yaha asatya bhASaNa hogaa| aura jo merA asatya bhASaNa hogA, vaha merA ghAtaka hogA / aura jo ghAtaka hogA vaha antarAya hogA / ataH vaha asatya bhASaNa ke bhaya yA ghRNA se na yahaka hatA hai ki "yaha acchA hai" aura na yaha ki "yaha burA hai" / praznoM ke pUche jAne para vacanoM meM vikSepa dikhAI detA-sthira STi se bAta nahIM karatA yaha bhI maiMne nahIM kahA, vaha bhI nahIM kahA, anyathA bhI nahIM, aisA bhI nahIM hai-yaha bhI nahIM, aisA nahIM-nahIM hai-yaha bhI nahIM khaa| isa sampradAya kI dRSTi meM jo bAna svarga yA moma-prApti meM bAdhaka hogA usakI prApti asaMbhava hai|amraavikssepvaad kA dvitIya-tRtIya bheda upAdAnabhaya aura anuyogamaya ke kAraNa kauna kukhala hai aura kauna akusala hai, isa viSaya meM koI uttara nahIM detaa|' 1. dIpanikAya, aTThakathA, 1.115 2. dIghanikAya, mAna 1, pR. 23-24. 1.bahI, baTukathA, bhAga 1, pR. 155 1.pI. bhAga 24-25

Page #264
240 caturtha sampradAya saMjayavelaTThiputta kA hai jo AtmaviSayaka praznoM ke uttara saMjaya ne uttara dene kA jo mAdhyama banAyA meM koI nizcita uttara nahIM detA / usake pA~ca bhaMga adholikhita haiM 1. evaM pi me no ( maiM aisA bhI nahIM kahatA ) 1 2. tathApi me no ( maiM vaisA bhI nahIM kahatA) / 3. aJJathApi me no (anyathA bhI nahIM kahatA ) / 4. no tipi no ( aisA nahIM hai, yaha bhI nahIM kahatA ) / 5. no tipi me no (aisA nahIM nahIM hai, yaha bhI nahIM kahatA ) / aafnakAya aTThakathA meM uparyukta siddhAnta kI do prakAra se vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hai| dvitIyabhaMga zAzvatavAda kA niSedhaka hai / tRtIyabhaMga zAzvatabAda kA ekAtmaka niSedhaka hai jo 'aJJathA' se kucha bhinna haiM / caturthabhaMga ucchedavAda kA niSedhaka hai aura paMcamabhaMga "marane ke bAda AtmA kA astitva hai yA nahIM" isakA niSedha karatA hai / dvitIya vyAkhyA ke anusAra prathama bhaMga nizcita kathana kA niSedha karatA hai, jaise "kyA yaha acchA hai" pUche jAne para vaha use asvIkAra karatA hai / dvitIya bhaMga sAdhAraNa niSedhAtmaka uttara ko asvIkAra karatA hai, jaise "kyoM yaha acchA nahIM hai" pUche jAne para vaha svIkAra nahIM karatA / tRtIya bhaMga prathama aura dvitIya donoM bhaMgoM ko asvIkAra karatA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jo kucha Apa kaha rahe haiM vaha prathama va dvitIya bhaMga se bhinna hai / use bhI tRtIya bhaMga svIkAra nahIM karatA / caturtha bhaMga tRtIya bhaMga ko asvIkAra karatA hai / paMcama bhaMga niSedha kA bhI niSedha karatA hai / "kyA vaha pratyeka vastu ke astitva kA niSedha karatA hai" isa prazna ke uttara meM bhI niSedhAraka svara hai / isa prakAra amarAvikkhepavAda kisI bhI pakSa para sthira nahIM rahatA / uparyukta maMgoM kI ora dRSTipAta karane para yaha spaSTa hai ki paMcama gaMga niSedha kA bhI uttara niSedhAtmaka rUpa se detA hai / isalie saMjaya ke siddhAnta meM prathama cAra gaMgoM kA hI mUlataH astitva hai / sAmaJJaphalasutta meM bhI saMjaya ne prathama cAra gaMgoM kA hI AdhAra liyA hai 1. asthi paro loko 1 2. natthi paro loko / 3. asthi ca natthi ca paro loko / 4. nevatthi na natthi paro loko /

Page #265
241 ye cAroM bhaMga jaina dRSTi se nimna prakAra kahe jA sakate haiM 1, syAdasti 2. syAnnAsti 3. syAdasti nAsti, aura 4. syAdavaktavya prathama bhaMga vidhipakSa, dvitIyabhaMga niSedhapakSa, tRtIya bhaMga samanvaya pakSa aura caturtha bhaMga vacanAgocara ataeva avaktavya kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / ina cAroM kA vikAsa kramika rUpa se huA hai| prathama tIna bhaMga Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta meM spaSTataH upalabdha hote haiM / prathama do bhaMga to zAyada Rgveda se bhI pUrva ke hoMge / yahI kAraNa hai ki nAsadIya sUkta ke RSi ne unakA ullekha spaSTa na karake sIdhe tRtIya bhaMga kA ullekha kara diyA-jagata kA Adi kAraNa na sat hai aura na asat / " prastuta sUtra se pratIta hotA hai ki RSi ke samakSa sat aura asat ye donoM koTiyA~ upalabdha thIM / samanvaya kI dRSTi se unhoMne " jagata kA Adi kAraNa sat bhI nahIM aura asat bhI nahIM" kahakara eka tIsarI koTi sthApita kI jise anubhaya kahA jA sakatA hai| jainadarzana meM ise hI 'syAdasti nAstica' kahA gayA hai / upaniSadoM meM brahma ko hI jaba parama tatva svIkAra kiyA gayA vo svabhAvataH AtmA yA brahma ko aneka virodhI dharmoM kA kendra bana jAnA pdd'aa| ina virodhI dharmoM ke samanvaya karane meM RSiyoM ko jaba pUrNa santoSa na dikhAI diyA to unhoMne caturtha bhaMga taiyAra kiyA ki brahma-AtmA vacana- agocara- avaktavya hai / " isa vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki upaniSadkAla meM ve cAra maMga bana cuke the / i) sat ii) asat iii) sadasat, aura iv) avaktavya 1. nAsadAsIno sadAsIt tadAnIM nAsIvrajo no vyomAparo yat / -meda 10.129. 2. sadAsIdvareNyam, muNDakopaniSada, 2.2.1: netAdavataropaniSad, 1.8 baDho bAcA nivartante, taitirIya, 1.4 khAmbo, 2,19.111.

Page #266
242 ye cAroM bhaMga jaina darzana dvArA svIkRta prathama cAra aMgoM ke samAna hI haiM / amarAvikkhapavAda meM bhI ye cAroM hI bhaMga dikhAI dete haiM, jaisA hama pIche dekha cuke haiM / jainAgamoM meM bhI ye bhaMga dRSTigocara hote haiM / udAharaNataH bhagavatI sUtra meM gautama ke prazna ke uttara meM bha. mahAvIra ne kahA 1. sva ke Adeza se AtmA hai / 2. para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai / 3. tadubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai / yahA~ eka vizeSatA dikhAI detI hai / vaha yaha ki avaktavya ko tRtIya sthAna diyA gayA hai aura tRtIya koTi (anubhaya) samApta kara dI gaI hai / para yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki tRtIya bhaMga meM jo tadubhaya hai usameM vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA samanvaya hai / yadi aisA mAne to lagatA hai, jainAgama yuga meM tRtIya aura caturtha donoM maMgoM ko eka kara diyA gayA / para bAda ke bAcAyoM ne use pRthak-pRthak karake punaH cAra bhaMga sthApita kiye / zeSa tIna bhaMga praNAma cAra maMtroM ke vistRta rUpa haiM jo jainoM ke apane haiM / amarAvikkhepavAda aura jano ke syAdvAda ko dekhakara kItha jaise aneka ghurandhara vidvAnoM ne saMjaya ko hI syAdvAda kI pRSThabhUmi meM lar3A batAyA / kobI ne syAdvAda ko saMjaya ke ajJAnavAda (anizcitatAvAda ) ke viparIta upasthita kiyA gayA siddhAnta mAnA / niyamIto ne ise buddha dvArA svIkRta avyAkRta ke samakakSa batAne kA prayatna kiyA / yaM sthApanAyeM sahI nahIM dikhatIM / syAdvAda kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karane meM vAstavika zreya saMjaya ko nahIM hai| zrema to usa veda, upaniSad vIra buka tathA mahAvIra kI sAmayika paristhiti ko hai jahA~ prathama cAra koTiyoM dvArA i kA varNana kiyA jAtA rahA hai / zIlAMka ne catuSkoTi ko mAnane vAle cAra sampradAyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vainayika / jaina darzana ke nava padArthoM ke AdhAra para inhIM cAroM ko 363 matasampradAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gyaa| ye sabhI sampradAya mukhyataH cAra prakAra ke bhavanoM se sambandha rakhate the- ' 1. Buddhist Philosophy, P. 303 2: jaina sUtra, bhAga 2, SBE - bhAga 15, bhUmikA - XXVII 3. Buddhism and Culture, P. 71 4. 212

Page #267
1. sati bhAvotpattiH ko vetti / 2, masati bhAvotpattiH ko vetti / 3. saksati bhAvotpattiH ko vetti, bora / 4. avaktavyaM bhAvotpattiH ko vetti / meM cAroM bhaMga syAdvAda ke prathama cAra bhaMgoM se samAnatA rakhate haiM / antara itanA hI hai ki eka ora jahA~ kriyAvAdI vagairaha dArzanika vivAdagrasta praznoM maiM saMdeha vyakta karate haiM yA unheM asvIkAra karate haiM vahIM jaina darzana kathaJcita dRSTi ko lekara kisI bhI pakSa meM eka nizcita vicAra rakhatA hai / isase yaha nizcita hotA hai ki amarAvikkhepavAda ke AdhAra para na. mahAvIra ne syAdvAda siddhAnta pratipAdita nahIM kiyA thaa| para tIryakaroM kI paramavA se prApta syAdvAda ko paristhitiyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vyAkRta kiyaa| bAhoMne tAtkAlika dArzanika kSetra meM jo tIna yA cAra bhaMga upayoga meM A rahe the mAhI meM 'svAt' zabda kA niyojanakara vastu ke satya-svarUpa kI vyavasthA kA pratipAdana kiyA aura pratyeka siddhAnta kA uttara eka nizcita dRSTikoNa se diyaa| vikasita sAhitya meM sAta bhaMgoM dvArA siddhAntoM kA aura bhI uttarakAlIna spaSTa zabdoM meM pratipAdana milatA hai| amarAvikhepavAda ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura vizleSaNa se spaSTa hotA hai ki-saMjayavelahiyutta apanA pRthak saMpradAya sthApita karane ke pUrva jaina muni rahA hai| yaha munidIkSA usane pArzvanAtha sampradAya meM lI hogii| dIghanakhaparibAjaka saMjaya kA bhatIjA thaa| usane bhI saMjaya kA anukaraNa kiyA hogA / yahI kAraNa hai ki usake siddhAnta meM janadarzana kA anekAnta pakSa dikhAI detA hai| isalie amarAvikhepavAda athavA saMjaya ko bha. mahAvIra ke syAvAda siddhAnta kA puraskartA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake viparIta saMbhava yaha hai ki saMjaya velaTThiputta ne catuSkoTiyoM athavA syAdvAda kI bhaMgiyoM kA vAstavika tAtparya na samajhakara tAtkAlika dArzanika samasyAoM ke sulajhAne meM eka taTastha vRtti dhAraNa kI ho / vAstava meM syAdvAda eka aisA dArzanika siddhAnta hai jisake bIja aupaniSadika sAhitya, boTa sAhitya evaM anya dArzanika granthoM meM prApya Ibastu kI niSpakSa aura satya mImAMsA aneka dRSTikoNoM kA samAveza kiye binA sambhava nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki pAli sAhitya meM vastu-vivecana ke sandarbho meM saptamaMgI nyAya ke kaI bhaMga-dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| 1. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 3. Dictionary of Pal Proper e os.

Page #268
24 mAvali gosAla, jo AjIvika sampradAya kA pravartaka mAnA jAtA hai, bhI prathama tIna bhaMgoM (virAzi) ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaoNsima ne usa para jainadharma kA prabhAva batAyA hai, para jayatilake jaina dharma ko usase prabhAvita batAte hai| para ye donoM mata ThIka nahIM / hama dIpanasa parivvAjaka, jo pahale pAvanApa paramparA kA aura bAda meM mahAvIra kA anuyAyI banA, dvArA mAnya tIna bhaMgoM kA ullekha kara Aye haiM / ataH yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki jainadharma meM tIna bhaMgoM kI paramparA thI hI nhiiN| adhika saMbhava hai ki yaha paramparA sarva sAmAnya pahI hogii| viroSa parihAra : syAhAra siddhAnta ke anusAra eka hI padArtha meM bheda aura abheda, nitya aura anitya jaise tattva samAhita rahate haiN| para ekAntavAdI darzana ise svIkAra nahIM karate / unakA kathana hai ki paraspara virodhI do dharma eka hI tAva meM nahIM raha sakate / syAvAda meM unhoMne sAdhAraNataH nimnalikhita doSoM ko upasthita kiyA hai i) paraspara virodha-zIta aura uSNa ke samAna ii) vaiyadhikaraNya-eka sAtha eka hI sthAna meM virodhI dharmoM kI sthiti iii) anavasthA-paramparA ke vidhAma kA abhAva iv) vyatikara-sAmAnya aura vizeSa guNoM ko eka hI svabhAva meM rhnaa| v) saMkara-mizraNa vi) saMzaya-saMdeha vii) apratipatti-anupalabdhi viii) ubhayadoSa-donoM ora doSa jaina darzana ina doSoM ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / uparyukta doSoM meM paraspara viroSa eka sarvasAdhAraNa doSa dikhAI detA hai / jainAcAryoM ne tIna prakAra ke saMbhAvita virodha batAye haiN| i) badhyaSAtakamAva-nakula aura sarpa ke samAna ii) sahAnavasthAnabhAva-eka sthAna meM zyAma aura pIta ke basadbhAva ke samAna iii) pratibadhya-pratibandhakamAva-megha dvArA sUrya kiraNoM ke rokane ke samAna 1. samakAya, 1- 11-34 2. History and Doctrines of Ajivikas, P. 275 1. Early Buddhist Theory of knowledge, P. 156

Page #269
245 ina virodha-prakAroM meM se syAvAda para koI bhI virodha nahIM aataa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai aura una dharmoM ko sAdhAraNa vyakti tabataka nahIM samajha sakatA jabataka vaha bhAvAbhAvAtmaka, mevAbhedAtmaka, nityAnityAtmaka, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka, dravyaparyAyAtmaka Adi rUma se cintana na kre| pratyeka dravya svadravyacatuSTaya se sambaddha rahatA hai aura paradravyacatuSTaya se asmbd| udAharaNataH ghaTa svayaM meM svadravyacatuSTaya se vidyamAna hai para paTa Adi kI dRSTi se vaha unase bhinna hai / isa daitatatva ko koI asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA anyathA niSedhAtmaka tatva adRzya ho jAyeMge aura unakI paryAyoM meM paraspara mizraNa ho jaayegaa|' jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se abhAva cAra prakAra ke haiM1. prAgabhAva-kAraNa meM kArya kA abhAva / jaise miTTI meM ghaTa paryAya kA abhaav| 2. pradhvaMsAbhAva-vinAza ke bAda kArya kA abhAva / kAraNa naSTa hokara kArya bana jAtA hai / ghaTa paryAya naSTa hokara kapAla paryAya bana jAtI hai / prAgabhAva upAdAna hai aura pradhvaMsAbhAva nimitta / 3. itaretarAbhAva-eka paryAya kA dUsarI paryAya meM abhAva honA / jaise gAya ghor3A nahIM ho sktii| 4. atyantAbhAva-eka dravya kA dUsare dravya meM kAlika abhAva / anyathA saba dravya sabhI dravyoM meM badala jaayeNge| anekAntavAda aura netara bArzanika : vaidika aura bauddha AcAryoM ne anekAntavAda ke sandarbha meM aneka prazna khar3e kiye jinakA uttara jainAcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM bhalIbhAMti diyaa| virodha kA mUla svara yaha hai ki astitva aura anastitva athavA bhAva aura abhAva ye do virodhI dharma eka hI padArtha meM kaise raha sakate haiM ? jainAcAryoM ne kahA ki do virodhI dharma eka hI padArtha meM svadravyacatuSTaya ke bAdhAra para rahate haiM aura pakhavyacatuSTaya ke AdhAra para nahIM rahate ( sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti c)| ise hama pIche spaSTa kara cuke haiN| padArtha kI utpatti, vinAza aura sthiti ko 'anyathAnupapanatvahetu' ke mAdhyama se siddha kiyA jAtA hai| ise bhI dravyaprakaraNa meM likha cuke haiN| bauda 1. sthAvAvamaMjarI, 14

Page #270
246 bhI ise svIkAra karate haiM / unake mata meM sajAtIyakSaNa upAdAnakAraNa banate haiM / ise jaina paribhASA meM 'dhrauvya' kaha sakate haiM aura bauddha paribhASA meM 'santAna' / dhaumya yA santAna ke mAne binA smRti, pratyabhijJAna, bandha-mokSa nAMdi nahIM ho sakate / pratyeka dravya meM bhedAbhedAtmaka tatva rahate haiM / dravya se guNa aura paryAyoM ko pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vyavahAra kI dRSTi se unakI saMjJA bAdi meM bheda avazya ho jAtA hai / vAdirAja ne arcaMTa ke khaNDana kA khaNDana isI AdhAra para kiyA / jAtyantara ke AdhAra para bhI virodhAtmakatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / khvAharaNataH svabhAva ko dekhakara kisI ko 'narasiMha' kaha denA 1 padArtha meM bhedAbhedAtmaka tatvoM kA saMmizraNa rahatA hI hai / isI ko jAtyantara kahate haiM / apekSA kI dRSTi se ve eka sthAna para bane rahate haiM / ataH koI virodha nahIM / " dharmakIrti kA yaha tarka bhI vyartha hai ki padArtha ke sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka hone se dahI aura UMTa eka ho jAyegA / akalaMka ne isakA uttara dete hue kahA ki 'sarvobhAbAstadatatsvabhAvA:' ke anusAra dahI aura UMTa padArtha kI dRSTi se eka haiM para svabhAvAdi kI dRSTi se pRthak na hote to dahI ko khAne vAlA U~Ta kyoM nahIM khA letA ? sAmAnya kA tAtparya hai sadRza pariNAma / dahI aura U~Ta sadRza pariNAmavAle nahIM / ataH sAdhAraNataH unameM koI sambandha nahIM / dahI paryAyeM alaga rahatI haiM aura U~Ta kI paryAyeM alaga rahatI haiM / na dahI ko U~Ta kaha sakate haiM aura na U~Ta ko dahI / akalaMka ne yaha bhI kahA ki yadi dahI aura U~Ta kI paryAyeM eka ho sakatI haiM to sugata pUrva paryAya meM mRga the, phira sugata kI pUjA kyoM kI jAtI aura mRga kyoM khAne ke kAma AtA hai ? ata: dravya aura paryAyoM meM tAdAtmya aura niyata sambandha honA Avazyaka hai / koI bhI dravya apanI saMbhAvita paryAyoM meM hI pariNata ho sakatA hai / " zaMkara, rAmAnuja, ballabha Adi vedAntAcAryoM ne bhI isI prakAra ke prazna anekAntavAda ke sandarbha meM kiye haiM / Adhunika vidvAna bhI unake prabhAvoM se unmukta nahIM ho sake / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hai ki anekAntavAda ko 1. nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, 1087 2. anekAntajayapatAkA, bhAga 1, pU. 72; nyAyakumudacandra, 1.349. 3. myAyavinizcayavivaraNa, bhAga 2, pR. 233; nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya svavRtti, 6.37. " 203-2050

Page #271
247 kisI ne sahI rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyaa| anyathA ye prAra sabale.hI nahIM / rAdhAkRSNana jaise bhAratIya manISI bhI use samyak nahIM samajha ske| isa.prakAra anekAntavAdI nayavAda aura syAvAda ke mAdhyama se vastu kA samyak vivecana karane meM samartha ho jAtA hai| vaha yathArthataH vibhinna ekAnta vAdiyoM ke bIca kuzala nyAyAdhIza kA kArya karatA hai| vaha sabhI kI dRSTiyoM tathA takoM ko niSpakSa bhAva se sunakara taTastha vRtti se syAdvAda kI AdhAra zilA para khar3e hokara padArtha ke svarUpa ko upasthita karatA hai / yaha eka aisA vicitra aura anUThA siddhAnta hai jisameM sabhI pakSoM kA samAna Adara sannihita rahatA hai| yahI isakI vizeSatA hai / anekAntavAda ke uparyukta itihAsa ke dekhane se yaha spaSTa hai ki cintana ke kSetra meM 'anekAntavAda aura vicAra ke kSetra meM 'syAdvAda'ne viSama vAtAvaraNa ko saumya aura sahRdaya banAne kA prayala kiyaa| nissandeha ise unakA eka mahanIya yogadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| saMsAra kI prakRti meM dvaitavAda aura advaitavAda athavA nAnAtvavAda aura ekalavAra mule hue haiN| unakI dArzanika mAnyatAyeM anubhUti ke pare nhiiN| donoM prakAra kI mAnyatAoM ke bIca svastha sambandha ko sthApita karane kI dRSTi se nissayanara mora vyavahAranaya kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| nizcayanaya padArtha ke mUla svarUpa para vicAra karatA hai ataH vaha sUkSmagrAhI hai tathA vyavahAranaba parasarca meM samAgata anya padArthoM ke mizraNa se utpanna tatvoM kA vizleSaNa karatA hai manaH vaha sthUlagrAhI hai / baukhadarzana kA sthaviravAdI sampradAya nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya ke sthAna para nItArtha aura neyyArtha athavA parasatyasaca bora samulisacca, vijJAnavAdI pariniSpanna aura paratantra, tathA zUnyavAda paramArya aura lokapati-satya nAma dete haiM / zaMkarAcArya ne bhI inheM kramazaH pAramAthika satya aura vyAvahArika satya kahA hai / pAramArthika satya ko sahI baMga se samajhane ke lie vyAvahArika satya ko samajhanA atyAvazyaka hai / jainAgamoM meM jIva aura karmAkAsambAka tathA dravya kI vyavasthA ina donoM nayoM ke AdhAra para spaSTa bAcAra ke kSetra meM bhI ina navoM kA upayoga hmaa| tatvajJAna ke kSetra meM bA~begama baura padArtha ke svarUpa para vicAra karate haiM vahIM AcAra ke maMtra meMbandha mora mokA tatva ko spaSTa karate haiN| vyavahAra indhi vAmA ke bhAramako bo sImAra karatI hai| yahI hopayoga kA dev|

Page #272
248 pAzcAtyadarzana aura anekAntavAda : pAzcAtya cintakoM ne bhI ina donoM nayoM ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / hirekliTasa, pAramenAiDIsa, sAkreTIja, pleTo, arastu kAMTa, hegala, viliyama jemsa aura breDale jaise dArzanikoM kA cintana syAdvAda ke cintana se milatA-julatA hai / belIja se lekara arastu taka dArzanika kSetra meM matabhedoM ko dekhakara pIro ne saMjayavelaTThiputta ke samAna saMzayavAda aura anizcitatAvAda ko pratipAdita kiyA / sekleTasa, empirikasa aura ene siDimasa ne prAcIna matoM kA khaNDana kara yaha sthApita kiyA ki vastu meM anantaguNa hote haiM jinheM eka vyakti nahIM samajha sakatA / sAtha hI eka hI padArtha meM bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa hone se unake viSaya meM ekamata bhI nahIM ho pAtA / ataH indriyapratyakSa ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / yaha mata kisI sImA taka anekAntavAda se milatA-julatA hai / pro. alabarTa AInsTIna ke sApekSavAda kA bhI yahA~ ullekha kara denA Avazyaka hai / vIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambhika varSoM meM unhoMne bhautika vijJAna ke kSetra meM apanA eka nayA cintana prastuta kiyA / unake 'asIma sApekSatA' para hI unheM 1921 meM nobela puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gayA / unake Theory of Relativity kA hI hindI anuvAda sApekSavAda kiyA gayA jo tatvataH svIkRta ho gayA / yaha sApekSavAda syAdvAda se bilakula milatA-julatA hai / isalie rAdhAkRSNan jaise sarvamAnya dArzanikoM ne syAdvAda kA bhI anuvAda Theory of Relativity karake sApekSavAda ko svIkAra kiyA / donoM siddhAntoM meM sApekSika satya para jora diyA gayA hai aura aneka udAharaNoM ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki vastuyeM anantadharmAtmaka haiM jinheM eka sAdhAraNa vyakti yugapat nahIM jAna sakatA / ataH pratyeka dRSTikoNa aikAntika satya ko liye hue hai| isalie AInsaTIna kA parIkSAvAdI siddhAnta aura syAdvAda kI parIkSA paddhati lagabhaga samAna hai / syAdvAda gaNitazAstra ke Law of Combination ( saMyoga niyama ) AdhAra para asti, nasti aura avaktavya ke mUla bhaMgoM ko milAkara saptabhaMgiyoM ko taiyAra karatA hai / vastu tatva ko sahI samajhane ke lie yaha eka sulajhA upAya hai / 'syAt' lAgchana isakI saMbhAvita AzaMkAoM ko bhI dUra kara detA hai / usake rahane se vidheyAtmakatA ke sAtha niSedhAtmakatA aura niSedhAtmakatA ke sAtha vidheyAtmakatA tathA donoM kI sthiti meM avaktavya dRSTi svataH samAhita ho jAtI hai / pratIkAtmaka tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se saptabhaMgI eka tArkika AkAra

Page #273
249 liye hue haiM jo svadravyacatuSTaya aura paradravyacatuSTaya kI dRSTi se tatvamImAMsA prastuta karate haiM / syAdvAda samUce rUpa meM trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra (Three valued Logic) yA bahumUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra kA samarthaka hai / parantu yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki saptabhaMgI ko trimUlyAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki usameM nAsti nAmaka bhaMga evaM avaktavya nAmaka bhaMga kramazaH asatya evaM aniyatatA (false and indeterminate) ke sUcaka nahIM hai / ataH syAdvAda trimUlyAtmaka hai kintu saptabhaMgI dvimUlyAtmaka hai, usameM asatya mUlya nahIM hai / usameM bhI pramANa saptabhaMgI nizcita satyatA kI sUcaka hai aura naya saptabhaMgI AMzika satyatA kI / 'eva' kA prayoga : yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki aniSTa artha kI nivRtti ke lie 'eva' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai aura isake prayoga se astitva yA nAstitva kA niSedha kara diyA jAtA hai / 'syAt' kA prayoga sAtha rahane se 'eva' kA prayoga syAdvAda ke anukUla ho jAtA hai / 'eva' tIna prakAra kA hotA haii) ayogavyavacchedaka bodhaka, jo vizeSaNa ke sAtha lagatA hai, jaise zaMbhuH pANDa eva, ii) anyayoga vyavacchedaka bodhaka, jo vizeSya ke sAtha lagatA hai, jaise pArtha eva dhanurdharaH, aura iii) atyantAyoga vyavacchedaka bodhaka, jo kriyA ke sAtha lagatA hai, jaise nIlaM sarojaM mastyeva / saptabhaMgI meM 'evakAra' ayoga vyavacchedaka mAnA gayA hai / " isI sandarbha meM kSaNabhaMgavAda, zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda Adi kA bhI khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / niSkarSa : uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki anekAntavAda kisI na kisI rUpa meM samagra darzanoM meM vyApta hai| una sabhI darzanoM ke bIca sAmaJjasya sthApita karane vAle siddhAnta kI nitAnta AvazyakatA thI jise janadarzana ne anekAntavAda athavA syAdvAda siddhAnta kI sthApanAkara pUrA kiyA / Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki use prAcIna aura Adhunika jainetara dArzanikoM ne samyak rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyaa| yadi use yathArItyA samajhA jAtA to usake mAdhyama se aneka samasyAyeM sahaja hI sulajha sakatI thIM / paraspara saMgharSa, TakarAva 1. mahAvIra jayaMtI smArikA - saptabhaMgI, pratIkAtmaka tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM DaoN. - sAgaramala jaina, jayapura. 1977. 2. ghavalA, 11.4.2, saptabhaga taragiNI, pU. 25-26.

Page #274
250 aura kaTutA ko dUra karane kA upAya syAvAda sivAnta meM nihita hai / pArasparika dRSTikoNa ko samajhakara unake bIca sAmaJjasya sthApita kara denA hara vyakti aura samudAya kI zAnti ke lie apekSita hai| ataH syAvAda vizvazAMti prasthApita karane meM apanA mahanIya yogadAna de sakatA hai / satya kI khoja kA yahI parama sAdhana hai / AdhyAtmika, dArzanika, sAmAjika aura vyAvahArika kSetra ke vikAsa ke lie yaha siddhAnta nizcita hI apratima hai|

Page #275
SaSTha parivarta baina AcAra mImAMsA 1. thAvakAcAra zrAvakAcAra sAhitya dhAvaka kI paribhASA zrAvakAcAra ke pratipAdana ke prakAra dhAvaka ke meva (0 pAkSika bhAvaka (1) naiSThika bhAvaka myAeha pratimAyeM aSTa mUlaguNa paramparA aNuvata (iii) sAdhaka dhAvaka sallekhanA guNasvAna 2. muni bAcAra muni mAcAra sAhitya municaryA aTThAIsa mUlaguNa bAvarA anuprekSAyeM bAIsa parIvaha dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA mila pratimAyeM sAmAcAritA mArgamA cArita ke mera

Page #276

Page #277
SaSTha parivata jaina AcAra mImAMsA 1. dhAvakAcAra jaina sAdhanA ke kSetra meM samyak AcAra nirvANa kI prApti ke liye eka vizuddha sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| isakA varNana saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata AtA hai| karmoM kI nirjarA karane aura AtmA ko vizuddhAvasthA meM lAne ke lie sAdhaka kramazaH zrAvaka aura muni AcAra kA paripAlana karatA hai aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sIDhiyA~ car3hatA calA jAtA hai| isake lie sarvaprathama Avazyaka yaha hai ki usakA samyak cAritra samyagdarzana aura samyagjAna kI sudRr3ha bhitti para AdhArita ho| sAdhanA kI isa parama aura carama damAmeM pahuMcane ke lie sAdhaka ko kramazaH zrAvaka aura muni AcAra kI sAdhanA apekSita ho jAtI hai| bAvakAcAra sAhitya : bana sAhitya meM AcArasaMhitA para pRthak rUpa se AcAryoM ne saMskRtaprAkRta-apabhraMza meM aneka pranyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| zrAvakAcAra ke kSetra meM upAsakadazAMga. zrAvaka pratikramaNa sUtra Adi kucha Agama grantha bhI upalabdha hote haiM jinameM zrAvakoM ke AcAra kI rUparekhA milatI hai| Agama granthoM ke atirikta AcAryoM kA jo sAhitya isa viSaya para prApta hotA hai usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : mAcArya 1. kundakunda (lagabhaga prathama apAhuDa vizeSataH caritra prAkRta zatI I.) pAhuDa meM prApta mAtra chaha gAthAyeM (295-301) tathA rayaNasAra 2. svAmI kArtikeya (la. dvitIya kaTTigeyANuveksA prAkRta zatI I.) (dharmabhAvanA ke antargata)

Page #278
254 saMskRta prAkRta 3. umAsvAti (la. dvitIya zatI) tatvArya sUtra (saptama adhyAya) saMskRta 4. samantabhadra (la. caturtha zatI I.) ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra saMskRta 5. haribhadrasUri (AThavIM zanI) sAvayapaNNatti (?) tathA prAkRta sAvayadhammavihi prAkRta dharmabindu saMskRta 6. jinasena (8-9 vIM satI) AdipurANa (parva 40) saMskRta 7. somadeva (10 vIM zatI) yazastilaka cammU (aSTama adhyAya) 8. bhAvasena (10 vIM zatI) bhAvasaMgraha prAkRta amitagati (10 vIM zatI) amitagatizrAvakAcAra saMskRta 10. jinezvarasUri (11 vIM zatI) SaTasthAna prakaraNa prAkRta 11. amRtacandra (10-11 vIM zatI) puruSArtha sirapupAya saMskRta 12. basunandi (11-12 vIM zatI) vasunandI zrAvakAcAra 13. zAntisUri (12 vIM zatI) dharmaratna prakaraNa prAkRta 14. AzAdhara (1239.) sAgAra dharmAmRta saMskRta 15. jinezvarasUri (1256 I.) zrAvakadharmavidhi saMskRta 16. guNabhUSaNa (14-15 vI gatI) zrAvakAcAra saMskRta 17. devendrasUri (14 vIM zatI) saDDhajIyakappa prAkRta 18. lakSmIcandra (15 vIM zatI) sAvayadhammadohA (?) apabhraMza 19. jinamaNDanagaNi (15vIM zatI) zrAvaguNavivaraNa saMskRta 20. ratnazekhara sUri (1449 I.) saDDhavihi prAkRta 21. rAjamalla (17 vIM zatI) lATI saMhitA saMskRta 22. kundhusAgara (20 vIM zatI) zrAvakadharmapradIpa saMskRta bhAvaka parimASA : __ zrAvakAcAra kA tAtparya hai-gRhastha kA dhrm| zrAvaka (sAvaga, sAvaya) ke artha meM upAsaka aura sAgAra jaise zabdoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| sAdhaka vyakti adhyayana, manana, cintana athavA paropadeza se jaba sAdhanA kI ora caraNa mor3atA hai vaba hama use zrAvaka kahane lagate hai| usake vicAra aura karma kI vizA parama zAnti aura sukha kI upalabdhi kI bora rahatI hai| pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya bora antarrASTrIya zAnti kI sthApanA kA bhI uttaradAyitva

Page #279
255 usake sabala kaMdhoM para A jAtA hai| isalie zrAvakAcAra vyakti ko AdhyAtmika kSetra kI ora jAne ke pUrva sAmAjika kartavya kI ora khIMcatA hai| aura jo vyakti sAmAjika kartavya ko pUrA karatA hai vaha AtmakalyANa to karegA hI, sAtha hI mAnavatA kA bhI adhikatama upakAra kregaa| zrAvaka kA artha bhI yahI hai ki vo AtmakalyANakArI vacanoM kA zravaNa kare vaha zrAvaka hai|' zrAvaka prazapti meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana Adi se yukta jo vyakti pratidina yatijanoM ke samIpa sAdhu aura gRhasyoM ke AcAra kA pravacana sunatA hai vaha zrAvaka hai- . saMpattadasaNAI payadiyaha jaijaNa suI y| sAmAyAri paramaM jo khalu taM sAvagaM vinti / AzAdhara ne zrAvaka use mAnA hai jo paJca parameSThI kA bhakta ho, dAna-pUjana karane vAlA ho, bhedavijJAna rUpI amRta ko pIne kA icchuka ho tathA mUlaguNoM aura uttaraguNoM kA pAlana karane vAlA ho|' isa prakAra zrAvaka kA kartavya dharmazravaNa aura usakA paripAlana, donoM ho jAte haiN| AcAryoM ne AgamoM kA manthana kara zrAvakoM ke guNoM ko ekatrita kiyA hai| jina maNDana gaNi ne aise 35 guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinakA zrAvakoM meM honA Avazyaka hai-(1) nyAya sampanna vaibhava, (2) ziSTAcAra kI prazaMsA, (3) kula evaM zIla kI samAnatA vAle ucca gotra ke sAtha vivAha, (4) pApabhIratA, (5) pracalita dezAcAra kA pAlana, (6) rAjA Adi kI nindA se aliptatA, (7) yogya nivAsasthAna meM dvAravAlA makAna, (8) satsaMga, (9) mAtA-pitA kA pUjana-Adara-satkAra, (10) upadrava vAle sthAna kA tyAga, (11) ninya pravRttiyoM se aliptatA, (12) apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vyaya karane kI pravRtti, (13) sampatti ke anusAra vezabhUSA, (14) suzruSA Adi ATha guNoM se yuktatA, 15) pratidina dharma kA zravaNa, (16) ajIrNatA hone para bhojana kA tyAga, (17) bhUkha lagane para prakRti ke anukUla bhojana, (18) dharma, artha aura kAma kA paraspara bAdhA rahita sevana, (19) atithi, sAdhu evaM dIna jana kI yathAyogya sevA, (20) sarvadA kadAgraha se mukti, (21) guNa meM pakSapAta, (22) pratibaddha deza evaM kAla kI kriyA kA tyAga, (23) svAvalaMbana kA parAmarza, (24) vratadhArI aura jJAnavRddhajanoM kI pUjA, (25) poSyajanoM kA yathAyogya poSaNa, (26) 1. zrRNoti gurvAvimyodharmamiti bhAvaka : sAgAra dharmAmRta, 1.15; sAvaya pannati, gAthA 2sAmAradharmAmRtaTIkA 1.15, haribhavasUrine dharmabindU (1) meM "gRhasthavarma' ko hI bAvakadharma kahA hai| 2. sAgAradharmAmRta, 1.15.

Page #280
256 dIrSadarzitA, (27) vizeSajJatA, (22) kRtajJatA, (29) lokapriyatA, (30) lajjAlutA, (31) kRpAlutA, (32) saumya AkAra, (33) paropakAra karane meM tatparatA, (34) antaraMga cha: zatruoM ke parihAra ke lie udyogitA, aura (35) jitendriytaa| haribhadrasUri ne aise guNoM ko gRhasthoM ke sAmAnya dharma meM antarbhUta kiyA hai| ina guNoM meM dharma ke sAtha hI anya kSetroM se sambaddha sAdhAraNa guNoM kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gayA hai / zrAddhavidhi meM inhIM guNoM ko saMkSepa meM 21 batAyA hai(1) udAra hRdayI, (2) yazavanta, (3) saumya prakRti vAlA, (4) lokapriya, (5) akrUra prakRtivAlA, (6) pApa se bhaya khAne vAlA, (7) dharma ke prati zraddhAvAna, (8) catura, (9) lajjAvAna, (10) dayAzIla, (11) madhyastha vRttivAn, (12) gaMbhIra, (13) guNAnurAgI, (14) dharmopadezaka, (15) nyAyI, (16) zuddha vicAraka, (17) maryAdA yukta vyavahAraka, (18) vinayazIla, (19) kRtajJa, (20) paropakArI, aura (21) satkArya meM dkss|' ina guNoM se yukta zrAvaka nizcita hI samAja aura rASTra kA abhyutthAnakArI siddha hogaa| ge guNa sAmAjika dharma hai / jIvana meM saphalatA prApti ke lie unakI nitAnta AvazyakatA hotI hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, Adi jaise guNa vyakti ke jIvana ko svarga banAne meM samartha ho sakate haiN| bhAvakAcAra ke pratipAvana ke prakAra : - jaina sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana sAdhAraNataH chaha prakAra se milatA hai| kisI ne gyAraha pratimAoM kA AdhAra liyA hai, to kisIne bAraha vratoM kA aura kisIne pakSa, caryA aura sAdhaka Adi bheda kiye hai - (1) gyAraha pratimAoM kA AdhAra lekara zrAvakAcAra kA pratipAdana karane vAloM meM AcArya kundakunda (cAritra prAbhUta, 22). svAmI kArtikeya aura vasunandI pramukha hai| (2) bAraha vratoM kA AdhAra banAkara AcArya umAsvAmI (tatvArthasUtra, saptama adhyAya) aura samantabhadra tathA haribhadra jaise cintakoM ne zrAvakoM kI AcAra- prakriyA batAyI hai| mallekhanA ko bhI isameM rakhA gayA hai| aSTa mUlaguNoM kA pAlana bhI Avazyaka batAyA hai| 1. mAra guNa vivaraNa- magaracandra nAhaTA dvArA saMkalita, jinavANI, janavarI-mArca, 1970, pRSTha 45. 2. zrAvaka samAcArI - rUpacaMdra jaina, jinavANI, janavarI-mArca 1970, pRSTha 80.

Page #281
257 (3) upAsakadazAMga meM bAraha bratoM ke sAtha hI gyAraha pratimAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| lagatA hai, isameM kundakunda aura umAsvAmI kI paramparAoM ko sammilita karane kA prayAsa huA hai| (4) kucha AcAryoM ne zrAvakoM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kara unakI caryA kA vidhAna kiyA hai| pAkSika, naiSThika aura sAdhaka / AcArya jinasena, somadeva aura AzAdhara unameM pramukha haiN| (5) cAritrasAra (41.3) meM zrAvaka ke cAra bheda milate hai-pAkSika, caryA, naiSThika aura saadhk| (6) haribhadrasUri ne dharmabindu (11) meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa dharma kA AkhyAnakara zrAvakAcAra kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / zrAvakAcAra ke uparyakta pratipAdana prakAroM ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki dharmasAdhanA kA vAtAvaraNa jaise-jaise dhamila hotA gayA,zrAvakoM kI bhI AcAraprakriyA vaisI-vaisI hI vyavasthita aura samayAnukUla hotI gii| parantu yahA~ daSTavya hai ki pratipAdana ke prakAroM meM badalAhaTa ke bAvajUda jaina sabhyatA ke mUla rUpa meM koI vizeSa antara nahI AyA balki gyAkhyA ke daurAna vaha rASTrIya aura aMtarrASTrIya dharma kA rUpa letA rhaa| isa dRSTi se aMtima tInoM prakAra vizeSa upayogI hai yahAM vivecana karate samaya hamane unhI ko AdhAra banAyA hai| pAvaka ke bheda : uparyukta prakAroM ke AdhAra para sAdhAraNata: jaina zrAvaka kI tIna zreNiyAM batAyI gayI hai : pAkSika, naiSThika aura saadhk|' caryA nAmaka cauthA bheda bhI isame joDA jA sakatA hai para ise pAkSika zrAvaka ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA pAlana karanevAlA zrAvaka 'pAkSika' kahalAtA hai| zrAvakadharma kA samyak paripAlana karanevAlA zrAvaka 'naiSThika kahalAtA hai aura mAtmA ke svarUpa kI sAdhanA karanevAlA zrAvaka 'sAdhaka' kahalAtA hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhaka kI dRSTi se zrAvaka ke ye tIna varga athavA sopAna hai| inako jaghanya, madhyama aura uttama zrAvaka bhI kahA gayA hai| zrAvaka ke ye bheda pariniSThita rUpa meM samajhanA caahie| 1. sAgAradharmAmRta, 1.20.

Page #282
258 vyakti zrAvaka kI ina tInoM avasyAmoM kA paripAlana yadi sahI rUpa se karatA hai to vaha RSiyoM se bhI adhika pavitra mAnA gayA hai|' zrAvaka dharma kA pAlana karane vAlA vastutaH vahI ho sakatA hai jo nyAyapUrvaka dhana kamAnevAlA ho, guNoM ko, gurujanoM ko tathA guNoM meM pradhAna vyaktiyoM ko pUjanevAlA ho, hita-mita tathA priya vaktA ho, dharma-artha-kAma rUpa trivarga ko paraspara virodha rahita sevana karane vAlA ho, trivarga ke yogya strI, grAma aura makAna sahita lajjAvAn ho, zAstra ke anukUla AhAra-vihAra karane vAlA ho, sadAcAriyoM kI saMgati karanevAlA ho, vivekI, upakAra kA jAnakAra, jitendriya, dharmavidhi kA zrotA, karuNAzIla aura pApabhIrU ho| nyAyopAttadhano, yajanguNagurUn, sadgIstrivarga bhajan - nanyonyAnuguNaM, tadarhagRhiNI-sthAnAlayo hiimy:| yuktAhAravihAra-AryasamitiH, prAjJaH kRtajJo vazI zRNvandharmavidhiM, dayAlu dharmIH, sAgAradharma caret / ' (1) pAkSika zrAvaka sAdhaka kI yaha prathama avasthA hai| isameM vaha dharma ke sarvasAdhAraNa svarUpa kI ora jhukatA hai aura Age bar3hane kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karatA hai| mAdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI ora usakA jhukAva hai isalie use pAkSika kahA gayA hai / pAkSika zrAvaka kA sarvaprathama yaha kartavya hai ki vaha sabhI prakAra kI sthUla hiMsA se nivRtta hokara ahiMsA kI ora apane paga bddhaaye| baira aura azAnti ko paidA karanevAlI hiMsA, prANI ke jIvana meM kabhI sukhadAyI nahIM ho sktii| ata parivAra aura Asa-par3osa meM apanI ahiMsAvRtti se zAMti banAye rakhanA nitAnaH apekSita hai| yaha usakA prathama kartavya hai| pAkSika zrAvaka hiMsA ko chor3ane ke lie sabase pahale madya-mAMsa-madhu au paMca udumbara phaloM ko chor3a de| isake bAda vaha sthUla hiMsA-mUTha-corI-kuzIta aura parigraha ko chor3akara paJca aNuvratoM kA pAlana kre|' yathArtha-deva-zAstra-ga kI pahicAna honA bhI use Avazyaka hai| yathArya deva vahI ho sakatA hai jisa vItarAgatA aura nirdoSatA ho| yarthAtha zAstra meM samyak sAdhanA ke dizAbodhaka 1.purakakAmya, 8. 2. sApAradharmAmRta, 1.11; bhAdaguNa zreNisaMgraha, pR. 2, dharmavindu 3-5. .. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2.2.160

Page #283
259 sAmarthya rahatA hai aura yathArtha gurU meM yathArtha deva aura yathArtha zAstra donoM ke guNa vidyamAna rahate hai| jina aura sarasvatI kI upAsanA, satsaMgati, tyAga, paropakAra, sevA-suzrUSA, jana-kalyANa, nizchalatA,mAdhurya, svaprazaMsA aura paranindA tyAga bAdi jaise mAnavIya guNoM kA samyak paripAlana karanA bhI pAkSika zrAvaka kA prAthamika kartavya hai| aSTamUlaguNa kA paripAlana aura sapta vyasanoM kA tyAga bhI use Avazyaka hai| isa dRSTi se use sarvathA avatI nahIM kahA jA sktaa|' dAna, pUjA, zIla, upavAsa ye cAra zrAvaka-dharma ke lakSaNa hai| svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa Adi kriyAoM kA pAlana bhI eka sAdhAraNa zrAvaka kA kartavya mAnA jAtA hai| AcAra ke sandarbha meM pAkSika zrAvaka ko ATha mula guNoM (paMcANuvrata, tathA madya-mAMsa-madhu tyAga) kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai, yaha prAcInatama rUpa rahA hogaa| uttarakAla meM jaba dharma-sAdhanA kI ora mukAva kama hone lagA to AcAryoM ne paMcANuvratoM ke sthAna para paMcodumbara phaloM (pIpala, bar3a, udumbara, gUlara aura pilakhana) kA tyAga nirdiSTa kara diyaa| ina phaloM meM trasa jIva rahate haiN| ataH unakA bhakSaNa vihita nahIM mAnA gyaa| inake atirikta rAtri-bhojana tyAga, pAnI chAnakara pInA, devadarzana karanA ye tIna kartavya bhI pAkSika zrAvaka ke dainandina jIvana meM jor3a diye gaye hai| unakI dainaMdinI meM SaTkarmoM ko bhI Avazyaka kahA gayA hai-devapUjA, gurubhakti, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa aura daan| ina maryAdAoM aura kartavyoM kA pAlana karane se eka sAdhAraNa vyakti kI AdhyAtmika bhUmikA kA suMdara gaThana ho jAtA hai| vaha agrima sAdhanA se kabhI vicalita nahIM hotA kyoMki prAthamika sAdhanA kA vaha bharapUra abhyAsa kara cukatA hai| pAkSika-zrAvaka ke kartavyoM kI ora dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jo vyakti apane Apako kisI dharmavizeSa se sambaddha nahIM karanA cAhate, ve bhI yadi unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana kareM to mAnavatA ke saMrakSaNa aura zAMtiprasthApana karane meM unakA mahanIya yogadAna honA svabhAvika hai| isI prakAra bauddha dharma meM upAsaka ke lie dasa zikSApada aura paMcazIla kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| 2. naiSThika zrAvaka gyAraha pratimAyeM : zrAvaka ke vratoM kA paripAlana karanevAlA zrAvaka naiSThika kahalAtA hai| kaSAyoM ke bhayopazama kI kramazaH vRddhi karane kI dRSTi se zrAvaka dezasaMyama kA pAta karane vAlI darzanAdi gyAraha pratimA rUpa saMyama sthAnoM kA pAlana karatA hai| 1. kATI saMhitA, 2.47-49.

Page #284
260 isase usakI citavRtti zAnta ho jAtI hai| ye gyAraha pratimAyeM naiSThika zrAvaka ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko avasthAyeM haiM-darzana, vrata, sAmAyika, proSadha, sacittatyAga, rAtribhukti tyAga, brahmacarya, ArambhatyAga, parigrahatyAga, anumatityAga aura uddisstttyaag| isa vargIkaraNa kA mUla AdhAra zikSAvata rahA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne sallekhanA ko zikSAvatoM meM sammilita kiyaa| vasunandi ne unakA anukaraNa kara sallekhanA ko tRtIya pratimA ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA para umAsvAmI, samantabhadra Adi AcAryoM ne sallekhanA ko mAraNAntika kartavyoM meM rkhaa| kundakunda, kArtikeya, samantabhadra, Adi AcAryoM ne chaThI pratimA kA nAma rAtribhavitatyAga rkhaa| para uttarakAla meM usake vivecana meM kucha antara ho gyaa| upAsakadazAMga (1-68) ke TIkAkAroM ne pratimAoM ke nAma isa prakAra diye haiM-darzana, vrata, sAmAyika, proSadha, kAyotsarga, brahmacarya, sacittAhAra tyAga, ArambhatyAga, parigrahatyAga (bhUtakapreSyArambha varjana), uhiSTabhuktityAga, aura shrmnnbhuut'| ina pratimAoM meM kAryotsarga aura zramaNabhUta pratimAyeM navIna haiN| hama yahA~ sallekhanA ko mAraNAntika karma mAnakara sarvamAnya pratimAoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kara rahe haiM1. varzana pratimAH dArzanika zrAvaka vaha hai jo samyagdarzana se zuddha ho, saMsAra, zarIra aura bhogoM se mukta ho, arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sarvasAdhu ina paJca parameSThiyoM kA upAsaka ho tathA satyamArga kA anuyAyI ho samyagdarzanazuDhaH sNsaar-shriirbhognirvinnnnH| paJcagurUcaraNazaraNo dArzanikastAvapathagRhayaH / / ' yahA~ dArzanika zrAvaka hone kI sabase Avazyaka zarta yaha hai ki vaha samyakatvI ho| samyakatvI hone ke lie use vItarAgI Aptadeva, Agama aura jIva, ajIva, Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ina sapta tattvoM para AsthA honA apekSita hai| aisA samyakatvI dArzanika zrAvaka saMsAra kI anazvaratA aura Atmazakti para vicAra karate-karate zaMkA, kAMkSA, vicikitsA, mUDhadRSTitva, 1. sAnAradharmAmRta, 3.1. 2. sAMvata ke chaDe uddeza meM bhI syAraha pratimAnoM kA varNana milatA hai para kucha mitra rUpa meM. 3. ralakaramamAvakAcAra, 137.

Page #285
261 anUpagRhanatva, asthitikaraNa, avAtsalya aura aprabhAvanA ina ATha doSoM se dUra ho jAtA hai aura apanI AtmA meM nimnalikhita ATha muNa pagaTa kara letA hai samyagdarzana ke ATha guNa : (1) niHzaMkita-jina aura jinAgama meM varNita siddhAMtoM para kisI bhI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM honaa| yaha AsthA zAnapUrvaka hotI hai| (2) niHkAMkSita-sAMsArika vaibhava prApta karane kI icchA na honaa| (3) nivicikitsA-svabhAvataH malIna zarIra meM jugupsA kA bhAva tathA Atma guNoM meM prIti kI utpatti / (4) amUDhadRSTitva - miyAdRSTiyoM kI na prazaMsA karanA aura na unakA anukaraNa krnaa| (5) upagUhanatva-dharma ko dUSita karane vAle nindAtmaka tatvoMkA visarjana karanA aura dUsare ke doSoM ko udghATita na krnaa| (6) sthitikaraNa :-mArgacyuta vyakti ko punaH mArga para ArUr3ha kara denaa| (7) vAtsalya-svadharmI bandhuoM se nizcala, sarala tathA madhura vyavahAra karanA aura itara dharmAvalambiyoM se dveSa na krnaa| (8) prabhAvanA - dAna, tapa, Adi dvArA jainadharma kI prabhAvanA krnaa| samyaktva ke ukta ATha aMgoM kA paripAlana karane vAloM meM kramazaH aMjanacora, anantamatI vaNikaputrI, uddAyana rAjA, revatI rAnI, vAriSeNa rAjakumAra, viSNukumAra muni, jinadatta seTha aura vajakumAra ke nAma vizeSa prasiddha hai| samyagdarzana ke vighAtaka doSa : ___ samyagdRSTi jIva loka, deva aura pAkhaNDa ina tIna mUr3hatAboM se dUra rahatA hai| vaha sUrya ko argha denA, nadI, samudra Adi meM snAna karanA, agni kI pUjA karanA, candra, sUrya Adi ko devatArUpa meM svIkAra karanA. vividha veSadhArI pAkhaNDI sAdhuoM kA Adara-sammAna karanA Adi jaisI mUDhatAnoM, kriyAboM aura bandha mAnyatAboM para vizvAsa bhI nahIM krtaa| apane zAna, pUjA, kula, jAti, baka, Rddhi, tapa bora gharIra ina ATha prakAra ke mava-abhimAna se baha kosoM dUra

Page #286
262 rahatA hai| kudeva,kumatAvalambI sevaka, kuzAstra, kutapa, kuzAstrajJa aura kuliGga, ina SaD anAyatanoM se vaha apane Apako bahuta dUra rakhatA hai| ina anAyatanoM kA vikAsa sambhavataH uttarakAlIna rahA hogaa| zaMkAdi ATha doSoM se bhI use mukta honA caahie| samyagdarzana kI prApti ke kAraNa : isa prakAra samyagdarzana ke vighAtaka ye paccIsa doSa jaba samyagdRSTikA sAtha chor3a dete haiM to usakA mana aihika vAsanAoM se anAsakta ho jAtA hai| vaha nyAya pUrvaka dhanArjana karatA hai aura sampatti aura vipatti meM samabhAvI rahatA hai| use na ihaloka kA bhaya rahatA hai na paraloka kA, aura na vedanA, maraNa, arakSA agupti athavA akasmAt bhaya kA / vaha to saMsAra ke svarUpa ko jAnane lagatA hai, vastutatva ko samajhane lagatA hai| isalie usameM saMvega, nirveda, upazama, svanandA, go, bhakti, vAtsalya, aura anukampA jaise mAnavIya guNa prakaTa ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra ke AcAra-vicAra se zrAvaka kA mana zAzvata zAnti kI prApti kI ora bar3hane lagatA hai| vaha juA, madyapAna, mAMsa bhakSaNa, vezyAgamana, zikAra, corI, aura parastrIgamana jaise durgati ke kAraNabhUta sapta vyasanoM kA moha nahIM karatA / naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura devagati ke duHkhoM se vaha bhayavIta rahatA hai| aura bAtmA ko nirmala banAne meM sajaga rahatA hai| isa sthiti meM vaha hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla, parigraha, ina pAMca pApoM kA ekadeza tyAga karatA hai, aSTa mUla guNoM (madya, mAMsa, madhu, tathA bar3a, pIpara, pAkara, Umara tathA kaThUmara (kaThahala) ina pAMca udumbara phaloM kA tyAga) kA pAlana karatA hai, bhakSya-abhakSya kA viveka rakhatA hai, adhyayana, manana aura cintana meM apanA sArA samaya lagAtA hai tathA anitya, azaraNa, saMsAra, anyatva, ekatva, azuci, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bodhidurlama, loka aura dharma ina bAraha anuprekSAoM (bhAvanAoM) para satata vicAra karatA rahatA hai| bAraha anuprekSAoM kA cintana karane se jIva rAgAdi doSoM se dUra hone kA patha prazasta kara letA hai aura zuddhAtmA ke svarUpa kI prApti kI ora bar3ha jAtA hai| samyagdarzana kI bhI prApti kA yaha pramukha kAraNa hai| AtmA zAyaka svabhAvI hai| para karmoM ke kAraNa yaha svabhAva pracchanna-sA ho jAtA hai / svapara-bhedavijJAna dvArA mUla svabhAva ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha prApti terahaveM guNasthAna meM ho pAtI hai| tabataka vyavahAra dharma kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| sAdhaka caturSa se SaSTha guNa sthAna taka vyavahAra ko pradhAna mAnatA hai aura nizcaya ko gauNa tathA

Page #287
saptama se dvAdaza guNasthAna taka vyavahAra ko gauNa aura nizcaya ko pradhAna sambala banAtA hai| isa prakAra nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya kI dRSTi se bAraha bhAvanAboM kA anuciMtana apekSita hai| sAtha hI uttama kSamAdi daza dharmoM kA bhI pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| ___ anuprekSAoM aura dharmoM kA pAlana karane se zrAvaka kI vRttiyA~ zAnta hone lagatI haiM aura vaha samyakatva kI ora agrasara ho jAtA hai| samyakatva hone se pUrva use pAMca labdhiyAM prApta hotI hai-1. kSayopazama (dezaghAtI spardhA ke udaya sahita karmoM kI avsthaa| 2. vizuddhi (maMdakaSAya), 3. dezanA (tatvoM kA avadhAraNa. 4. prAyogya athavA yathApravRttikaraNa maMdatA) aura, 5. karaNa nirmala prinnaam)| karaNalabdhi ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM-adhaHkaraNa (pahale aura pichale samaya meM pariNAma samAna hoM), apUrvakaraNa (apekSAkRta adhika vizuddha hoM) aura anivRttikaraNa (hara samaya pariNAma nirmala hoN)| samyaktva ke meva: pariNAmoM kI nirmalatA ke AdhAra para hI samyakatva ke bheda kiye gaye haiM 1. aupazamika samyakatva-darzana mohanIya ke upazama se, kIcar3a ke nIce baiTha jAne se nirmala jala ke samAna, padArthoM kA jo nirmala zravAna hotA hai| vaha upazama samyakatva hai| yaha 4 se 11 veM guNAsthAna taka rahatA hai| 2. kSAyopazamika samyaktva-darzana mohanIya kA udaya na ho para samyak mohanIya kA udaya ho| yaha 4 se 7 veM guNasthAna taka rahatA hai| 3. kSAyika samyaktva :-darzana mohanIya prakRtiyoM kA upazama ho jAnepara nirmala tatvArtha zraddhAna honaa| yaha 4 se 11 3 guNasthAna taka hotA hai| 4. vedaka samyaktva-darzana mohanIya karma ke antima karma pudgaloM kA vedana krnaa| yaha 4 se 7 veM guNasthAna taka hotA hai| 5. sAsvAdana samyaktva-11 3 guNasthAna se rAgadveSAdi se bhraSTa hokara jIva jaba mithyAtva guNasthAna taka nahIM pahuMcatA taba usa avasthA ko sAsvAdana samyaktva kahate haiN| yaha dvitIya guNasthAna meM hotA hai| zrAvaka caryA kA yaha kramika vikAsa sAdhaka kI bhAvAtmaka nirmalatA kI vikAsAtmaka kahAnI hai| vaha vicAra aura karma meM samanvaya sthApita kara samatA aura sahiSNutA ke bala para apanA jIvana-yApana karatA hai| usakA jIvana

Page #288
264 adhyayana se prAraMbha hotA hai aura manana tathA cintana se usake pavitra uddezya meM dRr3hatA AtI hai / sampatti kA nyAya- pUrvaka arjana aura phira usakA nirAsakta visarjana sahI mAnavatA kA spandana bana jAtA hai / itanI zAnta aura ahiMsaka prakRti kA zrAvaka hI nirdoSa aura svaccha vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karatA hai / samAja aura rASTra kA kalyANa aise hI vAtAvaraNa meM nihita hai / aSTamUlaguNa paramparA : aSTamUlaguNa jaina gRhastha ke Avazyaka vratoM meM gine jAte haiM / parantu ve kauna-kauna haiM, isa sambandha meM AcAryoM meM martanaya nahIM / isa sandarbha meM do paramparAyeM milatI haiM - eka paraMparA aSTamUlaguNoM kA ullekha karatI hai bhale hI nAmoM meM matabheda rahA ho aura dUsarI paramparA aSTamUlaguNoM kA ullekha hI nahIM karatI / aSTamUlaguNoM kA sarvaprathama ullekha AcArya samantabhadra ne kiyA aura unhoMne ahiMsA, satya, asteya, acaurya aura aparigraha ye pAMca aNuvrata tathA madya, mAMsa, va madhu inako milAkara aSTamUlaguNa mAnA hai / parantu unake pUrvavartI AcArya kundakundane aSTamUlaguNa kA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA / mAtra bAraha vratoM ke nAma ginA diye / saMbhava hai kundakunda ne madya, mAMsa, madhu ke bhakSaNa kA niSedha ahiMsA ke antargata kara diyA ho athavA yaha bhI sakatA hai ki unake samaya madya, mAMsa, madhu ke khAne kI pravRtti adhika na rahI ho samantabhadra ke Ate-Ate yaha pravRtti kucha adhika bar3ha gaI hogii| isalie use rokane kI dRSTise unhoMne mUla guNoM kI kalpanA kara unake paripAlana kA vidhAna kara diyA / parantu Azcarya hai, tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka aura vidyAnanda ne bhI unakA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA / ho / raviSeNa (vi. saM. 734) ne donoM matoM kA samanvaya kiyA / eka ora unhoMne kevalI ke mukha se zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kI gaNanA kI to dUsarI ora madhu, madya, mAMsa, dyUta, rAtribhojana aura vezyAsaMgama ko chor3ane ke lie "niyama" nirdhArita kiyA / prathama tIna ke sAtha-sAtha antima do doSoM kA adhika pracAra ho jAne ke kAraNa AcArya ko aisA karanA par3A hogaa| jaTAsiMhanandi ne kundakunda kA 1. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 66. 2. cAritra prAbhUta, 22. 3 padmapurANa, 14.202. 4. vahI, 14.272.

Page #289
265 anugamana kiyaa| kArtikeya ne pRthaka rUpa se malaguNoM kA ullekha to nahIM kiyA para darzana-pratimA meM unheM sammilita-sA avazya kara diyaa| jinasena (8-9vIM zatI) ne bhI raviSeNa kA hI anukaraNa kiyaa| mAtra antara yaha hai ki yahAM rAtribhojanatyAga ke sthAna para parastrItyAga kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai|' mahA-. purANa kA ullekha kara cAmuNDarAya ne spaSTataH samantabhadra kA sAtha diyA hai parantu mahApurANa meM yaha pratipAdaka zloka upalabdha nhiiN| vasunandi ne unakA spaSTataH yaha ullekha avazya nahIM kiyA para darzana pratimAdhArI ko paMcodumbara tathA saptavyasana kA tyAgI batAyA hai aura yahIM madya-mAMsa-madhu ke durguNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| somadeva, devasena", padmanandI, amitagati, AzAdhara, amRtacandra" Adi AcAryoM ne prAyaH samantabhadra kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| isa paryavekSaNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki aSTamUlaguNa kI paramparA AcArya samantabhadrane prArambha kI jise kisI na kisI rUpa meM uttarakAlIna prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyaa| ardhamAgadhI AgamazAstroM meM bhI mUla guNoM kA ullekha dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| ataH yaha ho sakatA hai ki samantabhadra ke samaya madya, mAMsa, madhu kA adhika pracAra ho gayA ho aura phalataH unheM unake niSadha ko vratoM meM sammilita karane ke lie bAdhya honA par3A ho| SaTkarma : yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki kundakunda, jaTAsiMhanandi tathA jinasena ne dAna, pUjA, tapa aura zIla ko, zrAvakoM kA kartavya khaa| uttarakAla meM inhIM kA vikAsa kara AcAryoM ne SaTkarmoM kI bhI sthApanA kara dii| bhagajjanasenAcArya ne pUjA, vArtA, dAna, svAdhyAya, saMyama aura tapa ko zrAvaka ke kuladharma ke rUpa meM sthApita 1. barAMgacarita, 22.29-30. 2. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 328. 3. harivaMzapurANa,18.48. 4. cAritrasAra, 11.122. 5. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 125-133. 6. upAsakAdhyayana, 8.270. 7. bhAvasaMgraha, 356. 8. padmanaMdi paJcaviMzatikA, 23. 9. subhASitaratnasaMvoha, 765. 10. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2.18. 11. puruSArtha sipAya, 61-74,

Page #290
266 kiyaa| somadeva aura paanandi ne bhI inheM SaTkarmoM ke nAmase svIkAra kiyaa| vArtA, svAdhyAya aura saMyama ko zIlake hI aMga-pratyaMga mAnakara yaha saMkhyA bar3hAI gaI hogI, aisA na mAnakara unheM svatantra hI kahanA caahie| __ mUlaguNoM ke itihAsa se aisA lagatA hai ki dhIre dhIre logoM kI saralatA aura bAhya-pradarzana kI ora pravRtti bar3hatI gii| ahiMsA, satya, asteya Adi aNuvratoM ke sthAnapara paMcodumbara tyAga kA vidhAna bahuta choTA hai| ratnamAlAkAra ne isalie pAMca aNuvrata aura madya-mAMsa-madhu tyAga rUpa aSTamUlaguNa puruSa ke mAne hai aura paicodumbara tathA madya mAMsa madhu tyAga rUpa mUlaguNa baccoM ke mAne hai|' udumbara phaloM tathA madya mAMsa madhu ke bhakSaNa kI ora huI pravRtti ko rokane ke lie zAyada yaha vidhAna kiyA gayA hogaa| sAvayadhammadohA meM to yahAM taka kaha diyA gayA hai ki Ajakala jo madya-mAMsa-madhu kA tyAga kare vahI zrAvaka hai| kyA bar3e vRkSoM se rahita eraNDa ke vana meM chAyA nahI hotI ? bArahavata upAsakadazAMga meM zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kA ullekha isa prakAra milatA hai- pAMca aNuvrata - ahiMsA, asteya, satya, svadArasaMtoSa aura icchaa-primaann| tathA sAta zikSAvata-digvata, upabhogaparimANavata anartha daNDa viramaNa vrata, sAmAyika, dezAvakAzika, proSadhopavAsa, aura ythaasNvibhaag| jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra kA mUla upadeza ahiMsA kI pRSThabhUmi meM rahA hogaa| bAda meM usIke spaSTa aura vikasita rUpa meM bAraha vratoM kI gaNanA AyI hogii| uvAsagadasAo (1.47) meM prathamataH digvata aura zikSAvrata kA nirdeza nahIM miltaa| unheM bAda meM vahIM jor3a diyA gayA hai| sallekhanA aura gyAraha pratimAoM kA varNana yaha avazya milatA hai| 1. AdipurANa, 41.104; 8.178; 38.24 25. 2. upAsakAdhyayana, bhUmikA, pR.65-66. 3. madhamaMsa madhutyAga saMyuktANuvratAni nuH / aSTo mUlaguNAH paJcodumbarazcAryakeSvapi // ratnamAlA, 19. 4. majja maMsu maha pariharaha kSayai sAvau soi|| NIrakvaha eravaji ki Na mavAI hoha / / savayadhammadohA, 77.

Page #291
267 1. aNuvrataH aNuvrata ke pAMca prakAra haiN| isake nAmoM ke viSaya meM kucha matabheda hai| AcArya kundakunda ne sthUlatrasakAyavadha parihAra, sthUla mRSAparihAra, sthUla satyaparihAra, sthUla parapimma parihAra (parastrItyAga) tathA sthUla parigrahAraMbhaparimANa mAnA hai / ' samantabhadra ne sthUla prANAtipAta vyuparamaNa,sthUla vitathavyAhAra vyuparamaNa, sthUla steyavyuparamaNa, sthUla kAmavyuparamaNa, (paradAranivRtti aura svadArasaMtoSa) aura sthUla mUrkhA vyuparamaNa ko aNuvrata svIkAra kiyaa| raviSeNa ne caturyavrata kA nAma 'paradArasamAgamavirati' aura pAMcaveM kA nAma 'anantaga virati' rkhaa|' jinasena ne caturthavrata kA nAma 'parastrIsevananivRtti' tathA pAMcaveM kA nAma 'tRSNAprakarSanivRtti' diyaa| AzAdhara ne caturyavrata ko 'svadArasaMtoSa vrata' nAma diyaa| inameM nAmoM kA hI antara hai, vratoM kA nhiiN| ina vratoM ke aticAroM meM bhI kucha matabheda hai| vrata kI zithilatA ko aticAra kahate haiN| inakA sarvaprathama varNana tattvArthasUtra meM milatA hai| upAsagadasAmo meM bhI yaha paramparA milatI hai| para donoM meM pUrvatara kauna hai, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| 1. ahiMsANuvrata: uvAsagadasAo meM Ananda ne mahAvIra ke pAsa jAkara ahiMsAguvrata dhAraNa kiyaa| yahA~ prApta ullekha se ahiMsANuvrata ke lakSaNa kA AbhAsa isa prakAra hotA hai -yAvajjIvana mana, vacana, kAya se sthUla prANAtipAta se virakta rahanA ahiMsANuvrata hai- thUlagaM pANAivAyaM paccakkhAi, jAvajjIvAe duvihaM tiviheNaM na karemi, na kAravemi, maNasA, vayasA, kaaysaa)| uttarakAlIna paribhASAyeM isI ke AdhAra para bnii| samantabhadra ne isameM 'saMkalpa' zabda aura jor3a diyaa| parantu pUjyapAda ne saMkalpa aura mana, vacana, kAya, donoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA jabaki akalaMka ne mana-vacana,kAya kA to 'tridhA' zabda se ullekha kara diyA para 1. cAritrAmRta, 13. 2. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 3.6. 3. padmacaritra, 14.184-5. 4. AdipurANa, 10.63. 5. uvAsagadasAyo, 1.43. 6. ratnakaraNDatrAvakAcAra, 3.7. 7. sapisivi 7.20 kI vyAkhyA.

Page #292
268 'saMkalpa' ko chor3a diyA / ' somadeva' aura amRtacandra sUri' ne tattvArthasUtra ke AdhAra para hiMsA kA lakSaNa kara ahiMsA kA lakSaNa spaSTa kiyA hai| hiMsA kA lakSaNa karate hue umAsvAmI ne kahA hai- kaSAya ke vazIbhUta hokara dravyarUpa yA bhAvarUpa prANoM kA ghAta karanA hiMsA hai| madya, mAMsa, madhu tathA paMcodumbara phaloM kA bhakSaNa bhI hiMsA ke antargata AtA hai / ata: ahiMsANuvratI ke lie unakA tyAga karanA bhI Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / isa vrata kA pAlana karanevAlA, mana, vacana, kAya aura kRta-kArita anumodanA se trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA nahIM karatA / bandha, bagha, cheda, atibhArAropaNa aura annapAna kA nirodha ina pA~ca aticAroM ko bhI vaha nahIM karatA / ' vaidika saMskRti meM nirdiSTa yajJoM kA pracalana adhika huA aura hiMsA jora pakar3ane lagI / phalataH zrAvaka ke lie yaha bhI niyojita kiyA jAnA Avazyaka ho gayA ki devatA ke lie, mantra kI siddhi ke lie, auSadhi aura bhojana ke lie vaha kabhI kisI jIva ko nahIM maaregaa| isI ko zrAvaka kI 'caryA' kahA gayA hai / isa vikAsa kA samaya lagabhaga 7-8 vIM zatI kahA jA sakatA hai / caryA tu devatArthaM vA mantrasiddhyarthameva vA / auSadhAhAraklRptyai vA na hiMsyAmiti ceSTitam / / ' somadeva ne to bAda meM use ahiMsA ke svarUpa meM hI sammilita kara diyA ki devatA ke lie, atithi ke lie, pitaroM ke lie, mantrasiddhi ke lie, auSadhi ke lie, aura bhaya se saba prANiyoM kI hiMsA na karane ko 'ahiMsAvrata' kahA hai / devatAtithipitrarthaM mantrauSadhabhayAya vA / na hiMsyAt prANinaH sarvAnahiMsA nAma tadvratam / / puruSArthaM siddhacuyAya aura sAgAradharmAmRta meM ahiMsA kI aura bhI gaharAI se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / isa samaya taka jo jaise bhI prazna cinha ahiMsA kI 1. tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 7.20 . 2. yAsmAdaprayogena prANiSu prANahApanam / sA hiMsA rakSaNaM teSAmahisA tu satAM matA / - upAsakAdhyayana, 318. 3. puruSArthasiddhupAya, 43. 4. pramAyogAtprANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA, tattvArthasUtra, 7.13. 5. tatvArthasUna, 7.25. 6 AdipurANa, 39.1470 7. upAsakAdhyayana, 320.

Page #293
269 sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM khar3e hue, unakA yathocita aura yathAvidhi uttara ina granthoM meM dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / rAtribhojana : ahiMsA ke prasaMga meM rAtribhojana tyAga para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / muni aura zrAvaka donoM ke lie rAtribhojana varjita mAnA hai| mUlAcAra meM 'tesiM ceva vadANAM rakkhaTThaM rAdibhoyaNavirattI' (5-98) likhakara yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki pA~ca vratoM kI rakSA ke nimitta 'rAtribhojanaviramaNa' kA pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| isI meM ahiMsA vrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAoM meM 'Alokita bhojana' ko bhI sanniviSTa kiyA gayA hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA ( 6-1185-86, 6.1207 ) meM bhI zivArya ne yahI kahA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke vaitAlIya adhyayana meM aura vIrastuti adhyayana meM rAtribhojana niSedha kA spaSTa ullekha hai / vIrastuti adhyayana meM to ise mahAvIra kA vizeSa yogadAna kahA gayA hai / dazavekAlika sUtra meM ise chaThavAM vrata mAnA gayA hai - chaTThe bhaMte vae ubaTThiomi sabbAo rAIbhoyaNAo veramaNaM, ' kundakunda ne gyAraha pratimAoM meM 'rAyabhatta' tyAga ko chaThI pratimA kahA hai aura unake TIkAkAra zrutasAgarasUri ne 'rAtribhuktivirata' kahA hai / dazavaikAlika Adi kI isa paramparA kA virodha bhI huA / muniyoM ke lie to usakA antarbhAva 'AlokitapAna bhojana' meM ho hI jAtA hai / bAda meM ise aNuvratoM meM bhI sammilita kara diyA gayA / yaha paramparA tattvArthasUtra ke sabhI TIkAkAroM arthAt pUjyapAda', akalaMka", vidyAnanda', bhAskarAnandi' evaM zrutasAgarasUri ne kI / inameM rAtribhojana tyAga ko chaThA aNuvrata nahIM mAnA balki usakA antarbhAva 'Alokita bhojanapAna' meM kara diyA / samantabhadra ne chaThI pratimA kA nAma " rAtribhuktivirata" rakhA / " kArtikeya ne bhI ise svIkAra kiyA / " yahA~ chaThI pratimA ke pUrva rAtribhojanabiramaNa 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 4.16-17; 4.28. 2. cAritraprAmRta, 21. 3. sarvArthasiddhi, 7.1; saM. TIkA pU. 343-4. 4. tatvArthavArtika, 7.1; saM TIkA. pu. 2-534. 5. tattvArthazlokavArtika, 7.1, saM. TIkA. 5. 458. 6. sukhabodhikA TIkA 7-1. ( sa. TI.) 7. tattvArthavRtti, 7.1, saM. TIMkA. 8. utnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 142. 9. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 382.

Page #294
270 kI bAta kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| devasena', cAmuNDarAya aura AzAdhara' ne bhI isI mata kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| cAritrasAra (pR. 19), upAsakAcAra (zloka 853), vasunandi zrAvakAcAra (gA. 296), amitagatizrAvakAcAra (7.72), bhAvasaMgraha (538), sAgAradharmAmRta (7.12), meM isakA dUsarA hI artha kiyA gayA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki jo kevala rAtri meM hI strI se bhoga karatA hai aura dina meM brahmacarya pAlatA hai use 'rAtribhuktavata' aura 'divAmathuna virata' kahA jAtA hai| lATI saMhitA (pR. 19) meM ina donoM matoM ko samanvita kara diyA gayA hai| 2. satyANuvrata : zeSa aNuvrata ahiMsANuvrata ke rakSaka ke rUpa meM nirdhArita kiye gaye haiN| satyANuvatI vaha hai jo rAga dveSAdi kAraNoM se jhUTha na svayaM bolatA ho aura na dUsaroM se bulavAtA ho| isI prakAra dUsare ko vipatti meM DAlanevAlA satya bhI na bolatA ho aura na bulavAtA ho| umAsvAmIne asatya ko asat kahA hai| jisakA artha pUjyA pAda ne aprazasta kiyA hai| isI adhAra para satya kiMvA asatya ke bheda-prabheda kiye gaye haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM satya ke dasa bheda milate haiM-janapada, sammati, sthApanA, nAma, rUpa, pratIti, sambhAvanA, vyavahAra, bhAva aura upamA satya / ' akalaMka ne sammati, sambhAvanA aura upamA satya ke sthAna para saMyojanA, deza aura samayasatya ko rakhakara satya ke dasa bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| padArthoM ke vidyamAna na hone para bhI sacetana aura acetana dravya kI saMjJA karane ko 'nAmasatya' kahate hai| jaise--indra ityaadi| padArtha kA sanidhAna na hone para bhI rUpamAtra kI apekSA jo kahA jAtA hai vaha 'rUpasatya' hai / jaise-citrapuruSAdi meM caitanya upayogAdi rUpa padArtha ke na hone para bhI 'puruSa' ityAdi khnaa| padArtha ke na hone para bhI kArya ke lie jisakI sthApanA kI jAtI hai vaha sthApanA satya' hai| jaise-juA Adi kheloM meM hAthI, vajIra Adi kI sthApanA krnaa| sAdi va anAdi bhAvoM 1. varzanasAra. 2. cAritrasAra, pR.7. 3 banagAra dharmAmRta,4.50. 4. rAtribhojana viramaNa-DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti anya, pR. 323-6. 5. ratnakaraNDabAvakAcAra, 55, basunandi zrAvakAcAra, 210. 6. tatvAryasUtra, 7.14. 7. sarvisidi, 7.14. 8. bhagavatI bArASanA, 1193.

Page #295
271 kI apekSA karake jo vacana kahA jAtA hai vaha 'pratItya satya' hai| jo vacana loka rUr3hi meM sunA jAtA hai vaha 'saMvRti satya hai| jaise--pRthivI Adi aneka kAraNoM ke hone para bhI paMka arthAt kIcar3a meM utpanna hone se 'paMkaja' ityAdi vacana kA pryog| sugandhita dhUpacUrNa ke lepana aura ghisane meM athavA patra, makara, haMsa, sarvatobhadra aura krauJca rUpa vyUha (sainya racanA) Adi meM bhinna bhinna dravyoM kI vibhAga vidhi ke anusAra kI jAnevAlI racanA ko pragaTa karane vAlA vacana 'saMyojanA satya' hai| Arya va anArya bheda yukta vattIsa janapadoM meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA prApaka vacana 'janapadasatya' hai| jo vacana grAma, nagara, rAjA, gaNa, pAkhaNDa, jAti, evaM kula Adi dharmoM kA upadeza karane vAlA hai vaha 'dezasatya' hai / chamastha jJAnI ke dravya ke yathArtha svarUpa kA darzana hone para bhI saMyata athavA saMyatAsaMyata ke apane guNoM kA pAlana karane ke lie "yaha prAsuka hai-yaha aprAsuka hai" ityAdi jo vacana kahA jAtA hai vaha 'bhAvasatya' hai| jo vacana Agamagamya pratiniyata chaha dravya va unakI paryAyoM kI yathArthatA ko pragaTa karane vAlA hai vaha 'mamayasatya hai|' isI prakAra asatya ke bhI bheda kiye gaye haiN| purUSArtha siddhaghupAya' meM asatya ke cAra bheda milate haiM --(1) astirUpa vastu kA nAstirUpa kathana, (2) nAsti rUpa vastu kA astirUpa kathana, (3) kucha kA kucha kaha denA, jaise-baila ko ghor3A kaha denA, aura (4) caturtha asatya ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM-gahita, sAvadha aura apriya / upAsakAdhyayana meM asatya ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM - asatyasatya, satya-asatya, satya-satya aura asatya-asatya / ' syAdvAdamaMjarI meM asatyaamRSA bhASA bAraha prakAra kI batAyI gaI hai(1) AmantraNI-'he deva! yahAM Ao' isa prakAra ke amantraNa ko sUcita karane vAlI bhASA / (2) AjJApanI- 'tuma yaha kAma karo' isa prakAra kI AjJArthaka bhaassaa| (3) yAcanI-'yaha do rUpa yAcanArthaka bhASA / (4) pracchanI- ajJAta artha ko pUchanA / (5) prajJApanI- upadeza sUcaka vacana / 1. tatvArtharAjavAtika, 1.20; cAritrasAra, pR. 62. 2. puruSArtha sidhupAya, 91-95. 3. upAsakAdhyayana, 383; praznavyAkaraNa, sUtra 2.6. 4. syAdvAdamaMjarI, 11, lokaprakAza, tRtIya sarga, yogAdhikAra.

Page #296
272 (6) pratyAkhanI-yAcaka ko niSedhArthaka vacana bolnaa| (7) icchAnukUlikA- kisI kArya meM apanI anumati denaa| (8) anabhigRhItA- 'jo acchA lage vaha kArya karo' rUpa bhaassaa| (9) abhigRhItA- 'amuka kArya karanA cAhie, amuka nahIM' etadrUpiNI bhaassaa| (10) saMdehakAriNI-saiMdhava jaise zabdoM kA prayoga karanA jisameM saMzaya banA rhe| (11) vyAkRtA-spaSTa artha ko sUcita karane vAlI / (12) avyAkRtA-aspaSTa artha ko sUcita karane vaalii| gRhastha isa prakAra kI asatya-amRSA (vyavahAra) bhASA kA prayoga karatA hai parantu yaha prayoga vaha apane pariNAmoM ko vizuddha karane ke lie karatA hai| Arogya lAbha Adi kI dRSTi se aneka prakAra kI prArthanAyeM isI nimitta kI jAtI hai| phira bhI vyavahArataH unameM doSa nhiiN| satyANuvrata ke pAMca aticAra hai --mizyA upadeza denA, rahobhyAkhyAna (gupta bAta ko prakaTa karanA), kUTalekhakriyA (jAlI hastAkSara karanA), nyAsApahAra (dharohara kA apaharaNa karanA) aura, sAkAramantrabheda (mukhAkRti dekhakara mana kI bAta pragaTa krnaa)| Age calakara samantabhadra ne prathama do aticAroM ke sthAna para parivAda aura paizUnya ko rakhA' aura somadeva ne prathama tIna aticAroM ke sthAna para parivAda, paizUnya aura mudhAsAkSipadokti (jhUThI gavAhI denA) nigojita kiyaa| 3. acauryANuvrata : adattavastu kA grahaNa na karanA acauryANuvrata hai| isameM sArvajanika jalAzaya se pAnI Adi kA grahaNa sImA se bAhara hai| uttarakAlIna sabhI paribhASAyeM prAyaH isI paribhASA para AdhArita rahI haiN| aticAra bhI prAyaH samAna hai| ve pAMca hai'-(1) stenaprayoga (corI karane kA upAya batAnA 1. tatvArthasUtra, 7.26; upAsakadazAMga a. 1. 2. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, 56. 3. upAsakAdhyayana, 381. 4. ratnakaraNabAvakAcAra, 57; tattvArthasUtra, 7.15. 5. tatvArSasUtra, 7-27; upAsaka dazAMga, ma 1.

Page #297
273 aura usakI anumodanA karanA), (2) tadAhRtAdAna (apahata mAla ko kharIdanA), viruddha rAjyAtikrama (rAjya parivartana ke samaya alpa mUlyavAna vastu ko adhika mUlya kI batAnA), (4) hInAdhikamAnonmAna (nAMpane-tolane ke tarAjU Adi meM kama bAMToM se denA aura adhika se dUsare kI vastu ko kharIdanA), aura (5) pratirUpaka (kRtrima sonA-cAMdI banAkara yA milAkara tthgnaa)| uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne prAyaH inhIM aticAroM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jo matabheda hai, vaha paristhitijanya hai| viruddharAjyAtikrama ke sthAnapara samantabhadrane "vilopa" aura somadeva ne "vigrahe saMgraho'rthasya" nAma diyA hai| sAdhAraNataH isakA artha hotA hai-yuddha hone para rAjakIya niyamoM kA atikramaNa kara dhana kA saMcaya krnaa| dharatI meM gaDhe dhana ko grahaNa na karane kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| brahmacaryANavata : brahmacaryANavata ko 'paradAranivRtti' yA 'svadArasantoSavrata' kahA gayA hai|' paradAranivRtti vrata kA pAlana deza saMyama ke abhyAsa ke lie udyata pAkSika zrAvaka karatA hai aura svadArasantoSavrata kA pAlana dezasaMyama meM abhyasta naiSThika zrAvaka karatA hai| samantabhadra kI isI paribhASA ko uttarakAlIna AcAryoM meM kisIne AdhA aura kisIne pUrA lekara prastuta kiyA hai| amRtacandrasUri, AzAdhara Adi vidvAnoM ne naiSThika zrAvaka ko dRSTi se tathA somadeva Adi vidvAnoMne pAkSika zrAvaka kI dRSTi se brahmacaryANuvrata kA lakSaNa kiyA hai| yaha antara isalie huA ki vasunandi ke mata se dArzanika zrAvaka saptavyasana chor3a cukatA hai aura sapta vyasanoM meM paranArI aura vezyA donoM A jAtI hai| ataH jaba vaha Age bar3hakara dUsarI pratimA dhAraNa karatA hai to vahAM brahmacaryANuvrata meM vaha svapatnI ke sAtha bhI parva ke dina kAma, bhoga Adi kA tyAga karatA hai| parantu svAmI samantamadra ke mata se darzana pratimA meM sapta vyasanoM ke tyAga kA vidhAna nahIM hai, ataH unake mata se darzana pratimAdhArI jaba vrata dhAraNa karatA hai to usakA brahmacaryANuvrata vahI hai jo anya zrAvakAcAroM meM batalAyA hai| paM AzAdhara ne isI prakAra kA samanvaya kiyA hai|' hemacandra ne bhI yogazAstra meM aisA hI kiyA hai| prAyaH aura kisIne isa vrata kA vibhAjana do bhedoM meM nahIM kiyaa| Azcarya hai, somadeva ne brahmacaryAyuvatI ke lie vezyAgamana kI chUTa de dI hai|' umAsvAmI ne brahmacaryANuvrata ke pAMca aticAra batAye haiM- (1) paravivAhakaraNa, (2) itvarikA (gAna-nRtyAdi karane vAlI) parigrahItAgamana, 1. ratnakaraNDabAvakAcAra, 59. 2. upAsakAdhyayana, prastAvanA, pR.81-82. 3. upAkSakAdhyayana,405-6.

Page #298
274 (3) itvarikA aparigrahItAgamana,(4)anaMgakrIr3A, aura(5) kaamtiivaabhinivesh|' inheM prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| jahA~ kahIM thor3A bahuta antara avazya milatA hai / samantabhadra ne 'itvarikAgamana' ko eka hI mAnA hai aura viTatva ko duusraa| somadeva ne inake sthAnapara parastrIsaMgama aura ratikatavya kA saMyojana kiyA hai| parigrahaparimANANavata : mUrchA arthAt mamatva bhAva ko parigraha kahA hai|' dhana-sampatti Adi ko bhI isI meM sammilita kara diyA gyaa| samantabhadra ne donoM kA samanvaya kara parigrahaparimANANuvrata kA lakSaNa kiyA hai| kundakundane isI ko parigrahArambhaviramaNa' saMjJA dI hai| isameM dhana dhAnyAdi bAhya aura rAga-dveSAdi Abhyantara parigrahoM se viramaNa hone kI bAta kahI hai| yahA~ Avazyaka vastuoM ke parimANa karane kI ora saMketa hai| mamatva kA jAgaraNa vahIM hotA hai| anAvazyaka aura asaMbhava vastu ke parimANa karane meM vrata kA pUrI sImA taka pAlana nahIM ho paataa| umAsvAmI ne isa vrata ke pA~ca atIcAra batAyeM haiM- kSetra-vAstu, hiraNya-suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya, dAsa-dAsI aura kupya (kapAsa) Adi kI maryAdA kA atilobha ke kAraNa ulaMghana krnaa| samantabhadra ne ina ke sthAnapara atibAhya, atisaMgraha, ativismaya, atilobha aura atibhArabahana ko aticAra btaayaa| AzAdhara ke samaya taka paristhitiyoM meM kucha aura parivartana huaa| phalataH unhone kucha bhinna aticAroM kA ullekha kiyA-(1) apane makAna aura kheta ke samIpavartI dUsare ke makAna aura kheta ko milA lenA, (2) dhana aura dhAnya ko bhaviSya meM grahaNa karane kI dRSTi se vyAnA dekara dUsare ke ghara me rakha denA, (3) pariNAma se adhika sonA-cAMdI bAda meM vApisa hone ke bhAva se dUsare ke ghara rakha denA, (4) vratabhaMga ke bhaya se do vartanoM ko milAkara eka mAnanA, aura (5) gAya Adi ke garbhavatI hone se maryAdA kA ullaMghana na maannaa| ye aticAra hemacandra ke yogazAstra para AdhArita hai| 1. tasvArSasUtra, 7.28; upAsakadazAMga, ba. 1. 2. upAsakAdhyayana, 418. 3. tattvArSasUtra, 717. 4. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, 61. 5. tatvArSasUtra, 7.29, upAsakadazAMga, ma. 1. 6. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 62. 7. sAgAradharmAmRta, 4.64.

Page #299
275 2. vrata pratimA : yaha naiSThika zrAvaka kI dvitIya avasthA hai / isameM vaha pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvratoM kA pAlana dRr3hatApUrvaka karatA hai / aNuvrata kA tAtparya hai - eka deza kA pAlana / gRhastha pUrvokta paJca pApoM ke eka deza kA tyAga kara sakatA hai / jaisA pahale kaha cuke haiM, aNuvrata pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM -ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya' aura aparigraha / hiMsA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai - udyogI, ArambhI, virodhI aura saMkalpI / kRSi, zilpa, vyApAra Adi udyogI hiMsA hai| bhojana taiyAra karanA - karAnA, vastrAdi svaccha rakhanA, pazupAlanA Adi ArambhI hiMsA hai / AtmarakSA, rASTrarakSA, Adi jaise bhI usake kartavya hote haiM / ina kartavyoM kI rakSA karane hotI hai / isI ko virodhI hiMsA kahate haiM / gRhastha ke lie ye hiMsAyeM aparihArya hotI haiM / vivaza hokara use una hiMsAoM ko phira bhI apane gArhasthika kArya karate samaya vaha ahiMsA ko nahIM bhUlatA / sajjanarakSA meM bhI hiMsA tInoM prakAra kI karanA par3atA hai / saMkalpI hiMsA ( mArane kI icchA se hI kisI prANI ko mAranA) kA kSetra bar3A hai / usameM madya, mAMsa, madhu kA vyApAra karanA, vyabhicAra dvArA dhanArjana karanA, nyAyamArga ko tyAgakara paisA kamAnA, vizvAsaghAta, karanA, DAkA DAlanA Adi jaise jaghanya aparAdha sammilita haiM / gRhastha ke lie yaha saMkalpI hiMsA aura tajjanya aparAdha akSamya haiM / udyogI, ArambhI aura virodhI hiMsA to paristhitivaza tathA vivaza hokara karanI par3atI hai para saMkalpI hiMsA hiMsA kA sahI rUpa hai jisase use bacanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai / isI prakAra satyANuvrata, acauryANuvrata, brahmacaryANuvrata aura parigrahaparimANANuvrata kA paripAlana karanA vrata pratimAdhArI zrAvaka ke lie Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / guNavrata : paMcANuvratoM ke paripAlana karane ke bAda vratI zrAvaka dizA-vidizAoM meM athavA kisI sthAna vizeSa taka jAne kI letA hai / isase vaha choTe-choTe prANiyoM kI hiMsA se baca isI ko kramazaH pratijJA le jAtA hai / samantabhadra ne svadAra 1. brahmacaryANuvrata kI paribhASA samaya-samaya para badalatI rahI hai| santoSa tathA paradArAgamanatyAga ko brahmacaryANuvrata kahA hai para vasunandi ne aSTamI Adi parvo ke dina strI sevana kA tyAga karanA tathA anaMgakrIDA kA sadA tyAga kiye rahanA brahmacaryANuvrata mAnA hai /

Page #300
276 'divrata' aura 'dezavrata' kahate haiM / ' nirarthaka Arambha athavA kArya karane kA tyAga karanA 'anarthadaNDavrata' hai, jaise binA kisI uddezya ke bhUmi khodanA, vRkSa kATanA, phalaphUla tor3anA Adi / ye tInoM vrata guNoMmeM vRddhi karate haiM" tathA aNuvratoM ke upakAraka haiN| isalie inheM guNavrata kahA jAtA hai / guNavrata ke bhedoM meM matabheda hai| AcArya kundakunda ne dikparimANa, anarthadaNDavrata aura bhogopabhogaparimANa ko guNavrata kahA hai / kArtikeya ne inheM svIkAra kara anarthadaNDavrata ke pAMca bheda kiye hai / umAsvAmI ne bhogopabhoga ke sthAnapara dezavrata rakhakara vratoM ke aticAroM kA sarvaprathama varNana kiyA hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vasunandi zrAbakAcAra, mahApurANa Adi granthoM ne umAsvAmI kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai / zikSAvrata : guNavratoM ke bAda cAra zikSAvrata mAne gaye hai jinakA pAlana karane se sAdhaka - avasthA kI bhUmikA meM dRr3hatA AtI hai / inakI saMkhyA meM matabheda nahIM para nAmoM meM matabheda avazya hai / AcArya kundakunda ne sAmAyika, proSadha, atithipUjA aura sallekhanA ko zikSAvrata kahA hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM sallekhanA ke sthAnapara bhogopabhogaparimANavrata rakhA gayA aura sarvArthasiddhi me isakI gaNanA zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM na karake eka svatantra vrata ke rUpa meM kI gayI jise sAdhaka sahasA maraNa Anepara nirmohI hokara dhAraNa karatA hai / ' kArtikeya ne 'sallekhanA' ke sthAnapara 'dezAvakAzika' rakhA / umAsvAmI ne sAmAyika, proSadhopavAsa, upabhogaparibhoga-parimANa aura ativisaMvibhAga nAma diye / samantabhadra ne kundakunda aura kArtikeya kA anusaraNa karate huye bhI kucha sudhAravAdI dRSTikoNa apanAyA aura dezAvakAzika, sAmAyika, vaiyAvRtya, tathA atithisaMvibhAgavrata ko zikSAvrata kahA / jinasena, amitagati aura AzAdhara ne umAsvAmI kA anukaraNa kiyA para somadeva ne umAsvAmI dvArA batAye gaye caturtha vrata 'atithisaMvibhAga' ke sthAnapara 'dAna' rakha diyA / vasunandi meM kundakunda aura umAsvAmI, donoM kA anukaraNa dikhatA hai / unhoMne bhogavirati, upabhogavirati, atithisaMvibhAga aura sallekhanA ko zikSAvrata mAnA hai / " 1. upAsaka dazaraMga, a. 1. 2. ratnakaraNDagrAvakAcAra - 3. sAgAradharmAmRta, 5.1. 4. cAritraprAbhUta, mAyA, 24-25. 5. sarvArthasiddhi 7.11. 6. Jainism in Buddhist Literature, p. 103-4. 67.

Page #301
277 uparyukta matabheda dekhane se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki saMsthA to vahI rahI para AcArya apane samaya aura paristhiti ke anusAra unameM parivartana karate rahe / ina parivartanoM meM prAyaH sabhI AcAyoM ne AtmaciMtana, vratopavAsa, bhogopabhogasAmagrI ko sImita karanA, dAnAdi denA, atithiyoM kA Adara satkAra karanA Adi jaise sadguNoM aura vyAvahArika dRSTiyoM ko niyojita kiyA / isake bAda AhAradAna, jJAnadAna, auSadhidAna aura abhayadAna para adhika jora diyA gayA / ina dvAdaza vratoM ko mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa athavA zIlavrata ke rUpa se bhI vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / zIla kA tAtparya hai jo vratoM kI rakSA kare / umAsvAmI' Adi AcAryoM ne guNavratoM aura zikSAvratoM ko 'zIlavrata' kI saMjJA dI hai para somadeva Adi AcAryoM ne paMcodumbaraphalatyAga ko 'mUlaguNa' mAnakara unakI saMkhyA ATha kara dI tathA pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata ina bAraha vratoM ko 'uttaraguNa' mAna liyA / samantabhadra ne zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra pAMca mUlaguNoM aura sAta uttaraguNoM ko kahakara kundakunda ke anusAra guNavratoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / jinasena ne uttaraguNoM kI saMkhyA bAraha batAkara kundakunda kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / somadeva bhI lagabhaga usI paramparA para cala rahe haiM / uttarakAla meM kucha AcAryoM ne kundakunda kA anukaraNa kiyA aura kucha ne umAsvAmI kA / zIlavratoM kA mahatva isa dRSTi se vizeSa AMkA jA sakatA hai ki unakA niraticAratA pUrvaka pAlana karane se hI tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha mAnA gayA hai / 2. sAmAyika pratimA : sAmAyika kA tAtparya hai AtmaciMtana | jo zrAvaka subaha, dopahara aura sAyaMkAla nirvikAra hokara khaDgAsana athavA padmAsana se baiThakara mana-vacanakAya zuddhakara deva zAstra - guru kI vandanA aura pratikramaNa kare vaha sAmAyika pratimAdhArI zrAvaka kahalAtA hai / ' pratikramaNa kA tAtparya hai - pramAdavaza hue aparAdhoM kI AlocanA karanA / bhaviSya meM una aparAdhoM se apane Apako dUra rakhane ke lie tathA AtmA ko nirbikAra aura vizuddha batAne ke lie pratikramaNa karanA atyAvazyaka hai / isase samatA aura mAdhyastha bhAva kA jAgaraNa hotA hai / aura para dravyoM se rAga-dveSa bhAva samApta hone lagatA hai| samaya kA artha hai AtmA / ekAnta rUpa se AtmA meM tallIna ho jAnA sAmAyika hai / niyamataH 1. cAritrasAra prAbhUta, 24-25. 2. upAsakAdhyayana, 270, 314. 3. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 139. 4. jJAnArNava, 27.13-14.

Page #302
278 kAyotsarga pUrvaka jo sAmAyika karatA hai vaha sAmAyika pratimAdhArI zrAvaka kahalAtA hai| dvitIya pratimAghArI bhI sAmAyika karatA hai para niyamataH nahI / sAmAyika karate samaya gRhastha bhI saMyamI muni ke samAna hotA hai / ' 4. proSadhapratimA : proSadhopavAsa kA tAtparya hai parva ke dinoM cAroM prakAra kA AhAratyAga karanA aura proSadha kA artha hai dina meM eka bAra bhojana krnaa| isa prakAra proSadhopavAsa meM ekAzana ke sAtha upavAsa kiyA jAtA hai| proSadhapratimA kA pAlaka pratyeka mAsa kI aSTamI aura caturdazI ko proSadhopavAsa karatA hai| sAtha hI viSaya-vAsanAoM se bhI apane Apako mukta rakhatA hai| vratI zrAvaka kA jo proSadhopavAsa zIla rUpa se rahatA thA vahI proSadhopavAsa isa caturya pratimAdhArI ke vrata rUpa se rahatA hai| isa avasthA meM proSadhopavAsa kA pAlana niyamataH aura niraticAra pUrvaka hotA hai|' 5. sacitta tyAga pratimA : isa avasthA meM zrAvaka aise phalAdika kA tyAga karatA hai jo sacitta (ekendriya jIva vAlA) hotA hai| jaise-kanda-mala, patra, puSpa, phala, bIja, aprAsuka jala aadi| isase vratI hiMsA se baca jAtA hai aura usake tyAga kA patha prazasta ho jAtA hai| vratI zrAvaka sacitta bhojana ko pahale bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata ke aticAra ke rUpa meM chor3atA thA vahI isa avasthA meM vrata rUpa meM chor3atA hai| upAsakadazAMga me isa pratimA ko sAtavAM kama diyA gayA hai| isake pUrva kAyotsarga aura brahmacarya pratimAoM ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| 6. rAtribhuktityAga pratimA : isa pratimA ke sAdhAraNataH do nAma milate hai-rAtribhojanatyAga aura rAtribhukti vrata athavA divAmaithunatyAga / mukti kA artha hai-bhoga / rAtribhuktivrata meM rAtri meM hI bhoga karanA vihita mAnA jAtA hai, dina meM nhiiN| isalie ise divAmaithunatyAgavata bhI kahA jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda, svAmI kArtikeya, samantabhadra Adi AcAryoM ne isakA nAma 'rAtribhuktityAga' rakhana kA 1. cAritrasAra, 19-1; mUlAcAra, 531. 2. ratnakaraNabAvakAcAra, 109. 3. ralakaraNabAvakAcAra, 140. 4. lATI saMhitA, 7.12-13. 5. ratnakaraNDabhAvakAcAra, 141.

Page #303
279 ataH unake para prazna yaha Agraha kiyA hai / yahA~ bhukti kA artha bhojana liyA gayA hai / anusAra rAtribhojana karane kA tyAga karanA haThI pratimA hai / " uThatA hai ki kyA isake pUrva taka kI avasthA meM rAtri bhojana vihita thA ? jabaki rAtribhojana meM trasa-sthAvara jIvoM kI virAdhanA hone kI sambhAvanA adhikAdhika rahatI hai taba ahiMsaka jaina cintaka pAMcavIM pratimA taka rAtribhojana ko vihita kaise mAna sakatA hai ? ataH vasunandi ke bAda kI paramparA meM AzAdhara Adi vidvAnoM ne ina donoM matoM ko samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura dina meM strIsevana kA tyAga tathA rAtri meM bhojana kA tyAga karanA Avazyaka batAyA / " vasunandi ne ise divAmaithunatyAga pratimA kahA hai|' upAsakadazAMga kI paramparA meM isa pratimA kA koI nAma nahIM / 7. brahmacarya pratimA : jo zrAvaka maithuna kA sarvathA tyAga kara detA hai vaha brahmacaryaM pratimAdhArI kahalAtA hai / isameM tyAgI parama sAtvika ho jAtA hai aura sarala prakRti se vratoM ArUDha rahatA hai | vyApAra karate hue bhI vaha nyAyAcAra para bala detA hai / brahma kA artha nirmala jJAna rUpa AtmA hai / usa AtmA meM lIna hone kA nAma bhI brahmacarya hai / " ataH isa pratimA kA dhAraka zrAvaka strI-sevana se dUra rahatA hai aura AtmadhyAna meM lIna rahatA hai / mana, vacana, kAya aura kRta, kArita, anumodanA ke bheda se brahmacarya nava prakAra kA hotA hai / isameM strIkathA Adi se bhI vinivRtti avazyaka hai / 8. ArambhatyAga pratimA : yaha pratimA digvrata aura dezavrata para AdhArita hai / isameM vratI zrAvaka Arambha-parigraha ke kAraNabhUta kRSi, vANijya Adi vyApAra tyAga detA hai aura saMcita dhana se apanA kAma nikAla letA hai / " isa pratimA ko svIkAra karane se pUrva vaha sacitta padArthoM kA sparzaM karatA thA aura phalataH aticAra kA doSa lagatA thA / parantu ArambhatyAga pratimA ko grahaNa karane ke bAda vaha ina aticAroM se dUra ho jAtA hai / " 1. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 142; AcAra sAra, 5.70-71. 2. cAritrasAra, pU. 38. 3. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 296. 4. anagAra dharmAmRta, 4.60. 5. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 144. 6. lATI saMhitA, 7.33.

Page #304
280 9. paripahatyANa pratimA : jo zrAvaka kSetra, vAstu, hiraNya, suvarNa,dhana, dhAnya, dAsa, dAsI, kupya, bhANDa ina dasa prakAra ke parigrahoM ko chor3a detA hai vaha parigrahatyAga pratimAdhArI zrAvaka kahalAtA hai| isa avasthA meM vaha sahasA ghara nahIM chor3atA para ghara chor3ane kA abhyAsa avazya karatA hai| udAsInaAzrama meM vaha apane rahane kI vyavasthA kara letA hai| saMtoSa vRtti hone ke kAraNa saMcita parigraha se bhI use mamatva nahIM rhtaa| rAga-dveSAdi antaraMga parigraha ke tyAga kI ora bhI vaha bar3ha jAtA hai| zeSa vastrarUpa meM bhI use mUrchA nahIM rhtii| apanI rakSA ke lie vastra, ghara, abhiSeka-pUjAdi ke vartana dharma sAdhana ke lie grantha Adi pAsa rakha letA hai aura zeSa parigraha ko tyAga detA hai| pahale parigraha kA parimANa kara liyA gayA thA para isa pratimA meM usakA tyAga kara diyA gayA hai| upAsakadazAMga kI paramparA meM 'svayaM Arambha varjana' aura 'bhUtaka preSyArambha varjana' ye do nAma kramazaH aSTamI aura navamI pratimA ko diye gaye haiN| 10. anumatityAga pratimA : parigraha tyAga karane se zrAvaka zuddha AdhyAtmika kSetra meM A jAtA hai| isa avasthA taka vaha apane gArhasthika kartavyoM ko bar3I kuzalatA pUrvaka pUrA karatA hai| jaba vaha dekhatA hai ki usake lar3ake ghara, vyApAra Adi kA kAryabhAra saMbhAlane ke yogya ho gaye haiM to vaha vivAha, vyApAra Adi jaise kAryoM meM apanI anumati denA bhI banda kara detA hai| bhojana meM bhI kisI bhI prakAra kA rasalolupI nahIM hotaa| thAlI meM jo bhI A jAtA hai, use vaha grahaNa kara letA hai| apanI bora se kisI bhI vyaJjana ko banAne kI bAta nahIM krtaa| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra kI sthiti ke lie hI yaha bhojana hai aura zarIra kI sthiti dharmasiddhi ke liye hai| dasavIM pratimA taka Ate-Ate zrAvaka ghara aura parivAra chor3ane kI sthiti meM AjAtA hai| apanI pUrva-pUrva pratimAoM kA abhyAsa karane se mRhasthI ke prati usakA moha bhI chUTatA calA jAtA hai aura santAna bhI uttaradAyitva ko bahana karane ke yogya ho jAtI hai| ataH sabhI kI anumati pUrvaka vaha zrAvaka para chor3a detA hai aura jaina mandira yA sthAnaka meM rahane lagatA hai| 1. kArtikeyAnupekSA, 339-340. 2. ratnakaraNabAvakAcAra, 146; sAgAra dharmAmRta 7.31-34.

Page #305
281 11. uddiSTatyAga pratimA : yaha zrAvaka apane nimitta bane AhAra ko grahaNa nahIM karatA / isalie uddiSTatyAgI kahalAtA hai / ise 'utkRSTa zrAvaka' kahA gayA hai| isa avasthA meM vaha ghara chor3akara vana yA mandira meM nivAsa karane lagatA hai, bhikSAvRtti se AhAragrahaNa karatA hai, nirmohI hokara celakhaNDa ko dhAraNa karatA hai aura rAtadina samyak tapasyA meM magna rahatA hai / " AcArya kundakunda, svAmI kArtikeya, samantabhadra Adi AcAryo ne isa pratimAdhArI ke koI bheda nahIM kiye / jinasena bhI spaSTataH kucha nahIM kaha sake / unhoMne dIkSArha aura adIkSArha kI bAta avazya sAmane rakhI / vasunandi ne hI sarvaprathama uddiSTatyAga pratimAdhArI zrAvakoM ke do bheda kiye prathama vastradhArI aura dvitIya kaupInadhArI / vastradhArI zrAvaka kaTivastra aura cAdara rakha sakate haiM / ve ziromuNDana athavA kezaluJcana kara sakate haiM / kaMsapAtra athavA pANipAtra bhojana le sakate haiM / kaupInavastradhArI zrAvaka mAtra kaTivastra rakha sakatA hai / use cAdara ko bhI chor3a denA par3atA hai / " ina donoM bhedoM meM prAyazcitta cUlikAkAra (11 vIM zatI) ne prathama utkRSTa zrAvaka ko 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga avazya kiyA hai para vaha adhika pracalita nahIM ho pAyA / ( 15-16 vIM zatI taka prathamotkRSTa aura dvitIyotkRSTa zrAvaka ke rUpa meM bhI unakA vivecana hotA rahA / isake bAda sarvaprathama lATI saMhitAkAra paM. rAjamalla ne ina bhedoM ko kramazaH 'kSullaka' aura 'ailaka' saMjJA dI / kSullaka zabda kA artha kSudra athavA svalpa hotA hai / vaha mAtra laMgoTI aura cAdara rakhatA hai / ailaka ISat celaka kA pratIka hai jo mAtra kaTivastra athavA laMgoTI rakhatA hai / isake atirikta kSullaka aura ailaka ke pAsa eka pIchI aura eka kamaMDalu rahatA hai / pIchI se vaha kSudra jIvoM ko alagakara nirjIva sthAna meM uThane-baiThane kA kAma letA hai aura kamaNDalu meM prAsuka jala rahatA hai jo hAtha vagairaha dhone ke kAma AtA hai / somadeva ne uparyukta pratimAdhArI zrAvakoM ke jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa rUpa se bheda kiye haiM / unhoMne prathama chaha pratimAdhArI ko gRhastha aura jaghanya zrAvaka kahA hai| sAtavIM, AThavIM aura navIM pratimAdhArI zrAvaka ko brahmacArI, varNI aura madhyama zrAvaka batAyA hai tathA dasavIM, aura gyArahavIM pratimA 1. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 7.77. 2. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 301.

Page #306
282 dhArI zrAvaka ko bhikSuka aura utkRSTa zrAvaka kahA hai| unakI bhikSA ke bhI cAra bheda, kiye gaye haiM-anumAnyA, samuddezyA, trizudA aura bhraamrii'| AzAdhara Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI zrAvakoM ke uparyukta bhedoM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai|' aNuvratoM aura pratimAoM ke prakAroM meM samaya ke anusAra parivartana avazya milatA hai para usakI pRSThabhUmi sadaiva yahI rahI hai ki vyakti zAzvata sukha kI ora apane Apako mor3atA jAye, paraduHkhakAtaratA kI ora Age bar3he aura bhautika sukha-sAdhanoM kI ora se muMha mor3akara AdhyAtmika parama sukha ke sAdhanoM ko ekatra karane lge| yaha AtmonmukhI vRtti parakalyANa kI AdhAra bhUmikA bana jAtI hai| zrAvaka kI isa avasthA meM jJAnAcAra (zrutajJAna), darzanAcAra (samyagdarzana), cAritrAcAra (samitiyoM aura guptiyoM kA paripAlanA), tapAcAra (bAhaya-Abhyantara tapa) aura vIryAcAra (yathAzakti AcAra grahaNa) sudRr3ha ho jAtA hai| arhatprApti isI kI abhihiti mAtra hai| 3. sAdhaka dhAvaka zrAvaka kI yaha tatIya avasthA hai| yahAM taka pahu~cate-pahuMcate vaha viSaya-vAsanAoM se anAsakta hokara zarIra ko bhI bandhana rUpa samajhane lagatA hai| samyagdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra ke samanvita AcaraNa se usakA mana saMsArase virakta ho jAtA hai| usa sthiti meM yadi zarIra aura indriyA~ apanA kAma karanA banda kara detI hai to samyak AcaraNa meM bAdhA utpanna hotI hai aura parAdhInatA bar3hatI calI jAtI hai| isalie usase mukta hone ke lie sAdhu athavA zrAvaka sallekhanA (samAdhimaraNa) dhAraNa karatA hai| isa vrata meM AmaraNa nirAsakta hokara AhAra, jalAdika kA pUrNataH tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai aura dharmArAdhanapUrvaka zarIra tyAga karane kA saMkalpa grahaNa kara liyA jAtA hai| Aja kI paribhASA meM ise AtmahatyA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sallakhanA sallekhanA kA tAtparya hai-samyak prakAra se kAya aura kaSAya ko kRSa (lesn)krnaa| yaha vrata vizeSataH usa samaya grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai jaba ki sAdhaka 1. mAstilaka cammU, bhAga 2, pR 410; zloka 855-56, 8-90. 1. sAgAra dharmAmRta, 3.2-3; pAripasAra, pR. 40. 3. mahApurANa, 39.149, cAritrasAra, 41-2. 4. sApa sivi, 7.22, basunandi bhAvakAcAra, 272 vI gAvA.

Page #307
83 ke upara koI tIvra upasarga A gayA ho athavA durbhikSa, vRddhAvasthA aura roga ke kAraNa AcAra-prakriyA meM bAdhA A rahI ho / aisI paristhiti meM yahI zreyaskara hai ki sAdhaka apane dharma kI rakSArtha vidhipUrvaka zarIra ko chor3a de|' yahA~ Antarika vikAroM kA visarjana karanA sAdhaka kA pramukha uddezya rahatA hai| AtmahatyA aura sallekhanA : isa prakAra ke zarIra tyAga meM sAdhaka para kisI bhI prakAra se AtmahatyA kA doSa nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| kyoMki AtmahatyA karanevAlA kisI bhautika padArtha kI atRpta vAsanA se grasta rahatA hai jabaki sallekhanAvratadhArI zrAvaka athavA sAdhu ke mana meM isa prakAra kA koI vAsanAtmaka bhAva nahIM rahatA balki vaha zarIrAdi kI asamarthatA ke kAraNa dainika kartavyoM meM saMbhAvita doSoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna karatA hai| vaha aise samaya niHkaSAya hokara parivAra aura paricita vyaktiyoM se kSamAyAcanA karatA hai aura mRtyu-paryanta mahAvatoM ko dhAraNa karane kA saMkalpa kara letA hai| tadartha sarvaprathama vaha AtmaciMtana karatA hai aura usake bAda kramazaH khAdya, aura peya padArtha chor3akara upavAsapUrvaka dehatyAga karatA hai| vahA~ usake mana meM zarIra ke prati koI rAga nahIM hotaa| ata: AtmahatyA kA use koI doSa lagane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa|' vastutaH AtmahatyA aura sallekhanA meM antara samajha lenA atyAvazyaka hai| AtmahatyA kI pRSThabhUmi meM koI atRpta vAsanA kAma karatI hai| AtmahatyA karane vAlA athavA kisI bhautika sAmagrI ko prApta karane ke lie anazana karanevAlA vyakti vikAra bhAvoM se jakar3A rahatA hai| usakA mana krodhAdi bhAvoM se uttapta rahatA hai| jabaki sallekhanA karane vAle ke mana meM kisI prakAra kI vAsanA aura uttejanA nahIM rhtii| usakA mana ihalaukika sAdhanoM kI prApti se haTakara pAralaukika sukhoM kI prApti kI ora lagA rahatA hai| bhAvoM kI nirmalatA usakA sAdhana hai| tajjIvataccharIravAda se haTakara zarIra aura AtmA kI pRthakatA para vicAra karate hue zArIrika paratantratA se mukta honA usakA sAdhya hai| viveka usakI AdhArazilA hai| ataH AtmahatyA aura sallekhanA ko paryAyArthaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| samAdhimaraNa aura sallekhanA parthika zabda haiN| jaisA pahale hama kaha cuke haiM, sallekhanA kA uddezya yahI hai ki sAdhaka saMsAra-paraMparA ko dUra kara 1. upasarge durmine parasi rujAyAM ca niHpratIkAre / dharmAya tanuvimocana mAhuH sallebanAmAryAH // ratnakaraDamAvakAcAra 5.1. 2. sarvisivi, 7.22, rASavArtika, 7.22, pAripasAra,22.

Page #308
284 zAzvata abhyudaya aura niHzreyas kI prApti kre| sAdhaka apanA zarIra bilakula azakta dekhakara Abhyantara aura bAhya, donoM sallekhanAyeM karatA hai| Amyantara sallekhanA kaSAyoM kI hotI hai aura bAhya sallekhanA zarIra kI hotI hai| pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi jitanI adhika hogI, sallekhanA kI upayogitA utanI hI adhika hogii| isameM kaSAyoM kI kSINatA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| maraNa ke sannikaTa A jAne para, tathA upasarga yA cAritrika vinAza kI sthiti A jAne para sallekhanA dhAraNa kI jAtI hai| maraNakAla meM jo jIva jisa lezyA se pariNata hotA hai uttarakAla meM usI lezyA kA dhAraka hotA hai| cirakAla se ArAdhita dharma bhI yadi antakAla meM chor3a diyA jAye to vaha niSphala ho jAtA hai| aura yadi maraNakAla meM usa dharma kI ArAdhanA kI jAya to vaha cirakAla ke upAjita pApoM kA bhI nAza kara detA hai| sAdhaka kI sAdhanA ko saphala banAne ke lie anya svaparavivekI sAdhu yathAzakya prayatna karate hai| ve taraha taraha se sAdhanArata vyakti ke lie upadeza dete rahate haiM aura dharma sAdhanA meM vyasta vyakti ke bhAvoM ko dRr3ha banAye rakhate haiN| muni bhI antima samaya meM sallekhanA dhAraNa karate hai| maraNa ke prakAra : jaina sAhitya meM zarIra tyAga ke tIna prakAro kA ullekha milatA haicyuta, cyAvita aura tyakta / ' Ayu ke samApta hone para svabhAvataH maraNa ho jAnA cyuta hai| zastra athavA viSAdika dvArA zarIra chor3anA cyAvita hai jo ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura samAdhimaraNa dvArA maraNa honA tyakta kahalAtA hai| tyakta ke tIna prakAra hai-bhakta pratyAkhyAnamaraNa, iMginImaraNa aura prAyopagamanamaraNa / 1. bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa-isameM AhArAdi tyAgane ke bAda sAdhaka zarIra kI paricaryA svayaM hI karatA hai, dUsaroM se nahIM kraataa| vaha pratijJA karatA hai ki mai sarva prathama hiMsAdi pAMcoM pApoM kA tyAga karatA huuN| mujhe saba jIvoM meM samatA bhAva hai, kisI ke sAtha bhI merA vaira nhiiN| isalie maiM sarva mAkAMkSAoM ko chor3akara samAdhi (zuddha) pariNAma ko prApta hotA huuN| maiM saba anna-pAna Adi AhAra kI avadhi kA, AhAra saMjJA kA, sampUrNa AzAoM kA kavAnoM kA aura sarva padArthoM meM mamatva bhAva kA tyAga karatA huuN|' isa pratiza 1. bhagavatI bArAdhanA, 1922, sAgAra dharmAmRta, 8.16; upAsakAdhyayana, 897-8. 2. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, 56-61. 3. mUlAcAra 109-111:bhagavatI zataka, 13, 3.8 pA. 30; ThANAMgaTIkA, 2.4.10.

Page #309
285 se sAdhaka ke pariNAma atyanta saralatA aura virAgatA kI ora bar3ha jAte haiN| vaha sAdhaka nizchala aura kSamAzIla ho jAtA hai| yAvajjIvana AhArAdi kA tyAga kara saMsAra-sAgara se pAra hone kA upakrama karatA hai| kundakunda, vasunandi Adi AcAryoM ne ise zikSAvratoM meM sammilita kiyA hai jaba ki umAsvAti, samantabhadra Adi AcAryoM ne use maraNAntika kartavya ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa ke do bheda hai-savicAra aura avicAra / nAnA prakAra se cAritra kA pAlana karanA aura cAritra meM hI vihAra karanA vicAra hai| usa vicAra ke sAtha jo vartatA hai vaha savicAra hai aura jo isa prakAra kA vartana nahIM karatA vaha avicAra hai / jo gRhastha yA muni utsAha va balayukta hai aura jisakA maraNakAla sahasA upasthita nahIM huA hai arthAt jisakA maraNa kucha adhika samaya bAda prApta hogA, aise sAdhu ke maraNa ko savicAra bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa kahate haiN| jisameM koI sAmarthya nahIM aura jisakA maraNakAla sahasA upasthita huA hai aise sAdhu ke maraNa ko avicArabhaktapratyAkhyAna kahate haiN|' 2. iMginImaraNa- isameM AhArAdi tyAgane ke bAda sAdhaka niyata deza meM hI zarIra kI paricaryA svayaM hI karatA hai, dUsaroM se nahIM kraataa| 3. prAyopagamana maraNa- isameM sAdhaka AhArAdi tyAgane ke bAda zarIra kI paricaryA na svayaM karatA hai aura na dUsaroM se karAtA hai| vaha to mAtra satata AtmadhyAna meM lIna rahatA hai| ise 'prAyogyagamana' bhI kahate haiM / prAyogya kA artha hai saMsthAna yA saMhanana / inakI prApti honA prAyogya gamana hai| viziSTa saMsthAna va viziSTa saMhanana vAle hI prAyogya aMgIkAra karate haiN| kahIM-kahIM isake lie "pAdopagamana" zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| isakA artha hai-apane pAMva ke dvArA saMgha se nikalakara aura yogya pradeza meM jAkara jo maraNa kiyA jAtA hai vaha pAdopagamana maraNa haiN| AcArya zivArya ne samAdhimaraNa kA viratAra se varNana karate hue maraNa ke pAMca bheda kiye hai-bAlamaraNa, bAla-bAlamaraNa, paNDitamaraNa, paNDita-paNDitamaraNa, aura bAla-paNDita maraNa / avirata samyagdRSTi ke maraNa ko bAlamaraNa, miNyA-dRSTi ke maraNa ko bAla-bAlamaraNa, samyaka 1. bhagavatI bArAdhanA, vi., gAthA, 65. 2. vahI, gA. 29; uvAsagavasAMga sUtra, adhyAya 1; uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 2...

Page #310
286 cAritra ke dhAraka muniyoM ke maraNa ko paNDita maraNa, tIrthakara ke nirvANagamana ko paMDitapaNDitamaraNa aura dezavatI zrAvaka ke maraNa ko bAla paNDitamaraNa kahA jAtA hai| bhaktapratyAkhyAna, iMginI aura prAyopagamana ye tIna bheda paNDitamaraNa ke haiM jinakA ullekha hama Upara kara cuke haiN| sallekhanA athavA samAdhikaraNa jaisA koI vrata janetara saMskRti meM prAyaH upalabdha nahIM hai| jainadharma meM to nirvikArI sAdhu athavA zrAvaka ke maraNa ko mRtyu mahotsava kA rUpa diyA gayA hai jabaki anyatra koI prasaMga bhI nahIM aataa| vastutaH yaha vrata antima samaya meM AdhyAtmika aura pAralaukika kSetra meM apanI AtmA ko vizuddhatama banAne ke lie eka bahuta sundara sAdhana hai| jainadharma kI yaha eka anupama dena hai| vaidika saMskRti meM prAyopavezana, prAyopagamana jaise katipaya zabda sallekhanA ke samAnArthaka avazya milate haiM para unameM vaha vizuddhatA tathA sUkSmatA nahIM dikhAI detii| adhika saMbhava yaha hai ki usapara jaina saMskRti kA prabhAva par3A hogaa| phira bhI ise hama 'bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa' kaha sakate haiN| isa avasthA meM bhI sAdhaka ke mana meM kisI prakAra kI ihaloka, paraloka, jIvita, maraNa aura kAmabhoga kI AkAMkSA nahIM honI caahie| use pUrNanirAsakta aura niSkAMkSa honA Avazyaka hai| samabhAva kI prApti tabhI ho sakegI jaba vaha nirmohI ho jAyegA / jaina saMskRti kI sallekhanA meM mumukSu kI mAnasika avasthA kA sundara saMyojana hotA hai| bauddha saMskRti meM bhI mujhe sallekhanA se milatA-julatA koI vrata dekhane nahIM milaa| isa prakAra zrAvaka AvasthA munivrata kI pUrNAvasthA hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki sAdhaka apanI pUrNAvasthA meM uttarAvasthA meM nirdhArita AcAra vyavasthA ko kisI sImA taka pAlana karane kA prayatna kre| ise hama usakI abhyAsa avasthA kaha sakate hai| yogasAdhanA, parISahoM aura upasargoM ko sahana karanA Adi kucha aise hI tatva haiM jinakA anukaraNa zrAvaka bhI karatA hai| aise tatvoM kA vivecana saMyukta vivecana samajhanA caahie| kucha tatvoM kA varNana hamane zrAvakAcAra prakaraNa meM kara diyA aura kucha ko muni AcAra prakaraNa meM prastuta karane kA prayala kiyA hai| donoM avasthAoM meM vrata lagabhaga vahI hai, mAtra antara hai unake paripAlana meM hInAdhikatA athavA mAtrA kA / guNasthAna jIva mithyAtva aura ajJAnatA ke kAraNa apane vizuddha svarUpa ko prApta nahIM kara paataa| jisa krama se vaha apanI vizuddha avasthArUpa paramapada

Page #311
287 ko prApta karane kA prayala karatA hai use hI guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai|' arthAt guNasthAna AdhyAtmika kSetra meM caramAvasthA prApta karane ke lie jIva ke vikAsAtmaka sopAna haiN| ye caudaha hote haiM -1. mithyAdRSTi, 2. sAsAdana, samyagdRSTi, 3. samyagmiyyAdRSTi, 4. avirata samyagdRSTi, 5. dezasaMyata, 6. pramattasaMyata, 7. apramattasaMyata, 8. apUrvakaraNa saMyata, 9. anivRttikaraNasaMyata, 10. sUkSmasAMparAyasaMyata, 11. upazAntakaSAya saMyata, 12. vItarAgachadmasthasaMyata, 13. sayogakevalI guNasthAna, aura 14. ayogakevalI guNasthAna / 1. mithyAvRSTi : jIva jabataka AtmasvarUpa kI pahacAna nahIM kara pAtA, tabataka vaha mithyAdRSTi banA rahatA hai|' ekendriya se lekara asaMhI paMcedriya taka ke jIva miyyAdRSTi hI hote haiM / saMjJI avasthA prAptakara yadi ve puruSArtha kareM to usa mithyAtva se dUra ho sakate haiN| vaha mithyAtva pA~ca prakAra kA hotA hai'-1. 1. ekAnta mithyAtva (padArtha nitya athavA anitya hI hai, yaha mAnyatA), 2. ajJAnamithyAtva (svarga, naraka Adi ko na mAnanA), 3. viparIta mithyAtva (mithyAdarzanAdi viparIta mArga se bhI mukti-prApti ko svIkAra karanA), 4. saMzaya mithyAtva (kisI tattva kA nirNaya nahIM kara pAnA), aura 5. vinaya mithyAtva (pada ke pratikUla bhakti krnaa)| mithyAttva ke dUra hote hI jIva prathama guNasthAna se caturtha gaNasthAna meM pahuMca jAtA hai| aura phira vahA~ se patita hokara prathama muNasthAna meM AtA hai| 2. sAsAvana samyAvRSTi : mithyAdRSTi jaba prathamabAra samyagdarzana ko prApta karatA hai to use prathamopazama samyakatva kahate haiN| caturtha guNasthAna meM pahuMcane para niyama se vaha anantAnubandhI kaSAyAdi kI tIvratA ke kAraNa samyagdarzana se patita hotA hai phira bhI vaha samyagdarzana kA AsvAdana liye rahatA hai| isalie isa avasyA kA nAma sAsAdana samyagdRSTi guNasthAna hai| yahA~ jIva eka samaya se lekara chaha AvalI taka rahatA hai| phira vaha prathama guNasthAna meM pahuMca jAtA hai| 1. paMcasaMgraha, 1.3; gomaTTasAra jIvakANDa, 8.29. 2. mUlAcAra, 1195-96. 3. rayaNasAra, 106. 4. dhavalA, 1.1.1.9. 5. paMcasaMgraha 1.9.

Page #312
288 3. samyagmiNyAvRSTi: samyagdarzana se patita hone para yadi usake dahI-gur3a ke svAda kI taraha samyaktva aura mithyAtva rUpa mizrita pariNAma hote haiM to vaha samyagmithyAdRSTi kahalAtA hai|' ise 'mizraguNasthAna' bhI kahA gayA hai| isakA kAla antarmaharta rahatA hai| yadi yahA~ usake bhAva punaH samyaktva rUpa ho jAte haiM to vaha caturya guNasthAna meM pahuMca jAtA hai anyathA vaha nIce ke guNasthAna meM calA jAtA hai| 4. asaMyata samyagdRSTi : jIva ko samyagdarzana prApta ho jAne para yaha guNasthAna milatA hai| sAdhaka jaba apane darzana mohanIya karma kI mithyAtva, samyagmithyAtva, aura samyaktva tathA cAritra mohanIya karma kI anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina sAta prakRtiyoM kA upazama, kSaya aura kSayopazama kara detA hai taba use samyagdarzana prApta hotA hai| samyagdRSTi jIva saMsAra meM adhikAdhika tIna bhava taka rahatA hai| cauthe bhAva meM niyamataH vaha mokSa prApta kara letA hai| saMsAra meM rahatA humA bhI vaha anAsakta bhAva se viSaya-vAsanAoM kA sevana karatA hai| usakA antaHkaraNa vizuddha hotA hai, yadyapi vaha cAritra kA pAlana nahIM krtaa| gRhasthAvasthA meM rahate hue bhI vaha jala meM kamala ke samAna usase nirlipta rahatA hai| isa avasthA ko 'aviratasamyaktva' bhI kahA gayA hai| 5. dezasaMyata : asaMyata samyagdRSTi jIva cAritra kA pAlana na karate hue bhI bhautika sAdhanoM ko karmabandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai para yaha deza saMyamI sAdhaka ahiMsAdi pratoM kA sthUla rUpa se pAlana karatA hai aura dhIre-dhIre AtmA kI vizuddhAvasthA ko prApta karane kI ora bar3hatA calA jAtA hai| isa krama meM vaha pUrvokta gyAraha pratimAoM ko kramazaH grahaNa karatA hai aura zuddha cAritra dhAraNa karate hue sallekhanA pUrvaka maraNa karatA hai / isa guNasthAna ko 'dezavirata' bhI kahA jAtA hai|' 6. pramattasaMyata: yaha guNasthAnavI jIva ghara chor3akara muni ho jAtA hai aura aNuvratoM ke sthAnapara mahAvatoM kA paripAlana karatA hai| cAritra kA samyak pAlana karate hue bhI pramAdavaza kabhI kabhI usakI mAnasika vRtti viSaya-kaSAyAdi kI bora 1. vatvAparASavArtika, 9. 1. 14. 2. vahI, 9. 1. 15, paMcasaMgraha, 11. 1. pavakA, 1. 1. 1. 13; gomaTTasAra jIvakANDa, 476.

Page #313
289 jhuka jAtI hai| jaise hI use usa jhukAva kA dhyAna AtA hai, vaha punaH apramatta ho jAtA hai| isa taraha usakI vRtti pramAda se apramAda aura apramAda se pramAda kI aura daur3atI rahatI hai| vaha saMyata rahane para bhI pramatta hai|' 7. apramattasaMyata : chaThA guNasthAnavI jIva jaba apramatta hokara samyak AcaraNa karatA hai to usake apramatta saMyata avasthA pragaTa hotI hai| vartamAna kAla meM isa guNasthAna se Age koI bhI sAdhu nahIM jA pAtA kyoMki Upara ke guNasthAnoM ko prApta karane kI zakti usameM nahIM rhtii| isa avasthA ke do bheda haiM -svasthAna apramatta aura sAtizaya apramatta / svasthAna apramatta chaThe se sAtaveM aura sAtaveM se chaThe guNasthAna meM 'ghUmatA rahatA hai para sAtizaya apramattI mohanIya karma ko naSTa karane ke lie udyogasIla banA rahatA hai| 8. apUrvakaraNa : isa guNasthAna meM jIva ke bhAva apUrva rUpa se vizuddha hote haiN| isalie ise apUrvakaraNa kahA gayA hai| yahAM se jIva patita nahIM hotA balki usakI vizuddhAvasthA kA rUpa nikharatA calA jAtA hai| mohanIya karma ko naSTa karane kI bhUmikA kA bhI nirmANa yahIM hotA hai| caritra kI apekSA isa guNasthAna meM kSApika va aupazamika bhAva hI saMbhava haiM / yahA~ eka bhI karma kA upazama yA vaya nahIM hotaa| AThaveM guNasthAna se jIvoM kI do zreNiyAM prAraMbha ho jAtI haiMupazamazreNI aura ksspkshrennii| upazamazreNI meM cAritra mohanIya karma kI ikkIsa prakRtiyoMkA upazama kiyA jAtA hai aura kSapakazreNI meM unakA kSaya kiyA jAtA hai| upazama zreNI ke cAra guNasthAna hote haiM-AThaveM se bArahaveM taka / apaka zreNI ke bhI cAra guNasthAna hote haiM-AThavAM, nauvAM, dazAM aura bArahavA~ / upazamazreNI para tadbhavamokSagAmI, atadbhavamokSagAmI, aupazamika samyagdRSTi aura kSAyika samyagdRSTi, donoM prakAra ke jIva car3ha sakate haiM para kSapaka zreNI para mAtra tadbhava aura atadbhava mokSagAmI hI car3hane kA sAmarthya rakhate haiM / upazama zreNIvartI jIva gyArahaveM guNasthAna se niyamataH patita hotA hai aura vaha prathama 1. paMcasaMgraha, 1. 14; dhavalA, 1. 1. 1. 14. 2. vahI (prA.), 1 16; tatvArthasAra, 2. 25. 3. dhavalA, 1. pR. 180; dharmabindu, 8.5; bhAvasaMgraha, 648.

Page #314
guNasthAna taka bhI pahuMca jAtA hai| para kSapaka zreNI kA jIva sAtaveM guNasthAna se bhI Age bar3ha jAtA hai| 9. anivRttikaraNa : isameM sabhI jIvoM ke pariNAma samAna (anivRtti-aviSama) rahate haiN| karmoM kI nirjarA asaMkhyAtaguNI bar3ha jAtI hai aura sthitibandha uttarottara kama hotA jAtA hai| upazamazreNI kA jIva mohanIya karma kI lobha prakRti ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prakRtiyoM kA upazama karatA hai aura kSapakareNI kA jIva unakA kSaya karake dazaveM guNasthAna meM pahuMca jAtA hai|' 10. sUkmasAparAya: sAMparAya kA tAtparya hai lobha / isameM sAdhaka mohanIya karma kI zeSa sUkSma lobha prakRtiyoM kA bhI upazamakara gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM jAtA hai aura kSapaka zreNI vAlA jIva usakA kSayakara bArahaveM guNasthAna ko pAtA hai| isa guNasthAna kA bhI kAla antarmuhUrta hai|' 11. upazAntamoha : isa guNasthAna kA sAdhaka sUkSma lobha kA upazama hote hI zukladhyAna ke kAraNa eka antarmuhurta ke lie mohanIya karma ko upazAnta kara vItarAga avasthA prApta kara letA hai| para niyamase vahA~ se girakara nIce ke guNasthAnoM meM calA jAtA hai| 12. kSINakaSAya : isa guNasthAna meM sUkSmalobha kA kSaya ho jAtA hai aura sAtha hI jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antarAya rUpa zeSa ghAtiyA karma bhI naSTa ho jAte hai / phalataH jIva ko kaivalya avasthA prApta ho jAtI hai| isa guNasthAna se jIva kA patana nahIM hotA balki antarmuhurta rahakara vaha niyama se terahaveM guNasthAna meM calA jAtA hai| isa guNasthAna taka ke jIva chadmastha kahalAte hai kyoMki isa avasthA taka usake sAtha karmoM kA sambandha banA rahatA hai| 1. paMcasaMgraha (prAkRta), 1.20-21; pavalA, 1.1. 1. 17. 2. vahI, 1.22-23; tattvAryavArtika, 9.1. 21, 3. bhAvasaMgraha, 655; dhavalA, 1. pR. 109. 4. paMcasaMgraha (prAkRta), 1,25, dhavalA, 1. pR. 190.

Page #315
291 13. sayogakevalI : yahA~ kaivalyAvasthA prApta jIva ko anantadarzana, anantajJAna, anantasukha aura anantavIrya rUpa guNa prApta hote haiN| usameM mAtra satyavacana, anubhayavacana aura audArika kAya rUpa triyoga zeSa raha jAtA hai| isalie ise sayogakevalI kahA jAtA hai| satyavacanayoga aura anubhayavacanayoga se vaha saMsArI jIvoM ko mokSamArga kA upadeza detA hai| yahA~ zukladhyAna kA tRtIya bheda pragaTa ho jAtA hai| 14. ayogakevalI : isa guNasthAna meM sayogakevalI zukladhyAna ke caturtha bheda ko prAptakara triyogoM kA nirodha karatA hai aura bAda meM yathAsamaya azarIrI hokara adhAtiyA karmoM ko bhI naSTakara siddhAvasthA ko prApta kara letA hai|' isa prakAra guNasthAna ko AtmA ke kramika vikAsa kA adhyayana kahA jA sakatA hai| kisa prakAra jIva apanI mithyAtva avasthA ko chor3akara samyakatva avasthA prApta karatA hai aura bAda meM samasta karmoM kA upazamanakara mokSa prApta kara letA hai, isakA sopAnagata vizleSaNa hama guNasthAna ke mAdhyama se jAna pAte haiN|' jaina zrAvaka kI AcAra vyavasthA kA yaha saMkSipta vivecana usake kramika itihAsa ko prastuta karatA hai / jainetara darzanoM meM nirdhArita vyavasthA kA bhI yahA~ adhyayana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| unake bIca tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina AcAra vyavasthA meM sAdhanoM kI vizuddhatA para apekSAkRta adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai / bauddha dharma kI zabdAvalI meM guNasthAna ko bhUmiyoM kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| 2. muni AcAra zrAvakAcAra ke paripAlana se sAdhaka meM muni-AcAra ke pAlana kI kSamatA utpanna ho jAtI hai aura vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora kucha aura Age bar3ha jAtA hai| saMsAra kA hara padArtha use aba eka bandhana-sA pratIta hone lagatA hai| 1. vahI, 1. 27-30. 2. nandicUNi meM paMdraha prakAra ke sikhoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 3. paMcasaMgraha (saMskRta), 1.49-50. 4. isa saMdarbha meM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya nAdi grantha dRSTavya hai|

Page #316
292 usase mukta hone ke lie vaha adhyayana, manana aura cintana ke mAdhyama se apanI pravRttiyA~ nizreyasa kI ora mor3a detA hai| usakA hara kArya dezavirati se sarva virati kI ora laga jAtA hai| muni AcAra sAhitya: pravRtti kA yaha cintanAtmaka pakSa hameM saMbaddha sAhitya kI ora jAneko bAdhya kara detA hai| isa sandarbha meM AcArAMga, upAsakadazAMga, dazavakAlika, nizItha, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra Adi graMtha ullekhanIya haiN| yahAM hama argha-mAgadhI Agama ke atirikta muni AcAra sambandhI anya pramukha sAhitya ko uddhRta kara rahe haiM1. kundakunda pravacanasAra (tRtIya skandha) prAkRta niyamasAra (gAthA-77-157 dasaNapAhuDa suttapAhuDa caritrapAhuDa bodha pAhuDa liMga pAhuDa zIla pAhuDa rayaNasAra dazabhaktiyAM 2. vaTTakera mUlAcAra 3. umAsvAti prazamarati prakaraNa (?) saMskRta tattvArtha sUtra saMskRta 4. zivArya bhagavatI ArAdhanA (?) prAkRta 5. haribhadrasari paMcavatthuga pagadaNa (8 vIM zatI) samyaktva saptati paMcAsaga dharmabindu saMskRta 6. devasena (10 vIM zatI) ArAhaNAsAra prAkRta

Page #317
7. amitagati (10 vIM zatI) 8. vIrabhadra (11 vIM zatI) 9. devasUri (11-12vIMzatI) 10. cAmuNDarAya ( 11 vIM zatI) 11. amRtacandrasUri (11 vIM zatI) 12. vIranandi (11 vIM zatI) 13. jinaballabhasUri (11-12 vIM zatI) 14. somaprabhasUri (12-13 vIM zatI) 15. nemicandrasUri (13 vIM zatI) 16. AzAghara (13 vIM zatI) 293 ArAdhanA ArAhaNApaDAyA jIvAnuzAsana cAritrasAra ( ? ) puruSArtha siddhadhupAya AcArasAra dvAdazakulaka piMDavisuddhi siMdUraprakaraNa, zraGgAra vairAgyataraMgiNI jaijIyakappa pravacanasAroddhAra anagAradharmAmRta saMskRta prAkRta saMskRta " saMskRta saMskRta prAkRta prAkRta saMskRta prAkRta prAkRta saMskRta municaryA vairAgya kI phalazruti municaryA kI svIkRti hai / ata: dIkSA ke lie yogya zrAvaka mAtA-pitA Adi se anumati lekara yogya gurU ke pAsa jAkara muni dIkSA grahaNa kara letA hai / pIche zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM kA varNana karate samaya hamane gyArahavIM pratimA uddiSTatyAga kA svarUpa dekhA thA / usake uparAnta naiSThika zrAvaka sakalacAritra kA dhAraka anagAra avasthA kA paripAlaka ho jAtA hai / vaha pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samitiyA~, paMcendriyavijaya, chaha Avazyaka, kezaluJcana, acelakatA, asnAnatA, bhUzayana, sthitibhojana, adantadhAvana, evaM ekamukti ina aTThAIsa

Page #318
294 mUlaguNoM kA pAlana karake apane samyakcAritra ko sudRr3ha banAtA hai| mUlAcAra (dazama prakaraNa) meM muni ke lie cAra prakAra kA liGgakalpa batAyA gayA haiacelakatva, loMca, vyutsRSazarIratA aura pratilekhana / aTThAIsa mUlaguNa mahAvrata : __ aNuvratoM kA pAlaka zrAvaka hotA hai aura mahAvratoM kA pAlaka muni / ataH muni bhI unhIM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha rUpa pAMcoM vratoM kA paripAlaka hotA hai parantu sakalarUpa se, ekadeza se nhiiN| hiMsAke do kSetra hote haiM-jIva aura ajiiv| jIva ke kSetra meM pramAdI vyakti tIna prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai-- apaghAta karane kA prayatna karanA (saMrambha), apaghAta karane meM kAraNa juTAnA (samArambha) aura apaghAta karane kA Arambha karanA (aarmbh)| ye tInoM kAraNa mana-vacana-kAya se, kRta-kArita anumodanA se aura krodha mAnamAyA-lobha se 108 (3434344) prakAra kA ho jAtA hai| ajIvAdhikaraNa ke cAra bheda hote haiM-- nikSepa, nivartanA, saMyojanA aura nisrg| muni ina sabhI prakAroM se SaTkAyika jIvoM kI virAdhanA se bacane kA prayatna karatA hai| arthAt jIvoM kI sabhI prakAra se rakSA karanA ahiMsA mahAvata hai| ahiMsA: jainadharma bhAvapradhAna dharma hai / virAdhanA meM sabase bar3A kAraNa hotA hai pramAda aura kaSAya / pramAdI sAdhu athavA sAdhaka ke calane meM jIvoM kI hiMsA na hone para bhI use hiMsA kA bandha hotA hai jabaki saMyamI sAdhu kI gamanakriyA meM jIva-hiMsA hone para bhI vaha karmabandha kA kAraNa nahIM hotI kyoMki hiMsA karane ke usake bhAva nahIM rhte|' sarvArthasiddhi (1.13) meM uddhRta nimna gAthA kA yahI tAtparya hai| maradu jiyadu va jIvo ayadAcArassa NicchidA hiNsaa| payadassa gatthi baMdho hiMsAmitteNa samidassa / / satya : dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kI apekSA kiye binA hI vastu ke sat-asat Adi pakSoM ko asvIkAra nahIM karanA satya mahAvrata hai| satyamahAvratadhArI muni 1. mUlAcAra, 289; sUcakatAMga ke niyAsthAna nAmaka adhyayana meM hiMsA ke teraha kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| uttarAvyavana, 8.10.

Page #319
295 garhita, sAvadya aura apriya vacanoM se bhI dUra rahatA hai / vaha kabhI bhI karkaza, paruSa, niSThura Adi bhASA kA prayoga nahIM karatA jisase kisI ko duHkha ho / anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura nayavAda kA prayoga isI vrata ke antargata AtA hai / acaurya : binA dI huI kisI bhI cIja ko grahaNa nahIM karanA acaurya mahAvrata hai / cora ke na dayA hotI hai aura na lajjA, na usakI indriyA~ vazIbhUta hotI hai aura na vizvasanIya / acaurya mahAvratadhArI ina sabhI durguNoM se vimukta rahatA hai / jJAna aura cAritra meM upayogI vastuoM ko hI vaha grahaNa karatA haiM / " brahmacarya : jJAna-darzanAdi rUpa se jo vRddhi ko prApta ho vaha 'brahma' kahalAtA hai / yahA~ jIva ko brahma kahA gayA hai / apane aura parake deha se Asakti chor3akara zuddha jJAna darzanAdika svabhAva rUpa AtmA meM jo pravRtti karatA hai vaha brahmacaryavratI hai / vaha daza prakAra ke abrahma kA tyAga karatA hai - strIviSayAbhilASA, vIryavimocana, saMsaktadravyasevana, indriyAvalokana, strIsatkAra, svazarIrasaMskAra, atIta yogoM kA smaraNa, anAgata yogoM kI kAmanA aura iSTaviSayasevana / striyoM Adi meM rAga ko paidA karane vAlI kathAoM ke sunane kA tyAga, unake manohara aMgoM ko dekhane kA tyAga, pUrva yogoM ke smaraNa kA tyAga, gariSTha aura iSTa rasa kA tyAga tathA apane zarIra ke saMskAra kA tyAga, ina pAMca bhAvanAoM se brahmacaryavrata kA niraticAra pUrvaka pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM samAdhi meM bAdhaka aise hI tattvoM ko chor3ane ke lie kahA gayA hai / " aparigraha : cetana aura acetana, bAhya aura antaraMga, sabhI prakAra kA parigraha chor3a denA aura nirmamatva bhAva ko aMgIkAra karanA aparigraha mahAvrata hai / " rAga, dveSa, sneha, lobha Adi vikAra bhAva karmabandha ke kAraNa hote haiM / aura unakA kAraNa parigraha hai / parigraha kA tyAga hone se saMsAra paribhramaNa kA kAraNabhUta rAga 1. niyamasAra, 57; mUlAcAra, 290; uttarAdhyayana, 25. 24; dazavekAlika, 4.12. 2. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 1208; uttarAdhyayana, 19. 18 dazarvakAlika, 4. 13. 3. vahI, 879-881; anagAradharmAmRta, 4. 61. 4. tasvArthasUtra, 7.7. 5. uttarAdhyayana, 16. 1 (gadya) - dasa bammacerasamAhiThANA pannatA / 6. vahI, 19. 30; dazarvakAlika, 4. 15.

Page #320
296 dveSAdi kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura rAgadveSAdi kA abhAva ho jAne se saMsaraNa se mukta hone kA patha prazasta ho jAtA hai|' ____ ina paMcamahAvratoM kA niraticAra pUrvaka paripAlana ananta jJAnAdi guNoM kI siddhi meM mUla kAraNa hotA hai| zivArya ne unakI rakSA ke nimitta rAtribhojana kA tyAga aura 'aSTapravacana mAtRkA' kA dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka batAyA hai| pravacana kA artha hai paramAgama athavA Aptavacana / Aptavacana ko samajhane tathA tadanusAra AcaraNa karane ke lie pariNAma ke saMyoga se pAMca samitiyoM aura triguptiyoM meM nyAya rUpa pravRtti honA nitAnta apekSita hai| use cAritra ke ATha bheda bhI kahate haiN| ye manike jJAna-darzana cAritra kI sadaiva usa prakAra rakSA karate haiM jisa prakAra putra kA hita karane meM tatpara mAtA apAyoM se usako bacAtI hai| isalie inako 'pravacana mAtRkA' kahA jAtA hai| 6-10 paJcasamitiyAM : samiti kA tAtparya hai samyak pravRtti / AdhyAtmika kSetra meM isakA artha hai-ananta jJAnAdi svabhAvI AtmA meM lIna honA, usakA cintana karanA Adi rUpa se pariNamana honA samiti hai| saccA muni samiti ke pAlana karane meM antarmukhI ho jAtA hai| vaha manogupti, vacanagupti aura kAyagupti kA pAlana karatA hai| ina triguptiyoMse tathA IryA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAnanikSepaNa aura utsarga, ina pAMca samitiyoM se uparyukta paMca mahAvratoM kI rakSA hotI hai| dina meM mArga ke prAsuka ho jAne para cAra hAtha Age kI bhUmiko zodhakara calanA 'IryAsamiti' hai| vacana cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-satya, asatya, ubhaya aura anubhaya / asatya aura ubhayavacanoM kA tyAga karanA tathA satya aura anubhaya karanevAlo vacanoM ko yathAnusAra vizuddha bolanA 'bhASA samiti hai| isameM sAdhu bheda utpanna karanevAlI paizUnya, paruSa, prahAsokti se rahita, hita, mita aura asaMdigdha bhASA bolatA hai| udgama, utpAdana Adi AhAra sambandhI chayAlIsa doSoM se rahita prAsuka annAdi kA grahaNa svAdhyAya aura dhyAna kI siddhi ke lie karanA 'eSaNA' samiti hai| jJAna ke upakaraNa zAstrAdikoM kA tathA saMyama ke upakaraNa pIchI, kamaNDala Adiko yala pUrvaka uThAnA aura rakhanA 'AdAnanikSepaNa' samiti hai| aura jIva rahita bhUmi para mala-mUtrAdi visarjita karanA pratiSThApanA' athavA 'utsarga samiti hai| 1. niyamasAra, 60; pravacanasAra, 3. 15. 2. bhagavatI mArAdhanA, 1205; uttarAdhyayana 241-3. 3. uttapadhyayana, 24-26.

Page #321
297 ina pAMcoM samitiyoM kA pAlana karane se muni SaTkAyika (pRthvI, Apa, teja, vAya, vanaspati aura prasa) jIvoM kI hiMsA se baca jAtA hai tathA saMsAra meM rahatA humA. bhI pApoM se lipta nahIM ho paataa|' 11.15 paJcendriya vijayatA : sAdhu ko sparza, rasanA, ghANa, cakSu aura srotra ina pAMcoM indriyoM ke viSayoM kI lAlasA nahIM karanI caahie| indriyoM aura kaSAyoM ke vaza meM rahanA vAlA sAdhu nizcita hI apane saMyama se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai| usakA darzana, jJAna aura cAritra nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| indriya saMyamI honA sAdhu kA pradhAna lakSaNa hai anyathA vaha saMyama aura AcAra se patita ho jAtA hai| 16-21 SaDAvazyaka : ___ samatA athavA caturvizatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna aura kAyotsarga ye chaha Avazyaka hote hai jinakA pAlana karanA sAdhu kA parama kartavya hai|' samatA athavA sAmAyika sAdhu kA kavaca hai| nirmamatva hokara vaha rAga, deSa, moha, Adi vikArabhAvoM se dUra ho jAtA hai| phalataH lAbha-alAma meM, sukhaduHkha meM, zatru-mitra meM, kAca-kAJcana me vaha samatA bhAvI hotA hai| sabhI prakAra kI pApAtmaka pravRttiyoM se vaha dUra ho jAtA hai| tIrthakaroM ke guNoM kI stuti karanA stavana' Avazyaka hai| unakI vandanA karanA 'vandanA' Avazyaka hai| stuti aura vandanA se tIrthakaroM ke guNoM kA cintana hotA hai jisase mukti kA mArga sarala ho jAtA hai| svakRta aparAdhoM kI svIkRti pUrvaka unakA zodhana karanA pratikramaNa hai| 'pratikramaNa' kA tAtparya hotA hai pIche httnaa| kisI doSa ke ho jAne para sAdhu AtmanindA pUrvaka usa doSa ko niHsaMkoca svIkAratA hai aura punaH vizuddha caritra dhAraNa kara letA hai| 'pratyAkhyAna' kA artha hai-parityAga krnaa| nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva Adi ke Azraya se bhaviSyakAla ke lie ayogya dravyAdi kA mana-vacana-kAya se parityAga karanA pratyAkhyAna hai| tathA paMca parameSThiyoM kA khaDgAsana athavA padmAsana se baiThakara smaraNa karanA 'kAyosarga hai| isameM zarIra se bilakula mamatva chor3a diyA jAtA hai| nizcala hokara vaha AtmalIna ho jAtA hai| 'kAyotsarga' kA tAtparya hai nirmamatva aura nizcalatA pUrvaka zarIra kA utsarga (tyAga) karanA / yaha kriyA indriyoM ke azakta ho jAnepara zrAvaka aura muni, 1. bhagavatI mArAdhanA, 1194-95; uttarAdhyayana, 24.4-15 2. uttarAdhyayana, 29.8-13.

Page #322
298 donoM apanA sakate haiN| isakA mUla uddezya yaha hai ki sAdhaka AcAra se patita na ho aura zarIra se AtmA ko vimukta kara de| Avazyaka niyukti (gAthA1459-60) meM kAyotsarga ke nava prakAra batAye hai-utsRta-utsRta (khar3A), utsRta, utsRta- nisaNNa, niSaNNa-utsRta (baiThA), niSaNNa, niSaNNa-niSaNNa, niSaNNa-utsuta (soyA huA), niSatra, aura niSanna-niSanna / ' amitagati ne kAyotsarga ke cAra hI prakAra batAye hai-utthita-utthita, utthita-upaviSTa, upaviSTa-utthita, aura upaviSTa-upaviSTa / ' ina prakAroM kA tAtparya hai ki kAyotsarga khar3e, baiThe aura sote, tInoM avasthAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ceSTA kAyotsarga kA kAla zvAsocchavAsa para AdhArita hai aura abhinava kAyotsarga kA kAla jaghanyataH antarmuhUrta aura utkRSTataH eka varSakA hai| dehajADaya zuddhi, matijADya zuddhi, sukha-duHkha titikSA, anuprekSA aura dhyAna ye pAMca kAyotsargake phala haiN|' usake kucha doSoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM pratyAkhyAna ke aneka bhedoM aura unake phaloM kA varNana milatA hai-' (1) saMbhoga pratyAkhyAna-ekasAtha baiThakara AhAra grahaNa kA tyAga,(2) upAdhi pratyAkhyAna-vastrAdi upakaraNoM kA tyAga. (3) AhAra pratyAkhyAna mahAra kA tyAga (4) yoga pratyAkhyAna - mana-vacana kAya kI pravRtti ko rokanA, (5) sadbhAva prasthAkhyAna - samasta padArthoMkA tyAga kara vItarAga bana jAnA, (6) zarIra pratyAkhyAna-zarIra se mamatva tyAga, (7) sahAya pratyAkhyAnasahAyatA kA tyAna, aura (8) kaSAya pratyAkhyAna-rAga dveSAdi ko chor3a denaa| anuyogadvAra meM ina SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para kramazaH nimnalikhita anya saMjJAyoM kA prayoga humA hai-(1) sAvadyayoga-virati (samatA athavA sAmAyika) (2) utkIrtana (caturvizatistava), (3) guNavatpratipatti (vandanA), (4) skhalitanindanA (pravikramaNa), (5) vraNacikitsA (kAyotsarga), aura (6) guNadhArapa (pratyAkhyAna) 22. galabanatAH ___ sAdhu apane zira aura dAr3hI ke bAla hAthoM se hI loca lete haiM, kabhI cA mAsa meM, kabhI tIna meM aura kabhI do meN| yaha kezaluJcana vairAgya, parISahajaya mI 1. uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 190-91 2. amitagati bAvakAcAra,857-61 3. bAvazyaka niyukti mAtrA 1462. 4. pravacana sArobAra, gApA 241-262, yogazAstra, 3. 5. uttarAdhyayana, 29.33-41

Page #323
299 saMyama kA pratIka hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM ise kAyakleza sapake antargata rakhA mayA hai| adInatA, niSparigrahatA, vairAgya aura parISaha kI dRSTi se muniyoM ko kezalaJcana karanA Avazyaka batAyA hai|' 23. acelakatA : digambara paramparA meM muni ko nirvastra rahanA Avazyaka hai anyathA usake naiSkiJcanya tathA ahiMsA kaise saMbhava hai ? vastra parigraha kA pratIka hai aura parigraha kabhI mukti kA kAraNa ho nahIM sakatA / ataH bacelatA ko aTThAIsa mUlaguNoM meM rakhA gayA hai / bha. mahAvIra ko isI acelatA ke kAraNa nigaNTa nAtaputta kahA gayA hai| vastra na hone se tyAga, AkiJcanya, saMyama Adi guNa pragaTa hote haiM / asatya bhASaNa kA kAraNa samApta ho jAtA hai| lApava guNa prApta ho jAtA hai| rAgAdika bhAva dUra ho jAte haiM aura indriyavijaya kSamAdikabhAva, mAnasika nirmalatA, nirbhayatA Adi guNa svataH abhivyakta ho jAte haiN| ThANAMga, AcArAMga Adi meM bhI isI prakAra acelakatA ke aneka guNoM kA varNana milatA hai| jaise hAthI ko unmArga meM jAne se rokane ke lie aMkuza Avazyaka ho jAtA hai vaise ho indriya viSaya bhoMgoM se rokane ke lie parigraha-syAma apekSita hai| parantu zvetAmbara paramparA meM acelakatA kA sanmAna karate hue bhI nirvastra honA Avazyaka nahIM btaayaa| yaha uttarakAlIna cintana aura paristhitijanya vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| vahA~ mukhavastrikA, sAdhAraNa koTi ke vastra (avamacelae) aura pAdakambala (pAdatroMchana athavA pAtra aura kambala) rakhane kA vidhAna milatA hai| inake atirikta rajoharaNa (nucchaka), pAtra, pITha, phalaka, mayyA aura saMstAraka jaise upakaraNoM ko bhI sAtha rakhA jAtA hai| vartamAna meM sthavirakalpI sAdhuke lie 14 upakaraNoM ko rakhane kI chUTa dI gaI hai-pAtra, pAtrabandha, pAtrasthApana, pAtrapramAnikA, paTala, rajasvANa, mucchaka, do cAdareM, anIvastra (kambala), rajoharaNa, mukhabastrikA, mAnaka (pAtra vizaSa), vIra colapaTTaka (lNgottii)| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 22. 10; nemacanda vRtti, pR. 341, pravacanasAra, 3.89 2. upAsakAdhyayana, 135 3. bhagavatI mArApanA, 21, vi.pR. 610-1%, upAsakAdhyayana, 111-132. 4. uttarAdhyavana, 26. 21-23 5. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa :pUrvapIThikA, pR. 424

Page #324
24-28. anya mUlaguNa : zarIra se nirmamatva bar3hAne ke lie tathA indriyasaMyama aura prANisaMyama kI rakSA ke lie sAdhu ko snAna karanA varjita hai| ise 'asnAnatA' kahate haiN| svaccha aura nirjIva pRthvI athavA zilAtala para hI muni ko sone kA vidhAna hai| vaha gadde kA upayoga nahIM kara sktaa| ise 'bhUzayana' kahate haiN| nirjIva aura zuddha pRthvI para nirAlambana khar3e hokara apane donoM hAthoM se bhojana karanA 'sthitibhojana' kahalAtA hai| isa kriyA meM muni thAlI meM se aura baiThakara bhojana grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| muni kA bhojana mAtra jIne ke lie hotA hai| use usase koI rAga nahIM hotaa| sthitibhojana ke pIche muni kI yaha pratijJA hotI hai ki jabataka usa ke donoM hAtha mile haiM aura usameM khar3e hokara bhojana karane kI zakti hai tabataka vaha bhojana karegA anyathA AhAra ko chor3a degaa| zarIra ke prati vairAgya utpanna karane ke lie hI vaha dAtIna bhI nahIM krtaa| vaha 'adantadhAvana' vrata kA pAlana karatA hai| isI prakAra dina meM ekabAra bhojanakara 'ekabhuktavata' kA bhI vaha pAlana karatA hai| muni bhojana isalie karatA hai ki usakA zarIra dharmasAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka zakti kendrita kara sake / isake lie dina meM eka bAra bhojana paryApta hotA hai|' sthavirakalpI paramparA meM sAdhAraNataH inakA vidhAna athavA paripAlana nahI kiyA jaataa| barAdharma: ___ muni triguptiyoM kA pAlana karatA hai jisase pravRttiyoM kA nirodha hai jAtA hai| pravRttiyoM ke samyak nirodha ke lie samitiyoM kA saMyojana kiyA gaya hai aura unameM dRr3hatA lAne ke lie dazadharmoM kA upayoga jIvana meM Avazyaka batAya gayA hai| dazadharma ye haiM- uttama kSamA (tAr3ana-pIr3ana Adi milane para bhI mana kaluSatA kA na honA), uttama mArdava (abhimAna na honA), uttama Arjava (saralatA) uttama-zIca (lobha na honA), uttama satya (satya aura sAdhu vacana bolanA) uttamasaMyama (indriya-nigraha karanA), uttama tapa (zuddha tapa), uttama tyA (parigraha kI nivRtti), uttama AkiJcanya (yaha merA hai isa prakAra kA bhAra tyAganA) aura uttama brahmacarya (atIta viSayoM kA smaraNa Adi bhI chor3a dena tathA Atmacintana meM laga jaanaa)| ina dharmoM kA antarbhAva gupti aura samitiyoM ke antargata ho jAtA phirabhI cUMki unameM saMvara ko dhAraNa karane kA sAmarthya rahatA hai isalie unaka 1. upAsakAdhyayana, 133-4.

Page #325
301 pRthak kiyA gayA hai| ina dharmoM meM svaguNa kI prApti aura paradoSa kI nivRtti kI bhAvanA kI jAtI hai isalie ve saMvara ke kAraNa haiN| dvAdaza anuprekSAyeM : ___ anuprekSA kA tAtparya hai- bArambAra cintana krnaa| cintana karane ke lie bhikSu aura sAdhaka ke samakSa aise bAraha viSaya rakhe gaye haiM jinapara use sadaiva vicAra karate rahanA caahie| vairAgya kI sthiratA ke lie inapara cintana karate rahanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| 1. anitya-saMsAra ke padArtha anitya aura kSaNabhaMgura haiN| ataH unake viyoga meM duHkhI honA vyartha hai| aisA cintana krnaa| 2. azaraNa-saMsAra ke duHkhoM se bacAne vAlA koI nahIM / mAtra vItarAgI dvArA prokta dharma hI zaraNa hai| isa prakAra kA vicAra krnaa| isase sAMsArika 'bhAvoM se mamatva haTa jAtA hai| 3. saMsAra- karmoM ke kAraNa janma-janmAntara grahaNa karanA saMsAra hai| yaha jIva anantAnanta yoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA huA kabhI pitA hokara bhAI, putra yA pautra hotA hai to kabhI mAtA hokara bahina, patnI yA putrI hotI hai| isa prakAra kA cintana karate rhnaa| yaha cintana vairAgya kA kAraNa hotA hai| 4. ekatva- maiM akelA hI AtA hUM, akelA hI maratA hU~ / bandhUjana zmazAna taka ke hI sAthI hote haiN| duHkha ko bAMTane vAlA na koI svajana hai aura na koI parajana / dharma hI eka zAzvata sAthI hai| isa prakAra cintana karanA / isa 'bhAvanA se svajanoM meM rAga aura parajanoM meM dveSa nahIM hotaa| 5. anyatva- zarIra se atyanta bhinna rUpa meM apane svAbhAvika ananta jJAnAdi rUpa mukti ko anyatva kahA gayA hai| isakI prApti ke lie zarIra aura AtmA kI bhinnatA para cintana krnaa| isase zarIra meM spRhA nahIM hotii| 6. azuci-zarIra kA AdikAraNa vIrya aura raja haiM jo svayaM atyanta apavitra haiN| zarIra bhI mala-mUtra, rakta pIpa Adi kA bhaNDAra hai / isa prakAra zarIra kI azucitA para cintana krnaa| 1. tattvAryasUtra, 9.7; kaTTigeyANuvekvA bhI dekhiye|

Page #326
302 7. mAzrava-kokA bAnA mAdhava hai| Azrava ke doSoM kA vicAra karanA AzravAnuprekSA hai| paMcendriyoM ke viSayoM meM vazIbhUta hokara yaha jIva bhaneka yoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA hai / 8. saMvara-karmoM ke abhAva ke kAraNoM ko banda kara denA saMvara hai| yaha Atmanigraha se hI ho sakatA hai| 9. nirjarA-vedanA ke vipAka ko nirjarA kahate haiN| navIna karmoM kA saMcaya na honA aura purAne karmoM kA nAza ho jAnA mokSa kA kAraNa hai| nirjarA se hIye donoM kAraNa prApta hote haiN| parISaha japa, tapa Adi se nirjarA hotI hai| isake cintana se citta nirjarAke lie udyogI ho jAtA hai| 10. loka- loka ke svarUpa para cintana krnaa| 11. bodhidurlaga-ananta sthAvaroM meM trasa paryAya kA pAnA usI prakAra durlabha hai jisa prakAra ananta dhUli se ApUra samudra meM gire hue hIre ke kaNa kA punaH mila jaanaa| basa meM bhI manuSya paryAya milanA aura phira zIla, vinaya aura AcAra kI paramparA milanA aura bhI durlabha hai| sudurlabha dharma ko pAkara bhI viSayasukha meM samaya bitAnA bhasma ke lie candana jalAne ke samAna hai| isa prakAra cintana karanA bodhidurla bhAvanA hai| isase jIva apramAdI banA rahakara bodhi prApta karatA hai taya svakalyANa meM lagA rahatA hai| 12. dharma- yathArtha dharma ke svarUpa para cintana karanA aura usakI prApi kaise kI jAya, isakA bArabAra vicAra karanA dharma bhAvanA hai| jinadharma niHzreyara kA kAraNa hai| aisA vicAra karane se dharma ke prati anurAga bar3hatA hai| ina anuprekSAoM kA vikAsa bhI kramika huA hai| prAcInatama jainAgam meM inakA eka sAtha varNana isa prakAra kA nahIM milatA para uttarakAla meM va milane lagatA hai / AcArya kundakunda se yaha paramparA adhika spaSTa hone lagatI aura tasvArthasUtra taka Ate-Ate anuprekSAgoM kA svarUpa sthira ho jAtA hai yapi unakA yaha svarUpa prAcIna jainAgamoM meM varNita vivecana para AdhAri rahA hai para usakI suvyasthita vyAkhyA nizcita hI uttara kAla kA vikAsAtma rUma hai| AcArya kArtikeya ne to kaTTigeyANuvekkhA nAmaka svatantra grantha hI li diyA hai jisameM samUce jainadharma ke svarUpa ko pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| gauvadha ke peragASA, bherIgAthA tathA anya piTaka sAhitya meM bhI anuprekSAboM / viSayasAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| unakI tulanAtmaka samIkSA kiyA jA abhI zeSa hai|

Page #327
bAIsa parISaha : parISaha kA tAtparya hai -jo sahe bAyeM / muni karmoM kI saMvara mora nirNaya prApta karane kA mArga prazasta karane ke lie nimnalikhita bAIsa prakArakI parIvahoM ko apane samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ke AdhAra para sahana karatA hai| ina parISahoM ko sahana karane se sAdhaka sAMsArika bhogoM se nirAsakta banatA jAtA hai aura sAdhanAvasthA meM manuSyakRta, tiryaJcakRta athavA devakRta upasargoM ko sahana karane kA usakA sAmarthya bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| granthoM meM sAdhAraNataH inakI saMkhyA bAIsa milatI hai|' (1) kSudhA (bhUkha), (2) pipAsA (pyAsa), (3) zIta (ThaNDa), (4) uSNa (garmI), (5) daMzamazaka (DAMsa-macchara kA kATanA), (6) nAnya (acelakatA), (7) arati (deza-dezAntaroM meM bhramaNa karane se saMyama meM utpanna arati), (8) strI (strI Adi viSayaka kAmavikAra bhAvanA), (9) caryA (dezabhramaNa Adi kI kaThinAiyoM), (10) niSadyA (Asana), (11) zayyA (UMcInIcI mone kI jagaha), (12) Akroza (aniSTa vacana), (13) badha (tAr3ana Adi), (14) yAcanA (bhikSA), (15) alAbha (vAJchita vastu kA na milanA), (16) roga, (17) tRNasparza, (18) mala (azuci), (19) satkAra-puraskAra, (20) prajJA, (jJAna), (21) ajJAna, aura (22) adarzana (zradA utpanna na honA / sAdha ina sabhI prakAra ke parISahoMko zAnti aura dhairya se sahana karatA hai| use eka sAtha adhika se adhika 19 parISaha sahana karane par3ate haiM / zIta aura uSNa meM se koI eka tathA zayyA, caryA aura niSadyA meM se koI eka parISaha hotI hai| deza, kAla Adi ke bheda se ina parISahoM kI saMkhyA aura bhI adhika ho sakatI hai / jJAnAvaraNa ke sadbhAva meM prajJA aura ajJAna parISaha hote haiN| darzanamoha mora antarAya ke sadbhAva meM kramazaH adarzana aura alAbha parISaha hote haiN| cAritramoha ke sadbhAva meM nAgnya, arati, strI, niSadyA, Akroza, yAcanA aura satkAra-puraskAra parISaha hote haiN| dvAdaza tapaH samyagjJAna rUpI netra ko dhAraNa karanevAle sAdhuke dvArA jo karma rUpI maila ko dUra karane ke lie tapA jAtA hai use tapa kahate haiN| isakA sambandha icchAoM ke samIcInatayA nirodha se hai| yaha nirodha tabhI saMbhava hai jaba tapasvI sAdhaka 1. tattvAryasUtra, 9 8-9; uttarAdhyayana, 2. 3-4 2. yahA~ 'strI' gada upalakSaNa aura kAmavAsanA kA pratIka hai| ataH sAdhvI ke lie puruSa parIsaha kahA jA sakatA hai| 3. padmanaMdi paMcaviMzatikA, 1.48; cAritrasAra, pR. 133

Page #328
304 viSayabhogoM se nirAsakta hokara samabhAvI bana jAya / isa prakAra kA usakA yaha tapa saMvara aura nirjarA kA kAraNa hotA hai / yaha tapa do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| bAhya aura Abhyantara / bAhya tapa bAhya dravya ke avalambana se hotA hai ataH jJeya hotA hai aura manakA niyamana karane vAlA hone se prAyazcittAdi ko Abhyantara tapa kahate haiM / " (1) bAhyatapa : 1. anazana - ekAzana athavA upavAsa / yaha sAvadhika aura niravadhika do prakAra se hotA hai / sAvadhika meM eka nizcita samaya ke bAda bhojana grahaNa kara liyA jAtA hai / sAdhAraNataH isake chaha prakAra batAye gaye haiM - ( 1 ) zreNItapa ( lagAtAra cAra anazana karanA), (2) prataratapa (zreNI tapa kI cAra bAra punarAvRtti honA - 16 upavAsa), (3) ghana tapa (zreNI tapa se guNita tapa - 16x4= 64 upavAsa), (4) vargatapa (ghanatapa se guNita tapa - 6444 = 4096 upavAsa), (5) varga-varga tapa ( varga tapa se guNita - 409644096= 16777216 upavAsa), aura (6) prakIrNa tapa ( yathAzakti upavAsa karanA ) ' / niravadhika upavAsa tapa zarIra ke antima kAla meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / ise 'sallekhanA ' bhI kahate haiM / isake savicAra (zarIra ko saceSTa banAye rakhanA) aura avicAra ( zarIra ko nizceSTa banAye rakhanA ), saparikarma ( dUsaroM se sevA karAnA) aura aparikarma (dUsaroM se sevA na karAnA) tathA nIhArI (guphA Adi meM rahakara anazana karanA) aura anihArI (grAmAdi meM rahakara anazana karanA) Adi bhedoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / ' 2. Unovara athavA avamodayaM - bhUkha se kucha kama khAnA / isake dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aura paryavacaraka kI iSTi se pAMca bheda hai / kSetrake bhedoM meM peTA, ardhapeTA, pataMgabIthikA, zambukAvarta, AyataM gatvA pratyAgatA Adi bhedoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 3. vRttiparisaMkhyAna - bhikSA ke lie kevala eka-do-tIna ghara kA nizcaya karanA / isI ko bhikSAcaryA tapa bhI kahA gayA hai / uttarAdhyayana meM isake tIna prakAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai-- gocarI, mRgacaryA aura kapotavRtti / 1. uttarAdhyayana, nemicanda vRtti pU. 337 2. vahI, 30. 14- 24 3. uttarAdhyayana, 30. 25-28; tattvArthasUtra, 9.19

Page #329
305 4. rasaparityAga- ghI, dUdha, dahI, guDa, tela, namaka Adi rasoM kA tyAga karanA / isa vrata se indriyAgni uddIpta nahI hotI aura brahmacaryavrata ke pAlana karane meM sahAyatA hotI hai| 5. viviktarAdhyAsana-ekAnta sthAna meM baiThanA, sonaa| isI ko pratisaMlInatA bhI kahate haiN| 6. kAyakleza-pratimAyoga dhAraNa tapa krnaa| (2) Abhyantara tapa Abhyantara tapa bAhya dravyoM kI apekSA nahIM karate / unakA sambandha antaH zuddhi se vizeSa rahatA hai / ve bhI chaha prakAra ke haiM 1. prAyazcitta-kiye gaye doSa yA aparAdhoM para daNDarUpa pazcAttApa karanA prAyazcitta hai / isase aparAdhoM kA zodhana huA karatA hai| sAdhaka nava prakAra se zodhana karatA hai-(1) AlocanA (gurU ke samakSa AtmadoSoM kA savinaya nivedana karanA), (2) pratikramaNa (karmajanya athavA pramAdajanya doSoM kA "mithyA me duSkRtam" ke rUpa se pratikAra karanA), (3) tadubhaya (AlocanA athavA pratikramaNa se yathAnusAra AtmadoSoM kI zuddhi karanA) (4) viveka (upalabdha AhArAdi tathA upakaraNAdi sAmagrIkA jJAna ho jAne para use chor3a denA), (5) vyutsarga (kAla kA niyamakara kAyotsarga karanA), (6) tapa (anazana Adi tapa karanA), (7) cheda (dIkSA kA chedana karanA), (8) parihAra (kucha samaya taka saMgha se niSkAsita kara denA), aura (9) upasthApanA (mahAvratoM kA mUlocchedakarake phira dIkSA denaa)|' uttarAdhyayana meM pArAJcika bheda kA bhI ullekha hai jisameM gambhIratama aparAdhake lie gambhIratama prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| 2. vinaya- gurU Adi ke prati vinamratAkA vyavahAra karanA / isake cAra bheda haiM-(1) jJAnavinaya (jJAna grahaNa, abhyAsa aura smrnn),)| (2) darzanavinaya (jinopadeza meM niHzaMka honA), (3) cAritra vinaya (upadezake prati Adara pragaTa karanA), aura (4) upacAra vinaya (AcArya ko vandanA Adi krnaa)| upacAra vinaya ke hI antargata abhyutthAna, AJjalikaraNa, AsanadAna, gurUbhakti, ora bhAvasuzruSA vinaya Ate haiN| 1. tattvAryasUtra, 9.22 2. uttarAdhyayana, 30-31; vyavahAra vivaraNa (malayagiri kRta), pR. 19

Page #330
306 3. yAvRtya- AcArya, upAdhyAya, tapasvI, zaikSya, glAna, maNa, kula, saMgha sAdhu athavA vidvAna para yadi kisI prakAra kI vyAdhi yA parISaha bhAye to yA vazyaka upakaraNoM se usakA pratIkAra karanA vaiyAvRtya hai| 4. svAdhyAyatapa-zAstroM kA adhyayana krnaa| isake pAMca bheda haiMvAcanA (par3hanA, par3hAnA yA pratipAdana karanA), pRcchanA (sandeha ho jAne para pUchanA), anuprekSA (bArambAra cintana karanA), AmnAya (pATha kI AvRtti) aura dharmopadeza / svAdhyAya se saMzaya kA uccheda, prajJA meM tIkSNatA, pravacana meM sthiti, tapa meM vRddhi, vicAra meM zuddhi aura paravAdiyoM kI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSaya bhI isI se hotA hai| 5. vyutsarga-vyutsarga kA artha hai tyAga / vaha do prakArakA hai bAhya aura Abhyantara / bAhya padArthoM kA tyAga bAhya vyutsarga hai aura krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, mithyAtva Adi Abhyantara doSoM kI nivRtti Abhyantara vyutsarga hai| 6. dhyAna-gamana, bhojana, zayana aura adhyayana Adi vibhinna kriyAboM meM bhaTakane vAlI cittavRtti ko eka kriyA meM roka denA 'nirodha' hai aura yahI nirodha dhyAna kahalAtA hai / dhyAna ke cAra bheda haiM- Arta, raudra, dharmya aura zukla dhyAna / dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA : dhyAna kA tAtparya hai-cittavRtti ko kendrita karanA / isakA zubha aura azubha donoM kAryoM meM upayoga hotA hai / Arta aura raudra dhyAna azubha aura aprazasta kAryoM kI prApti ke lie kiye jAte haiM aura dharmadhyAna tathA zukladhyAna zubha aura prazasta phala kI prApti meM kAraNa hote haiN| mana ko bahirAtmA se mor3akara antarAtmA aura paramAtmA kI ora le jAnA dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna kA kArya haiN| somadeva ne aprazasta dhyAnoMko laukika aura prazasta zyAnoMko lokottara kahA hai|' 1-2. mArta aura rauddha dhyAna ___ apriya vastu ko dUra karane kA dhyAna, priya vastu ke viyukta hone para usarka punaHprApti kA dhyAna, vedanA ke kAraNa krandana Adi tathA viSayasukhoM kI AkAMkSa ArtadhyAna ke mUlakAraNa haiN| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla aura parigraha mAdi saMrakSaNa ke kAraNa raudradhyAna hotA hai| ye donoM dhyAna aprazasta haiM aura saMsA 1. upAsakAdhyayana, 708.

Page #331
307 ke kAraNa haiN| bhautika sAdhanoM kI prApti ke lie ina dhyAnoM meM kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| mithyAtva, kaSAya, durAmaya Adi vikArajanya hone ke kAraNa ye dhyAna asamIcIna haiN| AkarSaNa, vazIkaraNa, stambhana, mohana, uccATana Adi aneka prakAra ke citra-vicitra kArya karane kI kSamatA sAdhakoM meM hotI hai| parantu aihikaphalavAle ye dhyAna kumArga aura kudhyAna ke antargata Ate haiN| dhyAna kA mAhAtmya ina se avazya pragaTa hotA hai|' 3. dharmadhyAna-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vizeSataH dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna Ate haiN| dharmadhyAna meM uttama kSamAdi daza dharmoM kA yathAvidhi dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| vaha cAra prakAra kA hai-(1) AjJAvicaya (2) apAyavicaya, (3) vipAka viSaya, aura (4) saMsthAna vicaya / vicaya kA artha hai viveka athavA vicaarnnaa| 1. AzAviSaya- Apta ke vacanoM kA zraddhAna karake sUkSma cintanapUrvaka padArthoM kA nizcaya karanA-karAnA AjJAvicaya hai| isase vItarAgatA kI prApti hotI hai| 2. apAyavicaya-jinokta sanmArga ke apAya kA cintana karanA athavA kumArga meM jAnevAle ye prANI sanmArga kaise prApta kareMge, isa para vicAra karanA apAyavicaya hai| isase rAga-dveSAdi kI vinivRtti hotI hai| 3. vipAkaviSaya - jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke phalAnubhava kA cintana karanA vipAkavicaya hai| aura 4. saMsthAna vidhaya-loka, nadI Adi ke svarUpa para vicAra karanA saMsthAnaviSaya hai| yaha dharmadhyAna samyagdarzana pUrvaka hotA hai aura zukladhyAna ke pUrva hotA hai| AtmakalyANa ke kSetra meM isakA vizeSa mahattva hai| dharmadhyAna ke cAroM prakAra dhyeya ke viSaya haiM jinapara citta ko ekAgra kiyA jAtA hai|' 4. zukladhyAna : __jaise maila dUra ho jAne se vastra nirmala aura sapheda ho jAtA hai usI prakAra zukladhyAna meM AtmapariNati bilakula vizuddha aura nirmala ho jAtI hai| isake cAra bheda haiM -1. pRthaktva vitarka, 2. ekatvavitarka, 3. sUkSmaniyApratipAti, aura 4. vyuparatakriyAnivati / 1. bhAnAva, 40-4 2. upAsakAdhyayana, 651-658.

Page #332
308 zukladhyAna ko samajhane ke liye kucha pAribhASika zabdoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| yahA~ vitarka' kA artha hai zrutajJAna / dravya athavA paryAya, zabda tathA mana, vacana-kAya ke parivartana ko 'bIcAra' kahate haiN| dravyako chor3akara paryAya ko aura paryAya ko chor3akara dravya ko dhyAnakA viSaya banAnA 'artha saMkrAnti' hai| kisI eka zrutavacana kA dhyAna karate-karate vacanAntara meM pahuMca jAnA aura use chor3akara anya kA dhyAna karanA 'vyaJjana saMkrAnti' hai| kAyayoga ko chor3akara manoyoga yA vacanayoga kA avalambana lenA tathA unheM chor3akara kAyayoga kA avalambana lenA 'yogasaMkrAnti' hai| nirjana pradeza meM cittavRtti ko sthirakara, zarIra kriyAoMkA nigraha kara mohaprakRtiyoM kA upazama yA kSaya karane vAlA dhyAna pRthaktvavitarkavIcAra dhyAna kahalAtA hai| isameM dhyAtA kSamAzIla ho bAhya-Abhyantara dravya-paryAyoM kA dhyAna karatA huA vitarka kI sAmarthya se yukta hokara artha aura vyaJjana tathA mana-vacana-kAya kI pRthak pRthak saMkrAnti karatA hai| mohanIya prakRtiyoM ko samUla naSTa kara zruta jJAnopayoga vAlA vaha sAdhaka jaba artha-vyaJjana aura yoga saMkrAnti ko rokakara kSINakaSAyI ho vaiDUryamaNi kI taraha nirlipta hokara dhyAna dhAraNa karatA hai taba use ekatvavitarka dhyAna kahate haiN| ekatvavitarka zukladhyAna se ghAtiyAkarma naSTa ho jAte haiM aura kevalajJAna pragaTa ho jAtA hai| kevalajJAnI upadeza dete rahate haiN| jaba unakI Ayu antarmuhurta zeSa raha jAtI hai aura vedanIya, nAma aura gotra karma kI sthiti bhI utanI hI rahatI hai taba sabhI vacanayoga aura manoyoga tathA vAdarakAya yoga ko chor3akara sUkmayoga kA avalambana le sUkmakriyApratipAti dhyAna Arambha karate haiN| isake bAda dhyAtA ko yathAkhyAta cAritra, jJAna aura darzana kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai aura vaha zvAsocchavAsa Adi samasta kAya, vacana aura mana sambandhI vyApAroM kA nirodha kara 'vyuparatakriyAnivati' dhyAna Arambha karatA hai tathA dhyAtA apanI dhyAnAgni se samasta mala-kalaMka rUpa karmabandhoM ko jalAkara nirmala aura kiTTa rahita suvarNa kI taraha paripUrNa svarUpa lAbha karake nirvANa ko prApta ho jAtA hai| pRthaktvavitarka aura ekatvavitarka zrutakevalI ke hote haiM tathA sUkSmakriyApratipAti aura vyuparatakriyAniti dhyAna kevalI ke hote haiN| use 'zailezI

Page #333
309 avasthA' kahA jAtA hai| inameM yogoM kA pUrNataH nirodha ho jAne para Atmapradeza sthira ho jAte haiN| saccA yogI karmoM ke AvaraNa ko kSaNa bhara meM dhuna DAlatAhai aura nirAkulatAmaya, sthira aura avinAzI parama sukha ko prApta karatA hai|' ___ dhyAna ke sandarbha meM dhyAtA, dhyeya aura dhyAnaphala para bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna ke yogI ko 'dhyAtA' kahate haiN| yaha dhyAtA prajJApAramitA, buddhibalayukta, jitendriya, sUtrAvalambI, dhIra, vIra, parISahajayI, virAgI, saMsAra se bhayabhIta aura ratnatrayadhArI hotA hai / sapta tattva aura nava padArtha usake dhyeya rahate haiN| paMca parameSThiyoM kA svarUpa, vizuddhAtmA kA svarUpa tathA ratnatraya va vairAgya kI bhAvanAyeM bhI usake dhyeya ke viSaya haiN| una para cintana karatA huA dhyAtA dhyAna ke adhyayana se parama pada rUpa dhyAna ke phala ko prApta kara letA hai| anyatha, asammoha, viveka aura vyutsarga ye cAra zukladhyAna ke lakSaNa hai| zAnti, yukti, mArdava aura Arjava ye gara Alambana haiN| yoga: dhyAtA kA dhyeya ke sAtha saMyoga ho jAne ko hI yoga kahate haiN| cittavRttiyoM ke nirodha se sAdhaka samAdhistha ho jAtA hai aura tadAkAramaya ho jAtA hai| pataJjali ke aSTAMgayoga kI tulanA hama jaina yoga sAdhanA se nimna prakAra prastuta kara sakate haiM - 1. yama - ise jainabharma meM mahAvrata kahA gayA hai jinakA varNana pIche kiyA jA cukA hai| 2. niyama - mUlaguNoM aura uttaraguNoM kA pAlana krnaa| 3. kAyakleza-vibhinna prakAra ke tapa krnaa| 4. prANAyAma-jainadharma meM mUlataH haThayoga ko koI sthAna nahIM, para uttarakAla meM usakA samAveza ho gyaa| 5. pratyAhAra-pratisaMlInatA-aprazasta se prazasta cittavRttiyoM ko chodd'naa| 6. dhAraNA -padArtha cintana 7. dhyAna - uparyukta cAra prakAra ke dhyAna, aura 8. samAdhi - dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna / 1. yogAsAra prAmRta, 9.9-11, 1.59 2. mahApurANa, 21.86-88.

Page #334
310 bAla aura yogasAdhana: ___dhyAna aura yoga mukti kA mArga hai jo samyagdarzana, sambagjJAna bAra samyakcAritra para AdhArita hai| jaina sAdhanA mAtmapradhAna sAdhanA hai| Atmasiddhi usakI mUlabhAvanA hai| sayama aura tapa se usakI prApti ho sakatI hai| maMtrI pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha bhAvanAoM ko apanAte hue vaha samatva yoga ko prApta kara letA hai| ise hI paramAtmapada kahane lagate hai| isake lie samAdhi kI avazyakatA hotI hai| sUtrakRtAMga me samAdhi ke dasa bheda kahe gaye hai jo mUlaguNoM aura uttaraguNoM se milate-julate hai| isI ko yoga kahA jAtA hai| yogabindu me yoga-phala kI prApti ke lie pAMca sopAna batAye gaye hai| 1. vratAdi ke mAdhyama se karmoM para vijaya pAnA. 2. bhAvanA prApti. 3. dhyAna prApti. 4. samatA prApti, aura 5. sarvajJatva kI prApti. yoga kA mukhya lakSya samyagdRSTi ko prApta karanA hai| isa dRSTi kA vikAsa yogadRSTisamuccaya me ATha prakAra se diyA gayA hai -mitrA, tArA, dIprA, sthirA, kAntA, prabhA aura praa| yogI ko isa vikAsa taka pahuMcane ke lie tIna sthitiyoM ko pAra karanA par3atA hai 1. inA yoga, 2. zAstrayoga, aura 3. saamrthyvog| uparyukta ATha dRSTiyoM kI tulanA yama-niyamAdi se kI jA sakatI hai| ye dRSTiyA~ kramazaH kheda, udvega, kSepa, utyAna, prAnti, anyamud, ruk evaM asaMga se rahita haiM aura adveSa, jijJAsA, suzruSA, zravaNa, bodha, mImAMsA, parizuddhi, pratiyutti va pravRtti sahagata haiN| Rddhi, siddhi Adi kI prApti yoga va samAdhi ke mAdhyama se hI hotI hai| yaha samAdhi do prakAra kI hotI hai- sAlaMbana aura niraalbn| nirAlambana hI nirvikalpaka samAdhi hai| yahI zukla dhyAna aura mokSa hai| bauddhadharma meM nirdiSTa cAra kiMvA pAMca prakAra ke dhyAnoM kI tulanA yahA~ kI jA sakatI hai|

Page #335
311 prArambha se hI jaina aura bauddha sAdhanA anubhavavAdI rahI hai| pratyAtmasaMkca binA koI bhI siddhAMta unheM svIkArya nhiiN| donoM sAdhanAmoM kA lakSya sarvajJatA kI prApti hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna pUrvaka samyakacAritra tathA prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi usakI prApti ke sAdhana haiN| miyyAdarzana-mAnacAritra usake bAdhaka tatva hai| usa bAdhA ko dUra karanA sAdhanA kA parama lakSya hai| samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie sarva prathama yaha Avazyaka hai ki sAdhaka AtmA ke vibhinna svarUpoM ko phicaane| jana saMskRti meM AtmA ke tIna rUpa haiM- bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura prmaatmaa| prathama sthiti meM sAdhaka AtmA aura zarIra ko eka dravya mAnakara para padArthoM meM mohita banA rahatA hai| usake bhavasAgara meM saMcaraNa kA yahI mUla kAraNa hai| dvitIya sthiti meM yaha mohabuddhi dUra ho jAtI hai aura sAdhaka usake bAda tRtIya avasthA antarAtmA ko prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ taka pahu~cate-pahuMcate vaha AtmA ke mUla svarUpa ko pahacAnane lagatA hai aura maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya, va mAdhyasthya bhAvanAoM ko bhAte hue zutru-mitra meM, mAna-apamAna meM, lAbha-alAbha meM, loSTha-kAJcana meM samadRSTivAn ho jAtA hai| tadanantara baha nirmala, kebala, zuddha, vivikta aura akSaya paramAtmapada ko prApta kara letA hai| jaina dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kA yahI lakSya hai| bauddha sAdhanA meM bhI magabhaga yahI prakriyA hai| jo bheda hai vaha dRSTavya hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya meM dhyAna kA eka anya vargIkaraNa bhI milatA hai| vaha cAra prakAra kA hai-piNDastha, padastha, rUpastha, aura ruupaatiit| ise hama tantrazAstra se prabhAvita kaha sakate haiN| prathama dhyAnoM meM AtmA se bhinna pAdagalika dravyoM kA avalambana liyA jAtA hai| isalie use sAlambana dhyAna kahA jAtA hai| rUpAtIta dhyAna kA Alambana amUrta AtmA rahatA hai jisameM dhyAna, dhyAtA aura dhyeya eka ho jAte haiN| isI ko 'samarasatA' kahA jAtA hai| prathama dhyAna sthUla aura savikalpaka hai tathA dvitIya dhyAna sUkSma aura nirvikalpaka hai| sthUla se sUkSma aura savikalpaka se nirvikalpaka kI ora jAnA dhyAna kA kramika abhyAsa mAnA gayA hai|' 1 debmei, lekhaka yA ca-na-boDasapanA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, jinamaNI, mAna vizeSAMka, jayapura. 2. jJAnArgava, 32.6.11; samAdhi, 15 3. tatvArthasUtra, 7.11.13; samAdhi, 6 4. mAnasAra, 37; yojanAla, 10.5

Page #336
312 dhyAnazataka meM dhyAna se saMbaddha bAraha viSayoM para vivecana kiyA gayA hai-bhAvanA, pradeza, kAla, Asana, Alambana, krama, dhyeya, dhyAtA, anuprekSA, lezyA, liMna aura phala / ' inheM hama dharma dhyAna ke antargata rakha sakate haiN| zukla dhyAna meM mana mahadAlambana se dhyAna kA abhyAsa karatA hai aura paramANu para sthira ho jAtA hai| kevalI avasthA taka Ate-Ate mana kA astitva bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| isakA vizeSa adhyayana apekSita hai| mila pratimAeM : zrAvaka-pratimAoM kI taraha dazAzrutaskandha (sAtavAM uddeza) Ari graMthoM meM bhikSu-pratimAnoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| unakI saMkhyA bAraha hai1. mAsikI bhikSu-pratimA, 2. dvimAsikI bhikSu-pratimA, 3-7. yAvat sapa mAsikI bhikSa-pratimA, 8-10. prathama, dvitIya va tRtIya saptarAtriMdivA bhikSa pratimA, 11. ahorAtri bhikSu-pratimA, aura 12. eka rAtrikI bhikSu-pratimA digambara paramparA me ina pratimAoM kA koI varNana nahIM miltaa| ina pratimA ke mAdhyama se bhikSu vizeSataH anazana aura Unodara tapa kA abhyAsa karatA hai| muni ina sabhI tapa aura parISahoM ko isalie karatA aura sahatA ki vaha apane svIkRta mArga se cyuta na ho sake aura saMcita karma mala ko naSTa ka ske|' bhagavAna buddha kAyakleza ko na pUrNataH svIkRta kara sake aura na asvIka kara ske| pAli sAhitya me kucha jaina bhikSu-niyamoM kA ullekha milatA hai jinaka bhagavAn buddhane AlocanA kii| nagna rahanA, AhUta bhikSA kA tyAga, apane li AnIta bhikSA kA tyAga, apane lie pakAye bhojana kA tyAga, nimaMtraNa kA tyAra do bhojana karanevAloM ke bIca se AnIta bhikSA kA tyAga, garbhiNI strIdvArA AnI bhikSA kA tyAga, dUdha pilAtIstrIdvArA AnIta bhikSA kA tyAga, jahA~ kuttA khdd'aa| aise sthAna se AnIta bhikSA kA tyAga, na mAMsa, na machalI, na kaccI zarAba kI na cAvala kI zarAba (tuSodaka) grahaNa karatA hai| vaha ekahI ghara se jo bhiva milatI hai lekara lauTa jAtA hai, ekahI kaura khAne vAlA hotA hai, do ghara se jobhiva ...do hI kora khAne vAlA, sAta ghara sAta kor| vaha ekahI kalachI khAka rahatA hai, do saat...| vaha eka eka dina bIca dekara bhojana karatA hai, do do dina sAta sAta din...| isa taraha vaha Adhe-Adhe mahine para bhojana karate hue vihA 1. dhyAna taka, 28.29 2. vahI,70 3. mArgAcyavananirNarAva parisoDhavyA pariSahA : tatvAvala, 9.8

Page #337
karatA hai| bodhi prApta karane ke pUrva bhagavAna buddha ne svayaM ina niyamoM ko pAlate hue tapasyA kI thii| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ke bIca isa prakAra kI tapasyA pracalita thii| acela kAzyapa ne yahI tapasyA kI thii|' AjIvikoM ke sAtha bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIrane bhI inhIM kA pAlana kiyA / dazavakAlika ke pAMcaveMchaThaveM adhyAya meM diye gaye jaina bhikSuoM ke niyamoM se ye niyama milate-julate haiN|' mUlAcAra meM inheM udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA, saMyojana, aMgAra, dhUma Adi doSoM meM ginA gayA hai| jo bhI ho, para ina niyamoM se jainadharma ke prAcInatama niyamoM kI eka jhalaka avazya milatI hai| jaina bhikSuoM ke uparyukta mUlaguNoM aura uttaraguNoM kA ullekha dazavaikAlika, sUtrakRtAMga, AcArAMga Adi Agama granthoM meM bhI milatA hai| ina niyamoM kA pAlana ahiMsAdivatoM ke paripAlana ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| snAna, gandha, mAlA, paMkhA, gRhasthapAtra, rAjapiNDa, aMgamardana, danta-prakSAlana, zarIra-pramArjana krIDA, chatra, upAnaha, ubaTana, virecana, telamardana, zarIra-alaMkaraNa Adi kArya jaina muni ke lie varjita haiN| sUtrakRtAMga ke dharma nAmaka navama adhyayana meM zramaNa bhikSuoM kI kucha dUSita pravRttioM kA ullekha milatA hai| asatya, parigraha, abrahmacarya, adattAdAna, vakratA (mAyA), lobha, krodha, mAna, dhAvana, raMjana, vamana, virecana, snAna, dantaprakSAlana, hastakarma Adi aise hI dUSaNa haiM jo zramaNa bhikSuoM ke lie varjita haiN| isalie inheM gaNisampadA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai jo ATha prakAra kI hai-1. AcAra-sampadA, 2. zruta-sampadA, 3. zarIra-sampadA, 4. vacanasampadA, 5. vAcanA-sampadA, 6. mati-sampadA, 7. prayogamati-sampadA aura 8. mNgrh-prijnyaa-smpdaa| sAdhu ke lie adhaHkarma (hInatara karma) bhI vajita haiN| 1. dIghanikAya, prathama bhAga, pR. 166 2. majjhimanikAya, prathama bhAga, pR. 77 3. dIghanikAya, prathama bhAga, pR. 166. 4. majhimanikAya, mAga 1, pR. 38. 5. dazavakAlika : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 99; piMDaniyukti bhI dekhiye / 6. mUlAcAra, 6.2; lekhaka kA grantha dekhiye____ Jainism in Buddhist Literature, pR. 116-17. 7. sUtrakRtAMga, 1. 9. 12-29. 8. bhAcArAMga, 1 9.1.19. 9. dazavakAlika : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 125. dazAzrutaskaMdha ke tIsare uddeza meM tetIsa prakAra kI AzAtanAoM kA ullekha hai jinase zAna-darzana-vAritra kA hAsa hotA hai|

Page #338
314 zramaNa jaina bhikSuoM ke lie varSAvAsa kA bhI vidhAna hai| buddha ne bhI unakA anukaraNa kara bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie varSAvAsa kA niyama banAyA thaa| niyamoM ke viruddha AcaraNa karane para saMgha se niSkAsita kara diyA jAtA hai athavA durAcaraNa kI mAtrA kama hone para prAyazcitta diyA jAtA hai| nizItha sUtroM meM prAyazcitta ke prakAroM kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai| sAmAcAritA : sAdhu kI dainika caryA samyak AcaraNa se paripUrNa rahatI hai| vaha ekAnta meM bane maMdira sthAnaka athavA upAzraya meM rahakara sAdhanA karatA hai sAdhuoM ke bIca meM rahanavAle sAdhu ke lie kucha aise niyama banAya gaye hai jinheM sAmAcArI kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana Adi graMthoM meM unakI saMkhyA dasa karha gaI hai1. AvazyakI - upAzraya se bAhara jAne para Avazyaka kArya se bAha jA rahA hU~' aisA kahanA / 2. naiSedhikI - upAzraya meM vApisa Ane para 'nisihI khnaa| 3. ApRcchanA - guru se kArya karane kI AjJA lenaa| 4. pratipacchanA-dUsare ke kArya ke lie puuchnaa| 5. chandanA - bhikSA-dravya ko bAMTane kI anumati maaNgnaa| 6. icchAkAra - guru kI icchA ke anusAra kAma krnaa| 7. mithyAkAra - apaNI nindA krnnaa| 8. tathAkAra - guru kI AjJA svIkAra krnaa| 9. abhyutthAna - sevA-suzrUSA karanA / 10. upasampadA - jJAnAdi kI prApti ke lie kisI ke pAsa jAna muni ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha apanI dinacaryA cAra bhA meM vibhakta kara le-prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM dhyAna, tRtIya meM bhikSA-ca aura caturtha meM punaH svaadhyaay| isI prakAra rAtri ke prathama prahara meM svAdhya dvitIya prahara meM dhyAna, tRtIya prahara meM nidrA aura caturtha prahara meM punaH svAdhya karanA caahie| svAdhyAya meM vAcanA, pRcchanA, parivartanA (punarAvartana anuprekSA tathA dharmakathA ina pAMca kriyAoM kA samAveza hotA hai / sAmAcArI ke sandarbha meM yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki jaina muni varSAvAra bIca AvAgamana nahIM krte| varSARtu meM utpanna jIva-jantuoM kI hiMsA se vara

Page #339
315 bhI isakA mukhya uddezya hai| mahAtmA buddhane bhI jainoM ke isa varSAvAsa niyama kA anukaraNa kara apane bhikSuoM ko varSAvAsa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA thaa| mArgaNA aura prarUpaNA : karmabandhana ke kAraNa jIva saMsAra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai| moha ke kAraNa vaha apane mUla svabhAva ko prApta nahIM kara paataa| mArgaNA ke dvArA usa svarUpa ko khojane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| mArgaNA kA tAtparya hai-khoj|' jina dharma vizeSoM ke kAraNa jIvoM kI khoja kI jAtI hai unheM 'mArgaNA' kahate haiM / inakI saMkhyA caudaha hai 1. gati 4 - naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura deva / 2. indriya 5 - sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa / 3. kAya 2 - trasa aura sthaavr| do indriyoM se lekara pAMca indriyoM taka ke jIva trasa kahalAte haiM aura pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu aura vanaspati meM rahane vAle jIva sthAvara kahalAte haiN| vanaspati ke antargata hI nigodiyA jIva Ate haiM jo eka pravAsa meM aThAraha bAra janma lete hai aura aThAraha bAra maraNa karate haiN| 4. yoga 3 - mana, vacana, kAya vargaNA nimittaka Atma pradezoM kA parispandana yoga kahalAtA hai| kAya yoga sAta prakAra kA hai - audArika, vaikriyaka, AhAraka, audArikamizra, vaikriyakamizra, AhAraka mizra aura kaarmaann| manoyoga aura vacanayoga cAra-cAra prakAra kA hai - satya, asatya, ubhaya aura anubhaya / 5. veda 3 - AtmA meM sammoha rUpa pravRtti kI utpatti honA veda hai| vaha nokaSAya ke udaya se tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-strIveda, puruSaveda, aura npuNskved| kaSAya 4- jo cAritra ko naSTa kare vaha kaSAya hai| isake cAra bheda haiM -krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| inameM pratyeka ke cAra bheda haiM -anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAna, pratyAkhyAna aura saMjvalana / nokaSAya kI saMkhyA nava kahI gayI hai-hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA, strIveda, puruSaveda aura npuNskved| isa prakAra kaSAya ke kula 444+9- paccIsa bheda hote haiN| 1. vizeSa varNana ke lie dekhiye-SaTkaNDAgama (1.1.1.4.), gomaTTasAra jIvakAMDa (142) mUlAcAra, 1197, rAjavArtika, 9.7-11; paMcasaMgraha (prAkRta), 156

Page #340
316 7. jJAna 8-mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevalajJAna, kumati, kuzruta aura kuavadhijJAna / 8. saMyama 7 - saMyama kI sAta avasthAyeM hotI haiM-asaMyama, saMyamAsaMyama, sAmAyika saMyama, chedopasthApanA saMyama, parihAra vizuddhi saMyama, sUkSmasAMparAya saMyama aura yathAkhyAta sNym| 9. darzana 4 - cakSu, acakSu, avadhi aura kevala darzana / 10. lezyA 6 - kaSAya se anuraJjita pravRtti kA nAma lezyA hai| isake chaha bheda hai - kRSNa, nIla, kApota, pIta, pama aura zukla lezyA / bhavya 2 - bhavya aura abhavya / nirvANa pAne kI yogyatA jiname pragaTa ho sake vaha bhavya hai aura anya abhavya hai / 12. samyaktva 5 - sattta tattvoM kA zraddhAna karanA samyaktva hai| vaha pAMca prakAra kA hai-mithyAtva, samyak mithyAtva, kSayopazama samyaktva upazama samyaktva aura kSAyika samyaktva / 13. saMjJI 2 - zikSA, kriyA, AlApa Adi grahaNa karane vAlA saMjI hai aura isake viparIta asaMjJI hai| AhAra 2 - upabhogya zarIra ke yogya pudgaloM ko grahaNa karana AhAra hai aura isake viparIta anAhAra hai| vigrahagati, kevalI samudghAta, aura ayogI kevalI avasthA meM jIva anAhAraka hotA hai| mArgaNA meM dharma vizeSoM ke kAraNa jIvoM kI khoja kI jAtI hai au prarUpaNA meM paryApta aura aparyApta vizeSaNoM se unakI parIkSA kI jAtI hai| i prarUpaNoM kI saMkhyA bIsa kahI gayI hai-guNa sthAna, jIva samAsa, paryApta, prANa saMjJA, caudaha mArgaNAyeM aura upyog| 14. cAritra ke meva: cAritra kA kArya hai - moha ke upazama, kSaya athavA kSayopazama hone vAlI Atmavizuddhi (samatA) kI abhivyakti / isameM ahiMsA kA paripAla tathA indriyoM para saMyamana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| cAritra ke pAMca * 1. cAritaM khalu dhammo dhammo jo so samo ti nnihittttho| mohalloha vihINo pariNAmo appaNo hi smo|| pravacanasAra 1.7

Page #341
317 hote haiM- sAmAyika, chedopasthApanA, parihAravizuddhi, sUkSma sAMparAya aura yathAkhyAta / 1. sAmAyika - hiMsAdika sAvadha yogoM kA sArvakAlika athavA niyata kAlika tyAga samAyika hai| 2. chedopasthApanA-pramAdavaza svIkRta niravadya kriyAoM meM dUSaNa lagane para usakA samyak pratIkAra karanA chedopasthApanA hai| 3. parihAravizuddhi - isameM prANivadha ke parihAra ke sAtha hI sAtha viziSTa ___zuddhi hotI hai| yaha cAritra viziSTa sAdhu ko hI prApta hotA hai| 4. sUkSmasAMparAya- jo sthUla va sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ke parihAra meM pUrNataH apramatta ho, karmarUpI Indhana ko dhyAnAgni meM jalA cukA ho, jisake mAtra sUkSma lobha kaSAya baca gayA ho use sUkSma sAMparAya cAritra kI prApti hotI hai| 5. yathAkhyAta - moha ke upazama yA kSaya ke anantara pragaTa hone vAlA cAritrya yathAkhyAta cAritrya kahalAtA hai| ye cAritra ke prakAra AtmA kI vizuddhi ke pratIka haiM aura usake svasvarUpAtmaka sthiti ko prApta karane ke vikAsAtmaka pariNAma haiN| sva-paraviveka rUpa bhedavijJAna usakA avalambana hai| inameM se kisI eka cAritra meM pravRtta vyakti ko 'cAritrapaNDita' kahA jAtA hai|' mokSa: mokSa kAtAtparya hai-karmoM kA Atyantika kSaya / isa avasthA meM AtmA karma-maloMse vimukta hokara Atyantika jJAna-darzana rUpa anupama sukha kA anubhava karatA hai|' yaha mokSa do prakAra kA hai - dravyamokSa aura bhaavmokss| AtmA kA saMpUrNa karmoM se thaka ho jAnA dravyamokSa hai| kSAyika jJAna, darzana va yathAkhyAta cAritra nAma vAle jina pariNAmoM se niravazeSa karma AtmA se dUra kiye jAte haiM una pariNAmoM ko bhAvamokSa kahate haiN| isI avasthA meM vyakti sarvajJa banatA hai| bhAvamokSa kevalajJAna kI utpatti, jIvanmukta aura arhanta pada ye saba ekArthaka zabda hai| aSTa karmoM se vimukta ho jAne para jIva janma, jarA, maraNa Adi kriyAoM se mukta 1. tatvAryasUtra, 9. 18 2. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayo; 25. 3. sarvArtha siDi, 1.1.

Page #342
318 ho jAtA hai aura siddha kahalAne lagatA hai| usake punaH karmabandha kI prakriyA prArambha nahIM hotii| jaise bIja ke pUrNatayA jala jAne para usase aMkura utpanna nahIM hotA, usI prakAra karmabIja ke dagdha ho jAne para saMsAra rUpI aMkura utpanna nahIM hotaa| phalataH usameM kSAyika samyaktva, anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha, anantavIrya, sUkSmatva, avagAhanatva, agurulaghutva, avyAvAdhatva Adi guNa pragaTa ho jAte haiN| mokSAvasthA meM atIndriya sukha ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM ke bIca matabheda hai| bauddhadharma meM tRSNA ke kSaya ko 'nirvANa' kahA gayA hai| zarIra zeSa rahate hue tRSNA kA vinAza mopadhizeSa nirvANa kahalAtA hai aura zarIra ke niHzeSa ho jAna para nirupadhizeSa nirvANa kahA jAtA hai| isI avasthA ko ajAta, abhUta, akRta aura asaMskRta kahA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ke sandarbha meM bhI vikAsa huA hai| vahA~ Atmadarzana ko hI saMsAra kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| sAMsArika padArthoM meM anitya, anAtma, duHkharUpa kI bhAvanA Ane se hI mamatva haTatA hai aura vairAgya utpanna hotA hai / vairAgya utpanna hone se avidyA, tRSNA Adi ke abhAva re yukta cittasantati svarUpa saMsAra kA nAza ho jAtA hai| yahI mokSa hai|' bauddha darzana kI dRSTi meM mukti avasthA meM citta-santAna kA atyanta ucchera ho jAne se citta pravAha rUpa AtmA kI sattA hI jaba nahIM hai taba sukha hogA kaise? yahAM mUla meM hI matabheda hai| phira bhI AtmA ke samakakSa yadi kisI padArtha ko bauna darzana meM dekhA jAya to vaha hai 'cittasantati' / yaha cittasantati sAMsArika avastha meM sAzrava arthAt avidyA aura tRSNA se saMyukta thI, pravrajyA Adi anuSThAnoM vahI citta santati nirAzrava avidyA tRSNAse rahita ho jAtI hai| isa nirAdha arthAt cittasantati ko yadi sAnvaya (vAstavika rUpa se pUrva uttara-kSaNoM meM apana sattA rakhane vAlI) mAnA jAya to use nirvANa kA sahI svarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai niranvaya mAnane para baMdhanevAle aura chUTanevAle ke bIca koI sambandha nahIM rahegA nirvANa ko 'asaMskRta' kahA gayA hai vaha bhI sahI hai / usameM utpAda-vyaya-dhauvya va koI sambandha hI nhii| para yaha avazya hai ki janma, jarA, maraNa Adi se vinirmuga avasthA sukharUpa hI hogii| vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra jaba AtmA kA tattvajJAna paripUrNa rUpa vikasita ho jAtA hai taba usa tattvajJAna ke buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa, prayara 1. suttanipAta, pArAyaNa vAga 2. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka kI pustaka-baura saMskRti kA itihAsa, pR. 105-111. 3. pramANavArtika, 1. 219-221.

Page #343
319 dharma, adharma aura saMskAra ina nava vizeSa guNoM kA atyanta uccheda ho jAtA hai aura AtmA apane zuddha rUpa meM lIna ho jAtA hai| yahI mokSa hai| jaina darzana ina buddhapAdi guNoM kA uccheda nahIM maantaa| ye guNa AtmA se na to sarvathA bhinna kahe jA sakate haiM aura na sarvathA abhinna, balki kathaJcit bhinna aura kaJcit abhinna hote haiN| santAnI se atyanta bhinna santAna upalabdha hI nahIM ho sktii| santAna kA tAtparya hai-kArya-kAraNa bhUta kSaNoM kA pravAha / yaha kArya-kAraNa bhAva na to sarvathA nityavAda meM ho sakatA hai aura na sarvathA anityavAda meN| aura phira yadi mokSa meM atIndriya jJAna, sukha Adi guNoM kA abhAva mAnA jAyagA to use prApta karegA kauna? sukha to AtmA kA nijI svabhAva hai| use mokSa kI sthiti meM parama sukha kahA jAtA hai| ataH naiyAyika - vaizeSika kA uparyukta kathana sahI nahIM hai| sAMkhyadarzana meM puruSa ko zuddha caitanyasvarUpI mAnA gayA hai para vaha akartA aura sAkSAt bhoktA nhiiN| prakRti meM pratibimbita sukhAdi phaloM ko mohavazAt vaha apanA mAnatA hai| yahI dhAraNA saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| prakRti kA saMsarga chUTa jAne para puruSa apane zuddha svarUpa meM- caitanyamAtra meM avasthita ho jAtA hai yahI svarUpAvasthiti mokSa hai| jainadarzana prakRti aura puruSa ke isa svarUpa ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| jJAna buddhi kA dharma hai jo sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti ke sAtha hI mukta puruSa se dUra ho jAtA hai| arthAt mukta puruSa buddhi ke naSTa ho jAne se ajJAnI bana jAtA hai| isa ajJAna avasthA ko mokSa kaise kahA jA hakatA hai ? aura phira viveka khyAti (bhedavijJAna) puruSako hotI hai yA prakRti ko? prakRti jJAna se zUnya hai ataH use vivekakhyAti yukta mAnA nahIM jA sktaa| puruSa bhI vivekakhyAti zUnya hai kyoMki vaha bhI amavedyaparva meM sthita hone se ajJAnI hai| ajJAnI ko mokSa kaise prApta ho sakatA hai ? mokSa to samyagjJAnI aura samyakcAritrI ko hI prApta ho sakatA hai| ratnatraya ke binA mokSa kaise? mImAMsaka jIva Adi ke astitva ko svIkAra karate hue bhI mokSa kA abhAva batalAte haiN| tattvasaMsiddhi meM mokSa sadbhAva nahIM mAnA gyaa| maharSi jaiminine bhI mokSa kI carcA nahIM kI para kumArila bhaTTa lIka se haTakara mokSa kI bAta karate haiN| yazastilaka campU (bhAga-2, pR. 269) meM kahA gayA hai ki koyale evaM kajjala kI bhAMti svabhAvase bhI malina mana kI vRtti kisI bhI kAraNa zuddha nahIM ho sakatI, yaha jaiminiyoM-mImAMsakoM kA mata hai| jaina darzana ise svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha anumAna se hI mokSa ko siddha karatA hai| sarvajJatA kI bhI siddhi anumAna se hI hotI hai| samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para yaha avasthApragaTa hotI hai|

Page #344
320 pAzcAtya darzana meM mokSa : pAzcAtya darzana meM Adhunika darzanoM kA lakSya jJAna kI prApti rahA hai para yUnAnI darzana kA lakSya mokSa kI prApti rahA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ke samAna aphalAtUna ne sAMsArika icchAoM ko jJAna ke mArga meM bAdhaka mAnA / vaha sakriya jIvana aura jJAnamaya jIvana meM antara bhI sthApita karatA hai| laoNka ne janma-jAta pratyayoM ko jJAna kA udgama sthala mAnA hai aura anubhava ke AdhAra para usakI carama prApti ko svIkAra kiyA hai / varkale ne bhI lagabhaga yahI kahA hai / buddhivAda isake viparIta hai / sukarAta, pleTo, aphalAtUna, DekArte, lAibanitsa, Adi dArzanika buddhi ko jJAna kI jananI mAnate hai / kAnTa parIkSAvAdI hai / vaha anubhavavAda aura buddhivAda donoM ko andha vizvAsI ( dogmatic) mAnatA hai / pAzcAtya darzana meM jJAna kI utpatti aura vikAsa ke ye vibhinna siddhAnta dRSTavya hai / isI prakAra barkale kA pratyayavAda, perI kA yathArthavAda, breNTeno kA vastuvAda, laoNka kA dvaitavAda Adi jaise siddhAnta bhI mokSa sambandhI vicAra rakhate hai / lAplAsa, DArvina, lAmArka aura spensara kA yAntrika vikAsavAda, vargasAM kA prayojanavAda, lAIDa mArgana kA navyotkAntivAda bhI kisI sImA taka isapara vicAra karate haiM / barkale, kAnTa, haigala Adi adhyAtmavAdI dArzanika, tathA haghUma, DekArte Adi AtmavAdI dArzanika bhI mokSa tattva para vicAra karatA pratIta hotA hai, para usa sImA taka nahIM jisa sImA taka bhAratIya darzana ne mokSa kI sArvabhaumika vyAkhyA kI hai / isa prakAra jaina AcAra kI daSTi meM mokSa parama vizuddhAvasthA kA pratIka hai| jainadharma hara vyakti ko AtmotkarSa kI carama sImA taka pahu~cane kA adhikArI mAnatA hai| isI sandarbha meM vaha dharma kI sArvabhaumika vyAkhyA karatA huA usake lokopayogI aura lokamaGgalakArI tattvoM ko bhI prastuta karatA hai / 1. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, kArikA 52-53. * *

Page #345
saptama parivarta bainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra aura kalA 1. janadharma kA pracAra aura prasAra uttara bhArata gujarAta aura kAThiyAvAr3a madhyapradeza aura rAjasthAna baMgAla dakSiNabhArata mugalakAla meM jainadharma "videzoM meM jainadharma 2. jainakalA evaM sthApatya guptakAlIna mUrti kalA guptottarakAlIna mUrtikalA pUrvabhArata pazcima bhArata madhyabhArata dakSiNa bhArata mUrti aura sthApatya kalA ke siddhAnta jaina sthApatyakalA mathurAstUpa janaguphAeM jaina mandira pazcima bhArata madhyabhArata bakSiNa bhArata citrakalA bhitticitra tADapatrIya zailI kargalacitra kASThacitra kASThazilpa abhilekha va mudrAzAstra

Page #346

Page #347
saptama parivarta jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra aura kalA jainadharma kA pracAra : jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha ke pUrva jaina saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra bahuta ho cukA thaa| pAli sAhitya meM yadyapi isa prakAra ke ullekha kama milate haiM para jo bhI milate haiM unase mahAvIra ke pUrva ke jaina-itihAsa aura saMskRti para kiJcit prakAza par3atA hai| pArzvanAtha paramparA ke ziSya ke sAtha mahAvIra aura buddha ke vArtAlApa tathA vividha prasaMga isa sandarbha meM dRSavya hai|' uttara bhArata zizunAgavaMza (I.pU.7 vIM zatAbdI se I.pU.5vIM zatAbI taka): bhagavAna mahAvIra kA samakAlIna zizunAgavaMzIya rAjA zreNika bimbisAra magadha kA pradhAna nareza thA jisakA sambandha paramparA se jainadharma se batAyA jAtA hai| rAjagRha usakI rAjadhAnI thii| vaizAlI nareza ceTaka, kosala nareza prasenajita Adi rAjAoM se bhI usakA pArivArika sambandha rahA hai| prasenajita kI putrI celanA se utpanna kuNika ajAtazatru usakA uttarAdhikArI bnaa| usane kauzala aura vajjisaMgha kI saMyukta zakti ko chinna-bhinna kiyA aura rAjya kA vistAra kiyaa| usake uttarAdhikArI udAyI Adi bhI prabhAvaka rAjA hue| ye sabhI nareza jainadharma ke anuyAyI rahe haiN| avanti nareza pAlaka kA bhI yahI samaya rahA hai| jainadharma uttara bhArata kI dena hai| vahIM se vaha deza-videza ke konoM meM phailA hai| magadha prAyaH hara sampradAya kA sAMskRtika kendra rahA hai| rAjagRha aura 1. vizeSa dekhiye- lekhaka kI pustaka-Jainism in Buddhist Literature. -

Page #348
324 nAlandA aise sthala the jahAM jainadharma adhika lokapriya thA / buddha ko yahA~ nigaNThoM se bahuta lohA lenA pdd'aa| rAjagRha kI samIpavartI kAlazilA (isigili) parvata para kaThora tapasyA karate hue buddhane jaina sAdhuoM ko dekhA aura unakI tIvra AlocanA kii| phira bhI unhoMne jaina dharma ko nahIM tyaagaa| parantu upAli gahapati,' abhayarAjakumAra' asibandhakaputta gAmaNi Adi jaina zrAvakoM ko nizcita hI buddha ne apanI ora khIMca liyaa| jo bhI ho, magadha jainadharma kA kendra thA, yaha ina sandarbho se saMpuSTa hotA hai / vajji gaNataMtra ke pramukha rAjA ceTaka aura unakI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI, tathA magadha samrATa zreNika aura unakI sAmrAjJI celanA jainadharma ke pradhAna anuyAyI the| kauzala meM baddhane lagabhaga 21 varSa vyatIta kiye| mahAvIra ne bhI yahA~ aneka bAra bhramaNa kiyaa| ayodhyA, sAvatthi (zrAvastI) aura sAketa jainadharma ke kendra rahe haiN| zrAvastI ke zreSThI migAra aura kAlaka mahAvIra ke bhakta rahe hai| kapilavastu yadyapi buddha kA janma sthAna thA para yahA~ bhI jainadharma kA kAphI pracAra thA / buddha aura unakA parivAra bhI sambhavataHprArambha meM pArzvanAtha paramparA kA anuyAyI thaa| bAda meM buddha ne use apane dharma meM parivartita kara liyaa| mahAnAma isI kA udAharaNa hai| devadaha bhI eka jaina kendra thA jise buddhane apane prabhAva meM lene kA prayatna kiyaa| licchavi gaNatantra kI pradhAna nagarI vaizAlI to mahAvIra kA janmasthAna hI thaa| pAvA aura kusInArA ke malla bhI nigaNTha nAtaputta ke anuyAyI the| pAvA meM nigaNThanAtaputta ke nirvANa hone para malloM aura licchaviyoM ne unake sanmAna meM dIpa jalAye the| vArANasI, mithilA, sihabhUmi, kauzAmbI, avantI Adi sthAna bhI jainadharma ke pracAra sthala rahe hai / mahAvIra ne kevala jJAna kI prApti ke bAda bihAra, baMgAla, uttarapradeza Adi sthAnoM kA bhramaNa kiyA aura apane siddhAntoM kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| isa saMdarbha meM unheM ceTaka, udayana, dadhivAhana, caNDa pradyota, nandivardhana, bimbisAra Adi rAjAoM se bhI apekSita sahayoga milaa| 1. majima nikAya, prathama bhAga, pR. 31, 380. 2. vahI, 371 3. vahI, pR. 392 4. saMyuttanikAya, mAga, 4, pR. 322 5. majjhimanikAya, prathama bhAga, pR. 91 6. vahI, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 214 7. vahI, pR. 243

Page #349
bimbisAra kA ullekha jaina sAhitya meM zreNika nAma se adhika humA hai| usake bAda usakA putra ajAta zatru (kuNika) aura phira udAyI rAjA huaa| ye sabhI rAjA mahAvIra ke upAsaka rahe haiM aura unhoMne unake dharma pracAra meM vividha yogadAna diyA hai|' nandavaMza (I.pU. 5 vIM zatI se I.pU. 3 rI zatI taka): zizunAgavaMza ke uttarAdhikArI nanda rAjA hue| nanda vaMza kA rAjA nandivardhana kaliMga para AkramaNakara kaligajina (RSabhadeva) kI mUrti ko magadha le aayaa| nau nanda rAjA kA maMtrI zakaTAla jainAcArya sthUlabhadra kA pitA thaa| ataH magadha aura kaliMga ko jaina kendroM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| lagabhaga I. pU. prathama zatI meM cedivaMzIya mahArAjA khAravela magadha para AkramaNa kara RSabha jina kI mUrti ko vApisa kaliMga le aayaa| yaha hAthI gumphA zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai| uttara kAla meM bhI magadha aura kaliMga jaina kendra bane rahe haiN| maurya sAmrAjya (I.pU. 317 se I.pU. 184): nandoM ke uttarAdhikArI maurya rAjA hue| maurya rAjAoM meM jaina sAhitya ke anusAra candragupta, bindusAra, azoka, kuNika, samprati aura dazaratha jainadharmAnuyAyI the| dubhikSa kAla meM bhadrabAhu karNATaka pahuMce jahA~ jAkara caMdragupta ne jinadIkSA grahaNa kii| Aja bhI usa pahAr3I ko 'caMdragiri' kahate haiN| dakSiNa meM jainadharma kA pracAra prathamataH isI samaya huaa| bindusAra aura azoka ne jainadharma ko kAphI prazraya diyaa| samprati ko 'parama arhat' kahA gayA hai| usane aneka jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA aura ujjaina meM jaina utsavoM ko manAne kI paramparA prAraMbha kii| vaha Arya suhasti kA ziSya thaa| lohAnIpura (paTanA) se prApta jinamati se patA calatA hai ki mauryakAla meM jainadharma janadharma ho gayA thaa| suMgakAla (I.pU. 184 se 74): yaha kAla vaidika dharma kA punaruddhAra kAla kahA jA sakatA hai / isa vaMza kA saMsthApaka puSyamitra jainoM aura bauddhoM se dveSa karane vAlA thaa| kaliMga nareza khAravela ne saMbhavataH isI lie magadha para AkramaNa kara RSabhadeva kI pratimA ko vApisa 1. triSaSThizalAkApuruSacaritra, 6. 161-181; uttarAdhyayana, vIsI adhyAya 2. Avazvaka sUtra, 435-6 3. Avazyaka sUtra, 435-6 4. samprati ke bhAI sAlizuka ne saurASTra meM jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyA, (inDiyana hisTorikala kyATI, 16, 1940.)

Page #350
326 prApta kiyA thaa| isa kAla meM magadha pradeza meM jainadharma se sambaddha koI vizeSa ghaTanA nahIM huii| vaise usakA pracAra-prasAra bar3hatA hI rhaa| sAtavAhana kAla (60 I.pU. 225I. taka) maurya vaMza ke patana ke bAda aneka rAjavaMza khar3e ho gaye / sAtavAhana unameM eka thaa| isakA astitva I. pU. prathama zatI se I. san tRtIya zatI ke AsapAsa taka rahA / jainAcArya sarvavarmA dvArA likhita kAtantra vyAkaraNa tathA kANabhikSu dvArA likhita kathA ke AdhAra para likhI gaI guNADhya kI vRhatkathA kI racanA isI ke rAjyakAla meM huii| isa samaya mathurA aura saurASTra bhI jainadharma ke kendra the| mathurA pArzvanAtha kA janmasthAna hai|' yApanIya saMgha ke adhiSThAtA zivArya kI sAhitya-sAdhanA bhI saMbhavataH yahIM se prAraMbha huI hogii| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana se patA calatA hai ki yaha nagara lagabhaga dazavIM zatAbdI taka jaina kendra rahA hai| yahAM kI khudAI meM jo stUpa milA hai use mahAvIra se bhI pUrvakAlIna hone kI saMbhAvanA pragaTa kI gaI hai| paJcastUpAnvaya kA prAraMbha bhI yahIM se huaa| isI kAla meM saurASTra meM mahimAnagarI meM eka jaina sammelana bhI bulAyA gyaa| puSpadanta aura bhUtabalI ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA bhI isI kAla meM kii| mathurA ke ratnajaTita stUpa ke hone kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|' isa kAla meM prAkRta jaina sAhitya kA sRjana bahuta huaa| digambara-zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke rUpa meM jaina sampradAya kA vibhAjana bhI saMbhavataH isI kAla kA pariNAma hai| kuSANa aura kuSANottara kAla : __isake bAda kuSANakAla (prathama zatAbdI I. pU. se dvitIya zatAbdI taka) meM bhI jainadharma phalatA-phUlatA rhaa| gAndhArakalA aura mathurAkalA isI samaya kI dena hai| jinakA upayoga jainamUrti kalA ke kSetra meM bahuta kiyA gyaa| kuSANoM ke bAda (lagabhaga caturtha zatI taka) ke uttarI bhArata meM yaudheya madra, mAlava, nAga, vAkATaka Adi jAtiyoM ke gaNarAjya astitva meM aaye| ina gaNarAjyoM meM bhI jaina saMskRti apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAtI rhii| ujjaina, mathurA, ahicchatra Adi nagariyAM jainadharma ke prabhAva meM thii| ujjaina ke kAlakAcArya (dvitIya), mathurA kA jainastUpa aura ardhaphalaka sampradAya tathA yApanIya saMgha, nAgarAjAoM kI 1. vividhi tIrvakalpa, pR. 69. 2. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 34. 3. vyavahAra bhASya, 5.27.

Page #351
327 nAgarazailI Adi vizeSatAyeM isI samaya huii| pAdaliptasUri Adi aneka jainA cAryoM kA yaha kArya kSetra rahA hai| guptakAla (6.400 se 700 taka) : guptavaMza prAyaH vaidika saMskRti kA anuyAyI rahA hai| parantu vaha anya dharmAvalambiyoM ke sAMskRtika aura sAhityika kendroM ko vikasita karane meM kamI pIche nahIM rhaa| harigupta, siddhasena, hariSeNa, ravikIti, pUjyapAda, pAtrakezarI, udyotanasUri Adi jainAcArya isI samaya hue haiN| karNATaka, mathurA, hastinApura, saurASTra, avantI, ahicchatra, bhinnamAla, kauzAmbI, devagaDha, vidizA, zrAvastI, vArANasI, vaizAlI, pATaliputra, rAjagRha, campA, Adi nagariyAM janadharma ke kendra ke rUpa meM mAnya thiiN| zvetAmbara sAhitya kA lekhana bhI isI kAla meM prArambha huaa| rAmagu ta aura kumAra gupta ke kAla meM aneka jaina mUrtiyoM aura mandiroM kI pratiSThAyeM huii| rAmagupta ke ktittva ko spaSTakara use aitihAsika rUpa dene meM vidizA meM prApta jaina mUrtiyoM kA yogadAna avismaNIya hai| guptottarakAla (8 se 10 vIM zatI taka) : pratihAra vaMza meM kakkUka, vatsarAja aura mahendrapAla jaina rAjA the| kannauja unakI rAjadhAnI thii| punnATasaMghIya jinasena kA harivaMzapurANa, udyotana sUri kI kuvalayamAlA aura somadeva kA yazastilakacammU Adi granthoM kI racanA isI samaya huI / devagaDha kI samRddha jainakalA kA bhI yahI kAla hai| mAlavA ke paramAroM (10 vIM se 13 vIM zatI taka) kI rAjadhAnI dhArA nagarI thI jo sAMskRtika kendra ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| kahA jAtA hai ki muMja, navasAhasAMka aura bhoja jainadharma ke anuyAyI rahe haiN| dhanapAla, amitagati, mANikyanandi, nayanaMdi, prabhAcanda, AzAdhara, dhanaJjaya, dAmodara Adi jainAcAryoM ne sarasvatI ke kSetra meM isI samaya yogadAna diyA hai| rAjapUtAnA ke paramAroM kA bhI yahI kAryakAla rahA hai| unakI rAjadhAnI cittor3a thii| kAlakAcArya aura haribhadrasUri yahA~ ke pradhAna AcArya the| mevAr3a ke mandira kalA kI dRSTi se prasiddha hai hii| kahA jAtA hai ki vikramAditya jaina thA aura vaha siddhasena divAkara kA ziSya thaa| candela vaMza (9 vIM se 13 vIM zatI taka) kAla bhI jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya rahA hai| khajurAho, devagar3ha, mahovA, madanapurA, caMderI, mahAra, paporA, gvAliyara Adi kalA kendra isI kAla ke haiN| kacchapaghaTa aura

Page #352
328 hai| hayavaMza ne kramazaH gvAliyara aura tripurI ko jaina saMskRti kI dRSTi se samRddha kiyA hai| tripurI (jabalapura kA samIpavartI tevara nAmaka grAma) vaidika, jaina aura bauddha, ina tInoM saMskRtiyoM kA saMgama rahA hai| purAtatva meM prApta pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vahA~ jainadharma bahuta acchI sthiti meM thaa| utkhananameM aura maMdiroM meM jo jaina mUrtiyAM milI hai unameM tIrthakara RSabhadeva tathA neminAtha, cakrezvarI devI aura yakSI padmAvatI kI pratimAyeM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| tevara ke bAlasAgara nAmaka sarovara ke madhya meM sthita eka maMdira meM eka utkRSTa abhilikhita zilpapaTTa surakSita hai| usameM pArzvanAtha aura padmAvatI kA aMkana hai| tevara se hI prApta eka toraNa dvAra se jaina sthApatya kI vizeSatA lakSita hotI hai| eka khaNDita jaina pratimA ke pITha para utkIrNa abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki use jasadeva aura jasadhavala ne kalcurI saM. 900, I. sa. 1149 meM banavAyA thaa| ve mUlataH mathurA ke nivAsI the| yahA~ prApta eka anya toraNa dvAra meM dhyAna mudrA meM AsIna jinoM kA bhI aMkana hai| isa vivaraNase yaha spaSTa hai ki tripurI lagabhaga dazavIM zatI meM eka mahatvapUrNa jaina kendra ke rUpa meM vizruta thaa| merUtuMga ne prabandha cintAmaNi (pR.-49-50) meM tripurI ke samrATa karNa ke viSaya meM kucha vizeSa jAnakArI dI hai| vahIM unhoMne karNa ke kucha darabArI prAkRta kavi vidyApati, nAcirAja Adi kI racanAoMkA bhI saMkalana kiyA hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, aura apabhraMza ke kavi karNa ke darabAra ko suzobhita karate the| karakaNDucariu ke racayitA muni kanakAmara, zrutakIrti Adi vidvAna kalacurI rAjAoM ke hI Azraya meM rahe hai / ' gujarAta aura kAThiyAvAr3a jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se gujarAta mahAvIra ke bahuta pahale se hI jainadharma se sambaddha rahA hai| ariSTanemi kA nirvANa girinAra parvata para huA thaa| candragupta maurya ne yahA~ bhikSuoM ke lie eka bihAra banavAyA thaa| bhadrabAhu bhI dakSiNa kI ora isI mArga se gaye the| dharasenAcArya uparyukta bihAra meM ruke the aura puSpadanta tathA bhUtabali ko jainAgama likhane ke lie prarita kara gaye the| lagabhaga tRtIya zatAbdI meM nAgArjuna sUrine ballabhI meM eka saMgIti kA Ayojana 1. vizeSa dekhiye-tripurI meM jainadharma DaoN. aSayamitra zAstrI,cidAnanda smRti granya droNagiri pR. 151-153 tavA tripurI, bhopAla, 1971, 5 114.

Page #353
329 yahIM kiyA jisameM jainAgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kI yojanA banAI gaI thI / yahIM devadhagaNi kSamAzramaNa ne lagabhaga paMcama zatAbdI meM isI uddezya se eka aura saMgIti bulAI / saptama zatAbdI meM jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa eka prasiddha AcArya hue hai jinakA saMbandha zIlAditya se rahA hai| jUnAgaDha ke samIpa bAbA pyArAmaTha meM kucha jaina pratIka bhI mile hai / rASTrakUla kAla meM bhI jainadharma yahA~ acchI sthiti meM rhaa| lagabhaga 9 vIM zatI meM suvarNavarSa nAmaka jaina rAjA huaa| isI samaya yahA~ navasArikA nAmaka eka jaina vidyApITha bhI thI jisake prAcArya paravAdimalla the| bAda meM cAlukya vaMza jainadharma kA saMrakSaka bnaa|' hemacandra jayasiMha ke rAjakavi the jo neminAtha ke bhakta the / kekkala, vAgbhaTTa, guNacandra, mahendrasUri, vardhamAnasUri devacandra, udayacandra ityAdi sAhityakAra bhI jayasiMha ke hI saMrakSaNa meM rahe hai / jayasiMha ke uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla hue jinhoMne jainadharma kA aura bhI adhika saMrakSaNa kiyA / parantu kumArapAla ke bAda ajayapAla ne jaina mandiroM ko naSTa-bhraSTa karane kA kAma adhika kiyA / vastupAla aura tejapAla ne usakA punaH saMrakSaNa kiyaa| ye donoM vagheloM (solaMkI zAkhA) ke maMtrI the / unhoMne AbU, girinAra aura zatruJjaya ke prasiddha jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa karAyA / nAdola ke cAhamAna jainadharmAnuyAyI the / unhoMne bhI aneka jaina mandira banavAye / rAjasthAna : rAjasthAna bhI gujarAta ke samAna prArambha se hI jainadharma kA gar3ha rahA hai / baDalI zilAlekha (vIra. ni. maM. 84 ) kI 'mAjhamikA' kI pahacAna cittor3a kI samIpavartI nagarI mAdhyamikA se kI jAtI hai jo mahAbIra kAla meM zramaNa saMskRti kA kendra rahI hai / " mauryakAla meM candragupta, azoka aura samprati ne rAjasthAna meM jaina saMskRti ko saMvArA aura vahI krama utarakAla meM bhI calatA rahA / kAlakAcArya, siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, haribhadrasUri Adi prasiddha jainAcAryoM kA kAryakSetra rAjasthAna bhI rahA hai| rAjapUta kAla meM pratihAra, cauhAna, solaMkI, paramAra Adi vaMzoM ke aneka rAjA jainadharmAnuyAyI rahe haiM / 1. durlabha rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI bhIma aura karNa ke samaya varSamAnasUri bIra jinezvaraprasiddha AcArya hue hai / siddharAja ne bhI jaina dharma kA, vizeSataH zvetAmbara sampraNaya kA saMrakSaNa kiyA hai| kumudacandra aura devacandrasUri kA zAstrArtha isI ke vaka meM huA thA / 2. nAhara - Jain Inscription, No. 402; bhAratIya prAcIna simAnA, pu06.

Page #354
330 pappabhaTTasUri, mihirabhoja, azvarAja, AlhaNadeva, jayasiMha siddharAja, kumArapAla Adi rAjAoM kA nAma isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya hai| vappasUri, dharmaghoSasUri, jinadattasUri, guNacandra, pamaprabha, hemacandra, zIlaguNasUri, kumudacandra, durgadeva nAdi vidvAna inhIM rAjAoM ke kAla meM hue| ina rAjAoM ne aneka jaina mandiroM aura pustakAlayoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| isI kAla meM mevAr3a, koTa, sirohI, jaisalamera, zrImAlanagara, jodhapura, bIkAnera, jayapura, alavara, Adi pradhAna jaina kendra rahe haiN| yahA~ digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM jaina paramparAoM ke saMghoM aura gacchoM kA vikAsa huA hai| rAjasthAna kI jainakalA bhI ullekhanIya rahI hai|' madhyapradeza : vartamAna madhyapradeza prAcIna vindhyapradeza tathA madhyabhArata kA sammilita rUpa hai| mahAkosala aura mAlavA prAnta bhI isI meM antarbhUta ho jAtA hai| isa pradeza para nanda, maurya, khAravela, gupta, rASTrakUTa, candela, kalacuri Adi rAjAoM kA rAjya rhaa| ina rAjAoM ke rAjya meM jainadharma bhI phalatA-phUlatA rhaa| vidizA, ujjaina, mandasaura, gvAliyara, dhArA Adi prAcIna nagara jainadharma ke kendra the| kAlakAcArya ujjaina ke hI the jinhoMne, kahA jAtA hai, prathamazatI meM gardabhilla ko parAjita kraayaa| isa pradeza meM jainadharma ke astitva kA pramANa prArambha kAla se hI milatA hai| candragupta maurya, azoka samprati, vRhadratha Adi rAjAoM ne madhyapradeza meM jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| guptayuga meM usake isa pracAra-prasAra kA rUpa adhika dikhAI par3atA hai| samudragupta, kumAragupta Adi rAjAoM ke kAla meM jainadharma aura saMskRti yahA~ vikasita hotI rhii| eraNa (sAgara jilA) para gupta 'samrAToM kA adhikAra thaa| yahAM kI khudAI meM rAmagupta ke aneka sikke mile| yaha rAmagupta vahI hai jisakA ullekha vidizA meM prApta jaina mUrti-lekhoM meM huA hai| vidizA madhyapradeza kA prAcIna aitihAsika nagara rahA hai / maurya tatha zuMga kAlIna jainadharma kA pramANa yahA~ milatA hai| Aja bhI yahA~ kucha jaina mandira aura muphAyeM kalA ke vaibhava ko dyotita kara rahI haiN| vidizA ko vesanagara bhI kahA gayA hai| 1. rAjasthAna kI jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa-oN.kalazacandra evaM manoharalAla lAla, jinavANI, kaula-gulAI, 1975, pR. 125-168.

Page #355
331 ujjayinI bhI prAcIna kAla kI mahatvapUrNa nagarI hai| azoka, samprati Adi ne yahAM para rAjya kiyA hai| yahA~ kA mAlava gaNa prasiddha rahA hI hai| avanti nareza caNDapradyota mahAvIra svAmI ke mausA hI the| kAlakAcArya kA sambandha bhI ujjaina se hI rahA hai / candragupta dvitIya vikramAditya kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI hI thii| uttara purANa ke anusAra bha. mahAvIrane bhI yahA~ bhramaNa kiyA thaa| dhArA nagarI sarasvatI nagarI rahI hai| yahAM kA paramAra vaMza adhika prasiddha rahA hai| muJja vAkpatirAja, sindhula, bhoja Adi rAjAoM ke kAla meM yaha nagarI jainadharma kA kendra rahI hai| bhoja kA kAla isa saMdarbha meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| papracarita ke kartA mahAsena, amitagati, mANikyanaMdI, navanaMdI, prabhAcandra, zAntisena, dhanaJjaya, dhanapAla Adi jainAcArya isI rAjA ke Azraya rahe haiN| AzAdhara bhI paramAra vaMzIya rAjAoM ke sAnnidhya meM sAhitya sRjana karate rhe| kalacuri aura candela rAjAoM ne tripurI, aura khajurAho ko kalA kI dRSTi se amara banA diyaa| devagar3ha, mahobA, ajayagaDha, caMderI, sIrona, vAnapura, madanapura, lalitapura, dudhaI, cAMdapura, jahAjapura, ahAra, paporA, nadArI, gurIlA, khandArajI, thUbana, bUDhI canderI, gUDhara, golakoTa, pacarAI, nivoDA, bharavArI, sonAgiri, pAvAgirI, rezandIgiri, droNagirI, kuNDalapura, gaDhA, bInAvArA, pajanArI, paTanAgaMja, navAgaDha, paTerA gvAliyara, baDavAnI, bahorIbanda, urdamaU, bilaharI, naravara, dhuvelA, TIkamagaDha, lakhanAdona Adi jaina sthala kalA kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya haiN| candelakAla meM hI devagar3ha kA nirmANa huA hai| zrIdeva, vAsavacandra, kumudacandra Adi jainAcArya isI samaya ke haiN| gvAliyara ke kacchapaghaTa aura tomaravaMza ne gvAliyara ko bhI eka prabhAvaka jaina kendra banA diyaa| baMgAla: baMgAla meM jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra bahuta pahale se rahA hai| AcArAMga sUtra (2-8-3) se patA calatA hai ki bha. mahAvIra ne sambodhikAla meM vajjabhUmi aura subrahmabhUmi ke lADha (rADa) pradeza meM vicaraNa kiyA thA aura vahA~ ke khaNDaharoM meM varSAvAsa bhI kiyA thaa| isa vicaraNa kAla meM mahAvIra ko lAr3ha dezIya vyaktiyoM aura samudAyoM dvArA kiye gaye ghanaghora upasarga sahana karanA pdd'e| bAda meM ve yahAM ke logoM kA hRdaya-parivartana karane meM saphala ho gye| bhagavatIsUtra aura kalpasUtra bhI isa paramparA ko svIkAra karate haiN| unameM

Page #356
332 ullikhita paNiyabhUmi, jahA~ mahAvIra ne varSAvAsa kiyA thA, mAnabhUmi yA vIra bhUmi se pahicAnI jA sakatI hai| choTA nAgapura, vardavAna, vAMkurA, midanApura Adi jiloM ke bhUbhAga bhI lAr3ha deza meM antarbhUta hote rahe hai| bhaTTa bhAvadeva ka bhuvanezvara prazasti (11 vIM zatI) tathA kRSNa mizra ke prabodha candrodaya se pata calatA hai ki yaha lADha deza bahuta pichaDA huA pradeza thA / subrahmabhUmi kI pahicA siMhabhUmi se kI jAtI hai| mahAvIra kA eka varSAvAsa aSTikAgrAma meM bhI batAya jAtA hai jise kalpasUtra ke TIkAkAra ne vardhamAna nAma diyA hai| ise bhI vardavAna pahicAnA jA sakatA hai / baMgAla meM vardhamAna ( ciTagAMva ke AsapAsa) sthAna nAma ke rUpa meM bahuta paricita hai| kahA jAtA hai ki baMgAla mUlataH anArya deza thA jise jainoM neM A banAyA / mahAvaMza meM bhI baMgAla ke anArya hone kI kalpanA dikhAI detI hai azoka ke samaya taka yahA~ jainadharma nizcita rUpa se lokapriya ho cukA thA kalpasUtra ke anusAra bhadrabAhu ke zipya godAsa ne yahI eka godAsagaNa sthApi kiyA / uttarakAla me usakI cAra zAkhAyeM ho gaIM-- puNDravardhanIya, koTivarSI tAmraliptIya aura dAsi khArvatika / lagabhaga ye sabhI gaNa baMgAla meM vikasi hue hai / bhArahuta reliMga para puNDravardhanIya gaNa aMkita bhI huA hai / lagabhaga paMcama zatI kA eka tAmrapatra milA hai jisake anusAra e brAhmaNa parivAra ne guhanandina ko paJcastUpAnvayI jaina vihAra ke lie bhUmida diyA thA / yaha bhUmidAna vaTagohAlI (gohalabhITA) meM diyA gayA thA / yaha tAmrapa pahArapura ( 478-79 I.) meM prApta huA hai / vahA~ eka sarvatobhadra (caturmukha prakAra kA jaina mandira bhI milA hai / mainAmatI ( baMgalA deza) meM bhI i prakAra kI kucha jaina mUrtiyAM milI hai jo gupta aura guptottarakAla kI prarta hotI hai| hyUnazAMga ne bhI baMgAla meM jainadharma kI lokapriyatA kA ulle kiyA hai / bAda meM yahA~ vaidika aura bauddhadharma ko saMrakSaNa milane lagA / pa baura sena vaMza ne jainadharma ko Azraya diyA avazya para zanaiH zanaiH baMgAla jainadharma bihAra kI ora Ane lagA / suharohora (dInApura ) Adi sthAnoM kucha jaina mUrtiyAM milI hai / vAMkurA, kenduA, bArakolA, mAnabhUmi, ca sAMkA, borAma, balarAmapura, ArasA, devalI, pAkabIrA, dulmI, jhAldA, ambi nagara, citagirI, dhArApAta, pArzvanAtha, devaliyA, bardavAna, sundaravana ma sthAnoM para 10-11 vIM zatI kI jaina mUrtiyAM aura sthApatya kalA ke A pratIka upalabdha hote haiN|

Page #357
. uttarakAla kI mUrtiyoM meM RSabhadeva, zAntinAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra tathA ambikA, padmAvatI Adi kI mUrtiyAM prApta hotI hai| ina mUrtiyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki baMgAla meM jainadharma avirala rUpa se banA rahA hai| bhadrakAlI, mAnadoila, rAjapArA, ujanI, deulabhirA, kAntAbena, nAlakorA Adi sthAna bhI baina saMskRti kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| kAyotsarga mudrA meM mUrtiyAM yahAM adhika milI haiN| yaha saba isakA pramANa hai ki baMgAla meM jainadharma acchI sthiti meM rahA hai| isI prakAra sindha, kazmIra, paMjAba, asama Adi pradezoM meM bhI jainadharma acchI sthiti meM thaa| dakSiNa bhArata : vidarbha, mahArASTra, koMkaNa, AMdhra, karnATaka, tamila, telagU aura malayAlaya dakSiNa bhArata ke pradhAna kendra haiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra nAga, RkSa, vAnara, kinnara ityAdi vidyAdhara dakSiNa ke nivAsI the| unheM RSabhadeva kA anuyAyI batAyA gayA hai / nemi, vinami Adi vidyAdhara bhI RSabhadeva se sambaddha rahe haiN| maryAdA puruSottama rAma, hanumAna, bAlI, rAvaNa Adi paurANika puruSa paramparAnusAra jainadharma ke anuyAyI the| ariSTanemi, pArzvanAtha aura saMbhavataH mahAvIra ne bhI dakSiNa kI yAtrA kI hai| dakSiNI bhASAoM aura lipiyoM meM jainasAhitya paryApta mAtrA meM surakSita hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu apane dasa hajAra ziSyoM ke sAtha dakSiNa meM gaye aura kaTavapra nAmaka parvata para tapasyA kI / isI ko Aja 'zramaNa velagola' kahA jAtA hai| itane adhika ziSyoM ke sAtha bhadrabAhu kI dakSiNa yAtrA karane kA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki usa samaya yahA~ jaina dharma bahuta lokapriya rahA hogaa| candragupta ne yahIM jina dIkSA lI aura samprati ne ujjaina se dakSiNa taka jainadharma kA pracAra kiyaa| khAravela ne bhojaka aura rASTrakUToM ko parAjita kiyA aura dakSiNa meM jainadharma kA prasAra kiyaa| 1. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhiye-DI. ke. cakravartI kA lekha-A Survey of Jain Antiquarian Remains in west Bengal, mahAvIra jayaMtIsmArikA, 1965, tavA ke.ke. gAMgalI ke Jaina Images in Bengal a. C. Vol.6, 1939) bora Jains Art in Bengal, mahAvIra jayaMtI smArikA, 1964 mAdi lekha /

Page #358
334 bhadrabAhu dvitIya, lohAcArya aura kumAranandi AcArya kundakunda ke pUrva vartI vidvAna the| tamila bhASA meM likhita kurala kAvya saMbhavataH kundakuna (ailAcArya) kI racanA hai| pravacanasAra niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya, samayasA Adi mahAn atha unhI kI dena hai| unake bAda dakSiNa meM hI zivArya ne bhagavarta ArAdhanA, vimalasUri ne paumacariu, puSpadaMta aura bhUtavalI ne SaTkhaMDAgama kumAra kArtikeya ne kArtikeyAnuprekSA Adi graMthoM kI racanA kii| lagabhaga 66 I. me mahimA nagarI meM AcArya arhatbalI ne eka sammelana bulaayaa| phalasvarUpa nandi, deva, sena Adi gaccho me jaina zAsana vibhakta ho gayA isI samaya mabhavataH zrIkalaza ne yApanIya sagha kI sthApanA kii| uttrkaal| ataMtaHjaina zAsana digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke rUpa meM vibhAjita ho se bacAyA nahI jA sakA / mUlasaMgha, kASThasaMgha, drAviDasaMgha Adi sagha bhI dakSira kI dena hai| bhaTTAraka prathA bhI dakSiNa kI hI upaja hai| AMgha sAtavAhana, kSatrapa aura nAga rAjAoM ke samaya cola pAMDagha, satya putra Adi rAjyoM kA astitva milatA hai| inhIM rAjAoM ke kAla meM samantabhadra zivakoTi, nAgahasti, yati vRSabha, siMghanandi Adi pradhAna jainAcArya hue hai pallava vaMza (dvitIya-tRtIya zatI) ke zivaskaMda varmana, siMhavarmana aura mahena varmana jainadharma ke saMrakSaka rahe hai / pratiSThAna (paiThana) sAtavAhana kAla se hI jai kendra rahA hai| usakA sambandha zAlivAhana se batAyA jAtA hai| kAlakAcArya zAlivAhana se saMparka sthApita kiyA thaa| pANDaca deza kI rAjadhAnI madurA tamila sagama sAhitya kI praNayana-sthA thii| isa sAhitya ke Adya graMtha tirukurala, tolakAppiyama, nalAdiyara, citAmaNi zilappadikaram nIlakezi, maNimekhale, kurala Adi mahAkAvya jainAcAryoM dvA likhe gaye hai| devanandi, pUjyapAda, vajranandi, guNanandi, pAtra kesarI, sumatide Adi AcArya dakSiNa ke hI haiN| cola rAjavaMza meM rAjarAjA aura kolatta (1074-1123 I.) pradhAna jaina rakSaka rahe hai| dhanapAla kI tilaka maMja aura jayaMgodanya kI tamila mahAkAvya kaliMgattuparaNI isI samaya kI racanAyeM hai cera rAjA seMgutthavana (dvitIya-tRtIya zatI) jainadharma kA anuyAyI thaa| tami bhASA kA prasiddha mahAkAvya zilappadikaram usI ke bhAI janamuni illIvalara kI racanA hai| kadamba vaMza ke rAjA zivaskanda ne samantabhadra se jinadIkSA lI isI vaMza ke anya rAjA zAMtivarmana, mRgeza varmana, ravi varmana aura hari varmana dharmAnupAyo the| unhoMne zrutakoti aura vAriSeNa ko bar3a sammAnita kiyA / maivanAyanAra aura vaiSNana alabaroM ke kAla ko|

Page #359
335 jainoM ne samRddha kiyA hai| kAMcI, sittanavAsala, madurA, pATalIputra Adi bIsoM sthala haiM jahA~ jaina mandira aura guphAyeM Adi upalabdha haiN| dakSiNa meM gaMgavaMza eka zaktizAlI rAjavaMza thaa| usake rAjAoM meM gaMgadatta, mAnasiMha, viSNugupta, avinIta, zivamAra aura zrIdatta jainadharmAnuyAyI the| unake kAla meM uccAraNAcArya, zivazarma, yazobhadra, prabhAcandra, kaviparameSThI, vappadeva, pUjyapAda, jinasena, gaNanandi, vakragrIva, pAtrakesarI, bajranandi, zrIvardhadeva, candrasena, jaTAsiMha nandi, aparAjitasUri, dhanaJjaya, Aryanandi, anantakIti, puSpasena, anantavIrya, vidyAnandi, joindu Adi aneka jainAcArya hue haiN| zramaNavelagolA kA nirmAtA cAmuNDaraya gaMgavaMsa kA antima rAjA thaa| nemicanda siddhAntacakravartI isI ke rAjAzraya meM rahe haiN| isa samaya jainadharma rASTradharma-sA bana gayA thaa| gaMgarAjAoM ne aneka jaina mandiroM kA bhI nirmANa kraayaa| pulakezI ( 532-565 I.) vAdAmI ke pazcimI cAlukyavaMza kA saMsthApaka thaa| cAlukya vaMza meM jainadharma bahuta lokapriya rahA hai| prasiddha jainAcArya ravikrIti aura bhaTTAkalaMka pulakezina dvitIya ke rAjakavi the| puSpadanta, vimalacandra, kumAranandi aura vRhat anantavIrya vinItadeva ke rAjyAzraya meM rahe haiN| vegi ke pUrvI cAlukya bhI jainadharma ke pAlaka rahe haiN| kubjaviSNuvardhana aura viSNuvardhana (764-799 I.) ke rAjyAzraya meM kalibhadra aura zrInandI AcArya rahe haiN| rAmatIrtha (vizAkhApattanam) kI pahADiyAM isIsamaya jaina saMskRti kI kendrasthalI bnii| kalyANI kA dakSiNI cAlukya vaMza bhI janadharma se prabhAvita rahA hai| mahArASTra meM prApta abhilekha isa tathya ke pramANa haiN| tailapa (10vIM zatI) cennapArzva vasadi zilAlekha ke anusAra jainadharma kA anuyAyI thaa| rana usakA rAjakavi thA / jayasiMha dvitIya aura kumArapAla, vAdirAjasUri arhanandI aura vAsavacandra ke AzrayadAtA rahe haiN| yaha cAlukya vaMza jainadharma ke prati udAra rahA hai| saurASTra meM pAlitAnA, giranAra, aura tAraMgA samUce cAlakyoM kI jainakalA ke prati abhiruci kA pariNAma kahA jA sakatA hai| cAlukyoM ke bAda AThavIM zatI meM rASTrakUToM ne dakSiNa para adhikAra kiyA / akAlavarSa zubhatuMga ne elorA meM jaina mandira banavAyA / elorA digambara jainadharma kA kendra isa samaya taka bana cukA thaa| dantidurga ne to elorA ko hI rAjadhAnI banA liyaa| svayambhU aura vIrasena dhruva ke rAjakavi the| jinasena, vinayasena, papasena, vidyAnandi, anantakIti, anantavIrya Adi jainAcArya 1. Studies in South Indian Jainism, P. 110-11.

Page #360
336 govinda tRtIya ke Azraya meM rahe haiN| amoghavarSa jinasena kA ziSya thA / vIrasena kA adhUrA kArya jinasena ne pUrA kiyA aura jayadhabalA grantha kA nirmANa kiyA / guNabhadra, pAlya kIrti aura mahAvIrAcArya bhI isI rAjA ke rAjAzraya meM rahe haiM / amoghavarSa svayaM vidvAna thA / usane svayaM 'praznottaramAlA' saMskRta meM aura 'kavirAjamArga' kannaDa meM likhA / kRSNa dvitIya ke rAjyakAla meM harivaMza purANa ke lekhaka guNavarmA aura dharmazarmAbhyudaya tathA jIvandharacampU ke racayitA haricanda rahe / indra tRtIya tathA indra caturthaM ne bhI jainadharma ko prazraya diyA / kRSNarAja tRtIya akAlavarSa ( 939 - 67 I.) rASTrakUTa vaMza kA antima prabhAvaka zAsaka thA / pona aura somadeva usake rAjakavi the / mahAkavi puSpadanta bhI isI samaya rahe / 'paumacariya' meM rAmagiri ( rAmaTeka, nAgapura ) me jaina mandiro ke banAye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| harivaMzapurANa bhI isa kathana kI puSTi karatA hai / pUrva vAkATaka kAlIna jaina maMdiro ke vidyamAna hone kI bhI sabhAvanA hai| kelakara (vardhA) se prApta RRRSabhadeva kI mUrti, pavanAra (vardhA) se prApta jina prastara pratimAyeM, padmapura (godiyA) se prApta pArzvanAtha Adi tIrthaMkaro kI pratimAyeM, devaTeka ( cAMdA) se prApta mauryakAlIna abhilekha, sAtagAMva tathA mehakara ( bulaDhAnA) se prApta jina pratimAye va abhilekha zirapura se prApta abhilekha yukta pArzvanAtha kI digambara mUrti, rAjanApura, khinakhinI (akolA), acalapUra, (amarAvatI), muktAgirI, bAjAragAMva (nAgapura), bhAMdaka Adi sthAnoM se prApta jaina mUrtiyA tathA abhilekha vidarbha meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke jvalanta udAharaNa hai / cAlukya vaMza meM digambara jaina sampradAya kA bahuta prabhAva rahA hai aura samUce dakSiNa me usane kendra sthApita kiye / choTe choTe rAjavazo ne bhI jainadharma kI Azraya diyA / hoyasAlavaMza uname pramukha hai / isakI rAjadhAnI dvArasamudra nagarI pramukha jaina kendra thI / nAgacandra, nAgavarya, brahmazaiva, nemicandra, rAjAditya, janna Adi pradhAna jainAcArya isI vaza ke rAjAzraya me rahe haiN| bAda me yadyapi jainadharma dakSiNa meM acchI sthiti meM rahA para use liGgAyato athavA vIrazaivo kA tIvra dveSa sahanA par3A / liGgAyata sampradAya kI sthApanA bAsava ( 1160 I.) ne kI thI jo eka samaya svayaM jaina thA / vijayanagara rAjya me jainadharma aura vaiSNavadharma samAna rUpa se lokapriya rhe| siMhakIrti, bAhubalI, kezavavarNI, dharmabhUSaNa, kalyANakIrti, jinadeva, malkinAyasUri Adi jainAcArya isI kAla meM rahe haiM / hariharAya ( 1346 - 1365 I.) bukkarAya, devarAya, vIrupakSAzraya Adi rAjA jainadharma ke anuyAyI athavA

Page #361
mAha rahe haiN| vizAlakIti, vijayakIti, vidyAnanda, koTIzvara, zubhacanda mAdi janAcArya isI rAjavaMza ke Azraya meM rahe haiN| isI samaya aneka nagariyoM meM jaina kalA ke bhavya pratIka mandiroM kA nirmANa huA aura jaina zikSA kendroM kI sthApanA huii| dakSiNa meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA sarvekSaNa karane para patA calatA hai ki yahAM usakA prArambha mahAvIra athavA unake pUrva kAla meM huaa| aura uttarakAla mavaha adhikAdhika lokapriya hotA huA dikhAI detA hai / digambara paramparA yahA~ adhikamAnya rahI hai| kahIM-kahIM to gAMva ke gAMva jainadharma kA pAlana karane vAle abhI bhiih| yaha sthiti prAcIna kAla meM lagabhaga dazavIM zatI taka rhii| usake bAda dhIrepara usakA apakarSa hotA gyaa| vaiSNavadharma, alavAra pantha tathA zaivamata ke liMgAyata sampradAya kI utpatti aura unake vikAsa ne jainadharma kI lokapriyatA ko kama kara diyaa| sambandara, timanAvukkarasaTa, appara, mukkantI, tirumalosaI, tirumaMga Adi vIra ziva bhaktoM ne jainadharma aura usake anuyAyiyoM para dAruNa atyAcAra kiye| unakA sAmUhika saMhAra bhI kiyA gyaa| isa bIca jaina kalA kendra zaiva athavA vaiSNava kalAkendroM ke rUpa meM bhI parivartita kara diye gye| isa saMdarbha meM pillaiyarapachi gaura kunakkuMDi (rAmanAthapurajilA), ariTTAyaTTi (madurai jilA), nartamalle aura kuTumiyamale (tiruccirApalli jilA), tiruccirApalli, vIrazikhAmaNi aura kulagumalai (tirunelavelI jilA), dalavanUra (dakSiNa arkATa jilA), sIyamaMgalama gaura mAmaMdUra (uttara arkATa jilA) ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai|' mugalakAla meM jainadharma : muslima kAla meM jainadharma kA hAsa honA prArambha huaa| unhoMne bhI aneka jaina mandiroM ko naSTa kiyA aura pustakAlayoM ko jalAyA tathA unheM masajidoM ke rUpa meM pariNata kiyaa| ajamera kI bar3I masjida, dillI kI kutuba mInAra Adi isa ke udAharaNa hai| isake bAvajUda kucha musalima rAjAoM ne jainadharma ke ma sahiSNutA kA bhI pradarzana kiyA / muhammada bina tugalaka (1325-51 I.) nepramAcandra, jinaprabhasUri tathA mahendrasUri ko Azraya diyaa| AcArya sakalakI brahma zrutasAgara, brahmanemidatta, jJAnabhUSaNa, zubhacandra Adi bhaTTAraka isI mala hue| jinezvara aura bhadrezvara (1200 I.) ko kathAvalI, prabhAcandra (277 I.) kA prabhAvakacarita, mestuMga (1305 I.) kI prabandhacintAmaNi, .. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, bhAga-2, pR. 212; bhAratIya itihAsa : eka vRSTi, dakSiNa mArata meM jainadharma Adi anya bhI daSTavya haiN|

Page #362
338 jinaprabhasari (1302 I.) kA vividha tIrthakalpa aura rAjazekhara kA prabandhakoza bhI isI samaya kI racanAyeM haiN| savastra bhaTTArakaprathA kA prArambha bhI isI samaya huA hai| akabara (1556-1605 I.) ne bhI jainadharma ke prati sahiSNutA kA vyavahAra kiyaa| usane jaina tIrtha sthAnoM para pazubadha ko banda kiyaa| aneka jaina mandira bnvaaye| usake Agraha para rAjamalla ne jambUsvAmI carita saMskRta meM aura sAhu ToDarane use hindI meM likhA / mugAvatI caupAI, paramArthI dohAzataka, paMcAdhyAyI, lATI saMhitA, adhyAtmakamalamArtaNDa, piGgalazAstra, yazodhararAsa, hanamantacarita, dharmaparIkSArAsa, zIlarAsa, jambUcarita, jhAnasUryodaya, ajJAnasundarIrAsa, zrIpAlacarita, Adi grantha isa samaya ke pramukha sAhityika maNi kahe jA sakate haiN| jahAMgIra (1605-1627 I.) ne jaina tIrthakSetra zatrujaya kA saMrakSaNa kiyA aura jinaprabhamUri kA sammAna kiyaa| bhaviSya dattacarita, bhaktAmarakathA, sItAcarita, sudarzanacarita, yazodhara, carita, bhagavatIgItA, rAvaNa mandodarI saMvAda Adi hindI ke jaina grantha isI kAla meM likhe gaye haiN| zAhajahAM (16281658 I.) ne jaina tIrthokI rakSA ke lie yogadAna denA pUrvavat jArI rkhaa| banArasIdAsa (1586-1643 I.) zAhajahAM ke ghaniSTha mitra the| unake atirikta zAlibhadra, harikRSNa, jagabhUSaNa, hemarAja, lUnasAra, pRthvIpAla, vIradAsa, rAyaracha, manoharalAla, rAyacandra, bhagavatIdAsa, Anandaghana, yazovijaya, vinayavijaya, lakSmIcandra, devabrahmacArI, jagatarAya, ziromaNidAsa Adi jaina vidvAna hai jinhone saMskRta aura hindI ke grantha bhaNDAroM ko apanI lekhanI se samRddha kiyA hai| bhArata meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA yaha eka atyanta saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| usameM jainadharma ke utthAna aura patana kI kahAnI bhI dekhI jA sakatI hai| use bauddha aura vaidika tathA musalima Adi anya sampradAyoM ke sAmpradAyika kopa kA bhI bhAjana honA par3A, phira bhI vaha bauddhadharma ke samAna luptaprAya nahIM ho skaa| balki rASTrIya cetanA ke vikAsa meM satata yogadAna detA rhaa| mandiroM aura pustakAlayoM ke naSTa kara diye jAne se usake vikAsa meM bAdhAyeM avazya pAyI phira bhI apanI cAritrika niSThA aura saMyamazIlatA tathA 1. dekhiye, bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi - geM. jyotiprasAda maina, bhAratIya mAnapITha, kAzI.

Page #363
339 dUradazitA ke phalasvarUpa usake astitva ko koI bhI zakti samApta nahIM kara skii| Aja bhI vaha hara kSetra meM apanA pramukha sthAna banAye hue hai| videzoM meM janadharma : jainadharma ne sAdhAraNataH apanI janmabhUmi kI sImA kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyaa| usakA prasAra utanA adhika nahIM ho pAyA jitanA bauddhadharma kA hamA isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki usameM AcAra zaithilya adhika nahIM aayaa| AcAra ke kSetra meM dRDhatA hone ke kAraNa vaha videzI saMskRti ko antarbhUta nahIM kara skaa| isake bAvajUda kisI sImA taka vaha videzoM meM gayA hai aura vahA~ kI saMskRti ko prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| bhArata kI bhaugolika sImA badalatI rahI hai| prAcIna kAla meM aphagAnistAna, gAMdhAra (kandahAra tathA IrAna kA pUrvI bhAga), AsAma, nepAla, bhUTAna, tibbata kazmIra, varmA, zrIlaMkA, Adi dezoM ko bhArata ke hI antargata mAnA jAtA thaa| jAvA, sumAtrA, bAlI, malAyA, syAma Adi deza bhArata ke upaniveza jaise the| cIna, araba, mizra, yUnAna Adi kucha aise deza the jahA~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra bar3ha rahA thaa| videzoM se thala aura jala mArgoM dvArA vyApAra huA karatA thaa| isalie AvAgamana ke sAtha sAMskRtika tatvoM kA bhI AnA-jAnA lagA rahatA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kI sudUra pUrvavartI dezoM aura madhya aiziA ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha rUpoM kA astitva milatA hai| jaina saMskRti kA rUpa bhI yahAM upalabdha hai| zrIlaMkA : jainadharma zrIlaMkA meM lagabhaga AThavIM zatI I. pU. meM pahuMca cukA thaa| usa samaya use ratnadvIpa, siMhadvIpa athavA siMhaladvIpa kahA jAtA thaa| dakSiNa kI vidyAdhara saMskRti kA astitva siMhaladvIpa ke hI pAli grantha 'mahAvaMza meM milatA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai| ki vijaya aura usake anuyAyiyoM ko zrIlaMkA meM yakSa aura yakSaNiyoM ke tIvra virodha kA sAmanA karanA par3A thaa| bAda meM pANDakAbhaya (438-368 I. pU.) unakA sahayoga lene meM saphala ho gyaa| usane anurAdhApura ke AsapAsa jotiya niggaMTha ke lie eka bihAra bhI bnaayaa| vahIM 1. bIlaMkA vartamAna sIlona hai yA zrIlaMkA kahIM madhyapradeza adhavA prayAga ke bAsapAsa pI, isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matameva hai|

Page #364
340 lagabhama pAMca sau vibhinna matAvalambiyoM kA nivAsa thaa| vahIM giri nAmaka eka nigaNTha bhI rahatA thaa|' pAMca sau parivAroM kA rahanA aura nigranthoM ke lie bihAra kA nirmANa karAnA spaSTa sUcita karatA hai ki zrIlaMkA meM lagabhaga tRtIya-caturtha zatI I.pU. meM jainadharma acchI sthiti meM thaa| bAda meM tamila AkramaNa ke bAda vaDagAmaNi abhaya ne nigaNThoM ke bihAra Adi saba kucha naSTa-bhraSTa kara diye|' mahAvaMza TIkA ke anusAra khallATanAga ne girinigaNTha ke bihAra ko svayaM naSTa kiyA aura usake jIvana kA anta kiyaa|' jaina paramparA ke anusAra zrIlaMkA meM vijaya ke pahuMcane ke pUrva kahA~ yakSa aura rAkSasa nahIM the batki vikasita sabhyatA sampanna mAnava jAti ke vidyAdhara the jinameM jaina bhI the| zrIlaMkA kI kiSkandhA nagarI ke pAsa trikUTagiri para jaina mandira thA jise rAvaNa ne mandodari kI icchA pUrti ke lie banavAyA thaa|' kahA jAtA hai ki pArzvanAtha kI jo pratimA Aja zirapura (vAzima) meM rakhI hai vaha vastutaH zrIlaMkA se mAlI-sumAlI le Aye the|' karakaNDa cariu meM bhI laMkA meM amitavega ke bhramaNa kA ullekha milatA hai aura rAvaNa dvArA nirmita malaya parvata para jaina mandira kA bhI patA calatA hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma kA astitva vahA~ bauddhadharma pahaMcane ke pUrva thA aura bAda meM bhI rahA hai| tamilanADu ke tirapparaMkurama (madurai jilA) meM prApta eka guphA kA nirmANa bhI laMkA ke eka gRhastha ne karAyA thA, yaha vahA~ se prApta eka brAhmI zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai|' barmA tathA anya deza : barmA ko suvarNa bhUmi ke nAma se prAcIna kAla meM jAnA jAtA thaa| kAlakAcArya ne suvarNa bhUmi kI yAtrA kI thii| RSabhadeva ne bahalI (bekTrimA) 1 mahAvaMsa, pR. 67 2. vahI, 33-79 3. mahAvaMzaTIkA, pR. 444 4. hagviMzapurANa, paumacariu Adi grantha dekhiye / 5. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 93 6 vahI, 102 7. karakaNDa pariu, pa.4-69 8. jainakalA bora sthApatya, bhAva 1, 1. 102 9. uttarAdhyayana, niyukti gApA, 120; bRhasvAssa bhAbamANa-pR.73-75

Page #365
341 yavana (yUnAna), suvarNa bhUmi, pahaba (IrAna) Adi dezoM meM bhramaNa kiyA thaa|' pArzvanAtha zAkya deza (nepAla) gaye the| aphaganistAna meM bhI jainadharma ke astitva kA pramANa milatA hai|' vahAkareja emIra (aphagAnistAna) se kAyotsarga mudrA meM saMgamaramara se nirmita tIrthakara kI mUrti bhI prApta huI hai| IrAna, syAma aura philistIna meM digambara jaina sAdhunoM kA ullekha AtA hai|' /yUnAnI lekhaka misra ebIsIniyA, aura ithyUpiyA meM bhI digambara muniyoM kA astitva batAte haiN| kAmbuja, campA, balgeriyA Adi meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra / huvA hai| kemalA (balgeriyA) se to eka kAMsya tIrthakara mUrti bhI prApta huI hai| jaina saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra videzoM meM adhika kyoM nahIM huA, yaha eka sAdhAraNa prazna hara adhyetAke mana meM ubhara AtA hai| isakA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha rahA, jahAM taka mai samajhatA hU~, ki azoka jaise karmaTha aura krAntikArI nareza kI chAyA jainadharma ko nahIM mila skii| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki jainadharma ko rAjAzraya nahIM milaa| rAjAzraya to bahuta milA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata meM bauddhakalA aura sthApatya kI apekSA jaina kalA aura sthApatya parimANa aura guNa donoM kI apekSA adhika hai / parantu yaha rAjAzraya mAtRbhUmitaka hI sImita rahA / videzoM taka nahIM jA skaa| eka anya kAraNa yaha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina AcAra apekSAkRta kaThina hai| bauddhadharma kI taraha yahAM zaithilya athavA apavAdAtmaka sthiti nahIM rhii| bauddhadharma ne videzI saMskRti ke pariveza meM apane Apako bahuta kucha parivartita kara liyA jo jainadharma nahIM kara sakA / jainadharma ke sthAyitva ke mUla meM bhI yahI kAraNa hai| jaina itihAsa ke dekhane se yaha bhI AbhAsa hotA hai ki jainAcArya bhI svayaM jainadharma ko videzoM kI ora bhejane meM adhika utsuka nahIM rhe| ve to sadA sAdhaka rahe haiM, AtmonmukhI rahe hai| rAjanIti ke jaMjAla meM ve prAyaH kabhI nahIM pdd'e| isake bAvajUda jainadharma videzoM meM phuNcaa| ise videziyoM kI guNagrAhakatA hI kahanI caahie| Adhunika yuga meM bhI jainadharma aura saMskRti ke kSetra meM anveSaNa kA sUtrapAta karane vAle videzI vidvAna hI haiN| 1. mAvasyaka niyukti, gAyA, 336-337 1. pAnApa pariSa-sakalakIti, 15.76-85 3. Journalof the Royal Asiatic Society of India,Jam, 1885 4. je. epha.-mara, kumacanda mabhinandana paMca, pR. 374 5. Asiatic Researches, vol. 3, pR.6

Page #366
342 jaina purAtatva 2. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya jaina saMskRti mUlataH AtmotkarSavAda se saMbaddha hai isalie usakI kalA evaM sthApatya kA hara aMga adhyAtma se jur3A huA hai / jaina kalA ke itihAsa se patA calatA hai ki usane yathAsamaya pracalita vividha zailiyoM kA khUba prayoga kiyA hai aura unake vikAsa meM apanA mahanIya yogadAna bhI diyA hai / Atmadarzana aura bhakti bhAvanA ke vaza mUrtiyoM aura mandiroM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA aura unheM azlIlatA tathA zrAGgArika abhinivezoM se dUra rakhA gyaa| vairAgya bhAvanA ko satata jAgarita rakhane ke lie citrakalA kA bhI upayoga huA hai| yahA~ hama jaina purAtattva (kalA) ko pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara rahe haiMmUrtikalA, sthApatyakalA, citrakalA, kASThazilpa, aura abhilekha tayA mudraashaastr| ina sabhI kalA-prakAroM meM anAsakta bhAva ko mukhya rUpa se pratibimbita kiyA gayA hai| isI meM usakA saundaryabodha aura lAlitya chipA huA hai|' 1. mUrtikalA uttara bhArata: jaina mUrti vijJAna ke kSetra meM sAdhAraNataH caubIsa tIrthakaroM, zAsana deviyoM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM tathA devoM kI mUrtiyoM kA takSaNa huA hai| ataH sarvaprathama unake viSaya meM jAnakArI Avazyaka hai| bobIsa tIrthakaroM kI mAnyatA Agama kAla se to milatI hI hai| mohenajodar3o, haDappA tathA lohAnIpura se prApta mastaka vihIna nagna yogI kI mUrtiyoM ko yadi RSabhadeva kI mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA mila jAya to yaha paramparA aura bhI prAcIna kahI jA sakatI hai| ina tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM para prArambha meM sAdhAraNataH cinha nahIM ukere jAte the balki unakI pahacAna unakI pAdapITha meM uTaiMkita zilAlekhoM se hotI thii| vakSasthala para zrIvatsa tayA hastatala yA caraNatala para dharmacakra athavA uSNISa ke cinha avazya hote the| RSabhadeva ke zirapara jaTAjUTa, supArzvanAtha ke zirapara pAMca phaNa, tayA pArzvanAtha pratimA para saptaphaNa bhI ukere jAte the| kaliMga se nanda dvArA lAyI gaI jina1. isa bhAga ke lekhana meM maine bhAratIya mAnapITha se prakASita baina sthApatyakalA kA upayoga kiyA hai| bataH usake prakAzaka va lekhakoM ke prati smhuuN|

Page #367
343 mRti aura phira AkramaNakara khAravela dvArA usakI punaH prApti se patA calatA hai ki nandakAla meM jaina mUrtiyoM kA pracalana ho cukA thaa| vahAM kI martikalA ullekhanIya hai| mathurA prAcIna kAla se hI jainakalA kA kendra rahA hai| yahA~ ke kaMkAlI TIle se jaina mUrtiyAM, AyAgapaTTa, stambha, toraNa khaNDa, vedikAstambha, chatra Adi utkhanita hue haiN| IToM se banA eka stUpa bhI milA hai jise devanirmita stUpa kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| mUrtiyAM prAyaH cittIdAra lAla baluA patthara kI haiN| ye mUrtiyA~ digambara haiM aura vizeSataH AyAgapaTToM para utkIrNa haiM / cinhoM kA prayoga isa samaya taka nahIM huA thaa| yahA~ caumukhI mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiM jinheM 'sarvatobhadrikA' pratimA kahA gayA hai| ina kuSANa yugIna mUrtiyoM ke zilAlekhoM meM kaniSka, huviSka va vAsudeva ke nAma milate haiN| neminAtha aura balarAja kI bhI matiyAM milI haiN| ina mUrtiyoM para bodhivRkSa bhI utkIrNa hue haiN| yahAM eka aisI bhI mUrti hai jisakA zira nahIM / usake bAye hAtha meM pustaka hai / ise sarasvatI kI prAcInatama mUrti kahI gaI hai| ye mUrtiyAM prathama-dvitIya I. taka kI mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM kalA-kauzala adhika nhiiN| inakA nIce kA bhAga prAyaH sthUla hai aura skandha tathA vakSa caur3e haiN| isake bAvajUda cehare para sAnti tathA AdhyAtmikatA ke cinha spaSTataH dikhAI dete haiN| vasudeva hiNDI meM jIvanta svAmI (mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM nirmita pratimA) kA ullekha milatA hai| Avazyaka cUrNI se patA calatA hai ki vItabhayapattana ke rAjA uddAyaNa kI rAnI candana kASTha nirmita jIvanta svAmI kI mUrti kI pUjA kiyA karatI thii| bAda meM pradyota use vidizA uThA le gyaa|' isake bAda kI mUrti kalA kA itihAsa andhakArAcchanna hai / guptakAlIna mUrti nirmANa : guptakAla (caturtha zatAbdI)se hI mUrti nirmANa hotA hai| isa kAla ke prArambha meM mathurA meM jainadharma utanA lokapriya nahIM rahA jitanA kuSANa kAla meM thaa| para kalA-lAlitya avazya bar3hA hai| Asana meM alaMkAritA aura sAjasajjA, dharmacakra ke AdhAra meM alpatA, parameSThiyoM kA citraNa, gandharva yugala kA aMkana, navagraha tathA bhAmaNDala kA pratirUpaNa isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatA hai| pratimAoM kI hathelI para cakra cinha tathA pairoM ke taluoM meM cakra aura triratna 1. basudeva hiNDI, bhAga-1,pa. 61 2. Avazyaka pUrNi, khaNDa 1, gAthA 774

Page #368
34 ukerA jAtA thaa| chatratraya aura chatrAvalI tathA lAMchana kA abhAva isa kI mUrtiyoM para spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| madhurA saMgrahAlaya meM gupta yuga kI mUrtiyoM kA acchA saMkalana hai| vesanagara, bUDhI caMderI tathA devagar3ha meM bhI - yugIna mUrtikalA ke darzana hote haiN| rAjagira, kumarAhAra, vaizAlI, causA, pahAr3apura Adi se prApta kAMsa, prastara tathA mRNamUrtiyoM ke dekhane se yaha patA calatA hai ki kalAkAroM meM saundaryabodha bar3ha cukA thaa| mUrtiyoM ke bhAvoM meM saralatA, sAmaJjasya aura AmAtmikatA kA aMkana aura adhika spaSTa ho gayA thaa| pratimAoM para kucha cinha bhI banane lage the| vidizA ke samIpa durjanapura meM upalabdha jaina mUrtioM para rAmagupta kA spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ina pratimAoM para koI cinha nahIM hai| cinhoM kI pUrNa svIkRti guptakAla ke antima samaya taka ho sakI hogI, aisA pratIta hotA hai| vidizA ke samIpa hI udayagiri aura vaisanabara se bhI jaina matiyAM milI hai| pannA jile ke nacanA grAma ke samIpavartI khIrA nAmaka pahAr3I se bhI kucha sundara mUrtiyAM milI hai jo guptayugIna vizeSatAoM ko liye hue haiN| para yahAM kI mUrtiyoM meM alaMkaraNa ubharakara adhika dikhAI detA hai| ___ akoTA samUha se upalabdha kucha kAMsya mUrtiyAM hai jinameM eka jIvanta svAmI kI bhI mUrti hai| vaha kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai aura mukuTa, kuNDala, bhujabamA, kaMgana tathA dhotI pahane hue hai / eka anyamUrti kA prabhAmaNDala darzanIya hai / ekAvatIyukta ambikA kA bhI yahA~ aMkana huA hai| guptottarakAlIna mUrtikalA : isa kAla meM bhI mathurA nagarI kalA kendra banI rhii| para usake kalA kendra naSTa-bhraSTa kara diye gye| mathurA ke samIpa kAmana kI cauMsaTha-khaMbhA nAmaka prAcIna masajida aisI hI hai jisameM 10-11 vIM zatI kI jaina mUrtiyAM upalabdha haiN| vayAnA kI uravA masajida bhI aisI hI hai jo jaina mandira ko naSTa kara banAyI gaI hai| mayurA saMgrahAlaya meM guptottara kAlIna mUrtiyoM kA acchA saMgraha hai| pratihArakAlIna pArzvanAtha kI mUrti, tathA cakrezvarI kI mUrti kalA kI dRSTi se bahuta sundara hai / lakhanaU, ilAhAbAda aura vArANasI ke saMgrahAlayoM meM bhI utkRSTa koTi kI mUrtiyoM kA saMgraha hai|

Page #369
yasIM zatAbdI meM uttara bhArata meM mUrtikalA kA kucha aura vikAsa humA / usameM tAgnikatA ne pUrI taraha praveza kara liyaa| vahAMzAsana devI-devatAmoM, kSetrapAloM, dipAloM, navagrahoM aura, vidyAdharoM ko bhI sthAna mila gyaa| paJca kalyANakoM ke dRzya adhika lokapriya hue| papAsanasya pratimAoM meM siMhAsana tathA alaMkRta parikaroM kA aMkana kiyA gyaa| gyAraha bArahavIM zatI meM isa zailI meM aura bhI lAlitya aayaa| isa kAla meM balue patthara kA upayoga adhika huA, vaise kAle aura sapheda pASANa kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| kAMsya pratimAoM kA bhI nirmANa huA hai| alavara aura jaisalamera kI ora ina dhAtu-pratimAoM kI nirmiti adhika huI hai| isa kAla kI prAyaH sabhI mUrtiyoM ke cehare caukora aura kapola uThe hue se hai / alaMkRti ke bhAra se kahIM kahIM yaha aMkana aupacArikatA liye hue-sA dikhAI detA hai| caudahavIM zatAbdI se mUrtikalA kA vikAsa ruka-sA gyaa| uttarabhArata meM isa samaya kI mUrtiyoM meM aneka zailiyoM kA samanvita rUpa dikhAI detA hai| kalA saundaryaparaka avazya hai para vaha pUrva zailiyoM kI anukRti mAtra hai| usa meM baluA patthara, saMgamaramara tathA vividha dhAtuoMkA prayoga huA hai| pUrvamArata: yahA~ ur3IsAkI udayagirI aura khaNDagiri meM prApta samrAT khAravela dvArA pratiSThita jaina mUrtiyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| bAda meM pUrva bhArata meM baMgAla aura bihAra meM pAla zailI kA vikAsa huaa| guptakalA ke AdhAra para ise kucha aura sazakta banAyA gyaa| zAsana devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ adhika milane lgiiN| balae patthara kA upayoga adhika huA hai| mAyatA (madanApura) tathA sonAmukhI (bAMkurA) se prApta RSabhadeva kI pratimAyeM ullekhanIya haiN| alorA, sihabhUmi aura mAnabhUmi kI pratimAnoM meM bhI yaha zailI milatI hai| deuliyA aura puruliyA (vardavAna) meM prApta sarvatobhadra pratimAyeM bhI darzanIya hai| ur3IsA meM vAnapura kI jana mUrtiyAM bhI pAla zailI para hI AdhArita haiN| pAlakAlIna mUrtiyoM meM surohAra (dInAjapura)se prApta RSabhadeva va pArzvanAtha kI mUrti ullekhanIya hai| isI prakAra sAta deuliyA (vardavAna) se prApta RSabhadeva, mahAvIra, pArzvanAtha aura candraprabha kI mUrtiyAM, tathA midanApura, bAMkurA, aMbikAnagara, caTanagara, pAkabIrA, balarAmapura (puruliA) Adi sthAnoM se anya jaina mUrtiyAM milI haiM jinameM kalA-pradarzana ho sakA hai| ur3IsA meM poDAsigirI (kyohAra

Page #370
346 jilA ), caraMpA ( bAlAsora jilA ), bAnapura samUha, khaNDagiri, Adi jainakalA kendra rahe jahA~ vizAla jaina mUrtiyAM milI haiN| una para guptakAlIna mUrtikalA kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai bihAra meM rAjagiri kI vaibhAra pahAr3I aura udayagiri pahAr3I meM surakSita kucha jaina mUrtiyAM ullekhanIya haiM jinameM se kucha meM pAdapITha para kamala kA aMkana hai / guptakAla meM kamala kA aMkana nahIM hotA thA / ' terahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda pUrva bhArata meM jainadharma aura kalA vaidika dharma aura kalA meM antarbhUta hotI-sI pratIta hotI hai / isalie jainakalA para vaidika mUrtikalA kA prabhAva adhika par3A hai| isa samaya kI jaina mUrtiyoM meM sarvatobhadra mUrtiyoM kA parimANa adhika hai| yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kI bhI mUrtiyAM ukerI gaI haiM / pazcima bhArata : pazcima bhArata jainadharma kA prAraMbha se hI kendra rahA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki bha. mahAvIra ne bhillAmAla kI yAtrA kI thI parantu yaha tathya abhI taka kisI puSTapramANa se pramANita nahIM ho skaa| maurya zAsana kAla meM samprati Adi rAjAoM ne jainadharma ko prazraya to diyA para isa kAla kI koI kalAtmaka kRti dekhane nahIM mila sakI / vasudeva hiNDI (lagabhaga 5 vIM zatAbdI) tathA Avazyaka cUrNi ( sAtavIM zatI)' meM mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM nirmita 'jIvantasvAmI' kI candana kASTha pratimA kA ullekha avazya AtA hai para abhI taka vaha upalabdha nahIM huI / isI pratimA ko pradyota uThA le gayA aura use vidizA meM pratiSThita kiyA / hemacandra ne isI pratimA ko kumArapAla dvArA pattana meM pratiSThApita kiye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai / " koyotsarga mudrA meM pArzvanAthakI kAMsya pratimA jo prinsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya, bambaI meM surakSita hai, lohAnIpura aura mohenjodar3o se prApta mUrtiyoM ke samakakSa rakhI jA sakatI hai| zAha ne ise pazcima bhArata meM nirmita mUrti kahA hai / " pazcima bhArata meM I. pU. aura prAthamika zatAbdiyoM meM jainadharma ke pracAra 1. vizeSa dekhie- pUrva bhArata, zrImatI devalA mitrA, DaoN. ramAnAtha mizra, DaoN. priyatova banarjI, sarasI kumAra sarasvatI, tathA jaina jarnala, apraila, 1969. 2. vasudeva hiNDI, bhAga 1, pR. 61 3. Avazyaka cUrNi, gAthA, 774 4. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, 10, 11, 604 5. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, bhAga 1, pu. 91.

Page #371
347 prasAra hone ke ullekha Adi to avazya milate haiM para koI pratimA athavA mandira Adi pratIka nahIM mile| prAcIna jaina guphAyeM avazya milatI haiN| cauthI zatAbdI se chaThI zatAbdI ke bIca bhI koI jaina avazeSa nahIM mile| mUrtiyoM ke itihAsa meM digambara mUrtiyoMkA nirmANa prAcInatama mAnA jA sakatA hai| guptakAla kI RSabhanAtha kI eka kAMsya mUrti akoTA se prApta huI hai para vaha khaNDita hai ataH kucha nizcita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| balabhI se pAMca tIrthakaroM kI kAMsya mUrtiyAM khaDagAsana meM milI haiN| akoTA meM jIvaMtasvAmI kI bhI kAMsya mUrti milI hai| aMbikA kI bhI eka pratimA upalabdha huI hai| ye sabhI pratimAyeM lagabhaga chaTI zatAbdI kI hai| kaMbu-grIvA zailI yahA~ adhika lokapriya dikhAI de rahI hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI se dazamI zatAbdI ke bIca pazcima bhArata kI mUrtikalA meM kucha vikAsa huaa| osiyA ke mahAvIra mandira kI pASANa pratimAyeM sAmAnyata: AkoTa meM upalabdha pratimAoM ke samAna haiM para inameM kucha vikasita zailI ke darzana hote haiN| sAhitya meM anahilapATana Adi meM pratiSThApita mUrtiyoM ke bhI aneka ullekha milate haiN| gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca pazcima bhArata meM mUrtikalA Adi kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai| cAlukyoM ne use saMrakSaNa diyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM tIrthaMkara pratimA ke pAdapITha para yA usake samIpa kubera aura aMbikA ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiNI kA aMkana hotA thA para dasavIM zatAndI meM hara tIrthaMkara ke zAsana devI devatA nizcita kiye jA cuke| digpAla kI AkRtiyAM bhI ukerI jAne lgiiN| sapta mAtRkAyeM bhI udRkita hotI dikhatI haiN| vidyAdeviyAM aura devakulikAyeM bhI mAUnTa AbU ke vimala vasahI Adi maMdiroM meM aMkita milatI hai| itanA hI nahIM. bhittiyoM para sIyaMkaroM ke jIvana se sambaddha ghaTanAoM ko bhI ukerA jAne lgaa| isa samaya saMgamaramara kA prayoga adhika kiyA gyaa| yahA~ alaMkaraNa kI sUkSmatA darzanIya hai| kuMmArikA ke mahAvIra mandira kI mUrtikalA bhI uttama koTi kI hai| isa samaya kI kAMsya mUrtiyoM se usa kAla kI DhalAI kalA kA bhI parijJAna hotA hai| laMdana ke vikToriyA enDa alvarTa myUjiyama meM surakSita zAMtinAtha kI kAMsya mUrti isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya hai| pazcima bhArata meM caudahavIM zatAbdI se musalima AkramaNa adhika huye aura phalataH kalA kA vikAsa adhika nahIM ho paayaa| phira bhI mevAr3a ke rANA

Page #372
344 zAsakoM ne jaina mUrtiyoM aura mandiroM kA nirmANa sahRdayatA pUrvaka kraayaa| Thakkara phera (1315 I.) ke vAstusAra se patA calatA hai ki isa samaya nahArazailI ko pazcima bhAratIya rUpa meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| cittor3a, raNakapura, pAlItAnA, giranAra Adi sthAnoM meM upalabdha mUrtiyAM isake udAharaNa haiN| suSar3atA aura alaMkAritA isa kAla kI mUrtizailI anyatama vizeSatAyeM haiN| kucha mUrtiyAM aisI bhI milatI haiM jo bhoMDI AkRti kI haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki zAha jIvarAja pApaDIvAla ne saM. 1548 (1490 I.) meM lagabhaga eka lAkha mUrtiyAM banavAkara sAre bhAratavarSa meM vitarita karAyI thiiN| madhyabhArata : madhyabhArata meM guptottarakAlIna mUrtiyoM meM kuNDalapura (jilA damoha) kI pArzvanAtha pratimA, pithorA (satanA ) ke patiyAnI devI ke mandira kI kucha jaina mUrtiyA~, tevara (tripurI) kI dharmanAtha kI mUrti, gvAliyara kile kI aMbikA tathA AdinAtha kI mUrtiyAM, gyArasapura (vidizA) kI yakSa-yakSiyoM tathA tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM, aura devagar3ha kI zAntinAtha kI mUrtiyA~ vizeSa dRSTavya haiN| pazcimI bhArata meM balabhI nagarI isa kAla meM bhI jana kalA kendra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita banI rhii| yahAM kI matiyAM akoTA kI mUrtiyoM se milatI-julatI haiN| baDavAnI (vAvanagajA) kI 13-14 vIM zatI kI 84 phITa kI khaDagAsana pratimA bhI nallekhanIya hai| yahAM khajarAho kI caMdelakAlIna kalA prasiddha hai| yahA~ kI jaina matiyoM meM kucha ArAdhya mUrtiyA~ hai jo korakara banAyI gayI haiM aura rItibaddha haiM, kucha zAsana devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM haiM jo mAnavake samAna alaMkRta haiM para kaustubha maNi yA zrIvatsa tathA laMbI mAlA se pRthaktA liye huye haiN| kucha apsarAoM aura surasundariyoM kI tAruNya liye mUrtiyAM haiM jo adhika alaMkRta aura lubhAvane hAvabhAva se yukta haiM aura kucha pazu-pakSiyoM kI pratIkAtmaka mUrtiyAM haiM jo kucha adhika vaiziSTaya liye huye haiN| yahAM kI mUrtikalA meM "pUrva kI saMvedanazIlatA tathA pazcima kI adhIratApUrNa kintu mRdulatA hIna kalA kA sukhada saMyojana haiN|" 1. vizeSa dekhiNe- pazcima va madhyabhArata meM. mU. pI. zAha, kRSNadeva, azoka kumAra bhaTTAcArma; paina kala, bagrela, 1969.

Page #373
madhyabhArata meM isa kAla meM mUrtiyAM paramparA ke anusAra vRhat parimANa meM bnii| siddhakSetra aura atizaya kSetroM ko saMbArA gyaa| sonAgiri, droNagiri, rezAnvIgiri, gvAliyara ahAra, paporA, devagar3ha, barahaTA Adi sthAnoM para manditeM kA nirmANa isI avadhi meM huaa| inameM nAgara athavA zikhara zailI kA prayoga huA hai| mUrtiyoM kA AkAra vizAla bnaa| saundarya aura bhAvAbhivyakti meM yadyapi kamI nahIM AyI phira bhI parimANa kA Adhikya hone se samarasatA kA pAlana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| grenAiTa aura balue pASANa kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| caMderI, ujjaina, bhAnupurA (mandasaura), dhAra, baDavAnI, jhAbuA, thUbana, kuNDalapura, bInA-ArahA, TIkamagaDha, ajayagaDha Adi ullekhanIya sthAna hai| dakSiNa bhArata : dakSiNA patha meM saptama zatAbdI se dazama zatAbdI ke bIca mUrtiyoM kI kalAtmaka zailI meM adhika vikAsa huA hai| bAdAmI pahAr3I, meguTI pahADI (aihola), ailorA, zravaNavelagola Adi sthAnoM para upalabdha AdinAtha, pArzvanAtha, zAntinAtha Adi kI mUrtiyAM vizeSa AkarSaka hai aura yahA~ mUrtikalAke vikAsa meM naye caraNa saMsthApita hote hue dikhAI dete hai / tirakkola, tirumala, vallimala, ciTTAmUra, uttamavalayama, kulugumala, citarAla, pAlaghATa, gomaTTagiri Adi aise hI kalAtmaka sthAna hai| inameM zravaNavelagola kI bAhubalI kI mUrti vizeSa dRSTavya hai| ise 140 mITara UMcI coTI vAlI grenAiTa kI caTTAna ko kATakara banAyA gayA hai| arthanimIlita dhyAnamagna netra, saumya smita oSTha, saMvedanazIla nAsikA, aura dhuMgarAle keza vizeSa AkarSaka hai / sabhI aMgoM kA aMkana samanvita aura santulita DhaMga se huA hai| pAliza abhI bhI nayA-sA camaka rahA hai| kArkala, veNUra aura gomaTTagiri meM bhI bAhubalI kI mUrtiyA~ hai para itanI sundara aura vizAlAkAra nhiiN| gomaTezvara kI mUrti ko rAcamalla (974-984 I.) ke maMtrI cAmuNDarAya ne 983 I. meM bnvaayaa| isa samaya kI mUrti zailiyoM meM pANDapa, pallava aura gaMgA zailiyoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| ye mUrtiyAM kahIM zailAzrita hai aura kahIM nirmita hai / kerala meM jainadharma navIM zatI meM ceravaMza kAla meM pahu~cA / talakka (kannAnora), citarAla tiruccAraNatumale, kallila, pAlaghATa Adi sthAnoM para jaina mUrtiyA~ bar3e parimANa meM upalabdha hotI haiN| sabhI kA aMkana alaMkRta aura AkarSaka hai| cAlakya kAlIna matikalA meM ambikA aura kubera kA aMkana tIrthaMkaroM ke TAHIREET STORIES parikara rUpa meM adhika lokapriya huaa| sAtha hI anya devI devatAoM kA bhI

Page #374
aMkana alaMkRta rUpa meM hone lgaa| isa kAla kI ambikA kI pratimAoM ko caturbhujI banA diyA gyaa| caukhaToM, bhramatiyoM aura koSThoM kA alaMkaraNa inhIM pratimAoM se hone lgaa| vimala vasahI kA mandira isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya hai| brAhmaNya AkhyAnoM kA bhI upayoga hone lgaa| ina sabhI AkAroM meM aMkana sUkSma aura manohArI huA hai| uttarakAlIna cAlukya, vijayanagara, hoyasala aura yAdava rAjavaMza meM jainadharma ko adhika prazraya nahIM mila sakA / vaiSNava dharma se use jUjhanA pdd'aa| phira bhI jainakalA kA vikAsa avaruddha nahIM huA / yahA~ ke garbhAlayoM kI bhittiyoM para lokakalA kA zilpAMkana huA jinameM ceharoM para rUkSatA tathA zira para AkuJcita keza aura AMkha bhI ubharI huI putaliyAM aMkita hai| kAMsya pratimAoM ke nirmANa se alaMkaraNa kA aura adhika vikAsa huaa| isa samaya kI mUrtiyA~ vizAla aura pAlizayukta haiM, sUkSmAMkana se hIna haiM, tathA vairAgya kI abhivyakti se paripUrNa haiM, parikara ke rUpa meM zilAphalaka para siMhalalATa sahita makara toraNa hai tathA kaMdhoM Adi aMgoMkA AkAra yathocita hai / hoyasaloM aura pazcimI cAlukyoM kI mUrti zailI meM zarIra ko saMpuSTa aura mAMsala dikhAyA gayA hai| ___ tamilanADu kI mUrtikalA meM grenAiTa pASANa kA prayoga huA hai| yahA~ kI zailIgata vizeSatAyeM yoM dekhI jA sakatI haiM-tricchatra aura latAoM kA saMyojana, maStiska aura zarIra kI catuSkoNIya AkRti, makara-toraNa yA camaradhAriyoM ke aMkana meM kamI tathA hAtha paira nirbala aura mastaka chottaa| zakkaramallUra, hampI Adi sthAnoM para yaha kalA dekhI jA sakatI hai / parantu dakSiNa vijayanagara aura nAyaka vaMzoM ke rAjakAla meM mUrtikalA apekSAkRta adhika alaMkRta aura samanvita rahI hai| dakSiNApatha meM jainadharma caudahavIM zatAbdI se vartamAna kAla taka bhI adhika jAgarita rhaa| aneka zAsaka aura sAmanta jainadharmAvalambI the| kArkala, veNUra, gomaTTagiri Adi sthAnoM para vizAlAkAra gomaTTa svAmI kI manohArI mUrtiyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| mAlakheDa, seDama, mUDabadrI, hampI, hummaca Adi sthAna bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| yahAM kI mUrtiyoM meM aneka zailiyoM kA saMmizraNa dikhAyI detA hai / kAkatIya zailI kA bhI prayoga huA hai| mUrtiyA~ sundara, AkarSaka aura bhAvAbhivyakti pUrNa hai| 1. vizeSa dekhiye-DaoN. ra. campakalakSmI, ke. mA. zrInivAsana, ke. pI. saundararAjana vaapi|

Page #375
351 mUrti aura sthApatya kalA ke siddhAnta : mUrtikalA kA saMkSipta savakSaNa karane para hama prAyaH yaha pAte haiM ki jainamUrtiyA~ kevala do AsanoM meM banAyI jAtI haiM -- khaDgAsana ( kAyotsarga) aura padmAsana / khaDgAsana meM hAtha lambAyamAna rahate haiM aura padmAsana meM bAyeM hAtha kI hathelI dAyeM hAtha kI hathelI para nyasta rahatI hai| ye pratimAyeM digambara, zrIvatsayukta, nakhakezavihIna, parama zAnta, vRddhatva aura bAlya rahita, tathA taruNa evaM vairAgya bhAvoM se otaprota rahatI haiM / unameM dhyAnAvasthA aura nAsAgradRSTi kA honA bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai RSamadeva ke putra bAhubalI kI mUrtiyA~ kAyotsarga avasthA meM hI milatI haiN| unakA parimANa bhI bahuta adhika hai / / tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ : sAdhAraNataH paJcaparameSThiyoM meM ahaMt aura siddha kI pratimAyeM adhika milatI haiM / arhat pratimAoM meM aSTaprAtihArya, dAyIM ora yakSa aura bAyIM ora yakSiNI, pAdapITha ke nIce lAJchana, chatratraya, azoka vRkSa, devadundubhi, siMhAsana aura dharmacakra Adi kA aMkana hotA hai / siddha- pratimAoM meM aSTaprAtihArya nahIM hote / kucha pratimAoM meM vizeSa cinha bhI hote haiM / jaise AdinAtha kI pratimA jaTAzekhara yukta hotI hai tathA supArzvanAtha ke mastaka para paJcaphaNI chatra aura pArzvanAtha ke mastaka para saptaphaNI chatra hotA hai / ardhonmIlita netra, lambakarNa zrIvatsa, dharmacakra Adi vizeSatAyeM bhI jaina murtiyoM meM dikhAyI detI haiM / jina pratimAoM ke aMga hIna, vakra athavA adhika hoM, ve pUjya nahIM hotIM / bhagna pratimAoM ko bhI apUjya mAnA gayA hai / arhat pratimAoM meM jina aSTa pratihAryoM ko ukerA jAtA hai ve haiMsiMhAsana, divyadhvani, cAmarendra, bhAmaNDala, azokavRkSa, chatratraya, duMdubhi aura puSpavRSTi / tIrthaMkaroM ke garbha, janma tapa, jJAna aura nirvANa ina pA~ca ghaTanAoM ko paJcakalyANakoM ke rUpa meM aMkana kiyA jAtA hai / pratimAoMkA aMkana kAlAntara meM nirdhArita varNa paramparA ke anusAra bhI hone lagA / abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM padmaprabha aura vAsupUjya ko raktavarNa kA, candraprabha aura puSpadanta ko zuklavarNa kA, munisuvrata aura neminAtha ko kRSNavarNa kA, malli aura pArzvanAtha ko nIlavarNa kA tathA zeSa tIrthaMkaroM ko svarNa ke samAna pIta varNa kA batAyA gayA hai / " 'canderI kI caubIsa jina pratimAyeM unake varNoM ke anusAra nirmita huI haiM / 1. abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 1.49.

Page #376
352 svapnaH tIrthakaroM kI pratimAoM ke sAtha hI unakI mAtAoM dvArA dekhe gaye solaha athavA caudaha svapnoM ko bhI aMkita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| solaha svapna vigambara paramparA dvArA mAnya haiM aura cauvaha svAnoko zvetAmbara paramparA svIkAra karatI hai| ye donoM paramparAyeM isa prakAra haiN| digambara paramparA zvetAmbara paramparA 1. airAvata gaja 1. airAvata gaja 2. vRSabha 2. vRSabha 3. siMha 3. siMha 4. gajalakSmI 4. gajalakSmI 5. mAlyadvika 5. puSpamAlA 6. candra 7. sUrya 7. sUrya 8. pUrNa kumbhayugma 8. kalaza 9. mInayugala 9. mInayugala 10. sAgara 10. padmasarovara 11. siMhAsana 11. vimAna 12. deva vimAna 12. ratnapuJja 13. nAga vimAna 13. kSIrasAgara 14. ratnarAzi 14. agnipuJja 15. kamala 16. nidhUma agni mUticinha, caityamAvi prAcIna kAla meM sAdhAraNataH jina-pratimAnoM para koI cinha nahIM hote the| parantu guptakAla taka Ate-Ate cinhoM kI nirdhAraNA ho gaI jisase pratimAnoM ko saralatA pUrvaka pahacAnA jA ske| itanA hI nahIM, balki jinamvatoM ke nIce

Page #377
353 baiThakara unhoMne kevala jJAna prApta kiyA, unakA bhI ullekha huA hai| pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke anucara ke rUpa meM yakSa aura yakSiNiyoM kA bhI nizcaya huaa| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM tIrthaMkara 1. RSabhanAtha baila 2. ajitanAtha gaja 3. saMbhavanAtha azva 4. abhinaMdana- baMdara nAtha cinha' 5. sumatinAtha cakavA 6. padmaprabha kamala 7. 8. candraprabha 9. puSpadanta makara 10. zItalanAtha svastika 11. supArzvanAtha naMdyAvarta ardhacandra caityavRkSa' nyagrodha saptaparNa zAla sarala priyaMgu priyaMgu zirISa nAgavRkSa akSa (baher3A) dhUli ( zve. zrIvatsa ) ( mAlivRkSa) geMDA palAza yakSa govadana mahAyakSa trimukha yakSezvara tumburava mAtaMga vijaya ajita brahma brahezvara yakSiNI" cakrezvarI rohiNI prajJapti vajrazrRMkhalA kumAra vajrAMkuzA apraticakrezvarI puruSadattA manovegA kAlI jvAlAmAlinI zreyAMsanAtha 1. pratiSThAtilaka, pR. 353. kalpasUtra 2. tilopapatti, 4. 604-605. kucha matabheda bhI haiM / 3. vahI 4.916 - 918 4. vahI, 4. 934 - 940. pratiSThAsAra saMgraha, abhidhAna cintAmaNi Adi granthoM meM kucha matabheda hai / vizeSataH mAtaMga (6) ke sthAna para puSpa va sumukha, vijaya (7) ke sthAna para mAtaMga, ajita ke sthAna para zyAma yA vijaya, pAtAla (13) ke sthAna para caturmukha, kinnara (14), kubera (18), varuNa (19), prakuTi (20), gomedha (21), pArzva (22), mAtaMga ( 23 ) aura guhadhaka (24) ke sthAna para kramazaH pAtAla, yakSendra, kubera, varuNa, bhUkuTi, gomeSa, pArzva, aura-mAtaMga ma ullekha milatA hai / mahAkAlI 5. vahI, 4. 934 - 949. abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM 24 yakSiNiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra milate haiM - cakrezvarI, ajitabalA, duritAri, kAlikA, mahAkAlI, zyAmA, zAntA, mRkuTi, sutArakA, azokA, mAnavI, caNDA, viditA, aMkuzA, kandarpA, nirvANI, balA, dhAriNI, gharaNapriyA, naravatta, gAMdhArI, ambikA, padmAvatI, aura siddhAyikA / inake Ayudha Adi ke viSaya meM dekhiye, jaina pratimA vijJAna; sAtavAM adhyAya,

Page #378
354 H SaNmukha pATala pAtAla kinnara gAMdhArI vairoTI kiMpuruSa garuDa gaMdharva solasA anaMtamatI mAnasI mahAmAnasI tilaka va 44 44 I. 3 4 5 Amra 12. vAsupUjya maisA 13. vimalanApa zUkara 14. anaMtanAtha sehI pIpala (yA bAja) 15. dharmanAtha vajra dadhiparNa 16. zAntinAtha hariNa nandI 17. kuMthunAtha chAga 18. arahanAtha matsya (zve. nandyAvarta) 19. mallinAtha kalaza azoka 20. munisuvrata- kUrma campaka nAtha 21. naminAtha utpala bakula 22. neminAtha zaMkha meSazRMga 23. pArzvanAtha sarpa 24. mahAvIra siMha zAla kubera varuNa jayA bhRkuTi vijayA gomegha pAva mAtaMga aparAjitA bahurUpiNI kuSmADI padmA siddhAyinI dhava gAyaka zAsana devI-devatA: inameM yakSa aura yakSiNiyoM ko zAsana devatAoM aura deviyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA / prArambha meM pratimA vidhAna meM inakA koI astitva nahIM thaa| madhyayuga meM tAntrikatA bar3hI aura jainadharma usase aprabhAvita nahIM rahA / yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki ina zAsana devI-devatAoM kI kalpanA tIrthaMkaroM ke rakSaka aura sevaka ke rUpa meM kI gii| unakI upAsanA kA koI vidhAna nahIM thaa| unakI saMkhyA meM kramazaH vRddhi hotI rahI aura lagabhaga navIM zatI meM yaha saMkhyA sthira ho skii| yakSiNiyoM meM ambikA kA prAcInatama ullekha AgamoM meM milatA hai| ataH aisA lagatA hai ki yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kI sthApanA ke pUrva ambikA kA aMkana hone lagA thaa| lagabhaga 5 vIM zatI kI ambikA kI pratimAyeM milatI bhI haiN| ambikA ke sAtha kubera kI pratimAyeM upalabdha hotI haiN| jaisA hama jAnate haiM, ambikA ko neminAtha kI zAsana devI mAnA gayA hai| ina zAsana deviyoM ke nAmoM meM digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparAgoM meM kucha matabheda haiN|

Page #379
355 sarasvatI devI: jaisA hama dekha cuke hai, jaina kalA meM sarasvatI devI kI bhI mUrti bahuta lokapriya rahI hai| mathurA ke jaina zilpa meM prApta sarasvatI kI mUrti prAcInatama kahI jA sakatI hai| use AcAra dinakara meM zvetavarNA, zvetavastradhAriNI, haMsavAhanA, zvetasiMhAsanAsInA, bhAmaNDalAlaMkRtA aura caturbhujA batAyA gayA hai|' usakI cAra bhujAoM meM se bAyIM bhujAoM meM zvetakamala aura vINA tathA dAyIM bhujAoM meM pustaka aura akSayamAlA rahatI hai| kahIM-kahIM eka hAtha abhayamudrA meM aura dUsarA hAtha jAna mudrA meM rahatA hai| zeSa do hAthoM meM akSamAlA aura pustaka rahatI hai| jaina granthoM meM solaha vidyA deviyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jinheM prAyaHzAsana yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM pUjA jAtA hai|' aSTa mAtRkAyeM aura dikpAla : __ jaina zilpa meM aSTa mAtRkAoM kA ullekha milatA hai-- indrANI, vaiSNavI kaumArI, vArAhI, brahmANI, mahAlakSmI, cAmuNDI, aura bhvaanii| inameM prathama cAra kI sthApanA pUrvAdi dizAoM meM aura zeSa cAra kI sthApanA AgneyAdi dizAboM meM kI jAtI hai| isI taraha dasa dikpAla aura unakI patnayoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai| indra, agni, chAyA, naiRtya, varuNa, vAyu, kubera, IzAna, soma aura dharaNeMdra ye dasa dikpAla hai aura zacI, svAhA, chAyA nirRti, varuNAnI, vAyuvegI, dhanadevI, pArvatI, rohiNI aura padmAvatI ye kramazaH dasa digpAlo kI paliyAM hai / tIrthakaroM kI mAtAoM kI sevA karane vAlI cha dikkumAriyoM kA bhI ullekha AtA haizrI, hI, dhRti, kIrti, buddhi aura lakSmI / triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra meM inakI saMkhyA chappana kara dI gyii| kSetrapAla: jaina tIrthakSetroM kI rakSA karane kI dRSTi se kSetrapAloM kI bhI kalpanA kI gaI hai| unakI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM para kuMkuma, tela, sindUra Adi se unakI 1. bAcAra dinakara, udaya 33, pR. 155 2. solaha vidyA deviyAM isa prakAra mAnI gaI hai- rohaNI, prApti, vaNa, zraScalA vAMkuzA, jAmbUnadI, puruSadattA, kAlI, mahAkAlI, gaurI, gAMdhArI, jyAlA mAlinI, mAnavI, roTI, acyutA, mAnasI, aura mahAmInasI / zvetAmbara paramparA meM jAmbUnadI ke sthAna para cakrezvarI kA nAmollekha milatA hai| caturvizati devI-devatAgoM ke viSaya meM bhI kucha matabheda hai| vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekhiye, bana pratimA vijJAna, pR. 125.

Page #380
356 kahIM-kahIM pUjA kA vidhAna avazya hai|' vIbhatsarUpa aura hAthoM meM simita Ayudhaliye kSetrapAloM kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / yaha jaina kalA kA uttarakAlIna rUpa hai| padmAvatI, kSetrapAla Adi devI-devatAoM kI pUjA kA AcAryoMne bahuta virodha kiyA hai| usakI mUla saMskRti se yaha vidhAna mela bhI nahIM khaataa| navagraha aura manameza : jainakalA meM grahoM kI sthiti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pahale unakI saMkhyA ATha thI bAda meM nava kara dI gii| ye navagraha hai- sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, vahaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu, aura ketu / inake kramaza: dasa vAhana ye haiMsaptAzva, ratha, azva, bhUmi, kalahaMsa, haMsa, azva, kamaTha, siha aura pnng|' yahA~ naigameza kI mUrti kA bhI ullekha kara denA Avazyaka hai| usakI mukhAkRti bakare ke samAna hai, kaMdhoM para bAlaka baiThe hue hai, bAyeM hAtha se bhI do zizuoM ko dhAraNa kiye hue hai aura kahIM-kahI dAyAM hAtha abhaya mudrA meM hai| naigamesa kI ye vibhinna murtiyAM mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai aura kuSANakAlIna hai| uttarakAla meM bhI unakA nirmANa hotA rahA hai| maSTala: aSTa maMgaloM kI bhI pUjA huA karatI thii| ve ye hai- bhuMgAra (paTa prakAra), kalaza, darpaNa, cAmara, dhvaja, vyaMjana (paMkhA), chatra, aura supratiSTha (bhdraasn)| jina bimba ke siMhAsana para gaja, siha, kIcaka, camaradhArI aura aJjalidhArI pArzvavartI pratikRtiyA~, zirobhAga para chatratraya, chatratraya ke donoM mora sUMDa meM svarNakalaza liye zvetagaja, unake Upara jhAMjha bajAmeSAle puruSa, unake Upara mAlAdhArI aura zikhara para zaMkha phUkanevAlA puruSa aura usake Upara kalaza kA aMkana hotA hai| jina pratimA ke sAtha sihAsana, divyadhvani, cAmarendra, bhAmaNDala, azokavRkSa, chatratraya, duMdubhi aura puSpavRSTi ina ATha prAtihAryoM ko bhI utkIrNa kiyA jAtA hai| kahIM-kahIM bIca meM dharmacakra aura pArzva meM yakSayakSiNI tathA AsapAsa deva, gaja, siha Adi ko bhI ukerA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke 1. AcAra dinakara, uvaya 33, pR. 210 2. upAsakAmyayana, 617-700 3. AcAra dinakara, pR. 181 4. AcAra dinakara, udaya 33 5. pratijasArasaMbaha 5-74-75, aparAvitapucchA, 57; rUpamaNDava, 6. 33. 39; pratiSThAtilaka pR. 579-581.

Page #381
357 samavazaraNa, pratihAradeva, devatAoM dvArA puSpavRSTi, amAmaNDala, caudaha atizaya, vividha deva-deviyAM, dvArapAla Adi kA bhI aMkana hotA hai| dhAtupratimAyeM: patthara ke atirikta dhAtuoM kI mUrtiyAM bhI banane lgiiN| prinsa mAla belsa meM saMgrahIta pArzvanAtha kI dhAtu mUrti maurya kAlIna mAnI jAtI hai| causA se prApta AdinAtha kI mUrti bhI lagabhaga isI prakAra kI hai jo paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| savastra jina pratimAyeM bhI upalabdha huI haiM / vasantagaDha (sirohI) se prApta khaDgAsana mUti meM dhotI kA aMkana spaSTa dikhatA hai| balabhI se bhI isI prakAra kI kucha mUrtiyAM milI haiN| rohataka (paMjAba) meM pASANa kI khaDgAsana mUrti prApta huI hai jisapara dhotI kA pradarzana hai / jIvanta svAmI kI pratimAyeM to savastra avasthA meM hI milatI hai| akoTA (baDodA) se isa prakAra kI do dhAnu pratimAyeM milI haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga chaThI zatI hai| guptakAlIna alaMkaraNa zailI kA prabhAva yahA~ spaSTa dikhAI detI hai| uttarakAla meM bhI mehasAnA Adi sthAnoM para dhAtu kI mUrtiyA~ milatI haiM / ' nAgapura myujhiyama meM bhI dhAtukI kucha saparikara jina pratimAyeM saMgrahIta hai| 2. sthApatya kalA sthApatyakalA athavA vAstukalA ke antargata stUpa, guphA, caitya va bihAra tathA mandiroM kI nirmANa kalA AtI hai| usameM mAnava sabhyatA kA vikAsa chipA huA hai / jaina kalA meM bhI prArambha se hI isakA upayoga huA hai| yahAM hama kramazaH saMkSepa meM inakA varNana kara rahe hai| 1. mathurA stUpa mathurA lagabhaga I. pU. dvitIya zatAbdI taka jainadharma kA eka bar3A kendra bata gayA thaa| vahA~ 1888 aura 1891 I. ke bIca hArija, kaniMghama, phyUsara Adi vidvAnoM ne I. pU. dvitIya zatI se lekara gyArahavIM zatI taka kI maneka zilpAkRtiyAM kaMkAlI TIle se prApta kii| yaha eka purAnA jaina mandira thA jisane naSTa hone ke bAda TIle kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| usa para eka aura staMbha khar3Akara janatA use kaMkAlI devI ke nAma se pUjane lgii| isa stUpa kA vyAsa 14.33 mITara batAyA jAtA hai| yaha DholAkAra zikharavAlA hai aura aNDAkAra hai| itakA kyA rUpa rahA hogA, yaha AyAgapaTToM ke dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / yahI 1. zAha, yu. pI. sTaDIja ina na mArTa, pR.9, 12.

Page #382
358 prApta munisuvratanAtha kI mUrti para yUve devanimite' likhA milA hai jo stUpa kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatA hai / kaMkAlI TIle se prApta sAmagrI lakhanaU aura mathurA saMgrahAlayoM meM surakSita hai| AyAgapaTToM ke atirikta aneka saradala, stambha, vedikAyeM, toraNadvAra, uSNISa, prastara, ToDe, zAlabhaMjikAyeM, maMdira aurabihAra mile haiM / yaha abhI taka nizcita nahIM ho sakA ki yahAM kA bihAra ardha vRttAkAra thA ayavA aNDAkAra athavA cturbhujaakaar| bihAra ke nirmANa meM IToM kA prayoga huA hai aura stambhoM Adi ke liye patthara kA / pattharoM para aneka prakAra kA zilpAMkana huA hai| yaha saba kuSANa kAlIna hai / aneka zilAlekha bhI isa kAla ke mile hue haiN| mathurA ke stUpa se pUrvavartI stUpa abhI taka koI nahIM milA / vaizAlI meM munisuvratanAtha ke stUpa hone kI sUcanA avazya milatI hai para yaha stUpa abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huaa| caturtha se SaSTha zatAbdI ke bIca mathurA meM jainadharma ko lokAzraya to milA para rAjAzraya nahIM mila sakA / isalie mandiroM kA Adhikya nahIM hai / AyAgapaTTa, sarasvatI, zAsanadevI-devatAoM Adi kI pratimAyeM nahIM milatIM / mandiroM kA nirmANa bhI prAyaH nahIM huaa| mUrtiyA~ avazya upalabdha huI haiN|' 2. jaina guphAyeM prArambhika guphAyeM: sAdhAraNataH guphAoM kA prayoga sAdhanA ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| prArambha meM unakA upayoga prAkRtika avasthA meM hotA thA para bAda meM unheM saMskArita kiyA jAne lgaa| kalA kA udaghATana saMskArita hone para hI ho skaa| abhI prAcInatama tIna guphAsamaha gayA barAbara aura nAgArjunI pahAr3iyoM ke pAsa prApta hubA hai jisakI purAlipi use I. pU. tRtIya zatI kI siddha karatI hai| ye guphAyeM vaise to Ajovika sampradAya ke lie azoka dvArA bheMTa kI gaI thIM para AjIvika sampradAyakA sambandha digambara jaina sampradAya se adhika rahA hai| ataH unakA ullekha yahAM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vAstavika rUpa meM prAcInatama jaina guphAoM ke rUpa meM hama udayagiri bora khaNDagiri guphAoM kA ullekha kara sakate haiM / mahAmeSavAhana ke kAla meM ina 1. vizeSa dekhiye- mathurA, zrImatI devalA mitrA va ena. pI. jozI.

Page #383
359 adhiSThAnoM kI bahuta unnati huii| kaliMga ne apane rAjya ke terahaveM varSa meM ina pahAr3iyoM para jaina guphAyeM, stUpa, bihAra aura maMdiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| hApI guphA zilAlekha meM yaha saba vistAra se utkIrNa milatA hai| ina guphAoM ko bihAra ke rUpa meM vikasita kiyA gyaa| inameM koThariyAM aura barAmade haiM tathA kahIM-kahIM barAmade ke sAmane samatala bhUmi bhI hai / koThariyoM kI chateM adhika nIcI hai / ye guphAyeM prAyaH do maMjiloM kI haiM / binA stambha aura barAmade vAlI guphAyeM choTI aura alaMkRta haiM tathA staMbhayukta barAmadevAlI guphAyeM bar3I aura alaMkRta haiN| inameM rAnI guphA kA zilpa adhika manohArI hai| zilpAMkita toraNa aura dvArapAla bhI aMkita hue haiN| jUnAgaDha (girinAra) meM lagabhaga bIsa zailotkIrNa guphAyeM haiM jo bAbApyArA-maTha kI guphAyeM kahalAtI haiN| ye tIna paMktiyoM meM banI haiN| inameM maMgala kalaza, svastika, zrIvatsa, bhadrAsana, mInayugala Adi cinha milate haiN| isakA kAla lagabhaga I.pU. dvitIya zatI hai| yaha dharasenAcArya kI candraguphA ho sakatI hai|' kSatrapa kAlIna ye guphAyeM kucha vizeSatAyeM liye hue haiN| rAjagRha ke samIpa sonabhaNDAra nAma kA eka jaina guphA samUha hai jo prathamadvitIya zatI kA honA caahie| isakA vizeSa sambandha digambara sampradAya se hai| isake kakSa vizAla AyatAkAra hai aura dvAra stambha DhaluvA~ hai / yahA~ prApta lekha ke anusAra ye guphAyeM vairadevamuni ne jaina sAdhuoM ke AvAsa kI dRSTi se bnvaaii| prayAga ke pAsa pabhosA kI guphAyeM bhI zuMgakAlIna haiM jo vahA~ ke lekha ke anusAra arhoM ko bheMTa kI gaI thiiN| dakSiNApatha meM prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM tamilanADu meM prAkRtika jaina guphAoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| yahAM tamila bhASA ke prAcInatama abhilekha tathA prastara-smAraka mile haiM / guphAoM ke bhItara zilAoM ko kATakara zayyAyeM banAyI gayIM aura takiye bhI uThA diye gye| Upara prastara-khaNDa ko laTakA diyA gayA hai tAki varSA kA pAnI bAhara nikala ske| ye I. pU. dvitIya zatI kI guphAyeM hai| isI prakAra madurai jile meM Anemale, ariTTApaTTi, mAMgulam, muttuppaTTi (samaNaramala), tirapparaMkuram, pariccapura, ajagaramala, karUMgAlakkuDi, kIjavalavu, tiruvAdavUra aura nIlakkoTTai, rAmanAthapuram jile meM pillaiyarpatti, tirunelveli jile meM marukaltala, tiruccirappalli jile meM tiruccirappalli, zitantravAsaka, nartamala, tenimalai, pugalUra, koyambatUra jile meM arancalara uttara arkATa jile meM mamandura, sedurampattu, dakSiNa arkATa meM tirunAtharakuru, sola- bandipuram 1. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pR. 310.

Page #384
360 dhAdi sthAnoM meM jaina guphAyeM haiN| jinameM zayyAoM kI bhI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| Anya pradeza ke cittUra jile meM kanikAra aura nagarI nAmaka samAna hai mahA~ saMca-pANDava sahita kucha jaina guphAyeM haiN| sittanavAsala mAmaka sthAna para prApta guphA bhI ullekhanIya hai| caturtha zatAbdI se SaSTha zatAbdI ke bIca jainadharma ke lie mathurA tathA pUrva bhArata meM vizeSa rAjAzraya nahIM mila sakA / isakA mUla kAraNa thA bodharma aura vaidika dharma kA punaratyAna honaa| sAtha hI jaina pratiSThAnoM para jainetara dharmAvalambiyoM ne adhikAra kara liyaa| udAharaNataH sonabhaNDAra (rAjagiri) para vaiSNavoM kA svAmitva ho gayA aura pahADapura para sthita jaina bihAra ko dharmapAlane bauddha bihAra ke rUpa meM pariNata kara diyaa| isake bAvajUda kucha nirmANa to humA hI hai| vidizA (madhyapradeza) kI udayagiri kI jaina guphAyeM bhI ulkekhatIma haiN| inake AkAra-prakAra se to lagatA hai ki ye, I. pU. kI honI cAhie para yahA~ ke zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki vaha uttarakAlIna hai| madhyakAlIna guphAyeM: madhyakAla meM uDIsA kI khaNDagiri kI guphAoM ko guphAmandiroM kA rUpa diyA gyaa| yahAM zaila bhittiyoM para jaina pratimAoM kA aMkana kiyA gyaa| zAsana devI-devatAoM kA bhI nirmANa huaa| vArabhujI guphA meM yaha prakriyA adhika huii| chaThI zatI se gyArahavIM zatI ke bIca dakSiNApatha meM sthApatya kalA kA paryApta vikAsa humA hai| vAtApI, pallava, pANDava, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, gaMga mAdi sacya jainadharma ko prathama bene vAle the| inake rAjyakAla meM guptAyeM guphA-madiroM ke rUma meM pariNata huI athavA banAyI gii| isa kAla kI guphAmoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unake mahA maMDapa aura garbhagRha lagabhaga vargAkAra hote haiM, mukhamaNDapa yA barAmade AyatAkAra hote haiM, unameM stambha lage rahate hai / maNDapazailI ke ina mandiroM meM caTTAna para bane mandiroM ke kakSa para kakSa banate cale jAte hai| bAdAmI pahAvI para banA mandira isI prakAra kA banA hai| usakA samaya lagabhaga AThavIM zahI kA hai| pravezadvAra pAMca citakabarI zAkhAboM ke pakSoM se nirmita hai| inameM alaMkAritA aura adhika ubharI huI hai| aihola ke samIpa meMguTI pahAr3I meM eka guphA mandira hai jisameM mahAvIra kI mUrti virAjamAna hai| isameM vargAkAra saMkIrNa maNDapa hai jisakI pAvaM bhittiyoM

Page #385
361 para jaina mUrtiyAM uTaiMkita hai| vahIM eka dvitala guphA mandira bhI hai jisameM eka maNDapa aura lambA kakSa hai| yahAM isa prakAra ke baneka banI maMdira haiN| rASTrakUTa kAla meM elorA jaina kalA kendra bnaa| yahAM kI zailotkIrNa jaina guphA mandiroM kI kAphI saMkhyA hai| unameM indrasabhA aura jagannAya sabhA vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| indrasabhA meM aneka mandira haiN| isameM mAnastambha, zAsana devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM, garbhagRha, mahAmaNDapa, tA citrAMkita stambha hai| jagannAtha sabhA utanI vyavasthita nhiiN| para yahA~ bhI garbhagRha, maNDapa mUrtiyAM Adi alaMkRta zailI meM nirmita hai| terApura (dhArAziva) kI guphA bhI ullekhanIya hai| kanakAmara ne apane karakaNDucariu (11 vIM zatI) meM isa guphA kA bahuta hI sundara varNana kiyA hai jisase patA calatA hai ki yaha guphA usa samaya vizAla AkAra kI thii| karakaMdhu ne svayaM yahAM kucha guphAoM kA nirmANa karAyA thA aura pArzvanAtha kI pratimA pratiSThita kI thii| manamADa relave jaMkasana se lagabhaga 15 kilo mITara dUra aMkAI nAmaka sTezana ke pAsa aMkAI-taMkAI nAmaka guphA samUha hai jo tIna hajAra phuTa UMcI pahAr3I para sthita hai| isameM sAta guphAyeM haiM jinameM barAmade, maMDapa, evaM garbhagRha hai| pAvoM meM siMha, dvArapAla, vidyAdhara, gajalakSmI Adi kI anukRtiyAM haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga gyArahavIM zatAbdI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___ guphA nirmANa kalA dhIre dhIre samApta hotI gii| prArambha meM prAkRtika guphAyeM hotI thIM jinakA upayoga sAdhanA ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| uttarakAla meM prAkRtika guphAoM ko guphA mandiroM ke rUpa meM pariNata kiyA jAne lgaa| adhikAMza guphAyeM guphA mandira bana gii| aise antima guphA mandira gvAliyara ke kile meM dekhane milate haiN| inakA nirmANa 15 vIM zatI meM huaa| inameM vizAla mUrtiyAM pratiSThita haiN| kucha to 60 phITa taka kI mUrtiyAM haiN| zilpa sauSThava yahA~ avazya nahIM hai| yahA~ aneka guphA samUha haiN| samUcI pahAr3I guphAoM aura mandiroM se bAkIrNa hai| san 1993 kA banA huA eka sAsa-bahu kA jaina mandira bhI gvAliyara kile meM dRSTavya hai| ina guphAoM aura mandiroM meM yadyapi zilpa vaiziSTaya nahIM para mUrtiyoM kI vizAlatA aura saghanatA dekhate hI banatI hai| prathama guphA samUha meM lagabhaga 25 vizAla mUrtiyAM haiN| dvitIya guphA samUha meM eka mUrti 60 phITa kI sthita hai| ina guphAoM meM zilAlekha bhI utkIrNa hai|

Page #386
362 ina guphAgoM ke atirikta aura bhI aneka jaina gaphAyeM haiM jo zilpAdi kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| una sabhI kA yathAkrama adhyayana apekSita hai / 3. jaina mandira zelI prakAra: ___ vAstukalA kI carama pariNati mandiroM ke nirmANa meM hotI hai| isa kSetra meM tIna zailiyoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai- nAgara, vesara aura draavidd'| nAgarazailI meM garbhagRha catuSkoNI rahate haiM aura unake Upara jhukI huI rekhAoM se saMyukta chatte ke samAna zikhara rahatA hai| inakA pracalana dakSiNa meM to kama rahA para paMjAba, himAlaya, rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, ur3IsA, baMgAla Adi pradezoM meM adhika haa| isameM zikhara golAkAra hotA hai aura zikhara ke Upara kalaza lagA humA rahatA hai| besara zailI meM zikhara kI AkRti vartulAkAra hotI hai aura vaha Upara uThakara capaTI raha jAtI hai / madhyabhArata meM isakA prayoga adhika huaa| drAviDa zailI meM mandira stambha kI Akrati grahaNa karatA hai aura Upara sikur3atA jAtA hai| antameM vaha stUpikA kA AkAra grahaNa kara letA hai| dakSiNa meM isakA prayoga adhika huA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAlajI ne prAcInatama bauddha, hindU aura jaina mandiroM kI pAMca bailiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai1. samatala chata vAle caukora mandira jinake sammukha eka dvAramaMDapa rahatA hai| jaise sAMcI, tigavA aura eraNa ke mandira hai| 2. dvAra maMDapa aura samatala chatavAle ve caukora mandira jinake garbhagRha ke cAroM ora pradakSiNA bhI banI rahatI hai| ye mandira kabhI kabhI dutalle bhI banate the| jaise nAcanA-kuThArA kA pArvatI maMdira tathA bhUmarA (ma.pra.) kA zivamandira (5-6 vIM shtii)| 3. caukora maMdira jinake upara choTA yA capaTA zikhara bhI banA rahatA hai| jaise-devagar3ha kA dazAvatAra maMdira tathA bodhigayA kA mahAbodhi mNdir| 4. ve lambe catuSkoNa maMdira jinakA pichalA bhAga ardhavRttAkAra rahatA hai va chata koThI (vairala) ke AkAra kA banatA thaa| jaise- boDoM kI caityazAlAyeM, aura usmAnAbAda jile ke tera maMdira / nAgara aura drAvir3a liyAM isI prakAra ke antargata AtI haiN| 1. bhAratIya saMskRti meM baina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 318.

Page #387
5. vRttAkAra maMdira jinakI pIThikA caukora hotI hai| jaise rAjagRha kA maNiyAra maTha yA sonabhaNDAra ke mNdir| pUrva bhArata : prAcInatama jaina mandira ke pramANa ke rUpa meM lohAnIpura (paTanA) ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai jahA~ kumarAhara aura bulaMdIbAga kI mauryakAlIna kalAkRtiyoM kI paramparA ke pramANa mile haiN| yahA~ 8-10 phuTa vargAkAra kI nIMva milI hai aura aneka jaina mUrtiyAM Adi prApta huI haiN| durbhAgya se yahAM kA utkhanana Age nahIM bar3ha skaa| isake bAda ke jaina mandiroM ke astitva ke pramANa sAhitya meM to milate hai para purAtatva meM nhiiN| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se ve punaH milane lagate haiN| jodhapura jile meM osiyA nAmaka sthAna para eka mandiroM kA samUha milA hai jisameM saptama zatAbdI se lekara dazama zatAbdI ke aura kadAcit uttarakAla ke bhI na mandira sammilita haiN| dhAnerAva kA mahAvIra mandira sAMdhAra prAsAda ke rUpa meM hai jisameM pradakSiNA patha yukta eka garbhagRha, eka gUDha maNDapa, eka trikamaNDapa tathA dvAra maNDapa (mukhacatuSkI) sammilita hai| maMndira ke cAroM ora deva-kulikAoM se yukta eka raMga maNDapa bhI banA huA hai| yaha samUcA maMdira eka UMce prAkAra ke bhItara sthita hai| isake garbhagRha kI racanA zailI sarala hai| usameM kevala do avayava hai-bhadra aura krnn| pradakSiNA patha ke tIna ora banAye gaye bhadraprakSepoM (chajjoM) ko gUDha maNDapoM kI bhittiyoM kI bhAMti suMdara jharokhoM dvArA sajAyA gayA hai| jinase prakAza prasphuTita hotA hai| isake bahirbhAga meM digpAloM, gaMdhavoM, apsarAmoM, vidyAdeviyoM aura yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kA aMkana alaMkRta zailI meM huA hai| yaha lagabhaga dasavIM zatI kA mandira hai| osiyA meM AThavIM se gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke maMdira samUha hai| mukhya jaina mandira mahAvIra maMdira hai jo pratIhAra vatsarAja ke zAsana kAla kA hai| isameM pradakSiNA patha ke sAtha garbhagRha, aMtarAla, pArSabhittiyoM ke sAtha gUDha maNDapa, trika maNDapa tathA sIr3hiyAM car3hakara pahuMca jAne gogya mukha catuSkI (bAra maNDapa) sammilita hai| yaha bhI mAra gurjara zailI kI paravartI racanA hai| garbhagRha vargAkAra meM hai| isakI uThAna meM devakulikAyeM (Ale) tathA alaMkRta zailI meM kubera, gajalakSmI Adi devI-devatAoM kA aMkana hai| vAstukalA kI dRSTi se ye mandira ullekhanIya hai|

Page #388
pUrva bhArata meM sAta deuliyA kA maMdira mUlataH jaina mandira rahA hai| vaha IToM se banA hai jise ur3IsA kI rekhA sailI kahA jAtA hai| isakA garbhagRha sIdhA aura laMbAkAra hai aura usa para vakrarekhIya zikhara hai| vAMkurA jile ke ambikAnagara kA jaina mandira bhI alaMkRta zailI meM nirmita huA hai| isakI rUparekhA trirathazailI meM hai| isa kAla meM khaNDagirI kI guphAoM ko guphA mandiroM kA rUpa diyA gyaa| vahAM kI zailabhittiyoM para tIrthaMkaroM aura zAsana devIdevatAoM kA pratirUpaNa huaa| pazcima bhArata : pazcima bhArata meM prAcIna kAlIna kucha mUrtiyAM to milatI hai para mandiroM ke koI avazeSa nahIM milate / akoTA, balabhI, vasaMtagaDha, bhinamAla Adi se prApta mUrtiyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa kSetra meM chaThI se dazavIM zatAbdI ke bIca jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa avazya huA hai, parantu unheM naSTa kara diyA gyaa| sAhityika pramANoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki anahilavAI pATana meM vanarAja cApotkara ne, candrAvatI meM ninnaya ne aura tharAr3a meM vaTezvara sUri ne jaina mandiroMkA nirmANa kraayaa| jinasena ne apanA harivaMzapurANa san 723 meM vardhamAna (badhbana) sthita pArzvanAtha mandira (nannarAjavasati) meM rahakara kiyaa| udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA I.779 meM jAlaura ke AdinAtha mandira meM pUrI kii| haribhadra sUri ne cittor3a meM aneka jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| aura bhI isI prakAra aneka mandiroM ko alaMkRta zailI meM banavAyA gayA hai| pazcima bhArata meM isa kAla meM cAlukya zailI ke maMdira adhika lokapriya rhe| inameM garbhagRha, gUDhamaDapa aura mukhamaMDapa hote haiM jo eka dUsare se jur3e rahate hai| inakI sAja-sajjA alaMkRta vedikAoM se kI gaI hai| uttarakAlIna cAlukya zailI meM chaha yA nava caukiyoMvAlA stambhayukta mukhamaMDapa tathA devakulikAoM kA nirmANa huaa| vivecyakAla meM pazcimI bhArata ke AbU para bane vimalavasahI (1032 I.) kA AdinAtha jaina maMdira prasiddha hai| saMgamaramara ke bane isa mandira ke garbhagRha, gUDha maMDapa aura mukha maMDapa mUla bhAga haiM aura zeSa bhAga bArahavIM zatAbdI meM jor3e gaye hai| isI prakAra ke anya mandira kuMbhAriyA meM bhI hai| kumArapAlake hI samaya usake mantrI pRthvIpAla ne 1150 I. meM eka nRtyamaNDapa bnvaayaa| maNDapa ko jor3anevAlI galayAre kI chateM sthApatya kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya haiN| kumArapAla kA ajitanAtha mandira sAMdhAra prakAra kA eka merU prAsAda hai| rAjanItika sattAsan 1220 ke AsapAsa cAlukyoM se bagheloM ke hAtha aayii| baSeloM ke maMtrI vastupAla aura tejapAla ne girinAra, zatrujaya, pATana, jUnAgada

Page #389
365 AbU Adi sthAnoM paramaMdira banavAye jo bhAratIya kalA kI dRSTi se anupama ratna haiN| gamaramara kA banA unakA luNavasahI kA mandira prasiddha hI hai| cittor3agaDha kA kIrtistambha madhyakAlIna jaina sthApatya kA eka sundara udAharaNa hai| isake kAla-nirdhAraNa meM matabheda hai| bAraha se pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca vidvAna isakA nirmANa mAnate hai| samaya-samaya para isameM vikAsa bhI huA hai| guMbada aura zikhara isI vikAsa kA pariNAma kahA jAtA hai| kintu garbhagRha, aMtarAla aura saMyukta maNDapa kA nicalA bhAga purAnA mAnA jAtA hai| cittor3a ke hI do maMdira aura ullekhanIya haiM zrRMgAra caurI aura saat-biisddyoddhii| zrRMgAra caurI 1448 I. kA banA huA hai| yaha paMcaraNa prakAra kA hai jisameM garbhagRha, tathA uttara-pazcima dizA se saMlagna catuSkiyA~ hai| Upara eka guMbada hai tathA bhittiyoM para alaMkRta zailI meM zAsana devI-devatAoM kI murtiyA~ khudI huI hai| jaisalamera ke durga meM bhI aneka jaina maMdira milate haiM, jinakA samaya lagabhaga 15 vIM zatAbdI mAnA jA sakatA hai| inameM garbhagRha, mukhamaNDapa, devakulikAyeM Adi sabhI alaMkRta zailI meM nirmita hue hai| yahA~ kA pArzvanAtha kA maMdira adhika prAcIna hai| bIkAnera ke pArzvanAtha maMdira meM paraMparAgata aura mugala donoM zailiyo kA upayoga huA hai| yahA~ citAmaNirAva bIkAjI tayA neminAtha ke maMdira bhI ullekhanIya hai / isI prakAra nAgadAM, jayapura, koTA, kizanagaDha, mAroTha, sIkara, ayodhyA, vArANasI, trilokapura, AgarA, phIrojapura, Adi sthAnoM para bhI madhyakAlIna jaina mandiroM ke sundara udAharaNa milate hai| pazcima bhArata meM jaina kalA kA punarutthAna rANA lAkhA tathA usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne kiyaa| rAjA kumbhI (san 1438-68) kA unameM vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| unhoMne cittoDa ko kalA kendra banAyA aura nAgara-zailI kA vikAsa kiyaa| yaha digambara jaina sampradAya kA kendra rahA hai| pazcima bhArata kI isa kalA zailI meM phargyusana ke anusAra madhyazailI kI abhivyakti huI hai jo nAgara, solaMkI aura baghela zailiyoM kA samanvita rUpa hai| ise caturmukha maMdira athavA sarvatobhadra maMdira kA prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai| mevAr3a kA raNakapura maMdira isa zailI kA pramukha udAharaNa hai| isakA nirmANa san 1439 meM huaa| isameM 29 bar3e kakSa aura cAra sau bIsa stambha hai| kula milAkara 3716 varga mITara kSetra meM yaha maMdira phailA huA hai| garbhagRha ke aMdara sarvatobhadra pratimA sthApita hai| yaha atyaMta alaMkRta aura prabhAvaka sthApatya kA namUnA hai|' 1. pUrva-pazcima bhArata, kRSNa deva tathA gaM. umAkAnta zAha /

Page #390
366 isI prakAra ke sarvatobhadra maMdira AbU ke dilavADA maMdira samUha meM tathA pAlItAnA ke samIpa zatrujaMya pahAr3I para sthita karalavAsI-Tuka meM nirmita hai / ina sabhI maMdiroM meM bhittiyoM, chatoM aura stambhoM para laharadAra patrAvaliyA~, patra- puSpa, zAsana devI- devatAoM aura mUrtiyoM Adi kA aMkana bar3I sughar3atA se kiyA gayA hai / bharatapura, mevAr3a, bAgaDadeza, koTA, siroha, jaisalamera, jodhapura, nAgara, alavara Adi saMbhAgoM meM bhI jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa huA hai / madhya bhArata : madhya bhArata meM prAcIna kAlIna jaina mandira upalabdha nahIM hote / madhya kAla se hI yahA~ unakA nirmANa prArambha huA hai / madhya kAla meM kuNDalapura (damoha) kA jaina mandira samUha vAstu zilpa kI dRSTi se anupama hai| inameM caukora pattharoM se nirmita zikhara haiM, vargAkAra garbhagRha tathA kama UMce sAdA vedI bandha ( kurasI) para nirmita mukha maNDapa haiM / mukha maNDapoM meM caukora stambhoM kA prayoga huA hai / inakI vAstu zailI guptakAlIna kalA kA vikAsAtmaka rUpa hai| satanA jile ke pithonA kA patiyAnI mandira bhI isI zailI meM nirmita huA hai / gyArasapura kA mAlAdevI mandira eka sAMdhAra prAsAda hai jisakA kucha bhAga zailotkIrNa tathA kucha bhAga nirmita hai| isakA garbhagRha paMca-ratha prakAra kA hai tathA Upara rekhA zikhara hai / mukha maNDapa, maNDapa, pITha Adi sabhI bhAga alaMkRta haiN| zikhara, paMca-ratha, digpAloM aura yakSa yakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyAM alaMkRta zailI meM banI huI haiN| AkarSaka kIrtimukha bhI banA huA hai / alaMkRta pradakSiNA patha hai / ataH isakA racanAkAla lagabhaga navamI zatAbdI kA hai / devagar3ha meM lagabhaga 31 mandira haiM jo nauvIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca banAye gaye haiM / 12vIM mandira zAntinAtha kA hai jisake garbhagRha meM 12 phuTa UMcI pratimA hai, garbhagRha ke sAmane caukoTa maNDapa hai jo chaha stambhoM se alaMkRta hai / yahIM bhojadeva (san 862) kA zilAlekha lagA huA hai| kucha mandiroM meM bar3e-bar3e kakSa haiM jo caityavAsIya sthApatya ke namUne haiM / yahA~ aneka zilAlekha milate haiM jo bhASA, kAla aura lipi kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM / gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca madhyabhArata meM aneka kalAkendroM kA nirmANa huA / khajurAho kA nirmANa madana varmA (san 1127-63 ) ke zAsana kAla meM huA / yahA~ ke jaina maMdira UMcI jagatI para bane haiM aura unameM koI prAkAra nahIM / khulA caMkramaNa aura pradakSiNApatha haiN| sabhI bhAga saMyujita aura UMce haiM / ardhamaNDapa, maNDapa, antarAla aura garbhagRha sabhI mandiroM meM haiN| alaMkRta zailI kA

Page #391
367 prayoga huA hai / khajurAho ke samIpa hI SaSTAI nAmaka eka bAra jaina maMdira hai vo lagabhaga isI samaya kA banA huA hai| ghaNTAI mandira kA AkAra vizAla aura zailI alaMkaraNa pradhAna hai| vartamAna meM ardhamaNDapa aura maNDapa hI zeSa haiN| dvAra mArga ke pIche ardhastambha hai| dvAra mArga kI sAta sAkhAyeM hai, navagrahoM, solahasvapnoM tathA tIrthakaroM aura zAsana devI-devatAoM kA aMkana hai / khajurAho kA pAzrvanAtha mandira bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya hai jo isI kAla kA hai| mAlavA kA Una pradeza paramAra zailI ke lie prasiddha rhaa| 12 vI zatAbdI kA cAlukya zailI kA yahAM eka maMdira milatA hai jise kumArapAla caraNa ne banavAyA thaa| yahIM ke gvAlezvara maMdira meM paramAra tathA cAlukya zailiyoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isake bAda sonAgiri, droNagiri, rezandigiri pAvAgiri, gvAliyara, mAdi sthAnoM meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa huaa| isa nirmANa meM kAle grenAiTa pASANa tathA balue pASANa kA upayoga huA hai| gvAliyara ke tomara-baMzIya rAjAoM ne jana sthApatya ko prazraya diyaa| naravara, tubena, caMderI, bhAnapurA, maksI, dhAra, mANDu, vaDavAnI, alIrAjapura, vidizA, samasagaDha, devagaDha, pajanArI, thubona, kuNDalapura, bInA-bArahA, ahAra, paporA, bAnapura, ajayagaDha, semarakheDI Adi sthAnoM para bhI isa kAla kI kalA kA darzana hotA hai|' uttara bhArata : uttara bhArata meM mathurA ko chor3akara anyatra prAcInakAlIna jaina mandira nahIM milte| vahA~ gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka jaina kalA kA kucha aura bhI vikAsa huaa| uttara bhArata meM use phalane-phUlane kA bhI maukA milaa| isa kAla meM maMdira, mAnastambha niSidhikAyeM (smAraka stambha) maTha, sahasrakUTa, Adi kI racanAye hii| maMdiroM kA nirmANa sAmAnyataH vaidika paramparA se bhinna nahIM thaa| isa samaya pratihAra aura gurjara zailI prasiddha rhii| mUla rAjasthAnI zailI meM alaMkAritA aura kalAtmakatA adhika hai| cAhamAnoM kI nAdola zAkhA meM jainadharma bahuta lokapriya rhaa| unhoMne aneka jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa bhI kraayaa| ina maMdiroM kI vizeSatAyeM hai-paMca-rapa zikhara yukta garbhagRha, bAra maMDapa,stambhamaya antaHbhAga tapA prveshmNddp| ye vizeSatAyeM osiyA ke mahAvIra maMdira meM dekhI jA sakatI haiN| 1. madhya bhArata, zrIkRSNa deva tavA eSNa datta vAjapeyI /

Page #392
368 pAhAvAsa kI zailI meM IToM kA prayoga adhika dikhAI detA hai| unakI maMdiranirmANa zailI para rAjasthAna, madhyamArata gaura bihAra kI zailiyoM kA prabhAva paa| isa yuga ke aneka jaina maMdira haridvAra Adi sthAnoM para milate haiN| mArugujara zailI meM banA pAnerAva kA mahAvIra mandira bhI ullekhanIya hai jo lagabhaga dazavIM zatAbdI kA hai| cAhamAna yuga kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA osiyA maMdira samaha aneka sadiyoM kI kalAtmakatA ko samAhita kiye hue hai| devakulikAoM kA nirmANa 8vIM zatAbdI ke bAda hI prAraMbha hyaa| yahAM unhe 12 vIM zatAbdI meM sammilita kiyA gayA paisA ki bijoliyA ke zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai| phalodhI meM bhI isa kAla kI zailI ke jaina maMdira milate hai| uttara bhArata kI jaina kalA para 12 vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa muslima bAkramaNoM kA tAMtA lagA rahA phalataH bahuta se jaina maMdira yA to naSTa kara diye gaye yAparivartita kara diye gye| ajamera kI masjida aDhAI dina jhoMpaDA, Amera ke tIna ziva maMdira, sAMgAnera kA sipIjI kA maMdira, dillI kI kubbatula islAma masjida Adi sthAna mUlataH jaina maMdira rahe hai| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa sarvatobhadra pratimAyeM (caturmukha pratimA) adhika nirmita huI inameM RSabhanAtha, zAMtinAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA aMkana hotA hai| sarasvatI kA yaha mata sahI ho sakatA hai ki cAra praveza dvAroM vAlA vargAkAra kA maMdira banAyA jAtA rahA hogaa| pahale isa prakAra ke maMdiroM meM alaMkaraNa nahIM hotA thA para uttarakAla meM use alaMkRta kiyA jAne lgaa| baudahavIM zatAbdI se jana jIvana AkrAntamaya hone lgaa| ataH uttarabhArata meM naye mandiroM kA nirmANa prAyaH banda rhaa| jo bhI nirmANa huA, unameM kucha mandira to aise rahe jinameM paramparAgata zailiyoM ko kucha parivartana ke sAtha apanAyA gayA, jaise cittoDa gaDha, nAgadA, jaisalamera Adi aura kucha aise mandiroM kA nirmANa huA jo mugala zailI ke prabhAva se na baca ske| mugala sthApatya kalA kA prabhAva lagabhaga solahavIM zatAbdI se aayaa| isa prabhAva ko hama jaina mandiroM ke dAMtedAra toraNoM, arabazailI ke alaMkaraNoM aura zAhajahA~ke stambhoM meM dekha sakate haiM / vArANasI, ayodhyA, zrAvastI, siMhapura, candrapurI, kaMpilA, hastinApura, sauripura, kAsAmbI Adi sthAnoM para yathAsamaya jaina maMdira banate rahe haiN|' 1 uttara bhArata - zrI munIzacana gozI va kRSNa deva.

Page #393
369 bhArata : Arambhika kAlIna jaina mandira dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI prApya nahIM / vahA~ sAtavIM zAdI se unakA nirmANa huA hai / yadyapi isake pUrva ke ullekha paryApta mAtrA meM milate haiN| pallava nareza narasiMhavarman prathama mAmalla (660 - 668 I.) ne grenAiTa nAisa patthara kI caTTAnoM ko kATakara zailotkIrNa mandiroM kI nirmANa zailI prArambha kii| mahAbalIpuram ke rathamandira isake udAharaNa hai / ina mandiroM ke bAhya alaMkAra ko IMTa-lakar3I se nirmita bhavana kI rUparekhA dene ke lie akhaNDa caTTAna nt upara se nIce kI ora kATA jAtA thA aura phira utkhanana karake maMDapa tathA garbhagRha ke vibhinna aMga utkIrNa kiye jAte the / kAlAtaMra meM yaha paramparA chor3a dI gaI aura balue prastara khaMDa kATakara maMdira banAye jAne lage / isa prakAra ke zailotkIrNa maMdira vijayavADA, dhamanara, gvAliyara, kolagAMva Adi sthAnoM para milate hai / rASTrakUTakAla meM elorA kI guphA nambara 30 nirmita huI jise choTA kailAsa kahA jAtA hai| isameM bhI akhaMDa zilA maMdira samUha kI racanA huI hai / tamilanADu ke zailotkIrNa guphA maMdira sAtavI zatAbdI se milate haiM / sAdhAraNataH ye parvatazreNiyoM para banAye gaye haiM / ye maMdira guphAyeM ITa aura gAre se banAye gaye haiM / bAda meM ye brAhmaNoM dvArA adhikRta kara liye gaye / inakA AkAra-prakAra vimAna zailI liye hue hai / AyatAkAra maMDapa ke sAtha alaMkRta stambha hai / pArzvabhittiyoM meM aneka deva-koSTha utkIrNa hai / sarvAdhika prAcIna jaina mukkA maMdira tirunelavelI jile meM malaiyaDikkuricci sthAna para hai jise bAda meM zivamaMdira meM parivartita kara diyA gayA / isa prakAra kA parivartana madurai aura Amale Adi jaina kendro kA bhI huA hai / dakSiNApatha ke zittannavAsala kA viziTa maMDapa zailI meM banA zailotkIrNa jaina guphA maMdira hai| usake bhItara caukora garbhagRha aura maDapa hai jinakI bhittiyAM aura chata mUrtiyoM se alaMkRta haiM / isa kAla meM dakSiNApatha me prastAra maMdiroM kA bhI nirmANa huA / ullekhanIya hai / pulakezI dvitIya kA zailItkIrNa guphA maMdiroM ke atirikta isameM aihole kA meguTI maMdira vizeSa purAlekha yahI milA hai jise AcArya kIrti ne likhA hai| isa maMdira meM baMda-maMDapa prakAra kA cauka hai jisameM madhya ke cAra stambhoM ke sthAna para garbhagRha haiN| pArzva meM do AyatAkAra kakSa hai / ina bhakSoM meM zAsana devI-devatAoM Adi kI alaMkRta mUrtiyA~ hai / isI prakAra kA eka maMdira hallUra (bhAgalakoTa) meM bhI pAyA gayA hai / aihole meM aura bhI aneka kula zailI meM bane maMdira hai /

Page #394
370 tamilanADu meM prastara nirmita jaina maMdiroM kA krama pallavazailI ke maMdiroM se prAraMbha hotA hai / jina kAMcI kA candraprabha maMdira isakA udAharaNa hai / isameM tIna tala kA caukora vimAna maMdira hai / usake sAmane mukha maNDapa hai| tInoM taloM meM nIce kA tala Thosa hai aura vaha madhya tala ke lie caukI kA kAma detA hai jisa para mukhya maMdira hai yaha tatkAlIna jaina maMdiroM kA pracalita rUpa hai / garbhagRha meM candraprabha kI mUrti hai bhitti stambha alaMkRta haiN| isa maMdira samUha meM vizAla mukha maMDapa, agra maMDapa prAkAra aura gopura bhI sammilita haiM / toMDaImaMDalama ke dakSiNa meM bhI nirmita zailI ke aneka jaina maMdira milate haiM jo muttarayAra aura pAMDayoM ke dvArA prastara ke banavAye hue haiM / / / dakSiNa ke saMpUrNa prastara nirmita prAcIna maMdiroM meM eka candragupta bastI kA maMdira prAcInatama kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha maMdira samUha zravaNa belagolA kI candragiri pahAr3I para hai| isameM tIna vimAna maMdiroM kA samUha hai / zravaNa belagolA ke bAhya aMcala meM kambada halli kI eka paMcakUTa bastI hai jisameM dakSiNI vAstuzAstra zilpazAstra aura Agama graMthoM meM varNita tatvoM aura zailiyoM kA sacitra varNana hai / yahA~ nAgara, drAvir3a aura vesara zailI kI kRtiyA~ milatI haiM, jinameM alaMkaraNa kI pracalita paddhatiyoM kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA gayA hai / cAlukya aura rASTrakUTa zailI kI saMracanA dRSTavya hai / dakSiNApatha meM rAjanItika asthiratA ke bAvajUda jainadharma kI lokapriyatA meM kamI nahIM AyI / kalyANI ke cAlukya kAla meM lakkuNDI, zravaNavelagolA, lakSmezvara, paTadakala Adi sthAna jainakalA ke kendra bane / kahA jAtA hai ki attiyabbe ne 1500 jaina mandira bnvaaye| uttara kAlIna cAlukya, hoyasala, yAdava aura kAkatIya rAjavaMzoM ke zAsakoM ne sthApatya kI uttarI aura dakSiNI zailiyoM ko samanvita kiyaa| garbhagRha aura zikhara meM dakSiNI zailI tathA zeSa bhAgoM meM uttarIzailI ko niyojita kiyA / vijayanagara meM avazya dakSiNI zailI ko hI apanAyA gayA / kalyANI ke cAlukyoM dvArA nirmita mandiroM meM lakkuNDI ( dhAravAr3a ) kA brahmajinAlaya, aihola (bIjApura) kA cAraNDI maTha, tathA lakSmezvara ( dhAravAr3a) kA zaMkha jinAlaya ulekhanIya hai| lakkuNDI mandira kA zikhara Upara pahu~cate-pahu~cate caturasra AkAra kA ho jAtA hai| Upara eka laghu garbhAlaya-sA banA hai / rathoM kI saMyojanA vartulAkAra liye huye hai, zikhara zukanAsA yukta hai, bhittiyoM para devakulikAoM aura trikoNa- toraNa kA aMkana hai| raMgamaNDapa ke bAhara eka zrRGgAracorI maNDapa hai jo uttarakAlIna vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| aihola ke cAraNTI

Page #395
371 maTha meM ardhamaNDapa, sabhA maNDapa aura mukha maNDapa dakSiNI vimAna prakAra kA hai, garbhagRhoM kI doharI saMyojanA hai| lakSmezvara ke zaMkha jinAlaya meM caumukha maMdirAkRti para catuSkoTIya zikharAkRti kA aMkana huA hai| isa mandira meM chaThI zatAbdI se terahavIM zatAbdI taka kI kalA kA vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| hoyasela zailI meM vimAna zailI aura rekha nAgara prAsAda zailI kA saMmizraNa huA hai| isameM hare raMga kA tathA grenAiTa pASANa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| tArakAkAra vinyANarekhA, jagatI-pITha tathA uttarI zikhara saMyojanA kA anukaraNa nahIM dikhtaa| garbhAlayoM kA camakatA huA pAliza tathA alaMkaraNoM kA saMyama dekhate hI banatA hai| hoyasaloM ne zravaNa velagolA meM bhI aneka choTebar3e mandiroM kA nirmANa karAyA jinameM sthApatya kalA ke aneka rUpa milate haiN| yahA~ gaMgazailI kA bhI upayoga huA hai| hAsana jile kA analikhita mandira, tumakUra jile ke nittUra kI zAMtIzvara-vastI, maisUra jile ke hosaholalu kI pArzvanAtha vastI, baMgalora jile ke zAMtigatte kI vardhamAnavastI Adi jaina mandira isa zailI ke anyatama udAharaNa haiN| seUNadeza aura devagiri ke yAdavoM ke zAsanakAla meM jaina sthApatyakalA ke digdarzaka sthAnoM meM manamAr3a ke samIpavartI aMjanerI guphAmandiroM kA nAma ullekhanIya hai jahA~ elorA kI guphAkalA kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| ye mandira nAsikase 21 kilomITara dUra eka pahAr3I para surakSita hai| Andhrapradeza meM isa kAla meM aneka jaina kalA kendra bne| jaise-poTalAceruvu (pATanaceru), vardhamAnapura (vaDDamanI), pragatura, rAyadurgama, cippagiri, hanumakoNDA, peDDatumbalama, puDura, aDonI, nayakallI, kaMbadura, amarapuram, kollipAka, munugAMDu, penugoNDA, nemim, bhogapuram aadi| ina sthAnoM para prApta sthApatya kalA se aneka zailiyoM kA patA calatA hai| sopAna mArga aura talapITha sahita nirmANa kI kadamba nAgara zailI aura zikhara catuSkoNI para kalyANI cAlukyoM kI zukanAsA zailI vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| vemulavADa padmakAzI, vijayavADA tailagiri durga, kaDalAyavasadi, kollipAka Adi sthAna jaina sthApatya kalA ke pradhAna kendra haiN| yahA~ caubIsiyoM kA nirmANa bahuta lokapriya rahA hai| tamilanADu smArakoM meM tirupattikuNram ullekhanIya hai jahAM ke jaina mandiroM meM pallavakAla se vijayanagara kAla taka kI sthApatya zailiyA~ utkIrNa huI haiN| candraprabha mandira aura vardhamAna mandira bhI isI sandarbha meM smaraNIya hai|

Page #396
372 isI prakAra tirumala (uttara arkATa jilA) ke mandira kI nirmANa kalo meM bhI vikAsa kI rUparekhA jamI huI hai| tirupattikuNram meM gopurIlI kA eka vizAla daravAjA hai aura vimAnazailI ke vividha gajapRSTha hai, saMgIta maNDapa aura kASTha mUrtiyAM haiN| isa maMdira samUha meM eka varSamAna maMdira bhI hai jo saMbhavataH prAcInatama hogaa| yahAM eka trikUTabastI bhI hai jo mUlataH pamaprabha aura vAsupUjya ke maMdiroM kA hI samUha hai| dakSiNApatha meM bhI muslimoM ke AkramaNoM ne jaina sthApatyakalA ko bhArI AghAta phuNcaayaa| phira bhI vaha kalA samUce rUpa meM naSTa nahIM kI jA skii| vijaya nagara zAsakoM, sAmaMtoM aura rAjadarabAriyoM ne aneka jaina maMdira aura mUrtiyoM kA udAratApUrvaka nirmANa kiyA / hampI (vijayanagara) ke jainamaMdiroM meM gaNigitti maMdira ullekhanIya hai jisameM prAcIna zailI ke catuSkoNika stambha haiN| zravaNabelagolA meM bhI isa kAla meM aneka jaina maMdira banavAye gaye jo prAyaH hoyasala zailI meM nirmita hai| karnATaka meM mUDabridI bhaTakala, kArkala, beNara Adi jaina dharma aura kalA ke pradhAna kendra isI kAlameM bne| inameM mUDavidI kA sahana stambhavasadi sthApatya kalA kA suMdara saMyojana hai| ina sthAnoM para sarvatobhadra pratimAyeM adhika lokapriya dikhAI detI haiN| kahIM kahIM gopuram aura draviDa zailI ke bhI darzana hote haiM / mahArASTra meM hemADapaMthI zailI kA pracalana adhika huaa| yaha zailI mUlataH uttara bhAratIya zikhara zailI kA pariSkRta rUpa hai| isa zailI ke jaina muphA maMdira nAsika jile kI triMgalavADI aura caMdora nAmaka sthAnoM para milate hai| ye guphA catuSkoNIya stambhoM para AdhArita hai| mahArASTra meM hI vAzima ke samIpa sirapura meM sthita aMtarikSa pArzvanAtha maMdira ullekhanIya hai jo lagabhaga 13 vIM zatAbdI kA banA huA hai / isakI vinyAsa rekhA tArakAkAra hai aura patrAvalI yukta paTTiyoM kA alaMkaraNa hai| yaha maMdira digambara sampradAya kA pratIta hotA hai|' 3. citrakalA citrakalA bhAvAbhivyakti kA sundaratama udAharaNa hai| usameM upadeza bhaura sandeza dene kI anUThI kSamatA hai / jainAcAryoM na isa tathya ko bhalIbhAMti 1. dakSiNa bhArata, zrI ke. Ara. zrInivAsana, ke.bI. sAvara rAjana, pI. Ara. zrInivAsana, pa.t.t.bammakalakSmI /

Page #397
373 sAyA aura prArambha se hI isa ora apanI pratibhA ko unmeSita kiyaa| cina-- kalA ke samUce itihAsa ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki isa kSetra meM jainadharma kara paryApta yogadAna huA hai| usake sAhitya meM bhI citrakalA ke prAcIna ullekha milate haiN| nAyAdhammakahAo meM citrakalA kI dRSTi se kucha mahatvapUrNa bAtoM kA patA calatA hai| vahA~ dhAraNA devI ke zayanAgAra ke varNana ke prasaMga meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki prAsAda ko latAoM, puSpaballiyoM aura uttama citroM se alaMkRta, kiyA gayA thaa| yahIM eka aisI citrakAra zreNI kA bhI ullekha hai jise rAjakumAra malladikSa ne pramadavana meM citrazAlA banavAne ke lie nimantrita kiyA thaa| usa samaya aise bhI citrakAra the jo vastu ke kisI eka aMga ko dekhakara usake saMpUrNa aMga ko citrita karane kI kSamatA rakhate the| mallikumArI ke pAdAMguSTha ko dekhakara eka citrakArane usakI sarvAGga AkRti ko citrita kara diyaa| yahI maNikAra zreSThi kI citrazAlA kA bhI ullekha huA hai|' uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM citrakalA aura usake prakAroM kA bhI varNana milatA hai| raviSeNAcArya ne do prakAra ke citra batAye haiM-zaSka aura drava / candanAdi drava padArthoM se nirmita citra dravacitra hai| citrakarma ke antargata rekhAMkana karanA athavA belabUTA Adi banAnA mUrtikarma hai tathA lakar3I hAthIdAMta kI citrakArI karanA pustakarma hai| varAMgacarita, AdipurANa, harivaMza purANa yazastilakacampU, gadyaciMtAmaNi Adi granthoM meM citrakalA kA varNana milatA hai| yahA~ hama citrakalA ke kucha pramukha bhedoM para vicAra kara rahe haiM(1) bhitticitra, (2) kargalacitra, (3) kASThacitra, (4) paTacitra, (5) raMgAvali athavA dhuulicitr| (1) bhitticitra : jaina sthApatya meM prAcInatama bhitticitra zittanAvAsala ke jaina guphAmandira meM milate haiM jise pallavavaMzI mahandravarmana prathama ne banavAyA thaa| isameM eka palAzaya kA citra hai jahA~ patra-puSpa Adi kA cayana karanevAlI mAnavAna 1. nApApammakahAno 1.9 2. vahI, 8.78 3. vahI, 13.99 4. padmapurANa 24. 36-40

Page #398
374 kRtiyoM ko bar3e svAbhAvika DhaMga se citrita kiyA gayA hai| isI meM pazu, pakSiyoM, machaliyoM AdikA bhI citraNa hai| patAkA mudrA meM apsarA aura nRtya karatI haI nartakI ke citra bhI AkarSaka haiN| rAjA aura rAnI kA bhI yugalacitra dekhane milatA hai| elorA kI indrasabhA kI bhittiyoM para gomaTezvara ke vividha citra, dikpAla samUha, AliMganabaddha vidyAdhara dampati, tAlavAcaka baunegaNa tathA vyomacArI devoM Adi kA sundara citraNa hai| elorA ke hI kailAzanAtha maMdira meM bhaTTAraka ke svAgata kA manohArI dRzya aMkita hai| yaha samUcA dRzya sajIva lagatA hai / tirumale ke eka jaina maMdira meM colavaMzIya rAjarAja ne gandharva, yakSa aura rAkSasa Adi devoM kA cola citra zailI meM aMkana karAyA hai| zravaNavelagolA ke jaina maTha meM samavazaraNa, divyadhvani, SaDlezyA Adi ke sundara citra milate haiN| tiruppattikuNaram ke vardhamAna maMdira kA saMgIta maNDapa AkarSaka bhitticitroM se citrita hai| bAjAragAMva (nAgapura) ke jaina maMdiroM meM lagabhaga 17-18 vIM zatI ke sundara bhitticitra aMkita haiN| para asAvadhAnatAvaza unheM dhUmila hone se nahIM bacAyA jA skaa| somadeva ne do prakAra ke bhitticitroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / vyakticitra aura pratIkacitra / vyakticitroM meM bAhuvali, pradyumna, supArzva, azokarohiNI tathA yakSamithuna kA ullekha hai| pratIkacitroM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtA ke dvArA dekhe jAne vAle solaha svapnoM kA vivaraNa hai|' tArapatrIya zailI : bhitticitra kI paramparA 11 vIM zatI taka adhika lokapriya rhii| usake bAda tAr3apatroM para citrAMkana prArambha huaa| isa prakAra kIprAcInatama citrita tADa patrIya pANDulipi SaDkhaNDAgama kI milatI hai jo san 1113 kI likhI hai aura mUDabidrI meM surakSita hai| ye pANDulipiyAM hoyasalakAlIna haiN| ina citroM meM camakadAra raMgoM kA prayoga huA hai| pAMca citrita tADapatroM meM do patra prArambhika kAla ke haiN| ina para pupArzvanAtha kI yakSiNI kAlI kA citraNa hai| usake eka ora dampati khar3A huA hai| bIca meM kAyotsarga tathA padamAsanastha tIrthakara mahAvIra kI AkRti hai| usake Asana Adi alaMkRta haiN| dUsarI ora bhaktayugala baiThe hue haiN| anya tAr3apatroM meM pArzvanAtha aura unakI zAsana devI-devatAoM 1. yastilakacammU, 246-22, uttarArtha; yastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 240.

Page #399
375 kA aMkana hai| sAtha hI zruta devI apane parikara sahita citrita hai| ambikA, pUjA arcanA kI sAmagrI, mAtaMgayakSa, hAthI Adi kA aMkana hoyasalazailI meM humA hai| saMghavI pAr3A granyabhaNDAra pATana kI nizIpacUNi zAntinAya jaina mandira meM sthita nagInadAsa bhaNDAra kI zAtAdharma sUtra prati, jaina anya bhaNDAra, chANI kI boSaniyukti, jaina siddhAntabhavana mArA kI tiloya paNNatti aura trilokasAra Adi tADapatrIya pratiyoM meM vividha citrAMkana upalabdha hai| tAr3apatrIya piNDa niyukti kI pANDulipi meM bhI sundara citraNa milA hai| usameM hAthI aura kamala padaka aMkita haiN| do kamala puSpoM ke bIca do vattoM ko citrita kiyA gayA hai, eka vRtta kamaladaloM se nirmita hai aura dUsarA haMsoM ke ghere se / haMsoM kA yaha AlaMkArika citraNa bArahavIM zatAbdI meM pracalita huA hai| zAMtinAtha maMdira, khambhAta kI jJAnasUtra kI prati para sarasvatI kA citraNa tathA dazavakAlika laghuvRtti kI prati para do jaina sAdhu evaM zrAvaka kA citraNa bhI ullekhanIya hai| aMbikA aura vidyAdeviyoM ke bhI citra yahA~ milate haiN| ye citra lagabhaga terahavIM zatAbdI ke haiN| kucha anya pratiyoM meM viSayavastu ke anurUpa citrAMkana kiyA gayA hai| tIthaMkaroM ke jIvana caritIya citrAMkanoM ne devI-devatAoMke citrAMkana kA sthAna grahaNa kara liyaa| subAhukathA kI prati aisI hI hai| tADapatroM kA upayoga lagabhaga caudahavIM zatAbdI taka hotA rhaa| kalpasUtra aura kAlakAcArya kathA kI citrita tADapatrIya pANDulipiyA~ isI kAla kI hai| isa kAla meM laghucitra banAye jAte the| raMgoM ko ubhArane ke liye kahIM-kahIM svarNa kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| SaD khaNDAgama mahAbandha aura kaSAyapAhuDa kI tADapatrIya pratiyoM para dakSiNa paramparA kA kucha prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| visphArita netroMkA aMkana tathA dAnadAtAoM aura upAsakoM ke citra yahA~ aMkita haiN| inameM rekhA zailI tathA sImita raMga yojanA ko apanAyA gayA hai| inakA kAla bArahavIM zatAbdI kA prArambhika mAnA gayA hai| devI-devatAoM kA citraNa kucha rahasyAtmakatA ko liye hue hai| trilokasAra meM saMdRSTiyoM ko citropama zailI meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra ke aura bhI tADapatrIya citra upalabdha hote haiN|' 1. bhitti citra, kasampUra zivarAti /

Page #400
376 (2) kargalacitra : kAgaja para citrita prAcInatama pANDulipi kalpasUtra-kAlakAcArya kathA hai jisakA racanAkAla 1346 I. mAnA jAtA hai| isameM kramazaH 31 bora 13 citra haiN| kAlakAcArya kathA kI kucha aura bhI sacitra pratiyAM lagabhaga isI samaya kI milatI haiN| zAMtinAthacarita kI 1396 I. kI prati, jo ela. DI. insTITayUTa, ahamadAbAda meM surakSita hai tathA kAlakAcArya kathA jo priMsa Apha velsa myujiyama meM rakhI hai, bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya haiN| ye pAMDulipiyAM 15vIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha kAla kI haiN| isI kI aura bhI aneka pratiyA~ aneka sthAnoM para bhinna-bhinna zailiyoM meM likhI milatI hai| ina meM sone aura cAMdI kI syAhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ise 'samRddhi zailI' kahA gayA hai| isakA pracalana gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM adhika rhaa| kalpasUtra kI bhI isI prakAra kI aneka pratiyAM milI hai| ina para patra-puSpa aura pazu pakSiyoM ke sAtha nArI AkRtiyoM ko unakI kSetrIya vezabhUSAoM meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| AlaMkArika kinArI kA citraNa phArasI temUra citra zailI kA prabhAva hai| kAlInoM, vastroM aura vartanoM kA citraNa bhI isI zailI ke antargata AtA hai| pATana bhaMDAra kA supAsanAha cariya (1422 I.) baDodA, kA kalpasUtra (1465 I.) Adi pratiyoM meM bhI pazcimI citraNa zailI kA prayoga huA hai| inameM tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvana, ghaTanAyeM mAtA-svapna, bAhubalI-yuddha, tathA vividha nRtya-mudrAyeM aMkita haiN| tatvArthasUtra kI 1469 kI pAMDulipi tathA yazodharacaritra kI pratiyAM bhI isI samRddha zailI kI pratIka hai| kaI sthAnoM para uttarAdhyayana kI bhI isI prakAra kI pratiyAM milI hai| yaha zailI pazcima bhArata meM 15 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca taka calatI rhii| ___ yoginIpurA, dillI meM surakSita Adi purANa (1404 I.) tathA mahApurANa kI pratiyAM bhI isI samRddha zailI se jur3I huI hai| inameM rekhIya aMkana kA prayoga huA hai| bhavisayatta kahA (1430 I.), pAsaNAha cariu (1442 I.), jasapara cariu (1540 I.) Adi pratiyoM meM uttara bhArata kI citra paramparA ko vikasita kiyA gayA hai| mahAkavi raidhU kI pratiyAM gvAliyara aura dillI meM adhika upalabdha huI haiN| ina pratiyoM meM halkI raMga yojanA, mAnava kI vividha mudrAoM, veza bhUSAoM tathA sthApatya kI aneka paramparAmoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| AdipurANa kI bhI aneka sacitra pratiyA~ upalabdha huI hai| nAgapura jaina maMdira kI sugaMdha dazamI kathA bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya hai jisameM 67 citra aMkita haiN| yaha aThArahavIM zatI kI prati hai| jaina sarasvatI bhavana, bambaI meM surakSita bhaktAmara stotra kI bhI isI prakAra sacita pratiyAM milatI hai|

Page #401
rAjasthAna ke bhaNDAroM meM to mahApurANa, yazodharavarita, bhaktAmara Adi sayoM kI sacitra pratiyAM bahuta milatI haiN| kAgaja kI ina sacitra pratiyoM kA sarvekSaNa karane para yaha pratIta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ne kalpasUtra, opaniyukti aura uttarAdhyayana tathA digambara paramparA ne Adi purANa, mahApurANa, yazodhara caritra va sugaMdha dazamI kathA ko AnI citraNa paramparA ke liye vizeSa rUpa se cunaa| yaha paramparA lagabhaga 18 vIM zatAbdI taka milatI hai|' ina tAr3apatroM kI pratiyoM para do kASTha kI paTaliyoM ke AvaraNa rahate haiN| unheM bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| jaisalamera ke bhaNDAra meM surakSita oSaniyukti kI paTaliyoM para vidyAdeviyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA aMkana milatA hai| yahAM do upAsikAyeM bhI citrita haiN| yaha citraNa jinadattasUri (lagabhaga 1150 I.) ke saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA batAyA jAtA hai| mahAvIra kA Asana bhI bIca meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| eka pATalI para eka zrAvaka kI do patniyoM ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| yaha samUcA citraNa ajaMtA aura elorA kI paramparA ko liye huye hai| kAnoM taka laMbI-laMbI AMkhoM kA citraNa, jo isa paTalI para hunA hai, ajaMtA aura elorA meM bhI milatA hai| rAjasthAna aura gujarAta taka yaha zailI pahuMca cukI thii| isa paramparA meM latA-vallariyoM tathA pazu-pakSiyoM kI mAkRtiyoM meM mAnavAkRtiyoM kA bhI citraNa kiyA gayA hai / geMDA aura jirApha kAnI aMkana milA hai| jaisalamera bhANDAra kI hI eka anya paTalI meM hAthiyoM, pakSiyoM aura zeroM ke citra aMkita haiN| isakA bhI samaya lagabhaga bArahavIM zatAbdI honA caahie| jaisalamera bhANDAra meM eka aisA bhI kASThacitra milA hai jisapara vAdidevasUri aura kumudacandra ke bIca zAstrArtha ho rahA hai / isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga vRtti kI tAr3apatrIya prati ke AvaraNa kASTha para mahAvIra kI jIvana ghaTanAyeM tathA dharmopadeza mAlA kI prati ke bAvaraNa para pArzvanAtha kI jIvanaghaTanAyeM citrita kI gaI haiN| isI prakAra ke aura bhI aneka kASThacitra milate haiN| (4) pavitra : paTa (vastra) apekSAkRta adhika svAyI ho sakate haiN| una para banAyI jAne vAlI citra paramparA bahuta prAcIna hai| gozAla kI prArambhika jIvikA kA sAdhana citrapaTa kA pradarzana hI thaa| para, na jAne kyoM, paTacitroM kA lopa ho 1. laghu citra-kAla khaNDAlAvAlA tathA DaoN. zrImatI sarayU bogI.

Page #402
378 gayA / idhara lagabhaga caudahavIM zatAbdI se punaH paTacitra upalabdha hone lage / AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa Adi granthoM meM citrapaTa kI pUrva paramparAke ullekha milate haiM / usI paramparA meM madhyakAlIna paTacitra anusyUta haiN| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke saMgraha meM eka 'cintAmaNi' nAmaka paTacitra 1354I. kA hai / usameM pArzvanAtha, dharaNendra, padmAvatI Adi devI-devatA citrita kiye gaye haiN| eka anya 'maMtra paTa' nAmaka paTacitra sArAbhAI nabAba ke pAsa hai jo bhAvadevasUri ke liye 1412 I. meM banAyA gayA thA / kumArasvAmI ke pAsa saMgIta paTacitra 16 vIM zatAbdI kA haiM, jisameM pArzvanAtha, samavazaraNa Adi kA aMkana hai / isI prakAra ke aura bhI anya prakAra ke citra upalabdha haiM jo kalA kI dRSTise mahattvapUrNa haiM / ' (5) raMgAvali athavA dhUli citra : eka anya prakAra kI bhI citra paramparA kA yahAM ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jise raMgAvalI yA dhUlicitra kaha sakate haiN| yazastilakacampU meM isa prakAra ke citroM se AsthAna maNDapa ko suzobhita kiye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / vahA~ kuMkuma raMge marakata parAga se tathA mAlatI Adi vividha puSpoM se racita raMgAvaliyoM kA ullekha hai| aisI citrAvaliyoM ko 'kSaNikacitra' kahA gayA hai / pratiSThAoM ke sandarbha meM mAMDane Adi kI bhI racanA kI jAtI hai| jaina siddhAnta bhavana ArA meM saMgrahIta indradhvaja pATha tathA dazalakSaNAdi vratodyApana ke anta meM isa prakAra ke aneka mAMDanoM ke citra aMkita hai| vahIM eka " jaina citra pustaka saMgraha" bhI upalabdha hai jisameM jaina saMskRti se sambaddha mugalakAlIna 135 citra saMgrahIta haiN| ArA saMgrahAlaya meM hI 'netra sphuraNa' nAmaka saMgraha hai jisama netroM ke hAvoM-bhAvoM kA sundara vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra samUcI jaina citrakalA ke sarvekSaNa se hama usameM nimna likhita vizeSatAyeM pAte haiM / 1. rUpa, raMga, AkAra aura sajjA kA samanvayana / 2. dhArmika bhAvanAoM kI saphala abhivyakti / 3. bhaktoM ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI bhakti kA sAGgopAGga rUpAGgana / 4. prAcIna saMbaMdhoM aura dhAraNAoM kA prastutIkaraNa / 1. bhAratIya sAMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pU. 373 2 jaina citrakalAkA saMkSipta sarvekSaNa - zrImatI suzIlA devI jaina, guru gopAladAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha, sAgara, 1967.

Page #403
5. prAcIna saMbaMdhoM aura dhAraNAvoM kA prstutiikrnn| 6. antarvRttiyoM kA udghaattn| 7. AlyAna saMbaMdhI citroM meM praNayalIlAoM, nAnA prakAra ke samvedanAoM evaM vividha prakAra kI manodazAoM kI abhivyNjnaa| 8. kamalapaMkhur3iyoM kI mRdulatA aura kamanIyatA kA yathArtha aMkana / 9. bhAvoM kA citraNa aura tadanukUla ramoM kA sRjana / 10. sthiti janita laghutA kA gati zIla rekhAoM dvArA mUrtikaraNa / 11. hAthoM kI mudrAoM aura AMkhoM kI citavanoM se hRdayagata vibhinna bhAvanAoM kA citrnn| 12. aTUTa, pravAhamaya aura bhavya rekhAoM dvArA sajIva, sazakta aura saundaryapUrNa aMkana / 13. rUpa-bhAvanA aura AkRti saundarya kA aucitya / 14. aMguliyoM kI gati evaM vibhinna hasta mudrAoM dvArA vinaya, dAna, AzA, nirAzA prabhRti kI abhivyakti / 15. bhavana, pazuoM aura manuSyoM ke Alekha meM sjiivtaa| 4. kASTha zilpa zilpa ke lie kASTha kA prayoga gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM adhika huaa| vahA~ ke uSNa vAtAvaraNa meM usake sthAyitva meM vRddhi huI aura suvidhA tathA saralatA ke kAraNa lokapriya bnaa| kASTha zilpa kA nirmANa satrahavIM se unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke bIca sarvAdhika huaa| isakA upayoga AvAsa gRha ke alaMkaraNa tathA mUrti aura mandira ke nirmANa meM dekhA jAtA hai| jainadharmAvalambiyoM ne apanI AsthA ko jAgarita rakhane tathA dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ko nirmita karane kI dRSTi se apane AvAsagRha ke stambhoM, madaloM, gavAMkSoM, bAroM, chatoM, toraNoM, bhittiyoM Adi para kASThakalA kA pradarzana kiyaa| kalAkAroM ke bIca aSTamaMgala, patra-puSpa latAyeM, dvArapAla, pazu-pakSiyoM, mAnavAkRtiyoM, tIrthakaroM, zAsana devI-devatAmoM AdikA zilpAMkana vizeSa rucikara thaa| isake nimitta dvAra-kapAToM ko samatala athavA jAlIdAra banAyA jaataa| kahIM-kahIM caukhaToM ko caur3A rakhate aura daravAje ke binA hI kAma calAyA jaataa| muslima prabhAva ke kAraNa meharAbadAra gavAkSoM kI bhI saMyojanA huii| stambha

Page #404
38. catuSkoNIya, gola athavA zuNDAkAra rahate / isa prakAra kahIM-kahIM sArA ghara kASTha zilpa se alaMkRta karA liyA gayA hai| ghara meM mandira banAne kI paramparA uttarakAla meM prArambha huii| phalataH gujarAta ke jaina gRhasthoM ne apane bhavanoM meM apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra sundara se sundara mandira bnvaaye| ahamadAbAda, pATana, bar3odA, pAlItAnA, khambhAta Adi nagaroM meM inakA nirmANa kArya huaa| ahamadAbAda kA zAMtinAtha-derAsara (1390 I.) tathA pATana kA lallUbhAI dantI kA ghara-derAsara ullekhanIya hai| inake madala aura toraNa tathA maNDapa aura usakI chata vizeSa darzanIya hai| yahA~ devakoSThiyoM, nartakiyoM, aura saMgIta maNDaliyoM ke acche aMkana hue haiN| aSTa-koNIya stUpa kA bhI sundara saMyojana hai| kASTha zilpa kA upayoga mUrtiyoM ke aMkana meM bhI huaa| kahA jAtA hai, mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM unakI candanakASTha pratimA banAyI gaI thI, para vaha Aja upalabdha nahIM hotii| yaha svAbhAvika hai bhI kyoM ki kASTha utanA sthAyI nahIM rahatA jitanA pASANa / pUjA-pratiSThA prArambha ho jAne para ina kASTha mUrtiyoM kA pracalana aura bhI kama ho gyaa| vartamAna meM upalabdha kASTha-mUrti-zilpa meM nArI mUrtiyoM kI vividha mudrAoM meM anukRti adhika milatI hai| nRtyAMganAoM kI mUrtiyoM meM pAyala bAMdhatI huI mUrti vizeSa AkarSaka hai| kucha AyatAkAra paTTiyAM bhI prApta huI hai jinapara jaina sAdhuoM ke svAgata kA tathA rAjakIya yAtrA kA dRzyAMkana huA hai| bailagADiyoM, azvArohiyoM aura gajArohiyoM kA bhI zilpAMkana svAbhAvikatA se otaprota hai| 5. abhilekhIya va mudrAzAstrIya zilpa abhilekhoM tathA mudrAboM para bhI citrAMkana huA hai| kaMkAlI TIlA mathurA se prApta AyAgapaTTa para (prathamazatI) mahilA yugala kA aMkana hai / isI prakAra 132 I. kI sarasvatI kI mUrti bhI upalabdha hotI hai| guptakAlake abhilekhoM meM rAmagupta dvArA pratiSThApita mUrtiyoM ke pAdapITha para aMkita lekha mahattvapUrNa haiN| udayagiri (vidizA) mathurA, kahAU~ 1. kASThazilpa-je. vinoda prakAza dvivedI -

Page #405
381 (gorakhapura) Adi sthAnoM para bhI sundara abhilekha mile haiN| devagar3ha meM lagabhaga 400 abhilekha haiM jinase patA calatA hai ki maMdiroM meM dvAra, stambha, zAlA aura maNDapa banAye jAte the / matiyoM para vividha cinha, yakSa, yakSI, caityavRkSa Adi kA citrAMkana huA hai jisase citrazailI kI vibhinna paramparAoM kA jJAna hotA hai / garbhAlayoM aura devakulikAoM kA nirmANa bhI ullekhanIya hai| AbUkA vimalavasahi maMdira, ehola kA meguTI maMdira, tathA zravaNavelagola Adi sthAnoM para prApta abhilekhoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / khajugahoM, kIragrAma, jUnAgaDha, raNakapura, dAnavulapaDu, kurikyala, dharmavaram, hampI, kIjasAtamaMgalam, arkATa, godApuram, kArkala, lakkuNDI, elorA, mUDavidrI Adi saikaDoM sthAna hai jahA~ jaina abhilekha upalabdha hue haiM / ye abhilekha bhASA, itihAsa, saMskRti tathA citrAMkana zailI kI dRSTi se atyanta upayogI haiN| ___ mudrA ke kSetra meM pAMDaya zAsakoM dvArA pracArita sikkoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| unakI catuSkoNIya kAMsya mudrAoM para aMkita sUrya, candra, kalaza, chatra, matsya, azTamaMgaladravya, (svastika, zrIvatsa, naMdyAvarta, vardhamAnaka (cUrNapAtra), bhadrAsana, kalaza, darpaNa, aura matsyayugala), siMha, gaMja, azva, patAkA, dhvaja AdikA ramaNIya aMkana huA hai / gaMga, rASTrakUTa, hoyasala Adi rAjavaMzoM dvArA pracAlita mudrAyeM bhI citrazailI Adi kI dRSTi se bhulAyI nahIM jA sktii| ye rAjavaMza jaina dharmAvalambI the, yaha hama pIche spaSTa kara cuke haiN| unakI mudrAoM para jaina prabhAva lakSita hotA hai|' ___ isa prakAra kalA aura sthApatya ke kSetra meM jaina dharma ne prArambha se hI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| usake darzana aura sAhitya ne bhI kalA ke hara aMga ko vikasita kiyA hai| prAdezika saMskRtiyoM ke tatvoM ke sAtha lokakathAnoM aura sAMskRtika ghaTanAoM kA aMkana jisa sundaratA ke sAtha jaina kalA meM huA hai vaha anyatra durlabha hai| bhAratIya kalA ke kSetra meM abhI bhI jaina kalA ke yogadAna ko niSpakSa rUpa se nahIM AMkA jA sakA jo vikAsa kI dhArA ko spaSTa karane ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka hai| 1. vizeSa dekhiye-purAlekhIya evaM mudrAzAstrIya srota -DaoN. jI. esa.I Adi tathA raMgA cArI vanAjA

Page #406

Page #407
aSTama parivarta baina samAja vyavasthA 1. varga vyavasthA varNa vyavasthA Amama vyavasthA vivAha vyavasthA saMskAra nArI kI sthiti 2. zikSA parati zikSA zikSArthI zikSaka 3. sAmAdhika mahatva

Page #408

Page #409
aSTama parivarta jaina samAja vyavasthA 1. varga vyavasthA vyavasthA avasthAjanya hotI hai / jahA~ avasthAyeM hotI hai vahA~ sApekSatA Avazyaka hotI hai| yadi sApekSatA na ho to zAntibhaMga honA eka anivArya tathya hai / paraspara sahayoga samanvaya, saMyama, sadbhAva aura ekatA sApekSatA ke pramukha aMga haiN| samAja kI abhyunnati isI prakArakI sApekSatA para avalambita hai| zAsana vyavasthA bhI isI para TikI huI hai| vaNe vyavasthA : jainadharma sammata samAja vyavasthA AsmAnuzAsana para kendrita hai| IzvaravAda ke ghere se haTAkara puruSArthavAda, karmavAda aura samAnatAvAda ke AMcala meM palI pusI jaina saMskRti aura usakI samAjavyavasthA eka krAntikArI darzana lie hue hai| baidika yugIna janmataH varNa vyavasthA ke virodha meM karmataHsamAjavAdI vyavasthA prastuta karanA usakA pramukha siddhAnta hai / uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa kahA gayA haikarma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya, karma se vaizya aura karma se hI jIva zUdra hotA hai| kevala zira mur3Ane se zramaNa, oMkAra kA jApa karane se brAhmaNa, jaMgala meM rahane se muni aura kuzacIvara dhAraNa karane se tapasvI nahIM hotA, apitu samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, zAna se muni tavA samyagjJAna pUrvaka tapa karane se tapasvI hotA hai|' jAtikI koI mahimA nahIM, mahimA hai tpkii| 1. na vi muNDiyeNa samaNo, na boMkAreNa bamhaNo / na muNI raNNavAseNaM, kusavIreNa na taavso|| samabAe samaco hora, bambacereSa bmpyo| nANeNa ya muNI hoe, taveNaM hoi vAvaso // kammuNA bammuNo hoi, kammRNA ho cittabo / bAsso kammuNA hoi, subo havA kammaNA // uttarAdhyayana, 25.29-31. 2. na vIsaI vAivisesa koI, vahI, 12.37

Page #410
386 karma ke bhedoM meM eka gotrakarma hai jisake do bheda kiye gaye haiM- ucca gotra aura nIca gotra / ye bheda AtmA kI Abhyantara zakti kI apekSA se hue haiN|' pratyeka paryAptaka bhavya jIva AtmA kI sarvocca vizuddhAvasthA ke pratIka caudahaveM guNasthAna ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isameM varNa, jAti athavA gotra kA koI bandhana nhiiN| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya athavA zUdra koI bhI sabhyakcAritravAn vyakti use prApta kara sakatA hai / isI siddhAnta ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM ne vaidika saMskRti meM pracalita brAhmaNAdi varNoM kI vyAkhyA ko apane DhaMga se parivartita kara diyaa| tadanusAra brAhmaNa vahI hai jo vastu ke saMyoga meM prasanna nahIM hotA aura viyoga meM duHkhI nahIM hotA, vizuddha hai, nirbhaya hai, rAga-dveSa vimukta hai, ahiMsaka hai, zAnta hai, paJcavratoM kA pAlaka hai, gRhatyAgI hai, anAsakta hai, akiJcana hai aura samastakoM se mukta hai| dhammapadakA brAhmaNa vagga aura suttanipAta kA vAseTTasutta bhI isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya hai / vahAM mahAtmA buddha ne bhI isI prakAra brAhmaNa kI vyAkhyA kI hai| zeSa varNoM ko bhI zramaNa sAhitya meM samyakcAritra se sambaddha kiyA gayA hai aura una sabhI ko samAna rUpa se mukti patha prApya batAyA hai| jaina saMskRti kI yaha karmaNA vyavasthA bahuta samaya taka nahIM cala skii| uttarakAla meM yaha punaH vaidika saMskRti se prabhAvita hone lgii| jinasena (8vIM zatI) ke Ate-Ate jainadharma ne cAturvarNa vyavasthA ko dabI AvAja meM svIkArasA kara liyaa| usane brAhmaNa kA saMbandha vratoM ke saMskAra se jor3a diyaa| sAtha hI zUdroM ke do bheda kara diye- kArU aura akArU / dhobI, nAI, suvarNakAra Adi kArU zUdra hai jo spRzya hai / tathA samAja se bAhara rahane vAle zUdra akArU haiM jinheM aspRzya kahA gayA hai / yaha samAja vyavasthA karmaNA hote hue bhI sAmAjika dRr3hatA banAye rakhane ke lie svIkAra kara lI gii| sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA gayA ki tathAkathita ucca jAti meM janma lenA mukti kA kAraNa nahIM balki mukti kA kAraNa hai cAritra aura viitraagtaa| isI prakAra vaya, liGga Adi kA bhI mukti prApti ke lie koI pratibandha nhiiN| zatAbdiyoM kA parivartana sthira-sA ho gyaa| garbhAnvaya Adi kriyAnoM tathA upanayana Adi saMskAroM ke nirdhAraNa ne use aura bhI sthiratA pradAna kara 1. kaSAyaprAbhUta, 1.8.; pravacanasAra, 1.7 2. uttarAyaNaM, 25.19-27. 3. bAdipurANa, 16. 184-186.

Page #411
387 dii| yaha vaidika saMskRti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| jaina saMskRti meM samaya ke anusAra yaha parivartana lAkara use susthira karane meM jinasena kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| lagabhaga eka zatAbdI bAda AcArya somadeva ne isa parivartita mAnyatA ko jhakajhorane kA prayatna kiyA para ve saphala nahIM ho ske| ataH unhoMne gRhastha dharmoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA- laukika dharma aura pAralaukika dhrm| laukika dharma ne veda aura smRti ko pramANa mAna liye jAne kI vyavasthA kI aura pAralaukika dharma ne AgamoM ko|' parantu yaha vibhAjana tathA mAnyatA Age nahIM bar3ha sakI aura anya AcAryoM kA samarthana use nahIM mila skaa| isa prakAra jainadharma meM samAja vyavasthA karmaNA rahate hue bhI janmanA kI ora jhukane lagI / phira bhI yaha avazya dhyAna meM rakhA gayA ki laukika dharma ke mAdhyama se mithyAtva na panapane lge| isalie momadeva ne yaha spaSTa kara diyA ki jisa vidhi se samyaktva kI hAni na ho tathA vrata meM dUSaNa na lage aisI pratyeka laukika vidhi jainadharma meM sammata ho sakatI hai| Azrama vyavasthA : jahA~ taka Azrama vyavasthA kA prazna hai, vaha to jIvana ke vikAsakrama kA digdarzaka hai / cAritra usakI pRSThabhUmi hai / isa dRSTise jaina saMskRti meM brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura sanyAsa (bhikSuka) AzramoM ke kartavyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ina kartavyoM meM vaidika saMskRti se koI ullekhanIya antara nhiiN| phira bhI yaha dRSTavya hai ki unheM jaina saMskRti kI paridhi meM rakhA gayA hai| caturNAmAzramANAM ca zuddhiH syAdarhate mate / caturAzramyamanyeSAmavicAritasundaram / / brahmacArI gaisthazca vAnaprastho'tha bhikSukaH / ityAzramAstu banAnAmuttarottarazuddhitaH // ' 1. vo hi dharmo gRhasthAnA laukika: pAralaukikaH / lokAzrayo bhavevAbaH paraH syAdAgamASaH // -yazastilakacammU, uttarArSa, pR. 273 2. sarva eva hi nAnAM pramANaM lokiko viSiH / ___ yatra samyakatva hAninaM yA na ta dUSaNam ||bhii. pR. 373 3. mAvipurANa, 39. 151-152; sAgAra dharmAmRta, 7.20.

Page #412
388 vivAha vyavasthA : kAma vAsanA vyakti kI svAbhAvika icchA hai| use saMyamita bAra niyantrita karane kI dRSTi se vivAha kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| yaha vyavasthA sAdhAraNataH samAna rahI hai phira bhI samaya, paristhiti aura saMskRti ke anusAra usameM kiJcit bhinnatA bhI milatI hai| jaina saMskRti meM vivAha ko anivArya tattva ke rUpa meM pratipAdita nahIM kiyA gayA para uttarakAla meM use parivAra ke samyak saMcAlana ke lie Avazyaka-sA banA diyA gyaa| parivAra kI samyak vyavasthA, vaMza paramparA ko Age bar3hAne ke lie santAna-prApti, sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM kA nirvAha tathA yauna sambandhoM kA niyantraNa jaise tattva vivAha ke pramukha uddezya rahe haiN| vaidika saMskRti meM vivAha ke ATha prakAra batAye gaye haiM-1. brAhma, 2. deva, 3. ArSa 4. prAjApatya, 5. Asura, 6. gAndharva, 7. rAkSasa, aura 8. paishaac| inameM prathama cAra prakAra prazasta hai aura zeSa cAra prakAra aprazasta haiN| jaina saMskRti meM cAra prakAra ke vivAhoM kA varNana adhika milatA hai1. mAtA, pitA dvArA vyavasthita', 2. kraya-vikraya vivAha', 3. svayaMvara vivAha' aura gAndharva vivAha / inameM prathama do prakAra janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita the aura antima do prakAroM ko rAjanya varga meM prazraya milA thaa| vivAha sambandha meM anulomAtmaka sthiti para bhI dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| sAtha hI samAna vaya, dharma, rUpa, sIla, zikSA aura vaibhava para bhI vicAra karanA bAvazyaka thaa| sapta vyasanoM meM phaMse vyakti ko koI bhI apanI kanyA nahIM detA thaa| vivAha kA nizcaya ho jAne para eka utsava hotA thaa| vara pakSa vArAta lekara vadhu pakSa ke ghara jAtA thaa| vahA~ siddha bhagavAna kI pratimA ke samakSa vedI meM saMsthApita agni kI saptaparikramAkara vara vadhu kA pANigrahaNa karatA thaa| isI samaya donoM ko jaina zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM ke paripAlana karane kA bhI bata lenA par3atA thaa| bAda meM vivAhotsava meM sammilita vyakti vara-vadhu ko AzIrvAda dete aura caityAlaya kI vandanA pUrvaka yaha utsava samApta ho jAtA thaa| vivAha meM vadhu pakSa dvArA vara pakSa ko tathA kabhI-kabhI vara pakSa dvArA - 1. nAyAdhammakahAbo, 1.5.58 2. vahI, 1.14.101, uttarAmacana, sukhabocA, patra 97 3. vahI, 1.16.122

Page #413
389 va pakSa ko daheja dene kI paramparA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| vivAha ke bAda vibhinna utsavoM kI bhI paramparA rahI hai| vivAha kI saMpUrNa kriyAoM ke lie eka susajjita maNDapa banAyA jAtA thaa| usake mukhadvAroM ke donoM ora maMgala dravya rakhe jAte the, madhya meM vedikA banAI jAtI thI, vedikA para zAstrAdi mAMgalika dravya saMyojita kiye jAte the, dIpaka jalAye jAte the, snAna saMpanna vara-vadhu vedikA ke samakSa baiThate the, aura usapara mayojita jina pratimA kA abhiSikta jala unapara chir3akA jAtA thA vadhu kA pitA varake hAtha para jaladhArA karatA aura daheja, dAnAdi dekara vivAhavidhi saMpanna ho jAtI thii| caityAlaya meM jAkara vara-vadhu pUjana bhI kiyA karate the|' saMskAra kA sAdhAraNataH tAtparya hai-kisI bhI vastu ko adhikAdhika upayogI banA denaa|' isa sAdhAraNa artha kA sambandha vyaktitva ke vikAsa se jor3a diyA gayA aura phalataH saMskAra vyakti ke karma, bhAva, AdhyAtmika, mAnasika aura zArIrika suddhi se saMbaddha ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para use 'vAsanA' bhI kahA mavA hai| vAsanA kA sambandha pUrvajanmakRta karmoM se bhI hai| yahI karma saMsAra kA kAraNa banatA hai| avidyA ke abhyAsa rUpa saMskAroM ke dvArA mana svAdhIna na rahakara vikSipta ho jAtA hai| vahI mana vijJAna rUpa saMskAroM ke dvArA svayaM hI mAtmasvarUpa meM sthira ho jAtA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM saMskAra ke isa kAbhyantara svarUpa ko na lekara usake bAhya svarUpa para adhika vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM saMskAroM kI saMkhyA sAdhAraNataH solaha dI gaI hai- garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonayana, viSNuvali, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, niSkramaNa, annaprAzana, cola, upanayana, cAravedavata, samAbartana aura vivAha / gautama, vaikhAnasa Adi ne isa saMkhyA meM kucha aura vRddhi kI hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, subboSA, patra 88; 2. nAvipurANa, 7.268-29.. 3. saMskAro nAma sa bhavati yasmijAte padArya bhavati yoyaH kasyacidarthasya, jeminisUtra, 3.1.3 para zabarakI TIkA. 4. samAdhimataka, iSTopavezaTIkA, 37

Page #414
AcArya jinasenane vaidika saMskRti meM mAnya saMskAroM kA jainIkaraNa kara diyA aura unake tIna varga kara diye- 1. garbhAnvayakriyA, 2. dIkSAnvayakriyA, aura knyykriyaa| 1. garbhAnvayakriyAyeM : isa varga meM zrAvaka kI 53 kriyAjoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ina kriyAoM kA sambandha garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta niyojita huA hai| ye kriyAyeM isa prakAra haiM- 1. garbhAdhAna (viSayAnurAga ke binA kevala santAnaprAptikI kAmanA se arhanta jina kI pUjana pUrvaka samAgama karanA), 2. prIti 3. suprIti, 4. dhRti, 5. moda, 6. priyodabhava athavA jAtakarma, 7. nAmakarma, 8. bahirmAna, 9. niSadyA, 10. annaprAzana, 11. vyuSTi (varSagAMTha) 12. kezavApa (muNDana), 13. lipisaMkhyAna, 14. upanIti (AThaveM varSa meM yazopavIta), 15. vratacaryA (gurU ke pAsa adhyayana), 16. vratAvaraNa (samAvartanaaSTamUla guNoM kA pAlana), 17. vivAha, 18. varNalAbha (uttarAdhikAra), 19. kulacaryA, (gRhasthake SaTkarmoM kA pAlana karanA), 20. gRhIzitA (zubha vRtti, zAstrAbhyAza aura cAritrapAlana pUrvaka unnati karanA), 21. prazAnti (putra ko gRhasthI kA bhAra sauMpakara dharmadhyAna karanA), 22. gRhatyAga, 23. dIkSA grahaNa (utkRSTa zrAvaka kI dIkSA lenA), 24. jinarUpatA (munivrata grahaNa karanA), 25. maunAdhyayanavRtti, 26. tIrthakRdbhAvanA, 27. gurusthAnAbhyupagamana, 28. gaNopagrahaNa, 29. svagurusthAnasaMkrAnti, 30. niHsaMgatvAtmabhAvanA, 31. yoganirvANasaMprApti, 32. yoganirvANasAdhana, 33. indropapada, 34. indrAbhiSeka, 35. indravidhidAna, 36. indratyAga, 37. avatAra, 39. hiraNyotkRSTajanmagrahaNa (caramazarIra dhAraNa karanA), 40. mandarendrAbhiSeka, 41. gurupUjopalambhana, 42. yauvarAjya, 43. svarAjya, 44. cakralAbha, 45. digvijaya, 46. cakrAbhiSeka, 47. sAmrAjya, 48. niSkrAnti, 49. yogasammaha (kevalazAna prApta karanA) 50. Arhantya, (aSTa prAtihArya prApta karanA),51. bihAra (dharmacakra ko Age rakhakara upadeza denA), 52. yogatyAga, (bihAra tyAgakara yoga nirodha karanA), aura 53. anivRtti (siddhapada prApta krnaa)| ina kriyAoM meM yoganirvANasAdhana taka kI battIsa kriyAboM kA sambandha ihaloka se hai| zeSa kriyAyeM paraloka se saMbaddha haiN| ye kriyAyeM AdhyAtmika, sAmAjika tathA vaiyaktika vikAsa kI bhUcikA haiN| 1. gAdipurANa, 38. 70-310.

Page #415
391 2. mAnya kriyAyeM: ___garbhAvatAra se lekara nirvANa paryanta vratAtmaka kriyAyeM dIkSAnvaya kriyAyeM kahalAtI haiN| inakI saMkhyA 48 hai- 1. avatAra kriyA (saccA-guru prApta karanA), 2. vRttilAbha (vrata dhAraNa karanA), 3. sthAnalAbha, 4. gaNagrahaNa, 5. pUjArAdhya, 6. puNyayajJa (caudaha pUrvo kA adhyayana karanA), 7. dRDhacaryA, 8. upayogitA, 9. upanIti, 10. vratacaryA, 11. vratAvaraNa, 12. vivAha, 13. varNalAbha, 14. kulacaryA, 15. gRhIzitA, 16. prazAntatA, 17. gRhatyAga, 18. dIkSAgha, 19. jinarUpatA, 20-48 monA-dhyayanavRtti se lekara anivRtti kriyA taka kI kriyAyeM garbhAnvaya kriyAoM (naM 25 se 53) taka kI kriyAnoM ke samAna hai| adhyAtma kI dRSTi se ina kriyAoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| 3. kanvayAdi kriyAyeM : ye kriyAyeM samIcIna mArga kI ArAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa puNyAtmAoM ko prApta hotI haiN| unakI saMkhyA sAta hai- 1. sajjAtikriyA-vizuddha jAti ratnatraya kI prApti meM kAraNa hotI hai| 2. sadgRhitva kriyA, 3. pArivAjya kriyA, 4. surendratA kriyA, 5. sAmrAjya kriyA, 6. Arhantya kriyA, aura 7. prinirvRttikriyaa| ina kriyAoM meM sAmAjika tattva adhika ubhare haiN| isaliye vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se unakA bahuta upayoga hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne ina saMskAroM kI upayogitA ko nimna prakAra se mUlyAMkita kiyA hai 1. svastha pArivArika jIvana yApana ke hetu vyaktitva kA gaThana 2. bhautika AvazyakatAoM ke sImita honese samAja ke Arthika saMgaThana kI samRddhi kA dyotana 3. mAnavIya vizvAsoM, bhAvanAoM, AzAgoM ke vyApaka prasAra ke hetu vistRta jIvana bhUmi kA urvarIkaraNa. 4. vyaktitva vikAsa se sAmAjika vikAsa ke kSetra kA prastutIkaraNa . 5. sAmAjika samasyAoM kA niyamana tathA paMcAyatoM kI vyavasthA kA pratipAdana 6. sAmAjika samudAyoM aura pArivArika jIvana kA sthirIkaraNa. . 7. AdhyAtmika aura sAmAjika jIvana kA samanvayIkaraNa.

Page #416
392 8. vyaktitva kA lokapriya gaThana 9. dIrSaNIvana, sampatti, samRddhi, bhakti evaM buddhi kI prApti. 10. abhISTa prabhAvoM kA AkarSaNa evaM svarga mokSa kI prApti. 11. sAmAjika aura Arthika vizeSAdhikAroM kI upalabdhi ke kAraNa ___ sammAnanIya sAmAjika sthAna kI prApti. ye saMskAra jinasena ne manusmRti Adi vaidika granthoM ke AdhAra para saMracita kiye haiN| unake pUrva inakA koI vizeSa astitva dekhane nahIM miltaa| baidika sampradAya meM pracalita saMskAroM ko jaina rUpa dekara jaina sampradAya meM unheM pracalita karane kA lakSya yaha thA ki donoM sampradAya adhika se adhika nikaTa aayeN| jinasena kA yaha uddezya pUrA ho bhI gyaa| saumanasya vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa meM yaha unakA eka mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| nArI kI sthiti : jaina saMskRti meM sAmAnyataH nArI kI sthiti puruSa ke samakakSa hI dikhAI detI hai / vaidika saMskRti meM mAnya RNasiddhAnta ko yahAM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA ataH putra-putrI meM bhI koI bhedaka-rekhA nahIM khIMcI gyii| putra ko koI dhArmika mahattva bhI nahIM diyA gyaa| isake viparIta putrI kA mahattva kahIM adhikamA rahA hai| yadyapi vivAha ke kSetra meM bhI ve prAyaH svatantra thIM phira bhI mAtApitA kI anumati pUrvaka vivAha sambandha nizcita karanA adhika mAnA jAtA thaa| sAmAnya parivAra meM bhI yadi putrI sundara aura svastha rahI to usakA sambandha rAja parivAra se hone kI sambhAvanA bar3ha jAtI thii| isa dRSTi se kanyA kA honA viSAda kA kAraNa nahIM thaa| parivAra ke bIca bhI usakI sthiti acchI thii| mAtA-pitA, bhAI, bhAbhI, nanada sabhI eka sAtha rahate aura unake bIca kisI prakAra kA saMgharSa nahIM hotA thaa| vaha dAsI ke rUpa meM nahIM balki parivAra ke eka saMmAnya sadasya ke rUpa meM jIvana yApana karatI thI, zikSA vyavasthA bhI usakI pUrI hotI thii| vidyAvatI nArI ko sarvazreSTha pada diyA jAtA thaa| pitA kI saMpatti meM vivAhake pUrva taka hI unakA adhikAra thaa| vaidhavya avasthA meM nArI ke sAmAjika uttaradAyitva aura adhikAra vApisa nahIM liye jAte the| use samAja meM heya bhI nahIM samAnA jAtA thaa|

Page #417
vidhavA-vivAha kA pracalana nahIM thaa| unakA jIvana AdhyAtmika kAryoM meM madhika asta rahatA thaa| kulamilAkara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nArI kI sthiti samAja meM acchI thii| yadyapi sAdhakoM ne nArI kI ghanaghora nindA bhI kI hai para vaha isa dRSTi se huI hai ki kAmavAsanA ke kAraNa puruSavarga nArIvarga kI ora AkarSita ho jAtA hai aura phalataH vaha AdhyAtmika kSetra se dUra bhAga jAtA hai / yaha to vastutaH puruSavarga kI kamajorI kA hI nidarzaka hai| ise nArIvarga kI hIna sthiti kA sUcaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| use to vastutaH puruSa ke samakakSa mAnA gayA hai| 2. jaina zikSA paddhati zikSA vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke utkarSa kI bhUmikA se anuprANita hotI hai| vyaSTi samaSTi kA nirmANa karatA hai aura usakA eka ghaTaka banakara apane mUla uddezya kI prApti meM saMlagna rahatA hai / yaha mUla uddezya hai- AtmA kI carama vizuddha avasthA ko prApta karanA arthAt AdhyAtmika caramapada kI upalabdhi krnaa| bhautika sAmagriyoM ko ekatrita karanA aura unako sukha kA sAdhana mAnakara unameM Asakta rahanA bhI zikSA kA uddezya rahatA hai| parantu yaha bhautika zikSA kA uddezya ho sakatA hai| usase zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sktii| hara vyakti mRga-marIcikA ke pIche vetahAzA daur3a lagAtA rahatA hai| phira bhI usakI icchAyeM aura atRpta vAsanAyeM kabhI zAnta nahIM ho paatii| phalataH sAdhya-sAdhanoM meM nirmalatA na rahane se bhaTakAva aura TakarAva hI usake hAtha Ate haiN| isakA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki sAMsArika viSaya vAsanAtmaka sAdhanoM ko upalabdha karanA zikSA kA mUla uddezya kabhI nahIM rhaa| vaha AnusaGgika ho sakatA hai aura hotA hai para "sA vidyA yA vimuktaye" kI paribhASA jahA~ ghaTita nahIM hotI use zikSA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhAratIya saMskRti adhyAtmamUlaka saMskRti hai aura usameM bhI zramaNa saMskRti kI jaina vicAradhArA pUrNata: vizuddha sAdhanoM para AdhArita hai| ataH yahA~ zikSA AdhyAtmika unnati ko lekara hI Age bar3hatI hai| mahAvIra kI samatva dRSTi aisI hI zikSA kI sthApanA meM lagI rhii| jainAgamoM meM isI dRSTikA pallavana huA hai| zikSArthI bAra zikSaka ke svarUpa ko bhI yahA~ spaSTa karate hue unapara ekAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai|

Page #418
zikSA: zikSA kA mUla uddezya mAnava meM supta antanihita Atma-zaktiyoM kA vikAsa karanA rahA hai| samyak AcAra-vicAra kA saMyojana, mAnasika pavitratA aura dRr3hatA, sAMsArika padArthoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA bodha, anAsakta bhAva, svAdhyAya aura cintana, kartavyabodha aura sahiSNutA Adi sadguNoM aura AtmaguNoM kA unnayana usakI sAdhanA tathA mAnavatA kI prANa-pratiSThA bhI isI kI parikalpanA hai| sAdhu, upAdhyAya, AcArya, ahaMnta aura siddha ina pAMca sopAnasiddhiyoM kI kramazaH upalabdhi jaina zikSA paddhati kI phalazruti hai| Avazyaka cUNi (pR. 157-8) meM zikSA ke do prakAroM kA ullekha hai-grahaNazikSA aura Asevana zikSA / zikSA zabda kA artha zAstrAdhyayana karanA bhI kiyA gayA hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra rUpa ratnatraya ko zikSAsAdhanA kA kalyANa patha mAnA gayA hai| sAdhana yadi vizuddha hote haiM to sAdhya svataH vizuddha bana jAtA hai / zikSA ke kSetra meM sAdhanoM kA vizuddha honA atyAvazyaka hai| yahIM se jIvana kI pagaDaNDiyAM prArambha hotI haiM aura Age calakara ve mahAmArga ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI haiN| ataH zikSA kA kSetra adhyAtmikatA se anuprANita honA nitAnta apekSita hai| usakA mUla sambandha samyakcAritra se jur3A huA hai jisakI paribhASA "asuhAo viNivittI suhe pavittI ya jANacaritaM" kI gaI hai| arthAt azubha karmoM se nivRtti aura zubha karmoM meM pravRtti cAritra kA mukhya aMga hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ina pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana samyak cAritra kI prApti kA pramukha sAdhana hai| maMtrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyasthya bhAvanAoM kA cintana, kSamA, mArdavAdi daza dhoM kA anukaraNa tathA madya-mAMsAdi sapta durvyasanoM kA parityAga ina sAdhanoM kI puSTi ke upakAraka haiN| inase bhAva vizuddha hote jAte haiM aura antataH nirvANa kI prApti ho jAtI hai| jinasena ne zikSA ko yazaskarI, zreyaskarI, kAmadAyinI, cintA-maNi, kalyANakAriNI Adi rUpa se varNita kiyA hai|' zikSA ke ye uddeza jaina sAhitya ke hara pRSTha para aMkita hai| Adya tIrSakara RSabhadeva ne apane putra-putriyoM ko jo zikSA dI usase zikSA ke svarUpa aura usake uddezyoM para acchA prakAza par3atA hai1. AtmotthAna ke lie prayatnazIlatA - - 1. AdipurANa, 16 99-101 2. AdipurANa. 16-97-102; atripurANa meM pratipAdita bhAratIya saMskRti, pR. 251, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vi. 1194

Page #419
395 2. jagata aura jIvana ke sambandhoM kA parijJAna 3. AcAra, darzana aura vijJAna ke tribhuja kI upalabdhi 4. prasupta zaktiyoM kA udbodhana 5. sahiSNutA kI prApti 6. kalAtmaka jIvana yApana karane kI preraNA kI prApti vibhajjavAdAtmaka dRSTikoNa dvArA bhAvAtmaka ahisA kI prApti 7. 8. vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie samucita avasaroM kI prApti 9. karttavyapAlana ke prati jAgarUkatA 10. zArIrika, mAnasika aura Atmika zaktiyoM kA unnayana 11. viveka dRSTi kI prApti. zikSArthI : zikSArthI kI saphalatA isa bAta para nirbhara karatI hai ki usakI svayaM kI vRtti kisa prakAra kI hai| jJAna prApta karane ke lie sarvaprathama yaha Avazyaka hai ki usake sAdhana pavitra ho aura ziSya vinIta ho / vinamratA ke nIce mAnavatA kA nivAsa hotA hai / vinIta ziSya sadAcaraNa, RjutA, mArdava, laghutA, bhakti Adi AtmasAdhaka guNoM se pariniSTita rahatA hai / vaha sabhI kA mitra banakara rahatA hai / ahaMkAra se dUra rahatA hai / gurujanoM kA sammAna karatA hai / tIrthakaroM, buddhoM evaM AcAryoM kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai aura guNoM kA anumodaka rahatA hai / " satya to yaha hai ki vinaya vihIna vyakti kI samUcI zikSA nirarthaka huA karatI hai / zikSA kA phala hI vinaya hai aura vinaya kA phala samasta kalyANa hai / viNaNa vippahINassa havadi sikkhA savvA NitthayA / viNao sikkhAe phalaM, viNayaphalaM savvakallANaM / / bauddha bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM tathA upAsaka aura upAsikAoM ke vinaya kA adhyayana karane se yaha patA calatA hai ki unake lie bhI vinaya eka Avazyaka guNa hai / zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke kSetra meM sAdhaka jaise jaise Age bar3hatA jAtA hai, usakI vinamratA bhI utanI hI gaMbhIra hotI jAtI hai / kAma, krodha, nidrA, audArya aura pazcAttApa tathA vicikitsA ( zaMkA) ina paJca nIvaraNoM ko dUra 1. mUlAcAra, 5.213-214 2. vahI, 5.211

Page #420
karanA', saMvega kI utpatti honA, kAya, vedanA, citta aura dharma ina cAra AnApAna sati paTTAnoM para anucintana karanA, maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA ina cAra brahmavihAroM kA pAlanA cAlIsa karmasthAnoM para dhyAna karanA.' Adi kucha aise hI tatva haiM jinakA anukaraNakara bauddha sAdhaka krodhAdivikAroM ko dUra karatA hai aura parama zAnti prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai / ye sabhI zramaNa zikSArthI ke guNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isI prakAra jaina dharma meM bhI vinayAdi guNoM ko zikSArthI ke mUlabhUta guNoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana to 'vinaya suyaM' nAmaka adhyAya se hI prArambha hotA hai| bha. mahAvIra ne jisa sAdhanA paddhati ko aMgIkAra kiyA thA usakA eka aMga tapoyoga haiN|' usakA eka prakAra vinaya hai jisake sAta rUpa varNita hai| 1. jJAnavinaya, 2. darzanavinaya, 3. cAritravinaya, 4. manovinaya, 5. vacanavinaya, 6. kAyavinaya, aura 7. lokopacAravinaya / ' vinaya kA samAveza Abhyantara tapa meM kiyA gayA hai jisase ahaMkAra kI mukti aura parasparopagraha kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa hotA hai| vRhadvatti meM vinaya ke pAMca rUpa diye gaye hai-1. lokopacAravinaya, 2. arthavinaya, 3. kAmavinaya 4. dharmavinaya, bIra 5. mokSavinaya / " uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM vinIta ziSya ke pandraha guNoM kA ullekha milatA hai 1. namra vyavahAra karanA 2. capalatA-caJcalatA se dUra rahanA 3. mamAyAvI (nizchala) honA 4. kutUhala na karanA 5. kisI kA tiraskAra na karanA athavA alpabhASI honA 6. krodha ko patthara kI lakIra ke samAna bAMdhakara nahI rakhanA 7. mitratA aura kRtajJatA rakhanA 8. jJAna prApta karane para abhimAna na karanA 1. abhidhammatvasaMgaho, 7.8 2. visurimAga, 3.104 3. bIpapAtimAtra, sUtra 20 4. uttarAdhyayana, 30.30 5. bRhadvRtti, patra 16 6. bArAdhanA, 11.10-13

Page #421
397 9. dUsaroM ke doSoM ko abhivyakta na karanA 10. mitroM para krodha na karanA 11. apriya mitra kiMvA zatru ke prati bhI parokSa meM bhI kalyANa bhAvanA rakhanA 12. kalaha aura hiMsA se dUra rahanA 13. jJAna kI khoja meM lage rahanA 14. lajjAvAna honA, aura 15. sahiSNu honA tathA indriya aura mana para vijaya prApta krnaa| uttarAdhyayana ke prathama adhyAya meM vinIta ziSya ke pramukha guNoM kA Akalana isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai1. guru kI AjJA aura nirdeza kA pAlana karanA 2. zuzrUSA 3. Atmahita kI icchA 4. zIla-sadAcAra kA pAlana 5. prazAntavRtti 6. vAcAlatA kA abhAva 7. krodhI na honA 8. kSamAzIla honA * 9. svAdhyAya aura dhyAna karanA 10. akaraNIya kArya ko machapAnA 11. satyavAdI honA 12. binA pUche na bolanA 13. AcArya ke pratikUla na bolanA 14. kaThoravacana na bolanA 15. anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA 16. AcArya kA samucita Adara karanA AcArya jinasena ne Agama aura Agametara granthoM kA manana-cintana kara AdipurANa meM zikSArthI ke guNoM kA vyAkhyAna isa prakAra kiyA hai1. jijJAsAvRtti (1.168) 2. zraddhA-adhyayana aura adhyApaka donoM ke prati AsthA (1.168) 3. vinayazIlatA (1.168) 1. AdipurANa meM pratipAvita bhAratIya saMskRti, pR. 264

Page #422
398 4. zuzrUSA (1.146) 5. zravaNa-pATha zravaNa ke prati satarkatA evaM jAgarUkatA (1.146) 6. grahaNa- pAThagrahaNa kI arhatA (1.146) 7. dhAraNa-paThita viSaya kA smaraNa karanA (1.146) 8. smRti- smaraNa zakti (1.146) 9. apoha- akaraNIya kA tyAga (1.146) . 10. Uha- tarkaNAzakti 11. nirNIti- sayuktika vicAra karane kI kSamatA (1.146) 12. saMyama (38.109-138) 13. pramAda kA abhAva (38.109-138) 14. sahaja pratibhA (38.109-138) 15. adhyavasAya (38.109-138) zikSArthI ke ye sabhI guNa usakI samagra saphalatA ko saMnihita kiye hue hai / aihika aura pAralaukika sukhasAdhanA kI dRSTi se ina guNoM ko sarvopari kahA jA sakatA hai| inase virahita zikSArthI sahI zikSArthI nahIM ho sktaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke caudahaveM adhyayana meM ziSya ke do bhedoM kA ullekha hai-zikSAziSya aura dIkSAziSya / yahA~ donoM ke sambandhoM ke viSaya meM kucha nirdeza milate haiN| zikSaka : zikSArthI ko yogya aura anukUla banAnA zikSaka kA mahanIya guNa hai| zikSaka kA Adarza jIvana vidyArthI ke lie preraNA puJja rahA karatA hai| isalie anukUla anuzAsana aura svaccha vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki zikSaka sadaiva zikSArthI banA rahe aura zikSArthI ko zikSita karane kI sAdhanA karatA rhe| vaha ziSya ko putravat mAne aura hamezA usake lAbha kI dRSTi rkhe| jo bhI upadeza de, vaha karmanAzaka kalyANakAraNa, AtmazAnti tathA Atmazuddhi karanevAlA ho|' 1. uttarAdhyayana, 1.27

Page #423
bauddha saMskRti meM bhI zikSaka athavA gurU ko AcArya aura upAdhyAya kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| zikSaka usa nAvika kI taraha hai jo svayaM nadI pAra karane ke sAtha hI dUsaroM ko bhI pAra kara detA hai| vaha bahuzruta, saMyamI, sAMsArika viSayoM se dUra rahane vAlA tathA utsAhI hotA hai| bha. buddha kA yaha kathana ki "tathAgata kevala AkhyAtA athavA zikSaka hai| usake dvArA nirdiSTa mArga para tumheM svayaM hI calanA hai" atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| yahA~ yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki zikSaka sarvaprathama svayaM usa viSaya kA adhyayana aura manana kare jise vaha dUsare ko denA cAhatA hai| ___ zikSaNa kI ina praNAliyoM meM jaina-bauddha sAhitya meM praznottara zailI, upamA zailI aura khaNDana-maNDana zailI adhika pracalita rahI hai| praznottara zailI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha tathA unake anuyAyI apane pratipakSI vidvAnoM se prazna para prazna karate aura unhIM ke mAdhyama se uttara nikAla lete| bhagavatI sUtra, kathAvatthu, milindapaJho Adi granthoM meM isa zailI ke darzana hote hai| aMguttara nikAya meM uttara dene kI cAra rItiyoM kA ullekha hai 1. ekasaMvyAkaraNIya- prazna kA eka bhAga vyAkaraNIya hotA hai| 2. vibhajja vyAkaraNIya- prazna kA vibhAjana karake uttara diyA jAtA hai| 3. paTipucchA vyAkaraNIya- prazna kA uttara pratiprazna karake diyA jaataahai| 4. ThApanIya- kucha prazna aise bhI hote hai jinakA uttara chor3a denA par3atA hai| ina cAroM prakAroM kA jAnakAra bhikSu kuzala hotA hai / vaha duvijeya, gaMbhIra, anAkramaNIya, artha-anartha kA jAnakAra, aura paNDita hotA hai| eka savacanaM eka vibhajjavacanAparaM / tatiya paTipuccheyya, catutthaM pana ThApaye / yo ca tesaM tattha tattha jAnAti anudhambhataM / catupaJhassa kusalo, Ahu bhikkhu tathAvidhaM / durAsado duppasaho gambhIro duppdhNsiyo| attho atthe anattho ca ubhayassa hoti kovido| 1. mahAvagga, pR. 56-57 2. khudakanikAya, bhAga 1, pR. 315 3. tumhe hi kiccaM AtappaM bAkvAtAro tayAgato, vahI, pR. 315, pravacanasAe, 79 // bhagavatI bArASanA, 300

Page #424
400 manatyaM parivajjeti, atyaM gaNDAti pnnddito| atyAbhisamayA dhIro paNDito ti pavuccati / / syAdvAda, nayavAda aura nikSepavAda kI praNAliyAM bhI isI prakAra hai jahA~ praznoM kA samAdhAna aneka prakAra se mila jAtA hai| bhagavatI sUtra, praznavyAkaraNa Adi jainAgamoM tathA uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM isa zailI kA paryApta upayoga humA hai| jaina saMskRti kI dRSTi se zikSaka athavA guru vahI hai jo ahiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA pAlana svayaM kare aura dUsaroM ko kraaye|' use zAstroM kA jJAtA, lokamaryAdA kA pAlaka, tRSNAjayI, prazamavAn, praznoM ko samajhakara sahI uttara denevAlA, praznoM ke prati sahanazIla, paramanohArI, kisI kI bhI nindA karanevAlA, guNa nidhAna, spaSTa aura hitamita priya bhASI honA caahie| prAjJaH prAptasamastazAstrahRdayaH pravyaktalokasthitiH prAptAzaH pratimAparaH prazamavAn prAgeva dRSTottaraH / prAyaH praznasamaH prabhuH paramanohArI parAnindayA yAvarmakathA gaNI guNanidhiH praspaSTamiSTAkSaraH / / upamA zailI kA prayoga kathya viSaya ko aura adhika spaSTa karane ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA mahAtmA buddha aura unake anuyAyI ziSyoM ne isa zailI kA paryApta prayoga kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama granthoM meM isa zailI ke mAdhyama se viSaya kA sundara vivecana upalabdha hai| milinda ke praznoM kA bhI samAdhAna nAgasena ne praznoM ke mAdhyama se hI kiyA hai| usameM 'opammakathA paJha' nAmaka saptama adhyAya hai jisameM upamAoM ke mAdhyama se hI milinda ke praznoM kA uttara diyA gayA hai| isase viSaya ko hRdayaGgama aura karNapriya banAyA jAtA hai| khaNDana-maNDana zailI kA bhI prArambha se hI prayoga hotA rahA hai| vAdavivAda athavA zAstrArtha paramparA isI se sambaddha hai| ise suvyavasthita karane ke lie aneka anyoM kI bhI racanA huI hai| 1. mahAvrataparAH dhIrAH manamAnopajIvinaH / sAmAyikasyAH dharmopadezakA guravo matAH / bhagavAn mahAvIraH bAdhunika saMdarbha meM, pR.74 mAnasAra, 5. pravacanasAra (21. gApA) meM, mAdhyAtmika guru ko niryApakAcArya bhI kahA gayA hai| 2. milinpamho bahirakabA, gAvA, 3-4

Page #425
401 zikSaka meM uparyukta sabhI guNoM kA samAveza honA caahie| jinasena me zikSaka ke bAvazyaka guNoM ko isa prakAra darzAyA hai 1. sadAcAritA 2. niyAtmakatA (sthirabuddhi) 3. jitendriyatA 4. antaraMga aura bahiraMga kI saumyatA 5. vyAkhyAnazakti kI pravaNatA 6. subodhavyAkhyA zailI 7. pratyutpanna matitva 8. tArkikatA 9. dayAlutA 10. pANDitya 11. ziSyake abhiprAya ko avagata karane kI kSamatA 12. adhyayanazIlatA 13. vidvattA 14. vAGamaya ke pratipAdana kI kSamatA 15. gambhIratA 16. snehazIlatA 17. udAratA aura vicAra samanvaya kI zakti 18. satyavAditA 19. satkulotpannatA 20. apramattatA, aura 21. parahitasAdhanaparatA aise zikSakoM meM pUrNakAzyapa, makkhali gosAla, ajitakesakambali, pakudhakaccAyana, saMjayavelaTThiputta, nigaNThanAtaputta evaM siddhArtha gautama kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| ye sabhI AcArya gaNAcArya, sarvajJa aura sarvadI the| 1. gAvipurANa meM pratipAdita bhAratIya saMskRti, pR. 265; bhagavatI bArAdhanA (79-483) meM ziSyoM ke doSoM kA nigraha karane vAlA guru yadi kaThora bhI hai to yaha sammAnanIya mAnA gayA hai|

Page #426
402 inake atirikta sAriputta, maudgalyAyana, Ananda, cApA Adi bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| arADakalAma, uddakarAmaputra, kAzyapabandhu Adi zikSakoM kiMvA AcAryoM ke bhI ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM milate hai| ye sabhI zikSaka apane-apane dharma, sampradAya athavA saMgha meM nirdhArita niyamoM ke anusAra ziSya ke sAtha samucita vyavahAra kiyA karate the| zikSaka aura ziSya ke madhura sambandhoM kA prabhAva samAja ko suyogya aura suniyamita mArga para le jAne ke lie samucita vAtAvaraNa kI saMracanA karane meM kAryakArI hotA hai| vinamratA, anuzAsana aura kartavyabodha kI triveNI zaikSaNika vAtAvaraNa ko pavitra, nizchala tathA nirdvanda banAne kI kSamatA pradAna karatA hai| rASTra kI caturmukhI pragati isI para vizeSa rUpa se avalambita hotI hai| zikSaka aura zikSArthI ke bIca sthApita sambandhoM para zramaNa sAhitya ke aneka ullekha milate hai / milindapaJho' me zikSaka ke kartavyoM kI eka lambI zRGakhalA dI huI hai1. AcArya ziSya kA pUrA dhyAna rkhe| 2. kartavya aura akartavya kA sadA upadeza detA rahe / 3. kisameM sAvadhAna rahe aura kisameM nahIM, isakA upadeza dete rahanA cAhie / 4. ziSya ke zayana Adi para dhyAna rakhanA caahie| 5. bImAra hone para usakA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| 6. usane kyA pAyA hai, kyA nahI, isakA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| 7. usake vizeSa caritra ko jAnanA caahie| 8. bhikSA pAtra meM jo jo mile, use bAMTakara khAnA caahie| 9. use sadA utsAha dete rahanA caahie| 10. amuka AdamI kI saMgati kara sakate ho, yaha nirdeza denA caahie| 11. amuka gAMva meM jA sakate ho, yaha batA denA caahie| 12. amuka bihAra meM jA sakate ho, yaha batA denA caahie| 13. amuka ke sAtha gappeM nahIM karanI caahie| 14. usake doSoM ko kSamA karanA caahie| 1. milinda prazna, pR. 119

Page #427
15. pUre utsAha ke sAtha sikhAnA caahie| 16. zikSA binA kisI antarAla ke denA caahie| 17. kisI bAta ko chipAnA nahIM caahie| 18. baDha-muSTi nahIM honA caahie| 19. putravat sneha karanA caahie| 20. vaha apane uddezya se patita na ho sake, yaha prayatna karanA caahie| 21. samasta zikSA-prakAroM ko dekara use abhivRddha kara rahA hU~, aisA socanA caahie| 22. usake sAtha maitrI bhAva rakhanA caahie| 23. vipatti A jAne para use chor3anA nahIM caahie| 24. sikhAne yogya vAtoM ko sikhAne meM kabhI cUkanA nahIM caahie| 25. dharma se girate dekha use Age bar3hAnA caahie| ___ AcArya ke prati isI prakAra ziSyake bhI kartavyoM kA ullekha jaina-bauddha sAhitya meM milate hai| unameM sevA-zuzrUSA, Adara-sammAna Adi se sambaddha kartavya adhika hai| jainadharma meM pAMca prakArake AcAra kA varNana milatA hai-samyagdarzanAcAra, jJAnAcAra, cAritrAcAra, tapAcAra aura vIryAcAra / ina pAMcoM prakAra ke AcAroM kA samyak paripAlana karanevAlA AcArya kahalAtA hai|' AcArya parameSThI ke chattIsa guNa hote hai- AcAravAn, zrutAdhAra, prAyazcitta, mAyApAyakathI, doSabhASaka, azrAvaka, santoSakArI aura nirNAyaka ye ATha guNa, do, niSadyaka, bArahatapa, sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, svAdhyAya, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa aura kAyotsarga ye chaha Avazyaka tathA anuddiSTabhojI, zavyAzana, Arogabhuk, kriyAyukta, vratavAn, jyeSTha sadguNI, pratikramI, aura ssnnmaasyogii|' AcAryoM ke anya prakAra se bhI pAMca bheda kiye gaye haiM- gRhasthAcArya, pratiSThAcArya, bAlAcArya, niryApakAcArya aura elAcArya / ThANAMga meM tIna prakAra 1. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 419 2. boSapAhuDa TIkA me uddhRta, anagAradharmAmRta, 9.76; mUlAcAra (968) tathA bhagavatI mArAdhanA (481) Adi pranyoMmeM bhI AcArya aura ziSyoMke bIca rahane vAle sambandhoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai|

Page #428
404 ke AcAryoM kA varNana milatA hai-kalAcArya, zilpAcArya, aura dhrmaacaary|' ye bheda jJAnakSetra kI dRSTi se kiye gaye haiM aura pUrvokta pA~ca bheSa muni kI bakAyA vizeSa se saMbaddha haiN| ye AcArya adhyayana-adhyApana kI dizA meM apane kartavyoM ke prati sajaga rahate the| zikSArthI bhI apane zikSaka ke prati vinamratA aura sammAna pradarzita karatA thaa| adhyApaka anuzAsana hIna chAtroM ko zArIrika daNDa bhI diyA karatA thaa| duvinIta ziSya ko yahAM aDiyala ghoDe aura abhadra baila kI upamAyeM dI gaI haiN| isa sabake bAvajUda zikSaka aura zikSArthI ke sambandha paraspara sneha pUrNa rahA karate the, yaha dhvanita hotA hai| 3. jaina darzana kA sAmAjika mahattva jaina darzana AtmaniSTha dharma hai / vaha samAja kI apekSA ghaTaka ko sudhArane ke pakSa meM adhika hai / ikAI kA sudhAranA sarala bhI hotA hai / ikAiyoM ke samudAya se hI samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai| isa prakAra vyaktiniSTha darzana samAjaniSTha darzana ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai| jainadharma kA pratyeka siddhAnta vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye samAna rUpa se zreyaskara siddha hotA hai| tIrthakara mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA ke doSoM ko dUrakara eka nirdoSa aura pragatizIla samAja kI saMracanA kI jisameM binA kisI bhedabhAva ke hara vyakti ko samAna adhikAra diyA gyaa| pragati ke samAna sAdhana upalabdha kiye gaye aura yajJa bahula kriyAoM se samAja ko mukta kiyA gyaa| Atma-zuddhi para jora dekara kriyAkANDa vAle dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM nayI krAnti kii| jJAna aura darzana kI pratiSThA huii| cAritrika zuddhi se samAja ko zuddha kiyaa| zira-muNDana kI apekSA rAga dveSAdika vikArabhAvoM ke muNDana kI ora adhika bala diyA gyaa|' yahI thI mahAvIra kI sAMskRtika krAnti / samasta samAja ke liye mahAvIra ne phira yaha samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA ki manuSyatva, zruti, zraddhA aura saMyamazIla parAkrama ye cAroM aMga durlabha huA karate haiN| manuSyatva kI durlabhatA ko batAkara jIvana meM sambaka puruSArthI hone 1. ThANAka, 3.135. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 1.38 3. vohApAhura, 135 4. pattAri paramaMgANa dullahANIha jntugii| mANusataM suI sahA saMvarmamiva vIriya / / uttarAvyavana, 3...

Page #429
kA nanhoMne AvAhana kiyaa| zraddhA, zruti, aura saMyamazIla parAkrama ve tInoM malA kramazaH AtmavizvAsa, jJAna aura cAritra ke samAnArthaka hai| durlabha vastu ke prApta ho jAna para usakA kisa prakAra samyak upayoga kiyA jAye aura use sva-para kalyANakArI banAyA jAye yahI jaina dharma aura darzana kI mUla bhUmikA rahI hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakpAriba ina tInoM tatvoM ko ratnatraya kahA gayA hai| hara sAdhanA kI saphalatA ke lie ina tInoM kI samanvita avasthA ko svIkAra karanA apekSita hai| jisa prakAra auSadhi para samyak vizvAsa apamA pUrva parIkSaNa tathA pazcAt zAna aura AcaraNa kiye binA rogI roga se mukta nahIM ho sakatA, usI prakAra saMsArake janma-maraNa rUpI roga se mukta hone ke liye athavA iSTa uddezya kI pUrti ke liye ratnatraya kA paripAlana Avazyaka hai| kriyAhIna jJAna vyartha hai aura ajJAniyoM kI kriyA niSphala hai / dAvAnala se vyApta vana meM jisa prakAra netrahIna vyakti idhara-udhara daur3akara bhI jala jAtA hai aura paMga vyakti dekhate hue bhI jalane se baca nahIM pAtA / yadi aMdhA aura paMgu donoM sAtha ho jAye aura netrahIna vyakti ke kaMdhe para paMgu baiTha jAye to donoM kA uddhAra ho jAnA saMbhava hai / paMgu mArga nirdezana kara jJAna kA kArya kare aura netrahIna pairoM se calakara cAritra kA kArya kare to donoM binA jale nagara meM A sakate haiN| eka cakra se ratha nahIM cltaa| ataH samyagdarzana pUrvaka samyagjJAna aura samyakacAritra kA saMyoga hI kAryakArI ho sakatA hai| hataM jJAnaM kriyAhInaM hatA cAjJAninAM kriyA dhAvan kilAndhako dagdhaH pazyannapi ca paMgulaH / saMyogameveha vadanti tajjJAnamekacakreNa rathaH prayAti andhazca paMguzca vane praviSTau tau saMprayuktI nagare prvissttau|' jaina darzana meM jo sthAna samyagdarzana kA hai vahI sthAna bInadarzana meM sammAdiTTi kA hai| donoM kA artha bhI prAyaH samAna hai| hara kSetra ke pathika sAdhaka ke lie sAdhanA ke prArambha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha jisa sAdhanA patha kA anukaraNa karanA cAhatA hai use samucita rUpa se samajhe aura vizvAsa kare / yahI zraddhA AtmavizvAsa aura jJAna hai / bAtmA kI ye donoM avinazvara zaktiyAM haiN| jisa zakti se padArtha jAne jAte haiM vaha jJAna hai aura jisase tatva zraddhAna hotA hai vaha darzana hai| AtmA meM ina donoM kI pravRtti hotI hai| akhaNDa dravya dRSTi se AtmA aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM hai| darzana se hI jJAna meM samyaktva AtA hai - - 1. tattvAryavArtika, 1. 1. 51; tulanArtha dekhiye, sUbamAMga, 1. 12. 11

Page #430
bhaura ajJAna dUra hotA hai| anantara samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra kA parigrahaNa hotA hai| samyagdarzana kA tAtparya hai AtmavizvAsa athavA AtmapratIti / jIvAdi sapta tatvoM ke astitva para vizvAsa kA honA eka Avazyaka tathya hai| satkarma sukha ke kAraNa hai aura asatkarma duHkha ke kAraNa hai| ina karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA jIva svayaM hai, koI IzvarAdika nhiiN| binA puruSArtha ke kisI bhI vastu kI prApti nahIM hotii| ina vicAroM se AtmavizvAsa jAgrata hotA hai| Atmazakti kA yaha jAgaraNa kabhI paropadeza se hotA hai jise adhigamaja samyagdarzana kahA gayA hai aura kabhI svataH hotA hai jise nisargaja samyagdarzana kahA gayA hai| taratamatA kI dRSTi se hI isake tIna bheda kiye gaye hai- aupazamika, kSAyika aura kssaayopshmik| jIva kA jJAna darzana svabhAva hai isalie jIva guNI aura jJAna-darzana guNa haiM / guNa aura guNI ko sarvathA vimukta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / AtmA jabataka karmoM se baMdhA rahatA hai, usakA jJAna-darzana svabhAva udghATita nahIM ho pAtA aura jaise hI vaha karma-mala se vimukta ho jAtA hai, usakA jJAna-darzana tadrUpa ho jAtA hai| vyAvahArika kSetra meM isI ko hama AtmavizvAsa kaha sakate hai| jIva ke sukhadu:kha ke kAraNa usake svayaM ke karma hote hai / Asakti pUrvaka viSaya-grahaNa se rAga-dveSAdi vikAra bhAva utpanna hote hai| ina vikAra bhAvoM kI utpatti meM ajJAnatA, tRSNA, lobha, moha Adi bhAva hai| ye vikAra mana, vacana, kAya rUpa triyoga ke nimitta se AtmA kI ora AkRSTa hote hai jisake kAraNa vaha Atmazakti ko nahIM pahicAna pAtA aura yaha bhI nahIM samajha pAtA ki apanA kyA hai aura dUsare kA kyA hai / isI ko sva-para vijJAna athavA bhedavijJAna kahA jAtA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra hama saMsArI jo kArya karate hai unheM sthUla rUpa se cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai 1. IrSyAvaza jJAnadAna nahIM denA, jJAna ke upakaraNoM ko chipA denA, zAna prApti meM vighna upasthita karanA, jJAnI kI nindA karanA Adi aise kArya haiM jinase mAtmA kA jJAnaguNa abhivyakta nahIM ho paataa| isako jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahA gayA hai| ___2. padArtha darzana athavA Atmadarzana ko roknaa| padArtha darzana na karAne meM nidrA, nidrA-nidrA, pracalA, pracalA-pracalA, styAnagRddhi Adi mUla kAraNa hai| ise darzanAvaraNIya karma kahA gayA hai|

Page #431
407 3. mohajanya kArya krnaa| isake kAraNa jIva heyopAdeya kA jJAna nahIM kara paataa| rAga-dveSAdi ke kAraNoM se hI jIva kI buddhi tAtvika darzana aura AcaraNa kI ora nahIM jaatii| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, Adi kaSAya aura hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA Adi manovikAra sUcaka nokaSAya mohake kAraNa hI hote haiN| ise mohanIya karma kahA gayA hai| yaha karma prabalatama mAnA gayA hai| 4. satkAryoM meM vighna upasthita krnaa| dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga Adi aise hI kSetra haiM jinameM vyakti dUsaroM ke lie ye kArya nahIM karane detaa| ise antarAyakarma kahA gayA hai| ye cAroM kArya jIva ke jJAnAdi guNoM kA ghAta karate hai isaliye dhArmika paribhASA meM inheM 'ghAtiyA karma' kahA gayA hai| rAgadveSAdi bhAvoM se hamArA svAsthya, zarIra tathA sAmAjika mAna-sammAna prabhAvita hotA hai aura sAtha hI unakA sukha rUpa anubhava hotA hai| inako kramazaH Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antarAyakarma kahA gayA hai| prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, maithuna, parigraha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, kalaha, abhyAkhyAna, paMzUnya, para-parivAda, rati, arati, mAyA, maSA, Adi pApa ke kAraNa (Azrava) hai| mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti se bhI pApamayI kriyAyeM hotI hai| saMrambha, samArambha, Arambha, ghRta, kArita, anumodana Adi ko bhI Azrava hetu kahA gayA hai| ina Azrava hetuoM se mAnasika vikSepa hotA hai aura jIvana azAnta bana jAtA hai| jJAna, pUjA, kula, jAti, bala, Rddhi, tapa aura zarIra kA mada bhI aisA hI hai jisameM vyakti apanI zreSThatA aura dUsare kI nimnatA pragaTa karatA hai| ina samasta durbhAvoM aura pApakriyAoM se dUra rahane para AtmA kI vizuddha avasthA aura saralatA pragaTa ho jAtI hai| sukha aura saphalatAkA yaha prathama sAdhana hai| paryuSaNa, aura kSamAvANI parva jaise AdhyAtmika aura sAMskRtika parvo meM jainadharmAvalaMbI sAdhaka AtmasAdhanA karake isa sAdhana ko ujvalita karane kA prayatna karatA hai| vikAsa kA dUsarA sopAna samyagjJAna prApta karanA hai| svAdhyAya usakI AdhAra zilA hai| bahuzrutatva hone se sAdhaka kA cintana heyopAdeya kI ora vizeSa rUpa se jhukatA hai, padArtha ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai aura nirAsakta hokara samanvayatA kI ora bar3hatA hai| padArtha anekAntAtmaka hai aura hamArI kSamatA use pUrI taraha samajhane kI hai nhiiN| ataH dUsare kA dRSTikoNa samAdaraNIya hai| isa vicAradhArA se kadAgraha kI vRtti dUra hotI hai aura sAmAjika saMgharSa kama ho jAte haiN| samAja athavA vyaktigata AcAra saMhitA ko samyak cAritra kahA jAtA hai / vyakti kA sarvaprathama kartavya yaha hai ki vaha hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla

Page #432
408 baura parigraha ina pAMco pApoM ko chor3a de| madya, mAMsa, madhu tavA paMcovambara phaloM (Umara, kaThUmara, pilakhana, bar3a, aura pIpala) ke bhakSaNa kA tyAga kara de / julAkhelanA, vezyAgamana, zikAra, parastrIgamana Adi jaise duSkRtyoM se vaha dUra rhe| sahI gRhasya vahI ho sakatA hai jo nyAya pUrvaka dhanArjana karane vAlA ho, guNoM, gurujanoM, tathA guNiyoM ko pUjane vAlA ho, hita-mita-priya bhASI ho, dharma artha kAma sma trivarga ko paraspara virodha rahita sevana karane vAlA ho, zAstrAnukUla AhArabihArI ho, sadAcAriyoM kI saMgati karane vAlA ho, vivekI, kRtajJa, jitendriya, dharmavidhi kA zrotA, karuNAzIla aura pApabhIru ho| nyAyopAttadhano yajanguNagurun sadgIstrivarga bhajana nanyonyAnuguNaM tadahaMgRhiNI sthAnAlayo homayaH / yuktAhAravihAra AryasamitiH prAjJaH kRtajJo vazI zRNvan dharmavidhi dayAlu dharmI sAgaradharma cahet // ' sAmAjika zAnti ke lie jainadharma ne kucha aura sUtra diye haiM jinakA nirvivAda rUpa se mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai| prANiyoM ke. rassI Adi se nahIM bAdhanA, unheM lakar3I Adi se nahIM mAranA, unakA aMgaccheda nahIM karanA, unakI zakti se adhika una para bhAra nahIM lAdanA, unheM ThIka samaya para paryApta bhojana pAnI denA, viparIta upadeza athavA salAha nahIM denA kisI kI gupta bAta ko pramaTa na karanA, kUTa lekha na likhanA, rakhI huI dharohara ko usI rUpa meM denA athavA asvIkAra na karanA, cora ko corI ke lie preraNA na denA athavA usakA upAya na batAnA, curAI vastu ko na kharIdanA, rAjya kI AjJA athavA niyama ke viruddha na calanA, dene ke bAMTa Adi kama aura lene ke bAMTa Adi adhika rakhanA, kImatI vastu meM kama kImata kI vastu kA mizraNa kara use mUla kImata meM becanA, vezyAoM aura parastriyoM se bure sambandha na rakhanA, anaMgakrIDA na karanA, AvAsa kSetra, sonA, cAMdI,dhana, dhAnya, bhRtya, vastra, Adiko sImita karanA, aziSTa vacana na bolanA, atithiyoM kA svAgata karanA, satpAtra meM dAna denA Adi niyama aise hI haiM jinase samAja meM vyApta azAnti ko dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai|' bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ye siddhAnta samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura sambaracAritra sma tIna AdhArazilAbhoM para Tike hue haiN| tInoM ke samanvita rUpa kA pari 1. sAgAra SarmAmRta, 1. 11. 2. tattvAryasUtra, saptama baghyAya.

Page #433
pAlana va pathArthama samatA kI prApti meM mUlabhUta kAraNa hai| yaha tathya mitI kAlakhaNDa se jakar3A humA nahIM hai| yaha to apodhita, asImita, aura sAnAmika tathya hai jo jIvana ke pratyeka aMga ko svastha mora samRddha kara detA hai| mahAvIra ke samUce upadezoM ko yadi hama eka zabda meM kahanA cAheM to usake lie ahiMsA zabda kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvana ke hara kSetra kI samasyA kA samAdhAna ahiMsA ke AcaraNa meM sannihita hai| maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha bhAvoM kA anuvartana, samatA aura aparigraha kA anucintana, napa bhAra banekAnta kA anugrahaNa tavA saMgama aura saccAritra kA anusAdhana bahiMsA ke pramukha rUpa haiN| usakI punIta pRSThabhUmi ahiMsA se anuraJjita hai| ahiMsA samatva para pratiSThita hai| samatva kI prApti samyagdarzana aura sampagzAna se yukta samyakcAritra para avalambita hai / isI cAritra ko 'dharma' kahA gayA hai| yahI 'dharma' sama hai| yaha samatva rAga-dveSAdika vikAroM ke vinaSTa hone para utpanna hone vAlA vizuddha AtmA kA pariNAma hai| dharma se pariNata AtmA ko hI 'dharma' kahA gayA hai| dharma vastuta: AtmA kA spandana hai jisameM kAruNya, sahAnubhUti, 4 sahiSNutA, paropakAravRtti Adi jaise guNa vidyamAna rahate hai| vaha kisI jAti athavA sampradAya se baMdhA nhiiN| usakA svarUpa to sArvajanika, sArvabhaumika aura lokamAMgalika hai| vyakti, samAja, rASTra evaM vizva kA abhyutthAna aise hI dharma kI parisImA se saMbhava hai| saMyama dharma kA eka abhinna aMga hai| saMyamI vyakti sadaiva isa bAta kA prayatna karatA hai ki dUsare ke prati vaha aisA vyavahAra kare jo svayaM ko anukUla lagatA ho| tadartha use maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha bhAvanA kA poSaka honA caahie| sabhI sukhI aura niroga raheM, kisI ko kisI bhI prakAra kA kaSTa na ho, esA prayatna kre| sarve'pi sukhinaH santu santu sarve nirAmayAH sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhamApSAt / mAkArSIt ko'pi pApAni mA ca bhUta ko'pi duHkhitaH mukhyatA jamadapyeSA matimaMtrI nigadyate // ' - 1. pravacanasAra, 1. 6-7. 2. yamastilakAcammU, uttarArSa

Page #434
410 chaThI zatAbdI I.pU. meM samAja vividha sampradAyoM aura matavAdoM kI saMkIrNa vicAradhArA kI pRSThabhUmi meM ghuTana bharI sAsoM se jIrahA thA / use bAhara Akara samatA aura sahAnubhUti ke svara khojane para bhI sunAI nahIM de rahe the| mahAvIra ne samAja kI usa tIvra antarvedanA ko bhalIbhAMti samajhA tathA vizva ko eka sUtra meM anusyUta karane ke lie ahiMsA aura anekAnta ke mAdhyama se svAnubhavagamya vicAroM ko janatA ke samakSa prastuta kiyaa| mahAvIra kI ahiMsA para vicAra karate samaya eka prazna prAyaHhara cintaka ke mana meM uTha khar3A hotA hai ki saMsAra meM jaba yuddha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai to usa samaya ahiMsA kA sAdhaka kauna sA rUpa apanAyegA? yadi yuddha nahIM karatA hai to AtmarakSA aura rASTrarakSA, donoM khatare meM par3a jAtI hai aura yadi yuddha karatA hai to ahiMsaka kaisA? isa prazna kA bhI samAdhAna jaina cintakoM ne kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki AtmarakSA aura rASTrarakSA karanA hamArA punIta kartavya hai| candragupta, cAmuNDarAya, khAravela Adi jaise dhurandhara jaina adhipati yoddhAoM ne zatruoM ke zatAdhika bAra dAMta khaTTe kiye hai| jaina sAhitya meM jaina rAjAoM kI yuddhakalA para bhI bahuta kucha likhA milatA hai| bAda meM unhIM rAjAoM ko vairAgya lete hue bhI pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| yaha unake anAsakti bhAva kA sUcaka hai| ataH yaha siddha hai ki rakSaNAtmaka hiMsA pApa kA kAraNa nahIM / aisI hiMsA ko to vIratA kahA gayA hai| yaH zastravRttiH samare ripuH syAd yaH kaNTako vA nijamaNDalasya / tamaiva astrANi nRpAH kSipanti na dInakAnIna kadAzayeSu / ' jagata ananta tattvoM kA piNDa hai| usake pratyeka tatva meM ananta rUpa samAhita hai jinheM pUrI taraha se samajhanA eka sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie saMbhava nhiiN| usakI jJAna kI sImA meM tattvoM ke asImita rUpa yugapat kaise pratibhAsita ho sakate hai ? jitane rUpa pratibhAsita hoMge unameM paraspara virodha kI saMbhAvanA utanI hI adhika dikhAI degii| isI tathya ko bha. mahAvIra ne anekAntavAda kI upasthApanA meM spaSTa kiyA hai| paraspara virodha ko bacAne kI dRSTi se apane kathana ke pUrva 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kara padArtha meM rahane vAle anya guNoM ko bhI abhivyakta kara diyA jAtA hai| abhivyakti kI isa zailI meM - - - 1. yazastilaka cammU

Page #435
kadAgraha yA haThavAdI dRSTikoNa nahIM rahatA balki dUsare ke dRSTikoNa ke prati samAdara kI bhAvanA sannihita rahatI hai| ise sandehavAda yA zAyadavAda nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha to apane dRSTikoNa kI sImA meM nizcitatA ko sAtha liye hue hai aura dUsare ke dRSTikoNoM ke lie pUre mana se sthAna rikta kiye hue hai| isa zailI se abhimAnavRtti aura viSamatA ke bIja samApta ho jAte hai aura samAja samatA aura zAnti kI pratiSThApanA meM laga jAtA hai| syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda satya aura ahiMsA kI bhUmikA para pratiSThita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sArvabhaumika siddhAnta hai jo sarvadharmasamabhAva ke cintana se anuprANita hai| unameM lokahita aura lokasaMgraha kI bhAvanA gabhita hai| dhArmika rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura Arthika viSamatAoM ko dUra karane kA amoSa astra hai| samanvaya vAditA ke AdhAra para sarvathA ekAntavAdiyoM ko eka pleTaphArma para sasammAna baiThAne kA upakrama hai| dUsare ke dRSTikoNa kA anAdara karanA aura usake astitva ko asvIkAra karanA hI saMgharSa kA mUla kAraNa hotA hai| saMsAra meM jitane bhI yuddha hue hai unake pIche yahI kAraNa rahA hai / ataH saMgharSa ko dUra karane kA upAya yahI hai ki pratyeka vyakti aura rASTra eka-dUsare ke vicAroM para udAratA aura niSpakSatA pUrvaka vicAra kre| usase hamArA dRSTikoNa durAgrahI athavA ekAMgI nahIM hogaa| harIbhadra sUrina isI tathya ko ina zabdoM meM kahA haiAgrahI vata ninISati yukti tatra yatra matirasya niviSTA / pakSapAtarahitasya tu yukti ryatra tatra matireti nivezam / / mahAvIra ke darzana kI yaha anyatama vizaSatA hai ki usameM aparigraha ko vrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| aparigraha kA tAtparya hai AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM kA saMgraha na krnaa| padArtha vizeSa meM Asakti rakhanA parigraha hai| kisI bhI padArtha se mamatva na rakhA jAya yahI aparigraha hai| yahA~ dIna duHkhI jIvoM ke prati kAruNya jAgrata karanA aura unake prati kartavyabodha karAnA mukhya uddezya hai| nyAyapUrvaka dravyArjana karanA sadgRhastha kA lakSaNa hai| AvazyakatA se adhika saMgrahIta vastuoM ko usa varga meM vitarita kara denA bAvazyaka hai jisameM usakI kamI ho| samAjavAda kA bhI yahI siddhAnta hai ki sampatti kisI eka vyakti yA varga vizeSa meM kendrita na hokara samAna rUpa se hara paTaka meM vibhAjita ho| yaha samAjavAda jainAcAryoM ne kamase kama tIna hajAra

Page #436
varSa pahale lAne kA prayatna kiyA thaa| "samantabhadra ne isI tathya ko sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrSa midaM tavaiva" kahakara sarvodayavAda kI prasthApanA kI pii| Adhunika mAnasa tarkavAdI aura sUkSmadRSTA hai| andhazravA kI ora usakA koI jhukAva nhiiN| sAmpradAyikatA, dhArmikatA aura jAtIya bandhanoM ke kaTaghare ko tor3akara vaha unase dUra haTatA calA jA rahA hai| kalA aura vijJAna ke baloka meM aba vaha vizvavandhutva kI bhAvanA kI ora unmukha ho rahA hai| mAnavatA kA pujArI banakara mAnava-mAnava ko jor3ane kA eka punIta saMkalpa liye Aja kI nayI pIr3hI Age bar3hane kA saMkalpa kiye hue hai| tRtIya vizvayuddha kI kAlI meghamAlA ko naSTa karane kA yathAzakya prayatna karanA usakA uddezya banA humA hai| isa vizvabandhutva ke svapna ko sAkAra karane meM bha. mahAvIra ke vicAra niHsaMdeha pUrI taraha sakSama hai| unake siddhAnta lokahitakArI aura lokasaMgrAhaka samAjavAda aura adhyAtmavAda ke prasthApaka hai| unase samAja aura rASTra ke bIca pArasparika samanvaya bar3ha sakatA hai aura manamuTAva dUra ho sakatA hai / eka maMca para bhI vibhinna pakSa baiThakara eka dUsare ke dRSTikoNoM ko sahI rUpa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| isaliye jaina siddhAnta vizva zAnti prasthApita karane meM amUlya kAraNa bana sakate haiN| mahAvIra isa dRSTi se samyaka dRSTA the aura sarvodaya tIrtha ke samyak praNetA the| mAnava mUlyoM ko prasthApita karane meM unakI yaha viziSTa dena hai jo kabhI bhulAyI nahIM jA sktii| isa sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki Adhunika mAnasa dharma ko rAjanItika hathakaNDA na banAkara use mAnavatA ko prasthApita karane kA eka aparihArya sAdhanAtmaka kendrabindu maane| mAnavatA kA sahI sAdhaka vaha hai jisakI samUcI sAdhanA samatA aura mAnavatA para AdhArita ho aura mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke liye usakA upayoga ho| etadartha khulA mastiSka, vizAla dRSTikoNa, sarvadharmasamabhAva saMyama aura sahiSNutA apekSita hai| mahAvIra ke dharma kI mUla AtmA aise hI punIta mAnavIya guNoM se siJcita hai aura usakI ahiMsA bandanIya tathA vizvakalyANakArI hai|

Page #437
viSayAbhisUcikA akoTA, 344, 357 247, 248 akabara, 338 anekaMsa, 233 akalaMka, 246 anekAntavAda aura jainetara dArzanika, akkhANayamaNikosa, 97 245 aMkAI-taMkAI, 361 anekAntavAda ke prAcIna tattva, 223 agnivesAyana, 19 anityatA, 123 agnipurANa, 14 anivRttikaraNa, 280-281 aMguttaranikAya, 16, 18, 230 anumAna pramANa, 207 aghAtI prakRtiyA~, 163 anumAna ke bheda, 209 acelakatA, 43, 45, 299 anumAnake avayava, 210, 212 acauryANuvrata, 272-7, 295 anumAna : pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM,211 ajamerA, 337 anumati tyAga pratimA, 280-8 ajayapAla, 329 anubhavavAda, 177 ajita, 6, 15 anubhAgabandha 163 ajIva,40 anuyoga sAhitya, 75 aTThAIsa mUlaguNa, 294-96 anuprekSA, 106, 301 aNuvrata, 267, 283 aparAjita, 52 aNu aura skandha, 150 aparigraha, 21, 285 adantadhAvana, 300 apasarpiNI, 6 advaitavAda, 149-50 apramattasaMyata, 289, 290 adhaHkarma, 313 apabhraMza sAhitya, 113 adharmadravya, 166 apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya ardhamAgadhI Agama, 79 bhASAeM, 72 ardhaphalaka sampradAya, 43, apAya vicaya, 307 anvaya, 48 apUrvakaraNa, 289, 281 antakriyAvAda, 150 aphagAnistAna, 339, 341 andhakAra, 148 abhayadeva, 92, 103 anastikAyika, 130 abhijAtiyAM, 158 anazana, 304 abhAva prakAra, 245 anyathAnupapatti, 209 abhilekha, 96 380 banekAntavAda, 22, 38, 221, 223, abhedavAda, 185, 223

Page #438
amarAvikkhepavAda aura syAdvAda 239 AgAmaka vyAkhyA sAhitya, 87 amogha varSa, 336 Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, 201 ayogakevalI, 291, 293 AcAra prakAra, 282, 283 arthagrahaNazakti, 190 AcArya carita, 109 arthaparyAya, aura vyaMjana paryAya, 229 AcAra sAhitya, 93, 107 arthasaMkrAnti, 308 AcArAMga, 31, 33, 45,80 aryAvagraha, 195 AjIvika, 244, 313, 358 arhan, 13 ATha guNa (samyakatvake), 261 arhata pratimAyeM, 351 AtmA ('janetara darzana), 145 ariSTanemi, 16, 17 AtmA (bhAratIya darzana), 143 alavara, 334 AtmA kA svarUpa, 132 alaMkAra zAstra, 113 AtmA kI zakti, 138-9 avyaktavAda, 180 AtmA kA astitva, 136-138 avyAkRta, 120 AtmA ke rUpa, 311 avaktavya, 236 AtmA aura karma, 135-145 avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna, 195 AtmA aura jJAna, 139 avamodarya, 304 Atapa, 148 avAya, 195 AtmahatyA, 284 avagraha, 194 AtmahatyA aura sallekhanA, 283 avisaMvAdikatA, 187, 205 AdhyAtmika sAhitya, 114 avirata samyaktva, 288 Apta, 183 asatya bhASA va bheda, 272 Apta mImAMsA, 126, 127, 129, asatkAryavAda, 127, 128 140, 200, 214, 225 asaMskRta, 12, 167 Abhyantaratapa, 305 asaMyata samyagmithyAdRSTi, 288 AryarakSita, 34, 76 asaMyata samyagdRSTi, 289 AryabhASA, 66, 67 asnAnatA, 130 Ayurveda, sAhitya, 113 astikAyika, 130 Arta aura raudra dhyAna, 306 aSTa mAtRkAyeM, 296, 355 ArambhatyAga pratimA, 280 aSTa prAtihArya, 351 Avassaya, 85 aSTa maMgala, 356 Azrama vyavasthA, 387 aSTa mUlaguNa, 265-267 indranandi, 47,48 aSTAMgayoga, 309 indrabhUti gautama, 28 azoka, 96, 341 ahiMsA, 65, 111, 294, 296 Ithara, 13 ahiMsANuvrata, 267-268 Izvara, 51, 153-156 AkAza, 127, 167 iMginImaraNa12 285, 286 Agama sAhitya, 79, 96 IhA, 194 mAgama pramANa, 213 ucchedavAda, 38 bAzAvicaya, 307 ujjayinI, 41, 331, 333

Page #439
415 utkRSTa zrAvaka, 281, 282 uttaraguNa, 278 uttarAdhyayana, 33, 44, 85, 129, 132, 146, 166, 179, 180 utpAda, 122 uttara prakRtibandha, 161 uttara bhArata, 342, 367 utsarpiNI, 6 udAna, 131 uddiSTatyAga pratimA, 281, 282 upakaraNa, 299 upadezAtmaka, sAhitya, 105 upamA zailI, 299 upayoga, 132, 133 upayogitAvAda, 150 upazama zreNI, 289 upazAnta moha. 290, 292 upAMga, 83-84 upAsakAdhyayana, 159-162 upAdAna, 126 umAsvAmI, 71, 100, 104, 107, 146, 168 Uvaloka, 171 UrdhvatAsAmAnya, 125, 225 Uha, 207 Rgveda, 9-17, 66, 70 RSabhadeva, 5-11, 15, 41 RSigiri, 16 RSi bhASita, 33 RjusUtranaya, 38, 228 oghaniyukti, 85 osiyA, 363, 367 audayika, 140 aupazamikabhAva, 41 ekatvavAdI, 130 ekatva vitarka, 308 ekabhuktavrata, 300 ekezvaravAda, 156 ekaMsavAda, 223 etihAsika kAvya sAhitya, 108 aitihAsika mahApuruSa, 110 elorA, 335, 374 eraNa, 330 elaka, 281, 282 eva kA prayoga, 232, 249 evaMbhUtanaya, 228 aihola, 360 aMgapraviSTa, 74, 75 aMga sAhitya, 79 aMgabAhya, 74, 75 aMtagaDadasAo, 82 aMbikA, 347, 349, 375 kacchapaghaTa, 321, 327 kaJcit, 232-33 kathA sAhitya, 96, 110 kathAsaMgraha, 87 kannaDa jaina sAhitya, 116 kargalacitra, 376 kanvaya kriyAyeM, 391 karma, 21, 40, 135-145 karmaprakRti, 91 karma prAbhRta, 90, 103 karmabandha, 158, karmaNA vyavasthA, 386 karma kI dasa avasthAyeM, 164 karma bheda, 160 karma sAhitya, 90, 103 karma siddhAnta, 156-7 karakaNDu. 109 kaSAya. 315 kaSAya aura lezyA, 165 kaSAya prAbhRta, 91, 103 kalacuri, 331 kalpanA, 203 kalpavRkSa, 5 kalpa, 33 kaliMga, 359 kAkatIya zailI, 350 kAThiyAvAr3a, 328

Page #440
kAmbala sampradAya, 42 kAmadeva, 108 kAya, 315 kAyadaNDa, 157 kAyakleza, 305 kAyotsarga, 279, 297-98 kArakasAkalya, 191 kAraNa prakAra, 166 kAraNa (samyakatva prApti ke ), 262 kArmANa zarIra, 136 kAladravya. 168 kAlabheda, 168-170 kAlakAcArya, 95, 375-76 kAzyapa mAtaMga, 197 kASThAsaMgha, 51 kutubamInAra, 337 416 kundakunda, 33, 47-48, 62, 75, 82-84, 104, 115, 125 kuNDalapura, 348, 366 kumbhI, 365 kumArapAla, 59, 329, 364 kulakara, 5, 6 kuSANa, 343 kuSANottarakAla, 326 kaka saMgha, 50 kenejoika ( navyayuga), 6 kevalajJAna ke bheda, 198 kevalajJAna va sarvajJatA, 197 keza kambali, 19 kezaluJcanatA, 298 kezI, 19, 43,58 kaivalyAvasthA, 291 koTapAcArya, 103 koza, ( prAkRta), 99 koza sAhitya, 113 kauNDinya, 39 kauzala, 324 kSaNabhaMgavAda, 127 kSapakazreNI, 289 kSAyopazamika bhAva, 142 kSINa kaSAya, 290, 292 kSullaka, 281, 282 kSetrapAla, 355 kSemaMkara-kSemaMghara, 5 khajurAho, 331, 348, 366 khaNDakAvya, 111, 114 khAravela, 96, 325, 333, 345 khotAnI bhASA, 194 gyArasapura maMdira, 366 gvAliyara, 361 gaMgavaMza, 39, 335 gaMgazailI, 371 gaNa, 48-9, 52 gaNadhara, 28 gaNitazAstra, 99, 278 gaNisaMpadA, 313 gaNipiTaka, 79 gati, 315 garbhAnvaya kriyAyeM, 390 gaccha, 49, 51,57,59,60 gAhar3avAla zailI, 368 gAMdhAra, 339 gRdhrakUTa parvata, 130 gujarAta, 328 gujarAtI jaina sAhitya, 116 guNa, 122, 151 guNavrata, 51, 275, 276 guNapratyaya, 186 guNabhadra, 53 guNasthAna, 286-9 guptakAla, 327, 346 guptakAlIna mUrtinirvANa, 343 gupti, 61 guptottarakAla, 327 guptottarakAlIna mUrtikalA, 344 gopura zailI, 372 gomaTTasAra, 91, 149, 151 govardhana, 41

Page #441
457 gautama gaNadhara, 29, 31,43 zAnadarzana, 180 zAna-darzana kI yugapat avarathA, 184 zAna yA pramANa kA svarUpa, 186 jJAna ke kAraNa, 215 jJAna ke bheda, 193-4 zAna-pramANa, 204 jJAnopayoga, 133 caMdapaNNatti, 85 cakravartI, 6, 95, 109 catuHzataka, 123-4 catuSkoTika prazna, 233, 238 candelavaMza, 327, 331 candragupta maurya, 29, 32 campUzailI, 98 caryA, 269 cAturyAmadharma, 18, 20 cAritra ke bheva, 316 cAlukya, 335, 347, 349 cAlukya zailI, 364 cAhamAna, 367 cittakSaNa, 123 citrazAlA. 373 citrakarma, 373 citraNa-zailI, 376 citrakalA, 372 cittor3agaDha kA kIrtistambha, 365 ceTaka, 20 caitya, 47, 53, 54 caityavAsI, 57, 60 caityavRkSa, 353 cola, 334 cUNi sAhitya, 89, 101 cUlikA-sUtra, 86 chadmastha, 290 chanda grantha, 99 chanda zAstra, 115 chAndas bhASA, 67, 68 chAyA, 148 chedasUtrakAra, 33, 35, 52 chedasUtra, 85 jyotiSa sAhitya, 99, 113 jambU svAmI, 41, 45 jambU dvIpa, 171-73 jaya dhavalA, 195, 197 jayasenAcArya, 202 jaratA, 123 jarAsaMdha,6 jahAMgIra, 338 jAtyantara, 246 jAtismaraNa, 134 jinakalpa, 41 jinadAsa gaNi, 86 jinadAsagaNi mahattara, 89 jinabhadra, 41, 88, 103 jinasena, 11, 36, 38, 91, 108 jItakalpa, 42-46, 86 jIva (AtmA), 39 jIva ke pAMca svatattva, 140 jIva prAdezika siddhAnta, 39 jIvanta svAmI, 343, 346 jIva samAsa, 137 jIvandhara, 109 jekobI, 78 jUnAgaDha, 359 jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, 342 jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna, 150 jaina jJAna mImAMsA, 175 jaina guphAyeM, 358 jaina tattva mImAMsA, 119 jaina darzana, 218 jaina mandira, 362 jaina purAtattva, 342 jaina samAja vyavasthA, 385 jaina nyAya, 195 jaina mahArASTrI, 93 jaina sAhitya aura AcArya, 65 jaina zikSaNa paddhati, 393 TIkA sAhitya, 89, 103 ThANAja, 5,41,45,80,105,2.1

Page #442
418 Thibandha, 91 dazapUrva, 76 DhAI dvIpa, 170 darzana aura citana, 199 tajjIvataccharIravAda, 285 daheja, 389 tattvAryavArtika, 122, 138, 143, dravya, 129 145, 147, 149, 150, 162, dravya kA svarUpa (jainetara darzanoM meM), 180, 185, 190, 194, 227 127 233 dravya : sAmAnya aura vizeSa, 125 tattvArtha sUtra, 122, 132, 146, dravyArthika, naya 125 151, 163, 167, 170, 178, dravyabheda, 130 185, 194, 195, 231 dravya nikSepa, 231 tapa, 303, dRSTivAda, 33, 74, 76, 83, 90 tamila jaina sAhitya, 115 dRSTAntAbhAsa, 218 tarka pramANa, 206 dRDhanemi, 16 tarkabhASA, 124 dikpAla, 347, 355 prasa, 133, 136 dikkumAriyAM, 355 tADapatrIya zailI, 374 dichanAga, 188 tAntrikatA, 345 dvikriyAvAda, 39 tAraNa-taraNa, 56 digambara, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, tAj, 17 40, 41, 43, 47, 52, 57 tArAmaNDala, 172 dvitatvavAdI, 130 tiryaksAmAnya, 125, 225 dilavAr3A mandira, 366 tripurI, 328 daNDa vyavasthA, 146 tripRSTha, 7 draviDa zailI, 362 teraha pantha, 55 drAviDa, 7-9 terA panya sampradAya, 60-62 drAviDa saMgha, 50, 53 saTha zalAkA mahApuruSa, 108 dArzanika (3 zreNiyA~), 180 terApura, 361 dekAta, 149, 155, 167 tIrthakara mUrtiyAM, 351 deuliyA, 364 telagU jaina sAhitya, 115 devagaDha, 331, 366 pairAzikavAda, 40 devadhigaNi kSamAzramaNa, 34, 77 tailapa, 335 dezasaMyata, 288, 290 tomara, 331 dIpatapassI, 19 theragAthA, 238 durnaya, 225 dakSiNApatha, 359, 370 dubhikSa, 76 dakSiNa bhArata, 333, 349, 369 durlabha rAjA, 329 dazapura, 40 doSa aThAraha, 182 dazavakAlika, 33, 46, 52, 95, 86 doSI, vecaradAsa, 77 dazadharma, 300 dhyAna, 306, 311 darzanopayoga, 133 dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA, 306, 310 dazakalpa, 46 dhyAtA, 309

Page #443
419 dharasena, 32 dharmadhyAna, 307 dharmadravya, 166 nirjarA dharma, 61 niyamasAra, 184 niyativAda, 126 nimitta, 126 nimitta zAstra, 99 dharmacakra, 356 dharmanairAtmya, 123 dhavalA, 32, 90, 133, 137, 231 niryukti sAhitya, 87 dhAraNA, 195 dhArA, 331 dhArAvAhika jJAna, 193 dhAtu pratimAyeM, 345, 357 provya, 122 nyAya-vaizeSika, 128, 157, 167, 189, 192, 199, 200, 206, 208, 212, 217, 218, 319 nyAya sAhitya, 105 nayAbhAsa, 225 nyUTana, 167 navagraha, 345, 356 naMdavaMza, 325 nadiyA~ (14), 171 nandisaMgha, 32, 48, 52 nayavAda, (pAlisAhitya), 230 naya ke bheda, 225 naya aura pramANa, 225 nava padArtha, 170 navya nyAya, 106 nava tattva prakaraNa, 168 nAgara zailI, 362, 371 nAsadIya sUkta, 241 nAma nikSepa, 231 nATaka sAhitya, 112 nArAyaNa, 7, 20 nAssana, 70 nArI kI sthiti, 392 nArI pAtra sAhitya, 111 nArI pAtra pradhAna kathA sAhitya, 98 nAlandA, 324 nigaSTha nAtaputa, 14, 18, 27, 28, 37, 38, 131-2, 157-8, 181 nigraha sthAna, 220 nirvikalpaka, 203 ninhava, 38, 41 nisIha, 86 nizcayanaya, 230 nikSepa vyavasthA, 231 nemi, 6, 16, 17 nepAla, 33, 341 nagameza, 356 naigamanaya, 225 prakRtibandha, 161 prakIrNaka (dasa), 86 pratyAkhyAna, 298 pratyayavAda. 177 pratyekabuddha, 15, 85, 109 pratimA, 283 pratikramaNa, 278, 297 prativAsudeva, 7 pratiSThAkalpa, 108 pradezabandha, 163 pramatta saMyata, 190 pramANa, 189, 201, 204, 225 pramANa ke bheda, 200 pramANa kA phala, 217 pramANa mImAMsA, 187, 205 pramANasaMplava, 193 pramANAbhAsa, 218 pramANa aura naya, 225 pratyakSa pramANa, 201 prarUpaNA, 315 pravacana sAra, 62, 125, 197, 198 prazastiyA~, 96 premAkhyAnaka kAvya, 114 prAkRta bhASA, 22, 65-72

Page #444
prAkRta aura saMskRta, 71 248 prAkRta bhASA aura Arya bhASAyeM, 66 pAzcAtya vicAraka, 149 prAkRta : sAhitya ke kSetra meM, 73 pAzcAtya darzana meM sRSTi vicAra, 155 prAkRta aura chAndas bhASA, 67 pAzcAtya darzana meM kAla, 170 prAkRta : jana bhASA kA rUpa, 68 pAzcAtya darzana meM mokSa, 320 prAkRta jaina sAhitya, 74 pAdopagamana, 287 prAkRta sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa, 78 pANini, 67, 70 prAkRta kozakalA, 99 pAriNAmika bhAva, 141 prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 98 pArzvanAtha, 6, 17, 18, 37,43 prANAtmakatAvAda, 150 pAsajja,43 prAmANya vicAra, 191 pAli sAhitya, 157 prAyazcitta, 305 pAvA. 20, 27 prAyopavezana, 287 pizala, 70 prAyopagamana maraNa, 285, 287 pudgala (ajIva) : svarUpa aura paryAya, prAraMbhika guphAyeM, 360 145-165 proSadha pratimA, 278-9 pudgala aura mana, 149 pleTo, 144 pudgala aura Adhunika vijJAna, 153 patiyAnI maMdira, 366 pudgala vibhAjana (ATha), 152 padArtha ke tIna guNa, 222 pudgala svabhAva saMkhyA, 147 paramAra, 327 pupphiyA, 24 paramAra zailI, 367 puruSArtha, 156 paramAtmapada, 310 pulakezI, 335 paramANuvAda, 152 puSpamitra, 31 paramparAgata sAhitya, 74 puSpadanta-bhUtabali, 16, 32, 90, 103 parArthAnumAna, 209-10 pUrva (14),74 parigrahatyAga pratimA, 280-1 pUrva bhArata, 345, 363 pariNAmavAda, 128, 135 pRthaktva vitarka vicAra, 308 pariNAmI nityatva, 121 pailejoika (purAtana jIvayuga), 5 parokSa pramANa, 205 paurANika-aitihAsika kAvya, 94 paryAya, 122, 124 paurANika kAvya sAhitya, 108 paryAyArthika naya, 125 paJcastUpAnvaya, 46, 326 parigraha parimANANuvrata, 275 paJcanIvaraNa, 395 parISaha, 303 paMca mahAvata, 20, 61 vaMta (chaha), 171 paJcasamitiyA~, 296 pazcima bhArata, 346, 364 paMcendriyavijayatA, 297 pATaliputra vAcanA, 76 paMcAstikAya, 129, 133, 135, pAramArthika pratyakSa, 203 163, 166, 168, 159, 236 pAlazailI, 345 phalitAcArya, 34 pAlakAla, 345 barkale, 145 pAzcAtya darzana, 130, 14, 157, bandha, 148

Page #445
42 bandha-bheda, 160-1 bhedavijJAna, 121 balabhIpura, 42 bhavapratyaya, 195 brahmacaryANuvrata, 273-276, 295 bhUzayana, 300 brahmacarya pratimA, 280 bhogabhUmi, 4,6 bargasAM. 130 bhoja, 331 balabhadra, 7 bhautikavAdI darzanoM meM pudgala, 151 balabhI vAcanA, 77 makkhali gosAla, 20, 244 bahurata (siddhAnta), 38 magadha, 33, 323 bahutvavAdI, 130 maNDapazelI, 360 bAgavata, 267 matijJAna aura zrutamAna, bAhya tapa, 304 mathurA, 43,50,51, 326, 343-4 bAhyArthavAdI, 128 mayurA stUpa, 357 bAhubali, 33 mada (ATha), 183 bIsa pantha, 55 madurA, 334 buddha, 17-20, 27 madhyapradeza, 329 boTika, 40-1 madhyakAlIna guphAyeM, 360 bauddha darzana, 123, 127, 14, 200 madhya bhArata, 348, 366 206, 208, 217, 222 mana, 146 bauddha sAhitya, 130 mantra-tantra, 108 bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, 144 manusmRti, 12, 23 bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa, 284, 286 marAThI jaina sAhitya, 116 bhaktiparaka sAhitya, 107 maraNa ke prakAra, 284, 285 bhikSu pratimAyeM, 312 malli , 6 bhitti citra, 373 mahAvrata, 294-6 bhikSA prakAra, 282 mahAvIra, 21, 22, 28, 32, 37-8, bhagavatI sUca, 79, 125, 132-3, 43, 178, 331-2, 346 145, 167-8, 170, 242 mahArASTrI prAkRta, 95, 97 bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 43, 52, 93 mahAkAvya, 111,115 bhaGgasaMkhyA, 236 mahAsena, 51 bhagavatI zataka, 150 mahimA nagarI, 326 bhadrabAhu, 34, 41, 43, 76, 84-7 mArgaNA, 315 325, 328, 332-4 mAjjhamikA, 329 bhadrabAhusaMhitA, 34-36 mAthurI, vAcanA, 76 bhaTTAraka sampradAya, 231 mAyA-moha, 13 bhAvanikSepa, 231 mAru-gurjara zailI, 363, 368 bhASya sAhitya, 88 mAlavA, 327 bhASAvijJAna, 22, 66, 88 mithyAtva, 287 bhASA aura sAhitya, 65 mithyAdRSTi, 287-8 medavAda, 123, 127, 129, 223 miyAdaSTiyAM (62), 131 bhedAmevavAda, 128, 223 / mithilA, 39, 324

Page #446
miyamIto, 242 ravikIrti, 369 mizraguNasthAna, 288 rasaparityAga, 305 mImAMsaka, 128, 147, 190, 193, rAjagRha, 324 197,199,200,206,210-12, rAjasthAna, 329 217, 319 rAjarAja (dvitIya), 115 mukhavastrikA, 299 rAjezvara sUri, 34 mugalazalI, 368 rAtribhuktityAga pratimA, 278-9 mugala kAla meM jainadharma, 337 rAtribhojana, 269 muni AcAra, 291-3 rAmagiri (rAmaTeka), 336 muni AcAra sAhitya, 292-3 rAmagupta, 20, 327, 330, 344 muni-caryA, 293-5 rAmacandra, 108 mUlaguNa, 265-66, 296 rAsA sAhitya, 114 mUlasUtra, 84 rASTrakTa, 329, 335, 361, 370 mUlAcAra, 180 rahasya bhAvanA, 118 mUlArAdhanA, 52 rUpa, 123, 127 mUrtikalA, 56, 342 rUpaka kAvya, 114 mUti aura sthApatyakalA ke siddhAnta, rUpaka sAhitya, 110 351 rekha zailI, 364 mUrvicinha, 343, 352 rekha nAgara prAsAda zailI, 371 mUrtipUjA, 8 roha gupta, 40 mesejoika (madhya jIva yuga), 6 laMkAvatAra, 17 mola, 17, 61, 317-320 lalita vAGamaya, 111 mohenajodar3o, 8 laghukAvya, 115 : maurya sAmrAjya, 325 laghukAvya, 115 maMDapa zailI, 369 laoNka, 144 yakSa, 353 lAkSaNika sAhitya, 98, 122 yakSiNI, 353 lAivanitse, 130 yantravAda, 152 liMgAyata sampradAya, 336 yama-niyama, 310 lezyA, 165 yathArthavAda, 150 lokakathA, 97 yazruti, 93 lokatatva, 94 yazodhara, 97 lokabhASA, 65 yApanIyasaMgha, 51-2, 334 loka vibhAga, 171 yogyatA, 216 loka kA svarUpa, 170 yoga, 309 lohAnIpUra, 325, 341 yogasaMkrAnti, 308 haDappA, 5,8 yogasAhitya, 106 hindI jaina sAhitya, 117 ratnatraya, 178 vyutsarga, 306 ravamaMdira, 369 . vyavahAra naya, 225, 230 rANakapura, 365 vidyAtaka doSa (samyaktva ke), 261 .

Page #447
423 vya Jjana paryAya, 229 / vyaJjanAvagraha, 195 vyaya, 122 vyAkaraNa sAhitya, 112 vyApti, 207 vyuparatakriyAnivati, 308 vaSela, 364 vaTTakera, 93 vappa, 17, 19 varmA, 340 varNa vyavasthA, vastupAla, 329 vastuvAda, 177 vata, 266, vrata pratimA, 275 baMgAla, 331 vAcanAe~. 75-77 vAnarazanA, 10-14 vAdakathA, 219 vAsudeva, 7 vrAtya, 12-13 vArANasI (pupphavatI), 16 vAstu zilpazAstra, 100 vikramAditya, 111 vijayanagara. 336 vitarka, 308 vidizA, 334, 344 videzoM meM jaina dharma, 339 vivazA, 333 vidhividhAna aura bhaktimUlaka sAhitya vivAha prakAra, 388 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 41-45, 88, 132,138,236 vRttiparisaMkhyAna, 304 vIra ziva bhakta, 337 vIcAra, 308 vedAnta, 143 veda kI apauruSeyatA, 213 vesara zailI, 362 vaidika darzana, 128, 154 vaidika saMskRti, 268, 287, 386 vaidhavya avasthA, 392 vaipulya parvata, 15 vaiyAvRtya, 306 vaizAlI, 20 zvAsocchavAsa, 147 zvetAmbara paramparA, 29, 30, 32, 37, 38, 41-43, 46, 56 zabda, 146-147, 192 zabda aura artha kA sambandha, 213 zabdanaya, 228 zabdanaya aura arthanaya, 229 zarIra bheda (pAMca), 142 zalAkApuruSa, 6, 95 zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, 52 zAMtarasa, 112 zAzvatavAda, 38 zAsana devI-devatA, 345, 354 zittapravAsala, 373 zirapura, 340, 372 zilApaTTa, 43 zilAlekha, 48 zivagupta, 46 zikSaka, 398 zikSaka ke guNa, 401 zikSaNa praNAliyAM, 399 zikSA, 294 zikSA ke uddezya, 394 zikSArthI, 395, 398 zikSAvata, 276, 277 94 vinaya, 305, 396 vibhajjavAdI, 223, 237 vimAna zailI, 369, 371, 372 vimalavasahI, 364 vipAvicaka, 307 virodha prakAra, 244 virodha parihAra, 244 vivikta zayyAsana, 305 vivAha vyavasthA, 388

Page #448
ziSya ke guNa, 39. zilapparikaraNa, 334 zIlaguNa, 59 zIlavata, 277, 278 zIlAMkAcArya,89, 95, 103 zukladhyAna, 307, 308 zukanAsA zailI, 371 zuMgakAla, 325 zUnyavAda, 127 zailI prakAra (maMdirakalA kI), 362 zailezI avasthA, 308 zaivanAyanarA, 334 zaurasenI, 103 SaTkarma, 265, 266 SaDkhaNDAgama, 32, 78, 90, 103, 194 Sadarzanasamuccaya, 133, 140, 166 SaDAvazyaka, 297, 298 skandha, 151 skandhavAda, 152 stUpa, 54 stotra sAhitya, 112 sthavirakalpa, 43, 45 sthavirAvalI, 34,86 sthApatya, 56, 357 sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya, 60, 61 sthApanA nikSepa, 231 sthAvara, 133, 136 sthitibandha, 162 sthitibhojana, 300 sthUlabhadra, 33, 43, 76 sarza, 146 spinojA, 149, 155 smRti pramANa, 205 syAt, 232, 233, 237 sthAdvAra, 232, 233, 239, 247 svarga (16), 171 svapna, 352 svayaMbhU, 7 salakSaNa, 124 svArthAnumAna, 209-10 svAdhyAya, 306, 314 saTTaka, 96 satprarUpaNA, 90 satkAryavAda, 128 sattadassI, 238 sadasatkAryavAda, 126, 129 saMjayabelaTThiputta, 19, 20 sanmatiprakaraNa, 184, 225, 228, 231, 236 santAna, 246 santaruttara, 43 sanatkumAra, 6 santativAda, 123 sannikarSa, 189, 216 saptamaGga, 233 saptabhaGgIvAda, 225 saptatatva, 131 sapta mAtRkAyeM, 347 sambandara, 367 sacitta tyAga pratimA, 278-9 satya, 294, 296 satyabheda, 270, 271 satyANuvrata, 270-272 samyakcAritra, 183 samyaktva ke dasa bheda, 183, 263 samyagjJAna, 183 samyaktva ke ATha aMga, 183 samyagdarzana, 181, vighAtakadoSa 261 samyagmiyyAdRSTi, 288-9 samaNasutta, 122 saptA , 297; samarasatA, 311 samAdhi, 310 samAdhimaraNa, 42, 283-87 samAnAntaravAda, 150 samiti, 61, 296 samaya, 278 samanvayavAda, 22

Page #449
425 samabhirunaya, 228 sRSTi sarjanA, 153 samantabhadra, 21, 103, 107 setubandha, 104 samucchedavAva, 39 senasaMgha, 48 samRdizailI, 376 sona bhaNDAra, 359 sayogakevalI, 281, 292 somadeva, 54, 106, 376 sarasvatI devI, 355 saumya aura sthaulya, 148 sarvezvaravAda, 156 saurASTra, 42 sarvArtha siddhi,125, 195,160,225 saMgrahanaya, 225 sarvacetanAvAda, 156 saMgha, 49 sarvatobhada pratimA, 368 saMdeza kAvya, 112 sarvajJatA kA itihAsa, 197 saMskAra, 386 sarvajJatA kI siddhi, 199-200 saMskRta kA svarUpa, 123-24 savikalpaka, 203 saMskRta sAhitya, 100 sallekhanA, 276, 282-288 saMsthAna vicaya, 307 sAMkhya darzana, 167, 197, 319 saMsthAna aura bheda, 148 sAMkhya-yoga, 128, 144, 157 saMsAra parighramaNa, 141 sAtavAhanakAla, 326 saMgama sAhitya, 334 sAdhaka zrAvaka, 282-83 zramaNa, 1-3, 11 sAMdhAra prAsAda, 283, 363 zravaNa velagola, 333, 335, 349, sApekSatA, 232, 248 370, 372 / sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa, 202-3 zrAvakAcAra, 56 sAmAyika pratimA, 277-78 zrIpAla, 97 sAmAcAritA, 314 zrI zailapradeza, 115 sAmAnya lakSaNa, 124 zrIlaMkA, 339 sAsAdana samyammizyAdRSTi, 287,289 zruta kI maulikatA, 78 sittannavAsala, 360 zrutakevalI, 28, 31-33 siddha pratimAyeM, 341 zrutapaMcamI, 98 siddhAnta sAhitya, 92, 104 haribhadra sUri, 22, 34, 43, 46, sinazilA, 171 54, 57, 86, 89, 93, 97, sindhu sabhyatA, 8-10 99, 103, 106 siyA, 237 hariSeNa, 6, 41 sImandhara, 5 hAthI gumphA, 359 senAra, 70 hiMsA, 268, 275, 276, 296, sukumAla, 98 hetvAbhAsa, 218 sunaya, 225 hetu ke prakAra, 209 muharohAra, 332 hetu ke paMca rUpa, 208 sUkSma sAMpapaya, 290, 292 hemacandra, 22, 29, 34,72,95, 102 sUkmakriyApratipAti, 308 hoyasalavaMza, 336 sUtrakRtAGga, 33,44,107, 163,242 hoyasala zailI, 371 sRSTikartA, 155 hemADapaMtha zailI, 371, 372, 375

Page #450
pramukha saMdarbha-graMtha sUcI 1. atharvaveda saMhitA -- saMpAdaka : gaeNtha, balina, 1924. 2. aTThasAlinI (buddhaghoSa) - saMpAdaka : DaoN. pI. vhI. vApaTa, pUnA, 1942. 3. anagAradharmAmRta (AzAdhara) - svopajJa TIkA sahita, bambaI, 1818. 4. anekAntajayapatAkA (haribhadra)-bambaI, vI. ni. saMvat 2436. 5. apadAna - saMpAdaka : jagadIza kAzyapa, paTanA, 1956. 6. apabhraMza sAhitya - harivaMza kochar3a, dillI, 1956. 7. aparAjitapRcchA (bhuvanadeva)- sUrata, 1976. 8. abhidhAnacintAmaNi koza (hemacandra)- surata, 1946. 9. amitagati zrAvakAcAra- mUlacanda kisanadAsa kApar3iyA, sUrata, 10. abhidhammatthasaMgaho- saMpAdaka va anuvAdaka : zrI. revatadhamma va lakSmI nArAyaNa tivArI, vArANasI, 1967. 11. aSTazatI-aSTasahasrI-nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI.. 12. aSTapAhuDa (kundakunda)-saMpAdaka : paM. pannAlAla sAhityAcArya, nivAI. 13. AcAra dinakara (vardhamAnasUri) - saM. kesarIsiMha osavAla, bambaI. 14. AcArAMga - vyAkhyAkAra : AtmArAmajI, ludhiyAnA, 1963-64. 15. AtmAnuzAsana (guNabhadra)- solApura, 1961. 16. AdipurANa - saM.pannAlAla sAhityAcArya, jJAnapITha, vArANasI 1963. 17. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhAratIya saMskRti - DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, varNI graMthamAlA, vArANasI. 18. AptamImAMsA-(samantabhadra) sanAtana jaina granthamAlA, kAzI. 19. AlApa paddhati (devasena)- bhA. di. baina pra. bambaI, 1920. . .20. iMDiyana eNTikverI

Page #451
427 21. uttarAdhyayana - saMpAdaka : AcArya tulasI, kalakattA, 1967. 22. uttarAdhyayana: eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana muni nathamala, kalakattA. 23. udAna saMpAdaka jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. 24. upAsakadazAMga -- * saMpAdaka : AtmArAmajI, ludhiyAnA, 1965. 25. upAsakAdhyayana ( somadeva ) - saMpAdaka : paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, dillI. 26. Rgveda * svAdhyAya maNDala, auMdha, 1940. - 27. aMguttaranikAya saMpAdaka : jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. - -- ---- 28. karma prakRti - ( zivazarma) - bhAvanagara. 29. karakaNDacariu (kanakAmara ) - saM. hIrAlAla jaina, kAraMjA, 1934. 30. kaTTigeyANuvekkhA (svAmi kumAra ) - saMpAdaka : DaoN. e. en. upAdhye, - rAyacandra zAstramAlA, AgAsa, 1960. - -- - 31. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI - samyagjJAna prasAraka maNDala, jodhapura. 32. kasAya pAhuDa (jaya dhavalA TIkA sahita ) - mathurA, 1944 Adi. 33. kahAvalI (bhadrezvara ) -saMpAdaka : yU. pI. zAha, baDodA. 34. kAlUgaNi smRtigraMtha - saM. chaganalAla zAstrI Adi, chapArA, 1977. 35. kuralakAvya (ailAcArya) - saMpAdaka govindarAma zAstrI. 36. kuvalayamAlA ( udyotana ) - saM. DaoN. e. en. upAdhye, babbaI, 1959. 37. gomaTTasAra jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa - bambaI, 1927 - 28. * rAmacandra granthamAlA, bambaI, 1907. -------- - ) 38. jJAnArNava ( zubhacandra ) 39. catuHzatakam ( Aryadeva) saM. DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, nAgapura, 1872. 40. caritrasAra (cAmuNDa rAya - bhA. di. jaina, bambaI, vI. ni. saM. 2443. 41. jaina kalA evam sthApatya - bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1976. . 42. jaina tarkabhASA ( yazovijaya ) sighI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI. 43. jainadharma - paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, mathurA. 44. jainadarzana --- mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, vArANasI. - DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, vArANasI. - - 45. jaina-dharma-darzana 46. ananyAya - paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI47. jaina tibandha ratnAvalI- - milApacandra kaTAriyA, kalakattA, 1966. 48. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa - nAthUrAma premI, bambaI, 1956. .. ---- - -

Page #452
428 49. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrva pIThikA-kailAzacandra zAstrI, vArANasI. 50. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 1-6 : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1966-73 51. jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna - muni nAgarAja, dillI. 52. jaina lakSaNAvalI-saMpAdaka : bAlacandra zAstrI, dillI, 1976. 53. jaina sAhitya meM vikAra : vecaradAsa dosI, ahamadAbAda. 54. jaina saMskRti aura rAjasthAna-vizeSAMka, jinavANI, 1976. 55. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha - zolApura. 56. pAtaka-saMpAdaka : jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. 57. jainijma ina buddhisTa liTarecara-DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, nAgapura, 1971. 58. jainendra siddhAnta koSa - saMpAdaka : jainendra varNI, dillI, 1975. 59. ThANAna sUtra - Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, sana 1918-20. 60. tattvasaMgraha - saMpAdaka : svAmI dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, vArANasI. 61. tattvArthavAtika - saM. : DaoN. mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya, vArANasI, 1944. 62. tattvArthasAra-saMpAvaka : pannAlAla sAhityAcArya, vArANasI, 1970. 63. tatvAryasUtra (umAmyAti)-paM. phUlacandra, kAzI, vI. ni, saM. 2476. 64. tikIya pAta (yativRSabha)- saM. : DaoN. upAdhye, zolApura, 1951. 65. tripurI-DaoN. ajayamitra zAstrI, bhopAla, 1973. 66. viSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra (hemacandra)- bhAvanagara, 1906-13. 67. theragAyA aura therIgAthA-saMpAdaka :jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. 18. vyasaMgraha (nemIcandra)-saM.:darabArIlAla koThiyA, vArANasI, 1966. 69. dasavaikAlika-saMpAdaka : vAcArya tulasI, kalakattA, 1963. 70. varvakAlika : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, muni navamala, kalakattA. 71. varzanasAra (devasenAcArya)-saM. : aMdha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI, 1920. 72. darzana aura cintana-paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, ahamadAbAda, 1957. 73. dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma-bI. paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, vArANasI. 74. dIpanikAya-saMpAdaka : papavIta kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. 75. kI se dasa oNpha dI IsTa-DaoN. mevamukara,

Page #453
429 76. dharmabindu (haribhadra) - hindI anuvAda sahita ahamadAbAda, 1950 77. nyAyakumudacandra ( prabhAcandra ) - saMpAdaka : paM. mahendra kumAra, bambaI, 1938 78. nyAya vinizcaya vivaraNa ( vAdirAja ) :- saMpAdaka : paM. mahendra kumAra, nyAyAcArya, kAzI, 1944, 1954. - -- 79. nandisUtra * vyAkhyAkAra : AtmArAmajI mahArAja, ludhiyAnA, 1966. 80. navatattva prakaraNa (sumaMgalATIkA ) - zrI. lAlacandra, baDodarA. 81. navapadArtha - zrIcandra rAmapuriyA, kalakattA, 1961. 82. nAyAdhammakahAo - en. vhI. vaidya, pUnA, 1940. 83. niyamasAra bambaI, 1916. - 84. pratimA vijJAna - bAlacandra jaina, jabalapura, 1974. 85. pratiSThAtilaka ( nemicandra ) - solApura. 86. pratiSThAsArasaMgraha ( vasunandi ) 87. pramANa parIkSA ---- 88. pramANa vArtika - saMpAdaka: rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, paTanA, vi. saM. 2010. 89. pravacanasAra (kundakunda ) - DaoN. e. en. upAdhye, bambaI, 1935. 90. pravacana sAroddhAra ( nemicandra ) - siddhasena TIkA sahita, bambaI, 1922. 91. praznavyAkaraNAMga - anuvAdaka muni hemacandra, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, - 1973. 92. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA alocanAtmaka itihAsa. - DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, tArA presa, vArANasI 93. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA DaoN. rAma jI upAdhyAya, ilAhAbAda, 1966 94. paJcAdhyAyI ( rAjamala ) - graMtha prakAza kAryAlaya, indaura. 95. paJcAstikAya (kundakunda) - bambaI, 1904. ------ 85. paJcAzaka vivaraNa (haribhadra ) - bhAvadeva TIkA sahita, bhAvanagara, 1912 97. paMcasaMgraha ( prAkRta) - bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1960. 98. paMcasaMgraha (saMskRta) - mANika candra granthamAlA, bambaI, 1927. 99. paTTAvalI samuccaya- - darzanavijaya, bIramagAMva, gujarAta, 1933. 100. paramAtmaprakAza ( yogIndra ) - saM. DaoN. e. en. upAdhye, AvAsa, 1960. FIG - saMpAdaka : bra. zItalaprasAda, sUrata. sanAtana jaina graMthamAlA, kAzI -

Page #454
430 101. parIkSAmukha (mANikyanandi)- vArANasI, 1928. 102. puruSArtha siddhaghupAya (amRtacandra)-bambaI, 1904. 103. pAzcAtya darzana kA Adhunika yuga-vrajagopAla tivArI, AgarA. 104. bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa - DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, nAgapura, 1973. 105. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (zivArya)-bhASAvanikA sahita, bambaI, 1989. 106. bhagavatIsUtra- abhayadeva sUri vRtti sahita, ahamadAbAda, 1922-31. 107. bhaTTAraka sampradAya - DaoN. vidyAdhara joharApurakara, zolApura, 1958. 108. bha. mahAvIra aura unakA cintana - DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, pAtharDI, 1976. 109. bhAgavata purANa - saMpAdaka : gopAla nArAyaNa, bambaI, 1898. 110. bhadrabAhusaMhitA- saMpAdaka : DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, kAzI. 111. bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI-DaoN.esa.ke cATuA , dillI 1957. 112. bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi -- DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina, kAzI, 1957. 113. bhAratIya kalA-DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, vArANasI. 114. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna - DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina, bhopAla. 115. bhAvasaMgraha - hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya. bambaI. 116. bhikSu smRti grantha -kalakattA. 117. majjhimanikAya-saMpAdaka : jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. 118. madhyakAlIna hindI jaina kAvya meM rahasyabhAvanA-DaoN. puSpalatA jaina, (zodha prabandha) nAgapura (aprakAzita). 119. manusmRti - saMpAdaka : kSemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa, kalakattA 1908. 120. mahAbhArata - gItApresa, gorakhapura, 1956-58. 121. mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, jayapura, 1977. 122. mahAvaMza - anuvAdaka : bha. Ananda kausalyAyana. 123. maMjuzrI mUlakalpa - saMpAdaka : gaNapatizAstrI, trivendrama. 124. milindapaJho-saMpAdaka : jagadIza kAzyapa, vArANasI, 1937. 125. mUlAcAra (vaTTakera)- vasunandi TIkA sahita, bambaI, vi. saM. 1977. 126. yazastilakapamU (somadeva) - nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1901. 127. mazastilaqacammUkA sAMskRtika adhyayana - gokulacandra jaina, vArANasI. 128:, yogavAraprAbhUta (amitamati) - saM. : jugala kizora mustAra, dillI

Page #455
431 129. yogasUtra (pAtaJjali) - saMpAdaka : Ar prasAda, ilAhAbAda, 1925. 130. yogazAstra Adi (hemacandra) : jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, 1912. 131. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra (samantabhadra) - saM. ju. ki. mukhtAra, dillI. 132. lATI saMhitA (rAjamalla) - mA. pra. bambaI, vi. saM. 1984. 133. varAMgacarita (jaTAsihanandi)-saM. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye, mathurA. 134. vRhatsvayaMbhUstotra (samantabhadra) - vIra sevA maMdira, dillI. 135. vasudeva hiNDI (saMghadAsa-dharmasena), prathama khaNDa, bhAvanagara, 1930. 136. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra- bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1952. 137. vijJaptimAtratAsiddhi-perisa, 1828-7; 1928. 138. vividhatIrthakalpa (jina prabhasUri) siMghI jaina pra. mAlA, 1934. 139. visuddhimagga-saMpAdaka : dharmAnanda kauzAmbI, bambaI, 1970. 140. vizeSAvazyakabhASya (jinabhadra)-Agamodaya sa. bambaI, 1924-27. 141. viSNu purANa-saMpAdaka : jIvAnanda vi. bhaTTAcArya, kalakattA. 1882. 142. vaidika koza - saMpAdaka : DaoN. sUryakAnta. 143. sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa-- DaoN. yU. pI. zAha. vArANasI. 144. sTaDIja ina sAUtha inDiyana jainijma- AyaMgAra va rAva, madrAsa, 1922 145. syAdvAda maJjarI (hemacandra) - anu. : DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, 1970. 146. sanmati prakaraNa (siddhasena)-aMgrejI anuvAda va mUla sahita, bambaI,1938 147. saptabhaMgataraMgiNI (vimaladAsa) - bambaI, 1816. 148. samakAlIna dArzanika cintana - DaoN. hRdayanArAyaNa mitra, kAnapura. 149. samaNasutta - sarvasevA saMgha, rAjaghATa, vArANasI, 1975. 150. samayasAra (kundakunda)-paramazruta prabhAvaka jaina maNDala, bambaI. 151. samarAiccakahA (haribhadra)- kalakattA, 1923. 152. samAbhizataka (pUjyapAda) - sanAtana jaina a. mAlA, 1905, dillI. 153. sarvArthasiddhi (pUjyapAda) - bambaI, 1934. 154. saMyuttanikAya - saMpAdaka : jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1956. 155. sAgAradharmAmRta (AzAdhara)- mA. di. jana pra. mAlA, bambaI, 156. sAmAcArI zataka (samayasundaragaNI)-jinadattasUri jJAnabhaNDAra, 1939 157. sAvayadhammadohA- saMpAdaka : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, kAraMjA, 1932.

Page #456
432 158. sAMkhyakArikA (IzvarakRSNa) - caukhambA, vArANasI. 159. siddhivinizcaya TIkA-saMpAdaka : mahendrakumAra jaina, kAzI, 1959. 160. suttanipAta - anuvAdaka : bhikSu dharmaratna, sAranAtha, 1960. 161. sumaMgalavilAsinI (buddhaghoSa) - saM. : rija DeviDsa, landana, 1886 - 1932. 162. subhASitaratnasaMdoha (amitagati) - nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1903. 163. sUtrakRtAMga - hindI TIkA sahita, ojhA, rAjakoTa,vi.saM. 1993-95. 164. zlokavArtika (kumArila)-vArANasI. 165. SaDkhaNDAgama (dhavalA TIkA sahita) - saMpAdaka : hIrAlAla jaina, bhAga-1-16, amarAvatI, vidizA, 1938-1954. 166. SaDdarzanasamuccaya (haribhadra)- saM. : mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya, kAzI. 167. harivaMzapurANa (jinasena) - saMpAdaka : pannAlAla jaina, kAzI, 1963. 168. hindI bhASA-DaoN. bholAnAtha tivArI, ilAhAbAda, 1972. 169. hisTrI oNpha inDiyana liTarecara- DaoN. vinTaranitsa, kalakattA, 1927. 170. hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra - kANe, puNe. 171. zrRGgArazataka - saMskRtazAstra, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1818. 172. zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-kalyANavijaya, jAlora, 1941. 173. jaina jarnala-saM gaNeza lalavANI, kalakattA. 174. anekAnta - saM. paM. paramAnanda zAstrI, dillI. 175. pAlikosasaMgaho-saM. DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, nAgapUra, 1975. 176. AcArAMga-saM. AcArya tulasI, kalakattA.

Page #457
PARICHAYRIKANELENA DAR JALA ARMER MER . . . EVARS. A. UNNEYLAN (1) nandisiha dvArA ullikhita jinamUrtiyukta AyAga paTTa, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA-prathama-dvitIya zatI

Page #458
(2) haDappA-mastakahIna jinamUrti, tRtIyazatI I. pU. lohAnIpura-mastakahIna jinamUrti, tRtIya zatI I.pU.

Page #459
. .. ' APNA Hasir H VMITAL (3) zatruJjaya (pAlItAnA), pahADI para sthita jaina mandira samUha

Page #460
(4) gomaTezvara bAhubalI, zramaNabelagola, maisUra, 983 I.

Page #461
(5) sindhughATI kI triratnasahita prAgrupa dhyAnastha jina mUrti (6) baralI (ajamera) me upalabdha maurya kAlIna brAhmI lipi me uTTakita zilAlekha (vI. ni. saM. 84)

Page #462
(7) rANakapura, AdinAtha maMdira, 1432 I.

Page #463
sat -MW Or ANTRA AMA +TAAVM (8) mathurA meM prApta bha. mahAvIra kI mUrti-prathamazatI

Page #464
(9) bAdAmI guphA kra. 4, bha. mahAvIra ( 7-8 vIM zatI) !

Page #465
(10) jIvanta svAmI kI kAMsya mUrti, guptazailI, maitraka kAla, akoTa

Page #466
(11) ambikA yakSI, elorA, mahArASTra

Page #467
(12) jaina maMdira, khajurAho, ma pra.

Page #468
(13) tIrthakara mAtA, devagar3ha, ma.pra.

Page #469
WORAMANA.S SAMUDRA SVAY AMBHD YAMBHU RAM MANA: DVIPA E SVAYAM AND SO ON TILL THE LAST ONE V E SAMUDRA CisVARA.Orip NANDISVA NANDES VIPA N SAMUDRA TIK SUDA.S PA (PUSKA R CARA * DVIP KARA) .SAMUD UDRA IK S UVA GHR TODA ARA. DVI TPA (S Ar dz SAMUDRA SAKA) GHR TAVAR TRODA. KSTRO DVIPAT VARA.S SAMUD RAUNCA UDRA AVARA RAD LIPA (KU L VARUN SAMU NAVA RA. S OVIPA UDRA VAR UM A PUSKA KARAD DHL.s ANDA W ALOO KIKHAN US A) A SA MUS R KA OHATAR MUDRA LAVA ( LAKSA DRA T JAMBU-DVIPA MANUSOTTARA PARVATA N E C (88) fregata

Page #470
(15) kalcurikAlIna mahAvIra mUrti, lakhanAdona, ma. pra.

Page #471
Nayan mymnxn (16) pArzvanAtha mUrti, zirapura (akolA)

Page #472
TAParom 17 ". . HIMA7 PITH bha. mahAvIra kI mAtA ke kASTha-phalaka para utkIrNa caudaha svapna, pATana, 18 vIM zatI (17) loka puruSa (prAcIna pANDulipi meM citrita)

Page #473

Page #474
. rahIya .. Pram 3. vAka ... ' ...... Ciwill

Page #475
lekhaka ko prakAzita pustakeM9. Jainism in Bu Literature. 2. catuHzatakam (saMpAdana anuvAda). 3. pAtimoksa (saMpAdana anuvAda). 4. pAlikomamaMgaho (saMpAda 5 vidvadvinodinI 6. bhagavAna mahAvIra aura cintana. 7. jaina darzana aura saMsa itihAsa. 8. bauddha saMskRti kA iti 9. bhAratIya saMskRtIlA va yogadAna (marAThI). 10. bhagavAna mahAvIra agnirekhA (marAThI). 11. lagabhaga 100 zodha 12. abhidhammatthasaMgaho / (prakAzya). .. 13. kavitA saMgraha (prakA