Jain Nyaya me Akalankdev ka Avadan

Author(s): Kamleshkumar Jain
Publisher: Prachya Shraman Bharati
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002233/1

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna prAcya zramaNa bhAratI, mujaphpharanagara

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA aMvadAna rASTrIya saMgoSThI zAhapura (mujaphpharanagara) 27-29 navambara 1996 - sampAdaka : DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina variSTha prAdhyApaka-jainadarzana kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI - DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina : rIDara saMskRta vibhAga, esa0 DI0 posTagrejueTa kAleja, mujaphpharanagara (u0pra0) DaoN0 azokakumAra jaina sahAyaka AcArya jaina vidyA evaM tulanAtmaka darzana vibhAga, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (DImDa yUnivarsiTI) lADanUM (rAjasthAna) prakAzaka prAcya zramaNa bhAratI mujaphpharanagara, u0pra0

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parama pUjya upAdhyAya zrI 108 jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja ke gyArahaveM dIkSA divasa para prakAzita jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna (rASTrIya saMgoSThI smArikA) puNyArjaka : sva0 mohanalAla seThI kI puNya smRti meM unakI dharmapatnI zrImatI AcukhI devI (c) prAcya zramaNa bhAratI, mujaphpharanagara saMskaraNa : prathama, 1966 I0 pratiyA : 1100 prApti-sthAna : prAcya zramaNa bhAratI 12/e, premapurI, nikaTa jaina mandira, mujaphpharanagara phona : 450228, 408601 mUlya : svAdhyAya, manana mudraka : dIpa priMTarsa, e-8, mAyApurI iNDasTriyala eriyA, phesa-I naI dillI-110064 phona : 5131363, 5132576

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parama pUjya upAdhyAya zrI 108 jJAna sAgara jI mahArAja

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jaina nyAyako A.akalaMbavakA abaDhAma rASTIyabiTalasaMgolIsa seTa sAgnisa--pUrauyA. 108 ramI mahArAja jananyAyako a-akalaMkadeva kA avadAna rASTrIyavidvatasaMgoSThIyAakTU-se 29 akTU1996 nidhya parama pUjya upA-208 zrI jJAna sAgarajI mahArAjApaparAkA yojakA saladiebara jaina puravigara parama yA upAdhyAya sAlasAjImahArAja sagASThAzaakTU-seTa akTa-1996 sasaMghasaMgAtalana zAzanasAgarajI mahArAja ApakA na ndana pazAha zAhapura meM dinAMka 27-10 se 29-10 meM vidvata saMgoSThI ke udghATana satra meM DA0 azoka jI bolate huye evaM anya vidvatagaNa maMca para baiThe huye| paramapUjya upAdhyAya 1087 va kA avadAna T27 akTU-se 29 akTU-1996 nA mahArAja ke jJAnasAgarajImahArAja zAhapurana sasaMghalaba yogA ApakA sadakA sakala HO zAhApura akalaMka saMgoSThi meM maMca para AsIna deza ke prakhyAta vidvAna DA. kasturacandra kAsalIvAla jayapura, DA. udayacandra jI sarvadarzanAcArya banArasa, DA. phUlacandra premI banArasa, pa. ziva caraNa lAla jI mainapurI, DA. rameza canda jaina bijanaura, DA. zreyAsa kumAra jaina bar3auta, DA. jaya kumAra jaina mu. nagara

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jaina nyAya ko A. akalaka deva kA avadAna rASTrIya vidvata saMgoSThI 27 akTU se 29 akTU 1996 sAnnidhya- pa.pA. 108 jJAna sAgara jI // nivedaka : sakala rAja zAhapura ApakA hArdika abhinandana karatA hai| jaina nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna rASTrIya vidvata saMgoSThI meM pUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgara jI va muni zrI vairAgyasAgara jI mahArAja maMca para virAje hue nyAya vidyA vAcanA lalitapura meM pUjya kSullaka guNa sAgara jI mahArAja (upAdhyAya zrI jJAna sAgara jI) ke sAnidhya meM vAcanA karate huye DA. darabArI lAla jI koThiyA evaM zravaNa karate huye viddhata jana

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mahAvIyAna jI mahArAjA sava jabAMyoma para dnkrtaa| zAhapura ma.TAra) digambara jaina mahAsamiti uttarAMcala adhivazana1996-97 dinAMka 20akTUbara dina rvivaattr| nidhya upAdhyAya 108 zrIjJAnasAgara mhaaraaj| kala digambara jaina samAja shaahaannaamu.ngr)| HD digambara jana mahAsamiti aura uttarAMcala / TarviyAkaratA zAhapura meM dinAMka 20 akTUbara 1996 ko parama pUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAna sAgara jI mahArAja ke sanidhya meM digambara jaina mahAsamiti ke adhivezana meM rAjendrakizora jI alIgar3ha, sukhamAla candra jI sarrApha meraTha, jayanArAyaNa jI meraTha, evam anya zreSThIgaNa maMca para baiThe huye| jagamagAnAka orportal nasAgara jI mahArAja ke abhA. digambara jana dharma rakSiNI mahAsabhA naimittika Adhavezana ujavara 1996 pAsa sAnidhya pa.pa.upAdhyAyanIjAna sAgarajImagarAta ecanizrIvarAgya sAgara jI mahArAja sarmakalADagamparAmA khaTanapaTa-mujaphpharanagara gAdarza mata rAdha zAhapurAtamA Ananda jANA phullita ORI ApakAkA tAnasAgara zAhapura meM 13 akTUbara 1996 ko pa. pUjya zrI jJAna sAgarajI mahArAja ke sanidhya meM akhila bhAratIya mahAsabhA ke adhivezana meM kendrIya adhyakSa nirmala kumAra seThI bolate huye tathA ummedamala jI pADyA Adi zreSThIgaNa maMca para virAje huye|

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prakAzakIya san 1996 meM paramapUjya upAdhyAya zrI 108 jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja ke AzIrvAda se viziSTa dArzanika upalabdha va aprakAzita graMthoM ke prakAzana hetu 'prAcya zramaNa bhAratI' (mujaphpharanagara) kA janma huA, jo atyaMta zIghra bhoga bhUmi ke prANiyoM kI bhA~ti yuvAvasthA ko prApta huii| usake tattvAvadhAna meM alpakAla meM. hI 35 graMthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai tathA zIghra hI aneka ( lagabhaga 17 graMtha) prakAzita hone vAle haiN| mahAn AcArya kuMdakuMda svAmI kI paramparA ke AcArya umAsvAmI ne samasta jaina siddhAMtoM evaM jJAna ko sUtroM meM baddha karate hue 'tattvArthasUtra' ke rUpa meM Agama kI mahAna sevA kI usa yuga meM sUtra rUpa meM kathana karane kI hI paramparA adhika pAyI jAtI hai / tattvArthasUtra ke rahasyoM kA udghATana karane hetu paravartI mahAn AcAryoM kI bhinna-bhinna kAloM meM aneka TIkAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM. 1. sarvArthasiddhi zrI pUjyapAda, 2. gaMdhahasti mahAbhASya zrI samantabhadrAcArya 3. rAjavArtika svAmI akalaMkadeva 4 zlokavArtika zrI vidyAnandAcArya 5. tattvArthavRtti-bhAskarAnaMdAcArya 6. arhatsUtra vRttikA 7. tattvArthAdhigama-zrI umAsvAti AcArya 8. tatvArtha sAra 9 artha prakAzikA 10. loka va mokSa ke rahasyodghATana ke lie kitane hI bhASya nirmita hue jinameM bahuta se anupalabdha haiN| ina sabhI bhASyoM meM zrI AcArya akalaMka bhaTTa viracita tatvArthavArtika kI mahattA anupama hai| jo AcArya pUjyapAda kRta sarvArthasiddhi TIkA ko samajhane meM vizeSa sahAyaka hai| mahAn AcArya ke viSaya meM zravaNabelagolA ke abhilekha meM ullikhita hai tataH paraM zAstravidAM munInAmagresaro'bhUdakalaGkasUriH / mithyAndhakArasthagitAkhilArthAH prakAzitA yasya vacomayUkhaiH /

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna amarakoza meM ullekha hai - pramANamakalaGkasya pUjyapAdasya lkssnnm| dvisaMdhAnakaveH kAvyaM rtntrympshcimm|| aise mahAn AcArya ke prati apanI zraddhA ko vyakta karane ke liye hI sarAkajAti ke uddhAraka paramapUjya upAdhyAyazrI 108 jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja va paramapUjya 108 zrI vairAgyasAgara jI mahArAja ne zAhapura (mujaphphanagara),. 1996 meM vidvajjanoM ko Amantrita kiyA, jinhoMne apanI zraddhAbhivyakti ke liye zodha patra rUpI puSpa arpaNa kiye| unhIM puSpoM kI surabhi ko dharma premiyoM taka pahu~cAne kA uttaradAyitva prAcya zramaNa bhAratI (mujaphphanagara) ko sauMpA gyaa| isI liye ina sabhI zodha-puSpoM ko gUMthakara Apake samakSa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| isa hetu hama sabhI paramapUjya munidvaya, vidvAnoM va anya sabhI sahayogIjanoM kA AbhAra vyakta karate haiM tathA bhaviSya meM bhI hArdika sahayoga va ArzIrvAda kI apekSA karate haiN| mantrI raMvIndra kumAra jaina prAcya zramaNa bhAratI mu0 nagara

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sampAdakIya parama pUjya 108 upAdhyAyazrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja evaM 108 munizrI vairAgyasAgarajI mahArAja apane jJAna evaM vairAgya ke kAraNa jana-jana kI zraddhA ke pAtra haiN| sAtha hI jainavidyA evaM usake upAsaka vidvAnoM ke prati bhI unakA pragAr3ha anurAga hai| pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ne jahA~ sarAkoddhAra ke liye bihAra prAnta ke tar3AI jaise avikasita evaM pahAr3I kSetra meM cAturmAsa sampanna kara sadiyoM se bichur3e sarAka bandhuoM ko gale lagAyA hai| vahIM unhoMne vidvAnoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie bhI aneka lokopayogI kArya kiye haiN| nyAyAcArya paM0 mahendrakumAra jaina ke smRti-grantha kA prakAzana pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ke maMgala-AzIrvAda kA hI phala hai| pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ne prAcIna jainAcAryoM kI kRtiyoM ko prakAza meM lAne evaM una para aneka jaina aura jainetara vidvAnoM dvArA aitihAsika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karane hetu vividha saMgoSThiyoM meM apanI garimAmayI upasthiti pradAna kI hai tathA apanA magaMlamayI udbodhana dekara sabhI ko kRtArtha kiyA hai| . pUjya upAdhyAyazrI kI sAtvika preraNA se 25-26 mArca 60 ko saradhanA meM AcArya kundakunda para 13-14 pharavarI 65 ko meraTha meM AcArya samantabhadra para 11, 12, . 13. pharavarI 66 ko dillI meM sarAkoddhAra para auzra 27, 28, 26 akTU0 66 ko zAhapura (mujaphpharanagara) meM AcArya akalaMkadeva para Ayojita akhila bhAratIya vidvat saMgoSTi meM deza ke kone-kone se padhAre uccakoTi ke aneka vidvAnoM ne vividha viSayoM para zodhapatroM kA vAcana kara apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| - pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ke zubhAzIrvAda evaM vidvAnoM kI lagana ke kAraNa aba taka prathama tIna saMgoSThiyoM meM prastuta kiye gaye zodhapatroM ko jainavidyA ke prakhara manISI DaoN0 darabArIlAla koThiyA nyAyAcArya, prAcArya narendraprakAza jaina, DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina evaM DaoN0 nIlama jaina ke dvArA susampAdita hokara prakAzita kiye jA cuke haiN| samprati zAhapura (mujaphpharanagara) meM 27, 28 evaM 26 akTUbara 1666 ko Ayojita 'jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna' viSayaka saMgoSThI meM paThita zodhapatroM ko sampAdita kara prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| isa saMgoSThI meM kula bIsa zodhapatroM kA vAcana kiyA gayA thA, jo starIya to haiM

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna hI, vaividhyapUrNa bhI haiN| ina zodhapatroM ke mAdhyama se AcArya akalaMkadeva ke aitihAsika vyaktitva eMva kRtitva ko ujAgara karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| kucha vidvAnoM dvArA apane vicAra maukhika rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye the aura kucha ke lekha prApta nahIM ho sake haiM. ataH unakA yahA~ samAveza nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| - jaina-nyAyavidyA kI paramparA ko vikasita karane meM AMcArya akalaMkadeva ke pUrvavartI evaM paravartI anya aneka AcAryoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| ataH unake saMkSipta paricayoM ko garbhita karane kI dRSTi se siddhAntAcArya paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI ke lekha 'prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya' ko bhI abhinandana grantha se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra upayogitA kI dRSTi se DaoN0 vaccharAja dUgar3a (lADanUM) ke 'AcArya akalaMka kI pramANa mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI'. tathA DaoN0 . kamaleza kumAra jaina (dillI) ke 'akalaMkadevakRta AptamImAMsA bhASya evaM laghIyastraMtha ke uddharaNoM kA adhyayana' nAmaka lekhoM kA bhI saMkalanaM kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha saMgoSThI smArikA svataH hI mahattvapUrNa evaM zodhopayogI bana gaI hai| . saMgoSThI ke saphala Ayojana meM jainadarzana ke yuvA vidvAna DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina (mujaphpharanagara) evaM DaoN0 azokakumAra jaina (lADanUM) kI bhUmikA nissaMdeha mahattvapUrNa rahI hai, ataH ina donoM vidvAnoM kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| ___ isa kArya ko sampanna karane meM mujhe jaina aura bauddha nyAyavidyA ke prakhara manISI zraddheya pro0 udayacandra jI jaina sarvadarzanAcArya (vArANasI) dvArA aneka upayogI sujhAva prApta huye haiN| ataH maiM unake prati taMhedila se AbhAra prakaTa karatA huuN| anta meM una pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ke caraNoM meM tribAra namo'stu nivedana karatA hU~, jinake magaMla AzIrvAda se yaha kArya sahaja hI sampanna ho sakA hai| . DA0 kamaleza kumAra jaina jainadarzana prAdhyApaka kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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samarpaNa prazAntamUrti, paramapUjya AcArya zrI 108 zAntisAgara jI mahArAja ( chANI) ke prathama paTTAcArya pUjya zrI 108 sUrya sAgara jI mahArAja, dvitIya paTTAcArya pUjya zrI 108 vijaya sAgara jI mahArAja, tRtIya paTTAcArya pUjya zrI 108 vimalasAgara jI mahArAja (bhiNDavAle) caturtha paTTAcArya mAsopavAsI, samAdhisamrAT pUjya zrI 108 sumatisAgara jI mahArAja ke ziSya paramapUjya AdhyAtmika santa, sarAkoddhAraka upAdhyAya zrI 108 jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja ke kara kamaloM meM 'jainanyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA abadAna' kRti sAdara samarpita hai|

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|| umeza se upAdhyAya muni 108 jJAnasAgara || sapharanAmA eka anekAntika sAdhaka kA abhIkSNa jJAna kI sampadA se sikta upAdhyAya zrI 108 jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja kA vyaktitva evaM kRtitva eka aise krAntikArI sAdhaka kI anavarata sAdhanA-yAtrA kA vaha anekAntika dastAveja hai jisane samaya ke nATya-gRha meM apane saptabhaMgI prajJAna ke anekoM raMga bikhere haiN| cambala ke pAradarzI nIra aura usakI gaharAI ne murainA meM vi0 saM0 2014 vaizAkha sudI doyaja ko janme bAlaka umeza ko picchi-kamaNDalu kI maitrI ke sAtha apane bacapana kI usa buniyAda ko majabUta karAyA jisane usa nirbAdha mArga kA sahaja, para samarpita pathika banA diyaa| zahara meM Ane vAle hara sAdhu-sAdhvI ke prati bacapana se vikasita hue anurAga ne mAtA azarphI bAI aura pitA zAnti lAla ko to hara pala sazaMkita kiyA para bAlaka umeza kA AdhyAtmika anurAga hara pala pallavita aura puSpita hotA rhaa| aura isakI pariNati huI sana 1674 meM usa pratIkSita phaisale se, jaba kizora umeza ne AjIvana brahmacarya vrata ko aMgIkAra kiyA evaM do varSoM bAda, pA~ca navambara unnIsa sau chihattara ko kSullaka dIkSA grahaNa kii| umeza se rUpAntarita hue kSullaka guNasAgara ne bAraha varSoM taka Agama granthoM, sAhitya evaM bhASA kA adhyayana kiyA, yuga ke mahAn santa AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara jI kI pAvana sannidhi meM tatvajJAna kA pArAyaNa kiyA tathA mahAvIra jayantI ke pAvana prasaMga para ikattIsa mArca unnIsa sau aThAsI ko AcArya sumatisAgara jI mahArAja se muni dharma kI dIkSA grahaNa kI aura taba AvirbhAva huA usa yuvA, krAntidRSTA tapasvI kA, jise muni jJAnasAgara ke rUpa meM yuga ne pahacAnA aura unakA guNAnuvAda kiyaa| nirgrantha rUpa meM pratiSThita isa digambara muni ne jahA~ Atma-zodhana ke anekoM prayoga kiye, sAdhanA ke naye mAnadaNDa saMsthApita kiye, udAtta cintana kI UrjasvI dhArA ko pravAhamAna kara tatvajJAna ko nUtana vyAkhyAoM

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna se samRddha kiyA, vahIM para apanI karuNA, AtmIyatA aura saMvegazIlatA .ko jana-jana taka vistIrNa kara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI satveSu maitrI kI avadhAraNA ko bhI saMvarddhita kiyaa| madhyapradeza kI prajJAna sthalI sAgara meM munirAja kA prathama cAturmAsa, tapazcaryA kI karmasthalI banA aura yahIM zuru huA AdhyAtmika antaryAtrA kA vaha atha jisane pratyeka kAlakhaNDa meM naye-naye artha gar3he aura saMvedanAoM kI samajha ko sAdhanA kI zailI meM antarlIna kara liyA / ix AgAmI varSoM meM muni jJAnasAgara jI ne jinavANI ke ArAdhakoM se sthApita kiyA eka sArthaka saMvAda tAki Agama granthoM meM nibaddha rahasyoM ko sAmAnya jamoM taka bodhagamya bhASA aura zailI meM sampreSita kiyA jA ske| saradhanA, zAhapura, khekar3A, gayA, rA~cI, ambikApura, meraTha, sahAranapura, mujaphpharanagara meM vidvatsaMgoSThiyoM ke Ayojana ne bahuta se anuttarita praznoM ke jahA~ eka ora uttara khoje vahIM dUsarI ora zodha evaM samIkSA ke liye naye sandarbha bhI paribhASita kiye gaye / anupalabdha granthoM ke punarprakAzana kI samasyA ko isa jJAna-pipAsu ne samajhA aura sraahaa| isa kSetra meM gahana abhiruci ke kAraNa sarvaprathama bahuzruta zramaNa paramparA ke anupalabdha prAmANika zodha - grantha, sva0 DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA sarjita sAhitya sampadA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA ( cAroM bhAga ) ke punarprakAzana kI preraNA kI, jise sudhI zrAvakoM ne atyalpa samayAvadhi meM paripUrNa bhI kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, Adhunika kAlakhaNDa meM bhulA diye gaye santoM evaM vidvAnoM ke kRtitva se samAja ko paricita karAne kA bhI gurukArya inhoMne kiyA, jisakI pariNatisvarUpa AcArya zAntisAgara chANI smRti grantha ke prakAzana se eka ora vismRta se ho rahe usa atyanta purAtana sAdhaka se samAja paricita karAyA jisane sampUrNa uttara bhArata meM digambara zramaNa paramparA ko unnIsavIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM abhivRddha karane kA guru-kArya kiyA thA to dUsarI ora suprasiddha jaina darzana-vid sva0 paM0 mahendra kumAra jaina nyAyAcArya kI smRti meM eka

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X jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna vizAla smRti grantha ke prakAzana kI preraNA kara mAtra eka jinavANIArAdhaka kA guNAnuvAda hI nahIM kiyA pratyut nayI pIDhI ko usa mahAn sAdhaka ke avadAnoM se paricita bhI kraayaa| isa tapaHpUta ne vaicArika krAnti kA udghoSa kiyA isa AzA aura vizvAsa ke sAtha ki Ama AdamI ke samIpa pahu~cane ke liye use usakI pratidina kI samasyAoM se mukti dilAne ke upAya bhI saMstuta karane hoNge| tanAvoM se mukti kaise ho, vyasana mukta jIvana kaise jie~, pArivArika sambandhoM meM sauhArda kaise sthApita ho tathA zAkAhAra ko jIvana-zailI ke rUpa meM kaise pratiSThApita' kiyA jAe, Adi yakSa praznoM ko buddhijIviyoM, prazAsakoM, patrakAroM, adhivaktAoM zAsakIya / arddhazAsakIya evaM nijI kSetroM ke karmacAriyoM va adhikAriyoM, vyavasAyiyoM, chAtroM - chAtrAoM Adi ke sAtha paricarcAoM,. kAryazAlAoM, goSThiyoM ke mAdhyama se uttarita karAne ke liye eka ora eka racanAtmaka saMvAda sthApita kiyA to dUsarI ora zramaNa saMskRti ke niyAmaka tatvoM evaM asmitA ke mAnadaNDoM se jana-jana ko dIkSita kara unheM jainatva kI usa jIvana-zailI se bhI paricita karAyA jo unake jIvana kI prAmANikatA ko sarvasAdhAraNa ke madhya saMsthApita karatI hai / isa khojI sAdhaka ne prema aura karuNA ke vyAvahArika prayoga kiye aura kaMkrITa saMskRti se dUra pahu~ce jhArakhaNDa ke una araNyoM meM jahA~ birasA aura muNDA jAti ke AdivAsiyoM ke sAtha lAkhoM kI tAdAda meM basate haiM atyanta purAtana jaina zrAvaka jinheM samaya kI zilA para par3I dhUla ne sirpha nAma kA apabhraMza kara unheM sarAka hI nahIM banA diyA pratyut unheM unake kula - gaurava pArzva prabhu kI paramparA ko bhI vismRta karAne para majabUra kara diyaa| ina bhUle-bisare bhAiyoM ko bihAra, baMgAla tathA ur3IsA alaga-thalaga jIvana jIne ke sthAna para sampUrNa deza kI zramaNa dhAsa se jor3ane ke liye anekoM kalyANakArI yojanAe~ saMcAlita kIM jinameM raghunAthapura evaM anAIjAmAbAda ke punarvAsa kendra, purAne jIrNa-zIrNa jinAlayoM kA jINoddhAra, sudUra aMcaloM meM naye jinAlayoM kA nirmANa,

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna takanIkI zikSA kendroM kI sthApanA, rojagAra ke liye upaskaroM kA prabandha, * chAtravRttiyoM kA vitaraNa, kuzala berojagAroM ko rojagAra evaM naukariyoM kI upalabdhatA evaM ina sabhI ke saphala saMcAlana ke liye sudhI janoM ko prerita kara TrasTa ke mAdhyama se samasta gatividhiyoM ko kAryAnvita karAne kI preraNA kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa sAdhanApUta se prabhAvita ho jahA~ eka ora zrI motIlAla borA, zrI ajitasiMha, zrI nArAyaNa datta tivArI, zrI sAhiba siMha varmA, zrI indara siMha nAmadhArI Adi rAjanetAoM ne darzana lAbha kara AzIrvAda prApta kiye haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora DaoN0 kRSNa kumAra nAga, zrI rAjendra yAdava, zrI aravinda jaina, DaoN0 nemIcanda Adi buddhijIviyoM, patrakAroM ne evaM sAhU azoka kumAra jaina, sAhU ramezacandra jaina, zrI pUnama canda gaMgavAla, zrI ummedamala pANDyA, zrI nirmala kumAra seThI Adi pramukha udyogapatiyoM ne bhI pUjya gurudeva se maMgala AzISa prApta kiye haiN| . pUjya upAdhyAya zrI 108 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja kA jIvana krAnti kA zloka hai, sAdhanA aura mukti kA divya chanda hai tathA hai mAnavIya mUlyoM kI vandanA evaM jana-cetanA ke sarjanAtmaka pariSkAra evaM usake * mAnasika saundarya evaM aizvarya ke vikAsa kA vaha bhAgIratha prayatna jo stutya * hai, vaMdanIya hai aura hai jAti, varga, sampradAya bheda se pare pUrI insAnI jamAta ko samarpita eka choTA para bahuta sthira aura majabUtI bharA kdm| niHsandeha ". yaha hogA Ane vAlI pIr3hI ke liye eka prkaash-stmbh|

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bhaTTa akalaMkadeva aura unakA sAhitya upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara zrIsamantabhadrAcArya aura AcArya siddhasena ke hI samAna zreSTha evaM prakhara tArkika bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA jainanyAya meM apratima yogadAna hai| unhoMne apanI, prabhAvazAlI racanAoM se na kevala jainanyAya ko apitu sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya ke bhANDAgAra kI apUrva zrIvRddhi kI hai| isase adhika unake avadAna ko aura kyA A~kA jA sakatA hai ki unake nAma ke sAtha jur3akara jainanyAya hI bhAratIyaH nyAyavidoM meM 'aMkalaMka - nyAya' kahA jAne lgaa| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva 'aise tArkita haiM, jinheM jainoM kI donoM paramparAoM ke mahAn granthakAroM ne samAna sammAna pradAna kiyA hai tathA unakI nyAyaviSayaka prasthApanAoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddhadarzana meM jo pratiSThA dharmakIrti ko, cArvAkoM meM jo pratiSThA usake mata ke saMsthApaka vRhaspati ko tathA nyAyadarzana meM jo pratiSThA akSapAda gautama ko milI, vahI pratiSThA sabhAoM meM tarkavidagdhatA ke kAraNa bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ko prApta huI hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM prApta zrIvAdirAjasUri kI prazaMsA meM utkIrNa eka zilAlekha se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai sadasi yadakalaGkaH kIrtane dharmakIrtiH vacasi surapurodhA nyAyavAde'kSapAdaH / iti samayagurUNAmekataH saGgatAnAM pratinidhiriva devo rAjate vaadiraajH||' bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne saMskRta vAGmaya ke zreyomArga ke pathika anya AcAryoM/kaviyoM ke samAna apane vyaktigata paricaya ko achUtA hI rakhA hai| unhoMne apane vaMza, mAtA-pitA Adi ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai| na hI isa viSaya meM koI anya bAhya prabala pramANa hI upalabdha haiN| phalataH unake viSaya meM viSamatAyeM dRSTigocara hotI haiN| kathAkoSa meM kahA gayA hai ki akalaMkadeva mAnyakheTa ke adhipati zubhatuMga ke mantrI puruSottama ke putra the|

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna xiii 'rAjabalikathe' meM unheM kAMcI ke brAhmaNa jinadAsa kA putra kahA gayA hai| 'tattvArthavArtika' ke prathama adhyAya ke aMta meM eka prazasti upalabdha hotI hai, jisameM unheM rAjA laghuhavva kA putra kahA gayA hai| unake jIvanavRtta ke viSaya meM anya jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| hA~, bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke sambandha meM upalabdha AMtarika evaM bAhya pramANoM, pracalita AkhyAnoM. evaM kiMvadantiyoM se itanA avazya ni:sandigdha pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne dakSiNa bhArata meM janma lekara vahA~ kI vasundharA ko alaMkRta kiyA thaa| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne 'prakSAlanAddhi paGkasya dUrAdasparzanaM varam' kI nIti apanAkara bAlyAvasthA meM hI brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karane kI ThAna lI thii| kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra unake mAtA-pitA ne eka munivara se aSTAhnikA parva meM ATha dina ke lie brahmacarya vrata dilavAyA thaa| mAtA-pitA ke sAtha munivara ke darzana ke lie gaye bAlaka akalaMka ne tabhI se brahmacArI rahane kA apane mana meM saMkalpa kara liyaa| yuvAvasthA meM pitAjI kI preraNA se bhI unhoMne vivAha karanA svIkAra nahIM kiyA tathA AjIvana isa asidhArA-vrata kA paripAlana kiyaa| -- bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke samaya ke viSaya meM adhika matabheda nahIM hai| kyoMki pAzcAtya evaM prAcya itihAsajJa manISiyoM ne unake kAla para prAmANika maMtavya prastuta kiye haiN| unakA samaya vidvAnoM ne sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI I. mAnA hai| zrI paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ne vividha pramANoM para Alocana-pratyAlocana karake unakA samaya 620 I. se 680 I. taka nirdhArita kiyA hai| DaoN. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye, DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina, paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra, zrI zrIkaNThazAstrI Adi vidvAnoM kA maMtavya bhI prAyaH isI prakAra kA pratIta hotA hai| DaoN. e.bI. kItha, DaoN. thAmasa Adi pAzcAtya vicArakoM tathA DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina, nyAyAcArya, DaoN. bhANDArakara evaM DaoN. ke.bI. pAThaka Adi prAcya vicArakoM ne unakA samaya AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI mAnA hai| yaha yuga dhArmika kSetra meM bar3I hI asahiSNutA kA yuga thaa| dhArmika kaTTaratA vyApta thI aura pariNAma svarUpa bauddhadharmAvalambI apane chalapUrNa tarkoM se jainoM ko na kevala parAjita hI kara rahe

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna the, apitu apamAnita karane meM apanI pratiSThA samajhane lage the| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA bAla hRdaya isase bar3A vyathita hotA thaa| ve cAhate the ki adhyayana karake bauddhoM se zAstrArtha meM vijaya prApta kreN| kintu usa samaya zikSApIThoM para bauddhoM kA ekAdhikAra thA aura unameM jainoM kA praveza na kevala varjita thA apitu mahAn daNDanIya aparAdha mAnA jAtA thaa| akalaMka ne apane choTe bhAI nikalaMka ke sAtha chalanIti ko apanAkara kAMcI kI mahAbodhi vidyApITha meM bauddha banakara praveza le liyaa| yaha akalaMka ke jIvana kI sabase mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA kahI jA sakatI hai| kyoMki vidyApITha meM adhyayana karake unhoMne tarkavidagdhatA to prApta karalI, parantu jainadharmAvalambI hone kI vAstavikatA kA jJAna ho jAne para unake. bhAI nikalaMka ko apanI jAna bhI gaMvAnI pdd'ii| akalaMka ne nirgrantha dIkSA dha : garaNa karake bAda meM dezIya gaNa ke AcArya pada ko suzobhita kiyaa| ___ bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke bauddhoM ke sAtha aneka bAra zAstrArtha huye aura unameM unheM saphalatA milI tathA jainadharma kI vijaya patAkA puna: phhraaii| kaliMga deza meM ratnasaMcayapura ke rAjA himazItala pallavavaMzI samrATa the| inakI rAnI madana sundarI jainadharmAvalambI thI, jabaki rAjA himazItala bauddhaguru saMghazrI ke anuyAyI the| jaba rAnI ne aSTAhnikA parva meM rathayAtrA nikAlanI cAhI to rAjA himazItala ne saMghazrI ke kahane se zAstrArtha meM vijaya kI zarta rakha dii| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne jaba yaha sunA ki rAnI isa kAraNa AhAra grahaNa nahIM kara rahI hai to ve Aye aura unhoMne saMghazrI ke kuMtoM ko apane tarkoM se dharAzAyI kara diyaa| saMghazrI ne apane lie siddha tArAdevI kA Azraya liyaa| chaha mAsa taka nirantara calane vAle isa zAstrArtha meM devI cakrezvarI ne unheM kucha nirdeza diye| bauddhaguru kA kucakra TUTa gayA, tArAdevI vivaza hokara bhAga gii| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva vijayI huye| aSTAhnikA kI rathayAtrA dharmaprabhAvanApUrvaka nikAlI gii| rAjA himazItala ne jainadharma ko svIkAra kara liyaa| isI prakAra rASTrakUTavaMza ke rAjA sahasratuMga kI sabhA meM bhI bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne bauddha-tArkikoM ko parAsta kiyA thaa| vAdirAjasUri ne pArzvanAthacarita meM inhIM saba kAraNoM se akalaMkadeva kA smaraNa karate hue unheM tarkabhUballabha, akalaMkadhI jaise vizeSaNoM se

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna mahimAmaNDita.karate hue unheM bauddha-rUpI coroM ko daNDita karane vAlA kahA hai "tarkabhUballabho devaH sa jytyklngkdhiiH| jagadravyamuSo yena daNDitAH shaakydsyvH||' isI prakAra brahma ajitasena ne akalaMkadeva ko bauddhoM kI buddhi ko vidhavApana pradAna karane vAlA dIkSAguru kahA hai 'akalaGkaguru yaadklNkpdeshvrH| bauddhAnAM buddhivaidhvydiikssaagururudaahRtH||' uparyukta kathanoM se spaSTa hai ki bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI khyAti bauddha vijetA zAstrArthI vidvAn ke rUpa meM digdigAnta meM vyApta rahI hai| unakA aneka bAra bauddha vidvAnoM ke sAtha zAstrArtha huA tathA ve usa yuga meM zAstrArtha vijetA ke rUpa meM prakhyAta huye, jisa yuga meM zAstrArtha vidvattA kA nikaSa tathA dharmapracAra kA pramukha sAdhana samajhA jAtA thaa| dhanaJjaya kavi ne nAmamAlAkoza ke anta meM akalaMkadeva ke pramANa kI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai 'pramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lkssnnm| . dhanaJjayakaveH kAvyaM rtntrympshcimm|| . arthAt akalaMka kA pramANa, pUjyapAda kA vyAkaraNa aura dhanaJjaya kavi kA kAvya ye tInoM prathama zreNI ke tIna ratna haiN| akalaMkadeva dvArA praNIta kRtiyA~ - bhaTTa akalaMkadeva dvArA praNIta kRtiyoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake dekhA jA sakatA hai| laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANasaMgraha inake maulika grantha haiM tathA tattvArthavArtika aura aSTazatI inake dvArA racita TIkA grantha haiM evaM akalaMkastotra nAmaka kRtiyA~ bhI bhaTTa akalaMkadeva dvArA praNIta mAnI jAtI haiN| akalaMkadeva ke nAma para eka pratiSThApATha evaM eka

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xvi jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna prAyazcitta grantha bhI upalabdha hai, parantu pUrva meM kathita cAra maulika grantha tathA do TIkAgranthoM ke atirikta kRtiyA~ asaMdigdha rUpa se akalaMkapraNIta nahIM kahIM jA sakatI haiN| 1. laghIyastraya jaisA ki isake nAma se spaSTa hai ki isameM choTe-choTe tIna prakaraNoM kA samAveza hai| ye tIna prakaraNa haiM-pramANapraveza, nayapraveza aura nikSepa prvesh| pramANapraveza nAmaka prakaraNa meM pratyakSa, prameya, parokSa aura Agama nAmaka 4 pariccheda haiN| nayapraveza avibhakta svatantra hai tathA nikSepa praveza ko pravacana evaM nikSepa nAmaka do paricchedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra laghIyastraya meM kula sAta pariccheda kula milAkara 78 gAthApramANa hai| laghIyastraya para bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI svopajJa vivRti bhI hai| isa vivRti meM sUcita viSayoM kI paripUrti kI gaI hai| yaha eka anupama dArzanika grantha hai| isake sAta paricchedoM kA varNya viSaya isa prakAra haiprathama pariccheda - samyagjJAna kI pramANatA, pramANa ke pratyakSa evaM parokSa bheda, pratyakSa ke mukhya evaM sAMvyavahArika bheda, sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke indriya pratyakSa evaM anindriya pratyakSa do bheda tathA upbhed| dvitIya pariccheda - vastu kI nityAnityatA tathA bhedaabhedaatmktaa| tRtIya pariccheda _ - matijJAna ke nAmAntara tathA uttarAvasthA meM zrutajJAna vyapadeza, vyAptigrAhI tarka kA prAmANya, anumAna kA lakSaNa, upamAna kA antarbhAva aadi| caturtha pariccheda - pramANAbhAsa kA svarUpa, zruta kI pramANatA tathA pramANa ke svarUpa, saMkhyA, viSaya evaM phala kA niruupnn| paJcama pariccheda - naya evaM kunaya kA lakSaNa, naya ke bheda aadi|

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna xvii SaSTha pariccheda - nayanikSepa kathana kI pratijJA, zruta ke sakalAdeza evaM vikalAdeza rUpa upayoga Adi, nayoM kA zabdArtha rUpa vibhaajn| saptama pariccheda - nikSepa kA niruupnn| AcArya akalaMkadeva ne pravacana evaM nikSepa ko svopajJavRtti meM eka hI pariccheda meM rakhA hai| ataH unake anusAra to chaha pariccheda hI haiN| parantu laghIyastraya ke TIkAkAra AcArya prabhAcandra aura abhayacandrasUri ne sAta paricchedoM meM vibhAjana kiyA hai| laghIyastraya meM bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne vividha dArzanikoM ke matoM kI samIkSA karate hue bar3e hI tArkika DhaMga se jainanyAya kI pratiSThA kI hai| mukhyataH isameM pramANa, naya evaM nikSepa kA saMkSipta varNana hone se ise laghIyastraya kahA gayA hai| 2. nyAyavinizcaya " 480 kArikAoM vAle isa grantha meM pratyakSa, anumAna aura pravacana nAmaka tIna prastAva haiN| isa para bhaTTa akalaMkadeva dvArA svopajJa vRtti bhI hai| vRtti ko grantha kI TIkA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha viSaya kI sUcanA pradha na hai| kArikAoM ke pUrva gadyAtmaka utthAnikA bar3I hI mahattvapUrNa hai| grantha kI bhASA atyanta prauDha tathA unakI samAlocanA paddhati atyanta prabhAvaka evaM unakI tIkSNa pratibhA kI paricAyaka hai| - prathama prastAva meM 1697 kArikAoM meM pratyakSa pramANa kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake antargata indriyapratyakSa kA lakSaNa, jJAna ke parokSatva kA khaNDana evaM svasaMvedanatva kI siddhi, dravya kA lakSaNa, guNa-paryAya kA svarUpa, padArtha kI utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmakatA kA vivecana, apoharUpa sAmAnyatva kA nirAkaraNa, bauddhoM dvArA mAnya svasaMvadena pratyakSa, yogi pratyakSa evaM mAnava pratyakSa kA khaNDana, sAMkhyoM dvArA svIkRta pratyakSa lakSaNa kA khaNDana, naiyAyika sammata

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna '. pratyakSa kA samIkSaNa tathA atIndriya pratyakSa ke lakSaNa Adi viSayoM kA varNana huA hai| dvitIya prastAva meM 2161/2 kArikAyeM haiM, jisameM anumAna kA vivacena hai| isake antargata kA anumAna kA lakSaNa tathA usakI bAhyArtha viSayatA, sAdhya - sAdhanAbhAsa kA lakSaNa, tarka kI pramANatA, asiddhAdi hetvAbhAsoM kA vivecana, dRSTAnta-dRSTAntAbhAsa kA vivecana, vAda - vAdAbhAsa kA svarUpa, nigrahasthAna Adi anumAna se sambandhita vividhi viSayoM kA saMgraha hai| tRtIya prastAva me 94 kArikAyeM hai| isa prastAva meM Agamika vivecanA huI hai| isake antargata pravacana kA svarUpa, buddha kI AptatA kA nirAkaraNa, unakI karuNA tathA cAra AryasatyoM kI vivecanA kI samIkSA, Agama ke apauruSeya hone kI asaMbhavatA, sarvajJa kI siddhi, zabda kI nityatA kA nirAkaraNa, jIvAdi tattvoM kA pratipAdana, mokSa kA svarUpa, syAdvAda ke sapta bhaMgoM kI vivecanA, syAdvAda siddhAnta meM diye jAne vAle saMzaya Adi doSoM kA nirAsa, smaraNa evaM pratyabhijJAna kI pramANatA tathA pramANa ke phala Adi viSaya varNita haiN| sabhI viSayoM ke pratipAdana meM tathA paramatakhaNDana meM bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA tarkavaidagdhya anUThA hai| 3. siddhivinizcaya xviii bhaTTa akalaMdeva dvArA praNIta siddhivinizcaya meM bhI pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA vivecana huA hai| isa para bhI unakI svopajJa vRtti hai tathA anaMtavIrya siddhivinizcaya para TIkA bhI likhI hai| siddhivinizcaya meM bAraha prastAva haiM, jinakA vivecya viSaya isa prakAra hai prathama prastAva (pratyakSa siddhi) dvitIya prastAva (savikalpa siddhi) tRtIya prastAva (pramANAtaMra siddhi ) pramANa kA lakSaNa evaM phala, nirvikalpa pratyakSa kA nirAkaraNa Adi / avagrahAdi jJAnoM meM pUrva pUrva kI pramANatA tathA uttarottara phala rUpatA / smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka kI pramANatA /

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna XIX caturtha prastAva (jIvasiddhi) - AtmasvarUpa kA vivecn| paJcama prastAva (jalpa siddhi) - jalpa kA lakSaNa evaM usakI caturaMgatA aadi| SaSTha prastAva (hetulakSaNa siddhi) - hetu kA lakSaNa evaM usake bhed| saptama prastAva (zAstrasiddhi) - jIva kI cetanatA, IzvaravAda, vedApauruSeyatva Adi para vicaar| aSTama prastAva (sarvajJasiddhi) - sarvajJatA kI siddhi| navama prastAva (zabdasiddhi) - zabda kI paudgalikatA kI siddhi| dazama prastAva (arthanayasiddhi) - naigamAdi cAra arthanaya evaM nyaabhaas| ekAdaza prastAva (zabdanayasiddhi) - zabdAdi tIna zabdanayoM kA vrnnn| dvAdaza prastAva (nikSepasiddhi) - nikSepa evaM usake bhedopbhed| 4. pramANasaMgraha . - atyanta praur3ha zailI meM likhita yaha saMbhavataH akalaMkadeva kI antima kRti hai|.kyoNki isameM unhoMne uparyukta tInoM kRtiyoM ke varNana se avaziSTa viSayoM ko varNita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isameM 87V kArikAyeM tathA nau prastAva hai| prastAvoM kA varNyaviSaya isa prakAra hai * prathama prastAva. - pratyakSa kA lakSaNa, pratyakSa-anumAna-Agama aura unakA ____ phala tathA mukhya pratyakSa prmaann| 9 kaarikaayeN| dvitIya prastAva . - smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka parokSa prmaann| kula 9 kaarikaayeN| tRtIya prastAva . - anumAna ke aMga, sAdhya evaM sAdhana evaM sAdhana ke lakSaNa, sAMdhyAbhAsa, saMzayAdi ATha doss| kula 10 kaarikaayeN|

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna SaSTha prastAva caturtha prastAva - anyathAnupapatti rUpa hetu, anupalabdhi ke bhed| 112. kaarikaayeN| paJcama prastAva - hetvAbhAsa viSayaka vivecana, aMtarvyApti kA vrnnn| 10% kaarikaayeN| ___- vAda, jaya, parAjaya Adi zAstrArtha viSayaka vivecn| 102 kaarikaayeN| saptama prastAva - pravacana kA lakSaNa, sarvajJatA kI siddhi, apauruSeyatA kA khnnddn| 10 kaarikaayeN| aSTama prastAva - saptabhaMgI evaM naigamAdi nayoM kA vrnnn| 13 kaarikaayeN| navama prastAva - pramANa, naya evaM nikSepa kA nirvhnn| 12 kaarikaayeN| 5. tattvArthavArtika AcArya umAsvAmikRta tattvArthasUtra saMskRta meM racita sarvaprathama jaina racanA evaM Adya sUtra-grantha hai| akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika isI tattvArthasUtra kI gahana vyAkhyA hai| yaha vyAkhyA vArtika rUpa meM likhI gaI hai, ataH ise tattvArthavArtika saMjJA svayaM bhaTTa akalakadeva ne 'vakSye tattvArthavArtikam' kahakara dI hai| isakI yaha vizeSatA hai ki pahale tattvArthasUtra para akalaMkadeva ne vArtika likhe haiM tathA vArtikoM para punaH bhASya bhI likhA hai| isakA mUla AdhAra AcArya pUjyapAda dvArA likhita tatvArthasUtra kI TIkA sarvArthasiddhi hai| ataH sarvArthasiddhi ke viziSTa vAkyoM ko bhI vArtika banAyA gayA hai tathA navIna vArtikoM kI racanA bhI isameM kI gaI hai| jaba-jaba akalaMkadeva ne dArzanika viSayoM vAle sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai, taba-taba 'anekAntAt' vArtika jarUra diyA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne anekAntavAda kI pratiSThA meM koI kasara nahIM chor3I hai| . tattvArthasUtra kI vyAkhyA hone ke kAraNa tattvArthavArtika bhI. tattvArthasUtra kI taraha hI dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| tattvArthavArtika meM AcArya akalaMkadeva ne

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna xxi sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika, mImAMsA, bauddha tathA cArvAka dArzanikoM kI tArkika saMmIkSA kI hai| unakI tarkavidagdhatA advitIya hai| unaka tarka apane kathya ko siddha karane meM pUrNatayA samartha haiN| isa sambaMdha meM unakA ekAdha tarka draSTavya hai| jaba yaha AzaMkA kI gaI ki mokSa pratyakSa dRSTigocara to hai nahIM, taba usakA mArga batAnA niSprayojana hai to isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kahate haiM ki anumAna se usakI siddhi ho jAtI hai| jaise ghaTIyantra (reMhaTa) kA ghUmanA dhurI se, dhurI kA ghUmanA jute hue bailoM ke ghUmane se hotA hai aura bailoM ke ruka jAne se sabakA ghUmanA ruka jAtA hai| usI prakAra karmodaya se gaticakra calatA hai aura gaticakra se vedanA rUpI ghaTIyantra ghUmatA hai| karmodaya kI nivRtti hone para caturgati kA cakra ruka jAtA hai| ataH mokSa dRSTigocara na hone para bhI anumAna se siddha hai| . 6. aSTazatI ___ yaha AcArya samantabhadra dvArA likhita AptamImAMsA nAmaka grantha para likhI gaI vRtti hai| isakA pramANa 800 zloka hai, ataH ise aSTazatI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ise AptamImAMsA-bhASya yA devAgama vivRti bhI kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki AptamImAMsA kA apara nAma devAgama bhI hai| aSTazatI eka kliSTa evaM durUha vRtti hai| ise samajhanA vidyAnandikRta aSTasahasrI (AptamImAMsA kI vyAkhyA) ke binA asaMbhava sA pratIta hotA hai| akalaMkadeva ne aSTazatI meM bauddhoM kI kadama-kadama para samAlocanA kI hai kintu isa samAlocanA meM kahIM bhI durAgnaha kI gandha nahIM hai| aSTazatI meM pramukha rUpa se dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, zAzvatavAda- azAzvatavAda, vaktavyavAda - avaktavyavAda, sApekSavAda-nirapekSavAda, hetuvAda- ahetuvAda, daivavAda - puruSArthavAda, puNyavAda-pApavAda Adi vividha dArzanika matoM kI samIkSA dRSTigata hotI hai| aSTazatI kI zailI yadyapi durUha hai tathApi usameM artha kI gaMbhIratA hai| hA~, kahIM-kahIM to vyaMgya ke cuTIlepana se darzana jaisA nIrasa sAhitya bhI sarasa pratIta hone lagatA hai| adRzyAnupalabdhi se abhAva kI siddhi na mAnane para ve bauddhoM para karArA vyaMgya karate hue kahate haiM ki

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xxii jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna dadhyAdau na pravarteta bauddhaH tadbhuktaye janaH / adRzyAM saugatIM tatra tanUM sshngkmaansH|| dadhyAdike tathA bhuMkte na bhuktaM kAJjikAdikam / ityasau vettuM no vetti na bhuktA saugatI tanuH // arthAt adRzya kI zaMkA se buddha kA anuyAyI vyakti niHzaMka pravRtti nahIM kara sakegA kyoMki vahA~ buddha ke adRzya deha kI AzaMkA banI rahegI / dahI khAne para kAMjI nahIM khAI - yaha to vaha samajha sakatA hai kintu buddha kA zarIra nahIM khAyA yaha samajhanA unheM saMbhava nahIM haiN| isI prakAra anya aneka sthaloM para unhoMne bar3e hI mArmika vyaMgyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai|

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saMgoSThI AkhyA rASTrIya vidvat saMgoSThI, zAhapura - mujaphpharanagara (u0pra0) 27-26 akTUbara, 1966 azoka kumAra jaina * jainanyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna viSaya para rASTrIya vidvat saMgoSThI kA Ayojana dinAMka 27 se 26 akTUbara, 1666 taka vAtsalyamUrti pa0 pU0 108 upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja evaM muni zrI vairAgyasAgarajI mahArAja ke maMgala sAnnidhya meM zAhapura (mujaphpharanagara) meM atyanta garimApUrvaka tathA ullAsamaya vAtAvaraNa meM sampanna huaa| isa goSThI meM rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya jagat meM khyAtiprApta tIsa vidvAnoM ne bhAga lekara jainanyAya ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva se sambandhita gaveSaNAtmaka zodha AlekhoM ko prastuta kara vinIta bhAvAMjali prastuta kii| udghATana satra meM pUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja ne apane pravacana meM kahA ki darzana viSayaka zAstroM kI surakSA meM bhAratIya saMskRti surakSita hai| hameM jaina sAhitya evaM saMskRti kI surakSA ke lie AcArya akalaMkadeva evaM nikalaMka jaise mahAn AcAryoM ke tyAga ko sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| AcArya akalaMkadeva ne brahmacarya-vrata dhAraNakara jo nyAya sAhitya likhA vaha apratima hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ko janamAnasa taka pahu~cAne hetu saMgoSThiyoM kI vartamAna meM atyanta AvazyakatA evaM sArthakatA hai| sarAkoddhAra ke ' viSaya meM pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ne kahA ki sarAkoM ke mUladhArA meM jur3ane se jainoM kI janazakti ' meM vRddhi hogI tathA unase jaina saMskRti kI prabhAvanA hogii| kula sAta satroM meM paThita AlekhoM kA vivaraNa nimnavat hai prathama udghATana satra .. zrI di0 jaina vidyAlaya zAhapura ke bhavya prAMgaNa meM pUjya munidvaya ke punIta sAnnidhya meM khyAti prApta antarrASTrIya vidvAna DaoN0 pro0 bI0bI0 rAnADe (lADanUM) kI adhyakSatA, cakrezakumAra jaina dillI ke mukhya Atithya evaM DaoN0 azokakumAra jaina (lADanUM) ke saMyojakatva meM prathama satra kA kAryakrama prArambha huaa| zrImatI sulocanA jaina dillI ne dhvajArohaNa evaM zrI vinayakumAra dillI va mahendrakumAra dillI ne jJAna evaM vairAgya dIpa kA prajjvalana kiyA, maMgalAcaraNa anItA evaM manjulA jI, paM0 zivacaraNalAla mainapurI tathA punIta jaina ne kiyaa| saMgoSThI meM sammAnya vidvAnoM evaM atithiyoM kA zAhapura di0 jaina samAja tathA cAturmAsa samiti ne tilaka evaM zrI phala bheMTakara hArdika svAgata kiyaa|

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xxiv jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ___ saMgoSThI meM rUparekhA prastuta karate hue saMyojaka DaoN0 azokakumAra jaina ne kahA ki nyAya vidyA ke kAraNa hI jainadharma surakSita rahA hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva jaina nyAya ke apratima AcArya haiM jinhoMne anekoM dArzanika granthoM kA praNayana kara sadbodha diyaa| isa avasara para jainadarzana ke saprasiddha manISI pro0 udayacanda vArANasI ne kahA ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke patra bharata ne nAma para isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva kA jainanyAya ko mahanIya yogadAna hai unakA prabhAvaka vyaktitva eMva kRtitva jana-jana ke lie Adarza evaM preraNAprada hai| unake sAhitya ke adhyayana ke prati hameM samarpita honA caahie| paM0 zivacaraNa lAla mainapurI.ne vastu svarUpa ko jAnane hetu nizcaya evaM vyavahAranaya kI AvazyakatA kA sarala evaM sarasa r3haga se prastuta kara zrAvakoM ko mantramugdha kara diyaa| "bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI tarka vidagadhatA" viSaya para DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina mahAmaMtrI a0 bhA0 di0 jaina zAstrI pariSad mujaphpharanagara ne Alekha prastuta karate hue kahA ki akalaMkadeva ne akATya tarkoM ke mAdhya se jaina dharma kI surakSA kii| pramANa ke kSetra meM ve usI taraha haiM .jaise upamA ke kSetra meM kaalidaas| mukhya atithi pada se bolate hue dillI samAja ke suprasiddha netA cakrezakumAra jaina kahA ki guruoM ke darzana se hameM apUrva zAnti milatI hai evaM saMgoSThI kI saphalatA kI maMgalakAmanA kii| . adhyakSIya vaktavya meM pro0 bI0bI0 rAnADe ne kahA ki pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara mahArAja ke caraNoM ke sparza se zAhapura sAMskRtika kendra bana gayA hai| jainatva manuSyatva kA pratIka hai| A0 akalaMkadeva ne apanA sampUrNa sAhitya mAnava jAti ke kalyANa ke lie likhaa| sva0 paM0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya kA bhAva vihala hokara smaraNa karate hue pro0 rAnADe ne darzana ke kSetra meM unake dvArA kiye gaye kAryoM kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kii| anta meM saMyojaka dvArA AbhAra jJApana karane ke bAda jinavANI kI stuti evaM upAdhyAya zrI ke jayaghoSa ke sAtha prathama satra kA samApana huaa| dvitIya satra saMgoSTI kA dvitIya satra pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara mahArAja kI mauna upasthiti ke bIca DaoN kamaleza kumAra (vArANasI) ke maMgalAcaraNa se prAraMbha huaa| isa satra kI adhyakSatA pro0 udayacanda jaina sarvadarzanAcArya vArANasI evaM saMyojana DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina (mujaphpharanagara) ne kiyaa| isa satra meM vidvAnoM ne A0 akalaMkadeva dvAra praNIta sAhitya ke vaiziSTya para gaveSaNAtmaka Alekha prastuta kiyA

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna XXV dvitIya satra ke zodha nibandha vAcaka aura unake viSayaH1. DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, jayapura (rAja) hindI kathA sAhitya meM A0 akalaMkadeva kA vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 2. DaoN0 ramezacanda jaina, bijanaura (u0 pra0) "AcArya akalaMkadeva kRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya" 3. DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, vArANasI "laghIyastraya kA dArzanika vaiziSTya 4. DaoN0 surezacanda jaina, vArANasI "AcArya akalaMkadeva aura unake pramANasaMgraha kA vaiziSTya" satra ke adhyakSa pro0 udayacanda jI ne kahA ki mujhe Aja 1686 meM Ayojita jaina nyAya vidyA vAcana Ayojana kA smaraNa ho rahA hai| vaha kAryakrama bhI pU0 upAdhyAyazrI kI preraNA se lalitapura meM Ayojita huA thaa| saMgoSThI meM paThita AlekhoM kI samIkSA karate hue apane vaktavya meM A0 akalaMka kI aitihAsikatA tathA unakI dArzanika vizeSatAoM kA samyak prakAza ddaalaa| tRtIya satra dinAMka 28-10-66 ko prAtaH 8 baje se di0 jaina dharmazAlA, zAhapura meM pU0 munidvaya ke maMgala-sAnnidhya meM bahina anItA ke maMgalAcaraNa se tRtIya satra kA prArambha huaa| isa satra kI adhyakSatA pro0 DaoN0 bhAgacanda bhAskara (nAgapura) evaM saMyojana DaoN0 ramezacanda (bijanaura) ne kiyaa| tRtIya satra ke patravAcaka vidvAna evaM unake viSaya1.. pro0 udayacanda jaina, sarvadarzanAcArya, vArANasI A0 akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana ...2. paM0 zivacaraNa lAla, mainapurI kuzala TIkAkAra A0 akalaMkadeva 3. pro0 bI0bI. rAnADe, lADanUM (rAja) sidvivinizcaya kA dArzanika vaiziSTya 4. DaoN0 supArzvakumAra, baDauta (u0 pra0) A0 akalaMkadeva para pUrvAcAryoM kA prabhAva ina sabhI lekhoM para vidvAnoM ne paricarcA kii| adhyakSIya vaktavya meM DaoN0 bhAgacanda bhAskara ne kahA ki A0 akalaMkadeva jyeSTha, variSTa evaM gariSTha AcArya haiN| anekAnta jainadarzana kA pramANa hai| Aja jaina sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa kI parama AvazyakatA hai| - parama pUjya upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara mahArAja ne maMgala udbodhana meM kahA ki nyAya ke viSaya para lekhanI calAnA zramasAdhya kArya hai| Aja prAcIna saMskRti ko surakSA atyanta Avazyaka hai|

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akaMlaMkadeva kA avadAna 'hameM jainanyAya sAhitya ko Adhunika vidhA meM sampAdita kara jana-jana taka pahu~cAnA caahie| anta meM jinavANI stavana evaM mahAvIra bhagavAna kI jayaghoSa ke sAtha satra samApta huA / caturtha * dinAMka 28-10-66 ko dopahara 2 baje di0 jaina dharmazAlA zAhapura meM pU0 munidvaya ke maMgala sAnnidhya meM zrI paM0 zivacaraNalAla mainapurI ke maMgalAcaraNa se caturtha satra prArambha huaa| satra kI adhyakSatA pro0 DA0 nandalAla jaina ( rIvA) ne kI evaM saMyojana DaoN0 surezacanda (vArANasI) ne kiyA / xxvi caturtha satra ke patravAcaka vidvAna evaM unake viSaya1. DaoN0 prakAzacandra jaina, prAcArya dillI " AcArya akalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva" 2. DaoN0 zreyAMsa kumAra jaina, baDauta ( u0 pra0 ) "AcArya bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kI pratyakSa pramANa viSayaka avadhAraNA 3. DaoN0 phUlacandra premI, vArANasI ( u0 pra0) " A0 pUjyapAda kRta sarvArthasiddhi evaM A0 akalaMkadeva kRta tattvArthavArtika kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana" " zilAlekhoM ke Aloka meM A0 akalaMkadeva" 4. DaoN0 kapUracanda khataulI ( u0 pra0 ) isa satra meM paThita AlekhoM para vidvAnoM ke madhya carcA-paricarcA huii| adhyakSIya vaktavya meM DaoN0 nandalAla jaina ne AlekhoM kI samIkSA kI tathA kahA ki aise sArasvata anuSThAnoM se samAja meM samyagjJAna ke pracAra-prasAra kA prazasta vAtAvaraNa banatA hai / anta meM pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara mahArAja ne kahA ki vastu svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa meM pramANa aura nayoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| yaha sUkti prasiddha pramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lakSaNam / dhanajjayakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam / / AcArya akalaMka ve pramANa kI jo paribhASAe~ sthira kI / donoM hI paramparAoM ne inako pramANabhata mAnakara dArzanika siddhAntoM kA vikAsa kiyaa| hameM aise mahAna AcArya ke prati kRtajJatA kA ardhya samarpita kara unake sAhitya ke adhyayana kA niyama lenA caahie|

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna xxvii jinavANI stavana ke sAtha satra sampanna huaa| paMcama satra dinAMka 28-10-66 ko rAtri 7 baje se pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara mahArAja kI mauna upasthiti ke bIca DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina (lADanUM) ke maMgalAcaraNa se satra prArambha huaa| isa paMcama satra kI adhyakSatA DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsavIvAla (jayapura) tathA saMyojana DaoN0 kamalezakumAra (vArANasI) ne kiyaa| paMcama satra ke patravAcaka vidvAna evaM unake viSaya1. prAcArya paM0 narendraprakAza jaina, phirojAbAda jinazAsana prabhAvaka A0 akalaMkadeva 2. DaoN0 bhAgacanda bhAskara, nAgapura (mahArASTra) / __ "vijJAnavAda para A0 akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra" 3. DaoN0 nandalAla jaina, rIvA (ma0 pra0) "A0 akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA" 4. paM0 nirmala jaina, satanA "anekAnta ke advitIya vyAkhyAkAra A0 akalaMkadeva ina AlekhoM para vidvAnoM meM carcA-paricarcA huii| sabhAdhyakSa DaoN0 kAsalIvAla jI ne AlekhoM kI samIkSA kara sabhI vidvAnoM kA sAhitya sAdhanA hetu AhAna kiyaa| SaSTha satra - dinAMka 26-10-66 ko zrI di0 jaina dharmazAlA meM pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara mahArAja evaM vairAgyasAgara mahArAja ke maMgala sAnnidhya meM zrI paM0 mUlacanda zAstrI TIkamagar3ha (ma0 pra0) ke maMgalAcaraNa se SaSTha satra prArambha huaa| isa satra kI adhyakSatA 'jaina gajaTa' ke yazasvI sampAdaka prAcArya paM0 narendra prakAza phirojAbAda (u0 pra0) ne kI evaM saMyojana paM0 nirmala jaina satanA ne kiyaa| SaSTha satra ke zodha patra vAcaka vidvAna evaM unake viSaya1 paM0 nihAlacanda jaina, prAcArya, bInA (ma0 pra0) "AcArya akalaMkadeva kRta tattvArthavArtika meM ajIva dravya kI vaijJAnikatA" 2 DaoN0 surendra bhAratI, burahAnapura (ma0 pra0) "A0 akalaMkadeva kRta tattvArthavArtika meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya" 3 DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina, lADanUM (rAja0) "anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva"

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xxviji jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna satra meM paThita AlekhoM para vidvAnoM ne paryApta uhApoha kiyaa| ___ pro0 udayacanda jaina vArANasI ne anekAnta ke sandarbha meM vidvAnoM ko prAmANika viziSTa jAnakArI dii| adhyakSIya vaktavya meM prAcArya narendra prakAza jaina ne kahA ki vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM jo vyAvahArika ho use prakAzita karanA caahie| samatA, sukha, mAnavIyatA kA vikAsa manuSya kA lakSya hogii| samApana satra meM guNAtmaka samIkSA honA caahie| pUjya upAdhyAya zrI ne apane AzIrvacana meM kahA ki satya se sAkSAtkAra aura viSamatA se samatA kI ora jAnA jIvana kA lakSya hai| darzana ke sAtha mAnavIya guNoM kI carcA bhI ho| anekAntavAda sahiSNutA kA pATha par3hAtA hai| A0 akalaMkadeva ne siddhAntoM meM anekAnta kI upayogitA kA pratipAdana karane ke sAtha usameM vyAvahArika pakSa ke tathyoM ko bhI udghATita kiyA hai| anekAnta ke dvArA vizva kI aneka samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa ho sakatA haiN| jinavANI ke stavana ke sAtha SaSTha satra ullAsamaya vAtAvaraNa meM sampanna huaa| dinAMka , 26-10-66 ko di0 jaina dharmazAlA zAhapura ke prAMgaNa meM pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara evaM vairAgya sAgara mahArAja ke sAnnidhya meM atula bhaiyA evaM viduSI bahina anItA ke maMgalAcaraNa se samApana satra kI kAryavAhI prArambha huii| isa satra kI adhyakSatA suprasiddha vidvAna zrI paM0 zivacaraNa zAstrI, mainapurI ne tathA satra kA saMyojana DaoN0 azokakumAra jaina, lADanUM ne kiyaa| sarvaprathama sarAka jyoti ke sampAdaka yuvA vidvAna DaoN0 suzIla jaina (kurAvalI) ne bhakti paraka kAvya kI paMktiyoM se zrotAoM ko mantramugdha kiyaa| prAcArya DaoN0 prakAzacanda dillI ne svaracita saMskRta zlokoM meM saMgoSThI kI kAryavAhI kA hRdayagrAhI citraNa kiyaa| DaoN0 mUlacanda jaina (mujaphpharanagara) ne "zrAvakAcAra tanAva mukti kA sAdhana" isa viSaya para apane mahattvapUrNa lekha ko pddh'aa| DaoN0 suzIla mainapurI ne kahA ki guruoM ke darzana se hameM AdhyAtmika UrjA prApta hotI hai| unhoMne pU0 upAdhyAyazrI ke preraka vyaktitva evaM cAturmAsa kI mahattA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isa avasara para DaoN0 azokakumAra jaina (lADanUM) dvArA sampAdita kRti "sarAkotthAna preraNA ke svara" pustaka kA vimocana prAcArya pa0 narendraprakAza jI phirojAbAda ne kiyaa| samAja kA AAna karate hue prAcArya jI ne sAmayika saMdarbho meM samAja ko jAgarUka hone kA AhAna kiyaa| isa prakAra kI jJAna goSThiyAM samAja ko jAgaraNa kA mantra pradAna karatI haiN| zAhapura kI choTI sI jaina samAja kA Atithya satkAra Aja samAja ko preraNAdAyI hai| unakI guru bhakti evaM samarpaNa bhAva, vaha anukaraNIya hai|

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna xxix ___ tatpazcAta zAhapura di0 jaina samAja ke padAdhikAriyoM ne sarasvatI ke upAsaka vidvAnoM kA tilaka, prazasti patra evaM pratIka se hArdika sammAna kiyaa| DaoN0 ramezacandra jaina, bijanaura ne vidvAnoM kI ora se zAhapura di0 jaina samAja ke itane sundara kAryakrama hetu badhAI dI tathA Atithya satkAra hetu samAja kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kii| paM0 pavanakumAra zAstrI morenA ne kavitA prastuta kii| adhyakSa vaktavya meM zrI paM0 zivacaraNa lAla mainapurI ne kahA ki yaha goSThI jaina nyAya kA mAno dazAbdI samAroha hai kyoMki 1686 meM sarvaprathama pU0 upAdhyAyazrI jaba kSullaka avasthA meM lalitapura meM virAjamAna the usa samaya unhIM kI preraNA se DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina ke saMyojakatva meM yaha prayAsa prArambha huA thaa| jaina darzana ke kSetra meM akalaMka kA samAja evaM rASTra para mahAn upakAra hai| ___ saMyojaka DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina ne samAgata sabhI vidvAnoM ke prati evaM zAhapura di0 jena samAja ke sadasyoM ke prati AbhAra vyakta kiyaa| anta meM pU0 upAdhyAyazrI ne AzIrvacana meM kahA ki vidvAn samAja ke mArgadarzaka haiN| sAhitya sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha cAritrika kSetra meM bhI inheM vikAsa kI ora agrasara hokara samAja ke bIca meM Adarza prastuta karanA caahie| saMgoSThI meM liye gaye mahattvapUrNa nirNaya1. A0 jinamatI jI ne kucha varSoM pUrva prameyakamalamArtaNDa kA anuvAda kiyA thaa| usakA punaH mudraNa ho| 2. rASTrIya vidvat saMgoSThI meM paThita AlekhoM kA sampAdana kara prakAzita kiyA jaae|

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1. 2. 3. 4.. 6. 7. 8. 9. prakAzakIya sampAdakIya samarpaNa 1. umeza ke upAdhyAya muni 108 jJAnasAgara bhaTTa akalaMkadeva aura unakA sAhitya upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara. saMgoSThI AkhyA prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya siddhAntAcArya paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI viSayAnukramaNikA jinazAsana - prabhAvaka AcArya akalaMkadeva . prAcArya narendraprakAza jaina - AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vizeSaNa evaM upAdhiyA~ DaoN. kapUracandra jaina kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva paM. zivacaraNa lAla jaina - akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana pro. udayacandra jaina sarvadarzanAcArya anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva DaoN. azokakumAra jaina anekAnta ke advitIya vyAkhyAkAra akalaMkadeva zrI nirmala jaina - AcArya akalaMkadeva kI pratyakSa viSayaka avadhAraNA DaoN. zreyAMsakumAra jaina iii V vii viii Xii xxiii 1 20 26 32 + Tu 2000 41 64 76 82 87 AcArya akalaMkadeva kI pramANa - mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI - DaoN. baccharAja dUgar3a

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xxxii jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna 120 143. 10. akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA ... - DaoN. nandalAla jaina 11. laghIyastraya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina, 12. zrImad akalaMkadeva aura unakA pramANa-saMgraha . - DaoN. surezacandra jaina 13. bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI tarka vidagdhatA tattvArthavArtika sandarbha meM - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina 14. A. akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya 132 __ - DaoN. ramezacandra jaina 15. tattvArthavArtika meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya - DaoN. surendrakumAra jaina bhAratI 16. AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya 'akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ___- DaoN. phUlacandra jaina 'premI' . 17. vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra - DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara 18. bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva ... 176 - DaoN. prakAzacandra jaina 19. akalaMkadeva ke anusAra zubhopayoga ke svAmI __ - DaoN. ratanacandra jaina 20. akalaMkadevakRta AptamImAMsA-bhASya evaM laghIyastraya ke uddharaNoM kA adhyayana - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina 164 18 . 191

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya siddhAntAcArya paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI* AcArya kundakundaH jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA kramabaddha itihAsa IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se prArambha hotA hai| isa zatAbdI meM kundakundAcArya nAma ke mahAn prabhAvaka AcArya hue| inakA samaya vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI kA hai| inakA nAma padmanandi thA / kintu apane janma-sthAna kundakundapura ke nAma para ye AcArya kundakunda ke nAma se hI khyAta haiN| ye mUlasaMgha ke agraNI the jo digambara - AmnAya kA hI eka upanAma hai / unake grantha digambara AmnAya meM Agama-graMthoM ke samAna hI pramANa mAne jAte haiM / pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya, samayasAra, niyamasAra, aSTapAhur3a Adi aneka graMtha unake banAe hue haiM / inake zurU ke tIna grantha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa haiM / jaise vedAntadarzana meM upaniSada, bhagavad-gItA aura brahmasUtra ko prasthAnatrayI kahate haiM, vaise hI jainadarzana meM pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya aura samayasAra nATaka - trayI ke nAma se khyAta haiM / pravacanasAra meM tIna adhikAra haiM -- jJAnAdhikAra, jJeyAdhikAra aura cAritrAdhikAra / jJAnAdhikAra meM sabase prathama to yaha batalAyA hai ki zuddhAtmA ke indriyoM ke binA bhI jJAna aura sukha hotA hai| jJAna aura sukha donoM AtmA ke svabhAva haiM / sukha kA kAraNa na to zarIra hI hai aura na indriyoM ke viSaya hI / indriya-sukha yathArtha meM sukha nahIM hai . kintu duHkha hI hai / sukha jJAna se abhinna hai / indriya-sukha kA kAraNa indriya-jJAna hai . aura atIndriya-sukha kA kAraNa atIndriya-jJAna hai / indriya-jJAna heya hai aura aMtIndriya-jJAna upAdeya hai| indriya-jJAna akSa- nipatita artha ko hI jAnatA hai ataH vaha atIta-anAgata ko nahIM jAna sakatA / kintu atIndriya-jJAna meM saba ko jAnane kI sAmarthya hai| atIndriya-jJAna kSAyika hai, nitya hai aura vyApaka hai / ataH vaha trikAla aura trilokavartI nAnA prakAra ke saba padArthoM ko yugapat jAnatA hai| AtmA aura jJAna ke bhedAbheda kI carcA karate hue likhA hai ki jJAna AtmA hai kyoMki AtmA ke binA jJAna nahIM pAyA jAtA / ataH jJAna Atma-svarUpa hai, kintu pUrva prAcArya, zrI syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, bhadainI, vArANasI

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna AtmA jJAna rUpa bhI hai aura anya guNa rUpa bhI hai kyoMki AtmA ananta-guNoM kA bhaNDAra hai| aba cUMki AtmA aura jJAna eka haiM, ataH AtmA jJAnapramANa hai| jitanA bar3A jJAna hotA hai utanA bar3A AtmA hotA hai aura jJAna jJeyapramANa hotA hai tathA jJeya samasta lokAloka hai ataH jJAna sarvagata hai aura jJAna kI apekSA AtmA bhI sarvagata hai| yadi AtmA ko jJAna-pramANa nahIM mAnA jAtA to, yA to AtmA jJAna se choTA huA athavA jJAna se baDA huaa| yadi vaha jJAna se choTA hai to AtmA se bAhara kA jJAna acetana ho jAegA, taba vaha kaise jAnegA? aura yadi vaha jJAna se bar3A hai to binA jJAna ke vaha kaise kisI ko jAna sakegA? isa taraha jJAna ko Atma-pramANa aura AtmA ko jJAna-pramANa siddha karake AcArya kundakunda' ne use sarvajJa siddha kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jo sabako nahIM jAnatA hai vaha eka ko bhI nahIM jAnatA aura jo eka ko nahIM jAnatA vaha sabako nahIM jaantaa| isa taraha jJAna kI bahuta hI sundara carcA karake AcArya kundakunda ne jJAna ke do. bheda kie hai- pratyakSa aura parokSa / jo para kI sahAyatA se padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai vaha parokSa hai aura jo kevala jIva ke dvArA hI padArtha-jJAna hotA hai vaha pratyakSa hai| pratyakSa-jJAna avagraha-IhA Adi kramika jJAnoM se rahita hotA hai| . jJAnAdhikAra kI taraha dUsarA jJeyAdhikAra bhI mahattvapUrNa carcAoM se otaprota hai| isameM sattA, dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI bahuta hI manohara carcA hai| jo utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se sahita ho tathA guNa aura paryAya vAlA ho vaha dravyaM hai| dravya svabhAva-siddha hai| utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya rUpa pariNAma ke hote hue bhI vaha svabhAva se sat aura avasthita hai| utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya kA paraspara meM avinAbhAva hai| binA utpAda ke vinAza nahIM, binA vinAza ke utpAda nahIM aura binA dhrauvya ke utpAda-vinAza nhiiN| kintu utpAda, vinAza aura dhrauvya paryAyoM meM rahate hai aura paryAya dravya meM hotI hai ataH saba dravya rUpa hI haiN| isI taraha svayaM dravya hI eka guNa se anya guNa rUpa pariNamana karatA hai ataH guNa aura paryAya bhI dravya rUpa hI haiM tathA dravya satsvarUpa hai| dravya sat hai, guNa sat hai, paryAya sat hai yaha saba sattA kA hI vistAra hai| isa taraha AcArya kundakunda ne sattA, dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM bhedAbheda kA vivecana sayuktika aura sundara zailI meM karake jainadarzana kI anupama dena saptabhaMgI ke asti, nAsti, avaktavya aura ubhaya-- ina cAra bhaMgoM kA ullekha mAtra.kiyA hai| isake 1. inake vizeSa paricaya ke lie 'jIvarAja graMthamAlA' zolApura se prakAzita 'kundakunda prAbhRta saMgraha' kI prastAvanA par3hanA caahie|

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya Age dravya ke bheda-- jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla kA varNana karate hue jIva aura karma ke sambandha kA tathA jIva ke kartRtva kA vicAra kiyA hai| likhA hai- na to yaha AtmA pudgala hai aura na isa AtmA ne pudgaloM ko piNDa rUpa kiyA hai ataH na to AtmA deha rUpa hai aura na deha kA kartA hai kintu snigdha-guNa aura rUkSa-guNa ke nimitta se paramANu svayaM hI piNDa rUpa ho jAte haiN| ataH AtmA pudgala-piNDa rUpa karma kA kartA nahIM hai| AtmA to apane rAga-dveSa rUpa bhAvoM ko karatA hai| una bhAvoM ko nimitta pAkara pudgala-karma-vargaNAe~ karma rUpa hokara AtmA se baddha ho jAtI hai| isI kA nAma bandha hai| isa taraha bandha kA nirUpaNa karake usake chUTane kA upAya bhI usI ke sAtha batalA diyA hai| likhA hai-- jo zuddha Atma-svarUpa ko jAnakara usI kA dhyAna karatA hai vaha moha kI granthi ko naSTa kara detA hai| moha kI granthi ke naSTa ho jAne para rAga-dveSa ko chor3akara jaba AtmA sukha-dukha meM samabuddhi ho jAtA hai to akSaya-sukha ko prApta kara letA hai| akSaya-sukha kI prApti hI jJAna aura jJeya kI carcA kA nicor3a hai| yahI prAptavya hai| usI kI prApti ke lie manuSya zramaNa hone kI icchA karatA hai aura zramaNa hokara usakI sAdhanA karatA hai| zramaNa kI isa sAdhanA kA varNana tIsare cAritrAdhikAra meM hai| . . . dUsare paMcAstikAya nAmaka grantha meM bhI tIna hI adhikAra haiN| prathama adhikAra meM pA~ca astikAyoM kA varNana hai| isakA viSaya yadyapi pravacanasAra ke jJeyAdhikAra se milatA huA hai kintu kaI dRSTiyoM se usase viziSTa hai| dUsare adhikAra meM jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa-- ina nava padArthoM kA varNana hai aura tIsare meM mokSa-mArga kA kathana hai| ..tIsarA samayasAra nAmaka graMtha to adhyAtma kA eka mahAnada hI hai| 'samaya' nAma AtmA kA hai| AtmA kA sAra yAni zuddhAvasthA kA varNana isa graMtha meM hai| isako prArambha karate hue granthakAra ne samaya ke do bheda kie haiM-sva-samaya aura pr-smy| jo AtmA apane jJAna, darzana aura cAritra rUpa svabhAva meM sthita hai vaha sva-samaya hai aura jo AtmA karma ke udaya se utpanna hone vAle para-bhAva meM sthita hai vaha para-samaya hai| ina donoM meM se apane zuddha guNa-paryAya-rUpa pariNata AtmA hI upAdeya hai| usa AtmA ke karma-baMdhana se baddha hone kI kathA visaMpAda paidA karatI hai ataH vaha satya nahIM hai| satya to eka zuddha Atma-tattva hI hai| kintu usase saba loga aparicita haiM, unhoMne na to kabhI usako sunA hI hai aura na usakA anubhava hI kiyA hai ve to basa, kAma-bhoga meM

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna hI masta haiM use hI jIvana kA sAra samajhate haiN| ataH isa grantha meM granthakAra ne usa zuddha / Atmatattva kA darzana karAne kA hI bharasaka prayatna kiyA hai| jainadarzana meM vastutattva kA vivecana do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai-- eka nizcayanaya se aura eka vyavahAranaya se| nizcayanaya vastu ke para-nirapekSa asalI svarUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai aura vyavahAranaya para-sApekSa ko| jaise miTTI ke ghar3e meM ghI bharA hone se use ghI kA ghar3A kahanA vyavahAra hai aura miTTI kA ghar3A kahanA yathArtha hai| jo yathArthagrAhI hai, vahI nizcaya hai ataH nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se vastu-tattva abheda rUpa hai kintu abheda rUpa tattva kA pratipAdana karanA zakya nahIM hai| pratipAdana karane se vaha tattva abheda rUpa na rahakara bheda rUpa pratIta hotA hai, jo yathArtha nahIM hai kintu binA pratipAdana kie dUsare ko samajhAyA nahIM jA sktaa| jaise, 'AtmA' kahane mAtra se dUsarA . nahIM samajha sakatA ki AtmA kyA vastu hai? kintu yadi kahA jAe ki jo jAnatA, dekhatA hai vaha AtmA hai to dUsarA jhaTa samajha jAtA hai| ataH nizcaya abhedagrAhI hai aura . vyavahAra bhedagrAhI hai| isI se nizcaya yathArtha hai aura vyavahAra ayathArtha kintu binA vyavahAranaya kI sahAyatA ke paramArtha kA upadeza nahIM ho sakatA, isalie vyavahAra ko chor3A bhI nahIM jA sktaa| inhIM do dRSTiyoM ko sAmane rakhakara granthakAra ne Atmatattva kA vivecana kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM-- jo AtmA ko jala meM kamala kI taraha karma-nokarma se asaMspRSTa jAnatA hai, nara-nAraka Adi paryAyoM meM bhI use eka rUpa dekhatA hai tathA rAgAdi vikalpoM se asaMyukta aura jJAnadarzana Adi ke bheda se rahita anubhava karatA hai vaha zuddhanaya hai (gAthA 15) aura jo isake viparIta jAnatA hai vaha vyavahAra-naya hai| vyavahAra-naya kahatA hai ki jIva aura zarIra eka haiM kintu nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se ye donoM kabhI eka nahIM ho skte| granthakAra kA kahanA hai ki jIva-ajIva Adi nau padArthoM ko nizcaya naya se jAnane para hI samyaktva kI prApti hotI hai ataH unhoMne nizcaya aura vyavahAra-dRSTi se nau padArthoM tattvoM kA nirUpaNa karake zuddha Atmatattva kI pratiSThA isa graMtha meM kI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki eka jIva-tattva hI nau padArtha rUpa ho rahA hai kintu vaha apane ekatva ko phira bhI nahIM chodd'taa| ____ hama Upara likha Ae haiM ki paMcAstikAya, pravacanasAra aura samayasAra ko nATakatrayI kahate hai| kintu vAstava meM to samayasAra ko hI nATaka kahanA ucita hai; kyoMki usameM saMsAra kA nATaka dikhAyA gayA hai, jisameM jIva aura ajIva nAma ke do naTa Asrava Adi tattvoM kA abhinaya karate hue dRSTigocara hote haiN| isake TIkAkAra

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya amRtacandrasUri ne isako nATaka kA hI rUpa diyA hai| ataH unhoMne isake prArambhika * bhAga kA nAma pUrvaraMga rakkhA hai tathA jaba eka tattva kA nirUpaNa samApta hotA hai to vaha nATaka paddhati meM likhate haiM-- 'Asravo niSkrAntaH / ' Asrava calA gayA aura jaba dUsarA prakaraNa prArambha hotA hai to ve likhate haiM-- 'atha pravizati saMvaraH / aba saMvara praveza karatA hai| 5 AcArya kundakunda ne apane ina grantharatnoM meM jo jJAna aura jJeya kI carcA kI, Age calakara vahI jainadarzana kI AdhArazilA bnii| sUtrakAra umAsvAmIH AcArya kundakunda ke bAda meM eka AcArya hue jinhoMne vaidikadarzanoM ke sUtra-graMthoM kI taraha kI jainadarzana ko saMskRta bhASA ke sUtroM meM saMgRhIta karane kA saphala prayatna kiyaa| usa sUtra-graMtha ko 'tattvArtha sUtra' kahate haiM / isa graMtha kA pradhAna pratipAdya viSaya 'mokSa' hai, isI se isako 'mokSa - zAstra' bhI kahate haiM / isakA Arambha hotA hai mokSa-mArga se| AcArya kundakunda kI taraha hI sUtrakAra ne samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ko mokSa-mArga batalAyA hai aura sAta tattvoM ke zraddhAna ko samyagdarzana batalAyA hai| unhIM sAta tattvoM kA nirUpaNa isa graMtha meM hai| AcArya kundakunda ne nau padArthoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai kiMtu sUtrakAra ne puNya aura pApa tattva ko Asrava aura bandha tattva meM garbhita karake tattvoM kI saMkhyA sAta hI rakhI hai| isa graMtha meM dasa adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM sAta tattvoM ko jAnane ke upAya batalAte hue jJAna ke do bheda kie haiM / sUtrakAra ne jJAna ko hI pramANa batalAkara pramANa ke do bheda kie haiM-- parokSa aura pratyakSa / jaina sAhitya meM jJAna - nirUpaNa kI do paddhatiyA~ pAI jAtI haiM-- pahalI saiddhAntika, dUsarI dArzanika / saiddhAntika paddhati meM jJAna ke mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala-- isa taraha pA~ca bheda karake samagra jJAnoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aura dArzanika paddhati meM ukta pA~ca jJAnoM meM parokSa aura pratyakSa kA vibhAga karake samagra jJAnoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne apane pravacanasAra meM parokSa aura pratyakSa jJAna kA svarUpa mAtra batalAyA hai, unake bheda - prabheda nahIM kie kintu sUtrakAra ne pA~coM jJAnoM ko pramANa batalAkara tathA pramANa ke parokSa aura pratyakSa bheda meM unakA vibhAga karake donoM paramparAoM kA samanvaya hI nahIM kiyA, balki dArzanika jagat ke smRti Adi pramANoM kA antarbhAva bhI parokSa pramANa meM karake apane pazcAt hone vAle jaina tArkikoM kA mArga-darzana bhI kara diyaa| isa dizA meM ukta sUtrakAra ke bAda hone vAle

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM ke jaina tArkikoM ne sUtrakAra ke dvArA nirdiSTa mArga kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| tattvArtha sUtra ke dUsare adhyAya meM jIva tattva kA varNana hai| usameM prathama jIva ke bhAvoM kA varNana karake usakA lakSaNa batalAyA hai| phira jIva ke saMsArI aura mukta--do bheda karake saMsArI jIvoM kA varNana kiyA hai| usameM batalAyA hai ki marane ke bAda kaise jIva eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka jAtA hai| vahA~ jAkara kaise janma letA hai? kaise usake zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai ? tathA kina jIvoM kI akAla mRtyu hotI hai? ... tIsare adhyAya meM adholoka kI racanA batalAte hue sAta narakoM kA varNana kiyA hai| usake bAda madhyaloka kA varNana hai| cauthe adhyAya meM Urdhvaloka kA varNana karate hue . svargoM meM rahane vAle devoM kA varNana kiyA hai| pA~caveM adhyAya meM ajIva tattva kA varNana hai jo pravacanasAra ke jJeyAdhikAra kI carcA se milatA huA hai| isameM bhI usa taraha utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ko tathA guNa aura paryAyoM kA dravya ko lakSaNa batalAyA hai tathA dravya ke chaha bheda--jIva, pudgala, dharma; adharma, AkAza aura kAla--kie haiN| pudgala ke do bheda kie haiM-- aNu aura skandha / aNu kI utpati batalAte hue eka paramANu se dUsare paramANu kA bandha kaise hotA hai, isakA nirUpaNa bhI pravacanasAra ke anusAra hI kiyA hai| chaThe adhyAya meM Asava tattva kA varNana karate hue batalAyA hai ki kina-kina kAmoM ke karane se kina-kina kA Asrava (Agamana) hotA hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM puNyAsava ke kAraNoM kA nirdeza karate hue ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-- ina pA~ca vratoM kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha adhyAya zrAvaka ke AcAra se sambaddha hai| AThaveM meM bandha tattva kA varNana karate hue jaina karma-siddhAMta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| usameM karmabandha ke kAraNa batalAkara bandha kA svarUpa aura bheda batalAe hai| naveM adhyAya se saMvara aura nirjarA tattva kA varNana hai| eka taraha se yaha adhyAya muni-dharma se sambaddha hai| isameM gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISaha-jaya aura cAritra kA tathA dhyAna kA vizada varNana hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM mokSa kA svarUpa batalAkara mukta-jIva kA varNana kiyA hai| isa taraha isa sUtra grantha meM samasta jaina padArthoM ko dArzanika zailI meM DthA gayA hai| sabhI jaina sampradAya isako mAnate haiM aura isakA Adara karate hai| mImAMsA-darzana meM jaimini ke sUtroM kA, vedAntadarzana meM brahmasUtra kA, yogadarzana meM yogasUtra kA, nyAyadarzana meM nyAyasUtra kA aura vaizeSika darzana meM vaizeSikasUtra kA jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadarzana meM tattvArthasUtra kA hai|

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya 'tattvArthasUtra' ke racayitA ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| isa sUtra-grantha ke do pATha . pracalita haiN| eka pATha digambara-paramparA meM pracalita hai aura dUsarA zvetAmbara-paramparA meN| zvetAmbara mAnya pATha ke sAtha eka bhASya hai jise zvetAmbarasUtrakAra-kRta hI mAnate haiN| usake anta meM granthakAra ne apanI prazasti bhI dI hai aura usameM apanA nAma umAsvAti diyA hai| digambara-paramparA meM bhI tattvArthasUtra ko umAsvAmI athavA 'umAsvAti' kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai aura gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke zilAlekhoM meM aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai kintu navIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn AcArya vIranandi aura vidyAnaMda use gRddhapicchAcArya kI kRti batalAye haiN| gRddhapicchAcArya nAma to nahIM ho sakatA, upanAma ho sakatA hai, kintu gRddhapicchAcArya umAsvAti kA hI upanAma hai isa viSaya meM prAcIna pramANoM kA abhAva hai| akalaMkadeva. ke tattvArthavArtika se itanA to patA calatA hai ki unake sAmane eka dUsarA sUtrapATha bhI thA, jo sambhavataH zvetAmbara-sammata sUtrapATha hI thaa| digambara-sammata sUtrapATha para saba se prathama upalabdha TIkA pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi hai, jo IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM racI gaI hai aura bhASya sahita zvetAmbara sUtra pATha para sabase pahalI TIkA siddhasenagaNi kI hai, jo AThavI-navIM zatAbdI meM racI gaI hai| AcArya samantabhadraH - .. . jainAcAryoM meM samantabhadra svAmI kA sthAna bahuta u~cA hai| uttarakAla meM hone vAle prAyaH sabhI pramukha jainAcAryoM ne apane graMtha ke Adi meM bar3e hI sammAnapUrvaka unakA smaraNa kiyA hai| navIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn jinasenAcArya ne apane mahApurANa ke Arambha meM likhA hai ki usa samaya jitane vAdI, vAgmI, kavi aura gamaka the una saba ke hRdaya para AcArya samantabhadra kA sikkA jamA huA thaa| yaha bar3e bhArI vAdI the| inhoMne samasta bhArata meM bhramaNa karake bar3e-bar3e vAdiyoM ke dA~ta khaTTe kie the| isI se jinasenAcArya ne likhA hai ki-inake vacana rUpI vajrAghAta se kumata rUpI parvata khaNDa-khaNDa ho gaye the| hanumaccarita meM likhA hai ki-ve durvAdiyoM kI vAda rUpI khAja ko miTAne ke liye advitIya mahauSadhi haiN| zvetAmbarAcArya haribhadra-sUri ne inheM 'vAdimukhya' likhA hai| ye prabala tArkika hone ke sAtha hI sAtha prathita granthakAra bhI the| inheM muni-jIvana meM bhasmaka vyAdhi ho gaI thI, taba use zAnta karane ke lie vArANasI meM rAjA zivakoTi ke zivAlaya meM inheM veza badala kara rahanA par3A thaa| bhagavAn ke bhoga ke lie jitanA naivedya AtA thA use yaha svayaM khA jAte the, jaba roga zAMta huA aura naivedya bacane lagA

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna to khula gii| taba rAjA ne inase 'zivaliMga' ko namaskAra karane kA Agraha kiyaa| usa samaya inhoMne 'vRhatsvayaMbhU stotra' nAmaka eka dArzanika stotra kI racanA karake. apanA camatkAra dikhAyA aura kahA -- rAjan ! mai jaina nirgranthavAdI hU~, jisakI zakti mujhase vAda karane kI ho vaha sammukha Ave / isI se ye Adya stutikAra bhI kahe jAte haiN| ukta stotra ke sivA inake yuktyanuzAsana, AptamImAMsA, jinastuti - zataka, ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra graMtha upalabdha hai / jIvasiddhi Adi kucha anya graMthoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai kintu ve upalabdha nahIM ho sake haiN| yuktyanuzAsana graMtha bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa haiN| isameM stotra- praNAlI se 64 padyoM ke dvArA svamata aura para-mata ke guNa-doSoM kA mArmika vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura pratyeka viSaya kA nirUpaNa prabala yuktiyoM ke dvArA kiyA hai| vRhatsvayaMbhU stotra meM caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI stuti hai / stutiyoM ke dvArA caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke dharma kA pratipAdana karanA hI isakA mukhya viSaya hai / saMpUrNa graMtha dArzanika carcAoM aura dhArmika zikSAoM se paripUrNa hai / AptamImAMsA samantabhadra ke graMthoM meM saba se pradhAna graMtha hai| isameM Apta ke svarUpa kI mimAMsA karate hue use sarvA aura nirdoSa batalAyA hai tathA unake vacanoM ko yukti aura Agama se aviruddha pramANita karane ke lie ekAntavAdI matoM ko syAdvAdarUpI kasauTI para kasakara sarvatra anekAMtavAda kI pratiSThA kI hai| jina ekAntavAdoM kI samIkSA isa graMtha meM kI gaI hai unakI tAlikA isa prakAra hai: 1. bhAvaikAntavAda - jo kevala bhAvAtmaka padArthoM ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / 2. abhAvaikAntavAda - jo kevala abhAva ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / 3. advaitaikAntavAda - jo kevala advaita ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / 4. dvaitaikAntavAda - jo kevala dvaita ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| 5. nityatyaikAntavAda - jo vastu ko sarvathA nitya hI mAnatA hai / 6. anityatvaikAntavAda - jo vastu ko sarvathA kSaNika hI mAnatA hai / 7. bhaidaikAntavAda - jo kArya-kAraNa ko, guNa-guNI vagairaha ko bhinna hI mAnatA hai / 8. abhedaikAntavAda - jo inako sarvathA abhinna hI mAnatA hai / 6. apekSaikAMtavAda - jo padArthoM kI siddhi apekSA se hI mAnatA hai / 10. anapekSaikAMtavAda - jo padArthoM kI siddhi binA apekSA ke hI mAnatA hai| 11. yuktyaikAMtavAda - jo kevala yukti se vastu kI siddhi mAnatA hai| 12. AgamaikAMtavAda- jo kevala zAstrAcAra se hI vastu kI siddhi mAnatA hai / 13. antaraMgArthataikAMtavAda- jo kevala antaraMga padArthoM ko hI mAnatA hai / 14. bahiraMgArthataikAMtavAdajo kevala bAhya padArthoM ko hI mAnatA hai / 15. daivaikAMtavAda - jo kevala daiva ko hI kArya kA sAdhaka mAnatA hai| 16. pauruSaikAMtavAda - jo kevala pauruSa ko hI kArya kA sAdhaka 8

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya mAnatA hai| 17. dUsare jo dukha dene se pApa hI hotA hai aura sukha dene se puNya hI hotA . hai yaha ekaant-baad| 18. svayaM dukha uThAne se puNya hI hotA hai aura sukhopabhoga karane se pApa hI hotA hai yaha eNkaatvaad| 16. ajJAna se bandha hI hotA hai yaha ekaantvaad| 20. stoka jJAna se mokSa hotA hai yaha ekaantvaad| ___ isa taraha ina ekAntavAdoM kI samIkSA karake AcArya samantabhadra ne tattva ko bhAvAbhAvAtmaka, dvaitAdvaitAtmaka, nityAnityAtmaka, bhedAbhedAtmaka Adi svIkAra kiyA hai| syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda kA dArzanika kSetra meM saphala prayoga karane kA zreya AcArya samantabhadra ko hI hai| isI se vidvAn loga unheM syAdvAda-tIrthaMkara aura syAdvAda kA pitA taka kahate haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai| AcArya siddhasenaH jaina vAGmaya meM AcArya siddhasena kA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai| zvetAmbara-parammarA meM siddhasena divAkara ke nAma se inakI khyAti hai kintu digambara-paramparA meM yaha siddhasena ke nAma se hI khyAta haiN| digambara-paramparA meM jisa prakAra kI ghaTanA kA ullekha svAmI samantabhadra ke jIvana ke sambandha meM pAyA jAtA hai, zvetAmbara-paramparA meM usI prakAra kI ghaTanA kA ullekha siddhasena divAkara ke sambandha meM milatA hai arthAt vikramAditya rAjA kI ora se zivaliMga ko namaskAra karane kA anurodha karane para jaba siddhasena ne kahA ki yaha devatA merA namaskAra nahIM saha sakatA taba rAjA ne unase Agraha kiyA / isa para siddhasena ne iSTadeva kI stuti kii| ... siddhasena prAcIna tarka granthakAra the| dvAtriMzad-dvAtriMzikA, sanmati-tarka, nyAyAvatAra aura kalyANamandira-stotra ko isakI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI kA mantavya hai ki siddhasena zvetAmbara the| kintu paM0 jugalakizorajI mukhtAra ne 'sanmati-sUtra aura siddhasena" zIrSaka vAle apane gaveSaNA-pUrNa nibandha meM yaha siddha kiyA hai ki siddhasena nAma ke kaI AcArya hue haiM aura ukta grantha eka hI siddhasena kI kRtiyA~ nahIM haiM tathA sanmati sUtra ke kartA prasiddha siddhasena digambara the| digambara AcAryoM ne unake sanmati-sUtra nAma ke grantha kA ullekha bhakti-bhAva se kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM kintu sumati nAma ke digambara vidvAn ne, jinakA ullekha tattvasaMgraha kI TIkA meM bauddha vidvAn kamalazIla ne bhI kiyA hai, sanmati-sUtra para eka TIkA bhI racI thI, jisakA ullekha vAdirAjasUri ne apane pArzvanAtha-carita ke prArambha meM kiyA hai| yathA- . 1 anekAnta varSa- aMka 14

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10 jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna namaH sanmataye tasmai, bhavakUpanipAtinAm / sanmatirvivRtA yena sukhadhAma - pravezinI / / yaha TIkA upalabdha nahIM hai / zvetAmbarAcArya mallavAdI kI bhI eka TIkA isa grantha para thI, jo upalabdha nahIM hai / gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke zvetAmbarAcArya abhayadeva kI TIkA upalabdha hai| sanmati-sUtra meM nayavAda para acchA prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA anta meM likhA hai ki jitane vacana-mArga haiM utane hI nayavAda haiM aura jitane nayavAda haiM utane hI parasamaya yAnI jainetara darzana haiN| una darzanoM meM kapila kA sA~khyadarzana dravyArthika naya kA viSaya hai, buddha kA darzana zuddha paryAya - naya kA viSaya hai aura kaNAda kA darzana donoM nayoM ke dvArA prarupita hone para bhI mithyA hai; kyoMki ukta darzana meM donoM dRSTiyA~ sApekSa nahIM haiN| * sanmati - sUtra ke dUsare kANDa meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ke kramavAdaM tathA. yugapadvAda meM doSa dikhAkara abhedavAda kA sthApana hai / dig2ambara - paramparA meM kevalI ke darzana aura jJAna yugapat mAne jAte hai aura zvetAmbara - paramparA meM krama se mAne jAte haiM kintu sanmatikAra kA kahanA hai ki jJAna aura darzana kA bheda chadyastha-avasthA taka hI rahatA hai, kevalajJAna ho jAne para koI bheda nahIM rahatA / taba darzana kaho yA jJAna kaho, eka hI bAta hai| isI se sanmati ke karttA siddhasena abhedavAda ke puraskarttA mAne jAte haiN| nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa kA vivecana hai| isameM samantabhadrokta pramANa ke lakSaNa meM 'bAdha-vivarjita' pada baDhAyA gayA hai aura usake pratyakSa aura parokSa bheda karake donoM kI paribhASA batalAI hai| usake bAda anumAna - pramANa kI paribhASA aura usake svArtha aura parArtha bhedoM kA svarUpa batalAyA hai| parArthAnumAna ke sAtha hI sAtha pakSa, hetu, dRSTAnta, dUSaNa aura tadAbhAsoM kA vivecana bhI isa grantha meM hai / isa taraha nyAyopayogI tattvoM kA samAveza isa 32 kArikAoM ke prakaraNa meM hai / bhASA saMskRta hai| yadyapi isa grantha meM na to graMtha kA nAma diyA gayA hai aura na graMthakAra kA / 'nyAya' zabda taka usameM nahIM hai kintu usake TIkAkAra siddharSi ne usakA nAma nyAyAvatAra hI batAyA hai tathA paramparA se ise siddhasena kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai / paM. sukhalAlajI kA yahI mata hai kintu isake avalokana se yaha dhAraNA dRr3ha hotI hai / ki graMtha dharmakIrti ke bAda meM racA gayA honA cAhiye

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya kyoMki isameM anumAna ko abhrAnta batalAkara pratyakSa ko abhrAnta siddha karane ke lie eka pRthak kArikA hI racI gaI hai| yathA-- 'na pratyakSamapi bhrAntaM, prmaanntvvinishcyaat|' yahA~ 'pramANatva vinizcaya' pada par3hate hI dharmakIrti ke pramANa-vinizcaya kA smaraNa barabasa ho AtA hai| dUsare, hetu kA lakSaNa anyathAnupattiH 'trilakSaNa kadarthana' grantha ke racayitA pAtrasvAmI kI dena hai jo ki nyAyAvatAra meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| ataH paM. jugalakizora jI mukhtAra kA yaha mata hameM samucita hI pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha sanmati-satra se koI eka zatAbdI se bhI bAda kA banA huA hai, kyoMki isa para samantabhadra svAmI ke uttarakAlIna pAtrasvAmI (pAtrakesarI) jaise jainAcAryoM kA hI nahIM, kintu dharmakIrti aura dharmottara jaise bauddhAcAryoM kA bhI spaSTa prabhAva hai| mukhtAra sA. ne sanmati sUtra ke racayiyA siddhasena kA samaya I.sa. 507 se 606 taka nizcita kiyA hai kintu paM. sukhalAla unheM vikrama kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kA vidvAn mAnate haiN| AcArya pUjyapAdaH inakA nAma devanandi thA kintu yaha pUjyapAda ke nAma se vizeSa prasiddha haiN| yaha gaMga rAjA durvinIta ke zikSA-gurU the aura durvinIta rAjA kA rAjyakAla I.san 482 se 522 taka rahA hai| ataH ye IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM hue haiN| pUjyapAda ke eka ziSya vajranandi ne vi.saM. 526(I.sa.. 470) meM drAvir3a-saMgha kI sthApanA kI thI, jisakA ullekha devasena ne apane 'darzanasAra' meM kiyA hai| ... pUjyapAda bhArata ke ATha prasiddha vaiyAkaraNoM meM se haiN| inhoMne jaindra-vyAkaraNa racA hai tathA 'tattvArtha-sUtra' para sabase pahalI TIkA inhIM kI pAyI jAtI hai, jisakA nAma saMrvArthasidghi hai| isa TIkA meM inhoMne kaI sthAnoM para sAMkhya, yoga, bauddha Adi darzanoM ke katipaya mantavyoM kI carcA kI hai| yaha carcA mokSa-svarUpa, pramANasvarUpa aura dravya-vyavasthA se sambandha rakhatI hai| prathama sUtra kI utthAnikA karate hue AcArya pUjyapAda ne sA~khya, vaizeSika aura bauddha mata ke mokSa kA svarUpa batalAkara unheM sadoSa batalAyA hai| jJAna ke prAmANya kI carcA karate hue sA~khya ke indriya-prAmANyavAda aura yogoM ke sannikarSa prAmANyavAda kI AlocanA kI hai| ____ anya darzana indriya-janita jJAna ko pratyakSa kahate haiM taba jainadarzana. use parokSa kahatA hai / pUjyapAda ne indriya-janita jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnane meM Apatti dete hue jainadarzana kI mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA hai aura yaha bhI likhA hai ki dIpaka kI taraha pramANa apanA bhI prakAzana karatA hai aura bAhya padArthoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| isI taraha pA~caveM adhyAya meM jainAbhimata dravyoM kI parigaNanA karAte hue vaizeSika darzana ke nau

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna dravyoM kA antarbhAva jainAbhimata chaha dravyoM meM kiyA hai aura batalAyA hai ki saba paramANu eka hI jAti ke haiM unhIM se pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu banate haiN| pUjyapAda kI samAdhi-zataka, iSTopadeza Adi anya racanAe~ haiM jo AdhyAtmika haiN| vaidyaka para bhI inake grantha pAe jAte haiN| isI se jJAnArNava ke kartA ne pUjyapAda kA smaraNa karate hue unake vacanoM ko zarIra, mana aura vacana ke mala ko dhvaMsa karane vAlA batalAyA hai kyoMki vaidyaka grantha zarIra-maladhvaMsI haiM, samAdhizataka Adi graMtha manomaladhvaMsI haiM aura jainendra vyAkaraNa vacanamaladhvaMsI hai| AcArya mallavAdIH zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM AcArya mallavAdI kA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai| inakA banAyA 'dvAdazAra yamanayacakra' nAma kA eka mahattvaparNa graMtha siMhagaNi kSamAzramaNa kI TIkA ke sAtha upalabdha hai| jainadarzana meM anekAntAtmaka vastu kI vyavasthA pramANa aura naya ke adhIna hai| nayacakra meM jaisA ki usake nAma ne spaSTa hai, naMya kA pratipAdana hai| yaha grantha saMskRta meM hai kintu mUla nayacakra upalabdha nahIM haiM, kevala unakI TIkA hI upalabdha haiN| zvetAmbara' muni zrI jambUvijayajI ne isa saTIka nayacakra kA pArAyaNa karake usakA paricaya AnandaprakAza ( varSa 45, aMka 7) meM prakaTa kiyA / usa para se mAlUma hotA hai ki mallavAdI ne apane nayacakra meM pada-pada para bhartRhari ke 'vAkyapadIya' graMtha kA upayoga hI nahIM kiyA, balki bhartahari ke nAma kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai| bhartahari kA samaya I.san 600 se 650 taka mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki ve isa samaya ke bAda hI hue haiM tathA haribhadra ne apanI 'anekAnta jayapatAkA' kI TIkA meM mallavAdI kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni jinavijayajI ne haribhadra kA samaya I. 700 se 770 taka siddha kiyA hai kintu I. 800 ke lagabhaga banI huI bhaTTajayanta kI nyAyamaMjarI kA eka padya haribhadra ke phDda rzana-samuccaya meM uddhRta hone se paM.. mahendrakumArajI nyAyAcArya ne haribhadra kI uttarAvadhi I. 810 mAnI hai| udhara DaoN. satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa ne likhA hai ki mallavAdI ne bauddha vidvAna dharmottara kI nyAyabindu TIkA para dharmottara TippaNaka nAma se eka TippaNa likhA hai| isa para se DaoN. pI.ela.vaidya mallavAdI ko dharmottara ke bAda huA mAnate haiM aura prabhAvaka-carita meM jo mallavAdI kA samaya vIra saM. 884 batalAyA hai, use ve vikrama saMvat mAnane kI salAha dete haiM aura kahate haiM ki mallavAdI kA samaya 827 I. hI ThIka ho sakatA hai 1. dekho, anekAnta varSa 6, ki0 11, pRSTha 447

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya ataH IsA kI sAtavIM zatI ke uttarArdha ke vidvAn bhaTTAkalaMka ne jisa nayacakra ko dekhane kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha mallavAdIkRta nayacakra pratIta nahIM hotaa| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNaH zvetAmbara sampradAya meM AcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa eka bahuta samartha vidvAn hue haiN| inakA vizeSAvazyakabhASya suprasiddha mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai| usI ke kAraNa bhASyakAra nAma se inakI khyAti hai| yoM to vizeSAvazyakabhASya Agamika carcAoM se bharapUra hai, kintu usakI jJAna-viSayaka carcA jainadarzana meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa aura digambara-paramparA meM bhaTTAkalaMka deva, ye donoM aise. samartha vidvAn ho gae haiM jinhoMne jainadarzana kI jJAna viSayaka carcA ko samRddha kiyA hai aura usakI sthiti ko dArzanika kSetra ke anukUla banAyA hai| - kSamAzramaNajI tarkakuzala hote hue bhI AgamapradhAna the| unakA tarka AgamAnumArI hotA thaa| isI se unhoMne apane pUrvaja tarka-pradhAna AcArya siddhasena ke mata kI kar3I AlocanA kI hai| siddhasena ne apane 'sanmati tarka' meM tarka se yaha siddha kiyA hai ki kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ye donoM eka hI hai, jude nahIM haiM kintu yaha bAta zvetAmbarIya Agama-paramparA ke viruddha hai| ataH gaNijI ne apane vizeSAvazyaka- bhASya meM siddhasena ke mata kA jamakara khaNDanaM kiyA hai| .. . inake race hue vRhatsaMgrahaNI, vRhat-kSetra-samAsa Adi aura bhI aneka grantha haiN| inakA samaya IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI kA antima bhAga hai| .: digambara-paramparA meM pAtrakesarI nAma ke eka samartha AcArya ho gae haiN| unheM pAtrasvAmI bhI kahate haiN| unhoMne 'trilakSaNa kadarthana' nAma kA eka mahattvazAlI graMtha racA thA, jo anupalabdha hai| bauddhadarzana meM hetu kA lakSaNa trairUpya mAnA gayA hai| bauddhAcArya basubandhu ne trairUpya kA nirdeza kiyA hai kintu usakA vikAsa diGnAga ne hI kiyA thaa| isI se vAcaspati mizra use diGnAga kA siddhAnta batalAte haiN| usI trairUpya yA trilakSaNa kA kadarthana karane ke lie pAtrakesarI ne ukta zAstra kI racanA kii| ataH pAtrakesarI diGnAga (IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI) ke bAda ke vidvAn haiN| trilakSaNa kA kadarthana karane vAlA unakA nimna zloka bahuta prasiddha hai anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / / bauddhAcArya zAntarakSita ne apane tattvasaMgraha ke anumAna parIkSA nAmaka prakaraNa meM pAtrasvAmI ke mata kI AlocanA karate hue kucha kArikAe pUrvapakSa ke rUpa se uddhRta kI

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna haiN| unameM ukta zloka bhI hai| zvetAmbarAcArya vAdidevasUri ne bhI apane syAdvAda-ratnAkara' meM pAtrakesarI ke nAma se ukta zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| yaha zloka akalaMkadeva ke 'nyAya vinizcaya' ke anumAna prastAva nAmaka dvitIya pariccheda meM bhI AyA hai| nyAyavinizcayAlaMkAra nAmaka vivaraNa ke racayitA zrIvAdirAjasUri ne usakI utthAnikA meM likhA hai ki yaha zloka padmAvatIdevI ne bhagavAn sImaMdhara svAmI ke samavasaraNa se Akara pAtrakesarI ko diyA thaa| isI graMtha meM vAdirAjasari ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki trilakSaNa kadarthana nAma ke zAstra meM pAtrakesarI svAmI ne vistAra se kathana kiyA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki akalaMkadeva se pahale pAtrakesarI nAma ke eka prakANDa jaina dArzanika ho gae haiN| bhaTTAkalaMkaH bhaTTAkalaMka kA sthAna jaina vAGmaya meM anupama hai| svAmI samantabhadra aura siddhasena ke pazcAt isI prakhara tArkika ne apanI prabhAvaka kRtiyoM se jaina vAGmaya ko samRddha banAyA hai| ye jainanyAya ke sRjaka kahe jAte haiM aura unake nAma ke AdhAra para zleSAtmaka bhASA me jainanyAya ko 'akalaMka nyAya' bhI kahA jAtA hai| jainoM ke donoM sampradAyoM ke mahAn granthakAroM ne Adara ke sAtha unakA smaraNa kiyA hai aura jainanyAya meM unake dvArA samAviSTa kie gae mantavyoM ko binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke jyoM kA tyoM apanAyA hai| inakA samaya maine aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para I. 620 se 680 taka nirdhArita kiyA hai| yaha bauddha naiyAyika dharmakIrti aura mImAMsaka kumArillabhaTTa ke laghu samakAlIna the| inhoMne apane granthoM meM ukta donoM vidvAnoM ke mantavyoM kI AlocanA kI hai| akalaMkadeva ne jaina-nyAya meM kina-kina siddhAMtoM kI sthApanA kI, yaha jAnane ke lie akalaMka ke pUrva jainanyAya kI rUparekhA para dRSTi DAlanA Avazyaka hai| pahale batalAyA hai ki prathama zatAbdI ke AcArya kundakunda ne apane pravacanasAra meM pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANake sAmAnya lakSaNa batalAe the aura saptabhaMgI ke sAta bhaMgoM kI gaNanA mAtra kI thii| usake bAda tattvArtha-sUtrakAra ne 'matiHsmRtiH' ityAdi sUtra ke dvArA nyAyopayogI sAmagrI kA saMketa mAtra kiyA thaa| ___ isake bAda jaina vAGmaya ke nIlAmbara meM samantabhadra aura siddhasena nAma ke do jAjvalyamAna nakSatroM kA udaya huaa| samantabhadra ne anekAntavAda aura saptabhaMgIvAda kI 1. pRSTha-521 2. nyAyakududacandra kI prastAvanA

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya rUparekhA sthira karake dArzanika kSetra meM unake vyAvahArika upayoga karane kI praNAlI btlaaii|' pramANa' kA dArzanika lakSaNa aura phala btlaayaa| syAdvAda* kI paribhASA sthira kii| zrutapramANa' ko syAdvAda aura usake aMzoM ko naya btlaayaa| sunaya aura durnaya kI vyavasthA kI aura anekAnta meM anekAnta kI yojanA karane kI prakriyA btlaaii| ___ svAmI samantabhada ke pazcAt AcArya siddhasena kA udaya huaa| inhoMne apane 'sanmatiM tarka' nAmaka prakaraNa meM nayoM kA bahuta vizada aura maulika vivecana kiyA aura kathana karane kI pratyeka prakriyA ko naya batalAkara vibhinna nayoM meM vibhinna darzanoM kA antarbhAva karane kI prakriyA ko janma diyaa| akalaMkadeva ne isa dizA meM jo prayatna kiyA, usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai- jo tattva samantabhadra kI kRti meM avyakta the, unheM unhoMne vyakta kiyaa| jaise, samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA meM saptabhaMgI ke pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya-saptabhaMgI bhedoM kI aspaSTa-sI sUcanA hai, akalaMkadeva ne use spaSTa karake saptabhaMgI ke do vibhAga kara die| akalaMkadeva ke samaya meM bhAratIya nyAyazAstra kI bahuta unnati ho cukI thii| bauddhadarzana kA vaha madhyakAla thaa| zAstrArthoM kI dhUma thI, zAstrArthoM meM upayoga kiye jAne vAle parArthAnumAna, chala, jAti, nigraha-sthAna Adi meM nipuNa hue binA jaya pAnA durlabha thaa| ataH akalaMkadeva ne usa ora bhI apanA dhyAna diyaa| ... sabase pahale unhoMne jainadarzana kI pramANa-paddhati kI ora dhyAna diyA aura use dArzanika kSetra ke upayukta bnaayaa| usake bAda unhoMne zAstrArtha meM prayukta hone vAle chala, jAti Adi asad upAyoM kA virodha kiyA aura jaya-parAjaya kI samucita vyavasthA kii| ina saba bAtoM kA varNana tathA sthAna tat-tat prakaraNoM meM kiyA jaaegaa| .. akalaMkadeva kI lekhanI bar3I gUr3ha hai| isI se unhoMne apane svopajJa prakaraNa granthoM para vivRttiyAM bhI banAI haiN| inake laghIyastraya, siddhivinizcaya, nyAyavinizcaya aura pramANa-saMgraha nAmaka maulika grantha bahuta mahattva ke haiN| zvetAmbaroM ke jItakalpacUrNi graMtha kI candrasUri-viracita TIkA meM 'sanmati tarka' ke sAtha siddhi-vinizcaya grantha kA ullekha darzana prabhAvaka zAstroM meM kiyA hai| ina maulika granthoM kI racanA ke sivA . dekho AptamImAMsA . 2. "sva-parAvabhAsakaM tathA pramANaM bhuvi buddhilakSaNam"--svayaMbhU.zlo. 63 3. "upekSAphalamAdyasya zeSasyAdAna / " --A. mI.kA 102 4. A. mI. kA 104 5. A. mI. kA 106

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna akalaMkadeva ne tattvArthasUtra para tattvArthavArtika tathA samantabhadra ke AptamImAMsA para aSTazatI nAmaka bhASya bhI race haiN| haribhadraH 16 munizrI jinavijayajI ne AcArya haribhadrasUri kA samaya I. san 700 se tou nirdhArita kiyA hai| yaha zvetAmbara - sampradAya ke eka mAnya AcArya the| inhoMne saMskRta tathA prAkRta bhASA meM aneka dhArmika tathA dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki inhoMne 1400 prakaraNa - grantha' race the| inake upalabdha granthoM meM vizeSa prasiddha dArzanika grantha isa prakAra haiM-- anekAntavAda praveza, anekAMta-jaya-patAkA (svopajJa vRtti sahita), diGnAgakRta nyAyapraveza kI vRtti, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtA- samuccaya ( svopajJa vRtti sahita ) / inake samaya meM caityavAsI sampradAya ke kAraNa zvetAmbara jaina sAdhuoM meM zithilAcAra bahuta bar3ha gayA thA / apane sambodha - prakaraNa meM inhoMne unakI acchI pola, kholI hai aura unheM kar3I phaTakAra batalAI hai| prabhAvaka - carita meM inakA jIvana-vRtta vistAra se diyA hai| svAmI vidyAnandaH svAmI vidyAnanda digambara-sampradAya meM eka bahuta hI viziSTa vidvAn ho gae haiN| ye brAhmaNa mImAMsaka the| AcArya samantabhadra ke AptamImAMsA nAmaka prakaraNa ko sunakara ye jainadarzana se prabhAvita hue aura jaina bana gae / inhoMne AptamImAMsA para akalaMkadeva ke atyanta gUr3hArthaka aSTazatI bhASya ko AtmasAt karake aSTasahasrI nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| usake prArambha meM hI unhoMne bhAvanA, vidhi aura niyoMga kI jamakara AlocanA kI hai| yaha grantha bhAratIya darzana sAhitya meM apanA anupamaM sthAna rakhatA hai / usakI prasanna zailI, mArmika zabda - yojanA aura akATya tarka-kuzalatA dekhakara vidvAn mugdha ho jAte haiN| usameM unhoMne likhA hai- zrotavyASTasahasrI zrutaiH kimanyaiH sahasrasaMkhyAnaiH / vijJAyeta yathaiva svasamaya-parasama - sadbhAvaH / / arthAt-eka aSTasahasrI zravaNa karanA paryApta hai, anya hajAroM zAstroM ke sunane se kyA lAbha? jisase jaina aura jainetara darzana kA jJAna bakhUbI ho jAtA hai| * vidyAnanda akalaMka ke suyogya uttarAdhikArI the| akalaMka ke asta ke bAda 1. 1444 granthoM kI racanA karane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya dArzanika kSetra meM jo vicAradhArAe~ AvirbhUta huI, unakA samIkaraNa aura parimArjana vidyAnanda ne kiyaa| unakI 'pramANa parIkSA' akalaMka ke prakaraNoM ke AdhAra para hI rakhI gaI haiN| inakA eka mahattvazAlI grantha 'tattvArthazlokavArtika' hai, jo kumArilla ke 'mImAMsAzlokavArtika' kA smaraNa karA detA hai| yaha grantha akalaMka kI mudrA se pada-pada para aMkita hai| 'AptaparIkSA' nAmaka prakaraNa meM Izvara ke sRSTi-kartRtva kI samIkSA adbhud aura anupama hai| paM0 darabArIlAla jI koThiyA' ne inakA samaya I0 san 775 se 840 taka nirdhArita kiyA hai| AcArya mANikyanandiH ____ AcArya mANikyanandi sUtrakAra the| inakA 'parIkSAmukha' nAmaka eka sUtra-grantha upalabdha hai, jo nyAya-zAstra kI dRSTi se nibaddha kiyA gayA hai| isameM 6 uddezya haiM-- pramANa, pratyakSa, parokSa, viSaya, phala aura tdaabhaas| mANikyanaMdi se pahale pramANa kA lakSaNa 'svapara vyavasAyi jJAna' thaa| inhoMne usameM 'apUrva' pada kI vRddhi karake 'svApUrvArtha vyAvasAyi jJAna' ko pramANa mAnA hai| isameM to saMdeha hI nahIM ki parIkSAmukha ke dvArA akalaMka-nyAya ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyA gayA hai kintu usa para bauddhAcArya diGnAga aura dharmakIrti ke sUtra-granthoM kA prabhAva spaSTa rUpa se lakSita hotA hai| jainadarzana meM nyAyapraveza athavA nyAyabindu ke DhaMga ke eka sUtra-grantha ke abhAva kI pUrti AcArya mANikyanaMdi ne 'parIkSA-mukha' ko racakara pUrI kI / ye vidyAnanda ke samaya ke lagabhaga hI hue haiN| abhayadeva sUriH . . . zvetAmbarAcArya abhayadevasUri pradyumnasUri ke ziSya the| inhoMne siddhasena ke 'sanmati tarka' para eka TIkA saMskRta meM racI hai| usase inakI darzanazAstra viSayaka asAdhAraNa vidvattA kA patA calatA hai| isameM saikar3oM dArzanika granthoM kA nicor3a bharA huA hai| mUla grantha se isakI zailI judI prakAra kI hai| ise dasavIM zatAbdI ke dArzanika vAdoM kA saMgraha kahA jA sakatA hai| jisa strI-mukti, savastra-mukti aura kevali-bhukti ko lekara digambara aura zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM tIvra matabheda hai unakA samarthana bhI isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai, itanA hI nahIM, mUrti ko zrRMgArita karane kA bhI samarthana isa dArzanika graMtha meM hai| ataH yaha apane samaya ke pracalita vAdoM kA eka saMgraha grantha hai| 1.AptaparIkSA kI prastAvanA meN|

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18 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna AcArya prabhAcandaH AcArya prabhAcanda bhI abhayadevasUri kI Takkara ke vidvAn the / inhoMne akalaMkadeva ke 'laghIyastraya' para nyAyakumudacandra nAma kA aura parIkSA - mukha sUtra para 'prameyakamala mArtaNDa' nAma kA suvistRta TIkAgrantha atyanta prAMjala - bhASA meM nibaddha kie haiN| pahalA grantha unakI dArzanikatA kA aura dUsarA unakI tArkikatA kA pratIka hai| unhoMne bhI apane granthoM meM strI-mukti, savastra - mukti aura kevali - bhukti kA khaNDana joradAra zabdoM meM kiyA hai| zAkaTAyana-vyAkaraNa para inakA eka nyAsa - grantha bhI haiM, jo dArzanika vicAra - saraNi se otaprota hai| ye bhojadeva rAjA ke samaya meM dhArA nagarI meM nivAsa karate the| ataH inakA samaya I. kI gyArahavIM zatI hai| vAdirAjasUriH vAdirAjasUri digambara-sampradAya ke mahAn tArkikoM meM se haiM / ye prabhAcandrAcArya ke samakAlIna the / SaTtarka - SaNmukha, syAdvAda - vidyApati, jagadekamallavAdI inakI upAdhiyA~ thiiN| inhoMne akalaMkadeva ke 'nyAya - vinizcaya' para 'nyAyavinizcaya pada vivaraNa' nAmaka atyanta vidvattApUrNa maulika TIkA- grantha kA nirmANa kiyA hai| isameM aneka granthoM ke pramANa uddhRta haiN| bauddhAcArya dharmakIrti ke pramANa - vArtika aura usa para prajJAkara ke vArtikAlaMkAra kI samIkSA se yaha vivaraNa bharA huA hai| caulukya-nareza jayasiMhadeva kI rAja sabhA meM inakA bar3A sammAna thaa| inhIM kI rAjadhAnI meM nivAsa karate hue vAdirAja ne zaka saM. 647 I. se 1025 meM apanA 'pArzvanAtha-carita' banAyA thaa| devasUriH zvetAmbarAcArya devasUri municandrasUri ke ziSya the| gujarAta meM vi.saM. 1143 meM inakA janma huA thaa| inhoMne digambarAcArya mANikyanaMdi ke parIkSAmukha sUtra kA anukaraNa karake ' pramANanayatattvAloka' nAmaka nyAya sUtra - grantha ATha paricchedoM meM racA hai aura usa para 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' nAmaka TIkA bhI racI hai| yaha TIkA- grantha bhI jaina - nyAya meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| isakI zailI prasanna hai aura aneka granthoM ke uddharaNoM se otaprota hai / AcArya hemacandraH AcArya hemacandra to atyanta prasiddha haiM / inhoMne gurjara -nareza siddharAja jayasiMha ko prabhAvita karake apanA anuyAyI banAyA thA / usakA uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla to unakA ziSya hI thaa| AcArya hemacandra kI pratibhA sarvamukhI thii| vyAkaraNa, kAvya, alaMkAra, koSa, darzana, yoga Adi sabhI viSayoM para inakI racanAe~ upalabdha haiN| inakI

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prAcIna jainAcArya aura unakA dArzanika sAhitya 19 'pramANa-mImAMsA' yadyapi adhUrI hai, kintu usake mUla sUtra tathA unakI vRtti apanA eka viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiN| pramANa ke lakSaNa meM mANikyanaMdi ne jo 'apUrva' pada ko sthAna diyA thA, AcArya hemacandra ne usakA sayuktika nirasana isa grantha meM kiyA hai| inakI eka 'dvAtriMzikA' para malliSeNa ne 'syAdvAda maMjarI' nAmaka sundara TIkA racI hai jo jainadarzana kI vATikA hai| yazovijayaH IsA kI solahavIM zatI meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM yazovijaya bahuta hI vicAraka vidvAn ho gae haiN| inhoMne kAzI meM vidyAmyAsa kiyA thA aura yaha 'navya-nyAya' meM na kevala phTu the kintu navya-nyAya kI zailI meM unhoMne grantha-racanA bhI kI hai| inakI racanAe~ maulika haiM, unameM kevala piSTapeSaNa hI nahIM haiM, kintu navIna vicAra-dhArA pravAhita hai| unake dArzanika granthoM meM jaina tarkabhASA, jJAnabindu aura zAstravArtA-samuccaya kI TIkA ullekhanIya haiN| upasaMhAraH __ saMkSepa meM yahA~ kucha pramukha jaina dArzanikoM kA paricaya hai| isase patA calatA hai ki jainadarzana ke kAla ko do bhAgoM meM bATA jA sakatA hai| eka bhaTTAkalaMkadeva taka kA aura dUsarA usake bAda kA kAla / jainadarzana ke vikAsa aura nirmANa meM akalaMkadeva kA bahumukhI prayatna anupama hai| unhoMne jaina dArzanikoM ke sAmane jainetara dArzanikoM kI dRSTi se upasthita hone vAlI saba samasyAoM kA samAdhAna sarvaprathama karake Age kA mArga prazasta kara diyaa| unake bAda unake dvArA sRjita bhUmikA kA Alambana lekara vidyAnanda, mANikyanandi, anantavIrya, prabhAcandra, vAdirAja Adi na kevala digambarAcAryoM ne balki abhayadeva, devasUri, hemacandra, yazovijaya Adi zvetAmbarAcAryoM ne bhI akalaMka-nyAya ko vistIrNa kiyaa|

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jinazAsana-prabhAvaka AcArya akalaMkadeva prAcArya narendraprakAza jaina* zrImata prm-gmbhiir-syaadvaadaamoghlaaNchnm| jIyAta trailokanAthasya zAsanaM jinazAsanam / / samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ko 'ratnatraya' kahate haiN| yaha ratnatraya hI dharma hai| samyagdarzana dharma kA mUla hai| samyagdarzana ke binA niyama se samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra nahIM hote| jaise bIja ke binA vRkSa nahIM hotA, vaise hI samyak darzana ke abhAva meM jJAna aura cAritra kI utpatti, sthiti, vRddhi aura phala kI prApti nahIM hotI, isalie sabhI jainAcAryoM ne sukha kI prApti ke lie samyagdarzana ko bhAvapUrvaka dhAraNa karane kI sIkha pade-pade kI hai| aSTAMga-sahita samyagdarzana hI pUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| ina ATha aMgoM meM prabhAvanA AThavAM aMga hai| samyagdarzana kI yAtrA kA yaha antima par3Ava hai| jina kAryoM ke karane se jainadharma utkarSa ko prApta ho tathA unase usakI kIrti kA vistAra ho, unakA sampanna honA prabhAvanA hai| isa prabhAvanA aMga ke nirdoSa paripAlana se tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bhI bandha sambhava hai| solaha kAraNa bhAvanAyeM tIrthaMkara-prakRti ke sambandha meM nimitta haiN| dhavalA meM kahA gayA hai ki isa eka mArga-prabhAvanA meM zeSa pandraha bhAvanAoM kA samAveza hai| itanA mahattvapUrNa hai yaha prabhAvanA aNg| prabhAvanA ke aneka sAdhana haiN| dharma carcA yA dharma-kathA ke vyAkhyAna se, hiMsA-rahita nirdoSa tapazcaraNa se, jIvoM para dayA-bhAva rakhane se, paravAdiyoM para vijaya prApta karane se, aSTAMga nimitta jJAna se, nirmala pUjA-bhakti aura dAna Adi se dharma kI prasiddhi aura prabhAvanA hotI hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne prabhAvanA aMga kI paribhASA prastuta karate hue likhA hai - ___ ajJAnatimiravyAptimapAkRtya ythaaythm| jinazAsana-mAhAtmyaprakAzaH syaatprbhaavnaa| arthAt ajJAna rUpI aMdhakAra ke vinAza ko, jisa prakAra bane usa prakAra, dUra karake (samastamatAvalambiyoM meM) jinamArga kA prabhAva prakaTa karanA prabhAvanA hai| - 104, naI bastI, phirojAbAda (u0pra0)

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jinazAsana-prabhAvaka AcArya akalaMkadeva AcArya akalaMka : jaina nyAyAkAza ke sUrya : jainadarzana ke diggaja vyAkhyAtAoM meM apane atula aura amala jJAna-bala se ekAntavAdiyoM ke dvArA nirUpita mithyAmatoM kA khaNDana jisa tejasvitA se AcArya samantabhadra aura AcArya akalaMkadeva ne kiyA hai, vaha jaina itihAsa meM apratima hai| AcArya samantabhadra ko jainanyAya ke dAdA aura akalaMka ko pitA ke samAna mAnA jAtA hai| ina donoM AcAryoM kI Takkara meM anya koI bhI tArkika kahIM nahIM ttiktaa| AcArya akalaMkadeva to jaina nyAyAkAza ke sUrya hI haiN| unake viSaya meM zravaNabelagolA ke abhilekha saMkhyA 47 meM likhA hai . 'SaTtarkeSvakalaMkadevavibudhaH sAkSAdayaM bhUtale' / arthAt akalaMkadeva SaTdarzana aura tarkazAstra meM isa pRthvI para sAkSAt vibudha (bRhaspatideva) the| yadyapi AcArya samantabhadra ke kAla ko jainanyAya ke vikAsa kA AdikAla kahA jAtA hai, tathApi unake dvArA prasthApita nIMva para jainanyAya kA eka uttuMga evaM bhavya prAsAda AcArya akalaMkadeva hI khar3A kara ske| unhoMne jainanyAya kI jo rUparekhA aura dizA nirdhArita kI, usI kA anusaraNa uttarakAlIna sabhI tArkikoM ne kiyaa| sarvazrI haribhadra, vIrasena, kumAranandI, vidyAnanda, anantavIrya prathama, vAdirAja, mANikyanandI Adi madhyayugIna sabhI AcAryoM ne unake hI kArya ko Age bar3hAte hue unheM yazasvI bnaayaa| bauddhavidyA kA gahana adhyayana : . AcArya akalaMkadeva ke samaya deza meM bauddhadharma kA bolabAlA thaa| pramukha bauddha . dArzanika dharmakIrti, nAgArjuna, diGnAga, udyotakara Adi ne jainadharma ke syAdvAda, anekAnta Adi siddhAntoM para AkSepa aura prahAra karate hue unheM asatya tathA apane .. 'zUnyavAda, nairAtmyavAda Adi ke pakSa ko satya siddha karane kI hara sambhava koziza kI thii| jainadharma ko apane zabda-chala evaM anya asat upAyoM se tiraskRta aura parAjita karane meM tatkAlIna bauddha vidvAnoM ko bar3A Ananda AtA thaa| akalaMka kA hRdaya isa sthiti ko dekhakara Akula-vyAkula hue binA na rhaa| ataH bauddha vidvAnoM ke prahAroM se jainadharma kI rakSA karane kI bhAvanA se unhoMne bauddhadharma kA gahana aura sUkSma adhyayana karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| . vaha yuga dhArmika asahiSNutA aura anudAratA kA yuga thaa| dhArmika kaTTaratA ke kAraNa koI bauddha guru kisI jainadharmAnuyAyI ko apane dharma-darzana kA adhyayana nahIM karane detA thaa| akalaMka aura unake anuja nikalaMka aneka bAdhAoM ko pAra karane

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ke bAdauM kAMcIpura kI mahAbodhi vidyApITha meM apanA dharma chipAkara kisI prakAra praveza prApta karane meM saphala hue / vidyAdhyayana karate samaya unheM aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| nikalaMka kA balidAna : akalaMka aura nikalaMka donoM hI bhAI pratibhA sampanna the / akalaMka ekasaMstha aura nikalaMka dvisaMstha the arthAt akalaMka eka bAra meM aura nikalaMka do bAra meM kisI pATha ko sunakara yAda kara lete the / jainadharma ke prema meM dIvAne ina donoM navayuvakoM ne isa vidyApITha meM adhyayana karate hue bauddhadharma kA paryApta jJAna arjita kara liyA thA / . 22 bauddha guru eka dina diGnAga kRta anekAnta khaNDana kA koI prakaraNa par3hA rahe the| pATha kI kisI azuddhi ke kAraNa pATha ko samajhane aura samajhAne meM rukAvaTa A rahI thI / ataH usa dina par3hAne kA avakAza kara vaha ghara cale ge| rAtri ko akalaMka ne kisI ko batAe binA apanI pratyutpannamati se usa pATha ko zuddha kara diyA / . prAtaH kAla zuddha pATha dekhakara gurujI kA mAthA ThanakA aura unheM chadma veSa meM kisI jaina chAtra kI upasthiti kA sandeha ho gyaa| patA lagAne ke lie aneka upAya kie gae (1) sabase zapatha lI gaI, kintu bheda nahIM khulaa| (2) eka. jainamUrti ko lAMghane ke lie kahA gayA / akalaMka ne apane uttarIya se eka dhAgA nikAlakara mUrti ke Upara DAla diyA aura ve donoM bhAI use sarAgI mAnakara usakA ullaMghana kara ge| yaha kArya cUMki palaka jhapakate ho gayA, isalie isa rahasya ko koI bhI na jAna sakA / (3) rAtri meM jaba sabhI chAtra gaharI nIMda meM the, taba acAnaka chata se kAse ke bartana nIce girAe ge| teja jhannATedAra AvAja se kisI Asanna saMkaTa kI AzaMkA se bhayabhIta sabhI chAtra jahAM 'buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi' kA jApa karane lage, vahAM akalaMka-nikalaMka ke mukha se NamokAra mantra nikala rahA thA / paMcanamaskAra mantra ke smaraNa aura uccAraNa se jaina rUpa meM unakI pahacAna ho gaI aura unheM kArAgAra meM banda kara diyA gyaa| kisI yukti se dvArapAloM kI nigAhoM se bacate hue ye donoM bhAI kArAgAra se bhAga nikle| rAjAjJA se inheM pakar3ane aura mArane ke lie azvArohI sainika bheje gae nikalaMka ne apane prANoM kI cintA na kara akalaMka se jinadharma kI sevArtha apanI prANa-rakSA karane kI sAzru nayanoM se prArthanA kii| nikaTastha sarovara meM sthira ghane kamala-patroM ke pIche chipakara akalaMka ne apane ko bacA liyA / brahma nemidatta ne likhA

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jinazAsana-prabhAvaka AcArya akalaMkadeva hai ki unhoMne kamala-patroM ke bahAne jina-zAsana kI hI zaraNa lI thii| bhAgate hue nikalaMka aura pAsa AtI ghor3oM kI TApoM kI AvAja ko sunakara kapar3e dho rahA dhobI Dara gayA aura vaha bhI nikalaMka ke sAtha bhAgane lgaa| azvArohiyoM ne unheM akalaMkanikalaMka samajhakara mauta ke ghATa utAra diyaa| vIra nikalaMka ne apane isa balidAna se dharma-prabhAvanA kI pIThikA para apane yaza-gaurava ke amiTa cihna aMkita kara itihAsa meM sadA-sadA ke lie apanA nAma likha diyaa| zAstrArthoM meM abhUtapUrva vijaya : ___ kaliMga deza ke ratnasaMcayapura ke pallavavaMzI rAjA himazItala cAlukya-samrATa pulakezI dvitIya ke samakAlIna aura bauddhaguru saMghazrI ke ziSya the| inakI rAnI madanasundarI bar3I dharmAtmA aura jinadharma parAyaNA thii| phAlguna kI aSTAhnikA meM usane jinendra bhagavAn kI virATa rathayAtrA nikAlane kA vicAra kiyA, kintu bauddhaguru ne yaha zarta lagavA dI ki unheM zAstrArtha meM harAe binA ratha nahIM nikala sktaa| rAnI ke sAmane eka bar3A dharma-saMkaTa upasthita ho gyaa| usane satyAgraha kA sahArA liyA aura pratijJA kI ki jaba taka koI jaina vidvAn bauddhaguru se zAstrArtha ke lie sahamata nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha AhAra grahaNa nahIM kregii| jainavidyA ke dhuraMdhara vidvAn akalaMka ne yaha sunA to vaha ratnasaMcayapura Ae aura unhoMne zAstrArtha ke lie apanI svIkRti pradAna kii| akalaMkadeva ke syAdvAda mahAnyAya ke sAmane pahale dina hI saMgha-zrI kA pasInA chUTane lgaa| unake akATya tarkoM kA koI uttara unase dete nahIM bnaa| usane bauddha devI tArA ko siddha kiyA huA thaa| dUsare dina se usake AhvAna para tArAdevI ghaTa meM sthita hokara parde ke pIche se zAstrArtha karane lgii| zAstrArtha chaha mAha taka calatA rhaa| daivI zakti ke sAmane bhI akalaMka bhArI par3a rahe the| anta meM cakrezvarI devI ne prakaTa hokara akalaMka ko kucha dizA-nirdeza die aura usakA anusaraNa karane para isa SaDyantra kA bhAMDA phUTa gyaa| tArAdevI bhAga khar3I huI aura jainadharma kI vijaya-patAkA phaharAne lgiiN| .. zAstrArtha meM vijaya-prApti ke bAda jaina ratha gAje-bAje se niklaa| rAjA himazItala ne apanI sampUrNa prajA ke sAtha jainadharma ke svIkAra karane kI ghoSaNA kii| adbhuta aura abhUtapUrva dharma-prabhAvanA huii| ... rASTrakUTa vaMzI rAjA sahanatuMga kI rAjasabhA meM bhI AcArya akalaMkadeva ne bauddha vidvAnoM ko vAda meM parAsta kiyA aura usake bAda unhoMne sampUrNa bhArata meM ghUma-ghUmakara jainadharma kA pracAra kiyaa| zAstrArtha meM parAjita hokara adhikAMza bauddha jaina

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna 2 ho ge| jo zeSa raha gae, ve loga laMkA Adi sudUra dezoM meM jAkara basa ge| isa diggaja vAda-kezarI ke vijaya evaM pracAra abhiyAna para apanA abhimata vyakta karate hue brahma ajitasena ne 'hanumaccarita' meM likhA hai akalaMkaguru yAdakalaMkapadezvaraH / bauddhAnAM buddhi-vaidhvy-diikssaagururudaahRtH|| . arthAt jinake sAmane bauddha vidvAnoM kI buddhi vidhavA-jaisI dazA ko prApta ho gaI, ve bauddhoM kI buddhi ko vaidhavya dIkSA dene vAle akalaMka pada ke adhipati akalaMka guru jayavanta hoN| AcArya akalaMkadeva kA kRtitva : AcArya samantabhadra ke suyogya uttarAdhikArI AcArya akalaMkadeva ne eka ora to zAstrArthoM ke dvArA jainadarzana kA sahI rUpa prastuta kara samasta AkSepoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora aneka mahAn granthoM kI racanA kara jaina bhAratI ko samRddha bnaayaa| unake dvArA racita grantha do prakAra ke haiM- (1) tattvArthavArtika evaM (2) assttshtii| mUla grantha cAra haiM- (1) laghIyastraya, (2) nyAyavinizcaya (3) siddhi vinizcaya evaM (4). prmaann-sNgrh| ina cAroM para hI unakI svopajJa vRttiyAM bhI haiN| ye sabhI grantha kitane gUDha, gahana, saMkSipta aura arthabahula haiM, isakA patA isa bAta se lagatA hai ki ina para paravartI AcAryoM ne bar3e-bar3e bhASya likhe haiN| unake sabhI granthoM meM prameya viSayoM kI carcA to mahattvapUrNa hai hI, pramANoM ke varNana aura vargIkaraNa kA unakA kArya adhika maulika aura mahattva kA hai unakI racanAoM meM SaTdarzanoM kA gambhIra aura sUkSma cintana milatA hai| anekAnta siddhAnta kI sArthakatA ko sapramANa siddha karane vAle talasparzI pANDitya ke dhanI AcArya akalaMkadeva jainadarzana kI gaurava-garimA ko surakSita rakhane ke lie vidhi ke eka apUrva varadAna kI taraha haiN| zilAlekhoM meM unheM tarkabhUvallbha, mahardhika, samastavAdakarIndradarponmUlaka, akalaMka-bhAnu, sakalatArkikacandracUr3AmaNi sarIkhe mahAn vizeSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| vaha apane samaya ke eka yuga-nirmAtA mahApuruSa the| bAla brahmacArI : bacapana meM apane mAtA-pitA ke sAtha eka bAra unhoMne jaina muni zrI ravigupta mahArAja ke darzana kie the aura unake upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara unhoMne ATha dina ke lie brahmacarya vrata liyA thA, kintu isa asidhArA vrata kA niraticAra nirvAha unhoMne

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jinazAsana-prabhAvaka AcArya akalaMkadeva AjIvana kiyaa| una sarIkhA dRr3hapratijJavyaktitva biralA hI hotA hai| 'AtmA prabhAvanIyo ratnatrayatejasA satatameva' kI antaraMga prabhAvanA kI vyAkhyA ko unhoMne apane AcaraNa meM utAra liyA thaa| apratima prabhAvaka AcArya : isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya akalaMkadeva ne apane kRtitva aura kartRtva -donoM se dharma kI mahatI prabhAvanA kii| usakI sugandha Aja bhI dasoM dizAoM meM vyApta hai| rAjavArttika meM unhoMne likhA hai ki tIna kAryoM se dharma kI prabhAvanA hotI hai 1.parasamayarUpI juganuoM ke prakAza ko parAbhUta karane vAle jJAna ravi kI prabhA se 2.indra ke siMhAsana ko kaMpA dene vAle samyak tapazcaraNa se tathA 3.bhavyajanarUpI kamaloM ko vikasita karane ke lie sUrya-prabhA ke samAna saddharma kA prakAza karane se| AcArya akalaMkadeva ke jIvana meM ye tInoM hI bAteM sAkAra huI haiN| niHsandeha vaha apratima jinazAsana-prabhAvaka AcArya the| hama sabako bhI deva-durlabha isa mAnava-jIvana ko isa taraha jInA cAhie ki jisase jinadharma kI prabhAvanA ho|

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AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vizeSaNa evaM upAdhiyA~ DaoN0 kapUracaMda jaina __ jainanyAya ke pitAmaha prakhara tArkika, sakalatArkikacakracUDAmaNi, jinAdhIza, azeSakutarkavibhramatamonirmUlonmUlaka-tArkika-lokamastakamaNi, samadarzIvArtikakAra, syAdvAdavidyAdhipati, tarkabhUvallabha, vAdisiMha, syAdvAdAmoghAjihe, tArkika-cakrezvara-tArAvijetA, jinasamayadIpaka, jinamatakuvalayazazAMka, jinazAsanAlaMkartA, mahAmati bhaTTAkalaMka, saugatAdi-. khaNDanakartA, samantAdakalaMkaH, zAstravimunInAM agresaraH, sUri, mithyAndhakAra - vinAzakaH, akhilArthaprakAzakaH, syAdvAdanyAyavAdi, azeSakutarkavibhramatamonirmUlanakartA agAMdha-. kunItisaritzoSakaH, syAdvAdakiraNaprasArakaH, akalaMkabhAnuH, tarkAbz2Arka, vidvadyamaNinAlaH pramANavettA, narasurendravandanIyaH tArkikalokamastakamaNiH, samastamatakAdikarIndradarpamunmUlakaH, syAdvAdakesarI, paMcAnana, akalaMkazazAMkaH, parahitAvadAnadIkSitaH, vRttikAra, vigalitatimirAdikalaMkaH, nirastagrahoparAgAdyupadravaH, vigalitajJAnAvaraNAdidravyakarmAtmakalaMkaH, sakalatArkikacUDAmaNi, jinatulyaH, yugapravartaka, vAdavijetA, akalaMkadhIH, bhASyakAraH, akalaMkabrahma, bauddhabuddhivaidhavyadIkSAgurUH, sakalatArkikacakracUDAmaNimarIcimecakitanakhakiraNaH Adi upAdhiyoM se alaMkRta akalaMkadeva ne kisa kAla meM bhArata vasundharA ko apane janma se pavitra banAyA thA, yaha 'idamitthaM' kaha pAnA Aja bhI sambhava nahIM hai| hamAre prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhavya jIvoM ke kalyANa kA mArga prazasta karane, kuvAdiyoM ke kutarka-prAsAdoM ko dhvasta karane, jaina dharma-nyAya ko vizvavijayI banAne ke bAda bhI apane sandarbha meM kahIM kucha ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| ise kAla kA prabhAva kahA jAye yA una AcAryoM/vidvAnoM/itihAsavidoM/AlocakoM kI nispRhtaa| phira bhI vidvAnoM ne unake pUrvApara prasaMgoM/ ullekhoM ke AdhAra para unakA samaya nirdhArita karane kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai| akalaMkadeva ke samaya ke sandarbha meM na kevala bhAratIya vidvAnoM apitu pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI paryApta gaveSaNA kI hai| videzI vidvAnoM meM DaoN0 pITarsana, DaoN0 luisa rAisa, DA0 ema0 vinTaranitja, DA0 e0 bI0 kItha, DA0 epha0 DablyU0 thaoNmasa Adi * adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga, kundakunda mahAvidyAlaya, khataulI (u0pra0)

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AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vizeSaNa evaM upAdhiyA~ ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM DA0 ke0 bI0 pAThaka, DA0 satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa, DaoN0 Ara0 jI0 bhANDArakara, paM0 nAthUrAma premI, paM0 kAmatAprasAda, paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, DaoN0 bI0 esa0 sAletora, paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra, paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, DaoN0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, DaoN0 jyotiprasAda jaina Adi ne isa viSaya meM gahana adhyayana kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM do mata pramukha rUpa se sAmane Ate haiN| prathama mata ke anusAra akalaMka kA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI hai| isake samarthaka paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, zrIkaSTa zAstrI, Ara0 narasiMhAcArya, paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra, DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, DaoN0 jyotiprasAda Adi hai| dvitIya mata ke anusAra akalaMka kA samaya AThavIM zatI kA uttarArdha hai| isa mata ko mAnane vAloM meM paM0 nAthUrAma premI, DaoN0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, DaoN0 ke0 bI0 pAThaka, DaoN0 kItha, DaoN0 thAmasa, DaoN0 bhANDArakara Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya hai| .. akalaMka ke jIvana kA sabase mahattvapUrNa prasaMga unake dvArA jainadharma kI rakSA kiyA jAnA hai, jisameM unake bhAI nikalaMka kA prANotsarga atyanta mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| akalaMka dvArA bauddhoM se zAstrArtha kara unheM parAjita karanA tathA tArAdevI jo parade ke pIche ghaTa meM vidyamAna thIM aura zAstrArtha kara rahI thIM, ke ghaTa ko naSTa karanA bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| .. - paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI ne akalaMka ko dakSiNa bhArata kA nivAsI batAyA hai| unhoMne kathAkoSa meM AI akalaMka viSayaka kathAoM kA, mAnyakheTa Adi ke sandarbha ko lekara usakI prAmANikatA meM sandeha vyakta kiyA hai| paM0 jI ke anusAra akalaMka rAjaputra the aura unake pitA kA nAma laghuhavva thaa|' jaina nyAyazAstra ko jo yogadAna akalaMkadeva ne diyA hai vaha apanA udAharaNa Apa hai| una jaisA tArkika zAyada hI jainanyAya ke itihAsa meM koI ho| unake dvArA dI gaI pramANa vyavasthA ko digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM ne apanIapanI pramANa-mImAMsA viSayaka kRtiyoM meM binA kisI hera-phera ke svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva kI kRtiyoM meM tattvArthavArtika (aparanAma tattvArthavArtikavyAkhyAlaMkAra, rAjavArtika yA tattvArtharAjavArtika), aSTazatI, laghIyastraya (savRtti), nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya (savRtti) aura pramANa-saMgraha upalabdha haiN| inake atirikta svarUpa-saMbodhana, akalaMka-stotra, akalaMka-pratiSThApATha aura akalaMka prAyazcitta upalabdha kintu vivAdagrasta kRtiyA~ haiN| 1. nyAyakumudacandra kI prastAvanA, pR0 27

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28 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna * akalaMkadeva kI nirvivAda vidvattA, tArkikatA aura nyAyazAstra vizeSataH jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM apratima avadAna ke kAraNa paravartI aneka AcAryoM ne unakA ullekha bar3e hI sammAna ke sAtha kiyA hai, sAtha hI aneka upAdhiyoM se unheM alaMkRta kiyA hai| vizeSataH dakSiNa bhArata ke karnATaka pradeza meM sthita aneka mandiroM-bastiyoM meM utkIrNa vibhinna zilAlekhoM meM akalaMka kA nAma bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vizruta paramparA meM gaurava ke sAtha liyA gayA hai| aneka granthoM meM unake nAma kA ullekha bar3e hI sammAna ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| inameM aneka upAdhiyoM ke sAtha unakA ullekha hai, yahA~ kucha upAdhiyoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| hummaca ke paJcabasti-prAMgaNa meM 1077 I0 meM likhita saMskRta tathA kannaDa bhASAmaya lekha meM unheM 'syAdvAdAmoghajihe' tathA 'vAdisiMha' upAdhiyoM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai|' kallUra guDDa (zimogA paraganA) meM siddhezvara mandira kI pUrva dizA meM par3e hue pASANa para utkIrNa lekha meM akalaMka ko 'tArkika cakrezvara' ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA, gayA hai| yaha zilAlekha 1121 I0 kA hai| candragiri parvata kI pArzvanAtha vasadi meM eka stambha para likhita malliSeNa prazasti (zaka saM0 1050) meM akalaMka kI tArA-vijetA ke rUpa meM stuti kI gaI hai| yathA 'tArA yena vinirjitA ghaTa-kuTI gUDhAvatArA samaM bauddhairyo dhRta-pITha-pIDita kudRgdevAstasevAJjaliH / prAyazcittamivAMghri vArijaraja-snAnaM ca yasyAMcarat doSANAM sugatasya kasya viSayo devAkalaMkaH kRtIH / / ukta zilAlekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne rAjA himazItala kI sabhA meM bauddhoM ko parAsta kiyA thaa| jaisA ki akalaMkadeva ne svayaM kahA hai 'nAhaMkAravazIkRtena manasA na dveSiNAM kevalaM nairAtmyaM pratipadya nazyati jane kAruNyabuddhyA myaa| rAjJaH zrIhimazItalasya sadasi prAyo vidagdhAtmano bauddhAnyAnsakalAnvijitya sugataH pAdena visphottitH|| belUra ke zaka saM0 1056 ke zilAlekha meM unheM 'jina-samaya-dIpaka' kahA gayA 1. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, dvitIya bhAga 213, pRSTha 263 2. vahI,dvi0 bhAga, 277, pR0 416 3. vahI, pra0 bhAga, pRSTha 104 4. vahI, pra0 bhAga, pRSTha 105

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AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vizeSaNa evaM upAdhiyA~ hai|' tArA vijetA ke rUpa meM unakI stuti bogadi (1145 I0) ke eka bhagna zilAlekha meM bhI kI gaI hai| hummaca ke 1147 I0 ke eka khambhe para utkIrNa saMskRta-kannaDa bhASAmaya zilAlekha meM unhe 'jinamatakuvalayazazAMka' kahA gayA hai| candragiri parvata ke hI mahAnavamI maMDapa ke stambha para utkIrNa eka zilAlekha meM akalaMkadeva ko 'mahAmati' aura 'jinazAsanAlaM kartA' kahA gayA hai| yaha lekha zaka saM0 1085 kA hai| joDi vasavanapura meM huNDi-sidarana cikka ke kheta meM pAye gaye saMskRta-kannaDa bhASAmaya 1183 I0 ke zilAlekha meM akalaMka ko apanI prabala zAstrArtha vijayoM ke dvArA bauddha paNDitoM ko mRtyu taka kA AliMgana karAne vAlA batAyA gayA hai| yathA 'tasyAkalaMkadevasya mahimA kena vrnnyte| yad vAkyakhaMgaghAtena hato buddho vibuddhisaH / / ___ vindhyagiri parvata siddharavasti meM uttara kI ora eka stambha para utkIrNa zilAlekha meM akalaMkadeva ko 'bhaTTAkalaMka', 'saugatAdi khaNDana kartA' tathA 'samantAdakalaMkaH' kahA hai| yathA "bhaTTAkalaMko'kRtaH saugatAdidurvAkyapaMkassakalaMkabhUtaM ___ jagatsvanAmeva vidhAtumuccaiH sArtha samantAdakalaMkameva / / . siddharabasti ke hI eka anya stambhalekha meM akalaMka ko 'zAstravid munInAM agresara' 'sUri' 'mithyAndhakAra vinAzaka' aura 'akhilArthaprakAzaka' kahA gayA hai| yathA / 'tataH paraM zAstravidAM muniinaamgresro'bhuudklNksuuriH| - mithyAndhakArasthagitAkhilArthAM, prakAzitAyasya vcomyuukhaiH||' soMdA (uttara kannaDa) maisUra ke 1607 I0 ke eka zilAlekha meM 'syAdvAdanyAyavAdi' ke rUpa meM akalaMka stuta haiN| - inake atirikta iMcavAdi (maisUra) ke 10vIM zatI ke, sukadare (hoNakeTI paraganA) 1. vahI, tR0 bhAga, 350 2. vahI, tR0 bhAga pR0 46 3. vahI, tR0 bhAga pR0 66 .4. vahI, pra0 bhAga pR024 5. vahI, tR0 bhAga pR0206 6. vahI, tR0 bhAga pR0165 7. vahI, pra0 bhAga pR0211 8. vahI, pra0 bhAga pR0 338

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ke 1020 I0, vAdAmI 1036, yallAdahalli 1054 I0, kaDavatti 1060 I, bandalike 1074 I0, balagAmbe 1077 I0, Alahatli 1120 I0, cAmarAjanagara 1117 I0, kallUraguDDa 1121 I0, callagrAma zaka saM0 1047, velUra 1056 (zaka) Adi lagabhaga 500 zilAlekhoM meM akalaMka kA nAma bar3e sammAna ke sAtha liyA gayA hai| akalaMka kA paravartI jaina sAhitya to unake guNAnuvAda se bharA par3A hai| aura ho bhI kyoM na, jainanyAya ko unakA avadAna apratima hai, jainadharma kI rakSA karane vAloM meM una jaisA udAharaNa itihAsa meM dUsarA nahIM miltaa| kuvAdiyoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAsta karane vAle akalaMka hama sabhI ke vandanIya haiN| akalaMka ke granthoM ke TIkAkAroM ne unakA nAma jisa sammAna ke sAtha liyA hai, usake ve zata-pratizata adhikArI haiN| nyAyakumudacandrakartA AcArya prabhAcandra ne akalaMka ko 'azeSakutarkavibhramatamonirmUlanakartA' 'agAdhakunItisaritzoSaka' 'syAdvAdakiraNaprasArakaH,' 'samastamatavAdikarIndradarpa- munmUlakaH' 'syAdvAdakesarI' 'paMcAnana' Adi alaMkaraNoM se alaMkRta kiyA hai| yathA 'yenA'zeSakutarkavibhramatamonirmUlamunmUlitam... sphArAgAdhakunItisArthasarito niHzeSataH shossitaaH| syAdvAdApratisUryabhUtakiraNaiH vyAptaM jagat sarvataH sa zrImAnakalaMka-bhAnurasamo jIyAt jinendraH prabhuH / / itthaM samastamatavAdikarIndradarpamunmUlayannamalamAnadRDhaprahAraiH / syAdvAdakesarasadAzatatIvramUrtiH paMcAnano bhuvi jayatyakalaMkadeva / / ' laghIyastraya tAtparyavRtti meM amaracandrasUri ne akalaMka ko 'jinAdhIza'-sakala tArkikacakracUDAmaNiH, 'akalaMkazazAMkaH' Adi vizeSaNoM se yukta batAyA hai| siddhivinizcaya TIkA meM anantavIryAcArya ne anya vizeSaNoM ke sAtha hI unheM 'parahitAvadhAnadIkSita' aura 'samadarzI' kahA hai| nyAyavinizcaya-vivaraNa meM vAdirAjasUri ne unheM 'tArkikalokamastakamaNi' upAdhi se smaraNa kiyA hai| AptamImAMsA para bhASya likhane vAle AcArya vidyAnanda ne aSTasahanI meM akalaMka ko 'vRttikAra' 'vigalitatimirAdikalaMkaH' 'nirastagrahoparAgAdyupadravaH' 'vigalitajJAnAvaraNAdidravya-karmAtmakalaMkaH' Adi alaMkaraNoM se alaMkRta kiyA hai| laghu samantabhadra ne bhI unheM 'sakalatArkikacUDAmaNi' 'bhaTTAkalaMkadeva' 'vArtikakAra' 1. nyAyakumudacandra, pR0 521 tathA 604 2. laghIyastraya tAtparyavRtti, pR018, 66, 73, 103 Adi 3. siddhivinizcaya TIkA, pRSTha 260 4. nyAyavinizcaya-vivaraNa, pR0 366 5. aSTasahana, aneka pRSTa

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AcArya akalaMkadeva ke vizeSaNa evaM upAdhiyA~ 'bhASyakAra' Adi ke rUpa meM unakI stuti kI hai / ' uttaravartI aneka AcAryoM/ kaviyoM / lekhakoM ne unheM mahAn tArkika, dArzanika, vAdavijetA, adbhuta prabhAva sampanna, jinatulya, yugapravartaka, tArkika, lokamastakamaNi, tarkabhUvallabha, akalaMkadhI, bauddhabuddhivaidhavyadIkSAguruH, vidvahRdayamaNimAlA, narasurendravandanIya, tarkAbjArkapramANavettA Adi ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA hai / 31 isa viSaya meM aura adhika vistAra se adhyayana kiyA jAya to akalaMka ke agAdhaM pANDitya ke sandarbha meM naye-naye tathya udghaTita ho sakate haiM / 1. aSTasahasra TippaNa, pR0 1, 2, 80 Adi

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kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva ___paM0 zivacarana lAla jaina ekAntavAdInnaiyAyikAdIn, syAdvAdasiddhAntabalena jitvaa| yaH dharmarakSAmakarot sa sanmate, mithyAndhakAraM dUraM kuSca / / akalaMkaH gururjiiyaannynyaayvidaaNvrH| sakalaMka-pramANaM yaH niSkalaMkamupAkarot / / praNamAmi jJAnasAgaramakalaMka-nayaprabhAvakartAram / sampratyuttaradeze vilasati nayajJeSu yaH samyak / / jinhoMne naiyAyika Adi ekAntavAdiyoM ko syAdvAda siddhAnta ke bala se vijita kara dharmarakSA kI, aise he tIrthaMkara sanmati deva! mithyAtva rUpa andhakAra ko dUra kiijie| jo naya aura nyAyavidyA ke jJAtAoM meM zreSTha haiM evaM jinhoMne (ekAntavAda se dUSita) sakalaMka pramANa-vidyA ko niSkalaMka arthAt anekAnta ke prayoga se nirmala kiyA, ve AcArya akalaMkadeva se sadaiva ciraMjIvI hoN| -- maiM una cAritra se niSkalaMka, nirdoSa AcaraNa vAle pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja ko praNAma karatA hU~ jo jaina nayavAda ke prabhAvanAkartA haiM evaM jo vartamAna meM uttaradeza meM nayajJa vidvAnoM ke madhya samyak suzobhita haiN| ' antima tIrthakartA vizvavaMdya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anekAnta zAsana kI jo avicchinna dhArA adyAvadhi prazasta rUpa se pravAhita ho rahI hai, usameM paramparAcAryoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| gautama gaNadhara ke dvArA graMthita jinavANI ko surakSita evaM pallavita rUpa meM hama taka pahu~cAne kA bhAgIratha prayatna zrutadhara evaM sArasvatAcAryoM dvArA yadi na kiyA gayA hotA to hama jaina-siddhAntoM se paricita na hote| darzana-dharma, AcAra-vicAra aura saMskRti hI naSTa ho gaI hotii| isI koTi meM prAtaHsmaraNIya, jinasiddhAnta-prabhAvaka evaM kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva kA sthAna prathama paMkti meM virAjita AcAryoM ke madhya sthApita karanA susaMgata hogaa| AcArya akalakadeva meM darzana aura siddhAnta donoM kA saMgama thaa| ve lekhanI aura vANI ke samAna rUpa se vaibhavazAlI the| itihAsa ke pRSTa isa viSaya ke sAkSI haiM ki sAtavIM zatAbdI kA yaha mahAn santa kisa prakAra apane balidAnI vyaktitva ke pariveza meM jinazAsana ke mAhAtmya ko sUrya ke samAna prakAzita kara mokSamArga meM

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kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva 33 gatimAn ho gyaa| sarasvatI-varadAna se vibhUSita zreSTha putra ke rUpa meM pramANita hokara ke lekhakoM meM agraNI evaM vAdIgaNa ke madhya siMha kI bhAMti pratIta hote haiN| vAdIbhasiMha upAdhi ke ve sArthaka kIrtimAn the| ____ unake jIvanavRtta ke viSaya meM aitihAsika vibhinnatAyeM dRSTigocara hotI haiN| kathAkoSa ke anusAra akalaMka mAnyakheTa ke rAjA zubhatuMga ke maMtrI puruSottama ke putra the| rAjabalikathe meM unheM kAMcI ke jinadAsa brAhmaNa kA putra ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| tatvArthavArtika ke prathama adhyAya ke anta meM upalabdha prazasti se ve rAjA laghuhavva ke punna haiM jinakA paricaya aprApta hai| samagra itihAsa kA saMkSepa meM sAra yaha hai ki ve dakSiNa deza ke nivAsI the| bAlyAvasthA se hI akalaMka aura niSkalaMka donoM bhAiyoM ne munirAja ke dharmopadeza se AjIvana brahmacarya-vrata lekara vidyAdhyayana kiyaa| kAMcI meM bauddha vidyAlaya meM chaDmaveza meM SaDdarzana evaM vizeSa rUpa se bauddhadarzana meM pAraMgata ho gye| kAraNavaza chadma vidita ho jAne para niSkalaMka kA balidAna huaa| yena-kena prakAreNa akalaMka baca nikle| unhoMne nirgrantha dIkSA aMgIkAra kara sudhApura ke dezIya gaNa kA AcArya pada suzobhita kiyaa| unakA abhipreta thA jainadarzana kA sarvatomukhI prcaar| vAda-vivAda ke usa yuga meM vizeSa rUpa se unhoMne bauddhoM se zAstrArtha kara unheM parAjita kiyaa| ve pratyeka sthala para. saphala rhe| cAhe rAjA sahasatuMga kI sabhA kA prasaMga ho, cAhe zaivoM dvArA prArthanA kiye jAne para rAjA himazItala kI sabhA meM bauddhadevI tArA se vAda kA avsr| sabhI meM akalaMka ne apanI advitIya vAda-pratibhA se bauddhoM ko parAjita kara jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA kii| samasta jaina samudAya ke kolhU meM pere jAne kI zarta lagane para unhoMne jisa adamya sAhasa, vIratA, dUradarzitA aura tarka-kauzala kA paricaya dekara jainadharma, samAja kI rakSA evaM prabhAvanA kI, vaha ghaTanA-cakra jaina dharma ke itihAsa kA svarNima pRSTha hai| vijayI hone para akalaMka ne bauddhoM ko kSamA pradAna kii| ahiMsA kA pratipAlaka sAdhu bauddhoM ko kolhU meM pera diye jAne para kaise sahamata ho sakatA thaa| prabhAvanA kA artha to hRdaya parivartana mAtra hai| vastutaH akalaMka vAdavidyA meM siMha ke samAna nirbhIka-vRtti vAle the| granthoM aura zilAlekhoM meM unake prati upAdhiyoM kA bhaNDAra prApta hotA hai, ve prazaMsA ke kendra-bindu haiN| laghu samantabhadra ne aSTasahasrI kI utthAnikA meM unheM "sakalatArkikacakra* cUDAmaNi-marIcimecakitacaraNanakhakiraNa' vizeSaNa se ThIka hI vibhUSita kiyA hai|' 1. aSTasahasrI anuvAda, AryikA jJAnamatIkRta, pRSTha 2

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna T nyAyamUrti akalaMka - dvAdazAMga ke antima aMga dRSTivAda ke pUrvagata bheda ke antargata "jJAnapravAda" nAma kA paMcama pUrva hai / usameM nyAya kA viSaya garbhita hai / isameM. pramANa, naya, nikSepa kA svasamaya - parasamaya, 363 prakAra ke ekAnta, SaDdarzana, anekAnta-syAdvAda aura nyAya ke vividha rUpa Adi kA varNana hai, isI meM se akalaMka deva kA priya viSaya avatarita huA hai| jainanyAya ke sarvaprathama prastotA yA sArvajanika rUpa meM saMsthApaka A0 samantabhadra kahe jAte haiM / unake dvArA nyAya taruNa avasthA ko prApta kara cukA thA use yauvana ke ubhAra para lAne kA zreya bhaTTa upAdhi prApta akalaMka deva ko hai / prakRta hetuvidyA yA pramANavidyA, jise AnvIkSikI, nyAya, tarka Adi nAmoM se ullikhita kiyA jAtA hai, ke pracAraka evaM poSaka akalaMkadeva hI haiN| unakA sarvAMga hI nyAyapUrita thA, unheM nyAyamUrti kahanA prAsaMgika hogA / akalaMka ne samantabhadra svAmI N ke kArya ko unnati ke zikhara para sthApita kiyaa| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina - paramparA meM yadi samantabhadra jainanyAya ke dAdA haiM to akalaMka pitaa| ye bar3e prakhara tArkika aura dArzanika the| bauddhadarzana meM jo sthAna dharmakIrti ko prApta hai, jainadarzana meM vahI sthAna akalaMkadeva kA hai|' jaise adhyAtma ke kSetra meM nirgrantha jaina- AmnAya ko kundakunda - AmnAya kahA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jainanyAya ko akalaMka - nyAya ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai| mahAkavi dhanaMjaya ne akalaMka ke pramANa kI prazaMsA karate hue ucita hI kahA haipramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lakSaNam / dhanaMjayakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam / / 34 arthAt akalaMkadeva kA pramANa, pUjyapAda kA lakSaNa aura dhanaMjaya kavi kA kAvya (dvisandhAna) apazcima ratna haiM / akalaMkadeva kI TIkAyeM va svataMtra grantha- jaina vAGmaya meM akalaMka kuzala TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM eka viziSTa sthAna nirmita karate hue avatarita hote haiN| yadyapi unhoMne svataMtra granthoM ke rUpa meM laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANa-saMgraha nAmaka nyAya viSayaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai, tathApi una para svopajJa vRtti aura bhASya likhakara unheM TIkA grantha bhI banA diyA hai| unheM maulika evaM TIkA- donoM hI sAhityika vidhAoM meM lekhana kA pratibhApUrNa adhikAra thA / Azcarya yaha thA ki unake TIkA grantha maulika jJAta hote haiM evaM maulika grantha sabhASya hone se TIkA grantha 1. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA dvitIya khaNDa, pRSTha 300 2 nAmamAlA

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kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva jAna par3ate haiN| vartamAna meM unake do TIkAgrantha upalabdha haiM- 1. tattvArthavArtika aura . 2. assttshtii| inakI anya svataMtra kRtiyAM haiM, svarUpa-sambodhana, vRhattrayam, nyAya-cUlikA, akalaMka-stotra / ina racanAoM se jAna par3atA hai ki inakA Agama aura adhyAtma-donoM kSetroM meM prabala praveza thaa| sabhASya laghIyastraya- tIna laghu prakaraNoM ke samAveza ke kAraNa isakA nAma laghIyastraya sArthaka rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| pramANa, naya, nikSepa ke viSaya ko A0 akalaMkadeva ne 78 kArikAoM meM varNita kiyA hai| yaha nyAya kA apUrva grantha hai| akalaMka ne anivArya rUpa se Avazyaka samajhakara vivRti bhI likhI hai, jisase viSaya pUrNa aura spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isa para A0 prabhAcandra ne 'nyAyakumudacandra' nAmaka vyAkhyA likhI hai| nyAyavinizcaya savRtti- isameM 480 kArikAyeM haiN| kArikAoM ke sAtha utthAnikA vAkya tathA viSaya saMketa rUpa vRtti likhakara A0 akalaMkadeva ne ati kliSTa, rUkSa, sUkSma aura gambhIra nyAya viSaya ko hRdayaMgama karane hetu prastuta kiyA hai| isakI A0 vAdirAjakRta TIkA "nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa" upalabdha hai| siddhivinizcaya savRtti- prastuta grantha meM 12 prastAvoM ke antargata pramANa, naya, nikSepa kA vivecana karate hue una prastAvoM ko siddha kiyA hai athavA prastAvoM ke dvArA viSaya siddhi kI gaI hai| paravAdiyoM para vijaya prApta karane hetu grantha ati upayogI hai| A0 anantavIrya ne isa para prasiddha TIkA likhI hai| : pramANasaMgraha savRtti- kula 6 prastAvoM aura 87-1/2 kArikAoM meM vibhakta pramANa viSayaka prastuta grantha apanI vizeSatA se nyAya jagat meM prasiddha hai| saMskRta gadya va padya meM nibaddha yaha racanA bahuta jaTila hai| svopajJa vRtti likhakara A0 akalaMkadeva . . ne viSaya ko spaSTa rUpa se hRdayaMgata karAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha kula 900 zloka pramANa hai| isa para A0 anantakIrti kI "pramANasaMgrahAlaMkAra" nAma kI saMskRta TIkA - tattvArthavArtika - jaina vAGmaya meM pratinidhi grantha ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta bahuAyAmI evaM caturanuyogI grantharAja A0 umAsvAmIkRta tatvArthasUtra kI mahatI mahimA hai| isa para A0 devanandI pUjyapAdakRta savArthasiddhi prasiddha TIkA hai| isI sarvAthasiddhi ko vRkSa meM bIja kI bhAMti pUrNatayA samAviSTa karate hue A0 akalaMkadeva ne tattvArthasUtra 1. jainendra siddhAntakoza

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ke pratyeka sUtra para vArtika rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI hai| yaha vRhad evaM vizada TIkA tattvArthavArtika ke nAma se prakhyAta hai| ise rAjavArtika bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha tarka, Agama aura anumAna dvArA jainadarzana ko spaSTa karane meM sakSama hai| isameM darzana evaM siddhAnta ke aneka viSayoM kI carcA ke sAtha vividha prakAra ke UhApoha aura mata-matAntaroM ke samAdhAna ke sAtha anekAntavAda kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai| ___jJAta hotA hai ki sarvArthasiddhi se avaziSTa evaM anivArya rUpa se apekSita viSayoM ko pUrA karane hetu akalaMkadeva ne tattvArthavArtika kI racanA kI hai, yaha gadyAtmaka hai| vArtikoM ko pRthak rUpa se likhakara una para artha-vyAkhyA rUpa svopajJa bhASya bhI prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| isI hetu unhoMne adhyAyoM kI samApti yA puSpikAoM meM ise 'tattvArthavArttikavyAkhyAnAlaMkAra' vizeSaNa diyA hai| yaha TIkA jainadarzana kA adhyayana karane hetu pUrNa rUpa se paryApta sAdhana hai| bhAratIya darzana sAhitya evaM vizeSatayA jaina darzana ke kSetra meM isa grantha kA viziSTa sthAna hai| isI ko AdhAra banAte hue akalaMka vAGmayarUpI kamala ke rasika A0 vidyAnanda ne "tattvArtha zlokavArtika" kI racanA kI hai| aSTazatI- tattvArthasUtra kI prathama TIkA nyAya ke mUrdhanyamaNi A0 samantabhadra ne gandhahasti mahAbhASya nAma se 84 hajAra zloka pramANa likhI thI jo samprati aprApta hai| isake aMzoM ko paravartI AcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM uddhRta kiyA hai| isakA maMgalAcaraNa mAtra "devAgama" nAmaka stotra 114 zlokoM meM nibaddha vartamAna meM upalabdha hai jo AcArya kI nyAya viSayaka pratibhA yA prabhAvanA evaM sadicchA kA paricAyaka hai| isa para A0 akalaMkadeva ne 800 zlokoM meM aSTazatI nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| yaha TIkA anekAntAtmaka jainadarzana kI sthApanA evaM prabhAvanA hetu samartha hai| isakI gUr3hatA evaM kliSTatA ko hRdayaMgama kara hI A0 vidyAnanda ne isa para aSTasahasrI vyAkhyA likhI hai, jisameM aSTazatI ke hArda ko kholane kA vizada prayAsa kiyA hai| akalaMka kI gambhIra zailI ko samajhane hetu aSTasahasrI kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| aSTasahasrI kA hindI anuvAda vartamAna meM pU0 gaNinI AryikA jJAnamatI mAtA jI ne kiyA hai| isa aSTasahasrI ko dezabhASA meM prakaTa karane hetu ve prazaMsanIya haiN| aSTazatI kA ekAdi vAkya dRSTavya hai| ____ "tena maNeH kaivalyameva malAdevaikalyam / karmaNo'pi vaikalyamAtmakaivalyamastyeva tato naatiprsjyte|" artha- maNi kA kevala apane svarUpa se rahanA hI malAdika se vikala honA hai, 1. devAgama, kArikA 4 kI TIkA

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kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva usI prakAra AtmA se karmoM kI vikalatA hI usakI kaivalyasvarUpa kI prApti hai, isalie atiprasaMga kA doSa nahIM AtA hai| A0 akalaMkadeva kuzala TIkAkAroM kI agrima paMkti meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate haiN| TIkA ke vibhinna rUpa - bhASya, vyAkhyAna, vArttika Adi prAyaH sabhI vidhAoM meM bhaTTAkalaMkadeva ne apanI kuzala TIkA - lekhana - pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| apane svatantra granthoM para bhI vRtti evaM bhASya lekhana kI unakI zailI se vidita hotA hai ki unakI abhiruci vizeSa rUpa se TIkA - lekhana kArya meM thI / ve pratyeka viSaya ko Agama, adhyAtma, nyAya aura darzana ke pariprekSya meM vizeSatayA spaSTa karate hue evaM pAThakoM ko usakA antastattva hRdayaMgama karAte hue dRSTigocara hote haiN| unake TIkA-kauzala ko katipaya nimna binduoM dvArA samajhA jA sakatA haiartha gAmbhIrya- akalaMka zabdazAstra ke samudra hI the / alpatama zabdoM meM bRhattama artha ko samAyojita karane meM ve nipuNa the| unake TIkAgrantha bhI vastutaH mUlagrantha sarIkhe jAna par3ate haiN| sAmAnya pAThaka unakI jaTila, durUha zailI kA hArda samajhane meM avazya hI kaThinAI kA anubhava karatA hai parantu yadi unakI TIkAoM kA adhyayana karane se pUrva tat-tad viSayoM kA sAmAnya jJAna pAThaka ko hotA hai to vaha saphala ho jAtA hai| viSaya pratipAdana hetu * akalaMkadeva ne sarala yA kliSTa jaisI zabdAvalI apekSita ho usakA prayoga mukta lekhanI se kiyA hai / punazca unakA mUla viSaya nyAya thA, ataH kliSTatA aura rUkSatA pratibhASita honA svAbhAvika hI hai / ataeva akalaMka . ke bhAva ko AtmasAt karanA zramasAdhya to kahA hI jAyegA, phira bhI abhyAsa karane artha- gAmbhIrya ko supAcya banAyA jA sakatA hai| 1 A0 anantavIrya kA nimna vAkya akalaMka ke grantha- gAmbhIrya kI prazaMsA tu * draSTavya hai 37 devasyAnantavIryo'pi padaM vyaktuM tu sarvataH / na jAnIte'kalaMkasya citrametadparaM bhuvi / / ' artha- yaha bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki anantavIrya (ananta balazAlI) bhI akalaMkadeva ke pardoM ko pUrNatayA vyakta karane meM asamartha haiN| tattvArthavArttika apekSAkRta sarala bhASA meM likhA gayA hai aura vistArapUrNa zailI ke kAraNa sugama hai| sAtha hI siddhAnta aura darzana ke viSayoM ko AcArya ne rocaka evaM prasanna zailI meM vyakta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 1. siddhivinizcaya TIkA

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna spaSTIkaraNa- akalaMkadeva apanI TIkAoM meM viSaya spaSTIkaraNa ke prati paga-paga para utsuka dRSTigata hote haiN| unakI TIkAyeM gulAba ke puSpa ke samAna haiM jisameM se adhisaMkhya artharUpa pAMkhur3iyA~ hI pAMkhur3iyA~ nikalatI jAtI haiN| kahIM-kahIM para TIkA ke darzana vistRta spaSTIkaraNa ke kAraNa hote haiM / svayaM unakA hI vArttika aura spaSTIkaraNa hetu usa para likhA gayA bhASya unakI TIkA kI vizeSatA hai / tattvArthavArtika meM samyagjJAna kA svarUpa sarvArthasiddhi ke lAkSaNika vAkya ko yathAvat samAviSTa karate hue ve likhate haiM 38 "nayapramANavikalpapUrvakau jIvAdyarthayAthAtmyAvagamaH samyagjJAnam / nayau ca pramANe ca nayapramANAni, teSAM vikalpAH nayapramANavikalpAH / dvau nayau dravyArthikazca paryAyArthikazca dve pramANe pratyakSaM parokSaM ca teSAM vikalpA naigamAdayo matyAdayazca vakSyante / puurvshbdsttkaarnnvaacii| nayapramANavikalpapUrvakau nayapramANavikalpahetuka ityarthaH / yena yena prakAreNa jIvAdayaH padArthAH avasthitAH tena tenAvagamaH jIvAdyarthayAthAtmyAvagamaH samyagjJAnam / moha-saMzaya-viparyaya-nivRtyarthaM smygvishessnnm.|"" * yahA~ para A0 pUjyapAda ke samyagjJAna ke lakSaNa ko aura adhika spaSTa karate hue naya aura pramANa ke bhedoM dvArA jIvAdi padArthoM ko yathAvasthita rupa meM jAnanA samyagjJAna nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| nayoM ke bheda dravyArthika- paryAyArthika tathA pramANa ke bheda pratyakSa - parokSa tathA prabhedoM kA bhI unhoMne ullekha kiyA hai| isase eka hI sthala para rekhAMkita sarvArthasiddhi aMza kA bhAva bar3e kauzala se hRdayaMgata karAyA hai| nyAya aura dArzanika viSayoM kA samAveza- A0 akalaMkadeva maulika rUpa se dArzanika bhASyakAra ke rUpa meM avatarita hue haiN| unhoMneM sAMkhya, vaizeSika, naiyAyika aura bauddhadarzana kI mAnyatAoM kA nirasana kara jainadarzana kI sthApanA kI hai| yaha unake svabhAva ke anurUpa hI hai| unakI TIkAyeM darzana - samIkSA ke pariveza meM aikAntika mAnyatAoM kA nirasana kara sApekSa vastu tattva kA darpaNavat darzana karAtI haiN| ve nyAya ke mahApaNDita evaM bhuktabhogI the / ataH dArzanika pANDitya kI jhalaka to sahaja rUpa se unakI TIkAoM meM avazyambhAvI hai / punazca unakA abhISTa pa0 pU0 A0 samantabhadra svAmI ke nyAya kA pallavana tathA paravAdiyoM para vijaya prApta kara jainadarzana kI dhvajA phaharAnA hI thaa| aSTazatI TIkA to sampUrNa rUpa se dArzanikatA se ota-prota hai hI, tattvArthavArtika meM bhI prathama va paJcama adhyAya ke antargata dArzanika vivaraNa, samIkSA evaM maMtavyoM ko samyak rUpeNa prakaTa kiyA hai| unakI TIkAyeM jainadarzana kI saMsthApita 1. tattvArtha vArtika, prathama adhyAya, sUtra 1

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kuzala TIkAkAra AcArya akalaMkadeva vedI kI bhAMti hI haiN| nyAya ke vividha pakSoM-pramANa, hetu Adi se jainadarzana kI siddhi - kA rUpa unakI TIkAoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| nimnasthala draSTavya hai ___ "nityatvaikAnte vikriyAbhAvAt jJAnavairAgyAbhAvaH / kSaNikaikAnte'pyavasthAnAbhAvAt jnyaanvairaagybhaavnaabhaavH|1 -sAMkhya ke nityatva ekAnta meM vikriyA kA abhAva hone se jJAna-vairAgya kA abhAva prApta hotA hai| bauddha ke ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM bhI avasthAna kI hAni se jJAna vairAgya kI bhAvanA kA abhAva prApta hotA hai| ___ Agamika evaM saiddhAntika tattvoM kI carcA- A0 akalaMkadeva agAdha Agama-jJAna ke dhanI the| ve SaTkhaNDAgama ke karma siddhAnta meM pAraMgata the| unake samaya meM dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi TIkAyeM nahIM thiiN| unhoMne maulika rUpa se paramparA prApta siddhAnta kA jJAnArjana kiyA thaa| tattvArthavArtika kI racanA isI kA pramANa hai| usameM karma-siddhAnta, dvAdazAMga, sAnnipAtikabhAva, caudaha mArgaNA, guNasthAna, Urdhva, madhya, adholoka kA svarUpa Adi kA vizada vyAkhyAna pAyA jAtA hai| isase unakI sUtra marmajJatA vidita hotI hai| udAharaNArtha prastuta hai, tatvArthavArttika kA aMza 'Aha coMdakaH jIvasthAne yogabhaMge saptavidhakAyayogasvAmiprarUpaNAyAm, "audArikakAyayogaH audArikamizrakAyayogazca tiryagmanuSyANAm, vaikriyikakAyayogoM vaikriyikamizrakAyayogazca devanArAkANAm / (SaT khnnddaagm)| . A0 vIrasena svAmI ne dhavalA ke antargata akalaMkadeva kA bahumAna ke sAtha : smaraNa kiyA hai| isase unake viziSTa siddhAntavid hone kI puSTi hotI hai| - anekAnta dRSTi kA samarthana- A0 akalaMkadeva apanI TIkAoM ke saphala prastotA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue haiN| ve pratyeka viSaya meM anekAnta dRSTi kA prayoga karate . haiN| tattvArthavArttika meM to 'anekAntAt' vArtika likhA hai| nayoM ke vividha rUpoM evaM saptabhaMgI kA varNana bar3A hRdayagrAhI hai| anekAnta kI siddhi meM ve niSNAta siddha hote haiN| nimna-sthala dekhie praznavazAdekasmin vastunyavirodhena vidhipratiSedhavikalpanA sptbhNgii| bhASya- ekasmin vastuni praznavazAd dRSTeneSTena ca pramANenAviruddhA vidhipratiSedha* vikalpanA saptabhaMgI bijnyeyaa| tadyathA syAd-ghaTaH, syAdaghaTaH syAd ghaTazcAghaTazca, syAdavaktavyaH syAd ghaTazcAvaktavyazca, syAdaghaTazcAvaktavyazca, syAd 1. tattvArthavArtika, 1/1, vArtika 56-57 2. tattvArthavArtika, 2/46

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ghaTazcA'ghaTazcAvaktavyazceti arpitaanrpitsiddherniruupyitvyaa|" pramANanayArpaNAbhedAt bhASya- ekAnto dvividhaH- samyagekAnto mithryakAnta iti| anekAnto'pi dvividhaH samyaganekAnto mithyAnekAnta iti| ...tatra samyagekAnto naya ityucyte| samyaganekAntaH prmaannm| nayArpaNAdekAnto bhavati ekanizcayapravaNatvAt pramANArpaNAdanekAnto bhavati aneknishcyaadhikrnntvaat|2 . A0 akalaMkadeva ne prAyaH anekAnta zailI kA prayoga karate hue vivAdoM ke nirAkaraNArtha vizada vyAkhyA kI hai| unake sabhI granthoM meM yaha bAta dRSTigocara hotI hai| tattvArthavArtika meM bhI caturtha va paMcama adhyAya meM vistRta rUpa se anekAnta kA varNana kiyA hai| ve anekAnta ke mahApaNDita the| unakA cintana maulika evaM talasparzI hai|. dRSTAntapUrvaka rucikara vyAkhyA - nyAya jaise sUkSma viSayoM evaM siddhAnta ke vivecanoM meM ve dRSTAntoM kA sarvatra prayoga karate hue dRSTigata hote haiN| viSaya ko saMrala banAne hetu unakA prayAsa satat rUpa se vidyamAna hai| tattvArthavArtika kA nimna udAharaNa samAdhAna ke rUpa meM prastuta hai 'prinnaamkshktivishessaat| pariNAmakasya hi vastunaH zaktivizeSAdanyathAbhAvo bhvti| yathA alAbUdravyaM dugdhaM vipariNAmayituM zaknoti tathA mithyAdarzanamapi matyAdInAmanyathAtvam kartumalaM tadudaye anythaaniruupnndrshnaat| va!gRhaM tu maNyAdInAM vikAraM notpAdayitumalaM, vipariNAmaka-dravya-sannidhAne teSAmapi bhavatyevAnyathAtvaM, yadA tu samyagdarzanaM prAdurbhUtaM tadA mithyaaprinnaamdrshnaabhaavaat| teSAM matyAdInAM samyaktvam, ataH samyagdarzana- mithyAdarzanodayavizeSAtteSAm trayANAM dvidhA klRptirbhavati matijJAnaM matyajJAnaM zrutajJAnaM zrutAjJAnaM avadhijJAnaM vibhNgjnyaanmiti| ____ saMkSepa meM yaha kahanA paryApta hogA ki AcArya akalaMkadeva ne apanI TIkAoM ke dvArA darzana evaM siddhAnta ke kSetra ko paryApta pallavita kiyA hai| yadi unakA sAhitya upalabdha na hotA to hama jainadharma kI prabhAvanA meM akSama hI rhte| akalaMkadeva ko sacce artha meM smaraNa karane kA artha hogA unake sAhitya kA samyak prcaar| pa0pU0 upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja kI preraNA aura AzIrvAda vastutaH isa hetu sambala kA kAma kregaa| 1. tattvArthavArtika, 1/31/3 2. tattvArthavArtika 1/6/5 3. tattvArthavArtika 1/6/7

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana pro0 udayacandra jaina sarvadarzanAcArya Aja kI saMgoSThI kA mukhya viSaya hai 'jainanyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna' aura isake antargata merA viSaya hai- 'akalaMdadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyyn|' nyAya kyA hai? maharSi gautama ne nyAya sUtra meM kahA hai 'pramANairarthaparIkSaNaM nyAyaH' arthAt pramANoM ke dvArA artha kI parIkSA karanA nyAya kahalAtA haiN| jainadarzana kI dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM- pramANaiH nayaizca arthaparIkSaNam arthAdhigamanam vA nyAyaH / tattvArthasUtra ke 'pramANanayairadhigamaH' isa sUtra meM jainanyAya ke bIja upalabdha hote haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jainanyAya pramANa aura naya rUpa hai| yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki jainadarzana ne hI naya ko mAnA hai, anya kisI darzana ne nhiiN| ataH naya jainadarzana kI -apanI dena hai| - tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAmI ke bAda jainaparamparA meM aise do AcArya hue haiM, jinhoMne jainanyAya kI AdhArazilA rakhI hai| inameM eka haiM svAmI samantabhadra aura dUsare : haiM AcArya siddhasena divaakr| samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM nyAya kI carcA bahuta kama kI hai kyoMki unakA mukhya uddezya to AptamImAMsA meM Apta kI mImAMsA ke bahAne . sadekAnta, sadekAnta, nityaikAnta, anityaikAnta Adi vibhinna ekAntavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA syAdvAdanyAya ke dvArA samanvaya karake anekAnta aura syAdvAda kI sthApanA karanA * thaa| ataH samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM pramANa aura naya kA lakSaNa, pramANa ke bheda aura pramANa kA phala batalAkara jainanyAya kI carcA kA zrIgaNeza kiyA hai| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai.ki jaina vAGmaya meM sabase pahale samantabhadra ne hI nyAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura nyAya ko syAdvAdarUpa batalAyA hai| isake bAda siddhasena divAkara ne nyAyAvatAra nAmaka grantha kI racanA karake jaina vAGmaya meM sarvaprathama nyAya ke avatAra karane kA zreya prApta kiyA hai| yahA~ saMkSepa meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pUrvokta donoM AcAryoM ne jainanyAya ke kSetra meM bhavya bhavana ke nirmANa ke lie zilAnyAsa kara diyA thA aura isI zilAnyAsa ke AdhAra para akalaMkadeva ne apane prakANDa vaiduSya ke dvArA jainanyAya ke bhavya prAsAda kA nirmANa kiyA hai| * 122 bI, ravIndrapurI, vArANasI-221005

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna akalaMkadeva ke samaya meM bhAratIya nyAyazAstra meM bahuta unnati ho cukI thI kintu ekAntavAdiyoM ne nyAya ke svarUpa ko apane dUSita vicAroM dvArA malina kara diyA thaa| . isa bAta se duHkhita hokara akalaMkadeva ne nyAyavinizcaya ke prAraMbha meM likhA hai ................. kalibalAt prAyo guNadveSibhiH / nyAyo'yaM malinIkRtaH kathamapi prakSAlya neniiyte| samyagjJAnajalairvacobhiramalaM tatrAnukampAparaiH / / . arthAt kalikAla ke bala se guNadveSI ekAntavAdiyoM ne isa nyAya ko malina kara diyA hai| ataH jisameM samyagjJAna rUpa jala bharA huA hai aise vacanoM dvArA usa malina nyAya ko dhokara nirmala karate haiN| ataH akalaMkadeva ne malina nyAya ko nirmala kiyA thA, ataH jainanyAya ko akalaMka-nyAya bhI kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ akalaMka zabda . meM zleSa hai| isake do artha hote haiM- (1) akalaMka dvArA pratiSThita nyAya aura (2) niSkalaMka nyaay| itanA saba hone para bhI nyAyazAstra sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie eka kaThina , viSaya ke rUpa meM hI mAnA jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha loga parihAsa meM isakI Adhunika paribhASA isa prakAra karate haiM- na Aya iti nyAya arthAt jo samajha meM nahIM AtA hai, vaha nyAya hai| jainanyAya ke viSaya meM saMkSipta prakAza DAlane ke bAda aba akalaMkadeva ke 'darzanAntarIya adhyayana' para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai aura isake lie yaha jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki bhAratIya darzana kitane haiN| mukhya rUpa se bhAratIya darzana ke do bheda haiM vaidika-darzana aura avaidik-drshn| jo veda ko pramANa mAnate haiM ve vaidika-darzana chaha haiM- nyAya, vaizeSika, sA~khya, yoga, mImAMsA aura vedAnta / jo veda ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM ve avaidika-darzana tIna haiM- jaina, bauddha aura caarvaak| eka dUsare prakAra se bhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA vibhAga kiyA jA sakatA hai- anekAntavAdI darzana aura ekAntavAdI drshn| inameM jainadarzana anekAntavAdI darzana hai aura zeSa darzana ekAntavAdI darzana haiN| ___ akalaMkadeva ne ina samasta darzanoM kA talasparzI jJAna prApta kiyA thA aura unake mantavyoM ko acchI taraha se samajhA thaa| isake bAda hI unhoMne unake siddhAntoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie apanI lekhanI calAI thii| ataH akalaMkadeva ne apane graMthoM meM anya darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kA jo nirAkaraNa kiyA hai usI ke AdhAra para hama akalaMka kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana siddha kreNge| akalaMka ke grantha do prakAra ke haiM- TIkA yA bhASyarUpa grantha aura svataMtra rcnaayeN| inameM aSTazatI aura tattvArthavArtika bhASyarUpa grantha haiN| aSTazatI samantabhadra

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana kI AptamImAMsA ke Upara likhA gayA bhASya hai aura tattvArthavArtika tattvArthasUtra para -likhA gayA hai| ina donoM granthoM meM jainanyAya kI carcA alpa hI hai kintu inameM jaina darzana kI vizadacarcA kI gayI hai| akalaMkadeva kI cAra racanAyeM svataMtra grantha ke rUpa meM haiM aura inameM jainanyAya kI vyApaka carcA kI gaI hai tathA anya darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kA sapramANa nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| ye cAra grantha haiM - laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANasaMgraha / 43 akalaMkadeva ke darzanAntarIya adhyayana ko jAnane ke pahale isakI pRSThabhUmi ko jAna lenA Avazyaka hai| jaba sAtavIM yA AThavIM zatAbdI meM isa pavitra bhAratabhUmi para jainanyAya ke pratiSThApaka akalaMkadeva avatIrNa hue the, taba bauddha-dharma-darzana kA madhyAhnakAla thaa| usa samaya bauddhadarzana ke pramukha AcAryoM - diGnAga, vasubandhu, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, 'prajJAqaragupta, karNakagomi aura zAntarakSita Adi kA prabhAva caturdik phailA huA thaa| bauddhadarzana ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke lie bauddhamaTha aura vidyAlaya bhI paryApta mAtrA meM sarvatra vidyamAna the, jinameM uccakoTi ke AcAryoM dvArA bauddhadharma-darzana ke siddhAntoM kA bhalIbhA~ti adhyayana karAyA jAtA thA / usa samaya nAlandA aura takSazilA jaise vizvavikhyAta vizvavidyAlaya bhI the| yaha saba dekhakara navayuvaka akalaMka ko gurumukha se bauddhadarzana ke adhyayana karane kI icchA huI kyoMki jaisA jJAna guru ke mukha se zravaNa kara prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai vaisA svataH adhyayana se prApta nahIM hotA hai| saMbhavataH usa samaya eka jaina ke rUpa meM bauddha vidyAlaya meM praveza sambhava nahIM thA / isI kAraNa akalaMka ne pracchannarUpa meM kAJcI meM yA usake Asa-pAsa kisI bauddha vidyAlaya meM praveza liyaa| ve janmajAta pratibhA sampanna to the hI, isalie thor3e hI samaya meM bauddhadarzana ke niSNAta vidvAn bana gaye / unakI kucha bAtoM ko dekhakara unake guru . ko yaha sandeha ho gayA ki yaha bAlaka to jaina mAlUma par3atA hai| jA~ca ke phalasvarUpa ve pakar3a lie gaye aura unako vahA~ se apanI jAna bacAkara bhAganA par3A kintu apane lakSya ko to unhoMne prApta kara hI liyA thA / bauddha vidyAlaya meM adhyayana samApti ke bAda akalaMka ko apane jIvana meM jo saphalatA milI usakA kAraNa bauddhadharma-darzana kA sarvAMgINa adhyayana thaa| isakA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki unhoMne jainadarzana kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA thaa| ve bAlyAvasthA meM hI brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karake gRhastha jIvana se virakta ho gaye the aura unhoMne vItarAgI sAdhuoM ke pAsa rahakara jainadharma-darzana kA adhyayana bhI avazya kiyA hogA, tabhI to ve jainadarzana ke bhI ativiziSTa vidvAn hue| jainadarzana, bauddhadarzana Adi samasta bhAratIya darzanoM ke niSNAta vidvAn hokara hI

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalakadeva kA avadAna unhoMne apane samaya meM jainadharma-darzana kI patAkA sarvatra phaharAI aura ekAntavAdiyoM para, vizeSa rUpa se bauddhoM para vijaya prApta kii| zAstrArthI akalaMkaH akalaMka kA yuga vidvatsamAja meM zAstrArtha karane kA yuga thaa| ataH usa samaya zAstrArtha dharmapracAra karane kA pramukha sAdhana samajhA jAtA thaa| akalaMkadeva kI prasiddhi zAstrArthI tathA bauddhavijetA ke rUpa meM rahI hai| usa samaya ke zAstrArtha prAyaH rAjasabhAoM meM huA karate the aura rAjA tathA prajA donoM usameM samAnarUpa se sammilita hokara usase lAbha uThAte the| akalaMka ne kaI rAjasabhAoM meM jAkara bauddhoM ke sAtha zAstrArtha kiyA thaa| bauddhadharma meM tArAdevI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai aura akalaMka kI tArAvijetA ke rUpa meM khyAti rahI haiN| bauddhoM kI iSTadevI tArA parade kI oTa meM ghaTa ke andara baiThakara zAstrArtha karatI thI aura usa tArAdevI ko akalaMka ne zAstrArtha meM parAjita kiyA thaa| kaliMga deza ke rAjA himazItala kI sabhA meM akalaMka ke zAstrArtha aura tArAdevI kI parAjaya kA ullekha zravaNa belagola kI malliSeNa prazasti meM isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai tArA yena vinirjitA ghaTaphuTI gUDhAvatArA samam, bauddhairyA dhRtapIThapIDitakudRgdevAttasevAJjaliH / prAyazcittamivAMghrivArijarajaH snAnaM ca yasyacAra ghoSANAM sugataH sa kasya viSayo devAkalaMkaH kRtiH|| pANDavapurANa meM tArAdevI ke ghaTa ko paira se ThukarAne kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai akalaMko'kalaMkaH sa kalau kalayatu shrutm| pAdena tADitA yena mAyAdevI ghttsthitaa|| isI prakAra mAnyakheTa ke rAjA sAhasatuMga kI rAjasabhA meM bhI akalaMka ke jAne kA ullekha malliSeNa-prazasti meM hai| mahAkavi vAdirAjasUri ne pArzvanAthacarita meM akalaMka ko bauddhavijetA batalAte hue likhA hai tarkabhUvallabho devaH sa jytyklNkdhiiH| jagadravyamuSo yena daNDitA zAkyadasyavaH / / arthAt ve tarkabhUvallabha akalaMkadeva jayavanta hoM, jinhoMne jagat kI vastuoM ke apahArtA zUnyavAdI bauddha dasyuoM ko daNDita kiyA thaa| isI prakAra brahmacArI ajita ne akalaMka ko 'bauddhabuddhi-vaidhavyadIkSA-guru'

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akalaMqadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana 45 batalAte hue hanumaccarita meM likhA hai akalaMkaguru yAdakalaMkapadezvaraH / bauddhAnAM buddhivaidhavyadIkSA-gururudAhRtaH / / arthAt ve akalaMka jayavanta hoM jinake dvArA bauddhoM kI buddhi vidhavA ho gayI thI athavA unakI buddhi ko vaidhavya kI dIkSA dI gayI thii| isI prakAra akalaMkadeva kI prazaMsA meM eka zilAlekha meM likhA hai : tasyAkalaMkadevasya mahimA kena vrnnyte| yadvAkyakhaDgaghAtena hato buddho vibuddhi sH|| - arthAt usa akalaMkadeva kI mahilA kA varNana kauna kara sakatA hai, jinake vacana rUpI khaDga ke prahAra se Ahata hokara buddha buddhi rahita ho gayA thaa| ___ukta ullekhoM se siddha hotA hai ki akalaMka kA bauddhoM ke sAtha aneka sthAnoM para zAstrArtha huA thA aura sarvatra hI bauddhoM ko parAjita honA par3A thaa| isI kAraNa akalaMka kI prasiddhi bauddha-vijetA ke rUpa meM sarvatra vyApta ho gaI thii| . . ___aba akalaMkadeva ke darzanAntarIya adhyayana para unake dvArA racita granthoM ke AdhAra se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| akalaMka ke vAGmaya kA adhikAMza bhAga bauddhadarzana ke siddhAntoM ke khaNDana se bharA huA hai| akalaMka ne dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika, nyAyabindu, hetubindu, vAdanyAya Adi granthoM kA bahuta hI gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA thA aura isakA unake Upara kaI bAtoM meM acchA prabhAva bhI par3A thaa| isa kAraNa dharmakIrti aura akalaMka kA dRSTikoNa kucha bAtoM meM samAna pAyA jAtA hai| jaise mImAMsakoM dvArA aMbhimata vedApauruSeyatva ke nirAkaraNa meM, naiyAyika-vaizeSikoM ke dvArA abhimata nitya, eka aura sarvavyApaka sAmAnya ke khaNDana meM tathA vAdI-prativAdI kI jaya-parAjaya ke nirdhAraNa ke lie naiyAyikAbhimata chala, jAti aura nigrahasthAna kI AlocanA meM dharmakIrti aura akalaMka kA dRSTikoNa prAyaH eka sA rahA hai| isase yaha bhI pratIta hotA hai ki dharmakIrti ne akalaMka ko saba se adhika prabhAvita kiyA thaa| dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika meM pramANa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra likhA hai pramANamavisaMvAdijJAnamajJAtArthaprakAzo vaa| ___ arthAt vaha jJAna pramANa hai jo avisaMvAdI aura ajJAta artha ko jAnane vAlA akalaMka ne bhI aSTazatI meM isI prakAra kA pramANa kA lakSaNa likhA hai pramANamavisaMvAdijJAnamanadhigatArthAdhigamalakSaNatvAt /

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna isase jJAta hotA hai ki dharmakIrti aura akalaMka ke pramANa lakSaNa meM samAnatA hai| bauddhoM dvArA abhimata pratyakSalakSaNaH bauddha naiyAyika diGnAga ne pramANasamuccaya meM pratyakSa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra batalAyA hai pratyakSaM kalpanApoDhaM naamjaatyaadysNyuktm| .. arthAt nAma, jAti Adi kI kalpanA se rahita jJAna pratyakSa kahalAtA hai| dharmakIrti ne isameM abhrAntapada aura jor3akara nyAyabindu meM likhA hai kalpanApor3hamabhrAntaM jJAnaM prtykssm| .. ___ kalpanA kaI prakAra kI hotI hai- nAmayojanA- jaise rAma, mohana, aadi| jAti-yojanA- jaise munaSya, gau aadi| guNayojanA- jaise zukla, kRSNa aadi| kriyAyojanAjaise pAcaka, pAThaka aadi| dravyayojanA- jaise daNDI, viSANI aadi| ye saba kalpanAyeM. haiN| bauddhoM ke anusAra pratyakSa jJAna meM ukta prakAra kI nAma, jAti, Adi kI yojanArUpa kalpanA nahIM hotI hai| pratyakSa to saba prakAra ke vikalpoM se rahita hone ke kAraNa nirvikalpaka jJAna ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| jisa jJAna meM kalpanA yA vikalpa hotA hai vaha savikalpaka pratyakSa kahalAtA hai| yathArtha meM bauddhoM ke anusAra savikalpaka jJAna pratyakSa na hokara pratyakSAbhAsa hai| pramANavArtika meM pratyakSa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra batalAyA gayA hai pratyakSa kalpanApoDaM pratyakSeNaiva siddhyti| pratyAtmavedyaH sarveSAM vikalpo nAmasaMzrayaH / / arthAt pratyakSa rUpa jJAna kalpanA rahita hotA hai aura yaha bAta pratyakSa se hI siddha hai aura nAma Adi ke Azraya se hone vAlA vikalpa bhI saba ke anubhava meM AtA hai| isa prakAra bauddhoM ke anusAra kalpanA rahita jJAna pratyakSa hai aura kalpanA sahita jJAna pratyakSAbhAsa hai| akalaMkadeva ne apane granthoM meM bauddhoM ke dvArA abhimata ukta prakAra ke nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA khaNDana karake pratyakSa jJAna ko savikalpaka siddha kiyA hai| nyAyavinizcaya meM likhA hai pratyakSaM kalpanApoDhaM prtykssaadiniraakRtm| .. arthAt pratyakSa ko kalpanApor3ha mAnanA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se nirAkRta ho jAtA hai| nyAyavinizcaya meM aura bhI likhA hai

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana avikalpakamabhrAntaM pratyakSaM na pttiiysaam| avisaMvAdaniyamAdakSagocara-cetasAm / / isI prakAra laghIyastraya meM kalpanApoDhaM pratyakSa kA nirAkaraNa karake savikalpaka jJAna ko pratyakSa siddha kiyA hai| tathAhi svayaMvedyaM vikalpAnAM vishdaarthaavbhaasinaam| saMhRtAzeSacintAyAM savikalpAvabhAsanAt / / isI viSaya meM tattvArthavArtika meM likhA hai__ tallakSaNAnupapattizca svvcnvyaaghaataat| __ arthAt bauddhoM kA ukta pratyakSa lakSaNa siddha nahIM hotA hai kyoMki unhIM ke vacanoM se usameM vyAghAta AtA hai| pratyakSa sarvathA kalpanApoDha hai athavA kathaMcit ityAdi vikalpa karake usameM dUSaNa diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra nyAyavinizcaya ke prathama prastAva meM bauddhoM ke indriyapratyakSa, mAnasapratyakSa, svasaMvedanapratyakSa aura yogipratyakSa ke svarUpa kA yuktipUrvaka khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| anAtmavAda : bauddhoM kA anAtmavAda prasiddha hai| bauddhoM ne nitya Atmatattva ko nahIM mAnA hai| unake yahA~ AtmA-rUpaM, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna-ina paJca skandharUpa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM cittasantati kA nAma hI AtmA hai| pradIpa kI santAna kI taraha citta kI santAna calatI rahatI hai, isase paraloka Adi bana jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM vasubandhu ne abhidharmakoza meM likhA hai skandhapaJcamAtraM tu krmkleshaabhisNskRtm| antarAbhavasantatyA kukSimeti prdiipvt|| . bauddhoM ne nitya AtmA ko samasta doSoM kI jar3a mAnakara AtmA kI sattA ko hI asvIkAra kara diyaa| isa viSaya meM dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika meM likhA hai Atmani sati parasaMjJA svaparavibhAgAt prigrhdvessau| anayoH sampratibandhAt sarve doSAH prjaaynte|| isa para akalaMkadeva ne paJcaskandharUpa athavA cittasantatirUpa AtmA kA nirAsa karake AtmA kI svataMtra sattA siddha kI hai| siddhivinizcaya ke jIvasiddhi prakaraNa meM cittasantati ke sarvathA kSaNikatva kA nirAkaraNa karake usameM anvitarUpa se rahane vAle caitanyarUpa svataMtra Atmatattva ko siddha kiyA gayA hai| dharmakIrti meM buddha ko karuNAvAn tathA heyopAdeya tattva kA upadeSTA batalAyA hai| isa para akalaMka kahate haiM

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ki jaba Apa AtmA ko hI nahIM mAnate haiM taba kisa para karuNA kI jAyegI tathA kauna karuNA karegA ? tadutpatti aura tadAkAratA : bauddha mAnate haiM ki jJAna artha se utpanna hotA hai aura artha ke AkAra hotA hai| bauddhoM ke isa mata kA akalaMka ne yuktipUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne batalAyA hai ki jina do padArthoM meM tadutpatti sambandha hotA hai unameM anvaya-vyatireka avazya pAyA jAtA hai| jaise dhUma aura hRti meM tadutpattisambandha hai to unameM anvaya-vyatireka' bhI avazya hai kintu isa prakAra kA anvayavyatireka artha aura jJAna meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| hama dekhate haiM ki artha ke abhAva meM bhI jJAna utpanna ho jAtA hai, jaise kezoNDuka jJAna / 48 bauddha kahate haiM ki jJAna arthAkAra hotA hai / yadi jJAna arthAkAra na ho to ghaTa jJAna kA viSaya ghaTa hI hai, pustaka nahIM, aisA niyama nahIM bana sakatA hai| isa viSaya meM dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika meM likhA hai arthena ghaTayatyenAM nahiM muktvArtharUpatAm / tasmAt prameyAdhigateH pramANaM meyarUpatA / / isa arthAkAratA ke nirAkaraNa meM akalaMka ne kahA hai ki svAvaraNakSayopazamarUpa yogyatA ke dvArA hI viSaya kA pratiniyama bana jAtA hai| isake lie jJAna ko arthAkAra mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / hamArA jJAna ghaTa ko isalie jAnatA hai, kyoMki usameM ghaTajJAnAvaraNakSayopazamarUpa yogyatA hai / vijJAnavAda : * bauddhadarzanikoM meM eka mata vijJAnavAdiyoM kA hai / ve kahate haiMvijJaptimAtramevedamasadarthAvabhAsanAt / yathA taimirikasyAsatkezacandrAdidarzanam / / isa vizva meM kevala vijJaptimAtra (vijJAna mAtra ) hI tattva hai| hameM jo artha kI pratIti hotI hai vaha asat artha kI pratIti hai / jaise taimirika (timira roga vAle) puruSa ko asat keza candra Adi kA darzana ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra sarvatra asat artha kI hI prIti hotI hai| unhoMne aura bhI kahA hai sarve pratyayAH anAlambanAH pratyayatvAt, svapnapratyayavRt / sahopalambhaniyamAdabhedo nIlataddhiyoH / / jitane pratyaya (jJAna) hote haiM ve saba anAlambana ( viSaya rahita ) hote haiM, jaise

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana ki svapnapratyaya | nIlapratyaya aura nIlapadArtha meM sahopalambhaniyama hone se una donoM meM * abheda haiN| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ghaTAdi padArthoM kI kevala prAtibhAsikI sattA hai, pAramArthikI nahIM / vijJAnavAdiyoM ke isa mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie akalaMkadeva nyAyavinizcaya meM kahate haiM 49 viluptAkSA yathAbuddhirvitathapratibhAsinI / tathA sarvatra kinneti jar3AH sampratipedire / / yadi timira roga vAle vyakti ko asat keza, candra Adi kA darzana hotA hai aura bAhya padArthoM kI vAstavika sattA nahIM haiM to jina puruSoM kI A~kha vikAra rahita aura nirmala hai, unako saba padArthoM meM avitatha pratipatti kyoM hotI hai ? asat keza, candrAdi darzana aura sat ghaDhAdi bAhya padArthoM kA darzana- ina donoM meM jo bheda haiM usako bAla * gopAla Adi sAmAnya jana bhI acchI taraha se samajhate haiM / yadi svapnapratyaya anAlambana hai to isakA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki jAgrata pratyaya bhI anAlambana hai / ataH bauddhoM ke sahopalambhaniyamAMdabhedo nIlataddhiyoM ke uttara meM akalaMka kahate haiM sahopalambhaniyamAnnAbhedo nIlataddhiyoH / jaba nIla artha aura nIla jJAna meM sahopalambha niyama hai to isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki una donoM meM abheda nahIM hai, kintu sAhacaryamAtra hai| sahopalambha hone se abheda nahIM, kintu bheda hI siddha hotA hai| pitA aura putra sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM to isase unameM abheda siddha nahIM ho jAtA hai / kevala sAhacarya siddha hotA hai| nIla jJAna aura nIla artha meM sahopalambha bhI nahIM hai kyoMki nIla jJAna ke binA bhI nIla artha kI sattA rahatI hI hai| isa prakAra bauddhoM kA vijJAnavAda asaMgata hai / * hetulakSaNa trairUpya aura pAJcarUpya : dharmakIrti ne hetubindu meM hetu kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA haipakSadharmastadaMzena vyApto hetustridhaiva saH / avinAbhAvaniyamAt hetvAbhAsAstato 'pare / / arthAt jisameM pakSadharmatva, sapakSasattva aura vipakSAsattva- ye tIna bAteM pAyI jAveM vaha hetu kahalAtA hai| jaise parvata meM agni ko siddha karane meM dhUma hetu hotA hai| hetu ke tIna prakAra haiM- kArya hetu,svabhAva hetu, aura anupalabdhi hetu / isa prakAra bauddha hetu ke pakSadharmatva Adi tIna rUpa mAnate haiM aura ina tIna rUpoM ke abhAva meM asiddha, viruddha aura anaikAntika-ye tIna hetvAbhAsa mAnate haiM / naiyAyika hetu ke pA~ca rUpa

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna mAnate haiN| pUrva ke tIna rUpoM meM abAdhitaviSayatva aura asatpratipakSatva ye do rUpa aura milAne para pA~ca rUpa ho jAte haiN| ina pA~ca rUpoM ke abhAva meM hetvAbhAsa bhI pAMca haiM- asiddha, viruddha, anaikAntika, bAdhitaviSaya aura satpratipakSa / 50 1 akalaMkadeva ne trairUpya aura pAJcarUpya kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki hetu kA eka hI rUpa yA lakSaNa hai - anyathAnupapatti arthAt sAdhya ke abhAva meM hetu kA nahIM honA / jaise, dhUma agni ke abhAva meM kabhI nahIM hotA hai / itane mAtra se dhUma hetu bana jAtA hai| jahA~ anyathAnutpannatva hai vahA~ tIna rUpoM ke na hone para bhI sAdhya kI siddhi ho jAtI hai aura jahA~ anyathAnupAnnatva nahIM haiM vahA~ tIna rUpoM ke hone para bhI sAdhya kI siddhi nahIM hotI hai| isa viSaya meM akalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya ke trilakSaNa - khaNDana prakaraNa meM likhA hai anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / / aisA kahA jAtA hai ki akalaMka ke pUrvaja pAtrakesarI ne 'trilakSaNa kadarthana' nAmaka grantha likhA thA aura ukta zloka ko pAtrakesarI ke ukta grantha se hI akalaMka ne liyA hai| kintu pAtrakesarI kA trilakSaNa kadarthana Aja taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai, isalie vartamAna meM ukta zloka akalaMka racita hI mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra akalaMka ne bauddhoM ke trairUpya kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura trairUpya ke khaNDana se naiyAyikoM ke pAJcarUpya kA bhI khaNDana ho jAtA hai| kahA bhI hai anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra kiM paJcabhiH / nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra kiM paJcabhiH / / yahA~ eka bAta smaraNIya hai ki bauddhoM ne hetu tIna bheda mAne haiM aura dRzyAnupalabdhi ko hI abhAva sAdhaka mAnA hai, adRzyAnupalabdhi ko nahIM / kintu akalaMka ne kArya, svabhAva aura anupabdhi ke atirikta kAraNa, pUrvacara, uttaracara aura sahacara - ina cAra ko bhI hetu mAnA hai tathA yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki dRzyAnupalabdhi kI taraha adRzyAnupalabdhi bhI abhAva kI sAdhaka hotI hai| kisI sthAna vizeSa meM ghaTa kI anupalabdhi dRzyAnupalabdhi hai aura pizAca kI anupalabdhi adRzyAnupalabdhi kahI jAtI hai / bauddhoM ne dRzyatva kA artha kevala pratyakSa viSayatva kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM akalaMka ne kahA hai ki dRzyatva kA artha kevala pratyakSa viSayatva nahIM hai, kintu usakA artha pramANaviSayatva hai, hamAre zarIra meM jo caitanya hai vaha pramANa kA viSaya hone se dRzya hai aura isIlie hama loga mRta zarIra meM svabhAva se atIndriya caitanya kA abhAva siddha

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana karate haiN| yadi adRzyAnupabdhi saMzaya hetu mAnI jAya to mRta zarIra meM caitanya kI nivRtti kA sandeha sadA banA rahegA aura aisI sthiti meM mRta zarIra kA dAha saMskAra karanA kaThina ho jAyegA tathA dAha karane vAloM ko pAtakI bananA pdd'egaa| yahA~ eka bAta yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki akalaMka ne hetu kA eka hI rUpa (anyathAnupatti) mAnA hai to usake abhAva meM hetvAbhAsa bhI eka hI hotA hai| usa hetvAbhAsa kA nAma hai- akinycitkr| aura asiddha, viruddha, anaikAntika Adi bheda akiJcitkara ke hI haiN| isa viSaya meM nyAyavinizcaya meM likhA hai anyathAnupapannatvarahitAH ye vilkssnnaa| . akiJcitkArakAn sarvAMstAn vayaM saMgirAmahe / / jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA : jaba do pakSoM meM zAstrArtha hotA hai to unameM se eka pakSa vAdI kahalAtA hai aura dUsarA pakSa prativAdI hotA hai| jaise AtmA hai yA nahIM? yahA~ eka pakSa kahatA hai ki AtmA hai aura dUsarA pakSa kahatA hai ki AtmA nahIM hai| yahA~ prathama pakSa vAdI hai aura dUsarA pakSa prativAdI hai| nyAyadarzana ne vAda, jalpa aura vitaNDA ke bheda se zAstrArtha ke tIna prakAra mAne haiN| pramANa aura tarka se jahA~ sAdhana aura dUSaNa ko batalAyA gayA hai aise pakSa aura pratipakSa kA svIkAra karanA vAda hai| jalpa aura vitaNDA meM chala, jAti aura nigraha-sthAnoM ke dvArA bhI pakSa kI siddhi kI jAtI hai aura pratipakSa meM dUSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| itanA vizeSa hai ki vitaNDA meM pratipakSa nahIM hotA hai, kevala pakSa hI hotA hai| zAstrArtha meM eka pakSa kI jaya hotI hai aura dUsare pakSa kI parAjaya hotI hai| yahA~ isa bAta para vicAra karanA hai ki vAstavika jaya aura parAjaya kI vyavasthA kaise hotI hai| nyAyadarzana meM jalpa aura vitaNDA meM chala, jAti aura nigraha-sthAna jaise asat upAyoM kA avalambana lenA bhI nyAraya mAnA gayA hai kyoMki jalpa aura vitaNDA kA uddezya tattva saMrakSaNa karanA hai aura tattva saMrakSaNa kisI bhI upAya se karane meM unhoMne koI doSa nahIM mAnA hai| artha meM vikalpa karake vaktA ke vacanoM kA vyAghAta karanA chala hai| chala tIna prakAra kA hai- vAk chala, sAmAnya chala aura upacAra chl| asat yA mithyA uttara ko jAti kahate haiN| jAti ke sAdharmyasamA, vaidharmyasamA Adi 24 bheda haiN| parAjaya prApti kA nAma nigraha-sthAna hai| isake pratijJAhAni, pratijJAsaMnyAsa Adi 22 bheda haiN| yaha saba vyavasthA nyAyadarzana ke anusAra batalAI gaI haiN| dharmakIrti ne vAdanyAya nAmaka prakaraNa grantha meM chala, jAti aura nigraha-sthAna ke AdhAra se hone vAlI nyAyadarzana kI jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA kA khaNDana karate hue vAdI

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ke lie asAdhanAMgavacana aura prativAdI ke lie adoSobhAvana ye do hI nigraha-sthAna mAne haiN| unhoMne kahA hai asAdhanAMgavacanamadoSodbhAvanaM dvayoH / nigrahasthAnamanyattu na yusaktamiti neSyate / / asAdhanAMgavacana kA artha hai- jo sAdhana kA aMga hai use nahIM bolanA athavA jo sAdhana kI aMga nahIM hai use bolnaa| aisA karane se vAdI kI parAjaya hotI hai| adoSodbhAvana kA artha hai- jo doSa nahIM haiM unako batalAnA athavA jo doSa haiM, unako nahIM btlaanaa| aisA karane se prativAdI kI parAjaya hotI hai| ataH vAdI kA kartavya hai ki vaha pUrNa aura nirdoSa sAdhana bole aura prativAdI kA kartavya hai ki vaha vAdI ke kathana meM yathArtha doSoM kA udbhAvana kre| bauddhoM ke anusAra jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA ukta prakAra se hotI hai| akalaMkadeva ne nyAyadarzana aura bauddhadarzana kI jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA kA. khaNDana karate hue naitikatA kI dRSTi se zAstrArtha meM chala, jAti aura nigraha-sthAna ke prayoga ko sarvathA anyAya mAnA hai| ve asAdhanAMgavacana aura adoSodbhAvana ke cakkara meM bhI nahIM pdd'e| unhoMne to spaSTarUpa se itanA hI kahA ki vAdI ko avinAbhAvI sAdhana se svapakSa kI siddhi aura parapakSa kA nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| isI prakAra prativAdI ko vAdI ke pakSa meM yathArtha dUSaNa batalAkara apane pakSa kI siddhi karanI caahie| isase adhika aura kisI bAta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isIlie unhoMne aSTazatI meM kahA hai svapakSasiddhirekasya nigraho'nyasya vaadinH| nA sAdhanAMgavacanaM nA doSodbhAvanaM dvyoH|| arthAt eka kI svapakSa siddhi hone se hI anya vAdI kA nigraha ho jAtA hai| isalie asAdhanAMgavacana aura adoSodbhAvana batalAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| dharmakIrti dvArA vAdanyAya meM pratipAdita nigraha-sthAna ke uttara meM akalaMka ne nyAya vinizcaya meM kahA hai asAdhanAMgavacanamadoSodbhAvanaM dvyoH| na yuktaM nigrhsthaanmrthaaprismaaptitH|| isake atirikta siddhivinizcaya ke jalpasiddhi prakaraNa meM ukta bAtoM para acchI taraha se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra akalaMkadeva ne jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA ke lie nirdoSa praNAlI kA pratipAdana kiyA hai|

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana 53 vedApauruSeyatva vicAra : * mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki vedoM kA koI karttA nahIM hai| veda to anAdikAla se isI rUpa meM cale Aye haiN| unhoMne yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki dharma meM veda hI pramANa haiM, puruSa nhiiN| sUkSma Adi atIndriya padArthoM kA jJAna bhI veda se hI hotA hai| isa viSaya meM kumArila ne mImAMsAzlokavArtika meM kahA hai vedasyAdhyayanaM sarvaM tddhyynpuurvkm| vedAdhyayanavAcyatvAdadhunAdhyayanaM ythaa|| vedoM kA adhyayana anAdikAla se vedAdhyayanapUrvaka hI calA AyA hai| aisA koI puruSa nahIM hai jisane vedoM ko banAyA ho aura isakA adhyayana karAyA ho| vedoM ke kartA kA smaraNa bhI nahIM hotA hai| yadi vedoM kA koI kartA hotA to usakA smaraNa avazya hotaa| rAgAdi doSoM se dUSita hone ke kAraNa puruSa veda kA kartA ho bhI nahIM sakatA hai| veda to atIndriyArthadarzI haiM aura puruSa kabhI bhI atIndriyArthadarzI ho nahIM sakatA- ityAdi prakAra se mImAMsakoM ne vedoM ko apauruSeya siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA isa viSaya meM akalaMkadeva kahate haiM ki yadi veda apauruSeya haiM aura atIndriyadarzI koI puruSa nahIM hai taba jaiminI Adi ko bhI vedArtha kA pUrNa jJAna kaise hogaa| kyoMki vedavAkyoM kA yaha artha hai aura yaha artha nahIM hai, aisA zabda to kahate nahIM hai| ataH vedoM ke artha kA jJAna honA kaise saMbhava hai| kisI ke kartA kA smaraNa na hone se bhI . koI apauruSeya siddha nahIM ho jAtA hai| aise bahuta se jIrNa khaNDahara (bhagnAvazeSa) Adi padArtha haiM jinake kartA kA smaraNa kisI ko nahIM hai to kyA isase ve apauruSeya ho jaayeNge| loka meM aise aneka mlecchAdivyavahAra pAye jAte haiM jinake viSaya meM yaha .. jJAta nahIM hai ki unheM kisane pracalita kiyaa| to kyA ve saba itane mAtra se aauruSeya kahalAne lgeNge| vAstava meM yadi koI bhI puruSa vedArtha kA draSTA yA jJAtA nahIM hai taba to veda ke adhyayana yA jJAna meM andhaparamparA kA hI avalambana lenA pdd'egaa| yadi apauruSeya veda svataH hI apane artha kA prastutIkaraNa karatA hai taba to veda ke aMgabhUta Ayurveda Adi ke jJAna ke lie manuSyoM kA paThana-pAThanarUpa prayatna bhI vyartha ho jaayegaa| ityAdi prakAra se nyAyavinizcaya ke tIsare prastAva meM vedoM ke apauruSeyatva kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| tathAhi-". vedasyApauruSeyasya svatastattvaM vivRnnvtH| AyurvedAdiyadyaMga yatnastatra nirarthakaH / /

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54 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna zAstrajJAnaM tathaiva syAt sAmagrIguNadoSataH / avirodhe'pi nityasya bhavedandhaparamparA / / tadarthadarzino'bhAvAnmlecchAdi vyavahAravat / sRSTikartRtva vicAra : isa jagat meM koI sRSTikarttA hai yA nahIM ? naiyAyika - vaizeSika kahate haiM ki Izvara isa jagat kA sRSTikarttA hai / ve anumAna pramANa se Izvara meM sRSTikartRtva siddha karate haiN| vaha anumAna isa prakAra hai- tanukaraNabhuvanAdayaH buddhimannimittakAH kAryatvAt, ghttvt| zarIra, indriya, pRthivI, parvata Adi kA karttA koI buddhimAn avazya hai kyoMki ye saba kArya haiN| jo kArya hotA hai usakA karttA koI avazya hotA hai, jaise ghaTa kA karttA kumbhakAra hai| Izvara meM sRSTikartRtva siddha karane ke lie acetanopAdAnatva, sannivezaviziSTatva Adi aura bhI hetu diye jAte haiM / akalaMkadeva ne sRSTikartRtva kA yuktipUrvaka nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| unhoMne aSTatI meM kAryatva Adi hetuoM meM asiddha, viruddha Adi aneka doSa batalAkara Izvara-sAdhaka anumAna kA bAdhaka eka dUsarA anumAna prastuta kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai- akRtrimaM jagat dRSTakartRkavilakSaNatvAt / isa jagat kA koI karttA nahIM hai, kyoMki jinakA kartA dekhA gayA hai unase yaha jagat vilakSaNa hai| saMsAra meM do prakAra kI vastue~ dekhI jAtI haiM- dRSTakartRka aura adRSTakartRka / ghaTapaTAdi padArtha dRSTakartRka haiM aura zarIra, pRthivI Adi padArtha adRSTakartRka haiM / ina donoM prakAra ke padArthoM meM 'vilakSaNatA pAI jAtI hai / ataH dRSTakartRka ghaTAdi se vilakSaNa hone ke kAraNa zarIra Adi kA koI karttA nahIM hai, aisA siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra 'akRtrimaM jagat' ityAdi anumAnaM se bAdhita hone ke kAraNa naiyAyikoM kA pUrvokta anumAna bAdhita ho jAne se yaha siddha hotA hai ki isa jagat kA koI karttA nahIM hai aura yaha anAdi se aisA hI calA AyA hai| sarvajJamImAMsA : mImAMsakoM ne sarvajJa ko nahIM mAnA hai / yadyapi kumArila ne pahale itanA hI kahA ki koI puruSa dharmajJa nahIM ho sakatA hai, yadi vaha saMsAra ke samasta padArthoM ko jAnatA hai to isameM hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai / tathAhi dharmajJatvaniSedhastu kevalo'tropayujyate / sarvamanyad vijAnaMstu puruSaH kena vAryate / / lekina itanA kahane ke bAda bhI mImAMsakoM ne sarvajJatva ke niSedha meM apanI pUrI zakti lagA dii| unhoMne kahA ki koI puruSa sarvajJa nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha puruSa

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana 55 hai, rAgAdidoSoM se dUSita hai, vaktA hai, jaise rthyaapuruss| puruSatvAt, rAgAdidoSabUSitatvAt, vaktRtvAt ityAdi hetuoM ke kahane ke bAda kumArila aura bhI kahate haiM pratyakSAdyavisaMvAdi prameyatvAdi yasya c| sadbhAvavAraNe zaktaM ko nu taM klpyissyti||| arthAt jaba pratyakSAdi pramANoM se abAdhita prameyatvAdi hetu hI sarvajJa ke sadbhAva ko rokane meM samartha haiM taba kauna use siddha karane kI kalpanA karegA? / ___ isake uttara meM akalaMkadeva aSTazatI meM kahate haiM "tadevaM prameyatvasattvAdiryatra hetu lakSaNaM puSNAti taM kathaM cetanaH pratiSedbumartati saMzayituM vaa|" jaba prameyatva, sattva Adi hetu anumeyatva kA samarthana karate haiM taba kauna cetana isa sarvajJa kA pratiSedha yA usake sadbhAva meM saMzaya kara sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNIya hai ki svAmI samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM anumeyatva hetu ke dvArA sarvajJa kI siddhi kI hai, usI anumeyatva kI carcA akalaMka ne aSTazatI meM kI hai| sarvajJa kA pratiSedha karate ke lie kumArila kahate haiM - dazahastAntaraM vyomni yo nAmotplutya gcchti| . ' na yojanazataM gantuM shkto'bhyaasshtairpi|| jo vyakti AkAzaM meM dasa hAtha Upara uchala sakatA hai vaha saikar3oM abhyAsa ke dvArA bhI sau yojana Upara nahIM uchala sakatA hai arthAt. koI pUrNa jJAna prApta karake sarvajJa nahIM bana sakatA hai| . isake uttara meM akalaMkadeva kumArila kA upahAsa karate hue nyAyavinizcaya meM / kahate haiM . dazahastAntaraM vyomno notplaveran bhvaadRshH| yojanAnAM sahanaM kiM vo votplavedadhunA naraiH / / - arthAt zarIra ke bhAra ke kAraNa jaba Apa dasa hAtha bhI U~cA nahIM kUda sakate taba dUsaroM se hajAra yojana U~cA kUdane kI AzA karanA vyartha hai| akalaMka ne yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki mImAMsakoM ne sarvajJa kA abhAva siddha karane ke lie jo vaktRtva Adi hetu diye haiM ve hetu nahIM, kintu hetvAbhAsa haiN| unameM * anaikAntika Adi kaI doSa Ate haiN| tathAhi sarvajJapratiSedhe. tu saMdigdhAH vcnaadyH| isa prakAra akalaMkadeva ne siddhivinizcaya ke sarvajJa-siddhi prakaraNa meM mImAMsaka-mata kA nirAkaraNa karake trikAla aura trilokavartI samasta padArthoM ke jJAtA

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56 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna sarvajJa ko siddha kiyA hai / cArvAkadarzana-bhUtacaitanyavAda : vartamAna meM sarvatra jo bhautikavAda dRSTigocara ho rahA hai vahI purAnA cArvAka darzana hai| cArvAka darzana kA lakSya hai yAvajjIvet sukhaM jIvet RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pibet / bhasmIbhUtasya N dehasya punarAgamanaM kutaH / / khAo, piyo aura masta rho| eat, drink and be merry. cArvAka kA kahanA hai ki zarIra se bhinna koI AtmA nahIM hai / pRthivI, jala, agni aura vAyu - ina cAra bhUtoM ke eka sAtha milane se caitanya - zakti kI utpatti hotI hai / jaise mahuA Adi padArthoM ke sammizraNa se madirA kI utpatti hotI hai / cArvAka mata meM AtmA ke abhAva - meM na paraloka hai, na puNya-pApa hai aura na koI mokSa hai| unake yahA~ to mRtyu kA nAma mokSa hai| cArvAka mata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue akalaMkadeva kahate haiM ki cArvAka kA ukta kathana avicArita ramaNIya hai / bhUtoM se caitanya kI utpatti kisI bhI prakAra sambhava nahIM hai| donoM vijAtIya hone se unameM upAdAna - upAdeyabhAva nahIM bana sakatA hai / jisa prakAra bAlu se tela kI utpatti sambhava nahIM hai usI prakAra bhUtoM se caitanya kI utpatti sambhava nahIM hai| akalaMkadeva ne nyAyavinizcaya meM batalAyA hai kiM caitanya puruSa kA hI svabhAva hai, pRthivI Adi bhUtoM kA nahIM / vahA~ pUrvottara pakSa isa prakAra hai bhUtAnAmeva keSAJcit pariNAmavizeSataH kaayshcittkaarnnm| jIvaccharIradharmo'stu caitanyaM vypdeshtH|| antaH jyoti svataH siddhaM caitanyaM bhUtebhyaH param / / isa prakAra akalaMka ne cArvAka ke bhUtacaitanyavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| tattvArthAdhigamabhASya aura dvAdazAranayacakra : zvetAmbara-paramparA meM tattvArthasUtra para eka vistRta bhASya grantha pAyA jAtA hai, jisakA nAma tattvArthAdhigama bhASya hai ukta bhASya grantha kA akalaMkadeva ne adhyayana kiyA thaa| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki unhoMne tattvArthavArtika meM kaI sthaloM para bhASyakAra ke mantavyoM kI AlocanA kI hai| isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcArya mallavAdI ne nayoM ke vizada vivecana ke lie 'dvAdazAranayacakra' nAmaka grantha likhA thA aura akalaMka ne usa grantha kA bhI adhyayana kiyA thA tathA ve usase prabhAvita bhI hue the / isIlie akalaMka ne nayoM kA vizeSa vivaraNa jAnane ke lie 'dvAdazAranayacakra' dekhane ko kahA haitathAhi .

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana iSTaM tattvamapekSAto nayAnAM nayacakrataH / < 57 Alocana kauzalya : anya dArzanikoM kI AlocanA karate samaya dharmakIrti Adi bauddha dArzanikoM ne vipakSiyoM ke lie apane granthoM meM jar3a, jar3amati, pazu, anIka (nirlajja ) Adi apazabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| jainoM ke lie to anIka zabda kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se huA hai kyoMki unake sAdhu nagna hote haiM, kintu nirmalamanA akalaMkadeva dvArA kI gayI vipakSiyoM kI AlocanA meM usa kaTutA ke darzana nahIM hote| unhoMne prAyaH pratipakSI kA uttara usI ke zabdoM meM diyA hai aura kahIM pratipakSI kI bhUla ko pakar3akara usakA upahAsa karate hue uttara diyA hai / dharmakIrti jainadarzana ke anekAntavAda kA khaNDana karate hue likhate haiMsarvasyAbhamayarUpatve tdvishessniraakRteH| codito dadhi khAdeti kimuSTraM nAbhidhAvati / / arthAt yadi pratyeka vastu ubhayAtmaka hai aura usameM koI vizeSatA nahIM hai to dadhi ko khAne ke lie kahA gayA manuSya U~Ta ko khAne ke lie kyoM nahIM daur3atA ? dharmakIrti ke isa kathana para nyAyavinizcaya meM akalaMka kA uttara dekhiepUrvepakSamavijJAya dUSako'pi vidUSakaH / sugato'pi mRgo jAtaH mRgo'pisugataH smRtaH / tathApi sugato vandyomRgo khAdyo yatheSyate / / . tathA vastubalAdeva bhedaabhedvyvsthiteH| codito dadhi khAdeti kimuSTramabhidhAvati / / arthAt pUrvapakSa (jainadarzana) ko ThIka na samajhane ke kAraNa dUSaNa dene vAlA . dharmakIrti vidUSaka (ha~sI kA pAtra) hI hai kyoMki pUrva paryAya meM sugata (buddha) mRga hue the aura vaha mRga bhI sugata huaa| phira bhI bauddha paryAya-bheda se sugata kI vandanA karate haiM aura mRga ko khAdya mAnate haiN| ThIka usI prakAra paryAya-bheda se dahI aura U~Ta ke zarIra meM bheda hai| ataH dahI ko khAne ke lie kahA gayA manuSya dahI ko hI khAtA hai, U~Ta ko nhiiN| yahA~ dUSako'pi vidUSakaH yaha kathana dhyAna dene yogya hai / dharmakIrti punaH syAdvAda ke siddhAnta para AkSepa karate hue kahate haiMetenaiva yatkiJcidayuktamazlIla maakulm| pralapanti pratikSiptaM tadapyekAntasambhavAt / / arthAt sA~khyamata ke khaNDana se hI jainadarzana kA jo kiMcit (syAt) zabda kA

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna pralApa hai vaha khaMDita ho jAtA hai kyoMki usameM bhI ekAntavAda kI saMbhAvanA hone se . syAt zabda kA prayoga ayukta, azlIla aura Akula rUpa hai| dharmakIrti ke isa kathana para akalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya meM jo uttara diyA hai use dekhie jJAtvA vijJiptimAtraM paramapi ca bhirbhaasibhaavprvaadm| cakrelokAnurodhAt punarapi sakalaM neti tattvaM prpede|| na jJAtA tasya tasmin na ca phalamaparaM jJAyate nApi kiJcit / ityazlIlaM pramattaH pralapati jar3adhIrAkulaH vyAkulAptaH / / arthAt bauddhoM meM koI vijJaptimAtra tattva ko mAnate hai aura koI bAhya padArtha bhI mAnate haiN| kintu zUnyavAdI kahate haiM ki na bAhya tattva haiM aura na Abhyantara tattva haiM. tathA na unako jAnane vAlA koI hai aura na usakA koI phala hai| isa prakAra azlIla (paraspara viruddha) kathana to vahI kara sakatA hai jo unmatta, jar3abuddhi aura vyAkulaM hai|. yahA~ pUrvokta zloka kI antima paMkti dhyAna dene yogya hai, jisameM dharmakIrti ke AkSepa kA uttara unhIM ke zabdoM meM diyA gayA hai| dharmakIrti ne punaH anekAntavAda kA upahAsa karate hue kahA hai ki anekAntavAdiyoM kA eka ko aneka aura aneka ko eka kahanA bar3I hI vicitra bAta hai| akalaMka deva ne isa kathana kA pratyupahAsa karate hue nyAyavinizca meM likhA hai citraM tadekamiti cedidaM citrataraM tataH / citraM zUnyamidaM sarvaM vetti citratamaM tataH / / arthAt eka ko aneka aura aneka ko eka kahanA dharmakIrti ko eka vicitra siddhAnta pratIta hotA hai kintu dRzyamAn isa jagat ko zUnya kahanA to usase bhI bar3hakara eka vicitra siddhAnta hai| aura isa vicitra siddhAnta ko Apa saharSa svIkAra kara lete haiN| bauddhamatAnuyAyI vijJAnAdvaitavAdI kahate haiM ki hamArA advaita tattva na to kisI se utpanna hotA hai aura na kucha karatA hI hai| isa kathana para akalaMka kA uttara dekhie na jAto na bhavatyeva na ca kiMcit karoti st| tIkSNaM zauddhodaneH zRGgamiti kinna prklyte|| arthAt yadi ApakA saMvedanAdvaita na to utpanna hotA hai aura na kucha kArya hI karatA hai phira bhI vaha hai to buddha ke mastaka para eka aisA tIkSNa sIMga bhI kyoM nahIM mAna lete jo na utpanna hotA hai aura na kucha kArya karatA haiN| yahA~ kitanA yuktipUrNa

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana parihAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zAlInatApUrvaka uttara dene kI prakriyA se akalaMkadeva ke AlocanAkauzalya kA sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai akalaMka deva ke granthoM meM uddhRta vAkya : I aba maiM akalaMka ke darzanAntarIya adhyayana ko saMkSepa meM batalAne ke lie anya darzanoM ke granthoM se una vAkyoM ke uddharaNa prastuta karU~gA, jina vAkyoM ko akalaMka ne apane granthoM meM uddhRta kiyA hai| aSTazatI- kArikA 53 kI vRtti meM na tasya kiJcit bhavati na bhavatyeva kevalam / yaha pada dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika se uddhRta kiyA hai| kArikA 76 kI vRtti meM yuktyA yanna ghaTAmupaiti tadahaM dRSTvApi na zraddadhe / yaha zlokAMza kisI anya grantha se uddhRta kiyA hai| kArikA 80 kI vRtti meM 59 . sahopalaMbhaniyamAdabhedo nIlataddhiyoH / yaha pada dharmakIrti ke pramANavinizcaya se uddhRta hai| kArakA 86 kI vRtti meM tAdRzI jAyate buddhirvyavasAyazca tAdRzaH / sahAyAstAdRzAH santi yAdRzI bhavitavyatA / yadyapi yaha zlokaM tathA coktaM likhakara uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, kintu aba yaha sunizcita ho gayA hai ki ukta zloka itihAsa prasiddha cANakya kI pustaka 'nItidarpaNa' udghRta huA hai| se. kArikA 106 kI vRtti meM tathA coktaM likhakara nimnalikhita zloka uddhRta kiyA hai arthasyAnekarUpasya dhIH pramANaM tadaMzadhIH / nayo dharmAntirApekSI durNayastannirAkRtiH / / nyAyavinizcaya AThavIM kArikA kI vivRki meM- "arthakriyAsamarthaM paramArthasat / " aisA ullekha dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika se kiyA hai| 23vIM kArikA kI vivRti meM - "sarvataH saMhRtya cintAM stimitenAntarAtmanA /

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna sthito'pi cakSuSA rUpam / / " yaha vAkya pramANavArtika se uddhRta hai| 54vIM kArikA kI vivRti meM ___ "timiraashubhrmnnnauyaansNkssobhaadi|" yaha pada dharmakIrti ke nyAyabindu se uddhRta hai| tattvArthavArtika- adhyAya 1 sUtra 1 kI vyAkhyA meM dharmeNa gamanamUrdhvaM gamanamadhastAd bhvtydhrmenn| ___ jJAnena cApavargo viparyayAdiSyate bandhaH / / yaha zloka sA~khyakArikA se uddhRta huA hai| duHkhajanmapravRttidoSamathyAjJAnAnAmuttarottarApAye tadanantarAbhAvAnnizreyasAdhigamaH / / 1/1/2 / / yaha sUtra maharSi gautama ke nyAyasUtra se uddhRta hai| ___"avidyApratyayAH saMskArAH" . yaha vAkya bauddhoM ke zAlistambasUtra se uddhRta hai| isa vAkya meM bauddhoM ke dvAdazAMga pratItyasamutpAda kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pratItyasamutpAda ko bhavacakra bhI kahate haiN| rUpavedanAsaMjJAsaMskAravijJAnapaJcaskandhanirodhAdabhAvo mokSaH / isa vAkya meM bauddhoM ke paJcaskandhoM kA nAma AyA hai| buddhisukhaduHkhecchAdveSaprayatnadharmAdharmasaMskAranavAtmaguNAtyantocchedo mokssH| isa vAkya meM vaizeSikoM ke matAnusAra AtmA ke 6 vizeSa guNoM kA ullekha hai| tattvArthavArtika adhyAya 1 sUtra 4 kI vyAkhyA meM buddhipUrvI kriyAM dRSTvA svadehe'nyatra tad gRhaat| manyate buddhisadbhAvaH sA na yeSu na teSu dhiiH|| yaha zloka dharmakIrti ke grantha 'santAnAntara siddhi' se uddhRta hai| adhyAya 1 sUtra 5 kI vyAkhyA meMkRtrimAkRtrimayoH kRtrime saMpratyayo bhvti| 1-1-52 gauNamukhyayoH mukhye sNprtyyH| 8/3/82 anantarasya vidhirvA pratiSedho vA / 1/2/47 ye sUtra prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pataJjali ke pAtaJjala mahAbhASya se uddhRta haiN| pAtaJjala mahAbhASya ke aneka sUtroM ke atirikta akalaMka ne tattvArthavArtika meM aneka

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana sthaloM para pAtaJjala mahAbhASya se aneka udArahaNa aura paMktiyA~ bhI uddhRta kI haiN| . yathA- na cAnyArthaM prakRtamanyArthaM bhvtiiti| anyArthamapi prakRtamanyArthaM bhvti| tad yathA-zAlyarthaM kulyAH praNIyante, tAbhyazca pAnIyaM pIyate upaspRzyate ca, zAlayazca bhaavynte| tad yathA-katarad devadattasya gRham ? ado yatrAsau kAkaH, iti utpatite kAke naSTaM tad gRhaM bhvti| adhyAya 1 sUtra 6 kI vyAkhyA meMvacanavighAto'rthavikalpopapalyA chlm| 1 / 2 / 10 yaha sUtra nyAyasUtra ke uddhRta hai| adhyAya 1, sUtra 8 kI vyAkhyA meM-dravyANi drvyaantrmaarbhnte| 1 / 1 / 10 Atmendriyamano'rthasannikarSAtyanniSpadyate tdnyt| 3 / 1 / 18 kriyAvat guNavat samavAyikAraNamitidravyasya lkssnnm| 1 / 1 / 15 ye sUtra maharSi kaNAda ke vaizeSikasUtra se uddhRta haiM adhyAya 1, sUtra 12 kI vyAkhyA meM- . - pratyakSaM kalpanApoDhaM naamjaatyaadysNyuktm| .. ' asAdhAraNahetutvAdakSaistad vypdishyte|| yaha zloka bauddha naiyAyika diGnAga ke pramANasamuccaya se uddhRta hai| ___ savitarkavicArAH hi pnycvijnyaandhaatvH| nirUpaNAnusmaraNavikalpenAvikalpakAH / / ::' yaha zloka vasubandhu ke abhidharmakoza se uddhRta hai| "SaNNAmanantarAtItaM vijJAnaM yaddhi tnmnH|" yaha vAkya bhI abhidharmakoza se uddhRta hai| indriyArthasannikarSotpannaM jJAnamavyapadezamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM prtykssm| 1/1/4 yaha sUtra gautama ke nyAyasUtra se uddhRta hai| satsamprayoge puruSasyendriyANAM buddhijanma tatpratyakSam / / 1/1/4 yaha sUtra maharSi jaimini ke mImAMsAsUtra se uddhRta hai| __ "nirvANaM dvividhaM sopadhivizeSa nirupadhivizeSaM c| tatra sopadhivizeSe nirvANe 'boddhaa'sti|" __ yaha vAkya kisI bauddha grantha se uddhRta hai| zAstreSu prkriyaabhedairvidyaivopvrnnyte| anAgamavikalpA hi svayaM vidyA prvrtte|

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna * yaha zloka prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa bhartRhari ke vAkyapadIya grantha se uddhRta hai| .. adhyAya 1, sUtra 20 kI vyAkhyA meMpratyakSapUrvakaM trividhamanumAnaM pUrvavat zeSavat sAmAnyato dRSTaM c| 1/1/5 yaha sUtra nyAyasUtra se uddhRta hai| saMyogAbhAve gurutvAt ptnm| 5/1/6 yaha sUtra vaizeSikasUtra se uddhRta hai| adhyAya 1, sUtra 22 kI vyAkhyA meM indriyANi parANyAhurindriyebhyaH paraM mnH| manasastu parAbuddhi buddheH parataro hi saH / / 3/42 yaha zloka bhagavadgItA se uddhRta hai| adhyAya 2, sUtra 20 kI vyAkhyA meM rUparasagandhasparzavatI pRthivii| rUparasasparzavatya Apo dravAH snigdhaashc| tejo ruupsprshvt| vAyuH sprshvaan|- 2/1/4 . yaha sUtra vaizeSikasUtra se uddhRta hai| isake atirikta pUjyapAda ke jainendravyAkaraNa se bhI aneka sUtra uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| uparyukta ke atirikta AcArya akalaMkadeva ne apane granthoM meM anya darzanoM ke aura bhI aneka viSayoM kI carcA kI hai jinakA isa nibandha meM ullekha nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| phira bhI kucha ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- . bauddha viSaya : svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa, svalakSaNa meM anabhilApyatva aura anirdezyatva, paramArthasat aura saMvRtisat, zUnyavAda, niranvayakSaNikavAda, kSaNika meM hI arthakriyAkAritva, zabda aura artha meM sambandhAbhAva, zabdoM meM vaktrabhiprAyasUcakatva aura anyApohavAcakatva zabda ke dvArA artha meM saMketa kI azakyatA, atItakAraNavAda aura bhAvikAraNavAda arthAt kAla ke vyavadhAna meM bhI kAryakAraNabhAva kI mAnyatA, dharmakIrtisammata buddha kI dharmajJatA, cAra Aryasatya, pradIpanirvANavat nirvANa kA abhyupagama aadi| anya viSaya : vaiyAkaraNoM ke dvArA abhimata sphoTavAda aura zabdAdvaitavAda, vaizeSikAbhimata nitya, eka aura vyApaka sAmAnyavAda, mImAMsakoM kA parokSajJAnavAda, naiyAyikoM kA jJAnAntarajJAnavedyavAda, sAMkhyoM kA acetanajJAnavAda, naiyAyika Adi ke dvArA abhimata

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akalaMkadeva kA darzanAntarIya adhyayana pramANa kA lakSaNa aura bheda, vaizeSika Adi ke dvArA abhimata mokSa kA lakSaNa, naiyAyikoM kI upamAna pramANa kI mAnyatA, mImAMsakoM kI arthApatti pramANa kI mAnyatA, ityAdi aneka viSayoM kI akalaMkadeva ne apane granthoM meM AlocanA kI hai kintu vicAra ke bhaya se maiMne yahA~ unakA vivecana prastuta nahIM kiyA hai| upasaMhAra : jainanyAya ke pratiSThApaka akalaMka eka yugapradhAna AcArya hue haiN| bauddhadarzana meM dharmakIrti kA aura mImAMsAdarzana meM kumArila kA jo sthAna hai vahI sthAna jainadarzana meM akalaMkadeva kA hai| ve eka parIkSA-pradhAna AcArya the aura acchI taraha se parIkSA karane ke bAda hI kisI bAta ko svIkAra karate the| akalaMkadeva itane prasiddha aura prabhAvazAlI AcArya hue haiM ki unakI prazaMsA tathA stuti aneka granthoM aura zilAlekhoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kA janma dakSiNa bhArata meM huA thA aura ve rAjaputra the| bhaTTa unakI upAdhi thI aura saba logoM ke dvArA pUjya hone ke kAraNa unako deva kahA jAtA hai| ____yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki akalaMkadeva ke dvArA racita aSTazatI Adi grantha sUtra kI taraha atigaMbhIra, arthabahula, kliSTa, durUha aura gUr3ha haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki acche-acche vidvAn bhI ina granthoM ko samajhane meM asamartha rahate haiN| isIlie siddhi vinizcaya ke TIkAkAra AcArya anantavIrya ko kahanA par3A .... devasyAnantavIryo'pi padaM vyaktu tu sarvataH / ... . na jAnIte'kalaMkasya citrametat paraM bhuvi|| arthAt yaha bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki maiM anantavIrya viziSTa jJAnazakti sampanna hokara ke bhI akalaMkadeva ke pada (vAkyArtha) ko pUrNa rUpa se vyakta karanA nahIM jaantaa.| . - aise utkRSTa jJAna aura alaukika pratibhA sampanna AcArya akalaMkadeva kA sAdara smaraNa karate hue unakI puNya sarasvatI kI prazaMsA meM zubhacandracArya dvArA 'jJAnArNava' meM likhita eka zloka yahA~ uddhRta hai zrImadbhaTTAkalaMkasya pAtu puNyA srsvtii| anekAntamarunmArge candralekhAyitaM yyaa|| iti zubhaM bhuuyaat|

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina* bhAratIya darzanoM meM jainadarzana kA apratima sthAna hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anekAntadRSTi rUpa, jise hama jainadarzaka kI AtmA kahate haiM, eka vaha vyavahArya mArga nikAlA jisake samucita upayoga se mAnasika, vAcika tathA kAyika ahiMsA pUrNarUpa se pAlI jA sakatI hai| isa taraha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI yaha ahiMsAsvarUpa anekAntadRSTi to jainadarzana ke bhavya prAsAda kA madhya stambha hai| isI se jainadarzana kI prANapratiSThA hai| bhAratIya darzana sacamuca isa atula satya ko pAye binA apUrNa rhtaa| jainadarzanaM ne isa anekAntadRSTi ke AdhAra se banI huI mahattvapUrNa grantharAzi dekara bhAratIya darzanazAstra ke koSAgAra meM apanI Thosa aura paryApta pUMjI jamA kii| pUrvakAlIna yugapradhAna samantabhadra, siddhasena Adi dArzanikoM ne isI dRSTi ke samarthana dvArA sat-asat, nityatvAnityatva, bhedAbheda, puNya-pApa, advaita-dvaita, bhAgya-puruSArtha Adi vividha vAdoM meM pUrNa sAmaJjasya sthApita kiyaa| madhyakAlIna A0 akalaMka, A0 haribhadra Adi tArkikoM ne aMzataH parapakSa khaNDana karake bhI usI dRSTi ko praur3ha kiyaa| usI dRSTi ke vividha prakAra ke upayoga ke lie. saptabhaMgI, naya, nikSepa Adi kA nirUpaNa huaa| isa taraha bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apanI ahiMsA kI pUrNa sAdhanA ke lie anekAntadRSTi kA AvirbhAva karake jagat ko vaha dhruva bIjamantra diyA, jisakA samucita upayoga saMsAra ko pUrNa sukha aura zAnti kA lAbha karA sakatA hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva kA jainanyAya meM vahI viziSTa sthAna hai jau bauddhadarzana meM dharmakIrti, mImAMsA darzana meM bhaTTakumArila, prabhAkara darzana meM prabhAkara mizra, nyAya vaizeSika meM udyotakara aura vyomaziva tathA vedAnta meM zaMkarAcArya kA hai| AcArya zubhacandra ne mugdha hokara unakI puNya sarasvatI ko anekAnta gagana kI candralekhA likhA - * sahAyaka AcArya, jaina vidyA evaM tulanAtmaka darzana vibhAga, jaina vizva bhAtI saMsthAna, lADanUM, nAgaura (rAja0-3341306) 1. pro0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya dvArA likhita akalaMkagranthatraya kI prastAvanA, pR0 62

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva 65 hai|' unake dvArA racita tattvArthavArtika meM jainadarzana ke prANa anekAntavAda ko bahuta vyApaka rUpa diyA gayA hai| jitane vivAda utpanna kiye gaye haiM una sabakA samAdhAna prAyaH anekAnta rUpI tulA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai / khojane para aise birale hI sUtra mileMge, jisameM 'anekAntAt ' vArtika na ho caturtha adhyAya ke anta meM anekAntavAda ke sthApanapUrvaka naya saptabhaMgI aura pramANa saptabhaMgI kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| "AcArya akalaMkadeva ne vastu sarvathA sat hI hai athavA asat hI hai, nitya hI hai athavA anitya hI hai, isa prakAra sarvathA ekAnta ke nirAkaraNa karane ko bhI anekAnta kahA hai| jainadarzana anekAntavAdI hai / usakA mata hai ki pratyeka vastu paraspara meM virodhI kahe jAne vAle nityatva - anityatva, ekatva - anekatva, astitva - nAstitva Adi ananta dharmoM kA samUha hai aura vaha pramANa kA viSaya hai anekAntavAdI hone ke kAraNa jainadarzana meM zabda kI pratipAdakaMtva zakti para bhI vicAra kiyA aura usakI asAmarthya kA anubhava na karake syAdvAda ke siddhAnta kA AviSkAra kiyA / usane dekhA ki vastu ke ananta dharma hone para bhI vaktA apane-apane dRSTikoNa se usakA vivecana karate haiM / dravya dRSTi vAlA use nitya kahatA hai, paryAyadRSTi vAlA use anitya kahatA hai, ataH ina vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA samanvaya honA Avazyaka hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva ne vastu vyavasthA ke nirdhAraNa meM anekAnta prakriyA kI pratiSThApanA meM aneka prakAra se vicAra kiyA hai jinakA hama nimna binduoM meM varNana kara rahe haiN| tattva vyavasthA meM anekAnta - A0 akalaMka ne likhA hai ki jIva, ajIva aura AsravAdi ke bhedAbheda kA anekAnta dRSTi se vicAra karanA cAhie, kyoMki dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika naya meM eka ko pradhAna aura eka ko gauNa karake, vivakSA aura avivakSA 'ke bheda se jIva aura ajIva meM AsravAdi kA antarbhAva ho sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai| jaise AnavAdi dravya aura bhAva ke bheda se do prakAra ke haiM / dravya pudgala rUpa hai aura bhAvAsravAdi jIva rUpa / paryAyasamarthaka naya kI gauNatA aura dravyArthika naya kI pradhAnatA se tathA AsravAdi pratiniyata aparyAyArtha kI avivakSA evaM anAdi 1. zrImadbhaTTAkalaMkasya pAtu puNyA sarasvatI, anekAntamarunmArge candralekhAyitaM yayA / / A0 zubhacandra : jJAnArNava sarga 1/17 2. paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI dvArA likhita nyAyakumudacandra kI prastAvanA, pR0 44 3. sadasannityAnityAdisarvathaikAntapratikSepalakSaNoM 'nekAntaH, aSTazatI, aSTasahasrI, pR0 286

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66 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna pAriNAmika caitanya (jIva) aura acaitanya (ajjIva) dravyArtha kI vivakSA se kathana karane para bhAvAnava kA jIva dravya meM aura dravyAnava kA ajIva dravya meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai tathA dravyArthika naya kI gauNatA aura paryAyArthika naya kI pradhAnatA se evaM AsavAdi pratiniyata paryAya kI vivakSA evaM anAdi pAriNAmika caitanya tathA acaitanya dravya kI avivakSA se kathana karane para jIva aura ajIva meM AnavAdi kA antarbhAba nahIM hotA, arthAt Amnava baMdha Adi svataMtra haiN| paryAyArthika naya kI apekSA inakA pRthak nirdeza sArthaka haiM, nirarthaka nhiiN|' __ vastu kI vidhi niSedhAtmakatA- jitane bhI padArtha zabdagocara haiM ve saba vidhi-niSedhAtmaka haiN| koI bhI vastu sarvathA niSedhagamya nahIM hotii| AtmA zabda gocara . hai isalie ubhayAtmaka hai| jaise kurabaka puSpa, lAla aura zveta donoM raMga kA nahIM hotA hai tathApi vaha varNazUnya nahIM hai| lAla aura sapheda bhI nahIM hai, pratisiddhatva hone se| isI prakAra paracatuSTaya kI apekSA vastu meM nAstitva hone para bhI svadRSTi se usakA astitva siddha hI hai| kahA bhI hai- 'kathaJcit sat kI thI upalabdhi aura astitva hai tathA kathaJcit sat kI upalabdhi kI bhI anupalabdhi aura nAstitva hai| yadi sarvathA sat kI asti aura upalabidha hai aisA mAna liyA jAye to ghara kI paTAdi rUpa se bhI upalabdhi hone ke kAraNa sabhI padArtha sarvAtmaka ho jaayeNge| sarvathA asat kI anupalabdhi evaM nAstitva nahIM hai, kyoMki asat kA bhI sarvathA anupabdhi evaM nAstitva mAna lene para padArtha vacana ke agocara ho jAyeMge arthAt padArtha kA abhAva ho jAne se vaha zabda kA viSaya hI nahIM ho skegaa| paryAya aura paryAyI meM anekAnta- paryAya aura paryAyI ke bheda aura abheda meM ghaTAdi ke samAna anekAntapanA hai| jaise ghaTa, kapAla, sikorA, dhUli Adi meM dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika ina donoM nayoM kI apekSA kathaMkita ekatva hai aura kathaJcit bhinnatva hai kyoMki yadi isameM paryAyArthika naya kI gauNatA ho tathA dravyArthika naya kI pradhAnatA ho aura paryAya kI avivakSA tathA miTTI rUpa anupayogI ajIva dravya kI vivakSA se varNana kiyA jAye to ghaTa, kapAlAdi meM ekatva hai, kyoMki ghaTa kapAlAdi miTTI rUpa dravya ko nahIM chor3ate haiN| yadi dravyArthika naya kI gauNatA ho, paryAyArthika naya kI mukhyatA ho, dravya kI avivakSA aura bAhyAbhyantara kAraNa janita paryAya kI vivakSA se kathana kiyA jAye to ghaTa, kapAlAdi meM anyatvapanA hai, kyoMki ghara paryAya aura kapAlAdi paryAya 1. tattvArthavArtika hindI bhASAnuvAdikA- AryikA zrIsupArzvamatI mAtAjI, pR0 67-68 2. vahI, pR0 328

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva paraspara pRthak-pRthak haiM, isalie miTTI rUpa dravya kI apekSA dravyArthika naya se ghaTa, sikorAdi meM kathaMcit ekatva hai aura paryAyArthika naya kI apekSA pRthaktva hai, kyoMki miTTI kA hI pariNamana hone se inameM ekatva hai| ubhayakAraNoM ke phalasvarUpa prApta huI ghaTa, kapAlAdi paryAya miTTI rUpa hI hai, miTTI anya nahIM hai aura ghaTAdi paryAya bhI anya nahIM hai kyoMki miTTI dravya ko chor3akara ghaTAdi paryAya upalabdha nahIM haiN| paryAya aura paryAyI meM bheda rUpa kathana kiyA jAye to donoM meM bhinnatA hai, kyoMki paryAyI miTTI dravya hai aura ghaTAdi paryAya haiN|' ____ AtmA kA jJAna se bhinnAbhinnatva- AtmA aura jJAnAdi meM kathaJcit bhinnatA hai aura kathaMcit abhinnatA hai, kyoMki dravyArthika naya kI mukhyatA evaM paryAyArthika naya kI gauNatA- paryAya kI avivakSA tathA anAdi pariNAma caitanya svabhAvarUpa jIva dravya kI vivakSA se kathana kiyA jAe to jJAnAdi guNoM meM aura AtmA meM ekatva hai, kyoMki jJAnAdi guNa anAdi pariNAmika caitanya svarUpa jIva dravya ko nahIM chor3ate haiN| yadi unameM hI dravyArthika naya kI gauNatA, paryAyArthika naya kI pradhAnatA, dravya kI avivakSA tathA kAraNa vizeSa se ApAdita bheda paryAyArthika naya kI vivakSA se kathana kiyA jAe to jJAnAdi guNa Atmadravya se kathaMcit bhinna haiM, kyoMki jJAna paryAya anya hai, aura darzana paryAya anya hai| isalie AtmA se jJAnAdi paryAya kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna hai| AtmA aura jJAna pRthak-pRthak nahIM hai kyoMki AtmA dravya ko chor3akara anyatra jJAnAdi paryAyoM kA abhAva hai| paryAya aura paryAyI kI bheda vivakSA se kathana karane para donoM bhinna haiM aura dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA abhinna haiN| AtmA paryAyI hai aura jJAnAdi paryAya haiN| isalie AtmA aura jJAna ke bhedAbheda ke prati anekAnta dRSTi kA prayoga karanA caahie| .. AtmA kI mUrtAmUrtikatA- AtmA ke mUrtika-amUrtika ke prati anekAnta hai| kathaMcit AtmA mUrtika hai aura kathaMcit amUrtika hai| karmabandha paryAya ke prati ekatva hone se AtmA ke kathaMkit mUrtika haiM tathApi apane jJAnAdi sthala kSaNa ke nahIM chor3ane ke kAraNa kathaMcit amUrtika hai| ... AtmA kI ekAnekAtmakatA- jIva eka bhI anekAtmaka hai arthAt jIva eka svarUpa, aneka svarUpa, donoM prakAra haiN| yahAM prazna hai ki jo eka hai vaha aneka dharmAtmaka kaise ho sakatA hai? isakA uttara dete hue kahA hai vaha abhAva se vilakSaNa hone se 1. vahI, pR0 20 2. vahI, pR021

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna 'abhUta' nahIM hai, eka rUpa kA abhAva hai arthAt 'a' nahIM hai, 'bhAva' ekarUpatA, jisameM use abhAva kahate haiN| vaha abhAva ekarUpa hai kyoMki usameM koI bheda nahIM pAyA. jaataa| ataH vaha abhAva rUpa se eka hai parantu abhAva se vilakSaNa jo bhAva hai vaha to nAnA rUpa hai- arthAt bhAva meM to aneka dharma aura aneka bheda pAye jAte haiM, abhAva meM nhiiN| yadi aisA nahIM ho bhAva aura abhAva ina donoM meM avizeSatA ho jAyegI aura ve donoM eka ho jaayeNge| vaha bhAva 6 prakAra kA hai| janma, astitva, vipariNAma, vRddhi, abhakSama aura vinAza arthAt bhAva meM hI janma, sadbhAvAdi dekhe jAte haiN| bAhyAbhyantara donoM nimittoM ke kAraNa AtmalAbha karanA janma hai| yaha isakA viSaya hai arthAt janma 'jAyate' kriyApada kA viSaya hai| jaise-manuSya gati Adi nAmakarma ke udaya kI apekSA se AtmA manuSyAdi rUpa paryAya se utpanna hotA hai, aisA kahA jAtA hai| manuSyAdi Ayu ke nimittoM ke anusAra usa paryAya meM avasthAna honA usakA sadbhAva, sthiti yA astitva haiN| isameM asti kriyA kA sambandha hai| sat, bhAva rUpa padArtha kA avasthAntara, padArtha kA paryAyAntara honA pariNAma hai arthAt jo padArtha jisa rUpa se vidyamAna hai usakA samUla nAza na hokara usI meM paryAyoM kA palaTanA pariNAma hai| pUrva svabhAva ko na chor3akara bhAvAntara se Adhikya ho jAnA vRddhi hai (jaise anugata rUpa mAnava paryAya ko kAyama rakhate hue zarIra kI vRddhi hotI hai)| kramazaH ekadeza kA jIrNa-zIrNa honA apakSaya kahalAtA hai (jaise manuSya paryAya ko kAyama rakhate hue zarIra kA kSINa honaa)| sada rUpa padArtha ke paryAya sAmAnya kI sarvathA nivRtti kA nAma vinAza hai jaise-manuSyAyu kA kSaya ho jAne se manuSya paryAya kA nAza / isa prakAra pratikSaNa paryAya bheda se padArthoM meM anantarUpatA hotI hai| ataH bhAvAtmaka padArtha anantadharmAtmaka hai athavA sattva, jJeyatva, dravyatva amUrtatva, atisUkSmatva, avagAhanatva, asaMkhyeyapradarzanatva, anAdinidhanatva aura cetanatva kI dRSTi se bhI jIva aneka dharmAtmaka hai arthAt AtmA nAmaka padArtha satsvarUpa hai, jJAna kA viSaya hone se jJeya hai, guNa paryAya sahita hone se dravya hai, rUpAdi rahita hone ke kAraNa amUrtika hai, indriyoM kA viSaya na hone se atisUkSma hai| eka meM aneka rahane ke kAraNa avagAhanAtmaka hai| kisI na kisI AkAra se yukta hone ke kAraNa pradezAtmaka hai| AtmA utpatti aura vinAza rahita hone se anAdi nidhana hai aura cetanA guNa se yukta hone se cetanAtmaka hai| isa prakAra eka hI padArtha paryAyoM ke bheda se aneka dharmasvarUpa hai| AtmA aneka zaktiyoM kA AdhAra hone se bhI aneka dharmAtmaka hai| jaise ghI cikanA hai, tRpti karatA hai aura upabRMhaNa karatA hai ataH aneka zakti vAlA hai athavA

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva jaise ghar3A jala-dhAraNa, AharaNa Adi aneka zaktiyoM se yukta haiM usI prakAra AtmA bhI dravya, kSetra kAla aura bhAva ke nimitta se aneka prakAra kI vikAra prApti ke yogya vaibhAvika zaktiyoM ke yoga se anekadharmAtmaka hai|' ___sambandhi rUpatva hone se aneka dharmAtmakatA- vastu antara sambandhi se AvirbhUta aneka sambandhI saMpatva hone se bhI anekadharmAtmaka hai| jaise-eka hI ghaTa aneka sambandhiyoM kI apekSA pUrva, pazcima, antarita, anantarita, dUra- Asanna, navIna-purAnA, samartha-asamartha, devadattakRta, caitra svAmikatva, saMkhyA, parimANa, pRthaktva, saMyoga, vibhAga Adi bheda se aneka vyavahAroM kA viSaya hotA hai, kyoMki sambandhoM kI anantatA se sambandhI bhI ananta hote haiM, usI prakAra jJAna, darzana Adi ananta sambandhiyoM kI apekSA AtmA bhI una-una aneka paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA hone se anekadharmAtmaka hai| athavA pudgaloM ke anantatA hai aura usa-usa pudgala dravya kI apekSA se eka-eka pudgalastha eka-eka paryAya kI vivakSA se anantatA hotI hai jaise-eka hI pradezinI aMgulI ananta pudgaloM kI apekSA aneka bhedoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai.| pradezinI aMgulI meM madhyamA kI apekSA jo bhinnatA hai vahI anAmikA kI apekSA nahIM hai, pratyeka pararUpa kA bheda pRthak-pRthak hai| ataH madhyamA aura anAmikA meM ekatva nahIM hai, kyoMki.madhyamA aura pradezinI meM anyatva hetutva se avizeSatA hai arthAt * samAnatA nahIM hai| aura na inakA eka-dUsare kI apekSA artha sattva hai| madhyamA ne pradezinI meM hrasvatva utpanna nahIM kiyA hai| yadi madhyamA ke sAmarthya se pradezinI meM hasvatva utpanna hotA hai to 'zaza viSANa' meM yA 'zakrayaSTi' meM bhI. hrasvatva utpanna honA cAhiye thA aura na svataH pradezinI meM hrasvatA hotI hai, kyoMki parApekSAbhAva meM usakI vyakti kA abhAva hai anyathA anAmikA ke abhAva meM hrasvatA kI pratIti honI cAhiye thii| ataH ananta-pariNAmI dravya hI una-una sahakArI kAraNoM kI apekSA una-una rUpoM se vyavahAra meM AtA hai| na to vaha dravya svataMtra hI anantarUpa hai aura na vaha sarvathA parakRta hai, (syAdvAda se hI inakI siddhi hotI hai, usI prakAra jIva bhI karma aura nokarma viSaya ke sambandha bheda se utpanna jIvasthAna, guNasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, tathA vastu upakaraNa, kuNDala, daNDa Adi, ke sambandha se kuNDalI, daNDI Adi aneka paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| . paryAyoM kI apekSA se vastu meM anantadharmAtmakatA- atIta, anAgata aura vartamAnakAla ke sambandha se bhI AtmA anantadharmAtmaka hai jaise-miTTI Adi vastu meM 1. tattvArthavArtika, 1/42, pR0703-705 2 vahI, pR0 105 100

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna samudAya avayava ke pradhvaMza rUpa kA viSaya karane vAle atItakAla, utpatti kI nizcaya se saMbhAvanA karane vAle bhaviSyat kAla aura sAdhana pravRtti avirAma (kriyA sAtatyarUpa) vartamAna kAla ke sambandha se miTTI Adi dravya una-una kAloM meM aneka bhedoM (paryAyoM) ko prApta hote dekhe jAte haiN| yadi vartamAna kAla mAtra mAnA jAya to pUrva aura aparatva (uttara) kI avadhi kA abhAva hone se "vandhyA kA putra yuvA hai" isa kathana ke samAna vartamAna kAla kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai| usI prakAra AtmA bhI anAdi atIta kAla sambandhI pariNata sambhAvanIya, ananta bhaviSyatkAlavartI tathA vartamAna kAlodbhUta artha aura vyaMjanoM paryAyoM ke bheda se dvaividhya ko prApta hone vAlI paryAya (arthaparyAya aura vyaJjana paryAyoM) ke sambandha se anantadharmAtmaka hai|' utpAda, vyaya aura ghauvyAtmakatA se padArtha kI anekadharmAtmakatA- jainadarzana meM dravya kA lakSaNa sat kahA gayA hai aura vaha sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hai| isa kAraNa se bhI padArtha anantadharmAtmaka hai| anantakAla aura eka kAla meM ananta. prakAra ke utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hone ke kAraNa AtmA anekAnta rUpa hai| jaisa- ghaTa eka hI kAla meM dravya dRSTi se pArthiva (miTTI) rUpa se utpanna hotA hai, jala rUpa se nahIM, deza kI apekSA yahA~ utpanna hotA hai, paTanA Adi meM nahIM, kAla kI vivakSA se vartamAna kAla meM utpanna hotA hai, atIta anAgata kAla meM nahIM, bhAva dRSTi se bar3A utpanna hotA hai choTA nahIM / dravyAdi ke eka-eka kA yaha utpAda sajAtIya miTTI ke aneka anya ghaTAntaragata, suvarNa Adi ISad vijAtIya ghaTAntaragata aura atyanta vijAtIya para (vastra) Adi ananta mUrtika-amUrtika dravyAntaragAnantata utpAda se vibhamAna (bheda rUpa) hote hue utpAda utane hI bhedoM ko prApta ho jAtA hai arthAt miTTI se ghaTa kA utpAda, svarNa ghaTa kA utpAda, paTa kA utpAda Adi ke bheda se utpAda aneka prakAra kA ho jAtA hai| yadi utpAda meM bheda nahIM mAnA jAAyegA to sarva ghaToM ke sAtha avizeSatA (abhinnatA) A jaayegii| sarva ekatA ko prApta ho jaayeNge| isI prakAra vahI dravya (ghaTa) usa samaya anutpadyamAna (utpanna nahIM hone vAle) dravya ke sambandha se kRta, Upara-nIce, tirache, antarita, anantarita, ekAntarAdi dizAoM ke bheda se, mahAn-alpa Adi guNa bheda se, rUpAdi ke utkarSa-apakarSa Adi ananta bheda se aura triloka evaM trikAla viSaya sambandhI bheda se, bhidyamAna rUpa (bheda ko prApta hone vAlA) utpAda aneka prakAra kA hai tathA aneka avayavAtmaka skandha pradeza bheda, dRSTa, viSama utpAda kI nAnArUpatA hone se bhI utpAda aneka prakAra kA hai athavA jaladhAraNa, AharaNa 1. vahI, pR0 707-708

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva 1 pradAnAdhikaraNa, bhaya, harSa, zoka, paritApa jananAdi svakArya ke prasAdhana ke nimitta se utpAda aneka prakAra kA hai / jaise- utpAda aneka prakAra kA hai usI prakAra utpAda kA pratipakSI vinAza bhI utane hI prakAra kA hai kyoMki pUrva paryAya kA vinAza hue binA nUtana utpAda kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai / utpAda aura vinAza kI pratipakSIbhUta sthiti bhI utane hI prakAra kI hai kyoMki utpatti aura vinAza kI AdhArabhUta sthiti ke binA bandhyA ke putra ke samAna utpanna aura vinAza ke abhAva kA prasaMga AtA hai arthAt sthiti ke binA utpAda aura vinAza nahIM ho sakate haiN| ghara utpanna hotA hai, isa prayoga ko vartamAna kAla to isalie nahIM mAna sakate ki abhI taka ghar3A utpanna hI nahIM huA hai arthAt pUrvAparIbhUta sAMdhyamAna bhAva meM abhidhAna kA vartamAna meM asatva hai / utpatti ke anantara yadi zIghra hI vinAza mAna liyA jAye to sadbhAva kI avasthA kA pratipAdaka koI zabda hI prayukta nahIM hogA tathA pratipAdaka zabda kA abhAva hone se utpAda meM bhI abhAva ho jAegA aura vinAza meM bhI abhAva ho jAegA aura bhAvAbhAva ( asti - nAsti ) rUpa padArtha kA vinAza ho jAne para tadAzrita vyavahAra kA bhI lopa ho jAyegA tathA bIja zakti kA abhAva hone se utpAda aura vinAza zabda vAcyatA kA bhI abhAva ho jAyegA / ataH padArtha meM utpadyamAnatA, utpannatA aura vinAza ye tIna avasthAe~ avazya svIkAra karanI cAhie tathA eka N jIva meM bhI dravyArthika, paryAyArthika naya ke gocara sAmAnya vizeSa ananta zaktiyAM aura utpatti, vinAza, sthiti Adi rUpa hone se anekatAtmakatA samajhanI caahie|' 2 paraspara virodha pratIta hote hue bhI utpAda, vyaya, dhauvyat ina tInoM ke yugapat hone meM koI virodha nahIM hai, kyoMki jisa dRSTi se utpAda aura vyaya kI kalpanA karate haiM, yadi usI dRSTi se dhauvya nitya kahA jAtA hai to avazya virodha AtA hai jaise ki .eka hI apekSA kisI puruSa ko pitA aura putra kahate haiM parantu dharmAntara kA Azraya lekara kahane meM koI virodha nahIM hai| jaise- eka hI puruSa ko pitA kI apekSA putra aura putra kI apekSA pitA kahA jAe to koI virodha nahIM hai, usI prakAra dravyArthika naya kI apekSA nitya aura paryAyArthika naya kI apekSA dravya ko anitya kahane meM koI virodha nahIM hai| ataH donoM kI apekSA utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ye tInoM eka sAtha ghaTita ho jAte haiN| dravya aura paryAya kA avinAbhAva - AcArya umAsvAmI ne tattvArthasUtra meM likhA 3. vahI pR0 707708 71 tatvArthavAnikam, bhAga-2, 50 221

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna hai ki gauNa aura mukhya kI vivakSA se eka hI vastu meM nityatva aura anityatva dharma siddha hai|' AcArya akalaMkadeva ne arpita ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai kidharmAntara-vivakSAprApita prAdhAnyamarpitam-arthAt dharmAntara kI vivakSA se prApta prAdhAnya arpita kahalAtA hai| aneka dharmAtmaka vastu ke prayojanavaza jisa dharma kI vivakSA kI jAtI hai athavA vivakSita jisa dharma ko pradhAnatA milatI hai, usa artha rUpa ko arpita kahate haiN| arpita se viparIta anarpita hai| prayojana kA (vaktA kI icchA kA) abhAva hone se sat (vidyamAna) padArtha kI avivakSA ho jAtI hai| ataH upasarjanIbhUta (gauNa) padArtha anarpita (avivakSita) kahalAtA hai| arpita aura anarpita arpitAnarpita hai, arthAtU anarpita ke dvArA vastu kI siddhi hotI hai ataH sat padArtha kA nityatva arpita anarpitase siddha hai| jaise-jaba mRtpiNDa 'rUpI dravya' ke rUpa meM arpita (vivakSita) hotA hai taba vaha nitya hai kyoMki vaha mRtpiNDa kabhI bhI rUpitva vA dravyatva ko nahIM chor3atA hai| jaba , vahI aneka dharma rUpa se pariNamana karane vAle isa mRtpiNDa kA dharmAntara kI vivakSA se mRtpiNDa ke rUpitva aura dravyatva ko gauNa karake kevala 'mRtpiNDa" rUpa paryAya kI vivakSA karate haiM to vaha miTTI kA piNDa rUpa pudgala dravya anitya hai, kyoMki usakI vaha paryAya (piNDa paryAya) adhruva hai, anitya hai| yadi kevala dravyArthika naya kI viSayabhUta vastu mAnI jAya to vyavahAra kA lopa ho jAegA kyoMki paryAya zUnya kevala dravya rUpa vastu kA abhAva hai| yadi kevala vastu paryAyArthika naya ke gocara hI mAnI jAe to lokayAtrA siddha nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki dravya se rahita paryAyamAtra vastu kA abhAva hai, ubhayAtmaka vastu hI lokayAtrA karane meM samartha hai| ataH ubhayAtmaka vastu kI prasiddhi hai| ____ anvaya aura vyatireka rUpa se padArtha kI anekadharmAtmakatA- anvaya aura vyatireka rUpa hone se bhI padArtha anekadharmAtmaka hai| jaise-isa loka meM eka hI ghar3A sat, acetana Adi sAmAnya rUpa se anvaya dharma kA tathA nUtana-purAtana Adi vizeSa rUpa se vyatireka dharma kA AdhAra hone se aneka rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, usI prakAra anvaya vyatireka rUpa sAmAnya aura vizeSa dharmoM kA AdhArabhUta AtmA eka hote hue bhI aneka dharmAtmaka hai| . pramANa aura nayApekSA anekAnta-ekAnta vyavasthA- tattvArthavArtika meM prazna 1. arpitAnarpitasiddheH 5/32 2. tattvArthavArtika, bhAga-2, pR0 222 3. tattvArthavArtika, bhAga-1, pR0 710

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva upasthita karate hue likhA hai ki anekAnta meM bhI vidhi-pratiSedha kI kalpanA nahIM hai| yadi anekAnta meM yaha vidhi-pratiSedha kalpanA lagatI hai to vaha anekAnta nahI ho sakatA hai kyoMki jisa samaya anekAnta meM 'nAsti' bhaMga prayukta hotA hai, usa samaya ekAntavAda kA prasaMga A jAyegA aura anekAnta meM bhI anekAnta lagAne para anavasthA dUSaNa AtA hai ataH anekAnta ko anekAnta hI kahanA cAhie, isalie saptabhaMgI bhI vyAptavAna nahIM hai| isakA samAdhAna dete hue varNana hai ki aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai kyoMki anekAnta meM bhI 'syAd ekAnta, syAd anekAnta, syAd ubhaya, syAd avaktavya, syAd ekAnta avaktavya, syAdu anekAnta avaktavya, syAd ubhaya, vaktavyaM isa prakAra pramANa aura naya kI dRSTi se anekAnta rUpa se anekamukhI kalpanAe~ ho sakatI haiM arthAt pramANa kI apekSA anekAnta hai aura naya kI apekSA ekAnta hai| pramANa aura naya kI vivakSA se bheda hai| ekAnta do prakAra kA hai- samyak aura mithyaa| anekAnta bhI samyak anekAnta aura mithyA anekAnta ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| pramANa ke dvArA nirUpita vastu ke ekadeza kI hetu vizeSa ke sAmarthya kI apekSA se grahaNa karane vAlA samyak ekAnta hai| eka dharma kA sarvathA (ekAntarUpa se) avadhAraNa karake anya dharmoM kA nirAkaraNa karane vAlA mithyA-ekAnta hai| eka vastu meM yukti aura Agama ke aviruddha aneka virodhI dharmoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA samyak anekAnta hai tathA vastu ko tat-atat Adi svabhAva se zUnya kahakara usameM aneka dharmoM kI mithyA kalpanA karane vAlA arthazUnya vAg vilAsa mithyA anekAnta haiN| . eka dharma kA nizcaya karane meM pravINa hone se naya kI vivakSA se ekAnta hai| aneka dharmoM ke nizcaya kA adhikaraNa (AdhAra) hone ke kAraNa pramANa vivakSA se anekAnta hai| yadi anekAnta, anekAnta hI mAnA jAe aura ekAnta kA lopa kiyA jAe to samyak ekAnta ke abhAva meM zAkhAdi ke abhAva meM vRkSa ke abhAva kI taraha tatsamudAya rUpa anekAnta kA bhI abhAva ho jaayegaa| yadi ekAnta hI mAnA jAye to usake avinAbhAvI zeSa dharmoM kA nirAkaraNa ho jAne se prakRta zeSa kA bhI lopa ho jAne se sarvalopa kA prasaMga prApta hotA hai|' ___anekAnta meM chala kA abhAva hai- AcArya akalaMkadeva kahate haiM ki anekAnta chala mAtra hai aisA nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki chala ke lakSaNa kA anekAnta meM abhAva hai| jo asti hai vahI nAsti hai, jo nitya hai vahI anitya hai, isa prakAra anekAnta kI 1. vahI, pR0 66-67 .

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14 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna prarUpaNA chala mAtra hai, aisA kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hai kyoMki chala ke lakSaNa kA anekAnta meM abhAva hai| chala kA lakSaNa hai, 'vacana vighAto'rthavikalpopapatyA chalam' arthAt arthoM ke vikalpa kI upapatti se vacanoM kA vighaat| jaise 'navakambalo devadattaH' yahA~ nava zabda ke do artha haiN| eka 6 saMkhyA aura dUsarA nyaa| to 'nUtana vivakSA' se kahe gaye nava zabda kA 6 saMkhyA rUpa artha vikalpa karake vaktA ke abhiprAya se milA artha kI kalpanA chala kahI jAtI hai, jaise- isake nava kambala hai, isa kathana meM vaktA kA abhiprAya thA, isake pAsa nau kambala haiM, cAra-pAMca nhiiN| zrotA ne isakA artha likhA isakA kambala nayA kambala hai, purAnA nhiiN| kintu sunizcita ubhaya naya ke vaza ke kAraNa mukhya gauNa vivakSA se saMbhava aneka dharmoM kA sunirNIta rUpa se pratipAdana karane vAlA anekAntavAda chala nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki isameM vacanavighAta nahIM kiyA. gayA hai, apitu yathAvasthita vastutattva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai|' ____ anekAntavAda saMzaya kA hetu nahIM- eka AdhAra meM virodhI aneka dharmoM kA . rahanA asaMbhava hai, ataH anekAntavAda saMzaya kA hetu hai, kyoMki Agama meM likhA hai ki dravya eka hai, paryAyeM ananta haiM, Agama pramANa se vastu asti hai ki nAsti hai ? nitya hai ki anitya hai ityAdi prakAra se saMzaya hotA hai aisA kahanA ucita nahIM hai kyoMki vizeSa lakSaNa kI upalabdhi hotI hai| sAmAnya dharma kA pratyakSa hone se vizeSa dharmoM kA pratyakSa na hone para (kintu) ubhaya vizeSoM kA smaraNa hone se saMzaya hotA hai| jaisedhuMdhalI (na ati prakAza hai na adhika aMdherA) aisI rAtri meM sthANuM aura puruSagata UMcAI Adi sAmAnya dharma kI pratyakSatA hone para sthANugata koTara pakSI nivAsa aura puruSagata sira khujalAnA, coTI bAMdhanA, vastra hilAnA Adi vizeSa dharmoM ke na dikhane para, kintu ina vizeSoM kA smaraNa rahane para (jJAna do koTiyoM meM dolita ho jAtA hai ki yaha sthANu hai yA puruSa) saMzaya utpanna ho jAtA hai kintu anekAntavAda meM vizeSa dharmoM anupalabdhi nahIM hai kyoMki svarUpAdi ke Adeza se vazIkRta ukta vizeSa pratyakSa upalabdha hote haiN| ataH vizeSa kI upalabdhi hone se anekAntavAda saMzaya kA hetu nahIM hai arthAt saba dharmoM kI sattA apanI-apanI nizcita apekSAoM se svIkRta hai| tat-dharmoM kA vizeSa pratimAsa nirvivAda sApekSa rIti se batAyA gayA hai| anekAntavAda ko saMzaya kA AdhAra bhI kahanA ucita nahIM hai ki asti Adi dharmoM ko pRthak-pRthak siddha karane vAle hetu haiM yA nahIM ? yadi hetu nahIM haiM to pratipAdana kaisA? yadi hetu haiM to eka hI vastu meM paraspara viruddha dharmoM kI siddhi hone para saMzaya honA hI caahie| virodha ke abhAva meM 1. vahI, pR017-18

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anekAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva saMzaya kA abhAva hotA hai| yadi virodha hogA to saMzaya avazya hogA parantu nayoM ke mAdhyama se kathita dharmoM meM virodha nahIM hotaa| ___ isa prakAra A0 akalaMkadeva ne anekAnta kI prakriyA kI pratiSThApanA meM masahanIya yogadAna diyaa| tattvArthavArtika meM anekAnta viSayaka jo mAnyatAe~ haiM ve anekAnta vyavasthA kA samyak pratipAdana karate haiN| ve bindu nimna haiM - 1. karttA aura karaNa ke bhedAbheda kI carcA / 2. AtmA kA jJAna se bhinnaabhinntv| 3. mukhya aura amukhyoM kA vivecana karate hue anekAnta dRSTi kA smrthn| 4. saptabhaMgI ke nirUpaNa ke pazcAt anekAnta meM anekAnta kI sughttnaa| 5. anekAnta meM pratipAdita chala, saMzaya Adi doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue anekAntAtmakatA kI siddhi| 6. nayoM kA sopapattika niruupnn| 7. vastu vyavasthA meM anekAnta kI aavshyktaa| hameM A0 akalaMkadeva ke granthoM ke Aloka meM samyak prakAra se anekAnta vyavasthA ko samajhakara vastutattva kA samIcIna zraddhAna karanA caahie| 1. tattvArthavArtika, bhAga- 1. pa09-E

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anekAnta ke advitIya vyAkhyAkAra akalaMkadeva zrI nirmala jaina* jaina darzana meM vItarAgatA ko sarvocca mAnyatA dI gaI hai / koI bhI sAdhaka vItaM hue binA sarvajJa to ho hI nahIM sakatA, jinendradeva kI vANI ko AMzika rUpa meM. hRdayastha karake jIvoM ke kalyANa ke liye use vyAkhyAyita karane kI zakti bhI unheM hI prApta hotI hai jo sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se rAga-dveSa se Upara uThane kA puruSArtha karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vAGmaya kA vipula bhaNDAra prAyaH vItarAgI saMtoM ke dvArA hI bharA gayA hai| jinavANI kA hArda hamAre kalyANa ke liye lipibaddha karane vAle una AcArya bhagavaMtoM ke jJAna kI mahimA to hai hI, sAtha hI unakI viziSTa sAdhanA bhI praNamya hai / hamAre una AcArya bhagavaMtoM kA koI zrRMkhalAbaddha jIvana-paricaya hameM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki ve manISI yaza-khyAti kI cAha se nirlipta the kintu paravartI AcAryoM ne . apane granthoM meM unakA jisa prakAra smaraNa kiyA tathA bAda ke zraddhAlu santoM - zrAvakoM ne janazruti Adi ke AdhAra para jo tathya ekatra kiye, unase yaha sahaja hI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki hamAre ve mAnya AcArya kisa prakAra apane jIvana ke prArambha se hI mokSamArga para calane aura calAne kA saMkalpa liye hu the| prAyaH sabhI pramukha jainAcAryoM ne ghara-gRhasthI ke jaMjAla ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura bacapana se hI sAdhanA- svAdhyAya meM nirata ho gaye / sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM hue prasiddha tArkika evaM dArzanika AcArya akalaMkadeva bhI eka aise hI prajJAvAn sAdhaka santa 1 apanI bAlyAvasthA meM pitAzrI ko kinhIM munirAja ke caraNoM meM aSTAnikA parva ke ATha dina ke lie brahmacarya vrata lete dekhakara bAlaka akalaMka ne bhI mana meM hI brahmacarya vrata le liyA aura usakI kisI sImA Adi kA saMkalpa nahIM kiyaa| aMtaH kumAra avasthA meM pitAzrI kI preraNA ke bAda bhI vivAha unheM svIkAra nahIM huA / * suSamA presa, kampAuNDa, satanA, ( ma0pra0) - 485001

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anekAnta ke advitIya vyAkhyAkAra akalaMkadeva gRhasthI ke mAMyAjAla se baca jAne ke kAraNa sAdhanA ke sAtha vidyArjana meM hI unhoMne apanA sArA dhyAna kendrata kiyA / phalasvarUpa kevala jainadarzana tathA vizeSa rUpa se anekAnta kI pratiSThA ke lie unhoMne aneka zAstrArtha kiye aura unameM vijayI hokara saphala zAstrArthI vidvAn ke rUpa meM prasiddhi prApta kI vidyAdhyayana ke sAtha hI saMyama kI sAdhanA bhI unakA abhISTa thA, ataH munidIkSA lekara unhoMne tapasyA bhI kI aura bAda meM AcArya pada para bhI pratiSThita hue| sAdhanA aura svAdhyAya ne unake cintana ko itanA pragAr3ha kiyA ki ve apanI vANI aura kalama ke mAdhyama se vastu-svarUpa kI samyak vivecanA karake mithyAbhrAntiyoM ke nirAkaraNa meM saphala hue tabhI to zravaNabelagola kA vaha zilAbhilekha Aja bhI unake sUrya samAna pratApa kI gAthA kaha rahA hai 77 tataH paraM zAstravidAM munIna'magresarIbhUdakalaMkasUriH / mithyAndhakArasthagitAkhilArthAH prakAzitA yasya vaco mayUkhaiH / abhilekha 108 akalaMkadeva jainanyAya ke purodhA mAne jAte haiN| unakI pramANa vyavasthA ko bAda ke AcArya bhagavantoM ne bahuta sarAhA aura apanI racanAoM meM unakA ullekha bhI kiyA / mahApurANa ke racayitA prasiddha jainAcArya jinasena mahArAja ne akalaMkadeva kA zraddhApUrvaka smaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai bhaTTAMkalaMka-zrIpAla-pAtrakesariNAM guNAH / viduSAM hRdayArUDhA hArAyante 'tinirmalAH / jinavANI ke sAdhakoM kI prazaMsA meM likhI gaI ye do paMktiyAM bhI bahuta prasiddha haiM, jinameM akalaMkadeva ke pramANa viSayaka avadAna kI prazaMsA kI gaI haipramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lakSaNam / dhanaMjayakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam / AcArya akalaMkadeva ne pramANa, naya, nikSepa Adi kI vyAkhyA meM " laghIstraya" nAmaka grantha likhA / pratyakSa jJAna, anumAna jJAna Adi kA vivecana karane ke liye unhoMne 'nyAyavinizcaya' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / pramANa ko vistAra se samajhAne ke liye 'pramANasaMgraha' grantha likhA aura phira 'siddhivinizciya' nAmaka graMtha likhakara usake 12 adhikAroM meM pratyakSasiddhi, savikalpasiddhi, pramANAntarasiddhi, jIvasiddhi, sarvajJasiddhi, nikSepasiddhi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA / isa prakAra unhoMne cAra maulika granthoM kI racanA kI I

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna * akalaMkadeva ne pUrvAcAryoM ke do mahAn granthoM para TIkAyeM bhI likhiiN| anekAntakI vizada vyAkhyA karane vAle AcArya samantabhadra svAmI ke mahAn graMtha 'AptamImAMsA' para unhoMne 800 zloka pramANa vRtti likhI jo aSTaztI nAma se prasiddha huI / isameM unhoMne anya darzanoM ke vibhinna vAdoM jaise dvaita-advaitavAda, daiva - puruSArthavAda Adi kI samIkSA anekAnta dRSTi se prastuta kI / 'aSTazatI' meM vastu kI anekAntAtmakatA siddha karane ke liye bhI aneka akATya tarka unhoMne diye haiM / 78 dUsarI zatAbdI meM hue parama upakArI AcArya umAsvAmI mahArAja ke mahAn tathA saMskRta bhASA ke prathama jaina sUtra grantha 'tattvArthasUtra' kI TIkA ke rUpa meM likhA gayA tattvArthavArtika' apara nAma 'rAz2avArtika' grantha akalaMkadeva kA dUsarA TIkA grantha hai / tattvArthasUtra graintha para saMskRta meM hI aneka AcArya ne TIkAyeM likhI haiN| AcArya pUjyapAda kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAmaka TIkA aura AcArya vidyAnanda kI ' zlokavArtikAlaMkAra' nAmaka TIkA ke bAda AcArya akalaMkadeva kI tattvArthavArtika saMbhavataH sabase vizada artha prarUpaka TIkA hai| tattvArthavArtika ke sabhI vArtika AcArya akalaMkadeva ne gadya meM hI likhe haiM aura unakI yaha bhI vizeSatA hai ki sUtra rUpa meM vArtika likhakara unhoMne svayaM hI usakI vyAkhyA bhI saMskRta gadya meM hI likhI hai| isa vizeSatA ke kAraNa hI daza adhyAya vAle isa graMtha ke pratyeka adhyAya ke aMta meM ' iti tattvArthavArtike vyAkhyAnAlaMkAre....u paMkti likhI gaI hai| .adhyAyaH' AcArya akalaMkadeva ne 'tattvArthasUtra' ke sUtroM kI vyAkhyA meM aneka viSayoM kA, vizeSakara dArzanika tathA saiddhAntika viSayoM kA, vizadaM vivecana to kiyA hI hai, sAtha hI prAyaH sabhI jagaha apane mantavya ko anekAnta ke dvArA samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kevala vyAkhyA meM hI nahIM, unhoMne vArtikoM meM bhI aneka jagaha anekAnta zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| kahIM-kahIM to vArtika mAtra anekAnta zabda se hI banAye gaye haiM / dekheM tattvArthavArtika meM anekAnta ke uddharaNa 'anekAntAt paryAyaparyAyiNorarthAntarabhAvasya ghaTAdivat / 1/1/16 paryAya aura paryAyI ke bheda aura abheda meM ghaTAdi ke samAna anekAntapanA hai / nityAnityaikAntAvadhAraNe tatkAraNAsaMbhavaH / 1/1/55 AtmA ke nitya va anitya kI ekAnta avadhAraNA meM mokSa ke kAraNoM kI asaMbhava hai|

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anekAnta ke advitIya vyAkhyAkAra akalaMkadeva 79 kSaNikaikAMnte'pyavasthAnAbhAvAt jnyaanvairaagybhaavnaabhaavH| 1/1/57 kSaNika ekAnta meM bhI avasthAna kA abhAva hone se jJAna-vairAgya kA abhAva hai| anekAntAcca, 1/4/5-anekAnta dRSTi se vicAra karanA caahiye| anekAntAcca, 1/5/22-inameM anekAnta hai| anekAntAt, 1/5/30-isameM anekAnta hai| anekAnte tadabhAvAdavyAptiriti cet, na, tatrApi tdupptteH| 1/6/6 anekAnta meM syAdvAda kI kalpanA meM bhI doSa AtA hai, aisA kahanA ucita nahIM hai| anekAntAtsiddhiH, 1/10/13-anekAnta se siddhi hotI hai| na, anekAntAt, 1/17/4-anekAntaM hone se aisA nahIM kahanA caahiye| anekAntAcca, 1/20/5-anekAnta hai| anekAntAt, 2/7/25-mUrtika-amUrtika ke prati anekAnta hai| eSAM ca svatastadvatazcaikatvapRthaktvaM pratyanekAntaH, 2/16/12 ina indriyoM kA paraspara ekatva aura pRthaktva ke prati anekAnta hai| . . teSAM ca svatastadvatazcaikatvaM pRthaktvaM pratyanekAntaH, 2/20/5 tadvAn meM ekatva aura pRthaktva ke prati anekAnta jAnanA caahiye| ekAntenAdimatve abhinavazarIrasambandhAbhAvo nirnimittatvAt,2/41/3 ekAnta se anAdimAn hI svIkAra kara lene para nirnimitta hone se navIna zarIra se sambandha kA abhAva ho jaayegaa| ekAntenAnAditve cAnirmokSaprasaMgaH, 2/41/5 'ekAnta se anAdimAna mAna lene para bhI nirmokSa kA prasaMga aayegaa| anekAntAcca, 4/13/3 isameM bhI anekAnta hai| anekazastipracitatvAt, 4/42/6 / AtmA aneka zaktiyoM kA AdhAra hone se bhI anekadharmAtmaka hai| guNasaMdrAvo dravyamiti cet, na ekAnte doSopapatte, 5/2/6 ekAnta pakSa meM aneka doSa Ane se guNoM ke sandrAva ko dravya kahanA bhI ThIka nahIM hai| . ekAnekapradezatvaM pratyanekAntAt puruSavat, 5/8/21 puruSa ke samAna eka-aneka pradezatva ke prati anekAnta hai| anekAntAt,5/10/4-isameM bhI anekAnta hai|

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna anekAntAt, 5/12/6-isameM anekAnta hai| anekAntAt, 5/16/5-anekAnta hone se AtmapradezoM kA vizaraNa nahIM hotaa| anekAntAcca samagravikalendriyavat, 5/17/27 samagra aura vikalendriya kI taraha yaha anekAnta hai| anekAntAcca tatsiddhiH, 5/18/5-anekAnta se inake AdhAra-Adheya bhAva kI siddhi hotI hai| ___ arthAntaramiti cet, na, anekAntAt indriyavat, 5/16/21-indriya ke samAna anekAnta hone se mana arthAntara nahIM hai| karmavaditi cet na anekAntAt, 5/16/26-anekAnta hone se karma kA dRSTAnta bhI upayukta nahIM hai| vyavasthitAvyavasthitadoSAditi ceta, na anekAntAt, 5/22/14-anekAntaM pakSa meM vyavasthita aura avyavasthita doSa bhI nahIM Ate haiN| . matvarthIyaprayogAdanyatvaM zabdAdInAM daNDavaditi cet, na, anekAntAt, 5/24/23 zabda-baMdha Adi ke matu-arthIya pratyaya kA prayoga hone se daNDa ,ke samAna yaha pudgala se bhinna hai, aisA nahIM kahanA cAhiye, kyoMki paryAya-paryAyI meM bhedAbheda anekAnta hai| anekAntaH kAraNatvAdivikalpaH, 5/25/16 kAraNatvAdi ke prati anekAnta hai| utpAdAdInAM dravyasya cobhayathA. lakSyalakSaNabhAvAnupapattiriti cet, na, anyatvAnanyatvaM pratyanekAntopapatreH, 5/30/11-dravya ke utpAdAdi ke donoM prakAra se lakSya-lakSaNa bhAva nahIM hai, aisI AzaMkA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki utpAdAdi ke bhinna aura abhinna ke prati anekAnta hai| anekAntAcca lAvakAdivat, 6/1/11-lAvaka (kATane vAlA) Adi ke samAna isameM anekAnta hai| ___ indriyAdInAmAtmano'nanyatvAnyatvaM pratyanekAntaH, 6/5/6-indriyAdi AtmA se bhinna hai ki abhinna, isameM anekAnta hai| tadekAntAvadhAraNe'nupapannam anyataraikAntasaMgrahAt, 6/11/10-ekAnta kI avadhAraNA ThIka nahIM hai, kisI eka kA saMgraha hone se| ekAntavAdinAM tadanupapatrirbandhAbhAvAt, 7/13/11-baMdha kA abhAva hone se ekAntavAdiyoM ke hiMsA aura adharma kI aprApti hai| - syAdvAdinastadupapatriranekAntAzrayaNAt, 7/36/12-anekAnta kA Azraya hone

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anekAnta ke advitIya vyAkhyAkAra akalaMkadeva 81 se syAdvAdI ke to sarva ghaTita ho sakatA hai| anaikAntikatvAt, 8/4/11 isameM anaikAntikatva hai| isa prakAra tattvArthavArtika grantha meM viSaya pratipAdana ke liye anekAnta siddhAnta kA bharapUra prayoga akalaMkadeva ne kiyA hai| anekAnta ko garimA aura pratiSThA dene vAle isa anokhe cintana ke liye jaina vAGmaya kI carcA ke samaya akalaMkadeva kA nAma sarvopari smaraNIya rhegaa|

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AcArya akalaMkadeva kI pratyakSa pramANa viSayaka avadhAraNA DaoN0 zreyAMsakumAra jaina vastusvarUpa ke bodha ke nimitta yA kAraNa pramANa, naya aura nikSepa haiN| AcArya zrI umAsvAmI ne kahA hai ki "pramANanayairadhigamaH" pramANa aura naya se vastu svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva kahate haiM jJAnaM pramANamAtyAdarUpAyo nyAsa issyte| nayo jJAturabhiprAyo yuktito'rthaparigrahaH / / laghI0 52 / / ... AtmA Adi padArthoM kA jJAna hI pramANa hai| inako jAnane kA upAya nikSepa hai tathA jJAtA ke abhiprAya kA nAma naya hai| inake dvArA hI padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| AcArya akalaMka bhaTTa pramANazAstra ke sarvazreSTha adhikArI vidvAn hai| ataeva padArtha bodha ke prathama kAraNabhUta pramANa ke pramukha bheda pratyakSa para AcArya akalaMkabhaTTa ke vizeSa avadAna ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| _ 'vizada jJAna pratyakSa hai|" AcArya akalaMka dvArA vizada zabda ko lakSaNa meM sthAna dene kA vizeSa kAraNa hai, kyoMki AcArya akalaMkabhaTTa kI pramANa-vyavasthA meM vyavahAra dRSTi kA bhI AzrayaNa haiN| inase pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne kahA hai- pratyakSa pramANa vaha hai jisameM kevala (indriyoM tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hI) AtmA ko padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai| ataeva avadhi, manaHparyaya tathA kevalajJAna- ina tIna jJAnoM ko hI ve pratyakSa kahate haiM tathA indriyoM aura mana se hone vAle mati tathA zruta-ina donoM jJAnoM ko parokSa kahA hai| AcArya amRtacaMdra ne bhI AcArya kuMdakuMda ke anusAra hI kahA hai ki mana, indriya, paropadeza Adi sarva paradravyoM kI apekSA rakhe binA ekamAtra AtmasvabhAva ko hI kAraNa rUpa se grahaNa karake sarva dravya paryAyoM ke samUha meM eka samaya hI vyApta hokara pravartamAna jJAna kevala AtmA ke dvArA hI utpanna hotA hai isalie pratyakSa ke rUpa meM * rIDara saMskRta, di0 jaina kAleja, bar3auta, (u0pra0) 1. pramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lakSaNam, dvisandhAnakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam 2. pratyakSaM vizadaM jJAnam- laghIyastraya 1/3 3. jadi kevaleNa jAdaM havadi hi jIveNa paccakkha / pravacanasAra, gAthA 58

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AcArya akalaMkadeva kI pratyakSa pramANa viSayaka avadhAraNA mAnA jAtA hai| rAjavArtika meM AcArya akalaMkadeva ne parApekSA rahita ke artha meM pratyakSa kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA hai / yathA - "indriyAnindriyAnapekSamatItavyabhicAraM sAkAragrahaNaM pratyakSam"" arthAt indriya aura mana kI apekSA ke binA vyabhicAra rahita jo sAkAra grahaNa hotA hai, use pratyakSa kahate haiM / AcArya akalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya meM bhI isI ko spaSTa kiyA hai- " spaSTa aura savikalpa tathA vyabhicAra Adi doSa rahita hokara sAmAnya rUpa dravya aura vizeSa rUpa paryAya arthoM ko tathA apane svarUpa ko jAnanA hI pratyakSa pramANa hai / 2" 83 pratyakSa kA padArtha ke sAtha avyavahita ( sAkSAt ) saMbaMdha hotA hai| isakI mUla meM do zAkhAyeM haiM- (1) AtmapratyakSa, (2) indriya- anindriyapratyakSa / prathama zAkhA paramArthAzrayI hai, isalie ise vAstavika pratyakSa jAnA jAtA hai| dUsarI aupacArika yA vyavahArAzrayI hai| paramArthAzrayI pratyakSa ko AtmapratyakSa bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha do prakAra kA hai - . dezapratyakSa aura sarvapratyakSaM / kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hai, kyoMki vaha trikAla viSayaka samasta padArthoM ko viSaya karane vAlA, atIndriya, akramavRtti, vyavadhAna se rahita aura AtmA evaM padArtha kI samIpatA mAtra se pravRtta hone vAlA hai / avadhi aura manaHparyAya jJAna vikala pratyakSa haiM, kyoMki unameM sakala pratyakSa kA lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| AcArya akalaMka ne pratyakSa ke tIna prakAra ke bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai| devoM dvArA prApta divyajJAna, dravya va paryAyoM ko athavA sAmAnya va vizeSa padArthoM ko jAnane vAlA jJAna tathA AtmA ko pratyakSa karane vAlA svasaMvedana jJAna / * I prAyaH sabhI dArzanika indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnate haiN| AcArya akalaMka bhaTTa `se pUrvavartI sabhI jainAcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki AtmapratyakSa hI pratyakSa hai, isakA anya kisI bhI jJAna kI apekSA prAthamika sthAna hai / indriyA~ parimita pradeza meM atisthUla . vastuoM se Age jA nahIM sakatI haiM, ataH unase utpanna hone vAle jJAna ko parokSa pramANa se U~cA sthAna denA indriyoM kA viziSTa mUlyAGkana hogA / indriyA~ kitanI kuMzala kyoM na hoM, kintu ve antataH haiM to paraMtaMtra hI / ataeva paratantra janita jJAna ko sarvazreSTha pratyakSa mAnane kI apekSA svataMtra janita jJAna ko hI pratyakSa mAnanA 1. rAjavArtika 1/12/1 2. nyAyavinizcaya 1/3 3. sakalapratyakSaM kevalajJAnaM viSayIkRtatrikAlagocarAzeSArthatvAt atIndriyatvAt akramavRttitvAt nirvyavadhAnAt AtmArtha snnidhaanmaatrprvrtnaat| avadhimanaH paryayajJAne vikalapratyakSam / tatra sAkalye pratyakSalakSaNAbhAvAt / / dhavala 6/4.1.45 4. pratyakSaM trividhaM devaiH dIpyatAmupapAditam drvypryaaysaamaanyvishessaarthaatmvednm| nyAyavinizcaya TIkA 1/3, pRSTha 115

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna nyAyasaMgata hai| yahI kAraNa ki jaina dArzanikoM ne usI jJAna ko vastutaH pratyakSa mAnA hai, jo svataMtra AtmA ke Azrita haiN| jainAcAryoM ke isa maulika cintana ke hote hue bhI nyAyavidyA niSNAta AcArya akalaMkabhaTTa ne lokasiddha pratyakSa ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahakara anekAntadRSTi kA upayoga kiyA hai| jo jJAna sparzanAdi indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se hotA hai use sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahate haiN|' yaha jJAna loka vyavahAra meM pratyakSa siddha hai isalie jainAcAryoM kI paravartI paraMparA meM nyAya-vaizeSika Adi dArzanikoM ke sAtha tAratamya sthApita karane ke lie pratyakSa pramANa ke svarUpa meM parivartana Avazyaka samajhA gayA, kyoMki itara darzanoM meM indriyajajJAna ko hI pratyakSa pramANa mAnA gayA hai, ataH indriya aura mana se prApta jJAna ko vyavahArataH pratyakSa mAnA hai| ___ pratyakSa pramANa ke prakAroM para jainAcAryoM ne vividha dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai| Agama graMthoM meM avadhijJAna, manaHparyaya jJAna tathA kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa pramANaM ke. antargata pratipAdita kiyA hai| AcArya kuMdakuMda aura umAsvAmI isI paramparA ke anuyAyI haiM, inake anusAra avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevalajJAna atIndriya jJAna haiM, atIndriya jJAna hI vastutaH pratyakSa hai| indriya aura mana ke Azraya se hone vAlA jJAna parokSa hai| AcArya akalaMkabhaTTa ne pratyakSa pramANa ke bheda prarUpaNa meM eka nayA hI dRSTikoNa rakhA hai| inhoMne indriya pratyakSa, anindriya pratyakSa (smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka aura anumAna ye jJAna jaba taka zabdAzrita nahIM hote taba taka mana dvArA pratyakSa jAne jAte haiM) tathA anindriya pratyakSa (avadhi, manaHparyaya jJAna, kevalajJAna) ye tIna prakAra pratyakSa pramANa ke svIkAra kiye haiN| ina tIna bhedoM meM se ve prathama do prakAra ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kI saMjJA dete haiN| prabhAcandra ne akalaMkabhaTTa ke ukta vargIkaraNa ko svIkAra to kiyA hai kintu smRti Adi ko anindriya pratyakSa nahIM mAnA hai| bhAvasena ne AcArya akalaMkabhaTTa kI bAta ko pUrNa svIkAra karate hue prAcIna AcAryoM kI paramparA ko bhI pratyakSa ke bhedoM meM grahaNa kara yogipratyakSa bheda kahA hai| isameM avadhi, manaHparyaya tathA kevalajJAna kA samAveza kiyA hai| yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki AcArya akalaMkabhaTTa dvArA 1. indriyAnindriyanimittaM dezataH sAMvyavahArikam- parIkSAmukhasUtra, 2/5 2. pratyakSaM vizadajJAnaM tattvajJAnaM vishdm| indriyapratyakSamanindriyapratyakSamatInidraya pratyakSaM tridhaa| pramANasaMgraha zloka 1 kI TIkA 3. tatra sAMvyavahArikamindriyAnindriyapratyakSam / mukhyamatIndriya jJAnam / laghIyastraya zloka 4 kI TIkA * 4. laghIyastraya zloka 10-11 kI saMskRta TIkA 5. vizvatattva prakAza, pariccheda 38

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AcArya akalaMkadeva kI pratyakSa pramANaM viSayaka avadhAraNA mAnya mukhya pratyakSa hI bhAvasena dvArA svIkRta yogipratyakSa hai / indriya pratyakSa sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kA hI eka bhAga hai / mAnasa pratyakSa kA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa meM antarbhAva kiyA jA sakatA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra ne indriya- anindriya nimittaka atijJAna ko kahA hai, kintu akalaMkadeva ne indriya pratyakSa kA spaSTa hI varNana kiyA hai| bhAvasena ne vizvatattva prakAza meM mAnasa pratyakSa kI AtmA ke sukha, duHkha, harSa Adi kA jJAna viSayaka maryAdA kA prarUpaNa kiyA hai|' kintu yaha akalaMkadeva dvArA pratipAdita anindriya pratyakSa ke anukUla nahIM hai / bhAvasena ne svasaMvadenA pratyakSa kA svataMtra prakAra ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai| yaha anya jaina granthoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai kintu jJAna apane Apako jAnatA hai| isa viSaya meM to sabhI jainAcArya ekamata haiN| 85 nyAyasUtra meM pratyakSa ke lakSaNa meM indriya pratyakSa ko hI saMgRhIta kiyA hai| pratyakSa pramANa ke bheda viSayakaM nirUpaNa meM sabase bar3I vizeSatA AcArya siddhasena ke dvArA dikhalAI gaI hai- 'pratyakSeNAnumAnenaprasiddhArthaprakAzanAt parasya tadupAyatvAt parArthatvaM dvayorapi' arthAt anumAna ke samAna pratyakSa ke bhI svArtha aura parArtha - ye do bheda kiye haiN| isa vargIkaraNa ko kisI bhI AcArya ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| bha0 sarvajJa ne pratyakSa ke yogipratyakSa aura ayogipratyakSa ye do prakAra varjita kiye haiM aura inako punaH savikalpaka tathA nirvikalpaka ina do prakAroM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| isa pratyakSa pramANa ke bhedoM ke nirUpaNa ke anantara yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se jo jJAna hotA hai vaha indriya ke lie pratyakSa aura AtmA ke lie parokSa hotA hai isalie use indriya pratyakSa yA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahate haiM / indriyAM dhUma Adi liMga kA sahArA liye binA agni Adi kA sAkSAt karatI haiM isalie yaha indriya pratyakSa hotA hai / indriya aura anindriyajanya jJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahane meM anaucitya nahIM hai / siddhAnta kI bhASA meM to use parokSa hI kahA gayA hai| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa matijJAna rUpa hai| isake 336 bheda - prabhedoM kA vistRta varNana dArzanika graMthoM meM pratipAdita hai / akalaMkadeva ke bAda digambara - zvetAmbara - donoM paramparAoM ke AcArya apanI-apanI pramANaviSayaka racanAoM meM kucha bhI parivartana kie binA akalaMkabhaTTakRta vargIkaraNa ko svIkAra karate haiM / 1. bhAvasena ne yogipratyakSa meM kevalajJAna, mana:paryayajJAna tathA avadhijJAna ko samaviSTa kiyA hai| inameM pahale do jJAna to sirpha yogiyoM (mahAvratiyoM) ko hote haiM; kintu avadhijJAna gRhasthoM ko bhI hotA hai| 2 nyAyAvatAra, kArikA 11 3 nyAyasAra pRSTha 7-13

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna pramANa parokSa pratyakSa sAMvyavahArika mukhya avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA avadhi manaHparyaya kevala . isa prakAra sabhI ne pratyakSa ke mukhya aura sAMvyavahArika-ye do bheda karake mukhya meM avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevalajJAna- ina tIna ko liyA hai tathA sAMvyavahArika meM matijJAna ko grahaNa kiyA hai| . pratyakSa pramANa ke ukta vargIkaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jaise anya darzanoM meM alaukika pratyakSa ke bhI paricittajJAna, tAraka, kaivalya (mukta) yuMjAna Adi rUpa se bheda pAye jAte haiM, usI prakAra jainadarzana meM bhI vikala-sakala avdhi| manaHparyaya kevalajJAna rUpa se mukhya pratyakSa ke bheda varNita kie gae haiN| . . AcArya akalaMka dvArA nyAyavinizcaya ke prathama pariccheda meM likhita bauddhadarzana sammata indriya pratyakSa, mAnasa pratyakSa, svasaMvedana pratyakSa ke nirAkaraNa ke sAtha hI sAMkhya aura naiyAyika sammata pratyakSa lakSaNa kara nirasana bhI nyAyavidyA ke kSetra apratima avadAna hai|

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AcArya akalaMka kI pramANa - mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI ( samakAlIna pAzcAtya saMdarbha meM) DaoN0 baccharAja dUgar3a * AcArya akalaMka ke anusAra pramANa zabda bhAva, kartR aura karaNa - ina tInoM arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| jaba bhAva kI pradhAnatA hotI hai to pramA ko pramANa kahate haiM, kartR artha meM pramAtRtva-zakti kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, jabaki kAraNa artha meM pramAtA, prameya aura pramANa kI bheda vivakSA hotI hai| inameM se vivakSAnusAra artha grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai|' pramANa ke bhAvasAdhana aura kartRsAdhana ke rUpa para kucha ApattiyAM uThAI gaI thIM, jinakA samAdhAna akalaMka ne kiyA hai| yadi pramANa ko bhAva-sAdhana ke artha meM liyA jAye to cUMki pramA hI pramANa hai aura pramA hI phala hai, ataeva pramA ke phala kA abhAva ho jaayegaa| isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue akalaMka kahate haiM ki AtmA ko indriyoM ke dvArA jo jJAna hotA hai vahI usakA phala hai, ataH pramANa kA mukhya phala ajJAna-nivRtti hI hai| pramANa ko yadi kartRsAdhana mAnA jAya to pramANa pramAtA - rUpa ho jAtA hai / anya zabdoM meM, pramAtA AtmA arthAt guNI aura usakA guNa rUpa jJaoNna bhinna-bhinna hoMge, kyoMki guNI aura guNa meM bheda hotA hai / parantu aisI dhAraNA jainadarzana ke usa AdhArabhUta siddhAnta ke viparIta jAtI hai, jisake anusAra jJAna AtmA se pRthak nahIM hai| isa sandarbha meM akalaMka kA kahanA hai ki AtmA kA guNa jJAna hai| jJAna aura AtmA apanI svAbhAvika pUrNa-avasthA meM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM raha skte| yadi jJAna ko AtmA se sarvathA bhinna mAnA jAtA hai to AtmA 'paTa' kI taraha ' ajJa' jJAnazUnya jar3a ho jaayegii| kuMdakuMda kA kathana hai ki yadi jJAnI aura jJAna ko sadA eka dUsare se * saha-AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa, ahiMsA, zAnti evaM aNuvrata vibhAga, jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM (rAja0) 1. tattvArthavArtika, bhAga- 1, akalaMka, saM0paM0 mahendra kumAra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, 1653, 1-10-11 2. vahI 1-10- 6, 7 3. vahI 1-10-8, 6

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna bhinna padArthAntara mAnA jAyegA to donoM acetana ho jAyeMge kyoMki jJAna ke binA AtmA nahIM raha sktii| ataH jJAna AtmA hai|' ___ 'yadi pramANa aura prameya bhinna-bhinna haiM to kyA yaha sambhava hai ki koI prameya pramANa ho jAye' isake uttara meM, akalaMka kahate haiM ki yadi pramANa svayaM apanA prameya nahIM bana sakatA, to isakA artha use apanI sattAsiddha karane ke lie dUsare pramANa kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai, dUsare pramANa ko tIsare pramANa kA aura isa prakAra anavasthA-prasaMga upasthita ho jaayegaa| yadi jJAna ko dIpaka kI taraha 'sva' aura 'para' kA prakAzaka mAnA jAye to pramANa aura prameya ke saMgharSa kI upuryakta samasyA kA hala ho . jAtA hai| prameya nizcita rUpa se prameya hI hai, kintu pramANa pramANa bhI hai aura prameya. bhii| jJAna kI pramANatA : jainadarzana siddhAntataH pramANa ko kaI arthoM meM prayoga karatA hai, lekina usako :, mukhyataH jJAna ke artha meM hI prayoga karatA hai parantu aisA mAnane kA kAraNa kyA hai' ise spaSTa karane ke lie pramANa kA lakSaNa jAnanA apekSita hai| akalaMka ke anusAra-jo pramA kA sAdhakatama kAraNa ho yA jisake dvArA acchI taraha se jAnA jAtA hai, vaha pramANa hai| mANikyanandi ke anusAra- heya (tyAjya) evaM upAdeya (grAhya) rUpa-padArthoM kI saMsiddhi jJAna-pramANa se hotI hai| artha- saMsiddhi ke pradhAna kAraNabhUta pramANa se vastusvarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna hotA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki pramANa kA kArya vastu ke yathArtha rUpa ko pradarzita karanA hai| pramANa ke isa kArya meM jJAna sahAyaka hotA hai| anya darzanoM dvArA mAnya sannikarSa, indriyavRtti, yogyatA Adi jJAna kI utpAdaka sAmagrI meM to sammilita kiye jA sakate haiM, kintu ve svayaM acetana hone ke kAraNa pramANa ke sAkSAtkaraNa nahIM ho skte| pramANa kA sAkSAt-karaNa to cetana jJAna hI ho sakatA 1. paJcAstikAya samayasAra, kuMdakuMda, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1616, gAthA, 45-46 2. tattvArthavArtika 1-10-12 3. vahI, 1-10-14 4. vahI, pR0 267 5. parIkSAmukha, mANikyanandI, sainTrala jaina pabliziMga hAusa, lakhanaU, 1640, 1.2 6 pramANa-mImAMsA, hemacandra, aMgrejI anuvAda, satkari mukharjI, tArA pabliziMga hAusa, vArANasI, 1670. 1.8

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AcArya akalaMka kI pramANa-mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI laghIyastraya kI vivRtti meM isI jJAna kI pramANatA kA samarthana karate hue akalaMka deva ne likhA hai ki AtmA ko pramiti-kriyA yA svArthavinizcaya meM, jisakI apekSA hotI hai, vahI pramANa hai aura vahI sAdhakatama rUpa se apekSaNIya jJAna hai|' pramANa saMpratyaya ke vikAsa meM akalaMka kA yogadAna - pramANa saMpratyaya ke vikAsa meM akalaMka ke yogadAna ko dekhane ke lie pramANa-viSayaka aitihAsika vivecanoM ko dekhanA hogaa| umAsvAti ne sarvaprathama, jJAna aura pramANa kA spaSTa nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| ataH umAsvAti kI pramANa-paribhASA kA vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai| inake mata meM matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHpayaryajJAna aura kevalajJAna, jJAna ke pramANa ke pAMca prakAra haiN| umAsvAti ke hI mata meM samyak-jJAna hI pramANa hai jisakA artha hai jo prazasta ho, avyabhicArI ho aura saMgata ho| . . ___ umAsvAti ke pazcAtvartI vicArakoM ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM 'jJAna' ko to sthAna diyA kintu usa jJAna ke 'samyak' vizeSaNa ke sthAna para anya vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyaa| siddhasena ne "svaparAvabhAsi" va "bAdhavivarjita"5 jJAna ko pramANa khaa| . akalaMkadeva ne pramANa saMpratyaya kA vikAsa karate hue eka nayA lakSaNa diyA . "avisaMvAdI" / unake anusAra avisaMvAdI jJAna pramANa hai, kyoMki svasaMvedana to jJAna sAmAnya kA lakSaNa hai| pramANatA aura apramANatA kA nirNaya avisaMvAda aura visaMvAda ke AdhAra para karanA caahie| akalaMka dvArA pramANa ke isa navIna lakSaNa kA aucitya yahI hai ki koI bhI jJAna ekAnta rUpa se pramANa nahIM hotaa| cUMki indriyAM sImita zaktiM vAlI hotI haiM, isalie indriyoM dvArA prApta jJAna sadaiva satya nahIM hotaa| rela se bAhara dikhAI dene vAle vRkSa, makAna, pahAr3a Adi ke astitva ke viSaya meM koI visaMvAda na hone ke kAraNa una cIjoM kA jJAna avisaMvAdI hone se pramANa hI hai| avisaMvAdI jJAna ko pramANa mAna lene para avisaMvAdI jJAna ke artha kA spaSTIkaraNa 1. nyAyakumudacandra, (akalaMka kI laghIyastraya para TIkA) prabhAcandra, saM0 paM0 mahendakumAra, mAnikacandra digambara jaina sIrIja, bambaI 1638, 1.3 2. matizrutA 'vadhimanaHparyayakevalAni jJAnam / tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, saM0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, vardhA, 1632, 1.6 3 ttprmaanne| vahI 1.10 4. pramANaM svaparAvabhAsijJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam, nyAyAvatAra vArtika, siddhasena, siMghI jaina graMthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, 1646, 12 5. nyAyAvatAra, 1.2 . 6. aSTasahasrI (akalaMka kI aSTazatI para TIkA) vidyAnanda, nirNayasAgara presa bambaI, 1615, pR0 175

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90 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna Avazyaka haiM akalaMka ke anusAra, avisaMvAdI jJAna kA artha hai aisA jJAna jisameM bAhya vastu jaisI hai vaisI hI jJAna meM prakaTa ho jaaye| ina zabdoM meM bAhya vastu kA yathAvat jJAna meM prakaTIkaraNa hI avisaMvAda hai| yahAM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki akalaMka avisaMvAdI jJAna ko pramANa mAnate hue use anadhigatArthagrAhI bhI kahate haiN|' pramANa ke isa navIna lakSaNa kA abhiprAya hai- aisA jJAna pramANa hogA jisakA kisI dUsare pramANa se nirNaya na kiyA gayA ho arthAt pramANa kA viSaya 'apUrva' ho| __mANikyanandi akalaMkadeva ke pramANa ke uparyukta navIna lakSaNa kA samarthana karate pratIta hote haiM jaba ve pramANa ke lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' vizeSaNa dete haiN| sAtha hI kahate haiM ki 'sva' arthAt apane Apake aura 'apUrvArtha' arthAt jise kisI anya pramANa se nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, aise padArtha ke nizcaya karane vAle jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiN|2|| pramANa kI ukta paribhASAoM ke vizleSaNa ke yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina , dArzanikoM dvArA pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM vividha padoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jaisesamyak, avisaMvAdI, anadhigatArthagrAhI, svapUrvArthavyavasAyI, svaparAbhAsi aura baadhvivrjit| yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se prazna uThatA hai ki pramANa ke viSaya meM yaha matabheda kyoM hai? vastutaH zabdoM kI ina vibhinnatAoM ke pIche satyatA kI kaI kasauTiyAM chipI haiN| pramANa kI satyatA kI kasauTI : __ pUrva vivecana se spaSTa ho cukA hai ki jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra (jinameM akalaMka bhI sammilita haiM) jJAna pramANa hai, lekina cUMki sabhI jJAna pramANa nahIM mAne jA sakate, isalie yahA~ jJAna ke 'satyApana' kA prazna uThatA hai| satyApita jJAna hI pramANa hai| jJAna kI parIkSA kisa AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai, 'satya' kA kyA artha hai, isI kI vyAkhyA ke lie jaina-dArzanikoM dvArA samyak, avisaMvAdI, svaparAvabhAsika, svapUrvArthavyavasAyI, anadhigatArthagrAhI aura bAdhavivarjita Adi vividha padoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ina mApadaNDoM dvArA hI unhoMne 'satya' ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| satyatA ke ina mApadaNDoM meM Apasa meM koI saMgati pratIta nahIM hotI hai| yaha bAta yadi pAzcAtya-darzana meM satya ke svarUpa aura kasauTiyoM ke adhyayana ke sandarbha meM jaina-darzana kI satyatA ke svarUpa aura kasauTiyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAye to adhika spaSTa hogii| 1. vahI, pR0 175 2. svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAna prmaannm| parIkSAmUkha 1.1

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AcArya akalaMka kI pramANa-mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI pAzcAtya-darzana meM mukhyataH satyatA kI tIna kasauTiyAM haiM- saMvAditA (yA anukUlatA) kA siddhAnta (Correspondence Theory), abAdhitA (athavA sAmaMjasya) kA siddhAnta (Coherence Theory) aura arthakriyAvAdI (yA upayogitAvAdI) siddhAnta (Pragmatic Theory) / ' satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta ke anusAra satya vaha hai jo yathArtha se mela khAye, jo vAstavikatA ke anurUpa ho| isa prakAra isa siddhAnta ke anusAra anukUlatA ko satya kA lakSaNa hI nahIM varan satyatA kI kasauTI bhI mAnA gayA hai| _ jainadarzana satyatA kI isa kasauTI se vahA~ sahamata pratIta hotA hai, jahA~ pramANa kA lakSaNa samyaktva (umAsvAti) aura avisaMvAditva (akalaMka) mAnA gayA hai| samyaktva ko paribhASita karate hue umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki samyakjJAna vaha hai jo padArtha ko nyUnatArahita evaM adhikatArahita jyoM kA tyoM jAnatA hai| isI prakAra avisaMvAditva kA lakSaNa karate hue akalaMka kahate haiM ki-vaha jJAna jisakA tathya yA yathArthatA se visaMvAda na ho, aisA jJAna jisameM bAhyArtha kI yathAvat upalabdhi ho| bAyArtha kI yathAvat prApti yA aprApti para avisaMvAda aura visaMvAda nirbhara hai| ataH isase yahAM niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki vaha hI jJAna satya (yA dUsare zabdoM meM pramANa) ho sakatA hai jo samyak ho . (umAsvAti tathA hemacandra ke anusAra) tathA avisaMvAdI ho (akalaMka ke anusAra) aura vastu kA yathAtathya citraNa athavA yathArthatA kI yathAvat jJAna meM upasthiti karAtA ho, yahI satyatA kI kasauTI hai| .. satya kI isa kasauTI ko yadi mAna liyA jAye, to isameM kucha kaThinAiyAM sAmane AtI haiM, jaisA ki isa kasauTI ko mAnane vAle pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ke sAmane bhI AtI rahI haiN| jJAna kI yathArthatA se anurUpatA usa taraha nahIM mApI jA sakatI, jisa taraha koI.bhautika vastu mApI jAtI hai| isake atirikta, koI kisI tathya kA saMvAdI haiyaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? jJAna tathya ke anukUla hai- yaha kahanA tabhI sArthaka hai, jabaki hameM usa tathya kA, usa jJAna se, koI svataMtra pUrvajJAna ho cukA ho, lekina prazna uThatA hai- jisakA pUrvajJAna ho cukA ho usake phira se jJAna hone kA kyA aucitya hai? yahA~ vastutathya kA pUrvajJAna honA pramANa ke anadhigatArthagrAhI lakSaNa ke viruddha hai, kyoMki isa lakSaNa ke anusAra pramANa kA kArya pramANAntara se anirNIta artha kA nirNaya 9. Dictionary of Philosophy, Ed. Dogo Bert D. Runes, Philosophical library, New york. 1642, page 321-22.

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jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna karanA hotA hai| yaha kathana ki 'pattiyAM harI haiM' tathya ke sAtha saMvAda rakhatA hai, ataH punarukti mAtra hai, kyoMki tathya svayaM jJAta viSayoM meM huA karate haiN| tathya tathA satya eka hI bAta hai| ataH mAtra saMvAditva se pratyeka jJAna ke satya kI siddhi nahIM kI jA sktii| eka to jJAna kA vastutathya se saMvAda sthApita karanA hI asambhava hai, phira yahI vastutathya kI hamArI dhAraNA galata hai to saMvAda bhI galata hogA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa mithyAjJAna bhI satyasiddha ho jaayegaa| ___kucha jaina-dArzanikoM ne pramANa ke tIna lakSaNa batAye haiM- abAdhitva, avyabhicAritatva aura sNgti| jaisA ki pUrvavivecana se spaSTa ho cukA hai ki usa jJAna ko pramANa mAneMge. jisa jJAna kI zeSa jJAna se saMgati ho| isakA Azaya yaha hai ki kucha dArzanikoM ne satyatA kI kasauTI saMgati mAnI hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM bhI AdarzavAdI dArzanika, jinameM hegela, grIna, bosAMke aura breDale pramukha haiM, ne saMgati ko satyatA kI kasauTI mAnA hai inake anusAra hamAre jJAna kI satyatA zeSa jJAna ke sAtha saMgati meM nihita hai| yadi hamArA vartamAna jJAna pUrvajJAna ke viparIta hai to ho sakatA hai ki hamArA vartamAna jJAna galata ho| yadyapi kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI hotA hai ki navIna khojoM evaM anusaMdhAnoM ke dvArA hamArA pUrvajJAna galata siddha kara diyA jAtA hai, aura navIna jJAna ko sty| kintu yahAM para spaSTa hai ki navIna jJAna aura pUrvajJAna meM saMgati sthApita kara dI gayI aura donoM meM virodha samApta kara diyA gyaa| isakA tAtparya hai ki kisI bhI sthiti meM bAdhita jJAna satya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jJAna meM saMgati, jJAna kI satyatA ke vizvAsa ke lie Avazyaka hai| jJAtavya hai ki satyatA kI yaha kasauTI akalaMka va mANikya naMdI ke 'apUrva' vizeSaNa kI virodhI hai| satyatA kI isa kasauTI meM bhI kaI kaThinAiyAM haiN| tarkazAstra meM abAdhitA (Non-Contradiction) vizleSaNAtmaka parAmarzoM kI satyatakA kI kasauTI hai vizleSaNAtmaka parAmarzoM kA artha hai- aise parAmarza jo koI navIna jJAna to nahIM dete haiM, parantu ina parAmarzoM meM vidheya uddezya kA spaSTIkaraNa mAtra karate haiN| vizleSaNAtmaka parAmarza ko eka udAharaNa se spaSTa kara sakate haiN| jaise- tribhuja ke tInoM koNoM kA yoga do samakoNoM ke yoga ke barAbara hotA hai, isa vizleSaNAtmaka parAmarza meM uddezya tribhuja ke tInoM koNoM ke yoga se hI yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vidheya do samakoNa ke yoga ke barAbara hogA kintu jJAna vidheya dvArA uddezya ke spaSTIkaraNa taka sImita nahIM hai| ataH jJAna ko vizleSaNAtmaka parAmarzoM taka sImita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai,

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AcArya akalaMka kI pramANa-mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI jJAna meM vidheyaM ko udadezya meM kacha naI bAteM joDanI caahie| jisa parAmarza meM vidheya uddezya meM kucha bAteM jor3atA hai, usa parAmarza ko saMzleSaNAtmaka parAmarza kahate haiN| ___ataH spaSTa hai ki yadi satyatA kI kasauTI abAdha kA niyama mAna liyA jAye to jJAna sirpha vizleSaNAtmaka parAmarzoM taka sImita raha jAyegA aura sampUrNa jJAna saMdehayukta ho jaayegaa| pAzcAtya-darzana meM DeviDa hyUma ne isI prakAra mAtra abAdhaniyama ko satya kI kasauTI mAnakara sampUrNa jJAna ko saMdehayukta siddha kiyA thaa| hyUma ke pazcAtvartI jarmana dArzanika imainyuala kAMTa ne hyUma ke mata kA tarkapUrNa khaMDana kara diyA thaa| kAMTa ne dikhAyA ki saMzleSaNAtmaka parAmarzoM kI satyatA para saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jJAna sirpha yaha nahIM hai ki 'caukora gola nahIM hai', varan isa jJAna kI satyatA meM kiMcit saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki amuka meja eka viziSTa AkAra aura viziSTa raMga kI hai| .. yadi saMgati aura abAdhitA ko jJAna kI satyatA kI kasauTI mAnA jAye to jisa prakAra satya-jJAnoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra asatya jJAnoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karake asatya-jJAnoM kA samUha banA lenA asambhava nahIM hogaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki saMgati aura abAdhitA ko satya kI kasauTI mAnane para satya aura bhramapUrNa jJAnoM meM aMtara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki bhramapUrNa jJAnoM meM bhI saMgati sthApita kI jA sakatI hai| . mANikyanandi dvArA batAye gaye pramANa ke lakSaNa kA vizleSaNa karane para satyatA kI eka anya kasauTI sAmane AtI hai- arthakriyAvAdI ksauttii| isa kasauTI ke anusAra koI jJAna tabhI satya kahA jA sakatA hai jaba mAnava-vyavahAra dvArA nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa dvArA usa jJAna ko parakha liyA jaaye| DivI ke anusAra satya kA kevala eka artha haipriikssit| arthakriyAvAdI viliyama jemsa ke anusAra kevala unhIM pratyayoM ko satya kahA jA sakatA hai, jo prayoga dvArA pramANita kiye jA sakate haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki jJAna anubhavAzrita parIkSaNa ke pazcAt hI satya siddha hotA hai| - isa siddhAnta meM bhI kaI kaThinAiyAM haiN| sarvaprathama to satya kA nirNaya sadaiva parIkSaNa nahIM hotA, dUsare upayogitA kI anubhUti meM bhrama ho sakatA hai| isake atirikta yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki jo upayogI hai vaha yathArtha hai| kabhI kisI paristhiti meM jhUTha bolanA upayogI ho sakatA hai, kintu isa upayogitA se usa jhUTha kI yathArthatA siddha nahIM kI jA sktii| upayogitA aura satyatA meM anivArya saMbaMdha nahIM hai|

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna uparyukta vivecana se yahI siddha hotA hai ki pramANa satyatA kI kasauTI para parakhA huA jJAna hai| pramANa jJAnamAtra nahIM hai, apitu parIkSita jJAna hai, satyApita jJAna hai| akalaMka deva ne pramANa kA eka lakSaNa diyA- " anadhigatArthagrAhI" aura mANikyanandi ne bhI pramANa kA eka lakSaNa diyA- "svaapuurvaarthvyvsaayii"| akalaMka ke anusAra, anidhagata kA artha hai aisA jJAna pramANa hogA jo pramANAntara se anirNita artha kA nirNaya kre| isI prakAra mANikyanandi ke "sva" arthAt apane aura "apUrvArtha" arthAt jise kisI anya pramANa se nahIM jAnA gayA hai, aise padArtha ke nizcaya karane vAle jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| yadi pramANa ke ye "apUrva" aura "anadhigata" vizeSaNa mAna liye jAte haiM to isakA artha yaha huA ki pramANa satyApita jJAna nahIM pratyuta aisA jJAna hai jisako pahale kisI pramANa se nahIM jAnA gayA hai| ataH pramANa ke lakSaNa paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM / 94 isa prakAra umAsvAmI, akalaMka, siddhasena, mANikyanaMdI Adi dArzanikoM ke pramANa ke lakSaNa ke vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai kiM inake dvArA pramANa ke lakSaNa kathana meM satyatA kI vividha kasauTiyoM ko mAnA gyaa| sAtha hI, pAzcAtya - darzana kI satyatA kI vividha kasauTiyoM se ina dArzanikoM ke pramANa lakSaNa kI tulanA karane para eka naI bAta sAmane AI ki jahA~ pAzcAtya - dArzanikoM dvArA satyatA kI ina vividha kasauTiyoM ko paraspara virodhI mAnA gayA hai aura kisI eka kasauTI ko hI aMtima rUpa se cunA gayA hai, vahIM ina dArzanikoM dvArA pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM eka sAtha hI satyatA ne ye vividha kasauTiyAM svIkAra kI haiN| prazna uThatA hai ki ina dArzanikoM dvArA pramANa ke lakSaNa meM eka sAtha satyatA kI ye vividha kasauTiyAM kyoM mAnI gayIM, isakA uttara khojA jA sakatA hai jainadarzana kI viziSTa tatvamImAMsA meM, jisakA anivArya sAra nikalatA hai unakI anekAntavAdI dRSTi, jo inake sampUrNa darzana meM vyApta hai| isa anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta ke anusAra vastu meM viruddha pratIta hone vAle anantadharma raha sakate haiM kyoMki vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai| vastu meM jitane virodhI dharma haiM saba satya haiM, kyoMki vastu-viSayaka sampUrNa yathArthatA kA jJAna una virodhI dharmoM ke samanvaya meM nihita hai / ataH vastu ke viSaya meM sabhI mata upayogI haiM, kyoMki ve vastu ke vividha pahaluoM kA kathana karate haiM aura vastu ke ciSaya meM sampUrNa satya ko jAnane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / vastuoM ke viSaya meM jo nAnA mata-matAntara haiM unakA kAraNa vastu kA aneka dharmAtmakasvarUpa hai| 1. paMcAstikAya gAthA--8

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AcArya akalaMka kI pramANa-mImAMsA va satyatA kI kasauTI 95 pAzcAtya- dArzanika vastu aura satyatA kI eka kasauTI mAnate haiM aura dUsarI kasauTI ko usa kasauTI kA virodhI siddha karate haiM kyoMki unake mata meM sattA kA svarUpa aparivartanazIla hai| isake viparIta, jainadArzanika vastu kA vivecana eka viziSTa rUpa meM karate haiN| vastu-viSayaka sabhI dRSTiyAM usa viziSTa dRSTikoNa ke saMbaMdha meM satya haiN| sabhI dRSTiyAM satya ko jAnane ke sambhAvita mAdhyama haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki ina dArzanikoM dvArA pramANa ke jo vibhinna lakSaNa diye gaye haiM, ve sambhava haiM, kyoMki vastu meM vibhinna guNa sambhava haiN|

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akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA DaoN0 naMda lAla jaina zAstrArthI, TIkAkAra; jainanyAya, pramANavAda evaM anekAnta ke prakAzaka bhaTTa akalaMka kA nAma sunate hI nyAya aura siddhAMta ke vidvAnoM ko mahAn gaurava kA anubhava hotA hai| yadyapi simovA jile meM prApta dasavIM sadI ke eka zilAlekha meM unakA nAma pAyA gayA hai, phira bhI yaha durbhAgya kI bAta hai ki unakA prAmANika jIvana caritra hameM upalabdha nahIM hai| hama prabhAcandra ke kathAkoSa, malliSeNa prazasti, rAjabalI kathe evaM akalaMka caritra se unake jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa pAte haiN| unakI prazaMsA meM zravaNabelagolA. meM aneka abhilekha haiM aura 67veM abhilekha meM sAhasatuMga ko unakA saMrakSaka batAyA gayA hai| inakA jIvana kAla 720-780 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| ye dakSiNa deza ke rASTrakUTa pradeza ke rahe haiN| inake jIvana kAla meM mahArAja daMtidurga sAhasatuMga (725-757), akAlavarSa zubhatuMga (757-73), goviMda dvitIya (773-76) evaM dhruva (776-63) nAmaka cAra rAjAoM ne rASTrakUTa kSetra (mahArASTra, gujarAta, rAjasthAna aura dakSiNa meM AMdhra-karnATaka) meM prabhAvI rAjya kiyaa| inake jIvana kAla meM rAjasthAna-gujarAta meM AcArya haribhadra (700-70 I0) , uttarapradeza ke kannauja aura baMgAla ke bihArI AcArya vappabhaTTi (743-838 I0) aura badanAvara, madhya pradeza meM AcArya jinasena prathama ne jinadharma prabhAvanA evaM sAhitya sRjana kiyaa| inameM haribhadra aura jinasena to unake viSaya meM jAnate the, para saMbhavataH vappabhaTTi inase aparicita rahe hoNge| akalaMka kA yuga zAstrArthI yuga thaa| prAyaH AcAryoM kA bauddhoM se zAstrArtha hotA thaa| vappabhaTTi ne 6 mahIne taka cale zAstrArtha meM bauddha vidvAn vardhanakuMjara ko harAyA thaa| haribhadra ne bhI mahArAja sUryapAla kI sabhA meM bauddhoM ko zAstrArtha meM hraayaa| akalaMka ne bhI sAhasatuMga ke samaya meM bauddhoM ko zAstrArtha meM hraayaa| unhoMne ur3IsA meM bhI zAtrArtha kA DaMkA bajAyA thaa| zAstrArtha ke atirikta, bacapana meM brahmacarya, bauddha vidyAlaya meM gopanIya rUpa se zikSA tathA TIkA aura maulika graMthoM kA lekhana Adi unake jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAeM haiN| akalaMka kI kRtiyAM : ___ akalaMka ke 4 maulika aura 2 TIkA graMtha prasiddha haiN| maulika graMthoM meM pramANa * jaina kendra, rIvAM (ma0pra0)

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akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA naya aura nikSepoM kI viSada carcA hai| yaha aisI uccastarIya evaM tarkazAstrIya carcA hai ki isI ke kAraNa "pramANamakalaMkasya " kI ukti prasiddha huI hai / yaha harSa kI bAta hai kiM inake sabhI maulika graMtha saTippaNa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| inake TIkAgraMthoM meM (1) samaMtabhadra kI AptamImAMsA para aSTazatI - 800 zloka pramANa TIkA evaM (2) umA svAmI ke tattvArthasUtra para rAjavArtika TIkA samAhita haiN| ye donoM TIkAe~ kyA, bhASya hI haiN| inameM akalaMka kI tarkazailI, praznottarazailI aura anekAMtavAda - AdhArita nirUpaNa - zailI manohArI hai / vastutaH zAstrArtha aura kRtiyoM ke kAraNa hI jainadarzana to kyA, bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM akalaMka ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA hai| jainanyAya ke to ve janana hI kahalAte haiN| vicAroM ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki akalaMka ne TIkA graMtha pahale likhe hoMge aura maulika graMtha bAda meM / udAharaNArtha, rAjavArtika meM pratyakSa ke do bheda nahIM haiM, ve laghIyastraya meM haiM / hama yahAM kevala rAjavArtika meM varNita jIva kI paribhASA para vicAra kreNge| 97 rAjavArtika : rAjavArtika 'umAsvAmI ke bahumAnya tattvArthasUtra kI dUsarI TIkA hai| isameM gadyAtmaka rUpa meM sarvArthasiddhi ke adhikAMza vAkyoM ko tathA svataMtra rUpa meM naye race vArtika (laghusUtra ) ke rUpa meM prastuta kara unakI vyAkhyA kI hai| isa vArtika kI racanA 'saMbhavataH naiyAyika vidvAn udyotakara ke nyAyavArtika kA anukaraNa hai / cUMki tattvArthasUtra meM aneka prakaraNoM meM Agamika paramparA anumodita huI hai, ( karmabandha ke pA~ca hetu, pratyakSa ke do bheda, anuyogadvAra Adi), ataH akalaMka ne bhI apanI TIkA meM prAyaH . usakA anusaraNa kiyA hai| dIkSita kI yaha abhyukti samucita nahIM lagatI, ki isa graMtha meM aSTazatI kI tulanA meM maulikatA nahIM dikhatI kyoMki aneka jaina aura jainetara vidvAnoM ne isa graMtha ko bhI jainadharma kA tArkika bhASA meM prastuta sAra evaM aneka naye viSayoM kI utthApanA kA srota batAyA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne to mukhyataH anekAntavAda ko hI pallavita kiyA, para akalaMka ne jaina pramANavAda ko bhI pallavita kiyA jo aba taka prasapta avasthA meM thaa| unhoMne vibhinna tantroM ke siddhAntoM ko mUlyAMkita kara jaina mAnyatAoM kI tarkasaMgata varIyatA puSTa kii| phira bhI, vidyAnaMda kI tulanA meM apane mUlyAMkanoM meM akalaMka kiMcit durbala lagate haiM, kyoMki unakI bhASA meM sauSThava evaM mRdutA hai| dIkSita ke viparyAsa meM, paMDita jI ke samAna vidvAnoM ne rAjavArtikaM ko akalaMka kI pratibhA aura navInatA kI pratIka batAyA hai aura use sarvArthasiddhi-AdhArita hone para bhI maulika - jaisA batAyA hai| digambara vidvAn bhI dIkSita ke mata se sahamata

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98 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna nahIM haiN| rAjavArtika meM tattvArthasUtra ke viSayoM ke anusAra sAta tattvoM kA bhASya rUpa meM tArkika evaM anekAntI vivaraNa hai| manoraMjana kI bAta yaha hai ki umAsvAmI ke mUlasUtroM meM "AtmA" zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai, vahAM pratyeka sthala para "jIva" zabda hI prayukta huA hai| yaha bhI 11 sthaloM para AyA hai| inameM kevala 2-3 sthAnoM para hI jIva kI paribhASA dI gaI hai| isase aneka bAteM dhvanita hotI haiN| prathama, umAsvAmI ke yuga taka jainoM meM AtmA zabda lokapriya nahIM ho pAyA hogaa| isa zabda kI sthiti ThIka usI prakAra kI lagatI hai jaise uttaravartI kAla meM "astikAya" ke lie "dravya" zabda kA samAhAra huA yA "paryAya" ke lie "vizeSa" zabda kA pracalana huaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bhI AtmA zabda kI tulanA meM jIva zabda kA hI adhika prayoga hai lekina pUjyapAda aura akalaMka ke samAna TIkAkAroM ne apanI TIkAoM meM jIva kI vyAkhyA ke samaya AtmA zabda kA prAyaH prayoga kiyA hai| lagatA hai, inhoMne donoM zabdoM ko, samAnArthI mAna liyaa| para yaha saMgrahanayI dRSTi hI ho sakatI hai, samabhirUr3hanayI dRSTi nhiiN| isa AdhAra para inake viziSTa artha hote hai : . AtmA+ zarIra = jIva, sazarIrI prANI, dehabaddha cetanatattva jIva - zarIra = AtmA, dehamukta cetntttv|| isase lagatA hai ki TIkAkAroM ke yuga meM kama se kama dakSiNa meM "AtmA" zabda pracalana meM thaa| phalataH jaise dArzanika zabdAvalI kI samakakSatA ke sthApana kI prakriyA meM pratyakSa ko iMdriya (evaM anidriya) ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA gayA, paramANu ko vyavahAra rUpa meM bhI mAnA gayA, usI prakAra, anya darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA kI dRSTi se jIka ke lie "AtmA" se abhihita karane kI prakriyA prAraMbha huiiN| isa jIva aura AtmA zabda ke prArambhika samAhAra ke prakaraNa se yaha bhI anumAna lagatA hai ki umAsvAmI kA kAryakSetra dakSiNa na hokara uttara (paTanA) meM hI hogaa| anya taMtroM ke samakakSa- se lagane vAle pAribhASika zabdoM ke samAharaNa se jahA~ jainoM kI samanvayavAditA prakaTa hotI hai, vahIM unakI jJAna ke kSetra meM pRthakatAvAdI vRtti ke prati udAratA kA bhI saMketa detI hai| jIva zabda ke uttaravartIkAla meM AtmA zabda ke upayoga aura usakI paribhASA se yaha dhAraNA bhI khaNDita hotI hai ki dharmajJa "sUkSma" se "sthUla" kI ora bar3hate haiN| ve jIva se AtmA kI ora bddh'e| yahA~ sthUla se sUkSma kI ora bar3hane kI pravRtti hI dikhatI hai| yaha vaijJAnika pravRtti hai| saMbhavataH aise hI prakaraNoM ke kAraNa dharma ko "vijJAna" mAnane kI paraMparA kA sUtrapAta huA hogaa|

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akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA jIva (sthUla) jIva kI paribhASA ke prArambhika rUpa : AtmA (sUkSma) jainadarzana meM jIva zabda kI hI nahIM, apitu jIva kI bhI durgati hai| use jisa ghRNA aura bhartsanA se varNita kiyA gayA hai, use dekhakara jahAM AcAryoM kI sUkSma nirIkSaNa zakti kA AbhAsa hotA hai, vahIM unakI atizayokti alaMkAra evaM vIbhatsa rasa meM pravINatA bhI prakaTa hotI hai / ye varNana Aja ke manovaijJAnika pracAra taMtra ko bhI mAta karate haiN| yaha varNana kabhI bhI sAmAnya jana ko rAsa nahIM AyA isIlie mokSa mArga ke pathikoM kI saMkhyA kabhI nahIM bar3ha paaii| bhASika dRSTi se prApta jainoM kI sabase prAcIna pustaka- AcArAMga meM jIva ke vAcaka 4 zabda diye haiM- prANa, bhUta, jIva evaM sttv| bhagavatIsUtra aura zIlAMkAcArya ne inake jo artha kie haiM, ve sAriNI eka meM die gaye haiM / bhagavatI ne inameM 2/1 meM 2 zabda aura jor3e haiM aura bAda meM jIva ke 23 paryAyavAcI batAye haiM / inameM "AtmA" bhI eka paryAyavAcI hai| isakA artha niraMtara saMsAra - bhramaNa-svabhAvI batAyA gayA hai (abhayadeva suuri)| phalataH jIva kA prArambhika artha to saMsArI jIva hI rahA hai| anya darzanoM se "AtmA" zabda ke samAharaNa para bhI usakA prArambhika jaina artha saMsArI jIva hI rahA hai, usakA anya artha (zuddha jIva, jIgha - karma Adi) uttaravartI vikAsa hai| sAriNI 1 : jIva - vAcaka prAcIna zabdoM ke artha bhagavatI zabda 1. prANa 2. bhUta 3. jIva 4. sattva dasa prANoM se yukta traikAlika astitva 5. vijJa 6. veda 7. AtmA AyuSyakarma evaM prANayukta karma-saMbaMdha se viSAdI 99 zIlAMka 2 - 4 indriyaM jIva ( sa ) ekeMdriya vanaspati (sthAvara ) paMcendriya (trasa) ekeMdriya pRthvI Adi cAra (sthAvara ) khAdya-rasoM kA jJAtA sukha-duHkhasaMvedI satata saMsAra- bhramaNI caturvedI kA vicAra hai ki mAnava ke prArambhika vaicArika vikAsa ke prathama caraNa meM vaha kriyAkANDI evaM sAmAnya buddhivAdI thA / vaha ihalaukika jIvana ko hI paramArtha mAnatA thaa| vaha vastutaH cArvAkaM thA / apane vikAsa ke dvitIya caraNa meM vaha ciMtanazIla, buddhivAdI, kalpanApravINa evaM pratibhAjJAnI bnaa| isa caraNa meM usane

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100 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya aMkalaMkadeva kA avadAna AtmavAda evaM usase sahacarita aneka siddhAntoM kI bauddhika kalpanA kI, jisase vaha na kevala hiMsAtmaka kriyAkANDoM se hI mukti pA sakA, apitu adhyAtmavAda ke sAye meM usane jIvana ko ananta sukhamaya banAne kA mahAn AzAvAdI uddezya aura lakSya bhI paayaa| apane buddhivAda se usane sAmAnya-arthI satata-vihArI AtmA zabda kA hI amUrtIkaraNa nahIM kiyA, apitu aneka bhautika prakramoM evaM vastuoM (prANa, indriya, mana Adi) kA bhI adhyAtmIkaraNa kiyaa| isa prakriyA meM jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA sAmAnya jana ke lie duHkhabodha ho gii| jala, thala va nabha Adi ke adhyAtmIkaraNa ne RSi-muniyoM ko jo bhI pratiSThA dilAI ho, para sAmAnya jana to parezAnI meM hI pdd'aa| vaha AtmavAdI bane yA jIvavAdI ? AtmavAdI banane meM ananta sukha evaM Ayu thI, jIvavAdI banane meM sAnta sukha aura sImita Ayu thii| eka ora kalpanA jagat kA Ananda thA, dUsarI ora vyAvahArika jagat kI ApadAyeM thiiN| zramaNa-saMskRti evaM upaniSadoM ke upadeSTA sAdhu jIvana kI zreSThatA kI carcA kara use hI utsarga mArga batAte the, apavAdI to becArA "jIva" mAnA gyaa| bahusaMkhyakoM kI itanI apratiSThA dharmajJa hI kara sakate the| yaha sthiti aba taka banI huI hai| isase AtmavAda maulika siddhAnta ho gyaa| jainoM meM to AtmapravAda nAma se eka svataMtra pUrvAgama hI mAnA jAtA hai, yadyapi isake nAma se prakaTa hai ki yaha eka viSayavAdI prakaraNa rahA haiN| isIliye kabIra ko bhI apane samaya meM yaha kahanA par3A ki maiM bAjAra meM bhASaNa de rahA hU~ para zrotAgaNa nadArada haiN| kyoM? aba mAnavabuddhi isakA uttara de sakatI hai| adhyAtmavAdI mAnyatAoM kI koTi vyAvahArika jagat kI virodhI dizA meM jAtI hai| inake bIca samanvaya kama dikhatA hai| ataH sAmAnya jana "jIva" bane rahane meM, sAdhu banane kI apekSA, adhika Ananda mAnatA hai| vaha socatA hai ki sAMsArika kaSTa to halue meM kizamiza ke samAna haiM, jo usake Ananda ko hI bar3hAte haiN| satyabhakta ne batAyA hai ki saMsAra meM zArIrika aura mAnasika duHkhoM kI saMkhyA 108 hai aura mUlataH 8 prakAra ke sukhoM (jIvana, vidyA, prema, viSaya, mahatvAkAMkSA Adi) ke upabheda 72 haiN| lekina saMkhyA kucha bhI ho, parimANa kI dRSTi se saMsAra meM sukha kI mAtrA duHkha se kaI gunI adhika hai| nahIM to, (jIvaNaM piyaM) kyoM mAnatA? phalataH saMsAra kI dukhamayatA kI dhAraNA tarkasaMgata vicAra cAhatI hai| yaha nakArAtmaka pravRtti kI, nivRtti mArga kI, niSedhAtmaka AcAravAda kI pratIka hai| yadi hama saMsAra ko sAnta sukhamaya mAneM, to hamArI pravRtti sakArAtmaka evaM sukha ko bar3hAne kI hogii| isa mAnyatA se jainoM ke mUla uddezya kA bhI koI virodha nahIM hogA, kyoMki ananta sukha sAnta sukha kA bahirvezana mAtra hai :

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akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA 101 ___ saMsArI jIva (- karma) = AtmA ----> anaMta sukha (mokSa) . . dukhamayatA kI dhAraNA ne hameM yathAsthitivAdI banAye rakhA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama saMsAra ko sadaiva duHkhamaya banAkara rakhe hue haiM aura vyaktivAditA kA pallavana kara rahe haiN| nyAyAcArya ne TIka hI kahA hai ki hama saMsAra kI 4 gatiyoM meM se manuSya aura pazu gati ko to pratyakSa hI dekhate haiN| inakI niMdA bhI karate haiN| para, phira bhI unhIM meM punaH utpanna honA cAhate haiN| yaha kitane Azcarya kI bAta hai? prArambhika paribhASA ke vividha rUpa : jainAcAryoM ne saMsArI jIvoM kI isa sAmAnya buddhi para sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA aura anekAMta-pratiSThApana yuga meM dravya-bhAva, vyavahAra-nizcaya, aMtarabAra, AtmabhUta-anAtmabhUta Adi kI dhAraNAeM prastuta kara batAyA ki pratyeka vastu ke aneka rUpa hote haiN| usakA svarUpa sApekSa dRSTi se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| saMpUrNa svarUpa to sarvajJa hI jAnatA hai, para bhASA kI sImAoM ke kAraNa vaha bhI kaha nahIM sakatA, vaha avaktavya hI hotA hai isalie jIva kI paribhASAe~ aneka rUpa aura zabdAvalI meM pAI jAtI haiN| isa AdhAra para jIva aura AtmA saha-saMbaMdhita ho gae haiN| jIva ko AtmA kI eka dazA mAna liyA gyaa| jaba jIva ko dehabaddha rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, taba usakI paribhASA aisI hotI hai jo AtmA para lAgU nahIM bhI ho| jaba use dehamukta rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai taba vaha AtmA ho jAtA hai aura paribhASA adhika mUlabhUta ho jAtI haiN| aneka AcArya eka hI vastu kI bhinna-bhinna paribhASAoM kA vibhramaNa mAnate hai aura ve jIva aura AtmA kI paribhASAoM ko mizrita rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM, jinameM mUrta aura amUrta yA dravya aura bhAva donoM prakAra ke lakSaNa samAhita hote haiN| jaina lakSaNAvalI meM jainazAstroM meM jIva kI paribhASA ke 52 sandarbha diye haiN| ....jIva kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM yaha sacamuca Azcarya kI bAta hai ki zAstroM meM jIvoM ke saMbaMdha meM vivaraNa to paryApta haiM, paryAyavAcI bhI aneka batAe gae haiM, para isakI paribhASA kucha hI granthoM meM pAI jAtI hai| hA~, aneka uttaravartI TIkAkAroM ne avazya ise AtmavAdI bhASA meM paribhASita kiyA hai| ___ bhagavatI aura prajJApanA ke samAna granthoM meM jIva ke paryAya yA vizeSa svarUpa baMtAye gae haiN| unheM kSaNa samakakSatA dI jA sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM jIva ke 5 prakAra ke rUpa pAe jAte haiM: bhagavatI prajJApanA a/ba 1. zarIra yA bhautika rUpa nArakIya, karma, zarIra zarIra, avagAhana, yoni, rUpa

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102 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna zvAsocchvAsa, AhAra, pravIcAra, bhASA, janma-maraNa; Ayu 2. jJAnAtmaka rUpa darzana, jJAna, upayoga / indriya, upayoga, saMjJA/mana 3. saMvega/ manobhAgI rUpa lezyA, dRSTi, saMjJA kaSAya , lezyA, samyaktva 4. kriyAtmaka rUpa yoga yoga, saMyama. . . . 5. saMvedanAtmaka/anubhUti ---- sukha-dukha, zIta-uSNa, vedanA aadi| ina rUpoM ko "jIva paryAya/pariNAma" ke rUpa meM kahA gayA hai| spaSTa hai ki ye ekIkRta rUpa "jIva" (sadeha AtmA) ke hI ho sakate haiN| prArambha meM mArgaNA sthAnoM ko bhI "jIvasthAna" hI kahA jAtA thA; unheM bhI ina 5 rUpoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, prArambha meM jIva kA svarUpa paMca rUpa thaa| sabhI rUpoM kI samakakSa mAnyatA rahI hai| umAsvAmI ne tattvArthasUtra meM prAyaH ina sabhI. (zarIrAdi, manobhAva, upayoga, yoga evaM vedanA) rUpoM ke mAdhyama se jIva kA hI varNana kiyA hai lekina aba jIvavAda AtmavAda meM parivarddhita huA, taba inameM se upayogAtmaka paribhASA mukhya ho gaI aura anya paribhASAe~ dvitIyaka koTi meM calI gii| AtmA (zubha yA zuddha ?) svAmI ho gayA aura jIva becArA dAsa ho gyaa| . __ Agamottara kAla ke zAstroM meM prApta jIva kI paribhASAoM ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai: 1. jIva zabda para AdhArita bhautika paribhASAe~- prANa, Ayu aadi| 2. jIva ke jJAnAtmaka/AdhyAtmika svarUpa para AdhArita paribhASAe~- jJAna, darzana, sukha-dukha, vIrya, upyog| 3. jIva ke bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika svarUpa para AdhArita paribhASAe~ yA mizra paribhASAe~- prANa aura upyog| bhautika aura manobhautika paribhASA : uparyukta 3 prakAra kI paribhASAoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jIva kI prArambhika paribhASA prANadhAraNa (dravya prANa) aura AyuSya grahaNa se saMbaMdhita rahI hogii| prANa zabda kA sAmAnya artha zvAsocchvAsa hotA hai, para jainoM kA artha anya taMtroM kI tulanA meM vyApaka hai| usake aMtargata bala, indriya, Ayu aura

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akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA 103 zvAsocchvAsa samAhita hote haiN| ye sabhI paudgalika haiM tathA Ayu aura nAmakarma ke rUpa haiN| phalataH jIva kI yaha prArambhika paribhASA bhautika dRSTi ko nirUpita karatI hai| yaha AcArAMga, sUtrakRta, sthAnAMga, prajJApanA, kArtikeyAnuprekSA, dhavalA-1 tathA kuMdakuMda ke pravacanasAra evaM paMcAstikAya meM pAI jAtI hai| AjIvaka saMpradAya bhI jIva ko paramANumaya, vRttAkAra yA aSTaphalakIya AkRti vAlA evaM nIle raMga kA mAnatA thaa| dhavalA, bhagavatI evaM paMcAstikAya meM jIva ke 17-23 nAma batAye gaye haiM, jinameM adhikAMza jIva ke bhautika svarUpa ko parilakSita karate haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM jantu, janma, zarIrI Adi Ate haiM, jo dhavalA aura kuMdakuMda ke nAmoM meM nahIM haiN| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki zvetAmbaroM kI tulanA meM digambara adhika amUrta AtmavAdI haiN| yaha AtmavAda bhautikavAda kA uttaravartI vikasita rUpa lagatA hai| bhAva prANoM kI dhAraNA se jIva ko lakSaNoM meM kucha vyApakatA AI hai| - bhautika paribhASAoM meM ukta ke atirikta jIva kI eka bhAvAtmaka yA manobhAvAtmaka paribhASA bhI hai jisameM karma-janya 4 bhAva- aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika tathA audayika evaM karma-nirapekSa pA~cavA~ pAriNAmika bhAva- kula 5 bhAga samAhita haiN| yadyapi anuyogadvAroM meM 6 nAmoM ke aMtargata 6 bhAva batAe haiM, para vahAM unheM jIva kA asAdhAraNa lakSaNa nahIM kahA hai| sambhavataH yaha umAsvAmI kA yogadAna hai ki. unhoMne jIva ko manobhAvAtmaka vizeSatAoM se bhI lakSita kiyaa| bhAva zabda ke aneka. artha hote haiM- paryAya, pariNAma, vartamAna, sthiti aadi| para jIva lakSaNa ke saMbaMdha meM citra vikAra kA manovaijJAnika artha adhika upayukta lagatA hai| phalataH jIva vaha hai jisameM karma evaM karmodaya ke kAraNa aneka prakAra ke manobhAva bhI pAe jAte haiN| yaha manobhAvI paribhASA tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAroM ke atirikta dhavalA tathA kuMdakuMda ke kucha graMthoM meM pAI jAtI hai| "upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai" kI praznAvalI meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bhautika lakSaNa anAtmabhUta yA sahakArI lakSaNa haiM, pramukha yA AtmabhUta lakSaNa nahIM haiN| isa bhautika paribhASA meM jIva ke bhautika/bhAvAtmaka tattva (zarIra, yoni, avagAhana Adi) tathA kriyAe~ (yoga) evaM karma-janya manobhAva samAhita hote haiN| phalataH yaha paribhASA mAtra bhAva prANI AtmA para lAgU nahIM hotii| adhyAtmavAdI upayogAtmaka paribhASA : " jIva kI dUsarI paribhASA saMvadenazIlatA se saMbaMdhita hai| sambhavataH AcAryoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki uparyukta bhautika evaM bhAvAtmaka paribhASA jIva kI maulika saMvadenazIlatA ke kAraNa hI hai| isako zAstroM meM aneka rUpoM meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai|

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna hameM umAsvAmI kA kRtajJa honA cAhie ki unhoMne isa koTi kI aneka paramparAgata paribhASAoM ko ekIkRta kara use "upayoga" pada ke aMtargata samAhita kara diyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne uttarAdhyayana kI paribhASA ko apanA AdhAra banAyA hogA / isa koTi kI vividha paribhASAoM ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki ye aneka rUpoM meM vyakta kI gaI haiM : (1) upayoga lakSaNa (2) cetanA lakSaNa (3) cetanA evaM upayoga lakSaNa (4) jJAna svabhAva (5) jJAna - darzana svabhAva (6) sukha-duHkha-jJAna-upayoga svabhAva (7) jJAna-darzana-sukha-duHkha, tapa, cAritra, vIrya, svabhAva aura (8) bhAva, prANa dhAraNa svabhAva / kuMdakuMda ne pravacanasAra meM cetanA aura upayoga donoM ko jIva kA lakSaNa batAyA hai| isase yaha anumAna lagatA hai ki eka samaya aisA thA jaba ina donoM zabdoM meM arthabheda rahA hogaa| vastutaH cetanA sAmAnya guNa hai, jisakI abhivyakti kA rUpa upayoga hai| yaha 'jJAna, darzana, sukhAnubhUti, vIryAnubhUti yA AMtarika UrjAnubhUti AMdi aneka rUpoM meM hotI hai| pUjyapAda bhI jIva kI aneka prakAra kI cetanA mAnate haiM evaM AtmA ko upayogamaya mAnate haiM / isa prakAra cetanA ke aneka kSamatAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka rUpoM kA patA calatA hai| ataH uparyukta vividha rUpoM ko saMkSepaNa yA vistAraNa ke rUpa meM lenA cAhie isIlie upayoga aura cetanA ekArthaka se mAna liye gaye haiM / ataH pUjyapAda aura akalaMka - donoM ne hI cetanA ke aneka prakAroM kI carcA kI hai evaM uttarAdhyayana ke vyApaka lakSaNoM ko eka hI zabda meM kaha diyA haiM phira bhI, umAsvAmI upayoga yA cetanA ko kevala jJAna - darzanAtmaka hI mAnate haiM kyoMki sUtra 2. 8meM unhoMne isakA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / yaha mAnyatA pravacanasAra, bhagavatI ke samAna graMthoM ke bhI anurUpa hai / sambhavataH unakI yaha mAnyatA ho ki sukha-duHkha Adi kI anubhUti jJAna-darzana yA saMvadenazIlatA para hI AdhArita hotI hai / aMtaH sabhI prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM kA mUla AdhAra caitanya hai / isaliye sabhI eka hI pada meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra, adhyAtmavAdI jIva - AtmA kI paribhASA ko nimna rUpa meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai 104 caitanya = upayoga = bhAvaprANa = jJAna- darzanAdi = jIva / AtmA yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha "jIva" aura "AtmA " - donoM ke liye lAgU hotI hai / sAmAnyataH "upayoga" zabda kI tulanA meM cetanA zabda kI paribhASA kama milatI hai tathApi dhavalA - 1 (peja 146 ) ke anusAra caitanya zabda saMvedanazIlatA kA nirUpaka hai| isI ke kAraNa jJAna aura darzana Adi kI pravRttiyA~ yA anubhUtiyA~ hotI haiN| ataH kArya meM kAraNa kA upacAra kara jJAna - darzanAdi ko hI caitanya mAna liyA jAtA hai / prArambha meM "cetanA" zabda se kevala pratyakSa padArtha kA grahaNa, pratibhAsana yA saMvedana kA

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akalaMka .aura jIva kI paribhASA 105 artha liyA jAtA thA, para bAda meM ise traikAlika viSayoM ke saMvedana ke vyApaka artha meM liyA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra "cetanA" yA "cArvAka" se "adhyAtmavAdI" ho gyii| yaha vicAra vikAsa kA eka acchA udAharaNa hai| jaina lakSaNAvalI (peja 274) meM caitanya ke lakSaNa ke 1-2 saMdarbho kI tulanA meM upayoga ke 28 saMdarbha diye gaye haiN| sabhI meM caitanya ke bAhya aura Abhyantara nimittoM se hone vAle jIva ke pariNAmoM ko upayoga kahA gayA hai| isake aMtargata upayoga rUpa bhAveMdriya bhI samAhita ho jAtI hai| aneka paribhASAoM meM upa + yoga (kriyA) ke rUpa meM vyutpattiparaka artha bhI diyA gayA hai, jisase isakI kriyAtmakatA evaM pariNAmAtmakatA vyakta hotI hai| isase jJAna-darzanAdi kA nikaTatama saMyojana hI upayoga hotA hai| isI ko akalaMka aura pUjyapAda ne "caitanyAnvayI pariNAma" kahA hai| isa prakAra, upayoga saMvedanazIla kI abhivyakti ke vibhinna rUpoM ko mAnA jAtA hai| isa paribhASA se eka tathya to prakaTa hotA hI hai ki upayoga bhI aMzataH bhautika hai, kyoMki yaha saMdeha jIva meM hI hotA hai| siddha yA zuddha AtmA to upayogAtIta pratIta hotI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jIva kI paribhASAoM ke rUpoM meM jitanI vividhatA hai, utanI upayoga ke svarUpoM meM nahIM pAI jaatii| isase jIva kI paribhASA kI sApekSa jaTilatA prakaTa hotI hai| mizra. paribhASA (prANa + upayoga) paribhASA : jIva kI tIsarI koTi kI paribhASA bhautika evaM jJAnAtmaka paribhASAoM kI mizrita rUpa hai| yaha jIva kI vyAvahArika paribhASA hai| isa paribhASA meM jahA~ eka ora jIva ko kuMdakuMda rUpa rasa Adi rahita guNAtIta ke rUpa meM batAte haiM, vahIM ve karma saMbaMdha se use mUrtika (anirdiSTa saMsthAna) bhI batAte haiN| jIva ke aneka nAmoM meM 80 pratizata nAmaH mUrtikatA ke pratIka haiM aura kevala 20 pratizata amUrtikatA ke| ve cetanA ke 3 rUpa karate haiM- jJAna, karma aura karmaphala tathA usake vistAra meM jIva ke mUrtika aura amUrtika rUpa ko vyakta karate haiN| jIva kI isa mizra paribhASA meM kiMcit virodha sA lagatA hai| isaliye anekAMta para AdhArita vyavahAra-nizcayavAda yA dravya- bhAvavAda kA Azraya lenA svAbhAvika hI hai| mUrtikatA saMbaMdhI sAre lakSaNa vyavahArI yA sAmAnya janoM ke anubhava meM Ate haiN| unameM se adhikAMza vaijJAnikataH prayoga samarthita bhI haiN| kuMdakuMda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika lakSaNa anIva karmoM ke kAraNa hai, jinheM hamane jIva ke hI lakSaNa mAna liye haiM isalie vyavahAra bhASA ke samAna inake binA sAmAnya jana sUkSma tattva ko (zuddha AtmA) kaise samajhegA? lekina jahAM kuMdakuMda eka acche vaijJAnika kI

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106 jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna bhAMti apane anubhUta kathanoM ko sudhArane kI bAta kahate haiM, vahIM ve vyavahAra ko "abhUtArtha" kahakara usako amAnya karane kA saMketa dete haiN| ve sthUla, karma malImasa jIva ke varNana se prAraMbha kara sUkSma AtmA kI ora jAte haiM aura usake svarUpa ko sAmAnya jana kI buddhi ke bAhara tathA manohArI banA dete haiN| bhalA, abhUtArtha asatya se bhUtArtha kI ora kaise pahu~cA jA sakatA hai? saMsArI jIvoM ko yaha bAta pasaMda nahIM AyI aura kuMdakuMda eka hajAra varSa taka supta yA lupta hI par3e rhe| yaha spaSTa hai ki jIva kI yaha mizra paribhASA digaMbaroM dvArA lupta rUpa se mAnya kucha prAcIna graMthoM se mela khAtI hai| yaha paribhASA "jIva" aura "AtmA" ko paryAyavAcI mAnane ke prAcIna yuga se pracalita rahI hai| uttaravartI AcAryoM ne kevala virodhI se lagane vAle lakSaNoM kI do koTiyA~ banAkara vyavahArI jIva ko parezAna kara diyaa| akalaMka ke rAjavArtika meM jIva kI paribhASA : tattvArthasUtra meM jIva zabda kA hI upayoga hai aura usI kI mizra paribhASA hI aneka sUtroM ke mAdhyama se pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM .(2.1, 2.7, 2.8, 2.53, 6.1, 8.1-36) meM dI gaI hai jo prAcIna graMthoM ke anurUpa hI hai| unake prathama TIkAkAra pUjyapAda to zuddha adhyAtmavAdI lagate haiN| (yadyapi unhoMne bhI 8.2 meM jIva kA vyutpattiparaka artha kiyA hai) kyoMki unhoMne pahale hI tattvanirdezaka sUtra 1.4 meM "cetanA lakSaNo jIvaH" kahakara "upayogo lakSaNam" meM bhI use anusarita kiyA hai| ise viparyAsa meM, akalaMka ne prANa dhAraNa rUpa vyutpattiparaka artha ke sAtha caitanya lakSaNI jIva batAyA hai tathApi laghIyastraya aura siddhivinizcaya meM unake caitanya lakSaNI jIva kI paribhASA se aisA lagatA hai ki ve apane jIvana ke uttarakAla meM AtmavAdI adhika ho gaye hoMge, kyoMki ye racanAe~ TIkAgraMthoM ke bAda kI haiN| yahI nahIM, sUtra 2.8 meM unhoMne jIva kA astitva bhI mithyAdarzana Adi kAraNoM se utpanna nara-nArakAdi paryAyoM tathA uccajJAniyoM dvArA pratyakSatA ke tarkoM se siddha kiyA hai| sAtha hI upayoga ke tadAtmakatva, asthiratva evaM saMbaMdha ke AdhAra para jIva ke lakSaNa ko mAnya karane vAle matoM kA khaMDana kara upayoga kA AtmabhUta lakSaNatva siddha kiyA hai| unhoMne "ahaM-pratyaya", saMzaya, viparyaya aura adhyavasAya ke AdhAra para bhI jIva kA astitva siddha kiyA hai| akalaMka kI jIvaM kI paribhASA pUjyapAda evaM vAcaka umAsvAti se vyApaka bhI hai, kyoMki unhoMne caitanya ko jJAna-darzana Adi ke sAtha sukha-duHkha-vIrya Adi ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA hai|

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akalaMka aura jIva kI paribhASA isaliye unhoMne isa prazna kA bhI uttara diyA hai ki AtmA jIva kaise ho jAtA hai ? unakA kathana hai ki AtmA meM vizeSa sAmarthya hotI hai ki vaha karmoM se sambaddha hokara jIva rUpa dhAraNa kara le| usameM yaha sAmarthya usake anAdikAla se karmabaddha hone ke kAraNa AtI hai| isa prakAra, AtmA anAdikAla se jIva bhI hai, mUrtika hI hai isaliye usakA karma se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hI hai| ise ThIka auSadhiyoM yA madirA Adi se jIva ke caitanya ke abhibhUta hone ke samAna samajhanA cAhie, isa anAdi saMbaMdha kI dhAraNA se akalaMka jaise tArkika ne bhI isa mUlabhUta prazna kA uttara nahIM diyA ki zuddha AtmA sarvaprathama kaise jIva banA hogA? yaha prazna AtmavAda kI dhAraNA para bar3A bhArI praznacihna lagAtA hai| isakA ullekha jainI ne bhI apanI pustaka meM kiyA hai / tattvataH zuddha AtmA to janma-maraNa rahita hai aura usakA sAMsArika rUpa hI asambhava hai / ataH saMsAra meM jIva hI hai, karmabaddha jIva hI hai| unakA hI varNana zAstroM meM adhikAMza pAyA jAtA hai| unake naitika utthAna, sukha-saMvarddhana kI dizA evaM niSkAmakarmatA kI vidhiyA~ vahA~ batAI gaI haiN| phalasvarUpa akalaMka ne jIva ko aneka jagaha AtmA kA samAnArthI mAnA hai, para unakA AtmavAda bhI manovaijJAnika bhitti para sthita hai, jo hamAre jIvavAda meM AzAvAda ke dIpa ko prajvalita kiye rahatA hai / 1. akalaMka aura bIsavIM sadI : akalaMka AThavIM sadI ke vidvAn the / jIvavAda saMbaMdhI dhAraNAoM para pichale tIna sau varSoM se paryApta anusaMdhAna hue haiM aura aneka tatkAlIna mAnyatAe~ puSTa huI haiM tathA kucha parivarddhana ke chora para haiM, lekina AtmA saMbaMdhI mAnyatAe~ abhI bhI vijJAna ke kSetra .se. bAhara banI huI haiN| aneka lekhaka, jinameM vaijJAnika bhI sammilita haiM, Ajakala bhautikI evaM parAmanovijJAna saMbaMdhI pUrvokti, dUradRSTi, alaukika kAraNavAda Adi ke anveSaNoM ke AdhAra para "padArtha para mana ke prabhAva" kI carcA karate hue cetanA yA saMvedanazIlatA kA svarUpa batAkara AtmavAda ke parokSa vaijJAnika samarthana dene meM aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiN| ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki AtmavAda aura usase sAhacarya siddhAMta duHkhamaya sAMsArika jIvana meM AzAvAda, uccatara lakSya ke liye yatna, sarvajIva, samabhAva evaM sahayoga kI vRtti kA manovaijJAnikataH pallavana karate haiM / isake viparyAsa meM, ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki cetanA aura mana samAnArthI se rahe haiM (jise AtmA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai) / pazcimI vicAraka to mana aura AtmA ko samAnArthI hI mAnate rahe haiM, aba mana ke aneka rUpa sAmane Ae haiM- cetana, avacetana, acetana / cetanA ke bhI aneka rUpa 107

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108 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna sAmane Ae haiM- (1) aMtarajJAnAtmaka yA lokottara (2) AnubhAvika yA laukika evaM (3) sv-cetnaa| cetanA kI paribhASA kyA hai? yaha bahuta spaSTa to nahIM hai, lekina aneka loga ise mastiSka kI zarIra kriyAtmaka mazIna kA eka utpAda mAnate haiN| ve ise saMvedana aura anubhUti kA AdhAra mAnate haiN| TArTa ke samAna prasiddha manovaijJAnika cetanA ko eka vizeSa prakAra kI manovaijJAnika UrjA mAnate haiM jo mana aura mastiSka ko apanI kriyAoM ke lie sakriya karatI hai| yaha eka jaivIya kampyUTara hai jisakI kAryakSamatA aneka dRzya (anubhUti, zarIra kriyAe~, zikSA, saMskRti) aura adRzya (karma Adi kArakoM) para nirbhara karatI hai| mastiSka ke viziSTa kendroM ke samAna cetanA kI bhI aneka vivikta avasthAeM hotI haiM jo viziSTa guNoM kI nirUpaka hotI haiN| yogI aura vaijJAnika tathA vidyArthI aura samAnya jana kI cetanA kI avasthAe~ bhinna-bhinna hotI haiN| hamAre mastiSka kI kriyAe~/ dazAeM cetanA kI ina avasthAoM kI pratIka haiN| Aja ke vaijJAnika mAnate haiM ki sAmAnya cetanA dvi-rUpiNI hotI hai- bhautika aura. mAnasika, mUrta aura amuurt| isakA mUrta rUpa hamArI sAmAnya jIvana kriyAoM kA nirUpaka hai aura mAnasika rUpa jJAna-darzana ke guNoM kA pratIka hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki ye donoM rUpa avinAbhAvI- se lagate haiN| Aja kI ye vaijJAnika mAnyatAe~ abhI taka to cetanA yA AtmA kI amUrtatA puSTa nahIM kara pAI haiM, para ve isI dizA kI ora abhimukha ho rahI hai, aisA lagatA hai| isa taraha Aja kA vijJAna akalaMka ke buddhivAdI yuga kI dhAraNAoM ko prayogavAda kA svarUpa detA dikhatA hai| sahAyaka pAThyasAmagrI : 1. varNI, jinendra : jainendra siddhAMta koza 2-3, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1671-72 2. vAcaka, umAsvAti : tattvArthasUtra, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, kAzI, 1676 3. tathaiva : sabhASya tattvArthAdhigamasUtra, rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1632 4. AcArya, pUjyapAda : sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1971 5. jaina, ena0ela0 : sAiMTiphika kaMTeMTsa ina prAkRta kennasa, pA0 vidyApITha, kAzI 1666 6. zAstrI, bAlacandra : jaina lakSaNAvalI bhAga 1-2, vIra sevA maMdira, dillI 1672 7. bhaTTa, akalaMka : tattvArthavArtika bhAga, 1-2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 1651-53 8. jainI, pI0esa0 : jaina pAtha Ava pyoriphikezana, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1680 6. AcArya, kuMdakuMda : pravacanasAra, rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1684

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akalaMka. aura jIva kI paribhASA 109 10. tathaiva : samayasAra, sI0je0pI0eca0, lakhanaU, 1630 11. uttarAdhyayana-2, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, 1663 12 svAmI, sudharmA : bhagavatI sUtra-1, tathaiva, 1664 13. Arya, zyAma : prajJApanA sUtra 1-2, A0pra0sa0, vyAvara, 1682-84 14. svAmI, sudharmA : AcArAMga-1, tathaiva, 1680 15. caturvedI, giridhara zarmA : vaidika vijJAna aura bhAratIya saMskRti, vi0rA0 pariSad, paTanA, 1672 16. dIkSita, ke0ke0 : jaina AnTolaoNjI, ela0DI0 iMsTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda, 1671 17. satyabhakta, svAmI : satyAmRta- 2, satyAzrama, vardhA, 1632 18. AcArya, umAsvAmI : tattvArthasUtra, varNI graMthamAlA, vArANasI, 1650 16. kairiyara, mArTina Adi : mAiMDa, brena eMDa biheviyara, DI gAyaTara, nyUyArka, 1661 20. agravAla, pArasamala : tIrthakara vANI, 1666 meM prakAzita vividha lekha 21. kannana, e0 : holasTika hyUmana. kaMsarna phAra varlDa velapheyara, thiyo0sosAyaTI, madrAsa, 1688

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laghIyastraya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina* AcArya akalaMkadeva IsA kI AThavIM zatI ke zAstrArthI vidvAn haiN| inhoMne apanI tarkazakti ke dvArA aneka dArzanika matoM kA sapramANa khaNDana karake jaina nyAyazAstra kI usa paramparA ko pallavita evaM puSpita kiyA hai, jo AcAryaM samantabhadra. evaM AcArya siddhasena divAkara dvArA sthApita kI gaI thii| mAnyakheTa rAjadhAnI' meM janmeM evaM laghuhavva nRpati ke jyeSTha putra AcArya akalaMkadeva apane vaiduSya ke kAraNa tatkAlIna vidvatsamUha meM dhurikIrtanIya the| unake. dvArA jaina nyAya-zAstra kI pratiSThA evaM usake saMrakSaNa hetu jo bhI prayatna kiyA gayA vaha advitIya hai| ve kore zAstrArthI vidvAn nahIM the, apitu unhoMne jainAgama-paramparA ko surakSita rakhate hue apanI nava-navonmeSa tarkaNA-zakti ke AdhAra para pUrva pracalita jJAna-mImAMsA ko pramANa-mImAMsA ke DhA~ce meM DhAlakara jaina siddhAntoM ke saMrakSaNa hetu jo surakSA kavaca pradAna kiyA hai, vaha jaina nyAyazAstra ke itihAsa meM daidIpyamAna sitAre kI taraha cirakAla taka camakatA rhegaa| akalaMka ke grantha : ___AcArya akalaMkadeva ne apane agAdha jJAna ke navanIta rUpa kucha binduoM ko saMjokara aneka grantharatnoM kA praNayana kiyA hai, jinameM tattvArthavArtika, aSTazatI, laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANa saMgraha - ye chaha kRtiyA~ pramukha haiN| inameM prathama do bhASya aura antima cAra svataMtra haiN| inake atirikta akalaMkastotra, akalaMka pratiSThA-pATha aura akalaMka prAyazcita nAmaka tIna grantha akalaMka ke nAma se milate haiM, kintu inake zAstrArthI akalaMkakRta hone meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| etad atirikta vRhattraya evaM nyAyacUlikA nAmaka do anya granthoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kintu inheM bhI vidvAnoM ne zAstrArthI akalaMkakRta svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| mANikacandra * variSTha prAdhyApaka-jaina darzana, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 1. akalaMkagranthatraya, prastAvanA, pR0 11 2. jIyAcciramakalakabrahmA laghuhabvanRpativaratanayaH / anavaratnikhilajananutavidyaH prazastajanahRyaH / / -tattvArthavArtika, prathama adhyAya, antima prazasti padya / 3. bhaTTAkalaMkakRta laghIyastraya : eka dArzanika vivecana (TaMkita prati), pR057 4. vahI, pR057

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laghIyastrya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya di0 jaina granthamAlA dvArA vi0 sa0 1672 meM prakAzita evaM paNDita kallappA bharamAppA niTve dvArA saMzodhita laghIstrayAdisaMgraha nAmaka saMkalana meM svarUpa saMbodhana ko bhI zAstrArthI akalaMkadeva kI kRti ke rUpa meM saMgrahIta kiyA hai / laghIyastraya: vibhinna srotoM ke mAdhyama se upalabdha puSTa pramANoM ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM dvArA svIkRta AcArya akalaMkadevakRta granthoM kI paramparA meM laghIyastraya advitIya racanA hai| paNDita mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ne vividha pramANoM ke AdhAra para laghIyastraya ko zAstrArthI akalaMkadeva kI kRti svIkAra kiyA hai|' laghIyastraya isa nAma se spaSTa hai ki yaha choTe-choTe tIna prakaraNoM kA samUha hai / grantha kA yaha nAmakaraNa granthakArakRta pratIta nahIM hotA hai / isakA yaha nAma sarvaprathama AcArya anantavIrya kI siddhivinizcaya TIkA meM milA hai| tatpazcAt AcArya abhayacandrasUri ne "laghIyastrayatAtparyavRttiM vakSye" aura "bhaTTAkalaMkadevaH potAyamAnaM laghIyastrayAkhyaM prArabhamANaH " - ina do sandarbhoM meM laghIyastraya isa nAma kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / 3 111 AcArya umAsvAmI ne "pramANanayairadhigamaH "" isa sUtra ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki tattvoM kA jJAna pramANa aura nayoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| isase pUrva AcArya umAsvAmI ne nikSepoM ko bhI tattvajJAna kA hetu svIkAra kiyA hai / ataH AcArya prabhAcandra aura AcArya abhayacandrasUri- ina do TIkAkAroM ne akalaMkakRta pramANa-naya praveza ko do svataMtra prakaraNa mAnA aura usI meM pravacana- praveza ko samAhita kara laghIyastraya isa saMjJA se abhihita kiyA, jo bAda meM isI nAma se prasiddha ho gyaa| isa prakAra laghIyastraya pramANa, naya aura nikSepa - ina tIna prakaraNoM kA samUha hai| prathama 'pramANa praveza' pratyakSa, prameya, parokSa aura Agama- ina cAra paricchedoM meM vibhAjita hai| dvitIya 'naya praveza' svataMtra evaM eka mAtra naya - pariccheda meM vibhakta hai / 1. akalaMkagranthatraya, prastAvanA, pR0 33 2. (ka) akalaMkagranthatraya, prastAvanA, pR0 34 (kha) uktaM ca laghIyastraye pramANaphalayoH kramabhAve'pi tAdAtmyaM pratyeyam - siddhivinizcaya TIkA, prathama bhAga, pR0 117 /20 3. laghIyastraya, tAtparyavRtti, pR0 1 ( laghIyastrayAdi saMgrahaH ) 4. tattvArthasUtra, 1 / 6 .. 5. nAmasthApanAdravyabhAvatastannyAsaH / - tattvArthasUtra, 1 / 5 6. vizeSa UhApoha ke lie dekhiye- akalaMkagranthatraya, prastAvanA, pR0 34-35

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna tRtIya 'pravacana praveza' pravacana aura nikSepa ina do paricchedoM meM vibhAjita hai / isa prakAra laghIyastraya meM saMkalita tIna prakaraNoM meM kula sAta pariccheda haiN| AcArya akalaMkadeva ke isa laghIyastraya para svopajJa vivRti bhI upalabdha hai| isake nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM paM0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ne likhA hai ki grantha banAte samaya akalaMka deva ko laghIyastraya nAma kI kalpanA nahIM thI, jo yathArtha hai / laghIyastraya kA parimANa - 11 siMghI jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita akalaMkagranthatraya ke antargata saMkalitaM laghIyastraya meM kula aThahattara kArikAe~ haiM aura mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita laghIyastrayAdisaMgraha meM satahattara kArikAe~ haiM / inameM "lakSaNaM kSaNikaikAnte.., nAmaka paiMtIsavIM kArikA nahIM hai aura na hI isa kArikA para abhayadevasUri ne. tAtparyavRtti likhI hai jabaki svayaM AcArya akalaMkadeva ne isa para svopajJa vivRti likhI hai / akalaMkagranthatraya ke antargata laghIyastraya ke dvitIya 'naya praveza' ke antaM meM "mohenaiva paro'pi karmabhiriha...." nAmaka kArikA upalabdha hai, kintu isakI mUlagrantha ke sAtha saMgati na hone se ise paM0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ne 'prakSipta mAnA hai| laghIyastraya meM upalabdha kula sAta paricchedoM ke nAma aura unakI kArikAoM kI saMkhyA isa prakAra hai pramANa praveza : 112 pratyakSa pariccheda prameya (yA pramANa viSaya) pariccheda parokSa pariccheda Agama pariccheda naya praveza : naya pariccheda pravacana praveza : pravacana (yA zrutopayoga) pariccheda nikSepa pariccheda 1. akalaMkagranthatraya, prastAvanA, pR0 34 2. akalaMkagranthatraya, prastAvanA, pR0 35 * 6-1/2 kArikAe~ 3 kArikAe~ 11-1/2 kAMrikAe~ 8 kArikAe~ 21 kArikAe~ 22 kArikAe~ 6 kArikAe~ 78 kula kArikAe~

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laghIyastrya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya 13 yadyapi AcArya akalaMkadeva dvArA svopajJa vivRti meM antima nikSepa pariccheda ko svataMtra na mAnane se chaha hI pariccheda haiM, kintu laghIyastraya ke TIkAkAra prabhAcandra aura abhayacandrasUri ne sAta paricchedoM meM hI grantha ko vibhAjita kara TIkA likhI hai| ataH sAta pariccheda hI samprati vidvAnoM dvArA mAnya haiN| laghIyastraya kA dArzanika vaiziSTya : ___laghIyastraya eka dArzanika grantha hai aura darzana ke kSetra meM race gaye mUla saMskRta graMthoM kI paramparA meM bejor3a hai| isake kucha dArzanika siddhAnta Agamika-paramparA kA nirvAha karate hue bhI apanI kucha vizeSatA liye haiN| grantha ke prArambha meM hI AcArya akalaMkadeva ne "pramANe iti saMgraha" aisA vAkya likhakara "pramANe" pada meM dvivacana kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase umAsvAmI dvArA ullikhita Agamika paramparA-kA samarthana kiyA hai ki pramANa do hI haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / inake atirikta anya pramANa nahIM haiM aura yadi kinhIM dArzanikoM ne do se jyAdA pramANa mAne haiM to ve sabhI inhIM do pramANoM meM antarbhUta haiN| loka meM jo indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSajJAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, usase saMgati baiThAne ke lie akalaMkadeva ne spaSTajJAna rUpa pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda karake indriyajanyajJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kI koTi meM samAhita kiyA hai aura lokamAnyatA ko pratiSThA dete hue indriyajJAna ko vyavahAra se pratyakSa pramANa mAnA hai aura nizcaya se to mukhya pratyakSa ko hI vastutaH pratyakSa pramANa kahA hai| bauddhadArzanikoM ne svasammata pratyakSa ke cAra bhedoM meM indriya-pratyakSa ko bhI samAhita kiyA hai| ... . AcArya akalaMkadeva kI dRSTi isa rUpa meM spaSTa hai ki jo AtmamAtra sApekSa svAvalambI jJAna hai vaha pratyakSa pramANa hai aura jo para sApekSa jJAna hai vaha parokSa pramANa hai|' unhoMne sAMvyavahArika ke bhI indriyapratyakSa aura anindriya pratyakSa-ye do bheda kiye - Agama meM sAmAnya grahaNa ko darzana kahA hai, kintu akalaMkadeva ke anusAra indriya aura padArtha kA sambandha hone para sattA sAmAnya kA darzana hotA hai, tatpazcAt padArtha ke AkAra ko liye hue jo nirNayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai use avagraha kahate haiN| unhoMne matijJAna ke unhIM tIna sau chattIsa bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo Agamika-paramparA se prApta haiN| unake anusAra pUrva-pUrva kA jJAna pramANa aura uttara-uttara kA jJAna usakA 1. laghIyastraya, kArikA 3 . .

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114 jaina- nyAya ko AcArya aMkalaMkadeva kA avadAna phala hai|' parokSa pramANa ke sambandha meM AcArya akalaMkadeva kA kahanA hai ki mati, smRti, saMjJA (pratyabhijJAna), cintA (tarka) aura abhinibodha ( anumAna) nAma yojanA se pahale. sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa hai tathA zabda yojanA hone para zruta arthAt parokSa hai / tattvArthasUtrakAra ne mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ko matijJAna ke hI paryAyavAcI mAnA hai|` Agamika-paramparA ke anusAra ye sabhI jJAna parokSa pramANa haiM, kyoMki ye sabhI indriyoM kI sahAyatA se utpanna hote haiM / isI ko AcArya kuMdakuMda ne isa prakAra kahA hai ki- jo para kI sahAyatA se vastu kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha parokSa hai aura jo kevala . AtmA ke dvArA vastu kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha pratyakSa hai| kintu anya sabhI dArzanikoM ke indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa kahA hai| sarvArthasiddhikAra ke sAmane jaba yaha prazna uThA ki indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa aura indriyAtIta jJAna ko parokSa mAnanA caahie|' to pUjyapAda ko kahanA par3A ki aisI. sthiti meM sarvajJa kA jJAna pratyakSa na hokara parokSa ho jAyegA, kyoMki unakA jJAna indriyajanya nahIM hai|' isI AzaMkA kA vizeSa samAdhAna karate hue AcArya akalaMkadeva ne batalAyA ki nyAya vaizeSika, sAMkhya, bauddha Adi sabhI dArzanika indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa kahate haiM aura jaina Agamika - paramparA use parokSa mAnatI hai / ataH akalaMkadeva indriyajanya jJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahakara isa samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne spaSTa likhA hai ki- sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra bheda haiN| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho gayA ki jise Agamika - paramparA meM matijJAna kahA hai, use hI dArzanika - paramparA meM sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| aba samasyA yaha thI ki tattvArthasUtra aura SaTkhaNDAgama' ke anusAra smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha - ye matijJAna ke hI paryAyavAcI haiN| ataH ye bhI sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kI koTi meM A jAyeMge ? taba AcArya akalaMkadeva ne laghIyastraya 1. laghIyastraya, kArikA 7 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 10-11 3. tattvArthasUtra, 1/13 4. pravacanasAra 1/58 5. sarvArthasiddhi, 1/12 TIkA 6. sarvArthasiddhi, 1/12 TIkA 7. matiH smRtiH saMjJAcintA 'bhinibodha ityanarthAntaram - tatvArthasUtra, 1 /13 8. saNNA sadI madI ciMtA cedi (41) SaTkhaNDAgama, pu0 13, pR0 244 6. laghIyastraya, kArikA 61 kI svopajJa vivRti

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laghIyastrya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya 115 meM sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke indriya pratyakSa aura anindriya pratyakSa-ye do bheda karake smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ko anindriya pratyakSa kI koTi meM samAhita karake sArvakAlika samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| akalaMkadeva kI isa bheda-vyavasthA se yaha phalita ho gayA ki-avagrahAdi meM indriyoM kI pradhAnatA hai, ataH ye indriya pratyakSa haiM aura smRti Adi meM anindriya arthAt mana kI pradhAnatA hai, ataH ye anindriya pratyakSa haiN| bauddha dArzanikoM ke anumAna pramANa meM pakSadharmatva, sapakSasattva aura vipakSa asattva- ina tInoM rUpoM ko hetu kA lakSaNa mAnA hai, kintu AcArya akalaMkadeva ne likhA hai ki- sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAvaniyama kA pUrI taraha se nizcaya hI hetu kA eka mAtra lakSaNa hai| . liGgAt saadhyaavinaabhaavaabhinibodhaiklkssnnaat|' - yahA~ pakSadharmatva. Adi tInoM rUpa sadoSa hetu meM bhI pAye jAne ke kAraNa akalaMkadeva ne inheM hetu kA lakSaNa svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ne svabhAva hetu, kArya hetu evaM anupabdhi hetu- ina tIna ko hetu kA bheda mAnakara "yat kSaNikaM tat sarvaM sat" ko tAdAtmya sambandha (svabhAva hetu) aura dhUma evaM agni meM tadutpatti sambandha (kArya hetu) tathA yahA~ ghaTa nahIM hai, anupalabdha hone se, isa anupalabdhi hetu meM tAdAtmya sambandha mAnakara apane siddhAnta kI.puSTi kI hai, kintu akalaMkadeva kA kahanA hai kisAdhya. ke abhAva meM sAdhana kA abhAva rUpa jo anyathAnupapatti niyama hai usake binA tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti ko jAnanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki AkAza meM sthita candramA na to jala meM pratibimbita candramA kA svabhAva hai aura na hI kArya hai, phira bhI jala meM pratibimbita candramA se AkAza meM sthita candramA kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra AkAza meM kRttikA nakSatra ke udaya se bhaviSya meM udita hone vAle zakaTa nakSatra kA anumAna hotA hai| Aja ke sUryodaya se kala ke sUryodaya kA anumAna hotA hai aura isI prakAra sUryagrahaNa yA candragrahaNa kA bhI anumAna hotA hai| yahA~ AcArya akalaMkadeva ne vistAra se paramata-sammata hetuoM kA vividha tarkoM ke mAdhyama se khaNDana karake avinAbhAva sambandha ko hI hetu kA samyak lakSaNa siddha kiyA hai tathA anya vAdiyoM dvArA mAne gaye pramANa-bhedoM kA pratyakSa aura parokSa-ina do pramANoM meM hI antarbhAva kiyA hai| 1. laghIyastraya, kArikA 12 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 13 3. vistAra ke lie dekheM- laghIyastraya, kArikA 10 se 21

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna aneka dArzanikoM ne taimarika Adi indriyajJAna ko pratyakSAbhAsa kahA hai, kintu akalaMkadeva ne ise kathaMcit pratyakSa karate hue spaSTa kiyA hai ki- jo jJAna jisa viSaya meM avisaMvAdI hotA hai vaha usa viSaya meM pramANa hotA hai aura jisa viSaya meM visaMvAdI hotA hai usa viSaya meM apramANa hotA hai' arthAt saMzayajJAna Adi sabhI pramANAbhAsa svarUpa athavA dravya kI apekSA se pramANa haiM, kyoMki ve utane aMza meM avisaMvAdI hai| ataH avisaMvAdI hone se savikalpaka jJAna hI pramANa hai / pramANa kA viSaya : pramANa ke viSaya ke sambandha meM AcArya akalaMkadeva kA spaSTa mata hai ki.. dravyaparyAyAtmaka antastattva aura bAhya ghaTAdi rUpa artha pramANa ke viSaya haiM kyoMki koI dArzanika kevala dravya rUpa tattva mAnate haiM, koI-koI paryAya rUpa tattva mAnate haiM aura koI dravya rUpa aura paryAya rUpa tattvoM ko mAnakara bhI donoM ko sarvathA bhinna ha mAnate haiN| unhIM ko lakSya meM rakhakara akalaMkadeva ne artha ko dravya paryAyAtmA kahA hai"tad dravyaparyAyAtmArtho bahirantazca tattvataH / 3 bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ne likhA hai ki- "arthakriyA samartha yat tadatra paramArtha sat"* arthAt jo agnyAdi padArtha apanI dAha - pAka Adi rUpa kriyA meM samartha hotA hai, use pAramArthika sat kahate haiM / yahA~ akalaMkadeva kA kahanA hai ki - arthakriyA yA to krama se hotI hai yA akrama se arthAt yugapat hotI hai, kintu vastu ko sarvathA nitya yA sarvathA kSaNika mAnane para na to krama se hI arthakriyA honA saMmbhava hai aura na akrama se hI arthakriyA honA sambhava hai jabaki usa arthakriyA ko paramArthabhUta arthoM kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai 116 arthakriyA na yujyeta nitykssnnikpkssyoH| kramAkramAbhyAM bhAvAnAM sA lakSaNatayA matA / / isa prasaMga meM AcArya akaMlakadeva kA kahanA hai ki- utpAda, vyaya aura dhauMvya rUpa pariNamana vAle padArtha meM hI arthakriyA sambhava hone se dravyaparyAyAtmaka artha hI pramANa kA viSaya hai| vastu ko kathaMcit bhedAbhedAtmaka, kathaMcit nityAnityAtmaka aura 1. laghIyastraya, kArikA 22 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 23-24 3. laghIyastraya, kArikA 7 4. pramANavArtika, 2/3 5. laghIyastraya, kArikA 8 6. laghIyastraya, kArikA 7

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laghIyastrya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya m kathaMcit sadasadAtmaka hI mAnanA cAhie, tabhI usameM arthakriyA sambhava hai| naya vyavasthA : ___ dravya-paryAyAtmaka vastu meM jo bheda aura abheda viSayaka abhiprAya haiM, unheM jaba dArzanika apane-apane abhiprAya ko svIkAra karate hue dUsare ke abhiprAya kA nirAkaraNa nahIM karate haiM taba ve naya kahalAte haiM aura jaba ve dUsare ke abhiprAya kA nirAkaraNa karate hue apane hI ekAkI abhiprAya ko vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa mAnate haiM taba ve naya na hokara nayAbhAsa athavA mithyAnaya kahalAte haiN| isI ko samantabhadrAcArya ne "nirapekSA nayA mithyA sApekSA vastute'rthakRta" ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika ke bheda se naya do prakAra kA hai| dravyArthika naya ke saMgraha, naigama aura vyavahAra- ye tIna bheda haiM. aura paryAyArthika naya ke RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evambhUta- -ye cAra bheda haiN| yahA~ akalaMkadeva ne vibhinna dArzanikoM dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM ko paraM ke abhiprAya kA nirAkaraNa karake kevala apane abhiprAya ko vastu kA sarvathA svarUpa svIkAra karane ke kAraNa vibhinna nayAbhAsoM meM garbhita kiyA haiM, unake anusAra vedAntiyoM kA brahmAdvaitavAda sanmAtra tattva ke jIvAdi bhedoM kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| ataH vaha saMgrahanyAbhAsa hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika, guNa-guNI aura avayava-avayavI meM atyanta bheda mAnate haiM, jabaki ve sarvathA bhinna nahIM haiM, apitu kisI apekSA se ve abhinna bhI haiN| ataH ve bhI naigamAbhAsa kahe jA sakate haiN| nayoM kA krama bheda : .. sAmAnya rUpa se Agamika-paramparA meM nayoM ke krama meM sarvaprathama naigama naya kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, kintu akalaMkadeva ne saMgraha naya ko prathama sthAna diyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki Agamika-paramparA meM jo nayoM kA krama nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai; vaha viSaya kI uttarottara sUkSmatA evaM pUrva-pUrva kA naya uttara-uttara naya meM hetu hone rUpa do dRSTiyoM se vyavasthita hai, kintu nyAyazAstra meM samasta nAstikoM ke vivAdoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie samasta padArthoM ke astitva ke sUcaka saMgraha naya ko prathama sthAna diyA hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva ke anusAra sva aura para kA jJAna pramANa hai| jAnane kA 1. AptamImAMsA, kArikA 108 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 38, 66 3. laghIyastraya, kArikA 32 4. laghIyastraya, kArikA 38

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118 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna nAmAdi rUpa upAya nikSepa hai| jJAtA kA abhiprAya naya hai aura yukti arthAt pramANa, naya, nikSepa ke dvArA hI padArthoM kA grahaNa hotA hai jJAnaM pramANamAtmAderupAyo nyAsa issyte| nayo jJAturabhiprAyo yuktito'rthprigrhH||' naiyAyikoM ne indriya aura artha ke sannikarSa ko hI jJAna kI utpatti meM sAdhakatama mAnA hai, kintu akalaMkadeva kA kahanA hai ki- indriya aura artha. ke sannikarSa Adi ke hote hue bhI jaba taka jJAna utpanna nahIM hotA hai taba taka sannikarSa kI, sannikarSa aura jJAna ke anvaya-vyatireka kI tathA indriya aura sannikarSa evaM sannikarSa aura jJAna ke kAryakAraNabhAva kI vyavasthA nahIM ho sakatI hai| ataH sAdhakatama. hone se jJAna hI pramANa hai| yahA~ jJAna kI utpatti kA niyAmaka karmAvaraNa kAM kSayopazama . kahA gayA hai| unake anusAra zruta ke syAdvAda aura naya- ye do upayoga athavA vyApAra hote haiN| syAdvAda sakalAdezI hai arthAt anekadharmAtmaka vastu kA sarvadeza kathana karatA . hai aura naya vikalAdezI hai, yaha vastu kA eka deza kathana karatA hai upayogI zrutasya dvau syaadvaadnysNjnyitau|' syAdvAdaH sakalAdeze nayo viklskthaa|| AcArya akalaMkadeva ne syAdvAda pada meM prayukta 'syAt' pada kA prayoga na karane para bhI kuzala vaktA ke dvArA prayukta vAkya meM 'syAt' pada evaM 'evakAra' pada kI pratIti svataH mAnI hai| ve likhate haiM aprayukto'pi sarvatra syAtkAro'rthAt prtiiyte| vidhau niSedhe'pyanyatra kuzalazcet pryojkH|| isa prakAra AcArya akalaMkadeva ne nayoM ke saMgraha meM bhI pUrva Agamika-paramparA kA samarthana karate hue sapta nayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unameM se jIva-ajIva Adi meM arthoM kA Alambana lene se prArambhika cAra arthanaya haiM aura satyabhUta kAla, kAraka, liGga Adi bheda ke vAcaka padavidyA arthAt vyAkaraNazAstra kA Alambana lene se zeSa tIna naya zabdanaya haiN| 1. laghIyastraya, kArikA 52 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 55 3. laghIyastraya, kArikA 57 4. laghIyastraya, kArikA 62 5. laghIyastraya, kArikA 63 6. catvAro'rthanayA yete jIvAdyarthavyapazrayAt trayaH zabdanayAH satyapadavidyAM smaashritaaH|| - laghIyastraya, kArikA 72

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laghIyastrya aura usakA dArzanika vaiziSTya isa prakAra AcArya akalaMkadeva ne apane laghIyastraya meM vibhinna dArzanika matoM kI samIkSA kI hai tathA Agamika-paramparA ko surakSita rakhate hue apane tarkoM ke mAdhyama se jaina nyAyazAstra kI aisI pratiSThA kI hai, jo Aja bhI vidvAnoM ke lie mArgadarzaka hai| "jaya akalaMkadeva"

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zrI mad akalaMka deva aura unakA pramANa saMgraha DaoN0 surezacanda jaina* akalaMka ke pUrva jainanyAya - IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke AcArya kundakunda ne sambhavataH sarvaprathama jJAna kI svaprakAzakatA kA sUtrapAta kiyA, jo paravartI AcAryoM ke.. lie sarvamAnya huaa| AcArya umAsvAmI (gRddhapicchAcArya) ne 'pramANanayairadhigamaH" sUtra dvArA pramANa kI carcA hI nahIM kI, apitu pramANa kI taraha naya ko bhI pramukha sthAna diyaa| unhoMne pA~ca jJAna (mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya, kevala) ko hI pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA tathA "matiH smRtiH saMjJA cintAbhinibodha ityanarthAntaram" sUtra * ke mAdhyama se anya darzanoM meM mAnya pramANoM kA antarbhAva parokSa pramANa meM kiyA hai| tatpazcAt AcArya samantabhadra evaM siddhasena divAkara ne ukta AdhAra para pramANa viSayaka carcA ko sthAyitva pradAna kiyaa| AcArya samantabhadra ne jainadarzana ke nihitArtha tattva ko 'anekAntavAda' aura saptabhaGgIvAda kI prakriyA ko dArzanika dizA kI prakriyA (Process) ke rUpa meM pracalita hI nahIM kiyA, apitu anekAnta meM anekAnta kI yojanA karane kI prakriyA bhI nirUpita kii| pramANa kA dArzanika lakSaNa 'svaparAvabhAsakaM yathA pramANaM bhuvi lakSaNam' kI sthApanA kii| isake sAtha hI AcArya samantabhadra ne jainaparamparA meM sambhavatayA sarvaprathama 'nyAya' zabda kA prayoga karate hue syAdvAda ko nyAyazAstra meM gumphita kiyaa| * isa prakAra AcArya kundakunda se lekara akalaMkadeva ke pUrva taka ( umasvAmI, samantabhadra, siddhasena divAkara, pUjyapAda, zrIdatta, pAtrakesarI) jainanyAya sambandhI pramANa kI rUparekhA Agamika zailI meM sthApita ho cukI thI / jainanyAya ke prasthApaka ke rUpa meM vizruta AcArya akalaMkadeva ne tArkika zailI meM pramANa kI sthApanA kI hai jise donoM paramparAoM ( digambara aura zvetAmbara) ke paravartI pramANa - mImAMsaka AcAryoM ne yathAvat svIkAra kiyaa| isa sandarbha meM paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI kA yaha kathana sarvathA upayukta hai - "akalaMka nidezaka, zrI gaNezavarNI di0 jaina saMsthAna, nariyA, vArANasI, u0pra0 1. tattvArthasUtra 116, 2. vahI 1110 3. parasparekSAnvaya-bhedaliMgataH prasidvasAmAnyavizeSayostava samagratAstiA svaparavibhAsakaM yathA pramANa bhuvibuddhi lakSaNam / 4. jainanyAya, paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, pRSThabhUmi, pRSTha- 8 *

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zrImad aqalaMka deva aura unakA pramANa saMgraha pramANasaMgraha ne nyAya pramANazAstra kA jaina paramparA meM jo prAthamika nirmANa kiyA, jo paribhASAyeM, jo lakSaNa parIkSaNa kiyA, jo pramANa prameya Adi kA vargIkaraNa kiyA aura parArthAnumAna tathA vAda, kathA Adi paramata prasiddha vastuoM ke sambandha meM jo praNAlI sthira kI, saMkSepa meM aba taka jaina paramparA meM nahIM, para anya paramparAoM meM prasiddha aise tarkazAstra ke aneka padArthoM ko jaina dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM jo sAtmIbhAva kiyA tathA Agama siddha apane mantavyoM ko jisa taraha dArzanikoM ke sAmane rakhane yogya banAyA, vaha saba choTe-choTe granthoM meM vidyamAna unake asAdhAraNa vyaktitva kA tathA nyAya pramANa sthApanA yuga kA dyotaka hai|"" yahA~ samprati pramANasaMgraha aura usakA vaiziSTya prastuta hai - nyAyazAstra kA eka nAma pramANazAstra bhI hai| pramANasaMgraha akalaMkadeva kI mahattvapUrNa kRti hai / isa grantha ke nAma ke viSaya meM paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI kA mAnanA hai ki yaha nAma diGnAga ke 'pramANasamuccaya' tathA zAntarakSita ke 'tattva saMgraha' kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| DaoN0. mahendrakumArajI ne bhI ukta mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA hai / pramANasaMgraha kRti meM upalabdha viSaya sAmagrI bhI ukta nAma ko caritArtha karatI haiN| isa grantha meM mukhyataH pramANoM evaM yuktiyoM kA hI saMgraha hai / akalaMkadeva kI yaha antima kRti hai / isa sandarbha meM nyAyAcArya DaoN0 mahendrakumAra kA kathana hai ki '... isakI praur3ha zailI se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha akalaMkadeva kI antima kRti hai aura isameM unhoMne apane yAvat avaziSTa vicAroM ko likhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, isIlie yaha itanA gahana ho gayA hai| isameM hetuoM kI upalabdhi - anupalabdhi Adi anekoM bhedoM kA vistRta vivecana hai jabaki nyAyavinizcaya meM inakA nAma hI liyA gayA - 121 pramANasaMgraha meM kula 86-1/2 kArikAyeM haiM, jo nau prastAvoM meM vibhAjita haiN| usakI viSayavastu isa prakAra hai 1. prathamaM prastAva - isa prastAva meM 6 kArikAyeM haiN| isameM pramukha rUpa se (1) pratyakSa kA lakSaNa (2) pratyakSAnumAnAgama aura (3) unakA phala tathA (4) mukhya pratyakSa kA lakSaNa Adi kA nirUpaNa hai| 2. dvitIya prastAva - isa prastAva meM 6 kArikAyeM haiN| isameM mukhya rUpa se parokSa pramANa ke bheda - smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka kA nirUpaNa hai / 3. tRtIya prastAva - isa prastAva meM 10 kArikAyeM hai| isameM anumAna ke aMga, 1. darzana aura ninta, pRSTha 365 2. akalaMka granthatraya - prastAvanA, DA0 mahendrakumAra jaina, pRSTha- 36

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122 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna sAdhya-sAdhana lakSaNa, sAdhyAbhAsa, sadasadekAnta meM sAdhya prayoga kI asaMbhavatA, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka vastu kI sAdhyatA tathA saMzayAdi ATha doSoM kA parihAra hai| 4. caturtha prastAva- isa prastAva meM 11-1/2 kArikAyeM haiN| isameM anyathAnupapatti rUpa hetu kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| anupalabdhi ke bhedoM kA bhI nidarzana hai| 5. paMcama prastAva- isa prastAva meM 10-1/2 kArikAyeM haiM, jo hetvAbhAsa ke vivecana se sambandhita haiN| isameM antarvyApti kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| . 6. SaSTha prastAva- isa prastAva meM 12-1/2 kArikAyeM haiM isameM zAstrArtha viSayakaM vivecana hai jisameM mukhyataH vAda, jaya, parAjaya Adi kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai| 7.saptama prastAva- isa prastAva meM 10 kArikAyeM haiM, jo pravacana ke lakSaNa, sarvajJatA ke viSaya meM sambhAvita sandehoM ke nirAkaraNa aura apauruSeyatva Adi ke khaNDana se sambandhita haiN| 8. aSTama prastAva- isa prastAva meM 13 kArikAyeM haiM, jinameM saptabhaMgI kA.. vivecana tathA naigamAdi nayoM kA kathana hai| . 6. navama prastAva- isa prastAva meM mAtra 2 kArikAyeM haiM, jo pramANa, naya aura nikSepa ke upasaMhAra se sambandhita haiN| pramANa ke antargata pratyakSa kA lakSaNa - pramANasaMgraha grantha ke prArambha meM hI nimna kArikA hai, jisameM pramANa ke do bhedapratyakSa aura parokSa kA ullekha hai __ pratyakSaM vizadajJAnaM tridhA zrutamaviplavam / parokSaM pratyabhijJAdi pramANe iti sNgrhH||" AcArya kundakunda ne jJAna ke do bheda kie haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / tattvArtha sUtrakartA ne 'matizrutAvadhimanaHparyayakevalAni jJAnam' 'tatpramANe', 'Adye parokSam' 'pratyakSamanyat' sUtroM meM mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevalajJAna ko pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| inameM se Adi ke mati evaM zruta parokSa aura zeSa jJAna pratyakSa mAne gae haiN| akalaMkadeva ne ukta saraNi ko AdhAra banAyA aura pramANa ke do bheda kie-pratyakSa aura prokss| vizadajJAna ko pratyakSa tathA pratyabhijJA Adi jJAnoM ko parokSa pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM AcArya akalaMkadeva ne pratyakSa ke sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa aura mukhya pratyakSa bheda kie aura smRti Adi itara darzanoM meM mAnya pramANoM ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa aura parokSa zrutajJAna meM antarbhUta kiyaa| vizeSa rUpa se sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa bhI kiyaa| akalaMka kA mAnanA hai ki zabda saMsarga ke

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zrImad akalaMka deva aura unakA pramANa saMgraha 123 abhAva kI sthiti taka sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa pramANa ke antargata svIkArya hai| unhoMne sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa ke bhI do bheda kie 1. indriya pratyakSa aura 2. anindriya pratyakSa aura indriya pratyakSa ke antargata matijJAna ko grahaNa kiyA tathA dUsarI ora anindriya pratyakSa meM smRti ko akalaMka ne grahaNa kiyA hai, kyoMki unakA mAnanA hai ki smRti meM mana kA hI mukhya vyApAra hotA hai| akalaMka kA tarka hai ki yadi matijJAna ko indriya pratyakSa mAnA jAye to usake sahayogI smRti Adi ko bhI pratyakSa ke antargata grahaNa karanA tarkasammata hai| isa sandarbha meM pramANa saMgraha kI prathama kArikA kI vivRti dRSTavya hai "pratyakSaM vizadajJAnaM tattvajJAnaM vizadam, indriyapratyakSam, anindriyapratyakSam atIndriya pratyakSaM tridhaa|.....prokssN pratyabhijJAdi smaraNapUrvakam / hitAhitaprAptiparihArasamarthaM dve eva pramANe iti zAstrArthasya sNgrhH....| - isa prakAra akalaMka ne vizadajJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa mAnA hai| yadyapi bauddha bhI vizadajJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa mAnate haiM, parantu ve nirvikalpaka jJAna ko hI pratyakSa kI paridhi meM rakhate haiN| ataH unakA nirvikalpaka jJAna viSaya-viSayI sannipAta ke bAda hone vAle sAmAnyAvabhAsI anAkAradarzana ke samAna hai jabaki akalaMka nizcayArthaka evaM sAkAra spaSTa jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa svIkAra karate haiN| akalaMka dvArA mAnya vizadajJAna meM 'sAkAra' aura 'aJjasA' pada mahattvapUrNa haiN| prathamataH sAkAra pada se nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA nirAkaraNa tathA dvitIyataH aJjasA pada saMvyavahAra se prayojanIya na hokara paramArtha rUpa meM vizada hai| - anumAna Adi jJAnoM se adhika pratibhAsana honA vaizadya hai| jisa taraha anumAna Adi jJAna apanI utpatti meM liMga jJAna Adi kI apekSA rakhate haiM, usa taraha pratyakSa jJAna apanI utpatti meM kisI anya jJAna kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai| yahI isakA vaizadya hai| parokSa pramANa : akalaMka ne aspaSTa jJAna ko parokSa jJAna mAnA hai| cakSu Adi indriyoM ke nimitta se hone vAlA jJAna ekadeza rUpa se spaSTa hotA hai, ataH use sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa mAnA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM tattvArtha sUtrakAra aura 1. jJAnamAyaMtiH saMjJA cintAcAbhinibodhanam / prAGnAma yojanAccheSaM zrutaMzabdAnuyojanAt" pratyakSalakSaNaM prAhuH spaSTaM sAkAramaJjasA-nyAyavinizcaya zloka3 laghIyastraya, kArikA 10 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 3 "pratyakSaM vizadaM jJAnaM mukhyasaMvyavahArataH parokSaM zeSavijJAnaM pramANe iti saMgrahaH / / "

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124 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna akalaMkadeva ke ullikhita mantavya ko siddhAntAcArya paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI ne isa . prakAra vyakta kiyA hai____ akalaMkadeva ke kathana se sUtrakAra ke kathana meM koI bAdhA upasthita nahIM hotI, kyoki akalaMkadeva ne akSa-AtmA se hone vAle atIndriya jJAna ko hI mukhya pratyakSa kahA hai| isa dRSTi se indriya aura mana se hone vAlA matijJAna parApekSa hone se parokSa hI hai, kintu isameM kucha spaSTatA pAI jAtI hai aura lokavyavahAra meM use pratyakSa. kahA jAtA hai isalie use sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kahA hai|' isa prakAra akalaMka ne vizada jJAna ko pratyakSa tathA aspaSTa jJAna ko parokSa. pramANa mAnA hai| pramANa lakSaNa viSayaka carcA : AcArya kundakunda prabhRti AcAryoM kA anusaraNa karate hue AcArya samantabhadra dvArA praNIta pramANa meM svaparAvabhAsakatva tattva ko akalaMka ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| . pUjyapAda kI pramANa kI mImAMsA (jJAna-pramANa) ko bhI akalaMka ne svIkAra kiyA parantu siddhasena kRta pramANa lakSaNa' meM 'bAdhavivarjita' vizeSaNa unheM svIkArya nahIM huaa| akalaMka ne eka ora ladhIyastraya meM 'vyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnamAtmArthagrAhakaM matam' arthAt svaparAvabhAsI vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA to dUsarI ora aSTazatI meM 'pramANamavisaMvAdijJAnamanadhigatArthalakSaNatvAt'- anadhigatArthaka avisaMvAdi jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| pramANasaMgraha ke naveM prastAva meM pramANa aura naya kA upasaMhAra karate hue akalaMka ne pramANa lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai____ "jJAnaM pramANamAtmAderupAyo nyAsa iSyate" kArikA (86) / isI kArikA kI vivRti meM ve Age likhate haiM ki "matizrutAvadhimanaHparyayakevalAni jJAnam, tadeva pramANaM na zabdAdiH anytropcaaraat| pramANameva hiM jJAnaM mtyjnyaanaaderndhigteH|" ___ ukta vibhinna lakSaNoM meM eka tattva samAna hai aura vaha hai jJAna ko pramANa mAnA jaanaa| phira cAhe vaha vyavasAyAtmaka ho athavA andhiNgtaarthk| vastutaH darzanazAstra meM "pramAkaraNaM pramANam" isa viSaya meM sabhI ekamata haiM, parantu vaha karaNa kyA hai, yahI matabheda kA kAraNa hai| akalaMka kA mAnanA hai ki pramANa mAtra ko vyavasAyAtmaka honA cAhie kyoMki koI bhI jJAna nirvikalpaka yA avyapadezya nahIM ho sktaa| yaha sambhava 1. jainanyAya, paM. kailAzacandrazAstrI pRSTha, 132 2. pramANaM svaparAmAbhijJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam"-nyAyAvatAra, kArikA 1

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zrImad akalaMka deva aura unakA pramANa saMgraha hI nahIM ki artha kA jJAna ho aura koI vikalpa na aae| anadhigatArthaka pramANa - lakSaNa aura vyavasAyAtmaka pramANa - lakSaNoM ke viSaya meM DaoN0 koThiyA jI kA kahanA hai ki inameM mAtra zabdoM kA antara hai / ina lakSaNoM meM mUla AdhAra AtmArthagrAhaka evaM vyavasAyAtmaka hI hai, parantu artha ke vizeSaNa rUpa se kahIM akalaMka ne 'anadhigata' aura kahIM 'vyavasAyAtmaka' pada die haiN| 'avisaMvAdi' pada.... jaina cintaka pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi (1/12 ) meM upalabdha hai / ' nyAyAcArya DaoN0 mahendrakumAra ne 'akalaMka granthatraya' kI prastAvanA meM ullekha. kiyA hai ki-akalaMkadeva ne isa (pramANa) lakSaNa meM avisaMvAdi aura anadhigatArthagrAhiina do nae padoM kA samAveza karake avabhAsaka ke sthAna para vyavasAyAtmaka pada kA prayoga kiyA hai| avisaMvAdi tathA ajJAtArtha prakAza pada spaSTa rUpa se dharmakIrti ke pramANa lakSaNa se Ae haiM tathA vyavasAyAtmaka pada nyAyasUtra se / inakI lakSaNa saMghaTanA ke anusAra sva aura para kA vyavasAya - nizcaya karane vAlA avisaMvAdi-saMzayAdi samAropa kA nirasana karane vAlA aura anadhigatArtha ko jAnane vAlA jJAna pramANa hogaa| 125 isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa kI suspaSTa saMghaTanA kA zreya AcArya akalaMka ko jAtA hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne akalaMka dvArA sthApita paddhati kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / parIkSAmukhakarttA mANikyanaMndi ne svAMpUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam' kahakara jisa apUrvArtha jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai usameM apUrva pada anadhigata kA samAnArthaka hai| isI prakAra prabhAcanda ne bhI akalaMka kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai / dhArAvAhika jJAna kA prAmANya mImAMsaka' kI donoM paramparAoM (prabhAkara evaM kumArila) meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| ( ajJAnanivRttipUrvaka nirantara utpanna hone vAlA uttarajJAna ) jaina. dArzanikoM meM bhI dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko lekara do vicAradhArAyeM haiN| eka vicAradhArA ke anusAra anadhigata artha kA grAhI jJAna pramANa hai, dhArAvahika jJAna pramANa nahIM hai, kintu anadhigata pada se sarvathA anadhigata artha grahaNa na kara kathaMcit artha meM grahaNa karane se yaha mAnya hai ki prathama jJAna se jAne hue padArtha meM pravRta uttarajJAna yadi pUrva kI apekSA kucha vizeSa jAnatA hai to vaha pramANa hai| dUsarI vicAradhArA ke anusAra 1. jainadarzana aura pramANazAstra parizIlana - DaoN0 darabArIlAla koThiyA, pRSTha.. 2. akalaMka granthatraya - prastAvanA, pRSTha 43 3. tatrApUrvArthavijJAnaM nizcitaM bAdhavivarjitam / aduSTakAraNArabdhaM pramANaM lokasammatam / / 4. jainanyAya- paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, pRSTha 51

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126 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna dhArAvAhika jJAna yadi gRhItagrAhI athavA agRhItagrAhI hote hue svArtha kA nizcAyaka hai to vahe pramANa hai| jainadarzana meM pahalI vicAradhArA kA pratinidhitva akalaMkadeva karate haiN| dUsarI vicAradhArA ke samarthaka haiM AcArya akalaMka ke anugAmI vidyAnanda aura maannikynndi| vidyAnanda ne 'svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam' meM prayukta 'apUrva' pada kI nirarthakatA pratipAdita kI hai| hemacandrasUri ne bhI 'pramANa-mImAMsA' meM grahItagrAhI jJAna ko pramANa svIkAra kiyA hai (unakA tarka hai ki- dravya kI apekSA se gRhItagrAhitva ke prAmANya kA niSedha karate haiM athavA paryAya kI apekSA se) paryAya kI apekSA se to dhArAvAhikajJAna bhI grahItagrAhI nahIM hai, kyoMki paryAya kSaNika hotI hai| ataH usakA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie apUrva pada denA vyartha hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadyapi jaina dArzanikoM meM apUrva pada evaM dhArAvAhikajJAna ke prAmANya ke viSaya ko lekara kiMcit matabheda hai, phira bhI akalaMka kI eka vizeSa paddhati rahI hai, jisake anusAra unhoMne anya matoM kI aikAntikatA kI samIkSA karate hue anekAntavAda kA puTa dekara unheM apane anukUlaM banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| yadyapi apUrva pada ke viSaya meM bhI kiMcit matabheda hai, phira bhI vaha pramANa sva kA nizcAryaka hotA hai isameM koI matabheda nahIM hai| isa prakAra AcArya akalaMkadeva apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita jJAnamImAMsA para pramANa kA bhavya mahala banAkara apane dvArA likhita pramANasaMgraha meM usakA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai tathA unhoMne jahA~ pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA nizcita viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai, vahIM unhoMne pramANa ke viSaya meM aneka naI evaM maulika udbhAvanAyeM evaM prasthApanAyeM prastuta karake apane sAhasI aura mahAn vyaktitva kA paricaya dekara Age ke vidvAnoM ko ina viSayoM para vistAra se vicAra karane kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| 1. jainanyAya, pRSTha 51 2. jainanyAya, pRSTha 53

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bhaTTa akalaMka kI tarkavidagdhatA : tattvArthavArtika ke sandarbha meM DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina* zraddhA meM jaba tarka kA samAveza hotA hai, taba darzana janma letA hai| vastu kA pratyakSa jJAna hI darzana kA mukhya pratipAdya hai| jaba mabhI dArzanika tarka kI saraNi se mukhya artha kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiM to unameM matabheda kyoM ? yaha prazna na kevala sAmAnya janoM ko, apitu zreSTha vicArakoM ko bhI Andolita karatA hai| AtmA ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM hI vicAra kareM to yadi sAMkhya AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate haiM to bauddha pratikSaNa parivartanazIla kssnnik| naiyAyika-vaizeSika guNoM meM parivartana mAnate haiM to mIsAMsaka avasthA bheda kA parivartana mAnate huye bhI nity| jaina avasthA-bheda kA parivartana to mAnate haiM, kintu yaha parivartana avicchinna paryAya paramparA rUpa svayaM dravya kA lakSaNa hai| cArvAka bhUtacatuSTaya ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai| isI prakAra AtmA kI mUrtatA-amUrtatA ke . viSaya meM bhI matavaibhinya hai| yaha matavaibhinya kadAcit tarkajanya hai| tarka kI prAmANikatA ko mAna lene ke kAraNa hI kadAcit pratyeka dArzanika yaha samajha baiThA hai ki usakA darzana pUrNa evaM satya hai kintu saba darzanoM ko pUrNa evaM satya kaise kahA jA sakatA haiM ? isIlie haribhadrasUri lokatattvanirNaya meM tarka kI nirarthakatA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahate haiM jJAyerana hetavAdena padArthA ydytiindriyaaH| ..... .. kAlenaitAvatA teSAM kRtaH syaadrthnirnnyH||' - mahAbhArata meM bhI apratiSTha kahakara tarka kI pUrNa prAmANikatA svIkAra nahIM kI gaI hai, kahA bhI hai 'tarkopratiSThaH zrutayovibhinnAH naiko muniryasya mataM prmaannm| ___dharmasya tattvaM nihitaM guhAyAM mahAjano yena gataH sa pnthaaH|| isa saba kathanoM ke hote hue bhI tarka kI, yukti kI mahattA kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| svayaM haribhadrasUri ne anyasthala para tarka, yukti, parIkSaNa ko Avazyaka * rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, esaDI0posTa grejueTa kAleja, mujaphpharanagara

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128 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna mAnA hai| ve kahate haiM 'tApAcchedAcca nikaSAt suvarNamiva paNDitaiH / parIkSya bhikSavo grAhyaM madvaco na tu gaurvaat||' kyoMki andhazraddhA jitanI AsAna hai, utanI pratipAtinI bhii| isI kAraNa nyAya-vaizeSika darzana ne jina solaha ke tattvajJAna se mukti mAnI hai, unameM tarka bhI eka hai| ve tarka ko pramANoM kA upakArI mAnate haiN| tarkabhASA meM kahA gayA hai- 'saM cAyaM tarkaH prmaannaanaamnugraahkH|' nyAyasUtra (1.1.40) meM tarka kA svarUpa kahate hue use kAraNopapattipUrvaka tattvajJAna meM upakArI kahA gayA hai| vAtsyAyana yadyapi tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnate tathApi anugrAhaka avazya mAnate haiN| ve likhate haiM-'tarko na pramANa saMgrahItoM na pramANAntaraM pramANAnAmanugrAhakastattvajJAnAya klpte|' spaSTatayA tarka svayaM meM pramANa. nahIM hai, kintu arthasiddhi meM lie yA pratipakSI mata ke khaNDana ke lie tarka kI upayogitA asaMdigdha hai| jainanyAya ke pratiSThApaka AcAryapravara bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne jisa sAtavIM zatAbdI (nyUnatama 676 I0) meM janma lekara bhAratIya nyAyazAstra meM jainanyAya ko pratiSThita kiyA, vaha samaya dArzanikoM meM vAda-vivAda kA samaya thaa| zAstrArtha ke mAdhyama se vastutattva kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA thA aura isI AdhAra para hotI thI jaya yA praajy| ataH unhoMne apane pratipAdana meM tarka kI saraNi apanAyI aura sabhA meM tArkika ke rUpa meM unheM pratiSThA milii| kahA bhI hai "sadasi yadakalaMkaH kIrtane dharmakIrtiH vacasi surapurodhA nyaayvaade'ksspaadH|" 'pramANamakalaMkasya' ukti tArkika saMsada meM usI prakAra pratiSThita hai, jisa prakAra 'upamA kAlidAsasya' 'bhAraverarthagauravam' yA 'dnnddinHpdlaalitym| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne tattvArthavArtika meM saikar3oM tarkoM ke dvArA pUrvapakSiyoM kI AzaMkAoM ko uThAkara unakA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| saba tarkoM kA ullekha karanA na to isa lekha kI sImA meM A sakatA hai aura na hI prAsaMgika hai| yahA~ udAharaNArtha katipaya bindu prastuta haiM, jinase unakI tarkavidagdhatA tArkikoM ke nikaSa para parIkSita hokara kharI utaratI hai aura unake tarka pramANa ke sAdhana banate haiN| grantha kI utthAnikA meM eka AzaMkA prastuta kI gaI hai ki jaba.mokSa antima, anupama evaM uttama puruSArtha hai to usI kA upadeza karanA cAhie thaa| sarvaprathama mokSamArga kA upadeza kyoM kiyA gayA hai? isakA tArkika samAdhAna prastuta karate hue tattvArthavArtikakAra

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bhaTTa akalaMka kI tarkavidagdhatA : tattvArthavArtika ke sandarbha meM kahate haiM ki mokSArthI bhavya ne mArga hI pUchA hai, ataH praznAnurUpa nArga kA upadeza sarvaprathama kiyA gayA hai| jaise paTanA jAne vAle logoM meM paTanA ke prati vipratipatti nahIM hotI hai, paTanA ke mArga ke prati vipratipatti hai / ataH unheM paTanA ke mArga kA hI upadeza denA samIcIna hotA hai| punaH AzaMkA kI gaI ki mokSa jaba pratyakSa dRSTigocara nahIM hai to usakA mArga batAnA niSprayojana hai| isakA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai ki yadyapi anumAna se usakI siddhi ho jAtI hai / jaise -ghaTIyantra kA ghUmanA dhurI se, usakA ghUmanA jute bailoM ke ghUmane se aura bailoM ke na ghUmane se sabakA ghUmanA rUka jAtA hai, usI prakAra karmodaya se gaticakra calatA hai aura gaticakra se vedanA rUpI ghaTIyantra ghUmatA hai aura karmodaya kI nivRtti hone para caturgati kA cakra rUka jAtA hai| tadanantara jijJAsu pUchatA hai ki bandhapUrvaka mokSa hotA to mokSamArga kA upadeza na dekara pahale bandha ke kAraNoM kA upadeza denA cAhie thA / isa jijJAsA kA bar3A hI sundara tArkika samAdhAna kiyA hai ki kArAgAra meM baddha vyakti ko mukti ke AzvAsana kI taraha mokSamArga kA prathama upadeza AnandadAyaka hai|' isa prakAra utthAnikA meM hI bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI tarkavidagdhatA kA nidarzana dRSTigata ho jAtA hai| jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki kevalajJAna ke ho jAne para anya jJAnoM kI sattA nahIM rahatI hai / pUrvapakSI kahatA hai ki kevalajJAna hone para anya kSAyopazamika jJAnoM kA abhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai, apitu dina meM tArAgaNa kI taraha vidyamAna rahane para ve abhibhUta ho jAte haiM aura apanA kArya nahIM karate haiM / isakA tarkapUrNa samAdhAna karate hue bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA kathana hai ki kevalajJAna kSAyika aura vizuddha hotA hai, ataH usake prakaTa ho jAne para kSayopazamajanya lezataH azuddhi kI bhI sattA raha hI nahIM sakatI / 'jIvabhavyAbhavyatvAni ca' sUtra kI saMracanA para eka vyAkaraNAtmaka AzaMkA pUrvapakSI kI hai / pUrvapakSI kahatA hai - ki- 'tva' bhAvArthaka pratyaya hai / bhAva meM bahuvacana kA prayoga karanA samIcIna nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isakA uttara isa prakAra diyA gayA hai ki- jIva, bhavya evaM abhavya tInoM ke bhAva pRthak-pRthak haiM, eka samAna nahIM / dravya bheda se bhAva meM bhI bhinnatA hai| ataH pRthak-pRthak bhAvoM ke nirdeza ke lie bahuvacana kA prayoga na kevala samIcIna hai, apitu apekSita bhI hai| 'upayogo lakSaNam' sUtra ke vyAkhyAna meM koI pratipakSI dArzanika kahatA hai ki dUdha 1. tattvArthavArtika, utthAnikA 2. vahI 1/30, 3. vahI 2/7 129

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130 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya aMkalaMkadeva kA avadAna kA dUdha rUpa meM pariNamana nahIM hotA hai, apitu dadhi Adi ke rUpa meM hotA hai, taba AtmA kA jJAna rUpa meM pariNamana kaise ho sakatA hai, kyoMki jJAna to svayaM AtmA hai| kyA tarka hai bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA, ki yadi anyathA hI pariNamana mAnoge to svapakSa sAdhana aura parapakSadUSaNa meM bhI yahI prasaMga A jAyegA aura isase hamAre hI pakSa kI siddhi ho jaayegii|' yaha zAstrArthI paddhati kA samAdhAna hai| dvitIya adhyAya ke antima sUtra meM prazna upasthApita kiyA gayA hai ki cakravartI brahmadatta aura nArAyaNa kRSNa kI bhI akAla mRtyu sunI jAtI hai to phira yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki uttama deha vAloM kI akAla mRtyu nahIM hotii| isakA samAdhAna karate huye kahA hai ki caramottama eka pada nahIM hai, apitu carama vizeSaNa hai aura uttama vizeSya hai| ataH kevala uttama zarIra vAloM kI akAla mRtyu meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| hA~, antima uttama zarIra vAloM kI akAla mRtyu nahIM hotI hai| jaise- Ama ko pAla meM samaya se pahale pakA diyA jAtA hai, vahI Ama kA pakanA kahalAtA hai| vaise hI nizcita maraNakAla se pahale Ayu kI udIraNA ho jAtI hai, use akAla mRtyu kahate haiN| eka anya udAharaNa dekara kahA gayA hai ki jaise gIlA kapar3A phailA dene para jaldI sUkha jAtA hai, ikaTThA rakhane para nhiiN| vaise hI udIraNA hone para nizcita samaya se pahale mRtyu ho jAtI hai| ___ 'kAyapravIcArA A aizAnAt' sUtra meM A+aizAnAt meM A upasarga ko abhividhi artha meM dikhAne ke lie sandhi nahIM kI gaI hai| 'aizAnaparyantam' kahane para bhI maryAdA yA abhividhi kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA thaa| isI prakAra 'ajIvaMkAyA dharmAdharmAkAzapudgalAH' sUtra meM ajIva se 'na jIvaH' arthAt jIvabhAva rUpa artha nahIM lenA hai, apitu 'anazvaH' kI taraha jIvabhinna (acetana) artha kA grahaNa karanA abhISTa hai| kitanI sUkSmatA bharI hai bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke tarkoM meM, yaha sahRdaya samAlocaka hI samajha sakate haiN| 'pradezasaMhAravisarpAbhyAM pradIpavat' sUtra meM AzaMkAkAra kahatA hai ki yadi dIpaka ke prakAza kI taraha saMhAra-vikSarpa mAnA jAyegA to AtmA bhI ghaTAdi ke samAna chedana-bhedana ko prApta ho jaayegaa| isake uttara meM eka vyAvahArika tarka draSTavya hai| saradI-garamI kA prabhAva camar3e para par3a sakatA hai, AkAza para nhiiN| AtmA kA svarUpa achedya-abhedya hai| ataH svabhAva meM aisI saMbhAvanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai|' bIja aMkura meM hai yA nahIM 1. vahI 2/ 2. vahI 2/53 3. vahI 4/7 4. vahI, 5/1 5. vahI 5/16

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bhaTTa akalaMka kI tarkavidagdhatA : tattvArthavArtika ke sandarbha meM tathA bIja se aMkura bhinna hai yA abhinna- sadRza AzaMkAoM kA samAdhAna anekAnta paddhati se karate hue rAjavArtika meM kahA hai ki bIja aMkura meM kathaJcit hai, kathaJcit nhiiN| bIja aMkura se kathaMcit bhinna hai, kathaJcit abhinna / ' 'guNaparyayavad dravyam' sUtra para AkSepa karatA huA pUrvapakSI kahatA hai ki guNa saMjJA jainoM kI nahIM hai| yadi hotI to dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika ke samAna guNArthika naya bhI hotaa| isakA sayuktika samAdhAna do prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| eka to svayaM tattvArtha sUtra meM 'dravyAzrayA nirguNA guNAH' sUtra meM guNa kA kathana hai / anya bAta yaha hai ki 'guNA eva paryAyAH' aisA sAmAnAdhikaraNya rUpa meM yaha prayoga sone kI aMgUThI kI taraha samajhA jA sakatA hai| paryAyeM guNoM se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai| 'sakaSAyatvAjjIvaH karmaNo yogyAn pudgalAnAdatte sa bandhaH / sUtra meM 'karmaNaH' pada pRthak prayukta hai| 'karmayogyAn' aisA samastapada nahIM rakhA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki 'karmaNaH' pada SaSThI kA hai, kintu isakA paMcamI vibhaki meM hetvartha meM vipariNamana karake do sUtra nikAlanA abhISTa hai| isIlie bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne kahA hai-'karmaNo yogyAniti pRthak vibhaktyuccAraNaM vaakyaantrjnyaapnaarthm'| do sUtra isa prakAra niSpanna hote haiM-1.karmaNo jIvaH sakaSAyo bhavati / 2 karmaNo yogyAn pudglaanaadtte| pudgala ke vivecana meM prazna upasthApita kiyA gayA hai ki - pudgala dravya jaba eka hai to avaraNa, sukha-duHkha Adi aneka kAryoM kA nimitta kaise bana sakatA hai ? isakA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai ki jaise agni meM dAha, pAka, pratApa, prakAza sabhI kI sAmarthya hai vaise hI pudgala dravya meM aisI sAmarthya hai, usakA aisA hI svabhAva hai| isI prakAra karmabandha ke viSaya meM AzaMkA kI gaI hai ki jaba vaha anAdi hai to use ananta bhI honA cAhie, usakA anta kaise ho sakatA hai ? isake samAdhAna meM tarka diyA gayA haiM ki bIjAMkura yadyapi anAdi hai, kintu agni se bIja jalA dene para jaise punaH aMkura nahIM ho pAtA hai, usI taraha karmabIja ke naSTa ho jAne para bhavAMkura nahIM raha pAtA hai| ataeva karmabandha anAdi to hai, para ananta nahIM / ' 131 * uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke tarka sAmarthyavAn, kathya ko siddha karane meM samartha tathA pramANasAdhana rUpa haiN| 1. vahI 5/22 2. vahI 5 / 38 3. vahI 8/2 4. vahI, 8/4 5. vahI, 10/2

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Ao akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya DA0 ramezacandra jaina jainAgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta rahI hai| saMskRta meM sarvaprathama jaina racanA hone kA zreya gRddhapicchAcArya umAsvAmikRta tattvArthasUtra ko hai| tattvArthasUtra sUtra zailI meM likhA gayA hai| . sUtra rUpa meM grathita yaha grantha jaina tattvajJAna kA sAgara hai| laghukAya sUtragrantha hone para bhI yaha gAgara meM sAgara bhare jAne kI ukti ko caritArtha karatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadharma kI digambara aura zvetAmbara-donoM paramparAoM meM yaha mAnya hai| isa sUtragrantha kA mukhya nAma tattvArtha hai| isa nAma kA ullekha TIkAkAroM ne kiyA hai| isameM AcArya :, pUjyapAda, akalaMkadeva aura vidyAnanda pramukha haiN| jIva, ajIva, Asava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ye sAta tattva haiN| inhIM sAta tattvoM kA tattvArthasUtra meM vivecana hai| grantha kI mahattA ko dekhate hue isa para aneka TIkAyeM likhI gaI / digambara paramparA meM isa para sabase prAcIna TIkA AcArya pUjyapAda devanandikRta sarvArthasiddhi prApta hotI hai| yadyapi sarvArthasiddhi meM kucha pramANa aise haiM, jinase patA calatA hai ki isase pUrva bhI kucha TIkAyeM likhI gayI thIM, jo Aja anupalabdha haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM isa para tattvArthAdhigama bhASya prApta hotA haiM, jo svopajJa kahA jAtA hai, kintu isake svopajJa hone meM vidvAnoM ne saMdeha vyakta kiyA hai| sarvArthasiddhi meM tattvArthasUtra kA jo pATha nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai, digambara paramparA ke sabhI vidvAnoM va AcAryoM ne usakA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvArthasiddhi ko hI dRSTi meM rakhate hue usa para akalaMkadeva ne tattvArthavArtika aura AcArya vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika jaisI praur3ha aura gahana tattvajJAna se ota-prota aneka TIkAyeM likhI haiN| isa prakAra tattvArthasUtra para sarvArthasiddhi, tattvArthavArtika aura tattvArthazlokavArtika ke jor3a kI TIkAyeM nahIM milatI haiN| yadyapi saMkhyA kI dRSTi se aneka TIkAyeM prApta haiN| samakAlIna yA paravartI samasta TIkAyeM ina TIkA granthoM se prabhAvita haiN| prastuta lekha kA pratipAdya tattvArthavArtika hI hai| tattvArthavArtika tattvArthasUtra para akalaMkadeva kI atigahana, prakhara dArzanikatA aura * jaina mandira ke pAsa, bijanaura (u0 pra0) 1. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie siddhAntAcArya paM0 phUlacandrazAstrI kI sarvArthasiddhi kI prastAvanA dekhi

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A0 akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya . 133 praur3ha zailI meM likhI gayI maulika kRti hai| ise rAjavArtika ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| vArtikakAra akalaMkadeva ne sarvArthasiddhi kA anusaraNa karane ke sAtha-sAtha unakI adhikAMza paMktiyoM ko vArtika banA liyA hai| vArtika ke sAtha unakI vyAkhyA kI hai| cUMki tattvArthasUtra meM dasa adhyAya haiM, ataH tattvArthavArtika meM bhI dasa hI adhyAya hai kintu udyotakara ke nyAyavArtika kI taraha pratyeka adhyAya ko AhikoM meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai| isase pahale jaina sAhitya meM adhyAya ke AhrikoM meM vibhAjana karane kI paddhati nahIM pAI jAtI hai| akalaMkadeva dvArA tattvArthavArtika meM diye gaye vArtika prAyaH sarala aura saMkSipta haiM; kintu unakA vyAkhyAna jaTila hai| isa grantha meM akalaMkadeva ke dArzanika, saiddhAntika aura vaiyAkaraNa-ye tIna rUpa upalabdha hote haiN|' dArzanika vaiziSTya- tattvArthavArtika ke adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa patA calatI hai ki isake racanAkAra bhaTTa akalaMkadeva vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM ke talasparzI adhyetA the| unhoMne vibhinna darzanoM ke mantavyoM kI samIkSA kara anekAntika paddhati se samAdhAna karane kI paramparA ko vikasita kiyA hai| unakA vAGmaya gahana hai| vidvAn bhI usakA vivecana karane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava karate haiN| unake viSaya meM vAdirAjasUri ne kahA "bhUyobhedaM nayAvagAhagahanaM devasya yadvAGmayam / : kasyadvistarato vivicya vadituM prabhumAdRzaH / / " arthAt akalaMkadeva kI vANI aneka bhaMga aura nayoM se vyApta hone ke kAraNa atigahana hai| mere samAna alpajJa ,prANI usakA vistAra se kathana aura vaha bhI vivecanAtmaka kaise kara sakatA hai|" ___tattvArthavArtika meM nyAya-vaizeSika, bauddha, sAMkhya, mImAMsA tathA cArvAka matoM kI samIkSA prApta hotI hai| isameM nyAya-vaizeSika aura bauddhadarzana kI samIkSA aneka sthaloM para kI gayI haiN| akalaMkadeva kA uddezya ina darzanoM kI samIkSA ke sAtha-sAtha inake prahAroM se jaina tattvajJAna kI rakSA karanA bhI rahA hai| isameM ve paryApta saphala bhI hue haiN| unhoMne jainanyAya kI aisI zailI ko janma diyA hai jisake prati bahumAna rakhane ke kAraNa paravartI jaina granthakAra ise akalaka-nyAya ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| unakI zailI paravartI jaina nyAya granthakAroM ne cAhe ve digambara paramparA ke rahe hoM yA zvetAmvara . paramparA ke, bahuta apanAyA hai| isa rUpa meM AcArya samantabhadra aura siddhasena ke bAda jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM unakA nAma bar3e gaurava ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai| yahA~ unake dvArA 1. nyAyakumudacandra, pra0 bhAga, paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI dvArA likhita prastAvanA, pR043

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134 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna kI gaI vibhinna darzanoM kI samIkSA prastuta haiN| vaizaiSika samIkSA- tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM prathama sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM sAMkhya, vaizeSika aura bauddhoM ke mokSa ke svarUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vaizeSika AtmA ke buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa, prayatna, dharma, adharma, aura saMskAra rUpa ina nava vizeSa guNoM ke atyanta uccheda ko mokSa kahate haiN| aisA mAnate hue bhI karmabandhana ke vinAza rUpa mokSa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM kisI ko vivAda nahIM hai|' vaizeSika ke mata se dravya, guNa aura sAmAnya padArtha pRthak-pRthak svatantraM haiM, isalie unake mata meM uSNa guNa ke yoga se agni uSNa hai aisA kahA jA sakatA haiM, svayaM agni uSNa nahIM ho sktii| ayutasiddha lakSaNa samavAya yahA~ isameM hai, isa prakAra kI buddhi pravRtti kA kAraNa hotI hai, isalie guNa-guNI meM abheda kA vyayadeza hotA hai aura isa samavAya sambandha ke kAraNa hI uSNatva ke samavAya se guNa meM uSNatA tathA uSNa guNa ke samavAya se agni uSNa ho jAtI hai| ..... isake uttara meM A0 akalaMkadeva ne kahA hai ki aisA nahIM hai, svatantra padArthoM meM samavAya ke niyama kA abhAva hai| yadi uSNa guNa evaM agni paraspara bhinna haiM to aisA kauna sA prativiziSTa niyama hai ki uSNa guNa kA samavAya agni meM hI hotA hai, zItaguNa meM nahIM ? uSNatva kA samavAya uSNa guNa meM hI hotA hai, zIta guNa meM nhiiN| isa prakAra kA pratiniyama dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| isake atirikta samavAya ke khaNDana meM aneka yuktiyAM dI gaI haiN| 1. vRtyantara kA abhAva hone se samavAya kA abhAva hai|' 2. samavAya prApti hai isalie usameM anya prAptimAna kA abhAva hai aisA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki isa prakAra ke kathana meM vyabhicAra AtA hai| dIpaka ke samAna samavAya sva aura para-ina donoM kA sambandha karA degA, aisA kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hai, aisA mAnane para samavAya meM pariNAmitva hone se ananyatva kI siddhi hogii| ina saba kAraNoM se guNAdi ko dravya kI paryAya-vizeSa mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai| 1. tattvArthavArtika 1/18 2. vahI 1/1/12 3. vahI 1/1/13 4. vahI 1/1/14 5. vahI 1/1/15 6. vahI 1/1/16

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A0 akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya vaizeSika mAnate haiM ki icchA aura dveSa se bandha hotA hai / icchA dveSa - pUrvaka dharma aura adharma meM pravRtti hotI hai| dharma se sukha aura adharma se duHkha hotA hai tathA sukha - duHkha se icchA, dveSa hote haiN| vimohI ke icchA, dveSa nahIM hote haiM / kAraNa yaha hai ki tattvajJa ke mithyAdarzana kA abhAva hotA hai| moha hI ajJAna hai / vimohI SaTpadArtha tattva ke jJAtA vairAgI yati ke sukha, duHkha, icchA aura dveSa kA abhAva dharma, adharma ke abhAva meM nUtana zarIra aura mana ke saMyoga kA abhAva hotA hai / zarIra aura mana ke saMyoga ke abhAva meM janma nahIM hotA hai, vaha mokSa hai|' isa prakAra ajJAna se bandha hotA hai, yaha vaizeSika bhI mAnatA hai / 13 5 akalaMkadeva ke anusAra vastu sAmAMnya - vizeSAtmaka hai / ise ve vaizeSika meM bhI ghaTita karate haiN| vaizeSika pRthvItva Adi sAmAnya- vizeSa svIkAra karate haiM / eka hI pRthvItva sva vyaktiyoM meM anugata hone se sAmAnyAtmaka hokara bhI jalAdi se vyAvRti karAne kA kAraNa hone se vizeSa kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra eka hI vastu meM sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka svIkAra karane vAle vaizeSika siddhAnta meM bhI eka vastu ke ubhayAtmaka mAnane meM virodha nahIM aataa| 2. prathama adhyAya ke dasaveM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM jJAtA aura pramANa bhinna-bhinna haiN| aisA mAnane vAle vaizeSika ke ajJatva doSa AtA hai, isakA vivecana kiyA hai / yadi jJAna se AtmA pRthak hai to AtmA ke ghaTa me samAna ajJatva kA prasaMga aaegaa| jJAna ke yoga se jJAnI hotA hai yaha kahanA bhI kaThina nahIM, kyoMki jo svayaM ajJAnI hai vaha jJAna ke saMyoga se jJAnI nahIM ho sktaa| jaise- janma se andhA dIpaka kA saMyoga hone para bhI draSTAM nahIM banA sakatA, isI prakAra ajJa AtmA bhI jJAna ke yoga se jJAtA nahIM ho sakatA hai| prathama adhyAya ke battIsaveM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai ki vaizeSikoM kA mata hai ki pratiniyama pRthvI Adi jAti viziSTa paramANu se adRSTAdi hetu ke sannidhAna hone para ekatrata hokara arthAntarabhUta ghaTAdi kAryarUpa AtmalAbha hotA hai, yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM kyoMki vaizeSika ke anusAra paramANu nitya hai ataH usameM kArya ke utpanna karane kI zakti kA abhAva hai / * isI prakAra pAMcaveM adhyAya ke prathama sUtra meM mokSa ke kAraNoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna 1. vahI 1/1/44 2. vahI 1/6/14 3. vahI 1/10/8- 6 4. vahI 1/32/4

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136 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna vAdiyoM ke matoM kA kathana karate hue nyAyadarzana kI mAnyatA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai ki ve mAnate haiM ki jJAna se hI mokSa hotA hai|' tatvAjJAna se sabhI ke uttara(mithyAjJAna) kI nirvRti ho jAne para usake anantara artha hai usakI bhI nirvRti ho jAtI hai| mithyAjJAna ke anantara kyA hai? doSa hai, kyoMki doSa mithyAjJAna kA kArya hai| doSa kArya hone se doSa ke anantara pravRtti hai kyoMki doSa ke abhAva meM janmarUpa kArya kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai| janma ke uttara duHkha hai isalie janma ke abhAva meM duHkha hai, isalie janma ke abhAva meM duHkha kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| ataH kAraNa kI nirvRti hone para kArya kI nirvRti honA svAbhAvika hai| Atyantika duHkha kI nirvRti honA hI mokSa hai, kyoki sukha-duHkha kA anupayoga hI mokSa kahalAtA jainadarzana ke anusAra samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kI samagratA ke binA mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaise- rasAyana ke jJAna mAtra se rasAyanaMphala, arthAt roga nivRtti nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki isameM rasAyana-zraddhAna aura rasAyana-kriyA kA abhAva hai, pUrNaphala kI prApti ke lie rasAyana kA vizvAsa, jJAna aura usakA sevana Avazyaka hai| usI prakAra darzana aura cAritra ke abhAva meM jJAnamAtra se mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| naiyAyika mAnate hai ki zabda AkAza kA guNa hai vaha vAyu ke abhighAta Adi bAhya kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| indriya pratyakSa hai, guNa hai, anya dravyoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai aura nirAdhAra guNa nahIM raha sakate haiM ataH zabda apane AdhArabhUta guNI AkAza kA anumAna karatA hai, aisA kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki paudgalika hone se zabda pudgala kA hI vikAra hai, AkAza kA guNa nahIM hai| pAMcave adhyAya ke 25 veM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu-ye skandha ke hI bheda haiM tathA sparza, rasa, zabda Adi skandha kI paryAya haiN| isameM naiyAyika ke isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai ki pRthvI meM cAra guNa, jala meM gandharahita tIna guNa, agni meM gandha va rasa rahita do guNa tathA vAyu meM kevala sparza guNa hai| ve saba pRthivyAdi jAtiyAM bhinna-bhinna haiN|' 1. 'kecittAvadAhu; jJAnAdeva mokSa iti '-vahI 1/1/6 2. tattvArthavArttika 1/1/45 3. vahI 1/1/46 4. vahI 5/18/12 5. vahI 5/26/17

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Aja akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya 137 sallekhanA ke sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vAdI AtmA ko niSkriya kahate hai,ve yadi sAdhujana sevita sallekhanA karane vAle ke lie Atmavadha rUpa dUSaNa dete haiM to aisA karane vAle ke AtmA ko niSkriya mAnane kI pratijJA khaNDita ho jAtI hai| niSkriyatva svIkAra karane para Atmavadha kI prApti nahIM ho sktii|' __ dAna ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA meM nityatva, ajJatva aura niSkriyatva mAnane para dAna vidhi nahIM bana sktii| jinake siddhAnta meM satsvarUpa AtmA akAraNabhUta hone se kUTastha nitya hai aura jJAnAdi guNoM se bhinna hone se AtmA ajJa hai aura sarvagata hone se niSkriya hai, unake bhI tithi-vizeSa Adi se phala-vizeSa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki aisI AtmA meM koI vikAra-parivartana kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| cArvAka darzana samIkSA-pA~caveM adhyAya ke 22veM sUtra meM zarIrAdi ko pudgala kA upakAra kahA hai| ukta prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai 'tantrAntarIyA jIvaM paribhASante tatkathamiti arthAt anyavAdI jIva ko pudgala kahate haiN| isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa vAle pudgala haiN| - mImAMsA darzana samIkSA-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra-ina tInoM kI ekatA se mokSa hotA hai| isa siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM prasaMga meM anya matoM kI samIkSA ke sAtha mImAMsA ke isa siddhAnta kI bhI samIkSA kI gaI hai ki kriyA se hI mokSa hotA ... prathama adhyAya ke bArahaveM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM pratyakSa meM lakSaNa ke prasaMga meM bauddha, vaizeSika aura sAMkhya kI samIkSA ke sAtha mImAMsAkoM ke isa mata kI samIkSA kI gayI hai ki indriyoM kA samprayoga hone para puruSa ke utpanna hone vAlI buddhi pratyakSa hai| mImAMsakoM kA yaha mata mAnA jAyegA to Apta ke pratyakSa jJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| .... pAMcaveM adhyAya ke satrahaveM sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki apUrva nAmaka dharma(puNya-pApa) kriyA se abhivyakta hokara amUrta hote hue bhI puruSa kA upakArI hai arthAt puruSa ke upabhoga sAdhanoM meM nimitta hotA hI hai| usI prakAra amUrta dharma va adharma ko bhI jIva 1. vahI 7/22/10 2. vahI 7/36/6 3. vahI 5/22/26 4. apara AhuH kriyAta eva mokSa iti| tattvArthavArttika 1/1/5 5. satsamprayoge puruSendriyANAM buddhijanmatatpratyakSam, vahI 1/12/6 (mImAMsAdarzana 1/12/4) 6. tattvArthavArtika 1/12/5

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13 8 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna aura pudgaloM kI gati aura sthiti meM upakAraka samajhanA caahie|' pA~caveM adhyAya ke 24veM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM sphoTavAdI mImAsaMkoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki ve mAnate hai ki dhvaniyA~ kSaNika haiM / ve krama se utpanna hotI haiM aura anantara kSaNa meM vinaSTa ho jAtI hai / ataH ina dhvaniyoM se abhivyakta hone vAlA artha meM pratipAdana ke samartha, amUrta, nitya, atIndriya, niravayava aura niSkriya zabdasphoTa svIkAra karanA caahie| unakA yaha mata ThIka nahIM hai arthAt zabda ko kSaNika, amUrta, niravayava aura niSkriya zabda sphoTa mAnanA ucita nahIM, kyoMki dhvani aura sphoTa meM vyaMgya - vyaka bhAva nahIM hai / sAMkhya darzana samIkSA - prathama adhyAya ke prathama sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM vibhinna vAdiyoM kI mokSa kI paribhASA ke sAtha sAMkhyadarzana kI mAnyatA kI ora bhI nirdeza kiyA. gayA hai| sAMkhya yadyapi prakRti aura puruSa kA bhedavijJAna hone para svapna meM luptaM hue vijJAna ke samAna anabhivyakta caitanyasvarUpa avasthA ko mokSa mAnatA hai / yadyapi karmabandhana ke vinAza rUpa mokSa ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM meM kisI ko vivAda nahIM hai / paMcama adhyAya meM AkAza ke pradezoM kI anantatA ke viSaya meM Apatti hone para bauddha aura vaizeSika dvArA ananta ko mAnyatA diye jAne kA ullekha karate huye sAMkhya siddhAnta ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM sarvagata hone se prakRti aura puruSa ke anantatA kahI gaI hai / ' jainadharma meM dharma aura adharma dravya ko gati aura sthiti meM sAdhAraNa kAraNa mAnA hai| yadi aisA na mAnakara AkAza ko sarvakArya karane meM samartha mAnA jAyegA to vaizeSika, bauddha aura sAMkhya siddhAnta se virodha aaegaa| udAharaNArtha sAMkhya sattva, raja aura tama-ye tIna guNa mAnate haiM / sattva guNa kA prasAda aura lAghava, rajoguNa kA zoSa aura tApa tathA tamoguNa kA AvaraNa aura sAdana rUpa bhinna-bhinna svabhAva haiN| yadi vyApitva hone se AkAza ko hI gati evaM sthiti meM upagraha ( nimitta ) mAnate haiM to vyApitva hone se sattva ko hI zoSa tApAdi rajoguNa dharma aura sAdana AvaraNa Adi tamodharma mAna lenA caahie| raja, tama guNa mAnanA nirarthaka hai tathA aura bhI pratipakSI 1. apUrvAkhyo dharmaH kriyayA abhivyaktaH sannamUrtoDapi puruSasyopakArI vartate tathA dharmAdharmayoraMpi gatisthityupagraho avaseyaH / / vahI 5/7/41 2. tattvArthavArtika 5 / 24/5 3. vahI 1/1/8 4. vahI 1/1/8 5. itare bruvate prakRtipuruSayoranantatvaM sarvagatatvAditi / vahI 5/6/4

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A0 akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya 139 dharma hai unako eka mAnane se saDkakra doSa aaegaa| usI prakAra sabhI AtmAoM meM eka caitanyarUpatA aura AdAna-abhogatA samAna hai, ataH eka hI AtmA mAnanA cAhie, ananta nahIM arthAt AtmA bhI caitanya bhoktR Adi samAna hone se sarva AtmAoM meM ekatva kA prasaGga aaegaa|' pA~caveM adhyAya ke satrahaveM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai ki jaise amUrta bhI pradhAna puruSArtha pravRtti se mahAn, ahaMkAra Adi vikAra rUpa se pariNata hokara puruSa kA upakAra karatA hai, usI prakAra amUrta dharma aura adharma dravya ko bhI jIva aura pudgaloM kI gati aura sthiti meM upakAraka samajhanA caahie| sAMkhya kA AkAza ko pradhAna kA vikAra mAnanA ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki AtmA kI taraha pradhAna ke bhI vikAra rUpa pariNamana nahIM ho sakatA / prazna- satva, raja aura tama-ina tIna guNoM kI sAmya avasthA hI pradhAna hai, usa pradhAna meM utpAdana svabhAvatA hai| usa pradhAna ke vikAra mahAn, ahaMkAra Adi haiM tathA AkAza bhI pradhAna kA eka vikAra hai| uttara- yaha kathana bhI ayukta hai; kyoMki pradhAna paramAtmA ke samAna nitya niSkriya, ananta Adi avizeSapane se paramAtmA kA AvirbhAva aura tirobhAva nahIM hone se usameM pariNamana kA abhAva hai, usI prakAra AtmA ke samAna avizeSa rUpa se nitya, niSkriya aura ananta hone se pradhAna ke bhI vikAra kA abhAva hai aura pradhAna ke vikAra kA abhAva hone se pradhAna kA vikAra AkAza hai, isa kalpanA kA vyAghAta hotA hai athavA jaise pradhAna ke vikAra ghaTa ke anityatva, mUrtatva aura asarvagatatva hai, usI pradhAna kA vikAra hone se AkAza ke bhI anityatva, amUrttatva aura asarvagatatva honA cAhie yA phira AkAza kI taraha ghaTa ke bhI nityatva, amUrttatva aura sarvagatatva honA cAhie; kyoMki eka kAraNa se do paraspara atyanta virodhI nahIM ho sakate haiN| - chaThe adhyAya ke dasaveM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai ki kAraNa tulya hone se kArya tulya honA caahie| isa pakSa meM pratyakSa aura Agama se virodha AtA hai| miTTI ke piNDa se ghaTa, ghaTI, zarAva, udaJcana (sakorA) Adi aneka kArya hone se uparyukta siddhAnta se pratyakSa virodha AtA hai| sAMkhya eka pradhAna tulya kAraNa se mahAn, aMhakAra .1. vahI 5/17/23 2. vahI 5/17/41 3. vahI 5/18/1 .

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140 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna Adi nAnA kArya mAnatA hai / ' vastuoM meM bhinna-bhinna svabhAva svIkAra kie jAne meM sAMkhya kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai, jahA~ sattva, raja, tama guNoM kA prakAza, pravRtti aura niyama Adi svabhAva mAnA gayA hai| yogadarzana - mokSa ke kAraNoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna vAdiyoM ke mata vaibhinna ko dikhalAte hue yogadarzana kI mAnyatA kI ora nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, jisake anusAra jJAna aura vairAgya se mokSa hotA hai / padArthoM ke avabodha ko jJAna kahate haiM aura viSaya sukha kI abhilASAoM ke tyAga arthAt paJcendriyajanya viSayasukhoM meM anAsakti ko vairAgya kahate hai / vedasamIkSA- prathama adhyAya ke dUsare sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 'puruSa evadaM sarvam' ityAdi Rgveda ke puruSasUkta kI paMkti uddhRta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki Rgveda meM puruSa hI sarva hai, vahI tattva hai / usakA zraddhAna samyagdarzana hai, yaha kahanA ucita nahIM, haiM kyoki advaitavAda meM kriyA-kAraka Adi samasta bheda - vyavahAra kA lopa ho jAtA hai| AThaveM adhyAya ke prathama sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM bAdarAyaNa, vasu, jaiminI Adi zrutavihita kriyAoM kA anuSThAna karane vAle ko ajJAnI kahA hai, kyoMki inhoMne prANibaMdha ko dharma kA sAdhana mAnA hai / samasta prANiyoM ke hita ke anuzAsana meM jo pravRtti karatA hai, vahI Agama ho sakatA hai, hiMsAvidhArthI vacanoM kA kathana karane vAle Agama nahIM ho sakate, jaise- dasyujanoM ke vacana' anavasthAna hone se bhI ye Agama nahIM haiM; arthAt kahIM hiMsA aura kahIM ahiMsA kA paraspara virodhI kathana inameM milatA hai| jaise - punarvasu pahalA hai, puSya pahalA hai, ye paraspara virodhI vacana hone se anavasthita evaM apramANa haiM, usI prakAra veda meM bhI kahIM para pazuvadha ko dharma kA hetu kahA hai jaise-eka sthAna para likhA hai ki pazuvadha se sarva iSTa padArtha milate haiM / yajJa vibhUti ke lie hai, ataH yajJa meM hone vAlA vadha avadha hai / dUsarI jagaha likhA hai ki 'aja' jinameM aMkura utpanna hone kI zakti na ho, aise tIna varSa purAne bIja se piSTamaya balipazu banAkara yajJa karanA caahie| isa prakAra hiMsA kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra ye vacana paraspara virodhI haiM, ataH avyavasthita tathA virodhI hone se vedavAkya 1. vahI 6/10/11 2. vahI 6/27/6 3. vahI 1/1/6 4. vahI 1 / 2 / 24 5. vahI 8/1/13

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AO akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika ke katipaya vaiziSTya ___141 pramANa nahIM ho sakate haiN|' isa taraha vedavAkya kI pramANatA kA tattvArthavAttika meM vistRta khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana samIkSA- anya darzanoM kI samIkSA karate hue akalaMkadeva ne yadyapi prAyaH bauddha, nyAya vaizeSika aura sAMkhya ko dRSTi meM rakhA hai, kintu inameM bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI unhoMne jagaha jagaha AlocanA kI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unake samaya meM bauddhadharma jainadharma kA prabala virodhI dharma thaa| bauddhadharma kA marmasparzI adhyayana karane hetu akalaMkadeva ko bauddhamaTha meM rahanA par3A thaa| isa hetu unheM aneka kaSToM kA sAmanA bhI karanA par3A, kintu ve duHkhoM ke bIca rahakara bhI ghabarAe nahIM aura bauddha-zAstroM kA adhyayana kara unhoMne jagaha-jagaha unase zAstrArtha kara jainadarzana kI vijaya-dundubhI bjaayii| unakI tarkapUrNa pratibhA ko dekhate hue unhe akalaMkabrahma kahA jAne lgaa| tattvArthavArttika ke katipaya sthala hama udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| usase unakI bauddhavidyA meM gaharI paiTha kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| prathama adhyAya ke prathama sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi bauddha rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna-ina pA~ca skandhoM ke niSedha se AtmA ke abhAvarUpa mokSa ke anyathAlakSaNa kI kalpanA karate haiM tathApi karma-bandhana ke vinAza rUpa mokSa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM kisI bhI vAdI ko vivAda nahIM hai| bauddha kahate haiM ki avidyA pratyaya. saMskAra ke abhAva se mokSa hotA hai', jainoM kA kahanA hai ki saMskAroM kA kSaya jJAna se hotA hai ki kisI kAraNa se? yadi jJAna se saMskAroM kA kSaya hogA to jJAna hote hI saMskAroM kA kSaya bhI ho jAyegA aura zIghra mukti ho jAne se pravacayepadeza kA abhAva hogaa| yadi saMskAra kSaya ke lie anya kAraNa apekSita haiM to cAritra ke sivAya dUsarA kauna sA kAraNa hai? yadi saMskAroM kA kSaya cAritra se hotA hai to jJAna se mokSa hotA hai, isa pratijJA kI hAni hogii| ___ pA~caveM adhyAya ke nauveM sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai ki bauddha lokadhAtuoM ko ananta mAnate haiN| ataH AkAza ke pradezoM ko jainoM dvArA ananta mAne jAne se 1. vahI 8/1/12-14 2. vahI 8/1/15-27 3: anye anyathAlakSaNaM mokSaM parikalpayanti- rUpavedanAsaMjJAsaMskAravijJAnapaJcaskandhanirodhAdabhAvo mokSaH iti| tattvArthavArtika . 1/1 kI utthAnikA * 4. avidyApratyayAH saMskArAH ityAdivacanaM keSAJcit-vahI 1/1/46 5. vahI 1/1/52 6. kecittAvadAhuH anantA lokadhAtavaH vahI, 5/6/4

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142 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna koI virodha nahIM hai| advaitavAda samIkSA - jo (advaitavAdI) dravya ko to mAnate haiM, kintu rUpAdi ko nahIM mAnate, unakA yaha kahanA viparIta hai / yadi dravya hI ho, rUpAdi nahIM ho to dravya kA paricAyaka lakSaNa na rahane se lakSyabhUta dravya kA hI abhAva ho jaayegaa| indriyoM dvArA sannikRSyamANa rUpAdi ke abhAva meM sarva AtmA ( akhaNu rUpa se ) grahaNa kA prasaMga AegA aura pA~ca indriyoM ke abhAva kA prasaMga AegA; kyoMki dravya to kisI eka bhI indriya se pUrNa rUpa se gRhIta ho hI jAyegA / parantu aisA mAnanA na to iSTa hai aura na pramANa prasiddha hI hai athavA jinakA mata hai ki rUpAdi guNa hI haiM, dravya nahIM haiN| unake mata meM nirAdhAra hone se rUpAdi guNoM kA abhAva ho jaaegaa|' Agamika vaiziSTya- tattvArthasUtra meM Agamika mAnyatAoM ko nibaddha kiyA gayA hai| TIkAkAroM ne ina sUtroM kI vyAkhyA yukti aura zAstra ke AdhAra para kI hai| akalaMkadeva kA tattvArthavArtika bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai| prathama adhyAya ke 7 veM sUtra :. kI vyAkhyA meM nirdeza, svAmitva Adi kI yojanA kI gayI hai| prathama adhyAya ke 20 sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM dvAdazAMga ke viSayoM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai| Agama meM 363 mithyAmata batalAe gae haiM / tattvArthavArtika ke 8 veM adhyAya ke prathama sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 363 matoM kA pratipAdana hai / veM vyAkaraNAtmaka vaiziSTya- akalaMkadeva vyAkaraNazAstra ke mahAn vidvAn the / pANini-vyAkaraNa aura jainendra-vyAkaraNa kA unhoMne bhalI-bhA~ti pArAyaNa kiyA thA / vyutpatti aura koza granthoM kA unakA acchA adhyayana thA / tattvArthavArttika meM sthAna-sthAna para sUtroM evaM unameM Agata zabdoM kA jaba ve vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se aucitya siddha karate haiM, taba aisA lagatA hai, jaise ve zabdazAstra likha rahe hoN| isa prakAra ke saikar3oM sthala pramANa rUpa meM uddhRta kie jA sakate haiN| samprati agrAMkita eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai jaise jJAnavAn meM matup pratyaya prazaMsA artha meM hai, kyoMki jJAnarahila koI AtmA nahIM hai| - kahA jAtA hai ki yaha rUpavAn hai / rUpa meM matup pratyaya prazaMsA artha meM hai, kyoMki rUparahita koI pudgala nahIM hai / isa prakAra yaha sahaja hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya akalaMkadeva kA tattvArtha vArtika vividha vidhAoM, darzanoM aura aucityapUrNa tarkoM kA gahana sAgara hai / 1. vahI 1/32/3 2. vahI 1/1/3

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'tattvArthavArtika' meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya DaoN0 surendrakumAra jaina 'bhAratI'* AcArya vinobA bhAve kA kathana hai ki 'purAne zabdoM para naye arthoM kI kalama lagAnA hI vicAra krAnti kI sarvazreSTha praNAlI hai|' jainanyAya-vidyA ke apratima AcArya bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne AcArya zrI umAsvAmI dvArA viracita 'tattvArthasUtra' grantha para 'tattvArthavArtika' likhakara mUla grantha ke bhAva evaM artha ko janagrAhya banAne kI dizA meM apanA ullekhanIya yogadAna diyA hai| ise vinobA bhAve ke kathanAnusAra vicArakrAnti kI sarvazreSTha praNAlI kahA aura mAnA jAnA caahie| 'mAnavIya mUlya'. 'tattvArthavArtika' meM khoje jAyeM isake pUrva yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki mAnavIya arthAt 'mAnava sambandhI mUlya arthAt racanA ke bhItara vartamAna rahane vAlA aisA uddezya jo use kisI sAmAjika Adarza, vyaktigata uccatA Adi se jor3e'; 'mAnavIya mUlya' kahalAtA hai| "mAnavIya saMvadenA hara hAlata meM naitika bodha (arthAt mAnava mUlya) se jur3I rahatI hai, bhale hI sAdhAraNa vyakti ko isakA jJAna na ho; parantu sAhityakAra kI saMvedanA apekSAkRta adhika sUkSma hotI hai; kyoMki usameM 'sacetana naitika bodha rahatA hai| sAhityakAroM ke lie manuSya aura usake hAvabhAva guNa sadaiva adhyayana ke viSaya rahe haiN| vaise bhI sAhitya manuSya kA hI kRtitva hai aura mAnavIya cetanA ke bahuvidha pratyuttaroM (Responses) meM se eka mahattvapUrNa pratyuttara hai| ataH mAnavIya mUlyoM se sAhitya kA baca pAnA asaMbhava hI hotA hai| - pAzcAtya vicAraka Askara vAilDa bhale hI naitika mUlyAnurAga ko lekhaka kI zailI kA akSamya ADambara mAne, kintu bhAratIya aura vizeSakara AdhyAtmika lekhakoM ke lie naitika mUlyAnurAga chor3a pAnA sarala nahIM hai| ... zrI bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI dRSTi meM "sAre prayatna sukha ke lie haiM 'sarveSAM prANinAM parispandaH sukhaprAptyarthaH5 kintu prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kisake sukha ke lie? * variSTha sahAyaka prAdhyApaka, hindI vibhAga, sevA sadana mahAvidyAlaya, burahAnapura (ma0pra0) ..1.. vRhada hindI koza, pR0 158 2. vahI, pR0 612 * 3. hindI kavitA, saMvedanA aura dRSTiH rAma manohata tripAThI, pR0 50 4. mAnavamUlya aura sAhityaH dharmavIra bhAratI, bhUmikA-2 5. tattavArthavArtika, 5/20/5

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna mAnavavAdI bhI vyakti svAtaMtrya kI bAta karate haiM, kintu vahA~ bhI yahI prazna uThatA hai ki kisakA svAtaMtrya? to eka hI uttara milatA hai Atma - svAtaMtrya / 'tattvArthavArtika' meM maMgalAcaraNa kI TIkA meM zrI bhaTTa akalaMkadeva svayaM likhate haiM "saMsAriNaH puruSasya sarveSvartheSu mokSaH pradhAnam pradhAne ca kRto yatnaH phalavAn bhavati' tasmAntanmArgopadezaH kAryaH tadarthatvAt " arthAt saMsArI AtmA ke dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM meM mokSa antima aura pradhAnabhUta puruSArtha hai| ataH usakI prApti ke lie mokSamArga kA upadeza karanA cAhie kintu yaha binA manuSya ko AdhAra banAye saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki 'manuSyaparyAya se hI mokSa lAbha hotA hai'"manuSyadehasya caramatvam / "3 manuSya kI isa zakti ko jainadarzana hI nahIM balki anya darzana bhI svIkAra. karate haiM / 'mahAbhArata' meM vyAsa jI likhate haiM ki 144 "guhyaM brahma tadidaM vo bramomi, nahi mAnuSAt zreSThatamaM hi kiMcit" arthAt- maiM tumheM brahma kA rahasya kahatA hU~, manuSya se zreSTha kucha bhI nahIM hai| brahmapurANa ke anusAra- "jo manuSya kara sakatA hai vaha surAsura bhI nahIM kara skte|" sAMkhya-vRtti ke anusAra sRSTi ke SaDvidha bhedoM meM manuSya uttama hai- "devAdi SaDvidhAya syAt saMsAraH karma, surA'suro naraH preto nArakaMstirayarkastatA / " AcArya akalaMkadeva kI dRSTi meM "dharmArthakAmamokSalakSaNAni kAryANi nRNanti nayantIti narA: "" arthAt dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa rUpa cAra puruSArthoM kA nayana karane vAle 'nara' hote haiM, zakti kI dRSTi se "manuSya apane meM svataH sArthaka aura mUlyavAn hai- vaha Antarika zaktiyoM se sampanna, cetana stara para apanI niyati ke nirmANa ke lie svataH nirNaya lene vAlA prANI hai / "" zrI sumitrAnandana 'paMta' kI dRSTi meM"dharmanIti au sadAcAra kA, mUlyAMkana hai jnhit||" ataH manuSya meM hI mAnavocita guNoM kA vikAsa kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| isI vicAradhArA ke pariprekSya meM 'mAnavavAda' ubharakara sAmane AyA jo pAralaukika mUlyoM ke 1. vahI, 1/3 ( maMgalAcaraNa) 2 . vahI, 1/26, utthAnikA, vArtika- 3 3. vahI, 4 / 26 / 3 4. tattavArthavArtika, 2/50/1 5. mAnavamUlya aura sAhityaH dharmavIra bhAratI, bhUmikA - 1

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'tattvArthavArtika' meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya 145 sthAna para ihalaukika mUlyoM ko sthAna dene lgaa| 'paMta' jI 'lokAyatana' meM ghoSita karate haiM mAnava divya sphuliMga cirantana, vaha na deza kA nazvara rjknn| dezakAla se use na bandhana, mAnava kA paricaya maanvpn|| 'paMcavaTI' meM gupta jI ke svara bhI yahI the bhava meM nava vaibhava prApta karAne aayaa| . nara kI IzvaratA prApta karAne aayaa| sandeza yahA~ maiM nahIM svarga kA laayaa| isa bhUtala ko hI svarga banAne aayaa|| . 'vAlTara lipamAna' ne mAnava kI buddhi, viveka evaM zrama dvArA uttama jIvana kI khoja ko mAnavavAda khaa| __ 'mAnavavAda' kA vizleSaNa karate hue DaoN0 dharmavIra bhAratI ne likhA hai ki. - "mAnavavAda ke udayakAla meM Izvara jaisI kisI mAnavopari sattA yA usake pratinidhi dharmAcAryoM ko naitika mUlyoM kA adhinAyakaM na mAnakara manuSya ko hI ina mUlyoM kA vidhAyaka mAnane kI pravRtti vikasita hone lagI thii| ise mAnavIya gaurava kA nAma diyA jAne lgaa| "mAnavIya gaurava kA artha hai ki manuSya ko svataMtra, saceta, dAyitvayukta mAnA jAya, jo apanI niyati, apane itihAsa kA nirmAtA ho sakatA hai| isake lie usake viveka aura manobala ko sarvopari aura aparAjeya mAnA jaay|"2 mAnavIya garimA ke prati sabhI astitvavAdI cintaka evaM racanAkAra pUrI taraha sajaga haiN| DaoN0 bhAratI aMtarAtmA kI pahacAna manuSya kI saMvadenazIlatA se mAnate haiM, ve likhate haiM ki"aMtarAtmA mAnavIyaM antara meM sthita koI daivI yA ati prAkRtika zakti na hokara vastutaH mAnavIya garimA ke prati hamArI saMvedanazIlatA kA hI dUsarA rUpa hai aura manuSya ke gaurava ko pratiSThita karane aura usakI nirantara rakSA karane ke prati hamArI jAgarUkatA hI hamArI jAgrata aMtarAtmA kA pramANa hai|" 1. mAnavamUlya aura sAhityaH peja-4 2. vahI, peja-21 3. hindI kavitA, saMvedanA aura dRSTi, peja 45 4. mAnavamUlya aura sAhityaH pR0-21

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146 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna * isa aMtarAtmA kI pahacAna, usakI sattA kA AbhAsa Atmazakti ke parijJAna se hogA aura tabhI mAnavIya mUlyoM yA guNoM kI pahacAna sambhava hogii| 'ajJeya' kI yaha kavitA hameM usI Atmazakti kA AbhAsa karAtI hai, jisa Atmazakti ke bala para AtmajJAna yA AtmalAbha yA mokSa-prApti kA lakSya tattvArthavArtikakAra ko abhipreta hai "zakti asIma hai, maiM zakti kA eka aNu hUM, maiM bhI asIma huuN| eka asIma bUMdaasIma samudra ko apane bhItara pratibimbita karatI hai," eka asIma aNuusa asIma zakti ko jo use prerita karatI hai / apane bhItara samA lenA cAhatA hai|" ukta 'mAnava' sambandhI vivecana meM jahA~ laukika aura bhautika dharAtala para manuSya ko khar3A karane kI ceSTA kI gayI hai, vahIM bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kI vicAradhArA prANI (mAnava) ko bhautika dharAtala se AdhyAtmika dharAtala para khar3A karanA cAhatI hai, kyoMki unake vicAroM ke pIche (unake hI anusAra)- "saMsAra sAgara meM DUbate hue aneka prANiyoM ke uddhAra kI puNya bhAvanA hai"2 jo prathama sUtra 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH'2 se antima sUtra taka calatI hai| ataH unhoMne unhIM mAnavIya mUlyoM ko 'tattvArthavArtika' meM sthAna diyA hai jo mAnava ko mAnavatA ke carama lakSya mokSa taka pahu~cA sakeM, tattvArthavArtika meM pratipAdita. mAnavIya mUlya isa prakAra haiM (1) madya-mAMsa-madhu kA niSedha- trasa ghAta kI nivRtti ke lie madhu aura mAMsa ko sadA ke lie chor3a denA caahie| pramAda ke nAza karane ke lie hitAhita viveka ko naSTa karane vAlI mohakArI madirA kA tyAga karanA atyAvazyaka hai| viveka kI rakSA, ahiMsApAlana aura krUratA se bacAva ke lie madya-mAMsa-madhu kA niSedha kara svaparopakAra karanA caahie| (2) parasparopagraha- AcArya umAsvAmI ke anusAra- 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" 1. 'haMsa' ke apraila 1636 ke aMka meM prakAzita kavitAH ajJeya 2. tattvArthavArtika, 1/1 3. tattvArthasUtra, 7/1 4. tattvArthavArtika, 7/21/26 5. tattvArthasUtra, 5/21

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'tattvArthavArtika' meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya arthAt jIva paraspara upakAra karate haiN| bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne isa sUtra ko mAnavIya mUlya ke rUpa meM rakhA hai| unake anusAra- parasparazabda karma vyatihAra arthAt kriyA ke AdAna-pradAna ko kahatA hai / svAmI - sevaka, guru-ziSya Adi rUpa se vyavahAra parasparo pagraha hai| svAmI rupayA dekara tathA sevaka hita- pratipAdana aura ahita - pratiSedha ke dvArA paraspara upakAra karate haiN| guru ubhayaloka kA hitakArI mArga dikhAkara tathA AcaraNa karAke aura ziSya guru kI anukUlavRtti se paraspara ke upakAra meM pravRtta hote haiM / ' svopakAra aura paropakAra ko anugraha kahate haiM / puNya kA saMcaya svopakAra hai aura pAtra kI samyagjJAna Adi kI vRddhi paropakAra hai / 1 (3) maitrI - sarvArthasiddhi meM pUjyapAda svAmI ne " pareSAM duHkhAnutpattyabhilASI maitrI" arthAt dUsaroM ko duHkha na ho; aisI abhilASA rakhane ko maitrI kahA jAtA hai bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne mana, vacana, kAya, kRta, kArita, anumodana; hara prakAra se dUsaroM ke duHkha na hone dene kI abhilASA ko maitrI kahA jAtA hai| isake lie nimna bhAvanA bhAnI cAhie kSamayAmi sarvajIvAn kSAmyAmi sarvajIvebhyaH, prItirye sarvasattvaiH vairaMme na kenacit / / arthAt maiM saba jIvoM ke prati kSamAbhAva rakhatA hUM; saba jIva mujhe kSamA kareM; merI saba jIvoM se prIti hai, kisI se vaira nahIM hai; ityAdi prakAra kI maitrI bhAvanA saba jIvoM meM karanA cAhie / 147 (4) pramoda - mukha kI prasannatA, netra kA AhlAda, romAJca, stuti, sadguNa-kIrtana 1. Adi ke dvArA prakaTa honeM vAlI antaraMga kI bhakti aura rAga pramoda hai| samyagdarzana - jJAna cAritrAdhika guNIjanoM kI vandanA, stuti, sevA Adi ke dvArA pramoda bhAvanA bhAnI caahie| (5) anukampA - "sarvaprANiSu maitrI anukampA"- arthAt prANImAtra meM maitrIbhAva 1. tattvArthavArtika, 5/21/1-2 2. vahI, 7/38 / 1 3. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/11/683 4. tattvArthavArtika, 7/11/1 5. vahI, 7/11/8 6. tattvArthavArtika, 7/11/1-4 7. vahI, 7/11/5-7 8. tattvArthavArtika, 1/2/30

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148 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna anukampA hai| yaha sarAga samyagdRSTi kA guNa mAnA gayA hai| dayAI vyakti kA dUsare kI pIr3A ko apanI hI pIr3A samajhakara kA~pa jAnA anukampA hai| isake do bheda haiM eka bhUtAnukampA aura dUsarA vratI anukmpaa|' isa viSaya meM 'ajJeya' kA mata hai ki anukampA kI bhAvanA rakhane se vyakti dUsaroM ko dukha dene se bacatA hai darda sabako mA~jatA hai aura, jinheM vaha mA~jatA hai unheM yaha sIkha detA hai .... ki sabako mukta rkheN| (6) karuNA- "dInAnugrahabhAvaH kAruNyam" arthAt dInoM para dayAbhAva rakhanA kAruNya hai| zarIra aura mAnasa duHkhoM se pIr3ita dIna prANiyoM ke Upara anugraha rUpa bhAva kAruNya hai| mohAbhibhUta, kumati, kuzruta aura vibhaMga jJAna yukta viSaya tRSNA se jalane vAle hitAhita meM viparIta pravRtti karane vAle, vividha duHkhoM se pIr3ita dIna, anAtha, kRpaNa, bAla-vRddha Adi klizyamAna jIvoM meM karuNAbhAva rakhanA caahie| .. (7) mAdhyastha- "rAgadveSapUrvakapakSapAtAbhAvo mAdhyastham" arthAt rAga-dveSa pUrvaka pakSapAta na karanA mAdhyastha hai| rAga-dveSapUrvaka kisI eka pakSa meM na par3ane ke bhAva ko mAdhyastha yA taTasthabhAva kahate haiN| grahaNa, dhAraNa, vijJAna aura UhApoha se rahita mahAmohAbhibhUta viparIta dRSTi aura viruddhavRtti vAle prANiyoM meM mAdhyastha kI bhAvanA rakhanI caahie| (1) vAtsalya- jinapraNIta dharmAmRta se nitya anurAga karanA vAtsalya hai"jinapraNItadharmAmRte nityAnurAgatA vaatslym|" jaise gAya apane bachar3e se akRtrima sneha karatI hai usI taraha dhArmika jana ko dekhakara sneha se otaprota ho jAnA pravacana vAtsalya hai| jo dhArmikoM meM sneha hai, vahI to pravacana sneha hai| (E) vaiyAvRttya- guNavAn, sAdhuoM para Aye hue kaSTa-roga Adi ko nirdoSa vidhi se haTA denA, unakI sevA Adi karanA bahuupakArI vaiyAvRttya hai| bAla, vRddha aura 1. vahI, 7/12/3 2. vahI, 7/11/3 - 3. vahI, 7/11/5-6 4. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/11/683 5. tattvArthavArtika, 7/11/1-4 6. vahI, 7/11/5-7 7. tattvArthavArtika, 6/24/1 8. vahI, 6/24/13 #. vahI E/24/

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'tattvArthavArtika' meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya 149 tapasvIjanoM kI vaiyAvRttya ko sAtAvedanIya kA Amnava mAnA gayA hai|' . (10) ahiMsA-2 ahiMsA sabhI vratoM meM pradhAna hai| prANoM ke viyoga karane se prANI kI hiMsA hotI hai| prANa-viyoga hone para AtmA ko hI duHkha hotA hai, ataH hiMsA hai aura adharma hai| dharma ke nAma para hiMsA ucita nahIM hai| prAcInakAla meM dharma ke nAma para hiMsA hotI thI; aisI hiMsA kA pratipAdana karane vAle bAdarAyaNa, vasu, jaiminI Adi ko bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne ajJAnI kahA hai| prANivadha to pApa kA hI sAdhana ho sakatA hai, dharma kA nhiiN| Agama kI dRSTi se bhI yaha ucita nahIM, kyoMki Agama samasta prANiyoM ke hita kA anuzAsana karatA hai| hiMsaka nitya udvigna rahatA hai, satata usake vairI rahate haiM, yahIM vaha baMdha kleza ko pAtA hai aura marakara azubhagati meM jAtA hai, loka meM nindanIya hotA hai, ataH hiMsA se virakta honA kalyANakArI hai| hiMsA virakti meM manuSyAyu kA Amnava hotA hai| prANirakSA ko saMyama bhI mAnA hai, ataH ahiMsA AcaraNIya hai| (11) kSamA- zarIra yAtrA ke lie para ghara jAte samaya bhikSu kA duSTajanoM ke dvArA gAlI, ha~sI, avajJA, tAr3ana, zarIra-chedana Adi krodha ke asahya nimitta milane para bhI kaluSatA kA na honA uttama kSamA haiM, vrata, zIla kA rakSaNa, ihaloka aura paraloka meM duHkha kA na honA aura samasta jagat meM sammAna, satkAra honA Adi kSamA ke guNa haiN| dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA nAza karanA Adi krodha ke doSa haiM; yaha vicArakara kSamA dhAraNa karanA caahie| kSamA ko padmalezyA kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai|" .: (12) mArdava- "mRdorbhAvaH karma vA mArdavam, svabhAvena mArdravaM svabhAvamArdavaM"12 arthAt svAbhAvika mRdu svabhAva mArdava hai| uttama jAti, kula, rUpa, vijJAna, aizvarya, zrutalAbha aura zakti se yukta hokara bhI inakA mada nahIM karanA, dUsaroM ke dvArA parAbhava 1. * vahI, 6/12/13 2.. vahI, 6/3/12 3. * vahI, 7/1/6 4. vahI, 7/13/6-11 5. vahI, 8/1/13-14 6. vahI, 7/6/2 7. vahI, 6/17 8. vahI, 6/12/6 6. tattvArthavArtika, 6/6/2 10. vahI, 6/6/27 11. vahI, 4/22/10 12. vahI, 6/18/1

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150 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ke nimitta upasthita kiye jAne para bhI abhimAna nahIM honA mArdava hai| nirabhimAnI aura mArdavaguNa yukta vyakti para guruoM kA anugraha hotA hai| sAdhujana bhI use sAdhu mAnate haiN| ....ahaMkAra samasta vipadAoM kI jar3a hai ataH mArdava bhAva rakhanA caahie| mArdava se manuSyAyu kA Asrava hotA hai| (13) vinaya- samasta sampadAyeM vinayamUlaka haiM; yaha puruSa kA bhUSaNa hai| yaha saMsAra samudra se pAra utArane ke lie naukA ke samAna hai| isake. cAra bheda haiM"jJAnadarzanacAritropacArAH" arthAt jJAnavinaya, darzanavinaya, cAritravinaya aura upacAra viny| jJAnalAbha, AcAra vizuddhi aura samyak arAdhanA Adi kI siddhi vinaya se hotI hai aura anta meM mokSasukha bhI isI se milatA hai, ataH vinayabhAva avazya hI. rakhanA caahie| vinaya se sAtAvedanIya evaM manuSyAyu kA Asrava hotA hai| .... (14) Arjava- mana, vacana aura kAya meM kuTilatA na honA Arjava arthAt saralatA hai| sarala hRdaya guNoM kA AvAsa hai|.... mAyAcArI kI nindya gati hotI hai| sAdhuoM ke viSaya meM kahate haiM ki apane mana meM doSoM ko adhika samaya taka na rakhakara niSkapaTa vRtti se bAlaka kI taraha saralatApUrvaka doSa nivedana karane meM na to ye doSa hote haiM aura na anya hii|" Arjava ko sAtAvedanIya aura manuSyAyu kA Anava mAnA gayA hai| (15) satya- sat janoM se sAdhuvacana bolanA saMtya hai| sabhI guNa-sampadAyeM satya vaktA meM pratiSThita hotI haiN| jhUThe kA baMdhujana bhI tiraskAra karate haiN| usake koI mitra nahIM rhte| jihAchedana, sarvasvaharaNa Adi daNDa use bhugatane par3ate haiN| satyavAditA 1. vahI, 6/6/3 2. vahI, 6/6/27 3. vahI, 6/17 4. vahI, 6/6/16 5. vahI, 6/23/1-7 6. tattvArthavArtika, 6/23/7 7. vahI, 6/12/13 8. vahI, 6/17 9. vahI, 6/6/4 10. vahI, 6/6/27 11. vahI, 6/22/2 12. vahI, 6/12/13 13. vahI, 6/17 14. vahI, 6/6/9-10 15. vahI, 6/6/27

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'tattvArthavArtika' meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya 151 pIta. lezyA kA lakSaNa hai|' satya, hita, mita, bolanA zubha vAgyoga hai| jo vacana pIr3AkArI haiM ve bhI anRta haiN| mithyAbhASI kA koI vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| vaha yahIM jihmabheda Adi daNDa bhugatatA hai| jinake sambandha meM jhUTha bolatA hai, ve usake vairI ho jAte haiM, ataH unase bhI aneka ApattiyAM AtI haiM, ataH asatya bolane se virakta honA kalyANakArI hai| (16) zauca- Atyantika lobha kI nivRtti ko zauca kahate haiN| zuci kA bhAva yA karma zauca hai| jo pUrNa manonigraha meM asamartha haiM, unheM para vastuoM sambandhI aniSTa vicAroM kI zAnti ke lie zaucadharma kA upadeza hai| yaha lobha kI nivRtti ke liye hai|' zuci AcAra vAle nirlobhI vyakti kA isa loka meM sammAna hotA hai| vizvAsa Adi guNa usameM rahate haiN| lobhI ke hRdaya meM guNa nahIM rhte| vaha isa loka aura paraloka meM aneka ApattiyoM aura durgati ko prApta hotA hai| - (17) dAna- anugraha ke lie dhana kA tyAga dAna hai- "anugrahArtha svasyAtisargo daanm|" bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke anusAra- "svasya parAnugrahabuddhayA atisarjanaM dAnam" arthAt apanI vastu kA para ke anugraha ke lie pUrNa rUpeNa tyAga karanA dAna hai| para kI prIti ke lie apanI vastu ko denA tyAga hai| AhAra dene se pAtra ko usa dina prIti hotI hai| abhayadAna se usa bhava kA duHkha chUTatA hai, ataH pAtra ko santoSa hotA hai| jJAnadAna to aneka sahasrabhAvoM ke duHkha se chuTakArA dilAne vAlA hai; ye tInoM vidhipUrvaka diye gaye tyAga kahalAte haiN| kisI se visaMvAda na karanA dAtA kI vizeSatA hai| dAnazIlatA manuSyAyu kA Asava hai|" (18) santoSa-jaise, pAnI se samudra kA bar3avAnala zAnta nahIM hotA, usI taraha parigraha se AzA-samudra kI tRpti nahIM ho sktii| yaha AzA kA gaDDhA dRSpUra hai, ... vahI, 04/22/10 2. vahI, 6/3/2 3. vahI, 7/14/5 4. vahI, 7/9/2 5. tattavArthavArtika, 6/6/5-8 6. vahI, 6/6/27 .7. tattavArthasUtra, 7/38 8. tattavArthavArtika, 6/12/4 .6..vahI, 6/24/6 10. vahI, 7/36/4 11. vahI, 6/17

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna isakA bharanA kaThina hai| pratidina jo usameM DAlA jAtA hai, vahI samAkara mu~ha bAne - lagatA hai| zarIra Adi se mamatva zUnya vyakti parama santoSa ko prApta hotA hai / ' anya mAnavIya mUlya - zrI bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne 'tattvArthavArtika' meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM aneka mAnavIya mUlyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinheM jIvana meM sthAna dene se vyakti meM guNAtmaka vikAsa hotA hai, yathA- dRr3ha mitratA, dayAlutA, svakArya paTutA, sarvadharmadarzitva, pANDitya, gurudevatA pUjanaruci, nirvera, vItarAgatA, zatru ke bhI doSoM para dRSTi na denA, nindA na karanA, pApa kAryoM se udAsInatA, zreyomArga ruci, caitya, guru, zAstrapUjA', prakRti bhadratA, sukhasamAcAra kahane kI ruci, reta kI rekhA ke samAna krodha Adi, sarala vyavahAra, alpArambha, alpaparigraha, duSTa kAryoM se nivRtti, svAgata tatparatA, kama bolanA, prakRti madhuratA, lokayAtrAnugraha, audAsInyavRtti, IrSArahita pariNAma, alpasaMkleza, kApotapIta lezyArUpa pariNAma, maraNakAla meM dharmadhyAnapariNati, ' kalyANamitra saMsarga, Ayatana sevA, saddharma zravaNa, svagaurava darzana, nirdoSaproSadhopavAsa, . tapa kI bhAvanA, bahuzrutatva, Agama - paratA, kaSAyanigraha; pAtradAna, pItapadmalezyA pariNAma', avisaMvAdana, dhArmika vyaktiyoM ke prati AdarabhAva, saMsArabhIrutA, apramAda, nizchalacAritra' AtmanindA, paraprazaMsA, parasadguNodbhAvana, Atma- asadguNodbhAvana, guNI puruSoM ke prati vinayapUrvaka namravRtti aura jJAnAdi hone para bhI tatkRta utseka - ahaMkAra na honA, para kA tiraskAra na karanA, anauddhatyaM, asUyA, upahAsa - badanAmI Adi na karanA, sadharmI vyaktiyoM kA sammAna, unheM abhyutthAna aMjali namaskAra Adi karanA / 152 . isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne mAnavoM ko apane sadRza banAne ke lie 'tattvArthavArtika' meM pada-pada para anekAneka mUlyoM kI pratiSThApanA kI hai aura ve una mUlyoM ko mUlyavAn banAne meM samartha siddha hue haiN| Aja ke yuga meM jabaki hara kSetra meM mUlyoM kA saMkaTa hai, aise samaya meM mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pahacAna aura unaheM mahattA pradAnakara jIvana meM sthAna denA hogA tabhI mAnava-mAnava kahalAne ke yogya hogA / zrI 1. tattvArthavArtika, 6/6/27 2. vahI, 4/12/10 3. vahI, 6/5/7, 6/12/13, 6/17 4. vahI, 6/17 5. vahI, 6 / 20 6. vahI, 6 / 23 7. vahI, 6 / 261-4

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'tattvArthavArtika' meM pratipAdita mAnavIya mUlya 153 rAmamanohara tripAThI ke mata meM "AdhyAtmikatA aura bhautikatA ke samanvita bodha se Aja usI nayI mAnavatA kI sthApanA sambhava hai, jo saMkaTa ke isa samaya apane kalyANa kA mArga pAne meM samartha ho sakatI hai|' bhaTTa akalaMkadeva bhI mAnava ko pUrA mAnavIya guNoM se yukta banAkara siddhatva prApta karanA cAhate haiM jo unake batAye mArga para calane se avazya hI prApta hogaa| aMta meM 'paMta' kI isa bhAvanA ke sAtha mAnavIya mUlyoM ko pratiSThApita karane kI bhAvanA ke sAtha virAma letA hU~ "Aja hameM mAnava mana ko karanA AtmA ke abhimukha manuSyatva meM majjita karane yuga jIvana ke sukha-duHkha * pighalA degI lauha puruSa ko AtmA kI komalatA jana bala se re kahIM baDI hai manuSyatva kI kssmtaa||"2 .. hindI kavitA saMvedanA aura dRSTi, pR0 47 2. svarNadhUli

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AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya akalaMkadevakRta tattvArthavArtika kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana _ DaoN0 phUlacanda premI tattvArthasUtra jainadharma-darzana ke itane mUlabhUta tattvoM kA prAmANika saMgraha hai ki ise digambara evaM zvetAmbara-ye donoM hI sampradAya thor3e bahuta pATha-bheda ke sAtha pramANa-bhUta mAnate hai| donoM paramparAoM ke AcAryoM ne isa para dazAdhika TIkA-grantha tathA 16-20 vIM zatI ke aneka vidvAnoM ne vividha bhASAoM meM vivecanAtmaka TIkAyeM likhI hai| isIlie isa sUtra grantha ko donoM paramparAoM meM ekatA sthApita karane kA mUla AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI racanA mUla jaina Agamika paramparA ke viziSTa granthoM tathA AcArya puSpadanta bhUtabali dvArA racita SaTkhaNDAgama evaM AcArya kundakunda dvArA praNIta granthoM ke bIja lekara kI gaI hai aura jaina dharma-darzana ke vizAla vRkSa ko pallavita, puSpita evaM phalita kiyA gayA hai| isIlie isa grantha para TIkAyeM aura vyAkhyAyeM likhane meM jainAcAryoM aura vidvAnoM ne apane ko gauravAnvita maanaa| isa grantha para nimnalikhita prAcIna-TIkA grantha pramukhataH upalabdha haiM jaina sAhitya meM ullikhita pramANoM ke AdhAra para tIsarI zatI ke AcArya svAmI samantabhadra ne tattvArthasUtra grantha para solaha sau zloka pramANa' gaMdhahasti-mahAbhASya nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kI thI jo Aja anupalabdha hai| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra isa grantha ke mUla racayitA vAcaka umAsvAti ne svayaM "tattvArthAdhigamabhASya" nAma se svopajJa TIkA sahita mUla grantha kI racanA kI thii| chaThI zatI ke AcArya devanandI pUjyapAda ne isa para sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kii| chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke apabhraMza bhASA ke mahAkavi AcArya joiMdudeva ne isa para saMskRta meM 'tattvaprakAzikA' nAmaka TIkA likhii| * rIDara evaM adhyakSa, jainadarzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 1. paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI ke anusAra gandhahastimahAbhASya kA zloka parimANa kahIM caurAsI hajAra to kahIM chiyAnave hajAra batalAyA gayA hai| dekhie-jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga, pR0 278 (sampAdaka)

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AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya 155 sAtavIM zatI ke mahAn AcArya akalaMkadeva ne A0 pUjyavAda kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA ko samAhita karate hue isa grantha para "tattvArthavArtika" jise rAjavArtika nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai, eka aise vArtika grantha kI racanA kI jo svayaM meM eka svataMtra grantha pratIta hotA hai| navamIM zatI ke diggaja AcArya vidyAnaMda ne "tattvArthazlokavArtika" nAmaka vizAlakAya TIkA grantha likhakara jainadharma- darzana ke tattvoM kA dArzanika zailI meM mAtra vivecana hI nahIM kiyA, apitu pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM amAnya dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana prastuta karane hue jainadarzana ke pakSa kA maNDana karake use tarkazailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| . inake atirikta A0 abhayanaMdikRta tattvArthavRtti, A0 zivakoTikRta ratnamAlA TIkA, A0 bhAskaranandikRta sukhabodha nAmaka TIkA, bAlacanda kRta kannaDa TIkA, vivudhasenakRta tattvArtha TIkA, lakSmIdevakRta tattvArtha TIkA, AcArya zrutasAgara sUrIkRta tattvArthavRtti, dvitIya zrutasAgaraviracita tattvArtha-subodhinI ke atirikta zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI AcArya siddhasena evaM AcArya haribhadrapraNIta vRhad TIkAyeM kAphI lokapriya mAnI jAtI haiN| _ purAnI hindI(DhUMDhArI) bhASA meM bhI 1816 vIM zatI ke vizruta vidvAn paM0 sadAsukha dAsajI kAsalIvAla ne bhI tattvArthasUtra para eka laghuTIkA tathA "artha prakAzikA" nAmaka vRhad TIkAyeM likhiiN| isa prakAra isa sUtra-grantha para aneka vidvAnoM ne vividha TIkAyeM likhakara apanI lekhanI ko sArthaka kiyA hai| . pUrvokta aneka TIkA-granthoM meM se A0 devanandi pUjyapAda aura unakI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA tathA A0 akalaMkadeva evaM unake dvArA likhita tattvArthavArtika kA sakSepa meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana yahA~ prastuta hai___AcArya pUjyapAda aura unakI sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA grantha ke praNetA A0 devanandi pUjyapAda chaThI zatI ke aise mahAn AcArya haiM, jinameM kavi, vaiyAkaraNa aura dArzanika-ina tInoM vyaktitvoM kA ekatra rUpa meM samavAya pAyA jAtA hai| karnATaka meM "kole" nAmaka grAma ke mUla brAhmaNa kula meM janme evaM devanandi mUla nAma se prasiddha AcArya pUjyapAda apanI buddhi va prakharatA ke kAraNa "jinendrabuddhi" evaM donoM dvArA caraNoM kI pUjA kiye jAne ke kAraNa "pUjyapAda" nAma se kAphI prasiddha haiN| paravartI aneka AcAryoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM ApakI jJAnagarimA aura mahattA kA ullekha karate hue stuti kI hai| jJAnArNava nAmaka dhyAna-yoga-zAstra ke mahAn grantha meM A0 zubhacandra ne inakI pratibhA kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai

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156 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna apAkurvanti yadavAcaH kaayvaanycittsmbhvm| kalaMkamaMginAM so'yaM devnndiinmsyte|| jJAnArNava 1/15 . arthAt jinakI zAstra-paddhati prANiyoM ke zarIra, vacana aura citta ke sabhI prakAra ke mala ko dUra karane meM samartha hai, una devanandi AcArya ko maiM praNAma karatA huuN| A0 pUjyapAda viracita nimnalikhita racanAyeM upalabdha haiM- dazabhakti, janmAbhiSeka, sarvArthasiddhi(tattvArthavRtti), samAdhitantra, iSTopadeza, jainendra vyAkaraNa tathA siddhipriya stotr| ___A0 pUjyapAda aura unakI sarvArthasiddhi tathA AcArya akalaMkadeva aura unake tattvArthavArtika kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| yadyapi donoM AcAryoM ne aneka granthoM kI TIkAyeM likhI haiM, kintu tattvArthasUtra para hI donoM AcAryoM ne bejor3a TIkAyeM likhI haiN| sarvArthasiddhi nAma se prasiddha tattvArthavRtti saMskRta gadya evaM prAJjala bhASA meM likhita madhyama parimANa vAlI aisI vRhad vRtti hai, sUtrAnusArI siddhAnta ke pratipAdana ke sAtha dArzanika vivecana evaM pAribhASika zabdoM kI sundara paribhASAoM se bharapUra hai| isIlie yaha TIkAgrantha hone para bhI maulika evaM svataMtra grantha ke samakakSa mAnA jAtA hai| isameM tattvArthasUtra ke pratyeka sUtra aura unake pada kA nirvacana, vivecana evaM zaMkA-samAdhAnapUrvaka vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| isa TIkA grantha meM aneka maulika udbhAvanAyeM bhI AcAryazrI ne prastuta kI haiN| prArambha meM "mokSamArgasya netAraM" ityAdi maMgalAcaraNa karake isakI vyAkhyA kiye binA "samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH" isa prathama sUtra ke vyAkhyAna prasaMga ke pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM eka bahuta hI sundara utthAnikA prastuta kI gaI hai, jo isa grantha aura granthakAra dvArA grantha-lekhana ke uddezya ko prastuta karatI hai| utthAnikA ke bAda prathamasUtra likhakara phira isakA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya ke chaThe sUtra "pramANanayairadhigamaH" sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM pramANa ke svArtha aura parArtha bheda tathA sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza kI carcA AcArya pUjyapAda ke dvArA maulika rUpa meM prastuta kI gayI hai| "satsaMkhyA-kSetra-sparzanakAlAntara-bhAvAlpabahutvaizca" nAmaka aSTamasUtra kI vyAkhyA to itanI vizada hai ki ise karaNAnuyoga kA eka svataMtra ladhugrantha kahA jAye to atyukti na hogii| isameM SaTakhaNDAgama Adi granthoM ke AdhAra para tattvArthasUtra meM jina guNasthAna, mArgaNAoM Adi viSayoM kA abhAva thA, una viSayoM kI pUrti yahA~ vistAra se kI gayI hai| isI taraha anya sabhI adhyAyoM meM aneka viSayoM ko maulika rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| DaoN0 nemicanda zAstrI ne likhA hai ki "maulika tathyoM ke samAveza kI dRSTi se

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AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya ........ 157 paMcama adhyAya vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAyoM kA spaSTa aura pUrNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| "dravyatvayogAd dravyam" aura "guNa-samudAyo dravyam" kI samIkSA sundara rUpa meM kI gayI hai| "utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat" (5/30), sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM sodAharaNa utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai tathA "arpitAnarpitasiddheH" (5/32) sUtra kI vRtti meM anekAntAtmaka vastu kI siddhi kI gaI hai| isa taraha yaha grantha varNanAtmaka zailI kA hote hue bhI sUtragata padoM kI sArthakatA ke nirUpaNa ke kAraNa bhASya ke tulya hai| _ 'sarvArthasiddhi' isa nAma se hI yaha siddha hotA hai ki isake manana karane se saba prakAra ke arthoM kI athavA saba arthoM meM zreSTha mokSa kI prApti hotI hai AcArya pUjyapAda eka prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa the, inakI sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA eka tattvavivecana pradhAna dArzanika grantha hai, phira bhI. isakI itanI sarala aura prAMjala bhASA hai ki isakI racanA zailI ko hama samatala nadI ke gatizIla pravAha kI upamA de sakate haiM jo sthira aura prazAnta bhAva se Age eka rUpa meM sadA bar3hatI rahatI hai| rukanA kahI vaha jAnatI hI nhiiN| AcArya pUjyapAda ne isameM kevala bhASA-sauSThava kA hI dhyAna nahIM rakhA hai, apitu Agamika paramparA kA bhI pUrI taraha nirvAha kiyA hai| prathama adhyAya kA sAtavA~ aura AThavA~ sUtra isakA prAJjala udAharaNa hai| ina sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kA AloDana karate samaya unhoMne siddhAnta granthoM kA kitanA gaharA abhyAsa kiyA thA isa bAta kA sahaja hI patA laga jAtA hai AcArya akalaMka deva aura unakA tattvArthavArtika : .. jainadarzana ke prakharatArkika, dArzanika aura jainanyAya ke prasthApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva sAtavIM zatI (uttarArddha) ke eka mahAn AcArya the| ye mAnyakheTa rAjA ke maMtrI puruSottama ke putra the| aneka paravartI AcAryoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM ApakI prazaMsA likhI hai| dhanaMjaya ne apanI nAmamAlA meM jaina pramANazAstra ko ApakI vizeSa dena kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai pramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lkssnnm| dhanaJjayakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam / / arthAt akalaMkadeva kA pramANa, pUjyapAda kA vyAkaraNa aura dhanaMjaya kavi kA kAvya- ye tInoM apazcima ratna haiN| AdipurANakAra A0 jinasena ne bhI kahA hai bhaTTAkalaMkazrIpAlapAtrakesariNAM gunnaaH| viduSAM hRdayArUDhA hArAyante'tinirmalAH / / AdipurANa 1/53

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158 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna ' arthAt bhaTTa akalaMka, zrIpAla aura pAtrakesarI Adi AcAryoM ke atyanta nirmala guNa vidvAnoM ke hRdaya meM maNimAlA ke samAna suzobhita hote haiN| Apake dvArA likhita granthoM meM mukhyataH do prakAra ke grantha haiM- prathama svataMtra granthainameM svopajJavRtti sahita laghIyastraya, 2. nyAyavinizcaya savRtti, 3. siddhivinizcaya savRtti, tathA 4. pramANa saMgraha svRtti| dvitIya TIkA granthoM meM tattvArthavArtika sabhASya evaM A0 samantabhadra praNIta devAgama stotra para likhita aSTazatI, jise devAgamavivRti bhI kahA jAtA hai| inameM se sabhASya tattvArthavArtika TIkA tattvArthasUtra ke pratyeka sUtra para vArtika rUpa meM gadyAtmaka vyAkhyA hai| vArtikoM para bhASya bhI likhA hai| isameM vArtika alaga. aura unakI vyAkhyA-bhASya alaga hone se isakI puSpikAoM meM ise "tattvArthavArtika vyAkhyAnAlaMkAra" bhI kahA hai| jJAna aura dravyoM ke vivecana kI dRSTi se isake prathama aura paMcama adhyAyoM meM aneka dArzanika viSayoM kI samIkSA kI hai| ___ DaoN0 nemicanda zAstrI ne likhA hai ki tattvArthavArtika kI eka pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki jitane bhI mantavya usameM carcita hue, una sabakA samAdhAna anekAnta ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| ataH dArzanika viSayoM se sambaddha sUtroM ke vyAkhyAna meM anekAntAt vArtika' avazya pAyA jAtA hai| isIlie vArtikakAra ne dArzanika viSayoM ke kathana sandarbha meM Agamika viSayoM ko bhI prastuta kara anekAntavAda kI pratiSThA kI hai| jaina siddhAntoM ke jijJAsu isa eka hI grantha ke svAdhyAya se aneka zAstroM kA rahasya hRdayaMgama kara sakate haiN| isameM aisI bhI aneka carcAyeM prastuta kI gaI hai to anyatra aprApya yA durlabha haiN| A0 akalaMkadeva ko anekAntavAda kA mahApaNDita mAnA jAtA hai| isIlie prAyaH sUtrastha vivAdoM kA nirAkaraNa anekAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM prathama adhyAya ke "pramANanayairadhigamaH" sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM saptabhaMgI kA aura caturtha adhyAya ke antargata anekAntavAda kA bahuta vistAra se vivecana hai| tattvArthavArtika meM viSaya kI dRSTi se sarvArthasiddhi kA acchA vistAra kiyA gayA hai| isakI zailI yadyapi nyAya-pracura hai phira bhI atiprasanna aura kahIM kahIM jaTila bhI hai, isakI viSaya pratipAdana kI Adarza zailI kA paravartI AcAryoM aura unakI racanAoM para gambhIra prabhAva par3A hai| isa prakAra jaina saMskRti kI apAra kAla-paramparA ke bIca yaha grantha donoM ora apanI bhujAoM kA prasAra kiye meru ke samAna acala khar3A hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga 2, pR0 314 "akalaMka ne 1. mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga 2, pR0 314 /

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AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya Agamika graMtha rAjavArtika likhakara digambara sAhitya meM eka prakAra se vizeSAvazyayaka ke-sthAna kI pUrti kI hai| unhoMne apanI vizAla aura anupama kRti rAjavArtika saMskRta meM likhI hai jo vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI taraha tarkazailI kI hokara bhI Agamika hI hai / unakI dRSTi meM bauddha aura brAhmaNa pramANazAstroM kI kakSA meM khar3A raha sake aisA nyAya pramANa kI samagra vyavasthA vAlA koI jaina pramANa-grantha Avazyaka thA kyoMki ve A0 jinabhadra Adi anya AcAryoM kI taraha pA~ca jJAna, naya Adi Agamika vastuoM kI kevala tArkika carcA karake hI cupa nahIM rahanA cAhate the, ataH unhoMne paJcajJAna, saptama Adi Agamika vastu kA nyAya aura pramANazAstrarUpa se aisA vibhAjana kiyA, aisA lakSaNa praNayana kiyA, jisase jaina nyAya aura pramANa granthoM ke svatantra prakaraNoM kI mAMga pUrI huii| unake sAmane vastu to Agamika thI hI, dRSTi aura tarka kA mArga bhI A0 siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke dvArA pariSkRta huA hI thA phira bhI prabala darzanAntaroM ke vikasita vicAroM ke sAtha prAcIna jaina nirUpaNa kA tArkika zailI meM mela biThAne kA kAma jaisA taisA na thA jo ki akalaMka ne kiyA / yahI sababa hai ki akalaMka kI maulika kRtiyA~ bahuta hI saMkSipta haiM, phira bhI ve itanI arthaghana tathA suvicArita haiM ki Age ke jainanyAya kA ve AdhAra bana gaI hai|"" 159 "A0 akalaMkadeva kA tattvArthavArtika guNa aura vistAra kI dRSTi se aisA hai 'jise koI bhASya hI nahIM, mahAbhASya bhI kaha sakatA hai" / . AcArya akalaMkadeva svAmI samantabhadra kI taraha pUjyapAdAcArya ke bhI siddhAntoM ke upasthApaka, samarthaka, vivecaka aura prasAraka haiM / zvetAmbara muni jinavijayajI ne likhA hai ki "A0 akalaMkadeva ne jaise samantabhadropajJa Arhata mata prakarSaka padArthoM kA parisphoTa aura vikAsa kiyA hai vaise hI purAtana siddhAnta pratipAdita jaina padArthoM kA bhI naI pramANa paribhASA aura tarkapaddhati se, arthodghATana aura vicArodbodhana kiyA / "3 munijIne Age likhA hai ki "jo kArya zvetAmbara sampradAya meM jinammadragANI mallavAdI, gandhahasti aura haribhadrasUri ne kiyA vahI kArya digambara sampradAya meM aneka aMzoM meM akele bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ne kiyA aura vaha bhI kahIM adhika suMdara aura uttama rUpa se kiyaa| ataeva isa dRSTi se bhaTTa akalaMkadeva jaina vAGmayAkAza ke yathArtha hI eka bahuta tejasvI nakSatra the| unhoMne 'akalaMka granthatraya' ke prAstAvika meM Age likhA hai ki 1. paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, akalaMka granthatraya, prastAvanA pRSTha 6-10 2. vahI, pRSTha 11 3. akalaMka granthatraya, prAstAvika, pR02 4. vahI, pRSTha 2

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160 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna yadyapi saMkucita vicAra ke dRSTikoNa se dekhane para ve sampradAya se digambara dikhAI dete haiM aura usa saMpradAya ke jIvana ke ve prabala balavarddhaka aura prANapoSaka AcArya pratIta hote haiM, tathApi udAradRSTi se unake jIvanakArya kA siMhAvalokana karane para, ve samagra Ahetadarzana ke prakhara pratiSThApaka aura pracaNDa pracAraka vidita hote haiN| ataeva samuccaya jaina saMgha(zve0di0sabhI) ke lie ve parama pUjanIya aura parama zraddheya mAnane yogya / yugapradhAna puruSa haiN|' tattvArthavArtika eka TIkAgrantha hote hue bhI svataMtra aura prAmANika grantha hai| isakI racanA AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi TIkA para AdhArita hai| sarvArthasiddhi kI vAkya racanA, sUtra jaisI saMtulita aura parimita hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki akalaMkadeva ne prAyaH usake sabhI vizeSa vAkyoM ke apane vArtika banA liye aura una para bhASya likhakara vyAkhyAna kiyaa| viSaya aura prasaMgAnusAra aneka naye vArtikoM kI bhI racanA kI hai, para sarvArthasiddhi kA upayoga pUrI taraha se kiyaa| jisa prakAra vRkSa bIja meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai usI prakAra samasta sarvArthasiddhi tattvArthavArtika aura usake bhASya meM samAviSTa hai, para vizeSatA yaha hai ki sarvArthasiddhi ke viziSTa abhyAsI taka ko bhI yaha pratIti nahIM ho pAtI ki vaha prakArAntara se sarvArthasiddhi kA adhyayana kara rahA hai| jahA~ sarvArthasiddhi ke prAyaH adhikAMza vAkyoM kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM vArtika kA bhASya likhA gayA hai| vahIM prasaMgAnusAra sarvArthasiddhi. kI aneka paMktiyoM ko hI nahIM apitu usake aneka anucchedoM ko tattvArthavArtika meM A0 akalaMkadeva ne praMsagAnusAra samAhita kiyA hai| sUtroM kI bhUmikA evaM prasaMga ko to prAyaH jahA~ kA tahA~ A0 akalaMkadeva ne uddhRta kiyA hai| yahA~ prastuta hai sarvArthasiddhi ke ve aMza yA paMktiyA~ jinheM A0 akalaMkadeva ne jahA~ kI tahA~ athavA kiJcit parivartana ke sAtha uddhRta kara liyA hai-- sarvaprathama maMgalAcaraNa ko hI leN| AcArya pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi meM tattvArthasUtra ke prathama maMgala zloka "mokSamArgasya netAraM......"ityAdi ko mAtra uddhRta kiyA hai kintu usakI vyAkhyA yA TIkA na karake isa maMgala zloka ke bAda sIdhe hI prathama sUtra kI eka sundara utthAnikA dvArA mokSa aura mokSamArga kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, jabaki AcArya akalaMkadeva ne tattvArthavArtika meM "mokSamArgasya netAraM......" ityAdi maMgata zloka kA ullekha taka na karake sIdhe apanI ora se isa vArtika grantha ke zubhArambha meM alaga se maMgalAcaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai 1. vahI, pRSTha 2

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AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya 161 praNamya sarvavijJAnamahAspadamuruzriyam / nirdhUtakalmaSaM vIraM vakSye tattvArthavArtikam / / ___ isa AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki 'mokSamArgasya netAraM...' ityAdi maMgalAcaraNa mUla grantha tattvArthasUtra meM nahIM rahA hogA, isIlie A0 pUjyapAda aura A0 akalaMka jaise mahAn AcAryoM ne isakA vyAkhyAna evaM ullekha nahIM kiyA, kintu DaoN0 darabArIlAla koThiyA Adi aneka vidvAnoM ne vividha pramANoM se ise mUla grantha kA maMgalazloka honA siddha kiyA hai| ___ isake bAda prathamasUtra "samyagdarzana jJAna cArimANi mokSamArgaH" ko hI leN| sarvArthasiddhi meM isakI vRtti meM samyagjJAna kI paribhASA saMkSepa meM kahI hai ki "yena yena prakAreNa jIvAdayaH padArthAH vyavasthitAstena tenAvagamaH smygjnyaanm"| ise hI A0 akalaMkadeva ne kucha bar3hAkara isa prakAra likhA hai "yena yena prakAreNa jIvAdayaH padArthA avasthitAH tena tenAvagamaH jIvAdyarthayAthAtmyAvagamaH smygjnyaanm|" Age sarvArthasiddhi ke vRtti vAkya, jinameM samyakcAritra kI paribhASA kI gaI hai, use kiJcit parivartana ke sAtha A0 akalaMkadeva ne vArttika saM03 ke rUpa meM prastuta kara diyA Age aneka viSayoM kA vArtika sahita vistAra karane ke bAda punaH sarvArthasiddhi ke anuccheda saM07 meM ullikhita vAkya "jJAnagrahaNamAdau nyAyyaM, darzanasya tatpUrvakatvAt alpAntaratvAcca" ke do vArtika (saM0 28 evaM 26 ke rUpa meM) prastuta karake inakA bhASya likhaa| . . isake bAda A0 pUjyapAda ne jahA~ saMbaMdhita viSaya kA anya pratipAdana karake prathama sUtra kA vivecana samApta kara diyA vahIM A0 akalaMkadeva ne isI vivecana ke AdhAra para pacahattara vArtika aura inake vistRta bhASya ke bAda prathama sUtra kA vivecana aura dvitIya Ahnika kI samApti kii| ... prathama adhyAya ke hI dvitIya sUtra 'tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam' kA A0 pUjyapAda ne choTe-choTe tIna anucchedoM meM vivecana kiyA, vahIM isI ke AdhAra para A0 akalaMkadeva ne ikatIsa vArtikoM aura isake bhASya ke sAtha vivecana prastuta kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM apitu sarvArthasiddhi ke kaI vAkyoM ko vArtika rUpa meM bhI A0 akalaMkadeva ne prastuta kiyaa| yathA- AcArya pUjyapAda ne zaMkA prastuta kI "dRzerAlokArthatvAt zraddhAnArthagatirnopapadyate? arthAt samyagdarzana meM "darzana" zabda 'dRzi' dhAtu se banA hai, * jisakA artha hai "Aloka" ataH isase zraddhAnarUpa artha kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| samAdhAna meM Age AcArya pUjyapAda ne kahA 'dhAtuoM ke aneka artha hote haiM ataH "dRzi" dhAtu kA "zraddhAna" rUpa artha karane meM koI doSa nahIM hai|

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162 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna . . sarvArthasiddhi ke ukta prakaraNa vAkyoM ko tattvArthavArtika meM sarvaprathama do vArtikoM meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai-dRzerAlokArthatvAdabhipretArthA saMpratyaya iti ce? na; anekArthatvAt / / 3 / / , mokSakAraNaprakaraNAcchraddhAnagatiH arthAt 'darzana' dRzi dhAtu se banA hai aura dRzi dhAtu kA artha dekhanA hai| ataH kyA darzana kA zraddhAna artha nahIM ho sakatA? isa prazna ke bhI samAdhAna meM vahI kahA hai ki "dhAtuoM ke aneka artha hote haiM, isalie unameM se zraddhAna artha bhI le liyA jaayegaa| cUMki yahA~ mokSa kA prakaraNa hai, . ataH darzana kA dekhanA artha iSTa nahIM hai, kintu tattvazraddhAna artha hI iSTa hai| . Age jIva, ajIva, Asava Adi sAta tattvoM kA pratipAdana karane vAle caturtha sUtra meM jIvAdi tattvoM kI jo paribhASAyeM A0 pUjyapAda ne isa sUtra ke vivecana meM likhI prAyaH unhIM sabhI vAkyoM ko vArtika rUpa meM bhASya sahita prastuta karate hue ikatIsa vArtika meM isa caturtha sUtra kA vivecana pUrA karate hue caturtha Ahnika kI bhI samApti kI hai| chaThe "pramANanayairadhigamaH" sUtra meM bhI "amyarhitattvAtpramANasya puurvnipaatH| abhyarhitattvaM ca sarvato valIyaH" A0 pUjyapAda ke ina do vAkyoM ko A0 akalaMkadeva ne prathama vAkya ko vArtika aura dUsare vAkya ko usake bhASya ke prArambhika aMza ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA __aSTama sUtra "satsaMkhyA" Adi ke viSaya meM to pahale hI batalA diyA gayA hai ki jahA~ isa sUtra kA kAphI vistRta vivecana A0 pUjyapAda ne kiyA hai vahIM A0 akalaMka deva ne A0 pUjyapAda kI apekSA teIsa vArtikoM meM alparUpa meM vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| ___ isI taraha anya sUtroM ke pratipAdya viSayoM kA vidvattApUrNa rUpa meM sarvArthasiddhi ke anusAra vistAra se karate hue A0 akalaMkadeva ne 21veM sUtra "bhavapratyayo'vadhidevanArakANAm" ke vivecana meM A0 pUjyapAda ne likhA hai "bhava ityucyte| ko bhavaH? isI ko A0 akalaMka ne isa prakAra likhA hai "bhava ityucyte| ko bhavo nAma ? isake bAda sarvArthasiddhikAra kI bhava kI paribhASA "AyurnAmakarmodayanimitta AtmanaH paryAyo bhavaH" arthAt Ayu nAmakarya ke kSaya kA nimitta pAkara jo jIva kI paryAya hotI haiM, use bhava kahate haiN| A0 akalaMka ne ise hI vArtika rUpa meM prastuta karake isakA bhASya likhA hai| __sarvArthasiddhi ke 22veM sUtra "kSayopazamanimittaH SaDvikalpaH zeSANAm" kA jo vivecana hai usake prArambhika aMza ko A0 akalaMkadeva ne pUrA prathama anucchoda hI jahA~ kA tahA~ tattvArthavArtika meM rakhA hai| jahA~ avadhijJAna ke chaha bhedoM kI carcA A0

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AcArya pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi aura AcArya ....... .. 163 pUjyapAda ne kI hai- sa eSo'vadhiH SaDvikalpaH / kutaH ? anugaamynnugaamivrdhmaanhiiymaanaavsthitaanvsthitbhedaat| isakA A0 akalaMka ne eka vAkya meM vArtika (saM04)banAkara sarvArthasiddhi ke Age ke kucha vivecana ko isa vArtika kA bhASya banA liyaa| isake bAda A0 akalaMka ne ina sabakA Agamika paramparA se bahuta acchA aura vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| ThIka isI taraha 23veM evaM 24veM sUtra "RjuvipulamatI manaHparyaya, evaM vizuddhayapratipAtAbhyAtadvizeSaH" ko bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isI taraha isa prathama adhyAya ke anya sUtroM ke AdhAra para vArtika aura bhASya likhe, kintu yahA~ mAtra AdhAra liyA gayA hai, vArtika aura bhASya pUre maulika haiN| Age ke adhyAyoM kA vivecana bhI prathama adhyAya kI paddhati ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| prastuta nibaMdha meM A0 pUjyapAda aura sarvArthasiddhi tathA A0 akalaMkadeva aura unake tattvArthavArtika kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI apane Apa meM aneka zodhaprabandhoM kA viSaya hai, isIlie yahA~ isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko mAtra prathama adhyAya taka sImita rakhA hai|

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' * vijJAnavAda mahAyAnI bauddhadarzana kA pramukha sampradAya hai, jise asaMga (lagabhaga tRtIya sadI I0) ne saMsthApita kiyA thA, aura vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti Adi AcAryoM ne vikasita kiyA thaa| asaMga ne Arya maitreyanAtha ke sUtrAlaMkAra, abhisamayAlaMkAra, uttaratantra Adi granthoM ke AdhAra para abhidharma samuccaya aura mahAyAna saMgraha kI racanA kii| usake bAda asaMga ke bhAI vasubandhu ne abhidharmasamuccaya, sUtrAlaMkAra, paMcaskandha, triMzikA, viMzikA Adi prakaraNa grantha likhakara vijJAnavAda kI nIMva majabUta kara dI - vasubandhu ke ziSya diGnAga ne ina sabhI granthoM kA AdhAra lekara pramANa samuccaya grantha likhaa| jisa para dharmakIrti ne TIkA likhakara pramANavinizcaya, pramANavArtika, vAdanyAya, nyAyabindu, santAnantarasiddhi Adi grantha likhe aura use aura bhI vyavasthita kara diyA / yahAM taka nirAkAra aura sAkAra vijJAnavAda jaisI zAkhAyeM khar3I ho gaI thIM, jinakA mUla sambandha bAhya rUpArtha se Abhasita vAsanA se thA / dharmakIrti kA samaya AcArya mahendrakumArajI ne bar3I paryAlocanA ke bAda san 620 se 660 taka nizcita kiyA / isa samaya taka samUcI bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAeM lagabhaga suvyavasthita ho cukI thii| jaina darzana kA bhI yaha sarvocca buddhivAdI yuga thA / isa yuga para bauddha dArzanikoM kA vizeSa prabhAva rahA hai| AcAryazrI ne akalaMka kA samaya I0 720 se 780 siddha kiyA hai / dharmakIrti aura aMkalaMka ke bIca lagabhaga 600 varSa kA antarAla rahA hai, jisameM dharmakIrti ke ziSyoM kI mukhya bhUmikA dekhI jA sakatI hai| vizeSataH zAntarakSita kA samaya ( I0 762 ) akalaMka kA samaya rahA hai| akalaMka ke pramukha grantha haiM - tattvArthavArtika sabhASya, aSTazatI, laghIyastraya savivRtti, nyAyavinizcaya savivRtti, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANasaMgraha / ina granthoM meM se AcArya vidyAnanda ne aSTazatI para aSTasahasrI aura AcArya prabhAcandra ne laghIyastraya para nyAyakumudacandra nAmaka TIkAyeM likhakara jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko prasthApita adhyakSa, pAli- prAkRta vibhAga, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya nyU ekTeMzana eriyA sadara, nAgapura - 440001

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra 165 kiyaa| ina sabhI granthoM meM jainAcAryoM ne jainetara dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrvapakSa ko rakhakara unakA anekAntika dRSTi se sayuktika khaNDana kiyA hai| isa samaya taka bauddhadarzana bhI prasthApita ho cukA thaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne apane granthoM meM una sabhI kA purajora khaNDana kiyA hai / prastuta nibandha meM hama akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAroM dvArA vijJAnavAda kI jo samIkSA kI gaI use saMkSepa meM prastuta kara rahe haiM / * bauddhadharma padArtha ko zUnyAtmakatA athavA kSaNabhaMgurAta ke kAraNa vyApaka nahIM mAnatA, para jainadharma use utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvyAtmaka mAnatA hai / cArvAka bhautikavAdI hai para yathArthavAdI bauddhadharma meM sacetana aura acetana - donoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| acetana ke rUpa meM vahA~ 'rUpa' svIkRta hai jo jainadharma kA eka prakAra se pudgala hai / yathArthavAdI vaibhASika aura sautrAntika paramANuvAdI haiM / AdarzavAdI upaniSad darzana yaha vizvAsa vyakta karatA haiM ki brahma athavA Atman se saMsAra udbhUta huA, usI taraha jisa taraha agni se cinagArI nikalatI hai| use brahmapariNAmavAda kahA jAtA hai / * bauddhadharma prArambha meM hI viSayIgata rahA hai| vaibhASikoM ne avayavI, nitya aura ekatva yA sAmAnya padArtha ko mAtra kalpanA mAnA hai, jabaki sautrAntikoM ne use prajJaptisat svIkAra kiyA hai| atIta aura bhaviSya gata dharma (kSaNa) jinheM yathArtha kahA hai "vaibhASikoM ne, sautrAntikoM ne unheM mAtra Adarza kaha diyA hai| kSaNabhaMguratAvAda kI carama pariNati ke pUrva bAhyArthavAdI sautrAntikoM ne padArtha ko - anumAnagamya mAnA isase padArtha kI nityatA ko asvIkAra karane kA mArga aura bhI prazasta ho gyaa| usane padArtha ko jAnane vAle citta yA vijJAna ko svIkAra kiyA / mAdhyamika ke viparIta khar3e hone vAle isa varga ko vijJAnavAda kahA gayA / yaha vijJAnavAda mAdhyamikoM ke bAhya padArtha kI sattA ko asvIkAra karate hue paramArtha sat aura saMvRti sat ke rUpa meM use svIkAra karatA hai / dharmakIrti ke pUrvavartI sAhitya meM vijJAnavAda kI isa vicAradhArA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| sandhi nirmocana, sUraMgamA, laMkAvatAra Adi sUtra vijJAnavAda kI dRSTi se bar3e mahatvapUrNa haiM, vizeSa rUpa se laMkAvatAra / vahA~ nAma aura nimitta ko bilkula 'parikalpita' mAnA gayA, vikalpa ko 'paratantra' kahA gayA, vijJAna meM sAde padArthoM kA saMgraha ho jAtA hai aura padArtha kA astitva paTatantramaya bana jAtA hai taba samyagjJAna aura tathatA 'pariniSpanna' ho jAte haiM / maitreyanAtha ke alaMkAra granthoM ne mahAyAna sUtroM aura yogAcAra sampradAya se sambandha

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166 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna sthApita kiyaa| asaMga aura vasubandhu ne use aura Age bddh'aayaa| vasubandhu kI vijJaptimAtratAsiddhi aura diGnAga kI Alambana parIkSA meM isa tathya ko aura adhika vistAra diyA gayA, jise hameM spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA caahie| asaMga ne mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra meM yogAcAra vijJAnavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| nAgArjuna se prabhAvita rahane ke bAvajUda ve Age bar3hate haiN| pAramArthika dRSTi se yadyapi unake darzana meM saMsAra aura nirvANa ke bIca koI bheda nahIM thA, para unhoMne jisa AtmA kA khaNDana kiyA hai vaha jIvAtmA hai, paramAtmA nhiiN| jIvAtmA hI mahAtman meM vilIna ho jAtI hai| yaha mahAtman athavA paramArtha sat svayaM prakAza, prakRti prabhAsvara, svabhAva. se hI vizuddha aura nirmala haiM, kintu hamAre ajJAna ke kAraNa dUSita-sA pratIta hotA hai| yahI citta dharmadhAtu, buddhatA aura tathatA hai, AtmA aura dRzya jagat mithyA haiN| sAmAnya jana kA cintana jJAna aura jJeya ke dvitva para hI AdhArita hai| bhagavAn buddha ne apane upAya kauzala se use isa tattva kA bhAna karAyA hai| unhoMne bAhya vastuoM kI sahAyatA se tattva ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra (6-5, 13.16) / vasubandhu ne asaMga ke paramamahAtman yA citta kI sthApanA ko tArkika AdhAra diyA, unhoMne vijJaptimImAMsA ko hI eka mAtra sat maanaa| mRgamarIcikA ke samAna ajJAnatA ke kAraNa hI dRzya jagat kA astitva dikhAI detA hai| vastutaH dRzya jagat kA vAstavika astitva hai nhiiN| savikalpa-buddhi kI koTiyoM dvArA nirmita jagat tattvataH sat nahIM hai| vijJaptimAtratA yA dharmanairAtmya kA siddhAnta savikanya buddhi dvArA kalpita kartA aura karma, grAhaka aura grAhya, dRSTA aura dRzya ke dvandva para pratiSThita jagat kA khaNDana karatA hai, na ki vizuddha nirvikalpa vijJaptimAtratA kaa| yaha kalpita jIvAtmA kA khaNDana karatA hai na ki paramatatva vijJaptimAtratA kA, vasubandhu kI yaha vijJaptimAtratA laMkAvakAra ke cittamAtra se kAphI milI-julatI hai| antara yaha hai ki laMkAvatAra anyavijJAna aura citta ko paryAyavAdI mAnatA hai, jabaki vasubandhu ke anusAra yaha jJaptimAtratA se udbhUta hotA hai| (viMzatikA vRtti, pR0-10) ___dharmakIrti ke anusAra yaha paramasat vijJapti yA buddhAtmA hai| isI ke kAraNa jagat kI pratIti hotI hai| yahI grAhya-grAhaka ke rUpa dhAraNa kara jagat kI vastuoM ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai (pramANavArtika 1-2-62) / bAhya vastuoM kA jo jJAna hameM hotA hai, vaha hamAre mana ke saMskAra yA vAsanA kA phala hai| jisa prakAra pANDu rogI ko sArI vastueM pIlI dikhAI par3atI haiM, yadyapi ve pIlI nahIM haiM, usI taraha avidyAgrasta hone ke kAraNa hameM dRzya jagat kI vastueM dikhAI paDatI haiM. yadyapi unakA astitva

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra 167 nahIM hai| yahA~ yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki dharmakIrti kI dRSTi meM yaha citta mana kI sRSTi nahIM hai, balki vaha svayaM prakAza hai, svataH daidIpyamAna hai (pramANavArtika 2-354) / isakA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha sat kSaNika hai| ise nitya yA zAzvata mAnanA bhrama hai| advaitavAda meM vaha nitya rahatA hai jo dharmakIrti kI dRSTi se sahI nahIM hai| zAntarakSita aura kamalazIla ne isI tattva ko aura adhika samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa vijJAnavAda meM vijJAna ke lie AtmA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, yaha svasaMvedya hai| isameM citta tattva hI sabhI vyavasthAoM kA AdhArabhUta tattva hai| usakA caitanya tattva anitya, saviziSTa, prajJA evaM karuNA kA yugapat puJja hai| dArzanika dRSTi se vijJAnavAda meM do tattva haiM- paramArtha sattva aura sNvRtisttv| paramArthasattva meM vijJaptimAtratA pariniSpanna lakSaNa citramAtratA, zUnyatA, dharmadhAtu Adi Ate haiM aura saMvRti ho jAtA hai| ataH indriya aura mana ko hI jJAna meM kAraNa mAnA jAnA caahie| artha to jJAna kA viSaya hI ho sakatA hai, kAraNa nhiiN| isI prasaMga meM akalaMka ne sannikarSa aura kSaNika artha ko bhI jJAna ke prati kAraNa mAnane kI AlocanA kii| isI taraha Aloka ke sAtha jJAna kA anvaya-vyatireka na hone se Aloka bhI jJAna kA kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| * prameya ke sandarbha meM akalaMka ne kahA ki svarUpAstitva kA hI nAma dravya, dhrauvya . yA guNa hai| 'santAna' kA bhI yahI kAma karanA hai| vaha niyata pUrvakSaNa kA niyata * uttarakSaNa ke sAtha hI kAryakAraNabhAva banAtA hai, kSaNAntara se nhiiN| antara yaha hai ki .bauddha usa santAna ko kAlpanika kahate haiM, jabaki jaina usa dravyAMza ko paryAyakSaNa kI taraha vAstavika kahate haiN| isI prasaMga meM akalaMka ne sarvathA kSaNika padArtha meM artha* kriyAkAritva kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki artha nityAnityAtmaka vastu meM hI sambhava hai| kSaNika meM antima rUpa nahIM hai, tathA nitya meM utpAda aura vyaya nahIM hai| ubhayAtmaka vastu meM hI krama, yaugapadma tathA aneka zaktiyAM sambhava haiN| isI prasaMga meM vibhramavAda, saMvedanAdvaitavAda Adi kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| akalaMkagranthatraya (pR0 36-41) meM isa tathya para vizeSa prakAza DAlA gayA hai| . vijJAnavAdI darzana bAhyArtha kA niSedha karatA hai aura tadviSayaka siddhAntoM ko bhrAntimUlaka siddha karatA hai| vaha parikalpita lakSaNoM ke sAtha niHsvabhAvatA kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, vijJAna kI pAramArthika sattA ko eka dArzanika rUpa dene ke lie paratantra lakSaNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue alpavijJAna kI sthApanA karatA hai| sAtha hI paratantra

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168 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna lakSaNa meM parikalpita lakSaNa ke abhAvatantra ko siddha karate hue pariniSpanna yA paramArtha tattva kI sthApanA karatA hai| dharmakIrti Adi AcAryoM ke isa vijJAnavAda kA khaNDana akalaMka ne apane graMthoM meM bar3e vistAra se kiyA hai, vizeSa rUpa se akalaMkagranthatraya meN| bauddhadarzana meM cAra pratyayoM se citta aura caitasikoM kI utpatti hotI hai- (1) samanantara pratyaya (pUrvajJAna) (2) adhipatipratyaya (cakSurAdi indriyAM) (3) Alambana pratyaya (padArtha) aura (4) sahakArI pratyaya (Aloka aadi)| ye cAra pratyaya artha aura Aloka se sambaddha haiM, jo jJAna ke kAraNa haiN| naiyAyika Adi darzanoM meM sannikarSa ko pramANa meM kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| . akalaMka ne isa sahopalambananiyama kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jJAna artha kA kArya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha itanA hI jAnatA hai ki yaha amuka artha hai'| vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA ki 'maiM isa artha se utpanna huA huuN|' anyathA koI vivAda hI nahIM rhegaa| jJAna kA artha ke sAtha anvaya-vyatireka na hone se unameM kAraNakAryabhAvaH, bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| bauddha dArzanika paramparA ke itihAsa meM yaha sthApita tathya hai ki mAdhyamika sampradAya ke zUnyavAda ke viparIta vijJAnavAda kA utthAna huaa| tadanusAra jagat ke samasta padArtha zUnya bhale hI hoM para zUnyAtmaka pratIti ke jJApaka vijJAna ko satya padArtha avazya svIkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| citta, mana athavA buddhi kI isa abhUtapUrva pratiSThA ke kAraNa hI ise vijJAna kahA gayA hai| yaha usakA AdhyAtmika nAma hai| dhArmika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se ise yogAcAra kahA gayA hai| isameM zamatha-vipazyanA rUpa yogamArga kA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| maitreyanAtha kA abhisamayAlaMkAra tathA asaMga kA yogAcAra bhUmizAstra yogAcAra ke viziSTa pratipAdaka grantha haiM tathA vasubandhu kI vijJaptimAtratAsiddhi aura asaMga kA Arya sandhinirmocanasUtra vijJAnavAda ke pratiSThApaka grantha haiN| zAntarakSita jaise AcAryoM ne bhI isake vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| vijJAnavAda kI dRSTi meM bAhya padArtha kI sattA nhiiN| mAtra citra-vicitra rUpoM meM vaha dikhAI detA hai|' yahI vijJAnavAda kA advayavAda hai| yaha vijJAna citta kA kAlpanika pariNamana hai, vAstavika nhiiN| avasthA bheda kI dRSTi se vijJAna ATha prakAra kA hai- cakSurvijJAna, zrotRvijJAna, ghrANavijJAna, jihAvijJAna, kAmavijJAna, manovijJAna, kliSTamanovijJAna aura aalyvijnyaan| 1. dRzyate na vidyate bAhya cittaM citraM hi dRshyte| dehabhogapratiSThAnaM cittamAtra vadAmyaham / / laMkAvatAra, 3.27

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra 169 prathama sAta vijJAnoM ko pravRtti vijJAna kahate haiN| AlayavijJAna meM unakA avirbhAva hotA hai aura usI meM ve vilIna ho jAte haiN| asaMga ise saMsAra kI pravRtti aura nirvRtti kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| Aryasandhinirmocana ke anusAra yaha AdAna vijJAna hai, sUkSma hai, gaMbhIra hai, samasta dharmoM ke bIjoM (vAsanAoM) kA Azraya hai| udaka dvArA pravAhita tRNa kASTha Adi ke samAna pravRttivAn hai| ise 'AtmA' samajhanA bhrAmaka hai|' AlayavijJAna meM vAsanAyeM vidyamAna rahatI haiN| unakA paripAka ho jAne para hI sambaddha vijJAna kI utpatti hotI hai| yadyapi bAhya padArtha kI sattA nahIM hai, phira bhI anAdikAlIna vAsanA ke kAraNa vijJAna kA bAhyArtha rUpa se pratibhAsa hotA hai usI prakAra jisa prakAra eka candramA meM do candramAoM kA pratibhAsa ho jAtA hai| kisI padArtha kI utpatti ke samaya grAhya (ghaTa, paTa Adi), grAhaka (jJAtA) aura jJAn-ina tIna bAtoM kI pratIti hotI hai| ye tInoM ekAkAra vijJAna ke hI pariNAma haiN| isI se saMsAra ke samasta padArtha utpanna hote haiN| AlayavijJAna avyAkRta hai, anitya hai, saMskRta hai, vasturUpa hai, sat hai, svalakSaNa hai, nirvikalpa jJAnAtmaka hai, svasaMvedana hai, citta hai, paratantralakSaNa hai, saMvRtisattva hai, tadnusAra samasta padArtha tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhakta haiMparikalpita, paratantra aura prinisspnn| ye padArtha paraspara bhinna hote haiN| cUMki jJAna vAsanAoM se dUSitaM rahatA hai, isalie vastuoM kA AbhAsa grAhya-grAhaka isa ke rUpa . meM hotA hai jo mithyA hai arthAt bahyArtha parikalpita hai, alIka hai| bAhyArtha kI sattA ko 'mAnane vAle vaibhASika aura sautrAntika ke mata meM AlayavijJAna ko mAnane kI . AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| AcArya bhAvaviveka ne to mAdhyamika hRdaya meM AlayavijJAna ko AtmA ke siddhAnta se abhinna mAnakara usakI AlocanA bhI kI hai| AcArya candrakIrti ne mAdhyamikAvatAravRtti meM ise Izvara kI mAnyatA ke samakakSa rakhA hai, isa antara ke sAtha ki AlayavijJAna anitya hai aura Izvara nitya hai| ... AlayavijJAna eka cetanA hai| citta, mana aura vijJAna usI ke nAmAntara haiN| yaha lagabhaga vaha sabaM kAma karatA hai, jo bauddhetara darzanoM meM Atma tattva karatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne AlayavijJAna ko AtmA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA hai parantu vijJAnavAda use usa rUpa meM nahIM mAnatA, use vaha cittasaMtati ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| jainadarzana meM jJAna paryAya pratyeka kSaNa meM badalate rahate haiM aura pUrvajJAna ke bAda uttara jJAnaparyAya utpanna hotA hai| usI 1. AdAnavijJAnagabhIrasUkSmo ojo yathA vartati srvbiijo| . bAlAn eSo mayi na prakAzito pA haiva AtmA parikalpayeyuH / / AryasandhinirmocanasUtra, tibbatI kaMjUra, pu0 saM0 50, triMzikA bhASya pR0 18 2. tatra savasAknezikadharmavIjasthAnatvAta Alaya - triziMkA bhASya pR0 1.

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jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna tarahaM vijJAnavAda meM pUrNacitta kA nAza aura citta kA utpAda hotA hai / isa prakAra citta kI saMtati anAdikAla se calatI A rahI hai| jaina dravyavAdI haiM / bauddha paryAyavAdI haiM / bauddha paryAyavAda meM jJAna ke atirikta anya kisI dravya kA astitva nahIM hai, parantu jaina dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastuvAdI hone ke kAraNa jJAna ko jIva dravya kA guNa mAnate haiM aura isI guNa kI vividha avasthAoM ko pryaay| 170 AlayavijJAnavAdI sukha-duHkha ko vipAka nahIM mAnate, AlayavijJAna hI unakI dRSTi meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA vipAka hai|' ataeva sukha aura jJAna meM bheda nahIM hai| dharmakIrti bhI sukhAdi ko jJAnarUpa siddha karate haiM / jainAcArya ise dravyArthikanaya dRSTi se hI upayukta mAnate haiN| unake anusAra cetana AtmA se abhinna aise jJAna aura sukha kA cetanatvena abheda ho sakatA hai, parantu paryAyanaya kI apekSA se jJAna aura sukha aise do atyanta bhinna paryAya eka hI AtmA ke haiN| ataeva jJAna aura sukha kA aikAntikRtAdAtmya nhiiN| sukha AhlAdanAkAra hai aura jJAna meya-bodhanarUpa hai| sukha hotA hai savedya nAmaka adRSTa ke udaya se aura jJAna hotA hai jJAnAvaraNI Adi karmoM ke kSayopazamAdi se| yaha bhI niyama nahIM ki abhinna kAraNajanya hone se jJAna aura sukha abhinna hI haiM, kyoMki kumbhAdi ke bhaMga se utpanna hone vAle zabda aura kapAlakhaNDa meM kisI bhI prakAra se aikya nahIM dekhA jaataa| AtmA hI upAdAna kAraNa hai, aura vahI jJAna aura sukha rUpa se pariNata hotA hai| ataeva jJAna aura sukha kA kathaMcit bheda hone para bhI AtmA se una donoM kA atyanta bheda nahIM hai / sAMkhyoM ne sukhAdi ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnA hai, ataeva acetana bhii| kintu jaina - bauddha samAna rUpa se sukhAdi ko caitanya rUpa se hI siddha karate haiM aura svasaMvidita bhI / yogAcAra meM viparIta jJAna ko AtmakhyAti mAnA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki "sIpa meM yaha cAMdI hai" aisA jo pratibhAsa hotA hai, vaha jJAna kA hI AkAra hai, jo avidyA vAsanA ke bala se bAhara pratibhAsita hotA hai / ataH ise AtmakhyAti kahA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se pRthakjanoM ke saba vyavahAra vAsanAmUlaka hone se paramArthataH mithyA haiN| parantu jaina dArzanika isakA khaNDana karate haiM ki yaha AtmakhyAti tabhI mAnI jA sakatI 1. triMzikA vijJaptimAtratAsiddhi, pR0 154 2. pramANavArtika, 2-251 3. aSTasahasrI, pR0 78, nyAyakumudacandra, pR0 126; syAdvAdaratnAkara pR0 178 4. nyAyAvatAra vA0 vRtti, pR- 20; pramANavArtika, 2-238, tattvasaM0- 36, triMzikA vijJapti, pR0 155, aSTasahasrI pR0 78 5. pramANavArtika, 2-336; triMzikA vijJapti0 pR0 174

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra hai jaba yaha siddha ho jAye ki jJAna apane svarUpa meM hI niSTha hotA hai aura artha kA AkAra dhAraNa karatA hai para yaha siddha nahIM hotaa| yadi sabhI jJAna apane AkAra mAtra ko grahaNa karate haiM to unameM bhrAnta-abhrAnta kA bheda tathA bAdhya-bAdhakapanA nahIM bntaa|' vijJAnavAdiyoM kI AtmakhyAti aura brahmAdvaitavAdiyoM kI anirvacanIyakhyAti meM koI vizeSa bheda nahIM hai| donoM bAhya vastu ko na sat kahanA cAhate haiM aura na ast| donoM hI Antarika tattva kA hI bAhya rUpa se pratibhAsa mAnate haiN| eka use vijJAna kahatA hai to dUsarA use avidyaa| eka usakI pratIti viparIta vAsanA ke kAraNa grAhya-grAhaka rUpa se mAnatA hai to dUsarA yaha mAnatA hai ki vastu sat nahIM hai, kintu avidyA niSpanna avidyopAdAnaka rajata kI pratIti hotI hai| vijJAnavAda meM mithyAjJAna kA kAraNa indriyoM kI vikRti hai parantu jainadarzana AtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa pramAtA ko hI bhrama kA nimitta mAnatA hai| sabhI doSa milakara. mohAvasthA ke kAraNa prabhAtA ko hI vikRta kara dete haiM aura phira use bhrAntajJAna paidA hotA hai para vaha bhI kisI sImA taka pramANa hai| indriyadoSajanya candradvaya darzana meM saMkhyA ke viSaya meM visaMvAda hone ke kAraNa saMkhyA jJAna apramANa hai avazya, para candra ke svarUpAMza meM tattvajJAna (samyagjJAna) avisaMvAda jJAna hone se usa aMza meM vaha jJAna pramANa hI hai| ataeva koI bhI bhrama ekAntataH bhrama nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vastutaH svapara-prakAzavAdI jaina-bauddha dRSTi se sabhI bhramajJAna svaparasaMvedI hai| ataH ve svAMza meM pramANa aura parAMza meM apramANa haiN| dArzanika kSetra meM kAryakAraNAbhAva ke saMdarbha meM zakti kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| vaha vastu kA eka sAmarthya hai| jaise- ghaTa ke nirmANa meM mRttikA eka sAmarthya hai, bIja hai, zakti hai| advaitavAdiyoM meM kAryakAraNabhAva vyAvahArika satya hai, pAramArthikasatya nhiiN| bAhyArthavAdiyoM ke mata meM kAryakAraNabhAva pAramArthika satya hai| mAdhyamika bauddhoM ne bhAvoM meM utpAdAdidharma zUnya hone ke kAraNa kAryakAraNa bhAva ko koI sthAna nahIM diyaa| anAdikAla se calI A rahI avidyA vAsanA ke kAraNa sabhI vyavahAra vahAM nipaTa jAte haiN| vijJAnavAda meM isI vAsanA ko zakti viziSTa AlayavijJAna nAma diyA hai, jo 1. nyAyakumudacaMdra pR0 61, prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 46-50 2. brahmasUtra, 1.1.1; bhAmatI, 1.1.1.; prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0- 51 3. nyAyavinizcaya TIkA, pR0 17 4. tattvArthazlokavArtika, pR0 250 5. aSTazatI kA0 101, aSTasahanI, pR0 276; tatvArthazloka0 pR0 170; pramANavArtikAlaMkAra, pR0 41 6. na svato nApi pata: na dvAbhyAM nApyahetutaH utpannA jAtu vidyante bhAvAH kvacana kecan / / mAdhyamika kA0 1

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172 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna cakSurvijJAna Adi kA nimitta hotA hai| jainadarzana meM arthaparyAya hI zakti ke nAma se vyavahata hai| vastu kI anIndriya paryAya arthaparyAya aura sthUla paryAya vyaJjanaparyAya hai| vaha dravya rUpa se nitya aura paryAyarUpa se anitya hai| bauddhadarzana meM zakti padArtha kA svabhAva hone se apratyakSa nahIM hai| jainadarzana ise anekAntAtmaka dRSTi se vicArakara zakti ko dravya rUpa se pratyakSa aura paryAya rUpa se apratyakSa mAnatA hai|' ___ vasubandhu ne vijJAnAdvaitavAda ko siddha karane ke saMdarbha meM bAhyArtha kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| bAhyArtha ke viSaya meM unhoMne tIna vikalpa rakhe haiM-na vaha eka hai arthAt avayavI hai, na vaha paramANuvakSaH aneka hai aura na vaha saMhati rUpa hai kyoMki paramANu, siddha hI nahIM hotaa| ___ vaizeSikoM dvArA mAnya avayavI ke saMdarbha meM uThAye ina tInoM pakSoM kA khaNDana kiyA aura use paramANupuJja maanaa| yaha paramANupuJja yA saMcita tattva vijJAnavAda kI dRSTi meM avayavoM se koI bhinna nahIM hai, kyoMki una avayavoM ko haTAne para koI saMcitAkAra vijJAna utpanna nahIM hotA isalie saMcita kI dravyataH koI sattA siddha nahIM hotii| .. jainoM ke anusAra avayavI niyamataH kArya ho yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AkAza, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, jIvAstikAya- ye dravya nitya hote hue bhI sAvayava haiN| ghaTa-paTAdi pudgala skandha anitya hote hue bhI sAvayava haiN| jaina aura bauddhamata meM yaha bheda hai ki paramANupuJja se atirikta skandha kI svataMtra sattA bauddha ke mata se nahIM hai| jainadarzana meM pudgala dravya aNurUpa bhI hai aura skandha rUpa bhI hai| vahAM avayava-avayavI kA bhedAbheda hai arthAt kathaMcit tAdAtmya hai| bauddha kSaNikavAdI haiM ataH unheM yaha mata svIkArya nhiiN| itanA spaSTa karane ke bAda yaha tathya sthApita ho jAtA hai ki bauddhoM kI citta saMtati meM cittakSaNa ekAnta kSaNika hai| kSaNika cittoM kA uttarottara utpAda nirantara 1. triMzikA vijJaptitA, pR0 270 2. syAdvAdaratnAkara, pR0 306 3. tattvasaMgraha, kA0 1607 4. tattvArthazlokavArtika, pR060 1. viMzatikA vijJapti0 kA011 6. triMzikA vijJapti0, pR0 107 7. aNavaH skandhAzca, tatvArthasUtra, 5-25 8. tattvArthazloka pR0 122

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra 173 hotA rahatA hai aura sAdRzya meM ekatva kA bhrama ho jAtA hai| yaha saMtati yA santAna eka vastu nahIM, kintu kAlpanika hai, avastu hai| santAna kI ghaTanA pratItyasamutpAda para avalambita rahatI hai| kSaNikavAda meM yaha kAraNakArya vyavasthA bana nahIM paatii| vastubhUta ekatva kA apalApa karane se santAna kI ghaTanA bhI nahIM ho sktii|' bauddhadarzana meM sattva aura kSaNikatva ke bIca avinAbhAva saMbaMdha mAnA hai| tadanusAra saMskRta-asaMskRta sabhI padArtha kSaNika haiN| kSaNika kA artha hai- vastu kA jo svarUpa utpatti ke bAda asthAyI hai vaha kSaNa hai aura vaha kSaNa jisake hogA vaha kSaNika hai| kSaNikavAda kA yaha vikasita rUpa hai| prAraMbhika bauddhadharma meM saMskRta ke tIna lakSaNa nirdiSTa haiM- utpAda, vyaya aura sthiti kA anythaatv| ye tInoM ekakAlika nahIM; bhinnakAlika haiN| pahale utpatti phira jarA aura phira vinAza, isa krama se vastu meM anityatA-kSaNikatA siddha hai| utpatti, sthiti aura vinAza ke tIna .kSaNa bhinna hote haiN| yaha citta kI Ayu ke saMdarbha meM abhidhammattha saMgaho meM kahA hai arthAt cittakSaNa kSaNika hai| vaha tIna kSaNoM taka rahatA hai| yaha kSaNikatA citta-nAma ke sAtha hI nahIM balki rUpabhautika padArtha ke sAtha bhI hai| vaha vastu sat hai| usakI Ayu satraha kSaNa mAnI gaI hai| ye satraha kSaNa cittakSaNa haiM arthAt eka cittakSaNa= tIna kSaNa hone se 51 kSaNa kI Ayu rUpa bhI mAnI gaI hai| ataH isa kSaNikatA meM aura yogAcAra. sammata kSaNikatA meM antara mahattvapUrNa hai| AlayavijJAna meM 51 caittasikoM meM se mAtra 5 sarvatraga (sparza, manaskAra, vedanA, saMjJA aura cetanA) caitasika hI saMprayukta hote haiN| eka hI AlayavijJAna saMsAra kI samApti taka pravRtta nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha kSaNika hotA hai| AlayavijJAna kI dhArA (santati) meM aneka kSaNa hote haiN| pratyeka kSaNa apane samaya meM hI vidyamAna rahatA hai aura dUsare kSaNa meM vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| vaha pUrvApara kSaNoM kA kAryakAraNa rUpa se nirantara pravRtta hote hue dhArAvAhika rUpa se saMsAra samApti paryanta pravRtta hotA hai| isI dhArAvAhikatA ke saMdarbha meM hI kadAcit laMkAvatAra sUtra meM AlayavijJAna ko sthira vijJAna kaha diyA hai| yogAcAra-vijJAnavAda se pUrvavartI sarvAstivAda meM sat kI vyApti traikAlika 1. AptamImAMsA, kA0 26 2. utpAdAnantarasthAyi svarUpaM yacca vastunaH / taducyate kSaNaH sosti yasya tat kSaNikaM matam / tattvasaMgraha, 388 3. aMguttaranikAya, tikanipAta 4. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 4.8 .

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174 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna se hai| . astitva se hai arthAt vastu kI vibhinna avasthAyeM hI anitya haiM, kSaNika haiN| vastu to trikAlavarti hone ke kAraNa nitya hai| sarvAstivAdiyoM ne rUpa paramANu ko nitya mAnakara usI meM pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu rUpa hone kI zakti mAnI hai| sarvAstivAda kA yaha paramANu samudAyavAda sAMkhyoM ke prakRti-pariNAmavAda se jainoM ke dravyaparyAyavAda se aura mImAMsakoM ke avasthA-avasthAtAvAda se jitanA adhika samIpa hai, utanA hI adhika dUra vaha yogAcAra ke kSaNikaikAntavAda se hai| AcArya azvaghoSa ne isa siddhAnta ko bhUtatathatAvAda ke rUpa meM prasthApita kiyA hai| tadanusAra isa siddhAnta ke do rUpa haiM- pAramArthika aura saaNvRtik-vyaavhaarik| pAramArthika bhUtatathatA vizva kA paramatattva hai aura vyAvahArika bhUtatathatA saMsAra arthAt janma-mRtyu ke rUpa meN| jainadarzana kI dRSTi se naizcayika AtmA kI tulanA pAramArthika bhUtatathatA ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| AcArya kuMdakuMda ne ise sat kahA hai| antara yaha hai ki jainoM ne naizcayika AtmA ko eka mAtra paramatattva nahIM mAnA hai| usake atirikta eka ajIvattva bhI hai| bhUtatathatA ke vyAvahArika rUpa ke tIna rUpa haiM- dravya, guNa aura kriyaa| guNa aura kriyA (bhAva aura paryAya) utpatti aura vinAza ko prApta hote haiM, kintu dravya dhruvabhAvI hai| yaha rUpa jainoM ke vyAvahArika AtmA ke rUpa se tathA sAMkhyoM ke prapaJca se milatA-julatA hai| bhUtatathatAvAda kA paramatattva sAMkhyoM kI prakRti ke samAna aura jainoM ke sAmAnya dravya ke samAna nitya hai| jainadarzanoM meM prameya do haiM- pratyakSa aura prokss| ataH pramANa bhI do haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / bauddhadarzana do tattvoM ko mAnatA hai-eka svalakSaNa aura dUsarA sAmAnya lkssnn| svalakSaNa pratyakSa kA viSaya hai aura sAmAnya lakSaNa anumAna kA viSaya hai| vastu kA asAdhAraNa tattva athavA paramArtha sat svalakSaNa hai tathA sAmAnya kAlpanika hai, paratantra hai| sAmAnya kI svataMtra sattA na hone se vastutaH prameya eka hI hai aura vaha svalakSaNa hI hai| usI se arthakriyA kI siddhi hotI hai| vijJAnavAda meM sabhI padArtha svabhAvataH svatantrataH sat haiM, svalakSaNAtmaka hai| yadyapi vijJAna tathA vAsanA ke binA padArthoM kI sattA ho nahIM sakatI, tathApi usase padArthoM kI svalakSaNa sattA meM koI bAdhA nahIM pahuMcatI isalie vijJAnavAdI yaha kabhI nahIM kahate ki sabhI padArtha kalpita haiN| 1. dekhiye-mahAkavi kA zuddhotpAdazAstra jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda "Awakening of Faith" ke nAma se paramArtha aura zikSAnanda ke cInI anuvAda ke AdhAra para pro. sujukI ne kiyA hai| mUla saMskRta grantha aprApya hai . 2. vahI, pR0 254 3. pramANavArtika, 2/51-54

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vijJAnavAda para AcArya akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAra 175 unhoMne padArthoM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai- parikalpita lakSaNa, paratantralakSaNa aura pariniSpanna lkssnn| ___ jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI vastutaH prameya eka hI mAnA hai aura vaha hai dravyaparyAyAtmaka vstu| pramAtA kI nAnA prakAra kI zakti yA yogyatA ke kAraNa hI nAnA prakAra kA jJAna hotA hai| dharmakIrti ne prameya ko eka mAnA aura pratIti ke AdhAra para sva aura para rUpa se usake do prakAra siddha kiye| usI prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI dravyaparyAyAtmaka eka vastu ko hI prameya mAnakara sAmagrI ke bheda se usI kI vizada aura avizada rUpa se hone vAlI pratIti ke AdhAra para use pratyakSa aura parokSa kahA hai| jainoM kA pratyakSa prameya dharmakIrti kA svalakSaNa hai aura vijJAnavAda kA bhI aura parokSa prameya sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki bauddha dArzanika sAmAnya ko avastubhUta mAnate haiM, para jaina sAmAnya ko vastubhUta svIkAra karate haiN| jaina dArzanika vastu ko dravyaparyAyAtmaka mAnate haiM para dharmakIrti isake pakSa meM nahIM hai| ve ekAntavAda kI ora jhukate dikhAI dete haiN| jaina vastu ke parArUpa ko apekSita hote hue bhI vAstavika mAnate haiM, para bauddha use vAsanAjanya kalpita svIkAra karate haiN| __. isa prakAra saMkSepa meM AlayavijJAna aura usase sambaddha tattvoM para jaina darzana kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA aura yaha dekhA ki kisa prakAra ve jaina dArzanika tattvoM ke sAtha sAmya aura vaiSamya rakhate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI samajhane kA prayatna kiyA ki samUce vijJAnavAda ko akalaMka aura unake TIkAkAroM ne kisa prakAra smjhaa| vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti Adi bauddha dArzanikoM ne akalaMka Adi jaina dArzanikoM ko samagra rUpa se kAphI prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa viSaya para svataMtra rUpa se zodha kiyA jAnA caahie| 1. triMzikA vijJapti0, pR0 101 2. anekAntAtmakaM vastu gocara sarvasaMvidAma, nyAyAvatAra, kA0 26; laghIyastraya-7 3. laghIyastraya, kA0 57, aSTazAtI, pR0 26-30; prameyakamalamArtaNDa 2 / 3

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bhaTrAkalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva DA0 prakAzacandra jaina* zrImad bhaTTAkalaMkadeva ko yadi jainanyAya kA pratiSThApaka kahA jAe to isameM koI atizayokti nahIM hai| zrImadakalaMkadeva ne apane pUrvavartI zrI samantabhadra aura siddhasena ke prAcIna Agama sambandhI zabdoM aura paribhASAoM ko dArzanika rUpa pradAna kiyA aura usake AdhAra para akalaMkanyAya kI sthApanA kii| yadyapi jainazAstroM kI dIrgha paramparA meM sambandhI carcAeM yatra-tatra bikharI huI thIM, parantu unako vyavasthita aura bheda-prabheda sampanna svarUpa pradAna karane kA bahuta kucha zreya zrImadakalaMkadeva ko hI diyA jA sakatA hai| bauddhadarzana meM dharmakIrti, mImAMsAdarzana meM kumArilabhaTTa, prabhAkara darzana meM prabhAkara mizra, nyAyavaizeSika meM udyotakara aura vedAnta meM jo sthAna zaMkarAcArya ko prApta hai, vahI sthAna jainanyAya meM zrI akalaMkadeva ko prApta hai| . IsA kI saptama, aSTama aura navama zatAbdiyA~, madhyakAlIna dArzanika itihAsa kI atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura krAntikArI zatAbdiyAM thiiN| ina zatAbdiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna darzanoM ne apane darzanoM ko virodhiyoM kI AlocanA se bacAne ke sAtha-sAtha anya darzanoM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie bhI abhiyAna bhI claae| ina zatAbdiyoM meM bar3e-bar3e dArzanika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura sabhI ne apanI yazogAthAoM kA jI bhara kara nagAr3A piittaa| isa yuga kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha thI ki dArzanika AcAryoM ne apane siddhAnta ke pratipAdana kI apekSA parapakSa ke khaNDana para hI vizeSa bala diyA thaa| isI yuga meM jaina vidvAn bhaTTAkalaMkadeva ne jainanyAya ke aise abhedya durga kA nirmANa kiyA thA jo ki nirantara para dArzanikoM ke khaNDana prahAroM ko sahana karatA huA bhI Aja taka pUrNatayA surakSita hai| uttaravartI zilAlekhoM aura granthakAroM ke ullekhoM meM bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kI yazogAthAeM amaratva ko prApta kie hue haiN| bhaTTAkalaMka deva eka sattarka kuzala sakala samayavettA AcArya the| unake saiddhAntika vaiduSya, anekAnta dRSTi, syAdvAda bhASA aura tarka naiguNya ke darzana unake granthoM meM sarvatra prApta haiN| * samantabhadra saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya, dariyAgaMja, dillI

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bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva 177 akalaMkadeva eka bahuguNI pratibhA sampanna AcArya the| inhoMne tattvArthavArtika aura aSTazatI -ye do grantha TIkA grantha ke rUpa meM aura laghIyastraya savRtti, nyAya vinizcaya savRtti, pramANa saMgraha aura siddhi vinizcaya savRtti isa prakAra ina cAra svataMtra granthoM kI racanA kI hai| bhaTTAkalaMkadeva ne jainanyAya ke viSaya meM jina vicAroM aura vyavasthAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA prAyaH sabhI uttaravartI digambara aura zvetAmbara sabhI dArzanika AcAryoM ne pUrNatayA svIkAra kiyA hai| unake dArzanika vicAroM ko prAmANika AdhAra mAnakara sabhI uttavartI granthakAroM ne apane nyAya-granthoM kI racanA kI hai| kevala zAntisUri aura malayagiri AcArya ne unake vicAroM se apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai| ajaina granthoM meM akalaMkadeva kA ullekha kevala eka bAra huaa| durveka mizra ne apane dharmottara pradIpa ke pRSTha 246 para akalaMkadeva ke nAma se siddhivinizcaya kA uddharaNa diyA hai| __ akalaMka ke uttaravartI jainanAcAryoM para unakA mahAn prabhAva pdd'aa| unhoMne apane granthoM meM akalaMka kA bar3e Adara ke sAtha ullekha kiyA, apane granthoM meM pramANa rUpa meM unake uddharaNa ullikhita kiye aura unakI AlocanA kI haiN| akalaMkadeva se prabhAvita katipaya AcArya dhanaMjaya kavi : .dhanaMjaya kavi AThavIM sadI ke AcArya haiN| inhoMne dvisandhAna mahAkAvya aura nAmamAlAkoza likhA hai| inhoMne apanI nAmamAlA ke anta meM AcArya akalaMkadeva kA . ullekha karate hue pramANamakalaMkasya pUjyapAdasya lakSaNam / . dhanaMjayakaveH kAvyaM ratnatrayamapazcimam / / likhakara akalaMka ke pramANa zAstra kI prazaMsA kii| vIrasenacArya : AcArya vIrasena SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA tathA kaSAyapAhuDa kI jaya dhavalA TIkA ke racayitA haiN| inhoMne akalaMkadeva kA ullekha pUjyapAda bhaTTAraka ke nAma se tathA unake tattvArthavArtika kA tattvArthabhASya ke nAma se isa prakAra kiyA hai "pUjyapAdabhaTTArakairapyabhANi sAmAnyanaya-lakSaNamidameva dadyatthA pramANaprakAzitArthaprarUpako nayaH" (dhavalA TIkA- pR0 700)

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178 -nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna jaina "pramANaprakAzitArthaprarUpako nayaH / ayaM vAkyanayaH tattvArthabhASyagataH / " - jaya dha0 prathama bhAga, pR0 210 / naya kA yaha lakSaNa tattvArthavArtika ( 1 / 33 ) kA hai / inhoMne dhavalA TIkA meM siddhivinizcaya kA bhI yaha avataraNa liyA hai siddhivinizcaye uktam- "avadhi vibhaMgayoravadhidarzanameva" 'dhavalA TIkA' vargaNA khaNDa, pu0 13, pR0 356 / kintu yaha vAkya prastuta siddhivinizcaya meM nahIM milaa| zrIpAla : zrIpAla vIrasena ke ziSya the / ye jinasena ke saMdharmA aura gurubhAI the| inhoMne. apanI bAlyAvasthA meM akalaMka ke darzana avazya kie hoNge| tattvArthabhASya ke parizIlanakarttA bhI avazya rahe hoNge| jinasena : mahApurANa Adi ke racayitA jinasena vIrasena ke sAkSAt ziSya the| inhoMne akalaMka ke nirmala guNoM kA smaraNa kiyA hai| inakA samaya I0 763-843 hai| ye apanI bAlyAvasthA meM akalaMka ke darzana kara sakate haiN| kumArasena : jinasena ke harivaMzapurANa (zaka saM0 705, I0 783 ) meM kumArase smaraNa ina zabdoM ko kiyA hai AkUyAraM yazo loke prabhAcandrodayojjvalam / guroH kumArasenasya vicaratyAjitAtmakam / / devasena ke kathanAnusAra vIrasena ke ziSya vinayasena, unake ziSya kumArasena ne kASThAsaMgha kI sthApanA kI thI / vinayasena kI preraNA se jinasena ne pArzvabhyudaya kI racanA kI thii| AcArya vidyAnanda apanI aSTasahasrI ko kumArasena kI uktiyoM se vardhamAna batAte haiN| malliSeNa prazasti meM akalaMkadeva se pahile aura sumAtideva ke bAda eka kumArasena kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai udetya samyagdizi dakSiNasyAM kumAraseno munirstmaapt| tatraiva citraM jagadekabhAnostiSThatyasau tasya tathA prakAzaH / / ataH akalaMka ke pUrva meM ullikhita kumArasena kA samaya bhI antataH I0 720-800 siddha hotA hai| inake antima samaya meM vidyAnanda inakI uktiyoM ko suna

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bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva sakate haiM aura unase aSsahasrI ko puSTa kara sakate haiM aura ye harivaMza purANa ( I0 783) meM smRta ho sakate haiN| ye akalaMka ke pUrva samakAlIna hokara bhI akalaMka kI aSTazatI ke draSTA avazya rahe haiM, tabhI inakI uktiyoM se vidyAnanda kI aSTasahasrI paripuSTa ho sakatI hai| I kumAranandi 179 inakA ullekha vidyAnanda ne apanI pramANa parIkSA meM kiyA hai / tattvArthazloka-vArtika ( pR0 280 ) meM inake vAdanyAya grantha kA ullekha kumAranandi nAma ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / yathA kumaarnndinshcaahurvaadnyaayvickssnnaaH| patra- parIkSA (pR0 3) meM kumAranandibhaTTArakaiH svavAdanyAye nigaditatvAt' likhakara'pratipAdyAnurodhena prayogeSu punaryathA / pratijJA procyate tajjJaiH tathodAharaNAdikam / / na caiva sAdhanasyekalakSaNatvaM virudhyate / hetulakSaNatA pAyAdanyAzasya tathoditam / / anyathAnupapattyekalakSaNaM liGgamaGgyate / prayogaparipATI tu pratipAdyAnurodhataH / / ye tIna zloka uddhRta kie haiM / * ' gaMgavaMza ke pRthvIkoMgaNi mahArAja ke eka pradAnapatra' (zaka saM0 668, I0776) meM candranandi ko diye gaye dAna kA ullekha hai / isa dAnapatra meM kumAranandi kI guru . paramparAM dI hai| ataH inakA samaya I0 776 ke AsapAsa siddha hone se ye bhI akalaMka ke samakAlIna haiM / inake vAdanyAya para siddhivinizcaya ke jalpasiddhi prakaraNa kA prabhAva isalie mAnA jA sakatA hai ki inake nAma se uddhRta zlokoM meM akalaMka-nyAya kI pUrI-pUrI chApa hai / A0 vidyAnanda : ye akalaMka kI aSTazatI ke vyAkhyAkAra haiN| AptaparIkSA kI prastAvanA meM pazcimI gaMgavaMzI nareza zrI puruSa ke uttarAdhikArI ziyamAra dvitIya ( I0 8 10) kA tattvArthazlokavArtika kI prazasti meM ullekha dekhakara inakI grantha racanA kA samaya isa prakAra diyA gayA hai- "vidyAnanda mahodaya aura tattvArthalokavArtika zivamAra dvitIya ke samaya (I0 810) AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA aura yuktyanuzAsanAlaGkRti- ye tIna kRtiyA~ rAcamalla satyavAkya prathama ( I0 816 - 830) ke rAjyakAla meM banI hai kyoMki

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180 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna inameM usakA ullekha hai| aSTasahasrI zlokavArtika ke bAda kI tathA AptaparIkSA Adi ke pUrva kI racanA hai| yaha karIba I0 810-815 meM racI gaI hogI tathA patraparIkSA, zrIpurapArzvanAthastotra aura satyazAsanaparIkSA- ye tIna racanAeM I0 830-840 meM racI jJAta hotI haiN| isase bhI A0 vidyAnanda kA samaya pUrvokta I0 775-840 pramANita vidyAnanda ne vidyAnandamahodaya ke bAda tattvArthazlokavArtika I0 810 meM banAyA. hai| unhoMne apanI praur3ha avasthA meM grantha racanA prArambha kI hogii| yadi vidyAnanda kA janma I0 760 meM mAna liyA jAe to ye apanI 40 varSa kI avasthA meM grantha racanA prArambha kara sakate haiN| aisI dazA meM inheM bhI kumArasena kI taraha akalaMka. ke uttarasamakAlIna hone kA saubhAgya prApta ho sakatA hai| ___ vidyAnanda ne apane tattvArthazlokavArtika, aSTasahanI, pramANa parIkSA, patra parIkSA naya vivaraNa aura satyazAsana parIkSA Adi sabhI granthoM meM akalaMka ke laghIyastraya kI . kArikAeM uddhRta kI haiN| siddhivinizcaya aura nyAyavinizcaya ke zloka bhI isI taraha pramANa rUpa meM uddhRta haiN| inhoMne akalaMka vAGmaya ko khUba mAMjA aura usake gUr3ha ratnoM ko apanI prajJAzANa para rakhakara camakAyA hai| zIlAMkAcArya : AgamoM ke AghaTIkAkAra zIlAMkAcArya ne vi0 625 (I0 868) meM cauppanna mahApurisa cariu samApta kiyA thaa| ye AgamoM ke prasiddha TIkAkAra haiN| inhoMne sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA meM laghIyastraya se do zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| abhayadeva sUri : vAdamahArNavakAra tarkapaMcAnana abhayedavasUri (I0 10vIM sadI) ne sanmatitarkaTIkA meM laghIyastraya kI kArikAeM tathA usakI svavRtti uddhRta kI hai aura unakI pramANa vyavasthA kA samarthana kiyA hai| somadevasUri : suprasiddha bahuzruta sAhityakAra AcArya somadevasUri (I0 10vIM sadI) ne yazastilakacampU uttarArdha meM siddhivinizcaya kA 'AtmalAbhaM vidurmokSam' zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| anantakIrti : AcArya anantakIrti (I0 10 sadI) ne apanI laghusarvajJasiddhi prakaraNa meM siddhivinizcaya kA daza hastAntaraM zloka uddhRta kiyA hai aura unake vAGmaya kI

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bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva yuktiyoM se isa prakaraNa ko samRddha kiyA hai / mANikyanandi : 181 sUtrakAra mANikyanandi prabhAcandra ke guru the| inakA samaya I0 663-1053 hai| inhoMne akalaMka vaco ambhodhi se nyAya vidyAmRtakA uddhAra karake hI parIkSAmukhasUtra racA hai| vizeSa vitaraNa ke lie parIkSAmukha sUtroM kI tulanA meM nyAyavinizcaya aura laghIyastraya Adi granthoM ke avataraNa dekhanA cAhie / zAntisUri : vArtikaMkAra AcArya zAntisUri ( I0 663 -1047) ne jaina tarka vArtika meM nyAyavinizcaya ke bheda - jJAnAt zloka ko tathA siddhivinizcaya ke asiddhaH siddhasenasya zloka ko thor3e parivartana ke sAtha le liyA hai / inhoMne akalaMka ke tridhA zrutamaviplavam isa pramANa saMgrahIya 'mata kI AlocanA kI hai ( zeSa ke lie dekho nyAyAvatArasUtra vArtika tulanA meM nyAyavinizcaya aura ladhIyastraya ke avataraNa ) / vAdirAja : syAdvAda vidyApati vAdirAja ( I0 1025) nyAyavinizcaya ke prakhyAta vivaraNakAra haiN| ye akalaMka vAGmaya ke gaMbhIra abhyAsI rahe haiM aura inhoMne nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa . meM zlokoM ke cAra-pAMca artha taka kiye hai| gUr3hArtha akalaMka vAGmaya rUpI ratnoM ko agAdha bhUmi se inhoMne anantavIrya ke vacanadIpa kI sahAyatA se khojA aura pAyA thA / inhoMne akalaMka ke samagra vAGmaya se uddharaNa liye haiM tathA unakI sthApita paddhatikA samarthana kiyA hai| prabhAcaMndra : suprasiddha TIkAkAra AcArya prabhAcandra ( I0 680 - 1065) meM akalaMkadeva ke . laghInastraya para laghIyastrayAlaMkAra nyAyakumudacandra nAma kI 18 hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA racI hai| inhoMne akalaMka nyAya kA anantavIrya kI uktiyoM se zatazaH abhyAsa aura vivecana kiyA hai| inake suprasiddha nyAyakumudacandra nAma ke TIkAgrantha aura prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM akalaMka vAGmaya AdhArabhUta dIpastambha rahA hai| inhoMne akalaMka ke caraNoM meM apanI zraddhAMjali bar3I vinamratA se car3hAI hai| inakI AtmAnuzAsana tilaka TIkA meM nyAyavinizcaya kA 'bhedajJAnAt pratIyete' zloka uddhRta hai| * anantavIrya : prameyaratnamAlAkAra anantavIrya ( I 11 vIM sadI) ne prabhAcandra ke prameyakamalamArtaNDa ke anantara akalaMkavAGmayoddhRta parIkSAmukha para prameyaratnamAlA TIkA banAI hai / inhoMne

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jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna prameyaratnamAlA (315) meM laghIyastraya tathA nyAyavinizcaya ko uddhRta kiyA hai / inhoMne akalaMkokta nyAya kA zraddhApUrvaka samarthana kiyA hai| vAdidevasUri : 182 syAdvAdaratnAkarakAra vAdidevasUri ( I0 1086 - 1130) ne akalaMka vacanAmbhodhi se uddhRta parIkSAmukha sUtra ke AdhAra se pramANa - nayatattvAlokAlaMkAra kI racanA kI hai tathA usakI syAdvAdaratnAkara TIkA bhI svayaM hI likhI hai / inake pramANanayatattvA lokAlaMkAra meM laghIstrata svavRtti ke vAkya unakI zobhA bar3hA rahe haiN| syAdvAdaratnAkara meM inhoMne akalaMka ke siddhivinizcaya kA eka vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai| inhoMne akalaMka aura akalaMka ke TIkAkAroM ke vAkya - ratnoM se ratnAkara kI khUba vRddhi kI hai| inhoMne akalaMka nyAya kI mUla vyavasthAoM ko svIkAra karake hetu ke bheda - prabheda Adi meM usakA vistAra bhI kiyA hai| hemacandra - kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandrasUri ( I0 1088 - 1173 ) ko akalaMkavAGmaya meM siddhivinizcaya bahuta priya thA / isameM se unhoMne pramANamImAMsA meM do zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| akalaMkadeva ke dvArA pratiSThApita akalaMka nyAya ke ye samarthaka aura vivecaka the / malayagiri : suprasiddha Agama - TIkAkAra A0 malayagiri ( I0 11vIM 12vIM sadI) hemacandra ke sahabihArI the| inhoMne Avazyakaniryukti TIkA meM akalaMkadeva ke naya vAkya meM bhI syAt pada kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isa siddhAnta se asahamati prakaTa kI hai| isI prasaMga meM unhoMne laghIyastraya vRtti se 'nayo'pi tazaiva samyagekAnta viSayaH syAt ' yaha vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai| akalaMkadeva ne pramANa vAkya kI taraha naya vAkya meM bhI nayAntarasApekSatA dikhAne ke lie 'syAt' pada ke prayoga kI AvazyakatA batAI hai| A0 malayagiri kA kahanA hai ki yadi naya vAkya meM 'syAt' pada kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to vaha 'syAt' pada se sUcita anya azeSa dharmoM' ko viSaya karane ke kAraNa pramANa vAkya hI ho jaaegaa| inake mata se sabhI naya mithyAvAda hai kintu jaba akalaMkokta vyavasthA kA samarthana anya sabhI vidyAnanda Adi AcAryoM ne kiyA to upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne tadanusAra hI usakA uttara 'gurutattva vinizcaya' meM de diyA hai ki naya vAkya meM 'syAt' pada kA prayoga anya dharmoM kA mAtra sadbhAva dyotana karatA hai| unheM prakRta vAkya kA viSaya nahIM bnaataa| malayagiri dvArA kI gaI yaha AlocanA inhIM taka sImita rahI hai|

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bhaTTAkalaMkadeva kA uttaravartI AcAryoM para prabhAva 183 candrasena : ___ * A0 candrasena (I0 12vIM sadI) ne utpAdAdi siddhi prakaraNa meM siddhivinizcaya kA 'na pazyAmaH' zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| ratnaprabha: AcArya ratnaprabha (I0 12vIM) vAdidevasUri ke hI ziSya the| inhoMne apanI ratnakarAvatArikA meM akalaMkadeva ke prati 'prakaTitIrthAntarIyakalaMko'kalaMka' likhakara bahumAna prakaTa kiyA hai| inhoMne usameM laghIyastraya ke zloka bhI yathAsthAna uddhRta kiye AzAdhara : . __prajJApuMja paM0 AzAdharajI (I0 1188-1250) ne bhI akalaMka vAGmaya kA pArAyaNa kiyA thaa| inhoMne anagAradharmAmRtaTIkA aura iSTopadezaTIkA meM laghIyastraya kA cauthA aura bahattaravA~ zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| inakA syAdvAdavidyA kA nirmala prAsAda 'prameyaratnAkara' grantha aprApya hai, anyathA inake akalaMka vAGmaya ke avagAhana kA aura bhI patA lgtaa| abhayacandra: ... abhayacandrasUri (I0 12vIM sadI) ne akalaMkadeva ke laghIyastraya para choTI sI tAtparyavRtti racI hai aura bhaTTAkalaMka zazAMka kI kaumudI se use samujjvala banAyA hai| devendrasUri : . karmaTha granthakAra AcArya devendrasUri I0 kI 13vIM sadI ke vidvAn haiN| inhoMne karmagrantha kI TIkA meM laghIyastraya kA 'malaviddhamaNi' zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| dharmabhUSaNa - .. nyAyadIpikAkAra dharmabhUSaNayati (I0 14vIM) ne nyAyadIpikA meM laghIyastraya aura nyAyavinizcaya ke uddharaNa diye haiM tathA akalaMkanyAya kA dIpaka kiyA hai| - vimaladAsa : .. vimaladAsagaNi ne navya zailI meM saptabhaMgataraMgiNI grantha likhA hai| inhoMne 'tadudRktaM 'bhaTTAkalaMkadevaiH' ke sAtha yaha zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| "prameyatvAdibhiH dharmairacidAtmA cidaatmkH| jJAnadarzanaM tasmAccetanAcetanAtmakaH / / ___ yaha zloka svarUpa sambodhana meM mUla (zlo0 3) rUpa se vidyamAna hai| svarUpa sambodhana grantha racanA Adi kI dRSTi se akalaMka kA to nahIM mAlUma hotaa| yaha

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184 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna mahAsenakRta bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa para pANDavapurANa ke kartA zubhacandra ne vRtti likhI thI, yaha pANDavapurANa kI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai| vimaladAsagaNi ne akalaMka vAGmaya kA Alekhana kiyA thA aura sakalAdeza, vikalAdeza ke prakaraNa meM kAlAdi ATha dRSTi se bhedAbheda nirUpaNa karake usakA paryApta prasAra kiyA hai| yazovijaya : navyavyAyayugapravartaka upAdhyAya yazovijayajI (I0,17vIM sadI) akalaMka nyAya ke gahare abhyAsI aura samarthaka the| inake jainatarkabhASA, zAstravArtAsamuccaya TIkA guruttvavinizcaya Adi granthoM meM akalaMka vAGmaya ke uddharaNa to haiM hI, gurutattva vinizcaya meM malayagirikRta akalaMka kI samAlocanA kA sayuktika uttara bhI hai| inhoMne aSTazatI ke bhASya aSTasahanI para aSTasahasrI vivaraNa racakara akalaMka nyAya ko samujjvala kiyA hai| ___inake sivAya vAdIbhasiMhasUri kI syAdvAdasiddhi, vasunandi kI AptamImAMsAvRtti, guNaratna kI SaDdarzanasamuccaya vRhadvRtti, malliSeNa kI syAdvAdamaMjarI, bhAvasena ke vizvatattvaprakAza, narendrasena kI pramANaprameyakalikA, ajitasena kI nyAyamaNidIpikA (prameyaratnamAlA TIkA) aura cArukIrti paMDitAcArya ke prameyaratnamAlAlaMkAra Adi meM bhI akalaMka nyAya ke zubha darzana hote haiN|

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akalaMkadeva ke anusAra zubhopayoga ke svAmI DA0 ratanacandra jaina kucha Adhunika vidvAn mAnate haiM ki mithyAdRSTi ko zubhopayoga nahIM hotaa| vaha jo uparima graiveyaka taka jAne kA puNyabandha karatA hai, zubhayoga ke dvArA karatA hai, zubhopayoga ke dvArA nahIM (mokSamArga prakAzaka, dhariyAvada prakAzana, prastAvanA-sampAdakIya, pRSTha 10) isa viSaya meM bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA mata kyA hai? isa para yahA~ vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| mithyAtvodaya kI nivRtti zubhapariNAma se : ___ bhaTTa akalaMkadeva kA mata hai ki mithyAdRSTi jIva ke mithyAtvodaya kI nivRtti zubhapariNAma ke pratApa se hotI hai| unhoMne pariNAma, praNidhAna aura upayoga ko ekArthaka batalAyA hai- 'praNidhAnam upayogaH pariNAmaH ityanarthAntaram' (rAjavArtika 1/1) ve mithyAtvodayaM kI nivRtti ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue likhate haiM.: "mithyAtvodayanivRttiH kathamiti cet? ucyate- anAdimithyAdRSTirbhavyaH sAdimithyAdRSTiA prathamasamyaktvaM gRhItumArabhamANaH zubhapariNAmAbhimukhaH antarmuhUrtamanantaguNavRddhyA vardhamAnavizuddhiH saMklezavirahitaH vardhamAnazubhapariNAmapratApena sarvakarmaprakRtInAM sthiti hAsayan azubhaprakRtInAmanubhAgabandhamapasArayan zubhaprakRtInAM rasamuddhartayan trINi karaNani krtumupkrmte| (rA0 vA0 61) artha- mithyAtva ke udaya kI nivRtti kaise hotI hai ? batalAte haiM- anAdi mithyAdRSTi bhavya athavA sAdi mithyAdRSTi jana prathama samyaktva ke grahaNa kA prayatna karatA hai taba zubhapariNAmAbhimukha hokara antarmuhUrta meM anantaguNavRddhipUrvaka vizuddhi ko bar3hAte hue saMkleza se rahita ho, bar3hate hue zubhapariNAmoM ke pratApa se samasta karmaprakRtiyoM kI sthiti ko ghaTAtA huA, azubhaprakRtiyoM ke anubhAga kA hrAsa karatA huA tathA zubhaprakRtiyoM ke anubhAga ko bar3hAtA huA tIna karaNoM ko prArambha karatA hai___akaMlaka svAmI ke isa vivecana se siddha hotA hai ki mithyAdRSTi ko zubhopayoga hotA hai aura usake dvArA hI vaha mithyAtva kA upazama kara prathamopazama samyaktva prApta * 137, ArAdhanAganara, koTarA, bhopAla-462003

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186 jaina - nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna karatA hai| zubhapariNAma ke prakarSa se Upara ke devoM meM utpatti : jIvoM kI Upara-Upara ke devoM meM utpatti kisa kAraNa se hotI hai? isake viSaya meM akalaMkadeva kA kathana hai "vizuddhapariNAmaprakarSanimittatvAcca uparyuparyupapatteH / iha vizuddhapariNAmabhedanimittaH puNyakarmabandhavikalpaH tatpUrvako deveSu upapAda iti uparyupari abhimAna hAniH / kAraNasadRzaM hi kAryaM dRssttmiti| tadyathA- tairyagyoneSu asaMjJinaH paryAptAH paJcendriyAH saMkhyeyavarSAyu'SaH alpazubhapariNAmavazena puNyabandhamanubhya bhavanavAsiSu vyantareSu ca utpadyante / ta eva. saMjJino mithyAdRSTayaH sAsAdanasamyagdRSTayazca aashsraaraadutpdynte| ta eva samyagdRSTayaH saudharmAdiSu acyutAnteSu jAyante / asaMkhyeyavarSAyuSaH tiryaGmanuSyA mithyAdRSTayaH sAsAdanasamyagdRSTayazca A jyotiSkemya upajAyante, taapsaashcotkRssttaaH| ta eva samayagdRSTayaH saudhrmaishaanyorjnmaanubhvnti| manuSyAH saMkhyeyavarSAyuSaH mithyAdarzanAH sAdanasamyagdarzanAzcaH, bhavanavAsiprabhRtiSUpaTimagraiveyakAnteSu upapAdamAskandanti / parivrAjakAnAM deveSUpapAdaH A brhmlokaat| AjIvakAnAM AsahasrArAt / tata UrdhvamanyaliGgAnAM naastyuppaadH| nirgranthaliGgadharANAmeva utkRSTatapo'nuSThAnopacitapuNyabandhAnAm asamyagdarzananAnAmuparimagraiveyakAnteSu upapAdaH / tata UrdhvaM samyagdarzanajJAnacaraNaprakarSopetAnAmeva janma netareSAm / zrAvakANAM saudharmAdiSvacyutAnteSu janma nAdho noparIti pariNAmavizuddhiprakarSayogAdeva kalpasthAnAtizayayogo'vasIyaH / " ( rA0vA 4 / 21 ) artha- vizuddhapariNAmoM ke prakarSa se Upara-Upara ke devoM meM utpatti hotI hai| vizuddhapariNAma ke bheda se puNyakarma ke bandha meM bheda ho jAtA hai| usa puNyabheda se devoM meM upapAda hotA hai isalie Upara-Upara ke devoM meM abhimAna kI kamI hotI hai, kyoMki kAraNa ke anurUpa hI kArya dekhA jAtA hai| jaise-tiryaMcoM meM asaMjJI, paryApta, saMkhyeyavarSAyuvAle paMcendriya alpazubha pariNAma ke dvArA bAMdhe gaye puNya ke phala se bhavanavAsiyoM aura vyantaroM meM utpanna hote haiN| unameM jo saMjJA mithyAdRSTi aura sAsAdanasamyagdRSTi tiryaMca haiM ve sahasrAra svarga taka utpanna hote haiN| unhIM tiryaMcoM meM jo samyagdRSTi hote haiM ve saudharma svarga se lekara acyutasvargaparyanta janma lete haiN| asaMkhyavarSAyu vAle mithyAdRSTi aura sAsAdanasamyagdRSTi tiryaMca evaM manuSya tathA utkRSTa tapasvI jyotiSka devoM taka meM utpanna hote haiM, unameM jo samyagdRSTi hote haiM ve saudharma aura aizAna svarga meM janma lete haiN| saMkhyeyavarSAyuvAle mithyAdRSTi evaM sAsAdanasamyagdRSTi bhavanavAsiyoM se lekara uparima graiveyaka taka ke devoM meM upapAda ko prApta hote haiM / parivrAjakoM ko brahmalokaparyanta tathA

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akalaMkadeva ke anusAra zubhopayoga ke svAmI 187 AjIvikoM kA sahasrAra paryanta upapAda hotA hai| anyaliMgiyoM kA usase Upara upapAda nahIM hotaa| jo mithyAdRSTi nigraMthaliMgadhArI hote haiM aura utkRSTa tapa ke dvArA puNyabandha karate haiM unhIM kI utpatti antima praiveyaka taka hotI hai| usase Upara samyagdarzanajJAnacAritra ke prakarSa se yukta jIvoM kA hI janma hotA hai, anya kA nhiiN| zrAvakoM kA janma saudharma se lekara acyutasvarga paryanta hotA hai, na isase nIce, na isase uupr| isa prakAra pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi ke prakarSa (uttarottaravRddhi) se hI Upara-Upara ke kalpa meM sthAna kI prApti hotI hai| aisA samajhanA caahie| _ vizuddha pariNAma, zubha pariNAma aura zubhopayoga ekArthaka haiM jaisA ki nimnakathana se jJAta hotA hai- "athAyamupayogo dvedhA viziSyate zuddhAzuddhatvena / tatra zuddho niruparAgaH, azuddhaH soparAgaH / sa tu vizuddhisaMklezarUpatvena dvaividhyAduparAgasya dvividhaH zubho'zubhazca / " (pravacanasAra, tabdI0 2463, ataH uparyukta vivaraNa se bhI pramANita hotA hai ki bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke mata se saMjJI samyagdRSTi meM hI nahIM, saMjJI mithyAdRSTiyoM meM bhI zubhopayoga hotA hai| ____ tattvArthasUtra meM mana-vacana-kAya ke vyApAra ko yoga kahA gayA hai (6/1) aura zubhayoga ko puNya ke AMsava kA tathA azubhayoga ko pApa ke Asava kA hetu batalAyA gayA hai (6/3) / yahA~ akalaMkadeva ne prazna uThAyA hai ki yoga ko zubha aura azubha kisa AdhAra para kahA gayA haiM ?- "kathaM yogasya zubhAzubhatvam" isake samAdhAna meM ve kahate haiM . "shubhaashubhprinnaamnivRtttvaacchubhaashubhvypdeshH| zubhapariNAmanivRtto yogaH zubhaH, azubhapariNAmanivRttazcAzubhaH iti kthyte|" (rA0vA06/3) artha- zubha aura azubha pariNAma se niSpanna hone ke kAraNa zubha aura azubha kahA. gayA hai| zubha pariNAma se niSpanna yoga zubha aura azubha pariNAma se niSpanna yoga azubhaM kahalAtA hai| - isase siddha hai ki zubhayoga-zubhopayoga kA avinAbhAvI hai| ataH abhavya mithyAdRSTi muni jo navama graiveyaka taka kI devAyu kA bandha karatA hai, zubhopayoga ke dvArA hI karatA hai| akalaMkadeva ne svayaM rAjavArtika (4/21) ke pUrvoddhRtabhASya meM aisA kahA hai| zubhopayoga se prerita hokara hI abhavya mithyAdRSTi muni kI mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyAeM zubhakAryoM meM pravRtta hotI haiN| upayoga meM jo zubhAzubhavikalpajAlarUpaM mana hotA hai ('nAnAvikalpajAlarUpaM mano bhaNyate'- bRhadravyasaMgrahaTIkA, 12) vahI vacana aura kAya kI kriyAoM kA preraka hai| isa manovaijJAnika niyama kA ullekha tattvAnuzAsana

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188 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna meM bhI kiyA gayA hai indriyANAM pravRttau ca nivRttau ca manaH prabhuH / mana eva jayattatasmAjjite tasmijjitendriyaH / / (zloka, 76) arthAt indriyoM kI pravRtti aura nivRtti kA preraka mana hI hai| ataH eka mana ko hI jItanA caahie| use jIta lene para hI jIta jitendriya hotA hai| . . niSkarSa yaha ki zubhopayoga ke binA zubhayoga asaMbhava hai| ataH kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha mAnanA ki mithyAdRSTi muni zubhopayoga ke dvArA nahIM, apitu zubhayoga ke dvArA graiveyaka paryanta devAyu kA bandha karatA hai, akalaMkadeva ke mata ke viruddha hai| ... kundakunda ke vacanoM se akalaMka ke mata kI puSTi : akalaMkadeva ke mata kI puSTi AcArya kundakunda ke nimnalikhita vacanoM se. hotI hai| rAgo pasatthabhUdo vatthuviseseNa phaladi vivarIdaM / NANAbhUmigadANiha bIjANiva ssskaalmhi|| . chadumatthavihitavatthusu vdnniymjjhynnjhaanndaannrdo|' Na lahadi apuNabbhAvaM bhAvaM sAdappagaM lhdi| avididaparamatthesu ya visayakasAyAdhigesu prisesu| juTuM kadaM va dattaM phaladi kudevesu manujesu / / (pravacanasAra 3/55-57) bhAva yaha hai ki jaise kRSi ke samaya boye gaye vahI bIjaM bhinna-bhinna bhUmiyoM meM jAkara bhinna-bhinna rUpa se phalita hote haiM vaise hI vahI prazastarAgarUpa zubhopayoga (ekasyApi prazastarAgalakSaNasya zubhopayogasya- vahI, ta0dI0 3/55) paraspara viparIta pAtroM yA padArthoM kA avalambana kara viparIta phala detA hai| udAharaNArtha, jaba prazastarAga rUpa zubhopayoga sarvajJapraNIta devAdi kI bhakti tathA vratAdi ke anuSThAna meM pravartita hotA hai taba usakA phala puNyopacayapUrvaka mokSa kI prApti hotI hai kintu jaba chadmasthoM (puNya ko hI mukti kA kAraNa batalAne vAle jaina sAdhuoM - vahI, tA0 vR0 3/56) ke dvArA praNIta vratAdi meM lagatA hai taba usase kevala sudeva aura sumanujatvarUpa sAtAtmaka phala kI prApti hotI hai tathA jaba paramArtha jJAna se zUnya tathA viSayakaSAyAdhika se grasta puruSoM kI sevA, dAna Adi meM pravartita hotA hai taba kudeva aura kumanujatvarUpa phala kA kAraNa banatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prazastarAgarUpa zubhopayoga samIcIna padArthoM meM bhI. pravartita hotA hai aura asImIcIna padArthoM meM bhii| jo samyagdRSTi hote haiM unakA zubhopayoga

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akalaMkadeva ke anusAra zubhopayoga ke svAmI 189 samIcIna padArthoM meM hI pravartita hotA hai aura jo mithyAdRSTi hote haiM unakA zubhopayoga asamIcIna padArthoM meM pravartita hotA hai| ataH zubhopayoga samyagdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi donoM ko hotA hai| yahI bAta ukta gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya jayasena ne bhI kahI hai "ayamatra bhAvArthaH-yathA jaghanyamadhyamotkRSTabhUmivazena tAnyeva bIjAni bhinna-bhinnaphalaM prayacchanti tathA sa eva bIjasthAnIyazubhopayogo bhUmisthAnIyapAtrabhUtavastuvizeSeNa bhinna-bhinnaphalaM ddaati| tena kiM siddham ? yadA pUrvasUtrakathitanyAyena samyaktvapUrvakaH zubhopayogo bhavati tadA mukhyavRttyA puNyabandho bhavati paramparayA nirvANaM c|" (pravacanasAra, tA0vR0 3/55) artha- jaise jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa bhUmi ko pAkara vahI bIja bhinna-bhinna phala dete haiM vaise hI vahI zubhopayoga pAtrabhUta vastuvizeSa ke Azraya se bhinna-bhinna phala detA hai| isase yaha siddha huA hai ki jaba pUrvasUtra (pUrvagAthA 3/55) meM diye gaye dRSTAnta ke anusAra zubhopayoga samyaktvapUrvaka hotA hai taba mukhyarUpa se puNyabandha hotA hai aura paramparayA nirvANa / anyathA (no cet) arthAt zubhopayoga ke samyaktvapUrvaka na hone para arthAt mithyAtvapUrvaka hone para kevala puNyabandha hotA hai (paramparayA nirvANa nhiiN)| mithyAdRSTi meM zubhopayoga ke niSedhaka vidvAna apane mata ke samarthana meM eka hI pramANa dete haiN| vaha yaha ki AcArya jayasena ne pravacanasAra gAthA 1/6 kI TIkA meM kahA hai ki pahale se tIsare guNasthAna taka uttarottara ghaTatA huA azubhopayoga rahatA hai, cauthe se chaThaveM taka uttarottara bar3hatA huA zubhopayoga, sAtaveM se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka uttarottara vRddhiMgata zuddhopayoga tathA antima do guNasthAnoM meM zubhopayoga kA phala rahatA hai| - kintu isa kathana se yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA ki prathama tIna guNasthAnoM meM sarvathA azubhopayoga hI hotA hai, zubhopayoga kadApi nahIM athavA cauthe se chaThe guNasthAnoM meM zubhopayoga hI ekAntataH hotA hai, azubhopayoga sarvathA nahIM, Agamaviruddha hai| guNasthAnoM meM azubhopayogAdi kA yaha vibhAjana pradhAnatA kI apekSA se hai, sarvathA nhiiN| svayaM AcArya jayasena ne nimnalikhita vyAkhyAna meM caturtha aura paMcama guNasthAnavartI gRhasthoM ke ArtaraudradhyAnarUpa azubhopayoga kA honA batalAyA gayA hai- "viSayakaSAyanimittenotpannenArtaraudradhyAnadvayena pariNatAnAM gRhasthAnAmAtmAzritanizcayadharmasyAvakAzo nAsti, vaiyAvRttyAdidharmeNa durdhyAnavaJcanA bhvti|" (pravacanasAra,

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190 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna tA0vR0 3/54) tathA unhIM AcArya jayasena ne nimnalikhita tAtparyavRtti meM mithyAdRSTi ko kabhI zubhopayoga pariNAma karane vAlA bhI batAyA hai _ "tatraivaM kathaJcit pariNAmitve sati ajJAnI bahirAtmA mithyAdRSTirjIvo viSayakaSAyarUpAzubhopayogapariNAmaM kroti| kadAcit punazcidAnandaikasvabhAvaM zuddhAtmAnaM tyaktvA bhogAkAMkSAnidAnasvarUpaM zubhopayogapariNAmaM ca karoti / " (samayasAra, gAthA-74) isake hindI rUpAntara meM AcArya jJAnasAgara jI ne mithyAdRSTi ko pradhAnatA kI apekSA azubhopayogI kahA hai, sarvathA nahIM____ "jaba taka jIva ajJAnI bahirAtmA mithyAdRSTi kI avasthA meM rahatA hai taba taka pradhAnatA se viSaya-kaSAyarUpa azubhopayoga karatA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI ciMdAnandasvarUpa zuddhAtmA ko prApta kiye binA usase zUnya kevala bhogAkAMkSA ke nidAnabandhasvarUpa zubhopayoga pariNAma bhI karatA hai|" (samayasAra, jJAnodaya prakAzana, jabalapura, gAthA : 76) ina do ullekhoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki guNasthAnoM meM azubhopayogAdi kA uparyukta vibhAjana pradhAnatA kI apekSA se hai, sarvathA nhiiN| pravacanasAra gAthA 3/48 kI tAtparyavRtti meM to AcArya jayasena ne 'bahupadasya pradhAnatvAdAmravananimbavanavaditi' zabdoM dvArA ise aura bhI spaSTa kara diyA hai| . ___ isa prakAra AcAryatraya kundakunda, amRtacandra evaM jayasena ke vacanoM se bhI akalaMkadeva ke isa mata kI puSTi hotI hai ki zubhopayoga ke svAmI samyagdRSTi jIva bhI hote haiM aura mithyAdRSTi jIva bhii| .

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akalaMkadevakRta AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM laghIyastraya ke uddharaNoM kA adhyayana DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina* purAtana nirgrantha paramparA, jise Aja hama jaina paramparA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM, kA sAhitya saghana evaM gambhIra hai| jaina manISiyoM evaM lekhakoM ne jJAna-vijJAna kI sabhI vidhAoM para gahana evaM talasparzI cintana kiyA hai| isa kAraNa jaina paramparA meM bhI bahutAyata meM sAhitya racanA huI hai| jainAcAryoM ne prAcIna Agama evaM Agamika prAkRta sAhitya, madhyakAlIna prAkRta aura saMskRta sAhitya, apabhraMza sAhitya tathA vyAkhyA - cUrNi, bhASya, niryukti, TIkA Adi sAhitya meM apane mUla siddhAntoM kI prastuti, siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA evaM anya maulika racanAe~ likhate samaya apanI bAta ko spaSTa karane ke lie, pramANita yA puSTa karane ke lie athavA usa para adhika jora dene ke lie anya paramparAoM- jainetara paramparAoM meM svIkRta siddhAntoM, siddhAntagata dArzanika mantavyoM kI samIkSA, AlocanA athavA nirAkaraNa karane meM pracuramAtrA meM avataraNa / uddharaNa uddhRta kiye haiN| ina uddharaNoM meM bahusaMkhyA meM aise uddharaNa milate haiM, jinake mUlasrota - grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| bahuta se aise uddharaNa prApta hote haiM, jo mudrita granthoM meM usI rUpa meM nahIM milate, unameM pAThAntara dikhAI dete haiM / kucha aise bhI uddharaNa milate haiM, jinakA upalabdha grantha meM astitva hI nahIM hai / uparyukta jaina sAhitya gItArtha ( Agamavida ) AcAryoM dvArA likhA gayA hai yA saMkalita hai| cUMki AcAryoM dvArA uddhRta yA avatarita uddharaNa usa-usa samaya meM prApta granthoM se liye gaye haiM, isalie ina uddharaNoM kI prAmANikatA svataH siddha hai / ina AcAryoM ke dvArA likhita granthoM meM prApta uddharaNoM ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM upalabdha granthoM se unakI tulanA evaM samIkSA kI jAye to tadanusAra saMzodhana / parivartana bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| aise grantha yA granthakartA, jinake nAma se uddharaNa to milate haiM, parantu usa grantha yA granthakAra kI jAnakArI abhI taka anupalabdha haiM, aise uddharaNoM kA saMkalana tathA upanidezaka, bI0ela0 iMsTITyUTa AphaeN iNDolaoNjI, dillI- 110036

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192 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna unakA viziSTa adhyayana mahattvapUrNa niSkarSa de sakatA hai| isase granthakAroM kA samaya taya karane meM bahuta sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| sAtha hI lupta kar3iyoM ko prakAza meM lAyA jA sakatA hai| prastuta nibandha meM AcArya akalaMkadevaracita AptamImAMsAbhASya tathA savivRti laghIyastraya, ina do granthoM ke uddharaNoM kA saMkSipta adhyayana prastuta karane kA prayAsa hai| akalaMkadeva (prAyaH IsvI 720-780) jaina paramparA ke eka praur3ha vidvAn evaM uccakoTi ke dArzanika granthakAra haiN| unake sAhitya meM tarka kI bahulatA aura vicAroM kI pradhAnatA hai| akalaMka kA lekhana-samaya bauddhayuga kA madhyAhna kAla mAnA jAtA hai| usa samaya dArzanika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika aura sAhityika kSetra meM bauddhoM kA adhika prabhAva. thaa| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa akalaMka ke sAhitya meM buddha aura unake mantavyoM kI samIkSA/AlocanA bahulatA se pAyI jAtI hai| ___akalaMkadeva ne svAmI samantabhadrakRta devAgama/AptamImAMsA para bhASya likhA hai|', ise devAgama vivRti bhI kahA gayA hai| ATha sau zloka pramANa hone se ise aSTazatI bhI kahate haiN| isake devAgamabhASya aura AptamImAMsAbhASya nAma bhI prasiddha haiN| yaha bhASya itanA jaTila evaM durUha hai ki binA aSTasahasrI (vidyAnandikRta vyAkhyA) kA sahArA lie isakA artha karanA atyanta kaThina hai| ___ vivecya grantha AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM laghIyastraya meM bhI bauddha-sAhitya ke hI adhika uddharaNa milate haiN| isase patA calatA hai ki akalaMkadeva bauddhoM ke mantavyoM/siddhAntoM ke prabala virodhI rahe, parantu yaha virodha kisI durAgraha ke kAraNa nahIM rahA, apitu siddhAnta-bheda ke kAraNa unhoMne apane sAhitya meM bauddhoM kI paga-paga para samIkSA/AlocanA kI hai| 1. AptamImAMsAbhASya (aSTazatI) - ___ akalaMkadeva ne AptamImAMsAbhAya (aSTazatI) meM kula daza uddharaNa diye haiN| kArikA 21 ke bhASya meM "notpatyAdiH kriyA kSaNikasya tdsNbhvaat| tato'siddho hetuH" yaha vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai| isakA nirdeza sthala nahIM mila sakA hai| kArikA 21 ke hI bhASya meM "tasmAt sUktam" karake nimnalikhita vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai-2 yadekAntena sadasadvA tannotpatturmahati, vyomabandhyAsutavat" 1. AptamImAMsAbhASyaM-aSTazatI, akalaMkadeva, saMkalana-DA0 gokulacandra jaina, vIra sevA mandira TrasTa, san 1689 2. vahI, kArikA 21 bhASya 3. vahI, kArikA 21 bhASya

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akalaMkadevakRta AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM laghIyastrya ke uddharaNoM kA adhyayana 193 isakA srota bhI abhI jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| * kArikA 53 ke bhASya meM akalaMka ne "na tasya kiJcid bhavati na bhavatyeva kevalam" vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai|' yaha vAkya pramANavArtika kI kArikA kA uttarArdha bhAga hai| sampUrNa kArikA isa prakAra hai| na tasya kiJcid bhavati na bhavatyeva kevalam / ___ bhAve hyeSa vikalpaH syAd vidhervastvanurodhataH / / kArikA 76 meM "yuktyA yanna ghaTAmupaiti tadahaM dRSTvA'pi na zraddadhe" vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai| isakA mUlasrota jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| kArikA 80 kI vRtti meM "saMhopalambhaniyamAdabhedo nIlataddhiyoH vAkya uddhRta haiM jo pramANavinizcaya se liyA gayA hai| 'kArikA 86 ke bhASya meM "taduktam" karake nimna kArikA uddhRta kI hai-6 ___ tAdRzI jAyate buddhirvyavasAyazca taadRshH| sahAyAstAdRzAH santi yAdRzI bhvitvytaa|| yaha kArikA kahAM se grahaNa kI gaI hai| isakA nirdeza sthala abhI jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| kArikA saMkhyA 101 ke bhASya meM "tathA coktam" karake "sarvadravyaparyAyeSu kevalasya"8- sUtra uddhRta kiyA gayA haiM evaM kArikA saMkhyA 105 ke bhASya meM "matizrutayornibandho dravyeSvasarvaparyAyeSu" yaha sUtra uddhRta kiyA hai| . . . ye donoM sUtra tattvArthasUtra se liye gaye haiN| kArikA 106 ke bhASya meM akalaMka ne nimna vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai-10 1. vahI, kArikA 53 bhASya 2. pramANavArtikam saTIkam-dharmakIrti, sampAdaka-dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI, IsvI 1668 3. AptamImAMsAbhASya, kArikA 76 4. vahI, kArikA 80 . 5. nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga 1 prastAvanA, pRSTha 46, sampAdaka- paM0 mahendra kumAra zAstrI 6. AptamImAMsAbhASya kArikA 86 7. yaha kArikA cANakyanIti se saMgrahIta hai| sampAdaka 6.. tattvArthasUtra 1/26, tattvArthavArtika, bhAga 1 ke antargata, sampAdaka- mahendra kumAra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, IsvI 1986 6. vahI 1/26 10 AptamImAMsAbhASya, kArikA 106

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194 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna nityatvaikAnpakSe'pi vikriyA nopapadyate" yaha vAkya AptamImAMsA kI hI eka kArikA kA pUrvArdha hai|' kArikA 106 ke bhASya meM akalaMka ne "tathoktam" karake eka uddharaNa diyA . "arthasyAnekarUpasya dhIH pramANaM tadaMzadhIH / nayo dharmAntarApekSI durnnystnniraakRtiH|| isa kArikA kA prathama caraNa akalaMkadevakRta nyAyavinizcaya kI kArikA saMkhyA 266 se jyoM kA tyoM milatA hai parantu zeSa bhAga nahIM miltaa| nyAyavinizcaya kI . . kArikA isa prakAra hai| - arthasyAnekarUpasya kdaacitksycitkvcit| zaktAvatizayAdhAnamapekSAtaH prklpyte|| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki akalaMka kI ina donoM kArikAoM kA nirdeza sthala yA, AdhAra koI anya grantha ho, aura usI ke anusAra akalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya kI kArikA kA saMgaThana kiyA ho| kisI sabala pramANa ke binA nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI kahanA kaThina hai| 2. savivRtilaghIyastraya - ___ laghIyastraya meM akalaMkadeva ne kula ATha (8) uddharaNoM kA prayoga kiyA hai|' kArikA saMkhyA 3 (tIna) kI vivRti meM akalaMkadeva ne "apara" zabda ke dvArA kisI vAdI ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai ve likhate haiM- "nahi tattvajJAnamityeva yathArthanirNayasAdhanam" ityprH| isa kathana ko vyAkhyAkara prabhAcandrAcArya ne diGnAga kA mata batalAyA hai| isa vivRti kA vyAkhyAna karate hue prabhAcandra ne likhA hai-6 hi yasmAt na tattvasya paramArthasya jJAnamityeva yathArthanirNayasAdhanam apitu kiJcideva, tadaiva ca prmaannm| taduktam- "yatraiva janayedenAM tatraivAsya pramANatA" ityaparaH- dingnaagaadiH| parantu siddhivinizcaya ke TIkAkAra ne ise dharmottara kA mata batAlAyA hai| ve 1. vahI, kArikA 37 2. vahI, kArikA 106 3. nyAyavinizcayaH, sampAdaka-mahendra kumAra zAstrI (akalaMkagranthatrayAntargata) siMdhI granthamAlA, 1636 IsvI, kArikA 266, pRSTha 70 4. laghIyastraya (svopajJavivRti sahita), akalaMkagranthatrayAntargata, siMghI granthamAlA, IsvI 1636 5. vahI, kArikA vivRti 3 6. nyAyakRmudacandra 1/3, pRSTha 66

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akalaMkadevakRta AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM laghIyastrya ke uddharaNoM kA adhyayana 195 likhate haiM- "atra aparaH saugataH prAha- "yatraiva janayedenAM tatraivAsya pramANatA" iti dharmottarasya matametat / " anya aneka AcAryoM kA bhI yahI kathana hai| kArikA saMkhyA ATha (8) kI vivRti meM akalaMka ne "arthakriyAsamatha paramAtarthasat ityaGgIkRtya" isa vAkyAMza kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha vAkyAMza dharmakIrtikRta pramANavArtika kI kArikA kA aMza hai| pramANavArtika meM pUrI kArikA isa prakAra pAyI jAtI hai-4 . arthakriyAsamarthaM / yattadatra paramArthasat / .. anyatsaMvRtisat proktam te svsaamaanylkssnne|| bArahavIM kArikA kI vivRti meM "tannApratyakSavyatiriktaM pramANam" vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai|'.yh kisI bauddhAcArya kA mata hai| yahI vAkya akalaMka ne apane eka anya grantha pramANasaMgraha kI kArikA 16 kI vivRti meM bhI "ayuktam" karake uddhRta kiyA hai| vahA~ para "pramANam" ke sthAna para "mAnam" pATha milatA hai| . teisavIM kArikA kI. vivRti "sarvataH saMhRtya cintAM stimitAntarAtmanA sthito'pi cakSuSAM rUpaM" ityAdi vAkya se prArambha hotI hai / yaha vAkya bhI pramANavArtika kI kArikA kA avikala rUpa hai| kArikA isa prakAra hai-8 ___. * saMhRtya sarvatazcintAM stibhitenaantraatmnaa| sthito'pi cakSuSA rUpamIkSate sAkSajA matiH / / . 28vIM kArikA kI vivRtti meM akalaMkadeva ne "vakturabhipretaM tu vAcaH sUcayanti avizeSeNa nArthatatvamapi"- vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai| isakA ThIka ThIka srota to nahIM milatA, parantu pramANavArtika (1/67, pR0 30) kI manoratha nandinI TIkA (pR0 30) evaM mokSAkaraguptakRta tarkabhASA (pR04) Adi meM ukta uddharaNa kA bhAva avazya 1. siddhivinizcaya, uttarArddha, pRSTha 61 2. tattvArthalokavArtika, pR0 177, 200, 316; prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 1030; sanmatitarkaTIkA pR0 512; syAdvAda - stnAkara, pRSTha.86, zAstravArtAsamuccaya TIkA, pRSTha 151 u0 para bhI yahI kathana milatA hai parantu nyAyAvatAra ke TIkAkAra ne ise nimna rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai- "yatraivAMze vikalpaM janayati tatraivAsya pramANatA iti vcnaat|" nyAyAvatAra TIkA pRSTha-31, draSTavya-nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga-1, pRSTha 66, TippaNI saMkhyA 11 3. laghIyastraya, kArikA 8 vivRti 4. pramANavArtika 2/23, pRSTha 100 5. laghIyastraya, kArikA 12 vivRti 6. ayuktam- "nA'rthapratyakSamanumAnavyatiriktaM mAnam"- pramANa saMgraha (akalaMkagranthatrayAntargata), siMghI granthamAlA, 1636 IsvI, kArikA 16, pRSTha 101 7. laghIyatraya, kArikA 23 8. pramANavArtika, 2/124 6. laghIyastraya, kArikA 28

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196 milatA hai|' kArikA saMkhyA 41 kI vivRti meM " guNAnAM paramaM rUpaM " - ityAdi kArikA uddhRta kI gaI hai| zAMkarabhASya para bhAmatI TIkA ke kartA vAcaspati mizra ne ise vArSagaNyakRta batAyA hai- ataeva yogazAstraM vyutpAdayitumAha sma bhagavAn vArSagaNyaH gaNAnAM paramaM ruupN................| yogasUtra kI tattvavaizAradI evaM yogasUtra kI bhAsvatI, pAtaMjala rahasya' meM ise SaSTitantrazAstra kI kArikA batAyA hai jaise jaina- nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna SaSTitantrazAstrasyAnuziSTi :-guNAnAM paramaM- ityaadi| aura yogabhASya meM isa kArikA ko uddhRta karate kahA gayA hai- tathA ca zAstrAnuzAsanam - guNAnAM paramaM rUpaM -- 6 / kArikA 44 kI vivRti meM " nahi buddherakAraNaM viSayaH " yaha vAkya uddhRta hai / " . isakA mUla sthAna abhI nahIM mila nahIM sakA hai| kArikA 54 kI vivRti meM akalaMka ne "tataH subhASitam " karake "indriyamanaMsI . kAraNaM vijJAnasya ardho viSayaH" yaha vAkya uddhRta kiyA hai| yaha kisa zAstra kA vAkya hai, isakA patA nahIM calatA / ukta vAkya vAdirAjasUrikRta nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa meM bhI uddhRta hai - "indriyamanasI vijJAnakAraNamiti vacanAt / " tathA vidyAnandi ne bhI apane zlokavArtika meM akalaMka ke sandarbha sahita ise uddhRta kiyA hai - 6 "tasmAdindrayamanasI vijJAnasya kAraNaM nArtho'pItyakalaMkairapi" / sattAvanavIM kArikA kI vivRti meM "nAnanukRtAnvayavyatirekaM kAraNaM nAkAraNaM viSayaH" vAkya ko uddhRta karate hue akalaMka ne ise vAlizagIta kahA hai| yaha vAkya 1. nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga- 2, pRSTha 600 -601, TippaNa 6 zrI satguru prakAzana, dillI, 1661 IsvI 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 41 vRi 3. zAMkarabhASya, bhAmatI pR0 352 4. yogasUtra tattvavaizAradI 4 / 13 5. yogasUtra, bhAsvatI, pAtaMjala rahasya 4 / 13 6. yogabhASya 4 / 13, draSTavya - nyAyakumudacandra bhAga - 2, pRSTha 628 TippaNa 7. laghIyastraya, kArikA 44 8. vahI, kArikA 54 6. nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, pR0 32 e, tattvArthazlokavArtika, pR0 330, draSTavya-nyAyakumudacandra bhAga - 2, TippaNa 5 pRSTha 661 10. laghIyastraya, kArikA 54 vivRti

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akalaMkadevakRta AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM laghIyastrya ke uddharaNoM kA adhyayana 197 anya bahuta se granthoM meM bhI uddhRta milatA hai|' - 54vIM kArikA kI vivRti meM "timirAzubhramaNanauyAnasaMkSobhAdi" vAkyAMza grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha aMza dharmakIrtikRta nyAyabinduprakaraNa kI AryavinItadevakRta nyAyabinduvistara TIkA kA hai| mUla vAkya isa prakAra hai-3 timirAzubhramaNa- nauyaan-sNkssobhaadynaa-hitvibhrmmiti| ___ kArikA 65 ke uttarArdha rUpa meM eka vAkya "vaktrabhipretamAtrasya sUcakaM vacanaMtviti" uddhRta kiyA hai| jise mUla kArikA kA aMza banA liyA gayA hai| isake mUlasrota kI jAnakArI nahIM mila sakI hai| kArikA 66-67 kI vivRti ke anta meM laghIyastraya meM "tataH tIrthakaravacanasaMgrahavizeSa- prastAramUlavyAkAriNau dravyArthikaparyAyArthikau" Adi vAkya AyA hai|' yaha vAkya AcArya siddhasenakRta sanmatitarka kI tIsarI gAthA kI saMskRta chAyA hai| sanmatitarka kI mUla gAthA 'nimna prakAra hai titthyrvynnsNghvisesptthaarmuulvaagrnnii| davvaTThio ya pajjavaNao ya sesA viyppaasiN|| AptamImAMsAbhASya meM akalaMka ne umAsvAti, samantabhadra, dharmakIrti, AryavinItadeva Adi AcAryoM ke granthoM se vAkya, vAkyAMza yA uddharaNa liye haiN| isI taraha laghIyastraya mUla evaM vivRti meM diGnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, vArSagaNya aura siddhasena Adi AcAryoM. ke granthoM se vAkya yA vAkyAMza uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| .. . akalaMka kI uparyukta donoM kRtiyoM meM mUlataH dArzanika viSayoM kA vivecana hai ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unameM dArzanika granthoM ke hI uddharaNa yA vAkyAMza mileN| isIlie prAyaH sabhI uddharaNa dArzanika/tArkika granthoM se liye gaye milate haiN| .. uparyukta vivecana se patA calatA hai ki akalaMkadeva ne apane samaya ke athavA apane samaya se pUrva ke prasiddha tArkikoM /lekhakoM ke mata kI AlocanA/samIkSA kI hai 1. yaha vAkya AptaparIkSA pR0 42, siddhivinizcaya TIkA pR0 306e, sanmati TIkA pR0510, syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 1068, pramANamImAMsA pR0 34, zAstravArtAsamuccaya pR0 151e, anekAntajayapatAkA pR0 207, dharmasaMgrahaNI pR0 176bI, bodhicadiyAvatAra pR0 368, tattvArthazlokavArtika pR0 216, prameyakamalamArtaNDa pR0 355, 502, syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 766, nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa pR0 16 bI, syAdvAdamaMjarI pR0 206 Adi meM uddhRta milatA hai| 2. laghIyastraya, kArikA 54 vivRti 3. nyAyAbinduprakaraNa saTIkam 1/6 pR0 26, sampAdaka- zrI dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, bauddhabhAratI, vArANasI, san 1985 4. laghIyastraya, kArikA 66-67 vivRti 5. sanmatitarkapravaraNa bhAga- 2, gujarAta purAtatva mandira, saMvat 1982, 1/3, pR0 271

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198 jaina-nyAya ko AcArya akalaMkadeva kA avadAna aura usake lie unake mUla granthoM se hI bahuta se avataraNa/uddharaNa diye haiN| ___akalaMka ke AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM savivRti laghIyastraya meM kucha aise vAkya yA. vAkyAMza pAye jAte haiM, jo dUsare-dUsare graMthoM se lie gaye haiN| unameM kucha aMza to aise haiM, jo uddharaNa yA avataraNa ke rUpa meM liye gaye haiM, kintu kucha aMza bhASya yA kArikA athavA vivRti ke hI aMga bana gaye haiM ataeva bhASya yA vivRtikAra dvArA hI racita lagate haiN| akalaMkakRta AptamImAMsAbhASya evaM vivRti sahita laghIyastraya meM dUsare granthoM ke jo padya yA vAkya uddhRta haiM, unake nirdeza sthala ko khojane kI yathAsambhava koziza kI gayI hai| bahuta se uddharaNoM kA nirdezasthala abhI mila nahIM sakA hai, unheM khojane kI koziza jArI hai| yaha bhI prayAsa hai ki isa prakAra ke tathA anya uddhRta pada yA vAkya jina-jina granthoM meM uddhRta haiM, unako bhI saMkalita kara liyA jaaye| isase granthakAroM kA samaya taya karane meM bahuta sahAyatA mila sakatI hai aura lupta kar3iyoM ko ekatra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura unheM saMjokara prakAza meM lAyA jA sakatA hai|

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